Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant grown in gardens. Its native range was east of the Mediterranean Sea, but now is obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.

This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes. The first is to produce seeds that are eaten by humans, commonly known as poppy seed. The second is to produce opium for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry. The third is to produce other alkaloids, mainly thebaine and oripavine, that are processed by pharmaceutical companies into drugs such as hydrocodone and oxycodone. Each of these goals has special breeds that are targeted at one of these businesses, and breeding efforts (including biotechnological ones) are continually underway. A comparatively small amount of P. somniferum is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.

Today many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant quantity of opium. The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no latex at all. Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of P. somniferum produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.

Description
Papaver somniferum is an annual herb growing to about  tall. The plant is strongly glaucous, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and leaves bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem, the lowest leaves with a short petiole. The flowers are up to  diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base. The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating stigmatic rays, or fluted cap. All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.

The weed poppy Papaver rhoeas is a similar species.

Metabolism
The alkaloids are organic nitrogenous compounds, derivatives of secondary metabolism, synthesized through the metabolic pathway of benzylisoquinoline. First, the amino acid phenylalanine, through the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, is transformed into tyrosine. Tyrosine can follow two different routes: by tyrosine hydroxylase it can form L-dopamine (L-DOPA), or it can be reduced to form 4-phenylhydroxyacetaldehyde (4-HPAA). Subsequently, L-DOPA reacts with 4-HPAA and, through a series of reactions, forms (S) -norcoclaurine, which carries the benzylisoquinoline skeleton that gives its name to this pathway. The conversion of (S) -norcoclaurin to (S) -reticuline is one of the key points, since from (S) -reticuline morphine can be formed through the morphinan route, noscapine through the path of the noscapina or berberina.

Genome
The poppy genome contains 51,213 genes encoding proteins distributed 81.6% in 11 individual chromosomes and 18.4% remaining in unplaced scaffolds. In addition, 70.9% of the genome is made up of repetitive elements, of which the most represented are the long terminal repeat retrotransposons. This enrichment of genes is related to the maintenance of homeostasis and a positive regulation of transcription.

The analysis of synergy of the opium poppy reveals traces of segmental duplications 110 million years ago (MYA), before the divergence between Papaveraceae and Ranunculaceae, and an event of duplication of the complete genome makes 7.8 MYA.

The genes are possibly grouped as follows:

 The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticuline to noscapine are found on chromosome 11.
 The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticuline to thebaine are found on chromosome 11.
 The genes responsible for the conversion of thebaine are found in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, chromosome 7, and perhaps others.

Taxonomy
Papaver somniferum was formally described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication Species Plantarum in 1753 on page 508.

Varieties and cultivars

P. somniferum has had a very long tradition of use, starting in the Neolithic. This long period of time allowed the development of a broad range of different forms. In total there are 52 botanical varieties. Breeding of P. somniferum faces a challenge caused by the contradictory breeding goals for this species. On one hand a very high content of alkaloids is requested for medical uses. The global demand for the alkaloids and the pharmaceutical derivatives has increased in the past years. Therefore, there is a need for the development of varieties with a high opium yield. On the other hand, the food industry demands as low alkaloid contents as possible.

There is one accepted subspecies, P. somniferum subsp. setigerum (DC.) Arcang. There are also many varieties and cultivars. Colors of the flowers vary widely, as do other physical characteristics, such as number and shape of petals , number of flowers and fruits, number of seeds, color of seeds, and production of opium. Papaver somniferum var. paeoniflorum is a variety with flowers that are highly double, and are grown in many colors. P. somniferum var. laciniatum is a variety with flowers that are highly double and deeply lobed. The variety Sujata produces no latex and no commercial utility for opioid production.

Distribution and habitat
The native range of opium poppy is probably the Eastern Mediterranean, but extensive cultivation and introduction of the species throughout Europe since ancient times have obscured its origin. It has escaped from cultivation, or has been introduced and become naturalized extensively in all regions of the British Isles, particularly in the south and east and in almost all other countries of the world with suitable, temperate climates.

Ecology

Diseases
P. somniferum is susceptible to several fungal, insect and virus infections including seed borne diseases such as downy mildew and root rot. The use of pesticides in combination to cultural methods have been considered as major control measures for various poppy diseases.

The fungal pathogen Peronospora arborescens, the causal agent of downy mildew, occurs preferentially during wet and humid conditions. This oomycete penetrates the roots through oospores and infects the leaves as conidia in a secondary infection. The fungus causes hypertrophy and curvature of the stem and flower stalks. The symptoms are chlorosis and curling of the affected tissues with necrotic spots. The leaf under-surface is covered with a downy mildew coating containing conidiospores that spread the infection further leading to plant damage and death. Another downy mildew species, Peronospora somniferi, produces systemic infections leading to stunting and deformation of poppy plants. Downy mildew can be controlled preventively at the initial stage of seed development through several fungicide applications.

Leaf blight caused by the fungus Helminthosporium papaveris is one of the most destructive poppy diseases worldwide. The seed-borne fungus causes root rot in young plants and stunted stems in plants at a higher development stage, where leaf spots appear on the leaves and is being transmitted to capsules and seeds. Early sowing of seeds and deep plowing of poppy residues can reduce fungal inoculum during the plant growing season in the following year on neighboring poppy stocks, respectively.

Mosaic diseases in p. somniferum are caused by rattle virus and the Carlavirus. In 2006, a novel virus tentatively called "opium poppy mosaic virus" (OPMV) from the genus Umbravirus was isolated from p. somniferum containing leaf mosaic and mottling symptoms, in New Zealand.

Pests
There are only a few pests that can do harm to P. somniferum.

Flea beetles perforate the leaves of young plants and aphids suck on the sap of the flower buds. The poppy root weevil (Stenocarus ruficornis) is another significant pest. The insect lives in the soil and migrates in spring to the poppy fields after crop emergence. Adults damage the leaves of small plants by eating them. Female lay their eggs into the tissue of lower leaves. Insect larvae hatch and burrow into the soil to complete their life cycle on the poppy roots as adults.

Cultivation

In the growth development of P. somniferum, six stages can be distinguished. The growth development starts with the growth of the seedlings. In a second step the rosette-type leaves and stalks are formed. After that budding (hook stage) takes place as a third step. The hook stage is followed by flowering. Subsequently, technical maturity is reached, which means that the plant is ready for cutting. The last step is biological maturity; dry seeds are ripened. The photoperiod seems to be the main determinant of flower development of P. somniferum.

P. somniferum shows a very slow development in the beginning of its vegetation period. Due to this fact the competition of weeds is very high in early stages. It is very important to control weeds effectively in the first 50 days after sowing. Additionally Papaver somniferum is rather susceptible to herbicides. The pre-emergence application of the herbicide chlortoluron has been shown to be effective in reducing weed levels. However, in the last decade the weed management of Papaver somniferum has shifted from pre-emergence treatments to post-emergence treatments. Especially the application of the two herbicides mesotrione and tembotrione has become very popular. The combined application of those two herbicides has been shown to be recommendable for effective weed management in Papaver somniferum. Sowing time (autumn or spring), preceding crop and soil texture are important variables influencing the weed species composition. A highly abundant weed species in Papaver somniferum fields was shown to be Papaver rhoeas. Papaver somniferum and Papaver rhoeas belong to the same plant family, which impedes the chemical control of this weed species. Therefore, weed management represents a big challenge and requires technological knowledge from the farmer. In order to increase the efficiency of weed control not only chemical weed control should be applied but also mechanical weed control.

For P. somniferum, a growth density of 70 to 80 plants per square meter is recommended.

Ornamental
Live plants and seeds of the opium poppy are widely sold by seed companies and nurseries in most of the western world, including the United States. Poppies are sought after by gardeners for the vivid coloration of the blooms, the hardiness and reliability of the poppy plants, the exotic chocolate-vegetal fragrance note of some cultivars, and the ease of growing the plants from purchased flats of seedlings or by direct sowing of the seed. Poppy seed pods are also sold for dried flower arrangements.

Though "opium poppy and poppy straw" are listed in Schedule II of the United States' Controlled Substances Act, P. somniferum can be grown legally in the United States as a seed crop or ornamental flower. During the summer, opium poppies can be seen flowering in gardens throughout North America and Europe, and displays are found in many private plantings, as well as in public botanical and museum gardens such as United States Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden, and North Carolina Botanical Garden.

Many countries grow the plants, and some rely heavily on the commercial production of the drug as a major source of income. As an additional source of profit, the seeds of the same plants are sold for use in foods, so the cultivation of the plant is a significant source of income. This international trade in seeds of P. somniferum was addressed by a UN resolution "to fight the international trade in illicit opium poppy seeds" on 28 July 1998.

Production

Food

In 2018, world production of poppy seeds for consumption was 76,240 tonnes, led by Turkey with 35% of the world total (table). Poppy seed production and trade are susceptible to fluctuations mainly due to unstable yields. The performance of most genotypes of "Papaver somniferum" is very susceptible to environmental changes This behaviour led to a stagnation of the poppy seed market value between 2008–2009 as a consequence of high stock levels, bad weather and poor quality. The world leading importer of poppy seed is India (16 000 tonnes), followed by Russia, Poland and Germany.

Poppy seed oil remains a niche product due to the lower yield compared to conventional oil crops.

Medicine
Australia (Tasmania), Turkey and India are the major producers of poppy for medicinal purposes and poppy-based drugs, such as morphine or codeine. The New York Times reported, in 2014, that Tasmania was the largest producer of the poppy cultivars used for thebaine (85% of the world's supply) and oripavine (100% of the world's supply) production. Tasmania also had 25% of the world's opium and codeine production.

Restrictions

In most of Central Europe, poppy seed is commonly used for traditional pastries and cakes, and it is legal to grow poppies throughout the region, although Germany requires a licence.

Since January 1999 in the Czech Republic, according to the 167/1998 Sb. Addictive Substances Act, poppies growing in fields larger than  is obliged for reporting to the local Custom Office. Extraction of opium from the plants is prohibited by law (§ 15 letter d/ of the act). It is also prohibited to grow varieties with more than 0.8% of morphine in dry matter of their capsules, excluding research and experimental purposes (§24/1b/ of the act). The name Czech blue poppy refers to blue poppy seeds used for food.

The United Kingdom does not require a licence for opium poppy cultivation, but does for extracting opium for medicinal products.

In the United States, opium poppies and poppy straw are prohibited. As the opium poppy is legal for culinary or esthetic reasons, poppies were once grown as a cash crop by farmers in California. The law of poppy cultivation in the United States is somewhat ambiguous. The reason for the ambiguity is that the Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 (now repealed) stated that any opium poppies should be declared illegal, even if the farmers were issued a state permit. § 3 of the Opium Poppy Control Act stated: It shall be unlawful for any person who is not the holder of a license authorizing him to produce the opium poppy, duly issued to him by the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with the provisions of this Act, to produce the opium poppy, or to permit the production of the opium poppy in or upon any place owned, occupied, used, or controlled by him. This led to the Poppy Rebellion, and to the Narcotics Bureau arresting anyone planting opium poppies and forcing the destruction of poppy fields of anyone who defied the prohibition of poppy cultivation. Though the press of those days favored the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, the state of California supported the farmers who grew opium poppies for their seeds for uses in foods such as poppy seed muffins. Today, this area of law has remained vague and remains somewhat controversial in the United States. The Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 was repealed on 27 October 1970.

Under the Federal Controlled Substances Act  opium poppy and poppy straw are listed as Schedule II drugs under ACSN 9630. Most (all?) states also use this classification under the uniform penal code. Possession of a Schedule II drug is a federal and state felony.

Canada forbids possessing, seeking or obtaining the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), its preparations, derivatives, alkaloids and salts, although an exception is made for poppy seed.

In some parts of Australia, P. somniferum is illegal to cultivate, but in Tasmania, some 50% of the world supply is cultivated.

In New Zealand, it is legal to cultivate the opium poppy as long as it is not used to produce controlled drugs.

In United Arab Emirates the cultivation of the opium poppy is illegal, as is possession of poppy seed. At least one man has been imprisoned for possessing poppy seed obtained from a bread roll.

Burma bans cultivation in certain provinces. In northern Burma bans have ended a century-old tradition of growing the opium poppy. Between 20,000 and 30,000 former poppy farmers left the Kokang region as a result of the ban in 2002. People from the Wa region, where the ban was implemented in 2005, fled to areas where growing opium is still possible.

In South Korea, the cultivation of the opium poppy is strictly prohibited.

Uses

History

Use of the opium poppy predates written history. The making and use of opium was known to the ancient Minoans. Its sap was later named opion by the ancient Greeks. The English name is based on the Latin adaptation of the Greek form.
Evidence of the early domestication of opium poppy has been discovered through small botanical remains found in regions of the Mediterranean and west of the Rhine River, predating circa 5000 BC. These samples found in various Neolithic sites show the incredibly early cultivation and natural spread of the plant throughout western Europe.

Opium was used for treating asthma, stomach illnesses, and bad eyesight.

Opium became a major colonial commodity, moving legally and illegally through trade networks on the Indian subcontinent, Colonial America, Qing China and others. Members of the East India Company saw the opium trade as an investment opportunity beginning in 1683. In 1773, the Governor of Bengal established a monopoly on the production of Bengal opium, on behalf of the East India Company administration. The cultivation and manufacture of Indian opium was further centralized and controlled through a series of acts issued between 1797 and 1949. East India Company merchants balanced an economic deficit from the importation of Chinese tea by selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Qing government bans. This trade led to the First and Second Opium Wars.

Many modern writers, particularly in the 19th century, have written on the opium poppy and its effects, notably Thomas de Quincey in Confessions of an English Opium Eater.

The French Romantic composer Hector Berlioz used opium for inspiration, subsequently producing his Symphonie Fantastique. In this work, a young artist overdoses on opium and experiences a series of visions of his unrequited love.

In the US, the Drug Enforcement Administration raided Thomas Jefferson's Monticello estate in 1987. It removed the poppy plants that had been planted continually there since Jefferson was alive and using opium from them. Employees of the foundation also destroyed gift shop items like shirts depicting the poppy and packets of the heirloom seed.

Poppy seeds and oil

Poppy seeds from Papaver somniferum are an important food item and the source of poppy seed oil, an edible oil that has many uses. The seeds contain very low levels of opiates and the oil extracted from them contains even less. Both the oil and the seed residue also have commercial uses.

The poppy press cake as a residue of the oil pressing can be used as fodder for different animals as e.g., poultry and fancy fowls. Especially in the time of the molt of the birds, the cake is nutritive and fits to their special needs. Next to the animal fodder, poppy offers other by-products. For example, the stem of the plant can be used for energy briquettes and pellets to heat.

Poppy seeds are used as a food in many cultures. They may be used whole by bakers to decorate their products or milled and mixed with sugar as a sweet filling. They have a creamy and nut-like flavor, and when used with ground coconut, the seeds provide a unique and flavour-rich curry base. They can be dry roasted and ground to be used in wet curry (curry paste) or dry curry.

When the European Union attempted to ban the cultivation of Papaver somniferum by private individuals on a small scale (such as personal gardens), citizens in EU countries where poppy seed is eaten heavily, such as countries in the Central-Eastern region, strongly resisted the plan, causing the EU to change course. Singapore, UAE, and Saudi Arabia are among nations that ban even having poppy seeds, not just growing the plants for them. The UAE has a long prison sentence for anyone possessing poppy seeds.

Opiates

The opium poppy, as its name indicates, is the principal source of opium, the dried latex produced by the seed pods. Opium contains a class of naturally occurring alkaloids known as opiates, that include morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, papaverine and noscapine. The specific epithet somniferum means "sleep-bringing", referring to the sedative properties of some of these opiates.

The opiate drugs are extracted from opium. The latex oozes from incisions made on the green seed pods and is collected once dry. Tincture of opium or laudanum, consisting of opium dissolved in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water, is one of many unapproved drugs regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Its marketing and distribution persists because its historical use preceded the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938. Tincture of opium B.P., containing 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine, also remains in the British Pharmacopoeia, listed as a Class A substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

Morphine is the predominant alkaloid found in the cultivated varieties of opium poppy that are used for opium production. Other varieties produce minimal opium or none at all, such as the latex-free Sujata type. Non-opium cultivars that are planted for drug production feature a high level of thebaine or oripavine. Those are refined into drugs like oxycodone. Raw opium contains about 8–14% morphine by dry weight, or more in high-yield cultivars. It may be used directly or chemically modified to produce synthetic opioids such as heroin.

Culture
Opium poppies (flower and fruit) appear on the coat of arms of the Royal College of Anaesthetists.

References

Further reading
 Rätsch, Christian "The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Enthnopharmacology and Its Applications" 1998/2005, Rochester, Vermont, Park Street Press,

External links

Grow Papaver Somniferum from vizyonpara.com
Comprehensive profile for Papaver somniferum from MaltaWildPlants.com
Opium FAQ v1.0 from Opioids.com
Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia from the School of Pacific and Asian Studies
"Downward Spiral – Banning Opium in Afghanistan and Burma", Transnational Institute TNI, Debate Paper, June 2005
"Withdrawal Symptoms in the Golden Triangle – A Drugs Market in Disarray" TNI Paper by Tom Kramer et al.
 Chouvy P.A., 2009, "Opium. Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy", London, I.B. Tauris (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 2010)

Herbs
Medicinal plants
Morphine
Opium
Entheogens
Soma (drink)
somniferum
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Malta

Papaver somniferum


Magoksa is a head temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism in Gongju, South Korea.  It is located on the eastern slope of Taehwasan, on taegeuk-shaped bend in the Taegeukcheon Stream.

History
Magoksa Temple (Korean: 마곡사, Chinese: 麻谷寺, Pronounced "Ma-gok-sa") was established in 640 by Vinaya Master Jajang Yulsa, who also built Tongdosa Temple upon his return from China. Silla's Queen Seondeok then gave him 200 gyeol (an ancient measurement of land estimated at 6,800 square meters) of land on which he built a brick pagoda and Magoksa Temple. The name "Magoksa" (literally "Hemp Valley Temple") originated with Ven. Bocheol Hwasang,  a monk who lived there later, because the way many people gathered to listen to his Dharma talks reminded him of hemp stalks closely packed together.

Magoksa Temple was closed during the turbulent transition period between the Goryeo dynasty and the Joseon dynasty. From then on the temple became a hideout for thieves for about 200 years. Finally, in 1172, Ven. Jinul (also Chinul or Bojo Guksa) drove out the thieves and renovated the temple with the help of his disciple Ven. Su-u. Joseon's King Sejo visited the temple and personally wrote the plaque for Yeongsanjeon Hall.  The king also left behind the palanquin he rode in on his trip to Magoksa Temple.

During the Japanese invasion (1592–1597), most of the temple's buildings were burned down. In 1651 some buildings, Daeungjeon, Yeongsanjeon and Daejeok-gwangjeon, were reconstructed. During the period of the Korean Empire (1897–1910), Kim Gu (金九, pen name: Baekbeom) came to Magoksa Temple after escaping from Incheon Prison, and temporarily lived a monastic life under the Dharma name Wonjong. Kim Gu had been imprisoned after killing a Japanese military officer who had conspired with the murderers of Empress Myeongseong. The juniper tree growing in front of Daegwang-bojeon Hall is said to have been planted by Kim Gu himself.

Legend

Legend tells us that when Jajang came to the eastern slope of Taehwasan where Magoksa is found he decided to establish a temple and call it magok, which means Flax Valley.  Jajang felt that many good priests could come from the area "to cause the rapid growth of Buddhism", like the rapid growth of the flax plant that grows here.

Cultural Properties
According to geomantic theory, the terrain of the mountains and rivers around Magoksa forms the "taegeuk" design and so it was selected as one of Joseon's ten utopian sites,  places safe from war and disaster, by geomancy books like Taengniji (Guide for Choosing Desirable Settlement-sites) and Jeonggamnok (The Prophetic Writings of Jeong). That may be why Magoksa Temple has many timeless pieces of cultural heritage. One must first appreciate the calligraphy of the name plaques that deck the Dharma halls, which can easily be missed.

First is the calligraphy on the plaque of Daeung-bojeon,  the Main Buddha Hall. Written by Kim Saeng, one of the four great calligraphers of Silla and Goryeo, the characters display the energy and talent of the writer. Next is the plaque of Yeongsanjeon which has "Sejo-daewang-eopil (世祖大王御筆)," meaning "Written by King Sejo" in the upper left hand corner. It may have been written when the king stopped by Magoksa on his way to Onyang or Mt. Songnisan. Another is the plaque of Daegwang-bojeon, written by Gang Se-hwang  who excelled in literature, art and calligraphy, and taught such disciples as Sin Wi and Kim Hong-do.

Then there is the plaque of Simgeomdang written by Jo Yun-hyeong,  an honorable government official during the reign of King Jeongjo. The plaque reading "Magoksa" that hangs on the dormitory was created by Kim Gyu-jin,  an artist of the modern era, by adding a simple painting around the writing.

 Treasure #799 – Magoksa houses a five-storey, Ocheung Stone pagoda.  The pagoda is one of only three in the world the top embellished with bronze, suggesting influence from Tibetan (Lama) Buddhism.
 Treasure #800 – Yeongsanjeon
 Treasure #801 – Daeungbojeon
 Treasure #802 – Daegwangbojeon
 Treasure #1260 – Gaebultaeng of Buddha, a woodblock print from the 13th year (1687) of King Sukjong, in color on hemp cloth.

Cultural Properties and Two Stories
In total, Magoksa Temple has 18 cultural properties: five state-designated; seven "city/province-designated"; one "folklore"; and five "cultural heritage." King Sejo's palanquin, "folklore heritage," has a story associated with it. When the king came to Magoksa Temple to meet Kim Si-seup (pen name: Maewoldang) and found that he had gone, he left his palanquin at the temple and returned to the palace riding an ox, saying, "Kim Si-seup has deserted me, so I can't ride the palanquin."

On the floor of Daegwang-bojeon is a mat woven from tree bark. It covers an area of 99 square meters (1,067 square feet), and this is its story. In the late Joseon era, a crippled man came to Magoksa Temple and offered prayers for 100 days. During that time, whenever he could, he wove this floor mat. After his 100 days of prayer, he left the Dharma hall walking on his own two feet.

gallery

Tourism
It also offers temple stay programs where visitors can experience Buddhist culture.

See also
Korean Buddhist temples
Korean Buddhism
Religion in South Korea
Korean architecture

References

External links
Official website
KoreaTemple profile
Visit Korea profile

Buddhist temples in South Korea
Buddhist temples of the Jogye Order
Gongju
Buildings and structures in South Chungcheong Province
Tourist attractions in South Chungcheong Province
World Heritage Sites in South Korea
Kim Ku

Magoksa


Deiodinase (or "Monodeiodinase") is a peroxidase enzyme that is involved in the activation or deactivation of thyroid hormones.

Types

Types of deiodinases include:

Iodothyronine deiodinases catalyze release of iodine directly from the thyronine hormones. They are selenocysteine-dependent membrane proteins with a catalytic domain resembling Peroxiredoxins (Prx). Three related isoforms, deiodinase type I, II, and III, contribute to activation and inactivation of the initially released hormone precursor T4 (thyroxine) into T3 (triiodothyronine) or rT3 (reverse triiodothyronine) in target cells. The enzymes catalyze a reductive elimination of iodine (the different isoforms attack different thyronine positions), thereby oxidizing themselves similar to Prx, followed by a reductive recycling of the enzyme.

Iodotyrosine deiodinase contributes to breakdown of thyroid hormones. It releases iodine, for renewed use, from iodinated tyrosines resulting from catabolism of iodothyronines. Iodotyrosine deiodinase employs a flavin mononucleotide cofactor and belongs to the NADH oxidase/flavin reductase superfamily.

Starvation response

In starvation or severe stress, deiodinase type 1 is inhibited which lowers circulating levels of T3 (due to it being the main source of peripherally converted T3 from T4 in the plasma), causing a decrease in the metabolic rate. Intuitively, if plasma levels of T3 fall, there would be a compensatory rise in TSH, the secretion of which is inhibited by T3. However, because type 2 deiodinase mediates the conversion of T4 to T3 within the pituitary and CNS, and because caloric restriction does not affect this enzyme, local T3 levels in the pituitary are normal.Thus, the thyrotrophs (endocrine cells in pituitary) in the pituitary continue to have adequate amounts of T3, and no compensatory rise in TSH occurs.
This effect of caloric restriction makes sense for someone who is starving because it tends to conserve body stores of fuel. On the other hand, this effect makes it more difficult to lose weight intentionally while dieting.

Selenium

Selenium in iodothyronine deiodinase, as selenocysteine, plays a crucial role in determining the free circulating levels of T3. Selenium deficiency can have implications in fall of T3 levels.

References

External links

Enzymes
Thyroid
Starvation

Deiodinase


Iain Ciar MacLeod (Scottish Gaelic: Iain Ciar MacLeòid) (1330 – c. 1392) is considered to be 4th Chief of Clan MacLeod. He was the eldest son of, and is thought to have succeeded his father, Malcolm, in the years spanning 1360–1370. Clan tradition states that he was the most tyrannical of all MacLeod chiefs. His wife supposedly was as cruel as he was; she is said to have had two of her daughters buried alive in the dungeon of Dunvegan Castle when they attempted to leave the clan. Iain Ciar was killed in an ambush in about 1392. He was succeeded by his second and only surviving son, William Cleireach.

Life

According to the twentieth-century clan historian, R.C. MacLeod, Iain Ciar is estimated to have been born in the year 1330, or possibly later; he was the eldest child and succeeded his father, Malcolm, sometime between the years 1360 and 1370. The early nineteenth century Bannatyne manuscript states that he received a charter from Robert II, for the lands of Trotternish and all his other lands on Skye—although MacLeod noted that he could not find any evidence for the said charter. The manuscript states that Iain Ciar was said to have been "the most tyrannical and bloodthirsty despot, equally feared and hated by all his vassals, and by the members of his own family". It continues that he married the daughter of an Irish O'Neil chieftain and that she was just as cruel as her husband. For example, the manuscript tells that when she discovered that two of her daughters were about to escape her tyranny with their lovers (two MacQueen brothers from Roag), she had the brothers flogged to death, their bodies thrown into the sea, and her two daughters were buried alive within the dungeon of Dunvegan Castle.

The manuscript relates a story in which Iain Ciar was hunting deer with the leading men of his clan. The forest on Harris, in which they hunted, was owned in ancient times by Clan Vic Ghitthich ("the children of the Wolf") and still was partially possessed by the family, although they paid tribute to MacLeod. During the hunt, Iain Ciar expressed his anger that they had not come across the white stag that was known to live in the area; the MacLeod chief offered a large reward to whoever could discover the offender who had killed the animal. An enemy of the MacGhitthich chief put the blame on MacGhitthich and in consequence, Iain Ciar had MacGhitthich cruelly put to death by forcing the antlers of a large deer into his bowels. When the hunting party returned to Rodel, intending to set sail for Dunvegan, the vengeful MacGhitthiches attacked the MacLeods. Iain Ciar was struck by an arrow. His son, William Cleireach managed to rally his clan and fend off the attackers. Iain Ciar's wife, three of his illegitimate daughters, and other women, fled the hostilities in a galley. The ship was, however, blown out to sea and across The Minch, before it was dashed to pieces against rocks, which the manuscript describes as being called "the Maidens". The wounded Iain Ciar was taken to the church at Rodel, where he died that evening. His body was taken to Iona where it was buried. He was succeeded by his surviving son, William Cleireach. The late nineteenth-century historian A. MacKenzie stated that Iain Ciar died shortly after the ascension of Robert III; MacLeod thought that he was killed in the year 1392.

The Bannatyne manuscript states that the first seven chiefs of Clan MacLeod were buried at Iona. The choir of Iona Abbey, for the most part, dates from the early sixteenth century. Within the centre of the choir there is a large stone which once contained a monumental brass, traditionally said to have been a MacLeod marker. The stone formed a matrix which at one time contained the brass inlay (tradition states that it was a silver inlay). It is the largest carved stone on the island, measuring  by . R. C. MacLeod speculated that perhaps Leod and five of his successors were buried beneath—however, in his opinion Iain Ciar was buried elsewhere.

MacLeod stated that there was another MacLeod tombstone on Iona, which was supposed to have been the stone of a sixteenth-century MacLeod of Lewis. In spite of this, MacLeod speculated that this stone was in fact that of Iain Ciar; since, in his opinion, Iain Ciar was too wicked a man to have been buried in the family vault with his predecessors. MacLeod transcribed the stone and considered the Latin short-form to represent: "Here lies the body of the distinguished John Dominus M'Leoid", as well as the date, "1414". He also noted that the stone bears a coat of arms and described it as containing a lymphad, below which were four animals standing erect. The two animals on the left were facing one another and MacLeod thought they could be lions. The third animal he considered to be a stag; the fourth MacLeod could not identify, though he supposed it could represent some heraldic device from his wife, who was of the Irish O'Neil dynasty.

Issue
According to the Bannatyne manuscript, Iain Ciar and his O'Neil wife had two sons, four daughters. It also records that he had three illegitimate daughters who were killed with his wife. The eldest son, Malcolm, was killed at a feast on Lewis where he intended to wed the daughter of his kinsman. A fight broke out during the feast, however, and both he and his kinsman were slain. In consequence, bitterness was felt between the two branches—Sìol Torcaill and Sìol Tormoid—for some time afterward. Iain Ciar's second son, William, was intended to be trained for the church, and was known as "a Cleireach", the clerk. He ended up succeeding his father.

The manuscript states that one of Iain Ciar's daughters married Lachlan MacLean of Duart and another married Cameron of Locheil—both had issue. Two were murdered, as noted above, before marriage.

References

1330 births
1390s deaths
Year of death uncertain
14th-century Scottish people
Iain

Iain Ciar MacLeod


Overlord: Minions is a 2009 puzzle action video game developed by Climax Action and published by Codemasters for the Nintendo DS. It was announced August 14, 2008 alongside addition franchise expansions Overlord II and Overlord: Dark Legend.

It features the minions from the 2007 Overlord video game as the primary protagonists, tasked with the mission to solve puzzles and fight enemies. They are controlled by the DS stylus. There are also items to find in the levels and a timer of how fast the player in finish. The minions can be controlled directly by the player, unlike the original game where the player controlled them by controlling an eponymous Overlord-character. Controlling the Special Forces team of four, players negotiate fiendish levels and take on a huge range of warped enemies to hunt down the Kindred, a cult dedicated to resurrecting the mighty Dragon Kin, a race of humanoid dragon hybrids, determined to replace the Overlord's despotism with their own.

There are only four minions from four types, which makes all of them specialized in skills, for example Giblet, a brown minion from the first Overlord game, is the strongest in melee combat, Blaze is a wild pyromaniac, which grants him the ability to sling fireballs, Stench is the most stealthy of the bunch, and Zap can swim/heal.

Plot
Giblet, Blaze, Stench, and Zap serve as Overlord Gromgard's elite Minion squad. Due to their specialized training and independence, they are sent to eliminate any outside opposition to their Overlord's reign.

Their first mission is to deal with mysterious fungus growth in the neighboring Withering Woods. As they fight through the woods, they find that the fungal ooze is not only infecting plants, but the Overlord's Human subjects as well. They finally discover the contamination: a sentient fungus, Globulous. After Globulous is killed, the minions are sent to enter the massive pipes which fed the fungus.

The sewer pipes lead to the Halfling town, Briarthorn Burrows. The squad discovers that the threat to their Master's dominion is the mysterious Kindred cult. The cult desires to bring back the extinct Dragon-Kin, an extinct Human-Dragon race. After tearing through Briarthorn Burrows, the Minions confront Grub, the Halfling, Kindred lieutenant. The monstrous halfling was easily dispatched by the squad.

The elite Minions enter Cloudland Keep at the top of Shimmer Mountain. They eliminate Lady Opal, the crystalline Kindred Lieutenant who commands the human contingent of the cult.

The Minions advance to the Fossilized Temple of the Dragon-Kin, where the Minions face heavy opposition from the Dwarves. The squad pushes through the Dwarven defense, and encounter another Lieutenant, Duggen. Despite his immense size and strength as a mutant Dwarf, he is no match for the Minions.

The next destination for the Overlord's Minions is the Floating Forest, where the Kindred's army of Elves has established a strong position. The Elven defenders are overwhelmed and the Minions advances to fight the final Lieutenant, the dragon-elf hybrid Ash. With Ash's demise, the Overlord's forces are free to advance to the Kindred's final stronghold, Dragonspire.

In Dragonspire, the Minions encounter Silas Silvanus, the last Dragon-Kin and leader of the Kindred. Silvanus explains how he desires to restore and perfect his race. He tries to destroy the Overlord's servants, but the Dragon-Kin is mortally wounded by the squad. Before Silvanus dies, he unleashes his final experiment, Tiberius. Although he was the strongest, experimental offspring of Silvanus, Tiberius is destroyed by the Minions, bringing a permanent end to the Kindred.

Reception

A Eurogamer preview of the title observed the debt to The Lost Vikings video game, and claimed the developers had sensibly revised the genre and gameplay to be more relevant to the host console.

The game was met with mixed reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 61%, while Metacritic gave it 58 out of 100.

References

External links

2009 video games
Action games
Climax Group games
Codemasters games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Overlord (video game series)
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
Video games about cults
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Allister Brimble
Video games scored by Matthew Simmonds
Video games set in the Middle Ages

Overlord: Minions


William Wavell Wakefield, 1st Baron Wakefield of Kendal (10 March 1898 – 12 August 1983), known as Sir Wavell Wakefield between 1944 and 1963, was an English rugby union player for Harlequins, Leicester Tigers and England, President of the Rugby Football Union and Conservative politician.

Background and education
Wakefield was born in Beckenham, Kent, the son of Roger William Wakefield. He was the brother of Sir Edward Wakefield, 1st Baronet, also a Conservative politician. His youngest brother, Roger Cuthbert Wakefield, was an early British & Irish Lion, touring on the 1927 British Lions tour to Argentina. He attended Sedbergh School in Cumbria, leaving during the First World War to join the Royal Naval Air Service at the Admiralty testing station at Hill of Oaks on Windermere. After returning from the war he took a degree in mechanical sciences (engineering) from Pembroke College, Cambridge, graduating in 1923.

Rugby career
After the war Wakefield became the captain of the RAF rugby team and joined Harlequins. On 11 October 1919, he made his debut for Harlequins against Richmond and he continued to play for the club for the next ten years. He occasionally played for other teams during this time, but Harlequins was always his main club. During his career with Harlequins, he appeared a total of 136 times, including 82 as captain, and he made his final appearance on 25 January 1930 against Cambridge University. He scored 51 tries for the club, along with one penalty and 14 conversions. He was club captain in the seasons 1920/21, 1924/25 and 1927/28 to 1929/30.  Wakefield played for Leicester Tigers between 1921 and 1924 playing 29 games and scoring 10 tries.  He was captain in all but one game he played for the club.

In 1920, Wakefield made his England debut against Wales. He captained the Cambridge University team in 1922. In total, he appeared for England 31 times and was captain on 13 occasions. He led England to back-to-back Grand Slams. His final appearance for England was against France in April 1927. Through his career, Wakefield's influence on the game was pronounced. As an excellent all-round athlete he helped revolutionise the role of the back row forward. Prior to Wakefield their role was mainly static—pushing in the set scrum and winning the ball in loose scrums (or rucks, as they later became). Wakefield's athleticism enabled him to play a more dynamic role: pressuring the opposition half backs in defence and supporting the attacks of the three quarters, and these remain the prime responsibilities of the modern open side flank forward. Rugby historian Barry Bowker described Wakefield thus; "A complete footballer, he had all the attributes – strength, weight and speed – of a great forward. He was a master of the art of dribbling with pace, was up with his backs to share in an attack and took and gave passes well".

He remained involved in rugby and was the RFU president in 1950. From 1950 to 1980 he was president of Harlequins. An all-round sportsman, Wakefield also became the president of the Ski Club of Great Britain, the British Sub-Aqua Club and the British Water Ski Federation. In 1999 Wakefield was inducted as the first English member of the International Rugby Hall of Fame.

Business and political career
In 1931, Wakefield joined the Rediffusion radio company. In 1935, he moved into politics, becoming Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Swindon. At the 1945 general election, he moved to St Marylebone. He was knighted in 1944 and in 1963, upon retiring from Parliament, was raised to the peerage as Baron Wakefield of Kendal, of Kendal in the County of Westmorland. For many years he was an active member of the Conservative Monday Club.

1945 general election and the Hampstead "anti-alien" petition
In August 1945 The Jewish Chronicle reported that "antisemitism on the part of [Conservative] party supporters had led many local political associations not to select Jewish candidates". During the election campaign of that year, Conservative candidate Wavell Wakefield said that Jewish refugees should be repatriated to solve London's housing crisis.

Apart from his sporting and political careers Wakefield was instrumental in the preservation of the Ullswater 'Steamers' and the Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway, through his Lake District Estates company. In 1954, Wakefield bought a controlling shareholding in Ullswater 'Steamers', saving the company from bankruptcy. In 1960, along with Midlands stockbroker Colin Gilbert, he purchased the Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway from the Keswick Granite Company in order to prevent its closure. After Colin Gilbert's death in 1968, he became the sole owner. Upon Wakefield's death, his daughter, the Hon. Joan Raynsford OBE, took over as the head director of the railway company. His other two daughters, Sheila Hensman OBE and Ruth Adorian OBE, also became active directors.

Personal life
Lord Wakefield of Kendal died in August 1983, aged 85, when the barony became extinct.

References

External links

1898 births
1983 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
British sportsperson-politicians
Cambridge University R.U.F.C. players
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
England international rugby union players
English rugby union players
Harlequin F.C. players
Knights Bachelor
Leicester Tigers players
Middlesex County RFU players
Hereditary barons created by Elizabeth II
People educated at Sedbergh School
Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force rugby union players
Royal Naval Air Service personnel of World War I
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Rugby football people awarded knighthoods
Sportspeople from Beckenham
Rugby union players from the London Borough of Bromley
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs who were granted peerages
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
Rugby union flankers
Wavell


Hanger Lane is a major road in Ealing, London. Most of the road forms the most west part of the A406 North Circular Road. Hanger Lane runs north from the A4020 Uxbridge Road at Ealing Common to the A40 Western Avenue at the Hanger Lane gyratory. This busy junction has the Hanger Lane Underground station in the middle of it. That station serves the Central line. Hanger Lane continues north along the A4005 to Vicar's Bridge and the border with Alperton in the London Borough of Brent.

The road takes its name from Hanger Hill, which is also the name of the area around it. The name comes from the Old English word hangra, meaning a wooded slope.

References

Roads in London

Hanger Lane


The Bigelow Street Historic District encompasses a uniform collection of 19th century houses on most of the length of Bigelow Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, just northwest of Central Square.  Bigelow Street was laid out in 1868, and the street was almost completely built out by 1874, resulting in a fairly uniform streetscape of Second Empire architecture.  The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Description and history
Bigelow Street consists of one long city block, extending north from Massachusetts Avenue to Harvard Street west of Central Square.  The street was laid out in 1868 by Albert Vinal, a local real estate developer.  Vinal sold off the building lots to various builders, who almost completely built the street out by 1874.  The resulting streetscape, which extends to include a portion of the adjacent block of Inman Street, is somewhat uniform in terms of scale and setback, and consists almost entirely of housing in the Second Empire style.

The historic district extends along almost the entire block of Bigelow Street, excluding only buildings facing Harvard Street or Massachusetts Avenue at the ends, as well as two non-contributing houses near the Massachusetts Avenue end.  It also includes two buildings on Inman Street, whose backs abut Bigelow Street properties.  Most of the buildings are wood-frame single-family structures with mansard roofs; one is a triple decker, three are duplexes, and there are two brick rowhouses, also with mansard roofs.  One particularly elaborate house is that at 6 Bigelow Street, which features paired porch columns with ornate capitals; it was built for the treasurer of a local collar manufacturer.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Bigelow Street Historic District


Henrik Syse (born 19 April 1966) is a Norwegian philosopher, author, and lecturer. He is a research professor at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), and a part-time Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at Bjørknes College in Oslo. He was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which awards the Nobel Peace Prize, from 2015 to 2020, and was a member of the Norwegian Press Complaints Commission from 2002 to 2016. Syse also teaches at the Norwegian Defence University College, BI Norwegian Business School, MF Norwegian School of Theology, the University of Oslo, and other institutions of higher learning, and he is Chief Editor (with Martin L. Cook) of the Journal of Military Ethics, a peer-reviewed journal published by Taylor & Francis.

Henrik Syse was Head of Corporate Governance for Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM), which manages Europe's largest sovereign wealth fund, the Government Pension Fund of Norway Global, from 2005 to 2007, and he continued, until 2009, as an advisor and consultant on social issues for NBIM.

He has published in the fields of philosophy, politics, religion, and ethics, including business ethics and professional ethics. He was nominated as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2007. He is a much-used lecturer in Norway and abroad.

At PRIO, Henrik Syse specializes in the ethics and laws of armed conflict, as well as other issues within international ethics, and he also works on questions related to free speech, identity, values, and the aftermath of the 22 July 2011 Norway attacks.

Among his publications in English are The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings (edited with Gregory Reichberg and Endre Begby, Blackwell, 2006), Natural Law, Religion, and Rights (St. Augustine's Press, 2007), and Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (edited with Gregory Reichberg and Nicole Hartwell, Cambridge University Press, 2014). He has published academic articles in journals such as Security Dialogue, Journal of Peace Research, Augustinian Studies, Modern Age, Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, Corporate Governance, and Journal of Military Ethics. He has published several books in Norwegian on issues such as faith and reason, free speech, and applied ethics.

Syse holds a Cand.Mag. (Bachelor of Arts) degree from the University of Oslo (1989), a Master of Arts degree from Boston College, USA (1991), and a Dr. Art. (Ph.D.) degree from the University of Oslo (1997). While at Boston College, he held a Fulbright Scholarship.

Syse is the son of former Norwegian Prime Minister and Member of Parliament Jan P. Syse (1930–1997). He is an active Sunday School teacher in his local church at Fagerborg in Oslo, and is also a regular guest in Norwegian National Broadcasting (NRK), not only speaking about politics and philosophy, but also as a featured guest discussing The Beatles on the popular radio show Herreavdelingens platesjappe. He is married to Senior Advisor Hanna Helene Syse (b. 1965), and they have four children.

External links
 Staff page at PRIO
 Staff page at Bjørknes College

Living people
1966 births
University of Oslo alumni
Boston College alumni
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Peace and conflict scholars
Norwegian journal editors
Academic staff of BI Norwegian Business School
Academic staff of the MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Children of prime ministers of Norway

Henrik Syse


Microtech Knives, Inc. is a knife manufacturing company, famous for its automatic knives, that was founded in Vero Beach, Florida in 1994, and operated there until relocating to Bradford, Pennsylvania in 2005 and to Fletcher, North Carolina in 2009. The company expanded the location of its Corporate Headquarters in nearby Mills River, NC in 2018. Microtech now has two active manufacturing factories and one corporate headquarters location.

The company has long promoted itself as stressing quality with regard to tight machining tolerances, to within one thousandth of an inch (0.001"). Microtech has designed knives for use by the US Military such as the HALO, UDT, SOCOM and Currahee models.  Custom knifemakers, such as Greg Lightfoot have remarked that these tolerances are what makes the factory knives so close to the custom design: "It has the same quality as a handmade custom."

Although Microtech has produced many styles of blades in the past such as kitchen knives, fishing knives, arrow heads, and butterfly knives; Microtech is most famous for its tactical automatic knives.   The most popular designs among collectors are the "Out The Front" (OTF) and the "Double Action" (D/A) automatics.  Microtech along with Benchmade Knives was responsible for the resurgence in the popularity of tactical automatic knives in the 1990s.  These knives were seen more as a precision made tool utilizing powerful springs and high grade bushings as opposed to a cheap import.

Microtech has collaborated with famous knifemakers and designers such as Ernest Emerson, Bob Terzuola, Mick Strider, Walter Brend, Mike Turber, Greg Lightfoot, Reese Weiland, Borka Blades (Sebastijan Berenji) and Bastien Coves (Bastinelli Knives)  on exclusive designs.  A Microtech Knives "HALO" was featured on the television series 24.

Microtech Small Arms Research

Microtech Small Arms Research (MSAR) was a subsidiary of Microtech Knives which manufactured an American-made version of the Steyr AUG known as the MSAR STG-556. Introduced at the 2007 SHOT Show, the MSAR STG-556 is an AUG A1 clone available in either civilian, semi-automatic only and military/LE, select-fire variants.

MSAR marketed accessories for its rifles until Microtech Knives Inc. closed down the division in March 2015.

Microtech Defense Industries

Microtech Defense Industries is a current division of Microtech Knives exclusively manufacturing advanced firearm accessories. The first product launched was the R2K9 9mm Suppressor in 2019 and can actively be purchased through authorized dealers.

References

External links

Knife manufacturing companies
American companies established in 1994
Manufacturing companies established in 1994
1994 establishments in Florida
Manufacturing companies based in North Carolina

Microtech Knives


Talafha (or Telfah) is an Arabic tribe, originally from Arabian Peninsula. Big group of this tribe moved from their native land because of a tribal conflict to the north and the eastern north of Hejaz and they settled in Jordan and Iraq. Some groups of the Jordanian parts continued traveling furthermore to the north and finally settled in Syria between Homs  and Hamah. Al-Talafha (Telfah) tribe still exist in its original name in Jordan, Syria and Iraq.

Some traces of this tribe stayed in their native land but they were disconnected from the migrant groups and no reconnections have been experienced.

Tribes of Arabia

Talafha


Billy Martin (born October 30, 1963) is an American jazz drummer, best known as a member of jazz-funk trio Medeski Martin & Wood.

Biography
Before becoming part of Medeski, Martin & Wood, Martin was part of the New York City Brazilian scene in the 1980s. He performed regularly with Pe De Boi, Batucada and several Bob Moses bands for over a decade. He also joined Chuck Mangione's touring group for three years. Most notably he has developed as a percussionist for The Lounge Lizards and with the John Lurie National Orchestra, and has collaborated with artists such as John Zorn, DJ Logic, Dave Burrell and Miho Hatori. He has also started his own record label, Amulet Records, specializing in eclectic percussion albums. Martin has also collaborated with Iggy Pop, Eyvind Kang, Chris Whitley, DJ Olive, Ikue Mori, John Scofield, Maceo Parker, Calvin Weston, Marty Ehrlich, and Min Xiao-Fen.

Martin also sometimes goes by the moniker Illy B. The most notable releases as Illy B include the Illy B Eats series of breakbeat records. DJ Logic convinced Martin to record a breakbeat album for DJs and other producers to use and remix. At the last minute, Martin decided to place an insert which invited remixers to submit their mixes for a follow-up compilation, Drop the Needle.

Along with his percussion work, Martin is a visual artist. He does printmaking, painting, pencil drawings, and pastel drawings, among other mediums. His work has been displayed in several galleries and is also on the packaging of many Medeski Martin & Wood albums, most notably the cover of Shack-man.

2006 was a prolific year for Martin; he created new chamber compositions for John Zorn's Tzadik label, he released Out Louder on MMW's new label Indirecto, he produced many new artworks, and published a drum book entitled Riddim: Clave of African Origin.

on DVD
"Billy Martin's LIFE ON DRUMS" (VongoleFilms.com)
"Billy Martin IN CONCERT" (VongoleFilms.com)

Discography

Bob Moses
Visit with the Great Spirit (1983, Gramavision)
Drummingbirds (1984, Amulet)
The Story of Moses (1987, Gramavision)
Time Stood Still (1993, Gramavision)

Ned Rothenberg
Overlays (1991, Moers)
Real and Imagined Time (1995, Moers)

John Lurie and the Lounge Lizards
Live in Berlin Vol. 1 & 2 audio and film (1991)
The John Lurie National Orchestra – Men with Sticks (1993)
Get Shorty soundtrack (1995)
Fishing with John soundtrack (1998)
African Swim/Manny and Low soundtrack (1999)
The Legendary Marvin Pontiac (1999)

Medeski Martin and Wood
Notes from the Underground (1991, Amulet)
It's a Jungle in Here (1993, Gramavision/Ryko)
Friday Afternoon in the Universe (1995, Gramavision/Ryko)
Get Shorty soundtrack (1995)
Shack-man (1996, Gramavision/Ryko)
Farmer's Reserve (1996, Indirecto/Amulet)
Wim Wender's The End of Violence soundtrack (1997)
Great Jewish Music: Serge Gainsbourg (1997, Tzadik)
Great Jewish Music – Burt Bacharach (1997, Tzadik)
Great Jewish Music: Marc Bolan (1998, Tzadik)
Combustication (1998, Blue Note)
Last Chance to Dance Trance (1999)
Tonic (2000, Blue Note)
The Dropper (2000, Blue Note)
Uninvisible (2002, Blue Note)
End of the World Party (2004, Blue Note)
Voices in the Wilderness (2003, Tzadik)
Let's Go Everywhere (2008)
Radiolarians 1 (2008)
Radiolarians 2 (2009)
Radiolarians 3  (2009)
Radiolarians: The Evolutionary Set  (2009)
The Stone: Issue Four  (2010) – CD to benefit The Stone; live in Japan
20  (March – December 2011) – collection of tracks (released monthly); celebrating MMW's 20 year anniversary
Free Magic (2012) – acoustic live album, recorded in 2007
Juice (2014)

Iggy Pop
Avenue B (1999, Virgin)

Oren Bloedow
Luckiest Boy in the World (1998, Knitting Factory Works)

Chris Whitley
Perfect Day (2000)

John Scofield
A Go Go (1998, Verve)
Out Louder (2006, Indirecto)

Samm Bennett and Chunk
Life of Crime (1991, Knitting Factory Works)

As soloist and chamber music composer
Starlings (2006, Tzadik)
Black Elk Speaks (2001, Amulet)
Solo Live Tonic (2002, Amulet)

Illy B Eats
Illy B Eats Vol. 1 – Groove Bang and Jive Around (2001, Amulet)
Drop the Needle (2001, Amulet)
Antidote (2002, Amulet)
The Turntable Sessions Vol. 1 (2002, Amulet)
Illy B Eats Vol. 2 (Amulet)
Illy B Eats Vol. 3 (Amulet)

Socket
January 14 & 15 (2005, Amulet)

Dave Burrell
Consequences (2006, Amulet)

G. Calvin Weston
Percussion Duets (1996, Amulet)
Houston Hall (2006, Amulet)

DJ Spooky
Optometry (2002, Thirsty Ear)

DJ Logic
For No One in Particular (2003, Amulet)
Project Logic (1999, Rope-a-Dope)
Global Noize (2008, Shanachie Recordings)

Healing Sound series
Falling Water (1997, Amulet)

Wil Blades
Shimmy (2012, Royal Potato Family)

Wicked Knee
Wicked Knee (2011, Amulet)
Heels Over Head (2013, Amulet)

External links
 Billy Martin official website
 Medeski Martin & Wood official website
 Amulet Records website
 Riddim drum book website
 Martin's online art exhibit
 Starlings on John Zorn's Tzadik imprint
  Information on Drop the Needle
 Interview with Billy Martin
 Knee Deep in the Groove: An Interview with Billy Martin via TheWaster.com

Avant-garde jazz musicians
American jazz drummers
Living people
Modern artists
American percussionists
1963 births
Tzadik Records artists
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Lounge Lizards members
Medeski Martin & Wood members

Billy Martin (percussionist)


Kristal Kola is a Turkish cola brand that is manufactured and distributed by Kristal Kola Ve Meşrubat San Tic A.Ş, based in Istanbul. The company was founded in 1996 and has four production plants.

In these plants, several soft drinks are produced as well as energy drinks, fruit juice and natural mineral water. Some of them, including cola with different formulas and ingredients, are also sold as "Chat" and "Rival".

Krstal Kola is sold in 330 ml cans and in 1, 1½, 2 and 2½ liter PET bottles. The brand name is spelled "Kristal Cola" on all packagings.

Kristal Kola Ve Meşrubat San Tic A.Ş exports its products to the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauretania, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

Aziz Erdoğan is the General Manager of Kristal Kola.

References

External links
 Kristal Kola website

Drink companies of Turkey
Companies listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange
Food and drink companies established in 1996
Cola brands
1996 establishments in Turkey
Manufacturing companies based in Istanbul
Food and drink companies based in Istanbul
Turkish brands

Kristal Kola


Cottesmore (pronoonced Cotts'mair as a result o its oreegins as Cotts Moor) is a veelage in the north o the coonty o Rutland in the East Midlands o England. Wi population o 2,332, it is the lairgest veelage in Rutland, an the third-lairgest dounset efter Oakham an Uppingham. This is due in pairt tae the presence o RAF Cottesmore.

The Cottesmore Hunt takes its name frae the veelage (awtho the kennels are no in the parish). Sir William Lowther brocht the foxhoonds he haed bought frae Thomas Noel tae Cottesmore in 1740.

The Duke o York commandit the minesweeper HMS Cottesmore frae Aprile 1993 till November 1994 an visited the veelage wi members o his crew.

At the time o Edward the Confessor (mid 11t century), "Manors Cottesmore" wis held, thegither wi Greetham, bi Saxon cried Goda.  Goda held 12 carucates o land, three o which wur held in tax tae the Danegeld. The Keeng held three carucates in demesne an three socmen wi 40 villeins an sax bordarii held 20 carucates. O the land held bi the manor, ane Goisfridus held hauf a carucate; he haed ane plough an aicht villeins.  Cottesmore an aa haed 40 acres (160,000 m2) o meadae an a wid measurin a mile in lenth bi seiven furlangs in breadth.

Freemit airtins

RAF Cottesmore
History of the Cottesmore Hunt
Cottesmore Village Players
Cottesmore Village Website

References

Veelages in Rutland

Cottesmore, Rutland


Halleck Tustenuggee (also spelled Halek Tustenuggee and Hallock Tustenuggee) (c. 1807 – ?) was a 19th-century Seminole war chief. He fought against the United States government in the Second Seminole War and for the government in the American Civil War.

Biography
Tustenuggee, translated as "Warrior" or "Grand Chief of War", was a common surname for Seminole warchiefs. Halleck was born in central Florida in the Miccosuke clan. He vehemently opposed the seizure of Indian lands by whites, and even killed his own sister by cutting her throat when she talked about surrender. He fought at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee on December 25, 1837, and took control of the Seminole force from their aged warchief Arpeika (also known as "Sam Jones").

On April 22, 1839, Halleck and other Seminole leaders met with Maj. Gen. Alexander Macomb, the new military commander in Florida, and received written assurance that their people could indefinitely remain in Florida if they stayed near Lake Okeechobee. Both parties believed that the war was finally over, but attacks by other bands of Indians in south Florida continued and the ceasefire soon ended.

Halleck was severely wounded by U.S. troops at a skirmish at Fort King (in present-day Ocala) in April 1840 against Capt. Gabriel J. Rains (a future Civil War Confederate General). After he recovered, Halleck Tustenuggee went on a bloody rampage in north Florida for two years, leading a series of raids and skirmishes. In January 1842, the army sent the Second Infantry Regiment in pursuit of Halleck's warband. They located the Seminoles' camp near Lake George, but the Indians escaped capture.

Halleck, with a band of seventy warriors, was finally defeated by Federal troops on April 19, 1842, near the settlement of Peliklakaha Hammock (in today's Lake County, Florida), the last battle of the Second Seminole War in Florida. The chief traveled from fort to fort talking about a formal surrender, all the while collecting supplies and rations for his remaining people. Finally, Federal officer William J. Worth, wise to the trick, lured Halleck's family to Fort King with a promise of food and whiskey at a celebration. Halleck soon arrived and was captured. He was held as a prisoner of war with his people on Cedar Key. On July 14, Halleck and 66 of his followers were transported out of Florida for the West. They arrived at Fort Gibson in the Indian Territory on September 5, 1842. Halleck briefly returned to Florida in 1850 to try to negotiate with Chief Billy Bowlegs, who was still opposing resettlement.

During the Civil War, Halleck Tustenuggee, along with some of the other Seminole leaders, such as Billy Bowlegs (Sonuk Mikko) and John Chupco, supported the Federal government. When Confederate troops and pro-South Indian tribes moved against pro-Union Indians, Halleck joined the band of Creek leader Opothleyahola. Halleck seems to have been the primary field-commander of the Seminole warriors in three battles – Round Mountain, Chusto-Talasah and Chustenahlah, where they were defeated and forced to flee to Kansas in severe winter weather. Halleck and his survivors settled near Fort Row, where several died of exposure and disease.

References

Sources

 Fort Gibson muster roll for 1842
 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 volumes in 4 series. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. Series 1, Volume 8, Part 1, pages 21–23.

Native American leaders
Native Americans in the American Civil War
People of Florida in the American Civil War
People of Indian Territory in the American Civil War
Native Americans of the Seminole Wars
19th-century Seminole people
1800s births
Year of death missing
People of Indian Territory

Halleck Tustenuggee


Brinley "Bryn" Victor Meredith (born 21 October 1930 in Abersychan) was a  rugby union international. Meredith was a mobile hooker, he was selected 34 times for Wales between 1954 and 1962, but missed 2 matches for health and family bereavement reasons.

British Lion

In 1955 he was part of the British Lions tour of South Africa, in which the British tourists shared the Test series against South Africa 2-2 and Meredith scored his record six tries, including the pick of the second international in Cape Town. The Lions lost, but their hooker enhanced his reputation by winning a crucial strike in the scrum and then having the pace to get himself among the three-quarters and pop up outside centre Phil Davies to take a scoring pass.

On the 1955 Lions Tour the all-Welsh front row of Billy Williams, Bryn Meredith and Courtney Meredith was selected for a Lions test match. This did not occur again until June 2009 when Gethin Jenkins, Adam Jones and Matthew Rees were selected as the British and Irish Lions front row for the 2nd Test against South Africa.

In 1959, Meredith was a Lion again, but found himself in the unfortunate position of competing against tour captain Ronnie Dawson for a place in the Test team. Consequently, he finished as the only Lion not to appear in an international, although many judges felt he should have been selected for the final match of the series.

Captaincy of the team against the Junior All Blacks was a small consolation, but he never complained about his lot and even appeared as a flanker when injuries demanded on the Australian leg of the tour.

In 1962, Meredith was a live candidate for the tour captaincy himself, and although he missed out to Arthur Smith he added to his reputation in South Africa once more with another excellent tour capped by appearances in all four Tests.

He retired at the end of that tour, having played eight Tests for the Lions. He was voted his country's sportsman of the year in his final season.

Club career

Meredith played his club rugby for London Welsh and Newport.
He is generally considered to be one of the finest forwards of all time, and is almost obligatorily found in selections of "the greatest Welsh Rugby Teams of all time".

References

1930 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Exeter
Barbarian F.C. players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
Devonport Services R.F.C. players
London Welsh RFC players
Newport RFC players
People educated at West Monmouth School
Rugby union hookers
Rugby union players from Abersychan
Wales international rugby union players
Wales rugby union captains
Welsh rugby union players

Bryn Meredith


Hansjörg Kunze (born 28 December 1959) is a German track and field athlete.  He represented East Germany as a long distance runner.

His biggest success was the bronze medal in the 5,000 meter run at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea. He represented Empor Rostock sport club.

He had a spectacular win on 9 September 1981 in Rieti, Italy, when he set a European record in the 5,000 meter run with a time of 13:10.40 and beat Kenyan Henry Rono who had dominated that season.  With this win he also set himself apart from his longtime rival in East Germany, Werner Schildhauer.

Further sporting successes include
 6th place in the 10,000 metres at the 1988 Olympic Summer Games
 Participant at the 1980 Olympic Summer Games in Moscow (eliminated in the 5,000 m semi-final)
 3rd place at the World Athletics Championships in 1983 and 1987 at 10,000 m
 World Cup, 5,000 m: 2nd place 1981, 4th place 1979
 European Cup, 5,000 m: 3rd place 1981, 4th place 1983
 Junior European Championship, 3,000 m: 3rd place 1977
 East German Championship: 1st place in the 5,000 m 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1st place in the 10,000 m 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988.  Together with other victories in other classes he won a total of 15 titles.
 Best time in the 10,000 m: 27:26.0 on 2 July 1988 in Oslo
 In the Youth B age class (under 18 years) he ran times that are still German records (as of 31 December 2004):
 2000 m steeplechase: 5:35.11, 18 July 1976 in Erfurt
 5000 m: 14:20.2, 8 August 1975, Bansky Bystrica
 3000 m: 7:56.4, 27 June 1976, Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz)
Kunze's bronze medal at 5,000 metres in the 1988 Seoul Olympics can be found, for example, in the Finnish "Great Olympic Book" / Suuri Olympiateos, volume 5, published in Finland in 1988.  His bronze-medal performances at 10,000 metres in the 1983 and 1987 World Championships can be found, for example, in the Finnish-language books about those World Championships, edited and published by the
"Runner" / Juoksija magazine.  Also Wolfgang Wünsche's class book about athletics, "The Heroes of Race Tracks," in its 1984 edition (translated into Finnish), includes references to Kunze's bronze medal in the 1983 World Championships, his decision not to run the 5,000 metres in those championships, his failure at 5,000 metres in the 1982 European Championships (he finished ninth after being pushed around in the crowded group of runners – see, for example, a Finnish book called "Highlights of Top Sports" / Huippu-urheilun tähtihetkiä), and his success at 5,000 metres in the 1981 European Athletics Cup.  Kunze finished second to Eamonn Coghlan in the very slow World Athletics Cup 5,000-metre race in 1981 (see, for example, a Finnish sports book called "Events of Top Sports Until 1982" /
Huippu-urheilun tapahtumat vuoteen 1982).

Further career
Since the end of his sport career he has worked as a journalist for a public relations agent for an athletic shoe manufacturer, as commentator for the 1993 World athletic championship in Stuttgart, as a radio and television reporter for a regional station and lastly as a spokesperson for a shipping company.  In 2004 he worked for the Rostock Olympic bid committee (for the sailing competition that would be held in Leipzig).

He has been married since 1981 and has two children.

References

1959 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rostock
People from Bezirk Rostock
East German male long-distance runners
East German male steeplechase runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for East Germany
Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany
World Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze

Hansjörg Kunze


Michael Fredric Sipser (born September 17, 1954) is an American theoretical computer scientist who has made early contributions to computational complexity theory. He is a professor of applied mathematics and was the Dean of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Biography
Sipser was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York and moved to Oswego, New York when he was 12 years old. He earned his BA in mathematics from Cornell University in 1974 and his PhD in engineering from the University of California at Berkeley in 1980 under the direction of Manuel Blum.

He joined MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science as a research associate in 1979 and then was a Research Staff Member at IBM Research in San Jose. In 1980, he joined the MIT faculty. He spent the 1985–1986 academic year on the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley and then returned to MIT. From 2004 until 2014, he served as head of the MIT Mathematics department. He was appointed Interim Dean of the MIT School of Science in 2013 and Dean in 2014. He served as Dean until 2020, when he was followed by Nergis Mavalvala. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2015 he was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to complexity theory and for leadership and service to the mathematical community."
He was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2017.

Scientific career
Sipser specializes in algorithms and complexity theory, specifically efficient error correcting codes, interactive proof systems, randomness, quantum computation, and establishing the inherent computational difficulty of problems. He introduced the method of probabilistic restriction for proving super-polynomial lower bounds on circuit complexity in a paper joint with Merrick Furst and James B. Saxe. Their result was later improved to be an exponential lower bound by Andrew Yao and Johan Håstad.

In an early derandomization theorem, Sipser showed that BPP is contained in the polynomial hierarchy, subsequently improved by Peter Gács and Clemens Lautemann to form what is now known as the Sipser-Gács-Lautemann theorem. Sipser also established a connection between expander graphs and derandomization. He and his PhD student Daniel Spielman introduced expander codes, an application of expander graphs. With fellow graduate student David Lichtenstein, Sipser proved that Go is PSPACE hard.

In quantum computation theory, he introduced the adiabatic algorithm jointly with Edward Farhi, Jeffrey Goldstone, and Samuel Gutmann.

Sipser has long been interested in the P versus NP problem. In 1975, he wagered an ounce of gold with Leonard Adleman that the problem would be solved with a proof that P≠NP by the end of the 20th century. Sipser sent Adleman an American Gold Eagle coin in 2000 because the problem remained (and remains) unsolved.

Notable books
Sipser is the author of Introduction to the Theory of Computation, a textbook for theoretical computer science.

Personal life
Sipser lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts with his wife, Ina, and has two children: a daughter, Rachel, who graduated from New York University, and a younger son, Aaron, who graduated from MIT.

References

External links
 Personal homepage at MIT

1954 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Theoretical computer scientists
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Computer science educators
Quantum information scientists
Cornell University alumni
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers

Michael Sipser


A Prairie Home Companion is a live radio variety show created and hosted by Garrison Keillor. The show runs on Saturdays from 5 to 7 pm Central Time. It is usually broadcast from the Fitzgerald Theater in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The program is also taken on the road. A Prairie Home Companion is known for its musical guests, especially folk and traditional musicians. It is also known for its tongue-in-cheek humor and Keillor's storytelling segment, "News from Lake Wobegon".

The radio program inspired a 2006 film of the same name, written by Keillor, directed by Robert Altman, and featuring Keillor, Lily Tomlin, Meryl Streep, Lindsay Lohan, Tommy Lee Jones, Kevin Kline, John C. Reilly, and Woody Harrelson.

History

A Prairie Home Companion started as a morning show, running from 6 to 9 am on Minnesota Public Radio. The first program aired on 6 July 1974 before an audience of 12 people. The idea for the name came from a cemetery in Moorhead, Minnesota called the Prairie Home. It was located across the street from the radio station.

In April 1974, Keillor traveled to Nashville. This was the last broadcast of the Grand Ole Opry from the old Ryman Auditorium and Keillor was doing a story for The New Yorker Magazine. He decided to host a variety show based on that format on the radio. On July 6, 1974, the first live broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion took place.

In 1978, the show moved into the World Theater in Saint Paul, Minnesota. In 1987, he decided to move to Denmark with his new wife. He then moved to New York City. In 1989 he began a new show "The American Radio Company of the Air." The format was the same, but the program was geared to the New York audience. But after four seasons he moved back to Minnesota and brought back the Prairie Home Companion.

In 1985, the program was taped for audiences in Australia and Sweden. In 1990 digital tapes were rebroadcast in Tiwan. By 1995 the program was rebroadcast in numerous countries via satellite.

Program

Music is a main feature of the program. It includes many different kinds of music, including country, bluegrass, blues, and gospel. The program also has guest performers from a wide variety of other styles of music, including classical, opera and music from a number of different countries.

News from Lake Wobegon

One of the show's best-known features is Keillor's "News from Lake Wobegon". This is a weekly storytelling monologue, claiming to be a report from Keillor's fictitious hometown of Lake Wobegon. The segment always begins with "It's been a quiet week in Lake Woebegone, my hometown." It almost always ends with "And that's the news from Lake Wobegon, where all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average."

Sponsors

Because the program is aired on public broadcasting radio, they are not allowed to have real advertisements. Instead, the show produces fictional advertisements for fictional products. The ads are performed in the style of live old-time radio commercials. The show is "sponsored" by fictitious products including "Powdermilk Biscuits", "Cafe Boeuf" and the "American Duct Tape Council".

The program recently celebrated its 40th year.

Notes

References

Other websites
 A Prairie Home Companion, American Public Media
 A Prairie Home Companion, SoundCloud

Radio programs

A Prairie Home Companion


Asín tibuok is a rare Filipino artisanal sea salt from the Boholano people made from filtering seawater through ashes. A variant of the salt is also known as túltul  or dúkdok among the Ilonggo people. It is made similarly to asín tibuok but is boiled with gatâ (coconut milk).

Both of them are part of the unique traditional methods of producing sea salt for culinary use among the Visayan people of the central Philippine islands. They differ in taste from salt obtained through traditional drying beds or modern methods. Asín tibuok has a sharp taste with smoky and fruity undertones, while túltul has an innate savory flavor. They are characteristically finely textured with small granules. They are consumed by grating a light dusting over food.

The tradition of making asín tibuok and túltul is nearly extinct due to the difficulty and length of time it takes to manufacture them, the passing of the salt iodization (ASIN) law in 1995, as well as competition with modern imported salts. They are only barely preserved in Bohol, Capiz, and Guimaras. Asín tibuok is listed in the Ark of Taste international catalogue of endangered heritage foods by the Slow Food organization.

Names
Asín tibuok literally means "unbroken salt" or "whole salt" in the Cebuano language of the Boholano people. It is the name of the salt in the island of Bohol.

Similar salt-making traditions also exist in Guimaras island and the neighboring province of Capiz in Panay Island. In Guimaras, it is known as túltul or tul-tul, meaning "lump"; while in Capiz, it is known as dúkdok, meaning "pounded" or "pulverized". Both names are in the Hiligaynon language of the Ilonggo people.

Production
The method of production varies slightly between the Boholano asín tibuok and the Ilonggo túltul or dúkdok. Both methods can only be done for six months of the year, from December to May, due to the fluctuations in seawater salinity during the rainy seasons.

Bohol
Boholano asín tibuok is made by soaking coconut husks for several months in special pits continually filled with seawater during the tides. They are then cut into small pieces and dried for a few days. They are burned in a pile until reduced completely to ash. This takes about a week.  The ash (called gasang) are gathered into a funnel-shaped bamboo filtering device. Seawater is poured into the ash, allowing the water to leach out the salt from the ashes. The brine (known as tasik) is collected into a hollowed out coconut trunk beneath the funnels.

The tasik is poured into special clay pots and hung in walls in a special furnace. These are boiled for a few hours in the furnace, continually replenishing the pots with more tasik once some evaporate. Eventually, the pots will crack, revealing the solidified mass of salt. The salt mass will be initially very hot, and it usually takes a few hours before it is cool enough to be handled. They are sold along with the broken domed pots which has given them the nickname "the dinosaur egg" in international markets due to their appearance.

Guimaras and Capiz
Ilonggo túltul, duldul, or dúkdok is made by gathering driftwood ( or ) and other washed-up plant matter (twigs, reeds, coconut husks, bamboo stems, etc.) from the beach. These are burned completely into ash for about a week. The ash is then gathered into cylindrical woven bamboo containers known as kaing. The kaing are placed on bamboo platforms and a container is placed underneath. Seawater is poured through the ash and caught on these containers. The brine is then strained and transferred into other containers where it is mixed with gatâ (coconut milk). These are poured into molds (hurnohan) and boiled over an outdoor stove (kalan). More of the liquid is continually poured into the molds as they evaporate until nothing but a solid mass of salt remains. These brick-like lumps (known as bareta) are then packaged and sold.

Culinary uses
Asín tibuok and túltul are usually consumed by grating a light dusting of them over food. They were traditionally dusted over plain hot rice with a few drops of oil and eaten as is. They are also used to season sinangag (traditional fried rice). Chunks can also be broken off and dipped into stews and dishes or ground and used like regular table salt.

Conservation
Salt-makers (asinderos) were once important professions in Philippine society, but the craft is nearly extinct in modern times. Part of this is due to the time-consuming traditional methods of producing salt and the hard work that goes with it. Artisanal salt-makers can not compete with the cheap imported salt prevalent today in the Philippines. The passage of Republic Act No. 8172, the Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN), in 1995 also placed further stress on local salt-makers, forcing many to give up the industry altogether.

Both asín tibuok and túltul are only made by a few families today. They are commonly sold for the tourist trade for their novelty as well as to gourmet restaurants that feature Filipino cuisine. Due to their rarity, they are considerably more expensive than regular salt. The demand is usually high for asín tibuok and túltul, but the supply can not keep up.

Asín tibuok is listed in the Ark of Taste international catalogue of endangered heritage foods by the Slow Food movement.

See also
Salt industry in Las Piñas
List of edible salts

References

Edible salt
Filipino cuisine

Asín tibuok


Fatima Jinnah Park, sometimes known as F-9 park (pointing out the fact that the covered area is spread out through the entire sector), is a public recreational park in sector F-9 of Islamabad, Pakistan. The park is one of the largest in area in South-central Asia. It was named after the revered "Madre Millat" (Mother of the Nation) Miss Fatima Jinnah- younger sister of the founder of Pakistan.

Islamabad
Parks in Pakistan

Fatimah Jinnah Park


Bentheim-Lingen was a county seated in Lingen in Germany. Bentheim-Lingen emerged as a partition of Bentheim-Tecklenburg in 1450, and was absorbed by Spain in 1555. Over the next century, ownership of Bentheim-Lingen passed between Spain and Nassau-Orange, before being annexed by Prussia 1702.

Counts of Bentheim-Lingen (1450–1555)
Otto (1450–1508) with...
Nicholas III (Count of Bentheim-Tecklenburg) (1493–1508)
Nicholas IV (1508–1541)
Conrad (Count of Bentheim-Tecklenburg) (1541–1547)
Maximilian (1547–1548)
Anna (1548–1555)

Counties of the Holy Roman Empire
States and territories established in 1450

Bentheim-Lingen


Livia Bitton-Jackson (February 28, 1931 – May 17, 2023) was an author and a Holocaust survivor. She was born as Elli L. Friedmann in Samorin, Czechoslovakia, She was 13 years old when she, her mother, father, aunt and brother Bubi, were taken to Ghetto Nagymagyar. Eventually, they were transported to Auschwitz, the largest German concentration camp, where her brother and aunt were separated from Livia and her mother. Her aunt perished but her brother survived. She, her mother and brother were liberated in 1945. Bitton-Jackson came to the U.S. on a refugee boat in 1951 to join Bubi, who was studying in New York. She then studied at New York University, from which she received a Ph.D. in Hebrew Culture and Jewish History. She also wrote her 1997 memoir I Have Lived a Thousand Years.

Early life
Elli was born in Samorin, on February 28, 1931, the second child to Laura and Markus Friedmann, but in 1938, Hungarian troops occupied Samorin, renaming it Somorja. In Somorja, the segregation of Jews began rapidly when the Germans invaded Hungary in 1944. Jews were prohibited from entering theaters, restaurants, grocery stores, and other public places. Two months into the German occupation, all the Jews in that area were moved to Ghetto Nagymagyar. In Ghetto Nagymagyar, all men between the ages of 18 and 45, her father included, were sent to a forced labor camp in Komárom, some  from the ghetto. Two weeks after her father was taken, Bitton-Jackson, her aunt, mother, and brother were removed from the ghetto and taken to Dunajska Streda, a town in Slovakia and then to Auschwitz, the largest concentration camp built by the Germans in occupied Poland. She and her mother stayed there for ten days. In June 1944, Bitton-Jackson and her mother were transferred, along with 500 other women, to Plaszow, a forced labor camp near Kraków. There, their work consisted of planierung - leveling off a hilltop in preparation for construction. If they did not work properly, or violated any rule, they would be beaten by their Kapo or his assistants. After two months at Plaszow, they returned to Auschwitz. She was 13 at the time.

Germany
In August 1944, Bitton-Jackson and her mother were taken from Auschwitz to a factory in the German city of Augsburg. In Augsburg, she was put to work in an assembly line in the factory, where they produced a "precision instrument that is supposed to control the distance and direction of the bomb ejected by a fighter plane". They stayed until April 1945. After this she and her mother were taken to a subsidiary camp of Dachau, in Germany, where she was reunited with her older brother Bubi, who was staying in the men's camp. Her stay here was shortened due to the Allies advance and the three surviving members of the family were taken by trains further into Germany. On the way, the guards deserted and many of the prisoners mistook this to be the liberation. However, the guards returned and fired upon those who had left the train, and ordered the others back onto the carriages. During the rest of the journey, Bitton-Jackson was able to keep her brother with herself and her mother. At one point, she spotted through the cracks in the carriage Red Cross trucks, and the soldiers informed them that the charity would be giving out food. The surviving inmates lined up close to the carriage entrance whereupon they were shot at by the SS. Bubi received a shot to the forehead, but survived. It was only after a week of traveling that the Americans discovered the trains full of dead, injured,   and starving inmates.

After the liberation, Bitton-Jackson, her mother and brother stayed in Seeshaupt where she helped to nurse her brother and fellow inmates back to health.

New York
After the war, she and her brother and mother returned to Šamorín, believing that her father would be waiting for them, only to discover that he was dead. Her brother then moved to New York on a visa from a school scholarship. Bitton-Jackson had the opportunity to go with her brother but chose to stay in Czechoslovakia with her mother. The two stayed in Šamorín until 1951, when they finally got visas to go to America.

They traveled to America on a refugee boat, and Bitton-Jackson continued her education. She eventually enrolled in New York University, and got a degree there. Bitton-Jackson had a Ph.D. in Hebrew Culture and Jewish History obtained at New York University. She had been a professor of history at City University of New York for 37 years, and had won numerous awards, including the 1998 Christopher Award for her book, I Have Lived a Thousand Years.

Israel
In 1977, Bitton-Jackson moved to Israel, where she has been living ever since. She continued teaching at CUNY for years thereafter, and made periodic trips to the U.S. for speaking engagements. In April 2009, Bitton-Jackson was invited to speak in
Omaha, Nebraska, for Holocaust Remembrance Day at the Durham Museum, with videolinks to Pleasanton and at Millard West High School. She also spoke to members of the Strategic Air Command at Offutt AFB.

Publications
 I Have Lived a Thousand Years
 My Bridges of Hope
 Hello, America
 Saving What Remains

References

1930s births
2023 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American women writers
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
American people of Czech-Jewish descent
Jewish concentration camp survivors
New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science alumni
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
21st-century American women
People from Šamorín

Livia Bitton-Jackson


Ann Battelle (born January 18, 1968) is a world champion and World Cup champion on the U.S. Ski Team; she competed in the freestyle skiing events of moguls and dual moguls.

Early years
Former U.S. National Champion and World Cup Champion, Olympian, and Olympic Freestyle pioneer Ann Battelle was born in New York, and raised outside Burlington, Vermont. She was brought up skiing, doing competitive gymnastics, and playing soccer in the early years of Title IX. Also a gifted student, Battelle was advanced in mathematics, was fluent in Spanish at a young age, and played the oboe. She was a member of her highly successful varsity soccer team at Champlain Valley Union High School, in Hinesburg, Vermont, as well as a member of the accomplished varsity gymnastics team. Additionally, she skied with friends every weekend possible and on vacations, where her skills with moguls were apparent early on.  At Middlebury College, she played varsity soccer and continued to ski a great deal. Recruited by a former high school soccer coach turned moguls coach in Colorado, Battelle skied moguls competitively for the first time after she graduated from Middlebury College in 1989, when she was 21 years old.  Less than three years later, Battelle competed in her first World Cup on her 24th birthday, on January 18, 1992, in Breckenridge, Colorado, where she placed 16th in Moguls.  In the following two World Cups, she placed 5th and 7th (in Lake Placid, New York, on January 24, 2002, and in Oberjoch, Germany on February 1, 2002), which was good enough to earn her a spot on the US Olympic Team for the 1992 Albertville Olympics.

United States Ski Team
On the World Cup, she had 21 podiums, including five victories, in 108 World Cup starts.

She is a four-time Olympian in Moguls, placing 21st in 1992, 8th in 1994, 10th in 1998, and 7th in 2002 (in 2002 she was 2nd in the qualifying round).  She also competed in seven FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships, her best results coming in Meiringen-Hasliberg, Switzerland, in 1999; she was the world champion that year in Moguls and placed 3rd in Dual Moguls.

She won the World Cup tour in Moguls in both 1999 and 2000 and won gold and silver at the Goodwill Games in 2000.  She is also a six-time US National Champion.

References

External links
 Ski Net
 Sports Reference
 Steamboat Today
 Colorado Sportswoman of the Year

1968 births
Living people
Skiers from Vermont
Middlebury College alumni
American female freestyle skiers
American freeskiers
Olympic freestyle skiers for the United States
Freestyle skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
21st-century American women

Ann Battelle