Hugh Culling Eardley Childers (25 June 1827 – 29 January 1896) was a British Liberal statesman of the nineteenth century.  He is perhaps best known for his reform efforts at the Admiralty and the War Office. Later in his career, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, his attempt to correct a budget shortfall led to the fall of the Liberal government led by William Gladstone.

Early life
Childers was born in London, the son of Reverend Eardley Childers and his wife Maria Charlotte (née Smith),
sister of Sir Culling Eardley, 3rd Baronet and granddaughter of Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley. He was educated at Cheam School under Pestalozzi and then both Wadham College, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. from the latter in 1850. Influential on his intellectual development were Adam Smith's theories of free trade, and capital returns.

Childers then decided to seek a career in Australia and on 26 October 1850 arrived in Melbourne, Victoria along with his wife Emily Walker.

Australia
Childers joined the government of Victoria and served as Inspector of Denominational schools (meaning Protestant and Catholic schools) and immigration agent.  In 1852 he became a director of the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Company. Childers became auditor-general on 26 October 1852 and was nominated to the Victorian Legislative Council. In 1852 he placed a bill before the state legislature proposing the establishment of a university for Victoria, the second in Australia following the foundation of the University of Sydney in 1850. With the receipt of the Royal Assent in 1853, the University of Melbourne was founded, with Childers as its first vice-chancellor. Childers was Collector of Customs from 5 December 1853 to 28 November 1855 and Commissioner of Trade & Customs 28 November 1855 to 25 February 1857. Childers was elected to the inaugural Victorian Legislative Assembly for Portland in November 1856, a seat he held until resigning in February 1857.

Return to Britain
Childers retained the vice-chancellorship until his return to Britain in March 1857 and received an M.A. from Cambridge in the same year.

Enters British politics
In 1860 he entered the House of Commons as a Liberal member for Pontefract, and within a few years joined the government of Lord Palmerston, becoming a Civil Lord of the Admiralty in 1864 and then Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1865.

First Lord of the Admiralty

With the election of Gladstone's government in December 1868, he rose to greater prominence, serving as First Lord of the Admiralty. Childers "had a reputation for being hardworking, but inept, autocratic and notoriously overbearing in his dealing with colleagues." He "initiated a determined programme of cost and manpower reductions, fully backed by the Prime Minister, Gladstone described him [Childers] as 'a man likely to scan with a rigid eye the civil expenses of the Naval Service'.  He got the naval estimates just below the psychologically important figure of £10,000,000.  Childers strengthened his own position as First Lord by reducing the role of the Board of Admiralty to a purely formal one, making meetings rare and short and confining the Sea Lords rigidly to the administrative functions... Initially Childers had the support of the influential Controller of the Navy, Vice-Admiral Sir [Robert] Spencer Robinson." "His re-organisation of the Admiralty was unpopular and poorly done."

Childers was responsible for the construction of HMS Captain in defiance of the advice of his professional advisers, the Controller (Robinson) and the Chief Constructor Edward James Reed.  Captain was commissioned in April 1870, and sank on the night of 6/7 September 1870.  She was, as predicted by Robinson and Reed, insufficiently stable.  "Shortly before the battleship sank, Childers had moved his son, Midshipman Leonard Childers from Reed's designed HMS Monarch onto the new ship-of-the-line; Leonard did not survive." Childers "faced strong criticism following the Court Martial on the loss of HMS Captain, and attempted to clear his name with a 359-page memorandum, a move described as "dubious public ethics". Vice Admiral Sir Robert Spencer Robinson wrote 'His endeavors were directed to throw the blame which might be supposed to attach to himself on those who had throughout expressed their disapproval of such methods of construction'."  Childers unfairly blamed Robinson for the loss of the Captain, and as a result of this Robinson was replaced as Third Lord and Controller of the navy in February 1871.  "Following the loss of his son and the recriminations that followed, Childers resigned through ill health as First Lord in March 1871."

1871–1880
Following his resignation he spent some months on the Continent, and recovered sufficiently to take office in 1872 as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.  The consequent ministerial by-election on 15 August 1872 was the first Parliamentary election to be held after the Ballot Act 1872 required the use of a secret ballot.

Secretary for War

When the Liberals regained power in 1880, Childers was appointed Secretary for War, a position he accepted reluctantly. He therefore had to bear responsibility for cuts in arms expenditure, a policy that provoked controversy when Britain began fighting; first the Boers in South Africa in 1880 and then the invasion of Egypt in 1882. Childers was also very unpopular with Horse Guards for the reinforcement and expansion of the Cardwell reforms.  On 1 May 1881 he passed General Order 41, which outlined a series of improvements known as the Childers reforms.

Chancellor of the Exchequer
Childers became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1882, a post he had coveted.  As such, he attempted to implement a conversion of Consols in 1884.  Although the scheme proved a failure, it paved the way for the subsequent conversion in 1888.  He attempted to resolve a budget shortfall in June 1885 by increasing alcohol duty and income tax. His budget was rejected by Parliament, and the government – already unpopular due to events in Egypt – was forced out of office.  Childers's colleague the Earl of Rosebery commented resignedly: "So far as I know the budget is as good a question to go out upon as any other, and Tuesday as good a day."

Home Secretary
At the subsequent election in December 1885 Childers lost his Pontefract seat, but returned as an independent Home Ruler for Edinburgh South (one of the few Liberals who adopted this policy before Gladstone's conversion in 1886).  Childers then served as Home Secretary in the short-lived ministry of 1886. He was critical of the financial clauses of the First Home Rule Bill, and their withdrawal was largely due to his threat of resignation.  Nevertheless, the bill still failed to pass, and its rejection brought down the Liberal government.

Retirement and the Childers Commission

He retired from parliament in 1892, and his last piece of work was the drafting of a report for the 1894 "Financial Relations Commission" on Irish financial matters, of which he was chairman (generally known as the Childers Commission). This found that, compared to the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland had been overtaxed on a per capita basis by some £2 or £3 million annually in previous decades. The matter was finally debated in March 1897. In the following decades Irish nationalists frequently quoted the report as proof that some form of fiscal freedom was needed to end imperial over-taxation, which was prolonging Irish poverty. Their opponents noted that the extra tax received had come from an unduly high consumption of tea, stout, whiskey and tobacco, and not from income tax. His younger cousin Erskine Childers wrote a book on the matter in 1911.

Childers' 1894 report was still considered influential in 1925 in considering the mutual financial positions between the new Irish Free State and the United Kingdom. In 1926 an Irish Senate debate included claims by some Senators that, with compound interest, Ireland was owed as much as £1.2 billion by Britain. This, however, ignored the changed economic conditions since 1894, and at the eve of secession Southern Ireland was being heavily subsidised by the British taxpayer. This economic reality forced the initial Irish Free State government to cut the old age pension from five to four shillings. In 1932 on the start of the Anglo-Irish Trade War, the Irish government made a claim for £400 million in respect of past overtaxation, amongst others, but this was not mentioned when the dispute was settled in 1938.

Family, later life and death
Childers married Emily Walker in 1850. They had six sons and two daughters. One of their daughters, Emily "Milly" Childers, was a portrait and landscape painter. His first wife died in 1875 and Childers married Katherine Anne Gilbert in 1879. A cousin, Erskine Childers, was the author of the spy novel The Riddle of the Sands, an important figure in the Irish War of Independence and Irish Civil War (during which he was executed), and father of the fourth President of Ireland, Erskine Hamilton Childers.

Towards the end of his ministerial career "HCE" Childers was known for his girth, and so acquired the nickname "Here Comes Everybody", which was later used as a motif in Finnegans Wake by James Joyce.

Childers died in January 1896, aged 68. He is buried on the south side of the central enclosed roundel in Brompton Cemetery, London.

See also
 Childers, Queensland, town named after Childers
 HMAS Childers (ACPB 93), Australian ship named after the town

Footnotes

Further reading
Childers Commission

Biography
  Vol. I; Vol. II
 The Educational Activities in Victoria of the Right Hon. H. C. E. Childers, E. Sweetman, 1940

External links

A Portrait from the New York Public Library Archives

 Childers and Cardwell Reforms

1827 births
1896 deaths
Hugh
Politicians from London
People educated at Cheam School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
English people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Melbourne
Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
British Secretaries of State
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
First Lords of the Admiralty
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1886–1892
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Fellows of the Royal Society
Agents-General for Victoria
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Edinburgh constituencies
Lords of the Admiralty

Hugh Childers


La Cadena Deportiva is a defunct American Spanish language regional sports network that was owned by Liberty Media (originally through its parent company Tele-Communications Inc., in conjunction with Bill Daniels), and operated as an affiliate of the Prime Network. Headquartered in Los Angeles, California, the channel broadcast regional coverage of sports events throughout the Southern California, with a focus on professional sports teams based in Los Angeles and San Diego. La Cadena Deportiva was available on cable providers throughout California, Arizona, Nevada and Hawaii.

History
The network launched on November 15, 1993, as the only U.S.-based owned-and-operated outlet of the Prime Network that was not an English language network. The network provided Spanish language coverage of various sporting events, many of which were carried on sister network Prime Ticket, including games from the NBA's Los Angeles Lakers, the Los Angeles Kings and California Angels of Major League Baseball. It also carried coverage of college sports events from the Pacific-10 Conference as well as additional international soccer games not shown on Prime Ticket.

In August 1994, Bill Daniels sold his share in La Cadena Deportiva, Prime Ticket and the Prime Network to Liberty Media. The channel relaunched as a national network in 1995, as La Cadena Deportiva Nacional. On October 31, 1995, News Corporation, which sought to create its own group of regional sports networks as a cable venture for Fox Sports, which was formed the year prior through the Fox Broadcasting Company's acquisition of the television rights to the NFL's National Football Conference, acquired a 50% ownership interest in the Prime Network.

On July 3, 1996, News Corporation and Liberty Media announced that the eight Prime Sports networks would be relaunched as part of the new Fox Sports Net group. It subsequently announced that La Cadena Deportiva Nacional would simultaneously be relaunched as Fox Sports Americas, which took effect on November 1, 1996.

References

Television channels and stations established in 1993
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1996
Prime Sports
Defunct local cable stations in the United States
Spanish-language television networks in the United States
Television stations in Los Angeles
Defunct mass media in Arizona
Defunct mass media in Nevada
Defunct mass media in California
Defunct mass media in Hawaii

La Cadena Deportiva


Zoltán Huszárik (born József Zoltán Huszárik, May 14, 1931 – October 15, 1981) was an influential Hungarian film director, screenwriter, visual artist and occasional actor, an acclaimed auteur of the European modern art film.

Huszárik was born in the small village of Domony, Hungary. His father died when he was two years old. Being an only child, Huszárik had an adoring relationship with his widowed mother. His background had a great influence on his work.

He was accepted to the Hungarian School of Film- and Theatrical Arts, but was expelled in 1952 because his family was blamed to be Kulaks. He took on different jobs, when—after a seven-year hiatus—he was again accepted to the film school in 1959. In the same year he made his first student film, a short entitled Játék (Game) about two prisoners playing chess with the shadow of their bars when the sun shines unto their cell. Huszárik's graduation film was another short entitled Groteszk (Grotesque) in 1963 about a strange train voyage of an artist carrying his own picture.

Huszárik made his first professional short film in 1965 at Béla Balázs Studios entitled Elégia (Elegy). This 20-minute experimental short film was generally acclaimed as being the starting point of a new visual style in Hungarian filmmaking. Often called a "film poem" or a "film symphonie" Huszárik's masterpiece consists of montages of horses from the dawn of time to the modern times from cave paintings to horse races, mourning the loss of these creatures and their service to mankind, starting as free animals and becoming slaughterhouse victims. The film is generally regarded as an allegory to the human fate.

Huszárik made another experimental short film called Capriccio (about snowmen melting in the spring as an allegory to man's ultimate fate - death) and a short documentary on Hungarian-born artist Amerigo Tot, both in 1969. He also directed several state-financed educational short films in this period.

In 1971 Huszárik finished his first feature-length work Szindbád (Sinbad), a highly stylized adaptation of early 20th century author Gyula Krúdy's short stories. The film depicts the life and memories of traveler and womanizer Szindbád (played by Zoltán Latinovits), who tries to recover his lost love before he dies. The film which covers time and memory in an unusual way, was praised by critics and was a commercial success upon its release and is generally regarded now as one of the best works of Hungarian cinema.

Huszárik made two experimental shorts in 1971 and 1976, entitled Tisztelet az öregasszonyoknak (Homage to Old Ladies) and A Piacere (As You Like It), respectively. The first is a homage to the old country widows whose husbands died in World War II and live their lives according to daily tasks and regulations until they die (which is mainly inspired by Huszárik's own mother). The second is a study of death in its various forms, including a gypsy "merry funeral" and stock footage of bombings and concentration camps in WWII.

The second (and last) feature-length film of Huszárik was made after a five-year struggle. Csontváry depicts the life of Hungarian artist Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka and an actor playing him in a film (both played by Bulgarian actor Ichak Finci), with the two men' lives interacting with each other. After the death of Latinovits, who was the original choice for the dual role, the film went on through several re-writes, re-shoots, casting and budget problems, finally ending up as the most expensive Hungarian production at the time. The film was finally completed and released in 1980. It was a huge failure with the public and critics also bashed it. Huszárik who was greatly exhausted, depressed and an alcoholic at the time committed suicide in 1981 at the age of 50.

Huszárik originally wanted to be a visual artist. He made several paintings, drawings and other pieces of art during his lifetime. He also took smaller acting jobs in the films of fellow Hungarian directors, including István Szabó's Budapesti mesék (Budapest Tales). His daughter, Kata Huszárik is an acclaimed actress.

Filmography

1959: Játék (Game) (short, student film)
1963: Groteszk (Grotesque) (short, student film)
1965: Elégia (Elegy) (short)
1967: Egy mentőorvos naplójából (Diary of an Ambulance Doctor) (short, documentary)
1967: Maszkot akarok (I Want a Mask) (TV, short, documentary)
1968: Heten a hegy ellen (Seven against the Mountain) (TV, short, documentary)
1968: Hegyi kiképzés (Mountain Training) (short, documentary)
1968: Ugye te is akarod? (You'll Also Like to Do It?) (short, documentary)
1969: Amerigo Tot (short, documentary)
1969: Capriccio (short)
1971: Szindbád (Sinbad)
1971: Tisztelet az öregasszonyoknak (Homage to Old Ladies) (short)
1976: A Piacere (As You Like It) (short)
1980: Csontváry

Source material

 An Eastern European Picture-writer (Egy kelet-európai képíró) Article of Zalán Vince in the Hungarian Filmvilág (Filmworld) magazine, January 1982.
 Commemorative program on the  Magyar Televízió Hungarian Television on the 75th anniversary of the birth of Huszarik (May 2006)

References

External links

Victoria Loomes Szinbád: Hungary's finest Casanova Girls Do Film, December 30, 2011
Szendi Horváth Éva A new generation in Hungarian cinematography Diplomata (Diplomatic Magazine), 2009. (10. évf.) 3. sz. 40-41. p.

1931 births
1981 deaths
People from Pest County
Hungarian film directors
Suicides in Hungary
1981 suicides

Zoltán Huszárik


Babasaheb Neelkanth Kalyani is an Indian billionaire businessman who served as the chairman and managing director of Bharat Forge, the Flagship company of the Kalyani Group and the world's second-largest forgings manufacturer after ThyssenKrupp of Germany.

Early life and education
Babasaheb Kalyani was born in a Veershaiva (Jangam) family on 7 January 1949 to Sulochana and Neelakanth Rao Kalyani, a Pune-based technocrat and maker of automotive components. He completed his high school from Rashtriya Military School, Belgaum; and also attended Dr. (Mrs.) Erin N. Nagarvala School (formerly National Model School), Pune. He attended BITS Pilani, from where he earned a BE (Hons.) in     Mechanical Engineering in 1970, and later Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he earned an MS degree.

Career
Baba Kalyani joined Bharat Forge, a global manufacturing company, in 1972.

To contribute to a clean and emission-free environment, Kalyani set up Kenersys Limited to manufacture various energy-efficient wind turbines for domestic and international markets. The company also has its own wind turbines in Maharashtra which generate "green energy" for the group's manufacturing operations. He is also engaged in developing solar energy equipment for the non-conventional energy sector. In a joint venture with KPIT Cummins, Bharat Forge is developing a hybrid solution that would contribute in the country being able to meet its vehicular emission targets.

In SKF board of directors member since 2011.

Kalyani received the Indian government's Padma Bhushan award for contributions to Trade and Industry, and was made Commander First Class of the Royal Order of the Polar Star by the Swedish government in recognition of his contribution in furthering trade and business cooperation between Sweden and India. Other awards include Global Economy Prize, 2009 for Business by Kiel Institute, German Businessman of the Year, 2006 by Business India Magazine, Entrepreneur of the Year 2005 for Manufacturing by Ernst & Young, and CEO of the Year 2004 by the Business Standard group.

Government of India constituted a task force under the chairmanship of Baba Kalyani to study policies related to special economic zone (SEZ) on 6 June 2018.

On 19 February 2015, the Kalyani Group announced a joint venture with Rafael Advanced Defense Systems of Israel. This joint venture company will be based in India.

In April 2021, Forbes estimated his net worth to be around US$2.3 billion.

Philanthropy

He is the founder-chairman of Pratham Pune Education Foundation, an NGO that is engaged in providing primary education to children belonging to under-privileged sections of the local community, which was established in 2000.

Lawsuit
Kalyani faced a legal dispute with his sister Sugandha and her husband Jaidev Hiremath over control of the chemical firm Hikal. Sugandha and Jaidev filed a case in the Bombay High Court, accusing Kalyani of attempting to gain full control of Hikal by increasing his group's stake in the company by 5%. The Hiremaths currently hold approximately 35% of Hikal, valued at Rs 3,578 crore, while Kalyani holds 34%. Hiremath claimed that Kalyani selectively ignored a crucial note from 1994, which stated that Hikal shares should be transferred to Sugandha's family.

However, Kalyani dismissed the transfer clause in the 1994 family arrangement as a false claim made by Sugandha. He acknowledged that the October 1993 deal mentioned the transfer of Hikal to the Hiremaths but argued that it was superseded by the 1994 arrangement. Kalyani stated that the Taj meeting was focused on resolving ownership issues at Bharat Forge and Kalyani Forge and refused to acknowledge any Hikal agreement in 1994.

References

External links

 Kalyani Group web site
 Forbes list

1949 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Maharashtra
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Baba Kalyani


Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence, Italy, situated opposite, and lending its name to, the city's main railway station. Chronologically, it is the first great basilica in Florence, and is the city's principal Dominican church.

The church, the adjoining cloister, and chapter house contain a multiplicity of art treasures and funerary monuments. Especially famous are frescoes by masters of Gothic and early Renaissance. They were financed by the most important Florentine families, who ensured themselves funerary chapels on consecrated ground.

History

This church was called S. Maria Novella ('New') because it was built on the site of the 9th-century oratory of Santa Maria delle Vigne. When the site was assigned to the Dominican Order in 1221, they decided to build a new church and adjoining cloister. The church was designed by two Dominican friars, Fra Sisto Fiorentino and Fra Ristoro da Campi. Building began in the mid-13th century (about 1276), and lasted 80 years, ending under the supervision of Friar Iacopo Talenti with the completion of the Romanesque-Gothic bell tower and sacristy. In 1360, a series of Gothic arcades were added to the façade; these were intended to contain sarcophagi. The church was consecrated in 1420.

On a commission from the wealthy Florentine wool merchant Giovanni di Paolo Rucellai, Leon Battista Alberti designed the upper part of the inlaid green marble of Prato, also called 'serpentino', and white marble façade of the church (1456–1470). He was already famous as the architect of the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini, but even more for his seminal treatise on architecture . Alberti had also designed the façade for the Rucellai Palace in Florence.

Alberti attempted to bring the ideals of humanist architecture, proportion and classically inspired detailing to bear on the design, while also creating harmony with the already existing medieval part of the façade. The combined façade can be inscribed by a square; many other repetitions of squares can be found in the design. His contribution consists of a broad frieze decorated with squares, and the full upper part, including the four white-green pilasters and a round window, crowned by a pediment with the Dominican solar emblem, and flanked on both sides by enormous S-curved volutes.
The four columns with Corinthian capitals on the lower part of the façade were also added. The pediment and the frieze are clearly inspired by antiquity, but the S-curved scrolls in the upper part are new and without precedent in antiquity. Solving a longstanding architectural problem of how to transfer from wide to narrow storeys, the scrolls (or variations of them), found in churches all over Italy, all draw their origins from the design of this church.

The frieze below the pediment carries the name of the patron: IOHAN(N)ES ORICELLARIUS PAU(LI) F(ILIUS) AN(NO) SAL(UTIS) MCCCCLXX (Giovanni Rucellai son of Paolo in the year of salvation 1470).

Interior
The vast interior is based on a basilica plan, designed as an Egyptian cross (T-shaped) and is divided into a nave, two aisles set with windows and a short transept. The large nave is 100 metres long and gives an impression of austerity. The piers are of compound form and have Corinthian columns supporting pointed Gothic arches above which is a clerestory of ocular windows above which rises a ribbed, pointed quadrupartite vault.  The ribs and arches are all black and white polychrome.

There is a trompe-l'œil effect by which towards the apse the nave seems longer than its actual length because the piers between the nave and the aisles are progressively closer, nearer to the chancel.

Many of the windows have stained glass dating from the 14th and 15th century, such as 15th century Madonna and Child and St. John and St. Philip (designed by Filippino Lippi), both in the Filippo Strozzi Chapel. Some stained glass windows have been damaged in the course of centuries and have been replaced. The one at the west end, a depiction of the Coronation of Mary, dates from the 14th century, and is based on a design of Andrea di Bonaiuto da Firenze.

The pulpit, commissioned by the Rucellai family in 1443, was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and executed by his adopted son Andrea Cavalcanti. This pulpit has a particular historical significance, since it was the pulpit from which Father Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo Galilei's defense of Copernican heliocentrism.

The Holy Trinity, situated almost halfway along the left aisle, is a pioneering early Renaissance work of Masaccio, showing his new ideas about perspective and mathematical proportions. Its meaning for the art of painting can easily be compared to the importance of Brunelleschi for architecture and Donatello for sculpture. The patrons were the judge and his wife, members of the Lenzi family, here depicted kneeling. The cadaver tomb below carries in Italian the epigram: "I was once what you are, and what I am you will become".

Of particular note in the right aisle is the Tomba della Beata Villana, a monument by Bernardo Rossellino executed in 1451. In the same aisle, are located tombs of bishops of Fiesole, one by Tino di Camaino and another by Nino Pisano.

Tornabuoni Chapel

The chancel (or the Cappella Tornabuoni) contains series of famous frescoes painted from 1485 to 1490 by Domenico Ghirlandaio whose apprentice was the young Michelangelo. The frescoes represent themes from the lives of the Virgin and John the Baptist. They contain portrayals of several members of important Florentine families. The vaults have roundels with paintings of the Evangelists. On the rear wall are the paintings Saint Dominic burns the Heretical Books and Saint Peter's Martyrdom, the Annunciation, and Saint John goes into the Desert.

The stained-glass windows were made in 1492 by the Florentine artist Alessandro Agolanti, known also as Il Bidello, and were based on cartoons by Ghirlandaio.

The bronze crucifix on the main altar is by Giambologna (16th century).

Filippo Strozzi Chapel
The Filippo Strozzi Chapel is situated on the right side of the main altar. The series of frescoes by Filippino Lippi depict the lives of Apostle Philip and the Apostle Saint James the Great and were completed in 1502. On the right wall is the fresco St Philip Driving the Dragon from the Temple of Hieropolis and in the lunette above it, the Crucifixion of St Philip. On the left wall is the fresco St John the Evangelist Resuscitating Druisana and in the lunette above it The Torture of St John the Evangelist. Adam, Noah, Abraham and Jacob are represented on the ribbed vault. Behind the altar is the tomb of Strozzi with a sculpture by Benedetto da Maiano (1491).

Gondi Chapel

This chapel, designed by Giuliano da Sangallo, is situated on the left side of the main altar and dates from the end of the 13th century. Here, on the rear wall, is the famous wooden Crucifix by Brunelleschi, one of his very few sculptures. The legend goes that he was so disgusted by the "primitive" Crucifix of Donatello in the Florence's church of Santa Croce that he made this one. The vault contains fragments of frescoes by 13th-century Greek painters. The polychrome marble decoration was applied by Giuliano da Sangallo (c. 1503). The stained-glass window and dates from the 20th century.

Cappella Strozzi di Mantova
The  Cappella Strozzi di Mantova is situated at the end of the left transept. The frescoes were commissioned from Nardo di Cione (1350–1357) by Tommaso Strozzi, an ancestor of Filippo Strozzi. The frescoes are inspired by Dante's Divine Comedy: Last Judgment (on the back wall; including a portrait of Dante), Hell (on the right wall) and paradise (on the left wall). The main altarpiece of The Redeemer with the Madonna and Saints was done by Nardo di Cione's brother, Andrea di Cione, better known as Orcagna. The large stained-glass window on the back was made from a cartoon by the two brothers.

Della Pura Chapel
The Della Pura Chapel is situated north of the old cemetery. It dates from 1474 and was constructed with Renaissance columns. It was restored in 1841 by Gaetano Baccani. On the left side there is a lunette with a 14th-century fresco Madonna and Child with St Catherine. On the front altar there is a wooden crucifix by Baccio da Montelupo (1501).

Rucellai Chapel
The Rucellai Chapel, at the end of the right aisle, dates from the 14th century. Besides the tomb of Paolo Rucellai (15th century) and the marble statue of the Madonna and the Child by Nino Pisano, it houses several art treasures such as remains of frescoes by the Maestro di Santa Cecilia (end 13th – beginning 14th century). The panel on the left wall, the Martyrdom of St Catherine, was painted by Giuliano Bugiardini (possibly with assistance from Michelangelo). The bronze tomb, in the centre of the floor, was made by Lorenzo Ghiberti in 1425.

Bardi Chapel
The Bardi Chapel, the second chapel on the right of the apse, was founded by Riccardo Bardi and dates from early 14th century. The high-relief on a pillar on the right depicts St Gregory blessing Riccardo Bardi. The walls show us some early 14th-century frescoes attributed to Spinello Aretino. The Madonna del Rosario on the altar is by Giorgio Vasari (1568)

Sacristy
The sacristy, at the end of the left aisle, was built as the Chapel of the Annunciation by the Cavalcanti family in 1380. It houses, after a recent period of fourteen years of cleaning and renovation, the enormous painted Crucifix with the Madonna and John the Evangelist, an early work by Giotto. The sacristy is also embellished by a glazed terra cotta and a marble font, masterpieces by Giovanni della Robbia (1498). The cupboards were designed by Bernardo Buontalenti in 1593. The paintings on the wall are ascribed to Vasari and other contemporary Florentine painters. The large Gothic window with three mullions at the back wall dates from 1386 and was based on cartoons by Niccolò di Pietro Gerini

Spanish Chapel

The Spanish Chapel (or Cappellone degli Spagnoli) is the former chapter house of the convent. It is situated at the north side of the green Cloister (Chiostro Verde). It was commissioned by Buonamico (Mico) Guidalotti as a chapter house for the Dominican Order. Construction started c. 1343 and was finished in 1355. The Guidalotti chapel was later called "Spanish Chapel", because Cosimo I assigned it to Eleonora of Toledo and her Spanish retinue. Within the Spanish Chapel there is a smaller Chapel of the Most Holy Sacrament.

The Spanish Chapel was decorated from 1365 to 1367 by Andrea di Bonaiuto, also known as Andrea da Firenze. As the chapel was built for the Dominicans, depictions of Saint Dominic are found in most of the frescos. The large fresco on the right wall depicts an Allegory of the Active and Triumphant Church and of the Dominican order. It is especially interesting because in the background it shows a large pink building that some think may provide some insight into the original designs for Florence Cathedral by Arnolfo di Cambio (before Brunelleschi's dome was built). However, such an interpretation is fantasy since the Duomo was never intended to be pink, nor to have the bell tower at the rear. This fresco also contains portraits of pope Benedict IX, cardinal Friar Niccolò Albertini, count Guido di Poppi, Arnolfo di Cambio and the poet Petrarch.

The frescoes on the other walls represent scenes from the lives of Christ and St Peter on the entry wall (mostly ruined due to the later installation of a choir), The Triumph of St Thomas Aquinas and the Allegory of Christian Learning on the left wall, and the large "Crucifixion with the Way to Calvary and the Descent into Limbo" on the archway of the altar wall.

The four-part vault contains scenes of Christ's resurrection, the navicella, the Ascension, and Pentecost. The five-panelled Gothic polyptych that was probably originally made for the chapel's altar, depicting the Madonna Enthroned with Child and Four Saints by Bernardo Daddi dates from 1344 and is currently on display in a small museum area reached ed through glass doors from the far end of the cloister. Together, the complex iconography of the ceiling vault, walls, and altar combine to communicate the message of Dominicans as guides to salvation.

Rectangular in shape, towards the west it has a scarsella containing the altar and a marble crucifix by Domenico Pieratti from the early seventeenth century, donated in 1731 by Gian Gastone de' Medici.

Architecture

Vasari was the architect, commissioned in 1567 by Grand Duke Cosimo I, for the first remodelling of the church, which included removing its original rood screen and loft, and adding six chapels between the columns. The second remodelling was designed by Enrico Romoli, and was carried out between 1858 and 1860.

The square in front the church was used by Cosimo I for the yearly chariot race (Palio dei Cocchi). This custom existed between 1563 and late in the 19th century. The two Obelisks of the Corsa dei Cocchi marked the start and the finish of the race. They were set up to imitate an antique Roman Circus Maximus. The obelisks rest on bronze tortoises, made in 1608 by the sculptor Giambologna.

Astronomical Instruments

An armillary sphere (on the left) and an astronomical quadrant with gnomon (on the right) were added to the end blind arches of the lower façade by Ignazio Danti, astronomer of Cosimo I, in 1572. The armilliary sphere was intended to determine the vernal equinox and this was observed for the first time publicly in 1574. The gnomon threw shadows on the astronomical quadrant to tell the time according to the transalpine, Italian and Bohemian methods.

Thanks to these instruments, the astronomer was able to calculate exactly the discrepancy between the true solar year and the Julian calendar, then still in use since its promulgation in 46 BC. By demonstrating his studies in Rome to Pope Gregory XIII, he helped obtain the realignment of the date of Easter and the promulgation of the new Gregorian calendar.

Danti also placed a hole in the south facing circular window at a height of  and installed a meridian line on the floor of the church as a better method of determining the equinoxes than the armilliary sphere. However, the construction was not completed due to the death of his patron, the Grand Duke Cosimo I.

List of artworks
Artists who produced items for the church include:
Sandro Botticelli – early work, a nativity scene above the door (Adoration of the Magi)
Baccio D'Agnolo – wood carvings
Bronzino – the Miracle of Jesus
Filippo Brunelleschi – The Crucifix (between 1410 and 1425)
Tino da Camaino – Bust of St. Antoninus (in terra cotta); the Tomb of the Bishop of Fiesole
Nardo di Cione – frescoes of the Divine Judgment
Duccio – Rucellai Madonna
Lorenzo Ghiberti – tombstone of Leonardo Dati (1423)
Domenico Ghirlandaio – frescoes (late 15th century) in the Tornabuoni Chapel, design of the stained-glass window
Filippino Lippi – frescoes in the Strozzi Chapel, depicting the life of Philip the Apostle; stained glass window
Benedetto da Maiano – the Tomb of Filippo Strozzi (1491) at the backside of the Strozzi Chapel.
Giacomo Marchetti – Martyrdom of Saint Laurence.
Masaccio – ''Holy Trinity''
Nino Pisano – Madonna with Child (1368)
Bernardo Rossellino – Monument to the Beata Villana (1451)
Santi di Tito – Lazarus Raised from Death
Paolo Uccello – frescoes in the cloisters
Giorgio Vasari – Madonna of the Rosary (1568)

Notable prioresses
Saint Agnes of Montepulciano

List of burials
Joseph II of Constantinople (1439)
Domenico Ghirlandaio (1494)
Niccolò Gaddi- cardinal (1552)

See also
 Roman Catholic Marian churches

References

Sources

External links

Opera per Santa Maria Novella official homepage
Santa Maria Novella, Florence virtual reality movie and pictures on commercial tourist website ItalyGuides.it created by ComPart Multimedia in Rome
Santa Maria Novella at private tourist website Museumsinflorence.com

Maria Novella
Maria Novella
Renaissance architecture in Florence
Fresco paintings in Florence
Gothic paintings
Paintings by Giotto
Dominican churches in Italy
15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Leon Battista Alberti church buildings
Dominican Order in Florence

Santa Maria Novella


Hagai Meirom (, born 23 September 1946) is a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the Alignment, Labor Party and the Centre Party between 1988 and 1999.

Biography
Born in Afula during the Mandate era, Meirom served as general secretary of HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed youth movement, and studied law at Tel Aviv University, gaining an LLB, before working as a lawyer and agriculturalist. A member of Histadrut's executive, he also served on the union's high court, and was a member of the Kibbutz Movement secretariat.

He was first elected to the Knesset in 1988 on the Alignment's list (the party was renamed the Labor Party in 1991). Re-elected in 1992, during his second term he chaired several key committees, including the House Committee, the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, and the Joint Committee for the Knesset Budget.

He retained his seat in the 1996 elections, and during his third term served as a Knesset Observer to NATO and chairman of the Israel-Italy Parliamentary Friendship League.

On 23 February 1999 he was one of two Labor Party MKs to break away and establish Israel in the Centre (later renamed the Centre Party), alongside four Likud MKs. For the 1999 elections he was placed tenth on the Centre Party list, but lost his seat as the party won only six seats.

References

External links

1946 births
People from Afula
Tel Aviv University alumni
Israeli lawyers
Israeli trade unionists
Living people
Israeli Labor Party politicians
Alignment (Israel) politicians
Centre Party (Israel) politicians
Members of the 12th Knesset (1988–1992)
Members of the 13th Knesset (1992–1996)
Members of the 14th Knesset (1996–1999)

Hagai Meirom


was a Japanese samurai of the mid-Edo period, also known as Tayasu Munetake (田安 宗武). The first head of the Tayasu branch of the Tokugawa clan, he held daimyō-level income, but was not a daimyō himself, instead having his residence inside the Tayasu gate (Tayasu-mon 田安門) of Edo Castle. His child-hood name was Kojiro (小次郎). When his mother, Okon died in 1722, he was raised by Okume no Kata, one of Yoshimune's concubines.

Biography
He was the second son of the eighth shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune with his concubine, Okon no Kata. Munetake was considered by some as the logical choice for heir, as he was both physically fit and also well-educated. However, Yoshimune preferred the route of primogeniture, instead selecting his son Ieshige as heir. Munetake subsequently turned his attention to writing and scholarship, and set the Tayasu house apart from the other two gosankyō houses by keeping it spartan. He had several sons who were brought up in this spartan environment, one of whom was the famed reformer Matsudaira Sadanobu. His wife was Morihime, daughter of Konoe Iehisa.

As a scholar, Munetake was a student of kokugaku. He studied under Kada no Arimaro and Kamo no Mabuchi, eventually producing the kokugaku texts Kokka hachiron yogen (国歌八論余言) and Tenkō-gon (天降言). He was also an accomplished poet.

As head of the prestigious Tayasu-Tokugawa house, Munetake held the court title of gon-chūnagon (権中納言) and the junior 3rd court rank (jusanmi 従三).

Family
Father: Tokugawa Yoshimune
Mother: Okon no Kata (d.1723) later Hontokuin
Adopted Mother: Okume no Kata later Kakuju-in (1697-1777)
Wife, concubine, children:
Wife: Konoe Moriko (1721-1786) later Horen-in
 Keijiro (1745-1753)
 Tokugawa Haruaki
 Makotohime (1741-1759) Date Shigemura's fiancée
 Yuhime (1743-1743)
 Tetsunosuke (1747-1752)
 Nakahime (1751-1779) married Ikeda Shigehiro
 Setsuhime (1756-1815) married Mori Haruchika
 Concubine: Oyama no Kata later Kaisen-in
 Shukuhime (1744-1815) married Nabeshima Shigeharu
 Matsudaira Sadanobu
 Matsudaira Sadakuni (1757-1804) inherited Iyo-Matsuyama Domain
 Mikuzumi (1747-1753)
 Tanehime (1765-1794) married Tokugawa Harutomi
 Sadahime (1767-1813) married Matsudaira Haruyoshi
 Concubine: Omori no Kata
 Otogiku (1752-1753)
 Concubine: Hayashi no Kata
 Osamuhime (1756-1820) married Sakai Tadanori

References
Concise biographical data (in Japanese)

1716 births
1771 deaths
Samurai
Tokugawa clan

Tokugawa Munetake


Gravity is released in 2013 British-American space drama science fiction thriller movie. It is a 3D movie.

It was co-written, co-produced, co-edited and directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The movie stars Sandra Bullock and George Clooney as surviving astronauts from a space shuttle destroyed by debris.

The movie has gotten many awards, and won seven awards in the 86th Academy Awards, with Alfonso Cuarón receiving Best Director.

Other websites

2013 drama movies
2013 3D movies
2013 science fiction movies
2010s thriller movies
2010s American drama movies
2010s British drama movies
American science fiction movies
British science fiction movies
American thriller movies
British thriller movies
2010s English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Alfonso Cuarón

Gravity (2013 movie)


John Gary Gertsch (September 29, 1944 or 1945 – July 19, 1969) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

Biography
John G. Gertsch went to high school in Sheffield Area Middle/Senior High School (SAMSHS) in Sheffield, Pennsylvania. Gertsch joined the Army from Buffalo, New York in 1965, and by July 15, 1969, was serving as a staff sergeant in Company E, 1st Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. During a series of engagements on that day and the four following days, in the A Shau Valley of the Republic of Vietnam, Gertsch commanded his platoon after their leader was wounded and repeatedly exposed himself to enemy fire to rescue wounded soldiers and attack the enemy. Mortally wounded on July 19, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in September 1974.

Gertsch, aged 23 or 24 at his death, was buried in North Side Catholic Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Medal of Honor citation
Staff Sergeant Gertsch's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

S/Sgt. Gertsch distinguished himself while serving as a platoon sergeant and platoon leader during combat operations in the A Shau Valley. During the initial phase of an operation to seize a strongly defended enemy position, S/Sgt. Gertsch's platoon leader was seriously wounded and lay exposed to intense enemy fire. Forsaking his own safety, without hesitation S/Sgt. Gertsch rushed to aid his fallen leader and dragged him to a sheltered position. He then assumed command of the heavily engaged platoon and led his men in a fierce counterattack that forced the enemy to withdraw. Later, a small element of S/Sgt. Gertsch's unit was reconnoitering when attacked again by the enemy. S/Sgt. Gertsch moved forward to his besieged element and immediately charged, firing as he advanced. His determined assault forced the enemy troops to withdraw in confusion and made possible the recovery of 2 wounded men who had been exposed to heavy enemy fire. Sometime later his platoon came under attack by an enemy force employing automatic weapons, grenade, and rocket fire. S/Sgt. Gertsch was severely wounded during the onslaught but continued to command his platoon despite his painful wound. While moving under fire and encouraging his men he sighted an aidman treating a wounded officer from an adjacent unit. Realizing that both men were in imminent danger of being killed, he rushed forward and positioned himself between them and the enemy nearby. While the wounded officer was being moved to safety S/Sgt. Gertsch was mortally wounded by enemy fire. Without S/Sgt. Gertsch's courage, ability to inspire others, and profound concern for the welfare of his men, the loss of life among his fellow soldiers would have been significantly greater. His conspicuous gallantry, extraordinary heroism, and intrepidity at the cost of his life, above and beyond the call of duty, are in the highest traditions of the U.S. Army and reflect great credit on him and the Armed Forces of his country.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

References

1940s births
1969 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army non-commissioned officers
Recipients of the Silver Star
Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Army personnel killed in the Vietnam War

John G. Gertsch


August Gissler (9 September 1857 in Remscheid – 8 August 1935 in New York City) was a German adventurer and treasure hunter who, with brief interruptions, lived on Cocos Island (Costa Rica) from 1889 until 1908.

Gissler's aim was to find the Golden Madonna of the Treasure of Lima, a solid-gold, gem-encrusted, life-sized image of the Virgin Mary, allegedly buried there by the mutineer Captain William Thompson in 1820. Over the years, Gissler dug a complex system of tunnels, some of which can still be entered today. Gissler was certain that he would find the treasure, because he had two maps from independent sources that identified the same place, where the treasure was supposed to be buried. At the same time, Gissler was looking for the treasure also allegedly buried on the island by the pirate Benito Bonito.

Impressed with his organization, the Costa Rican government allowed Gissler to establish a colony of several German farmers in 1897, and named him the first (and, up to now, only) Governor of Cocos Island. The treasure hunt was mainly funded by financiers who had invested in the specially created Cocos Plantation Company. Several settler families, who grew tobacco, also lived with Gissler on the island. However, because of the island's harsh conditions and remote location from the Costa Rican mainland, Gissler's colony turned out to be short-lived. During the following ten years all the settler families moved away. Gissler and his wife were the last to abandon the island.

Gissler's quest for treasure was also unsuccessful. In over twenty years, despite diligent searching, he never found more than six gold coins. Dispirited, he left the island for New York in 1908. Of over 300 treasure expeditions to Cocos Island over the years, none are known to have found any treasure.

Sources
 De Montmorency, Hervey Guy Francis Edward, 1868-1942. On the track of a treasure : the story of an adventurous expedition to the Pacific island of Cocos in search of treasure of untold value hidden by pirates, London : Hurst and Blackett, 1904. Chapter XIV—A monarch of all he surveys : p 230-246
 PBS Online - Nova Legends and Lore.
 Reagen Smith - A history of buried treasure on Coco's Island.

External links
 "Pirates of the Collection," Image and biographical information on August Gissler Governor of Cocos : From Machu Picchu to Darkest Africa at RGSSA
 "Was a 200 Million Dollar Treasure Hoard Unearthed in Cocos Island?" Thatsfake.com
 "The Pirate Treasure of Cocos Island", documentary History Channel, 2015, imdb.com

1857 births
1935 deaths
Expatriates from the German Empire
Expatriates in Costa Rica
Archaeologists from North Rhine-Westphalia
Treasure hunters
Expatriates in the United States

August Gissler


Paul Alexandre Alfred Leroy (1860 in Paris – 1942) was a French painter noted for Orientalist works. He was a founding member of the Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français (Society for French Orientalist Painters) and designed the Society's first logo.

Life and career
French by birth, Leroy spent his childhood in Odessa, where his father had a business. He lived in Odessa until age 17 years, which gave him interest in the East. In Paris, he studied at the École des Beaux-Arts. He first exhibited in 1882 and was awarded a medal.

At Beaux Artes, he met Georges Landelle (1860-1898), an Orientalist painter and the pair became life-long friends. In 1885 he visited Turkey and Egypt, with Landelle and Landelle's father. In 1886 journeyed to Tunisia and Algeria, returning to the country's southern region several times during the 1880s and 1890s. During this period, Leroy studied the Arabic language, which enabled him to use the Arabic script effectively in a number of paintings and lithographs.

In 1893, Leroy, along with artists, Maurice Bompard, Eugène Girardet, Alphonse-Étienne Dinet, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant and art historian,  Léonce Bénédite, became founding members of the Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français which was responsible for promoting Orientalist art, mounting exhibitions and generally encouraging artists who wished to travel to the Orient. The Society appropriated a logo designed by Leroy and used it on all their correspondence, catalogs, posters and menus. The logo incorporated the sickle moon, the star of David and the black hand of Fatma. The image represents Frenchmen as outsiders, who nevertheless dream of cultural integration and synthesis.  Leroy's lithographs were also used extensively in the Society's graphic artwork including menus, posters and brochures.

Work
During his career, LeRoy painted both Orientalist scenes and religious paintings. He worked in oil, watercolours and also made lithographs.

Leroy's Portrait de sa mere is a parody of Whistler's Portrait of the Painter's Mother and won the Prix du Salon in 1884.

Select list of paintings

 A Harem Beauty n.d.
 The Harem Dance n.d.
 Inside the Harem n.d.
 A Kabyle Student, 1892
 The Girls of Atlas, 1901
 The Musicians
 Musical Interlude
 Woman Embrodering
 An Oasis in the Sahara
 Martyr d'Amour
 Porttrait of a Young Girl
 Young Women at the Cemetery
 Weaver in Biskra, Algeria

Gallery

See also
 List of Orientalist artists
 Orientalism
 Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français

References

19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
Orientalist painters
1860 births
1942 deaths
19th-century French male artists

Paul Leroy


African American names are an integral part of African American tradition. While many black Americans use names that are popular with wider American culture, a number of specific naming trends have emerged within African American culture.

History

Black slaves remained nameless from the time of their capture until they were purchased by white American slaveholders.

It is widely held that prior to the 1950s and 1960s, most African-American names closely resembled those used within European-American culture. Even within the White-American population, a few very common names were given to babies of that era, with nicknames often used to distinguish among various people with the same name. It was also quite common for immigrants and cultural minorities to choose baby names or change their names to fit in within the wider American culture. This applied to both given names and surnames.

Recent research by economic historians Lisa D. Cook, John Parman and Trevon Logan has found that distinctive African-American naming practices happened as early as in the Antebellum period. However, those early names are no longer used by Black people.

Paustian has argued that black names display the same themes and patterns as those in West Africa.

With the rise of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement and the wider counterculture of the 1960s, there was a dramatic rise in African-American names of various origins. San Diego State University professor Jean Twenge believes that the shift toward unique black-American baby names is also the result of the cultural shift in America that values individuality over conformity.

In 2004, Fryer et al. examined the rapid change in naming practices in the early 1970s, with the rapid adoption of distinctively black names, especially in low-income, racially isolated neighborhoods. They favor an explanatory model which attributes a change in black perceptions of their identity to the Black Power Movement.

Influences and conventions
Lieberson and Mikelson of Harvard University analyzed black names, finding that the recent innovative naming practices follow American linguistic conventions even if they are independent of organizations or institutions. Given names used by African-American people are often invented or creatively-spelled variants of more traditional names. Some names are created using fashionable syllables, for example the prefixes La- or De- and the suffixes -ique or -isha. Also, punctuation marks like apostrophes and dashes are sometimes used (though infrequently).

French names
While creoles of color historically had classical French names, many names of French origin entered the picture during the 1950s and 1960s. Opinions on the origins of the French influence vary, but historically French names such as Monique, Chantal,  André, and Antoine became so common within African-American culture that many Americans began to think of them solely as "black names". These names are often seen with spelling variations such as Antwan, Antwaun or Antwon (Antoine) or Shauntelle (Chantal).

Afrocentric and inventive names

The Afrocentrism movement that grew in popularity during the 1970s saw the advent of African names among African-Americans, as well as names imagined to be African sounding. Names such as Ashanti have African origins. The Black Power movement inspired many to show pride in their heritage. Harvard University sociologist Stanley Lieberson noted that in 1977, the name "Kizzy" rose dramatically in popularity following the use of the name in the book and television series Roots.

By the 1970s and 1980s, it had become common within African-American culture to invent new names. Many of the invented names took elements from popular existing names. Prefixes such as La/Le, Da/De, Ra/Re, or Ja/Je and suffixes such as -ique/iqua, -isha (for girls), -ari and -aun/awn (for boys) are common, as well as inventive spellings for common names. The book Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names places the origins of "La" names in African-American culture in New Orleans. The name LaKeisha is typically considered American in origin but has elements drawn from both African and French roots.

Apostrophes are seen more often within African-American names than other American names, such as the names Mo'nique and D'Andre.

In his dictionary of black names, Cenoura asserts that in the early 21st century, black names are "unique names that come from combinations of two or more names, names constructed with common prefixes and suffixes...'conjugated' with a formula..." "Da", "La", and related sounds may originate from the French spoken in Louisiana. Attached to a common name such as Seán and spelled phonetically, one obtains "DaShawn". Diminutive suffixes from French, Spanish and Scottish such as "ita" may be combined directly with prefixes or to a name, as is often found in white naming or nicknaming. Conventions followed usually make the person's gender easily identifiable. Following Spanish, masculine names often end in "o", e.g. "Carmello", while feminine names end with "a", e.g. "Jeretta". Following Irish, French and Italian, apostrophes may be used, e.g. "D'Andre" and "Rene'e". Parents' names may be blended, e.g. the son of "Raymond" and "Yvonne" might be named "Rayvon".

Muslim names

Islam has been an influence upon African-American names. Islamic names entered African-American culture with the rise of the Nation of Islam among black Americans with its focus upon black advocacy. The popular names Aisha, Aaliyah, and others are also examples of names derived from Islam.

A number of African-American celebrities began adopting Muslim names, including Muhammad Ali, who changed his name in 1964 from Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. Other celebrities adopting Muslim names include Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (formerly Lew Alcindor) and Amiri Baraka (formerly LeRoi Jones). Despite the Muslim origin of these names and the place of the Nation of Islam in the Civil Rights Movement, many Muslim names such as Jamal and Malik entered popular usage among black Americans simply because they were fashionable, and many Islamic names are now commonly used by African Americans regardless of religion.

European and Biblical names
Even with the rise of created names, it is also still common for African Americans to use biblical, historic, or European names. Daniel, Christopher, Michael, David, James, Joseph, and Matthew were among the most common names for African-American boys in 2013.

Workplace discrimination
In recent years it has become evident that workplace discrimination exists on the basis of names. A study in the early 2020s concluded that applicants with traditionally "Black names" have 2.1% less chance of getting a call back after an interview. Studies done at the University of Chicago and the University of California Berkeley in which over 83,000 entry-level job applications were submitted and results showed that 7% of all jobs in the experiment were prejudiced against traditionally "Black names." This research concludes that candidates with more "ethnically-sounding" names were less likely to get a call back.

See also
 Shaniqua
 Arabic name
 Stereotypes of African Americans

References

Further reading

 Tan, Hui Ren (2022). "Black and White Names: Evolution and Determinants". The Journal of Economic History. 82 (4): 959–1002.

African-American culture
Names by culture
North American given names

African-American names


In ice hockey, a deke is a type of feint or fake technique whereby a player draws an opposing player out of position or skates by the opponent while maintaining possession and control of the puck. The term is a Canadianism formed by abbreviating the word decoy.

The position of the player performing the deke and the defender determines where the puck will be moved and the speed. The deke can be used to move the puck out of reach of an opposing player, move the puck past the opposing player, or quickly change direction of the puck so the opposing player is caught out of position.  Dekes are usually used in combination with either a change of direction or speed, or both; the deke may refer to the entire sequence of actions as well as the maneuver(s) made with the stick.  Often a change in direction or a change in speed is enough to get past an opposing player, but dekes are used in combination with these to better protect the puck and get by a defender.

Types
One type is the head fake, using a movement of the head to fool an opposing player over the player's movements or intention.

Toe drag
A more complex deke is the toe drag, a deke in which the puck carrier brings the puck forward on their forehand, and subsequently turns their stick and pulls the puck towards themselves with the toe of the blade, while moving past the defender, who has presumably attempted to poke check the puck in its previous position.

Recreational rules

In recreational hockey in Canada, including ice hockey but also especially floor hockey and street hockey where penalty shots are often awarded in cases of fouls for which timed penalties would be assessed at competitive levels, penalty shooters are often expected to declare whether they intend to "shoot or deke" prior to attempting the shot. Should the offensive player wish to "shoot," (s)he is expected to shoot the puck/ball on goal from the spot it is placed, which in a recreational game is often less than thirty feet from the goal. Should the offensive player wish to "deke," the goaltender is usually permitted to leave his or her crease from the moment the puck/ball is touched to attempt to prevent the offensive player from scoring.

References

Ice hockey terminology
Ice hockey skills

Deke (ice hockey)


A radar picket is a radar-equipped station, ship, submarine, aircraft, or vehicle used to increase the radar detection range around a nation or military (including naval) force to protect it from surprise attack, typically air attack, or from criminal activities such as smuggling. By definition a radar picket must be some distance removed from the anticipated targets to be capable of providing early warning. Often several detached radar units would be placed in a ring to encircle a target to provide increased cover in all directions; another approach is to position units to form a barrier line.

Radar picket units may also be equipped to direct friendly aircraft to intercept any possible enemy. In British terminology the radar picket function is called aircraft direction. A ship performing this function is termed a fighter direction ship. Airborne radar pickets are generally referred to as Airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) or simply airborne early warning (AEW).

In a sense radars intended to track ballistic missiles can be thought of as radar pickets, but because such systems are also used for tracking orbital satellites and space debris the preferred term for them is space domain awareness systems.

World War II

United Kingdom World War II radar pickets

UK coastal radar
Chain Home or CH was the codename for the ring of coastal early warning radar stations built by the Royal Air Force (RAF) before and during World War II to detect and track aircraft. Chain Home proved decisive during the Battle of Britain in 1940. The Chain Home network was continually expanded, with over 40 stations operational by the war's end. CH was not able to detect aircraft at low altitude, and from 1939 was normally partnered with the Chain Home Low system which could detect aircraft flying at any altitude over . Ports were covered by Chain Home Extra Low, which gave cover down to  but at shorter ranges of approximately . In 1942 the AMES Type 7 radar began to assume the job of tracking of targets once detected, and CH moved entirely to the early warning role.

UK World War II AEW&C
In late 1944 the Fighter Interception Development Squadron carried out operational trials under Operation Vapour of a Vickers Wellington which was equipped with a modified ASV Mk VI radar set and PPI, as one of the first Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) aircraft. It operated at an altitude of 4,000 feet over the North Sea to control de Havilland Mosquito night fighters intercepting Heinkel He 111 bombers flying from Dutch airbases to launch V-1 flying bombs. The Wellington was fitted with a homing beacon so the night fighters could locate and keep station with it. Despite encouraging results, the operational trials ended after the Luftwaffe stopped air launches by mid January 1945.

German World War II radar pickets

Kammhuber Line

The Kammhuber Line was the Allied name given to the German night air defense system established in July 1940 by Colonel Josef Kammhuber. The first version of the Line consisted of a series of 'boxes' of radar stations with overlapping coverage, layered three deep from Denmark to the middle of France, each covering a zone about 32 km long (north-south) and 20 km wide (east-west). Each station consisted of a control center with a FuMG A1 Freya radar with a range of about 100 km and a directed searchlight for the night fighters. Later versions of the Line added two Würzburg-Riese radars, with a range of about 30 km. Unlike the early-warning Freya, Würzburgs were accurate (and complex) tracking radars. One Würzburg would lock onto the target as soon as the Freya picked it up, and the second Würzburg would lock onto the night fighter as soon as it entered the box, thereby allowing controllers to get continual readings of the positions of both planes.

The Line was very effective against early RAF Bomber Command tactics. However, on the night of 30/31 May 1942 in its 1,000 plane raid against Cologne, Bomber Command introduced the use of the bomber stream. The concentration of bombers through a few of the boxes resulted in the defenses being overwhelmed. In response, the Germans converted their ground radar into a radar network, which would follow the path of the British bombers, while a controller directed the night fighters into the stream. Measure and counter measure continued until October 1944, when German defenses were no longer able to respond to Germany's deteriorating situation.

Kriegsmarine
From 1943 Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine operated several radar-equipped night fighter guide ships (Nachtjagdleitschiffe), including the NJL Togo. which was equipped with a Freya radar for early warning and a Würzburg-Riese gun laying radar, plus night fighter communications equipment. From October 1943, Togo cruised the Baltic Sea under the operational control of the Luftwaffe. In March 1944, after the three great Soviet bombing raids on Helsinki, she arrived in the Gulf of Finland to provide night fighter cover for Tallinn and Helsinki.

Japanese World War II radar pickets
The Imperial Japanese Navy briefly modified two  submarines ( and ) as dedicated radar pickets in the first half of 1945, but reconverted them to an even more important role as tanker submarines in June of that year.

US Navy World War II radar pickets
Radar picket ships first came into being in the US Navy during World War II to aid in the Allied advance to Japan. The number of radar pickets was increased significantly after the first major employment of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese in the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944.  and  destroyers with SGA and SC radars were pressed into picket service with few modifications at first – the Allen M. Sumners were the first destroyers to be designed with a combat information center (CIC), which made them ideal for this use. Later, additional radars and fighter direction equipment were fitted, along with more light anti-aircraft (AA) guns for self-defense, usually sacrificing torpedo tubes to make room for the new equipment, particularly the large SP height-finding radars of the era. Deploying some distance from the force to be protected along likely directions of attack, radar pickets were the nearest ships to the Japanese airfields. Thus, they were usually the first vessels seen by incoming waves of kamikazes, and were often heavily attacked.

The radar picket system saw its ultimate development in World War II in the Battle of Okinawa. A ring of 15 radar picket stations was established around Okinawa to cover all possible approaches to the island and the attacking fleet. Initially, a typical picket station had one or two destroyers supported by two landing ships, usually landing craft support (large) (LCS(L)) or landing ship medium (rocket) (LSM(R)), for additional AA firepower. Eventually, the number of destroyers and supporting ships were doubled at the most threatened stations, and combat air patrols were provided as well. In early 1945, 26 new construction s were ordered as radar pickets without torpedo tubes, to allow for extra radar and AA equipment, but only some of these were ready in time to serve off Okinawa. Seven destroyer escorts were also completed as radar pickets.

The radar picket mission was vital, but it was also costly to the ships performing it. Out of 101 destroyers assigned to radar picket stations, 10 were sunk and 32 were damaged by kamikaze attacks. The 88 LCS(L)s assigned to picket stations had two sunk and 11 damaged by kamikazes, while the 11 LSM(R)s had three sunk and two damaged.

The high casualties off Okinawa gave rise to the radar picket submarine, which had the option of diving when under attack. It was planned to employ converted radar picket submarines should the invasion of Japan become necessary. Two submarines ( and ) received rudimentary conversions during the war with the new SR search radars and the SV search radars mounted vertically as height finders, and two others ( and ) were completed immediately after the war with the same suite, but none were used postwar in this role.

Cold War

United States and Canada

During the Cold War, the Royal Canadian Air Force and the United States Air Force jointly built and operated radar picket stations to detect Soviet bombers, and the United States Navy expanded the naval radar picket concept. The wartime radar picket destroyers (DDR) were retained, and additional DDRs, destroyer escorts (DER), submarines (SSR, SSRN), and auxiliaries (AGR) were converted and built in the years 1946–1959. The naval concepts were: 1) every carrier group would have radar pickets deployed around it for early warning of the increasing threat of Soviet air-to-surface missile attack, and 2) radar pickets would form barriers off the North American coasts, thus extending the land based lines. While on station, all of these assets – other than those assigned to fleet defense – were operationally controlled by the Aerospace Defense Command and after May 1958 NORAD.

Fixed installations

During the 1950s the governments of Canada, Denmark, and the United States built three lines of fixed radar picket sites across Canada, and with the DEW Line into Alaska and Greenland. These were the Pinetree Line (1951), the Mid-Canada Line (1956), and the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line (1957). The DEW Line would be equipped with AN/FPS-19, and until 1965 AN/FPS-23 radars. There was also a line of radar sites in Alaska extending westward from the end of the DEW Line to the end of the Aleutian Islands, and a line eastward from the Greenland end of the DEW Line to Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Scotland.

There were also three oil-rig-type offshore radar stations known as "Texas Towers" off the New England coast with AN/FPS-3 (later AN/FPS-20) and AN/FPS-6 radars.

Command cruiser Northampton

When the first supercarrier  was being designed in 1946, it was thought she would not be able to have an island or masts for radar or other antennas. Therefore, it was decided that a command ship was needed to escort the carrier and act not only in part as a radar picket (although from the center of the task force rather than the periphery as a true picket would), but also as the radar director of aircraft approach and landing on the carrier. The unfinished heavy cruiser  was converted under project SCB 13 into a command cruiser for this and other fleet command roles, with AN/SPS-2 (one of only two ships with this huge installation), AN/SPS-3, and AN/SPS-8 radars. The subsequent invention of the angled flight deck made it possible to install islands and radar on supercarriers, and so this role was eliminated from the Northampton conversion.

Converted and purpose-built submarines

The U.S. Navy continued to develop radar picket submarines (SSRs) after World War II under Project Migraine, and by 1953, a total of 10 new SSR conversions had been performed with SR-2 and SV-2 radars:
 Migraine I: in 1946 submarine radar picket conversions were performed on  and Requin; these were more extensive than the rudimentary conversions made a year earlier for the planned invasion of Japan. The radar equipment of these diesel submarines took the place of torpedoes in the stern torpedo rooms. The radar antennas were mounted directly on the hull above the equipment, where they suffered spray damage.
 Migraine II (aka project SCB 12) involved raising the antennas off the hull onto masts, moving the equipment to the aft battery room (higher capacity GUPPY batteries were installed forward to compensate), and adding topside fathometers to give a limited under-ice capability. The aft torpedo tubes were removed and the compartment used for berthing and storage.  and Tigrone were converted, and the two Migraine I submarines were also upgraded to this standard.

 Migraine III (aka SCB 12A) had the most extensive conversion with an added  compartment for an expanded CIC. The search antenna was moved to an enlarged sail located over the new compartment. Converted were Pompon, Rasher, Raton, Ray, Redfin, and Rock.

In 1956 two large, purpose-built diesel SSRs, the , were commissioned. These were designed under project SCB 84 for a high surface speed with the intent of scouting in advance of carrier groups, and were equipped with large BPS-2 and BPS-3 radars. However, the SSRs did not fare well in this mission. Their maximum surfaced speed of 21 knots was too slow to effectively operate with a carrier group, although it was sufficient for amphibious group operations.

It was thought that nuclear power would solve this problem. The largest, most capable, and most expensive radar picket submarine was the nuclear-powered , designed under project SCB 132 and commissioned in 1959 with the AN/SPS-26 radar (an electronically scanned radar fully adapted for submarine use and intended for Triton, BPS-10, was never completed). The longest submarine built by the United States until the  Trident missile submarines of the 1980s, Tritons two reactors allowed her to exceed 30 knots on the surface., Issue 14List of radar picket submarines'''

US Atlantic Fleet
 (SSR-267)
 (SSR-271)
 (SSR-272)
 (SSR-312)
 (SSR-419)
 (SSR-481)

US Pacific Fleet
 (SSR-269)
 (SSR-270)
 (SSR-274)
 (SSR-489)

Destroyer escort conversions

The 26 wartime Gearing-class DDRs were supplemented by nine additional conversions during the early 1950s. The seven wartime DERs were not considered worth modernizing and were relegated to secondary roles, so 36 additional DER conversions were performed in 1951 through 1958:

Six diesel-powered  DEs were converted into DERs in 1951 and 1952 under project SCB 46: converted were Fessenden, Harveson, Joyce, Kirkpatrick, Otterstetter, and Strickland.
Two DEs which were unfinished at the end of World War II,  and Wagner, were completed as DERs in 1954 under SCB 46A. As  DEs they had steam powerplants and so lacked the endurance of their diesel half sisters. This was an experiment intended to validate the conversion should the design be required for any future mobilization. These two ships would be the first DERs to be retired, in 1960.
Another 28 Edsall-class DEs would be converted into DERs from 1954 through 1957 under SCB 46B.

The DERs were used in 1955–1965 to form two Barrier Forces known as BarLant and BarPac, which extended the DEW Line from Argentia, Newfoundland to the Azores in the Atlantic, and from Adak, Alaska to Midway in the Pacific.

Converted merchant ships

From 1955 to 1965 the United States Navy employed s (converted under project SCB 126 from the former boxed aircraft transport version of the Liberty ship) to create barrier lines off the East and West Coasts. They were equipped with AN/SPS-8 (later AN/SPS-30 on some ships), AN/SPS-12, and AN/SPS-17 radars (the last was specially designed for these ships). Eight were homeported at Treasure Island, California and eight at Davisville, Rhode Island. The hull classification symbol of the ships was initially YAGR, changed to AGR in 1958 (this change moved the ships from the naval yard and district craft category to the naval auxiliary category). The standard crew consisted of 13 officers, 8 chief petty officers, and 125 enlisted.

Picket stations were about  off each coast and provided an overlapping radar or electronic barrier against approaching aircraft. Typical station duty was about 30–45 days out and 15 days in port. While on station, each ship stayed within a specific radius of its assigned picket station, reporting and tracking all aircraft contacts. Each ship carried qualified air controllers to direct intercept aircraft sent out to engage contacts. While on station additional duties such as search and rescue, weather reporting, fishery studies, and other miscellaneous duties were assigned.

Replacement by aircraft

The U.S. Navy began to develop airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft in the last years of World War II under Project Cadillac. The first U.S. AEW aircraft were the 1945 carrier based Grumman TBM-3W Avenger under Project Cadillac I, followed by the 1948 Douglas AD-3W, −4W, and −5W Skyraider and the 1950 Grumman AF-2W Guardian (not to be confused with the AGR ships of the same name); though the Skyraiders and Guardians were built in large numbers, none were very successful as they were too small to function as a full CIC, and all were used more often in the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) role. All of these aircraft used the AN/APS-20 radar. While the 1957 carrier-compatible Sikorsky HR2S-1W helicopter with the AN/APS-20E or AN/APS-32 radar (sources differ) had room for a full CIC it also failed, largely due to excessive vibration, slow speed, and cost.

Another 1945 development was the land based Boeing PB-1W, a naval B-17 variant modified under Project Cadillac II to carry the AN/APS-20 radar and a full CIC; this aircraft entered service too late for combat but was used for further development of the AEW concept.

Far more successful was the land based Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star, which was introduced in 1954 in both Air Force and Navy service as pickets and in other roles with the AN/APS-20 and AN/APS-45 radars, respectively under and atop the aircraft. As pickets the Air Force EC-121s provided radar coverage by flying "Contiguous Barrier" orbits 300 miles offshore, between the coasts and the AGR Guardian picket lines. The Navy version (designated PO-1W, then WV-1, −2, and −3 before 1962) flew over the more distant BarLant and BarPac DER lines. They would later be re-equipped with AN/APS-95 and AN/APS-103 radars. Their main deficiency was lack of endurance, which made them unsuitable for naval fleet coverage.

Perhaps the most successful airborne radar pickets were the nine Goodyear ZPG-2W and ZPG-3W blimps: the −2W blimps were equipped with the AN/APS-20 and AN/APS-69 radars in an arrangement similar to the EC-121s, while the −3W blimps (the largest ever built) had the large AN/APS-70 radar placed inside their gas envelopes. Starting in 1955 they successfully combined airborne early warning radar surveillance and long endurance in all possible roles, but they were fragile, expensive, and too slow to quickly reach stations far from base. They were retired in 1962.

The introduction of the Grumman WF-2 Tracer (later the E-1 Tracer) carrier-based airborne early warning aircraft in 1958 with the AN/APS-82 radar followed by the Grumman E-2 Hawkeye with the AN/APS-120 radar in 1964 doomed the surface and submarine radar pickets as carrier escorts (later E-2 models would see the APS-120 replaced in succession with the APS-125, −139, −145, and AN/APY-9 radar). Airborne radar had now evolved to the point where it could warn of an incoming attack more efficiently than a surface ship. In 1961 the DDRs and SSRs were withdrawn. All but six DDRs received ASW conversions under the FRAM I and FRAM II programs and were redesignated as DDs; the remaining six were somewhat modernized under FRAM II and retained in the DDR role. The SSRs were converted to other roles (the Sailfish class was converted to an attack submarine design under project SCB 242), or scrapped. Triton was left without a mission. She was too large to function as an attack submarine; some alternatives were considered, including serving as an underwater national command post, but she eventually became the first US nuclear submarine to be decommissioned, in 1969.Friedman, Submarines, pp. 96, 98

Replacement by OTH radar
By 1965, the development of over-the-horizon radar (OTH) made the barrier forces obsolete, and the DERs and the AGR Guardians were retired. The EC-121s would be allocated to other roles. OTH radar also played a small part in the retirement of the obsolete Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line, and the AN/FPS-23 radars of the DEW Line.

PIRAZ during Vietnam
The final use of the radar picket concept by the US Navy was in the Vietnam War. The Gulf of Tonkin Positive Identification Radar Advisory Zone (PIRAZ) guided missile cruisers (and destroyer leaders aka frigates which would later be redesignated as cruisers in 1975) provided significant air control and air defense in that war.

United Kingdom
British aircraft direction ships

The British Royal Navy constructed or converted two types of dedicated aircraft direction ships in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Four World War II Battle-class destroyers and four Weapon-class destroyers were converted 1959–1962 as Fast Air Detection Escorts to accompany fast carrier groups. Also, four Type 61 s were commissioned 1957–1960 to accompany slow carrier or amphibious groups. However, the aircraft direction function was short-lived. With the mid-1960s decision to phase out the fast carriers, the Battle-class ships were placed in reserve 1966–1968 and were scrapped or converted to non-combat roles by 1974. The Salisbury class were relegated to non-combat roles or sold by the end of 1978.

Soviet Union
Soviet radar picket ships
Twenty s were converted to Project 254 KVN-50-class radar picket ships between 1955 and 1959. Modifications involved replacing the aft gun turret with a Pegmantit 8 (NATO reporting name: "Knife Rest-A") or MP-500 radar (NATO: "Big Net") radar. Most were retired during the 1970s or relegated to training duties, with the last withdrawn in 1987.

14 further T43-class minesweepers were converted to Project 258 KVN-6-class radar picket ships between 1973 and 1977 with Kaktus radars. Some were later modified to Project 258M ships with Rubka (NATO: "Strut Curve") radars.

Three s were converted to radar picket ships between 1975 and 1977 by replacing the aft 57 mm gun turret with a Pegmantit 10 (NATO: "Knife Rest-B") radar.

Three other projects were cancelled before conversions were made.
 Project 959 – further conversions the T58-class minesweeper with upgraded radar
 Project 962 – a fourth cruiser type following on from the ,  and  designs
 Project 996 - conversion of a

Soviet radar picket submarines
Four Project 640 submarines were converted as radar picket boats between 1959 and 1963 by fitting Project 613 submarines with "Boat Sail" radar in an enlarged conning tower. These were known to NATO as "Whiskey Canvas Bag" submarines from the canvas coverings often put over the radar when NATO aircraft approached. While the US radar picket submarines were intended for fleet defense, the Project 640 boats were intended to provide warning of air attacks on Soviet coastal territory.

Soviet AEW

In 1958 the Soviet Union began development of an aircraft intended to act as an airborne early warning (AEW) radar picket in the far north along the Arctic coast, so that the expense of land stations could be avoided. The result, the Tupolev Tu-126 (NATO: "Moss"), entered service in 1965, but the Liana (NATO: "Flat Jack") radar was ineffective in tracking low flying targets over land, and suffered from reflections from the aircraft's propellers.

The Beriev A-50 "Mainstay" replaced the Tu-126. It first flew in 1978.

In 1979 the development of the Yakovlev Yak-44 was begun; this aircraft would have performed the AEW role aboard later Soviet aircraft carriers. It was similar in layout to the Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, and it would have carried a NPO Vega pulse-doppler radar in a rotodome. The project was cancelled in 1993.

Late and post-Cold War
Airborne early warning and control systems

Airborne early warning and control systems (AEW&C, aka AWACS in the U.S.) were developed to replace the AEW radar pickets of the 1960s. These aircraft have capabilities far beyond their predecessors. They can perform complex command and control of a battlespace in air engagements by directing fighter and attack aircraft strikes. AEW&C units are also used to carry out surveillance, including over ground targets and frequently perform BMC2 (battle management command and control) functions. They are still capable of performing radar picket duties, though they are seldom used in this role.

Tethered aerostats

Beginning in 1980 the United States installed a barrier line of tethered aerostats to detect low flying aircraft over Cuba and the U.S.-Mexican border, known as the Tethered Aerostat Radar System.

Israel developed a similar system, the EL/M-2083, which it sold to India and Singapore.

A similar system, JLENS, was developed starting in 1998 by the United States for tracking cruise missiles and other threats, but was cancelled in 2017.

Long endurance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
Proposals have been made to install similar radars on long-endurance UAVs, although there are conflicts between radar power requirements and UAV endurance.

See also

Early-warning radar
List of radars

Picket (military)
Picket boat
United States general surveillance radar stations

References

Notes

Sources

 Battle Experience: Radar Pickets and Methods of Combating Suicide Attacks off Okinawa, 20 July 1945.

 dtic.mil definition of radar picket
 Duffy, Paul and Kandalov, Andrei. Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft''. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1996. .

  http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA440094&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
 GUPPY, SSR, and other diesel boat conversions page
 Map of Okinawa picket stations in April 1945
 Review by William Gordon of Rielly, Robin L. Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships: Okinawa, 1945, Casemate Publishing, 2008 .
 USS Drexeler description of protection of Okinawa
 Whitman, Edward C. "Cold War Curiosities: U.S. Radar Picket Submarines", Undersea Warfare, Winter-Spring 2002, Issue 14
 YAGR Website Ship List

External links
 Guarding the Cold War Ramparts: The U.S. Navy's Role in Continental Air Defense, Federation of American Scientists, reprinted from the Naval War College Review, Summer 1999

Force protection tactics
Naval warfare tactics
Aerial warfare tactics
Anti-aircraft warfare

Radar picket


Naguib Surur (; born 1 June 1932 - 24 October 1978) was an Egyptian poet, playwright, actor and critic.

Career
One of his most successful folk-themed plays, "Yasin and Bahiyah," was staged by Karam Motawea in 1964 at the Masrah al-Jayb (Pocket Theatre) in Cairo. It incorporated the traditional Egyptian folk story-telling device of the sha'ir al-rababah (poet of the rababa), who plays the simple one-stringed instrument to accompany his tale. The tragic play deals with a class struggle between the oppressed peasant farmers (fellahin) of a Delta village, Bahut, who rise up against the feudal pasha (unnamed) in order variously to protect their land rights (Yasin's father), the honor of his betrothed (Yasin), and their crops from being expropriated by the Pasha's goons (the entire village). The central love story involves young fellah Yasin and his cousin Bahiyah, whose marriage plans are frustrated year after year. Yasin is finally shot and killed, and Bahiyah awaits the return of his spirit in the form of a dove or butterfly, accordingly to the folk tradition.

Selected works
His best-known poem 'Kuss Ummiyyat', written after the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, veered between expletives and lyricism in a savage attack on the corruption of society and state in the Nasser regime. Circulating but never published in his lifetime, it was partly posted on the web by his son, Shodhy Surur, in 2001: arrested and sentenced to one year's imprisonment, Shohdy left the country before his appeal hearing in 2002.

References

Egyptian male poets
Egyptian dramatists and playwrights
Egyptian male stage actors
1932 births
1978 deaths
20th-century Egyptian poets
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Egyptian male actors
20th-century male writers
People from Dakahlia Governorate

Naguib Surur


V380 Ori  is a young multiple star system located near the Orion Nebula in the constellation Orion, thought to be somewhere between 1 and 3 million years old.  It lies at the centre of NGC 1999 and is the primary source lighting up this and other nebulae in the region.

System
V380 Orionis is a multiple star system containing at least three stars.  A very faint cool star 9" away is also thought to be gravitationally bound, making it a hierarchical quadruple system.  Two infrared sources within NGC 1999 have been listed as companions in some catalogues, but are not thought to be stars.  When discovered, they were referred to as V380 Ori-B and V-380 Ori-C, a notation which can lead to confusion.

The main component is visible as the 10th magnitude variable star at the centre of NGC 1999, referred to as the primary.  Speckle interferometry shows a cool companion separated by 0.15", approximately 62 AU, referred to as the tertiary.  Spectroscopy shows a third star at a projected separation less than 0.33 AU, referred to as the secondary.  The two closest stars, the primary and tertiary, are surrounded by a circumstellar disk, lying almost edge-on to observers on earth.  The fourth star has a projected separation of 4,000 AU and is receding from the other three.

The system is believed to have formed with all four stars close together, but interacted to eject the smallest star into an unstable but gravitationally bound orbit around 20,000 years ago.

The primary and secondary, the two closest stars, are calculated to orbit every 104 days.  The radial velocity signatures in the spectrum have a large margin of uncertainty and the orbit is poorly defined.  Comparing the mass ratio found from the orbit with masses assumed from other physical properties suggests that the orbit is seen close to pole-on.

Properties

The primary star is a hot white Herbig Ae/Be star that has been variously assigned spectral types between B9 and A1.  It has a surface temperature of 10,500 ± 500 K, is around 2.87 times as massive as the sun, 3 times its radius, and 100 times as luminous.  It has a strong magnetic field which varies every 4.1 days and this is assumed to be the star's rotation period.  Models show that the axis of rotation is inclined at 32 degrees.  It is a variable star, considered an Orion variable, with occasional fading and other variability caused by obscuration from the surrounding dust.  The apparent magnitude varies irregularly between 10.2 and 10.7.  The properties of the star are calculated based on its maximum brightness, assumed to be the least obscured.

The secondary is a T Tauri star, detected by distinctive spectral lines that could not be produced by the hotter primary star, that has a surface temperature of 5,500 ± 500 K, is around 1.6 times as massive as the sun, twice its radius, and three times as luminous.

The nature of the tertiary component is uncertain.  No spectral lines have been seen originating from this component.

The fourth star, sometimes called V380 Orionis B, is a small, cool object of spectral type M5 or M6 that is either a red dwarf or brown dwarf.

Nebulosity
One of the component stars of V380 Orionis appears to have launched a polar jet that helped to clear the keyhole-shaped hole in the surrounding nebula known as NGC 1999. The system is surrounded by a bow shock—the total structure over 17 light-years (5.3 parsecs) across.

References

Orion (constellation)
026327
Orionis, V380
A-type stars
Herbig Ae/Be stars
T Tauri stars
4
Durchmusterung objects

V380 Orionis


John William Thomas (born 5 August 1958) is an English former professional footballer. He scored 123 goals in 364 appearances in the Football League playing for Tranmere Rovers, Halifax Town, Bolton Wanderers, Chester, Lincoln City, Preston North End, Bolton Wanderers and Hartlepool United. he was one of the coldest player as a footballer growing up in georgia.

Playing career

Everton
Born in Wednesbury, upon leaving school in 1974 Thomas signed for Everton as a trainee but in six years with the club, he failed to make a single appearance, although two loan spells with Tranmere Rovers (11 games 2 goals) in 1978-79 season and also with Halifax Town (5 games 0 goals) the following season showed that John was capable of playing in the football league.

Bolton Wanderers
After Everton released him at the end of the 1979–80 season, John signed for newly relegated Bolton Wanderers hoping to cement a regular place in the starting line-up and thus kick starting his career.

Chester and Lincoln City
After Bolton gave John a free transfer he signed in July 1982 for fourth division Chester. In his only season at Sealand Road John became a real favourite with the fans, comfortably finishing as the club's top scorer with 20 goals in 44 league games. He was also unsurprisingly voted Chester's player of the season. It was however a shock to the club's fans when the cash strapped club were forced to sell their prize asset to Division Three side Lincoln City for £22,000 after just one season.

His time with The Imps was however a mixed affair with John struggling to find the net with any great regularity and although in his two seasons with the club he netted 18 times in 67 games it therefore came as no surprise when at the end 1984-85 season, they decided to cash in by selling him to recently relegated Preston North End for £15,000. In his last game for Lincoln he was to witness a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing Bradford City.

Preston North End
John's stay at Preston started badly, for although John was scoring regularly and forming a potent strike partnership with Gary Brazil, the team as a whole were performing woefully badly finishing the 1985-86 season in 91st position, therefore having to apply for re-election. John however did on a personal note finish the season successfully by picking up the club's official player of the year award for 1985–86.

The following season was however a different story. With a new artificial pitch laid and John McGrath at the helm Preston stormed to promotion with John finishing the season as the club's leading scorer. The rumor, however, of a fall out with manager McGrath only increased with Thomas being dropped several times during the season to be replaced by the likes of Nigel Jemson, Frank Worthington and Steve Taylor. He did though every time regain his place in the team, ending the season with an excellent 28 goals. At the end of his contract in July 1987 he was sold much to the fans dismay to Bolton Wanderers for a bargain £30,000 after finding the net 38 times in just 78 games.

Return to Bolton Wanderers and West Bromwich Albion
His second spell at Bolton was far more successful than his first. In 1987–88 Thomas enjoyed his second successive Division Four promotion, before a comfortable mid-table finish in Division Three the following season. He played on the winning side at Wembley in 1989 in the Football League Trophy final. He was club top-scorer in both seasons, scoring 31 times in 73 games before deciding in July 1989 to sign for his boyhood heroes West Bromwich Albion on a free transfer.

John however spent the majority of his short stay at The Hawthorns on the bench, managing 1 goal in 19 games, although he did score a hat-trick in a 5–3 victory for the Baggies in a Football League Cup tie against Bradford City at Valley Parade. Soon after however, the call came from struggling Preston in February 1990.

Return to Preston North End
After signing for £50,000 and helping North End to beat the drop, hopes for the following season were high. But a broken leg on his return to Bolton Wanderers scuppered these hopes.

Despite recovering from his injury John Thomas struggle to reach the same level again and after just 27 more games and another six goals, he was transferred to fellow Division Three side Hartlepool United in March 1992. One goal in seven games was all John could manage at United before they in turn released him in the summer. John managed one final spell at Halifax Town (12 games 0 goals) in 1992-93 season where he teamed up again with John McGrath, with the club destined for relegation out of the Football League.

This also marked the end of John's professional playing days, as he went on to join non-league sides Bamber Bridge. In a career spanning 17 years, John Thomas played 365 league games scoring 123 goals. He is still held in high regard by fans of Preston, Bolton and Chester, the three clubs who benefited most from his predatory goalscoring ability. He now lives in Lostock, Bolton and works as a sports equipment sales executive.

References

1958 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Everton F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Bamber Bridge F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Wednesbury

John Thomas (footballer, born 1958)