Lynd Kendall Ward (June 26, 1905 – June 28, 1985) was an American artist and novelist, known for his series of wordless novels using wood engraving, and his illustrations for juvenile and adult books. His wordless novels have influenced the development of the graphic novel. Although strongly associated with his wood engravings, he also worked in watercolor, oil, brush and ink, lithography and mezzotint. Ward was a son of Methodist minister, political organizer and radical social activist Harry F. Ward, the first chairman of the American Civil Liberties Union on its founding in 1920.

His best-known books are Gods' Man and his Caldecott-winning children's story, The Biggest Bear.

Early life

Ward was born on June 26, 1905, in Chicago, Illinois. His father, Harry F. Ward, was born in Chiswick, England, in 1873; the elder Ward was a Methodist who moved to the United States in 1891 after reading the progressive Social Aspects of Christianity (1889) by Richard T. Ely. He named his son after the rural town of Lyndhurst, located in the south coastal county of Hampshire, where he had lived for two years as a teenager prior to his emigration. Ward's mother, Harriet May "Daisy" Kendall Ward, was born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1873. The couple met at Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois, and were married in 1899. Their first child, Gordon Hugh Ward, was born in June 1903, and a third, Muriel Ward, was born February 18, 1907.

Soon after birth, Ward developed tuberculosis; his parents took him north of Sault Ste. Marie in Canada for several months to recover. He partly recovered, and continued to suffer from symptoms of the disease throughout his childhood, as well as from inner ear and mastoid infections. In the hope of improving his health, the family moved to Oak Park, Illinois, where his father became a pastor at the Euclid Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church.

Ward was early drawn to art and decided to become an artist when his first-grade teacher told him that "Ward" spelled backward is "draw". Having skipped a grade, Ward graduated from grammar school a year early in 1918. The family moved to Englewood, New Jersey, and Ward entered Englewood High School, where he became art editor of the school newspaper and yearbook, and learned linoleum-block printing. In 1922, he graduated with honors in art, mathematics, and debate.

Ward studied fine arts at Columbia Teachers College in New York. He edited the Jester of Columbia, to which he contributed arts and crafts how-to articles. His roommate arranged a blind date for Ward and May Yonge McNeer (1902–1994) in 1923; May had been the first female undergraduate at the University of Georgia in her freshman year. The two married on June 11, 1926, shortly after their graduation, and immediately left for Europe on their honeymoon.

After four months in eastern Europe, the couple settled in Leipzig, Germany for a year, where Ward studied as a special one-year student at the . He learned etching from Alois Kolb, lithography from , and wood engraving from Hans Alexander "Theodore" Mueller; Ward was particularly influenced by Mueller. While browsing a bookstall in Leipzig, Ward chanced across two important wordless novels: Flemish artist Frans Masereel's The Sun (1919), a story told in sixty-three woodcuts without captions,  and Otto Nückel's Destiny (1926), a lead-cut narrative that is much darker and more naturalistic than Masereel's novel.

Career
Ward returned to New York in September 1927 and met a number of editors who showed interest in his portfolio. In 1928, his first commissioned work illustrated Dorothy Rowe's The Begging Deer: And Other Stories of Japanese Children with eight full-page watercolor and forty-two ink and brush drawings. May have helped with background research for the illustrations, and wrote another book of Japanese folk tales, Prince Bantam (1929), with illustrations by Ward. Other work at the time included illustrations for the children's book Little Blacknose by Hildegarde Swift, and an illustrated edition of Oscar Wilde's poem "The Ballad of Reading Gaol".

In 1929, Ward was inspired to create a woodcut novel of his own. The first American wordless novel, , was published by Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith that October, the week before the Wall Street Crash of 1929; over the next four years, it sold more than 20,000 copies in six editions. Ward published five more such works: Madman's Drum (1930), Wild Pilgrimage (1932), Prelude to a Million Years (1933), Song Without Words (1936), and Vertigo (1937). Around 1940, he produced roughly twenty wood engravings for another woodcut narrative, titled Hymn for the Night, but never finished the project. During the 1970s, Ward worked on an ambitious wordless novel, tentatively titled Dance of the Hours, which at his death consisted of 77 woodblocks in various stages of completion. In 2001, Rutgers University Libraries published images from 26 of the most finished blocks as Lynd Ward's Last Unfinished Wordless Novel.

In addition to woodcuts, Ward also worked in watercolor, oil, brush and ink, lithography and mezzotint. He illustrated over a hundred children's books, several of which were collaborations with his wife, May. During the 1930s, Ward became well known for the political themes of his  graphic work, which often addressed class and labor issues. In 1932 he founded Equinox Cooperative Press as a response to the mechanized routines of the modern publishing business. Each of the sixteen books eventually published by the press was custom designed and printed. Every facet of the book, such as the paper, type fonts and vignettes, grew out of the collaborative decisions of a small group of writers, artists and editors, and represented an affirmation of handwork. While running Equinox, Ward also took on leadership roles in the Artists Union, the American Artists Congress and the Federal Arts Project of the Works Project Administration (WPA). In 1939, Ward became Supervisor of the Graphic Arts Division of the New York Chapter of the Federal Arts Project. He managed 300 artists who made 5,000 prints a year which were distributed for display to libraries, museums, post offices and schools. During World War II, Ward worked for the Bendix Corporation in New Jersey assembling gyroscopes for aircraft. He was a member of the Society of Illustrators, a member and President of the Society of American Graphic Artists (SAGA), and the National Academy of Design.

Ward lived with his wife in a home in Cresskill, New Jersey, to which they added a studio for their work.

Death
Ward retired to his home in Reston, Virginia, in 1979. He died on June 28, 1985, of Alzheimer's disease, two days after his 80th birthday.

Documentary
In celebration of the art and life of this American printmaker and illustrator, independent filmmaker Michael Maglaras of 217 Films produced a film titled O Brother Man: The Art and Life of Lynd Ward. The documentary features an interview with the artist's daughter Robin Ward Savage, as well as more than 150 works from all periods of Ward's career. The 94-minute documentary, culled from over seven hours of film and narrated by Maglaras, premiered at Penn State University Library's, Foster Auditorium, on April 20, 2012, where it was warmly received. Penn State's Special Collections Library has also become the repository for much Lynd Ward material, and may continue to receive material from Ward family collections.

Awards
He won a number of awards, including a Library of Congress Award for wood engraving, the Caldecott Medal for The Biggest Bear in 1953 (with a runner-up for America's Ethan Allen in 1950), and a Rutgers University award for Distinguished Contribution to Children's Literature. He also illustrated two Newbery Medal books and six runners-up. In 2011, Ward was listed as a Judges' Choice for The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame.

Novels in woodcuts

Ward is known for his wordless novels told entirely through dramatic wood engravings. Ward's first work,  (1929), uses a blend of Art Deco and Expressionist styles to tell the story of an artist's struggle with his craft, his seduction and subsequent abuse by money and power, his escape to innocence, and his unavoidable doom. Ward, in employing the concept of the wordless pictorial narrative, acknowledged as his predecessors the European artists Frans Masereel and Otto Nückel. Released the week of the 1929 stock market crash,  would continue to exert influence well beyond the Depression era, becoming an important source of inspiration for Beat Generation poet Allen Ginsberg.

Ward produced six wood engraving novels over the next eight years, including:

  (1929)
 Madman's Drum (1930)
 Wild Pilgrimage (1932)
 Prelude to a Million Years (1933)
 Song Without Words (1936)
 Vertigo (1937)

Ward left two additional fragments, the unpublished Hymn for the Night (), and Lynd Ward's Last, Unfinished, Wordless Novel, which was published posthumously in 2001.

Other works

In 1930 and 1931, Ward created a series of striking wood-engraved illustrations for Alec Waugh's pair of travel books, Hot Countries and Most Women, and in the following year a number of line-cut chapter headings and a provocative dust-jacket image that embodied the homoerotic themes of Myron Brinig's satirical novel, The Flutter of an Eyelid. In 1934, he executed illustrations and vignettes for a new edition of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein which were influenced by James Whale's famous 1931 film starring Boris Karloff. And in the late thirties and early forties, he produced color illustrations for three classic novels brought out by the Heritage Press: Les Misérables (1938), Beowulf (1939) and The Count of Monte Cristo (1941). In 1942, Ward illustrated the children's book The Little Red Lighthouse and the Great Gray Bridge, with text by Hildegarde Swift. His work on children's books also included his 1953 Caldecott Medal winning book The Biggest Bear, Nic of the Woods (1965), which he wrote and illustrated, and his work on Esther Forbes' Johnny Tremain (1943). He also produced a wordless story for children, The Silver Pony (1973), which is told entirely in black, white and gray painted illustrations.

Ward's work included an awareness of the racial injustice in the United States. This is apparent in scenes representing the slave trade in Madman's Drum (1930) and in several woodcuts that depict lynchings in Wild Pilgrimage (1932). It appears again in his drawings for North Star Shining: A Pictorial History of the American Negro, by Hildegarde Hoyt Swift (1947). Ward features African American as well as various Native American characters in his book, The Silver Pony.

Ward also illustrated Little Baptiste (1954), My Friend Mac (1960) and The Wolf of Lambs Lane (1967), which were all written by his wife, May McNeer.

During the 1960s and early 70s, Ward executed nearly forty independent prints which he issued in unlimited editions. These beautifully made engravings focus on rural scenes celebrating the fertility of nature, the joy of children as they explore the outdoors, and political allegories like Two Men Waiting (1966), Mars, Venus and Snare (1968) and Victim (1970). Engravings that treat the freedom of exploration, such as Man Climbing (1959) and Pathfinder (1971), are counterbalanced by those that portray human beings surrounded by dense woods or imprisoned in cages, as in Net (1962), Caged Uncaged (1965) and Prisoner (1974). Perhaps sensing the hypnotic spell cast by the increasingly precise and textured line-work of his prints, Ward returned to his earlier sequential art in his last, unfinished novel.

In 1974, Harry N. Abrams published Storyteller Without Words, a book that included Ward's six novels, selections of his illustrations from other books and a number of his independent prints. In this edition, Ward broke his silence and wrote brief introductions for each of his six novels. In 2010, the Library of America published Lynd Ward: Six Novels in Woodcuts, with a new chronology of Ward's life and an introduction by Art Spiegelman.

Influence

Ward's work had an important influence on the work of later graphic artists such as Art Spiegelman, George Walker, Clifford Harper, Eric Drooker, Jarrett Heckbert, Steven McCabe and Megan Speers. His works have been praised by R. Crumb, filmmaker Guillermo Del Toro, and Alan Moore.

Since 2011, Ward has been honored and his name has been attached to the prestigious annual Lynd Ward Graphic Novel Prize, which is sponsored by Penn State University Libraries and administered by the Pennsylvania Center for the Book, an affiliate of the Center for the Book at the US Library of Congress. Previous winners of the Lynd Ward Prize—given in recognition of the best graphic novel or comic book, fiction or nonfiction, published in the previous calendar year by a living US or Canadian citizen or resident—have been Nick Sousanis, Jillian Tamaki, Mariko Tamaki, Jim Woodring, Chris Ware, Anders Nilsen, Adam Hines, Nora Krug, Travis Dandro, and Emil Ferris.

Notes

References

Works cited

Dance, Robert. (2015). Illustrated By Lynd Ward. The Grolier Club.

Scott, Grant F. (2022). Lynd Ward's Wordless Novels, 1929-1937: Visual Narrative, Cultural Politics, Homoeroticism. Routledge.

Further reading
 Badoi, Olivia. "A Feeling for Wood Itself: Lynd Ward's Arboreal Modernism" Modernism/Modernity  6:2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.26597/mod.0207
 Ball, David M. "Lynd Ward's Modernist 'Novels in Woodcuts': Graphic Narratives Lost Between Art History and Literature" Journal of Modern Literature 39 (Winter 2016): 126-43.
 Beronä, David A. Wordless Books: The Original Graphic Novels. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008.
 Scott, Grant F. "Victor's Secret: Queer Gothic in Lynd Ward's Illustrations to Frankenstein (1934)" Word & Image 28 (April–June 2012): 206–232. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02666286.2012.687545
 Scott, Grant F. Lynd Ward's Wordless Novels, 1929-1937: Visual Narrative, Cultural Politics, Homoeroticism. New York: Routledge, 2022. https://www.routledge.com/Lynd-Wards-Wordless-Novels-1929-1937-Visual-Narrative-Cultural-Politics/Scott/p/book/9781032211169
 Weyl, Christina. "Lynd Ward's Novels in Woodcuts: The Cinematic Subtext" Athanor 30 (2012): 83-91. https://journals.flvc.org/athanor/article/view/126718
 Willet, Perry. "The Cutting Edge of German Expressionism: The Woodcut Novel of Frans Masereel and Its Influences." A Companion to the Literature of German Expressionism. Ed. Neil H. Donahue. New York: Camden House, 2005. 111-134. https://books.google.com/books?id=zjvV48n-ngUC&pg=PA111

External links

 Lynd Ward Graphic Novel Prize [https://web.archive.org/web/20140428135619/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/activities/ward/
 Bio at Rutgers University Libraries
 "Silent Beauty" by Christopher Capozzola, In These Times, October 14, 2005
 Columbus Museum of Art Lynd Ward's work Company Town (click on picture for larger version)
 Lynd Ward on JVJ Publishing: Illustrators
 Guide to the Lynd Ward papers at the University of Oregon
 Lynd Ward's illustrations for Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

 www.artistarchive.com A searchable catalogue listing of over 600 prints by this artist, many with images.
Comic artist and historian Art Spiegelman interviewed about the significance of Lynd Ward
 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511193546/http://conversations.psu.edu/episodes/michael_maglaras Lynd Ward discussed in Conversations from Penn State interview

1905 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
American children's book illustrators
American engravers
American graphic novelists
American male novelists
American people of English descent
Artists from Chicago
Caldecott Medal winners
National Academy of Design members
People from Cresskill, New Jersey
Place of birth missing
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
20th-century engravers

Lynd Ward


Francesco Antonio Picchiatti (10 January 1619, Ferrara – 28 August 1694, Naples) was an Italian architect of the Baroque period active in Naples. He is also called Picchetto. He was son of Bartolommeo Picchiatti, who also served as an architect in Naples.

Biography
Francesco Antonio lived nearly all his life in Naples and worked for various Spanish viceroys. He worked under Pedro Antonio de Aragón and was held in high esteem by the Marquis of Carpio, Don Gaspar de Haro, who was viceroy in Naples from 1683 to 1687. Francesco Antonio served this Marquis as an antiquarian and collector.

Francesco Antonio worked on a number of projects in Naples. He aided in the reconstruction of the church of San Agostino near the Royal Mint, the church of the Divino Amore, the church and Monastery of Santa Maria dei Miracoli and that of San Girolamo delle Monache, as well as Palazzo Cellamare.

He helped build, and with his father design, the circular church of Pio Monte della Misericordia, which contains Caravaggio's The Seven Works of Mercy.

He helped complete the Spire of San Domenico to a design by Cosimo Fanzago. Picchiatti was so intent on preserving and cataloging remnants of the original Greco-Roman city beneath the construction site that the work on the spire itself was eventually suspended and wasn't resumed until many years later.

He designed the convent of Santa Croce di Luca, begun in 1643. The convent stood at the extreme western end of the old historic city. It was demolished in 1900 to make room for the new Polyclinic hospital; a small section was left standing as an historical marker.

He also help design the cloister attached to the church of San Domenico Maggiore; when he died, the work was continued by his younger colleague Giovan Battista Nauclerio.

Notes

Sources

1619 births
1694 deaths
17th-century Italian architects
Italian Baroque architects
Architects from Naples
Architects from Ferrara

Francesco Antonio Picchiatti


Agnes Reston (nee Harkness, 1771 – 24 December 1856) was a Scottish wartime nurse during the Peninsular War. She has become known as the Heroine of Matagorda, for her outstanding bravery in an early phase of the Siege of Cádiz.

Wartime actions
Agnes Reston was the wife of James Reston, a sergeant in the 94th Regiment of Foot. With their four-year-old son, she accompanied her husband when in 1810 he was posted to Spain, to the small fort at Matagorda, near Cadiz. When the fort was bombarded by French forces, she removed her son to the safety of the bomb-proof before assisting the surgeon in dressing the fast-increasing numbers of wounded men, tearing up the family's linen for bandages.

A young drummer boy, instructed to get water for the surgeon, lingered at the door with his bucket, Mrs Reston said "the poor thing's frightened, and no wonder at it. Give it to me and I'll go for it."  Amid the dreadful discharge of artillery playing on the battery, Mrs Reston made for the well and let down the bucket.  Unfortunately, the rope was cut by a shot.  This did not stop Mrs Reston, who asked a sailor to help her retrieve the bucket, which she successfully filled with water and took back to the bomb-proof to continue her work.

Her attention to the wounded soldiers was described as beyond all praise.  In between her nursing duties, she carried sand bags for repair of the battery, handed along ammunition, and supplied the gunners with wine and water.  She refused to leave when the other women in the battery were removed to safety, and remained with the men in the now-dilapidated fort with little ammunition, until the following day brought the withdrawal of the French forces which allowed the fort to receive fresh ammunition before what remained for the British garrison was withdrawn to the fleet. After her husband's discharge some officers suggested to Mrs Reston that she apply for support.  The Commander-in-Chief warmly recommended her case to the Secretary of War, but he judged he had no funds at his disposal for such a purpose.

Later life
By 1844, the widowed Mrs Reston had been reduced to pauperism, and was an inmate in the Town's Hospital in Glasgow, having recently moved with other inmates from the old lunatic asylum.  She was by now 72 years old, and gained a livelihood as a sick nurse.  A committee of officers launched an appeal for "this truly valiant and deserving, though sadly neglected woman." Amongst the subscribers to the appeal were Queen Victoria and the dowager Queen Adelaide, although ninety per cent of the subscriptions came from the military. The collection secured an annuity for Mrs Reston of £30 a year. She was now independent, but, as her home had long been broken up, she preferred to remain in the hospital, paying for her board.  After setting aside sufficient for her funeral expenses, anything left she gave to charity.

Mrs Reston died on Christmas Eve, 1856, at the age of 85, after being confined to bed for eight weeks, and was buried in Glasgow's Southern Necropolis. The gravestone stands at the north-eastern corner of the cemetery, with the inscription:

The Heroine of Matagorda is the subject of A Humble Heroine, a poem by William McGonagall.

References

 Glasgow Herald: 11 March 1844, 10 May 1844 & 23 August 1844.

1771 births
1856 deaths
Female wartime nurses
Scottish nurses
British people of the Napoleonic Wars
Burials at the Southern Necropolis
Women of the Regency era

Agnes Reston


Henry Chester-Master Garling (7 June 1870 – 19 November 1942) was an Australian politician. Born in Camden, New South Wales, he was educated at state schools before becoming a bank officer. Having studied law, he became a solicitor in 1905. He contested the 1919 federal election as a Nationalist candidate for the Senate, but was unsuccessful. On 15 December 1921, however, when Nationalist Senator Herbert Pratten resigned to contest a by-election in the House of Representatives, Garling was appointed to replace him. He was defeated, however, at the 1922 election, leaving the Senate immediately so that Allan McDougall could continue the rest of Pratten's term. Garling returned to law, and died in 1942.

References

Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
1870 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians

Henry Garling


Abisin Abbas (; 26 February 1902 – 20 October 1961), better known by his pseudonym Andjar Asmara (), was a dramatist and filmmaker active in the cinema of the Dutch East Indies. Born in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, he first worked as a reporter in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta). He became a writer for the Padangsche Opera in Padang, where he developed a new, dialogue-centric style, which later spread throughout the region. After returning to Batavia in 1929, he spent over a year as a theatre and film critic. In 1930 he joined the Dardanella touring troupe as a writer. He went to India in an unsuccessful bid to film his stage play Dr Samsi.

After leaving Dardanella in 1936, Andjar established his own troupe. He also worked at a publishers, writing serials based on successful films. In 1940 he was asked to join The Teng Chun's company, Java Industrial Film, helping with marketing and working as a director for two productions. After the Japanese occupation, during which time he stayed in theatre, Andjar made a brief return to cinema. He directed three films in the late 1940s and wrote four screenplays, which were produced as films in the early 1950s. He published a novel, Noesa Penida (1950). Afterward he worked for the remainder of his life writing serials based on local films and publishing film criticism. Historians recognise him as a pioneer of theatre and one of the first native Indonesian film directors, although he had little creative control of his productions.

Early life and theatre
Andjar was born Abisin Abbas in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, on 26 February 1902. He gravitated toward traditional theatre at a young age after visits from the wandering Wayang Kassim and Juliana Opera stambul troupes; he pretended to act with his friends in stage plays which they had seen. After completing his formal education up to the Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (junior high school) level – first in Malay-language schools then Dutch ones – he moved to Batavia (modern-day Jakarta). He worked as a reporter for two daily newspapers, Bintang Timur and Bintang Hindia; he may have also worked on a farm.

Around 1925, having had little success in Batavia, Andjar moved to Padang, where he was a reporter for the daily Sinar Sumatra. At the same time, he worked with the city's Padangsche Opera, writing stage plays. In contrast to the standard musical theatre of the time, bangsawan, he promoted a more natural style, using dialogue instead of song to convey the story; he referred to this as toneel, based on the Dutch word for theatre. Among the works he wrote for the Padangsche Opera were adaptations of Melati van Agam, a 1923 work by Swan Pen, and Sitti Nurbaya, a 1922 novel by Marah Roesli. These works were well received.

In the late 1920s, after spending some two years in Medan with the daily Sinar Soematra, Andjar returned to Batavia and in 1929 helped establish the magazine Doenia Film, a Malay adaptation of the Dutch-language magazine Filmland; although an adaptation, Doenia Film also contained original coverage of the domestic theatre and film industry. At the time, the cinema of the Indies was becoming established: the first domestic film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng (The Lost Lutung), was released in 1926, and four additional films were released in 1927 and 1928. Andjar wrote extensively regarding local cinematic and theatrical productions; for example, the Indonesian film critic Salim Said writes Andjar inspired the marketing for 1929's Njai Dasima, which emphasised the exclusively native cast. In 1930 Andjar left Doenia Film and was replaced by Bachtiar Effendi.

Andjar became a writer for the theatrical troupe Dardanella in November 1930, working under the group's founder Willy A. Piedro. Andjar believed the troupe to be dedicated to the betterment of the toneel as an art form and not only motivated by financial interests, as were the earlier stambul troupes. He wrote and published many plays with the group's backing, including Dr Samsi and Singa Minangkabau (The Lion of Minangkabau). Andjar also worked as a theatre critic, writing several pieces on the history of local theatre, sometimes using his birth name and sometimes his pseudonym. In 1936 Andjar went with Dardanella to India to record a film adaptation of his drama Dr Samsi, which followed a doctor who was blackmailed after an unscrupulous Indo discovered he had an illegitimate child. The deal fell through, however, and Andjar left India with his wife Ratna.

Film career and death

Upon his return to the Indies, Andjar formed another theatrical troupe, Bolero, with Effendi, but left the troupe around 1940 to work at Kolf Publishers in Surabaya. Effendi was left as the head of Bolero, which then became more politicised. At Kolf Andjar edited the publisher's magazine Poestaka Timoer. As his work entailed writing synopses and serials based on popular films for Kolf's magazine, he became increasingly involved in the film industry. He was soon asked by The Teng Chun, with whom he had maintained a business relationship, to direct a film for his company Java Industrial Film (JIF); with this Andjar became one of several noted theatrical personnel who migrated to film following Albert Balink's 1937 hit Terang Boelan (Full Moon).

After handling the marketing for Rentjong Atjeh (Rencong of Aceh, 1940), Andjar made his directorial debut in 1940 with Kartinah, a war-time romance starring Ratna Asmara. Academia was critical of the film, believing it to lack educational value. In 1941 he directed Noesa Penida, a tragedy based in Bali, for JIF; the film was remade in 1988. In these films, he had little creative control, and performed as what the Indonesian entertainment journalist Eddie Karsito describes as a dialogue coach. Camera angles and locations were chosen by the cinematographer, who was generally also the producer.

During the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, the nation's film industry nearly ceased to exist: all but one studio were closed, and all films released were propaganda pieces to assist the Japanese war effort and promote the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Andjar was not involved in these but was excited by the artistic merits of Japanese films. Although he wrote several short stories during this time, three of which were published in the pro-Japanese newspaper Asia Raja in 1942, Andjar focused on theatre, forming the troupe Tjahaya Timoer. He often visited the Cultural Centre (Keimin Bunka Sidosho) in Jakarta, where two employees, D. Djajakusuma and Usmar Ismail, discussed filmmaking with him. Both became influential film directors during the 1950s.

After Indonesia's independence, Andjar moved to Purwokerto to lead the daily Perdjoeangan Rakjat. After the paper collapsed, he returned to film, film a piece entitled Djaoeh Dimata for the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration in 1948. This was followed by two additional films, Anggrek Bulan (Moon Orchid; 1948) and Gadis Desa (Maiden from the Village; 1949), both based on plays he wrote several years earlier. In 1950, Andjar published his only novel, Noesa Penida, a critique of the Balinese caste system, which followed lovers from different levels of the social hierarchy. Meanwhile, he continued to write and publish paperback serials adapted from local films.

Andjar's screenplay Dr Samsi was finally adapted as a film in 1952 by Ratna Asmara, who had become Indonesia's first female film director with her 1950 film Sedap Malam (Sweetness of the Night). The adaptation starred Ratna and Raden Ismail. It would prove Andjar's last screenwriting credit during his lifetime. Although no longer writing films, Andjar remained active in the country's film industry. In 1955 he headed the inaugural Indonesian Film Festival, which was criticized when it gave the Best Picture Award to two films, Usmar Ismail's Lewat Djam Malam (After the Curfew) and Lilik Sudjio's Tarmina. Critics wrote that Lewat Djam Malam was easily the stronger of the two and suggested that Djamaluddin Malik, Tarmina producer, had influenced the jury's decision.

In 1958 Asmara became the head of the entertainment magazine Varia, where the fellow director Raden Ariffien served as his deputy. Asmara held the position until his death; among other roles, he wrote a series of memoires on the history of theatre in the country. He died on 20 October 1961 in Cipanas, West Java, during a trip to Bandung and was buried in Jakarta.

Legacy
Andjar's toneels were generally based on day-to-day experiences, rather than the tales of princes and ancient wars which were standard at the time. Regarding Andjar's toneels, the Indonesian literary critic Bakri Siregar writes that Andjar's stage plays, as well as those of fellow dramatist Njoo Cheong Seng, revitalised the genre and made the works more realistic. However, he considered the conflict in these works to have been poorly developed. Andjar believed that the Padangsche Opera's performances influenced other troupes in West Sumatra to adapt the toneel format, which later spread throughout the Indies.

Matthew Isaac Cohen, a scholar of Indonesian performing arts, describes Andjar as "Indonesia's foremost theater critic during the colonial period", noting that he wrote extensively on the history of theatre in the Indies. Cohen also believes that Andjar also worked to justify the toneel style and distance it from the earlier stambul. Even after entering the film industry, Andjar considered the theatre more culturally significant than cinema. However, the Indonesian journalist Soebagijo I.N. writes that Andjar remains best known for his film work.

Andjar was one of the first native Indonesian film directors, with Bachtiar Effendi, Soeska, and Inoe Perbatasari. Said writes that Andjar was forced to follow the whims of the ethnic Chinese film moguls, which resulted in the films' shift toward commercial orientation, rather than the prioritisation of artistic merit. The film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that Andjar and his fellow journalists, upon joining JIF, brought with them new ideas that helped the company flourish until it closed after the arrival of the Japanese; the company and its subsidiaries released fifteen films in two years.

Filmography

 Kartinah (1940) – as director, scriptwriter, and story writer
 Noesa Penida (1941) – as director and story writer
 Djaoeh Dimata (Out of Sight; 1948) – as director and story writer
 Anggrek Bulan (Moon Orchid; 1948) – as director
 Gadis Desa (Maiden from the Village; 1949) – as director and story writer
 Sedap Malam (Sweetness of the Night; 1950) – as story writer
 Pelarian dari Pagar Besi (Escape from the Iron Fence; 1951) – as story writer
 Musim Bunga di Selabintana (Flowers in Selabintana; 1951) – as story writer
 Dr Samsi (1952) – as story writer
 Noesa Penida (Pelangi Kasih Pandansari) (Noesa Penida [Pandansari's Rainbow of Love]; 1988) – as story writer (posthumous credit)

Notes

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

1902 births
1961 deaths
Film directors from the Dutch East Indies
Indonesian dramatists and playwrights
Indonesian film directors
Indonesian journalists
Indonesian screenwriters
Minangkabau people
People from West Sumatra
Screenwriters from the Dutch East Indies
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century screenwriters
20th-century journalists
Journalists from the Dutch East Indies

Andjar Asmara


The Old Bus is a 1934 Australian documentary film about Australian contributions to flying, focusing on aviator Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, and derived from his 1932 book of the same name. The film takes its title from his famous Fokker F.VII/3m monoplane aircraft, The Southern Cross, that Kingsford Smith nicknamed "The Old Bus".

Synopsis
The Old Bus traces Australian contributions to flying from 1894 on, including the feats of Lawrence Hargrave, an early flight of Harry Houdini in 1910, T.E. Hart's flight from Sydney to Penrith, Guillaux's 1914 flight in Sydney, the work of Ross and Keith Smith, and Australian flying inventions.

The film then covers the personal story of Sir Charles Kingsford Smith and his aircraft, The Southern Cross, in particular, his circumnavigation of the world. Kingsford Smith recreates some of the famous flights in which he was involved. The Old Bus also touches on the development of the Australian postal air route.

Production
The Old Bus was produced by Jack Percival Junior, the aviation correspondent of The Sydney Morning Herald under the supervision of Kingsford Smith. Percival was also a passenger on The Southern Cross for a flight Kingsford Smith made from Australia to New Zealand in January 1933.

Plans to make a documentary about Kingsford Smith were announced in August 1933. The project soon expanded to be a history of Australian aviation. Kingsford Smith shot footage of it all around the world. Shooting commenced around November 1933 and was completed by July 1934.

Reception
The Old Bus achieved cinema release through Universal Pictures. Reviews were generally positive, the critic from The Sydney Morning Herald calling it "a plain, unassuming record of Australian achievements in aviation ... a comfortable feature of the film is that it contains no bombast. Indeed, it might be argued that the producers have been too modest, and have not emphasised enough the remarkable exploits of the 'Southern Cross' and its captain, and the importance of its flights in the wider history of aviation."

By December 1934, The Old Bus had earned an estimated £1,650 at the Australian box office with trade papers estimating this figure may reach £3,500. Because of the low production cost it is likely the film made a profit.

Percival later said he wished to make a feature film called Outposts set in the Northern Territory, Broome, Java, Sumatra, and New Guinea, starring Captain Patrick Gordon Taylor. This film was not made.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Twomey, Christina. Australia's Forgotten Prisoners: Civilians Interned by the Japanese in World War Two. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007. .

External links
 The Old Bus at IMDb
 "The Old Bus" at National Film and Sound Archive
Jack Percival Junior, "The First Flyers." The West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879–1954) 8 August 1934: 19 Retrieved: 28 March 2012.
 Articles by Jack Percival Junior on the history of Australian flight – Part One, Part Two, Part Three, Part Four, Part Five

Australian documentary films
Black-and-white documentary films
1934 documentary films
1934 films
Australian black-and-white films
Documentary films about aviation
Australian aviation films

The Old Bus


Korall () is a Russian processed cheese with a shrimp flavoring. The cheese production began in Soviet times. Today the brand has no single owner, and is produced by several companies.

The cheese is characteristically pink and is soft. Spices are often added to the cheese, just as black pepper to accompany the taste of shrimp and black pepper. Korall contains 60% fat and no more than 2% salt, and around 10% protein fish paste. On the cover of the white polystyrene boxes it is sold in is the image of a crayfish and it is packaged in boxes of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g, as well as in tubes.

References

Russian cheeses
Processed cheese

Korall


Originally, Su-Preme was the primary producer of Sunz of Man. He produced their demo album (when the group was called Da Last Future) while still forming and taking shape as the first to be signed Wutang affiliates. He also produced some songs on the shelved Sunz of Man album Nothing New Under the Sun. Su-Preme was credited as producing the songs "Natural High" and "Israeli News" on the Sunz of Man debut album, The Last Shall be First. He is closely associated with Shabazz the Disciple, having produced for his solo pieces.

Production credits

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Five percenters
Hip hop record producers
Wu-Tang Clan affiliates
Sunz of Man members

Supreme (producer)


Thomas Johnson Westropp (16 August 18609 April 1922) was an Irish antiquarian, folklorist and archaeologist.

Career
Westropp was born on 16 August 1860 at Attyflin Park, Patrickswell, County Limerick. His relatives were landowners of English origin and had lived there since the mid 16th century. He displayed an early interest in antiquities, making notes on topography, ancient buildings and folk life whenever his family would make trips into the neighbouring counties.

He attended Trinity College Dublin and graduated in 1882 with an MA. A degree in civil engineering followed in 1885, at which time he was apprenticed to Bindon Blood Stoney, who was engaged in a project to widen and dredge the entrance to the Port of Dublin. After he finished his training, Westropp became the assistant surveyor for County Meath, but soon abandoned his professional work to pursue his archaeological interests. He spent the remainder of his life researching antiquities along the western seaboard.

He drew many detailed sketches of buildings, grave slabs and other archaeological remains throughout Ireland. Many of these sketches are held by the Royal Irish Academy.  His publications are widely available in libraries throughout the west of Ireland.

County Clare

Folklore

While surveying the field monuments of County Clare, he became fascinated by the variety and descriptiveness of the folk tales he heard being recited by the locals. Over the course of several years, he gathered these tales, beliefs and customs and published them in a series of articles which appeared in "Folk-Lore: Transactions of the Folk-Lore Society" between 1910 and 1913. In 2006 these folk-tales were published on the internet by the County Clare Library. Many of these tales have since been lost to living memory. His writings later provided the foundation for the work of the Irish Folklore Commission.

The Normans and prehistoric sites

Westropp also undertook research into the early history of Clare and Limerick (which the Normans called Thomond) and published his finding in three historical essays covering the years 1275–1287, 1287–1313 and 1313–1318, respectively. He then focused on the palaces of early Killaloe, other prehistoric stone-forts and the 'peel towers'or tower houses, eventually publishing several articles about his findings.

Publications

County Clare

Prehistory

reprinted as

  in :

Folklore

reprint of  A Folklore Survey of County Clare and County Clare Folk-Tales and Myths, published 1910/1913 in Folk Lore :  Transactions of the Folklore Society.
Ecclesiastical

Fortifications

Other

 [reprint]

References

External links

1860 births
1922 deaths
Irish antiquarians
Castellologists
19th-century Irish writers
20th-century Irish writers
19th-century Irish archaeologists
20th-century Irish archaeologists
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Scholars and academics from County Limerick

Thomas Johnson Westropp


The United States Semiquincentennial, also called Sestercentennial or Quarter Millennial, will be the 250th anniversary of the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence (itself headed "The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America"). Festivities will be scheduled to mark various events leading up to the anniversary on July 4, 2026.

Background

The Second Continental Congress voted for the independence of the United Colonies by passing the Lee Resolution on July 2, 1776, in Philadelphia. The Declaration of Independence, mainly written by the Committee of Five, was proclaimed on July 4, the date on which the anniversary of independence is observed.

There were no major government-sponsored semicentennial (50th anniversary) observances in 1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, members of the Committee of Five, both died on July 4, 1826. In 1876, the United States organized nationwide centennial observances centered on the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. In 1926, a Sesquicentennial Exposition was held in Philadelphia, and in 1976, Bicentennial observances were held throughout the country.

2026 will mark the United States' semiquincentennial, or 250th anniversary.

Activities and observances

The United States Semiquincentennial Commission Act of 2016 directs the United States Government to issue commemorative coins and postage stamps, and commission appropriately named naval vessels, in advance of the semiquincentennial. In addition, specific activities—both officially organized and independently created—are being planned. The legislation specifically directs the organization of events "in locations of historical significance to the United States" going on to list Boston, Charleston, New York City, and Philadelphia as "leading cities."

The Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020 allows the United States Mint to redesign any coins in 2026. It calls for a series of five designs for the quarter, including one depicting women's contributions to independence.

Plans for the casting of a new public bell are being coordinated by the National Bell Festival. The bell will honor 250 years of women's contributions to the American story, and will lead nationwide ringing tributes during the celebrations.

Leading cities

Boston
In 2016, Revolution 250, a non-profit group organized to plan commemorative events in Boston surrounding the semiquincentennial, was established. According to the organization, it is a consortium of fifty-six groups, including the Society of the Cincinnati, the National Park Service, the Boston Tea Party Museum, the New England Historic Genealogical Society, the Suffolk University history department, the Boston Downtown Business Improvement District, The Bostonian Society, and others.

For the 250th Evacuation Day celebrations, commemorating the evacuation of British forces from the city of Boston following the siege of Boston, early in the American Revolutionary War, on March 17, 2026, the NPS will carry out a $25 million overhaul of the Dorchester Heights Monument. The planned renovations, which will take approximately 18 months to complete, will include work on "taking apart and reassembling the top floors, placing granite slabs to mark where the 1776 fortifications sat, bringing the retaining walls, drainage and lighting up to date and giving the info panels a face lift."

In honor of Washington's troops' final leg of the trip to secretly haul cannons from Fort Hill to the Fortification of Dorchester Heights, artist Michael Dowling seeks 100,000 Bostonians, a seventh of the city population, to write "a short story of belonging" on any piece of cloth, which will then be tied in a  long rope, the same length as the covert journey.

Part of the 2026 FIFA World Cup will be held at the Gillette Stadium in between June and July, co-hosting the championship with 15 other venues between Canada, the United States and Mexico, including the "leading cities" of Philadelphia and New York City, at the Lincoln Financial Field and MetLife Stadium, respectively.

Philadelphia
In 2017, the Daughters of the American Revolution announced a grant of $380,000 to the city of Philadelphia to plant 76 semiquincentennial commemorative trees at Independence National Historical Park. The actual planting of the trees will occur over the course of several years leading up to the semiquincentennial. In 2018, at the state-level, the Pennsylvania Commission for the United States Semiquincentennial Commission (A250PA) was formed.

The commission has announced it is preparing a time capsule for burial in Philadelphia on July 4, 2026, which will be scheduled for unearthing on July 4, 2276, the 500th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.

In 2016, city planners announced "Vision 2026", a plan to redevelop Old City in preparation for the semiquincentennial.

The 96th Major League Baseball All-Star Game will be held at Philadelphia's Citizens Bank Park in mid-July after the semiquincentennial, bookending the 47th All-Star Game held at Philadelphia's Veterans Stadium in 1976 during the bicentennial. Part of the 2026 FIFA World Cup will be held at the Lincoln Financial Field in between June and July, co-hosting the championship with 15 other venues between Canada, the United States and Mexico, including the "leading cities" of Boston and New York City, at the Gillette Stadium and MetLife Stadium, respectively.

Louisville
The Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) from its national society headquarters in Louisville, Kentucky, announced plans to develop a SAR Education Center and Museum to be opened prior to the 250th Anniversary, which will house galleries and exhibits will highlight the patriot ancestors and tell the story of the American Revolution.

New York City
Sergio Villavicencio, Vice-President of the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society, is currently serving as the New York City Semiquincentennial Committee Chair. The Orange County Semiquincentennial Commission was created in 2019, while, in June 2021, the New York State 250th Commemoration Act was enacted, creating a state-wide commission in charge of Semiquincentennial celebrations at the state-level. Part of the 2026 FIFA World Cup will be held at the MetLife Stadium in between June and July, co-hosting the championship with 15 other venues between Canada, the United States and Mexico, including the "leading cities" of Philadelphia and Boston, at the Lincoln Financial Field and Gillette Stadium, respectively.

Pittsburgh
In 2019, the city of Pittsburgh organized the "Pittsburgh's United States 250 Celebration", featuring a Freedom train with Black and Gold colors, musical celebrations with the Pittsburgh Orchestra, and a major firework display at Fort Pitt in the city's downtown area, with an all day live parade through all city neighborhoods.

Charleston
Charleston, SC, chosen due to its past as one of the "locations that witnessed the assertion of American liberty", with the establishment of the South Carolina American Revolution Sestercentennial Commission in 2018, have begun planning battle reenactments and anniversary festivities. These parallel the 2020 celebrations of the College of Charleston's 250th anniversary, as well as the 350th anniversary of the city of Charleston, which was called Charles Town during the Revolutionary War.

Denver
In 2026, Colorado will also observe the 150th anniversary of Colorado entering the Union. The America 250 - Colorado 150 Commission was established to guide the Centennial State's twin commemorations.

Planning

In 2011, the non-profit organization USA250 was established in Philadelphia to lobby for federal government support of the United States semiquincentennial and establish Philadelphia as the host city for events surrounding the semiquincentennial observances. In 2014, the Philadelphia City Council ordered a public hearing of the Committee on Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs to investigate "the impact and feasibility of Philadelphia" hosting the United States Semiquincentennial in 2026, among other events. The United States Semiquincentennial Commission was subsequently established by  ("United States Semiquincentennial Commission Act of July 2016"), signed by then-President of the United States, Barack Obama. The act was amended by , to allow the Commission to accept Congressional funding, to add a Justice of the Supreme Court to the Commission, and to make additional technical changes.

On November 15, 2017, the United States Department of the Interior issued a request for proposals seeking a non-profit corporation to act as secretariat to the commission and lead nationwide organization of observances. The American Battlefield Trust was named the commission's non-profit partner to serve as Administrative Secretariat, tasked with preparing reports for Congress and helping raise funds for the anniversary observances. The Trust "has distinguished itself in fundraising and managing high-profile commemorative events, and that expertise will be invaluable to the U.S.A. 250th Commemoration planning efforts," said then-Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke.

Daniel DiLella, CEO and President of Equus, a leading private equity real estate fund, was appointed Chairperson of the Semiquincentennial Commission in April 2018, leading a 32-member body composed of members of Congress, private citizens and federal officials.

The Commission was tasked with developing a report with recommendations to the President and to Congress within the first two years of formation. The Commission will observe and commemorate not only the Revolution, but also the full history of the U.S. leading up to the 250th Anniversary. Official meetings will be held at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.

In May 2018, DiLella named Frank Giordano as the commission's executive director. Giordano, who heads Atlantic Trailer Leasing in Philadelphia, led the rejuvenation of the formerly struggling Philly Pops orchestra and was part of the rejuvenation of the prestigious Union League of Philadelphia.

Pennsylvania became the first state to formally begin planning for the anniversary in June 2018 when the commonwealth established the Pennsylvania Semiquincentennial Commission. Four months later, on October 17, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf named Fresh Grocer supermarket magnate and philanthropist Patrick Burns to chair the state commission.

In August 2018, the State of New Jersey launched its effort when New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy signed a measure that called on the New Jersey Historical Commission to create a program focused on the 250th anniversary of the independence of the United States as well as the creation of the state's first Constitution. The law appropriated $500,000 to fund the historical commission's planning for the 250th anniversary festivities.

On November 16, 2018, the 33 members of the United States Semiquincentennial were sworn in at Independence Hall in Philadelphia and convened their first organizing meeting to begin eight years of planning and organizing for the 250th national birthday celebration. Dilella estimated that the group would meet three or four times a year. The new commission consisted of 16 private citizens, including chairman DiLella; eight members of Congress and nine federal officials. The day before the meeting, the Daughters of the American Revolution, in partnership with the commission, held a tree-planting ceremony to introduce its Pathway of the Patriots along the Schuylkill River Trail. Project organizers expect to plant 250 new trees along the trail from the city to Valley Forge.

After being named the non-profit partner in October 2018, the American Battlefield Trust provided financial and staff support to get the Commission operational as well as initial legal support. It convened more than 50 Commission meetings and provided strategic advice for the governance and structure of the Commission, including the establishment of leadership roles and governance committees. The Trust also created the America 250 Foundation and provided initial recommendations for staffing and structure. It helped the Commission develop relationships with key stakeholders and federal agencies, worked to help secure corporate support for the Commission, provided temporary Commission administrative offices and worked with Congress to secure federal appropriations, providing more than 4,200 work hours in these efforts.

In July 2021, the America250 Foundation made public its website as well as its marketing campaign, which initially consisted of advertisements in more than 4,559 locations in the four "leading cities," as well as a public service announcement aired on Comcast NBCUniversal networks that summer. Advertisements were displayed "[from] Times Square and the Lincoln Tunnel in New York to the Walt Whitman Bridge in Philadelphia," with original content also being published on the campaign's social media accounts.

On August 2, 2021, on the 245th anniversary of the starting of the Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, members of the Semiquincentennial Commission and other federal agencies met at the Thomas Jefferson Building Great Hall of the Library of Congress to sign a memorandum of understanding to further collaborate and coordinate on semiquincentennial activities.

In July 2022, President Joe Biden designated former Treasurer of the United States Rosie Rios as Chair of the U.S. Semiquincentennial Commission. Rios, who replaced Dan DiLella, was first appointed to the Commission on January 11, 2018. DiLella will continue to serve as a commissioner. On October 3, 2022, Rios announced that CEO Joe Daniels had resigned. Daniels, who came from the 9/11 Memorial Museum in New York City, had served as America 250 CEO for one year.

See also
 United States Centennial, 100th anniversary (1876)
 United States Sesquicentennial, 150th anniversary (1926)
 United States Bicentennial, 200th anniversary (1976)
 Founding Fathers of the United States
 United Colonies
 United States Semiquincentennial Commission
 Flagpole of Freedom Park
 George Washington Museum of American History

Notes

References

External links

 Official website of the U.S. Semiquincentennial Commission
 "Leading cities" websites:
 Boston
 New York City
 Philadelphia
 American Battlefield Trust, secretariat to the United States Semiquincentennial Commission
 Podcast Interview with Landor, Designing the America250 Brand Identity
 Podcast Interview with Anna Laymon, Helping Us Make the Most of the 250th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence

2026 in the United States
United States Declaration of Independence anniversaries

United States Semiquincentennial


A caponier is a type of defensive structure in a fortification. Fire from this point could cover the ditch beyond the curtain wall to deter any attempt to storm the wall. The word originates from the French , meaning "chicken coop" (a capon is a castrated male chicken).

In some types of bastioned fortifications, the caponier served as a means of access to the outworks, protecting troops from direct fire; they were often roofless. Although they could be used for firing along the ditch, the flanks of the bastions were the main defence of the ditch by fire. In later polygonal forts, caponiers were often roofed and were not intended as a type of covered way, but as the main way of keeping the ditch clear of a besieger.

History

Originally the term referred to a covered passageway that traversed the ditch outside the curtain of a fortress. Fire from this point could cover the ditch beyond the curtain wall to deter any attempt to storm the wall. Thus the passageway was equipped with musket ports and cannon ports that fired along the ditch.

While fortifications were evolving to the simpler polygonal style, the term was sometimes used to describe the flanking positions set at the corners of the ditch that provide the same function in that style of fort, especially in France. In bastioned forts, it usually takes the form of a low open passage, often partly sunken into the floor of the ditch and projecting outward into and across it, with access from the main fortress via a passage through the curtain wall.  The roof, if any, was often made against weather, observation and small arms fire, not artillery. As polygonal fortresses evolved, caponiers became more substantial, higher and protected above from plunging fire with masonry and earth cover.  In late 19th century, works which were largely underground, caponiers were reached via a tunnel from within the fort.

Equipment

The caponier is usually equipped with a firing step and rifle ports to allow troops to fire along the ditch, and often has provision for small cannon to sweep the ditch as well. To clear the smoke and fumes from the firing the roof of the caponier is often provided with ventilation ports. To avoid fire from one caponier bearing on the next, caponiers are sometimes set at alternate corners of the fort, so that they fire towards a blank wall at the opposite end of the ditch, giving full coverage of the ditch without subjecting the next caponier to fire. The length of the straight sections of the ditch is chosen so that it can be covered by fire from a single caponier. Caponiers are often wedge shaped so that they can fire down both angles of the ditch.

Counterscarp battery
An alternative to the caponier is a counterscarp battery, dug into the outer face of the corner of the ditch, giving a similar field of fire. Reached by a tunnel from within the fort, it does not have the vulnerable roof that the caponier has, but being outside the ditch, is potentially more vulnerable to mining. Both structures may be found in the same fort.

Locations of caponiers

Caponiers are a common feature of 18th- and 19th-century fortifications and are found on almost all the Victorian forts of Malta, the Palmerston Forts in Britain, the Lisbon Entrenched Camp forts in Portugal, fortifications in many Nordic countries. Caponiers were also found in
 Birgu main ditch
 Fort Manoel
 Fort Ricasoli
 Boden Fortress in Sweden
 Brest-Litovsk fortress,
 Camden Fort Meagher, Crosshaven, Cork Harbour, Ireland
 Coalhouse Fort, Essex, England
 Craignethan Castle in Scotland contains a good 16th century example.
 Eluanbi Lighthouse in southern Taiwan
 Fort Glanville Conservation Park, Adelaide, South Australia
 Fort Hamilton, New York City, USA
 Fort McClary, Kittery Point, Maine
 Fort Thüngen, Luxembourg
 Fort Washington, Maryland, USA
 Fort Wellington, Prescott, Ontario, Canada
 Freshwater Redoubt, Isle of Wight, England
 Kyiv fortress
 Petersberg Citadel, Erfurt, Germany
 Poznań Fortress, Poland
 Sevastopol (Ukraine).
 Southsea Castle
 Spandau Citadel
 Rhodes medieval town, Greece
 Suomenlinna in Finland
 York Redoubt and Fort Charlotte, Halifax Regional Municipality, Canada
 Newhaven Fort in East Sussex, UK
 East Jiguanshan Fortress in Lüshun, Liaoning, China

Gallery

See also
 Coffer (fortification)
 List of established military terms

References

External links

 Amherst Fort - Kent
 Vladivostok Fortress
 Sant Julià de Ramis Fort

Fortification (architectural elements)

Caponier


The University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest (Romanian: Universitatea de Științe Agronomice și Medicină Veterinară din Bucuresți) is the oldest and largest institution of higher agricultural sciences and veterinary education in Romania. With around 12,000 students, the university offers 32 undergraduate programmes and 33 master programmes; all are available in Romanian, 6 in English, and 1 in French. Furthermore, there are also two doctoral schools specialised in five fields: Agronomy, Animal Science, Biotechnologies, Horticulture, and Veterinary Medicine.

Campus

The university has two campuses located in Bucharest, Romania. The Herăstrău campus, which is the main campus, was established in 1868, and is spread over an area of 38 hectares. It is located north of the city centre, adjacent to Herăstrău Park (now known as King Michael I Park), Bucharest's largest park. The main campus hosts six of the seven faculties and several of the university's facilities (such as research buildings, student residences, a botanical garden and experimental fields).

Since 1887, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine is located at the Cotroceni campus in the centre of Bucharest, along the Dâmbovița River. This campus has an area of , and besides the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its related facilities, it also hosts student residences and a veterinary clinic (which is open to the general public).

History
Its origin lies in a document signed in 1852 by Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, Ruler of Wallachia (1849–1856), who founded the Institute of Agriculture in Pantelimon, near Bucharest. The Institute started its activity in 1853, being joined a few years later in 1861 by the School of Veterinary Medicine. The agronomic and veterinary education evolved towards more developed forms, interrelated to the increasing need of specialists in plant and animal breeding, with the development of specialised sciences and knowledge.

In 1867, when the curricula expanded to include forestry sciences, the school became the Central School of Agriculture and Forestry. The first experimental didactic farm in Romania was established within this institution. On the 1st of August 1868, King Carol I of Romania laid the foundation stone of the new campus on the Herăstrău Estate in Bucharest, and in 1869, teachers and students started their activity there. In 1887, the first agricultural research institution in Romania, named the Bucharest Agronomic Station, was established within the school and experimental land plots were established on the Herăstrău lake shore.

The first part of the 20th century saw many changes to the structure of the school. In 1915, it was renamed as the Higher School of Agriculture, and in 1921, the School of Veterinary Medicine became a faculty of the University of Bucharest. During the following years, the agronomic education developed further under several names: Higher School of Agriculture from Herăstrău (1915), Academy of Higher Agronomic Studies (1929), Faculty of Agronomy – merged within the Politehnica School of Bucharest (1938), and the Agronomic Institute of Bucharest (1948). In 1948, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine returned to the Agronomic Institute of Bucharest, once again becoming part of the university.

In 1992, the name changed to the University of Agronomic Sciences, and in 1996 it became the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest.

The University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest has adopted the Bologna Process and European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS). The University currently offers programs in Romanian, English, and French in all the three cycles: cycle 1 (bachelor's degree), cycle 2 (master's degree), and cycle 3 (doctorate).

Faculties
The university has seven faculties:

 Faculty of Agriculture
 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (EAEVE Accredited)
 Faculty of Horticulture
 Faculty of Animal Production Management and Engineering
 Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering
 Faculty of Biotechnologies
 Faculty of Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture, and Rural Development

Alumni
 Toma Enache (born 1970), film director

International memberships
The University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest has 52 ERASMUS agreements and 29 international framework agreements. It is a member in the following international associations:
BSUN (Black Sea Universities Network)
EUA (European University Association)
ICA (Association for European Life Science Universities)
EAEVE (European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education)
CASEE (Central and South Eastern Europe Network of ICA)
EARMA (European Association of Research Managers and Administrators)
DRC (Danube Rectors' Conference)
AUF (Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie)

References

External links
 University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest
 Faculty of Agriculture
 Faculty of Horticulture
 Faculty of Animal Sciences
 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
 Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering
 Faculty of Biotechnologies
 Faculty of Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development
 Students League

Universities and colleges established in 1852
University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest
Agricultural universities and colleges in Romania
1852 establishments in Wallachia


Mary Magdalene is a woman in all four gospels of the New Testament. She became a faithful follower of Jesus after he delivered her from seven demons.
 She witnessed the crucifixion and burial of Jesus, and was the first person to see and talk with him after he arose from the dead.
 She told the apostles that she had seen him alive.

Mary is a saint in the Catholic church. She is remembered on July 22.

References

New Testament people
Ancient Israeli people

Mary Magdalene


Eucalyptus risdonii, commonly known as the Risdon peppermint, is a species of small tree that is endemic to a small area in southern Tasmania. It has smooth bark, a crown composed mostly of sessile, glaucous, egg-shaped juvenile leaves arranged in opposite pairs. The flower buds are arranged in groups of between nine and fifteen and the fruit are cup-shaped, conical or hemispherical.

Description
Eucalyptus risdonii is a tree that typically grows to a height of  and forms a lignotuber. The bark is smooth, grey, yellow, white or cream-coloured. Young plants and coppice regrowth have glaucous, sessile, egg-shaped leaves arranged in opposite pairs with their bases joined,  long and wide. The crown is composed mostly of juvenile leaves. Adult leaves, when formed, are arranged alternately, dull green, lance-shaped, up to  long and  wide. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils, on an unbranched peduncle  long, the individual buds on pedicels  long. Mature buds are oval to club-shaped,  long and  wide with a rounded to flattened operculum. Flowering occurs from November to January and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped, conical or hemispherical capsule  long and  wide with the valves below rim level.

Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus risdonii was first formally described in 1847 by Joseph Dalton Hooker in the London Journal of Botany. The specific epithet (risdonii) refers to the locality Risdon, where the type specimen was found.

Distribution and habitat
The Risdon peppermint is only known from the dry slopes on the eastern side of the River Derwent near Risdon and Grass Tree Hill. It grows in low, open forest on sunny, north-west facing ridges.

This species is reported to be a juvenilised form of its sister species, E. tenuiramis.

Conservation status
This species is classed as "rare" under the Tasmanian Government Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.

References

External links

Flora of Tasmania
Endemic flora of Tasmania
Myrtales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Plants described in 1847
Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker

Eucalyptus risdonii


The Lover is a 1986 Israeli drama film, directed by Michal Bat-Adam. It is based on the 1977 novel of the same name by A. B. Yehoshua. Bat-Adam also starred in the film, alongside Yehoram Gaon, and wrote the screenplay in collaboration with Tzvika Kertzner.

Background and production
When the novel The Lover (by A. B. Yehoshua) came out in 1977, it was an unprecedented bestseller, and the talk of social salons and the media alike. It powerfully described the loneliness of its characters, as well as all the forbidden relationships between them: Between a married woman and her lover, between the married father and his daughter's friend, and between a Jewish girl and her Arab love interest. When it was announced that the book would be developed into a film, all the major producers, actors, directors and screenwriters in Israel wanted to be involved.

However, production company owner Menahem Golan was busy setting up his new American production company, and the project kept running into problems and personnel changes. At the start, Golan approved his house-director, Boaz Davidson's request to direct, with the understanding that he would finish up his current obligations, then work on The Lover. But two years later, he was still delaying the project due to his workload. Golan set out to find a new director, and was faced with a difficult choice. Yehoshua wanted Oded Kotler to direct, but Kotler had never directed a feature before. Another potential director was Dan Wolman, who had experience with adaptations, and several other directors. But Golan also kept putting off the decision.

About 15 months before the film was eventually released, Golan saw the film "Atalia", starring Michal Bat-Adam, and knew he had found his Asia. Bat-Adam agreed to act in the film only if she could also direct it, and Golan agreed immediately. Within a few months the adapted screenplay was completed, and casting began. Bat-Adam wanted actor Yossi Pollack for the role of Adam, and his selection was even announced in the press, but Golan was adamant that Yehoram Gaon – better known as a singer – was the only possible choice. Golan, it seems, owed a debt of gratitude to Gaon, who had advised him to by the movie rights for The Lover. Golan did admire Gaon's acting, nevertheless, especially in his 1976 film "Kazablan". The widely admired acting teacher Fanny Lubitsch was cast as the "all-seeing" grandmother, and the rest of the cast joined soon thereafter. But personnel issues continued right up to the start of filming, when the cinematographer David Gurfinkel was brought in at the very last moment.

Bat-Adam insisted on rehearsals before the filming began, much like a theater production. The actors expressed surprise, but in the end were pleased with the process.

Filming took place mostly in Haifa, and also in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. The filming took 8 weeks. The film was cut in two versions – one in Hebrew, and one in English.

Plot summary
Adam (Yehoram Gaon) and Asia (Michal Bat-Adam) are a married couple, who no longer have sex. (The reason for this is not revealed in the film, though it is in the novel.) Asia, who is studying for her PhD, faces difficulty with some of the material, which is in Spanish. Adam, a car repair shop owner, asks a customer, Gavriel (Roberto Pollack) to be her translator in lieu of payment for fixing his car.

Gavriel is an Israeli who lives in Argentina, and is visiting in Israel to deal with his dying grandmother's estate. Not realizing how expensive the repairs would be to his grandmother's vintage car, he agrees. After a short time working with Asia, everyone, including Asia and Adam's daughter Daphna ("Dafi"), realize that the two have become lovers.

The year is 1973, and the Yom Kippur War breaks out. Adam pressures Gavriel to enlist, and he disappears, along with his iconic car. The war ends, prisoners are exchanged, and there is still no sign of Gavriel. Adam asks his young Arab worker, Naim, for help – and the two break into the grandmother's apartment, to try and find clues to Gavriel's whereabouts. They discover that the grandmother's health has improved.

The grandmother advises Adam to seek Gavriel at night, not in the day. He begins to work with Naim towing cars from accidents. Dafi joins them, gradually dropping out of school, and growing closer to Naim. Around this time, Dafi's schoolmate Tali sets her sights on Adam – she corners him, undresses in front of him, and in spite of his protestations, touches him. They end up having sex, which Adam then says was a mistake and a moment of weakness.

One night, Adam finds a piece of metal from the car Gavriel is driving at the site of a hit and run accident. The driver of the car that was hit says the other car had Haredim (ultra-orthodox Jews, recognizable by their anachronistic 17th-century black clothing) in it, and sped off towards Jerusalem. Adam goes to a Haredi neighborhood in Jerusalem, Mea Shearim, and finds Gavriel.

Gavriel tells him that he was drafted to fight at the front in the war, and escaped with the help of a Haredi group who came to cheer up the troops. At this same time, Gavriel's grandmother passes away, and Asia tells him he should leave and never come back. When the three of them return to the family home, they find Dafi and Naim after getting dressed, after having sex. Adam drives Naim back to his village and fires him. But before leaving, hands him a package filled with money, so that he can go back to school. Naim refuses to take it. He returns home, and Asia tells him about her separation from Gavriel.

Cast

 Asia – Michal Bat-Adam
 Adam – Yehoram Gaon
 Gavriel – Roberto Pollack
 Gavriel's grandmother – Fanny Lubitsch
 Daphna (Dafi) – Avigail Ariely
 Naim – Awas Khatib
 Tali – Noa Aizik

Reception
The film created a media scandal in Israel when it was released, due to the perception that it presents marital infidelity as a positive thing. Bat-Adam described this as "a lynching", which pushed her to the brink of giving up filmmaking. However, the film was a theatrical success, and 23 films later, Bat-Adam is known as "the queen of Israeli cinema".

In her review in Haaretz, Rachel Gordin wrote that "the film manages to touch on very real points of the viewers' emotions" thanks to the character of Naim as portrayed by Awas Khatib, but that "it otherwise never really extends beyond the realm of melodrama." Irit Shamgar, in Ha'ir, celebrated the fact that The Lover "beat the censorship" and was approved for screening, while her colleague Danny Wurt said in his review that the portrayal of the main characters left him unimpressed, though he found the secondary characters of Naim and the grandmother to be more alive and humorous. Yedioth reviewer Nachman Einberger panned the film, claiming it had "not one moment of grace", while A. B. Yehoshua, the author of the novel the film is based upon, expressed his satisfaction with the translation of his work to film. Yael Israel, reviewer for "Al Hamishmar", gave the film a positive review, calling it "an easy-to-digest and realistic adaptation".

References

External links

1986 films
1986 drama films
Films set in 1973
Films about the Israel Defense Forces
Israeli drama films
1980s Hebrew-language films
Films directed by Michal Bat-Adam
Films set in Jerusalem
Films set in Haifa
Films produced by Menahem Golan
Golan-Globus films
Films based on Israeli novels
Adultery in films
Yom Kippur War films and television series
Films produced by Yoram Globus

The Lover (1986 film)


is a Japanese retired judoka.

Ono is regarded as one of judo's top fighters, having won two Olympic gold medals, three World Championships and five Grand Slams. He is the lightweight division's most dominant fighter, having won in every major championship he competed since 2015. Ono specializes in osoto gari (having written his masters' thesis on it) and uchimata. He is known for his classical technique and all ippon style, holding one of the highest ippon rates in judo. Ono is also one of the most searched judokas on the Internet.

Career

Breakthrough: Grand Slam Tokyo 2012
Ono cemented his place as one of judo's biggest ippon players by winning the prestigious Grand Slam in Tokyo all by ippon. He defeated Lee Shing Him, Yertugan Torenov and Khashbaataryn Tsagaanbaatar in the Round of 32, quarter-final and semi-final by ippon, and Etienne Briand by ippon and two yukos in the Round of 16. He met then reigning world champion and Olympic silver medalist Riki Nakaya in the final. Ono defeated Nakaya with a stunning ippon by osoto gari, adding to a waza-ari he scored earlier on. This would prove to be a turning point in one of the most heated rivalries in the lightweight division, with Ono breaking Nakaya's dominance in the division. The rivalry between the two Japanese fighters would go on for six years.

Grand Slam Paris 2013
Ono continued his ippon streak at the Grand Slam in Paris, where he defeated Luiz Alcaraz del Rey and Dirk Van Tichelt by ippon in the Round of 32 and quarter-final, and Ljubisa Kovacevic by ippon and yuko in the Round of 16. His run for a consecutive Grand Slam win ended in the semi-final, where he lost against Tsagaanbaatar by waza-ari. With 30 seconds on the clock, the Mongol threw Ono for waza-ari with Ono's signature uchi mata. The match was already sealed in the former's favour with two shidos against Ono. The Japanese then showed his ippon style again in the bronze medal contest against Benjamin Darbelet with an uchi mata ippon in just eight seconds.

Rise to prominence: 2013 World Championships
Ono became Japan's third lightweight champion in four years after Hiroyuki Akimoto and Nakaya at the World Championships in Rio de Janeiro. He faced off against Korea's double World Champion Wang Ki-chun in the Round of 64. Fifteen seconds into the fight, Wang attempted a drop morote seoi nage, however was unsuccessful in gaining a score. Ono countered with a juji gatame, but Wang easily escaped by lifting Ono off the ground. Wang then unsuccessfully threw Ono with the latter's single grip on his sleeve with an uchi mata. In a turn of events, Wang was controversially given four shidos to earn a hansoku make or disqualification, namely for three false attacks and breaking off a grip. He unexpectedly crashed out of the tournament in his first fight.

Ono met Neoklis Skouroumounis in his second fight, and scored a yuko early on with de ashi harai. He sealed the fight with ippon with uchi mata. Ono then faced Miklós Ungvári in the Round of 16, who had a similar fate to Wang. Ungvari picked up four shidos for a hansoku make, in the form of avoiding grips, stepping off the mat, attempting a false attack and passivity. Ono went on against Dex Elmont in the quarter-final, in which he again showed his ippon play. Ono scored first with an osoto gari to ushiro goshi for yuko. Elmont then scored a yuko to level the scores. The fight went to golden score with the fighters on equal grounds with a yuko and two shidos each. Ono defeated Elmont with a harai goshi for ippon, and was through to a semi-final against van Tichelt. Ono was ranked number 15, and van Tichelt thirteen places above him. Ono defeated him for a guaranteed medal with one of his best techniques, osoto gari, for ippon.

Ono was set against Ugo Legrand in the final. Ono attempted a double sleeve uchi mata and gained a yuko. Ono won the World title with a strong hane goshi that scored ippon, defeating Legrand. He was overwhelmed with winning the World title and was moved to tears.

Ono also won the Teams' bronze medal with Japan. In the quarter-final he faced Mirali Sharipov, and continued his dominance as a big ippon fighter by defeating the Uzbek with an osoto gari for waza-ari, and uchi mata for ippon.

2014 Grand Slam Tokyo
He lost to Hiroyuki Akimoto of Japan in the finals.

2016 Olympics

2020 Olympics
Ono won the gold medal in the 73 kg competition at the 2020 Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan.

Personal life
On 28 May 2013, Ono and four other senior male students in Tenri University's judo club ordered younger members to slap freshmen in the face. After an investigation, on 5 September, Ono was removed from his post of captain of the club and with the other four were suspended for 30 days.

Competitive record

(as of 18 August 2021)

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Japanese male judoka
World judo champions
Judoka at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka for Japan
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in judo
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Olympic silver medalists for Japan
Judoka at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Asian Games medalists in judo
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
Sportspeople from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
21st-century Japanese people

Shohei Ono


Jonathan Spencer Wilson (born December 30, 1974) is a producer, songwriter and musician based in Los Angeles, California, United States.

Early life
Wilson was born on December 30, 1974, in Forest City, North Carolina and raised in nearby Spindale, North Carolina. Wilson lived his formative years from age 6 to 16 in the small town of Thomasville, NC , Population 15,000 at the time. His father was a local rock and roll bandleader and his grandfather a Baptist pastor whose services Wilson was often invited to play at. Wilson has cited his upbringing in North Carolina and the state's rich jazz and bluegrass musical heritage as an early influence.

Career

Muscadine
Wilson founded the band Muscadine with Benji Hughes in 1995.  They were scouted and signed by the legendary music business maverick Seymour Stein. The band released their debut album, The Ballad of Hope Nicholls, on Sire Records in 1998.

Solo career
Wilson released his album Gentle Spirit on Bella Union on August 8, 2011, in the UK and Europe and on September 13, 2011, in the US. The album debuted at number 15 on the UK Indie Chart and was awarded the #4 spot on Mojo's 2011 Best Albums of the Year list. Gentle Spirit features many special guests including Barry Goldberg, Chris Robinson, Gary Louris, Andy Cabic, Otto Hauser, Josh Grange, Gary Mallaber, Z Berg, Adam McDougall, Johnathan Rice, among others. Jonathan was named Uncut Magazines 2011 "New Artist of the Year".

In April 2012, Wilson released "Pity Trials and Tomorrow's Child", a limited edition vinyl EP on Bella Union for Record Store Day 2012. American Songwriter named it, "Five Things To Look For On Record Store Day". One of the album's three tracks, a cover of George Harrison's "Isn't It A Pity", includes guest vocals by Graham Nash.

In October 2013, Wilson released his second album, Fanfare, on Downtown Records and Bella Union. The album debuted at #8 on the UK Indie Chart, #50 on the UK Overall Chart, #18 in the Norway Overall Chart and #49 in the Netherlands in its first week. Uncut Magazine and Rolling Stone Germany named Fanfare its Album of the Month the month of its release. The album features contributions from David Crosby, Graham Nash, Jackson Browne, Mike Campbell, Benmont Tench, Father John Misty, Taylor Goldsmith (Dawes) and Patrick Sansone (Wilco). The album also features Wilson's band, including Jason Borger, Omar Velasco, Richard Gowen and Dan Horne. Roy Harper wrote the lyrics to the song "New Mexico".

In February 2018, Wilson released his third solo album Rare Birds. On March 6, 2020, he released his new solo album called Dixie Blur. Wilson also completed a solo album titled Frankie Ray in 2007. The record was never officially released.

Wilson's next studio album Eat The Worm was released September 8, 2023. He describes the new album as a chance to "break out of any and all comfort zones I may have lapsed into." American Songwriter describes it as "sporadically psychedelic, always creative, frequently elaborate, and certainly bizarre soundscapes Wilson delivers with his usual attention to aural detail".

 Record producer and other projects
 Record production
Wilson currently maintains his recording studio, Fivestar Studios, in  Topanga, California, which he finished building in March 2020.
The studio was located in Echo Park for 9 years  and relocated from its original location in Laurel Canyon in 2009.

In September 2021, Wilson recorded the ear-bending Americana record "Begin Again" for Los Angeles based artist Mary Scholz at his studio in Topanga Canyon. Scholz released the album in July 2022 and it was met with esteemed praise. Hailed as a "fascinating and artistic version of Americana," the record  paints a panoramic, starry landscape, addressing how we process life  internally, to how we respond as a community.

2021 has seen Wilson working on various projects from Angel Olsen, Benmont Tench, Dawes, Bella White, Izzi Manfredi, Margo Price, Sam Burton, and several more.

Wilson has produced the latest Father John Misty album Chloe and the next 20th Century in 2020, he has also produced Erin Rae's Lighten up, and Billy Strings 2X Grammy Nominated "Renewal" in 2020.

In 2019 Wilson and Jackson Browne Co-produced the album "Let the Rhythm Lead" Songs recorded in Haiti for the Artists for Peace and Justice non profit, benefiting the Audio Institute of Haiti, a recording arts training school and recording studio

2019 Wilson produced his own album Dixie Blur alongside coproducer Pat Sansone in Nashville, TN featuring Mark O'Connor, Drew Erickson, Dennis Crouch, Kenny Vaughn, Jon Radford, Russ Pahl, and others.

Over several months in 2013 and 2014, Wilson produced and played on Conor Oberst's new album Upside Down Mountain released on Nonesuch Records in May 2014. The album was recorded at Wilson's Fivestar Studios in Los Angeles and Blackbird Studios in Nashville.

In 2013 Wilson produced "Jubilee", the fifth album from Canadian band, The Deep Dark Woods in Alberta, Canada.

In 2012, Wilson co-produced and played on Roy Harper's latest album, Man and Myth (Bella Union, 2013) at Fivestar Studios. In the same year, Wilson produced a Glen Campbell session at Fivestar Studios for Daytrotter.

In 2011, Wilson co-produced and played on the debut Father John Misty record, Fear Fun released on Sub Pop, at Fivestar Studios.

In 2010, Wilson produced and collaborated with Bonnie 'Prince' Billy on a series of songs for release on Spiritual Pajamas Records, a boutique 7" label associated with Folk Yeah Presents. Wilson recorded and produced Dawes' debut album, North Hills, at his Laurel Canyon studio. That same year, Wilson recorded and produced Dawes' second album, Nothing Is Wrong, at Five Star Studio.

As part of Wilson's project, What You Need Is What You Have, The Songs of Roy Harper, Wilson has produced songs performed by Will Oldham, Andy Cabic, Chris Robinson, Benji Hughes, Dawes, Jenny O., Johnathan Rice, Josh Tillman, and others. Wilson also produced Jason Boesel's album, Hustler's Son, Mia Doi Todd's album Cosmic Ocean Ship and mixed Goodnight Lenin's debut album, In The Fullness Of Time, due for release in late 2014. Wilson has also recorded and/or produced many other artists in his studio, including Gerald Johnson, James Gadson, and Josh Tillman.

 Other music projects
In 2010 and 2011, Wilson collaborated with Erykah Badu in the studio on several songs, only one of which was officially released. Wilson also appeared as a special guest with Erykah Badu at her 2011 Coachella performance.

In April 2011, Wilson performed with Robbie Robertson and Dawes on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman, ABC's The View and Later... with Jools Holland in support of Robertson's album How to Become Clairvoyant.

In the fall of 2011, Wilson was invited by Roy Harper as a special guest at Royal Festival Hall as part of Harper's sold out 70th birthday celebration. Wilson also toured with Wilco in the fall of 2011 for 15 shows across the UK & Europe. In July 2011 Wilson performed and collaborated with Jackson Browne and Dawes on a mini tour throughout Spain. Wilson performed at the 2011 benefit concert for Musicians United for Safe Energy. Wilson was joined onstage by Jackson Browne and Graham Nash to perform his song "Gentle Spirit". Wilson also joined Crosby, Stills & Nash, Jackson Browne, Bonnie Raitt and others for the concert's finale, "Teach Your Children".

In August 2012, Wilson was featured as a guest of Move Me Brightly, a tribute to Jerry Garcia.  In June 2012, he and his band were invited by Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers to support them on their 2012 European tour, which included 2 sold out nights at Royal Albert Hall.

In 2013, Wilson curated a collection of songs as part of What You Need Is What You Have, The Songs of Roy Harper, a Roy Harper tribute album that includes songs performed by Will Oldham, Andy Cabic, Chris Robinson, Benji Hughes, Dawes, Jenny O., Johnathan Rice, Josh Tillman, and others. Wilson was a member of The Emerald Triangle, a touring collaboration with Andy Cabic, Johnathan Rice, Neal Casal, and Husky. In addition, Wilson has recorded projects and/or performed with Johnathan Rice for Reprise Records, Chris Robinson and Phil Lesh Ramblin' Jack Elliott, and Bert Jansch.

In 2017, Wilson appeared on Roger Waters' "Is This the Life We Really Want?" album and toured with Waters on his 2017–18 Us + Them tour, and again in 2022-2023 on Waters' This Is Not A Drill tour.

 Laurel Canyon
Wilson is credited with revitalizing the Laurel Canyon music scene with the help of his many friends and is featured in the 2009 book Canyon of Dreams by rock historian Harvey Kubernik. Wilson had hosted private jam sessions at his compound in Laurel Canyon that involved Andy Cabic, Pat Sansone, John Stirratt, Gerald Johnson, Johnathan Rice, Gary Louris, Mark Olson,
Chris Robinson, David Rawlings, Benmont Tench,  and other notable artists who have played professionally with and/or in The Electric Flag, Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Van Morrison, The Cars, Bruce Springsteen, Steve Miller Band, and Pearl Jam. The jam was founded by Wilson and Chris Robinson.

Personal life
Wilson is married to artist Andrea Nakhla.

 Discography
 Solo artist Albums Frankie Ray, Pretty and Black Records, 2007
 Gentle Spirit, Bella Union, 2011 (UK Indie chart peak: #15)
 Fanfare, Downtown Records / Bella Union, October 2013 (UK Indie chart peak: #8, UK Albums Chart peak: #50, Norway chart peak #18)
 Rare Birds, Bella Union, March 2, 2018 (UK Albums Chart peak: #79)
 Dixie Blur, BMG, 2020
 Eat the Worm, September 2023Extended plays Pity Trials and Tomorrow's Child, Bella Union, 2012
 Slide By, November 2014
 The Way I Feel & More, July 2020
 69 Corvette EP, August 2020
 El Camino Real EP, September 2020
 Rare Blur EP, November 2020Singles'''
 "Marzipan", March 2023
 "Charlie Parker", June 2023

 Album production credits

 Jonathan Wilson – Frankie Ray (2007)
 Dawes – North Hills (2009)
 Jason Boesel – Hustler's Son (2010)
 Jonathan Wilson – Gentle Spirit (2011)
 Dawes – Nothing Is Wrong (2011)
 Mia Doi Todd – Cosmic Ocean Ship (2011)
 Father John Misty – Fear Fun (2012)
 Jonathan Wilson – Fanfare (2013)
 Roy Harper – Man and Myth (2013)
 The Deep Dark Woods – Jubilee (2013)
 Conor Oberst – Upside Down Mountain (2014)
 Father John Misty – I Love You, Honeybear (2015)
 Father John Misty – Pure Comedy (2017)
 Dawes – Passwords (2018)
 Jonathan Wilson – Dixie Blur (2020)
 Father John Misty – Chloë and the Next 20th Century (2021)
 Billy Strings – Renewal (2021)
 Erin Rae – Lighten Up (2021)
 Mary Scholz – Begin Again (2022)
 Dawes – Misadventures of Doomscroller 2022
 Angel Olsen – Big Time (2022)
 Margo Price – Strays (2023)

 As part of Muscadine
 The Ballad of Hope Nichols, Sire Records, 1998
 LP2, Sire Records
 Live From Studio East, Sire Records

 Song production credits
 Dawes, "Wild Tales", Be Yourself: A Tribute to Graham Nash's Songs for Beginners, Grass Roots Records, 2010
 Johnathan Rice, "On The Line", Be Yourself: A Tribute to Graham Nash's Songs for Beginners, Grass Roots Records, 2010
 Jonathan Wilson, "La Isla Bonita", Through The Wilderness, A Tribute To Madonna, Manimal Vinyl, 2007
 Bonnie "Prince" Billy, "See You Again", What You Need Is What You Have, The Songs of Roy Harper, TBD, TBD
 Bonnie "Prince" Billy and Mariee Sioux, Grass Roots Record Co., TBD
 Johnathan Rice, "Goldfish", What You Need Is What You Have, The Songs of Roy Harper, TBD, TBD
 Benji Hughes, "Another Day", What You Need Is What You Have, The Songs of Roy Harper, TBD, TBD
 Chris Robinson, "Hallucinating Light", What You Need Is What You Have, The Songs of Roy Harper, TBD, TBD
 Jenny O., "Cherish", What You Need Is What You Have, The Songs of Roy Harper, TBD, TBD
 Whispertown2000, Acony Records
 Ilya Monosov, Holy Mountain Records

 Musician credits
 Roger Waters, Comfortably Numb 2022, Sony Music, 2022
 Roger Waters, Is This the Life We Really Want?, Columbia Records, 2017
 Roy Harper, Man and Myth, Bella Union, 2013
 Father John Misty, Fear Fun, Sub Pop, 2012
 Amy Cook, Summer Skin, Thirty Tigers, 2012
 Dawes, Nothing Is Wrong, ATO Records, 2011
 A Fine Frenzy, TBD, Virgin, 2011
 Mia Doi Todd, Cosmic Ocean Ship, City Zen Records, 2011
 Autumn Defense, Once Around, Yep Roc Records, 2010
 Farmer Dave Scher, Flash Forward to the Good Times, Kemado Records, 2010
 Shooter Jennings and Hierophant, Black Ribbons, Black Country Rock, 2010
 Erykah Badu, Maybach Music (as released by Rick Ross), 2010
 Jason Boesel, Hustler's Son, Team Love Records, 2010
 Various Artists, Be Yourself: A Tribute to Graham Nash's Songs for Beginners, Grass Roots Records, 2010
 Dawes, North Hills, ATO Records, 2009
 Vetiver, Tight Knit, Sub Pop, 2009
 Elvis Costello, Momofuku, Lost Highway Records, 2008
 Jenny Lewis, Acid Tongue, Warner Brothers Records, 2008
 Vetiver, Things Of The Past, Gnomonsong, 2008
 Benji Hughes, A Love Extreme, New West Records, 2008
 The Shore, Light Years, Independently Release, 2008
 Gary Louris, Vagabonds, Rykodisc, 2007
 Maria Taylor, Lynn Teeter Flower, Saddle Creek Records, 2007
 Johnathan Rice, Further North, Reprise Records, 2007
 J. Tillman, Fun Times In Babylon, TBD, TBD
 Barry Goldberg, Rhino Records
 Chris Robinson and Phil Lesh, TBD, TBD, TBD
 Big Eagle, Grass Roots Record Co.
 Kevin Barker, You and Me, Gnomonsong
 Jonathan Wilson and Farmer Dave Scher, West Coast Dream Sequence, Vol. 1, TBD, TBD
 Gerald Johnson and James Gadson, Every Day, TBD, TBD
 Bonnie "Prince" Billy and Mariee Sioux, Grass Roots Record Co., TBD
 Various Artists, What You Need Is What You Have, The Songs of Roy Harper'', TBD, TBD

References

External links
 Jonathan Wilson official homepage
 Jonathan Wilson official Youtube channel
 Rare Birds - Track by Track video

1974 births
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
Record producers from California
People from Spindale, North Carolina
Singer-songwriters from North Carolina
People from Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American male singers
Bella Union artists
Downtown Records artists

Jonathan Wilson (musician)


Neahkahnie Beach (or Neahkahnie) is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Tillamook County, Oregon, United States. It is located west of U.S. Route 101, comprising approximately 370 residences north of the city of Manzanita, at the foot of Neahkahnie Mountain. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Neahkahnie as a census-designated place (CDP). The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name. According to the 2020 Census, the population was 197.

References

Unincorporated communities in Tillamook County, Oregon
Census-designated places in Oregon
Census-designated places in Tillamook County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Neahkahnie Beach, Oregon


Barton Hills are situated southeast of the village of Barton-le-Clay in the English county of Bedfordshire.  They are part of the Chilterns and hiking routes are marked on maps at the entrance to the hills.  From the foot of the hillside, a spring (Barton Springs) marks the start of a chalk stream river.  During the summer, Dartmoor ponies roam the hills.

National nature reserve

A large part of the area is managed by Natural England as a national nature reserve.  The reserve is also designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

The steep well-grazed slopes are a classic downland habitat, however there were no sheep on the hills from about 1930 until the 1980s and woodland has formed on the hillside to the west of the stream which issues from Barton Springs.  The reserve is the main site in Bedfordshire for the pasqueflower (Pulsatilla vulgaris), and in some years over a thousand flowers are present.  Other unusual plants are field fleawort and a dwarf form of hairy violet.

There is no designated parking for the site. There is easy access by either Footpath 4 through the recreation ground towards the Church or Footpath 1 at the southern end of Old Road.

In the 21st century, the Hills were used as a training ground by undercover operative Morten Storm and Islamic terrorists from nearby Luton.

Barton Gravel Pit
To the east of the main reserve area, near the border between Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, () there is Barton Gravel Pit, a nature reserve managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.

See also
National Nature Reserves in Bedfordshire
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Bedfordshire

References

National nature reserves in England
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Bedfordshire
Hills of Bedfordshire
Chiltern Hills
Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire reserves
Nature Conservation Review sites

Barton Hills, Bedfordshire