Imagination is the production of sensations, feelings and thoughts informing oneself. These experiences can be re-creations of past experiences, such as vivid memories with imagined changes, or completely invented and possibly fantastic scenes. Imagination helps apply knowledge to solve problems and is fundamental to integrating experience and the learning process. As a way of building theory, it is called "disciplined imagination". A way of training imagination is by listening to storytelling (narrative), in which the exactness of the chosen words is how it can "evoke worlds".

One view of imagination links it with cognition,
seeing imagination as a cognitive process used in mental functioning. It is used — in the form of visual imagery — by clinicians in psychological treatment.
Imaginative thought may become associated with rational thought on the assumption that both activities involve cognitive processes that "underpin thinking about possibilities".

The cognate term, "mental imagery" may be used in psychology to denote the process of reviving in the mind recollections of objects formerly given in sense perception. Since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language, some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as "imaging" or "imagery" or to speak of it as "reproductive" as opposed to "productive" or "constructive" imagination. Constructive imagination is further divided into voluntary imagination driven by the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and involuntary imagination (LPFC-independent), such as REM sleep dreaming, daydreaming, hallucinations, and spontaneous insight. The voluntary types of imagination include integration of modifiers, and mental rotation. Imagined images, both novel and recalled, are seen with the "mind's eye".

Imagination, however, is not considered to be exclusively a cognitive activity because it is also linked to the body and place, particularly in that it also involves setting up relationships with materials and people, precluding the sense that imagination is locked away in the head.

Imagination can be expressed through stories and writings such as fairy tales, fantasies,  science fiction. Children often use such narratives and pretend play in order to exercise their imaginations. When children develop fantasy they play at two levels: first, they use role playing to act out what they have developed with their imagination, and at the second level they play again with their make-believe situation by acting as if what they have developed is an actual reality.

History
 is the standard Latin translation of the Greek term . Aristotle in On the Soul considered  (imagination) as the capacity for making mental images, and distinguished it from perception and from thinking. He held however that thought was always accompanied by an image.

The notion of a "mind's eye" goes back at least to Cicero's reference to  during his discussion of the orator's appropriate use of simile. Cicero observed that allusions to "the Syrtis of his patrimony" and "the Charybdis of his possessions" involved similes that were "too far-fetched". He advised the orator to, instead, just speak of "the rock" and "the gulf" (respectively) — on the grounds that "the eyes of the mind are more easily directed to those objects which we have seen, than to those which we have only heard".

In medieval faculty psychology, the imagination was one of the inward wits along with memory and the . It allowed the recombination of images, for example by combining perceptions of gold and mountain to obtain the idea of a golden mountain.

The concept of "mind's eye" appeared in English in Chaucer's () Man of Law's Tale in his Canterbury Tales, in which he tells us that one of the three men dwelling in a castle was blind, and could only see with "the eyes of his mind"; namely, those eyes "with which all men see after they have become blind".

Galileo used the imagination to conduct thought experiments, such as asking readers to imagine in what direction a stone released from a sling would fly.

Description

Imagination involves a creative division of the mind which is used to develop theories and ideas based on functions. Drawing from actual perceptions, imagination employs intricate conditional processes that engage both Semantic and Episodic memory to generate fresh or refined ideas. This part of the mind helps develop better and easier ways to accomplish old and new tasks.

In sociology, imagination serves as a means to depart from reality and gain insights into social interactions from an external perspective. This leads to the development of theories through questions that would not otherwise be asked. These speculative ideas can be safely explored within a virtual realm and then, if deemed feasible and , translated into real-world applications.

Imagination can be classified as:
 involuntary (encompassing sleeping dreams and daydreams)
 voluntary (encompassing reproductive imagination, creative imagination, and )

Psychology
Psychologists have studied imaginative thought, not only in its exotic form of creativity and artistic expression but also in its mundane form of everyday imagination. Ruth M.J. Byrne proposed that everyday imaginative thoughts about counterfactual alternatives to reality may be based on the same cognitive processes on which rational thoughts are based. Children can create imaginative alternatives to reality from their very early years. Cultural psychology views imagination as a higher mental function involved in a number of everyday activities both at the individual and collective level that enables people to manipulate complex meanings of both linguistic and iconic forms in the process of experiencing.

The phenomenology of imagination is discussed in The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination (), also published under the title The Psychology of the Imagination, a 1940 book by Jean-Paul Sartre, in which he propounds his concept of the imagination and discusses what the existence of imagination shows about the nature of human consciousness.

The imagination is also active in our perception of photographic images in order to make them appear real.

Memory

Memory and mental imagery, often seen as a part of the process of imagination, are affected by one another. "Images made by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology show that remembering and imagining sends blood to identical parts of the brain."

Various psychological factors can influence the brain's ability to retain information as either long-term memories or short-term memories. Experiences stored as long-term memories are easier to recall. Each of these memory types necessitates its own specific instructional approach that engages the specialized brain regions appropriate to that variety of memory. This insight may aid in designing programs for young students aimed at nurturing and enhancing their creative abilities. The neocortex and thalamus control the brain's imagination, along with many of the brain's other functions such as consciousness and abstract thought. Since imagination involves many different brain functions (emotions, memory, thoughts, etc.) regions where these functions converge, such as the thalamus and neocortex, are the main regions where imaginative processing has been documented.

Perception
Piaget posited that a person's perceptions depend on their world view. The world view is the result of arranging perceptions into existing imagery by imagination. Piaget cites the example of a child saying that the moon is following her when she walks around the village at night. Like this, perceptions are integrated into the world view so that they make sense. Imagination is needed to make sense of perceptions.

Brain activation
A study that used fMRI while subjects were asked to imagine precise visual figures, to mentally disassemble them, or mentally blend them, showed activity in the occipital, frontoparietal, posterior parietal, precuneus, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions of the subject's brains.

Evolution

Phylogenetic acquisition of imagination was a gradual process. The simplest form of imagination, REM-sleep dreaming, evolved in mammals with acquisition of REM sleep 140 million years ago. Spontaneous insight improved in primates with acquisition of the lateral prefrontal cortex 70 million years ago. After hominins split from the chimpanzee line 6 million years ago they further improved their imagination. Prefrontal analysis was acquired 3.3 million years ago when hominins started to manufacture Mode One stone tools. Progress in stone tools culture to Mode Two stone tools by 2 million years ago signifies remarkable improvement of prefrontal analysis. The most advanced mechanism of imagination, prefrontal synthesis, was likely acquired by humans around 70,000 years ago and resulted in behavioral modernity. This leap toward modern imagination has been characterized by paleoanthropologists as the "Cognitive revolution", "Upper Paleolithic Revolution", and the "Great Leap Forward".

Moral imagination
Moral imagination usually describes the mental capacity to find answers to ethical questions and dilemmas through the process of imagination and visualization. Different definitions of "moral imagination" can be found in the literature.

The philosopher Mark Johnson described it as "[a]n ability to imaginatively discern various possibilities for acting in a given situation and to envision the potential help and harm that are likely to result from a given action."

In one proposed example, Hitler's assassin Claus von Stauffenberg was said to have decided to dare to overthrow the Nazi regime as a result (among other factors) of a process of "moral imagination." His willingness to kill Hitler was less due to his compassion for his comrades, his family, or friends living at that time, but from thinking about the potential problems of later generations and people he did not know. In other words, through a process of "moral imagination" he developed empathy for "abstract" people (for example, Germans of later generations, people who were not yet alive).

See also

References

Further reading
Books
 Byrne, R. M. J. (2005). The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
 Fabiani, Paolo "The Philosophy of the Imagination in Vico and Malebranche". F.U.P. (Florence UP), Italian edition 2002, English edition 2009.
 Salazar, Noel B. (2010) Envisioning Eden: Mobilizing imaginaries in tourism and beyond. Oxford: Berghahn.

Articles
 Salazar, Noel B. (2020). On imagination and imaginaries, mobility and immobility: Seeing the forest for the trees. Culture & Psychology 1–10.

 Watkins, Mary: "Waking Dreams" [Harper Colophon Books, 1976] and "Invisible Guests - The Development of Imaginal Dialogues" [The Analytic Press, 1986]
 Moss, Robert: "The Three "Only" Things: Tapping the Power of Dreams, Coincidence, and Imagination" [New World Library, September 10, 2007]

Three philosophers for whom imagination is a central concept are Kendall Walton, John Sallis and Richard Kearney. See in particular:
 Kendall Walton, Mimesis as Make-Believe: On the Foundations of the Representational Arts.  Harvard University Press, 1990.   (pbk.).
 John Sallis, Force of Imagination: The Sense of the Elemental (2000)
 John Sallis, Spacings-Of Reason and Imagination. In Texts of Kant, Fichte, Hegel (1987)
 Richard Kearney, The Wake of Imagination. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press (1988); 1st Paperback Edition- ()
 Richard Kearney, "Poetics of Imagining: Modern to Post-modern." Fordham University Press (1998)

External links

Imagination, Mental Imagery, Consciousness, and Cognition: Scientific, Philosophical and Historical Approaches
Two-Factor Imagination Scale at the Open Directory Project

Cognition
Mental processes

Imagination


Patricia del Cármen Verdugo Aguirre (October 20, 1947 – January 13, 2008) was a Chilean journalist, writer and human rights activist. She focused much of her investigative reporting on the human rights abuses committed by the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. She was a recipient of the National Prize for Journalism and the Maria Moors Cabot Prizes.

Early life
Verdugo was born in 1947. She earned her bachelor's degree in journalism from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.

Career
She began working for a number of well known Chilean media outlets beginning in 1969. Her magazine employers included Hoy and Apsi.

Though she continued to work in magazines, Verdugo ultimately became well known for her books, many of which focused on human rights abuses during the military regime of Gen. Pinochet, which lasted from 1973 until 1990. Verdugo's own father was killed by the Chilean secret police in 1976. Through her work and investigative reporting, Verdugo became one of Pinochet's harshest critics.

Her most well known book, Los Zarpazos del Puma (Clawings of the Puma, was published in 1985, while Pinochet was still in power. The book recounts the extrajudicial murders of more than 70 members of the Chilean opposition between the months of October to November in 1973, shortly after Pinochet took power. The killings were carried out by a Chilean military unit called the "caravan of death," which was tasked with killing political prisoners and other "enemies" of Pinochet.

Los Zarpazos del Puma was banned by the Pinochet government when it was first released. However, black market copies were widely sold on the streets of major cities, such as Santiago, despite the ban. The book became, perhaps, the most widely read in Chile's history.

Nearly all of the claims that Verdugo put forth in Los Zarpazos del Puma was later verified as factual and correct as the result of an investigation by Chilean Judge Juan Guzman, who prosecuted Augusto Pinochet for the murder of opponents.

Death
Patricia Verdugo died of gallbladder cancer on January 13, 2008, at Catholic University Hospital in Santiago, Chile.

References

External links
The Guardian: Patricia Verdugo obituary

1947 births
2008 deaths
Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)
Chilean activists
Chilean women activists
Chilean political writers
Chilean women journalists
Deaths from cancer in Chile
Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners
People from Santiago
Deaths from gallbladder cancer
20th-century Chilean women writers
20th-century Chilean non-fiction writers
21st-century Chilean women writers
21st-century Chilean non-fiction writers

Patricia Verdugo


Jamisontown is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 56 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith, and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. It is on the eastern side of the Nepean River, just south of Penrith and bears the name of Thomas Jamison, a pioneer landowner and First Fleet surgeon.

History

Aboriginal culture
Prior to European settlement, what is now Jamisontown was home to the Mulgoa people who spoke the Darug language. They lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle governed by traditional laws, which had their origins in the Dreamtime. Their homes were bark huts called 'gunyahs'. They hunted kangaroos and emus for meat, and gathered sweet potatoes, berries and other native plants.

European settlement
In 1805, the then Surgeon-General (Principal Surgeon) of the Colony of New South Wales, Thomas Jamison (1752/53-1811), was granted  on the banks of the Nepean River, to the south of what is now Jamison Road. Later, the property passed to his son, Sir John Jamison (1776–1844), Kt, MD, MLC - a celebrated physician, land owner and political reformer, who erected a splendid mansion (since destroyed by fire) on the nearby Regentville estate during the 1820s.

The land at Jamisontown stayed rural for the next 150 years or so. In 1911, it was the departure point for the first cross-country flight in Australia, made by William Ewart Hart. In the 1960s the area began to be subdivided and developed and in 1976, Jamisontown was officially gazetted as a neighbourhood.

Jamison Town Post Office opened on 10 May 1889 and closed in 1931.

The sikh locals formed 	 Sydney Gurdwara Penrith (Sikh Association of Australia) as well.

Transport
Mulgoa Road is the main road in the suburb, connecting with both Penrith and the M4 Western Motorway which in turn provides quick connection to greater Sydney and the Blue Mountains. The nearest railway station is at Penrith on the Western Line of the Sydney Trains network.

Busways provides three bus services in the area with route 791 connecting Jamisontown to Penrith, route 795 connecting to Penrith and Mulgoa, and route 797 connecting to Penrith and Glenmore Park.

Local Attractions
The Penrith Ice Palace is located in Jamisontown close to the river.

Education
Jamisontown Public School is the only school in the suburb. Jamison High School is actually located in South Penrith.

Population

Demographics
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 5,500 people in Jamisontown.
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.2% of the population.
 The most common ancestries were English 28.4%, Australian 27.3%, Irish 8.6%, Scottish 6.6% and German 3.1%
 74.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 4.7%.
 83.6% of people spoke only English at home.
 The most common responses for religion were Catholic 28.4%, No Religion 23.9% and Anglican 22.3%.

Notable residents
 Thomas Jamison (1745–1811), NSW surgeon-general and colonial landholder in Jamisontown.

Governance
At a local government level, Jamisontown is part of the south ward of Penrith City Council, represented by Jim Aitken, Mark Davies, Karen McKeown, Susan Page and Gary Rumble. The current mayor is Pat Sheehy. At the state level, it is part of the Electoral district of Penrith, represented by Liberal Stuart Ayres. Federally, it is part of the Division of Lindsay, represented by Liberal Party Melissa McIntosh.

References

External links
 Penrith Local Suburb Profiles

Suburbs of Sydney
City of Penrith

Jamisontown


The Fort of Our Lady of the Conception, also known as the Portuguese Castle, is a red stone fortress on Hormuz Island, Iran. It is one of the last surviving monuments of Portuguese colonial rule in the Persian Gulf.
Ormuz (or Hormuz) was an important maritime city and a small kingdom near the entrance to the Persian Gulf. The original site of the city was on the north shore of the Gulf, about 30 miles east of the current Bandar Abbas. Around 1300, apparently in response to attacks from the Tartars, it moved to the small island of Gerun, which can be identified as the Organa of Nearcho, about 12 miles west and 5 miles from the coast.

Constructed on reddish stone on a rocky promontory at the far north of the island, the castle was originally cut off from the rest of the island by a moat, traces of which still remain. Although most of the roof caved in long ago, much of the lower part of the very substantial outer walls is intact, with the remains lying on different levels of the site.

History

The building of the castle was ordered by Portuguese commander Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507, when his forces seized the island for a short time, being then named "Fort of Our Lady of Victory" (Forte de Nossa Senhora da Vitória). Engaging his men of all ranks in the building works, Albuquerque faced a revolt and had to retreat. He came back and reconquered the island in 1515, when he completed and renamed the fort. The Persian Safavid king, Abbas I of Persia (1587–1629), wanted to end Portuguese rule in the south and eventually managed to convince the British East India Company to allow its ships to cooperate with his land forces to seize the island from the Portuguese in 1622.

Other Portuguese castles
A number of other Portuguese castles are found in the Persian Gulf islands, including the castle in Qeshm.

During the Habsburg dynasty (1581–1640), the Portuguese built a fortress in Dibba Al-Hisn and a wall around the city. In August 1648, the Arabs besieged Muscat, Oman, and on 31 October 1648 a treaty was signed between the two opponents. The terms were as follows: the Portuguese should build the fortress of Kuriyat, Dibba Al-Hisn and Matrah (Oman).

See also
List of Iranian castles
Iranian architecture

References

16th-century fortifications
Castles in Iran
Architecture in Iran
Portuguese forts
Hormuz Island
Portuguese Empire
Buildings and structures in Hormozgan Province
National works of Iran
Portuguese colonial architecture in Iran
Our Lady

Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição


Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) is an independent, multi-disciplinary charity concerned with the improvement of the public's health.

RSPH's Chief Executive is William Roberts, while its current president is Professor Lord Patel of Bradford; current vice presidents are Natasha Kaplinsky OBE, Professor Bola Owolabi and Michael Sheen OBE. It has a Royal Charter, and is governed by a Council of Trustees, all of whom are RSPH members.

History
The Sanitary Institute was established in 1876 following the landmark Public Health Act of 1875. In 1904, it was tagged Royal Sanitary Institute which name it held until 1955. The Sanitary Institute was created during a period of great change within the areas of public health provision and sanitary reform to which it contributed significantly.

During its first fifty years, the (Royal) Sanitary Institute became the leading public health organization both in the United Kingdom and the rest of the world. It was soon renowned for events and conferences on pioneering and topical issues, and developed qualifications for people working in public health professions.  It established a meat and food inspection course in 1896, and in 1899 a separate meat inspectors examination.

In 1955, the name was changed to Royal Society of Health. By the 1950s, the Society was a leading authority in its field, and was regularly consulted by governments and the international press on health-related issues. Since the 1970s, the Society has focused its activities on the most successful areas of its work - examinations, certification, and the journals Public Health and Perspectives in Public Health.

RSPH was formed with the merger of Royal Society of Health and Royal Institute of Public Health in October 2008, under a previous Chief Executive, Professor Richard Parish, CBE. Royal Society of Health was also known as the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health.

Today, RSPH is the longest-established public health organisation in the United Kingdom. It is incorporated by Royal Charter completely independent of government and of any special interest. Members are academics, health professionals and practitioners who share an interest in promoting health through their daily work, and come together through RSPH membership to provide cross-cutting, multi-disciplinary perspectives on current health questions.

Membership
RSPH has a membership of over 5,000 public health professionals, with representation from over 90 countries worldwide, encompassing a wide range of sectors and roles including health promotion, medicine, environmental health and food safety trainers.

Membership is open to anyone working in the area of public health or with an interest in it. It is a widely recognised mark of commitment to public health and brings real professional benefits.

There are four grades of RSPH membership, each aimed at supporting public health professionals at the different stages of their careers: Student; Associate (AMRSPH); Member (MRSPH); and Fellow (FRSPH).

Qualifications
RSPH provides a wide range of vocationally related qualifications. Around 40,000 students qualify through a network of UK-wide registered training centres in qualifications in the following subjects:
 Anatomical pathology technology
 Built environment
 Emergency planning
 Food safety
 HACCP
 Health and safety
 Health improvement
 Meat inspection
 Nutrition
 Pest control
 Practice management
 Young Health Champions

Recognised and regulated to award accredited qualifications by the Office of the Qualifications and Examinations Regulator (Ofqual), Qualifications Wales and the Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (CCEA).

Conferences and training
RSPH hosts an annual programme of conferences, webinars, events and training in subjects including water hygiene, infection control, food safety and mental wellbeing. RSPH also runs a two-week intensive preparation course for the Faculty of Occupational Medicine's Diploma exam.

Accreditation
RSPH has been running accreditation services continuously since 1904, endorsing products, services and more recently campaigns, which contribute to improvements in hygiene, public health and safety.

It has three accreditation services: one for campaigns, one for training programmes and one for university modules, which are either in-house or provided by third sector organisations. The common theme is maintaining high standards of hygiene, public health and safety.

Campaigning
Public health encompasses all aspects of health protection and health promotion and this is reflected throughout RSPH's projects, policy work, reports and campaigns.

Campaigns include:
 Health on the High Street. The objective of this campaign was to help businesses and local authorities to improve the health of their communities.
 Life on Debt Row. Backed by a report examining the effect of debt on health and wellbeing, this campaign called for action from the UK government and industry to protect the health and wellbeing of credit users.
 #StatusOfMind. Supported by a report examining the positive and negative effects of social media on young people's health, this campaign called for action from government, social media companies and policy makers to help promote the positive aspects of social media for young people, whilst mitigating the potential negatives.
 Taking a New Line on Drugs. With reference to the wider 'drugscape' of legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco, the report underpinning this campaign sets out a new vision for a holistic public health-led approach to drugs policy at a UK-wide level.
 #LidonLoots. The RSPH-led Gambling Health Alliance called for loot boxes in video games to be classed as a form of gambling.

Programmes
RSPH works with a range of national and regional partners to develop, support and implement programmes and initiatives aimed at supporting the public's health and wellbeing.

Alliances
RSPH leads Gambling Health Alliance, which brings together organisations and individuals who have a shared interest in reducing the damage caused to health and wellbeing from gambling.

Journals
RSPH publishes three peer-reviewed journals on public health, Perspectives in Public Health, Public Health and Public Health in Practice.
 Public Health. Public Health is one of the world's oldest public health journals, having been in continuous publication since 1888. Public Health publishes original research papers and reviews on all aspects of public health and is aimed at public health practitioners and researchers. It has an International Editorial Board made up of a distinguished panel of public health experts from around the world.
 Perspectives in Public Health. Perspectives in Public Health combines peer-reviewed research and reviews with practice-based current topic and opinion articles, news, case studies, book reviews, and updates on our latest work. It has both an editorial board and an International Advisory Board.
 Public Health in Practice. Public Health in Practice is a gold open-access journal in the field of population health, and the sister journal to Public Health.

See also
 Health education
 Health promotion

References

External links
Archives at the Wellcome Collection

Health in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Medical associations based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1876
1876 establishments in the United Kingdom
Public health in the United Kingdom

Royal Society for Public Health


The Young People's Socialist League (YPSL), founded in 1907, was the official youth arm of the Socialist Party of America. Its political activities tend to concentrate on increasing the voter turnout of young democratic socialists and social democrats affecting the issues impacting that demographic group.

History

Foundation and early years

The youth section of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) had its roots in non-coordinated groups established at the local level by party members interested in conducting special activities to attract young people to the socialist movement. These groups have diverse names, including the "Athenian Literary Society," "Young People's Alliance," and "Social Science Study Club."

The Young People's Socialist League (YPSL, pronounced "YIP-sell") was founded on May 17, 1907, in Chicago, Illinois, with the group containing about 30 members at the time of its formation. Key individuals in the formation of the group included Charles Schuler, A.W. Mance, Merle B. Haver, and Rube Burrows. Schuler remained as the Secretary of the organization all the way through 1913. Participants sought their own headquarters and held a series of money-raising entertainments and social events to that end, successful enough for the group in November 1907 to open an office in the building of the Chicago Daily Socialist.

Simultaneously in New York City, several already existing socialist youth groups united themselves in 1907 to form a "Young People's Socialist Federation." In connection with this growing New York socialist youth movement, in 1908 the publishing association responsible for producing the New Yorker Volkszeitung began to issue The Little Socialist Magazine for Boys and Girls — a publication which was renamed The Young Socialists' Magazine in June 1911 and which eventually became the official organ of the national YPSL movement.

The 1912 National Convention of the Socialist Party took note of a need to better coordinate the Socialist youth movement, placing it under the Women's Department of the National Office. This move proved to be merely cosmetic and there was still no national organization binding the numerous largely autonomous local organizations together until 1913. It was at this time the SPA's national committee was pushed into action by the efforts of the party's California State Secretary, a vociferous supporter of the socialist youth movement. While there remained support among some for the formation of a semi-autonomous organization which elected its own national secretary and executive committee, in the end the national committee of the SPA decided to form a "Young People's Department," directly attached and fully subordinate to the National Office of the adult SPA. Formal establishment of the YPSL as the official youth section of the Socialist Party began at this date.

By February 1914 the YPSL reported a membership total of 4,800, split into 112 circles.<ref name=Peterson35>Peterson, 'The Young Socialist Movement in America from 1905 to 1940, pg. 35.</ref> An additional 18 circles were in the process of being organized at that time. Members were kept abreast of developments of the organization in the pages of a monthly journal, The Young Socialists' Magazine, with a circulation of 10,000.

World War I and the Independent YPSL

In 1915 a unified national YPSL was formally launched when various local Circles adopted a constitution by a referendum vote. Two years later, YPSL National Secretary William "Bill" Kruse reported the group had a membership of about 5,000, spread in Circles in 147 cities.

With the coming of American entry into World War I, National Secretary Kruse was one of five top leaders of the SPA targeted for prosecution by the United States Department of Justice. Kruse was hauled into court, tried, and sentenced to 20 years in prison for purported violation of the wartime "Espionage Act" — a sentence which was finally overturned on appeal on grounds of judicial prejudice in 1920.

In 1919, the organized faction known as the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party exited the SPA to form two organizations which would eventually unite as the Communist Party USA. The YPSL, headed by Left Wing supporter Oliver Carlson and generally sympathetic to the perspective of the Left Wing, initially attempted to chart an independent course from either the Socialist Party or the nascent Communist Labor Party of America and Communist Party of America. This independent course terminated financial support for the organization from the SPA, however, and the so-called Independent Young People's Socialist League essentially disintegrated, with many of the active leaders in the group enlisting in the underground communist movement, while others drifted away from political activity altogether.

1921 reorganization

The Socialist Party reorganized the YPSL with Bill Kruse reelected as its secretary, but he, too, departed the Socialist Party for the Communist movement in 1921. The league was once again relaunched at a 1922 convention, with Albert Weisbord as national secretary. Weisbord managed to rebuild a network of YPSL Circles but in 1924 he joined Carlson and Kruse in the ranks of the Workers Party of America, "legal" successor to the underground communist movement.

The YPSL organization survived the defection of its third leader and were active in the Socialist Party-endorsed campaign of Robert M. La Follette for President of the United States in 1924. An attempt was made to start a new official publication for the organization called Free Youth, but the effort failed due to lack of funds, with the membership of the Socialist Party down to about 10% of where it stood five years previously. With the rest of the Socialist Party, the YPSL entered five years of decline and malaise following the unsatisfying outcome of the 1924 campaign.

Growth in the early 1930s

The Great Depression beginning in 1929, combined with a new and energetic Socialist Party leadership around 1928 Presidential Candidate Norman Thomas and party Executive Secretary Clarence Senior lead to a revitalization of the Socialist Party's youth wing, as the YPSL grew along with the adult party. According to National Secretary Emanuel Switkes, at the end of 1930 the national YPSL organization had about 1500 members, divided into 65 branches in 25 cities of 9 states.

The for a time the YPSL  was subdivided into two divisions, a "junior" group including boys and girls from the ages 13 to 16 and a "senior" group of young women and men aged 16 to 30. The organization raised funds and collected clothing for strikes in Danville, Virginia and Ward, West Virginia, and assisted in picketing on behalf of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union, the Furriers Union, the Retail Clerks Union, and others. The group also held a jamboree in Reading, Pennsylvania, the national headquarters of the YPSL organization.

The official organ of the YPSL during the depression decade was a monthly tabloid newspaper launched in April 1933 initially called The Challenge, the name later being changed to The Challenge of Youth. The YPSL also produced a theoretical magazine and discussion bulletin called Young Socialist Review, which was available for 10 cents a copy. The magazine seems to have appeared irregularly. National chairman of the YPSL in 1935 was Arthur G. McDowell and national secretary was Winston Dancis.

Red Falcons

In 1933 the party established a children's organization known as the Red Falcons of America, targeted at children who might otherwise be swept up by the Boy Scouts (perceived to be a quasi-military training organization) or the Sunday schools (believed to be aimed at fostering passivity and fatalism through inculcation of religious dogma). Boys and girls between the ages of 8 and 15 were eligible for membership in the group, of which it was said that it "trains them for service in the class struggle and membership in the Young People's Socialist League."

Yipsel Circles were called up on to "make Falcon work a part of their regular activity" and volunteers from the YPSL ranks were sought to serve as leaders and advisors of the new Junior youth organization. The group seems to have been started on YPSL initiative as the initial report of the group in the YPSL's official newspaper indicated that "the Yipsel National Executive will take up with the National Office of the Socialist Party and sympathetic labor organizations the matter of aid to the [Red Falcon] movement."

Red Falcon headquarters was located at the Rand School of Social Science, located at 7 East 15th Street in New York City. There organization published its own monthly magazine, The Falcon Call, for its members, with the first issue having come off the press in January 1933. Activities of one branch of the group included early morning distribution of trade union leaflets at a non-union handkerchief factory and visits to a New York museum "to see visual portrayal of the story of evolution."

The Red Falcons were accorded independent status and a full-time national office at Socialist Party headquarters late in 1935, when National Secretary Clarence Senior preemptively acceded to the group's demand for the same, staving off a planned "March on Chicago." Sam Schwimer, editor of The Falcon Call, was chosen as the national secretary of the group.

The Red Falcons held a "Guides' Convention" in association with the July 1936 national convention of the Socialist Party in Cleveland, with Secretary Elizabeth Most stepping down from her position. Harry Fleischman was named by National Secretary Senior as the new head of the children's group, which claimed an organized membership of "approximately 2500."

Socialist Vanguard

Influenced no doubt by the so-called "shirts movement" of Europe, in which party youth and adult organizations of the political right and left identified themselves with common uniforms, in 1933 the New York Young People's Socialist League launched a new sub-organization called the "Socialist Vanguard." This group was organized into "squads" of 8 members each, about 40 of which were established at the time of the group's launch. The Socialist Vanguard was marked by royal blue shirts with a red logo, the emblem being a circle with three arrows, as used by the by then annihilated Iron Front in Germany.

The group's debut came at a "ratification meeting" held September 24, 1933 in New York City — a mass meeting attended by nearly 2,000 people, according to a Socialist Party account. The gathering was addressed by party leader and perennial Presidential nominee Norman Thomas as well as Mayoral candidate Charles Solomon. Jack Altman, a veteran of the YPSL, was chosen as leader of the new body, with three others selected as boro heads for Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens.

YPSL membership data

At the time of the 7th national convention of the YPSL, held in Reading, Pennsylvania in August 1933, National Secretary Win Dancis reported a membership of approximately 4,000 for the organization, divided among 204 chartered local circles.

The 8th national convention of the YPSL, held in 1935, raised the group's maximum membership age from 25 to 30, a decision ratified by vote of the membership.

In addition to their direct efforts in financial assistance and picketing of labor actions, the YPSL also conducted educational and propaganda activities among its members as well as providing an opportunity for like minded young people to participate in athletics, dramatic performances, and other social activities. Local branches sometimes produced their own publications, such as the monthlies The Socialist (Boston), Free Youth (New York), as well as less professional mimeographed bulletins in Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, and Syracuse, New York.

1936 saw the YPSL's membership in the range between 2,000 and 6,000 members, as compared to the Young Communist League, which had around 11,000 members at that time. The Socialist youth organization continued to experience minimal growth, while the YCL exploded to around 22,000 members by 1939, making it far and away the leading left youth organization in the country. During the 1930s the youth party emphasized on the working class and non-college youth, despite the fact that the leadership group were mostly college graduate". The YPSL organ, the Young Socialist Review, deemphasized college work, and instead targeting work on organizing at the High School level. While, YPSL was periodically active in collegiate affairs, this effort was often conducted by members who were connected with other left youth organizations, such as the Student League for Industrial Democracy.

Decline in the late 1930s

A bitter struggle between the rivaling factions appeared during the late 1930s within the mother party, between the revolutionary socialist "Militants" and an electorally-oriented "Old Guard." Young, energetic, and brash, the YPSL branches seem to have almost universally been drawn to the Militant faction, bringing some branches into conflict with the Locals of the adult party with which they were nominally associated. The New York YPSL found themselves locked out of their office and blackballed from membership in the adult party by the Old Guard-dominated New York State Committee in early 1935 when they refused to support the weekly newspaper of the Old Guard, The New Leader. A complaint was filed and the matter was brought before the national executive committee for judgment at its March 23–24, 1935, session held in Buffalo, New York. The NEC instructed the New York State Committee to adhere to the national constitution of the SPA, which called for the admission of YPSL members of 2 years good standing. Six weeks were given for compliance.

In 1936, an influx of Trotskyist members into the adult tilted the YPSL's ideological direction to the left, with National Secretary Ernest Erber particularly supportive of the new radical trend. Several hundred members of the Trotskyist Spartacus Youth League joined the YPSL as part of a mass entry into the Socialist Party known among the Trotskyists as the "French Turn." The Trotskyists were expelled en masse in 1937, but many young activists exited the YPSL with them during the acrimonious split.

In 1936, the party turned its attention towards campus, creating the National Student Committee (NSC). The organization never drew many members, many speculating because of its ties with the Socialist Party of America or because of YPSL's factionalism. The only strength YPSL had with the campus movement, was through more sophisticated members who had earned high ranks within other student organizations, such as the American Youth Congress (AYC) and the American Student Union (ASU). With the ever-growing YCL, YPSL help founding the Youth Committee Against War (YCAW), which became an organization in which YPSL members voiced their politics about the peace movement. While ultimately did not lead to much more support, which would have been seen as one of socialisms biggest failures in the United States, to not be able to gain popular support from young workers and college students, losing many left-leaning supporters to the Communists.

When Nazi Germany started World War II, the SPA firmly said that they did not want the United States to participate in the war. The relationships between YPSL and YCL was hurt by this, being that YCL wanted to join the war. The YCL drew strength from both liberals and socialist alike, many supporters were convinced that Europe needed help to defeat the fascist state of Nazi Germany. Despite socialist opposition, both AYC and ASU both supported YCL in its foreign policies regarding the fascist regime of Nazi Germany. By the end of the 1939, YCL used much its time attacking YPSL.

The Cold War era

By 1952, the Socialist Party's YPSL had 134 members, 62 of which had been recruited that year.  The Independent Socialist League (ISL) affiliated Socialist Youth League (SYL) had been making overtures to YPSL. The mother party, Socialist Party of America, told YPSL it could not have contact with the "totalitarian" organizations of SYL or ISL, although YPSL ignored this, and the relationship between YPSL and its mother party worsened. In 1953, the Socialist Party cut off money to YPSL, and then suspended YPSL's New York branch, which was the one with the most contact with SYL (and the ISL). In August, the party including the "suspended" members voted to disaffiliate with its mother party.  In February 1954, the Young People's Socialist League merged with SYL to form the Young Socialist League.

The party revived YPSL after the split but by 1958. By that time the Socialist Party had merged with the Social Democratic Federation and had become the Socialist Party-Social Democratic Federation. This was part of a strategy favored by David McReynolds and others to merge all the democratic socialist groups into one organization. Max Shachtman of the ISL was receptive to this idea and, after much controversy, the ISL agreed to disband, turn over its assets to the SP-SDF and its members joined the individually. The YSL mergerd with the YPSL organizationally at a convention in August 1958.Alexander, Robert "Schisms and unifications in the American Old Left" Labor History vol. 14 Fall 1973 p.543

YPSL in the 1960s

The YPSL grew quickly in the early 1960s, from 300 members in 1960 to over 800 in 1962. Two of its important leaders were Tom Kahn and Rachelle Horowitz, two students who had joined the YSL at Brooklyn College in the mid-1950s. They had helped organize several important civil rights demonstrations with the aid of Bayard Rustin, including the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage to Washington and the 1958 and 1959 Youth March for Integrated Schools. In 1960 YPSL members played important roles organizing pickets at local Woolworths in support of the Southern sit-ins and protesting the arrival of the HUAC to the San Francisco Bay area.

Within the SP-SDF and the YPSL, Max Shachtman's group was known as the "realignment tendency" because Shachtman increasingly felt that it was better for the Socialists to create a realignment within the Democratic Party consisting of the AFL-CIO, African Americans and liberals. It was also anti-communist. When Shachtman made a speech supporting the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961 to the Berkeley chapter of the Socialist Party, the local YPSL chapter withdrew his invitation to speak the following day. Domestically they were against working with Stalinists. Besides the "realignment tendency", YPSL contained more traditional "third camp" socialists, which maintained the politics that Shachtman had formulated in the late 1940s. This was called the "labor party tendency" because they favored a labor party on the British model, rather than a strategy of reforming the Democratic Party as a socialist party.

During this period the YPSL worked within other groups, such as the Student Peace Union and the Students for a Democratic Society, but their internal factionalism got in the way. Mike Parker, a yipsel of the labor party faction, had become the group's national secretary in 1960, and other yipsels poured into the SPU, where they also recruited new members. This helped to give the SPU's ideology a "Third Camp" orientation that held both the west and the USSR responsible for nuclear proliferation. Its most popular slogan was "No Test! East or West!". However, the SPU was a base for the labor-party faction within the YPSL and the realignment tendency sought to having it merge with Student SANE to dilute their influence. This idea was defeated by Parker, but the intense YPSL factionalism within the SPU continued until the group disbanded in spring 1964.

YPSL was hostile to the new SDS "activist" approach in 1960; they were wary that it would become another "protest group" and compete with them within the civil rights movement. They were briefly successful in getting Al Haber removed as field secretary in March 1961, but he was quickly rehired after threatening to form another youth group.  In May 1961 the YPSL tried to get the SDS to affiliate with a number of independent groups in which it was active, such as the Politics Club at the University of Chicago as chapters, but were rebuffed. The SDS gradually took a more radical line than its parent organization, the League for Industrial Democracy, which was controlled by the realignment caucus. It recruited among "red diaper babies" and criticized the "'paranoic' use of terms like 'stalinoid' and 'stalinist'.

The dispute came to a head at the SDSs June 1962 convention at Port Huron, Michigan. The YPSL representative, Michael Harrington, objected to seating an observer from the Communist Party. Harrington was also upset with the manifesto adopted by the convention, the Port Huron Statement, for its criticism of American labor unions and for its criticism of liberal and socialist opposition to communism. He was able to get some concessions, but when he got back to New York he got a call from a yipsel saying that the changes had been thrown out. Harrington alerted the LID executive board who promptly changed the locks on the SDS doors, fired Al Haber (again) and summoned the SDS leaders for a stiff "talking to". After reading the statement, the LID board found that the changes Harrington had favored had been included in the final document; after some financial backers came to SDS's defense, the locks were removed from their office and Haber was reinstated. The incident left a negative impression on the SDS leaders toward democratic socialists and liberals.

By 1964 the SP-SDF was becoming increasingly under the control of the realignment tendency, while the YPSL was becoming more radicalized, and tended more toward Trotskyism. At its national convention in  August 1964 the YPSL elected a leadership particularly hostile to the party, passed resolutions moving the YPSL's headquarters to Chicago without consulting the party, deleted all references to the party in its constitution and initiated a referendum on seceding from the parent organization. The National Action Committee of the Socialist Party suspended the YPSL on September 8, pending a meeting of the full national committee. The national committee met on November 28–29 and passed two resolutions, one lifting the suspension if the YPSL would agree to continue in its constitutional role as the party's youth section, and another empowering it to appoint a special youth committee to co-ordinate the activities of loyal yipsels and chapters should the YPSL leadership not comply with the first resolution. Following this, the YPSL national executive committee voted to dissolve the organization; the party followed through with its pledge and appointed a "caretaker" committee until a new convention could be held. When the YPSL was reconstituted its leaders and staff were mainly  associates of Max Schachtman. Most of the "labor party" adherents found their way into Hal Draper's Independent Socialist Clubs.Isserman, pp. 193-194

Legacy

A number of the YPSL members from the 1960s and early 1970s became notable figures, including United States Senator Bernie Sanders, Carl Gershman of the National Endowment for Democracy,  Josh Muravchik of the American Enterprise Institute and Max Green, the author of Epitaph for American Labor: Radicalism in the Union Movement (1996). Gershman, Muravchik and Green were the vice chairman, national chairman and national secretary of the organization in 1971.

Conventions

 First national convention
According to YPSL first national convention from May 1–4, 1919, the committee was supposed to consist of all state secretaries of the YPSL organized state parties. Other members could only by elected into the committee by a referendum vote. All unorganized state organization included in the YPSL was entitled to a national committeeman, if the state organization consisted a membership of over 100 members. The election of a committeeman was to be supervised of a national secretary of the organization. Members who sought a position in the national committee or any subcommittees needed a one year's consecutive membership.

A national secretary was nominated by the various state Leagues. Voting was by a referendum of the membership conducted by the standing national secretary of the league. The national secretary had a term of two years, taking office in July and was ineligible to stand for re-election after having served two-consecutive terms.

1932 national convention

The 1932 national convention decided to launch a new official newspaper for the YPSL, a monthly which was born the following spring as The Challenge.

7th national convention

The 7th national convention of the YPSL was held in Reading, Pennsylvania, on the weekend of August 26–27, 1933. A total of 147 delegates were seated, representing 100 Circles in 37 cities from 14 states and one Canadian province. According to official organizational reports, the YPSL counted 204 constituent Circles with a total membership of "around 4,000."

The convention authorized the establishment of regular Educational and Student departments in addition to the Industrial Department first established at the convention of 1932. Winston Dancis was unanimously elected national secretary, Arthur G. McDowell was elected national chairman, succeeding the retiring Julius Umansky, and a new NEC was chosen, including Dancis, McDowell, Austin Adams (Reading, PA), John Domurad (Holyoke, MA), Aaron Levenstein (New York City), Robert Parker (Cleveland), Paul A. Rasmussen (Illinois), John Stroebel (Milwaukee), Noah C.A. Walter, Jr. (New York City), and Milton Weisberg (Pittsburgh). William Gomberg was elected national student secretary, Gus Tyler educational secretary, and Arthur McDowell reelected as industrial secretary.

The case of former national secretary Smerkin was heard by the convention. The decision of the NEC to recall Smerkin and reorganize the Chicago Circle because of their "disruptive" campaign "under Communist Party influence to divide YPSL ranks and disrupt the organization" was ratified by a vote of 110 to 9.

8th national convention

The 8th national convention of the YPSL was held from July 19 to 21, 1935, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

National secretaries

 William F. "Bill" Kruse (1915–1919)
 Oliver Carlson (1919–1921)
 Albert Weisbord (1922–1924)
 Emanuel Switkes
 George Smerkin (c. May 1933) —removed by YPSL NEC for participation in unsanctioned political activities.
 Winston "Win" Dancis (May 1933-1935?)
 Ben Fischer (c. 1935)
 Ernest Erber (1936-Aug. 1937)
 Al Hamilton (Sept. 1937-?)

Official publications

 Young Socialists' Magazine Free Youth (New York) (February 15, 1931 – November 1, 1931) —semi-monthly, 18 issues produced.
 The Challenge/Challenge of Youth (Chicago and New York) (March 1933 – September 1946) —Briefly relaunched as Arise from November 1937 following the split of the Trotskyist faction.

See also

 Socialist Sunday Schools

Footnotes

Further reading

 Todd Stewart Hutton, Historical-Sociological Analysis of Goal Transformation in a Social Movement Training Organization: The Young People's Socialist League of America, 1920-1929. PhD dissertation. Duke University, 1982.
 Patti McGill Peterson, The Young Socialist Movement in America from 1905 to 1940: A Study of the Young People's Socialist League. PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1974.
 Patti McGill Peterson, "Student Organizations and the Antiwar Movement in America, 1900-1960." American Studies,'' vol. 13, no. 1, (Spring 1972), pp. 131–147. In JSTOR

External links
 Tim Davenport, "Young People's Socialist League, 1907-1946: Organizational History," Early American Marxism website, www.marxisthistory.org/

Socialist Party of America
Youth wings of political parties in the United States
Youth wings of social democratic parties

Young People's Socialist League (1907)


Henry Ernest Carey (11 November 1874 – 5 May 1964) was a British-born Australian public servant, who was the Director of the Northern Territory from 1919 to 1920.

Life and career
Carey was born in Tiverton, Devon, England on 11 November 1874. In 1894, he began working in a clerical position for the General Post Office in Britain. He later moved to New Zealand and spent 7 years working in the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. From 1907, he held various jobs in both the private and public sector, before becoming manager of Northern Agency Pty Ltd.

On 1 August 1919, Carey was appointed Director of the Northern Territory in Australia, a new post that temporarily replaced the position of Administrator. He remained in this role until 22 September 1920, when the Governor-General in Council terminated his contract. Carey claimed unfair dismissal, and attempted to seek compensation, but was unsuccessful in this attempt.

After this, he returned to New Zealand where he worked on the staff of the Taranaki Daily News in New Plymouth. He died in New Plymouth on 5 May 1964.

References

1874 births
1964 deaths
Administrators of the Northern Territory
British emigrants
Immigrants to Australia
People from Tiverton, Devon

Henry Ernest Carey


Frank Cignetti Jr. (born October 4, 1965) is an American football coach who is the offensive coordinator for the Pittsburgh Panthers. Before Pitt, he was the offensive coordinator at Boston College and the quarterbacks coach for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He has also been the quarterbacks coach for the New York Giants in 2016 and 2017. Prior to that, he served as the quarterbacks coach for the St. Louis Rams from 2012 to 2014 and offensive coordinator for the Rams in 2015.

Career
Cignetti began his coaching career as a graduate assistant at Pittsburgh in 1989.

From 1990 to 1998, Cignetti was on his father's IUP Crimson Hawks football team coaching staff at Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP), where he was an all-conference safety before earning his bachelor's degree in 1988. He served IUP as receivers, secondary and quarterbacks coach before elevating to offensive coordinator for his final two seasons. During his tenure, IUP twice advanced to the NCAA Division II national title game and earned a berth in the semifinals four times.

Cignetti landed his first NFL appointment in 1999 as a quality control assistant with the Kansas City Chiefs.

From 2000 to 2001, Cignetti served as quarterbacks coach with the New Orleans Saints, where he helped quarterback Jeff Blake to a career-best passer rating and also helped Aaron Brooks produce some of the best statistics of his career en route to a Pro Bowl alternate selection.

From 2002 to 2005, Cignetti served as the offensive coordinator for Fresno State. In 2004, Fresno State averaged 52.8 points over its final six games and became just the sixth team in NCAA history to score 50 or more points in four consecutive contests, the team also led the Western Athletic Conference in average yards per carry and amassed 65 touchdowns.

Cignetti was the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for North Carolina in 2006. When Butch Davis was hired to replace former head coach  John Bunting at North Carolina, Cignetti was relieved of his coaching duties.

In 2007, Cignetti was hired by the San Francisco 49ers to be their quarterbacks coach.

Cignetti served as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for  California in 2008. In his first season with the Bears, the team averaged nearly 33 points per game en route to a 9-4 record and victory over the Miami Hurricanes in the Emerald Bowl.

On February 18, 2009, Cignetti accepted a position as the offensive coordinator of the University of Pittsburgh football team under head coach Dave Wannstedt. In Cignetti's first season as Pittsburgh's play caller, the Panthers averaged 32.1 points per game, one of the top five scoring averages in school history. Pitt's offensive arsenal included a 1,700-yard rusher in RB Dion Lewis and 1,000-yard receiver in WR Jon Baldwin. In addition, QB Bill Stull ranked among the nation's most efficient passers, throwing for more than 2,600 yards and 21 touchdowns. In total, seven of Pitt's offensive players were named All-Big East, including Lewis, who was honored as the league's Offensive Player of the Year and Rookie of the Year.

Cignetti served as the offensive coordinator for Rutgers in 2011. In that season, the Scarlet Knights averaged 26.4 points per game, fourth most in the Big East, and Rutgers ranked third in the conference in passing offense.

On February 7, 2012, Cignetti was hired by the St. Louis Rams to be their quarterbacks coach. Cignetti worked with Sam Bradford, the third-year signal caller who set new career highs in passing yards (3,702), touchdown passes (21) and Passer rating (82.5) in 2012. On February 12, 2015, Cignetti was promoted to offensive coordinator,  he held that position for 12 games. On December 7, 2015, Cignetti was fired by the Rams, the Rams rank 31st in yards per game (296.3), 32nd in passing yards per game (178) and first downs (175), and tied for 30th in offensive touchdowns (18).

On January 21, 2016, Cignetti was hired by the New York Giants to be their quarterbacks coach.

On January 10, 2018, it was announced that Cignetti had been hired by the Green Bay Packers to be their quarterbacks coach.

Personal
Cignetti was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he is the son of Frank Cignetti Sr., the longtime head coach of the IUP Crimson Hawks football team at Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP) and West Virginia Mountaineers football team at West Virginia University.

Cignetti's brother, Curt, is currently the head coach of the James Madison Dukes football team at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, VA. JMU competes in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the Sun Belt Conference.

Cignetti and his wife, Ellen, have one son, Frankie, and three daughters: Alyssa, Gabrielle and Ella.

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Boston College Eagles football coaches
California Golden Bears football coaches
Fresno State Bulldogs football coaches
IUP Crimson Hawks football coaches
IUP Crimson Hawks football players
Kansas City Chiefs coaches
North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches
New Orleans Saints coaches
New York Giants coaches
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football coaches
San Francisco 49ers coaches
St. Louis Rams coaches
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pittsburgh
National Football League offensive coordinators

Frank Cignetti Jr.


Baldivis is a semi-rural residential suburb  south  of Perth, Western Australia, and  southeast of the regional centre of Rockingham. It is located within the City of Rockingham local government area.

Baldivis is home to the most Afrikaans, Maori and Shona speakers of any suburb in Australia. Housing estates in the suburb include Tuart Ridge, Settlers Hills, Settlers Townside, The Rivergums, Baldivis Central, Spires,Baldivis North, Baldivis Garden, Baldivis Parks, The Chimes, Brightwood, Evermore Heights, The Ridge, The Chase, Highbury Park, Heritage Park, The Dales, Avalon, Woodleigh Grove, Sherwood and Parkland Heights.

History
The name of Baldivis was thought up by settlers in the area who were attracted to the region by the 1920s Group Settlement Scheme. The name derives from three ships which travelled to Western Australia in 1922, all within six weeks of each other, bringing settlers under the scheme. They were named BALranald, DIogenes and the JerVIS Bay. It was the maiden voyage for all three ships and they were all built in the same shipyard in the same year.

Land parallel to the eastern side of Baldivis Road was set aside for the Baldivis Tramway between Jandakot in the north and Karnup to the south, to provide access to the Group Settlement Scheme land. Although part of the tramway was constructed, it was never constructed in Baldivis. The tramway reserve is retained for open space.

Many of the road names in Baldivis (e.g. Sixty Eight Road, Fifty Road, etc.) originate from the group numbers.

Land in the western portion of Baldivis was zoned for urban development in the 1990s, and the suburb has been progressively developed for residential use. The first residential estate to be developed was Settlers Hills, by Stockland.

Geography

The western half of Baldivis (generally west of Baldivis Road) is composed of undulating sand and limestone soil with occasional wetlands. The high point is known as Tamworth Hill, which is the site of a water reservoir. Much of this land has been developed for residential use. East of Baldivis Road the land is generally flat and comprises sand and clay soils; the exception being the sandy hill known as Dog Hill. These areas are generally used for rural purposes. The western portion of Baldivis contains tuart trees; some of the trees have been retained within the residential areas.

Transport
Baldivis is serviced by the Transperth 564 bus route, operated by Transdev WA, which operates from Warnbro Train Station. This route services the Baldivis Town Centre during business hours, travelling through Settlers Hills via Arpenteur Drive through Evermore Heights, The Ridge and Terminate in The Dales (Smirk Road).
Route 567 services The Rivergums and Heritage Park. It also connects the Baldivis community with a regular service to the Baldivis Town Centre. Both routes run 7 days a week running every 30 minutes and every 10 minutes in peak hours.
Route 568 services Baldivis Central and the newly developed Town Side estate and Retirement village. Route 565 services through the newly established Baldivis Quarter.

The Kwinana Freeway runs through Baldivis, providing vehicle access to Perth and Bunbury. Safety Bay Road links Baldivis with neighbouring suburbs to the west like Rockingham and Warnbro.

The principal shared path along the Kwinana Freeway provides bicycle access to Perth.
565 Bus Routes And 564 Bus Routes are also a school bus route that operates for school Mother Teresa Catholic College during the start and end of school hours. 564,565,566 routes also operates for Ridge View Secondary College during the start and end of their school hours.

Facilities
There is plenty for residents to enjoy within Baldivis.
Fifty Road Recreation Centre and Sporting Grounds which are home to the Baldivis Brumbies, Baldivis Scouts and the Annual Baldivis Fair.
 The Mary Davies Library and Community Centre was opened in 2014 and is home to many associations, clubs, dance groups, lessons and community groups for meetings and events.
The Fire & Emergency Services building is situated on Eighty Road.
There is a bike pump park at the Rivergums estate.
The Tramway reserve is a protected walkway spanning the length of Baldivis
The Baldivis Children's forest is located on Mandurah Road
Baldivis has many dog friendly parks and play grounds for children

Education
There are eleven schools in Baldivis, with more opening in the near future:

 Baldivis Primary School, a government school which first opened in 1924 as a "bush school", and moved to its present location in Fifty Road in 1978. The site of the original Baldivis School is marked by a plaque on a large granite rock on Doghill Road, about 2 km from the intersection with St Albans Road.
 Tranby College, a private school operated by the Uniting Church for K-12 students which opened in 1997.
 Settlers Primary School, a government school, opened in 2005 and situated opposite Tranby College.
 John Calvin Primary School, situated on Mandurah Road.
 Makybe Rise Primary School opened in 2012 on Makybe Drive in Tuart Ridge estate.
 Baldivis Secondary College, a public high school located on Stillwater Drive educating students from year 7 to year 12 that opened in 2013
 Mother Teresa Catholic College opened in 2014 at the corner of Sixty-Eight Road and Eighty Road. In 2018, the secondary school campus opened.
 Tuart Rise Primary School opened in 2015 on Smirk Road in the Avalon estate.
 Rivergums Primary School, opened in 2016 in the Rivergums housing estate, next to Baldivis Secondary College.
 Baldivis Gardens Primary School, opened in 2017 in the northern section of Baldivis off of Kerosene Lane.
 Ridge View Secondary College, a public high school on Sixty Eight Road which opened in 2019.
 Sheoak Grove Primary School, a public primary school on Nyilla Approach which opened in 2020.
 Pine View Primary School, a public primary school located in Parkland Heights which opened in 2021.

Shopping
The main shopping facilities in Baldivis are located in the area known as the Baldivis Town Centre, on Settlers Avenue, and includes the Baldivis Shopping Centre (opened in mid-2007) owned by Stockland. Extensions completed in 2015 expanded the existing Shopping Centre (which already housed a Coles) to include a Food Court/Restaurant precinct, increased car park numbers, a Kmart and a Woolworths.

In 2017, another shopping precinct, Baldivis Square, opened on Makybe Drive next to Makybe Rise Primary School. Baldivis Square includes a mix of retail, food and professional offices, anchored by an IGA. The electorate office of Reece Whitby, the local MLA for the Baldivis legislative district is located in Baldivis Square.

Sport

The Baldivis Soccer Club was formed in 2012 and are located at Baldivis South Sports Pavilion. The club has grown rapidly and now have 18 teams from the age of 6 right through all age groups senior men's/women's teams.

The Baldivis White Knights Cricket Club (WKBCC) was formed in 2001, located at Arpenteur Park in Baldivis.

The Baldivis Brumbies Football Club (BFC) was formed in 1986 and currently has 3 grounds and 40 teams.

The North Baldivis Cricket Club (NBCC) was formed in 2019.

In March 2023, the recently-completed Baldivis Sports Complex, consisting of the Baldivis Indoor Sports Complex as well as outdoor cricket fields and change rooms, was opened in the presence of the Mayor of Rockingham, Deb Hamblin, the Premier of Western Australia, Mark McGowan, and the Member of Parliament for Baldivis, Reece Whitby.

See also
 Electoral district of Baldivis

References

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Suburbs in the City of Rockingham

Baldivis, Western Australia


Natalie Mayflower Sours Edwards (born 1978) is a United States former senior official with the U.S. Department of the Treasury who was employed in the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). Sarah Ellison of The Washington Post has called her "one of the most important whistleblowers of our era."

Edwards was arrested on October 16, 2018, for disclosing suspicious activity reports from October 2017 to October 2018 detailing Russia's interference in the 2016 presidential election to a reporter with BuzzFeed News, which published the series "The Money Trail". The SARs included money transfers and information about Maria Butina, Rick Gates, Paul Manafort, the Russian Embassy in the United States, and a Russian firm, Prevezon Alexander, LLC., involved with money laundering.

The Wall Street Journal identified the BuzzFeed News reporter as Jason Leopold. Edwards allegedly sent Leopold internal FinCEN emails, investigative memos and intelligence assessments, and the two were in regular contact. The New York Times characterized Edwards' case as procedurally different from that of James Wolfe, even though both cases involved leaking to reporters.

Edwards pled guilty in 2020, with a maximum sentence of up to five years.

In June 2021, she was sentenced to serve six months in prison and three years of supervised release,  a sentence on the higher end of the relevant federal sentencing guidelines. Throughout her sentencing hearing, Edwards maintained that she was acting as a whistleblower and that she did not disclose the suspicious activity report, with malicious intent. Her counsel argued that she had gone through whistleblower channels and disclosed information only after she had been the subject of retaliation and believed that disclosing the information to the media would "help the American people", while prosecutors argued that "there has never been any substantive evidence of her claims" that she went through the proper internal channels and that Edwards lacked remorse for her decision to leak confidential information.

Edwards left prison in January 2022.

References

1978 births
21st-century American women
Criminals from Virginia
Living people
North Carolina Wesleyan University alumni
People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
United States Customs Service personnel
Virginia Commonwealth University alumni

Natalie Edwards


Dame Barbara Jean Lyon Mills DBE, QC (née Warnock; 10 August 1940 – 28 May 2011) was a British barrister. She held various senior public appointments including Director of Public Prosecutions, and was widely seen as a pioneer for women gaining such appointments in the higher echelons of the legal profession. At the time of her death she was chair of the Professional Oversight Board.

Early life and education
She was born in Chorleywood, the daughter of John and Nora Warnock. Her father was a chartered accountant. She was educated at St. Helen's School, Northwood, where she became head girl, and then studied law at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, graduating in the second class in 1962.

Career
Mills was called to the Bar from the Middle Temple in 1963. She became a barrister at 3 Temple Gardens in 1967, in chambers headed by Edward Cussens. She had a successful career as a barrister, specialising in criminal prosecution. She became a prosecuting counsel in 1977, then junior Treasury Counsel at the Central Criminal Court in 1981. She secured the convictions of Michael Fagan, an Irish vagrant who broke into Buckingham Palace in 1982 and stole a bottle of wine, exposing the Palace's lax security; of the Brighton bomber Patrick Magee in 1986; and of the Guinness Four in 1990. She defended Winston Silcott when he was tried for the murder of Keith Blakelock in the Broadwater Farm riot in 1985; Silcott was convicted in 1987, but the conviction was quashed on appeal in 1991.

She became a recorder in 1982, and took silk to become a Queen's Counsel in 1986. She was a member of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board from 1988 to 1990, a legal assessor of the General Medical Council and the General Dental Council, and a member of the Parole Board from 1990.

She was Director of the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) from 1990 to 1992, during investigations of Barlow Clowes, Blue Arrow, Robert Maxwell's Mirror Group, and Polly Peck. During that period, the SFO was investigating a company set up by her brother-in-law David Mills, then husband of Labour cabinet minister Tessa Jowell, in connection with bribery allegations against Silvio Berlusconi, but declined to investigate Mills himself. David Mills was later found guilty of accepting a cash bribe from Berlusconi, but the conviction was quashed by Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation.

From 1992 to 1998 she was Director of Public Prosecutions, the first woman to hold that position. As DPP she also served as the second head of the Crown Prosecution Service, with 6,000 staff considering the prosecution of 1.4 million cases each year. During her term in this office, levels of bureaucracy in the CPS were high and morale was low. She worked to increase the efficiency of the CPS, and introduced victim impact statements.

After a report by the West Yorkshire Police into abuses at the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad, she agreed that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute any of the officers at the squad, a decision for which she was widely criticised. She was criticised when the CPS declined to prosecute suspects for the murder of Stephen Lawrence in 1993. She resigned in 1998 after she was criticised in reports by Gerald Butler and Sir Iain Glidewell for repeatedly refusing to bring prosecutions over deaths in police custody. She also ordered a 75-year embargo restriction on the Devon and Cornwall Police Investigation of failures by West Midlands Police in the Birmingham 6 scandal of 1974. On 1 June 2016 the Coroner re-opened the inquests after a 42-year adjournment a decision opposed by West Midlands Police.

She was appointed as Adjudicator for Inland Revenue and for HM Customs and Excise on 26 April 1999, a part-time role independent of those departments, dealing with complaints from members of the public who are not satisfied with how the departments dealt with their complaints. Mills retained the role as Adjudicator for HM Revenue and Customs when those bodies were merged in 2005, and held this post until 2009.

Mills also held a number of other public appointments. She was governor of London Guildhall University from 1999 and then its successor London Metropolitan University from 2002 to 2007, and was chair of the council of the Women's Library from 2001 to 2007. She was also a non-executive director of the Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust from 2000 to 2007. She was the chair of the Professional Oversight Board of the Financial Reporting Council from 2008 until her death. She was a trustee of Victim Support from 1999 to 2004.

Personal life
Mills married John Mills in July 1962, shortly after they both graduated from Oxford.  They had four children, three daughters and one son.  Her husband was a businessman and a leading Labour Party councillor in Camden.  Her brother-in-law, David Mills, was the husband of Baroness Jowell.

Death

Dame Barbara Mills died on 28 May 2011, aged 70, after suffering a stroke 12 days earlier. She was survived by her husband, their four children, and eight grandchildren.
Her ashes are interred in Highgate Cemetery (west cemetery).

References

Sources

1940 births
2011 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Members of the Middle Temple
English barristers
Directors of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)
English King's Counsel
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Lawyers awarded knighthoods
20th-century King's Counsel
21st-century King's Counsel
Place of birth missing
People from Chorleywood
20th-century English lawyers

Barbara Mills


Öljei Temür Khan ( ; ), born Bunyashiri (, ), (1379–1412) was a khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1408 to 1412. He was a son of Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan and successor of Gün Temür Khan. He was one of the Borjigin princes, such as Tokhtamysh and Temür Qutlugh, backed by Timur to seize the throne.

Early life
Tsagaan Sechen tells that Bunyashiri (Buyanshir) was born in 1379. Twenty years after his birth, his father, Elbeg, was murdered by the Oirats led by Bahamu and Ugetchi Khashikha. Later, Öljei Temür came to Central Asia after 1399. In 1402, Gün Temür Khan was killed by Örüg Temür Khan or Guilichi in the struggle for the crown.

Conversion to Islam
Due to internal struggles of the Mongols, the infant prince, Bunyashiri, fled to Beshbalik where Timur's governor stationed. Timur ordered his governor to receive him kindly. Bunyashiri converted to Islam while he stayed at the court of Timur in Samarkand, thus making Öljei Temür Khan one of the very notable converts to Islam from the house of Kublai Khan.

Abolishing the "Great Yuan" dynastic title by Guilichi

However, Örüg Temür Khan or Guilichi's victory was short-lived when he made several grave miscalculations. The History of Ming says he replaced the Khagan title with a "Tatar Khan", alienating many other Mongol clans that were not "Tatar". Örüg Temür Khan also abolished the name "Great Yuan" (the official name of the former Yuan dynasty), because he needed to show friendly and subordinating gestures towards the Ming dynasty so that he could consolidate his power and conquer other Mongol clans. This move was totally unacceptable to most if not all Mongols who wanted to recover their former glory and retake China proper by defeating the Ming Empire, which originally began as rebellions against the Yuan.

Rise of Bunyashiri
Taking the opportunity, Bunyashiri declared himself the new Khan with the title of Öljei Temür (Өлзий төмөр) at Beshbalik in 1403 and most Mongol clans soon rallied to his side. Arughtai of the Asud acknowledged his suzerainty and was made chingsang (grand chancellor) to him. Oljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri's direct linkage of Genghis Khan line only further strengthened his position: though Örüg Temür Khan declared himself as Khan, his claim was not recognized by most Mongol clans. The Ming court stepped up its divide and rule tactics on Northern Yuan Mongols by dispatching a eunuch, Wan An, to help Bunyashiri. Örüg Temür Khan Guilichi was soon defeated and although Guilichi's son continued to carry on the struggle for the position of the khan all the way till his death in 1425, they were never be able to pose any serious threat to Bunyashiri's force, whose main enemy was the Ming Empire.

In 1409, the Ming court bestowed upon the Oirat leaders the title of wang (王; vassal king or prince), exacerbating the Mongol–Oirat conflict. Öljei Temür Khan attacked the Four Oirats and failed to subjugate his stubborn subjects.

After hearing of a new Borjigin ruler consolidating his power over the Mongols, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Empire demanded Öljei Temür Khan to submit. The Mongol court decided to decline it and detained the Ming envoy. Arughtai executed another Ming envoy in 1409. A punitive expedition of the Ming Empire led by Qiu Fu (丘福) was crushed and the general and several other commanders lost their lives at the hand of Arughtai on 23 September 1409.

War against Ming dynasty
In response to the defeat of the Ming forces led by Qiu Fu, the enraged Yongle Emperor gathered a half-a-million-strong force to launch a decisive campaign against Öljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri. Before the battle, Öljei Temür Khan and Arughtai could not agree on a plan of action and simply moved in different directions. Arughtai decided to withdraw to the east of Mongolia while Öljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri headed west and set up his ordo (palace) on the banks of the Onon River. He was suddenly forced to accept a battle in which the Ming army won a resounding victory by nearly completely wiping out his entire army on 15 June 1410. Öljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri was barely able to escape with his life with only seven horsemen and his son while all the rest were lost. He was trying to reach the Chagatai Khanate where he grew up. Capitalizing on the Khan's mistake, the Oirat leader, Mahamud, killed him in 1412 and installed his own puppet khan, Delbeg (or Dalbag), on the throne in 1413. The death of Öljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri marked the temporary decline of the Borjigin line, and different Mongol clans fought each other for dominance.

See also
List of Northern Yuan khans

References

1412 deaths
Northern Yuan khans
15th-century Mongol khans
15th-century Chinese monarchs
1379 births
Converts to Islam
Mongol Empire Muslims

Öljei Temür Khan


Sohan Qadri (born 2 November 1932, in Punjab, India – died 2 March 2011, in Toronto, Canada) was a yogi, poet and a painter from India who lived in Copenhagen for 30 years. During his life, Qadri interacted with a number of well-known cultural figures including Surrealist painter René Magritte, Nobel laureate Heinrich Böll, and architect Le Corbusier. His paintings result from states of deep meditation, and are influenced by the colors of India: luminous, dye-infused works on serrated paper. He had more than 70 exhibitions in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Early life and career in India

Sohan Qadri was born in the village of Chachoki, in 1932, in British India. Chachoki is near the industrial town of Phagwara in the Kapurthala district of Punjab. He grew up in a wealthy farming family with a Hindu mother and a Sikh father. The village had no electricity, running water, roads or cars.

At the age of seven, Qadri was strongly influenced by two spiritualists. The first was Bikham Giri, a Bengali Tantric-Vajrayan yogi. The second was Ahmed Ali Shah Qadri, a Sufi, who lived near Giri. Both gurus taught him spiritual ideals through meditation, dance and music, and had a profound impact on Qadri, sparking a lifelong interest in spirituality and art, for which Qadri showed talent even as a child. Qadri continued his schooling until the eighth grade, when he matriculated, the first child in the village to do so. He ran away from home several times to avoid taking charge of the family farm as his mother wished. Eventually he refused and went to study a three-year undergraduate degree at Ram Garhia College, pursuing his art as an apprentice to Pyara Singh, a photographer with a studio in Jullandhar, Punjab.

When Singh emigrated to England in 1952, Sohan left Jullandhar for Bombay, settling in Parel and working as a still photographer in an early Bollywood studio in Andheri, Bombay. He resigned after completing two films. In 1955, he enrolled in the Simla College of Art. While a student, Qadri visited the art galleries of Delhi, met the artists Sailoz Mookherjea and J. Swaminathan, who were in the process of starting the group Unknown, and joined the artistic circle around the Indian modernists M.F. Husain, Syed Haider Raza, J. Swaminathan, and Ram Kumar, who were building on earlier Indian modernist movements such as the Calcutta Group (1942) and the Progressive Artists Group of Bombay (1947), while rejecting the reliance on figuration which the earlier artists had believed defined them as authentically Indian.

After finishing his degree, Qadri returned home to Phagwara and joined the faculty of the Phagwara Teachers Training College for three years. In 1961, Dr. Mulk Raj Anand, the founder and editor of the art journal Marg, and associate of the Bloomsbury Group of London, saw Qadri's work at a faculty exhibition, and became his first patron. Anand visited Phagwara in 1963 with Pierre Jeanneret, an architect and cousin of the architect Le Corbusier, who acquired a painting for his collection. Anand and Jeanneret invited Qadri to bring his work to the newly built city of Chandigarh, capital of Punjab and Haryana, designed by Le Corbusier. Qadri's first exhibition was the second exhibition to be held at Gandhi Bhavan, the Punjab University Library art gallery designed by Jeanneret (the first was MF Husain's). During this time Sohan changed his last name from Singh to Qadri as a sign of devotion to his Sufi teacher.

Qadri gained some critical acclaim and began to paint more seriously, teaching himself about the School of Paris by reading the magazines Studio International, Illustrated Weekly of India, and Modern Review. He built himself a studio in Chachoki out of mud and straw bales to continue his art studies, and started creating figurative works, slowly veering toward abstraction, and ultimately abandoning representation in a search for transcendence. "When I start on a canvas," he said, "first I empty my mind of all images. They dissolve into a primordial space. Only emptiness, I feel, should communicate with the emptiness of the canvas." Instead of using subject matter drawn from the gritty urban world like many of his contemporaries, he searched for subject matter that inspired spiritual feelings and turned to an Eastern mode of expression full of bhava or mood. "I was focusing purely on color and form without distraction from figure," he said.

Qadri developed a methodology of painting during this period that he would use for the rest of his life, dividing pure colors into three categories or parts: dark, warm or cool, and light. Dark colors form the earth element or lower level. Warm or cold colors denote energy, each of which possesses a different vibration (vigorous when warm and mild when cold), and form the middle level, and light colors, the upper level. This allowed for a tripartite arrangement that could be organized in descending or ascending order.

In 1962, Qadri had his second exhibition at Sridharani Gallery in New Delhi. After this, with the help of Randhawa and Dr. Anand in Delhi (then chairman of the Lalit Kala Akademi), several galleries took interest in his work. At the time, Indian artists mostly found patrons among the diplomatic or expatriate community, and among the collectors of Qadri's early art were the Belgian Consul and the Canadian and French ambassadors to India.

Journey to Africa
Prompted by Anand, Qadri decided to travel outside of India and devote himself full-time to painting. He had his first international exposure in Africa. Using a fictitious invitation to a wedding in Nairobi, Qadri obtained a passport, and travelled to Mombasa, Kenya, in the luggage hold of a passenger ship. He brought with him all of his large paintings, originally painted in Chachoki for an exhibition at Bombay's Taj Art Gallery, hoping to exhibit them in Kenya. In Mombasa, the port authorities dumped his crate of paintings on the pavement because he could not afford a porter, and he sat with the crate for three days until an acquaintance arrived and agreed to drive them the 300 miles to Nairobi.

Once in Nairobi, he contacted Elimo Njau, a Kenyan cultural figure who visited Delhi often, and had opened two nonprofit galleries, Paa-yaa-paa in Nairobi and Kibo in Marangu, Tanzania. Njau recognized Qadri's work from the Kunika Gallery in Delhi, and offered Qadri an exhibition. Qadri then went to Prem Bhatia, the Indian ambassador to Kenya, with an introductory letter from Anand. Bhatia agreed to sponsor the show and use the embassy's machinery to promote the exhibition. Bhatia bought the first painting for 75 pounds. The successful exhibition was followed by a show at the Stanley Gallery in the American-owned Stanley Hotel.

Visit to Europe
After leaving Africa, Qadri went to Zurich, where he house sat for an architect, Jorge Plangg. Qadri and Plangg formed a bond, and Plangg gave him the keys to an associate's large villa, Tilgenkamp. At Tilgenkamp, Qadri prepared for his first European exhibition, held in November 1966 at the Gallerie Romain Louis in Brussels and arranged with the help of Swiss art critic Mark Kuhn. Of the 23 paintings exhibited, only one was sold.

Shortly afterwards, Kuhn invited Qadri to join him while he interviewed the surrealist painter René Magritte, and Qadri sat quietly while they talked, before playing chess against Magritte.

Before driving with Kuhn from Brussels to Paris to meet Mulk Raj Anand and the Indian painter Syed Haider Raza, Qadri sold five paintings to a couple from Montreal who were on their way back to Canada to open a gallery. Once in Paris, he secured an exhibition in December 1966 at the Gallerie Arnaud alongside European artists including Pierre Soulages, George Michaux, Jean Paul Riepal and Louis Fatoux. Seven years later, he would show his works at Arnaud's sister gallery in Montreal.

When he returned to Zurich, Qadri received an invitation to an international artists' camp in Kushalin, Poland, where he was given lodging, food and painting materials for two months. The Souks Museum of Modern Art in Kushalin acquired one of the paintings he produced during this period. Next to his studio were two Danish artists, painter Bent Kock, and printmaker Helle Thorborg, who were impressed with Qadri's work. In 1969, Thorborg arranged for him to visit Copenhagen, through the Danish cultural ministry.

Before going to Copenhagen, Qadri showed his work in Vienna at the gallery Uni Generation and at the Government Printing Press called d'Orchai. He also showed in Munich at Stenzel Gallerie and stayed for a period in 1968 in Paris where he rented American artist Mimi Vaz's studio in Villa d'Essai. There he mixed with Pierre Soulages and James Michaux, whom he had met at the Arnaud Gallerie, along with the Indian artists Syed Haider Raza, Anjolie Ela Menon, N. Vishwanadhan, and Nikita Narayan. He also met the printmaker Krishna Reddy who was working with his wife, Judy Reddy and the British painter Stanley William Hayter.

During this time, Qadri stopped painting with impasto oil on canvas and experimented with paper, which he considered softer, more feminine, and more suited to works that evolved out of a meditative state.

While in Paris, the Danish Ministry of Culture offered Qadri a show, including traveling expenses and a stipend. The ministry's gallery director bought a painting, as did New Yorker Sam Kanner of Court Gallerie. Christian Oberg, from the graphic department of Denmark's Louisiana Museum, bought several paintings and arranged five exhibitions for Qadri in Denmark.

Life in Copenhagen
In 1973, a few years after settling in Copenhagen, Qadri met another important patron, Nobel laureate Heinrich Böll, to whom he was introduced during a show at the Bodo Galuab Gallery in Cologne, Germany. Böll bought several paintings and wrote about Qadri's work. Böll once said, "Sohan Qadri with his painting liberates the word meditation from its fashionable taste and brings it back to its proper origin." During this period Qadri, along with American psychedelic painter Linda Wood and Pere Bacho, took over an old gun factory and helped found the free city of Christiania, where everything belonged to everyone. Qadri found the city an impossible environment to work in, and six months later returned to Hellerup, where he stayed until Dr. Shimitto's death in 1986. He eventually moved into government-sponsored artists' housing.

Though he continued to produce works on canvas, by the mid-1970s, paper was Qadri's preferred medium. "I was perpetually seeking a medium where effort is superfluous. Deep states of being are not brought out by effort," he said. Qadri said that his work is not philosophical, or designed to excite the thinking process, but instead to arrest the thought process, as in meditation.

Qadri's works are largely monochromatic surfaces which he penetrates with punctures and serrations. The Buddhist scholar Robert Thurman described his dots and striations as "lustrous bubbles of energy." Qadri transformed paper with these markings, making it into a three-dimensional surface.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Qadri was invited to have exhibitions in Los Angeles, Copenhagen, Nairobi, New Delhi, Bombay, Singapore and New York. Although he never married, he had three children with two partners, one a Keralite Christian and the other a Finn. He also began to plan a spiritual earth art project, a gyan stambha or knowledge stupa, on an ancient trading route in the Punjab in India. The structure, intended to occupy several acres of land, would be devoted to knowledge and peace. Construction of the stupa is in progress. As well as continuing with his art, Qadri taught meditation to advanced students throughout Scandinavia.

Selected bibliography
2011  Sohan Qadri: The Seer, Skira Editore, Milano, Italy. .
2009  Wonderstand: The poems "Aphorisms" and "The Dot and the dots", Bindu Publishers, Stockholm, Sweden. .
2007  Sohan Qadri: Presence of Being, Sundaram Tagore Ink, New York, USA. .
2005  Seeker: The Art of Sohan Qadri, Mapin Publishing, New York, USA
1999  Sakshi, The Seer, Art & Deal, New Delhi, India
1995      AntarJoti, Punjabi Sutras, Nav Yug, New Delhi, India
1995  Aforismer, Danish translation of English Sutras,   Omens Forlang, Denmark
1990      Boond Samunder, Punjabi Sutras, Amritsar, New Delhi, India.  The Dot & the Dot's, English Sutras, Writers Workshop, Calcutta, India
1987      Mitti Mitti, Punjabi sutras, Nava Yug, New Delhi, India
1978      The Dot & the Dot's Poems & Paintings, Stockholm, Sweden. .

References

External links

 Sohan Qadri website
 Sundaram Tagore Gallery
 sohanqadri.com
 Interview on Beliefnet.com Beliefnet
 Interview on Bindu Magazine
 Yogini: Article by Sohan Qadri on Bindu Magazine

1932 births
2011 deaths
Indian male painters
Danish painters
People from Kapurthala
Indian emigrants to Denmark
20th-century Indian painters
Indian Expressionist painters
Painters from Punjab, India
Government College of Art, Chandigarh alumni
Qadiri order
20th-century Indian male artists
21st-century Indian male artists

Sohan Qadri


Calvin Cornelius Hunt (born December 31, 1947) is a former American football player. He played center one season for the National Football League (NFL)'s Philadelphia Eagles (1970) and two for the Houston Oilers (1972–1973).

Born in Oceanside, California but raised in Edna, Texas, Hunt played at Edna High School for coach Allen Boren. Following graduation in 1966, Hunt attended Baylor University, where he played for John Bridgers the first three years, and for Bill Beall during his senior year.

Hunt was drafted 261st overall (11th round) in the 1970 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers, but made his debut for the Philadelphia Eagles. Leaving the team after one season, Hunt later played two years for the Houston Oilers.

External links
NFL.com player page

References

1947 births
Living people
Players of American football from Oceanside, California
People from Edna, Texas
American football centers
Baylor Bears football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Houston Oilers players

Calvin Hunt (American football)


Roger Quincey Dickerson (1898 – January 21, 1951) was an American jazz trumpeter.

Biography
He was born in 1898 in Paducah, Kentucky.

Dickerson was raised in St. Louis, Missouri, where he worked in local theaters in the late 1910s. He toured with Wilson Robinson's Bostonians in 1923, and then worked in Andrew Preer's group at the Cotton Club in New York City, remaining in the group after Preer's death in 1927. Dickerson was still in the group when Cab Calloway took it over in 1930, and he recorded several times under Calloway. He also recorded in small groups with Harry Cooper (1925) and Jasper Taylor (1928); the latter session also featured Johnny Dodds.

Dickerson left Calloway's employ in 1931 and quit music, but recorded again in 1949 accompanying a singer named Ray Cully.

He died on January 21, 1951, in Glens Falls, New York.

References

Further reading
Howard Rye, "R.Q. Dickerson". Grove Jazz online.
John Chilton. Who's Who of Jazz.

American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Jazz musicians from Kentucky
1898 births
1951 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Musicians from Paducah, Kentucky
Musicians from St. Louis
Jazz musicians from Missouri
American male jazz musicians
The Cab Calloway Orchestra members
20th-century American male musicians

R.Q. Dickerson