David Thomas  Prutton (born 12 September 1981) is an English former footballer, who last played for Sheffield Wednesday. He currently works as lead presenter of the EFL Championship on Sky Sports.

He has previously played for Nottingham Forest, Southampton, Leeds United, Colchester United and  Swindon Town, as well as representing England at Under 21 level 25 times. He spent a three-month loan spell with Scunthorpe United at the start of the 2012–13 season and a brief spell on loan at Coventry City at the end of the 2013–14 season.

Playing career

Nottingham Forest
Prutton was born in Hull, and came through the Nottingham Forest youth system, going on to make 155 appearances for the club where his career started. Having starred for Nottingham Forest and in the England under-21 squad the versatile midfielder was signed by Southampton, then of the Premier League, on the final day of the transfer window for £2.5 million in 2003.

Southampton
Prutton was a versatile player, having played across the midfield and at right-back for Southampton, and despite being a very important player in the 2002–03 season missed out on the FA Cup Final as he was cup-tied having played for Nottingham Forest against West Ham in the third round. Despite only being at Southampton for less than four months Prutton played 12 games for Southampton and impressed in Gordon Strachan's squad.

In the 2003–04 season Prutton featured heavily for Southampton, playing 30 games and scoring one goal against Charlton Athletic, on the last day of the season.

The 2004–05 season was one to forget, despite scoring 2 goals (one against European champions Liverpool) and playing 28 games in all competitions. Following Southampton's home game with Arsenal on 26 February 2005, Prutton was charged by the FA on two counts for the events following his red card for a tackle on Robert Pires. First was for his failure to leave the field of play promptly following his dismissal and his attempt to remonstrate with the assistant referee, during which he pushed the referee, Alan Wiley, on at least one occasion. The second charge relates to his threatening words and/or behaviour towards a match official. Prutton was handed a 10-match ban and fined £6,000 after admitting the two charges of improper conduct. Prutton returned on the final day of the season for Southampton's game against Manchester United, which the side needed to win to stay in the Premier League. Southampton lost the game 2–1 and the club were relegated to the Football League Championship.

In 2005–06 the versatile midfielder's season was marred by a broken metatarsal which he picked up in September against Queens Park Rangers.

A lack of first team opportunities forced him to seek employment elsewhere and in January 2007 he left Southampton to return to Nottingham Forest. In total he played 94 games for the Saints, scoring 5 goals. He was released by Southampton on 23 May 2007.

Return to Nottingham Forest
Narrowly beating the transfer deadline, Prutton re-joined his old club in January 2007 on loan until the end of the season, with a view to a permanent move if Forest were promoted. He had piqued interest from Championship clubs Leeds United and his home-town club, Hull City.

On 14 April, Prutton scored his first Forest goal since returning to the club against Brentford in a league match, heading in the first of Forest's four second-half goals to inspire a fightback that would win Forest the game 4–2, despite being 2–0 down after 50 minutes. He was sent-off in 90th minute of the League One play-off semi-final second leg match against Yeovil Town on 18 May 2007, leaving Forest with 10-men for extra time.

Leeds United
Prutton joined Leeds United on trial during pre-season 2007 and officially joined the club on 7 August 2007. Prutton scored his first goal for Leeds against Swansea City on 22 September 2007 in a 2–0 victory as Leeds notched up their seventh consecutive victory. Prutton generally played in a right midfield role during Dennis Wise's rule at the club. When Gary McAllister became manager, Prutton was moved to his natural central midfield role, and put in several man-of-the-match performances. He was one of Leeds' most consistent performers in the 2007–08 season, having started over 40 matches and winning several man of the match awards along the way. Leeds reached the playoff final that season but lost 1–0 to Doncaster Rovers. Prutton became a cult hero amongst the Leeds fans, due to his humour in interviews and his Jesus-like appearance. Leeds retained the services of Prutton for the next season, with his contract lasting a further year. Following Simon Grayson's appointment as Leeds United manager, Prutton became somewhat of a peripheral figure in Leeds United's first team squads; despite starting in Grayson's first game on Boxing Day against Leicester City, Prutton found chances hard to come by for the remainder of the season. Leeds lost to Millwall in the playoff semi-finals that season, with Prutton having a bit part role since Grayson took over, with his having to settle for a place as a substitute.

With seven substitutes required for the 2009–10 season, Prutton made the bench regularly, and made a rare start for Leeds in the League game against Oldham Athletic. Prutton started for Leeds in the Football League Trophy game against Accrington Stanley and provided an assist for Hogan Ephraim's goal. The match was to be Prutton's last start for Leeds, with him having to settle for a place on the bench until he departed the club.

Colchester United
On 26 January 2010, Prutton joined League One side Colchester United on a month-long loan deal, with a view to make the move permanent. The same day, Prutton made his debut for Colchester, coming off the bench against Milton Keynes Dons and scoring a long-range effort. Prutton's loan was set to be made permanent after Colchester played against Prutton's employers, Leeds United. Prutton wasn't allowed to play in the game due to the terms of the loan deal.

On 1 February, Prutton was released from his contract at Leeds United, and signed a six-month deal at Colchester United. Prutton was offered a new contract by Colchester manager Aidy Boothroyd in the close season; the deal remained on the table when John Ward took over following Boothroyd's departure to Coventry City, but Prutton rejected the deal.

Swindon Town
On 5 July 2010, he signed for Swindon Town on a two-year deal, joining up with former Leeds teammates David Lucas and Jonathan Douglas. He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Brentford on 21 August 2010. On 26 March Prutton scored his third goal for the robins, netting away to longtime leaders Brighton. He left Swindon in 2011 to play for Football League One team Sheffield Wednesday on a free transfer after Swindon were relegated to Football League Two.

Sheffield Wednesday
On 24 May 2011, Prutton signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a two-year deal.

He made his debut for the Owls in their first game of the 2011–12 campaign, against Rochdale at Hillsborough. He scored his first goal for the club in that game, a sensational volley from the edge of the 18-yard box in the 72nd minute.

On 27 March 2014, Prutton joined League One side Coventry City on loan until the end of the 2013–14 season, following which his career ended.

Career statistics

Honours
Sheffield Wednesday
Football League One runner-up : 2011–12

References

External links

 Article on BBC Sport website

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Kingston upon Hull
People educated at Hymers College
English men's footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Swindon Town F.C. players

David Prutton


Mordechai Tenenbaum  (; 1916–1943) was a member of the Jewish Combat Organization (Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa) and leader of the Białystok Ghetto Uprising.

Early life
Mordechaj Tenenbaum was born in Warsaw, one of 7 children to an Orthodox-Jewish family. From an early age, Tenenbaum abandoned the religious lifestyle, along with one of his brothers, and became interested in secular culture. After graduating from the Hebrew high school "Tarbut" in Warsaw, he studied Turkish and Semitic languages, at the University of Warsaw. Active in Zionist youth circles since his childhood, Tenenbaum joined the Poale Zion youth movement in 1935.

After the outbreak of World War II, and the German occupation of Poland, he left Warsaw with his girlfriend, Tema Schneiderman, and others to areas occupied by the Soviet Union. Their plan was to immigrate to Palestine, but this was delayed by lack of sufficient documents. Finally, Tenenbaum obtained forged documents that allowed his friends to emigrate, although he remained in Vilna, to engage in activities among Jewish youth.

There, he organized the resistance against the Germans in Wilno and Warsaw.

Vilna and the Warsaw Ghetto
In Vilna, under Soviet occupation (1940–1941), he continued to work to save Jewish youth, by providing them with certificates. Tenenbaum himself had a forged identity card in the name of a "Tatar" from the Vilnius region, named Tamaroff, a family name that also mentioned the name of his girlfriend, Tema Schneiderman.

This borrowed identity allowed him more free movement, including all territories under Nazi control. Even after the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, (including Lithuania), Tenenbaum made many forged papers for friends and loved ones, that allowed them to elude and escape the Schutzstaffel. In 1942, he arrived in Warsaw, where he was one of the founders of the YKA, and among the organizers and planners of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

Białystok Ghetto uprising

In November 1942, Tenenbaum went on a mission to Białystok, intending to serve as the head of the Haganah movement. There, he organized the Jewish underground fighters, and headed the local resistance movement, which included members of Hashomer Hatzair and Dror.

It was then decided, that with the start of an action by the Germans to "liquidate" the ghetto, the resistance would fight in the streets of Białystok, before attempting to escape to the forests, and continue operating as underground partisans. The Ghetto underwent a number of major operations during 1943, and members of the underground who remained there, felt that they were the last fighters, following the liquidation of the ghettos in Warsaw, Będzin and Częstochowa. 1 German was killed February 4, 1943

Armed with only twenty-six rifles, one machine gun, roughly one hundred pistols, and several Molotov cocktails, the resistance forces were severely under-equipped, compared to the SS battalion against them. On the night of August 15, 1943, the Germans began to encircle the ghetto as the uprising began. During the uprising, Tenenbaum and his comrades fought for five days against the German forces, rupturing Wehrmacht supply lines, and succeeding in diverting German soldiers and military police groups from the East. This would help allow the Red Army to march westwards to Poland. 9 Germans were wounded

The evacuation plan to Lublin had failed, upon the total encirclement of the ghetto. At the end of the fighting, Tenenbaum and his close friend Moszkowicz committed suicide, in order to not fall into the hands of the Nazis.

Of the nearly 50,000 Jewish inhabitants of the Białystok Ghetto prior to the uprising, only a few hundred would survive, and escape to the surrounding forests. The uprising was the second largest Jewish uprising against Nazi occupation during World War 2.

Legacy
After the war, to honor Tenenbaum and the uprising, a square in Białystok was named after him.

References

http://szlak.uwb.edu.pl/ludzie.html#_bio2
 Mordechai Tenenbaum
https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/bialystok-ghetto-uprising-remembered-78-years-on-24032

1916 births
1943 deaths
Białystok Ghetto inmates
Jewish Combat Organization members
Jewish socialists
People from Warsaw
Polish socialists
Polish Zionists
1943 suicides
Polish civilians killed in World War II
Suicides by Jews during the Holocaust
Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust
Suicides in Poland

Mordechai Tenenbaum


The DAF 46 is a sma family caur that wis manufactured bi the Dutch company DAF.  It wis introduced in November 1974 tae replace the 44, suggestin that thare wur still substantial stocks o the earlier model awaiting customers.

In Februar 1976, at the relaunch o the Volvo 66 (formerly the DAF 66), it wis annoonced that the DAF 46 wad be phased oot during 1976, efter which 'special measures' wad ensure adequate pairts an service backup despite the disappearance o the DAF brand frae passenger caur show rooms.

The DAF 46 wis carpeted throughout an equipped wi cloth covered reclining seats. It an aa haed a redesigned gear lever an additional dash mounted warning lichts. Oot o sicht o the driver wis a de Dion rear axle, which DAF haed fitted twa years earlier tae thair mair powerful model when replacing the 55 wi the DAF 66:  the caur retained its defining variomatic transmission, but this wis nou coupled wi a conventional differential which wis said tae improve noise levels an extend drive-belt life. Reports suggest that the DAF 46 haed safer handling than its predecessor, but wis nonetheless slower, at a time when maist European manufacturers wur improving tap speed an acceleration when thay introduced model upgrades.

46
Vehicles wi boxer ingines

DAF 46


Salsabil (18 January 1987 – October 1996) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. In a racing career which lasted from September 1989 to October 1990 she ran nine times and won seven races. Salsabil was one of the leading two-year-old fillies in Europe in 1989, winning two races including the Group One Prix Marcel Boussac at the Longchamp. After winning the Fred Darling Stakes on her three-year-old debut, Salsabil won both of Britain's Classic races for fillies: the 1000 Guineas over one mile at Newmarket and the Oaks over one and a half miles at Epsom. She was then raced against colts and became the first filly for ninety years to win the Irish Derby at the Curragh. In autumn, Salsabil added a victory in the Prix Vermeille at Longchamp but finished unplaced when favourite for the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in October. Salsabil was then retired to stud where she had success as a broodmare before dying of cancer in 1996.

Background
Salsabil was a bay filly with a white blaze bred in County Meath, Ireland by the Kilcarn Stud. Salsabil was one of the first champions sired by Sadler's Wells and her earnings in 1990 enabled the stallion to win the first of his thirteen sires' championships. Salsabil's dam, Flame of Tara, won the Coronation Stakes in 1983, and went on to be an extremely successful broodmare. Apart from Salsabil, she produced eleven winners including Marju, a colt who won the St. James's Palace Stakes and finished second in The Derby. As a descendant of the broodmare Aloe, Flame of Tara was related to Pebbles, Round Table, Nashwan, Go For Wand and many other successful racehorses.

As a yearling, Salsabil was bought for the equivalent of $800,000 by Hamdan Al Maktoum. She was named Salsabil (Arabic سلسبيل) after a spring in the Islamic paradise. The filly was trained throughout her career by John Dunlop at Arundel, West Sussex. She was ridden in all of her races by Willie Carson.

Racing career

1989: two-year-old season
Salsabil began her racing career in a six furlong maiden race at Nottingham Racecourse in September. She started 4/5 favourite and won easily by three lengths. Later that month Salsabil started at odds of 4/9 for the Jack Collier Memorial Stakes at Newbury, but after leading a furlong from the finish she was caught in the closing stages and beaten a short head by Free At Last. Eighteen days after her Newbury defeat, Salsabil was stepped up in class for the Group One Prix Marcel Boussac at Longchamp. Salsabil turned into the straight in sixth place before taking the lead and being driven out by Carson to win by two lengths from Houseproud, a filly who went on to win the Poule d'Essai des Pouliches.

1990: three-year-old season
On her first appearance as a three-year-old, Salsabil was sent to Newbury for the Fred Darling Stakes, a trial race for the 1000 Guineas. The race attracted a strong field for a Group Three race, and Salsabil started third favourite behind Dead Certain, the Cheveley Park Stakes winner and Chimes of Freedom, the winner of the Moyglare Stud Stakes. Carson positioned the filly in fifth place before moving into the lead a quarter of a mile from the finish. Salsabil drew away from her opponents to win by six lengths. Thirteen days later, Salsabil started 6/4 favourite for the 1000 Guineas over Newmarket's Rowley Mile course. Her opponents included Free at Last, the filly who had inflicted her only defeat, and Heart of Joy, the unbeaten winner of the Nell Gwyn Stakes. Salsabil challenged Heart of Joy for the lead inside the final furlong and was hard ridden by Carson to win by three-quarters of a lengths. Negligent was five lengths further back in third.

A month later Salsabil was moved up in distance for the one and a half mile Epsom Oaks and started 2/1 favourite, just ahead of the Irish 1000 Guineas winner In the Groove. Racing on softer ground than at Newmarket, Salsabil was restrained by Carson in the early stages before moving up to take the lead in the straight. She pulled clear of the field to win by five lengths from Game Plan, with Knight's Baroness in third and In the Groove finishing fourth. After the Oaks, Salsabil's connections took the unusual step of sending her to contest the Irish Derby against colts. Few fillies had contested the race, and none had been successful since Gallinaria in 1900. The field included Quest for Fame and Blue Stag, first and second in The Derby and Sheikh Mohammed's highly rated Belmez. Salsabil took the lead in the straight and won by three quarters of a length from the outsider Deploy, with a gap of four lengths back to Belmez, who narrowly beat Blue Stag and Quest for Fame for third.

Salsabil was rested until autumn, when she returned with the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at her target. In September, she started 2/5 favourite for the Prix Vermeille at Longchamp over the Arc course and distance. Salsabil took the lead in the straight, but had to be driven out by Carson to prevail by a neck and half a length from Miss Alleged and In the Groove. On 7 October, Salsabil started favourite against twenty opponents in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, despite being given an unfavourable draw. She failed to reproduce her best form and was never in contention, finishing tenth behind Saumarez.

Assessment and honours
The independent Timeform organisation gave Salsabil a rating of 130.

In their book, A Century of Champions, based on the Timeform rating system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Salsabil a "superior" winner of the 1000 Guineas and Oaks and the thirtieth best filly or mare trained in Britain or Ireland in the 20th century.

Shadwell's Salsabil Stud, near Bury St Edmunds, was named in honour of the mare.

The Salsabil Stakes a Listed race for three-year-old fillies, is run at Navan Racecourse in April.

Stud record
Salsabil retired to become a broodmare for Shadwell Stud. In five years, she produced five foals, four of whom won races, three at Group level. Sahm, her only colt, won the Knickerbocker Handicap, Bint Salsabil won the Rockfel Stakes and Alabaq won the Premio Bagutta Memorial Sergio Cumani. In October 1996, Salsabil was euthanized after being diagnosed with cancer of the colon, and was buried at Shadwell Stud.

Pedigree

References

1987 racehorse births
1996 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Irish Classic Race winners
Thoroughbred family 2-f
1000 Guineas winners
Epsom Oaks winners

Salsabil (horse)


"Jug wine" is a term in the United States for inexpensive table wine (or "bulk wine") typically bottled in a glass bottle or jug.

Historically, jug wines were labeled semi-generically, often sold to third parties to be relabeled, or sold directly from the winery's tasting room to customers who would often bring their own bottles.  For a period following Prohibition, jug wines were the only domestic wine available for most Americans.  Beginning in the 1960s, when Americans began to consume more premium wine, jug wine took on a reputation for being "extreme value" (bargain-priced premium wine).  Beginning in the late 1980s jug wines have increasingly been labeled varietally to meet consumer demand.

Common brands
Common brands include Gallo, Carlo Rossi, Almaden Vineyards, and Inglenook Winery.  Typical formats include 750 ml and 1 liter glass bottles, as well as 3 and 5-liter jugs.  More recent packaging methods include lined boxes, and plastic bags inside corrugated fiberboard boxes ("bag in a box").

See also
 Box wine
 Fighting varietal
 Flavored fortified wine
Plonk (wine)

References

Wine styles
Wine terminology

Jug wine


Roxby Downs Station was a pastoral lease in central northern South Australia.

The land that became Roxby Downs Station is the traditional country of the Kokatha people. After European colonisation, it was part of Parakylia station, or perhaps Andamooka Station. In about 1910, it became a separate station and was given the name "Roxby Downs" by its initial owner, Norman Richardson, apparently after the town of Roxby, Queensland, from where the first cattle for the station were said to have come.

On 10 December 1910, the Adelaide Observer wrote: "Norman Richardson has the Chance Swamp and the Sister's Well paddock, once a portion of the old Parakylia run, as well as Lake Campbell country, in all an area of 350 square miles. This he has called Roxby Downs..."

With the development of the Olympic Dam mine and the associated service town of Roxby Downs, the station was taken over by BHP, which remains the present owner of the pastoral lease.

References

Stations in South Australia
Places in the unincorporated areas of South Australia

Roxby Downs Station


La Huerta, or Huerta de Mataquito is a village (aldea) or small town near the north bank of the Mataquito River, in the Hualañé commune, in the Curicó Province, in the Maule Region, of Chile.  It is 45 kilometers west of the city of Curicó.

Nearby to the northeast is the Cerro Chiripilco and the monument commemorating the death of Lautaro in the Battle of Mataquito that is thought to have been fought at its foot near the Mataquito River.

Sources
 Francisco Solano Asta Buruaga y Cienfuegos, Diccionario geográfico de la República de Chile, Segunda Edicion Corregida y Aumentada, Nueva York, D. Appelton y Compania, 1899.  Pg. 319, Huerta de Mataquito

External links
  Google Satellite Map of La Huerta, Hualañé commune, Curico Province, Maule Region, Chile Note photos of nearby Cerro Chiripilco and the monument commemorating the death of Lautaro.

Geography of Maule Region
Populated places in Curicó Province

La Huerta, Chile


William Richard Mead (1915–2014) was a British geographer, known for work on Scandinavia and North America.

Life
He was the son of William Mead, a grocer in Aylesbury and his first wife, Sarah Catherine Stevens, who died in 1918. He was educated at Aylesbury Grammar School. During teacher training at the College of St Mark and St John in London, he worked for an external degree of the University of London. He graduated in 1937, and went on to take a research master's degree involving the trade of Finland. He travelled there in 1938, and completed his master's in 1939.

Mead joined the Royal Air Force in autumn 1939 as a volunteer. In 1940 he was posted to Mount Hope, Hamilton, Ontario, in an administrative role. In 1943 he moved back to England working for the Royal Air Force Educational Service. He was demobilised in 1946.

Completing a London Ph.D. interrupted by the war, Mead took a lecturing position at the University of Liverpool under Henry Clifford Darby. With a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, he did fieldwork to investigate displaced families of East Karelia.

In the wake of Darby, Mead moved to University College London, where he settled for the rest of his career. He became professor in 1961. Head of the geography department in 1966, he retired in 1981. He received many academic honours, and became a fellow of the British Academy. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1976. He was President of the Geographical Association in 1981.

In retirement, Mead lived in Aston Clinton. He died, unmarried, on 20 July 2014 at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, aged 98.

Notes

1915 births
2014 deaths
People from Aylesbury
British geographers
Fellows of the British Academy
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

William Richard Mead


Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is produced when quicklime (calcium oxide) is mixed with water. It has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders' lime, slaked lime, cal, and pickling lime. Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation, where it has been identified as E number E526. Limewater, also called milk of lime, is the common name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide.

Properties
Calcium hydroxide is poorly soluble in water, with a retrograde solubility increasing from 0.66 g/L at 100 °C to 1.89 g/L at 0 °C. With a solubility product Ksp of 5.02 at 25 °C, its dissociation in water is large enough that its solutions are basic according to the following dissolution reaction:
 Ca(OH)2 → Ca2+ + 2 OH−

At ambient temperature, calcium hydroxide (portlandite) dissolves in water to produce an alkaline solution with a pH of about 12.5. Calcium hydroxide solutions can cause chemical burns. At high pH values due to a common-ion effect with the hydroxide anion, its solubility drastically decreases. This behavior is relevant to cement pastes. Aqueous solutions of calcium hydroxide are called limewater and are medium-strength bases, which react with acids and can attack some metals such as aluminium (amphoteric hydroxide dissolving at high pH), while protecting other metals, such as iron and steel, from corrosion by passivation of their surface. Limewater turns milky in the presence of carbon dioxide due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate, a process called carbonatation:
 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

When heated to 512 °C, the partial pressure of water in equilibrium with calcium hydroxide reaches 101kPa (normal atmospheric pressure), which decomposes calcium hydroxide into calcium oxide and water:
 Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O

Calcium hydroxide reacts with hydrogen chloride to first give calcium hydroxychloride and then calcium chloride.

Structure, preparation, occurrence

Calcium hydroxide adopts a polymeric structure, as do all metal hydroxides.  The structure is identical to that of Mg(OH) (brucite structure); i.e., the cadmium iodide motif. Strong hydrogen bonds exist between the layers.

Calcium hydroxide is produced commercially by treating (slaking) lime with water:
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

In the laboratory it can be prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide. The mineral form, portlandite, is relatively rare but can be found in some volcanic, plutonic, and metamorphic rocks. It has also been known to arise in burning coal dumps.

The positively charged ionized species CaOH+ has been detected in the atmosphere of S-type stars.

Retrograde solubility
According to Hopkins and Wulff (1965), the decrease of calcium hydroxide solubility with temperature was known since the works of Marcellin Berthelot (1875) and Julius Thomsen (1883) (see Thomsen–Berthelot principle), when the presence of ions in aqueous solutions was still questioned. Since, it has been studied in detail by many authors, a.o., Miller and Witt (1929) or Johnston and Grove (1931) and refined many times (e.g., Greenberg and Copeland (1960); Hopkins and Wulff (1965); Seewald and Seyfried (1991); Duchesne and Reardon (1995)).

The reason for this rather uncommon behavior is that the dissolution of calcium hydroxide in water involves an entropy decrease, due to the ordering of water molecules around the doubly charged calcium ion, This counter-intuitive temperature dependence of the solubility is referred to as "retrograde" or "inverse" solubility. The variably hydrated phases of calcium sulfate (gypsum, bassanite and anhydrite) also exhibit a slight retrograde solubility due to the presence of the calcium ion. However, other calcium salts like calcium chloride show an increase in solubility since the enthalpy change is larger and dominates the free energy change during dissolution. In all cases, the dissolution is exothermic.

Uses
Calcium hydroxide is commonly used to prepare lime mortar.

One significant application of calcium hydroxide is as a flocculant, in water and sewage treatment. It forms a fluffy charged solid that aids in the removal of smaller particles from water, resulting in a clearer product. This application is enabled by the low cost and low toxicity of calcium hydroxide. It is also used in fresh-water treatment for raising the pH of the water so that pipes will not corrode where the base water is acidic, because it is self-regulating and does not raise the pH too much.

It is also used in the preparation of ammonia gas (NH3), using the following reaction:
 Ca(OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl → 2 NH3 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O

Another large application is in the paper industry, where it is an intermediate in the reaction in the production of sodium hydroxide. This conversion is part of the causticizing step in the Kraft process for making pulp. In the causticizing operation, burned lime is added to green liquor, which is a solution primarily of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate produced by dissolving smelt, which is the molten form of these chemicals from the recovery furnace.

In orchard crops, calcium hydroxide is used as a fungicide. Applications of 'lime water' prevent the development of cankers caused by the fungal pathogen Neonectria galligena. The trees are sprayed when they are dormant in winter to prevent toxic burns from the highly reactive calcium hydroxide. This use is authorised in the European Union and the United Kingdom under Basic Substance regulations.

Calcium hydroxide is used in dentistry, primarily in the specialty of endodontics.

Food industry
Because of its low toxicity and the mildness of its basic properties, slaked lime is widely used in the food industry:
 In USDA certified food production in plants and livestock
 To clarify raw juice from sugarcane or sugar beets in the sugar industry (see carbonatation)
 To process water for alcoholic beverages and soft drinks
 To increase the rate of Maillard reactions (pretzels)
 Pickle cucumbers and other foods
 To make Chinese century eggs
 In maize preparation: removes the cellulose hull of maize kernels (see nixtamalization)
 To clear a brine of carbonates of calcium and magnesium in the manufacture of salt for food and pharmaceutical uses
 In fortifying (Ca supplement) fruit drinks, such as orange juice, and infant formula
 As a digestive aid (called Choona, used in India in paan, a mixture of areca nuts, calcium hydroxide and a variety of seeds wrapped in betel leaves)
 As a substitute for baking soda in making papadam
 In the removal of carbon dioxide from controlled atmosphere produce storage rooms
 In the preparation of mushroom growing substrates

Native American uses

 In Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, the word for calcium hydroxide is nextli. In a process called nixtamalization, maize is cooked with nextli to become , also known as hominy. Nixtamalization significantly increases the bioavailability of niacin (vitamin B3), and is also considered tastier and easier to digest. Nixtamal is often ground into a flour, known as masa, which is used to make tortillas and tamales.

In chewing coca leaves, calcium hydroxide is usually chewed alongside to keep the alkaloid stimulants chemically available for absorption by the body. Similarly, Native Americans traditionally chewed tobacco leaves with calcium hydroxide derived from burnt mollusc shells to enhance the effects. It has also been used by some indigenous American tribes as an ingredient in yopo, a psychedelic snuff prepared from the beans of some Anadenanthera species.

Asian uses

Calcium hydroxide is typically added to a bundle of areca nut and betel leaf called "paan" to keep the alkaloid stimulants chemically available to enter the bloodstream via sublingual absorption.

It is used in making naswar (also known as nass or niswar), a type of dipping tobacco made from fresh tobacco leaves, calcium hydroxide (chuna or soon), and wood ash.  It is consumed most in the Pathan diaspora, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. Villagers also use calcium hydroxide to paint their mud houses in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.

Health risks
Unprotected exposure to Ca(OH)2 can cause severe skin irritation, chemical burns, blindness, lung damage or rashes.

See also
 Baralyme (carbon dioxide absorbent)
 Cement
 Lime mortar
 Lime plaster
 Plaster
 Magnesium hydroxide (less alkaline due to a lower solubility product)
 Soda lime (carbon dioxide absorbent)
 Whitewash
 On Food and Cooking

References

External links

 CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Calcium Hydroxide
  MSDS Data Sheet

Building materials
Calcium compounds
Dental materials
Hydroxides
Inorganic compounds
Intoxication
E-number additives

Calcium hydroxide


Donna Williams Powell (born 10 December 1978) is a British game designer and businesswoman. She is the co-founder of Neopets and Meteor Games.

Biography
Williams-Powell grew up in Surrey where she met business partner and then-boyfriend Adam Powell while they were high school students. Williams-Powell attended the University of Nottingham and from September 1997 to July 1999 she ran marketing and web design for Powell's company Shout! Advertising, which operated the third largest click-through program on the Internet by mid-1999. From July 1999 to early 2000, she worked at Speedyclick.com, handling website development and Internet advertising services.

Neopets
In September 1999, Williams-Powell created Neopets with Powell. She led site management and operations, which included content planning and game design but later expanded to include managing product promotions and licensing. She expanded Neopets into previously-untapped offline markets, including console games, soft toys, fast-food promotions and collectible card games. In 2003, she helped establish the partnership with Beckett Media to publish the bi-monthly Neopets: The Official Magazine. Under Williams-Powell's management and product expansion, Neopets went from its initial launch to over 140 million accounts and 5 billion pageviews per month, and in 2005 was sold to Viacom for US$160 million.

Meteor Games
In 2008, she and Powell launched Meteor Games, an independent game studio in West Hollywood, California. Meteor Games' first project was Twin Skies, with the first public demo of the game being shown at the Penny Arcade Expo (PAX) in Seattle. The game was originally planned to be in 3D, but was later changed to become a 2D Flash game. In December 2011, Meteor Games laid off 90% of its staff, shut down the Viacom-backed game Treasure Keepers, and subsequently wound down all operations.

Personal life
Williams-Powell married Adam Powell in 2008.

References

1978 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
British video game designers
Neopets
British game designers
Women video game designers
21st-century British inventors

Donna Powell


Malabia - Osvaldo Pugliese is a station on Line B of the Buenos Aires Metro. The station was opened on 17 October 1930 as part of the inaugural section of the line between Federico Lacroze and Callao.

Overview
Malabia Station is located in the Villa Crespo barrio, at the intersection of Avenida Corrientes and Calle Malabia, and named after the latter. The Osvaldo Pugliese part of the name was added in 2010 to commemorate the Argentine tango musician Osvaldo Pugliese.

Before being known as Malabia, the station was called Canning, but when Canning Avenue was renamed Salabrini Ortiz in honour of the poet and journalist Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, the name Malabia was adopted to avoid confusion with Scalabrini Ortiz station on Line D.

From this station, passengers will be able to transfer to the Corrientes Station on Line I once Line I is built.

References

External links

Buenos Aires Underground stations
Railway stations opened in 1930
1930 establishments in Argentina

Malabia - Osvaldo Pugliese (Buenos Aires Underground)


Joe Novak (born April 19, 1945) is a former American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Northern Illinois University from 1996 to 2007, compiling a record of 63–76.

Novak played college football as a defensive end at Miami University under head coach Bo Schembechler.  After beginning his coaching career in the high school ranks, Novak had stints as an assistant coach at Miami, the University of Illinois, Northern Illinois, and Indiana University.  At Illinois, he served under head coach Gary Moeller, who had been one of the assistants at Miami under Schembechler.  Novak was a longtime assistant of Bill Mallory, another Miami assistant coach and alum.  Novak served on Mallory's staffs from 1980-1995.

During the 2003 season, Novak's Northern Illinois squad defeated three BCS conference teams: #13 Maryland, #21 Alabama in Tuscaloosa, and Iowa State.  Winning their first seven games, the Huskies were ranked as high as #12 in the AP Poll, #14 in the Coaches' Poll, and #10 in the BCS rankings.  In the 2004 season, Novak led the Huskies to a 9–3 record and their first bowl appearance in 21 years, winning the Silicon Valley Football Classic over Troy.

On November 26, 2007, Novak announced his retirement from coaching.  "Winning is fragile," Novak said, "You've got to enjoy it when you're doing it....People have always said, 'You'll know when it's time,' and I believe that now is the time."  His successor at Northern Illinois was Jerry Kill.

Head coaching record

College

References

1945 births
Living people
American football defensive linemen
Indiana Hoosiers football coaches
Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches
Miami RedHawks football coaches
Miami RedHawks football players
Northern Illinois Huskies football coaches
High school football coaches in Ohio

Joe Novak


Peter Edward Richardson (4 July 1931 – 17 February 2017) was an English cricketer, who played for Worcestershire and Kent County Cricket Clubs and in 34 Test matches for the England cricket team.

Colin Bateman, the one-time Daily Express cricket correspondent, noted, "Peter Richardson was one of cricket's great characters...off the field he was a one-man entertainment show, particularly when the troops were stuck in some up-country billet in India. His sense of humour and sharp mind enlivened many a dull official function to the delight of his teammates. His love of a prank continued after his playing days with outrageous letters from fictitious Colonel Blimps to The Daily Telegraph."

Life and career
A left-handed opening batsman, Richardson played as an amateur for Worcestershire and was a near-instant success on his arrival as a regular in the side in 1952. Four years later, he had a similarly quick impact in his first Test series, the 1956 Ashes series, scoring 81 and 73 in his first match, and following it up with 104 at Old Trafford in a match famous for Jim Laker's 19 wickets. He went on to score 491 Test runs that year, the most in the world. He was a first choice opening batsman for England for a further two home series, but then had a poor series in Australia in 1958–59, when England lost the Ashes comprehensively. He was voted one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1957.

In the summer of 1958, Richardson announced that he wanted to become a professional and to move to Kent. Worcestershire opposed the move, and Richardson was effectively barred from competitive cricket during the English 1959 season, losing his Test place too while he waited to qualify for his new county. By the time he resumed his county career in 1960 other left-handed opening batsmen, such as Geoff Pullar and Raman Subba Row, had moved ahead of him in the competition for England places.

Richardson played on for Kent until his retirement from cricket in 1965. He toured Pakistan and India in 1961–62, mostly batting down the order, but played only one further Test match in England, in 1963 against the West Indies, when he made only 2 and 14 against a bowling attack spearheaded by Wes Hall and Charlie Griffith.

Richardson's two brothers also played first-class cricket. Dick Richardson was a middle-order batsman for Worcestershire who played one Test for England against the West Indies in 1957, playing alongside his brother, "the first time... [in the 20th century] of siblings appearing in the same team for England". His other brother, Bryan, was an occasional player for Warwickshire.

Richardson died on 17 February 2017, aged 85.

References

External links

1931 births
2017 deaths
England Test cricketers
English cricketers of 1946 to 1968
English cricketers
Kent cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Worcestershire cricketers
Worcestershire cricket captains
Combined Services cricketers
Commonwealth XI cricketers
International Cavaliers cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Players cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
T. N. Pearce's XI cricketers
People educated at Hereford Cathedral School
Sportspeople from Hereford
Cricketers from Herefordshire

Peter Richardson (cricketer)


The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry is the organisation that represents the interests of the recording industry across the world. It is a non-profit members' organisation registered in Switzerland.  It was started in Italy in 1933 by Francesco Braga. It has its main office in London, with more local offices in Brussels, Hong Kong, Miami, Abu Dhabi, Singapore and Nairobi.

It has more than 8,000 members and operating in over 70 countries.

It started by  promoting laws and copyrights and "to protect the largely British-based recording industry" by promoting rights in gramophone sound recordings.

In  1961 it helped to set up an international standard for the protection of sound recordings, live performances and broadcasts.  The United States did not recognise a separate sound recording copyright until 1971.

References

International organizations
Trade associations


Kim Yong-Bock (; 1938 – 7 April 2022) was a Korean Presbyterian and founding father of minjung theology.

Biography
Born in Cholla province, his father died of tuberculosis when he was six years old. Along with his mother and younger sister, Kim lived with his uncle and aunt, the latter of whom was a Christian and introduced him to church. Although he considered studying theology at the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, he pursued a BA in philosophy at Yonsei University (1961). During this time, he participated in the April 19 Revolution and was imprisoned for forty days. After completing his military service, he went to Princeton Theological Seminary and completed an MDiv (1966) and a PhD (1969). His dissertation was entitled "Historical Transformation, People's Movement, and Christian Koinonia." He was ordained in the Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap).

Kim was involved in ecumenical work, serving as part of the Christian Conference of Asia's Commission on Theological Concern (1976–1981) and as vice-moderator of the World Council of Churches Commission for the Churches' Participation in Development (1983–1991). He also served as President of Hanil University (1992–1999).

He died on 7 April 2022, in Seoul due to colorectal cancer.

Minjung theology
Kim was known as one of the founding fathers of minjung theology, a movement in the late-1970s that advocated the struggle for social justice. However, for Kim, the spirit of minjung theology can be traced to the Protestant translation of the Bible, which chose to use Hangul Korean characters that were accessible to Korean commoners, as opposed to the Hanja Chinese characters used by the Confucian ruling class. This enabled early Korean Protestants to be involved in political activism, such as the March 1st Movement, and gave precedence for the later development of minjung theology.

Works

Bibliography

1938 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from cancer in South Korea
Yonsei University alumni
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Korean Presbyterian ministers
Liberation theologians
World Christianity scholars

Kim Yong-Bock


The Progresista Party (Filipino and Spanish: Partido Progresista; ) was a political party in the Philippines during the early 20th century. Formed in 1900 as the Federalist Party (Partido Federalista), the party originally had the Philippines becoming a U.S. state as one of its original platforms, which was later rescinded.

Origins as the Partido Federalista
After the defeat of the Filipinos by the Americans on the Philippine–American War (then known as the Philippine Insurrection), the Americans assessed the situation; the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 creating the Philippine Assembly. While the assembly had nationalists who wanted independence from the United States, most delegates pursued statehood within the U.S. These delegates, led by  Pedro Paterno, formed the Partido Federalista (Federalist Party or the Federalistas) on December 23, 1900. On that meeting, the party platform of the recognition of U.S. sovereignty, establishment of peace and eventual statehood, elected Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as the first party president. The party dominated Manila politics and derived most of its power from that city

The Federalistas, who were favored by the Americans such as governor-general William Howard Taft, dominated the assembly until 1905 when internal divisions and the new Nacionalista Party began to dominate the assembly. Prior to that, the Federalistas expanded their influence in the provinces, winning elections in 1902 and 1904. As long as Taft was the governor-general, the Federalistas enjoyed personal patronage from him. His departure in 1903 marked the beginning of the Federalistas' end. While Taft's departure was a big blow, the declining of importance of appointive government posts and the increasing importance of officials who are elected sapped the party's strength in the provinces.

Renaming to the Partido Progresista
With declining political fortunes, the Federalistas rescinded the statehood platform in 1905. The other political group in the Assembly, those who supported independence (split between the Independistas and the Union Nacionalista), began increasing their ranks, and that the Federalistas attempted to merge with the Union Nacionalistas in December 1906. This made the Federalistas ideologically closer with the Nacionalistas, with Juan Sumulong maintaining close contact with the "conservative" Union Nacionalista leader Rafael Palma.

In January 1907, the leaders of the party met in Manila and decided to change the name from "Partido Federalista" to "Partido Nacional Progresista" (Nationalist Progressive Party), as the word "Federal" had become insignificant with the dropping of the statehood platform. The Progresistas embarked on a campaign to win seats at the 1907 elections, although with all but two seats coming from the provinces, the party had a difficult time recruiting followers and candidates. The reception at Progresista political rallies were from lukewarm to hostile, with people heckling "Hang them, kill them".

The Progresista campaign for Manila's two assembly seats focused on getting more Americans to register – and vote – for them. In the provinces, the Progresistas had a hard time getting candidates, but the Nacionalista Party were split into different factions, not on ideological but on personal grounds. Ultimately, the Assembly was won by the Nacionalistas, and the Progresistas became marginalized.

Dissolution
The party managed to win fewer seats in the succeeding elections, eventually being dissolved in the early 1920s. In 1914, Teodoro Sandiko and other disgruntled Progresistas formed the Partido Democrata Nacional or the Democrata Party  (Democrat Nationalist Party) as the leading opposition against the Nacionalistas.

Electoral performance

Senate

Philippine Assembly

Sources

References

Conservative parties in the Philippines
Political parties established in 1900
Defunct political parties in the Philippines

Progresista Party


The Jaguars (ザ・ジャガーズ, Za jagāzu) is a Japanese group sound band that was created in 1964 until 1971. The band sung many both Japanese and English music covers, manly The Rolling Stones, The Nashville Teens, Paul Revere And The Raiders, and other American and British band groups.

Overview
The predecessor of The Jaguars was active as an electric group at jazz cafes under the name of "Yukio Miya and The Play Five" in April 1964. In 1965, they began to appear regularly on electric programs such as the TV programs "Beat No. 1" and "Young Pops Excite", and the band's name recognition gradually increased. In May of the following year, Shin Okamoto, who was a 16 year old vocalist from Kanagawa at that time, reluctantly joined the group and they became popular in the magazines and songs. The Play Five was renamed to The Jaguars in June 1967 and made their record debut with "Kimi Niaitai" (Want To See You Again).

This debut songs was a big hit, and popular songs such as "Dancing Lonely Night" and "Mademoiselle Bruce" were skipped one after another. In March 1968, The Jaguars  appeared in many televisions shows and there was a movie called "Make Way For The Jaguars" (directed by Yôichi Maeda and produced by Shochiku), but at the end of the same month, the band leader Yukio Miya withdrew due to internal conflict with the music directors. After Yukio left the group, 19 year old Takeshi Hamano joined the alternative drums in April and Shin became the leader of the group at the age of 20. In June, they released a hit song "The Legend of Xanadu" and in September with "Two People In The Starry Sky", but in January 1969, "Bruce for Lovers" was a remarkably popular song like other Group Sounds songs. It has been turned into a musical stage play.

Around this time, the GS genre began to fade as disco and funky music flourished in Japan, and lead guitarist Hisayuki Okitsu left the group due to illness treatment, and in 1970, keyboardist Yasuji Sato and Takeshi Hamano also left. After "Someday Someone" released in April 1970, they became active in nightclubs in Tokyo without a release song in 1971, but did not hold any dissolution concerts, and The Jaguars ended in July 1971. After appearing in "Goodbye Nikki Western Carnival" in 1981, the band was reunited when "Want To Meet You" song was a commercial for Asahi Breweries, but in 2009, due to the death of Shin Okamoto, the band dissolved again.

Members

 Yukio Miya (drums, November 16, 1937 - October 29, 2013), Leader, formed The New Jaguars after leaving the group in March 1968. After the dissolution, he runs a pub restaurant in Yokohama
 Shin Okamoto (lead vocal, April 20, 1949 - April 19, 2009)
 Koichi Miyazaki (rhythm guitar, Vocal, October 20, 1942 - September 30, 2014), left the band in June 1971
 Mikio Morita (bass guitar, vocals, June 16, 1944 - )
 Hisayuki Okitsu (lead guitar, vocals, January 1, 1945 - ) * Left in 1969 due to illness
 Yasuji Saito (keyboard, May 13, 1946 - March 10, 2021) * Left the group in September 1970
 Takeshi Hamano (drums, April 26, 1949 - ) * Joined midway in 1968 and left in 1970
 Akira Hashi (vocals) * Joined midway through 1970, formerly The Sommers member
 Maki Tsutomu (drums) * Joined midway in 1970, withdrew in July 1971, former The Sommers member
 Yoshio Ishii (vocals) * Joined midway in 1970, withdrew in July 1971, former P.S. Venus member

Discography

Albums

 Want To See You (君に会いたい, Kiminiaitai) / Beat Train (ビート・トレイン, Bīto torein) (1967.6.1)
 Dancing Lonely Night (ダンシング・ロンリー・ナイト, Danshingu ronrī naito) / Young Tomorrow (若いあした, Wakai ashita) (1967.10.5)
 Mademoiselle Bruce (マドモアゼル・ブルース, Madomoazeru burūsu) / Poor John (哀れなジョン, Awarena jon) (1968.1.25)
 The Legend of Xanadu (キサナドーの伝説, Kisanadō no densetsu) / Quarante Maringouins (二人だけの渚, Futaridake no nagisa) (1968.6.15); Cover version of British band Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich's "The Legend of Xanadu"
 Two People In The Starry Sky (星空の二人, Hoshizora no futari) / Koi's Passport (恋のパスポート, Koi no pasupōto) (September 25, 1968)
 Bruce For Lovers (恋人たちにブルースを, Koibito-tachi ni burūsu o) / Mayumi In Love (恋するまゆみ, Koisuru mayumi) (1969.1.25)
 Street Corner Of Two People (二人の街角, Futari no machikado) / Dawn Of Love (愛の夜明け, Ai no yoake) (1969.5.25)
 Someday Someone (いつか誰か, Itsuka dare ka) / Phoenix (フェニックス, Fenikkusu) (Immortal Bird {不死鳥, Fushichō}) (1970.4.25)
 A Perky 30-Year-Old (はつらつ30才, Hatsuratsu 30-sai) / Drifting Trip (漂泊の旅, Hyōhaku no tabi) (released on 1982.4.2 when reunited)

TV appearance

 What A Show (NET TV, June 1966), * Regular appearance
 Let's Sing With Youth! (Fuji TV, April 1967), * Guest appearance
 Young 720 (TBS TV, July 1967), * Semi-regular appearance
 Le Girls (Nippon TV, August 1967), * Regular appearance
 R & B Heaven (TV TOKYO Corporation, September 1968), * Guest appearance
 LOL Young Pops (Nippon TV, October 1968), * Guest appearance
 Let's Go! Young Sounds (Fuji TV, October 1968), * Guest appearance

Movie

 Make Way For The Jaguars (released in March 1968 and produced by Shochiku), co-starring Akiko Nakamura, directed and written by Yôichi Maeda

Japanese musical groups
Musical groups established in 1964
1964 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Japan
1971 disestablishments
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
1970s disestablishments in Asia
20th-century disestablishments in Japan
Musical groups established in 1981
1981 establishments in Japan
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in Japan
Yokohama

The Jaguars


Irwin Shaw (February 27, 1913 – May 16, 1984) was an American playwright, screenwriter, novelist, and short-story author whose written works have sold more than 14 million copies. He is best known for two of his novels: The Young Lions (1948), about the fate of three soldiers during World War II, which was made into a film of the same name starring Marlon Brando and Montgomery Clift, and Rich Man, Poor Man (1970), about the fate of two brothers and a sister in the post-World War II decades, which in 1976 was made into a popular miniseries starring Peter Strauss, Nick Nolte, and Susan Blakely.

Personal life
Shaw was born Irwin Gilbert Shamforoff in the South Bronx, New York City, to Jewish immigrants from Russia. His parents were Rose and Will. His younger brother, David Shaw, became a noted Hollywood producer and writer. Shortly after Irwin's birth, the Shamforoffs moved to Brooklyn. Irwin changed his surname upon entering college. He spent most of his youth in Brooklyn, where he graduated from Brooklyn College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.

He began screenwriting in 1935 at age 21. In 1939 he married actress and producer Marian Edwards, daughter of silent film actor Snitz Edwards. The couple divorced in 1967, remarrying two years before Irwin's death in 1982.

During World War II, he was approached by William Wyler to join his film unit. Unable to be commissioned as an officer due to his age and 1-A draft status, Shaw decided to enter the Regular Army. Later, the Army, noting his background, sent him to George Stevens' film unit. He was one of four writers attached to Stevens' command, in which he became a warrant officer. After the war, he returned to his career as a writer.

Shaw died in Davos, Switzerland on May 16, 1984, at age 71, after undergoing treatment for prostate cancer.

Career

Drama
In the 1930s, Shaw wrote scripts for several radio shows, including Dick Tracy, The Gumps and Studio One. He recaptured this period of his life in his short story "Main Currents of American Thought," about a hack radio writer grinding out one script after another while calculating the number of words equal to the rent money:

Shaw's first play, Bury the Dead (1936) was an expressionist drama about a group of soldiers killed in a battle who refuse to be buried. His play Quiet City, directed by Elia Kazan and with incidental music by Aaron Copland, closed after two Sunday performances.

During the 1940s, Shaw wrote for a number of films, including The Talk of the Town (a comedy about civil liberties), The Commandos Strike at Dawn (based on a C.S. Forester story about commandos in occupied Norway) and Easy Living (about a football player unable to enter the game due to a medical condition). Shaw married Marian Edwards (daughter of well-known screen actor Snitz Edwards). They had one son, Adam Shaw, born in 1950, himself a writer of magazine articles and non-fiction.

Shaw summered at the Pine Brook Country Club, located in the countryside of Nichols, Connecticut, which became the 1936 summer home of the Group Theatre (New York), whose roster included Elia Kazan, Harold Clurman, Harry Morgan, John Garfield, Frances Farmer, Will Geer, Clifford Odets and Lee J. Cobb.

Novels and Miniseries
The Young Lions, Shaw's first novel, was published in 1948. Based on his experiences in Europe during the war, the novel was very successful and was adapted into a 1958 film. Shaw was not happy with the film, feeling it soft-pedaled some of the serious issues from his book, but it did well at the box office.

Shaw's second novel, The Troubled Air, chronicling the rise of McCarthyism, was published in 1951. He was among those who signed a petition asking the U.S. Supreme Court to review the John Howard Lawson and Dalton Trumbo convictions for contempt of Congress, resulting from hearings by the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Accused of being a communist by the Red Channels publication, Shaw was placed on the Hollywood blacklist by the movie studio bosses. In 1951 he left the United States and went to Europe, where he lived for 25 years, mostly in Paris and Switzerland. He later claimed that the blacklist "only glancingly bruised" his career. During the 1950s he wrote several more screenplays, including Desire Under the Elms (based on Eugene O'Neill's play) and Fire Down Below (about a tramp boat in the Caribbean).

While living in Europe, Shaw wrote more bestselling books, notably Lucy Crown (1956), Two Weeks in Another Town (1960), Rich Man, Poor Man (1970) (for which he would later write a less successful sequel entitled Beggarman, Thief) and Evening in Byzantium (made into a 1978 TV movie).

Rich Man, Poor Man was adapted into a highly successful ABC television miniseries with six 2-hour episodes shown for February 1 to March 15, 1976.  The series ranked third in the seasonal Nielsens and garnered twenty-three Emmy nominations.  A further adaptation, which Shaw had very little to do with, Rich Man, Poor Man--Book II was aired from September 21, 1976, to March 8, 1977.  This was not as successful as the first.  There was a third sequel Beggar Man, Thief in 1978, which belatedly included the Jordache's sister Gretchen who had been a prominent character in the original book.

His novel The Top of the Hill (1979) was made into a TV movie about the Winter Olympics at Lake Placid in 1980, starring Wayne Rogers, Adrienne Barbeau, and Sonny Bono.

His last two novels were Bread Upon the Waters (1981) and Acceptable Losses (1982).

Short stories

Shaw was highly regarded as a short story author, contributing to Collier's, Esquire, The New Yorker, Playboy, The Saturday Evening Post, and other magazines; and 63 of his best stories were collected in Short Stories: Five Decades (Delacorte, 1978), reprinted in 2000 as a 784-page University of Chicago Press paperback. Among his noted short stories are: "Sailor Off The Bremen", "The Eighty-Yard Run", and "Tip On A Dead Jockey". Three of his stories ("The Girls in Their Summer Dresses", "The Monument", "The Man Who Married a French Wife") were dramatized for the PBS series Great Performances. Telecast on June 1, 1981. This production was released on DVD in 2002 by Kultur Video.

In 1950, Shaw wrote a book on Israel with photos by Robert Capa named Report on Israel.

Awards
During his lifetime Shaw won a number of awards, including two O. Henry Awards, a National Institute of Arts and Letters grant, and three Playboy Awards.

Major works

Novels
 The Young Lions (1948)
 The Troubled Air (1951)
 Lucy Crown (1956)
 Two Weeks in Another Town (1960)
 Voices of a Summer Day (1965)
 Rich Man, Poor Man (1969/1970) (Portions of this novel first appeared in Playboy in a slightly different form.)
 Evening in Byzantium (1973)
 Night Work (1975)
 Beggarman, Thief (1977)
 The Top of the Hill (1979)
 Bread Upon the Waters (1981)
 Acceptable Losses (1982)

Plays
 Bury the Dead, New York, Ethel Barrymore Theatre, April 1936.
 Siege, New York, Longacre Theatre, December 1937.
 The Gentle People, New York, Belasco Theatre, January 1939.
 Quiet City New York, Belasco Theatre, March 1939.
 Retreat to Pleasure, New York, Belasco Theatre, 1940.
 Sons and Soldiers, New York, Morosco Theatre, May 1943.
 The Assassin, New York, National Theatre, October 1945.
 The Survivors, (with Peter Viertel) New York, Playhouse Theatre, January 1948.
 Children From Their Games, New York, Morosco Theatre, April 1963.
 A Choice of Wars, Glasgow, Scotland, Glasgow Citizens Theatre, 1967.

Further reading
 Michael Shnayerson. Irwin Shaw, A Biography.'' G. P. Putnam's Sons: 1989. illustrated.

 Irwin Shaw, "The Girls in Their Summer Dresses."  The Girls in Their Summer Dresses--Irwin Shaw (1913-1984)

References

External links

 Brooklyn College Archives
LitWeb: Irwin Shaw

 Retrieved on 2008-02-07

American people of Russian-Jewish descent
1913 births
1984 deaths
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American screenwriters
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American war correspondents
Brooklyn College alumni
Deaths from cancer in Switzerland
Deaths from prostate cancer
Esquire (magazine) people
Hollywood blacklist
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
Jewish American novelists
Novelists from New York (state)
O. Henry Award winners
Writers from the Bronx
 Irwin Shaw
Screenwriters from New York (state)
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
Writers from Brooklyn

Irwin Shaw


Imata Jabro Kabua (20 May 1943 – 17 September 2019) was a Marshallese politician. President of the Marshall Islands from 14 January 1997 to 10 January 2000. He became the Iroijlaplap of Kwajalein after the death of his cousin, Amata Kabua. Kabua was born in South Pacific Mandate, Empire of Japan.

Kabua died on 17 September 2019 in Honolulu, Hawaii at the age of 76.

References

1943 births
2019 deaths
Presidents of the Marshall Islands

Imata Kabua


Supporterklubben Änglarna ("Supporters' association the Angels"), often called only Änglarna, is the official supporters' association of the Swedish football club IFK Göteborg, from Gothenburg. Änglarna is not attached to the club, and is controlled and organised by people not hired by the club. It is a non-profit-making association which was started in 1969, although the year of foundation is often set as 1973, when the association really became active. It has around 3,500 members.

External links
 Supporterklubben Änglarna - official site
 IFK Göteborg - official football club site

IFK Göteborg
Swedish football supporters' associations

Supporterklubben Änglarna


Fatal Vacation (安樂戰場) is a 1989 Hong Kong action thriller film written by Nam Yin and directed by and starring Eric Tsang. The project was filmed on locations in the Philippines.

Synopsis
On a visit to the Philippines, a group of unfortunate Hong Kong tourists find themselves abducted by the New People's Army (NPA) of the communist Party of the Philippines, a rebel group. Its purpose is to exchange the Chinese men and women for their leader who has been taken in by the Government of the Philippines. The tourists come from a variety of backgrounds; there is Bob, the guide, his sidekick midget, Candy, a small boy with his grandparents, a trio of gangsters, a couple of police officers, a pair of twins, a womanizer and even prostitutes.

The tourists do not appear to get along well during the trip; however, some of them exhibit moral development as they realize that all of them need to stick together. Self-sacrifice is also displayed in certain situations when the NPA executes a number of them in order to coerce the Philippine government to hand over their big brother. Little do the antagonists realize that he has already been killed by the military and the holidaymakers witness more of their own mercilessly fall prey to the NPA's cruelty.

In the end, deciding that they must plan a course of action if they are to escape from the NPA, the remaining survivors shoot their way out of the zone they are held in and seek refuge in a cave. The small boy, apparently in search of his missing grandmother who was killed in action earlier while driving the tour bus, is separated from the group. A search party is organized in which the hiding spot of the tourists is almost given away by the innocent child. After helping the kid into the vehicle, Bob was killed when he was knocked off the bridge by a pursuing vehicle driven by NPA. In what appears to be a do-or-die situation, a chase scene ensues in which the NPA's second-in-command and his subordinates go after a van driven by the tourists. A triad member named Big Eyes sacrifices himself as he leaps into the vehicle of NPA's second in command's right hand man with a grenade in hand, taking them along with himself. The military's commander dispatches a large number of men in rescuing the hostages and the remaining NPA is confronted by a seemingly hopeless situation as the soldiers have their guns pointed at them.

Despite being heavily outnumbered and aware of the fact that there is no way out, the NPA's second-in-charge ties a bandanna around his forehead while reminding his remaining soldiers about their slogan; never giving up even in the toughest of situations.

In an effort to do whatever they can, he and his men passionately chant their motto while charging towards the military. After what seems like an endless hail of bullets fired by the soldiers, the NPA finally meets its fate. The movie ends as the tourists are helped out of the van, each's expressions denoting the trauma they have experienced and the memory of the loss of their loved ones.

Partial cast
 Eric Tsang as Bob
 Irene Wan as Candy
 Tang Pik-wan as Grandma
 Victor Wong as Grandpa ("Egg Shen" from Big Trouble in Little China)
 Wong Kwong Leung as Big Eyes
 Joan Tong as Lam Sau Lai
 Cecilia Yu as Pat
 Yu Sin Man as Judy
 Nam Yin as Kwong
 Ben Lee as Wah
 Lee Kim Chung as Worm
 Emily Kwan as Television Crew Director
 Paulo Tocha as Sanchez
 Bernardo Bernardo as Aaron, Rebel Leader
 Spanky Manikan as Sam, Rebel Leader's brother
 Pen Medina as Leader of Military

Reception
In August 2010, over 20 years since the film's original release, The Manila Bulletin noted that the film's plot was echoed by a recent event in the Philippines, where a discharged policeman took a tour bus and its occupants hostage, writing "it's quite uncanny how this movie shares 3 elements from what recently happened in the local news; the Philippines as the setting, Hong Kong tourists as characters, and a hostage crisis as plot. I know it shouldn't be a subject for entertainment, but it really makes you think, is life imitating art?"

Robert Firsching of All Movie Guide was reminded of campy films such as Ernst R. von Theumer's Jungle Warriors by this film's "straight-faced melding of naive politics and ludicrously unconvincing gunplay."  He writes, "To their credit, Tsang and Nam lay out a convincingly horrific series of dire consequences which could result from Hong Kong's impending reunification, but the political message is lost amidst all the gunfire, racist stereotypes, and Times Square grindhouse-level silliness."

Cinema Far East writes"On the formal level, there is thanks to the successful staging by Eric Tsang, who delivers himself well in the role of a tour guide. However, some of the acting was flat, and the brutality and rape incorporated into the film was too black and white, with the kidnappers meeting every cliché, and the Filipino characters coming across as racist.  The behavior of the innocent hostages is not very credible.  Their metamorphosis from completely intimidated and frightened prisoners to desperate battle machines is not exactly conducive to the story."

They offered that the film had redeeming qualities by writing:"Fatal Vacation'''s staging has good points and is a first-class addition to the film. Especially the rare and not very neatly staged action sequences should provide some entertainment for the audience. The special highlight, however, are the scenes in the prison camp, which already anticipate some of the elements of the bearing scenes from John Woo's Bullet in the Head and come up with some very intense moments."Cinemania'' notes that the films of this period tend to borrow heavily from their Hollywood counterparts, and writes "...the plot is fairly light and can be easily followed enough even with out reading the subtitles or understanding what is being said on screen. This movie is a great example of the violent over the top camp produced during this time from HK without being too strange, silly or getting too involved with cultural themes/topics that will alienate Western audiences."  They note that the film has both silliness and heavy-handedness without being too bogged-down by either, offering that the film maintains flow and balance.

Foreign language notes

References

External links

1989 films
1989 action thriller films
Hong Kong action thriller films
1980s Cantonese-language films
Golden Harvest films
Films about kidnapping
Films set in the Philippines
Films about vacationing
Films shot in the Philippines
Films directed by Eric Tsang
1990s Hong Kong films
1980s Hong Kong films

Fatal Vacation