Water () is a transparent, tasteless, odourless, and almost colourless chemical substance and covers about 71% of Earth's surface.

No known life can live without it. Water is essential for life. This has to be qualified a bit. There are some forms of life which can survive without it, but cannot reproduce without it. Since reproduction is a central part of life, it is clear that water is essential for an organism to survive and reproduce.

Lakes, oceans, seas, and rivers are made of water. Precipitation is water that falls from clouds in the sky. It may be rain if it is liquid, or it may be snow or ice frozen if it is cold. When water gets below , it freezes and becomes ice, the frozen kind of water. If water gets very hot (above , it boils and becomes steam or water vapor.

There is a water cycle.

Physical chemistry of water
Water is a fluid. Water is the only chemical substance on Earth that exists naturally in three states. There are over 40 anomalies (strange things) about water. Unlike most other liquids such as alcohol or oil, when water freezes, it expands by about 9%. This expansion can cause pipes to break if the water inside them freezes.

Water is a molecule made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Its chemical formula is H2O.
Like other liquids, water has a surface tension, so a little water can make drops on a surface, rather than always spreading out to wet the surface.

Things having something to do with water may have "hydro" or "aqua" in their name, such as hydropower or aquarium, from the Greek and Latin names for water. It is also called the "universal solvent", because it dissolves many other compounds.

In small amounts, water appears to have no colour but in large amounts (such as seas or lakes), it has a very light blue color.

Uses of water
Plants and animals (including people) are mostly water inside, and must drink water to live. It gives a medium for chemical reactions to take place, and is the main part of blood. It keeps the body temperature the same by sweating from the skin.  Water helps blood carry nutrients from the stomach to all parts of the body to keep the body alive.  Water also helps the blood carry oxygen from the lungs to the body.  Saliva, which helps animals and people digest food, is mostly water. Water helps make urine. Urine helps remove bad chemicals from the body. The human body is between 60% and 70% water, but this value differs with age; i.e. a foetus is 95% water inside.

Water is the main component of drinks like milk, juice, and wine. Each type of drink also has other things that add flavor or nutrients, things like sugar, fruit, and sometimes alcohol. Water that a person can drink is called "potable water" (or "drinking water"). The water in oceans is salt water, but lakes and rivers usually have unsalted water. Only about 3% of all the water on earth is fresh water. The rest is salt water.

Many places, including cities and deserts, don't have as much water as people want. They build aqueducts to bring water there.

Though people can survive a few months without food, they can only survive for a day or two without water.  A few desert animals can get enough water from their food, but the others must drink.
Water has no smell, taste, or color.

Water is also used for recreational purposes, see list of water sports.

Water is used as both the coolant and the neutron moderator in most nuclear reactors. This may be ordinary water (called light water in the nuclear industry) or heavy water.

Water is also used for washing a lot of objects. Goods, services and people are transported to other countries in watercrafts on bodies of water.

Water is used in chemical reactions as a solvent or reactant. Water is also used in fire fighting. Water is also used for cooking.

Dihydrogen monoxide parody
The dihydrogen monoxide parody involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name "dihydrogen monoxide" (DHMO) and listing some of its harmful effects in an alarming way. Some examples include talking about how "it causes burning, suffocation and corrosion," when it is actually just talking about hot water, drowning and rust. Sometimes the parody calls for it to be banned and/or labelled as dangerous.

The prank works because it takes advantage of people's misunderstanding. Calling water by an unfamiliar name and making it sound like a harmful chemical can make people think it is dangerous.

"Dihydrogen monoxide" is an alternative chemical name for water, but nobody uses it. The word "dihydrogen" means two hydrogens, and "monoxide" means one oxygen. The chemical formula of water has two hydrogens and one oxygen.

The parody gained most of its popularity in the 1990s, when a 14-year-old named Nathan Zohner collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility. Zohner fooled a lot of people, which has led to his project being used in lessons about critical thinking and the scientific method.

The website DHMO.org is a joke website which lists the harmful effects of water (DHMO), answers questions, and calls for it to be banned, among other things.

Origin of the Earth's water

The weirdness of water
A BBC short item  explains that every molecule on Earth has existed for billions of years, and all of them came from elsewhere. Water is alien because it arrived on asteroids and comets. It is the second most common molecule in the universe. Why is it not a gas? It is made of two very light elements. Ice floating on water is also an oddity. Also, hot water freezes faster than cold, and no-one knows why this is. Molecules of water can move up against the force of gravity (that is due to surface adhesion).

Water in the universe

Much of the universe's water is produced as a by-product of star formation.
On 22 July 2011, a report described the discovery of a gigantic cloud of water vapor containing "140 trillion times more water than the Earth's oceans combined" around a quasar 12 billion light years from Earth. According to the researchers, the "discovery shows that water has been prevalent in the universe for nearly its entire existence".

Water has been detected in interstellar clouds in our galaxy, the Milky Way. Water probably exists in abundance in other galaxies, too. Its components, hydrogen and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Most other planetary systems may have similar ingredients.

Origin of water on Earth: possibilities
We do not know exactly how the Earth came to have so much water. It is everywhere in the Universe, but it is uncommon for a place to have so much. The reasoning is like this: every element (except hydrogen and some helium) has been formed in stars. Therefore, oxygen was originally formed in stars. The formation of water is not a problem: it is exothermic, so forming the molecule from its atoms does not need outside energy. But to explain why the Earth has so much compared to, for example, Mars, is not easy. It is an undecided problem in planetary geology.

For a while, people thought Earth's water did not come from the planet's region of the protoplanetary disk. Instead, it was thought that water and other volatiles must have been delivered to Earth from the outer Solar System later in its history. But hydrogen inside the Earth did play some role in the formation of the ocean. The two ideas may each be partly right. Water was delivered to Earth by impacts from icy planetesimals  (asteroids) in the outer edges of the asteroid belt. How much is not known.

Water vapor
Water vapor (or water vapour) is the gas form of water. It is found in:
 Atmosphere of the Sun: this has tiny amounts of water.
 Atmosphere of Mercury: it is composed of 3.4% of water. Mercury has large amounts of water in its exosphere.
 Atmosphere of Venus: It is composed of 0.002% of water.
 Atmosphere of Earth: It is composed of 0.4% of water all over the atmosphere. There is usually around 1–4% of water at the surface of the Earth. Water vapor is also found in the extremely thin atmosphere of the Moon in small amounts.
 Atmosphere of Mars: It is composed of 0.03% of water.
 Atmosphere of Ceres.
 Atmosphere of Jupiter: It is composed of 0.0004% ice. There is also water in its moon Europa.
 Atmosphere of Saturn: It is has water in the form of ice. Enceladus is composed of 91% of ice and ice is also in Dione's exosphere.
 Atmosphere of Uranus: Ice is found in small amounts.
 Atmosphere of Neptune: Ice is also found deep in the atmosphere of Neptune.
 The atmosphere of extrasolar planets such as HD 189733 b and HD 209458 b, Tau Boötis b, HAT-P-11b, XO-1b, WASP-12b, WASP-17b, and WASP-19b.
 Stellar atmospheres: Water vapor is found in giant hot stars such as Betelgeuse, Mu Cephei, Antares and Arcturus.

Liquid water
Liquid water is found on Earth. It covers about 71% of the surface of the Earth. Liquid water is sometimes found in small amounts on Mars. Scientists believe that liquid water is in the moons Enceladus, Titan, Europa and Ganymede.

Frozen water
The frozen form of water (ice) is found in:

 Mars: Water ice is found at the north and south poles of Mars.
 Earth and the Moon: It is mainly found as ice sheets on Earth and in craters and volcanic rocks in the Moon.
 Ceres.
 Jupiter's moons: It is found on Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.
 Saturn: It is found in the planetary rings of Saturn. It is also found in Titan and Enceladus.
 Pluto and Charon.
 Comets and other objects in the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud.

Related pages

 Ice
 Lake
 Life timeline
 Nature timeline
 Pond
 Rain
 River
 Sea
 Steam
 Water cycle
 Waterway

References

Other websites
 Water Citizendium
Importance of Water

Natural resources
Hydrogen compounds
Oxygen compounds
Oxides
Water
Basic English 850 words

Water


Collaborative bargaining is a style of negotiation which recognises the interests of the other party and emphasises cooperation between them.  It was especially promoted, practised and studied in the negotiations between school districts and teaching unions in the United States in the 1990s.  It is compared and contrasted with more adversarial models of collective bargaining in which the parties may regard each other as enemies.

References

Labor relations
Negotiation
Industrial agreements

Collaborative bargaining


Alyona Aksyonova (; born 13 November 1979 in Andijan) is an Uzbek sport shooter. She won a bronze medal in small-bore rifle prone at the 2000 Asian Championships in Langkawi, Malaysia, and was selected to compete for Uzbekistan in two editions of the Olympic Games (2000 and 2004).

Akysonova's Olympic debut came as a 21-year-old at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. There, she finished in a massive eight-way tie for twentieth place in the 10 m air rifle with a qualifying score of 391, just three points below the Olympic final cutoff. Akysonova also competed in the 50 m rifle 3 positions, but plummeted to a thirtieth-place tie with Cuba's Eunice Caballero and fellow markswoman Yuliya Shakhova at 567 points (194 in prone, 185 in standing, and 188 in the kneeling series) in the prelims.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Aksyonova qualified as a lone markswoman for her second Uzbek team in rifle shooting.  She managed to get a minimum qualifying standard of a near-perfect 399 to secure an Olympic berth for Uzbekistan in air rifle, following her seventh-place finish at the Asian Championships in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia few months earlier. In the 10 m air rifle, held on the first day of the Games, Akysonova fired an ill-fated 384 out of a possible 400 to finish in a distant fortieth out of forty-four shooters. Nearly a week later, in the 50 m rifle 3 positions, Aksyonova marked 193 in prone, a substandard 175 in standing, and 190 in the kneeling series to accumulate a total score of 562 points in the qualifying round, closing her out of the final to twenty-ninth place.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Uzbekistani female sport shooters
Olympic shooters for Uzbekistan
Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1998 Asian Games
People from Andijan
Asian Games medalists in shooting
Asian Games bronze medalists for Uzbekistan
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
20th-century Uzbekistani women
21st-century Uzbekistani women

Alyona Aksyonova


Nelson Sargento (born Nelson Mattos) OMC (25 July 1924 - 27 May 2021) was a Brazilian composer, singer, Brazilian popular music researcher, visual artist, actor, and writer.

Having lived in Mangueira since the age of 12, Nelson became known as one of the most important samba musicians of Estação Primeira de Mangueira, of which he was a member and president of the school's composers' wing, as well as its honorary president.

His artistic nickname "Sargento" alluded to the rank he attained for having served in the Brazilian Army in the second half of the 1940s. He gained notability as a singer at the famed Zicartola lounge and, shortly thereafter, as a member of the ensembles A Voz do Morro and Os Cinco Crioulos in the 1960s. But it was only in 1979, at the age of 55, that the composer recorded his first solo album. Throughout his life, the sambista composed more than 400 compositions.

In addition to his musical career, Nelson was a painter and poet, having published the books "Prisioneiro do Mundo" and "Um certo Geraldo Pereira."[1][2] He also made appearances in the films "O Primeiro Dia" and "Orfeu", and was the subject of the documentary "Nelson Sargento da Mangueira."

Biography
He was born on 25 July 1924, to Rosa Maria da Conceição, a maid and cook, and Olímpio José de Mattos, a cook. While living with his mother in Tijuca, Nelson had little relation with his father Olimpio who died of gangrene while Nelson was still young; a pan of hot water fell on his foot in a restaurant kitchen and, left untreated, he died.

His mother left her domestic worker job to live in the Salgueiro favela, in a rented shack. To support herself, she began washing the clothes of several families. Nelson would then deliver the washed clothes to the nearby neighbourhood of Tijuca. It was there, in the favela of Salgueiro, that Nelson, then ten years old, learned about samba, marching with and playing tambourine in the "Azul e Branco" school. There were two other schools there: "Unidos do Salgueiro" and "Depois eu Digo". José Casemiro, (known as Calça Larga), a leader in the favela, united them all, thus creating Acadêmicos do Salgueiro.

Shortly after, Nelson and his mother moved into the home of her partner Alfredo Lourenço, an important composer for the Estação Primeira de Mangueira samba school, located in the neighborhood of Mangueira.

Musical career
Encouraged by Alfredo Lourenço, Nelson became a musician as a teenager. In the 1949 Carnaval, he won the Mangueira's samba-enredo competition selection with "Apologia ao mestre" (in partnership with Alfredo Lourenço), and the samba school became the champion of that year's parade. The partnership between stepson and stepfather led to the samba-enredo "Plano SALTE - Saúde, Lavoura, Transporte e Educação" (Health, farming, transportation and education), which guaranteed another championship for the school.

In 1955, Nelson and Alfredo Lourenço composed the samba-enredo "As quatro estações do ano ou Cântico à natureza" (The four seasons of the year or Hymn to nature), considered one of the most beautiful ever performed. Three years later, Nelson was elected president of Mangueira's composers' wing,[2] a position that allowed him more contact with the school's veteran sambistas, especially Cartola, of whom he would become a disciple occasionally completing some of his compositions.

Between 1964 and 1965, at Zicartola, Cartola and Dona Zica's famed samba lounge, Nelson began to perform as a singer and composer, establishing himself as a performer in Rio's urban samba scene. Soon after, Nelson was invited to participate in the musical show "Rosa de Ouro"  alongside Paulinho da Viola, Elton Medeiros, Jair do Cavaquinho and Anescarz. Alongside these and other sambistas, Nelson joined some ensembles that defined samba of the era, such as A Voz do Morro and Os Cinco Crioulos.

Gradually, some of his compositions began to be recorded by artists such as Paulinho da Viola, who released "Minha Vez de Sorrir" in 1971 and "Falso Moralista" in 1972, two of Nelson's best-known sambas. In 1978, Beth Carvalho released "Agoniza Mas Não Morre", which became Nelson's most successful composition.

The commercial success of "Agoniza Mas Não Morre" allowed Nelson to finally record, at the age of 55, his first solo album, "Sonho de Sambista", released in 1979. The work presented, besides "Agoniza Mas Não Morre", other of his well-known compositions, such as "Falso Moralista", "Falso Amor Sincero", "Minha Vez de Sorrir" and "Cântico à Natureza".

Nevertheless, the LP did launch a singing career for Nelson. The sambista recorded his second studio album, "Encanto da paisagem," only in 1986 and largely thanks to the efforts of a Japanese producer Katsunori Tanaka.

In 1990, Nelson released his third LP, "Inéditas de Nelson Sargento", and in 1998, he participated in the live album "Só Cartola" alongside Elton Medeiros and the group Galo Preto.[1] His last two works were the albums "Flores em Vida" and "Versátil", released in 2001 and 2008 respectively. Throughout his career, the sambista was the author of more than 400 compositions, many of which were composed on the same guitar that he hastily bought, second-hand, so that he could be part of the "Rosas de Ouro" show.

Besides his recognition as a sambista, Nelson was also a visual artist and poet. After painting the apartment of journalist Sérgio Cabral, the sambista was encouraged to exhibit seven paintings from his abstract phase in 1973. He also had 14 works exhibited at Espaço Favela in the 2019 edition of the Rock in Rio festival. As a writer, he released the books Prisoner of the World, in 1994, and Pensamentos, in 2005. He also participated in films such as "O Primeiro Dia" by Walter Salles and Daniela Thomas, "Orfeu" by Cacá Diegues, and was the subject of the documentary "Nelson Sargento da Mangueira" by Estevão Ciavatta.

Personal life and death
Nelson Sargento was married to Evonete Belizario Mattos. The couple raised a total of nine children, six biological - Fernando, José Geraldo, Marcos, Léo, Ricardo and Ronaldo - and three more adopted - Rosemere, Rosemar and Rosana.

In addition to his love for Mangueira, Nelson was a fan of the Vasco da Gama soccer club.

He was awarded the Ordem do Mérito Cultural in 2016.

In May 2021, the sambista was admitted to the National Cancer Institute - a facility he had attended since 2005 when he received treatment for prostate cancer[3] - with dehydration and rapid weight loss, in addition to testing positive for COVID-19, despite Nelson having taken both doses of the CoronaVac vaccine between January and February of the same year. The composer's medical condition worsened until he died on 27 May 2021, at the age of 96.

Works
Discography

Solo career

 1979 – Sonho de um sambista
 1986 – Encanto da paisagem
 1990 – Ineditas de Nelson Sargento
 2001 – Flores em vida
 2008 – Versatil

As a member of Conjunto Rosa de Ouro

 1965 – Rosa de ouro
 1966 – Os sambistas

As a member of Conjunto Os Cinco Crioulos

 1967 – Samba...no duro
 1968 – Samba...no duro 2
 1969 – Os Cinco Crioulos

References

External links

20th-century Brazilian musicians
20th-century Brazilian male singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
Brazilian composers
1924 births
2021 deaths
Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Recipients of the Order of Cultural Merit (Brazil)
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Rio de Janeiro (state)

Nelson Sargento


Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors that belong to TGFβ receptor family. They exist in several different isoforms that can be homo- or heterodimeric. The number of characterized ligands in the TGFβ superfamily far exceeds the number of known receptors, suggesting the promiscuity that exists between the ligand and receptor interactions.

TGFβ is a growth factor and cytokine involved in paracrine signalling and can be found in many different tissue types, including brain, heart, kidney, liver, bone, and testes. Over-expression of TGFβ can induce renal fibrosis, causing kidney disease, as well as diabetes, and ultimately end-stage renal disease. Recent developments have found that, using certain types of protein antagonists against TGFβ receptors, can halt and in some cases reverse the effects of renal fibrosis.

Three TGFβ superfamily receptors specific for TGFβ, the TGFβ receptors, can be distinguished by their structural and functional properties. TGFβR1 (ALK5) and TGFβR2 have similar ligand-binding affinities and can be distinguished from each other only by peptide mapping. Both TGFβR1 and TGFβR2 have a high affinity for TGFβ1 and low affinity for TGFβ2. TGFβR3 (β-glycan) has a high affinity for both homodimeric TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 and in addition the heterodimer TGF-β1.2. The TGFβ receptors also bind TGFβ3.

See also
 TGFβ superfamily receptor
 TGFβ signaling pathway
 TGFβ superfamily

References

External links

Transmembrane receptors
TGF beta receptors

TGF beta receptor


Famous for being famous is a term, usually used pejoratively, for someone who attains celebrity status for no clearly identifiable reason (as opposed to fame based on achievement, skill, or talent) and appears to generate their own fame, or someone who achieves fame through a family or relationship association with an existing celebrity.

History
The term originates from an analysis of the media-dominated world called The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America (1961), by historian and social theorist Daniel J. Boorstin. In it, he defined the celebrity as "a person who is known for his well-knownness". He further argued that the graphic revolution in journalism and other forms of communication had severed fame from greatness, and that this severance hastened the decay of fame into mere notoriety. Over the years, the phrase has been glossed as "a celebrity is someone who is famous for being famous".

The British journalist Malcolm Muggeridge may have been the first to use the actual phrase in the introduction to his book Muggeridge Through The Microphone (1967) in which he wrote:In the past if someone was famous or notorious, it was for something—as a writer or an actor or a criminal; for some talent or distinction or abomination. Today one is famous for being famous. People who come up to one in the street or in public places to claim recognition nearly always say: "I've seen you on the telly!"

Neal Gabler more recently refined the definition of celebrity to distinguish those who have gained recognition for having done virtually nothing of significance—a phenomenon he dubbed the "Zsa Zsa Factor" in honor of Zsa Zsa Gabor, who parlayed her marriage to actor George Sanders into a brief movie career and the movie career into a much more enduring celebrity. He goes on to define the celebrity as "human entertainment", by which he means a person who provides entertainment by the very process of living.

This topic is also known in German-speaking countries. Terms like "Schickeria" or "Adabei" characterize the media, which on the one hand are also understood critically but on the other hand are an important editorial topic that electronic quality media do not want to do without today for commercial reasons. People's reporting is fundamentally an important area of journalism that functions according to its own rules, especially in the print medium, and according to journalist Norman Schenz is characterized as "We no longer just write about an event, we tell stories".

Similar terms

Famesque

The Washington Post writer Amy Argetsinger coined the term famesque to define actors, singers, or athletes whose fame is mostly (if not entirely) due to one's physical attractiveness and/or personal life, rather than actual talent and (if any) successful career accomplishments. Argetsinger argued, "The famesque of 2009 are descended from that dawn-of-TV creation, the Famous for Being Famous. Turn on a talk show or Hollywood Squares and there'd be Zsa Zsa Gabor, Joyce Brothers, Charles Nelson Reilly, so friendly and familiar and—what was it they did again?" She also used actress Sienna Miller as a modern-day example; "Miller became famesque by dating  and then really famesque when he cheated on her with the nanny—to the point that she was the one who made Balthazar Getty famesque (even though he's the one with the hit TV series, Brothers & Sisters) when he reportedly ran off from his wife with her for a while."

Celebutante

Celebutante is a portmanteau of the words "celebrity" and "debutante". The male equivalent is sometimes spelled celebutant. The term has been used to describe heiresses like Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie in entertainment journalism. More recently, the term and descriptions similar to the term have been applied to the Kardashian-Jenner family. During an interview in 2011 with some of the Kardashians, interviewer Barbara Walters said, "You are all often described as 'famous for being famous'. You don't really act, you don't sing, you don't dance. You don't have any - forgive me - any talent." Later in 2016, Time described the Kardashian-Jenner family as ubiquitous celebutantes for being the highest earning reality stars.

The term has been traced back to a 1939 Walter Winchell society column in which he used the word to describe prominent society debutante Brenda Frazier, who was a traditional "high-society" debutante from a noted family, but whose debut attracted an unprecedented wave of media attention. The word appeared again in a 1985 Newsweek article about New York City's clubland celebrities, focusing on the lifestyles of writer James St. James, Lisa Edelstein and Dianne Brill, who was crowned "Queen of the Night" by Andy Warhol.

See also

15 minutes of fame
Attention inequality
It girl
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Reality television
Socialite
Tarento
Tautology (language)

References

Popular culture language
Celebrity concepts
Popularity
Popular psychology
Socialites
Social influence
Social status
Pejorative terms for people
Matthew effect

Famous for being famous


Viinistu is a village in Kuusalu Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia. It is located on the coast of the Gulf of Finland on the Pärispea Peninsula, about  north of the town of Loksa. Viinistu has a population of 148 (as of 1 January 2012).

Viinistu was first mentioned in 1372 as Wynest.

Businessman, politician and art collector Jaan Manitski (born 1942) was born in Viinistu and currently is the biggest employer in the village owning the art museum and a hotel.

Navy officer, diplomat and painter Aleksander Warma (1890–1970) was born in Viinistu.

Gallery

References

External links
Viinistu Culture and Conference Centre

Villages in Harju County
Kuusalu Parish
Kreis Harrien

Viinistu


Don Schlitten (born March 4, 1932) is an American jazz record producer.

Signal Records was founded in 1955 by Jules Colomby (assisted by Schlitten) with Harold Goldberg. His credits for Signal included work with Duke Jordan, Gigi Gryce, and Red Rodney. Signal was sold to Savoy Records in the late 1950s, and after this, Schlitten worked as a freelance producer through the 1960s, including for a period, at Prestige Records. He and Joe Fields co-founded Cobblestone Records in 1972, producing Sonny Stitt and the Newport Jazz Festival 1972 releases from the label. He and Fields also worked together at Muse Records and Onyx Records.

Fields and Schlitten ceased working together in the mid-1970s; Fields continued at Muse, and Schlitten founded Xanadu Records, where he produced Barry Harris, Al Cohn, and Charles McPherson, among others. He also oversaw the reissue of many early bebop sessions.

Aside from production work, Schlitten had extensive credits as a writer of liner notes.

References
[ Don Schlitten] at Allmusic

1932 births
Living people
American record producers
Jazz record producers
Place of birth missing (living people)

Don Schlitten


Joseph Lamothe was the provisional President of Haiti from 26 July 1879 to 2 October 1879, when he was succeeded by Lysius Salomon.

Following a stormy debate in the House of Representatives on 30 June 1879, there were riots in Port-au-Prince in which the Liberal leader Jean-Pierre Boyer-Bazelais exerted a significant role. Although the government eventually managed to restore law and order, President Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal resigned as president on 17 July 1879, unable to mediate between the Liberal and National parties. Lamothe was then appointed as provisional president.

Solomon returned from exile in August 1879 and was brought on as president soon after.

References

External links

Presidents of Haiti
Foreign Ministers of Haiti
Finance ministers of Haiti
1870s in Haiti
19th-century Haitian politicians

Joseph Lamothe


User experience design (UX design, UXD, UED, or XD) is the process of defining the experience a user would go through when interacting with a company, its services, and its products. Design decisions in UX design are often driven by research, data analysis, and test results rather than aesthetic preferences and opinions. Unlike user interface design, which focuses solely on the design of a computer interface, UX design encompasses all aspects of a user's perceived experience with a product or website, such as its usability, usefulness, desirability, brand perception, and overall performance. UX design is also an element of the customer experience (CX), which encompasses all aspects and stages of a customer's experience and interaction with a company.

History
The field of user experience design is a conceptual design discipline and has its roots in human factors and ergonomics, a field that, since the late 1940s, has focused on the interaction between human users, machines, and the contextual environments to design systems that address the user's experience. With the proliferation of workplace computers in the early 1990s, user experience started to become a positive insight for designers. Donald Norman, a professor and researcher in design, usability, and cognitive science, coined the term "user experience," and brought it to a wider audience.

There is a debate occurring in the experience design community regarding its focus, provoked in part by design scholar and practitioner, Don Norman. Norman claims that when designers describe people only as customers, consumers, and users, designers risk diminishing their ability to do good design.

Elements

Research

User experience design draws from design approaches like human-computer interaction and user-centered design, and includes elements from similar disciplines like interaction design, visual design, information architecture, user research, and others.

Another portion of the research is understanding the end-user and the purpose of the application. Though this might seem clear to the designer, stepping back and empathizing with the user will yield the best results.

It helps to identify and prove or disprove assumptions, find commonalities across target audience members, and recognize their needs, goals, and mental models.

Visual design
Visual design, also commonly known as graphic design, user interface design, communication design, and visual communication, represents the aesthetics or look-and-feel of the front end of any user interface.  Graphic treatment of interface elements is often perceived as the visual design.  The purpose of visual design is to use visual elements like colors, images, and symbols to convey a message to its audience. Fundamentals of Gestalt psychology and visual perception give a cognitive perspective on how to create effective visual communication.

Information architecture

Information architecture is the art and science of structuring and organizing the information in products and services to support usability and findability.

In the context of information architecture, information is separate from both knowledge and data, and lies nebulously between them. It is information about objects. The objects can range from websites, to software applications, to images et al. It is also concerned with metadata: terms used to describe and represent content objects such as documents, people, process, and organizations. Information architecture also encompasses how the pages and navigation are structured.

Interaction design

It is well recognized that the component of interaction design is an essential part of user experience (UX) design, centering on the interaction between users and products. The goal of interaction design is to create a product that produces an efficient and delightful end-user experience by enabling users to achieve their objectives in the best way possible

The current high emphasis on user-centered design and the strong focus on enhancing user experience have made interaction designers critical in conceptualizing products to match user expectations and meet the standards of the latest UI patterns and components.

In the last few years, the role of interaction designer has shifted from being just focused on specifying UI components and communicating them to the engineers to a situation in which designers have more freedom to design contextual interfaces based on helping meet the user's needs.  Therefore, User Experience Design evolved into a multidisciplinary design branch that involves multiple technical aspects from motion graphics design and animation to programming.

Usability

Usability is the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.

Usability is attached to all tools used by humans and is extended to both digital and non-digital devices. Thus, it is a subset of user experience but not wholly contained. The section of usability that intersects with user experience design is related to humans' ability to use a system or application. Good usability is essential to positive user experience but does not alone guarantee it.

Accessibility

Accessibility of a system describes its ease of reach, use, and understanding. In terms of user experience design, it can also be related to the overall comprehensibility of the information and features.  It helps shorten the learning curve associated with the system. Accessibility in many contexts can be related to the ease of use for people with disabilities and comes under usability. In addition, accessible design is the concept of services, products, or facilities in which designers should accommodate and consider for the needs of people with disabilities. According to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), all content must follow by the four main principles of POUR: Perceivable, Operable, Understandable and Robust.

WCAG compliance

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 covers a wide range of recommendations for making Web content more accessible. This makes web content more usable to users in general. Making content more usable and readily accessible to all types of users enhances a user's overall user experience.

Human–computer interaction

Human–computer interaction is concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them.

Getting ready to design
After research, the designer uses the modeling of the users and their environments. User modeling or personas are composite archetypes based on behavior patterns uncovered during research. Personas provide designers a precise way of thinking and communicating about how groups of users behave, how they think, what they want to accomplish and why. Once created, personas help the designer to understand the users' goals in specific contexts, which is particularly useful during ideation and for validating design concepts. Other types of models include workflow models, artifact models, and physical models.

Design
When the designer has a solid understand of the user's needs and goals, they begin to sketch out the interaction framework (also known as wireframes). This stage defines the high-level structure of screen layouts, as well as the product's flow, behavior, and organization. There are many kinds of materials that can be involved during this iterative phase, from whiteboards to paper prototypes. As the interaction framework establishes an overall structure for product behavior, a parallel process focused on the visual and industrial designs. The visual design framework defines the experience attributes, visual language, and the visual style.

Once a solid and stable framework is established, wireframes are translated from sketched storyboards to full-resolution screens that depict the user interface at the pixel level. At this point, it is critical for the programming team to collaborate closely with the designer. Their input is necessary to create a finished design that can and will be built while remaining true to the concept.

Test and iterate
Usability testing is carried out by giving users various tasks to perform on the prototypes. Any issues or problems faced by the users are collected as field notes and these notes are used to make changes in the design and reiterate the testing phase. Aside from monitoring issues, questions asked by users are also noted in order to identify potential points of confusion. Usability testing is, at its core, a means to "evaluate, not create".

UX deliverables
UX designers perform a number of different tasks and therefore use a range of deliverables to communicate their design ideas and research findings to stakeholders.  Regarding UX specification documents, these requirements depend on the client or the organization involved in designing a product. The four major deliverables are: a title page, an introduction to the feature, wireframes, and a version history. Depending on the type of project, the specification documents can also include flow models, cultural models, personas, user stories, scenarios and any prior user research.

The deliverables that UX designers will produce as part of their job include wireframes, prototypes, user flow diagrams, specification and tech docs, websites and applications, mockups, presentations, personas, user profiles, videos, and to a lesser degree reports. Documenting design decisions, in the form of annotated wireframes, gives the developer the necessary information they may need to successfully code the project.

Follow-up to project launch
Requires:
 User testing/usability testing
 A/B testing
 Information architecture
 Sitemaps and user flows
 Additional wireframing as a result of test results and fine-tuning

UX stakeholders
A user experience designer is considered a UX practitioner, along with the following job titles: user experience researcher, information architect, interaction designer, human factors engineer, business analyst, consultant, creative director, interaction architect, and usability specialist.

Interaction designers
Interaction designers (IxD) are responsible for understanding and specifying how the product should behave. This work overlaps with the work of both visual and industrial designers in a couple of important ways. When designing physical products, interaction designers must work with industrial designers early on to specify the requirements for physical inputs and to understand the behavioral impacts of the mechanisms behind them. Interaction designers cross paths with visual designers throughout the project. Visual designers guide the discussions of the brand and emotive aspects of the experience, Interaction designers communicate the priority of information, flow, and functionality in the interface.

Technical communicators
Historically, technical and professional communication (TPC) has been as an industry that practices writing and communication. However, recently UX design has become more prominent in TPC as companies look to develop content for a wide range of audiences and experiences. It is now an expectation that technical and professional skills should be coupled with UX design. According to Verhulsdonck, Howard, and Tham, "...it is not enough to write good content. According to industry expectations, next to writing good content, it is now also crucial to design good experiences around that content." Technical communicators must now consider different platforms such as social media and apps, as well as different channels like web and mobile.

UX Writers
In a similar manner, coupling TPC with UX design allows technical communicators to garner evidence on target audiences. UX Writers, a branch of technical communicators, specialize in crafting content for mobile platforms while executing a user-centered approach. UX writers focus on developing content to guide users through interfaces, applications, and websites. Their responsibilities include maintaining UI text, conducting user research for usability testing, and developing the tone for a product's communication.

UX writers maintain the practices of technical communicators, by developing documentation that establishes consistency in terminology and tone, promoting a cohesive user experience. However, beyond the writing, UX writers maintain UI text by ensuring that microscopy, such as button labels, error messages, and tooltips, remains user-friendly, as well. In doing this, the writers are also tasked with ensuring accessibility—considering issues like screen reader compatibility or providing non-text elements, such as icons. UX writers conduct extensive research to understand the behaviors and preferences of the target audience through user testing and feedback analysis. These methods of research can include user persona creation and user surveys. Lastly, when setting the tone in a product's communication, UX writers highlight factors that affect user engagement and perception. In short, the writers consider the product's emotional impact on the users, and align the tone with brand's personality.

Within the field of UX design, UX writers bridge the gaps between various fields to create a cohesive and user-centric experience. Their expertise in language and communication work to unify design, development, and user research teams by ensuring that the user interface's content aligns with the braoder objectives of the product or service. By focusing on clarity, consistency, and empathy, UX writers contribute to the integration of design elements, technical functionality, and user preferences, while following a design process to ensure products with intuitive, accessible, and responsive behavior to user needs.

User interface designers
User interface (UI) design is the process of making interfaces in software or computerized devices with a focus on looks or style. Designers aim to create designs users will find easy to use and pleasurable. UI design typically refers to graphical user interfaces but also includes others, such as voice-controlled ones.

Visual designers
The visual designer ensures that the visual representation of the design effectively communicates the data and hints at the expected behavior of the product. At the same time, the visual designer is responsible for conveying the brand ideals in the product and for creating a positive first impression; this responsibility is shared with the industrial designer if the product involves hardware. In essence, a visual designer must aim for maximum usability combined with maximum desirability. Visual designer need not be good in artistic skills but must deliver the theme in a desirable manner.

UX design testing

Usability testing is the most common method used by designers to test their designs. The basic idea behind conducting a usability test is to check whether the design of a product or brand works well with the target users. While carrying out usability testing, two things are being tested: whether the design of the product is successful and, if not, how it can be improved.

While designers are testing, they are testing the design and not the user. Further, every design is evolving, with both UX design and design thinking moving in the direction of Agile software development. The designers carry out usability testing as early and often as possible, ensuring that every aspect of the final product has been tested.

Usability tests play an important role in the delivery of a cohesive final product; however, a variety of factors influence the testing process. There are a variety of both qualitative and quantitative methods that can be evaluated to provide a proper picture of a UX design and its success or failure as a design, with one of these quantitative methods being A/B testing (see Usability testing). Another key concept in the efficacy of UX design testing is the idea of a persona, or the representation of the most common user of a certain website or program, and how these personas would interact with the design in question. At the core of UX design usability testing is the user; however, steps in automating design testing have been made, with Micron developing the Advanced Test Environment (ATE), which automates UX tests on Android-powered smartphones. While quantitative software tools that collect actionable data such as loggers and mobile agents provide insight into what a users experience might be, the qualitative responses that arise from live, user based UX design testing are lost. The ATE serves to simulate a devices movement that affects design orientation and sensor operation in order to estimate the actual experience of the user based on previously collected user testing data.

See also
 Action research
 Activity-centered design
 Attentive user interface
 Customer experience
 Design thinking
 Paper prototyping
 Participatory design
 Process-centered design
 User experience
 User experience evaluation
 Agile software development

References

Further reading

Human–computer interaction
User interfaces
Design
Web design
Software development process

User experience design


The Amblycipitidae are a family of catfishes, commonly known as torrent catfishes. It includes three genera, Amblyceps, Liobagrus, and Xiurenbagrus, and about 36 species.

Taxonomy
The family Amblycipitidae is a monophyletic group containing four monophyletic genera, Amblyceps, Liobagrus, Nahangbagrus and Xiurenbagrus. It is the most basal sisoroid family and is sister to a clade formed by the remaining families. The genera Amblyceps and Liobagrus are a sister group pair that is, in turn, sister to Xiurenbagrus.

Distribution and habitat
These kinds of fishes can be found in swift freshwater streams in southern and eastern Asia, including Pakistan across northern India to Malaysia, China, Korea, and Japan. Amblyceps are mainly distributed in India and the Malay Peninsula. Liobagrus fishes are distributed in the Yangtze River basin, Taiwan, Japan, and the Korea Peninsula. The species of the genus Xiurenbagrus are only distributed in the Pearl River basin.

Description
Fish of this family have dorsal fins covered by skin. An adipose fin is also present, and is fused with the caudal fin in some species. The dorsal fin base is short and the dorsal fin spine is weak. The anal fin base is short. There are six pairs of barbels. The lateral line is poorly developed or absent. Both Amblyceps and Liobagrus species grow to about  SL.

Liobagrus is more stoutly built than Amblyceps, the nostrils are close together in Amblyceps and distinctly apart in Liobagrus, and Amblyceps species have a cup-like flap above the pectoral fins that is absent in Liobagrus. Also, Amblyceps has double-folded lips and fin margins pigmented differently from the background colour, while Liobagrus has single-folded lips and fin margins paler than the background colour.

References

Fish of Asia
Catfish families
Taxa named by Francis Day

Amblycipitidae


Spots (also known as spotting, knifers, knife hits, knife tokes, dots, hot knives, kitchen tracking blades, or bladers) refers to a method of smoking cannabis. Small pieces of cannabis are rolled (or simply torn from a larger bud) to form the spot.

The practice originated in the 1970s when drops or dabs of hashish oil were smoked (three dabs of hash oil were considered to be a good standard dose). Generally, the tips of two knife blades are heated, the spot or drop of hash oil, is compressed between the two blades, and the subsequent smoke is inhaled through the nose or mouth.

Another means that is gaining popularity is specially made glass presses heated with a propane or butane torch. In order to facilitate this process, a spottle (also referred to as a bowser, hooter or toker) or hitter is often, but not always, used to funnel the smoke and maximize the amount inhaled. A spottle is generally made from a funnel or cone-shaped container, such as the top (or neck) of a plastic or glass bottle or a gallon of milk/water.

Use in different countries
Although practiced over the world, the spots method of cannabis smoking is most common in New Zealand. Possession of knives that have been previously used for spotting (easily distinguished by their blackened and discoloured appearance) is considered "possession of paraphernalia" and is thus illegal under New Zealand law. If convicted, the accused faces a possible maximum 1-year prison sentence and/or a $500 fine. In 2008, six New Zealand soldiers were "sent home in disgrace" from their posting in Afghanistan after it was discovered they were spotting hashish. In the United Kingdom, this method of smoking is relatively rare, and appears to be getting rarer. One 1998 survey of regular UK cannabis users put usage of the "hot knives" technique at only 1.3%, down from 5.2% in 1984.

Health risks

Users spotting cannabis are susceptible to greater health risks than other methods of smoking cannabis. Spotting cannabis oil or resin is thought to be particularly harmful to the lungs, as the smoke comes off the oil at such a high temperature. One possible way of minimizing the risks of spotting marijuana is using cooler knives, leading to the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) being vaporised rather than the entire plant matter being burnt. Some users also fill the lower half of the spottle with ice (that stays in place by being frozen to the edges of the spottle), but much more common is to just freeze the bottle, which leads to a cooler smoke that is less harsh on the lungs.

Care must be taken not to touch the side of a plastic spottle with a hot knife when inhaling spots, as burning plastic gives off many toxic chemicals, including (in the case of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics) dioxin, a carcinogen. For this reason, many smokers prefer to use a glass bottle.

A 1998 joint submission by the Royal Society and the Academy of Medical Science on the recreational and medical use of marijuana expressed concern about the use and dissemination of the "hot knives" technique. The submission speculated that increasing use of methods of smoking that enable massive inhalation (and therefore higher intake of cannabinoids) may lead to an increase in incidents of short-term cannabis-related mental disturbance.

Other purposes
The same general procedure is also used with opium, morphine base paste, and black-tar heroin.

Notes and references

Cannabis smoking
Drug paraphernalia

Spots (cannabis)


Nicolaas Deetlefs du Toit is a retired South African politician now residing in New Jersey, United States.

Du Toit was born in Worcester in the former Cape Province, now the Western Cape. He attended and matriculated from Paarl Gimnasium in the neighbouring town of Paarl. He soon studied at Stellenbosch University and obtained a BA degree in Political Science, Sociology, Geography and Economics. He, later on, achieved an Honours degree in Business Administration from the university.

Du Toit worked in agriculture, poultry processing and clothing manufacturing before he became involved in local politics. He joined the Democratic Party of South Africa (DP) in 2000 and was elected to the newly established Drakenstein Local Municipality council in the same year. He was promoted to the post of Democratic Alliance (DA) caucus leader in 2007.

He became an MP for the DA in 2009 and served as one until 2014. He served on the Portfolio Committee on Public Service and Administration.

Du Toit later defected to the Front National in October 2015, citing a policy change in the DA. He soon moved to New Jersey.

References

External links
Profile on LinkedIn

Living people
Democratic Alliance (South Africa) politicians
Democratic Party (South Africa) politicians
People from Paarl
People from Worcester, South Africa
South African emigrants to the United States
Stellenbosch University alumni
21st-century South African politicians
Alumni of Paarl Gimnasium
Afrikaner people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa

Deetlefs du Toit


Two lavishly illustrated illuminated manuscript psalters are known as the Psalter of Saint Louis (and variants) as they belonged to the canonized King Louis IX of France. They are now in Paris and Leiden, and are respectively good examples of French Gothic and English Romanesque illumination.

Paris
The Paris Psalter of St. Louis (Bibliothèque nationale de France MS Latin 10525) was made for Louis sometime between the death of his mother Blanche of Castile in 1253 and his death in 1270.  Done in the elaborate Rayonnant style and richly gilded, the manuscript contains 78 miniatures of Old Testament scenes starting at the story of Cain and Abel and ending with the coronation of Saul, a calendar of feast days, prayers and the 150 psalms.  The psalter is in excellent condition and considered a relic of Louis IX, who was canonized in 1297.

Leiden
The Leiden St Louis Psalter, (Leiden, University Library: BPL 76A), was originally produced for  Geoffrey Plantagenet, Archbishop of York, probably in northern England in the 1190s.  It is in Latin, with some inscriptions added in French, on parchment, with 185 folios, 24,5 x 17,7 cm. in size, 23 miniatures and historiated initials.

This manuscript passed into the hands of Blanche of Castile after Geoffrey's death, and, as religious manuscripts often were, was used to teach the future saint King Louis IX how to read as a child, as a 14th-century inscription below the Beatus initial (illustrated right) records.  After the king's death it passed through a number of royal owners, including the Valois Dukes of Burgundy, being regarded as a relic of the saint, before reaching the University Library at Leiden in 1741.

Notes

Bibliography

 Günter Haseloff, Die Psalterillustration im 13. Jahrhunderts.: Studien zur Geschichte der Buchmalerei in England, Frankreich und den Niederlanden. Inaugural-Dissertation, Georg August Universität zu Göttingen, 1938.
 Victor Leroquais, Les psautiers, manuscrits latins des bibliothèques publiques de France.  Mâcon, Protat frères, 1940–41.
 Robert Branner, Manuscript painting in Paris during the reign of Saint Louis : a study of styles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
 Harvey Stahl, Picturing kingship. History and painting in the Psalter of Saint Louis. University Park, Pa., Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008.

Illuminated psalters
Manuscripts of Leiden University Library
Bibliothèque nationale de France collections
Louis IX of France
Texts in Latin
Middle French literature

Psalter of Saint Louis


Edwin Stanton McCook (March 26, 1837 – September 11, 1873) was an American soldier and politician. A Union Army officer during the American Civil War and a postbellum politician in the Dakota Territory, he was assassinated in office while serving as acting governor on September 11, 1873.

Biography
One of a famous family of Civil War officers, the "Fighting McCooks," he was born in Carrollton, Ohio, a son of Daniel McCook. He was educated at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and was a member of the Naval Lodge #69 of the Freemasons in New York City.

When the Civil War erupted, McCook recruited a company and joined the 31st Illinois Infantry, serving under his friend, Col. John A. Logan. He saw action in the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, where he was severely wounded. He was later assigned to command Logan's brigade when the latter assumed division command. By the Vicksburg Campaign, McCook had again been promoted to replace Logan as division commander, leading it during the Siege of Vicksburg under Ulysses S. Grant. In 1864, he served with distinction in the Chattanooga and Atlanta campaigns and in the March to the Sea under William T. Sherman. He was severely wounded three separate times but survived the war.

On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated McCook for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866. On April 16, 1867, the United States Senate confirmed McCook's nomination for appointment to the grade of brevet major general of volunteers to rank from March 13, 1865.

Political career and death
After the war, he moved out west and was named as Secretary of the Dakota Territory in 1872. McCook was appointed acting governor of Dakota Territory in spring 1873 to replace the corrupt John A. Burbank. On September 11, 1873, he was shot and killed by Peter P. Wintermute, a banker and political adversary, at a public meeting being held in at the St. Charles Hotel (site of the present Charles Gurney Hotel) in Yankton, Dakota Territory. Wintermute was upset with McCook's stance in the Dakota Southern Railroad dispute.

However, the actual shooting erupted after a personal slight: Wintermute asked McCook for a cigar and was refused, after which Wintermute felt insulted and challenged McCook to a fight; McCook, large and well-built, laughed at Wintermute, who was described as being of small build. Wintermute then declared that he could shoot McCook, who responded by reportedly punching him, tossing him around, and rubbing his face in the contents of a spittoon. Wintermute declared he would get even, borrowed a pistol from a friend, and shot McCook four times in the chest at close range as he returned from washing his hands. McCook was reportedly able to still attack Wintermute, and needed to be restrained so medical care could be provided; he died the following day from blood loss. Wintermute was tried, convicted and sentenced to 10 years for manslaughter, but obtained a new trial and was acquitted in Vermilliondue to the chaotic and confusing chain of events.

McCook was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, Ohio, along with several other members of the famed family. His grave can be located in Section 10, Lot 1.

Honors
McCook County, South Dakota, is named for him.

See also

List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)
List of assassinated American politicians

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Whalen, Charles and Barbara, The Fighting McCooks: America's Famous Fighting Family, Westmoreland Press, 2006.
Ohio Historical Society

1837 births
1873 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Acting Governors of Dakota Territory
Assassinated American politicians
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
Deaths by firearm in South Dakota
Governors of Dakota Territory
McCook family
People from Carrollton, Ohio
People from Illinois
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
Union Army colonels
Assassinated governors
1870s assassinated politicians

Edwin Stanton McCook


TDS Metrocom is TDS Telecom's local phone business, providing customers with phone, data, and Internet services in a five-state area in the midwestern United States.  Its central office is located at 3416 University Ave in Madison, Wisconsin. Unlike Telecom, Metrocom used a deal brokered by Tommy Thompson to allow for local phone service competition on AT&T's lines in exchange for long distance plan selling rights over landline. They are no longer offering this service to new residential subscribers, but continue to maintain existing contracts, new features, or new locations on existing accounts.

Current residential status

TDS Metrocom is currently in maintenance mode, where they are allowed to maintain existing telephone and Internet installations but not add any new telephone or Internet accounts. Business accounts are still available.

External links
 TDS Metrocom Webpage

Companies based in Madison, Wisconsin
Internet service providers of the United States

TDS Metrocom


The bowfin (Amia calva) is a primitive bony fish in the genus Amia that lives in North America. It is a relict species, last of a group known as the Halecomorphi. That group appeared the Lower Triassic, about 250 million years ago.

The bowfin is described as "primitive" because they have  characteristics of their early ancestors. The closest living relatives of bowfins are gars: the two groups make up the clade Holostei.

Their physiology is quite interesting. Like gars, bowfin are bimodal breathers: they can to breathe both water and air. Their gills exchange gases in the water, and they also have a gas bladder. The gas bladder is the secret: it keeps buoyancy, and lets the fish  breathe air by a small pneumatic duct which goes from the foregut to the gas bladder. They  break the surface to gulp air. This lets them survive conditions of hypoxia which would be lethal to most species.

Bowfin body-shape evolution and development
The first fish lacked jaws and used negative pressure to suck their food in through their mouths. The jaw in the bowfin is a result of their evolutionary need to be able to catch and eat bigger and more nutritious prey. As a result of being able to gather more nutrients, Bowfin are able to live a more active lifestyle. The jaw of a bowfin has several adaptations.

Similar species
Some people mistake northern snakeheads (Channa argus) for bowfin because even if they are in a different genus, they have similarities to them in appearance, most noticeably their elongated, cylindrical shape, and long dorsal fin that runs along their backs.

Diseases

A common parasite of bowfin is the anchor worm from the genus Lernaea. These crustaceans infest the skin and bases of fins, with consequences ranging from slowed growth to death.

Feeding
Bowfin are stalking, ambush predators that move into the shallows at night to prey on fish, and aquatic invertebrates such as crawfish, mollusks, and aquatic insects.

References

Ray-finned fish

Bowfin


Goeblange (, ) is a village in the commune of Koerich, in southern Luxembourg about 13 km west of Luxembourg City. , the village had a population of 425.

Location
Goeblange lies 321 m above sea level on the CR 109 from Koerich to Capellen at the crossroads with the road from Septfontaines to Windhof. Once a farming community, it is now increasingly becoming a residential area adjacent to Koerich.

History

Gallo-Roman ruins

In the Miecher forest, about 1 km north-east of the village, extensive remains of a Roman farming community have been found. Two large villas have been excavated and the foundations partially rebuilt. There are other buildings and fortifications on the site which are now being unearthed.

Information boards at the site explain that the villas probably date back to the 1st century but were extensively developed in the 4th century. Roman civilization was then thriving in the area owing to the prosperity of the imperial city of Trier.

The Villa Miecher, a villa rustica covering some 700 m2 and designated Building I, stands on elevated ground overlooking the land to the south. The cellar built in the 1st century was later converted into a cistern for water supply. There is also evidence of water purification systems. By the 4th century, the south facade with its large porch, its two lateral towers and its central door must have made the villa an impressive sight.

The second building, in the north-west corner of the settlement was constructed in the 1st century but was considerably modified during the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The room in the north-west corner was converted into a caldarium for heated baths. The other rooms were probably used to house the servants. The building was abandoned in the 4th century and fell to ruin.

The Roman road from Trier to Arlon and Reims passes through nearby Capellen. Produce from the Miecher settlement could therefore have been transported along this road.

Celtic tombs
In 1993, the National Museum of History and Art excavated Celtic tombs dating back to 50 BC to 30 BC which had been discovered in 1966 about 500 m NE of the Roman ruins in an area known as Scheierheck. The tombs were no doubt the resting place of aristocrats - four men and one woman - judging from the artifacts which were found there. These included: 1 amphoric wine flagon, 4 bottles, 7 plates, 5 pots, 7 bowls, 5 cups, 1 flat plate, 1 goblet, 1 drinking horn, 1 iron knife, 2 lance blades, 2 spurs, 3 bronze broches, 1 pair of scissors and the remains of cremation, including those of a wild boar.

Footnotes

Villages in Luxembourg
Koerich
Roman sites in Luxembourg

Goeblange


The Metropolitan Community Church (MCC) is an international Protestant Christian denomination. It is based in Los Angeles, California. It has 222 member congregations in 37 countries. It has a specific outreach to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender families and communities. The MCC has property worth $50 million. It has 40,000 members. They want to double in size in the next ten years. They also want acceptance by other Christian organizations. The MCC currently has "Official Observer" status with the World Council of Churches. MCC supports same-sex marriage. The MCC has been denied membership in the US National Council of Churches. Many local MCC congregations are members of local ecumenical partnerships around the world. MCC also belongs to several statewide councils of churches in the United States.

References

Christian organizations based in the United States
Protestantism
Los Angeles

Metropolitan Community Church


The Landor Theatre is a pub theatre in Clapham, South London.

Originally the Cage Theatre upon its opening in 1994, the Landor became "Upstairs at the Landor" in 1995 and finally the Landor Theatre in 1998, following a refit of the building.

In 2010 the Landor staged productions of Smokey Joe's Cafe, Closer Than Ever and Tomorrow Morning. In 2013 it staged the London premiere of title of show starring Scott Garnham as Hunter.

References

External links

Theatres in the London Borough of Lambeth
Pub theatres in London
Pub theatres in England

Landor Theatre


The People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) is a political pressure group in Thailand. It was originally a coalition of protestors against the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. It called for the resignation of Shinawatra and two later prime ministers, Samak Sundaravej and Somchai Wongsawat. It is also called the National Liberation Alliance or the Yellow Shirts after the colour of the clothes they wear. It started from accusations of fraud against Shinawatra's business deals.

In November 2008, the PAD seized Donmuang and Suvarnabhumi Airports to force Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawa to resign. The airports had to close. In 2011 they camped outside Government House for almost 200 days to protest about government policy.

Supporters wear yellow shirts with a hat that has a Latin message liberate (). They wear a blue scarf and they use tools that to make the sound like clapping hands ().

References

Political parties in Asia
Politics of Thailand
Organizations based in Thailand

People's Alliance for Democracy


The SoundEye Festival of the Arts of the Word is an annual festival of poetry and other related art forms. It is held annually in Cork City over several days in either late-June to mid-July, with over 20 poets reading at the 2017 event. Events take place in venues such as the Guesthouse and Firkin Crane within the city.

History
The festival was initially directed by poet Trevor Joyce, who had co-founded New Writers Press in 1967 along with Michael Smith. Joyce (who lives in the Shandon area of Cork) was invited to a US literary conference in the 1990s, and began planning the first 'Cork Alternative Poetry Festival' shortly afterwards.

In 2005, the festival received European Capital of Culture funding and collaborated with contiguous arts events through the involvement of Fergal Gaynor, who was then co-curating the Cork Caucus. In 2010, poets James Cummins and Rachel Warriner, who had programmed a section of the festival linked with their Default magazine, took over some of the festival's organisational duties.

SoundEye has been associated with modernist and avant-garde poetry, and now includes elements of video art, performance, sound poetry, and conceptual art. SoundEye has hosted readings by Irish poets, poets from other anglophone countries, and occasionally from non-anglophone nations.

References

External links
Festival website - Soundeye.wordpress.com

Culture in Cork (city)
Poetry festivals in Ireland
Tourist attractions in Cork (city)
Summer events in the Republic of Ireland

SoundEye Festival


Karl William Turner (born 15 April 1971) is a British politician. A member of the Labour Party, Turner has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull East since 2010.

Turner was appointed Shadow Attorney General for England and Wales in January 2016 by Jeremy Corbyn, before resigning from that role in June of that year. He served as Shadow Shipping, Aviation and Road Safety Minister within the Shadow Transport team from 2017 to 2020.

Early life
Karl William Turner was born on 15 April 1971 in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. He was raised in the city and was educated at Bransholme High School from 1984 to 1987, leaving at the age of 16. He attended HCC Training to study business administration from 1987 to 1989. Later, Turner became a self-employed antiques dealer.

He returned to education in the late 1990s to study A Levels at Hull College, before graduating with a law degree as a mature student from the University of Hull in 2004. He became a barrister in 2005 after passing the Bar Vocational Course at Northumbria University and went on to practice criminal law for the Max Gold Partnership in Hull.

Parliamentary career

Turner was selected by the Labour Party as the prospective parliamentary candidate for Kingston upon Hull East in March 2008 after John Prescott announced he would not stand again. He was elected for the constituency at the 2010 general election with a majority of 8,597, a long way from the large majority his predecessor had and this was further reduced to just 1,239 during the 2019 general election.

In April 2014, Turner referred himself to the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards after complaints were made in relation to invitations to a £45-a-head Labour Party fundraising event, sent using parliamentary email accounts. The Commissioner for Standards concluded that there should be no inquiry.

Turner was appointed Shadow Solicitor General by Labour leader Ed Miliband on 3 December 2014, and continued to serve as an opposition whip.

On 11 January 2016, Turner was appointed Shadow Attorney General for England and Wales to replace Catherine McKinnell, who resigned following a reshuffle to the Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn. On 26 June 2016, Turner resigned from the Shadow Cabinet following the EU referendum, among a number of his colleagues unhappy with Jeremy Corbyn's leadership. He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour leadership election. On 14 October 2016, it was announced that Turner had returned to Labour's frontbench as a Whip.

Following the 2017 general election he was appointed as Shadow Shipping, Aviation and Road Safety Minister within the Shadow Transport team.

On 12 March 2018, allegations of sexual misconduct against Turner were reported in the British press. Turner, via his solicitors, denied making any such comments or behaving inappropriately. The Labour Party said it had not received a formal complaint and that complaints about inappropriate behaviour are taken "extremely seriously".

In September 2019, Speaker of the House John Bercow described Turner as the "noisiest member of the House".

Turner is a member of the Labour Friends of Israel group in Parliament.

In August 2023, Turner apologised after sharing a doctored image of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak on Twitter.

Personal life
He is married to Leanne Turner.

References

External links

|-

1971 births
Living people
Alumni of Northumbria University
Alumni of the University of Hull
Labour Friends of Israel
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Politicians from Kingston upon Hull
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present

Karl Turner (British politician)


The ducat was the main currency of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies between 1816 and 1860. When the Congress of Vienna created the kingdom merging the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily, the ducat became at par a continuation of the Neapolitan ducat and the Sicilian piastra issued prior to 1816, although the Sicilian piastra had been subdivided into 240 grana. In the mainland part of the kingdom, the ducat also replaced the Napoleonic lira.

The subdivision and the coinage of the currency were simplified with respect to the pre-Napoleonic era: only three denominations survived. The ducat proper was the name of the gold coins, and curiously it did not exist as a single unit; the grana (singular: grano) was the name of the silver coins, itself also not existing as a single unit; the tornesel (Italian: tornese) was the name of the copper coins, which were worth half a grana. Accounts were kept in ducats, each of 100 grana or 200 tornesels.

The piastra was the unofficial name of the biggest silver coin, which had a value of 120 grana. When the Italian lira replaced the coinage of the House of Bourbon in 1861, a rate of 1 piastra = 5.1 lire was established.

Coins

Copper coins were issued in denominations of , 1, , 2, 3, 4, 5, 8  and 10 tornesels, together with silver 5, 10, 20, 60 and 120 grana coins, the largest being unofficially called piastra. Gold coins were issued for 3, 6, 15 and 30 ducats.

References

Obsolete Italian currencies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Modern obsolete currencies
Sicilies
1860 disestablishments
19th-century economic history
1816 establishments in Italy

Two Sicilies ducat


"Yusuf and Zulaikha" (the English transliteration of both names varies greatly) refers to a medieval Islamic version of the story of the prophet Yusuf and Potiphar's wife which has been for centuries in the Muslim world, and is found in many languages such as Arabic, Persian, Bengali, Turkish, Punjabi and Urdu. Its most famous version was written in the Persian language by Jami (1414–1492), in his Haft Awrang ('Seven Thrones').

In the Qur'an
The story of Yusuf and Zulaikha takes place in the twelfth chapter of the Qur'an, titled "Yusuf." The story plays a primary role within the chapter, and begins after Yusuf, son of Yaqub ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim, is abandoned and subsequently sold to an Egyptian royal guard.

After reaching maturity, Yusuf becomes so beautiful that his master's wife, later called Zulaikha in the Islamic tradition, falls in love with him. Blinded by her desire, she locks him in a room with her and attempts to seduce him. Through his great wisdom and power, Yusuf resists her and turns around to open the door. Upset, Zulaikha attempts to stop him, and in the process, rips the back of his shirt. At this moment, Zulaikha's husband (the lord of the house and Yusuf's master) catches Zulaikha and Yusuf struggling at the door and calls for an explanation. Deflecting the blame, Zulaikha tells her husband that Yusuf attempted to seduce her. Yusuf contradicts this and tells the lord that Zulaikha wanted to seduce him. Unsure who is guilty, a servant of the household tells the lord that the placement of the rip on Yusuf's shirt will tell the truth about what happened. According to the servant, if Yusuf's shirt was ripped at the front, he must have been going toward Zulaikha, attempting to seduce her. On the other hand, if Yusuf's shirt was ripped from the back, he was trying to get away from Zulaikha; therefore, Zulaikha was guilty. After examining Yusuf's shirt and seeing the rip on the back, Yusuf's master determines his wife is the guilty party, and angrily tells her to ask forgiveness for her sin.Later, Zulaikha overhears a group of women speaking about the incident, verbally shaming Zulaikha for what she did. Zulaikha, angered by this, gives each woman a knife and calls for Yusuf. Upon his arrival, the women cut themselves with their knives, shocked by his beauty. Zulaikha, boosted by proving to the women that any woman would fall for Yusuf, proudly claims that Yusuf must accept her advances, or he will be imprisoned.

Disturbed by Zulaikha's claim, Yusuf prays to Allah, begging Allah to make them imprison him, as Yusuf would rather go to jail than do the bidding of Zulaikha and the other women.  Allah, listening to Yusuf's request, makes the chief in power believe Yusuf should go to prison for some time, and so Yusuf does.

In poetry

Jami
In 1483 AD, the renowned poet, Jami, wrote his interpretation of the allegorical romance and religious texts of Yusuf and Zulaikha. It became a classical example and the most famous version of Sufi interpretation of Qur'anic narrative material. Jami's example shows how a religious community takes a story from a sacred text and appropriate it in a religious-socio-cultural setting that is different from the original version. Therefore, it is known as a masterpiece of Sufi mystical poetry.

Jami opens the poem with a prayer. In the narrative, Yusuf is an incredibly handsome young man. Due to his beauty, he became a victim of his brothers' jealousy because Yusuf was so beautiful he had an influence on everyone that met him. The brothers take him to be sold to the in a slave market in Egypt. Jami shows that Yusuf's brothers' greed is not how to live a Sufi life. Yusuf is put up for sale and astounds everyone with his beauty. This causes a commotion in the market and the crowd starts bidding for him. Zulaikha, the rich and beautiful wife of Potiphar, sees him and is struck by Yusuf's beauty. She outbids everyone and buys him.

For years, Zulaikha suppressed her desire for Yusuf until she could not resist it any longer. She ends up attempting to seduce Yusuf. When Potiphar found out, he sent Yusuf to prison causing Zulaikha to live with extreme guilt. One day while in prison, Yusuf was able to interpret the Pharaoh's dream, and thus, the Pharaoh made Yusuf chief of all his treasures. Because of this, Yusuf was able to meet with Zulaikha. He saw that she still had love for him and was miserable. He took her in her arms and prayed to God. The prayer and the love Yusuf and Zulaikha had for each other attracted a blessing from God. Restoring youth and beauty to Zulaikha. They got married and lived happily.

What the audience learns from this story is that God's beauty appears in many forms and that Zulaikha's pursuit of love from Yusuf is, in fact, the love and pursuit of God. In Jami's version, Zulaikha is the main character and even more important thematically and narratively than Yusuf. Yusuf, on the other hand, is a two-dimensional character. Another difference in Jami's version is that the overwhelming majority of the story is unrelated to the Qur'an. Finally, Jami claims that his inspiration to write this version of the story comes from love.

Shah Muhammad Saghir

As Islam continued to spread, authors across Asia resonated with the story of Yusuf and Zulaikha. Jami's adaptation of the famous tale served as the model for many writers. Bengali author Shah Muhammad Saghir also published his own reinterpretation. Though little information is available about his life and the sources from which he drew, it is assumed to have been written between 1389 and 1409. Through this work, he set the precedent for romance in Bengali literature. One of the unique attributes of Sagir's version is the change of setting, as his poem takes place in Bengal. A prime example of syncretism, it blends elements of Hindu culture with the classic Islamic tale, which in turn encourages readers to coexist with other faiths. It is also testament to Islamic influence on the Indian subcontinent. It is known for its detailed descriptions of Yusuf and Zulaikha's physical beauty, and begins with the two protagonists' childhoods, which then unravels into a tale full of passion and pursuit. Sagir's Yusuf-Zulekha also keeps in touch with the Islamic values found in the original story and echoes the Sufi belief that to love on earth is to love Allah. Although Sagir intended his poem not to be read as a translation of the Quranic version nor as sourced from the Persians before him, he did borrow Persian linguistic traditions in order to write it. Following the introduction of Sagir's poem, other Bengali writers throughout the centuries took inspiration and created their own versions of Yusuf and Zulaikha, including Abdul Hakim and Shah Garibullah. Hakim took his inspiration directly from Jami, while Garibullah chose to write something more unique.

Other versions

There also exists a Punjabi Qisse version of Yusuf and Zulaikha, composed by Hafiz Barkhurdar, that contains around 1200 pairs of rhyming verses. He, too, was inspired by Jami, while incorporating his own stylistic choices. In Barkhurdar's version, Yusuf is reunited with his father, Yaqub at the end. This is an example of a written qissa, or a Punjabi style of storytelling that emphasizes folkloric tradition. Barkhurdar's rendition was not published until the nineteenth century, and by then it was considered too antiquated for mainstream reading. In fact, many versions of Yusuf and Zulaikha have been lost to time. However, the popularity of the story can be used to measure the impact of Persianization on South Asia]]. This is evident in Maulvi Abd al-Hakim's interpretation of Yusuf and Zulaikha, which directly imitates Jami as well as other features of the Persian language. Nevertheless, these stories contributed to the development of the 'qissa' as a genre.

Based on Jami's Persian version, Munshi Sadeq Ali also wrote this story as a poetic-style puthi in the Sylheti Nagari script, which he titled Mahabbatnama.

A version by Mahmud Qırımlı from 13th century is regarded as the first literary work written in the Crimean Tatar language. Another writer who retold the story is Mahmud Gami in Kashmiri.

In art
The international recognition of the tale of Yusuf and Zulaikha resulted in many artistic renditions of the poem. Substantial periods of conquest and dissolution of Islam throughout

Asia and North Africa led to a flurry of diverse artistic interpretations of Yusuf and Zulaikha.

Central Asia
Within one of the wealthiest trading centers along the Silk Road in Bukhara, Uzbekistan, the manuscript of Bustan of Sa'di would be found. The status of Bukhara as a wealthy Islamic trading hub led to a flourishing of art and culture in the city. From such an economic boom the Bustan of Sa'di created in 1257 C.E portrays many scenes from the poems of Yusuf and Zulaikha. In a frequently reproduced scene, Yusuf leaves the home of Zulaikha after refusing her romantic advances. The scene demonstrated visually a prominent theme from the poem in which we see Yusuf's powerful faith in God overcome his own physical desires. As depicted in the artwork, the locked doors unexpectedly spring open, offering Yusuf a path from Zulaikha's home. In crafting this piece the materials used fall in line with the conventional methods used at the time and were a mixture of oil paints, gold and watercolors.

Persia

From Persia we see what is considered to be, by some experts, the most recognized Illustration of Jami's poem Yusuf and Zulaikha. The artist Kamāl al-Dīn Behzād under the direction of Sultan Husayn Bayqara of the Timurid Empire) constructed a manuscript illustrating the tale of Yusuf and Zulaikha. Behzād has often been credited with initiating a high point of Islamic miniature painting. His artistic style of blending the traditional geometric shape with open spaces to create a central view of his characters was a new idea evident in many of his works. One of Behzhad's most notable works had been his interpretation of the Seduction of Yusuf, where his distinctive style of painting is on display. The painting depicts dynamic movement, with Yusuf and Zulaikha both painted while in motion amidst a backdrop of a stretched out flat background to bring attention to the characters central to the painting.

Kashmir
In a work originating from the Kashmir region of India, we see how under the Islamic Mughal Empire the renowned poem of Yusuf and Zulaikha continued to flourish in art. The continued interest in illustrating the renowned tale of Yusuf and Zulaikha can be found in a manuscript from Muhhamid Murak dating back to the year 1776. The manuscript offers over 30 paintings styling different scenes from Jami's poem of Yusuf and Zulaikha. Within the manuscript, the unique style of the Mughal painting that had combined Indian and Persian artistic style is demonstrated. There is more emphasis upon realism in Mughal painting and this focus may be seen within Murak's manuscript. The illustration of Zulaikha and her maids offers the viewer a detail oriented scope into the author's imagining of the tale. The historically accurate dress and photorealistic design differ from prior interpretations of the tale which had been more fantastical in nature.

References

Bibliography

 Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah. Influence of Persian Literature on Shah Muhammad Sagir's Yusuf Zulaikha and Alaol's Padmavati. 2014.
 Beutel, David. "Jami's Yusuf and Zulaikha:  A Study in the Method of  Appropriation of Sacred Text." Beutel. Accessed November 18, 2022. http://beutel.narod.ru/write/yusuf.htm.
 Christopher Shackle. "Between Scripture and Romance: The Yusuf-Zulaikha Story in Panjabi." South Asia Research 15, no. 2 (1995).
 Griffith, Ralph T.H., Yúsuf And Zulaikha: A Poem by Jámi, London: Routledge, 2000.
 Titley, Norah M.. Persian Miniature Painting, and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India. Austin : University of Texas Press, 1984.
 Roxburgh, David J. "Kamal Al-Din Bihzad and Authorship in Persianate Painting." Muqarnas 17 (2000). https://doi.org/10.2307/1523294.
 "Yusuf and Zulaikha', Folio 51r from a Bustan of Sa`Di." Metmuseum.org. Accessed November 17, 2022. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/452672.
 "Zulaykha in the Company of Her Maids: The Walters Art Museum." Online Collection of the Walters Art Museum, August 1, 2022. https://art.thewalters.org/detail/83831/zulaykha-in-the-company-of-her-maids/.

More Information

 Women Writers, Islam, and the Ghost of Zulaikha, by Elif Shafak
Manuscript text Yusuf und Zalikha  in the collection of  Museums für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg (MKG 1916.35)
 Jāmī in Regional Contexts: The Reception of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī's Works in the Islamicate World, ca. 9th/15th-14th/20th Century Series: Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East, Volume: 128 Editors: Thibaut d'Hubert and Alexandre Papas, with five chapters on the Yusuf and Zuleykha story:
 Foundational Maḥabbat-nāmas: Jāmī's Yūsuf u Zulaykhā in Bengal (ca. 16th–19th AD) By: Thibaut d'Hubert Pages: 649–691
 Love's New Pavilions: Śāhā Mohāmmad Chagīr's Retelling of Yūsuf va Zulaykhā in Early Modern Bengal By: Ayesha A. Irani Pages: 692–751
 Śrīvara's Kathākautuka: Cosmology, Translation, and the Life of a Text in Sultanate Kashmir By: Luther Obrock Pages: 752–776
 A Bounty of Gems: Yūsuf u Zulaykhā in Pashto By: C. Ryan Perkins Pages: 777–797
 Sweetening the Heavy Georgian Tongue Jāmī in the Georgian-Persianate World By: Rebecca Ruth Gould Pages: 798–828

Islamic mythology
Persian poems
Sufi literature
Islamic literature
Literary duos
Joseph (Genesis)

Yusuf and Zulaikha


Arthur Michael Kleinman (born March 11, 1941) is an American psychiatrist, social anthropologist and a professor of medical anthropology, psychiatry and global health and social medicine at Harvard University.

Kleinman's medical anthropology research has largely focused on China. He began his work in Taiwan in 1968, and then expanded to mainland China in 1978.

At Harvard, Kleinman has taught at all levels for decades. These efforts include teaching, supervision and mentorship of undergraduate students, anthropology graduate students, medical students, and post-doctoral fellows.

Education
Arthur Kleinman received his A.B. and M.D. from Stanford University and M.A. in Social Anthropology from Harvard. He did an internship in internal medicine at the Yale School of Medicine and his psychiatric residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital.

Career
Kleinman is the Esther and Sidney Rabb Professor of Anthropology at Harvard and professor of medical anthropology and professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.

Kleinman has held a variety of administrative positions, including chair of Harvard's Department of Anthropology, chair of Harvard Medical School's Department of Social Medicine, and director of Harvard's Asia Center (2008-2016).

In 2011, Kleinman was named a Harvard College Professor and given the Distinguished Faculty Award.

In 1976, he founded the journal Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, and was its Editor-in-Chief until 1986. The journal was continued by Byron and Mary-Jo Good and Peter J. Guarnaccia.

Kleinman directed the World Mental Health Report, released at the UN in 1995, and also directed the World Bank Out of the Shadows Report in 2016. He co-chaired the American Psychiatric Association's Taskforce on Culture and DSM-IV, co-chaired the 2002 Institute of Medicine report on Preventing Suicide, and also co-chaired in 2001 and 2002 both the NIH conference on the Science and Ethics of the Placebo and the NIH conference on Stigma. In September 2003, he gave the Distinguished Lecture sponsored by the Fogarty International Center at NIH on the Global Epidemic of Depression and Suicide. He was on the Counsel of the Fogarty International Center, NIH, and on the NIH Council of Councils. He was a consultant to the WHO where he chaired the technical advisory committee of the Nations for Mental Health Action Program, and in December 2002, gave the keynote address to the WHO's first international conference on global mental health research.

Writing
Kleinman has authored seven books and over 350 articles, book chapters, reviews and introductions. Perhaps Kleinman's most influential work is Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture (1980), followed by The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing, and the Human Condition (1988) and Social Origins of Distress and Disease: Depression, Neurasthenia, and Pain in Modern China (1986). His book, What Really Matters (Oxford University Press, 2006), addresses existential dangers and uncertainties that make moral experience, religion, and ethics so crucial to individuals and society today. This book has been translated and published in Chinese editions both in Shanghai and Taipei. His most recent book The Soul of Care: The Moral Education of a Husband and a Doctor was published by Penguin in 2019.

Kleinman is the co-author of four books including A Passion for Society: How We Think About Human Suffering (2016) with Iain Wilkinson and Deep China: The Moral Life of the Person. What Anthropology and Psychiatry Tell us about China Today (2011) with six of his former students. Kleinman has co-authored many works with other psychiatrists, anthropologists and researchers in the field of global health including  the late Paul Farmer (his former student), Veena Das, Margaret Lock, Michael Phillips, Byron Good, Mary Del-Vecchio Good, Tsung-yi Lin and Leon Eisenberg (his former teacher).

Kleinman is co-editor of 29 volumes, including: Social Suffering; Culture and Depression; SARS in China; Global Pharmaceuticals; Subjectivity: Ethnographic Investigations; Reimagining Global Health: An Introduction; The Culture of Illness and Psychiatric Practice in Africa; and The Ground Between: Anthropologists Engage Philosophy. He has also co-edited 11 special issues of journals and published essays in The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, The Harvard Magazine, among other media.

Awards and recognition
Kleinman is a member of the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) of the National Academies and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has delivered numerous lectures on a variety of topics at universities around the world. He has been a fellow of the Guggenheim Foundation and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (Stanford). He is Distinguished Lifetime Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and the American Anthropological Association.

Kleinman has twice given the Distinguished Lecture at NIH and was a member of its Council of Councils (the advisory board to the director) from 2007 to 2011. He was also appointed by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services of the U.S. Government to the Advisory Council of the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health.  In 2003, Kleinman chaired the Selection Committee for the NIH's new Pioneer Awards.

In 2006, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society for Medical Anthropology, and in 2008, he received from the Society for Medical Anthropology the George Foster Award. In 2004, he was awarded the Doubleday Medal in Medical Humanities by University of Manchester, England. In 2007, he received an award in the medical humanities at Imperial College, London He is a winner of the Wellcome Prize of the Royal Anthropological Institute; a recipient of an honorary Doctorate of Science from York University (Canada); and the 2001, was winner of the Franz Boas Award of the American Anthropological Association, its highest award. He was awarded an honorary professorship at Fudan University. Shortly thereafter, he was Cleveringa Professor at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. Most recently, he was elected Honorary Academician, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Personal life
Kleinman was born and raised in New York. He was married to the late Joan Kleinman (who died in 2011), a sinologist and his research collaborator, for 45 years. They have two children (Peter and Anne) and four grandchildren (Gabriel, Kendall, Allegra and Clayton).

Selected list of published works
 Patients and healers in the context of culture : an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine, and psychiatry / Arthur Kleinman. -- University of California Press, 1980.
 Culture and depression : studies in the anthropology and cross-cultura l psychiatry of affect and disorder / edited by Arthur Kleinman and Byron Good. -- University of California Press, 1985. --
 Social origins of distress and disease : depression, neurasthenia, and pain in modern China / Kleinman—Yale Univ ersity Press, 1986
 The illness narratives: suffering, healing, and the human condition / Kleinman—Basic Books, 1988
 Rethinking psychiatry : from cultural category to personal experience / Kleinman; Free Press, 1991
 Social suffering / edited by Kleinman, Veena Das, and Margaret Lock—University of California Press, 1997 & Oxford University Press, 1997
 Writing at the margin : discourse between anthropology and medicine / Kleinman. -- University of California Press, 1995
 What really matters: living a moral life amidst uncertainty and danger / Kleinman—Oxford University Press, 2006. Translated into Chinese: Shanghai Joint Publishing Company, Shanghai, P.R. China, 2007; translated in Chinese: PsyGarden Publishing Company, Taiwan, 2007
 The soul of care: the moral education of a husband and a doctor / Kleinman— Penguin, description and arrow-searchable preview,  2019

Further reading
 (See also chapter 8 in Thinking through cultures, which is substantially the same text with minor amendments).

The Arc of Interference: Medical Anthropology for Worlds on Edge. Joao Biehl and Vincanne Adams, eds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2023 (In Press). A Festschrift to honor Arthur Kleinman, including an introduction by the late Paul Farmer.
Kleinman, A. "An Intellectual Journey and Personal Odyssey." Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Spring 2015 LXVIII, No. 3, 58-59.

Notes

References

1941 births
Living people
American psychiatrists
American anthropologists
Medical anthropologists
Harvard Medical School faculty
Harvard University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
Scientists from New York City
Stanford University School of Medicine alumni
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

Arthur Kleinman


Dobby, or dobbie, is a woven fabric produced on the dobby loom, characterised by small geometric patterns and extra texture in the cloth. The warp and weft threads may be the same colour or different. Satin threads are particularly effective in this kind of weave as their texture will highlight the pattern.

Dobby usually features a simple, repeated geometric pattern.

Polo shirts are usually made with dobby. Piqué fabrics are a type of dobby construction.

References

Woven fabrics

Dobby (cloth)