Gustav Wieser (24 June 1898 – 1960) was an Austrian footballer. He played as forward for  Rapid Wien, Würzburger Kickers and Wiener Amateur SV and the Austrian national football team. After his career he was a successful coach in Germany and Poland.

Career
He started his career with SK Rapid Wien in 1915. With the team he was Austrian champion five times until 1921 and also won the first two Austrian cup competitions. After the success at Rapid, Gustav Wieser went to the Würzburger Kickers in 1921, but returned to Vienna in 1923 and now played for Rapids rivals, Wiener Amateur SV.

With Amateur SV he  won the championship in 1924, a year later the cup and in 1926 the double. In each of these three seasons, Gustav Wieser was crowned Austria's top scorer.

National team
He debuted on 7 May 1916 in a 3-1 win versus Hungary. Till 1921 he played 9 matches. During his time in Germany he was not allowed to play in the team. As a player for the Amateur SV,  Wieser played a total of 18 international matches. His last match was versus France in 1926. He played a total of 27 matches for Austria and scored 12 goals.

Manager career
After his active career  Gustav Wieser worked as a coach. In 1927 he was coach of  Eintracht Frankfurt , supported by a fitness trainer and a doctor, which was unusual at the time. 1928 he became coach of FC Schalke 04.

After working in Germany, Gustav Wieser first went to Czechoslovakia, where he was again an active player at Teplitzer FK and then to Poland. He coached Legia Warsaw  from October 1933 to September 1934. Then he spent the next two years in Chorzów, where he won the Polish championship with Ruch Chorzów in 1934 and 1935. He then worked as a coach in Luxembourg.

After the end of the Second World War he went back to Germany and coached  Bremerhaven 93. His commitment ended there in the spring 1950 when his team was accused of corruption after a defeat in Göttingen. He distanced himself from the events and gave up his coaching position.

Honours
as player:
 7 × Austrian Champion: 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1924, 1926
 5 × Austrian Cup winner: 1919, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1926
 3 × Top scorer:  1924, 1925, 1926

 27 matches and 12 goals for the Austrian national football team

as manager
 2 × Polish champion: 1934, 1935

References

1898 births
1960 deaths
Association football forwards
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
SK Rapid Wien players
Austrian football managers
FK Austria Wien players
Austrian football forwards
Austrian Football Bundesliga top scorers
Austrian football champions

Gustav Wieser


The Hunger Games is a series of three Young adult books by Suzanne Collins. The series tells the story of Katniss Everdeen. She is a girl  who lives in a fictional dystopian society called Panem. Panem is made up of the remains of the United States after a nuclear crisis. This country holds an event called The Hunger Games. They have 24 adolescents of any age group competing for to stay alive. The objective is to kill all other players and prevent other players from doing the same. The last person alive (or in the 74th annual Hunger Games' case, the last two people from the same district alive) has successfully won the Hunger Games.

Novels

Trilogy

The Hunger Games
The Hunger Games is set in North America. It is set about 250 years after a nuclear war destroys the United States. Survivors of the war formed a nation called Panem. It is made of 12 districts and a central Capitol. When the nation was young, it was similar to the democratic republic that the United States currently is. As the nation became older, it became more corrupt. It changed into a totalitarian police state. The population of the Capitol stopped working and controlled over the districts with fear. The 13th district was made of most of the New England states, It was in charge of the military, graphite mining, and nuclear weapons. They rebelled against the capitol. The rest of the districts joined. The war was lost and District 13 was destroyed by their own weapons. The Capitol forced the remaining Districts to send one young boy and girl to participate in the Hunger Games. It was  a competition to the death. Each of the 24 district teens would fight for resources over 30 days. The objective is to kill others and survive. The real use of the games was entertainment for the rich Capitol citizens and eternal punishment for the "crimes" the districts committed against the Capitol. The series centers around Katniss Everdeen. Katniss is a girl from District 12 who gets selected for the Hunger Games. She spends the rest of the book trying to survive.

The first book begins with Katniss making sacrifices to feed her family. She has to do this because District 12 is a very small, poor district.  One day , the Capitol Peacekeepers, the police of Panem, come to District 12 and set up the raffle system for the Hunger Games. The adolescents of District 12 line up. Each gender forms it own line. The Head Peacekeeper pulls 2 names from the raffle. Peeta Mellark, a boy from the richer center of town, is the first chosen. The Head Peacekeeper reads out Katniss's sister Primrose's name. Katniss objects and volunteers to be in the games in her sisters place.

Characters

 Katniss Everdeen - Main character, participates in the Hunger Games
 Peeta Mellark - Side character, participates in the Hunger Games
 Coriolanus Snow - President of Panem and organizer of the Hunger Games
 Gale Hawthorne - Katniss's friend

21st-century American novels
Fiction set in the future
American young adult novels

The Hunger Games trilogy


Greg Bollo (born November 16, 1943) is a retired right-handed relief pitcher who played for the Chicago White Sox between 1965 and 1966. Bollo was signed by the White Sox as a free agent in 1964. He played for the minor league Tidewater Tides and Clinton C-Sox in 1964 before being promoted to the White Sox in 1965. Bollo debuted for the White Sox on May 9, 1965, in a 1–6 loss to the Minnesota Twins and played for the team for the remainder of the season. Bollo began the 1966 season in the minor leagues, playing for the Lynchburg White Sox. He was promoted to the majors again in September and played in three games for the White Sox in the 1966 season. Bollo's final major league game was on October 2, 1966; the game, a 0–2 loss to the New York Yankees, was the only game Bollo started in his career as well as his only major-league decision, as he was credited with the loss. After 1966, Bollo played in the minor leagues for several seasons and made appearances for the Evansville White Sox, Hawaii Islanders, Columbus White Sox, and Tucson Toros.

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Michigan
Chicago White Sox players
Tidewater Tides players
Hawaii Islanders players
Tucson Toros players
Columbus White Sox players
Clinton C-Sox players
Evansville White Sox players
Lynchburg White Sox players
Western Michigan Broncos baseball players

Greg Bollo


Major General Sir Edward Michael Pakenham,  (19 March 1778 – 8 January 1815), was an Anglo-Irish Army officer and politician. He was the son of the Baron Longford and the brother-in-law of the Duke of Wellington, with whom he served in the Peninsular War. During the War of 1812, he was commander of British forces in North America (1814–15). On 8 January 1815, Pakenham was killed in action while leading his men at the Battle of New Orleans.

Early life
Pakenham was born at Pakenham Hall (present-day Tullynally Castle) in County Westmeath, Ireland, to Edward Pakenham, 2nd Baron Longford, and his wife Catherine Rowley. He was educated at The Royal School, Armagh. His family purchased his commission as a lieutenant in the 92nd Regiment of Foot when he was only sixteen.

Political career
Between 1799 and 1800, Pakenham also represented Longford Borough in the Irish House of Commons.

Military career
Pakenham served with the 23rd Light Dragoons against the French in Ireland during the 1798 Rebellion and later in Nova Scotia, Barbados, and Saint Croix. He led his men in an attack on Saint Lucia in 1803, where he was wounded. He also fought in the Danish campaign at the Battle of Copenhagen (1807) and in Martinique against the French Empire, where he received another wounding. In 1806, his sister Catherine married Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington.

Peninsular War

Pakenham, as adjutant-general, joined his well known in-law, the Duke of Wellington, in the Peninsular War. He commanded a regiment in the Battle of Bussaco in 1810 and in 1811 fought in the Battle of Fuentes de Onoro to defend the besieged fortress of Almeida, helping to secure a British victory. In 1812 he was praised for his performance at Salamanca in which he commanded the Third Division and hammered onto the flank of the extended French line. He also received the Army Gold Cross and clasps for the battles of Martinique, Busaco, Fuentes de Oñoro, Salamanca, Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Orthez, and Toulouse.

War of 1812

In September 1814, Pakenham, having been promoted to the rank of major general, accepted an offer to replace General Robert Ross as commander of the British North American army, after Ross was killed during the skirmishing prior to the Battle of North Point near Baltimore.

The next year during the Battle of New Orleans while rallying his troops near the enemy line, grapeshot from US artillery shattered his left knee and killed his horse. As he was helped to his feet by his senior aide-de-camp, Major Duncan MacDougall, Pakenham was wounded a second time in his right arm. After he mounted MacDougall's horse, more grapeshot ripped through his spine, fatally wounding him, and he was carried off the battlefield on a stretcher. He was laid beneath the oaks which today still bear his name. He was 36. His last words were reputed to be telling MacDougall to find General John Lambert to tell him to assume command as well as "Tell him... tell Lambert to send forward the reserves."

The battle ended in defeat for the British. The American commander was Brevet Major General Andrew Jackson, who would go on to become the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. In a letter to James Monroe, Jackson described the shot that killed Pakenham:

A general ceasefire had already been declared by the Treaty of Ghent, signed on 24 December 1814, but as peace was not yet ratified in Washington as required by the treaty, the two nations were still formally at war. The news of the treaty did not reach the combatants until February, several weeks after the battle.

Wellington had held Pakenham in high regard and was deeply saddened by news of his death, commenting: We have but one consolation, that he fell as he lived, in the honourable discharge of his duty and distinguished as a soldier and a man. I cannot but regret that he was ever employed on such a service or with such a colleague. The expedition to New Orleans originated with that colleague... The Americans were prepared with an army in a fortified position which still would have been carried, if the duties of others, that is of the Admiral (Sir Alexander Cochrane), had been as well performed as that of he whom we now lament.

Legacy
There is a statue in his memory at the south transept of St Paul's Cathedral in London. His body was returned in a cask of rum and buried in the Pakenham family vault in Killucan in County Westmeath, Ireland.

The village of Pakenham in Ontario, Canada, named in honour of his role in the War of 1812. The village is located on the Mississippi River which originates from Mississippi Lake and empties into the Ottawa River.

There is also a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, named after him.

In the alternative "British Version" of Johnny Horton's novelty hit "The Battle of New Orleans," Horton refers to the British being led into battle by Pakenham. As with other 'historic' details of the song, Horton haphazardly styles him as "Colonel Pakeningham" despite his actually being General Pakenham.

Two streets in Chalmette, Louisiana, the site of the Battle of New Orleans, are named for Pakenham, Packenham Avenue and Packenham Drive.

See also
 List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
 List of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

References

Further reading
 The Plains of Chalmette - a Story of Crescent City (2015) by Jack Caldwell, an historical novel of the Battle of New Orleans
 Battle Kiss (2011) by O'Neil De Noux, epic war novel set around the Battle of New Orleans
 "Edward Michael Pakenham," A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, Vol. 2 (1988), p. 627
 The Dawn's Early Light (1971), by Walter Lord

External links

1778 births
1815 deaths
18th-century Anglo-Irish people
19th-century Anglo-Irish people
British Army commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
British Army major generals
British Army personnel of the War of 1812
British military personnel killed in the War of 1812
Burials in County Westmeath
Irish MPs 1798–1800
Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Longford constituencies
Edward
People educated at The Royal School, Armagh
Military personnel from County Westmeath
People of the Irish Rebellion of 1798
Politicians from County Westmeath
Recipients of the Army Gold Cross
Younger sons of barons

Edward Pakenham


The National Science Bowl (NSB) is a high school and middle school science knowledge competition, using a quiz bowl format, held in the United States. A buzzer system similar to those seen on popular television game shows is used to signal an answer. The competition has been organized and sponsored by the United States Department of Energy since its inception in 1991.

Subject areas
Questions are asked in the categories of Biology, Chemistry, Earth and Space Science, Energy (dealing with DOE research), Mathematics, and Physics.

Several categories have been added, dropped, or merged throughout the years. Computer Science was dropped from the list in late 2002. Current Events was in the 2005 competition, but did not make a return. General Science was dropped and Astronomy was merged with Earth Science to create Earth and Space Science in 2011.

Regional competitions
The winning team of each regional Science Bowl competition is invited to participate in the National Science Bowl finals in Washington, D.C., with all expenses paid. As of 2018, there were 65 high school regionals and 48 middle school regionals. These figures include the two "super regional" sites that are permitted to send two teams to the national competition. The two super regionals are the Kansas/Missouri Regional High School Science Bowl and the Connecticut/Northeast Regional High School Science Bowl (The Northeast Regional includes Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and parts of New York).

Typically, any school that meets the eligibility requirements of the National Science Bowl is permitted to register for its regional competition according to its geographic location. No school may compete in multiple regionals. In addition, most regional competitions permit schools to register up to three teams. Since 2017, club teams are no longer able to compete.

Rules
This section first lists the rules for in-person competitions, and finishes with the rules for virtual competitions. The national competition follows all the rules for the in-person competitions. Most in-person regional competitions use the same rules, but they may request to use different rules. Virtual regional competitions must use the rules set for virtual competitions.

General rules
A team consists of 4 or 5 students from a single school. Only 4 students play at any one time, while the 5th is designated as the alternate. Substitutions and switching captains may occur at halftime and between rounds.

Two teams compete against each other in each match. Each team member is given a number A1, A Captain, A2, A3, B1, B Captain, B2, B3, according to the position each student sits in. In regional competitions, each round consists of 23 questions (that is, 23 toss-ups and 23 corresponding bonuses). At the National Finals, each round consists of 25 questions. The match is over when all the toss-up questions have been read (and any bonuses related to correctly answered toss-ups), or after two halves have elapsed, whichever occurs first. The team with the most points at this time is the winner. At the regional level, all matches consist of two 8-minute halves, separated by a 2-minute break.  At the national level for middle schools, all matches consist of two 10-minute halves.  For high schools, all round robin and some double elimination matches consist of two 10-minute halves, with the final rounds consisting of two 12-minute halves to accommodate the longer visual bonus questions. A toss-up/bonus cycle that is begun before time expires in a half will be finished under the usual rules before the half ends. A question officially begins once its subject area is completely read.

Toss-ups
Every match begins with a toss-up question. The moderator announces the subject of the question (see "Subject Areas" above), as well as its type (Multiple Choice or Short Answer). Once the moderator completes the reading of the question, students have 5 seconds to buzz in and give an answer. Students may buzz in at any time after the category has been read—there is no need to wait for the moderator to finish. However, there is a penalty for interrupting the moderator and giving an incorrect answer. After buzzing in, a student must first wait for an official to verbally recognize them by saying their team name and number (otherwise it is considered a blurt; see Penalties for more info), and then give their response within a natural pause (up to 2 seconds); otherwise it is considered a stall and ruled incorrect. If a student buzzes in and answers incorrectly, that student's team may not buzz in again on that question, and the opposing team (if still eligible to answer) gets another 5 seconds to buzz in. Quiet nonverbal communication (e.g. in writing or by hand signals) among team members is allowed on toss-ups, but audible communication or mouthing words is not permitted and will disqualify the team from answering the toss-up.

An answer given by a student is ruled correct or incorrect by the moderator. On short answer questions, if the answer given differs from the official one, the moderator uses his or her judgment to make a ruling (which is subject to a challenge by the competitors). On multiple choice questions, the answer given by the student is only correct if it matches the official answer exactly. However, when the choices are mathematical expressions that would be conventionally written in symbols, common alternate expressions of the answer shall be accepted. For example, "square root of 2" and "square root 2" would both be accepted. Alternatively, the student may give the letter choice that corresponds to their answer. Although A, B, C, and D were once used as answer choice letters, W, X, Y, and Z are now favored due to a lower chance of confusion.

Bonuses
If a student answers a toss-up question correctly, that student's team receives a bonus question. The bonus question is always in the same category as the corresponding toss-up question, though it may not always relate to the toss-up question. Since only one team has the opportunity to answer the bonus question, there is no need to buzz in to answer it. After the moderator finishes reading the question, the team has 20 seconds to answer. The timekeeper will give a 5-second warning when 5 seconds remain. Conferring between team members is permitted, but the team captain must give the team's final answer.

Visual bonuses were introduced in 2003. They are only included in the final elimination rounds. The team has 30 seconds to answer a question with the aid of a visual displayed on a 19-inch monitor (for the final matches) or on a distributed worksheet (for earlier elimination matches).

The same rules apply to the judging of responses to bonus questions as apply to responses to toss-up questions. Once the team's answer has been ruled right or wrong, the moderator proceeds to the next toss-up question.

If neither team answers the toss-up question correctly, the bonus question is not read, and the moderator proceeds to the next toss-up question.

Scoring
Correct responses to toss-up questions are worth 4 points each.  If a student buzzes in on a toss-up question before the moderator has completely read the question (i.e., interrupts the moderator) and responds incorrectly, 4 points are awarded to the opposing team, and the question is re-read in its entirety so that the opposing team has an opportunity to buzz in. Should the opposing team interrupt during the rereading of the question and answer incorrectly, it is also subject to the 4 point penalty.

A correct response on a bonus question earns 10 points, making the total possible score on a single question 18 points (4 for a correct answer, 4 penalty points, and 10 for the bonus), and a perfect score 450 points. Against a team which never buzzes in (often the better approximation), the maximum (perfect) score is 350 points. This is assuming that only the regular 25 questions have been answered. Earning more than 200 points in one game is very impressive and earning more than 300 points is extremely rare.

Penalties
There are various different types of penalties given. If a player interrupts and any of the following occurs:
The player answers incorrectly,
A Blurt: The player answers without being recognized,
Audible communication among the team members,
four penalty points are awarded to the opposing team. A blurt or audible communication on an uninterrupted toss-up incurs no point penalty, but disqualifies that team from answering the toss-up.

If the team that is no longer able to answer the toss-up engages in distracting behavior, then the opposing team is awarded four points, the opportunity to answer the corresponding bonus, and the option of running 20 additional seconds off the game clock. Similarly, if the team not playing the bonus engages in distracting behavior, then the opposing team is awarded ten points and the option of running 40 additional seconds off the game clock.

Challenges
Challenges must be made before the moderator begins reading the next question, or 3 seconds after the last question of the half or game. Only the 4 actively competing members may challenge. The fifth team member, coach, and others associated with a team may not become involved in challenges or their discussion. However, beginning in 2020, anyone in the competition room can make the officials aware of scoring or clock management errors, these are known as corrections rather than challenges.

Challenges may be made either to scientific content or the administration of rules. They may not be made to judgment calls by the officials, such as whether a buzz was an interrupt, whether 20 seconds have passed before beginning to answer a bonus, or whether a stall or blurt has happened. Challenges to scientific content is limited to 2 unsuccessful challenges per round. Successful challenges do not count against this limit. Each team has unlimited challenges to administration of rules.

Rules for Virtual Competitions
For the 2024 competition, regional competitions have the option of choosing a virtual format. Additionally, the DOE will host 4 virtual nationwide regionals for schools meeting certain criteria.

Teams do not play head-to-head matches in the virtual competition. Instead, each team is placed in their own Zoom room and competing against all the other teams in the tournament. Each competition begins with two or three preliminary rounds, in which the teams' scores in the rounds are added up, and the teams with the highest totals advance to the elimination rounds. Each regional competition can choose whether to advance 8, 16, 24, or 32 teams to the elimination rounds. During the elimination rounds, only the score for the current round is used to determine the teams advancing to the next round—the scores from the previous rounds are irrelevant. The number of teams left after each elimination round will go in the following order: 24, 16, 8, 4, 2, and finally 1, beginning with the appropriate number based on how many teams initially advanced from the preliminaries.

During each round, the teams are read the same series of 18 toss-up/bonus cycles. There is no game clock. Teams have 7 seconds after the moderator finishes reading for a student to raise their hand and give an answer on a toss-up, and if answered correctly, have 22 seconds after the moderator finishes reading for a student to raise their hand and give an answer on the bonus. If the team misses the toss-up, the bonus is not read. Toss-ups and bonuses may be answered by any of the 4 or 5 team members. Communication of any kind (verbal, via the Zoom chat, or nonverbal) is allowed on both toss-ups and bonuses. There are no penalties for interrupting (but also no reason to interrupt since all the toss-ups would be read in their entirety) or blurting (although the player will be verbally recognized after raising their hand). The rest of the rules, including the point values for toss-ups and bonuses, are the same as the in-person competitions.

Competition format
This section is concerned with the format of the national competition only. As is the case with competition rules, the competition format varies greatly among the different regional competitions.

Regionals typically use round robin, single-elimination, double-elimination, or any combination of these formats.

The national competition always consists of two stages: round-robin and double-elimination.

Round-robin
All competing teams are randomly arranged (each team captain randomly picks a division and position on the first day of the National Finals) into eight round-robin groups of eight or nine teams each for high school and six teams each for middle school. Every team plays every other team in its group once, receiving 2 points for a win, 1 point for a tie, or 0 points for a loss. If a team's opponent has not arrived, that team can practice instead. The rules still apply, though any win or loss is not counted. In previous years, the top two teams from each group advanced to the double-elimination stage. Starting in 2020, four teams from each group will advance.

Tiebreaks
In the event that two or more teams are tied for one of the top spots in a division, the result of the Division Team Challenge (DTC) is used as a tiebreak. This method is only used for high schools.

In previous rules, there were several tiebreak procedures, applied in the following order:
 The head-to-head record of all the tied teams is compared. The team(s) with the best record against the other tied teams win(s) the tiebreak.
 The team(s) with the fewest losses win(s) the tiebreak.
 The result of the Division Team Challenge (DTC) is used.  The DTC is a lab-based activity where team members worked together to solve a challenge using the materials provided. The activity varies among the divisions.

In years before that, there was no DTC, so the following procedure was used in its place:
 If more than two teams are still tied, each team is placed in a separate room and is read five toss-up questions. Each team's score is determined by the number of questions answered correctly minus the number answered incorrectly. The team(s) with the highest score(s) win(s) the tiebreak.
 If two teams are still tied, the two teams compete head-to-head, receiving five toss-up questions at 4 points for each correct answer (no bonus questions are used). All the usual toss-up rules are in effect, including the interrupt penalty. The team with the higher score wins the tiebreak.

If a tie still existed after this procedure, it is reapplied until the tie is resolved.  These last rules are still used for the Middle School competition.

Single/Double-elimination
Starting in 2020, 32 teams advance to the double elimination stage. Prior to 2020, approximately 16 teams advanced from the round-robin (depending on the number of round robin groups). In 2004 and 2007, exactly 16 teams advanced, while in 2003 and 2002, 18 teams advanced. In 2006, the teams were seeded into a single-elimination tournament based on their preliminary round-robin results. In previous years, a team's position in the double-elimination tournament was determined by random draw; teams were not seeded in any way. The competition then proceeded (in 2006) like a typical single-elimination tournament. Seeding continued in the 2007 tournament: teams that won their pool were paired against teams that placed second in theirs. Unlike in the round-robin, a match in double-elimination cannot be tied. If a match is tied at the end of regulation, overtime periods of five toss-ups each are played until the tie is broken.

The elimination tournament produces a first-place, second-place, third-place, and fourth-place team. Except for the 2006 tournament, a double-elimination tournament format has been used, allowing a fifth place to be added. The tournament reverted to a double-elimination format for the 2007 tournament, without a fifth-place match.

Prizes

The top two high school teams receive trips to one of the National Parks, all-expenses paid.

The top three middle and high school teams receive a trophy, individual medals, and photographs with officials of the Department of Energy.

The top 16 middle and high schools earn a check for their school's science departments. As of 2020, the top 16 schools receive $1,000, the top 8 schools receive $1,500, the top 4 schools receive $2,000, and the top 2 schools receive $2,500.

Each team with the best Division Team Challenge result in their division earns a $500 check for their school's science department.

Car competition
For the middle school teams, the DOE also sponsored a car competition challenging competitors to construct a car capable of attaining high speeds. They are powered through alternative energy sources such as hydrogen fuel cells and solar panels. The winners of the car competition were awarded with $500 for their school.

Results of the national competition

Middle school

High school

The winning teams from the years 1991-2001 were

 2001 (61 teams) North Hollywood High School (North Hollywood, California)
 2000 (60 teams) duPont Manual High School (Louisville, Kentucky)
 1999 (53 teams) Montgomery Blair High School (Silver Spring, Maryland)
 1998 (48 teams) Valley High School (West Des Moines, Iowa)
 1997 (45 teams) Venice High School (Los Angeles, California)
 1996 (53 teams) Venice High School (Los Angeles, California)
 1995 (55 teams) Van Nuys High School (Van Nuys, California)
 1994 (51 teams) The Westminster Schools (Atlanta, Georgia)
 1993 (43 teams) Albany High School (Albany, California)
 1992 (29 teams) Lubbock High School (Lubbock, Texas)
 1991 (18 teams) Lubbock High School (Lubbock, Texas)

See also
 Quiz Bowl
 National Middle School Science Bowl

Notes

References

External links

 Official National Science Bowl Website
 United States Department of Energy

Student quiz competitions
Science competitions
United States Department of Energy
Science events in the United States
Recurring events established in 1991
1991 establishments in the United States

National Science Bowl


Tibor Szamuely (14 May 1925 – 10 December 1972) was a Russian-born Hungarian Jewish historian and polemicist.

Szamuely was born in Moscow, the eldest of three children and elder son of György Szamuely and his wife, Elsa Szanto, both from Hungarian Jewish merchant families. He received his education in England, first at Bertrand Russell's Beacon Hill School in Hampshire, and later at the progressive Summerhill School in Suffolk. Returning to Moscow in the 1930s with his family, he was later evacuated to Tomsk during the Second World War. He served with the Red Army in their occupation of Hungary, but would later return to the Soviet Union to study history at the University of Moscow.

Background
In 1950, he was arrested on espionage charges and spent eighteen months at a lumber camp before being released at the request of Mátyás Rákosi. After his release, he took up academic work in Hungary, becoming vice-rector of the University of Budapest in 1957. After failing to participate in an attack on Georg Lukács, he was, however, dismissed from this post. He left Hungary in 1963 to teach at the Kwame Nkrumah Institute of Economic and Political Sciences (later the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute) in Winneba, Ghana. In 1964, he settled in Britain with his family.

During his time in England, he taught at the University of Reading and contributed frequently to The Spectator, Encounter, The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph. He was a close friend of Robert Conquest and Kingsley Amis and was a regular attendee of the lunches at Bertorelli restaurant.

He spent the latter part of his life living in Bayswater. In 1972, Szamuely died of cancer aged 47 in a hospital in London. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London.

His major study of Soviet history, The Russian Tradition, was edited by Robert Conquest and published posthumously by Secker & Warburg in 1974.

He was the nephew of Tibor Szamuely, a politician during the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919. He married Nina Orlova (1923–1974), and was the father of George Szamuely, a journalist who contributes to Russia Today, and of Helen Szamuely, a prominent figure in the founding of the UK Independence Party.

References

Further reading
 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

1925 births
1972 deaths
20th-century Hungarian historians
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Hungarian Jews
Jewish historians
Hungarian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Hungarian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Soviet military personnel
Deaths from cancer in England
Academic staff of Eötvös Loránd University
Academics of the University of Reading

Tibor Szamuely (historian)


May-Britt Moser is a Norwegian psychologist and neuroscientist.

Life
Moser was born on Jan 4, 1962 in Fosnavåg, on a coastal island north of Bergen, Norway. She married Edvard Moser as a student of the University of Oslo in 1985. They had two kids, Isabel and Ailin. The Mosers were directors and coordinators of the Kavil Institute for systems Neuroscience and the Centre for Neural Computation at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology for many years, but they divorced in 2016.

Career
Each earned a PhD in neurobiology in 1995. She used rats as test subjects during her research because their nervous system is very similar to humans. They discovered brain cells that allow animals to move from one place to another. These are called grid cells, and they fire when the rats pass a certain location. Over time, this helped the rats move purposely around the room and navigate their surroundings. The Mosers won a Nobel Prize, an important award. She won this award in 2014 and shared this with John O'Keefe, another neuroscientist. They also won the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize.

References

1962 births
Living people
Norwegian scientists
Norwegian psychologists

May-Britt Moser


Banjul (, ), officially the City of Banjul, is the capital and fourth largest city of The Gambia. It is the centre of the eponymous administrative division which is home to an estimated 400,000 residents, making it The Gambia's largest and most densely populated metropolitan area. Banjul is on St Mary's Island (Banjul Island), where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean. The population of the city proper is 31,301, with the Greater Banjul Area, which includes the City of Banjul and the Kanifing Municipal Council, at a population of 413,397 (2013 census). The island is connected to the mainland to the west and the rest of Greater Banjul Area via bridges. There are also ferries linking Banjul to the mainland at the other side of the river.

From the 19th century until 24 April 1973, the city was known as Bathurst.

Etymology

Banjul takes its name from the Mandinka people who gathered specific fibres on the island, which were used in the manufacture of ropes. Bang julo is the Mandinka word for rope fibre.

History

In 1651, Banjul was leased by the Duke of Courland and Semigallia (German: Herzog von Kurland und Semgallen) from the King of Kombo, as part of the Couronian colonization.

On 23 April 1816, Tumani Bojang, the King of Kombo, ceded Banjul Island to Alexander Grant, the British commandant, in exchange for an annual fee of 103 iron bars. Grant's expedition, consisting of 75 men and tasked with establishing a military garrison, had been ordered by Charles MacCarthy. Grant founded Banjul as a trading post and base, constructing houses and barracks for controlling entrance to the Gambia estuary and suppressing the slave trade. The British renamed Banjul Island as St. Mary's Island and named the new town Bathurst, after the 3rd Earl Bathurst, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies at the time. Streets were laid out in a modified grid pattern, and named after Allied generals at the Battle of Waterloo. The town became the centre of British activity in the Gambia Colony and Protectorate.

Within a few years of its establishment the town started attracting migrants. Its population consisted of Africans of various origins, Levantines (Syrians, Lebanese) as well as Europeans (English, French, Portuguese). A majority of the population was Muslim but there was a significant Christian minority, including the Aku inhabitants. The majority of the Africans consisted of Wolof people, whose population rose from 829 in 1881 to 3,666 in 1901 and then 10,130 in 1944. They had mainly hailed from Gorée and Saint-Louis. The Mandinka were the second largest African group, followed by the Jola as well as the Fula. Islamic schools called dara were founded in Bathurst from its early years, resulting in the foundation of the first Muslim court in 1905, in addition to the increasingly more sophisticated British legal framework.

Bathurst was officially declared the capital of the Protectorate of the Gambia in 1889, leading to an increase in population. Through the 20th century, it became an even greater attraction for Gambians due to the availability of jobs fuelled by British colonial activities as well as social activities such as cinemas. Young men from rural farming villages would move to Bathurst to work at the Public Works Department (established in 1922) or docks. The town was an important Allied naval and air hub during World War II, resulting in an increase in population from 14,370 in 1931 to 21,154 in 1944.

After independence, the town's name was changed to Banjul in 1973. On 22 July 1994, Banjul was the scene of a bloodless military coup d'état in which President Sir Dawda Jawara was overthrown and replaced by Yahya Jammeh. To commemorate this event, Arch 22 was built as an entrance portal to the capital. The gate is 35 metres tall and stands at the centre of an open square. It houses a textile museum.

Climate

Banjul features hot weather year round. Under the Köppen climate classification, Banjul features a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw). The city features a lengthy dry season, spanning from November to May and a relatively short wet season covering the remaining five months. However, during those five months, Banjul tends to see heavy rainfall. August is usually the rainiest month, with on average  of rainfall. Maximum temperatures are somewhat constant, though morning minima tend to be hotter during the wet season than the dry season.

According to a Gambian government minister, Banjul is at risk of submerging under water by a metre rise in sea levels as a result of climate change and global warming.

Climate change

A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~ by 2100, the climate of Banjul in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Bamako in Mali. The annual temperature would increase by , and the temperature of the warmest month by , while the temperature of the coldest month would actually decrease by . According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with , which closely matches RCP 4.5.

Districts

Banjul Division (Greater Banjul Area) is divided into two districts:
Banjul
Kanifing

Economy

Banjul is the country's economic and administrative centre and includes the Central Bank of the Gambia. Peanut processing is the country's principal industry, but beeswax, palm wood, palm oil, and skins and hides are also shipped from the port of Banjul.

Banjul is also the home of the Gambia Technical Training Institute. GTTI is engaged in a partnership with non-profit organization Power Up Gambia to develop a solar energy training program.

Transport

The primary method reaching the city by land is by roadway. A highway connects Banjul to Serrekunda which crosses the Denton Bridge, however ferries provide another mode of transportation. As of May 2014, ferries sail regularly from Banjul across the Gambia River to Barra. The city is served by the Banjul International Airport. Banjul is on the Trans–West African Coastal Highway connecting it to Dakar and Bissau, and will eventually provide a paved highway link to 11 other nations of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

Culture

Attractions in the city include the Gambian National Museum, the Albert Market, Banjul State House, Banjul Court House, African Heritage Museum.

Sport

Banjul is the destination of the Plymouth-Banjul Challenge, a charity road rally.

Education

The University of the Gambia was founded in 1999.

International schools

 Banjul American Embassy School

 École Française de Banjul in Bakau.
 Marina International School

Places of worship

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Muslim mosques. There are also Christian churches and congregations: Roman Catholic Diocese of Banjul (Catholic Church), Church of the Province of West Africa (Anglican Communion), Assemblies of God.

Notable people

Gambino Akuboy (born 1985), singer & songwriter, actor and screenwriter
Ibrahim Muhammadu Garba-Jahumpa (1912-1994), trade union leader and politician

See also

Divisions of the Gambia
Districts of the Gambia

Bibliography

 Matthew James Park, Heart of Banjul: The History of Banjul, The Gambia, 1816-1965 . PhD dissertation, Michigan State University, 2016.

External links

A History of Banjul, PhD thesis

References

Local Government Areas of the Gambia
Populated places in the Gambia
Capitals in Africa
Serer country
Populated places established in 1816
Port cities and towns of the Atlantic Ocean
Port cities in Africa
Gambia River
Former colonies of Courland
1816 establishments in the British Empire
1816 establishments in Africa

Banjul


Juni Bek was the last independent ruler of Thatta in Sind.  Starting in 1586 the forces of Akbar waged war against Juni Bek's independent realm.  After several years of resistance in 1593 he was made an official within the Mughal Empire and Thatta was made a province in the empire.

References
John F. Richards. The New Cambridge History of India: The Mughal Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. p. 51.

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
16th-century Indian monarchs

Juni Bek


Aijaz Ali (Urdu: ) (born 20 June 1968) is a Pakistani born American former cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler, he played for the United States national cricket team between 1993 and 2005. He played two One Day Internationals (ODIs) for them in 2004.

Biography

Born in Karachi in 1968, Aijaz Ali made his debut for the US in 1993. He played in the 1994 ICC Trophy in Nairobi and the 1997 ICC Trophy in Kuala Lumpur. He made his List A debut in the 2000 Red Stripe Bowl, playing matches against Jamaica, Canada and Trinidad & Tobago.

He played in the 2001 ICC Trophy in Ontario and returned to the USA side in 2004 when he played in the ICC 6 Nations Challenge in the United Arab Emirates. He made his first-class debut in 2004, playing matches in the ICC Intercontinental Cup against Canada in Fort Lauderdale and against Bermuda in Hamilton. In between those two matches, he played in the Americas Championship in Bermuda.

Later in 2004, he played his only two ODIs in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy in England, playing against New Zealand and Australia. He last played for the US in 2005, playing in the 2005 ICC Trophy in Ireland. After warm-up matches against the Northern Cricket Union President's XI and Namibia, he played three matches in the tournament itself, playing against Uganda and Bermuda in the group stage and against Oman in the 9th place play-off.

References

1968 births
Living people
Cricketers from Karachi
American cricketers
United States One Day International cricketers
Pakistani emigrants to the United States
American sportspeople of Pakistani descent

Aijaz Ali


D is a horror-themed interactive movie and adventure game developed by Warp and directed by Kenji Eno. It was first published by Panasonic for the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer in 1995, later being ported to the Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and MS-DOS. The story follows Laura Harris as she goes to investigate a hospital after learning her father went on a mass murdering spree and barricaded himself inside. The hospital morphs into a castle upon her arrival, which she must explore to find her father. The player controls Laura through computer generated full-motion video (FMV) sequences, and must complete the game within two hours without a save or pause function.

Development lasted about one year and was primarily done with Amiga 4000 computers to create the FMVs. It would be the first major release for the still-unknown Eno and Warp, and so Eno felt that if it were not successful he would retire from game development. He added scenes of violence and cannibalism to make the game more striking, however he believed the content would be too extreme for censors or publishers and feared the game would not be permitted for publishing. To ensure these scenes would not be censored, Eno submitted a "clean" version for late publisher approval, knowing they would require him to deliver the game to the manufacturer. On his way to the manufacturer, he switched the clean version with his master version containing the more disturbing content.

The game was a commercial and critical success in Japan, selling a million copies and receiving a special edition re-release. Critics in the West praised D's horror elements, story, graphics, and presentation. Reviewers of the 3DO version found it to be one of the best games on the platform. For the PlayStation release, Sony did not print enough copies to match pre-orders. Eno was very upset with this, and would release his later games exclusively on Sega platforms. Warp dubbed the CG model for Laura Harris a "digital actress" and had "her" play different characters in two later games, Enemy Zero (1996) and D2 (1999), the stories for which are unrelated to D. Modern retrospectives find D less appealing, but still commend it for its place in history as a unique blend of cinema and gaming and an early example of mature horror game design.

Gameplay

D is an interactive movie which features adventure game elements, a horror genre storyline, and heavy use of full motion video. The player takes on the role of Laura Harris, played by a "digital actress" named Laura that appears in games by Warp, although the stories are unrelated. The player directs Laura's movements as she explores the game's environment, solves puzzles, and unravels the story. The movements occur through FMV sequences as she walks to the desired location, from where the player is greeted with a static screen which may contain items they can interact with or other paths to direct Laura. There is no save or pause function, and after two real-time hours, the other world will be closed off and Laura will be pulled back to the real world, ending the game. Depending on the player's actions, there are different endings.

Plot
Taking place in 1997, the story begins when Laura Harris is contacted by Los Angeles police, receiving a disturbing message: her father, Dr. Richter Harris, director of the Los Angeles National Hospital, has gone on a mass murdering spree and barricaded himself in the hospital. Laura rushes to the scene of the crime, desperate to find an explanation for the well-respected doctor's actions. Upon entering the hospital, she is so horrified at the murdered bodies lying about the halls that she covers her eyes. When she uncovers them again, she finds herself in an unknown medieval castle. Unwilling to give up her search, Laura continues through the dark corridors of the castle. While attempting to find her father, she experiences a series of flashbacks of her mother being stabbed to death. Laura's father (taking the form of apparitions) warns her to leave, saying that staying too long means being stuck in the alternate reality forever. He warns that he will soon become an emotionless monster and will eventually try to kill her. Still shaken, Laura proceeds to find her father.

Ultimately, Laura finds her father residing at the peak tower of the castle. He reveals the sordid past of his family: Laura and her father are part of a bloodline of cannibalistic vampires, dating back to the infamous Dracula. Driven by her vampiric urges, Laura killed and ate her mother years ago, but it was erased from her memory by her father. As Dr. Harris demands Laura to leave one last time, he begins to transform into a vampire. If the player approaches Dr. Harris at this point, he will consume Laura's flesh and fully transform. However, if the player shoots Dr. Harris with a revolver that can be found earlier in the game, the bullet will kill him and stop his transformation. As Laura tearfully cradles her dying father in her arms, he confesses that he allowed the transformation to occur out of scientific curiosity and thanks her for stopping him. With his death, the realm created by his mind fades and is replaced by the normal surroundings of the hospital.

Development and release

Development of D lasted about one year and was directed by Warp president Kenji Eno. Eno was heavily inspired by Polarware's Transylvania adventure game series and he believes D would have never been created if it were not for playing those games. Eno and Warp were still relatively unknown in the industry, and D would be their first major title. With this in mind, Eno felt that he was gambling his development career on D, and if it were not successful he would stop developing games. There were three phases to D'''s development: the adventure game structure, the story creation, and finally violence was added. Since the adventure gameplay was largely finished before the story began to take fruition, flashbacks were added to detail the plot. The plot was largely based on that of Dracula, but Eno found it too boring, and so added violence and cannibalism to make the game more striking. The FMVs were created using Amiga 4000s.

Eno believed D's violent cannibalistic themes would be deemed taboo or too horrifying by others and was worried the game would not be permitted for publishing. With this in mind, Eno kept many of the violent sequences a secret, including from other members of Warp. When the game was finished, he submitted a "clean" version (i.e. without the violent and disturbing story content) for approval. He deliberately submitted the master late, knowing that part of the penalty would require him to hand-deliver it to the manufacturers in the United States. While on the plane ride to the US, he switched the "clean" discs with the finalized discs including the horrific content, thus completely bypassing all censorship.D was a success in Japan. In total it sold one million copies there and the Saturn version reached the top of the sales charts in its first week. It was one of the few genuine hits for the 3DO in Japan, and drew a significant cult following of hardcore fans even before being ported to other systems. A Japanese re-release for the 3DO titled D's Diner: Director's Cut contained additional content and a bonus soundtrack disc. The PlayStation release of D was set to be published by Acclaim and manufactured by Sony. Orders for around 100,000 units had already been made before Sony decided to give their other titles manufacturing priority. Sony told Eno they had only manufactured 40,000 units, which made Eno very upset, but ultimately, Sony had only manufactured 28,000 units. This shortage upset Eno so much that he later announced, at a Sony event, that he would release his next games for the Sega Saturn. Warp's later games, including Enemy Zero (1996) and D2 (1999), were released exclusively on Sega platforms.

Reception

The original 3DO release of D was well received. In their import review, GameFan staff stated they normally disliked interactive movie FMV games, but praised D for being innovative and creative, dubbing it "a masterpiece." In their review of the English release, they commended its horror elements and concluded it to be "the best FMV game likely ever to be made" and the best 3DO title at the time. GamePro staff gave the game high scores for its presentation and likewise commended its scare factor. They called it "a frightening work of art" but cautioned that it was not for everyone. Next Generation reviewed the 3DO version first as an import, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "This is without a doubt the most heavily atmospheric and creepy title to date for the 3DO - or for that matter, any home system." Their review of the domestic release said the graphics were astounding and enhanced the player's involvement in the creepy storyline. The reviewer criticized the English localization's dialogue and voice acting, and said the game suffers from low challenge and extremely short length, but still found the game enjoyable.

Reviews for the Saturn and PlayStation ports were mostly positive although some were mixed. Sam Hickman from Sega Saturn Magazine commented that the game manages to be extremely creepy and terrifying despite having almost no bloodshed. He predicted that the game would be outclassed by Resident Evil (still in development at the time of the review), but concluded that D was the best horror game presently on the market. Four reviewers at Electronic Gaming Monthly commented that the Saturn version had reduced the load times seen in the 3DO version to almost nothing. They highly praised the storyline and intelligently designed puzzles, and described it as "scary enough to make you an insomniac." GamePro staff gave positive reviews for both the Saturn and PlayStation versions, recommending it to those looking for a horror experience.GamePro, issue 91 (April 1996), page 78 Maximum staff likewise gave positive reviews to both versions, saying that D is similar to Myst (1993) and Mansion of Hidden Souls (1993) but ultimately better due to its more enticing story. They also praised the FMV graphics and cinematic presentation, but criticized it for its lack of longevity. The reviewers felt its short length, addictive gameplay, and lack of overly challenging puzzles ensured that the player will be finished with it very quickly. A Next Generation reviewer gave the same praises for the scary storyline and graphics, and also said the puzzles "are just challenging enough to satisfy and yet not so difficult as to impede your progress for very long." However, he felt the slow character movement and lack of longevity kept the game from being truly exceptional. Staff at Game Informer were more critical in their review of the Saturn version. They found the gameplay tedious but did praise the graphics and the storytelling, concluding the "story would make a great movie or book, but not a game."

AccoladesGameFan staff named D their 1995 3DO Game of the Year and the Best 3DO Graphic Adventure/FMV Game. GamePro staff ranked it the third best 3DO game for their 1995 Editors' Choice Awards. In 1996, GamesMaster ranked the Sega Saturn version 7th on their "The GamesMaster Saturn Top 10."

Legacy
Modern retrospectives find D less appealing by contemporary standards, but have acknowledged its cult following and unique place in video game history. John Szczepaniak of Hardcore Gaming 101 could not find a reason to recommend D over other adventure games released prior or after, outside of the cannibalistic themes. He still recommended those interested to watch a walkthrough on YouTube. Alex Wawro of Gamasutra believed that D is worth studying as an early example of horror game design. Brittany Vincent of Rock, Paper, Shotgun called it a "quintessential example"  of a period when developers were attempting to blend FMV techniques with traditional game design to build something coherent. She called it a "surrealistic" phase in video game development when it seemed that the worlds of cinema and games were colliding. Staff at Core Gamers called D a benchmark for horror adventure games and one of the first console games with a mature-themed atmosphere. In an article titled "The aging horror of Kenji Eno's D", Richard Mitchell of Engadget shared the same sentiments as others. He commended D for ushering in the era of survival horror by paving a path for games like Resident Evil, and said that without historical context, it's difficult to enjoy D in modern times. In 2008, Game Informer listed it among the worst horror games of all time. In 2016, Nightdive Studios, a company known for reviving neglected classics, re-released the MS-DOS port of D'' on Steam and GOG.

Notes

References

External links

1995 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Acclaim Entertainment games
DOS games
First-person adventure games
Full motion video based games
Interactive movie video games
1990s horror video games
PlayStation (console) games
Puzzle video games
Sega Saturn games
Survival video games
Video games about cannibalism
Video games about mental health
Video games about vampires
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in 1997
Video games set in castles
Video games set in Los Angeles
Single-player video games
Video games directed by Kenji Eno
Warp (company) games

D (video game)


The K class are a class of diesel locomotives built by English Electric, Rocklea for the Western Australian Government Railways between 1966 and 1969.

History

Nine K class were delivered in 1966/67 to operate services on the  Eastern Goldfields Railway from Perth to Kalgoorlie that was being converted to standard gauge. After initially working construction trains, in November 1966 they began working wheat trains from Merredin to Fremantle and once the full line was opened began working services to Kalgoorlie and Esperance.

In January 1966, K201 became the first locomotive to travel across Australia. It hauled freight trains from Brisbane to Melbourne, before being hauled for the rest of the journey. It passed through five states, travelled on six railway systems and required a change of bogies at Melbourne, Port Pirie and Kalgoorlie.

Goldsworthy Mining Ltd had purchased six similar locomotives, and after having one destroyed in an accident, purchased K202 with K210 ordered as a replacement. In July 1986 Goldsworth Mining purchased K203.

The Western Australian Government Railways also purchased 16 similar R class locomotives mounted on narrow gauge bogies. In 1974 three were fitted with standard gauge bogies and reclassified as the Ka class.

Four have been sold to SCT Logistics and three had gone to South Spur Rail Services by August 2000. The latter three are now owned by Greentrains and have been used as Broken Hill shunters as well as in Western Australia.

The two sold to Goldsworthy Mining were transferred to BHP's Port Kembla operation in November 1992.

Class List (K)

References

BHP Billiton diesel locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
English Electric locomotives
Diesel locomotives of Western Australia
Railway locomotives introduced in 1966
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Diesel-electric locomotives of Australia

WAGR K class (diesel)


Xenias () was an Elean of great wealth, who was a proxenos of Sparta, and was also connected by private ties of hospitality with king Agis II. In  400 BC, during the war between Sparta and Elis, Xenias and his oligarchical partizans made an attempt to bear down their adversaries by force, and to subject their country to the Spartans. Sallying out into the streets, they murdered several of their opponents, and among them a man whom they mistook for Thrasydaeus, the leader of the democratic party. Thrasydaeus of Elis, however, who had fallen asleep under the influence of wine, soon rallied his friends, defeated the oligarchs in a battle, and drove Xenias into exile.

References

Ancient Eleans
5th-century BC Greek people
4th-century BC Greek people
Proxenoi

Xenias of Elis


Bryan Davies, Baron Davies of Oldham, PC (born 9 November 1939) is a Labour member of the House of Lords. He served as Government Deputy Chief Whip in the House of Lords from 2003 to 2010, and as usual for a holder of that position, also held the position of Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard.

Early life and education
He was educated at Redditch County High School, Worcestershire, at University College London, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in history 1961, the Institute of Education (PGCE 1962) and at the London School of Economics, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in economics in 1968.

He worked as a history teacher at The Latymer School from 1962 to 1965 and as a history and social science lecturer at Middlesex Polytechnic, Enfield from 1965 to 1974, during which time he served as a trade union official in the National Association for Teachers in Further and Higher Education (NATFHE). He has been a member of the Transport and General Workers Union since 1979.

Political career
He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Enfield North from February 1974 until he lost the seat in 1979 to the Conservative Tim Eggar. Davies later served as MP for Oldham Central and Royton from 1992 until the seat was abolished by boundary changes in 1997. He was defeated for the Labour selection in the new constituency of Oldham West and Royton by Michael Meacher (then incumbent MP for the old seat of Oldham West). He had also fought Central Norfolk in 1966 and Newport West in 1983.

On 3 October 1997 Davies was created a life peer as Baron Davies of Oldham, of Broxbourne in the County of Hertfordshire.

He served as Secretary to the Parliamentary Labour Party and Shadow Cabinet from 1979 until 1992. He also served as a member of the Medical Research Council from 1977 to 1979 and chaired the Further Education Funding Council from 1998 until 2000. In 2006, he was appointed to the Privy Council.

References

External links

Davies, Bryan, Baron
Davies, Bryan, Baron
Davies of Oldham, Bryan, Baron
Davies of Oldham, Bryan, Baron
Davies of Oldham, Bryan, Baron
Davies of Oldham
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Labour Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
Davies, Bryan, Baron
Davies of Oldham, Bryan, Baron
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1992–1997
Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham

Bryan Davies, Baron Davies of Oldham


Vomiting (also known as emesis and throwing up) is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.

Vomiting can be the result of ailments like food poisoning, gastroenteritis, pregnancy, motion sickness, or hangover; or it can be an after effect of diseases such as brain tumors, elevated intracranial pressure, or overexposure to ionizing radiation. The feeling that one is about to vomit is called nausea; it often precedes, but does not always lead to vomiting. Impairment due to alcohol or anesthesia can cause inhalation of vomit. In severe cases, where dehydration develops, intravenous fluid may be required. Antiemetics are sometimes necessary to suppress nausea and vomiting. Self-induced vomiting can be a component of an eating disorder such as bulimia, and is itself now classified as an eating disorder on its own, purging disorder.

Complications

Aspiration
Vomiting is dangerous if gastric content enters the respiratory tract. Under normal circumstances the gag reflex and coughing prevent this from occurring; however, these protective reflexes are compromised in persons who are under the influence of certain substances (including alcohol) or even mildly anesthetized. The individual may choke and asphyxiate or develop aspiration pneumonia.

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Prolonged and excessive vomiting depletes the body of water (dehydration), and may alter the electrolyte status. Gastric vomiting leads to the loss of acid (protons) and chloride directly. Combined with the resulting alkaline tide, this leads to hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (low chloride levels together with high  and  and increased blood pH) and often hypokalemia (potassium depletion). The hypokalemia is an indirect result of the kidney compensating for the loss of acid. With the loss of intake of food the individual may eventually become cachectic. A less frequent occurrence results from a vomiting of intestinal contents, including bile acids and .

Mallory–Weiss tear

Repeated or profuse vomiting may cause erosions to the esophagus or small tears in the esophageal mucosa (Mallory–Weiss tear). This may become apparent if fresh red blood is mixed with vomit after several episodes.

Dentistry
Recurrent vomiting, such as observed in bulimia nervosa, may lead to the destruction of the tooth enamel due to the acidity of the vomit. Digestive enzymes can also have a negative effect on oral health, by degrading the tissue of the gums.

Pathophysiology

Receptors on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain represent a chemoreceptor trigger zone, known as the area postrema, stimulation of which can lead to vomiting. The area postrema is a circumventricular organ and as such lies outside the blood–brain barrier; it can therefore be stimulated by blood-borne drugs that can stimulate vomiting or inhibit it.

There are various sources of input to the vomiting center:
 The chemoreceptor trigger zone at the base of the fourth ventricle has numerous dopamine D2 receptors, serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, opioid receptors, acetylcholine receptors, and receptors for substance P. Stimulation of different receptors are involved in different pathways leading to emesis, in the final common pathway substance P appears involved.
 The vestibular system, which sends information to the brain via cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve), plays a major role in motion sickness, and is rich in muscarinic receptors and histamine H1 receptors.
 The cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) is activated when the pharynx is irritated, leading to a gag reflex.
 The vagal and enteric nervous system inputs transmit information regarding the state of the gastrointestinal system. Irritation of the GI mucosa by chemotherapy, radiation, distention, or acute infectious gastroenteritis activates the 5-HT3 receptors of these inputs.
 The CNS mediates vomiting that arises from psychiatric disorders and stress from higher brain centers.
 The medulla plays an important role for triggering the vomiting act.

The vomiting act encompasses three types of outputs initiated by the chemoreceptor trigger zone: Motor, parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and sympathetic nervous system (SNS). They are as follows:
 Increased salivation to protect tooth enamel from stomach acids. (Excessive vomiting leads to dental erosion.) This is part of the PNS output.
 The body takes a deep breath to avoid aspirating vomit.
 Retroperistalsis starts from the middle of the small intestine and sweeps up digestive tract contents into the stomach, through the relaxed pyloric sphincter.
 Intrathoracic pressure lowers (by inspiration against a closed glottis), coupled with an increase in abdominal pressure as the abdominal muscles contract, propels stomach contents into the esophagus as the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. The stomach itself does not contract in the process of vomiting except for at the angular notch, nor is there any retroperistalsis in the esophagus.
 Vomiting is ordinarily preceded by retching.
 Vomiting also initiates an SNS response causing both sweating and increased heart rate.

Phases

The vomiting act has two phases. In the retching phase, the abdominal muscles undergo a few rounds of coordinated contractions together with the diaphragm and the muscles used in respiratory inspiration. For this reason, an individual may confuse this phase with an episode of violent hiccups. In this retching phase, nothing has yet been expelled. In the next phase, also termed the expulsive phase, intense pressure is formed in the stomach brought about by enormous shifts in both the diaphragm and the abdomen. These shifts are, in essence, vigorous contractions of these muscles that last for extended periods of time—much longer than a normal period of muscular contraction. The pressure is then suddenly released when the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes resulting in the expulsion of gastric contents. As the mouth and nasal cavity are connected via the back of the throat, particularly forceful vomiting, or producing large quantities of vomit may result in material being ejected through the nostrils in addition to the mouth. Individuals who do not regularly exercise their abdominal muscles may experience pain in those muscles for a few days. The decrease in pressure and the release of endorphins into the bloodstream after the expulsion causes the vomiter to feel relief almost immediately after vomiting.

Contents

Gastric secretions and likewise vomit are highly acidic. Recent food intake appears in the gastric vomit. Irrespective of the content, vomit tends to be malodorous.

The content of the vomitus (vomit) may be of medical interest. Fresh blood in the vomit is termed hematemesis ("blood vomiting"). Altered blood bears resemblance to coffee grounds (as the iron in the blood is oxidized) and, when this matter is identified, the term coffee-ground vomiting is used. Bile can enter the vomit during subsequent heaves due to duodenal contraction if the vomiting is severe. Fecal vomiting is often a consequence of intestinal obstruction or a gastrocolic fistula and is treated as a warning sign of this potentially serious problem (signum mali ominis).

If the vomiting reflex continues for an extended period with no appreciable vomitus, the condition is known as non-productive emesis or "dry heaves", which can be painful and debilitating.

Color of vomit
 Bright red in the vomit suggests bleeding from the esophagus
 Dark red vomit with liver-like clots suggests profuse bleeding in the stomach, such as from a perforated ulcer
 Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood
 Yellow vomit suggests bile, indicating that the pyloric valve is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum (this is more common in older people)

Causes
Vomiting may be due to a large number of causes, and protracted vomiting has a long differential diagnosis.

Digestive tract
Causes in the digestive tract
 Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric wall)
 Gastroenteritis
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease
 Celiac disease
 Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
 Pyloric stenosis (in babies, this typically causes a very forceful "projectile vomiting" and is an indication for urgent surgery)
 Bowel obstruction
 Overeating (stomach too full)
 Acute abdomen and/or peritonitis
 Ileus
 Food allergies (often in conjunction with hives or swelling)
 Cholecystitis, pancreatitis, appendicitis, hepatitis
 Food poisoning
 In children, it can be caused by an allergic reaction to cow's milk proteins (Milk allergy or lactose intolerance)

Sensory system and brain

Causes in the sensory system:
 Movement leading to motion sickness (which is caused by overstimulation of the labyrinthine canals of the ear)
 Ménière's disease
 Vertigo

Causes in the brain:
 Concussion
 Cerebral hemorrhage
 Cerebral aneurysm
 Migraine
 Brain tumors, which can cause the chemoreceptors to malfunction
 Benign intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus

Metabolic disturbances (these may irritate both the stomach and the parts of the brain that coordinate vomiting):
 Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels)
 Uremia (urea accumulation, usually due to kidney failure)
 Adrenal insufficiency
 Hypoglycemia
 Hyperglycemia

Pregnancy:
 Hyperemesis, morning sickness

Drug reaction (vomiting may occur as an acute somatic response to):
 Alcohol, which can be partially oxidized into acetaldehyde that causes the symptoms of hangover, including nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, and fast heart rate.
 Opioids
 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
 Many chemotherapy drugs
 Some entheogens (such as peyote or ayahuasca)

High altitude:
Altitude sickness

Illness (sometimes colloquially known as "stomach flu"—a broad name that refers to gastric inflammation caused by a range of viruses and bacteria):
 Norovirus (formerly Norwalk virus or Norwalk agent)
 Swine influenza

Psychiatric/behavioral:
 Bulimia nervosa
 Food neophobia
 Purging disorder

Emetics
An emetic, such as syrup of ipecac, is a substance that induces vomiting when administered orally or by injection. An emetic is used medically when a substance has been ingested and must be expelled from the body immediately. (For this reason, many toxic and easily digestible products such as rat poison contain an emetic. This presents no problem for the effectiveness of the rodenticide as rodents are unable to vomit.) Inducing vomiting can remove the substance before it is absorbed into the body.
Emetics can be divided into two categories, those which produce their effect by acting on the vomiting center in the medulla, and those which act directly on the stomach itself. Some emetics, such as ipecac, fall into both categories; they initially act directly on the stomach, while their further and more vigorous effect occurs by stimulation of the medullary center.

Salt water and mustard water, which act directly on the stomach, have been used since ancient times as emetics. Care must be taken with salt, as excessive intake can potentially be harmful.
Copper sulfate was also used in the past as an emetic. It is now considered too toxic for this use.

Hydrogen peroxide is used as an emetic in veterinary practice.

Self-induced
 Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa)
 To eliminate an ingested poison (some poisons should not be vomited as they may be more toxic when inhaled or aspirated; it is better to ask for help before inducing vomiting)
 Some people who engage in binge drinking induce vomiting to make room in their stomachs for more alcohol consumption.
 Participants in milk chugging typically end up vomiting most of the milk they consume, as proteins in the ingested milk (such as casein) rapidly denature and unravel on contact with gastric acid and protease enzymes, rapidly filling the stomach. Once the stomach becomes full, stretch receptors in the stomach wall trigger signals to vomit to expel any further liquid the participant ingests.
 People suffering from nausea may induce vomiting in hopes of feeling better.

Miscellaneous
 After surgery (postoperative nausea and vomiting)
 Disagreeable sights or disgust, smells, tastes, sounds or thoughts (such as decayed matter, others' vomit, thinking of vomiting), etc.
 Extreme pain, such as an intense headache or myocardial infarction (heart attack)
 Extreme emotions
 Cyclic vomiting syndrome (a poorly understood condition with attacks of vomiting)
 Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (similar to cyclic vomiting syndrome, but has cannabis use as its underlying cause).
 High doses of ionizing radiation sometimes trigger a vomit reflex.
 Violent fits of coughing, hiccups, or asthma
 Anxiety
 Depression
 Overexertion (doing too much strenuous exercise can lead to vomiting shortly afterwards).

Other types
 Projectile vomiting is vomiting that ejects the gastric contents with great force. It is a classic symptom of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, in which it typically follows feeding and can be so forceful that some material exits through the nose.

Treatment
An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. Antiemetics are typically used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of medications such as opioids and chemotherapy.

Antiemetics act by inhibiting the receptor sites associated with emesis. Hence, anticholinergics, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists, and cannabinoids are used as antiemetics.

Evidence to support the use of antiemetics for nausea and vomiting among adults in the emergency department is poor. It is unclear if any medication is better than another or better than no active treatment.

Epidemiology
Nausea and/or vomiting are the main complaints in 1.6% of visits to family physicians in Australia.

Society and culture
Herodotus, writing on the culture of the ancient Persians and highlighting the differences with those of the Greeks, notes that to vomit in the presence of others is prohibited among Persians.

Social cues

It is quite common that, when one person vomits, others nearby become nauseated, particularly when smelling the vomit of others, and often to the point of vomiting themselves. It is believed that this is an evolved trait among primates. Many primates in the wild tend to browse for food in small groups. Should one member of the party react adversely to some ingested food, it may be advantageous (in a survival sense) for other members of the party to also vomit. This tendency in human populations has been observed at drinking parties, where excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages may cause a number of party members to vomit nearly simultaneously, this being triggered by the initial vomiting of a single member of the party. This phenomenon has been touched on in popular culture: notorious instances appear in the films Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) and Stand By Me (1986).

Intense vomiting in ayahuasca ceremonies is a common phenomenon. However, people who experience "la purga" after drinking ayahuasca, in general, regard the practise as both a physical and spiritual cleanse and often come to welcome it. It has been suggested that the consistent emetic effects of ayahuasca—in addition to its many other therapeutic properties—was of medicinal benefit to indigenous peoples of the Amazon, in helping to clear parasites from the gastrointestinal system.

There have also been documented cases of a single ill and vomiting individual inadvertently causing others to vomit, when they are especially fearful of also becoming ill, through a form of mass hysteria.

Most people try to contain their vomit by vomiting into a sink, toilet, or trash can, as vomit is difficult and unpleasant to clean. On airplanes and boats, special bags are supplied for sick passengers to vomit into. A special disposable bag (leakproof, puncture-resistant, odorless) containing absorbent material that solidifies the vomit quickly is also available, making it convenient and safe to store until there is an opportunity to dispose of it conveniently.

People who vomit chronically (e.g., as part of an eating disorder such as bulimia nervosa) may devise various ways to hide this disorder.

An online study of people's responses to "horrible sounds" found vomiting "the most disgusting". Professor Trevor Cox of the University of Salford's Acoustic Research Centre said, "We are pre-programmed to be repulsed by horrible things such as vomiting, as it is fundamental to staying alive to avoid nasty stuff." It is thought that disgust is triggered by the sound of vomiting to protect those nearby from possibly diseased food.

Psychology
Emetophilia is sexual arousal from vomiting, or watching others vomit. Emetophobia is a phobia that causes overwhelming, intense anxiety pertaining to vomiting.

See also
 Bulimia nervosa
 Emetophilia
 Cancer and nausea
 Emetophobia
 Vasodilation
 Diarrhea
 Nose-blowing
 Belching
 Chyme

Notes

References

External links

 Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome

Reflexes
Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen
Body fluids
Emetics

Vomiting


Canora is a residential neighbourhood in west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Canora's name comes from the first two letters of the words "Canadian Northern Railway", the winning entry in a 1948 contest to name a new school being built near an abandoned right of way of the former Canadian Northern Railway. (The village of Canora, Saskatchewan, was named in the same way in 1905, when the railway company still existed.)

The school building was originally in the hamlet of West Jasper Place, though the rapidly growing hamlet became a village, then changed its name to Jasper Place, then became a town all within 14 months of the school's September 1949 opening. The name Canora was soon applied to the surrounding neighbourhood.  Canora became part of Edmonton in 1964 when the Town of Jasper Place amalgamated with the city.

Canora is bounded by 107 Avenue to the north, 156 Street to the west, Stony Plain Road to the south, and 149 Street to the east.

The community is represented by the Canora Community League, established in 1949, which maintains a community hall, outdoor rink and tennis court located at 152 Street and 104 Avenue.

Demographics
In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Canora had a population of  living in  dwellings, a 0% change from its 2009 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  people/km2 in 2012.

Residential development

Residential development in the area began during the 1930s and continued into the 1970s. By 1980 most of the residential structures in place today were constructed. Many of the original residences in this neighbourhood were small single-detached houses. A considerable number of properties in Canora have been redeveloped, with duplexes and low-rise apartments featuring prominently on 156th Street and south of 102nd Avenue.

While there is commercial development along the entire southern edge of the neighbourhood (along Stony Plain Road, including a Howard Johnson ( formerly Saxony Motor Inn) hotel at the corner with 156 Street), Canora is largely residential.

Almost half of the dwellings in the neighbourhood are apartments.  The remaining dwellings are roughly 28% duplexes (including triplexes and quadruplexes) and 21% single-family dwellings.  With the large number of apartments and multiplexes, nearly 68% of occupied private dwellings are rented, with 32% owner occupied.  Seven out of every eight buildings were constructed between the end of World War II and 1980.

Schools
There are two schools in the neighbourhood. Brightview Elementary School is operated by the Edmonton Public School System.  Holy Cross Elementary Junior High School is operated by the Edmonton Catholic School System. The neighbourhood's namesake Canora School, opened by the West Jasper Place School District in 1949, closed in 1972 and is now a day care facility.

Surrounding neighbourhoods
Surrounding neighbourhoods are Mayfield to the north west, High Park to the north, McQueen to the north east, Grovenor to the east, Crestwood to the south east, West Jasper Place to the south, Glenwood to the south west, and Britannia Youngstown to the west.  All of these neighbourhoods are residential.

See also
 Edmonton Federation of Community Leagues

References

External links
Canora neighbourhood profile

Neighbourhoods in Edmonton

Canora, Edmonton


Ian Rapoport (born January 9, 1980) is an American sportswriter, pundit, and television analyst who primarily covers the National Football League (NFL).

Early life
Rapoport was a college rower at Columbia University.

Career
Rapoport started his career for the Jackson Clarion-Ledger in 2004 covering the Mississippi State Bulldogs. He moved on to The Birmingham News in 2006 to cover the Alabama Crimson Tide. As reported on Pardon My Take ("PMT"), he applied for a job with the Boston Herald on the basis that he would cover Bill Belichick in the same manner he covered Nick Saban. After receiving the job, he served as a Patriots beat reporter for the Boston Herald for three seasons starting in 2009. Rapoport joined the NFL Network in 2012.

Personal life
Rapoport is Jewish. He and his wife Leah, whom he married in 2009, have two sons named Max and Jude.

References

Living people
American sportswriters
Columbia University alumni
Boston Herald people
21st-century American journalists
1980 births
American Jews
NFL Network people
Jewish journalists

Ian Rapoport


Peter John Diggle, (born 24 February 1950, Lancashire, England) is a British statistician. He holds concurrent appointments with the Faculty of Health and Medicine at Lancaster University, and the Institute of Infection and Global Health at the University of Liverpool.  From 2004 to 2008 he was an EPSRC Senior Research Fellow. He is one of the founding co-editors of the journal Biostatistics.

Previously, he has held positions at Newcastle University, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia. He also holds honorary appointments with Johns Hopkins, Columbia and Yale.

Early life and education
He attended school in Scotland, where discovered his affinity and aptitude in mathematics.

Diggle originally attended Edinburgh University to study mathematics, but halfway through, he was transferred to the University of Liverpool, where he studied "Computational and Statistical Science" (B.Sc. 1972). Under the tutelage of Julian Besag, he began to gain an interest in statistics.

He matriculated at the University of Oxford and in 1973, gained his masters in statistics, by thesis "Contagion and Allied Processes" (M.Sc., 1973). After completion of his masters, Diggle enrolled in a PhD programme at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he gained his doctorate in 1977 in statistics by thesis, with the research topic "Spatial Processes with Applications in Ecology".

Academic career
From 1974 to 1983, Peter held a lectureship at Newcastle University for statistics before becoming a reader for the duration of 1984. While at Newcastle, he went under Robin Plackett's wing, whose obituary he wrote.

Spatial statistics was still a relatively new field in the 70s. Peter took part in organising conferences for this field. Virtually everyone in the country who worked in spatial statistics (between 30 – 50 people) would attend these conferences in Newcastle.

He worked in the CSIRO division for Mathematics and Statistics in Australia. He started as a senior research scientist from 1985 – 1986. Then, from 1986 – 1987, he became a chief research scientist until his promotion to Chief of Division from 1987 – 1988. From 1988 – 2007, he became a professor of statistics at Lancaster University.

Societal recognition
In 1997 he was awarded the Guy Medal in Silver by the Royal Statistical Society.

His works have been recognised by many statistical societies, but some of the most notable recognitions are:

 Presidency of the Royal Statistical Society from 2014 – 2016, starting his term early on the resignation of John Pullinger who was appointed National Statistician. He also started a fundraising campaign to send RSS fellows to teach MSc courses in statistics for Tanzanian students at the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) in 2016.
 Being invited to give talks all around the world at the International Statistical Institute from 1983 – 2011.
 Holding a post at the board of trustees at Biometrika since 1993.

Research
Diggle's main methodological research interests are in spatial statistics, longitudinal data analysis and environmental epidemiology. Most of his research is motivated by applications in the biomedical, clinical or health sciences. Diggle has a particular interest in real-time health surveillance and in tropical disease epidemiology. He also leads the CHICAS research group (a research group at the University of Lancaster).

COVID-19
In April 2020, the RSS formed a COVID-19 task force. The task force is using their statistical expertise to help with COVID data collection and analysis. Peter Diggle is part of this task force.

Seminal works

Professor Peter Diggle has authored a range of texts detailing methods in geostatistics. Below are titles of some of his most influential work:

 Statistics and scientific method: an introduction for students and researchers. Diggle, P., Chetwynd, A. 2011 New York : Oxford University Press. 172 p. . Book
 Model-based Geostatistics. Diggle, P.J., Ribeiro, P.J. 03/2007 New York, USA : Springer. 228 p.  978–0387329079. Book
 Handbook of spatial statistics Gelfand, A., Diggle, P., Guttorp, P., Fuentes, M. 2010 CRC Press. 619 p. . Book
 Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns. Diggle, P.J. 2003 London : Edward Arnold. 159 p. . Book
 Time series: a biostatistical introduction Diggle, P. 1990 Oxford : Oxford University Press. 257 p. . Book
 Discrete mathematics. Chetwynd, A.G., Diggle, P.J. 1995 London : Arnold. 209 p. . Book

References

Living people
British statisticians
Academics of Lancaster University
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
1950 births
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Alumni of Newcastle University
Academics of Newcastle University
People from Lancashire
Spatial statisticians
Mathematical statisticians

Peter Diggle


Krasiński Library (Biblioteka Krasińskich w Warszawie) was a library in Warsaw, founded in 1844. During the German invasion and occupation of Poland, part of the building was destroyed and its collections were stolen, redistributed, or burned. Its surviving collections are now at the National Library of Poland.

History

Wincenty Krasiński originally founded the library in Opinogóra in 1844. This library consisted of his family archives and developed into one of Poland's best collections of national heritage. In 1930, the library was established at 9 Okólnik Street.

In September 1939, during the German invasion, the central part of the building was destroyed by bombs, damaging the museum, reading room, and reference collection. The collections stored in the stacks survived. Many rare manuscripts from the collection were commandeered by the Germans. During the winter of 1939-1940, library directors met to plan ways to preserve their collections and provide for library workers. The group was led by Professor Ketrzynski, representing the Krasinski Library. Meetings were discontinued after Nazi authorities caught wind of them, but the librarians continued to meet in casual gatherings, and eventually obtained passes to the library buildings and the ability to work there. They collected books from bombed houses and brought them to the libraries for safekeeping. There was a brief period when librarians tried to recover what they could, despite the owner, Count Edward Krasinski, being sent to a concentration camp. At this point, the Krasinski library had the largest collection of musical scores in Warsaw, along with several thousand maps and almost 60,000 prints and drawings.

Nazi occupiers founded the Staatsbibliothek Warschau in 1940, merging the collections of the National Library and University Library. Despite the efforts of the librarians, Krasiński Library was absorbed into the Staatsbibliothek Warschau in 1941. During the redistribution, its collections were moved to the Staatsbibliothek Warschau, the University Library, SGH and the National Museum. leaving the Okólnik building with a special collection of around 400,000 items. In September 1944, shortly into the Warsaw Uprising, bombs fell on the Okólnik building. Sections of the collection burned. People worked for a full day trying to rescue manuscripts. Some books were saved by being thrown out of upper-level windows, while books on the ground floor and basement levels were protected from the flames.

In October 1944, after the end of the Uprising, the Germans began burning libraries and continued until the end of the occupation. Krasiński Library lost about 150,000 pieces, including some of the rarest materials preserved from the Krasiński family collection.

Post-World War II
After the war, the surviving collections (the largest of which being those on the Napoleonic Wars and November Uprising) were transferred to the National Library of Poland.

On October 2, 2017, during the event Polona/2milions, the digital library Polona catalogued as their 2 millionth object an urn with the ashes of books from the ruins of the Krasinski Library.

See also
 List of libraries damaged during the World War II

References

Libraries in Warsaw
Buildings and structures in Warsaw
1844 establishments in Poland
Libraries established in 1844

Krasiński Library


Brian Lee Irvine (born 9 March 1944 in Durban, South Africa) is a former cricketer who played four Tests for South Africa in 1969–70 in the last Test series played by South Africa before official sporting links were broken over the apartheid policy.

Career
Irvine was a hard-hitting left-handed middle-order batsman, a fine outfielder who became a regular wicketkeeper and an occasional right-arm medium pace bowler. He played one first-class match as an 18-year-old for a Western Province XI against the International Cavaliers – he turned 19 during the match. But he did not then reappear in first-class cricket until he became a regular in the Natal side in the 1965–66 season.

After two seasons of modest batting, Irvine made a big advance in the 1967–68 season, scoring 504 runs in the South African domestic season and hitting his first two centuries. He was, however, pretty much an unknown quantity when he was signed by Essex as an overseas player for the 1968 English cricket season, the first season when limited numbers of overseas players were allowed to be registered without a period of qualification or a special dispensation.

Irvine proved a success in county cricket. In his first season for Essex, he scored 1,439 runs, and though he did not score a century, he made his runs fast and hit a lot of sixes. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack for 1969 recorded that "rarely did he emerge from a match without hitting at least one six, and in fact he was responsible for more sixes than any other player in first-class cricket". He was awarded his county cap in his first season.

His record in South African domestic cricket for Natal in 1968–69 was very similar to his English record: a lot of runs but no centuries. He returned to Essex for 1969, and increased his batting average, though Wisden remarked that he was less forthright in his batting. He finally scored a century for Essex in the match against Glamorgan at the end of the season.

In South Africa in 1969–70, Irvine transferred to Transvaal. His batting immediately moved up a notch in terms of averages and aggregates and he also started to keep wicket regularly for the team. In that season, South Africa played the last of the pre-apartheid Test matches against a touring team from Australia, and Irvine was selected for all four Tests as a batsman only. He batted at No 6 in the first two matches and then, in the third match at Johannesburg, made 79 out of 117 in the first innings and a quick-fire 73 in the second innings as South Africa took a decisive 3–0 lead in the series. In the final match, batting at No 5, he made 102 in the second innings as South Africa sought, successfully, to bat Australia out of the match. With 353 runs in the four-match series, Irvine finished with a Test average of more than 50.

Irvine did not play Test cricket again and in fact never played cricket outside the domestic South African competitions after this brief taste of Test cricket. He was selected for the proposed tours of England in 1970 and Australia in 1971–72, but the tours were called off, and though other players, such as Barry Richards and Mike Procter, returned to their English counties, Irvine did not go back to Essex after 1969. He played regularly for Transvaal for the next seven seasons, making a lot of runs and also acting as the regular wicketkeeper for the first five years. He was Transvaal captain in 1974–75 and 1975–76. He retired after the 1976–77 season.

References

External links
 Lee Irvine at CricketArchive.com, which lists all matches played by him, with full statistics
 Lee Irvine at Cricinfo

1944 births
Living people
South African cricketers
South Africa Test cricketers
Essex cricketers
Gauteng cricketers
KwaZulu-Natal cricketers
South African cricket coaches
Wicket-keepers

Lee Irvine


The Victor Bodson Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge in Hesperange, in southern Luxembourg.  It circles the south-eastern suburbs of Luxembourg City, and carries the A1 motorway between Howald and Itzig, over the Alzette valley below.

The bridge was completed in 1993, as part of the extension of the A1 from Senningerberg (serving Luxembourg Airport) to the south of Luxembourg City.  The bridge is  long, and stands  above the level of the Alzette below.  The bridge is a total of  wide, consisting of two lanes running in each direction, separated by a central reservation, along with two emergency pavements.

Because the valley under the bridge is inhabited, the design was limited to a single support pillar, located exactly in the middle of the bridge.  The bridge is stayed by a single suspension mast, located above the support pillar and from which radial cables fan out along the length of the bridge.  Despite its reliance on a single mast for suspension, the bridge is notable for being curved along its entire length.

The bridge is named after Victor Bodson, a government minister in the 1940s and 1950s that held responsibility for Public Works, Transport, and Justice. He was also a recipient of the Righteous Among the Nations award for his participation during the Holocaust in helping Jews escape persecution.

Footnotes

External links

  Page on the official Administration des Ponts et Chassées website

Buildings and structures in Hesperange
Cable-stayed bridges in Luxembourg
Bridges completed in 1993
1993 in Luxembourg

Victor Bodson Bridge