Elder Mazi Nnamdi Udoh (born 8 May 1960) is the former Chief Executive officer/Managing Director at the Nigerian airspace management agency.

Life
Elder Mazi Nnamdi Udoh (Ugwu Aro) was born to Senator Henry Nwafor Udoh and Madam Uzoma Udoh.He is the President General Nzuko Arochukwu Worldwide and a lover of football. He hails from Ibom in Arochukwu and is also a devoted Christian.

Education
He joined NAMA in 1980 after completing a course at the Nigerian College of Aviation Technology Zaria where he was president of the Student Union. While there he organized the first ever Aviation and Technical institution games hosted at Zaria in 1980. He furthered his education by obtaining an Air Traffic Safety Electronics License at the School of Aviation in Langen, Germany. He also attended City University of London where he studied Air Safety, obtaining a Masters of Science degree in 2006.

Career
Mazi Nnamdi Udoh was appointed to the position of CEO/MD at the Nigerian airspace management agency on 5 October 2011. Prior to that, he held posts as Executive director electronic and engineering services,[General Manager] of project and surveillance, special advisor on projects monitoring to the minister of Aviation after serving as Airspace manager to Ilorin international airport etc. His name is commonly used in conjunction with the multi-billion naira Total Radar Coverage of Nigeria project (TRACON) which delivers modern Air Traffic Systems at all Nigerian airports nationwide. He is also famous with the saying "NO MONEY NO SAFETY".

On 18 October 2010, he was the Acting Managing Director of NAMA during the commissioning of the TOTAL RADAR COVERAGE OF NIGERIA 'TRACON' by Nigerian President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan. He was praised by the president and his colleagues for finally attaining such success in the aviation industry. He is a member of Royal Aeronautical Society (MRAeS), National Association of Air Traffic Engineers, International Federation of Air Traffic Safety Electronic Association IFATSEA United kingdom registered engineer among the few from Nigeria, just to name a few. He has held the position of general secretary at NAAE for eight years and later became the president for another four years, regional director IFATSEA. He is currently the Deputy Chairman Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO) Africa. He was the first male Nigerian member of Women in Aviation International (WAI) featured on the first edition of Woman Aviator, the official publication of Women in Aviation, Nigeria.

References
newsstarng.com
nama.gov.ng
avnwww.jccbi.gov
nigerianbestforum.com
tribune.com.ng
thenationonlineng.net
inlng.com
my vision for arochukwu-nzuko-aro
arokingdom.org

Nigerian engineers
Living people
1960 births
Alumni of City, University of London
Nigerian Christians

Nnamdi Udoh


Jose Maria Canlas Sison (; February 8, 1939 – December 16, 2022), also known by his nickname Joma, was a Filipino writer, poet and activist who founded the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and added elements of Maoism to its philosophy – which would be known as national democracy. He applied the theory of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism to the history and current circumstances of the Philippines.

Sison would later live in the Netherlands, applying for asylum as a political refugee in 1988, which was ultimately denied. Dutch and European law however protected Sison from deportation to the Philippines.

Since August 2002, he has been classified as a "person supporting terrorism" by the United States. The European Union's second highest court ruled in September 2009 to delist him as a "person supporting terrorism" and reversed a decision by member governments to freeze his assets.

The CPP, along with its affiliates New People's Army and the National Democratic Front, are also considered terrorist organizations by the Philippines' Anti-Terrorism Council.

Early years

Jose Maria Canlas Sison was born on February 8, 1939, in Cabugao, Ilocos Sur to a prominent landowning family with ancestry from Spanish-Mexican-Malay mestizos and from Fujian, China, and with connections to other prominent clans such as the Crisólogos, Geraldinos, Vergaras, Azcuetas, Sollers, Serranos and Singsons. His great-grandfather, Don Leandro Serrano, was the biggest landlord in northern Luzon at the end of the 19th century. His grandfather, Don Gorgonio Soller Sison, was the last gobernadorcillo of Cabugao under Spanish colonial rule, the municipal president under the Philippine revolutionary government, and the first mayor under US colonial rule. His great-uncle, Don Marcelino Crisólogo was the first governor of Ilocos Sur. His uncle, Teófilo Sison was governor of Pangasinan and the first Defense Secretary in the Commonwealth government. He was convicted in 1946 of having collaborated with the Japanese occupation forces but was amnestied in 1947. During his childhood in Ilocos, he learned about the Huk rebellion in Central Luzon from Ilocano farm workers and from his mother, who belonged to a landlord family in Mexico, Pampanga. In his early high school years in Manila, he talked to his barber about Hukbalahap activities. Unlike his elder siblings, he attended a public school before entering Ateneo de Manila University and later studying at Colegio de San Juan de Letran.

Sison graduated from the University of the Philippines in 1959 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in English literature with honors and then studied Indonesian in Indonesia before returning to the Philippines and becoming a university professor of literature and eventually Rizal Studies and Political Science. He joined the Lavaite Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas in December 1962 and became a member of its executive committee in early 1963. He was the Vice Chairman of the Lapiang Manggagawa (which eventually became the Socialist Party) and the general secretary of the Movement for the Advancement of Nationalism. In 1964, he co-founded the Kabataang Makabayan, or Patriotic Youth, with Nilo S. Tayag. This organization organized youth against the Vietnam War, Ferdinand Marcos, imperialism, bureaucrat capitalism and feudalism. The organization also spearheaded the study of Maoism as part of 'the struggle'.

Political career
On December 26, 1968, he formed and led the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), an organization founded on Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought, stemming from his experience as a youth leader and labor and land reform activist. This was known as the First Great Rectification Movement where Sison and other radical youth criticized the existing party leadership for its errors and failures since 1942. The old Communist Party had been run under a series of Moscow-leaning general secretaries from the Lava family. The reestablished CPP set its general political line as a two-stage revolution comprising national-democratic as the first stage then proceeding to the socialist revolution. During this period, Sison went by the nom de guerre of Amado Guerrero, meaning "beloved warrior", under which he published the book manifesto "Philippine Society and Revolution."

After this, the old Communist Party sought to eliminate and marginalize Sison. However, the reorganized CPP had a larger base and renewed political line that attracted thousands to join its ranks.
On March 29, 1969, the CPP, along with an HMB (Huk) faction led by Bernabe Buscayno, organized the New People's Army (NPA), the guerrilla-military wing of the party, whose guerrilla fronts, numbering more than 110, are nationwide and cover substantial portions of 75 of the 81 Philippine provinces. The NPA seeks to wage a peasant-worker revolutionary war in the countryside against landlords and foreign companies by operating in rural communities and mountains as strategy for protection.

Sison was arrested on November 8, 1977, in La Union during the Marcos presidency and imprisoned for almost nine years, most of which were spent in solitary confinement. Sison wrote prolifically while incarcerated, including his Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism: A Primer, which his wife Julie de Lima smuggled out of prison in 1982.

Sison was released from military detention on March 5, 1986, after the overthrow of Marcos. His experience is described in Prison & Beyond, a book of poetry released in 1986 which won the Southeast Asia WRITE award for the Philippines. Two biographies have been written about him: one by the German writer Dr. Rainer Werning: The Philippine Revolution: From the Leader's View Point (1989), and one by the Filipina novelist Ninotchka Rosca, At Home in the World (2004). Two major biopics of Sison asthe  founder of Kabataang Makabayan (titled Tibak) and the Communist Party of the Philippines (titled The Guerrilla Is a Poet) have been produced by major film makers in the Philippines.

The CPP has stated for over 20 years that Sison is no longer involved in operational decisions and has served from Europe in an advisory role as chief political consultant of the National Democratic Front in peace negotiations with the Manila government. In 1986, after he was freed from prison, Sison embarked on a world tour. In October 1986, he accepted the Southeast Asia Writers Award for a book of his poems from the Crown Prince of Thailand in Octokok. While visiting the Netherlands in September 1988, he was informed that his passport had been revoked and that charges had been filed against him under the Anti-Subversion Law of the Philippines. The charges were ultimately dropped, including those that were subsequently filed by Philippine authorities.

In 1989, Sison was cited in journalist Gregg Jones' book Red Revolution as having coordinated the Plaza Miranda bombing in August 1971 based on interviews with members of the CPP and the NPA.

2007 arrest
The International Crime Investigation Team of the Dutch National Criminal Investigation Department arrested Jose Maria Sison in Utrecht on August 28, 2007. Sison was arrested for his alleged involvement from the Netherlands in three assassinations that took place in the Philippines: the murder of Romulo Kintanar in 2003, and the murders of Arturo Tabara and Stephen Ong in 2006. On the day of his arrest, Sison's apartment and the apartments of his co-workers were searched by the Dutch National Criminal Investigation Department.

Some 100 left-wing activists held a demonstration for the release of Sison, marching towards the Dutch embassy in Manila on August 30, 2007. The demonstration was swiftly ended by police.

There were no plans to hold the trial in the Philippines since there was no extradition request and the crimes Sison was accused of were committed in the Netherlands. Dutch lawyer Victor Koppe said that Sison would enter a plea of not guilty during his indictment. He could have received the maximum penalty of life imprisonment.

On September 1, 2007, National Democratic Front peace panel chair Luis Jalandoni confirmed that the Dutch government was "maltreating" Sison because the court detained him in solitary confinement for several weeks without access to media, newspapers, television, radio or visitors; it also denied him the right to bring prescription medicines to his cell. The place where Sison was held was the same one used by the late former Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic who was held for war crimes and corruption. Meanwhile, protests were held in Indonesia, Hong Kong, Australia, the United States, and Canada. The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) feared that Sison may be "extra-judicially" transferred to the United States. CPP spokesman Gregorio Rosal said that the U.S. may detain and subject Sison to extraordinary rendition in Guantanamo Bay or some secret facility. U.S. ambassador Kristie Ann Kenney formally announced that the U.S. will extend support to the Dutch government to prosecute Sison.

In New York City, former United States Attorney General and left-wing human rights lawyer Ramsey Clark called for Sison's release and pledged assistance by joining the latter's legal defense team headed by Belgian lawyer Jan Fermon. Clark doubted Dutch authorities' validity and competency, since the murder charges originated in the Philippines and had already been dismissed by the country's Supreme Court.

Committee DEFEND, an International group stated that the Dutch government tortured Sison at the National Penitentiary in Scheveningen (used by the Nazis in World War II to torture Dutch resistance fighters). His wife, Julie De Lima, failed to see him in order to provide him with medicine and warm clothes on August 30, 2007. Meanwhile, Sison's counsel, Romeo Capulong, questioned the Dutch government's jurisdiction over the issue, alleging that the Supreme Court of the Philippines already dismissed the subject cases on July 2.

On September 7, 2007, the Dutch court heard defense arguments for Sison, and stated that it would issue the resolution next week on whether to extend the detention. Supporters outside The Hague District Court chanted slogans while the wife, Julie De Lima stated that they complained to the International Committee of the Red Cross. Luis Jalandoni, chairman of the National Democratic Front, accused the government of Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende of being "a workhorse" for Philippines President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and for the U.S. government.

The National Lawyers Guild (NLG), a progressive bar association in New York then headed by Marjorie Cohn, denounced the arrest of Sison, saying "it exposes the hand of the Arroyo administration in yet another assault on the rights of the people to dissent and organize". Sison will remain in jail until Thursday, but was provided TV, radio and medication.

On September 12, 2007, lawyers Edre Olalia and Rachel Pastores stated that Sison's lawyers will appeal the reported Dutch court's newly promulgated ruling extending Sison's detention for 90 days. The Dutch court did not extend the detention for 90 days but released him on September 13, 2007, after being held in solitary confinement for 17 days.

Release from detention
Dutch public prosecutor's office's Wim de Bruin stated that Sison was released from jail at 10:45 a.m. on September 13, 2007. The court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to detain him on murder charges, specifically, if Sison "had a Concious and close cooperation with those in the Philippines who carried out the deed".

On September 27, 2007, Sison appeared before The Hague Court of Appeal panel of 3 judges on the public prosecutor's appeal against the district court's September 13 judgment of release.

On September 28, 2007, the Dutch Ambassador to the Philippines, Robert Brinks, announced that 3 Dutch judicial officials and Dutch prosecution lawyer Wim De Bruin will visit the Philippines "later this year" to review the evidence against Jose Maria Sison. The next day, Leung Kwok Hung, a Hong Kong politician and member of the April Fifth Action vowed to support Sison. Leung was in Europe at the Inter-Parliamentary Union assembly in Geneva, Switzerland. He sits in the Hong Kong legislature as a member of the Finance and House Committees, and of the Legislative Panels on Constitutional Affairs, Housing, Manpower, Transport, and Welfare Services.

On October 3, 2007, the Dutch court dismissed the prosecution's appeal against the release Sison, confirming his freedom while the Dutch police continue to investigate: "the prosecution file lacks enough concrete clues that Sison can be directly linked to the assassinations which is needed to prosecute him as a perpetrator". However, the decision does not bar prosecution for murder. But the Dutch Public Prosecutor's Office (per spokesman Wim de Bruin) stated that it did not drop the charges against Sison yet, who remains a suspect. De Bruin said: "No, you have to separate the criminal investigation by the police from the investigation by the examining judge in The Hague. So the judge decided to finish the investigation but the police investigation will be continued and that means that Mr. Sison is still a suspect."

The Dutch court, the Dutch court on May 20, 2008, heard Sison's appeal against the Dutch Public Prosecutors Office's request to extend its investigation until December, since the investigators arrived in the Philippines in February and interviewed witnesses. At the trial, however, the new evidence showed that there were indeed attempts to kill him, in 1999 and 2000, while Kintanar's wife, Joy, directly accused Edwin Garcia in the murder of her husband. The Dutch court scheduled the promulgation on the verdict on June 10, 2008.

The Dutch District Court of The Hague on June 5, 2008, decided in camera "that the Public Prosecution Service may continue the prosecution of Jose Maria Sison for involvement in, among other matters, a number of murders committed in the Philippines in 2003 and 2004; that while the prosecution's case file still held insufficient evidence, the investigation was ongoing and should be given time to unfold". In February 2010, the Dutch Public Prosecution Service finally terminated its investigation of Sison and dropped the criminal charges against him.

Personal life
Sison met his wife, Julie de Lima, when both were students at UP Diliman. Attending the same study groups, they grew closer and married first in a civil wedding in September 1959 and then in a Catholic church wedding in January 1960. The couple has four children.

His wife belongs to the prominent De Lima family of Iriga City, Camarines Sur and is the aunt of Senator Leila de Lima, who served as Chair of the Commission on Human Rights during the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Secretary of the Philippine Department of Justice under the administration of President Benigno S. Aquino III., and Senator during the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte.

Sison returned to teach at the University of the Philippines soon after his release from prison in 1986. He then went on a global lecture tour, starting in September 1986. He applied for political asylum in the Netherlands in 1988 after his Philippine passport was cancelled by the Philippine government. He had been earlier released from prison by the government of Corazon Aquino for the sake of "national reconciliation" and for his role in opposing Marcos. The release of Sison was vehemently protested by the military. It is reported that upon his release, Sison and his followers actively sought to discredit the Aquino government in the European media by speaking out on Aquino's human rights violations, including the Mendiola massacre, in which members of the military were accused of firing on unarmed peasants in Manila, killing 17 people.

He was the chairperson of the International League of Peoples' Struggle, and the Chief Political Consultant of the National Democratic Front of the Philippines. Since 1987, Sison had based himself in the Netherlands for his European lecture tour. Since 1992, he has lived in the Netherlands as a recognized political refugee.

Later life and death
In 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte, claimed that Sison had colon cancer. Sison, while admitting he has been hospitalized at the Utrecht University Medical Center in March of that in year connection to his rheumatoid arthritis and Sweet syndrome symptoms, said that he has no serious illness including cancer. In early 2022, reports emerged that Sison had died; Sison himself refuted his supposed death. Later that year, on December 16, the Communist Party of the Philippines, alongside its news organ Ang Bayan, announced the death of Sison after having been confined in a hospital in Utrecht, Netherlands, for two weeks. NDFP executive Luis Jalandoni disclosed that Sison died due to heart failure, after almost three weeks of hospital treatment, although he did not provide more details about Sison's death.

Controversies
Former Senator Jovito Salonga accused Sison of orchestrating the 1971 Plaza Miranda bombing during the Liberal Party convention to force Marcos to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and sign Proclamation No. 1081, initiating the advent of Martial Law in the Philippines. This accusation comes from former CPP members such as Victor Corpuz and others. The Philippine National Police (PNP) filed a criminal case against Sison for the Plaza Miranda bombing, but the charges were dismissed for lack of evidence, with the dismissal order citing the complainant's filing criminal charges based on speculation.

On July 4, 2008, Manila's RTC Executive Judge Reynaldo Ros assumed jurisdiction over the 1,551-page cases of multiple murder lawsuits against Sison, Bayan Muna Representative Satur Ocampo, and National Democratic Front member Luis Jalandoni after the Supreme Court's Third Division ordered a change of venue from the Hilongos, Leyte RTC Branch 18 for safety reasons. During the time when these alleged killings supposedly took place, Sison and Ocampo had long been under maximum detention of the Marcos regime. Sison, Ocampo, and other political detainees were only freed in 1986 after the first EDSA uprising of the same year.

The European Union's second highest court ruled to delist Sison and the Stichting Al-Aqsa group from the EU terror list since the 27-nation bloc failed to respect their rights when blacklisted. The Luxembourg-based Court of Justice further reversed a decision by member governments to freeze the assets of Sison and the Netherlands-based Al-Aqsa Foundation, since the EU governments failed to inform them why the assets were frozen. Dekker said that EU lawyers in Brussels can lodge any appeal. The EU was also ordered to shoulder all the litigation expenses during the five-year appeal of Sison against the Dutch government and the EU. The final judgment of the European Court of Justice to remove Sison from the EU terrorist blacklist on September 30, 2009, became final and binding on December 10, 2009, inasmuch as the EU did not make an appeal. The court's decisions and other documents pertaining to cases involving Sison in the Philippines are compiled under the section of Legal Cases in www.josemariasison.org and can be further verified in the archives of the pertinent courts.

Works

Selected writings 1968–1991
2013. 1968-1972 Foundation for Resuming the Philippine Revolution. International Network for Philippine Studies and Aklat ng Bayan, Inc.
2013. 1969-1974 Defeating Revisionism, Reformism & and Opportunism. International Network for Philippine Studies and Aklat ng Bayan, Inc.
2013. 1972-1977 Building Strength through Struggle. International Network for Philippine Studies and Aklat ng Bayan, Inc.
2013. 1977-1986 Detention and Defiance against Dictatorship. International Network for Philippine Studies and Aklat ng Bayan, Inc.
2015. 1986-1991 Continuing the Struggle for National & Social Liberation. International Network for Philippine Studies and Aklat ng Bayan, Inc.

Selected writings 1991–2009
2009. 1991-1994 For Justice, Socialism and Peace. klat ng Bayan, Inc.
2009. 1995-2001 For Democracy and Socialism Against Imperialist Globalization. Aklat ng Bayan, Inc.
2009. 2001-2006 Crisis of Imperialism and People's Resistance. Aklat ng Bayan, Inc.
2009. 2006-2009 People's Struggle Against Imperialist Plunder and Terror. Aklat ng Bayan, Inc.

Peoples' struggles against oppression and exploitation: selected writings 2009–2015
2015. 2009-2010 Crisis Generates Resistance. International Network for Philippine Studies
2016. 2010-2011 Building People's Power. International Network for Philippine Studies
2017. 2012 Combat Neoliberal Globalization. International Network for Philippine Studies
2018. 2013 Struggle against Imperialist Plunder and Wars. International Network for Philippine Studies
2018. 2014-2015 Strengthen the People's Struggle against Imperialism and Reaction. International Network for Philippine Studies

Selected writings 2016–2021
2018. 2016 People's Resistance to Greed and Terror. International Network for Philippine Studies
2019. 2017 Combat Tyranny and Fascism. International Network for Philippine Studies
2019. January–July 2018 Struggle against Terrorism and Tyranny Volume I. International Network for Philippine Studies
2019. August–December 2018 Struggle against Terrorism and Tyranny Volume II. International Network for Philippine Studies
2021. 2019 Resist Neoliberalism, Fascism, and Wars of Aggression. International Network for Philippine Studies

Other works
2020. Basic Principles of Marxism–Leninism: A Primer. Reprint. Paris, Foreign Languages Press
2019. Reflections on Revolution and Prospects. International Network for Philippine Studies
2017. Specific Characteristics of our People's War. Reprint. Paris, Foreign Languages Press
2003. US Terrorism and War in the Philippines. Netherlands, Papieren Tijger
1998. Philippine Economy and Politics. Co-authored by Julieta de Lima. Philippines, Aklat ng Bayan, Inc.
1989. The Philippine Revolution : The Leader's View. With Rainer Werning. New York : Crane Russak.
1984. Prison and Beyond: Selected Poems, 1958–1983. Quezon City: Free Jose Maria Sison Committee.
1971. Philippine Society and Revolution. As Amado Guerrero. Manila: Pulang Tala.
1967. Struggle for National Democracy. Quezon City, Progressive Publications

References

Further reading

External links
Josemariasison.org
The Arrest of Joma Sison (dossier of the Philippine Daily Inquirer)

1939 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Filipino poets
Anti-Americanism
Anti-fascists
Anti-imperialism
Anti-revisionists
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni
Communist Party of the Philippines politicians
Communist poets
Filipino communists
Filipino exiles
Filipino expatriates in the Netherlands
Filipino people of Kapampangan descent
Filipino political party founders
Filipino revolutionaries
Filipino writers
Ilocano people
Ilocano-language writers
Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government
Maoist theorists
People convicted on terrorism charges
People from Ilocos Sur
S.E.A. Write Award winners
University of the Philippines alumni

Jose Maria Sison


Metro Exodus is a first-person shooter video game that was developed by 4A Games and published by Deep Silver. It is the third installment in the Metro video game series, which is based on Dmitry Glukhovsky's novels. The game is a sequel to Metro: Last Light and the book Metro 2035, and follows protagonist Artyom and his crew as they flee the Moscow Metro and set off with their allies on an intercontinental journey to the Far East on a locomotive called Aurora. The story takes place over a year, during which Artyom visits locations such as the Volga River and the Caspian Sea. The game improves on the gameplay mechanics of Last Light; it includes several miniature open world locations and has linear levels like earlier games in the series.

Starting in 2014, the game was developed by a team of around 150 based in Kyiv and Malta. The Exodus studio's main objective was to combine the core gameplay pillars of the Metro series with elements from S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl (2007), which prioritizes emergent gameplay and features a large, explorable space. The team experimented with open-world gameplay and excluded mission markers so that players can explore naturally. 4A collaborated with Glukhovsky on the game's story, which focuses more on Artyom's personal story and relationships, forgoing some of the supernatural elements found in previous games for a more grounded story.

Metro Exodus was announced in 2017, and was released for PlayStation 4, Windows and Xbox One in 2019. An upgraded version of the game titled Metro Exodus Enhanced Edition was released for Windows, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X/S in 2021. Metro Exodus received generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised its visuals, game design, and story but criticized its English voice acting and technical issues at launch. The game has sold over 8.5 million units as of March 2023. Two downloadable expansions titled The Two Colonels and Sam's Story, each of which features a new playable character, were released in August 2019 and February 2020, respectively. In November 2020, it was announced that a sequel is in development.

Gameplay

Like earlier games in the series, Metro Exodus is a first-person shooter. The player controls player-character Artyom, who must leave the tunnels of Moscow and travel across the post-apocalyptic wasteland of the former Russian Federation and Republic of Kazakhstan while fighting against mutated creatures and hostile humans. The game occurs in one in-game year; environments change along with the seasons as the story progresses. Like earlier Metro games, Metro Exodus includes linear missions and introduces several large, open spaces for players to explore. Using binoculars, players can identify points of interest in the game's map. Players can find collectible items such as diary entries and postcards. Some areas are severely irradiated and a gas mask must be worn due to toxic air. Each gas filter lasts one minute each, and these must be replaced provided the player has more in reserve. Players must wipe off dirt and blood splatter that collect on the gas mask, which may crack if it is damaged, and players must temporarily repair it using duct tape. The game features a minimalist head-up display (HUD); information is usually displayed to the player through tangible objects. For instance, a timer on Artyom's wristwatch shows how long until the current filter expires. A compass that displays the direction of their objectives can be attached to the wristwatch.

Players can use firearms such as pistols, shotguns, sniper rifles, and submachine guns, as well as air-powered weapons such as the Tikhar and the Helsing crossbow, to defeat enemies. Consumables such as Molotov cocktails and grenades can also be used against enemies. The player can carry three weapons at any one time. Players can swap their equipped weapons with those they find in the game world; weapons may also be dismantled for parts and resources. Weapons can be extensively customized; for instance, a laser sight may be attached to a weapon to increase its accuracy.

Players must scavenge for resources as they explore the game's world. In addition to ammunition, players must collect "chemicals" and "materials", both of which are necessary for crafting new consumables and ammunition. Players can craft gas filters, medkits, and ammunition for air-powered weapons by deploying Artyom's backpack. Ammunition for regular weapons must be crafted at workbenches on Aurora. At workbenches, players can also permanently repair their gas masks and clean their weapons. Performance of uncleaned weapons will decrease and they may jam during combat. Through exploring and completing side activities, players will find new gears and upgrades; for instance, they will acquire night-vision goggles in the Volga River map and a motion tracker in the Caspian Sea level, both of which can aid the player in combat.

Players can approach their missions in a variety of ways. They can use stealth tactics such as turning off lights to remain hidden and throwing a can to distract enemies. Alternatively, they can use a lethal approach such as tossing a throwing knife at enemies to quietly kill them. Players are encouraged to plan before approaching a mission. The behavior of enemies, which are controlled by artificial intelligence, may change depending on the time of day. For instance, enemies patrolling a camp during daytime may retreat and sleep inside the camp at night, making infiltration easier. The game has a dynamic weather system, allowing players to take advantages of storms and rain, which mask the sounds of Artyom's footsteps. The time of day can be changed at safehouses in the game's world.

Not all human survivors are hostile; some may provide valuable information and open up new points of interest, and some may join Artyom's crew. Subtle moral choices in the game provide karma; good karma can be gained by helping non-playable characters, speaking with survivors with Artyom's gun holstered, and sparing enemies who have surrendered. Karma affects the ending the player experiences.

Synopsis

Setting and characters
Metro Exodus is set in 2035, one year after the events of Metro: Last Light, on a post-apocalyptic Earth that has been devastated by a nuclear war. Many parts of the world are uninhabitable due to radiation, forcing humans to create communities to survive, and split into factions both peaceful and hostile, who often fight against one another and against aggressive mutant creatures that roam the surface and underground. The game continues the story from Metro: Last Lights "Redemption" ending. As in the two preceding games, the player assumes the role of Artyom, who flees the Moscow Metro and sets off on a locomotive called the Aurora with his allies on a journey to the Far East. The story takes place over one year, starting with a harsh nuclear winter in the Metro. Anna, another major character in the preceding game and the book Metro 2035, is now Artyom's wife. Miller, Anna's father and leader of the military Spartan Order in previous games and novels, returns. Artyom's Spartan comrades include Alyosha, Damir, Duke, Idiot, Sam, Stepan, and Tokarev. Other characters who join the Aurora crew during their journey include an engineer named Yermak, a nurse named Katya, Katya's daughter Nastya, and a mechanic named Krest.

Plot
After the attack on D6, Artyom becomes disillusioned with the constant infighting and corruption within the Metro and leaves the Spartan Order. He becomes obsessed with proving other humans outside of Moscow have survived and makes numerous dangerous expeditions to the surface. During an expedition with Anna, they witness a working train running on the surface. Before they can follow it, they and a group of people who claim to be from outside Moscow are captured by Hansa soldiers. The Hansa soldiers execute the other prisoners, and Artyom is shot and Anna is taken hostage. Artyom survived the shooting; he follows the soldiers to rescue Anna and inadvertently destroys a signal jammer that was blocking all radio communications between Moscow and the outside world. Radio transmissions from all over the world begin to be received, and Artyom and Anna realize humanity has not gone extinct. They escape by stealing one of Hansa's locomotives named Aurora.

As the train leaves, the Spartan Order moves in to retake it, and are shocked and confused at Artyom's and Anna's presence. Knowing Hansa will kill all of them for knowing the truth, Miller concludes the Spartans' best chance of survival is to flee Moscow. Once outside the city, Miller tells the others while many of Russia's cities were bombed, the war did not end and NATO has occupied the remains of the nation. To prevent NATO from attacking Moscow, the Russian leadership decided to secretly jam all communications to make the outside world believe nobody had survived. They receive a radio broadcast from Moscow Defense Command calling for survivors to rally at the "Ark", which is located at Mount Yamantau. Miller decides to go to the Ark, believing the Russian government has rebuilt itself there.

After crossing the cult-controlled Volga River, the Spartans reach the Yamantau base, and discover its service-and-construction crew have devolved into cannibals who lure survivors with the false promise of safety. Artyom and the Spartans fight their way out and escape. Miller is enraged that he and the rest of the Order as well as the people of the Metro have been fooled all along by the remnant of the Russian leadership the entire time since there were never any occupation forces and the war truly ended the entire time. Using a map they recovered from Yamantau, they travel to a satellite communication center near the dried-out Caspian Sea, which is now inhabited by raiders, hoping to gain access to a satellite and find habitable land to settle. As the Spartans continue their journey, Anna falls ill from previously breathing poison gas at Volga. They scout a nearby taiga forest valley to see if it is suitable to settle but find the dam protecting the valley from radiation is about to fail, making the area uninhabitable. When Artyom returns, he learns Anna's condition has worsened.

The Spartans detour to the heavily-irradiated city of Novosibirsk, the closest location where an antidote may be found. Despite the risk, Miller and Artyom head into the city alone to search for the antidote. They enter the Novosibirsk Metro and find a young boy named Kirill, the last Novosibirsk survivor, who explains his father left on a mission to obtain a map marking a clean, habitable area. Miller and Artyom split up; Miller goes to find the map and Artyom searches for the antidote. Artyom finds the antidote but a mutant gravely wounds him and he absorbs a heavy dose of radiation. Artyom, Miller, and Kirill return to the train with the map and the antidote; on the return journey, Miller uses a dose of anti-radiation serum meant for himself to save Artyom, and dies of radiation poisoning. The rest of the Spartans donate blood to give Artyom a critical transfusion. Anna is cured with the antidote and with the map, the Spartans settle on the shores of Lake Baikal, which is free from radiation.

Artyom's fate depends on the choices the player made during the journey; In the bad ending, Artyom dies from the radiation poisoning, the Spartans and a grieving Anna hold a funeral for him and Artyom and Miller's spirits awaken on a dilapidated version of the Aurora, remaining for eternity in ghostly purgatory. In the good ending, Artyom survives, Miller is buried, and Artyom is selected to replace him as leader of the Spartan Order. Now with a radiation-free home, Artyom decides to return to Moscow and reveal the truth of the world to the survivors of the Metro.

The Two Colonels
While Artyom goes to find the cure for Anna's illness in Novosibirsk, Miller begins retracing the steps of Kirill's father Colonel Vyacheslav "Slava" Khlebnikov to find the satellite map. One year prior, Slava worked as a soldier protecting the Novosibirsk Metro while raising Kirill. At the same time, the Novosibirsk Metro government (OSKOM) was planning to evacuate the Metro but there was insufficient anti-radiation serum to protect the entire population. OSKOM began confiscating serum from the populace, causing civil unrest. Civil war broke out in the Metro, forcing Slava to defend OSKOM headquarters from the rebels. General Anatoliy "Tolya" Vinogradov deployed poison gas during the battle, killing almost everybody in the station. When Slava confronted him, Tolya revealed OSKOM leadership had already taken the remaining serum and fled, and had decided to flood the Metro with poison gas to kill the rest of the population. Tolya, who was bitter at being left behind, ordered his men to destroy the OSKOM evacuation train before committing suicide. With no other choice, Slava descended into a mutant-infested bunker to retrieve the map leading to Lake Baikal. He found the map but succumbed to radiation poisoning after losing his dose of serum. In the present, Miller enters the bunker, and finds Slava's body and the map. He tells Slava he did not die in vain and promises to evacuate Kirill from Novosibirsk before leaving.

Sam's Story
After the Spartan Order settles in Lake Baikal, one of the Spartans, former Marine Security Guard Samuel "Sam" Taylor, decides to return to his home in San Diego to see if his father survived the nuclear war. Sam travels to the port city of Vladivostok where he meets Captain Eduard "Ed" Baranov. Baranov directs Sam to an intact nuclear submarine named Mayflower, which can take Sam back to the United States. Sam and Ed are separated by a mutant attack and Sam is apprehended by men working for Tom, a fellow American. Tom says he was an arms dealer who was stranded in Russia after the nuclear attacks, and asks Sam to find Ed, who is the only person who knows how to refuel the Mayflower. Ed does not trust Tom's intentions with Mayflower, especially because it is still armed with nuclear missiles and his crew is missing, but Sam persuades Ed to negotiate a deal with Tom. Sam and Ed travel to a nearby abandoned naval base to recover the fuel rods needed to power Mayflower. Ed, who is still mistrustful of Tom, asks Sam to sabotage Mayflower, even if it means sacrificing his chance to return home. Tom's lieutenant Klim betrays him and attacks Mayflower, forcing Sam, Ed, and Tom to work together. Sam kills Klim and Mayflower sets sail from the port. Sam can choose whether to sabotage Mayflower or leave it intact.

If Sam does not sabotage Mayflower, Tom takes him to San Diego as promised with the firepower of Mayflower at his command. If Sam sabotages Mayflower, the submarine explodes and sinks, killing both Ed and Tom. Sam remains in Vladivostok but is happy knowing nobody can use the nuclear weapons Mayflower was carrying and resolves to find another way to return home.

Development

Metro Exodus was developed by a 150-strong team of developers at 4A Games, which was based in Kyiv, Ukraine, and Malta. Development of the game began in 2014. Andrew Prokhorov served as the game's director. 4A worked with Dmitry Glukhovsky, the franchise's creator, to write the game's story.

Following the release of the  linear, story-driven games Metro 2033 and Metro: Last Light, the developers received feedback from players who wanted larger levels and more exploration. The team remembered their experience of working at GSC Game World on S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl (2007), which has emergent gameplay and large, explorable spaces. The developers wanted to introduce the freeform gameplay of S.T.A.L.K.E.R. into Exodus, effectively blending the two games. Prokhorov and his team underestimated the difficulty of the task and they spent between two and three years trying to balance open-ended gameplay with storytelling. Prokhorov compared the structure of the game to that of an accordion because the design of the game's levels alternates between open and linear. According to 4A, Exodus is bigger than 2033 and Last Light combined. The developers described these large areas as "survival sandbox" levels, which adopt more survival elements than its more-linear counterparts. The development team was excited by the change in the game's direction, which allowed them to create more-diverse maps and locations than those of its predecessors, which are set nearly entirely in subway tunnels.

Despite the game's increased scope, the developers avoided deploying a full open world in Exodus because they deemed it would negatively affect the game's storytelling. The developers avoided introducing common open-world game elements such as side missions and fetch quests. Instead of relying on quest markers and waypoints, the developers hoped to pique player's curiosity and incentivize them to explore by creating visually interesting landmarks that can be seen from afar. Global brand manager Huw Beynon described the game as a "thinking person's shooter". The developers hoped to evoke feelings of being lost and alone with Exodus, and to reward players for "thinking before shooting" and "exploring off the beaten path". To make the gaming experience immersive, information typically told through a head up display (HUD) was physicalized through Artyom's gears and equipment. For instance, instead of placing a minimap on-screen, Artyom pulls from his backpack a physical map of the location attached to a leather binder for players to view. To accommodate the more-open levels, the developers overhauled the game's artificial intelligence system. For instance, human enemies are better coordinated, sharing with each other information about the player's location. Mutants and monsters also interact with each other.

Exodus is a sequel to the book Metro 2035, which is a sequel to Last Light. Glukhovsky was a consultant for 4A, working closely with the studio to ensure that the game's tone matched with that of the books. Glukhovsky gave 4A freedom to create the game's narrative but he occasionally clashed with them when they rejected his suggestions due to resources or technical limitations. According to the developers, the game's script was twice as long as those of 2033 and Last Light combined, and much of it was described as "ancillary". The developers wanted to write dialogue for the game's non-playable characters, including enemy conservations, that players can overhear from afar. While these dialogues are inconsequential to the game's overarching story, the developers believed they made the characters more alive, enhancing player immersion. According to Glukhovsky, Exoduss story is more personal than those of earlier games in the series, focusing on Artyom and his relationship with his wife Anna and his father-in-law Colonel Miller.

Release
4A Games and publisher Deep Silver announced Metro Exodus on 11 June 2017 at Microsoft's press conference during E3. The game was Initially due to be released in late 2018 but it was delayed to avoid competition with other prominent titles. Development of the game was completed on 2 December 2018, when 4A games announced it had been declared gold, indicating it was being prepared for duplication and release. The game was released for PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, and Xbox One on 15 February 2019, which was followed by a Google Stadia version on 19 November 2019 as part of that system's launch. Linux and macOS versions were released on 14 April 2021. In addition to the game's standard edition, players can purchase the "Aurora Limited Edition", which includes a steelbook case, an artbook, and an expansion pass. Deep Silver also released a "Spartan Collector's Edition", which includes a statuette of Artyom and other items.

On 28 January 2019, it was announced the Windows release would be exclusive to the Epic Games Store for one year; the publisher cited the platform's more-favorable revenue split. The game's pre-sales were discontinued on Steam following the announcement and existing Steam digital purchases were still fulfilled. The decision caused controversy and resulted in a large number of players calling for a boycott of the game, and review bombing the franchise's previous games on Steam. Valve wrote on the game's Steam page the game's removal from the storefront was "unfair", especially after a long pre-sales period. One of the game's developers was criticised in the gaming press for stating on a forum if Metro Exodus did not sell well on the Epic Games Store, its sequels may become console exclusives. In a statement, 4A Games said these views did not represent those of the company. Metro Exodus was released on Steam on 15 February 2020.

In March 2019, 4A Games released a patch named "Ranger Update" that introduced a New Game Plus mode in which players can modify individual gameplay elements such as persistent radiation and the number of weapons Artyom can carry. It also features developer commentary in the form of a collectible named Green Tape Players. Two expansions for the game were released; the first expansion, The Two Colonels, which was released in August 2019, features claustrophobic environments that are similar to those of the first two games in the series. It serves as a prequel to the game and follows Colonel Khlebnikov as he attempts to reunite with his son Kirill in Novosibirsk on New Year's Eve. The second expansion, Sam's Story, which features larger, more-open levels like Exodus, was released on 11 February 2020. The expansion follows an American marine named Sam, who must attempt to reach the harbor of Vladivostok and return to the US.

An upgraded version of the game titled Metro Exodus Enhanced Edition, which supports ray tracing and global illumination, was released for Microsoft Windows on 6 May 2021, and for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S on 18 June 2021. It was released as a free upgrade for all owners of the original version.

In January 2023, 4A Games released the game's software development kit for owners of Metro Exodus.

Reception

Critical reception

Metro Exodus was released to "generally favourable" reviews, according to the review aggregator Metacritic. The game was nominated for "Best Action Game" at The Game Awards 2019. It was also nominated for  Outstanding Technical Achievement at the 23rd Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, and Technical Achievement at the 16th British Academy Games Awards.

Critics generally liked the game's more-open structure. Writing for Game Informer, Matt Bertz praised the diverse biomes in the game, which kept the experience fresh as it introduced new characters, enemies, and factions as players progressed. He described the game's pacing as its "greatest triumph" because none of the large region overstays its welcome. Austin Wood from GamesRadar called the locations in the game "gorgeous" and said he liked the way the linear-story setpieces and open levels complement each other. He chose the two larger levels Caspian Sea and the Volga River as one of the game's strongest points. Michael Higham from GameSpot, however, was disappointed players were not rewarded for exploring the game's world, and that engaging in combat with mutants is a waste of time because they do not drop resources like their human counterparts. Both Bertz and Higham noted Artyom's movement is slow, a problem that is further aggravated by the larger levels. Andy Kelly from PC Gamer praised 4A's approach to open-world design for prioritizing attention to details over size.

Gameplay received a generally positive reception. Wood described the gameplay as "a varied mix of rock-solid gunplay and tense stealth missions". Higham praised the game's level design for allowing players to choose how they want to approach an objective. The weapon-customization system was also praised for allowing players to experiment, making combat flexible. Tristian Oglivie from IGN called the gameplay "refreshing" for encouraging and rewarding players to take their time and plan before attack. Kelly criticized the gameplay for being simplistic, summarizing the game as "a pretty rote FPS attached to a setting that deserves much better". The game was praised for its immersive gameplay. Oglivie praised its avoidance of menus and on-screen markers for grounding players in the game's world. In addition, he added by withholding information about locations of interest, players are more likely to explore locations out of curiosity. Brendan Lowry from Windows Central praised 4A's decision to turn gameplay systems into physical interactions within the game's world, which contributes to an "incredibly immersive" experience.

The game's story generally received positive reviews. Bertz compared the game's campaign to those of the Wolfenstein games developed by MachineGames, though he said subpar performances from the cast hinder the emotional impact of certain scenes. Higham said the story is more grounded than that of its predecessor, and that Metro Exodus forgoes the supernatural elements for a more personal story. He also praised the game's characters and wrote the "best parts of the story" can be found in the locomotive, interacting with Artyom's crew, which adds moments of levity to the game. Astrid Johnson from Polygon wrote unlike the series' earlier games, Exodus injects the story with hope, and interacting with other characters on the train is "captivating" because it juxtaposes with the game's bleak setting. Oglivie liked the game's story but said it does not have a central threat and that the ending "grinds to a halt". Critics criticized Artyom's status as a silent protagonist. Kelly praised the game's use of environment to tell side stories, describing them as "vivid". While he praised the game's environments and atmosphere for evoking a pervading sense of "hopelessness and melancholy", he said the game loses its identity when it is no longer set underground.

Sales
In its release month, Metro Exodus reached number two on the UK's sales charts. Metro Exodus sold 50% more copies than its predecessor Metro: Last Light. In Japan, approximately 17,513 physical units for PS4 were sold during its launch week, making Metro: Exodus the seventh-best-selling game of any format. The game debuted at number one on the weekly Switzerland retail charts. Exodus was the ninth-best-selling video game in the US in February 2023; its sales in its launch month set a new record for the series.

Up to the end of its release quarter on 31 March 2019, Metro Exodus generated €58 million for publisher Deep Silver. THQ Nordic, Deep Silver's parent company, said while physical sales performed in line with management's expectations, the game's digital sales exceeded it. According to CEO Lars Wingefors, the "absolute majority" of the game's sales came from console players. After its release on Steam on 15 February 2020, the game sold more than 200,000 units within two days. By February 2022, the game had sold six million units. As of March 2023, it has sold over 8.5 million units.

Sequel
In November 2020, 4A Games announced it was working on a sequel to Metro Exodus. Glukhovsky will be involved in the game's development.

References

External links

2019 video games
Fiction set in 2036
Anti-war video games
Deep Silver games
First-person shooters
2010s horror video games
Video games about cults
Metro 2033
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games
PlayStation 5 games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Stadia games
Single-player video games
Video game sequels
Video games about cannibalism
Video games about nuclear war and weapons
Video games based on novels
Video games developed in Malta
Video games developed in Ukraine
Video games set in Kazakhstan
Video games set in Moscow
Video games set in Russia
Video games set in the 2030s
Video games with commentaries
Windows games
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Xbox One games
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Xbox Series X and Series S games
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Metro Exodus


Politeness is the teaching or acting of good manners so as not to offend others. What is thought to be polite may be different or event rude depending on many cultures.

Types
 Negative politeness: Making a request less rude, such as "If you don't mind..." or "If it isn't too much trouble..."
Non-assertive politeness: when a person does not stop from making a comment or pushing their beliefs during a discussion.
Assertive politeness: when a person offers their opinion in a positive way to be assistive and helpful during an interaction. Or
 Positive politeness: Seeks to create a positive relationship between people.

Some cultures seem to prefer one of these kinds of politeness over the other. In this way politeness is culturally bound.

Related pages
Bowing
Curtsey

Other websites

 Model Citizenship  Real-life Examples of Civil Politeness
 Sociolinguistics: Politeness
 Sociolinguistics: Politeness in Spanish
 wiki project in comparative politeness: European Communicative Strategies (ECSTRA) (directed by Joachim Grzega)
Politeness, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Amanda Vickery, David Wootton & John Mullan (In Our Time, Sep. 30, 2004)

Human behavior

Politeness


Forbush is an unincorporated community in central Yadkin County, North Carolina, United States. The community is named for George Forbush, one of the earliest European settlers in Northwestern North Carolina. Forbush, who moved south from Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia, settled on the west bank of the Yadkin River about two miles north of Shallow Ford in 1748.

The community shares its name with the Forbush Township.

References

Unincorporated communities in Yadkin County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina

Forbush, North Carolina


Reginald "Reggie" Yates (born 31 May 1983) is a British writer and director with a career spanning three decades on screen as an actor, television presenter and radio DJ. Yates played Leo Jones in Doctor Who and has worked at the BBC in radio and television–presenting various shows for BBC Radio 1 for a decade as well as hosting the BBC One singing show The Voice UK, hosting the first two series with Holly Willoughby.

Yates co-presented the prime-time BBC One game show Prized Apart, alongside Emma Willis, The ITV2 reality show Release the Hounds from 2013 until 2017 and was also the presenter of the BBC Three documentary series Reggie Yates' Extreme Russia, Extreme South Africa and Extreme UK as well as featuring as lead voice actor for the CBeebies animation series Rastamouse.In 2021, Yates released his first feature film as writer/director, Pirates.

 Early life
Yates' parents, Felicia Asante and Reginald "Jojo" Yates, were both born in Ghana; however, his paternal grandfather Harry was the son of an English accountant, George Yates, who worked in the gold mining industry. Harry Yates' mother Dorothy was also a member of Ghana's Euro-African community: her father was a British colonial administrator, Augustus George Lloyd, while her mother Sarah was an ethnic Fante, who worked as a farmer and trader in Dixcove, Ghana.

Yates grew up in North London, where he attended Central Foundation Boys' School in Cowper Street, Islington.

 Career

Yates made his first television appearance in Desmond's at the age of eight. He also appeared in Disney Club, as Robbie. In 1998, Yates appeared as a guest presenter on Diggit on CITV also under the name Robbie. In 2002, he played Carl Fenton in the popular children's series Grange Hill. From 2002 to 2004, he presented the Sunday morning programme Smile, and then went on to present Top of the Pops with former Smile co-host Fearne Cotton before the final episode broadcast on BBC Two on 30 July 2006. He also created and starred in the series The Crust and presented Dance Factory and his own radio show on BBC Radio 1.

In 2005, Yates appeared in the BBC singing contest Comic Relief Does Fame Academy in aid of Comic Relief, finishing in fourth place. On the show, his songs included "Boombastic", "You're The First, The Last, My Everything", "It Ain't Over Til It's Over", "U Can't Touch This" and "This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)". He also sang a duet, "It Takes Two", with Edith Bowman, the eventual winner of the show. He dyed his hair red for his performance of "Dancing on the Ceiling".

On 10 March 2006, Yates appeared on Stars in Fast Cars and won his heat to get into the final, beating Elton Welsby and Ben Fogle in the last round.

Yates presented Mighty Truck of Stuff and Only in America with Fearne Cotton on CBBC as well as a programme on BBC Radio 1. They presented a breakfast show on Saturday and Sunday mornings, taking over from JK and Joel. They played from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 am. The duo then went on to present The Radio 1 Chart Show starting on 14 October 2007 until Sunday 20 September 2009. Cotton left following her promotion to weekday mornings on Radio 1 from 10:00 a.m. to 12:45 pm, leaving Yates to present on his own.

In addition to the chart show, Yates also presented a request show on Saturday afternoons, known as The Radio 1 Request Show, where listeners could send in a text or phone in to request a song. In April 2012, it was announced that Yates would finish the request show and continue with only The Official Chart. He announced in November 2012 that he would leave BBC Radio 1, and his last show aired on 23 December that year.

In 2006, Yates appeared on a Reality TV Special of The Weakest Link and was voted off in the fourth round.

In 2007, Yates appeared in the third series of revived science-fiction series Doctor Who as Leo Jones, brother of the Tenth Doctor's companion Martha.

Yates also presented series 1 of Escape from Scorpion Island with co-presenter Caroline Flack on BBC 1 between 3 and 21 September 2007.

He also appeared on Dizzee Rascal's 2007 single "Flex" music video as one of the judges in a parody TV show called "Flex Factor".

Yates co-hosted the MOBO Awards 2009 with Keri Hilson at the SECC, Glasgow. He has also presented live coverage of the Glastonbury, Reading and T in the Park music festivals for BBC Three, and interviewed stars such as Estelle and 50 Cent for MTV specials. Yates made a cameo appearance in Jack Osbourne's Celebrity Adrenaline Junkie.

Yates appeared in a special Family Guy episode on BBC Three, counting down the top 20 characters of the show as part of a special Family Guy weekend.

In 2011, Yates voiced the main character, Rastamouse, in the CBeebies television show Rastamouse. In March 2011, he appeared with Lenny Henry, Angela Rippon, and Samantha Womack in the BBC fundraising documentary for Comic Relief called Rich, Famous and in the Slums, where the four celebrities were sent to Kibera in Kenya, Africa's largest slum. In October 2011, Yates starred in Arjun Rose's UK slasher Demons Never Die as Officer Mason.

In 2012, as part of BBC Three's Criminal Britain Season, Yates explored the culture of fear, anger and violence that drives the dangerous world of teen gangs. The show, Reggie Yates: Teen Gangs, involved him speaking to current and former gang members to find out why and how teens get into gangs.

In 2012 and 2013, Yates hosted the BBC One singing show The Voice UK, hosting the first two series with Holly Willoughby. They were replaced by Emma Willis and Marvin Humes in 2013.

2013 saw Yates travel to South Africa to shoot a series, Reggie Yates' Extreme South Africa: White Slums, which aired in Spring 2014 on BBC Three. It was successful enough for Yates to return with Reggie Yates' Extreme Russia in April 2015 for BBC Three.

In 2013, his first short film Patriarch aired on Channel 4 as part of their "Random Acts" season and he has just completed his second short called Date Night, starring Daniel Kaluuya and Tony Way, which won "Best UK Short Film" at the London Independent Film Festival.
Yates hosted the ITV2 programme Release the Hounds from 2013 until 2017. He was replaced by Matt Edmondson in 2017.

Yates appeared in an episode of Who Do You Think You Are?, first aired on 25 September 2014, for which he travelled to Ghana to trace his family history.

Yates, along with Emma Willis presented the Saturday-night game show Prized Apart on BBC One in 2015. The show was axed shortly after.

In 2016, Yates was awarded Best Presenter for his critically acclaimed series Extreme Russia at the Royal Television Society Awards and Best Multi-channel Programme at the Broadcast Awards.

Continuing his documentarian journey, in 2016 Yates's BBC Three series The Insider saw the presenter spend time behind bars in Texas and join Unit 27 of the 56th Infantry Battalion in Acapulco to live the life of an ordinary soldier fighting on the front line of the brutal war against the country's powerful and violent drug cartels.

In 2018, Yates was the themed category judge for Koestler Trust's I'm Still Here at the Southbank Centre, London, an exhibition of art works by prisoners, detainees and ex-offenders. The theme was 'connections'. Yates has also been listed in the Powerlist, as one of the most influential people in the UK from African/African-Caribbean descent, most recently making the 2019, 2020 and 2021 editions.

In 2020, Yates' television film Make Me Famous premiered on BBC Three.

In 2021, Yates's debut directorial feature film, Pirates, was released. The film, a comedy-drama set in 1990s London, received largely favourable reviews from critics.

 Controversies
In 2017, the BBC was forced to apologise for a Yates (and independent production company, Sundog Pictures) piece on Australia's Indigenous communities called Hidden Australia: Black in the Outback, filmed in Wilcannia, New South Wales. The Aboriginal people Yates interviewed and filmed for the documentary said they were misled by Yates and the production crew. They accused Yates of portraying them in a negative light, after Yates had promised them the story would be fair.

In November 2017, Yates stated on a podcast: "The thing that makes it great about this new generation of artists is that they ain't signing to majors. They're independent, they're not managed by some random fat Jewish guy from north west London, they're managed by their brethren". His remarks were condemned by the Community Security Trust's Dave Rich who said: "Even worse than any offence is the message Yates gives his audience by reinforcing an anti-Semitic stereotype". Yates was "hugely apologetic" for his comment. Following his comments, he stood down from presenting the 2017 festive special editions of Top of the Pops.

In 2019, when filming for his MTV television series Reggie Yates vs The World in Derry, Northern Ireland, it was claimed that tensions on the street were stoked by dissident Republicans "for the benefit of the film crew", resulting in a riot during which Lyra McKee was murdered. Detective Superintendent Jason Murphy of the Police Service of Northern Ireland said that those claims were untrue.

 Filmography

 Television Top of the Pops (BBC One; 2004–2016) – Co-presenter, with Fearne CottonMighty Truck of Stuff (CBBC Channel; 2005) – PresenterOnly in America (CBBC Channel; 2005) – Co-presenter, with Fearne CottonDance Factory Beckham's HotshotsSmile (BBC Two)Bring It On (BBC One)UGetMe (CBBC & BBC One)Trevor Nelson's Lowdown (BBC Three)The Big C Concert (BBC)Blue Peter Jubilee Special (BBC)Kids Passport to London (Miramax)Disney ClubDiggit, RoadHog (Buena Vista)Get 100 (BBC Two; 2007)Escape from Scorpion Island (CBBC Channel; 2007) – Co-presenter, with Caroline FlackThe Almost Perfect Guide to Life (BBC Switch)MTV Base Backstage EMA 2007 (MTV Base)MOBO Awards (BBC; 2009)School for Stars (CBBC) – Narrator
Autistic Superstars 2010 (BBC Three)
Frankenstein's Wedding... Live in Leeds (BBC Three)
Reggie Yates: Teen Gangs (BBC Three) – Presenter
This is Justin Bieber (ITV; 2011) – Presenter
The Voice UK (BBC One; 2012–2013) – Co-presenter, with Holly Willoughby
Unity: A Concert for Stephen Lawrence (BBC One)
Release the Hounds (ITV2; 2013–2017) – Presenter
Who Do You Think You Are? (BBC One; 2014) – Subject
Reggie Yates: Extreme South Africa (BBC Three) – Presenter
Reggie & Thunderbirds: No Strings Attached (ITV2; 2015) – Presenter
Thunderbirds Are Go – Ellis the Security Guard (voice)
Reggie Yates: Extreme Russia (BBC Three; 2015–) – Presenter
Prized Apart (BBC One; 2015) – Co-presenter, with Emma Willis
Reggie Yates: Race Riots USA – Presenter
Reggie Yates Extreme Countries (BBC Three; 2015–) – Presenter
Reggie Yates: The Insider (BBC Three; 2016–) – Presenter
Special Forces: Ultimate Hell Week (BBC Two; series 2, 2017–) – Presenter
Reggie in China  (BBC Two; series 1, 2019) – Presenter

Radio
Fearne & Reggie (BBC Radio 1)
The Trevor Nelson Show (BBC Radio 1)
Reg & Dev (BBC Radio 1Xtra)
Smile Radio (Smile Website)
The UK Top 40 (Formally known as Radio 1's Chart Show) (BBC Radio 1)
The Fearne & Reggie Saturday request show (BBC Radio 1)
The Request Show with Reggie Yates (BBC Radio 1)
The Official Chart with Reggie Yates (BBC Radio 1)

Television acting
Thunderbirds Are Go (ITV)
The Crust (Archie)
UGetMe (Calvin)
Grange Hill (BBC)
The Bill (ITV)
Priest (Screen Two)
Family Affairs (Five)
I Bring You Frankincense (Crucial Films)
Ghostbusters of East Finchley (BBC)
Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars (Jenks) (BBC)
Focus (Harrison) (BBC Schools)
Pirates (Child's Play)
Children's Society (Breechhurst)
Between the Lines (BBC)
Desmond's (Humphrey Barclay)
Promotional Advert (Trouble TV)
Stars in Fast Cars (BBC)
Doctor Who (BBC) (as Leo Jones)
Trinity (ITV2)
Rastamouse(CBeebies)
Playhouse Presents – Episode: "The Pavement Psychologist" (Sky Arts), Series 2 2013 (as Tommy)
Release the Hounds (ITV) 2013–2017
Reggie Yates: Outside Man (Netflix) 2017

Writing and directing
Patriarch (2013). Cast was just three performers: Trevor Laird, Ansu Kabia and Kareem Onyiukah.
Date Night (2014) – Won Best UK Short Film at the London Independent Film Festival
Shelter (2015)
Roadkill (2016)
Make Me Famous (2020)
 Pirates (2021)

Awards

National Television Awards

Royal Television Society Television Awards

Broadcast Awards

Broadcast Digital Awards

Edinburgh TV Awards

Attitude Pride Awards

London Independent Film Awards

Children's BAFTA Awards

References

External links

 Production company - FIVE7
 Reggie Yates Photography

Living people
1983 births
BBC Radio 1 presenters
BBC Radio 1Xtra presenters
Black British filmmakers
Black British male actors
Black British radio presenters
Black British television personalities
English male television actors
English people of Ghanaian descent
English television presenters
People educated at Central Foundation Boys' School
People from Archway, London

Reggie Yates


"On Fire" is a song performed by rapper Lil Wayne. The song is taken from Lil Wayne's seventh studio album Rebirth. It was released as the album's second single on December 3, 2009.

Background
The song contains allusions from Amy Holland's song "She's on Fire" and was inspired in its entirety by Scarface.

Music video
The music video was shot on December 10, 2009 by Chris Robinson. It was released on January 6, 2010.
The music video begins with a shot of a mansion that is overlooked by storm clouds, to set the mood of the music video in a darker tone. A lady is then shown sitting on the lawn holding a white rabbit that quickly changes to a black rabbit. A black feather then drops on the ground giving a loud thud to were the video then cuts to Lil Wayne for the first time sitting down with his guitar alone in a room filled with recording equipment. Wayne gets up to start a recorder and starts to play his guitar which causes the music to start playing in the video. The scene then cuts back and forth to Lil Wayne entering a party filled with women. Wayne then starts to flirt with a lady who is shown as a dark angel with black wings and is shown sparking every time Lil Wayne touches her. Wayne is then shown performing with a rock group to the song with clips of the dark angel dancing. In a seductive scene, Wayne is shown lying down shirtless while the dark angel caresses his body and clips of a snake hissing at the camera interfere with the scene. Small clips of Birdman are then shown as the music video ends with Lil Wayne sitting back down with his guitar, alone in the room from the first scene.  Also, Mariah Watchman is featured in this video.

Charts

References

External links

2009 singles
Cash Money Records singles
Lil Wayne songs
Music videos directed by Chris Robinson (director)
Synth rock songs
Song recordings produced by Cool & Dre
2009 songs
Songs written by Pete Bellotte
Songs written by Giorgio Moroder
Songs written by Lil Wayne
Songs written by Cool (record producer)
Songs written by Dre (record producer)

On Fire (Lil Wayne song)


John Bromley (c. 1682 – 20 October 1718), of Horseheath Hall, Cambridgeshire, was an English owner of land in England and Barbados, and a Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1707 to 1718.

Bromley was born in Barbados, the son of John Bromley and his wife Dorothy White, daughter of Thomas White of Fittleford, Dorset. His father was a prosperous sugar planter of unknown origins who settled back in England. He was admitted at Clare College, Cambridge in 1700. He married Mercy Bromley, daughter of William Bromley on 10 August 1704. For the year 1704 to 1705, he served as High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire. In 1707 he inherited estates in Cambridgeshire and Barbados from his father.

Bromley was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament (MP) for Cambridgeshire in succession to his father at a by-election on 4 December 1707. He was returned unopposed in 1708 and voted consistently with the Tories. He was to some extent beholden to the local Whigs and after he voted against the impeachment of Henry Sacheverell in 1710, he faced a contest at the  1710 British general election, but nevertheless  topped the poll. In Parliament, he showed himself as a staunch Tory, and was one of the 'worthy patriots' who  exposed the mismanagements of the previous ministry. He was also a member of the October Club. At the 1713 general election he was returned unopposed. He was elected in a contest again in 1715 and sat until his death.

Bromley died at Horseheath Hall, aged 36, on 20 October 1718 and was buried at Horseheath parish church. He and his wife had one son, Henry, who became the 1st Baron Montfort. In his will he specified that the Horseheath estate should be completed in accordance with his plans.

References

1682 births
1718 deaths
People from Horseheath
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
British MPs 1707–1708
British MPs 1708–1710
British MPs 1710–1713
British MPs 1713–1715
British MPs 1715–1722
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
High Sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire

John Bromley (the younger)


Goetzea elegans, also called beautiful goetzea, mata buey, or matabuey, is a species of plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family of flowering plants. It is endemic to Puerto Rico. Today it is limited to the northwestern corner of the island because of deforestation and other consumption of its habitat for human use. It is federally listed as an endangered species in the United States.

This is a shrub or a tree which can reach  in height. The leaves are shiny dark green and oval in shape. It bears yellow-orange, funnel-shaped flowers. The fruit is a yellow-orange berry up to  long. It may be poisonous.

References

elegans
Endemic flora of Puerto Rico
Endangered plants
Plants described in 1830
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
ESA endangered species

Goetzea elegans


Don Bernard Kates Jr., (January 26, 1941 – November 1, 2016) was an American lawyer and research fellow with The Independent Institute in Oakland, California who focused on promoting gun rights. His books include Armed: New Perspectives On Gun Control, Restricting Handguns: The Liberal Skeptics Speak Out, Firearms and Violence: Issues of Public Policy, and The Great American Gun Debate: Essays on Firearms and Violence (with Gary Kleck).

As a civil liberties lawyer he was retained by the National Rifle Association of America to represent gun owners attacking the constitutionality of certain firearms laws. Kates also wrote extensively on criminological issues related to firearms.

Kates grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area and attended Reed College and Yale Law School. After three years of teaching constitutional law, criminal law, and criminal procedure at Saint Louis University School of Law, he returned to San Francisco where he practiced law and wrote on criminology.

He was editor of Firearms and Violence: Issues of Public Policy (San Francisco: 1984, Pacific Research Institute) and the Winter 1986 issue of Law & Contemporary Problems. He was author of the entry on the Second Amendment in M. Levy & K. Karst, The Encyclopedia of the American Constitution; "Firearms and Violence: Old Premises, Current Evidence," in T. Gurr (ed.), Violence in America (1989); and "Precautionary Handgun Ownership: Reasonable Choice or Dangerous Delusion," B. Danto (ed.), Gun Control and Criminal Homicide, forthcoming (1990). Kates died on November 1, 2016.

Bibliography
Armed: New Perspectives on Gun Control (w/ Gary Kleck, gun control, Prometheus Books, 2001)
Firearms and Violence: Issues of Public Policy Publisher: Ballinger Publishing Company (May 1984) ,
The Great American Gun Debate: Essays on Firearms & Violence (w/ Gary Kleck and John K. Lattimer, gun control, Pacific Research Institute, 1997)
Restricting Handguns: The Liberal Skeptics Speak Out Publisher: North River Press Publishing Corporation (February 1979) ,

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
American criminologists
California lawyers
Reed College alumni
Writers from California
Yale Law School alumni
20th-century American lawyers

Don Kates


Bart Howard (born Howard Joseph Gustafson, June 1, 1915 – February 21, 2004) was an American composer and songwriter, most notably of the jazz standard "Fly Me to the Moon", which has been  performed by Kaye Ballard, Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, Ella Fitzgerald, Nancy Wilson, Della Reese, Bobby Womack, Diana Krall, Paul Anka, June Christy, Brenda Lee, Astrud Gilberto, Nat King Cole, Peggy Lee, and Sia, among others. It is played frequently by jazz and popular musicians around the world. Howard wrote the song for his partner of 58 years, Thomas Fowler.

Biography
Howard was born in Burlington, Iowa. He began his career as an accompanist at the age of 16 and played for Mabel Mercer, Johnny Mathis and Eartha Kitt, among others.

"Fly Me to the Moon" was first sung in 1954 by Felicia Sanders at the Blue Angel nightclub in Manhattan, where the composer became M.C. and accompanist in 1951. The song received wide exposure when Peggy Lee sang it on The Ed Sullivan Show several years later. Bart Howard "lived off" this song for the rest of his life, although he had 49 other songs to his credit.  These include "Let Me Love You", "On the First Warm Day", "One Love Affair", "Be My All", "The Man in the Looking Glass", "My Love Is a Wanderer", "Who Wants to Fall in Love" and "Don't Dream of Anybody But Me".

Howard died February 21, 2004, at age 88, in Carmel, New York. He was survived by his partner of 58 years, Thomas Fowler and a sister Dorothy Lind of Burlington, Iowa

Notes
The original title was "In Other Words", but so many people referred to it by the first lyric line, ("fly me to the moon") the publisher changed the title to "Fly Me to the Moon".

References

 Todd S. Jenkins (2004), Free Jazz and Free Improvisation: An Encyclopedia,  Greenwood Press

External links

1915 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
21st-century jazz composers
21st-century American LGBT people
Accompanists
American LGBT composers
American male jazz composers
American male pianists
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
LGBT jazz composers
People from Burlington, Iowa
People from Carmel, New York

Bart Howard


The Ashoka Chakra (Transl: Ashoka's wheel) is an Indian symbol which is a depiction of the Dharmachakra. It is called so because it appears on a number of edicts of Ashoka, most prominent among which is the Lion Capital of Ashoka. The most visible use of the Ashoka Chakra today is at the centre of the Flag of India (adopted on 22 July 1947), where it is rendered in a navy blue colour on a white background, replacing the symbol of charkha (spinning wheel) of the pre-independence versions of the flag.  It is also shown in the Ashoka Chakra medal, which is the highest award for gallantry in peacetime.

Symbolic history
When Gautama Buddha achieved enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, he came to Sarnath. There, he found his five disciples, Assaji, Mahānāman, Kondañña, Bhaddiya and Vappa, who had earlier abandoned him. He introduced his first teachings to them, thereby establishing the Dharmachakra;. This is the motif taken up by Ashoka and portrayed on top of his pillars.

The 24 spokes represent the twelve causal links taught by the Buddha and paṭiccasamuppāda (Dependent Origination, Conditional Arising) in forward and then reverse order. The first 12 spokes represent 12 stages of suffering. The next 12 spokes represent no cause no effect. So, due to awareness of the mind, the formation of mental conditioning stops. This process stops the process of birth and death, i.e. nibbāna. It also depicts the "wheel of time". The twelve causal links, paired with their corresponding symbols, are:
 Avidyā ignorance
 Saṅkhāra conditioning of mind unknowingly
 Vijñāna  not being conscious
 Nāmarūpa name and form (constituent elements of mental and physical existence)
 Ṣalāyatana six senses (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind)
 Sparśa contact
 Vedanā sensation
 Taṇhā thirst
 Upādāna grasping
 Bhava coming to be
 Jāti birth
 Jarāmaraṇa old age and death – corpse being carried.
These 12 in forward and reverse represent a total 24 spokes representing the dharma.
The Ashoka Chakra depicts the 24 principles that should be present in a human.

Inclusion in the national flag of India
Ashoka Chakra was included in the middle of the national flag of India. The chakra intends to show that there is life in movement and death in stagnation. Originally, the Indian flag was based on the  flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress adopted by Mahatma Gandhi after making significant modifications to the design proposed by Pingali Venkayya. This flag included charkha which was replaced with Ashoka Chakra in 1947 by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Construction Sheet

See also
 Buddhist symbolism
 Chakra (disambiguation)
 Dharmachakra
 Vergina Sun

Notes

Indian culture
National symbols of India
Memorials to Ashoka

Ashoka Chakra


WJOX-FM (94.5 MHz) is a radio station licensed to Birmingham, Alabama. The station airs a sports radio format.  WJOX-FM is owned by Cumulus Media (the parent of radio network Westwood One). The station was assigned the WJOX-FM call sign by the Federal Communications Commission on February 8, 2010.  The station has studios in Homewood and its transmitter is in West Birmingham along the west ridge of Red Mountain.

Programming
The station is an affiliate of CBS Sports Radio, and was the Birmingham area flagship affiliate for University of Alabama sports. WJOX became the flagship station of the Paul Finebaum Radio Network, which was syndicated throughout Alabama and adjoining states, in 2007.  WJOX is an affiliate of the Tennessee Titans football radio network  and the Atlanta Braves radio network.
In 2013, Finebaum moved to ESPN Radio to host The Paul Finebaum Show for SEC Network, with WJOX continuing to carry the show.

History
The forerunner of WJOX debuted December 1, 1947 as WAFM on 93.3 FM.  At least by 1949, the station was broadcasting on 99.5 FM, where it remained until 1963, when it moved to its current frequency.  It was a sister station to  WAPI; WAFM-TV (now WVTM) was launched in 1949.  WAFM changed its call sign in 1958 to WAPI-FM to match the call letters of its AM sister station.  All three broadcast properties were owned by Advance Publications, the parent company of The Birmingham News.  In the early 1970s, WAPI-FM played "solid gold" music (an early version of the adult contemporary format).  In 1978, the station became an easy listening music station, calling itself "Beautiful 94" (later branded as "FM 94 WAPI, A Pleasure To Be Around"), moving it in competition with WQEZ (now WMJJ).

Federal Communications Commission rules enacted in the late 1970s forced Advance Publications to sell its TV and radio properties in Birmingham. In 1980, WAFM-TV was sold to Times-Mirror Broadcasting, while the radio stations were sold to Dittman Broadcasting, owners of WABB and WABB-FM in Mobile.  In August 1981, 94.5 switched formats, and became Birmingham's second album rock station with the new name "95 Rock".

During the mid-1980s, the Top 40 format, which had disappeared from radio dials in many cities, regained popularity.  Birmingham had one Top 40 station, WKXX (now WBPT).  In 1984, the album rock format was dropped in favor of Top 40, first calling itself "95 FM".  By the end of the year, WAPI-FM was re-launched as "I-95", calling itself "Birmingham's Hit Rock".  Within a year, I-95 had replaced WKXX as the dominant Top 40 station in Birmingham.  The most notable announcers on I-95 were Mark Thompson and Brian Phelps, who first teamed at I-95 before moving to KLOS in Los Angeles in 1987.

I-95 continued to enjoy dominant ratings throughout the remainder of the 1980s, using the slogan "Birmingham's All-Hit I-95" for the remainder of that decade, and as "The Station in the '90s" into the 1990s.  However, the nationwide decline in popularity of the Top 40 format affected I-95.  In 1994, the station changed call letters to WMXQ ("Mix 94.5") and became a hot adult contemporary music station.  "Mix" was no more successful than I-95 had been in its latter stages, so on September 25, 1996, the station once again changed formats and became a soft adult contemporary station with the new name "Soft Rock 94.5".  The call letters were changed to WYSF in November of the same year.  Television ads for the new station featured actress Teri Garr.

In 1999, the morning drive team of Rick and Bubba moved from crosstown station WQEN to WYSF, where they remained until December 2006, when they departed for country music station WZZK-FM.  In 2001, the station renamed itself "Y-94.5", with no real change in its music.  In reaction to a steep drop in ratings after the departure of Rick and Bubba, the station changed formats at 5:00 p.m. on May 25, 2007. The station dropped its soft adult contemporary format and replaced it with a hot adult contemporary format, changing the on-air name of the station to "The New 94-5 FM".

On July 4, 2008, the station dropped its hot adult contemporary format and began stunting in anticipation of a new format. The station began playing country music at approximately 9:25 p.m. and continued doing so for the next two days.  The station then began simulcasting co-owned sports radio station WJOX as a temporary measure until the format change was completed.

WJOX-FM made 94.5 its permanent home on July 22, 2008, moving from its former dial position of 100.5 FM.  The station began being simulcast on the former WSPZ (690 AM) in February 2010.  Ironically, 690 AM was the original home of the WJOX sports format when the format was introduced to the Birmingham market in 1992.

The WJOX call letters were previously assigned to 106.1 FM in Jackson, Michigan from 1976 to 1981.  This incarnation of WJOX programmed the automated "Stereo Rock" format from TM Programming, using the moniker "Rock 106".  The WJOX call letters were dropped by 106.1 FM on March 11, 1981, when the station adopted its current call letters WJXQ ("Q106").

References

External links
WJOX-FM official website

JOX-FM
Radio stations established in 1947
Sports radio stations in the United States
Cumulus Media radio stations
1947 establishments in Alabama
CBS Sports Radio stations

WJOX-FM


Small Town Saturday Night is a 2010 American ensemble drama film by writer-director Ryan Craig. The film stars Chris Pine, Shawn Christian, John Hawkes and Bre Blair. The film also features actors Muse Watson, Robert Pine, Brent Briscoe, Scott Michael Campbell, Adam Hendershott, Octavia Spencer, Kali Majors and Lin Shaye.

Plot

The subtle connections of a deputy sheriff, a Nashville-bound singer, an ex-con, and a single mother will intertwine in this tale of small-town life. Tommy Carson (Shawn Christian) works around the clock to keep the peace in Prospect, but Donny (John Hawkes), who is on a downward spiral, makes this even more difficult for the deputy Sheriff. Rhett Ryan (Chris Pine) discovers that the desire to follow his dream conflicts with his desire to be with the woman he loves. While Samantha (Bre Blair) does love the singer-songwriter, she comes to realize that what's best for her daughter (Kali Majors) and their future may not be what's best for him. Les (Adam Hendershott) just wants to fit in with his big brother's friends, but his overbearing mother (Lin Shaye) desperately wants him to stand out.

Cast
 Chris Pine as Rhett Ryan
 Shawn Christian as Tommy Carson
 John Hawkes as Donny
 Bre Blair as Samantha Carson
 Octavia Spencer as Rhonda Dooley
 Muse Watson as Charlie
 Robert Pine as John Ryan
 Brent Briscoe as Travis Perkins
 Scott Michael Campbell as Dwayne Murphy
 Adam Hendershott as Les Ryan
 Kali Majors as Megan Carson
 Lin Shaye as Phyllis Ryan
 Gerald Darnell as Jerry The Truck Driver
 Martin Corcoran as Chance

Production
Shot on location in the San Bernardino mountain villages of Crestline, Valley of Enchantment, Twin Peaks, Blue Jay, Lake Arrowhead and Running Springs, California, Craig wanted the setting to be a character unto itself. He also wanted the town to look and feel like Anywhere, USA. The film's opening sequence was shot in Oregon to pay homage to the director's hometown.

Release
The film premiered at the American Film Market in November 2009. It was later shopped around at the European Film Market in February 2010, as well as a May 18, 2010 screening at the Cannes Film Market.

The film was set for a U.S. DVD release date of June 1, 2010 by Lionsgate.

Musical Score by Steve Bertrand

Soundtrack
 "Heartbreakin' Wreck" - The Boxmasters
 "Good Day To Go Crazy" - Wade Hayes
 "Life Ain't Long Enough" - Ray Scott
 "Country Boyz" - Phil Vassar
 "Never Too Late" - Sheri Short
 "It Happens" - Rachael Thibodeau
 "And Then I Did" - Jeffrey Steele
 "Cool Became Me" - The Warren Brothers
 "Novocaine" - Little Big Town
 "We Rode in Trucks" - Luke Bryan
 "Small Town Big Time" - Chris Young
 "Hollow Walls" - The Boxmasters
 "Good Way To Go" - Jonathan Singleton
 "A Girl Like You" - Curtis Lance
 "Someday Came Today" - Chris Pine
 "Population Sign" - Wade Hayes

References

External links

2010 films
American drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Small Town Saturday Night (film)


Bernd Luz (born May 20, 1966 in Rottweil, Germany) is a contemporary German visual artist and communication designer, whose work bridges the divide between independent art and commissioned work, the abstract and objective.

Life
Luz began his artistic activities at an early age, with recognition of his talent including first award at the Swiss Youth Film Festival (Schweizer Jugendfilmtage) in 1986. He initially studied photo design for a year in a private art school in Ravensburg and completed an apprenticeship as an industrial mechanic with an emphasis on surgical technology. He studied art in communication design at the FH Konstanz technical university (currently the Hochschule Konstanz University of Applied Sciences), graduating in 1993 as a designer. This was followed by the establishment of an independent company, Design Studio revoLUZion, in Neuhausen ob Eck in the district of Tuttlingen, Germany. He has operated a second studio since 2003 in Zurich, and later in Schaffhausen, Switzerland. Several of his signets and creations can be found in international design books. He has intensified his dedication since 2013 to the Abstract Pop artistic genre which he himself named, a style which combines abstract images and pop art, gaining an international reputation as a result. In 2021, Luz was appointed to the Advisory Board of the New York Auto Museum.

Work

Luz's creations mainly involve media mix works peppered with image citations dedicated to a variety of complex issues. The depiction reflects the collage principle in terms of the isolation and rearrangement of elements. The staging of different details and glimpses to indicate complex correlations is achieved in a manner which invites the viewer to explore entire stories across the surface of the image. "I depict the things that move me", stated Bernd Luz, an approach which ensures he avoids being labelled in any fixed categories.

A new facet of this artist's work sees the colour which played a supporting role in the media mix taking centre stage. Dispensing with any objective allusions and figure, Luz surrenders himself and the surface of his image to the interplay between colour, structure and light. Instead of the rigidly interwoven motif of collages, a purely illusionistic colour space is created here, usually dominated by a leading tone. Rather than being conceptual in nature, the procedure adopted is guided by mood and atmosphere and, instead of a decipherable portrayal of reality, the reality of the image is reflected in a painted form.
One focus of his art lies in the integration and realisation of themes drawn from the world of automobiles. These artworks relate to historic events and vehicles in motor racing, a reflection of the past, depicted with contemporary expression and vision. These works are exhibited in numerous different automobile museums.

List of most significant exhibitions

Temporary exhibitions
 2. October 2014: German Embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan
 25. June −9. July 2014: Has Sanat Gallery Astana, Kazakhstan
 June, July and October 2013: National Museum of Kazakhstan and the German Consulate General, Almaty, Kazakhstan
 28. March 2014: Auction to benefit the Centre for Rare Diseases at the University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
 29. March to 13. August 2017: Bernd Luz - Legends of Le Mans, Automuseum Volkswagen Wolfsburg, Germany

Permanent exhibitions
 Since December 2014: Motorworld Region Stuttgart, Böblingen
 Since 2014: Permanent exhibition at the Nürburgring, Germany
 Since April 2014: Permanent exhibition, Autosammlung Steim, Black Forest, Germany
 Since June 2011: Permanent exhibition at the Cité de l'Automobile National Museum, Mulhouse, France

External links

 Design agency website
 Artist's website

References

German contemporary artists
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
1966 births
Living people
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
People from Rottweil

Bernd Luz


In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a BCMP network is a class of queueing network for which a product-form equilibrium distribution exists. It is named after the authors of the paper where the network was first described: Baskett, Chandy, Muntz, and Palacios. The theorem is a significant extension to a Jackson network allowing virtually arbitrary customer routing and service time distributions, subject to particular service disciplines.

The paper is well known, and the theorem was described in 1990 as "one of the seminal achievements in queueing theory in the last 20 years" by J. Michael Harrison and Ruth J. Williams.

Definition of a BCMP network

A network of m interconnected queues is known as a BCMP network if each of the queues is of one of the following four types:

 FCFS discipline where all customers have the same negative exponential service time distribution. The service rate can be state dependent, so write  for the service rate when the queue length is j.
 Processor sharing queues
 Infinite-server queues
 LCFS with pre-emptive resume (work is not lost)

In the final three cases, service time distributions must have rational Laplace transforms. This means the Laplace transform must be of the form

Also, the following conditions must be met.

 external arrivals to node i (if any) form a Poisson process,
 a customer completing service at queue i will either move to some new queue j with (fixed) probability  or leave the system with probability , which is non-zero for some subset of the queues.

Theorem

For a BCMP network of m queues which is open, closed or mixed in which each queue is of type 1, 2, 3 or 4, the equilibrium state probabilities are given by

where C is a normalizing constant chosen to make the equilibrium state probabilities sum to 1 and  represents the equilibrium distribution for queue i.

Proof

The original proof of the theorem was given by checking the independent balance equations were satisfied.

Peter G. Harrison offered an alternative proof by considering reversed processes.

References

Queueing theory

BCMP network