Rudolph George Perpich Sr. (June 27, 1928 September 21, 1995) was an American politician and dentist who served as the governor of Minnesota from 1976 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1991. A member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, he is labeled as Minnesota's 34th and 36th governor. He was also the state's only Roman Catholic governor and the only one to serve non-consecutive terms.

Early life and education
Rudolph George Prpić was born in Carson Lake, Minnesota, which is now part of Hibbing. His father, Anton Prpić, was a miner who had immigrated from Croatia to Minnesota's Mesabi Iron Range, and his mother, Mary (Vukelich), was an American of Croatian descent. Perpich did not learn to speak English until at least the first grade of elementary school. At 14, he began working for the Great Northern Railway. He graduated from Hibbing High School in 1946 and served two years in the United States Army. He then attended Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and graduated from Marquette University Dental School in 1954, whereupon he returned to Hibbing to practice dentistry.

Entry into politics
Perpich first entered politics by serving on the Hibbing school board in 1955–1956. The board gained notability for instituting equal pay for male and female workers. In 1962, he was elected to the Minnesota Senate, representing the old 63rd District, which included portions of Saint Louis County in the northeastern part of the state. He was reelected in 1966.

In 1970, Perpich was elected the 39th lieutenant governor of Minnesota. He was reelected in 1974 on a ticket with Governor Wendell R. Anderson. (Before 1974, the governor and lieutenant governor were elected separately in Minnesota.) He became governor when Anderson resigned in 1976 to accept appointment to the United States Senate seat vacated by Walter Mondale, who had been elected Vice President of the United States. Perpich was the first Iron Range resident to hold the office.

Gubernatorial campaigns
Nearly the entire DFL Party ticket was defeated in 1978; the defeated candidates included Perpich and the candidates for both U.S. Senate seats. Anderson's arrangement to have himself appointed to the Senate and Perpich's role in that appointment were deemed major factors in those defeats.

Perpich worked at Control Data Corporation in New York and Austria for several years. In 1982, he challenged the DFL Party's endorsed candidate for governor, Warren Spannaus, in the primary election, and won. He then defeated Independent-Republican nominee Wheelock Whitney in the general election. Perpich served as the Chairman of the Midwestern Governors Association in 1984.

Perpich was reelected in 1986, but lost to Arne Carlson in 1990, a bizarre campaign in which Carlson replaced the Independent-Republican Party's candidate Jon Grunseth, who had beaten Carlson in the primary. (After Carlson's surprise primary defeat, a bipartisan, grassroots group, Minnesotans for the WRITE Choice, launched a noisy, media-intensive campaign urging Carlson to re-challenge Grunseth.) Grunseth was forced to withdraw amid allegations of a sex scandal just two weeks before the election. Perpich was Minnesota's last DFL governor until Mark Dayton took office in 2011.

Colorful behavior and international goals
Perpich had a reputation for colorful behavior. At one point while governor, he donated his $25,000 pay raise to help promote bocce. He also pitched an idea for a chopstick factory to be built in northern Minnesota, and proposed selling the governor's mansion in Saint Paul as a cost-saving measure.

Newsweek brought Perpich national attention by bestowing on him the nickname "Governor Goofy", crystallizing the combination of affection and resentment his habits elicited. During his last years in office, commentators wondered whether he would shoot to stardom as a presidential hopeful or, as governor, sour Minnesota voters on the DFL party with questionable public relations. But Perpich's activist vision of the governor's role was later cited as an important contribution to the Minnesota economy, even by such unlikely admirers as his 1990 rival and successor Arne Carlson, who said in 2005 that Perpich "was the first person that I was aware of to focus on the international role that states are going to have to play."

Perpich's legacy of projects in Minnesota include the Minnesota World Trade Center in Saint Paul, the Perpich Center for Arts Education in Golden Valley, the Center for Victims of Torture in Minneapolis, the University of Minnesota Duluth Natural Resources Research Institute, and the Mall of America in Bloomington. Additionally, he worked to promote Minnesota on the international stage by traveling to 17 countries in 1984, and bringing the foreign leaders Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union and Dr. Franjo Tuđman of Croatia to the state in 1990.

Perpich opposed the Reagan proxy war against Nicaragua in the 1980s and was one of several governors who objected to sending their National Guard units to train in U.S. bases in Honduras, where the U.S.-backed Contras were based. The Contras carried out atrocities in Nicaragua to topple the leftist government there. Perpich was the plaintiff in the 1990 U.S. Supreme Court case Perpich v. Department of Defense, which established that the U.S. Department of Defense could send state National Guard units overseas over the governor's objection.

Post-political life
After leaving office in 1991, Perpich went to Zagreb, Croatia, to assist its post-communist government. In 1992 he moved to Paris, France, for a business consulting position. He returned to Minnesota in 1993. In 1995, at the age of 67, Perpich died of colon cancer in the Minneapolis suburb of Minnetonka. He is buried in Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis.

See also
Perpich Center for Arts Education
Saint Louis County Road 4 – Governor Rudy Perpich Memorial Drive

References

 Rudy Perpich: Detailed chronological biography and reference site

External links

In Memoriam Gov. Rudy Perpich (1928–1995)
Rudy Perpich Biography on croatianhistory.net
New York Times Obituary: September 22, 1995

 Rudy Perpich in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia

1928 births
1995 deaths
American dentists
People from Hibbing, Minnesota
American people of Croatian descent
Deaths from cancer in Minnesota
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Democratic Party governors of Minnesota
Lieutenant Governors of Minnesota
Democratic Party Minnesota state senators
Marquette University alumni
Burials at Lakewood Cemetery
20th-century American politicians
Military personnel from Minnesota
Catholics from Minnesota
20th-century dentists

Rudy Perpich


Ann Jane "Jenny" Wimperis (1844 – 20 June 1929) was a British-born New Zealander watercolourist.

Early life
Wimperis was born in Chester, England, in 1844. She was the fifth in a family of eight children born to Mary (née Morison) and Edmund Wimperis. Her father was a school drawing teacher and later a manager at a leadworks. Of her siblings, Edmund, Susanna and Frances (Fanny) also became artists. She and her sisters were members of the Naturalists Field Club, of which Charles Kingsley, of The Water Babies fame, was the leader.

Wimperis studied art in Antwerp and Hanover and exhibited in London with the Royal Society of British Artists between 1868 and 1875.

Career
Wimperis emigrated to New Zealand in 1880 with her sister Fanny to join their married sister Susanna. They joined Susanna's household in Mornington, Dunedin, and continued to paint and exhibit. Wimperis joined the newly formed Otago Art Society and exhibited there, and also joined the Art Club, a small group of artists who met in private homes to discuss art and paint together. The leader of the Art Club was local solicitor William Hodgkins and in 1892 Wimperis gave Hodgkins' daughter, Frances, private art lessons. Frances Hodgkins went on to become one of New Zealand's most influential and highly regarded painters. In 1895 Wimperis also joined a painters' group led by visiting Italian artist Girolamo Nerli, called the Easel Club.

Wimperis specialised in landscapes, the New Zealand bush and boats. Her paintings of the New Zealand bush have been noted for their unromanticised, raw views. She also painted a number of scenes in and around Dunedin. Her paintings were included in the 1889 New Zealand South Seas Exhibition, shown in Melbourne at the Centennial International Exhibition, and also exhibited in Wellington, Auckland and Christchurch.

In 1905, at the age of 61, Wimperis travelled to Europe on a sketching and painting trip. In 1906 she encountered Hodgkins, who was also travelling and painting in Europe, in Venice. Hodgkins wrote to her mother that she had found Wimperis living alone, miserable and helpless, and had recommended she move into a small hotel. Hodgkins then moved on to Chioggia; however, Wimperis followed her there and told Hodgkins that she planned to stay as long as Hodgkins did. Hodgkins' biographer, Eric H. McCormick, later described this experience with Wimperis as a watershed in Hodgkins' attitude to artists from her home town - where previously Hodgkins had been proud of her origins, she subsequently became wary of old friends and acquaintances.

When World War I broke out in 1914 Wimperis returned to Dunedin, and in 1916 moved back to England and lived in Surrey until her death on 20 June 1929.

Legacy
Wimperis' art is held in the Christchurch Art Gallery collection, the Hocken Library and the Dunedin Public Art Gallery.

In 2002, the Hocken Library staged an exhibition featuring the work of Wimperis and her two sisters, Susanna and Fanny, and her niece, Susanna's daughter Eleanor Joachim.

References

1844 births
1929 deaths
Artists from Chester
Artists from Dunedin
19th-century New Zealand artists
20th-century New Zealand artists
English emigrants to New Zealand
19th-century New Zealand women artists
20th-century New Zealand women artists
Women watercolorists
New Zealand watercolourists

Ann Wimperis


Craig Renney (born December 9, 1975) is a Canadian professional wrestler best known by his ring name, Juggernaut. He has competed for several North American independent promotions and has competed in several wrestling tours in Asia. He also had a brief stint in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 2000.

Juggernaut is known both for his brawling and aerial abilities as well as his martial arts skills. He has competed against some of the most famous wrestlers in the business. His greatest success came in Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling (ECCW), where he had a long rivalry with Kurrgan and won the NWA/ECCW Heavyweight Championship on six occasions. Juggernaut announced his retirement in 2007, as he wanted to quit wrestling while he was still healthy.

Career

Early career
Renney grew up in Cranbrook, British Columbia and became interested in wrestling at age seven while watching a televised match between Bruno Sammartino and Gorilla Monsoon. He gained combat sport experience by earning black belts in both judo and jujutsu, and he moved to Edmonton, Alberta to train as a wrestler. He made his debut in Edmonton and wrestled in several matches there before moving to Tampa, Florida. Starting out, he wrestled for Independent Pro Wrestling, making $30 per match or less and sometimes competing in exchange for food and drinks. Juggernaut became known for his hardcore wrestling abilities, but he also impressed observers with his ability to perform a moonsault.

Independent circuit
The following year, he wrestled against Jimmy Snuka at the Washington State Fair in Vancouver, Washington. He continued to compete in various independent promotions, facing such veterans as Greg Valentine, Jim Neidhart, and The Bushwhackers. At an event in Montana, he worked in a booked loss to The Honky Tonk Man. Juggernaut began competing regularly with Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling in 1999 and formed a tag team with Biohazard known as Toxic Insanity. They won the NWA/ECCW Tag Team Championship on March 26, 1999, by defeating Michelle Starr and Johnny Canuck. Two months later, they also won the NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship. They defended both belts until they dropped the Canadian Tag Team Championship on July 22. They regained the title two days later but were stripped of all of their belts that August. Juggernaut held the NWA/ECCW Tag Team Championship once more, winning the belts with Dr. Luther on March 31, 2000, but losing them the same night.

During this time, Juggernaut also competed as a singles wrestler. On September 12, 1999, he defeated Michelle Starr to win the NWA/ECCW Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship. The following month, he dropped the belt to Johnny Canuck in a three-way match. He regained the belt in a rematch but was stripped of the title in December. A tournament was held for the vacant championship, which Juggernaut won to regain the title. He then became involved in a feud with Kurrgan, and the two traded the belt back and forth. Kurrgan beat Juggernaut for the title on February 25, 2000, but Juggernaut won it back two months later. He held the belt for a day before dropping it back to Kurrgan. When Kurrgan was stripped of the title for being unable to compete at a show in July, Juggernaut won the vacant championship by defeating Leatherface (Rick Patterson). At Juggernaut's request, the match was a two out of three falls tables match. During the match, he was legitimately unable to move for several minutes and suffered memory loss after Leatherface hit him with a chair.

Wrestling overseas and return to North America
In 2000, Juggernaut began touring Asia as a wrestler. He competed in Korea for the World Wrestling Association. Two weeks after returning to Canada, he accepted an invitation from the International Wrestling Association of Japan (IWA Japan). While in Japan, he achieved his dream of wrestling in Tokyo's Korakuen Hall. Three months later, World Championship Wrestling was taping WCW Thunder in Kamloops, British Columbia and recruited Juggernaut and three other local wrestlers for a match. They faced KroniK in a handicap match with a two-minute time limit. KroniK won the match in one minute and forty-nine seconds, pinning Juggernaut after performing the High Times.

Returning to ECCW, Juggernaut defeated Moondog Manson on February 9, 2001, to win the ECCW Hardcore Championship. He held the title for almost four months before dropping it to Lumberjack Bubba. He began competing for several other independent promotions, including Calgary, Alberta-based Stampede Wrestling. In 2002, he defeated former Extreme Championship Wrestling World Heavyweight Champion Tommy Dreamer. In 2005, he won his sixth and final NWA/ECCW Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship by defeating Scotty Mac. He held the belt until January 27, 2006, when he dropped it to Sweet Daddy Devastation. Later that year, he teamed with TJ Wilson to win the Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship. They did not lose the belts, but they were forced to vacate the title when Wilson left the promotion to sign with World Wrestling Entertainment. Meanwhile, he continued to wrestle overseas, competing in such countries as India, Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei.

Retirement and semi-retirement
In 2007, Juggernaut announced his intention to retire from professional wrestling after nearly 1500 matches. Although he was healthy, he decided to retire before he suffered any injuries that would hurt him in his future life outside the ring. On his website, he posted a list of the ten wrestlers he wished to face before retiring. The list included such wrestlers as Samoa Joe, Aaron Idol, Bryan Danielson, and Steve Corino.

Juggernaut has since returned to wrestling on a limited basis. He appeared at an ECCW show in November 2009, attacking Azeem The Dream. On January 29, 2010, he competed in his first match since retirement. He wrestled a triple threat match against Sid Sylum and Scotty Mac in which Scotty Mac retained the NWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship.

Championships and accomplishments
New Pro Wrestling America
NPWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA: Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling
NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Biohazard
NWA/ECCW Hardcore Championship (1 time)
NWA/ECCW Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (6 times)
NWA/ECCW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Biohazard (1) and Dr. Luther (1)
Prairie Wrestling Alliance
PWA Championship (1 time)
PWA Mayhem Championship (1 time)
PWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tex Gaines
Premier Championship Wrestling
PCW Xtreme Championship (1 time)
Premier Wrestling Federation
PWF Extreme Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 292 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2005
Ring Around The Northwest Newsletter
Tag Team of the Year (1999) with Biohazzard
Wrestler of the Year (2000)
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede International Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with "Pyro" Pete Wilson (1) and TJ Wilson (1)
The Future of Wrestling
TFW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
TFW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Adam Firestorm
Western Canadian Extreme Wrestling
WCEW Extreme Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dr. Luther

References

External links
SLAM! Wrestling: The dues paid by Juggernaut by Jason Clevett
SLAM! Wrestling: A collection of Juggerstories by Jason Clevett
Juggernaut, Wrestling Interview by "Ravolting" Ricky Schu

1976 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional wrestlers from British Columbia
Sportspeople from Cranbrook, British Columbia
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions

Juggernaut (wrestler)


Star Trek: Nemesis is a 2002 American science fiction film directed by Stuart Baird. It is the tenth film in the Star Trek franchise, as well as the fourth and final film to star the cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation. It was written by John Logan from a story developed by Logan, Brent Spiner, and producer Rick Berman. In the film, which is set in the 24th century, the crew of the USS Enterprise-E are forced to deal with a threat to the United Federation of Planets from a clone of Captain Picard named Shinzon, who has taken control of the Romulan Star Empire in a coup d'état.

Principal photography for the film took place from November 2001 to March 2002. Nemesis held its world premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on December 9, 2002. The film was released in North America on December 13, 2002 by Paramount Pictures, and received generally negative reviews, with publications considering it to be the worst in the franchise. The film was a box office failure, earning $67 million worldwide against a $60 million budget. Plans for a final film featuring The Next Generation cast were scrapped, and the film series was rebooted instead with Star Trek in 2009, which was a box office success. The television series Star Trek: Picard, a continuation of The Next Generation and Nemesis set two decades after the latter at the end of the 24th century, premiered in 2020.

Plot
On Romulus, members of the Romulan Senate debate terms of peace and alliance from the Reman rebel leader Shinzon. The Remans are a slave race of the Romulan Empire from the neighboring planet Remus, used as miners and cannon fodder. While a faction of the military supports Shinzon, the Praetor and Senate are opposed to an alliance. After rejecting the motion, the Praetor and senators are disintegrated by a device left in the room.

Meanwhile, the crew of the Starship Enterprise prepare to bid farewell to newly-married officers William Riker and Deanna Troi. The android officer Data serenades the couple with a rendition of "Blue Skies" at a reception. En route to the Betazoid ceremony, they discover an energy reading on the planet Kolarus III near the Romulan Neutral Zone. Captain Jean-Luc Picard, security officer Worf, and Data land on the planet and discover the remnants of an android resembling Data, named B-4. The trio are attacked by the native population, and leave the planet with B-4, which they deduce to be an earlier Soong type Android.

Enterprise is ordered on a diplomatic mission to Romulus, where Shinzon has taken over the Empire and professes a desire for peace with the Federation. On arrival, they learn Shinzon is a clone of Picard, secretly created by the Romulans to plant a high-ranking spy into the Federation. The project was abandoned when Shinzon was still a child, and he was left on Remus to die as a slave. After many years, Shinzon became a leader of the Remans, and constructed a heavily armed flagship, Scimitar. The Enterprise crew discover that Scimitar is producing low levels of deadly thalaron radiation, the same radiation used to wipe out the Romulan Senate. There are also unexpected attempts to communicate with the Enterprise computers, and Shinzon invades Troi's mind through the telepathy of his Reman viceroy.

Medical officer Doctor Beverly Crusher discovers that Shinzon is dying rapidly because of the process used to clone him, and the only possible treatment is a transfusion of Picard's blood. Shinzon kidnaps Picard and B-4, having planted the android on Kolarus as a lure. Data reveals he swapped places with B-4, and rescues Picard. They determine Shinzon plans to use Scimitar to invade the Federation, using its thalaron radiation generator to eradicate all life on Earth.

Enterprise races back to Federation space, but is ambushed by Scimitar in the Bassen Rift, a region which prevents subspace communication. Despite the aid of two Romulan Warbirds, Enterprise is heavily damaged. Picard rams his ship into Scimitar, crippling both vessels. Shinzon activates the thalaron weapon in an act of mutually assured destruction. Picard boards Scimitar alone to face Shinzon, and kills him by impaling him on a metal strut. With Enterprises transporters down, Data leaps the distance between the two ships equipped with an emergency transporter, beaming Picard off the ship, and sacrifices himself to destroy the thalaron generator and Scimitar with it. The crew mourn Data, and the surviving Romulan commander, Donatra, offers them her gratitude for saving the Empire.

Back at Earth, Picard bids farewell to Riker, who is leaving with Troi to command the USS Titan. Picard meets with B-4, and discovers that, before he boarded the Scimitar, Data downloaded his memories into B-4, allowing him to live on. As B-4 starts singing "Blue Skies", Picard leaves B-4's quarters and smiles.

Cast

Production

Casting
Baird and Berman had been searching for someone who resembled Patrick Stewart but looked about 25 years younger; at one point they considered Jude Law. Baird specifically wanted an unknown actor, and Hardy auditioned by tape after Stewart asked Hardy's agent if he thought any of his clients were suitable for the role. Hardy was filming Simon: An English Legionnaire in Morocco at the time, and decided against using the requested text for the audition. Instead, he got possession of a full script for Nemesis, used a different part of the script, and filmed it partly nude. He was flown to Los Angeles to do a screen test with Stewart; Hardy later described his performance there as "appalling". However, he had recorded himself performing the same piece in a hotel room the night before, and gave that tape to Baird, resulting in his being cast as Shinzon a few days later.

Sirtis was "ecstatic" about the role Troi plays in the movie. She was pleased with the wedding scene, saying that the dress she wore for Nemesis was nicer than the one she wore at her actual wedding. She was happy to work once again with Wil Wheaton and Whoopi Goldberg, but felt that the film would be the last one with the entire cast of The Next Generation. She remained certain that it would not be the last Star Trek film to be made, as she thought that Paramount would want to make a film involving a variety of characters from the different Star Trek series.

Perlman and Hardy became friends on the set. Perlman said in an interview eight years after the release of the film, "I loved him when I first met him. I loved working with him. I found him to be really smart, really a great kid."

Development and filming

Principal photography began in December 2001 in Southern California.

In promotional interviews for the film, Patrick Stewart stated that room for a sequel was intentionally left.

Direction and writing
Stuart Baird was brought in to direct Nemesis by executive producer Rick Berman. It was Baird's third film following US Marshals and Executive Decision, although he had directed a variety of second units previously. Baird did not have a background in Star Trek; he was aware of the films and television series but did not consider himself an expert on the subject. Berman explained that Baird would bring "fresh blood" to the film and that Berman had enjoyed "the sense of fun and action that existed in Executive Decision." Baird said in a promotional interview that this resulted in a non-typical Baird film, saying that it was "perhaps a little different from the dynamics of the previous films." He wanted to add energy to the action scenes and added some set pieces, such as the car chase. He called that scene a "signature piece" for the film, which turns dark after the crew is put in danger by the inhabitants of the planet. He also found that the cast would discuss any issues they had with the direction he gave to their characters. Despite Frakes' being in the cast and having directed the previous two Star Trek films, Baird decided not to seek his opinion on the direction of the film. He said that there was no resentment on set, noting that Frakes was completing work on directing Clockstoppers at the time and so likely could not have taken on directing Nemesis even if Baird had not been given the job. Baird had hoped that Nemesis would be enough of a success that he could consider whether to take the lead on a future, eleventh Star Trek film.

Make-up and effects
The make-up team sought to make Hardy look more similar to Stewart by creating latex prosthetics from moulds of the latter's face. These included numerous versions of noses and chins, and in order to reduce the visible size of Hardy's lips a fake scar was added.

Special effects were done by Digital Domain. Although the majority of the exterior shots of ships were computer generated, a practical 17-foot Enterprise saucer was built and collided into a model of the Scimitar for the film's climax.

Music

The music to Star Trek: Nemesis was composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith, who composed previous entries in the franchise, such as the Academy Award-nominated score for Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, Star Trek: First Contact, and Star Trek: Insurrection, as well as the themes to the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation (arranged by Dennis McCarthy) and Star Trek: Voyager. One of the final works written before his death in 2004, Goldsmith had also previously collaborated with Baird on Executive Decision and U.S. Marshals.

The score opens with airy synthesizers under a trumpet performing an augmented triad before preceding into Alexander Courage's Star Trek: The Original Series fanfare. The score then quickly transitions into a much darker theme to accompany the conflict between the Reman and Romulan empires. Goldsmith also composed a new 5-note theme to accompany the character Shinzon and the Scimitar, which is manipulated throughout the score to reflect the multiple dimensions of the character. The score is book-ended with Goldsmith's theme from Star Trek: The Motion Picture, following a brief excerpt from the song "Blue Skies" by Irving Berlin and the original Star Trek fanfare.

Release

Marketing
Nemesis had comparatively little marketing, despite releasing so long after the previous film. Merchandise included a line of action figures, a trading card set, soundtrack, novelization, and tie-in official magazines. Regional food promotions with Safeway Grocery Stores and Del Taco occurred in Southern California.

Box office

The premiere of Star Trek: Nemesis took place at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on December 9, 2002. It was attended by the cast and crew, with the exception of Jonathan Frakes who was away directing the film Thunderbirds. The after party was held in the Kodak Theatre complex. Nemesis was released on December 13, 2002, in direct competition with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (released November 15, 2002), the 20th James Bond film Die Another Day (released November 22, 2002), and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (released December 18, 2002). Producer Rick Berman has suggested that Nemesiss performance may have been negatively affected by "the competition of other films". This poor performance was predicted by reviewers, due to the short period in the film's release before The Two Towers was released. The film's gross domestic income was the lowest of the franchise at $43,254,409 as of September 2008. It opened at #2 in the US box office ($200,000 behind Maid in Manhattan) and was the first Trek film not to debut as the highest-grossing film of the week. It earned a total of $67,312,826 worldwide, against a production budget of $60 million.

Home media

On May 20, 2003, Nemesis was released on DVD in both anamorphic widescreen and full screen editions in Region 1, and was also released on VHS. The initial DVD release contained an audio commentary by director Stuart Baird, four featurettes on the film's production, seven deleted scenes, a photo gallery, and a preview for Star Trek: Deep Space Nine on DVD at Amazon.com. Also on October 4, 2005, Star Trek: Nemesis was released on UMD in widescreen for Region 1 only; it is the only Star Trek ever released on UMD. The initial release was followed up with a "Special Collector's Edition" in Region 1 on October 4, 2005. Although this two-disc set contained several additional features, it also duplicated some of the features found in the initial release. The film was released on Blu-ray on September 22, 2009 as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation Motion Picture Collection in the United States. It was subsequently released individually in Japan and the United Kingdom. The Blu-ray edition contains high definition bonus features not seen on previous DVD releases. The four Next Generation feature films were released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on April 4, 2023, in standalone and collected formats.

Reception
Nemesis received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a critic rating of 38%, based on 170 reviews. This was the second-lowest rating, behind Star Trek V: The Final Frontier.  On Metacritic it has a score of 51% based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times had mixed feelings about the film, stating, "I'm smiling like a good sport and trying to get with the dialogue ... and gradually it occurs to me that 'Star Trek' is over for me. I've been looking at these stories for half a lifetime, and, let's face it, they're out of gas." Ebert gave the film two out of four stars.
Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said that the film is a "rather harebrained story that's relieved to a degree only by some striking visual effects and by Patrick Stewart's outstanding presence as Picard". LaSalle complained that Stewart gave "integrity and wry stoicism to Nemesis, but the movie [was] unworthy of him". Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a positive review, commenting that the crew "indulge[s] the force of humanity over hardware in a way that George Lucas had forgotten." Gleiberman gave the film a "B−". Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that the film is a "klutzy affair whose warm, fuzzy heart emits intermittent bleats from the sleeve of its gleaming spacesuit". Holden praised the scenes where the Enterprise and the Scimitar ram into each other during the final battle.

The film was nominated for the Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film and Best Costume but lost to both Minority Report and Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, respectively, while Hardy was nominated for Best Supporting Actor but lost out to Andy Serkis for his role in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers.

The movie was not well-loved among the cast, with LeVar Burton and Marina Sirtis speaking unflatteringly of Baird, criticizing him for not watching any episodes of The Next Generation. Frakes said that if he himself had directed Nemesis, he would have made the film less villain-centric and given more screen time to the regular Next Generation cast.
Patrick Stewart later described Nemesis as a "pretty weak" finale for The Next Generation.

Some of the events of the film would later be followed up on in the 2020 television series Star Trek: Picard, set twenty years after the events of Nemesis.

References

Further reading

External links

2002 films
2002 science fiction action films
American films about revenge
American science fiction action films
American sequel films
American space adventure films
Android (robot) films
Films about cloning
Films about coups d'état
Nemesis
Films directed by Stuart Baird
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films set in the 24th century
Films set in the future
Films shot in California
Films produced by Rick Berman
Films with screenplays by Brent Spiner
Films with screenplays by John Logan
Films with screenplays by Rick Berman
Paramount Pictures films
Sequel films to television series
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Star Trek: Nemesis


Athelbert, also spelled Æthelbert (836-866), was a West Saxon nobleman. He was the sub-king of Kent from 858–860. He was the King of Wessex from 860-865.

Career

He was the third son of Ethelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler. He got his first taste of kingship in 855 when he was left in charge of Kent while his father, King Athelwulf of Wessex, was in Rome. His brother Athelbald was left in charge of the West Saxon kingdom. When their father returned from Rome, Athelbald would not give up the throne. To avoid a civil war, their father Athelwulf took the subkingdom of Kent and Athelbald ruled as king of Wessex. When Athelwulf died in 858, Athelbert was once again appointed king of Kent.

When his brother Athelbald died in 860, Athelbert succeeded him as king of Wessex.  Athelbert still had two younger brothers, Athelred and Alfred. But neither were appointed to fill the role of sub-king of Kent. Athelbert consolidated the kingdom of Kent into the kingdom of Wessex. During his reign Viking attacks grew more frequent. One Viking army advanced into Wessex as far as Winchester before being defeated. But the year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. This was a much larger army and would remain in England. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham. Meanwhile, King Athelbert died in early 866. Since he died childless, he was succeeded by his brother Athelred.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex

Year of birth unknown
866 deaths
Kings of Wessex

Athelbert of Wessex


The Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV) is the U.S. Army's replacement program for heavy tracked and wheeled armored fighting vehicles. The GCV is part of the Follow On Incremental Capabilities Package of the BCT Modernization program. The vehicle of the vehicle family is to be built by 2015 and given out by 2017. It replaced the canceled Future Combat Systems, manned ground vehicles program.

Design
The GCV family will be built around one or more common vehicle bodies.

The GCV would have a very advanced communications system.

The vehicle will be heavy and large but it must be moved by aircraft, rail and ship. The GCV will have good off-road mobility while remaining fuel efficient.

The type and caliber of the weapons are still secret. The Army has only said that there will be lethal and non-lethal means to help with missions in both civilian and non-civilian places.

The Army would like the GCV to have good bomb protection and would like it to be able to destroy enemy missiles.

Variants
The U.S. Army wants a troop carrier and a "secondary vehicle". The Army will ask for more variants later.

Infantry Fighting Vehicle

The IFV will replace the M113 APC by 2018, the M2 Bradley and the Stryker ICV later. The IFV will hold a crew of three and a squad of nine people.

Secondary vehicle
The "secondary vehicle" is listed on the "Work Breakdown Structure" document. So far, no details have been released about the use of this vehicle.

References

Other websites

 Official U.S. Army Ground Combat Vehicle page
 TACOM page

Weapons
Land vehicles

Ground Combat Vehicle


Yin Style Baguazhang is a style of Baguazhang.

History
Yin Fu had multiple students, but is said to have taught his complete baguazhang system to only a few.  Of these students, Men Baozhen (門寶珍) taught Xie Peiqi. In  an interview with Xie Peiqi, dated to 1999, Xie stated that his teacher, Men Baozhen, was considered to be the third best pupil of Yin Fu, after "Wan Tong" Li (i.e. Li Yongqing) and Ma Gui (Yin's oldest disciple). Dr. Xie died in 2003 and his top student, He Jinbao, is now teaching the system.  Other famous students of Yin Fu included Yin Yuzhang (his fourth son), Cao Zhongsheng (who also learned from Ma Gui), Gong Baotian, and others.  Ma Gui, Yin Fu's first disciple, stated that he changed nothing in the bagua he learned from Yin Fu. Included among Ma Gui's students were Wang Peisheng, who is more famous for his Wu style taijiquan, and Liu Wanchuan.

Overview
Yin Style as passed down by Xie Peiqi is notable for having eight distinct animal styles within the body of the art.  In other words, Xie's Yin Style is a complete system, which is made up of other complete systems.  These include the eight animal systems as well as several 'unorthodox' systems, such as the Penetrating Palm and Backhand systems.  Each of the eight animal styles is related to one of the eight trigrams of the I Ching.  The following table describes this relationship:

Each animal is a complete system in its own right, possessing its own personality, skills, applications, and functions.  Each of the eight animal systems contains eight striking methods, and each striking method has seven strikes.  Three of those seven are considered the 'primary' strikes and are emphasized more than the others in single practice.  Therefore, the animal systems of Xie's Yin Style Bagua have a total of 448 unique strikes.  However, Xie's Yin Style Bagua also contains other unorthodox systems outside of the eight animals, such as Penetrating Palm and the Backhand systems.  Hence, there are more than 448 strikes, though 448 are contained within the animals.  (Note that the animal relationships with the bagua diagram are not unique to Xie's art; these relationships are also often used for other styles of bagua, including Cheng substyles, such as that of Sun Lutang.)

Other substyles of Yin include different forms and methods.  For example, Cao Zhongsheng's system's technical base is the 64 palms (also taught by Wang Peisheng); other substyles focus on only 8 main palms (such as that of Liu Zhenlin, Li Baosen, or other Men Baozhen lineages).  Gong Baotian's version has many forms and a strong emphasis on Yin Fu's Luohan forms.  Each substyle also includes many supplementary forms (such as luohanquan) and training methods (such as hand hardening methods).

Four Basic Practices
There are four basic practice methods in Xie Peiqi's Yin Style Baguazhang: standing, turning, striking, and changing.  These practices are the basic pillars of the style, and are all considered equally important.

Standing
The standing practices involve nine static strengthening postures specific to a given animal.  Each posture requires precise body alignment and distinct isometric pressures necessitating full body exertion to maintain properly.  These postures are undertaken to develop and check the structure of every part of the body.

Turning
Turning (or turning the circle), is the practice many people associate with Baguazhang.  "Yin style Bagua is the art of striking while you are moving.  You ceaselessly move and strike, and are always trying to get to the outside [of your opponent] by turning.  No matter what, position yourself to avoid the heavy blows and let the light ones fall.  It is within turning that these movements and techniques are honed to perfection or to a higher level.  All movements and techniques are linked smoothly together."

Striking
Striking is the most fundamental way of developing power in Yin Style Baguazhang.  It is introduced through the stationary drilling method, unaccompanied by footwork.  It is intended to establish the harmony between hand and waist that is necessary for generating power.

The moving strike practices consist of:

 One-step drilling method, of which there is the zig-zag stepping or dominating the side, straight stepping, or dominating the center, and closing or turning the back method.
 Two-step, or square drilling, which consists of advance-back-step, advance-advance, or back-step-advance, and back-step back-step.
 Three-step, or horizontal drilling method, which combines the stationary strike, advance step, and back-step.

Changing
Changing is most obvious when changing hands to face opposite directions.  Changing also includes the changing or redirecting of force, or alterations in stepping.

Animal Styles in Xie Peiqi's Yin Style

Commonalities Between the Animal Styles
Each animal style in Yin Style Baguazhang is its own complete system; however, each system contains practices and movements from all of the other animal  systems.  Example: when practicing forms in Yin Style Bagua, a practitioner may practice, for example, the Lion System Windmill Sweeping Strike Form.  The strikes come from the lion system, but the Windmill movements come from the Phoenix system.

Thus, each animal has a specific movement technique in addition to its 8 striking methods.  Each animal also has its own kicking technique, which is not included in its striking methods.

Qian Trigram Lion System
The lion is pure Yang energy, or hardness, and is one of two animals represented by a pure trigram; the other is the Unicorn.  The lion trigram is characterized by powerful and ferocious full-body force generated from the waist.  The lion's eight striking methods are: sweeping, cutting, chopping, hooking, shocking, blocking, seizing and grasping.

The lion's characteristic movement technique is Linking the Forms.

Kan Trigram Snake System

The Snake's striking methods are: shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, shooting, binding, entrapping, and grasping.  The style is characterized by a smooth and flowing motion of the force-palm, with many of the strikes targeted at vital organs.

The snake's characteristic movement technique is Moving with the Force.

Gen Trigram Bear System

The bear system is distinguished by a strategy of taking advantage from a losing position.  The Bear's striking methods are: rushing, penetrating, withdrawing, carrying, leaning, shocking, soft and following.  The Bear's power is generated from the back, and is short and blunt.

The bear's characteristic movement technique is Turning the Back.

Zhèn Trigram Dragon System

Known as the lifting and holding palm.  Its striking methods are: pushing, lifting, carrying, leading, moving, capturing, chopping and entering.  The Dragon's power is emitted through a forward motion of back and waist.  The Dragon style, although practiced differently in Yin Style, is the animal practiced by Cheng Style Baguazhang.

The dragon's characteristic movement technique is Lifting and Upholding.

Xun Trigram Phoenix System

In the phoenix system, force is emitted from the shoulders, and characterized by whipping action.  The striking methods are: dodging, extending, chopping, shocking, transforming, removing, curling in, and cutting.

The phoenix's characteristic movement technique is Windmill.

Li Trigram Rooster System

The rooster focuses on long, deep footwork with one's center of gravity close to the ground.  Power comes from the elbows.  The Rooster's striking methods are: dodging, extending, lifting, shifting, entering, whipping, rushing and stabbing.

The rooster's characteristic movement technique is Reclining Step (also known as Lying Step).

Kun Trigram Qilin/Unicorn System

The Unicorn is the opposite of the Lion, being pure Yin.  The Unicorn's striking methods are: sticking, kneading, soft, following, hip, striking, chopping and cutting.  It issues force by employing all joints to produce a flexible, snapping power.

The unicorn's characteristic movement technique is Reversing the Body.

Dui Trigram Monkey System

Concentrates on leg techniques, referred to as the interlocking leg.  Its striking methods are: bending, thrusting, straightening, hip, chopping, swinging, stopping, and ending.

The monkey's characteristic movement technique is Compacting the Body.

Distribution

Yin stylists are most concentrated in Beijing, where practitioners of the lineages of Ma Gui, Yin Yuzhang, Cao Zhongsheng, Li Baosen, Li Yongqing, Men Baozhen, and others still practice and teach today.  Certain Yin styles have moved to other locations as well, however, such as the Cui Zhendong lineage in Shanghai and the Gong Baotian lineage in Shanghai, Shandong, and Taiwan.  Famous practitioners in Beijing today include Zhang Zhao Ren, He Puren, Wang Shangzhi, Zhang Lie, Zhu Baozhen, Xu Shi Xi and He Jinbao.  Others include Huang Zhicheng of Shandong, He Jinghan of Taiwan, Michael Guen of California and Tu Kun-Yii of New Jersey, USA.

References

Baguazhang styles
Chinese martial arts
Neijia
I Ching

Yin-style baguazhang


Verlag Die Schmiede was an avant-garde literature publishing house in the 1920s in Berlin. It published works by Franz Kafka, Alfred Döblin, Joseph Roth, Rudolf Leonhard, and many more. Most of its dust jackets were designed by George Salter, later a US citizen.

Leonhard was employed as a reader and editor from 1919.

The publisher was the first to publish Kafka's story collection Ein Hungerkünstler in 1924 and his novel Der Process in 1925, after the author's death. Kafka had prepared the collection for print, his friend Max Brod the novel.

Roth's novels Hotel Savoy and Rebellion were first published in 1924.

Rudolf Schottlaender's first translation of the first part of À la recherche du temps perdu was published under the title of Der Weg zu Swann (The way to Swann).

References

Book publishing companies of Germany
Publishing companies of Germany
1920s in Germany

Verlag Die Schmiede


Pavol Molnár (13 February 1936 – 6 November 2021) was a Slovak footballer. He played as a forward. He played for Czechoslovakia national team in 20 matches and scored three goals between 1956 until 1962. Molnár was born in Bratislava, then-Czechoslovakia.

Molnár died on 6 November 2021 in Bratislava at the age of 85.

References

1936 births
2021 deaths
Slovak footballers

Pavol Molnár


Sir William Henry Harris  (28 March 1883 – 6 September 1973) was an English organist, choral trainer and composer.

Early life and education
Harris was born in Fulham, London and became a chorister at Holy Trinity, Tulse Hill. At the age of 14, he took up a "flexible" position as assistant organist at St David's Cathedral in Wales under Herbert Morris, followed at 16 by a scholarship to the Royal College of Music. His teachers there were Sir Walter Parratt, Charles Wood, and Henry Walford Davies.

Career
Harris was organist at St Augustine's Church, Edgbaston from 1911 to 1919 and concurrently assistant organist at Lichfield Cathedral. During this time he also taught at the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire in collaboration with Granville Bantock. A move to Oxford in 1919 saw him take up organist positions successively at New College and in 1929 Christ Church, Oxford. While at Oxford, he conducted the Oxford Bach Choir (1925-1933) and was instrumental in founding and conducting the Opera Club, which put on the pioneering production of Monteverdi's Orfeo staged by Jack Westrup in 1925. In 1933 he was appointed organist at St George's Chapel, Windsor in succession to Charles Hylton Stewart. There, he was at his most productive: composing for the Three Choirs Festival, conducting at both the 1937 and 1953 coronations, and producing two orchestral pieces premiered at The Proms: the overture Once Upon a Time (1940) and the Heroic Prelude (1942).

Bruce Nightingale, who became senior chorister at Windsor during the wartime years, describes "Doc H" as having "a fat, usually jolly face with a few wisps of hair across an otherwise bald head." Although choir practice was normally conducted in a "benign atmosphere," Nightingale recounts that Harris would occasionally complain of a "batey practise" and, on the rare occasions he considered a performance mediocre, would scold the choirboys in a loud stage whisper from the organ loft. Harris was involved in the musical education of the teenage Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret Rose, who spent the wartime period at Windsor Castle. Every Monday he would direct madrigal practice in the Red Drawing Room at Windsor, where the two Princesses sang alongside four of the senior choristers with the lower voices augmented by Etonians, Grenadier Guards and members of the Windsor and Eton Choral Society. Jars of Argentinian honey, sent to Windsor by overseas subjects, were donated by the Princesses to the Choir School as a treat for the choristers.

Between 1923 and 1953 Harris served as a professor of organ and harmony and the Royal College of Music. He was also president of the Royal College of Organists (1946–8), and director of musical studies at the Royal School of Church Music (1956–61). He was appointed KCVO in 1954. Harris married Kathleen Doris Carter in 1913 and they had two daughters. After retirement from St George's Windsor in 1961 the couple went to live in Petersfield, Hampshire. Kathleen had suffered from deafness since 1925, but in the early 1960s her hearing was partially restored. She died in 1968. Harris died at the age of 90 five years later.

Compositions
Harris is best remembered today for his Anglican church music, though during his lifetime he was mainly known for his achievements as a choir-trainer.  His most famous works are two anthems for unaccompanied double choir: Faire is the heaven (1925), a setting of Edmund Spenser's poem "An Hymne of Heavenly Beautie"; and Bring us, O Lord God, a setting of a poem by John Donne first heard in Windsor on 29 October 1959, and which was sung at the Committal Service of Queen Elizabeth II at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle on 19 September 2022.

Another popular anthem by Harris is Strengthen ye the weak hands (1949) for choir and organ. The late anthem Evening Hymn (1961), a setting of Thomas Browne's 'The Night is Come', is particularly notable for its intense and expressive ending (on the words 'when I shall never sleep again, but wake forever') set "in a cool, clear C major with the hint of a sharpened fourth".
His Communion Service in F was frequently sung in a great many Anglican parish churches up until the 1970s. The canticles Harris in A and Harris in A minor are still sung at Evensong in a number of Anglican cathedrals. The hymn tune Alberta (often used for the words Lead, Kindly Light), and various Anglican psalm chants remain familiar.

Harris also composed cantatas and organ pieces. His largest composition, the 1919 choral-orchestral cantata The Hound of Heaven (a setting of the religious allegory by Francis Thompson), has been almost completely forgotten. A second cantata, Michael Angelo's Confession of Faith (to a poem by Morna Stuart, after Wordsworth), was composed for the Three Choirs Festival in 1935. The organ works span seventy-four years, from the 1899 Andante in D to the Prelude in G (1973), which was later played at the funeral of Princess Diana. Most of the organ pieces are miniatures, with the exception of the Organ Sonata (1938) and the two complex Fantasias on "Babylon Streams" (1922) and "Monks Gate" (1930).

References

External links
List of works (This list does not include 'Faire is the Heaven' SATB x 2 a cappella)
: a 1970 concert performance by Guildford Cathedral Choir, directed by Barry Rose
: a 2019 performance by Voces8
Biography at naxos.com

English classical organists
British male organists
English classical composers
1883 births
1973 deaths
Organists of New College, Oxford
Organists of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Academics of the Royal College of Music
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Composers awarded knighthoods
Musicians awarded knighthoods
Classical composers of church music
Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
English male classical composers
20th-century British male musicians
Male classical organists
Academics of the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire

William Henry Harris


The knockout stage of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup began on 26 June with the semi-final round, and concluded on 30 June 2013 with the final at the Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro. The top two teams from each group advanced to the knockout stage to compete in a single-elimination style tournament. A third place match was included and played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals.

In the knockout stage (including the final), if a match was level at the end of 90 minutes, extra time of two periods (15 minutes each) would be played. If the score was still level after extra time, the match would be decided by a penalty shoot-out.

Qualified teams

Bracket

Semi-finals

Brazil vs Uruguay

Spain vs Italy

Third place play-off

Final

References

External links
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup

2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
Brazil at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
Spain at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
Italy at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
Uruguay at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
Brazil–Uruguay football rivalry

2013 FIFA Confederations Cup knockout stage


James Tedesco (born 8 January 1993), nicknamed "Teddy",  is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a  and captains the Sydney Roosters in the National Rugby League (NRL), New South Wales rugby league team and Australia.

He previously played for the Wests Tigers. He has played for Italy and Australia at international level.

Tedesco has played at representative level for the Prime Minister's XIII, New South Wales City and New South Wales in the State of Origin series. He is a dual NRL premiership winning player of 2018 and 2019.

Background
Tedesco was born in the north-western Sydney suburb of Ryde, New South Wales, Australia. His father is of Italian descent. He was raised on a 100 hectare property in Menangle in Sydney's south west, complete with his own football field with goal posts. Tedesco played his junior football with the Camden Rams. His father said of his early years, "James couldn't even make the junior rep squad for Wests when he was 14, and from then on he's always sort of scraped in. But once he's made those teams, he's gone on to finish as the best player."

Tedesco was a student of St Gregory's College, Campbelltown, and was in year 7 when Chris Lawrence was studying year 12, at which point Lawrence had already debuted 1st Grade for their local NRL team Wests Tigers, for whom Tedesco would go on to debut.

Playing career

Early career
Tedesco played on the wing for the Western Suburbs Magpies in the Harold Matthews Cup competition, with David Nofoaluma at fullback.

In 2010, he made the Australian Schoolboys team. "I made the Australian Schoolboys and I learnt to just have confidence in my own ability. I realised it was there – that I had a bit of talent – I just needed the confidence to show it," he said.

Tedesco commenced the 2011 season playing in the S. G. Ball Cup, but was promoted to the Wests Tigers NYC team from round 13. In just his third game he equaled the club record of scoring 4 tries in one match, and went on to be named the team's player of the year.

2012
Attracting the attention of other clubs, Tedesco was the focus of a "bidding war" between the Wests Tigers and St George Illawarra, resulting in the Tigers signing him until the end of 2014. Weeks later, he was named at fullback for the team's first trial-match for the year. However, coach Tim Sheens said he was unlikely to be playing at fullback at the start of the regular season, saying, "'I don't necessarily want to throw that on him at this point. I've got some experienced options."

Having played well in both pre-season trials, Tedesco was named in the starting team to play the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the first game of the season. After showing potential in the early stages of the game, Tedesco suffered an injury to his knee in the 30th minute. The tear to the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee was the end of his season. Team-mate Benji Marshall said, "Just seeing his reaction in the sheds, he was crying in there and it brought a tear to a few of the boys' eyes as well, because we see him as such a great talent and he's fitted into the squad well and he's a really good kid."

2013

Tedesco returned to first grade in round 4 of the 2013 season, and played on the wing for four weeks.

In April, he was chosen to play for NSW City in the annual City vs Country Origin match. Having only appeared in four NRL matches at that time, he was the least experienced player to ever participate in the match. "When they called me up, I thought it was a joke. Even when Brad Fittler got on the phone I didn't think it was real. It was also a problem, because I didn't know whether I was eligible for City or Country," Tedesco said. Tedesco played at fullback in City's 18–12 loss at Coffs Harbour.

With Tim Moltzen moving to halfback before suffering a season-ending injury, Tedesco played most of the rest of the season at fullback, scoring 8 tries in 19 matches. He spent months playing with a cracked fibula, after being advised that he was unlikely to make the injury any worse by playing. Tedesco said the leg was painful when knocked. "It does kill for about five minutes or so, then you run it off and it goes away."

At the end of the season, Tedesco was chosen to represent Italy at the 2013 Rugby League World Cup. With Anthony Minichiello captaining and playing at fullback, Tedesco played at right centre for the three games. In his international debut, he scored a try as Italy defeated Wales 32–16.

2014
In February, Tedesco was selected in the Tigers inaugural Auckland Nines squad.

On 27 May, he signed a 3-year contract with the Canberra Raiders starting in 2015. A week later, Tedesco back flipped on his deal with the Raiders to stay with the Tigers. During the round 16 clash with the Raiders, Tedesco lasted 15 seconds before he fractured his patella. Tedesco missed the rest of the season. Tedesco said, ""On Twitter Canberra fans would say 'I hope you break your legs' and stuff like that and then I play Canberra and it happens. It is a bit weird. It was just a freak accident." Before the end of the year, Tedesco had returned to sprint training and was adjusting his running style to be less "low to the ground".

He finished the NRL season with 8 matches and 6 tries.

2015
After an "eye-catching" display in round 2, Tedesco was touted as a possible State of Origin selection. While Tedesco said he felt ready to play in the representative matches, coach Jason Taylor said, "I think that's too early. It was a really good first half and he showed what he can do, but I think that's a bit too early for where he's at."

Between 19 August 2013 and round 7 of the 2015 season, Tedesco had scored 18 tries in 19 appearances. He played in every game of 2015 and was the competition's leader for tackle breaks and the third highest try-scorer. From round 10 onwards, Tedesco ran for over 100 metres in each game, with the fourth highest total in the competition. He was named in the NRL website's Team of the Year and was a finalist for the Rugby League Players Association's highest honour, the Player's Player.

2016
Tedesco started the 2016 season by scoring 2 tries against the New Zealand Warriors in round 1 and his first career hat-trick against the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles in round 2. He suffered a shoulder injury in round 9, making him unavailable for the City Origin side. At the time of his injury he was the competition's leading try-scorer.

Considered a certainty to play for New South Wales in the first match of the State of Origin series, he was unavailable due to injury, and was not selected for the second when he returned from injury only weeks before. Making his debut in game 3, he ran for 258 metres, the most of any player in the game, as NSW won their only match of the series. It was said he "Showed enough in 80 minutes to suggest the No.1 jersey will be his for many years to come."

With Wests Tigers fighting to make the semis towards the end of the year, Tedesco had his jaw broken in a tackle from Ryan James, ending his season.

He recovered to represent the Prime Minister's XIII against Papua New Guinea, but left the field with concussion in the first half.

He scored 14 tries in 17 matches with the Tigers. He was named the fullback in the Dally M team of the year.

2017
In March and April, Tedesco alongside Tigers captain Aaron Woods and halves partners Luke Brooks and Mitchell Moses attracted media attention, with speculation about where the players, dubbed as the "Big Four" would end after all of their contracts expired at season's end. On 3 May, it was announced that Tedesco signed a 4-year contract with the Sydney Roosters, starting in the 2018 season.

Tedesco played fullback in all 3 matches in the 2017 State of Origin series, scoring a try in the game 1 victory before going down the next 2 matches to lose the shield to Queensland.

Tedesco finished his last year with the Wests Tigers with him playing in 21 matches and scoring 5 tries.

On 12 September at the Rugby League Players' Association's awards night, Tedesco was voted player of the year by his peers.

On 23 September, Tedesco played fullback for Prime Minister's XIII against Papua New Guinea, scoring 3 tries in the 48–8 win in Port Moresby.

On 5 October 2017, after missing on selection in the Australia Kangaroos squad, Tedesco was instead named in the 24-man Italy squad for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.

After Italy's shock 36–12 defeat by Ireland in Cairns in Game 1 of their pool matches, Tedesco was king hit by fellow Italian teammate Shannon Wakeman while having drinks at Pier Bar in Cairns. Tedesco was talking to Wakeman's girlfriend which led to the altercation. Tedesco then told Italian officials not to sack Wakeman over the incident and that it was just a misunderstanding. He went on to say "It was just a miscommunication between myself and him, there were a few drinks and it quickly escalated", "We were all there after the loss, we wanted to get away from it all a bit. It's sad it happened. The next morning we met, shook hands and he apologised". Tedesco played in all 3 matches and scored 2 tries in the tournament.

2018
Tedesco made his debut for the Sydney Roosters in a Round 1 loss to his former club of the Wests Tigers, starting at fullback, and was subjected to boos from the Tigers supporters every time he touched the ball. Having just recovered from a case of the mumps Tedesco was not at his best and bombed a certain try by dropping a pass from Blake Ferguson after he made a break down the touchline during the Roosters shock upset 10–8 loss at ANZ Stadium.

In Round 2 against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Tedesco scored his first try for the Roosters in the 30–12 win at Sydney Football Stadium.

On 28 May, Tedesco retained his spot at fullback for NSW, and earned his first Origin man of the match. On 10 September, Tedesco was awarded the Brad Fittler medal as being NSW's best player in the 2018 State of Origin series.

Tedesco was part of The Roosters side which won their fourth minor premiership in six years.  On 30 September, Tedesco played at fullback in Sydney's 21–6 victory over Melbourne in the 2018 NRL grand final.

Tedesco's fantastic first year at the Roosters was capped off when he won the Jack Gibson Medal, awarded to the club's best player from the past year of football, as well as being named to debut for the Australian Kangaroos in Mal Meninga's 19 man squad.

2019
Tedesco played in all 3 games of New South Wales' successful origin campaign in 2019, ultimately winning the Wally Lewis Medal for best player in the series. He scored two tries in the deciding game at ANZ Stadium, the 2nd one winning NSW the game in the 79th minute.

In Round 20 against the Gold Coast, Tedesco scored 2 tries as the Sydney Roosters won the match 58–6 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.

On 2 October, Tedesco won the 2019 Dally M Medal as the NRL's best player with 34 votes.

At the end of the 2019 regular season, the Sydney Roosters finished in 2nd place on the table and qualified for the finals.

In the preliminary final against Melbourne, Tedesco scored the winning try in a 14–8 victory.  In the 2019 NRL Grand Final against Canberra, Tedesco scored the winning try in the second half as the Sydney Roosters won their second consecutive premiership and also Tedesco's second premiership as a player.

On 7 October, Tedesco was named at Fullback in the Australian side for their Oceania Cup test against New Zealand.

2020
On 22 February, Tedesco played for the Roosters in their 2020 World Club Challenge victory defeating St Helens 20–12.

In round 5, Tedesco scored a hat-trick as the Sydney Roosters defeated Canterbury-Bankstown 42–6 at Bankwest Stadium. In round 17, he scored two tries as the Roosters defeated Canberra 18–6 in the grand final rematch at GIO Stadium.

In the 2020 semi final, Tedesco scored two tries as the Roosters lost 22–18 to Canberra at the Sydney Cricket Ground, ending their chance of winning a third straight premiership.

He was awarded the Jack Gibson Medal for the third year running, the first time this has been accomplished by any player,

Tedesco was selected by New South Wales for the 2020 State of Origin series. He played in all three matches and was captain for game 2 and 3, as Boyd Cordner was injured. Tedesco
himself was injured in game 3 as New South Wales suffered a shock 2–1 series defeat against Queensland.

On 7 December, Tedesco signed a three-year contract extension to stay at the Sydney Roosters until the end of the 2024.

2021
In round 1 of the 2021 NRL season, Tedesco scored a hat-trick in the Sydney Roosters 46–4 victory over Manly-Warringah at the Sydney Cricket Ground.

The following week, he scored two tries and kicked two goals against his former club, the Wests Tigers, in a 40–6 victory and captained the Roosters for the first time.

On 30 May, he was selected for game one of the 2021 State of Origin series.

In round 19, the Sydney Roosters defeated the Newcastle Knights 28–8 as Tedesco came up against the Maroons' Game III no. 1, Kalyn Ponga. He and his team fought back from being eight points down. Tedesco ran for 224 metres and had four try assists, four line-break assists and seven tackle breaks to lead his team to their 12th win of the season.

In round 22, he scored two tries for the Sydney Roosters in a 21–20 victory over Brisbane.
The following week, Tedesco put in a man of the match performance, scoring a try and providing four try assists in the club's 40–22 victory over St. George Illawarra.

On 27 September 2021, Tedesco won the Dally M Captain of the Year. Tedesco played a total of 22 games for the Sydney Roosters in the 2021 NRL season including the club's two finals matches.  The Sydney Roosters would be eliminated from the second week of the finals losing to Manly 42–6.

2022
In round 9 of the 2022 NRL season, Tedesco scored a hat-trick in the club's 44–16 victory over the Gold Coast.
On 29 May, Tedesco was selected by New South Wales to play in game one of the 2022 State of Origin series.

Tedesco played in all three games for New South Wales as they lost the series 2–1.  In round 18, Tedesco scored two tries in a 54–26 victory over St. George Illawarra.

Tedesco played a total of 24 games for the Sydney Roosters in 2022 scoring 13 tries. At the end of the season, Tedesco was announced as the Rugby League Players Association Players' Champion for a third time (he had previously won the player-voted award in 2017 and 2019).

In October he was named in the Australia squad for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup. Tedesco was part of the Australian side which won their 12th World Cup defeating Samoa 30-10 in the final with Tedesco being named man of the match after scoring two tries.

2023
On 22 May, Tedesco was named as the captain of New South Wales ahead of game one in the 2023 State of Origin series.
In round 14 of the 2023 NRL season, Tedesco scored two tries in the Sydney Roosters 25-24 victory over Canterbury.
Tedesco played in all three matches for New South Wales during the 2023 State of Origin series in which they lost 2-1. Tedesco was under intense media pressure to retain his spot in the team following underwhelming performances in game one and two, however he was retained for game three and provided a try assist for Bradman Best in the second half as New South Wales won 24-10.
In round 25, Tedesco scored two tries for the Sydney Roosters in their 34-12 victory over Parramatta. Tedesco was taken from the field in the second half after suffering a concussion.
Tedesco played 21 matches for the Sydney Roosters in the 2023 NRL season as the club finished 7th on the table and qualified for the finals. Tedesco played in both of the club's finals games as they were eliminated in the second week against Melbourne.

Statistics

Representative

Personal life
Tedesco completed his PE Teacher degree at the Strathfield campus of Australian Catholic University in 2016.

Controversy
On 25 October 2021, Tedesco was placed under investigation by the NRL after an alleged racist incident with a 20-year-old woman of Vietnamese descent at the Beach Road Hotel in Bondi.  It is alleged by the woman that Tedesco approached her said "squid games" before laughing with his group. The woman claimed she stood behind her friend who challenged Tedesco about the comment, before the Roosters captain allegedly laughed and asked the women whether they knew who he was. The Sydney Roosters club completed their own investigation into the matter and said they believed the incident was simply a matter of miscommunication.

On 12 November, Tedesco was fined $10,000 by the NRL for drunken and disorderly behaviour in relation to the incident.

The Sydney Roosters and Tedesco initially claimed that nothing inappropriate had occurred and that a misunderstanding had occurred, and no internal sanction was imposed. In March 2022, Tedesco addressed the media and stated that he had apologised for his behaviour to the female in question.

References

External links

Sydney Roosters profile
Wests Tigers profile
2017 RLWC profile

1993 births
Living people
Australian Catholic University alumni
Australia national rugby league team captains
Australian rugby league players
Australian people of Italian descent
Australian people of Maltese descent
Italy national rugby league team players
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from Sydney
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Sydney Roosters captains
Wests Tigers players

James Tedesco


The history of cancer describes the development of the field of oncology and its role in the history of medicine.

Early diagnosis
The earliest known descriptions of cancer appear in several papyri from ancient Egypt. The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written around 1600 BC (possibly a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC) and contains a description of cancer, as well as a procedure to remove breast tumours by cauterization, stating that the disease has no treatment. However, incidents of cancer were rare. In a study by the University of Manchester, only one case was found "in the investigation of hundreds of Egyptian mummies, with few references to cancer in literary evidence."  In 2016, a 1.7 million year old osteosarcoma was reported by Dr Edward John Odes (a doctoral student in Anatomical Sciences from the University of the [19] Witwatersrand Medical School, South Africa) and colleagues, representing the oldest documented malignant hominin cancer.

Hippocrates ( – ) described several kinds of cancer, referring to them by the term καρκινος (carcinos), the Greek word for crab or crayfish, as well as carcinoma. This comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumour, with "the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives its name". Since it was against Greek tradition to open the body, Hippocrates only described and made drawings of outwardly visible tumours on the skin, nose, and breasts. Treatment was based on the humour theory of four bodily fluids (black and yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). According to the patient's humour, treatment consisted of diet, blood-letting, and/or laxatives.
Celsus ( - 50 AD) translated karkinos into cancer, the Latin word for crab or crayfish.

In the 2nd century AD, the Greek physician Galen used oncos (Greek for swelling) to describe all tumours, reserving Hippocrates' term carcinos for malignant tumours. Galen also used  the suffix  to indicate cancerous lesions. It is from Galen's usage that we derive the modern word oncology.

Through the centuries it was discovered that cancer could occur anywhere in the body, but Hippocrates' humour-theory based treatment remained popular until the 19th century.

16th–19th century

In the 16th and 17th centuries, it became more acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to discover the cause of death. The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius, a follower of Descartes, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes, and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of cancer. His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads, and concluded that it was contagious. In the 1600s, cancer was vulgarly called "the wolf[e]".

The first cause of cancer was identified by British surgeon Percivall Pott, who discovered in 1775 that cancer of the scrotum was a common disease among chimney sweeps. The work of other individual physicians led to various insights, but when physicians started working together they could draw firmer conclusions.

With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'cancer poison' eventually spreads from the primary tumour through the lymph nodes to other sites ("metastasis"). This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874. The use of surgery to treat cancer had poor results due to problems with hygiene. The renowned Scottish surgeon Alexander Monro saw only 2 breast tumour patients out of 60 surviving surgery for two years. In the 19th century, asepsis improved surgical hygiene and as the survival statistics went up, surgical removal of the tumour became the primary treatment for cancer. With the exception of William Coley who in the late 19th century felt that the rate of cure after surgery had been higher before asepsis (and who injected bacteria into tumours with mixed results), cancer treatment became dependent on the individual art of the surgeon at removing a tumour. The underlying cause of his results might be that infection stimulates the immune system to destroy left tumour cells. During the same period, the idea that the body was made up of various tissues, that in turn were made up of millions of cells, laid rest the ancient belief in humor theory on chemical imbalances in the body.

Mechanism

The genetic basis of cancer was recognised in 1902 by the German zoologist Theodor Boveri, professor of zoology at Munich and later in Würzburg. He discovered a method to generate cells with multiple copies of the centrosome, a structure he discovered and named. He postulated that chromosomes were distinct and transmitted different inheritance factors. He suggested that mutations of the chromosomes could generate a cell with unlimited growth potential which could be passed on to its descendants. He proposed the existence of cell cycle checkpoints, tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes. He speculated that cancers might be caused or promoted by radiation, physical or chemical injuries, or by pathogenic microorganisms.

Therapies
When Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radiation at the end of the 19th century, they stumbled upon the first effective non-surgical cancer treatment. With radiation also came the first signs of multi-disciplinary approaches to cancer treatment. The surgeon was no longer operating in isolation but worked together with hospital radiologists to help patients. The complications in communication this brought, along with the necessity of the patient's treatment in a hospital facility rather than at home, also created a parallel process of compiling patient data into hospital files, which in turn led to the first statistical patient studies.

The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913 by 15 physicians and businessmen in New York City under the name American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC). The current name was adopted in 1945.

A founding paper of cancer epidemiology was the work of Janet Lane-Claypon, who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health. Her groundbreaking work on cancer epidemiology was carried on by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill, who published "Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death In Relation to Smoking. A Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors" followed in 1956 (otherwise known as the British doctors study). Richard Doll left the London Medical Research Centre (MRC), to start the Oxford unit for Cancer epidemiology in 1968. With the use of computers, the unit was the first to compile large amounts of cancer data. Modern epidemiological methods are closely linked to current concepts of disease and public health policy. Over the past 50  years, great efforts have been spent on gathering data across medical practice, hospital, provincial, state, and even country boundaries to study the interdependence of environmental and cultural factors on cancer incidence.

Cancer patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians' practices until World War II when medical research centres discovered that there were large international differences in disease incidence. This insight drove national public health bodies to enable the compilation of health data across practices and hospitals, a process found in many countries today. The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was completely destroyed. They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation, and this led to the development of bone marrow transplants for leukemia. Since World War II, trends in cancer treatment are to improve on a micro-level the existing treatment methods, standardize them, and globalize them to find cures through epidemiology and international partnerships.

In 1968 Michael A. Epstein, Bert Achong, and Yvonne Barr identified the first human cancer virus, called the Epstein–Barr virus.

War on Cancer

The political 'war' on cancer began with the National Cancer Act of 1971, a United States federal law.
The act was intended "to amend the Public Health Service Act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in order to more effectively carry out the national effort against cancer".
It was signed into law by then U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 23, 1971.

In 1973, cancer research led to a cold war incident, where co-operative samples of reported oncoviruses were discovered to be contaminated by HeLa.

In 1984, Harald zur Hausen discovered first HPV16 and then HPV18 responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancers.  For discovery that human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause human cancer, zur Hausen won a 2008 Nobel Prize.

Since 1971 the United States has invested over $200 billion on cancer research; that total includes money invested by public and private sectors and foundations.

Despite this substantial investment, the country has seen just a five percent decrease in the cancer death rate (adjusting for size and age of the population) between 1950 and 2005. Longer life expectancy may be a contributing factor to this, as cancer rates and mortality rates increase significantly with age, more than three out of five cancers are diagnosed in people aged 65 and over.

See also
 Cancer, a 2015 documentary film

References

19. Odes EJ, Randolph-Quinney PS, Steyn M, Throckmorton Z, Smilg JS, Zipfel B, et al. (2016). "Earliest hominin cancer: 1.7-million-year-old osteosarcoma from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa". South African Journal of Science. 112 (7/8): 5. doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471. ISSN 1996-7489. Archived from the original on 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2016-08-01.

Further reading

Cancer
Oncology

History of cancer


Light therapy is a treatment where the patient is exposed to light. Depression, sleeping problems, bipolar disorder and many skin conditions are treated with this therapy. The therapy consists of exposing the patient to a light source (a table lamp, for example). The light source usually emits the full spectrum of light. Sometimes, this has to be done at a specific time of day.

When it is used for skin conditions, it is usually called phototherapy. Example conditions where phototherapy is used are psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

Light therapy should generally not be used, in the case the patient also suffers from certain diseases of the eyes. Certain drugs make people more sensitive to light. People taking such drugs should also not use light therapy.

Therapy

Light therapy


Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine — ministry, central executive body of Ukraine.

Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine — a new name, which was given on August 29, 2019 to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine.

Forms and implements state policy in the fields of economy, trade and agriculture. It is also responsible for the implementation of state policy on business development, regulation of pricing policy (except for registration of legal entities and individuals — entrepreneurs), public procurement, tourism and development of the defense industry.

Functions and tasks
The Ministry is the central body of executive power, the activities of which are directed and coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

The Ministry is part of the system of executive bodies and is the main body in the system of central executive bodies for the formation and implementation of state policy of economic and social development, price, industrial, investment, foreign economic policy, state policy in trade, state regional policy, state policy on issues of business development, technical regulation (standardization, metrology, certification, quality management) and consumer protection, as well as interdepartmental coordination on economic and social cooperation of Ukraine with the European Union.

The Ministry of Economic Development of Ukraine is a specially authorized body in the field of public procurement, metrology, public-private partnership, state regulatory policy, licensing, licensing system in the field of economic activity, state defense procurement.

Structure
Minister

The Ministry is headed by Minister Ihor Rostyslavovych Petrashko.

Deputy Ministers

 First Deputy Minister: Yulia Anatoliyivna Svyridenko.
Deputies: Vysotsky Taras Mykolayovych, Glushchenko Serhiy Mykolayovych, Romanovych Dmytro Olehovych, Panaiotidi Svitlana Mykolayivna, Novikova Iryna Yuriyivna, Romanyshyn Oleksandr Viktorovych.
Deputy for Digital Development, Digital Transformations and Digitization: Dyadyura Ihor Hryhorovych.
Deputy Trade Representative of Ukraine: Kachka Taras Andriyovych.
State Secretary of the Ministry: Marievich Konstantin Mikhailovich.

References


Séraphîta () is a French novel by Honoré de Balzac with themes of androgyny. It was published in the Revue de Paris in 1834. In contrast with the realism of most of the author's best known works, the story delves into the fantastic and the supernatural to illustrate philosophical themes.

In a castle in Norway near the fjord Stromfjord, Séraphitüs, a strange and melancholic being, conceals a terrible secret. Séraphitüs loves Minna, and she returns this love, believing Séraphitüs to be a man. But Séraphitüs is also loved by Wilfrid, who considers Séraphitüs to be a woman (Séraphîta).

In reality, Séraphitüs-Séraphîta is a perfect androgyne, born to parents who by the doctrines of Emanuel Swedenborg have transcended their humanity, and Séraphitüs-Séraphîta is the perfect example of humanity.

Ruggero Leoncavallo wrote a symphonic poem based on the story.

An early drawing of Paul Gauguin's ceramic sculpture Oviri bears the inscription Et le monstre, entréignant sa créature, féconde de sa semence des flancs généreux pour engendrer Séraphitus-Séraphita ("And the monster, embracing its creation, filled her generous womb with seed and fathered Séraphitus-Séraphita"), referring to the novel.

From 2010 to 2014 Ouriel Zohar staged Seraphita, his adaptation of the novel starring Barbara Heman at the Théâtre de l'Île Saint-Louis in Paris, and then in several countries around the world.

References

Sources

External links

Androgyny
Books of La Comédie humaine
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in Revue de Paris
1834 French novels
Novels set in Norway
French LGBT novels
Bisexuality-related fiction
Emanuel Swedenborg
Novels by Honoré de Balzac
French novels adapted into plays
1830s LGBT novels

Séraphîta


Alajos Hauszmann (also called as Alois, June 9, 1847 – July 31, 1926) was a Hungarian architect, professor, and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Life
Hauszmann was born in Buda in 1847 into a family of Bavarian origin as the son of Ferenc Hauszmann and Anna Maár (siblings: Hermina (1845–1929), Ferenc (1850–1918) and Kornélia (1854-1837)).  He studied painting from 1861, then became a bricklayer's apprentice.  In 1864 he attended Technical University of Budapest, and in 1866 he continued architecture studies at the Bauakademie in Berlin, along with Ödön Lechner.
 1868 Assistant Professor at the Technical University of Budapest
 1869-1870. Grand tour of Italy to study renaissance architecture
 1872 Professor at the Technical University for the next 40 years
 1874 Married Mariette Senior, whom he met in Berlin
 Designed barracks for the Red Cross, to be known as Hauszmann-barracks in Austria and Switzerland
 1891 Named chief architect for Buda Castle in Budapest
 Received the Order of Franz Joseph, Grand Cross

Hauszmann employed several architects who later became prominent in their own right, including Albert Kálmán Kőrössy. In 1912 Hauszmann retired, and a year later he created a foundation for young architects graduating from the Technical University.  In 1914 he went on an extended journey to Egypt and the Holy Land.  In 1918 he was ennobled by King Charles IV of Hungary; however, in the following year, his private home was confiscated during the Hungarian Soviet Republic.  In 1924 he was elected an honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.  He died, aged 79, in Velence.

Major works

Architecture and design

 1870 German Theater, Budapest (destroyed by fire in 1890)
 1870 Kiosk, Erzsébet tér, Budapest (destroyed)
 1871-1872 Tüköry palace, Budapest (destroyed)
 1874-1875 Coburg palace, Budapest (destroyed)
 1876 Church of the Sacred Heart, Gyoma
 1876-1878 Kégl mansion, Székesfehérvár
 1877-1878 City Hall and theater, Szombathely (destroyed)
 1878 Stefánia Yacht Club, Balatonfüred
 1878-1879 Kégl palace, Budapest
 1878-1880 St. Stephen Hospital, Budapest
 1881-1883 Austro-Hungarian Bank, Szombathely
 1882 Hungarian Parliament Building, Budapest (prize winning design, not built)
 1882-1884 Erzsébet Hospital for the Red Cross, Budapest
 1883-1884 Teachers' Training College, Budapest
 1883-1884 Főreáliskola, Budapest
 1884 Teachers' Training Institute, Budapest
 1884 Scottish Abbey, Budapest (destroyed)
 1884-1885 Nádasdy Mansion renovation and chapel, Nádasdladány
 1884-1885 Batthyány palace, Budapest
 1884-1886 Girls' Lyceum, Sopron
 1884-1889 University Pathology Institute, Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca)
 1886 University Public Health Institute, Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca)
 1886 State Institute for Teaching Women, Budapest
 1886-1887 Institute for Forensic Medicine, Budapest
 1887-1889 Northeast Railroad Company apartment building, Budapest
 1887-1889 Technical Training School and Museum, Budapest
 1888-1890 Budapest Court House and Penitentiary, Budapest
 1889-1890 commercial building, Budapest
 1890 Kálmán Széll's mansion, Rátót
 1890-1894 County hospital, Nitra
 1891-1905 Buda Castle, Budapest, including the interiors
 1891 Hauszmann house, Budapest
 1890-1894 New York Palace, Budapest
 1893 General Hospital, Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca)
 1893-1896 Royal Hungarian Palace of Justice, Budapest (Kúria, today: Ethnographic Museum)
 1893-1897 Governor's Palace, Rijeka
 1902-1909 Royal Joseph Technical University, central building, Budapest
 1904 City Hall, Nagyvárad (today Oradea)
 1910 National Theater, Budapest (not built)

Publications
 A budapesti igazságügyi palota (Magy. Mérnök és Építész Egyl. Közl., 1897)
 A kir. József műegyetem új otthona (Magy. Mérnök és Építész Egyl. Közl., 1909)
 A magyar királyi vár (Budapest, 1912)
 Budapest városának építészeti fejlődésének története (Akad. Ért. 1925).

References
 Gerle, János, ed. Hauszmann Alajos (Holnap Kiadó, Budapest, 2002)  ()

External links

 In Hungarian
 Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon
 Elek Artúr, "Hauszmann Alajos (1847–1926)", Nyugat, 1926. II. 311–312.p.

1847 births
1926 deaths
People from Buda
Hungarian architects
19th-century Hungarian people
Hungarian-German people
Hungarian people of German descent
Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery

Alajos Hauszmann


The Arthur Ashe Monument is a bronze sculpture by Paul DiPasquale installed along Richmond, Virginia's Monument Avenue. The statue depicts tennis player Arthur Ashe, who was born, raised and buried in Richmond.

Description
The statue is situated on a 16-foot granite pedestal on a traffic island, at the intersection of Monument Avenue and Roseneath Road. The 12-foot tall bronze sculpture depicts Arthur Ashe holding a tennis racket in one hand and books in the other, surrounded by children. The books are raised higher than the tennis racket; this was requested by Ashe himself, as he tended to emphasize education over sports. Ashe's depiction faces west and the children face east.

Background

Arthur Ashe
Ashe was born at Richmond's St. Philip Hospital for Negroes on March 10, 1943. During his childhood, Richmond was segregated, and he was denied entry to tennis tournaments and was not allowed to practice on the city's best courts. In 1960, Ashe moved to St. Louis to attend Sumner High School. In the following years, Ashe would become the first player selected to the United States Davis Cup team (1981), and was the only black man to win the singles title at the US Open (1968), the Australian Open (1975), and Wimbledon (1975) tennis tournaments. He retired in April 1980. Following his death of AIDS-related pneumonia on February 6, 1993, Ashe's body laid in state at Virginia's Executive Mansion, located in Richmond.

Monument Avenue
At the time of the statue's construction, Monument Avenue had statues of several Generals of the Confederate States Army, as well as Confederate States Navy Commander Matthew Fontaine Maury and Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Among tallest were the Robert E. Lee Monument, which stood 21 feet tall atop a 40-foot pedestal, and the Davis Memorial, which sat on a 65-foot column. The monuments, constructed from 1890 to 1929, were likely influenced by the then-popular belief that the Confederacy was just and heroic, an ideology also referred to as the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.

History
DiPasquale met Ashe in 1992, and received permission to design a statue of him. Nine crayon and pencil studies of Ashe were created before his death in 1993. Following his death, Ashe's widow Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe approved the studies, and recommended Virginia Heroes Incorporated for funding. The designs were first unveiled, in plaster form, in December 1994 at the Ashe Center.

With the urging of City Manager Robert Bobb, Richmond City Council approved the placement of the statue on Monument Avenue in June 1995. This decision was met with opposition by both black and white people, both objecting to its placement beside statues of Confederate generals.  One alternative location, supported by Mayor Leonidas B. Young II, was in the formerly whites-only Byrd Park.

On July 17, city council held an eight hour long hearing on the location of the statue, eventually voting 7-0 in favor of the Monument Avenue location. Several council members said that the hearing changed their opinions on the matter, especially comments by Ashe's brother and widow. The groundbreaking was eventually held on August 15. 500 attended the event, and several people raised Confederate flags behind the stage.

On January 1, 1996, the Richmond Times-Dispatch published a letter by Moutoussamy-Ashe. In the letter, she argued that the monument "honors Richmond, Virginia, more than it does its son, his legacy, and his life's work." According to Moutossamy-Ashe, her husband had expected the monument to go in front of an African-American sports hall-of-fame. Several days later, Moutoussamy-Ashe reached an agreement with Citizens for Excellence in Public Art, a group led by gallery owner Beverly Reynolds, wherein both parties would help raise $20 million for the envisioned hall-of-fame, and the DiPasquale statue would be moved there upon completion. At this point, CEMA would hold a $1 million international competition to find a better design to be placed at Monument Avenue. The group had raised $200 thousand by the time Richmond City Council shot their plan down.

The statue was cast by DiPasquale in Waynesboro, Virginia and shipped to Richmond on a flatbed truck driven by Robbie Drumheller. The statue was placed upon its pedestal on July 3, 1996, and unveiled on July 10.

George Floyd protests
On July 1, 2020, amid the George Floyd protests, Mayor Levar Stoney ordered all statues to Confederate generals on city property taken down; as a result, the only statue remaining on Monument Avenue is that of Ashe.

On July 16, the pedestal of the monument was vandalized with spray paint reading "White Lives Matter" and "WLM." A man claiming to be the vandal spoke to passers-by, saying "You put it on our statues, I'll put it on yours." Ashe's family gave the city of Richmond permission to remove the statue if this was needed to protect it from further harm; this was initially misreported as a request to remove the statue.

Reception
In 2017, Mental Floss named the monument #3 on its listicle "10 Unintentionally Horrifying Statues of Famous People," writing that Ashe was "frozen forever in a state of seemingly mocking [the children] for their lack of height." When reached out to by Salon, sculptor DiPasquale said that "If you always see what you always saw, you will always get what you always got," and that "judging art, like life, depends on what you bring to it, I'm sure."

References

Sculptures of books
Buildings and structures in Richmond, Virginia
Monuments and memorials in Virginia
Monument Avenue
Outdoor sculptures in Virginia
Sculptures of African Americans
Sculptures of children in Virginia
Sculptures of men in Virginia
Statues in Virginia
Statues of sportspeople
Vandalized works of art in Virginia

Arthur Ashe Monument


The Da Vinci Code is a religious 2006 American drama movie. Ron Howard directed the movie.

Plot
Robert Langdon is a professor of religious iconography and symbology from Harvard University. While in Paris, he is the prime suspect in the unusual murder of a Louvre curator. Langdon realized the curator was part of a secret society. Members of the society included Leonardo da Vinci, Victor Hugo, Botticelli, and others

Cast

 Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon
 Audrey Tautou as Sophie Neveu
 Ian McKellen as Sir Leigh Teabing
 Alfred Molina as Bishop Aringarosa
 Jürgen Prochnow as André Vernet
 Jean Reno as Police Captain Bezu Fache
 Paul Bettany as Silas
 Étienne Chicot as Lieutenant Jérôme Collet
 Jean-Yves Berteloot as Remy Jean
 Jean-Pierre Marielle as Jacques Saunière
 Charlotte Graham as Mary Magdalene
 Hugh Mitchell as young Silas
 Seth Gabel as Michael the Cleric
 Marie-Françoise Audollent as Sister Sandrine
 Rita Davies as Elegant Woman at Rosslyn
 Francesco Carnelutti as Prefect
 Author Dan Brown and his wife make cameos (forefront) in the first scene of the book signing scene.
 The Templar Revelation authors Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince, make a brief appearance as passengers on a bus.

Controversy
The Da Vinci Code (like the book) was controversial. It received very harsh criticism from the Roman Catholic Church. They didn't like the idea that they were behind a 2,000-year-old cover-up about what the Holy Grail really was. The movie also said that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were married and had a daughter.

Censorship
The movie was banned in Egypt because of controversial elements. It was also banned in Lebanon and Jordan

Critical reception
The movie got mixed to negative reviews from the critics. Rotten Tomatoes rated the movie 25%, meaning "Rotten". It also got poor reviews at the Cannes Film Festival Movie critic Leonard Maltin called the movie "a letdown in every respect."

However, reviews were not all bad. Roger Ebert gave the movie three out of four stars. Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper both liked the movie.

The box office
Despite mixed to negative reviews, the movie took in more than $758 million in the box office.

References

Other websites

 Official "secret" site

Controversies
2006 drama movies
American drama movies
British drama movies
French drama movies
Maltese movies
Buena Vista International movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies directed by Ron Howard
Screenplays by Akiva Goldsman
Movies about religion

The Da Vinci Code (movie)