Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music, which remained vibrant throughout the 20th century and into the 21st when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to pop music. Despite emigration and a well-developed connection to music imported from the rest of Europe and the United States, the music of Scotland has kept many of its traditional aspects and has influenced many other forms of music.

Music is celebrated in Scotland through annual award ceremonies including the Scottish Music Awards, Scottish Album of the Year Award, the Scots Trad Music Awards and BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician.

Early music

Stringed instruments have been known in Scotland since at least the Iron Age. The first evidence of lyres was found in the Greco-Roman period on the Isle of Skye (dating from 2300 BCE), making it Europe's oldest surviving stringed instrument. Bards acted as musicians but also as poets, story-tellers, historians, genealogists and lawyers, relying on an oral tradition that stretched back generations, in Scotland as well as Wales and Ireland. Often accompanying themselves on the harp, they can be seen in records of  Scottish courts throughout the medieval period. Scottish church music from the later Middle Ages was increasingly influenced by continental developments, with figures like 13th-century musical theorist Simon Tailler studying in Paris, before returning to Scotland where he introduced several reforms of church music. Scottish collections of music like the 13th-century 'Wolfenbüttel 677', which is associated with St Andrews, contain mostly French compositions, but with some distinctive local styles. The captivity of James I in England from 1406 to 1423, where he earned a reputation as a poet and composer, may have led him to bring English and continental styles and musicians back to the Scottish court on his release. In the late 15th century a series of Scottish musicians trained in the Netherlands before returning home, including John Broune, Thomas Inglis and John Fety. The latter became master of the song school in Aberdeen and then Edinburgh, introducing the new five-fingered organ playing technique.

In 1501 James IV refounded the Chapel Royal within Stirling Castle, with a new and enlarged choir and it became the focus of Scottish liturgical music. Burgundian and English influences were probably reinforced when Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor married James IV in 1503. James V (1512–42) was a major patron of music. A talented lute player, he introduced French chansons and consorts of viols to his court and was patron to composers such as David Peebles (c. 1510–1579?).

The Scottish Reformation, directly influenced by Calvinism, was generally opposed to church music, leading to the removal of organs and a growing emphasis on metrical psalms, including a setting by David Peebles commissioned by James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray. The most important work in Scottish reformed music was probably A forme of Prayers published in Edinburgh in 1564. The return in 1561 from France of James V's daughter Mary, Queen of Scots renewed the Scottish court as a centre of musical patronage and performance. The Queen played the lute and virginals and (unlike her father) was a fine singer. She brought many influences from the French court where she had been educated, employing lutenists and viol players in her household. Mary's position as a Catholic gave a new lease of life to the choir of the Scottish Chapel Royal in her reign, but the destruction of Scottish church organs meant that instrumentation to accompany the mass had to employ bands of musicians with trumpets, drums, fifes, bagpipes and tabors. The outstanding Scottish composer of the era was Robert Carver (c.1485–c.1570) whose works included the nineteen-part motet 'O Bone Jesu'. James VI, king of Scotland from 1567, was a major patron of the arts in general. He rebuilt the Chapel Royal at Stirling in 1594 and the choir was used for state occasions like the baptism of his son Henry. He followed the tradition of employing lutenists for his private entertainment, as did other members of his family. When he came south to take the throne of England in 1603 as James I, he removed one of the major sources of patronage in Scotland. The Scottish Chapel Royal was now used only for occasional state visits, as when Charles I returned in 1633 to be crowned, bringing many musicians from the English Chapel Royal for the service, and it began to fall into disrepair. From now on the court in Westminster would be the only major source of royal musical patronage.

Folk music

There is evidence that there was a flourishing culture of popular music in Scotland during the late Middle Ages, but the only song with a melody to survive from this period is the Pleugh Song. After the Reformation, the secular popular tradition of music continued, despite attempts by the Kirk, particularly in the Lowlands, to suppress dancing and events like penny weddings. This period saw the creation of the ceòl mór (the great music) of the bagpipe, which reflected its martial origins, with battle tunes, marches, gatherings, salutes and laments. The Highlands in the early seventeenth century saw the development of piping families including the MacCrimmonds, MacArthurs, MacGregors and the Mackays of Gairloch. There is also evidence of adoption of the fiddle in the Highlands with Martin Martin noting in his A Description of the Western Isles of Scotland (1703) that he knew of 18 players in Lewis alone. Well-known musicians included the fiddler Pattie Birnie and the piper Habbie Simpson. This tradition continued into the nineteenth century, with major figures such as the fiddlers Niel and his son Nathaniel Gow. There is evidence of ballads from this period. Some may date back to the late Medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century. They remained an oral tradition until they were collected as folk songs in the eighteenth century.

The earliest printed collection of secular music comes from the seventeenth century. Song collecting began to gain momentum in the early eighteenth century and, as the Kirk's opposition to music waned, there was a flood of publications including Allan Ramsay's verse compendium The Tea Table Miscellany (1723) and The Scots Musical Museum (1787 to 1803) by James Johnson and Robert Burns. From the late nineteenth century, there was renewed interest in traditional music, which was more academic and political in intent. In Scotland collectors included the Reverend James Duncan and Gavin Greig. Major performers included James Scott Skinner. This revival began to have a major impact on classical music, with the development of what was in effect a national school of orchestral and operatic music in Scotland, with composers that included Alexander Mackenzie, William Wallace, Learmont Drysdale, Hamish MacCunn and John McEwen.

After World War II traditional music in Scotland was marginalised, but remained a living tradition. This marginal status was changed by individuals including Alan Lomax, Hamish Henderson and Peter Kennedy, through collecting, publications, recordings and radio programmes. Acts that were popularised included John Strachan, Jimmy MacBeath, Jeannie Robertson and Flora MacNeil. In the 1960s there was a flourishing folk club culture and Ewan MacColl emerged as a leading figure in the revival in Britain. They hosted traditional performers, including Donald Higgins and the Stewarts of Blairgowrie, alongside English performers and new Scottish revivalists such as Robin Hall, Jimmie Macgregor, The Corries and the Ian Campbell Folk Group. There was also a strand of popular Scottish music that benefited from the arrival of radio and television, which relied on images of Scottishness derived from tartanry and stereotypes employed in music hall and variety. This was exemplified by the TV programme The White Heather Club which ran from 1958 to 1967, hosted by Andy Stewart and starring Moira Anderson and Kenneth McKellar.

The fusing of various styles of American music with British folk created a distinctive form of fingerstyle guitar playing known as folk baroque, pioneered by figures including Davey Graham and Bert Jansch. Others such as Donovan and The Incredible String Band abandoned the traditional element and have been seen as developing psychedelic folk. Acoustic groups who continued to interpret traditional material through into the 1970s included The Tannahill Weavers, Ossian, Silly Wizard, The Boys of the Lough, Battlefield Band, The Clutha and the Whistlebinkies.

Celtic rock developed as a variant of British folk rock by Scottish groups including the JSD Band and Spencer's Feat. Five Hand Reel, who combined Irish and Scottish personnel, emerged as the most successful exponents of the style. From the late 1970s the attendance at, and numbers of, folk clubs began to decrease, as new musical and social trends began to dominate. However, in Scotland, the circuit of ceilidhs and festivals helped sustain traditional music. Two of the most successful groups of the 1980s that emerged from this dance band circuit were Runrig and Capercaillie. A by-product of the Celtic Diaspora was the existence of large communities across the world that looked for their cultural roots and identity to their origins in the Celtic nations. From the US this includes Scottish bands Seven Nations, Prydein and Flatfoot 56. From Canada are bands such as Enter the Haggis, Great Big Sea, The Real McKenzies and Spirit of the West.

Classical music

The development of a distinct tradition of art music in Scotland was limited by the impact of the Scottish Reformation on ecclesiastical music from the sixteenth century. Concerts, largely composed of "Scottish airs", developed in the seventeenth century and classical instruments were introduced to the country. Music in Edinburgh prospered through the patronage of figures including the merchant Sir John Clerk of Penicuik. The Italian style of classical music was probably first brought to Scotland by the cellist and composer Lorenzo Bocchi, who travelled to Scotland in the 1720s. The Musical Society of Edinburgh was incorporated in 1728. Several Italian musicians were active in the capital in this period and there are several known Scottish composers in the classical style, including Thomas Erskine, 6th Earl of Kellie, the first Scot known to have produced a symphony.

In the mid-eighteenth century, a group of Scottish composers including James Oswald and William McGibbon created the "Scots drawing room style", taking primarily Lowland Scottish tunes and making them acceptable to a middle-class audience. In the 1790s Robert Burns embarked on an attempt to produce a corpus of Scottish national song contributing about a third of the songs of The Scots Musical Museum. Burns also collaborated with George Thomson in A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs, which adapted Scottish folk songs with "classical" arrangements. However, Burns' championing of Scottish music may have prevented the establishment of a tradition of European concert music in Scotland, which faltered towards the end of the eighteenth century.

From the mid-nineteenth century, classical music began a revival in Scotland, aided by the visits of Chopin and Mendelssohn in the 1840s. By the late nineteenth century, there was in effect a national school of orchestral and operatic music in Scotland, with major composers including Alexander Mackenzie, William Wallace, Learmont Drysdale and Hamish MacCunn. Major performers included the pianist Frederic Lamond, and singers Mary Garden and Joseph Hislop.

After World War I, Robin Orr and Cedric Thorpe Davie were influenced by modernism and Scottish musical cadences. Erik Chisholm founded the Scottish Ballet Society and helped create several ballets. The Edinburgh Festival was founded in 1947 and led to an expansion of classical music in Scotland, leading to the foundation of Scottish Opera in 1960. Important post-war composers included Ronald Stevenson, Francis George Scott, Edward McGuire, William Sweeney, Iain Hamilton, Thomas Wilson, Thea Musgrave, Judith Weir, James MacMillan and Helen Grime. Craig Armstrong has produced music for numerous films. Major performers include the percussionist Evelyn Glennie. Major Scottish orchestras include the Royal Scottish National Orchestra (RSNO), the Scottish Chamber Orchestra (SCO) and the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra (BBC SSO). Major venues include Glasgow Royal Concert Hall, Usher Hall, Edinburgh and Queen's Hall, Edinburgh.

Pop, rock and fusion

Pop and rock were slow to get started in Scotland and produced few bands of note in the 1950s or 1960s, though thanks to accolades by David Bowie and others, the Edinburgh-based band 1-2-3 (later Clouds), active 1966–71, have later been acknowledged as a definitive precursor of the progressive rock movement. By the 1970s, groups such as the Average White Band, Nazareth, and The Sensational Alex Harvey Band began to have international success. The most commercially successful Scottish pop act of the 1970s by sales was the Bay City Rollers, who sold over 120 million albums worldwide. Pilot, a band formed by former Rollers members, also enjoyed some success. Several members of the internationally successful rock band AC/DC were born in Scotland, including original lead singer Bon Scott and guitarists Malcolm and Angus Young, though by the time they began playing, all three had moved to Australia. Angus and Malcolm's older brother, George Young, found success as a member of the Australian band The Easybeats and later produced some of AC/DC's records and formed a songwriting partnership with Dutch ex-pat Harry Vanda. Musicians Mark Knopfler and John Martyn were also partly raised in Scotland.

During the 1960s, Scotland contributed two innovative rock musicians who were central to the international scene; folk/psychedelia guitarist/singer/songwriter Donovan (Donovan Phillips Leitch), and blues-rock/jazz-rock bassist/composer Jack Bruce (John Symon Asher Bruce). Traces of Scottish literary and musical influences can be found in both Donovan's and Bruce's work. Donovan's music on 1965's Fairytale anticipated the British folk rock revival. Donovan pioneered psychedelic rock with Sunshine Superman in 1966. Donovan's decidedly Celtic rock directions can be found on his later albums like Open Road and HMS Donovan. Donovan is said to be an early influence and encouragement for Marc Bolan founder of T. Rex. Jack Bruce co-founded Cream along with Eric Clapton and Ginger Baker in 1966, debuting with the album Fresh Cream. Fresh Cream and the launch of Cream are considered a pivotal moment in blues-rock history, introducing virtuosity and improvisation to the form. Bruce, as a member of The Tony Williams Lifetime (along with John McLaughlin and Larry Young) on Emergency!, similarly contributed to a seminal jazz-rock work that predated Bitches Brew by Miles Davis.

Scotland produced a few punk bands of note, such as The Exploited, The Rezillos, The Skids, The Fire Engines, and the Scars. However, it was not until the post-punk era of the early 1980s, that Scotland really came into its own, with bands like Cocteau Twins, Orange Juice, The Associates, Simple Minds, Maggie Reilly, Annie Lennox (Eurythmics), Hue and Cry, Goodbye Mr Mackenzie, The Jesus and Mary Chain, Wet Wet Wet, Big Country, The Proclaimers and Josef K. Since the 1980s Scotland has produced several popular rock and alternative rock acts. In 1990, Scottish band Aztec Camera released a protest song against Margaret Thatcher and her government entitled "Good Morning Britain", with lyrics references the social unrest evident in the country during the 1980s.

Scotland produced many indie bands in the 1980s, including Primal Scream, The Soup Dragons, The Jesus and Mary Chain, The Blue Nile, Teenage Fanclub, 18 Wheeler, The Pastels and BMX Bandits being some of the best examples. The following decade also saw a burgeoning scene in Glasgow, with the likes of The Almighty, Arab Strap, Belle and Sebastian, Camera Obscura, The Delgados, Bis and Mogwai.

The late 1990s and 2000s saw Scottish guitar bands continue to achieve critical or commercial success, examples include Franz Ferdinand, Frightened Rabbit, Biffy Clyro, Texas, Travis, KT Tunstall, Amy Macdonald, Paolo Nutini, The View, Idlewild, Shirley Manson of Garbage, Glasvegas, We Were Promised Jetpacks, The Fratellis, and Twin Atlantic. Scottish extreme metal bands include Man Must Die and Cerebral Bore. One of the most famous and successful electronic music producers, Calvin Harris, is also Scottish.   The Edinburgh-based group Young Fathers won the 2014 Mercury Prize for their album Dead.

With the arrival of musical talent television shows and increasing in popularity throughout the 2000s, notable Scottish acts include Michelle McManus (winner of Pop Idol, 2003), Darius Campbell Danesh (3rd, Pop Idol, 2001–2002), Leon Jackson (winner, The X Factor, 2007), Nicholas McDonald (runner-up, The X Factor, 2014) and Susan Boyle (runner-up, Britain's Got Talent, 2009).

Artists to achieve international and commercial success through the 2010s and 2020s include Susan Boyle, Lewis Capaldi, Nina Nesbitt, The Snuts, Nathan Evans, Gerry Cinnamon and Chvrches. Susan Boyle achieved international success, particularly with her first two studio albums, topping both the UK Album Charts and the Billboard 200 chart in the United States.

Scotland in Eurovision

As part of the United Kingdom, Scotland does not compete separately in the annual Eurovision Song Contest. Edinburgh hosted the contest in 1972.

Scotland entered the Eurovision Choir 2019, a European Broadcasting Union competition for choral singers. This marked the first time that Scotland had entered a Eurovision or European Broadcasting Union competition separately from the United Kingdom. The choir, Alba, performed three songs in Scottish Gaelic; Cumha na Cloinne, Ach a' Mhairead and Alba. The choir competed in the first round and did not advance to the second and final round.

Scotland competed in the second Free European Song Contest in 2021, a competition broadcast by German broadcaster ProSieben as an alternative to the main Eurovision Song Contest which had been cancelled in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Singer Amy Macdonald represented Scotland and finished in 4th place with the song Statues.

Instruments

Accordion

Though often derided as Scottish kitsch, the accordion has long been a part of Scottish music. Country dance bands, such as that led by the renowned Jimmy Shand, have helped to dispel this image. In the early 20th century, the melodeon, a variety of diatonic button accordion was popular among rural folk, and was part of the bothy band tradition. More recently, Phil Cunningham (of Silly Wizard) has helped popularise the accordion in Scottish music.

Bagpipes

Many associate Scottish folk music with the Great Highland Bagpipe, which has long played an important part in Scottish music. Although this particular form of bagpipe was developed exclusively in Scotland, it is not the only Scottish bagpipe. The earliest mention of bagpipes in Scotland dates to the 15th century although they are believed to have been introduced to Britain by the Roman armies. The pìob mhór, or Great Highland Bagpipe, was initially associated with both hereditary piping families and professional pipers to various clan chiefs; later, pipes were adopted for use in other venues, including military marching. Piping clans included the Clan Henderson, MacArthurs, MacDonalds, MacKays and, especially, the MacCrimmon, who were hereditary pipers to the Clan MacLeod.

Though bagpipes are closely associated with Scotland, the instrument (or, more precisely, family of instruments) is found throughout large swathes of Europe, North Africa and South Asia.  The most common bagpipe heard in modern Scottish music is the Great Highland Bagpipe, which was spread by the Highland regiments of the British Army. Historically, numerous other bagpipes existed, and many of them have been recreated in the last half-century. Also during the 19th century bagpipes were played on ships sailing off to war to keep the men's hopes up and to bring good luck in the coming war.

The classical music of the Great Highland Bagpipe is called Pìobaireachd, which consists of a first movement called the urlar (in English, the 'ground' movement,) which establishes a theme. The theme is then developed in a series of movements, growing increasingly complex each time.  After the urlar there is usually a number of variations and doublings of the variations.  Then comes the taorluath movement and variation and the crunluath movement, continuing with the underlying theme.  This is usually followed by a variation of the crunluath, usually the crunluath a mach (other variations: crunluath breabach and crunluath fosgailte) ; the piece closes with a return to the urlar.

Bagpipe competitions are common in Scotland, for both solo pipers and pipe bands. Competitive solo piping is currently popular among many aspiring pipers, some of whom travel from as far as Australia to attend Scottish competitions. Other pipers have chosen to explore more creative usages of the instrument. Different types of bagpipes have also seen a resurgence since the 70s, as the historical border pipes and Scottish smallpipes have been resuscitated and now attract a thriving alternative piping community. Two of Scotland's most highly regarded pipers are Gordon Duncan and Fred Morrison.

The pipe band is another common format for highland piping, with top competitive bands including the Victoria Police Pipe Band from Australia (formerly), Northern Ireland's Field Marshal Montgomery, the Republic of Ireland's Laurence O'Toole pipe band, Canada's 78th Fraser Highlanders Pipe Band and Simon Fraser University Pipe Band, and Scottish bands like Shotts and Dykehead Pipe Band and Strathclyde Police Pipe Band. These bands, as well as many others, compete in numerous pipe band competitions, often the World Pipe Band Championships, and sometimes perform in public concerts.

Fiddle

Scottish traditional fiddling encompasses a number of regional styles, including the bagpipe-inflected west Highlands, the upbeat and lively style of Norse-influenced Shetland Islands and the Strathspey and slow airs of the northeast. The instrument arrived late in the 17th century, and is first mentioned in 1680 in a document from Newbattle Abbey in Midlothian, Lessones For Ye Violin.

In the 18th century, Scottish fiddling is said to have reached new heights. Fiddlers like William Marshall and Niel Gow were legends across Scotland, and the first collections of fiddle tunes were published in mid-century. The most famous and useful of these collections was a series published by Nathaniel Gow, one of Niel's sons, and a fine fiddler and composer in his own right. Classical composers such as Charles McLean, James Oswald and William McGibbon used Scottish fiddling traditions in their Baroque compositions.

Scottish fiddling is most directly represented in North America in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, an island on the east coast of Canada, which received some 25,000 emigrants from the Scottish Highlands during the Highland Clearances of 1780–1850.  Cape Breton musicians such as Natalie MacMaster, Ashley MacIsaac, and Jerry Holland have brought their music to a worldwide audience, building on the traditions of master fiddlers such as Buddy MacMaster and Winston Scotty Fitzgerald.

Among native Scots, Aly Bain and Alasdair Fraser are two of the most accomplished, following in the footsteps of influential 20th-century players such as James Scott Skinner, Hector MacAndrew, Angus Grant and Tom Anderson.  The growing number of young professional Scottish fiddlers makes a complete list impossible.

The Annual Scots Fiddle Festival which runs each November showcases the great fiddling tradition and talent in Scotland.

Guitar

The history of the guitar in traditional music is recent, as is that of the cittern and bouzouki introduced into Celtic folk music by folksinger Johnny Moynihan in the late 1960s. The guitar featured prominently in the folk revival of the early 1960s with the likes of Archie Fisher, The Corries, Hamish Imlach, Robin Hall and Jimmie Macgregor. The virtuoso playing of Bert Jansch was widely influential, and the range of instruments was widened by The Incredible String Band. Notable artists include Tony McManus, Dave MacIsaac, Peerie Willie Johnson and Dick Gaughan. Other notable guitarists in Scottish music scene include Kris Drever of Fine Friday and Lau, and Ross Martin of Cliar, Dàimh and Harem Scarem. Scotland has also produced several notable electric guitarists, including Stuart Adamson of Big Country (once referred to as "Britain's Jimi Hendrix"), Angus Young of AC/DC, Jimmy McCulloch of Wings, Manny Charlton of Nazareth, Zal Cleminson of The Sensational Alex Harvey band, and Brian Robertson of Thin Lizzy.

Gittern

Stringed instruments similar to that of modern guitars have appeared in Scottish folk music for centuries.
The Gittern, an ancestor to the modern guitar, featured in medieval Scottish appearing from at least the 13th century and was still around in Scotland 300 years later.

Harp

Material evidence suggests that lyres and / or harp, or clarsach, has a long and ancient history in Britain, with Iron Age lyres dating from 2300BC. The harp was regarded as the national instrument until it was replaced with the Highland bagpipes in the 15th century. Stone carvings in the East of Scotland support the theory that the harp was present in Pictish Scotland well before the 9th century and may have been the original ancestor of the modern European harp and even formed the basis for Scottish pibroch, the folk bagpipe tradition.

Barring illustrations of harps in the 9th century Utrecht Psalter, only thirteen depictions exist in Europe of any triangular chordophone harp pre-11th century, and all thirteen of them come from Scotland. Pictish harps were strung with horsehair. The instruments apparently spread south to the Anglo-Saxons, who commonly used gut strings, and then west to the Gaels of the Highlands and Ireland. The earliest Irish word for a harp is in fact Cruit, a word which strongly suggests a Pictish provenance for the instrument. The surname MacWhirter, Mac a' Chruiteir, means son of the harpist, and is common throughout Scotland, but particularly in Carrick and Galloway.

The Clàrsach (Gd.) or Cláirseach (Ga.) is the name given to the wire-strung harp of either Scotland or Ireland. The word begins to appear by the end of the 14th century. Until the end of the Middle Ages it was the most popular musical instrument in Scotland, and harpers were among the most prestigious cultural figures in the courts of Irish/Scottish chieftains and Scottish kings and earls. In both countries, harpers enjoyed special rights and played a crucial part in ceremonial occasions such as coronations and poetic bardic recitals. The Kings of Scotland employed harpers until the end of the Middle Ages, and they featured prominently in royal iconography. Several Clarsach players were noted at the Battle of the Standard (1138), and when Alexander III of Scotland (died 1286) visited London in 1278, his court minstrels with him, records show payments were made to one Elyas, "King of Scotland's harper." One of the nicknames for the Scottish harp is "taigh nan teud", the house of strings.

Three medieval Gaelic harps survived into the modern period, two from Scotland (the Queen Mary Harp and the Lamont Harp) and one in Ireland (the Brian Boru harp), although artistic evidence suggests that all three were probably made in the western Highlands.

The playing of this Gaelic harp with wire strings died out in Scotland in the 18th century and in Ireland in the early 19th century. In the late 19th century Gaelic revival the instruments used differed greatly from the old wire-strung harps. The new instruments had gut strings, and their construction and playing style was based on the larger orchestral pedal harp. Nonetheless, the name "clàrsach" was and is still used in Scotland today to describe these new instruments. The modern gut-strung clàrsach has thousands of players, both in Scotland and Ireland, as well as North America and elsewhere. The 1931 formation of the Clarsach Society kickstarted the modern harp renaissance. Recent harp players include Savourna Stevenson, Maggie MacInnes, and the band Sileas. Notable events include the annual Edinburgh International Harp Festival, which in 2006 staged the world record for the largest number of harpists to play at the same time.

Tin whistle

One of the oldest tin whistles still in existence is the Tusculum whistle, found with pottery dating to the 14th and 15th centuries; it is currently in the collection of the Museum of Scotland. Today the whistle is a very common instrument in recorded Scottish music. Although few well-known performers choose the tin whistle as their principal instrument, it is quite common for pipers, flute players, and other musicians to play the whistle as well.

Bodhrán

The Irish word bodhrán (plural bodhráin), indicating a drum, is first mentioned in a document translated to English from Irish in the 17th century. The bodhrán originated in south-west Ireland, probably in the 18th century, and was known as the "poor man's tambourine". Made from farm implements and without the cymbals, it was popular among mummers, or wren boys. A large oil painting by Irish artist Daniel Maclise (1806–1870) depicts a large Halloween house party in which a bodhrán features clearly. The bodhrán in Scotland and also Cape Breton, the northern mainland of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island is an import from Ireland due to its popularity in 1960s because of the music of Seán Ó Riada

Music awards
The Scottish Music Awards, Scottish Album of the Year Award, the Scots Trad Music Awards and the BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician Award each recognise musical talent in Scotland annually from both Scottish and international artists.

Music festivals

Scotland has long had a number of festivals that celebrate music of Scottish and international origin on an annual basis. T in the Park (1994–2016) was arguably the largest and most widely known Scottish music festival, held annually in the second weekend of July since its beginning in 1994. The festival attracted some of the world's largest and best selling artists and bands. T in the Park was replaced by TRNSMT (2017–present) which similarly takes place in the second weekend of July and is held in Glasgow Green.

Other festivals include the Aberdeen and NE Scotland Music Festival, Big Burns Supper Festival, Callander Jazz and Blues Festival, Connect Music Festival, the Darvel Music Festival, Eden Festival, the Glasgow International Jazz Festival, Glasgow Summer Sessions, Let's Rock, the Leith Festival and the Skye Live Festival.

The Glasgow Bandstand at Kelvingrove Park hosts the annual Summer Nights festival with artists such as KT Tunstall, Anastacia, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Belinda Carlisle, Rick Astley and The Jesus & Mary Chain being past performers.

Former major festivals include Wickerman Festival, Big in Falkirk, RockNess and Be in Belhaven.

Celtic Connections started in 1994 and celebrates celtic music. It is held annually in Glasgow, for 18 days in January and February.

The Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo is performed by international armed forces bands. It is held in August at Edinburgh Castle as part of the Edinburgh Festivals.

Samples
 of Na cuperean, a traditional Scottish song from Nova Scotians in California from the Library of Congress' California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collection; performed by Mary A. McDonald on 11 April 1939 in Berkeley, California

See also

 Gaelic music
 Music of Ireland
 Music of Wales
 Music schools in Scotland
 Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
 List of pipe bands
 Scottish Gaelic punk
 Scottish hip-hop

References

Notes

Further reading
Emmerson, George S. Rantin' Pipe and Tremblin' String – history of Scottish dance music. Second edition 1988. Galt House, London, Ontario, Canada.
Eydmann, Stuart "The concertina as an emblem of the folk music revival in the British Isles." 1995. British Journal of Ethnomusicology 4: 41–49.
Eydmann, Stuart "As Common as Blackberries: The First Hundred Years of the Accordion in Scotland." 1999. Folk Music Journal 7 No. 5 pp. 565–608.
Eydmann, Stuart "From the "Wee Melodeon" to the "Big Box": The Accordion in Scotland since 1945." The Accordion in all its Guises, 2001. Musical Performance Volume 3 Parts 2 – 4 pp. 107–125.
Eydmann, Stuart The Life and Times of the Concertina: the adoption and usage of a novel musical instrument with particular reference to Scotland. PhD Thesis, The Open University 1995 published online at www.concertina.com/eydmann Stuart Eydmann: The Scottish Concertina
Hardie, Alastair J. The Caledonian Companion – A Collection of Scottish Fiddle Music and Guide to its Performance. 1992. The Hardie Press, Edinburgh.
Heywood, Pete and Colin Irwin. "From Strathspeys to Acid Croft". 2000.  In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 261–272. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
Gilchrist, Jim.  "Scotland". 2001.  In Mathieson, Kenny (Ed.), Celtic music, pp. 54–87.  Backbeat Books.

External links
Five Centuries of Scottish Music a high-quality, free digital resource hosted by AHDS Performing Arts.
BBC Radio Scotland online radio: folk music on Travelling Folk, bagpipe music on Pipeline, country dance music on Reel Blend and Take the Floor. (RealPlayer plugin required)
Scottish Music Centre music archive and information resource.
Gaelic Modes Web articles on Gaelic harp harmony & modes

Music of Scotland


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Citadel/Smith Media era
International TV Corporation sold WEZF-TV to Citadel Communications in 1982. As the station was no longer co-owned with WEZF radio, on November 4, 1982, the call letters were switched back to WVNY so as to comply with a since-repealed FCC regulation prohibiting TV and radio stations in the same market, but with different ownership from sharing the same call sign. WVNY later moved its operations to a new facility on Market Square, off Shelburne Road/US 7 in South Burlington.

From its inception until the late 1990s, channel 22 competed against fellow ABC affiliate WMTW-TV in Portland, Maine; WMTW's analog transmitter on Mount Washington covered most of Vermont. WMTW had been the ABC affiliate of record for the market until WVNY-TV signed on, and continued to be offered on many of the area's cable systems well into the 1980s. From 1985 until 1995, WVNY dropped ABC's General Hospital in favor of cartoons; the soap opera could still be seen in the area via CFCF-TV in Montreal, which has long been carried on Champlain Valley cable systems. WVNY also preempted some of ABC's Saturday morning offerings for syndicated ones. It also aired Boston Red Sox baseball games on Friday nights. In March 1977, the station began airing The Edge of Night in its recommended 4 p.m. time slot and later moved it to 10:30 a.m. In April 1983, amid declining ratings against Sale of the Century on WPTZ, the soap opera was dropped by WVNY. The station also dropped I Married Dora in favor of the 1987 Sea Hunt syndicated program on Friday nights. From 1987 to 1990, the station aired Canadian Football League games as part of the league's broadcast syndication service, the Canadian Football Network (CFN); the CFN was backed by the Global Television Network, then a loose-knit television system, which lacked an affiliate in Montreal at the time (it would eventually gain a Quebec station in 1997).

Citadel sold WVNY, along with WMGC-TV (now WIVT) in Binghamton, New York, to the U.S. Broadcast Group in 1995, who in turn sold it to Straightline Communications in 1998. Unlike the other two stations owned at the time by Straightline Communications (WTVX in Fort Pierce, Florida, and WLWC in New Bedford, Massachusetts, which were operated through LMAs by Viacom's Paramount Stations Group as sister properties to Viacom-owned stations in the adjacent Miami–Fort Lauderdale and Boston markets, respectively), Straightline operated WVNY outright. Straightline sold WTVX and WLWC to Viacom outright in November 2001 but retained WVNY.

During the 1990s, WVNY frequently dropped network programming in favor of infomercials. As a result, several ABC shows were never seen in Montreal except on satellite. However, in the late 1990s, WVNY began airing the entire ABC schedule, which continues to this day. The only exceptions were from 2003–2005, as it would preempt Jimmy Kimmel Live! for the same purpose (at first only the last half-hour of the show but later the whole hour) and the Sunday edition of Good Morning America from 2004 to 2005, as well as its first incarnation of the program from 1993 to 1999.

In 2005, WVNY became a sister station to WFFF-TV after Lambert Broadcasting acquired this station and entered into a local marketing agreement with Smith Media (owner of WFFF-TV). The company then moved WVNY into that station's Colchester facilities. This arrangement placed WVNY in the unusual position of being the junior partner as an ABC-affiliated station in a virtual duopoly with a Fox affiliate (most virtual or legal duopolies involving a Fox affiliate and a Big Three-affiliated station result in the Fox affiliate serving as the junior partner).

A retransmission dispute forced Time Warner Cable systems to replace WVNY with future sister station WUTR from Utica, New York, on December 16, 2010. At the same time, WFFF-TV was replaced by WNYF-CD from Watertown. Both stations returned to the lineup on January 8, 2011.

Mission/Nexstar era
Lambert Broadcasting agreed to sell WVNY to Mission Broadcasting on November 5, 2012. Concurrently, Smith Media sold WFFF-TV to Nexstar Broadcasting Group, which operates all of Mission's stations through shared services agreements. On January 14, 2013, the FCC approved the sale of WVNY. The transaction was completed on March 1. At the sale's closure, Utica NBC affiliate WKTV was left as Smith Media's only remaining television station property until its sale to Heartland Media was consummated in 2014.

On January 27, 2016, it was announced that Nexstar would buy Media General for $4.6 billion. WVNY and WFFF became part of "Nexstar Media Group", joining a cluster of television stations Nexstar owns in New England, including fellow ABC affiliate WTNH in New Haven, Connecticut, CBS affiliate WPRI-TV in Providence, Rhode Island, and NBC affiliate WWLP in Springfield, Massachusetts. In addition, WVNY and WFFF also became sisters with fellow ABC and Fox affiliates WTEN and WXXA-TV, respectively, in Albany, New York. These stations also serve Bennington County, Vermont, making Nexstar responsible for ABC and Fox programming in 13 of the 14 counties in Vermont. The lone exception, Windham County, is served by Boston's WCVB-TV and WFXT, respectively (ABC programming in Windham County is also available through Manchester, New Hampshire's WMUR-TV).

On June 15, 2016, Nexstar announced that it has entered into an affiliation agreement with Katz Broadcasting for the Escape, Laff, Grit, and Bounce TV networks (the last one of which is owned by Bounce Media LLC, whose COO Jonathan Katz is president/CEO of Katz Broadcasting), bringing one or more of the four networks to 81 stations owned and/or operated by Nexstar, including WVNY and WFFF-TV.

News operation

Since the 1980s, WVNY has made attempts at operating a local news department and airing newscasts but none of them ever made any headway in Nielsen ratings against WCAX-TV and NBC affiliate WPTZ; both were respectively among the strongest affiliates of both CBS and NBC, even if their strength was shown more in Montreal than in Vermont. In contrast, WVNY has perennially been one of ABC's weakest affiliates. Besides the difficulties of being the youngest network affiliate in the market, it was a UHF station in an area that is very mountainous. UHF stations usually do not get good reception in rugged terrain.

WVNY's last and most successful attempt at a separate news department was begun on August 9, 1999 with nightly newscasts at 6 and 11 branded as ABC 22 News.  There were also weekday morning local news and weather cut-ins at :25 and :55 past the hour during World News This Morning (now America This Morning from 6 until 7, and Good Morning America from 7 until 9. However, due to financial troubles, production was shut down on September 12, 2003. This resulted in the termination of 25 news-related personnel.

After WVNY moved into WFFF-TV's studios in 2005, Smith Media made an announcement that the company was planning to establish a joint news department for the two stations. On March 3, 2008, WFFF added a weeknight and Saturday broadcast at 7 on WVNY known as Fox 44 Local News on ABC. As a result, this station became first in the area to offer local news in the time slot. The move to launch the show was due in part to tough competition of newscasts at 6 seen on WCAX-TV and WPTZ. As is the case on WFFF-TV, the WVNY broadcasts are produced in high definition. The Saturday edition eventually moved to 6:30 which has been the case on Sundays from the start in order to accommodate ABC programming.

On August 18, 2008, WFFF-TV began airing a two-hour weekday morning show called Fox 44 Local News This Morning. Included in the launch were local news and weather cut-ins on WVNY during its airing of Good Morning America. This occurs at :25 and :55 past the hour from 7 until 9, in which at those times the two stations simulcast each other. Eventually, an additional hour of the broadcast starting at 6 was added to WVNY and is known as ABC 22 This Morning. This station has since expanded the show to a traditional two hour morning newscast starting at 5. At some point in time, WVNY added nightly broadcasts at 6 and 11. Its news schedule now resembles that of other big three affiliates offering local news, even though they are produced by senior partner WFFF-TV. All newscasts seen on this station were formerly known as ABC 22 News, but are now known as Local 22 News, as has been the theme on many Nexstar stations as of late. Currently, the station offers 19½ hours of news a week (with 3½ hours each weekday and one hour on weekends), which is the lowest news output in the Burlington–Plattsburgh market.

Due to the relatively new status of the news department, there is a Vermont focus in coverage. During weather forecast segments, WFFF-TV uses live NOAA National Weather Service radar data from three regional sites. It is presented on-screen in a system known as "Sky Tracker HD Triple Doppler". Weather forecasts from WFFF-TV can be heard on WSNO (AM 1450), WMOO (FM 92.1)/W257AU (FM 99.3), WDOT (FM 95.7), WWFY (FM 100.9), WCPV (FM 101.3), WEXP (FM 101.5)/WTHK (FM 100.7)/W264AB (FM 104.7), and WRFK (FM 107.1).

Notable former on-air staff
 Andrew Catalon (now at CBS Sports)
 Tabitha Soren (later at MTV)

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WVNY on digital channel 13 became the first VHF high definition station in the market when it signed on in 2006. The station shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 22, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 13. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 22. It has had difficulty achieving equivalent coverage with its digital signal compared to analog channel 22 raising concerns some parts of Vermont would be left without a full-power ABC affiliate. This turned out to be the case for Enosburg, Vermont in Franklin County. The channel 22 position was given to CBS affiliate WCAX-TV for its digital operation.

As a part of the repacking process following the 2016-2017 FCC incentive auction, WVNY relocated to VHF channel 7 on July 3, 2020, using PSIP to display its virtual channel number as 22.

Former translator
WVNY was formerly seen on analog repeater W09BB (channel 9) in Schroon Lake, New York. The translator had a transmitter southeast of the town's Severance section and did not have an application to air a digital signal; its license has since been canceled.

During the analog era and for a time after the digital transition, WVNY operated five additional repeater signals. Originally, WIXT-TV in Syracuse, New York served Massena and Malone. On September 23, 1987, this was replaced by new sign-on WFYF in Watertown. However, both stations were available in Massena and Malone for a short time. Eventually, WVNY added repeater station W60AF on channel 60 in Malone.

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Vermont
VNY
ABC network affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Grit (TV network) affiliates
Quest (American TV network) affiliates
Nexstar Media Group
1980 Winter Olympics

WVNY


XEPRS-AM (1090 kHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Playas de Rosarito, a suburb of Tijuana in Baja California, Mexico. It broadcasts a sports/talk radio format, branded as "The Mightier 1090". The station is heard across the San Diego-Tijuana, Los Angeles-Orange County, Riverside-San Bernardino areas of Southern California.

XEPRS is a Class A, 50,000-watt clear-channel station using a non-directional antenna in the daytime. Because it must protect other Class A stations on 1090 AM, it uses a three-tower array directional antenna at night.  The transmitter is just off of Mexican Federal Highway 1D in Fraccionamiento Rancho del Mar.  The daytime signal can be heard over much of Coastal Southern California and parts of Baja California. At night, the skywave signal extends over much of the West Coast of the United States and Northwestern Mexico.

History

XERB: The Mighty 1090

Today's 1090 AM started out as 150,000-watt XERB on 730 kHz. The original concession was awarded to Manuel P. Barbachano, grandson of one-time Governor of Yucatán, Miguel Barbachano. The concession was sold to Radiodifusora Internacional, S.A., in 1939. As part of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement in 1941, the station moved from 730 to 1090, with a power of 50,000 watts. XERB was sold to Interamericana de Radio, S.A., in 1950.

In the early 1960s, Robert Weston Smith (better known as Wolfman Jack) was living in Del Rio, Texas and appearing on the 250,000-watt "border blaster" radio station XERF (1570 AM), just over the Rio Grande in Ciudad Acuña. In 1964, after several violent incidents at XERF's transmitter, Smith and partner Marvin Kosofsky (called "Mo Burton" in Wolfman Jack's autobiography) decided to relocate to an American radio station. They purchased Minneapolis-area daytimer station KUXL 1570. Smith moved to Minnesota and never appeared as Wolfman Jack on KUXL, but rather worked as the station's general manager while shipping Wolfman shows on tape to XERF.

In 1965, Smith made an arrangement with the U.S. agent to program another border blaster, XERB in Tijuana. Smith began selling ad time on the "Mighty 1090" and recording Wolfman Jack shows for his new affiliate. Initially, Smith controlled the station's affairs from Minneapolis, but in 1966, Smith, along with fellow KUXL staffers Ralph Hull (also known as Preacher Paul Anthony and The Nazz) and Art Hoehn (also known as Fat Daddy Washington), relocated to Southern California to run XERB full-time.

Wolfman and his associates were able to make the station turn a large profit by selling 15–30-minute blocks of time to radio proselytizers. The preachers were able to pay for the time by asking their listeners to send them donations. Because they had such a large following and made so much money, the radio evangelists were willing to pay sizable fees for airtime.

In addition to the paid brokered programming, Wolfman began broadcasting his own pre-recorded shows on three different high-powered Mexican stations at different times of the day: XERB, XERF, and XEG in Monterrey, Nuevo León, powered at 100,000 watts. Wolfman courted advertisers who enjoyed his brand of rock and roll music and his howling personality.

According to his biography, by 1971, Wolfman was making a profit of almost $50,000 a month. The Mexican company executives that leased XERB noticed this and got greedy. They wanted to throw him out and make all the money themselves. The owners bribed Mexican officials into politically squeezing Wolfman off the air. The Mexican government acquiesced by passing a law prohibiting Pentecostal and Evangelical religious programming on Mexican airwaves. Since XERB made most of its profits from airtime sold to the prayer-cloth preachers, Wolfman could no longer make payments to the owners each month. "That was it," Wolfman remembered. "In one stroke they cleaned out 80 percent of all the money we were expecting to make." He and Kosofsky had to return control of the station to the Mexican owners.

Some years later, the Mexican government repealed that law and allowed radio preachers back on the air. But, without Wolfman Jack howling over the airwaves, XERB never duplicated the fame he had brought it. The XERB call sign was recycled in 1986 for a radio station in Cozumel, in the state of Quintana Roo with no relation to the old XERB.

XEPRS: The Soul Express
With Wolfman out of the way, the station owners tried to duplicate his successful formula. They changed the call letters to XEPRS ("The Soul Express"), programmed at night with soul music, mostly for the African-American and Latino neighborhoods around Los Angeles. The Wolfman still broadcast for over a year while under the new ownership, until April 15, 1972.  Airchecks of that last show are still available online; tapes of old Wolfman shows could be heard on XEPRS as late as 1980.

In the summer of 1972, George Lucas filmed Wolfman Jack using the studios of station KRE 1400 in Berkeley, California for the film, American Graffiti. (Some artistic license was employed for the movie: Wolfman is shown doing his program live from California, although the Brinkley Act made such broadcasting illegal.)

Daytime Spanish, nighttime oldies
Through the 1970s, '80s and '90s, XEPRS aired a variety of formats in Spanish in the daytime, while sometimes running English-language programming at night.  From 1976 to the early 1980s, Rick Ward and Ron Beaton programmed oldies during the 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. skywave signal.  Ron Beaton is now retired in Glendale, California, and Rick Ward is retired, living in Little Rock, Arkansas.  Wolfman's old shows were broadcast from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. on Saturday nights during this period.  Early in the 1980s, DJ Sean Green hosted a daily oldies show, from 7 p.m. to midnight, in English, calling it "1090 Express Radio."  The show's advertisements, announced by Dick "Huggy Boy" Hugg, were mostly for oldies albums that appealed to the Lowrider culture.

The last Spanish-language format was salsa, merengue and other forms of Tropical music as "Radio Caliente." From 2000 to 2002, XEPRS was the Spanish-language home of the Anaheim Angels, including its championship year of 2002.

Sports radio
In 2001, another powerful AM station in Tijuana, XETRA (now XEWW), began simulcasting much of the English-language sports programming also heard on KLAC 570 in Los Angeles and a few other AM stations around Southern California, with the moniker "XTRA Sports." Several of the AM 690 hosts and sportscasters were released, including Bill Werndl, John Kentera, and others. That left the San Diego radio market without a local all-sports station.  The former head of programming for XTRA Sports, John Lynch, saw the void and formed the Broadcast Company of the Americas, launching a new all-sports station on XEPRS in March 2003. He brought over most of the on-air talent released from 690 XETRA. John Lynch has another involvement in the world of sports; he's the father of the former NFL defensive back, also known as John Lynch.  In addition, John Lynch Sr. helped introduce Lee "Hacksaw" Hamilton to San Diego sports radio.

In 2004, XEPRS acquired the rights to become the flagship station of the San Diego Padres.  XEPRS was the Padres' home station until 2016, when Entercom won the rights and began broadcasting the games on alternative rock station KBZT.

Beginning February 1, 2006, XEPRS started simulcasting its sports talk programming on sister station XHBCE-FM 105.7, based in Tecate, Baja California. This operation was aimed at improving the station's signal to Eastern San Diego County as well as giving XEPRS listeners the choice of hearing it on FM or AM. The station then became known as "XX (Double X) Sports Radio." News updates were produced by San Diego television station KUSI.

On April 15, 2008, at 9 a.m., XX Sports Radio ended the simulcast on 105.7 MHz. XHBCE-FM became an oldies radio station branded as "105.7 The Walrus." This was the first FM oldies station in San Diego since XHOCL-FM flipped to a Spanish language format on September 1, 2005. As a result of the simulcast's break-up (except for Padres games), XX Sports Radio was renamed "XX 1090."

In 2009, the Padres simulcast was moved to XEPE-AM 1700.

On October 6, 2010, XEPRS became a part-time affiliate of ESPN Radio, simulcasting sister station XEPE overnights and weekends, dropping the Sporting News Radio affiliation XEPRS held since 2008.

XEPRS has also carried San Diego Toreros men's basketball, San Diego State Aztecs college football and basketball, and the San Diego Gulls AHL hockey, and has aired a few games for the Anaheim Ducks, the Gulls' parent club.  Beginning with the 2018 season, XEPRS carried Los Angeles Rams football games.

Return of "The Mighty 1090"
On December 17, 2012, the station re-branded as "The Mighty 1090" to coincide with the return of the Scott & BR Show.  On January 2, 2013, the station became the San Diego outlet for CBS Sports Radio with a line-up featuring Jim Rome's syndicated show on CBS, plus local San Diego hosts heard mornings and afternoons. In 2014, the station signed Dan Sileo to host its morning drive show.

In April 2018, XEPRS got new competition on the FM dial when Entercom switched KEGY 97.3 to a sports format, branded as "97.3 The Fan."  It became the San Diego Padres' flagship station, taking over from co-owned KBZT 94.9. Dan Sileo, who left XEPRS earlier in the year, joined The Fan for a morning drive time show. As a result, XEPRS gave up its affiliation with CBS Sports Radio, since Entercom owns a stake in that network and began carrying its programming on KEGY. On nights and weekends, XEPRS returned to airing ESPN Radio, also heard on co-owned XEPE.

Return to Spanish-language programming
In December 2018, it was reported that the Bichara family, owners of Interamericana de Radio, as well as stations in Monterrey and McAllen, Texas, was not happy with its relationship with BCA.  The Bicharas began looking for a new operator for the station for $100,000 a month in rent, or $11 million to buy the station. At the same time, Jaime Bonilla Valdez's Media Sports de México had halted BCA's program supply to two stations it owned in a rent dispute.

On April 10, 2019, XEPRS replaced BCA's sports format with a simulcast of one of the Bichara family's McAllen stations, KJAV 104.9. The BCA-operated webcast aired ESPN Radio programming for the remainder of the day. The webcast resumed carrying "Mighty 1090"'s local sports shows on April 11.

In several tweets, Andrés Bichara revealed that BCA had not paid its rent for XEPRS in four months and that issues between BCA and the Bicharas had dated back three years. BCA shut down the "Mighty 1090" audio stream on April 29, 2019.  XEPE also halted its broadcasts of ESPN Radio, leaving the San Diego-Tijuana market without an ESPN English-language affiliate.

"The Mightier 1090"
In April 2020, Bill Hagen, owner of an advertising agency in Flagstaff, Arizona, signed a five-year lease with XEPRS owner Interamericana de Radio and announced plans to relaunch the station as "The Mightier 1090" with a mix of talk, sports and lifestyle features.

On August 12, XEPRS begun stunting with a loop of the station's "History of 1090". The loop featured the history of the frequency and some of the station's eras with Wolfman Jack "The Soul Express", and its prior "Mighty 1090" existence, while also taking pot shots at a previous management running it into the ground. The loop also promoted the newly relaunched station as "the first radio station in the cloud, with no studios". The station, operated by SportsGrid, launched at 9 a.m. on August 17. XEPRS carries SportsGrid programming, The Rich Eisen Show, Scott Kaplan, and SportsMap programming.

On January 10, 2022, XEPRS added programming from ESPN Radio, including its live NFL, MLB, and NBA play-by-play broadcasts. XEPRS added The Jim Rome Show to its afternoon lineup on June 2 that year; the show's previous San Diego affiliate, KWFN, dropped it in February.

See also
Border blaster
American Graffiti
Dan Sileo
Wolfman Jack
XERF-AM
XHPRS-FM
XEPE-AM

References

External links
Official website
XERB tribute site
XPRS Los Angeles Radio History by Alex Cosper
Kip Pullman's American Graffiti Page

Radio stations in Tijuana
Clear-channel radio stations
Radio stations established in 1944
1944 establishments in Mexico
ESPN Radio stations

XEPRS-AM


Barbara Rütting (born Waltraud Irmgard Goltz; 21 November 1927 – 28 March 2020) was a German actress, politician and author. She appeared in 50 movies between 1952 and 1979. Her notable credits include Turtledove General Delivery (1952), The Last Bridge (1954), Canaris (1954), The Vulture Wally (1956), Town Without Pity (1961) and Doctor Sibelius (1962).

Rütting was also a writer of children's and lifestyle books. She was a supporter for environmental protection and animal rights. She was a member of the parties Alliance 90/The Greens and later V-Partei3. She served in the Landtag of Bavaria from 2003 to 2009.

Rütting was born in Berlin. Both of her marriages to Hans Rütting and Heinrich Graf von Einsiedel ended in divorce. She died in Marktheidenfeld on 28 March 2020, at the age of 92.

References

Other websites

1927 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Berlin
German children's writers
German movie actors
German politicians of Alliance '90/The Greens
German television actors
Politicians from Berlin
Writers from Berlin

Barbara Rütting


Genevieve Madeline Knight (June 18, 1939 – August 19, 2021) was an American mathematics educator.

Education and career
Knight was the youngest of three sisters who all became mathematics and science educators, daughters of a seamstress and a civil service radar specialist. As a freshman at Fort Valley State College in 1957, Knight was studying home economics when the Sputnik launch created a big push for more American students to become educated in mathematics and the sciences. Knight transferred to mathematics, "because it had fewer labs than any of the sciences", and graduated in 1961.

She completed a master's degree in 1963 at Atlanta University, under the supervision of Abdulalim A. Shabazz,
and took a teaching position at the Hampton Institute, also becoming an NSF fellow, a position that allowed her to travel and meet with other college mathematics teachers. In 1966, she returned to graduate school, and completed a doctorate in mathematics education in 1970 at the University of Maryland, College Park under the supervision of Henry H. Walbesser.

Returning from her doctorate, Knight remained at the Hampton Institute, where she became chair of mathematics and computer science. In 1985 she moved to Coppin State College as a full professor. She retired in 2006.

Recognition
In 1980, the Virginia Council of Teachers of Mathematics named Knight as their College Teacher of the Year.
In 1993 she was named Maryland Mathematics Teacher of the Year, and the Mathematical Association of America gave Knight a Distinguished Teaching Award.
In 1996 the University System of Maryland named her as that year's Wilson H. Elkins Distinguished Professor.
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics gave her their 1999 lifetime achievement award for her service to mathematics education, outspoken support of equity "regardless of ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic background", and distinguished teaching. She was the 2013 Cox–Talbot Lecturer of the National Association of Mathematicians, one of the member societies of the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences.
In 2018 the Association for Women in Mathematics named her as one of their inaugural Fellows.

References

1939 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
African-American mathematicians
American women mathematicians
Fort Valley State University alumni
Clark Atlanta University alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Coppin State University faculty
Fellows of the Association for Women in Mathematics
20th-century women mathematicians
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women

Genevieve M. Knight


The Singing Stones of Brittany (or Pierres sonnantes du Guildo) are a number of rocks located on the left bank of the river Arguenon opposite the ruined castle of Gilles de Bretagne at Notre-Dame-le-Guildo, near Dinard in the Côtes-d'Armor, France.

The stones are round and smooth, shiny black and extremely large, weighing in excess of ten tonnes each and are made of a heavy metallic stone that rings like a bell if struck by another smaller piece of the same stone. There are hundreds of tonnes of them and there is no indication of where they came from or how they got there. They are basalt, but this type of rock is usually associated with volcanic eruptions and there is no evidence or history of volcanic activity there.

The stones are unlike any of the surrounding stones either on the ground or on the cliff face overlooking them; legend has it that these stones were spewed up by the giant Gargantua.

External links
Pierres sonantes, Au Pays de Saint Malo
http://carolineld.blogspot.com/2008/08/singing-rocks.html

Archaeological sites in Brittany
Earth phenomena
Tourist attractions in Brittany
Individual rocks

Singing Stones of Brittany


Ketupat (in Indonesian), or kupat (in Javanese and Sundanese),  or tipat (in Balinese) is a Javanese rice cake packed inside a diamond-shaped container of woven palm leaf pouch, Originating in Indonesia, it is also found in Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore and southern Thailand. It is commonly described as "packed rice", although there are other types of similar packed rice such as lontong and bakchang.

Ketupat is cut open and its skin (woven palm leaf) removed. The inner rice cake is cut in pieces and served as a staple food in place of plain steamed rice. It is usually eaten with rendang, opor ayam, sayur labu (chayote soup), or sambal goreng hati (liver in sambal), or served as an accompaniment to satay (chicken or red meat in skewers) or gado-gado (mixed vegetables with peanut sauce). Ketupat is also the main element of certain dishes such as ketupat sayur (ketupat in chayote soup with tofu and boiled egg) and kupat tahu (ketupat and tofu in peanut sauce).

Ketupat is related to similar dishes in other rice-farming Austronesian cultures, like the Filipino puso or Patupat, although the latter is not restricted to diamond shapes and traditionally come in various intricately woven designs ranging from star-like to animal-shaped. An octahedron-shaped version called katupat was also found in pre-colonial Guam and the Mariana Islands, before the ancient rice cultivation in the island was replaced by maize brought by the Spanish.

History

The use of woven young palm leaves (janur) fronds as a pouch to cook food is widespread in Maritime Southeast Asia, from Java, Indonesia to Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Ketupat is made from rice that has been wrapped in a woven palm leaf pouch and boiled. As the rice cooks, the grains expand to fill the pouch and the rice becomes compressed. This method of cooking gives the ketupat its characteristic form and texture of a rice cake.

According to Central Javanese tradition, ketupat was first introduced by a Javanese theologian named Sunan Kalijaga who was an important figure for Muslims in Java. In Java and most of Indonesia, ketupat is linked to Islamic tradition of lebaran (Eid ul-Fitr). The earliest connection of ketupat with Islamic lebaran tradition is believed to be originated in 15th-century Sultanate of Demak.

According to Javanese traditions, the Indonesian lebaran tradition was first started when Sunan Bonang, one of Wali Songo of Tuban in 15th-century Java, calls for the Muslims to elevate the perfection of their Ramadhan fast by asking forgiveness and forgiving others' wrongdoings. The tradition on preparing and consuming ketupat or kupat in Javanese language during lebaran was introduced by Raden Mas Sahid or Sunan Kalijaga, one of Wali Songo (nine Muslim saints) that spread Islam in Java. Sunan Kalijaga introduced the lebaran ketupat ritual on 8 Shawwal, a week after Eid ul-Fitr and a day after a six-day Shawwal fast. It is believed that it contains appropriate symbolism; kupat means ngaku lepat or "admitting one's mistakes" in Javanese language, in accordance to asking for forgiveness tradition during lebaran. The crossed weaving of palm leaves symbolises mistakes and sins committed by human beings, and the inner whitish rice cake symbolise purity and deliverance from sins after observing Ramadhan fast, prayer and rituals.

Other than Java, the tradition on consuming ketupat during Eid ul-Fitr is also can be found throughout Indonesia; from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and also neighboring countries, including Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei.

Local stories passed down through the generations have attributed the creation of this style of rice preparation to the seafarers' need to keep cooked rice from spoiling during long sea voyages. The coco leaves used in wrapping the rice are always shaped into a triangular or diamond form and stored hanging in bunches in the open air. The shape of the package facilitates moisture to drip away from the cooked rice while the coco leaves allow the rice to be aerated and at the same time prevent flies and insects from touching it.

Despite its current association with Muslim festival of lebaran, ketupat is also known in non-Muslim communities, such as Hindu Balinese, Javanese Kejawen beliefs, and people of the Philippines, which suggested that the weaving of coconut fronds has pre-Islamic origin. It was linked to the local Hindu ritual on venerating Dewi Sri, the Javanese goddess of rice. The Balinese Hindus still weaved the Cili fronds effigy of Dewi Sri as an offering, as well as weaving tipat fronds during Kuningan Balinese Hindu holy day. In Bali and Java, ketupat has also been used as sajen (an offering for deceased ancestors) for centuries. People that adhere to ancestral beliefs e.g. Kejawen and Sunda Wiwitan would hang a bunch of ketupat (usually banten style) at the door as an offering to treat the ancestral spirits which believed sometimes would return to mortal world to visit their descendants. This Javanese beliefs on providing offerings for visiting ancestral spirits is somewhat akin to Hindu Balinese Galungan-Kuningan festival.

Cultural significance

In various places in Indonesia, there is a ceremony called Lebaran Ketupat, which is observed after the conclusion of an extra six days of fasting following Idul Fitri. In Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, thousands of Muslims celebrated Lebaran Ketupat—or Lebaran Topat as it is locally called—by visiting the graves of Muslim ulamas before partaking in communal ceremonial activities, which includes music performances, ketupat cooking competitions, to shared meals where ketupat was served as the main dish. Side dishes at the events varied, ranging from plecing kangkung (stir-fried water spinach) to the local dish of Ayam Taliwang.

In Central Java, Lebaran Ketupat is called Bada Kupat, and was celebrated by cooking and serving ketupat and lepet (steamed sticky rice cooked in plaited palm leaves) in Semarang. In Colo, Kudus Regency, a parade of gunungan (cone-shape offering) made of ketupat, lepet and other food items on the slope of Mount Muria near the grave of noted Muslim preacher Sunan Muria, was held to celebrate Bada Kupat, while on the slope of Mount Merapi in Boyolali Regency, the celebration featured a parade of livestock decorated with ketupat.

Among Hindu communities in Bali and Banyuwangi in East Java, ketupat is part of the offering and ritual of Kuningan festive celebration to conclude the Galungan holy days. During Galungan, Hindu families create and erect a penjor pole made of janur (young palm leaves), and then make some offerings to the Pura. Ten days after Galungan, the ceremony of Kuningan is observed to conclude the religious holy days. To celebrate Kuningan, Balinese Hindu families make tipat or ketupat first as offering, and then they consume some ketupat afterwards.

There are some striking similarities between Javanese Muslim Lebaran and Balinese Hindu Galungan-Kuningan holy days, of which ketupat is one. For example, the families pay a visit to the grave of their family or ancestors prior of observing the holy day, and they consume ketupat to conclude the religious festival. Although today in contemporary Indonesia, ketupat is strongly associated with Muslim celebration of Idul Fitri, this parallel phenomenon suggested the pre-Islamic native origin of ketupat, as Native Indonesian ways to shows gratitude and to celebrate festivities by making and consuming certain kind of food.

Varieties

There are many varieties of ketupat, with two of the more common ones being ketupat nasi and ketupat pulut. Ketupat nasi is made from common white rice and is wrapped in a square shape with coconut palm leaves while ketupat pulut is made from glutinous rice is usually wrapped in a triangular shape using the leaves of the fan palm (Licuala). Ketupat pulut is also called ketupat daun palas in Malaysia, primarily found in northern Malay Peninsula and among the Malay community of southern Thailand. Usually ketupat pouch are made from janur or young palm leaves fronds. However, in Kalimantan, nipah leaves might be used and woven into ketupat as well.

Ketupat is also traditionally served by Indonesian and Malays at open houses on festive occasions such as lebaran or Idul Fitri (Hari Raya Aidilfitri). During Idul Fitri in Indonesia, ketupat is often served with either opor ayam (chicken in coconut milk), chicken or beef curry, rendang, sambal goreng ati (spicy beef liver), krechek (buffalo or beef skin dish), or sayur labu Siam (chayote soup). Ketupat or lontong is also used as the replacement of plain steamed rice in gado-gado, karedok, or pecel.

Derivative dishes
Other than replacing steamed rice or lontong in certain dishes, such as satay, gado-gado, and ketoprak, ketupat is also forming the essential part of other derivative dishes with certain recipes developed from it.

Ketupat sayur

One of popular street food in Indonesian cities is Ketupat sayur which literary means "ketupat in vegetables soup". Ketupat sayur is known in two popular versions; the Betawi version from Jakarta and katupek sayua the Padang version from West Sumatra. Ketupat sayur is popular as breakfast fare in Jakarta and Padang. It consist of ketupat served with sliced labu siam (chayote) and unripe jackfruit gulai in thin and spicy coconut milk soup, topped with cooked tofu and telur pindang (spiced boiled egg), and krupuk crackers. The Padang or Minangkabau version might be served with additional dishes, such as egg balado, rendang and various gulai. If lontong was used in the identical recipe, it is called lontong sayur instead.

Kupat tahu

Ketupat also used as main ingredient in Sundanese and Javanese dish kupat tahu, which is ketupat, tahu goreng (fried tofu), and bean sprouts served in peanut sauce topped with crispy krupuk crackers. Popular variants of kupat tahu includes Kupat tahu Kuningan from Kuningan Regency in West Java, Kupat Tahu Padalarang from Padalarang, West Bandung, Kupat Tahu Bandung in Bandung, Kupat Tahu Bumiayu from Brebes Regency, and Kupat Tahu Magelang from Magelang Regency, Central Java.

Tipat cantok

Its Balinese version is called tipat cantok, which is sliced ketupat with boiled or blanched vegetables; asparagus bean, water spinach, bean sprout, cucumber, and fried tofu mixed in peanut sauce which is made from ground fried peanuts, garlic, chili pepper, salt and tauco fermented soy paste. The peanut sauce might be mild or hot and spicy, depends on the addition of chili pepper. It is one of a few Balinese vegetarian dish. Tipat cantok is akin to Javanese pecel and Jakartan gado-gado.

Ketupat jembut
In Semarang metropolitan area, there is a dish called ketupat or kupat jembut. The ketupat is added with boiled bean sprouts, boiled cabbage, and grated coconut and looks like female genitalia. The words jembut means pubic hair in Javanese.

Ketupat kandangan

A Banjar cuisine of ketupat with baked fish in coconut milk soup. It originated from Kandangan, South Hulu Sungai Regency.

Ketupat landan
Ketupat is prepared by boiling it in a mixture of water and ash from burnt coconut fronds. Ketupat landan which looks red, is a specialty ketupat from Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java.

Other uses

In Hindu-majority Bali, ketupat is used as one of the temple offerings. In Java, among traditional Muslim abangan community, the woven empty or uncooked ketupat skin is often hung as an amulet to symbolise wealth and prosperity.

Because in Indonesia, Malaysia, southern Thailand, Singapore and Brunei ketupat is strongly linked to Islamic Eid ul-Fitr, it is also used there as decorations. The empty ketupat skin woven from colourful ribbons are used as decorations to signify this festive occasions, in the same fashions as bells to signify Christmas. Colorful ribbon ketupat are often used to decorate shopping malls, offices, or as decorations of gift parcels.

Similar dishes

In the Philippines, similar rice pouches are known as puso (literally "heart") and had their origins from pre-colonial animistic ritual offerings as recorded by Spanish historians. Unlike ketupat, however, they are not restricted to diamond shapes and can come in a wide variety of weaving styles which still survive among various ethnic groups in the Philippines today. Ketupat are also woven differently, the leaf base and the loose leaf strands do not exit at the same point, as in most Filipino puso. Ketupat somewhat resemble the tamu pinad version among Muslim Filipinos the most, which are shaped like a flattened diamond, although they are also woven differently. Patupat, a delicacy common in the northern provinces of the Philippines, despite having the same form, is cooked differently. Patupat is cooked in sugarcane juice.

In Cambodia, a similar dish of pounded sticky rice wrapped in a pentagonal woven palm leaves is called katom (កាតំ) in Khmer. It is a non-traditional variant of num kom which uses banana leaves instead of palm. In Indonesia, similar dish of compressed rice in leaf container includes lepet, lontong, lemper, arem-arem and bacang.

In China, there is a similar dish called lap (苙) that is a local speciality of the island of Hainan. Hainanese lap is usually bigger in size than Indonesia's ketupat. Lap skin might be woven into pillow-shaped or triangular, the sticky rice is filled with pork belly. Outside China, lap can also can be found in Port Dickson in Malaysia and Singapore.

See also

 Binalot
 Burasa
 Lamban
 Lemang
 Lemper
 Lepet
 Lontong
 Onigiri
 Pastil
 Zongzi

References

Bruneian cuisine
Indonesian rice dishes
Malay cuisine
Malaysian cuisine
Singaporean cuisine
Southeast Asian cuisine
Thai cuisine
Cocossian cuisine
Glutinous rice dishes
Vegetarian dishes of Indonesia
Holiday foods

Ketupat


From 10:00 25 May 2005 to 16:00 26 May 2005, Moscow's power supplies were the centre of a major incident, which resulted in the supply being outed for several hours in many of City of Moscow districts, as well as Moscow, Tula, Kaluga and Ryazan provinces. Some tens of thousands of people were trapped in stranded underground trains in the Moscow Metro and in elevators, railway signaling was put out of action and many commercial and governmental organisations were paralysed.

Occurrence

The accident, which some accounts state affected more than 2 million people, started in powerstation no. 510 Chagino, situated in the south-east of Moscow in the Kapotnya district. Here, the high voltage (500 kV) current, going into the capital along the main power lines, is lowered via transformers for city usage to 220 kV and 110 kV.

The Chagino substation, built in 1964, is equipped with six high-to-low transformers. Another six substations situated around the MKAD carry out the same functions, and form the Moscow energy ring, which supply Moscow and neighbouring provinces with electricity.

Theories of cause
The immediate cause of the incident, some state, was a mixture of several factors, among which feature: equipment wear-and-tear, absence of back-up powers, the fact that Moscow had endured temperatures above  for a number of days. Moreover, Moscow is a very complex region and has the most complex electrical schemata, or "copper board", as it is known by those in the business. It is the only region in which there has been no automatic shut-off system installed since the fall of the Soviet Union. This increased vulnerability of Moscow's electrical network played an important role in what happened.

References

External links
 BBC report on the blackout
 The cause of this accident - fire at Chagino and the firefighting activities

Moscow, 2005
2005 in Moscow
Moscow power blackouts
Moscow Power Blackouts, 2005
Electric power in Russia
May 2005 events in Russia

2005 Moscow power blackouts


Károly Zágonyi (19 October 1822 in Szinyérváralja, Hungary - around 1870) known in the U.S as Charles Zagonyi, was a former Hungarian military officer who served in the American Civil War as an aide to John C. Frémont and commander of his bodyguard at the rank of major, effective September 19, 1861.

Hungarian Revolution
Charles Zagonyi served originally as a first lieutenant in the Hungarian Revolutionary Army during the 1848-1849 revolt.  General Josef Bem assigned him to lead a picked company of cavalry.  In such capacity he saved Bem's life, was captured, and imprisoned for two years by the Austrians.

American Civil War
On July 2, 1851 Zagonyi arrived in the United States.  He worked in New York and Philadelphia as a house painter.  He served as a riding master in a Boston school operated by a fellow Hungarian emigre.  Here he met and married a German-American lady by the name of Amanda Schweiger.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Zagonyi offered his services to New York, but was rejected.  He was invited to Missouri by Alexander Asboth where he was introduced to General John C. Fremont.  Fremont assigned him to create and command his personal bodyguard.  Zagonyi's force was modeled on the well disciplined Hungarian Hussars. Zagonyi "personally selected the matched bay mounts" and designed the dark blue uniforms and hats of Hussar style.  The men carried themselves proudly.  They were equipped with German cavalry sabers and revolvers.

On October 25, 1861, during the First Battle of Springfield, Zagonyi with 300 mounted men rashly charged into Springfield, Missouri, routing the Confederates.  The charges proved costly in terms of casualties and the major lacked the forces to hold the city of the Union after dark.  He withdrew, abandoning the city and his wounded to the secessionist forces.  Zagonyi's charge would become famous, but his refusal to give credit to other attached forces alienated many fellow officers.  Fremont's army would regain control of the town on October 27, and it would remain under Union control for the rest of the war.

Zagonyi was sidelined after Fremont was removed from command.  Fremont's Bodyguard was mustered out of service in November 1861 despite being three year volunteers.

Fremont was restored to command in the Shenandoah Valley as commander of the Mountain District encompassing West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and East Tennessee.  Fremont again utilized Zagonyi as his cavalry commander, promoting him to colonel. Stonewall Jackson and his Confederates outmaneuvered and outfought Fremont's much larger force during the Valley Campaign.  Following this final Fremont debacle, General John Pope was assigned to command all of the U.S. troops in northern Virginia. Fremont resigned rather than serve under Pope, and Zagonyi withdrew from service.

Postwar
Zagonyi returned to New York after the war and served as temporary president of the Hungarian Society there.  In 1867 he attempted to return to Hungary, but lacked the money for the trip.  A disputed 1871 article indicates he was the owner of a tobacco shop in Pest, Hungary.  Another says he was never heard from again after 1867.

Zagonyi Park in Springfield, Missouri, is named for Zagonyi and his famous charge there. There is a marker in the park that describes the charge.

Notes

References

Patrick, Bethanne Kelly, Charles Zagonyi: Hungarian Cavalryman Led A Death-Defying Charge Into History at Military.com (accessed October 23, 2007)

1826 births
People from Maramureș County
Forty-Eighters
Union Army colonels
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
Year of death missing
Hungarian emigrants to the United States

Charles Zagonyi


William Smith (c. 27 March 1603 – April 1645) was an English composer from the city of Durham. He is chiefly known for his set of choral preces and responses for the Anglican liturgy of Evening Prayer.

Life

William Smith was baptised on 3 April 1603. He was a Minor Canon when Richard Hutcheson was organist at Durham Cathedral.

Works
In addition to the well known Preces and Responses, Smith composed seven verse anthems, five festal psalms, two communion services, and a Kyrie, '10: severall wayes'.

Additionally, there are two organ fantasias written in Smith's handwriting at the back of an organ book in the Durham Cathedral library. The first may be by Smith, although his name or initials do not appear in the score, but the second is of poorer quality and is unlikely to be by Smith himself.

Smith's anthems employ the prevalent device of imitative verse sections, and exhibit his predilection for lengthy verse sections and short choruses. For example, in 'Almighty and everlasting God', a concise and effective setting of the text of the Collect for the Purification, the first chorus lasts a total of just eight minim beats. Smith took this verse–chorus proportion to its extreme in his Second Creed, which is entirely a verse setting, apart from the final 'amen'.

References

External links

 Score for Smith's Preces and Responses

English classical composers
Renaissance composers
English Baroque composers
17th-century English composers
1603 births
1645 deaths
17th-century classical composers
English male classical composers
17th-century male musicians

William Smith (composer)


James John Hannan (January 7, 1940 in Jersey City, New Jersey) is an American retired professional baseball player who pitched in Major League Baseball from 1962 to 1971 for the Washington Senators, Detroit Tigers and Milwaukee Brewers. The right-hander stood  tall and weighed .

Hannan began his baseball career at St. Peter's Preparatory School, which inducted him in 2005 into the first class of its athletic hall of fame. He attended the University of Notre Dame and signed with the Boston Red Sox in time for the 1961 minor league season.  After posting a 17–7 win–loss record and leading the Class D New York–Penn League in strikeouts, he was selected by Washington in the first-year player draft. His MLB service, which lasted all or part of ten years, began the following season. In his best campaign, 1968 for Washington, Hannan posted a 10–6 (3.01) record in 25 games pitched for a last-place team that lost 96 games.

After the 1970 campaign, he was included in a multi-player trade with the Detroit Tigers in which he, fellow right-hander Joe Coleman, shortstop Ed Brinkman and third baseman Aurelio Rodríguez were sent to Detroit for former 30-game-winner Denny McLain and three other players. Coleman, Brinkman and Rodríguez were three of the Senators' top players; they became mainstays in Detroit and helped lead the Tigers to the  American League East Division championship. McLain was acquired as an attendance-booster for the struggling Senators. He had gone a combined 55–13 for the Tigers in 1968–69 but spent the beginning of 1970 under suspension for gambling allegations. Upon returning, he could not approach his old form, and with the 1971 Senators, he lost 22 games and the team went 63–96 and abandoned Washington for Dallas–Fort Worth.

For his part, Hannan only got into seven games for the 1971 Tigers and was effective in middle relief, before being traded to the Brewers, where he finished his career with 21 appearances, 20 in relief, for Milwaukee.

During his MLB career, Hannan appeared in 276 games, with 101 starting assignments. He compiled a 41–48 record, with a career earned run average of 3.88, allowing 807 hits and 408 bases on balls in 822 innings pitched. He struck out 438, and posted nine complete games, four shutouts and seven saves.

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
Baseball players from Jersey City, New Jersey
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Detroit Tigers players
Hawaii Islanders players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball players
Olean Red Sox players
Richmond Virginians (minor league) players
St. Peter's Preparatory School alumni
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players

Jim Hannan


Sadia Khatri (Urdu: سعدیہ کھتری) is a Pakistani writer, photographer and feminist based in Karachi. She has worked as a journalist at Dawn and The Kathmandu Post, and as a reportage editor with Papercuts Magazine. Khatri is also one of the founders of the feminist collective Girls at Dhabas.

Early life and education
Sadia Khatri graduated from Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts, USA. She began as an Astronomy and Physics major and later added Journalism and Media Studies.

Before coming to the United States, Khatri pursued photography as a hobby. Her interest in art and photography stems from her adventures in Karachi's art and culture scene. She often attended concerts, literary lectures and community art shows with her sister, Fiza Khatri, who also attended Mount Holyoke College. Similar to the US blog "Humans of New York," Khatri blogged on the theme of "Humans of Pioneer Valley" during her college graduation period in the US.

In 2011, Khatri took photographs of children who spend most of their time living by the roadside in commercial areas of Karachi. These photographs were displayed in an exhibit in Karachi. Underneath each photograph, there was a quote from the corresponding street child to convey their perspective on life through their own words.

Career
In her autobiographical essay "Fear and the City," which received a special citation in the recently announced Zeenat Haroon Rashid Writing Prize for Women, Khatri narrates her liberation through travel and struggle reclaiming public spaces in her hometown of Karachi, She ends her essay with her experience of a recent hate assault.

She has worked as a journalist at Dawn and The Friday Times. She also is a film critic. She also participated in Critic's Academy at the prestigious Locarno Film Festival.

She also acted in a music video of a feminist anthem by all-girl band Garam Anday.

Feminism
Girls at Dhabas

Khatri is one of the founders of the feminist collective Girls at Dhabas. The collective was born out of the daily frustrations of middle- and upper-class women experience who are forced to stay in safe locations and cannot go out alone without good reason. This led Khatri to think about the violence she had experienced at home, in private spaces, which was far greater than anything she had been subjected to on the streets. It made her see how safety was just an argument used to reinforce the private/public binary and to police the bodies and sexuality of women.

Aurat March

Khatri's was part of the organizing team for Aurat March in 2018 (women's march).

References

Pakistani women activists
Pakistani women's rights activists
Pakistani feminist writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
Mount Holyoke College alumni
Writers from Karachi
21st-century Pakistani women writers
21st-century photographers
Pakistani photographers
Pakistani women photographers
21st-century women photographers
Feminist artists
Locarno Festival

Sadia Khatri


The Lewiston Daily Sun was a newspaper published in Lewiston, Maine. Established in 1893, it became the dominant morning daily in the Lewiston-Auburn city and town area. In 1926, its publisher acquired the Lewiston Evening Journal and published the two papers until they merged into the Sun Journal in 1989.

History
Henry Wing founded The Lewiston Daily Sun on February 20, 1893. Hoping to compete with the Republican-leaning Lewiston Evening Journal, it proclaimed itself in its first issue as "the only Democratic daily paper published in central Maine." Five years later, it was purchased by George W. Wood, who merged the paper with his weekly Maine Statesman and changed its editorial stance. In its first two decades, circulation quadrupled from 2,000 copies per day to 8,000, thanks largely to the arrival of Rural Free Delivery in the region.

In 1926, Wood acquired the Lewiston Evening Journal and began printing the two papers from 104 Park Street in Lewiston. On his death in 1945, Wood left the paper to his general manager and nephew by marriage, Louis B. Costello. Costello's son Russell, who succeeded his father in 1959, merged The Sun and Evening Journal in 1989.

Content

Editorial stance
The Sun embraced an "independent Republican" label from 1898 into the late twentieth century, as opposed to the Evening Journal, which identified as "independent." Still, manager Costello stressed the importance of journalistic objectivity to those who worked under him, and both papers gained a reputation for being socially progressive but not so much as to alienate readers averse to change.

References

External links
Archive at Google News

Newspapers published in Maine
Mass media in Androscoggin County, Maine
Mass media in Lewiston, Maine
Newspapers established in 1893
1893 establishments in Maine

The Lewiston Daily Sun


Cryptostegia is a genus of flowering plants native to tropical Africa and Madagascar. The genus is in the family Apocynaceae.

Description
Cryptostegia includes three species of slender, many-stemmed, woody, perennial vines. When their stems or leaves are damaged they exude a milky latex that is extremely toxic to livestock; it contains cardiac glycosides that cause sudden death, especially after violent exertion. Though the latex is of good quality it is not used commercially.

Cryptostegia are evergreen and are grown for their showy ornamental vines. They are vigorous and self-supporting and their vines sometimes attain a length of 15m. Leaves are ovate, opposite, glossy and dark green. They are 6–10 cm long and 3–5 cm wide. Clusters of large, showy, funnel-shaped flowers with 5 white to rose-pink or reddish-purple petals bloom in summer after the wet season. Seed pods are rigid 10–12 cm long and 3–4 cm wide, and grow in pairs at the end of a short stalk. The seeds are attached to a silky white floss. The plants grow rampantly in a favourable climate and are invasive in some areas. In Australia Cryptostegia grandiflora in particular has been declared a Weed of National Significance. It is regarded as one of the worst weeds in Australia because of its invasiveness, potential for spread, and economic and environmental impacts.

In cultivation, the plants require a hot climate.

Image Gallery

Species
Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. – rubber vine, purple allamanda
Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer ex Decne. – purple rubber vine

References

External links
Botanica Sistematica

Apocynaceae genera
Periplocoideae
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)

Cryptostegia


Sherratt Bay is a bay between Cape Melville and Penguin Island on the south side of King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands. The existence of the bay was known and roughly charted by sealers working in the area in the early 1820s. It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for Richard Sherratt, Master of the Lady Trowbridge from Liverpool which was wrecked off Cape Melville on December 25, 1820. Sherratt occupied his time until rescued by making an inaccurate but historically interesting map of the South Shetland Islands.

References
 SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.

Bays of King George Island (South Shetland Islands)

Sherratt Bay


"Fair Katrinelje and Pif-Paf-Poltrie" is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm in Grimm's Fairy Tales as tale 131.  A nonsense tale, it was introduced into the first edition as number 45 of the second volume.

It is Aarne-Thompson type 2019, one of a number of chain tales, or cumulative tales.

Synopsis
Pif-Paf-Poltrie asks Fair Katrinelje's father for leave to marry her.  He is told he needs that of "her mother Milk-Cow, her brother High-Pride, her sister Cheese-Love," as well as her own.  Going through the list, he obtains it, on the condition of all the others consenting.  Fair Katrinelje is last; then she lists her dowry:  some pennies, a debt, roots, pretzels, and dried pears—a fine dowry.  She guesses at his occupation, and he declares it is finer than what she guesses until she guesses broommaker.

References

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Literary duos
Works about marriage
ATU 2000-2199

Fair Katrinelje and Pif-Paf-Poltrie