Estel Crayton Crabtree (August 19, 1903 – January 4, 1967) was a Major League Baseball outfielder for the Cincinnati Reds (1929; 1931–1932; 1943–1944) and the St. Louis Cardinals (1933; 1941–1942).  His playing career was unusual in that he went eight years between  major league appearances.  He was a native of Crabtree, Ohio, a populated place within Scioto County.

Crabtree made his major league debut on April 18, 1929, as a pinch-hitter in a 3–1 loss to the Cardinals at Crosley Field.  Though his most regular playing time came in 1931 and 1932, his best season was 1941, when he returned to the big leagues at age 37.  He finished 32nd in voting for National League MVP for playing in 77 games and having 167 at bats, 27 runs, 57 hits, 6 doubles, 3 triples, 5 home runs, 28 RBI, 1 stolen base, 26 walks, .341 batting average, .439 on-base percentage, .503 slugging percentage, 84 total bases and 2 sacrifice hits.

In 1931, he finished seventh in the league with 12 triples, and from 1941 to 1944 finished in the league's top ten in the oldest-player category.

In eight seasons, he played in 489 games, had 1,408 at bats, 174 runs, 396 hits, 53 doubles, 25 triples, 13 home runs, 142 RBI, 8 stolen bases, 113 walks, .281 batting average, .339 on-base percentage, .382 slugging percentage, 538 total bases and 23 sacrifice hits.  Often used as a pinch-hitter during his career, he was an average defensive outfielder for his era, handling 813 out of 833 total chances for a .976 fielding percentage.

Crabtree lived in Nelsonville, Ohio, for many years.  Crabtree, better known as "Crabby", was one of the most highly regarded sports personalities ever to have lived in Nelsonville.  In addition to being a former major leaguer who played for the St. Louis Cardinals and Cincinnati Reds, he was a player-coach for Rochester Red Wings, and was posthumously inducted into the Red Wings Hall of Fame in 1989.  He retired in 1944 and returned to Nelsonville.  "Crabby" helped organize Little League baseball for youngsters in the Nelsonville area.  He was also active in the Nelsonville Band Boosters and served as their president, and was the founder of the annual "Old-Timers Baseball Day" held each year during the Parade of the Hills, an annual festival held each year in Nelsonville.  Crabtree Field, a baseball field in Nelsonville, is dedicated to him.

Crabtree died in nearby Logan, Ohio at Hocking Valley Hospital at the age of 63 after a brief illness and is buried in Greenlawn Cemetery in Nelsonville.

References

External links

Retrosheet

1903 births
1967 deaths
Baseball players from Ohio
Cincinnati Reds coaches
Cincinnati Reds players
Columbus Senators players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Oklahoma City Indians players
People from Nelsonville, Ohio
Rochester Red Wings managers
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Louis Cardinals players
People from Scioto County, Ohio

Estel Crabtree


Marquess or Marchioness of Galatone (Marchese o Marchesa di Galatone) was a noble title created by the Kings of Spain for Stefano Squarciafico, Patrician of Genoa, on 29 June 1562, and inherited according to Spanish nobiliary law.  The title is currently (yet unofficially) held by the Prince or Princess Belmonte.

The title is not currently extant in the peerage of Spain.

Creation of the title

The feudality of Galatone was acquired in 1557 by Uberto Squarciafico of Genoa, who died on 8 February 1562 leaving his property to his son Don Stefano.  On 29 June of that year, the title Marquess of Galatone was conferred on Stefano by King Philip II of Spain, son of Emperor Charles V.  Stefano married Vittoria Doria. He died in 1568, and is buried in the family's Chapel, the Cappella di San Marco, at Copertino Castle.

Succession

Giulio Cesare, younger son of Uberto, succeeded his brother Don Stefano as 2nd Marquess of Galatone in 1568, and was placed under the guardianship of Uberto's sister Livia and her husband Galeazzo Pinelli owing to his youth.  Livia had been given the County of Copertino by Uberto, as a dowry on her marriage.  Giulio Cesare married Lelia Spinola, daughter of the Duke of Sesto and Marquess of Venafro (Filippo Spinola). As a widow, Lelia married on 27 November 1585 Gian Francesco Oliva Grimaldi, 2nd Duke of Terranova and Seigneur of Gerace.  Her son by that marriage, Girolamo Oliva Grimaldi, was created 1st Prince of Gerace.
Cosimo, son of Galeazzo and Livia, succeeded to the lands, Castle and title as 3rd Marquess of Galatone in 1588.  From his mother he also inherited the title Count of Copertino.  He married Nicoletta Grillo  (died 28 October 1617). Cosimo was responsible for the construction of the Church and Convent of San Francesco in Galatone in 1599-1600 at his own expense, dedicating it to the care of the Capuchins and reserving the Chapel of the Immacolata as a family crypt.  Cosimo died in 1601.
Galeazzo (II) Francesco, only son of Cosimo and Nicoletta, was created 1st Duke of Acerenza on 12 April 1593 by Philip II of Spain.  He succeeded his father in 1602 as 4th Marquess of Galatone and Count of Copertino.  Galeazzo's daughter Donna Caterina also resided at Galatone, and is buried in the Chapel of the Immacolata, along with her cousin Donna Nicoletta, daughter of Galeazzo (I).
Cosimo (II) succeeded as 2nd Duke of Acerenza, 5th Marquess of Galatone and Count of Copertino, and married Anna Maria Ravaschieri, daughter of Orazio Giovan Battista Ravaschieri Fieschi, 1st Prince of Belmonte, bringing her from the convent where she had been enclosed. Together they had nine children.
Don Gaetano Pinelli, second son of Duke Cosimo and Duchess Anna Maria, succeeded to as 3rd Duke of Acerenza, 6th Marquess of Galatone and Count of Copertino, since his elder brother Don Gaetano Antonio was considered fool.  Duke Gaetano died at Belmonte (now Belmonte Calabro) in 1711, with no direct heir.  His titles and lands therefore passed to his first cousin, who was nephew to the 3rd Duchess, Anna Maria.
Oronzo Ravaschieri Fieschi Pinelli, 5th Prince of Belmonte, succeeded to the Dukedom of Acerenza as 4th Duke, the Marquessate of Galatone as 7th Marquess, and the Earldom (Contea) of Copertino.

For the descent of the Dukedom of Acerenza, Marquessate of Galatone and County of Copertino to the present day in the line of the Princes and Princesses of Belmonte, see Prince or Princess Belmonte.  See also the Dukedom of Acerenza, for the line of the Dukes prior to their marriage alliance with the Ravaschieri Fieschi, Princes of Belmonte.

References

Galatone
Galatone
Marquesses of Galatone
Galatone
1562 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Noble titles created in 1562

Marquess or Marchioness of Galatone


The Canning Club is a gentlemen's club based in London, formerly named the Argentine Club, founded in 1911, and is for those with a particular link to, or special interest in, Argentina and other Latin American countries.

As the previous name suggested, it was originally established as a club for nationals of Argentina, and much of its income was derived from Argentine-based British businesses. When these businesses were nationalised by Juan Domingo Perón from the 1940s, the club was deprived of its main source of revenue. Adapting to the situation, it redefined its remit more broadly to Latin America in general, and in 1948 was renamed as the Canning Club, in honour of George Canning, who had strong links to Latin America.

The club was based in Hamilton Place, Mayfair, until 1970, when it began sharing the premises of the Naval and Military Club, first at Cambridge House, 94 Piccadilly, and from 1999 at 4 St. James's Square.

See also
List of London's gentlemen's clubs

External links

Gentlemen's clubs in London
1911 establishments in England
Organizations established in 1911

Canning Club


Corporations such as CPC Corporation and Taiwan Financial Holdings Group are owned by the government of Taiwan (officially the Republic of China). Taiwan launched privatization programs in 1989.

List of government-owned corporations
CPC Corporation, Taiwan
Chunghwa Post
Export–Import Bank of the Republic of China
Kaohsiung Port Land Development Corporation (50% with Kaohsiung City Government)
Land Bank of Taiwan
National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology
Taiwan Sugar Corporation
Taiwan Power Company
Taiwan Water Corporation
Taiwan Financial Holdings Group
Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation
Taiwan Railways Corporation (2024)
Taiwan International Ports Corporation
Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation
Taoyuan International Airport Corporation
Wang Film Productions (50% with Cartoon Network Studios/WarnerMedia)

See also

 State-owned Enterprises Commission
 List of companies of Taiwan

References

Taiwan
State-owned

List of state-owned enterprises of Taiwan


Hans Morten Nordahl (born 1961) Dr.Philos. and professor in clinical psychology and behavioral medicine at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway.

Research
Prof. Nordahl has contributed to the formation Norwegian Association of Cognitive Therapy (1994) and a former president of the Norwegian Association for CBT (NFKT). He has been a board member of the European Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (EABCT 1999–2002) and a former board member in the European Society for the Study of Personality Disorders (ESSPD, 2010–2013). In 2007 he founded Metacognitive Therapy Institute with Prof. Adrian Wells. https://mct-institute.co.uk/
From 2010- 2020 he has been the research director of the Trauma Clinic at St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim. Since 2016 he has been professor of medicine (Behavioral Sciences in Medicine) at the Institute of Mental Health, NTNU.

Publications
Prof. Nordahl has been extensively involved in the training and supervision of therapists both nationally and internationally and has also published several articles and book chapters during the last two decades.

He has been elected member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters since 2007.

Selected publications:
Nordahl, HM, Vogel, PA., Morken, G., Stiles, T., Sandvik, P., & Wells, A. (2016). Paroxetine, Cognitive therapy or their combination in the treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder with and without avoidant personality disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85, 346–356.
Nordahl HM, Borkovec TD, Hagen R, Kennair LEO, Hjemdal O, Solem S, Hansen B, Haseth S & Wells A. (2018). Metacognitive Therapy versus Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomised Controlled Trial. British Journal of Psychiatry(open access), 4, 393–400. DOI: 10.1192/bjo2018.54

References

Norwegian psychologists
Living people
1961 births

Hans M. Nordahl


The Visitors is a 1972 American drama film directed by Elia Kazan and starring Patrick McVey. It was entered into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival.  Kazan used an article written by Daniel Lang for The New Yorker in 1969, and Lang's subsequent book Casualties of War, as a jumping-off point for this film.

Plot
Bill Schmidt and his long-term girlfriend Martha Wayne and their young son Hal live in a small Connecticut farmhouse owned by Martha's overbearing father. One snowy winter Saturday, two of Bill's ex-army buddies, Mike and Tony, arrive. A few years ago, they had all served together in Vietnam in the same platoon but later ended up on opposite sides of a court-martial. Bill has never told his girlfriend what happened in Vietnam nor at the court-martial. The story slowly unfolds. Under orders in Vietnam not to take any prisoners, and faced with potentially hostile civilians who might attack them if left behind, Mike kills a civilian after raping her. Bill testifies against him and Mike is sent to the stockade (military prison) for two years. He is angry. There is sexual tension between Mike and Martha. The tension builds and culminates in a fight and a rape.

Cast
 Patrick McVey as Harry Wayne
 Patricia Joyce as Martha Wayne
 James Woods as Bill Schmidt
 Steve Railsback as Mike Nickerson
 Chico Martínez as Tony Rodrigues

See also
 o.k., a 1970 film also depicting the Incident on Hill 192
 Casualties of War, a 1989 film also depicting the Incident on Hill 192

References

External links

1972 films
1972 drama films
1970s English-language films
American drama films
Films directed by Elia Kazan
Films set in Connecticut
Vietnam War films
United Artists films
1970s American films

The Visitors (1972 film)


Lucia Pytter (10 April 1762 - 9 October 1825) was a Norwegian philanthropist. She is known for her social projects in Bergen, Norway and referred to as a pioneer of social work .

Life
Pytter was born at  Braksiel near Bremen, Germany.  She was the daughter of the German merchant Johann Müller. She was married Martin Görbitz (1738-1796) in 1778, a merchant who operated a profitable trade in manufactured and fashion goods, and established residence in Bergen. They had ten children, among them son Johan Gørbitz, who became a significant artist. After the death of her first spouse, she married Frantz Anton Pytter (1769-1857) in 1801. Both of her spouses were German born merchants who had relocated to Bergen.

On her own initiative and partly with her own funds and efforts, she made sure to provide food, care and medical assistance to many of the city's poor and needy. She had a soup kitchen for 30 poor families every Wednesday, and organized collections for food for the poor. In 1799, she founded a professional handicrafts school and she also founded a leprosy asylum, both for females. She participated in the press in the debate of social issues, and published a work about social care. In consultation with his friend Hans Nielsen Hauge, she also worked to establish a middle school where Christianity would be prioritized. She is also considered to be the author behind the anonymously published collection of poems Svarte-Digen from 1794.

She died after prolonged illness and was buried at St. Mary's Church in Bergen.

References

1762 births
1825 deaths
Norwegian philanthropists
Norwegian social workers
German emigrants to Norway
Norwegian women poets
18th-century Norwegian people
19th-century Norwegian people
19th-century Norwegian women

Lucia Pytter


Christian Voice is an American conservative political advocacy group, known as part of the Christian right within U.S. politics. In 1980, Christian Voice claimed 107,000 members including 37,000 pastors from 45 denominations. Christian Voice was headquartered at The Heritage Foundation in the 1970s and 1980s and is currently located in Alexandria, Virginia.

Christian Voice was among a group of four prominent Christian Right groups formed in 1978 and 1979.  Christian Voice, Moral Majority, The Religious Roundtable and the National Christian Action Coalition all enjoyed considerable popularity during Ronald Reagan's Presidency.

Christian Voice is best known as the originator and developer of the Moral Report Cards the "Congressional Report Card" and the "Candidates Scorecard" that were issued mainly between the years 1980 and 1984. It helped organize grassroots action through use of its "Church Networking Guide".

History
Christian Voice, founded by Reverends Dr. Robert Grant and Richard Zone in 1978, was formed out of several California anti-gay and anti-pornography organizations.  Evangelical minister Pat Robertson, who later formed the Christian Coalition, furnished some early financial resources for the organization. Paul Weyrich, the leader of the conservative think tank the Heritage Foundation, and a chief architect of the Christian right movement, which the Christian Voice was a part of, met with Grant in 1976 and agreed to let Grant set up headquarters for his future organization at the headquarters of The Heritage Foundation.  Weyrich, a member of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, then recruited former Nixon administration official Howard Phillips, a Jew who converted to Evangelical Christianity, and was known for leading crusades to "defund the Left," and direct mail king Richard Viguerie, a Roman Catholic to help develop Grant's organization.

Christian Voice made its reputation as a lobbying organization, owing mostly to Grant's decision to hire Gary Jarmin, a Washington insider and Republican politico, to run Christian Voice's lobbying efforts on Capitol Hill. Jarmin, in a Francis Schaeffer and Frank Schaeffer "co-belligerent" strategy also later mimicked by Ralph E. Reed Jr. of the Christian Coalition, urged Jews, fundamentalists, Roman Catholics, Pentecostals and charismatics, and others to put aside their differences and work together for common notions of political change.  This stood Christian Voice in contrast to Moral Majority, the Religious Roundtable and the National Christian Action Coalition, all of which were more narrowly fundamentalist in their ideology and were initially less willing to build political bridges to other religious communities.  Weyrich, Viguerie and Phillips also abandoned the group in 1978 after Grant announced that the Christian Voice was "a sham" that was "controlled by three Catholics and a Jew;" they then decided to align with rising televangelist Jerry Falwell and form the Moral Majority.

Christian Voice sought to counter US President Jimmy Carter's influence over the American Christian community. A Democrat who embraced the born-again Christian label, Carter gained high levels of popularity among Christian conservatives during his 1976 campaign.  After he took office, however, Carter disappointed many Christian conservatives by supporting the Panama Canal Treaty and by taking what many Christian conservatives considered to be a soft stance on Communism. This perception caused Christian Voice and other Christian right organizations to rally behind Republican nominee Ronald Reagan in 1980.  During the 1980 US Presidential election, Christian Voice organized "Christians for Reagan" as a subdivision with the group and it also sponsored an advertising campaign that implied Carter approved of homosexual lifestyles.  The group gained even further notoriety when it issued "moral report cards" to grade the social voting patterns of members of Congress.

Christian Voice was the first of the Christian Right groups, pre-dating the Christian Coalition, American Coalition for Traditional Values, Concerned Women for America, Moral Majority, Family Research Council, and other Christian political groups.  Christian Voice has employed hundreds of political organizers, including Susan Hirschman, Chief of Staff to former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay, Congressman Tom Hagadorn, who chaired the organization for several years, and Tim LaHaye, co-author of the Left Behind series.  At one point, US Senators Orrin Hatch (Utah), Roger Jespen (Iowa) and James McClure (Idaho) all served on the organization's board of directors.  Many of the techniques used by current independent and 527 political campaigns were originally developed by Christian Voice (Most notably, a commonly used "Political Report Card" used to inform voters of how their representative voted was created by Christian Voice chief architect Colonel V. Doner).

Decline
The group's bare-knuckle politics angered many Christian Voice supporters, including some of the Congressmen on the board of directors.  Christian Voice's primary legislative objective, a constitutional amendment to allow prayer in public schools, failed near the end of Reagan's first term.  After Reagan's second term began, Christian Voice shifted its activities away from lobbying and toward the publication of campaign literature, especially the aforementioned "report cards."  The group claimed to have distributed some 30 million report cards during the 1986 election cycle.  However, funding and leadership flagged after the 1986 elections, which saw Republicans lose control of the US Senate, and many of the key members of Christian Voice fled to form the American Freedom Coalition with funding from Unification Church leader Sun Myung Moon.

As of 2012, the Christian Voice was still maintained by the American Service Council as a vehicle for direct mail campaigns both the targeting of voters and contributors and the delivery of petitions to the U.S. federal government. The American Service Council no longer lists the Christian Voice on its own web site nor maintains a separate Christian Voice web site.

Principals
 Terry Dolan
 Colonel V. Doner, Chief Strategist (1978-1986)
 Robert Grant, Founder, Chairman and CEO (1978-1998; 2003-2008)
 Richard Viguerie

References

American Christian political organizations
Political organizations based in the United States
Conservative organizations in the United States
Companies based in Alexandria, Virginia
1978 establishments in the United States
Christian organizations established in 1978

Christian Voice (United States)


The Golden Gate Building, built in 1925, is an historic real estate and land development office building located on State Road A1A at 3225 South East Dixie Highway (corner of South East Delmar Street) in the unincorporated community of Golden Gate south of Stuart in Martin County, Florida. It was built  by the Golden Gate Development Company to serve as the sales office for its 200 block subdivision called Golden Gate. which was a re-subdivision of a part of the 1911 subdivision called Port Sewall. The Florida Land Boom, however, collapsed before it could be used as such. In 1926, it became the Port Sewall Post Office and it was later used as  a church and then as an art studio, before being abandoned and falling into disrepair.

In 1989, the Golden Gate Building was listed in A Guide to Florida's Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.

In 2002, the Board of County Commissioners of Martin County bought it in order to prevent its destruction. Renovations which began in 2005 were directed first to shoring up the four walls which were in serious danger of collapse. Exterior renovations were completed in 2008 with a $48,000 grant from the state and it is anticipated that the interior will be restored by 2010. The Friends of the Historic Golden Gate Community spearhead the renovation efforts. Plans called for the 2-story  building to be increased to  with the new space to be used to provide amenities such as the bathrooms necessary for a public community center.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

In 2017, a collaboration of non-profit agencies and funding partners throughout Martin County completed the renovation to the historic building, opening it to the public as the Golden Gate Center for Enrichment. The two-story community center features a library outpost and computer lab on the first floor with classroom space suited for diverse teaching layouts and uses. Martin County-based human services agency, House of Hope, manages the building and all of its operations, while program partners provide the community with workshops, classes, access to technology, and information sessions designed to enhance life skills, earning potential, health and overall well-being at no cost to participants. The exterior lot has been transformed into a nutrition garden maintained by House of Hope staff and volunteers which is accessed frequently as part of the "Gardening for Healthy Families" curriculum offered weekly to the community.

References

External links

 Martin County Growth Management Department: Golden Gate redevelopment
 Stuart News, June 14, 2008, Golden Gate Building may be renovated by 2010 by Veronica Holt
 Stuart News Nov. 28, 2016 by Jackie Holfelder, For Luminaries
 TCpalm.com August 3, 2017 by Tara Jacobs, YourNews contributor

Historic
Buildings and structures in Martin County, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Martin County, Florida

Golden Gate Building


Bulgarka Junior Quartet  is a Bulgarian vocal folklore ensemble.

Biography
Bulgarka Junior Quartet was formed in 1989 in Plovdiv (Bulgaria), as the initiator for the formation of the group is Rumyana Tsintsarska (Folklore Music Editor in Bulgarian National Radio Folk Music who managed the successful performance of Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares ensemble (translated as "The Mystery of Bulgarian Voices") in collaboration with Marcel Cellier).

The concept behind the name of the formation -  Bulgarka Junior Quartet comes from Latin word "junior" - "young" in English, which was selected coincidentally, as a sign of continuity between generations folk singers - in 1989, when Trio Bulgarka ensemble are at the zenith of their fame and have realized joint projects with musicians such as George Harrison and Kate Bush.

The repertoire of the ensemble covers both traditional Bulgarian folk songs and rearranged Bulgarian folklore music by some of the most notable contemporary composers and interpreters of Bulgarian folk rhythms as Ivan Spassov, Krasimir Kyurkchiyski, Theodosii Spassov, Stefan Mutafchiev, Nikolai Kaufman, Dimitar Trifonov and others.

The initial ensemble of the quartet include singers Christina Anastasova, Fanka Koynarova, Vichka Nikolova and Tonka Koleva who were members of Trakia Ensemble at the time. As vocalists at Trakia Ensemble the four folk singers were among the first Bulgarian artists who sang on the stage of Olympia Hall in Paris, France.

The first album of the quartet was recorded in 1989 and was released by Mega Music Label. The promotion of the album started at MIDEM Festival in Cannes, France.

Between 1989 and 1993 Bulgarka Junior Quartet had several concert tours in Finland, Israel, France and participated in the famous Wagner Days (Festspiele). The concert of the ensemble took place in famous Bayreuth Festspielhaus.

At the end of 1993 Vichka Nikolova left the ensemble in pursuit of a solo career.

As of 1994, Bulgarka Junior Quartet members are:
 Christina Anastasova (first soprano) raised and educated in Strandzha folklore tradition. Anastasova graduated with honors Music School "Philip Koutev" Kotel, Bulgaria and the Academy of Music and Dance in Plovdiv and in 1997 she released her first solo album "Living With Strandzhas' Songs"
 Fanka Koynarova (second soprano) who as a child was a part of a youth ensemble in Smolyan, Bulgaria and graduated Music School Shiroka Laka, Bulgaria and  Academy of Music and Dance in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1998 Koynarova released a joint album with Mladen Koynarov, and year before that, in 1997 she debuted as solo artist with the project called "A Rhodopa Song".
 Elena Bedeleva (first alto) graduated with honors Music School "Philip Koutev" Kotel, Bulgaria and Academy of Music, Dance and Fine Arts  Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
 Tonka Koleva (contra alto) began singing appearances since childhood as a vocalist of the Children's Folklore Ensemble Haskovo and graduated with honors Music School "Philip Koutev" Kotel, Bulgaria and и Academy of Music, Dance and Fine Arts Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1994 she released her first solo album "Walnut Leaf".
Each of Bulgarka Junior Quartet members come from different Bulgarian folklore region with specific and rich vocal heritage and each one of them was brought with folklore singing as a family tradition and then started professional careers as musicians by own choice. All this, and the fact that they are musically educated contribute to their professional growth through long years of artistic career.

Tours

The first concerts of Bulgarka Junior Quartet took place during  the MIDEM Festival in Cannes, France. This is the first introduction of the ensemble to the world music scene. The quartet toured in France, Finland, Germany, Israel, Morocco, Belgium, Italy, Spain and England.

The quartet's repertoire is diverse in genre and style-wise. Bulgarka Junior Quartet's discography includes collaborations with Kepa Junkera, Juan Peña Fernández El Lebrijano, Sabin Todorov, A Filetta, Bolyari Ensemble, Nikolay Kaufmann and Bruno Kule.

In 1998 the group took part in the Sfinks Festival, Belgium, where they shared a stage with names like Susana Baca and Jorge Ben Jor.

Quartet was invited to play a musical accompaniment for the fashion review of British/Turkish Cypriot fashion designer Hussein Chalayan that took place during the London Fashion Week in 1999 where Chalayan won for the second time Best Designer of the Year Award.

In the summer of 2009 Bulgarian Junior Quartet were invited to participate in "Unique Voices of Bulgaria" concert that aimed to revive the architectural and historic Old Town of Plovdiv as a national music scene for high arts. Tonka Koleva, Fanka Koynarova, Elena Bedeleva and Christina Atanasova enchanted audience with its rich folklore program, including acappella chants and folk songs to the accompaniment of flute and percussion.

In the month of June 2011 the quartet participated in Tampere Festival, Finland. The concert of the quartet was a collaboration with Sabin Todorov, and the event took place in the Old Customs House Hall.

Discography
1989   "Bulgarian Folklore" (Label:Mega Music)
1994   "PALESTRINA missa primi toni" (Label:Erato Disques/DETOUR)
1995  "Legend of Bulgarian Voices" (Label:Arc Music)
1996  "The Magic Voices of Bulgaria" (Label:Sounds Of The World)
1997  "Traditional Bulgarian Folk Songs" (Label:Studio SM)
2010   Inside Story 2 (feat. Bulgarka Junior Quartet) Sabin Todorov Trio, Sal La Rocca & Lionel Beuvens(Label:Sowarex)
2011   Folk Series: Bulgarka Junior Quartet & Bulgarian National Radio Folk Orchestra (Label:BNR)

Collaborations
1999   Various Artists "El Lebrijanо: Lagrimas De Cera" (Label:Parlophone)
1999   Kepa Hunkera "Bilbao 00:00h" (Label:Alula Records)
2001   "Le peuple migrateur" (Bande originale du film) Bruno Coulais (Label:EMI)
2001   Kepa Junkera "Maren" (Label:Parlophone)
2003   Kepa Junkera "K" (Label:Phantom Sound & Vision)
2004   Hughes De Courson – Lux Obscura "Un Projet Electro-Medieval" (Издател:Balloon Noir/EMI Records Ltd./Virgin Classics)
2006   Kepa Junkera "Hiri" (Elkar)

Links
Bulgarka Junior Quartet myspace.com profile
Video clip of the single "My son has come"
Video clip of the single "My Old Grandpa"
Video clip of concert in Brussels, Belgium
Video clip from the film Le Retour Des Grues
Hussein Chalayan's presentation from London's Fashion Week in 1999
Kepa Junkera and Bulfarka Junior Quartet in concert

References

Bulgarian folk music groups
Culture in Plovdiv

Bulgarka Junior Quartet


Vera Mindy Chokalingam, known professionally as Mindy Kaling (born June 24, 1979 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) is an American actress and comedian. She is also a writer and acts mostly on television programs.

Early life
Kaling was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts to Indian Hindu parents. Her mother was a doctor while her father was an architect. She was named "Mindy" after the character in the television series Mork & Mindy. She describes herself as a child calling herself "a respectful and hardworking wallflower". She took up acting when she attended Dartmouth College. She took a break from college for a semester to intern with Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Kaling was a member of Dartmouth's improv troupe "The Dog Day Players". She also created "Badly Drawn Girl". a comic strip for the Dartmouth newspaper. In the play "+Matt & Ben" she played Ben Affleck. It was featured on Time Magazine"s 2003 "Top Ten Theatrical Events of the Year". She graduated in 2001.

Career
In 2005 Kaling began playing the airhead Kelly Kapoor in the situation comedy The Office. Kaling was also a writer and producer for the show. She plays the protagonist in The Mindy Project. She is a feminist. In 2005 Kaling acted in a film for the first time. She played a character called Amy in The 40 Year Old Virgin.

In 2014 Kaling was on one of the four February covers of ELLE Magazine. It started a controversy because she was the only one of the four that was not a full-body shot. The question became "Mindy's not skinny enough to show her whole body, standing up from head to toe?" Kaling said she liked the cover and it made her feel glamorous.

She appeared as Mrs. Who in the 2018 Disney movie A Wrinkle in Time. She also played Velma Dinkley in Velma

References

Other websites
 Kaling responds to reader's questions on Jezebel

Actors from Cambridge, Massachusetts
American feminists
Comedians from Massachusetts
Tamil people
1979 births
Living people

Mindy Kaling


Alexander Glazunov composed his Symphony No. 3 in D major, Op. 33, in 1890, and it was published by 1892 by the Leipzig firm owned by Mitrofan Belyayev. The symphony is dedicated to Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and was first performed in St. Petersburg in December 1890 under the baton of Anatoly Lyadov. The symphony is considered a transitional work, with Glazunov largely eschewing the influences of Balakirev, Borodin, and Rimsky-Korsakov inherent in his earlier symphonies for the newer influences of Tchaikovsky and Wagner. Because of this change, the Third has been called the "anti-kuchkist" symphony in Glazunov's output (kuchkist from kuchka, the shortened Russian name for the nationalist music group The Five). He would tone down these new influences in his subsequent symphonies as he strove for an eclectic mature style. The Third also shows a greater depth of expression, most evident in the chromatic turns of its third movement, reminiscent of Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde.

Instrumentation
Woodwinds
3 flutes (1 taking piccolo)
2 oboes
2 clarinets
2 bassoons

Brass
4 horns
3 trumpets
3 trombones
tuba

Percussion
timpani
percussion

Strings
violins
violas
violoncellos
double basses

Structure
Four movements make up the work:

 Allegro
 Scherzo. Vivace. (6/16 and 2/8 mixed time signatures, in F major)
 Andante. (C-sharp minor)
 Finale. Allegro moderato.

Overview
Although the earliest sketches of this work date to 1883, the symphony was an example of Glazunov's effort to break away in a larger form from the nationalist style that animated the compositions of The Mighty Handful (then the most important musical influence in Russia) to reflect what Glazunov felt to be universal forms, moods and themes. He had already explored this desire in smaller works such as the Poem lyrique for orchestra (1881-7), a piece much admired by Tchaikovsky, as well as in the elegy To the Memory of a Hero (Pamyati geroya) (1881-5). The Symphony No. 3, however, was Glazunov's largest orchestral work to aspire to an artistic mould beyond that espoused by the Five. Tchaikovsky's influence is clear, especially in the work's lyrical episodes.

In 1924, when Glazunov shared his reminiscences of Tchaikovsky, he said, "He also knew my Third Symphony, which is dedicated to him. Much in it found his approval and, at his request, I often played the scherzo of the symphony to him on the piano. When I asked him what he would regard as the most significant weakness in my works, he said: 'Some longevities and the lack of pauses.' Later, when Pyotr Ilyich had long departed this world, I always remembered his words, and in my subsequent production I always took pains to pay heed to them."

Bibliography
 Lobanova, Marina, Notes for Glazunov: Ballade; Symphony No. 3; BBC National Orchestra of Wales conducted by Tadaaki Otaka.

External links

References

Symphonies by Alexander Glazunov
1890 compositions
Compositions in D major

Symphony No. 3 (Glazunov)


Greatest Hits is the twelfth album by country singer Trisha Yearwood. The album is the final album released during Yearwood's association with the record company MCA, after she signed to Big Machine Records in early 2007. The album is composed of hits from her 16-year tenure with MCA, and features two previously unreleased tracks, "Just a Cup of Coffee" and "Nothin' to Lose." Both of these songs were recorded for Yearwood's 2005 album, Jasper County, but were not included on the album and are, as such, represented here as unfinished studio cuts. "Nothin' to Lose" was eventually recorded by fellow artist and former MCA labelmate, Reba McEntire, for her 2009 album Keep on Loving You.

The album sold 22,000 copies in its first week, debuting at #22 on the US Billboard 200 chart and at #2 on the Country Album chart. The album also peaked at #5 on the ARIA Country chart.

Track listing
"She's in Love with the Boy" (Jon Ims) - 4:07
"Like We Never Had a Broken Heart" (Pat Alger, Garth Brooks) - 3:48
"The Woman Before Me" (Jude Johnstone) - 3:42
"Wrong Side of Memphis" (Gary Harrison, Matraca Berg) - 2:48
"Walkaway Joe" (Vince Melamed, Greg Barnhill) - 4:21
"The Song Remembers When" (Hugh Prestwood) - 3:56
"XXX's and OOO's (An American Girl)" (Berg, Alice Randall) - 2:49
"Thinkin' About You" (Bob Regan, Tom Shapiro) - 3:24
"Believe Me Baby (I Lied)" (Larry Gottlieb, Kim Richey) - 3:44
"Everybody Knows" (Berg, Harrison) - 3:16
"How Do I Live" (Diane Warren) - 4:04
"Perfect Love" (Sunny Russ, Stephony Smith) - 2:58
"There Goes My Baby" (Annie Roboff, Arnie Roman) - 3:51
"Powerful Thing" (Al Anderson, Sharon Vaughn) - 2:58
"I Would've Loved You Anyway" (Mary Danna, Troy Verges) - 3:43
"Just a Cup of Coffee" (Stephanie Davis) - 3:16
"Nothin' to Lose" (Kimberly Fox) - 3:33

Chart performance

References

2007 greatest hits albums
Trisha Yearwood compilation albums
MCA Records compilation albums

Greatest Hits (Trisha Yearwood album)


Hominid is a novel by Austrian writer Klaus Ebner. The story takes place millions of years ago and tells some days in the life of a group of hominids who live in Central Africa. The book was published by the Viennese publisher FZA Verlag in October 2008.

The story
Hominid takes place several million years ago in the Central African region between rainforest and savanna. The main characters are australopithecus afarenses, a hominid mostly living on trees that existed before the use of tools and fire. The story is told in the first person by the main character, Pitar. In thinking about his social and natural environment, Pitar decides to lead his family to civilization: "Hence I decided to shed some light on the darkness, to light a candle following the motto Let there be light and so on". His linguistic knowledge, thoughts and sayings are those of modern man, including a big knowledge about history, politics, philosophy and literature. Several comments made by Pitar about a particular object that has not been invented or developed yet, add to the funniness of the scenario. Pitar's close friends are Carpediem, who says Latin phrases and quotes the writers of Classical Antiquity, and Lao, who often refers to Chinese philosophy.

Although it is difficult to convince the other characters to follow him, Pitar manages to persuade the patriarchal leader of the clan, Costello, who has taken over leadership from Thorn, who had died shortly before. The group builds windbreaks so that they may descend more often from the trees, which has a higher risk of being attacked by wild animals on the ground. Costello and Re are rivals. Re not only questions the leading abilities of Costello, but also wants to possess Costello's females. To calm down the arising quarrel, Pitar tries to found a parliament in order to settle conflicts peacefully. Whereas Costello thinks the parliament would be a forum in which he can strengthen his power, quoting from famous speeches by Winston Churchill and Abraham Lincoln, the other members ruin the idea because they have no discipline and feel indifferent.

One of the subplots of the novel shows the love between Pitar and Maluma, a female member of the group. Costello pretends the group of females would be his personal harem, but when Maluma falls in love with Pitar, she breaks off her relationship with the leader. On each day, the characters discover new things. On the seventh day, everyone is exhausted from their work and needs rest. However, the calm is broken by the attack of a saber-toothed cat. Several members of the family are killed, including Costello, which allows Re to come to power. Pitar and Maluma decide to leave the group, saying: "We should leave in time, leave Re and his new Reich, which, when I'm taking into account Thorn's previous reign, would be the Third over here." Pitar and Maluma leave toward the savanna in a move that remembers both the expulsion from paradise and the Out of Africa theory.

The novel has seven chapters, "Day 1" to "Day 7", with the action of each chapter taking place on consecutive days. The chapter titles refer to the seven days of the biblical Creation. Only odd-numbered chapters tell the love story. Writer Karin Gayer mentions in her review that the love story of Pitar and Maluma, and its positioning within the text, offers "a second interpretation of the beginning and the end".

Characters

In conversation with the Viennese regional leader of publisher Arovell, Ebner talked about the hidden meanings of his characters' names.

Akshaya: The name stems from Hindi (specifically Sanskrit) and signifies "the indomitable". Akshaya is a female character with a firm personality. She belongs to the group although she often acts against Costello. In a certain sense she represents the matriarchal form of governance.
Bongo: African people and language, place names in several African countries; Remembers Adriano Celentanos movie "Bingo Bongo"; forest antelope. The novel presents Bongo as a clownish, male young man.
Carpediem: Latin for "seize the day", or literally "pluck the day"; this phrase stems from a poem by Horace. Carpediem is Pitar's closest friend. He uses Latin quotations and other sayings.
Costello: English-Italian family name. Costello is the patriarch of the clan. Interested in remaining in power, he understands that Pitar's ideas might help him. For this reason he helps Pitar.
Djamila: A female character who belongs to Costello's harem. Her name stems from the Arabic language meaning "the pretty one".
Ischa: A female character who belongs to Costello's harem. Together with Djamila she woos the clan leader. Her name stems from the Semitic languages meaning "woman".
Konrad: Old High German for "bold or good adviser". He is a follower of Re.
Lao: Depending on the intonation, the word is Chinese for "firm, solid" or "old". This also remembers the Lao people who live in Southeast Asia. The character Lao quotes Chinese philosophers and is a friend of Pitar.
Lucy: Remembers Lucy, the skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis found in 1974 in Ethiopia. Lucy is the mother of most children of the family. At the end of the book she leaves for East Africa with Lao.
Maluma: Maluma is an artificial word from synesthesia, representing round and smooth shapes.
Manisha: This name stems from the Hindi and Sanskrit language, signifying "the wise"; Hinduism knows her as the goddess of the mind. Among the clan's women, Manisha has a similar role as Lao among the men.
Pitar His name stems from Sanskrit and means "father"; its word accent lies on the second syllable: Pitár.
Re: Italian for "king"; remembers the ancient Egyptian sun god Re or Ra. Re is Costello's rival and enemy. An aggressive character, he understands Pitar as an enemy because of Pitar's support for the clan leader. The attack of the sabre-toothed cat, which kills Costello, allows Re to become the new leader at the end of the novel.
Rhododendron: Greek for "rose tree"; a flowering plant. The character Rhododendron is a male member of the group with a sense for nature.
Ruth: Hebrew for "companion". Ruth is a female clan member with a strong character.
Thorn: The name stems from the Germanic languages and is the denomination of the rune Thurisaz "Þ", pronounced as "θ". Thorn is the eldest of the clan and considered a wise man. He appears only in the first two chapters and dies at their end. He was the leader of the clan before Costello.

History of the book

The idea to give prehistoric characters present-day knowledge and a modern language already arose in 2006. Since the author believed that this topic would not be enough for a longer novel, he did not continue working on it at first. The final impulse came with the literature prize Wiener Werkstattpreis in February 2008. The publication of a book offered by publisher FZA was an integral part of the award, and the publisher limited this book to 100 pages. For this purpose Ebner wrote and finalized his story and published the book in October of the same year. Publisher FZA introduced the work to the public in Vienna.

Criticism and interpretation

Heinz Gerstinger means the book would be a "history of the awakening of the spirit of mankind". The author has the events glided "into the playful by his gently irony". Several reviewers underline the novel's ironic and satirical aspect. The names of the characters, Latin quotations and idioms add to this as much as the parallelism between the seven days of Creation and scientific hominization. Ingrid Reichel points out the perfect publication date, just in time for the 150th anniversary of Charles Darwin's evolution theory. Like other reviewers, who had written about Ebner's earlier books she underlines the complex use of a detail rich language which is "steeped in subtle insensitive humor".

The many expressions in foreign languages, mostly in Latin, are untranslated in the first edition. In her review, Ingrid Reichel invites the publisher to add a glossary to a new edition. The author published such a glossary on his own website.

Despite many clear allusions to several world religions, Ingrid Reichel says that the novel is a book for "readers with humor, for reasoners (…), for darwinists, on no account for creationists, to a lesser extent for people of faith, but rather for atheists, … and fundamentalists drop out entirely". Another aspect is identified by Karin Gayer when mentioning the parallel evolution of the patriarchal hierarchy in the story's society and the social matriarchy, the first resembling Chimpanzee communities and the second those of Bonobos. In addition, she points out the strength of the women characters. With regard to these underlying comparisons she says: "On another level we are struck by the permanent verbal mix of the ape-like and the human, a combination which leaves us pensive and asks the legitimate question where we, who consider ourselves sapiens in a double sense, should finally classify man.".

Books and articles

Novel

 Ebner, Klaus. Hominide. Vienna: FZA Verlag, 2008.

Other books and articles

 Carbonell, Eudald; Moyà, Salvador; Sala, Robert; Corbella, Josep. Sapiens. el llarg camí dels homínids cap a la intel·ligència. Edicions 62, Barcelona 2000.
 Gamsjäger, Sonja. "Gespräch mit Autoren. Dr. Sonja Gamsjäger im Gespräch mit den Autoren Martin Dragosits und Klaus Ebner". Arovell-Kulturzeitschrift. Musik&Literatur&Kunst. Nr. 72. Gosau-Salzburg-Wien, 2009. p. 16-18
 Gerstinger, Heinz. "Review on Hominide". Literarisches Österreich. Nr. 01/09. Vienna, 2009. p. 21-22
 Reichel, Ingrid. "Es lebe die Satire!". etcetera. Nr. 36. St. Pölten, 2009. p. 76. ISSN 1682-9115

Notes

Other websites
FZA-Verlag (publishing house)
Literra book presentation
k360 Culture Service's book presentation
Reading in Second Life

2008 books
Novels
Austrian literature

Hominid (novel)


Charles La Trobe  (20 March 18014 December 1875), commonly Latrobe, was appointed in 1839 superintendent of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales and, after the establishment in 1851 of the colony of Victoria (now a state of Australia), he became its first lieutenant-governor.

La Trobe was a strong supporter of religious, cultural and educational institutions. During his time as superintendent and lieutenant-governor he oversaw the establishment of the Botanic Gardens, and provided leadership and support to the formation of entities such as the Mechanic's Institute, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, the Royal Philharmonic, the Melbourne Cricket Ground and the University of Melbourne.

La Trobe was the nephew of British architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe.

Early life
Charles La Trobe was born in London, the son of Christian Ignatius Latrobe, a leader of the Moravian Church, from a family of French Huguenot descent, whose mother was a member of the Moravian Church born in the United States. He was educated in England and later spent time in Switzerland and was active in mountaineering; he made a number of ascents in the Alps 1824–26. La Trobe wrote several travel books describing his experiences: The Alpenstock: Or Sketches of Swiss Scenery and Manners (1829) and The Pedestrian: A Summer's Ramble in the Tyrol (1832).

In 1832, he visited the United States along with Count Albert Pourtales and, in 1834, travelled from New Orleans to Mexico with Washington Irving. He then wrote The Rambler in North America (1835) and The Rambler in Mexico (1836).

On 16 September 1835, he married Sophie de Montmollin (1809–1854) in Berne, Switzerland. Their first child, Agnes Louisa de La Trobe, was born in Switzerland on 2 April 1837.

Lieutenant-governor
In 1837, La Trobe was entrusted with a government commission in the West Indies and reported on the future education of the recently emancipated slaves.

On 4 February 1839, he was appointed superintendent of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, even though he had little managerial and administrative experience. With his wife and 2-year-old daughter, La Trobe sailed into Sydney on 26 July 1839, for training on procedures. The La Trobes went on to Melbourne on 1 October.

At auction, La Trobe bought  of land on the fringe of the city, in what is now called Jolimont, at the upset price of £20 an acre, Melbourne residents having agreed among themselves not to bid against the superintendent. Governor George Gipps was disturbed when he heard about it, but La Trobe convinced him that he had acted innocently. On that land, La Trobe erected his home, which he had transported from London in sections, and which is preserved as LaTrobe's Cottage.

Melbourne had a population of around 3,000 at the time and was rapidly expanding. La Trobe commenced works to improve sanitation and streets. As the Port Phillip District was a dependency of New South Wales, all land sales, building plans and officer appointments had to be approved by Gipps, with whom La Trobe had a good personal and working relationship.

A Separation Association had been formed in 1840, with the aim of making the Port Phillip District a separate colony. In 1841, La Trobe wrote to Gipps, asking him to visit Melbourne to form his own opinion on the separation question. La Trobe did not actively campaign for separation, being content that Earl Grey had included separation in the reorganisation plan for the colonies. La Trobe also acted as lieutenant-governor of Van Diemen's Land for four months in 1846–47.

In July 1851, the Port Phillip achieved separation from New South Wales, becoming the colony of Victoria, and La Trobe became lieutenant-governor – a position he held until 1854. Soon after separation, gold was discovered at several locations in Victoria. La Trobe suddenly had to deal with the mass exodus of the population of Melbourne to the gold fields, as well as the later arrival of thousands of immigrants from other Australian colonies and overseas.

He was commonly referred to as "Charley Joe", and by extension, any government officials or policemen were called "joes". Having tried, with varying degrees of success, to cope with the enormous population and economic expansion of the new colony, La Trobe, who suffered self-doubt and criticism due to his inexperience, submitted his resignation in December 1852, but had to wait until a replacement, Charles Hotham, could take his place.

After Victoria
Towards the end of his governorship, La Trobe's wife, Sophie, became ill and returned to Europe with their four children. She died on 30 January 1854. On his return to Europe after his term, La Trobe married Sophie's sister, Rose Isabelle de Meuron (1821–1883) in 1855, a marriage which was illegal in English law, being considered incestuous at the time. (See Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907.) The couple had two daughters (born 1856 and 1859) in Switzerland and moved to England in 1861. La Trobe did not receive any further British government appointments. His eyesight was increasingly deteriorating, and he was completely blind for the last years of his life. He died in 1875.

Geelong keys
La Trobe is also linked to the discovery of a minor piece of evidence suggesting early European exploration of Australia. In 1847, at Limeburners' Point near Geelong, Victoria, Charles La Trobe, a keen amateur geologist, was examining the shells from a lime kiln when a worker showed him a set of five keys that he claimed to have found, subsequently named the Geelong Keys. La Trobe concluded that, based on their appearance, the keys were dropped onto the beach around 100 to 150 years beforehand (i.e. between 1700 and 1750). In 1977, Kenneth McIntyre hypothesized they were dropped by Portuguese sailors under the command of Cristóvão de Mendonça. Since the keys have long been lost, their exact origin cannot be verified. However, research by geologist Edmund Gill and historian P.F.B. Alsop showed the deposit they were supposedly found in was 2330–2800 years old, making La Trobe's dating impossible.

Legacy
Much of Melbourne's substantial inner-ring parks and gardens can be attributed to La Trobe's foresight in reserving this land.

Melbourne and Victoria are dotted with things named in honour of La Trobe, including La Trobe Street, Latrobe River, La Trobe University, La Trobe Financial in the Melbourne central business district, and Charles La Trobe College in Melbourne's north east, the La Trobe Reading Room at the State Library of Victoria on La Trobe Street in the CBD, the federal electorate of La Trobe in Melbourne's outer east, the Latrobe Valley in southeastern Victoria, Mount LaTrobe in Wilsons Promontory and, in Tasmania, Latrobe and Latrobe Council.

There are statues of La Trobe outside the State Library and at La Trobe University's Bundoora campus, the latter statue is notable for initially being upside-down in appearance, symbolising Universities duty to "turn ideas on their head".

The La Trobe Journal (founded 1968) is published by the State Library of Victoria. It is devoted to Australasia, especially in connection with Victoria.

The family motto of La Trobe is used at La Trobe University for their own motto. The motto in English is "whoever seeks shall find".

The flowering plant genus Latrobea was named after him.

Involvement in Native Police Force

The Native Police Corps as the Aboriginal force was known, was limited initially to one division in the Port Phillip District of the colony, around Melbourne.

In 1842, the formation of the Native Police Corps was halted due to funding problems.
These issues delayed reformation of the corps until Superintendent Charles La Trobe indicated he was willing to underwrite the costs in 1842.

Native Police Corps were primarily a force of armed and mounted Aboriginal police under the command of white officers. They were used to patrol the often vast geographical areas along the colonial frontier in order to conduct indiscriminate raids and punitive expeditions against Aboriginal people.
The Native Police proved to be a brutally destructive instrument in the disintegration and dispossession of Indigenous Australians.

See also
History of Melbourne
French Australian
Latrobe nugget

References

External links
La Trobe Society
Charles Joseph La Trobe: A chronology
Genealogy of the La Trobe family
Governor La Trobe's Instructions, 11 September 1839
La Trobe statue at La Trobe University Bundoora

Family tree in Genealogisches Handbuch der baltischen Ritterschaften, Estland,  Görlitz 1930
Pictures and texts of The Alpenstock, or sketches of Swiss scenery and manners, 1825–1826 by Charles Joseph Latrobe can be found in the database VIATIMAGES.

1801 births
1875 deaths
Sportspeople from London
English people of American descent
Governors of Victoria (Australia)
Politicians from Melbourne
Burials in Sussex
Colony of Victoria people
19th-century Australian politicians
Lieutenant-Governors of Victoria
19th-century Australian public servants
Settlers of Melbourne
English mountain climbers
People from Alfriston
Latrobe family
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Eureka Rebellion

Charles La Trobe


Robert Culliford (c. 1666 – unknown; last name occasionally reported as Collover) was a pirate from Cornwall who is best remembered for repeatedly checking the designs of Captain William Kidd.

Early career and capture
Culliford and Kidd first met as shipmates aboard the French privateer Sainte Rose in 1689; there were only six other Britons aboard. After the War of the Grand Alliance broke out, Kidd, Culliford, and their British comrades mutinied against a French prize crew, taking the ship from French Captain Jean Fantin and renaming it the Blessed William, with Kidd put in command. In February 1690, Culliford led his own mutiny and deprived Kidd of his command. The pirates elected William Mason as captain.

Culliford sailed with the pirates through the Caribbean, sacking ships and attacking a town. They went to New York to sell their booty. Mason was granted a letter of marque by Jacob Leisler, then acting governor of New York, and Culliford accompanied the pirates as they ransacked and laid waste two French Canadian towns. The pirates also captured a French frigate named L'Esperance. Mason granted this ship to Culliford, who renamed it the Horne Frigate, Culliford's first pirate command. However, the pirates lost most of their booty when the two ketches they sent to bring their wealth to New York fell into the hands of French privateers. The disappointed Culliford returned to New York with Mason, where they returned aboard a single ship, the Jacob, another captured French vessel, and set sail in December 1690. Culliford served as captain's quartermaster, one of two quartermasters aboard the Jacob.

Culliford and his fellow pirates eventually made their way to India, landing at Mangrol in 1692, where they robbed and abused the local population. The Gujaratis eventually captured Culliford and seventeen of his comrades, and Culliford spent the next four years in a Gujarati prison.

Escape and new adventures
In the spring of 1696, Culliford and some of his comrades escaped and made their way to Bombay, where they signed aboard the East India Company ketch Josiah. In Madras they commandeered the ship, returned to piracy, and sailed for the Bay of Bengal.

Near the Nicobar Islands, the crew retook the ship and marooned Culliford. He was rescued by Ralph Stout, captain of the Mocha. When Stout was killed in 1697, Culliford became captain, briefly sailing alongside the Charming Mary (formerly captained by Richard Glover, then Richard Bobbington, and later John Ireland). Cullingford then pursued the British ship Dorill, but the Dorill opened fire and severed the Mocha mainmast. Culliford retreated to St. Mary's Island (Île Sainte-Marie) off eastern Madagascar, plundering ships along the way. At Saint Mary's, Culliford plundered a French ship with £2,000 worth of cargo.

Meanwhile, William Kidd, hunting pirates, found Culliford at St. Mary's Island. While plotting to capture Culliford's ship most of Kidd's crew (who had grown angry with their captain) abandoned Kidd and signed on with Culliford. Culliford and his new crew then set off in late June 1698, leaving Kidd and his ransacked ship to fend for themselves on St. Mary's Island.

Shortly after departing Saint Mary's Island, Culliford met up with Dirk Chivers. They joined forces with Joseph Wheeler and captured the Great Mohammed in the Red Sea in September 1698. The Great Mohammed carried £130,000 in cash. While returning to Saint Mary's Island they plundered another ship in February 1699.

In June 1699 Culliford was living at Edward Welch settlement on Ile Ste. Marie near Madagascar with fellow Captain John Swann; while there, Swann was referred to as "a great consort of Culliford's, who lives with him."  Because of this, Culliford is occasionally cited as a bisexual or homosexual pirate. But lack of evidence leaves the exact nature of their relationship unclear.

At St. Mary's a number of his sailors elected to return to America, paying Giles Shelley to take them on as passengers aboard the Nassau. While at Saint Mary's Island, four British warships under Commodore Thomas Warren arrived. The pirates were offered a royal pardon under the 1698 Act of Grace, which Culliford accepted despite its expiration. He was arrested despite the pardon, and taken to the Marshalsea prison on August 1, 1700. He was tried for piracy of the Great Mohammed and his pardon was ruled invalid. He was saved from hanging, because he was needed in Samuel Burgess' trial. Following the trial, Culliford disappeared from record, and rumor has it that he next served on a naval ship, after which he disappears from the records like another famous pirate - Henry Every.

Notes

References
 Zacks, Richard (2002). The Pirate Hunter : The True Story of Captain Kidd. Hyperion Books ()

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
1660s births
17th-century English people
English pirates
People from Cornwall
Inmates of the Marshalsea

Robert Culliford


Kuangira iri izwi reChiNdau rinoreva kupfuririra mberi, kuenderera kana kuramba zvichiitika (to persist, to go on doing, to continue).

Kune chikoro chinonzi Kuwangira Primary School kuHighfield.

Kurerutsa Mutauro

Mvura yakaangira kudzerera metsa mwedzi wechigumi ...: And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month. (Genesis 8:5 Bhaibheri reChiNdau).
Abrama wakahamba, echiangira kuenda Negev. So Abram journeyed, going on still toward the South. (Genesis 12:9 Bhaibheri reChiNdau).

Mitauro yeBantu

VaGiryama vanoti ku-angira (to go in) vachireva kuenda mukati kana kupinda.

Kuwangira


Narayan Shripad Rajhans, popularly known as Bal Gandharva, (26 June 1888 – 15 July 1967) was a famous Marathi singer and stage actor. He was known for his roles as female characters in Marathi plays, since women were not allowed to act on stage during his time.

Bal Gandharva got his name after a singing performance in Pune. Lokmanya Tilak, a social reformer and a freedom fighter of the Indian independence movement was in the audience, and after the performance, reportedly patted Rajhans on the back and said that Narayan was a "Bal Gandharva" ( Young Gandharva).

Personal life
Narayan Shripad Rajhans was born into a  Deshastha Brahmin family to Shripad Rajhans and his wife Annapurnabai Rajhans. He was born in the Nagthane village of Palus taluka of Sangli district in what is now the state of Maharashtra.

Bal Gandharva married twice. At a very young age, he was married to Lakshmibai, a lady from his own Deshastha Brahmin community and hailing from a respectable family with similar background, in a match arranged by their parents in the usual Indian tradition. The marriage, which was entirely harmonious and conventional, lasted until the death of Lakshmibai in 1940, after more than thirty-five years of marriage. Eleven years later, in 1951, Bal Gandharva married Gauharbai Karnataki (perhaps better known simply as Gohar Bai, and not to be confused with Gauhar Jaan ( Indian dancer from kolkata), sister of the famous singer-actress Amirbai Karnataki. Gauharbai hailed from a family full of singers and dancers, and was a Muslim. She had made a career for herself as a stage actress with help of singing skills, and had worked with Narayanraao in theatrical productions, which is how they had fallen in love with each other. The marriage of a woman of her background and religion with a Brahmin gentleman was deeply unacceptable in society [During the 1900 the society was not totally secure}. Gauharbai was never received into polite society or acknowledged by any member of Narayanrao's family. The marriage remained childless, and Goharbai died in the year of 1964, three years before when Bal Gandharva died.

Theatre career

Narayan Rajhans was born into an ordinary family. He started his singing career at a very young age singing bhajans. Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur noticed his talent and was important in getting young Narayanrao's theatre career off the ground. Shahu Maharaj helped him get treatment for his hearing problems at Miraj Hospital. Shahu Maharaj also introduced him to Kirloskar Mandali, the premier Marathi Musical theatre company of that era.

He started his career with Kirloskar Natak Mandali in 1905. The company was run by Mujumdar and Nanasaheb Joglekar. After Joglekar's death in 1911, there was discontent surrounding Mujumdar's dictatorial and manipulative style. Bal Gandharva, Ganesh Govind ('Ganpatrao') Bodas and Govindrao Tembe left the company in 1913 to form Gandharva Sangeet Mandali. Bal Gandharva became the sole owner of the debt ridden company in 1921. The debt was paid off in seven years' time. However, Narayanrao, dissolved the company when it again accumulated debt over the next 6–7 years. Bal Gandharva signed a contract with Prabhat Film Company to make six films. However, the contract came to an end after just one film Dharmatma (1935). The film was a major departure for Bal Gandharva in the sense that he played the main role of Sant Eknath.

Bal Gandharva revived his drama company in 1937. With Narayanrao increasingly ill at ease in female roles owing to his advancing years, the company looked for an actress to play female roles and found Gohar Karnataki in April 1938.  Bal Gandharva soon formed an intimate relationship with Gohar Karnataki, also known as Gauhar Bai, that scandalized traditional Maharashtrian society at that time. His brother Bapurao Rajhans left the company to protest against Gohar's entry in Gandharva Sangeet Mandali and Bal Gandharva's life, when it became clear that Gohar would have a major say in the company's stewardship.

Bal Gandharva acted in 27 classic Marathi plays and played a big part in making Sangeet Natak (musicals) and Natya Sangeet (the music in those musicals) popular among common masses. He was a disciple of Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale. Bakhale scored music for his drama Swayamwar. Govindrao Tembe scored music for Manapman. In later years, Bal Gandharva's composer of choice was Master Krishnarao (Krishnarao Phulambrikar).

The songs rendered by him are regarded as classics of Marathi Natya Sangeet and his singing style is greatly appreciated by Marathi critics and audiences. The Marathi stage was facing difficult times after the death of Bhaurao Kolhatkar in 1901. Bal Gandharva revived it. His famous contemporaries include Keshavrao Bhosale (known as "Sangeet-Surya") and Deenanath Mangeshkar.

He acted in plays written by Annasaheb Kirloskar, Govind Ballal Deval, Shripad Krushna Kolhatkar, Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar, Ram Ganesh Gadkari, Vasant Shantaram Desai.

Bal Gandharva died on 15 July 1967.

Legacy
 Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir, a theatre auditorium in the city of Pune was named in his honour. It was built by Pune Corporation in 1968 with the initiative of the famous Marathi author and Balgandharva's fan, P. L. Deshpande {Purushottam Laxman Deshpande}. It was inaugurated by Acharya Pralhad Keshav Atre. Balgandharva's very own hands contributed to the foundation of this play theatre, while he was alive.
 The movie Balgandharva portraying the life-journey of Balgandharva was released by Chandrakant Productions in May 2011.

Roles
His famous roles include :
 Bhamini in Manapman(1911)
 Rukmini in Swayamwar(1916)
 Sindhu in Ekach Pyala(1920)
 Sharada in Sangeet Sharada(1909)
 Vasantsena in Mruchchakatika

Awards
 In 1955, Bal Gandharva received the coveted "President's Award", now known as the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, the highest musical honour in India from the then President of India.
 In 1964, Bal Gandharva received The Padma Bhushan Award, the third highest civilian award in the Republic of India.

Biography
 Bal Gandharva: the nonpareil thespian Author- Mohan Nadkarni, Publisher-National Book Trust, 2002, Length – 77 pages
 Balgandharva and the Marathi theatre Author- Dnyaneshwar Nadkarni, Publisher- Roopak Books, 1988, Length- 159 pages
 Asa Balgandharva  Author- Abhiram Bhadkamkar, publisher- Rajhans Prakashan, 2011, length- 416 pages

Also read
 Sangeet Natak
 Natya Sangeet
 Balgandharva Film

References

External links

List of Bal Gandharva's songs

1888 births
1967 deaths
Indian male stage actors
Marathi-language singers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Male actors in Marathi theatre
Indian male musical theatre actors
20th-century Indian male singers
20th-century Indian singers

Bal Gandharva


The Battle of Curapalihue (4 April 1817) fought in Chile, was a minor encounter between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the South American wars of independence. The result was a defeat for the royalists.

Background
After the defeat of Chacabuco and the capture of Santiago by the Army of the Andes, the royalist forces concentrated around Concepción under Colonel José Ordóñez. General José de San Martín ordered Colonel Juan Gregorio de Las Heras to take command of a division and move south. When Colonel Ordóñez heard of the approach of the patriot army, he decided to stage a surprise night attack against them.

The battle
The Spanish forces, under the command of  Lieutenant Colonel Juan José Campillo, were composed of 500 infantry and 100 cavalry. They attacked at 1:30 AM, but their surprise was foiled and they  had to retreat very soon leaving behind 10 soldiers dead and 7 prisoners, while the patriot forces suffered almost no casualties.

References

External links
 Historia de Chile
 Chillán Viejo, Chile

Conflicts in 1817
Battles involving Chile
Battles involving Spain
Battles of the Spanish American wars of independence
Battles of the Chilean War of Independence
Battles of the Patria Nueva Campaign
1817 in the Captaincy General of Chile
April 1817 events

Battle of Curapalihue