828 Naval Air Squadron was a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm carrier based squadron formed in September 1940 as a torpedo spotter reconnaissance squadron.  It operated in a number of the theatres of the Second World War, carrying out a number of attacks on enemy targets including the Tirpitz in Norway.

History

Malta and the Mediterranean
The squadron was initially equipped with Fairey Albacores on its formation at RNAS Lee-on-Solent, and then moved to Scotland to operate anti-submarine patrols with RAF Coastal Command.  They embarked aboard  in July 1941 and carried out an attack on Kirkenes, Norway. Five of the squadron's aircraft were lost in the attack. The squadron was then regrouped and sailed to Gibraltar in August aboard . They were then transported to Hal Far, Malta aboard HMS Ark Royal. From there the squadron attacked enemy shipping attempting to transport supplies to the Axis forces in Libya. In March 1942 they and 830 Naval Air Squadron formed the Naval Air Squadron Malta, which went on to attack enemy warships and convoys operating in the Mediterranean.  Re-supply problems, partially alleviated by the Malta Convoys led to the number of operational aircraft being reduced to just two. In December 1942 the remnants of 826 and 830 squadrons were absorbed.

828 and 821 Naval Air Squadrons attacked shipping in May 1943, and provided flare illumination for naval bombardments of Pantellaria. In July, from Hal Far on Malta, 828 squadron's Albacores (torpedo spotter reconnaissance) supported the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky).  828 then moved to Monastir in Tunisia, where they disbanded in September 1943.  Together 828 and 830 squadrons had sunk 30 enemy ships and damaged another 50.

Tirpitz and the Far East
828 Squadron was re-formed as a torpedo bomber reconnaissance squadron in March 1944. Equipped with 12 Barracuda IIs and from April 1944 were based at HMS Owl for training before joining the 2nd Naval Torpedo Bomber Reconnaissance Wing and joined the Home Fleet aboard  in August that year.  They briefly transferred to  in August 1944 and carried out attacks on the German battleship Tirpitz as part of Operation Goodwood.  They were briefly at RNAS Hatston, before re-boarding HMS Implacable and carrying out attacks on enemy shipping off the Norwegian coast in October.  828 Squadron was re-equipped with 21 Grumman Avenger Is and IIs in January 1945, and then joined HMS Trumpeter.  They were back aboard HMS Implacable by March 1945, and sailed with her to Ceylon, subsequently disembarking at Trincomalee in April 1945.  828 Squadron then joined the 8th Carrier Air Group and carried out attacks on Truk and the Japanese mainland.  After the Japanese surrender the squadron returned to Nowra on 25 August 1945, and remained there until May 1946.

Notes

References
Wartime history

External links
 828 Squadron (TSR) Albacores: Malta War-Time Diaries 1941–1943 Sgt. Thomas Barker BEM

Military units and formations established in 1940
800 series Fleet Air Arm squadrons

828 Naval Air Squadron


Alex Auswaks was a Jerusalem-based writer of crime fiction. He was born in Tientsin, China on 6 February 1934. Though his work is primarily in shorter crime fiction, his novel  "A Trick of Diamonds" was featured by Collins Crime Club in 1981. The book was shortlisted that year for the 'British Crime Writers Association 'John Creasy Award' in the 'Debut Dagger' category.

From 1990 to 1995, Auswaks edited and wrote for the publication of the 'Tientsin Society', for the community of  Russian-exiled Jews who lived in that Chinese city during the Second World War.

Between 1989 and 1995, Auswaks contributed a weekly column reviewing crime fiction to The Jerusalem Post

His articles on the Russian poet Osip Mandelstam and on the Israeli detective-fiction writer Batya Gur appear in Jewish Writers of the Twentieth Century (Routledge 2003).

He died in Jerusalem on 7 April 2013, and is buried in Givat Shaul Cemetery.

References

 Auswaks, Alex; Contents article on David Williams' Mark's Treasure
 Auswaks, Alex; Trick of Diamonds, Collins Crime Club  London 2003
 Jakubowski, Maxim (ed.); 100 Great Detectives, Carroll & Graf, New York, 1991.
 Kerbel, Sorrewll (ed.); Jewish Writers of the Twentieth Century, Routledge London 2003 695 pp.

1934 births
2013 deaths
Crime fiction writers
Chinese emigrants to Israel

Alex Auswaks


Universal health care (also called universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care) is a health care system in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured access to health care. It is generally organized around providing either all residents or only those who cannot afford on their own, with either health services or the means to acquire them, with the end goal of improving health outcomes.

Universal healthcare does not imply coverage for all cases and for all people – only that all people have access to healthcare when and where needed without financial hardship. Some universal healthcare systems are government-funded, while others are based on a requirement that all citizens purchase private health insurance. Universal healthcare can be determined by three critical dimensions: who is covered, what services are covered, and how much of the cost is covered. It is described by the World Health Organization as a situation where citizens can access health services without incurring financial hardship. Then-Director General of the WHO Margaret Chan described universal health coverage as the "single most powerful concept that public health has to offer" since it unifies "services and delivers them in a comprehensive and integrated way". One of the goals with universal healthcare is to create a system of protection which provides equality of opportunity for people to enjoy the highest possible level of health. Critics say that universal healthcare leads to longer wait times and worse quality healthcare.

As part of Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations member states have agreed to work toward worldwide universal health coverage by 2030.

History

The first move towards a national health insurance system was launched in Germany in 1883, with the Sickness Insurance Law. Industrial employers were mandated to provide injury and illness insurance for their low-wage workers, and the system was funded and administered by employees and employers through "sick funds", which were drawn from deductions in workers' wages and from employers' contributions. This social health insurance model, named the Bismarck Model after Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, was the first form of universal care in modern times. Other countries soon began to follow suit. In the United Kingdom, the National Insurance Act 1911 provided coverage for primary care (but not specialist or hospital care) for wage earners, covering about one-third of the population. The Russian Empire established a similar system in 1912, and other industrialized countries began following suit. By the 1930s, similar systems existed in virtually all of Western and Central Europe. Japan introduced an employee health insurance law in 1927, expanding further upon it in 1935 and 1940. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, a fully public and centralized health care system was established in Soviet Russia in 1920. However, it was not a truly universal system at that point, as rural residents were not covered.

In New Zealand, a universal health care system was created in a series of steps, from 1938 to 1941. In Australia, the state of Queensland introduced a free public hospital system in 1946.

Following World War II, universal health care systems began to be set up around the world. On July 5, 1948, the United Kingdom launched its universal National Health Service. Universal health care was next introduced in the Nordic countries of Sweden (1955), Iceland (1956), Norway (1956), Denmark (1961) and Finland (1964). Universal health insurance was introduced in Japan in 1961, and in Canada through stages, starting with the province of Saskatchewan in 1962, followed by the rest of Canada from 1968 to 1972. A public healthcare system was introduced in Egypt following the Egyptian revolution of 1952. Centralized public healthcare systems were set up in the Eastern bloc countries. The Soviet Union extended universal health care to its rural residents in 1969. Kuwait and Bahrain introduced their universal healthcare systems in 1950 and 1957 respectively (prior to independence). Italy introduced its Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (National Health Service) in 1978. Universal health insurance was implemented in Australia in 1975 with the Medibank, which led to universal coverage under the current Medicare system from 1984.

From the 1970s to the 2000s, Western European countries began introducing universal coverage, most of them building upon previous health insurance programs to cover the whole population. For example, France built upon its 1928 national health insurance system, with subsequent legislation covering a larger and larger percentage of the population, until the remaining 1% of the population that was uninsured received coverage in 2000. Single payer healthcare systems were introduced in Finland (1972), Portugal (1979), Cyprus (1980), Spain (1986) and Iceland (1990). Switzerland introduced a universal healthcare system based on an insurance mandate in 1994. In addition, universal health coverage was introduced in some Asian countries, including South Korea (1989), Taiwan (1995), Singapore (1993), Israel (1995) and Thailand (2001).

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia retained and reformed its universal health care system, as did other now-independent former Soviet republics and Eastern bloc countries.

Beyond the 1990s, many countries in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region, including developing countries, took steps to bring their populations under universal health coverage, including China which has the largest universal health care system in the world and Brazil's SUS which improved coverage up to 80% of the population. India introduced a tax-payer funded decentralised universal healthcare system that helped reduce mortality rates drastically and improved healthcare infrastructure across the country dramatically. A 2012 study examined progress being made by these countries, focusing on nine in particular: Ghana, Rwanda, Nigeria, Mali, Kenya, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam.

Currently, most industrialized countries and many developing countries operate some form of publicly funded health care with universal coverage as the goal. According to the National Academy of Medicine and others, the United States is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not provide universal health care. The only forms of government-provided healthcare available are Medicare (for elderly patients as well as people with disabilities), Medicaid (for low-income people), the Military Health System (active, reserve, and retired military personnel and dependants), and the Indian Health Service (members of federally recognized Native American tribes).

Funding models

Universal health care in most countries has been achieved by a mixed model of funding. General taxation revenue is the primary source of funding, but in many countries it is supplemented by specific charge (which may be charged to the individual or an employer) or with the option of private payments (by direct or optional insurance) for services beyond those covered by the public system. Almost all European systems are financed through a mix of public and private contributions. Most universal health care systems are funded primarily by tax revenue (as in Portugal, India, Spain, Denmark and Sweden). Some nations, such as Germany, France, and Japan, employ a multi-payer system in which health care is funded by private and public contributions. However, much of the non-government funding comes from contributions from employers and employees to regulated non-profit sickness funds. Contributions are compulsory and defined according to law. A distinction is also made between municipal and national healthcare funding. For example, one model is that the bulk of the healthcare is funded by the municipality, specialty healthcare is provided and possibly funded by a larger entity, such as a municipal co-operation board or the state, and medications are paid for by a state agency. A paper by Sherry A. Glied from Columbia University found that universal health care systems are modestly redistributive and that the progressivity of health care financing has limited implications for overall income inequality.

Compulsory insurance

This is usually enforced via legislation requiring residents to purchase insurance, but sometimes the government provides the insurance. Sometimes there may be a choice of multiple public and private funds providing a standard service (as in Germany) or sometimes just a single public fund (as in the Canadian provinces). Healthcare in Switzerland is based on compulsory insurance.

In some European countries where private insurance and universal health care coexist, such as Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, the problem of adverse selection is overcome by using a risk compensation pool to equalize, as far as possible, the risks between funds. Thus, a fund with a predominantly healthy, younger population has to pay into a compensation pool and a fund with an older and predominantly less healthy population would receive funds from the pool. In this way, sickness funds compete on price and there is no advantage in eliminating people with higher risks because they are compensated for by means of risk-adjusted capitation payments. Funds are not allowed to pick and choose their policyholders or deny coverage, but they compete mainly on price and service. In some countries, the basic coverage level is set by the government and cannot be modified.

The Republic of Ireland at one time had a "community rating" system by VHI, effectively a single-payer or common risk pool. The government later opened VHI to competition, but without a compensation pool. That resulted in foreign insurance companies entering the Irish market and offering much less expensive health insurance to relatively healthy segments of the market, which then made higher profits at VHI's expense. The government later reintroduced community rating by a pooling arrangement and at least one main major insurance company, BUPA, withdrew from the Irish market.

In Poland, people are obliged to pay a percentage of the average monthly wage to the state, even if they are covered by private insurance. People working under a employment contract pay a percentage of their wage, while entrepreneurs pay a fixed rate, based on the average national wage. Unemployed people are insured by the labor office.

Among the potential solutions posited by economists are single-payer systems as well as other methods of ensuring that health insurance is universal, such as by requiring all citizens to purchase insurance or by limiting the ability of insurance companies to deny insurance to individuals or vary price between individuals.

Single-payer

Single-payer health care is a system in which the government, rather than private insurers, pays for all health care costs. Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations, or own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as was the case in England before the introduction of the Health and Social Care Act). In some instances, such as Italy and Spain, both these realities may exist at the same time. "Single-payer" thus describes only the funding mechanism and refers to health care financed by a single public body from a single fund and does not specify the type of delivery or for whom doctors work. Although the fund holder is usually the state, some forms of single-payer use a mixed public-private system.

Tax-based financing
In tax-based financing, individuals contribute to the provision of health services through various taxes. These are typically pooled across the whole population unless local governments raise and retain tax revenues. Some countries (notably Spain, the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Italy, Brazil, Portugal, India and the Nordic countries) choose to fund public health care directly from taxation alone. Other countries with insurance-based systems effectively meet the cost of insuring those unable to insure themselves via social security arrangements funded from taxation, either by directly paying their medical bills or by paying for insurance premiums for those affected.

Social health insurance
In a social health insurance system, contributions from workers, the self-employed, enterprises and governments are pooled into single or multiple funds on a compulsory basis. This is based on risk pooling. The social health insurance model is also referred to as the Bismarck Model, after Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who introduced the first universal health care system in Germany in the 19th century. The funds typically contract with a mix of public and private providers for the provision of a specified benefit package. Preventive and public health care may be provided by these funds or responsibility kept solely by the Ministry of Health. Within social health insurance, a number of functions may be executed by parastatal or non-governmental sickness funds, or in a few cases, by private health insurance companies. Social health insurance is used in a number of Western European countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe as well as in Israel and Japan.

Private insurance
In private health insurance, premiums are paid directly from employers, associations, individuals and families to insurance companies, which pool risks across their membership base. Private insurance includes policies sold by commercial for-profit firms, non-profit companies and community health insurers. Generally, private insurance is voluntary in contrast to social insurance programs, which tend to be compulsory.

In some countries with universal coverage, private insurance often excludes certain health conditions that are expensive and the state health care system can provide coverage. For example, in the United Kingdom, one of the largest private health care providers is BUPA, which has a long list of general exclusions even in its highest coverage policy, most of which are routinely provided by the National Health Service. In the Netherlands, which has regulated competition for its main insurance system (but is subject to a budget cap), insurers must cover a basic package for all enrollees, but may choose which additional services they offer in supplementary plans; which most people possess .

The Planning Commission of India has also suggested that the country should embrace insurance to achieve universal health coverage. General tax revenue is currently used to meet the essential health requirements of all people.

Community-based health insurance
A particular form of private health insurance that has often emerged, if financial risk protection mechanisms have only a limited impact, is community-based health insurance. Individual members of a specific community pay to a collective health fund which they can draw from when they need medical care. Contributions are not risk-related and there is generally a high level of community involvement in the running of these plans. Community-based health insurance generally only play a limited role in helping countries move towards universal health coverage. Challenges includes inequitable access by the poorest that health service utilization of members generally increase after enrollment.

Implementation and comparisons

Universal health care systems vary according to the degree of government involvement in providing care or health insurance. In some countries, such as Canada, the UK, Spain, Italy, Australia, and the Nordic countries, the government has a high degree of involvement in the commissioning or delivery of health care services and access is based on residence rights, not on the purchase of insurance. Others have a much more pluralistic delivery system, based on obligatory health with contributory insurance rates related to salaries or income and usually funded by employers and beneficiaries jointly.

Sometimes, the health funds are derived from a mixture of insurance premiums, salary-related mandatory contributions by employees or employers to regulated sickness funds, and by government taxes. These insurance based systems tend to reimburse private or public medical providers, often at heavily regulated rates, through mutual or publicly owned medical insurers. A few countries, such as the Netherlands and Switzerland, operate via privately owned but heavily regulated private insurers, which are not allowed to make a profit from the mandatory element of insurance but can profit by selling supplemental insurance.

Universal health care is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways. The common denominator for all such programs is some form of government action aimed at extending access to health care as widely as possible and setting minimum standards. Most implement universal health care through legislation, regulation, and taxation. Legislation and regulation direct what care must be provided, to whom, and on what basis. Usually, some costs are borne by the patient at the time of consumption, but the bulk of costs come from a combination of compulsory insurance and tax revenues. Some programs are paid for entirely out of tax revenues. In others, tax revenues are used either to fund insurance for the very poor or for those needing long-term chronic care.

A critical concept in the delivery of universal healthcare is that of population healthcare. This is a way of organizing the delivery, and allocating resources, of healthcare (and potentially social care) based on populations in a given geography with a common need (such as asthma, end of life, urgent care). Rather than focus on institutions such as hospitals, primary care, community care etc. the system focuses on the population with a common as a whole. This includes people currently being treated, and those that are not being treated but should be (i.e. where there is health inequity). This approach encourages integrated care and a more effective use of resources.

The United Kingdom National Audit Office in 2003 published an international comparison of ten different health care systems in ten developed countries, nine universal systems against one non-universal system (the United States), and their relative costs and key health outcomes. A wider international comparison of 16 countries, each with universal health care, was published by the World Health Organization in 2004. In some cases, government involvement also includes directly managing the health care system, but many countries use mixed public-private systems to deliver universal health care.

Criticism and support

Critics of universal healthcare say that it leads to longer wait times and a decrease in the quality of healthcare. Critics of implementing universal healthcare in the United States say that it would require healthy people to pay for the medical care of unhealthy people, which they say goes against the American values of individual choice and personal responsibility; it would raise healthcare expenditures due to the high cost of implementation that the United States government supposedly cannot pay; and represents unnecessary government overreach into the lives of American citizens, healthcare, the health insurance industry, and employers' rights to choose what health coverage they want to offer to their employees.

Most contemporary studies posit that a single payer universal healthcare system would benefit the United States. According to a 2020 study published in The Lancet, the proposed Medicare for All Act would save 68,000 lives and $450 billion in national healthcare expenditure annually. A 2022 study published in the PNAS found that a single-payer universal healthcare system would have saved 212,000 lives and averted over $100 billion in medical costs during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in 2020 alone.

See also

 Acronyms in healthcare
 Cultural competence in health care
 Global health
 Health care
 Health promotion
 Health law
 Health insurance cooperative
 Health spending as a percent of GDP by country (gross domestic product)
 Healthcare reform debate in the United States
 List of countries by health insurance coverage
 List of countries by total health expenditure per capita
 National health insurance
 Primary healthcare
 Public health
 Publicly funded health care
 Right to health
 Single-payer healthcare
 Socialized medicine
 Two-tier healthcare
 Universal Health Coverage Day

References

External links

 Achieving Universal Health Care (July 2011). MEDICC Review: International Journal of Cuban Health and Medicine 13 (3). Theme issue: authors from 19 countries on dimensions of the challenges of providing universal access to health care.
 Catalyzing Change: The System Reform Costs of Universal Health Coverage (November 15, 2010). New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. Report on the feasibility of establishing the systems and institutions needed to pursue UHC.
 Physicians for a National Health Program Chicago: PNHP. A group of physicians and health professionals who support single-payer reform.
 Primary health care, World Health Organization
 UHC Forward Washington, D.C.: Results for Development Institute. Portal on universal health coverage.
 Universal Health Care, World Health Organization

 Percentage of population covered under national health programs , selected countries , 1955 and 1970

 Contains information on health coverage in various countries in the 1980s

 Contains information on healthcare access in various European countries

 Contains information on healthcare coverage in various European countries

 Includes information about he healthcare systems of various countries in the 1970s

 Countries with social security programs in operation, January 1, 1955, by type of program and date of legislation

Health economics
Health insurance
Right to health
Universalism
Health care
Health care quality
Health
Health sciences
Public health
Health Resources and Services Administration
Primary care
Health education
Health law
Global health

Universal health care


Columbia Point, di kawasan Dorchester, Boston, Massachusetts berada di sebuah semenanjung yang menjorok dari daratan utama timur Dorchester menghadap teluk. Old Harbor Park berada di sisi utara, berdekatan dengan Old Harbor, bagian dari Teluk Dorchester.

Referensi

Catatan

Daftar pustaka

 "Urban Transformations: Columbia Point - Harbor Point, Boston"
 Ball, Joanne, "Can Columbia Point Be Harbor Point? Conversion Represents A Test Of Social Engineering", The Boston Globe, August 14, 1988
 Bressi, Todd, "From the Outside Looking In: An Evaluation of Harbor Point", Places journal, v.8, no.4, Summer 1993, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley
 Diesenhouse, Susan, "Community Rises From Boston Slum", The New York Times, November 15, 1987
 Goody, Joan E., "From Project to Community: The Redesign of Columbia Point", Places journal, v.8, no.4, Summer 1993, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley
 Higgins, Richard, "As Columbia Point Is Reborn, Nuns Face Displacement Battle", The Boston Globe, July 23, 1988
 Kamin, Blair, "Rethinking Public Housing", Blueprints magazine, v.15, n.3, Summer 1997 issue, National Building Museum, Washington, D.C.
 Lawton, Heather Block, Research Materials for the book "A Decent Place to Live: from Columbia Point to Harbor Point", University of Massachusetts, Boston, September 2001. (archived 2006)
 Marwell, Stuart; Burke, Bryan; Hudak, Andrew, "Calf Pasture Pumping Station", Boston Public Library, BRA (Boston Redevelopment Authority) collection
 Millson, Rebecca Michelle; Spirn, Anne Whiston, MIT 4.211 course on "The Once and Future City", focusing on Harbor Point/Columbia Point, Spring 2007. (archived 2007)
 Pader, Ellen J; Breitbart, Myrna Margulies, "Transforming Public Housing: Conflicting Visions for Harbor Point", Places journal, v.8, no.4, Summer 1993, College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley
 Roessner, Jane. "A Decent Place to Live: from Columbia Point to Harbor Point - A Community History", Boston: Northeastern University Press, c2000.
 Excerpts from the book "A Decent Place to Live"
 Rybczynski, Witold, "Radical Revival: Harbor Point was failed public housing—until it was rebuilt as the nation's first mixed-income community. Twenty-five years later, what can we learn from this visionary project?", ARCHITECT: The Magazine of the American Institute of Architects, American Institute of Architects, August 16, 2013
 Silverstein, Nina M.; Conahan, Judith M., &al., "Aging in Place at Harbor Point: Outreach Follow-Up of Older Adults Living in Independent Mixed-Income Apartments", Gerontology Institute and College of Public and Community Service, University of Massachusetts Boston, November 2004
 Thebaud, Angie, et al., "Funded Public Housing Redevelopment: A Study of the Transformation of Columbia Point" , Boston, Massachusetts, September 2008, Institute for International Urban Development
 Vale, Lawrence J., From the Puritans to the projects: public housing and public neighbors, Harvard University Press, 2000. Cf. especially p.255, 357-8, various on Columbia Point Housing Project history.

Pranala luar

 Map of Columbia Point - Boston Redevelopment Authority, City of Boston (archived 2012)
 "Columbia Point Master Plan" - Boston Redevelopment Authority, City of Boston
 Urban Transformations: Columbia Point - Harbor Point, Boston  - presentation slides, Professor David W. Manzo, Boston College
 1899 Map of Dorchester, Massachusetts with the N.Y. N.H. & H. R.R. running on the Old Colony line  - note Mt. Vernon Street and part of Columbia Point in the lower right hand corner
 Boston 1903 map - see the Calf Pasture on Columbia Point in the lower middle right hand side just above Savin Hill

Columbia Point, Boston


Tristan Trevor James Thompson (born March 13, 1991) is a Canadian-American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won the 2016 NBA Finals with the Cavaliers and has also played in the NBA for the Boston Celtics, Sacramento Kings, Indiana Pacers, Chicago Bulls, and Los Angeles Lakers.

Thompson played one season of college basketball for the Texas Longhorns before being drafted fourth overall by the Cavaliers in the 2011 NBA draft. He has also played for the Canadian national team.

High school career
Born in Brampton, Thompson attended St. Marguerite d'Youville Secondary School in Brampton for grade 9. After driving from Brampton twice to visit a prep school in the United States, Thompson decided to attend Saint Benedict's Preparatory School in Newark, New Jersey for his sophomore year along with fellow University of Texas at Austin commit Myck Kabongo. He cited the increase in exposure and skill level as his reason for transferring.

Thompson spent his sophomore and half his junior year at St. Benedict's, making an immediate impact and showing flashes of brilliance. In his short time there, he shot through the ranks to super-stardom, becoming the top recruit in the nation entering his junior season. The nation's top basketball programs heavily sought Thompson, who made the first verbal commitment of the class of 2010 to Rick Barnes and the Texas Longhorns.

Twenty-one games into his junior year, the relationship between Thompson and then-St. Benedict's coach Dan Hurley hit a rough patch. Hurley's in-your-face, no-holds-barred coaching style took a toll on the young star. During a game against then-top-ranked Mater Dei, Hurley confronted Thompson during a time out. A heated debate ensued, and Thompson was sent off the court and later removed from the team. Over the next few days he made it known that he was planning to leave, resulting in a barrage of calls from top prep schools throughout North America trying to acquire his services. The next week he transferred to Findlay Prep with his close friend and AAU teammate Cory Joseph.

Thompson joined Findlay on the back end of their schedule, making an immediate impact on the team and thriving under Findlay coach Michael Peck's system and coaching style. Thompson solidified his top recruit status and helped lead Findlay to their first national championship. He continued to round and polish his skills his senior year in preparation for college and held fast to his commitment to the University of Texas, officially signing his letter of intent on November 11, 2009. Thompson then led his team to another National Championship at the ESPN National High School Invitational. After their senior year, Thompson and Joseph both committed to Texas and were the fourth and fifth Canadians to be named McDonald's All-Americans, after Bill Wennington (1981), Barry Bekkedam (1986) and Olu Famutimi (2003). Thompson was also named a Jordan Brand Classic All-American.

College career
Thompson averaged 13.1 points and 7.8 rebounds per game for the Texas Longhorns in 2010–11 as he won the team's Most Valuable Player award, as voted on by his teammates. Nationally, Thompson was one of five finalists for the Wayman Tisdale Award, an honour given to the National Freshman of the Year by the U.S. Basketball Writers Association. Thompson won the Big 12 Freshman of the Year honours as well as first-team NABC All-District 8 and USBWA All-District VII honours. He led the team in rebounding, blocked shots (86), double-doubles (10) and field goal percentage (.546) while ranking second in scoring. He helped Texas conclude the 2010–11 season with a 28–8 record and advanced to the NCAA Tournament Round of 32. The Longhorns finished No. 8 in the final AP poll.

Thompson told media after the NCAA tournament that he planned to return to Texas for his sophomore season but changed his mind. On April 21, 2011, he declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his last three years of college eligibility.

Professional career

Cleveland Cavaliers (2011–2020)

2011–12 season: Rookie season
On June 23, 2011, Thompson was drafted fourth overall in the 2011 NBA draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers. At the time, he was the highest drafted Canadian-born player in NBA history, that was until Anthony Bennett and Andrew Wiggins were selected as the first overall pick in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Thompson continued to make history, drafted alongside Joseph, who was picked 29th by the San Antonio Spurs, only the second occasion in NBA history to that date that two Canadians were selected in the first round of the same draft, the first being in 1983 when Leo Rautins and Stewart Granger were selected 17th and 25th respectively. The 2011 draft was also the first time three Texas Longhorn basketball players went in the first round of a draft, when Thompson's former collegiate teammate Jordan Hamilton went 26th overall to the Dallas Mavericks.

During the 2011 NBA lockout, Thompson attended classes at the University of Texas to finish his college degree. Thompson signed his rookie contract with the Cavaliers on December 9, 2011, before the start of training camp. Thompson made his professional debut against his hometown Toronto Raptors on December 26, 2011. In 17 minutes off the bench, Thompson scored 12 points and pulled in 5 rebounds. Both Thompson and teammate Kyrie Irving were later named to the 2012 Rising Stars Challenge. However, Thompson was selected to play for Team Shaq, while Irving was selected by Team Chuck.

Thompson finished the season with averages of 8.2 points and 6.5 rebounds in 60 games as he earned NBA All-Rookie Second Team honors, becoming the first Canadian to ever earn All-Rookie team honors in the NBA.

2012–13 season
In the 2012–13 season, Thompson worked on avoiding getting his own shots blocked, and switched his shooting hand from left to right. For most of the season, almost 17%, or one out of six, of his shots were blocked, threatening former NBA player Danny Fortson's 16.7% rate in 1997–98. Thompson dropped to around 15% by season's end, which was only reached by three other players before the season. He went on to average 3.7 offensive rebounds per game, which ranked fifth in the NBA and first among second year players, and set the Cavaliers franchise record for most offensive rebounds in a single season with 306 (second in the NBA), surpassing Zydrunas Ilgauskas' 299 offensive rebounds in the 2004–05 season. He also recorded a team-high 31 double-doubles on the season, becoming just the ninth player in franchise history to total at least 30 double-doubles in a single season. He started all 82 games in 2012–13 as he averaged 11.7 points on .488 shooting, 9.4 rebounds and 0.9 blocks in 31.3 minutes per game.

2013–14 season
In the 2013 off-season, Thompson decided to switch his shooting hand to his right instead of his left. Despite the change, he had an almost identical season for the Cavaliers in 2013–14, as he started all 82 games while averaging 11.7 points and 9.2 rebounds in 31.6 minutes per game. He tied for fifth in the Eastern Conference with a team-leading and career-best 36 double-doubles.

2014–15 season
During the 2014 off-season, the Cavaliers acquired All-Star forwards LeBron James and Kevin Love. Thompson came off the bench for most of the season, providing energy and solidifying his place as one of the best offensive rebounders in the league, averaging 8.5 points and 8 rebounds per game. He played in all 82 games and started 15. The Cavaliers finished with a 53–29 record and made the playoffs for the first time since 2010. Early in the first round, Kevin Love dislocated his shoulder and was ruled out for the rest of the post-season. Thompson became the starter after Love's injury and helped the Cavaliers reach the 2015 NBA Finals. The Cavaliers faced the Golden State Warriors, and lost the series in six games. During the playoffs, Thompson emerged as one of the NBA's best rebounders, especially on the offensive glass. He became a restricted free agent after the season.

2015–16 season: Championship season
On October 22, 2015, Thompson re-signed with the Cavaliers on a five-year, $82 million contract, ending a four-month contract stalemate that caused Thompson to miss training camp, the preseason, and the FIBA Americas Championship. Throughout the 2015–16 season, Thompson shared the starting center role with Timofey Mozgov. On January 25, 2016, he recorded a season-high 19 points and 12 rebounds in a 114–107 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On March 26, in a win over the New York Knicks, Thompson tied Jim Chones' franchise record by appearing in his 361st consecutive game for the Cavaliers. He broke that record three days later, appearing in his 362nd consecutive game in a loss to the Houston Rockets. Thompson helped the Cavaliers reach the NBA Finals for the second consecutive season. There they made NBA history by coming back from a 3–1 deficit against the Golden State Warriors to win the series in seven games, ending a 52-year championship drought in Cleveland.

2016–17 season
On December 26, 2016, in a loss to the Detroit Pistons, Thompson became the first player in franchise history to play in 400 consecutive regular-season games. On April 5, 2017, Thompson missed the Cavaliers' game against the Boston Celtics with a sprained right thumb. Thompson's absence ended his streak of consecutive games played at 447—the longest in team history and the longest active streak in the league at the time. He missed four games with the injury before returning to action in Cleveland's regular-season finale on April 12 against the Toronto Raptors. Thompson helped the Cavaliers go 12–1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the NBA Finals for a third straight season. There the Cavaliers matched-up with the Golden State Warriors, but lost the series in five games.

2017–18 season
On November 2, 2017, Thompson was ruled out for three to four weeks with a left calf strain that he suffered the previous night against the Indiana Pacers. On December 12, 2017, he played in his first game since November 1; he went scoreless and did not have a rebound in 6 minutes against the Atlanta Hawks. On February 25, 2018, he had a season-high 13 rebounds in 23 minutes in a 110–94 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. In Game 7 of the Cavaliers' first-round playoff series against the Pacers, Thompson, who played just 24 minutes in the first six games, made a rare start and had 15 points and 10 rebounds in a 105–101 win. The Cavaliers made it to the 2018 NBA Finals, where they were swept by the Golden State Warriors.

2018–19 season

To begin the season for the 6–21 Cavaliers, Thompson was averaging career highs in points (12.0) and rebounds (11.6) through 27 games. However, on December 11, he was ruled out for two to four weeks with a left foot sprain. He returned to action on January 2 against the Miami Heat after missing 10 games. On March 20, against the Milwaukee Bucks, Thompson returned after missing 26 games with a sore left foot.

2019–20 season
On January 9, 2020, Thompson recorded a double-double with a career-high 35 points, 14 rebounds, three assists, three blocks and a steal in a 115–112 overtime win over the Detroit Pistons.

Boston Celtics (2020–2021)
On November 30, 2020, Thompson signed a two-year, $19 million contract with the Boston Celtics.

Sacramento Kings (2021–2022)
On August 7, 2021, Thompson was traded to the Sacramento Kings in a three-team trade involving the Atlanta Hawks.

Indiana Pacers (2022)
On February 8, 2022, Thompson, Tyrese Haliburton, and Buddy Hield were traded to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for Justin Holiday, Jeremy Lamb, Domantas Sabonis, and a 2023 second-round pick. On February 16, Thompson recorded a season-high 17 points along with 6 rebounds and a block in a win over the Washington Wizards. On February 17, after playing four games, the Pacers reached a mutual contract buyout agreement with Thompson.

Chicago Bulls (2022)
On February 19, 2022, Thompson signed with the Chicago Bulls.

Los Angeles Lakers (2023)
On April 9, 2023, Thompson signed with the Los Angeles Lakers.

Return to Cleveland (2023–present)
On September 12, 2023, Thompson signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers on a one-year contract.

Career statistics

NBA

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 60 || 25 || 23.7 || .439 || .000 || .552 || 6.5 || .5 || .5 || 1.0 || 8.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| style="background:#cfecec;"|  82* || style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 31.3 || .488 || .000 || .608 || 9.4 || 1.3 || .7 || .9 || 11.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 82 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 31.6 || .477 || .000 || .693 || 9.2 || .9 || .5 || .4 || 11.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 82 || 15 || 26.8 || .547 ||  || .641 || 8.0 || .5 || .4 || .7 || 8.5
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| style="background:#cfecec;"|  82* || 34 || 27.7 || .588 ||  || .616 || 9.0 || .8 || .5 || .6 || 7.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 78 || 78 || 29.9 || .600 || .000 || .498 || 9.2 || 1.0 || .5 || 1.1 || 8.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 53 || 22 || 20.2 || .562 ||  || .544 || 6.6 || .6 || .3 || .3 ||5.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 43 || 40 || 27.9 || .529 ||  || .642 || 10.2 || 2.0 || .7 || .4 || 10.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 57 || 51 || 30.2 || .512 || .391 || .615 || 10.1 || 2.1 || .6 || .9 || 12.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Boston
| 54 || 43 || 23.8 || .518 || .000 || .592 || 8.1 || 1.2 || .4 || .6 || 7.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 30 || 3 || 15.2 || .503 || 1.000 || .533 || 5.4 || .6 || .4 || .4 || 6.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| 4 || 0 || 16.4 || .542 ||  || .375 || 4.5 || .5 || .0 || .5 || 7.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| 23 || 3 || 16.3 || .565 || .000 || .542 || 4.7 || .6 || .5 || .3 || 5.7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 730 || 478 || 26.8 || .519 || .263 || .605 || 8.4 || 1.0 || .5 || .7 || 9.0

Play-in

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2021
| style="text-align:left;"|Boston
| 1 || 0 || 29.6 || .444 ||  || .500 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 1.0 || .0 || 12.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 1 || 0 || 29.6 || .444 ||  || .500 || 12.0 || 2.0 || 1.0 || .0 || 12.0

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2015
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 20 || 15 || 36.4 || .558 ||  || .585 || 10.8 || .5 || .3 || 1.2 || 9.6
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2016†
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 21 || 21 || 29.6 || .527 ||  || .575 || 9.0 || .7 || .4 || .9 || 6.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2017
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 18 || 18 || 31.2 || .587 ||  || .667 || 8.3 || 1.4 || .5 || .7 || 8.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2018
| style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland
| 19 || 11 || 21.9 || .590 || .000 ||  .741 || 5.9 || .6 || .1 || .4 || 6.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2021
| style="text-align:left;"|Boston
| 5 || 5 || 26.4 || .588 || .000 || .706 || 9.8 || 1.0 || .8 || 1.2 || 10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2022
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| 5 || 0 || 7.6 || .400 || .000 || .000 || 1.6 || .4 || .2 || .0 || .8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2023
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 6 || 0 || 5.4 || .455 ||  || .200 || 1.7 || .3 || .0 || .0 || 1.8
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 94 || 70 || 26.9 || .562 || .000 || .617 || 7.8 || .7 || .3 || .7 || 7.1

College

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2010–11
| style="text-align:left;"|Texas
| 36 || 34 || 30.7 || .546 || .000 || .487 || 7.8 || 1.3 || .9 || 2.4 || 13.1

International career
Thompson represented his country and Canada Basketball at the FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship in 2008, where Canada won the bronze medal, placing behind Argentina and the United States. Thompson once again competed for Canada at the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship in Auckland, New Zealand.

At the 2013 FIBA Americas Championship, Thompson averaged 11.6 points and 10.0 rebounds per game. He led the 2016 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament with 33 rebounds, and in 2018, he played one game in a qualifying tournament for the 2019 FIBA World Cup.

Awards
 2016 NBA champion
 2012 NBA All-Rookie Second Team
 2011 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans: Associated Press Honorable Mention
 2011 United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA) All-District VII Team
 2011 Wayman Tisdale Award (USBWA National Freshman of the Year)
 2011 USBWA Freshman All-America Team
 2011 All-Big 12 Second Team
 2011 Big 12 All-Defensive Team
 2011 Big 12 Freshman of the Year
 2011 Big 12 All-Freshman Team

Personal life
Thompson is the eldest of four sons of Jamaican parents. His younger brother played high school basketball for Wesley Christian High School in Allen, Kentucky, where he was a highly rated prospect. In 2013, Thompson founded the Amari Thompson Fund, which works closely with Epilepsy Toronto to raise funds and awareness to support those affected by epilepsy. Thompson's youngest brother Amari has a neurological disorder and experiences seizures almost daily due to his condition.

In 2020, Thompson acquired American citizenship.

Relationships
In December 2016, Thompson's ex-girlfriend gave birth to his first child, a son.

Thompson began dating Khloé Kardashian in 2016, with whom he allegedly cheated on ex-girlfriend Jordan Craig, according to court documents. On April 12, 2018, Khloé gave birth to their daughter, True. Thompson was found to have cheated on Kardashian during the pregnancy. In February 2019, they split. In the summer of 2020, Thompson and Kardashian resumed their relationship after quarantining together during the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2021, they announced that they had split again.

In December 2021, it was reported that a woman had filed a paternity lawsuit against Thompson in Los Angeles in June 2021, as a result of an affair he had while dating Khloé Kardashian. Thompson confirmed the following month that he was the father of the woman's son and issued an apology to Kardashian.

In July 2022, it was confirmed that Thompson and Kardashian were expecting their second child together, via surrogacy. Their son, Tatum, was born on July 28, 2022.

Tristan's mother, Andrea, died in early January 2023 after suffering from a heart attack. Khloé and Tristan took in his younger brother, Amari, and continue to look after him.

See also

 List of Canadians in the National Basketball Association

Notes

References

External links

 DraftExpress profile
 Texas Longhorns bio

1991 births
Living people
Basketball players from Toronto
Black Canadian basketball players
Boston Celtics players
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Canadian men's basketball players
Canadian people of Jamaican descent
Centers (basketball)
Chicago Bulls players
Cleveland Cavaliers draft picks
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Findlay Prep alumni
Indiana Pacers players
Kardashian family
Los Angeles Lakers players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
National Basketball Association players from Canada
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
People with acquired American citizenship
Power forwards (basketball)
Sacramento Kings players
Sportspeople from Brampton
Texas Longhorns men's basketball players

Tristan Thompson


Karl Ludwig Drobisch (24 December 1803 – 20 August 1854) was a German composer, music theorist and church musician. He wrote an oratorio about Saint Boniface, but it was not successful, which made him turn to composing sacred music including 18 masses.

Biography
Karl Ludwig Drobisch was born on 24 December 1803 in Leipzig to Karl Wilhelm Drobisch, a Leipzig city clerk, and his second wife, Renata Dorothee Wilhelmine Klotz.  He was the younger brother of Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch. The father served as the boys' teacher from a young age, and they were able to read and write, as well as perform rudimentary mathematics, before they entered the Nikolai Primary School in Leipzig.  Karl and Moritz enjoyed astronomy and together calculated lunar phases and planetary movement.

Karl attended secondary school at the highly-esteemed Fürstenschule St. Augustin zu Grimma starting in 1817.  He commenced studies at Leipzig University in 1821.  It was here that he undertook the serious study of music theory under organist J. A. Dröbs.

In 1826 Drobisch wrote the oratorio Bonifazius, der Apostel der Deutschen, which was among the first of numerous German oratorios on the subject of Saint Boniface.  The oratorio was not successful, and he traveled to Munich to study at the libraries there.  He left Munich in 1837 and took the position of music director at the Church of St. Anne in Augsburg.  He was not employed there long, soon resigning in order to entirely focus on composing.

Drobisch died 20 August 1854 in Augsburg.

Compositions
Drobisch wrote one oratorio in 1825–1826, which was not successful.  Following this his style changed, and he focused on works of a purer religious nature, including 18 masses as well as graduals, offertories and psalm settings.

References

1803 births
1854 deaths
German classical composers
German male classical composers
Oratorio composers
19th-century German male musicians

Karl Ludwig Drobisch


Guy James Mangano (born January 14, 1930) is an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was born on January 14, 1930, in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Assemblyman James V. Mangano (1905–1988) and Rose (Mancaruso) Mangano. He attended the public schools in Brooklyn, Poly Preparatory School, Carson-Long Military Academy and Fordham University. He graduated from St. John's University School of Law in 1955. He entered politics as a Democrat, and became investigator and counsel to legislative committees.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Kings Co., 8th D.) from 1959 to 1962, sitting in the 172nd and 173rd New York State Legislatures; and a member of the New York State Senate from 1963 to 1965, sitting in the 174th and 175th New York State Legislatures. In November 1965, after re-apportionment, he was re-elected in the 24th district to the State Senate, but he did not take his seat in the 176th New York State Legislature because he was appointed by Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. to the New York City Family Court in December 1965.

In November 1968, he was elected to the New York Supreme Court. In January 1979, he was designated to the Appellate Division, and was appointed as Presiding Justice of the 2nd Department in March 1990. He retired from the bench at the end of 2000 when he reached the constitutional age limit.

In 2001, he began to work for JAMS, a mediation and arbitration firm.

Sources

1930 births
Living people
Politicians from Brooklyn
Democratic Party New York (state) state senators
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
Fordham University alumni
St. John's University School of Law alumni
New York Supreme Court Justices
Presiding Justices of the New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department

Guy James Mangano


Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters is an action video game, the first based on DC Comics' Green Lantern (Hal Jordan).  The game is a tie-in/sequel to the film Green Lantern, which opened in theaters on June 17, 2011. The game features 3D visuals on the Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, providing TriOviz Inficolor 3D for standard televisions and stereoscopic 3D for dedicated 3DTVs.

Gameplay
Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters offers three different game modes. The player takes control of Hal Jordan and the power of his Green Lantern ring is at the player's disposal, in which weapons and objects can be created to defeat enemies and progress through levels. Most versions of the game provide a mix of on-foot beat 'em up battles and flying rail shooter sequences. The on-foot levels in the non-Nintendo versions allow for full 3-D movement from fixed camera perspectives, but are presented in 2.5D in the Nintendo versions. The non-Nintendo versions also support drop-in, drop-out cooperative multiplayer, in which a second player takes control of Sinestro. The Wii version can be played with either the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, or the Classic Controller.

Synopsis
The Manhunters are an android race, originally created by the Guardians of the Universe to serve as the first interstellar police force. The Manhunters became more obsessed with administering punishment than serving justice, forcing the Guardians to dissolve their ranks. The few Manhunters that survived fled into exile and the Guardians founded a new elite police force called the Green Lantern Corps and armed its members with specially crafted power rings. Now the Manhunters are back and out for revenge, readying their forces for a war against the Guardians and the Green Lantern Corps. Faced with destruction, the Corps is looking to gifted but cocky test pilot Hal Jordan as the newest recruit, to protect peace and preserve justice.

Plot
The game begins with Hal Jordan, Kilowog, and Sinestro attending Abin Sur's funeral on Oa. When Oa is attacked by the Manhunters, the three defend the power battery and repel the invasion. They then pick up a distress call from Queen Aga'po on the planet Zamaron. While Kilowog goes to Biot, the Manhunters' home world, Sinestro and Hal go to Zamaron to aid Aga'po. While on Zamaron, Sinestro and Hal learn about the Willhunters, a Manhunter-developed weapon which Mind controls its victims. After Sinestro and Hal are separated, Hal frees the captive Aga'Po, learning that she has already been exposed to a Willhunter and is under the Manhunters' permanent control. Hal then frees Aga'po. Hal and Sinestro then go to Biot, where, after reuniting with Kilowog, they defeat the Highmaster, leader of the Manhunters. The three then go back to Oa and encounter Amon Sur, Abin Sur's son who believes that he should have his father's ring and it is revealed that he betrayed the Green Lantern Corps to the Manhunters and engineered the invasion of Oa. Hal then defeats Amon on Oa and Amon is arrested as Hal is honored for his dedication.

Development
Building on the anticipation of the feature film Green Lantern, the non-Nintendo versions of Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters include the likeness and voice talent of Ryan Reynolds as Hal Jordan, who is the star of the film. Radio commentator and voice actor Michael Jackson reprised his role as Ganthet for the same versions from the animated film Green Lantern: Emerald Knights, a direct-to-video project that was timed for release of the live-action Green Lantern film. There is no voice acting for the Nintendo versions.

Reception
Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters received mixed reviews. IGN, Gamespot and G4's X-Play granted a 60% score for the non-Nintendo versions (6.0 out of 10 and 3 stars out of 5), with IGN deeming the non-Nintendo versions to be slightly superior over the Nintendo versions, giving the Wii and DS versions a 5.5 out of 10 and the 3DS version a 4.5 out of 10.

Mobile version
An Apple iOS version was released in the same time as the console release. It plays like a rail shooter unlike the console releases and was developed by Other Ocean Software.

References

External links

2011 video games
IOS games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo 3DS games
PlayStation 3 games
Video games based on DC Comics
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with stereoscopic 3D graphics
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
Green Lantern in other media
Warner Bros. video games
Griptonite Games
Double Helix Games games
Video games based on films
Video games based on adaptations
Superhero video games
Video games about police officers
Video games set on fictional planets

Green Lantern: Rise of the Manhunters


Garden gnomes are small lawn ornaments, usually placed in gardens or in front of houses. They are small statues, usually between one and two feet tall (30 to 60 centimeters). They depict gnomes, which are short creatures similar to humans.

Garden gnomes have become a popular accessory in many gardens, but they are not loved by all. They can be the target of pranks. People have been known to "return them to the wild", most notably France's "Front de Liberation des Nains de Jardins" and Italy's "MALAG" (Garden Gnome Liberation Front). Some kidnapped garden gnomes have been sent on trips around the world, being passed from person to person and photographed at different famous landmarks, with the photos being returned to the owner. This practice is featured in the 2001 French film, Amélie and in an advertising campaign for Travelocity.com. Non-conventional gnome statues have also been made, such as a flashing gnome in a raincoat, or a gnome couple in love.

A sub-culture exists among those who collect garden gnomes. This phenomenon is frequently made fun of in popular culture.

History
The first garden gnome was created in Switzerland. It was later introduced to the United Kingdom in 1847 by Sir Charles Isham, when he brought 21 terracotta figures back from a trip to Germany and placed them around the gardens of his home at Lamport Hall in Northamptonshire. Only one of the original batch of gnomes survives. His name is Lampy. He is on display at Lamport Hall, and is insured for one million pounds.

Other websites
Garden Gnome - Encyc

Gardening

Garden gnome


Jan Maarten Heideman (born 16 June 1973) is a Dutch speed skater who specialises in marathon speed skating.

Heideman, currently living in a small town named Gelselaar in the Achterhoek, started as an all-around speed skater, finishing in 8th position three times at the Dutch All-around Speed Skating Championships in 1994,1995 and 1996. In 1996 he won the bronze medal at the 1500 metres at the KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships. However, at the age of six he already skated 25 kilometres in one day at the Bolksbeek.

Known as the sprinter among the marathon speed skaters he broke the record of most speed skating marathon wins on artificial tracks after he won his 48th marathon on 21 December 2003. At the end of the 2004–05 season he already expanded his new record to a total of 56 artificial track wins. He became Dutch national marathon speed skating champion three times and won the Alternative Elfstedentocht in Finland twice. In 2006 he won the Open Dutch nature track marathon speed skating Championship at the Weissensee in Austria for the third time. He is also a three-time winner of the Essent Cup and a four-time winner of the Six Days of the Greenery. In Assen on 18 November 2006 in a race for the Essent Cup 2006-07 he won his 67th win.

Jan Maarten Heideman is also known to be the Willie Wortel (Gyro Gearloose) of the speed skating peloton. Together with his sponsor Raps he tested various techniques. In 1997 he was the first and until today the only skater who skated the Elfstedentocht on clap skates. He was also the first skater to show up with the 3D-skate, the carve-skate, the shark suit, the bird suit, the kluun shoe, the heater skate and the change skate.

In 2001 he released a book called "Leren van schaatser Jan Maarten Heideman" (Learning from speed skater Jan Maarten Heideman). He was one of the skaters that organised a mass in an Austrian church with 450 speed skaters showing up in the weekend the Alternative Elfstedentocht was skated in 2004.

Honours
 69 artificial track speed skating marathon wins, the last one being the final race of the 2006 Six Days of the Greenery in Alkmaar.
 Dutch national marathon speed skating champion: 3 times
 Alternative Elfstedentocht (Finland) winner: 2 times
 Open Dutch marathon speed skating on nature track champion: 3 times
 Six Days of the Greenery winner: 1998, 1999, 2000, 2006

References

1973 births
Living people
Dutch male speed skaters
People from Berkelland
Sportspeople from Gelderland

Jan Maarten Heideman


Constantin Dimitrescu (; 19 March 1847 in Blejoi, Romania – 9 May 1928) was a Romanian classic composer and music teacher, one of the most prominent representatives of the late Romantic period.

Background
Born in Blejoi, Prahova County, he was taken to Bucharest at an early age, once his musical talent was recognized. There he studied cello and composition with some of Romania's best-known music teachers. Funds were subsequently made available for him to continue his education in Vienna and then later in Paris where he studied with, among others, the famous cello virtuoso Auguste Franchomme.

Musical work
Upon his return to Bucharest, he became principal cellist of the Bucharest Philharmonic and also of the National Theater Orchestra. In later years, he served as conductor for both. He was also engaged as a professor at the Bucharest Conservatory, where one of his students was George Georgescu, later to become an important conductor after a hand injury forced him to abandon a successful career as a cellist.

Despite his many occupations and duties, Dimitrescu found time to compose orchestral and operatic works as well as chamber music. In fact, it was his great love of chamber music which led him to found Bucharest's first permanent string quartet. He served as its cellist for many years. Thus it comes as no surprise to find that throughout his long musical life, Dimitrescu composed string quartets, seven in all.

Serenada română (Romanian Serenade) for cello and piano, Op. 9
Dans ţănănesc (Peasants Dance; also known as "Rustic Dance") for cello and piano, Op. 15
String Quartet No. 1 in G major, Op. 21
String Quartet No. 2 in D minor, Op. 26
String Quartet No. 3 in B major, Op. 33
String Quartet No. 4 in G minor, Op. 38
String Quartet No. 5 in F major, Op. 42 (published 1890)
Concerto No. 1 for cello and orchestra
Concerto No. 2 for cello and orchestra
Sergentul Cartuș, Opera (1883)
Renegatu, Opera (1886)
Sanda, Opera (1886)
Nini, Comic Opera in 3 acts (1897); premiered 1898 in Bucarest; libretto by Dimitrie Ionescu-Zane
Sănziana şi Pepelea, Musical Fairytale in  5 Acts (1899); premiered 1899 in Bucarest; libretto by Vasile Alecsandri

References

External links
Constantin Dimetrescu String Quartet No.1, Op.21 Soundbites & Information.

Academic staff of the National University of Music Bucharest
Romanian composers
People from Blejoi
1847 births
1928 deaths
Romanian classical cellists
Romanian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)

Constantin Dimitrescu


Sally Kristen Ride (May 26, 1951 – July 23, 2012) was an American astronaut and physicist. Born in Los Angeles, she joined NASA in 1978, and in 1983 became the first American woman and the third woman to fly in space, after cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova in 1963 and Svetlana Savitskaya in 1982. She was the youngest American astronaut to have flown in space, having done so at the age of 32.

Ride was a graduate of Stanford University, where she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in physics and a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature in 1973, a Master of Science degree in physics in 1975, and a Doctor of Philosophy in physics in 1978 for research on the interaction of X-rays with the interstellar medium. She was selected as a mission specialist astronaut with NASA Astronaut Group 8, the first class of NASA astronauts to include women. After completing her training in 1979, she served as the ground-based capsule communicator (CapCom) for the second and third Space Shuttle flights, and helped develop the Space Shuttle's robotic arm. In June 1983, she flew in space on the  on the STS-7 mission. The mission deployed two communications satellites and the first Shuttle pallet satellite (SPAS-1). Ride operated the robotic arm to deploy and retrieve SPAS-1. Her second space flight was the STS-41-G mission in 1984, also on board Challenger. She spent a total of more than 343 hours in space. She left NASA in 1987.

Ride worked for two years at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Arms Control, then at the University of California, San Diego, primarily researching nonlinear optics and Thomson scattering. She served on the committees that investigated the loss of Challenger and of Columbia, the only person to participate in both. Having been married to astronaut Steven Hawley during her spaceflight years and in a private, long-term relationship with former Women's Tennis Association player Tam O'Shaughnessy, she is the first astronaut known to have been LGBT. She died of pancreatic cancer in 2012.

Early life
Sally Kristen Ride was born on May 26, 1951, in the Encino neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, the elder child of Dale Burdell Ride and Carol Joyce Ride . She had one sibling, Karen, known as "Bear". Both parents were elders in the Presbyterian Church. Her mother, who was of Norwegian descent, had worked as a volunteer counselor at a women's correctional facility. Her father served with the U.S. Army in Europe with the 103rd Infantry Division during World War II. After the war he went to Haverford College on the G.I. Bill, earned a master's degree in education at the University of California, Los Angeles, and became a political science professor at Santa Monica College.

Ride grew up in the Van Nuys and Encino neighborhoods of Los Angeles. In 1960, when she was nine years old, the family spent a year traveling in Europe. In Spain, Ride played tennis for the first time. She enjoyed sports, but tennis most of all, and at age 10 was coached by Alice Marble, a former world number one player. By 1963 Ride was ranked number 20 in Southern California for girls aged 12 and under. She attended Encino Elementary School, Portola Junior High (now Portola Middle School), Birmingham High School and then, as a sophomore on a tennis scholarship, Westlake School for Girls, an exclusive all-girls private school in Los Angeles. Elizabeth Mommaerts, who taught human physiology, became a mentor. Ride resolved to become an astrophysicist. She graduated in June 1968, and then took a class in advanced math at Santa Monica College during the summer break.

Her friend Sue Okie was interested in going to Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, so Ride applied too. She was interviewed by Fred Hargadon, the dean of admissions, who was impressed by both her mental and her tennis ability. She was admitted on a full scholarship. She commenced classes at Swarthmore on September 18, 1968. She played golf, and made Swarthmore's field hockey varsity team. She won all six of her intercollegiate tennis matches, and became the Eastern Intercollegiate Women's Singles champion. She defended her title in May 1969, winning in straight sets. But Ride was homesick for California, and in those days before Title IX women's tennis was not well-supported at the college level; Swarthmore had four tennis courts but no indoor courts and she could not practice when it snowed. After three semesters at Swarthmore, she returned to California in January 1970, with the aim of becoming a professional tennis player.

Ride entered the University of California, Los Angeles, where she enrolled in courses in Shakespeare and quantum mechanics, earning A's in both subjects. She was the only woman majoring in physics. She was romantically involved with the teaching assistant, John Tompkins, but the relationship ended in September when he went to Moscow to conduct research at the Institute for High Energy Physics. Her foray into professional tennis was unsuccessful; after playing three matches in a single August morning her whole body ached the following day. She realized that far more effort would be necessary in order to reach the required level of fitness: she needed to practice for eight hours a day. She concluded that she did not have what it took to be a professional tennis player.

Ride applied for a transfer to Stanford University as a junior. The tennis coach was eager to have her on the team, and by coincidence, Fred Hargadon was now the dean of admissions there. He was once again instrumental in approving her admission. She graduated in 1973 with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics and a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature. She then earned a Master of Science degree in physics in 1975 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1978. Astrophysics and free-electron lasers were her areas of study. She wrote her doctoral dissertation on "the interaction of X-rays with the interstellar medium", under the supervision of Arthur B. C. Walker Jr.

At Stanford, Ride renewed her acquaintance with Molly Tyson, who was a year younger than her. The two had met on the tennis circuit as junior tennis players. Although Ride was rated number one at Stanford and Tyson was number six, the two played doubles together. Ride later quit the Stanford tennis team in protest against the university's refusal to join the Pac-8 Conference in women's tennis. To earn money Ride and her then-girlfriend Tyson gave tennis lessons, and in 1971 and 1972 they were counselors at Dennis Van der Meer's TennisAmerica summer camp at Lake Tahoe, Nevada. In August 1972, Ride played in a doubles match with Van der Meer against Billie Jean King, the world number 1 ranked female tennis player, and Dick Peters, the camp director; Martin Luther King III and Dexter King served as ball boys. Billie Jean King became a mentor and a friend. Ride watched her win the Battle of the Sexes match against Bobby Riggs in 1973. Tyson ended their relationship in 1975, and Ride moved in with Bill Colson, a fellow graduate physics student who was recently divorced.

NASA astronaut

Selection and training

In January 1977, Ride spotted an article on the front page of The Stanford Daily that told how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was recruiting a new group of astronauts  for the Space Shuttle program and wanted to recruit women. No women had previously been NASA astronauts, although the Soviet Union's cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova had flown in space in 1963. Ride mailed a request for, and received the application forms. When asked for three persons with knowledge of her qualifications, she gave the names of three with whom she had been in relationships: Colson, Tompkins and Tyson.

Ride's was one of 8,079 applications NASA received by the June 30, 1977, deadline. She then became one of 208 finalists. She was the only woman among the twenty applicants in the sixth group, all applicants for mission specialist positions, who reported to  NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas, on October 3, for a week of  interviews and medical examinations. Her physical fitness impressed the doctors. They also placed her in a Personal Rescue Enclosure to see if she suffered from claustrophobia. She was asked to write a one-page essay on why she wanted to become an astronaut. Finally, she was interviewed by the selection committee. On January 16, 1978, she received a phone call from George Abbey, NASA's director of flight operations, who informed her that she had been selected as part of NASA Astronaut Group 8. She was one of 35 astronaut candidates in the group, of whom six were women.

Group 8's name for itself was "TFNG". The abbreviation was deliberately ambiguous; for public purposes, it stood for "Thirty-Five New Guys", but within the group itself, it was known to stand for the military phrase, "the fucking new guy", used to denote newcomers to a military unit. Officially, they were astronaut candidates; they would not become fully-fledged astronauts until they had completed their training. Ride was graded a civil service GS-12, with a salary of US$21,883 (). She bought a unit in the Nassau Bay, Texas, area, and moved in with Colson, who secured a research grant at Rice University so they could move to Houston together. He became the only unmarried astronaut candidate's partner. Ride and Colson split up in January 1979, and she briefly dated fellow astronaut candidate Robert "Hoot" Gibson.

Astronaut candidate training included learning to fly NASA's T-38 Talon jet aircraft. Officially, mission specialists did not have to qualify as pilots, only ride in the back seat and handle an emergency if the pilot became incapacitated. They were never to control the aircraft below , but many of the astronaut pilots and pilot candidates, eager to share their love of flying, ignored the rules, and let the more proficient mission specialist candidates fly the jets lower. John Fabian even had her fly "under the hood", with the windows blacked out and using instruments only. Ride enjoyed flying so much she took private flying lessons to earn a private pilot's license. She bought a part interest in a Grumman Tiger aircraft, which she would fly on weekends. On August 31, 1979, NASA announced that the 35 astronaut candidates had completed their training and evaluation, and were now officially astronauts, qualified for selection on space flight crews.

In 1981, Ride began dating Steven Hawley, another one of the TFNGs. They moved in together, and considered themselves engaged. Unlike Colson, he was not aware of her earlier relationship with Tyson. They were married on July 26, 1982, in the backyard of Hawley's parents' house in Salina, Kansas. Ride flew up from Houston for the occasion in her Grumman Tiger, and wore white jeans. The ceremony was jointly conducted by Hawley's father Bernard, the pastor at the local Presbyterian church, and Ride's sister Bear. It was deliberately kept low-key, with only parents and siblings in attendance. They became the third NASA astronaut couple, after Rhea Seddon and Hoot Gibson, who had married a few months before, and Anna Fisher and her husband Bill Fisher, who became an astronaut couple when the latter was selected with NASA Astronaut Group 9 in 1980. Ride did not take her husband's name.

STS-7

Ride served as a ground-based capsule communicator (CapCom) for the second and third Space Shuttle flights, and helped develop the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (RMS), also known as the  "Canadarm" or robot arm. She was the first woman to serve as a CapCom. By early 1982, George Abbey and the Chief of the Astronaut Office, John Young, wanted to begin scheduling missions with the TFNGs, starting with the seventh Space Shuttle mission. To command it, they chose Robert Crippen, who had flown with Young on the first Space Shuttle mission. They wanted a woman to fly on the mission, and since the mission involved the use of the RMS, the choice narrowed to Ride, Judy Resnik and Anna Fisher, who had specialized on it. Factors in Ride's favor included her agreeable personality and ability to work with others, her performance as CapCom, and her skill with the robot arm. However, JSC director Chris Kraft preferred Fisher, and Abbey had to defend their decision. NASA Headquarters ultimately approved Ride's selection, which was officially announced in April 1982.

As the first American woman to fly in space, Ride was subjected to media attention. There were over five hundred requests for private interviews, all of which were declined. Instead, NASA hosted the usual pre-launch press conference on May 24, 1983. Ride was asked questions such as, "Will the flight affect your reproductive organs?" and "Do you weep when things go wrong on the job?" She insisted that she saw herself in only one way—as an astronaut. NASA was still adjusting to female astronauts, and engineers had asked Ride to assist them in developing a "space makeup kit", assuming it would be something a woman would want on board. They also infamously suggested providing Ride with a supply of 100 tampons for the six-day mission.

When the  lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) on June 18, 1983, Ride became the first American woman to fly in space, and the third woman overall. She also became the youngest American astronaut in space, although there had been younger cosmonauts. Many of the people attending the launch wore T-shirts bearing the words "Ride, Sally Ride", lyrics from Wilson Pickett's song "Mustang Sally". The purpose of the mission was to deploy two communications satellites: Anik C2 for Telesat of Canada and Palapa B1 for Indonesia. Both were deployed during the first two days of the mission.

The mission also carried the first Shuttle pallet satellite (SPAS-1), which carried ten experiments to study formation of metal alloys in microgravity. Part of Ride's job was to operate the robot arm to deploy and later retrieve SPAS-1, which was brought back to Earth. The orbiter's small Reaction control system rockets were fired while SPAS-1 was held by the remote manipulator system to test the movement on an extended arm. STS-7 was also the first occasion on which a photograph was taken of the Space Shuttle in orbit. This was done using the camera on SPAS-1. Ride manipulated the robot arm into the shape of a "7", as it appeared on the mission patch. The mission also studied Space adaptation syndrome, a bout of nausea frequently experienced by astronauts during the early phase of a space flight. Ride was not affected and did not require medication for the syndrome. Bad weather forced Challenger to land at Edwards Air Force Base in California instead of the Shuttle Landing Facility at the KSC. The mission lasted  6 days, 2 hours, 23 minutes and 59 seconds.

Now a celebrity, Ride, along with her STS-7 crewmates, spent the next few months after her flight on tour. She met with the Governor of California, George Deukmejian, and the Mayor of New York, Ed Koch. She testified before the Congressional Space Caucus on the efficacy of the robot arm, and addressed the National Press Club, but declined to appear with Bob Hope, whom she regarded as sexist. The crew presented President Ronald Reagan with jelly beans that had been flown on the flight. In September 1983, on her own initiative, she met with Svetlana Savitskaya, the second woman to fly in space, in Budapest. The two found an instant camaraderie, and they were able to converse for six hours, thanks to Savitskaya's command of English. They exchanged gifts: Savitskaya presented Ride with Russian dolls, books and a scarf, and Ride gave Savitskaya an STS-7 charm that had flown on the mission and a TFNG shirt. They also signed autographs for each other on Russian first day covers.

STS-41-G

While she was still engaged on the publicity tour, Abbey assigned Ride to the crew of STS-41-G. This was on Crippen's request; he had been assigned to another mission, STS-41-C, that would fly beforehand as part of a test to see how quickly crews could be turned around, and wanted Ride as his flight engineer again so that she could sit in for him during crew training for STS-41-G in the meantime. During mission simulations, she sat in the commander's left hand seat. Ride would become the first American woman to fly twice, and her TFNG crewmate Kathryn Sullivan would become the first American woman to perform an extravehicular activity (EVA); Savitskaya had already become the first woman to do both when she flew in space on Soyuz T-12 in July 1984. However, it would be the first time that two women were in space together.

The mission lifted off from the KSC in Challenger on  October 5, 1984. The rookie astronauts on the flight were cautious about moving about too soon, lest they suffer from space adaptation syndrome, but Ride was now a veteran astronaut, one who knew that she would not be affected. Once in orbit she immediately and gracefully began moving about. The crew deployed the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, conducted scientific observations of the Earth with the OSTA-3 pallet (including the SIR-B radar, FILE, and MAPS experiments) and large format camera (LFC), and conducted numerous in-cabin experiments as well as activating eight Getaway Special canisters containing experiments devised by outside groups.

When the SIR-B antenna failed to unfold correctly, Ride used the robot arm to shake it loose, manipulating the robot arm much faster than she had been trained. She also repaired a broken antenna on the middeck. During the second day of the mission, the SIR-B antenna had to be stowed so Challengers orbit could be altered but its latches failed to clamp and close the antenna. Ride then used the RMS to nudge the antenna panel closed. Sullivan performed an EVA with fellow TFNG mission specialist David Leestma, in which they showed that a satellite could be refueled in orbit. On this mission Challenger completed 132 orbits of the Earth in 197.5 hours, landing back at the KSC on October 13, 1984. During the mission, Ride carried a white silk scarf that had been worn by Amelia Earhart. On her two flights  Ride had spent over 343 hours in space.

Planned third mission

Ride was soon back in the rotation, training for her third flight, STS-61-I. This mission was scheduled to be flown no later than July 15, 1986, and was to deploy the Intelsat VI-1 and INSAT 1-C communications satellites and carry the Materials Science Lab-4. The crew was subsequently switched to STS-61-M, a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TRDS) deployment mission scheduled to be flown in July 1986. She also served on two more missions as CapCom. On January 7, 1986, Ride provided a glowing reference for her friend (and eventual biographer) Lynn Sherr for NASA's Journalist in Space Project. Sherr became one of the finalists. During 1985, Ride began an affair with Tam O'Shaughnessy. The two knew each other from the junior tennis circuit, and from when Ride was at Stanford.  O'Shaughnessy was now living in Atlanta, and had recently broken up with her female partner. Ride visited when she went to Atlanta on speaking engagements. Hawley was  aware that his marriage was in trouble, but not that O'Shaughnessy was more than a friend. Ride still performed her astronaut spouse duties for Hawley when he flew in space for the second time on STS-61-C in January 1986. Astronauts and their spouses were quarantined for a few days before launch, and they stayed at the astronaut beach house at the KSC. Spouses were expected to attend events before and after launches, including the post-mission publicity tour. This could be agonizing for a couple whose marriage was breaking up.

Rogers Commission
STS-61-M was cancelled after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster later that month. Ride was appointed to the Rogers Commission, the presidential commission investigating the disaster, and headed its subcommittee on operations. She was the only Space Shuttle astronaut and the only current NASA employee on the commission. After her death in 2012, Major General Donald J. Kutyna revealed that she had discreetly provided him with key information about O-rings, namely, that they become stiff at low temperatures, that eventually led to identification of the cause of the explosion. To protect her source, they then fed this information to Richard Feynman. Ride was even more disturbed by revelations of NASA dysfunctional management decision-making and risk-assessment processes. According to Roger Boisjoly, who was one of the engineers that warned of the technical problems that led to the Challenger disaster, after the entire workforce of Morton-Thiokol shunned him, Ride was the only public figure to show support for him when he went public with his pre-disaster warnings. Ride hugged him publicly to show her support for his efforts. The Rogers Commission submitted its report on June 6, 1986.

Following the Challenger investigation, Ride was assigned to NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., where she led NASA's first strategic planning effort. She authored a report titled "NASA Leadership and America's Future in Space". NASA management was unhappy with its prioritization of Earth exploration over a mission to Mars. She founded NASA's Office of Exploration, which she headed for two months. On weekends she flew to Atlanta to be with O'Shaughnessy. In October 1986, she published a children's book, To Space and Back, which she co-wrote with Sue Okie, her high school and  Swarthmore friend.

After NASA

In May 1987, Ride announced that she was leaving NASA to take up a two-year fellowship at the Stanford University Center for International Security and Arms Control (CISAC), commencing on August 15, 1987. She divorced Hawley in June. At Stanford, her colleagues included Condoleezza Rice, a specialist on the Soviet Union. Ride researched means by which nuclear warheads could be counted and verified from space, but the impending end of the Cold War made this a much less pressing issue. As the end of her fellowship approached, Ride hoped to secure a permanent position at Stanford. Sidney Drell, who had recruited her, attempted to get a department to appoint her as a professor, but none would. Drell resigned from CISAC in protest.

On July 1, 1989, Ride became a professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and director of the California Space Institute (Cal Space), part of the university's Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She was paid a professor's salary of $64,000 () plus a $6,000 stipend as director of Cal Space, which employed 28 full- and part-time staff and had a budget of $3.3 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Her research primarily involved the study of nonlinear optics and Thomson scattering. She remained director of Cal Space until 1996. She retired from UCSD in 2007 and became a professor emeritus.

From the mid-1990s until her death, Ride led two public-outreach programs for NASA—the ISS EarthKAM and GRAIL MoonKAM projects, in cooperation with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and UCSD. The programs allowed middle school students to request images of the Earth and the Moon. Ride bought a house in La Jolla, California, and O'Shaughnessy moved in after taking up a teaching position at San Diego Mesa College. She turned down offers from President Bill Clinton to become NASA Administrator, not wanting to leave California, but did agree to serve on the President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). This involved flying to Washington, D.C., every few months for studies and presentations. Due to the experience at CISAC, Clinton appointed her to a PCAST panel chaired by John Holdren to assess the risk of fissile materials being stolen in Russia and ending up in the hands of terrorists.

From September 1999 to July 2000, Ride was the president of the space news website, Space.com, a company that aggregated news about science and space on its website. She then became the president and CEO of Sally Ride Science, a company she co-founded with O'Shaughnessy, who served as the chief executive officer and chair of the board. Sally Ride Science created entertaining science programs and publications for upper elementary and middle school students, with a particular focus on girls. Ride and O'Shaughnessy co-wrote six books on space aimed at children, with the goal of encouraging children to study science.

In 2003, Ride served on the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, and was the only person to serve on both the panel that investigated the Challenger disaster and the one that investigated the Columbia disaster. She endorsed Barack Obama for president in 2008, and was contacted by Lori Garver, the head of Barack Obama's transition team for NASA in 2008, but once again made it clear that she was not interested in the post of NASA administrator. She served on the board of the National Math and Science Initiative in 2007 and the Educate to Innovate initiative in 2009, and was a member of the Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee, which conducted an independent review of American space policy requested by the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) on May 7, 2009.

Death
When Ride delivered a speech at the National Science Teachers Association Conference in San Francisco on March 10, 2011, O'Shaughnessy and a friend noted that she looked ill. Alarmed, O'Shaughnessy had her book a doctor's appointment for the following day. A medical ultrasound revealed a tumor the size of a golf ball in her abdomen. A follow-up CT scan at UCSD confirmed a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. She underwent chemotherapy and radiation therapy to reduce the size of the tumor. Ride had ensured that O'Shaughnessy would inherit her estate when she drew up her will in 1992. They registered their domestic partnership on August 15, 2011. On October 27, surgeons removed part of Ride's pancreas, bile duct, stomach and intestine, along with her gallbladder.

Ride died on July 23, 2012, at the age of 61, at her home in La Jolla. Following cremation, her ashes were interred next to those of her father at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica. Her papers are in the National Air and Space Museum Archives of the Smithsonian Institution. Ride's obituary publicly revealed for the first time that O'Shaughnessy had been her partner of 27 years. This made Ride the first known LGBT astronaut. The relationship was confirmed by Ride's sister Bear, who said Ride chose to keep her personal life private, including her sickness and treatments.

Awards and honors
Ride received numerous awards throughout her lifetime and after. She received the National Space Society's von Braun Award, the Lindbergh Eagle by the Charles A. Lindbergh Fund, and the NCAA's Theodore Roosevelt Award. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame and the Astronaut Hall of Fame and was awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal twice. Elementary schools in the United States were named after her, including Sally Ride Elementary School in The Woodlands, Texas, and Sally Ride Elementary School in Germantown, Maryland. In 1984, she received the Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Ride into the California Hall of Fame at the California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts on December 6, 2006. The following year she was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.

Ride directed public outreach and educational programs for NASA's Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission, which sent twin satellites to map the moon's gravity. On December 17, 2012, the two GRAIL probes, Ebb and Flow, were directed to complete their mission by crashing on an unnamed lunar mountain near the crater Goldschmidt. NASA announced that it was naming the landing site in her honor. Also in December 2012, the Space Foundation bestowed upon Ride its highest honor, the General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award.

In April 2013, the United States Navy announced that a research ship would be named in honor of Ride. The  was christened by O'Shaughnessy on August 9, 2014, and delivered to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 2016. It was the first vessel in the research fleet to be named after a female scientist.

A "National Tribute to Sally Ride" was held at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., on May 20, 2013. That day, President Barack Obama announced that Ride would receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. The medal was presented to O'Shaughnessy in a ceremony at the White House on November 20, 2013. In July 2013, Flying magazine ranked Ride at number 50 on their list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation". For their first match of March 2019, the women of the United States women's national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back; Tierna Davidson chose the name of Sally Ride.

Ride was inducted into the Legacy Walk, an outdoor public display in Chicago that celebrates LGBT history and people, in 2014. She was honored with a Google Doodle on what would have been her 64th birthday in 2015. It was reused on International Women's Day in 2017. Stanford University's Serra House located in Lucie Stern Hall was renamed the Sally Ride House in 2019. The U.S. Postal Service issued a first-class postage stamp honoring her in 2018, and Ride appeared as one of the first two honorees of the American Women quarters series in March 2022. She was the first known LGBT person to appear on U.S. currency.

On 1 April 2022, a satellite named after Ride (ÑuSat 27 or "Sally", COSPAR 2022-033R) was launched into space as part of the Satellogic Aleph-1 constellation.

The Cygnus spacecraft used for the NG-18 mission was named the S.S. Sally Ride in her honor. It launched successfully on November 7, 2022.

In popular culture
 Billy Joel's 1989 song "We Didn't Start the Fire" mentions her.
 Ride appeared as herself in the 1999 Touched by an Angel episode "Godspeed".
 In 2013, Janelle Monáe released a song called "Sally Ride".
 Astronauts Chris Hadfield and Catherine Coleman performed a song called "Ride On". The song was later released as part of Hadfield's album Space Sessions: Songs from a Tin Can under the name "Ride That Lightning."
 A 2017 "Women of NASA" Lego set featured mini-figurines of Ride, Margaret Hamilton, Mae Jemison, and Nancy Roman.
 In 2019, Mattel released a Barbie doll in Ride's likeness as part of their "Inspiring Women" series.
 On October 21, 2019, the play Dr. Ride's American Beach House by playwright Liza Birkenmeier premiered off-Broadway at Ars Nova's Greenwich House Theater in New York City. The play is set the evening before Ride's 1983 space flight, and is about women's desires and American norms of sex and power, lensed with Ride's experience as an astronaut in relation to her LGBTQ identity. The title of the play alludes to NASA's astronaut beach house where astronauts were quarantined before missions.
 In the film Valley Girl (2020), Ride is referred to not only as the first woman astronaut, but also as a valley girl, since she was from Encino.
 In 2021, Ride was featured in the second season of the Apple TV+ streaming series For All Mankind, where she was played by Ellen Wroe.

Selected works

See also

 Women in space
 List of female astronauts
 List of female explorers and travelers
 Mercury 13
 Women in science

References

Further reading

External links

 Sally Ride Science website

1951 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
American astronauts
American children's writers
American science writers
Articles containing video clips
Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Harmon Trophy winners
LGBT people from California
American LGBT scientists
American LGBT writers
People from Encino, Los Angeles
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Scientists from California
Stanford University alumni
Stanford University faculty
Swarthmore College alumni
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
Women astronauts
American women children's writers
American women physicists
Women science writers
Writers from Los Angeles
20th-century American physicists
People from La Jolla, San Diego
American women non-fiction writers
Space Shuttle program astronauts
American people of Norwegian descent
Birmingham High School alumni
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Sally Ride