Armadillidiidae is a family of woodlice, a terrestrial crustacean group in the order Isopoda. They are commonly known as pill bugs or potato bugs or rollie pollies. Pill bugs are not insects, but are crustaceans. Crustaceans are animals with hard shells made from many pieces for protection.

Pill bugs look like gray pills. The pill bug's abdomen has seven segments. Pill bugs have flat bodies. The pill bug has three basic body parts called the head, thorax, and abdomen, moce and they can be many sizes.

The head has three eyes (simple and compound) and a mouth. Pill bugs have two sets of antennae. One of the sets is visible to see. The thorax holds the legs. The abdomen holds the exopods of uropods and is attached to some crustaceans' abdomens.  Pillbugs eat rotten plants, rotten animals, old garbage, and even bits of food in animal dung. Pill bugs do not breathe through lungs; they have gills. Because of this, they need to be in a damp place or they will die. They also prefer dark rocks or any other dark place to stay that is dark. They are more active at night and early morning because of the darkness. Pill bugs are not beneficial to potted plants. If you notice your potted plants have one or two of them crawling around on the plant, there are probably many more that you don't see feeding off of the roots.

Pill bugs have the typical lifespan of an Isopod, living two years average and five years maximum.
The Pill bugs come from a family called Armadillidiidae.

For some people, looking for Pill Bugs in their garden is helpful to their garden and also enjoyable, especially for small children. To some people, keeping Pill Bugs as pets is also an enjoyable thing. To keep a Pill Bug as a pet, it's area which it is kept in must be moist and/or damp, with plants that are fresh and plants that have begun to rot. Pill Bugs are still garden animals so please remember you cannot keep them or their full life and should never, under any circumstances, be released back into the wild once rescued.

Isopods

Pill bug


Helen Barbara Kruger (July 29, 1913 – April 7, 2006) also known as Bobbie Nudie, was an American apparel designer and retailer.

Kruger was born in Mankato, Minnesota. She met her future husband Nudie Cohn at her parents' boarding house. He had done time in Leavenworth for trafficking in drugs, but they fell in love and moved to New York City.

They returned to Mankato to get married, then opened a business called Nudie's for the Ladies in Manhattan in 1934, which sold g-strings and lingerie to showgirls. It was around this time that Helen and Nudie had their only child, Barbara Cohn.

Later, in Hollywood, her husband made many rhinestone-studded costumes for Tex Williams, Hank Williams, Cher, Elton John, Buck Owens, Clint Eastwood, John Lennon, Gene Autry, Roy Rogers and Dale Evans.  Among their most famous creations was a $10,000 gold lamé suit for Elvis Presley, designed and created by Nudie. Helen, or "Bobbie" as she was more famously known, was considered to do merchandising and sales at Nudies.

Nudie Cohn died in 1984. Bobbie, her sister Edith, daughter Barbara and granddaughter carried on after this until the Nudie's store was finally closed in 1994.

She died in Valencia, California, aged 92. She is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).

References
Biography

External links
Family web site

1913 births
2006 deaths
People from Mankato, Minnesota
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

Helen Barbara Kruger


was the co-owner of the .

This powerful Japanese journalist owned and published a newspaper which is the second most circulated out of the five national newspapers in Japan. During the years of his ownership, Asahis circulation rose to approximately 8.27 million for its morning edition and 3.85 million for its evening edition. Ueno represented the third generation of the family who owned the newspaper and its subsidiary businesses, which included television and satellite broadcasting.

After graduating from Kyoto University with a degree in economics, he joined the newspaper in 1937. He held several posts at Asahi and served as a member of its executive board during World War II. After Japan's defeat in 1945, he resigned from Asahi along with several other executives who took responsibility for Asahi'''s one-sided reporting during the war.

He then briefly worked as an elementary school teacher and later took a position at the Kobe University of Commerce. After that, he served as secretary to Kōtarō Tanaka, who was then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan.

In 1952, Ueno returned to the family business to head of Asahis newly established employee training center. He inherited ownership of the media conglomerate in 1970 when his father died, and was a board member until 1994.

Ueno was known for his support of the Ueno Memorial Foundation, a research institution devoted to studying Buddhist art and culture.

Junichi Ueno died in 1997. His son, Shōichi Ueno, succeeded him as the co-owner of Asahi Shimbun. Shōichi Ueno remained the newspaper's co-owner until his own death on February 29, 2016.

Ueno Library
Ueno was active in the Ueno Library at Kyoto University, a repository for materials about Japanese and British newspaper history.

The foundation of the National Diet Library microfilm collection of newspapers began with copies from the Ueno Library.

References

 Strom, Stephanie. "Junichi Ueno, 87, Owner of Japanese Newspaper," The New York Times,'' October 24, 1997.

See also
 Junnosuke Ofusa
 Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association

1910 births
1997 deaths
Ueno family
The Asahi Shimbun people
Japanese mass media owners
Japanese newspaper publishers (people)
Japanese journalists
20th-century journalists

Junichi Ueno


Opal Palmer Adisa (born 6 November 1954) is a Jamaican and American poet, novelist, performance artist and educator. Anthologized in more than 400 publications, she has been a regular performer of her work internationally. Professor Emeritus at California College of the Arts, Adisa is also the current Director of the Institute for Gender and Development Studies at the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus in Jamaica, where she currently resides.

Early life
Adisa was raised ten miles outside Kingston, Jamaica, and attended school in the capital. In 1970 she went to study at Hunter College, New York, and in 1979 moved to the San Francisco Bay Area to pursue an MA in creative writing. As noted by David Katz, "Adisa's work has been greatly informed by her childhood experience of life on a sugar estate in the Jamaican countryside, where her father worked as a chemist and her mother as a bookkeeper. It was in this setting that young Opal was introduced not only to the art of storytelling, but also, after her parents divorced, to the ceaseless oppression faced by women and the ongoing injustices heaped on the poor. Such formative experiences, coupled with her mother's efforts to improve the lives of those around her, gave Adisa the desire to "give voice to the voiceless" at an early age."

Work and writing
Opal Palmer Adisa has two master's degrees from San Francisco State University, and a PhD from the University of California at Berkeley. She has previously taught undergraduate and graduate courses at California College of the Arts, Stanford University, University of Berkeley, and San Francisco State University. From 1993 to 2017, Adisa taught writing and literature, and served as Chair of the Ethnic Studies/Cultural Diversity Program at the California College of Arts and Crafts in Oakland. In the spring of 2010, she was visiting professor and editor at the University of the Virgin Islands (UVI), St. Croix Campus, and for two years she edited The Caribbean Writer, UVI's famous journal of Caribbean literature. In September 2017, she was appointed to the position of Director of the Institute for Gender and Development Studies at the University of the West Indies in Mona, Jamaica, where she currently resides. In 2018, Adisa was awarded Professor Emeritus status, in honor of her 25 years of contributions to California College of the Arts and in her field.

An important element of her poetry is the use of nation language, about which she has said: "I have to credit Louise Bennett for granting me permission, so to speak, to write in Nation Language, because it was her usage that allowed me to see the beauty of our language. Moreover, there are just some things that don't have the same sense of intimacy or color if not said in Nation language.... I use nation language when it is the only way and the best way to get my point across, to say what I mean from the center of my navel. But I also use it, to interrupt and disrupt standard English as s reminder to myself that I have another tongue, but also to jolt readers to listen and read more carefully, to glean from the language the Caribbean sensibilities that I am always pushing, sometimes subtly, other times more forcefully. Nation language allows me to infuse the poem with all of the smells and colors of home."

Artists residencies

Writer-in-Residence, Binational Fulbright Institute, Cairo, Egypt, December–February 2007
Writer-in-Residence, Sacatar Institute, Itaparica, Bahia, Brazil, December–March 2006
Writer-in-Residence, McColl Center for Art + Innovation, Laurel Hill, NC, March 2001
Writer-in-Residence, McColl Center for Art + Innovation, Charlotte, NC, September–December 2000
Writer-in-Residence, Headlands Center for the Arts, Sausalito, CA, February–December 1996.

Awards

Council for a performance of "Daughters of Yam", with Devorah Major
Pushcart Prize for the short story "Duppy Get Her", 1987
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award for Tamarind and Mango Women, 1992
Writer in Residence for Wadastick Artists & Scholars at Laurel Hill, North Carolina
Writer in Residence for the McColl Center for Visual Art in Charlotte, NC
Distinguished Writer for the Middle Atlantic Writers Association
Creative Work Fund Grant for West Oakland Senior Citizen Oral History Project, San Francisco, CA
Nominated International Woman of the Year International Biography Center, England
Canute A. Brodhurst Prize for "The Brethren", in The Caribbean Writer, University of the Virgin Islands, St Croix
Writer-in-Residence, Headlands Center for the Arts, Sausaulito, California
Daily News Prize for best poems in The Caribbean Writer, University of the Virgin Islands, St Croix
Master Folk Artist for Storytelling, California Arts Council
Distinguished Bay Area Woman Writer Award/California Legislative Assembly Certificate of presented by the National Women's Political Caucus
Master Folk Artist for Storytelling, California Arts Council
Creative Work Fund Grant for West Oakland Senior Citizen Oral History Project, San Francisco, California
Creative Artist Fellowship Award for Storytelling, Cultural Funding Program, City of Oakland

Bibliography

Novels and short story collections
Bake-Face and Other Guava Stories (1986)
It Begins With Tears (1997)
Until Judgement Comes (2007)
Painting Away Regrets (2011)
Love's Promise (2017)
The Living Roots (2004)

Poetry collections
Traveling Women (1989, with Devorah Major)
Fierce Love (1992, including jazz recording with Devorah Major)
Tamarind and Mango Women (1992)
Leaf-of-Life (2000)
The Tongue Is a Drum (2002, including jazz CD with Devorah Major)
Caribbean Passion (2004)
Eros Muse (2006)
I Name Me Name (2008)
Conscious Living (2009)
Amour Verdinia (2009)
What a Woman Is (2010, including paintings by Shyam Kamel)
Incantations & Rites (2013, with Devorah Major)
4-Headed Woman (2013)

Children's books
Pina, The Many-Eyed Fruit (1985)
Playing Is Our Work (2008)
Look! A Moko Jumbie (2016)

Anthologies
Caribbean Erotic (2010, co-edited with Donna Aza Weir-Soley)

Other/Editor
Interviewing the Caribbean: "Caribbean Life + Olympian Feats, Volume 3 part 2" (online journal), Spring 2018
Interviewing the Caribbean: "Caribbean Life + Olympian Feats, Volume 3 part 1" (online journal), Winter 2017
Interviewing the Caribbean: "Violence in the Caribbean, Volume 2" (online journal), Spring 2017
Interviewing the Caribbean: "Violence in the Caribbean, Volume 1" (online journal), Fall 2016
Interviewing the Caribbean: "Intellectual Property" (online journal), Fall 2015
ProudFlesh, Riding The Waves of Caribbean Women (poetry, prose, essays and art) Issue 8, 2013
The Caribbean Writer: Ayiti/Haiti, Volume 25 (journal of poetry, prose, personal narrative, interview and book reviews; translated into French), 2011
The Caribbean Writer, Volume 24 (journal of poetry, prose and essays), 2010

See also
 List of Jamaican Americans
 Jamaican literature

References

Further reading

External links

 Opal Palmer Adisa page at Huffington Post

Living people
1954 births
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Jamaican novelists
20th-century Jamaican poets
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century African-American writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
21st-century Jamaican novelists
21st-century Jamaican poets
African-American novelists
American people of Jamaican descent
American women academics
American women novelists
California College of the Arts faculty
Hunter College alumni
Jamaican short story writers
Jamaican women novelists
Jamaican women poets
Jamaican women short story writers
Jamaican women writers
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award winners
San Francisco State University alumni
San Francisco State University faculty
Stanford University faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of the Virgin Islands faculty

Opal Palmer Adisa


Simon Says is a children's game for three or more players. One player takes the role of "Simon" and issues instructions (usually physical actions such as "jump in the air" or "stick out your tongue") to the other players, which should be followed only when prefaced with the phrase "Simon says". Players are eliminated from the game by either following instructions that are not immediately preceded by the phrase, or by failing to follow an instruction which does include the phrase "Simon says". It is the ability to distinguish between genuine and fake commands, rather than physical ability, that usually matters in the game; in most cases, the action just needs to be attempted.

The object for the player acting as Simon is to get all the other players out as quickly as possible; the winner of the game is usually the last player who has successfully followed all of the given commands. Occasionally, however, two or more of the last players may all be eliminated at the same time, thus resulting in Simon winning the game.

The game is embedded in popular culture, with numerous references in films, music, and literature.

Other languages
This game has translated across multiple cultures from seemingly common routes and some international versions also use the name Simon such as:
 Afrikaans: "Kolonel Bevel" ("Colonel commands")
 Arabic: for example :"نبيلة قالت هاكا" "(Algeria) Nabila said like so or "قال المعلّم" ("The teacher says", Lebanon) and "سلمان يقول" ("Salman says", Iraq)
 Basque: "Buruak dio" or "Buruzagiak dio" (The leader says), or "Unaik dio" (Unai says)
 Bengali: "নেতা বলেছেন" ("The leader says")
 Cantonese Chinese: "老師話" ("The teacher says")
 Czech: "Simon říká" (or with similar rules "Všechno lítá, co peří má")
 Danish: "Simon siger", "Kongen befaler"
 Dutch: "Simon zegt", "Commando" (the Dutch noun for "command"), or "Jantje zegt" ("Johnny says") in Flemish parts of Belgium
 Esperanto: "Zamenhof diris" (Zamenhof said)
 Finnish: "Kapteeni käskee" ("The captain commands")
 French: "Jacques a dit" ("Jack said") in France, or "Jean dit" ("John says") in Quebec
 Filipino: "Sabi ni Simon"
 German: "Kommando Pimperle" (or with similar rules "Alle Vögel fliegen hoch")
 Greek: "Ο Σιμών λέει" ('O Simón léi')
 Hausa: "Malam Kiri"
 Hebrew: "הרצל אמר" ("Herzl said") or "המלך אמר" ("The King said")
 Hungarian: "Simon mondja"
 Icelandic: "Símon segir"
 Indonesian: "Simon Bilang"
  Irish: "Deir Síomón"
 Italian: "Simone Dice"
 Japanese: "船長さんの命令" ('Senchō-san no meirei', "Ship Captain's orders")
 Korean: "시몬 가라사대" ("Simon says")
 Kurdish: "مام سلێمان دەڵێت" ("Uncle Solomon(Sulayman) says")
 Marathi: "शिवाजी महाराज म्हणाले" ("Shivaji Maharaj says")
 Mandarin Chinese: "老师说" (Lǎoshīshuō, "The teacher says")
 Norwegian: "Kongen befaler" ("The king commands")
 Polish: "Szymon mówi" (the native counterpart is "Ojciec Wirgiliusz", Father Virgil)
 Portuguese: "O rei manda" ("the king orders"), or "O mestre mandou" ("The master ordered") in Brazilian Portuguese
 Spanish: "Mando, mando" ("I command, I command"), or "Simon dice" ("Simon says")
 Swedish: "Simon säger"
 Turkish: "Yakup der ki" ("Jacob says")
 Vietnam: "Tôi bảo" ("I say")

Gameplay and variants
A command starting with "Simon says" means that the players must obey that command. A command without the beginning "Simon says" means do not do this action. Anyone who breaks one of these two rules is eliminated from the remainder of the game. Often, anyone who speaks is also eliminated.

There can be very complex and difficult command chains, such as "Simon says: Arms up. Simon says: Arms down. Arms up." Anyone ending with their arms up is eliminated, because a command that doesn't begin with "Simon says" cannot be obeyed.

It is considered cheating to give impossible commands ("Simon says, lift both of your legs up and keep them there!") or phrase the commands in such a way that the other player has no option but to 'go out' ("Simon says, jump up. Come down."). However, at least in some versions, it is allowed for Simon to eliminate players by asking them to do something seemingly unrelated to the game (example: "Anyone remaining join me up here.").

Simon
The electronic game Simon is named for Simon Says. Instead of having to listen to the presence of the instruction phrase, the player has to repeat a short sequence of button presses after demonstration by the device. This gameplay has been repeated as minigame in many subsequent video games and is often confusingly referred to as "Simon Says" as well, despite the differences from the playground game.

Do This, Do That
A variation on the instruction phrases is used in this variant. Instead of only actions beginning with "Simon says" having to be obeyed, an action along with the phrase "do this" must be obeyed while an action with the phrase "do that" must not be obeyed. Obeying a "do that" command or not obeying a "do this" command will eliminate a player. In Swedish, this variant is known as Gör si, gör så.

In the late 1930s in New Zealand, non commissioned officers were leading troops in a brain stimulation game as part of training classed as informal activities called, 'do this, do that'.

Bird Fly
This variant, found in India, Pakistan, Germany, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary, puts the focus on the specifics of the instruction phrase. The Simon announces the phrase "All X fly" or similar (i.e. "Chidiya ud" (Hindi) which translates to Bird fly or "Alle Vögel fliegen hoch" (German) which is "All birds fly up"), with the subject replaced by various creatures and objects. If the subject can fly, the other children have to perform an action, but have to stay still if it cannot fly. The action is usually fixed, involving raising the arms or jumping.

Following John

A similar Swedish child's game is "Följa John" meaning "following John", where physical actions are conducted by "John" (usually involving movement in a line), and where remaining participants are replicating the activities shown by John. However, the commands are silent, and based on the remaining participants observation of John's actions. Especially when performed in a line, this can become a physical action equivalent of the game Telephone.

References

Other references
Arnold, Arnold, The World Book of Children's Games, World Publishing Co., 1972, .
Bancroft, Jessie H., Games for the Playground, Home, School and Gymnasium, The Macmillan Co., 1914.
Forster, Sally, Simon Says... Let's Play, Dutton Children's Books, 1990, .
Grunfeld, Frederic V., Games of the World: How to Make Them, How to Play Them, How They Came to Be, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975, .

Children's games

Simon Says


The One Definition Rule (ODR) is an important rule of the C++ programming language that prescribes that classes/structs and non-inline functions cannot have more than one definition in the entire program and template and types cannot have more than one definition by translation unit. It is defined in the ISO C++ Standard (ISO/IEC 14882) 2003, at section 3.2. Some other programming languages have similar but differently defined rules towards the same objective.

Summary
In short, the ODR states that:

In any translation unit, a template, type, function, or object can have no more than one definition. Some of these can have any number of declarations. A definition provides an instance.
In the entire program, an object or non-inline function cannot have more than one definition; if an object or function is used, it must have exactly one definition. You can declare an object or function that is never used, in which case you don't have to provide a definition. In no event can there be more than one definition.
Some things, like types, templates, and extern inline functions, can be defined in more than one translation unit. For a given entity, each definition must have the same sequence of tokens. Non-extern objects and functions in different translation units are different entities, even if their names and types are the same.

Some violations of the ODR must be diagnosed by the compiler. Other violations, particularly those that span translation units, are not required to be diagnosed.

Examples
In general, a translation unit shall contain no more than one definition of any class type. In this example, two definitions of the class type C occur in the same translation unit. This typically occurs if a header file is included twice by the same source file without appropriate header guards.

class C {}; // first definition of C
class C {}; // error, second definition of C

In the following, forming a pointer to S or defining a function taking a reference to S are examples of legal constructs, because they do not require the type of S to be complete. Therefore, a definition is not required.

Defining an object of type S, a function taking an argument of type S, or using S in a sizeof expression are examples of contexts where S must be complete, and therefore require a definition.

struct S;     // declaration of S
S * p;        // ok, no definition required
void f(S&);   // ok, no definition required
void f(S*);   // ok, no definition required
S f();        // ok, no definition required - this is a function declaration only!

S s;          // error, definition required
sizeof(S);    // error, definition required

More than one definition

In certain cases, there can be more than one definition of a type or a template. A program consisting of multiple header files and source files will typically have more than one definition of a type, but not more than one definition per translation unit.

If a program contains more than one definition of a type, then each definition must be equivalent.

Definitions of static const data members

In pre-standard C++, all static data members required a definition outside of their class. However, during the C++ standardization process it was decided to lift this requirement for static const integral members. The intent was to allow uses such as:
struct C {
  static const int N = 10;
};
char data[C::N]; // N "used" without out-of-class definition
without a namespace scope definition for N.

Nevertheless, the wording of the 1998 C++ standard still required a definition if the member was used in the program. This included the member appearing anywhere except as the operand to sizeof or typeid, effectively making the above ill-formed.

This was identified as a defect, and the wording was adjusted to allow such a member to appear anywhere a constant expression is required, without requiring an out-of-class definition. This includes array bounds, case expressions, static member initializers, and nontype template arguments.

struct C {
  static const int N = 10;
  static const int U = N; // Legal per C++03
};

char data[C::N]; // Legal per C++03

template<int> struct D;

template<> struct D<C::N> {}; // Legal per C++03

However, using a static const integral member anywhere except where an integral constant-expression is required, requires a definition:

struct C {
  static const int N = 10;
};

int main() {
  int i = C::N; // Ill-formed in C++03. Definition of C::N required.
}

This requirement was relaxed in a later standard, C++11.

Example showing unexpected side effects
We need 4 files: "odr.h", "main.cpp", "odr1.cpp", "odr2.cpp"

The acronym "odr" here is short for "One Definition Rule".

odr.h:
// abstract base class
class CBase {
public:
	virtual void xxx() = 0;
	virtual ~CBase() = default;
};

extern CBase *odr1_create();
extern CBase *odr2_create();

main.cpp
#include "odr.h"

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	CBase *o1 = odr1_create();
	CBase *o2 = odr2_create();
	o1->xxx();
	o2->xxx();
}

odr1.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
#include "odr.h"

class CDummy : public CBase {
public:
	void xxx() override {
		printf("odr ONE dummy: Hello\n");
	}
};

CBase *odr1_create() {
	return new CDummy();
}

odr2.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
#include "odr.h"

class CDummy : public CBase {
public:
	void xxx() override {
		printf("odr TWO dummy: World\n");
	}
};

CBase *odr2_create() {
	return new CDummy();
}

Under a Linux shell to try out, compile with:
g++ -c odr1.cpp
g++ -c odr2.cpp
g++ -c main.cpp
g++ -o odr main.o odr1.o odr2.o

Under a Windows Visual Studio "Build Tools Command Prompt", compile with:
cl /c main.cpp
cl /c odr1.cpp
cl /c odr2.cpp
cl /Feodr.exe main.obj odr1.obj odr2.obj

When executed the expected output is:
odr ONE dummy: Hello
odr TWO dummy: World

But you very likely get:
odr ONE dummy: Hello
odr ONE dummy: Hello

The problem is, that the C++ linker has to figure out how to build the virtual method table for the (two different) "CDummy" classes, and that only works if the class names are different.

See also
Include directive
Include guard

References

C++
Articles with example C++ code

One Definition Rule


The Mount Roland cable car is a proposed aerial lift (cable car) at Mount Roland, near Sheffield, Tasmania, Australia.

The proposal is being worked upon by the Sheffield-Mt Roland Cable Car Company, a venture by Brian Inder [deceased] of Tasmazia, and John Sinclair of Silver Ridge Retreat.

The route was first considered in the 1990s.  A report [no longer online via referenced link] from the University of Tasmania's Institute for Regional Development suggested that the cable car would appeal to people who cannot complete the four to six hours return walk to the summit.  A cable car was mentioned in Kentish Council's recreational blueprint for Mt Roland.

It is estimated that such a proposal would cost around A$13.5 million.  The group propose a community ownership model of the company.

This proposal is highly divisive in the community, and has met with only limited support and given rise to the Mount Roland Preservation Society.

References

Proposed aerial lifts
Proposed transport infrastructure in Australia
Transport in Tasmania
Aerial lifts in Australia

Mount Roland cable car


Philip D. W. Krey (born 1 May 1950) is the former President of The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. He was born in Brooklyn, and was ordained a minister of the Lutheran Church in America.

Krey has degrees from the University of Massachusetts Boston, the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, the Catholic University of America and the University of Chicago. He was also a Fulbright Fellow at the University of Munich. Krey's research interests include the history of biblical interpretation, medieval theology, and urban ministry.

Krey is the author of 10 non-fiction books and is now Pastor of St. Andrews Lutheran Church in Perkasie, PA. http://www.standrewsperkasie.org/

Non-fiction
 For All The Saints (Rejoice) 1991
 Nicholas of Lyra's Apocalypse Commentary (Eastman Studies in Music) (1997)
 A Seminary in Mission for a Church in Mission: Reflections as a Presidency Begins (2000)
 Nicholas of Lyra: The Senses of Scripture (Studies in the History of Christian Thought) (2000)
 Hebrews (Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture) (2005)
 Luther's Spirituality (Classics of Western Spirituality) (2007)
 The Letter to the Romans (The Bible in Medieval Tradition (BMT)) (2013)
 The Catholic Luther: His Early Writings (2016)
 Romans 9-16 (Reformation Commentary on Scripture) (2016)
 Reformation Observances: 1517-2017 (2017)

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Brooklyn
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Christians
20th-century American Lutheran clergy
Seminary presidents
University of Massachusetts Boston alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
University of Chicago alumni
Bible commentators
21st-century American Lutheran clergy

Philip Krey


The Pražský Krysařík (Prague Ratter) is a small breed of dog from the Czech Republic that is rarely seen outside its country of origin. It is the smallest breed in the world by breed standard, because of the maximum height of the dogs, unlike Chihuahuas who are measured by weight.

Description

Appearance
The Pražský Krysařík is a small toy dog, similar in appearance to the Chihuahua and the Miniature Pinscher, with a height of  and a weight of .

There are two coat variations:
 short: smooth, glossy and thick
 long: fringes on ears, limbs and tail

The most common color is black and tan, which is also the original color. Lately, other colors have been approved: brown and tan, blue and tan, lilac and tan, yellow, pink, red, and merle.

Temperament
Best known for its active and lively nature, the Pražský Krysařík is a spunky breed that is full of original character. These tiny dogs thrive on strong and dependable relationships with humans, love to receive affection and play the role of lap dog during down time. This breed is highly intelligent and generally responds well to basic training and commands. As a pet, the Pražský Krysařík is obedient, loyal, loving, and very affectionate. The Pražský Krysařík adapts well to full-time indoor and apartment living, yet still enjoys spending time outdoors, playing games such as fetch, and taking long and leisurely walks. They are also known to be a very quiet dog, unlike many other small dogs who tend to be very "yappy". Like any small dog, one should be wary of allowing them to develop Small Dog Syndrome, as they can become aggressive if they are not well-socialized from an early age.

Train-ability
Due to its need for human attention and eagerness to please and impress its owner, the Pražský Krysařík generally responds well to basic training and commands. This bright breed has the ability to learn to perform many impressive tricks and tasks. Many owners claim that these dogs can easily be taught to use a litter box, thus eliminating the need for constant trips outdoors.

Establishing immediate trust and respect is key to successfully training the Pražský Krysařík. These dogs can be somewhat sensitive to criticism and respond best to positive reinforcement and reward-based training.

Areas of use
Pražský Krysařík might be small, but is nevertheless an easy dog to train as long as it is treated consistently. It can be trained for agility, freestyle, obedience, tracking etc.

The sense of smell and hearing is highly developed, and Pražský Krysařík is still a great rat hunter, just as its original purpose was. They have a high prey drive and will readily go after squirrels, rats and mice.

History

Czech dog breeders claim that krysaříks (ratters) are one of the oldest Czech breeds. The first mentions of these ratter dogs are found in the writings of the historian Einhard, dating back to the 8th-9th centuries. The Polish historian Gallus Anonymus mentions the beloved ratters of King Bolesław II the Generous (1058–1081). He became fond of the ratter and had two of them imported to Poland from Bohemia. As their name suggests they were also commonly used as rat catchers in rural and urban households. Ratters are even mentioned in the writings of Jules Michelet: Charles IV of Luxembourg, during his visit to France in 1377, presented three ratters to King Charles V of France as a precious gift, and later they were inherited by his son the Dauphin. In historical chronicles and literary works, ratters are mentioned in connection with Wenceslaus IV, Rudolf II and other European rulers.

In the era of the absence of cats in Europe, tiny Pražský Krysaříks, along with other rat-catchers, served to protect the property of the royal owners from rodents. Legends say that in the royal houses krysaříks were also obliged to protect the owners from poisoners: during meals they were allowed to walk on tables and taste food and drinks. With the decline of the Czech state, krysaříks lost their exclusive belonging to the noble houses. They could be seen in peasant and bourgeois dwellings and outbuildings. They were used in rat battles popular in Europe. And over time they took their deserved place in the salons of ladies, as pets and companions.

The popularity of the Pražský Krysařík started to decline in the 19th century when the Miniature Pinscher became more fashionable. The breed went through a renaissance in the 1980s as Czechs and Slovaks started to breed them again. The first stage of the revival of the breed and the compilation of stud books began at the end of the 19th century under the leadership of dog breeders T. Rotter and O. Karlik. Two World Wars and the period of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia nullified the results of their efforts, the stud books were lost.

Modern Pražský Krysaříks trace their history since the 70s of the XX century, the key role in the revival of the breed was played by the canine scientists Jan Findejs, Rudolf Šiler, (1909-1997). In 1980, the first Pražský Krysařík was registered in the studbook.

Until the end of the 20th century, the breed existed and developed exclusively within the borders of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. By the second decade of the 21st century, several hundred Pražský Krysaříks live outside the Czech Republic. Breed clubs have been established in several countries. In addition to the countries of Western Europe and Scandinavia, Pražský Krysaříks live in Russia, USA and Japan. There is a small number of krysaříks in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Italy.

In 2019, it became an FCI acknowledged breed. There are only about 6,000 Pražský Krysaříks registered in the world and they usually only have 1-3 puppies per year. They are nevertheless presented at shows in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Scandinavia.

Health
It is believed that the Pražský Krysařík is one of the dog breeds that do not have significant health problems. However, they can be prone to:

 Diseases of the teeth and gums. Pražský Krysaříks are prone to increased formation of tartar, which leads to bad breath, as well as the development of periodontitis. Prevention consists of regularly brushing teeth and removing plaque when visiting your veterinarian. Krysaříks can also have retained baby teeth, which may need to be pulled to prevent further problems with dentition.
 Bone injuries due to their small size. The most common fractures are the bones of the metacarpus and forearm.
 Patellar luxation, an ailment common to small breeds. It is believed that this defect is congenital and inherited.

Life expectancy
The Pražský Krysaříks has a life span of 12 to 14 years.

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds

References

External links

 prazsky-krysarik.cz

FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in the Czech Republic
Toy dogs
Companion dogs
Rare dog breeds

Pražský Krysařík


Lewis Morris (2 March 1701 – 11 April 1765) was a Welsh hydrographer, antiquary, poet and lexicographer, the eldest of the Morris brothers of Anglesey.

Lewis Morris was the eldest son of Morris ap Rhisiart Morris, a farmer, of Llanfihangel-Tre'r-Beirdd in Anglesey.

His bardic name was Llewelyn Ddu o Fôn ("Black Llewelyn [Lewis] of Anglesey").  The correspondence between him and his younger brothers is a valuable historical source. In 1751, he founded the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion along with his brother Richard.

Career as a cartographer

Although there is no record of his having had any further education, Lewis Morris began his career as an estate-surveyor, and was employed by the Meyrick family of Bodorgan.  He worked as a Customs official from 1729, and was later involved in the Cardiganshire mining industry. However, he is perhaps best known for his hydrographic surveys of the Welsh Coast.

The idea for the survey probably arose while he was working as a Customs official in Holyhead, where he would have come into contact with many seafarers. At this time there were no accurate and up-to-date hydrographic charts of the Welsh coast and many ships and people died as a result.

Morris put his idea for a survey to the Admiralty, but they showed little interest and he was obliged to undertake the work at his own expense. The result of his efforts was the publication of Plans of harbours, bars, bays, and roads in St. George's-Channel in 1748.

While this work had a major impact on the safety of shipping around the Welsh coast at the time; Morris's contribution to British cartography was for many years eclipsed by his other achievements.

Later career
In his spare time, Morris began prospecting for lead, and during the 1750s he was in constant dispute with his employers and was prosecuted and lost his job as collector of tolls at Aberdyfi.  He visited London several times in order to contest court cases relating to his industrial activities; whilst there, he assisted his brother Richard in setting up the Cymmrodorion Society.  However, Lewis's long-term project, the publication of a dictionary, was never completed.

He died on 11 April 1765 and is buried in Llangunnor Churchyard in Wales.

Works
Plans of Harbours, Bays, and Roads in St. George's and the Bristol Channels (1748)
Tlysau yr Hen Oesoedd (1753)
Short History of the Manor of Creuthyn (1756)
Celtic Remains (1757; not published until 1878)

Sources
Welsh Biography Online

External links
National Library of Wales - Lewis Morris and William Morris' Sea Charts
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry under "Morris, Lewis". Retrieved 27 February 2010. Subscription required.

Welsh-language poets
Welsh antiquarians
Welsh cartographers
People from Anglesey
1701 births
1765 deaths

Lewis Morris (1701–1765)


Hermann Albin Josef Freiherr Kövess von Kövessháza (; 30 March 1854 – 22 September 1924) was the final, and completely ceremonial, Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Army. He served as a generally competent and unremarkable commander in the Austro-Hungarian Army and was close to retirement in 1914 when the First World War broke out and he was given a command post.

Personal life
Kövess' father was a senior military officer living in Temesvár, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (now Timișoara, Romania). His mother came from Fogaras (now Făgăraș, Romania), where her Thuringian father worked as a pharmacist; her mother was a Transylvanian Saxon from Hermannstadt (now Sibiu, Romania). He married the Baroness Eugenie Hye von Glunek in 1892 and they had 3 sons; Adalbert, who was killed in action in 1914 and Géza and Jenő who served as artillery officers.

Military career
He enrolled into a cadet institute at Hainburg in 1865, and, after spending some time there and at the academy in Znojmo, he moved to the Imperial and Royal Technical Military Academy in Vienna in 1869. He passed the courses at the academy with fair success and received an accelerated promotion to captain.

He led his first military expedition in 1882 on a mission to suppress a mutiny in Dalmatia and was commended by the Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria with a Merit Medal and also received a Knights Cross of the Order of the Italian Crown that same year. After the campaign he failed his next examination and was transferred into the infantry. His good performance during his service with the infantry provided him with quick promotions to major in 1890 and then to lieutenant colonel in 1894 and soon after to colonel.

He had become one of the youngest colonels in the Austro-Hungarian Army and one of the most powerful Protestants serving in a generally Roman Catholic officer corps. His Protestantism caused a scandal when he was involved in an event where 400 Roman Catholics converted to Protestantism after a dispute. The scandal was generally ignored by the military, but condemned by the Catholic Church. The condemnation led him to believe he would be prematurely retired; however, this turned out to be false due to the  onset of World War I.

World War I

At the beginning of World War I, Kövess commanded the XII. (Transylvania) Corps, and fought in the tenacious defense against the superior Russian forces in east and central Galicia, and later in Russian Poland. During the spring offensive of 1915, he captured by storm the fortress of Ivangorod. In the autumn, under the command of August von Mackensen, he led the III. Army during the Serbian Campaign, with which he captured Belgrade and penetrated deep into Serbia. In January 1916, in independent command, he overthrew Montenegro in the Montenegrin Campaign, and also occupied Albania.

In the early summer of 1916, Kövess' army cooperated in the operation against Arsiero-Asiago. But after the breakthrough of Aleksei Brusilov, he was transported in all haste to the Galician theatre of war. Kövess soon after took over the command of the VII. Army, and defended the ridges of the Wooded Carpathians against Russian attack.

In the summer of 1917, Kövess sallied from the mountains with his troops, made himself master of Czernowitz and Radautz, and drove the Russians almost entirely from the Bukovina. He was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal on 5 November 1917. From the middle of January to the beginning of April 1918, he commanded the army front consisting of the I. and VII. Armies, extending from the Dniester to the south-eastern corner of Transylvania.

Entrusted after the withdrawal of Bulgaria with the thankless task of the command of the troops in the Balkans, Kövess could do nothing more than arrange for the evacuation of the occupied territories according to plan, and for the defence of the Danube-Sava line. When Emperor Charles laid down the supreme command, he nominated Kövess as his successor. But the dispersal of the forces closed Kövess's military career.

Kövess was one of the most popular army leaders of the old monarchy. After its downfall, he lived in retirement, cultivating his historical and artistic tastes.

Awards
Order of the Cross of Takovo 2nd class, 1900

References

Sources

1854 births
1924 deaths
Military personnel from Timișoara
Barons of Hungary
19th-century Austrian people
19th-century Hungarian people
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
People of Hungarian German descent
Transylvanian Saxon people
Field marshals of Austria
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo
Commanders Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Recipients of the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal
Recipients of the Silver Imtiyaz Medal
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)

Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza


Archipimima vermelhana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It was described by Razowski in 2004. It is found in Brazil in the states of São Paulo and Santa Catarina.

The wingspan is about . The ground colour of the forewings is creamy, tinged yellow along the wing edges and the middle and sprinkled with brownish. The markings are brown. The hindwings are creamy, mixed with brownish on the periphery.

References

Atteriini
Moths described in 2004
Moths of South America
Taxa named by Józef Razowski

Archipimima vermelhana


Asociación Deportivo Cali, best known as Deportivo Cali, is a Colombian sports club based in Cali, most notable for its football team, which currently competes in the Categoría Primera A.

Deportivo Cali is one of the most successful football teams in Colombia, having won ten domestic league championships, one Copa Colombia and one Superliga Colombiana, for a total of twelve titles. Their stadium, Estadio Deportivo Cali, with an original capacity of 61,890, is the largest football stadium in Colombia, but has recently seen reductions in capacity due to renovations.

Deportivo Cali is the only Colombian football club that owns its own stadium, and the only club in Colombia to be owned by its fans. It was also the first Colombian team to reach the Copa Libertadores final in 1978. In 2016, Forbes listed Deportivo Cali as the 36th most valuable football team of the Americas.

History

Amateur era
Cali Football Club was formed in 1908 by students under the leadership of Nazario Lalinde, Juan Pablo Lalinde and Fidel Lalinde, who came back from Europe bringing football to the city of Cali, but in 1912 the students under the leadership of the three Lalinde brothers organized the team and renamed it as Deportivo Cali beginning practice under their first coach, Catalan born Francisco Villa Bisa. Their first match was between CFC "A" and CFC "B" in the Versailles pitch, with 300 spectators in attendance. By 1928 the name was changed to "Deportivo Cali A" and the club represented the Valle del Cauca Department in the National Games, earning the titles between 1928 and 1930.

In 1945 several clubs decided to become part of the club adding new sports to the institution such as athletics, basketball, and swimming. During the next several years the club played against teams from the country and by 1948 the team was ready to play its first professional season in the newly created national league. Their first game was a defeat against Junior in Barranquilla by a 2–0 score, and their first match at home was a 2–2 draw against Deportes Caldas. The first victory came in the fourth match against Atlético Nacional (then Atlético Municipal) by a 4–1 score. They would end the season in eighth place with a record of 6 victories, 4 draws and 8 defeats.

Golden years
Between 1965 and 1974 Deportivo Cali saw its golden era. During this period, Deportivo Cali reached 11 finals, from which they won five of their nine Colombian championship titles in 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, and 1974. It was then that Deportivo Cali was one of the top teams from the Colombian national league, along with Bogotá sides Millonarios and Santa Fe. It was also during this time period that Deportivo Cali had many of the best players to come across the Colombian football league. This team included: José Rosendo Toledo, "El Moño" Muñoz, Miguel Escobar, Óscar López, Mario Sanclemente, German "El Burrito" González, Jose Yudica, Miguel Ángel "El Mago" Loayza, Jairo "El Maestrico" Arboleda, Oscar Mario "Tranvia" Desiderio, Diego Edison Umaña, Henry "La Mosca" Caicedo, Iroldo Rodriguez de Oliveira, Jorge Ramírez Gallego, Roberto Álvarez, Quarentinha, Bernardo "El Cunda" Valencia, and Ricardo Pegnoty. Unfortunately, most of these players did not receive international fame, yet Jairo Arboleda could have been one of the best players Colombia has had in midfield along with Carlos "El Pibe" Valderrama. Similar to Valderrama, Arboleda used a variety of skill and "magic" that left opponents lost and beaten, which gave rise to his nickname "El Maestrico". He is mostly recognized in Cali as one of Colombia's best players ever. Arboleda was unfortunate to be called to the Colombia national football team at a time when the team was not fully developed and organized, largely preventing him from showing away his skill at an international level. In 1978 Deportivo Cali became the first Colombian club to reach the Copa Libertadores final, losing against Boca Juniors.

During the 1980s, whilst América de Cali and Atlético Nacional started their emergence and consolidation as Colombian football powers, Deportivo Cali began to fall behind in championship titles and ended up as league runners-up behind its crosstown rival twice in a row, in 1985 and 1986. The key players for Deportivo Cali at the time were "El Pibe" Valderrama and Bernardo Redín, none of whom was able to win a title with the club.

In 1996, the club broke a 22-year domestic title drought under the guidance of coach Fernando "El Pecoso" Castro, and famous goalkeeper Miguel "El Show" Calero. The title was sealed after a scoreless draw with crosstown rivals América on the last matchday of the championship round, which ensured the team would end ahead of Millonarios on bonus points. Two years later and with José Eugenio "Cheché" Hernández as manager, Deportivo Cali won its seventh title after finishing in the top eight of the Finalización tournament, and topping a semifinal group including Atlético Nacional, Millonarios, and América de Cali. This qualified the team for the finals against Once Caldas, whom they defeated 4–0 in the first leg in Cali and tied 0–0 in Manizales in the second leg in order to claim the title.

Deportivo Cali qualified for the 1999 Copa Libertadores as Colombian champions, and qualified out of a group which also included Once Caldas, and Argentine sides River Plate and Vélez Sarsfield. After eliminating Colo-Colo in the round of 16, Uruguayan side Bella Vista in the quarterfinals and Cerro Porteño in the semifinals, they managed to reach the final of the competition for the second time in its history. Unfortunately, luck was not on their side and they lost to Palmeiras of Brazil on penalties after winning the first leg in Cali 1–0 and losing 2–1 in the return leg in São Paulo. Venezuelan goalkeeper Rafael Dudamel, defenders Hernán Gaviria, Mario Yepes, and Gerardo Bedoya, and midfielders Arley Betancourt, Mayer Candelo, and Martín Zapata were some of the most important players of the club in both the 1998 national championship and the Copa Libertadores run the following year.

Recent years
In the start of the 21st century, the club has seen a major downfall in quality of players, quality of team and general managers, and overall results in both the domestic league and international competition. On 24 October 2002, players Herman Gaviria and Giovanni Córdoba were hit by lightning during a training session with the team. Gaviria was killed instantly, though he was not pronounced dead until arriving at Valle del Lilí Hospital, while Córdoba died three days later. At the time, the team was leading the 2002 Finalización and was heavily favored to win the title but was unable to recover from this event and ended in second place of its semifinal group, behind eventual champions Independiente Medellín. During this timeframe, Cali won its eighth domestic championship (2005 Finalización), but lost finals to underdog teams such as Deportes Tolima and Deportivo Pasto in the 2003 Finalización and 2006 Apertura tournaments, respectively. The championship in the second tournament of the 2005 season allowed Deportivo Cali to take part in the 2006 Copa Libertadores, in which the team failed to make it out of the group stage after only being able to collect one point out of 18. A poor campaign during the 2007 Finalización caused Deportivo Cali to fail to qualify for the semifinal stage of the domestic league for the first time since short tournaments began being played in Colombian football. Spectators say that the downfall of the 2007 season was a result of the major injury of Sergio Herrera and the departure of Martin Cardetti. Between 2006 and 2007, the club saw over three coaches, and two of them in the 2007 Finalización season alone. The coaches who served Deportivo Cali during this time were Pedro Sarmiento, who won the league with the team as coach in 2005 and was dismissed after losing the 2006 Apertura finals to Deportivo Pasto, Omar Labruna and Néstor Otero.

Uruguayan José Daniel Carreño took the reins ahead of the 2008 season, replacing Néstor Otero. Deportivo Cali, during his management, had an above average Apertura, coming in sixth place which qualified them for the semifinals of the tournament. In the Copa Colombia, the club ended in third place of its group and failed to qualify for further play, which was considered as an embarrassment as Deportivo Cali was the favorite to win the group. During the semifinals of the Apertura, Cali failed to win the first four matches, losing two and tying the remaining two. After failing to win the fourth game (a 2–0 loss to Deportes Quindío at home), Carreño was sacked and replaced by caretaker manager Ricardo Martínez, who managed the team until the end of the 2008 season and qualified it for the 2009 Copa Sudamericana, in which they were knocked out in the first stage by Universidad de Chile. The 2009 season saw Deportivo Cali qualifying for the semifinals of the Apertura tournament but missing out on the finals on goal difference, while in the Finalización tournament they failed to qualify for the semifinals.

In 2010, Deportivo Cali failed to qualify for the final rounds of both the Apertura and the Finalización, but was able to win the Copa Colombia for the first time in history under the management of Jaime de la Pava. Los Azucareros managed to win their regional group and then defeated Junior, Santa Fe, and La Equidad in their run to the final, where they faced surprise package Itagüí Ditaires. Deportivo Cali won both legs of the final, 1–0 in Itagüí and 2–0 at the Estadio Deportivo Cali, which also hosted its first official match that year with a 2–0 victory over Deportes Quindío on 21 February.

In the 2011 Apertura, and despite having one of their worst starts in history by losing the first four games of the season, Deportivo Cali managed to make it to the quarterfinals, where they were eliminated in a penalty shoot-out by eventual champions Atlético Nacional in a match that could have gone either way. Deportivo Cali also competed in the 2011 Copa Sudamericana but were knocked out by Santa Fe on penalties, while in the Torneo Finalización they were unable to qualify for the semifinals. The 2012 season brought similar fortunes: the team qualified for the Apertura semifinals but narrowly missed out on the berth to the final, which ended up going to Deportivo Pasto, and in the Torneo Finalización they were placed in 11th place, thus failing to qualify for the semifinals.

The beginning of a new era
After the disappointing close to the season, Deportivo Cali decided to look for a new coach. On 13 December 2012, they signed Leonel Álvarez as their new head coach. He led Deportivo Cali to the play-offs in both of the tournaments played in 2013, reaching the final of the Torneo Finalización, but losing it to Atlético Nacional. The first leg was played on home soil resulting in a scoreless draw, while the second leg ended in a 2–0 loss. Deportivo Cali would go on to win the 2014 Superliga Colombiana against the same rival, however, Álvarez was fired after a poor start in the 2014 Apertura.

In recent years, the club has become stronger with the formation of young players. In 2015, Cali won the Torneo Apertura and reached the quarterfinals of the Torneo Finalización with a squad formed mostly by youth footballers. That year, the goalscorer of the team was 21-year old Harold Preciado with 25 goals, followed by 20-year old Rafael Santos Borré with 11 goals and 22-year old Miguel Murillo with 10 goals. Other notable young player is 22-year old Andrés Felipe Roa, who was called up for the senior team and played the Olympic Games play-off against United States along with his fellow mates Luis Manuel Orejuela and Kevin Balanta. For the 2016 season, the average age of the squad was 22.8 with 17 players under 21. Deportivo Cali reached another final series in the 2017 Apertura tournament, once again losing to Atlético Nacional after winning the first leg 2–0 at their stadium and losing 5–1 in the return leg played in Medellín.

In 2021, Deportivo Cali won their tenth league title after six years. In the Torneo Apertura, they managed to advance to the knockout stages, losing to Deportes Tolima in the quarter-finals. Their Finalización campaign started with a 2–1 away victory against Santa Fe, however, a subsequent string of poor results caused the dismissal of manager Alfredo Arias midway into the tournament. Former Venezuelan goalkeeper Rafael Dudamel, who was champion with the team as player in 1998 took over, losing the derby to América de Cali in his debut. However, the team's performance improved, and a winning streak of four matches in the final stretch of the first stage helped them qualify for the semi-finals in seventh place. Deportivo Cali were drawn with Atlético Nacional, Junior, and Deportivo Pereira in their semi-final group, clinching qualification for the finals with one match in hand and a 2–0 win against Junior at home. In the finals, they faced Deportes Tolima, in a rematch of the quarter-final series of the previous tournament as well as the 2003 Finalización tournament finals. The first leg, played at the Estadio Deportivo Cali ended in a 1–1 draw, whilst in the second leg played in Ibagué they came from behind to win the game 2–1 and clinch the Primera A title. Harold Preciado, who scored two goals in the final series against Tolima, ended as the tournament's top scorer with 13 goals.

Crest history

Crest evolution

Rivalries

Clásico Vallecaucano

Deportivo Cali's longtime rival is América de Cali. The derby is known either as the "Clásico Vallecaucano" (Valle del Cauca Derby) or the "Clásico de San Fernando" because of the location of the Pascual Guerrero stadium. The first derby was played in 1931 when the final of the Valle del Cauca league was disputed by the two teams. The result was a 1–0 victory for Deportivo Cali. The first derby in the professional era was played in 1948. The first leg was a victory for América 1–0 while in the second leg of the tournament it was a 4–3 victory for Deportivo Cali.

On 10 October 2010 Deportivo Cali and América de Cali played the first derby at the former's new stadium, which was won by Deportivo Cali 6–3 including a hat trick from Argentine player Martin Morel, and three of the most highlighted goals of the tournament. The Derby was not played in the top flight between 2012 and 2016 because of América de Cali's relegation at the end of the 2011 season, however, it kept being played in the Copa Colombia as both teams were drawn together in that competition.

 Total matches played: 317
Deportivo Cali Victories: 119
América de Cali Victories: 97
Draws: 101

Clásico Añejo
Deportivo Cali also has a rivalry with Millonarios, which is known as the Clásico añejo (Vintage classic) since it was the first rivalry other than the regional derbies to be recognized as such in Colombian football. The two sides played a tiebreaker series to decide the 1949 Campeonato Profesional champion, which ended up being Millonarios, and the rivalry was intensified in the 1960s and 1970s as Deportivo Cali began winning league titles and challenging Millonarios. Both sides have ended in the top two places of the league 10 times, and have also placed in the top two places of the all-time table of the Categoría Primera A, which as of 2022 is still led by Millonarios, with Deportivo Cali having been surpassed for second place by Atlético Nacional. Although the rise and consolidation of Atlético Nacional and América de Cali starting from the 1980s has caused interest in this rivalry to decline somewhat, it is still considered an important match in Colombian football.

Stadium

Until 2014, Deportivo Cali played their home matches at Estadio Pascual Guerrero in Cali, which had a capacity of 43,000 and was shared with crosstown rivals América. Although they opened their own Estadio Deportivo Cali in 2008 with a friendly match against Ecuadorian team LDU Quito and played some games there on a temporary basis due to renovations made to Estadio Pascual Guerrero for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup, they moved into their stadium on a permanent basis starting from the 2015 season. Estadio Deportivo Cali, also known as Estadio de Palmaseca, is located in Palmira, in the outskirts of Cali. When it opened, it had a capacity of 52,000, but renovations brought it down to 44,000.

Honours

  shared record

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

World Cup players
The following players were chosen to represent their country at the FIFA World Cup while contracted to Deportivo Cali.

  Germán Aceros (1962)
  Buenaventura Ferreira (1986)
  Jorge Amado Nunes (1986)
  Bernardo Redín (1990)
  John Wilmar Pérez (1998)
  Juan Guillermo Castillo (2010)
  Faryd Mondragón (2014)
  Abel Aguilar (2018)
  Camilo Vargas (2018)

Notable players

  Ernesto Álvarez
  Alberto de Jesús Benítez
  Abel Da Graca
  Rubén Darío Insúa
  Martín Morel
  Cristian Nasuti
  Rubén Ponce de León
  José Sand
  Néstor Scotta
  José Rosendo Toledo
  Jorge Aravena
  Jaime Riveros
  Abel Aguilar
  Adolfo Andrade
  Jairo Arboleda
  Arley Betancourt
  Víctor Bonilla
  Rafael Santos Borré
  Henry Caicedo
  Miguel Calero
  Oswaldo Calero
  Mayer Candelo
  Fernando Castro
  Óscar Córdoba
  Álvaro Domínguez
  Walter Escobar
  Andrés Estrada
  Carlos Estrada
  Frank Fabra
  Hermán Gaviria
  Teófilo Gutiérrez
  Giovanni Hernández
  Carlos Mario Hoyos
  Jhon Kennedy Hurtado
  Edison Mafla
  Faryd Mondragón
  Fredy Montero
  Tressor Moreno
  Luis Muriel
  Elkin Murillo
  Jeison Murillo
  Jámison Olave
  Willington Ortiz
  Armando Osma
  Ever Palacios
  Helibelton Palacios
  Oscar Pareja
  Andrés Pérez
  John Wilmar Pérez
  Harold Preciado
  Jorge Ramírez Gallego
  Bernardo Redín
  Hamilton Ricard
  Nelson Rivas
  Hugo Rodallega
  Ángel María Torres
  Diego Umaña
  Carlos Valderrama
  Camilo Vargas
  Alexander Viveros
  Mario Yepes
  Cristian Zapata
  Pedro Zape
  Blas Pérez
  Arístides del Puerto
  Darío Caballero
  Roberto Fernández
  Buenaventura Ferreira
  Jorge Amado Nunes
  Miguel Ángel Loayza
  Valeriano López
  Guillermo de Amores
  Ernesto Hernández
  Juan Castillo
  Juan Salaberry
  Rafael Dudamel

Managers

Women

Deportivo Cali Femenino is the women's football section of Deportivo Cali and they currently play in the Colombian Women's Football League, the top level women's football league in Colombia. Founded in 2019, the club is one of four to have won the Colombian women's football league, winning the title in 2021 and having one runner-up finish the following season, while also placing fourth at the 2022 Copa Libertadores Femenina.

References

External links

 Deportivo Cali official website
 Club profile at Dimayor
 Deportivo Cali at Soccerway

Football clubs in Colombia
Association football clubs established in 1912
Categoría Primera A clubs
1912 establishments in Colombia
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Acer Inc. ( ) is a Taiwanese multinational hardware and electronics corporation specializing in advanced electronics technology, headquartered in Xizhi, New Taipei City. Its products include desktop PCs, laptop PCs (clamshells, 2-in-1s, convertibles and Chromebooks), tablets, servers, storage devices, virtual reality devices, displays, smartphones and peripherals, as well as gaming PCs and accessories under its Predator brand. Acer is the world's 6th-largest PC vendor by unit sales as of September 2022.

In the early 2000s, Acer implemented a new business model, shifting from a manufacturer to a designer, marketer, and distributor of products, while performing production processes via contract manufacturers. Currently, in addition to its core IT products business, Acer also has a new business entity that focuses on the integration of cloud services and platforms, and the development of smartphones and wearable devices with value-added IoT applications.

History

Acer was founded in 1976 by Stan Shih (), his wife Carolyn Yeh, and five others as Multitech in Hsinchu City, Taiwan. The company began with eleven employees and US$25,000 in capital. Initially, it was primarily a distributor of electronic parts and a consultant in the use of microprocessor technologies. It produced the Micro-Professor MPF-I training kit, then two Apple II clones–the Microprofessor II and III–before joining the emerging IBM PC compatible market and becoming a significant PC manufacturer. The company was renamed Acer in 1987.

In 1998, Acer reorganized into five groups: Acer International Service Group, Acer Sertek Service Group, Acer Semiconductor Group, Acer Information Products Group, and Acer Peripherals Group. To dispel complaints from clients that Acer competed with its own products and to alleviate the competitive nature of the branded sales versus contract manufacturing businesses, the company spun off the contract business in 2000, renaming it Wistron Corporation. The restructuring resulted in two primary units: brand name sales and contract manufacturing. In 2001, the company sold its manufacturing units BenQ and Wistron in order to focus resources on design and sales.

Acer increased worldwide sales while simultaneously reducing its labor force by identifying and using marketing strategies that best utilized their existing distribution channels. In January 2005  became the president. By 2005, Acer employed a scant 7,800 people worldwide. Revenues rose from US$4.9 billion in 2003 to US$11.31 billion in 2006.

Acer's North American market share has slipped in the early 2000s, while its European market share has risen.

In the mid-2000s, consumer notebooks were almost the sole growth drivers for the PC industry, and Acer's exceptionally low overheads and dedication to the channel made it one of the main beneficiaries of this trend. Acer grew quickly in Europe in part by embracing the use of more traditional distribution channels targeting retail consumers when some rivals were pursuing online sales and business customers. In 2007, Acer bought Gateway in the United States and Packard Bell in Europe, and became the third-largest provider of computers and the second largest for notebooks, achieving significant improvement in profitability. Acer has strived to become the world's largest PC vendor in the belief that the goal can help it achieve economy of scale and garner higher margin. However, such a reliance on the high-volume, low-value PC market made Acer exposed when buying habits changed.

In September 2018, Acer spun-off its smart gadget unit GadgeTek Inc., which produces Leap Beads, smart prayer beads that track mantras and footsteps.

In 2019, Acer announced the esports social platform PLANET9.gg, which aims to provide game analytics, community-organized competitions, and social experiences.

2013 re-organisation
In November 2013, chairman and CEO J.T. Wang and president Jim Wong both resigned due to the company's poor financial performance. Wang had been reportedly due to leave Acer at the end of the year and was supposed to have been succeeded by Wong. Acer co-founder Stan Shih took over as board chairman and interim president after the departure of Wang and Wong and began to search for new candidates to assume the roles of CEO and president. On 23 December, Acer named Jason Chen, then the vice president of worldwide sales and marketing at Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, as its new president and CEO, effective 1 January.

Acquisitions and joint ventures
 In 1988, Acer acquired Counterpoint Computers.
 In 1990, Acer acquired Altos Computer Corporation.
 In 1993, Acer acquired the PC division of Commodore International.
 In 1997, Acer acquired Texas Instruments notebook computer business.
 On 27 August 2007, Acer announced plans to acquire its US-based rival Gateway, Inc. for US$710 million. Acer's former chairman, J.T. Wang, stated that the acquisition completed Acer's "global footprint, by strengthening [its] United States presence". Included in this acquisition was the eMachines brand.
 In January 2008, Acer announced that it had acquired a controlling interest of 75% of Packard Bell.
 In March 2008, Acer acquired Taiwanese electronics manufacturing company E-TEN.
 In 2009, Acer acquired 29.9% of Italian computer system manufacturer Olidata.
 In August 2010, Acer and Founder Technology signed a memorandum of mutual understanding to strengthen their long-term PC business cooperation.
 In July 2011, Acer bought iGware Inc. (formally BroadOn) for US$320 million. The aim is to create Acer Cloud to enter cloud computing market. iGware had developed cloud software and infrastructure tools for devices. It had also notably partnered with Nintendo on several projects.
 In September 2015, Acer acquired GPS cycling computer brand Xplova.
 In September 2015, Acer invested in robotics start-up company Jibo.
 In March 2016, Acer made an equity investment in grandPad, a provider of technology solutions specifically designed for senior citizens.
 In June 2016, Acer's board of directors approved the establishment of a joint venture with Starbreeze AB to design, manufacture, promote, market and sell StarVR Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays.
 In 2016, Acer acquired wireless pet camera maker Pawbo.
 In 2017, Acer became the largest corporate shareholder of AOPEN Inc.
 In October 2017, Acer purchased a 66.7% majority stake in StarVR from Starbreeze.
 In 2019, Acer and Ubisoft teamed up for the Rainbow Six Pro League and other major esports events with the Predator brand as the PC and monitor sponsor.

Operations
As of September 2022, Acer has over 7,713 employees worldwide, operating in 40 countries/territories.

Australia
Acer Computer Australia (ACA) was established in 1990, and is currently Australia's third-largest personal computer vendor, behind Hewlett-Packard Australia and Dell Australia and New Zealand. ACA has Australia's highest overall market share in notebook PC and tablet PC sales. The company is also Australia's leading PC vendor in the government and education markets.  it has over 480 employees.

The company repairs, assembles and manufacturers laptops and desktops in Sydney.

Europe
Acer's EMEA headquarters are located in Lugano, Switzerland. From the late 1990s to mid-2000s, Acer had computer factories in Europe. The business area was the whole EMEA. In the Netherlands under the name of Acer IMS bv, there were two factories: Acer laptop factory in Den Bosch and Acer and IBM desktop factory in Tilburg. Acer also had facilities in Germany under the name of IMS in Ahrensburg and Hamburg. Acer computers are also assembled in Mingachevir, Azerbaijan.

India
Acer's subsidiary in India is Acer India (Pvt) Limited, and was incorporated as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Acer Computer International, Ltd. in 1999. It is a notable vendor in key segments such as education, desktop computers, and low profile notebooks for education. The head office is in Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Indonesia
PT Acer Indonesia is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Acer and distributes its products through their main distributor PT Dragon Computer & Communication. Acer is currently the second-largest computer vendor in Indonesia. In the first quarter of 2016, Acer recorded >81% market share in Windows tablet in Indonesia.

North America

Acer America Corporation, headquartered in San Jose, California, is a member of the Acer Group. Acer's R&D, engineering, manufacturing, and marketing operations in the United States and Canada are handled by Acer America. The U.S. headquarters was opened with a staff of three in 1985, as Multitech Electronics USA, in Mountain View, California. In 1986, the U.S. headquarters were moved to San Jose, California.

Notable product lines

 Acer Extensa series – Business-oriented laptops
 Acer Iconia – A series of tablet computers
 Acer Aspire – Budget to entry level personal-use computer and laptops aimed for casual household use
 Acer TravelMate – Lightweight business-oriented laptops
Acer Nitro – Acer's entry to mid-end gaming-oriented laptops
 Acer Predator – Acer's mid to high-end gaming laptops and desktops
 Acer Aspire One – Acer's mid to high-end personal-use laptop
 Acer Swift – A series of mid to high-end ultra-portable notebooks
 Acer Spin – A series of budget to mid-end two-in-one laptops
 Acer ConceptD – Desktop and laptops designed for studios and rendering
Acer Veriton – A high-end business-oriented desktop
Acer Enduro – Acer's series of rugged laptops
Acer Enduro Urban – Lightweight semi-rugged laptops.
Acer Vero – Eco-friendly laptops.

Brands
 Aazar
 eMachines
ProPack
 Gateway
 Packard Bell
Pawbo
 Predator
Xplova
Nitro

Corporate social responsibility

In 2005, Acer published its first environmental report, for which the company used the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines. All of Acer's tier-one suppliers have acquired ISO 14001 certification.

In November 2012, Acer was ranked 4th place out of 15 in Greenpeace's re-launched Guide to Greener Electronics, with a score of 5.1 points out of 10. The Guide ranks electronics makers according to their policies and practices to reduce their impact on the climate, produce greener products, and make their operations more sustainable.

Greenpeace criticized the company for not setting out targets to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as intended in 2010 and for not providing external verification for the GHG emissions it reports for its operations and business travel. It also scored badly on the products criteria receiving no points on product lifecycle while Greenpeace noted that a higher percentage of its products need to meet or exceed Energy Star standards in order for it to score more points.

It received some praise for launching new products which are free from Polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and the company informed Greenpeace that the majority of its products will be PVC/BFR free in the near future. Acer also scored well on chemical management for lobbying for restrictions on organo-halogens and was commended for reporting on GHG emissions from its first-tier suppliers and investigating its second tier.

In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated Acer the seventh highest of 24 consumer electronics companies.

Acer has been listed on the DJSI's Emerging Markets Index since 2014 and on MSCI's Global Sustainability Indexes in 2015–2016.

Sponsorships
 Acer sponsored the BAR-Honda Formula One racing team in the year . In , Acer provided sponsorship to the Prost Grand Prix Formula One team, and the team's Ferrari engines were badged as Acers.
 Acer sponsored the Ferrari Formula 1 team from 2003 up to 2012 (Official Supplier since 2006) and its Top Sponsor of FC Internazionale – Milano (Inter Milan) Football Club. From 2007 to 2009 Acer has been Official Supplier of FC Barcelona. On 19 March 2007, Acer announced it would sponsor the Factory Fiat Yamaha Team for the 2007 MotoGP World Championship season. Since 2009, Packard Bell (part of Acer Group) has been the sponsor of the Yamaha Factory Racing Team.
 Acer was the worldwide TOP Partners for both the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games and Singapore Youth Olympic Games. Acer was TOP Partner of the London 2012 Summer Olympics.
On 18 June 2019, Acer Predator sponsored Ubisoft Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege Pro League Season X, becoming the official PC Monitor of Rainbow Six Pro League and Majors.

Controversies
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Acer refused to join the international community and withdraw from the Russian market. Research from Yale University from March 28, 2022, identifying how companies were reacting to Russia's aggression identified Acer in the worst category "Digging in" meaning Defying Demands for Exit: companies defying demands for exit/reduction of activities. Acer subsequently reversed its decision and suspended business in Russia. Despite stating that it would suspend business in Russia, a Reuters investigation of customs data found that Acer supplied at least $70.4 million worth of computer hardware to Russia between April 8, 2022 and March 31, 2023, and it was supplied to Russia both through Acer's wholly-owned Swiss registered subsidiary. Since the shipments occurred outside Taiwan, they did not violate Taiwanese sanctions against Russia.

See also

 Acer Value Line
 Asus, a rival Taiwan-based company started in 1989 by former Acer engineers
 E-TEN
 eMachines
 Packard Bell
 Gateway, Inc.
 BenQ, formerly Acer CM
 ACC (computer company)
 AOpen, formerly AcerOpen
 List of companies of Taiwan
 Microprofessor I, Acer's first product
 List of computer system manufacturers
 ALi, formerly Acer Laboratories Incorporated
 Wistron, formerly the manufacturing arm of Acer Inc.
PLANET9.gg

References

Acer unveils the SigridWave and announces new updates for Planet9, REVIEWCENTRAL, October 2020. Retrieved 17th of November, 2020.

External links

1976 establishments in Taiwan
1996 initial public offerings
Companies based in New Taipei
Computer companies established in 1976
Companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange
Consumer electronics brands
Display technology companies
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Formula One engine manufacturers
Mobile phone manufacturers
Multinational companies headquartered in Taiwan
Netbook manufacturers
Portable audio player manufacturers
Taiwanese brands

Acer Inc.


Ole Wæver (born 17 September 1960) is a professor of international relations at the Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen. He has published and broadcast extensively in the field of international relations, and is one of the main architects of the so-called Copenhagen School in International Relations.

Prior to his professorate at University of Copenhagen, Wæver was a senior research fellow at Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (1985-1999). His areas of research include:

 Theories of international relations
 The study of conflicts, what creates the conflict and how to mediate and resolve them
 Danish security and defence policy
 The history of concepts
 Security theory

Wæver was a member of the Danish Government's Commission on Security and Disarmament Affairs between 1993 and 1995 and the replacement of the institute, the Danish Institute of International Affairs (DUPI), between 1995 and 2002. He is a member of the editorial board for European Journal of International Affairs, Security Dialogue, International Studies Perspectives and the Cambridge Review of International Affairs. Waever was also the co-founder of the Centre for the Resolution of International Conflicts (CRIC) at the University of Copenhagen.

Wæver is director of the Danish Ph.D. school, Politologisk Forskerskole. He has written several pieces together with Barry Buzan. These include the two books:
 Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge University Press 2003.
 Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1998.

Wæver has also co-edited the following book with Iver B. Neumann
The Future of International Relations: Masters In The Making? London: Routledge, 1997.

References

1960 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
International relations scholars
Copenhagen School (security studies)

Ole Wæver


First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1).

First or 1st may also refer to:

World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement
Grand opening earliest instance of something

Arts and media

Music
 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and record producer

Albums
 1st (album), a 1983 album by Streets
 1st (Rasmus EP), a 1995 EP by The Rasmus, frequently identified as a single
 1ST, a 2021 album by SixTones
 First (Baroness EP), an EP by Baroness
 First (Ferlyn G EP), an EP by Ferlyn G
 First (David Gates album), an album by David Gates
 First (O'Bryan album), an album by O'Bryan
 First (Raymond Lam album), an album by Raymond Lam
 First, an album by Denise Ho

Songs
 "First" (Cold War Kids song), a song by Cold War Kids
 "First" (Lindsay Lohan song), a song by Lindsay Lohan
 "First", a song by Everglow on their 2021 EP Last Melody

Education
 First grade, in primary education
 First, a British undergraduate degree classification

Geography
 First (Grindelwald), a minor summit below the Schwarzhorn in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland
 First (Kandersteg), a mountain in Bernese Alps in Switzerland

Science and technology
 First light, a milestone in telescope commissioning

Other uses
 Front-runner, or the position of first
 FirstGroup, a British transportation company operating buses, trains, coaches and trams
 First Racing, a former racing team

See also

 FIRST (disambiguation)
 FST (disambiguation)

 Ist (disambiguation)
 One (disambiguation)
 The First (disambiguation)
 La 1ère (disambiguation) (), "Première"
 Premiere (disambiguation), first
 Proto-, an English prefix meaning "first"

First


Gallium (chemical symbol: Ga) is chemical element 31 on the periodic table.

Gallium is a metal, but it has some unusual properties. Its melting point is 85.58 Fahrenheit. If it is held in a person's hand, it will melt. It makes a stain on your hand when put on your hand. Gallium is safe in your hands but is not edible. Some Gallium Compounds can be very dangerous. Gallium is a semiconductor, meaning that it conducts electricity reasonably well but not as well as a metal. That means gallium can be used in computers to make them work. It is very shiny, so it is used to create mirrors when its in its liquid form. In its purest extracted form, gallium is a vibrant silver color. As a solid, it is blue-gray. Gallium has been used in nuclear bombs to stabilize the crystal structure.  It's related to aluminium, indium, and thallium.

Post-transition metals

Gallium


Hans-Joachim von Berenberg-Consbruch (born 5 November 1940 in Vienna), known as Hans-Joachim Consbruch from 1940 to 1976, is a German banker, who served as a personally liable partner at Berenberg Bank from 1978 to 2005. He has also been a board member of the Berenberg Bank Foundation, a philanthropic foundation. He is the honorary consul of Monaco in Hamburg.

Although he has worked for Berenberg Bank his entire career, he is not himself a member of, or descended from, the Berenberg family. He is the son of Hans-Dietrich Wilhelm Consbruch and Irmgard Else Meyer. His father, a middle class businessman, lived in Vienna at the time and died there in 1941. In 1949 his mother remarried to Cornelius Johann Heinrich Hellmuth von Berenberg-Gossler, a member of the prominent Hanseatic Berenberg-Gossler banking family. Hans-Joachim Consbruch, as he was known until 1976, studied law and then embarked on a career in the bank owned by his step-father's relatives. In 1976, at the age of 36, Hans-Joachim Consbruch obtained permission from Hamburg authorities to change his name to "von Berenberg-Consbruch," thus combining his family name Consbruch with the first part of his stepfather's name, the name of the Berenberg family, which is extinct in the male line.

He has two sons, Fabian and John.

References

Living people
1940 births
German bankers
Berenberg Bank people

Joachim von Berenberg-Consbruch


The 2012 Benghazi attack took place on the evening of September 11, 2012. Islamic militants attacked the United States consulate in Benghazi, Libya. Killed in the attack were US Ambassador Christopher Stevens and Sean Smith a US diplomat. Stevens was the first U.S. Ambassador killed in the line of duty since 1979. Two other US diplomats were killed in the attack. At first the attack was thought to be an angry mob. But later it was learned it was a planned terrorist attack.

Late in the evening of September 11, 2012, about 150 gunmen with beards blocked off the streets leading to the US Consulate buildings. The roadblocks were set up using pickup trucks with the logo of Ansar al-Sharia. The assault began about an hour later. There were seven Americans in the building at the time. Five were armed security officers.

Background

Libyan events
In February 2011, a civil war broke out in Libya. A rebellion started against Muammar al-Gaddafi and his government. A few weeks later U.S. envoy Chris Stevens came to Benghazi, Libya's second largest city, by cargo ship. He arrived on April 5. In August Gaddafi was driven out of the capital, Tripoli. On October 20, 2011 Gaddafi was killed. Chris Stevens was named as Ambassador to Libya in May 2012. He was to be based in Tripoli. Security people working for the U.S. government warned they needed more security but were turned down.

On September 9, Stevens met with Islamic militia leaders in Benghazi. They warned there had been threats against Americans by extremists in Benghazi. They also told the ambassador he and his group should leave as "soon as possible". But they also said they wanted American investments in Libya. They asked how soon Benghazi could get a McDonald's and a KFC.

Day of the attack
On September 11, several hours before the attack started, Stevens sent a message to the State Department warning the situation was getting worse. Later, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said she was not aware of what was happening at the time. The reason she gave is the State Department receives more than a million messages a year. After the attack started, a rescue team (called the commander's In-extremis Force) started getting ready. But the ambassador was dead before the team was ready to leave Italy. After the attack 30 or more Americans were evacuated from Benghazi.

CIA in Benghazi
There were five U.S. commandos stationed at the CIA base in Benghazi about a mile from the consulate. They heard the attack starting and got ready to go rescue the ambassador. But they said later, the CIA station chief stopped them from going and told them to stay with the CIA. They also received a radio message from the consulate "If you guys do not get here, we are going to die!" The CIA later stated they were trying to get local Libyan militia to go help the consulate. But they also said they did not prevent the commandos from rescuing the consulate members.

After the attack
American troops and law enforcement captured Ahmed Abu Khattala on June 15, 2014. He is the suspected ringleader of the group who carried out the attack. Other suspects also had sealed charges filed against them.

On May 8, 2014, the United States House Select Committee on Benghazi was formed to investigate the attack. The chairman of the committee is Representative Trey Gowdy from South Carolina.

References

Other websites
 Libyan accused in Benghazi attacks seeks dismissal of case
 U.S. compound attack in Benghazi, CBS News
 Benghazi Timeline

2010s murders in Africa
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2012
Attacks on buildings and structures in Africa
2012 attack
2010s in Libya
Islamic terrorist incidents in Africa
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2010s
Mass murder in 2012
Mass murder in Africa
September 2012 events

2012 Benghazi attack