Arakan (  or  ) is the historical geographical name of Rakhine State, Myanmar (formerly Burma). The region was called Arakan for centuries until the Burmese military junta changed its name in 1989. The people of the region were known as Arakanese.

Arakan's first states can be traced to the 4th century. Arakan was one of the first Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia. It was home to the sacred Mahamuni sculpture of Buddha, which was later transferred to Mandalay by Burmese conquerors in the 18th century. For 356 years between 1428 and 1784, Arakan was ruled by the Kingdom of Mrauk U from the city of Mrauk U. The kingdom was founded as a vassal state of the Bengal Sultanate. It later asserted its independence and adopted the customs of the Bengal Sultanate, including Muslim titles for its kings. Arakan became home to a ethnically and religiously diverse population, with Buddhists making up the majority and Muslims making up the second largest community. It was also home to Hindus and Christians. The Portuguese were active in the region.

Arakan Division was a part of British India and later fell under British rule in Burma. Arakan was a major rice exporter in the world during the 19th and early 20th centuries. During World War II, several Arakan Campaigns were conducted by Allied forces against the Japanese as part of the Burma Campaign. After Burma became independent in 1948, Arakan saw a movement for autonomy. Human rights deteriorated in the country after the 1962 Burmese coup d'état. In 1974, a discriminatory citizenship law was enacted. In 1982, most Arakanese Muslims were stripped of citizenship. A segregated system of citizenship was introduced by Burma's military rulers. Both Arakanese Buddhists and Muslims experienced growing nationalism, including hopes for self-rule. After Burma's controversial citizenship law in 1974, the Buddhists became known as Rakhines and Muslims became known as Rohingya. The region was the site of the Rohingya genocide in 2016 and 2017.

Etymology
According to Arthur Purves Phayre, a report by the Royal Geographical Society in November 1882 included a paper by one Colonel Yule who discussed the oldest records of a sea route to China from the Middle East. Yule identified Arakan with the country of "Argyre" mentioned by the Greco-Roman geographer Claudius Ptolemy. Portuguese records spelled the name as Arracao. The name was spelled as Araccan in many old European maps and publications. The area constituted Arakan Division under British rule in Burma. The name "Arakan" was in use until 1989 when the military government of Burma changed the name to Rakhine State.

Geography

Arakan is a coastal geographic region in Lower Burma. It comprises a long narrow strip of land along the eastern seaboard of the Bay of Bengal and stretches from the Naf River estuary on the border of the Chittagong Hills area (in Bangladesh) in the north to the Gwa River in the south. The Arakan region is about 400 miles (640 km) long from north to south and is about 90 miles (145 km) wide at its broadest. The Arakan Mountains (also called Arakan Yoma), a range that forms the eastern boundary of the region, isolates Arakan from the rest of Burma. The coast has several sizable offshore islands, including Cheduba and Ramree.

The region's principal rivers are the Nāf estuary and the Mayu, Kaladan, and Lemro rivers. One-tenth of Arakan's generally hilly land is cultivated. Rice is the dominant crop in the delta areas, where most of the population is concentrated. Other crops include fruits, chilies, dha and tobacco.

The main towns are coastal and include Sittwe (Akyab), Sandoway, Kyaukpyu and Taungup.

History

Antiquity

Arakan has been recognized "as one among other Burmese kingdoms competing for the control of power in Lower Burma". The cities of Bago, Bagan and Inwa were the centres of political power in Burma proper. In contrast, independent Arakanese states were based in the capital cities of Dhanyawadi, Vesali, Laungyet and Mrauk-U. The ruins of these cities are located in northern Arakan in proximity to the borderland of Bengal.

It is unclear who the earliest inhabitants were; some historians believe the earliest settlers included the Burmese Mro tribe but there is a lack of evidence and no clear tradition of their origin or written records of their history. Arakanese traditional history holds that Arakan was inhabited by the Rakhine since 3000 BCE, but there is no archaeological evidence to support the claim. According to British historian Daniel George Edward Hall, who wrote extensively on the history of Burma, "The Burmese do not seem to have settled in Arakan until possibly as late as the tenth century AD. Hence earlier dynasties are thought to have been Indian, ruling  over a population similar to that of Bengal.  All the capitals known to history have been in the north near modern Akyab".

Arakan came under strong Indic influence from the Indian subcontinent, particularly the ancient kingdoms of the Ganges delta. Arakan was one of the first regions in Southeast Asia to adopt Dharmic religions. It became one of the earliest Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Buddhist missionaries from the Mauryan Empire traveled through Arakan to other parts of Southeast Asia. Paul Wheatley chronicled the "Indianization" of Arakan.

According to Pamela Gutman, "Arakan was ruled by kings who adopted Indian titles and traditions to suit their own environment. Indian Brahmins conducted royal ceremonies, Buddhist monks spread their teachings, traders came and went and artists and architects used Indian models for inspiration. In the later period, there was also influence from the Islamic courts of Bengal and Delhi". Gutman writes that "the maintenance of a state appropriate to kingship required the ministrations of increasing numbers of craftsmen and artisans, the most skilled of whom were often accommodated within the royal compound. It required the labour of a peasantry who contributed the surplus produce of their fields as a kind of tax in kind for the support of the court, and a band of armed retainers who acted as household guards, organised the peasantry as militia and enforced the authority of the ruler. Material defences – walls and moats protecting the palace and the city – were constructed and the city-state, the nagara, evolved. These transformations saw the tribal chieftain replaced by a divine king, shaman by brahmin priest, tribesman as cultivators by peasants, tribesmen as warriors by an army, and favoured the development of occupational specialisation. They were reflected in the conversion of the chief's hut into a palace, the spirit house into a temple, the object of the spirit cult into the palladium of the state, and the boundary spirits which previously had protected the village into Indianized Lokapalas presiding over cardinal directions. This process can clearly be traced in Arakan, which received Indian culture by land from Bengal and by sea from other parts of India".

First states and cities

Due to the evidence of Sanskrit inscriptions found in the region, historians believe the founders of the first Arakanese state were Indian. The first Arakanese state flourished in Dhanyawadi between the 4th and 6th centuries. The city was the center of a large trade network linked to India, China and Persia. Power then shifted to the city of Waithali, where the Candra dynasty ruled. Waithali became a wealthy trading port. The Candra-ruled Harikela state was known as the Kingdom of Ruhmi to the Arabs. Evidence points to the use of the ancient Bengali script in Arakan. The Anandacandra inscription recorded the reign of the Candra dynasty.

Since in the 8th century, Arab merchants began conducting missionary activities in southeast Asia. Some researchers have speculated that Muslims used trade routes in the region to travel to India and China. A southern branch of the Silk Road connected India, Burma and China since the neolithic period. It is unclear whether the Rakhine people were one of the tribes of the Burmese Pyu city-states because the people in those states at the time spoke a Tibeto-Burman language while Arakan (Rakhine) speakers are from the Sino-Tibetan language family. They began migrating to Arakan through the Arakan Mountains in the 9th century. The Rakhines settled in the valley of the Lemro River. Their cities included Sambawak I, Pyinsa, Parein, Hkrit, Sambawak II, Myohaung, Toungoo and Launggret.

Kingdom of Mrauk U

Arakan was a kingdom under siege in the 14th and 15th centuries. Mon invaders from Lower Burma conquered southern Arakan, including Sandoway. In 1404, Burmese forces from Upper Burma conquered Laungyet. The ruler of Laungyet fled to the Bengal Sultanate during the Burmese invasion. According to Jacques Leider, Min Saw Mun fled to Bengal in 1406 and returned to Arakan in 1428. Min Saw Mun arrived in Bengal for self-imposed exile during the reign of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (1389-1410) and left for Arakan during the reign of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah (1415-1432). An academic consensus prevails that Min Saw Mun returned to Arakan, regained the throne and shifted the capital from Laungyet to Mrauk-U (erstwhile Mrohaung). The establishment of the capital at Mrauk-U heralded the most significant period in the history of Arakan. A new cosmopolitan kingdom emerged. In Arakanese traditional history, the restoration of the throne is glorified.

Bengali literary texts and coinage are among the chief primary sources to detail the history of Arakan during the Mrauk-U period. Min Saw Mun regained control of the throne with military assistance from the Bengal Sultanate. Arakan emerged as a vassal state of Bengal. Burhanuddin became the first Muslim defense minister of Arakan.

Evidence points to an alliance between Bengal and Arakan to restore Min Saw Mun to the throne. The most significant evidence is that all post-restoration Arakanese rulers adopted Muslim titles in addition to native titles. This indicates a relationship with the Islamic court of Bengal. Restoring the throne of a neighbouring kingdom was not unprecedented for Bengal. The throne of Tripura was also restored by the Bengal Sultanate. Arakanese traditional history states that Arakan was a tributary state of the Bengal Sultanate for a certain period.

The kings of Arakan adopted both Buddhist and Muslim titles after the restoration. In the accounts of foreign travelers like Fray Sebastian Manrique and Bengali members of the Arakanese court, the kings are referred with their Muslim titles. But the kings did not convert to Islam and remained Buddhists. It appears that Arakan's kings were following ancient footsteps by imitating royal customs from the subcontinent. Arakan not only integrated Hindu-Buddhist rituals from the subcontinent; but it also integrated the influence of Islamic India, particularly the Bengal Sultanate. Between 1430 and 1638, a total of 16 kings are recorded to have used Muslim titles.

Arakan became home to a growing Muslim community. They included Muslim traders from the Indian Ocean trade network and Sufi missionaries who established themselves along the coasts of Arakan. More Muslims were found among the thousands of inhabitants of Bengal who were forcibly deported to Arakan. They included artists, craftsmen, soldiers, and highly educated people who were employed by the royal court. The slave trade was the backbone of the Arakanese economy. Leider explains that "Arakan was sadly famed as the main provider of slaves in the Bay of Bengal" unlike Bengal's trade in muslin, silk, shipbuilding, and saltpeter.

The kings imported labour, bureaucrats and artisans by raiding Lower Burma and southeast Bengal. They provided the craftsmen, guards, and artists at the palace; the rowers for the fleet, or the farmers on the royal lands. Some became ministers in the royal court. The heavy presence of Bengali Muslims was documented by Arakanese and European records. The Mons were deported after the fall of Pegu; they formed a group which could still be identified until the end of the eighteenth century. Afghan soldiers fleeing the Mughal advance and Portuguese traders and adventurers settled in Arakan. They accepted appointments in the army. The hill chiefs of northern and southern Arakan provided troops who were ethnic Thet, Mrung, Chin, or from other small minority groups. The elite were ethnically and culturally diverse.

Min Khayi (Ali Khan) was the first to challenge Bengali hegemony. Ba Saw Phyu (Kalima Shah) defeated Bengal Sultan Rukunuddin Barbak Shah in 1459. Min Bin (Zabuk Shah) conquered Chittagong. Taking advantage of the Mughal Empire's invasion campaign of Bengal, the Arakan navy and pirates dominated a coastline of 1000 miles, spanning from the Sundarbans to Moulmein. The kingdom's coastline was frequented by Arab, Dutch, Danish and Portuguese traders. Control of the Kaladan River and Lemro River valleys led to increased international trade, making Mrauk U prosperous. The reigns of Min Phalaung (Sikender Shah), Min Rajagiri (Salim Shah I) and grandson Min Khamaung (Hussein Shah) strengthened the wealth and power of Mrauk U. Arakan colluded in the slave trade with the Portuguese settlement in Chittagong. After conquering the port city of Syriam in the early 1600s, Arakan appointed the Portuguese mercenary Philip De Brito e Nicota as the governor of Syriam. But Nicota later transferred Syriam to the authority of Portuguese India.
Even after independence from the Sultans of Bengal, the Arakanese kings continued the custom of maintaining Muslim titles. They compared themselves to Sultans and fashioned themselves after Mughal rulers. They also continued to employ Indians and Muslims in prestigious positions within the royal administration. The court adopted Indian and Islamic fashions from neighbouring Bengal. Mrauk U hosted mosques, temples, shrines, seminaries and libraries. Syed Alaol and Daulat Qazi were prominent poets of Arakan. The Santikan Mosque was built in Mrauk U. Indian and Muslim influence continued on Arakanese affairs for 350 years.

In 1660, Shah Shuja, the brother of Emperor Aurangzeb and a claimant of the Peacock Throne, received asylum in Mrauk U. Members of Shuja's entourage were recruited in the Arakanese army and court. They were kingmakers in Arakan until the Burmese conquest. Arakan suffered a major defeat to the forces of Mughal Bengal during the Battle of Chittagong in 1666, when Mrauk U lost control of southeast Bengal. The Mrauk U dynasty's reign continued until the 18th century.

Burmese conquest

The Konbaung Dynasty conquered Arakan in 1784. Mrauk U was devastated during the invasion. The Burmese Empire executed thousands of men and deported a considerable portion of people from the Arakanese population to central Burma. The independence of Arakan ended in 1784 when Burmese forces conquered Mrauk-U. The Arakanese royal court was deported to central Burma. The religious relics of the kingdom, including the sacred Mahamuni sculpture of Buddha, were seized and transferred to Amarapura in Mandalay.

Rakhine rebellions were suppressed. Many Rakhine Buddhists fled by sea to the Barisal region of Bengal, where their descendants continue to live today. It is also likely that Arakanese Muslims became dispersed across Burma and Bengal as either deportees or refugees due to the conflict. Arakan experienced a demographic vacuum as a result of the Burmese conquest. There were several uprisings against Burmese rule, including a rebellion by Chin Bya in 1811. The uprisings caused recurrent Burmese raids into British India, which led to the First Anglo-Burmese War.

British Empire

The Burmese Empire ceded Arakan to the British East India Company in the 1826 Treaty of Yandabo. Arakan became one of the divisions of British India. Initially governed as part of the Bengal Presidency, it received many settlers from neighboring Chittagong Division. The settlers became influential in commerce, agriculture and shipping.

During British rule, Arakan Division was one of the largest rice exporters in the world. Arakan was the pioneer of the rice industry in British Burma. The emergence of Burma as a global rice exporter in the 20th century can be traced to Arakan. As one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the British, Arakan saw the removal of export restrictions imposed by the Burmese Empire. Rice was exproted to Bengal and beyond. Akyab (now Sittwe), the divisional capital of Arakan, was located in proximity to the Chittagong Division of British Bengal. In 1840, Akyab exported 74,500 tons of rice valued at an estimated 1.2 million rupees. In 1855, Akyab exported 162,000 tons of rice valued at an estimated 3 million rupees. The growth in rice exports was driven by the expansion of farmland – by clearing out jungles and cultivating paddy fields.

Agriculturalists from Chittagong played an important role in the development of the rice economy in Arakan. When the British took control of Arakan, the borderland with Bengal was filled with dense vegetation. British objectives in Arakan centred on stimulating the rice economy. Transforming forests and barren land into paddy fields offered the potential of generating revenue by taxing rice farmers. The colonial economy in South and Southeast Asia depended on the taxation of farmers. Arakan neighboured the densely populated province of Bengal where demand for rice was high. Rice was a staple food of Bengal and demand for rice surged during periods of food shortages and famine. Arakan met this demand and profited from the rice trade. Akyab had shipping links with the ports of Bengal, including Calcutta, Chittagong, Narayanganj, Goalundo and Dacca. By the 20th century, Akyab enjoyed shipping links with Europe, Malaya, China, Ceylon and the Dutch East Indies. Arakanese rice was being exported to many parts of the world. The American Civil War disrupted the rice supply chain from the southern states of the United States of America. European traders and millers looked for an alternative location for rice imports. British Burma, with its expanding and low cost rice production, provided a lucrative alternative to the United States. The arrival of leading European banking and shipping companies in Burma propelled the rice trade into the single most important cash crop sector of the Burmese economy. In 1864, Liverpool imported an estimated 1000 tons of rice from Burma. The opening of the Suez Canal lowered the cost of shipping from Burma. European firms began to set up rice mills in Burma itself. Indian and Chinese merchants proliferated Burma's ports. The rice economy supported the development of infrastructure, public services and other sectors of commerce. Rice from Lower Burma and Arakan became the backbone of the Burmese economy.

In 1869, Muslims constituted 12.24% of the population in Arakan. In 1931, they constituted 25.56%. In the divisional capital Akyab, the share of the Muslim population increased from 20.67% in 1869 to 38.41% in 1931. The British administration considered Chittagonian migration from Bengal as a key factor in the growth of the Muslim population. The colonial government encouraged Chittagonian migration as part of its policy to expand the rice economy in Arakan. The northern part of Arakan received the largest influx of settlers. The township of Naaf (now Maungdaw), which bordered Chittagong Division, became an extension of farmlands in Cox's Bazar. The Naaf economy was essentially integrated with the greater Chittagong economy. Between the 1870s and 1880s, the Naaf experienced a surge in population growth due to immigration. Settlers included not only Muslims and Hindus from Chittagong; but also returning Buddhist refugees who were displaced by earlier wars. Muslims formed the overwhelming majority of settlers. This was complemented by the transformation of waste lands into rice fields. Settlers constituted 70% of Naaf's population, owned 79% of cultivated land and held 84% of tax-paying landed property. Colonial census reports in 1921 and 1931 described Arakanese Muslims with various terms, including "Arakan Mahomedans", "Chittagonian Mahomedans born in Burma", "Chittagonian Mahomedans born outside of Burma", "Bengali Mahomedans born in Burma", "Bengali Mahomedans born outside of Burma", "Indian Muslims" and "Indo-Burmans". In 1937, Arakan became part of Burma Province, which was separated from India into a distinct crown colony.

World War II

During World War II, Arakan endured the Japanese occupation of Burma. The Burma National Army and the pro-British V Force were active in the region. Sectarian tensions flared during the Arakan massacres in 1942. Japanese rule ended with the successful Burma Campaign by Allied forces.

The division's seaport and capital Akyab were dominated by Arakanese Indians who were aligned with the British, which caused tension with Arakanese Burmese, many of whom were aligned with the Japanese. Both groups were represented as natives in the Legislative Council of Burma and the Legislature of Burma. In the 1940s, Arakanese Muslims appealed to Muhammad Ali Jinnah to incorporate the townships of the Mayu River valley into the Dominion of Pakistan.

Burmese independence

Arakan became one of the Union of Burma's divisions after independence from British rule. Burma was a parliamentary democracy until the 1962 Burmese coup d'état. The northern part of Arakan was governed by the central government in Rangoon in the early 1960s. Known as the Mayu Frontier District, it covered townships near the border with East Pakistan.

In 1982, the Burmese junta enacted the Burmese nationality law which did not recognize Arakanese Indians as one of Burma's ethnic groups, thereby stripping them of their citizenship. In 1989, the Burmese government altered the country's name from Burma to Myanmar. In the 1990s, the State Peace and Development Council changed the name of Arakan State to Rakhine State. The province was renamed after the Rakhine ethnic group. However, the new name is not accepted as legitimate by many in both the Rakhine and Rohingya communities, instead preferring the historical term Arakan.

Rakhine-led groups like the Arakan Liberation Army have sought independence for the region. Other groups, including the Arakan Rohingya National Organization, have demanded autonomy. The region witnessed military crackdowns during Operation King Dragon in 1978; in 1991 and 1992 after the 8888 uprising and 1990 Burmese general election; the 2012 Rakhine State riots, the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis and Rohingya persecution in Myanmar (2016-present).

Demographics
The people of Arakan have historically been called the Arakanese. The population consists of Tibeto-Burmans and Indo-Aryans. Tibeto-Burman Arakanese mostly speak the Arakanese language, also known as Rakhine and closely related to Burmese. Most Indo-Aryan Arakanese speak the Rohingya language. Other languages spoken by smaller communities in Rakhine state include the Tibeto-Burman Chak, Asho Chin, Ekai, Kumi, Laitu, Mru, Songlai, Sumtu, Uppu and Chakma.

The government of Myanmar recognizes Tibeto-Burman Arakanese as the Rakhine people. It also recognizes sections of the Muslim community, including the Kamein. But Myanmar does not recognize the Rohingya.

Arakan Division had the largest percentage of Indians in British Burma.

See also
Military history of Arakan
History of Southeast Asia

References

Sources

External links

.
Historical regions in Myanmar
Regions of Myanmar
Former countries in Burmese history

Arakan


Mieczysław Karłowicz (, 11 December 18768 February 1909) was a Polish composer and conductor.

Life
Mieczysław Karłowicz was born in Vishneva, in the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Belarus) into a noble family belonging to Clan Ostoja. His father Jan was a Polish linguist, lexicographer, and musician.  As a child, Karłowicz studied violin, for which he later composed his only concerto.

Karłowicz studied in Warsaw with Zygmunt Noskowski, Stanisław Barcewicz, Piotr Maszyński, and Gustaw Roguski. He later studied in Berlin with Heinrich Urban, to whom he dedicated his Serenade for Strings, which he composed and performed while Urban's student.  From 1906 to 1907 he studied conducting with Arthur Nikisch.

Career

Karłowicz's music is of a late Romantic character. He was a great admirer of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky whose Symphony No. 6 he praised. Tchaikovsky's influence can be heard in Karłowicz's earlier works, most notably the E minor symphony and the Violin Concerto. Like most of the late Romantics he also fell under the considerable influence of Richard Wagner, especially with Tristan und Isolde. Nevertheless, he managed to develop an original musical language expressed in harmony and orchestration, the latter of which he mastered like few other composers and wrote some of the most colourful orchestral music ever found.

Among his works are a Symphony in E minor (Rebirth, Op. 7), a Violin Concerto in A major (Op. 8), incidental music to a play The White Dove, and six tone poems, which include The Returning Waves, Eternal Songs, Lithuanian Rhapsody, Stanisław i Anna Oświecimowie, Smutna opowieść, and Epizod na maskaradzie.  The Violin Concerto was written for and dedicated to his former teacher Stanisław Barcewicz, who premiered the work under Karłowicz's baton in Berlin on 21 March 1903 with the Berlin Philharmonic.

He also wrote a number of songs for voice and piano, setting words by Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, Adam Asnyk, and others. Much of the rest of his small output was lost during World War II. Karłowicz spent much of his later life in Zakopane in southern Poland, often enjoying one of his favorite hobbies, photography, in the nearby mountain scenery. Karłowicz died at the age of 32 in an avalanche while skiing on an excursion in the Tatra Mountains in 1909. He was buried at Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery.

The Szczecin Philharmonic bears the name of Mieczysław Karłowicz as a recognition of the composer's musical legacy.

Recent bibliography

Luca Lévi Sala. Mieczysław Karłowicz, in Oxford Bibliographies Online, 2018 (http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199757824/obo-9780199757824-0232.xml
Luca Lévi Sala, European Fin-de-siècle and Polish Modernism. The Music of Mieczysław Karłowicz, Bologne, Ut Orpheus Edizioni, 2010.
Christophe Jeżewski, Le Retour d'un génie. Pour le centenaire de Mieczysław Karłowicz, in "Europe", n°961, Paris, May 2009.
Janusz Mechanisz: Mieczysław Karłowicz, Polihymnia, 2009,
Henryk Anders, Mieczysław Karłowicz. Życie i dokonania, Poznań, ABOS, 1998.
Wightman, Alistair. Karłowicz, Young Poland and the Musical Fin-de-siècle, Aldershot, Ashgate, 1996; Polish translation by Ewa Gabryś, Karłowicz. Młoda Polska i muzyczny fin de siècle, Kraków, PWM, 1996 (Monografie Popularne).
Leszek Polony, Poetyka muzyczna Mieczysława Karłowicza, Cracow, PWM, 1986.
Paul-Gilbert Langevin, Musiciens d'Europe, "La Revue Musicale", Editions Richard Masse, Paris, 1986.
Elżbieta Dziębowska, éd. Z życia i twórczości Mieczysława Karłowicza, Cracow, PWM, 1970.

Works
Solo Voice

6 Songs, Op.1
 No. 1. Zamuconej (Saddened)
 No. 2. Skąd pierwsze gwiazdy (Whence the First Stars)
 No. 3. Na śniegu (In the Snow)
 No. 4. Zawód (Disillusion)
 No. 5. Pamiętam ciche, jasne, złote dnie (I Remember Quiet, Clear Golden Days)
 No. 6. Smutną jest dusza moja (My Soul is Sad)
Drugi spiewnik, Op. 3
 No. 1. Mów do mnie jeszcze (Speak to me Still)
 No. 2. Z erotyków (From Erotica)
 No. 3. Idzie na pola (It Goes Over the Fields)
 No. 4. Na spokojnym, ciemnym morzu (On the Calm Dark Sea)
 No. 5. Śpi w blaskach nocy (Asleep in the Splendors of the Night)
 No. 6. Przed nocą wieczną (Before the Eternal Night)
 No. 7. Nie płacz nade mną (Weep not Over Me)
 No. 8. W wiecznorną ciszę (In the Calm of the Evening)
 No. 9. Po szerokim morzu (Over the Wide Sea)
 No. 10. Zaczarowana królewna (The Enchanted Princess)

Najpiękniejsze piosnki, Op. 4 (The Most Beautiful Songs)

Z nowa wiosna

O nie wierz temu, co powiedza ludzie

Czasem, gdy długo

Rdzawe liście

Pod jaworem słowa

Pod naszymi okny

 Piano (solo)
 Preludium i fuga podwójna, Op. 5 (Prelude and Double Fugue)

 Orchestral
 Serenade for Strings, Op. 2
 Incidental music from Bianca da Molena, Op. 6 (The White Dove)
 Symfonia "Odrodzenie", Op. 7 (Symphony "Rebirth")
 Concerto for Violin, Op. 8
 Powracające fale, Op. 9 (Returning Waves)
 Odwieczne pieśni, Op. 10 (Eternal Songs)
 Rapsodia litewska, Op. 11 (Lithuanian Rhapsody)
 Stanisław i Anna Oświecimowie, Op. 12 (Stanislaw and Anna of Oswiecim)
 Smutna opowieść, Op. 13 (A Sorrowful Tale)
 Epizod na maskaradzie, Op. 14 (Episode at a Masquerade) [posthumously completed by Grzegorz Fitelberg]

Discography
 (rec. 1981 and 1983) Complete symphonic poems (Silesian Philharmonic, Jerzy Salwarowski) – (LP, 1984) Wifon 063-65; (CD, 1989) Le Chant du Monde LDC 278 966-967; (CD, 1999, 2008) DUX 132/133
 (live rec. 1996) Complete symphonic poems (Warsaw Symphony Orchestra, Jacek Kaspszyk) – (1997) Pro Musica Camerata PMC 013/14
 Complete symphonic poems (New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, Antoni Wit) - (CD) Naxos 8.570295 and 8.570452
 Complete symphonic poems (BBC Philharmonic, Jan Pascal Tortelier) - (CD) Chandos Records CHAN 9986 and CHAN 10298
 Violin Concerto and Serenade, Ilya Kaler, Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, Antoni Wit - (CD) Naxos8.572274
 Violin Concerto, Nigel Kennedy, Polish Chamber Orchestra, Jacek Kaspszyk - (cd) EMI Records
 Violin Concerto and Serenade for Strings (Kaja Danczowska, Polish Radio and TV Orchestra of Krakow, Antoni Wit) - (CD) Le Chant du Monde CDM LDC 278 1088
 Symphony "Rebirth", Serenade for Strings, and Prologue from Music for The White Dove - BBC Philharmonic, Gianandrea Noseda - (CD) Chandos Records CHAN 10171
 Symphony "Rebirth" - Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, Jerzy Salwarowski - (CD) DUX Records, DUX 0656
 Młodzieńcze utwory instrumentalne [Early instrumental compositions] (2CDs) Katowice: Państwowa Szkoła Muzyczna im. M. Karłowicza w Katowicach, 2006 (PSM CD001, PSM CD002)
 Violin Concerto in A major Op.8 - Tasmin Little (violin), BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra / Martyn Brabbins conductor (Hyperion CDA67389, recorded September 2003, released April 2004)
 Violin Concerto in A major Op.8 - Piotr Plawner (violin), Zielona Gora Philharmonic Orchestra / Czeslaw Grabovski conductor (CD) DUX Records, DUX0540, recorded December 2005, released 2006

See also
List of Polish people
 Clan Ostoja
Ostoja coat of arms
Young Poland

References

External links
Collected Songs published by Edition Tilli Ltd.

Complete CD discography of Karłowicz up to 2009

 Works by Mieczysław Karłowicz in National Digital Library of Poland (Polona)

1876 births
1909 deaths
People from Smarhon District
People from Sventsyansky Uyezd
Clan of Ostoja
Polish nobility
Polish male classical composers
Polish Romantic composers
Polish conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century male musicians
University of Warsaw alumni
Chopin University of Music alumni
Skiing deaths
Deaths in avalanches
Natural disaster deaths in Poland
Burials at Powązki Cemetery

Mieczysław Karłowicz


Nearly Married is a 1917 American silent comedy film directed by Chester Withey and starring Madge Kennedy. It is based on a 1913 stage play of the same name by Edgar Selwyn. It also featured an early film appearance by future gossip columnist Hedda Hopper.

The Library of Congress's new (Dec. 2013) American Silent Feature Film Survival Database has this film listed as being an abridgement in their collection.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, on the evening of Betty Griffon's (Madge Kennedy) scheduled wedding the guests are assembled, the minister is waiting, but no bride appears. Betty is waiting for her brother Dick (Barthelmess), who is out celebrating his admission to the bar. When it dawns on him that it is his duty to give his sister away in marriage, he rushes out, steals an automobile, and is arrested. Betty and Harry Lindsey (Thomas) are married and are about to leave on their honeymoon when word comes of Dick's arrest. Harry is disgusted by Dick and leaves the house. Dick, anxious to secure a legal case, urges his sister to get a divorce. Legal proceedings are instituted but before the granting of the decree the couple find that they still love each other so plan to elope. The arrival of Dick with the divorce decree upsets this plan. They start to make another attempt at marriage but discover that, due to the insertion of a clause in the decree by Betty, they cannot get remarried in New York. The couple then plan to get married in New Jersey, but Betty finds Harry's hired co-respondent for the divorce in his room, so Betty refuses to accompany him. Utterly disgusted, Harry is about to leave when Betty denounces her brother and begs Harry to take her with him, which he does.

Cast
Madge Kennedy as Betty Griffon
Frank M. Thomas as Harry Lindsey
Mark Smith as Tom Robinson
Alma Tell as Gertrude Robinson
Richard Barthelmess as Dick Griffon
Hedda Hopper as Hattie King

References

External links

1917 films
1917 comedy films
Silent American comedy films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
Films directed by Chester Withey
Goldwyn Pictures films
1910s American films

Nearly Married


Sir James Lawrence Hay  (17 May 1888 – 26 March 1971) was a New Zealand businessman, local politician and philanthropist.

Early life and family
James Hay was born in Lawrence, South Otago, New Zealand, on 17 May 1888 to Scottish parents, Isabella McLean and her blacksmith husband, William Hay. William Hay was killed in an accident when James was aged 7. He received his education at Lawrence District High School, until age 13 when he left school to support his family. He worked for drapers in rural Otago and South Canterbury and eventually joined  J. Ballantyne and Co, Christchurch's leading department store then moved to management in Beath's. His brother was judge and Lower Hutt mayor Ernst Peterson Hay.

Hay married Davidina Mertel Gunn, a New Zealand Nurse, in England in 1917 while running YMCA support services for 20,000 New Zealand Division troops in the Middle East and Europe. He stayed with YMCA after the war as their general secretary then took his organising ability to Ballantyne's in 1925.

Hay's department store
Hay joined an Auckland manufacturer and wholesaler to create an entirely new Christchurch retail outlet. They built a new store at the remote end of Gloucester Street and opened it in 1929. Hay's organising skills and flair for publicity, elephants were hired to advertise a sale, helped the new store become profitable but in 1933 in the Great Depression the Auckland parent company collapsed. He managed to find enough financial support to buy out the former parent and raise the capital to pay for it by public subscription. Branches were opened in Otago and the West Coast. Hay's built Christchurch's first shopping centre in Upper Riccarton in 1960 and Northlands in 1970. Haywrights, the nation's second largest department store chain, was the result of a merger with stock and station agents Wright Stephenson & Co. Haywrights is now Farmers.

Local politics and community activities
Hay was first elected onto Christchurch City Council in the 1944 local election. He served until 1953, when he unsuccessfully challenged the incumbent mayor, Robert Macfarlane, for the mayoralty. When an incorporated society, Town Hall Promotion Inc., was formed for the promotion of a Christchurch Town Hall, he became its first president.

Death and legacy
Hay died on 26 March 1971 at his home in Christchurch, and was buried in Waimairi Cemetery. The town hall was opened some 18 months after his death, and the second largest performance space was named the James Hay Theatre in his honour. His son, Hamish Hay, was later the Christchurch mayor for 15 years.

Honours
Hay was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire as of 1 January 1918 for services as Young Men's Christian Association secretary to the New Zealand Division in Egypt and France, and was promoted to Officer of the same order in the 1918 King's Birthday Honours only a few months later in connection with the same work. In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal, and in the 1961 Queen's Birthday Honours he was appointed a Knight Bachelor for civic and charitable services.

In 2000, Hay was posthumously inducted into the New Zealand Business Hall of Fame.

Notes

References

1888 births
1971 deaths
20th-century New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand social workers
New Zealand philanthropists
New Zealand Presbyterians
People from Lawrence, New Zealand
Christchurch City Councillors
New Zealand people of World War I
New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand merchants
New Zealand Knights Bachelor
Burials at Waimairi Cemetery
20th-century philanthropists
YMCA leaders

James Hay (philanthropist)


Helianthus angustifolius is a species of sunflower known by the common name narrowleaf sunflower or swamp sunflower. It is native to the south-central and eastern United States, found in all the coastal states from Texas to Long Island, and inland as far as Missouri. It is typically found in the coastal plain habitat (both the Atlantic and Gulf), particularly in wet areas.

Helianthus angustifolius is often cultivated for its bright, showy yellow flowers. Leaves are long and narrow, up to 15 cm (6 inches) long. It is a perennial herb sometimes as much as 150 cm (5 feet) tall. One plant can produce 3-16 flower heads, each with 10-20 ray florets surrounding at least 75 disc florets.

References

External links
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1993

angustifolia
Flora of the United States
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Helianthus angustifolius


The Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress is a 1944 documentary film which provides an account of the final mission of the crew of the Memphis Belle, a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. In May 1943 it became the third U.S. Army Air Forces heavy bomber to complete 25 missions over Europe, but the first to return to the United States.

The dramatic 16 mm color film of actual battles was made by three cinematographers, including First Lieutenant Harold J. Tannenbaum. Tannenbaum, a veteran of World War I, was killed in action during the filming when the bomber he was in was shot down over France on April 16, 1943.

The film was directed by Major William Wyler, narrated by Eugene Kern, and had scenes at its station, RAF Bassingbourn, photographed by Hollywood cinematographer Captain William H. Clothier. It was made under the auspices of the First Motion Picture Unit, part of the United States Army Air Forces. The film actually depicted the next to last mission of the crew (see below) on May 15, 1943, and was made as a morale-building inspiration for the Home Front by showing the everyday courage of the men who manned these bombers.

Cast
The crew on the missions filmed included:
 Captain Robert K. Morgan (pilot)
 Captain James A. Verinis (co-pilot)
 Captain Vincent B. Evans (bombardier)
 Captain Charles B. Leighton (navigator)
 Technical Sergeant Robert J. Hanson (radio operator)
 Technical Sergeant James Kinard (engineer and top gunner)
 Technical Sergeant Harold Loch
 Staff Sergeant Casimer A. Nastal (waist gunner)
 Staff Sergeant John P. Quinlan (tail gunner)
 Staff Sergeant Cecil H. Scott (ball turret gunner)
 Staff Sergeant Clarence E. Winchell (waist gunner)

Production
Morgan's crew had not flown all of its missions together. Captain Verinis had originally been Morgan's co-pilot at the beginning of their combat tour but had become a "first pilot" (aircraft commander) in his own right on December 30, 1942, after which he flew 16 missions as commander of a replacement B-17 he named Connecticut Yankee after his home state. Verinis finished his tour two days before the rest of Morgan's crew.

Nor was Morgan's crew the one originally selected by Wyler for filming. He had been following Captain Oscar O'Neill (whose bomber was named Invasion 2nd) of the 401st Bomb Squadron until O'Neill's B-17 and five others of the 401st were shot down over Bremen, Germany, on April 17, 1943, at that time the most costly mission yet for the Eighth Air Force. Morgan was then selected and his crew re-united by the Eighth Air Force to complete its tour together and to return to the United States for a war bond drive. Wyler also informed Morgan when asked that, had the Memphis Belle been shot down on the crew's final mission, Wyler had a backup crew working with another B-17 about to finish its 25 missions, Hell's Angels of the nearby 303d Bombardment Group. Hell's Angels actually completed 25 missions first, on May 13 (the date of the 19th for the Memphis Belle).

Morgan states in his memoirs that he was approached by Wyler in late January 1943 after his crew's eighth mission. Wyler told Morgan he wanted to film the Memphis Belle and her crew because of "a certain mystique" to the aircraft's nickname, and that Morgan's reputation as a pilot meant that Wyler would be "in the center of the action...(with) a pretty good chance of coming back." Morgan agreed after assurances from Wyler that the film crew would not interfere with operation of the airplane in combat in any way.

The first mission flown in filming was not aboard the Memphis Belle, but aboard the B-17 Jersey Bounce on a February 26, 1943, mission to Wilhelmshaven, Germany. The Memphis Belle was being repaired after severe battle damage incurred on February 16. The mission experienced heavy German fighter attacks and two of the 91st group's B-17s were shot down. Despite the hazards, Wyler filmed at least six more combat missions with Morgan's crew, not all of them aboard the Memphis Belle, using a set-up that placed mounted cameras in the nose, tail, right waist, and radio hatch positions. The camera setup is documented in the photograph of the Bad Penny, which Morgan and Wyler flew on a mission to Antwerp on April 5, 1943. Other bombing runs from the film have been geolocated to Saint-Nazaire, Lorient, and Rennes in France.

The 16 mm color film used did not include sound, and this was added later in Hollywood. The original crew, during their war bonds drive in the United States, made typical appropriate comments to each other while watching the silent movie in a studio. The result was difficult to distinguish from real combat recordings.

King George VI (wearing the uniform of a Marshal of the Royal Air Force) and his consort Queen Elizabeth are seen congratulating the crew on May 18, after Morgan's final mission but the day before that of the B-17.

Reception
In The New York Times review of the documentary, critic Bosley Crowther praised the film as "A thorough and vivid comprehension of what a daylight bombing is actually like for the young men who wing our heavy bombers from English bases into the heart of Germany..."

Impact
In 2001, the United States Library of Congress deemed the original version "culturally significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry.

The Memphis Belle aircraft is now preserved at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, near Dayton, Ohio.

1990 film
A picture of the story, Memphis Belle, was produced in 1990 by David Puttnam in England. It was co-produced by Catherine Wyler, the daughter of William Wyler, directed by Michael Caton-Jones and starred Matthew Modine and Eric Stoltz. The movie  still had fiction, for example the crew's names.

Home video
In 2010, the film was released in high definition on Blu-ray disc by Periscope Film LLC. It is also included with the 2014 Blu-ray release of the 1990 Memphis Belle.

2016 restoration

In 2016 documentary filmmaker Eric Nelson became aware that the 34 reels of raw footage William Wyler used to cut the film were available in the United States National Archives and Records Administration. He led a team that laboriously replaced the scratched and faded frames with the unscratched frames.  After the restoration was finished he used the 90 hours of film on those 34 reels to cut a new documentary, entitled The Cold Blue.

See also
 "Jersey Bounce", the song that inspired naming of several World War II bombers

There are connections with Twelve o'Clock High. The Memphis Belle flew in the 91st bomb group of the Eighth Air Force. The bomb group of Twelve o'Clock High is the 918th. During the briefing for the last Memphis Belle mission one of the planes in the mission is commanded by a pilot named Lay. Beirne Lay is both the writer of 12 o'Clock High and flew missions for the Eighth Air Force.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Dolan Edward F. Jr. Hollywood Goes to War. London: Bison Books, 1985. .
 Evans, Alun. Brassey's Guide to War Films. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2000. .
 Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth War Diary. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1990. .
 Harwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies". The Making of the Great Aviation Films, General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
 Morgan, Robert, and Ron Powers. The Man Who Flew the Memphis Belle. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. .
 Orriss, Bruce. When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. .

External links

 The Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress at the Library of Congress
 Online US Archive Copy of The Memphis Belle Documentary

1944 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about military aviation
Films directed by William Wyler
Films scored by Gail Kubik
United States National Film Registry films
First Motion Picture Unit films
Films about the United States Army Air Forces
1944 documentary films
Black-and-white documentary films
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
American black-and-white films
1940s American films


Catherine "Catie" Wayne (born April 28, 1992), better known by her online name, Boxxy, is an American internet celebrity. She is known for her highly-energetic tone in her blogging videos. She rose to fame in late 2008 and early 2009 when she made videos anonymously under the name "Boxxy" and posted them to her Gaia Online profile. They were later posted onto the website i-am-bored.com and spread to the website 4chan. This resulted in a large online following. She later became an Internet meme. She is known to wear heavy eyeliner and ramble excitedly about many different things while displaying "ridiculous" and possibly "fake" personality quirks. She is rated by the AOL channel's "urlesque" as #104 on its list of "The 100 Most Iconic Internet Videos". She was also mentioned in a Fox News report on Internet trolls.

References

Other websites
Boxxy's Official website
Boxxy at Know Your Meme

American Internet celebrities
Internet memes
American entertainers
1992 births
Living people

Catherine Wayne


Funny Cide (April 20, 2000 – July 16, 2023) was an American Thoroughbred champion racehorse who won the 2003 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. He was the first New York-bred horse to win the Kentucky Derby. He was a popular horse and remained a fan favorite in retirement at the Kentucky Horse Park.

Background
Funny Cide was bred at WinStar Farm in Versailles, Kentucky, but was foaled at the McMahon of Saratoga Thoroughbred Farm, owned by Joe and Anne McMahon in Saratoga Springs, New York. His sire is Distorted Humor, who was then an unproven sire at WinStar, struggling to attract good mares. Belle's Good Cide, an Oklahoma-bred granddaughter of Seattle Slew, was already at the farm, and was therefore bred to him. She was then shipped to New York so her foal would be eligible for New York-bred races.

Funny Cide was part of Distorted Humor's first American crop when his stud fee was $12,500, dropping down the next year to $10,000. Due to the success of Funny Cide and the rest of his first crop, Distorted Humor's fee then rose to $20,000 in 2003. It would eventually go as high as $300,000 in 2008 for a live foal. The fee later dropped, and in 2018 was $50,000.

Funny Cide was consigned to the August 2001 Fasig-Tipton Saratoga-preferred yearling auction, where he was inspected by Tony Everard, a "pinhooker" looking for young, undeveloped horses to train and resell in a few months at a profit. Everard liked what he saw, even though the colt was a ridgling with one undescended testicle, and purchased the colt for $22,000. Everard then took the colt to his New Episode Training Center in Ocala, Florida, and made the decision to geld the colt. "With ridglings, it's better to go ahead and geld them early," he would later say. "My experience is once they start training around turns they are moving faster and getting pinched and it hurts them."

Barclay Tagg

Barclay Tagg purchased the gelding for $75,000 in a private transaction in March, 2002 for Sackatoga Stable.

Once a steeplechase jockey, Tagg (who grew up in Abington, Pennsylvania and won his first race in 1972 at Liberty Bell Park) was a journeyman who had been on the racing scene for over 30 years. The victory by Funny Cide made Tagg the first trainer to win the Derby in his first attempt since Neil Drysdale saddled Fusaichi Pegasus to win the 2000 Derby.

Ray Paulick of The Blood-Horse said of Tagg, "He has some characteristics uncannily like hall-of-famer "Silent" Tom Smith, the trainer of Seabiscuit. He takes care of his horse, doesn't rush into anything or run him when he shouldn't. I like that about Tagg. Like Tom Smith, he's his own man and will put the horse first. I wish we had more trainers out there like him."

Sackatoga Stable

Sackatoga Stable was formed by ten friends from Sacket's Harbor, a small town in upstate New York, who purchased their first horse by contributing $5,000 each. The managing partner was Jackson Knowlton, a health care consultant. They coined the name Sackatoga by combining their origins in Sacket's Harbor and Saratoga. Knowlton said, "We joined up with Barclay Tagg [in 1999] and he was able to locate a couple of nice horses for us. We claimed Bail Money for $40,000. She won three races and $130,000 for us before she was claimed for $62,500. So that really helped make things easier — we were playing with the house's money when we bought Funny Cide for $75,000."

Racing career

2002: two-year-old season
The chestnut gelding, ridden by jockey José A. Santos, made his two-year-old racing debut at Belmont Park on September 8, 2002. Running away from the New York field under a hand ride, he easily won the six-furlong race by  lengths. Three weeks later, Funny Cide won his first seven-furlong stakes race, the Bertram F. Bongard Stakes, under another hand ride, this time by 8 lengths. In the Bongard, his Beyer Speed Figure was 103: no two-year-old in the country had run faster.

His third winning effort as a two-year-old was his first mile race, the Sleepy Hollow Stakes (also at Belmont Park). Under a hard hold by Santos, he was for the first time challenged for the lead (by Spite the Devil). Despite being bumped several times, Funny Cide won by a neck. Santos believed he had found his Derby horse.

Funny Cide was named the Champion two-year-old New-York bred for 2002, though little attention was paid to him nationally. He was not included on the Experimental Free Handicap, which was led by the champion two-year-old Vindication.

2003: three-year-old season
Funny Cide began his three-year-old campaign on January 18, 2003, in the -mile Holy Bull Stakes at Gulfstream Park. Breaking from post position 13, he hit the gate and raced wide for the entire trip, eventually finishing fifth behind Offlee Wild. He then shipped to Fair Grounds for the Louisiana Derby on March 9, where he faced Peace Rules, Kafwain, and Badge of Silver. Staying close to the pace, he rallied in the stretch, dropped back, and then came on again along the rail. Finishing third after Peace Rules, he was moved up to second place after the disqualification of Kafwain.

On April 12, he entered the Wood Memorial at Aqueduct as the second betting choice. Empire Maker, conditioned by Hall of Fame trainer Bobby Frankel and ridden by Jerry Bailey, was the odds-on favorite after an impressive win in the Florida Derby. Funny Cide was bumped at the start then moved up to challenge New York Hero on the lead. Empire Maker raced in third, then took the lead as they entered the stretch. Funny Cide fought back gamely, losing by only  length. Funny Cide earned a Beyer Speed Figure of 110 for the Wood.

Kentucky Derby
Empire Maker was the favorite for the Derby despite suffering a bruised right front hoof that caused him to miss a few days of training: his odds did drift up though from 6–5 on the morning-line to a more lukewarm 5–2. Peace Rules, also trained by Frankel, was the second choice at 6-1 while Funny Cide was sixth choice at 13–1. Bumped again at the start, Funny Cide tracked the early pace set by Peace Rules, and moved to the lead heading into the stretch. Empire Maker then started closing fast but Funny Cide was able to hold on by  lengths. "I hit him and he kept digging and digging and he did it," said Santos. "It was New York pride." Funny Cide's time of 2:01.19 was the tenth fastest time in Kentucky Derby history.

Preakness Stakes
Blood-Horse magazine's Steven Haskin wrote: "Pimlico stakes coordinator David Rollinson had to go out and recruit Preakness Stakes horses when it looked like only six or seven were going to run. All was calm that first week after the Derby. Then, Empire Maker was officially declared out, leaving only six confirmed starters. Then Midway Road came in. Then all hell broke loose when the Miami Herald's bogus story and photo of Santos cheating in the Derby appeared. Empire Maker suddenly jumped back in, his Triple Crown hopes alive once again. Hours later, when the inferno began to subside, he was back out. Then Peace Rules officially came in. Sometime, in between all that, Champali scratched after colicking. Then Kissin Saint and Alysweep came in. Then Indian Express came out. Then Rollinson popped a couple of Advil and braced for week two." Week two was like week one, now including the in and outs and ins of New York Hero, Ten Cents A Shine, Foufa's Warrior, and During. Haskin said, "All this confusion could have been avoided if all involved had known how Funny Cide was going to run in the Preakness."

Shipped in at the last moment by Tagg and stabled in Mary Eppler's barn to keep him calm and out from under the press, this time Funny Cide was the betting favorite. On a cold, wet day in May, he broke from post position nine (only Layminister in 1910 and Canonero II in 1971 won from the ninth post) and was the runaway winner of the 2003 Preakness Stakes at Baltimore's Pimlico Race Course. His time was 1:55:61 and he took the race by  lengths, the second-largest margin in Preakness history.

"I couldn't find my horse, so I was watching Funny Cide," said Bob Baffert, trainer of Senor Swinger, who finished fifth. "It was fun watching and listening to the crowd respond to Funny Cide as he drew off like that."

Funny Cide earned a Beyer Speed Figure of 114. He was only the third New York-bred to win the Preakness. The other two were Jacobus in 1883 and Margrave in 1896 when the Preakness was run at Gravesend Race Track in Coney Island, New York.

Belmont Stakes
With a Triple Crown on the line, Funny Cide and his connections were the center of attention in the weeks leading up to the 2003 Belmont Stakes. Funny Cide posted several fast works: too fast some worried. Then it rained all day before the Belmont Stakes, the most grueling of the three Triple Crown races and a quarter mile longer than the Kentucky Derby. Regardless, New Yorkers came to the track in near record numbers, hoping to see the New York-bred make history. Funny Cide broke well and rushed to the early lead, but wasted energy struggling against Santos's efforts to set a sensible pace down the backstretch. As they rounded the final turn, Empire Maker ranged up on the outside and gradually pulled clear. Funny Cide tried to respond but eventually tired, finishing third. The horses who beat him, Empire Maker and Ten Most Wanted, were both fresher horses, having skipped the Preakness Stakes.

Frankel had said before the race that if everyone hated him after the Belmont Stakes, then he had done his job. Robin Smullen, Tagg's assistant and companion, had predicted that win, lose or draw, Funny Cide would remain everyone's favorite horse. Both Frankel and Smullen proved to be correct.

Later that year, Island Fashion, trained by Tagg, won the Alabama Stakes. Her victory denied a $2 million Triple Tiara bonus to the owners of Spoken Fur, trained by Frankel.

Funny Cide became the 17th horse to take the Derby and Preakness and then lose the Belmont. Tagg wondered if the sloppy track may have played a role in the loss, despite training over it nearly every day regardless of weather. "I just feel bad for all the people who came out," Tagg said. "We were beaten by a good horse. I don't know what else to say. I am being honest. It is horse racing."

Later three-year-old season
Funny Cide was given a two-month break, then returned on August 3 in the Haskell Invitational at Monmouth Park where he finished third to Peace Rules. His next target was supposed to be the Travers Stakes at Saratoga in a face-off against Empire Maker, but both horses became ill and missed the race. In Funny Cide's case it was a respiratory condition, although Tagg didn't know whether the gelding had a lung infection or allergies. During a routine gallop, he started making noise so a veterinarian examined his lungs and found them full of mucus. Funny Cide may have been suffering from the same ailment when he finished third in the Haskell: he showed mucus after that race, as well as an elevated temperature.

Funny Cide missed most of the fall racing season but recovered in time to enter the Breeders' Cup Classic, held that year at Santa Anita Park on October 25. Facing an excellent field, he raced wide just off the pace before fading on the final turn, finishing ninth behind Pleasantly Perfect. Tagg would say later that Funny Cide didn't like the heat.

Funny Cide won the Eclipse Award for 3 Year Old Male of the Year, the first New York-bred to do so. (Saratoga Dew was named American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 1992). The voters had to weigh Empire Maker's two wins in their three head-to-head races, versus the brilliance of Funny Cide's two Classic wins. As Andrew Beyer put it: "[Funny Cide] performed honorably throughout the series, while stimulating widespread public interest in the sport. Is he less worthy of a title than a rival who won one race, had an excuse in one and skipped one?" Ultimately, Funny Cide prevailed by 150 votes to 92.

2004: four-year-old season
On January 10, 2004, Funny Cide returned to the track with a win in allowance company at Gulfstream Park, followed by third-place finishes in the Donn Handicap and New Orleans Handicap. In April, he won the Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap at Aqueduct, digging in down the stretch to beat Evening Attire by half a length. His next start was in the 1-mile Metropolitan Handicap where he finished fifth.

In June 2004, the New York Turf Writer's Association honoured Funny Cide with its Presidents' Award as the first New York-bred to win the Kentucky Derby and for how his Triple Crown bid captivated the nation. Jose Santos received the Red Smith "Good Guy" Award for his "grace under pressure" when dealing with a false accusation concerning his ride in the Kentucky Derby.

Funny Cide next started in the Massachusetts Handicap on July 3, 2004, earning a 110 Beyer Speed Figure. The finish was a three-way photo at the wire between runner-up Funny Cide, the winner Offlee Wild, and The Lady's Groom. He next ran in the Suburban Handicap, finishing third in another close finish behind old foe Peace Rules. Funny Cide then ran second behind Evening Attire in the Saratoga Breeders' Cup Handicap before a near record crowd of 70,175.

Coming into the Jockey Club Gold Cup, Funny Cide had only two wins in eight starts for the year, but was still co-favorite at 3–1 with Love of Money. The two battled for the lead for the first mile, then Funny Cide fell back as Newfoundland moved to the lead with Love of Money, and The Cliff's Edge came closing on the outside. Funny Cide appeared to be struggling, but fought back and began to gradually wear down Newfoundland, finally winning by three-quarters of a length. "I thought he was done," Tagg said. "Maybe he wanted to take a breather, I don't know... I was about ready to get sick then, but he came back running. He always does that. He never gives up. He always comes back running, even in some of his worst races." The Cliff's Edge was third and Evening Attire fourth, as Love of Money dropped out of contention. In the winner's circle, Funny Cide appeared exhausted by the effort. In the Gold Cup, he earned a 112 Beyer.

Funny Cide's last race of the year was a tenth-place finish in the Breeders' Cup Classic, held that year at Lone Star Park.

2005–2007: four to six-year-old season
Since the middle of his three-year-old campaign, Funny Cide was beset with respiratory problems, perhaps aggravated by racing in the heat at the 2003 Breeders' Cup Classic at Santa Anita when a major forest fire raged nearby. Tagg would call him "fractious", later saying, "He had a lot of good qualities about him, but he was pretty difficult to train." During his five-year-old season he had back problems, undiagnosed until he had raced out of the money in the Pimlico Special, Brooklyn Handicap, and Suburban Handicap. Tagg decided to rest Funny Cide for the last half of the season.

Funny Cide returned to the track on January 7, 2006, in the six-furlong Gulfstream Park Handicap, finishing a disappointing seventh. On February 2, 2006, he finished second in a one-mile allowance race at Gulfstream, finishing behind Sir Greeley but ahead of odds-on favorite Sun King, winner of the Pennsylvania and Tampa Bay Derbies. Funny Cide's jockey for the race, Edgar Prado, said, "This was not his best distance but he was trying the whole way. He galloped out real strong. I think he's back, hopefully."

On April 1, he again finished second, this time in the Excelsior Breeders' Cup Handicap at Aqueduct. "He ran a fantastic race", new jockey Richard Migliore said. "Blood and guts all the way to the wire. He's a fantastic racehorse. I wasn't looking for the lead, but my horse was keen and I didn't want to get into a fight with him. When he got alone, he idled better and when company joined him, he fought on again. It was a very game performance."

On April 30, Funny Cide broke his losing streak by taking the Kings Point Handicap for state-breds at Aqueduct. Funny Cide took the early lead but dropped into second coming into the stretch. Migliore hit him with the stick, which Funny Cide resented. "I turned my stick over and hit him with it before he was ready," said Migliore. "I kind of took him out of his game. My little bit of worry almost cost us. I should have been more confident." He followed this with a third-place finish in the William Donald Schaefer Handicap at Pimlico.

On July 1, Funny Cide led all the way to win the Grade III $200,800, -mile Dominion Day Stakes at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Canada. The race attracted many who had come just to see Funny Cide; they crowded the walking ring when he entered the paddock and gave him an ovation during the post parade. His -length win over a strong field brought the crowd to its feet. Funny Cide broke from the inside post and set a fast pace, then held off challenges from Cryptograph, who finished third and Nolan's Cat, who finished second. "I kind of figured we'd be on the lead," said Migliore. "I knew I had horse. When the challenge came, he met it. He likes to fight. As long as he can see them, they weren't going to beat him."Funny Cide was the first Derby winner to win at Woodbine since Secretariat took the Canadian International Stakes in 1973. He was also the first Kentucky Derby winner to win a graded stakes race at the age of six. He was also one of only two Kentucky Derby winners in 46 years to race at the age of six. (The other was Gato Del Sol, the 1982 winner.)

Funny Cide, foaled in Saratoga Springs, next ran in the Grade I Woodward Stakes at Saratoga on September 2, 2006. The field contained Sun King, the favorite after finishing second in the Whitney, the 2005 Travers winner Flower Alley, and Suave, who won the 2005 Saratoga Breeders' Cup Handicap. But Funny Cide was the star: the New York Thoroughbred Breeders gave out 10,000 Funny Cide posters to his fans. Unfortunately, Funny Cide was not up to the task and faded after chasing the pace while running wide, finishing eighth.

Funny Cide finished 2006 with two losses in the Brooklyn Breeders Cup Handicap and the Empire Cup Handicap. He was given some time off, then returned on April 29, 2007, in the Kings Point Handicap. He chased the pace three-wide but had no rally in the stretch and finished third. In the Wagon Limit Stakes for New York-breds, he went to the early lead but tired and again finished third.

On July 4, 2007, lured to Finger Lakes Race Track by an extra $50,000 added to the purse, Funny Cide took the $100,000 Wadsworth Memorial Handicap by three lengths under Alan Garcia, breaking his six-race winless streak. The track, which could accommodate 2,000 patrons in the clubhouse and another 4,000 in the grandstand, had an attendance of well over 11,000 people, its second-largest crowd since 1962. Funny Cide was only the second winner of a Triple Crown race to run at Finger Lakes in its 46-year history.

Retirement
On July 13, 2007, Funny Cide's retirement was announced. "We decided that after the great fun and excitement of watching Funny Cide win the Wadsworth Memorial at Finger Lakes at the age of 7, it would be a good note on which to retire the horse," Tagg said. Jack Knowlton, managing partner for Sackatoga Stable, agreed that Funny Cide's future career would be at the track with Tagg. He became a stable pony in the mornings, accompanying younger horses in their training. "He'll still be doing what he's done the past five years, but he just won't be racing in the afternoon," Knowlton said.

NYRA (the New York Racing Association) held a "Funny Cide Retirement Party" at Saratoga on August 10, 2007.

On December 5, 2008, Funny Cide took up residence at the Kentucky Horse Park alongside Cigar, Da Hoss, and other champions. His work as Barclay Tagg's stable pony had begun to give him some discomfort. Shortly after Cigar's death in October 2014, Funny Cide was given his stall and paddock.

In August 2012, Funny Cide visited Saratoga's racetrack along with the retired jockey Richard Migliore and the trainer Nick Zito in a seminar for prospective racehorse owners. While there, he was a guest of Old Friends farm at Cabin Creek in Greenfield Center.

Funny Cide made several other racetrack appearances during retirement, most notably in August 2015 when he was shipped to Saratoga with American Pharoah. "He and (American Pharoah) were on the same flight with a pony (Smokey) of AP's, and it was just really neat to have a Triple Crown winner and a near-Triple Crown winner (together)," Knowlton said. "It was fun. I'd love for the pony to talk so we knew what those guys were talking about." Knowlton added, "People still adore him. They remember him and they love him. I have people all the time when I'm around racetracks (ask me), 'How's Funny Cide doing?' They don't know my name, but they know Funny Cide and they know I'm associated with him. I'm kind of the human side of Funny Cide."

Death
Funny Cide died due to complications of colic on July 16, 2023, at the age of 23. He resided at the Kentucky Horse Park for the last 15 years of his life.

A portion of Funny Cide's ashes were buried behind the clubhouse of Saratoga Race Course on August 27, 2023. Portions of the remains are planned to be buried at McMahon of Saratoga Thoroughbred Farm and the Kentucky Horse Park.

Honors
Funny Cide was a two-time "New York–bred Horse of the Year". He retired with 11 wins from 38 starts with six second-place finishes and eight thirds and earnings of $3,529,412. Funny Cide had the highest earnings of any New York-bred racehorse in history. Saratoga Race Course honored him with a stakes race for older New York-breds, the Funny Cide Stakes.

In April 2010, the New York Thoroughbred Breeders voted Funny Cide the New York-bred Horse of the Decade.

In August 2012, a statue of Funny Cide was unveiled in Saratoga Springs. On his saddle blanket is the number 6, his post position at Churchill Downs on the day he won the Kentucky Derby.

Race record

Pedigree

In popular culture
In 2006, Funny Cide appeared in a children's book about his life called, A Horse Named Funny Cide, written by The Funny Cide Team and illustrated by Barry Moser.

See also
 List of racehorses

References

Jenkins, Sally, Funny Cide: How a Horse, a Trainer, a Jockey, and a Bunch of High School Buddies Took on the Sheiks and Bluebloods... and Won. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2004.

External links
 Funny Cide's official website
 Distorted Humor - stallion register
 Funny Cide Kentucky Derby page
 Funny Cide heads the New York bred Millionaire's Club

2000 racehorse births
2023 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in New York (state)
Racehorses trained in the United States
Eclipse Award winners
Kentucky Derby winners
Preakness Stakes winners
American Grade 1 Stakes winners
Horse monuments
Thoroughbred family 6-d

Funny Cide


Tswe (Ꚏ ꚏ; italics: Ꚏ ꚏ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It is drawn by adding a long tail to the bottom of the letter tse (Ц ц Ц ц).

Tswe is used in an old orthography of the Abkhaz language, where it represents the labialized aspirated voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕʷʰ/.

Cyrillic letters

Tswe


HMS Calendula was a , built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War, and was in service in the Battle of the Atlantic. In 1942 she was transferred to the United States Navy as part of the reverse Lend Lease arrangement and renamed  USS Ready, one of the s. With the end of hostilities she was returned to the Royal Navy and sold into mercantile service.

Service history
Calendula was built at Harland & Wolff, Belfast, as part of the 1939 War Emergency programme. One of the original Flower-class corvettes, she was ordered on 19 September 1939, laid down six weeks later, and launched on 21 March 1940. She was completed on 6 May 1940.

Royal Navy
After working up, Calendula was assigned to the Western Approaches Escort Force for service as a convoy escort. In this role she was engaged in all the duties performed by escort ships; protecting convoys, searching for and attacking German U-boats which attacked ships in convoy, and rescuing survivors.

Calendula was involved in two major convoy battles. In September 1940 she was part of the escort to convoy HX 72, during which 11 ships were sunk.

In November she was transferred to Freetown, joining the local escort group there. In March 1941 Calendula was with convoy SL 68, which saw the loss of nine merchant ships  in a four-day running battle.

In two years' service she escorted 10 North Atlantic and 10 South Atlantic convoys, assisting in the safe passage of over 400 ships, though some were lost subsequently. She also took part in the protection of four "Winston Special" troop convoys.

In March 1942 Calendula was transferred to the United States Navy.

United States Navy
Following the entry of the United States into the war the US Navy was in need of anti-submarine warfare vessels, and to meet this need a number of ships were transferred from the Royal Navy as part of a reverse Lend-Lease arrangement.
Calendula was commissioned into the USN on 12 March 1942 as USS Ready, one of the s. For the remainder of the conflict Ready was employed as a convoy escort in the western Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. With the ending of hostilities Ready was returned to the Royal Navy in August 1945. As HMS Calendula once more she was stricken in September 1945.

Merchant service
Following her de-commissioning Calendula was sold into merchant service. In 1948 she became Villa Cisneros, and was renamed Villa Bens the following year.

Notes

References

Hague, Arnold : The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 (2000)  (Canada) .  (UK)

External links
  HMS Calendula at uboat.net
  USS Ready at uboat.net

Flower-class corvettes of the Royal Navy
Temptress-class gunboats
1940 ships
Ships built in Belfast
Ships built by Harland and Wolff

HMS Calendula


Peter Thomas Scolari (September 12, 1955 – October 22, 2021) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Henry Desmond on Bosom Buddies (1980–1982), Michael Harris on Newhart (1984–1990), and Wayne Szalinski on Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show (1997–2000).

Scolari received three Emmy nominations for his work on Newhart and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his recurring role as Tad Horvath on Girls in 2016.

Early life
Scolari was born in New Rochelle, New York, to Arthur and Barbara (née Fay) Scolari, and was raised in Scarsdale along with an older sister and two younger brothers. His father was of Italian descent and played semi-professional baseball before becoming a lawyer. His mother was a singer prior to meeting Scolari's father and later worked with the Alcohol Rehabilitation arm of the Tidewater Psychiatric Institute in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In an interview with the Toronto Star Scolari said that his father was a psychologically abusive, "rageful man", and that his mother struggled with alcoholism. Scolari added that his parents "stayed together for the kids and also because they were hopelessly in love with each other, but they were totally incompatible."

At the age of 13 Scolari did some animation voice acting work and performed in plays while attending Edgemont High School in Scarsdale, where he also participated in football, baseball and track. At 16 years of age he starred as Finch in a high school production of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying and came to the realization that he wanted to be an actor professionally.

In 1972, he enrolled at Occidental College in Los Angeles as a theater arts major, but left a year later and returned to New York after his father died. He joined the Colonnades Theatre Lab, a repertory theatre in Manhattan, working with actors such as Danny DeVito, Rhea Perlman, Jeff Goldblum and Michael O'Keefe. Scolari was also working on a degree in comparative literature at City College of New York. During this time, Scolari appeared in multiple off-Broadway plays and met Finish actor Paavo Tammim, who taught him to juggle. He also studied mime and learned to ride a unicycle. His performance in a 1974 production of "Reflections" received a rave review from The New York Times.

In 1979 he returned to Los Angeles.

Career

Television
Scolari was signed to do an NBC pilot in 1979 titled The Further Adventures Of Wally Brown, a show that did not get picked-up. He starred in the short-lived 1980 sitcom Goodtime Girls as Benny, the juggling neighbor of the title characters. His next starring role was in the 1983 sitcom Baby Makes Five.

His big break came when he was cast with Tom Hanks the sitcom, Bosom Buddies. Scolari and Hanks play a couple of advertising copywriters who disguise themselves as women in order to live in an affordable New York apartment — a women's-only residence called the Susan B. Anthony Hotel. A different actor had initially been cast alongside Hanks, but things didn't work out. Scolari happened to be playing a guest role on an adjacent sound stage and was auditioned for the role. The show's pilot was shot a few days later. Scolari played Henry Desmond, whose female pseudonym was Hildegard, and Hanks played Kip Wilson, who went by the name Buffy.

Bosom Buddies was canceled in 1982 and in 1984 Scolari joined the cast of Newhart as Michael Harris, a preppily-dressed, wannabe yuppie, and local TV producer of the fictional talk show "Vermont Today". Harris was a recurring character in the show's second season and the character was so popular with audiences that executive producer Barry Kemp signed Scolari to be a regular cast member in the show's following season, before it was even confirmed that there would be a third season. His role earned Scolari three Emmy nominations for best supporting actor in a comedy and remained with the show until its conclusion in 1990. During this time, Scolari also got to showcase his vaudevillian talents during three episodes of the annual television special, Circus of the Stars, including juggling with knives and fire, as well as juggling on a tightrope.

In 1993, Scolari starred in the series Family Album about a couple who move with their children back to their hometown of Philadelphia to be closer to their aging parents. Actress Gina Hecht was initially selected to play the wife of Scolari's character, but was replaced by Pamela Reed just two days before the show's pilot was shot. Scolari told the Las Vegas Review-Journal in 1993 that he and Reed had "instant rapport", however the show lasted one season.  Two years later he starred in the series Dweebs, which centers around the employees of a software firm. Scolari plays Warren Mosbey, the company's eccentric, socially-inept, tech-genius owner. The show was cancelled after one season.

Scolari starred in Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show over the show's three seasons. Scolari plays inventor Wayne Szalinski, the role originally played by Rick Moranis in the Honey, I Shrunk the Kids series of films. During the show's run, he also played astronaut Pete Conrad in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, co-produced by Hanks, Ron Howard and Brian Grazer.

He later had a recurring role as Tad Horvath, the father of Lena Dunham's character on HBO's Girls, for which he won an Emmy in 2016. He played Gotham City's corrupt police commissioner Gillian B. Loeb in Fox's superhero crime drama Gotham from 2014 to 2019. He played the role of a show business manager in the 2019 biographical miniseries Fosse/Verdon, and played Bishop Marx on the series Evil, from 2019 until his death.

Theatre
Scolari appeared in such off-Broadway productions as Old Man Joseph and His Family, The Exonerated, In the Wings, It Must Be Him and White's Lies.

Scolari appeared on Broadway in Wicked, as the Wizard of Oz; in Hairspray, as Wilbur Turnblad; and in Bronx Bombers, where he portrayed Yogi Berra. His wife, Tracy Shayne, played Berra's wife Carmen. He also appeared in Lucky Guy, which reunited him with his Bosom Buddies co-star Hanks.

In 1996, Scolari also starred as Littlechap in a version of the stage musical Stop the World – I Want to Get Off, produced for the A&E television network.

Film
Credited under pseudonym Barney Tramble, Scolari's first film role was in the 1978 X rated film Take Off. He played a teenager named Kookie and his performance did not involve nudity. He starred in the 1984 comedy film The Rosebud Beach Hotel, about a couple — played by Scolari and Colleen Camp — who turn their hotel into a brothel, by hiring sex workers to work as bellhops.

Scolari once again worked with Hanks on his directorial debut, That Thing You Do! about a fictional 1960s rock band called the Wonders. Scolari plays the role of Troy Chesterfield, the host of a variety show on which the Wonders appear. Scolari and Hanks also provided voices in the 2004 animated film "The Polar Express".

Personal life

Scolari's struggles with substance abuse and bipolar disorder were featured on a 2014 episode of Oprah: Where Are They Now?.

Scolari was married four times. His first marriage was to Brooklyn attorney Lisa Kretzchmar. They divorced in 1983. He was married to Debra Steagal in 1986, a costume designer that he met while filming The Rosebud Beach Hotel and with whom he had two children. He later wed actress Cathy Trien, with whom he also had two children. In 2013 he married his longtime girlfriend, actress Tracy Shayne.  The couple remained together until Scolari's death.

Death
Scolari died from leukemia in Manhattan on October 22, 2021, at age 66. He had been diagnosed with the disease two years earlier.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1955 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of Italian descent
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from leukemia
Edgemont Junior – Senior High School alumni
Male actors from New Rochelle, New York
People with bipolar disorder
Primetime Emmy Award winners

Peter Scolari


John Thomas Yunits, Jr. (born January 24, 1952, in Brockton, Massachusetts) is the former mayor of Brockton, the 4th largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

A city attorney and father of four, Yunits unseated a sitting incumbent in 1995, sweeping all of the city's 28 precincts. He was re-elected in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003, becoming the city's longest-serving mayor and the first in the city's history to be elected to five terms.

Yunits was able to bring both business and civic leaders together for a number of exciting new developments including the construction of Campanelli Stadium and the Shaw's Center. He profoundly influenced the landscape of Brockton by providing an atmosphere of cooperation and understanding to the myriad and complex problems that confront an older urban area. Under his leadership and guidance, dozens of new businesses moved to the city - creating and maintaining over 2500 jobs - and he continually supported the arts and the effort to beautify the downtown.

During his tenure, the city's real estate value increased by over $3 billion in total value and the median price of a single family home rose from $81,500 in 1995 to over $234,000 in 2004. Nearly 38 miles of Brockton roads were either resurfaced or improved through water and sewer infrastructure upgrades. Brockton built three new schools, and the public school system was recognized by the State's Department of Education for excellence in MCAS performance.

Yunits chose not to run for re-election in 2005, and was followed by James Harington.

A graduate of Boston College High School, Boston College, and the New England School of Law, Yunits currently serves as president of the Brockton Rox, a professional baseball team.

References

External links
Biography

1952 births
Living people
Boston College alumni
Boston College High School alumni
Massachusetts lawyers
Mayors of Brockton, Massachusetts
Baseball executives

Jack Yunits


ROSE Online, or Rush On Seven Episodes Online () is a Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Game (MMORPG) previously published by Korean company Gravity Corporation and developed by its subsidiary, Triggersoft. The game was originally pay to play, but when Triggersoft stopped developing the game in 2007, the rights of ROSE Online were sold to several different companies which went on to develop and publish their own free-to-play versions of the game.

Gravity Interactive developed and published a version of the game known as naROSE for 3 North American and 40 European countries, up until all of their games and services to the European regions were terminated on May 25, 2018. On February 11, 2019, Warportal Gravity Interactive shut down the game entirely, while several private servers continued to run.  As of September 16, 2021, the development and publishing of ROSE Online for this region was taken over by Rednim Games. At that time, Rednim Games predicted the launch to still be 'many more months' in the future.

Starting in 2013, another branch of the game known as jROSE was exclusively developed for the Japanese market by ROSE Online Japan. Despite major financial difficulties, culminating in the studio filing for bankruptcy in 2020, they still promised to keep developing and publishing updates to the game in 2019.

Gameplay
ROSE Online is a free roaming typical level-up based MMORPG featuring anime inspired graphics and "a very cute game environment in comparison to many other titles on the market." Players fight monsters, gain character levels, obtain new skills and find equipment to prepare themselves for future battles. Players travel to different planets and explore new environments as well as battle other players and declare wars against other clans. The game features its own in-game economy which is directly controlled by players. Supply and demand can change each day so it is up to the player to seize the opportunity.

In addition to leveling through the method of acquiring experience points leading to a level after the defeat of a monster, a character may also aid their leveling experience with the use of Quests. Quests are initiated after speaking to a NPC. Some quests are given a time limit so the character must complete the quest to be eligible for a reward. A reward may be constituted of material items and is usually accompanied by an experience point reward and a money reward (the in-game currency is called Zulie). Rewards from quests are affected by the amount of charm a character has.

There are three types of items, to which the inventory is divided: Equipment, items characters may wear on their bodies; Consumable which consists of consumable items that may recover HP or MP, or perform an effect (i.e. dance, learn a skill, shoot fireworks, socket items), and Material which covers general miscellany, such as materials for crafting, gems, and ammunition for weapons that need them.

Many items in the Equipment section of a player's Inventory can be altered by refining or by drilling them to put a gem into them:
 Refining a piece of armor increases its defense by a marginal amount, which makes a great difference as the level of Refinement continues to increase. Refining a given weapon will raise that weapon's Attack Power, which allows the possessor of that weapon to do increased amounts of damage. A given piece of Equipment starts out at Refined (0), and will progress to a maximum of Refined (15).
 Gems, as previously mentioned, can be placed within either a player's weapon, or a few specific pieces of his armor (the chestpiece, as well as any jewellery he possesses). Each gem has a specific purpose, and varies in price depending on that purpose. A Diamond, for example, increases a player's Attack Power, and can be sold at high prices due to its high demand. A Jade, which increases Dodge Rate, is also rather useful, but not quite as much.

Weapons and jobs
There are a variety of weapons to use in ROSE Online. The weapons aren't restricted by the player's job, but by their level and a specific stat. The type of weapon a certain player should use is generally based on the class he chooses.

There are six basic jobs/classes:
 Soldiers are, as their name implies, generally based on the Strength Attribute, and therefore usually use weapons such as Swords, Spears, and Axes.
 Muses are generally healers, but can also become combat magicians later on in the game, and generally use Wands or Staffs.
 Dealers are a class based on economy and the ability to craft items; Dealers generally use guns and cannons, and have the ability to hire Mercenaries at will.
 Hawkers are a class based on the Attribute Dexterity, and rely on dodge rate and movement speed to take down their foe; Hawkers generally either use bows or dual wield katars or swords.

These four basic classes can later be upgraded into more advanced Secondary Classes:
 Soldiers can choose as their secondary class either to become a Champion or a Knight. Champions are based mostly on the Attack Power attribute, and generally wield a Two-Handed weapon (sword, spear, or axe). Knights are based generally on defense and therefore use a One-Handed weapon in combination with a shield on their other hand.
 Muses can become either Cleric (healers) or Mage (attackers). Clerics generally use Wands, so they can "buff" and "heal" other players, while Mages use staves.
 Dealers can turn into either Bourgeois (attackers) or Artisan (crafters). The former generally uses cannons while the latter generally uses pistols.
 Hawkers can turn into either Scouts or Raiders. The former generally uses a Bow and Arrow, and can summon a pet hawk to fight by his side, while the latter generally uses Katars and Dual-Wield Swords, and emphasizes its abilities of speed and stealth.

Story
The seven planets of the world of ROSE Online were created by the goddess Arua. However, Hebarn, the god of malice, took over the seventh planet and renamed it after himself. To protect the other planets from Hebarn, Arua created the Visitors and sent them to Junon, the first planet of Rose Online.

References

External links
 jROSE, official Japanese ROSE Online site
 naROSE, official North American ROSE Online site

2005 video games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Video games developed in South Korea
Video games set on fictional planets
Fantasy massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Windows games
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
Gravity (Korean company) video games

ROSE Online


James Clark (1858–1943) was a provincial English painter born in West Hartlepool, in north-east England. He rose to prominence in 1914 when his painting entitled The Great Sacrifice was reproduced as the souvenir print issued by The Graphic illustrated newspaper with its Christmas number. The painting depicted a young soldier lying dead on the battlefield beneath a vision of Christ on the Cross. It had an immediate appeal to many, and prints were snapped up by churches, schools, and mission halls. One reviewer stated that the print had "turned railway bookstalls into wayside shrines." Framed copies were hung in churches next to Rolls of Honour, and clergymen gave sermons on the theme of the painting. The original oil painting was acquired by Queen Mary, wife of George V but several other copies were made. Clark also painted The Bombardment of the Hartlepools (16 December 1914) (Hartlepool Art Gallery). Clark designed a number of war memorials and his painting was the basis for several memorial stained glass windows in churches.  He executed the scheme of wall paintings in the nave of Holy Trinity Church, Casterton, Cumbria, between 1905 and 1912.

James Clark was Queen Alexandra's art teacher and the author of many oils. He was one of two artists commissioned by the Scripture Gift Mission (SGM) to go to the Holy Land, the other being Henry Andrew Harper. He was particularly gifted at portraying characters in Palestine, used to illustrate SGM's Bible editions.

References

Further reading

1858 births
1943 deaths
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists

James Clark (artist)


Helpmates is a Laurel and Hardy Pre-Code short film comedy. It was directed by James Parrott, produced by Hal Roach and released by Metro-Goldwyn Mayer on January 23, 1932.

Plot
Ollie's house is a mess after a wild party from the previous night. Ollie receives a telegram from his wife (who is on vacation in Chicago), which tells him that she is returning home in the afternoon. Fearing his wife's wrath, he calls Stan over to help him clean up. Things go downhill and they make more mess not less. Ollie becomes frustrated and lights the oven the wrong way, turning on the gas first instead of lighting the oven. The result is an explosion that trashes the living room and kitchen, as well as Ollie's hat.

Ollie's suits get stained with soot, soaked with dirty water, and covered in flour, until he has no choice but to go meet his wife at the station in his lodge uniform (a comic version of an Odd Fellows Lodge uniform). Stan miraculously manages to restore the house's interior to its proper look and decides to light a fire in the fireplace for Ollie and his wife to come home to. When the logs fail to ignite he soaks the fireplace with gasoline, lights a match, and moves it towards the logs. Ollie returns from the train station with a black eye, a bent sword, and without his wife. The house is a smouldering ruin, Stan has burnt it down. Stan leaves Ollie seated on the only remaining chair looking bemused, then to cap it all, a huge rain storm pours down on him.

Cast
 Stan Laurel as Stan Laurel
 Oliver Hardy as Oliver "Ollie" Hardy
 Blanche Payson as Mrs. Hardy
 Robert Callahan as Messenger
 Bobby Burns as Neighbor in garden

Colorized version
Helpmates was the first black-and-white film to undergo film colorization. First experimented in 1983 through a company called Colorization Inc., a subsidiary of Hal Roach Studios, it was first publicly shown at the 1984 The Sons of the Desert-sponsored International Helpmates Convention. Colorization became a success for the studio, and the colorized version of Way Out West was soon released on VHS and Betamax through the Hal Roach Studios Film Classics label. The colorized Helpmates was released to the public along with the colorized version of The Music Box in 1986. The technology for this process was inferior compared to today's subsequent colorization technology. However, there were numerous continuity errors and garish color design choices.

Many Laurel and Hardy films were subsequently colorized. The most significant criticism was that these versions had whole scenes either altered or deleted altogether, changing the character of the film. The first noticeable change in Helpmates comes when the panning of the party mess inside Ollie's house is condensed into freeze frame stills. Other notable changes included the heavily edited phone conversation between Stan and Ollie about Stan not coming to the party, fearing he might have hydrophosphates. The most controversial edit was the scene in which Ollie crashes his head through the dresser drawer after Stan opens it to find a handkerchief. The colorized version of the film was copyrighted in 1986, despite its being actually completed in 1984.

Quotes
Ollie (to Stan, on the telephone): "Where were you last night?"
Stan: "I was here, with me."

Ollie (to Stan, on the telephone): "What are you doing?"
Stan: "Eh?"
Ollie: "What-are-you-DOING?"
Stan: "I'm talking to you – what do you think I'm doing?"

Stan (to Ollie): "Who do you think I am? Cinderella? If I had any sense, I'd walk out on you!"
Ollie: "Well, it's a good thing you haven't any sense!"
Stan: "It certainly is!"

Stan: Well, there is nothing else I can do!
Ollie: Certainly not.
Stan: Well, I will be seeing you. (As he leaves) Goodbye!
Ollie: (As Stan was about to leave the burned house) HEY! Would you mind closing the door? I would like to be alone! (Stan does so, Then, thunder and lightning comes, it rains over the burned house and Oliver gets wet as the film ends)

External links

1932 films
1932 comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by James Parrott
Laurel and Hardy (film series)
Films with screenplays by H. M. Walker
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Helpmates