A menhir (; from Brittonic languages: maen or men, "stone" and hir or hîr, "long"), standing stone, orthostat, or lith is a large upright stone, emplaced in the ground by humans, typically dating from the European middle Bronze Age. They can be found individually as monoliths, or as part of a group of similar stones. Menhirs' size can vary considerably, but they often taper toward the top.

They are widely distributed across Europe, Africa and Asia, but are most numerous in Western Europe; particularly in Ireland, Great Britain, and Brittany, where there are about 50,000 examples, and northwestern France, where there are some 1,200 further examples. Standing stones are usually difficult to date. They were constructed during many different periods across prehistory as part of the larger megalithic cultures in Europe and near areas.

Some menhirs stand next to buildings that have an early or current religious significance. One example is the South Zeal Menhir in Devon, which formed the basis for a 12th-century monastery built by lay monks. The monastery later became the Oxenham Arms hotel, at South Zeal, and the standing stone remains in place in the snug bar at the hotel.

Where menhirs appear in groups, often in a circular, oval, henge or horseshoe formation, they are sometimes called megalithic monuments. These are sites of ancient religious ceremonies, sometimes containing burial chambers. The exact function of menhirs has provoked more debate than practically any other issue in European prehistory. Over the centuries, they have variously been thought to have been used by druids for human sacrifice, used as territorial markers, or elements of a complex ideological system, used as mnemonic systems for oral cultures, or functioning as early calendars. Until the nineteenth century, antiquarians did not have substantial knowledge of prehistory, and their only reference points were provided by classical literature. The developments of radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology have significantly advanced scientific knowledge in this area.

The word menhir was adopted from French by 19th-century archaeologists. The introduction of the word into general archaeological usage has been attributed to the 18th-century French military officer Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne. It is a combination of two words of the Breton language: maen and hir. In modern Welsh, they are described as maen hir, or "long stone". In modern Breton, the word peulvan is used, with peul meaning "stake" or "post" and van which is a soft mutation of the word maen which means "stone". In Germany and Scandinavia the word Bauta is used (e.g., :de:Bautastein and :no:bautastein) and this occasionally makes its way into English with the term "bauta stone".

History
Almost nothing is known of the social organization or religious beliefs of the people who erected the menhirs. Their language is also unknown. It is known, however, that they buried their dead and had the skills to grow crops, farm and make pottery, stone tools and jewelry. Identifying the purpose or use of menhirs remains speculative. Until recently, standing stones were associated with the Beaker people, who inhabited Europe during the European late Neolithic and early Bronze Age—later third millennium BC, –1800 BC. However, recent research into the age of megaliths in Brittany strongly suggests a far older origin, perhaps back to six to seven thousand years ago.

Many menhirs are engraved with megalithic art, some with anthropomorphic features.  Other common carvings are identified as images of stone axes, ploughs, shepherds' crooks, and yokes; and are named after these motifs.  However, these identifications are not secure except for those of the stone axe images, and the names used to describe them are largely a matter of convenience. Some menhirs were broken up and incorporated into later passage graves, where they had new megalithic art carved with little regard for the previous pictures. It is not known if this re-use was deliberate or if the passage grave builders just saw menhirs as a convenient source of stone (Le Roux 1992).

During the European Middle Ages, standing stones were believed to have been built by the giants who lived before the biblical flood. Many of the megaliths were destroyed or defaced by early Christians; it is estimated that some 50,000 megaliths once stood in Northern Europe, where almost 10,000 now remain. Menhirs have also been found in many other parts of the world.

Geographical distribution

It is believed that practitioners of megalithic religions travelled via the sea, as the mass majority of menhirs are located on coasts, islands, and peninsulas.

In popular culture
The French comic book series Asterix features the character Obelix, who is known for carrying menhirs, as a sculptor and deliveryman.

See also

. Also matzeva/mazzeva/maseba/masseba/massebah.

. Also stone alignment.
. Also ship setting.

Notes

References
Le Roux, C. T. 1992. "The Art of Gavrinis Presented in its Armorican Context and in Comparison with Ireland." in Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland vol. 122, pp 79–108.

External links

Dolmens, Menhirs & Stones – Circles in the South of France – Menhirs of the "Cham des Bondons"
New Theory – Henges – Engineering in Prehistory
Rows of menhirs in Russia, South Ural
List of menhirs and their related stories in Czech Republic
Ancient Europe Placemarks Google Earth file downloads.
Skela menhirs in Ukraine

Megalithic monuments
Sacred rocks
Stone monuments and memorials
Stone Age Europe

Menhir


Karl Wilhelm Wach (also Carl Wilhelm or Wilhelm Wach) (11 September 1787 – 24 November 1845) was a German painter.

Life
Wach was born in Berlin in 1787, studied art at the Prussian Academy of Arts and was a pupil of painter Karl Kretschmar. At the age of just 20, Wach was commissioned to paint an altar piece for the Paretz village church and produced his "Christ with four Apostles" (1807).

Five years later came his artistic breakthrough, his painting of Königin Luise (1812). After spending 1813 to 1815 in the Prussian army, Wach then established himself in Paris. He met William Hensel and the two became pupils of the painters Antoine Jean Gros and Jacques-Louis David. In 1817 Wach undertook a longer study trip to Italy, above all  to study artists from Quattrocento. His strongest influence – according to his own statements – was however Raphael. Two years later Wach returned to Berlin (1819) and set himself up himself as a freelance artist. His first large commission was a picture for Berlin Concert Hall. Wach created for it a cover painting of the nine Muses.
Prussian king Frederick William III made available to Wach premises in which he then furnished a studio. Due to its influence and its many pupils, this studio soon became a school. By 1837 it had nearly 70 pupils, almost all of whom went on to forge artistic careers. His activity as a teacher did not noticeably impair his artistic work. Wach was honoured with the title professor and appointed a member of Prussian Academy of Arts (1820). To mark his 40th birthday Wach was officially promoted to royal painter (1827).

Wach died in 1845.

Selected works

 Christ with four Apostles (1807)
 Königin Luise (1812)
 The Communion and the Auferstehung Christ (in the Evangelist church of St Peter & Paul, Moscow)
 The beautiful Velletrinerin, (1820)
 Madonna picture (1826, for Prince Frederik of the Netherlands)
 The Three Himmlischen Virtues (1830, in Friedrichswerder Church in Berlin)
 Carl von Clausewitz (1830)
 Christ at the oil mountain
 Psyche of Amor surprise
 A life-large Nymphe
 Bildnis Bettina von Savigny (1834)
 Johannes in the desert (1838)
 Judith with the head of the Holofernes (1838)
 Königin Elisabeth von Preußen (1840)

References
 Biography (in German)

External links
 Bildnis Bettina von Savigny (1834) at Artnet
 The beautiful Velletrinerin at Artnet
 Christ at the oil mountain at Artnet

19th-century German painters
19th-century male artists
German male painters
1787 births
1845 deaths
Pupils of Antoine-Jean Gros
Pupils of Jacques-Louis David
Painters from Berlin

Karl Wilhelm Wach


Anne Therese Morgan (born 16 November 1954) is an Australian writer of children's books and plays, and poetry.

Biography
Born in Hobart, Tasmania, she attended St Joseph's School, Hobart, and Mount Carmel College, Sandy Bay, before training as an English, Drama and Biology teacher at the Tasmanian College of Advanced Education, Mount Nelson (1972–1975). She began her teaching career at Burnie High School, and then taught in remote locations in the Northern Territory. In 1978 she toured outback Queensland schools as an actor with the Queensland Theatre Company. She returned to Hobart to teach young unemployed people. In the early 1980s she completed a Master of Education degree at the University of Tasmania and worked in the Australian Public Service in Hobart for fourteen years. In 2008 she completed a PhD in Writing at Edith Cowan University in Perth, and was awarded the 2009 Faculty of Education and the Arts Research Medal.

Her first children's picture book, The Glow Worm Cave (illustrated by Belinda Kurczok) was published by Aboriginal Studies Press in 1999. Since then she has had seven more stories for children published, including the Captain Clawbeak children's series, published by Random House Australia.

Her latest children's book, The Smallest Carbon Footprint in the Land & Other Ecotales (2013), is illustrated by Gay McKinnon and published by IP Kidz. The Sky Dreamer (2011), also published IP Kidz, is illustrated by Swiss artist, Celine Eimann. A French version of The Sky Dreamer (Le Bateau de Reves) also appeared in 2011, translated by Celine Eimann. This surreal picture book deals with a young boy's journey through grief after the death of his beloved sister.

Anne Morgan's first full-length poetry collection, A Reckless Descent from Eternity, was published by Ginninderra Press, Port Adelaide, in 2009. She currently lives on Bruny Island, Tasmania, and writes full-time.

Awards

The Wilderness Society's Environmental Children's Book of the Year 2014, (Junior Fiction, equal winner) for The Smallest Carbon Footprint in the Land and Other Ecotales.
The Edith Cowan University Faculty of Education and the Arts Postgraduate Research Medal, 2009.
Highly Commended in the Wildcare Tasmania international Nature Writing Award, 2009.
Captain Clawbeak and the Red Herring was featured in the NSW School Magazine's Bookshelf of Forty Excellent Books, 2007.
Highly Commended in Island's Gwen Harwood Poetry Prize, 2006.
The S.A.E. Strom Maritime Short Story Award, sponsored by the Shiplovers' Society of Victoria, 2001.
Shortlisted in the Wilderness Society's Environment Children's Literature Award for The Glow Worm Cave, 2000.
The Banjo Paterson Open Poetry Prize, sponsored by the Orange Arts Council 1999.

Publications

The Glow Worm Cave, 1999
The Crown and Gown, 2002
Warts 'n' All, illustrated by Judith Rossell, 2003
Captain Clawbeak and the Red Herring, 2006
Captain Clawbeak the One and Only, 2007
Captain Clawbeak and the Ghostly Galleon, 2007
A Reckless Descent from Eternity, 2009
The Sky Dreamer (Le Bateau de Reves), 2011
The Smallest Carbon Footprint in the Land & Other Ecotales, 2013

References

External links
Anne Morgan
Wildcare Tasmania Nature Writing Prize
Edith Cowan University

1954 births
Living people
Australian children's writers
Australian women writers
Australian women children's writers
Australian public servants
Australian women public servants
Edith Cowan University alumni
University of Tasmania alumni
Writers from Tasmania

Anne Morgan (author)


Ease of Access Center, formerly Utility Manager, is a component of the Windows NT family of operating systems that enables use of assistive technologies. Utility Manager is included with Windows 2000 and Windows XP. In Windows Vista, Utility Manager was replaced with the Ease of Access Center control panel applet, which is still included in Windows 10, Microsoft's latest operating system. The keyboard shortcut for invoking Utility Manager or the Ease of Access Center is . The command-line shortcut (used in Windows Command Prompt or Run command) is utilman.

Features
Here are a few of the current features of Ease of Access center:

Narrator

Narrator is a screen reading application. It reads aloud text on the screen, notifications (such as calendar events), etc. The shortcut for Narrator is .

Magnifier

Magnifier is a screen magnifier for visually impaired people that creates a bar at the top of the screen which magnifies the text which the mouse is hovering over. The shortcut for Magnifier is .

Sticky keys

Sticky keys is a feature for physically disabled people which allows them to type in capital letters without holding down , to prevent repetitive strain injury. The shortcut for sticky keys is to repeatedly press a key 5 times.

On-screen Keyboard

The On-screen Keyboard is a virtual keyboard for people who do not have a physical keyboard.
Windows components
Accessibility

Ease of Access


Appapillai Amirthalingam (; ; 26 August 1927 – 13 July 1989) was a leading Sri Lankan Tamil politician, Member of Parliament and Leader of the Opposition. Amirthalingam was assassinated by the Tamil Tigers.

Early life
Amirthalingam was born 26 August 1927 in Pannagam near Vaddukoddai in northern province of Ceylon. He was the son of S. Appapillai, a retired station master, and Valliammai. He had three brothers (Sockalingam, Vasu Thevalingam and Thigamparalingam). He was educated at Meihandan Tamil School, Pannakam and Victoria College, Chulipuram. He later studied at Ceylon University College. After graduation he joined the legal profession, becoming an advocate.

Amirthalingam married Mangaiyarkarasi, daughter of Vallipuram. They had two sons - Kandeepan and Baheerathan.

Political career
Amirthalingam joined the newly formed Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (Federal Party) in 1949 and became leader of its Youth Front. He was ITAK's  candidate for Vaddukoddai at the 1952 parliamentary election but failed to get elected. He stood again at the 1956 parliamentary election. He was won this time and entered Parliament. He was re-elected at the March 1960, July 1960 and 1965 parliamentary elections. He stood for re-election in Vaddukoddai at the 1970 parliamentary election but was defeated by the All Ceylon Tamil Congress candidate.

In 1972 the ITAK, ACTC and others formed the Tamil United Front (later renamed Tamil United Liberation Front). Amirthalingam was delivering leaflets along with other leading Tamil politicians (M. Sivasithamparam, V. N. Navaratnam, K. P. Ratnam and K. Thurairatnam) in 1976 when they were all arrested on government orders. Sivasithamparam was released but the others were taken to Colombo and tried for sedition. All the defendants were acquitted after a famous trial at bar case in which 72 Tamil lawyers including S. J. V. Chelvanayakam and G. G. Ponnambalam acted for the defence. S. J. V. Chelvanayakam, leader of the TULF and ITAK, died in April 1977. Amirthalingam took on the leadership of both organisations.

Amirthalingam was the TULF's candidate for Kankesanthurai at the 1977 parliamentary election. He won the election and re-entered Parliament. The TULF became the largest opposition party in Parliament and Amirthalingam became Leader of the Opposition.

Amirthalingam and all other TULF MPs boycotted Parliament from the middle of 1983 for a number of reasons: they were under pressure from Sri Lankan Tamil militants not to stay in Parliament beyond their normal six-year term; the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka required them to swear an oath unconditionally renouncing support for a separate state; and the Black July riots in which up to 3,000 Tamils were murdered by Sinhalese mobs. After three months of absence, Amirthalingam forfeited his seat in Parliament on 22 October 1983.

Amirthalingam and his family, like many families of leading Tamil politicians, fled to Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu. Whilst in India Amirthalingam took part in numerous peace talks. After the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in 1987 Amirthalingam returned to Sri Lanka. Amirthalingam and his wife moved into a house in Bullers Road (Baudhaloka Mawatha) in the Cinnamon Gardens area of Colombo. The house was shared with other leading TULF politicians (M. Sivasithamparam, V. Yogeswaran and Mavai Senathirajah) and their families.

Amirthalingam was one of the TULF's candidates in Batticaloa District at the 1989 parliamentary election but failed to get elected. He was however appointed as a National List Member of Parliament for the TULF after the election.

Assassination
In effort to bring about unity amongst the Tamils, Yogeswaran made contact with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and met with them several times. He arranged a meeting between the Tamil Tigers and the TULF leaders at their Bullers Road residence. On the evening of 13 July 1989 three men, Peter Aloysius Leon (Vigna), Rasiah Aravindarajah (Visu) and Sivakumar (Arivu), arrived at the residence. Aloysius and Visu went inside the house whilst Sivakumar remained outside. The two men met with Yogeswaran, Amirthalingam and Sivasithamparam in Yogeswaran's apartment on the first floor. The meeting seemed to be going well when suddenly Visu pulled out a gun and shot Amirthalingam in the head and chest. Yogeswaran stood up but was shot by Aloysius and Visu. Security guards heard the shots and rushed in, shooting the assailants who were injured. The assailants shot Sivasithamparam in the shoulder before running downstairs. They were chased and shot dead by the security guards. Sivakumar was also shot and died later of his injuries. Amirthalingam and Yogeswaran were killed but Sivasithamparam survived. The Tamil Tigers initially denied responsibility for the assassinations but later accepted responsibility.

Further reading

See also
 List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War

References

External links
 A. Amirthalingam: Life and Struggle

1927 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Sri Lankan lawyers
Alumni of the Ceylon University College
Assassinated Sri Lankan politicians
Ceylonese advocates
Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)
Members of the 3rd Parliament of Ceylon
Members of the 4th Parliament of Ceylon
Members of the 5th Parliament of Ceylon
Members of the 6th Parliament of Ceylon
Members of the 8th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka
People killed during the Sri Lankan Civil War
Sri Lankan Hindus
Sri Lankan Tamil people
Sri Lankan lawyers
Tamil politicians
Sri Lankan terrorism victims
Terrorism deaths in Sri Lanka
Tamil United Liberation Front politicians
People of the Sri Lankan Civil War
Indian Peace Keeping Force
1980s assassinated politicians

A. Amirthalingam


Bika ambon or golden cake or golden kuih bingka in Singapore, is an Indonesian dessert made from ingredients such as tapioca flour, eggs, sugar, yeast and coconut milk. Bika ambon is generally sold in pandan and banana flavor, but today it is also available in other flavors like durian, cheese and chocolate. Originating from the city of Medan in North Sumatra, the cake is usually cooked twelve hours, so that it can last in the best condition and according to what is desired for four days because after that the cake starts to harden.

This cake is a further development of kue bingka, a famous traditional cake in the eastern parts of Indonesia.

The cake is notable for its sponge-like holes, which are formed by yeast in the cake dough that creates bubbles. These holes give it a unique spongy texture when it is baked. It is a close analogue of the Malay sponge cake, due to similar spongy holes, but the moisture and texture are slightly different.

Although the name contains the word "Ambon", the name of an island and its largest city, Bika ambon is widely known as the specialty cake of Medan in North Sumatra and is often brought as a gift by those who visited the city. The origins of bika ambon are not known; however, there is some speculation that they came to Medan through Ambonese traders, where the locals took a liking to it. Mojopahit Street, Medan Petisah is the most famous sales region of bika ambon in Medan, North Sumatra. There are at least 40 stores that sell this kind of cake.

Recently, bika ambon has become popular around Central Java, thanks to a few retail shops that sell various Indonesian traditional cakes.

See also

 Kue
 White sugar sponge cake
 Bánh bò

References

Kue

Bika ambon


Lucy Ware Hayes (née Webb; August 28, 1831 – June 25, 1889) was the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes and served as first lady of the United States from 1877 to 1881.

Hayes was the first First Lady to have a college degree. She was also a more egalitarian hostess than previous First Ladies. An advocate for African Americans both before and after the American Civil War, Lucy invited the first African-American professional musician to appear at the White House. She was a Past Grand of Lincoln Rebekah Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, together with her husband.

Historians have christened her "Lemonade Lucy" due to her staunch support of the temperance movement; however, contrary to popular belief, she was never referred to by that nickname while living. It was her husband who banned alcohol from the White House.

Early life
Lucy Webb was born on August 28, 1831, in Chillicothe, Ohio. Her parents were Dr. James Webb and Maria Cook. She had two older brothers who both became medical doctors.

In 1833, Lucy's father went to his family's home in Lexington, Kentucky, to free 15-20 slaves he had inherited from his aunt. There was a cholera epidemic happening at the time and James cared for the sick. Soon James became infected with cholera and died. Friends of Lucy's mother advised the family to sell the slaves rather than free them. Maria responded that she would take in washing to earn money before she would sell a slave.

Maria's father, Isaac Cook, was a temperance advocate and he encouraged young Lucy to sign a pledge to abstain from alcohol.

The Webbs were Methodists.

Education
In 1844, the Webb family moved to Delaware, Ohio. Lucy's brothers enrolled at Ohio Wesleyan University. Although women were not allowed to study at Wesleyan, Lucy was permitted to enroll in the college prep program at the university. A term report signed by the vice-president of Ohio Wesleyan in 1845 noted that her conduct was "unexceptionable" (beyond reproach).

Several months later Lucy transferred to Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College and she graduated from there in 1850. Lucy was unusually well educated for a young lady of her day.

While in college, Lucy wrote essays on social and religious issues. One essay was entitled "Is Traveling on the Sabbath Consistent with Christian Principles?" At her commencement, she read an original essay, "The Influence of Christianity on National Prosperity." Lucy appears to have been influenced by the women's suffrage movement, writing in one essay, "It is acknowledged by most persons that her (woman's) mind is as strong as a man's. ... Instead of being considered the slave of man, she is considered his equal in all things, and his superior in some."

Marriage
Lucy first met Rutherford B. Hayes at Ohio Wesleyan University. At the time, Lucy was fourteen years old and Rutherford was twenty-three. Rutherford's mother was hopeful that the two would find a connection, but at this point Rutherford considered Lucy "not quite old enough to fall in love with."

In 1850, Rutherford's older sister Fanny Platt encouraged him to visit with Lucy again. That summer Lucy was 19, and she and Rutherford were members of the same wedding party. Rutherford was so taken with Lucy that he gave her the prize (a gold ring) that he had found in the wedding cake.

In 1851, Rutherford wrote in his diary, "I guess I am a great deal in love with L(ucy). ... Her low sweet voice ... her soft rich eyes." Rutherford also praised her intelligence and character, "She sees at a glance what others study upon, but will not, perhaps study what she is unable to see at a flash. She is a genuine woman, right from instinct and impulse rather than judgment and reflection."

After the couple became engaged, Lucy returned the wedding cake ring to Rutherford. He wore that ring for the rest of his life.

Lucy and Rutherford were married at her mother's house in Cincinnati in a simple ceremony on December 30, 1852.

They spent their honeymoon at Fanny's house in Columbus, Ohio, before returning to Cincinnati. In Columbus, Rutherford argued a case before the Ohio Supreme Court while Fanny and Lucy developed a close friendship. The two women attended lectures and concerts together. Lucy and Fanny once went to a lecture by noted suffragette Lucy Stone. Lucy Hayes agreed with Stone that a reform in the wage scale for women was long overdue, and that "violent" methods sometimes served the purpose of calling attention to the need for reforms. Lucy noted that Stone took the position that "whatever is proper for a man to do is equally right for a woman provided she has the power." According to Emily Apt Geer of the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, "if the influence of the bright and aggressive Fanny Platt had extended over a normal lifetime, Lucy Hayes might have become active in the woman's rights movement." Fanny Platt died in childbirth during the winter of 1856. Lucy named her sixth child and only daughter Fanny in memory of her sister-in-law and friend.

The couple had eight children: Birchard Austin (1853–1926), Webb Cook (1856–1934), Rutherford Platt (1858–1927), Joseph Thompson (1861–1863), George Crook (1864–1866), Fanny (1867–1950), Scott Russell (1871–1923), and Manning Force (1873–1874).

Rutherford had previously thought the abolition of slavery was too radical an action. But, influenced by Lucy's anti-slavery sentiments, soon after their marriage Rutherford began defending runaway slaves in court who had crossed into Ohio from Kentucky.

After Lincoln's election in 1860, Lucy and Rutherford joined the presidential train from Indianapolis to Cincinnati.

Civil War
When the first news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Cincinnati, Lucy was in favor of the war. She felt that if she had been at Fort Sumter with a garrison of women, there might not have been a surrender. Her enthusiasm encouraged Rutherford to enlist as a major in the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry.  As often as she could, Lucy – sometimes with her mother and children – visited Rutherford in the field. She often assisted her brother, Dr. Joe Webb, in caring for the sick.

In September 1862, Rutherford was injured in battle in Middleton, Maryland. Thinking he was hospitalized in Washington due to a paperwork error, Lucy rushed to the nation's capital. She eventually found Hayes in Maryland and after two weeks of convalescence, the Hayeses returned to Ohio, traveling by train with other wounded troops.

After Rutherford returned to his regiment, Lucy became a regular visitor in Rutherford's Army camp. She ministered to the wounded, cheered the homesick, and comforted the dying. She also secured supplies from Northern civilians to better equip the Union soldiers. Lucy was often joined by her mother at camp and her brother Joe was the regiment's surgeon. The men of the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry affectionately nicknamed her "Mother Lucy" for her service. At one point, twenty-year-old William McKinley spent hours tending a campfire because Lucy sat nearby.

The couple's infant son, Joe, died while the family was at an Army camp.

Congress
While Rutherford served in Congress, Lucy joined him in Washington for its winter social season. Lucy regularly sat in the gallery of the House to listen to congressional debates. She often wore a checkered shawl so her husband could spot her.

In 1866, the Hayeses and other congressional couples visited the scene of race riots in Memphis and New Orleans to see the damage that had been done.

Lucy also worked for the welfare of children and veterans. The couple's nearly two-year-old son George died during this period.

First Lady of Ohio
While Rutherford was Governor of Ohio, Lucy often accompanied her husband on visits to prisons, correctional institutions for boys and girls, hospitals for the mentally ill, and facilities for the deaf and mute.

In 1870, Lucy and her friends established a soldiers' orphans home in Xenia, Ohio.

Rutherford initially chose not to run for a third term as governor and in 1873, the family moved to Spiegel Grove. Rutherford's uncle, Sardis Birchard, had built the house years earlier with them in mind. This house would later become the first presidential library.

In 1875, Rutherford ran for and won a third term as governor. The hard fought victory brought Rutherford to national prominence. In June 1876, he was nominated for president by the Republican party.

Lucy played an active role in her husband's administration and lobbied the state legislature to provide more funding to schools, orphanages, and insane asylums.

Their youngest child, named for General Manning F. Force, was born in 1873 and died in 1874, while the Hayes family lived at Spiegel Grove.

First Lady of the United States
The presidential election of 1876 was one of the most controversial in the country's history. Hayes was not declared the winner until March 1, 1877, five months after Election Day. The declaration was so delayed that the Hayes family boarded a train to Washington without being sure if Rutherford was the president elect. The next morning, March 2, they were awakened near Harrisburg to receive the news that Congress had finally declared Hayes President of the United States.

In the early days of Rutherford's administration, the North's military occupation of the South and the Reconstruction era came to an end.

Restoration funds for the White House were unavailable when they first moved in, so Lucy retrieved old furniture from the attic and rearranged things to hide the holes in the carpets and drapes. According to executive assistant William Cook, "any really good things owed their preservation to this energetic lady."

By the time of Rutherford's inauguration, the position of First Lady was an increasingly prominent one. There were growing numbers of female journalists in the late nineteenth century. Female reporters devoted much of their time and energy to covering the most visible woman in America: the First Lady. The attention began after Rutherford's inauguration, with the New York Herald writing "Mrs. Hayes is a most attractive and lovable woman. She is the life and soul of every party ... For the mother of so many children she looks ... youthful."

Lucy Hayes was the first wife of a President to be widely referred to as the First Lady by the press, when Mary C. Ames referred to the "First Lady" in a newspaper column about the inauguration. Advances in printing technology meant that a wide audience saw sketches of the new First Lady from the 1877 inauguration.

At this time it was not the custom for a president's wife to have a staff of social assistants and, unlike some previous First Ladies, Lucy had no adult daughters to help shoulder the workload. Lucy depended on nieces, cousins, and daughters of friends to help with social events, and these young ladies also helped enliven the Hayes White House.

Lucy was fond of animals. A cat, a bird, two dogs, and a goat joined the Hayes family in residence at the White House.

In 1879, The Washington Post described Lucy's dress at the White House New Year's Reception, "The dress of Mrs. Hayes was at once simple and elegant ... With accustomed good taste she wore no jewelry, and the white plume in her black hair fell gracefully in drooping folds."

At the first official state dinner on April 19, 1877, to honor Russian Grand Duke Alexis and Grand Duke Constantine, a "full quota" of wine was served. But soon after this, President Hayes made it known that there would be no more alcoholic beverages served at future White House functions. The six wine glasses laid out at each place setting had angered temperance advocates and Rutherford believed the Republican Party needed the temperance vote. The decision was Rutherford's, although Lucy may have influenced him. Although the Hayes family were generally teetotal, they had previously served alcoholic beverages to guests at their home in Ohio. But because Lucy was a known teetotaler (Hayes sometimes had a "schoppen" of beer when he visited Cincinnati) she was blamed for the dry White House. Regardless of her teetotaler status however, along with her husband they privately opposed Prohibition. They believed controlling alcohol consumption through education and example rather than force was more effective. Yet Hayes understood the political power becoming a teetotaler gave him by ensuring dry Republicans stayed within the party. He believed this stance on alcohol would only effect them at the White House and could still enjoy in private. This political move earned them more attention than they had originally thought. As a mother herself, Lucy stood as a key figure in the temperance movement as setting an example for how women could set moral examples for their families She understood the power her role possessed and announced to the public that, "I have young sons who have never tasted liquor, they shall not receive from my hand, or with the sanction that its use in the family would give, the first taste of what might prove their ruin. What I wish for my own sons I must do for the sons of other mothers."
Later, when President Garfield brought alcohol back to the White House, the Hayeses predicted it would cause a split within the Republican Party.

In general, Lucy had a more casual style that was reflected in the receptions she held during Washington's winter social season. During the holidays, she invited staff members and their families to Thanksgiving dinner and opened presents with them on Christmas morning. The White House telegraph operator and secretaries were included in the Thanksgiving group. The group was so large it took three turkeys and a roast pig to feed them all. Lucy was generally kind towards the White House staff, she also allowed White House servants to take time off to attend school.

On December 31, 1877, Rutherford and Lucy celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in the White House.

The most significant change made to the White House during the Hayes Administration were the installation of bathrooms with running water and the addition of a crude wall telephone. Lucy was the first First Lady to use a typewriter, a telephone, and a phonograph while in office, and was also the first to enjoy a permanent system of running water in the White House.

Lucy preferred to enlarge the greenhouse conservatories rather than to undertake extensive redecoration of the White House. The billiard-room, which connected the house with the conservatories, was converted into an attractive greenhouse and the billiard table consigned to the basement. Shuttered windows in the State Dining Room could be opened for dinner guests to look into the conservatories. Some Americans considered the billiard table as either a gambling device or a rich man's toy, and the Hayes were glad to get it out of sight.

Every day, flowers were brought in from the greenhouses to decorate the White House. Additional bouquets were sent to friends and Washington hospitals. Greenhouse upkeep made up one fourth of the White House's household expenditures under Hayes.

Looking to celebrate American flora and fauna, Lucy commissioned Theodore R. Davis to design new china for the White House. After using the pieces, Washington hostess Clover Adams complained that it was hard to eat soup calmly with a coyote springing from behind a pine tree in the bowl.

Music was important to Lucy and, while famous musicians performed downstairs at White House events, informal "sings" occurred upstairs in the family quarters. Lucy sang and played the guitar, and was assisted by the talents of friends and family. At times, Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz played the piano while Vice President William A. Wheeler, Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, and his brother, Gen. William T. Sherman, joined in singing gospel songs.

Lucy frequently accompanied her husband on trips around the country. Rutherford travelled so much that the Chicago Tribune nicknamed him "Rutherford the Rover." In 1877, The couple undertook a tour of the South in hopes of improving national unity. The Richmond Dispatch reported that Lucy "won the admiration of people where she has been."

In 1878, Lucy toured Philadelphia without her husband. She visited the Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia School of Design for Women, and the Woman's Medical College, as well as several schools and orphanages. This was the first documented instance of a First Lady following a public schedule independent of the President.

In 1880, Lucy was the first presidential spouse to visit the West Coast while her husband was President. While on their Western tour, Lucy and Rutherford met with Sarah Winnemucca. Lucy was moved to tears by Winnemucca's impassioned speech for Native American lands.

Lucy's compassion and sincerity endeared her to Washingtonians. She regularly visited the National Deaf Mute College (today Gallaudet University) and the Hampton Institute, where she sponsored a scholarship for a student. She continued to show concern for the poor by contributing generously to Washington charities. In January 1880 alone, Lucy and Rutherford gave $990 (~$ in ) to help the poor in Washington.

However, Lucy rejected pleas from groups requesting her public support, committing herself instead to serving as a moral example to the nation. Rutherford once commented, "I don't know how much influence Mrs. Hayes has with Congress, but she has great influence with me."

As First Lady, Lucy advocated for the completion of the Washington Monument.

When the children of Washington were banned from rolling their Easter eggs on the Capitol grounds, they were invited to use the White House lawn on the Monday following Easter.

Lucy was a friend to other First Ladies. During her tenure as First Lady, Lucy visited with Sarah Polk and journeyed to Martha Washington's Mount Vernon and Dolley Madison's Montpelier. She asked Julia Tyler to help officiate at a White House reception and was friendly with former First Lady Julia Grant. She was also friendly with future First Ladies including Lucretia Garfield, Ida McKinley, and Helen Herron Taft.

When portraits of past presidents were commissioned for the White House, Lucy insisted that paintings of both Martha Washington and Dolley Madison also grace the walls of the presidential mansion. Lucy's own official portrait by Daniel Huntington was commissioned by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

On his 48th birthday, Rutherford wrote to Lucy, "My life with you has been so happy--so successful--so beyond reasonable anticipations, that I think of you with a loving gratitude that I do not know how to express."

Rutherford kept his promise to serve only one term, the Hayes family returned to their Fremont, Ohio, home, Spiegel Grove, in 1881.

Views on race
Lucy Hayes was an advocate for African Americans both before and after the Civil War. She remained in contact with her family's former slaves, and employed some. Winnie Monroe, a former slave freed by Lucy's mother Maria, eventually moved to the White House with the Hayes family as a cook and nurse. Later, Lucy would encourage Winnie's daughter Mary Monroe to attend Oberlin.

The Hayes were so known for their sympathy towards African Americans that a month after they returned to Cincinnati from Columbus, a black baby was left on their doorstep.

In 1861, Lucy wrote to her husband, "if a contraband [runaway slave] is in Camp--- don't let the 23rd Regiment be disgraced by returning [him or her]."

As First Lady, Lucy invited African-American performers to the White House. In 1878, Marie Selika Williams (1849-1937), also known as Madame Selika, appeared at the White House. Introduced by Frederick Douglass, Madame Selika was the first African-American professional musician to appear at the White House.

Views on temperance
Known as a  teetotaler, Lucy had signed a pledge to abstain from alcohol at a young age.

The White House had a ban on alcoholic beverages during Rutherford's term, but historians generally credit Rutherford with the final decision to ban alcohol. Lucy actually opposed prohibition. She preferred to persuade rather than prevent and did not condemn those who used alcohol in moderation.

Lucy was not a member of any  temperance groups. She resisted attempts by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) to enlist her as a leader out of fear of creating political fallout for her husband by association with the controversial cause.

The WCTU paid for a portrait of Lucy by Daniel Huntington before she left the White House.

The first written references to "Lemonade Lucy" don't turn up until the 20th century, which didn't begin until 11 years after Lucy's death in 1889, according to Tom Culbertson of the Hayes Center. Hundreds of articles, cartoons, and poems chronicled and parodied her opposition to drinking. Historian Carl Anthony "suggests a reason the legend of Lemonade Lucy might have become so popular with historians of the early 20th century, when there was greater moral stigma associated with alcohol consumption".

Views on suffrage
As a young woman, Lucy expressed opinions that suggested she was pro-suffrage, but she did not join any of the prominent suffrage groups of the day. Two of Lucy's aunts were involved in the suffrage movement.

Many historians believe that had her sister-in-law Fanny Platt lived longer, Lucy would have become a committed advocate for women's suffrage.

Later life

Back in Ohio after leaving the White House, Lucy joined the Woman's Relief Corps (founded 1883), taught a Sunday School class, attended reunions of the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and entertained distinguished visitors to Spiegel Grove. Lucy also became national president of the newly formed Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Church. As president, she called attention to the plight of the urban poor and disenfranchised African-Americans in the South. She also spoke out against Mormon polygamy. However, when asked by Susan B. Anthony to send delegates from the Home Missionary Society to a meeting of the International Council of Women, Lucy declined.

Hayes spent her last eight years at Spiegel Grove. A few days after suffering a stroke, she died, at age 57, on June 25, 1889. Flags across the country were flown at half-mast in her honor.

Rutherford died three and a half years later and was buried beside his wife. In 1915, their remains were moved to Spiegel Grove. Below them their dog Gryme and two horses named Old Whitey and Old Ned are buried also.

Legacy
Lucy Hayes served as First Lady during an important transitional era in nineteenth-century American history. Major economic trends of the 1870s included the rise of national businesses, shifts in centers of agriculture, and the development of a favorable balance of trade for the United States. The accelerated movement of people from rural to urban areas also brought about great alterations in social life.

Emily Apt Geer explained,

Spiegel Grove is operated by the Ohio History Connection and is open to the public.

Hayes is honored with a life-size bronze sculpture inside the Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Cleveland, Ohio.

In popular culture

 In the musical comedy 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, the First Lady sings the "Duet for One," in which she transforms from Mrs. Grant into Lucy Webb Hayes.
 In the Lucky Luke comic book Sarah Bernhardt, which is set in the late 19th-century Wild West, President Rutherford B. Hayes's wife is portrayed as being one of many who strongly disapprove of the titular actress's tour of the United States, given her reputation for loose morality. Disguised as a man called "George," the First Lady infiltrates Sarah's entourage and sabotages their tour throughout the U.S., though she does come to accept Sarah when the French actress's charms and singing talent moves a tribe of hostile Indians. "The president's wife" is not mentioned by name in the book, and thus might be regarded as fictional, although she and her husband do resemble Rutherford and Lucy Hayes in many ways. Hayes himself is portrayed as a man who is very taken aback by his wife's hostility towards Sarah, and keeps making the same speech over and over again, even when there is no one there to listen to him.

References

External links

Lucy Ware Webb Hayes - Official White House biography
Lucy Hayes' Civil War Letters
Lucy Hayes at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image

1831 births
1889 deaths
19th-century American women
19th-century Methodists
Abolitionists from Ohio
Methodists from Ohio
Temperance activists from Ohio
First ladies and gentlemen of Ohio
First ladies of the United States
Methodist abolitionists
Ohio Wesleyan Female College alumni
People from Chillicothe, Ohio
People from Fremont, Ohio
Rutherford B. Hayes
Hayes family

Lucy Webb Hayes


Dominion is a way to call nations, that were part of the British Empire. They had their own governments. The most famous dominions were for example Canada, Australia, Pakistan, New Zealand and South Africa. When the British Empire dissolved after World War II, the word was changed to Commonwealth country and later Commonwealth Realm.

References

British Empire

Dominion


Actionable Offenses: Indecent Phonograph Recordings from the 1890s is a compilation of jokes and stories recorded to wax cylinders during the 1890s. At the time the recordings were made, they were considered indecent, and nearly all similar recordings from this era have been destroyed, often by law. The compilation was assembled by Patrick Feaster and David Giovannoni, and released on Archeophone Records, an archival reissue label, in 2007. It received two Grammy Award nominations.

Historical background
By the 1890s, phonograph machines became common in public places, and were found in American cities at county fairs, public halls, saloons, and department stores. In many places, such as bars and taverns, patrons could place money into a coin slot and choose a recording to listen to, like a jukebox. Some establishments began placing cylinders of a sexually explicit nature into their machines during this decade, and local authorities often took steps to remove the cylinders from use and charge those responsible under indecency statutes. In New York City, Anthony Comstock and his Society for the Suppression of Vice spent several years investigating cases of indecent material in phonograph booths throughout the city. In 1899, Comstock succeeded in pushing through a statute specifically criminalizing the distribution and airing, public or private, of recorded material which used profanity or sexually explicit language; as a result, most of those in the business of making such records ceased to do so after 1900.

In addition to commercial recordings, the advent of home recording also allowed for the creation of obscene or sexually explicit recordings. Such machines were available by the 1890s, and the ability to use the machine to record such material was actually used as a selling point by some purveyors of home recording machines.

Assembly of the compilation
The recordings on the album comprise two collections of cylinders: the Walter Miller Collection and the Bruce R. Young Collection. The Walter Miller Collection was compiled by the manager of Thomas Edison's commercial apparatus until 1937, and his collection of commercial recordings was preserved by the Edison National Historic Site from the 1950s. The latter collection was purchased by a collector in 1997, and consisted of what are probably home recordings. Both of the collections are presented in their entirety on the compilation; tracks 1–14 are the Miller Collection and tracks 15–43 are the Young collection. The Miller Collection was digitized in November 2006.

Performers

Cal Stewart

Cal Stewart (c. 1856 – 1919) began his career in vaudeville after injuring his hand and foot working on a railroad. by 1895 he was performing in New York City at the Union Square Theatre, and in 1897 he made his first phonograph recordings. Stewart was best known for his monologues depicting stereotypical "rubes" and "Yankees". Working extensively as a performer and recorder up to the time of his death in 1919, he became a nationally celebrated humorist. The curators of the collection identified Stewart as the most likely performer of the first two tracks of the disc.

Russell Hunting

Russell Hunting (1864–1943) worked as a stage manager for a Boston theater, and recorded comedy routines centering on stereotypical Irish Americans from the early 1890s. His recurring character "Michael Casey" became a centerpiece of his comedy and was widely imitated. Hunting was actually arrested by Anthony Comstock in June 1896, and served three months in prison as a result; he returned to the recording business upon his release, but emigrated to England in 1898. There he continued using the Casey routines to great success and worked as a recording executive. The curators of the collection identified Hunting as the most likely performer of tracks 3–11.

James H. White
James H. White (1872–1944) was the manager of the motion picture wing of Thomas Edison's business from 1896 to 1903. Concomitantly, he took over the recording of the "Michael Casey" sketches after Hunting was arrested. After 1903 White moved to England and managed portions of Edison's businesses there. The curators of the collection identified White as the most likely performer of tracks 12–14.

Critical reception
Archeophone Records issued the compilation to CD in 2007 with extensively researched liner notes. The New York Times noted the compilation's historical importance and noted that the jokes "still kill" more than 100 years after being recorded. NPR noted that the compilation was "as lewd and often obscene as anything Howard Stern has to offer." Metro noted in jest, "Some of this material would get you arrested, even today". The compilation was nominated for two Grammy awards, for Best Album Notes and Best Historical Album.

Track listing
Believed to be by Cal Stewart
1. "Learning a City Gal How to Milk"
2. "The Tapeworm Story"

By an Unknown Performer, Possibly Russell Hunting
3–4. "Gimlet's Soliloquy/The Rascal Detector" (by "Manly Tempest")
5. "The Whore's Union"
6–7. "Boarding the Folsom/A Few Conundrums"

Believed to Be By Russell Hunting
8. "Out of Order" (by "Charley Smith of Kankakee")
9. "Did He Charge Too Much"
10. "Reilly as a Policeman" (by "Charley Smith of New York City")
11. "Slim Hadley on a Racket" (by "Willy Fathand of New York City")

Believed to Be By James White
12. "Slim Hadley on a Racket" (by "Willy Brown")
13. "Michael Casey Exhibiting His Panorama" (by "Willy Smith")
14. "Dennis Reilly at Maggie Murphy's Home After Nine O'Clock" (by "Willy Brown")

By an Unknown Performer, Probably Home Recordings
15–16. Young Cylinder A: "Stroll on Capitol Hill/A Hard Head"
17. Young Cylinder B: "The Virtues of Raw Oysters"
18–25. Young Cylinder C: "Jokes, Riddles, Verses, a Limerick, and a Toast"
26–34. Young Cylinder D: "More Verses and Jokes"
35–38. Young Cylinder E: "The Lady's Friend/A Song/The Irishman's Prayer/A Joke"
39–42. Young Cylinder F: "Verses and Songs"
43. Young Cylinder G: Poem: "I Sit Here, Thinking, Will, of You"

References

2007 compilation albums
2000s spoken word albums
Off-color humor
Archeophone Records compilation albums
Reissue albums


The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-6 was a Soviet ground-attack aircraft design of World War II.

When founding the OKB Mikoyan-Gurevich, Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich used two basic designs from their former employer Polikarpov. One was finally developed to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1. The other was the project 65. They worked on this project to get a so-called TSch (Tjaschely Schturmowik) as a competitor model to the Ilyushin Il-2. Only the paperwork was done. A parallel development was done by Sukhoi, leading to the Sukhoi Su-6.

Sources

 German Book: Karl-Heinz Eyermann MiG-Flugzeuge
 German article in FliegerRevue: Memoires of Gurevich
 Vaclav Nemecek: Soviet Planes; German translation(ca.1999) Luftfahrtverlag Walter Ziehrl

1940s Soviet attack aircraft
MiG-006
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-6


Joseph Nicholas Macaluso Sr. (born March 10, 1928) is an American musician, counselor, teacher, administrator, veteran of World War II and the Korean War, and retired colonel.  He is also an author, Italian-American Civic Award recipient, and civic leader.

Early life
Born March 10, 1928 in New Orleans, Louisiana (Algiers) into a family of immigrants from Contessa Entellina, (Nicholas J. Macaluso Sr.) and Giuliana,  Sicily (Frances Mary Calabrese) he was the second of three sons.
Trumpet lessons commenced in the early 1930s after receiving his first trumpet, made by Regent, bought at Werlein's a fixture in New Orleans music at that time. With that trumpet came 8 free lessons at All State Band on St. Charles Avenue, a local music venue owned by noted cornetist Johnny Wiggs.
Later, lessons were taken with a local black Creole trumpeter, Manuel Manetta. The charge was 50 cents per lesson and it is recalled that when the assignment was completed the lesson was over, no time limit. The family owned a grocery and seafood market, as was common for many Italian immigrant families of the time.

Education

He attended local schools in (ALGIERS) New Orleans, including Martin Behrman School (Alice Harte, Principal) and Belleville Elementary (Edna Karr, Principal) in Algiers and later St. Aloysius High School in New Orleans (Bro. Martin, S. C. Principal), where he was a band member for four years under the direction of Professor Taverna, composer of the schools famous fight song. During this time he also studied private lessons with another New Orleans noted musician, Salvador, Castigliola. Subsequently, during his college years, he studied with another New Orleans great, George Jansen, who was widely regarded as one of, if not the, best music teachers in all of New Orleans. Jansen was also well known as one of the rare teacher in those days who would accept both white and black students without question.
A graduate of Loyola University, New Orleans, in 1951 with a bachelor's degree in music, he later completed studies for a master's degree in counseling and guidance from Loyola University and received a Ph.D. in educational administration, supervision and management from the University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi.

Music career
Macaluso worked initially as a band director/music teacher at Warren Easton High School in New Orleans, and later at Destrehan High School in Destrehan, Louisiana. From 1955 to 1965 he was Band Director and Director of Music Education at Belle Chasse High School in Belle Chasse, Louisiana.  During this time his bands, both marching and concert received numerous awards, superior ratings and were considered among the finest marching bands in the South, repeatedly participating in the Greatest Bands in Dixie marching event held during the Krewe of Mid City Carnival Parade annually during Mardi Gras season. The band was also a regular participant in Band Day at LSU in Baton Rouge performing with other top marching bands from around the state at halftime of an LSU football game each season.  From 1965- 1977 Macaluso was a teacher, band director, counselor, administrative assistant, and assistant principal at EDNA KARR JR. HIGH SCHOOL in Algiers.

Professionally he played regularly at venues throughout the city. His associations included regular performances with the Leon Kelner's Blue Room Orchestra at the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans, with Herb Tassin and with Rene Louapre Society Orchestra. He served as a Herald for the King of Carnival, Rex, at the Rex Ball for over 30 years, participating in the famed "Meeting of the Courts" of Rex and the Mystic Krewe of Comus.

Military service
US Coast Guard, WWII, San Pedro, California and New London, Connecticut; Yeoman 3rd Class

US Army, Korean War (Military Police), Panmunjom, Korea 38th parallel/ 1st Lieutenant

After service in the US Army, Military Police on active duty in Korea, he returned to become full-time band director (see Music Career). After leaving active duty he remained in the US Army Reserves. He completed some 33 years of military service (combined active duty and reserve duty). He rose the rank of full colonel and became commander, 1190th Deployment Support Brigade

Professor emeritus, Our Lady of Holy Cross College

LPC (Licensed Professional Counselor, Louisiana)

Licensed (Louisiana) LMFT (licensed marriage and family therapist)

Italian Immigrant Families: Grocers, Proprietors, And Entrepreneurs

Awards
Legion of Merit Award and Medal, US Army, 1981 by order of President Ronald Reagan
Meritorious Service Medal, US Army, 1981 by order of President Ronald Reagan
Graduate, National Defense Strategy Seminar – National War College
Order of St. Louis Medal, Archdiocese of New Orleans, 1989

References

1928 births
Living people
American people of Italian descent
American male musicians
Musicians from New Orleans
Brother Martin High School alumni
People from Belle Chasse, Louisiana
United States Army colonels

Joseph N. Macaluso Sr.


"How I Got Over" is a Gospel hymn composed and published in 1951 by Clara Ward (1924–1973). Notable recordings of this work have been made by Mahalia Jackson (1951, winner of the Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance in 1976), and the Blind Boys of Alabama (2008 on their album Down in New Orleans). It was performed by Mahalia Jackson at the historic March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963 before 250,000 people.

Aretha Franklin recorded an uptempo alternate version of the song on her 1972 album Amazing Grace, and this same arrangement was performed twice in the 1974 Sidney Poitier film Uptown Saturday Night by the film's church choir with an alternate singer (no credits were given) and was produced by Tom Scott who also produced the film's soundtrack.

In 2018, Ward's original rendition was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant."

Inspirations
According to her sister, Willa Ward, the inspiration for this song was an experience Clara Ward, Willa, their mother Gertrude, and members of their singing group had while traveling in the racially segregated Southern States in 1951. En route to Atlanta, Georgia, they were besieged by a group of white men. The men were enraged that black women were riding in a luxury vehicle, a Cadillac, and surrounded their car and terrorized them with racist taunts. The women were rescued when, in a burst of inspiration, Gertrude Ward feigned demonic possession, spewing curses and incantations at the men, who fled.

References

Gospel songs
1951 songs
Mahalia Jackson songs
United States National Recording Registry recordings

How I Got Over


Money is an American personal finance brand and website owned by Ad Practitioners LLC and formerly also a monthly magazine, first published by Time Inc. (1972–2018) and later by Meredith Corporation (2018–2019). Its articles cover the gamut of personal finance topics ranging from credit cards, mortgages, insurance, banking and investing to family finance issues like paying for college, credit, career and home improvement. It is well known for its annual list of "America's Best Places to Live".

, the website draws more than 10 million unique visitors per month.

History
The first issue of Money magazine was published in October 1972 by Time Inc.

The magazine, along with Fortune, was a partner with sister cable network CNN in CNNMoney.com, an arrangement made after the discontinuation of the CNNfn business news channel in 2005. In 2014, following the spin-off of Time Inc. from its and CNN's parent Time Warner, Money launched its own website, Money.com.

The magazine was put up for sale after Meredith Corporation completed its acquisition of Time Inc. at the beginning of 2018. After failing to find a buyer, Meredith in April 2019 announced that it would cease Moneys print publication, but would invest in the brand's digital component, Money.com. Money published its last print issue in June 2019. The printed magazine's remaining 400,000 or so subscribers were transferred to Kiplinger's Personal Finance magazine.

In October 2019, Meredith Corporation sold the Money brand and website to Ad Practitioners LLC, a media and advertising company based in Puerto Rico that runs the product review website ConsumersAdvocate.org. Terms for the deal were not disclosed. Ad Practitioners LLC does not have plans to relaunch a print version of Money.

References

External links

1972 establishments in New York City
2019 disestablishments in New York (state)
Business magazines published in the United States
Magazines disestablished in 2019
Magazines established in 1972
Magazines formerly owned by Meredith Corporation
Magazines published in New York City
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Online magazines published in the United States

Money (magazine)


Christ the Redeemer with Four Saints (Italian - Redentore tra la Vergine e tre santi) is a 1271 tempera and gold on panel painting, signed and dated by Meliore di Jacopo. From the left to right the saints are Peter, the Virgin Mary, John the Evangelist and Paul of Tarsus. It is now in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

Its original location and commissioner are unknown, though it may be the earliest surviving example of an Italian rectangular altarpiece. Sometime between 1450 and 1500 the seraphim in wreathes between the arches were added - Roberto Longhi attributes them to Cosimo Rosselli. It is recorded in the Stuart royal collection and ended up in Parma, where it and two other works were exchanged for Parmigianino's Turkish Slave during the Fascist era.

References

1270s paintings
Paintings in the Uffizi
Paintings depicting Jesus
Paintings of the Virgin Mary
Paintings depicting Saint Peter
Paintings depicting Paul the Apostle
Paintings depicting John the Apostle

Christ the Redeemer with Four Saints


Address: Centauri is a science fiction novel by American writer F. L. Wallace. It was published in 1955 by Gnome Press in an edition of 4,000 copies. The novel is an expansion of Wallace's story "Accidental Flight", which first appeared in the magazine Galaxy Science Fiction in 1952.

Characters
Docchi - Formerly an electrochemical engineer, an accident mangles him and tosses him into a tank of cold lighting fluid. He survived but the accident left him armless. The fluid also permeated his system, causing him to glow.
Nona - Essentially a living computer. Cannot comprehend spoken language.
Jordan - Half man, his lower torso was severed in an accident.
Anti (Antoinette) - Ballet dancer who crashed on Venus. Her body was permeated by a Venusian fungus that causes a symbiotic overgrowth of tissue.
Doctor Cameron - Medical doctor and administrator for Handicap Haven.
Maureen - Her body lacks the glands to produce male hormones.
Jeriann - Unable to drink. Gets fluid through absorption capsules.

Plot summary
The novel concerns people with incurable injuries and defects (biocompensators) who volunteer for the first interstellar flight.

Turned down by the medical authorities, the protagonists are refused after they steal a ship to plead their case directly to the people of Earth. Returning to their asteroid hospital, they rig a working gravity drive and escape from the solar system. They head towards the Centauri system, solving problems such as overcoming a limited supply of needed pharmaceuticals and improving the drive. Earth sends out a ship, the Star Victory with a better version of the new drive in a bid to beat them there, on the theory that any aliens they encounter might make the mistake of thinking of them as normal humans. The Star Victory does beat them by a few days, arriving a year after they left, but they settle on a Mars-like planet near Alpha Centauri, before the Star Victory makes contact with butterfly-like aliens on a methane gas giant in the Proxima Centauri system. The aliens are somewhat similar in technology, but lacking a reliable gravity drive. They want a reasonable sampling of humans to study, but the crew of the Star Victory are all specialists and they are not welcome. The Star Victory leaves the system to the Accidentals, promising to return, someday.

Reception
Anthony Boucher dismissed the novel as "pretty lifeless fiction, in which both prose and characterization emerge directly from the machine, untouched by human hands."

References

Sources

External links

1955 American novels
1955 science fiction novels
Alpha Centauri in fiction
American science fiction novels
Fiction set around Proxima Centauri
Space exploration novels
Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction
Gnome Press books

Address: Centauri


The "National Anthem of Chile" (, ), also known as "" (; ) or by its incipit "" ('How pure, Chile, is your blue sky'), was adopted in 1828. It has a history of two lyrics and two melodies that made up three different versions. The current version was composed by Ramón Carnicer, with words by Eusebio Lillo, and has six parts plus the chorus.

History

First national anthem
The first Chilean national anthem dates back to 1819, when the government called for, on 13 January, the creation of music and lyrics for this purpose.

The composer Manuel Robles and the poet Bernardo de Vera y Pintado fulfilled this mandate and their "National Song" debuted on 20 August 1820 in the Domingo Arteaga theater, although other historians claim that it was played and sung during the festivities of September 1819.

In the beginning, everyone would stand for the song. The custom of always singing it at the theater slowly disappeared, until it was requested that it only be sung at the anniversary of the country.

The doctor Bernardo Vera, known in the history of the independence, was the author of the verses that were sung to Robles' music.

This first hymn was sung until 1828, when it was replaced with what is sung today.

Second national anthem
The second and current Chilean national anthem was composed by the Spanish composer Ramón Carnicer, when he was exiled in England because of his liberal ideas. Mariano Egaña, Chilean Minister in London, acting on the criticism that Robles' song was receiving, asked Carnicer to compose a new hymn with Bernardo de Vera's original text.

The Spanish musician probably wrote the work by 1827, the date he returned to Barcelona, and his hymn debuted in Santiago, in the Arteaga theater, 23 December 1828.

Years later, in 1847, the Chilean government entrusted the young poet Eusebio Lillo with a new text that would replace the anti-Spain poem of Vera y Pintado, and after being analyzed by Andrés Bello, retained the original chorus ("Dulce patria, recibe los votos..."). The lyrics were slightly revised in 1909.

During the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, the Verse III was officially incorporated because of his praise of the armed forces and the national police (Carabineros). After the end of Pinochet's regime in 1990, it was only sung in military events. Supporters from the former military junta also sing the anthem with the Verse III in private ceremonies and rallies, with continuous controversies over the following years because of the crescent general consensus of the crimes against humanity committed by the regime.

In the celebrations marking the return of democracy in 1990 at Santiago's Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos, the anthem was played in its present melody, raised to F Major, which is the original melody of the second anthem by Carnicer, but using the 1847 lyrics as text, save for the original chorus of the 1819 anthem. This was the version that from 1991 to 2000 was played before broadcasts of Chilean presidential addresses. In 2000, it was replaced by a more stylized version, which was used until 2010. After that, the anthem was scrapped off the addresses. Since the end of the dictatorship, television stations rarely ever used the anthem during their sign-on and sign-off, and the practice fell off definitely during the 1990s. Radio stations in Chile still have a tradition to play the anthem in New Year's Eve, in order to start celebrations.

Joe Walsh, famed musician who was part of the United States rock band the Eagles, sang the National Anthem of Chile at a Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim baseball game in 2003.

There is also a translation in Mapudungun, the largest and most-commonly spoken indigenous language in Chile, spoken by the Mapuche people.

Lyrics

Official lyrics

Below are the lyrics of the most played version; it corresponds to verse V of the full version and the chorus.

Full lyrics
According to Chilean Constitution [decree 260], only the fifth verse and the chorus are played officially as the National Anthem.

1973–1990 lyrics
The following lyrics were used during the military regime in the country. Both the 5th and 3rd verses were used.

Notes

References

External links

 Himno Nacional Nueva versión
 Chile - Canción Patriótica Nro. 2 (ca 1810)
 Chile: Himno Nacional de Chile - Audio of the national anthem of Chile, with information and lyrics (archive link)
 Decree 260 national anthem
 Sobre los verdaderos simbolos patrios de Chile simbolospatrios.cl
 Chile National Anthem, full lyric, MP3 format, vocal and instrumental

Spanish-language songs
Chile
National symbols of Chile
National anthems
Oceanian anthems
Compositions in C major
1847 in Chile

National Anthem of Chile


The Wedding March is a 1928 American silent romantic drama film written and directed by and starring Erich von Stroheim. It also stars Fay Wray and ZaSu Pitts. Paramount Pictures forced von Stroheim to create two films from the footage, the second being The Honeymoon (eventually re-edited back into one film for a re-release). The Honeymoon is now considered lost, the only known copy destroyed in a fire in France in 1959.

In 2003, The Wedding March was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant."

Plot
In Vienna in 1914, Prince Nicki is the scion of a rundown noble family and is commander of a cavalry regiment.

During a parade in front of the St. Stephen's Cathedral, Nicki notices beautiful innkeeper's daughter Mitzi in the crowd. Mitzi is eating with her family as her butcher fiancé Schani grotesquely spits and embarrasses the entire family. Nicki and Mitzi flirt with each other during the parade. During a gun salute Nicki's horse becomes afraid and injures Mitzi, who is sent to the hospital. Nicki also has Schani arrested at this time. Nicki visits Mitzi at the hospital and later in the pub where she works as a harpist. They begin to go on dates and fall in love.

Knowing of his family's financial troubles, Nicki is approached by a wealthy factory owner to marry his daughter Cecilia in exchange for a noble title. Nicki initially refuses but finally agrees to marry Cecilia. Schani is released from prison and finds out about the relationship between Mitzi and Nicki, and shows Mitzi a newspaper article announcing the marriage of Nicki and Cecilia. Mitzi remains calm and tells Schani that she hates him and still loves Nicki. Enraged Schani tries to rape Mitzi, but his father prevents it at the last moment. Schani decides to murder Nicki after the wedding.

The marriage of Nicki and Cecilia is celebrated. Schani is waiting for Nicki with a gun at the church. At the last moment Mitzi appears and promises to marry Schani if he does not kill Nicki. Nicki and Cecilia get into their coach and drive away.

The Honeymoon
The Honeymoon depicts the honeymoon of Prince Nicki in the Alps, and the wedding of Mitzi and Schani. Mitzi still loves Nicki, and jealous Schani decides once again to kill the prince. Schani shoots at Nicki, but Cecilia throws herself in front of Nicki. Schani becomes a fugitive and goes into hiding. Nicki and Mitzi meet one last time, where Mitzi tells Nicki that she will go to a convent. Nicki goes off to war, where he is killed.

Cast
Erich von Stroheim as Prince Nickolas von Wildeliebe-Rauffenburg, called Nicki
Fay Wray as Mitzi, Mitzerl Schrammell
Matthew Betz as Schani Eberle, a Butcher
ZaSu Pitts as Cecelia Schweisser
George Fawcett as Prince Ottokar von Wildeliebe-Rauffenburg
Maude George as Princess Maria, Nicki's mother
George Nichols as Fortunat Schweisser, the Industrialist
Dale Fuller as Katerina Schrammel, Mitzi's mother
Hughie Mack as Eberle, the Wine-grower
Cesare Gravina as Martin Schrammell, Mitzi's father
Sidney Bracey as Navratil
Anton Vaverka as Emperor Franz-Josef

Production

Pre-production

Shortly after completing The Merry Widow and having had a bad working experience at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Stroheim met independent film producer Pat Powers and convinced Powers to finance The Wedding March. Stroheim's script was completed by March 1926 and was 154 pages long. The currently available version of the film depicts the first 67 pages of the original script.

As was often the case with films directed by Stroheim, the film's accuracy resulted in high expenses and production value. Stroheim rebuilt huge sets for St. Stephen's Cathedral, the streets surrounding it, various palatial rooms and an entire apple orchard with thousands of blossoms individually tied to the trees. Stroheim defended his elaborate set choices by stating "They say I give them sewers — and dead cats! This time I am giving them beauty. Beauty — and apple blossoms! More than they can stand!".

Filming
Shooting began in June 1926 and lasted until Stroheim was finally shut down by Powers in January 1927. A reporter allowed onto the film's set reported Stroheim's perfectionism and indifference to time and money, and stated that Stroheim once told his cast and crew that if necessary they would film 24,000 takes of a scene until they got it right. Over the six months of filming, Stroheim shot over 200,000 feet of film.  The film's original budget was an estimated at $300,000 ($ today). By the time Pat Powers shut down production, the budget had risen to $1,250,000 ($ today).

Editing
In January 1927, Stroheim screened the footage for Powers and began to edit the film, wanting to release two separate films to be shown on consecutive nights. His initial cut of part 1 was 25,795 feet long (a little over four-and-a-half hours), after which he refused to cut the film further. Powers took control of the film. Powers had convinced Paramount Studios to distribute the film and, after not being sure how to release it after twelve months of editing, they finished a shorter cut of the entire two-part film in January 1928. Paramount hired film director Josef von Sternberg to re-edit the film to a more manageable length. Studio records show that Stroheim approved of Sternberg, but Stroheim later partially blamed Sternberg for the film's re-cutting. Stroheim's first cut of part two was 22,484 feet. He then cut it down to between 15,000 and 20,000 feet before the studio and Sternberg made their cut. Only 4,500 feet of Stroheim's original cut were used in the final film. In 1947, Stroheim claimed that he had finished editing the first part of the film, but never completed the second part after it was given to Sternberg. He also said that the film's final budget was $900,000 and that Powers and Paramount made a profit from the film, while he was denied his contractual 25% of the film's gross. This statement is untrue and the film's final budget, taking two years of interest, the film's color sequences, and creating sound disks for the release into account, was well over a million dollars.

The Wedding March was previewed at the Egyptian Theater in Long Beach, California the following March. After the disastrous preview, Paramount decided to release The Wedding March as two films after all, with part two being re-titled The Honeymoon. The Wedding March was 14 reels long and The Honeymoon was eight reels long. The first three reels of The Honeymoon was footage from The Wedding March that was used as exposition. Only five reels of Stroheim's original footage of the second half of The Wedding March was used, which amounted to approximately 50 minutes and was only one fifth of Stroheim's original cut.

Reception
The Wedding March was released in October 1928, while The Honeymoon was only released in Europe and South America several months later. It was a box office failure and was released just as silent films were beginning to become unsuccessful after "talkies" had taken over the film market. Variety called it "a ponderous, slow moving production."

Hanns G. Lustig said that the film was "a colored fairy tale. But the colors are poisonous. Stroheim is a hard man. But his toughness shows the memory of the tender falsehood of dreams. And his melancholy revenge for their existence is brutal cartoons. A unique, exciting event."

Legacy
In 1950, Henri Langlois of the Cinémathèque Française gave Stroheim the opportunity to re-edit The Wedding March and The Honeymoon from prints that he owned. Stroheim added sound effects and put certain scenes back in his original order. The last known copy of The Honeymoon was destroyed in a fire at Cinémathèque Française on July 10, 1959. Langlois claimed that the film had "died voluntarily."

The reputation of The Wedding March began to grow after Stroheim's death. Langlois presented the film at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in 1965, calling it a film "like a torso without a head." The film was screened at the 3rd New York Film Festival, where it was mostly received favorably. However, Bosley Crowther called it "disappointing". It was screened at the Lincoln Center again in 1970 and received a standing ovation.

Paramount first released the film on VHS in 1987. However they replaced J. S. Zamecnik's full orchestral score with a new pipe organ score.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated

See also
 List of early color feature films
 List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)

References

Bibliography

External links

The Wedding March essay  by Crystal Kui at National Film Registry
The Wedding March essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 , pages 147-149

 The Wedding March at Virtual History

1928 films
1920s color films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films about weddings
Films directed by Erich von Stroheim
Films set in the Alps
Films set in Austria-Hungary
Films set in 1914
Films set in Vienna
Fictional princes
Paramount Pictures films
Silent films in color
United States National Film Registry films
Cultural depictions of Franz Joseph I of Austria
1928 romantic drama films
1920s American films
Silent American romantic drama films

fi:Häämarssi

The Wedding March (1928 film)


The Crain's Global Polymer Group is a collection of plastics- and rubber-related publications operated by Crain Communications Inc. in Detroit, Michigan.

Crain Communications Inc., PN's parent company, acquired Emap's polymer-related assets in July 2007 to form the Plastics News Global Group. Those properties, headquartered in Croydon, England, include Plastics & Rubber Weekly and the monthly European Plastics News.
The 11,800-circulation PRW has been serving the U.K. plastics industry since 1964. European Plastics News launched in 1974, and is the only pan-European magazine serving the entire plastics manufacturing sector, including the growing industry in central and Eastern Europe. It circulates to 13,800 subscribers in 20 countries.

Via its 2007 deal with Emap, Plastics News also inherited a publishing licensing agreement with the management of the Singapore-based trade magazine Asian Plastics News, which has since expired.

Assets

Plastics News (North America) — Plastics News, the Plastics Encounter trade show, the PN Executive Forum and other North American conferences.

References

Magazine publishing companies of the United States
Plastics
Publishing companies established in 2007
American companies established in 2007

Plastics News Global Group


Blinky Bill is an anthropomorphic koala and children's fictional character created by author and illustrator Dorothy Wall. The character of Blinky first appeared in Brooke Nicholls' 1933 book, Jacko – the Broadcasting Kookaburra, which was illustrated by Wall. Wall then featured Blinky Bill in a series of her own books, including Blinky Bill: The Quaint Little Australian, Blinky Bill Grows Up, and Blinky Bill and Nutsy. The books are considered quintessential Australian children's classics, and have never been out of print in Australia.

Themes and writing style
While telling the adventures of Blinky Bill, a cheeky little boy in the form of a koala, the stories also present messages of conservation. Blinky Bill is known for his mischievousness and his love for his mother. His friends include his supposed girlfriend Nutsy, his kangaroo friend Splodge, and his mentor Mr. Wombat, or 'Wombo', as Blinky prefers to call him. In general, throughout the stories, he does things that are realistic for koalas as well as things that child readers would like to do. Wall tells the stories directly to the children and Blinky often interacts with the readers in an introduction. Her dedications are often to 'All the Kind Children', with her own son Peter and other common Australian names of the 1930s appearing. The books are also fully illustrated by Dorothy Wall herself.

History
The first book Blinky Bill: The Quaint Little Australian was published in 1933 by Angus & Robertson and was based on stories told to her only child, Peter. The book is 69 pages long, with 15 pages of illustrations. The second book, Blinky Bill Grows Up, was published in 1934 and is 82 pages long with 16 pages of illustrations. The third book Blinky Bill and Nutsy: Two Little Australians was published in 1937 and is 115 pages long. The Complete Adventures of Blinky Bill, first published in 1939, was reprinted 26 times between 1940 and 1965.

Wall drew Blinky Bill comic strips, most notably one in 1937 called Blinky Bill's Escapades, which told of the adventures of Blinky, Nutsy and Splodge as they left Australia for the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Angus & Robertson made plates of four strips to entice publishers, but, after considerable procrastination, the Sydney Morning Herald turned it down. She persisted with the Herald for years along with the Sunday Telegraph. Wall also drew some full-page strips, in full colour, of Blinky Bill, Splodge and friends in the army, called Our Squad. Largely because of the cost and rarity of paper during the war, none was ever published.

In 1940, Wall decided her priority was a new Blinky Bill book with Angus & Robertson. In a letter to her publisher, she wrote: "I'll have to do my utmost to get a new Blinky book out for next Christmas. I could do a good story with Blinky on National Service, providing the war continues – but I am not that wicked to wish such a thing". In February she sent her publisher the completed text for Blinky Bill Joins the Army. The publisher was unimpressed by her story of Blinky as an enlisted soldier, calling it 'heavy going' and a too obvious exploitation of 'patriotic fervour'. Wall apparently tore up the manuscript and wrote an entirely new version where Blinky remains in his familiar bush setting until the final pages then goes off to join the army – as a mascot. The new version was finished by the end of April, less than a month after the first had been rejected; it was published for Christmas 1940.

In December 1942 the Blinky Bill's Dress-Up Book was published by Offset Printing Company, which was released after Wall's death, in January the same year. This was followed in 1947 by Blinky Bill's ABC Book and A Tiny Story of Blinky Bill, also published by Offset. In 1971, Angus & Robertson published Blinky Bill and the Rabbit's Birthday Party, based on Dorothy Wall's Complete Adventures of Blinky Bill, which was adapted by Carol Odell and illustrated by Walter Stackpool. In 1977 Angus & Robertson published the Blinky Bill Cookbook, a series of recipes for children to make for themselves by Mary Coleman, which included Wall's original illustrations redrawn by Trevor Hood.

Adaptations and cultural references
Blinky Bill has been adapted for television and cinema. The first television series, titled The New Adventures of Blinky Bill, aired in the 1980s on ABC TV and combined live-action actors with puppetry for the animal characters. The franchise was also made into an animated film, Blinky Bill: The Mischievous Koala, released by Yoram Gross Films Studio in 1992. The following year, a second television series was aired, The Adventures of Blinky Bill. This was also produced by Yoram Gross, with the series acting as a sequel to their film, and ran for three seasons, with the first two airing on ABC in 1993 and 1995 respectively, and the third originally airing on Seven Network in 2004, before being rerun on ABC along with the first two seasons in the late 2000s and early 2010s. The Yoram Gross series is by far the most well-known incarnation of the franchise, both in its native Australia, and internationally.

A CGI film based on the series, Blinky Bill the Movie, was released in 2015, produced as a coproduction between Screen Australia, Flying Bark Productions (being a rebranded Yoram Gross), Assemblage Entertainment and Studio 100 Animation, and featured an all-star cast, including Ryan Kwanten, Robin McLeavy, Richard Roxburgh, Deborah Mailman, Barry Otto, Rufus Sewell, Toni Collette, David Wenham and Barry Humphries. While the reboot film received mixed reviews from critics, it was lambasted by fans of both the original books and the Yoram Gross series from the 1990s and early 2000s, with particular criticism given to the redesigns of the characters, a lack of familiar characters from the original animated series despite introducing new ones, and apparent disrespect to both the original books and the Yoram Gross series as a whole. Despite this, the film was financially successful enough to gain a follow-up TV series of its own, The Wild Adventures of Blinky Bill, that began airing in 2016 on Seven Network, and ran for one season.

"Blinky Bill" is also the nickname of the light at the top of Sydney Harbour Bridge.

In 1985, a postage stamp honouring both Blinky and Dorothy Wall herself was issued by Australia Post as part of a set of five commemorating children's books. .

In 1986, Australian singer John Williamson released a single titled "Goodbye Blinky Bill", in order to raise awareness of decline in koala numbers in Australia.

In 1993, the same year that the Yoram Gross series debuted, the Australian republican movement used the character as a symbol in the referendum the following year.

Reception
Blinky Bill received critical acclaim, and has become a national icon for Australia. Both the books and TV series are recognised internationally and regarded as children's classics.

References

External links

 Blinky Bill, The Quaint Little Australian story and decorations by Dorothy Wall (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1933) – digitised and held by the National Library of Australia. The first copy pressed, dedicated by the publisher to the author, is also held by the National Library of Australia.
 Blinky Bill by Dorothy Wall, A Project Gutenberg of Australia eBook

Blinky Bill
Literary characters introduced in 1933
Fictional koalas
Australian children's books
Animal mascots
Anthropomorphic marsupials
Fictional Australian people
Australia in fiction
Australian mascots
Male characters in literature
Male characters in animation
Male characters in film
Male characters in television
Angus & Robertson books
Children's books set in Australia

Blinky Bill


Pukekohe is a city in the Auckland region. It is sandwiched in between the Manukau Harbour and the Waikato River. It was the home of Franklin District Council until 2010 when it joined up with the supercity of Auckland and prior to that it was Pukekohe Borough Council. It has 9 primary schools and one high school located in the town. It is situated on the edge of State Highway 22. It has two towns located nearby Waiuku and Tuakau.

Cities in New Zealand
Franklin Local Board Area

Pukekohe


The Man with the Golden Touch () is an 1872 novel by Hungarian novelist Mór Jókai. As Jókai states in the afterword of the novel, it was based on a true story he had heard from his grand-aunt as a child.

Plot

Mihály Timár works on a ship on the Danube owned by Athanáz Brazovics, a wheat merchant. The wheat's owner, Euthym Trikalisz, and his thirteen-year-old daughter Timéa are also aboard. They stop at an undiscovered island inhabited by the widow Teréza and her young daughter, Noémi. Krisztyán arrives; he knows Teréza and Noémi, who dislike him.

Timár overhears Krisztyán trying to blackmail Teréza. Krisztyán takes a gold bracelet Timéa gave to Noémi, and leaves. Teréza tells Timár that her husband was ruined by Krisztyán's father and Athanáz, and she fled to the island with her daughter; Krisztyán wants to marry Noémi, who despises him.

Trikalisz tells Timár that he is Ali Csorbadzsi, a pasha. He wants to go to Brazovics, but knows Krisztyán is an Ottoman spy. Ali poisons himself, and makes Timár ensure Timéa's safety. He gives him a box with 1,000 gold coins, makes him promise to keep it for Timéa, and says that the rest of his wealth (worth 10,000 gold coins) is the wheat. He asks Timár to awaken Timéa after he dies.

Ali dies; Timár awakens Timéa and tells her about her father's death. When they reach port, he tells the police that he knows nothing about Ali. The ship runs aground and sinks; Timéa and Timár barely escape.

Timár brings Timéa to the Brazovics mansion. They are greeted by his wife Zsófia, their daughter Athalie, and Imre Kacsuka. Brazovics returns, welcomes Timéa, and accuses Timár of theft when he receives the box and learns that the ship sank. Timár leaves.

He meets Kacsuka, who supplies the army with bread. Kacsuka tells him to buy the worthless wheat and sell it to the army. Timár hesitates, but buys the wheat and inspects it. He sees a red crescent on a sack, and recalls Ali talking about a red crescent. Timár finds the sack full of treasure, and invests the money.

He becomes wealthy, and tells Brazovics about making bread from the drenched wheat and selling it to the army. Brazovics reports him to the Ministry of Finance, which clears him. Timár goes to Vienna and asks the minister to lease him land in Levetinc. The minister makes him a nobleman, with the title "of Levetinc".

Athalie is preparing to marry Kacsuka, and her father envies Timár. She knows that Timéa is in love with Kacsuka. Timéa sews her bridal gown, thinking that it is her own.

Brazovics asks Timár if he plans to marry Athalie. Timár says no, says goodbye to Timéa, promises that he will return, and leaves. He fools Brazovics in a business deal.

Timéa sees Athalie in the bridal gown and realizes what has happened. Brazovics, ruined financially, dies. Kacsuka breaks his engagement with Athalie. Timár buys Brazovics's property, gives it to Timéa, and asks her to marry him. Timéa loves Kacsuka, but agrees to marry Timár. Athalie and her mother stay with them, and Athalie becomes Timéa's servant. Timár realizes that Timéa is not in love with him; he gives her gifts and trips in the vain hope of winning her love.

Timár begins to suspect that Timéa loves someone else and tests her, telling her that he will visit Levetinc for a month. He leaves, returning the same night to find Timéa sleeping alone. Athalie tells Timár that Timéa loves someone else, but will remain faithful to him. He flees to the island. Timár feels comfortable with Teréza and Noémi, who is sixteen. Noémi asks him if he has anyone waiting for him, and Timár says no.

Timár returns to the island to see Noémi in the spring. A flood has killed the walnut trees, and he finds a child with the women. Timár cuts down the trees to build a house, leaves the island and returns in the spring. He becomes ill, and is nursed by Noémi. The child dies.

Timár returns home, realizes that he cannot continue his double life, returns to the island and finds another boy in the hut. He finishes the house, and Teréza tells him that she is dying.

When Timár returns home, Athalie tells him that Timéa is unfaithful; he learns that Krisztyán is around. Timár reaches his castle on Lake Balaton. Krisztyán confronts him, tells him that his father knew Ali, and tries to blackmail him. Timár goes to the lake, and Krisztyán's body bobs to the surface. He goes to the island to see Noémi, and promises to stay with her. Timéa is still in love with Kacsuka.

Timár teaches Dodi how to write, and asks him to write to Timéa about the secret corridor. Timéa, thinking Timár is dead, plans to marry Kacsuka. Kacsuka reads Dodi's letter; Athalie says that only she and Timár knew about the hideout, and Timár is still alive.

Forty years later, the author visits the island; a peaceful colony lives there. Deoda greets them and leads them to a wooden house where the "old men" live. An old man greets them, and asks the author to tell his story.

Translations
Agnes Hegan Kennard's English translation, with the title Timar's Two Worlds, was published in 1888. A revised edition appeared in 1975 with Corvina Press and was titled The Man with the Golden Touch.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
The novel was made into motion pictures in 1918, 1936, 1962 and 2005 (the latest was made for TV).  The 1918 version was directed by Alexander Korda. The film versions are all titled Az aranyember, in accordance with modern spelling.

Notes

References

External links
 Timar's Two Worlds, English translation by Mrs. Hegan Kennard (Gutenberg.org)
 Summary of the plot (Hunlit, Hungarian Literature)

1872 novels
Hungarian novels
Hungarian novels adapted into films

The Man with the Golden Touch


Geely Automobile Holdings () () is a Cheenese automaker an is wi BYD, Chery, an Great Wall, ane o the fower lairgest independent private automobile manufacturers in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. The parent company is Geely Holding Group (), which began manufacturin in 1986 in Taizhou in Zhejiang province. Geely launched its auto manufacturin business in 1997. In 2005, Geely Automobile Holdings Limited wis leetit on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

Geely is nou headquartered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, an operates sax caur assembly an pouer-train manufacturin plants in Cheenae that are locatit in Lanzhou (Gansu province), Linhai (Zhejiang province), Luqiao (Zhejiang province), Ningbo (Zhejiang province), Shanghai an Xiangtan (Hunan province). These facilities enable a production capacity o approximately 300,000 caurs per year.

Motor vehicle manufacturers o Cheenae

Caur manufacturers
Privately held companies o Cheenae
Battery electric vehicle manufacturers
Warrants issued in Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Callable Bull/Bear Contracts issued in Hong Kong Stock Exchange

Geely