Atta is a genus of New World ants of the subfamily Myrmicinae. It contains at least 17 known species.

Atta leaf-cutter ants are relatively large, rusty red or brown in colour, and have a spiny body and long legs. The three main castes within a nest are the queen, worker, and soldier. Only the queens and males have wings (alate), and these ants are also known as reproductives or swarmers. Although most of the ants in the nest are female, only the queens produce eggs. Queens are usually over  long.

Overview
Ants of the genus Atta are leafcutter ants that comprise one of the two genera of leafcutting ants within the tribe Attini, along with Acromyrmex. They have no sting,  thus inject no venom, although they are known as strong biters.

Atta spp. exhibit a high degree of polymorphism, with four castes being present in established colonies: minims (or garden ants), minors, mediae, and majors (also called soldiers or dinergates). Their immature development undergoes four larval stages, regardless of the ultimate caste, wherein larvae are also associated with fungal hyphae.

The high degree of polymorphism in this genus is also suggestive of its high degree of advancement. Every caste has a specific function, and some remarkably advanced phenomena have been observed in Atta species. An example of such is the behaviour of the minim ants, which climb on the cut sections of leaf while they are carried back to the nest by the media workers to protect the latter from a particular species of phorid fly that parasitises the leaf-carrying caste. While hitchhiking, the minims also work to decontaminate the fragment before it arrives at the nest, and feed on the sap of the leaf. The minims behaving this way demonstrates the highly derived character of the species.

Like Acromyrmex, Atta spp. subsist mostly on a particular species of fungus that they cultivate on a medium of masticated leaf tissue. This is the sole food of the queen and other colony members that remain in the nest. The media workers also gain subsistence from plant sap they ingest while physically cutting out sections of leaf from a variety of plants.

Before leaving their parent colonies, winged females carry a small section of fungus in their intrabuccal pocket, and with this, the subsequently wingless queens seed the fungus gardens of incipient colonies. The queen does not eat from the fungus initially; she gives it time to grow by fertilizing it with her fecal matter. She survives on her fat body reserves, eating 90% of the eggs she lays, and catabolizing her wing muscles. Swanson et al 2019 finds annual turnover of Atta nest sites to be between 1127%.

Atta spp. have evolved to change food plants constantly, preventing a colony from completely stripping off leaves and thereby killing trees, thus avoiding negative biological feedback on account of their sheer numbers. This does not diminish the huge quantities of foliage they harvest; Atta is estimated to be responsible for the decomposition of 20% of all leaves in South America. Consequently, the genus is considered a major agricultural pest species in areas where its range coincides with farming activity.

Workers of the genus have few cuticular bacteria.

Evolution
The leafcutter ants (Atta and Acromyrmex) are different from other ants by their underground fungi cultivation; the two genera split off from a common ancestor species about 10 million years ago (Mya). The Trachymyrmex group and Sericomyrmex are the closest relatives to the leafcutters; they split off about 17 Mya. Leafcutter ants are very specialized organisms in that they coevolved with another organism through symbiosis. This process took millions of years to occur, about 50 Mya, which is when these ants began their relationship with fungi. The fungus eventually lost the ability to produce spores and the ants capitalized on that by making the fungus its main food source. About 66 Mya, South America was isolated from other land masses, and this is when gardening ants started their relationship with a fungus. Leafcutter ants are thought to have propagated the same fungal lineage for 25 million years, which means they caused the fungus to reproduce.

Ecological effects
Leafcutter ants can create bottom-up gaps by forming their large nests. The ants excavate soil rich in organic matter, and store additional organic matter in their underground chambers. This creates rich soils that promote plant growth. The ants can also trim the leaves of plants in the understory, allowing for more light to hit the forest floor. They can also control the types of trees and other plants by selectively bringing seeds into the underground chambers. Depending on the location of the chamber, a seed can grow by reaching light.

Species

Atta bisphaerica Forel, 1908
Atta capiguara Gonçalves, 1944
Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Atta colombica Guérin-Méneville, 1844
Atta cubana Fontenla Rizo, 1995
Atta goiana Gonçalves, 1942
Atta insularis Guérin-Méneville, 1844
Atta laevigata (F. Smith, 1858) (Colombia south to Paraguay)
Atta mexicana (Smith, 1858)
Atta opaciceps Borgmeier, 1939
Atta pilosa (Buckley, 1866)
Atta robusta Borgmeier, 1939
Atta saltensis Forel, 1913
Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758)
Atta tardigrada (Buckley, 1866)
Atta texana (Buckley, 1860) - Texas leafcutter ant (East Texas and western Louisiana in the United States, northeastern Mexico)
Atta vollenweideri Forel, 1893

Uses

As food

Atta species are a popular ingredient in Mexican cuisine, particularly in the southern states such as Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, and Oaxaca. It is considered a delicacy, as well as a food of high protein content, so is often served as a main dish, not as garnish, despite its small portions. They may be eaten as the sole filling in tacos. Atta, the type of ant most eaten in Mexico, has a nutty flavor.

Also in Brazil, the queens of leafcutter ants (locally known as tanajuras) are highly appreciated as delicacies in several regions. The techniques involving their capture and cooking are considered an immaterial patrimony of the people of the Tianguá municipality, in Ceará.

Atta spp. are also eaten by the Guanes tribe.

Cultural references
Princess Atta from A Bug's Life was named after the genus Atta, the species group of leafcutter ant.

See also
List of leafcutter ants

References

External links

BBC archive video of Atta Leaf-cutter ants
Bristol Zoo factsheet

Mexican cuisine
Ant genera
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius

Atta (ant)


The guru peetha was established as a spiritual and cultural center for Kuruba Gowdas in the state of Karnataka, India. The Mahasamsthana has been presided over by Shri Beerendra Keshava Tarakananda Puri Swamiji  for thirteen years. He wanted to start schools for children of the rural Halumatha community in Kaginele and beyond.

In 2005, Shri Beerendra swamiji had organized a function, which was attended by a large number of people from all over Karnataka and he shared his vision to develop Kaginele as a Maha Samstana.

Under Shri Beerendra swamiji there were four swamijis:

1.Shri Niranjanananda puri Swamiji, Kaginele, Matha Haveri District, Belludi Matha, Davanagere District

2.Shri Siddaramananda Swamiji, Tinthani Bridge Matha, Devadurga Talluka, RAICHUR District, Karnataka

3.Shri Eshwarananda Puri Swamiji, Hosadurga Matha, Chitradurga District

4.Shri Shivanananda Puri Swamiji, Mysore Matha Mysore District

After Shri Beerendra swamiji attained moksha, Shri Niranjanananda puri Swamiji took over as president on rotational basis (for five years) to Kanaka Guru Peeta. He has further developed Kaginel mutt by providing  Various facilities. Also, Neeranjanda swamiji has built Belludi Kaginele shakha mutt in Harihar taluka, Davanagere district to help poor people from Harihar and around.

Sri Siddaramananda swamiji running primary to degree colleges. And also celebrate halumatha samskruti vybhava every year on January 12,13,14th. Many books were published under Siddaramananda swamiji to aware halumatha culture. Original drums (wooden and leather) are manufactured in tinthani math.
Under Siddaramananda swamiji four branches are running in Koppala, Kustagi, Basava Kalyana and Hosakote taluks.

Organisations based in Karnataka
Organizations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Karnataka

Kaginele Kanaka Guru Peetha


Genocide is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.  Genocide is a superweapon created by the Secret Society of Super Villains to fight Wonder Woman. Her powers have yet to be revealed in full.

Publication history
Genocide first appeared in Wonder Woman vol. 3 #26 and was created by Gail Simone.

Fictional character biography
At some point in the future, Ares steals the dead body of Wonder Woman. He comes back through time and manipulates Dr. Barbara Minerva, the power behind the Secret Society of Super Villains, and Dr. T.O. Morrow to gather a team of scientists to collect soil samples from various regions of Earth where acts of genocide took place over the past 100 years ranging from 1908 to 2008. The scientists, with the magical help of Felix Faust, use the soil to further empower the corpse of Wonder Woman with the evil energy of death and destruction. The result is the creation of the sadistic monster Genocide, brought to life through a combination of science and magic. T.O. Morrow believed Genocide was too unstable to be let loose, and pleaded with Minerva to terminate the project. Further validating his point, Genocide even attacked her fellow team member Phobia, nearly killing her. Despite this, Morrow's words of caution were completely ignored.

Dr. Minerva initially set Genocide loose at a shopping mall in downtown Washington D.C. to draw the Justice League's attention. The Department of Metahuman Affairs dispatched a team of agents, which included Agent Diana Prince to investigate the disturbance. After Diana changed into her super powered alter ego, Genocide beat Wonder Woman nearly to the point of death and stole her Lasso of Truth. After having the lasso surgically grafted into her body by the new Crime Doctor, Genocide was sent to the home base of the Department of Metahuman Affairs to retrieve the captive Doctor Psycho. She slaughtered nearly everyone there before being attacked by the Justice League. Genocide quickly defeated Green Lantern, Firestorm, and Red Tornado. However, once Wonder Woman returned to the battle with reinforcements and the creature was close to being overwhelmed, Genocide tapped into a facet of Wonder Woman's lasso that allowed her to create an explosion of negative psychic energy. The blast destroyed the Department of Metahuman Affairs building and killed the majority of persons left in its wake. The resulting after-effect overwhelmed the few survivor's emotions and rationality, causing them to react negatively. Before leaving, Genocide kidnapped Wonder Woman's friend Etta Candy. Genocide tortured her, ultimately leaving Etta in a comatose state for Wonder Woman to later find.

Athena reveals to Diana the truth behind Genocide and that the creature will be used by Ares as an instrument to destroy the gods and heroes unless Diana can stop her. Upon learning this, Diana attacked Genocide with renewed vigor, ripping the surgically implanted lasso from Genocide's body and leaving her to drown in the ocean. When Diana went to retrieve the body, she discovered that Genocide had disappeared. Ares arranged for Poseidon's son Euphemus to bring him her body so that he can heal her wounds. He then transferred Genocide's soul into a clay figure of a demon child and placed it in the care of a rogue Amazon warrior named Alkyone who is determined to destroy Diana.

When Alkyone becomes the new Queen of Themyscira, she magically causes the spirit of Genocide to enter herself and three other Amazon allies by sacrificing the clay figure. Their present status is unknown as Wonder Woman slammed the Hecatonchires Cottus on top of them causing the stone monument they stood upon to crumble to the sea. The either unconscious or dead bodies of several of the Genocide-possessed Amazons were dragged to the shore by other non-possessed Amazons.

In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth", which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". In this continuity, Genocide is a golem of unknown origin where she was defeated by Wonder Woman and the past and buried on the island of the Gargareans in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Sometime later, Paula von Gunther in her alias of Warmaster unearthed Genocide and used her blood to revive her. She then recruited Genocide to join her Four Horsewomen alongside Armageddon III and Devastation while planning to use Genocide as a weapon to use against the Amazons. While Warmaster battled Wonder Woman and managed to pierce the superheroine's shoulder with the Spear of Gudra, she threatened to have Genocide kill all the heroes guarding the portal to Themyscira unless Wonder Woman opened it and allowed her inside.

Soil sample locations

The known soil samples Genocide was created with were taken from:

 Auschwitz, Nazi German-occupied Poland - samples collected by Professor Ivo and Red Volcano.
 Logor Jasenovac, Croatia - samples collected by Doctor Poison II.
 Darfur, Sudan - samples collected by an as-yet-unknown member with black gloves, probably T.O. Morrow.
 Rwanda - samples collected by an as-yet-unrevealed member.
 Cambodia - samples collected by an as-yet-unrevealed member.

Powers and abilities
The full extent of Genocide's abilities has yet to be revealed. Genocide has superhuman strength, durability and speed. She also has the ability to teleport. Genocide can project anger, fear, and despair to weaken her enemies. Being a magical construct, she is nearly indestructible and can heal any damage her body receives. Because Genocide bears the body of the future Wonder Woman, she can tap into the Lasso of Truth to create a large explosion of negative psychic energy. The explosion can not only destroy nearby solid material and people, but also leaves survivors with a backlash of such negative emotion that they do not think or act rationally. She has effortlessly defeated the Justice League of America and nearly killed Wonder Woman herself.

See also
 List of Wonder Woman enemies

References

External links
 Genocide at DC Wiki
 Crisis Panel Report - Wonder Woman, Newsarama

Characters created by Gail Simone
Comics characters introduced in 2008
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics characters who can teleport
DC Comics female supervillains
Fictional golems
Mythology in DC Comics
Genocide in fiction
Wonder Woman characters

Genocide (comics)


The Emeryville Research Center of Shell Development Company in Emeryville, California was a major research facility of Shell Oil Company in the United States from 1928 until 1972, when Shell Development relocated to Houston, Texas.  Shell Development's Emeryville facilities were located on about , included nearly 90 buildings at its peak, and when decommissioned in 1972, employed a staff of about 1500.

Inventions, technical contributions, resources
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and other gasoline additives were developed at Emeryville. Tar sands extraction and other techniques to increase oil reserves were studied at bench scale and in pilot plants. Shell Development also pioneered de-sulfurization methods and standards for gasoline and motor oil, which were significant in reducing acid rain and other adverse environmental effects of auto exhaust gases. Shell Development scientist Thomas Schatzky also pioneered fingerprinting techniques to identify oil spills' origins.

Shell Development Emeryville scientists created the epoxy resins and expanded their applications. In an early dramatization of the new material, Shell Development's team recorded and pressed a musical performance on epoxy resin rather than on vinyl. A classical harpsichordist who was the wife of a scientist performed. Epoxy / carbon fiber and other advanced composites were also pioneered there.

Shell polymer scientists revised the scientific community's understanding of polymerization physics for styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), a principal component of most tires since World War II.  After natural rubber from rubber trees was made unavailable by the Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia, SBR provided a new material for tires for the Allies' military vehicles. Shell's Charles Wilcoxen later demonstrated the kinetics of the polymerization process, amending the assumptions of the Ziegler-Natta polymerization equations for which a Nobel prize was awarded in 1963. Shell Development also pioneered a class of materials called block copolymers, useful for medical applications such as artificial heart valves.

Shell Development had significant capital assets and technical resources, including a cyclotron, an early and long-running electron microscope facility, an elaborate radiation laboratory (whose facilities became Veedercrest Winery), and other then-advanced scientific tools.

Shell Development Emeryville made many contributions to the U.S. space program, including development of rocket fuels, and handling techniques and storage methods for these highly explosive compounds. Shell Development's labs also contributed significant support to California-based land speed record holder Craig Breedlove and the Spirit of America vehicles.

Corporate culture
The American Chemical Society's archives refer to Shell Development as one of a small number of large, pre-eminent private research facilities on the West Coast. Shell scientists served as presidents and other officers of ACS during the decades when the facility was in operation.

Though self-identified as a conservative employer, many Shell scientists were politically progressive, championing causes such as the Sierra Club and no-growth economic strategies. Country Joe and the Fish, a '60's anti-war counterculture rock band, dedicated an early album to Martin Dimbat, a Shell Development scientist who contributed funding to their musical venture.

Unionized, with a comfortable work pace, elaborate medical benefits for employees, a company-paid lifetime retirement plan and almost-ironclad job security, Shell Development for decades provided the comforts of a socialistic work environment within a corporate giant of capitalism. Because of competitive disadvantages the company would experience if employees could publish freely, Shell Development scientists often experienced the minimal professional recognition compared to scientists in academia.

Shell Development's senior scientific ranks included scientists who had been graduate students of Glenn Seaborg, a Berkeley scientist who pioneered techniques to create and verify transuranium elements. Shell Development also bore the indirect imprint of Robert Oppenheimer, director of the Manhattan Project. Manhattan Project alumni worked at Shell / Emeryville, and Oppenheimer himself is asserted to have been an offstage force in unionizing parts of Shell Development's workforce.

After Shell Oil dissolved the Shell Development / Emeryville organization and decommissioned its facilities, its employee culture proved robust. For over forty years after Shell Development ceased to exist, employees continued monthly meetings at a marina restaurant nearby.  Citing uninterrupted recordkeeping among the surviving employees, a spokesperson reported that somewhat less than half of the known employees from Shell Development were still alive in late 2006. Meetings were finally suspended in 2007.

Shell Development's facilities languished briefly following its 1972 departure from its Emeryville campus. The properties then became an early home of biotechnology pioneers Cetus and Chiron. In the 21st century, many of the buildings of the former Shell Development campus are occupied by pharmaceutical giant Novartis.

References

Petroleum in California
Research institutes in California
Shell plc buildings and structures
Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area
Buildings and structures in Emeryville, California
Defunct oil companies of the United States
Energy companies established in 1928
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1928
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1972
1928 establishments in California
1972 disestablishments in California

Shell Development Emeryville


Kim Rosemary Bolan (born 1959) is a Canadian journalist who has been a reporter at the Vancouver Sun since her journalism career began in 1984. She has reported on minority, women's, education, and social services issues; wars in El Salvador, Guatemala and Afghanistan; Sikh extremism, and the bombing and trials related to Air India Flight 182. CBC Radio has also featured her work. On May 4, 2017, while covering a murder trial of a former leader of the UN Gang, Bolan learned that she had been the subject of a murder plot, which she reported on in an article published on May 24, 2017, in the Vancouver Sun.

Early career
Bolan grew up in Courtenay on Vancouver Island. She was a writer in high school, contributing to the Comox District Free Press and she sent stories on the bus to Victoria to be published in the daily Times Colonist newspaper. While attending the University of Victoria she worked as sports editor of The Oak Bay Star.

Bolan then graduated with a Master's degree in journalism from the University of Western Ontario in the 1980s.

Awards and honours
Bolan has won or "been shortlisted for" 15 awards.

Bolan won the Courage in Journalism Award presented by the International Women's Media Foundation in 1999.

In 2000, the Canadian Committee for World Press Freedom (the National Press Club of Canada) presented its 1st Press Freedom Award (1999) to Bolan for continuing her investigations after she was "...threatened with violence and placed under police protection during her investigative reporting on the Air India bombing." Secretary of State David Kilgour presented the award and concluded by saying "Today, in recognition of her strength of character, professionalism and courage to continue in her role as a leading journalist in the face of threats and other forms of extreme intimidation, the National Press Club of Canada is pleased to award the Press Freedom Award to Kim Bolan of the Vancouver Sun."

In 2001, the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association awarded her with the Reg Robson award for her "fearless commitment to freedom of expression".  The award is given to honour people who have demonstrated a substantial and long-lasting contribution to civil liberties issues in British Columbia and Canada.

In 2006 PEN Canada presented her with the Paul Kidd Courage Prize.

Reporting on her speech at the Fraser Institute in 2007, The Times of India reported that Bolan still received death threats over her coverage of the 1985 Air India bombing.

"Political storm" of 2007
In February 2007, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper caused "a political storm" by trying to read part of a Bolan article into the record of the House of Commons of Canada. He was suggesting his Liberal opponents were refusing to extend anti-terrorism measures in order to protect the father-in-law of a Member of Parliament.

Books
Kim Bolan's first book, "Loss of Faith: How the Air-India Bombers Got Away With Murder", was published in 2005.

References

External links
The Real Scoop  - Kim Bolan's blog at the Vancouver Sun

1959 births
Canadian women journalists
Air India Flight 182
Vancouver Sun people
Journalists from Vancouver
Canadian women non-fiction writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian non-fiction writers
Living people
People from Courtenay, British Columbia

Kim Bolan


Nikolai Paul Kornelius Molvik (28 August 1905 – 9 July 1981) was a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.

He was born in Herøy.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Bergen in 1965, but was not re-elected in 1969. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1958–1961, for Møre og Romsdal

Molvik was involved in local politics in Volda, Ålesund, Kristiansund, and Bergen.

References

1905 births
1981 deaths
Christian Democratic Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Nikolai Paul Kornelius Molvik


In statistics, a Pólya urn model (also known as a Pólya urn scheme or simply as Pólya's urn), named after George Pólya, is a family of urn models that can be used to interpret many commonly used statistical models.

The model represents objects of real interest (such as atoms, people, cars, etc.) as colored balls in an urn. In the basic Pólya urn model, the experimenter puts x white and y black balls into an urn. At each step, one ball is drawn uniformly at random from the urn, and its color observed; it is then returned in the urn, and an additional ball of the same color is added to the urn.

If by random chance, more black balls are drawn than white balls in the initial few draws, it would make it more likely for more black balls to be drawn later. Similarly for the white balls. Thus the urn has a self-reinforcing property ("the rich get richer"). It is the opposite of sampling without replacement, where every time a particular value is observed, it is less likely to be observed again, whereas in a Pólya urn model, an observed value is more likely to be observed again. In a Pólya urn model, successive acts of measurement over time have less and less effect on future measurements, whereas in sampling without replacement, the opposite is true: After a certain number of measurements of a particular value, that value will never be seen again.

It is also different from sampling with replacement, where the ball is returned to the urn but without adding new balls. In this case, there is neither self-reinforcing nor anti-self-reinforcing

Basic results
Questions of interest are the evolution of the urn population and the sequence of colors of the balls drawn out.

After  draws, the probability that the urn contains  white balls and  black balls is , where the overbar denotes rising factorial. This can be proved by drawing the Pascal's triangle of all possible configurations.

More generally, if the urn starts with  balls of color , with , then after  draws, the probability that the urn contains  balls of color  iswhere we use the multinomial coefficient.

Conditional on the urn ending up with  balls of color  after  draws, there are  different trajectories that could have led to such an end-state. The conditional probability of each trajectory is the same: .

Interpretation
One of the reasons for interest in this particular rather elaborate urn model (i.e. with duplication and then replacement of each ball drawn) is that it provides an example in which the count (initially x black and y white) of balls in the urn is not concealed, which is able to approximate the correct updating of subjective probabilities appropriate to a different case in which the original urn content is concealed while ordinary sampling with replacement is conducted (without the Pólya ball-duplication). Because of the simple "sampling with replacement" scheme in this second case, the urn content is now static, but this greater simplicity is compensated for by the assumption that the urn content is now unknown to an observer. A Bayesian analysis of the observer's uncertainty about the urn's initial content can be made, using a particular choice of (conjugate) prior distribution. Specifically, suppose that an observer knows that the urn contains only identical balls, each coloured either black or white, but they do not know the absolute number of balls present, nor the proportion that are of each colour. Suppose that they hold prior beliefs about these unknowns: for them the probability distribution of the urn content is well approximated by some prior distribution for the total number of balls in the urn, and a beta prior distribution with parameters (x,y) for the initial proportion of these which are black, this proportion being (for them) considered approximately independent of the total number. Then the process of outcomes of a succession of draws from the urn (with replacement but without the duplication) has approximately the same probability law as does the above Pólya scheme in which the actual urn content was not hidden from them. The approximation error here relates to the fact that an urn containing a known finite number m of balls of course cannot have an exactly beta-distributed unknown proportion of black balls, since the domain of possible values for that proportion are confined to being multiples of , rather than having the full freedom to assume any value in the continuous unit interval, as would an exactly beta distributed proportion. This slightly informal account is provided for reason of motivation, and can be made more mathematically precise.

This basic Pólya urn model has been generalized in many ways.

Distributions related to the Pólya urn
 beta-binomial distribution: The distribution of the number of successful draws (trials), e.g. number of extractions of white ball, given  draws from a Pólya urn.
 Beta negative binomial distribution: The distribution of number of white balls observed until a fixed number black balls are observed.
 Dirichlet-multinomial distribution (also known as the multivariate Pólya distribution): The distribution over the number of balls of each color, given  draws from a Pólya urn where there are  different colors instead of only two.
 Dirichlet negative multinomial distribution: The distribution over the number of balls of each color until a fixed number of stopping colored balls are observed.
 martingales, the Beta-binomial distribution and the beta distribution: Let w and b be the number of white and black balls initially in the urn, and  the number of white balls currently in the urn after n draws.  Then the sequence of values  for  is a normalized version of the Beta-binomial distribution. It is a martingale and converges to the beta distribution when n → ∞.
 Dirichlet process, Chinese restaurant process, Hoppe urn: Imagine a modified Pólya urn scheme as follows.  We start with an urn with  black balls.  When drawing a ball from the urn, if we draw a black ball, put the ball back along with a new ball of a new non-black color randomly generated from a uniform distribution over an infinite set of available colours, and consider the newly generated color to be the "value" of the draw.  Otherwise, put the ball back along with another ball of the same color, as for the standard Pólya urn scheme.  The colors of an infinite sequence of draws from this modified Pólya urn scheme follow a Chinese restaurant process.  If, instead of generating a new color, we draw a random value from a given base distribution and use that value to label the ball, the labels of an infinite sequence of draws follow a Dirichlet process.
 Moran model: An urn model used to model genetic drift in theoretical population genetics.  This is closely similar to the Pólya urn model except that, in addition to adding a new ball of the same color, a randomly drawn ball is removed from the urn. The number of balls in the urn thus remains constant.  Continued sampling then leads ultimately to an urn with all balls of one color, the probability of each color being the proportion of that color in the original urn. There are variants of the Moran model that insist that the ball removed from the urn be a different ball from one originally sampled in that step, and variants that do the removal of a ball immediately after the new ball is placed in the urn, so that the new ball is one of the balls available to be removed. This makes a small difference in the time taken to reach the state in which all balls are the same color.  The Moran process models genetic drift in a population with overlapping generations.

Exchangeability
Polya's Urn is a quintessential example of an exchangeable process.

Suppose we have an urn containing  white balls and  black balls. We proceed to draw balls at random from the urn. On the -th draw, we define a random variable, , by  if the ball is black and  otherwise. We then return the ball to the urn, with an additional ball of the same colour. For a given , if we have that  for many , then it is more likely that , because more black balls have been added to the urn. Therefore, these variables are not independent of each other.

The sequence  does, however, exhibit the weaker property of exchangeability. Recall that a (finite or infinite) sequence of random variables is called exchangeable if its joint distribution is invariant under permutations of indices.

To show exchangeability of the sequence , assume that  balls are picked from the urn, and out of these  balls,  balls are black and  are white. On the first draw the number of balls in the urn is ; on the second draw it is   and so on. On the -th draw, the number of balls will be . The probability that we draw all  black balls first, and then all  white balls is given by

Now we must show that if the order of black and white balls is permuted, there is no change to the probability. As in the expression above, even after permuting the draws, the th denominator will always be , since this is the number of balls in the urn at that round.

If we see -th black ball in round , the probability  will be equal to , i.e. the numerator will be equal to . With the same argument, we can calculate the probability for white balls. Therefore, for any sequence  in which  occurs  times and  occurs  times (i.e. a sequence with  black balls and  white balls drawn in some order) the final probability will be equal to the following expression, where we take advantage of commutativity of multiplication in the numerator:

This probability is not related to the order of seeing black and white balls and only depends on the total number of white balls and the total number of black balls.

According to the De Finetti's theorem, there must be a unique prior distribution such that the joint distribution of observing the sequence is a Bayesian mixture of the Bernoulli probabilities. It can be shown that this prior distribution is a beta distribution with parameters . In De Finetti's theorem, if we replace  with , then we get the previous equation:

In this equation .

See also
 Pitman–Yor process
 Moran process
 Yule process
 De Finetti's theorem
 Chinese restaurant process

References

Further reading
 F. Alajaji and T. Fuja, "A Communication Channel Modeled on Contagion," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 40, pp. 2035–2041, November 1994.
 A. Banerjee, P. Burlina and F. Alajaji, "Image Segmentation and Labeling Using the Pólya Urn Model," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 8, No. 9, pp. 1243–1253, September 1999.

Bibliography
 N.L. Johnson and S.Kotz, (1977) "Urn Models and Their Application." John Wiley.
 Hosam Mahmoud, (2008) "Pólya Urn Models." Chapman and Hall/CRC. .

Probabilistic models

Pólya urn model


Enrico Salvatori (1852 in Naples – ?) was an Italian sculptor.

He studied at the Academy of Naples under the professor Stanislao Lista. In London he exhibited the following works: Diana the Hunter; Pastor fido; Plato; Narcisus; Homer; and Berenice, and obtained a diploma of second class with a silver medal. To a Rome Exposition, he sent Head of Dante which won a bronze medal. In 1885 Paris he exhibited; Brutus and Cicero which won bronze medal and honorable mention respectively. The bust of Cicero was once kept in the Hall of the Council of Lawyers in Naples. In 1888 at Copenhagen, he exhibits: Il Fauno sonante i piattini for which he was awarded diploma of honor, as well as winning awards at exhibitions of Liverpool and Paris. Lastly in 1884 at Turin, he obtained honorable mention for: Un Narciso Pompeiano and Two Cups.

References

1852 births
19th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
Year of death missing
19th-century Italian male artists

Enrico Salvatori


Jorge Mario Liderman (November 16, 1957 – February 3, 2008) was an Argentine-born American composer. He was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship in 2003 to partially fund a new work for Duo46 titled Aires de Sefarad: 46 Spanish Songs for Violin and Guitar. Jorge went on to compose a second set of 46 songs for Duo46 titled Aires de Sefarad II shortly before his untimely death in 2008. He taught composition at the University of California, Berkeley.

Life
Jorge Liderman was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1957. He studied at the Rubin School of Music in Jerusalem and earned a doctorate in composition from the University of Chicago in 1988. He joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley, in 1989.

He died February 3, 2008, in an apparent suicide, struck by an incoming train at the  Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station in El Cerrito.

Selected works

Orchestral
Shir Eres (1984)
Song of Songs (2001), cantata for soprano, tenor, female chorus & chamber orchestra
Open Strings for guitar orchestra & electric bass

Operatic
Antigona Furiosa (1991), libretto by the composer after the drama by Griselda Gambaro, performed at the third Munich Biennale

Chamber
Aires de Sefarad (2004) - 46 Sephardic songs for Duo46, violin and guitar
Aires de Sefarad II (2007) - 46 Sephardic songs for Duo46, violin and guitar
Draft (1998) for piano, violin and tuned percussion
Furthermore. . . (2006) concerto for violin and chamber ensemble
Piano Quintet (2002)
Puncti, Belly, Etc., Etc... (1986)
String Quartet No. 1 (1985)
String Quartet No. 3 (1994)
Swirling Streams, for guitar, bass clarinet & string trio
That is already... for solo piano
Tropes IV (1994) for solo piano
Walking Dances for David Tanenbaum, guitar
Wind Up Toys for two pianos
Yzkor (1991)

Notes

External links
 Jorge Liderman, Official Website
 obit at SF Classical Voice
 UCB press release
 Chronicle update

1957 births
2008 deaths
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Jewish American classical composers
Jewish Argentine musicians
Argentine emigrants to the United States
Argentine expatriates in Israel
Argentine Jews
Composers from Buenos Aires
Suicides in California
Suicides by train
Railway accident deaths in the United States
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
University of Chicago alumni
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
2008 suicides
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

Jorge Liderman


Hédervár is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.

Description

The village settled in the Szigetköz in Győr-Moson-Sopron country halfway along the road connecting Győr and Mosonmagyaróvár. Its emergence can be associated with the German Héder – the founder of the Héderváry family – moving to Hungary. It was first mentioned in a charter in 1210.

In spite of the relatively late written mention it is certain that it had been a village centuries before. It may have been the only village in the Szigetköz, which has survived at its original location in the Arpadian age.

The Héderváry family established a family centre on the so-called "Jewish hill" as early as in the 13th century. It started to flourish at an early time, and its castle was also further extended, and the "Boldogasszony" chapel (Blessed Virgin), its family funeral place was also built in the first half of the following century. A charter issued in 1443 already recorded the settlement as on oppidum.

Favourable development was halted by the appearance of the Turks in Hungary. The situation of the oppidum was further worsened by the borrowings of the Héderváry family, and also by the fact that Lőrinc, the Ban of Nándorfehérvár left the fortress during the Turkish siege of 1521.

This was coupled by the fact that the family did not recognize the political power structures in Western Transdanubia, and during the pretenders' struggle for the throne, trey supported the loser János Szapolyai against Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. Their series of bad decisions resulted in the loss of their estates and also Hédervár in Szigetköz. Their properties were given to the Bakics family from Serbia.

The first thing the new owners did was to ruin the centre of the Héderváry family, and to forcefully spread the new faith of the Protestant religion.

The settlement suffered a terrible blow by the unsuccessful Siege of Vienna by the Turks in 1529. After their retreat, Lőrinc Héderváry, who supported the wrong side, was captured, and could only regain his estates with the support of his lord, Ferdinánd I.. After he was freed in 1535. He immediately set about reconstructing the Héderváry family's centre, and the castle was completed in 1578.

The resettlement of the estate could only become successful by the joint efforts of the Héderváry, Révay and Czobor families after 1600.

After the resettlement, the settlement was further afflicted by the plundering Haiduks, and Germans, the second lost campaign of the Turks in the 1683 Battle of Vienna, the floods of the Danube, and the epidemics.

Its situation at the time was further aggravated by the forceful counter-reformation. István Héderváry strengthened the castle in 1643, and the palatine once again endowed the privilege of an oppidum upon the settlement.

After the extinction of the male line of the Héderváry family, Katalin Héderváry received the rights of a male heir, and the estate fell into the hands of the Viczay-Héderváry family. The 18th century brought along reconstruction in the life of the oppidum. The castle was reconstructed intro a chateaux, and a beautiful park was created around it. The number of the population increased.

(18th-20th century events)

From 1983 till 1997 the chateaux gave home for artists (sculpture, painters) creating house. At present, the building is the property of Hungarian Creative Artist Public Foundation, and is functioning as a Hotel.

Castle Hotel Hédervár
Castle Hotel Hedervar is located between Györ and Mosonmagyarovar, only 50 Minutes from Vienna Airport, 45 Minutes from Bratislava and 1,5 hours from Budapest. The castle hotel offers a renaissance atmosphere where you can spend unforgettable days. The four-star castle hotel can be easily reached from Vienna, Bratislava and from Budapest on the M1 motorway. From the motorway you have to take Exit 142 (Lébény). Then it is only about 15 km drive on the country road to Hédervár.

External links
 Hédervár
 Castle Hotel Hédervár
 Gallery
 Street map

Populated places in Győr-Moson-Sopron County
Hédervári family

Hédervár


Freiburg Minster () is the cathedral of Freiburg im Breisgau, southwest Germany. The last duke of Zähringen had started the building around 1200 in romanesque style. The construction continued in 1230 in Gothic style. The minster was partly built on the foundations of an original church that had been there from the beginning of Freiburg, in 1120.

In the Middle Ages, Freiburg lay in the Diocese of Konstanz. In 1827, Freiburg Minster became the seat of the newly erected Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg, and thus a cathedral.

Architecture

The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt once said that the church's 116-meter tower will forever remain the most beautiful spire on earth. His remark gave rise to the frequently heard misquote of the most beautiful tower in the whole of Christianity.

The tower is nearly square at the base, and at its centre is the dodecagonal star gallery. Above this gallery, the tower is octagonal and tapered, and above this, is the spire.

It is the only Gothic church tower in Germany that was completed in the Middle Ages (1330), and has lasted until the present, surviving the bombing raids of November 1944, which destroyed all of the houses on the west and north side of the market. The tower was subject to severe vibration at the time, and its survival of these vibrations is attributed to its lead anchors, which connect the sections of the spire. The windows had been taken out of the spire at the time by church staff led by Monsignor Max Fauler, and so these also suffered no damage.

Freiburg Minster was not the seat of a bishop until 1827, long after it was built.

The tower has 16 bells, the oldest being the "Hosanna" bell from 1258, which weighs 3,290 kilograms. This bell can be heard on Thursday evening after the Angelus, on Friday at 11:00 am (a time consequently known as "Spätzleglocke"), on Saturday evenings, and each year on 27 November in remembrance of the air raid.

Interior

There are two important altars inside the cathedral: the high altar of Hans Baldung, and another altar of Hans Holbein the Younger in a side chapel.

The inner portal contains sculptures of the Ten Virgins.

The nave windows were donated by the guilds, and the symbols of the guilds are featured on them. The deep red color in some of the windows is not the result of a dye, but instead the result of a suspension of solid gold nanoparticles.

In 2003, the Lenten cloth was restored and backed with a supporting material. It now weighs over a ton, and so must be carried from the workshop with heavy machinery for its use during Lent.

Bells
The cathedral holds 19 bells, altogether 25 tonnes, making it one of the largest peals in Germany.

Burials
Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen
The Locherer family (altarpiece by Hans Sixt)

Legal situation
From the time of its construction, the cathedral was not owned by the Roman Catholic Church but by the people of Freiburg. In the Middle Ages, the situation changed so that the building was self-owned, and administered by a guardian appointed by the people of the city. More recently, the Münsterbauverein association was created, which now legally owns the cathedral.

Conservation

For the conservation of the cathedral, the Freiburger Münsterbauverein ("Freiburg Minster-Upkeep Association") was established. The association invests several million euros each year in the care and maintenance of the building and its interior. The present architect in charge is Yvonne Faller and the chair of the association is Sven von Ungern-Sternberg.

Gallery

See also
The Ten Virgins
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century

External links

 Cathedral windows

References

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Baden-Württemberg
Minster
Gothic architecture in Germany
Tourist attractions in Freiburg im Breisgau
Burial sites of the House of Zähringen

Freiburg Minster


Cultural pluralism is a term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, whereby their values and practices are accepted by the dominant culture, provided such are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society. As a sociological term, the definition and description of cultural pluralism has evolved. It has been described as not only a fact but a societal goal.

Pluralist culture
In a pluralist culture, groups not only co-exist side by side but also consider qualities of other groups as traits worth having in the dominant culture. Pluralistic societies place strong expectations of integration on members, rather than expectations of assimilation. The existence of such institutions and practices is possible if the cultural communities are accepted by the larger society in a pluralist culture and sometimes require the protection of the law. Often, the acceptance of a culture may require that the new or minority culture remove some aspects of their culture which is incompatible with the laws or values of the dominant culture. The pluralist Hamed Kazemzadeh argues that the concept of pluralist culture has been prevalent since ancient times; for example, the Achaemenid Empire, which was founded by Cyrus the Great, successfully followed a policy of incorporating and tolerating various cultures.

Distinction from multiculturalism
Cultural pluralism is distinct from multiculturalism, which lacks the requirement of a dominant culture. If the dominant culture is weakened, societies can easily pass from cultural pluralism into multiculturalism without any intentional steps being taken by that society. If communities function separately from each other, or compete with one another, they are not considered culturally pluralistic.

In 1971, the Canadian government referred to cultural pluralism, as opposed to multiculturalism, as the "very essence" of the nation's identity. Cultural pluralism can be practiced at varying degrees by a group or an individual. A prominent example of pluralism is the United States, in which a dominant culture with strong elements of nationalism, a sporting culture, and an artistic culture contained also smaller groups with their own ethnic, religious, and cultural norms.

History
The notion of cultural pluralism in the United States has its roots in the transcendentalist movement, and was developed by pragmatist philosophers such as Horace Kallen, William James, and John Dewey. Randolph Bourne, a later theorist, provided one of the most famous articulations of cultural pluralism through his 1916 essay, "Trans-National America".

Kallen is widely credited as being the originator of the concept of cultural pluralism. His 1915 essay in The Nation, titled "Democracy versus the Melting Pot", was written as an argument against the concept of the 'Americanization' of European immigrants. He coined the term cultural pluralism, itself, in 1924 through his Culture and Democracy in the United States.

In 1976, the concept was further explored by Merwin Crawford Young in The Politics of Cultural Pluralism. Young's work, in African studies, emphasizes the flexibility of the definition of cultural pluralism within a society. More recent advocates include moral and cultural anthropologist Richard Shweder.

A 1976 article in the Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare offered a redefinition of cultural pluralism, described as a social condition in which communities of different cultures live together and function in an open system.

References

Further reading

Pluralism
Social theories
Majority–minority relations

Cultural pluralism


Torus removal surgery is a surgical procedure performed to remove one or more extra protuberances of bone either on the palate or the mandible.  Although such segments of extra bone are not harmful in any way in and of themselves, their presence may present a problem for those patients who require certain types of dental prostheses, such as complete or partial dentures.

References

Oral surgery

Torus removal surgery


The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their subdivisions (such as the Crown Dependencies, overseas territories, provinces, or states). The term can be used to refer to the office of the monarch or the monarchy as institutions, to the rule of law, or to the functions of executive (the crown-in-council), legislative (the crown-in-parliament), and judicial (the crown on the bench) governance and the civil service.

The concept of the crown as a corporation sole developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the physical crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch. It spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the legal lexicon of all 15 Commonwealth realms, their various dependencies, and states in free association with them. It is not to be confused with any physical crown, such as those of the British regalia.

The term is also found in various expressions such as crown land, which some countries refer to as public land or state land; as well as in some offices, such as minister of the crown, crown attorney, and crown prosecutor.

Definition
The term the crown does not have a single definition. Legal scholars Maurice Sunkin and Sebastian Payne opined, "the nature of the crown has been taken for granted, in part because it is fundamental and, in part, because many academics have no idea what the term the crown amounts to". Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson theorised that the crown is "an amorphous, abstract concept" and, thus, "impossible to define", while William Wade stated the crown "means simply the Queen". Warren J. Newman described the Crown is "a useful and convenient means of conveying, in a word, the compendious formal, executive and administrative powers and apparatus attendant upon the modern constitutional and monarchical state." The Lord Simon of Glaisdale stated, "the crown is a piece of bejewelled headgear under guard at the Tower of London; but, one that symbolises the powers of government, which were formerly wielded by the wearer of the crown". The Lord Diplock suggested the crown means "the government [and] all of the ministers and parliamentary secretaries under whose direction the administrative work of the government is carried out by the civil servants employed in the various government departments." This interpretation was supported by Section 8 of the Pensions (Colonial Service) Act 1887, which set the terms "permanent civil service of the state", "permanent civil service of Her Majesty" and "permanent civil service of the Crown" as having the same meaning.

Concept

The concept of the crown took form under the feudal system. Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights and privileges were ultimately bestowed by the ruler. Land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage: owners of land held as socage held it subject only to the crown. When such lands become ownerless, they are said to escheat; i.e. return to direct ownership of the crown (crown lands).  is the royal prerogative by which unowned property, primarily unclaimed inheritances, becomes the property of the crown.

As such, the physical crown and the property belonging to successive monarchs in perpetuity came to be separated from the person of the monarch and his or her personal property. After several centuries of the monarch personally exercising supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power, these functions decreased as parliaments, ministries, and courts grew through the 13th century. The term the crown then developed into a means by which to differentiate the sovereign's official functions from his personal choices and actions. Even within mediaeval England, there was the doctrine of capacities separating the person of the King from his actions in the capacity of monarch, but this fell into disuse.

When the kingdom of England merged with those of Scotland and
Ireland, the concept extended into the legal lexicons of the United
Kingdom and its dependencies and overseas territories and, eventually, all of the independent Commonwealth realms. There are, thus, now many distinct crowns, as a legal concept, "worn by"—or many different offices of monarch occupied by—one person as sovereign of each country. However, the Crown can also mean the international institution shared by all 15 Commonwealth realms.

Given that, in each realm, and at its broadest, the crown now means the government or the polity known as the state and the monarch, in all realms, is the living embodiment of the crown, the sovereign is regarded as the personification of the state. The body of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence, an ancient theory of the "King's two bodies"—the body natural (subject to infirmity and death) and the body politic (which never dies). The crown and the monarch are "conceptually divisible but legally indivisible [...] The office cannot exist without the office-holder".

The terms the state, the Crown, the Crown in Right of [jurisdiction], His Majesty the King in Right of [jurisdiction], and similar, are all synonymous and the monarch's legal personality is sometimes referred to simply as the relevant jurisdiction's name. (In countries using systems of government derived from Roman civil law, the state is the equivalent concept to the crown.) However, the terms the sovereign or monarch and the crown, though related, have different meanings: The crown includes both the monarch and the government. The institution and powers of the crown are vested in the king, but, generally, its functions are exercised in the sovereign's name by ministers of the crown drawn from and responsible to the elected chamber of parliament.

Still, the king or queen is the employer of all government officials and staff (including the viceroys, judges, members of the armed forces, police officers, and parliamentarians), the guardian of foster children (crown wards), as well as the owner of all state lands (crown land), buildings and equipment (crown-held property), state-owned companies (crown corporations), and the copyright for government publications (crown copyright). This is all in his or her position as sovereign, not as an individual; all such property is held by the crown in perpetuity and cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper advice and consent of his or her relevant ministers.

The crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the crown's legal personality is usually regarded as a corporation sole, it can, at least for some purposes, be described as a corporation aggregate headed by the monarch. Frederic William Maitland argued the crown in the UK is a corporation aggregate embracing the government and the "whole political community". J.G. Allen preferred to view the crown as a corporation sole; one office occupied by a single person, enduring "through generations of incumbents and, historically, lends coherence to a network of other institutions of a similar nature." Canadian academic Philippe Lagassé found the crown "acts in various capacities, as such: crown-in-council (executive); crown-in-parliament (legislative); crown-in-court (judicial). It is also an artificial person and office as a corporation sole. At its most basic, 'the crown' is in the UK what is most other countries is 'the state'."

Divisibility of the crown

Historically, the crown was considered to be indivisible. Two judgments—Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta (EWCA, 1982) and Ex parte Quark (House of Lords, 2005)—challenged that view. Today, the crown is considered separate in every country, province, state, or territory, regardless of its degree of independence, that has the shared monarch as part of the respective country's government; though, limitations on the power of the monarch in right of each territory vary according to relevant laws, thus making the difference between full sovereignty, semi-sovereignty, dependency, etc. The Lords of Appeal wrote, "the Queen is as much the Queen of New South Wales and Mauritius and other territories acknowledging her as head of state as she is of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom."

The crown in each of the Commonwealth realms is a similar, but separate, legal concept. To distinguish the institution's role in one jurisdiction from its place in another, Commonwealth law employs the expression the Crown in Right of [place]; for example, the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom, the Crown in Right of Canada, the Crown in Right of the Commonwealth of Australia, etc. Because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each Canadian province and each Australian state. When referring to the Crown in multiple jurisdictions, wording is typically akin to "the Crown in right of [place], and all its other capacities".

The powers of a realm's crown are exercised either by the monarch, personally, or by his or her representative on the advice of the appropriate local ministers, legislature, or judges, none of which may advise the crown in any other realm.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, the term the Crown () is used to mostly mean the authority of government; its meaning changes in different contexts. In the context of people considering the claims and settlements related to the Treaty of Waitangi, professor of history Alan Ward defines the Crown as "the people of New Zealand—including Māori themselves—acted through elected parliament and government."

Crown Dependencies
In the Bailiwick of Guernsey, legislation refers to the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey or the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick and the law officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that, "the Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey" and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the monarch, for the governance of these islands, including the states of Guernsey and legislatures in the other islands, the royal court and other courts, the lieutenant governor, parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council".

In the Bailiwick of Jersey, statements by the law officers of the Crown define the Crown's operation in that jurisdiction as the Crown in Right of Jersey, with all Crown land in the Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in Right of Jersey and not to the Crown Estate of the United Kingdom. The Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the Perth Agreement in Jersey law, as the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Jersey.

Legislation in the Isle of Man also defines the Crown in Right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom.

British Overseas Territories
Following the Lords' decision in Ex parte Quark, 2005, it is held that the King, in exercising his authority over British Overseas Territories, does not act on the advice of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, but, in his role as king of each territory, with the exception of fulfilling the UK's international responsibilities for its territories. To comply with the court's decision, the territorial governors now act on the advice of each territory's executive and the UK government can no longer disallow legislation passed by territorial legislatures.

In the courts

In criminal proceedings, the state is the prosecuting party; the case is usually designated (in case citation) as R v [defendant], where R can stand for either rex (if the current monarch is male) or regina (if the monarch is female), and the v stands for versus. For example, a criminal case against Smith might be referred to as R v Smith and verbally read as "the crown against Smith".

The crown is, in general, immune to prosecution and civil lawsuits. So, R is rarely (albeit sometimes) seen on the right hand side of the 'v' in the first instance. To pursue a case against alleged unlawful activity by the government, a case in judicial review is brought by the crown against a minister on the application of a claimant. The titles of these cases now follow the pattern of R (on the application of [X]) v [Y], notated as R ([X]) v [Y], for short. Thus, R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union is R (on the application of Miller and other) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, where "Miller" is Gina Miller, a citizen. Until the end of the 20th century, such case titles used the pattern R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, ex parte Miller. Either form may be abbreviated R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union.

In Scotland, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the lord advocate (or the relevant procurator fiscal) in the name of the Crown. Accordingly, the abbreviation HMA is used in the High Court of Justiciary for His/Her Majesty's Advocate, in place of rex or regina; as in, HMA v Al Megrahi and Fahima.

Most jurisdictions in Australia use R or The King (or The Queen) in criminal cases. If the Crown is the respondent to an appeal, the words The King will be spelled out, instead of using the abbreviation R (i.e. the case name at trial would be R v Smith; if the defendant appeals against the Crown, the case name would be Smith v The King). In Western Australia and Tasmania, prosecutions will be brought in the name of the respective state instead of the Crown (e.g. The State of Western Australia v Smith). Victorian trials in the original jurisdiction will be brought in the name of the director of public prosecutions. The Commonwealth director of public prosecutions may choose which name to bring the proceeding in. Judges usually refer to the prosecuting party as simply "the prosecution" in the text of judgments. In civil cases where the Crown is a party, it is a customary to list the body politic (e.g. State of Queensland or Commonwealth of Australia) or the appropriate government minister as the party, instead. When a case is announced in court, the clerk or bailiff may refer to the Crown orally as our sovereign lord the king (or our sovereign lady the queen).

In reporting on court proceedings in New Zealand, news reports will refer to the prosecuting lawyer (often called a Crown prosecutor, as in Canada and the United Kingdom) as representing the Crown; usages such as, "for the Crown, Joe Bloggs argued", being common.

The crown can also be a plaintiff or defendant in civil actions to which the government of the Commonwealth realm in question is a party. Such crown proceedings are often subject to specific rules and limitations, such as the enforcement of judgments against the crown.  lawsuits on behalf of the crown were once common, but have been unusual since the Common Informers Act 1951 ended the practice of allowing such suits by common informers.

Crown forces
The term crown forces has been applied by militant Irish republicans to British-authorised security forces on the island of Ireland, including the British Armed Forces and armed police such as the Royal Ulster Constabulary, which are seen as enemy combatants or an occupation force. Irish nationalists may apply crown forces to earlier forces raised by the Dublin Castle administration at intervals since the Tudor conquest of Ireland to suppress various Irish uprisings.

See also

 Crown Court

Further reading

Notes

References

British Overseas Territories
Commonwealth of Nations
Commonwealth realms
Common law
Monarchy
Legal fictions

The Crown


A Marilyn is a mountain or hill in the British Isles (including Ireland) with a relative height of at least 150 metres (492 ft). The name was coined as an ironic contrast to the designation Munro, that is used of a Scottish mountain with a height of more than 3,000 feet, which is homophonous with (Marilyn) Monroe.

There are currently 1556 Marilyns identified in Great Britain and surrounding islands: 1218 in Scotland, 174 in England, 159 in Wales and 5 on the Isle of Man.

Many of the largest hills are Marilyns, including Ben Nevis, Scafell Pike and Snowdon. On the other hand, many large hills, including some Munros, and other well-known hills are not Marilyns because they do not meet the relative height criterion, like Scafell, Bow Fell in the Lake District and four thousand footers Cairngorm and Aonach Mor in Scotland.

Other websites
 Marilyn News Centre
 Lakes24 24 Marilyns in 24 hours in the English Lake District

Hills  of the United Kingdom
+
Geography of Ireland

Marilyn (hill)


The 1915–16 National Challenge Cup was the third tournament of the modern-day Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. Bethlehem Steel won its second consecutive championship. The entries for the competition were to be made by midnight September 30, 1915. The draw for the qualifying and first rounds was made on October 2, 1915. The tournament schedule was originally set for the qualifying round to take place on or before October 24; first round, November 14; second round, December 12; third round, January 16, 1916; fourth round, March 5; semis, April 2, and final on April 30.

Bracket
Home teams listed on top of bracket

a) aggregate after 3 games
b) forfeit replay

Final

 Bill Duncan
 Sam Fletcher
 Jock Ferguson
 Thomas Murray
 James Campbell
 Bob Morrison (c)
 Samuel MacDonald
 Fred Pepper
 Neil Clarke
 Paddy Butler
 Tommy Fleming
 Manager:  Horace Lewis
 Chick Albion
 Frank Booth
 Charles Burns
 Frederick Burns
 Pierre Bouchard
 William Stone
 Arthur Morgan
 John Sullivan
 John Dalton
 Thomas Swords (c)
 Oliva Garant
 Manager:  Randolph Howarth

See also
1916 American Cup

Sources
USOpenCup.com

External links
 Open Cup Finals

Nat
U.S. Open Cup
1916 domestic association football cups

1915–16 National Challenge Cup


Margaret Barton (born 27 May 1926 in Finsbury Park, London) is a British actress. She is best known for her role in the 1945 David Lean movie Brief Encounter in which she played Beryl Walters, a girl who works in the train station cafe.

Early career
Barton began acting in the theatre at the age of 12. Because she was small for her age, during World War 2 she became known for playing children and young people. At 17 she appeared in Pink String and Sealing Wax at the Duke of York's Theatre and remembered performing while doodlebugs flew overhead. While on the West End stage she was spotted by David Lean and Noël Coward and cast for the part of Beryl in Brief Encounter. Her scenes were shot at Denham Film Studios and for other scenes she was invited by Lean to watch from behind the camera.

Post-war
After the war, Barton continued acting on stage, in movie and for television. She married Raymond James; their son, Michael, died of cancer at the age of 30 and his parents set up the Michael James Music Trust in his memory. Raymond James died in 2016, aged 93. Barton lives in Dorset, where she runs a tea room, and still receives many letters relating to Brief Encounter.

Selected filmography
 Brief Encounter (1945)
 Temptation Harbour (1947)
 Good-Time Girl (1948)
 Landfall (1949)
 The Romantic Age (1949)
 The Happy Family (1952)
 The Gay Dog (1954)

References

Other websites

1926 births
Living people
English movie actors
Actors from London

Margaret Barton


Vasco Pratolini (19 October 1913 – 12 January 1991) was an Italian writer of the 20th century.
He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature three times.

Biography
Born in Florence, Pratolini worked at various jobs before entering the literary world thanks to his acquaintance with Elio Vittorini. In 1938 he founded, together with Alfonso Gatto, the magazine Campo di Marte. His work is based on firm political principles and much of it is rooted in the ordinary life and sentiments of ordinary, modest working-class people in Florence.

During World War II, he fought with the Italian partisans against the German occupation. After the war he also worked in the cinema, collaborating as screenwriter to films such as Luchino Visconti's Rocco e i suoi fratelli , Roberto Rossellini's Paisà and Nanni Loy's Le quattro giornate di Napoli. In 1954 and 1961 Valerio Zurlini turned two of his novels, Le ragazze di San Frediano and Cronaca familiare, into films.

The Soviet composer Kirill Molchanov produced the Russian-language opera Via del Corno (Улица дель Корно) based on an anti-fascist story by Pratolini, to his own Russian libretto in Moscow, 1960.

His most important literary works are the novels Cronaca familiare (1947), Cronache di poveri amanti (1947) and Metello (1955).

He died in Rome in 1991.

Works

 Il tappeto verde (1941)
 Via de' magazzini (1941)
 Le amiche (1943)
 Il quartiere (1943), translated as The Naked Streets (USA) or A Tale of Santa Croce (UK)
 Cronaca familiare (1947), translated as "Family Chronicle" or Two Brothers
 Cronache di poveri amanti (1947), translated as A Tale of Two Poor Lovers
 Diario sentimentale (1947)
 Mestiere da vagabondo, 1947 (collection of stories)
 Un eroe del nostro tempo (1947), translated in 1951 by Eric Mosbacher as "A Hero of Our Time"
 Le ragazze di San Frediano (1949), translated as The Girls of Sanfrediano
 La domenica della povera gente (1952)
 Lungo viaggio di Natale (1954)
 Metello (1955), translated by Raymond Rosenthal in 1968
 Lo scialo (1960)
 La costanza della ragione (1963), translated as Bruno Santini. A Novel
 Allegoria e derisione (1966)
 La mia città ha trent'anni (1967)
 Il mannello di Natascia (1985)

References

External links
Biography
 Martha King's English translation of  Cronaca familiare as  Family Chronicle.

1913 births
1991 deaths
Writers from Florence
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian male writers
20th-century Italian screenwriters
Italian male screenwriters
Italian anti-fascists
Viareggio Prize winners
Italian magazine founders

Vasco Pratolini


Jaime Manrique (born 16 June 1949) is a bilingual Colombian American novelist, poet, essayist, educator, and translator. His work is a representation of his cultural upbringing and heritage mixed with the flavors of his education in English. A primary distinction of his work comes from his bilingualism, and his choice to write in both English and Spanish. Many of his novels are published in English whereas his poetry is often printed and shared in Spanish. Manrique's writing covers a variety of themes and topics with some of his more notable works ranging from talking about his father's corpse and the adventures of a young gay Colombian immigrant. Therefore, Manrique's personal life and experiences can clearly be visualized in his writing and appreciated in his bilingual works.

Background
Manrique was born in Barranquilla, Colombia. He lived his childhood between the city of his birth and Bogotá. In 1966, he emigrated with his mother to Lakeland, Florida. He received a B.A. in English literature at the University of South Florida in 1972.

In 1974, Manrique met Pauline Kael, The New Yorker'''s film critic, with whom he began a friendship that lasted until her death in 2001. His book Notas de Cine: Confesiones de un Crítico Amateur (1979), is dedicated to Kael.

In 1977, Manrique received permission from the Argentine novelist Manuel Puig to join a workshop that Puig taught at Columbia University. Manrique was working on El cadáver de papá (1980). Puig encouraged him to continue writing fiction when he said that he liked his writing because "it came from under the epidermis." They became friends after that. Manrique described their friendship in The Writer As Diva, an essay included in Eminent Maricones.

Also in 1977, Manrique met the American painter Bill Sullivan. The couple lived between Colombia and Venezuela until the end of 1979. Until Sullivan's death in 2010, they remained partners.

Jaime Manrique began his career as university professor in the US in 1987 at the Eugene Lang College of The New School for Social Research (The New School). His career as educator continues to this day.

Writing career
His first poetry volume Los Adoradores de la Luna, won Colombia's National Poetry Award in 1975. His first novel published in English was Colombian Gold in 1983. In 1992 he published Latin Moon in Manhattan. About this novel James Dao wrote in The New York Times:  "A picaresque tale about a gay Colombian immigrant's adventures among hookers, self-made millionaires, narcotics traffickers and elderly book mavens..." and also stated that "the novel is hardly intended to portray the "typical" immigrant experience."In 1995 he published My Night with Federico García Lorca (Lambda Book Award Finalist), about which John Ashbery said, "Memories of an ecstatic childhood—walks by the sea, 'a happy mambo,' eating deceptive tropical fruits—merge with those of recent loves in these luscious, incantatory poems." In 1997 appeared the novel Twilight at the Equator which Ilan Stavans in The Washington Post called "He is, after all, the most accomplished gay Latino writer of his generation, a picaro prone to shock his readers by testing the moral standards of his time."In 1999 he published Maricones Eminentes (Arenas, Lorca, Puig and Me) for which he received a Guggenheim Fellowship. About Maricones Eminentes Ilan Stavans said in The Washington Post that the book is "his sterling examination, through short narrative lives, of the gender wars in the Hispanic world. ...Posterity is a puzzle, of course. Whether this volume will last I cannot say, but that it should I have no doubt." And Susan Sontag said "A splendid memoir of Manuel Puig. It evokes him—how he really was—better than anything I've read." In 1999 he also The Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artist award. In 2006 he published Our lives are the Rivers about which the San Francisco Chronicle wrote "A compelling story that melds history and biography into the context of a passionate love affair, Our Lives Are the Rivers is a masterful piece of historical fiction." The novel received The International Latino Book Award (Best historical novel 2007).

In 2012 Manrique published Cervantes Street (Akashic Books, 2012). About the novel The Wall Street Journal said "Cervantes Street is exciting to read...Under Mr. Manrique's pen, the world of renaissance Spain and the Mediterranean is made vivid, its surface cracking with sudden violence and cruelty...This novel can be read as a generous salute across the centuries from one writer to another, as a sympathetic homage and recommendation... Cervantes Street brings to life the real world behind the fantastic exploits of the knight of La Mancha. The comic mishaps are funnier for being based in fact. The romantic adventures are more affecting. Cervantes Street has sent me back to Don Quixote." Junot Díaz said about the novel "A sprawling vivacious big-hearted novel. Manrique is fantastically talented". And Sandra Cisneros said "Cervantes Street, Jaime Manrique's magnificent novel, is a fabulous tale of the life of Miguel de Cervantes, an extraordinary portrait of a writer's life created from fact and imagination. I read it in bed over two or three days, never wanting the tale to end. Manrique is our Scheherazade."Manrique novels, poemas and essays have been translated into English, Spanish, Hebrew, Polish, Turkish, Japanese, Chinese, German, Russian, Portuguese, Italian, Dutch, and other languages.

 Personal ideology
Jaime Manrique's bilingual background allows him to publish works in both English and Spanish. There is a distinguishing characteristic between Jaime Manrique's works in the two languages. The fictional works written by Jamie Manrique are published in English, and the poetry written by Manrique is published in Spanish. Jaime Manrique separates his writing in this way as writing in each individual language provides different contextual and emotional meaning. Manrique's works published in English tend to categorically fall into areas of a more public domain where the thoughts and ideas presented are meant to be more easily digestible and understood. However, unlike works written in English, Manrique's Spanish written works are in nature more personal and private language. Since Spanish is Jamie Manrique's native language, the thoughts shared in his shared Spanish poetry tend to portray deeper anecdotal values.

 Homosexuality
A significant detail of some writings by Jaime Manrique is the choice inclusion of themes of homosexuality and homoerotiscm. Within Jaime Manrique's poetry book, Los Adoradores de la Luna, there are visible expressions of homosexuality. These expressions of homosexuality and homoerotiscm stem largely from the speaker of the poems being an androgynous person. The reason for this androgyny is in part due to the structure of the Spanish language. Because of the pronoun forms of the Spanish language, this allows the reader to interpret the sex of the speaker based on individual choice. A particular example of this effect in the poem collection, Los Adoradores de la Luna, is in the use of the words "te amaba" which could be perceived as spoken from a male or female since this form hold both the masculine and feminine parts of speech.

Another factor that attributes to the visibility of homosexuality and queer representation is through the embodiment of a metaphysical love. This abstract form of love takes shape in multiple ways within poems written by Manrique. Commonly, these states and figures share Manrique's views on the complexities of love and the emotions surrounding it. The love resembles how queer individuals of this time might feel whether the feelings are positive or negative. An example of this is in the poem, "Los lobos", which focuses on wolves as seen by the title. The wolves express tones of danger and darkness which portrays how Manrique seeks to share some enchanting features of love. However, the wolves serve as two toned symbols as they can be seen as guides through the darkness and function on the trust of the pack. As well, the use of wolves is not the only example of how Manrique writes of complex love in queer culture.

Although the poem collections are the primary example where homosexuality and homoerotiscm can be seen in Jaime Manrique's work. This does not exclude his novels as well. The diction and emotion are paralleled in his poetry and his books. However, there are some key differences in the way the material is presented. Manrique's work is a combination of his current culture and upbringing which shines through the Spanish poetry and English written texts uniquely. The ability of Manrique as author to write in both languages and also create unified and individualistic themes distinguishes his work.

Teaching career

He has taught at The New School for Social Research, 1978-1980 (Writer in Residence); Mount Holyoke College, 1995 (Writer in Residence in the Spanish Department); Columbia University, 2002 – 2008 (Associate Professor in The MFA in Writing); Rutgers University, 2009 (Visiting Writer in the MFA Program in Writing); and The City College of New York, 2012 – to the present (Distinguished Lecturer in the Department of Classic and modern Languages and Literatures)

WorksLike This Afternoon Forever, 2019Como esta tarde para siempre, 2018
 El libro de los muertos, poemas selectos 1973-2015, 2016
 Cervantes Street, 2012
 Our Lives Are the Rivers, 2006
 The Autobiography of Bill Sullivan, 2006
 Tarzan My Body Christopher Columbus, 2001
 Eminent Maricones:Arenas, Lorca, Puig, and Me, 1999
 Mi cuerpo y otros poemas, 1999
 Twilight at the Equator, 1997
 Sor Juana's Love Poems, 1997
 My Night with Federico García Lorca, 1995
 Latin Moon in Manhattan, 1995
 Scarecrow, 1990
 Colombian Gold:A Novel of Power and Corruption, 1983
 El cadáver de papá, 1980
 Notas de cine:confesiones de un crítico amateur, 1979
 Los adoradores de la luna, 1977

 Prizes and awards

 2019: Bill Whitehead Award for Lifetime Achievement for Like This Afternoon Forever''

See also
 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of Colombian writers
 List of LGBT writers
 List of LGBT people from New York City

References

Bibliography

External links
 Official Website

Wikipedia Student Program
1949 births
Living people
American male poets
Columbia University faculty
American gay writers
Hispanic and Latino American poets
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
American LGBT poets
Mount Holyoke College faculty
New York University faculty
Writers from New York City
20th-century American poets
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American poets
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Hispanic and Latino American novelists
American LGBT novelists
Gay poets

Jaime Manrique


China Biologic Products, Inc., through its indirect majority-owned subsidiary Shandong Taibang, is the only blood plasma-based biopharmaceutical company approved by the government of Shandong Province, the second largest province in China with a population of 93 million. The company is engaged in research, manufacturing, and sale of plasma-based biopharmaceutical products to hospitals and other health care facilities in China. Plasma-based human albumin is used mainly to increase blood volume while Immunoglobulin is used for disease prevention and treatment.

External links
Company website
Press release: China Biologic Announces Completion of Going Private Transaction

Biopharmaceutical companies
Biotechnology companies of China
Manufacturing companies based in Beijing
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq

China Biologic Products


Melaleuca bracteosa is a low, spreading shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has tiny, fleshy, non-prickly leaves and cream flowerheads.

Description
Melaleuca bracteosa is sometimes an erect shrub to a height of  but is more usually a low, dense spreading shrub to about . Its leaves are narrow oval in shape,  long and , glabrous, bright green and fleshy with a blunt tip.

The flowers are usually bright cream coloured but sometimes white or mauve-pink. They are in heads, sometimes on the ends of branches and sometimes on the sides of the stem, each head about  in diameter and containing 5 to 20 individual flowers. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower, each bundle containing 3 to 8 stamens. The flowering season lasts from August to November and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules  long.

Taxonomy and naming
This species was first formally described in 1847 by the Russian botanist Nikolai Turczaninow in Bulletin de la classe physico-mathematique de l'Academie Imperiale des sciences de Saint-Petersburg. The specific epithet (bracteosa) is from the Latin bractea, meaning bract, referring to the persistent bracts of the flowers.

Distribution and habitat
This melaleuca occurs from the Pingrup district south to Albany and east to Ravensthorpe in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions. It grows in sand, loam or clay on winter-wet flats or plains often under low trees or tall shrubs.

Conservation status
Melaleuca bracteosa is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Uses

Essential oils
This species produces sesquiterpene oils at a rate of 0.3% (weight for weight) from fresh leaves.

References

bracteosa
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1847
Rosids of Western Australia
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Taxa named by Nikolai Turczaninow

Melaleuca bracteosa


Love, Marilyn is a 2012 American documentary film about Marilyn Monroe's writings directed by Liz Garbus and produced by Stanley F. Buchthal, Garbus, and Amy Hobby. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2012 and is based on the 2010 non-fiction book Fragments: Poems, Intimate Notes, Letters, edited by Stanley F. Buchthal and Bernard Comment. The production firms that produced the film included the Diamond Girl production company, Sol's Luncheonette Production and the French-based StudioCanal production company, whose parent company (Canal+ Group) owns the third-largest film library in the world.

The film was initially slated to be named Fragments, but was later changed to Love, Marilyn.

Synopsis
50 years after her death, two boxes of Marilyn Monroe's writings—diaries, poems and letters—were discovered in the home of Lee Strasberg, her acting coach. The film features dramatic readings of Marilyn Monroe's writings by actors, film critics, journalists and authors; and archival footage of Hollywood insiders who knew her or worked with her in various films or acting school.

Interviews

Authors and film critics - present day
 Patricia Bosworth
 Sarah Churchwell
 Lois Banner
 Molly Haskell
 Donald Spoto
 Thomas Schatz

Archival - first-person primary source coverage

 Rupert Allen
 Eve Arnold
 Lauren Bacall
 George Barris
 Walter Bernstein
 Truman Capote
 Collin Clark
 Ben Gazzara
 John Huston
 Peter Lawford
 Jack Lemmon
 Joshua Logan
 Ben Lyon
 Norman Mailer

 Richard Meryman
 Arthur Miller
 Marilyn Monroe
 Edward R. Murrow
 Jean Negulesco
 Laurence Olivier
 Norman Rosten
 Jane Russell
 Gloria Steinem
 Lee Strasberg
 Paula Strasberg
 Susan Strasberg
 Eli Wallach
 Billy Wilder

Actors and others - present day

 F. Murray Abraham
 Elizabeth Banks
 Adrien Brody
 Ellen Burstyn
 Glenn Close
 Hope Davis
 Viola Davis
 Jennifer Ehle
 Ben Foster
 Paul Giamatti
 Amy Greene
 Jack Huston
 Stephen Lang

 Lindsay Lohan
 Janet McTeer
 Gretchen Mol
 Jeremy Piven
 Oliver Platt
 Zoe Saldana
 Vinessa Shaw
 David Strathairn
 Amber Tamblyn
 Lili Taylor
 Uma Thurman
 Marisa Tomei
 Evan Rachel Wood

Reception

Critical response
Entertainment Weekly, in its "The Must List: The Top 10 Things We Love This Week" section", picked Love, Marilyn as one of its selections the week of June 28, 2013, Volume #1265.  The EW staff wrote, "The iconic star takes center stage in a revelatory HBO documentary that combines old footage and a slew of interviews with such actors as Viola Davis and Glenn Close.  Catch it now on VOD or with the HBO Go app."

Matthew Gilbert, film critic with The Boston Globe reviewed the film positively, writing, "But yes, more Marilyn is just what we need, when the project is as exquisitely done as Love, Marilyn. The new HBO documentary, which premieres Monday at 9 p.m., is an elegant pastiche based on the boxes of Monroe's own writings that were discovered a few years ago. It's not a traditional biographical film of the American Masters variety, because director Liz Garbus doesn't attempt to be all-inclusive or to impose chronology onto the material ... Garbus adeptly patches together fragments of a life narrated, in a way, by Monroe herself. She inventively pieces together an impressionistic, revealing, and ultimately moving version of the story that so many of us know already."

Sara Stewart, liked the film as well and wrote in The New York Post, "It's hard to imagine that absolutely everything hasn't already been said about Marilyn Monroe. But for all the books and movies and tributes and myth-making, the iconic blonde has never had much of a chance to speak for herself...But the writings are the film's reason for existing, and they are fascinating. Ranging from hastily scribbled jottings to lengthy letters to her acting coach Lee Strasberg, the handwritten notes add a refreshing complexity to a persona that's been simplified over time into a two-dimensional, if ever-enduring, sex symbol."

American gossip columnist Liz Smith, writing for the New York Social Diary, discussed the actors that appeared in the film, "It is the female stars Ms. Garbus lured that lift the film. Among them: Glenn Close, Ellen Burstyn, Lili Taylor, Uma Thurman, Evan Rachel Wood, Lindsay Lohan and the magnificent Viola Davis. It is the women who recite Marilyn's own words — alternately scattered, precise, desperate, hopeful. There's not a false note anywhere. Every woman seems deeply affected. As Garbus said, 'Marilyn speaks to every woman's inner self — love, family, the desire for perfection, satisfaction in her work. And the fears that she cannot 'have it all.' Sarah Churchwell, who wrote the best book on Monroe, The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe, also makes an important contribution."

The television critic for the Los Angeles Times, Mary McNamara, discussed the "seductive power of theater", writing, "Yet for all the hope pinned on internal illumination, the first thing Love, Marilyn does is remind us how beautiful Monroe really was. Her face has been so thoroughly replaced in popular culture by commercialized replications that the real thing is a surprising thrill to behold.  The film also reinforces the seductive power of theater. Having performers read Monroe's journal entries renders these often quite mundane sentences powerful and possibly revelatory. Through these women, Monroe becomes the serious actor she longed to be."

Still, there were some misgivings in the media regarding the film.  Dennis Harvey, writing for Variety wrote, "And while there's no question Garbus has recruited first-rate talent to pay homage here, some of the most impressive names prove heavy-handed or simply miscast in attempting to channel the love goddess's fragile spirit; moreover, having them act against green-screened archival materials has a tacky, pop-up televisual feel ... It's all entertaining, and will doubtless fascinate the subject's many die-hard fans. But the revelatory quality that attended some of Garbus' prior docus, on topics from Bobby Fischer to modern incarceration, is absent from what ultimately feels like one more unnecessary excavation of perhaps the 20th century's least resting-in-peace sex symbol."

Exhibition
The film opened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2012.   The film was first televised on HBO on Monday, June 17, 2013.

Film Festivals
 Belgrade Film Festival
 Glasgow Film Festival
 Hamptons International Film Festival
 Montclair Film Festival
 Palm Springs International Film Festival
 Portland International Film Festival
 Stockholm International Film Festival
 Telluride Film Festival
 Toronto International Film Festival

See also
 Marilyn Monroe in popular culture

References

External links

 Marilyn Monroe "Marilyn and Her Monsters" article by Sam Kashner at Vanity Fair (with excerpts from the book, Fragments)
  Toronto International Film Festival interview for The Hollywood Reporter
  Toronto International Film Festival interview for Celebs.com
  official UK film trailer (via StudioCanal UK YouTube web site)

2012 films
2012 television films
2012 documentary films
American biographical films
American documentary films
Documentary films about actors
Documentary films about Hollywood, Los Angeles
Films about Marilyn Monroe
Films set in the 1950s
Films set in the 1960s
StudioCanal films
Films directed by Liz Garbus
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Love, Marilyn


The 1 kroon (1 EEK) is the smallest valued banknote of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. Kristjan Raud (1865–1943), an Estonian painter, teacher, and cultural historian, is featured with a portrait on the obverse. A view of Toompea Castle in Tallinn appears on the reverse.

The 1 kroon was only issued once and had been steadily going out of circulation since a coin of the same value was also issued. At the time of replacement by the euro, it was very rarely found in use on an everyday basis.  It can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for €0.06.

History of the banknote
 1992: first and only series issued by the Bank of Estonia
 2011: withdrawn from circulation and replaced by the euro

Security features
Source:
 1992
On the right-hand side of the banknote is a watermark depicting the Tall Hermann Tower of Toompea Castle.
The paper of the banknotes contains security fibres of different colour.
Each note contains a security strip.
Each banknote has a seven-digit serial number printed in black.

See also
 Estonian kroon
 Bank of Estonia
 Economy of Estonia

References

External links

Currencies of Estonia
One-base-unit banknotes

1 kroon


Djenné is a city in Mali. About 33,000 people lived there in 2009. The city lies on an island, and is known for the Great Mosque of Djenné. People have lived there since about the year 800 CE.It is a Songhai town and urban commune in the Inland Niger Delta region of central Mali, The commune includes ten of the surrounding villages and in 2009 had a population of 32,944. The history of Djenné is closely linked with that of Timbuktu. Between the 15th and 17th centuries much of the trans-Saharan trade in goods such as salt, gold, and slaves that moved in and out of Timbuktu passed through Djenné.

Cities in Mali

Djenné


Emily Bishop (also Nugent and Swain; originally credited as Miss Nugent) is a fictional character in the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street. Portrayed by Eileen Derbyshire, the character is the longest-standing female character in the serial, having first appeared on-screen during an episode which aired on 21 December 1960, played by an uncredited walk on actress. From January onwards, she was played by Eileen Derbyshire. Derbyshire announced in November 2015 that she would be taking a retirement from the show and Emily departed on New Year's Day 2016 after 55 years on screen. It was announced on 9 August 2019 that Derbyshire had agreed to briefly reprise the role. She made a brief cameo on 9 October 2019 for Ken Barlow's (William Roache) 80th birthday celebration.

Coronation Street characters
Television characters
Fictional British people
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Fictional characters introduced in 1961

Emily Bishop


Mophun is a computing platform used to run portable code on embedded and mobile devices. Some phones and other devices support Mophun. Sony Ericsson phones, especially the Sony Ericsson T300 and Sony Ericsson T610, are the best known devices for running Mophun. It was designed by Synergenix Interactive. Most Mophun programs are around 50–150 kB in size.

Programs for Mophun are written in assembler in C and C++ using a well-documented and open API. A special version of GCC is used to compile programs.

Despite the API being very easy for programmers to use, Mophun has not been very popular. The main reason for this seems to be the strict approval process - the compiled program can only be run under an emulator, and Synergenix must approve the program so it can be used on a mobile device. The approved program can only be run under one IMEI number. Only developers registered and approved by Synergix can use self-certification (and through the Synergenix server), and they are only allowed to have one IMEI number. The developer must sign a sales contract with Synergenix, which then shares and approves it for end-users, so the program can be shared. Such a process disallows free programs to be created for Mophun, and also discourages many developers from developing programs for Mophun.

Supported platforms
 Sony Ericsson: T230, T230, T237, T238, T290 (T290a, T290i, T290c), T300, T302, T306, T310, T312, T316, T610, T616, T618, T628, T630, T637, P800, P802, P900, P908, P910, Z600, Z608
 All phones running Symbian under the Series 60 (V1, V2 and V3) or UIQ 3.x user interfaces
 All Windows Mobile Smartphones running at a resolution of 176x220 or 240x320
 Archos: Gmini 400, Gmini 402, PMA400, AV700
 Medion, PAVO, TTPCom: MD95674
 Voxtel: VS400

References

Other websites
 Mophun
 Synergenix , the creator of Mophun
 Website for developers

Mobile phones

Mophun