Die Another Day is a 2002 spy film and the twentieth film in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions. It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli, and directed by Lee Tamahori. The fourth and final film starring Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond, it was also the only film to feature John Cleese as Q, and the last with Samantha Bond as Miss Moneypenny. It is also the first film since Live and Let Die (1973) not to feature Desmond Llewelyn as Q as he died three years earlier. Halle Berry co-stars as NSA agent Giacinta "Jinx" Johnson, the Bond girl. It follows Bond as he attempts to locate a mole in British intelligence who betrayed him and a British billionaire who is later revealed to be connected to a North Korean operative whom Bond seemingly killed. It is an original story, although it takes influence from Bond creator Ian Fleming's novels Moonraker (1955) and The Man with the Golden Gun (1965), as well as Kingsley Amis's novel, Colonel Sun.

Die Another Day marked the James Bond franchise's 40th anniversary. The film includes references to each of the preceding films. It received mixed reviews; some critics praised Tamahori's direction, but others criticized its reliance on CGI, product placement and its unoriginal plot, as well as the villain. Nevertheless, it was the highest-grossing James Bond film up to that time.

Plot

MI6 agent James Bond infiltrates a North Korean military base where Colonel Tan-Sun Moon is trading weapons for African conflict diamonds. After Moon's right-hand man Zao receives notification of Bond's real identity, Moon attempts to kill Bond and a hovercraft chase ensues, ending with Moon's craft tumbling over a waterfall. Bond is captured by North Korean soldiers and imprisoned by the Colonel's father, General Moon. After fourteen months of captivity and torture at the hands of the Korean People's Army, Bond is traded for Zao in a prisoner exchange across the Bridge of No Return. He is sedated and taken to meet M, who informs him that his status as a 00 Agent has been suspended under suspicion of having leaked information under duress to the North Koreans. Bond is convinced that he has been set up by a double agent in the British government. After escaping MI6 custody, he finds himself in Hong Kong, where he learns from Chang, a Chinese agent and old colleague, that Zao is in Cuba.

In Havana, Bond meets with NSA agent Giacinta "Jinx" Johnson, and follows her to a gene therapy clinic, where patients can have their appearances altered through DNA restructuring. Jinx kills Dr. Alvarez, the leader of the therapy, while Bond locates Zao inside the clinic and fights him. Zao escapes, leaving behind a pendant which leads Bond to a cache of conflict diamonds bearing the crest of the company owned by British billionaire Gustav Graves. Bond learns that Graves only appeared a year prior, apparently discovering a vein of diamonds in Iceland leading to his current wealth and celebrity. At Blades Club in London, Bond meets Graves along with his assistant Miranda Frost, who is also an undercover MI6 agent. After a fencing match that escalates into a claymore duel, Graves invites Bond to Iceland for a scientific demonstration. M restores Bond's Double-0 status, and Q issues him an Aston Martin V12 Vanquish with active camouflage.

At his ice palace in Iceland, Graves unveils a new orbital mirror satellite, "Icarus", which is able to focus solar energy on a small area and provide year-round sunshine for agriculture. Bond seduces Frost and Jinx infiltrates Graves' command centre, but is captured by Graves and Zao. Bond rescues her and discovers that Graves is Colonel Moon, who has used the gene therapy technology to change his appearance and amassed his fortune from conflict diamonds as a cover. Bond confronts Graves, but Frost arrives to reveal herself as the traitor who betrayed him in North Korea, forcing Bond to escape from Graves' facility. He returns in his Vanquish to rescue Jinx, who has been recaptured in the palace. As Graves uses Icarus to melt the ice palace, Zao pursues Bond into the palace using his Jaguar XKR. Bond kills Zao by causing a giant ice chandelier to fall onto him, and revives Jinx after she has almost drowned.

Bond and Jinx pursue Graves and Frost to the Korean peninsula and stow away on Graves' An-124 cargo plane. Graves reveals his identity to his father, and the true purpose of the Icarus satellite: to cut a path through the Korean Demilitarized Zone with concentrated sunlight, allowing North Korean troops to invade South Korea and unite the peninsula. Horrified, General Moon rejects the plan, but Graves murders him. Bond attempts to shoot Graves, but is prevented by a soldier. In their struggle, a gunshot pierces the fuselage, causing the plane to decompress and descend rapidly. Bond and Graves engage in a fistfight, and Jinx attempts to regain control of the plane. Frost attacks Jinx, forcing her to defend herself in a sword duel. After the plane passes through the Icarus beam and is further damaged, Jinx kills Frost. Graves attempts to escape by parachute, but Bond opens the parachute, pulling Graves out of the plane and into one of its engines, disabling the Icarus beam. Bond and Jinx escape from the disintegrating plane in a helicopter from the cargo hold, with Graves' stash of diamonds. Later, they spend a romantic evening at a Buddhist temple.

Cast
 Pierce Brosnan as James Bond, an MI6 agent.
 Halle Berry as Giacinta "Jinx" Johnson, an NSA agent. Before Berry's casting Salma Hayek, Saffron Burrows, and Sophie Ellis-Bextor were also considered for the role.
 Toby Stephens as Gustav Graves, a British entrepreneur and the alter ego of Colonel Tan-Sun Moon. Graves was modelled after Hugo Drax in Ian Fleming's original Moonraker, a Nazi war criminal who switched places with a British soldier at the end of World War II, became a well-respected and wealthy philanthropist, and used this cover to plan a nuclear missile strike on London. He was also modelled after Uday Hussein and Richard Branson.
 Will Yun Lee as Colonel Tan-Sun Moon, a rogue North Korean army colonel and the original persona of Graves.
 Rosamund Pike as Miranda Frost, undercover MI6 agent and double agent.
 Rick Yune as Tang Ling Zao, a North Korean terrorist working for Moon and living as an exile.
 Judi Dench as M, the head of MI6.
 John Cleese as Q, MI6's quartermaster and armourer.
 Madonna as Verity, Graves and Frost's fencing instructor.
 Michael Madsen as Damian Falco, Jinx's superior in the NSA.
 Samantha Bond as Miss Moneypenny, M's secretary.
 Colin Salmon as Charles Robinson, M's Deputy Chief of Staff.
 Kenneth Tsang as General Moon, Colonel Moon's father. He assists in Bond's release back to the West. The North Korean general wishes for a peaceful reunification of Korea, whereas his son is bent on war.
 Michael Gorevoy as Vladimir Popov, Gustav Graves' personal scientist.
 Lawrence Makoare as Mr. Kil, one of Gustav Graves' henchmen.
 Ho Yi as The Hotel Manager and Chinese special agent Mr. Chang. In early drafts of the script, it was Wai Lin (Michelle Yeoh) who aided Bond in Hong Kong, but the idea fell through and Chang was created to replace her.
 Rachel Grant as Peaceful Fountains of Desire, a Chinese agent working for Mr. Chang, undercover as a masseuse.
 Emilio Echevarría as Raoul, the manager of a Havana cigar factory, and a British sleeper agent.
 Vincent Wong as General Li
 Joaquin Martinez as Elderly Cigar Factory Worker
 Simón Andreu as Dr. Álvarez
 Deborah Moore (the daughter of former Bond actor Roger Moore) as Airline Hostess
 Mark Dymond as Mr. Van Bierk
 Oliver Skeete as Concierge At The Fencing Club

Production
After the success of The World Is Not Enough, producers Barbara Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson asked the director Michael Apted to return to direct. Although Apted accepted, they rescinded the offer in order to ask Tony Scott and John Woo, who both declined. Scott claims to have suggested Quentin Tarantino as director, although Wilson denies that any formal negotiations were held with him. Pierce Brosnan suggested John McTiernan, Ang Lee and Martin Scorsese as potential choices, and informally discussed the idea of directing a Bond film with Scorsese on a flight. Brett Ratner, Stephen Hopkins and Stuart Baird were later in negotiations to direct, before Lee Tamahori was hired.

Filming

Principal photography of Die Another Day began on 11 January 2002 at Pinewood Studios. The film was shot primarily in the United Kingdom, Iceland and Cádiz, Spain. Other locations included Pinewood Studios' 007 Stage and Maui, Hawaii, in December 2001.
Laird Hamilton, Dave Kalama, and Darrick Doerner performed the pre-title surfing scene at the surf break known as "Jaws" in Peahi, Maui, while the shore shots were taken near Cádiz and Newquay, Cornwall. Scenes inside Graves' diamond mine were also filmed in Cornwall, at the Eden Project. The scenes involving the Cuban locations of Havana and the fictional Isla de Los Organos were filmed at La Caleta, Spain.

The scenes featuring Berry in a bikini (designed to resemble Ursula Andress' swimming costume in Dr. No) were shot in Cádiz. The location was reportedly cold and windy, and footage has been released of Berry wrapped in thick towels between takes to avoid catching a chill. Berry was injured during filming when debris from a smoke grenade flew into her eye. The debris was removed in a 30-minute operation. Brosnan also sustained a knee injury during the shooting of an action scene in Cornwall.

Gadgets and other props from every previous Bond film and stored in Eon Productions' archives appear in Q's warehouse in the London Underground. Examples include the jetpack in Thunderball and Rosa Klebb's poison-tipped shoe in From Russia with Love. Q mentions that the watch he issues Bond is "your 20th, I believe", a reference to Die Another Day being the 20th Eon-produced Bond film. In London, the Reform Club was used to shoot several places in the film, including the lobby and gallery at the Blades Club, MI6 Headquarters, Buckingham Palace, Green Park and Westminster. Jökulsárlón, Iceland was used for the car chase on the ice. Four Aston Martins and four Jaguars, all converted to four-wheel drive, were used (and wrecked) filming the sequence. A temporary dam was constructed at the mouth of the narrow inlet to keep the salty ocean water out and thus allow the lagoon to freeze. Additional chase footage was filmed at Svalbard, Norway, Jostedalsbreen National Park, Norway, and RAF Little Rissington, Gloucestershire. Manston Airport in Kent was used for the scenes involving the Antonov cargo plane scenes. The scene in which Bond surfs the wave created by Icarus when Graves was attempting to kill Bond was shot on the blue screen. The waves, along with all the glaciers in the scene, are computer-generated.

The hangar interior of the US Air Base in South Korea, shown crowded with Chinook helicopters, was filmed at RAF Odiham in Hampshire, UK, as were the helicopter interior shots during the Switchblade sequence. These latter scenes, though portrayed in the air, were actually filmed entirely on the ground with the sky background being added in post-production using blue screen techniques. Although the base is portrayed in the film as a US base, all the aircraft and personnel in the scene are British in real life. In the film, Switchblades (one-person gliders resembling fighter jets in shape) are flown by Bond and Jinx to stealthily enter North Korea. The Switchblade was based on a workable model called "PHASST" (Programmable High Altitude Single Soldier Transport). Kinetic Aerospace Inc.'s lead designer, Jack McCornack was impressed by director Lee Tamahori's way of conducting the Switchblade scene and commented: "It's brief, but realistic. The good guys get in unobserved, thanks to a fast cruise, good glide performance, and minimal radar signature. It's a wonderful promotion for the PHASST."

The satellite attack at the end of the film was at first written to take place in Manhattan, but after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, it was moved to the Korean Demilitarized Zone.

Music

The soundtrack was composed by David Arnold and released on Warner Bros. Records. He again made use of electronic rhythm elements in his score, and included two of the new themes created for The World Is Not Enough. The first, originally used as Renard's theme, is heard during the mammoth "Antonov" cue on the recording, and is written for piano. The second new theme, used in the "Christmas in Turkey" track of The World Is Not Enough, is reused in the "Going Down Together" track.

The title song for Die Another Day was co-written and co-produced by Mirwais Ahmadzai and performed by Madonna, who also had a cameo in the film as Verity, a fencing instructor. The concept of the title sequence is to represent Bond trying to survive 14 months of torture at the hands of the North Koreans. Critics' opinions of the song were sharply divided; it was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Song and the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording, but also for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song of 2002 (while Madonna herself won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress for her cameo). In a MORI poll for the Channel 4 programme "James Bond's Greatest Hits", the song was voted 9th out of 22, and also came in as an "overwhelming number one" favourite among those under the age of 24.

Marketing
Reportedly, twenty companies paying $70 million had their products featured in the film, a record at the time, although USA Today reported that number to be as high as $100 million.

The eleventh-generation Ford Thunderbird was featured in the film as Jinx's car, with a coral colour paying homage to a paint option for the original model, and matching her bikini. Ford produced a limited-edition 007-branded 2003 Thunderbird as a tie-in for the film, featuring a similar paint job.

Revlon produced "007 Colour Collection" makeup inspired by Jinx. Bond Barbie dolls inspired by the franchise were also produced, featuring a red shawl and an evening dress designed by Lindy Hemming, and sold in a gift set with Ken posing as Bond in formal wear designed by the Italian fashion house Brioni.

Release
Die Another Day had its world premiere on 18 November 2002 at the 56th Royal Film Performance, a fundraising event held in aid of The Film and TV Charity. The event took place at the Royal Albert Hall in London and Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip were guests of honour. The Royal Albert Hall had a makeover for the screening and had been transformed into an ice palace. Proceeds from the premiere, about £500,000, were donated to The Film and Television Charity, of which the Queen was patron.

Die Another Day was controversial in the Korean Peninsula. The North Korean government disliked the portrayal of their state as brutal and war-hungry. The South Koreans boycotted 145 theatres where it was released on 31 December 2002, as they were offended by the scene in which an American officer issues orders to the South Korean army in the defence of their homeland, and by a lovemaking scene near a statue of the Buddha. The Jogye Buddhist Order issued a statement that the film was "disrespectful to our religion and does not reflect our values and ethics". The Washington Post reported growing resentment in the nation towards the United States. An official of the South Korean Ministry of Culture and Tourism said that Die Another Day was "the wrong film at the wrong time."

Home media
Die Another Day was released on DVD and VHS on 3 June 2003.

Reception

Box office
On the first day of release, ticket sales reached £1.2 million at the UK box office. Die Another Day grossed $47 million on its opening weekend in the US and Canada and was ranked number one at the box office. The film would compete against Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and The Santa Clause 2 during the Thanksgiving weekend. Moreover, all three films were able to defeat the underperforming animated film Treasure Planet. Later on, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and Die Another Day would simultaneously reclaim the number one spot at the box office. For six months, they were both the latest films to return to the top spot at the box office, until Finding Nemo joined the group in June 2003. The film earned $160.9 million in the US and Canada, and $431.9 million worldwide, becoming the sixth highest-grossing film of 2002. Not adjusting for inflation, Die Another Day was the highest-grossing James Bond film until the release of Casino Royale in 2006.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 56% based on 220 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Its action may be a bit too over-the-top for some, but Die Another Day is lavishly crafted and succeeds in evoking classic Bond themes from the franchise's earlier installments." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100 based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed and average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.

Michael Dequina of Film Threat praised the film as the best of the series to star Pierce Brosnan and "the most satisfying installment of the franchise in recent memory." Larry Carroll of CountingDown.com praised Lee Tamahori for having "magnificently balanced the film so that it keeps true to the Bond legend, makes reference to the classic films that preceded it, but also injects a new zest to it all." Entertainment Weekly magazine also gave a positive reaction, saying that Tamahori, "a true filmmaker", has re-established the series' pop sensuality. A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the film the best of the James Bond series since The Spy Who Loved Me. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, who gave the film three stars out of four, stated: "This movie has the usual impossible stunts ... But it has just as many scenes that are lean and tough enough to fit in any modern action movie". Kyle Bell of Movie Freaks 365 stated in his review that the "first half of Die Another Day is classic Bond", but that "things start to go downhill when the ice palace gets introduced."

Several reviewers felt the film relied too heavily on gadgets and special effects, with the plot being neglected. James Berardinelli of ReelViews said: "This is a train wreck of an action film – a stupefying attempt by the filmmakers to force-feed James Bond into the mindless XXX mold and throw 40 years of cinematic history down the toilet in favor of bright flashes and loud bangs." Of the action sequences, he said: "Die Another Day is an exercise in loud explosions and excruciatingly bad special effects. The CGI work in this movie is an order of magnitude worse than anything I have seen in a major motion picture. Coupled with lousy production design, Die Another Day looks like it was done on the cheap." Gary Brown of the Houston Community Newspapers also described the weak point of the film as "the seemingly non-stop action sequences and loud explosions that appear to take centre stage while the Bond character is almost relegated to second string." Roger Moore, who played Bond in earlier films, said: "I thought it just went too far – and that's from me, the first Bond in space! Invisible cars and dodgy CGI footage? Please!"

The amount of product placement in Die Another Day had been a contemporaneous point of criticism, with the BBC, Time and Reuters referring mockingly to the film using the title "Buy Another Day". The producers subsequently chose to limit the number of companies involved in product placement to eight for the next Bond film, Casino Royale, in 2006.

Retrospective
Despite favour from fans who prefer Bond's more "camp" films, a comment piece in 2020 stated that it is "considered by many to be the worst entry in James Bond's canon" and compares unfavorably to The Bourne Identity (released months earlier), which "ushered in a new era of violent, gritty action-espionage movies" and gave rise to the "stripped-down, no-nonsense" Bond of Daniel Craig.
It often occupies a low rank on Bond-related lists. In a 2021 Yahoo! survey consisting of 2200 experts and superfans, Die Another Day was ranked as the third-worst instalment after Quantum of Solace and Spectre. The authors of the study did, however, specify that "every Bond film...is always someone's favourite". Far Out described it as Brosnan's "strongest" turn as Bond, describing it as a "midway point" between the more outlandish adventures and the more grounded films.

Media
Die Another Day was novelised by the then-official James Bond writer, Raymond Benson, based on the screenplay by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade. An effort is made to depict some of the film's more outlandish elements with more believability, in the style of Fleming's original novels' use of cutting-edge technology. So, for example, the non-bodywork elements of the Aston Martin with its 'cloaking' function (the glass windows and rubber tyres) are described as having retractable covers to achieve the invisibility effect. Fan reaction to it was above average. After its publication, Benson retired as the official James Bond novelist; a new series featuring the secret agent's adventures as a teenager, by Charlie Higson, was launched in 2005. As the novelisation was published after Benson's final original 007 novel, The Man with the Red Tattoo, it was the final literary work featuring Bond as originally conceived by Ian Fleming until the publication of Devil May Care by Sebastian Faulks in 2008 to mark the 100th anniversary of Fleming's birth.

007 Legends, released in 2012, features Daniel Craig's James Bond in a Die Another Day level.

Cancelled spin-off
Speculation arose in 2003 of a spin-off film concentrating on Jinx, which was scheduled for a November/December 2004 release. It was originally reported that MGM was keen to set up a film series that would be a "Winter Olympics" alternative to the main series. In the late 1990s, MGM had originally considered developing a spin-off film based on Michelle Yeoh's character, Wai Lin, in 1997's Tomorrow Never Dies. The spin-off Jinx was announced in December 2002. Lee Tamahori initially wanted to direct, but Stephen Frears was ultimately hired. Berry and Michael Madsen were originally going to reprise their roles as Jinx and Falco, while Jinx's lover was going to be played by Javier Bardem. Bardem would later play villain Raoul Silva in Skyfall (2012). The film would have revolved around Jinx's entry into the NSA, revealing that she had been adopted by Falco after being orphaned in a bombing and being hired by him from the RAND Corporation to do a job at the NSA as a favour. Wade described the film as "a very atmospheric, Euro thriller, a Bourne-type movie." However, despite much speculation of an imminent movie, on 26 October 2003, Variety reported that MGM had cancelled the project. MGM instead decided to reboot the James Bond franchise with the next film, Casino Royale, with Daniel Craig portraying the role of the titular character. In 2020, Berry revealed that the film was cancelled over its $80 million budget, saying: "Nobody was ready to sink that kind of money into a black female action star." Purvis and Wade said that this decision was influenced by the failure of several action films with female stars, including Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life, in 2003.

See also
 Invisibility in fiction
 Outline of James Bond

References

External links

2002 action thriller films
2000s spy films
2002 films
British sequel films
American sequel films
Films scored by David Arnold
Films about terrorism
Films directed by Lee Tamahori
Films produced by Barbara Broccoli
Films produced by Michael G. Wilson
Films set in 2001
Films set in 2002
Films set in Havana
Films set in Hong Kong
Films set in Iceland
Films set in London
Films set in North Korea
Films set in South Korea
Films shot in England
Films shot in Cornwall
Films shot in Hawaii
Films shot in Iceland
Films shot in Norway
Films shot in Spain
Films about invisibility
Golden Raspberry Award winning films
James Bond films
2000s Korean-language films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
20th Century Fox films
Patricide in fiction
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Eon Productions films
Films with screenplays by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
Films about the Korean People's Army
Films shot in Hampshire
Films shot in Gloucestershire
Films shot in London
Films shot in Kent
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

Die Another Day


160 Ann Street, Brisbane is an office tower located in the heart of  central business district (CBD) of Brisbane, Queensland in Australia and adjacent to  the Brisbane River. After its completion in 1972,  the tower was owned successively by Australian companies Zurich Australia Insurance, Precision Group,  Investa Property Group, and CorVal Partners.

History
Since its construction in 1972, 160 Ann Street, Brisbane has had various owners.

In November 1995, Zurich Australia, part of the Zurich Insurance Group, bought it for $41.75 million. In 2005 it sold the building to Precision Group who, in 2006, transferred it to the Investa Property Group as part of a property swap. Its present owners, CorVal Partners, acquired the building in 2012.

In 2009 a study of the building was carried out as part of a Solar Hearting & Cooling Programme of the International Energy Agency. It was funded by the Australian Research Council and  "considered as a 'Critical Case' representing common physical and operational characteristics of typical high rise office buildings in Australia".

In 2011 Central Queensland University commenced its Brisbane campus in the building.

References

External links

   CorVal Partners (owner)

Ann Street, Brisbane
Office buildings completed in 1972
Skyscraper office buildings in Brisbane

160 Ann Street, Brisbane


Xiaolin Showdown is an American animated television series that aired on Kids' WB and was created by Christy Hui. Set in a world where martial arts battles and Eastern magic are commonplace, the series follows four young Xiaolin warriors in training who battle the Heylin forces of evil. They do this by protecting Shen Gong Wu (ancient artifacts that have great magical powers) from villains that would use them to conquer the world. Typical episodes revolve around a specific Shen Gong Wu being revealed which results in both sides racing to find it. Episodes usually reach a head when one good and one evil character must challenge each other to a magical duel called a Xiaolin Showdown for possession of the artifact.

Characters

 Omi
 Raimundo Pedrosa
 Kimiko Tohomiko
 Clay Bailey
 Dojo Kanojo Cho
 Jack Spicer
 Wuya
 Chase Young

Episodes

Xiaolin Showdown


R v Plant, [1993] 3 S.C.R. 281 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the protection of personal information under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The issue was whether the warrantless perimeter search of the accused home and the seizure of electricity consumption records violated the accused's right against unreasonable search and seizure under section 8 of the Charter. The Court held that the seizure of consumption records was not in violation of section 8, but that the perimeter search did violate the Charter.

See also
 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court)

References

External links

Section Eight Charter case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
1993 in Canadian case law
Supreme Court of Canada case articles without infoboxes

R v Plant


Christopher D. Bradwell (born December 17, 1983) is a former professional American football defensive tackle. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Troy.

Bradwell was also a member of the St. Louis Rams, Georgia Force, Columbus Lions, Toronto Argonauts, Knoxville NightHawks and Colorado Ice.

Early years
Bradwell attended Chattahoochee High School in Georgia and recorded 95 tackles and 11 sacks as a senior. He Also caught eight passes for 150 yards, and 7 touchdowns while playing tight end, linebacker, defensive end, and defensive tackle. As a junior, he caught 11 passes for 177 yards and one touchdown while logging 173 tackles and six quarterback sacks.

College career
Bradwell appeared in 12 games with nine starts for Troy in 2007 and was named Sun Belt Conference Newcomer of the Year. He finished the season with 36 total tackles, including eight tackles for loss, as well as four sacks, one forced fumble, two fumble recoveries and one pass defensed. He sat out the 2006 season due to a violation of team rules. He played for Northeast Mississippi Community College in 2005 and was named junior college All-American and Defensive Player of the Year in Mississippi in 2005 after recording Recorded 70 tackles, including 10 for loss. He played in four games as a true freshman at Florida State in 2004 and recorded one tackle. He redshirted in 2003.

Professional career

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Bradwell entered the league as an undrafted free agent with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on May 6, 2008. He was released by Tampa Bay on August 30 and signed to the practice squad on December 3. He was released by Tampa Bay on December 17. He was re-signed by the Buccaneers on January 8, 2009.

St. Louis Rams
Bradwell was signed to the St. Louis Rams' practice squad on October 12, 2009. On January 20, 2010, Bradwell signed a reserve future contract.

Georgia Force
Bradwell signed with the Georgia Force of the Arena Football League on February 26, 2011. He was released by the team on March 7, 2011.

Columbus Lions
On March 12, 2011, Bradwell signed with the Columbus Lions of the Southern Indoor Football League.

Toronto Argonauts
On May 27, 2011, Bradwell signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He was released by the Argonauts on August 12, 2011.

References

External links
Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
Troy Trojans bio

1983 births
Living people
Players of American football from Jacksonville, Florida
American football defensive tackles
Florida State Seminoles football players
Northeast Mississippi Tigers football players
Troy Trojans football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
St. Louis Rams players
Colorado Crush (IFL) players
Columbus Lions players

Chris Bradwell


A coffeemaker or coffee machine is a cooking appliance used to brew coffee. While there are many different types of coffeemakers using several different brewing principles, in the most common devices, coffee grounds are placed into a paper or metal filter inside a funnel, which is set over a glass or ceramic coffee pot, a cooking pot in the kettle family. Cold water is poured into a separate chamber, which is then boiled and directed into the funnel. This is also called automatic drip-brew.

American culture
Coffee
Cooking appliances
Home appliances

Coffeemaker


Rowing is the sport of racing boats using oars. It differs from paddling sports because the oars are attached to the boat using oarlocks. Paddles are not connected to the boat. Rowing is divided into sculling and sweep rowing. In sculling, each rower has two oars—one in each hand. In sweep rowing each rower holds one oar with both hands. There are several boat classes for competitions. Single sculls are just one person in a small boat.  Shells with eight rowers and a coxswain are called eights. There are many types of racing, but most high level racing is on calm water courses 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long with several lanes marked using buoys.

The first rowing races were on the River Thames in London, in the early 17th century. In the 18th century British public schools set up boat clubs.  Later clubs were started at universities in England and America and public rowing clubs started.

Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. It was on the programme for the 1896 games but the  race did not happen because of bad weather.  Since then Male rowers have competed in all the Olympics. Women's rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976. Today, there are fourteen boat classes which race at the Olympics. 150 countries now have rowing federations. The World Rowing Federation, holds annual World Rowing Championships with twenty-two boat classes.

References

Boats
Rowing

Rowing (sport)


Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality is a virtual reality game compatible with HTC Vive, PlayStation VR and Oculus Rift developed by Owlchemy Labs and published by Adult Swim Games for Microsoft Windows on April 20, 2017. It is based on the American animated series Rick and Morty, whose series co-creator Justin Roiland aided in the development. A port for the PlayStation 4 was released on April 10, 2018.

Gameplay

Using HTC Vive, PlayStation VR or Oculus Rift, the player controls V.R. Morty, the clone of Morty Smith, the grandson of mad scientist Rick Sanchez. The clone was created to help Rick and Morty with menial tasks, such as laundry and spaceship repair. He is given a wristwatch from which a hologram of Rick appears to relay orders. Movement from one spot to another is done by warping, and a being called Mr. Youseeks can be summoned to aid in unreachable chores.

Plot
Rick creates a clone of his grandson Morty in their garage, demanding that he do the laundry. With the chore complete, Rick explains the clone is not of use anymore and shoots him. Clone Morty appears in Purgatory, but is given the choice to return to the garage. The next chore is to obtain a device from outside the garage, but since the clone is not allowed to leave, he summons a being called Mr. Youseeks that imitates his every motion to aid in his task. The device is revealed to be faulty. Rick says to order another, but the computer must be repaired to do so. The new device is delivered, which Clone Morty attaches to a plunger to retrieve a seed stuck in the toilet.

The seed is employed to upgrade Rick's spaceship, but eventually it breaks down at a celestial nature preserve. Clone Morty teleports to the scene, where they are caught trespassing. Rick equips Clone Morty with firearms to fight off the Galactic Federation while the spaceship is being repaired. However, Clone Morty is abandoned at the nature preserve and is instructed to commit suicide. In Purgatory, Clone Morty decides once more to return to the garage. He is commanded by Rick to incubate an egg found at the nature preserve until it hatches. From out of the egg hatches a childlike alien who has the clone complete a makeshift signalling device. When Rick returns to the garage, he kills the alien and leaves.

The antenna summons two increasingly large members of the alien's parents which Clone Morty defeats, before being killed and revived again. Back at the garage, two versions of Rick emerge and begin to fight. The clone must determine which of them to kill; the remaining version is run over by the spaceship of the real Rick, who kills Clone Morty for wielding a firearm. Clone Morty is greeted at the garage by Rick and Morty after a visit to Purgatory. Rick reveals that the past events were a ploy for Clone Morty to make an Omega Detergent by combining the seed and baby-alien goo, and do the laundry to perfection.

Development
The idea for Owlchemy Labs to work on a virtual reality video game for Rick and Morty came after series co-creator Justin Roiland invited the development team to his residence to play games. The first drafts of dialog were written by Owlchemy Labs and rough voice recordings by Producer Andrew Eiche were sent to Roiland as a template for the final performance.

Reception

Virtual Rick-ality was met with "generally favourable" reviews on the PC and "mixed or average" reviews on the PS4, according to Metacritic.

Destructoid's Chris Carter thought the game exemplified the potential of virtual reality adventure games. He appreciated the banter done at the expense of the player character, and enjoyed the finale most when it broke the fourth wall. Joe Jube of Game Informer opined that it worked best when the original show was referenced, and was more entertaining when straying from one's assigned actions. Jon Ryan at IGN praised the pacing for the employment of puzzle solving, "environmental exploration, and the occasional shooting gallery". The variations of jobs to accomplish were found to be "interesting and enjoyable", and the manner in which one navigates the environment was lauded as "a smart solution".

Conversely, Carter criticized its optimization, citing issues of faulty controls, long loading screens and "severe" stuttering, all of which resulted in having to reboot the game. Jube complained that the required tasks became monotonous and presented a lack of engagement overall.

The game was nominated for the Coney Island Dreamland Award for Best Virtual Reality Game at the New York Game Awards 2018, and for "VR Game of the Year" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards.

References
Notes

Footnotes

External links

2017 video games
HTC Vive games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation VR games
Simulation video games
Single-player video games
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Video games based on Rick and Morty
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set on fictional planets
Windows games
Oculus Rift games
Video games about cloning
Owlchemy Labs games

Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality


Social intelligence is the ability to understand one's own and others' actions. Social intelligence is learned and develops from experience with people and learning from success and failures in social settings. It is an important interpersonal skill that helps individuals succeed in all aspects of their lives.

Definitions
The original definition of social intelligence (by Edward Thorndike in 1920) is "the ability to understand and manage men and women and boys and girls, to act wisely in human relations". It is thus equivalent to interpersonal intelligence, one of the types of intelligence identified in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and closely related to theory of mind.

Social scientist Ross Honeywill postulates that social intelligence is an aggregated measure of self- and social-awareness, evolved social beliefs and attitudes, and a capacity and appetite to manage complex social change. Neuropsychologist Nicholas Humphrey believes that social intelligence defines who we are as humans.

An updated definition coined by Nancy Cantor and John F. Kihlstrom in 1987 is "the individual's fund of knowledge about the social world." In 2006 Eleni Andreou described social intelligence as being similar to "social skills and competence".

Social intelligence and interpersonal intelligence were previously believed to be closely related, however, the subjects diverged into two distinct fields of study.

Other authors restricted the definition to concern only knowledge of social situations, perhaps more properly called social cognition (or social marketing intelligence, as it pertains to trending socio-psychological advertising and marketing strategies and tactics). According to Sean Foleno, social intelligence is a person's competence to optimally understand one's environment and react appropriately for socially successful conduct.

These multiple definitions demonstrate a lack of consensus on the operational definition of social intelligence.

In psychology,  Social Intelligence is a critical subset of human intelligence centered around two core components: social awareness and social facility.

Social cognition refers to the capacity to understand and empathize with others' emotions and perspectives, while social facility pertains to the ability to behave effectively in social situations.

Hypothesis
The social intelligence hypothesis states that social intelligence (that is, complex socialization such as politics, romance, family relationships, quarrels, collaboration, reciprocity, and altruism)
 was a driving force in developing the size of human brains or "executive brains"
 today provides our ability to use those large brains in complex social circumstances.

This hypothesis claims that the demands of living together drives our need for intelligence, and that social intelligence is an evolutionary adaptation for dealing with highly complex social situations, as well as for gaining and maintaining power in social groups.

Archaeologist Steve Mithen believes that there are two key evolutionary periods of human brain growth that contextualize the social intelligence hypothesis. The first was about two million years ago, when the brain more than doubled in size. Mithen believes that this growth was because people were living in larger, more complex groups, and had to keep track of more people and relationships. These changes required a greater mental capacity and, in turn, a larger brain size.

The second key growth period in human brain size occurred between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, when the brain reached its modern size. While this growth is still not fully explained, Mithen believes that it is related to the evolution of language. Language may be the most complex cognitive task we undertake. Language is related to social intelligence because it is used to mediate social relationships.

Social intelligence was a critical factor in brain growth. Social and cognitive complexity co-evolve.

Measurement
The social intelligence quotient (SQ) is a statistical abstraction, similar to the 'standard score' approach used in IQ tests, with a mean of 100. Scores of 140 or above are considered to be very high. Unlike the standard IQ test, it is not a fixed model. It leans more toward Jean Piaget's theory that intelligence is not a fixed attribute, but a complex hierarchy of information-processing skills underlying an adaptive equilibrium between the individual and the environment. Therefore, an individual can change their SQ by altering their attitudes and behavior in response to their social environment.

SQ had been measured by techniques such as question and answer sessions. These sessions assessed the person's pragmatic abilities ; however, some tests have been developed to measure social intelligence. This test can be used to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. This test can also be used to check for some non-autistic or semi-autistic conditions such as semantic pragmatic disorder or SPD, schizophrenia, dyssemia, and ADHD.

Some self-report social intelligence measures exist. Although easy to administer, the resulting social intelligence measures might better be interpreted in terms of social self-efficacy (that is, one's confidence in one's ability to deal with social information).

Since people with low SQ scores may not have skills necessary to communicate with customers and/or co-workers, they are most successful with minimal customer interaction, smaller groups, or independent work. People with SQs over 120 are considered socially skilled, and may work exceptionally well in jobs that involve direct contact and communication with other people.

The George Washington University Social Intelligence Test is one of the only ability measures available for assessing social intelligence. It was created in June 1928 by Dr. Thelma Hunt, a psychologist from George Washington University. It was originally proposed as a measurement of a person's capacity to deal with people and social relationships. The test assesses social abilities like observing human behavior, social situation judgement, name & face memory, and theory of mind from facial expressions. The George Washington University Social Intelligence Test revised second edition consists of these items:
 Observation of human behavior
 Recognition of the mental state of the speaker
 Memory for names and faces
 Judgment in social situations
 Sense of humor

Differences from intelligence
Nicholas Humphrey points to a difference between intelligence being measured by IQ tests and social intelligence. Some autistic children are extremely intelligent because they have well developed skills of observing and memorizing information, however they have low social intelligence. For a long time, the field was dominated by behaviorism, that is, the theory that one could understand animals, including humans, just by observing their behavior and finding correlations. But subsequent theories argue that one must consider .

Additional views
Social intelligence is closely related to cognition and emotional intelligence.
Research psychologists studying social cognition and social neuroscience have discovered many principles in which human social intelligence operates. Psychologists Nancy Cantor and John Kihlstrom outlined the kinds of concepts people use to make sense of their social relations (e.g., "What situation am I in?, What kind of person is this?, Who is talking to me?"), the rules they use to draw inferences ("What did he mean by that?") and plan actions ("What am I going to do about it?").

More recently, popular science writer Daniel Goleman has drawn on social neuroscience research to propose that social intelligence is made up of social awareness (including empathy, attunement, empathic accuracy, and social cognition) and social facility (including synchrony, self-presentation, influence, and concern). Goleman's research indicates that our social relationships effect our physical health, and the deeper the relationship the deeper the impact. Effects include blood flow, breathing, mood such as fatigue and depression, and weakening of the immune system.

Researcher Raymond H. Hartjen believes that intelligence is amplified by increased social interactions. This suggests that children require continuous opportunities for interpersonal experiences in order to develop a keen 'inter-personal psychology'. Traditional classrooms do not permit . Instead, students in traditional settings are treated as learners who must be infused with more and more complex forms of information. The structure of schools today allows very few of these skills, critical for survival in the world, to develop. Because we so limit the development of the skills of "natural psychologist" in traditional schools, graduates enter the job market handicapped to the point of being incapable of surviving on their own. In contrast, students who have had an opportunity to develop their skills in multi-age classrooms with democratic settings rise above their less socially skilled peers. They have a good sense of self, know what they want in life and have the skills to begin their quest.

J. P. Guilford was the first researcher to approach the problem of social intelligence from the measurement viewpoint. He developed a test of social intelligence, and suggested that the social intelligence is a unit that does not depend on common intellectual factor, but relates to the comprehension of behavioral information.

See also

References

External links
 The Social Intelligence Lab
 The Social Brain, Social Neuroscience

Intelligence by type
Interpersonal relationships
Personality theories
Life skills

Social intelligence


Friedrich J. Haberlandt (1826–1878) was a professor of agriculture at the Hochschule fuer Bodenkultur (Royal College of Agriculture) in Vienna, Austria-Hungary. He is best known for his book Die Sojabohne (The Soybean, 1878), which introduced soybean cultivation to Western and Central Europe.

Early years
Friedrich Haberlandt was born on 21 February 1826 in Bratislava (known as Pressburg in German), in the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania). He studied at the agricultural college in Hungarian Altenberg (formerly Magyaróvár, today's Mosonmagyaróvár in Hungary) about 2 miles northwest of Győr where he was active from 1851 to 1853 as assistant professor and from 1853 to 1869 as professor.

He was the father of three sons and three daughters. One of his sons was the eminent botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt, plant tissue culture theorist and visionary. His grandson was  Ludwig Haberlandt famed endocrinologist and pioneer in chemical birth control, the pill.

Interest in soybeans
In 1873 Haberlandt first became interested in soybeans when he obtained the seeds of 19 soybean varieties at the Vienna World Exposition (Wiener Weltausstellung). At the time he was a professor at the Imperial-Royal College of Agriculture (k.k. Hochschule für Bodencultur) in Vienna. He cultivated these seeds in Vienna, and soon began to distribute them throughout Central and Western Europe. Most of the farmers who received seeds from him cultivated them, then reported their results back to him. Starting in Feb. 1876, he published these results first in various journal articles, and finally in his magnum opus, Die Sojabohne in 1878.

A biography of Friedrich Haberlandt and his work with soybeans (129 pages, 169 references) is now available online.

He died in 1878, at age 52, in the prime of his life. His untimely and premature death probably set back the interest in soybeans in Europe by at least 50 years.

References

External links

1826 births
1878 deaths
19th-century agronomists
Agriculturalists
Scientists from Austria-Hungary
Soy researchers

Friedrich J. Haberlandt


Sakura Genesis 2018 was a professional wrestling event promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), which took place on April 1, 2018, in Tokyo at Ryōgoku Kokugikan. The main event featured the 2018 New Japan Cup winner Zack Sabre Jr. challenging Kazuchika Okada for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Previously held under the Invasion Attack name, this marked the second show under the Sakura Genesis name.

Storylines

Sakura Genesis 2018 will feature professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

On March 21, 2018, Zack Sabre Jr. won the New Japan Cup after defeating Hiroshi Tanahashi in the final. Sabre Jr. had previously beaten Tetsuya Naito in the first round on March 11, Kota Ibushi in the second round on March 15, and Sanada in the semifinals on March 18. Since the winner of the New Japan Cup gets to challenge for the NEVER Openweight Championship, IWGP Intercontinental Championship, or IWGP Heavyweight Championship, Sabre Jr. decided to challenge Kazuchika Okada for the Heavyweight Title after his finals match. The match is set to happen on Sakura Genesis.

On the second night of The New Beginning in Sapporo, Roppongi 3K (Sho and Yoh) won the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship. They would lose the titles to Suzuki-gun (El Desperado and Yoshinobu Kanemaru) on the NJPW 46th Anniversary Show in a triple threat involving Los Ingobernables de Japón (Bushi and Hiromu Takahashi). Bushi and Takahashi would be in matches against Suzuki-gun multiple times after the Anniversary Show, much to Roppongi 3K's chagrin. This would lead to post-match attacks by Bushi and Takahashi on Desperado and Kanemaru, leading to Roppongi 3K coming to stop the fighting and asserting their spot as the next challengers for the championship. On March 23, NJPW made the triple threat rematch official.

Results

References

External links
The official New Japan Pro-Wrestling website

2018 in professional wrestling
2018 in Tokyo
Events in Tokyo
April 2018 events in Japan
2018
Professional wrestling in Tokyo

Sakura Genesis 2018


Brenda Taylor (born February 9, 1979) is an American track and field athlete who specialises in the 400 meter hurdles. She reached the final of the event at the 2004 Summer Olympics. She also competed at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics and won a medal at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships in the 4×400-meter relay.

Taylor is a Harvard University medical graduate and won the hurdles at the 2001 NCAA Championships representing the Harvard Crimson track team.

Career
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, but grew up in Boone, North Carolina, and having graduated from Watauga High School in 1997,  Taylor had her first successes on the track for Harvard Crimson, while studying psychology and biology at Harvard University. She finished seventh in the 400 m hurdles at the NCAA Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 2000. Taylor's greatest college achievements came in her final year at Harvard when she ran a personal best of 55.88 seconds to win the NCAA final. She improved her best to 55.46 at a meeting in Zagreb and then went on to reach to podium at the 2001 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, winning the bronze medal. As a result of these achievements, Taylor received the 2000–01 Honda Sports Award as the top women's collegiate track athlete.

Taylor's performance at the national championships gained her selection into the 2001 World Championships in Athletics. Taylor finished sixth place in her semi-final. The following year, she was again third place in the 400 m hurdles at the national championships. Taylor began the 2003 season with a fourth-place performance in the 400 metres at the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships. This earned her a place on the 4 × 400-meter relay team at the 2003 IAAF World Indoor Championships, where an American team of Monique Hennagan, Meghan Addy, Taylor and Mary Danner took the bronze medal.

In the outdoor season, Taylor came first at the Mt. SAC Relays and again finished third at the Outdoor U.S. Championships. However, she encountered the more illicit side of track and field at the championships as she was offered the banned substance modafinil. She claimed that she was "the only person that didn't take it". One of her competitors, Sandra Glover, was among those later banned for taking the drug at the championships. Taylor was chosen to compete at the 2003 Pan American Games and she finished fourth behind Andrea Blackett in the 400 m hurdles final. Taylor attended track and field meetings in Europe, coming third in Zagreb and taking fourth at the Weltklasse Zurich in a personal record time of 54.92 seconds. She qualified for the 2003 IAAF World Athletics Final and finished in fifth place, running 54.93 seconds.

Taylor reached the pinnacle of her athletic career in 2004, beginning with a win at the Mt. SAC Relays in a meet record time, and a personal best beating run of 54.36 seconds for second at Golden Spike Ostrava. At the 2004 United States Olympic Trials she improved even further, finishing as runner-up to Sheena Johnson with a time of 53.36 seconds. Gaining her first ever berth on the Olympic team, Taylor set her sights on the 2004 Athens Olympics. Taylor reached the Olympic hurdles final and took seventh place with a run of 54.97 seconds. She closed the season with a bronze medal at the 2004 IAAF World Athletics Final. Her new best time of 53.36 ranked her as the fifth fastest 400 m hurdler of 2004.

Taylor has a twin sister, Lindsay Taylor, who competes in the pole vault. Taylor abruptly stopped competing in professional athletics after 2004.

Personal bests
Source

All information taken from IAAF profile.

Competition record

References

External links

In-depth article from Harvard Magazine
Interview with the Watauga Democrat

1979 births
Living people
American female hurdlers
Track and field athletes from St. Louis
Harvard Crimson women's track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
African-American female track and field athletes
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games
Pan American Games track and field athletes for the United States
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American women

Brenda Taylor (hurdler)


Alfred Rudolph Cole (born April 21, 1964), best known as Al Cole, is an American former professional boxer. He won the IBF cruiserweight title and was a major force in the division until moving up to heavyweight, where he had less success. In 2001, Cole portrayed boxer Ernie Terrell in the film Ali.

Career
Cole, at 6'4", was a large and dominant cruiserweight boxer. Later in his career, he did not have the size or power to compete at the upper echelon of the heavyweight division when he moved up in weight class. He listed his hometown as Spring Valley, New York.
Cole began his career on a 20-1 tear and captured the cruiserweight title by defeating IBF champ James Warring after only three years as a professional.  Cole went on to defend the title five times. His most notable defenses came against Uriah Grant (a fighter who beat Thomas Hearns). Cole defeated Grant twice by unanimous decision.
Throughout his career Al Cole has appeared in movies with several big actors such as Robert De Niro, Will Smith, John Voight, Jamie Foxx, Jeffrey Wright & Catherine Zeta-Jones. In one of the movies Al Cole appeared in, Ali, people got knocked out during the audition. Cole was cited -"People really got knocked out auditioning for the movie roles".

Heavyweight
Cole went up to heavyweight without losing his title. In his first heavyweight fight, Cole was nearly swept on all cards by Tim Witherspoon in a unanimous decision loss.
A year later, Cole was TKO'd by Michael Grant in the 10th round.  Cole then had brief success by drawing over ten rounds with up and coming, undefeated prospect Kirk Johnson.  Johnson was to win the rematch via unanimous decision, a loss which began Cole's career downfall.
Cole went on to lose to Corrie Sanders and Jameel McCline.  Cole's career then had a brief resurgence with a victory over undefeated Vincent Maddalone, a unanimous decision over David Izonritei, and a draw with Jeremy Williams).  Cole failed to build on the momentum though, dropping decisions to Lance Whitaker, former heavyweight champion Hasim Rahman, and finally a TKO loss to Sultan Ibragimov.  Cole then retired, but returned to defeat heavyweight prospect Joey "Minnesota Ice" Abell on September 5 in Sweden. A year later, he was defeated by fringe contender Timur Ibragimov. Cole had scheduled to fight a rematch with Abell in  2010 in Uganda, but that bout fell through. Reflecting on his long career in boxing, Cole noted "I gave people what they wanted to see-an action-packed fight."

Life as a trainer
Cole is now a professional boxing trainer. He is currently training USBA Heavyweight Champion Maurice Harris for Boxing 360.

Professional boxing record

See also
List of world cruiserweight boxing champions

References

External links

|-

1964 births
Living people
American male boxers
African-American boxers
Boxers from New Jersey
Boxers from New York (state)
People from Spring Valley, New York
Sportspeople from Rockland County, New York
Cruiserweight boxers
Heavyweight boxers
World cruiserweight boxing champions
International Boxing Federation champions

Al Cole


Pieranna Garavaso is an analytic philosopher and professor emerita at the University of Minnesota Morris. Her areas of interest include epistemological and metaphysical issues in philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, and feminist epistemology. She received her doctorate in philosophy from the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. She is the recipient of two distinguished teaching awards: the University of Minnesota, Morris Alumni Association Teaching Award in 2003 and the Horace T. Morse University of Minnesota Alumni in 2004.

Publications

Books
 The Bloomsbury Companion to Analytic Feminism, Bloomsbury Academic, June 2018.
 Frege on Thinking and Its Epistemic Significance, coauthored with Nicla Vassallo, Lexington Books, Lanham, November 2014.
 Filosofia delle donne  (Philosophy of Women), coauthored with Nicla Vassallo, Laterza, Roma-Bari, 2007; first reprint September 2007.
Filosofia della matematica. Numeri e strutture (Philosophy of Mathematics. Numbers and Structures), Guerini, Milan (Italy), 1998.

Articles
 "Psychological Continuity and Trauma," The Journal of Philosophical Research, 39(2014), 101-125.
 "Four Theses in Frege," Paradigmi, 3 (2013): 43-59.
 "Hilary Putnam's Consistency Objection Against Wittgenstein's Conventionalism in Mathematics," Philosophia Mathematica, (III), 00 (2013): 1-18.
 "Il destino di Karen. Università e donne nel Nord America" (Karen's Fate. Academe and Women in North America), Diogene, Vol. 4, 16(September–November 2009), pp. 44–46.
 "Scienza," in Donna m'apparve, Codice Edizioni 2009, pp. 117–130.
 "Editor's Introduction," in Philip Hugly and Charles Sayward, Arithmetic and Ontology: A Non-Realist Philosophy of Mathematics, Monograph-in-Debate Series of The Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, vol. 90, Amsterdam/New York, NY: Rodopi, 2006, pp. 11–20.
 "On Frege's Alleged Indispensability Argument," in Philosophia Mathematica (III) 13(2005), pp. 160–173.
 "Esiste una condizione necessaria per la razionalitá?" (Is there a necessary condition for rationality?), in Esperienza e razionalitá. Prospettive contemporanee, edited by Roberta Corvi, Franco Angeli, Milan, 2005, pp. 127–143.
 "On Behalf of the Neglected Body," in Ikaheimo, Kotkavirta, Laitinen, and Lyyra, eds., Personhood. workshop Papers of the Conference "Dimensions of Personhood," University of Jyväskylä, Finland, 2004, pp. 54–60.
 "Filosofia della Matematica" (Philosophy of Mathematics), Storia della filosofia analitica (History of Analytic Philosophy), Einaudi, Turin (Italy), 2002.
 "La Varietà delle epistemologie femministe" (The Variety of Feminist Epistemologies), Donne e filosofia (Women and Philosophy), Erga, 2001, pp. 218–233.
 "Why the New Theorist May still Need to Explain Cognitive Significance but not Mind Doing It," Philosophia Vol. 28 (2000), pp. 1–11.
 "Mens Una in Corpore Uno," Identità personale: un dibattito aperto (Personal Identity: an open debate), Andrea Bottani and Nicla Vassallo, eds. Loffredo, Naples 2000, pp. 281–309.
 "The Quine/Wittgenstein Controversy: Any Role for Feminist Empiricism in It?," Epistemologia, Vol. XXII (1999), pp. 63–90.
 "Il controverso rapporto fra naturalismo e femminismo" (The Controversial Relationship Between Naturalism and Feminism), in E. Agazzi and N. Vassallo, eds., Introduzione al Naturalismo (Introduction to Naturalism), Franco Angeli, March 1998.
 "The Distinction Between the Logical and the Empirical in On Certainty," Philosophical Investigations, 1998.
 "Actuality and Necessity," The Journal of Critical Analysis, vol. 9, No. 2 (1992). pp. 173–187.
 "Anti-Realism and Objectivity in Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics," Philosophica, 48 (1991, 2), 93-106.
 "Frege on the Analysis of Thoughts," History and Philosophy of Logic, 12 (1991), 195-210.
 "Taylor's Defense of Two Traditional Arguments for the Existence of God," Sophia, (co-authored with Lory Lemke), vol. 29, no. 1, April 1990, pp. 31–41.
 "Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics: A Reply to Two Objections," Southern Journal of Philosophy, vol. 26, 1988, pp. 179–191.

Reviews of Garavaso's work

 Jose Maria Ariso, "El efecto de la experiencia sobre la reestructuración de los sistemas de creencias de Quine y Wittgenstein" ("The effect of experience on the restructuration of Quine's and Wittgenstein's systems of beliefs"), LOGOS. Anales del Seminario de Metafísica Vol. 41 (2008): 239-258.
 Daniele Moyal-Sharrock, "Wittgenstein Distinguished: A Response to Pieranna Garavaso," Philosophical Investigations, Volume 23, Number 1, January 2000, pp. 54–69(16).
 "Some Objections to Garavaso's Wittgenstein", The Southern Journal of Philosophy (1991) Volume XXIX, No. 3.

References

American women philosophers
Analytic philosophers
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American women
21st-century American women

Pieranna Garavaso


Jan Žižka z Trocnova a Kalicha (;  1360 – 11 October 1424) was a Czech general – a contemporary and follower of Jan Hus and a Radical Hussite who led the Taborites. Žižka was a successful military leader and is now a Czech national hero. He was nicknamed "One-eyed Žižka", having lost one and then both eyes. Jan Žižka led Hussite forces against three crusades and never lost a single battle despite being completely blind in his last stages of life.

He was born in the small village of Trocnov in the Kingdom of Bohemia into a family from the Czech nobility. According to Piccolomini's Historia Bohemica, he had some connections with the royal court from his youth, and later held the office of Chamberlain to Queen Sofia of Bavaria. He fought in the Battle of Grunwald (15 July 1410), where he defended Radzyń against the Teutonic Order. Later he played a prominent role in the civil wars in Bohemia. He led the Hussites during the first important clashes of this conflict in the Battle of Sudoměř (1420) and in the Battle of Vítkov Hill (1420). In the Battle of Kutná Hora (1421) he defeated the army of the Holy Roman Empire and the Hungarian Kingdom. The effectiveness of his field artillery against the royal cavalry in this battle made it a successful element of Hussite armies.

Žižka's tactics were unorthodox and innovative. In addition to training and equipping his army according to their abilities, he used armored wagons fitted with small cannons and muskets, anticipating the tank of five hundred years later. He exploited geographic features to the full and maintained good discipline in his armies. He had to quickly train peasants to repeatedly face highly trained and armored opponents who usually outnumbered his own troops. For these reasons, he is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time.

A monument was erected on the Vítkov Hill in Prague to honor Jan Žižka and his victory on this hill in 1420. It is the third largest bronze equestrian statue in the world.

Early life
Jan Žižka was born in one of two Meierhofs of the village Trocnov (nowadays part of Borovany). An old legend says that he was born in the forest under an oak growing just next to the fields and little ponds belonging to the Meierhof. Žižka's family belonged to the lower Czech gentry () but did not own much estate. Little is known of the rest of the family. Jan Žižka had several siblings but the only names known to historians are brother Jaroslav and sister Anežka. The family had a crayfish in their coat of arms.

The date of Žižka's birth is not known. A document dated 3 April 1378 mentions  (Jan called Zizka of Trocnov) as a witness on a marriage contract. On the basis of this document, it is assumed that Žižka must have been of legal age at this time and was born around 1360. Nevertheless, there is no direct evidence whether Jan Žižka listed on this document was identical with the Hussite general. For example, Czech historian Tomek and his followers supposed it could have been the military leader's father. They argued that if Žižka were adult in 1378, he would be too old to become such an able commander after 1419. Others, such as Šmahel, admitted that even such an age might not have prevented him from successful leadership. Furthermore, historian Petr Čornej notes that "Žižka" was not a family name but a specific nickname that is not attested in any other member of Žižka's family.

In the years 1378–1384, Žižka's name appears on several property documents, which indicate that he was struggling with long-term financial problems. In 1381, Žižka is attested in Prague, in connection with the settlement of the inheritance on the Trocnov estate. It is unclear how to connect this stay with Piccolomini's later report that young Žížka received an education at the Prague royal court. A 1384 document also mentions some Kateřina, a wife of Johannes dictus Zizka. This document states that Žižka sold the field he had once acquired from Kateřina as a dowry. After this date, Žižka's name disappears from historical documents for 20 years and it is generally assumed that he became a mercenary soldier.

Žižka as an outlaw
Although some of the south Bohemian nobility led by Henry III of Rosenberg took part in various revolts against king Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia at the turn of the 14th and 15th century (the king was even held captive in the Rosenberg's castles of Příběnice and Český Krumlov for a short time), there is no evidence of Žižka's participation in these conflicts. It is supposed that in the early years of the 15th century Jan Žižka already controlled his family property. However, the family probably got into financial problems and started selling parts of their estate. Some sources suggest that Žižka's father took the place of the royal gamekeeper before he died in 1407 near Plzeň and Žižka himself might have been taken into the royal service, too, but the evidence is not clear enough.

However, beginning in 1406, Žižka starts appearing in the black book () of the Rosenberg estate as an accused bandit. Unfortunately the reasons of this charge are not known, but the fact that he declared open hostility to Henry of Rosenberg and also to the city of Budějovice and their allies suggests that he was trying to fight some injustice against his house and to enforce some of his rights in this way. Šmahel assigns the boom of south-Bohemian banditry in that time to the continual growth of the estates of the rich house of Rosenberg (and of the church estates) and simultaneous indebtedness and pauperization of the lower gentry together with the thirst for land among their subjects, which resulted in social tension in the area. These circumstances may have eventually forced Žižka to leave his residence in Trocnov. Historian Tomek also speculated that he might have been forcibly deprived of his small hereditary property, which was not uncommon in that time. As a result, he started leading the life of an outlaw, partly supported by the local nobleman Valkoun.

In any case, violence broke out and Žižka tried to harm his enemies on any possible occasion using as his allies, also local bandits, led by Matěj Vůdce (Matthew the Leader) who were seeking only financial profit. The group camped in various places, including a farm in the village of Sedlo (nowadays part of Číměř), a mill not far from Lomnice nad Lužnicí, at a house of an unknown woman in Hlavatce or simply in the woods. During that period, robbery, holding people for ransom, and attacking small towns were the main source of the group's income. They used it to pay their living expenses (including paying temporary hosts) and to pay spies. Žižka took part in these raids and at least one murder: a man belonging to the cohort of Henry of Rosenberg. Žižka and the bandits were also in touch with some more powerful enemies of Henry of Rosenberg. For example, in 1408 Žižka took part in preparations for conquering the castle Hus near Prachatice (whose burgrave was Mikuláš of Hus who later became one of first commandants in Žižka's army in the beginning of the Hussite Wars). He also negotiated with Aleš of Bítov to secure Jan's help attempting to conquer the towns of Nové Hrady and Třeboň. Another nobleman asking Jan's help was Erhart of Kunštát who wanted to capture the stronghold of Slověnice.

Some of Žižka's companions were eventually captured, tortured, and executed, including Matěj Vůdce. Žižka's situation changed on 25 of April 1409 when king Wenceslas agreed that his conflict with the city of Budějovice should be finished and on 27 June he pardoned him (calling him "faithful and beloved") by a special letter. At the same time he ordered the city council of Budějovice to do so too. This suggests that the king admitted that Žižka was at least partly justified in the conflict.

Grunwald (1410)
According to the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz, in the following year (1410) Žižka served as a mercenary during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. It is assumed that he was on the winning Polish-Lithuanian side of the Battle of Grunwald, also called the 1st Battle of Tannenberg, one of the largest battles in Medieval Europe. It was fought on 15 July 1410, and the alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King of Poland Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło) and Grand Duke Vytautas (Witold), decisively defeated the Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Knights' leadership were killed or taken prisoner. The Knights never recovered their former power and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in their lands. The battle shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe. Długosz reports that after the battle, Žižka was serving in the garrison of the town of Radzyń.

A stay in Prague
The place of Žižka's activity in the years 1411–1419 is not entirely certain. According to a later report by Lukáš Pražský (from 1527), Žižka entered the service of Sophia of Bavaria, the wife of Wenceslas IV, as her chamberlain, and he accompanied her when she was attending the preachings of Jan Hus. Given that Hus went to the South Bohemian exile in 1413, this report must relate to the years 1411–1412. According to the Hussite historian Vavřinec z Březové (Vavřinec of Březová), who knew Žižka personally and referred to the events of 1419, the future Hussite leader then served as a familiaris regis Bohemiae (literally "a family member of the Bohemian king", i.e. a king's courtier). This is confirmed by later chronicles from the 16th century, which specifically highlight the exceptional position that Žižka had among the servants of Wenceslas IV. It is possible that Žižka took part in the unsuccessful war of the Polish king against the Teutonic Knights in 1414, but concrete evidence is lacking. However, it is interesting that just one month after the end of this war campaign, on 7 November 1414, a house in Na Příkopě street in Prague was bought by the one-eyed royal "doorman" Janek (Janek portulanus regius). Czech historiography generally accepts that this "doorman" was identical with Žižka. On 27 May 1416, the "doorman" Janek sells this house and buys another, smaller one in the Old Town.

Rise to prominence

Jan Žižka made his first significant mark in history on 30 July 1419 in Prague, when he joined a Hussite procession led by the priest Jan Želivský. The crowd gathered in front of the New Town hall and demanded the release of several Hussites held in prison. When these demands were rejected by the councilors, the crowd stormed the town hall and threw the councilors out of the windows. This so-called First Defenestration of Prague is regarded as the beginning of the Hussite revolution. Wenceslaus IV died 17 days after hearing about these events, likely from a heart attack. The Hussites subsequently seized the city and expelled all their opponents.

On 13 November 1419 a temporary armistice was concluded between the partisans of King Sigismund, the last Emperor of the House of Luxemburg and the citizens of Prague. Žižka disapproved of this compromise and left Prague for Plzeň, one of the richest cities of the kingdom with his followers, but soon left that city. On 25 March 1420 he defeated the partisans of Sigismund at Sudoměř, the first pitched battle of the Hussite wars. He later arrived at Tábor, the then-recently established stronghold of the Hussite movement. The ecclesiastical organization of Tabor had a somewhat puritanical character with a very strict military discipline being instituted though the government was established on a thoroughly democratic basis. Žižka took a large part in the organization of the new military community and became one of the four captains of the people (hejtman) who were at its head.

Wagenburg tactics

Žižka helped develop tactics of using wagon forts, called vozová hradba in Czech or Wagenburg by the Germans, as mobile fortifications. When the Hussite army faced a numerically superior opponent they prepared carts for the battle by forming them into squares or circles. The carts were joined wheel to wheel by chains and positioned aslant, with their corners attached to each other, so that horses could be harnessed to them quickly, if necessary. In front of this wall of carts a ditch was dug by camp followers. The crew of each cart consisted of 16–22 soldiers: 4–8 crossbowmen, 2 handgunners, 6–8 soldiers equipped with pikes or flails (the flail was the Hussite "national weapon"), 2 shield carriers and 2 drivers.

The Hussites' battle consisted of two stages, the first defensive, the second an offensive counterattack. In the first stage the army placed the carts near the enemy army and by means of artillery fire provoked the enemy into battle. The artillery would usually inflict heavy casualties at close range.

In order to avoid more losses, the enemy knights finally attacked. Then the infantry hidden behind the carts used firearms and crossbows to ward off the attack, weakening the enemy. The shooters aimed first at the horses, depriving the cavalry of its main advantage. Many of the knights died as their horses were shot and they fell.

As soon as the enemy's morale was lowered, the second stage, an offensive counterattack, began. The infantry and the cavalry burst out from behind the carts, striking violently at the enemy, mostly from the flanks. While fighting on the flanks and being shelled from the carts the enemy was not able to put up much resistance. They were forced to withdraw, leaving behind dismounted knights in heavy armor who were unable to escape the battlefield. The enemy armies suffered heavy losses and the Hussites soon had the reputation of not taking captives.

Gunpowder weapons
The Hussite wars also marked the earliest successful use of pistols on the battlefield and Žižka was an innovator in the use of gunpowder. He was the first European commander to maneuver on the field with cannon of medium caliber mounted on carts in between the wagons. The Czechs called the handgun a píšťala, and anti-infantry field guns houfnice, from which the English words "pistol" and "howitzer" have been derived. The Germans had just started corning gunpowder, making it suitable for use in smaller, tactical weapons. A musketeer on an open field armed with only a single-shot weapon was no match for a charging knight on a horse; however, from behind a castle wall, or from within the enclosure of the wagenburg, massed and disciplined gunmen could use the handgun to its greatest potential. From his experiences at the Battle of Grunwald, Žižka knew exactly how his enemies would attack, and he found new ways to defeat forces numerically superior to his own.

Hussite Crusades
The Hussite Wars were fought to win recognition of faith of the Hussites, the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation, and though predominantly a religious movement, it was also propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. The Catholic Church deemed Hus's teachings heretical. He was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake in 1415. The wars proper began in July 1419, with the First Defenestration of Prague, when protesting Hussites threw the town councillors and the judge out the windows of the New Town Hall. It has been reputed that King Wenceslaus IV was so stunned by the defenestration that he died from the shock shortly afterward on 16 August 1419. This led to the armed conflict in which Žižka was to earn his fame.

The first anti-Hussite crusade

King Sigismund was king of Hungary but only the titular king of Bohemia. Sigismund had acquired a claim on the Bohemian crown, though it was then in question (and remained so till much later) whether Bohemia was a hereditary or an elective monarchy, especially as the line through which Sigismund claimed the throne had accepted that the Kingdom of Bohemia was an elective monarchy elected by the nobles, and thus the regent of the kingdom (Čeněk of Wartenberg) also explicitly stated that Sigismund had not been elected as reason for Sigismund's claim to not be accepted. A firm adherent of the Church of Rome, Sigismund was successful in obtaining aid from Pope Martin V, who issued a bull on 17 March 1420 which proclaimed a crusade "for the destruction of the John Wycliffe, Hussites and all other heretics in Bohemia". Sigismund and many German princes arrived before the walls of Prague on 30 June at the head of a vast army of crusaders from all parts of Europe, largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the possibility of pillage. They immediately began a siege of the city and Žižka was compelled to defend the Kingdom. He was a pragmatist in developing his military strategy. His army consisted of farmers and peasants, lacking both the funds and equipment to be classic soldiers with sword, horse and armor, so Žižka used their farmers' skills to boost their military efficiency. He adapted the tools of agriculture into the tools of war. The agricultural flail was transformed into the flail.

Menaced by Sigismund, the citizens of Prague entreated the Taborites for assistance. Led by Žižka and their other captains, the Taborites set out to take part in the defence of the capital. At Prague, Žižka and his men took up a strong position on the hill just outside the city known as the Vítkov, now in Žižkov, a district of Prague named after the battle in his honour. On 14 July the armies of Sigismund made a general attack. A strong German Crusader-led force assaulted the position on the Vítkov, the stronghold that secured the Hussite communications with the open country. Thanks to Žižka's personal leadership, the attack was thrown back and the forces of Sigismund abandoned the siege. On August 22 the Taborites left Prague and returned to Tábor. Though Sigismund had retired from Prague, the castles of Vyšehrad and Hradčany remained in possession of his troops. The citizens of Prague laid siege to the Vyšehrad (see Battle of Vyšehrad), and towards the end of October the garrison was on the point of capitulating through famine. Sigismund attempted to relieve the fortress, but was decisively defeated by the Hussites on November 1 near the village of Pankrác. The castles of Vyšehrad and Hradčany now capitulated, and shortly afterwards almost all Bohemia fell into the hands of the Hussites.

Žižka now engaged in constant warfare with the partisans of Sigismund, particularly with the powerful Romanist, Oldřich II of Rožmberk. Through this struggle, the Hussites obtained possession of the greater part of Bohemia from Sigismund. It was proposed to elect the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas to the throne. However, the estates of Bohemia and Moravia met at Čáslav on 1 June 1421 and decided to appoint a provisional government, consisting of twenty members chosen from all the political and religious parties of the country. Žižka, who took part in the deliberations at Čáslav, was elected as one of the two representatives of Tábor.

Žižka summarily suppressed some disturbances on the part of a fanatical sect called the Adamites. He then continued his campaigns against the Romanists and the adherents of Sigismund, and having captured and rebuilt a small castle near Litoměřice (Leitmeritz), he retained possession of it, the only reward for his great services that he ever received or claimed. According to the Hussite custom he gave the Biblical name of Chalice (Kalich in Czech) to this new possession, and henceforth adopted the signature of Žižka of the Chalice. Jan Žižka did not capture any more properties for himself during the Hussite Wars. This fact was unusual for the time and distinguished Žižka from his contemporaries.

Later that year he was severely wounded while besieging the Rabí Castle, and lost the use of his remaining eye. Though now totally blind, he continued to command the armies of Tábor.

The second anti-Hussite crusade
At the end of 1421, Sigismund again attempted to subdue Bohemia and gained possession of the important town of Kutná Hora. The mainly German citizens of the city killed a few of the Hussites in the town and closed the city to Žižka, whose armies were camped outside the city walls. Sigismund's armies arrived and surrounded the Hussites. Žižka was at the head of the united armies of Tábor and Prague and though trapped managed to execute what some historians call the first mobile artillery manoeuver in history. Žižka broke through the enemy lines and retreated to Kolín, but having received reinforcements he attacked and defeated Sigismund's unsuspecting army at the village of Nebovidy between Kolín and Kutná Hora on 6 January 1422. Sigismund lost 12,000 men and only escaped himself by rapid flight. Sigismund's forces made a last stand at Battle of Německý Brod on 10 January, but the city was stormed by the Czechs, and contrary to Žižka's orders, its defenders were put to the sword.

Civil war

Early in 1423, internal dissent among the Hussites led to civil war. Žižka, as leader of the Taborites, defeated the men of Prague and the Utraquist nobles at Hořice on 20 April. Shortly afterwards came news that a new crusade against Bohemia was being prepared. This induced the Hussites to conclude an armistice at Konopiště on 24 June. As soon as the crusaders had dispersed, internal dissent broke out anew. During his temporary rule over Bohemia, Prince Sigismund Korybut of Lithuania had appointed Bořek, the lord of Miletínek, governor of the city of Hradec Králové. Bořek belonged to a moderate Hussite faction, the Utraquist party. After the departure of Sigismund Korybut, the city of Hradec Králové refused to recognize Bořek as its ruler, due to the democratic party gaining the upper hand. They called Žižka to its aid. He acceded to the demand and defeated the Utraquists under Bořek at the farm of Strachov (in the area of today's Kukleny within Hradec Králové) on 4 August 1423.

Žižka now attempted to invade Hungary, which was under the rule of his old enemy King Sigismund. Though this Hungarian campaign was unsuccessful owing to the great superiority of the Hungarians, it ranks among the greatest military exploits of Žižka, on account of the skill he displayed in retreat. In 1424, civil war having again broken out in Bohemia, Žižka decisively defeated the "Praguers" and Utraquist nobles at the battle of Skalice on 6 January, and at the battle of Malešov on 7 June. In September, he marched on Prague. On the 14th of that month, peace was concluded between the Hussite parties through the influence of John of Rokycany, afterwards Utraquist archbishop of Prague. It was agreed that the now reunited Hussites should attack Moravia, part of which was still held by Sigismund's partisans, and that Žižka should be the leader in this campaign.

However, Žižka died on the Moravian frontier near Přibyslav, during the siege of the castle in Přibyslav in what is today Žižkovo Pole, on 11 October 1424. Traditionally, it was said that he died of the plague; however, modern knowledge of historians excludes this theory. Even the theory of arsenic poisoning was ruled out after examining the skeletal remains. According to historians, the purulent disease carbuncle is considered the most likely cause of death.

According to chronicler Piccolomini, Žižka's dying wish was to have his skin used to make drums so that he might continue to lead his troops even after death. Žižka was so highly regarded that when he died, his soldiers called themselves Sirotci ("the Orphans") because they felt as if they had lost their father. His enemies said that "The one whom no mortal hand could destroy was extinguished by the finger of God."

He was interred in the church of Saints Peter & Paul in Caslau, but in 1623 his remains were removed and his grave destroyed by order of the Emperor Ferdinand II.

He was succeeded by Prokop the Great.

In popular culture

Literature
Žižka appears as one of the main characters in the Armed Garden graphic novella (The Armed Garden and Other Stories) by David B. He is the hero of a novel by George Sand, of a German epic by Meissner, and of a Bohemian tragedy by Alois Jirásek.

Films
Jan Žižka is a central figure of the "Hussite Revolutionary Trilogy" directed by Otakar Vávra. The films starred Zdeněk Štěpánek as Žižka. It consists of Jan Hus, Jan Žižka and Against All. Jan Žižka appeared in a 1960 Polish film Knights of the Teutonic Order. He is played by Tadeusz Schmidt. In 1968 Czechoslovak film Na Žižkově válečném voze, Žižka was played by Ilja Prachař.

2013 animated film The Hussites is set during Hussite wars. Protagonist of the film Záboj serves as film's version of Jan Žižka.

A film Jan Žižka (English title Medieval) by director Petr Jákl was released in 2022. It follows Jan Žižka during his youth. It is the most expensive Czech film ever made. Žižka was portrayed by Ben Foster. It was released on Netflix in 2022.

Games
In the game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition - Dawn of the Dukes, there is a single player campaign during which player takes role of Jan Žižka.

Age of Empires III features Hussite wagons as a unit used by Germans. Unit infobox directly mentions Žižka with the anglicized version of his name: John Zizka.

Žižka appears in Europa Universalis II as a default general for the Bohemia faction.

Field of Glory II: Medieval features Hussite campaign during which player takes role of Jan Žižka.

Žižka is the main protagonist of the upcoming independent 3D real-time strategy game Songs of the Chalice, which is set in the years 1419–1420.

Jan Žižka is one of the legendary cavalry commanders in the mobile game ROK (Rise of Kingdoms).

Hrot includes a power-up called Calvaria of Čáslav which is a nod to the Calva of Caslav, the top part of the human skull found in Čáslav which attributed to Jan Žižka

Jan Žižka is a [Age I] leader in the expansion New Leaders and Wonders released in 2020 to the board game Through the Ages: A New Story of Civilization.

Other
Early in 1917, the 3rd Czechoslovak Rifle Regiment of the Czechoslovak legions in Russia and named after "Jan Žižka z Trocnova".

During World War II, a number of military units were named after Jan Žižka. One of them, the 1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka, was among the first anti-Nazi guerrilla units in occupied Czechoslovakia. A Yugoslav partisan brigade of the same name was formed in western Slavonia on 26 October 1943 and operated in areas inhabited by a large Czech and Slovak minority.

Jan Žižka is one of the main characters in the manga series  (2013) by .

Citations

General and cited sources
 Bílek, Jiří (2007), Hádanky naší minulosti 7. Čtyři Janové a bratr Prokop, Euromedia Group Praha. pp. 172–173. . Count Lützow, The Hussite Wars, J. M. Dent & Sons London, E. P. Dutton & Co. New York (1909).
 Čornej, Petr (2019), Jan Žižka. Nakladatelství Paseka.
 Fudge, Thomas A., The Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418–1437: Sources and Documents for the Hussite Crusades (Crusade Texts in Translation). Höfler, Konstantin, Geschichtsquellen Böhmens.
 Heymann, Frederick G. (1969), John Zizka & the Hussite Revolution, Russell & Russell New York (1955).
 Šmahel, František, Die Hussitische Revolution I–III, MGH-Schriften. 43/I–III, Hannover (2002).
 Turnbull, Stephen, The Hussite Wars (1419–36), Osprey Publishing. .
 Verney, Victor (2009), Warrior of God: Jan Žižka and the Hussite Revolution, Frontline Books London. .

External links

1360 births
1424 deaths
15th-century deaths from plague (disease)
15th-century soldiers
Czech people with disabilities
Czech generals
Czech military leaders
Hussite people
People from Borovany
People in the Battle of Grunwald
Czech revolutionaries
People of the Hussite Wars
15th-century people from Bohemia
Medieval Bohemian nobility
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Jan Žižka


Alan Glenn Haller (born August 9, 1970) is an American college athletic administrator and former football player. He is the athletic director at Michigan State University, a position he has held since September 2021. Haller's 2022 salary was $800,000. Haller played professionally as a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Cleveland Browns and Carolina Panthers. He was selected in the fifth round of the 1992 NFL Draft by the Steelers. He played his first three games in the NFL with the Steelers before he was released and signed with the Cleveland Browns, where he played another three games. He returned to the Steelers in 1993 and joined the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1995 before retiring after the 1995 season. In his professional career, Haller played only 12 games in three seasons, earning no starts and no statistics. Though he was a defensive back, Haller played mostly as a special teams player.

After retiring from the NFL, Haller returned to Michigan State University and became a police officer with the Michigan State University Department of Police and Public Safety. He spent 13 years on the force, eventually working his way up to 1st Lieutenant of the Uniform Division. In 2006, Haller, along with athletic director Mark Hollis, men's basketball coach Tom Izzo, and former athletic director Ron Mason, was a member of the selection team that brought head football coach Mark Dantonio to Michigan State.

In June 2010, Haller was named associate athletics director for administration for the Michigan State athletic department. He was the human resource officer for the athletics department and the student-athlete ombudsman.

College football career
Haller attended Michigan State after attending J. W. Sexton High School in Lansing, Michigan. While in high school, Haller rushed for 1,245 yards and 14 touchdowns as a senior. He earned a scholarship to Michigan State and was converted into a defensive back by Spartans head coach George Perles. He was a three-year starter at both corner and safety. In 1991, he won the Co-Captains award for leadership. Haller finished his college career with three interceptions.

NFL career
Haller was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fifth round of the 1992 NFL Draft. Though he made the team, he mainly played special teams, and was placed on waivers on November 17, 1992. The Cleveland Browns claimed Haller off waivers and like in Pittsburgh, Haller played mostly special teams. Less than a month after joining the Browns, Haller was injured and placed on Injured Reserved. The Browns released Haller in 1993 and he spent all of 1994 out of pro football. He later signed with the expansion Carolina Panthers, appearing in just two games. The Panthers released Haller in camp the following summer, essentially ending his NFL career.

Career after football
On September 1, 2021, Haller was named the athletic director at Michigan State University. Haller was the 20th athletic director in the school's history at that time. He had just prior served as the assistant vice president and deputy athletic director for Michigan State athletics.

Prior to his tenure in the MSU Athletic Department, Haller was a police officer with the Michigan State University Police Department for 13 years.

Personal
Haller graduated from Michigan State with a B.A. in criminal justice and after his rookie season, he spent time as an intern in the Cleveland district attorney's office. He has two sons, Devin and Blake, and a daughter Allison.

References

External links
 Michigan State profile

1970 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
Carolina Panthers players
Cleveland Browns players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Michigan State Spartans athletic directors
Michigan State Spartans football players
Players of American football from Lansing, Michigan
African-American college athletic directors in the United States
African-American police officers

Alan Haller


P. C. Sharma is an Indian politician and member of Madhya Pradesh's 15th Vidhan Sabha, who was Cabinet Minister of Law and Legal Affairs Department, Public Relations Department, Science and Technology Department, Department of Civil Aviation, Department Associated with the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh Government.of Madhya Pradesh Kamal Nath Ministry, Government of Madhya Pradesh. He represents Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in Madhya Pradesh.

Early life and education
P. C. Sharma, son of Late Shri Mangilal Sharma was born at Harsud in Madhya Pradesh. Having completed his B.E. Shri Sharma entered into business and agriculture. His interests include sports, excursions, music, watching movies and public service.
Sharma has traveled to Switzerland, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Bangkok, America, England, France, Germany and Japan. He was elected MLA for the first time in 1998 from the Bhopal South Assembly constituency and became the chairman of the Special Rights Committee.

Political career
P. C. Sharma started public and political life as a corporator in the Bhopal Municipal Corporation. Besides being a corporator, he has been a member and president of several committees of the Corporation. Shri Sharma has been the Director of Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Madhya Pradesh corporator, Co-ordinator of Environment Forum, Patron of the Madhya Pradesh Slum Landless Labourers Federation and Chairman of the Bhopal Development Authority. He has also discharged the responsibilities as executive member of Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee, Vice President of District Congress Committee, District President of Congress Seva Dal and Vice President of Pradesh Seva Dal.

He is currently District president of Bhopal INC, Sharma was elected MLA from Bhopal South-West for the 15th Legislative Assembly in the year 2018.
P.C. Sharma took oath of the minister's post in Chief Minister Shri Kamal Nath's Council of Ministers on December 25, 2018.

References

External links

Living people
Indian National Congress politicians
1948 births
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023
Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh

P. C. Sharma