CEAR namely  Central Electricity Authority (Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply) Regulations, 2010 are regulations framed by Central Electricity Authority of India  under  Indian Electricity Act, 2003, to regulate measures relating to safety and electric supply in India.

History
CEAR came into effect 20 September 2010, in place of The Indian Electricity Rules, 1956.

The Electricity Act, 2003, was formulated combining the Indian Electricity Act 1910 and Indian Electricity (supply) Act 1948.

Earthing provisions and safety
Under CEAR, rule 41, there is specific provision of  earthing neutral wire of a 3-phase, 4-wire system and the additional third wire of a 2- phase, 3-wire system. Earthing is to be done with two separate connections.  Grounding system also to have minimum two or more earth pits (electrode) such that proper grounding takes place. As per the rule 42, installation with  load above 5 kW exceeding 250 V shall have suitable Earth leakage protective device to isolate the load in case of earth fault or leakage.

Neutral and earth run separately on overhead line/cables. Separate conductor for overhead lines and armouring of cables are used for earth connection. Additional earth electrodes/pits are installed at user ends for proper earth.

All metal casing or metallic coverings of electric supply line or apparatus to be connected with earth and all such earthling points shall be so joined  to make good mechanical and electrical connection in complete system.

Earthing in mines
Earthing in an underground mine  shall be carried out by connection to an earthing system at the surface of the mine as per rule 99.

As per rule 100, protective equipment is to be placed in the mines for automatic disconnection of supply  when there is earth fault exceeding 750 milliampere in 250 V to 1000 Volt installations. For open cast mine the limit is 50 ampere in installations of voltage exceeding 1100 V and up to 11 kV. The earth leakage current is to be restricted by placing suitable neutral grounding resistance (NGR) in all the distribution transformers.

Salient features
Chapters and regulations there in:-
  Chapter - I	Definitions

1	Short title and Commencement

2	Definitions

  Chapter - II

3	Designating person(s) to operate and carry out the work on electrical lines and apparatus

4	Inspection of designated officers and other safety measures

5	Electrical Safety Officer

6	Safety measures for operation and maintenance of electric plants

7	Safety measures for operation and maintenance of transmission, distribution systems

8	Keeping of records and inspection there of

9	Deposit of maps

10	Deposit of printed copies

11	Plan for area of supply to be made and kept open for inspection

 Chapter - III	General safety requirements

12	General safety requirements, pertaining to construction, installation, protection, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines
apparatus

13	Service lines and apparatus on consumer's premises

14	Switchgear on consumer's premises

15	Identification of earthed and earthed neutral conductors and position of switches and switchgear therein

16	Earthed terminal on consumer's premises

17	Accessibility of bare conductors

18	Danger Notices

19	Handling of electric supply lines and apparatus

20	Supply to vehicles and cranes

21	Cables for portable or transportable apparatus

22	Cables protected by bituminous materials

23	Street boxes

24	Distinction of different circuits

25	Distinction of the installations having more than one feed

26	Accidental charging

27	Provisions applicable to protective equipment

28	Display of instructions for resuscitation of persons suffering from electric shock

29	Precautions to be adopted by consumers, owners, occupiers, electrical contractors, electrical workmen and suppliers

30	Periodical inspection and-testing of Installations

31	Testing of consumer's installation

32	Installation and testing of generating units

Chapter - IV	General conditions relating to supply and use of electricity

33	Precautions against leakage before connection

34	Leakage on consumer's premises

35	Supply and use of electricity

36	Provisions for supply and use of electricity in multi-storied building more than 15 meters in height

37	Conditions applicable to installations of voltage exceeding 250 Volts

38	Appeal to Electrical Inspector in regard to defects

39	Precautions against failure of supply and notice of failures

 Chapter - V	Safety Provisions for Electrical Installations and apparatus of voltage not exceeding 650 volts

40	Test for resistance of insulation

41	Connection with earth

42	Earth leakage protective device

Chapter - VI	Safety Provisions for Electrical Installations and apparatus of voltage exceeding 650 volts

43	Approval by Electrical Inspector

44	Use of electricity at voltage exceeding 650 Volts

45	Inter-locks and protection for use of electricity at voltage exceeding 650 Volts

46	Testing, Operation and Maintenance

47	Precautions to be taken against excess leakage in case of metal sheathed electric supply lines

48	Connection with earth for apparatus exceeding 650 V

49	General conditions as to transformation and control of electricity

50	Pole type sub-stations

51	Condensers

52	Supply to luminous tube sign installations of voltage exceeding 650 Volts but not exceeding 33 kV

53	Supply to electrode boilers of voltage exceeding 650 Volt but not exceeding 33 kV

54	Supply to X-ray and high frequency installations

 Chapter - VII	Safety requirements for overhead lines, underground cables and generating stations

55	Material and strength

56	Joints

57	Maximum stresses and factors of safety

58	Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor of overhead lines

59	Clearance between conductors and trolley wires

60	Clearance from buildings of lines of voltage and service lines not exceeding 650 Volts

61	Clearances from buildings of lines of voltage exceeding 650 V

62	Conductors at different voltages on same supports

63	Erection or alteration of buildings, structures, flood banks and elevation of roads

64	Transporting and storing of material near overhead lines

65	General clearances

66	Routes proximity to aerodromes

67	Maximum interval between supports

68	Conditions to apply where telecommunication lines and power lines are carried on same supports

69	Lines crossing or approaching each other and lines crossing street and road

70	Guarding

71	Service lines from overhead lines

72	Earthing

73	Safety and protective devices

74	Protection against lightning

75	Unused overhead lines

76	Laying of cables

77	Protection against electromagnetic interference

 Chapter - VIII	Safety requirements for Electric Traction

78	Application of chapter

79	Voltage of supply to vehicle

80	Insulation of lines

81	Insulation of returns

82	Proximity to metallic pipes

83	Difference of potential on return

84	Leakage on conduit system

85	Leakage on system other than conduit system

86	Passengers not to have access to electric circuit

87	Isolation of sections

88	Minimum size and strength of trolley wire

89	Height of trolley wire and length of span

90	Earthing of guard wires

91	Proximity to magnetic observatories and laboratories

92	Records

 Chapter - IX	Safety requirements for mines and oil fields

93	Application of chapter

94	Responsibility for observance

95	Notices

See also
 IEC 60364
 National Electrical Safety Code
 Canadian Electrical Code
 IEEE C2
 PSE law, Japan Electrical Safety Law.
 Slash rating

References

External links
 ; Central Electricity Authority
 ; Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003); the Central Electricity Authority hereby makes the following regulations for Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply

Electrical safety
Electrical wiring
Safety codes
Indian legislation

Central Electricity Authority Regulations


A freshman is a first-year student.

Freshman or Freshmen (or The Freshman or The Freshmen) may also refer to:

Film and television
The Freshman (1925 film),  a Harold Lloyd film
The Freshman (1990 film), a film starring Marlon Brando and Matthew Broderick
"The Freshman" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
"The Freshmen", a Gossip Girl episode
The Freshman (Première année), a 2018 French film directed by Thomas Lilti

Music
Freshman Guitars, a Scottish guitar company launched in 2002
The Freshmen (band), an Irish showband
Freshmen (album), by Nesian Mystik
"The Freshmen" (song), by The Verve Pipe
The Freshmen, a music discussion program on MTVu

Print
Freshmen (comics)
Freshmen (magazine)

See also
The Four Freshmen

Freshman (disambiguation)


George Armitage Miller (February 3, 1920 – July 22, 2012) was an American psychologist who was one of the founders of cognitive psychology, and more broadly, of cognitive science. He also contributed to the birth of psycholinguistics. Miller wrote several books and directed the development of WordNet, an online word-linkage database usable by computer programs. He authored the paper, "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two," in which he observed that many different experimental findings considered together reveal the presence of an average limit of seven for human short-term memory capacity. This paper is frequently cited by psychologists and in the wider culture. Miller won numerous awards, including the National Medal of Science.

Miller began his career when the reigning theory in psychology was behaviorism, which eschewed the study of mental processes and focused on observable behavior. Rejecting this approach, Miller devised experimental techniques and mathematical methods to analyze mental processes, focusing particularly on speech and language. Working mostly at Harvard University, MIT and Princeton University, he went on to become one of the founders of psycholinguistics and was one of the key figures in founding the broader new field of cognitive science, . He collaborated and co-authored work with other figures in cognitive science and psycholinguistics, such as Noam Chomsky. For moving psychology into the realm of mental processes and for aligning that move with information theory, computation theory, and linguistics, Miller is considered one of the great twentieth-century psychologists. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Miller as the 20th most cited psychologist of that era.

Biography
Miller was born on February 3, 1920, in Charleston, West Virginia, the son of George E. Miller, a steel company executive   and Florence (née Armitage) Miller. Soon after his birth, his parents divorced, and he lived with his mother during the Great Depression, attending public school and graduating from Charleston High School in 1937. He moved with his mother and stepfather to Washington, D.C., and attended George Washington University for a year. His family practiced Christian Science, which required turning to prayer, rather than medical science, for healing. After his stepfather was transferred to Birmingham, Alabama, Miller transferred to the University of Alabama.

At the University of Alabama he took courses in phonetics, voice science, and speech pathology, earning his bachelor's degree in history and speech in 1940, and a master's in a speech in 1941. Membership in the Drama club had fostered his interest in courses in the Speech Department. He was also influenced by Professor Donald Ramsdell, who introduced him both to psychology, and, indirectly through a seminar, to his future wife Katherine James. They married on November 29, 1939. Katherine died in January 1996. He married Margaret Ferguson Skutch Page in 2008.

Miller taught the course "Introduction to Psychology" at Alabama for two years. He enrolled in the Ph.D. program in psychology at Harvard University in 1943, after coming to the university in 1942. At Harvard he worked in Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, under the supervision of Stanley Smith Stevens, researching military voice communications for the Army Signal Corps during World War II. He received his doctorate in 1946; his doctoral thesis, "The Optimal Design of Jamming Signals," was classified top secret by the US Army.

Career
After receiving his doctorate, Miller stayed at Harvard as a research fellow, continuing his research on speech and hearing. He was appointed an assistant professor of psychology in 1948. The course he developed on language and communication eventually led to his first major book, Language and communication (1951). He took a sabbatical in 1950, and spent a year as a visiting fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, to pursue his interest in mathematics. Miller befriended J. Robert Oppenheimer, with whom he played squash. In 1951, Miller joined MIT as an associate professor of psychology. He led the psychology group at the MIT Lincoln Lab and worked on voice communication and human engineering. A notable outcome of this research was his identification of the minimal voice features of speech required for it to be intelligible. Based on this work, in 1955, he was invited to talk at the Eastern Psychological Association. That presentation, "The magical number seven, plus or minus two", was later published as a paper which went on to be a legendary one in cognitive psychology.

Miller moved back to Harvard as a tenured associate professor in 1955 and became a full professor in 1958, expanding his research into how language affects human cognition. At the university, he met a young Noam Chomsky, another of the founders of cognitive science. They spent a summer together at Stanford, where their two families shared a house. In 1958–59, Miller took leave to join the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Palo Alto, California, (now at Stanford University). There he collaborated with Eugene Galanter and Karl Pribram on the book Plans and the Structure of Behavior. In 1960, along with Jerome S. Bruner, he co-founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard. The cognitive term was a break from the then-dominant school of behaviorism, which insisted cognition was not fit for scientific study. The center attracted such notable visitors as Jean Piaget, Alexander Luria and Chomsky. Miller then became the chair of the psychology department. Miller was instrumental at the time for recruiting Timothy Leary to teach at Harvard. Miller knew Leary from the University of Alabama, where Miller was teaching psychology and Leary graduated with an undergraduate degree from the department.

In 1967, Miller taught at Rockefeller University for a year, as a visiting professor, From 1968 to 1979, he was Professor at the Rockefeller and continued as adjunct professor there from 1979 to 1982. Following the election of a new president at Rockefeller  Miller moved to Princeton University as the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Psychology. At Princeton he helped to found (in 1986) the Cognitive Science Laboratory, and also directed the McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Science..  Eventually, he became a professor emeritus and senior research psychologist at Princeton.

Miller had honorary doctorates from the University of Sussex (1984), Columbia University (1980), Yale University (1979), Catholic University of Louvain (1978), Carnegie Mellon University (in humane letters, 2003), and an honorary DSC from Williams College (2000). He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957, the National Academy of Sciences in 1962, the presidency of the Eastern Psychological Association in 1962, the presidency of the American Psychological Association in 1969, the American Philosophical Society in 1971, and to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1985. Miller was the keynote speaker at the first convention of the Association for Psychological Science in 1989. He was a Fulbright research fellow at Oxford University in 1964–65, and in 1991, received the National Medal of Science.

Death
In his later years, Miller enjoyed playing golf. He died in 2012 at his home in Plainsboro, New Jersey of complications of pneumonia and dementia. At the time of his death, he was survived by his wife Margaret; the children from his first marriage: son Donnally James and daughter Nancy Saunders; two stepsons, David Skutch and Christopher Skutch; and three grandchildren: Gavin Murray-Miller, Morgan Murray-Miller and Nathaniel James Miller.

Major contributions

Miller began his career in a period during which behaviorism dominated research psychology.  It was argued that observable processes are the proper subject matter of science, that behavior is observable and mental processes are not. Thus, mental processes were not a fit topic for study. Miller disagreed.  He and others such Jerome Bruner and Noam Chomsky founded the field of Cognitive Psychology, which accepted the study of mental processes as fundamental to an understanding of complex behavior.  In succeeding years, this cognitive approach largely replaced behaviorism as the framework governing research in psychology.

Working memory
From the days of William James, psychologists had distinguished short-term from long-term memory. While short-term memory seemed to be limited, its limits were not known. In 1956, Miller put a number on that limit in the paper "The magical number seven, plus or minus two". He derived this number from tasks such as asking a person to repeat a set of digits, presenting a stimulus and a label and requiring recall of the label, or asking the person to quickly count things in a group.  In  all three cases, Miller found the average limit to be seven items. He later had mixed feelings about this work, feeling that it had been often been misquoted, and he jokingly suggested that he was being persecuted by an integer. Miller invented the term chunk to characterize the way that individuals could cope with this limitation on memory, effectively reducing the number of elements by grouping them. A chunk might be a single letter or a familiar word or even a larger familiar unit. These and related ideas strongly influenced the budding field of cognitive psychology.

WordNet
For many years starting from 1986, Miller directed the development of WordNet, a large computer-readable electronic reference usable in applications such as search engines, which was created by a team that included Christiane Fellbaum, among others. Wordnet is a large lexical database representing human semantic memory in English. Its fundamental building block is a synset, which is a collection of synonyms representing a concept or idea. Words can be in multiple synsets. The entire class of synsets is grouped into nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs separately, with links existing only within these four major groups but not between them. Going beyond a thesaurus, WordNet also includes inter-word relationships such as part/whole relationships and hierarchies of inclusion.Although not intended to be a dictionary, Wordnet did have many short definitions added to it as time went on. Miller and colleagues had planned the tool to test psycholinguistic theories on how humans use and understand words. Miller also later worked closely with entrepreneur Jeff Stibel and scientists at Simpli.com Inc., on a meaning-based keyword search engine based on WordNet. Wordnet has proved to be extremely influential on an international scale. It has now been emulated by wordnets in many different languages.

Psychology of language
Miller is one of the founders of psycholinguistics, which links language and cognition in the analysis of language creation and usage.  His 1951 book Language and Communication is considered seminal in the field. His later book, The Science of Words (1991) also focused on the psychology of language. Together with Noam Chomsky he published papers on the mathematical and computational aspects of language and its syntax, two new areas of study. Miller also studied the human understanding of words and sentences, a problem also faced by artificial speech-recognition technology. The book Plans and the Structure of Behavior (1960), written with Eugene Galanter and Karl H. Pribram, explored how humans plan and act, trying to extrapolate this to how a robot could be programmed to plan and act. Miller is also known for coining Miller's Law: "In order to understand what another person is saying, you must assume it is true and try to imagine what it could be true of".

Books
Miller authored several books, many considered the first major works in their respective fields.

Language and Communication, 1951
Miller's Language and Communication was one of the first significant texts in the study of language behavior. The book was a scientific study of language, emphasizing quantitative data, and was based on the mathematical model of Claude Shannon's information theory. It used a probabilistic model imposed on a learning-by-association scheme borrowed from behaviorism, with Miller not yet attached to a pure cognitive perspective. The first part of the book reviewed information theory, the physiology and acoustics of phonetics, speech recognition and comprehension, and statistical techniques to analyze language. The focus was more on speech generation than recognition. The second part had the psychology: idiosyncratic differences across people in language use; developmental linguistics; the structure of word associations in people; use of symbolism in language; and social aspects of language use.

Reviewing the book, Charles E. Osgood classified the book as a graduate-level text based more on objective facts than on theoretical constructs. He thought the book was verbose on some topics and too brief on others not directly related to the author's expertise area. He was also critical of Miller's use of simple, Skinnerian single-stage stimulus-response learning to explain human language acquisition and use. This approach, per Osgood, made it impossible to analyze the concept of meaning, and the idea of language consisting of representational signs. He did find the book objective in its emphasis on facts over theory, and depicting clearly application of information theory to psychology.

Plans and the Structure of Behavior, 1960
In Plans and the Structure of Behavior, Miller and his co-authors tried to explain through an artificial-intelligence computational perspective how animals plan and act. This was a radical break from behaviorism which explained behavior as a set or sequence of stimulus-response actions. The authors introduced a planning element controlling such actions. They saw all plans as being executed based on input using a stored or inherited information of the environment (called the image), and using a strategy called test-operate-test-exit (TOTE). The image was essentially a stored memory of all past context, akin to Tolman's cognitive map. The TOTE strategy, in its initial test phase, compared the input against the image; if there was incongruity the operate function attempted to reduce it. This cycle would be repeated till the incongruity vanished, and then the exit function would be invoked, passing control to another TOTE unit in a hierarchically arranged scheme.

Peter Milner, in a review in the Canadian Journal of Psychology, noted the book was short on concrete details on implementing the TOTE strategy. He also critically viewed the book as not being able to tie its model to details from neurophysiology at a molecular level. Per him, the book covered only the brain at the gross level of lesion studies, showing that some of its regions could possibly implement some TOTE strategies, without giving a reader an indication as to how the region could implement the strategy.

The Psychology of Communication, 1967
Miller's 1967 work, The Psychology of Communication, was a collection of seven previously published articles. The first "Information and Memory" dealt with chunking, presenting the idea of separating physical length (the number of items presented to be learned) and psychological length (the number of ideas the recipient manages to categorize and summarize the items with). Capacity of short-term memory was measured in units of psychological length, arguing against a pure behaviorist interpretation since meaning of items, beyond reinforcement and punishment, was central to psychological length.

The second essay was the paper on magical number seven. The third, 'The human link in communication systems,' used information theory and its idea of channel capacity to analyze human perception bandwidth. The essay concluded how much of what impinges on us we can absorb as knowledge was limited, for each property of the stimulus, to a handful of items. The paper on "Psycholinguists" described how effort in both speaking or understanding a sentence was related to how much of self-reference to similar-structures-present-inside was there when the sentence was broken down into clauses and phrases. The book, in general, used the Chomskian view of seeing language rules of grammar as having a biological basis—disproving the simple behaviorist idea that language performance improved with reinforcement—and using the tools of information and computation to place hypotheses on a sound theoretical framework and to analyze data practically and efficiently. Miller specifically addressed experimental data refuting the behaviorist framework at concept level in the field of language and cognition. He noted this only qualified behaviorism at the level of cognition, and did not overthrow it in other spheres of psychology.

Legacy
The Cognitive Neuroscience Society established a George A. Miller Prize in 1995 for contributions to the field. The American Psychological Association established a George A. Miller Award in 1995 for an outstanding article on general psychology. From 1987 the department of psychology at Princeton University has presented the George A. Miller prize annually to the best interdisciplinary senior thesis in cognitive science. The paper on the magical number seven continues to be cited by both the popular press to explain the liking for seven-digit phone numbers and to argue against nine-digit zip codes, and by academia, especially modern psychology, to highlight its break with the behaviorist paradigm.

Miller was considered the 20th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century in a list republished by, among others, the American Psychological Association.

Awards
 Distinguished Scientific Contribution award from the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1963.
 Distinguished Service award from the American Speech and Hearing Association, 1976.
 Award in Behavioral Sciences from the New York Academy of Sciences, 1982.
 Guggenheim fellow in 1986.
 William James fellow of the American Psychological Society, 1989.
 Hermann von Helmholtz award from the Cognitive Neurosciences Institute, 1989.
 Gold Medal from the American Psychological Foundation in 1990.
 National Medal of Science from The White House, 1991.
 Louis E. Levy medal from the Franklin Institute, 1991.
 International Prize from the Fyssen Foundation, 1992.
 William James Book award from the APA Division of General Psychology, 1993.
 John P. McGovern award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2000.
 Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology award from the APA in 2003.
 Antonio Zampolli Prize from the European Languages Research Association, 2006.

Works

Chapters in books

References

External links
2007 discussion on the cognitive revolution, with Chomsky, Bruner, Pinker and others: Part I
2007 discussion on the cognitive revolution, with Chomsky, Bruner, Pinker and others: Part II
2007 discussion on the cognitive revolution, with Chomsky, Bruner, Pinker and others: Part III
2007 discussion on the cognitive revolution, with Chomsky, Bruner, Pinker and others: Part IV
Classics in the history of psychology: The seven plus/minus two paper
Bio on Kurtzweil.net
Old faculty page
Communication, Language, and Meaning (edited by Miller)
A blog with links to discussions on the seven-plus-minus-two paper
Neurotree: Miller's academic genealogy

20th-century American psychologists
American cognitive psychologists
Memory researchers
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
National Medal of Science laureates
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American consciousness researchers and theorists
Princeton University faculty
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty
University of Alabama faculty
University of Alabama alumni
Charleston High School (West Virginia) alumni
Scientists from West Virginia
People from Charleston, West Virginia
1920 births
2012 deaths
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society
MIT Lincoln Laboratory people
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Fulbright alumni

George Armitage Miller


Religious persecution means unfair treatment of a particular group of people because of their religion. It aims at forcing the religious to go away or give up their religion. "Persecution" comes from a Latin word meaning "chase", and usually meant chasing someone in order to kill them. In later centuries the term was applied to other actions. Religious persecution may occur in the following forms:

violence, including pogroms
social discrimination
not giving a job to a person because of his religion

Incidents of persecution are periodically reported in many countries. For example in case of India, the United States Department of State in its annual human rights report for 2006 noted attacks against the people of religious groups who are small in number. State Department's annual reports on religious freedom for 2007 expressed concern over organized societal attacks against religious minority in India. Some state governments in India have been accused of not effectively prosecuting those who attack religious minorities. In Iran, Bahá'í Faith is banned.

Types
When the term "religious cleansing" is used, it usually means when a group of people is removed from a certain area. In classical antiquity, religious cleansing was usually done because of economic and political reasons. Sometimes there were also ethnic reasons.

Related pages
 Antisemitism
 Freedom of religion
 Persecution of Christians
 Persecution of Muslims
 Religious segregation
 Religious violence

References

Religious violence
Discrimination
Human rights abuses

Religious persecution


The House of Vuk's Foundation is the name of a historical building in Belgrade, built in 1879, that serves as the headquarters of the Vuk's Foundation. Located on the Теrazije at 2 Kralja Milana Street, it is one of the oldest structures in that part of Belgrade. Aleksandar Bugarski, a prominent 19th-century Serbian architect, designed the original building as a two-story house in the Academic art style of the day.

History
The building, whose architect was Alexander Bulgarski, was built in 1870/71 for the merchant Dimitrije Mita Golubović. In the beginning the building was the head office of the Russian Imperial Consulate, then the Serbian Institute for War Orphans, and was then used by the Ministry of Education in 1879. The smaller courtyard wing was repaired and upgraded in 1906, with the decorative works in the interior done by painter Dragutin Inkiostri Medenjak, who happened to be the only decorative painter in Belgrade at that time. Within these works, he included a folk ornament motif in accordance with the national style.

Due to the growth of the Ministry, there was a need to expand the building. This commenced in 1912 towards the Sava slope. A wing that included an interior courtyard was built by architect Branko Tanazević who also worked on the total reconstruction of the main front facade . Painter and decorator Dragutin Inkiostri Medenjak was put in charge of the interior. The two cooperated on the project, despite being fierce opponents as far as national style was concerned. Work on the facade and the interior was done in a Serbian-Byzantine style according to Tanazević's design.

The last renovation of the building for the Ministry – the new wing towards the Kraljica Natalija Street – was carried out in 1924, designed by architect Žarko Tatić.

The building was home to the Ministry of Education from 1879 until 1952. It has housed the Church Department of the Ministry of Education of the Principality of Serbia since 1880. In 1914, the building also housed the Foundation Department of the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbia. The Artistic Department of the Kingdom of SHS and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia also moved into the building in 1919.  Despite the expansion, certain departments of the Ministry of Education remained outside the main building. During the period of occupation in the First World War, the building was used as the headquarters of the Main Commissariat of Austro-Hungarian Army, and as the Main Postal Administration. After the capitulation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941, the Ministry of Education was closed for a short time, but the Department for German Language Teaching was founded and it remained in the building until October 1944. The Church Department was separated from the Ministry in 1944 to form the Ministry of Religion. In November 1944, the Committee for the Education of the NR of Serbia was founded, and it grew into the Ministry of Education between April 1945–1946. It remained in the building until 1952, when the Federal Institute for the Patterns, and the Federal Institute for Work Productivity, moved into space vacated by the scaled-back newspaper Mladost and the ULUS, among others.

In 1988, two years after the first revitalization of the facade, the building was assigned to the Vuk's Foundation for permanent use and management. The general reconstruction of the building was done in 1997/98. This included work on the ceiling of the hall, stairs and railings which were successfully reconstructed, and a modern chandelier was added to light the main hall. In 2006 the front facade facing the street was repaired. The Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade published a monograph in 1996, written by art historian Milojko Gordić, about the building using its monumental name as the title – The Ministry of Education Building.

Preservation
The facade is completely preserved.  The furniture, made after the designs of Dragutin Inkiostri, has been partially preserved and several pieces (e.g., a chair from the Minister's cabinet) are now in the Ethnographic Museum and the Museum of Applied Art in Belgrade. Most of the original compositions on the walls have been destroyed over time. However, the wall ornaments in the gateway towards the courtyard are original as they were accidentally painted over after the Second World War. They were discovered by accident in 1963, cleaned, and the allegoric compositions of religion, education, history and art can be seen on them. They were restored in 1997. Above the entrance to the building, the emblem of the Kingdom of Serbia was placed, embedded into the Art Nouveau shaped two-colored, red and white facade, with originally blended motifs from Serbian Medieval architecture, elements of Serbian national tradition, as well as the decorative motifs from the European secession. The purpose of this object, which is a testimony to the continuity of the culture of education, has been preserved for one hundred and thirty-five years.

The Ministry of Education Building was protected as the cultural property for the first time in 1966, and since 1979 it was declared cultural property of great importance (The Official Gazette SRS no. 14/79). The facade was revitalized in 2006, within the project "Lepša Srbija".

Gallery

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Belgrade
Tourist attractions in Belgrade
Monuments and memorials in Serbia
Culture in Belgrade
Office buildings in Serbia
Cultural Monuments of Great Importance (Serbia)

House of Vuk's Foundation


State's Attorney is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film made at RKO and starring John Barrymore. George Archainbaud directed and the film could more or less be considered a warm up for Barrymore when he later went to Universal to film the similar Counsellor at Law. Remade in 1937 and 1951 both titled Criminal Lawyer. The story was supposedly based on the life of criminal lawyer William J. Fallon, who defended 126 homicide cases without any convictions.

Plot
John Barrymore plays near-alcoholic defense attorney Tom Cardigan who handles a lot of cases for his childhood friend, gangster Valentine "Vanny" Powers (William "Stage" Boyd who used "Stage" as his middle name to distinguish him from the better known William Boyd of Hopalong Cassidy fame).

Powers thinks it would be a good idea for Cardigan to become Attorney General so his friend could do an occasional favor in return for Powers delivering the votes. Cardigan warns him that if Cardigan goes over to "the other side," Powers can expect no favors from him.

Meanwhile, Cardigan decides to defend a homeless woman, June Perry (Helen Twelvetrees), accused of "tapping at the window" and, after secretly fitting her with a wedding ring he keeps in his pocket, frees her by noting the presence of said ring (inferring she therefore could not be loitering for prostitution). He takes her home and, in a plot twist the Production Code would not allow, June stays there overnight. And every night thereafter.

Cardigan's success as Attorney General makes him a likely candidate for Governor. A political kingmaker thinks it's possible and his daughter, Lillian (Jill Esmond), begins dating Cardigan. During a drunken spree, they get married and he then goes home to tell June the bad news. During his explanation, he realizes he has made a terrible mistake and that he loves June, not Lillian. Nonetheless, June leaves and Cardigan goes on a honeymoon bender for several days, alone.

Meanwhile, June has returned to her old friends in the Powers mob at a bar. Unfortunately, she walks outside just in time to see Powers murder a man in cold blood. She turns and walks quickly away. Powers catches up with her and threatens to kill her unless June keeps her mouth shut. She agrees but an off-stage policeman overhears her agreement and jails her as a material witness.

An Italian tenor, Mario (Albert Conti), confronts Cardigan as he is sobering up, saying he wants to marry Lillian. Breathing a sigh of relief, Cardigan says he will annul his marriage. Later, Cardigan interviews the material witness and finds it's June (who refuses to return to him, thinking he has betrayed his values so he can become Governor). She adamantly maintains she did not see the murder so he releases her as a witness.

At Powers' trial, the defense springs June as a surprise witness, forcing her to admit that she could see the killer but didn't see the murder and didn't recognize Powers. Shocking his assistants, Cardigan decides not to cross-examine her. Powers laughs heartily, stopping Cardigan in his tracks. The Attorney General then withdraws his waiver, whispering "that laugh is going to cost you your neck" to Powers and promptly badgers and confuses June so that she blurts out an identification of Powers as the killer.

Begging the court's indulgence, Cardigan abruptly announces that his assistants will handle the rest of the case. He then confesses that he had been sent to reform school—with Powers—for burglary and will therefore not run for governor, returning to his defense attorney status immediately. (Powers had threatened to blackmail him if Cardigan prosecuted him.) Outside, June congratulates him for his courage and for choosing his values over his ambition. They embrace and leave hand in hand.

Cast
 John Barrymore as Tom Cardigan
 Helen Twelvetrees as June Perry
 Jill Esmond as Lillian Ulrich
 William "Stage" Boyd as Valentine 'Vanny' Powers
 Mary Duncan as Nora Dean
 Ralph Ince as Second Trial Defense Attorney
 Albert Conti as Mario
 Frederick Burton as Second Trial Judge
 C. Henry Gordon as Attorney Graves
 Paul Hurst as Police Captain Morgan
 Oscar Apfel as Mr. Ulrich
 Leon Ames as First Trial Prosecutor

References

External links

1932 films
1932 crime drama films
American black-and-white films
American courtroom films
American crime drama films
Films about lawyers
Films directed by George Archainbaud
RKO Pictures films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

State's Attorney (film)


Pentangle are a British folk band, formed in London in 1967. The original band was active in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and a later version has been active since the early 1980s. The original line-up, which was unchanged throughout the band's first incarnation (1967–1973), was Jacqui McShee (vocals); John Renbourn (vocals and guitar); Bert Jansch (vocals and guitar); Danny Thompson (double bass); and Terry Cox (drums).

The name Pentangle was chosen to represent the five members of the band, and is also the device on Sir Gawain's shield in the Middle English poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which held a fascination for Renbourn.

In 2007, the original members of the band were reunited to receive a Lifetime Achievement award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards and to record a short concert that was broadcast on BBC radio. The following June, all five original members embarked on a twelve-date UK tour.

History

Formation
The original group formed in 1967. Renbourn and Jansch, who shared a house in St John's Wood, were already popular musicians on the British folk scene, with several solo albums each and a duet LP, Bert and John. Their use of complex inter-dependent guitar parts, referred to as "folk baroque", had become a distinctive characteristic of their music.

Jacqui McShee had begun as an (unpaid) "floor singer" in several London folk clubs, then, by 1965, ran a folk club at the Red Lion in Sutton, Surrey, establishing a friendship with Jansch and Renbourn when they played there. She sang on Renbourn's Another Monday album and performed with him as a duo, debuting at Les Cousins club in August 1966.

Thompson and Cox were well known as jazz musicians and had played together in Alexis Korner's band. By 1966, they were both part of Duffy Power's Nucleus (a band which also included John McLaughlin on electric guitar). Thompson was well-known to Renbourn through appearances at Les Cousins and working with him on a project for television.

In 1967, the Scottish entrepreneur Bruce Dunnet, who had recently organised a tour for Jansch, set up a Sunday night club for him and Renbourn at the (now defunct) Horseshoe Hotel in Tottenham Court Road. McShee began to join them as a vocalist and, by March of that year, Thompson and Cox were being billed as part of the band. Renbourn claims to be the "catalyst" that brought the band together but credits Jansch with the idea "to get the band to play in a regular place, to knock it into shape".

Although nominally a 'folk' group, the members shared catholic tastes and influences. McShee had a grounding in traditional music, Cox and Thompson a love of jazz, Renbourn a growing interest in early music, and Jansch a taste for blues and contemporaries such as Bob Dylan.

Commercial success

The first public concert by Pentangle was a sell-out performance at the Royal Festival Hall, on 27 May 1967.  Later that year, they undertook a short tour of Denmark — in which they were disastrously billed as a rock'n'roll band — and a short UK tour, organised by Nathan Joseph of Transatlantic Records. By this stage, their association with Bruce Dunnett had ended and, early in 1968, they acquired Jo Lustig as a manager. With his influence, they graduated from clubs to concert halls and from then on, as Colin Harper puts it, "the ramshackle, happy-go-lucky progress of the Pentangle was going to be a streamlined machine of purpose and efficiency".

Pentangle signed up with Transatlantic Records and their eponymous debut LP was released in May 1968. This all-acoustic album was produced by Shel Talmy, who has claimed to have employed an innovative approach to recording acoustic guitars to deliver a very bright "bell-like" sound. On 29 June of that year they performed at London's Royal Festival Hall. Recordings from that concert formed part of their second album, Sweet Child (released in November 1968), a double LP comprising live and studio recordings.

Basket of Light, which followed in mid-1969, was their greatest commercial success, thanks to a surprise hit single, "Light Flight" which became popular through its use as theme music for the television series Take Three Girls (the BBC's first drama series to be broadcast in colour) for which the band also provided incidental music. The album went all the way to number five in the charts. By 1970, they were at the peak of their popularity, recording a soundtrack for the film Tam Lin, making at least 12 television appearances, and undertaking tours of the UK (including the Isle of Wight Festival) and America (including a concert at the Carnegie Hall). However, their fourth album, Cruel Sister, released in October 1970, was a commercial disaster. This was an album of traditional songs that included a 18 1/2-minute-long version of "Jack Orion", a song that Jansch and Renbourn had recorded previously as a duo. It failed to go higher than number 51 in the charts.

Later years of original band
The band returned to a mix of traditional and original material on Reflection, recorded in March 1971. This was received without enthusiasm by the music press. By this time, the strains of touring and of working together as a band were readily apparent. Bill Leader, who produced the album, said, "It seems to me, in retrospect, that each day a different member of the group had decided that this was it: 'Sod this for a game of soldiers, I'm leaving the group! Pentangle withdrew from Transatlantic, in a bitter dispute with Joseph regarding royalties. Transatlantic had apparently concluded that they were within their contractual rights to withhold royalty payments from the Pentangle albums. Joseph pointed out that his company had covered all the costs, such as recording costs, entailed in making the albums. Jo Lustig, their manager, who had agreed to the Transatlantic contract, made it clear that their contract with him included a clause that they could not sue him "for anything under any circumstances." In order to make some money out of the work they were doing, Pentangle established their own music publishing company, Swiggeroux Music, in 1971.

The final album of the original lineup was Solomon's Seal, released by Warner Brothers/Reprise in 1972. Its release was accompanied by a UK tour, in which Pentangle were supported by Wizz Jones and Clive Palmer's band COB. The last few dates of the tour had to be cancelled owing to Thompson becoming ill.

On New Year's Day, 1973, Jansch decided to leave the band. "Pentangle Split" was the front-page headline of the first issue of Melody Maker of the year.

Subsequent incarnations
In the early 1980s, a reunion of the band was planned. By this time, Jansch and Renbourn had re-established their solo careers, McShee had a young family, Thompson was mainly doing session work, and Cox was running a restaurant in Minorca. The re-formed Pentangle debuted at the 1982 Cambridge Folk Festival, but without a drummer, as Cox had broken his leg in a road accident. They completed a tour of Italy, Australia and some venues in Germany, with Cox initially playing in a wheelchair.

Renbourn left the band to pursue a long-term ambition of studying classical music, taking up a place at Dartington College of Arts. There then followed a series of replacement personnel. Mike Piggott replaced Renbourn in 1982, and subsequently Nigel Portman Smith replaced Thompson and Gerry Conway (who had worked with Fotheringay, Cat Stevens, Jethro Tull, Richard Thompson and John Martyn) replaced Cox (in 1986 and 1987 respectively); leaving McShee and Jansch as the only remaining members from the original line-up. In 1989, Rod Clements of Lindisfarne fame replaced Piggott. He left and Peter Kirtley assumed the role of guitarist in the following year. The incarnation consisting of Jansch, McShee, Portman Smith, Kirtley and Conway survived almost as long as the original Pentangle and recorded three albums: Think of Tomorrow, One More Road and Live 1994. This line-up completed their final tour in March–April 1995, after which Jansch left to pursue his solo work, particularly his residency at the 12 Bar Club in London's Denmark Street.

Jacqui McShee's Pentangle
In 1995, McShee formed a trio with Conway on percussion and Spencer Cozens on keyboards. The trio's first album, About Thyme, featured guests Ralph McTell, Albert Lee, Mike Mainieri, and John Martyn. The album reached the top of fRoots magazine's British folk chart. The album was released on their own label – GJS (Gerry Jacqui Spencer). With the addition of saxophonist Jerry Underwood and bassist/guitarist Alan Thomson, the band was renamed (with the agreement of the original Pentangle members) Jacqui McShee's Pentangle. The new five-piece band's first album Passe Avant was released on the Park Records label in 1998. Their April 2000 concert at Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire was recorded and released by Park Records under the title At the Little Theatre.

In August 2002, saxophonist Jerry Underwood died after an illness. His place in Jacqui McShee's Pentangle was taken by flautist/saxophonist Gary Foote in 2004.  In 2005, they released Feoffees' Lands, (a feoffee is a medieval term for a trustee) on GJS. The 2011 album Live In Concert, released on GJS Records, features several of their best performances over the years between 1997 and 2011.

The "new" 2002 Jacqui McShee's Pentangle line-up continued to play regularly in Great Britain in most years from 2002 through the present, as of 2018.

Continued interest in the original band
Whilst the new Pentangle incarnations and personnel changes took the band in various musical directions, interest in the original Pentangle line-up continued, with at least nineteen compilation albums being released between 1972 and 2016, such as The Time Has Come 1967 – 1973 (a 4-CD collection of rarities, outtakes and live performances) in 2007. The liner notes were by Colin Harper and Pete Paphides.

In 2004, the 1968–1972 Lost Broadcasts album was released. Jo Lustig's influence had secured numerous radio appearances for the band — at least eleven broadcasts by the BBC in 1968, for example. The album was a 2-CD compilation of recordings from these sessions. It includes a recording of "The Name of the Game", which had been used by the BBC as a theme song for some of the Pentangle broadcasts, but had never appeared on record.

The original Pentangle formally reformed in 2008. They appeared on the BBC TV music programme Later... with Jools Holland on 29 April 2008, with "Let No Man Steal Your Thyme", and on 2 May 2008, performing "Light Flight" and "I've Got a Feeling". They went on to undertake a UK tour, including a return to the Royal Festival Hall, where they had recorded the Sweet Child album forty years earlier. They went on to headline at the Green Man Festival in August 2008.  The live double-CD album Finale - An Evening with Pentangle contains 21 songs recorded during their 2008 tour, and was released by Topic Records in October 2016.

In 2011, the original Pentangle played some limited concerts (including RFH, Glastonbury and Cambridge). There were delays in playing again due to Jansch's throat cancer. The band recorded new material in 2011. Bert Jansch died of cancer on 5 October 2011, aged 67. John Renbourn was found dead at his home on 26 March 2015 after a suspected heart attack.

Film director, Ben Wheatley included Pentangle's song "Let No Man Steal Your Thyme" in the Netflix adaptation of Rebecca (2020 film).

Style
Pentangle are often characterised as a folk-rock band. Danny Thompson preferred to describe the group as a "folk-jazz band." John Renbourn also rejected the "folk-rock" categorisation, saying, "One of the worst things you can do to a folk song is inflict a rock beat on it. . . Most of the old songs that I have heard have their own internal rhythm. When we worked on those in the group, Terry Cox worked out his percussion patterns to match the patterns in the songs exactly. In that respect he was the opposite of a folk-rock drummer." This approach to songs led to the use of unusual time signatures: "Market Song" from Sweet Child moves from 7/4 to 11/4 and 4/4 time, and "Light Flight" from Basket of Light includes sections in 5/8, 7/8 and 6/4.

Writing in The Times, Henry Raynor struggled to characterise their music: "It is not a pop group, not a folk group and not a jazz group, but what it attempts is music which is a synthesis of all these and other styles as well as interesting experiments in each of them individually." Even Pentangle's earliest work is characterised by that synthesis of styles. Songs such as "Bruton Town" and "Let No Man Steal Your Thyme" from 1968's The Pentangle include elements of folk, jazz, blues, and early music. Pete Townshend described their sound as "fresh and innovative." By the release of their fourth album, Cruel Sister, in 1970, Pentangle had moved closer to traditional folk music and begun using electric guitars. By this time, folk music had itself moved towards rock and the use of electrified instruments, so Cruel Sister invited comparison with such works as Fairport Convention's Liege and Lief and Steeleye Span's Hark! The Village Wait. Pentangle is thus often described as one of the progenitors of British folk rock.

In their final two albums, Pentangle returned to their folk-jazz roots, but by then the predominant musical taste had moved to British folk rock. Colin Harper commented that Pentangle's "increasingly fragile music was on borrowed time and everyone knew it."

Awards
In January 2007, the five original members of Pentangle were presented with a Lifetime Achievement award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards by Sir David Attenborough. Producer John Leonard said, "Pentangle were one of the most influential groups of the late 20th century and it would be wrong for the awards not to recognise what an impact they had on the music scene." Pentangle played together for the event, for the first time in over 20 years. Their performance was broadcast on BBC Radio 2 on Wednesday 7 February 2007.

Members

Current members
Jacqui McShee - vocals (1968-1973, 1981–present)
Gerry Conway - drums (1987–present)
Spencer Cozens - keyboards (1995–present)
Alan Thomson - bass, guitars (1995–present)
Gary Foote - flute, saxophone (2002–present)

Former members
Bert Jansch - guitar, vocals (1968-1973, 1981-1995; reunions - 2008, 2011; died 2011)
Terry Cox - drums, vocals (1968-1973, 1981-1987; reunions - 2008, 2011)
Danny Thompson - double bass (1968-1973, 1981-1986; reunions - 2008, 2011)
John Renbourn - guitar, vocals (1968-1973, 1981-1982; reunions - 2008, 2011; died 2015)
Mike Piggott - violin, guitar (1982-1989)
Nigel Portman Smith - keyboards, bass (1986-1995)
Rod Clements - mandolin, guitar (1989-1990)
Peter Kirtley - guitars, vocals (1990-1995)
Jerry Underwood - saxophone (1995-2002; his death)
Timeline

Discography

Albums

Singles
 "Travellin' Song"/"Mirage"  (1968)  GB  S  BigT  B1G109
 "Let No Man Steal Your Thyme"/"Way Behind The Sun" (1968) Reprise 0784
 "Once I Had a Sweetheart"/"I Saw an Angel" (1969) Transatlantic BIG124 UK No. 46
 "Light Flight"/"Cold Mountain"  (1969) Transatlantic BIG128 UK No. 43 (UK No. 45—re-entry)
 "Play the Game"/"Saturday Movie" (1986) UK Making Waves SURF 107
 "Set Me Free"/"Come to Me Easy" (1986) UK Making Waves SURF 121

Compilations
 This is Pentangle (1971)
 History Book (1972)
 Pentangling (1973)
 The Pentangle Collection (1975)
 Anthology (1978)
 At Their Best (1983)
 Essential Vol 1 (1987)
 Essential Vol 2 (1987)
 Collection (1988)
 A Maid That's Deep in Love (1989)
 Early Classics (1992)
 Anniversary (1992)
 People on the Highway, 1968–1971 (1992)
 Light Flight (1997)
 The Pentangle Family (2000)
 Light Flight: The Anthology (2001)
 Pentangling: The Collection (2004)
 The Time Has Come (2007)
 The Albums (2017)
 Pentangling (2021) (Renaissance Records) (Vinyl Reissue)
 Basket Of Light (2021) (Renaissance Records) (Vinyl Reissue)

DVDs
 Pentangle: Captured Live (2003)
 Jacqui McShee: Pentangle in Concert (2007)
 Folk Rock Legends (Steeleye Span and Pentangle) (2003)

References

External links
Jacqui McShee's Pentangle official website
The Danny Thompson Official Website
Terry's official website
Jacqui McShee page at Park Records
Ultimate Music Database
Music That Means Something

Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups disestablished in 1973
Musical groups reestablished in 1981
British folk rock groups
Folk jazz musicians
Medieval folk rock groups
Transatlantic Records artists
Reprise Records artists

Pentangle (band)


"Grandfather's Clock" (popularly known as "My Grandfather's Clock") is a song written in 1876 by Henry Clay Work, the author of "Marching Through Georgia". It is a standard of British brass bands and colliery bands, and is also popular in bluegrass music. The Oxford English Dictionary says the song was the origin of the term "grandfather clock" for a longcase clock. In 1905, the earliest known recording of this song was performed by Harry Macdonough and the Haydn Quartet (known then as the "Edison Quartet").

Storyline

The song, told from a grandchild's point of view, is about his grandfather's clock.

The clock is purchased on the morning of the grandfather's birth and works perfectly for 90 years, requiring only that it be wound at the end of each week.

The clock seems to know the good and bad events in the grandfather's life; it rings 24 chimes when the grandfather brings his bride into his house, and near his death it rings an alarm, which the family recognizes to mean that the grandfather is near death and gathers by his bed. After the grandfather dies, the clock suddenly stops, and never works again.

Sequel
Work published a sequel to the song two years after, and again the grandson acts as the narrator. The grandson laments the fate of the no-longer-functioning grandfather clock—it was sold to a junk dealer, who sold its parts for scrap and its case for kindling. In the grandfather's house, the clock was replaced by a wall clock, which the grandson disdains (referring to it as "that vain, stuck-up thing on the wall"). However, the sequel never reached the popularity of the original.

The song was covered and translated many times, versions in other languages may vary. For example, in the Czech version, sung by the country band Taxmeni, the song continues with an additional, joyful strophe, narrating further events in the grandson's life: the birth of his son and the purchase of a new clock on the same day, to maintain the family tradition.

Covers and inspirations

"My Grandfather's Clock" was often played in Britain on Children's Favourites and during that period was recorded by the Radio Revellers. In the United States, a version, without the last stanza of lyrics, was on an extended-play 45 rpm record on the Peter Pan label (the other song on that side was "The Syncopated Clock", and the flip side had "The Arkansas Traveler" and "Red River Valley"). Evelyn Knight recorded the song for Decca Records in 1945. Johnny Cash covered the song on his 1959 album Songs of Our Soil, as did Tennessee Ernie Ford on Gather 'Round the same year. Also in 1959, it was included on The Four Lads' album, Swing Along. Other versions became popular in other countries; it is well known to many generations in Japan, with a cover by singer Ken Hirai becoming massively popular in 2002.

In March 1961, on his album Swing Low, Sam Cooke did a rendition of the song.

Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).

The song was the inspiration for the 1963 Twilight Zone episode "Ninety Years Without Slumbering".

The Big 3 recorded the song in their album Live at the Recording Studio in 1964

A popular clock toy, marketed by Fisher-Price from 1962 to 1968, had a dial on it that, when turned, caused the music box mechanism in the toy to play the song along with clock-like ticking and moving hands on the face of the clock. An updated version of the toy (which is completely made of plastic and with other activities like a clicking plastic mouse on the side) has been manufactured by Fisher-Price since 1994. Imitations of the toy made by various companies exist and are sold in various countries worldwide.

Jon Pertwee recorded a version in 1966 for the children's album Children's Favourites, on the Music for Pleasure record label.

John Fahey recorded a solo guitar version on his 1967 album Days Have Gone By.

Joan Morris recorded it in 1975, on Who Shall Rule This American Nation (Nonesuch), an album of songs by Work.

In 1983, Fred Penner, a Canadian children's entertainer, covered "My Grandfather's Clock" on the LP album Special Delivery, which was later rereleased as Ebenezer Sneezer on CD in 1994.

In 1986, Larry Groce sang the song on Disney Children's Favorite Songs 3.

A version of the song was recorded by Red Grammer on his 1994 family music recording, Down The Do Re Mi.

It was parodied as "My Grandfather's Grunge" by the Kenneth Williams character Rambling Syd Rumpo on the BBC radio show Round the Horne.

It was among the popular folk songs parodied by Allan Sherman in his medley song, "Shticks and Stones (Shticks of One, Half a Dozen of the Other)."

Garrison Keillor and the cast of the radio show A Prairie Home Companion recorded a parody titled "My Grandmother's Cat," telling the story of an old woman who overfed her cat until it was big enough to knock her down and try to eat her.

The melody was used in the track "I'm Not Edible" from the soundtrack of the 2000 game American McGee's Alice, composed by Nine Inch Nails drummer Chris Vrenna.

Ken Hirai released CD single "Ōki na Furudokei" (大きな古時計, A Big Old Clock) in 2002 and the song became one of the biggest hits in Japan that year.

The opening lines of the song are parodied in the song "Joy Division Oven Gloves" by English indie rock band Half Man Half Biscuit on their album Achtung Bono.

"My Grandfather's Clock" is a playable song in the 2008 video game Wii Music.

This song was also used in the game, Five Nights at Freddy's 2, made by Scott Cawthon, which was released on 10 November 2014. The chorus of the song plays whenever a music box is wound up to keep one animatronic character away; whereas, the other antagonists are unaffected by it.

The song serves as a leitmotif in the 2019 Korean television series Hotel del Luna.

It was also sung by Maple and Cinnamon in the third volume of Nekopara visual novel series.

The song is included in most Casio electronic keyboards.

Original lyrics

My grandfather's clock was too large for the shelf,
So it stood ninety years on the floor;
It was taller by half than the old man himself,
Though it weighed not a pennyweight more.
It was bought on the morn of the day that he was born,
And was always his treasure and pride;
But it stopp'd short — never to go again —
When the old man died.

Ninety years without slumbering  (tick, tick, tick, tick),
His life seconds numbering, (tick, tick, tick, tick),
It stopp'd short — never to go again —
When the old man died.
In watching its pendulum swing to and fro,
Many hours had he spent while a boy.
And in childhood and manhood the clock seemed to know
And to share both his grief and his joy.
For it struck twenty-four when he entered at the door,
With a blooming and beautiful bride;
But it stopp'd short — never to go again —
When the old man died.

Ninety years without slumbering  (tick, tick, tick, tick),
His life seconds numbering, (tick, tick, tick, tick),
It stopp'd short — never to go again —
When the old man died.

My grandfather said that of those he could hire,
Not a servant so faithful he found;
For it wasted no time, and had but one desire —
At the close of each week to be wound.
And it kept in its place — not a frown upon its face,
And its hands never hung by its side.
But it stopp'd short — never to go again —
When the old man died.

Ninety years without slumbering  (tick, tick, tick, tick),
His life seconds numbering, (tick, tick, tick, tick),
It stopp'd short — never to go again —
When the old man died.
It rang an alarm in the dead of the night —
An alarm that for years had been dumb;
And we knew that his spirit was pluming for flight —
That his hour of departure had come.
Still the clock kept the time, with a soft and muffled chime,
As we silently stood by his side;
But it stopp'd short — never to go again —
When the old man died.

Ninety years without slumbering  (tick, tick, tick, tick),
His life seconds numbering, (tick, tick, tick, tick),
It stopp'd short — never to go again —
When the old man died.

References

Zecher, Henry (October 2005). "How an old floor clock became a grandfather". The Pride of Olney (Lion's Club of Olney, Maryland) 30 (76). Retrieved 12 August 2013. on Henry Zecher's personal website

External links

 Score
 1905 recording from the Internet Archive
 Story of the clock
 {'Grandfather clock' - the meaning and origin of this phrase
 {https://findhistoryhere.com/history-of-the-grandfather-clock}

1876 songs
Songs written by Henry Clay Work
Longcase clocks

My Grandfather's Clock


Spectrum Games is the trading name of a small company that designs role-playing games (RPGs).

It was founded in 2000 (as Spectrum Game Studios, which is still the company's legal name) by Cynthia Celeste Miller and Sabrina Belle (the latter of whom is no longer involved).  In 2002, Eddy Webb was brought into the fold and soon became vice-president.  Two of the products created by the company have been nominated for the Indie Game Awards, Origins Awards, and the ENnie Awards.

External links
Spectrum Games home page

Role-playing game publishing companies
Companies established in 2000

Spectrum Games


Count Jan Stefan Krukowiecki (; 1772–1850) was a Polish general and chairman of the Polish National Government (prezes Rządu Narodowego) during the November Uprising and general during Napoleonic Wars fighting in the troops of Napoleon.

Early life and education
Jan Krukowiecki was born on 15 December 1772 in Lwów. He studied at the Theresianum in Vienna and joined the Austrian army.

Military career
Krukowiecki fought in the campaigns against Turkish troops in the Balkans during the 6th Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791). In September 1794 Krukowiecki protested against the Austrian Habsburg monarchy response to the March–November 1794 Kościuszko Uprising by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and resigned his officer's commission. He spent the next 12 years in retirement.

In 1806 Krukowiecki joined the French army and fought in Napoleon's campaigns. In 1812 he was part of the Napoleon's army in the war against Russia. He was wounded at Smolensk and received the Legion of Honour, was promoted to general of brigade and took command of a cavalry brigade. At the battle of Leipzig he fought under general Sokolnicki but failed to secure the Halle Gate.

On 1 March 1814 Krukowiecki received command of the Polish guard of honor at Versailles. In 1814 Tsar Alexander I commissioned Krukowiecki to go to England because of his knowledge of the language. He was to secure the reparations of Polish prisoners of war. When he returned to Paris, he saw that his conduct in Leipzig was questioned in a public pamphlet. He sued general Sokolnicki, who had written the pamphlet under a pseudonym, but lost.

Krukowiecki proceeded to report to the Tsar and arrived in Moscow in February 1815 before he returned to Paris. On 16 April the same year, during a banquet in honor of Russian and Polish officers, he stomped on Sokolnicki's toe. He was subjected to a court martial but when Sokolnicki died in September 1816, Krukowiecki was merely removed from active army service and returned to Poland.

In August 1831 Krukowiecki became head of Polish government during the November Uprising, but had to surrender Warsaw to the Russians in September and was sent to Siberia. When he returned to Poland where he was tried for treason but acquitted. Krukowiecki settled on his wife's estate at Popień, near Rogowo, where he died on 17 April 1850.

Honours and awards
 Knight's Cross of the Virtuti Militari
 Order of the Two Sicilies
 Order of St. Vladimir, Third Class
 Commander of the Legion of Honour
 Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd class

1772 births
1850 deaths
Military personnel from Lviv
Polish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Counts of Poland
Members of Polish government (November Uprising)
Generals of the November Uprising
People acquitted of treason
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Knights of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Congress Poland)
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class

Jan Krukowiecki


Su-24 Fencer is a Russian supersonic attack aircraft. In 1974, it came into service in the Soviet Union. It has variable-sweep wing. It has two engines. It has two seats. It is still active in Russian Air Force. Some other countries have also this airplane. This fighter is active in these countries: Russia, Ukraine, Iran, Algeria, Kazakhstan, Syria, Azerbaijan.

Sukhoi Su-24

Sukhoi Su-24


This page describes the different types of powerslams in professional wrestling.

Fireman's carry powerslam

This maneuver has a wrestler lift their opponent on their back in a fireman's carry position. Grab their opponent's leg lift that side up and over turning to face their opponent in the process and then slam them to the mat.

Professional wrestling moves

Powerslam


Daiwa Securities Group is a Japanese investment bank that is the second largest securities brokerage after Nomura Securities.

Major subsidiaries include Daiwa Securities, which offers retail services such as online trading to individual investors and investment banking services in Japan as well as Daiwa Capital Markets, the firm's international investment banking arm (with a presence across Asia, Europe and North America) that provides M&A advisory, sales and trading services in a variety of financial products to corporate and institutional clients. Other group companies provide asset management, research and private equity fund services.

The company is the fourth largest shareholder in SL Green.

References

Daiwa


Altix is a line of server computers and supercomputers produced by Silicon Graphics (and successor company Silicon Graphics International), based on Intel processors. It succeeded the MIPS/IRIX-based Origin 3000 servers.

History
The line was first announced on January 7, 2003, with the Altix 3000 series, based on Intel Itanium 2 processors and SGI's NUMAlink processor interconnect.
At product introduction, the system supported up to 64 processors running Linux as a single system image and shipped with a Linux distribution called SGI Advanced Linux Environment, which was compatible with Red Hat Advanced Server.

By August 2003, many SGI Altix customers were running Linux on 128- and 256-processor SGI Altix systems. SGI officially announced 256-processor support within a single system image of Linux on March 10, 2004, using a 2.4-based Linux kernel. The SGI Advanced Linux Environment was eventually dropped after support using a standard, unmodified SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) distribution for SGI Altix was provided with SLES 8 and SLES 9.

Later, SGI Altix 512-processor systems were officially supported using an unmodified, standard Linux distribution with the launch of SLES 9 SP1. Besides full support of SGI Altix on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, a standard and unmodified Red Hat Enterprise Linux was also fully supported starting with SGI Altix 3700 Bx2 with RHEL 4 and RHEL 5 with system processor limits defined by Red Hat for those releases.

On November 14, 2005, SGI introduced the Altix 4000 series based on the Itanium 2. The Altix 3000 and 4000 are distributed shared memory multiprocessors. SGI later officially supported 1024-processor systems on an unmodified, standard Linux distribution with the launch of SLES 10 in July 2006. SGI Altix 4700 was also officially supported by Red Hat with RHEL 4 and RHEL 5 — maximum processor limits were as defined by Red Hat for its RHEL releases.

The Altix brand was used for systems based on multi-core Intel Xeon processors. These include the Altix XE rackmount servers, Altix ICE blade servers and Altix UV supercomputers.

NASA's Columbia supercomputer, installed in 2004 and decommissioned in 2013, was a 10240-microprocessor cluster of twenty Altix 3000 systems, each with 512 microprocessors, interconnected with InfiniBand.

Altix 3000

The Altix 3000 is the first generation of Altix systems. It was succeeded by the Altix 4000 in 2004, and the last model was discontinued on December 31, 2006.

The Altix 330 is an entry-level server. Unlike the high-end models, the Altix 330 is not "brick" based, but is instead based on 1U-high compute modules mounted in a rack and connected with NUMAlink. A single system may contain 1 to 16 Itanium 2 processors and 2 to 128 GB of memory.

The Altix 1330 is a cluster of Altix 330 systems. The systems are networked with Gigabit Ethernet or 4X InfiniBand.

The Altix 350 is a mid-range model that supports up to 32 Itanium 2 processors. Introduced in 2005, it runs Linux, rather than SGI's own Unix variant, IRIX. The Altix 350 is scalable from one to thirty-two 64-bit Intel Itanium processors. It features DDR SDRAM and PCI-X expansion ports, and can support SCSI or SATA internal hard drives. Designed as a rack-mount server, the Altix 350 is 2U, meaning it occupies two slots vertically in a standard server rack. The Altix 1350 is a cluster of Altix 350 systems.

, the Altix 350 was superseded by the Altix 450 (based on the Itanium 2) and the Altix XE (based on the Xeon).

The Altix 3300 is a mid-range model supporting 4 to 12 processors and 2 to 48 GB of memory. It is packaged in a short (17U) rack.

The Altix 3700 is a high-end model supporting 16 to 512 processors and 8 GB to 2 TB of memory. It requires one or multiple tall (39U) rack(s). A variant of the Altix 3000 with graphics capability is known as the Prism.

The 3700 is based on the third generation NUMAflex distributed shared memory architecture and it uses the NUMAlink 4 interconnection fabric. The Altix 3000 supports a single system image of 64 processors. If there are more than 64 processors in a system, then the system must be partitioned.

The basic building block is called a C-brick, which contains two nodes in a 4U high rackmount unit. Each node contains two Intel Itanium 2 processors that connect to the Super-Bedrock application-specific integrated circuit through a single front-side bus. The Super-Bedrock is a crossbar switch for the processors, the local RAM, the network interface and the I/O interface. The two Super-Bedrock ASICs in each brick are connected internally by a single 6.4 GB/s NUMAlink 4 channel. A processor node also contains 16 DIMM slots that accept standard DDR DIMMs with capacities of 4 to 16 GB.

The Altix 3700 Bx2 is a high-end model supporting 16 to 2,048 Itanium 2 processors and 12 GB to 24 TB of memory. It requires one or multiple tall (40U) racks.

Altix 4000

The Altix 4000 is the next Itanium-based product line. It has two models, the Altix 450 a mid-range server, and the Altix 4700 a high-end server.

An Altix 4700 system contains up to 2048 dual-core Itanium 2 and Itanium ("Montvale" revision) microprocessor sockets, connected by the NUMAlink 4 interconnect in a fat tree network topology. The microprocessors are accompanied by up to 128 TB of memory (192TB with single microprocessor socket blades and 16GB DIMMs).

Each node is contained within a blade that plugs into an enclosure, the individual rack unit (IRU). The IRU is a 10U enclosure that contains the necessary components to support the blades such as the power supplies, two router boards (one for every five blades) and a L1 controller. Each IRU can support ten single-wide blades or two double-wide blades and eight single-width blades. The IRUs are mounted in 42U-high rack, and each rack supports up to four IRUs.

Two types of node, processor and memory, are contained within a blade. Compute blades contain a processor node and consist of two PAC611 sockets for Itanium 2 and Itanium microprocessors, a Super-Hub (SHub) application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (chipset) and eight dual in-line memory module (DIMM) slots for memory. The number of microprocessor sockets in a compute blade is one or two. One-processor socket configurations provide more bandwidth as only one microprocessor socket is using the front side bus and local memory. Two-processor socket configurations do not support hyperthreading. Memory blades are used to expand the amount of memory without increasing the number of processors. They contain a SHub ASIC and 12 DIMM slots. Both compute and memory blades support 1, 2 4, 8, and 16 GB DIMMs. SGI support does not support any installations with 16GB DIMMs.

Multiple servers can be combined on the same Numalink fabric up to the theoretical maximum of 8,192 nodes (16,384 OS CPUs).

Altix XE

The Altix XE servers use Intel Xeon x86-64-architecture processors. Models include:

 The Altix XE210 server supports up to two Dual or Quad-Core Intel Xeon processors, 5100 Series or 5300 series, 32GB DDR2 667 MHz FBDIMM memory, 1 x PCIe x8 (low profile) and 1 x PCI-X 133 MHz (full height) PCI slots, and Three SATA/SAS drive bays.
 The Altix XE240 server supports up to two Dual or Quad-Core Intel Xeon processors, 5100 Series or 5300 series, 32GB DDR2 667 MHz FBDIMM memory, two PCI slots configuration options (option 1: 2 x PCIe x4 (low profile), 2 x PCIe x4 (full height), 1 x PCEe x8 (full height); or option 2: 2 x PCIe x4 (low profile), 3 x PCI-X 133 MHz (full height), 1 x PCI-X 133 MHz (full height), and Five SATA/SAS drive bays.
 The Altix XE250 server
 The Altix XE270 server is a 2U configuration with Intel Xeon processor 5500 series, with a choice of up to 18 DDR3 DIMMs (2GB, 4GB, or 8GB DIMMs), 2 x PCIe x8 gen 2 (low profile), 1 x PCIe x4 gen 1 (low profile), 2 x PCI-x 133/100 (low profile) PCI slots, eight SATA or SAS drive bays with optional hardware RAID (0, 1, 5, 6, 10),
 The Altix XE310 server was introduced January 8, 2007 and contains two nodes per XE310, up to four Dual or Quad-Core Intel Xeon processors, 5100 Series or 5300 series (two per node), 64GB DDR2 667 MHz FBDIMM memory (32GB per node), 2 x PCIe x8 (1 per node) PCI slots, and Four SATA/SAS drive bays (two per node).
 The Altix XE320 server
 The Altix XE340 server contains 2 compute nodes within a 1U configuration, Intel Xeon processor 5500 series, Choice of up to 12 DDR3 DIMMs per node (2GB, 4GB, or 8GB DIMMs), 2 x PCIe x16 (1 per node) - low profile PCI slot, and Four SATA drive bays (2 per node) with optional SAS and hardware RAID 0, 1.
 The Altix XE500 server is a 3U configuration with Intel Xeon processor 5500 series, with a choice of up to 18 DDR3 DIMMs (2GB, 4GB, or 8GB DIMMs), 2 x PCIe x16 gen2 (full height) and 4 x PCIe x8 gen2 (full height) PCI slots, and Eight SATA or SAS drives with optional hardware RAID (0, 1, 5, 6, 10).
 The Altix XE1200 cluster
 The Altix XE1300 cluster

All Altix XE systems support Novell SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and Microsoft Windows. VMware support was added across the Altix XE product line.

Altix ICE

The Altix ICE blade platform is an Intel Xeon-based system featuring diskless compute blades and a Hierarchical Management Framework (HMF) for scalability, performance, and resiliency. While the earlier Itanium-based Altix systems run a single-system image (SSI) Linux kernel on 1024 processors or more using a standard SuSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) distribution, the Altix ICE's clustering capabilities use standard SLES or Red Hat Enterprise Linux distributions and scale to over 51,200 cores on NASA's Pleiades supercomputer.

The Altix ICE 8200LX blade enclosure features two 4x DDR IB switch blade and one high-performing plane, and the Altix ICE 8200EX features four 4x DDR IB switch blades, and two high-performing planes. Both configurations support either hypercube or fat tree topology, and 16 compute blades within an IRU.

The IP-83 and IP-85 compute blades support Intel Xeon 5200 or 5400 Series processors, and the IP-95 compute blade support Intel Xeon 5500 Series processors.

In November 2011 the ICE 8400 is based on either Intel Xeon 5500 or 5600 processors or the AMD Opteron 6100 series processors.

, these use the Xeon Phi coprocessors.

Altix UV
The Altix UV supercomputer architecture was announced in November 2009. Codenamed Ultraviolet during development, the Altix UV combines a development of the NUMAlink interconnect used in the Altix 4000 (NUMAlink 5) with quad-, six- or eight-core "Nehalem-EX" Intel Xeon 7500 processors. Altix UV systems run either SuSE Linux Enterprise Server or Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and scale from 32 to 2,048 cores with support for up to 16 terabytes (TB) of shared memory in a single system image.

In 2010 and 2011, SGI retired the Altix name for new servers produced by the company. Altix UV and Altix ICE have been shortened to "SGI UV" and "SGI ICE," while the Altix XE line is named "Rackable."

References

 Silicon Graphics, Inc. (June 12, 2007). Altix 3000 Rackmount Owner's Guide.
 Silicon Graphics, Inc. (June 12, 2007). SGI Altix 1330 Cluster Datasheet.
 Silicon Graphics, Inc. (June 12, 2007). SGI Altix 330 Server Datasheet.
 Silicon Graphics, Inc. (June 12, 2007). SGI Altix 350 Server Datasheet.
 Silicon Graphics, Inc. (June 12, 2007). SGI Altix 3700 Bx2 Servers and Supercomputers Datasheet.

External links
SGI's webpage for Altix
Linux Journal article regarding scaling of Linux on Altix
New Altix Software Allows 256-Processor Linux System
Linux Magazine about scaling Altix to 512p
HPCwire interview about scaling Altix to 1024p
SGI Altix Again Crushes World Record for Memory Bandwidth
SGI Altix Servers Attain Common Criteria Security Certification
Article on SGI ProPack, Real-time, and Cluster Support for Altix
SGI Altix manuals and information

SGI servers
X86 supercomputers

Altix


Haydée Milanés (born 1980 Havana; ) is a Cuban singer. She is the daughter of the important "Nueva Trova" figure Pablo Milanés. Haydée Milanés is part of the Cuban fusion new scene. Her style is often compared to that of Norah Jones: shy, sultry, and jazzy.

Biography
Haydée Milanés grew up watching her father perform, practice, and write songs. At the age of 6, she began playing piano and singing at the Manuel Saumell Conservatory. She also started learning music theory and choral direction in the Amadeo Roldán Conservatory, and finished her studies in Switzerland where she studied old chant.

The first time Haydée Milanés stepped onto a stage, it was to accompany her father on one of his songs, when she was 10 years old. After that, she performed as a chorister in several concerts, and in Havana's churches for Christmas.

Professional Singer career
In 1999, she started to perform in the quartet of the Cuban pianist Hernán López Nussa. Her first musical tour occurred in 2000, as she was invited to the Heineken Festival in São Paulo (Brazil). This collaboration with Hernán López Nussa led her to record an album in Rio de Janeiro with renowned Cuban musicians such as Tata Güines or Pancho Ferry.

The same year, she started performing frequently in Havana club la Zorra y el Cuervo. There, she regularly participated in jam sessions with Roberto Carcassés, director of the "Interactivo" music collective, with whom she collaborated in 2003 on the compilation Cool Cool Filin.

Her first solo album, Haydée, came out in 2005 and was produced and written by Descemer Bueno between Havana and New York. This album gave rise to a series of concerts in Havana, warmly welcomed by the audience and the critics.

In 2008, Haydée Milanés released a live album called Haydée Milanés en Vivo, featuring performances with her father Pablo Milanés and her sisters Lynn and Suylén Milanés.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Musicians from Havana
21st-century Cuban women singers

Haydée Milanés


A fricative consonant is a consonant that is made when you squeeze air through a small hole or gap in your mouth. For example, the gaps between your teeth can make fricative consonants; when these gaps are used, the fricatives are called sibilants. Some examples of sibilants in English are , , , and .

English has a fairly large number of fricatives, and it has both voiced and voiceless fricatives. Its voiceless fricatives are [s], , [f], and [θ], and its voiced fricatives are [z], [ʒ], [v], and [ð]

Sibilant fricatives
This is a list of sibilant fricatives.

  voiceless coronal sibilant, as in English sip
  voiced coronal sibilant, as in English zip
  voiceless palat-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized), as in English ship
  voiced palat-alveolar sibilant (domed, partially palatalized), as the s in English vision
  voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
  voiced alveo-palatal sibilant (laminal, palatalized)
  voiceless retroflex sibilant (apical or subapical)
  voiced retroflex sibilant (apical or subapical)

Non-sibilant fricatives
  voiceless bilabial fricative
  voiced bilabial fricative
  voiceless labiodental fricative, as in English fine
  voiced labiodental fricative, as in English vine
  voiceless dental fricative, as in English thing
  voiced dental fricative, as in English that
  voiced alveolar fricative trill
  voiceless palatal fricative
  voiced palatal fricative
  voiceless velar fricative
  voiced velar fricative
  voiceless palatal-velar fricative
  voiceless uvular fricative
  voiced uvular fricative
  voiceless pharyngeal fricative
  voiced pharyngeal fricative
  voiceless epiglottal fricative
  voiced epiglottal fricative

Lateral fricatives
  voiceless coronal lateral fricative
  voiced coronal lateral fricative

Pseudo-fricatives

  voiceless glottal transition, as in English hat
  breathy-voiced glottal transition

In many languages, such as English, the glottal "fricatives," like the  in English "hat", are not really fricatives because they are just vowels that are not voiced. However, in languages such as Arabic, they are true fricatives.

References

Other websites
 Fricatives in English

Consonants

Fricative consonant


Reginald Eurias Cathey (August 18, 1958 – February 9, 2018) was an American character actor. He was best known for his roles as Norman Wilson in The Wire, Martin Querns in Oz, the game show announcer in Square One Television, and Freddy Hayes in House of Cards, the last earning him three consecutive Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series, including a win in 2015.

Early life
Cathey was born on August 18, 1958, in Huntsville, Alabama, to Red Cathey, an Army colonel who fought in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War, and his wife, who was a DOD worker and an educator. He had a sister, Donza. He spent his childhood with his family on a rural farm in West Germany before returning to Alabama at the age of 14. His interest in theater began at age 9, after attending a United Service Organization show in West Germany. Cathey graduated from J.O. Johnson High School, where he acted in plays such as To Kill a Mockingbird. He subsequently studied theatre at the University of Michigan and the Yale School of Drama.

Career
One of Cathey's earliest roles was starring in the children's television show Square One TV. Cathey was not only the game show announcer, but had many bit parts in the various sketches and was renown for songs like "Nine, Nine, Nine"  and "Rappin' Judge." This was followed by guest roles in such series as Star Trek: The Next Generation and Homicide: Life on the Street. In 1994, he appeared in The Mask as Freeze, the main antagonist's friend and bodyguard who gets inadvertently killed by the title character. He also appeared in 1995's Se7en as the coroner. He played the villain Dirty Dee in the cult comedy film Pootie Tang and had a regular role on the HBO series The Wire as Norman Wilson during the fourth and fifth seasons. He also worked with The Wire creator David Simon on the Emmy Award-winning miniseries The Corner; Cathey played a drug addict known as Scalio. He had a recurring role on the HBO prison drama Oz as unit manager Martin Querns. In the film Tank Girl, he played the role of Deetee. He narrated Aftermath: Population Zero, a National Geographic Channel special which imagines what Earth might be like if humanity no longer existed. He played the homeless man Al, murdered by Patrick Bateman, in the film American Psycho. He narrated TLC's Wonders of Weather, a TV series. On Between the Lions, he played King Ray in the story of "Rumpelstiltskin" in the episode, "Hay Day".

In 2009, Cathey performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States.

In Fall 2009, Cathey played the role of Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding in a theatrical production of The Shawshank Redemption at Wyndham's Theatre, London. He has made two guest appearances on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, as an undercover police officer involved with animal smuggling (episode: "Wildlife") and later as a high-priced defense attorney to a hooker (episode: "Rhodium Nights").  He also made a guest appearance on Law & Order: Criminal Intent in the episode "Anti-Thesis" as a college professor suspected of murder. He also played boxing promoter Barry K. Word on the FX series Lights Out.

In 2013, Cathey began a recurring role as Freddy Hayes, the owner of Freddy's BBQ, in Netflix's original series House of Cards, as well as on Grimm, in the recurring role of Baron Samedi. His portrayal of Hayes in the second, third, and fourth seasons of House of Cards earned three Emmy nominations and one win for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series.

Cathey had expressed a wish to appear in the Irish soap opera Fair City.

Cathey co-starred in Josh Trank's Fantastic Four (2015), as Dr. Franklin Storm, the father of The Invisible Woman and The Human Torch. He also played the county sheriff in the city of Rome, WV, in the Cinemax series Outcast. One of Cathey's final TV roles was portraying James Lucas in the Netflix series Marvel's Luke Cage.

Death
Cathey died at his home in New York City on February 9, 2018, at the age of 59. He was reported to have had lung cancer. He was cremated, and his ashes were spread in New York City.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1958 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Actors from Huntsville, Alabama
American expatriates in Germany
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Deaths from lung cancer in New York (state)
Male actors from Alabama
Primetime Emmy Award winners
University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni
African-American male actors

Reg E. Cathey


HMS Sandfly was a  of the Royal Navy.  The two-vessel class was intended to defend the Îles Saint-Marcouf (Marcou) situated off the Normandy coast. During her brief career Sandfly shared in the capture of one privateer and participated in a battle that would earn her crew the Naval General Service Medal. The Peace of Amiens returned the islets to France in May 1802; Sandfly was paid off in June 1802 and broken up in 1803.

Design and role
HMS Sandfly was one of two ships designed by Sir William Sidney Smith, the other being HMS Musquito, for deployment with his coastal squadron especially for the defence of the Îles Saint-Marcouf.

During her time in service, Sandfly was designated a sloop of 18 guns in order to increase her establishment. Sandfly acted as the "vessel of convenience" for mustering the marines and other troops on the East Island of St. Marcouf; HMS Badger acted in the same capacity for the West Island.

Service
Sandfly was commissioned in February 1795 under Lieutenant John Chilcott; the British occupied the islands in July 1795. On 7 September the French mounted an attack with 17 large boats filled with men. They retreated in confusion after coming under fire from the redoubts the British had erected on East Island and from the gunvessels, among them the hoys , , , and . Lieutenant Richard Bourne replaced Chilcott on 12 February 1796. A year or so earlier he had served on both Musquito and Sandfly as a midshipman.

On 21 February 1797, Badger, Sandfly, and the hired armed cutters  and  captured the 16-gun chasse maree Souris. Unlike her sister ship , which the British had captured in 1795, the Royal Navy did not take Souris into service.

In August Bourne was confirmed in his rank of Lieutenant.

On 7 May 1798 the French made an attempt to capture the Marcou Islands. They sent a large flotilla of boats, including of 52 gun-brigs and flat-bottomed ones with troops), to mount the attack shortly before dawn. Lieutenant Charles Papp Price of Badger and Lieutenant Bourne of Sandfly mounted a successful defence during which the British destroyed a number of the attacking boats and captured and sent back one flat (landing craft). Price was in command of a battery of 17 guns - four 4, two 6, and six 24-pounder long guns, and three 24, and two 32-pounder carronades - on the West Island, while Bourne was in command of a battery on East Island that consisted of Sandflys 68-pounder carronades. Bourne fired shells in support of Price's battery, which entailed firing over West Island. The French fired some 80 bow guns of 18 to 36-pounders for over two hours, but Price lost only one man killed and four wounded. The French lost some nine boats and sustained a large number of casualties from an attacking force that numbered an estimated 6–7,000 men.

 (50 guns),  (24 guns), and  (18 guns) were on the station, but were not in a position to render assistance. For their exertions both Price and Bourne received promotions to Commander. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Iles St. Marcou" to the three surviving claimants from Badger and Sandfly.

Lieutenant Thomas Marco took over command in February 1799. Lieutenant Samuel Thomas replaced Marco in December that year.

Fate
When the British returned the islets to France in mid-May 1802, after the Peace of Amiens, Sandfly was paid off in June. She was broken up in 1803.

Notes

Citations

References

Sloops of the Royal Navy
1794 ships
Ships built in Deptford

HMS Sandfly (1794)