The Tokyo Metropolitan Murders refers to an unsolved series of murders of ten people between 1968 and 1974 in Japan's Greater Tokyo Area.

Case overview
From 1968 to 1974, a series of murders and assaults against predominantly female victims occurred in the metropolitan areas of Chiba, Saitama and Tokyo.

The modus operandi of the killer involved attacking and raping women living alone, who he killed at midnight and then burned their corpses. Most of the victims were in their twenties, with the perpetrator's blood type presumed to be O-. In total, 9 such cases were recorded, and another two for a suspect had been convicted but later acquitted, who are thought to be linked to the series due to the similarities to the other crimes.

On September 12, 1974, a 37-year-old construction worker named Etsuo Ono was arrested in Kitaura (now part of Namegata) on suspicion of theft. He was taken to Matsudo Police Station, where he was repeatedly grilled on his involvement in the killings due to his shady past:

 Ono was a habitual recidivist who had spent a total of 13 years behind bars for various charges, including theft, burglary, causing grievous bodily harm and arson.
 Ono had been convicted of breaking into a Tokyo apartment and attempting to rape the sleeping occupant.
 His blood type was O-, which is supposed to be the same as the unidentified killer's.
 He was familiar with the areas in which the killings had taken place, as he had committed arsons in Matsudo and Ayase.
 His alibi was dubious, as he claimed he had visited relatives or acquaintances at the time of the murders.
 The criminal appeared to use a ladder to climb into the homes, and Ono was also known to use ladders to perpetrate his respective crimes.

Because of this circumstantial evidence, the media preemptively labeled Ono as the actual killer. Among the most notable headlines were "False genius, captive life" (Asahi Shimbun), "Habitual thief, calm liar" (Mainichi Shimbun), "A devil's face behind honesty" (Tokyo Times) and "The silly criminal Ono is the killer" (Tokyo Shimbun). There were also reports about an alleged victim identifying Ono as the attacker, as she had recognized him by his large penis. However, since there were cases in which the perpetrator's blood type wasn't O- and the targeted victims' age groups varied, speculations remained whether all 11 cases were actually connected or not. In one case, taking place in Katsushika, was later resolved and the killer identified as another man, not Ono as it was suspected.

In March 1975, Ono contacted the Relief Liaison Center for help with his conviction, claiming that he had never killed anyone. In response, Kensaburo Hasegawa established the Etsuo Ono Relief Society. According to Shun Nakajima (a pseudonym for journalist Kenichi Asano), the Chiba Prefectural Police and other journalists thoroughly investigated whether Ono's relatives and friends were burakumin, in effort to prevent backlash similar to the preceding Sayama incident. It was later determined that no such relation ever existed.

According to Ono, he was threatened into signing a fake confession by the investigators, who had tortured him. He alleged that he had been pressed against the victim's corpse, face and mortuary tablet in the interrogation room; was burned with incense and cigarettes; left with open windows during mid-winter; and had had his hair pulled out.

At the first trial in 1986, he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, but at a later trial in 1991, his confession was put into question, and he was subsequently acquitted of the murder. Immediately after his release, Ono was regarded as a hero across the country.

Murders
During the investigation, Ono's name was linked to the following crimes:

 On July 13, 1968, a 26-year-old office lady was raped and burned to death at a vacant lot in Adachi. A few days after the incident, police received an anonymous phone call, proclaiming that Ono was the culprit, but he was never arrested due to lack of evidence.
 On January 26, 1973, a 22-year-old office lady sleeping at her apartment in Kita was found strangled and her body burned. Two days after the murder, Ono was seen at a local bar within walking distance of the crime scene.
 On February 13, 1973, an apartment in Suginami was set on fire. Its inhabitants, a 22-year-old man and a 67-year-old woman, were later found burned to death.
 On June 25, 1974, a 30-year-old housewife living in Matsudo disappeared. Her strangled body was later found at a construction site on August 10.
 On July 3, 1974, a 19-year-old woman went missing after visiting a Shinkin bank in Matsudo. Her body was later found at a land development site on August 8 (see below).
 On July 10, 1974, a 21-year-old teacher was raped and burned to death in Matsudo. Ono was witnessed near the crime scene, and would later be charged with this murder.
 On July 14, 1974, a 48-year-old restaurant owner and a 58-year-old store clerk were raped and their bodies burned in Katsushika. This is the only case where the true killer was arrested and convicted.
 On July 24, 1974, a 22-year-old pharmacist was sexually assaulted and then burned at her apartment in Sōka. A station employee claimed to have witnessed a man resembling Ono on the first train at Sōka Station on the Tobu Isesaki Line. Moreover, just 23 days earlier, Ono had broken into a woman's apartment just opposite the crime scene, but managed to escape.
 On August 6, 1974, a criminal broke into an office in Adachi, raping and burning the 24-year-old salarywoman who was present there. A man resembling Ono was seen fleeing from the area. In addition, it turned out that Ono had burgled into that salarywoman's apartment a year prior.
 On August 9, 1974, a 21-year-old woman was raped and then subsequently burned in her Shiki apartment. A later examination of DNA found at the crime scene indicated that the criminal's blood type was either A or AB. Due to this, it has been suggested that this might've been done by a copycat.

Prosecution of Etsuo Ono
On July 3, 1974, a 19-year-old woman went missing from Matsudo after visiting a Shinkin bank, and her body was later found on August 8 at a land development site.

While Etsuo Ono was known to be in Adachi at the time, there was little evidence for necessitate an arrest. Witness testimonies were collected, and hundreds of potential suspects investigated.

Not long after, Ono was named as the prime suspect, due to his matching blood type and the fact that his footprints matched the ones found at the site of July 10 crime. On September 12, he was arrested, initially for theft, but later charged with the latter murder. After his arrest, the media labeled him as the one responsible for all the murders, despite being charged with a single case. The false reporting later fueled the sentiment of him being innocent.

Shortly after his arrest, Ono was released, as the prosecutor's office had insufficient evidence to hold him, but as Ono later confessed and indicated where he had stolen his victim's property, he was rearrested and charged with the Shinkin bank murder on March 12, 1975. At the same time as this indictment, prominent cultural figures such as Kenichi Asano, various religious officials and lawyers from the Etsuo Ono Relief Society advocated for his release. Ono's defense counsel was Kenji Nozaki, whose defense strategy was to discredit his client's confession.

On September 4, 1986, the Matsudo branch of the Chiba District Court sentenced Etsuo Ono to life imprisonment. However, at the second trial on April 23, 1991, the Tokyo High Court acquitted him of the murder due to the unreliability of the confession. He was convicted of theft and rape, but got away with time served. He was freed after 16 years in remand, and was paid 36.5 million yen in compensation.

New murder and imprisonment
After his release from prison, Ono was regarded as a hero and victim of a miscarriage of justice. A year later, however, he was sentenced received a prison sentence for a theft committed in 1992. In 1996, shortly after his release, he was arrested yet again, this time for a murder committed in Adachi, where a woman had been burned and decapitated. Unlike the Matsudo case, the police had viable evidence to prove he was the perpetrator, resulting in Etsuo Ono admitting his guilt and receiving a life sentence in 1999.

Status
In total, only a single case of the Tokyo Metropolitan Murders has been resolved, with the 10 others remaining cold cases whose statute of limitations has expired.

Following Ono's murder conviction, there was renewed suspicion whether or not he was the real killer, with proponents of his guilt claiming his confession stated facts which only the perpetrator could know. However, it is disputed whether the confession is genuine or a forgery made in advance by law enforcement.

Ono's lawyer at the Matsudo trial, Nozaki, admitted later on that he had begun to suspect his client mid-trial, but was unable to say so as he would risk his career, and additionally confessed that his bar association later punished him for that.

Ono himself continues to proclaim his innocence in the serial murders. While the Matsudo case does not have a statute of limitations, he cannot be retried in it, due to the principle of non bis in idem.

Bibliography
 'Make-up of the Tokyo Metropolitan Murders''' by Etsuo Ono (Shakai Hyoronsha) [in Japanese]
 'Judiciary Murder - Distorted Death Penalty Asked by a Former Judge''' Honoo Mori (Kodansha) [in Japanese]

See also
 List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
 List of serial killers by country
 List of unsolved murders

References

External links

 Archived articles related to the Etsuo Ono case (in Japanese)

1968 murders in Japan
1960s in Japan
1960s in Tokyo
1973 murders in Japan
1974 murders in Japan
1970s in Japan
1970s in Tokyo
Crime in Tokyo
Deaths by strangulation
Fugitives wanted by Japan
Possibly living people
Serial murders in Japan
Unidentified serial killers
Unsolved murders in Japan
Violence against women in Japan

Tokyo Metropolitan Murders


Edward Marczewski (15 November 1907 – 17 October 1976) was a Polish mathematician. He was born Szpilrajn but changed his name while hiding from Nazi persecution.

Marczewski was a member of the Warsaw School of Mathematics. His life and work after the Second World War were connected with Wrocław, where he was among the creators of the Polish scientific centre.

Marczewski's main fields of interest were measure theory, descriptive set theory, general topology, probability theory and universal algebra. He also published papers on real and complex analysis, applied mathematics and mathematical logic.

Marczewski proved that the topological dimension, for arbitrary metrisable separable space X, coincides with the Hausdorff dimension under one of the metrics in X which induce the given topology of X (while otherwise the Hausdorff dimension is always greater or equal to the topological dimension). This is a fundamental theorem of fractal theory. (Certain contributions to this development were also made by Samuel Eilenberg, see: Witold Hurewicz and Henry Wallman, Dimension Theory, 1941, Chapter VII.)

References

External links

1907 births
1976 deaths
20th-century Polish Jews
Warsaw School of Mathematics
People from Warsaw Governorate
University of Warsaw alumni
Academic staff of the University of Wrocław

Edward Marczewski


The Fiat 124 Sport Coupé is a two-door, four-seater notchback coupé produced by the Italian automaker Fiat in three generations between 1967 and 1975. It was based on the Fiat 124 saloon.

Its four cylinder aluminum and iron, twin overhead cam "Lampredi engine" was designed by ex-Ferrari engineer Aurelio Lampredi. Originally, the AC, or first generation, featured a 1,438 cc engine, which grew to 1,608 cc in the second, or BC, generation. The third generation, or CC, was first officially offered with the 1,592 cc and later the 1,756 cc engine (some early CC models left the factory with left over 1,608 cc engines).

Equipment included a five-speed gearbox (although very early AC models featured a four-speed), four wheel power disc brakes, double wishbone front suspension, one carburetor per cylinder (two dual-choke Weber or Solex carburetors on the BC series 1608 engine—except for the USA version which received mild carburation due to emissions constraints), electric fuel pump (on the CC series), and suspension by coil springs.

The Fiat 124 Sport Coupé was also built under license in Spain with 1600 (FC-00) and 1800 (FC-02) engines as the SEAT 124 Sport.

Design
The 124 Sport Coupé was designed as a three-box, 2-door notchback coupé by Mario Boano, known for styling the bodywork on the Ferrari 250 GT "Boano".  As many parts as possible were used from the 1966 FIAT 124 Berlina saloon. Boano was hired by FIAT and made responsible for the in-house Centro Stile Fiat, while the iconic softtop Fiat 124 Sport Spider, which also shared the same basic platform as the 124 Sedan but rode on a 14 cm shorter wheelbase, was outsourced to famed Italian carrozzeria Pininfarina.

Approximately 113,000 AC Coupés, 98,000 BC Coupés 1438 cc/1608 cc, and roughly 75,000 CC Coupés were manufactured. There were ongoing changes with all models making them almost individual by year (e.g. lack of rear sway bar on 1969 ACs, etc.)

The Fiat 124 Spider Abarth came with dual Weber 44 IDF carburetors unlike the regular 124 coupés and spiders which were equipped with dual Weber 40 IDF carbs. Fiat twincam engines tend to be oversquare, with a larger diameter bore than length of stroke. The 1608 cc, however, is a perfectly square engine,  80 mm by 80 mm, allowing it, when combined with dual camshafts and proper carburetors, to rev to high rpms.

Engines
 1400 (1438 cc) -
 1600 (1608 cc) -
 1600 (1592 cc) -
 1800 (1756 cc) -

History

First series, 1967–69 (type 124 AC)

1967  AC -  starts   000001 - #034513
1968  AC -          #034514 - #066279
1969  AC -          #066280 - #113869
The AC model began in 1967 and came with a 1438 cc twin cam, 4-speed gearbox (the option of a 5-speed item appearing in mid-'67), front and rear anti-roll bars and a torque tube rear axle. It featured a  speedometer, three supplementary gauges, a faux wood steering wheel, a woodgrain dash and console top, as well as tail lights shared with the Lamborghini Espada and Iso Rivolta.

124 Sport Coupés were modern in chassis and engine design. Braking was via four 230 mm disc brakes with a front/rear weight-sensitive proportioning valve. It also had a sealed cooling system, viscous fan clutch and a toothed timing belt for the twin-cam engine, the first mass-produced engine to feature this instead of the usual chain-drive.

The torque-tube rear axle of the A series was replaced by a four-link rear axle with a Panhard rod in mid-'68, and remained the same throughout B and C models.

Second series, 1969–72 (type 124 BC)

1970 BC -            #113870 - #115876
1971 BC  1438 cc -   #115877 - #139912
1971 BC1 1608 cc -   #139913
1972 BC1 1608 cc -   #181442

The BC featured revised styling with twin headlights and revised taillights shared with the Lamborghini Jarama.

The BC was available with both the 1438 cc and later (although sooner in Europe) the 1608 cc engine. Other details remained similar to the AC except the interior dash now had a  speedometer, 9000 rpm tachometer in 1608 cc models and a clock. The steering wheel now had black painted spokes and the seats had for the first time cloth inserts in the centre. There was no woodgrain inside like before (all the panels were finished in black vinyl and the gauge rims were matt black) and "eyeball" vents were fitted in the centre console where the AC had a decorative panel simply filling in the space for an optional radio.

Options included green tinted windows, Cromodora alloy wheels with chrome centre hub cap (as per AC optional), radio, seat headrests, rear windshield electric defrosting, electronic ignition. At the end of the BC run air conditioning was available as an option as well. The fuel tanks were always around .

Third series, 1972–75 (type 124 CC)

1973 CC  1608 cc -   #206905
1973 CC  1592 cc -   #213370
1974 CC1 1756 cc -   #240100
1975 CC1 1756 cc -   #269934

The CC Coupe arrived in 1973 with new front styling and a revised squarer rear tail with a new deeper trunklid. Taillights also changed to a now vertical arrangement and side rear windows were revised.

The CC started with a small batch fitted with the 1608 cc engine, soon changing to a revised 1592 cc engine (slightly shorter stroke at 79,2 mm to create a "sub-1600" engine to fit the lower tax bracket in Italy) and an enlarged 84 mm bore creating an engine of 1756 cc. The 1592 cc and 1756 cc (sourced from the new Fiat 132, introduced in 1972) both made use of a single carburetor again (the Weber 34 DMS). In spite of this change the 1756 cc was the most powerful engine produced with  and a top speed of .

The CC's revised interior featured a new dashboard incorporating a lower panel on the passenger side, an alloy fascia in front of the driver and seats covered completely in cloth. There was a new vinyl-covered steering wheel rim with anodised silver spokes. The optional but not uncommon Cromodora wheels now had a revised design with no chrome centre hubcap, instead having exposed wheelnuts. These were of an 8 slot design, the earlier wheels used coming in 6 slot configuration (an 8-slot design was also current but not original to the 124 range).

SEAT 124 Sport

The car was also built with 1600 (FC-00) and 1800 (FC-02) engines under license in Spain as the SEAT 124 Sport. The first series produced was equivalent to the BC series of Fiat's version, and used 1608 cc engines coded FA provided by Fiat itself. The second series was a direct copy of the CC model, and only used 1756 cc engines coded as FC, and less common 132AC. SEAT later developed facilities for producing its own engines of this family, but it appears that the Sport versions were actually built in Italy.

References

External links
 Fiat 124 Sport Coupé Italia

124 Coupe
1970s cars
Cars introduced in 1967
Cars powered by longitudinal 4-cylinder engines
Coupés
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports cars

Fiat 124 Sport Coupé


The Parish Church of St. Lawrence in Radymno is a historic church in Poland. It is in the Przemyśl archdiocese.

The church was built in the years 1724-1730 in the Baroque style. The bishop Aleksander Antoni Fredro was the prime mover of this facture. By the church there is a belfry from the year 1729, an antique manse and a nuns' home. During the First World War St. Lawrence's church was vastly damaged but shortly after the war it was renovated. After the Second World War the aim was to embellish the temple which is why, the front of the church and the belfry renovations. The temple's historic door was rebuilt as well.

The interior has got 7 altars. Some of the altars are: St. Anna's altar, Jezus's Sacred Heart altar, St. Agnes's altar and St. Nicholas's altar. Inside the church there is a solid pulpit which has got a rich wood carving decoration. There is also the fontal source with figures of Jesus and John the Baptist. It comes from the first half of the 19th century.

References
http://radymno.przemyska.pl/historia/

Churches in Poland
18th-century buildings and structures

The Parish Church of St. Lawrence


Samuel J. Danishefsky (born March 10, 1936) is an American chemist working as a professor at both Columbia University and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City.

Birth and education
Samuel J. Danishefsky was born in 1936 in the United States. He completed his B.S. from Yeshiva University in 1956. He earned his Ph.D. in chemistry from Harvard University in 1962 with Peter Yates, which partially overlapped with a National Institutes of Health postdoctoral fellowship in the laboratory of Gilbert Stork at Columbia University.

Academic career
After completing his PhD, he became professor at the University of Pittsburgh, where he eventually attained the rank of University Professor and taught until 1979. From 1979 to 1993, he was a professor at Yale University, where he rose to the rank of Sterling Professor of Chemistry. By 1991 he was sharing his time with Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center as director of the Laboratory for Cancer Research Bioorganic Chemistry, becoming chair in 1993. He accepted an appointment as professor at Columbia University in 1993, and now splits his time between Columbia and Sloan-Kettering.

Research

Samuel J. Danishefsky is known for his role in synthesizing the many complex organic compounds, many of which are related to pharmaceuticals. Among the molecules synthesized by Danishefsky at Columbia University are epothilones and calicheamicin, which are natural products with promise as anti-cancer agents.

The Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis was the third synthesis of taxol, a highly topical natural product. Together with the Holton Taxol total synthesis and the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis, these multistep sequences illustrate the state of the art in total synthesis.

Awards and honors
In 1995/96 he shared the Wolf Prize in Chemistry with Gilbert Stork of Columbia University for "designing and developing novel chemical reactions which have opened new avenues to the synthesis of complex molecules, particularly polysaccharides and many other biologically and medicinally important compounds".

He is the recipient of several other awards including the American Chemical Society's Guenther Award and Aldrich Award for Creative Work in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, the F.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research of the American Chemical Society, the Tetrahedron Prize (1996), the Arthur C. Cope Award (1998), the New York City Mayor's Award for Science and Technology, and the Bristol Myers Squibb Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2006, he was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry for his achievements in synthetic organic chemistry, particularly for the development of methods for preparing complex substances found in nature, and their emerging applications in the field of cancer treatment. He is a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute. He holds an honorary doctorate from Yeshiva University.

See also
 Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis
 Pancratistatin

References

External links
 The Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1995/96
 Samuel J. Danishefsky

1936 births
21st-century American chemists
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Yeshiva University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University faculty
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Yale Sterling Professors
Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
Living people
Scripps Research
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Jewish American scientists
Jewish chemists
Organic chemists
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates

Samuel J. Danishefsky


Among Us is a 2018 online multiplayer social deduction game developed and published by American game studio Innersloth. It was released on iOS and Android devices in June 2018 and on Windows in November 2018, featuring cross-platform play between these platforms. The game was also ported for the Nintendo Switch in December 2020, and has planned releases for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S in 2021. The game was inspired by the party game Mafia and the science fiction horror film The Thing. Since the release of its first map, The Skeld, three other maps were added, those being MIRA HQ, Polus and The Airship. The Airship's design is based on Infiltrating the Airship  from the Henry Stickmin series, another video game series developed by Innersloth.

Among Us


The Royal Mint of Belgium (French: La Monnaie Royale de Belgique; Dutch: De Koninklijke Munt van België) was responsible for minting all official coins of Kingdom of Belgium from 1832 to 2017. As of 2018 the official legal tender of Belgium are the euro and euro cent coins. It is under the control of the Belgian Administration of the Treasury. As of 2018, the mint still exists but no longer strikes coins and is instead responsible for ordering them from the Netherlands. The coins minted are distributed by the National Bank of Belgium.

References

External links

Mints (currency)
Economy of Belgium
Organisations based in Belgium with royal patronage

Royal Mint of Belgium


The National Open University of Nigeria is a federal open and distance learning (ODL) institution, the first of its kind in the West African sub-region.
It is Nigeria's largest tertiary institution in terms of student number and is popularly referred to as 'NOUN'.

History

The university was initially established on 22 July 1983 as springboard for open and distance learning in Nigeria. It was suspended by the government on 25 April 1984. However, its resuscitation was begun on 12 April 2001 by the former President of Nigeria, Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo. At take off of the university, pioneer student enrollment stood at 32,400.

Organisation

In 2011, NOUN had about 57,759 students. The Vice Chancellor at the time was Prof. Vincent Tenebe .
The university for years operated from its administrative headquarters in Victoria Island, Lagos, before vice chancellor Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu, moved it to its permanent headquarters in Jabi, Abuja, in 2016. The current Vice Chancellor is Prof. Olufemi Peters. It has over 75 study centres throughout the country.
It offers over 50 programmes and hi750 courses.

By its nature as an ODL institution, NOUN does not provide lectures to students in normal classrooms except some certain study centres. The study centre in Lagos for instance provides lectures to all the law undergraduates and supplies course materials to all students after the payment of tuition fees. All courses offered by the university are accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC).

The registrar serves as the secretary to council and senate bodies. The registry department's primary responsibility is to provide support services for the general administration of the university with emphasis on council affairs, senate matters, recruitment of staff, student admission and welfare, staff welfare and related activities. The current registrar is Mr. Oladapo Adetayo Ajayi.

Faculties

 Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Arts
 Faculty of Management sciences
 Faculty of Education
 Faculty of Science
 Faculty of Health Science
 Faculty of Social Science

List of Departments and degree programmes

 Agricultural Economics and Extension
 Hotel and Tourism Management – HTM
 Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness – AEA
 Agricultural Extension and Rural Development – ARD
 Animal Science and Fisheries.
 Crop Science
 Soil Science
 Computer science
 environmental Science
 Mathematics

 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology
 English
 Linguistics, Foreign and Nigerian Languages
 Philosophy
 Religious Studies
 Educational Foundations  Science Education
 Arts and Social Science Education (ASSE)

 Health and Human Kinetic
 Education Foundation

 Library and Information Science
 English, Department of Linguistics, Foreign and Nigerian Languages, Department of Philosophy and Department of Religious Studies.

Students

Requirements

A diverse range of students from all walks of life are attracted to the university, similar to other Open Universities such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. For most courses there are no stringent entry requirements other than the ability to study at an appropriate level such as the West African Examination, and other national diplomas to qualify for direct entry admission. Most postgraduate courses require evidence of previous study  or equivalent life experience. This fundamental open admissions policy makes undergraduate university study accessible to all.

Undergraduates

While most of those studying are mature students, an increasingly large proportion of new undergraduates are aged between 17 and 25. The reduction in financial support for those attending traditional universities, coupled with the use of technologies such as YouTube that appeal to this demographic, is believed to be behind this growth.

School of Postgraduate Studies
The school seeks to address Nigeria's increasing need for highly specialized knowledge and skill development in order to help the country contribute to the worldwide knowledge economy.

Immunity to strikes

The Act of Parliament which established the university prohibits any form of union for staff or for students. This has made the university unaffected by strikes such as the ASUU strikes (which lasted for eight months), which have the effect of extending the duration of students' studies.

National Youths Service Corps

The NOUN has made efforts to ensure its graduates below age 30 (the maximum age limit) participate in the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC).

Alumni
Beverly Osu, actress, model and video vixen

Technological platforms

The iLearn portal provides students with access to the university's learning resources, including:
Online class discussions organized by NOUN facilitators, creating a virtual classroom environment.
Academic support for students
Social networking and collaboration tools to facilitate interactions among students, facilitators, academic staff and faculty members.
Study tools such as the digitized video and audio materials
Access to assignments, quizzes and self-study assessment tools

Examination

The university uses computer-based test (CBT) for first and second year students, except for law undergraduates who sit conventional pen-on-paper (POP) from their first year of admission. POP examinations are used for all students after the second year, and for postgraduate students.

The CBT examinations have two formats: multiple choice questions and fill in the gap questions. The Computer Base Test (CBT) system been criticised by some students, who say that the system requires students memorize their textbooks and produce answers that match those stored on the school's computers.

Assessment

Tutor-marked assignments (TMAs) are continuous assessments(C.A) that accounts for 30% of a student's total score.  Students are expected to answer all TMAs, which must be answered and submitted before students sit for the end of course examination. The end of course examinations account for the other 70% of a student's score.

Facilities

E-library

The NOUN operates an e-library at the headquarters situated at Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria which all students have access to after providing a valid student's identity card. Students have access to both Internet facilities, books, journals, projects, theses of past students and other educational materials.

Radio station

The NOUN FM radio station broadcasts on workdays and provides opportunities for Mass Communication students.

E-courseware

The NOUN also provides a platform for students that needs to access its database of educational materials NOUN e-Courseware Free Download strictly for educational purposes rather than financial or commercial purposes. Books can be downloaded in PDF formats at no cost.

Scholarships

In May 2014, the Nollywood movie star Ini Edo made headlines when she was offered a scholarship to study law at the university. Other actresses and actors including Desmond Elliot have also been offered scholarships. Chioma Chukwuka-Akpotha, Francis Duru, Doris Simeon and Sani Danja were announced as ambassadors for the NOUN. All four were presented by the Vice Chancellor Prof. Vincent A. Tenebe, with scholarships to study their courses of choice.

References

External links

Distance education institutions based in Nigeria
Uyo
1983 establishments in Nigeria
Educational institutions established in 1983
Open universities
Federal universities of Nigeria

National Open University of Nigeria


Neskowin  is an unincorporated community in Tillamook County, Oregon, United States, along the Pacific Ocean between Cascade Head and Nestucca Bay. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Neskowin as a census-designated place (CDP). The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name. The population of the CDP was 134 at the 2010 census, a decrease from 169 at the 2000 census.

Geography
Neskowin is located at  (45.106502, -123.979306).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 169 people, 94 households, and 47 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 408 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.08% White, 3.55% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.59% from other races, and 1.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.37% of the population.

There were 94 households, out of which 11.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.0% were non-families. 40.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.80 and the average family size was 2.32.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 8.9% under the age of 18, 2.4% from 18 to 24, 17.8% from 25 to 44, 44.4% from 45 to 64, and 26.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,000, and the median income for a family was $61,094. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $61,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,576. None of the families and 8.1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 15.8% of those over 64.

Natural features
Periodically, remains of an ancient forest, the Neskowin Ghost Forest, are exposed on the beach near Neskowin.

See also
Jerry Zimmerman

References

Census-designated places in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Tillamook County, Oregon
Seaside resorts in Oregon
Census-designated places in Tillamook County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon
Populated coastal places in Oregon

Neskowin, Oregon


Drew Milne is a contemporary British poet and academic.

Published works
Milne's books of poetry include Sheet Mettle (Alfred David Editions, 1994), Bench Marks (Alfred David Editions, 1998), The Damage: new and selected poems (Salt, 2001), Mars Disarmed (The Figures, 2002), and Go Figure (Salt, 2003). His work is also featured in collections and anthologies, notably Conductors of Chaos, edited by Iain Sinclair (Picador, 1996) and Anthology of Twentieth-Century British and Irish Poetry edited by Keith Tuma (Oxford University Press, 2001). He edits the occasional journal Parataxis: modernism and modern writing and the poetry imprint Parataxis Editions. He co-edited Marxist Literary Theory: A Reader (Blackwell, 1996) with Terry Eagleton, and has edited the anthology Modern Critical Thought (Blackwell, 2003).  He published Agoraphobic Poetics: Essays on Contemporary Poetry (Salt, 2009), and his collected poems, In Darkest Capital, were published by Carcanet in 2017.

See also

 British Poetry Revival

Further reading
 Andrew Jordan, Review of Parataxis 10.
 David Kennedy, Review of The Damage, Poetry Review Volume 92, No 2 (Summer 2002).
 Tony Lopez, On Drew Milne, Keston Sutherland and Andrea Brady, Stand Magazine Volume 1(4) (December 1999).
 Drew Milne, Agoraphobic Poetics: Essays on Contemporary Poetry (Salt 2009).
 Drew Milne, "Pinter's sexual politics" in The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter, ed. Peter Raby (Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 195–211.
 Drew Milne, "Between Philosophy and Critical Theory: Marcuse", The Edinburgh Encyclopædia of Continental Philosophy, ed. Simon Glendinning (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), pp. 461–470.
 Drew Milne, "Marxist Literary Theory after Derrida", Common Sense 19 (1996), pp. 5–19.
 Drew Milne, "Beyond new historicism: Marlowe's unnatural histories and the melancholy properties of the stage", The Glasgow Review, 1 (1993), 79-91.
 Drew Milne, "Agoraphobia and the embarrassment of manifestoes: notes towards a community of risk", Parataxis, 3 (1993), 25-40.
 Drew Milne and Allen Fisher, "Exchange in Process", Parataxis, 6 (1994), 28-36, and 8 (1996), 47-8.
 Drew Milne and J.H. Prynne, "Some Letters", Parataxis, 5 (1993-4), 56-62.
 Drew Milne, "Cottage Industries and Agoraphobia revisited: further notes on risk", Parataxis, 4 (1993), 58-69.
 Drew Milne, Farmiliars (Equipage, 1999).
 Drew Milne, "Eva Hesse" in Art without Art: Selected Writing from the World of Blunt Edge, ed. Marcus Reichert (Ziggurat Books 2008), pp. 55–60.

References

External links
 Parataxis
 Archive of the Now
 Drew Milne at PennSound
 Drew Milne at Salt Publishing

Scottish poets
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Drew Milne


The Church of San Clemente (Chiesa di San Clemente) is a church built in 1131 and located on  San Clemente Island, in the Venetian Lagoon. The  name is dedicated to Pope Clement I, who died as a martyr according to legend and who is patron of seamen.

History
In 1131, wealthy merchant Pietro Gattilesso funded the construction of a church and a hospice for pilgrims and soldiers heading to the Holy Land on an island located in the Venetian Lagoon. Originally, it was built in a Romanesque style and consisted of only a single cross-shaped nave.

The complex was run by Augustine canons, while the entire island was under the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Grado Enrico Dandolo. In 1288 the relics of Saint Anianus - the first successors of St. Mark as patriarch of Alexandria - were brought to the San Clemente church.

In 1432 Pope Eugene IV moved the order of Lateran canons, also known as the Charity (Carità), to the island. Thanks to donations provided by wealthy Venetian families, the canons began work on the enlargement of the monastery and restoration of the church. The church façade was completely rebuilt in Lombard Renaissance style and divided by lesenes and cornices.

In 1643, to fulfil a vow made during the plague epidemic that struck the city in 1630, Venetians funded the building of a new chapel, modelled on the Holy House of Loreto, inside the church, where the main altar was.

Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona purchased the island in 1645. The Venetian nobility provided them with financial assistance to restore the church and monastery. In 1652 the Morosini family sponsored the restoration of the church façade in order to pay tribute to the family's members Francesco and Tommaso, who died in the Candia war. They entrusted Andrea Cominelli, who perpetuated the family's coat of arms above the entrance and added reliefs of scenes from battles commemorating the Morosini's victories in the war against the Turks. He also added statues of Saint Benedict and Saint Romuald - founder of the Camaldolese order.

The church was restored in 2003 as part of the project that made the adjacent buildings into a luxury hotel, which is now managed by Kempinski Group. Between 2013 and 2014 Permak group - the current owner of San Clemente Island - launched further renovations while retaining the historic character.

References

Sources
 Giovanna Cecconello, Carlo Giuliani, Michele Sgobba, San Clemente: progetto per un'isola, CLUVA, 1980
 Martina Carraro, L'isola di San Clemente a Venezia. Storia, restauro e nuove funzioni, Carsa, 2003
 V. M. Coronelli, Isolario dell'Atlante Veneto, Venezia, 1696-1698

Roman Catholic churches in Venice
Renaissance architecture in Venice

San Clemente, Venice


Sir Lucas Pepys, 1st Baronet (; 1742–1830) was an English physician.

Life
The son of William Pepys, a banker, and his wife Hannah, daughter of Dr. Richard Russell of Brighton, was born in London on 26 May 1742. He was educated at Eton College and at Christ Church, Oxford, whence he graduated B.A. on 9 May 1764. He then studied medicine at Edinburgh, and afterwards graduated at Oxford, M.A. on 13 May 1767, M.B. on 30 April 1770, and M.D. on 14 June 1774.

Before his M.B. degree, Pepys obtained a license to practice from the University of Oxford, took a house in London, and on 10 February 1769 was elected physician to the Middlesex Hospital, and held office for seven years. In the summer he used to practise at Brighton. He was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians on 30 September 1775, was censor in 1777, 1782, 1786, and 1796, treasurer from 1788 to 1798, and president from 1804 to 1810. In 1777 he was appointed physician-extraordinary to the king, and in 1792 physician-in-ordinary. He was created a baronet on 22 January 1784. Pepys was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1780.

Pepys attended George III in his mental disorder of 1788–9, and in that of 1804. He was examined on the subject of the king's health by a committee of the House of Commons on 7 January 1789. He then thought it likely that the king would recover in time, and stated that he had observed signs of improvement. He attended two days a week at Kew Palace, where the king was, from four in the afternoon till eleven the next morning, having a consultation often either with Sir George Baker or Dr. Richard Warren.

In 1794 Pepys was made physician-general to the army, and was president of an army medical board, on which it was his duty to nominate all the army physicians. When so many soldiers fell ill of fever at Walcheren, he was ordered to go there and report. As a consequence the board was abolished; but Pepys was granted a pension.

Pepys had a large practice, and after Edward Jenner's discovery he was an active supporter of the National Vaccine Institution. His house was in Park Street, Grosvenor Square, and he died there on 17 June 1830.

He was described as a man "of great firmness and determination, but somewhat dictatorial in his manner".

Works
Pepys's only published work was the Latin preface to the London Pharmacopœia of 1809.

Family
Pepys married, on 30 October 1772, Jane Elizabeth Leslie, 12th Countess of Rothes in her own right, and widow of George Evelyn of St Clere, Kent, and had by her two sons, Charles and Henry,  and a daughter, Harriet, who married William Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon. He married again, on 29 June 1813, Deborah, daughter of Dr. Anthony Askew and his second wife Elizabeth Holford, who survived him. Each of his sons, who took their mother's family name, succeeded to the baronetcy in turn.

Like her husband, Lady Rothes was a strong and determined character, who fought a lengthy legal battle against her uncle Andrew Leslie to assert her right to succeed her brother, the 11th Earl, as Countess suo jure.

Notes

External links

Attribution

1742 births
1830 deaths
18th-century English medical doctors
Medical doctors from London
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
19th-century English medical doctors
Physicians-in-Ordinary

Lucas Pepys


Veganz Group AG (formerly Veganz GmbH) is a vegan brand headquartered in Berlin, Germany. Veganz was founded as the first vegan supermarket chain in Europe.

As of 2020, Veganz offers around 165 products in 26 countries, as well as in online stores. Based in Germany, the company opened its first store in Berlin Prenzlauer Berg, in the summer of 2011, with 250 square meters of space. Since July 2017, Veganz has four branches, three in Berlin and one in Prague.

The group turnover increased by 28% to 26.6 million Euros in the whole of 2019. Veganz employs around 64 people. The company motto is "" (Good for you, better for everyone).

Development and history
Veganz was founded in 2010 by Jan Bredack, a former senior manager at Mercedes Benz and his former wife Juliane Kindler, a heartfelt vegan. Wanting to simplify vegan food shopping by bundling vegan products in one sales point, they started to build a chain of vegan supermarkets. When the company opened its first store in Berlin, Bredack told the Berliner Zeitung that he had anticipated 100 customers a day, but instead averaged 400. More supermarkets were opened across Europe, but the sales volume declined and the concept proved ineffective.

The imminent extinction of this business branch caused a change in strategy and Veganz began to transition into a wholesaler, starting its own production in 2015. The supermarket branch was declared bankrupt. Since 2016, Veganz' main business consists of distribution and wholesale, with a small remaining side business of three supermarkets in Berlin and one in Prague.

In 2019, the GmbH turned into an AG and issued bonds in 2020 with an initial interest rate of 7.5%. This step enabled the raise of funds for further growth and international expansion.

Products and customers

Veganz supermarkets sell only vegan goods. In their own Veganz outlets, the company offers an assortment of over 4,500 products from more than 30 countries to their customers, including 45 different kinds of plant milk and cream, vegan ice-creams, vegan cheeses such as Happy Cheeze (now Dr Mannah's), mayonnaise and other dressings, mock meats, fish substitutes such as veggie fish steaks, breads, pastries, and 80 vegan cheeses. There is vegan chocolate, biscuits, sweets, food for companion animals, coffee, toiletries and cosmetics. 85 percent of the sold products are certified organic.

In the spring of 2015, the company launched their own brand for vegan products. By the end of the year, a product range of around 50 plant-based products was available, with about 100 more to follow in 2016. Today, Veganz is one of the few companies worldwide that offer a full range of vegan products. Their assortment includes sweets, meat-, fish- and cheese alternatives, protein products, breakfast items, chilled goods and frozen food. All products are strictly plant-based and a large part is certified organic.

Veganz has plant-based alternatives, such as 'The Gourmet', a mock-cheese based on cashews that won the PETA vegan food award in 2020. Veganz further launched a vegan smoked salmon alternative based on Atlantic seaweed. This global novelty is low in CO2 in production, protecting the world's fish stocks and at the same time outperforming conventional salmon in its omega-3 share.

According to Bredack, most of his customers are between 18 and 34 years old, although the over-55 age group is increasing. About 60 percent of the store customers are vegan and 10 percent of them are tourists.

Partners and availability
Veganz products are internationally listed in the UK, Belgium, Slovenia, Switzerland, Denmark, Austria, Czech Republic, Portugal, Singapore and South Africa. They are marketed in the following drug stores and discounters (amongst others): dm, Müller, REWE, Lidl, Globus, Kaufland, Spar, COOP, Vegasme, Whole Foods and Planet Organic.

See also
 List of vegetarian and vegan companies

Notes

Further reading
Pohr, Adrian. "Von Daimler Benz zum Veganismus" (video interview with Jan Bredack), Zeit Online, 29 October 2013.

Supermarkets of Germany
Vegetarian companies and establishments
Companies based in Berlin
Veganism in Germany
Vegan brands

Veganz


Clive Wake is a critic, editor and translator of modern African and French literature.

Born in Cape Town, Clive Wake studied at Cape Town University and the Sorbonne. He taught at the University of Rhodesia, and the University of Kent at Canterbury, where he is Emeritus Professor of French and African Literature. He served as Lord Mayor of Canterbury for the Liberal Democrats party and was Vice-Chancellor of Chaucer College Canterbury.

Works
 (ed. with John Reed) A Book of African Verse, London: Heinemann Educational, 1964. African Writers Series 8. Later edition published (1984) as A New Book of African Verse.
 (tr. with John Reed) Prose and Poetry, by Léopold Sédar Senghor. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
 (ed.) An Anthology of African and Malagasy Poetry in French. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
 (tr. with John Reed) Nocturnes, by Léopold Sédar Senghor. London: Heinemann Educational, 1969. African Writers Series 71
 (tr.) The Money-Order with White Genesis by Sembène Ousmane. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1972. African Writers Series 92. (Translation of Vehi ciosane; ou, Blanche-genèse; suivi du Mandat, Paris: Présence Africaine, 1965.)
 (ed. and tr. with John Reed) French African Verse, London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1972. African Writers Series 106.
 (tr.) The Wound, by Malick Fall. London: Heinemann, 1973. Translated from the French La Plaie.
 The Novels of Pierre Loti, The Hague: Mouton, 1974
 (tr. with John Reed) Translations from the Night: Selected Poems of Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo. London: Heinemann. African Writers Series 167
 (with Martin Banham) African Theatre Today, 1976
 (tr.) Xala, by Sembène Ousmane, 1976
 (tr. with John Reed) Wirriyamu by Williams Sassine, 1980
 (tr.) The Seven Solitudes of Lorsa Lopez, by Sony Lab'Ou Tansi. Oxford; Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995. African Writers Series

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
French–English translators
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zimbabwe

Clive Wake


A Software Process Improvement Network (SPIN) is an organization of professionals who are interested in software and systems process improvement. As of a few years ago, there were 116 SPINs in 37 countries worldwide in their individual geographical areas.

Each SPIN is a completely independent organization. The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) previously provided support to the SPINs by creating, maintaining, and distributing the SPIN Directory; connecting those software professionals with emerging or existing SPINs; and distributing the SPINs start-up information.

See also
Software Engineering Institute
ISO 15504

External links
 Software Engineering Institute (SEI)
 Bangalore, India SPIN
 Chicago SPIN
 Milwaukee SPIN
 Tehran SPIN
 Cape Town SPIN
 Chennai SPIN, India

Software engineering organizations

SPIN (software process)


Pte. Andrew Ross (15 May 1879 – 6 April 1916) was a Scottish rugby union player from Edinburgh. He worked in the Merchant Navy as a marine engineer.  He played for Royal High School FP and was capped several times for  between 1905 and 1909.

In 1910, Ross moved to Vancouver and enlisted with the Canadian Expeditionary Force after the First World War broke out, and was sent to Belgium with the 29th Canadians (Tobin's Tigers). Wounded during the Actions of St Eloi Craters, Ross risked his life to aid other wounded men under heavy fire when he was hit by a shell and killed. He is buried in Ridge Wood Military Cemetery, Belgium.

Early life
Andrew Ross was born in Newington, Edinburgh, the oldest surviving son of solicitor Andrew Monro Ross, the Ross Herald, and his wife, William Frances Ross (née Gillon). He had seven siblings. He attended the Royal High School, Edinburgh, where he proved to be an all-round athlete, and an excellent swimmer.

Aged sixteen, he was apprenticed on the Glenfyne, sailing from Dundee, round Cape Horn, to Iquique. After returning to school for a year, he was apprenticed to a firm of engineers. He was also a keen oarsman, rowing with the East of Scotland Rowing Club of Leith.

Rugby Union career

Amateur career

After leaving school, he played for the Royal High School former pupils team, gaining a reputation as a fast and courageous forward.

Provincial career

He earned selection for Edinburgh, and on 2 December 1899 played in the Inter City game against Glasgow: it was the first time in ten years that Edinburgh beat Glasgow.

Ross's career as a marine engineer took him overseas, but returning home in 1904, he played again for Edinburgh, beating Glasgow 6–3. Following this match, he was selected for the Cities District team to play against the Rest on 14 January 1905.

International career

His performance earned him selection for  in the Home Nations fixture against  at Inverleith on 4 February 1905. Ahead of the game, the press was divided on which side would win, with the Scots having the home advantage and the better forwards, and the absence of Wales's Dick Jones at half back was seen as detrimental. Yet it was reckoned that if the Welsh backs got sufficient ball, they would be too clever for Scotland. The weather would also play a crucial role. For his part, Ross was expected to make "strong impressions in more than one sense". Before the game, the Evening Express said of him:

In the event, the weather was fine and favoured Wales, which beat the home team 3–6, in front of 20,000 spectators. The Scottish forwards "looked a fine, powerful lot", with their average estimated to be 10 lbs greater than the Welsh. The Scots scored first, through Little, but the Welsh captain, Willie Llewellyn, evened the scores before half time, and sealed the Welsh victory with a second try in the second half.

Ross was kept on for the rest of the championship, playing against  on 25 February, and  on 18 March. Against England, he broke his ribs early in the game but played on to the end.

Returning once again to Scotland in 1909, Ross was recalled to the Scottish XV, playing against Wales on 6 February, and against Ireland on 27 February. Having lost to Wales at home for only the second time in 1905, Scotland repeated the defeat in 1909, losing 3–5 (a penalty to a converted try), in a game that was noted chiefly for poor refereeing.

International appearances

Military career

Ross emigrated to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1910, where he was working as a marine engineer. At the outbreak of the First World War, Ross was working near the Arctic Circle. He travelled back to Vancouver from Albert Bay, arriving on 14 November 1914. Two weeks later, according to his correspondence, he was in training with the Second Canadian Division, having joined the 29th Battalion (Vancouver), of the Canadian Expeditionary Force: the battalion was nicknamed "Tobin's Tigers" after Lt.-Col. Henry Seymour Tobin, who began recruiting on 14 October 1914. The 29th Canadians embarked for Britain on 20 May 1915, arriving in Devonport in June 1915. After a visit home, Ross joined camp on 30 July. He competed shortly after in the regimental sports at Stamford Bridge, London, before departing for the Western Front, reaching France on 17 September.

The normal practice for a division arriving in France was for it to be kept in reserve, for further training in trench warfare, but the 2nd Canadian Division was sent almost immediately into the front line, under the newly formed Canadian Corps. On 28 September, Ross writes that their line is 30 to 250 yards from that of the Germans. He writes again on 23 November of a ruse to bring out the Germans from behind their defences:

The role of the Canadians was to execute a policy of "wearing down" the enemy, and early on 31 January 1916, the 6th Brigade, including the 29th Battalion, staged a raid on the German position at the Spanbroekmolen salient. The 29th encountered little resistance, and it took them just four and a half minutes to capture three prisoners, bomb the dugouts and return to their own trenches. This action earned the battalion, and other units, recognition from Sir Douglas Haig in his first despatch for "good work in carrying out... local attacks and raids".

Action at St Eloi Craters

On 27 March 1916, following an artillery bombardment, combined with the detonation of mines beneath the German trenches, the British 5th Corps attacked the St Eloi salient. On the night of 3–4 April, the Canadian Corps relieved the British, with the 6th Canadian Brigade taking up positions in front of the craters created by the detonations.

The last letter from Ross is dated 4 April 1916. He reports: "there's lots of fighting where we are at present, and just now we are in the German trenches, so have a busy time... I'd like to see you all again..." For the next two days, the Canadian front line was under almost continuous bombardment. The 27th Battalion fared particularly badly, and on the night of 5–6 April, the 29th began relieving them, slowed down by the mud, extra equipment and a congestion of troops.

The corporal of Ross's section reported his death: "On the morning of 6 April we were serving together in the trenches. While attending devotedly and most courageously, under heavy artillery fire, to our wounded men, he was himself hit, and falling over a man he was dressing, died instantly. Quite reckless as regarding his own life, he exposed it, and gave it to save, as his quick attention undoubtedly did, the lives of a great number of our men." It transpired later that Ross was already wounded before he was himself killed.

Ross is buried at the Ridge Wood Military Cemetery (Grave IR9), West Flanders, Belgium.

See also
 List of international rugby union players killed in action during the First World War

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Bath, Richard (ed.) The Scotland Rugby Miscellany (Vision Sports Publishing Ltd, 2007 )

External links
 "An entire team wiped out by the Great War".  The Scotsman, 6 November 2009

1879 births
1916 deaths
Canadian military personnel killed in World War I
Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Scottish rugby union players
Scotland international rugby union players
Rugby union players from Edinburgh
British marine engineers
Military personnel from Edinburgh
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Cities District players
Edinburgh District (rugby union) players
Royal HSFP players
Burials at Ridge Wood Military Cemetery
Rugby union forwards

Andrew Ross (rugby union, born 1879)


Samuel Nicholson (1743 – December 28, 1811)  was an officer in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War and later in the United States Navy. Along with shipwright George Claghorn he oversaw the building of  ("Old Ironsides"), and Nicholson was that ship's first commander.

Personal life
The son of Joseph and Hannah Scott Nicholson, Samuel Nicholson was born in Chestertown, Maryland.  He married Mary Dowse, sister of Edward Dowse, on February 9, 1780, and had "a large family of children".  They lived in Dedham, Massachusetts, and at least three of their daughters were baptized in the Episcopal Church there.

Service in American Revolution
Nicholson was a captain in the Continental Navy. He served as a lieutenant aboard  under John Paul Jones who at the time was commander of , which was used to capture three British sloops-of-war. Nicholson also commanded Dolphin in 1776.

Post revolution service
By the time the American Revolution was finally won there were few ships to speak of in the young American Navy. The navy, like the army, was largely disbanded, with many naval vessels being sold or turned into merchantman vessels. Now that America had won its independence it no longer had the protection of the British navy and had to defend its own interests abroad. The idea of an American Navy was the subject of much debate between the Federalists who favored a strong navy and the anti-federalists who felt the money required for a navy would be better spent elsewhere. However the repeated threats from France and the Barbary states of North Africa had given cause to now consider resorting to more forceful measures to procure the security of American shipping interests.

First commander of USS Constitution

 was one of six frigates authorized by act of Congress which was approved on March 27, 1794. Nicholson was commissioned as one of the first six captains in the reborn United States Navy on June 10, 1794.

The vessel was designed by Joshua Humphreys, and built at Hartt's Shipyard in Boston, Massachusetts, under the supervision of master shipwright George Claghorn. Nicholson was the naval inspector who also oversaw her construction.

Upon her completion Constitution was launched at Boston on September 27, 1797, under the command of Nicholson. His first Lieutenant was Charles Russel.
Upon her completion Constitution was launched at Boston on September 27, 1797, under the command of Nicholson. His 1st Lieutenant was Charles Russel.
President John Adams ordered all Navy ships to sea in late May 1798 to patrol for armed ships of France, and to free any American ship captured by them. Constitution was still not ready to sail, and eventually had to borrow sixteen  cannons from Castle Island before finally being ready.

Constitution put to sea on the evening of 22 July 1798, commanded by Captain Nicholson, with orders to patrol the Eastern seaboard between New Hampshire and New York. A month later she was patrolling between Chesapeake Bay and Savannah, Georgia, when Nicholson found his first opportunity for capturing a prize: off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina, on 8 September, she intercepted Niger, a 24-gun ship sailing with a French crew en route from Jamaica to Philadelphia, claiming to have been under the orders of Great Britain. Perhaps not understanding his orders correctly, Nicholson had the crewmen imprisoned, placed a prize crew aboard Niger, and brought her into Norfolk, Virginia. Constitution sailed south again a week later to escort a merchant convoy, but her bowsprit was severely damaged in a gale; she returned to Boston for repairs. In the meantime, Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert determined that Niger had been operating under the orders of Great Britain as claimed, and the ship and her crew were released to continue their voyage. The American government paid a restitution of $11,000 to Great Britain.

After departing from Boston on 29 December, Nicholson reported to Commodore John Barry, who was flying his flag in United States, near the island of Dominica for patrols in the West Indies. On 15 January 1799, Constitution intercepted the English merchantman Spencer, which had been taken prize by the French frigate L'Insurgente a few days prior. Technically, Spencer was a French ship operated by a French prize crew; but Nicholson, perhaps hesitant after the affair with Niger, released the ship and her crew the next morning.

Upon joining Barry's command, Constitution almost immediately had to put in for repairs to her rigging due to storm damage, and it was not until 1 March that anything of note occurred. On this date, she encountered , the captain of which was an acquaintance of Nicholson. The two agreed to a sailing duel, which the English captain was confident he would win. But after 11 hours of sailing Santa Margarita lowered her sails and admitted defeat, paying off the bet with a cask of wine to Nicholson.

Resuming her patrols, Constitution managed to recapture the American sloop Neutrality on 27 March and, a few days later, the French ship Carteret. Secretary Stoddert had other plans, however, and recalled Constitution to Boston. She arrived there on 14 May, and Nicholson was relieved of command.

Later life

Nicholson was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati, and the first commandant of the Boston Navy Yard when it was established in 1800.  He remained on active duty with the Navy for the remainder of his life. Nicholson died at Charlestown, Massachusetts in 1811, and is buried in the crypt of the Old North Church in Boston.

Namesakes and honors
The U.S. Navy ships named  were named for him and other members of his family who served as naval officers: his elder brother, James Nicholson, his younger brother John Nicholson, his nephew, William Nicholson and his grandson James W. Nicholson.

Notes

References

Bibliography

  Url
  Url
  Url

External links
 The Society of the Cincinnati
 The American Revolution Institute

1743 births
1811 deaths
Continental Navy officers
United States Navy officers
People from Chestertown, Maryland
Military personnel from Dedham, Massachusetts
Commanders of the USS Constitution

Samuel Nicholson


The Lunnon station group is a group o 18 railwey stations served bi the National Rail network in central Lunnon. Most are terminal stations, either serving major national services or local commuter routes. A small number are through-stations that are considered terminals for ticketing purposes. All current stations in the group fall within Lunnon fare zone 1. A ticket marked "London Terminals" allows travel tae any station in the group via any permitted route, as determined bi the National Routeing Guide.

Most Lunnon terminal stations were developed in the mid-19t century durin the initial boom o rail transport. Many stations were built around the edge o central Lunnon, stoppin at what is now the London Inner Ring Road, because it was prohibitively expensive tae build right in tae the centre, an because each railwey was owned bi a private company competin with the others. The creation of the Lunnon Unnergrund provided a practical connection tae the various termini, which continues tae be the case as o the 21st century. Many o the stations have been upgraded an modernised tae provide a greater capacity an connections tae the network. The first Lunnon terminus, London Bridge, has been rebuilt an expanded on numerous occasions an, o the major 19t century terminals, only Broad Street has closed.

The Lunnon terminals had a significant impact on the local area. Originally, the demolition o poor properties, particularly sooth o the River Thames caused blight an deprived areas around the station. This has changed in the 21st century, where development around the main terminals has been well-received an attracted occupants an businesses.

List

 Blackfriars
 Cannon Street
 Charing Cross
 City Thameslink
 Euston
 Fenchurch Street
 King's Cross
 Liverpool Street
 London Bridge
 Marylebone
 Moorgate
 Old Street
 Paddington
 Saint Pancras
 Vauxhall
 Victoria
 Waterloo
 Waterloo East

stations

Lunnon station group


Paul Benjamin Lowney (March 25, 1917 – May 12, 2007) was a Seattle-based author and humorist. He wrote 29 books and three comic strips, most mixing humor, philosophy, and whimsical illustrations by his frequent collaborator Frank Renlie. Saturday Review described his work by saying, "Sometimes Lowney makes you think and then laugh; and sometimes he makes you laugh and then think."

He also authored non-fiction works on Seattle and his experiences growing up in Butte during the 1930s.

Biography

Paul Lowney was born and raised in Butte, Montana, fourth and youngest child of Lithuanian Jewish parents. He graduated from Butte High School and the University of Montana-Missoula, where he majored in sociology and philosophy. In Seattle, he took graduate studies in philosophy at the University of Washington.

During World War II he served three years in the U.S. Army as an overseas field correspondent for Yank, the Army Weekly.

After leaving the Army in Virginia, he became a staff writer for the American Red Cross at their national headquarters in Washington, D.C.

He moved back to Seattle and worked as a civilian information officer for the Army and then the Navy. During this time he was commissioned a First Lieutenant, Military Intelligence, in the Army Reserve.

Later, under contract to The Seattle Times, he wrote a weekly humor feature for 11 years and also authored several pieces for national magazines.

He also founded Lowney Advertising and Crown & Lurie Publishers, both based in Seattle.

Writing career

In his senior year at Butte High School, Paul Lowney wrote a humor column for his school paper, The Mountaineer, and wrote humor ever after. Someone asked him how he happened to get into writing and he said, "When I was eight, I found a small pencil in my Cracker Jack box and I didn't want to throw it away."

His humor appeared in Parade, Saturday Review, Reader's Digest, and in scores of newspapers through his syndication with the Los Angeles Times Syndicate, Copley News Service, and the Pacific Media Group.

For 11 years, his humor panel, Gleeb, appeared in The Seattle Times.

His hardback humor books issued by New York publishers include Gleeb, The Big Book of Gleeb, Offbeat Humor, The Best of Offbeat Humor, and The Love Game.

His non-fiction book, At Another Time — Growing up in Butte, is in its ninth printing.

Bibliography

Books

 At Another Time: Growing up in Butte, with Seattle Supplement, ninth edition, hardcover (2007)
 Especially for Bright People: A Book of Humor and Think (2006)
 Ergo1: A Classic Little Book of Thoughts & Laughter (2002)
 The Love and Dating Game (2002)
 At Another Time: Growing up in Butte, with Seattle Supplement (2002)
 At Another Time: Growing up in Butte (2000)
 Little Lessons from Life, My Professors & My Jewish Mother (1999)
 Toads (1997)
 The Best in Offbeat Humor II: An eclectic work (1996)
 The Pocket Gleeb (1991)
 The Love Game (1988)
 The Best of Gleeb (1982)
 Gleeb VI: The best "Gleebs" from the Seattle Times (1981)
 Gleeb V (1978)
 Gleeb IV (1976)
 The Big Book of Gleeb (1975)
 Seattle: The nation's most beautiful city (1973)
 Gleeb (1973)
 Seattle, nation's most beautiful city (1968)
 The Best of Offbeat Humor (1968)
 No charge for dreaming (1966)
 The world's funniest offbeat humor (1965)
 No charge for dreaming: An unusual little book of sense, nonsense and laughter (1963)
 Scenic Seattle (1962)
 Offbeat Humor (1962)
 Seattle: The nation's most beautiful city (1961)
 This is Hydroplaning (1959)
 Washington, America's most scenic state (1957)
 I'm at North Fort Lewis (1954)

Comic Strips
 Toads (1997), weekly strip
 Gleeb (1981–85), weekly panel syndicated by the Los Angeles Times Syndicate and Copley News Service
 The Pookas (1977–78), weekly strip

External links
Butte High School paper, The Mountaineer

Writers from Seattle
Jewish American writers
American humorists
People from Butte, Montana
University of Montana alumni
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
1917 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
Butte High School (Butte, Montana) alumni

Paul B. Lowney


Bruce Wayne, alternately known by the vigilante persona Batman, is a fictional character appearing in the Fox series Gotham, based on the character of the same name who is the secret identity of DC Comics superhero Batman, created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane, and developed for television by Bruno Heller. Gotham portrays Bruce's teenage years and transition into adapting his Batman personality in later years. The series marks the second time Batman was adapted for live-action television after the 1960 Batman series, though the lead character in Gotham is James Gordon. Bruce is portrayed by David Mazouz, while Mikhai Mudrik portrays him as an adult in the series finale. In October 2022, Heller expressed interest in Mazouz potentially reprising his role as Bruce in a flashforward sequence towards the end of the eventual series finale of the Gotham and V for Vendetta prequel television series Pennyworth.

Bruce Wayne is the orphaned son of Thomas and Martha Wayne, who are murdered at the beginning of the series by a masked gunman. After the incident, Bruce began to question the inner workings of Gotham City, and along with his allies, seeks to uncover the corruption destroying Gotham and get to the reason behind his parents' murder. In the process, he begins the training that shapes his destiny as a feared vigilante, known as Batman. In Pennyworth, Bruce is revealed to have had an older sister, Samantha, who disappeared long before he was born.

Character development
After long efforts were made to create a television series based on Batman's origins with little success, Gotham was conceived by Bruno Heller and was eventually picked up by Fox. Though the series eventually focused on James Gordon, chronicling his rise to commissioner of the Gotham City police, Bruce Wayne remained a central character. David Mazouz went through a long audition before finally winning the role of Bruce, hearing the news after attending school one day. Mazouz cites Batman comics as main inspiration for playing his character.

For the series finale, which flashes forward ten years into the future from the rest of the series, Mikhail Mudrik provides the body double for the adult Bruce in his vigilante suit during action sequences, but Mazouz provides the character's voice and is seen in the suit for closeup shots.

Mazouz said that Gotham characterizes Bruce as wise beyond his years, and that he was drawn to the character's maturity:

In October 2022, asked alongside John Stephens as to who he would consider casting as a young 10 to 11-year-old Bruce Wayne in the Gotham and V for Vendetta prequel television series Pennyworth, while promoting its third season, Heller stated that there were no plans beyond featuring Bruce as a baby in the main plot of Pennyworth, but with regards to a future flashforward epilogue: "I think we had the best Batman out there in David Mazouz. I'll bring him back [in the series finale."

Role in Gotham
Bruce is introduced as the 12-year-old son of wealthy businessman Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha. Thomas is the CEO of Wayne Enterprises, a vast multinational corporation that is secretly actually controlled by the secret organization The Court of Owls. After Bruce's parents are murdered, he embarks on a mission to find their killer and protect Gotham City from criminals.

Season 1
In the pilot episode, Bruce witnesses a mugger murder his parents in a dark alley behind the movie theater. As the Gotham City Police Department arrives, detective Jim Gordon comforts Bruce at the scene and promises to find his parents killer. Though Gordon and his partner Harvey Bullock find the alleged killer, Mario Pepper, and gun him down, they later realize that mobster Fish Mooney framed him and that the real killer is still at large. Bruce becomes obsessed with finding the real killer, and with training himself to become a vigilante. Alfred Pennyworth, the Waynes' butler and Bruce's guardian following their deaths, is troubled by Bruce's behavior, but nevertheless agrees to train him in armed and unarmed combat, and becomes his guide and mentor.

Bruce later meets street orphans Selina Kyle and Ivy Pepper; unbeknownst to Bruce, Selina witnessed the murder of his parents, and Ivy is the daughter of the wrongly accused murderer. Bruce and Selina become close as Selina temporarily stays at Wayne Manor for shelter. Bruce becomes skeptical of how his father's company is run and is convinced that someone in the company wanted his parents dead. With Selina's help, he infiltrates Wayne Enterprises and gains access to crucial information. Though the executive he was trying to spy on catches him, Bruce encounters Lucius Fox in the aftermath of being caught. Fox offers to help him, revealing that Thomas Wayne did not approve of the corruption behind the company. Alfred and Bruce later find a secret cave underneath Wayne Manor belonging to his father.

Season 2
Bruce digs further into Wayne Manor, and finds a letter from his father telling him to choose between "happiness or truth". He also finds a computer that appears to have vital information about Wayne Enterprises, but Alfred attempts to stop Bruce from investigating further out of concern for his safety, even smashing the computer. Bruce refuses to back down and fires Alfred, but later relents and hires him back under the condition they work together. Bruce, Selina and Alfred later attend a charity ball that is infiltrated by criminals led by Jerome Valeska and Barbara Kean. When Alfred's life is threatened by the intrusion, Bruce goes back for him and is almost killed himself before Theo Galavan, a wealthy industrialist, intervenes and kills Jerome. Galavan turns out to actually be the leader of the criminals, masterminding the event to make himself look like a hero while secretly planning to destroy the Wayne family. Galavan poses as a father figure to gain Bruce's trust, and Bruce grows close to Galavan's niece Silver St. Cloud. Galavan eventually reveals his true colors and kidnaps Bruce and Silver. With help from Selina, Gordon and Galavan's sister Tabitha, Bruce escapes and saves Silver's life, leaving Theo there before Gordon and crime boss Oswald Cobblepot confront and kill Theo.

The second half of season two has Bruce continuing to track down his parents' killer. Alfred eventually confronts Bruce and confirms the name of the killer as Patrick "Matches" Malone (Michael Bowen). After receiving a gun from Selina and finding Matches' location, Bruce confronts Matches in the latter's apartment, only to find that Matches was contracted by another source that he refuses to name. Matches, who is suicidal, begs Bruce to put him out of his misery, but Bruce refuses, leaving Matches to shoot himself. Bruce then decides to live in the streets with Selina to learn what it takes to fight crime in Gotham. He returns once Fox fixes his father's computer. Soon afterward, Bruce, Fox, and Alfred discover that Hugo Strange (B.D. Wong), a former colleague of Thomas Wayne, had ordered the hit. Strange had been conducting mutation experiments within Wayne Enterprises' Indian Hills program; when Thomas shut the program down, Strange retaliated by having him killed. When the GCPD refuses to indict Strange due to a lack of evidence, Bruce personally heads to Indian Hills with Selina to confront Strange, who unleashes a number of mutated monsters onto the city and captures Bruce, Lucius, and Alfred. The GCPD intervenes when Strange threatens to blow the facility up, arresting Strange and freeing the captives. Strange's monsters continue to roam the streets, however, one of them including a teenage boy who resembles Bruce himself.

Season 3
Upon further investigation, Bruce encounters the Court of Owls, an organization revealed to be pulling the strings in Wayne Enterprises. The leader of the Court, Kathryn Monroe, offers Bruce a deal: if he stops investigating them, they will spare his life and those of his loved ones. Bruce reluctantly agrees. Bruce eventually encounters and fights his doppelgänger, faces off against a resurrected Jerome, enters a relationship with Selina, and is kidnapped and trained by a mysterious Shaman, later meeting Ra's al Ghul in the process. In the season's final scene, a masked Bruce dressed in military-grade body armor of his father's invention saves a family from a mugger.

Season 4
While training to fight crime as the "Dark Knight", Bruce starts investigating Ra's al Ghul, and learns that the mysterious terrorist wants to gain possession of a millennia-old dagger. Bruce buys the dagger at auction to draw Ra's out, but Ra's retaliates by killing Bruce's young friend Alex. Bruce becomes obsessed with avenging Alex, and confronts Ra's – who surprises him by begging Bruce to put him out of his misery. Bruce refuses, but when Ra's threatens his loved ones, he loses control and stabs Ra's with the dagger. Bruce feels guilty for killing Ra's in cold blood, and falls into a deep depression. He numbs the pain by partying nonstop, fires Alfred and gives up his plan to protect Gotham. When Ivy (Peyton List) doses him with her hallucinogenic plant toxin, however, he sees a vision of a fearsome, mysterious cloaked entity – what he would be in the future  – who says he cannot escape who he really is before dissolving into a swarm of bats. That night, he reconciles with Alfred, and prevents Ivy from killing a crowd full of Gotham's social elite at a charity auction.

Meanwhile, he befriends Jerome Valeska's twin brother Jeremiah – unaware that he is just as insane as his brother and planning to destroy Gotham. The League of Shadows later kidnaps Bruce with the goal of resurrecting Ra's and having Ra's usurp the League's current leader, Barbara Kean. Bruce reluctantly does so as a way to redeem his sin and Ra's returns, albeit in a weakened form. Ra's eventually regains his strength and promises to leave Bruce alone until the time comes to reforge Bruce into "Gotham's Dark Knight." After Jeremiah's plan to bomb the city fails, Ra's returns to Gotham to ally himself with Jeremiah to fulfill Bruce's destiny. When Ra's and Jeremiah reveal their plan, they both tell Bruce that they are destroying Gotham for his benefit, to help him become the "Dark Knight" he is destined to be. The two criminal masterminds kidnap Alfred and dose Bruce with Jonathan Crane's fear toxin, plaguing him with hallucinations of Alfred going insane and attacking him. When it wears off, he returns with Alfred and Selina to Wayne Manor – where Jeremiah appears and shoots Selina in the stomach, injuring her spinal cord. After seeing Selina off to the hospital, he goes to confront Ra's and Jeremiah, who have destroyed all bridges leading outside of Gotham, turning the city into a "No Man's Land". During the ensuing struggle, Kean, Ra's' onetime lover and protégé, puts the dagger in Bruce's hand and forces him to stab Ra's, mortally wounding him. As he dies, Ra's tells Bruce that he must choose between simply being Bruce Wayne and becoming the "Dark Knight". After Gotham is evacuated, Bruce decides to stay behind and help Gordon fight the criminals who have taken over the city.

Season 5
Months later, Bruce helps Gordon provide the people of the Narrows with food, shelter and medicine. He also uses herbs reluctantly supplied by Ivy to help Selina regain the ability to walk. When Selina goes after Jeremiah looking for revenge, he tries to stop her, but is unable to prevent her from stabbing and seemingly killing Jeremiah. She tearfully confesses to him that she saw his parents die and did nothing, and rejects his attempts to comfort her.

Meanwhile, Jeremiah, who has become obsessed with Bruce, kidnaps him and tries to convince him of his plan to recreate the night that Bruce's parents were murdered. When Bruce refuses and sees the ruse, Jeremiah blows up Wayne Manor. Jeremiah then flees to Ace Chemicals, and in the ensuing struggle with Bruce falls into a vat of toxic waste.

Soon afterward, Ivy uses her plant toxins to hypnotize Bruce and get him to poison Gotham's water supply. Selina manages to snap him out of it, and they defeat Ivy with help from  Fox. Later, Bruce and Selina attend the wedding of Gordon and Leslie Thompkins, and share a passionate kiss.

Theresa Walker, the government operative who has been overseeing Gotham's reconstruction, reveals her true identity as Nyssa al Ghul, Ra's al Ghul's daughter, and pledges to avenge her father's death by killing Bruce. With help from Selina and Gordon, Bruce defeats Nyssa, but at a cost: Nyssa's henchman Bane severely injures Alfred. Bruce blames himself, and leaves Gotham so no one else he loves will be hurt. Before he leaves, he tells Alfred that he will be gone a long time, but that he will return once he is able to protect Gotham. Bruce decides to start his training for his war on crime.

In the series finale ten years later, Bruce returns to Gotham, which has flourished with Gordon as Commissioner of the GCPD, to celebrate the opening of the new Wayne Tower. At the same time, a mysterious vigilante in a bat-like costume begins apprehending Gotham's wanted criminals, including Penguin, Riddler, and a returned Jeremiah. This mysterious figure, whom Lucius and Alfred know is Bruce, also has a run-in with Selina, who has become a cat burglar, and has a quietly emotional exchange with her while concealed in the shadows. After escaping a prison van, Penguin and Riddler plot their revenge on the Dark Knight, though they fear his nearby presence. Finally, as Gordon and Bullock summon Batman through the Bat-Signal, he quietly observes the city from afar atop a building, becoming Gotham's protector for years to come.

Reception
Mazouz has received praise for his portrayal of the teenage Bruce Wayne, with critics lauding his mature approach to portraying the character, especially for someone his age. However, there was some criticism for the perceived rushed pacing of Bruce's development in the show. In 2018, Mazouz was nominated for the Saturn Award for the Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series and the "Choice Action TV Actor" award at the Teen Choice Awards.

See also
 List of Gotham and Pennyworth characters
 Batman in other media

References

Gotham (TV series) characters
Batman in other media
Television characters introduced in 2014
DC Comics television characters
DC Comics superheroes
Orphan characters in television
Child characters in television
Teenage characters in television
American male characters in television
Fictional vigilantes
Fictional socialites
Alternative versions of Batman
Fictional philanthropists

Bruce Wayne (Gotham)


David Aden Salmon (1879 – March 15, 1960) was a career government functionary in the U.S. Department of War and the U.S. Department of State. In 1931, Salmon rose to head the State Department's Bureau of Indexes and Archives, a department with over 150 employees at the time. In 2008 Cold War historian John Earl Haynes identified Salmon as "Willy", a codename for a Soviet agent, followed by a 2009 book which argued that Salmon was, from 1934 until early 1937, a paid source of classified diplomatic and military information which ended in the hands of Soviet intelligence. This identification has been challenged by at least one historian specializing in espionage history.

Life and career

Early years
David A. Salmon was born in 1879 in Connecticut.

Government career
Salmon joined the U.S. Department of War in 1896 as a junior clerk. His efficient work attracted the attention of Elihu Root, under whom Salmon worked at the War Department from 1899.

In 1905 Root brought Salmon with him to the State Department he assumed the role of Secretary of State. Salmon became known as an expert in cryptography and had supervisory control over the State Department's code room. He was in charge of coded communications from the various major international conferences of the era, often traveling with the American delegations.

In 1916, Salmon was named head of the State Department's Bureau of Indexes and Archives. This bureau was restructured in 1931, becoming the State Department's Division of Communications and Records, of which Salmon was again named as chief. Salmon supervised over 150 employees in his department's expanded incarnation, making it the largest State Department sub-agency of the day.

As an expert in State Department communications, Salmon was called before a grand jury on December 8, 1948, to authenticate documents produced by Whittaker Chambers to support his espionage accusations against State Department employee Alger Hiss.

Salmon retired from government service sometime after World War II.

Espionage allegations
In May 2009, American historians John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr and Russian journalist Alexander Vassiliev published a book entitled Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. In this thick tome, the three identified David A. Salmon as a key State Department source of classified documents code-named "Willy" by his Soviet handlers.

The identification of Salmon as "Willy" was challenged by Russian historian Svetlana Chervonnaya, who asserted that the American historians had been "tricked by the odd collection of records to which their Russian source, Vassiliev, had access." Chervonnaya asserted that the Soviet's agent-group leader Ludwig Lore had falsely claimed Salmon as his source to his Soviet handlers so as to throw them off the trail of his actual source and particularly of the fact that he was himself rewriting information from "lower level clerks at the Communications and Records Division." After enhancing the information which he received with his own interpretive content, Lore then pocketed the handsome monthly stipend which was purportedly destined for the top-ranking official Salmon, Chervonnaya explains.

Chervonnaya indicates that in February 1937 Lore's deception was discovered by Soviet intelligence when they rented an apartment across the street from Lore and began round-the-clock surveillance.

As the basis for her conclusions, Chervonnaya cites the published work of J.N. Kobiakov, former high official (Major General) of the KGB foreign intelligence, which was based on Ludwig Lore case file:
"Throughout the whole period of surveillance, he left his home only once, for four hours. For three nights running, [Lore's] study was bustling with work, with the participation of all the family members; in particular, [Lore's] wife and son were taking turns at the typewriter typing something. When providing us with the materials, [Lore] repeated his usual lies about a trip to Washington and meetings with sources. *  *  *
"With the results of physical surveillance, the Centre arrived at a preliminary conclusion, that [Lore] was an exceptionally talented compiler. The use of information from open sources, fishing in them for any new data, as well as their analysis and evaluation, often produce outstanding results; many intelligence services do not neglect this method of information-gathering. But such work is considered auxiliary to the main task — obtaining information from agent sources...  *  *  *
"The situation was aggravated in late spring 1937, when the Soviet 'illegals' managed to ascertain that the 'Willie' and 'Daniel' whom Lore had presented to his Soviet handlers, were 'dummies.'"

Chervonnaya's conclusions, which were initially presented on her behalf by Jeff Kisseloff on May 20, 2009, at a conference hosted by the Wilson Center, have been rejected by a number of academics.  Mark Kramer, director of the Harvard Cold War Studies program, stated in response that he did not "trust a word [Kobiakov] says."  In an article published a few days earlier David Garrow, a historian of the civil rights movement, accepted as fact that Salmon "handed over reams of classified information simply for the money."

According to Chervonnaya, on the other hand, conclusive proof of David Salmon's misidentification as the source known variously as  "Willie" and "11th" appears in the published archival notes made by former KGB officer and historian Alexander Vassiliev. Vassilliev read the case file of Laurence Duggan, a Soviet source at the State Department with a cover name "19th", which included a May 14, 1937, letter of Soviet intelligence's Moscow Center to its New York station chief Boris Bazarov in which the Center asked if Duggan could provide more materials "regarding the US data on the Soviet military-naval supply orders." These notes are followed by Vassiliev's notation in brackets, that apparently was his brief summary of Bazarov's response to the Center's request: "The actual '11' didn't give '19' the folder, because these materials should not be of interest to 19."

It follows from Vassiliev's notation that by mid-May 1937 the Soviets have already ascertained the identity of Lore's actual source at the State's Division of Communications and Records.

Death and legacy
Salmon died on March 15, 1960, at the age of 81.

Following the publication of Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev's book in May 2009, some in the mainstream media made Salmon's name a watchword for those who "handed over reams of classified information simply for the money." It is in this capacity, regardless of whether the accusation is with or without merit, that Salmon's name is currently remembered.

Footnotes

Further reading
 John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.
 John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.

See also
 KGB
 Ludwig Lore

External links

1879 births
1960 deaths
American spies for the Soviet Union
Espionage in the United States
United States Department of Defense officials
United States Department of State officials

David A. Salmon


Eduard Bloch was an Austrian doctor practicing in Linz (Austria) and until 1907 the physician of Adolf Hitler's family.

Bloch was born in Frauenberg (today Hluboká nad Vltavou, Czech Republic), studied medicine in Prague and then served as a medical officer in the Austrian army. In 1899 he was stationed in Linz and opened a private doctor's practice after his discharge in 1901 in the baroque house at 12 Landstrasse, where he also lived with his family: his wife, Emilie (née Kafka) and their daughter Trude, born in 1903. According to Linz's future mayor Ernst Koref, Bloch was held in high regard, particularly among the lower and indigent social classes. It was generally known that at any time at night he was willing to call on patients. He used to go on visits in his hansom, wearing a conspicuous broad-brimmed hat. Like most Jews in Linz at the time, the Bloch family were assimilated.

Austrian physicians

Eduard Bloch