Victor Frankenstein is a 2015 American science fantasy horror film based on contemporary adaptations of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. It is directed by Paul McGuigan and written by Max Landis, and stars Daniel Radcliffe, James McAvoy, Jessica Brown Findlay, Andrew Scott, and Charles Dance. The film was released by 20th Century Fox on November 25, 2015.

Told from Igor's perspective, it shows the troubled young assistant's dark origins and his redemptive friendship with the young medical student, Victor Frankenstein. Through Igor's eyes, the audience witnesses the emergence of Frankenstein as the man from the legend we know today. Eventually, their experiments get them into trouble with the authorities, and Dr. Frankenstein and Igor become fugitives as they complete their goals to use science as a way to create life from death. The film received generally negative reviews and became a box office bomb, grossing $34.2 million against a budget of $40 million.

Plot
In 1860s London, ambitious medical student Victor Frankenstein attends a circus performance, where he helps save an injured aerialist, Lorelei, with the aid of a hunchback who is enslaved by the circus' ringleader and harbors feelings for the girl. Impressed by the hunchback's knowledge of human anatomy, acquired from stolen books, Victor rescues him, drains the cyst on his back that causes his physical abnormality, and gives him a harness to improve his posture – he then names him "Igor Straussman" after his roommate who is not often at home. The two become partners in Victor's ongoing experiments to resurrect life through artificial means, incurring the wrath of religious police inspector Roderick Turpin, who views their experiments as blasphemy.

Victor procures parts from dead animals and makes Igor restore the organs, which Victor secretly uses to create a monstrous chimpanzee-like creature nicknamed "Gordon".

Igor reunites with Lorelei, now masquerading as the mistress of a closeted gay baron, upsetting Victor, who views Lorelei as a distraction. Igor invites Lorelei to a demonstration of their experiment, which goes awry when Gordon escapes and wreaks havoc through the university. He is eventually killed by Victor and Igor. Lorelei is horrified by Victor's experiments and urges Igor to stop him from pursuing the matter further. Igor is reluctant to do so upon learning that Victor is driven by the need to atone for his indirect role in the death of his older brother, Henry, for which Victor's domineering father blames Victor.

Victor is expelled from college for his unorthodox methods but attracts the attention of his wealthy classmate Finnegan, who wants him to create an artificial humanoid creature. Victor and Igor outline a behemoth named "Prometheus". However, Igor's deepening relationship with Lorelei soon causes a rift between them.

The police raid Victor's laboratory, hell-bent on destroying his inventions. During the raid Igor stumbles onto the corpse of the real Igor Straussman, dead from an overdose, and the source of the eyes Victor had used in his experiments. When he attacks Victor, Turpin loses a hand and is blinded in one eye. Victor and Igor escape in a carriage sent by Finnegan and are taken to his family's estate. Turpin is put on medical leave from Scotland Yard for having invaded Victor's home without a warrant.

Finnegan provides the scientists with the funds to build Prometheus and offers them laboratory facilities at his family's estate in Scotland. Igor is suspicious of Finnegan and outraged with Victor for his treatment of Straussman. After a falling out, Victor departs for Scotland alone. Finnegan kidnaps Igor and plans to kill Victor once Prometheus is complete, to weaponize his creation. Igor is then thrown into the Thames to drown but manages to escape and reunites with Lorelei, who nurses him back to health.

To rescue Victor, Igor and Lorelei embark to Finnegan's estate. Igor finds Victor on the verge of using lightning to animate Prometheus. Victor ignores his pleas and activates the machine. A power surge overloads the machinery, killing Finnegan and several of his employees. During the ensuing chaos, an enraged Turpin arrives. Prometheus awakens. Victor is initially ecstatic that the experiment has worked, thinking Prometheus to be his resurrected brother Henry. Victor quickly realizes that the experiment has failed: Prometheus has no consciousness and cannot talk. Turpin opens fire on Prometheus, who goes into a rage, kills him and nearly murders Victor. Returning to his senses, Victor joins forces with Igor to kill Prometheus by stabbing its two hearts.

The next morning, Igor reunites with Lorelei, who hands him a letter written to him by Victor. In it, Victor apologizes for all the suffering he caused and allows Igor to live his life with Lorelei. Victor informs Igor to be ready for when Victor may one day ask for his help, recognizing that Igor was his "greatest creation". Victor retreats to the Scottish countryside in search of new discoveries.

Cast
 James McAvoy as Victor Frankenstein
 Daniel Radcliffe as Igor Straussman
 Jessica Brown Findlay as Lorelei
 Andrew Scott as Inspector Roderick Turpin
 Charles Dance as Baron Frankenstein
 Freddie Fox as Finnegan
 Mark Gatiss as Dettweiler
 Callum Turner as Alistair
 Daniel Mays as Barnaby
 Spencer Wilding and Guillaume Delaunay as Frankenstein's monster aka "Prometheus"
 Bronson Webb as Rafferty
 Adam Nagaitis as Winthrop (uncredited)

Production
The project was first announced by 20th Century Fox in 2011 with Max Landis set to write the script. Paul McGuigan was announced as the director in September 2012. Daniel Radcliffe also began talks to join the film that month, and officially joined the cast as Igor in March 2013. In July 2013, James McAvoy joined the cast to play Victor Frankenstein. Jessica Brown Findlay joined the cast in September.

In October 2013, the film's release date was delayed from October 17, 2014 to January 16, 2015. In March 2014, the film was pushed back again to October 2, 2015. Filming mostly took place in the United Kingdom, with stage filming at Longcross and Twickenham Film Studios and location shooting at Chatham Historic Dockyard. Principal photography began on November 25, 2013, and ended on March 20, 2014. In June 2015, the film's release date was pushed back from October 2, 2015, to November 25, 2015, which was first assigned to The Peanuts Movie and The Martian.

Marketing

The first trailer for the film was released by 20th Century Fox on August 18, 2015.

Reception

Box office
Victor Frankenstein grossed $5.8 million in North America and $28.5 million in other territories for a total of $34.2 million, against a budget of $40 million.

In North America, Victor Frankenstein opened on Wednesday, November 25, 2015 alongside Creed and The Good Dinosaur, as well as the wide releases of Brooklyn, Spotlight and Trumbo. The film was originally projected to gross $12 million from 2,797 theaters in its first five days, including $6–8 million in its opening weekend. However, after grossing $175,000 from its Tuesday night screenings and $620,000 on its opening day, five-day projections were lowered to $3–4 million. The film ended up grossing $2.4 million in its opening weekend and $3.4 million over its first five days, breaking the record set by Won't Back Down for the lowest opening gross in over 2,500 theaters until Friend Request in 2017.

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 26%, based on 143 reviews with an average rating of 4.68/10. The site's consensus reads, "A re-imagining without the imagining, Victor Frankenstein plays at providing a fresh perspective on an oft-told tale, but ultimately offers little of interest that viewers haven't already seen in superior Frankenstein films." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 36 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.

Empire rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, writing, "Aiming to do for Victor Frankenstein what Guy Ritchie did for Sherlock Holmes, set in the past but with a playful, postmodern sensibility that zaps new life into Shelley's 200 year-old Gothic masterpiece." Total Film gave the film an average 3 out of 5. "Each murky frame is bursting with grime and clutter... because everything is too busy, too loud, too determined to do what Guy Ritchie and Mark Gatiss have done for Sherlock Holmes. The result is far from monstrous but it's hardly divine, either."

In response to the low score on Rotten Tomatoes, writer Max Landis wrote that the site "breaks down entire reviews into just the word 'yes' or 'no', making criticism binary in a destructive, arbitrary way".

See also
 List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster

References

External links

2015 films
2010s American films
2010s English-language films
2010s monster movies
2010s science fiction films
2010s science fiction horror films
2015 horror films
20th Century Fox films
American body horror films
American science fiction horror films
Davis Entertainment films
Films about reincarnation
Films directed by Paul McGuigan
Films produced by John Davis
Films scored by Craig Armstrong (composer)
Films set in London
Films set in the 19th century
Films set in the Victorian era
Films shot at Longcross Studios
Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios
Films shot in Greater Manchester
Films with screenplays by Max Landis
Frankenstein films
Gothic horror films

Victor Frankenstein (film)


The Bloomfield Academy is a historic former school building on Main Street in Skowhegan, Maine.  Built in 1840 by a local master builder, it is a fine Greek Revival structure, and a reminder of the area's early educational history.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Description and history
The Bloomfield Academy is a two-story brick structure with a gable roof, granite trim, and a granite foundation.  It is topped by a two-stage tower, whose first stage is a plain clapboarded square with a simple cornice, and whose second stage has arched louvered openings flanked by pilasters, with an entablature and cornice above.  The main (east-facing) facade is three bays wide, with brick piers dividing them.  There is a double-door entry in the center, sheltered by an extended hip-roofed hood.  The flanking bays have sash windows at both levels, while the second level above the entry as a double sash window.  The gable end above is clad in clapboards, and has a semi-oval window in its center.

The school that became Bloomfield Academy was chartered in 1807 as Canaan Academy, a private school.  It was renamed in 1819 when the town it was in was renamed, but it retained that name when Bloomfield was annexed to Skowhegan in 1861.  The school's first building was a wood-frame structure, which this building replaced in 1840.  The builder was Asa Dyer, a noted local brickmaker and master builder.  The school was eventually merged into the Skowhegan public schools, and its building is now owned by the Trustees of Bloomfield Academy.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Somerset County, Maine

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Greek Revival architecture in Maine
Buildings and structures completed in 1840
Buildings and structures in Skowhegan, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, Maine

Bloomfield Academy (Skowhegan, Maine)


François (Francis) Nepveu  (29 April 1639—17 February 1708) was a writer on ascetical subjects. He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus on 12 October 1654, when but fifteen years old. Successively professor of Grammar, of Humanities and Rhetoric for six years, and of Philosophy for eight years, he was afterwards employed in the government. In 1689 he was made superior at Nantes; in 1684 rector at Vannes; in 1694 and 1700 rector at Orléans; in 1697 at Rouen; in 1704 Rennes where he was director of retreats until his death on 17 February 1708.

Father Nepvue, described as a man of great zeal and intelligence, wrote voluminously on ascetical subjects, and some of his works have gone through many editions, having been translated into various languages. Among his more important works are numbered the following: "De l'amour de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ, et des Moyens de l'acquérir" (Nantes, 1684), has gone through no less than fourteen editions in France, selections from it were printed in the "Petite Bibliothèque Chrétienne", issued by A. Vromont, Brussels, 1893, and it has been translated into German, Italian (six editions), Spanish, Flemish, Polish, and English, ed. by the Rev. Henry J. Coleridge, S.J., and issued by Burns and Oates, 1869; "Retraite selon l'esprit et la métho de de Saint Ignace" (Paris, 1677; 514 pp.), also numbers fourteen editions of the original and translations have been made into German, Spanish Flemish, Italian, and six editions in Latin; "Méthode facile d'oraison, réduite pratique" (Nantes) went through more than twelve editions in French and was several times issued in Spanish; "Pensées et Réflections Chrétiennes pour tous le jours de l'année (4 vols., Paris, 1695, had eighteen French editions, the latest by Guyot, Paris, 1850, 640 pp., and went through some eleven editions in foreign languages; "L'esprit du Christianisme ou la Conformité du Chrétien avec Jésus-Christ" (Paris, 1700, 380 pp.), went through twenty-four editions, and three editions of extracts therefrom appeared in Belgium, also translated into foreign languages, ten editions coming out in Italian.

References
Catholic Encyclopedia: Francis Nepveu
Attribution

Further reading
Meditations for every day in the month (c1911)

17th-century French Jesuits
French religious writers
Roman Catholic writers
French male non-fiction writers
1639 births
1708 deaths
18th-century French Jesuits

François Nepveu


Modesty is what people do to avoid attracting attention to themselves. Often modesty is about avoiding sexual attraction. Modesty is related to moderation, not bragging or showing off. Modesty and humility may seem similar, but are not the same. Because modesty is on the surface, it may be false. Humility is behavior that comes from truly thinking no person is better than any other.

Clothing has many functions with regard to modesty. Clothing is the usual way to avoiding sexuality when it would be inappropriate. Modest clothing communicates the wearer's social status without overdoing. Conformity to a dress code such as businesswear signals group membership over individuality.

Cultural differences
The major cultural differences in modesty are about privacy and gender. Modesty is a part of social relationships, and may not apply when alone or with intimate relations. Modesty is about sexuality, which historically had different norms within single-sex groups, but is changing with the definition of sex and gender.

Religion determines what many people believe about modesty. Modesty is required in many cultures, based upon the beliefs of Abrahamic religions that see the human body as shameful. Orthodox Judaism and Islam require believers to wear clothing that covers all of the body that is sexual. For women, this includes the entire body except hands and faces, including the hair. Anabaptist Christian groups continue to observe purely functional "plain dress". These include the Amish and Mennonites in the United States. Less strict, but conservative religious groups also adopt clothing and behavior more modest than what is acceptable by the majority.

Indigenous peoples in warm climates, having less need for clothing, developed cultures with no concept of bodily shame. In everyday life, not covering the body more than needed is normal not immodest. This may include being naked. This lack of clothing was seen as immoral by colonial explorers, and continues to be misunderstood. Western clothing is worn worldwide with adaptations for local cultures. Clothing that reveals the body continues to be worn in rural areas and on special occasions to maintain indigenous traditions.

Artistic performances and celebrations are intended to attract attention. Every society has norms that recognize that different rules apply to performers.

Privacy
Private situations are generally limited to people who know each other well, such as life partners, spouses, family members, or close friends.  There are some places that are semi-private, which include those less well-known, such as acquaintances and co-workers. Situations may also be semi-public, including others not known but limited to those with a shared characteristic, such as age or gender. Public places are open to all. Some social roles allow exceptions to rules of privacy, such as when receiving medial examination or treatment.

Gender differences
There is little information regarding the equality of the sexes in prehistory, but some indication of the differences from one group to another.  Based upon the burial method and the artifacts placed in graves, in some tribes both men and women had high position, in others only men. The same pattern is found in modern-day foraging societies. The status of women today also varies, with more gender equality in Scandinavia than other parts of the world. Inequality is greatest in Islamic countries.

In Western cultures until this century it was not unusual for boys to be naked in public while girls would be clothed. Women are generally expected to be more modest than men. In single-sex situations, men would be naked when necessary, and it was though of as unmanly not to do so. Men and boys swam naked in YMCA and public school indoor pools until they became mixed-gender in the 1960s.

Islamic countries have few places for nudity outside the home. Communal bathing at the steam bath (hammam) is for men and avoids complete nudity, a waist wrap being worn. In countries lacking baths in the home, public baths for women only may exist.

Openness regarding homosexuality has led to stricter levels of modesty in same-sex situations, such as in changing-rooms. In several places, community showers have been changes to allow privacy. Many students no longer shower at school after exercise. In addition, cell-phone cameras have changed the assumption of privacy in shared spaces.

Swimsuits are an indication of changes in standards of modesty. Before the 1930s, men were generally prohibited from baring their chests where women were present. For years, loose swim trunks were typical, but after the 1960s, form-fitting ("Speedo") suits were popular, and remain so in Europe. The United States has generally reverted to baggy, oversize swimwear that show less of the body.

Women in Western societies were often not allowed to appear in public other than fully clothed until the 1920s. Women's bathing suits have steadily exposed more, with the bikini becoming typical for the young, suits that cover the torso for the more modest. In the 1960s a bikini bottom alone became popular in Europe, but has declined as women become aware of internet voyeurism. Groups advocate for women to be allowed to have the same rights to bare their chests as men. A group intentionally violated the law in New York state to make a case for its being unconstitutional. In 1992, the state's highest court ruled that New York's law did not apply when there was no sexual intent, as in sunbathing. However, the argument for full equal rights was rejected.

Historically, the female breast was not part of the body needing to be hidden, breastfeeding being a necessary and natural function for nurturing children. The assumption that breastfeeding must always be done in private is a recent change in societies where it has become rare. In societies where breastfeeding remains the norm, not covering the breasts in other situations is more common. In some societies, breastfeeding in public has been made a legal right, but mothers may not do so because other people may object.

Western norms
What is called Western culture expects that sexual body parts are covered in public places at all times. There are exceptions for places where people change clothes, as there is one changing-room for men, and another for women. Other exceptions include saunas, which are often mixed-sex places, a towel being sufficient to maintain modesty.

Special rules also apply in places for swimming or sunbathing. These include not only beaches, but parks, some of which are in cities. Typical swimsuits would not be appropriate anywhere else.

In many European countries, women may be topless while sunbathing, and some places are designated "clothing optional", complete nudity being allowed.

States of undress among close family members in the home is determined individually. Young children up to the age of five or six may want to be naked, and parents may allow this, even when others are present. Children naturally become modest with the approach of puberty. Some parents are also naked while bathing small children.

The quick and effective way to remove chemical or biological threats is to have victims take their cloths off and be sprayed with water. Disaster planners find it difficult to make such rules, finding many would rather be dead than naked in public.

Naturism
Naturists (or nudists) see nudity as the natural state of humans for many activities. Nudity is seen as beneficial to both physical and mental health. Modesty is maintained by behavior which avoids sexuality while naked. Western religious views reject the idea that nudity can ever be non-sexual. Naturism is practiced in resorts and campgrounds worldwide, but is a normal part of everyday life in Scandinavia and Germany.

Religion
Only the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) associate nakedness with sexual sin. In ancient civilizations, nakedness might be embarrassing as a sign of low status but not shameful regarding sexuality. Nudity was also not associated with sexuality due to fishermen, herders, and other laborers being naked while working.

Currently, moderate members of these religions adopt versions of local dress that satisfy their beliefs regarding modestly. Orthodox or conservative members often continue to wear traditional clothing. In countries where they are the majority, Islamic rules of modesty have the force of law.

Judaism

In Orthodox Jewish Law (Halakha) women are responsible for maintaining the virtue of modesty (Tzniut) by covering their bodies, including their hair. For Jewish men, nakedness was limited to exposure of the penis. In everyday activity male nudity might be necessary, but is to be avoided. Female nudity was not an offense against God, but only about arousing the sexual passions of men.

Christianity
The Christian standards of modesty are mainly about women avoiding tempting men into sexual sin. Pope Pius XII stated in 1940 that women should cover their upper arms and shoulders, that their skirts should cover at least as far as the knee, and the neckline should not reveal anything. Mary A. Kassian, professor of women's studies at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, writes about the unfairness of placing the responsibility for resisting temptation upon women. She notes that standards of behavior vary from church to church. Citing scripture, she finds that modesty is about reverence, not just clothing, and finds nothing in the bible about skirt length or particular parts of the body being covered. American sex education often teaches young people that the human body is shameful.

Islam

Islamic society thinks modesty is important, but there are different interpretations of what dress should be considered modest. Many Muslim women wear a headscarf (hijab) as a sign of modesty. More conservative societies expect that women cover their whole body, except for their hands and their face.

A woman who choses to also cover her face and hands is said to be expressing greater "modesty and holiness". In some Islamic societies, women wear the niqab, an all-encompassing garment intended to conceal every part of the body, sometimes including the eyes. Wearing a niqab (sometimes referred to as a burqa, although this term only technically applies to an Afghan all-in-one garment) is common in some countries with a majority Muslim population.

More conservative countries such as Afghanistan or Iran do have laws that say what kind of dress a woman should wear. Not obeying these laws can lead to harsh punishments.

Likewise, according to some Islamic interpretations of Hadith, men are required to cover everything from 'navel to knee'. Some men choosing to extend this to the traditional Islamic head covering taqiyah (cap), the male counterpart to hijab which closely resembles the Jewish yarmulke but is slightly larger in size. The taqiyah cap may vary in shape, size or color just as the hijab does, with many regional differences according to tradition and personal taste.

A burqini is a swimsuit designed for Muslim women that covers the whole body except the face, the hands and the feet, that enables them to satisfy the requirements of Muslim standards of modesty while enabling them to take part in swimming activities. This is accepted by moderate Muslims, but are not allowed by conservative Islam which requires women's cloths to be loose, with no indication of the shape of the female body.

Buddhism
In Buddhism, modesty is the quality of being unpretentious about one's actions. Genuinely modest people are able to see themselves as they really are and rejoice in their good qualities without becoming vain and acknowledge their faults without shame.

Behavior outside the norm
When modesty is taken beyond what is normal, it is called prudishness. Gymnophobia is a fear of being naked where it is normal, such as a shower room in school. Exhibitionism is the act or urge to expose the genitals to strangers, a mental disorder that affects 2-4 percent of men. Other public exposure of the body, such as streaking, are not exhibitionism but an alternative social norm for celebration or protest.

Notes

References

Virtues

Modesty


The Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) is a United States Army and United States Air Force federal military program which places Army National Guard and Army Reserve soldiers and Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve airmen on federal active duty status under Title 10 U.S.C., or full-time National Guard duty under Title 32 U.S.C. 502(f) for a period of 180 consecutive days or greater in order to provide full-time support to National Guard and Reserve organizations for the purpose of leading, organizing, administering, recruiting, instructing, or training the Reserve Components according to Subsection 101(d)(6). AGR personnel may also be assigned to active duty roles in support of Regular Army and Regular Air Force organizations or joint organizations such as the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Air Force, the Joint Staff, or the Unified Combatant Commands.

History
Since September 11, 2001, substantial numbers of AGRs have been placed on active duty for direct support of the Active Component (also known as the Regular Component) of the armed forces in order to fill critical shortfall requirements for which no qualified Active Component fill is available.  Most often, these are general officers and field grade officers in the commissioned officer ranks and senior non-commissioned officers in the enlisted ranks, typically assigned to the Joint Staff, the Army Staff, the Air Staff, or the combatant commands.

Soldiers and Airmen in such status are commonly referred to as AGRs. Although they continue to be members of the Reserve Components, they are in a different federal status than traditional part-time Army Reserve Component or Air Reserve Component members (including full-time Army Reserve Technician and Air Reserve Technician Program members) called to active duty for training, special work, operational support to the Active Component, or mobilized for contingency operations.

Full-time active duty staffing for certain units with critical CONUS stateside missions, such as the National Guard Bureau, the 1st Air Force, the Eastern Air Defense Sector, the Western Air Defense Sector, and the 176th Air Defense Squadron, have been converted from regular active duty personnel to "all AGR" in order to provide more consistent manning and operational continuity.

Starting in October 2022, many AGR positions across the Air Force Reserve Command (AGR) were converted into a full-time career track positions once the servicemember achieved six years of service as an AGR.

Navy Reserve, Marine Corps Reserve, and Coast Guard Reserve counterparts

The sea services (i.e., United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, and United States Coast Guard) do not have an AGR program per se, but do have cadres of full-time active duty personnel in support of the respective Reserve Components and/or integrated with the Active Component.

U.S. Navy Reserve Training and Administration of the Reserve (TAR) officers and sailors (formerly known as Full-Time Support (FTS) personnel from 2005 to 2021), U.S. Marine Corps Active Reserve (AR), and U.S. Coast Guard Reserve Program Administrators (RPAs) are technically included in the definition of AGR.  But whereas Army and Air Force Reserve Component personnel can enter the AGR program at any point in their careers, entry into the sea service programs is typically limited to E-5 and below for enlisted personnel, W-2 for warrant officers, and O-3 or O-4, the latter with less than three years' time in grade (TIG) as an O-4, for commissioned officers.

Approximately 95% of Navy TAR, Marine Corps AR and Coast Guard RPA officers and enlisted personnel enter these programs directly from the Active Component.  Unlike the Army and Air Force AGR programs, the TAR, AR and RPA career tracks are considered permanent active duty career programs, with no opportunity for senior enlisted or senior officers to enter later in their careers from "traditional" part-time Reserve status at the E-7/E-8/E-9, O-5/O-6, or General Officer/Flag Officer levels.

Senior officers in the TAR, AR and RPA programs are also subject to continuation boards at the O-5 and O-6 level and may be subject to an earlier mandated retirement date than their Regular Navy, Regular Marine Corps or Regular Coast Guard counterparts of the same pay grade in the Active Component or their "traditional" Navy Selected Reserve (SELRES), Selected Marine Corps Reserve (SMCR) or Coast Guard Selected Reserve (SELRES) counterparts in the Reserve Component, including the latter when recalled back to active duty.

Since September 11, 2001, substantial numbers of "traditional" part-time Reserve officers of the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard above the rank of O-3 and senior enlisted at E-6 and above have been recalled to active duty for successive back-to-back or near back-to-back active duty periods under mobilization, special work or operational support orders, filling shortfalls for two, three, four, or more years for which no qualified Active Component or TAR officer or senior enlisted is available.   In addition, certain Reserve Component personnel with specific talents and/or experience have also been recalled to active duty as "by name" requests by Active Component senior leadership (typically at the flag officer / general officer level).  Concurrently, numerous Reserve Component flag officers and general officers have also been recalled to active duty by Active Component senior leadership, both uniformed and civilian.  However, career tenure (other than for Reserve retirement) and an active duty retirement, while occasionally achieved by these personnel, are not guaranteed.

Navy Reserve Canvasser/Recruiters are also included in the AGR definition but may be accessed at the E-7/8/9, W-2/3/4/5, and O-3/4/5 pay grades.  Unlike the Navy's TAR program, Navy Reserve Canvasser/Recruiter is not considered a career program, so career tenure protections and an active duty retirement are not guaranteed.

See also
 Individual Ready Reserve or IRR

Notes

United States Army National Guard
United States Air National Guard

Active Guard Reserve


Abigail Haight Huntsman (born May 1, 1986) is an American journalist and television personality. The daughter of former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman Jr. and Mary Kaye Huntsman, Huntsman rose to prominence as a host on MSNBC and NBC News. She then became a general assignment reporter for Fox News Channel and later a co-host of Fox & Friends Weekend. Huntsman co-hosted the ABC talk show The View from September 2018 to January 2020.

Early life and education
Abigail Haight Huntsman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was raised in Utah but spent several years in Taiwan and Singapore.

Huntsman graduated from East High School. She attended the University of Utah for her freshman year of college while her father was running for governor. She transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where she graduated in 2008 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and communications.

Career

At age 16, Huntsman worked a behind-the-scenes position at Good Morning America. She disliked it so much that she contemplated giving up on television "forever". While attending the University of Pennsylvania, Huntsman interned for Diane Sawyer. Huntsman, having observed Sawyer's representation of herself and manner of presenting news, became so impressed with her that she would later say, "I always think of her as someone that I hope I can try to be like."

She later became a host and producer for HuffPost Live, the Huffington Posts streaming network. She had also been a frequent guest on CNN.

Huntsman worked on her father's 2012 presidential campaign as a media advisor and surrogate, during which she and her sisters were profiled by The New Yorker, GQ, and BuzzFeed.

Huntsman appeared as a political commentator for ABC News in Washington, D.C. and Good Morning America in New York City. In October 2012, Huntsman was profiled in ABC News's "Five Questions", a part of This Week with George Stephanopoulos. In August 2012, she was interviewed by Brian Williams on Rock Center about Mitt Romney's run for president and her own relationship with the Mormon faith. Previously, she held a position at the international public relations firm Burson-Marsteller.

In 2013, she was listed as number 26 on the Forbes 30 under 30 list of up and coming members of the media.

In July 2013, Huntsman joined MSNBC's The Cycle, filling a vacancy created by the departure of S.E. Cupp. Huntsman was the second replacement host to join the show, after Ari Melber. She sought to bring conservative views to the program, also denying that her relation to the Huntsman family had anything to do with her acquiring the position since she, in her own words, "went through the same audition process as everybody else", against a field she recalled featuring hundreds of candidates. MSNBC canceled The Cycle in July 2015, and as a result, Huntsman left the network.

In October 2015, Huntsman joined Fox News Channel as a general assignment reporter. She covered the news of the day across the network's daytime and primetime programming. She was named the new co-host of Fox & Friends Weekend in December 2016. She made her final appearance as a co-host of the program on August 12, 2018.

Huntsman then joined the long-running ABC talk show The View as a co-host alongside Whoopi Goldberg, Joy Behar, Sunny Hostin, and Meghan McCain, debuting on the 22nd-season premiere on September 4, 2018. She received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host alongside her co-hosts in 2019.

In January 2020, Huntsman announced that she was departing The View after two seasons to become a senior advisor to her father's 2020 Utah gubernatorial election campaign; she made her final appearance as a co-host on the January 17 episode. Her father lost Utah's 2020 Republican gubernatorial primary.

Personal life
Huntsman married her college boyfriend, Jeffrey Bruce Livingston, in 2010 in an Episcopal service at the Washington National Cathedral. The couple has three children: two daughters and a son. The family lives in Greenwich, Connecticut.

Huntsman is a Republican. She is no longer an active member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Along with Margaret Hoover and her former View co-host Meghan McCain, she recorded an advertisement in early 2013 in support of same-sex marriage. "I think it's a generational issue, and I think over time you're going to see more and more Republicans support the freedom to marry. I'm happy and proud of that movement," she said in support of the ad.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
American expatriates in Taiwan
American LGBT rights activists
American television reporters and correspondents
American television talk show hosts
American women television journalists
American women television presenters
Former Latter Day Saints
Fox News people
Huntsman family
Journalists from New York (state)
MSNBC people
New York (state) Republicans
University of Pennsylvania alumni

Abby Huntsman


In chemistry, the term supramolecular chirality is used to describe supramolecular assemblies that are non-superposable on their mirror images.

Chirality in supramolecular chemistry implies the non-symmetric arrangement of molecular components in a non-covalent assembly. Chirality may arise in a supramolecular  system if one of its component is chiral or if achiral components arrange in a non symmetrical way to produce a supermolecule that is chiral.

References

Chirality
Stereochemistry

Supramolecular chirality


Vibhandaka () is a rishi in Hinduism, belonging to the lineage of Sage Kashyapa. His son was Rishyashringa, featured in the epic Ramayana.

Legend
The Mahabharata states that Sage Vibhandaka once chanced upon Urvashi, the most beautiful of the apsaras. While observing her, he was so aroused that he produced seminal fluid, which fell into some water. The water was consumed by a female deer, after which the creature subsequently became pregnant, and gave birth to a son whom the sage called Rishyashringa, named for the horns upon his head when he was born.

Matha
According to the Advaita Vedanta, Adi Sankara established four  (Sanskrit: ) (monasteries), with the headquarters at Dvārakā in the West, Jagannatha Puri in the East, Sringeri in the South and Badrikashrama in the North. Each math was headed by one of his four main disciples, who each continues the Vedanta Sampradaya.

According to Pandey, these Mathas were not established by Shankara himself, but were originally ashrams established by Vibhāņdaka and his son Ŗșyaśŗnga. Shankara inherited the ashrams at Dvārakā and Sringeri, and shifted the ashram at Śŗngaverapura to Badarikāśrama, and the ashram at Angadeśa to Jagannātha Purī.

Notes

Sources

Rishis

Vibhandaka


Dilmun is a land mentioned by Mesopotamian civilizations.  It was a trade partner, a source of the metal copper, and an entrepôt of the Mesopotamia-to-Indus Valley Civilization trade route. Although the exact location of Dilmun is not known, it was most likely located in the islands of Bahrain and Failaka island, Kuwait. Dilmun had a presence in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and nearby Iranian coast in the Persian Gulf. Gilgamesh had to pass through Mount Mashu to reach Dilmun in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Dilmun appears first in Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets from the end of fourth millennium BC.

References

History of Bahrain
Archaeological sites in Asia
History of the Middle East

Dilmun


CKCW-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 94.5 FM in Moncton, New Brunswick. The station plays a hot adult contemporary format branded as K94.5 and is owned by the Maritime Broadcasting System.

History
CKCW originally began broadcasting on December 4, 1934, at 1370 AM, with only 100 watts of power. The station was originally owned and operated by Moncton Broadcasting Company Ltd, managed by F.A. (Fred) Lynds. The AM frequency changed to 1400 in 1941, and then to its final AM position at 1220 in 1946. Eastern Radio Broadcasting (now known as MBS Radio) purchased CKCW in 1972. CKCW was the only privately owned AM radio station ever to operate in Moncton. Over the years, many radio personalities who worked at CKCW would attain such bigger success in larger markets such as Brother Jake, Bob Powers, Marty Kingston and Larry Hennessey.

In 1976, CKCW's sister station was granted a licence to operate on the FM band at 103.9 FM, marking the first FM radio station in Moncton. CFQM-FM first went on the air in 1977 with an easy listening format that aired until its switched to country on January 1, 1979.

A co-owned television station, CKCW-TV, signed on the air in 1954 but was sold to CHUM Limited in 1972. CHUM Limited, which owned and operated CKCW-TV, became CTV Globemedia in 2007, and then Bell Media in 2011. CKCW-TV is now part of the CTV Atlantic (formerly ATV) network.

During the 1990s, CKCW had an adult contemporary/easy listening format; then in 1994, the station switched to an oldies format. In August 1998, the station switched formats with sister station CFQM-FM, which relaunched as an AC station as Magic 104 and CKCW becoming a country station.

In 2001, CKCW moved to 94.5 FM, and changed to a Top 40/CHR format, branded as "Moncton's Newest Music", K94.5. The new "K94.5" enjoyed early success with the new music format; however, constant tweaking of the format and lack of advertising led to its downfall. By 2009, when sister station CFQM-FM switched from adult contemporary to classic hits, the station switched to its current hot adult contemporary format, but kept the same branding.

CKCW was the first station to hire international syndicated radio star AJ Reynolds.

Former on-air radio personalities
 Pat Donelan
 Ron Bourgeois (aka "The Little General" came to Moncton in the early 1960s, Afternoon Fill-in and Staff Announcer 1969–1974)
 Rick Shalala (Evenings 1969-1972 circa)
 Bob Steeves (P.D. 1966–1973)
 Art Noiles (Sports 1969–1977, AHL Play by Play NB Hawks)
 Doug Pond (MD/Afternoons 1967–1971, PD/Mornings 1974-1980/NB Hawks-Colour 1978–1980; PD/Afternoons 1984–1989; MD/Afternoons; From 1984 to 1995 host of Canadian Top 40 and Weekend Oldies Syndicated Shows. Also mornings CJBK London Ontario, Mornings/PD CFBC Saint John, PD/Afternoons CIHI Fredericton, PD CKLC Kingston,Ontario; Weekend Mornings C-103, Moncton.
 Sandy Gillis (Mornings 1972–1974; Management 1978–1995)
 Roy Geldart (News 1972–1980, News Director & Editorial Writer)
 Dave Lockhart (News 1973–2006, "Talk Back" host and News Director 1984–2006)
 Alan K. Parkes (News 1973–1978, 1980–1981)
 Ed Lesley (News 1973–1976)
 Garnet Dee (Afternoons 1973–1978, Middays 1978–1979)
 Gerry Proctor (News mid 1970s)
 Don Rodie (Evenings 1973–1976)
 Greg Buckner (Swing Announcer 1975–1979)
 Rick Gordon (Midday Announcer 1975–1980)
 Wayne Spencer (News All day parts, 1975–2002)
 "Bro" Jake Edwards (Vernon Mazerolle) Evenings/Weekend afternoon 1976-1979: CFMI (1996-2013); CKST (2013)
 Andy K
 Bob Powers (Evenings 1977–1979) (The Legend)
 John Richard (JR) (1978–1980, Later with CFQM-FM and CJSE-FM)
 Marty Kingston (Sports 1978–1982, AHL Play by Play, Later with Rock 103)
 John Bulger (News 1978–1980; 1987–1993)
 Al Webster (News 1978–1980)
 Jim Trites (Evenings 1979–83, Afternoons 1983–1984)
 Robin Geoffries (Mornings 1980–1987)
 Larry Hennessey (Morning host 1981)
 Chris Scott (1981)
 Tom (Chris) Reiser (Evenings 1983–1984)
 Kevin Clements (1984-1985)
 Gair Maxwell (Sports 1984–1999)
 Don Martin (Evenings and Weekends 1984–1986) "Countdown Atlantic""
 Paul Martin (Evenings 1985)
 Larry Christian (Midday Announcer 1985-1987, Mornings 1987-1998)
 John Kennedy (Evenings & Weekend Mornings 1984-85)
 Troy Tait (Evenings 1985-1986, Swing Announcer & Asst. P.D. 1988-1991, 1993–1997, Mornings 1998-2003)
 Mike Allain (O/N 1986-1987, Evenings and Weekends 1988-1989, afternoons 1998-2000)
 J.T. Edwards (Evenings 1986-1988 and weekends)
 Troy Swinnemar
 Ian Hanomansing (News 1970s)
 "The Real" Gary Theal (Woody) (1981-1982)
 Dale Alstrup (Evenings 1987–1988)
 Robert Burns (News Midday and Afternoons, 1989–2002)
 Scotty Horsman (Evenings 1991–1996, Mornings early 2000s)
 Steve Power (O/Night, Evenings & Swing, 1992–2000)
 Moe Jacob (O/Night, Evenings & Swing, 1989–1993)
 Tosh Taylor (Mornings with Night and Tosh, then the KRise with Josh and Tosh)
 Geoff Campbell (News Afternoon and weekends 1997 - 2000)
 Nathan Knight (Mornings with Knight and Tosh)
 Colin Mckay (Evenings & Weekends 2001–2003)
 John Knox (Knox @ Night 2002–2004)
 Mick Stockley (1968-early 1970s afternoon show)
 Brian Mackenzie (Sign-On Morning man/Copy late 1960s-1970s)
 Jessy Horton (Evenings 2012–2014)
 Taylor Whittamore (Mornings 2012–2013)
 Bree Cancade (Mornings 2013)
 Mike Sanderson (Mid-days, Afternoons, Kutting Edge night show (2015–2017), 2013–2017, now with CKNI)
 Josh McLellan (Evenings, Production, Afternoons, Music Director 2006–2014)
 Shane-O
 Paul Thomas was the second voice on
 Earl Ross (Sports 1960s)
 Garth Cooper (Sports & Country Western, Sales, CKCD-TV Campbellton Manager, 1962-1972 era)
 Dave Reynolds (1960s, eventually Hockey Night in Canada)
 Krysta Jay
 Robert Barrie CFQM Afternoon Drive - Fall 1984 and CKCW/CFQM News 1985-1987
 Jamie Hamilton CFQM Evenings 1979-1980 Magic 104 Sunday Mornings

References

External links
K94.5

KCW
KCW
KCW
Radio stations established in 1934
1934 establishments in New Brunswick

CKCW-FM


A quantum clock is a type of atomic clock with laser cooled single ions confined together in an electromagnetic ion trap. Developed in 2010 by physicists at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, the clock was 37 times more precise than the then-existing international standard.  The quantum logic clock is based on an aluminium spectroscopy ion with a logic atom.

Both the aluminum-based quantum clock and the mercury-based optical atomic clock track time by the ion vibration at an optical frequency using a UV laser, that is 100,000 times higher than the microwave frequencies used in NIST-F1 and other similar time standards around the world. Quantum clocks like this are able to be far more precise than microwave standards.

Accuracy

The NIST team are not able to measure clock ticks per second because the definition of a second is based on the standard NIST-F1, which cannot measure a machine more precise than itself. However, the aluminum ion clock's measured frequency to the current standard is . NIST have attributed the clock's accuracy to the fact that it is insensitive to background magnetic and electric fields, and unaffected by temperature.

In March 2008, physicists at NIST described an experimental quantum logic clock based on individual ions of beryllium and aluminum. This clock was compared to NIST's mercury ion clock. These were the most accurate clocks that had been constructed, with neither clock gaining nor losing time at a rate that would exceed a second in over a billion years.

In February 2010, NIST physicists described a second, enhanced version of the quantum logic clock based on individual ions of magnesium and aluminium. Considered the world's most precise clock in 2010 with a fractional frequency inaccuracy of , it offers more than twice the precision of the original.

In terms of standard deviation, the quantum logic clock deviates one second every 3.68 billion () years, while the then current international standard NIST-F1 Caesium fountain atomic clock uncertainty was about 3.1 × 10−16 expected to neither gain nor lose a second in more than 100 million () years.
 In July 2019, NIST scientists demonstrated such a clock with total uncertainty of  (deviates one second every 33.7 billion years), which is the first demonstration of a clock with uncertainty below .

Quantum time dilation

In a 2020 paper scientists illustrated that and how quantum clocks could experience a possibly experimentally testable superposition of proper times via time dilation of the theory of relativity by which time passes slower for one object in relation to another object when the former moves at a higher velocity. In "quantum time dilation" one of the two clocks moves in a superposition of two localized momentum wave packets, resulting in a change to the classical time dilation.

Other accurate experimental clocks

The accuracy of quantum-logic clocks was briefly superseded by optical lattice clocks based on strontium-87 and ytterbium-171 until 2019. An experimental optical lattice clock was described in a 2014 Nature paper.
In 2015 JILA evaluated the absolute frequency uncertainty of their latest strontium-87 429 THz ()
optical lattice clock at , which corresponds to a measurable gravitational time dilation for an elevation change of  on planet Earth that according to JILA/NIST Fellow Jun Ye is "getting really close to being useful for relativistic geodesy".
At this frequency uncertainty, this JILA optical lattice optical clock is expected to neither gain nor lose a second in more than 15 billion () years.

See also
 Atomic clock

References

Atomic clocks
Philosophy of physics
Philosophy of time
Quantum information science
Quantum measurement
Space science

Quantum logic clock


FC Brunsviga Braunschweig was a German association football club from the city of Braunschweig, Lower Saxony. The short-lived club was founded in 1896 by students of the local teacher's college and was disbanded sometime in 1901. It is notable as one of the founding members of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball Bund or German Football Association) at Leipzig on 28 January 1900.

Throughout its brief existence Brunsviga was a rival to the city's earliest football club, Eintracht Braunschweig. They lost their first match against the senior side 0:12 on 13 February 1898 with the last recorded meeting between the two clubs on 15 April 1900 ending in a 7:2 victory for Eintracht.

Brunsviga limited themselves to recruiting local players, while the more ambitious Eintracht club recruited from across the country and often took on Brunsviga players. Following the disbanding of Brunsviga many of the former members subsequently moved on to join Eintracht.

References
 Hans Dieter Baroth: Als der Fußball laufen lernte. Essen, 1992
 Kurt Hoffmeister: Zeitreise durch die Braunschweiger Sportgeschichte. Braunschweig, 2001
 1905–1930 – 25 Jahre Norddeutscher Sportverband, Hamburg, 1930
 Stefan Peters: Eintracht Braunschweig – Die Chronik, , Kassel, 1998

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Defunct football clubs in Lower Saxony
Sport in Braunschweig
1896 establishments in Germany
1901 disestablishments in Germany
19th-century establishments in the Duchy of Brunswick
Organisations based in Braunschweig
Association football clubs established in 1896
Association football clubs disestablished in 1901

FC Brunsviga 1896 Braunschweig


Theo Kitt (born 14 October 1912, date of death unknown) was a West German bobsledder who competed in the mid-1950s. He won two bronze medals at the FIBT World Championships, winning them in the two-man event in 1953 and in the four-man event in 1954. Kitt also finished 11th in the two-man event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo.

References
1952 bobsleigh two-man results
Bobsleigh two-man world championship medalists since 1931
Bobsleigh four-man world championship medalists since 1930
Theo Kitt's profile at Sports Reference.com

Bobsledders at the 1952 Winter Olympics
German male bobsledders
Year of death missing
1912 births

Theo Kitt


Darbys Falls is a small village situated 15 km east of Cowra, New South Wales. In 2011, there were 316 people living in Darbys Falls, including 5 indigenous people. The population was 51.9% are male and 48.1% are female.

Located near the village is a public astronomical observatory. There is no school in the village, with Wyangala Dam Public School servicing primary aged students. Secondary students travel to Cowra.

It is situated on the Lachlan River between  Wyangala and Cowra. The topography of the land is rough and hilly, featuring large granitoid tors and associated boulders. The area has a significant mining history for various minerals, including gold.

Lynne Sawyers Reserve

In 2012, the village association applied to rename the Darbys Falls Recreational Reserve in honour of Lynne Sawyers. Sawyers was named "Local Australian of the Year" in the Australia Day Honours List for 2012. Sawyers received the award from Prime Minister Julia Gillard  for her community work in fostering more than 200 children over 15 years. The Geographical Names Board of New South Wales refused to recognise the "Lynne Sawyers Reserve" because of its policy against naming places in honour of living people. The Cowra Council encouraged the village association to defy the GNB and hold an official renaming ceremony in 2013.

References

Towns in the Central West (New South Wales)

Darbys Falls, New South Wales


Decussation is used in biological contexts to describe a crossing (due to the shape of the Roman numeral for ten, an uppercase 'X' (), ). In Latin anatomical terms, the form  is used, e.g. .

Similarly, the anatomical term chiasma is named after the Greek uppercase 'Χ' (chi). Whereas a decussation refers to a crossing within the central nervous system, various kinds of crossings in the peripheral nervous system are called chiasma.

Examples include:
 In the brain, where nerve fibers obliquely cross from one lateral side of the brain to the other, that is to say they cross at a level other than their origin. See for examples decussation of pyramids and sensory decussation. In neuroanatomy, the term chiasma is reserved for crossing of- or within nerves such as in the optic chiasm.
 In botanical leaf taxology, the word decussate describes an opposite pattern of leaves which has successive pairs at right angles to each other (i.e. rotated 90 degrees along the stem when viewed from above). In effect, successive pairs of leaves cross each other. Basil is a classic example of a decussate leaf pattern.
 In tooth enamel, where bundles of rods cross each other as they travel from the enamel-dentine junction to the outer enamel surface, or near to it.

 In taxonomic description where decussate markings or structures occur, names such as  or  or otherwise in part containing "decuss..." are common, especially in the specific epithet.

Evolutionary significance

The origin of the contralateral organization, the optic chiasm and the major decussations on the nervous system of vertebrates has been a long standing puzzle to scientists. The visual map theory of Ramón y Cajal has long been popular but has been criticized for its logical inconsistence. More recently, it has been proposed that the decussations are caused by an axial twist by which the anterior head, along with the forebrain, is turned by 180° with respect to the rest of the body.

See also
 Definition of types of crossings
 Palpebral commissure (of the eye)
 Commissure
 Chiasm
 Contralateral brain
 Fissure (anatomy)

References

Further reading
 Why does the nervous system decussate?: Stanford Neuroblog

External links

Anatomical terminology

Decussation