Jules Pierre Toura Gaba (December 18, 1920 – September 29, 1998) was a Chadian politician and diplomat. Following the independence of Chad, he served as its first Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1960 to 1961.

Life and career
He was born on December 18, 1920, at Maibyan, near Moissala, in the prefecture of Moyen-Chari in southern Chad. He served as a diplomat at Brazzaville and worked for a long time as a teacher in places like Ati, Abéché, Bongor and Fort-Archambault (now called Sarh).

When Chad was still a French colony, a Representative Council for which some of the African inhabitants could vote was instituted. Toura entered politics and became a member of this council from 1946 to 1956. A year later, he founded the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT) with Gabriel Lisette, in which Toura became secretary-general and Lisette president. The 1956 reforms greatly boosted the suffrage, strengthening the PPT, which triumphed in the first democratic elections. Toura was among the PPT representatives elected and became Minister of Agriculture in the first black government led by Lisette in 1958. But in February, Lisette lost his position and a month later Toura lost his office in the party to François Tombalbaye, who, later in the same month, became the new head of the government. This position was strengthened by the following elections in May, which were triumphantly won by the PPT. A new government was formed, headed by Tombalbaye and with Toura as Minister of Public Works.

With the independence of Chad on August 11, 1960, Tombalbaye became President and Toura was made Minister of Foreign Affairs. As such he headed the Chadian delegation that on September 29, 1960, was present at the United Nations General Assembly that admitted Chad into the UN.

In 1961, Toura became Minister of National Education. Nevertheless, Tombalbaye had become increasingly suspicious and authoritarian. As a result, Toura fell in disgrace and was arrested in 1962. He remained in jail for several years, after which the President decided he could use him as a diplomat and sent him as Ambassador to West Germany in 1966. In 1973, Toura resigned and went into exile in France. In Paris he wrote Non à Tombalbaye! - Fragments autobiographiques, a critique of the Tombalbaye Regime (1974). By August, the work started circulating secretly in Chad among opponents of the President.

After the coup of 1975 that removed Tombalbaye, Toura returned to the diplomatic service and was made Ambassador to the United States in 1976. He served until 1979, when he resigned after the dissolution of any central authority in Chad. He found asylum in the United States and remained there until 1991, when he returned to Chad. He died on September 29, 1998, at N'Djamena.

References

External links
biographic note at Rulers

1920 births
1998 deaths
Chadian Progressive Party politicians
Foreign ministers of Chad
Chadian diplomats
People from Moyen-Chari Region
Chadian expatriates in the Republic of the Congo
Chadian expatriates in the United States

Pierre Toura Gaba


Sandy Carruthers is a Canadian-American artist and retired graphic design instructor, known for his work as the first illustrator of the original Men in Black comic book series, and as creator of the webcomic series, Canadiana: the New Spirit of Canada.

Early life and education
Carruthers was born on May 11, 1962, in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He trained at Holland College between 1979–1981 in its Commercial Design Program, where he later taught full-time for 25 years until he retired in 2017. He also attended Sheridan College in Ontario, taking its Illustration program, and took a correspondence course with The Joe Kubert School.

Career
Carruthers first started working in comics at Malibu Graphics including the illustration of The Men in Black, written by Lowell Cunningham, which would later be adapted into the Men in Black movie franchise. He also worked on Captain Canuck. He worked as the Editorial Cartoonist for the Charlottetown Guardian newspaper. He published a book of his editorial cartoons entitled Sh-It Happened.

He has worked on several graphic novels for Graphic Universe, a division of Lerner Publishing Group (Minneapolis, U.S.) including Yu the Great, written by Paul D. Storrie, Sunjata: Warrior King of Mali (a 13th-century West African story), written by Justine and Ron Fontes. He also illustrated three graphic novels in the style of interactive storytelling: Terror in Ghost Mansion (Paul D. Storrie, writer), "School of Evil" (Marie P. Croall, writer) and "Peril at Summerland Park" (Paul D. Storrie, writer).

Beginning in 2004, he worked on the webcomic Canadiana, also known as the New Spirit of Canada. It drew heavily on the traditions of the superhero genre, centred on the adventures and personal life of the titular female superhero. Penciller Jeff Alward and scripter Mark Shainblum (known for Northguard and Angloman) and artist Brenda Hickey have also worked on the series.

Carruthers has worked with the Charlton NEO group: a revival effort to bring back Charlton Comics. His art can be found in Charlton Arrow # 1, 2, and 3 with the reworking of Spookman (with writer Roger McKenzie and editor Mort Todd), a public-domain character created by Pat Boyette in 1968. He illustrated "Travest: Spirit Talker", a western he and Roger McKenzie co-created for Charlton Wild Frontier #1, and a horror story "Skin in the Game" with writer Paul Kupperberg.

He has worked with writer Nicola R. White and illustrator Kara Brauen as both colorist and letterer on a 5 issue run of Wild Rose, an Irish folktale set against the backdrop of London and rural Ireland in 1790.

In September, 2018, Carruthers started a new partnership with fellow comic creators Robert Doan and Greg Webster to produce Sandstone Comics Presents, an anthology series.

References

External links
Sandy Carruthers official site, with some of his work.

Canadian comics artists
Canadian webcomic creators
1962 births
Living people
Sheridan College alumni
American artists

Sandy Carruthers


Wenceslaus I (; c. 1205 – 23 September 1253), called One-Eyed, was King of Bohemia from 1230 to 1253.

Wenceslaus was a son of Ottokar I of Bohemia and his second wife Constance of Hungary.

Marriage and children
In 1224, Wenceslaus married Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen, third daughter of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany, and his wife Irene Angelina. Wenceslaus encouraged large numbers of Germans to settle in the villages and towns in Bohemia and Moravia.  Stone buildings began to replace wooden ones in Prague as a result of the influence of the new settlers.

Wenceslaus and Kunigunde had five known children:

Vladislaus III of Moravia (c. 1228 – 3 January 1247)
Ottokar II of Bohemia (c. 1230 – 26 August 1278)
Beatrice (c. 1231 – 27 May 1290), who married Otto III of Brandenburg
Agnes (died 10 August 1268), who married Henry III of Meissen
A daughter who died young

Early reign
On 6 February 1228, Wenceslaus was crowned as co-ruler of the Kingdom of Bohemia with his father. On 15 December 1230, Ottokar died and Wenceslaus succeeded him as the senior King of Bohemia.

His early reign was preoccupied by the threat to Bohemia posed by Frederick II, Duke of Austria. The expansionism of Frederick caused the concern and protestation of several other rulers. In 1236, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II was involved in a war against the Lombard League. The Emperor demanded Wenceslaus and other rulers of the Holy Roman Empire to lend him part of their own troops for his war effort. Wenceslaus led a group of princes who expressed their reluctance to divert any troops from the defense of their own territories, citing fear of invasion from the Duchy of Austria. They requested imperial intervention in the situation.

In June 1236, the Emperor imposed an imperial ban on the Duke of Austria. Troops dispatched against the Duke forced him to flee Vienna for Wiener Neustadt. He would continue to rule a rump state for the following year. The Emperor declared direct imperial rule in both Austria and the Duchy of Styria, also held by the fleeing Duke. Ekbert von Andechs-Meranien, former Bishop of Bamberg was installed as governor in the two Duchies. Ekbert would govern from February to his death on 5 June 1237. Wenceslaus was hardly pleased with this apparent expansion of direct imperial authority close to his borders. Wenceslaus and Duke Frederick formed an alliance against the Emperor. Frederick the Emperor chose to lift the ban in 1237 rather than maintain another open front. Wenceslaus managed to negotiate the expansion of Bohemia north of the Danube, annexing territories offered by Duke Frederick in order of forming and maintaining their alliance.

Wenceslaus and Frederick also found another ally in the person of Otto II, Duke of Bavaria. In June 1239, Wenceslaus and Otto left the Reichstag at Eger, abandoning the service of excommunicated Emperor Frederick II. Despite their intent to elect an anti-king, no such election would take place until 1246. In 1246, Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, was elected King of Germany in opposition to Emperor Frederick II and Conrad IV of Germany.

Mongol invasion

In 1241 Wenceslaus successfully repelled a raid on Bohemia by forces serving under Batu Khan and Subutai of the Mongol Empire as part of the Mongol invasion of Europe. The Mongols raided the Kingdom of Poland, Silesia and Moravia, led by Baidar, Kadan and Orda Khan with a force of around 20,000 Mongols, causing much destruction.

During the Mongol invasion of Poland, Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, Wenceslaus' brother in law, initially asked his help in fighting off the Mongols. However, as Wenceslaus was coming to his aid in Legnica with a force of 5000 soldiers, impatience forced Henry II to attack the Mongols without Bohemia's help which resulted in the devastating Battle of Legnica. Following the Mongol victory, Wenceslaus fell back to protect Bohemia. He gathered reinforcements from Thuringia and Saxony along the way, before taking refuge in Bohemia's mountainous countries whose terrain would reduce the mobility of the Mongolian cavalry. When a Mongol vanguard assaulted Kłodzko, the Bohemian cavalry easily defeated them in the mountain passes. After their failure against Wenceslaus' army, the Mongols led by Baidar and Kadan turned away from Bohemia and Poland and went southward to reunite with Batu and Subutai in Hungary, who had crushed the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohi.

When Subutai heard in 1242 that Grand Khan Ögedei had died the previous year, the Mongol army retreated eastward, because Subutai had three princes of the blood in his command and Genghis Khan had made clear that all descendants of the Khagan (Grand Khan) should return to the Mongol capital of Karakorum for the kurultai which would elect the next Khagan. Such was Wenceslaus' success against the invaders that chroniclers sent messages to Emperor Frederick II of his "victorious defense".

Duchy of Austria for Přemyslids
On 15 June 1246, Frederick II, Duke of Austria, was killed in the Battle of the Leitha River against Béla IV of Hungary. His death ended reign of the Babenberg dynasty in Austria. The matter of his succession would result in years of disputes among various heirs. Wenceslaus' foreign policy became focused on acquiring Austria for the Přemyslid dynasty. Meanwhile, Emperor Frederick II managed to once again place Austria under direct imperial rule. However imperial governor Otto von Eberstein had to contend with an Austrian rebellion, preventing immediate benefits from the annexation of the Duchy.

The Privilegium Minus, the document which had elevated Austria to a Duchy on 17 September 1156, allowed for the female line of the House of Babenberg to succeed to the throne. Gertrude, Duchess of Austria, niece of the late Frederick II, thus was able to claim the Duchy in her own right. Wenceslaus arranged for her marriage to his eldest son, Vladislaus, Margrave of Moravia. Vladislaus was declared a jure uxoris Duke of Austria and managed to secure the support of part of the Austrian nobility. On 3 January 1247, Vladislaus died suddenly and the initial plan of Wenceslaus was negated. Gertrude continued her claim and proceeded to marry Herman VI, Margrave of Baden.

The rebellion
In 1248, Wenceslaus had to deal with a rebellion of the Bohemian nobility, led by his own son Ottokar II. Ottokar had been enticed by discontented nobles to lead the rebellion, during which he received the nickname "the younger King" (mladší král). Wenceslaus managed to defeat the rebels and imprisoned his son. Ottokar II held the title of King of Bohemia from 31 July 1248 to November 1249.

By the end of 1250, both the Emperor and Herman VI were deceased. The latter having never been accepted by the Austrian nobles, Gertrude and their only son Frederick I, Margrave of Baden continued their claim. Wenceslaus led a successful invasion of Austria, completed by 1251. Wenceslaus released Ottokar II and named him Margrave of Moravia. Wenceslaus had Ottokar proclaimed Duke of Austria and acclaimed by the nobility. In order to secure dynastic rights to Austria, Wenceslaus had another female Babenberg proclaimed Duchess and betrothed to his son. Margaret, Duchess of Austria, was a sister of Duke Frederick II and an aunt of Gertrude. She was also the widow of Henry (VII) of Germany, who had died in 1242. However, Margaret was much older than Ottokar. Their marriage took place on 11 February 1252.

Wenceslaus did not enjoy his victory for long. He died on 23 September 1253 and Ottokar II succeeded him.

Evaluation of the reign of Wenceslas I
Under the reign of Wenceslas I of Bohemia, the royal court came to cultivate lifestyles typical of contemporary Western Europe, including the culture of  jousting and tournaments and the enjoyment of courtly poetry and songs. His government is associated with the establishment of Czech statehood, an increase of Czech political influence in Europe, the rise of Czech nobility, and continued development of urban life, trade and crafts.

Wenceslas, like his father and son, supported the arrival of ethnic Germans into the country. He was also the first to allow privileges to the Jews; however, they were expected to pay considerable sums of money for them.

Cities founded by Wenceslaus
 Jihlava, 1233
 Brno, 1238
 Olomouc, c. 1240
 Old Town, Prague, c. 1240
 Stříbro, c. 1240
 Loket, c. 1250
 Žatec, c. 1250
 Cheb, c. 1250
 Přerov, 1252

References

Sources

External links

Přemyslid dynasty
Medieval kings of Bohemia
1205 births
1253 deaths
Czech military leaders
Bohemian monarchs

Wenceslaus I of Bohemia


Anthony Shannon Harman (6 March 1912 – 8 May 1999) was an English farmer and writer who was best known for a 1986 book about his life and the history of his farm entitled Seventy Summers. It was a number one bestseller in the United Kingdom and was made into a 1986 BBC Two television series which he presented.

Harman was born near Chesham in Buckinghamshire and he attended Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied agriculture.  In 1931, he started farming Grove Farm near Whelpley Hill. He became a published author late in life with an article in The Guardian. In Seventy Summers he advocated modern farming methods and contrasted them with the methods in place when he took over the farm which had barely changed in 150 years.

He followed up with The Charolais Adventure 1959–1989 (1990) about the introduction of the French Charolais cattle breed and A Thousand Years on a Chiltern Farm: The Story of Grove Farm, Chesham, Buckinghamshire (1999). He also wrote a Guardian column, served as a magistrate, and was a Labour Party parliamentary candidate for Aylesbury at the 1950, 1951, 1955 general elections. He died aged 87 in 1999.

References

1912 births
1999 deaths
People from Chiltern District
20th-century English farmers
English television presenters
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
English non-fiction writers

Tony Harman


Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The panel consisted of Middle District of Alabama Judge Frank Minis Johnson, Northern District of Alabama Judge Seybourn Harris Lynne, and Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Richard Rives. The main plaintiffs in the case were Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith. Jeanetta Reese had originally been a plaintiff in the case, but intimidation by segregationists (including threatening phone calls and pressure from a senior police officer for whom she worked) caused her to withdraw in February. She falsely claimed she had not agreed to the lawsuit, which led to an unsuccessful attempt to disbar Fred Gray for supposedly improperly representing her.

On June 5, 1956, the District Court ruled 2–1, with Lynne dissenting, that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

The state and city appealed, and the decision was summarily affirmed by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956.

Background
Shortly after beginning the Montgomery bus boycott in December 1955, black community leaders began to discuss filing a federal lawsuit to challenge the City of Montgomery and Alabama bus segregation laws. They sought a declaratory judgment that Alabama state statutes and ordinances of the city of Montgomery providing for and enforcing racial segregation on "privately"-operated buses were in violation of Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment.

The cause of action was brought under Reconstruction-era civil rights legislation, specifically 42 U.S.C. sections 1981, 1983. The United States District Court had original jurisdiction to hear the case because it was a federal question (section 1331) and because it concerned civil rights (section 1343). A three-judge district court panel was required under 28 U.S.C. § 2281 for the granting of an interlocutory or the permanent injunction restraining the enforcement of a state statute by restraining the action of a state officer, such as an official of the Alabama Public Service Commission. The court held that since officials admitted that they were enforcing state statutes, a three-judge court had jurisdiction over the case.

About two months after the bus boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, nine months before Rosa Parks' action. Fred Gray, E.D. Nixon, president of the NAACP and secretary of the new Montgomery Improvement Association; and Clifford Durr (a white lawyer who, with his wife, Virginia Durr, was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement) searched for the ideal case law to challenge the constitutional legitimacy of Montgomery and Alabama bus segregation laws.

Durr was concerned that an appeal of Parks's case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts and thought that they needed a way to get directly to federal courts. Gray did research for the lawsuit and consulted with NAACP Legal Defense Fund attorneys Robert L. Carter and Thurgood Marshall (who would later become United States Solicitor General and the first African-American United States Supreme Court Justice). Gray approached Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, and Jeanetta Reese, all women who had been discriminated against by drivers enforcing segregation policy in the Montgomery bus system. They agreed to become plaintiffs in a federal civil action lawsuit, thus bypassing the Alabama court system. Reese dropped out of the case in February 1956 because of intimidation by members of the white community. She falsely claimed she had not agreed to the lawsuit, which led to an unsuccessful attempt to disbar Gray for supposedly improperly representing her.

Decision
On February 1, 1956, Gray filed the case Browder v. Gayle in U.S. District Court. Aurelia Browder was a Montgomery woman, W. A. Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery.

On June 5, 1956, the District Court ruled that "the enforced segregation of black and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery violates the Constitution and laws of the United States" because the conditions deprived people of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The court further enjoined Alabama and Montgomery from continuing to operate segregated buses.

The state and city appealed the district court's decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court summarily affirmed the District Court's ruling and ordered Alabama and Montgomery to desegregate its buses. One month later, on December 17, the Supreme Court denied the state's petition for rehearing, and on December 20, the ruling was implemented after Gayle was handed official written notice by federal marshals.

Commemoration
In 2019 a statue of Rosa Parks was unveiled in Montgomery, Alabama, and four granite markers were also unveiled near the statue on the same day to honor four plaintiffs in Browder v. Gayle  - Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, Claudette Colvin, and Mary Louise Smith. One of those plaintiffs, Mary Louise Smith, took part in the unveiling ceremony.

See also
Aurelia Browder
Claudette Colvin
Susie McDonald
Mary Louise Smith
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), case upholding "separate but equal" accommodations
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), declared segregated schools were inherently unequal.
Bolling v. Sharpe (1954), found segregated schools in the District of Columbia were unconstitutional
Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. (1955), overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in transportation

References

External links
 Text, Browder v. Gayle Judgment, Gilder Lehrman Center

District Court decision

United States Supreme Court cases
United States racial desegregation case law
Civil rights movement case law
Montgomery bus boycott
History of Montgomery, Alabama
African-American history of Alabama
1956 in United States case law
1956 in Alabama
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
Law articles needing an infobox

Browder v. Gayle


Phyllonorycter malayana is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Pahang, Malaysia.

The wingspan is 6.2-6.8 mm.

The larvae feed on Engelhardia spicata. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of an elliptical or oblong, typically tentiform blotch-mine found on the upper side of the leaf, usually on the leaf-vein, with the upper epidermis of the mining part having a longitudinal wrinkle in the middle. Pupation takes place inside the mine-cavity. The pupa is enclosed with a whitish, ellipsoidal cocoon, which is covered with grains of frass.

References

malayana
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1993

Phyllonorycter malayana


Emporis was a real estate data mining company that was headquartered in Hamburg, Germany. The company collected data and photographs of buildings worldwide, which were published in an online database from 2000 to September 2022.

On 12 September 2022, the managing director of CoStar Europe posted a letter on Emporis.com, informing its community members of the decision which had been made to retire the Emporis community platform, effective 13 September 2022.

Emporis offered a variety of information on its public database, Emporis.com. Emporis was frequently cited by various media sources as an authority on building data.

Emporis originally focused exclusively on high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, which it defined as buildings "between 35 and 100 metres" tall and "at least 100 metres tall", respectively. Emporis used the point where the building touches the ground to determine height. The database had expanded to include low-rise buildings and other structures. It used a point system to rank skylines.

History
Michael Wutzke started a website about skyscrapers in Frankfurt in 1996. In 2000 he started skyscrapers.com, which was folded into Emporis in 2003.

In 2005 Emporis formed a partnership with the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), under which Emporis served as the official CTBUH high-rise buildings database until the launch of The Skyscraper Center in 2011.

In 2007 venture capital firm Neuhaus Partners and KfW Bankengruppe invested several million euro in the company. Effective 1 January 2009, the company moved its headquarters from Darmstadt to Frankfurt. In 2011, the company moved from Frankfurt to Hamburg.

On 26 October 2020, CoStar Group, Inc., based in Washington, D.C., completed its acquisition of Emporis GmbH. CoStar Group added Emporis to its portfolio of brands. The other brands included LoopNet, Apartments.com, Apartment Finder, Belbex, amongst several others.

The merger of Emporis GmbH into CoStar Group subsidiary STR, Inc's German division, STR Germany GmbH, was finalized on 27 January 2021, with Emporis GmbH's removal from the Common Register Portal of the German Federal States ()

On 14 September 2022, the entirety of the Emporis website's original content, including the building database, articles and data regarding Emporis Skyscraper Award recipients, and corporate information, was removed.

In 2023, former editors of the Emporis website created a new website called SKYDB, a website that acts the same purpose as this one.

Emporis Skyscraper Award

In 2000 a group of Emporis senior editors began presenting the Emporis Skyscraper Award. Eligible buildings are selected from a list of all buildings in the world at least 100 meters tall which were completed that year.

SKYDB
SKYDB is a website that collects data and photographs of buildings worldwide, which have been published since January 2023.

It is the result of merging Phorio with the now-defunct Emporis, which caused Phorio to shut down and create this website.

The website is mostly similar to before, but a map hasn't been added yet.

Their skyscraper awards are called "SKYDB Awards"

The name is short for "Skyscraper Database"

See also
SkyscraperCity
SkyscraperPage
Structurae
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

References

External links

Companies based in Hamburg
Architecture websites
German real estate websites
Defunct websites
Internet properties disestablished in 2022
Internet properties established in 2000
Internet properties established in 1996

Emporis


In the mathematical field of graph theory, Grötzsch's theorem is the statement that every triangle-free planar graph can be colored with only three colors. According to the four-color theorem, every graph that can be drawn in the plane without edge crossings can have its vertices colored using at most four different colors, so that the two endpoints of every edge have different colors, but according to Grötzsch's theorem only three colors are needed for planar graphs that do not contain three mutually adjacent vertices.

History
The theorem is named after German mathematician Herbert Grötzsch, who published its proof in 1959.
Grötzsch's original proof was complex.  attempted to simplify it but his proof was erroneous.

In 2003, Carsten Thomassen derived an alternative proof from another related theorem: every planar graph with girth at least five is 3-list-colorable. However, Grötzsch's theorem itself does not extend from coloring to list coloring: there exist triangle-free planar graphs that are not 3-list-colorable.
In 2012, Nabiha Asghar gave a new and much simpler proof of the theorem that is inspired by Thomassen's work.

In 1989, Richard Steinberg and Dan Younger gave the first correct proof, in English, of the dual version of this theorem.

Larger classes of graphs
A slightly more general result is true: if a planar graph has at most three triangles then it is 3-colorable. However, the planar complete graph K4, and infinitely many other planar graphs containing  K4, contain four triangles and are not 3-colorable. In 2009, Dvořák, Kráľ, and Thomas announced a proof of another generalization, conjectured in 1969 by L. Havel: there exists a constant d such that, if a planar graph has no two triangles within distance d of each other, then it can be colored with three colors. This work formed part of the basis for Dvořák's 2015 European Prize in Combinatorics.

The theorem cannot be generalized to all nonplanar triangle-free graphs: not every nonplanar triangle-free graph is 3-colorable. In particular, the Grötzsch graph and the Chvátal graph are triangle-free graphs requiring four colors, and the Mycielskian is a transformation of graphs that can be used to construct triangle-free graphs that require arbitrarily high numbers of colors.

The theorem cannot be generalized to all planar K4-free graphs, either: not every planar graph that  requires 4 colors contains K4. In particular, there exists a planar graph without 4-cycles that cannot be 3-colored.

Factoring through a homomorphism
A 3-coloring of a graph G may be described by a graph homomorphism from G to a triangle K3. In the language of homomorphisms, Grötzsch's theorem states that every triangle-free planar graph has a homomorphism to K3.
Naserasr showed that every triangle-free planar graph also has a homomorphism to the Clebsch graph, a 4-chromatic graph.
By combining these two results, it may be shown that every triangle-free planar graph has a homomorphism to a triangle-free 3-colorable graph, the tensor product of K3 with the Clebsch graph.
The coloring of the graph may then be recovered by composing this homomorphism with the homomorphism from this tensor product to its K3 factor.
However, the Clebsch graph and its tensor product with K3 are both non-planar; there does not exist a triangle-free planar graph to which every other triangle-free planar graph may be mapped by a homomorphism.

Geometric representation
A result of  combines Grötzsch's theorem with Scheinerman's conjecture on the representation of planar graphs as intersection graphs of line segments. They proved that every triangle-free planar graph can be represented by a collection of line segments, with three slopes, such that two vertices of the graph are adjacent if and only if the line segments representing them cross. A 3-coloring of the graph may then be obtained by assigning two vertices the same color whenever their line segments have the same slope.

Computational complexity
Given a triangle-free planar graph, a 3-coloring of the graph can be found in linear time.

Notes

References
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Graph coloring
Planar graphs
Theorems in graph theory

Grötzsch's theorem


Tour de Farce: American History and Other Unrelated Subjects is the sixth comedy album by the Smothers Brothers (released November 1, 1964 on Mercury Records). It reached number 58 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart. Recorded at The Ice House, Pasadena, California.  The back of the album contains the note: "For special enjoyment, try playing your old Smothers Brothers albums at 45 rpm."

Track listing
"Siblings" (3:19) - Dick says Tom was not as well loved because he was adopted, and Tom complains about not being well treated as a child.
"That's My Song" (2:57) - Sung straight.
"American History: II-A" (5:02) - Tom's comments on the Pilgrims and Johnny Appleseed, noting that the Pilgrims' landing was all the more exciting due to how slippery Plymouth Rock was.
"Mediocre Fred" (1:41) - Tom sings the story of a boring man who becomes more exciting during a full moon.
"The Measles Song" (2:07) - Tom sings a folk song about a disease.
"Since My Canary Died" (5:40) - A lament for a dead pet.
"American History: II-B" (5:27 - Tom continues his dissertating, this time on Paul Bunyan, Billy the Kid, and George Washington.  It is here that we learn about Paul Bunyan's "Big Blue Puma."
"Eskimo Dog" (5:04) - A different take on the folk song "Whiskey in the Jar."
"She's Gone Forever" (3:47) - Another one sung straight by the brothers.
"Life and the Song of Life" (3:35)
"Time and the Song of Time" (1:48)
"Wagon Wheels" (1:38) (1st pressing only)
"The Military Lovers" (0:50) (1st pressing only) - Tom rewrites the words to "The Marines' Hymn."
"The Put-On Song  (0:40) (1st pressing only)

Personnel
Dick Smothers – vocals, double bass
Tom Smothers – vocals, guitar

Chart positions

External links
Complete  Smothers Brothers' discography can be found here.

Smothers Brothers albums
1964 live albums
Mercury Records live albums


Rachel Anne Squire (13 July 1954 – 5 January 2006) was a British Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dunfermline West in Scotland from 1992 general election to 2005, and then for Dunfermline and West Fife from 2005 until her death after a long series of illnesses.

Background
Squire was born in Carshalton, Surrey. She attended the all-female Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith and then proceeded to a degree in Archaeology and Anthropology at Durham University, and a social work qualification at Birmingham University. After university, Squire became a social worker, also working in factories and other manual jobs. She became a full-time official with National Union of Public Employees, the public sector union, later part of UNISON. Working for the union took her to Merseyside and then to Scotland, where she became the union's education officer. She served on the Labour Scottish Executive Committee.

Member of Parliament
According to a profile on the BBC website, Rachel Squire was "one of the most committed and successful constituency advocates in Parliament". She worked to get regeneration funds for her constituency, campaigned for the Rosyth Dockyard and secured funds to put off the closure of the Longannet coal mine.

In Parliament, Squire was a member of the Defence Select Committee and served as PPS to Education ministers Stephen Byers and Estelle Morris from 1997 to 2001.

Squire was a patron for Brain Tumour Action, a cancer charity. She was diagnosed with a brain tumour in 1993, and a second one in 2003. On 2 June 2005, she was admitted to hospital after suffering a stroke, thought to have been caused by bleeding stemming from the second brain tumor. She did not recover, and died on 5 January 2006.

Her death prompted the Dunfermline and West Fife by-election, held on 9 February 2006, in which her former seat was won by Willie Rennie for the Liberal Democrats.

References

External links

BBC - Labour MP dies after cancer fight 6 January 2006.
Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: Rachel Squire MP
TheyWorkForYou.com - Rachel Squire MP
BBC News - Labour MP in hospital with stroke 3 June 2005

1954 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from brain tumor
Scottish Labour MPs
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Fife constituencies
People educated at Godolphin and Latymer School
Politicians from Surrey
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Alumni of Trevelyan College, Durham
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
20th-century Scottish women politicians
20th-century Scottish politicians
21st-century Scottish women politicians
21st-century Scottish politicians
British social workers
Unison (trade union)

Rachel Squire


Ira Sullivan (May 1, 1931 – September 21, 2020) was an American jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist, flautist, saxophonist, and composer born in Washington, D.C., United States.  An active musician since the 1950s, he often worked with Red Rodney and Lin Halliday.

Biography
Sullivan was born on May 1, 1931, in Washington, D.C., United States. His father taught him to play the trumpet beginning at age 3, and his mother taught him saxophone. He played in 1950s Chicago with such musicians as Charlie Parker, Lester Young, Wardell Gray and Roy Eldridge, gaining a reputation as a fearsome bebop soloist. After playing briefly with Art Blakey in 1956, and mastering alto and baritone saxophone, Sullivan moved south to Florida and out of the spotlight in the early 1960s.

His reluctance to travel limited his opportunities to play with musicians of the first rank, but Sullivan continued to play in the Miami area, often in schools and churches. Contact with local younger players, such as Jaco Pastorius and Pat Metheny led to teaching and to a broadening of his own musical roots to include the stylings of John Coltrane's jazz rock.

With the addition of flute and soprano saxophone to his performing range, Sullivan moved to New York, and in 1980 formed a quintet with bop trumpeter Red Rodney. Sullivan and Rodney worked on new material and fostered young talent. Sullivan and his longtime friend and collaborator Stu Katz, jazz pianist and vibraphonist, co-led a multi-night performance with Katz at Joe Segal's The Jazz Showcase in Chicago.  A live recording of some of those performances, A Family Affair: Live At Joe Segal's Jazz Showcase, was released in 2011. Sullivan taught at the Young Musicians Camp each summer at the University of Miami.

Ira Sullivan died on September 21, 2020, of metastatic pancreatic cancer in his Miami home at age 89.

Ira Sullivan's musical signature was "Amazing Grace", the tune with which he closed every performance for decades. In the week following Sullivan's death, the jazz community produced a Love Letter to Ira Sullivan, a compilation of more than forty performances of "Amazing Grace".

Discography

As leader
 Blue Stroll (Delmark, 1961)
 Bird Lives! (Vee-Jay, 1963)
 Horizons (Atlantic, 1967)
 Nicky's Tune (Delmark, 1970)
 Ira Sullivan (Horizon, 1976)
 Ira Sullivan (Flying Fish, 1978)
 Peace (Galaxy, 1978)
 The Incredible Ira Sullivan (Stash, 1980)
 Multimedia (Galaxy, 1982)
 Ira Sullivan Does It All (Muse, 1983)
 Strings Attached (Pausa, 1983)
 The Breeze and I with Joe Diorio (Ram, 1994)
 After Hours  (Go Jazz, 2000)
 A Family Affair  with Stu Katz (Origin, 2011)

As sideman
With Art Blakey
 Originally (Columbia, 1956 [1982])
With Frank Catalano
 Cut It Out (Delmark, 1997)
With Red Garland
Red Alert (Galaxy, 1977)
With Lin Halliday
 Delayed Exposure (Delmark, 1991)
 East of the Sun (Delmark, 1992)
With Eddie Harris
 Come on Down (Atlantic, 1970)
With Philly Joe Jones
Philly Mignon (Galaxy, 1977)
With Roland Kirk
 Introducing Roland Kirk (Argo, 1960)
With Roberto Magris
 Sun Stone - Roberto Magris Sextet feat. Ira Sullivan (JMood, 2019)
With J. R. Monterose
 J. R. Monterose (Blue Note, 1956)
With Rita Reys
 The Cool Voice of Rita Reys (Columbia, 1956)
With Red Rodney
Live at the Village Vanguard (Muse, 1980)
Hi Jinx at the Vanguard (Muse, 1980 [1984])
Alive in New York (Muse, 1980 [1986])
Night and Day (Muse, 1981)
With Billy Taylor
 The Billy Taylor Trio Introduces Ira Sullivan (ABC-Paramount, 1956)
With Brad Goode
 Toy Trumpet (SteepleChase, 2000)

References

External links

 – official site

Ira Sullivan discography at JazzDiscography.com
Ira Sullivan  - Family First (interview)
Ira Sullivan Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2019)

1931 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in Florida
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Bebop trumpeters
Hard bop trumpeters
American jazz flugelhornists
Delmark Records artists
Galaxy Records artists
21st-century trumpeters
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Discovery Records artists

Ira Sullivan


Lords of the Ultra-Realm is a six-issue comic book limited series, created and written by Doug Moench, illustrated by Pat Broderick, and published in 1986 by DC Comics, followed by a 1987 special issue.

Plot
Vietnam veteran Michael Savage, upon returning to America and after his journey to the Ultra-Realm, was merged with Falkon, Prince of Bliss, after his death at the hands of his opposite, Maurkon, Prince of Rage.

Seven princes of light existed in the Ultra-Realm (Erosanda: the Prince of Love, the previously mentioned Falkon, Krishlar: the Prince of Peace, Kontentos: the Prince of Grace, Sain: the Prince of Order, Satorana: the Prince of Enlightenment, and Viridium: the Prince of Life) as did their opposites, the seven princes of darkness (Lashtarr: the Prince of Madness, previously mentioned Maurkon, Mortanos: the Prince of Death, Myridian: the Prince of Hate, Shatragon: the Prince of Chaos, Squamonton: the Prince of Greed, and Zorla: the Prince of War).

Michael Savage as Falkon travels the Ultra-Realm, eventually killing all the other Princes and thus becoming the Overlord of the Ultra-Realm, which he recreates with Princes and Princesses in place of the all-male Princes that existed previously. The special issue was set in this recreated Ultra-Realm and dealt primarily with the Princes and Princesses of Love (Eros and Sanda) and Hate (Myra and Rhydian).

1986 comics debuts
1987 comics endings
Comics by Doug Moench
DC Comics limited series
Fantasy comics
Comics set in the Middle Ages

Lords of the Ultra-Realm


Martin Landau (20 Juin 1928 - 15 Julie 2017) wis an actor frae Americae. He wis kent for his role as Bela Lugosi in Ed Wood.

1928 births
2017 daiths
20t-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male televeesion actors
American male stage actors
American male vyce actors
American fowk o Jewish strynd
Actin coaches
Male actors frae New York Ceety
Male actors frae Los Angeles
American comic strip cairtoonists
American fowk o Austrick strynd
American fowk o Austrick-Jewish strynd
Best Supportin Actor Academy Awaird winners
Best Supportin Actor Gowden Globe (film) winners
Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners
Jewish American male actors
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Male Actor in a Supportin Role Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners
Fowk frae West Hollywood, Californie
Pratt Institute alumni
Fowk frae Brooklyn

Martin Landau


Peeta Mellark is a fictional character from The Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins. He is portrayed by actor Josh Hutcherson in The Hunger Games film series.

Peeta is the male tribute representing District 12 in the 74th annual Hunger Games, alongside female tribute Katniss Everdeen (portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence). Together, they defy the rule that the Games must have one victor, unintentionally inciting a rebellion against the authoritarian government of Panem.

Appearances

The Hunger Games

Peeta is first introduced at the reaping for the 74th Hunger Games when he is selected as the male tribute representing District 12 alongside female tribute Katniss Everdeen. Prior to the reaping, Katniss and Peeta had only interacted once: at age eleven, when Peeta deliberately burned two loaves of bread in his family's bakery and took a beating from his abusive mother to feed a starving Katniss. Katniss had always felt indebted to him for this kindness, but never worked up the courage to thank him. Often, he would stare at her in school. Sometimes Katniss would make eye contact with him, only for his eyes to quickly flit away.

During an interview with Caesar Flickerman preceding the Games, Peeta admits on national television to having a long-standing crush on Katniss. She assumes this is merely part of his strategy to win favor from wealthy Capitol sponsors.

Once inside the arena, Peeta allies himself with the "Career" (from districts 1, 2 and 4) tributes and tricks them into believing he will lead them to Katniss. However, after Katniss knocks down a hive of Tracker Jackers on her pursuers, she herself is stung with the insects venom, rendering her disoriented and vulnerable. Peeta urges Katniss to run and stays to fight fellow tribute Cato while she escapes. He survives the encounter with Cato but suffers a stab wound on his leg. He camouflages himself into the rocks and mud alongside a riverbank, slowly dying of blood poisoning until Katniss finds him days later.

Following an announcement proclaiming there can now be two winners, if both originate from the same district, Katniss and Peeta become allies. Katniss realizes that if they play up the love story they may garner viewers' affections. Later a "feast" is announced, in which items each tribute needs desperately will be placed on a table for them to take, organized by district. Peeta strongly suggests that Katniss does not go, knowing she will be in danger. She agrees to stay with him but, having received a bottle of sleep syrup from her mentor, Haymitch Abernathy, she puts him into a drug-induced sleep and seizes the opportunity to slip away to the feast. The medicine gifted to them by the Capitol is strong enough to heal both of their wounds by morning.

After killing Cato, Katniss and Peeta are the only remaining survivors. However, an announcement shortly afterwards revokes the previous revision, allowing for only one victor. Peeta suggests that Katniss should kill him, enabling her to return home. Katniss instead suggests they commit suicide by consuming poisonous berries known as Nightlock. Before the two are able to get the berries into their mouths, a final announcement is made pleading for the two to stop: both they and the viewers are informed that Katniss and Peeta are declared joint official winners of the 74th Hunger Games. Later, the two learn President Snow considered their actions to be an act of rebellion against the Capitol.

After their last interview, in which the two continue to affect their romantic feelings for one another, Peeta comes to the realization Katniss has staged her love for him all along.

Catching Fire

Peeta and Katniss embark on the Victory Tour, an event strategically timed in-between each Hunger Games, where the victors visit the other 11 districts as a reminder about the Games and for the Capitol to reinforce its power over the Districts. Peeta and Katniss have barely interacted since the Games; Peeta is holds some resentment towards Katniss for faking affection for him, and Katniss is confused about her feelings and is uncomfortable to be with him because of her close friendship with Gale Hawthorne, who also has strong feelings for her.

At the start of the Victory Tour, Peeta expresses his desire to be friends with Katniss; while he knows that she will risk her life to save his, he does not know her favorite color.  Later, he tries to give part of his winnings to the families of District 11's most recently fallen tributes (Rue and Thresh) and is made to watch "Peacekeepers" kill a man who led the three finger salute to the two victors. Before the Victory Tour, President Snow visits Katniss and tells her he is aware that she was faking the affection towards Peeta, and that her actions in the arena have sparked a rebellion – one that can only be averted if she presents her and Peeta's attempt at joined suicide in the arena as an act of love-crazed teenagers rather than as defiance.

Katniss and Peeta think they are going to become mentors for the Quarter Quell, a special Hunger Games that occurs every 25 years and comes with a change in rules, usually to make them more gruesome than the normal Games so district citizens are reminded of the violence of Panem's first civil war; their loss is the reason the Games were established. The new twist for the 75th Games is that the tributes will be chosen from living victors. District 12 has only 3 living victors: Katniss, Peeta, and Haymitch, their constantly drunken mentor who won the 50th Hunger Games (the second Quarter Quell). President Snow draws the card showing what the theme of the Quarter Quell will be and announced, ".. that even the strongest among them cannot overcome the power of the Capitol, the tributes will be reaped from their existing pool of victors." Katniss becomes the girl tribute, as she is the only living female District 12 victor. Peeta makes Haymitch promise to work to save Katniss, not him. He also vows that if Haymitch is chosen, he will volunteer in his place. Katniss makes Haymitch promise that if Peeta is the male tribute, she and Haymitch will work together to keep Peeta alive, even at the expense of Katniss's life. It is a torn alliance for Haymitch. When Haymitch is drawn as the male tribute, Peeta automatically volunteers to take his place. Many of the other returning tributes are friends with each other, but Katniss and Peeta have a disadvantage. They have met none of them, as they are the newest victors. Peeta hopes to play on their sympathies to gain protection from others in the arena and support from sponsors for Katniss. To this end, he lies to everybody on national television, saying Katniss and he had secretly got married before the Quell was announced, and that Katniss is pregnant. This shocks both Katniss and the whole of Panem.

At the cornucopia, Katniss allies with Finnick Odair, Mags, and Peeta.
Later, Peeta comes in contact with a force field and his heart stops. Katniss and Peeta's efficient ally, Finnick Odair, succeeds in reviving him with CPR. Finnick Odair is the District 4 male victor tribute and a stunningly good-looking young man. The three soon band together with a few other tributes: Beetee and Wiress from District 3, and Johanna Mason from District 7. Eventually, they find out the arena is shaped like a clock, with 12 sections, and each section is triggered at the same time each day. Different hours indicated different tortures such as blood rain, acid fog, killer monkeys, a giant wave, and so on. During the daring time, Katniss then realizes that she also has feelings toward Peeta. As they formulate a plan to kill the remaining tributes, Wiress is killed and Katniss is attacked by Johanna. Once Katniss regains consciousness she realizes that Beetee had designed a way to destroy the force field surrounding the arena. She triggers it and destroys the field, setting off a chain of events. A rebel-controlled hovercraft arrives and rescues Katniss, Finnick, and Beetee. However, Peeta, Johanna, and Enobaria have been captured by the Capitol. Finnick, Beetee, Haymitch, Johanna, and a few other tributes were part of a plan to safely retrieve Katniss and Peeta from the arena with hopes that they would take on roles to start a revolution against the Capitol. Knowing that the Head Gamemaker, Plutarch Heavensbee, is secretly leading the revolution, Katniss goes to District 13, long believed to have been razed decades ago. Gale explains that after Katniss destroyed the arena, President Snow had District 12 firebombed. There is nothing left.

Mockingjay

Peeta is captured by the Capitol and is tortured physically, emotionally, and mentally. His feelings and memories are distorted with hallucinogenic tracker jacker venom, in a mind-control technique known as "Hijacking." The Capitol uses this method to turn Peeta against Katniss, making him believe that she is not only responsible for the death of his family, friends and the destruction of District 12, but also that she tried to kill him numerous times and that she is not even human, but rather an evil "mutt". This leads him to try and strangle Katniss when he is reunited with her in District 13. The doctors of District 13 try to undo his hijacking, but the process is slow and turns his terror into confusion, where he is unable to differentiate what is real and what is not, especially when it came to his love for Katniss.

When the rest of the victors' journey to the Capitol to fight, Peeta is initially kept behind because he is considered too unstable to be sent into combat. However, President Coin changes her mind and sends him not only into combat but assigns him to Katniss's squadron. Katniss theorizes that Coin has sent Peeta to remove her as an obstacle to Coin's future as President. Despite the fact that the members of the squadron do not trust him, they help with his recovery by creating a game called "Real or Not Real" in which Peeta will ask them a question about something he believes may be true and the members will confirm whether they are real or a hijacked memory. The squadron eventually comes to the conclusion that President Coin had deliberately sent Peeta to Katniss' squad in hopes that he will go mad and kill her because Coin sees Katniss as a political rival. Unfortunately, during a surprise attack of "pods" (deadly surprises such as flesh-melting light and mines triggered by people passing by), Peeta actually does lose his sanity temporarily in the midst of the chaos and tries to kill Katniss once again, but she rolls out of the way of his gun in an attempt to crush her skull. He becomes responsible at least in part for the death of one of their team members, who he accidentally throws into a barbed-wire net pod during the attack. The squadron repeatedly debate whether or not they should kill Peeta, and even Peeta himself asks to be killed to stop endangering them, but Katniss refuses to when realizing she cannot bring herself to let him die. She even kisses him for a period of time, which actually makes him stable.

Realizing he cannot convince anyone to kill him or leave him to die, Peeta insists on remaining cuffed instead since the pain in his wrists helps him stay focused in reality instead of succumbing to madness. Further on in the Capitol, the nightmares in Peeta's mind become so intense that he is on the brink of losing his sanity, but Katniss manages to reach him. After the rebels win the war, Katniss is driven to depression and mental instability due to the death of her sister, Prim. Peeta's hijacking is soon mostly recovered by several doctors and he is considered mentally stable and finally back to his former self. Upon returning home, he plants primroses, the flower which Prim was named after, in memory of her.  Katniss and Peeta resume their lives together in what remains of District 12, fall back in love, and move in together (although it's unknown if they got married).

In the epilogue, Katniss and Peeta have two children together. It is implied by Katniss that Peeta wanted to have children first and that it took years to a decade to persuade Katniss to start a family. He still has moments where his hijacking will try to take over again, causing Peeta to clench onto something until the attempt passes.

Characterization

Peeta is the same age as Katniss, making him 16 years old in The Hunger Games and 17-18 in Catching Fire and Mockingjay.

Peeta is of "medium height, stocky build" and has "ashy blond hair that falls in waves over his forehead." He has blue eyes. He is "broad-shouldered and strong." Part of Peeta's left leg was amputated following the 74th Hunger Games, forcing him to walk with the aid of a prosthetic leg for the rest of his life. In the 2012 film adaptation, his leg is never amputated.

Peeta is repeatedly described as charming, generous, kind and likable, and possessing a self-deprecating sense of humour. He first confuses and later inspires Katniss with his determination to maintain his identity while inside the arena and his refusal to become a "piece" in the Capitol's game.

An accomplished painter and baker on account of working in his family's bakery his whole life (Suzanne Collins named the character Peeta because "Pita" is a kind of bread), Peeta also excels at hand-to-hand combat, camouflage, handling knives, and starting fires. Peeta also has a remarkable talent for speaking to crowds. People tend to "embrace everything he says." Not only is he initially responsible for making the Capitol fall in love with Katniss, Katniss herself says Peeta would be invaluable to the revolution because of his ability "to turn his pain into words that will transform people."

Critical reception

Entertainment Weekly said Peeta, as well as Gale Hawthorne, were "thinly imagined". MTV listed five reasons why Peeta is "badass", and that "Peeta gives [Katniss] a run for her money in the coolness category".

Film
On March 23, 2011, Lionsgate began casting the role of Peeta for the film of The Hunger Games. According to The Hollywood Reporter, contenders for the role included Josh Hutcherson, Alexander Ludwig (later cast as Cato), Hunter Parrish, Lucas Till, and Evan Peters. On April 4, 2011, Lionsgate announced that Hutcherson would play the role.

References

External links
Peeta Mellark on IMDb

Action film characters
Adventure film characters
Fictional amputees
Fictional artists
Fictional bakers
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder
Fictional child soldiers
Fictional North American people
Fictional revolutionaries
Fictional sole survivors
Fictional war veterans
The Hunger Games characters
Literary characters introduced in 2008
Male characters in film
Male characters in literature
Orphan characters in film
Orphan characters in literature
Teenage characters in film
Teenage characters in literature

Peeta Mellark


Stanley Newman (born July 19, 1952) is an American puzzle creator, editor, and publisher.  Newman has been the editor of the Newsday Sunday crossword puzzle since 1988 and the editor of the Newsday daily crossword puzzle since 1992.  He is also a trivia buff and the co-author of a trivia encyclopedia, 15,003 Answers.

Newman is a native of Brooklyn, New York, and is a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Brooklyn College, where he majored in mathematics.  He went on to earn a master's degree in statistics from Rutgers University.

Newman's puzzle career started after he won the inaugural U.S. Open Crossword Championship in 1982.  He also won the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament that year.  Newman started a crossword newsletter in 1983 and began creating his own crosswords soon thereafter.  He is the author or editor of over 100 books and is the current world record holder for the fastest solving of a New York Times crossword.

In 1990, Newman appeared as a contestant on The Challengers television game show and was its biggest winner, finishing with a grand total of $112,480. Over half of that came from his win in the series' Invitational Tournament of Champions, along with a $31,000 Ultimate Challenge win (Unfortunately for Newman, his final day ended with him in negative territory, and thus he was unable to compete in the Final Challenge). He currently is a regular contestant at the Allentown, Pennsylvania Trivia Bowl, held twice annually.

Newman lives in Massapequa Park, New York with his wife and has three grown children.

References

External links
Stanley Newman's official website
Profile at Creators Syndicate

1952 births
Contestants on American game shows
Puzzle designers
Crossword creators
Living people
People from Brooklyn
People from Massapequa Park, New York
Brooklyn College alumni

Stanley Newman (puzzle creator)


Panzer General is a 1994 computer wargame developed and published by Strategic Simulations Inc. (SSI). It simulates conflict during World War II. The designers of Panzer General were heavily influenced by the Japanese wargame series Daisenryaku.

Panzer General was a major commercial hit: 250,000 units were sold at full price, and long tail sales continued in the years ahead. It became and remained SSI's best-selling game across all genres, and was named the best-selling computer wargame of all time in 2007. It is the first in the commercially successful Panzer General series.

Gameplay

Panzer General is a turn-based game, set on operational level hex maps. One plays lone scenarios from either Axis or Allied side and against a computer or human opponent. In Campaign Mode, the player assumes the role of a German Generalissimus against the Allied computer.

Panzer General is an operational-level game, and units approximate battalions, although the unit size and map scale from one scenario to the next are elastic. While the names and information for the units are reasonably accurate, the scenarios only approximate historical situations.

Its novel feature was to link individual scenarios into a campaign spanning World War II from 1939 to 1945. Units are able to gain experience and become stronger, where success in one battle would award the player prestige to upgrade units, acquire additional units, and select a better scenario for the next battle.

The game requires the player to use combined-arms tactics, where each unit is strong against some unit types but very vulnerable to others. Dug-in enemy positions must be softened by artillery, which is vulnerable and needs protection. Before attacking the infantry and anti-tank, one needs first to destroy the enemy artillery that protects them from behind. If no tanks can get within range, one does this mostly by bombers, but then it is advantageous to destroy the air defense units first. The fighter planes must negotiate dual roles: destroying the enemy air force and protecting their own bombers.

The player must carefully observe the road system to speed the advance, or may use Bridge engineers to cross the rivers. The game rewards a Blitzkrieg strategy - penetrating deep into the enemy positions while postponing the destruction of some of the encountered enemy units for later.

The performance of units is increased by their experience points, which are acquired through combat. In Campaign mode particularly, one then has to protect the experienced units as the most valuable assets.

Campaigns
Panzer General has 38 scenarios based on real or fictitious battles from World War II. The player can engage in a single battle or a campaign mode.

In Campaign Mode, a series of battles unfold as a campaign heads to victory. There is one long campaign as Germany, with five starting locales:

 Poland (1939); from Poland, through Norway, to the West with possible amphibious invasion in Britain.
 North Africa (1941); from North Africa to the Middle East.
 Barbarossa (1941); from the initial invasion of the Soviet border to Moscow.
 Italy (1943); from the Allied landing on Sicily to the end of the war.
 Kharkov (1943); from the German spring offensive to the end of the war.

The task in most scenarios is to take all objective cities in a given number of turns; taking them at least five turns earlier is considered a major victory. In scenarios from later stages of war, the Germans try to hold positions against a stronger enemy. A typical task is then "hold at least two of our objective cities for 20 turns; for a major victory, hold at least five".

All campaigns branch out and end either by the general being sacked for incompetence or end of the war. In Campaign Mode, a major victory could possibly change known historical events. For example, after a major victory over France, the player invades Britain. Later in the game, after a major victory in Barbarossa, the player can convince the German High Command to attack Moscow immediately (which costs him or her much prestige) rather than diverting to Kiev before Moscow.

If the player achieves a major victory both in Britain and in Moscow, he or she is allowed to carry out an invasion of the United States and reach Washington. In any other case, he/she must fight well in many battles to get another chance to attack them. If either Britain or USSR survive this attack, they drive the Germans all the way back to Berlin. The best the player can do is to fight well in each battle to have enough prestige for the next one - and to achieve a major victory in the final defense of Berlin.

Development
The design of Panzer General was based on the Japanese wargame Daisenryaku. The Strategic Simulations (SSI) team had played a Japanese-language version of the game's Sega Genesis release extensively, and were inspired by its streamlined design. Scenario designer Chuck Kroegel later described Panzer Generals structure as "diametrically opposed to the Gary Grigsby type of game that SSI was used to making". He noted that SSI founder Joel Billings was initially hesitant to adopt the design style. The company's Graeme Bayless later wrote of Daisenryaku: "The genius in this game was the fact that it took the highly complex subject (WWII conflict on land) and boiled it down to the pertinent parts".

Daisenryaku would go on to serve as the inspiration for the entire Panzer General series.

Reception

Sales
Panzer General was a commercial success. By November 1995, it had sold over 100,000 copies in the United States and 50,000 in Europe. According to William R. Trotter of PC Gamer US, it was particularly popular in Germany. By August 1996, sales had surpassed 250,000 copies. Describing the situation at the time, Computer Gaming World columnist Terry Coleman wrote: "When you consider that a new Windows 95 and Macintosh version has just been released, it seems fair to say that PG will be incontestably the best-selling historical wargame of all time". The following year, T. Liam McDonald of GameSpot reiterated that the game had sold over 250,000 copies, and noted that 60,000 of these sales came from its PlayStation release. In 2007, Retro Gamer dubbed Panzer General "greatest-selling true wargame of all time", and SSI's most successful title across all genres. The magazine noted that it had accrued 250,000 full-price units sold "and many more in the following years".

Computer versions

Panzer General won Computer Gaming Worlds 1994 "Wargame of the Year" and PC Gamer USs "Best Wargame" awards, and was a runner-up for the former magazine's overall "Game of the Year" award, which went to X-COM: UFO Defense. The editors of Computer Gaming World called Panzer General "the first wargame since 1987 to garner the #1 spot on the CGW Top 100 poll—a fine endorsement for the most exciting wargame in a long time".

In 1996, Next Generation listed it as number 51 on their "Top 100 Games of All Time", contending that though the game's interface is simple, the complexity of the strategy is exceptional. In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared Panzer General the 15th-best computer game ever released, and listed the Game Over scene as #8 on its list of "the 15 best ways to die in computer gaming". The magazine's wargame columnist Terry Coleman named it his pick for the best computer wargame released by late 1996.

In 1996, Panzer General won the Origins Award for Best Military or Strategy Computer Game of 1995.

Console ports

Reviews for the 3DO version were generally positive. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly remarked that the game's high level of complexity makes it difficult to get into and unappealing to anyone but enthusiasts of the genre, but that the gameplay design is solid and there is a strong dose of variety to the campaigns. A critic for Next Generation argued that while the music and battle animations quickly wear thin, the game allows them to be turned off and "what it lacks in style, it makes up in substance". He made particular note of the impressive depth of the strategy and the ability to control nearly every land and aircraft used in the World War II European theater. Sir Garnabus of GamePro complimented the accuracy of the 3DO port but otherwise panned the game, contending that war strategy games in general are poor due to their minimalist graphics and focus on thinking rather than acting.

In their brief review of the PlayStation version, Next Generation remarked: "One of the best PC wargames of all time and still highly thought of, this version doesn't miss a trick".

Legacy

In 1996, Robert Mayer of Computer Games Strategy Plus argued:

Bruce Geryk of GameSpot argued that Panzer General resurrected computer wargaming genre.

Direct sequels
Panzer General was the first game in the Panzer General series, which grew in the years after its release. It was followed by Allied General (Panzer General II in Germany), which allows play from the Allied point of view and features four new campaigns. Other sequels include Fantasy General, Pacific General and Star General. Its mainline sequel, Panzer General II (titled Panzer General 3D in Germany), upgraded the interface to use an overlay of photorealistic terrain, and to display different unit facings, resulting in an improved appearance. In the April 2000 issue of PC Gamer, it was voted the 44th best computer game of all time.

The series continued with People's General, an upgraded version of Panzer General II based on a World War III scenario between China and the UN. Panzer General also provided a Play by Email (PBEM) system. Panzer General 3D Assault arrived in 1999, with fully 3D graphics. Panzer General III: Scorched Earth was released in 2000, with better graphics and a redesigned interface.

See also
 Panzer Tactics DS

References

External links

 Pepa's Panzer General center (fan site)

1994 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Computer wargames
DOS games
Linux games
Classic Mac OS games
Multiplayer hotseat games
NEC PC-9801 games
Origins Award winners
Ubisoft franchises
PlayStation (console) games
Strategic Simulations games
Top-down video games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games about Nazi Germany
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
World War II video games

Panzer General


A cyclosportive, or often simply sportive, is a short to long distance, organised, mass-participation cycling event, typically held annually. The Italian term Gran Fondo is commonly used for these events in the United States, Australia and some other English-speaking countries.

Cyclosportive is short for the French term  (the spelling cyclosportif is sometimes also used but cyclosportive is correct as randonnée is a feminine noun in French).

Many cyclists use sportives to challenge themselves in a personal battle against the distance and then ultimately, the clock. Some participants in a cyclosportive will ride the event like a race, with prizes awarded and considerable prestige for top place finishers, particularly in events like La Marmotte, L'Étape du Tour and the Ardechoise.

A cyclosportive falls between a traditional cycle road race and the more challenging non-competitive randonnée or Audax events. Riders normally carry a number and the time they take to complete the course is recorded. There is usually an upper time limit within which the course must be completed (unlike many randonnée events, there is no lower limit preventing riders from completing the course quickly). The already lengthy course will traditionally include climbs and difficult riding conditions, adding to the merit of the event (e.g. the cobblestones of the Paris–Roubaix).

The routes will usually be well sign-posted and/or marshalled (some cyclosportives take place on roads which have been closed to motor traffic for the duration of the event), riders will be able to use feeding stations positioned at intervals along the route to replenish their food and drink supplies and mechanical and medical support may also be provided. Some attract thousands of participants – since 2000 l'Étape du Tour has offered places to 8,500 riders each year.

Sportive event timings

Although sportives are not races, entrants' times are usually recorded and sometimes riders are given their finishing position. This can encourage the fastest cyclists to push the pace, with faster riders working together to increase speed in a pro-peloton style. The majority of riders will simply be happy to complete the distance within the time allowance. It is common in France and Italy for prizes to be awarded to the winner and to those winning age-related categories. In the United Kingdom, sportives are not held as races in order to avoid strict rules governing cycle races on public roads.

Established sportive events

The first ever French cyclosportive was La Marmotte, which was first run in 1982 on a route starting in Le Bourg-d'Oisans and taking in the Col de la Croix de Fer, Col du Télégraphe and Col du Galibier before climbing to finish at the top of one of the most famous Tour de France climbs at Alpe d'Huez. It remains one of the most popular cyclosportive events today in Europe and is often considered to be the hardest cyclosportive.

Arguably the most famous of the cyclosportives today is the French l'Étape du Tour, held each July over a stage of that particular year's Tour de France, usually a mountain stage. This over-subscribed event sees approximately 7,500 riders attempting to emulate the professional cyclists. The Ardéchoise is one of Europe's largest event with 15,000 riders taking part but this time participants are able to choose from a range of circuits, from 66 km to 268 km. The Tour of Flanders had 18,000 participants in its 2007 edition and 17,000 in 2008. Riders can also choose from different circuits including mountainbike courses, from 28 km to 256 km. These events often enjoy roads closed to traffic for the duration of the event, allowing riders to enjoy the full width of the road and to profit from the often technical sections of the route.

Another coveted French event, the Paris–Roubaix Challenge, mimics the legendary one-day classic Paris–Roubaix. Held bi-annually, this  sportive increases the test of reliability and endurance yet further with 26 sections of pavé which total some 42 km (26 miles). It is not uncommon for riders to break bikes and even bones over these cobbled roads. Other notable events are the Cape Argus Cycle Tour in South Africa which celebrated its 30th year in 2007 with 40,000 entrants and Italy's Maratona dles Dolomites.

The largest open road cyclosportive in the UK is the Verenti Dragon Ride Wales, held each June over a challenging 200 km mountainous course in South Wales. There are three UK cyclosportives held on closed roads: the annual Etape Caledonia which attracted some 3,500 cyclists in its 2009 edition, follows a route around the Perthshire highlands; the Etape Cymru, first held in October 2011 on North Wales roads including the Horseshoe Pass; and the Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 through central London and the Surrey countryside, which in its inaugural run in 2013 was completed by nearly 16,000 riders, and by over 20,000 the next year.

Cyclosportives that are longer than 300 km fit the criteria for ultra-distance cycling events. Although the Milan–San Remo cyclosportive proclaims itself to be the "longest Granfondo in the world", it is only  long and there are several others that are longer. Bordeaux–Paris was a professional race until 1988 and returned in 2014 as a cyclosportive with a route of about . The Tour du Mont Blanc is a  long cyclosportive over mountainous terrain through France, Switzerland, and Italy. Slightly longer still is the Wysam 333 in Switzerland at . There is also the Vätternrundan cyclosportive that does a tour of the Swedish lake, which is a route that measures .

In New Zealand, there is the Lake Taupo Cycle Challenge. The standard cyclosportive option involves a single lap of the lake, which is  long, but there are also options to do two laps in one day for , with no support on the first lap, or start one day earlier and do four laps, , which is more of a randonneuring event. Every second year there is also an 8 lap option,  long, but a following support vehicle is required for that version making it an ultracycling event.

Examples of notable cyclosportives
Australia
Around the Bay in a Day
Audax Alpine Classic
Belgium
Tour of Flanders
Liège–Bastogne–Liège
Italy
 Granfondo Milano–Sanremo
 Milano–Torino
 Gran Piemonte
 Giro di Lombardia
 L'Eroica – vintage themed cyclosportive
 Maratona dles Dolomites
Finland
Tour de Helsinki
France
l'Étape du Tour.
La Marmotte.
Time-Megeve-Mont-Blanc
Greece
The Tour of Crete
Ireland
 Wicklow 200
New Zealand
Lake Taupo Cycle Challenge
Norway
Styrkeprøven
South Africa
Pick 'n Pay Cape Argus Cycle Tour
94.7 Cycle Challenge
Herald Cycle Tour
Pick n Pay Fast One
Amashova Durban Classic Race
Spain
 Quebrantahuesos
Sweden
 Vätternrundan
United Kingdom
Etape du Dales
Fred Whitton Challenge
Great Manchester Cycle
Tour Pour La Mer
 Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100
United States
King Ridge GranFondo
Sea Otter Classic

See also

Brevet or Randonnée
Challenge riding
UCI Golden Bike
Century ride
Gran Fondo

References

Cycling events

Cyclosportive


Demon Slayer is a Japanese manga series. It is about a boy named Tanjiro Kamado who tries to become a Demon Slayer after his family was killed and his younger sister, Nezuko, turned into a demon.  Demon Slayer has twenty-three books. Not only Japanese people but also people all over the world are fascinated by the comic book.

A twenty-six episode anime series was made by the company Ufotable. It was played in Japan from April to September 2019. A sequel, Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train, was made in October 2020. A second season of the anime series, a sequel to the Mugen Train was made called the "Entertainment District" arc from the book. It was played in Japan from October 2021 to February 2022. A third season for the "Swordsmith Village" arc  is currently premiering.

Details of Demon Slayer
"Demon Slayer" is one of a comic book which started to serialize from Weekly Shonen Jump in 2016 on No.11. It was written by Gotouge Koyoharu. The book is completed from 1 to 23. It is a fight story between humans and demons. Demons appear in various places to catch and eat humans. However people who were trained specially confront demons. Even though it is simply a fight story, it is composed of stories that are laughing, moving, powerful.

Main Characters
Tanjiro Kamado decided to embark on a journey because his sister Nezuko Kamado was made to be a demon. Then, he entered an organization which is called "Kisatsutai". People can attend it over an audition, so there are many strong people in it. Begging with Tanjiro and members who have each "breathing". Tanjiro has breathing of water, Zenitsu Agatsuma who is synchronous to Tanjiro has breathing of thunder, and Inosuke Hashibira who is also synchronous to Tanjiro. Inosuke is the only known user of breathing of animals and is said to have created the style. In addition, there are 9 of the strongest slayers who are called "Hashira". On the other hand, there is the worst and strongest demon which is called Muzan Kibutsuji.

Progress
Demon Slayer started from a comic book, and it expanded various things. Anime started in 2019, and the movie started in 2020 as the "Mugen train" version. In addition, a smartphone app started in 2020, and a home video game is going to start in 2021. Furthermore, there is a stage of the orchestra which performs with pictures of the story of Demon Slayer. In the summer of 2021, the stage of Demon Slayer is going to be held.

Achievements
The comic book of Demon Slayer became popular since anime started in 2019. So the comic book made 34 times more sales in half of one years. Eventually, the comic book was published 120 million. In addition, the movie sales recorded 32.4 billion on December 28 in 2020, and it was over the sales of Spirited away which had been the most sales in Japan. On the other hand, Demon Slayer combined with Kurazushi and Gindako, and the sales increased by more than 100% year-on-year.

Trends
Movie song of Demon Slayer is "Homura" which was sold December 14 in 2020. Anime song of Demon Slayer is "Gurenge" which was sold July 3 in 2019. Both of them were sung by Japanese singer LiSA. They were the first and second songs that were sung in Karaoke of DAM in 2020. In addition, "Demon Slayer" was nominated for the Bussword Award in 2020.

Writer

The name of the mangaka (Manga artist) is Koyoharu Gotouge. An interview with the person concerned said the writer is female. She is from Fukuoka in Japan and was born in 1989. She has never been seen publicly, and her true identity is unknown. She started her work as a cartoonist in 2013. Demon Slayer is her fifth product. She is also called "crocodile teacher(In Japanese;Wani Sensei)" because of her self-portrait of a crocodile which wears glasses.

References

2010s manga
2010s television series
2016 manga
2019 television series debuts
Action television series
Adult Swim
Animation
Anime series
Anime series based on manga
Fantasy television series
Japanese movies
Manga series
Upcoming video games
Works about siblings

Demon Slayer


Californium is an exploration game co-developed by Darjeeling and Nova Productions, and released in February 2016 for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux under  Proton. Californium was developed as a tribute to science-fiction author Philip K. Dick on the 30th anniversary of his death. The player controls Elvin Green, a struggling writer dealing with family matters, as he discovers the means to manipulate reality, and explores several surreal landscapes.

Gameplay
As an exploration game, the player can move Green around the current level, but has no direct means to interact with it. Several non-playable characters can be approached to initiate a one-side dialog with them. Through each level are several cathode-ray tube monitors that once discovered will present a Roman numeral value to the player. This represents the number of reality-warping points that must be found in the nearby area. These points are marked with a glowing Θ (Theta) glyph, but may require the player to look upon the point from a specific vantage point, to turn to look at the point from a specific direction, or to look near the point to eliminate objects in front of it to make it appear. When the glyph is hidden, objects nearby will flicker in and out of reality, allowing the player to recognize the glyph is nearby. Once the glyph is found, the player interacts with their controllers to activate it. This causes a spherical bubble of a new reality to replace what had previously been there. Once all the glyphs for a section are found, the player is given some narrative for the game, and other sections of the level may be made available. Once all sections are completed in the same manner, the player must then find the right vantage point on the level to enable a final large glyph that spans across many difference surfaces.

Plot
Elvin Green is a struggling writer living in Berkeley, California in 1967. Following the death of his daughter Alice, and the departure of his wife Thea Trauberg, Green is struggling writer's block, unable to come up with new material for a book; his publisher threatens to drop him, he's in danger of being evicted from his apartment, and his drug addiction is escalating, manifesting in short seizures. Green suddenly hears a voice in his head coming from the static on his television, telling him to seek out images of the Theta. In finding these, Green is able to alter his reality and slip into a new one.

In this next reality, Green is revered as the Patriot Writer, the most important writer of his generation - however, California is now the California Republic, an authoritarian police state, and Green's wife Thea, an anti-state revolutionary has been captured and is planned to be executed; characters in this new reality, who are versions of their original selves, all suggest Green to collaborate with the state and bear witness against Thea. The voice, meanwhile, taunts Green that his success in this reality has come with a price, as Green explores and finds yet another reality.

In the third reality takes place on Mars, where Green is a Commander of a colony of cyborgs; Green was responsible for creating sentient androids, who eventually enslaved the remaining humanity as workforce. As he prepares for the opening of the museum in his name, colonists let Green know that his wife Thea, a human rebel, is planning to assassinate him at the museum's opening. Green's AI companion, Alice, in the meantime, encounters a technological anomaly, and becomes sentient, which terrifies her. The voice at this point begins to caution Green of exploring more realities, implying that venturing deeper may cause him to lose grip on his reality, but Green does so anyway.

The final reality Green finds is a scattered chaotic mash of the previous three realities; the voice at this point actively dissuades Green from venturing further, and there's a faint background sound of paramedics trying to revive a man - it is implied that Green is in fact encountering a drug-related emergency in the real world. Once Green reaches the top of the chaotic world and finds a giant Theta sigil, he appears in a dark void with a single desk and a typewriter. He then awakens in his original apartment and experiences another seizure, as he sits down in front of the static on the television again.

Development
Californium was borne out of an idea between the development teams Darjeeling and Nova Productions in 2011 as the 30th anniversary of Dick's death was approaching. Darjeeling digital producer Noam Roubah noted that many of the themes that Dick had written about have since come to pass in the 21st century, such as the Internet and the dehumanization of human communications. The developers initially thought of doing a web-based project but within a few months opted to use a video game for this work. The teams brought artist Olivier Bonhomme to create surreal environments to reflect a more psychedelic feel, acknowledging the influence of recreational drugs in Dick's life, rather than the darker tones used in other adoptions of Dick's works. The developers took inspiration from Dick's earlier years in crafting Green; the departure of Green's wife and his dismissive editor are similar concepts Dick had to face early on.

The gameplay's central concept, of discovering the Theta glyph to change reality, was inspired by autobiographic material Dick wrote on coming to an epiphany in 1974 on seeing a woman wearing an ichthys symbol, which caused him to have a vision of a "pink beam" that would impart wisdom and insight to those it touched. The impact in the game comes from another of Dick's essays, "If You Find This World Bad, You Should See Some of the Others", in which Dick considers that many alternate realities are occurring simultaneously with the current one, and may come to see those though the subconscious. Journalists from Ars Technica and Motherboard have noted the game shares many similarities with Dick's 1981 VALIS, the first of a planned trilogy, which presents a story in which human behavior is controlled by an external intelligence.

The game was developed with financial support from the French broadcaster Arte, and was released to coincide with an Arte mini-series on the writer. Though the game was meant to be a tribute to Dick, the developers could not get appropriate rights from Dick's estate to use his name in any of the promotional materials for the title.

Reception

Wireds Julie Muncy wrote that while Californias mechanic of finding the hidden glyphs may become tedious, the game performed well as a "deep dive" in the ideas Philip K. Dick wrote about. Daniel Oberhaus for Motherboard similarly found the gameplay overly repetitive and felt because the developers could not attach Dick's name to the game, the game's connection to the author was weak, using only the more obscure biographical facts about Dick's life to make the association. Oberhaus though praised the game's visuals and attention to era-specific details. Martin Robinson of Eurogamer similarly found the details relating to Dick and his writings to be well done, but the central gameplay mechanic of finding the hidden glyphs become frustrating as there seemed to be no logic into how to reveal some of the glyphs. Rock Paper Shotguns John Walker commented that the approach of showing the bubbles of alternate realities was "extraordinary as a piece of level design", while some of the attempts at meta-fictional narration had been better accomplished in The Stanley Parable.

References

External links

2016 video games
Philip K. Dick
Windows games
Video games developed in France
Walking simulators
MacOS games
Science fiction video games
Video games set in California
Video games set on Mars
Weird fiction video games

Californium (video game)


Alan Knott-Craig (born 14 August 1977, Pretoria, South Africa) is a South African entrepreneur and author. He is the founder of Project Isizwe

Early life
Alan Knott-Craig (jnr) was born on 14 August 1977 in Pretoria, where he lived until he left school in 1995.

His early school career was at home where his mother, a qualified teacher, ran a kindergarten. At age 6, he went to Glenstantia Primary School, graduating to the Glen High School, Pretoria in 1991.

His father, Alan Knott-Craig (Senior), was Senior General Manager of Mobile Communications at Telkom SA, and later CEO of South African mobile networks, Vodacom (1996-2008) and Cell C (2012-2014).

In 1996, Knott-Craig (jnr) was accepted for a BCom Accounting at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (formerly University of Port Elizabeth).  He graduated in 1998, and completed his postgraduate degree, B Com Honours in Accounting, in 1999. He did his articles at Deloitte Cape Town between 2000 and 2002.

Career
Knott-Craig qualified as a Chartered Accountant (SA) at the end of 2002. He worked in the New York City office of Deloitte USA for a short period.

He returned to South Africa and in October 2003 he founded Cellfind, one of South Africa's first mobile-location-based service providers and served as CEO until 2005. In 2006 he was appointed as CEO of iBurst and built one of South African's largest wireless broadband networks. After the birth of his first daughter, he left iBurst in 2009 to relocate to Stellenbosch. In 2010 he founded and became CEO of World of Avatar, an investment house for apps for Africa and later acquired and became CEO of Mxit, Africa's biggest social network.

He left Mxit and World of Avatar in October 2012 after a disagreement with his partners.

In 2013 he founded 'Project Isizwe, a non-profit company managing the deployment of the largest public free Wi-Fi network in South Africa. In 2014 he founded Herotel, a wireless broadband provider in South Africa,

Between 2003 and 2013 he co-founded and/or funded 17 companies in the Technology, Media and Telecommunications sector in Africa, including Cellfind, Lucky Mobile, iFind34600, COLV, World of Avatar, Toodu, FSMS, Triloq, 6th Line, Daily Maverick, ARC Telecoms, Pondering Panda, MorMor Media, and Boom.fm.

Personal life
Knott-Craig married Sibella Bosman in 2002. They have three daughters and live in Stellenbosch, South Africa.

Publications
In April 2008, he published Don't Panic, based on an e-mail he sent to his staff aimed at persuading South Africans to stay in the country and contribute positively. The book became the best selling book in South Africa for 2008. In 2019 he wrote a follow-up article.

This was followed in 2012 by Mobinomics: Mxit and South Africa's Mobile Revolution which he co-authored with Gus Silber. Really, Don't Panic and Moenie Stres nie a follow-up of Don't Panic was published in 2014. In 2015 he co-authored So, You Want To Be A Hero, a collection of essays, tips and cartoons targeted at young people looking to fast track their careers.

He writes a daily blog for entrepreneurs at www.bigalmanack.com

Awards and recognition
Knott-Craig was named as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum in 2009. Forbes'' listed him as one of the top 10 young African millionaires to watch in 2013. He was also included in "100 Choiseul Africa", a list of top 100 young African business leaders in 2014.

References

1977 births
South African businesspeople
Living people

Alan Knott-Craig


Henry William Miller (May 1, 1807 – October 9, 1885) was the first member of the Iowa legislature from the area of Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Biography
Miller was born in Lexington, Greene County, New York. He was trained as a carpenter as a youth and In about 1828 he moved to Illinois and settled in Quincy, Illinois. In September 1839 Miller converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).  He was made president of the Freedom Stake of the church, heading the Church's operations in Adams County, Illinois.  The stake lasted from October 1840 until May 1841. He relocated to Nauvoo, Illinois in about 1841. Miller was made a member of the Nauvoo Temple building committee and then sent to the lumber-mills in Wisconsin to work on providing wood for the temple. Miller later returned to Nauvoo and was one of the executors charged with selling Mormon land after most Mormons had left.

After the Mormons were forced out of Nauvoo, Miller settled on the east side of the Missouri River at a place called Miller's Hollow.  This was later renamed Kanesville, and is the current Council Bluffs, Iowa. Miller was elected to the legislature from Pottawattamie County, Iowa in 1851.

In 1852 Miller went to Utah Territory, serving as a captain of a pioneer company. Miller served as a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature from 1852 until 1854.

Miller served a mission for the LDS Church to the Cherokee in 1855 to 1857. Besides preaching to and baptizing many Cherokee, Miller also baptized many of those who had followed Lyman Wight who he found in this same general vicinity. On his return he went through Missouri, and aided Erastus Snow in getting cattle to help with the trip west. From 1864 Miller led a group of Mormons in founding a settlement they called Millersburg at what is now Beaver Dam, Arizona. After Millerburg was flooded out in 1866 Miller lived in St. George, Utah for most of the remainer of his life, although he died while visiting his brother in Farmington, Utah.

Miller is the great-, great-, great-grandfather of the American writer and canoeist, Neal Moore.

Sources

Keatley, John H. History of Pottawatamie County. O. L. Baskin, 1883. p. 21.
"Missionaries of the Latter Day Saints Church in Indian Territory" Chronicles of Oklahoma Volume 13, No. 2 (June, 1935).

1807 births
1885 deaths
Politicians from Council Bluffs, Iowa
People from Greene County, New York
People from St. George, Utah
Converts to Mormonism
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Mormon pioneers
Members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Members of the Utah Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
19th-century Mormon missionaries
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Latter Day Saints from Iowa
Latter Day Saints from Arizona
Latter Day Saints from Utah

Henry W. Miller


Pimelea linifolia, commonly known as slender rice flower is a common, variable shrub widespread throughout eastern Australia. It has narrow leaves arranged in opposite pairs, and usually white flowers arranged in heads of seven or more on the ends of the stems, with four lance-shaped bracts at the base of the inflorescence. The plant may be toxic to livestock.

Description
Pimelea linifolia is a variable shrub, sometimes prostrate, sometimes growing to a height of  with glabrous stems. The leaves are glabrous, narrow egg-shaped to elliptic,  long and  wide. The flowers are white, sometimes pink, mostly  long. They are arranged in heads of between seven and sixty on the ends of the stems, with four, sometimes eight bracts at the base. Some flowers are bisexual and others are female, the female flowers shorter. The bracts are sessile, lance-shaped to egg-shaped,  long and  wide. The fruit is green and  long.

Taxonomy and naming
Pimelea linifolia was first formally described in 1793 by James Edward Smith from a specimen that "flowered in the greenhouse of Lord Viscount Lewisham in February 1794". The specific epithet (linifolia) strictly means "thread-like leaf" but is also used for "linear leaf".

Distribution and habitat
Slender rice flower is widespread and common in eastern Australia. It usually grows in wet forest, sometimes on the margin of rainforest. It occurs from north-east Queensland, through the eastern half of New South Wales, all but the far north-west of Victoria, the south-east of South Australia and throughout Tasmania.

Ecology
This plant is suspected of being poisonous to sheep, but the evidence is inconclusive.

Uses
The bark of P. linifolia can be processed into fine strong thread for catching the bogong moth (Agrotis infusa). This string, called a 'Bushman's bootlace', is produced by a traditional method that involves wetting, drying, beating and rolling the material.

References

Malvales of Australia
linifolia
Flora of South Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of the Australian Capital Territory
Flora of Victoria (state)
Flora of Tasmania
Taxa named by James Edward Smith
Plants described in 1793

Pimelea linifolia