The United Service Club was a London gentlemen's club founded in 1815 for the use of senior officers in the British Army and Royal Navy – those above the rank of Major or Commander – and the club was accordingly known to its members as "The Senior". The club closed in 1978.

Because of its emphasis on senior officers, it was considered the most prestigious of London's military clubs – reflected partly in its entry fees, which were the highest of any London club in the 1880s, although there has been some speculation this was a device to limit the number of new members.

History
The year after it was founded, in 1816, the Club moved into its first premises in Albemarle Street. Three years later, in 1819, it moved to Charles Street and in 1828 to a purpose-built clubhouse at 116 Pall Mall, designed by the noted architect John Nash. The club house, on the corner with Waterloo Place, was built between 1826 and 1828. Its style, displaying military friezes along the top of the building, was later mirrored by the Athenaeum opposite. Both buildings had a stone step outside, facing each other across Waterloo Place. These were for the use of the Duke of Wellington, who was a member of both clubs and rode everywhere, rather than use a carriage. These steps still stand today. The building was later altered and extended by Decimus Burton in 1858–9, and then again by the firm of Thompson and Walford, in the years 1912–13 and 1929–30. It was built on the site of the former Carlton House.

In 1892 members were concerned that the club was facing financial difficulties and elected to allow lesser ranks – down to Army Captains and Naval Lieutenants – as members. This led to a significant increase in membership and in 1910 the Club expanded its premises into the existing Nos. 118 and 119 Pall Mall.

Despite the club's prestige, like many other clubs it ran into serious financial difficulties in the 1970s, and was forced to close in 1978. The building was bought by the Institute of Directors (IoD), and a condition of the sale was that the IoD would retain all of the club's original fixtures and fittings (including the Duke's step), which it still does today. However, although the building survives substantially intact, the old club building makes up only part of the IoD headquarters on Pall Mall, whose complex encompasses several neighbouring buildings which were never part of the club.

See also
List of London's gentlemen's clubs

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Jackson, Maj. Gen. Sir Louis C.; History of the United Service Club, United Service Club, 1937.

External links
IoD webpage about the former United Service Club building
116 Pall Mall – website for the building today

Gentlemen's clubs in London
1815 establishments in the United Kingdom
1978 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Military gentlemen's clubs

United Service Club


Clifton Davies (12 December 1919 – 28 January 1967) was a Welsh international prop who played club rugby for Cardiff and invitational rugby for the Barbarians. He won 16 caps for Wales and was selected to play in the British Lions on the 1950 tour of Australia and New Zealand.

Davies was a short, tough prop forward, who was also known within rugby circles for his cheery demeanor and baritone singing voice.

Rugby career
Davies began his rugby career with local club Kenfig Hill before moving to Bridgend. After the war, Davies was persuaded to join first tier club, Cardiff, by Jack Matthews and joined the Blues in the 1945/46 season. Davies made his international debut for Wales during the 1947 Five Nations Championship, when he was selected to face Scotland at Murrayfield. Under the captaincy of Haydn Tanner, Wales beat the Scottish team convincingly and Davies secured his position in the team for the rest of the season. In his second game for Wales, Davies was involved in a memorable match against France at Stade Colombes. In a bruising encounter, Davies bit the ear of French prop Jean Princlary in the scrum, after the Frenchman's continual harassment of Billy Gore, the Welsh hooker. The Welsh team were happy to win the game by a single drop goal.

During the 1947/48 season, Davies was part of one of the strongest Cardiff teams in the club's history. Out of 41 games, Cardiff lost just two, to Pontypool and Penarth, and also beat the touring Australians. Davies was also picked to face the Australians for Wales, which saw the Welsh team win through two penalty goals from Bill Tamplin. Davies played for all four matches of the 1948 Five Nations Championship, though after a draw against England and a win over Scotland, Davies experienced his first international loss when Wales were beaten by both France and Ireland. The 1949 season was a poor one for Davies, as he was picked for only one game of the tournament in another loss to the French.

1950 was a far better year for Davies, which cemented his position as one of the truly great Welsh props. Davies played in all four of the 1950 Championship which saw Wales win their first Grand Slam since 1911. The Welsh pack included two inexperienced players, David Davies and John Robins, and it was Cliff who steadied the Welsh pack, allowing his hooker to win key possession in the scrums. In the opening game against England, Davies also scored his only international points, finishing off a Lewis John run to score a try at Twickenham to give Wales the victory. That year he was chosen for the British Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, and although playing in only one test, he was a popular character who kept up team morale.

Davies' played in the first three opening games of the 1951 Championship, but was dropped after a draw against Ireland at the Cardiff Arms Park. Davies then faced his final major touring team, when he was part of the Cardiff team that faced the touring South Africa team. It was a close match which Cardiff lost 11–9. Davies played particularly well in the front row, but when he turned up from working down the mine he was unshaven and used his stubble against the South African prop, Jaap Bekker in the scrum. After rubbing the side of Bekker's face raw, Bekker warned Davies to stop, or he would bite him. Davies did not stop, and Bekker responded by biting a piece out of Davies' ear which caused a heavy bleed.

Davies retired from first class rugby in 1952.

International matches played
Wales
  1947
  1948, 1950, 1951
  1947, 1948, 1949, 1950
  1947, 1948, 1950, 1951
  1947, 1948, 1950, 1951

British Lions
  1950 (4th Test)

References

Bibliography

1919 births
1967 deaths
Barbarian F.C. players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
Cardiff RFC players
Kenfig Hill RFC players
Rugby union players from Kenfig Hill
Rugby union props
Welsh miners
Welsh rugby union players
Wales international rugby union players

Cliff Davies (rugby union)


Vincent Timmerman is a Belgian scientist working at the VIB Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Antwerp of Christine Van Broeckhoven. His research is focused on inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system, classified as hereditary motor and/or sensory neuropathies and the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy is Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease or Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy (HMSN).

Vincent Timmerman obtained a PhD at the University of Antwerp in 1993 and is VIB Group leader since 1999. He became Associate Professor, at the University of Antwerp since 2002.

On 22 May 2007 Vincent Timmerman and Peter De Jonghe received the Solvay Prize for their work on Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

References

 Züchner S, Noureddine M, Kennerson M, Verhoeven K, Claeys K, De Jonghe P, Merory J, Oliveira a, Speer c, Stenger e, Walizada G, Zhu D, Pericak-Vance a, Nicholson G, Timmerman V, Vance M, Mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain of dynamin 2 cause dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, NAT GENET 37, 289–294, 2005
 Züchner S, Mersiyanova v, Muglia M, Bissar-Tadmouri N, Rochelle J, Dadali l, Zappia M, Nelis E, Patitucci A, Senderek J, Parman Y, Evgrafov O, De Jonghe P, Takahashi Y, Tsuji S, Pericak-Vance a, Quattrone A, Battologlu E, Polyakov v, Timmerman V, Schröder m, Vance M, Mutations in the mitochondrial GTPase mitofusin 2 cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A, NAT GENET 36, 449–451, 2004

Sources
 Vincent Timmerman

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Belgian neuroscientists
University of Antwerp alumni
Academic staff of the University of Antwerp

Vincent Timmerman


Gary Hodges (born 1954) is a British artist and publisher much admired internationally for his graphite pencil wildlife art. His original drawings and limited edition prints have sold widely in the UK and throughout the world and is collected by large numbers of ordinary citizens, many not previously seeing themselves as "art collectors". During his career he has sold over 110,000 limited edition prints from 130 editions. His popularity has influenced and encouraged many other artists to develop intricate styles with pencil. He has a close connection to various environmental and wildlife conservation groups for whom he provides considerable financial support.

Early life and influences

Born in South London in 1954 he is the son of a fishmonger and secretary. Surrounded by pets as a child he grew up with a strong passion for animals and was given wildlife books which gave him considerable knowledge of many different species. He was also influenced by his love of comics such as X Men and Spiderman and at school he was encouraged to pursue his love of art, especially drawing. During this time his mother fell ill and died. He gained "O" level qualifications early but went on to unsuccessfully study for "A" levels and left school at the age of sixteen for a job in the printing trade.

In 1978 he met his civil partner, professional photographer and environmentalist Dave Currey. This introduced him to the world of conservation and environmental activism. In early 1980 he left his printing job and they travelled to the western US and Mexico, where they saw wildlife such as whales, sealions, ospreys, and dolphins. It was his first real experience of wilderness.

In 1981 and 1982 he was commissioned to illustrate two articles in Wildlife Magazine. He picked up other work to design a leaflet and illustrate many press releases for WWF. His drawings were exhibited at the Hampstead Open Air Exhibition in 1981 and the Henry-Brett Galleries in Chelsea, London and Gloucester in 1982. By this time he started working with children in Brixton, south London, moving to run and help build an adventure playground in Elephant and Castle, a deprived area of south London. In 1983 his drawings were highly commended at the Wildlife Illustrator of the Year Exhibition at the Natural History Museum, London and he had his first solo show at the Everyman Foyer Gallery, Hampstead in 1984.

In 1987 Greenpeace commissioned the first two of nine limited edition prints over the next few years. His father was diagnosed with cancer and died in 1988, a loss which caused him to re-evaluate his life. The huge sell-out success of the first Greenpeace editions encouraged him to concentrate on his art.

Wildlife drawings 1987–1994

After visiting many potential art and book publishers in the 1980s Hodges could have been dismayed by their dismissal, stating that "black & white doesn't sell." Some encouraged him to work in colour. However, the huge success of the first five Greenpeace limited edition prints, selling out editions of 850 prints, helped him decide to publish himself. This was very uncommon at the time.

Hodges has described his technique to the public while artist in residence at the prestigious Nature in Art museum in Gloucester, UK over many years. He has also provided access to his drawing through time-lapse photography in two of the films made about him and in magazines. He uses a range of graphite pencils from grade 8H to 5B, a scalpel knife for sharpening the pencils, trimming paper and creating a bevel on plastic erasers which he uses to bring out highlights. His references have usually been his own photographs, and in more recent years largely taken from the wild. He has expressed real concern over conditions and the ethics of zoos. A drawing may take him many months, with them taking longer in more recent years. He draws on Fabriano 5 paper, also reproducing images as limited editions on the same paper to maintain quality.

His early Greenpeace drawings of Green Turtle (1987) and Narwhal (1987) have become collector's pieces with the prints first selling for £8.50, more recently the Green turtle exchanging hands for £3,500.00 on the secondary market. During this time Snow Leopard (1993) became his fastest selling print (edition of 850), although this has since been surpassed. Its scarcity created a secondary demand with it selling for around £3,000 many times and has reached £3,200. The investment potential of his prints has attracted additional collectors to his following.

He became fairly prolific in this period exhibiting at various shows including the Medici Gallery, London, the Mall Galleries, London and the Robin des Bois Gallery, Paris – all in 1989.

Born Free

Hodges first met the stars of the iconic movie Born Free, Virginia McKenna and the late Bill Travers, in 1989 at the Society of Wildlife Artists' annual exhibition in London. He states that he was "a little overwhelmed and shocked when they wanted to buy my Eléphants Africains drawing." McKenna and Travers had set up Zoocheck (later to be known as Born Free Foundation) to press for closure of zoos.

Soon after this meeting, George Adamson, the true-life character in Born Free, was murdered in Kenya. Hodges received a call from McKenna asking him to accept a commission to draw Adamson in time for a memorial service in London. Working from old videos and photographs Hodges created George Adamson with Boy and Christian (1989), Adamson's favourite lions. Virginia Mckenna loved the drawing and Hodges stated this gave him greater confidence as an artist.

Hodges and McKenna have remained friends with Hodges supporting the Born Free Foundation for many years. McKenna said of the drawing "A picture of love and trust. Lord of the Lions George Adamson with Boy and Christian. The living spirit of the animals shines through their eyes and the beauty of their physical presence leaps from the paper. An artist who understands."

Fast Frame franchise

Virginia McKenna's secretary took a limited edition print of George Adamson with Boy and Christian into a framing shop in Croydon, Surrey. The owner of the shop was so impressed with Hodges' art he asked to stock the prints in 1990. It turned out that this shop was part of the Fast Frame franchise and when the prints sold really well Croydon contacted the other Fast Frame shops around the UK. Before long his limited edition prints were being sold in around 75 framing shops.

Hodges was already being recognised for his art winning the WWF Fine Art Prize at the Society of Wildlife Artists' annual shows in 1989 and 1990. In 1991 he held a highly successful solo show in the Medici Gallery in central London and his prints were being sold in charity shows as well as all the retail outlets.

In 1992 he drew Bengal Tigress and Cub especially for the UK televised charity appeal ITV Telethon, prints of which were sold through the Fast Frame franchise. These prints, the first ever for this television charity, raised about £20,000. Soon after this the franchise went into liquidation and Hodges built individual relationships with the remaining shops.

Mall Galleries, solo show 1994

With his popularity growing, Hodges decided to stage a solo show of his work at the Mall Galleries in central London. This very large space is used for many different group art shows and is centrally positioned on the Mall next to the ICA, near Trafalgar Square and Buckingham Palace.

Already associated with two wildlife groups – Born Free Foundation and the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) (his partner Dave Currey a founding director) – he decided to donate the proceeds to these two organisations to aid their work. The show took place from 24 November – 5 December 1994. At the private view the queue to enter tailed down the Mall and inside there was a constant line of people trying to buy originals and limited editions prints. The event was on local television, an auction was held, and a number of notable UK celebrities actively involved themselves in helping and buying his art. It was described by the gallery as the first time they had seen so many people at a solo show.

The show was a complete sell-out. All 21 originals and over 900 limited editions prints sold and raised £90,000 for the two organisations. Although Hodges was already well established, after this huge success his prints became more in demand, editions sold out in weeks and secondary art market prices increased.

Wildlife drawings 1995–present

His success provided Hodges with the means to research his subjects in the wild more than ever. He had always felt uncomfortable using photographic references taken from zoos because of his opposition to the captivity of wildlife, although in some cases they remained his only source. But from 1990 he first visited East Africa and later many other countries.

In late 1995 his pet border collie died and he went back to an older drawing (1986) he had completed of Jaff and worked on it more. This was to become quite common for him in the following years – updating older pictures before releasing them as prints. The limited edition print Jaff (1995) was released in December 1995 and he and his partner decided to sell the prints for charity. It raised about £34,000 which went towards feeding starving working elephants in Kaziranga National Park, India, an orang-utan research project in Borneo and a tiger campaign.

This was a very difficult time for Hodges as his and his partner's friend Paul Delapenha fell very sick. In 1996 Hodges spent time with Delapenha and his family in Jamaica before they returned to the UK where he died. Hodges was unable to draw and in early 1997 he and his partner moved out of London to Wiltshire in the English countryside.

Although throughout this period Hodges was much less prolific than in his earlier years, he spent a lot of time updating older drawings and releasing them as limited edition signed prints. When in 1997, following his friend's death, Hodges drew Supreme (1997), a Siberian tiger, it was to become his largest edition size of 1,950, selling out before being issued. The drawing was dedicated to his friend Paul Delapenha and named Supreme because of Delapenha's love of the motown group The Supremes. The original was sold at Christie's Auction House London in 1998 for £16,215. His originals have continued to sell for high prices at auction. The head of wildlife art at Christie's, Fiona Osbourne-Young, said of Hodges art "Everything is perfection ... to get this from a pencil leads pencil drawing into a completely different dimension."

Between 1996 and 2003 he achieved incredible limited edition print sales and was recipient of a number of awards. Many of his prints were sold to retailers "on allocation" – only providing a percentage of their requirements. This no doubt added to his collectability.

Slowly starting to draw again, Hodges completed a tiger drawing Pride and Joy (1998) and started on Nile Crocodile (unfinished) (2000). The crocodile drawing was featured in a film documentary "Drawn to Wildlife" in time lapse photography, showing the painstaking detail and technique of Hodges as an artist. It was also released unfinished as a limited edition print (1,500 copies) and over subscribed. The launch event supported by Cygnet's gallery raised £24,000 for the Born Free Foundation.

In 1998 Hodges joined his partner Currey in Indonesia, where he was working to protect orang-utans and stop illegal logging. They travelled through Tanjung Puting National Park in Borneo which was (at the time) being heavily illegally logged, met with primatologist Birute Galdikas who has worked with orang-utans for decades, and interacted with rehabilitated orang-utans. During this trip footage for the documentary "Drawn to Wildlife" was shot by Currey of Hodges in the field. Hodges states this trip had "an incredibly powerful effect" on him and it resulted in a new drawing Plea for the Rainforest (1999) – an evocative portrait of a baby orang-utan peering over its mother's head who is pleading to the viewer. Time lapse photography of this drawing was shown on National Geographic TV in "Wild Vision" in 1999.

His last drawing completed in the UK was Serenity (2001) a clouded leopard. In 2000 he and his partner moved to Spain, although keeping a base in the UK. Serenity was reproduced as Hodges' 100th limited edition print (1,750 copies).

In 2002 one of the public's favourite drawings, Sabu (2002), a snow leopard, was the first drawing to be completed in his Ibiza home. The print edition sold out before release and Hodges states it hangs in 1,300 homes, including some of his celebrity collectors such as Martina Navratilova, Kiki Dee, Pam St Clement and Rula Lenska.

Working with the same film producer that had made "Drawn to Wildlife" in 1998, David Felber, Hodges travelled to Kenya with actress and friend Rula Lenska to make a new DVD based around his drawing of elephants. They visited Daphne Sheldrick and her orphaned elephants in both Nairobi and Tsavo East National Park and Tsavo West National Park and filmed their interactions with these elephants. This was a return visit to meet Sheldrick for both Hodges and Lenska. On return to Ibiza, Hodges drew, again filmed in time lapse for the "Wild at Art" DVD, Joy (2003) of young African elephants running towards a waterhole.

In 2004 and 2005 Hodges created three new drawings linked to charity. Little Foxes (2004) resulted from a visit to Wildlife Aid, a British charity made famous on the TV show Wildlife SOS featuring Wildlife Aid founder Simon Cowell. Queen of Diamonds (2004), a green turtle, was his contribution to a set of transformation playing cards in aid of the Marine Stewardship Council. Other artist contributors included Damian Hurst, Quentin Blake, and Dame Elizabeth Blackadder. The Born Free Foundation contacted Hodges in the autumn of 2004 asking him to draw Elsa the lioness to celebrate their 21st anniversary as a charity. The Spirit of Elsa (2005) was the result, drawn from old grainy photographs of Elsa, a lioness which had died when Hodges was a child. He states that he listened to Matt Monro's version of the theme tune of "Born Free" playing in the background on repeat, sometimes changing it to Kiki Dee's acoustic version. He believes the drawing has "a touch of innocent, child-like quality to it." This was Hodges' first drawing he reproduced on canvas as well as paper.

One of Hodges' personal favourites is his drawing of a family of meerkats Family (2005) which he states represents a new group of friends from many nationalities he and his partner made in Ibiza to add to his old friends in the UK and elsewhere. Angel Eyes (2005) was dedicated to his stepmother Ann who died in October of that year.

Still very popular Hodges has managed to maintain a loyal following over the years. Soulmates (2007), a drawing of snow leopards sold for £16,500 at the Society of Wildlife Artists' annual show in 2007 also winning the 2007 Visitors' Award out of over 400 exhibits. The limited edition print sold out completely. In recent years he has concentrated on a series of wild cat portraits starting with a tiger, Majesty (2009), followed by a cheetah, Grace (2009) and then in 2010 he released a limited edition print of an unfinished part of his next cat portrait which he called Fire (2010) – a jaguar. The finished drawing was completed 2011. Hodges has recently published three limited edition prints printed by the giclee process including The Incredible Journey, newly hatched loggerhead turtles running for the sea.

In 2015, in preparation for a major solo show at the Mall Galleries in central London, Hodges has embellished around 40 collectable limited edition prints. He has worked on the prints with pencil to make each print unique. They will go on show at "Heart & Soul The Exhibition" along with originals and prints in April 2016.

His contribution to art was recognised in September 2010 by Nature in Art, the world's first museum dedicated to art inspired by nature. Two of their five galleries were used for a five-week major retrospective show of his art called "Drawn to the Soul" with forty-five Hodges' originals on display. His book of the same title was published to coincide with this show.

In 2013 Hodges was recognised in a show at Nature in Art "Wildlife Masters" where he was the only pencil artist exhibited with painters David Shepherd, Simon Combes, Anthony Gibbs and sculptor Geoffrey Dashwood.

Travel for references

Since early success Hodges has travelled extensively for inspiration and references. He has visited East Africa on many occasions with notable elephant drawings, big cats other African wildlife gaining inspiration from the wild. Particularly relating to actual moments were Nile Crocodile (2000) after an experience in Samburu National Park, Kenya, and Joy (2003) from Daphne Sheldrick's elephant orphanage in Tsavo National Park, and Baby Love (2008) from a moment in the rain in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania.

He created a number of drawings including Owl Butterfly (1994), Green Iguana (1993), Sunlight and Shadows (1994) and Young Caiman (1993) after two visits to Venezuela in 1992/93. An evocative piece Iberian Wolves – hope for the future (1994) was inspired by a 7-day trip to the Iberian Wolf Recovery Centre in Portugal. Plea for the Rainforest (1999)came after travelling in Borneo, Indonesia and inspiration for the wild Asian animal drawings was boosted in Nepal in 1995.

Most recently Hodges has photographed and observed green and loggerhead turtles on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, in The Maldives and Galápagos Islands and used the references for The Incredible Journey. He has also recently visited Costa Rica and Tanzania.

Conservation groups and people

From the beginning of his career Hodges has generously donated well over half a million pounds to a range of different conservation groups and other charities. Amongst these are the two he has supported the most, the Born Free Foundation, founded by Virginia McKenna and Bill Travers and The Environmental Investigation Agency co-founded by his civil partner Dave Currey.

His art has touched many people including a celebrity and influential following. In the introduction to  the latest book on Hodges, Simon Trapnell, Director of the prestigious Nature in Art museum in Gloucester which held a retrospective of his art in 2010 wrote: "Picasso said that Drawing is a kind of hypnotism: one looks in such a way at the model, that he comes and takes a seat on the paper. Gary is an artist whose subjects take a seat on the paper. They are alive. Right in front of us. His drawings are his way of speaking, and his way of empowering the subject to speak for itself. A few strokes of Gary's pencil invariably hold much more than mere form and line, they can hold immensity. They can't help but draw us to the soul."

Dame Daphne Sheldrick DME has said of Hodges "Gary Hodges' depth of feeling for animals manifests itself in the perfection of his art and his generosity and support for the cause of wildlife conservation. His drawing of two of our orphaned elephants, Ndume and Malaika, hangs in my house, and is one of my most treasured possessions. To me it is the work of a Master, not only accurate in every detail, but subtly portraying the character of the animals with deep sensitivity."

Jenny Seagrove, actress and trustee of Born Free Foundation stated "There's something that goes straight to some very deep part of your soul, straight from the pictures … If ever art was poetry, this is poetry."

Societies and prizes

Accepted as a member of the Society of Wildlife Artists in 1990, Hodges has served three times on the council. One of the responsibilities of council members is to choose work for the annual exhibition. Since 2008 he has also been a judge for the Wildlife Artist of the Year competition organised by the David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation.

Hodges has been a regular artist in residence at the Nature in Art museum in Gloucester since 1991.

Some of his major awards:

 Highly commended Wildlife Magazine Illustrator of the Year, Natural History Museum, London, 1983.
 Best Foreign Exhibit at the second International Festival of Animal Art, France 1993.
 Highly commended BBC World Magazine Wildlife Artist of the Year, 1991.
 Fine Art Trade Guild's Best Selling Published Artist Award, 1997, only awarded to an artist once in their lifetime. Other awardees include Beryl Cook, David Shepherd, Mackenzie Thorpe and Jack Vettriano.
 John Solomon Trophy (twice) – "Best Selling Images by a Living Artist." Only other artists awarded twice are Jack Vettriano and David Shepherd.
 WWF Artist of the Year (1989 and 1990).
 Visitors Choice Award 2007, Society of Wildlife Artists.

Exhibitions, auctions and collections

Hodges has exhibited his art at countless charity shows and auctions including:

 Natural History Museum, London, UK in aid of Living Earth 1990
 Natural History Museum, Caracas, Venezuela in aid of Living Earth 1992
 Barbican Centre, London, UK in aid of Friends of the Earth 1990
 Bonhams Auctions, London, UK in aid of Rhino Rock 1992
 Sotheby's Auctions, London, UK in aid of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 1991

His solo shows including:

 Robin des Bois Gallery, Paris, France in aid of Robin des Bois 1989
 Medici Gallery, London, UK 1991
 Mall Galleries, London, UK Gary Hodges Wildlife Drawings 1994
 Pacha, Ibiza, Spain – the first ever artist to exhibit in this world-renowned nightclub 2004
 Nature in Art Museum, Gloucester, UK major retrospective Drawn to the Soul 2010

He has exhibited most years since 1989 at the Society of Wildlife Artists' Annual Show at the Mall Galleries, London, UK. His art is held in the British Council collection and the Nature in Art permanent collection.

in 2016 Hodges is exhibiting originals, limited edition prints and embellished prints at the Mall Galleries in Central London at his "Heart & Soul – The Exhibition" 18–23 April. This charity show is a follow up to his highly successful 1994 exhibition. His two favourite charities, EIA and Born Free will be the show's beneficiaries. The ticketed private view of 650 people is already sold out. A book of the same name will be published along with the show. A 16-month 2016/17 Calendar has already been published to coincide and count down to the show.

London Elephant Parade

Approached by friend Rula Lenska, Hodges agreed to decorate a life-size fibre-glass baby elephant for the London Elephant Parade 2010. For him, this was a huge step outside his chosen art medium. He was very pleased with the ideas that came to him and after removing the living room door of his Brixton home to get the elephant in, he lived with the elephant painstakingly realising his ideas. Since the parade was based in London he chose to add a splash of blue by painting the River Thames across the elephant with each side adorned in ripped parts of his own prints. The shape of the river twisting through London is also famous because of the opening credits of the British soap opera EastEnders, which Hodges felt appropriate since his friend Lenska had appeared in this show and another collector Pam St Clement has starred in it for many years. He admits that working in collage and media such as PVA glue were outside his experience. One side of the elephant is a complicated collage of his prints while the other, is humorously and more simply designed around meerkats taken from his drawing Family (2005).

The resulting elephant named Tattoo – Born to be Wild (2010) was displayed in a "herd" in London's Green Park facing Buckingham Palace in the warm summer of 2010. It was later auctioned for £12,500 in aid of the Born Free Foundation. Along with 259 other elephants, mainly in aid of the charity Elephant Family, £4 million was raised for Asian elephant conservation and it was London's biggest ever outdoor art event.

Books, films and website

Hodges work has appeared in a number of different publications including books by Virginia McKenna, Sir Timothy Ackroyd, Lissa Ruben and Peter Wood (Greenpeace).

He has produced four books on his art, Gary Hodges Wildlife Drawings 1994, Drawn to the Soul 2010, Gary Hodges – postcard book (2012) and Heart & Soul (2015). Heart & Soul is an autobiography with portfolio of all his published work to date and was launched at Nature in Art Museum by TV Wildlife presenter Nigel Marven. Heart & Soul My Life and Drawings includes a foreword by Virginia McKenna OBE "You might not guess that this modest and somewhat self-effacing man is the genius behind the extraordinary pictures he creates. His only 'tool' a pencil. But as you read you start to understand the passion behind the pencil." Virginia McKenna chose Gary Hodges' George Adamson with Boy and Christian as her 'favourite painting' in Country Life Magazine in 2014.

Three film documentaries have been about Hodges: "Drawn to Wildlife" broadcast on Animal Planet Channel, "Wild Vision", broadcast on the National Geographic Channel and "Wild at Art" sold as a charity DVD.  "Drawn to Wildlife" and "Wild at Art" were produced by David Felber and presented by Rula Lenska.  An out-take from "Wild at Art" was shown on "Alright on the Night's All Star Special."

Hodges launched a new website in 2015 website with information about his life, videos, art and inspirations. It also provides updated information on his latest art, exhibitions, publications and a shop.

References

External links
 Gary Hodges' Official Website
 Hodges's partner Dave Currey's website
 Wild Press, imprint owned by Hodges & Currey
 Environmental Investigation Agency (UK) website
 Environmental Investigation Agency (USA) website
 Born Free Foundation website
 The Society of Wildlife Artists website
 Nature in Art museum in Gloucester, UK
 The David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation website

British artists
Living people
1954 births

Gary Hodges


Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids such as cortisol. Signs and symptoms may include high blood pressure, abdominal obesity but with thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks, a round red face due to facial plethora, a fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles, weak bones, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly. Women may have more hair and irregular menstruation. Occasionally there may be changes in mood, headaches, and a chronic feeling of tiredness.

Cushing's syndrome is caused by either excessive cortisol-like medication, such as prednisone, or a tumor that either produces or results in the production of excessive cortisol by the adrenal glands. Cases due to a pituitary adenoma are known as Cushing's disease, which is the second most common cause of Cushing's syndrome after medication. A number of other tumors, often referred to as ectopic due to their placement outside the pituitary, may also cause Cushing's. Some of these are associated with inherited disorders such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Carney complex. Diagnosis requires a number of steps. The first step is to check the medications a person takes. The second step is to measure levels of cortisol in the urine, saliva or in the blood after taking dexamethasone. If this test is abnormal, the cortisol may be measured late at night. If the cortisol remains high, a blood test for ACTH may be done.

Most cases can be treated and cured. If due to medications, these can often be slowly decreased if still required or slowly stopped. If caused by a tumor, it may be treated by a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. If the pituitary was affected, other medications may be required to replace its lost function. With treatment, life expectancy is usually normal. Some, in whom surgery is unable to remove the entire tumor, have an increased risk of death.

About two to three people per million are affected each year. It most commonly affects people who are 20 to 50 years of age. Women are affected three times more often than men. A mild degree of overproduction of cortisol without obvious symptoms, however, is more common. Cushing's syndrome was first described by American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing in 1932. Cushing's syndrome may also occur in other animals including cats, dogs, and horses.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing of the limbs (central obesity). Common signs include the growth of fat pads along the collarbone, on the back of the neck ("buffalo hump" or lipodystrophy), and on the face ("moon face"). Other symptoms include excess sweating, dilation of capillaries, thinning of the skin (which causes easy bruising and dryness, particularly the hands) and mucous membranes, purple or red striae (the weight gain in Cushing's syndrome stretches the skin, which is thin and weakened, causing it to hemorrhage) on the trunk, buttocks, arms, legs, or breasts, proximal muscle weakness (hips, shoulders), and hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth), baldness and/or extremely dry and brittle hair. In rare cases, Cushing's can cause hypocalcemia. The excess cortisol may also affect other endocrine systems and cause, for example, insomnia, inhibited aromatase, reduced libido, impotence in men, and amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhea and infertility in women due to elevations in androgens. Studies have also shown that the resultant amenorrhea is due to hypercortisolism, which feeds back onto the hypothalamus resulting in decreased levels of GnRH release.

Many of the features of Cushing's are those seen in metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity, and elevated blood levels of triglycerides.

Cognitive conditions, including memory and attention dysfunctions, as well as depression, are commonly associated with elevated cortisol, and may be early indicators of exogenous or endogenous Cushing's. Depression and anxiety disorders are also common.

Other striking and distressing skin changes that may appear in Cushing's syndrome include facial acne, susceptibility to superficial fungus (dermatophyte and malassezia) infections, and the characteristic purplish, atrophic striae on the abdomen.

Other signs include increased urination (and accompanying increased thirst), persistent high blood pressure (due to cortisol's enhancement of epinephrine's vasoconstrictive effect) and insulin resistance (especially common with ACTH production outside the pituitary), leading to high blood sugar and insulin resistance which can lead to diabetes mellitus.  Insulin resistance is accompanied by skin changes such as acanthosis nigricans in the axilla and around the neck, as well as skin tags in the axilla. Untreated Cushing's syndrome can lead to heart disease and increased mortality. Cortisol can also exhibit mineralocorticoid activity in high concentrations, worsening the hypertension and leading to hypokalemia (common in ectopic ACTH secretion) and hypernatremia (increased Na+ ions concentration in plasma). Furthermore, excessive cortisol may lead to gastrointestinal disturbances, opportunistic infections, and impaired wound healing related to cortisol's suppression of the immune and inflammatory responses. Osteoporosis is also an issue in Cushing's syndrome since osteoblast activity is inhibited. Additionally, Cushing's syndrome may cause sore and aching joints, particularly in the hip, shoulders, and lower back.

Brain changes such as cerebral atrophy may occur. This atrophy is associated with areas of high glucocorticoid receptor concentrations such as the hippocampus and correlates highly with psychopathological personality changes.
 Rapid weight gain
 Moodiness, irritability, or depression
 Muscle and bone weakness
 Memory and attention dysfunction
 Osteoporosis
 Diabetes mellitus
 Hypertension
 Immune suppression
 Sleep disturbances
 Menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea in women
 Infertility in women
 Impotence in men
 Hirsutism
 Baldness
 Hypercholesterolemia

Hyperpigmentation

Cushing's syndrome due to excess ACTH may also result in hyperpigmentation. This is due to melanocyte-stimulating hormone production as a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Alternatively, it is proposed that the high levels of ACTH, β-lipotropin, and γ-lipotropin, which contain weak MSH function, can act on the melanocortin 1 receptor. A variant of Cushing's disease can be caused by ectopic, i.e. extra pituitary, ACTH production from, for example, a small-cell lung cancer.

When Cushing's syndrome is caused by an increase of cortisol at the level of the adrenal glands (via an adenoma or hyperplasia), negative feedback ultimately reduces ACTH production in the pituitary. In these cases, ACTH levels remain low and no hyperpigmentation develops.

Causes
Cushing's syndrome may result from any cause of increased glucocorticoid levels, whether due to medication or internal processes. Some sources however do not consider the glucocorticoid medication-induced condition as "Cushing's syndrome" proper, instead using the term "Cushingoid" to describe the medication's side effects which mimic the endogenous condition.

Cushing's disease is a specific type of Cushing's syndrome caused by a pituitary tumor leading to excessive production of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). Excessive ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce high levels of cortisol, producing the disease state. While all Cushing's disease gives Cushing's syndrome, not all Cushing's syndrome is due to Cushing's disease. Several possible causes of Cushing's syndrome are known including the taking of herbal supplements over-the-counter that do not list glutocoticoids in their ingredients.

Exogenous
The most common cause of Cushing's syndrome is the use of prescribed glucocorticoids to treat other diseases (iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome). Glucocorticoids are used in treatment of a variety of disorders, including asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, and also used for immunosuppression after organ transplants. Administration of synthetic ACTH is also possible, but ACTH is less often prescribed due to cost and lesser utility. Rarely, Cushing's syndrome can also be due to the use of medroxyprogesterone acetate. In exogenous Cushing's, the adrenal glands may often gradually atrophy due to lack of stimulation by ACTH, the production of which is suppressed by glucocorticoid medication. Abruptly stopping the medication can thus result in acute and potentially life-threatening adrenal insufficiency and the dose must hence be slowly and carefully tapered off to allow internal cortisol production to pick up. In some cases, patients never recover sufficient levels of internal production and must continue taking glucocorticoids at physiological doses for life.

Cushing's syndrome in childhood is especially rare and usually results from use of glucocorticoid medication.

Endogenous
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome results from some derangement of the body's own system of cortisol secretion. Normally, ACTH is released from the pituitary gland when necessary to stimulate the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.
 In pituitary Cushing's, a benign pituitary adenoma secretes ACTH. This is also known as Cushing's disease and is responsible for 70% of endogenous Cushing's syndrome.
 In adrenal Cushing's, excess cortisol is produced by adrenal gland tumors, hyperplastic adrenal glands, or adrenal glands with nodular adrenal hyperplasia.
 Tumors outside the normal pituitary-adrenal system can produce ACTH (occasionally with CRH) that affects the adrenal glands. This etiology is called ectopic or paraneoplastic Cushing's disease and is seen in diseases such as small cell lung cancer.
 Finally, rare cases of CRH-secreting tumors (without ACTH secretion) have been reported, which stimulates pituitary ACTH production.

Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome
Elevated levels of total cortisol can also be due to estrogen found in oral contraceptive pills that contain a mixture of estrogen and progesterone, leading to pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. Estrogen can cause an increase of cortisol-binding globulin and thereby cause the total cortisol level to be elevated. However, the total free cortisol, which is the active hormone in the body, as measured by a 24-hour urine collection for urinary free cortisol, is normal.

Pathophysiology
The hypothalamus is in the brain and the pituitary gland sits just below it. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropin (ACTH).  ACTH travels via the blood to the adrenal gland, where it stimulates the release of cortisol. Cortisol is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland from a region called the zona fasciculata in response to ACTH. Elevated levels of cortisol exert negative feedback on CRH in the hypothalamus, which decreases the amount of ACTH released from the anterior pituitary gland.

Strictly, Cushing's syndrome refers to excess cortisol of any etiology (as syndrome means a group of symptoms). One of the causes of Cushing's syndrome is a cortisol-secreting adenoma in the cortex of the adrenal gland (primary hypercortisolism/hypercorticism). The adenoma causes cortisol levels in the blood to be very high, and negative feedback on the pituitary from the high cortisol levels causes ACTH levels to be very low.

Cushing's disease refers only to hypercortisolism secondary to excess production of ACTH from a corticotroph pituitary adenoma (secondary hypercortisolism/hypercorticism) or due to excess production of hypothalamus CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) (tertiary hypercortisolism/hypercorticism). This causes the blood ACTH levels to be elevated along with cortisol from the adrenal gland. The ACTH levels remain high because the tumor is unresponsive to negative feedback from high cortisol levels.

When Cushing's syndrome is due to extra ACTH it is known as ectopic Cushing syndrome. This may be seen in a paraneoplastic syndrome.

When Cushing's syndrome is suspected, either a dexamethasone suppression test (administration of dexamethasone and frequent determination of cortisol and ACTH level), or a 24-hour urinary measurement for cortisol offers equal detection rates. Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid and simulates the effects of cortisol, including negative feedback on the pituitary gland. When dexamethasone is administered and a blood sample is tested, cortisol levels >50 nmol/L (1.81 μg/dL) would be indicative of Cushing's syndrome because an ectopic source of cortisol or ACTH (such as adrenal adenoma) exists which is not inhibited by the dexamethasone. A novel approach, recently cleared by the US FDA, is sampling cortisol in saliva over 24 hours, which may be equally sensitive, as late-night levels of salivary cortisol are high in cushingoid patients. Other pituitary hormone levels may need to be ascertained.  Performing a physical examination to determine any visual field defect may be necessary if a pituitary lesion is suspected, which may compress the optic chiasm, causing typical bitemporal hemianopia.

When any of these tests is positive, CT scanning of the adrenal gland and MRI of the pituitary gland are performed to detect the presence of any adrenal or pituitary adenomas or incidentalomas (the incidental discovery of harmless lesions). Scintigraphy of the adrenal gland with iodocholesterol scan is occasionally necessary. Occasionally, determining the ACTH levels in various veins in the body by venous catheterization, working towards the pituitary (petrosal sinus sampling) is necessary. In many cases, the tumors causing Cushing's disease are less than 2 mm in size and difficult to detect using MRI or CT imaging. In one study of 261 patients with confirmed pituitary Cushing's disease, only 48% of pituitary lesions were identified using MRI prior to surgery.

Plasma CRH levels are inadequate at diagnosis (with the possible exception of tumors secreting CRH) because of peripheral dilution and binding to CRHBP.

Diagnosis

Cushing's syndrome can be ascertained via a variety of tests which include the following:
 24-hour urine free cortisol
 Dexamethasone suppression test
 Saliva cortisol level

Treatment
Most cases of Cushingoid symptoms are caused by corticosteroid medications, such as those used for asthma, arthritis, eczema and other inflammatory conditions.  Consequently, most patients are effectively treated by carefully tapering off (and eventually stopping) the medication that causes the symptoms.

If an adrenal adenoma is identified, it may be removed by surgery. An ACTH-secreting corticotrophic pituitary adenoma should be removed after diagnosis. Regardless of the adenoma's location, most patients require steroid replacement postoperatively at least in the interim, as long-term suppression of pituitary ACTH and normal adrenal tissue does not recover immediately. Clearly, if both adrenals are removed, replacement with hydrocortisone or prednisolone is imperative.

In those patients not suited for or unwilling to undergo surgery, several drugs have been found to inhibit cortisol synthesis (e.g. ketoconazole, metyrapone) but they are of limited efficacy. Mifepristone is a powerful glucocorticoid type II receptor antagonist and, since it does not interfere with normal cortisol homeostasis type I receptor transmission, may be especially useful for treating the cognitive effects of Cushing's syndrome. However, the medication faces considerable controversy due to its use as an abortifacient. In February 2012, the FDA approved mifepristone to control high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) in adult patients who are not candidates for surgery, or who did not respond to prior surgery, with the warning that mifepristone should never be used by pregnant women- although pregnancy is extremely rare during the course of Cushing's Syndrome  In March 2020, Isturisa (osilodrostat) oral tablets a 11-beta-hydroxylase enzyme inhibitor was approved by FDA for treating those patients who cannot undergo pituitary surgery or for patients who underwent surgery but continue to have the disease.

Removal of the adrenals in the absence of a known tumor is occasionally performed to eliminate the production of excess cortisol. In some occasions, this removes negative feedback from a previously occult pituitary adenoma, which starts growing rapidly and produces extreme levels of ACTH, leading to hyperpigmentation. This clinical situation is known as Nelson's syndrome.

Epidemiology
Cushing's syndrome caused by treatment with corticosteroids is the most common form. Cushing's disease is rare; a Danish study found an incidence of less than one case per million people per year. However, asymptomatic microadenomas (less than 10 mm in size) of the pituitary are found in about one in six individuals.

People with Cushing's syndrome have increased morbidity and mortality as compared to the general population. The most common cause of mortality in Cushing's syndrome is cardiovascular events. People with Cushing's syndrome have nearly 4 times increased cardiovascular mortality as compared to the general population.

About 0.9 to 1% of those with Cushing's syndrome have a tendency to develop venous thrombosis. Other factors such as surgery and obesity also increase the chance of getting thrombosis.

Other animals
For more information on the form in horses, see pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction.

See also
 Addison's disease
 Adrenal insufficiency (hypocortisolism)
 Corticosteroid-induced lipodystrophy

References

External links

Adrenal gland disorders
Medical conditions related to obesity
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Syndromes affecting the endocrine system
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate

Cushing's syndrome


Carlos Antonio Santos-Viola  (born Carlos Santos-Viola y Antonio; April 8, 1912 – July 31, 1994) was an architect in the Philippines. He is best known for designing and building churches for the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) religious group.

Carlos was born in San Miguel, Bulacan and one of six children to Melecio de Guzman Santos and Miguela Magpitang Antonio.

Starting from San Miguel Elementary School, Carlos moved on to the Ateneo de Manila to finish his high school education. While in Ateneo he joined the school band, and was quite active in basketball. Santos-Viola was one of the first graduates of the College of Architecture of the University of Santo Tomas in 1935. During this time the professors then were outstanding architects and engineers of the period, such as Tomas Arguelles, Tomas Mapua, Juan F. Nakpil, Fernando H. Ocampo, and Andres Luna de San Pedro.

Santos-Viola worked in the office of Juan Nakpil after graduating. There he met Juan's youngest sister, Caridad, his future wife and mother to his children: Rosario, Milagros, Paz, Lourdes and Carlos, Jr.

Shortly after World War II, he decided to open his own office in partnership with Alfredo J. Luz. In 1955, both parted ways and practiced separately.

His first exposure to the INC group was executed under Nakpil's company through the Bishop's Palace in San Juan, Metro Manila. INC gave the subsequent project directly to Santos-Viola. Although common elements may be visible, his designs were distinct from one another. Each structure was created on functionality that was built with integrity, adorned with 20th-century geometric forms garnished with Gothic revival and Baroque lines. Among those completed designs was the INC's central office in Quezon City. Architect Santos-Viola was the only Filipino Architect who designed churches that were built all over the Philippines.

Carlos was a lifelong devout Catholic. He ministered for the Our Lady of Lourdes Church in Quezon City and was frequently invited to join the INC but repeatedly denied the invitations due to ideological differences. He also taught architecture at the college where he graduated, and helped found the Philippine Institute of Architects in 1938.

External links
 Biographical Site

1912 births
1994 deaths
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Tagalog people
Filipino Roman Catholics
Iglesia ni Cristo
People from San Miguel, Bulacan
People from Manila
University of Santo Tomas alumni
20th-century Filipino architects

Carlos A. Santos-Viola


The Major League Baseball game at Rickwood Field is an upcoming professional baseball game to be played between the National League (NL) West's San Francisco Giants and the NL Central's St. Louis Cardinals on June 20, 2024. The game is set to be played at Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama, the former home of the Negro leagues' Birmingham Black Barons, just one day after Juneteenth. This will be the first regular-season Major League Baseball (MLB) game played in the state of Alabama.

Background
On June 13, 2023, initial reports revealed that the Giants would play in a Field of Dreams style game, celebrating Willie Mays in Alabama. Due to construction at the MLB at Field of Dreams site, games in 2023 and 2024 were unable to happen. However, MLB decided to shift their marketing into a game to honor Willie Mays, the Negro Leagues, and Juneteenth.

Preparatory renovations of the park are scheduled to begin in October 2023. Jerry Brewer of The Washington Post wrote, "MLB is tasked with performing tasteful cosmetic surgery on a ballpark known for its old and minimalist charm."

Game
The game will be the first MLB game in the state of Alabama. It will be played on a Thursday and will be the first game of a three-game series followed by an off-day and two games at Busch Stadium in St. Louis on Saturday and Sunday.

See also
List of neutral site regular season Major League Baseball games played in the United States and Canada

References

2024 in sports in Alabama
2024 Major League Baseball season
Baseball competitions in Alabama
Major League Baseball games
San Francisco Giants
St. Louis Cardinals


Viggo Johansen (born 19 August 1949) is a Norwegian television presenter.

He has been a newspaper journalist in Dagbladet and worked for TV 2, but is best known from the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.

He served as their correspondent in Brussels from 1993 to 1997, before he was appointed as magazine editor in 1998, news editor (among others of Dagsrevyen) in 1999 and finance editor in 2001. From 2002 to 2009 he presented his own programme, Redaksjon 1. He continued with his own Saturday night show, Viggo på lørdag.

In the 1960s and 1970s he played football for Vålerengen. His son Victor Johansen became a professional footballer.

References

1949 births
Living people
Norwegian journalists
NRK people
Norwegian television reporters and correspondents
Norwegian men's footballers
Vålerenga Fotball players
Men's association football players not categorized by position

Viggo Johansen (journalist)


Idolatteria simulatrix is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Guatemala.

The wingspan is about 25 mm. The forewings are reddish orange, with a few white scales. There is a series of ten dark reddish-purple costal streaks at the extreme base of the costa. The hindwings are reddish orange, with eight purplish marginal spots.

References

Moths described in 1914
Archipini

Idolatteria simulatrix


Roma Government Complex is a heritage-listed former state school and now government offices at 42 Bungil Street, Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works (Queensland) and built in 1937. It was also known as Roma State School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 September 1998.

History
Roma Government Complex is a three storey rendered brick building, influenced by Inter War Mediterranean style, facing Bungil Street. It was constructed in 1937 as the main building of Roma State School, providing primary education to children of Roma and district.

Roma was the principal town of the Mount Abundance district, which was established as a pastoral and agricultural region after exploration by Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor General of New South Wales in 1846. It was originally settled by squatters, who established it as primarily a sheep grazing area. The township of Roma was proclaimed in September 1862, the first town formed in Queensland after its separation from New South Wales in 1859. Roma was named after Lady Diamantina Bowen (née di Roma), wife of the first Governor of Queensland, Sir George Ferguson Bowen. She was the daughter of a Governor of the Ionian Islands and her maiden name was Countess Diamantina Georgina di Roma. Surveyor McDowall laid out the town reserving a section for public buildings bounded by Bungil, Charles, McDowall and Gregory streets. The first land sales were held in September 1863. The town of Roma was declared a municipality in 1867. Roma flourished with the advent of the Western railway line in the 1880s, ensuring the efficient transportation of stock and produce to the coastal ports. The vast Great Artesian Basin was tapped in Queensland in the late 1880s and early 1890s, securing an alternative water supply for cattle and sheep.

In 1870 Roma State School, comprising simple timber school building and teachers residence, opened with an enrolment of 133 pupils. The Reserve for a National School, a two-acre site bounded by Bungil, Wyndham and Arthur Streets and two residential allotments, was proclaimed in 1871. A second school building, facing Wyndham Street, was constructed in 1899, allowing the separation of male and female instruction. This school building was enlarged through addition and verandah enclosure, thereby creating a series of new classrooms. In 1912 a verandah was enclosed to create space for a high school, with a separate site established and opened on 2 August 1920. In 1939 the original school building was sold to the RSL and relocated to Queen Street.

In 1934, the Health Inspector Chas Clark, began to agitate for a new school building. He referred to the existing building environment as problematic in respect to the physical and educational development of the children. The Roma School Committee pressed for a new building, alluding to the established use of the Unemployment Relief Scheme for the construction of school buildings and departmental preference for provision of buildings for coastal urban centres. The plans were prepared by Maurice Guthrie, of the Architectural Branch of the Department of Public Works, in January 1935, however it took the School Committee a further two years to obtain an undertaking from the government on the construction of a new building. Brick was used as it was thought to be more substantial and cost effective, but perhaps more importantly, it provided employment for greater numbers of tradesmen, during the years of economic depression.

The building was occupied in July 1938 and officially opened on 25 February 1939, providing accommodation for 432 children. It comprised eleven classrooms; a head teacher, male and female teachers rooms; cloakrooms and play area facilities underneath at the basement level. Conforming to sectional design, covered verandahs were incorporated on both the ground and first floor, along all but the southern side of the building. Ten of the classrooms, five on each floor, were interconnected by the use of sliding partitions. A stage was created by the incorporation of a raised floor beneath the western class room on the ground floor, providing multi functional use of class room space. The design was comparable to other brick school buildings built during this period of economic depression and reflects educational methodology of the time.

A combination of inadequate size of the site for outdoor facilities, burgeoning attendance and movement to open plan teaching methods in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw major changes to Roma State School. The addition of a new library behind the main school building, in 1972, prevented the early suggested relocation of the school. However, in 1974, the school was divided into Roma Infants School for years 1–3, on a separate site in Quinton Street, and Roma Junior School for years 4–7, at the Bungil Street site. In 1986 the Education Department piloted a new prototype of school in the Roma Middle School incorporating grades 4–10 on the one larger 14 acre site at Cottel Street.

In 1987, the Bungil Street school buildings were remodelled as Roma Government Complex accommodating the regional offices of the Education Department, Water Resources, Boating and Fishing and Forestry. In 1997, the reserve was subdivided into three lots with buildings on the front section. The rear section of the land, comprising two lots, was sold to the Bungil Shire Council and the Uniting Church in 1997.

Description
Roma Government Complex (former Roma State School) is located on a rectangular block bounded by Wyndham, Bungil and Arthur Streets and two vacant allotments. It is a substantial stuccoed brickwork building, influenced by Interwar Mediterranean style. It faces north toward Bungil Street and is aligned with that street.

Roma Government Complex is a three storeyed building with a centrally located main entrance in a range that breaks forward one bay. The main entrance door is recessed into an arched opening, enriched with an archivolt and keystone, and flanked by two wrought iron bracketed lanterns. The contrasting colour of the basement level accentuates openings and entrance features on the ground and first floor. The split symmetrical stairwell finished with an open porch at main entrance level has simple wrought iron balastrading. A large square opening provides the central entrance to the basement level and is located beneath the entrance porch. It has archivolt and keystone patterns to match the main entrance.

All three storeys have simple openings along the verandahs, facing the street. The ground floor, carries semi circular arches in contrast to the squared openings on the basement and first floor levels. Stair halls at each end of the building maximise the size of the major elevation to Bungil Street. On the basement level, symmetrical projecting door cases crowned with plain shields provide entrance to the stair halls.

The roof, clad with asbestos cement tiles, is pitched and hipped except for the central range which terminates in a gable/pediment at both south and north elevations. The front gable is marked ROMA STATE SCHOOL with the date of construction, 1937, in the gable of the rear of the building.

The building has relatively understated decorative features and fenestration patterns The main entrance is flanked by two grouped banks of casement windows crowned with a semi circular fanlight window. The light gently textured surface contrasts with the dark coloured timber windows located in the central range, the stair halls and the southern elevation. At the rear of the building eleven banks of four casements with fanlights are symmetrically placed on the ground and first floor. Identical grouped casement windows are located on the east and western face of the building.

The verandahs are floored with polished concrete and double hung sash windows line this space. Each floor has three entrance doors to the office spaces. The offices are open plan, with fluorescent lights and a centrally located air conditioning duct. At the western end of the ground floor office area, are two offices which these located on a raised platform, separating them from the main office area.

Bottle trees with small cairns and plaques, part of the Roma Avenue of Heroes, are located on the Bungil and Wyndham Streets footpaths. The front lawn area has six mature palm trees which are sympathetic with the architectural style of the building.

Heritage listing
Roma Government Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 September 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Roma Government Complex, formerly Roma State School, is significant as a substantial stuccoed brick building that reflects regional prosperity of Roma as a pastoral service town. The impressive form of the Roma Government Complex is indicative of the relevant importance of Roma in relation to other towns in south western Queensland.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

The Roma Government Complex is an excellent regional example of a late Interwar school building, built as a part of the state government's depression initiatives under the Unemployment Relief Scheme. It is a good example of Queensland Public Works school building design and as such demonstrates the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural place.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

The influence of Interwar Mediterranean style architecture and detailing creates an important aesthetic landmark in the town of Roma.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

As the former Roma State School, the building has a significant association with almost 50 years of primary school education for the Roma community since 1937.

References

Attribution

Further reading

External links

 Roma Government Complex Discover Queensland Buildings website

Queensland Heritage Register
Roma, Queensland
Public schools in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Government buildings in Queensland

Roma Government Complex


Styāna (Sanskrit; Tibetan phonetic: mukpa) is a Buddhist term that is translated as "lethargy", "gloominess", etc. In the Mahayana tradition, styāna is defined as a mental factor that causes the mind to be withdrawn, unclear, and unable to focus.

Styāna is identified as one of the twenty secondary unwholesome factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings

Definitions
The Abhidharma-samuccaya states:
What is gloominess' It is the way in which the mind cannot function properly and is associated with moha. Its function is to aid all basic and proximate emotions.

Mipham Rinpoche states:
Lethargy belongs to the category of delusion. It means to be withdrawn, mentally incapable, and unable to focus on an object because of heaviness of body and mind. It forms the support for the disturbing emotions.

Alexander Berzin explains:
Foggymindedness (rmugs-pa) is a part of naivety (moha). It is a heavy feeling of body and mind that makes the mind unclear, unserviceable, and incapable either of giving rise to a cognitive appearance of its object or of apprehending the object correctly. When the mind actually becomes unclear, due to foggymindedness, this is mental dullness (bying-ba).

See also
 Mental factors (Buddhism)
 Kleshas (Buddhism)

References

Sources
 Berzin, Alexander (2006), Primary Minds and the 51 Mental Factors
 Guenther, Herbert V. &  Leslie S. Kawamura (1975), Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding" Dharma Publishing. Kindle Edition.
 Kunsang, Erik Pema (translator) (2004). Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1. North Atlantic Books.

Further reading
 Bhikkhu Bodhi (2003), A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma, Pariyatti Publishing

Unwholesome factors in Buddhism
Sanskrit words and phrases

Styāna


Alicia Escardó Vegh (born 25 June 1963) is a Uruguayan writer, cultural manager, and multimedia e-learning content creator.

Biography
Alicia Escardó was born in Montevideo on 25 June 1963. She graduated from the University of the Republic's Faculty of Engineering with the title of computer analyst. From 2002 to 2008 she lived in Spain and studied at Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona and the National University of Distance Education in Madrid.

She has published several fiction books with , , , Quipu Libros, and Penguin Random House. She has participated in two collective books, published stories in magazines, and has received mentions and awards for her literary work.

Escardó has also organized several cultural events, including the Semana Negra Uy – recognized by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) Cultural Incentive Funds – and the Cycle of Exhibitions of Juan Capagorry, a project which won an MEC Competitive Grant.

Works

 El poder invisible (Banda Oriental, 2011)
 La ventana de enfrente (Trilce, 2012)
 El chico que se sentaba en el rincón (Fin de Siglo, 2014)
 Nayla y el misterio XO (Fin de Siglo, 2015)
 Mavi, no te rindas (Quipu, 2017)
 Escape de los Balcanes, (co-author, Random House, 2018)
 La muerte de Pan (Fin de Siglo, 2019)

Collective books
 Cuentos de montaña errante (Fin de Siglo, 2017)
 25/40 Narradores de la Banda Oriental (Banda Oriental, 2018)

Crime fiction anthologies
 Semana negra.uy: Archivos confidenciales (Ediciones de la Plaza, 2019)

Awards and honors
 Posdata Magazine Novel Contest, Para llegar al final, 2000, mention
 Horacio Quiroga International Contest, book El poder invisible, 2011, first prize
 MEC Annual Literature Awards, juvenile literature, Niños como pájaros, 2013, mention
 Onetti Award, Intendency of Montevideo, youth literature, Mi pueblo ya no es el mismo, 2014, mention
 MEC Annual Literature Awards, youth literature, El chico que se sentaba en el rincón, 2014, second prize
 Narrators of the Banda Oriental National Narrative Award, Lolita Rubial Foundation, narrative, El naufragio, 2014, mention
 MEC Annual Literature Awards, youth literature, Nayla y el misterio XO, 2017, first prize

References

External links

1963 births
21st-century Uruguayan women writers
21st-century Uruguayan writers
Living people
University of the Republic (Uruguay) alumni
Uruguayan children's writers
Uruguayan engineers
Uruguayan women children's writers
Writers from Montevideo

Alicia Escardó


was a Japanese ophthalmologist who reported a condition now known as Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease.

Career
He was born in Goryo, Amakusa District, Kumamoto Prefecture in 1892 and grew up in Taragi, Kuma District, and Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture. While attending the Medical Faculty, Tokyo Imperial University, he became an
army-doctor-to-be. He graduated from Tokyo University in 1917. After studying internal medicine, he entered the Department of Ophthalmology under Shinobu Ishihara in January, 1922.

In December 1922, he first reported "A case of acute diffuse choroiditis with retinal detachment" at a meeting of ophthalmologists in Tokyo; this work became a paper in 1926, recognized for its comprehensive description of what is now known as Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease.

He later worked in Nagasaki with his father-in-law, who was also an ophthalmologist. In 1937, he became an army doctor; he was later stationed in the Philippines. In 1945, his office was destroyed by A-bomb. On December 20, 1946, he died of pneumonia at the age of 54.

References
e-Medicine, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
Whonamedit

Notes

Japanese ophthalmologists
People from Kumamoto Prefecture
1892 births
1946 deaths

Einosuke Harada


The Western equine encephalomyelitis virus is the causative agent of relatively uncommon viral disease Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE). An alphavirus of the family Togaviridae, the WEE virus is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) transmitted by mosquitoes of the genera Culex and Culiseta. WEE is a recombinant virus between two other alphaviruses, an ancestral Sindbis virus-like virus, and an ancestral Eastern equine encephalitis virus-like virus. There have been under 700 confirmed cases in the U.S. since 1964. This virus contains an envelope that is made up of glycoproteins and nucleic acids. The virus is transmitted to people and horses by bites from infected mosquitoes (Culex tarsalis and Aedes taeniorhynchus) and birds during wet, summer months.

According to the CDC, geographic occurrence for this virus is worldwide, and tends to be more prevalent in places in and around swampy areas where human populations tend to be limited.  In North America, WEE is seen primarily in U. S. states and Canadian provinces west of the Mississippi River.  The disease is also seen in countries of South America. WEE is commonly a subclinical infection; symptomatic infections are uncommon.  However, the disease can cause serious sequelae in infants and children.  Unlike Eastern equine encephalitis, the overall mortality of WEE is low (approximately 4%) and is associated mostly with infection in the elderly. Approximately 15–20% of horses that acquire the virus will die or be put down. There is no human vaccine for WEE and there are no licensed therapeutic drugs in the U.S. for this infection. The virus affects the brain and spinal cord of the infected host.

History
WEE was discovered in 1930 when a number of horses in the San Joaquin Valley of California, USA died of a mysterious encephalitis. Karl Friedrich Meyer investigated but was not able to isolate the pathogen from necropsies of horses that had been dead for some time and needed samples from an animal in the earlier stages of disease. When the team heard of a horse that appeared to have encephalitis, its owner threatened to shoot the scientists. However Meyer was able to convince the farmer's wife that the horse was dying anyway, and to secretly signal him when the farmer was asleep in exchange for $20 (as this was during the Great Depression, this was a substantial amount of money). Meyer and his colleagues hid in the bushes until the signal, euthanized the horse and stole its head. They successfully isolated WEEV from the brain tissue.

Biological weapon
Western equine encephalitis virus was one of more than a dozen agents that the United States researched as potential biological weapons before the nation suspended its biological weapons program.

See also
 Eastern equine encephalitis virus

References

External links

 United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Fact Sheet

Animal viral diseases
Biological weapons
Viral encephalitis
Bird diseases
Parasites of birds
Horse diseases
Alphaviruses
Insect-borne diseases

Western equine encephalitis virus


Paul P. Enns (born June 17, 1937) is an evangelical Christian pastor, biblical scholar and writer who serves as a full-time minister at Idlewild Baptist Church in Lutz, Florida, and as adjunct professor at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. He is notable as one of the translators of the updated New American Standard Bible and as the author of The Moody Handbook of Theology.

Early life and education
Enns was born in Morris, Manitoba, where he graduated from Morris Collegiate Institute. Both he and his wife Helen (née Klassen) have a "Russian" Mennonite background. He went on to earn a diploma in architectural drafting from Manitoba Institute of Technology (1964), and then his B.R.E. from Winnipeg Bible College. He completed his graduate work, both his Th.M. (1973) and Th.D. (1979) at Dallas Theological Seminary. He was ordained at Grace Bible Church in Dallas, Texas on May 27, 1973.

Academic career
Enns began his teaching career at Winnipeg Bible College (1973–74). He taught Bible exposition at Dallas Theological seminary for one year (1976–77), and then became assistant professor of Bible at Northwestern College (1977–80). Following this, Enns moved to Jacksonville, Florida, to serve as chairman of Bible and theology and dean at Luther Rice Seminary (1980–84), and then associate professor of biblical studies at Talbot Theological Seminary (1984–87). Upon moving back to Florida, he took on the role of provost and dean, organizing the seminary program in the graduate school of Trinity College of Florida, which in 1994 became the Tampa Bay Extension of Dallas Theological Seminary. At that time, Enns went on to develop a similar seminary program at his church, which was soon converted to an extension of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary.

Pastoral career
Enns first began in ministry as an assistant pastor while he was still pursuing his undergraduate degree. He also served as a pastor following his graduation, then as minister of Christian education during his first teaching stint in Manitoba, and later as an interim pastor for a year in Minnesota. Since 1996, he has been pastor of biblical training and leadership development at Idlewild Baptist Church.

Personal life
Enns was married to Helen for 45 years until her death in 2005. Together they had two sons, Terry and Jeremy. Enns has five grandchildren.

Publications
In addition to The Moody Handbook of Theology, Enns is also the author of Manners & Customs of Bible Times (2000), Approaching God: Daily Reflections for Growing Christians (2003), and Heaven Revealed: What Is It Like? What Will We Do?... And 11 Other Things You've Wondered About (2011), and "Everything Happens for a Reason, God's Purposes in a World Gone Bad" (2012) along with a number of biblical commentaries, including four volumes in the Bible Commentary Series.

References

Dallas Theological Seminary alumni
Living people
American Christian theologians
20th-century Protestant theologians
Dallas Theological Seminary faculty
People from Morris, Manitoba
Canadian Mennonites
Translators of the Bible into English
1937 births
20th-century translators
People from Lutz, Florida

Paul P. Enns


Domenico Rancadore  (aka Marc Skinner and "the teacher") is accused by the Italian government of being a past boss in the Sicilian Mafia, also known as Cosa Nostra. Italian police listed him as one of Italy's "most wanted criminals".

Mafia
The BBC described him as "head of a crime family", and the Italian press identified him as the one-time boss of the Mafia organisation in the town of Trabia, in the province of Palermo. The Italian deputy prime minister, Angelino Alfano, said he is an "important mobster".

In 1993, after Rancadore was found not guilty of Mafia-related crimes by Italian courts, he moved to England. The Italian courts convicted Rancadore in 1999 in absentia of being part of a criminal organisation; he was sentenced to seven years in jail on that charge.

England
After he moved to England in 1993, Rancadore opened a travel agency with his wife.  While English authorities were aware that Rancadore was in London they were unable to arrest him because, unlike Italy, in England, Mafia association is not a crime. Italian authorities asked for his extradition to Italy in January 2012, which was denied by the British authorities. According to Vittorio Teresi from the prosecution office in Palermo: "The crime of Mafia association is not recognised in the British legal system. The extradition request was not even considered."

Arrest
Rancadore was arrested on 7 August 2013 in Manor Waye, Uxbridge, London. When he saw the police, he left his house via a back door in an attempt to escape but was apprehended by a waiting policeman. After he was captured, a new arrest warrant was made, as Rancadore's lawyers claimed that the previous warrant contained "significant deficiencies". Rancadore was arrested following a European arrest warrant being issued.

Trial
Rancadore was denied bail by a judge at Westminster Magistrates' Court and had an extradition hearing set for 25 November 2013. Gaetano Lima, a past member of the mafia turned informer, described Rancadore as dangerous. The representative for the defense questioned whether Rancadore was a leader in the Mafia.

On February 28, 2014, the extradition hearing was adjourned until Monday March 17, when it was determined at Westminster Magistrates' Court that Rancadore would not be extradited back to Italy. District judge Howard Riddle said a recent decision of the Administrative Court, which binds lower courts in England, led to his decision.

Concerns
Rancadore raised concerns that if he was extradited back to Italy, he would be killed by the Mafia. Rancadore reportedly said that "I'm not going back, they'll kill me".

References

1949 births
Living people
Sicilian mafiosi
Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom

Domenico Rancadore


Methylene may refer to:

 Methylene group or methylene bridge (CH2< or equivalently -CH2-), a part of a molecule connected to the rest of the molecule by two single bonds.
 An older name for methylidene (=CH2), a part of a molecule connected to another atom by a double bond.
 Methylene (compound) (CH2), an organic compound.

See also
 Bichloride of methylene (30% methanol and 70% chloroform), a variant of the old anesthetic A.C.E. mixture
 Methyl group
 Methylenedioxy
 Mytilene, a city in Greece
 Methanol

de:Methylengruppe
sv:Metylengrupp

Methylene


The Bohai Economic Rim (BER) or Bohai Bay Economic Rim (BBER) is the economic region surrounding Tianjin (Tientsin). It also includes areas in Hebei, Liaoning and Shandong surrounding the Bohai Sea. This region has undergone major economic and infrastructural changes and is an emerging economic powerhouse of North China, rivaling both the Pearl River Delta in southern China and the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China.

Economy
The Bohai Economic Rim has traditionally been involved in heavy industry and manufacturing. Tianjin's strengths have always been in aviation, logistics and shipping. Beijing complements this with strong petrochemical, education and R&D sectors. The area is becoming a significant growth cluster for the automobile, electronics, and petrochemical sectors, especially with Shenyang's automotive industry, software and aircraft, Dalian attracting foreign investments in manufacturing and Qingdao for its health services.

The Chinese central government has made it a priority to integrate all the cities in the Bohai Bay rim and foster economic development. This includes building an advanced communications network, better highways, increased education and scientific resources as well as tapping natural resources off the Bohai rim.

In recent decades, petroleum and natural gas deposits have been discovered in Bohai Sea.

Transport

Air
Major airports:
 Beijing Capital International Airport
 Beijing Daxing International Airport
 Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport
 Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport
 Qingdao Liuting International Airport
 Shenyang Taoxian International Airport
 Tianjin Binhai International Airport
 Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport
Regional airports:
 Beijing Nanyuan Airport
 Chengde Airport
 Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Airport
 Tangshan Sannühe Airport
 Weihai Airport
 Yantai Laishan International Airport
 Zhangjiakou Ningyuan Airport

Land
There are many major highways servicing the routes within the Bohai rim area.

Rail
Since 2000, there have been rapid infrastructure developments within the Bohai Economic Rim. Rail projects of varied natures have been built, including high-speed rail, metros and suburban rail.

High-speed rail
In 2006, the Chinese government had plans to construct  of high-speed railway in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by 2020.

In August 2008, the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway opened providing a direct route between Beijing and Tianjin. The initial trains run on average 300 km/h and have cut journey times between the two municipalities to half an hour. The most important High-Speed Railway here is Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway, which connected the Bohai Economic Rim to the Yangtze River Delta. This railway passing Jinan, Shandong's capital city. Another important High-speed railway in this area is Beijing-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway, passing Shijiazhuang, the capital of Hebei. Besides, there is Beijing-Harbin High-Speed Railway, passing Liaoning's capital Shenyang.

Light rail
 Tianjin Tram
 Dalian Tram

Metros
 Beijing Subway
 Tianjin Metro
 Shenyang Metro
 Shijiazhuang Metro

Suburban railway
 Beijing Suburban Railway
 Tianjin Suburban Railway (Tianjin–Jizhou railway)

Geography
The gulf is formed by the Liaodong Peninsula to the northeast and the Shandong Peninsula to the south. Bo Hai consists of three bays: Laizhou Bay to the south, Liaodong Bay to the north, and Bohai Wan to the west. The rivers Yellow River, Liao He, Hai He and Luan River empty into Bo Hai.

The Bohai economic rim includes Beijing, Tianjin, part of Hebei province, part of Liaoning province, and part of Shandong province. List of major cities or ports in these municipalities and provinces are listed below:

Inner Rim (Jingjinji)
 Municipalities: Beijing and Tianjin (Binhai New Area)
 Hebei Province: Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Cangzhou, Langfang, Chengde, Zhangjiakou, Shijiazhuang and Baoding

North Rim (Liaoning)
 Shenyang, Dalian, Dandong, Huludao, Jinzhou, Yingkou, Anshan, and Panjin

South Rim (Shandong)
 Jinan, Qingdao, Weihai, Weifang, Yantai, Dongying, Binzhou, and Zibo

Pollution
A Xinhua News Agency report in February, 2007, states: "Effluent has turned the sea a dark red and given it an acrid stench at Guanxi's Silver Beach, a national tourist attraction. Local staff say it is not the first time this has happened – sometimes it occurs every few days. They blame the run-off from nearby shellfish processing plants."

Jiaozhou Bay-Laizhou Bay Canal
In April 2004, an official of the Shandong province raised the possibility of constructing a canal between Jiaozhou Bay and Laizhou Bay as a means of easing the pollution problem in the Bohai Sea. The proposed canal will also be open to ships traveling between Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. A meeting held in Qingdao in October, 2006, was attended by more than a hundred members of academia.

See also
 Bohai Sea
 Jing-Jin-Ji
 Megalopolises in China
 Pearl River Delta
 Yangtze River Delta

References

External links
 Bohai Economic Rim 环渤海湾经济圈
 Bohai Rim's future 环渤海——中国经济的未来
 Rising investment in Bohai Rim 环渤海经济圈正在吸引越来越多房产商的目光
 Cooperation between Bohai Rim and Northeast region
 Info on Bohai surrounding region
 Role of Tangshan in Bohai Rim

Bays of China
Metropolitan areas of China
Gulfs of the Pacific Ocean
Proposed infrastructure in China

Bohai Economic Rim


Craig Snyder is an American writer, poet, and photographer. He is also a historian of skate and surf culture.

Life and career
Born and raised in South Florida, Snyder grew up skating with many of the skate stars that had laid the foundation for modern skateboarding including Alan Gelfand, Mike McGill, and Rodney Mullen. He also worked as a photographer and contributed to a number of skate magazines including SkateBoarder. Snyder's images have been published internationally by ESPN, Der Spiegel, TransWorld Skateboarding, and Concrete Wave, and appeared in a number of books, films, and exhibitions. From photography, Snyder expanded into poetry, writing, and art. He has collaborated with musicians from the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan on various projects that include readings, performances and recordings.

Bibliography
Author
A Secret History of the Ollie,  Vol. 1: The 1970s (Black Salt Press, 2015)
Contributing Author
Surfing Florida: A Photographic History,  (University Press of Florida, 2014)
Contributing Photographer
Free Ride: Skateboard, mécanique galiléenne et formes simples,  (Éditions B42, Paris, 2011)

Discography
Collaborations
The Blue Void Trilogy: Horse Mood / Bruno Green (2004) Hasta Luego/La Grange á Disques (Rock)
Welcome to the Red Barn / Santa Cruz (2003) Hasta Luego (Rock)
Siki / Phat (2002) Blue Note (Jazz)

External links
 Craig Snyder's website

American male poets
American non-fiction writers
American photojournalists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male non-fiction writers
Skate photographers

Craig Snyder (writer)


Friedrich Traugott Wahlen (10 April 1899, in Mirchel, Canton of Bern – 7 November 1985, in Bern) was a Swiss agronomist and politician.

During the Second World War, he was responsible of the Swiss programme to reduce food imports and increase agricultural production, which consisted mainly in extending the cultivation area, and reducing meat production in favour of cereals production. The programme was called after his name, as Wahlen Plan.

He then served as Deputy Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization for the UN from July 1958 to January 1959.

He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 11 December 1958 and handed over office on 31 December 1965. He was affiliated to the Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents (BGB/PAI), now the Swiss People's Party.

During his time in office he held the following departments:
 Department of Justice and Police (1959)
 Department of Economic Affairs (1960)
 Political Department (1961)
 Department of Economic Affairs (1961)
 Political Department (1962–1965)

He was President of the Confederation in 1961.

Honours
  Empire of Iran : Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14/10/1971).

References

External links

1899 births
1985 deaths
People from Bern-Mittelland District
Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents politicians
Swiss People's Party politicians
Members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)
Members of the Council of States (Switzerland)
ETH Zurich alumni
Foreign ministers of Switzerland
Albert Einstein Medal recipients
Academic staff of ETH Zurich

Friedrich Traugott Wahlen


Marianne Louise Thieme (born March 6, 1972 in Ede) is a Dutch animal rights activist and writer, and also a former politician of the Party for the Animals (PvdD). She is co-founder of the party, and was political leader from 2002 till 2019.

She was a member of the Second Chamber and also parliamentary leader from 2006 till 2019. Previously she was party chair from 2002 to 2010.

Esther Ouwehand has succeeded her as party and parliamentary leader.

Thieme studied law at Erasmus University Rotterdam. She is a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and a vegan.

References
  Bio at Parlement.com

1976 births
Living people
Animal rights activists
Bloggers
Dutch activists
Dutch jurists
Dutch party chairs
Dutch Protestants
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Politicians from Gelderland
Seventh-day Adventists
Vegetarians
Writers from Gelderland

Marianne Thieme