is a Norwegian / English book that has in it a collection of stev and Norwegian folk songs.

They were performed (or sung / recited) by Aslak Brekke, a master of the artists of "kveding" (the art of performing stev)

Other information
The book was published in 1983, as a part of a series called Norsk Folkeminnelags skrifter.
The author of the book is J.P. Ekgren, in collaboration with Dagne Groven Myhren (a professor in Norway).
The book was printed by Aschehoug

Notes

Norwegian literature
20th-century books
Folk songs

Aslak Brekke og visune hans


The Qatar Financial Information Unit (QFIU) is a Qatari government regulatory agency responsible for financial intelligence efforts to combat money laundering and financing of terrorism. Like other national Financial Intelligence Units (FIU) around the world, it requires banks, investment companies, insurers and other financial institutions to report suspicious financial transactions. QFIU then analyzes the information and disseminates the relevant data to law enforcement authorities for further investigation and action.

Founded in 2004, QFIU is led by Ahmad bin Eid al-Thani. Its mission is to "protect the integrity and economy of the State of Qatar through effective exchange of information, transparency enhancement and capacity building to help detect and deter money laundering and terrorism financing activities." The QFIU is a "semiautonomous component" of Qatar's National Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Committee (NAMLC), and is housed in the Qatar Central Bank. Other national partners include the Qatar Financial Centre, State Security Bureau, Ministry of Interior, Criminal Investigation Department Section of Fighting Economic Crimes, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Business and Trade, Public Prosecution, General Directorate of Customs, Financial Institutions, and Ministry of Social Affairs.

International cooperation
QFIU also partners with FIUs in the region and worldwide. It is an active member of the Egmont Group, an "informal network" of international FIUs organized "to foster international cooperation and information exchange" among its 139 members.  QFIU serves as co-chair of the Asia Group within Egmont, along with FIU-India. In order to promote cooperation and information sharing with international and regional FIU's and provide professional development to its staff, QFIU is a regular participant in Egmont and other FIU and Anti-Money Laundering conferences and forums.

In 2009, QFIU signed a Statement of Cooperation with the Japan Financial Intelligence Center to expand financial intelligence sharing by "facilitating the exchange of information in assisting investigations concerning money laundering, terrorist financing and related crimes."

Effectiveness
A 2008 report produced by the Middle East and North African Financial Action Task Force and conducted by IMF officials raised several shortcomings in QFIU's creation and operations. According to the report, "The main shortcoming is that the administrative order establishing the FIU and empowering it with a number of functions appears to be inconsistent with the provisions of the AML Law that gave such powers to the coordinator of NAMLC." It also noted that "the quality of STR [Suspicious Transaction Reports] needs improving," that information was not adequately protected, and that there was periodic review of its effectiveness in combatting terrorism finance and money laundering.

QFIU addressed these issues directly in its 2009 Annual Report, declaring, "The FIU attached high importance to amending Law No. (28) of 2008 on Anti-Money Laundering and its amendments, following the mutual  evaluation report of the International Monetary Fund in 2007, which revealed many deficiencies and weaknesses in the legislative regulations related to anti-money laundering and terrorism financing." To improve its operations, QFIU developed an eight-point, five-year strategic plan, which commenced in 2013.

Although Qatar has enacted several pieces of legislation to address gaps and inconsistencies in its anti-money laundering and terrorism finance laws in recent years, the country has been criticized for not fully implementing or enforcing these measures. Former US Treasury Department official Matthew Levitt has noted, "To date, implementation and enforcement have not been a component of Qatar's approach to these issues. Instead, Qatar routinely stresses to investors and critics alike the passage of laws that, on paper, appear robust but are almost never implemented or enforced." In March 2022, during the Fourth Level High Strategic Dialogue between the state of Qatar & the United Nations office of counter terrorism (UNOCT), strategic priorities and collaborations for effective United Nations support to member's states on Counter terrorism were discussed by both bodies. Qatar is the second largest contributor to the United Nations trust funds for counter terrorism out of a total 35 donors. This was all reported in the article by The United Nations on 27th March 2022. Also it was revealed in the article by US Department of state that there were no terrorist attacks reported in Qatar in 2019.

In its 2013 Annual Report, QFIU reported record numbers of Suspicious Transaction Reports (313) and suspects (352), though these numbers may reflect better adoption of anti-money laundering and terrorism finance measures as opposed to an increase in suspicious activities. Only 112 cases were disseminated to judicial or law enforcement authorities. According to a 2014 U.S. State Department report, Qatar prosecuted only one money-laundering case in 2013, and had no convictions. The same report lists Qatar as a "Major Money Laundering Country" and a "country of concern."

An Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing (AML/CFT) Section was established under the Companies Affairs Department at MOCI pursuant in Qatar to Decision No. (95) of 2019. The Section's responsibilities included coordination with the National Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Committee (NAMLC). Providing NAMLC with any relevant data and information, collaboration with NAMLC to complete the National Risk Assessment of risks of money laundering, terrorism financing and financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and implement its outcomes. On March 31st, 2023, FATF published its report on Qatar's recent initiatives for anti-money laundering and claimed that Qatar has made substantive improvements to its system to combat money laundering and terrorism financing and its technical compliance with FATF requirements is strong. The report also stated that the country is effectively confiscating large sums, including proceeds and instrumentalities of crime, and property of equivalent value. Qatar has implemented a risk-based approach to the assessment of money laundering and terrorist financing risks and the supervision of the financial sector.

QFIU reported even larger numbers of Suspicious Transaction Reports (516) and suspects (787) in 2014, though the number of cases disseminated to national or foreign law enforcement agencies declined markedly.

References

External links
 QFIU homepage
 QFIU Facebook page

Qatari intelligence agencies
2004 establishments in Qatar
Financial regulatory authorities
Regulation in Qatar

Qatar Financial Information Unit


The Hôtel Ritz is a grand hotel in the heart of Paris in the Place Vendôme. The hotel is ranked highly among the most prestigious and luxurious hotels in the world and is a member of "The Leading Hotels of the World".

The hotel has 159 rooms. It was founded by the Swiss hotelier, César Ritz, in collaboration with the chef Auguste Escoffier in 1898. The new hotel was constructed behind the façade of a Town house from the 18th-century. It overlooks one of the central squares in Paris.

It was one of the first hotels in Europe to provide a bathroom en suite, a telephone and electricity for each room. It established a reputation for luxury. The clients have included royalty, politicians, writers, film stars and singers. Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel, for example Coco Chanel and Ernest Hemingway who lived at the hotel for years. One of the bars of the hotel, Bar Hemingway, is devoted to Hemingway.

The Ritz has the reputation of being the most expensive hotel in Paris. The rooms as of May 2011 started at €850 a night. Suites start at €3,600 and cost up to €13,900 a night for the most expensive ones (the Suite Impériale is the most expensive). The Ritz employs more than 600 people.

L'Espadon is a world-renowned restaurant. It attracts aspiring chefs from all over the world who come to learn at the nearby Ritz-Escoffier School. The cuisine is run by the award-winning chef Michel Roth, the ninth head chef of the hotel. The restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential Michelin Red Guide.

During the Second World War, the German Luftwaffe used the hotel as local headquarters in Paris. The son of César Ritz, Charles, died in 1976. The last members of the Ritz family who owned the hotel sold it to the Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed in 1979. In August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Al-Fayed's son, Dodi, dined in the hotel's Imperial Suite before their fatal car crash.

The hotel is being entirely renovated. It has been closed since 1 August 2012 and will open its doors in March 2016, after a delay of nearly two years. Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury, the hotel has featured in many novels (for example F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is The Night and Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises),
a play (Noël Coward's Semi-Monde), and films (such as Billy Wilder's 1957 comedy Love in the Afternoon and William Wyler's 1966 comedy How to Steal a Million).

References

Ritz
Buildings and structures in Paris

Hôtel Ritz Paris


The Museum of Comparative Zoology (formally the Agassiz Museum of Comparative Zoology and often abbreviated to MCZ) is a zoology museum located on the grounds of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is one of three natural-history research museums at Harvard, whose public face is the Harvard Museum of Natural History. Harvard MCZ's collections consist of some 21 million specimens, of which several thousand are on rotating display at the public museum.  In July 2021, Gonzalo Giribet, Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology at Harvard and Curator of Invertebrate Zoology, was announced as the new director of the museum.

Many of the exhibits in the public museum have not only zoological interest, but also historical significance. Past exhibits have included a fossil sand dollar found by Charles Darwin in 1834, Captain James Cook's mamo, and two pheasants that once belonged to George Washington, now on loan to Mount Vernon in Virginia.

The research collections of the MCZ are not open to the public.

History
The Museum of Comparative Zoology was founded in 1859 through the efforts of zoologist Louis Agassiz; the museum used to be referred to as "The Agassiz" after its founder. Agassiz designed the collection to illustrate the variety and comparative relationships of animal life. Many female paleontologists, such as Elvira Wood, were involved in the early development of the museum.

The Radcliffe Zoological Laboratory was created in 1894 when Radcliffe College rented a space on the fifth floor of the MCZ to convert into a women's laboratory. Prior to this acquisition, Radcliffe science laboratories were taught using inadequate facilities, converting spaces such as bathrooms in old houses into physics laboratories, in which Harvard professors often refused to teach. The laboratory space was converted from an office or storage closet, and was sandwiched between other invertebrate storage rooms on the fifth floor.

Departments
The museum has nine departments with research collections: Entomology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Invertebrate Paleontology, Invertebrate Zoology, Mammalogy, Malacology, Ornithology, and Vertebrate Paleontology. The Ernst Mayr Library and its archives form the tenth department of the museum. The library is a founding member of the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Publications
The museum publishes two journals: the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, first published in 1869, and Breviora, first published in 1956.

Displays
In contrast to numerous more modern museums, the Harvard Museum of Natural History has many hundreds of stuffed animals on display, from the MCZ collections. Notable exhibits include whale skeletons, the largest turtle shell ever found (8 ft long), "the Harvard mastodon", a  long Kronosaurus skeleton, the skeleton of a dodo, and a coelacanth preserved in fluid. The two-story Great Mammal Hall was renovated in 2009 in celebration of the 150th anniversary of founding of the museum.

Changing exhibitions in the Harvard Museum of Natural History have included "Evolution" (2008); "The Language of Color" (2008 to 2013); "Arthropods: Creatures that Rule" (2006); "New England Forests" (2011); and "Mollusks: Shelled Masters of the Marine Realm" (2012).

Gallery

References

External links

Official website

Harvard University museums
Natural history museums in Massachusetts
Dinosaur museums in the United States
Paleontology in Massachusetts
Shell museums
Museums in Cambridge, Massachusetts
University museums in Massachusetts
Museums established in 1859
1859 establishments in Massachusetts

Museum of Comparative Zoology


Movement pattern analysis (MPA) is a system used for assessing an individual's motivations in decision-making processes, based on the analysis of nonverbal behaviour. MPA applications include management consulting and career guidance, and proponents estimate that over 30,000 individuals – primarily those involved in senior management – have made use of MPA profiles over the last 50 years.

Motivational analysis

MPA maps out how people are intrinsically motivated to take action and interact with others throughout all stages of a decision-making process. "Intrinsic motivation" refers to inner drive, as opposed to extrinsic motivation – responding positively or negatively to external factors (e.g., wages, punishment). "Decision-making process" is used here to refer to the whole chain of actions involved in thinking through, making choices and implementing decisions. MPA is used by companies and individuals to ensure compatibility between people and areas of responsibility and to improve team-balance.

Management consulting

Professional MPA practitioner training has allowed MPA to spread to a wide range of fields, although its main application has been in management consulting, spanning over 30 countries. Some companies and multinational corporations have continued to use MPA consistently for over three decades, which is rare in the often trend-seeking private sector.

Typical applications of MPA in management consulting include: personal-, leadership-, and team-development; MPA coaching and self-management; recruiting and (re-)definition of roles; planning-structures for meetings and long-term strategies.

History

MPA was developed by Warren Lamb in the 1940s and '50's, building upon the innovations of movement theorist Rudolf Laban and one of the UK's first management consultants, F. C. Lawrence. Warren Lamb assisted Laban and Lawrence in their research within British industry – first among factory workers – then focusing on management.

Laban and Lawrence realised early on that certain aspects and qualities of thinking are echoed in other kinds of bodily movement – and vice versa. Warren Lamb went on to synthesise these and his own findings and develop a method – now known as MPA – for analysing core initiatives in decision-making.

While developing the grounded theory that underpins MPA, Warren Lamb discovered distinctions to be made between gestures, postural movements and what he dubbed "posture-gesture mergers" or "PGM's" (waves of consistently integrated movement, involving the whole body). While isolated gestures and certain postures might have some social or cultural significance in a specific context, PGM's have the potential to transcend cultural and social specificity, revealing a person's underlying motivations in decision-making. Lamb also identified, among other things, the correlation between styles of interaction (in behaviour) and the relationship between "effort" and "shape" (in movement).

Notes

References

 Laban, R. and Lawrence, F. C. (July 31, 1943). "The Rhythm of the Office Worker" NRCD Laban Archive, ref. no. E(L)/66/13.
 Lamb, Warren (2012). A Framework for Understanding Movement: My Seven Creative Concepts. London: Brechin Books.
 Lamb, Warren (1965). Posture and Gesture. London: Brechin Books.
 Lamb, Warren and Elizabeth Watson (1979). Body Code: The Meaning in Movement. London: Routledge.
 Davies, Eden (2001). BEYOND DANCE: Laban's Legacy of Movement Analysis. London, Routledge.
 Moore, Carol-Lynne (2005). MOVEMENT AND MAKING DECISIONS: The Body-Mind Connection in the Workplace. New York: Rosen Publishing Group.

External links

Warren Lamb Trust

About Movement Pattern Analysis
 History of Movement Pattern Analysis by Janet Kaylo, MA, CMA, MPA pdf file

Decision-making

Movement pattern analysis


Alexander Steven Corbet (8 August 1896 – 16 May 1948) was a British chemist and naturalist.

He was educated at Bournemouth and the University of Reading where he received a PhD in inorganic chemistry. In the late 1920s he and his wife, Irene (nee Trewavas),  moved to Kuala Lumpur where Alexander worked as a soil microbiologist for the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya.  There he became an expert on Malaysian butterflies, co-authoring The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula with H.M. Pendlebury in 1934. In 1931 he and his family returned to the UK and Alexander worked at the ICI research station at Jealotts Hill. He later became deputy keeper of entomology at the British Museum (Natural History).

The 1943 Ronald Fisher, Corbet, Williams paper on the unseen species problem in ecology was a key contribution in the field of community ecology, and remains important to this day.

Corbet had four children, two of which died in infancy. Both of his adult children acquired his interest in entomology: his son Philip Steven Corbet became an authority on dragonflies and his daughter Sarah Alexandra Corbet is an authority on British bumble bees and plant pollination.

Alexander Steven Corbet died of heart failure in 1948.

See also
 Unseen species problem

References

1896 births
1948 deaths
British naturalists
Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
20th-century naturalists

Alexander Steven Corbet


Domain-driven design is a way of modelling and building software systems. The basic idea is that the model of the software should also be a model of the application domain. In domain-driven design the software models certain aspects of the problem. People will use certain terms, which have a very specific meaning. This meaning is linked to the problem domain in which it is used (called a context). In different contexts, the term may have a different meaning.

In order to connect the different contexts, a common language is needed (where everyone agrees on the specific meaning of the terms used). Eric Evans, who created the term Domain-driven design calles it ubiquitous language, and  defines it as follows: "A language structured around the domain model and used by all team members to connect all the activities of the team with the software.".

References

Computer science

Domain-driven design


Li Xiannian (pronounced ; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader, president of the People's Republic of China from 1983 to 1988 under paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and then chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death. He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987, and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987.

Li worked as an apprentice carpenter in his teenage years to support his family. He joined the Communist Party in December 1927 and became a soldier in the Chinese Red Army. After studying at the Military–Political University and the Central Party School, he became an influential and successful military commander during the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, distinguishing himself in the Huai–Hai Campaign. After the PRC was established, he served as Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954, and then joined the central leadership in Beijing, serving as Minister of Finance (1954–1970) and Vice Premier (1954–1982). He supported Mao Zedong's designated successor, Hua Guofeng, and was named Vice Chairman of the Party (1977–1982).

One of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party, he was considered the most leftist among them, both politically and economically. Li played a key role in blocking privatizations and maintaining state control in many sectors of the economy, promoted classical Communist political and cultural values through his patronage of theorists such as Hu Qiaomu and Deng Liqun, and was instrumental in purging liberals Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang. He enthusiastically advocated for the military suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests.

Biography

Early career

Born in Hong'an, Hubei, Li came from a poor family and spent his teenage years working at a carpenter's shop. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in December 1927, and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March. He was a military cadre in Zhang Guotao West Route Army.

After arriving in Yan'an, he studied at the Counter-Japanese Military and Political University and at the Central Party School. Here he was under pressure, as other military cadres who served on the West Route Army. He fought in both the Second Sino–Japanese War, where he was sent to the Hubei-Henan Region to lead the guerrilla and establish an Anti-Japanse base area, and the Chinese Civil War, especially in the Central Plains, and played a key role in many Communist victories, most significantly in the Huai–Hai Campaign.

Mao-era China

After the Communists' victory in China, Li was appointed Governor and Party Secretary of his native Hubei Province from 1949 to 1954, and he also served as the commander and political commissar of the province's military garrison. Additionally, he was Vice Chairman of the PRC's Military Commission for South–Central China (overseeing military and public security forces in Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Hubei and Hunan).

In 1954, Li joined the central leadership in Beijing and became China's Minister of Finance. He was also appointed Vice Premier for the entire period of 1954–1982.

During the Cultural Revolution, Li was a part of the February Countercurrent which criticized the Cultural Revolution for creating social disorder and undermining China's leadership. Despite losing his job as Finance Minister in 1970,  he nonetheless enjoyed Zhou Enlai's protection and was the only civilian official to serve without interruption alongside Zhou throughout the 1966–1976 Cultural Revolution decade. In 1976, Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four. After the demise of the Gang, Li was appointed Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and a member of the Central Military Commission.

Post-Mao politician
When Chairman Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong, Li became Hua's chief economic adviser and one of his main backers, along with Generals Wang Dongxing and Chen Xilian. If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power, Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China, but Li's political career stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as China's "Paramount leader". For the rest of his career, Li complained that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s.

Li was described as an "orthodox" or "Soviet-style" communist and was a firm believer in central planning and sociopolitical conformity, so disliked Deng Xiaoping's more radical economic reform ideas. He had in fact been largely responsible for drafting the short-lived Ten Year Plan of 1978 which attempted to build a Soviet-style economy based around heavy industry and energy production. Li's ideas enjoyed strong support among some sections of the Chinese top leadership; General Yu Qiuli and his "oil clique", for example, fully supported Li.

However, Deng quickly terminated these ideas and instituted his own "go slow" approach that involved gradually allowing the development of light industry and consumer goods. He also went about assigning government posts to younger men who were followers of his ideas. One of these was Premier Zhao Ziyang, whom Li strongly opposed for being too willing to import Western ideas and move away from a planned economy. According to Zhao, Li "hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaoping's reforms, but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng, he made me the target of his opposition."

Presidency

In 1983, after the passing of a new Constitution, Li was appointed President of China at the age of 74. Although according to the 1982 Constitution the role of President was "largely ceremonial", it recognized Li's status as a respected Party elder and a member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee, and Li himself went on to forcefully use his still very substantial influence to support leftist policies. In 1984, Li met with U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the latter's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President. Li visited the United States in July 1985, the first time the head of state of the People's Republic of China made such a visit.

As the decade progressed, Deng Xiaoping, always an opponent of lifetime tenure in office, gradually convinced most of the party elders to retire. Li stepped down as president in 1988 and was succeeded by Yang Shangkun. Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC. He was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemin's rise to power, and during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations and supported Premier Li Peng's desire to use military force to suppress the protests. Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992.

Family
Li had four children. His youngest daughter, Li Xiaolin, is the President of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. She is a member of the CPPCC national committee.

Death and later commemoration
Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 82, two days shy of his 83rd birthday. His funeral was held on 27 June 1992 and was attended by members of the Politburo Standing Committee. After the service, Li was cremated.

Awards and honors
 Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic, 1st Class (Romania, 1984)

References

Further reading

 Frankel, Benjamin. The Cold War 1945-1991. Vol. 2, Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China and the Third World (1992) pp 191–92.
 Yang, Yutong. "Li Xiannian." in China at War: An Encyclopedia (2012) p 225.

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1909 births
1992 deaths

Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hubei
Politicians from Huanggang
Presidents of the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China politicians from Hubei
Governors of Hubei
Ministers of Finance of the People's Republic of China
Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
20th-century Chinese politicians
Members of the 12th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
Spouses of Chinese politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic
20th-century presidents in Asia

Li Xiannian


Hercules A is a bright astronomical radio source in the constellation Hercules corresponding to the galaxy 3C 348.

Observation

During a survey of bright radio sources in the mid-20th century, astronomers found a very bright radio source in the constellation Hercules. The radio source is strongest in the middle range frequency and emits synchrotron radiation, suggesting the source of radio emission may be gravitational interaction. In 1959, astronomers from the Radio Astronomy Group (later the Cavendish Astrophysics Group) detected the radio source using the Cambridge Interferometer of the Cavendish Observatory in Cambridge University in the United Kingdom, including it in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources (3C) as 3C 348, the 348th object detected by the survey.

Characteristics

Galaxy

The galaxy, 3C 348, is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It is classified as type E3 to E4 of the updated Hubble–de Vaucouleurs extended galaxy morphological classification scheme. Little else is known about the galaxy.

3C 348, the galaxy at the image center, appears to be a relatively normal elliptical galaxy in visible light. When imaged in radio waves, however, plasma jets over one million light years long appear. Detailed analyses indicate that the galaxy is actually over 1,000 times more massive (approx. 10 solar masses) than our Milky Way Galaxy, and the central black hole is nearly 1,000 times more massive (approx. 4 billion solar masses) than the black hole at our Milky Way's center, one of the largest known. The physics that creates the jets are poorly understood, with a likely energy source being matter ejected perpendicular to the accretion disc of the central black hole.

See also
 List of largest galaxies

References

Active galaxies
Hercules (constellation)
Elliptical galaxies
Radio galaxies
348

Hercules A


Juan Guillermo Castillo Iriart (born 17 April 1978) is a retired Uruguayan footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Castillo began his career with the Defensor Sporting youth team and made his Uruguayan Primera División debut in the 1999 season. He was loaned to Huracán Buceo in 2001. However, he soon moved on to Peñarol and made his debut in 2006. After a good spell with Peñarol, two years later in 2008, he joined to Brazilian Série A side Botafogo. In December 2009, he was released of the club and then he moved to Colombian side Deportivo Cali, in where he remained one season, winning the 2010 Copa Colombia. In the next season, he abandoned the club for high costs and then signed a one–season deal with Colo-Colo for play the national tournament and the 2011 Copa Libertadores. However, he had a very regular season and was sacked of the club in December. On 16 February 2012, he joined to Liverpool de Montevideo in the transfer deadline day of the South American football.

At international level, Castillo played for the Uruguay national football team since 2007. He made senior debut in 2008, and has generally been selected as the second-choice keeper behind Fernando Muslera. He was part of the Uruguay squad for the 2010 World Cup and one year later, he won the 2011 Copa América, earning him his first international honour, despite not making an appearance in the competition.

Club career

Early career
Castillo began his football career at the local amateur club Santa Bernardina of his natal city Durazno, in where he played in the youth ranks of the team during 1989 to 1997. In 1998, he joined as youth player to Defensor Sporting. In 2001, he was loaned to Huracán Buceo, returning to Defensor the next season. At Defensor, Castillo remained until 2006, playing more than of 100 games for the club.

After good performances in his former club, he moved to most successful club of Uruguay, Peñarol in mid-2006. After a very good spell in the club, for example his nomination to the national team squad for the 2007 Copa América celebrated in Venezuela, among his achievements, in December 2007, was confirmed his move to Brazilian side Botafogo. Castillo signed a two-year contract with the club of Rio de Janeiro that will keep at the team until 2010.

Botafogo
Castillo joined Botafogo on 2 January 2008 for an undisclosed sum and presented on 6 January. He played in every game that Botafogo won during their success in the Copa Peregrino, against Stabæk and Viking. He helped the club to win the friendly tournament, not conceding goals in the two matches that the club disputed. Thanks for his performances on 22 January 2008, was nominated to the Uruguay national football team by Oscar Tabárez for a friendly against Colombia on 6 February.

Castillo become of good form the Campeonato Carioca, saving a penalty to Victor Hugo of Friburguense in the 4–1 win of Botafogo, in the first official game of "The wall" for that tournament. Due to his good performances for the Carioca against Flamengo and Fluminense, the biggest rivals of Botafogo, he came to be idolized by the club's fans. In April 2008, he won the Taça Rio, after a 1–0 victory over Fluminense with a goal of Renato Silva in the 84th minute, being this his first title in an international league. However, after the success of Botafogo, his club was eliminated of the Copa do Brasil by Corinthians and the Uruguayan keeper lost his reputation among the fans of the club, due to mistakes that he committed in the second game of the semifinals key. After of this bad moment of the player, was relegated as second choice goalkeeper of Botafogo, being the first keeper Renan, who was contesting the post with Castillo weeks ago.

On 10 May 2008, he made his league debut for Botafogo against Cruzeiro for the second week of the Campeonato Brasileirão, in where the club suffered a 1–0 away defeat at Mineirão Stadium with a goal of Guilherme in the 11th minute. Castillo kept his first clean sheet for Botafogo on his fourth league game against Fluminense in a 0–0 home draw. On 9 October, he suffered a serious knee injury after a match played against Vitória.

Castillo began the 2009 season in winning form with Botafogo, beating Resende in the Taça Guanabara final at Maracanã. The match finished in a 3–0 victory of his team with goals of Reinaldo, Maicosuel and Lucas Silva. He started the Brasileirão's third week away to Grêmio, which ended in a 2–0 loss. Of this form he returned to the titularity in Botafogo's goal after of challenge the post with Renan during weeks ago, receiving also a call-up from his national team for dispute the 2010 World Cup Qualifiers against Brazil and Venezuela.

He started several games consecutive with the coach Ney Franco until his dismissal, but with the arrival of Estevam Soares he preferred to Jéferson in the goal and Castillo again was relegated to the bench. After matchdays in the bench and without add minutes in the field, Botafogo declared that the keeper was put on the transfer list. Months later of this new, the keeper was released of the club and Castillo said that Botafogo lacked respect.

Deportivo Cali
On 18 December 2009, Castillo had reached an agreement with the Colombian Primera División side Deportivo Cali, putting pen to paper on a one-year deal. On 21 December, the player presented as new keeper of the club during a press conference. His competitive debut came against Deportes Tolima in a 3–1 loss where Jorge Perlaza's netted a hat-trick. However the next game Castillo had a better performance against Millonarios which Cali won 4–1 and then began to reach a well level that allowed him be nominated in the 23-man Uruguayan squad to face the 2010 FIFA World Cup at South Africa.

Following Uruguay's successful World Cup at Africa where they finished in the fourth place, Castillo returned to Cali to face the Torneo Finalización where Los Azucareros failed to qualify the playoffs to contest the league title. No doubt, the Uruguayan was a key player in obtaining the Copa Colombia title. In the cup final Cali defeat 2–0 to Itagüí Ditaires to earn for first time in the club's history that trophy after failing to win it in 1962, 1963 and 1981.

In December 2010, was reported that Castillo wouldn't renew his contract and following New year celebrations he left Cali's team despite his desire to continue.

Colo-Colo

Torneo Apertura
After the transfer saga of Argentina's Tigre keeper, Daniel Islas, on 7 January 2011, was officially announced that Castillo signed a two-year contract with Colo-Colo. In his arrival he was assigned with the kit number 1, previously worn by Francisco Prieto, the club's 2010 first choice keeper marginated by coach Diego Cagna to face the season. At Chilean club, Castillo was reunited with his national team teammate Andrés Scotti and on 9 January joined the club's pre-season in La Serena alongside Colo-Colo's another signing Agustín Alayes where he declared: "It's a joy arrive to the most successful team of Chile", finally adding: "I'll defend this team with much sacrifice and pride". Castillo made his friendly debut against Deportes La Serena in a 1–0 loss with a score of Javier Vatter in the 75th minute. After their stay in La Serena, Colo-Colo continued the pre-season at Santiago and in the following match against Unión Española he stopped a penalty to Sebastián Jaime in a game that finally Colo-Colo won 3–1. On 26 January, during the Noche Alba (Colo-Colo's last pre-season game where presents their signings) he produced a man of the match performance in a 3–2 defeat to Nacional, so that won the recognition from the press and the fans despite the loss.

On 30 January 2011, he officially debuted in a 2–2 home draw with Cobresal receiving goals from Víctor Osorio and Héctor Pericás. However, on 3 February, Castillo suffered a two weeks injury which he missed the Torneo Apertura second matchday game against Santiago Wanderers that Colo-Colo lost 2–1 with Raúl Olivares in the goal. Not obstant, in his return to Colo-Colo's goal on 18 February he had a poor performance in a 5–1 home loss to Universidad de Concepción that meant the biggest home defeat in the club's history and the worst start of championship since 1989 selling Cagna's firing.

Following Cagna's departure arrived 1991 Copa Libertadores champion Luis Pérez as caretaker, who remained Castillo in the goal. However, despite Pérez's trust in the keeper, he again completed a poor performance and conceded five goals in the Copa Libertadores debut that Colo-Colo lost 5–2 with Cerro Porteño. On 20 February the crisis deepened with Castillo yet on goal after a 2–0 away loss with Unión San Felipe for the local tournament. Finally Colo-Colo won 3–0 to Palestino during Pérez's last caretaking match where Castillo had casual crash with Arab team striker Nicolás Canales which the Uruguayan publicly apologized him in front of the press and then via Twitter. Shortly after Colo-Colo appointed Américo Gallego as club's new coach.

On 2 March 2011, Castillo played in Gallego's first match in the bench that Colo-Colo won 4–2 to Venezuelan Deportivo Táchira for the Libertadores where receive a twice of the Chilean Julio Gutiérrez. The club continued his rise after winning 2–1 to Unión Española at Santa Laura on 6 March where his performance was marred after receiving a 20-yard goal of Kevin Harbottle who chipped Castillo. Ten days later on 16 March for Colo-Colo's third game Libertadores, Castillo played in Colo-Colo's 3–2 home win over Santos at Estadio Monumental which suffered a 35-yard free kick goal of Elano in the 4th minute and forty-four minutes later in the 48th minute Neymar preciously eluded the Uruguayan to score the second goal for the São Paulo state-based outfit in a game which Esteban Paredes, Ezequiel Miralles and Andrés Scotti scored for the home. After the continental game Castillo played in a 1–1 draw with Cobreloa that contemplated goals of Paredes for the home and an own-goal of Daúd Gazale to the visitors. However Gallego then relegated Castillo to the bench following Prieto's well performance against Huachipato so that Castillo began to challenge the keeper position with Prieto after a rise status of the last. Following the Uruguayan's relegation, he returned in the 2–1 Libertadores win over Táchira for then play in the derby against Universidad Católica on 20 April which was 1–1 draw where receive another free-kick goal, now from Juan Eluchans. However Castillo was chosen by Gallego to play the Superclásico against Universidad de Chile after an acceptable match in the prior 1–0 win to Santiago Morning at Estadio Nacional, same stadium where would play the Chilean most important derby and the prior elimination of Colo-Colo in the Libertadores after loss 3–2 as home against Cerro Porteño where played Prieto and receive a 27-yard free kick winning goal of Jonathan Fabbro in the 88th minute when Colo-Colo drawing qualify to knockout stage. Finally on 30 April during the derby, Colo-Colo freshly opened the score the 64th minute with Miralles' score but The Owls sorted it during the last three minutes with a penalty goal of Gustavo Canales nearly saved by Castillo in the 87th minute and two minutes later after Diego Rivarola's header that sneaked up in the Uruguayan's second post to put the final victory.

However, after playing as home beating 5–1 to O'Higgins, drawing 1–1 with Deportes Iquique to finally defeat Ñublense as visitor 3–2 in Chillán that allowed Macul based-side qualify the playoffs in the 8th place (last position to qualify) where Castillo play all this games only being replaced by Raúl Olivares against O'Higgins in the 73rd minute. Not obstant Colo-Colo was eliminated by Católica in the quarterfinals after loss 4–2 at Monumental and a 1–1 draw at Estadio Nacional of which Castillo played both. On 18 June, once finished the Apertura was reported that Gallego would studying the possibility of Castillo's disappointing of the club to use his foreign bid in a midfielder to face the Torneo Clausura. On 28 June, was announced the 23-man Copa América squad where Castillo and his teammate Scotti were nominated by coach Oscar Washington Tabarez.

Torneo Clausura
Castillo left the club in December.

Liverpool
On 16 February 2012, he signed a six-month deal with the Uruguayan side Liverpool de Montevideo. He played a total of 15 matches and became an outstanding player for the club to achieve the qualification to the 2012 Copa Sudamericana.

Querétaro
On 21 June 2012, he signed a 3-year contract with Mexican Primera División side Queretaro. He made his debut for the club on 21 July 2012 against Club León.

International career
Castillo's first appearance for Uruguay was in a friendly match against South Africa, in a game that finished without goals. His second game for Uruguay was in a 2–2 draw with Colombia, replacing to Fabián Carini in the second half of the match. After his second presentation for his country, Castillo started in eight games of World Cup qualification, making his debut in a 6–0 win over Peru.

In June 2010, Castillo was named in the 23-man squad of Uruguay for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa as the second choice goalkeeper behind Fernando Muslera and before Martín Silva. Despite spending the entire tournament on the bench, Uruguay finished fourth in the tournament, their best finish since 1970. He played 90 minutes in a friendly against Indonesia at the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium on 8 October 2010, in which Uruguay won 7–1 despite being conceded first by Boaz Solossa.

The next year, he was called up to the squad for the Copa América, having the same role during the World Cup. Uruguay won the record 15th Copa title, and shortly after Castillo retired from the national team. His last cap was earned in a 2–0 friendly loss to Estonia at the A. Le Coq Arena on 25 March 2011.

Honours

Club
Botafogo
Copa Peregrino (1): 2008
Taça Rio (1): 2008
Taça Guanabara (1): 2009

Deportivo Cali
Copa Colombia (1): 2010

International
Uruguay
Copa América (1): 2011

References

External links
 Official Website

 CBF
 Futpédia
 ogol.com.br

1978 births
Living people
People from Durazno
Uruguayan men's footballers
Uruguayan expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Uruguay men's international footballers
Chilean Primera División players
2007 Copa América players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2011 Copa América players
Defensor Sporting players
Huracán Buceo players
Peñarol players
Colo-Colo footballers
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Deportivo Cali footballers
Liverpool F.C. (Montevideo) players
Querétaro F.C. footballers
Danubio F.C. players
Uruguayan Primera División players
Liga MX players
Categoría Primera A players
Expatriate men's footballers in Colombia
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Copa América-winning players

Juan Castillo (footballer, born 1978)


Meyer Optik Görlitz (or Goerlitz; German), originally Hugo Meyer & Co., was a former optical company from Görlitz in Germany.
It was founded in 1896 by optician Hugo Meyer (May 21, 1863 - March 1, 1905) and businessman Heinrich Schätze. The company got off to a successful start with the development of the wide-angle Aristostigmat lens and the subsequent acquisition of Optical Institute Schulze and Billerbeck, the manufacturers of "Euryplan lenses", as they were called at the time.

History

A key business decision was made in 1920 when the company decided to work with former Zeiss developer Paul Rudolph, who was previously significantly involved in the success of the Protar, Planar and Tessar lenses. Rudolph also gave Meyer Optik access to his patent for the so-called Plasmat lenses, which at the time included one of the most powerful lenses in the world. In 1936, the company was renamed Optische und Feinmechanische Werke Hugo Meyer & Co and produced approximately 100,000 lenses a year. During World War II, civilian production discontinued and mainly optical components for telescopes were produced.

After the war, the company was expropriated from the Saxony armaments industry and management under the name VEB Optisch-Feinmechanische Werke Görlitz. In the post-war era, the company produced mainly Trioplan triplets, usually for viewfinder cameras produced by Dresden-based camera manufacturers Welta, Balda, Beier, and Altissa. After being integrated into the VEB Pentacon and VEB Carl Zeiss collectives, the Meyer-Optik name was no longer inscribed on lenses after 1971. Many products were discontinued in favor of competing models produced by Carl Zeiss, while the equipment required to produce high-quality zoom lenses could not be procured.

In 1990, Feinoptische Werk Görlitz was spun off from VEB Carl Zeiss and converted into a private limited company and started to produce lenses with the Meyer-Optik logo. However, despite privatization efforts, the company was unable to attract investors and was liquidated shortly after.

In 2014, net SE, a publicly listed company (NETK) founded in 1997, working with the brand manager Globell B.V., exhibited new lenses under the Meyer-Optik-Görlitz name at the Photokina trade fair and began delivering the lenses in December of the same year.

In May 2015, net SE created a new subsidiary, Meyer Optik USA Inc., to distribute Meyer-Optik-Görlitz brands in the United States. Meyer Optik USA is headquartered in Atlanta, GA.  That same year, net SE - Globell Deutschland launched a Kickstarter campaign to produce the Trioplan f2.9/50, a special new lens that revived the tradition of a versatile "soap-bubble" bokeh lens.

More recent reports have net SE, the company behind the modern Meyer Optik Görlitz trademark, running what looks very much like an illegal ponzi pyramid scam, with Kickstarter implicitly assisting by tolerating breaches to its terms of service, meant to have restricted exactly this type of event from occurring.  According to the report, net SE had additionally registered multiple other trademarks for respectable, but defunct, historical companies and was pursuing ways to insulate the new entities one from the other.

References

 Meyer Optik Görlitz website
 net SE
 Meyer-Optik launches Kickstarter campaign for 50mm 'Soap Bubble Bokeh' Trioplan lens
 How Meyer Optik Görlitz Won at Kickstarter but Failed at Life, by Michael Zhan at Peta Pixel

Technology companies established in 1896
Optics manufacturing companies
1896 establishments in Germany
Manufacturing companies established in 1896
German brands
Lens manufacturers
Photography companies of Germany

Meyer Optik Görlitz


The Athenian Murders is an historical mystery novel written by Spanish author José Carlos Somoza. Originally published in Spain under the title La caverna de las ideas (The Cave of Ideas) in 2000, it was translated into English in 2002 by Sonia Soto. The Athenian Murders is Somoza's first novel to be published in English. It won the 2002 Gold Dagger Award.

Plot summary
The book is presented as a translation of an ancient Greek novel published in Athens just after the Peloponnesian War, complete with the extensive footnotes from the scholar performing the translation. In the ancient novel (which is itself called The Athenian Murders), a young ephebe named Tramachus is discovered on the slopes of Mount Lycabettus, apparently attacked by wolves. Diagoras, the boy's erastes and tutor at the Academy, enlists the help of a "Decipherer of Enigmas" (a detective named Heracles Pontor) to learn more about Tramachus's death. As Diagoras and Heracles investigate, more youths from the Academy are discovered brutally murdered. Their investigation takes them all over Athens, from mystery cult worship services to a symposium hosted by Plato.

Meanwhile, the translator (who is never named) provides frequent commentary on the work, particularly as he believes it to be an example of a (fictional) ancient literary device called eidesis. "Eidesis" is the practice of repeating words or phrases so as to evoke a particular image or idea in the reader's mind, as if it were a kind of literary steganography. As the translator works on the novel, he concludes that the eidetic secret concealed within the novel is The Twelve Labors of Heracles, one labor for each of the twelve chapters of the novel. The translator becomes obsessed with the imagery, going so far as to see himself depicted within the ancient work.

Partway through the novel, the translator is kidnapped and forced to continue the translation in a cell. His captor turns out to be the scholar Montalo, whose edition of The Athenian Murders is the only surviving copy of the work. Montalo himself had obsessed over the novel, hoping to find in it a proof of Plato's Theory of Forms. He felt that should an eidetic text, such as this novel, evoke the same ideas in each reader it would then prove that ideas have a separate, independent reality. However, Montalo finished the translation only to discover that the book proved the opposite—that the book proved his (and the translator's) reality did not exist. The translator finishes the work only to have the same realization: that they themselves are characters in The Athenian Murders, which was written by a colleague of Plato named Philotextus as a way to incorporate Plato's theory of knowledge while criticizing the philosophical lifestyle.

Characters in The Athenian Murders

In the ancient novel
Heracles Pontor – A "decipherer of enigmas" whose name and physicality bear a strong similarity to those of a later detective, Hercule Poirot.
Tramachus – A young student at the Academy whose mutilated body is discovered on Mount Lycabettus.
Itys – Tramachus's mother and childhood love-interest of Heracles Pontor.
Diagoras – A tutor of philosophy at the Academy who enlists Heracles Pontor to solve the case.
Yasintra – A hetaera working in Piraeus.
Ponsica – Heracles Pontor's slave and worshipper of the Sacred Mysteries
Euneos and Antisus – Classmates of Tramachus at the Academy.
Crantor – An errant philosopher who rejects Plato's rationality.
Menaechmus – A sculptor and tragedian in Athens.
Plato – A highly regarded philosopher at the Academy.

In the footnotes
The translator – An unnamed character who is only known through his footnotes to the translation of The Athenian Murders.
Helena – A colleague of the translator who correctly identifies the first eidetic message.
Montalo – The scholar who first compiled and annotated the papyri on which The Athenian Murders is told.

Platonic references
The novel extensively references Platonic idealism, the philosophical concept that postulates the independent existence of Ideas. According to Plato, the realm of Ideas is the only true reality; our world is made up of imperfect, ephemeral imitations of the true ideas. The epilogue penned by Philotextus references Plato's allegory of the cave when states that he believes philosophers are the ones inside the cave, oblivious to the real (that is, material) world all around them.

The work also calls upon Plato's Republic: the future world envisioned by Philotextus in which Montalo and the translator dwell is the ideal society postulated by Plato. In it, men and women are completely equal, violence has been eradicated, and the best of people rule the cities.

The ancient novel features a number of locations significant to ancient Greek philosophy. Diagoras and Heracles often walk in the Poikile Stoa, the birthplace of Stoicism. The duo also attend a Platonic symposium at the Academy of Plato.

See also

Fiction set in Ancient Greece
Pale Fire by Vladimir Nabokov

References

External links
A review of The Athenian Murders

2000 novels
Historical mystery novels
Philosophical novels
Novels by José Carlos Somoza
Novels set in ancient Greece
Metafictional novels

The Athenian Murders


David James Wilkie (9 July 1949 – 30 November 1984) was a Welsh taxi driver who was killed during the miners' strike in the United Kingdom, when two striking miners dropped a concrete block from a footbridge onto his taxi whilst he was driving a strike-breaking miner to work. The attack caused a widespread revulsion at the extent of violence in the dispute. The two miners were convicted of murder but the charge was reduced to manslaughter on appeal, becoming a leading case on the issue of the difference between the two offences.

Background
Wilkie was working in Treforest, Mid Glamorgan as a taxi driver, driving a Ford Cortina for City Centre Cars, based in Bute Street, Cardiff. He was regularly engaged in driving non-striking miners to work, as the bitter industrial dispute had made them targets for physical retaliation by those miners who were on strike. The Merthyr Tydfil area was said to be the strongest in support of the strike of any mining area in Britain; it is situated in South Wales, where a large percentage of Britain's remaining coalmines were situated.  There had not been much mass picketing in South Wales during the conflict, as there had been in many parts of England, because there had been so few strikebreakers.

Killing
On 30 November 1984, Wilkie's fare was David Williams, who lived in Rhymney and worked at the Merthyr Vale mine,  away. Wilkie was driving the same route as he had done for the previous ten days. He was accompanied by two police cars and a motorcycle outrider, and had just turned on to the A465 road north of Rhymney at the Rhymney Bridge roundabout, when two striking miners dropped a  concrete block from a bridge  over the road. Wilkie died at the scene from multiple injuries; Williams escaped with minor injuries.

Reaction
The incident led to a decrease in public support for the striking miners, and to an increase in the number of workers in other industries who crossed miners' picket lines (e.g. at power plants).

Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said, "My reaction is one of anger at what this had done to a family of a person only doing his duty and taking someone to work who wanted to go to work." Kim Howells, speaking for the South Wales National Union of Mineworkers, blamed the attack on the attempts to persuade miners to return to work. Arthur Scargill said he had been "deeply shocked by the tragedy" of Wilkie's death.

Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock was scheduled to appear at a Labour Party rally alongside Scargill in Stoke-on-Trent on the day of the tragedy.  Kinnock's speech developed into an argument with some hecklers who saw him as having betrayed the NUM by failing to support the strike.  Kinnock began by saying, "We meet here tonight in the shadow of an outrage."  When interrupted, Kinnock accused the hecklers of "living like parasites off the struggle of the miners."  As Kinnock went on to denounce the lack of the ballot, the violence against strikebreakers and the tactical approach of Scargill, he was asked by hecklers what he had done for the striking miners.  Kinnock shouted back, "Well, I was not telling them lies.  That's what I was not doing during that period."  This was a thinly-veiled attack on Scargill, whom he later admitted that he detested.

Wilkie lived with his fiancée Janice Reed, who was the mother of his two-year-old daughter and was pregnant with a baby who was born six weeks later. He also had a 12-year-old daughter and a five-year-old son by a previous partner. Funds were opened to help the family; among the donors was philanthropist Paul Getty. The Bishop of Llandaff led Wilkie's funeral service; he called for "some sort of moratorium" and a return to work by the miners in return for an impartial board to investigate conditions in the coal industry.

Murder trial

The two men who caused Wilkie's death, Dean Hancock and Russell Shankland, were found guilty of murder by a majority verdict on 16 May 1985 (by which time the strike had ended) and sentenced to life imprisonment. A third man, Anthony Williams, who had been present on the bridge but was found to have actively discouraged them from dropping the concrete block, was acquitted. The life sentences caused an outcry among the striking miners, who felt that the death of Wilkie was not a deliberate act; the strike had ended by the time the verdict was brought in, but 700 miners at Merthyr Vale walked out on hearing the news.

Russell Shankland's solicitor was critical of Scargill's attitude. He referred to the strike as "a war" and said with regards to Scargill, "In that war there were generals, and they stood outside the law and they left Russell Shankland outside the law."

On appeal, their convictions were reduced to manslaughter, and their life sentences were replaced with eight-year prison terms, of which they would serve just over half. The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Lane, explained that the crime would be murder if the death was a "natural consequence" of the miners' actions, but the legal phrase "natural consequence" was potentially misleading without further explanation. The appeal verdict of guilty to manslaughter was upheld in the House of Lords, in the case R v Hancock. Hancock and Shankland were released on 30 November 1989, which was coincidentally the fifth anniversary of Wilkie's death.

Aftermath
Kim Howells, the South Wales NUM official who commented on the killing of David Wilkie, later became a Member of Parliament for the Labour Party and served as a minister in the Blair government and later became chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee, a committee of parliamentarians that oversees the work of Britain's intelligence and security agencies. In 2004 he said that when he heard that a taxi driver had been killed, he thought "hang on, we've got all those records we've kept over in the NUM offices, there's all those maps on the wall, we're gonna get implicated in this". He then destroyed "everything", because he feared a police raid on the union offices.

References

1984 crimes in the United Kingdom
1984 in Wales
British manslaughter victims
Coal in Wales
Crime in Wales
Deaths by person in Wales
Miners' labor disputes
Protest-related deaths
Union violence
UK miners' strike (1984–1985)
Deaths by rocks thrown at cars
November 1984 events in the United Kingdom
British criminal case law
1984 in United Kingdom case law

Killing of David Wilkie


Lu Jiang (; born June 30, 1981, in Beijing) is a Chinese football player who plays for Chinese League One side Beijing Baxy.

Club career
Lu Jiang started his professional football career with Beijing Guoan in 2000 as a highly promising young midfielder who came from the club's youth team. He would progress within the team establishing himself as a squad regular until the beginning of the 2002 league season when new Beijing Guoan Head coach Ljupko Petrović promoted Lu Jiang as a first choice regular within the team. Lu Jiang would then spend several seasons as a vital member within the Beijing team, however the club were not regular title contenders and they brought in Shen Xiangfu as their new Head coach in 2005, this would however see Lu Jiang finding himself increasingly dropped from the team during the end of the season. Lu Jiang's performances saw him relegated to a squad player throughout the 2006 league season and it was only when Lee Jang-Soo came in to manage the team in 2007 was he able to get some more playing time. Under Lee Jang-Soo's reign he would become a versatile player able to play as a right back and with the sudden retirement of the team's right back Zhang Shuai at the end of the 2008 league season Lu Jiang would establish himself as a first choice regular once more within the team even after being banned for eight games after having a scuffle with Li Weifeng in a league game on September 27, 2008, against Wuhan Optics Valley. Despite Zhou Ting going on to become Beijing's first choice right back Lu Jiang would gain significant playing time and go on to win the 2009 Chinese Super League title with the club. By 2011 Lu Jiang's playing time would significantly drop at Beijing and he was allowed to leave the club to join second tier team Hunan Billows at the beginning of the 2012 league season.

International career
Lu Jiang would be called into the Chinese U-21 team and would be promoted to the senior team once he established himself within the Beijing Guoan on December 7, 2002, for a friendly against Syria in a game that China won 3-1
.

Honours
 Beijing Guoan F.C.
 Chinese Super League: 2009
 Chinese FA Cup: 2003
 Chinese Football Super Cup: 2003

References

External links

 Player profile at Sina website

1981 births
Living people
Chinese men's footballers
Footballers from Beijing
China men's international footballers
Beijing Guoan F.C. players
Beijing Sport University F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games
Men's association football midfielders
Asian Games competitors for China

Lu Jiang


Silvia Beatriz Elías de Pérez (born 10 May 1964) is an Argentine politician who was a National Senator for Tucumán Province from 2013 to 2021. A member of the Radical Civic Union (UCR), Elías de Pérez first took office on 18 December 2013 in replacement of José Manuel Cano, and completed the remainder of his term until 2015. She was then elected in her own right in that year's election.

Elías de Pérez was the Juntos por el Cambio candidate to the governorship of Tucumán in 2019, but lost against the Justicialist Party incumbent, Juan Luis Manzur. During her time as senator, Elías de Pérez was known for her socially conservative positions on LGBT rights and abortion.

Early life and career
Silvia Beatriz Elías was born on 10 May 1964 in Juan Bautista Alberdi, a small town in southern Tucumán Province. She finished high school at Escuela Normal Florentino. She counts with a public accounting degree and a master's degree on business administration from the Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North, having graduated in 1985. She has worked as a teacher and as a federal attorney.

She is married to Luis Pérez and has three children. Elías de Pérez is known for her devout Catholicism.

Political career
In the 2009 legislative election, Elías de Pérez was the second candidate to the National Senate in Tucumán for the Social and Civic Agreement list, behind José Manuel Cano. The list received 15.92% of the vote, and was the second-most voted in the province, meaning only Cano was elected for the minority seat.

In 2010 she was elected president of the UCR Committee of San Miguel de Tucumán, and in the 2011 elections, she was elected to the Provincial Legislature.

On 18 December 2013, she was sworn in as senator in replacement of Cano, who had been elected to the National Chamber of Deputies. Elías de Pérez then completed the remainder of his 2009–2015 term. She sought re-election in the 2015 elections, and ran as the first candidate in the Cambiemos list in Tucumán. The Cambiemos list received 35.35%, and, as the second-most voted list, received the seat for the minority. That year, she was elected vice-president of the National Committee of the UCR.

As senator, Elías de Pérez formed part of the parliamentary commissions on Justice and Criminal Affairs, Budget and Finances, Health, Women's Affairs, Media and Freedom of Expression, and National Economy and Investment. She was president of the health commission from 2014 to 2018, and later served as chair of the national economy commission from 2018 to 2021.

In 2019, Elías de Pérez was the Juntos por el Cambio–Frente Vamos Tucumán candidate to the governorship of Tucumán, facing against Justicialist Party–FDT incumbent, Juan Luis Manzur. She lost with 20% of the vote against Manzur's 50%.

Pérez did not run for re-election in the Senate in 2021, and her term expired on 10 December 2021.

Views and positions

Elías de Pérez is known for her staunch social conservative views. During the 2010 debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Argentina, Elías de Pérez called same-sex unions a "legal disaster" ().

In 2018, during the first debate on the legalisation of abortion in Argentina, Elías de Pérez had a widely publicised argument with molecular biologist Alberto Kornblihtt during the latter's exposition in the Senate health commission. At the end of Kornblihtt's presentation, Elías de Pérez asked him if he advocated for the use of abortion for eugenic purposes, such as to avoid the birth of children with Down's syndrome. Kornblihtt replied that genetic counseling contemplated the detection of serious illnesses in fetuses, and that Down's syndrome does not constitute a serious illness. The exchange, and Kornblihtt's reply to Elías de Pérez ("no está bien, está mal"), became popular on social media. Elías de Pérez voted against the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill again when it was debated by the Senate in 2020.

In May 2020, Elías de Pérez had another widely publicised exchange with Vice President (and Senate president) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. When Elías de Pérez referred to Fernández de Kirchner as "presidente", Fernández de Kirchner (who famously prefers to be referred by the less common, but still grammatically correct female form, presidenta) referred to Elías de Pérez by the unambiguously male term senador, instead of the female senadora.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
People from Tucumán Province
Members of the Argentine Senate for Tucumán
Women members of the Argentine Senate
Members of the Legislature of Tucumán
Radical Civic Union politicians
21st-century Argentine politicians
21st-century Argentine women politicians

Silvia Elías de Pérez


McGirt v. Oklahoma, 591 U.S. ___ (2020), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which ruled that, as pertaining to the Major Crimes Act, much of the eastern portion of the state of Oklahoma remains as Native American lands of the prior Indian reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes, never disestablished by Congress as part of the Oklahoma Enabling Act of 1906. As such, prosecution of crimes by Native Americans on these lands falls into the jurisdiction of the tribal courts and federal judiciary under the Major Crimes Act, rather than Oklahoma's courts.

McGirt was related to Sharp v. Murphy, 591 U.S. ___ (2020), heard in the 2018–19 term on the same question but which was believed to be deadlocked due to Justice Neil Gorsuch's recusal; Gorsuch recused because he had prior judicial oversight of the case. Sharp was decided per curiam alongside McGirt.

In the wake of McGirt, Oklahoma state courts began reviewing and vacating past criminal cases heard at state courts involving Native Americans and transferred their overview to federal courts. However, this included crimes where the defendants were non-Native Americans but the victims were, which state government and law authorities believed was beyond the intent of the McGirt decision. In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled in Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta that jurisdiction to prosecute non-Native Americans who commit crimes against Native Americans on tribal lands was jointly held by federal and state governments.

Background

Prior to its statehood in 1907, about half of the land in Oklahoma, including the Tulsa metro area today, had belonged to the Five Civilized Tribes: the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribal nations, whose nickname arose from their adoption of Anglo-American culture. There had been several decades of warfare and conflict during the 19th century between the Native Americans and the United States over the lands on which the Natives lived, arising from White Americans' efforts to change the Natives from what they viewed as "savage" to their view of "civilized". Eventually, these conflicts led to the Trail of Tears, an over 1,000 mile march from the Eastern US to Oklahoma that the US Government required the Native Americans to endure, resulting in the establishment of reservations. The General Allotment Act started the process of allotting land in Indian reservations. At first the Five Civilized Tribes were exempt from allotment, but the Curtis Act later allowed forced allotment. In 1906, the US Congress passed the Five Tribes Act which contemplated the "dissolution of the tribal governments," but also provided "the tribal existence and present tribal governments of [the Five Tribes] are hereby continued in full force and effect." By 1906, the US Congress passed the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which specifically required Oklahoma to disclaim "all right and title" to Indian property and lands and barred the Oklahoma Constitution from being construed to "limit or impair the right... of property pertaining to the Indians." The former reservation lands, those of the Five Civilized Tribes as well as the other tribes in the state, were allocated by tribe into areas that gave suzerainty governing rights to the tribe to handle internal matters for Native Americans within the boundaries, but otherwise the state retained jurisdiction for non-Native Americans and for all other purposes such as law enforcement and prosecution.

In Sharp v. Murphy, Patrick Murphy, a citizen of the Muscogee-Creek Nation, admitted to committing murder in the state of Oklahoma, and was subsequently tried by the state courts around 2015. During these trials, Murphy argued that the language of the Oklahoma Enabling Act did not specify that the Native American reservations were disestablished, and because he had committed the murder within the Muscogee reservation territory, that his crime was subject to federal jurisdiction and not state under the Major Crimes Act. This argument was rejected by the state and on its first appeal within the federal courts, but at the Tenth Circuit in 2017, the court found in favor of Murphy's argument that the Enabling Act did fail to disestablish the territories, and thus Murphy should have been prosecuted by the federal courts. Judge Neil Gorsuch was a member of the Tenth Circuit panel at the time. The state petitioned to the Supreme Court in 2018, which agreed to hear the case. By then, Gorsuch had been elevated to the Supreme Court, and he recused himself from all hearings on the case. Because only eight out of nine Justices heard the case, it remained unresolved at the end of the 2018–2019 term; the Court had stated plans to hold another hearing on the case in the 2019–20 term but had not set a date. Many court analysts believed the case to be deadlocked due to Gorsuch's recusal.

Statements of the case
Jimcy McGirt was an enrolled member of the Seminole tribe. In 1991, having recently been discharged from prison, he moved in with and married another member of the tribe at Broken Arrow, who was 10 years his senior. McGirt's wife had a granddaughter, whom McGirt would sexually abuse on an almost-daily basis when she was just four years old. Jimcy McGirt threatened the girl in order to get her to not speak about the crimes. McGirt was arrested on November 4, 1996, after turning himself in on an outstanding warrant. Bail was set at $25,000, and McGirt was released from jail in January 1997 after posting bail. He was returned to jail in May 1997 after violating bail conditions, and a new bail was set at $50,000. In June 1997, McGirt was found guilty, and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, plus two consecutive 500-year sentences.

After Sharp was granted certiorari by the Supreme Court, McGirt sought postconviction relief on the basis of the Tenth Circuit's ruling in Sharp. Both the county and state-level court refused to grant hearing to McGirt's case, claiming he had failed to show how the state courts lacked jurisdiction in his previous court cases. McGirt subsequently petitioned to the Supreme Court to review.

Supreme Court
McGirt was one of a dozen cases in which the Supreme Court opted to use teleconferencing for oral arguments for the first time in the court's history due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The arguments for McGirt were heard on May 11, 2020. Ian Gershengorn, former Solicitor General of the United States, argued the case, after offering his services to the plaintiff. Observers to the court stated that some justices raised concerns of how ruling in favor of McGirt, in recognizing that the reservations were never disestablished, would impact not only existing convicted prisoners within the state but how the federal courts would subsequently need to handle approximately 8,000 felonies that occur annually on those lands, as well as the impact on legal matters related to businesses and other civil actions that would fall under tribal regulations rather than the state's. Attention was given to the stance of Justice Gorsuch, who appeared to doubt Oklahoma's argument that the lands were effectively disestablished. Justice Sonia Sotomayor stated that should the Court find in favor of McGirt, ruling that the reservations were never formally disestablished, Congress would be able to easily remedy the situation with legislation to affirm the disestablishment.

Majority
The Court issued its decision on McGirt as well as a per curiam decision on Sharp following the basis of McGirt on July 9, 2020. The 5–4 majority opinion was written by Justice Neil Gorsuch and joined by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan, and determined that for purposes of the Major Crimes Act, Congress had failed to disestablish the Indian reservations and thus those lands should be treated as "Indian country". Gorsuch wrote, "Today we are asked whether the land these treaties promised remains an Indian reservation for purposes of federal criminal law. Because Congress has not said otherwise, we hold the government to its word."

Dissent
Chief Justice John Roberts wrote a dissent which was joined by Justices Samuel Alito and Brett Kavanaugh, as well as in part by Clarence Thomas. Roberts wrote of the majority decision, "The state's ability to prosecute serious crimes will be hobbled and decades of past convictions could well be thrown out. On top of that, the court has profoundly destabilized the governance of eastern Oklahoma."

Results
The Court's judgment reversed McGirt's denial for relief by the Oklahoma criminal court, which withdrew the state convictions. This then required a retrial by a federal court. This retrial was scheduled for October 6, 2020 in Muskogee federal court. Starting from the decision made in his Supreme Court case, McGirt was kept in jail for the duration until his federal trial as decided by a judge. This federal trial however did not occur until November 5. In this retrial, McGirt's victim, the granddaughter of his wife at the time of the incidents, recounted her accounts of the incidents. Now 28 years old, she mentioned that she had some difficulty recalling the events from when she was merely four years old. She did however tell the parts she could remember. The retrial was then set to continue the following day. After 3 days of testimonies, McGirt was found guilty again of sexually abusing his wife's granddaughter.

Impact
The decision by the Supreme Court was seen as a significant win for Native American rights. Gorsuch's opinion was seen to acknowledge that many of the promises that Congress had made to the Native Americans in turning over reservations have gone unfulfilled, and rejected the argument presented by the state and federal government that he summarized as: "Yes, promises were made, but the price of keeping them has become too great, so now we should just cast a blind eye."

The Supreme Court's decision directly impacts Native American tribal citizens who are currently convicted under state law for crimes committed on the former reservation lands, as well as for any future descendants that may be arrested for similar crimes covered by the Major Crimes Acts, as their prosecution would become a matter of the federal courts and not the state. At the time, about 1,900 of the prisoners in the Oklahoma system met these conditions, but only around 10% qualified for rehearings to transfer to the federal system as they were still within the statute of limitations.

The majority decision left open other potential impacts between territorial rights that may arise, which the Court put to the state and the tribes to resolve amicably should conflicts occur. Roberts had cautioned in his dissent that this could stretch to include taxation, adoption, and environment regulation rights. Lawyers for the tribal groups asserted that the decision was narrow in affecting only Native American descendants within the lands as no land ownership changed hands. The state and the five tribes issued a joint statement after the decision, stating "The nations and the state are committed to implementing a framework of shared jurisdiction that will preserve sovereign interests and rights to self-government while affirming jurisdictional understandings, procedures, laws, and regulations that support public safety, our economy, and private property rights. We will continue our work, confident that we can accomplish more together than any of us could alone."

Aftermath

Native territorial changes
Since the case of McGirt v. Oklahoma, there have been multiple cases to recognize the other native tribes rather than just stopping at the recognition of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation.

"Five Civilized Tribes" now recognized
The Five Tribes received official recognition as reservations again:

 Muscogee (Creek) Nation: This is the largest of the federally recognized Muscogee tribes. They are headquartered in Okmulgee, Oklahoma. Their jurisdiction is in Creek, Hughes, Okfuskee, Okmulgee, McIntosh, Muskogee, Tulsa, and Wagoner counties. The Muscogee are a unified nation of multiple tribes.
 Cherokee Nation: This nation is federally recognized. They are considered sovereign land.
 Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma: Their tribal jurisdiction consists of  Oklahoma counties divided into 12 tribal districts. Their headquarters are in Durant, Oklahoma. They function with their own government with Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branches.
 Chickasaw Nation: This is also a three-branched self-governed native nation. Their jurisdiction takes up Bryan, Carter, Coal, Garvin, Grady, Jefferson, Johnston, Love, McClain, Marshall, Murray, Pontotoc, and Stephens counties.
 Seminole Nation of Oklahoma: This nation is predominantly in Oklahoma and made up of three tribes. Their tribal complex can be found in Wewoka, Oklahoma.

Other tribes recognized
Quapaw Nation: This nation is located in parts of Ottawa County, Oklahoma in Northeast Oklahoma. They are headquartered in Quapaw, Oklahoma.
Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, Peoria Tribe of Indians and Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma located in Ottawa County, Oklahoma. They are headquartered in Miami, Oklahoma.

Criminal convictions
McGirt's case was reheard by a federal jury and he was found guilty on three counts of aggravated sexual abuse and sexual contact in November 2020. On August 25, 2021, McGirt was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. However, he may be granted compassionate release on or after June 1, 2027, per federal law.

In the months following the McGirt decision, several convictions of tribal members who were tried under Oklahoma state law had been undone and new trials held under federal law. Further complicating matters was the March 2021 decision of the Oklahoma Supreme Court in the case of Shaun Bosse, a non-tribal state resident who had been convicted of the murder of a Chickasaw family on tribal lands in 2012. The Oklahoma Supreme Court ruled that under McGirt, Bosse must be tried under federal law as well since the victims were Native American. In April 2021, Oklahoma Governor Kevin Stitt stated that the U.S. Supreme Court's decision had created a threat to public safety because thousands of convicted criminals may have their convictions overturned due to the Bosse ruling. The Cherokee Nation said it was "hard at work to ensure public safety" after the court "acknowledged the state illegally exerted prosecutorial authority involving Natives on our lands for decades" in McGirt and announced they had refiled over 500 cases dismissed in state courts. Following the Bosse ruling, Attorney General Michael J. Hunter filed an emergency request with the U.S. Supreme Court beseeching the judges to intervene and reconsider their McGirt decision. The Supreme Court granted the state's request on May 26, 2021, allowing the state to retain custody of Bosse pending a review of the state's petition. Bosse's case was reheard by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals in September 2021. The court ruled that the McGirt decision was not retroactive and denied release to the tribal/federal judiciary. As a result, the state withdrew its petition. Other incarcerated Native Americans continued to challenge this ruling, but the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear these challenges, maintaining the Oklahoma Court's position that McGirt was not retroactive.

Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta

In an attempt to overturn the McGirt ruling, either partially or in its entirety, the state filed a new petition to the Supreme Court in the Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta case. The 2017 case involved Victor Manuel Castro-Huerta, a non-Native American convicted of neglecting a Native American child while living in Tulsa County. Castro-Huerta challenged his sentence, citing McGirt. In April 2021, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals overturned the sentencing due to jurisdiction issues raised in McGirt.  The Castro-Huerta case was one of several cases the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals had applied the McGirt ruling to. The court relied on the precedent set by the McGirt case when deciding any case involving a Native American. The state believed this was excessive. The state's new Attorney General John M. O'Connor stated reversing part of McGirt, would be in the state's best interest and allow the state to protect Native American citizens and prosecute non-Natives who committed crimes against them. State law enforcement, several cities within the affected areas, and  the states of Texas, Kansas, Louisiana and Nebraska joined Oklahoma's petition specifically to have the part of the ruling affecting jurisdiction over crimes committed by non-Native Americans on Native land. The state, cities and law enforcement groups alleged that there was an increase in crimes committed against Native Americans by non-Native Americans following the McGirt decision. They went on to claim the McGirt ruling left them unable to enforce or prosecute these crimes, and existing tribal and federal law enforcement was spread too thin to handle the workload.

The Supreme Court granted certiorari of Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta in January 2022, but specifically stated they would only look at the scope of the decision in McGirt and will not review the McGirt decision itself.

On June 29, 2022, the Court held in Castro-Huerta that Federal and State governments have concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute crimes committed by non-Native Americans against Natives on tribal land.

Law enforcement
The FBI's jurisdiction expanded in Oklahoma by almost 45% of the state's land.

The ruling allowed the unsolved 1977 Oklahoma Girl Scout murders to be reviewed further by the Cherokee Nation Marshals.

In August 2023, the Supreme Court declined to hear a decision from the Tenth Circuit which was ruled in favor of a tribal member who was ticketed for speeding by the Tulsa police within the portion of Tulsa that was within Muscogee territory, who then had challenged the ticket on the basis of McGirt.  The ruling from the Tenth Circuit asserted that because of McGirt, the city could not enforce municipal regulations against tribal members on the parts of the city in tribal lands. Kavanaugh wrote an opinion on the case, joined by Alito, suggesting that there may be further need to review the bounds of McGirt with municipal laws.

See also
Aboriginal title in the United States
Former Indian reservations in Oklahoma
Indian country jurisdiction
Native American reservation politics
Off-reservation trust land
Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area
Tribal sovereignty in the United States

References

External links

2020 in United States case law
United States Native American criminal jurisdiction case law
United States Native American treaty case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
Native American history of Oklahoma
United States Native American case law
Seminole
Broken Arrow, Oklahoma

McGirt v. Oklahoma


National Catfish Day is a national observance of the United States celebrating "the value of farm-raised catfish." The day was designated as June 25, 1987, by President Ronald Reagan, who issued the Presidential Proclamation after the U.S. Congress called for the day to be established in House Joint Resolution 178.

The text of the Proclamation
Proclamation 5672 — National Catfish Day, 1987
June 25, 1987
By the President of the United States of America
A Proclamation
More and more Americans are discovering a uniquely American food delicacy — farm-raised catfish. In 1986, catfish comprised the third highest volume of finned fish consumed in the United States.
Ninety-nine percent of all these catfish were farm-raised. Between 1975 and 1985, production of farm-raised catfish increased by 1200 percent. Most observers expect that production will continue to increase in 1987. Production costs of catfish farming, which have averaged only 65 cents per pound over the past 8 years, have resulted in a stable income for growers and an economical food product for consumers. The accompanying growth of the catfish processing industry also has created thousands of permanent jobs.
Farm-raised catfish have come a long way from their bottom-feeding ancestors. The catfish that are available today, fresh or frozen in markets nationwide, are products of state-of-the-art methods of  aquaculture. They thrive in clean freshwater ponds on many American farms, where they are surface-fed soybean meal, corn, fish meal, vitamins, and minerals. Farm-raised catfish not only furnish American consumers with a tasty delicacy but also provide a nutritious, low-calorie source of protein that is also low in cholesterol.
In recognition of the value of farm-raised catfish, the Congress, by House Joint Resolution 178, has designated June 25, 1987, as "National Catfish Day" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in its observance.
Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim June 25, 1987, as National Catfish Day. I call upon the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh.
Ronald Reagan
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 4:13 p.m., June 25, 1987]

See also
 List of food days

External links
 National Catfish Day — Information from Holiday Insights

References

Observances in the United States
June observances
Observances about food and drink
Siluriformes

National Catfish Day


Ballistics the study of the motion of projectiles (flying objects), mainly about bullets which are fired from guns or cannon, but also about the motion of spacecrafts, motion of balls in ball games, etc. The motion of projectiles can be expressed by trajectories, which are the paths which a projectile takes. This science shows us the path and behavior of projectiles. Gun ballistics may be divided into the following four categories.

 Internal ballistics is about the motion of projectile inside barrel (tube part of gun). This motion depends on the pressure of gas, which is created by burning gunpowder. The pressure is depends on (is related to) the amount of gunpowder in the bullet, the type of gunpowder, size of pieces of gunpowder, free space behind a bullet and outside temperature. This motion also depends on the size and weight of bullet. The most important number from internal ballistics for performance is the muzzle velocity (projectile speed from the front edge of barrel).
 Transition ballistics is the study about the behavior and changes in a nearby distance from the barrel. It studies the effect of gases going from a barrel behind a bullet, which are faster than bullet. These gases can affect the ballistic path, usually in a bad way.
 External ballistics studies the trajectory of a projectile when it is outside of the object which accelerates it (such as when a bullet leaves the barrel of the gun, from which it is fired). This trajectory depends on three ballistic conditions - the beginning speed, the angle at which the object is thrown, and the ballistic coefficient (a number, which describes the influences of the air on the object). Trajectory of a projectile is also influenced by (depends on) resistance of air, rotation of bullet, the density and pressure of the air, and the strength and direction in which the wind may be blowing. For long-distance missiles, they also have to consider the changes in the magnetic field of the Earth.
 Terminal ballistics is about what happens when the projectile hits something, and either comes to a stop, or bounces off the other object.

References

Ballistics


George Castledine, FRCN (died 12 October 2018) was a British nursing educator and nursing consultant.

George Castledine won a scholarship to Oxford University, later attending Liverpool University. He worked as a staff nurse before relocating to the Manchester Royal Infirmary to be charge nurse in a trauma unit as well as lecturer. He was a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) from 1980.

Castledine moved to Wrexham, Wales, setting up the first nursing degree course linked to Cardiff Medical School: he established the Department of Nursing at the North East Wales Institute of Higher Education, now Glyndŵr University. He later moved to Birmingham as Assistant Dean and Professor of Nursing/Community Health at the University of Central England (now known as Birmingham City University).

George Castledine was knighted for his services to the health care profession in 2007, only the third male nurse ever to receive a knighthood. (The first was Graham Morgan in 2000, second Jonathan Asbridge 2006.)

Misconduct and striking off
In 2011, Castledine was terminated as the chief executive of the Institute of Ageing and Health for allegedly having an improper sexual relationship with an 85-year-old patient. He was suspended by the Nursing and Midwifery Council for 18 months, pending the outcome of an investigation into the alleged misconduct.

In January 2014, after a lengthy hearing, the NMC Conduct and Competence Committee found that 11 of the 13 charges of misconduct laid against Castledine were proven and imposed a striking off order. As a result, his knighthood was annulled.

He died on 12 October 2018 at the age of 72.

References

1940s births
2018 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
People associated with Wrexham University
British nurses
Academics of Birmingham City University
People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour
Fellows of the Royal College of Nursing
Male nurses

George Castledine