Emperor Daizong of Tang (11 November 726  – 10 June 779), personal name Li Yu (name changed in 758 after being created crown prince), né Li Chu (), was an emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty.

Emperor Daizong was the eldest son of Emperor Suzong – the first emperor of the Tang dynasty to succeed as the eldest child. During the Anshi Rebellion (which Emperor Suzong's entire reign was dedicated to fighting), he served as a general of Tang and Huige joint operations that recaptured the capital Chang'an and the eastern capital Luoyang from the rebel state of Yan, and the Anshi Rebellion was finally put down early in his own reign, in 763.  However, thereafter, the Tang state was plagued by warlords such as Tian Chengsi, Li Baochen, and Liang Chongyi who essentially governed their realms as independent states while only pledging nominal loyalty to the emperor. This would prove disastrous for future generations as subsequent Tang emperors were unable to remove or control these warlords and the central government's power was thus slowly eroded and diminished. The power of the warlords would not prevent the Tang western territories from being overrun by Tibetan invasions and eventually lost to the Tibetan Empire, which even managed to capture Chang'an in 763 for a short period before being expelled.

Emperor Daizong was credited for removing the corrupt eunuch Li Fuguo, who had placed him on the throne using their own power and political influence, later the rest of Emperor Daizong's reign would also see dominance by such individuals as the eunuchs Cheng Yuanzhen and Yu Chao'en, as well as the chancellor Yuan Zai.  It is also worth noting that Emperor Daizong became the first Tang emperor to succeed to the throne as a result of maneuvers by eunuchs.  Emperor Daizong was himself also said to be overly devout in Buddhism.

Early life and career

Daizong's father, Li Jun, was the Prince of Zhong under his father Emperor Xuanzong when Daizong was born. His mother was Li Jun's concubine Consort Wu.  He was the oldest of Emperor Xuanzong's over 100 grandsons. In 740, by which time Li Jun (whose name had been changed to Li Heng by that point) was crown prince, Li Chu was created the Prince of Guangping.  That year, his mother Consort Wu died.  In his youth, he was said to be kind, meek, and filially pious, and was studious, particularly in the Classic of Rites and the I Ching.  He was much favored by his grandfather.  Emperor Xuanzong chose for him, as his wife and princess, Lady Cui the daughter of the Lady of Han, a sister of Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine Consort Yang Yuhuan; however, his oldest son Li Kuo was born of a concubine, Consort Shen.

In 755, the general An Lushan rebelled at Fanyang (范陽, in modern Beijing), and by summer 756, the forces of his new state of Yan were approaching the Tang capital Chang'an, forcing Emperor Xuanzong to flee to Chengdu.  When Emperor Xuanzong's train reached Mawei Station (馬嵬驛, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), angry soldiers, blaming the rebellion on the chancellor Yang Guozhong (Consort Yang's cousin), killed Yang Guozhong and his family members and forced Emperor Xuanzong to kill Consort Yang.  Subsequently, the people in the Mawei region tried to persuade Emperor Xuanzong not to continue on to Chengdu—believing that Chang'an could be recaptured.  Emperor Xuanzong asked Li Heng to try to comfort the people.  Once Li Heng left Emperor Xuanzong's presence, however, Li Heng's trusted eunuch Li Fuguo, Li Chu's brother Li Tan the Prince of Jianning, and Li Chu, persuaded Li Heng not to follow Emperor Xuanzong to Chengdu—arguing that with the physical barriers between Chang'an and Jiannan Circuit (劍南, headquartered in modern Chengdu), that once they had left the region, Chang'an could no longer be captured.  Li Heng agreed and had Li Chu report this to Emperor Xuanzong.  Emperor Xuanzong agreed with Li Heng's decision, but he himself continued on to Jiannan.  Li Heng, escorted by a small number of guard soldiers commanded by Li Tan, then headed to the border city of Lingwu.  With the army at Lingwu pressuring him to take imperial title, Li Heng declared himself emperor (as Emperor Suzong).

During Emperor Suzong's reign
After Emperor Suzong assumed imperial title, he considered making Li Tan the supreme commander of the armed forces, but his advisor Li Mi pointed out that Li Chu was older and that naming Li Tan the supreme commander would cause confusion as to who would be his heir.  Emperor Suzong agreed and made Li Chu the supreme commander instead.  Subsequently, Li Chu and Li Mi were entrusted with the keys of the makeshift palace, and one would always be on duty to be ready to receive important military reports.  In 757, Emperor Suzong considered creating Li Chu crown prince, but Li Mi and Li Chu, pointing out that it would be inappropriate to do so before Chang'an were recaptured, advised him otherwise.  Subsequently, Emperor Suzong's court was also itself filled with internal struggles, with Li Fuguo aligned with Emperor Suzong's favorite concubine Consort Zhang, in opposition to Li Chu, Li Tan, and Li Mi.  In early 757, after Li Tan repeatedly accused Li Fuguo and Consort Zhang of corruption, Li Fuguo and Empress Zhang in turn falsely accused him of trying to assassinate Li Chu in order to become the heir.  Emperor Suzong, in anger, ordered Li Tan to commit suicide, which drew fear from Li Chu and Li Mi. Li Chu considered assassinating Li Fuguo and Consort Zhang, but at Li Mi's urging, stopped his plans to do so.

In fall 757, troops from Huige, whose Bayanchur Khan Yaoluoge Moyanchuo had answered Emperor Suzong's request for help, arrived under the command of Yaoluoge Moyanchuo's son.  When Li Chu met the Huige prince, he offered for them to be sworn brothers.  The prince was very pleased and honored Li Chu as an older brother.  Thereafter, the joint Tang and Huige troops proceeded toward Chang'an and, after defeating Yan forces at Xiangji Temple (), near Chang'an, recaptured Chang'an.  Emperor Suzong had promised that Huige forces would be allowed to pillage Chang'an, but at the earnest pleas of Li Chu, the Huige prince agreed to wait until capturing Luoyang, which had become the Yan capital, to carry out the pillage.  The people of Chang'an, believing that Li Chu had saved them from a deadly Huige rampage, welcomed him in a grand procession and proclaimed, "The Prince of Guangping is truly a leader to be loved by both the Han and the barbarians."  Meanwhile, when Pugu Huai'en advocated quick advances to try to capture the Yan generals An Shouzhong () and Li Guiren (), Li Chu, pointing out that his own troops were tired, stopped him.  (Upon the recapturing of Chang'an, Li Mi resigned and became a hermit, depriving Li Chu of an ally.)

Subsequently, Li Chu, Guo Ziyi, and Pugu, along with Huige forces, continued to proceed toward Luoyang.  They first attacked Shancheng (陝城, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan) and initially could not succeed, but when Huige forces engaged, Yan forces were thrown into a panic and fled.  Hearing the news, An Lushan's son and successor An Qingxu, who had become the emperor of Yan, abandoned Luoyang and fled.  Once Huige forces entered Luoyang, they went on a rampage.  Li Chu had the people gather up a large cache of silk to bribe the Huige prince, and only thereafter did the rampage end.

Upon Li Chu's entry into Luoyang, he initially announced that the Tang officials who had surrendered to Yan would be forgiven.  However, soon they were rearrested and delivered to Chang'an.  Several were executed, while many others were punished by demotion or exile.  In winter 757, Li Chu returned to Chang'an with Guo, and was subsequently created the greater title of Prince of Chu.  In spring 758, his title was changed to Prince of Cheng.  Emperor Suzong wanted to further create him crown prince, but hesitated because Consort Zhang, who had since been created empress, had a son named Li Shao (), carrying the title of Prince of Zhao, whom she wanted to be crown prince.  When he consulted the chancellor Li Kui, Li Kui advocated for Li Chu, and Emperor Suzong agreed, creating Li Chu crown prince on June 29, 758.  He also changed Li Chu's name to Li Yu.  However, it was said that Empress Zhang did not give up the idea of having Li Shao become crown prince and was looking for ways to undermine Li Yu. Li Yu tried to react with meekness and humility.  After Li Shao died in 759, because Empress Zhang's other son, Li Tong () the Prince of Ding was still young, Li Yu's position was no longer threatened.

In 762, Emperor Suzong had become seriously ill.  After Emperor Xuanzong died in summer 762, Emperor Suzong, in mourning, grew worse.  He had Li Yu assume regent powers.  By this point, Empress Zhang and Li Fuguo were no longer allies, and Empress Zhang summoned Li Yu, wanting an alliance with him to kill Li Fuguo and his subordinate Cheng Yuanzhen.  Li Yu refused, pointing out that this would cause alarm to the very-ill Emperor Suzong.  Empress Zhang then entered into an alliance with Li Yu's younger brother Li Xi () the Prince of Yue, and they tried to set a trap for Li Fuguo, with 200 strong eunuchs loyal to her and Li Xi ready to act against Li Fuguo.  On May 14, 762, she issued an order in Emperor Suzong's name, summoning Li Yu into the palace.  However, Cheng received this news and reported this to Li Fuguo and Li Yu, and Cheng then escorted Li Yu to the imperial guard headquarters.  Imperial guards commanded by Li Fuguo and Cheng then entered the palace and arrested Empress Zhang, Li Xi, and their associates. It was said that with Emperor Suzong resting at Changsheng Hall (), the soldiers dragged Empress Zhang and the attending ladies in waiting and eunuchs away from his presence. Emperor Suzong was said to be left alone without attendants.  He died on May 16.  Li Fuguo executed Empress Zhang, Li Xi, and Li Xian () the Prince of Yan.  On May 18, Li Yu ascended the throne (as Emperor Daizong).

Reign

Remainder of Baoying era (762-763), and Guangde, Yongtai eras (763–766)
Li Fuguo effectively took over the control of the imperial government, going as far as telling Emperor Daizong:

Emperor Daizong was secretly displeased, but in order to placate Li Fuguo, gave him the title of Shangfu (尚父, meaning, "like father") and ordered that he not be referred to by name.  He also made Li Fuguo Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies) and Zhongshu Ling () – the head of the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng) and a post considered one for a chancellor.  Li Fuguo gave a major part of the command responsibilities to Cheng Yuanzhen. Carrying out further retaliation against Xiao Hua, Li Fuguo had Xiao further demoted.

Meanwhile, though, Li Fuguo did not expect that both Emperor Daizong and Cheng, who wanted more power, would turn against him. In summer 762, at Cheng's secret suggestion, Emperor Daizong issued an edict that stripped Li Fuguo of the titles of minister of defense and assistant of military affairs to the supreme commander—thus stripping him of military command—giving the latter post to Cheng.  He also ordered Li Fuguo to leave the palace and take residence up outside, although he created Li Fuguo the Prince of Bolu. Li Fuguo became apprehensive and offered to retire, and Emperor Daizong declined and sent him away with formal respect.  Because Li Fuguo had killed Empress Zhang and had supported him for the throne, Emperor Daizong did not want to kill him openly.  Instead, on November 12, 762, an assassin got into Li Fuguo's mansion and killed him, taking his head and an arm away as well. Emperor Daizong formally issued an order seeking the arrest of the assassin, and buried Li Fuguo in a grand ceremony, after having a wooden head and wooden arm carved to be buried with the rest of the body.

At this point, Emperor Daizong still had to face Yan, now ruled by Shi Chaoyi—the son and successor to Shi Siming, who had killed and succeeded An Qingxu and recaptured Luoyang from Tang in 759. Late in 762, he sent the eunuch Liu Qingtan () to Huige to request aid from its Dengli Khan Yaoluoge Yidijian (a younger brother of the Huige prince that he had previously become sworn brother to), who had also received an alliance proposal from Shi Chaoyi.  Yaoluoge Yidijian thus initially rejected Emperor Daizong's proposal and advanced south to aid Shi Chaoyi, but after further persuasion by Pugu Huai'en, whose daughter he had married, he agreed with the Tang proposal.  In winter 762, the joint Tang and Huige forces recaptured Luoyang, forcing Shi Chaoyi to flee. (Shi Chaoyi would eventually commit suicide in spring 763, ending Yan.)

In the aftermaths of Yan's destruction, Emperor Daizong contemplated what to do with several Yan generals who had surrendered to Tang but who still retained substantial holdings—Xue Song, Li Huaixian, Zhang Zhongzhi (on whom Emperor Daizong soon bestowed the imperial surname of Li and a new personal name, Baochen), and Tian Chengsi.  Pugu suggested that he allow them to remain at their posts as military governors (Jiedushi) to avoid further resistance, and Emperor Daizong, fearful of further wars, agreed.  This would mark the beginning of warlordism that plagued Tang for the rest of the dynasty.

In fall 763, Emperor Daizong faced two new additional threats.  Pugu, whom two other generals Xin Yunjing () and Li Baoyu and the eunuch Luo Fengxian () had suspected of plotting rebellion, was angry at the suspicion on him and, after submitting a number of accusatory petitions, began to act independently of the imperial government.  Meanwhile, though, Tibet, which had begun to seize Tang western prefectures one by one during the Anshi Rebellion, launched a sudden attack on Chang'an.  At that time, with Cheng in power and the generals hating him for his previous accusations against the generals Lai Tian () and Li Huairang () that led to their deaths, when Emperor Daizong sought emergency aid from the provincial generals, none came to his aid, and on November 16, he was forced to abandon Chang'an and flee to Shan Prefecture (i.e., Shancheng).  Tibetan forces declared Emperor Suzong's cousin Li Chenghong the Prince of Guangwu the Emperor of Tang, although they withdrew within the course of a month due to the Tang people's resistance efforts and counterattacks commanded by Guo Ziyi.  Emperor Daizong was able to soon return to Chang'an.  Still, much territory had fallen into Tibetan hands and Tang forces were not able to counterattack.  As the popular sentiment at the time blamed Cheng for the disaster, he stripped Cheng of his posts and sent him back to his home.  Soon thereafter, the most powerful figures at court became the chancellor Yuan Zai, who flattered Emperor Daizong, and the eunuch Yu Chao'en, who commanded the imperial guards.

In 764, Emperor Daizong created Li Kuo, whom he had earlier signaled to be the likely heir by designating him the supreme commander of the armed forces, crown prince.  Li Kuo's mother Consort Shen had been captured by Yan forces and disappeared during the Anshi Rebellion; Emperor Daizong sent many imperial messengers throughout the realm to search for Consort Shen, but was not able to find her.

Meanwhile, also in 764, Pugu Huai'en, then at Hezong (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), formally rose against Tang imperial troops, against his mother's advice.  An attack against Yuci (榆次, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi), commanded by Pugu Huai'en's son Pugu Yang (), however, was repelled by Tang forces, and Pugu Yang's own soldiers killed him.  Pugu, believing he was facing defeat, took his troops, largely from Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), back to its headquarters at Lingwu and dug in there; he thereafter remained a threat to the Tang imperial government, although Emperor Daizong, still hoping that he would resubmit, never formally declared him a renegade, and when Pugu's mother, who did not follow him to Lingwu, died, he buried her with honors.

Around this time, the official Liu Yan headed a project to reopen Bian River (), a canal that connected the Yellow River and the Huai River, which had been crucial for shipping food supplies from the Yangtze River-Huai River region to Chang'an and Luoyang prior to the Anshi Rebellion but which had become silted during the wars.  After the project was completed, Chang'an again had adequate food supplies, allowing the region to begin to recover. Pugu, meanwhile, had allied with Huige and Tibet, and in late 764 and then again in 765 allied with them to attack the Chang'an region.  After Pugu died in 765, however, the threat subsided, and his army resubmitted to Emperor Daizong.  However, by this point, Emperor was facing, in addition to the four major Yan generals, two more military governors who were de facto independent, Li Zhengji and Liang Chongyi.

Also in 765, after Yan Wu () the military governor of Jiannan Circuit died, the succeeding military governor Guo Ying'ai (), resentful that the officer Cui Ning had not recommended him to succeed Yan, attacked Cui.  Cui counterattacked and defeated Guo, who was killed in flight, and the circuit was thrown into a confusion.  Eventually, the situation settled down, but the circuit eventually became effectively independently ruled by Cui, although Cui was more obedient and respectful to the central government than the other warlords.  Emperor Daizong tried to have the chancellor Du Hongjian rule the circuit, but Du, unwilling to challenge Cui, soon returned to Chang'an and left the circuit in Cui's hands.

Early Dali era
Meanwhile, by this point, Emperor Daizong, who had previously favored Taoism, had begun to become a devout Buddhist due to the influences of his chancellors Yuan Zai, Wang Jin, and Du Hongjian.  Yuan, in particular, advocated the belief that it was by the blessings of the Buddha that Tang was able to survive the Anshi Rebellion and Pugu's rebellion.  As a result, Emperor Daizong's policies began to be heavily influenced by Buddhist principles, and he honored the Buddhist monk Bukong with great honors, including creating him a duke.  The temples at Chang'an became very wealthy, and Emperor Daizong further ordered that monks and nuns not be subject to physical punishments.  With the emperor and the chancellors all devout Buddhists, Buddhism became the leading influence in the empire.  (Traditional historians, such as the Song dynasty historian Sima Guang, ascribed the poor governance and justice system during Emperor Daizong's time to this.)

In 768, after Li Huaixian was assassinated by his officers Zhu Xicai, Zhu Ci, and Zhu Ci's brother Zhu Tao, Emperor Daizong made an attempt to take back control of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), which Li Huaixian had governed.  He made Wang Jin the military governor and Zhu Xicai the acting military governor.  When Wang arrived at the circuit, Zhu Xicai paid him great respect but did not allow him to take actual rein of the circuit, and Wang returned to Chang'an soon thereafter.  Emperor Daizong was forced to make Zhu Xicai the military governor later in the year.

In 770, Emperor Daizong, tired of Yu Chao'en's hold on power and arrogance, plotted with Yuan and laid a trap for Yu, killing him.  Thereafter, however, Yuan's power became unchallenged at court.

In 772, Zhu Xicai was in turn assassinated by his subordinate Li Huaiyuan (), and Zhu Ci replaced him.  Zhu Ci took a more respectful stand toward  the imperial government, and thereafter, while the central government did not take back actual control of Lulong, Lulong soldiers often participated in campaigns commissioned by the imperial government.  (Eventually, indeed, Zhu Ci himself would arrive at Chang'an and thereafter remain an imperial general near Chang'an and not return to Lulong, leaving Lulong in Zhu Tao's hands.)

Late Dali era
In 773, Xue Song died, and Emperor Daizong agreed to let his brother Xue E succeed him in ruling Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan).  However, Tian Chengsi, who ruled nearby Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), had other designs.  In spring 775, under his encouragement, the Zhaoyi officer Pei Zhiqing () rose against Xue E, and Tian subsequently captured Zhaoyi's capital Xiang Prefecture ().  Xue E fled to imperial territory, while Tian continued his campaign to capture the rest of Zhaoyi territory despite Emperor Daizong's orders to stop his campaign.  With Xue Song's other relatives Xue Xiong () and Xue Jian () still holding Wei (衛州, in modern Xinxiang, Henan) and Ming (洺州, in modern Handan) Prefectures, Tian attacked them and captured those prefectures, as well as Ci Prefecture (磁州, in modern Handan as well).  (The remaining prefectures of Zhaoyi came under imperial control and were eventually merged with Zelu Circuit (澤潞, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), governed by Li Baoyu's cousin Li Baozhen.)

These defiant actions by Tian, who had already angered Li Zhengji, then ruling Pinglu Circuit (平盧, then headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong), by disrespecting him and Li Baochen, then ruling Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), by killing Li Baochen's brother Li Baozheng (), brought a serious imperial response, along with the offended warlords.  In summer 775, Emperor Daizong announced a campaign against Tian, with Li Zhengji and Li Zhongchen attacking Weibo from the south, and Zhu Tao, Li Baochen, and Xue Jianxun () attacking Weibo from the north.  Initially, the imperial forces were scoring victories over Weibo forces, but after Tian flattered Li Zhengji in a humble letter, Li Zhengji withdrew from the campaign, causing other imperial generals south of the Yellow River to hesitate to advance as well.  Meanwhile, Li Baochen was offended when an imperial eunuch, Ma Chengqian (), who had visited Li Baochen's army, was so dissatisfied with Li Baochen's gift to him that he threw it on the ground, and Tian was also able to use hoaxes to persuade Li Baochen that if he joined forces with Tian to attack Lulong, he would be successful.  Li Baochen thus turned against Zhu, launching a surprise attack on him, but was unable to kill Zhu, effectively ending any hopes of the campaign against Tian.  By 776, Emperor Daizong was forced to pardon Tian and abandon the campaign.

Also in 775, Emperor Daizong's favorite concubine Consort Dugu died.  He posthumously honored her empress and, saddened greatly by her death, kept her casket in the palace for almost three years, only finally burying her in 778.

In 776, after the death of Biansong Circuit (汴宋, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan)'s acting military governor Tian Shenyu (), its officer Li Lingyao () seized the circuit.  Emperor Daizong commissioned a campaign by the surrounding circuits against Biansong and Li Lingyao, and despite aid from Tian, was quickly defeated, although the imperial government received little benefit as five of Biansong's eight prefectures were taken and merged into Li Zhengji's Pinglu Circuit, and Li Zhengji then moved his headquarters from Qing Prefecture () to one of the Biansong prefectures he took, Yun Prefecture (鄆州, in modern Tai'an, Shandong).

In 777, Emperor Daizong, tired of Yuan Zai's and Wang Jin's corruption and hold on power, had them arrested.  Yuan was executed and Wang was exiled, and they were replaced by Yang Wan and Chang Gun.  Emperor Daizong hoped that Yang could lead a reform of the government, but Yang died later that year, leaving Chang in control of the government.

By 777, it was considered that these warlords were ruling their realms de facto independently:

 Li Zhengji, with his Pinglu Circuit containing 15 prefectures and having 60,000 soldiers.
 Tian Chengsi, with his Weibo Circuit containing seven prefectures and having 50,000 soldiers.
 Li Baochen, with his Chengde Circuit containing seven prefectures and having 50,000 soldiers.
 Liang Chongyi, with his Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei) containing six prefectures and having 25,000 soldiers.

In 779, Tian died, and Emperor Daizong permitted Tian's nephew Tian Yue to succeed him.  Meanwhile, Li Zhongchen was expelled from his Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) by his officer Li Xilie.  Emperor Daizong, believing Li Zhongchen to have been faithful to him, kept him at Chang'an as a chancellor, while making Li Xilie acting military governor.

In summer 779, Emperor Daizong grew ill and soon died.  Li Kuo succeeded him as emperor (as Emperor Dezong).

Chancellors during reign
 Miao Jinqing (762–763)
 Pei Zunqing (762–763)
 Yuan Zai (762–777)
 Li Fuguo (762)
 Liu Yan (763–764)
 Li Kuo (763–764)
 Li Xian (763–764)
 Wang Jin (764–777)
 Du Hongjian (764–769)
 Pei Mian (769)
 Yang Wan (777)
 Chang Gun (777–779)
 Li Zhongchen (779)

Family
Consorts and Issue:
 Noble Consort, of the Cui clan of Boling (; d. 757)
 Li Miao, Crown Prince Zhaojing (; 746–773), second son
 Li Su, Prince Shu (; d. 783), 12th son
 Princess Qizhaoyi (; d. 810)
 Married Guo Ai of Huayin, Duke Dai (; 752–800), the sixth son of Guo Ziyi, in 765, and had issue (three sons, two daughters including Empress Yi'an)
 Empress Zhenyi, of the Dugu clan of Jingzhao (; d. 775)
 Li Jiong, Prince Han (; 750–796), seventh son
 Princess Huayang (; d. 774), fifth daughter
 Empress Ruizhen, of the Shen clan of Wuxing ()
 Li Kuo, Dezong (; 742–805), first son
Consort, of the Yuwen clan (妃宇文氏)
Consort, of the Yuwen clan (妃宇文氏)
Imperial Concubine of the First Rank of the clan Zhang (昭儀 张氏), personal name Honghong (红红)
 Unknown
 Li Xia, Prince Jun (), third son
 Li Shu, Prince Mu (; d. 791), fourth son
 Li Yu, Prince Dan (; d. 820), fifth son
 Li Lian, Prince En (; d. 817), sixth son
 Li Gou, Prince Jian (; d. 809), eighth son
 Li Nai, Prince Yi (), ninth son
 Li Xun, Prince Sui (; d. 784), tenth son
 Li Xuan, Prince Jing (), 11th son
 Li Zao, Prince Xin (; d. 811), 13th son
 Li Xian, Prince Shao (; d. 796), 14th son
 Li Yun, Prince Jia (; d. 838), 15th son
 Li Yu, Prince Duan (; d. 791), 16th son
 Li Yu, Prince Xun (), 17th son
 Li Tong, Prince Gong (), 18th son
 Li Kui, Prince Yuan (; d. 832), 19th son
 Li Yi, Prince Ya (; d. 790), 20th son
 Princess Lingxian ()
 Princess Zhending ()
 Princess Yongqing ()
 Married Pei Fang of Hedong ()
 Princess Yuqing ()
 Princess Jiafeng ()
 Married Gao Yi () in 772
 Princess Changlin ()
 Married Shen Ming of Wuxing () in 786, and had issue (one daughter)
 Princess Taihe ()
 Princess Zhaozhuangyi (), tenth daughter
 Married Tian Xu, Prince Changshan (; 764–796), the sixth son of Tian Chengsi, in 785
 Princess Yuxu (), sixth daughter
 Princess Puning ()
 Married Wu Shiguang () in 772
 Princess Jinyang ()
 Married Pei Ye of Hedong ()
 Princess Yiqing ()
 Married Liu Gao of Hedong ()
 Princess Shouchang ()
 Married Dou Keliang of Henan ()
 Princess Xindu (), personal name Chang ()
 Married Tian Hua (), the third son of Tian Chengsi, in 796
 Princess Xiping (; d. 784)
 Princess Zhangning ()
 Princess Le'an ()
 Married Zhang Hu ()
 Princess Yongle ()
 Married Tian Hua (), the third son of Tian Chengsi, in 781

Ancestry

In popular culture
Portrayed by Ren Jialun in The Glory of Tang Dynasty. (2017)

See also
Chinese emperors family tree (middle)
Yu Da´niang:Chinese business woman during his reign, influential in the shipbuilding business.

References

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 11.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 6.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225.

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Tang dynasty emperors
Tang dynasty Taoists
Tang dynasty Buddhists
727 births
779 deaths
8th-century Chinese monarchs
Emperors from Luoyang
Tang dynasty generals from Henan
Chinese Buddhist monarchs
People of An Lushan Rebellion

Emperor Daizong of Tang


Stefano Ferrigno (May 12, 1900 – November 5, 1930) was an American mobster of Sicilian origin who led an important Italian criminal gang in the 1920s. Ferrigno was murdered along with Alfred Mineo during the so-called Castellammarese War.

Early years

Ferrigno was born in Sicily and emigrated to the United States. During the 1910s, the teenaged Ferrigno joined  New York's Italian underworld. Ferrigno worked his way up the ranks of the Coney Island, Brooklyn based Neapolitan Camorra crime family led by Pellegrino "Don Grino" Morano and his top Lieutenant, Alessandro Vollero, who led the Navy Street Gang. It is not known why Ferrigno, a Sicilian, was affiliated with a Neapolitan crime group, which in that era was highly unusual. A possible explanation is that Ferrigno grew up in the same Brooklyn neighborhood as the Neapolitans. Steve Ferrigno was the brother of Colombo crime family street soldier Bartolo (Barioco Bartulucia) Ferrigno, who was active in organized crime during the 1940s and 1950s. He served under the rule of Joseph Magliocco and was later implicated in drug trafficking and other crimes by government witness Joseph Valachi.

Emergence as a crime boss

In the 1920s, Ferrigno was a mid-level leader in the Brooklyn crime family of Salvatore "Totò" D'Aquila, the self-proclaimed "Boss of Bosses" of the New York Mafia. Ferrigno was deeply involved in bootlegging, the most lucrative criminal activity during the Prohibition era, as well as illegal gambling, extortion, and prostitution. Labor racketeering became a profitable for all the Italian crime groups in New York. The  D'Aquino family's access to the Brooklyn waterfront allowed Ferrigno and his associates to engage in cargo theft, extortion of the dockworkers, and exercise control over the longshoremen's unions.

Rise to power

In 1928, D'Aquila was murdered on the orders of rival Manhattan Mafia Boss Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria. Ferrigno and Mineo had been business associates and allies of Masseria; it is possible they conspired with him to eliminate D'Aquila so they could become the new gang leaders.

Whatever the exact circumstances, Masseria needed to place loyal supporters in D'Aquila's stead, and he therefore gave his support to Mineo and Ferrigno. In late 1928, Mineo became the boss and Ferrigno the underboss of the old D'Aquila gang. The two men controlled approximately 400 to 500 Mafia soldiers with their most lucrative criminal interests in Brooklyn and Manhattan. After bootlegging, illegal gambling on horse races, numbers rackets, and the Italian lottery were the biggest money makers for the gang. In 1931, this gang was incorporated into the Mangano crime family, later to be called the Gambino crime family.

Castellammarese War

While Ferrigno ran his criminal activities, a group of Sicilian mafiosi from Castellammare del Golfo led by Salvatore Maranzano began to challenge the authority of Ferrigno's benefactor, Masseria. Once the conflict known as the Castellammarese War officially broke out into open warfare by early 1930, there were deaths throughout America's Italian underworld.

Death
On November 4, 1930, a meeting of Masseria supporters was held in Ferrigno's Bronx apartment at 759 Pelham Parkway South. In attendance were believed to be a number of top Masseria and Mineo crime family members, including Mineo, Charlie "Lucky" Luciano, Vito Genovese, Masseria, and Ferrigno himself.

Maranzano faction members including Joe Profaci, Nick Capuzzi, Joe Valachi and a hitman known only as Buster from Chicago were observing the meeting from an apartment Valachi had rented across the courtyard. According to Valachi, in the night of November 5, 1930, Steve Ferrigno and Al Mineo left the apartment and walked across the courtyard, and the Maranzano men mowed them down with gunfire.

Many organized crime historians and even a former Mafia boss, Joseph Bonanno dispute Valachi's claim that a top boss such as Joe Profaci would be directly involved in the assassination of an underworld rival. Masseria was killed in a Coney Island restaurant in early 1931, and Maranzano was himself killed in September, marking the end of the Castellammarese War. The main beneficiary (and organizer of both hits) was Charlie "Lucky" Luciano, who established himself at the top of the New York Mafia.

Ferrigno was buried in Calvary Cemetery in Woodside, Queens.

References
 Maas, Peter. The Valachi Papers. Harper Collins, New York, 1968
 Bonanno, Joe and Lali, Sergio. A Man of Honor:The Autobiography of the Boss of Bosses. Pocket Books, New York. 1983
 Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia: Second Edition. Checkmark Books, New York. 1999

Further reading
Peterson, Robert W. Crime & the American Response. New York: Facts on File, 1973.
United States. Congress. Senate. Government Operations Committee. Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics. Washington, D.C., 1964.

External links
The American "Mafia": Who Was Who ? - Steve Ferrigno

1900 births
1930 deaths
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens)
Murdered American gangsters of Sicilian descent
Prohibition-era gangsters
People murdered by the Bonanno crime family
Deaths by firearm in the Bronx
People murdered in New York City
Male murder victims
Italian emigrants to the United States

Steve Ferrigno


DockPort (originally codenamed Lightning Bolt) is a backward-compatible extension of DisplayPort, adding USB 3.0 and DC power, in addition to DisplayPort's video and audio signalling. Standardised by VESA, it is the first royalty-free industry standard to combine these four interface functions in one connector. DockPort was developed by AMD and Texas Instruments, two member companies of VESA, as a low-cost alternative to Thunderbolt, for use as a docking interface for laptops and other mobile devices.

The Texas Instruments HD3SS2521 is a DockPort controller that routes DisplayPort and USB 3.0 signals along with power over a standard DisplayPort cable. It was unveiled in 2013, and used as the basis of the final DockPort standard. The docking, for instance, can provide MST hub implementation for multiple displays (through DisplayPort, HDMI, DVI, or D-Sub), a SuperSpeed USB hub, alongside audio and full bandwidth Gigabit Ethernet.

References

External links
 Texas Instruments DockPort switch product page

Computer buses

DockPort


Imprint is a serif typeface created by Monotype, commonly used for body text. Originally called Imprint Old Face, it is a sturdy, amiable design with a large x-height, Caslon-like but with more regularity in its letterforms. It was commissioned by the London publishers of The Imprint, a short-lived printing trade periodical published during 1913.

Imprint has remained popular and is sold digitally by Monotype. A "shadowed" or inline version, with a cut taken out of the letters, has been widely released with Microsoft software, and is often used, especially in desktop publishing, for mastheads and titles.

History
Imprint was produced for the magazine (on a non-exclusive basis) in 1912 by the Monotype Company as Series 101 for automatic composition on the Monotype caster. When delivered to the journal's printers on December 31, 1912, it was still incomplete—the accents had not yet been made—so the editors asked in the first issue: "Will readers kindly insert them for themselves, if they find their omission harsh? For ourselves, we rather like the fine careless flavour, which their omission gives, after we have recovered from the first shock inevitable to us typographical precisians". Its design was carried out by the Monotype engineering team in Salfords, Surrey, led by engineer Frank Hinman Pierpont and draughtsman Fritz Stelzer.

James Mosley describes Imprint as "an intelligent updating of Caslon" and has credited the Monotype team for crafting a "re-draw [done] in a manner that suited modern machine printing while keeping as much as possible of the spirit of the original." Contemporary type designer Kris Sowersby has praised it for its "subtle, gentle stress and its restrained detailing".

Perhaps the most notable use since then has been for the entire setting of the Second Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (1989), 22,000 pages of precisely structured typography in 20 volumes.

Digital versions
It is available today as a digital OpenType font from Monotype's successor, Monotype Imaging, in regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles, as well as shadowed and shadowed italic styles (matching the bold weight). The current Pro release features text figures and small caps, the latter in the roman or regular style only.

Sowersby's Untitled Serif is also loosely inspired by Imprint.

References

Monotype typefaces
Transitional serif typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1912

Imprint (typeface)


Picketed Point Stockade was the last of three fortifications built at Marietta, Ohio. This defensive stockade was built by pioneers during the Northwest Indian War in 1791 on the east side of the mouth of the Muskingum River at its confluence with the Ohio River, and directly across the Muskingum from Fort Harmar. Colonel William Stacy superintended the construction of the stockade under direction of Colonel Ebenezer Sproat. Palisades or pickets were set from the Muskingum River eastward, meeting in the northeast corner of the fortification with another line of pickets built from the Ohio River northward, enclosing about four acres.
Three block houses were immediately built: one on the Muskingum bank, at the western termination of the pickets; one in the northeast corner of the inclosure; and one on the Ohio bank. Near to the latter, and by that on the Muskingum, were strong gates, of a size to admit teams, the approaches to which were commanded by the block houses. These block houses were surmounted by sentry boxes, or turrets, the sides of which were secured with thick planks for the defense of the men when on guard.
A fourth block house was built during the war by a detachment of United States troops. It was occupied by the United States troops, who kept a sentry, and assisted in guarding the garrison until sent down the Ohio to join General Anthony Wayne.

Picketed Point was located on the point which is here , although river banks can shift significantly.

There were two other nearby forts. Fort Harmar was constructed several years earlier in 1785, on the west side of the mouth of the Muskingum.  The other Marietta fortification was Campus Martius, upriver on the east side of the Muskingum.

Two additional forts, somewhat distant from Marietta, were also built by settlers from the Ohio Company of Associates. A group of associates moved about 15 miles down the Ohio River from Marietta, opposite the mouth of the Little Kanawha River; the settlers constructed the fortification of Farmer's Castle for protection during the Indian war at the site of modern-day Belpre, Ohio. Another group of associates moved about 20 miles up the Muskingum River from Marietta, near the mouth of Wolf Creek; they built Fort Frye for protection during the war at the site of modern-day Beverly, Ohio.

See also
American pioneers to the Northwest Territory
Ohio Company of Associates

References

Bibliography
 Hildreth, S. P.: Pioneer History: Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley, and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory, H. W. Derby and Co., Cincinnati, Ohio (1848).

Northwest Indian War
Forts in Ohio
Pre-statehood history of Ohio
Buildings and structures in Marietta, Ohio
1791 establishments in the United States
Military installations established in 1791

Picketed Point Stockade


The Pragser Wildsee, or Lake Prags, Lake Braies (; ) is a natural lake in the Prags Dolomites in South Tyrol, Italy. It belongs to the municipality of Prags which is located in the Prags Valley.

During World War II, it was the destination of the transport of concentration camp inmates to Tyrol.

While the lake earned the nickname "Pearl of the Alps" due to its increasing popularity among tourists, tourism had become excessive as of 2020, with 17,000 people visiting the area on a single summer day. As of the summer 2023, vehicle access was restricted because of overtourism.

Toponym
The name of the lake is attested in 1296 as Hünz an den Se, in 1330 as Praxersee, in 1400 as See in Prags, in 1620 as Pragsersee and in 1885 as Pragser Wildsee; the appellation of the wild is therefore nineteenth-century, and perhaps to be connected to mountaineering which in that period began to become a mass phenomenon. The Italian name "Lago di Braies" dates back to 1940, while in the first Handbook of 1923 it still appears only as "Pragser Wildsee".

Geography
The lake lies at the foot of the imposing rock face of the Seekofel (Italian Croda del Becco, Ladin Sass dla Porta 2,810 m) and is located within the Fanes - Sennes - Prags nature park.

It has an extension of about 31 hectares with a length of 1.2 km and a width of 300-400 metres. It is one of the deepest lakes in the autonomous province of Bolzano, with a maximum depth of 36 meters and an average depth of 17. The maximum water temperature is 14 °C. It is a barrage lake, as its creation is due to the barrage of the Prags River due to a landslide detached from the Herrstein.

The lake is a tourist destination, which attracts visitors for the blue/emerald green color of its clear waters and for the natural scenery in which it is immersed. In fact, the lake is surrounded on three sides by Dolomite peaks, including the Seekofel. The lake is the starting point of the Alta via no. 1 of the Dolomites called "The classic" which reaches Belluno at the foot of the Schiara Group.

Filmography
In the summer of 2010, on the shores of Pragser Wildsee, the Italian television series "Un passo dal cielo" was shot, broadcast by Rai 1 since 2011, focusing on the life of a team commander of the Forestry Corps of the autonomous province of Bolzano from Innichen. In the summer of 2012, the second series of the fiction was shot, the third, the fourth, and in 2018 the fifth season.

On 28 December 2016, the second episode of the documentary series Speciali Storia - Hostages of the SS was broadcast on Rai Storia, which reconstructed the story of April 1945 of the prisoners of the Pragser Wildsee.

Tourism
Thanks to the popularity of the 2011 Italian TV series Un passo dal cielo, the Pragser Wildsee became one of the most visited places in the region Trentino-South Tyrol as it started to attract countless travel bloggers and professional photographers. The large inflow of tourism brought local administrators to think of ways to reduce the number of visits to preserve the mountain-lake ecosystem.

From July to September 2018, already 1.2 million visitors came to the Pragser Wildsee, per the Autonomous Region of Bolzano-South Tyrol in 2020. A peak of 17,874 visitors was recorded on one day in August. Since these excessive numbers are "not good for the natural environment in the long term", the region decided to restrict access for tourists per the Heimatverband Südtirol, which made it necessary to establish rules, to route them.

In the summer of 2023, for example, the road into the Pragser Valley was closed during daylight hours 10/07/2023 to 10/09/2023 and the reservation for a parking ticket cost 38 €.

The lake must be approached from its north side via the Prags Valley. It is possible to take a tour around the banks of the lake. This route is flat and wide on the west bank, while on the east bank, it is steep and narrow, with some stairways.  During the winter period, these paths (especially the one on the eastern shore) are often closed, due to the danger of avalanches.

Sport
Since 2012, curling competitions have been held on the frozen surface of the lake during the winter season.

Gallery

References

Environment agency of South Tyrol

Lakes of South Tyrol

Pragser Wildsee


Lisagh Farrell or Lewis Farrell was an Irish soldier of the seventeenth century.

Confederate wars and exile

He was the younger brother of Richard Farrell, who had served as a General in the Irish Confederate Army during the 1640s. Following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland he went into exile on the Continent and served in a force of Irish troops led by Richard in the French Army. During Richard's absences, Lisagh served as the de facto commander of the unit. Following the 1656 Treaty of Brussels between the exiled Charles and the Spanish, Farrell and his second-in-command Connell Ferrall defected to the Spanish and turned over the key Flanders fortress of Saint-Ghislain to them. Farrell then served as commander of an Irish regiment for Charles in the Royalist Army in Exile fighting alongside the Spanish Army. Following the Restoration, the regiment waited at Dunkirk alongside another Irish unit led by John Fitzgerald. The penal laws against Catholics effectively barred them from serving in the restored Royal Irish Army.

Tangier

Following the 1661 Marriage Treaty between England and Portugal, Charles acquired the Mediterranean enclave of Tangier. As part of its new garrison he transferred his Irish regiments from Dunkirk. Farrell was involved in much of the early fighting with the surrounding Moorish forces, but later left and returned to Ireland.

References

Bibliography
 Childs, John. The Army of Charles II. Routledge, 1976.

17th-century Irish military personnel
People from County Longford
Irish soldiers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Soldiers of the Tangier Garrison

Lisagh Farrell


The fourth wall is the imaginary "wall" at the front of the stage in a traditional three-walled theatre. In a theatre, the fourth wall is the one through which the audience sees the action of the play. The idea of the fourth wall was made famous by philosopher and critic Denis Diderot. It was used more in the 19th century. The fourth wall extended the idea of an imaginary boundary between any fictional work and its audience.

If an actor speaks directly to the audience, does something to the audience, or even simply notices the audience, it is known as "breaking the fourth wall". In a movie, or on television, this can be done by the actor speaking directly to the camera. This breaks a boundary normally set up or assumed by works of fiction. It is known as a metafictional technique. In literature and video games, it happens when a character acknowledges the reader or player.

The fourth wall is not the same as a soliloquy. A soliloquy is a dramatic device used by playwrights where the character on stage gives a monologue which gives the audience insight into their thoughts.

The acceptance of the transparency of the fourth wall is part of the suspension of disbelief between a fictional work and an audience. It allows them to enjoy the fiction as if they were observing real events.  Although the critic Vincent Canby described it in 1987 as "that invisible scrim that forever separates the audience from the stage".

Outside theatre
The metaphor of the fourth wall has been used by the actor Sir Ian McKellen to describe the work of the painter L. S. Lowry:

"... stood across the road from his subjects and observed. Often enough there are a number of individuals in a crowd peering back at him. They invite us momentarily into their world, like characters on a stage sometimes do, breaking the fourth-wall illusion."

McKellen said that "Lowry's mid-air viewpoint is like a view from the dress circle", looking down as if to a stage. And, McKellen argues, Lowry "often marks the limits of the street scene with curbstones or a pavement that feel like the edge of the stage where the footlights illuminate the action."

The metaphor of the fourth wall has been used by literary critic David Barnett to The Harvard Lampoon'''s parody of The Lord of the Rings. He says a character breaks the rules of storytelling by referring to the text itself. The character Frodo observes "it was going to be a long epic", which in Barnett's view "breaks the fourth wall.

Woody Allen broke the fourth wall several times in his movie Annie Hall. Allen explained, "because I felt many of the people in the audience had the same feelings and the same problems. I wanted to talk to them directly and confront them."Akira Kurosawa also broke the fourth wall at the end of his neorealistic drama One Wonderful Sunday.

Fourth wall breaks are also used for comedic effect. Mel Brooks breaks the fourth wall in many of his movies, sometimes literally. In Blazing Saddles, the climactic fight scene between the townspeople and the outlaws was so big that it literally breaks into other parts of the movie studio.

On television, breaking the fourth wall is rare. It has been done throughout the history of the medium. George Burns did it many times on the 1950s sitcom he starred in with his real-life wife Gracie Allen. It's Garry Shandling's Show and Mrs Brown's Boys both have their title character walking between sets mid-scene. The latter shows characters re-doing the same scenes over when they missed a line of the dialogue. Another television character who regularly breaks the fourth wall is Francis Urquhart in the British TV drama series House of Cards, To Play the King and The Final Cut. Urquhart talks to the audience several times during each episode. He gives the viewer comments on his own actions on the show. The same technique is also used in the American adaptation of House of Cards''.

References

Other websites
List of films that break the fourth wall (The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopædia)
Separation between the characters' world and the audience is the Fourth Wall (tvtropes)

Theater

Fourth wall


God's will, an idea in Abrahamic religions, is what God wants to happen. Christians, Jews and Muslims believe that they should do God's will. In the Bible, God's will is that all people will turn to him (repent) from their sins and live with him forever, in Heaven. Christians believe that in order to do this, they must accept Jesus, God's son, into their lives. Different Christians have different interpretations of what God's will is.

Related pages
 Destiny
 Salvation
 God in Christianity

References

Other websites
BibleGateway.com

Theology

God's will


I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind is the second studio album by American rapper Killer Mike. It was released on November 21, 2006, by Grind Time Rap Gang's record label Grind Time Official. The album features guest verses from each member of the Grind Time Rap Gang such as SL Jones, Narrio, Bigg Slimm, Da Bill Collector and Rock D The Legend, and it includes two guest appearances from southern hip hop group 8Ball & MJG, and fellow American rapper Big Boi. The song "That's Life" features Killer Mike criticizing cultural and political leaders who do not care about poor people, including Oprah Winfrey, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton and Bill Cosby, a criticism that he reiterated and deepened in "That's Life II" on his album PL3DGE.

Track listing

References

2006 albums
Killer Mike albums

I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind


The  (; ) is an art museum in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France.

Built for the 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (Musée des beaux-arts de la ville de Paris). The  is located across from the  on the former Avenue Nicolas II, today Avenue Winston-Churchill. The other façades of the building face the Seine and Avenue des Champs-Élysées.

The  is one of fourteen museums of the City of Paris that have been incorporated since 1 January 2013 in the public corporation Paris Musées. It has been listed since 1975 as a  by the Ministry of Culture.

History

Design competition
In 1894 a competition was held for the 1900 Exhibition area. The Palais de l'Industrie from the 1855 World's Fair was considered unfitting and was to be replaced by something new for the 1900 Exhibition. Architects had the option to do what they pleased (alter, destroy, or keep) with the Palais de l'Industrie. In the end, Charles Girault won the competition and built the Petit Palais as one of the buildings that replaced the Palais de l'Industrie.

The construction of the Petit Palais began on 10 October 1897 and was completed in April 1900. The total cost of the Petit Palais at the time of the construction was 400,000 pounds. In 1902, the Petit Palais officially became the Palais des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris.

Inspiration

Girault largely draws on the late 17th and early 18th century French style for the Petit Palais. Additionally his work, such as the domed central porch and the triple arcade, has many references to the stables at Chantilly, Oise.

Plan of the building

Girault's plan for the  had minimal alterations from the design to the execution. The plan was original and fit perfectly in its given location. The  is a trapezoid shape with its larger side as the main façade facing the . The building's shape makes a semi-circular courtyard at the center.

Architecture
The Beaux-Arts style  was designed by Charles Girault, and is around an octi-circular courtyard and garden, similar to the . Its ionic columns, grand porch, and dome echo those of the Invalides across the river. The tympanum depicting the city of Paris surrounded by muses is the work of sculptor Jean Antoine Injalbert.

The  was built to be a lasting building that would become a permanent fine arts museum after the exhibition. The materials of the building—stone, steel and concrete as well as the decoration were to demonstrate that the  was built to be enduring.

Exterior

Main façade

The main façade of the building faces the . The focal point of the façade is the central entrance: "a central archway set in an archivolt topped by a dome and reached by a broad set of steps". Two wings flank the main entrance. These wings, continuing to the end (corner) pavilions, are embellished with free-standing columns that frame the tall windows.

Pavilions
The exterior of the pavilions are embellished with arched windows from the side around to the rear façades. These grand windows provide side lighting for the outer three galleries of the interior museum.

Decoration
The exterior of the Petit Palais was embellished with many contemporary sculptures. Several famous sculptors at the time, such as Convers, Desvergens, Fagel, Ferrary, Hugues, Injalbert and Peynot, worked on the exterior decoration of the building.

Interior

Courtyard

The trapezoidal shape of the Petit Palace forms an open area at the centre of the building. This enclosed area creates a semicircular, peristyled courtyard. The architecture of the courtyard incorporated many different architectural elements. The elegant courtyard is considered Beaux Arts style because of the "symmetrical composition" and "rich decoration in high relief". Coupled columns made of pink Vosges granite and gilt-bronze encircle the courtyard and bordering covered gallery. Although the courtyard is in the central part of the Petit Palais, one of the main structures of the Exhibition, its purpose was to provide visitors with a relaxing space apart from the busy Exposition.

Museum

The museum is split into two levels with two series of rooms running parallel and juxtaposed. The interior of the Petit Palais was designed to create exhibition spaces "suited to every aspect of a collection: the outer galleries for objects, the inner, skylit ones for paintings, the lower galleries for reserves and the entrance rotunda and main gallery for sculptures". The entrance rotunda and main gallery was especially grand. The floors were tiled with mosaics, the walls were lined with marble, whereas the dome and vaults were filled with allegorical paintings.

Exhibits
The exhibits housed in the Petit Palais during the Exhibition displayed the History of Art from the beginning until the present era. The History of French Art from 1800–1900 showed the stages of growth. The inner gallery of Petit Palais exhibited "priceless treasures in ivory, tapestry, metal work, jewelry, and porcelain gathered from the most important collections of France". The outer gallery was a collection of royal French furniture.

The exhibits are divided into sections: the Dutuit Collection of medieval and Renaissance paintings, drawings and objets d'art; the Tuck Collection of 18th century furniture and the City of Paris collection of paintings. The museum displays paintings by painters such as Rembrandt, Rubens, Nicolas Poussin, Claude Gellée, Fragonard, Hubert Robert, Greuze and a remarkable collection of 19th-century painting and sculpture: Ingres, Géricault, Delacroix, Courbet, Monet, Sisley, Pissarro, Cézanne, Danger, Modigliani, Carpeaux, Maillol and Rodin, among others. There is also a relatively small but important collection of ancient Greek and Roman art and of Christian icons for which the museums's first and only 21st century artwork was acquired in 2019 (Les Martyrs de Libye by Nikola Sarić).

Reactions and influence abroad
As a whole the architecture of the 1900 Exhibition was not well received however, reactions to the Petit Palais were generally positive. Some people even claimed that the Petit Palais had the "power to educate the mind while it pleases the senses". King Leopold II of Belgium was very impressed with Girault's execution of the Petit Palais. This admiration started a "fruitful collaboration between monarch and architect". Girault was commissioned to build several structures including: "the Arcade du Cinquantenaire in Brussels, extensions at the Royal Castle of Laeken, and a seafront colonnade at Ostend". The Petit Palais has served as a model for other public buildings, notably for the Royal Museum for Central Africa located in Tervuren, Belgium; and the Museo de Bellas Artes (National Museum of Fine Arts) in Santiago, Chile.

Gallery

See also
 List of museums in Paris
 List of works by Henri Chapu
 The works of Paul Dubois- French sculptor

External links

 Official Paris Musées website
 Paris1900.com: The Petit Palais — 1900 (Exposition Universelle) and current photographs.
 Petit Palais Exploring the Beauty of Petit Palais: A Journey into Art and Architecture.

References

Art museums and galleries in Paris
Buildings and structures in Paris
Exposition Universelle (1900)
Buildings and structures in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Buildings and structures completed in 1900
Monuments historiques of Paris
Beaux-Arts architecture in France
Historicist architecture in France
Neoclassical architecture in France
World's fair architecture in Paris
Domes
1900 establishments in France
Paris Musées
20th-century architecture in France

Petit Palais


The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was the time from June 1 to November 30, 1995 when hurricanes officially formed in the Atlantic Ocean. Storms sometimes form before and after these dates but most storms form during the season. No storms formed after November 30 in the 1995 season.

The 1995 season was extremely active, largely due to favorable conditions including a La Niña and warm sea surface temperatures. Nineteen named storms formed during the season, making it the third most active on record behind the 2005 and 1933 seasons and tied with 1887 season. There were also eleven storms that reached hurricane strength, again the third most hurricanes in one season after the 1969 and 2005 seasons.

This season broke the record for the most Tropical Cyclones at a time in the Atlantic with five storm at a time from August 22 to September 1 – Humberto, Iris, Jerry, Karen, and Luis, were the names of the storms at the same time.

Storms

Hurricane Allison

Tropical Storm Barry

Tropical Storm Chantal

Tropical Storm Dean

Hurricane Erin

Tropical Depression Six

On August 4, Tropical Depression Six formed in the Bay of Campeche.  Six made landfall in over Mexico and dissipated on August 6, never reaching tropical storm strength. There were no reports of damage or deaths.

Hurricane Felix

Tropical Storm Gabrielle

Tropical Storm Gabrielle formed on August 9 and nearly became a hurricane but it made landfall in Mexico, near La Pesca, Tamaulipas, on August 11. Tropical Storm Gabrielle dissipated the next day without ever reaching hurricane status causing no damage or deaths.

Hurricane Humberto

Hurricane Iris

Tropical Storm Jerry

Tropical Storm Jerry formed just off the Florida coast near Andros Island on August 23 as Tropical Depression Eleven. Jerry made landfall at as a very weak tropical storm. Jerry made landfall in Jupiter, Florida. Jerry dissipated on the 28th over Georgia.

Tropical Storm Karen

Hurricane Luis

Hurricane Luis was one of the most powerful storms of the very active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Luis was the strongest storm to hit the Leeward Islands since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Luis was one of the four tropical cyclones active from August 22 to September 1 along with Humberto, Iris, Jerry, and Karen.

Tropical Depression Fourteen

Tropical Depression Fourteen started on September 9. Fourteen moved mostly to the northwest, which made it further from land. It never became a tropical storm before it died on September 13.

Hurricane Marilyn

Hurricane Noel

Hurricane Opal

Opal started on September 27, just to the east of the Yucatan Peninsula. It soon made landfall before becoming a tropical storm. As soon as it enter the Gulf of Mexico it became a tropical storm. It soon became a hurricane and strengthened fast. Hurricane Opal was stopped at a category 4 hurricane. When it made landfall in Florida on October 3, it was a category 2 hurricane.

Tropical Storm Pablo

Hurricane Roxanne

Tropical Storm Sebastien

Tropical Storm Sebastien formed on August 20 from a tropical wave just east of the Lesser Antilles. Sebastien remained rather weak, moving northwest through light wind shear. Sebastien took a sharp turn and started moving south-southwest. On October 24, Sebastien weakened to a depression and made landfall in Anguilla. By this time, Sebastien had entered a low level flow as well as increasing wind shear. On October 25 Sebastien dissipated over the northern Caribbean Sea. Although its remnants still caused heavy rain over Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.

Hurricane Tanya

The 1995 season ended with Hurricane Tanya, the first storm to be get a name beginning with 'T' since hurricane naming began in the Atlantic basin in 1950 it was the only until Tropical Storm Tammy in 2005.

Storm names
This list is the names set aside for use in for Atlantic tropical cyclones in 1995. Notice that only Van and Wendy aren't used they are marked in .

Retirement

In the Spring of 1996 the names Luis, Marilyn, Opal, and Roxanne were retired. Lorenzo, Michelle, Olga, and Rebekah were placed on the list in 2001 instead.

Other websites
Monthly Weather Review
Detailed information on all storms from 1995

1995 Atlantic hurricane season


The Krafla geothermal power plant ( ) is a geothermal power generating facility located in Iceland, close to the Krafla Volcano and the lake Mývatn. With 33 boreholes, it is able to produce 500 GWh of electricity annually, with an installed capacity of 60 megawatts.

The construction work started in 1974, but due to volcanic activities in the area, building was slowed. The Krafla power station was officially launched in the early 1977, but was only able to produce at its full 60-megawatt capacity after a second steam turbine was installed in 1996.

Originally the power plant was owned by the government, but was purchased in 1985 and has since been operated by Landsvirkjun (National Power Company). About 15 employees work there full-time.

Geothermal power station details

The Krafla geothermal power plant consists of two 30-megawatt units, with double pressure inlet and dual-flow turbines with 5 steps on each side. It takes its energy from 17 high-pressure production wells with 110 kg/second of 7.7 bar and, due to new technologies, 5 low-pressure production wells with 36 kg/s of 2.2 bar.

The other seven wells are not in use. The turbines consume 52.5 and 17.8 kg/s of high- and low-pressure steam each. If the inlet pressure and the mass flow were raised, the output of each turbine could be increased to 35 megawatts.

One of the additional wells (IDDP-1), which was drilled in the Krafla geothermal reservoir in 1999, is known for being the world's hottest geothermal well, since its borehole reaches magma at its lowest point, with a temperature of 430 °C. The right to use the well is owned by Mannvit.

Project development

The construction work of the Krafla geothermal power plant started in 1974, with trial boreholes, after a contract over two planned units was signed.

After the drilling started, seismic and volcanic activities in the area threatened the building of the power station, like the major volcanic eruptions less than 2 km from the power station away, introducing the possibility that it would never start operating at all. Nevertheless, it was finished in early 1977 and was launched in 1978, though the power plant did not work to its full potential until the seismic and volcanic activities strongly declined in 1984 and further boreholes were drilled.
In 1996 even more boreholes were drilled and a second turbine was installed, but Krafla was only able to operate at 60 megawatts in 1999, after the renovations were finished, which mainly consisted of renewing the steam gathering system in order to meet the standards for the double pressure inlet to the turbines and the control and safety system in general.

The two companies which were in charge of the engineering of the Krafla geothermal power station since very early in its developing process were Mannvit and Verkís.

Gallery

See also

 Geothermal power in Iceland
 List of largest power stations in the world
 Renewable energy in Iceland

References

External links

 Krafla Power Station (Mannvit Engineering website)
  – Krafla volcano, crater lake and geothermal power station (duration: 1m29s)

Geothermal power stations in Iceland

Krafla Power Station


Cyril Eric Carr   (1926 – 1 November 1981) was a British Liberal Party politician.

Living in Liverpool, Carr became the senior partner in a legal firm.  He was active in the Liberal Party, and was elected to Liverpool City Council in 1962.  He focused on building the party's strength in the city, and served as Chairman of the Liberal Party nationally from 1972 for a year.  In 1974, the Liberals became the largest party in Liverpool, and Carr served for a year as leader of the council.

Also in 1974, Carr involved himself in successful negotiations to release the Pentecostal minister David Hathaway from prison in Czechoslovakia, where he had been charged with distributing religious literature.  In 1975, he proposed the addition of "Social Democrat" to the Liberal Party's name, as he believed that this would appeal to both Labour Party and some Conservative Party voters.  This suggestion was not taken up until the 1988, when the Liberals merged with the Social Democratic Party.

Carr died aged 55 in 1981, and is buried in Broadgreen Jewish Cemetery, Liverpool.

References

1926 births
1981 deaths
Chairs of the Liberal Party (UK)
Liberal Party (UK) councillors in Liverpool
Politicians from Liverpool
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English Jews
Jewish British politicians

Cyril Carr


Ali Qapu Palace (, 'Ālī Qāpū) or the Grand Ali Qapu is an imperial palace in Isfahan, Iran. It is located on the western side of the Naqsh-e Jahan Square, opposite to Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, and had been originally designed as a vast portal entrance to the grand palace which stretched from the Naqsh-e Jahan Square to the Chahar Baq Boulevard. The palace served as the official residence of Persian Emperors of the Safavid dynasty. UNESCO inscribed the Palace and the Square as a World Heritage Site due to its cultural and historical importance. The palace is forty-eight meters high and there are  six floors, each accessible by a difficult spiral staircase. In the sixth floor, Music Hall, deep circular niches are found in the walls, having not only aesthetic value, but also acoustic. Ali Qapu is regarded as the best example of Safavid architecture and a symbol of Iran's Islamic heritage.

The name Ali Qapu, from Persian 'Ālī (meaning "imperial" or "great"), and Azerbaijani Qāpū (meaning "gate"), was given to this place as it was right at the entrance to the Safavid palaces which stretched from the Naqsh-e Jahan Square to the Chahar Baq Boulevard.
The building, another wonderful Safavid edifice, was built by decree of Shah Abbas I in the early seventeenth century. It was here that the great monarch used to entertain noble visitors, and foreign ambassadors.
Shah Abbas, here for the first time, celebrated the Nowruz (Iranian New Year) of 1006 AH / 1597 C.E.

Ali Qapu is rich in naturalistic wall paintings by Reza Abbasi, the court painter of Shah Abbas I, and his pupils. There are floral, animal, and bird motifs in his works. The highly ornamented doors and windows of the palace have almost all been pillaged at times of social anarchy. Only one window on the third floor has escaped the ravages of time. Ali Qapu was repaired and restored substantially during the reign of Shah Sultan Hussein, the last Safavid ruler, but fell into a dreadful state of dilapidation again during the short reign of invading Afghans. Under the reign of Naser ad-Din Shah the Qajar (1848–96), the Safavid cornices and floral tiles above the portal were replaced by tiles bearing inscriptions.

Shah Abbas II was enthusiastic about the embellishment and perfection of Ali Qapu. His chief contribution was given to the magnificent hall, the constructors on the third floor. The 18 columns of the hall are covered with mirrors and its ceiling is decorated with great paintings.

The chancellery was stationed on the first floor. On the sixth, the royal reception and banquets were held. The largest rooms are found on this floor. The stucco decoration of the banquet hall abounds in motif of various vessels and cups. The sixth floor was popularly called the Music Hall. Here various ensembles performed music and sang songs.

From the upper galleries, the Safavid ruler watched Chowgan (polo), army maneuvers and horse-racing in the Naqsh-e Jahan square.

The palace is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 20,000 rials banknote. The palace is also depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 20 rials 1953 banknote series.

Name and etymology
The name of the structure is composed of two words. "Ālī" (عالٍ) means "superior", borrowed from Arabic, while "Qāpū" (𐰴𐰯𐰍) means "door", and was adopted from Old Turkic.

Cause of Denomination
The Ali Qapu has multiple connotations, but generally connotes entrance or supreme gate to the complex of palaces and public buildings of the Safavi Government.

Construction stages
Ali Qapu's building was founded in several stages, beginning from a building with a single gate, with entrance to the government building complex, and gradually developed, ending in the existing shape. The period of the development, with intervals, lasted approximately seventy years.

First Stage:
The initial building acting as entrance to the complex was in cubical shape and in two stories, with dimensions measuring 20 x 19 meter and 13 meter high.

Second Stage:
Foundation of the upper hall, built on the entrance vestibule, with cubical shape, over the initial cubic shape structure with the same height in two visible stories.

Third Stage:
Foundation of the fifth story, the Music Amphitheater or the Music Hall, built on the lower hall, using the central room for sky light, and thus the vertical extension being emphasized.

Fourth Stage:
Foundation of the eastern verandah or pavilion advancing towards the square, supported by the tower shaped building. By foundation of this verandah, the entrance vestibule was extended along the main gate and passage to the market, perpendicular to the eastern flank of the building.

Fifth Stage:
Foundation of the wooden ceiling of the balcony, supported by 18 wooden columns, and contemporaneous with erection of the ceiling, an additional stairway of the southern flank was founded and was called the Kingly Stairway.

Sixth Stage:
During this stage, a water tower was built in the northern flank for provision of water for the copper pool of the columned balcony. Plaster decorations in reception story and the Music Hall.

The room on the sixth floor is also decorated with plaster-work, representing pots and vessels and one is famous as the music and sound room. It has cut out decorations around the room, which represent a considerable artistic feat. These cut out shapes were not placed there to act as cupboards; the stucco-work is most delicate and falls to pieces at the highest touch. So we conclude that it was placed in position in these rooms for ornament and decoration. The rooms were used for private parties and for the king's musicians, and these hollow places in the walls retained the echoes and produced the sounds of the singing and musical instruments clearly in all parts.

Decorations

The interior decorations of a mansion are considered its most interesting architectural features. From the entrance of Ali Qapu mansion to the highest part of the music hall, the building has been decorated with the art of Iranian artists. You can see traces of plaster works and beautiful paintings on each floor of the Ali Qapu mansion.

On the third floor of Ali Qapu Palace were beautiful wooden columns decorated with mirror work, and the porch ceiling was also decorated with wooden reliefs and artistic carvings. Behind the porch, the outstanding paintings on the walls enhance the beauty of the building. Today, there is no news of mirror work and many parts of the paintings have been destroyed.

There are also prominent paintings by the Safavid artist Reza Abbasi in the interior decorations. Some of these works have been seriously damaged, but these damages do not diminish their value.

The interior of Ali Qapu Palace features patterned carpets as another feature. Muqarnas decorations, a feature of Islamic historical buildings, are abundant in this palace.

Safavid kings were interested in painting and painting, and many of the works left in Ali Qapu Palace are among the most important historical works of art in Isfahan. In the Ali Qapu Palace wall paintings, the name of the artist and the date of registration are not mentioned, making expert identification difficult. Ali Qapo mansion features beautiful and miniature pictures of traditional Iranian art, as well as modern and western paintings. There are paintings by Reza Abbasi and similar styles on the first, second, fourth, and fifth floors, as well as modern paintings on the third and sixth floors. Paintings in the palace are protected by a stabilizing solution.

Gilding can also be seen on the walls, arches, and ceilings of Ali Qapu mansion. Following the placement of the porcelain layer on the desired parts, the part is plated with gold so that the grooves are filled with gold water, which makes the effect twice as beautiful.

It is mentioned in the inscriptions and writings left in the Ali Qapu mansion that parts of the building were restored during the reign of Shah Sultan Hossein. As a result of many damages, only words and stanzas of the poems can be read on the walls of the palace.

This historical building is decorated with paintings of flowers and plants, foliage, beasts and birds, and plasterwork in the form of cups and saucers embedded in the arches and walls. It was not intended to place cups and dishes in the stucco shapes in this part of the building because the type of this work is very delicate and will break with the slightest touch. Additionally to their decorative aspect, these forms reflect natural sounds and tones. The beautiful, diverse and extensive decorations of the Ali Qapo mansion have drawn artists from all over the world for many years.

See also
List of the historical structures in the Isfahan province
History of Persian domes
 Ali Qapu Gate, Qazvin

Bibliography
 M. Ferrante: 'Dessins et observations préliminaires pour la restauration du palais de 'Alī Qāpū', Travaux de restauration de monuments historiques en Iran, ed. G. Zander (Rome, 1968), pp. 137–206
 E. Galdieri: Eṣfahān: 'Alī Qāpū: An Architectural Survey (Rome, 1979)

References

Introducing Ali Qapu Palace in Isfahan, Iran

External links

Safavid Palaces
More Picture، Tishineh

Palaces in Iran
Safavid architecture
Buildings and structures in Isfahan
Houses completed in 1597
Tourist attractions in Isfahan
Historic house museums in Iran
Safavid court

Ali Qapu


Sir John Duncombe (1622 – 4 March 1687) was an English politician  who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1679. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1672 and 1676.

Duncombe was the son of William Duncombe of Battlesden and his wife Elizabeth Poyntz, daughter of Sir John Poyntz of South Ockendon, Essex and was baptised on 29 July 1622. He was educated at Eton College and Christ's College, Cambridge. He was knighted in 1648.

In 1660, Duncombe was elected Member of Parliament for Bury St Edmunds in the Convention Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Bury St Edmunds in 1661 for the Cavalier Parliament. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 22 November 1672 to 2 May 1676.

References

1622 births
1687 deaths
Chancellors of the Exchequer of England
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1661–1679

John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)


The Lone Rider Fights Back is a 1941 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and written by Joseph O'Donnell. The film stars George Houston as the Lone Rider and Al St. John as his sidekick "Fuzzy" Jones, with Dorothy Short, Dennis Moore, Frank Hagney and Charles King. The film was released on December 17, 1941, by Producers Releasing Corporation.

This is the sixth movie in the "Lone Rider" series, which spans seventeen films—eleven starring George Houston, and a further six starring Robert Livingston.

Houston, once an opera singer, sang two songs in this film: "It's All Over Now" and "Out Where the West Begins". The songs were written by Johnny Lange and Lew Porter.

This is the first appearance of Dennis Moore in the "Lone Rider" series, playing Al Williams. In the next film, The Lone Rider and the Bandit, Moore became a regular in the series, playing Sheriff Smoky Moore for the next six films.

Plot

Cast
George Houston as Tom Cameron, the Lone Rider
Al St. John as Fuzzy Jones
Dorothy Short as Jean Dennison
Dennis Moore as Al Williams
Frank Hagney as George Clarke
Charles King as Mitter
Frank Ellis as Gandon

See also
The "Lone Rider" films starring George Houston:
 The Lone Rider Rides On (1941)
 The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio (1941)
 The Lone Rider in Ghost Town (1941)
 The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury (1941)
 The Lone Rider Ambushed (1941)
 The Lone Rider Fights Back (1941)
 The Lone Rider and the Bandit (1942)
 The Lone Rider in Cheyenne (1942)
 The Lone Rider in Texas Justice (1942)
 Border Roundup (1942)
 Outlaws of Boulder Pass (1942)
starring Robert Livingston:
 Overland Stagecoach (1942)
 Wild Horse Rustlers (1943)
 Death Rides the Plains (1943)
 Wolves of the Range (1943)
 Law of the Saddle (1943)
 Raiders of Red Gap (1943)

References

External links

1941 films
American Western (genre) films
1941 Western (genre) films
Producers Releasing Corporation films
Films directed by Sam Newfield
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

The Lone Rider Fights Back


The 1996 Football League Third Division play-off Final was a football match played at Wembley Stadium on 25 May 1996, to determine the fourth and final team to gain promotion from the Third Division to the Second Division of the Football League in the 1995–96 season.

It was contested by Plymouth Argyle, who finished fourth in the Third Division table, and Darlington, who finished fifth. The teams reached the final by defeating Colchester United and Hereford United respectively in the two-legged semi-finals.

Plymouth Argyle won the match 1–0 thanks to a headed goal from Ronnie Mauge to gain promotion back to the third tier of English football one season after being relegated. For the club's manager, Neil Warnock, it was his fourth success in the play-offs as a manager, having achieved it twice with Notts County and once with Huddersfield Town. His counterpart, Jim Platt, would leave full-time management at the end of that year.

Route to the final

Plymouth Argyle had finished the 1995–96 Football League season in fourth place in the Third Division, one place ahead of Darlington. Therefore, both missed out on the three automatic promotion places and instead took part in the play-offs to determine who would join Preston North End, Gillingham, and Bury as the fourth promoted team. On the final day of the league season, Plymouth Argyle had the opportunity to finish third in the table and thereby clinch the final automatic promotion place but a 3–0 win at Home Park against Hartlepool United was not enough to overtake Bury, after they also won 3–0 at home to Cardiff City.

In the play-off semi-finals, Darlington were paired with sixth-placed Hereford United and Plymouth Argyle with seventh-place finishers Colchester United. Darlington won their first leg tie 2–1 at Edgar Street courtesy of goals from Robbie Blake and Sean Gregan. They also won the second leg by the same scoreline at Feethams with Matty Appleby and Robbie Painter on the scoresheet.

Plymouth Argyle lost the first leg of their semi-final tie 1–0 at Layer Road after a goal from Mark Kinsella, but they responded in the second leg at Home Park. Goals from Mickey Evans, Chris Leadbitter and Paul Williams were enough to secure a 3–1 win and a 3–2 victory on aggregate. The results set up a first visit to Wembley Stadium for the supporters of both clubs.

Pre-match

The two teams were competing for promotion to the third tier of the English football league system, at the time called the Second Division, a familiar place for both teams. In its previous 68 seasons as a Football League club, Plymouth Argyle competed exclusively in the second and third tiers, exactly 34 seasons each. While Darlington had featured in the second tier just twice, competing in the third tier on 32 occasions and the fourth tier another 32 times. The official attendance of 43,431 was a record for a play-off final at that level, beating the previous record set in 1994, until it was bettered a year later by 3,373 spectators. There was also a significant disparity in the number of tickets sold to the supporters of the two clubs, with fewer than 10,000 Darlington fans in attendance compared to 35,000 fans representing Plymouth Argyle.

Plymouth Argyle manager Neil Warnock picked ten players who had started both of the club's semi-final matches, with Ronnie Mauge keeping his place in the team having replaced Chris Billy for the second leg. The match was to be goalkeeper Steve Cherry's last for the club, having returned for a second stint with the club three months earlier. Darlington manager Jim Platt, who was taking charge of the team for the last time before the return of David Hodgson, made one change to the team that secured progress from the semi-final stage with Tony Carss coming in at the expense of Matt Carmichael. The final would prove to be man of the match Matty Appleby's last for Darlington.

Match

Summary

Darlington were the first to settle with Gary Bannister a prominent player in midfield, but Plymouth Argyle eventually found their rhythm and had the first real goalscoring opportunity after ten minutes. Adrian Littlejohn found space after a one-two with Mickey Evans, but his first touch let him down and the opportunity was not taken. Darlington's main threat was coming from attacking full back Appleby and he had their best chance of the match midway through the first half. He carved out the initial chance, having carried the ball half the length of the pitch, but team-mate Steven Gaughan was unable to convert. The hasty clearance from Argyle found its way back to Appleby but he sent his shot over the crossbar with goalkeeper Cherry completely exposed.

Plymouth Argyle came close to making their opponents pay for their profligacy in front of goal with Evans lifting a volley over the crossbar. Darlington's captain Andy Crosby was proving to be a formidable figure at the heart of his team's defence, but Argyle fashioned another chance to open the scoring just before half-time. A flick on by Evans presented Adrian Littlejohn with the opportunity to redeem his earlier miss, but he dragged his shot wide.

There were few clear-cut chances at the start of the second half, but Plymouth Argyle were winning the midfield battle with Mauge and Chris Leadbitter leading by example with a number of forceful tackles. The pivotal moment arrived on 65 minutes after Martin Barlow had earned a corner-kick on the right-hand side. Leadbitter played the ball short to full back Mark Patterson, whose well-measured cross was met firmly by the unmarked Mauge to head into the back of the net. Darlington tried to force their way back into the match, but were being thwarted by Plymouth Argyle captain Mick Heathcote and his defensive colleagues which left strikers Robbie Blake and Robbie Painter, who both scored in the semi-finals, with little to work on. As Darlington committed more players forward in search of an equaliser they left themselves exposed in defence which gave the leading side more space to launch counter-attacks. Evans and Littlejohn threatened to score the decisive second goal, but in the end Mauge's headed finish midway through the second half proved to be enough to claim the final promotion place for the team from Devon. The match was by no means a classic, with serious goalscoring chances at a premium, but to the winners it did not matter.

Details

Post-match
After the final whistle Plymouth Argyle's captain Mick Heathcote received the winners' trophy before parading it in front of the club's supporters on the pitch. For the club's manager, Neil Warnock, it was his fourth play-off success at Wembley Stadium. He commented on his past experiences that "It can't be a hindrance, having done it before, but it doesn't make it any less tense. It makes it a very long season. I had booked a holiday starting today – I suppose I should have known better".

Warnock was also full of praise for his counterpart, Jim Platt, commenting that "He should be made manager of the year for what he's done at that club". Citing Darlington's financial worries "Everyone thought they would blow up, but they didn't – they got within an ace. Unfortunately, someone has to lose". Platt, a former Northern Ireland international, was equally optimistic. He said "My side is very young – nearly all of them in their early 20s. I think we will be here again next season or go up automatically – if we can keep the side together".

As a result of their victory, Plymouth Argyle returned to the third tier of English football just one year after being relegated to the fourth tier for the first time in its history. They returned to the Third Division two years later before being promoted as champions in 2002, and the club followed that up by winning the Second Division in 2004, to reclaim their place in the second tier of English football after a twelve-year hiatus. For Darlington, there was to be more disappointment in the play-offs four years later under David Hodgson, Platt's successor. They reached the Third Division final in 2000, the last to be played at the original Wembley Stadium, and were defeated 1–0 again; on this occasion to Peterborough United.

See also
1996 Football League First Division play-off final
1996 Football League Second Division play-off final

References

External links
Official Football League website

1995–96 Football League Third Division
Football League Third Division play-off finals
EFL League Two play-off finals
Play-off Final 1996
Play-off Final 1996
3
Football League Third Division play-off final
Football Third Fourth Division play-off final

1996 Football League Third Division play-off final


"Ariel" is a hit single written and performed by Dean Friedman, released in April 1977.  It was the first of two hits from Friedman's eponymous debut LP. "Ariel," however, was his only hit in North America.  It reached number 26 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, number 17 on the Cashbox Top 100, and number 19 in Canada.  The song spent 22 weeks on the Billboard chart and 24 weeks on Cashbox.

Background
"Ariel" has been described as a "quirkily irresistible and uncategorizable pop song about a free-spirited, music-loving, vegetarian Jewish girl" from Paramus, New Jersey, where Friedman grew up.  The lyrics describe the young girl from "deep in the bosom of suburbia," who sang "mighty fine," with "'Tears on My Pillow' and 'Ave Maria'." It describes the girl Ariel, "standing by the [since dismantled] waterfall at Paramus Park," one of the many shopping malls in Paramus. The quarters she was collecting for "friends of BAI" refers to the New York radio station WBAI, and their listener association, while the song also makes reference to "channel 2", which refers to local CBS flagship station WCBS-TV.

Chicago radio superstation WLS, which gave the song much airplay, ranked "Ariel" as the 60th most popular hit of 1977.
It reached as high as number four on their survey of August 20, 1977.

Controversy

The record label (Lifesong) that produced "Ariel" insisted Friedman change the song's second verse, which refers to the eponymous Ariel as "a Jewish girl", believing that radio stations might use it as an excuse not to play the record. The management company received threats from the Jewish Defense League protesting against the edit in the single, which also varied from the album version by having the third verse removed to make the single shorter for radio.

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

See also
 List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States

References

External links
 Lyrics to "Ariel"
 "Ariel" on Song Facts

1977 singles
1977 songs
Songs about New York City
Lifesong Records singles

Ariel (song)


Andreas Lauritz Thune (9 April 1848 – 20 April 1920) was a Norwegian engineer and businessman. He was associated with the company Thunes Mekaniske Værksted.

Biography
He was born at Drammen in Buskerud, Norway. His grandfather, Anders Paulsen Thune was a blacksmith by profession who had founded a workshop in that city in 1815. The workshop developed to the manufacturing company Thunes Mekaniske Værksted, or Thune for short. It moved to Kristiania (now Oslo) in 1851, with Andreas' father, Halvor Thune (1818–70), in charge.<ref name=snl2

Andreas Lauritz Thune graduated from Horten Technical College in 1868. He took over Thune in 1871, at the age of twenty-three, following the death of his father. At that time the production facilities were located in the downtown street Ruseløkkveien, but Andreas Thune moved to the nearby street Munkedamsveien. He started production of agricultural machinery and steam engines, and locomotive production began in the 1890s. Around the turn of the 20th century Thune became the most important locomotive manufacturer in Norway, along with Hamar Jernstøberi og Mekaniske Verksted. Between 1901 and 1920 these two manufacturers delivered about 250 locomotives to the Norwegian State Railways.

To allow this kind of production, the production facilities had moved to rural Skøyen, as the locale in Munkedamsveien became too small for large-scale industrial production, and expansion was physically difficult. Andreas Thune had bought the property Kjellebekk, near Skøyen Railway Station, and was personally registered as owner in the 1899 property valuation. Originally using the estate as a country house, he commenced the building of production halls in 1901 and moved in with the company. The next year his son, Sverre Thune (1877-1946), had completed technical studies in Germany and  took over management.

In 1889 Andreas Thune had been among the founders of the employers' organization De Mekaniske Værksteders Forening. With the Norwegian Union of Iron and Metalworkers, a trade union which is now a part of the United Federation of Trade Unions, MVF negotiated Norway's first collective bargaining agreement in 1907. The name was changed to Mekaniske Værksteders Landsforening in 1908, and to Teknologibedriftenes Landsforening (Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries) in 1989.

Following a 2006 merger, it is now a part of the Federation of Norwegian Industries (Norsk Industri).

Honors
Andreas Thune was appointed to  Knight of St. Olav's Order in 1889 and Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 1897. He was also commander of the Order of the Dannebrog and the Order of Vasa and holder of the King's Medal of Merit in gold.

References

Related reading
 Bjørnland, Dag  (1977) Innenlands samferdsel i Norge siden 1800 (Oslo: Grøndahl)
Storrusten, Erling  (1994) Langsomt ble reisene for alle : reiser og samferdsel i Norge 1869-1994	(Oslo: Norsk Reiseinformasjon AS)

1848 births
1920 deaths
Businesspeople from Drammen
Norwegian engineers
Norwegian businesspeople
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
Recipients of the Order of Vasa
Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit in gold

Andreas Lauritz Thune


"Mademoiselle Fifi" is a short story by French writer Guy de Maupassant, published in 1882 in a collection of the same title. Like many of his short stories, such as Boule de Suif and Deux Amis, the story is set during the Franco-Prussian War and explores themes of class barriers, contrasts between the French and German participants, and the pointlessness of the war.

Plot
The story takes place in Normandy in the winter of 1870, in a fictional chateau which is being used as a headquarters by Prussian officers. The main characters of the story are quickly introduced: the Major, a dignified and cultured German aristocrat; his Captain, a boorish and lecherous minor Prussian landowner; two lieutenants from the Prussian bourgeoisie; and the title character, a handsome but arrogant and extremely unpleasant German sub-lieutenant known to his comrades as "Mademoiselle Fifi" due to his effeminate manner.

The officers have been quartered in the chateau for several weeks, and as they are far away from the fighting and do not want to go out due to the endless rain, the officers are desperately bored. They have been spending their days drinking, gambling, and destroying the chateau's paintings, furniture and other fine objects. After a boring lunch, the aristocratic captain suggest a dinner party, and sends an army transport wagon to the local town to bring back some prostitutes to keep the officers company. In the evening, the party begins, and soon the officers and prostitutes are drunk and in high spirits. The officer known as Fifi, who has taken a Jewish prostitute called Rachel, starts smashing things and making violent sexual advances on Rachel. The party-goers start telling dirty jokes in bad French and the officers make a variety of slurred speeches praising German military prowess, which makes Rachel increasingly angry. When Fifi makes a speech proclaiming that France is crushed and that all of France, including all French women, are now Prussian property, Rachel rebukes him. At this Fifi slaps Rachel, who becomes enraged and stabs Fifi with a cheese knife and jumps out the window. Fifi soon dies, and the major orders a search for Rachel but she is never found. The German officers become curious that the next day, the church bell in the village, which has been silent as a sign of national mourning, is suddenly ringing again. It continues to ring until the day the armistice is signed, when the German officers finally leave the chateau. At the end of the story, it is revealed that Rachel herself has been hiding in the bell tower, ringing the bell as a sign of her personal triumph over the Germans.

Themes

Like many of Maupassant's stories, Mademoisele Fifi explores the theme of contrasting the French and the Germans. The German officers in the novel are all outrageous stereotypes; they all sport beards, have blond or bright red hair, and are depicted as pompous, uncultured men. Fifi himself combines the worst stereotypes of the Germans; he is violent, immoral, arrogant, and takes great delight in pointlessly smashing priceless antiques and objets d'art in the chateau. The German soldiers in the novel are portrayed as blindly obeying any orders and remaining stoically obedient at all times, whilst at the same time being fairly unprofessional soldiers, two of them being killed by accident whilst searching for Rachel after the party.

Adaptations
Maupassant's story has been adapted for the stage.  There is Oscar Méténier's play of 1896, as well as Russian composer César Cui's opera based on both the story and the play.

It has also been adapted to film, serving as part of the inspiration for Val Lewton's 1944 film Mademoiselle Fifi.

Ada Galsworthy published an English translation Mademoiselle Fifi and Other Stories in 1919.

References

External links

 Free audiobook : Mademoiselle Fifi (in French)
 Mlle Fifi: nouveaux contes, hathitrust.org
 Mademoiselle Fifi and twelve other stories, hathitrust.org

1882 short stories
Short stories by Guy de Maupassant
Franco-Prussian War fiction
Short stories adapted into films

Mademoiselle Fifi (short story)