Lunar soil is the fine fraction of lunar regolith found on the surface of the Moon and contributes to the Moon's tenuous atmosphere. Lunar soil differs in its origin and properties significantly from terrestrial soil.

As the Moon's fine surface layer, lunar soil is picked up by even weak natural phenomena active at the Moon's surface, allowing it to be part of the Moon's scant atmosphere. It is easily disturbed and poses a significant hazard to exposed equipment and human health. The fine lunar soil is made of sharp and very adhesive particles, with a distinct gunpowder taste and smell. That said, lunar soil is prospected as a lunar resource, particularly for lunar in situ utilization, such as a lunar building material and soil for growing plants on the Moon.

Lunar soil is primarily the result of mechanical weathering. Continual meteoric impacts and bombardment by solar and interstellar charged atomic particles of the lunar surface over billions of years ground the basaltic and anorthositic rock, the regolith of the Moon, into the progressively finer lunar soil. This situation contrasts fundamentally to terrestrial dirt formation, mediated by the presence of molecular oxygen (O2), humidity, atmospheric wind, and a robust array of contributing biological processes.

Lunar soil typically refers to only the finer fraction of lunar regolith, which is composed of grains 1 cm in diameter or less, but is often used interchangeably. Lunar dust generally connotes even finer materials than lunar soil. There is no official definition as to what size fraction constitutes "dust"; some place the cutoff at less than 50 μm in diameter, while others put it at less than 10 μm.

Formation processes

The major processes involved in the formation of lunar soil are:
Comminution: mechanical breaking of rocks and minerals into smaller particles by meteorite and micrometeorite impacts;
Agglutination: welding of mineral and rock fragments together by micrometeorite-impact-produced glass;
Solar wind sputtering and cosmic ray spallation caused by impacts of ions and high energy particles.

These processes continue to change the physical and optical properties of the dirt over time, and it is known as space weathering.

In addition, fire fountaining, whereby volcanic lava is lofted and cools into small glass beads before falling back to the surface, can create small but important deposits in some locations, such as the orange dirt found at Shorty Crater in the Taurus-Littrow valley by Apollo 17, and the green glass found at Hadley-Apennine by Apollo 15. Deposits of volcanic beads are also thought to be the origin of Dark Mantle Deposits (DMD) in other locations around the Moon.

Circulation

There is some evidence that the Moon has a tenuous layer of moving dust particles constantly leaping up from and falling back to the Moon's surface, giving rise to a "dust atmosphere" that looks static but is composed of dust particles in constant motion. The term "Moon fountain" has been used to describe this effect by analogy with the stream of molecules of water in a fountain following a ballistic trajectory while appearing static due to the constancy of the stream. According to a model proposed in 2005 by the Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, this is caused by electrostatic levitation. On the daylit side of the Moon, solar hard ultraviolet and X-ray radiation is energetic enough to knock electrons out of atoms and molecules in the lunar soil. Positive charges build up until the tiniest particles of lunar dust (measuring 1 micrometre and smaller) are repelled from the surface and lofted anywhere from metres to kilometres high, with the smallest particles reaching the highest altitudes. Eventually they fall back toward the surface where the process is repeated. On the night side, the dust is negatively charged by electrons from the solar wind. Indeed, the fountain model suggests that the night side would achieve greater electrical tension differences than the day side, possibly launching dust particles to even higher altitudes. This effect could be further enhanced during the portion of the Moon's orbit where it passes through Earth's magnetotail, part of the magnetic field of the Moon. On the terminator there could be significant horizontal electric fields forming between the day and night areas, resulting in horizontal dust transport - a form of "Moon storm".

This effect was anticipated in 1956 by science fiction author Hal Clement in his short story "Dust Rag", published in Astounding Science Fiction.

There is some evidence for this effect. In the early 1960s, Surveyor 7 and several prior Surveyor spacecraft that soft-landed on the Moon returned photographs showing an unmistakable twilight glow low over the lunar horizon persisting after the Sun had set. Moreover, contrary to the expectation of airless conditions with no atmospheric haze, the distant horizon between land and sky did not look razor-sharp. Apollo 17 astronauts orbiting the Moon in 1972 repeatedly saw and sketched what they variously called "bands," "streamers" or "twilight rays" for about 10 seconds before lunar sunrise or lunar sunset. Such rays were also reported by astronauts aboard Apollo 8, 10, and 15. These might have been similar to crepuscular rays on Earth.

Apollo 17 also placed an experiment on the Moon's surface called LEAM, short for Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites. It was designed to look for dust kicked up by small meteoroids hitting the Moon's surface. It had three sensors that could record the speed, energy, and direction of tiny particles: one each pointing up, east, and west. LEAM saw a large number of particles every morning, mostly coming from the east or west—rather than above or below—and mostly slower than speeds expected for lunar ejecta. In addition, the experiment's temperature increased to near 100 degrees Celsius a few hours after each lunar sunrise, so the unit had to be turned off temporarily because it was overheating. It is speculated that this could have been a result of electrically charged moondust sticking to LEAM, darkening its surface so the experiment package absorbed rather than reflected sunlight. However, scientists were unable to make a definite determination of the source of the problem, as LEAM operated only briefly before the Apollo program ended.

It is possible that these storms have been spotted from Earth: For centuries, there have been reports of strange glowing lights on the Moon, known as "Transient lunar phenomena" or TLPs. Some TLPs have been observed as momentary flashes, now generally accepted to be visible evidence of meteoroids impacting the lunar surface. But others have appeared as amorphous reddish or whitish glows or even as dusky hazy regions that change shape or disappear over seconds or minutes. These may have been a result of sunlight reflecting from suspended lunar dust.

Anthropogenic spread
While the Moon has a faint atmosphere, traffic and impacts of human activity on the Moon could cause clouds of lunar soil to spread far across the Moon, and possibly contaminate the original state of the Moon and its special scientific content.

Properties

Due to myriad meteorite impacts (with speeds in the range of 20 km/s), the lunar surface is covered with a thin layer of dust. The dust is electrically charged and sticks to any surface with which it comes in contact.

The density of lunar regolith is about 1.5 g/cm3 and increases with depth.

Other factors which may affect the properties of lunar soil include large temperature differentials, the presence of a hard vacuum, and the absence of a significant lunar magnetic field, thereby allowing charged solar wind particles to continuously hit the surface of the Moon.

Mineralogy and composition
While reportedly tasting and smelling of spent gunpowder, it does not resemble it.

Lunar soil is composed of various types of particles including rock fragments, mono-mineralic fragments, and various kinds of glasses including agglutinate particles, volcanic and impact spherules. The agglutinates form at the lunar surface by micrometeorite impacts that cause small-scale melting which fuses adjacent materials together with tiny specks of elemental iron embedded in each dust particle's glassy shell. Over time, material is mixed both vertically and horizontally (a process known as "gardening") by impact processes. The contribution of material from external sources is relatively minor, such that the dirt composition at any given location largely reflects the local bedrock composition.

There are two profound differences in the chemistry of lunar regolith and dirt from terrestrial materials. The first is that the Moon is very dry.  As a result, those minerals with water as part of their structure (mineral hydration) such as clay, mica, and amphiboles are absent from the Moon's surface. The second difference is that lunar regolith and crust are chemically reduced, rather than being significantly oxidized like the Earth's crust. In the case of the regolith, this is due in part to the constant bombardment of the lunar surface with protons from the solar wind. One consequence is that iron on the Moon is found in the elemental (0) and cationic (+2) oxidation states, whereas on Earth iron is found primarily in the +2 and +3 oxidation states.

Harmful effects of lunar dust

A 2005 NASA study listed 20 risks that required further study before humans should commit to a human Mars expedition, and ranked "dust" as the number one challenge. The report urged study of its mechanical properties, corrosiveness, grittiness, and effect on electrical systems. Most scientists think the only way to answer the questions definitively is by returning samples of Martian dirt and rock to Earth well before launching any astronauts.

Although that report addressed Martian dust, the concerns are equally valid concerning lunar dust. The dust found on the lunar surface could cause harmful effects on any human outpost technology and crew members:
 Darkening of surfaces, leading to a considerable increase in radiative heat transfer;
 Abrasive nature of the dust particles may rub and abrade surfaces through friction;
 Negative effect on coatings used on gaskets to seal equipment from space, optical lenses, solar panels, and windows as well as wiring;
 Possible damage to an astronaut's lungs, nervous, and cardiovascular systems;
 Possible increased risk of spacesuit arcing due to small dust grains' exposure to the space environment.

The principles of astronautical hygiene should be used to assess the risks of exposure to lunar dust during exploration on the Moon's surface and thereby determine the most appropriate measures to control exposure. These may include removing the spacesuit in a three-stage airlock, "vacuuming" the suit with a magnet before removal, and using local exhaust ventilation with a high-efficiency particulate filter to remove dust from the spacecraft's atmosphere.

The harmful properties of lunar dust are not well known. Based on studies of dust found on Earth, it is expected that exposure to lunar dust will result in greater risks to health both from acute and chronic exposure. This is because lunar dust is more chemically reactive and has larger surface areas composed of sharper jagged edges than Earth dust. If the chemically reactive particles are deposited in the lungs, they may cause respiratory disease. Long-term exposure to the dust may cause a more serious respiratory disease similar to silicosis. During lunar exploration the astronauts' spacesuits will become contaminated with lunar dust. The dust will be released into the atmosphere when the suits are removed. The methods used to mitigate exposure will include providing high air recirculation rates in the airlock, the use of a "Double Shell Spacesuit", the use of dust shields, the use of high–grade magnetic separation, and the use of solar flux to sinter and melt the regolith.

Use
The potential of lunar soil for construction of structures has been proposed at least since the proposal of lunarcrete and increasingly tested.

The differences between Earth's soil and lunar soil mean that plants struggle to grow in it. As a result long-term space missions could require complicated and expensive efforts to provide food, such as importing Earth soil, chemically treating lunar soil to remove heavy metals and oxidize iron atoms, and selectively breeding strains of plants that are adapted to the inhospitable lunar regolith.
Therefore lunar soil has been tested, successfully growing plants from it in a laboratory on Earth.

Availability on Earth

The Apollo astronauts brought back some  of lunar rocks from six landing sites. Although this material has been isolated in vacuum-packed bottles, it is now unusable for detailed chemical or mechanical analysis—the gritty particles deteriorated the knife-edge indium seals of the vacuum bottles; air has slowly leaked in. Every sample brought back from the Moon has been contaminated by Earth's air and humidity. The dust has acquired a patina of rust, and, as a result of bonding with terrestrial water and oxygen molecules, its chemical reactivity is gone. The chemical and electrostatic properties of the dirt no longer match what future astronauts will encounter on the Moon.

Moon dust-contaminated items finally became available to the public in 2014, when the US government approved the sale of private material owned, and collected, by astronauts. Since then only one item has been produced for sale with genuine Moon dust collected after the item spent over 32 hours on the Moon. A luggage strap, exposed to the elements of the Moon for 32 hours, a piece of Charles "Pete" Conrad's spacesuit on the Apollo 12 mission, was sold by his estate to a private purchaser at auction. In 2017 lunar soil collected by Neil Armstrong in 1969 was put up for auction. While many jewelry- and watch-makers claim their product contains "Moon dust", the products only contain pieces of, or dust from, meteorites believed to have originated from the Moon. On 11 September 2020, NASA announced that it is willing to create a market for lunar soil by calling for proposals to purchase it from commercial suppliers. In May 2022, scientists successfully grew plants using lunar soil. Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) was the first plant to have sprouted and grown on Earth in soil from another celestial body.

Chang'e-5 Project

On 16 December 2020, China's Chang'e 5 mission returned to Earth with a cargo of about 2 kilograms of rock and dirt it picked up from the Moon. It is the first sample of lunar regolith to come back to Earth since 1976. China is the third country in the world that has brought such material back to Earth.

Chang'e-5 is part of the first phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program. There are still 3 projects left in this phase of the program (Chang'e-6 in 2024, Chang'e-7 in 2024 and Chang'e-8 in 2027). The second phase of the program is to land Chinese astronauts on the Moon between 2030 and 2039.

See also

Lunar resources
Lunar terrane
Selenography
Sodium tail of the Moon

References

External links

Geotechnical Properties of Lunar Soil
Parameters of Lunar Soils Lunar and Planetary Institute
Discovered After 40 Years: Moon Dust Hazard Influenced By Sun's Elevation

Lunar science
Soil
Articles containing video clips
Regolith

Lunar soil


No Come Down is a compilation album of B-sides and outtakes by The Verve, released in 1994 for Vernon Yard and Hut Recordings. It was the first release on which the original band's name Verve was changed to The Verve due to conflict with the jazz record label Verve.

Overview
"No Come Down", "Where the Geese Go", "Twilight", and "Six O'Clock" are outtakes from the sessions for the group's first album, A Storm in Heaven, and first appeared on B-sides to singles from that album. "Blue" is presented in a different (vocally upfront) "USA Mix" - released to coincide with Verve's participation in Lollapalooza. Another outtake from the band's debut album is an earlier and folkier alternate version of "Make It 'Til Monday". The "acoustic" version of "Butterfly" is actually the same take as the album version but without the lead electric guitar overdubs and with a different, earlier vocal. "One Way to Go" predates the rest of the songs on the album and is taken from the B-side to the band's first single, "All in the Mind" (it was omitted the Verve's first U.S. release, Verve EP). "Gravity Grave" is also of a slightly earlier vintage, with the version included here having been recorded live at Glastonbury Festival. This version of "Gravity Grave" is closer to the protracted single release than it is to the earlier U.S. EP version.

Track listing

 Tracks 1, 5 and 9 are taken from "Blue", released in 1993.
 Tracks 2 is taken from "Blue (US)", released in 1994.
 Tracks 3 and 6 are taken from "Slide Away", released in 1993.
 Track 7 is taken from "All in the Mind", released in 1992.

References

External links

No Come Down at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)

The Verve albums
B-side compilation albums
1994 compilation albums
Hut Records compilation albums
Virgin Records compilation albums

No Come Down


Helena Cobban (born 1952) is a British-American writer and researcher on international relations, with special interests in the Middle East, the international system, and transitional justice. She is a non-resident Senior fellow at the Washington DC-based Center for International Policy. She is the founder and CEO of the book-publishing company, Just World Books and the Executive President of the small educational non-profit organization, Just World Educational. Having contributed throughout her career to numerous media outlets and authored seven books, she resumed her writing career in 2019.

Life

Born in Abingdon, England in 1952 to James Cobban and Lorna Mary Cobban, she was educated at Queen Anne's School, Caversham and St Hugh's College, Oxford, where she received her BA (Hons) in Philosophy and Economics in 1973.  She was awarded an MA from Oxford in 1981.

From 1974 through 1981, she worked as a Beirut-based correspondent for news outlets including The Christian Science Monitor, Christopher Mayhew's Middle East International, The Sunday Times, ABC News, and the BBC.

In 1982, she moved to the United States to take-up a research fellowship at the Harvard University Center for International Affairs, where she wrote her first book, The Palestinian Liberation Organisation. It was published in English in 1984, was translated into Arabic and several other languages, and remains in print.

Since then, she has published six additional books: three others on questions of Middle East war and peace, and three on other international issues. Her seventh book, Re-engage! American and the World After Bush was published in 2008. Rep. Lee H. Hamilton, Co-chair of the Iraq Study Group, described it as, "An impassioned, thought-provoking, and accessible brief from a highly esteemed journalist on how all of us, as individuals, can act to help better our country and world." She has also contributed chapters to around 20 scholarly books edited by others.

From 1991 to 1993, she was Co-Director of the Middle East project at Search for Common Ground, in Washington, DC.

From 1990 through 2007, Cobban contributed a regular column on global issues to The Christian Science Monitor, and from 1993 through 2006 she contributed a separate column to the Arabic-language international daily Al-Hayat.

In February 2003, she started publishing "Just World News", a blog on global issues that has gained a broad international readership and has been cited in Le Monde diplomatique and elsewhere. She is a Contributing Editor at Boston Review, where she has published essays on Palestinian-Israeli issues, Iraq, and post-conflict justice questions. In the late 2000s she briefly contributed a weekly news analysis on Middle East developments to Inter Press Service and made periodic contributions to ForeignPolicy.com and The Christian Science Monitor.

In March 2010, she founded  Just World Books. Over the eight years that followed, the company published 38 original titles on Middle Eastern and other international issues. In early 2018, the company entered a hiatus from issuing new titles though it keeps the existing titles in print and sells subsidiary rights for them. Cobban then spent more time running Just World Educational, which she served as Executive President. In Spring 2019, she resumed her writing career.

She is a member of Charlottesville Friends Meeting in Charlottesville, Virginia. Cobban used to be a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and formerly sat on the Middle East Advisory Committee of Human Rights Watch. In 2007–08 she was a "Friend in Washington" with the Friends Committee on National Legislation.

She is married to William B. Quandt, who is the Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia.

Contributions to Middle East studies

Through her reporting and analytical work, Cobban has made notable contributions to the study of Palestinian politics, Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking, Lebanese politics, Israeli-Syrian peacemaking, the US war in Iraq, and the broader study of the Middle East.

Palestinian politics

For her 1984 book The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power, and Politics she interviewed many founders and leaders of the PLO and used much original material gathered during her reporting work in Beirut in the late 1970s. In the book, she concluded that the center of gravity of the Palestinian national movement was shifting toward those Palestinians living inside their homeland, a diagnosis that proved correct when the First Intifada broke out in 1987. The book was heavily criticised in a review that Daniel Pipes wrote for the Washington Post.

Between 1984 and 2000, Cobban published numerous articles and book chapters on Palestinian political developments.  Since 2001 she has published several lengthy essays on the topic in Boston Review, including two essays on Hamas that drew on original interview material with Hamas leaders, including Khaled Meshaal and Ismail Haniyeh.

In June 2009, she conducted another interview with Meshaal, in which he said, "I have said I accept a Palestinian state if Israel withdraws to the pre-1967 line. That doesn't annul the historical fact of the Israeli occupation of 1948, but Hamas and the other factions have all accepted this solution of a Palestinian state at the 1967 line."

Israeli–Palestinian peacemaking

She has authored numerous articles, book chapters, and blog posts about issues in this field, arguing in particular that the United States and other sponsors of the peace diplomacy should aim rapidly at securing a final peace agreement rather than losing time and political capital chasing interim deals. This has involved challenging the reliance on pre-agreement confidence-building measures as championed by Dennis Ross and others.

Cobban has helped to lead, or participated in, several Track II diplomacy programs between Israelis and Palestinians and has developed some nuanced assessments of the potential benefits and pitfalls of such efforts. In 2009 and 2010 she served as Executive Director of the Council for the National Interest.

Lebanese politics

In her 1985 book, she analysed Lebanese politics as being the result of complex interactions among the country's different population groups, which she divided—based on an analysis by Fuad Khuri —into "sects" and "minorities." The book, which also built on considerable on-the-ground reporting, identified and analysed the rise of the country's previously marginalised Shiite community. She made numerous reporting trips back to Lebanon after 1999, and has published two notable articles about the rise of Hezbollah.

Syrian–Israeli peacemaking
Her 1991 book tracked the entanglement of the Syrian–Israeli relationship in broader Cold War concerns. Zbigniew Brzezinski described it as a "perceptive and cool dissection of a truly complex issue." In a 1997 monograph, she started to look at the surprisingly fruitful peace diplomacy that had taken place on this track since the 1991 Madrid Conference. She expanded on that work in her 2000 book, described by Raymond Hinnebusch as "A must-read for anyone with interest in the Middle East or the dynamics of peace negotiations in general."

Contributions to transitional justice studies

Cobban's 2006 book Amnesty after Atrocity?: Healing Nations after Genocide and War Crimes studied the outcomes—according to a broad range of social indicators—of the very different policy choices that by South Africa, Rwanda, and Mozambique made in the early to mid-1990s, as they attempted to deal with the tragic legacies of atrocities committed during earlier period of civil war and mass violence. This was one of the first attempts to adopt an essentially utilitarian approach to the challenge of transitional justice, a topic that had been approached by most earlier researchers in a more strictly deontological way.

One of her most notable findings was that the average cost of trying a perpetrator at the ICTR was $42.3 million, while the average cost of processing each accused atrocity perpetrator in South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission was $4,290 and the cost of demobilising and reintegrating into society each former fighter from the civil wars in South Africa and Mozambique—many of whom had committed atrocities—was under $1,100.

During and after her work on the book, she conducted interviews and documentary research in the three countries studied; at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia; and in Northern Uganda. She published field notes and reflective essays from most of these trips on her Just World News blog and on the specially created Transitional Justice Forum blog.

See also
 List of peace activists

Books
  The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power, and Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1984
 The Making of Modern Lebanon, London: Hutchinson, and Boulder, Co: Westview, 1985
  The Superpowers and the Syrian-Israeli Conflict, Praeger, 1991
 The Moral Architecture of World Peace: Nobel Laureates Discuss our Global Future, University Press of Virginia, 2000
 The Israeli-Syrian Peace Talks: 1991–96 and Beyond , US Institute of Peace, 2000
 Amnesty after Atrocity?: Healing Nations after Genocide and War Crimes, Paradigm, 2006
 Re-engage! American and the World After Bush, Paradigm, 2008.

with other authors

References

External links
 "Just World News" blog
 "Fair Policy, Fair Discussion" blog at the CNI Foundation
 Archive of weekly analysis of Middle East news, at Inter Press Service
 Personal website
 Boston Review
 Transitional Justice Forum blog

1952 births
Living people
Middle Eastern studies in the United States
Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford
English columnists
English Quakers
English bloggers
British political commentators
21st-century British women writers
People educated at Queen Anne's School
People from Abingdon-on-Thames
British women columnists
British women bloggers
20th-century British women writers
20th-century English non-fiction writers
21st-century English writers

Helena Cobban


Sir George Simpson ( – 7 September 1860) was a Scottish explorer and colonial governor of the Hudson's Bay Company during the period of its greatest power. From 1820 to 1860, he was in practice, if not in law, the British viceroy for the whole of Rupert's Land, an enormous territory of 3.9 millions square kilometers corresponding to nearly forty percent of modern-day Canada.

His efficient administration of the west was a precondition for the confederation of western and eastern Canada, which later created the Dominion of Canada. He was noted for his grasp of administrative detail and his physical stamina in traveling through the wilderness. Excepting voyageurs and their Siberian equivalents, few men have spent as much time traveling in the wilderness.

Simpson was also the first person known to have "circumnavigated" the world by land, and became the most powerful man of the North American fur trade during his lifetime.

Early life

Born at Dingwall, Ross-Shire, Scotland, as the illegitimate son of George Simpson, Writer to the Signet, he was raised by two aunts and his paternal grandmother, Isobel Simpson (1731–1821), daughter of George Mackenzie, 2nd Laird of Gruinard—grandson of George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth—and Elizabeth, daughter of Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden. Simpson's father was a first cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie's father-in-law.

In 1808, he was sent to London to work in the sugar brokerage business run by his uncle, Geddes Mackenzie Simpson (1775–1848). When his uncle's firm merged with that of Andrew Colvile-Wedderburn in 1812, Simpson came into contact with the Hudson's Bay Company, as Colvile was a company director and brother-in-law of Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk.

Career

This was at the time of conflict between the HBC and the North West Company. Governor William Williams, who had been sent out in 1818, had arrested or captured several North West Company men. The Nor'Westers replied with a Quebec warrant for Williams' arrest. The London governors were unhappy with Williams' clumsy management and both companies were under British pressure to settle their differences. The  in Simpson's title meant that if Williams had been arrested, Simpson would take his place. In 1820, he joined the prominent Beaver Club.

He went by ship to New York, by boat and cart to Montreal and left by the usual route for York Factory on Hudson Bay. He met Williams at Rock Depot on the Hayes River. Since Williams had not been arrested he was William's subordinate and was sent west to Fort Wedderburn on Lake Athabaska. There he spent the winter learning about, and reorganizing, the fur trade. On his return journey in 1821, he learned that the two companies had merged. This put an end to a ruinous and sometimes violent competition and converted the HBC monopoly into an informal government for western Canada. He escorted that year's furs to Rock Depot and returned upriver to Norway House for the first meeting of the merged companies. There he learned that he had been made governor of the Northern—that is, western—Department and Williams had been made his equal in the Southern Department south of Hudson Bay. In December 1821, the HBC monopoly was extended to the Pacific coast.

After the meeting he returned downstream to take up his duties at York Factory. In December 1821, he set out on snowshoes for Cumberland House and then the Red River Colony. By July 1822, he was back at York Factory for the second meeting of the Northern Council, the first that he chaired. After the meeting he went by water to Lac Île-à-la-Crosse and then by dog sled to Fort Chipewyan and Fort Resolution on the Tıdeè Lake. He then went south to Fort Dunvegan on the Peace River and then Fort Edmonton and after the thaw, back to York Factory.

In August 1824, he left York Factory for the Pacific, taking the unorthodox Nelson–Burntwood River route, and ascended the Churchill River and Athabasca Rivers to Jasper House at the east side of Athabasca Pass. He crossed the pass on horseback to Boat Encampment and then down the Columbia River, reaching its mouth on November 8 at Fort George, previously named Fort Astoria. This 80-day journey was 20 days faster than the previous record. He moved the headquarters of the Columbia District to Fort Vancouver, guessing that the south side of the river might fall to the Americans.

He left in March 1825, and crossed the snow-covered Athabasca Pass. From Fort Assiniboine he went on horseback  south to Fort Edmonton on the North Saskatchewan River. He had ordered this new road laid out on his outward voyage. It was a major saving over the old Methye Portage route. He went  on horseback from Fort Carlton to the Red River settlements, and then by boat to York Factory. During this trip his servant, Tom Taylor, became separated on a hunting trip. After searching for half a day, Simpson left Taylor to his fate. Taylor reached the Swan River post after 14 days in the wilderness with no proper equipment.

In 1825, he returned to Britain and learned that William Williams had retired, thereby adding the eastern area to his domain. Returning to Montreal, he went to the Red River settlements, Rock Depot for the annual meeting, the posts on James Bay to inspect his new domain, and back to Montreal. In May 1828, he started his second trip to the Pacific along with his dog, mistress and personal piper, going first to York Factory and then using the Peace River route.

This  trip remains the longest North American canoe journey ever made in one season. He returned via Athabasca Pass to Moose Factory and Montreal and immediately went south to New York and took ship to Liverpool. After a brief courtship he married his first cousin, Frances Ramsay Simpson, in February 1830, and returned with his new wife to New York, Montreal, Michipicoten, Ontario, for the annual meeting, York Factory, and Red River. Here his wife gave birth to his first legitimate child, who soon died. In 1832, John Jacob Astor approached Gov. Simpson for talks to restrain liquor from the fur trade, and the two met in New York, but a binding agreement never ensued.

In May 1833, he suffered a mild stroke. He and his wife returned to Scotland, where she remained for the next five years and gave birth to a baby girl. In the spring of 1834, he returned to Canada and attended the Southern Council at Moose Factory in May and the Northern Council at York Factory in June, inspected posts on the Saint Lawrence, and arrived back in England in October 1835.

In the summer of 1838, he went to Saint Petersburg to negotiate with Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel of the Russian-American Company. The Russians recognized the HBC posts and the HBC agreed to supply the Russian posts. He then went to Montreal, Red River, Moose Factory, the Saint Lawrence posts, and down the Hudson to New York, where he took ship to England. Simpson received the title of Knight Bachelor from Queen Victoria, giving him the non-hereditary title of Sir on 25 January 1841.

Circumnavigation

He left London in March 1841, and went by canoe to Fort Garry (now the site of Winnipeg). On this part of the trip he was accompanied by James Alexander, 3rd Earl of Caledon, who left to hunt on the prairie and later published a journal. Traveling on horseback to Fort Edmonton, Simpson caught up with James Sinclair's wagon train of over 100 settlers heading for the Oregon country – a sign of what would soon destroy his fur trade empire. Instead of taking the usual route, he went to what is now Banff, Alberta, made the first recorded passage of the pass named after him in August, and went down the Kootenay River to Fort Vancouver.

Guessing that the 49th parallel border would be extended to the Pacific and considering the difficulties of the Columbia Bar, he proposed to move the HBC headquarters to what is now Victoria, British Columbia, a suggestion that earned him the enmity of John McLoughlin, who had done much to develop the Columbia district. Simpson took the  north along the Pacific coast to the Russian post at Sitka, and then another boat as far south as Santa Barbara, stopping at the HBC post of Yerba Buena.

At some point he met Mariano Vallejo, a Californio statesman and general. He sailed to the HBC post in Hawaii (then known as the Sandwich Islands) in February 1842, and back to Sitka, where he took a Russian ship to Okhotsk in June. He went on horseback to Yakutsk, up the Lena River by horse-drawn boat, visited Lake Baikal, went by horse and later carriage to Saint Petersburg and reached London by ship at the end of October. This trip was documented in his book, An overland journey round the world.

Hawaii

During his visit to Hawaii, he met with King Kamehameha III and his advisers. Simpson, along with Timoteo Haalilio and William Richards were commissioned as joint Ministers Plenipotentiary on 8 April 1842. Simpson, shortly thereafter, left for England, via Alaska and Siberia, while Haalilio and Richards departed for the United States, via Mexico, on 8 July. The Hawaiian delegation, while in the United States, secured the assurance of President John Tyler of its recognition of Hawaiian independence on 19 December, and then proceeded to meet Simpson in Europe and secure formal recognition by Great Britain and France. He was instrumental in arranging conferences between Hawaiian representatives and the British Foreign Office which resulted in a British commitment to recognize the independence of the islands. On 17 March 1843, King Louis Philippe I of France recognized Hawaiian independence at the urging of King Leopold I of Belgium, and on 1 April, Lord Aberdeen on behalf of Queen Victoria, assured the Hawaiian delegation that: "Her Majesty's Government was willing and had determined to recognize the independence of the Sandwich Islands under their present sovereign."

Later life

By then, Simpson and his wife had a large house on the Lachine Canal across from the depot from which the fur brigades started west. He also owned other estates such as a Manor in Coteau-du-Lac that he sold to the Comte de Beaujeu and Adélaïde de Gaspé, and another estate in Dorval where he received and entertained Prince Edward VII, of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The Manor's estate included the Fur Trade Depot, and was later sold to Senator Lawrence Alexander Wilson and Lt. Col. W. A. Grant of the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery. Lord Donald Smith of Knebworth House, Co-Premier of Canada Sir Francis Hincks, and other leading members of Montreal's society would attend Simpson's banquets.

He began investing in banks, railroads, ships, mines and canals. He became a board director and shareholder of Canada's first bank, the Bank of Montreal, as well as of the Bank of British North America, the Montreal and Lachine Railroad, the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad, the Grand Trunk Railway, and the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company.

His business partners included Canada's richest man Sir Hugh Allan, Sir John Rose, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, President David Torrance, minister Luther H. Holton, Senator George Crawford, Senator Thomas Ryan, banker John Redpath, and bankers John Molson and William Molson.

With Governor Drummond, Sir Antoine-Aimé Dorion, and John Young, they founded the Transmundane Telegraph Company, but the venture later failed. In the spring of 1845, he went to Washington, D.C., to discuss the Oregon boundary with the Americans, which he had already done with Sir Robert Peel. In 1846, the Oregon Treaty established the current border. His wife contracted tuberculosis in 1846 and died in 1853.

In 1854, he was able to travel by rail to Chicago before he boarded his voyageur canoe at Sault Ste. Marie. In 1855, he was in Washington, D.C., and discussed Oregon affairs, and in 1857, defended the HBC monopoly in London. In May 1860, he went by rail to Saint Paul, Minnesota; decided that his health would not bear the trip to Red River; and returned to Lachine.

In August 1860, he entertained the Prince of Wales at Lachine, who came for the inauguration of Victoria Bridge, in honor of his mother Queen Victoria. Simpson built Prince of Wales Terrace in his honor. The building, made of a limestone facade in the Classical Greek style, consisted of a row of nine luxurious houses, and was inhabited by Sir William Christopher Macdonald and Mcgill University's Principal William Peterson. It was later demolished to make room for Samuel Bronfman's pavilion, which was seen by Alcan CEO David Culver as an unforgivable act of vandalism.

A street was named in his honor, named Simpson Street, next to Parc Percy-Walters, McGregor Street, and Maison John-Wilson-McConnell. The park was previously occupied by one of his houses, and was part of his 15 acre estate on Mount Royal. It was then occupied by Rosemount House, which was built on the land of Governor Simpson, and was the home of Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet and later, William Watson Ogilvie. Galt House was also built on Simpson Street by Canadian Founding Father Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt. The entrance of Simpson Street is now occupied by Sir George Simpson Tower.

Both Simpson Street and Prince of Wales Terrace were located in the Golden Square Mile, a notorious neighborhood of Downtown Montreal where nearly 3/4 of all the wealth in Canada was held by its inhabitants. During that era, most Canadian enterprises were either owned or controlled by approximately fifty men. As the most important man in the North American fur trade, he was one of them.

Shortly after the Princes of Wales's visit, Governor Simpson suffered a massive stroke and died six days later in Lachine.  At his death in 1860, he left an estate worth over £100,000, which in relation to GDP, amounted to half a billion dollars in 2023 Canadian money. The amount is also very similar to Harlaxton Manor's building cost. Simpson also gave money to the general endowment of McGill University in 1856, along with Peter McGill and Peter Redpath, among others.

James Raffan, author of Emperor of the North, was of the view that Governor Simpson should be counted among Canada's founding fathers for his role as Governor-in-chief of Rupert's Land, and its later merger in 1867 to form the Dominion of Canada. Rupert's Land territory was Canada's largest land acquisition to form modern Canada, and included land in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Montana, Minnesota, and North and South Dakota. In newspapers and books, he has been referred as the King of the Fur-trade, the Emperor of the North, the Emperor of the Plains, the Emperor of Lachine, the Birch-bark Emperor, and the Little Emperor.

Simpson also had an unbounded passion for Napoleon, and was living during his lifetime. It was one of the passions of his life, collecting every scrap of writing relating to his hero, covering his walls with Napoleonic prints at Lachine Depot, Norway House and Fort Garry, and infecting the factors and fur traders of the Hudson's Bay Company with them.

Children

Simpson sired at least eleven children by at least seven women, only one of whom was his wife. While in London he produced two daughters by two unknown women. When he left for Canada they were sent to Scotland to be cared for by his relatives. The eldest, Mary Louisa Simpson, was given a £500 dowry on her marriage and moved to Canada. She has at least 111 descendants. The other daughter died early.

In 1817, he produced a daughter by half-Cree washerwoman Betsy Sinclair. Betsy Sinclair was soon passed to an accountant whom he promoted. The daughter married an English botanist and died in a canoe accident on her honeymoon.

James Keith Simpson (1823–1901) is poorly documented. Ann Simpson, born in Montreal in 1828, is known only from her baptismal record. Simpson fathered two sons, George Stewart (1827) and John Mackenzie (1829), with Margaret (Marguerite) Taylor. George married Isabella Yale (1840-1927), daughter of fur trader James Murray Yale, of the Yale family.

Soon after the birth of John Mackenzie, Simpson left Margaret to marry his cousin. Simpson shocked his peers by neglecting to notify Margaret of his marriage or make any arrangements for the future of his two sons.

References

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

 Raffan, James, "Emperor of the North: Sir George Simpson and the Remarkable Story of the Hudson's Bay Company", 2007, which this article summarizes
 Hudson's Bay Company Biography
 Simpson, George. (1938) Journal of Occurrences in the Athabasca Department, 1820–1821. E. E. Rich, ed. Toronto: Champlain Society Publications.

 Peter C. Newman (2010). Mavericks: Canadian Rebels, Renegades and Antiheroes. HarperCollins Publishers, pp.45–78;
 Lahey, D. T. (2011). George Simpson: Blaze of Glory. Publishers: Dundurn Press Ltd;

External links

1790s births
1860 deaths
Canadian fur traders
Date of birth unknown
Hudson's Bay Company people
Knights Bachelor
Lower Canada people
Burials at Mount Royal Cemetery
People from Dingwall
People from Lachine, Quebec
People from Rupert's Land
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
Pre-Confederation Manitoba people
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec
Scottish explorers of North America
Scottish knights

George Simpson (HBC administrator)


Chimney Cottage is a heritage building of significance located at 9-13 Waterfall Road (previously called Queens Ave), Mount Wilson in the City of Blue Mountains local government area of New South Wales postcode 2786, Australia. It was designed by Charles Jefferson and built during 1932 by the Kirk Brothers (of Mt Wilson) for the Gregson family. It is also known as The Loft and Blueberry Lodge at Chimney Cottage. The property is privately owned.

History
Chimney Cottage was the first successful tea-room kiosk in Mount Wilson during the 1930s, making Chimney Cottage a site of local significance. Mount Wilson is a heritage garden village, is in the World Heritage Blue Mountains, only 2 hours from Sydney. Mount Wilson has magnificent natural bushland and rainforest, walks and canyons as well as historic houses and grand exotic gardens.

The Chimney Cottage property of today is a large dark stained log cabin building that was lovingly designed and created predominately by Helen Avery and her architect Ian McMillian in the late 1980s, however Chimney Cottage started as \a small single log cabin building that operated as a small team room kiosk for tourists. The design of the original log-cabin Chimney Cottage was based on the Americanisation of Mrs. Margaret Gregson's father, English-born Charles Jefferson. The south side of the original building has evidence of a fold down servery where Margaret Gregson would serve the guests morning tea and lunch. On the east side of the original building there is a stable door that was used for entry to the tea room kiosk. The stable door also has a small counter that was used for serving guests. Beside the stable door to the original tea room kiosk is a rough bootscraper that was used before entry into the tea room kiosk. The original pavilion also has a large rubble stone fireplace and chimney from which the building takes its name. Chimney Cottage remains an excellent example of early twentieth-century kiosks providing evidence of its original function to this day.

Margaret Gregson successfully operated the tea room kiosk business at Chimney Cottage for visitors and tourists for many years with guests often entertained on the picturesque lawns of the Chimney Cottage grounds. Often visitors to Mt Wilson would discover Chimney Cottage's tea room kiosk by following one of the four 3 ft by 2 ft signs on the Bell - Mt Wilson road and near Wynstay Estate saying "To Chimney Cottage".

In 1943 Margaret Gregson developed cancer and the tea room kiosk closed following her death. Edward Gregson's close companion Emma Lulu Ashdown, also died at age 70 years at Chimney Cottage on 1 May 1943. Emma Lulu Ashdown resided at Chimney Cottage for 13 years and is buried in the grounds of the St Georges Church of England at Mt Wilson. Until the end of World War II,  Edward Gregson and his three girls remained at Chimney Cottage. Chimney Cottage was sold by Edward Gregson in 1946, when the Gregson's moved into "Applecot" a converted apple shed on their property.

In 1963, Duncan ("Jock") Rennie Lumsden a Scottish World War II veteran, purchased Chimney Cottage. Jock arrived at Chimney Cottage Mount Wilson with his three children in 1963. . One of Jock's sons, Fraser, was the primary builder of The Studio building on the grounds of Chimney Cottage. In 1974 after The Studio construction was complete, Chimney Cottage became an centre for local artists, including Clifton Pugh. In December 1979, Langer ("Ted") Avery and Helen Avery purchased Chimney Cottage from Jock Lumsden and used the property as their weekend retreat from their Wahroonga residence with their three children, Mark Avery, Amanda Avery and Brenton Avery.

Owners
Over time, Chimney Cottage has had a number of owners:

 Edward Gregson
 Duncan ("Jock") Lumsden
 Langer Edward ("Ted") Avery (a Sydney businessman) and Helen Ruth Avery (a Sydney interior designer)
 Carstairs (a Katoomba hotel-keeper)
 Bruce Knott and Margaret Wickins (Current Owners)

Bed and Breakfast
In 1986, Helen Ruth Avery established the first bed and breakfast accommodation at Chimney Cottage. Initially accommodation was provided in Blueberry Lodge (previously called The Studio) and once the Avery family completed the addition of new buildings in 1988, accommodation expanded to include The Loft.

Blueberry Lodge (aka The Studio)
Duncan Lumsden built in 1974 the original building on the Chimney Cottage property known as The Studio. The Studio was later renamed Blueberry Lodge. The building was originally built as an artists studio for both himself and his daughter Fiona Lumsden as well as other aspiring artists. Fiona Lumsden grew up at Chimney Cottage of Mt Wilson set amidst the splendid wilderness of the Blue Mountains. Whilst at Chimney Cottage Fiona learnt about the birds, animals and plants of the wilderness that surrounded her. Fiona Lumsden became an exceptional artist and has produced many private commissions and sold paintings Australia-wide and internationally. Fiona's work has been in many group exhibitions, gallery displays and window art displays. Fiona Lumsden's work has also exhibited at the Australian Museum in 1987, and at Hunters Hill, Sydney in 1998. Her work was displayed in a major showing at the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden, Mt Tomah, entitled "Wollemi Wild Things", from December 2012  to January 2013.

During the time Chimney Cottage was owned by the Avery family, in 1986 Helen Avery converted the rustic and basic concrete block building called The Studio at Chimney Cottage into a Bed and Breakfast accommodation business.

The Loft
Built by Ted Avery & Helen Avery in 1988. The Loft is opposite Waterfall Reserve Mount Wilson. Originally, The Loft only consisted of the upstairs portion, whilst the downstairs portion was a 2-car garage.

Gardens
During the late 1990s, Ted Avery and Helen Avery employed a full time horticulturist, Jon Guyver, for several years to assist the Avery family design and construct the extensive gardens of Chimney Cottage.

Stone Fences
Chimney Cottage has extensive stone fencing providing the property with an elegant style. In the mid-1980s, Ted Avery and Helen Avery engaged local stonemason Peter Hodginson to construct the extensive and beautiful stone fences that surround Chimney Cottage.

Blueberries
The Blueberry plantations at Chimney Cottage were established by Ted Avery and Helen Avery in 1982. The Avery's applied for a water license under Section 10 of the Water Act of 1912 in 1982 to use a pump to irrigate 1 hectare of blueberries. The blueberries from Chimney Cottage were sold to many hotels, bed and breakfasts and clubs during the late 1980s under the business name "Chimney Cottage Farm".

Azaleas
Chimney Cottage has extensive Azelea plantings established by Ted Avery and Helen Avery in 1986,

Chestnut Trees
The Gregson family planted Chestnut trees on the grounds of Chimney Cottage.

Rimon
In the mid-1980s Ted Avery and Helen Avery purchased the property directly adjoining Chimney Cottage called "RImon" at 5-7 Waterfall Road Mount Wilson. Rimon is approximately an area of 5 acres of land. Rimon was a dilapidated property and land that required extensive demolition and re-construction. Ted Avery invested heavily in the Rimon property including a completed refit of the entire home and extensive garden plantings and development. For many years, the Avery family used Rimon as a caretaker cottage for staff working on Chimney Cottage, including the Avery's full time horticulturist, Jon Guyver. The property has an open grazing paddock, some small areas of natural rainforest and a natural spring fed drinkable waterhole. The Gardens of Rimon offers a vast variety of exotic specimen. Ted Avery and Jon Guyvery planted in the late 1980s many trees, shrubs and bulbs throughout the property, including but not limited to dogwoods, magnolias, blueberries, and plantings of rare bulbs. The gardens include a small organic home orchard with lemon, lime, cumquat, apple, plum, pear, and blood oranges.

In November 2020, the Rimon property was sold for $1,450,000.

References

Buildings and structures in the Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
Historic houses
Gardens in New South Wales

Chimney Cottage


The Maplin Sands are mudflats on the northern bank of the Thames estuary, off Foulness Island, near Southend-on-Sea in Essex, England, though they actually lie within the neighbouring borough of Rochford. They form a part of the Essex Estuaries Special Area of Conservation due to their value for nature conservation, with a large colony of dwarf eelgrass (Zostera noltei) and associated animal communities.

To the northeast, the Maplin sands are contiguous with the Foulness sands, which are bordered to the north by the Whitaker Channel; the seaward continuation of the River Crouch. To the south runs the Swin Channel.

History
Maplin Sands is crossed by the ancient trackway known as The Broomway.

A screw-pile lighthouse was built on the sands in 1838 by Messrs. Mitchel and Sons (sic- more often Mitchell and Sons) on the recommendation of James Walker of Trinity House. It was the first screwpile lighthouse ever to be designed. Although construction  of the Maplin Sands Light had started before, the Wyre Light (Fleetwood) was completed first, as it was built in a much shorter period of time. Excessive scouring of the Thames by the strength and direction of the tidal streams caused the lighthouse to become undermined and it was completely swept away in 1932.

In the later part of the 19th century John I. Thornycroft & Company and Yarrow Shipbuilders used the sands for the measured mile speed trials of their destroyers. The shallow waters resulted in a flow of water that could add up to a knot to the ship's speed. When the Admiralty found out they  required that all future trials be carried out in deep water.

Following the report of the 1968 Roskill Commission, in 1973 plans were proposed and approved for a third airport for London, the Thames Estuary Airport, but were abandoned in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. The project would also have included a deep-water harbour suitable for the container ships then coming into use, a high-speed rail link to London, and a new town for the accommodation of the thousands of workers who would be required.

The Maplin Sands were at that time, and remain, a military testing ground belonging to the Ministry of Defence, as is Foulness Island.

See also
Wyre Light (Fleetwood)
Screw-pile lighthouse
List of lighthouses in England

References

External links

Nature Conservation Review sites
Coastal environment of Essex
Sandbanks of the North Sea
Landforms of England
Shoals of the United Kingdom

Maplin Sands


The Silence (, ) is an Iranian–Tajik film from 1998. It is directed by Iranian film maker Mohsen Makhmalbaf. The movie is about a little boy who has the onerous task of earning money for his family, but is always enchanted and distracted by music.

Synopsis
Khorshid lives with his mother in a house near a river somewhere in Tajikistan. The landlord comes every morning to ask for the rent. Khorshid has to provide the money or else they'll have to leave. His blindness has given him an amazing skill in tuning musical instruments which gets him a job at an instrument making workshop. But Khorshid is mesmerized by sonorous music all the time; whenever he hears a great musician play, he loses track of time and place. This causes him to lose his place and have to work late. He struggles to find a balance between his love of music and his task as a breadwinner.

Overview
Makhmalbaf himself divided his works into four phases in an article in The New York Times: "The first four films, made before 1985, are thinly disguised religious proselytizing. From 1985 to 1990, when the ruling mullahs loosened censorship enough to allow movies to focus on general social problems, his perspective changed...After this, Mr. Makhmalbaf largely abandoned traditional narrative...First, he made what he calls his philosophical films, then he made the recent poetic movies that have landed him in trouble with the censors." Sokout belongs to his poetic style of film making, where he gets rid of the shackles of classical narration and depicts some of his favorite themes by using symbolism coming from Sufi traditions.

Sufism, music and universal truth
The movie is replete with symbols of Sufism. From the use of music to achieve ecstasy; the nature, and the broken mirror, the repeated image of the river, to the light coming from above, the symbolic representation of mystic interpretations of Islam appear throughout the movie. Makhmalbaf does not stay local on this matter. His use of Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven) shows that he deliberately wants to say the themes he is referring to are of a universal nature according to him, and not just mundane, ephemeral, matters. The broken mirror is an icon borrowed from Rumi, which represents only a part of the truth. Everyone possesses a part of the mirror, i.e. a part of the truth, and thinks she has all of it. But, of course to a Sufi, none of the parts equals to the whole truth. Professor Ridgeon is among those who emphasize extensively on the implications of the mirror in Makhmalbaf's movies, particularly this one.

Censorship
The film is banned in Iran since 1998.

Cast
 Tahmineh Normatova as Khorshid
 Nadereh Abdelahyeva as Nadereh
 Goibibi Ziadolahyeva as Khorshid's mother

Awards
 In 1998, the film won:
 'CinemAvvenire' Award: Cinema, Man, Nature - Mohsen Makhmalbaf
 Sergio Trasatti Award - Special Mention - Mohsen Makhmalbaf
 The President of the Italian Senate's Gold Medal - Mohsen Makhmalbaf

References

External links

 http://dro.dur.ac.uk/105/1/64DMEP.pdf?DDD35

1998 films
1998 drama films
Iranian drama films
Tajikistani drama films
Films about blind people
Films set in Tajikistan
Films directed by Mohsen Makhmalbaf
Films about disability
Tajik-language films

The Silence (1998 film)


Hellenic Athletic Club, also commonly known as Hellenic Athletic, is an Australian soccer club from Darwin, the Northern Territory. Hellenic Athletic currently competes in the NorZone Premier League.

Hellenic were formed in 1958 and consider Darwin Olympic as their main rivals – the rivalry dates back 32 years, considered one of the territory's strongest sporting rivalries.

Hellenic advanced to the Round of 32 of the 2018 FFA Cup for the first time by defeating Verdi FC 9–0 in the Sports Minister's Cup final. The draw for the Round of 32 was conducted on 26 June 2018 where Hellenic was drawn against A-League club Western Sydney Wanderers. They faced each other at Darwin Football Stadium on 7 August 2018 where Hellenic lost 3–4. Sulav Maskey was the eventual winner of the inaugural FFA Cup Goal of the Year by getting on the end of a through ball and chipping the Wanderer's keeper with his first touch.

References

External links
 Official Website

Soccer clubs in the Northern Territory
Association football clubs established in 1958
1958 establishments in Australia
Greek-Australian culture
Diaspora sports clubs in Australia

Hellenic Athletic


The Billings Estate National Historic Site is a heritage museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 2100 Cabot St. in the former home of one of the region's earliest settlers. The oldest wood-framed house in Ottawa was built in 1827-9 by Massachusetts-born Braddish Billings. It became the home for the following four generations of the Billings family. It is Ottawa's oldest surviving house, though the Bytown Museum building is older. Billings had moved to the area in 1812, and was the first settler in Gloucester Township.

Billings became prosperous in the timber trade and built the large home that was named Park Hill. Billings later moved into agriculture, and the house became the centre of a large and prosperous farm providing produce for Bytown, with the farm linked to the town by the Bytown and Prescott Railway.

The estate remained in the Billings family until 1975. Over time the property was slowly sold off to developers, and today the estate retains only a relatively small plot of land. In 1975, the house became the Billings Estate Museum which is today operated by the City of Ottawa. The house is included amongst other architecturally interesting and historically significant buildings in Doors Open Ottawa, held each year in early June.

The estate also includes a historic cemetery that contains graves dating back to 1820.

Billings Estate Artifact Collection - Routhier Community Centre
The museum's collection includes over 13,000 artifacts. Very few of the artifacts owned by the Billings Estate National Historic Site are on display at any given time. The Billings Estate Artifact Collection storage facility, located at the Routhier Community Centre (172 Guigues Ave.) includes items that have never been on exhibit, and is used by collections staff to preserve artifacts for safe keeping. The storage facility is also open during Doors Open Ottawa, held each year in early June.

See also
 List of designated heritage properties in Ottawa
 Elkanah Billings

External links
 Billings Estate National Historic Site

References

Museums in Ottawa
History museums in Ontario
Houses in Ottawa
Historic house museums in Ontario
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Houses completed in 1828
Museums established in 1975
1975 establishments in Ontario
Designated heritage properties in Ontario

Billings Estate Museum


Frank Hamilton (born August 3, 1934) is an American folk musician, collector of folk songs, and educator. He co-founded the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago, Illinois in 1957. As a performer, he has recorded for several labels, including Folkways Records. He was a member of the folk group The Weavers in the early 1960s, and appeared at the first Newport Folk Festival in 1959. He was the house musician – playing guitar and other folk instruments – for Chicago's Gate of Horn, the nation's first folk music nightclub. After many years of teaching, playing, and singing in California he married a third time, and with his wife relocated to Atlanta, where he performs on banjo, guitar (many styles, including jazz), ukulele, voice, and other instruments and co-founded the Frank Hamilton School in 2015.

Early days
Hamilton was an only child. His father, Frank Strawn Hamilton, died before his son's birth; he had been a California socialist philosopher, genius street-corner orator, and mentor to Jack London. His mother, Judith Bley Strawn Hamilton, then married Phil Street, who had been a good friend of Hamilton's father; he encouraged his stepson's songwriting. That marriage ended when Frank was 12, and he never saw Street again. Classical music was what Hamilton, aka Strawn-Hamilton, first heard: he listened as his mother taught classical piano in their Los Angeles home. His mother – who changed her name from Gladys Antoinette to Judith after seeing the actress Judith Anderson perform – supplemented her income as a dance accompanist. As a teenager Hamilton developed an interest in the labor movement, playing jazz trombone with Local 47 at Club 47, and also with the Los Angeles City College jazz band. He was especially influenced by Louis Armstrong and Charlie Parker, and learning guitar, studying jazz guitar with Sam Surace. He began learning and collecting folk songs, with a special interest in the music of the American South; he spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s traveling there, performing in bars and on street corners. He returned to Los Angeles in 1953, and with Jack Elliott and Guy Carawan formed The Dusty Road Boys, who toured the Midwest. At Will Geer's artist colony in Topanga, California. he played with Woody Guthrie; he also met Bess Lomax Hawes there, absorbing her teaching methods.

Chicago Old Town School of Folk Music
In 1956, at the Gate of Horn folksong nightclub in Oak Park, Illinois, Hamilton met Win Stracke, who took an interest in his teaching career. In Dawn Greening's dining room in Oak Park, Hamilton began teaching a group of 15 instrumentalists. In 1957 Hamilton, Stracke and Greening recruited teachers and an organizer, rented a space, and founded the Old Town School of Folk Music. Hamilton taught guitar and banjo and served as unofficial dean. Several hundred prospective students, performers, and educators attended the first session, and famous singers and folklorists – without compensation – began performing during the Second Half. Among them were Pete Seeger, Odetta, Studs Terkel, Doc Watson, Mahalia Jackson, Bill Monroe, the Weavers, and Jean Ritchie.
Second Half, which follows the class lessons, is essential to the Old Town School method: both teachers and students sing and play together at their own level, and especially talented men and women are invited to perform. The School continues to promote the spontaneity, playful joyousness, improvisation, personal relationships, and progressive ideals which are hallmarks of Hamilton's teaching.

Atlanta years
After decades of living in California, in 1985 Hamilton married Mary Susan Doyle Smith; she became a supportive stepmother to his son Evan from an earlier marriage. Mary worked for Delta Airlines, and Hamilton relocated with her to Atlanta. She accompanied him on guitar, banjo, ukulele, and autoharp, and she also taught guitar. The occasion for the founding of the Frank Hamilton Folk School was Mary's sudden death in 2014. Bob Bakert, a friend of Frank's, volunteered to serve as Master of Ceremonies for the memorial concert for her, at Steve's Live Music in Sandy Springs. Concerned for Frank's well-being, and having heard of his interest in starting a second folk music school in Atlanta, Bakert suggested helping him achieve that goal; Hamilton responded positively. Together, they co-founded the Frank Hamilton School in the fall of 2015 in Atlanta, but the school soon outgrew its first location; this had also occurred in Chicago. Shelley Satonin-Hershkovits was the executive director of the School at Oakhurst Baptist Church in Decatur until 2021. Under the current leadership of Hamilton and Maura Hill Nicholson the school now meets in eight-week sessions at the Gillespie Building at Decatur Legacy Park. Nicholson teaches fiddle and various other classes, and Frank rotates teaching several classes including advanced guitar, ukulele, swing, and music theory.

Discography

VOCAL
 "Folk Festival at Newport" Vol 3, Vanguard Records VRS 9063 and VDS 2054 stereo
 "A Folksinger's Folksinger" Concertdisc Records M-1054
 "Frank Hamilton Sings Folk Songs" Folkways Records FA-2437
 "Long Lonesome Home," 1999
 "Music From the Newport Folk Festival" Folkways Records FA-2431
 "Nonesuch and Other Folksongs" (with Pete Seeger) Folkways Records FA-2439
 "The Twelve String Story" Horizon Records (subsidiary A and M Records)
 "The Weavers Reunion at Carnegie Hall" 1963, Vanguards Records VRS-9139, VSD-2150 stereo
 "The World of Frank and Valuch" Phillips Records PHS-600-058

ACCOMPANIST and STUDIO MUSICIAN
 "The Art of the Five-String Banjo" Riverside Records 12-815 (OP) Reissued –
 "Folk Festival at Newport" VRS 9062 Vol. 1, accompanying Martha Schlamme;                                                         "
 "Folk Festival at Newport" Vol. 3, accompanying Barard Dane
 "Folk Festival at Newport" VRS 9063 and VSD 2054, accompanying Lynn Gold
 "Golden Guitars" Rod McKuen, Stereo Sound Records SA-2
 "Hearty and Hellish" Tradition Records, accompanying Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem
 "Martha Schlamme at the Gate of Horn" Vanguard Records
 "Railroad Bill and Other Folk Songs" Elecktra Records, accompanying Walter Raim, producer
 "Won't You Be My Friend" Activity Records, Educational Activities Inc., AR-544 accompanying Marcia Berman and Patty Zeitlin
Nonesuch and Other Folk Tunes for Harmonica, Flute, Recorder, Mandolin, Guitar, Banjo, 12-String Guitar, and Voices, Frank Hamilton and Pete Seeger, Folkways Records, 1959.
Frank Hamilton Sings Folk Songs, Folkways Records 1962. FW02437.
The Folk Singer's Folk Singer, Sound in the Room Records
The World of Frank & Valucha, Frank Hamilton and Valucha deCastro, Philips Records, 1962

Filmography
"Silent Running" for Peter Schikele
"Wild Rovers" for Jerry Goldsmith
"Homecoming" (TV special) for Jerry Goldsmith
"Subterraneans" (MGM) for Andre Previn
"America" (TV special) for Gerry Fried
"Glidden Tour" (documentary) for Win Stracke
"A Time Out of War" 1952, Academy Award Winner for short subject for Dennis and Terry Sanders
"Sunshine" (TV special) for Bob Bain and John Denver
"The Surfers" American Educational Films, 1964
"Survival" (TV documentary special) for Nelson Riddle
"Transportation" (Educational film) for Churchill Films, 1964
Industrial films for Standard Oil and other clients, Chicago (1957–1962)

Composer of popular songs
"And We Were Strangers" with Ernie Sheldon, Almo Publishing, ASCAP, sung by Patty Duke (on the Patty Duke TV show)                                                                                *"Baby Blue", United Artists Publishing BM
"Baby What I Mean" with Ernie Sheldon, United Artists Publishing, BMI
"The Drifters" performed by  ...... : No. 60 on Billboard Hot 100
"I Feel It" with Ernie Sheldon, Almo Publishing ASCAP performed by Peggy Lee : No. 4 on Easy Listening Charts in Billboard Magazine
"Telling Me Lies" with Ernie Sheldon, Almo Publishing, ASCAP

Live performances
SOLO:  The Gate of Horn (Chicago) 1957–1962; The Ash Grove (Los Angeles)1960s; The Ark (Madison, WI); Bitter End (New York City)
GROUP The Weavers, 1963: Carnegie Hall and Lincoln Center, New York City; Lisner Auditorium, Washington DC; Forest Hills Stadium, Monterrey Folk Festival

Teaching

GEORGIA
2015–present Instructor of Advanced Guitar, Swing Guitar, and Ukulele, Frank Hamilton Folk School, Atlanta
2009–2014: Private teacher of master class in jazz guitar, Decatur; 1987–2005: Private classes in guitar, banjo, autoharp, mandolin, Decatur;1984–1985: Music and guitar instructor, Paideia School, Atlanta; 1984–1985: Guitar instructor at DeKalb Community College Continuing Education, Decatur, and at Kennesaw College Continuing Education in Marietta

MASSACHUSETTS
1983: Guitar instructor at Cambridge Center for Adult Education in Cambridge; 1982: Guitar instructor at Classic Guitar Workshop in Marblehead, MA and at Framingham Performing Arts Center in Framingham

CALIFORNIA
1981: Staff music instructor of theory and jazz guitar at Dick Grove Music Workshop in Studio City; Music theory instructor at Horizon School, West Los Angeles; Guitar instructor and songwriting teacher at The Learning Tree, Canoga Park; Guitar instructor for the Recreation Department of UCLA, Westwood Village.
1979–1980: Private classes in guitar, five-string banjo, mandolin, music theory, sight-reading and ear-training, Tarzana
1976–1978: Guitar instructor and teacher of folk music at University of California, Santa Barbara (Extension Div.)
1976–1978: Instructor of Jazz Guitar Workshop at Santa Barbara City College (Continuing Education Div.) in Santa Barbara
1975–1978: Private studio instructor of music theory, sight-reading, ear-training, guitar and related stringed instruments at Westwood Musical Instruments, West Los Angeles
1973–1975: Music instructor of music theory, sight-reading, ear-training, guitar and related stringed instruments at the Music Nook, Pacific Palisades
1970–1973: Principal private studio instructor of music theory, sight-reading, ear-training, guitar and related stringed instruments at Barney Kessel's Music World in Hollywood; 1963–1969: Guitar instructor and teacher of folk music at UCLA (Extension Div.) in West Los Angeles

ILLINOIS
1957–1963: Vice President, co-founder and director of teaching at The Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago

CALIFORNIA
1950–1959: Seminar leader in folk music for USC at summer sessions in Idyllwild

RHODE ISLAND
1959: Seminar leader in folk music at The Newport Folk Music Festival at Freebody Park

MASSACHUSETTS
1957: Workshop leader in folk music at the Pinewoods Folk Music Camp in Buzzards Bay

References

External links
Old Town School History with Frank Hamilton  Retrieved March 20, 2014
Film | Frank Hamilton and the Folk Revival: From Woody Guthrie to "We Shall Overcome"
Frank Hamilton School Retrieved November 22, 2018
 Retrieved March 20, 2014
 Retrieved November 22, 2018

American folk musicians
American folk singers
American male singer-songwriters
American banjoists
American folk-song collectors
Fast Folk artists
Singers from Chicago
Folk musicians from Chicago
Old Town School of Folk musicians
Living people
The Weavers members
1934 births
Singer-songwriters from Illinois

Frank Hamilton (American musician)


Larry's Giant Subs is a fast-food submarine sandwich chain headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida. Their first store opened in Jacksonville, Florida in 1982.

History

Larry and Mitch Raikes built the first Larry's Giant Subs in Jacksonville, Florida in 1982. After seeing the response the first store received, the two brothers were inspired to branch out and take their concept nationwide.

See also
 List of submarine sandwich restaurants

References

Companies based in Jacksonville, Florida
Restaurants in Florida
Economy of the Southeastern United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Fast-food chains of the United States
Restaurants established in 1982
Submarine sandwich restaurants
1982 establishments in Florida

Larry's Giant Subs


Gerd Nonneman (Temse, 16 May 1959) is a Professor of International Relations and Gulf Studies at the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University's campus in Qatar (GU-Q, also often referred to as SFS-Q), where he served as Dean from 2011 to 2016. Before joining Georgetown University, he held the Al-Qasimi Chair in Gulf Studies, and a Chair in International Relations and Middle East Politics, at the University of Exeter. He is a former Director of the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies (IAIS) and of the Centre for Gulf Studies (CGS) at that university. He is also a former Executive Director of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies (BRISMES).

Early life
Born in Flanders (Temse, 1959) and educated at Ghent University, Belgium in Oriental Philology (Arabic) and, at postgraduate level, in Development Studies, Gerd Nonneman subsequently worked in the commercial sector in Iraq during the early 1980s. Returning to graduate studies in the UK in 1984, he obtained his PhD in Politics at the University of Exeter, specialising in the politics of the Middle East. After teaching Middle East politics and political economy at Manchester and Exeter Universities, and a spell as Visiting Professor at the International University of Japan, he taught International Relations and Middle East Politics at Lancaster University from 1993 to 2007, at which point he returned to Exeter to take up the Al-Qasimi Chair in Gulf Studies, until his appointment as Dean of Georgetown University's SFS-Qatar in 2011.

He was a member of the UK's 2001 National Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) panel on Middle Eastern Studies, and served as Executive Director of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies (BRISMES) between 1998 and 2002. He was Associate Fellow of the Middle East Programme at Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs) until 2012.

Other roles

Prof. Nonneman is co-editor of the Journal of Arabian Studies (Routledge), published in association with Georgetown University Qatar (GUQ) and the Association for Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies (AGAPS).

He has acted as a consultant to or worked with a range of companies, national and international official institutions including the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, foreign ministries in Europe and the Middle East, the European Commission, and various NGOs – ranging from Amnesty International to the Bertelsmann Foundation. He has also been a regular media commentator on Middle Eastern and Gulf affairs, and has frequently acted as expert witness on human rights cases relating to the Middle East.

Notable works

Recent works include:

Books:

Al-Mamlaka Al-'arabiyya al-sa'udiyya fi-l-mizan [Saudi Arabia in the Balance] (updated Arabic edition: Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, 2012)
Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs (New York University Press, 2006 / Hurst & Co, 2005) (co-editor & contributor, with Paul Aarts)
Analyzing Middle Eastern Foreign Policies, and the relationship with Europe (editor)(Routledge, 2005)

Articles/chapters/papers:

 'European Policies Towards the Gulf: Patterns, Dynamics, Evolution, and the case of the Qatar Blockade', in David Roberts (ed.), Reflecting on the Qatar Crisis: Qatar and its Neighbours (Routledge, 2022)
 'The Journal of Arabian Studies and the Development of Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies' (with James Onley), Journal of Arabian Studies, Vol. 10, no. 1 (July 2020) [published February 2021], pp. 1-50.  (https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2020.1847245).
 'The Qatar Crisis through the lens of Foreign Policy Analysis', in Rory Miller (ed.), The Gulf Crisis: the View from Qatar (Doha: HBK University Press (2018), pp. 90-100.
'The Heritage Boom in the Gulf: Critical Perspectives', Special Section in Journal of Arabian Studies, Vol. 7, no. 2 (December 2017), (co-edited with Marc Valeri);
 Ruling Families and Business Elites in the Gulf Monarchies: Ever Closer? (Chatham House, 2016);
 Al-Mamlaka Al-'arabiyya al-sa'udiyya fi-l-mizan [Saudi Arabia in the Balance] (updated Arabic edition: Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, 2012)
 Yemen, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States: Elite Politics, Street Protests and Regional Diplomacy (London: Chatham House, 2011)

 'Europe, the US, and the Gulf after the Cold War', in Viktor Mauer & Daniel Möckli (eds.), European-American Relations and the Middle East: From Suez to Iraq (Routledge, 2010);
 '"Terrorism" and Political Violence in the Middle East and North Africa: Drivers and Limitations', in Asaf Siniver (ed.), International Terrorism Post-9/11: Comparative Dynamics and Responses (Routledge, 2010), pp. 13–36;
'Political Reform in the Gulf Monarchies: From Liberalisation to Democratisation? A Comparative Perspective', in A. Ehteshami & S. Wright (eds.), Reform in the Middle East Oil Monarchies (Ithaca Press, 2008), pp. 3–45;
 'EU-GGC Relations: Dynamics, Perspectives and the Issue of Political Reform', Journal of Social Affairs [AUS, Sharjah], Vol. 23, No. 92, Winter 2006, pp. 13–33;
EU-GCC Relations: Dynamics, Patterns and Perspectives, Gulf Papers Series (Dubai: Gulf Research Center, 2006)

Notable earlier works (books)

 Muslim Communities in the New Europe (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1996).
 Het Midden-Oosten Hertekend [The Middle East Redrawn] (Brussels: VUB Press (Free University of Brussels Press), 1996).
 Political and Economic Liberalization: dynamics and linkages in comparative perspective (Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner, 1996).
 The Middle East and Europe: The Search for Stability and Integration  (London: Federal Trust for Education and Research, 1993)
 War and Peace in the Gulf: domestic politics and regional relations into the 1990s  (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1991) (with Anoushiravan Ehteshami).
 Development, Administration and Aid in the Middle East  (London: Routledge, 1988).
 Iraq, the Gulf States & the War: A changing relationship, 1980-1986 and beyond  (London: Ithaca Press, 1986).

References

1959 births
Living people
Belgian philologists
Belgian political scientists
Academics of the University of Exeter
Ghent University alumni
People from Temse
Chatham House people
Deans of Georgetown University in Qatar

Gerd Nonneman


Funimation is an American subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service. Launched in 2016, the service is one of the leading distributors of anime and other foreign entertainment properties in North America. It has streamed popular series, such as Dragon Ball, One Piece,  Yu Yu Hakusho, My Hero Academia, Attack on Titan, Fairy Tail, Black Clover, Fruits Basket, Assassination Classroom and Tokyo Ghoul among many others.

In 2017, the service and its parent company were acquired by Sony, who ran the service through Sony Pictures Entertainment from 2017 to 2019 and then through SPE and Sony Music Entertainment Japan's Aniplex from 2019 to 2022. In 2021, Sony acquired Crunchyroll. In March 2022, it was announced that a large majority of Funimation's catalog would be moving to Crunchyroll; despite this, the Funimation streaming service remains active and continues to distribute titles that were originally licensed by the Funimation company before the merger as of 2023.

History

Origins

In the early 1990s, Japanese-born businessman Gen Fukunaga was approached by his uncle, Nagafumi Hori, who was working as a producer for Toei Company. Hori proposed that if Fukunaga could start a production company and raise enough money, Toei Animation would license the rights to the Dragon Ball franchise to the United States. Fukunaga met with co-worker Daniel Cocanougher, whose family owned a feed mill in Decatur, Texas, and convinced Cocanougher's family to sell their business and serve as an investor for his new company. The company was founded on May 9, 1994, as FUNimation Productions.

They initially collaborated with other companies on Dragon Ball, such as BLT Productions, Ocean Studios, Pioneer and Saban Entertainment. After two aborted attempts to bring the Dragon Ball franchise to television via first-run syndication, Cartoon Network began airing Dragon Ball Z as part of its Toonami programming block in 1998, which quickly became the highest-rated show on the block and garnered a large following. The success of Dragon Ball Z is credited for allowing Funimation to acquire other licensed titles.

Launch and beginning of Funimation Films
In 2009, Funimation signed a deal with Toei Animation to stream several of its anime titles online through the Funimation website. On October 14, 2011, Funimation announced a partnership with Niconico, the English language version of Nico Nico Douga, to form the Funico brand for the licensing of anime for streaming and home video release. From this point on, virtually all titles simulcasted by Niconico were acquired by Funimation.

In 2014, Funimation released Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods to theaters in partnership with Screenvision. Based on its success, Funimation launched its own theatrical division in December 2014. On June 22, 2015, Funimation and Universal Pictures Home Entertainment announced a multi-year home video distribution deal. The deal allowed UPHE to manage distribution and sales of Funimation's catalog of titles. Universal began distributing Funimation's titles in October of that year.

Rebranding as FunimationNow

In January 2016, Funimation introduced a new logo and announced the rebranding of their streaming platform as "FunimationNow". In April 2016, they launched their service in the UK and Ireland.

On September 8, 2016, Funimation announced a partnership with Crunchyroll. Select Funimation titles would be streamed subtitled on Crunchyroll, while select Crunchyroll titles would be streamed on FunimationNow, including upcoming dubbed content. In addition, Funimation would act as the distributor for Crunchyroll's home video catalog.

On May 18, 2017, Shout! Factory acquired the North American distribution rights to In This Corner of the World, with a U.S. theatrical release to take place on August 11, 2017, co-released by Funimation Films.

Acquisition by Sony Pictures Television
In May 2017, it was reported that Universal Studios and Sony Pictures Television were interested in purchasing Funimation; however, Universal decided not to proceed with the bidding. On July 31, 2017, Sony Pictures Television announced that it would buy a controlling 95% stake in Funimation for $143 million, a deal that was approved by the United States Department of Justice on August 22, 2017. This deal allowed Funimation to have synergies with Sony's Animax and Kids Station divisions and "direct access to the creative pipeline". The deal was closed on October 27, 2017.

On February 16, 2018, it was reported that Shout! Factory's Shout! Studios division acquired the U.S./Canadian distribution rights to Big Fish & Begonia and partnered with Funimation Films again for distribution. On July 12, 2018, it was announced that Funimation Films had picked up licensing rights for Dragon Ball Super: Broly in North America and that its English dub would premiere in theaters sometime in January 2019 in the United States and Canada, only around a month after its national premiere in Japan.

On August 7, 2018, AT&T fully acquired Otter Media, owner of Crunchyroll. On October 18, 2018, Funimation and Crunchyroll announced that their partnership with would end on November 9, 2018, as a result of Sony Pictures Television's acquisition of Funimation. Despite the home video releases being unaffected and still going on as planned, select Funimation content would be removed from Crunchyroll, and subtitled content would return to FunimationNow. Additionally, it was also announced that Funimation would be removed from Otter Media-owned streaming service VRV entirely, being replaced by HIDIVE. In December 2018, it was reported that another reason the partnership ended was due to a dispute concerning international expansion. On December 4, 2018, Funimation inked an exclusive multi-year first-look SVOD deal with Hulu.

On March 23, 2019, at AnimeJapan 2019, Funimation announced that they had partnered with Chinese streaming service Bilibili to jointly license anime titles for both the U.S. and Chinese markets.

On May 29, 2019, Funimation announced that they had acquired Manga Entertainment's UK branch, and immediately consolidated the former's UK business into the latter's. On July 5, 2019, Funimation announced at Anime Expo that they had reached a streaming partnership with Right Stuf Inc., with select titles from Nozomi Entertainment being made available on FunimationNow later in the year. On August 31, 2019, Aniplex of America announced on Twitter that they would be partnering with Funimation Films to co-release Rascal Does Not Dream of a Dreaming Girl theatrically in the U.S. on October 2, 2019, and in Canada on October 4, 2019.

SPT / Aniplex joint venture and streaming consolidation
On September 24, 2019, Sony Pictures Television and Aniplex announced that they were consolidating their international anime streaming businesses under a new joint venture, Funimation Global Group, LLC., with Funimation general manager Colin Decker leading the joint venture. The joint venture would operate under Funimation's branding, and allow Funimation to acquire and distribute titles with Aniplex subsidiaries Wakanim, Madman Anime Group and AnimeLab. The first title under the joint venture, Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia, would receive a 30-day exclusivity on FunimationNow, AnimeLab and Wakanim, and provide Funimation exclusive rights to the English dub for one year.

In December 2019, Funimation launched a "Decade of Anime" poll in which fans voted for their favorite anime across multiple categories.

On January 24, 2020, Funimation announced it would be merging its online catalog into AnimeLab for Australian and New Zealand audiences, and would shut down FunimationNow for Australia and New Zealand on March 30.

On May 1, 2020, Funimation announced that they formed a partnership with Kodansha Comics to host a series of weekly watch parties. On May 4, Funimation announced that they had struck a deal with NIS America to stream select titles on FunimationNow.

On July 3, 2020, Funimation announced at FunimationCon that they would expand their streaming service to Latin America, starting with Mexico and Brazil in Q4 2020, with one of the first dubbed titles released being Tokyo Ghoul:re. Funimation later revealed that they would launch their Latin American services in December 2020. However, they launched their service early on November 18, 2020.

On September 9, 2020, Funimation announced that they had reached a distribution partnership with Viz Media, with Viz Media titles being made available to stream on Funimation's website. The deal was made after select Viz titles such as Part I of Naruto and the first 75 episodes of Hunter × Hunter were previously made available on FunimationNow. On December 2, 2020, Brazilian TV channel Loading announced a content partnership with Sony Pictures Entertainment. Funimation titles being included in the partnership was hinted at, but not confirmed. Five days later, it was officially confirmed that Funimation titles would be included in the partnership.

On November 24, 2020, Funimation announced they had partnered with Sunrise to stream select Gundam titles such as Mobile Suit Gundam, Mobile Suit Gundam SEED, and later  Mobile Suit Gundam Wing and Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam. Some Gundam titles already streamed on Funimation prior to said partnership like Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans.

On December 9, 2020, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that it would acquire Crunchyroll from WarnerMedia for a total of  in cash, placing the company under Funimation once the acquisition was finalized. The acquisition of Crunchyroll was completed on August 9, 2021, with Sony stating in their press release that they would create a unified anime subscription using their anime businesses as soon as possible.

On April 12, 2021, it was announced that subsidiary Manga Entertainment would officially be rebranding as Funimation UK in the UK and Ireland, starting on April 19, 2021. On June 10, 2021, it was announced AnimeLab would begin the process of rebranding and transitioning its services to Funimation in Australia and New Zealand, on June 17, 2021. On June 16, 2021, Funimation launched in Colombia, Chile, and Peru.

On September 1, 2021, Funimation and Gonzo announced a partnership to upload select remastered titles on their respective YouTube channels until November 30. These titles were Ragnarok the Animation, Witchblade and Burst Angel.

On January 25, 2022, Crunchyroll announced that they were going to release Jujutsu Kaisen 0 in theaters on March 18, 2022, in the United States and Canada. The film launched in over 1,500 theaters, as well as some IMAX theatres, in both sub and dub. They also stated that the feature would be coming soon to theaters in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany, and Latin America among other countries. This was the first and only Crunchyroll film to be distributed in association with Funimation Films.

On March 1, 2022, it was announced that the Funimation, Wakanim and VRV SVOD services would be consolidated into Crunchyroll. As of 2023, the Funimation streaming service remains in operation, and continues to simulcast newer titles acquired by Crunchyroll, LLC after the merger.

Programming

Funimation Channel

Funimation Entertainment, along with OlympuSAT, launched the Funimation Channel on September 29, 2005, the second 24-hour anime digital cable network in North America (the first being A.D. Vision's Anime Network). OlympuSAT was the exclusive distributor of the channel.

On March 23, 2006, a syndicated block was announced for Colours TV. A few months later, it was announced that the channel was launched in a few cities via VHF and UHF digital signals. Both services were discontinued in favor for a more successful expansion on digital cable, fiber optics and DBS systems. The channel launched its HD feed on September 27, 2010. On December 31, 2015, Funimation and OlympuSAT ended their deal and no longer broadcasts Funimation titles on the channel. The television channel was replaced by Toku, while Funimation announced plans to relaunch Funimation Channel in 2016.

Back in 2007, Funimation licensed Revolutionary Girl Utena: The Movie, the Record of Lodoss War series, the Project A-ko series, Urusei Yatsura: Beautiful Dreamer and Grave of the Fireflies from Central Park Media and played them on the Funimation Channel on television in the United States. In 2009, they licensed Buso Renkin, Honey and Clover, Hunter × Hunter, Nana and Monster from Viz Media (their fellow rival) for the channel. They also licensed  Ninja Nonsense and Boogiepop Phantom from Right Stuf Inc.'s Nozomi Entertainment division for it as well. The only title licensed for Funimation Channel which was not licensed by Funimation, neither Viz Media, nor Nozomi Entertainment or Central Park Media was Haré+Guu, which was licensed for North American distribution by AN Entertainment and Bang Zoom! Entertainment and had its North American DVD release published by Funimation, while its licensors were the producers. The only Enoki USA titles Funimation licensed for Funimation Channel were Revolutionary Girl Utena and His and Her Circumstances.

Digital

Funimation's catalog of series and films, as well as official Japanese simulcasts, are currently available for streaming on their website and dedicated apps. They currently stream over 800 titles from their catalog, Aniplex of America, VIZ Media, Nozomi Entertainment, NIS America, and TMS Entertainment among other distributors. They currently are streaming titles in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Peru, and by Wakanim they are also available in select parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. Via Crunchyroll, they also have over 5 million subscribers
and 120 million registered users worldwide with over 1,200 anime titles, 200 dorama, and 80 manga currently available  from a wide array of distributors such as Sentai Filmworks and Discotek Media.

On September 19, 2006, Funimation created an official channel on YouTube where they upload advertisements for box sets, as well as clips and preview episodes of their licensed series. In September 2008, they began distributing full episodes of series on Hulu. In April 2009, Funimation began distributing full episodes of series at Veoh. In February 2012, Crackle began streaming select titles from Funimation, joining titles previously acquired from Funimation for their localized Animax hub.

A dedicated Funimation streaming app launched for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in June and December 2014, respectively. The app later launched on Playstation 4 and Xbox One platforms in March and July 2015, respectively. A Nintendo Switch app launched in December 2020.

SimulDub
In January 2014, English dubbed episodes of Space Dandy premiered on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block a day before the Japanese broadcast; one of the rare occasions an anime series premiered in the United States before Japan. Funimation would later introduce a new "SimulDub" program in October 2014, in which English dubs of their simulcast titles would premiere within weeks after their subtitled airing. This practice began with SimulDub versions of Psycho-Pass 2 and Laughing Under the Clouds, episodes of which were streamed roughly three weeks to one month following their original Japanese broadcast.

On March 18, 2020, Funimation announced that production of SimulDubs would be delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; Subtitled simulcasts would continue as scheduled. On April 10, 2020, Funimation announced that an episode of My Hero Academia had been recorded and would be released on April 12. Funimation would later announce the scheduled release dates for SimulDubs that were produced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Following the corporate name change to Crunchyroll, LLC in 2022, the practice of SimulDubs officially continued with series such as Spy × Family, the second season of Classroom of the Elite, and Tomo-chan Is a Girl!.

Availability
The streaming service is available through Funimation's official website in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Brazil. In select parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia, it is available via Wakanim.

The Funimation app is also available on digital media players (Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, and Roku), smart TVs (Android TV, Chromecast, Samsung, and LG Electronics), video game consoles (PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Nintendo Switch) and smartphones (iOS, Android, and Amazon Kindle).

Notes

References

External links

Funimation
2017 mergers and acquisitions
Advertising video on demand
Android (operating system) software
Anime and manga websites
Aniplex
Internet properties established in 2016
Internet television streaming services
IOS software
PlayStation 3 software
PlayStation 4 software
PlayStation 5 software
Sony subsidiaries
Subscription video on demand services
Xbox 360 software
Xbox One software
Xbox Series X and Series S software

Funimation


Cyclocoeloma is a genus of crabs in the family Majidae, containing the single species Cyclocoeloma tuberculata.

Description
Cyclocoeloma tuberculata is a small size spider crab, its carapace reach an average length of 45mm from the rostral area to posterior tip. The back side of the carapace is rounded but the rostral area is going relatively far ahead and looks like a head with lateral position of the eyes.
However, it's quite difficult to observe the carapace's shape on a living animal because it's covered with anemones.
The four ambulacry, when not too much decorated, are creamy colors with brown bands. In the majids, the decoration is fixed on the carapace and legs via hooked hairs. The claws are quite small and are also used to decorate themselves.
The reason they cover their body is to camouflage themselves from potential predators, especially during the day; C. tuberculata fixes sea anemones of the family Discosomatidae to its carapace, and soft corals of the family Xeniidae to its legs.

Distribution
Cyclocoeloma tuberculata is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the central Indo-Pacific region.

References

External links

Majoidea
Monotypic decapod genera

Cyclocoeloma