Charles Alfred Davis (12 February 1923 – 28 January 1999) was an English theologian and priest, and Professor of Theology at St Edmund's College, Ware, later Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Alberta. In 1966, he caused considerable controversy in both the Catholic and Anglican communities by publicly leaving the Catholic Church on the basis of what he said at the time was an "intellectual rejection of the Papacy."

Background
Davis was born in Swindon to Charles Lionel Davis (1893–1968), a sign painter, and Agatha Ellen Lapham (1893–1979). He was raised as a Catholic and went to school at St. Brendan's Grammar School in Bristol (now St. Brendan's Sixth Form College).

Davis was ordained in 1946 and then had two years of graduate studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. He taught at the seminary in St Edmund's Seminary, Ware from 1952 to 1965 and was the first Catholic to give the F. D. Maurice Lectures at King's College London, which were published in 1966 as God's Grace in History. He was also editor of Clergy Review (now The Pastoral Review). He received an appointment to Heythrop College, University of London, in 1965, where he remained for only 16 months.

Davis was a member of The New Churches Research Group (NCRG), a group of Catholic and Anglican church architects and craftspeople who promoted liturgical reform of churches though publications such as The Tablet and Architects' Journal. The group was co-founded by Peter Hammond and included architects Peter Gilbey, Robert Maguire, Keith Murray (an ecclesiastical designer), John Newton (Burles, Newton & Partners), George Pace, Patrick Nuttgens, Patrick Reyntiens (stained glass artist), Austin Winkley and Lance Wright.

Defection from the Church
Davis announced that he was leaving the Catholic Church on 21 December 1966. The decision was widely publicised and caused the Observer to describe his actions as leaving a "crisis of authority" in the Church. The Catholic Herald described his defection from the Church as "a cause for sadness, not only for the church, the man himself, and those who admired him and his work, but because of the inevitable bitterness that invariably follows such a step," before suggesting that it would have been preferable if Davis had been quieter in his exit.

In an article circulated by Davis at the time of his public exit, he states that the Church had become too powerful and too dehumanising – "a vast, impersonal, unfree, and inhuman system," that it had been compromised by its connection with the Nazi regime. The article also argued that orthodoxy had limited Davis' intellectual horizons: "I have had to remove a mountain of ecclesiastical rubble in order to produce a few tiny plants of creative thought." Davis's exit from the Church was included in an autobiography published the following year titled A Question of Conscience. In 1967, Davis married Florence Henderson (not to be confused with the actress), a Brooklyn-born Catholic theology student and member of The Grail, a Catholic women's movement. In 2006, their daughter, Claire Henderson Davis stated that her father left the priesthood to marry her mother.

The theologian Herbert McCabe published a critique – albeit a sympathetic one – in the journal New Blackfriars. McCabe's editorial argued that leaving the Church because it was corrupt was unreasonable since the Church had always been corrupt. Davis's leaving the Church has been described as having the same effect on the Catholic Church in Britain as the publication of John A. T. Robinson's Honest to God had on Anglicanism. The philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe wrote to Davis letting him know that she was glad that he had left the Church, as she regarded his beliefs about the Eucharist as being contrary to Catholic teaching.

After defection
He became Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Alberta in Edmonton. In 1970 he moved to Concordia University in Montreal to chair the Department of Religious Studies. He became the President of the Canadian Society for the Study of Religion.

In 1978, Davis gave the Hulsean Lectures at Cambridge University, which were published in 1980 as Theology and Political Society, which reflected his interest in the relation between religion and sociology. In 1995 a collection of essays titled The Promise of Critical Theology was published in Davis' honour.

In 1991, Davis retired and moved back to Britain, living in Edinburgh. In the last several years of his life he returned to the Catholic fold and received communion at Mass in Edinburgh and Cambridge. He suffered from Parkinson's disease and died in 1999.

Subsequent publications
In 1974, Davis published Temptations of Religion which identifies four temptations unique to religion. He calls these lust for certitude, pride of history, cosmic vanity, and anger of morality. In 1986, he published What is living, what is dead in Christianity today?: breaking the liberal-conservative deadlock.

References

1923 births
1999 deaths
English theologians
Former Roman Catholics
Critics of the Catholic Church
British expatriates in Italy
British expatriates in Canada

Charles Davis (theologian)


SatanDisk is a SD and MMC card adapter for Atari 16-bit computers, such as the Atari ST invented 2007. The objective is to replace mechanical hard drives available from Atari (SH204, SH205 and Megafile) and compatible products. It is out of the pre-production stage and units have now been shipped to most customers. The interface allows the connection of an SD or MMC card to be attached to the ACSI (hard disc) port of Atari computers, and has been tested to be compatible with TOS versions 1.02 to 2.06. The maximum supported size is 4 GB. The device appears to the system as any regular ACSI attached hard disc, but has so far only been successfully used with the proprietary and commercial HDDriver driver package.

In 2009 the developer Jookie (Miroslav NOHAJ) introduced a successor UltraSatan which supports two SD/MMC cards in parallel. The adapter features hot-plug capability of the cards and includes a battery backed up RTC chip. Additionally to the commercial HDDriver it is supported by the free ICD PRO.

External links
 Project website SatanDisk
 Project website UltraSatan
 HDDRIVER website

Atari ST
Solid-state computer storage media

Satandisk


Paul Walter Franke (December 23, 1917, Boston – July 21, 2011, Queens) was an American operatic tenor who specialized in the comprimario repertoire. He had a very long association with the Metropolitan Opera, where he performed nearly 2000 times from 1948 to 1987. He also sang in the Santa Fe Opera house.

His discography includes two recordings conducted by Renato Cellini, on RCA:  Il trovatore (with Jussi Björling, Zinka Milanov, Fedora Barbieri, and Leonard Warren, 1952) and Pagliacci (with Björling, Victoria de los Ángeles, Warren, and Robert Merrill, 1953).  On DVD, he is seen in the Met's 1980 Un ballo in maschera, opposite Katia Ricciarelli, Judith Blegen, Bianca Berini, Luciano Pavarotti, and Louis Quilico.

References

1917 births
2011 deaths
American operatic tenors
Singers from Boston
Classical musicians from Massachusetts

Paul Franke (tenor)


The Central Congregational Church is an historic church building located at 218 Walnut Street, in the village of Newtonville in Newton, Massachusetts.  Built in 1895, it is the only ecclesiastical work in the city by the noted Boston architects Hartwell and Richardson, and one of its finest examples of Romanesque architecture.  The building was listed on the  National Register of Historic Places in 1986.  Since September 7, 2003, it has been the Newton Campus of the Boston Chinese Evangelical Church.

Description and history
The Central Congregational Church is set on the east side of Walnut Street near the center of the village of Newtonville.  It is a substantial granite structure, with a slate roof and a square four-story tower.  The main sanctuary is oriented east-west, with turrets at the corners, beyond which entrance pavilions extend to either side.  The entry on the right continues to the tower, which has a decoratively-louvered belfry below a flared pyramidal roof.

The congregation that built the church was organized in 1868.  This church was built for it in 1895, designed by Hartwell and Richardson; it is possible that William Cummings Richardson was a parishioner—he lived in Newtonville at the time.  The firm also designed a number of other buildings in Newton, including the Masonic Building in Newtonville in 1896, but this is the only church they designed in Newton.  The church was acquired in 2003 by the Boston Chinese Evangelical Church (founded in 1961).

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

External links
 Newton Campus of the Boston Chinese Evangelical Church web page

National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
United Church of Christ churches in Massachusetts
Churches in Newton, Massachusetts
Stone churches in Massachusetts
Hartwell and Richardson buildings

Central Congregational Church (Newton, Massachusetts)


The Democrat Party (Turkish: Demokrat Parti, DP for short) was a centre-right political party in Turkey, and the country's third legal opposition party, after the Liberal Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) established by Ali Fethi Okyar in 1930, and the National Development Party (Milli Kalkınma Partisi) established by Nuri Demirağ in 1945. Founded and led by Celâl Bayar and Adnan Menderes, it was the first of the opposition parties to rise to power, de-seating the Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) during the national elections of 1950 and ending Turkey's one party era. The party ″facilitated the resurgence of Islam, especially at the popular level, in Turkey″.

History
The events and outcome of World War II played a large role in the emergence of the Democrat Party. A condemnation of fascism coincided with the defeat of the Axis Powers, and President İsmet İnönü realized that if he did not invite opposition against the CHP, Turkey would fall into social upheaval: one-party governments were no longer acceptable means of rule for modern states. Though the Independent Group - an opposition group of independents - was formed upon İnönü's assention as President in 1938, the opposition was weak and confined to 5 - 8% of the parliament. On November 1, 1945, İnönü made a speech in which he formally invited the formation of opposition parties in order to align Turkey with the democratic principles that had emerged victorious in the war.

But other factors were already at work in undermining the rule of the Republican People's Party— namely, the stagnant nature of the economy. Within the CHP and throughout the country, a rift was forming between statists and liberals, and that rift was magnified with the passage of the land reform bill of 1945. Although the bill was passed, 4 CHP parliamentarians, Celal Bayar, Adnan Menderes, Refik Koraltan, and Fuat Köprülü signed a motion criticizing party regulations, and were expelled from the CHP. They formed the Democrat Party that same year.

Due to the Democrat Party's infancy and its inability to fully organize or establish rapport with the Turkish public immediately after its conception, they lost the 1946 national elections with no surprise. In the four years that spanned before the next election, İnönü and the CHP tried desperately to reaffirm their popularity in the Republic, but voters were unconvinced that the party could implement any real change after 27 years in power.

By 1950, the Democrat Party had come to portray itself as the champions of the Turkish people, resentful of the CHP and ruling elite classes, despite the fact that most of its leaders were members of this same bureaucratic class. The Democrat Party exploited the CHP's association with Westernization, a source of hostility for the public and a sign they were losing touch with their citizenry. Following the example of the DP, the CHP extended its efforts into the villages to compete for votes, inducting the peasantry into politics for the first time.

In the 1950 elections, the Democrat Party enjoyed a landslide victory and won the majority of seats in the National Assembly, surprising many, especially the Democrats themselves. This was because of the winner-takes-all system employed in the elections. Their leader, Adnan Menderes, became Prime Minister and Celal Bayar became president. The peaceful transition to power from the CHP to the DP marked the beginning of a competitive political system in Turkey.

1950–61
The new Democratic-controlled Parliament offered a new, broadened political elite. There was a shift from members with military and bureaucratic backgrounds to those with commercial backgrounds and increased representation from small provinces (opposed to mainly Istanbul or Ankara). Despite attacks on İnönü and the CHP's efforts to orient Turkey with the West, the Democrats under Menderes continued this trend. After several busts of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk were vandalized, the DP Government introduced Law No.5816 on the 31 July 1951, which prohibited the defamation of Atatürk. In 1952, Turkey joined NATO and strengthened its ties with the West, an effort to protect against potential Soviet expansionism. Menderes and the Democrat Party became increasingly more involved in issues of national security, and it is often thought that they highlighted these efforts to draw attention away from the poor economic health of the nation, a tactic that would not remain successful for long. The economy grew with Marshall Plan aid and from privatizing state industry that had 27 years of protected growth under the CHP's statist economic policy.

The 1954 elections were again overwhelmingly won by the Democrat Party and Menderes remained Prime Minister. However, by 1955 widespread support for the DP began to deteriorate due to the nation's worsening economic situation, partly due to Marshall Plan aid running out. To distract citizens from the economy, xenophobia was employed against the remaining Greeks of Turkey in the Istanbul Pogrom. The economic policies pursued under the DP rule had led to high inflation rates, shortages of critical goods, and poor economic development. Additionally, the DP government began showing a deep authoritarian streak. In the years ahead, the DP increasingly suppressed opposition within their own party and with that of rival parties and stifled the press.

In the 1957 elections the DP blocked opposition parties from forming electoral alliances. While the opposition parties won the popular vote, this was not represented in parliament due to the winner-takes-all electoral system used at the time. The DP continued their authoritarian policies until 1960 saw the country's political situation rapidly deteriorate.

27 May 1960 coup d'état

On May 27, 1960, the DP government was overthrown by military group called the National Unity Committee, led by General Cemal Gürsel.  The military feared that the founding principles of the Turkish Republic were being eroded, and there was growing public dissatisfaction with Menderes' perceived intolerance of criticism. The military junta stayed in power for the next eighteen months, trying several top DP leaders for unconstitutional rule and high treason. Three of them, including Menderes, were executed. Five others, including Bayar, were sentenced to life imprisonment. The party was officially suppressed on September 29, 1961.

Ideology
The Democrat Party was founded in 1946 to oppose the ruling Republican People's Party, which had established the Turkish Republic and had remained in power from the founding of the Republic through 1950. Its founding members were all well-respected figures in the CHP before breaking off and establishing the Democrat Party. For this reason, both political parties had ideologies rooted in Kemalism which prevented the DP from differing substantially in practice from its predecessor, although it held notable variances in platform. Additionally, the DP still had to function within the confines of the 1924 constitution established by Atatürk and the first parliament which restricted the distance they could put between themselves and the CHP. Although it supported the resurgence of Islam, Democrat Party MPs who supported the creation of an Islamic state were expelled from the party.

The main differences in platform between the two lay in economic policy. While the CHP was guided by statism, the Democrat Party was more interested in privatizing state industries that had helped jump-start the Turkish Republic after World War I and the War of Independence now that the country was no longer nascent. The Democrat Party did not repudiate the Republican People's Party's policy of Westernization, but did not pursue it with quite the same vigour. It was also less militantly secular than the Republican People's Party, and championed populism which gained it wide support among Turkey's intelligentsia.

The party's logo, a galloping white horse, comes from the strong resemblance of the foreign word Demokrat to the Turkish words Demir Kırat, "Iron Kırat". The horse Kırat was a character in popular Turkish legend; it was the horse and trusted companion of Köroğlu, a Robin Hood-type hero who championed causes of the common people against the oppressive regime. Demokrat and Demir Kırat were often interchanged by the peasantry. The peripheral populations began to view the Democrat Party as the supernatural hero protecting their rights just as in the folklore.

Successor Parties

Justice Party

Though the military executed Menderes, the military was overall sympathetic with the DP's policies, as was much of the country, particularly the peasants. In the 1961 elections, neo-DP parties captured 48% of the vote, among them being the New Turkey Party (Yeni Türkiye Partisi) and the Justice Party (Adalet Partisi) founded by Ragıp Gümüşpala. Süleyman Demirel became leader of the right-wing AP in 1964. With his position as leader of the preeminent DP-successor party, Demirel became one of Turkey's major political figures, and AP one of Turkey's major political parties. It was banned after the 1980 coup.

Democratic Party (1970)

In 1970, the Justice Party's conservative wing broke away and launched the Democratic Party, which included many former DP leaders. It received 11.9% of the vote in the 1973 elections. By 1980, the party dissolved itself.

True Path Party

With the 1980 coup, all political parties were banned, including the use of their names and logos, while party leaders were imprisoned. The True Path Party (Doğru Yol Partisi) was founded in 1983 as a successor party of the Justice Party. In 1987, a passed referendum allowed pre-1980 politicians to participate in political life again, allowing Demirel to become leader of his political movement again. DYP and its rival Motherland Party (ANAP) will be Turkey's preeminent center-right political parties.

In 1993, Demirel stepped down as leader of DYP when he was elected Turkey's 9th president, picking Tansu Çiller to become leader of the party to succeed him as well as his premiership. In the 2002 elections, the party was not able to surpass the 10% threshold and received no seats in the National Assembly. In a 2007 party convention, it renamed itself to the modern Democrat Party.

Democrat Party (1992)

In November 1992, at what was declared to be the party's 5th Grand Conference, several former members relaunched the Democrat Party under the same name and emblem. It was at first led by Hayrettin Erkmen, but the most prominent leader was Aydın Menderes, son of Adnan, who was elected the party's third leader in February 1994. He led until a crippling road accident in 1996.

The relaunched Democratic Party never entertained mainstream politics, and did not participate in Turkey's elections of 2002. Other recent leaders have included Yalçın Koçak.

Democrat Party (2007)

In the 2007 DYP congress, DYP and ANAP announced a merger and for the occasion renamed itself to the Democrat Party. While the merger failed in the lead up to the 2007 election, DP and ANAP were eventually able to merge in 2009. In the 2018 elections it participated in the Nation Alliance with the CHP, İyi Parti and Saadet Partisi. It received one seat in the elected from İyi Parti's lists. In the 2023 parliamentary election it received three seats from CHP's lists.

Election results

See also
Liberalism in Turkey
Conservatism in Turkey
Justice and Development Party
Süleyman Demirel

References

External links

Political parties established in 1946
Defunct political parties in Turkey
1946 establishments in Turkey
1961 disestablishments in Turkey
Political parties disestablished in 1961
Istanbul pogrom

Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)


A cantilever is a figure skating move. It is considered a field move because it is not a jump, a spin, or a spiral.

A cantilever is performed by a skater traveling on a deep lean across the ice, either in a spread eagle or a Besti squat position. The skater then bends backwards, so their back is parallel to the ice, while remaining on the deep lean. The hands can be draped across the ice or not. This is a very dramatic move on the ice.

The move was invented by Werner Groebli, better known as "Mr. Frick", a long-time show skater with the Ice Follies. It was brought back and popularized by Ilia Klimkin of Russia, who performed it a lot in competition over many years.

References

 Figure skating glossary

Figure skating

Cantilever


The British Mountaineering Council (BMC) is the national representative body for England and Wales that exists to protect the freedoms and promote the interests of climbers, hill walkers and mountaineers, including ski-mountaineers. The BMC are also recognised by government as the national governing body for competition climbing.

History
The organisation was originally formed in 1944, following a proposal from the president of the Alpine Club, Geoffrey Winthrop Young. It aimed to represent the interests of climbing clubs and primarily maintain access for climbers to climb on a mountain, a crag, or even a sea cliff in England and Wales. When the council was created the following aims were set out:

 Protection of climbing areas from planned development.
 Provision of huts and hostels.
 Reviewing and investigating climbing equipment.
 Assisting mountain rescue.
 Provision of climbing and hillwalking instructors.
 Establishing regional committees.
 Publication of a mountaineering journal.

In 1972 as a result of the Cairngorm Plateau disaster where five school children and one teacher died of hypothermia the BMC began working closely with the Mountain Leader Training Board. To this day membership of the BMC or Mountaineering Scotland is required to begin mountain leader training.

In 1997, the BMC was one of the organisations which formed the Mountain Training Trust which took control of managing Plas y Brenin on behalf of Sport England.

As of 2017 its headquarters are on Burton Road in West Didsbury, an area of Manchester, England.

In 2018, members voted for the first female president of the organisation, Lynn Robinson.

Founding members
The BMC began with 25 member climbing and outdoor organisations including:
Alpine Club
The Rucksack Club
The Wayfarers' Club
Ladies' Alpine Club
Pinnacle Club
The Yorkshire Ramblers' Club

Member benefits
The British Mountaineering Council works for its members to provide services and representation for: access and conservation, climbing walls, clubs and huts, competition climbing, equipment advice, guidebooks and maps, heritage, international, safety and skills, youth and equity.  The organisation now has two types of membership; those that are affiliated via a club and those that are individual members.

The BMC currently has over 75,000 members: 51,000 individual members, 24,000 club members, and 280 affiliated clubs. Membership benefits include access to the BMC travel insurance scheme, civil liability insurance, discounts on equipment, technical and training advice, and four copies of Summit magazine each year.

Summit magazine aims to cover articles of interest to all climbers, hill walkers, and mountaineers. It frequently covers topics outside the remit of the mainstream magazines. Editions of the magazine are produced four times per year (Feb, May, Sep, Nov) and are sent direct to all British Mountaineering Council (BMC) individual members. People who are members of the BMC through an affiliated club only receive one copy – the February issue. The circulation therefore varies from 40,000 (May, Sep, Nov) to 75,000 (Feb). This makes it the climbing magazine with the largest circulation in the UK. It is also available to purchase in the BMC online shop and available from selected mountain centres throughout the UK, such as Plas y Brenin in Capel Curig.

The BMC produces rock climbing guidebooks to parts of the UK, primarily the Peak District and Lancashire. It also administers a 'reciprocal rights card' service, giving BMC affiliate members reduced rates in alpine huts owned by other national mountaineering organisations.

Rebranding proposal
On 25 July 2016 the British Mountaineering Council announced its intention to re-brand itself as "Climb Britain", following consultant advice funded by Sport England. However, following a strong backlash from its membership and subsequent consultations and heated online debates, it announced two months later that the renaming would not go ahead. Because of the way the rebranding issue had been handled, the BMC executive committee subsequently found itself facing a motion of no confidence from some of its members at its April 2017 AGM.

Interest was expressed in using the "Climb Britain" brand for another purpose within the BMC.

See also
Mountaineering Scotland
Lancashire Rock

References

External links

Climbing organizations
1944 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Manchester
Sports organizations established in 1944
Sport in Manchester
Mountaineering
Competition climbing organizations

British Mountaineering Council


The Gildonic War () was a rebellion in the year 398  led by Comes Gildo against Roman emperor Honorius. The revolt was subdued by Stilicho, the magister militum of the Western Roman empire.

Background

Revolt of Firmus
Gildo was a Berber by birth, the son of the immensely rich and prestigious Moorish lord Nubel. Under the reign of Valentinian I, Nubel's death resulted in a succession dispute between his sons, and Gildo's brother Firmus emerged victorious, after assassinating his brother Zamma. But when the governor of Africa, the unpopular count Romanus, disputed Firmus' claim, the latter used his influence, and the effects of the public outrage at Romanus' maladministration, to raise the province into open revolt, and only the swift response of the Imperial court and the energetic conduct of the general Theodosius prevented the province from becoming an independent monarchy of Firmus. The tyrant was captured, and the rebellion suppressed (373–374 AD); but the province remained unhappy. Romanus, whose exactions and corruption had given rise to the disorder, was not prosecuted for his crimes, and the malversations in the government continued.

Gildo Governor of Africa
Several years later (386 AD), the son of emperor Theodosius I decided to pacify the province by appointing Firmus' brother  Gildo, who had fought loyally and courageously for the Romans during his brother's rebellion, with the rank of military Count to restore justice in the province. However, he ruled the province as a bloodthirsty, cruel tyrant throughout the twelve years of his command (386–398 AD). This province was, after the change of Egypt province's breadbasket role to the Eastern Roman Empire, designated as the granary of Rome and Roman Italy. Gildo used Rome's dependence on this tribute to expand his authority, and the disorder in the Roman government after the death of Theodosius and the division of the Empire between his sons, Arcadius and Honorius, into separate spheres of east and west, contributed to secure Gildo's impunity, and provoked him at last into flagrant abuse of his power.

Gildo had failed to support Theodosius in the civil war of 394 against Eugenius, and consequently had awakened Theodosius' mistrust; the latter's death prevented retribution, but when the energetic general Stilicho had succeeded to the management of Honorius' affairs, Gildo could only avoid punishment by subordinating himself to the Eastern Empire, directed by the feeble eunuch Eutropius. This constituted an act of treason against Honorius, who had officially received Africa as part of his portion. Stilicho, hoping to preempt the intervention of Eutropius, who might be expected to support Gildo's secession to the east, exploited the complaints of the inhabitants of Africa regarding Gildo's misrule to persuade the Senate to declare him "enemy of the State" and wrest Africa from him.

The war in Africa
Stilicho sent the brother of Gildo, Mascezel, together with some 5,000 Gallic veterans, to Northwest Africa. Gibbon reports the units that formed the expeditionary force consisted of men from units whose names carried long histories of service to Rome:

The loyalist army was countered by a force of some 70,000, consisting of the Roman legions already present in Africa, complemented with a huge cavalry of mercenaries from Gaetulia and Ethiopia.

As Mascezel approached with offers of peace, he first encountered the standard bearer of one of the African legions. When he refused to yield, Mascezel struck him on the arm with his sword. As a result, the standard-bearer lowered the standard, which was incorrectly perceived by the troops as a sign of submission. All other standard-bearers of the frontline followed the example, and the disaffected cohorts turned against Gildo and began shouting the name of their new commander. The Berber mercenaries were amazed at the disloyalty of their Roman allies and took to a tumultuous flight.

Aftermath

The honour of an easy and almost bloodless victory fell to Mascezel, while Gildo tried to flee in a small boat, hoping to reach the friendly shores of the Eastern Roman Empire. However, unfavourable winds drove the vessel back to the harbour of Tabraca, where the inhabitants were eager to display their new loyalty by throwing Gildo in the dungeons. To avoid the revenge of his brother (Gildo had the two sons of Mascezel murdered), Gildo committed suicide by hanging.

Mascezel died shortly after his brother. On his triumphant return to the Roman court in Mediolanum, Stilicho received him with much ceremony and jealousy. He drowned when he, in the company of Stilicho, crossed a bridge and fell in the water, either by accident, or pushed on orders of Stilicho.

References

Notes

Primary source
 "De Bello Gildonico/The war against Gildo" (poem by Claudian: our main source for the war)

Secondary sources
 Passages from Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
 Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 2, blz 268

398
390s in the Roman Empire
4th-century rebellions
Africa (Roman province)
Civil wars of the Roman Empire
Rebellions against the Roman Empire
Rebellions in Africa
Wars involving the Roman Empire

Gildonic War


The Wallaville Branch Railway was a fifty kilometre railway line in Queensland, Australia. It was a branch line from Goondoon railway station () (about twenty kilometres east of Gin Gin on the Mount Perry railway line in the Bundaberg Region of Queensland, Australia) southwest to Kalliwa Creek. It was approved in December 1914 to tap the Goodnight Scrub forests and to transport sugar cane to the Wallaville mill established in 1896.

Construction
Work began but was suspended in 1916. Construction resumed after World War I and the first stage to Wallaville was opened on 9 August 1920. Stops were established en route at Snake Creek, Bungadoo, Delan, Weithew, Berrembea, Drinan and Lallewoon. Two trains a week plied the route plus additional services during the sugar crushing season.

Extension
As an employment measure during the depression, the line was extended beyond Wallaville about 10 kilometres via Innes to Morganville but still well short of the original Kalliwa Creek proposal. Located near the banks of the Perry River, Morganville was named in honour of the Railways Minister Godfrey Morgan and after whom the town of Glenmorgan in southwest Queensland was also named. Passing through Innes Siding, the extension opened on 3 October 1931. The Morganville extension generated some year round traffic in hoop pine logs and cattle.

Closure
The Innes Siding to Morganville section closed on 1 November 1960 and from Wallaville to Innes closed on 1 May 1964.  It must be assumed that they were not viable. The remaining section from Goondoon to Wallaville closed from 15 June 1964. It was sold to the Wallaville sugar mill, which converted the majority to a two foot gauge sugar cane tramway.

References

 Rod Milne "Wallaville Branch Line" ARHS Bulletin June 1997

External links
 Article on Australian sugar cane locomotives
 1925 map of the Queensland railway system

Closed railway lines in Queensland
History of sugar
Railway lines opened in 1920
Railway lines closed in 1964
Sugar mill railways

Wallaville railway line


Charlotte station is a former railroad depot located at 430 North Cochran Avenue in Charlotte, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as Michigan Central Railroad Charlotte Depot. It has been refurbished as a restaurant, and now houses Don Tequilla's Mexican Grill.

History
Charlotte was first incorporated as a village in 1863, and in 1868 the Grand River Valley Railroad (GRVRR) constructed the first railroad line through the village. The railroad constructed the first depot in Charlotte that same year. In 1870, the GRVRR was folded in to the larger Michigan Central Railroad. Also in 1870, the Peninsular Railway constructed a second line through the village with its own depot. By 1880, Peninsular was part of the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway.

By the early 20th century, the Michigan Central decided to replace the 1868 GRVRR depot. Although the reason for the replacement is not known, it is likely that the older depot was too small to handle the required volume of passengers and freight passing through the station. Michigan Central tasked the Detroit architectural firm of Spier & Rohns, who designed nearly all the company's depots between 1884 and 1913, to design a new depot in Charlotte in 1901. N.J. Rogers of Detroit was the contractor for the construction, and the new depot opened to passengers in July 1902. For a time, the 1868 depot was retained to handle freight, allowing the new depot to cater exclusively to passengers. The depot served passengers until it closed in about 1948.

After its closure, the Miller family of Eaton Rapids purchased the building and refurbished it into a restaurant and ice cream parlor. The building continued to be used as a restaurant under several owners. It now houses Don Tequilla's Mexican Grill.

Description
The former Michigan Central Railroad Charlotte Depot is a long single-story building constructed of light reddish-brown brick with stone trim, with multiple hipped roofs. It is basically rectangular, measuring 108 feet by 26 feet, with the addition of a large rectangular bay on the street side and an apsidal extension at one end. The roof is covered with clay tile, and has widely extending eaves.

The interior of the building originally contained a main waiting area, a ladies' waiting area, and a baggage room. When refurbished into a restaurant, the floor plan was maintained, with the main waiting area and ladies' waiting area serving as the dining room, while the baggage area and a portion of the main waiting area serving as the kitchen. The ticket counter serves as the cash register area.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Eaton County, Michigan
Victorian architecture in Michigan
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1901
Railway stations closed in 1948
Former Michigan Central Railroad stations
Transportation in Eaton County, Michigan
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Former railway stations in Michigan
Railway stations in the United States closed in the 1940s

Charlotte station (Michigan Central Railroad)


Sergei Mironovich Kostrikov or better known as Sergei Kirov (born 27 March 1886, O.S. 15 March, Urzhum, Russian Empire – died 1 December 1934, Leningrad, RSFSR, Soviet Union), was a Soviet politician and Bolshevik revolutionary whose assassination led to the first Great Purge in 1936, that was organised by Joseph Stalin and the NKVD (Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolai Yezhov and Lavrenty Beria).

Sergei Kirov joined the RSDLP in 1904 led by Lenin. Sergei Kirov was involved in the 1905 Russian Revolution until it ended in 1907. He then moved to the Caucasus where he stayed until the [1917 Russian Revolution and Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate the throne ending the long Russian Monarchy. He was also involved in the Russian Civil War of 1917 until it ended in 1923. Sergei Kirov was also involved in the 1918-1921 Polish–Soviet War until it ended in 1921 just two years before both Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War ended in 1923 in the Soviet Union. Lenin died in 1924 aged 54 and Felix Dzerzhinsky, Alexei Rykov, Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev, all tried to replace Lenin, but it was Joseph Stalin who came to power in 1924. Stalin and Kirov were friends until Kirov was shot and killed in 1934 at the age of 48, possibly by the NKVD on the order of Stalin. And it led Stalin to kill Alexei Rykov, Lev Kamenev and other Leninists. Stalin had Genrikh Yagoda and Nikolai Yezhov executed in 1938 and 1940 by Lavrentiy Beria. Stalin ordered Leon Trotsky to be assassinated in August 1940 during the Second World War, who had fled to Mexico in 1937.

He was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and the leader of the Azerbaijan SSR, between 1921 and 1926.

He was Chief of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Leningrad, from 1927 until he was assassinated on 1 December 1934.

It is speculated by historians, that the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered his assassination, because he saw Kirov, who was popular, as a threat to his rule, and started the Great Purge as an excuse to eliminate all his real and potential rivals.

1886 births
1934 deaths
Assassinated Russian people
Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920) politicians
Deaths by firearm in Russia
Politicians from Saint Petersburg
Pseudonyms
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian communists
Soviet military people
Soviet politicians

Sergei Kirov


A boutique is a small shopping outlet, especially one that specializes in elite and fashionable items such as clothing and jewellery. The word is French for "shop".

"Boutique" was an everyday English word in the late 1960s when, for a brief period, Swinging London was the centre of the fashion trade. Carnaby Street and the Kings Road were the focus of much media attention as the most fashionable boutiques of the era were there.

Today, boutique may refer to a specialised firm, such as a boutique investment bank or boutique law firm.  The word is often used to describe small private hotels, to distinguish them from larger chains (such as Hilton Hotels).  In such cases the term suggest their operation is elite and highly specialised.

In the strictest sense of the word, boutiques would be one-of-a-kind but some chains are referred to as boutiques if they specialize in particular styles.

Recently, the term "boutique" has started being applied to normally-mass-market items that are either niche or produced in intentionally small numbers at very high prices.  This may be referred to as boutique manufacturing. For example, a Time Magazine article suggested that Nintendo could become a "boutique video-game company", producing games for niche audiences, rather than trying to compete directly with Microsoft and Sony.

References

Shops

Boutique


The foreign policy of the United States is the way that the United States acts towards other countries and involves setting out how US organizations, corporations, and individual citizens should act towards foreign countries.

The US has a lot of power in the world for several reasons. The country has a $15 trillion economy and approximately a quarter of the global gross domestic product. It also has a defense budget of $711 billion, which is about 43% of military spending in the world. The US has a powerful military, which it can send out to protect countries or locations that are considered important to the country's foreign policy.

The US Secretary of State does the same as the foreign minister of other countries and is responsible for diplomacy with other countries. The position is now held by Antony Blinken. However, the President of the United States has the highest authority over US foreign policy.

The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs aims to control nuclear technology and nuclear hardware, foster commercial relations with foreign nations, and safeguard US business abroad. The committee also watches over international agreements about commodities, international education, and the protection of American citizens abroad.

US foreign policy includes defining what actions and choices are in the best national interest and the strategies that are chosen to lead to the country's policy goals. Those goals are to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world. The US aims to achieve that goal for the benefit of its people and of the international community.

US foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism from both within the US and in other countries.

References

foreign relations of the United States

Foreign policy of the United States


The 1876 New York state election was held on November 7, 1876, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, a Canal Commissioner and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and two members of the New York State Senate. Besides, two constitutional amendments were proposed - to abolish the elected Canal Commissioners and appoint a Superintendent of Public Works instead; and to abolish the elected New York State Prison Inspectors and appoint a Superintendent of State Prisons instead - and both were accepted by the electorate.

History
The Republican state convention met on August 23 at the Town Hall in Saratoga Springs , New York. Warner Miller was Temporary Chairman until the choice of John M. Francis as Permanent Chairman. Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859-1862) was nominated for Governor on the first ballot (vote: Morgan 242, William M. Evarts 126, William H. Robertson 24, Martin I. Townsend 18). Sherman S. Rogers was nominated for Lieutenant Governor on the first ballot (vote: Rogers 240, Theodore M. Pomeroy 178). George F. Danforth was nominated for Judge of the Court of Appeals on the second ballot (first ballot: Danforth 107, Lyman Tremain 81, Prescott 67, Erastus Cook 49, Edwin Countryman 31, Bullard 14; second ballot: Danforth 185, Tremain 83, Prescott 70). Daniel G. Spencer was nominated for Canal Commissioner after a rising vote (vote: Spencer 113, Benjamin Carpenter 109). Charles W. Trowbridge was nominated for Prison Inspector after the first ballot (vote: Trowbridge 147, John W. Veeder 40, William W. Enos 33, William P. More 31, Charles Tremain 29, William Post 2).

The Liberal Republican state convention met also on August 23 at Saratoga Springs. Benjamin F. Manierre was Chairman. The convention endorsed the Republican ticket.

The Democratic state convention met on August 30 at Saratoga Springs. Judge Gray was Chairman. Ex-Governor Horatio Seymour (in office 1853-1854 and 1863-1864) was nominated for Governor again. The convention re-assembled on August 31, and re-nominated the incumbent Lieutenant Governor William Dorsheimer by acclamation. Then Lester C. Faulkner read a telegram received from the Committee that informed Seymour of his nomination, stating in a roundabout way that Seymour, who was already in bad health at home in Utica, New York, had accepted the nomination. Robert Earl for Judge of the Court of Appeals, and Darius A. Ogden for Canal Commissioner, were nominated by acclamation. Robert H. Anderson was nominated for Prison Inspector on the first ballot (vote: Anderson 163, Benjamin S. W. Clark 146). After a few more speeches, the convention adjourned sine die in the afternoon. In the evening, it was discovered that Seymour had not accepted the nomination, but on the contrary had sent a telegram to Chairman Gray before the opening of the second day's session declining the nomination. This telegram was held back on the advice of Daniel Magone. It was believed that the Tilden faction had the intention to have the State Committee select a candidate later. Others believed that the hiding of Seymour's refusal from the convention was done with the intention to force him to stay on the ticket, help to get the Democratic ticket elected and then resign, like Martin Van Buren who resigned two months into his term to let his lieutenant Enos T. Throop occupy the office. The convention re-assembled on September 13 at Congress Hall in Saratoga Springs, and nominated State Comptroller Lucius Robinson for Governor, whereupon John Kelly resigned from the ticket on which he had been placed as a presidential elector at-large.

The Greenback convention met on September 26 at Martin's Opera House in Albany, New York. A. A. Carsey was Temporary and Permanent Chairman. Richard M. Griffin for Governor; Thomas Armstrong for Lieutenant Governor; Abraham J. Cuddeback for Canal Commissioner; Marcena M. Dickinson, of Nyack, for Judge of the Court of Appeals; and John W. Crump for Prison Inspector; were nominated by acclamation.

Result
The whole Democratic ticket was elected.

The incumbent Lt. Gov. Dorsheimer was re-elected.

With the ratification of the two amendments, this was the last time Canal Commissioners and Prison Inspectors were elected.

Notes

Sources
The tickets:  in NYT on November 2, 1876
The Democratic candidates: SKETCHES OF THE CANDIDATES in NYT on September 1, 1876
Results: The Tribune Almanac 1877

See also

 New York gubernatorial elections

1876
1876 New York (state) elections

1876 New York state election


The Florida Women's Reception Center (FWRC) is a state prison for women located in Ocala, Marion County, Florida, owned and operated by the Florida Department of Corrections.

This facility has multiple missions for Florida state female inmates: "reception, in-patient mental health, faith, and character based (programs) and general population." It has a maximum capacity of 1345 inmates at a mix of security levels, including minimum, medium, and close.

Prior to August 2013, it was known as the "Lowell Reception Center", reflecting its relationship with the nearby Lowell Correctional Institution, which is the largest single women's prison in the U.S. The facility is also adjacent to Florida's Marion Correctional Institution, a men's facility.

FWRC has come under criticism for the quality of its medical care. Following an audit in September 2015, an oversight board declared a "medical emergency" at the facility, citing at least three individual inmates with untreated life-threatening medical conditions, poor recordkeeping, and other serious deficiencies on the part of the DOC and its medical provider, Corizon.

Notable Inmates
 Rachel Wade – Found guilty of murder in the second degree in the murder of Sarah Ludemann.
 Denise Williams – Found guilty of orchestrating the murder of her husband Jerry Michael Williams.
 Marissa Mowry – Found guilty of raping and getting pregnant by an 11 year old boy she was babysitting, now moved to the Lowell Correctional Institution

References

Prisons in Florida
Buildings and structures in Marion County, Florida
2012 establishments in Florida
Women's prisons in Florida

Florida Women's Reception Center


Titus Adams (born January 28, 1983) is a former American football defensive end. He was selected by the New York Jets in the seventh round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at Nebraska.

Adams has also been a member of the New York Giants, San Diego Chargers, Cincinnati Bengals and New England Patriots.

Early years
Adams was born in Omaha, Nebraska, and was a standout defensive tackle for Creighton Preparatory School. There he was a two-time all-state selection and led his team to the state championship back to back years. They won the state title in 1999, and finished runner-up in 2000. Adams participated in the first ever U.S. Army All-American Bowl game on December 30, 2000, and was named to several All-American teams, including those of Parade magazine and Rivals.com.

College career
Adams played defensive tackle in college for the University of Nebraska. In 49 games with the Huskers, Adams started 22 times. He recorded 135 tackles (60 solos) with 3.5 sacks, 16 tackles for losses and 26 quarterback pressures. He recovered two fumbles, deflected three passes and intercepted two others. He graduated with a degree in business administration.

Professional career
Adams was selected by the New York Jets in the seventh round of the 2006 NFL Draft but released by the team on September 2, 2006. He was re-signed to the Jets' practice squad on September 6, 2006. In December of that year, the New York Giants signed Adams from the Jets' practice squad to their 53-man roster. Adams spent the rest of the season with the team and was waived on August 17, 2007. Adams was claimed off waivers by the Chargers on August 20, 2007, but waived on August 31, 2007. The Cincinnati Bengals signed Adams to their practice squad on December 18, 2007. He was re-signed to a future contract on December 31, 2007, but released by the team on July 7, 2008. In July 2008, Adams was signed by the New England Patriots. He was waived on August 30 and re-signed to the team's practice squad on September 1.

After spending the 2008 season on the practice squad, Adams was waived again on September 5, 2009, and re-signed to the team's practice squad the next day. On December 9 he was promoted to the active roster. He played in his first NFL game on December 13 against the Carolina Panthers, recording two tackles at nose tackle. He was waived on December 31.

Adams was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns on January 1, 2010.

References

External links
Cleveland Browns bio

1983 births
Living people
Players of American football from Omaha, Nebraska
African-American players of American football
American football defensive tackles
American football defensive ends
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
New York Jets players
New York Giants players
San Diego Chargers players
Cincinnati Bengals players
New England Patriots players
Cleveland Browns players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

Titus Adams


Aage Niels Bohr (; 19 June 1922 – 8 September 2009) was a Danish nuclear physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 with Ben Roy Mottelson and James Rainwater "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". His father was Niels Bohr.

Starting from Rainwater's concept of an irregular-shaped liquid drop model of the nucleus, Bohr and Mottelson developed a detailed theory that was in close agreement with experiments.

Since his father, Niels Bohr, had won the prize in 1922, he and his father are one of the six pairs of fathers and sons who have both won the Nobel Prize and one of the four pairs who have both won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Early life and education
Bohr was born in Copenhagen on 19 June 1922, the fourth of six sons of the physicist Niels Bohr and his wife Margrethe Bohr (née Nørlund). His oldest brother, Christian, died in a boating accident in 1934, and his youngest, Harald, was severely disabled and placed away from the home in Copenhagen at the age of four. He would later die from childhood meningitis. Of the others, Hans became a physician; Erik, a chemical engineer; and Ernest, a lawyer and Olympic athlete who played field hockey for Denmark at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. The family lived at the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, now known as the Niels Bohr Institute, where he grew up surrounded by physicists who were working with his father, such as Hans Kramers, Oskar Klein, Yoshio Nishina, Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg. In 1932, the family moved to the Carlsberg Æresbolig, a mansion donated by Carl Jacobsen, the heir to Carlsberg breweries, to be used as an honorary residence by the Dane who had made the most prominent contribution to science, literature, or the arts.

Bohr went to high school at Sortedam Gymnasium in Copenhagen. In 1940, shortly after the German occupation of Denmark in April, he entered the University of Copenhagen, where he studied physics. He assisted his father, helping draft correspondence and articles related to epistemology and physics. In September 1943, word reached his family that the Nazis considered them to be Jewish, because Bohr's grandmother, Ellen Adler Bohr, had been Jewish, and that they therefore were in danger of being arrested. The Danish resistance helped the family escape by sea to Sweden. Bohr arrived there in October 1943, and then flew to Britain on a de Havilland Mosquito operated by British Overseas Airways Corporation. The Mosquitoes were unarmed high-speed bomber aircraft that had been converted to carry small, valuable cargoes or important passengers. By flying at high speed and high altitude, they could cross German-occupied Norway, and yet avoid German fighters. Bohr, equipped with parachute, flying suit and oxygen mask, spent the three-hour flight lying on a mattress in the aircraft's bomb bay.

On arrival in London, Bohr rejoined his father, who had flown to Britain the week before. He officially became a junior researcher at the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, but actually served as personal assistant and secretary to his father. The two worked on Tube Alloys, the British atomic bomb project. On 30 December 1943, they made the first of a number of visits to the United States, where his father was a consultant to the Manhattan Project. Due to his father's fame, they were given false names; Bohr became James Baker, and his father, Nicholas Baker. In 1945, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, J. Robert Oppenheimer, asked them to review the design of the modulated neutron initiator. They reported that it would work. That they had reached this conclusion put Enrico Fermi's concerns about the viability of the design to rest. The initiators performed flawlessly in the bombs used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

Career
In August 1945, with the war ended, Bohr returned to Denmark, where he resumed his university education, graduating with a master's degree in 1946, with a thesis concerned with some aspects of atomic stopping power problems. In early 1948, Bohr became a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. While paying a visit to Columbia University, he met Isidor Isaac Rabi, who sparked in him an interest in recent discoveries related to the hyperfine structure of deuterium. This led to Bohr becoming a visiting fellow at Columbia from January 1949 to August 1950. While in the United States, Bohr married Marietta Soffer on 11 March 1950. They had three children: Vilhelm, Tomas and Margrethe.

By the late 1940s it was known that the properties of atomic nuclei could not be explained by then-current models such as the liquid drop model developed by Niels Bohr amongst others. The shell model, developed in 1949 by Maria Goeppert Mayer and others, allowed some additional features to be explained, in particular the so-called magic numbers. However, there were also properties that could not be explained, including the non-spherical distribution of charge in certain nuclei. In a 1950 paper, James Rainwater of Columbia University suggested a variant of the drop model of the nucleus that could explain a non-spherical charge distribution. Rainwater's model postulated a nucleus like a balloon with balls inside that distort the surface as they move about. He discussed the idea with Bohr, who was visiting Columbia at the time, and had independently conceived the same idea, and had, about a month after Rainwater's submission, submitted for publication a paper that discussed the same problem, but along more general lines. Bohr imagined a rotating, irregular-shaped nucleus with a form of surface tension. Bohr developed the idea further, in 1951 publishing a paper that comprehensively treated the relationship between oscillations of the surface of the nucleus and the movement of the individual nucleons.

Upon his return to Copenhagen in 1950, Bohr began working with Ben Roy Mottelson to compare the theoretical work with experimental data. In three papers, that were published in 1952 and 1953, Bohr and Mottelson demonstrated close agreement between theory and experiment; for example, showing that the energy levels of certain nuclei could be described by a rotation spectrum. They were thereby able to reconcile the shell model with Rainwater's concept. This work stimulated many new theoretical and experimental studies. Bohr, Mottelson and Rainwater were jointly awarded the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". Because his father had been awarded the prize in 1922, Bohr became one of only four pairs of fathers and sons to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Only after doing his Nobel Prize-winning research did Bohr receive his doctorate from the University of Copenhagen, in 1954, writing his thesis on "Rotational States of Atomic Nuclei". Bohr became a professor at the University of Copenhagen in 1956, and, following his father's death in 1962, succeeded him as director of the Niels Bohr Institute, a position he held until 1970. He remained active there until he retired in 1992. He was also a member of the board of the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics from its inception in 1957, and was its director from 1975 to 1981. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he won the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics in 1960, the Atoms for Peace Award in 1969, H. C. Ørsted Medal in 1970, Rutherford Medal and Prize in 1972, John Price Wetherill Medal in 1974, and the Ole Rømer medal in 1976. Bohr and Mottelson continued to work together, publishing a two-volume monograph, Nuclear Structure. The first volume, Single-Particle Motion, appeared in 1969; the second, Nuclear Deformations, in 1975.

In 1972 Bohr was awarded an honorary degree, doctor philos. honoris causa, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, later part of Norwegian University of Science and Technology. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1980. Bohr was also an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the United States National Academy of Sciences.

In 1981, Bohr became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.

Bohr's wife Marietta died on 2 October 1978. In 1981, he married Bente Scharff Meyer (1926–2011). His son, Tomas Bohr, is a professor of physics at the Technical University of Denmark, working in the area of fluid dynamics. Aage Bohr died in Copenhagen on 9 September 2009. He was survived by his second wife and children.

Bohr's Nobel Prize medal was sold at auction in November 2011. It was subsequently sold at auction in April 2019 for $90,000.

Notes

References

External links

  including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1975 Rotational Motion in Nuclei
 Oral History interview transcript with Aage Bohr 23 & 30 January 1963, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

1922 births
2009 deaths
Atoms for Peace Award recipients
Danish Nobel laureates
Danish nuclear physicists
Danish people of Jewish descent
20th-century Danish physicists
Founding members of the World Cultural Council
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Columbia University faculty
Aage
Nobel laureates in Physics
Scientists from Copenhagen
University of Copenhagen alumni
Manhattan Project people
Aage
Danish expatriates in the United States
Burials at Mariebjerg Cemetery
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Aage Bohr


Marc Copland  (, ; born May 27, 1948, as Marc Cohen) is an American jazz pianist and composer.

Copland became part of the jazz scene in Philadelphia in the early 1960s as a saxophonist, and later moved to New York City, where he experimented with electric alto saxophone. In the early 1970s, while pursuing his own harmonic concept, he grew dissatisfied with what he felt were inherent limitations in the saxophone and moved to the Baltimore-Washington, D.C., area, where he remained for a decade to retrain as a jazz pianist. He returned to New York in the mid-1980s. He has since become noted for his highly developed, colorful use of abstract harmony, often using unusual polychords and elements from atonal music. Mel Minter writes that Copland "excels at painting abstract sonic atmospheres".

Early years
Copland was born on May 27, 1948, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He began taking piano lessons at age seven, but stopped abruptly at the age of ten when his public school offered the option of saxophone training. Beginning his career on alto sax, Copland became part of a vibrant music scene in his hometown in the early 1960s, learning and playing with Michael Brecker, a close friend and fellow high school student. In 1965 he briefly studied harmony with Romeo Cascarino in Philadelphia and also began training in composition with Meyer Kupferman and studied saxophone with Joseph Allard, both in New York.

Career
In 1966, Copland moved to New York City, where he attended Columbia University. At Columbia, he played in a band with Armen Donelian and Sam Morrison. He became part of a late 1960s and early 1970s New York jazz scene that expanded from the traditional clubs into lofts around the city. During this period, Copland was, along with John Abercrombie and Glen Moore, a member of the Chico Hamilton Quartet. He experimented by adding electronic processors to his alto, culminating in the recording of Friends, an electric jazz album produced by a small New York City start-up label, Oblivion. This album, with Abercrombie, Clint Houston, and Jeff Williams, achieved a kind of cult status, earning a five-star review in Down Beat magazine.

Increasingly, however, Copland was writing music with more complex chords that suggested to him an approach to music very different from his acoustic and electronic saxophone work. He came to feel that as an instrument, the saxophone was not a suitable vehicle to fully express his musical imagination. By 1973, he had decided to switch to piano.

For the next decade, Copland labored in Washington, D.C., and Baltimore in relative obscurity while mastering his new instrument. During this period he underwent a kind of apprenticeship, playing with well-known musicians passing through the area who asked for him as an accompanist. Backing up different musicians one week to the next, he worked with artists such as Randy Brecker, Bob Berg, Hank Crawford, Art Farmer, Curtis Fuller, Tom Harrell, Eddie Harris, Harold Land and Blue Mitchell, Dave Liebman, Bob Mintzer, Gary Peacock, and Sonny Stitt. During this time he also led his own bands in local clubs, playing with many of the musicians who lived and worked in the area. One of these, bassist Drew Gress, later moved to New York and over the years has become one of Copland's chief musical collaborators.

In the early 1980s, Copland returned to New York. For a time he returned weekly to Washington to continue private teaching and a steady trio engagement, but after a couple of years these regular visits tapered off in favor of more extensive work in New York City. During this period he worked with Bob Belden, Jane Ira Bloom, Joe Lovano, Herbie Mann, James Moody (with whom he toured for three years), John Scofield, Jim Snidero, and Dave Stryker. A busy sideman, he began to appear with his own bands in local clubs, but remained unrecorded as a leader. Acting on a tip that the Japanese label Jazz City was searching for ten American pianists, Copland sent an audition tape to guitarist/producer Yoshiaki Masuo. After listening, the producer called Copland to decline, saying that the label had already reached agreement with ten pianists. A few weeks later Masuo called back to say one pianist had dropped out, and offered Copland his first record deal. My Foolish Heart, Copland's debut disc as leader, was recorded at "The Studio" in Soho. His trio and quartet gigs and were more frequent, and as word of his trio spread, he began to play regularly at several venues around the United States, first with Peacock and drummer Bill Stewart, and later, when Stewart was no longer with the original trio, with Billy Hart.

In the 1990s, on the recommendation of Peter Erskine and John Abercrombie, Copland recorded with Vince Mendoza, in the process making the acquaintance of Japanese producer Takao Ogawa. A few years later Ogawa and Copland bumped into each other in a New York studio, agreeing to meet to discuss recording possibilities. Ogawa subsequently organized and produced Stompin' with Savoy (Savoy), featuring an all-star quintet including fellow Philadelphian Randy Brecker and Bob Berg. Because of the limited distribution in the U.S. of his previous CDs, this release effectively became Copland's American debut. It garnered high praise in the American press, which cited his unique way of re-interpreting the standard repertoire, an approach which was widely copied by younger musicians later in the decade. The release led to three years of touring with the quintet in major clubs around the country. Savoy recorded three other albums, as well as a fourth CD that was never released.

The Savoy jazz catalog was largely inactive in the late 1990s, and for a couple of years Copland went unrecorded. But In the mid-nineties Copland had begun touring Europe with his own groups, first in duo with John Abercrombie, and later in trios and quartets. As a result, at the beginning of the millennium several European labels took an interest and began to document his work. These recordings solidified his position as a leading and original voice on his instrument in various contexts; each disc was greeted enthusiastically by the press. His work from 2000 to 2006 can be divided into solo piano work, duos, trios, and quartets.

In 2001, French producer Philippe Ghielmetti heard Copland with his trio in Paris, and invited him to record his debut solo piano album. The album featured almost all Copland originals. Three years later, Swiss producer Werner Uehlinger followed. In Poetic Motion, references to Bill Zavatsky's poem of the same title are everywhere. In Time Within Time Copland wrote his own verse, which helped unify the theme of "time" that is present in the CD title, the cover photograph, and the musical titles and content.

For years, the duo in jazz was a rarely seen ensemble. Copland concentrated on this somewhat neglected format in many of his recordings between 2000 and 2005. His partners on the various projects played diverse instruments, including alto sax, soprano and tenor sax, guitar, bass, and trumpet. A final duo release from this period featured Copland in duets with another pianist with a harmonically advanced bent, the American Bill Carrothers:

Perhaps the album most responsible for opening the door to wider public acceptance for Copland during the new millennium was his return to the trio format with his regular working band of the period, with Drew Gress on bass and Jochen Rueckert on drums. The album was an application of the pianist's lyrical bent to the interpretation of ballads, a song form that lends itself naturally to his style. The trio developed the rapport evident on the album through several years of steady gigs in New York, and USA and European tours. Another and very different trio, with Kenny Wheeler and John Abercrombie, was a meeting of three individualist instrumentalists and composers. This latter trio recorded twice, and also toured Europe frequently.

In the nineties, Copland wrote and arranged extensively for his quintet and quartet; he returned to this format with four CDs in the 2000s.

During this period Copland recorded exclusively for Pirouet. His output during this period included mostly trios, but also duos, quartets, and a quintet album. Some Love Songs recalls his earlier ballad disc Haunted Heart, with the same trio of Gress and Rueckert. Beginning with Modinha, the pianist embarked on the three-volume "NY Trio Series"; he later returned to the trio of Gress and Rueckert for "Some More Love Songs."

Discography

As leader and solo recordings
 1988 My Foolish Heart (Jazz City) with Gary Peacock, John Abercrombie, Jeff Hirshfield
 1992 At Night (Sunnyside)
 1992 Two Way Street with Dieter Ilg (Jazzline)
 1995 Stompin' with Savoy (Savoy)
 1996 Second Look (Savoy)
 1997 Paradiso (Soul Note)
 1998 Softly (Savoy)
 2000 Between the Lines with Tim Hagans (Steeplechase)
 2001 Double Play with Vic Juris (Steeplechase)
 2001 That's for Sure with John Abercrombie, Kenny Wheeler (Challenge)
 2001 Poetic Motion (Sketch)
 2001 Haunted Heart and Other Ballads (Hathut)
 2002 Bookends with Dave Liebman (Hathut)
 2002 Lunar with Dave Liebman (Hathut)
 2002 Songs without End with Ralph Towner
 2002 Round and Round with Greg Osby (Nagel-Heyer)
 2003 Night Call with Greg Osby (Nagel-Heyer)
 2003 Marc Copland and... (Hatology)
 2004 What It Says with Gary Peacock (Sketch)
 2004 Both/And with Randy Brecker (Nagel-Heyer)
 2004 Brand New with John Abercrombie, Kenny Wheeler (Challenge)
 2005 Some Love Songs (Pirouet)
 2005 Time within Time (Hatology)
 2006 New York Trio Recordings, Vol. 1: Modinha (Pirouet)
 2006 No Choice with Bill Carrothers
 2007 New York Trio Recordings, Vol. 2: Voices (Pirouet)
 2008 Another Place (Pirouet)
 2009 New York Trio Recordings, Vol. 3: Night Whispers (Pirouet)
 2009 Insight with Gary Peacock (Pirouet)
 2009 Alone (Pirouet)
 2011 Crosstalk (Pirouet)
 2011 Speak to Me with John Abercrombie (Pirouet)
 2012 Some More Love Songs (Pirouet)
 2015 Le Long de La Plage with Michel Butor (Harmonia Mundi)
 2015 Zenith
 2017 More Essentials Daniel Schlappi (Catwalk)
 2017 When the Birds Leave with Robin Verheyen, Drew Gress, Billy Hart (Universal)
 2017 Better by Far with Ralph Alessi, Drew Gress, Joey Baron (InnerVoice Jazz)
 2018 Gary
 2019 Alice's Wonderland
 2020 John
 2022 Someday with Robin Verheyen, Drew Gress, Mark Ferber (Inner Voice Jazz)

As sideman
With John Abercrombie
 2013 39 Steps (ECM)
 2017 Up and Coming (ECM)

With Bob Belden
 1991 Straight to My Heart
 1990 Treasure Island
 1996 Shades of Blue
 2001 Black Dahlia
 2006 Three Days of Rain

With Ethel Ennis
 1994 Ethel Ennis
 1998 If Women Ruled the World

With Tim Hagans
 1993 No Words
 2006 Beautiful Lily
 2008 Alone Together

With Steve LaSpina
 1992 New Horizon
 1994 Eclipse
 1995 When I'm Alone

With Ron McClure
 1996 Concrete Canyon
 1997 Closer to Your Tears
 1999 Double Triangle

With Gary Peacock Trio
 2015 Now This
 2017 Tangents

With Dave Stryker
 1994 Strike Zone
 2000 Shades of Miles

With Stan Sulzmann
 1992 Never at All
 2004 The Jigsaw

With others
 1991 Urban Tales, Jim Snidero
 1994 What's Goin' On Dieter Ilg
 1993 Amethyst, Billy Hart (Arabesque)
 1993 Penumbra, Ahmad Mansour
 1995 Third Ear, Rez Abbasi
 1996 Under the Influence, Kim Pensyl
 1997 The Gift, Gordon Brisker
 1997 Blue Porpoise Avenue, Glenn Wilson
 2001 B-A-C-H: A Chromatic Universe, Peter Herbert
 2002 Samba Jazz Fantasia, Duduka da Fonseca
 2005 Beginning, Eumir Deodato
 2012 El Gaucho, Jeanfrançois Prins
2020 Giulia, Francesco Cataldo

References

External links

 interview short film with Marc Copland and Gary Peacock

Living people
1948 births
Jazz musicians from Philadelphia
Post-bop jazz musicians
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Sunnyside Records artists
Savoy Records artists
SteepleChase Records artists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
FMR Records artists
Nagel-Heyer Records artists
Pirouet Records artists

Marc Copland


Ronald Johnston Wonnacott  (11 September 1930 – 29 January 2018) was a Canadian economist.

Wonnacott received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Western Ontario, then earned a doctorate from Harvard University. He taught at Western from 1958 to 1996, and served as William G. Davis Professor of International Trade. He was president of the Canadian Economics Association 1981/1982.

He was coauthor of Free Trade Between The United States And Canada: The Potential Economic Effects (with Paul Wonnacott), a study that helped to revive the Canadian debate over free trade and set the background for the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988. This agreement was the major issue in the 1988 Canadian federal election, and came into effect after the Conservative victory in that election.

He was also author of a number of textbooks with his two brothers: on statistics and econometrics with brother Tom, and on elementary economics with his brother Paul.

References

1930 births
2018 deaths
Officers of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Canadian economists
Harvard University alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario

Ronald J. Wonnacott


Ninth grade (also 9th Grade or Grade 9) is the ninth or tenth year of formal or compulsory education in some countries. It is generally part of middle school or secondary school depending on country. Students in ninth grade are usually 14–15 years old, but in some countries are 15–16.

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, ninth grade is the third year of secondary school, which starts in seventh grade. Under the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan, education up to ninth grade (about age 15) was compulsory. In 2013, it was noted that students were generally gender-segregated by ninth grade, with female students taught by female teachers.

In 2021, the Taliban abolished the 2004 constitution and banned female students from attending secondary school. In March 2022, the Taliban announced that secondary schools would reopen for girls but closed them again very soon after.

Canada

In most of Canada, Grade 9 is either the last year of junior high school or the first year of high school depending on province and students are typically about age 15. In Quebec, however, Grade 9 is the middle year of its five-year high school program.

Denmark

In Denmark, grade 9 (around age 16, also called form level 9) is the final year of compulsory education, and grade 10 is optional. Public comprehensive schools up to grade 10 are called Folkeskole. Grade 9 subjects include Danish, English, Christian studies, history, social studies, mathematics, geography, biology, physics/chemistry and German and French as electives. Students must sit compulsory school-leaving exams at the end of grade 9, and must also complete a mandatory project assignment during the year.

After grade 9, students have the option of attending general or vocational upper secondary education for two or three years until they are around 19.

Finland

In Finland, ninth grade is the last year of compulsory schooling. Students are generally aged around 16 when they finish 9th grade. They can then go on to attend vocational or academic high schools (generally for 3 years).

Germany

In Germany, grade 9 (about age 15) is generally the last year of lower secondary school and the end of compulsory full-time education. Qualifications gained in this year will determine the student's eligibility for academic or vocational upper secondary school.

India

Following the National Education Policy 2020, ninth grade in India is the first year of high school (generally ages 14 to 15). The intention of the new policy for ninth and tenth grade is to encourage multidisciplinary study, with students having greater flexibility and choice of subjects. Generally ninth grade is the preparatory year for secondary school certificate exams in tenth grade. Schools are affiliated with various curriculum and education boards which set required subjects based on the national curriculum; for example, students attending CBSE schools must take five compulsory subjects (English, Hindi, mathematics, social sciences and science) and may take up to four electives.

Kuwait

In Kuwait, ninth grade is the last year of intermediate school and students are usually around 14 years old. At this level, the school district runs standardized tests at the end of the second and fourth quarters of the year, and students will be promoted to grade 10 (the first year of secondary school) if they achieve at least 50% in each subject. Under the Constitution of Kuwait, all Kuwaitis are entitled to a free education until the end of secondary school, but a large percentage of the population is non-Kuwaiti and not covered by this requirement. There are also no legal rules preventing students from dropping out at age 15, after completing ninth grade.

Mexico

In Mexico, ninth grade is the last year of Educación Secundaria (lower secondary education). Schooling up to ninth grade became compulsory in 1992, although  some areas (particularly rural and indigenous communities) still have low participation rates. It is the last year of basic education in Mexico, and students are generally aged 14–15.

Students will either take an academic program (secundaria general), a vocational and technical program (secundaria técnica) or a distance program (telesecundaria). All programs include courses on Spanish, English, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, history, civics, geography, arts, other languages and sometimes specialised subjects specific to local areas (for example, indigenous languages). , just over half of students were enrolled in secundaria general, around 27% in secundaria técnica, and the remainder in telesecundaria.

After completing ninth grade, students will be awarded a Certificado de Educación Secundaria. No examinations are required to graduate.

Norway

In Norway, ninth grade is the middle grade of lower secondary school, called ungdomsskole (ages 13 to 16). Education up to tenth grade is mandatory for Norwegian students, and courses must align with the national curriculum. Although students must take national standardised tests in numeracy and reading in ninth grade, the results do not affect progression to tenth grade or to admission to upper secondary school.

Pakistan

In Pakistan ninth grade is the first year of secondary education, which may be general (four years) or vocational (two years). Students are generally 14–15 years old. The country's constitution provides for free and compulsory education up to grade 10 (age 16), but in practice only around 30% of children attend high school. In all school grades, boys outnumber girls; in 2017, only 13% of Pakistani girls were still in school at ninth grade level.

At a general school, students choose their subjects at the beginning of ninth grade and then sit Secondary School Certificate examinations in these subjects at the end of tenth grade. Students usually select eight subjects, including four or five compulsory subjects (typically English, Urdu, mathematics, Islamic studies and Pakistan studies) and three electives. Generally the electives will be chosen from one of three different specialised streams: humanities (e.g. geography, economics), science (e.g. biology, chemistry) or technical subjects (e.g. engineering). Passing the exams allows entry into eleventh grade and upper secondary education.

At a technical school, students typically obtain a vocational diploma after sitting exams at the end of tenth grade, in subjects including English, a Pakistani language, Islamic studies, physics, mathematics, technical drawing and theory, and practical training for their chosen profession.

Some students, particularly those in rural areas, may attend religious Islamic schools (known as madrasahs) which do not have standardised curricula. Some of these schools provide only religious education, while others may include subjects from the national curriculum and equivalent examinations. In 2020 it was announced that madrasahs would be required to adopt the national curriculum within four to five years.

Philippines

In the Philippines, ninth grade was formerly known as third year () until it changed to ninth grade or junior year () on June 2, 2014 upon the start of school year 2014-2015 due to the 9-year implementation process of the K-12 curriculum. Students at this level are usually 14-15 years old.

Before the 2016/17 school year, secondary school covered grades 7 to 10 (high school) and was not compulsory. Due to the implementation process of the K-12, secondary education was extended to cover grades up to 12. Grades 7 to 10 are now junior high school and attendance at this level is free and compulsory.

The subjects covered at junior high school level are the same as those covered at elementary school including Filipino, English, mathematics, science, social science, Philippine history and culture, physical education and arts. Subjects are taught in English and Filipino, unlike earlier grades which may be taught in students' native or indigenous languages.

Students can also start at the young age of 13.

Portugal

In Portugal, the ninth grade (nono ano, 9º ano) is the last year of the three-year lower secondary school program (). Students are generally around 14 years old. It is followed by the tenth grade, the first year of three-year upper secondary education (). School is free and compulsory in Portugal up to twelfth grade. At the end of the ninth grade, students must take national final exams (Provas finais nacionais).

Sweden

In Sweden, ninth grade (sometimes also called year 9) is the last year of the upper stage of compulsory education (), sometimes known as högstadium. The students are usually 15–16 years old. At the end of ninth grade, students must sit national exams in Swedish, mathematics, English and sciences.

After completing 5th grade, students can attend non-compulsory upper secondary school (gymnasium) or take another form of education such as a vocational program. Entrance requirements differ depending on programme but generally students will need to have passed at least their Swedish, mathematics and English exams. Although not compulsory, most Swedish students continue to upper secondary school.

United States

In the United States, ninth grade is usually the first year in high school. In this system, ninth graders are also often referred to as freshman. It can also be the last year of junior high school depending on state. The average age for the U.S. 9th grade students is 14 to 15 years. The University of Chicago Consortium on School Research identified in 2017 that passing ninth grade courses is a predictor of high school graduation.

In the math curriculum, ninth graders are usually taught algebra, or if they have already taken algebra at a lower level may take geometry or more advanced algebra. Advanced courses are usually available to ninth graders who are prepared for a more rigorous curriculum, depending on the school district.

In the English curriculum, most schools offer basic courses, advanced courses, and honors courses. The basic course for a ninth grader will often teach the fundamentals of higher-level literature and how to analyze and respond to such literature. More advanced courses may be offered depending on the school district and may focus on one type of literature, such as American literature or British literature, and may be taken instead of or in addition to standard classes.

In the social studies curriculum, there are a variety of different courses that may be offered depending on school district. For example students may take a geography class, a government class, or a world history class.

In the science curriculum, ninth grade students are required, in most areas, to take biology. But they can take different courses before they take Biology such as Integrated Science..  Other forms of sciences such as basic physical science or earth sciences could also be part of the curriculum as well, depending on the school district.

Typically, ninth-graders will be required to earn a minimum number of credits, usually six or seven carnegie units or roughly five classes per year depending on state, in order to advance to tenth grade.

See also
 Educational stage
 Year 9

References

Further reading

External links
 The Atlantic - Ninth Grade: The Most Important Year in High School (2013)
 Gates Foundation - Why Is Ninth Grade a Critical Time for Students? (2017)

9
Secondary education

Ninth grade


Lu Xiaoman (; 7 November 1903 – 3 April 1965) was a beloved cultural figure in 20th century Chinese history. She was given the name of Mei (眉, eyebrow, a metaphor for feminine beauty in Chinese), but later changed her name to Xiaoman. Although she was well known for her very passionate and public relationship with Xu Zhimo, she was a celebrated  painter, writer, singer, and actor. She studied under painters such as Liu Haisu, Chen Banding (陈半丁), and He Tianjian.

As an artist, she specialized in flowers, birds, and light ink landscapes (danmo shanshui) on long Chinese scrolls. She was also known to write poetry, prose, and fiction, but her writings were never published. Nevertheless, her appreciation for poetry inspired her to create a series of ink paintings in honor of the Tang poet Du Fu, which are displayed at his commemorative historical site. Lu Xiaoman was also a singer, and she debuted on stage after receiving training in the renowned Peking Opera (Jingju). She quickly gained attention from bachelors of wealthy, famous families after her first performance, which led to her rise in fame. In the 1950s and 60's, she worked as a paid artist at the Shanghai Academy of Chinese Painting, but only to produce works for the academy. Even so, she was able to create and successfully sell paintings at Duoyun Zhai apart from her obligations to the academy.

Early life and education
Lu was born in Shanghai in 1903 and raised in Changzhou, Jiangsu province.

She was educated in Beijing Women's Normal Primary (北京女子师范大学附属小学) when she was 7 years old. She attended Beijing Girls' Junior High (北京女中) at the age of 9 and finished at 14. She later attended Beijing Sacred Heart School (北京圣心学堂). She also studied in France and was fluent in English and French by the age of 18. Chen Yi, the mayor of Shanghai, gave her a position in the Shanghai Institute of Culture and History after learning that she had remained in the city after the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949.

Career and personal life
She was employed by Gu Weijun, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Northern Government, as a Trade Interpreter. In 1922, she married Wang Geng (王赓), but they divorced soon after their marriage. After that, she was in a relationship with Xu Zhimo, which caused a great stir as two divorcees getting married was considered radical even among China's progressives. In 1931, Xu died in a plane crash.

References

1903 births
1965 deaths
20th-century Chinese painters
Painters from Shanghai
20th-century Chinese women writers
20th-century Chinese writers
Chinese women short story writers
Short story writers from Shanghai
Burials in Suzhou
20th-century Chinese short story writers

Lu Xiaoman


The mica group of minerals are aluminosilicates with various metals. They split into fine sheets, which puts them in the phyllosilicate group of silicate minerals.

Mica includes several closely related materials having perfect basal cleavage.

All are monoclinic which means their crystals are shaped like one kind of prism. They tend towards pseudo-hexagonal crystals and are similar in chemical composition. The highly perfect cleavage, which is the most prominent characteristic of mica, is explained by the hexagonal sheet-like arrangement of its atoms.

Being excellent electrical insulators, they are used in electronic equipment including capacitors.

Minerals

Mica


Rajouri () is a city and a notified area committee in Rajouri District in Jammu and Kashmir. In overall, per official 1981 estimates, the population as divided by religion is 97% Muslim, 2% Sikh and 1% Hindu. Rajouri district is famous for its local cheese all over the state along with milk products, one of the famous dish in Rajouri is "makki di roti" ( i.e maize bread) which is consumed best with a fresh cup of tea (chai), most of the people are farmers and they do subsistence farming.

Cities in Jammu and Kashmir

Rajouri


A nucleotidase is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a nucleotide into a nucleoside and a phosphate.
 A nucleotide + H2O = a nucleoside + phosphate
For example, it converts adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, and guanosine monophosphate to guanosine.

Nucleotidases have an important function in digestion in that they break down consumed nucleic acids.

They can be divided into two categories, based upon the end that is hydrolyzed:

 : 5'-nucleotidase - NT5C, NT5C1A, NT5C1B, NT5C2, NT5C3
 : 3'-nucleotidase - NT3

5'-Nucleotidases cleave off the phosphate from the 5' end of the sugar moiety. They can be classified into various kinds depending on their substrate preferences and subcellular localization. Membrane-bound 5'-nucleotidases display specificity toward adenosine monophosphates and are involved predominantly in the salvage of preformed nucleotides and in signal transduction cascades involving purinergic receptors. Soluble 5'-nucleotidases are all known to belong to the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily of enzymes, which are two domain proteins characterised by a modified Rossman fold as the core and variable cap or hood. The soluble forms are further subclassified based on the criterion mentioned above. mdN and cdN are mitochondrial and cytosolic 5'-3'-pyrimidine nucleotidases. cN-I is a cytosolic nucleotidase(cN) characterized by its affinity toward AMP as its substrate.  cN-II is identified by its affinity toward either IMP or GMP or both. cN-III is a pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase. A new class of nucleotidases called IMP-specific 5'-nucleotidase has been recently defined. 5'-Nucleotidases are involved in varied functions like cell–cell communication, nucleic acid repair, purine salvage pathway for the synthesis of nucleotides, signal transduction, membrane transport, etc.

References

Further reading

External links

EC 3.1.3
Chemical pathology

Nucleotidase


Lancelot Nixon Richard Ruddock (1837-1908) - known as Richard Ruddock - was a reporter, newspaper editor and a founder of the Sunderland Echo in the 19th century.

Early life

Richard Ruddock was born in Blyth, Northumberland on 27 December 1837 to William Ruddock, a hairdresser. He was the eldest of eight children. After was working as a clerk to a customs agent aged 13, he became a compositor on the Northern Daily Express, based in Newcastle.

Journalism career
Ruddock moved to Sunderland in 1859, where he worked on the Sunderland Herald newspaper for a year, and he was then appointed as agent and resident reporter in Sunderland for the Newcastle Chronicle.

Ruddock established the Sunderland Penny Weekly News for the Chronicle's proprietors in 1865 and "warmly supported" John Candlish in his political battles of 1867–1868. During this time, Ruddock worked closely with Liberal councillor, and future MP for Sunderland, Samuel Storey. The pair would eventually become two of the original seven founders of the Sunderland Echo in 1873.

Ruddock visited Egypt for health reasons in 1877 and, soon after his return in 1878, he succeeded James Annand as managing editor of the Newcastle Chronicle. It was a post he held until his death.

His obituary in the Sunderland Echo on 27 June 1908, read: "Unlike Annand, who had resigned after falling out with the Chronicle's proprietor, Joseph Cowen, on the Eastern Question, the leading political issue of the day, Ruddock seems to have been content to do as Cowen wanted. His managing editorship was most notable for his avoidance of both labour disputes and libel actions."

Personal life
Ruddock married Ann Whitfield, daughter of Captain James Whitfield of Sunderland, in 1861. The Census for this year shows he was living in Blandford Street, Sunderland, although he later moved to Argyle Square, Bishopwearmouth. He was survived by his wife, four sons and two daughters following his death in Newcastle on 27 June 1908.

References

Further reading
 Sunderland Daily Echo: 27 June 1908 - obituary
 Newcastle Chronicle: 27 June 1908 - obituary
 Who Was Who
 Book and News Trade Gazette: 6 October 1894, pp 238–9
 Sunderland Daily Echo: 22 December 1923 - article on Echo founders

1837 births
1908 deaths
British male journalists
People from Blyth, Northumberland

Richard Ruddock


Pierre Alechinsky (; born 19 October 1927) is a Belgian artist. He has lived and worked in France since 1951. His work is related to tachisme, abstract expressionism, and lyrical abstraction.

Life
Alechinsky was born in Schaerbeek, Belgium, to a Russian Jewish father and a Belgian Walloon mother. In 1944, he attended the l'École nationale supérieure d'Architecture et des Arts décoratifs de La Cambre, Brussels where he studied illustration techniques, printing and photography. In 1945, he discovered the work of Henri Michaux, Jean Dubuffet and developed a friendship with the art critic Jacques Putman.

Art career
In 1949, he joined Christian Dotremont, Karel Appel, Constant, Jan Nieuwenhuys and Asger Jorn to form the art group COBRA. He participated both with the COBRA exhibitions and went to Paris to study engraving at Atelier 17 under the guidance of Stanley William Hayter in 1951.

In 1954, he had his first exhibition in Paris and started to become interested in Chinese and Japanese calligraphy. In the early 1950s he was the Paris correspondent for the Japanese journal Bokubi (the Beauty of Ink) published by Morita Shiryu of the Bokujinkai group. In 1955, encouraged by Henri Storck and Luc de Heusch, he left for Japan with his wife. He exhibited Night, 1952 (Ohara Museum of Art, Kurashiki) and made a film: Japanese Calligraphy – Christian Dotremont would write the commentary with music by André Souris.

By 1960, he had exhibited in London, Bern and at the Venice Biennial, and then in Pittsburgh, New York City, Amsterdam and Silkeborg as his international reputation grew.

He worked with Walasse Ting and continued to be close to Christian Dotremont. He also developed links with André Breton.

His international career continued throughout the seventies and by 1983 he became Professor of painting at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris. For the season 2018/2019 at the Vienna State Opera Pierre Alechinsky designed the large-scale picture (176 sqm) Loin d'ici as part of the exhibition series Safety Curtain, conceived by museum in progress.

Awards
In 1994 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Free University of Brussels, and in 1995 one of his designs was used on a Belgian stamp.

Collections
His works are held in the collections of the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, the Tate, Museum Ludwig in Cologne, the New York Museum of Modern Art, the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, the Art Museum of Southeast Texas in Beaumont, Texas, the Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale, Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the Fisogni Museum in Tradate, Italy. The main-belt asteroid 14832 Alechinsky was named in his honour in October 2000.

References

 Mueller-Yao, Marguerite: Der Einfluss der Kunst der chinesischen Kalligraphie auf die westliche informelle Malerei, Diss Bonn, Koeln Koenig 1985,  (pbk) http://www.expo-alechinsky.be/EN/Tentoonstelling.aspx

External links

 Galerie Lelong, Paris

1927 births
Living people
People from Schaerbeek
Belgian Jews
Belgian people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish painters
Art Informel and Tachisme painters
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Belgian artists
Modern artists
Belgian painters
Abstract painters
Belgian watercolourists
School of Paris
Academic staff of the École des Beaux-Arts
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Atelier 17 alumni
Belgian emigrants to France

Pierre Alechinsky


Count Robert Henrik Rehbinder (15 July 1777 – 8 March 1841) served as the Secretary of State for the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1811 and 1841. One of the highest officials in the Grand Duchy, he played a significant part in establishing the autonomous role of Finland at the Diet of Porvoo in 1809.

Biography
Born in Paimio, Rehbinder was given the title count in 1826, and in 1834 he was given the title Privy Counsellor. He was also awarded with the second highest Russian honor and given an honorary doctorship in philosophy at the University of Helsinki in 1840, at the 200 year jubilee of the University (originally Royal Academy of Turku). He also owned the Viksberg castle in Paimio.  He died in Saint Petersburg.

Three streets in Helsinki have been named after him: Stora Robertsgatan (Iso Roobertinkatu) in Punavuori, Lilla Robertsgatan (Pieni Roobertinkatu) in Kaartinkaupunki and Rehbindersvägen (Rehbinderintie) in Eira. Furthermore, the current southern part of the Mannerheimintie street was until 1942 named after him (Heikinkatu or Henriksgatan in Swedish). He was portrayed on a stamp in Finland in 1936.

References

External links
 Rehbinder, Robert Henrik in Biografiskt lexikon för Finland.
 Helsingin Sanomat, 18 December 2005.
 Ylioppilasmatrikkeli

1777 births
1841 deaths
19th-century Finnish nobility
People from Paimio
Robert Henrik
Finnish people of Baltic German descent

Robert Henrik Rehbinder