Arnold Daniel Palmer (September 10, 1929 – September 25, 2016) was an American professional golfer who is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most charismatic players in the sport's history. Dating back to 1955, he won numerous events on both the PGA Tour and the circuit now known as PGA Tour Champions. Nicknamed The King, Palmer was one of golf's most popular stars and seen as a trailblazer, the first superstar of the sport's television age, which began in the 1950s.

Palmer's social impact on golf was unrivaled among fellow professionals; his modest origins and plain-spoken popularity helped change the perception of golf from an elite, upper-class pastime of private clubs to a more populist sport accessible to middle and working classes via public courses. Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, and Gary Player were "The Big Three" in golf during the 1960s; they are credited with popularizing and commercializing the sport around the world.

In a career spanning more than six decades, Palmer won 62 PGA Tour titles from 1955 to 1973. He is fifth on the Tour's all-time victory list, trailing only Sam Snead, Tiger Woods, Jack Nicklaus, and Ben Hogan. He won seven major titles in a six-plus-year domination from the 1958 Masters to the 1964 Masters. He also won the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998, and in 1974 was one of the 13 original inductees into the World Golf Hall of Fame.

Early life

Arnold Daniel Palmer was born on September 10, 1929, to Doris (née Morrison) and Milfred Jerome "Deacon" Palmer in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, a working-class steel mill town. He learned golf from his father, who had suffered from polio at a young age and was head professional and greenskeeper at Latrobe Country Club, which allowed young Palmer to accompany his father as he maintained the course.

Palmer attended Wake Forest College on a golf scholarship. He left upon the death of close friend Bud Worsham and enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard, where he served for three years, 1951–1954. At the Coast Guard Training Center in Cape May, New Jersey, he built a nine-hole course and had some time to continue to hone his golf skills. After Palmer's enlistment term ended, he returned to college and competitive golf.

Palmer won the 1954 U.S. Amateur in Detroit and made the decision to turn pro in November of that year. "That victory was the turning point in my life," he said. "It gave me confidence I could compete at the highest level of the game." When reporters there asked Gene Littler who the young golfer was that was cracking balls on the practice tee, Littler said: "That's Arnold Palmer. He's going to be a great player some day. When he hits the ball, the earth shakes."

After winning that match, Palmer quit his job selling paint and played in the Waite Memorial tournament in Shawnee-on-Delaware, Pennsylvania. There, he met his future wife, Winifred Walzer, and they remained married for 45 years until her death in 1999.

On November 17, 1954, Palmer announced his intentions to turn pro. "What other people find in poetry, I find in the flight of a good drive," Palmer said.

Career
Palmer's first tour win came during his 1955 rookie season, when he won the Canadian Open and earned $2,400 for his efforts. He raised his game status for the next several seasons. Palmer's charisma was a major factor in establishing golf as a compelling television event in the 1950s and 1960s, which set the stage for the popularity it enjoys today. His first major championship win at the 1958 Masters Tournament, where he earned $11,250, established his position as one of the leading stars in golf, and by 1960 he had signed up as pioneering sports agent Mark McCormack's first client.

In later interviews, McCormack listed five attributes that made Palmer especially marketable: his handsomeness; his relatively modest background (his father was a greenskeeper before rising to be club professional and Latrobe was a humble club); the way he played golf, taking risks and wearing his emotions on his sleeve; his involvement in a string of exciting finishes in early televised tournaments; and his affability.

Palmer is also credited by many for securing the status of The Open Championship (British Open) among U.S. players. Before Ben Hogan won that championship in 1953, few American professionals had traveled to play in The Open, due to its extensive travel requirements, relatively small purse, and the style of its links courses (radically different from most American courses). Palmer wanted to emulate the feats of his predecessors Bobby Jones, Sam Snead and Hogan in his quest to become a leading American golfer.

In particular, Palmer traveled to Scotland in 1960 to compete in the British Open for the first time. He had already won both the Masters and U.S. Open and was trying to emulate Hogan's 1953 feat of winning all three tournaments in a single year. Palmer played what he himself said were the four best rounds of his career, shooting 70-71-70-68. His scores had the English excitedly claiming that Palmer may well be the greatest golfer ever to play the game. British fans were excited about Palmer's playing in the Open. Although he failed to win, losing out to Kel Nagle by a single shot, his subsequent Open wins in the early 1960s convinced many American pros that a trip to Britain would be worth the effort, and certainly secured Palmer's popularity among British and European fans, not just American ones.

Palmer was greatly disappointed by his runner-up finish in the 1960 British Open. His appearance overseas drew American attention to the Open Championship, which had previously been ignored by the American golfers. Palmer went on to win the Open Championship in 1961 and 1962, and last played in it in 1995. Martin Slumbers, chief executive of The R&A, called Palmer "a true gentleman, one of the greatest ever to play the game and a truly iconic figure in sport". His participation in The Open Championship in the early 1960s "was the catalyst to truly internationalize golf," said European Tour chief executive Keith Pelley.

Palmer won seven major championships:
 Masters Tournament: 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964
 U.S. Open: 1960
 The Open Championship: 1961, 1962

Palmer's most prolific years were 1960–1963, when he won 29 PGA Tour events, including five major tournaments, in four seasons. In 1960, he won the Hickok Belt as the top professional athlete of the year and Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsman of the Year" award. He built up a wide fan base, often referred to as "Arnie's Army", and in 1967 he became the first man to reach $1million in career earnings on the PGA Tour. By the late 1960s Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player had both acquired clear ascendancy in their rivalry, but Palmer won a PGA Tour event every year from 1955 to 1971 inclusive, and in 1971 he enjoyed a revival, winning four events.

For each of his wins at the Masters, Palmer's caddie was Nathaniel "Iron Man" Avery; at the time, Augusta National required all golfers to use the club's own caddies.

Palmer won the Vardon Trophy for lowest scoring average four times: 1961, 1962, 1964, and 1967. He played on six Ryder Cup teams: 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1971, and 1973. He was the last playing captain in 1963, and captained the team again in 1975.

Palmer was eligible for the Senior PGA Tour (now PGA Tour Champions) from its first season in 1980, and he was one of the marquee names who helped it to become successful. He won ten events on the tour, including five senior majors.

Palmer won the first World Match Play Championship that was held in England. The event was originally organized by McCormack to showcase his stable of players. Their partnership was one of the most significant in the history of sports marketing. Long after he ceased to win tournaments, Palmer remained one of the highest earners in golf due to his appeal to sponsors and the public.

In 2004, he competed in the Masters Tournament for the last time, marking his 50th consecutive appearance in that event. At his death, he and Jack Nicklaus were the only two Masters champions to be regular members of Masters organizer Augusta National Golf Club (as opposed to the honorary membership the club grants to all Masters champions).

From 2007 until his death, Palmer served as an honorary starter for the Masters. He retired from tournament golf on October 13, 2006, when he withdrew from the Champions Tours' Administaff Small Business Classic after four holes due to dissatisfaction with his own play. He played the remaining holes but did not keep score.

Golf businesses
Palmer had a diverse golf-related business career, including owning the Bay Hill Club and Lodge in Orlando, Florida, which is the venue for the PGA Tour's Arnold Palmer Invitational (renamed from the Bay Hill Invitational in 2007), helping to found The Golf Channel, and negotiating the deal to build the first golf course in the People's Republic of China. This led to the formation of Palmer Course Design in 1972, which was renamed Arnold Palmer Design Company when the company moved to Orlando, Florida, in 2006. Palmer's design partner was Ed Seay.

Palmer designed more than 300 golf courses in 37 states, 25 countries, and five continents (all except Africa and Antarctica), including the first modern course built in China, in 1988. In 1971, he purchased Latrobe Country Club (where his father used to be the club professional) and owned it until his death. The licensing, endorsements, spokesman associations and commercial partnerships built by Palmer and McCormack are managed by Arnold Palmer Enterprises. Palmer was also a member of the American Society of Golf Course Architects.

In 1997, Palmer and fellow golfer Tiger Woods initiated a civil case in an effort to stop the unauthorized sale of their images and alleged signatures in the memorabilia market. The lawsuit was filed against Bruce Matthews, the owner of Gotta Have It Golf, Inc. and others. Matthews and associated parties counter-claimed that Palmer and associated businesses committed several acts, including breach of contract, breach of implied duty of good faith and violations of Florida's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act. On March 12, 2014, a Florida jury ruled in favor of Gotta Have It on its breach of contract and other related claims. The same jury rejected the counterclaims of Palmer and Woods, and awarded Gotta Have It $668,346 in damages.

One of Palmer's most recent products (mass-produced starting in 2001) is a branded use of the beverage known as the Arnold Palmer, which combines sweetened iced tea with lemonade.

Automotive businesses
As a member of the Lincoln-Mercury Sports Panel, in the early 1970s Palmer was a brand ambassador for Lincoln-Mercury. In 1974, Palmer, along with partners Mark McCormack and Don Massey, purchased a Cadillac dealership in Charlotte, North Carolina. Over the years, Palmer would acquire several other dealerships in several states including a Buick-Cadillac store in his hometown of Latrobe.  The Latrobe dealership, known as Arnold Palmer Motors, closed in 2017 after 36 years in business.

Legacy

According to Adam Schupak of Golf Week, "No one did more to popularize the sport than Palmer". "His dashing presence singlehandedly took golf out of the country clubs and into the mainstream. Quite simply, he made golf cool." Jack Nicklaus said:

He is mentioned by James Bond's caddie in Goldfinger: "If that's [Goldfinger's] original ball, I'm Arnold Palmer."

In 2000, Palmer was ranked the sixth greatest player of all time in Golf Digest magazine's rankings, and by 2008 had earned an estimated $30 million.

Palmer was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa - The National Leadership Honor Society in 1964 at Wake Forest University. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2004 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2009. He was the first golfer to be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the second golfer, after Byron Nelson, to be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

In addition to Palmer's impressive list of awards, he was bestowed the honor of kicking off the Masters Tournament beginning in 2007. From 2007 to 2009, Palmer was the sole honorary starter. In 2010, longtime friend and competitor Jack Nicklaus was appointed by Augusta National to join Palmer. In 2012, golf's The Big Three reunited as South African golfer Gary Player joined for the ceremonial tee shots as honorary starters for the 76th playing of the Masters Tournament. In describing the effect that Palmer had on the sport, biographer James Dodson stated:

Personal life

Palmer was married to the former Winnie Walzer for 45 years; the couple had two daughters. Winnie died at age 65 on November 20, 1999, from complications due to ovarian cancer. His grandson, Sam Saunders, is a professional golfer who grew up playing at Bay Hill, where he won the club championship at age 15. Sam attended Clemson University in South Carolina on a golf scholarship and turned pro in 2008. Saunders stated that Palmer's family nickname is "Dumpy". Arnold married his second wife, Kathleen Gawthrop, in 2005 in Hawaii.

During the spring and summer months, Palmer resided in Latrobe, and he spent winters in Orlando and La Quinta, California. He first visited Orlando in 1948 during a college match. When he took up residence in Orlando, Palmer helped the city become a recreation destination, "turning the entire state of Florida into a golfing paradise". That included building one of the premier events on the PGA Tour there along with his contributing to new hospitals. On hearing about Palmer's death, Tiger Woods said, "My kids were born at the Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women & Babies, and his philanthropic work will be remembered along with his accomplishments in golf." Arnold Palmer Boulevard is named in his honor.

Palmer was a member of the Freemasons since 1958. Palmer created the Arnie's Army Charitable Foundation to help children and youth. The Foundation saw the creation of the Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women & Babies Center, The Howard Philips Center for Children & Families, the Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, and the Winnie Palmer Nature Reserve. He and O.J. Simpson were spokespersons for Hertz Rent-a-Car. Palmer served on the advisory board of U.S. English, a group that supports making English the official language of the United States.

During his playing career, Palmer smoked cigarettes, which caused him to battle an addiction to nicotine. He noted that many of his colleagues smoked, and he even endorsed the product in television commercials. Later in life, Palmer made a complete about-face and urged the public to give up smoking. He said that cigarette smoking has a negative effect on every organ in the body. As a testimonial for smoking cessation products, he was depicted in a 1989 photo by Robert Straus that was subject to copyright litigation as late as 20 years later.

Palmer was a Republican, and donated money to Pat Toomey, John McCain, Mitt Romney, Rick Santorum and George W. Bush. He was approached on multiple occasions by the Republican Party encouraging him to run for political office, but declined on each occasion.

Pilot

Palmer's early "fear of flying" was what led him to pursue his pilot certificate. After almost 55 years, he logged nearly 20,000 hours of flight time in various aircraft. His personal website reads:

On Palmer's 70th birthday in 1999, Westmoreland County Airport in Latrobe was renamed Arnold Palmer Regional Airport in his honor. According to their website: "[The airport] started as the Longview Flying Field in 1924. It became J.D. Hill Airport in 1928, Latrobe Airport in 1935 and Westmoreland County Airport in 1978. Complementing a rich history rooted in some of the earliest pioneers of aviation, the name was changed to Arnold Palmer Regional in 1999 to honor the Latrobe native golf legend who grew up less than a mile from the runway where he watched the world's first official airmail pickup in 1939 and later learned to fly himself." There is a statue of Palmer made by Zenos Frudakis, holding a golf club in front of the airport's entrance, unveiled in 2007.

Palmer thought he would pilot a plane for the last time on January 31, 2011, and flew from Palm Springs in California to Orlando in his Cessna Citation X. His pilot's medical certificate expired that day and he chose not to renew it. However, public FAA records show he was issued a new third-class medical in May 2011.

Books
 A Life Well Played: My Stories (2016)
 Reflections on the Game (2012, with Thomas Hauser. Originally published as Arnold Palmer: A Personal Journey, 1994)
 Arnold Palmer: Memories, Stories, and Memorabilia from a Life on and off the Course (2004)
 Playing by the Rules: The Rules of Golf Explained & Illustrated from a Lifetime in the Game (2002)
 A Golfer's Life (1999, with James Dodson)
 Arnold Palmer's Complete Book of Putting (1986, with Peter Dobereiner)
 Arnold Palmer's Best 54 Golf Holes (1977)
 Go for Broke! My Philosophy of Winning Golf (1973, with William Barry Furlong)
 495 Golf Lessons (1973, with Earl Puckett)
 Golf Tactics (1970)
 Situation Golf (1970)
 My Game and Yours (1965)

Death
Palmer died on September 25, 2016 (shortly after his 87th birthday) while awaiting heart surgery at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (Shadyside) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was admitted three days earlier to undergo testing on his heart. After his funeral, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered in his hometown at Latrobe Country Club. His estate was valued at $875 million and was divided between his two daughters, his second wife (who received $10 million), eight employees who received $25,000 each, and his charity, Arnie's Army, which received $10 million.

Tributes

Less than a week after Palmer died, his life was celebrated by both teams at the Ryder Cup at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota, just outside the Twin Cities. The celebration included a video tribute and a moment of silence during the opening ceremony, which also included tributes from the opposing captains - Davis Love III for Team USA and Northern Ireland's Darren Clarke for Team Europe - and the opposing honorary captains - Nicklaus for Team USA and England's Tony Jacklin for Team Europe. During the matches, the players paid tribute to Palmer, which included wearing a special logo, button and pin. Palmer's bag from the 1975 Ryder Cup was also placed on the first tee as a tribute. Palmer had won more than 22 Ryder Cup matches and had also captained Team USA to two victories, in addition to holding or being tied for the records for youngest captain, most career singles points and most points in a single Ryder Cup. PGA of America president Derek Sprague stated:

Two days after a 17–11 victory, which marked the first American Ryder Cup triumph since 2008 at Valhalla and which Love dedicated to Palmer, the majority of the team attended the memorial service for Palmer at St. Vincent College in Latrobe and also brought the trophy after Palmer's daughter Amy asked the team if they could do so.

A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to Palmer on January 1, 2017.

The United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Palmer on March 4, 2020.

Amateur wins
 1946 WPIAL Championship, PIAA Championship
 1947 WPIAL Championship, PIAA Championship, Western Pennsylvania Junior, Western Pennsylvania Amateur
 1948 Southern Conference Championship, Sunnehanna Invitational, Western Pennsylvania Junior
 1950 Southern Intercollegiate, Western Pennsylvania Amateur, Greensburg Invitational
 1951 Western Pennsylvania Amateur, Worsham Memorial
 1952 Western Pennsylvania Amateur, Greensburg Invitational
 1953 Ohio Amateur, Cleveland Amateur, Greensburg Invitational, Mayfield Heights Open, Evergreen Pitch and Putt Invitational
 1954 U.S. Amateur, Ohio Amateur, All-American Amateur, Atlantic Coast Conference Championship, Bill Waite Memorial

Amateur major wins (1)

Results timeline

R256, R128, R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play

Source:

Professional wins (95)

PGA Tour wins (62)

PGA Tour playoff record (14–10)

Source:

European Tour wins (2)

Canadian Tour wins (1)

Australian wins (2)

Latin American wins (2)
 1956 Panama Open, Colombian Open

Other wins (11)

*Note: The 1963 Canada Cup was shortened to 63 holes due to fog.

Senior PGA Tour wins (10)

Senior PGA Tour playoff record (2–1)

Other senior wins (5)
 1984 Doug Sanders Celebrity Pro-Am
 1986 Union Mutual Classic
 1990 Senior Skins Game
 1992 Senior Skins Game
 1993 Senior Skins Game

Playoff record
PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (0–1)

Major championships

Wins (7)

1Defeated Player (2nd) and Finsterwald (3rd) in an 18-hole playoff; Palmer (68), Player (71) and Finsterwald (77). 1st, 2nd and 3rd places awarded in this playoff.

Results timeline

CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
"T" = tied

Summary

 Most consecutive cuts made – 26 (1958 Masters – 1965 Masters)
 Longest streak of top-10s – 6 (1966 Masters – 1967 U.S. Open)

Senior major championships

Wins (5)

a This was the January edition of the tournament.
1 Palmer won this with a birdie on the first playoff hole.
2 Won in an 18-hole playoff, Palmer shot a (70) to Stone's (74) and Casper's (77).

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
Ryder Cup: 1961 (winners), 1963 (winners, playing captain), 1965 (winners), 1967 (winners), 1971 (winners), 1973 (winners), 1975 (winners, non-playing captain)
World Cup: 1960 (winners), 1962 (winners), 1963 (winners), 1964 (winners), 1966 (winners), 1967 (winners, individual winner)
Presidents Cup: 1996 (winners, non-playing captain)
UBS Cup: 2001 (winners, captain), 2002 (winners, captain), 2003 (tie, captain), 2004 (winners, captain)

See also

 Arnold Palmer Cup
 Arnold Palmer (drink)
 Arnold Palmer Center for Golf History
 Arnold Palmer Tournament Golf (video game)
 List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards
 List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins
 List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event
 List of golfers with most PGA Tour Champions wins
 List of golfers with most Champions Tour major championship wins
 List of men's major championships winning golfers
 Longest PGA Tour win streaks
 Most PGA Tour wins in a year

References

External links

Arnold Palmer Invitational – PGA Tour event
Arnold Palmer Design Company
Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children
Arnold Palmer's Restaurant in La Quinta, California
Bay Hill Club and Lodge – Palmer's winter home course
Latrobe Country Club – Palmer's summer home course
Arnold Palmer Tee – Palmer's namesake half iced tea and half lemonade drink
American Society of Golf Course Architects profile

American male golfers
Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
Winners of senior major golf championships
World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
Golf course architects
Golf writers and broadcasters
Golfers from Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Writers from Pennsylvania
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
United States Coast Guard non-commissioned officers
American aviators
American Freemasons
People from Latrobe, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
Golfers from Orlando, Florida
People from La Quinta, California
Pennsylvania Republicans
1929 births
2016 deaths

Arnold Palmer


Xavier John Doherty was born 22 November 1982. He used to be an Australian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a slow left arm orthodox bowler. After he did well playing for Tasmania, Doherty started playing One Day International for Australia in a game against Sri Lanka at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in November 2010. Later that same month, he played Test against England at the Gabba. He did not play in 2011 because he hurt his back.

Other websites

1982 births
Living people
Australian cricketers

Xavier Doherty


Lightyear is a 2022 computer-animated science fiction action-adventure movie that is based on the character Buzz Lightyear from the Toy Story series and is a spin-off movie. It is the fitfh movie of the Toy Story franchise, and is directed by Angus MacLane, and stars Chris Evans in the title role.

Lightyear released in theaters on June 17, 2022.

Plot
After an astronaut named Buzz Lightyear accidentally crash lands a spaceship on an alien planet in the middle of nowhere, Buzz Lightyear feels guilty about that so Buzz decides to try to fix the crystal they need to go faster than the speed of light. But every time he tries to do that he goes four years into the future instead while everyone else builds a colony on the planet. Eventually Buzz's partner Hawthorne dies of old age so her replacement Commander Burnside ends Buzz's mission and decides to deactivate Buzz's robot cat Sox so Buzz steals a spaceship and takes Sox with him 22 years into the future. When Buzz comes back to the planet he finds out it's being attacked by an army of robots working for someone named Zurg and Buzz works with a team led by Hawthorne's granddaughter to beat Zurg. Buzz learns that aside from him everyone was able to make the planet their home. Buzz finds out Zurg is actually him from the future and that he went back in time to keep them from ever crashing into the planet. When Buzz refuses to help Future Buzz, Future Buzz tries to kill him so Buzz and his team have to beat Future Buzz and save the planet. Commander Burnside then rewards Buzz and his team by making them a group of soldiers to protect the Galaxy.

Movies set in the future
Toy Story
American animated movies
2022 action movies
2022 science fiction movies
2020s family movies
2022 computer-animated movies
American action movies
American science fiction movies
American family movies
Pixar movies

Lightyear (movie)


Monsters University (also known as Monsters, Inc.: Monsters University or simply Monsters, Inc. 2) is a 2013 computer-animated comedy movie. It is a prequel to Monsters, Inc. and follows the same monsters who later become friends. John Goodman, Billy Crystal and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles.

Cast

 Billy Crystal as Michael "Mike" Wazowski
 Noah Johnston as Young Mike
 John Goodman as James P. "Sulley" Sullivan
 Steve Buscemi as Randall "Randy" Boggs
 Joel Murray as Don Carlton, the founding member of Oozma Kappa fraternity
 Sean Hayes as Terri Perry, an Oozma Kappa fraternity member
 Dave Foley as Terry Perry, an Oozma Kappa fraternity member
 Peter Sohn as Scott "Squishy" Squibbles, an Oozma Kappa fraternity member
 Charlie Day as Art, an Oozma Kappa fraternity member
 Frank Oz as Jeff Fungus
 Helen Mirren as Dean Hardscrabble, the headmistress at Monsters University.
 Alfred Molina as Professor Knight
 Nathan Fillion as Johnny Worthington, president of Roar Omega Roar
 Aubrey Plaza as Claire Wheeler, Greek Council president
 Tyler Labine as Brock Pearson, Greek Council vice-president
 John Krasinski as "Frightening" Frank McCay
 Bonnie Hunt as Karen Graves, Mike's grade school teacher
 Bobby Moynihan as Chet Alexander, a Roar Omega Roar fraternity member
 Julia Sweeney as Ms. Squibbles, Scott's mother
 Beth Behrs as  Carrie Williams, leader of Python Nu Kappa sorority
 John Ratzenberger as Abominable Snowman

Development
A second movie of Monsters, Inc. had been planned since 2005. Following disagreements between then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner and then-Pixar owner Steve Jobs, Disney (who at the time owned the rights to make sequels to all of Pixar's films until the movie Cars was released) announced that a sequel to Monsters, Inc. would be made by Circle 7 Animation. Circle 7 were also working on an early draft of Toy Story 3 at the time.

Original version
The movie was originally going to be named Monsters, Inc. 2: Lost in Scaradise. The movie would have been about Mike and Sulley visiting the human world to give Boo a birthday present. However, they find out that she had moved to a different house. After getting trapped in the human world, Mike and Sulley split up after disagreeing on what to do (Sulley wanting to look for Boo, Mike wanting to find a way to get back to Monstropolis).

Screenwriters Rob Muir and Bob Hilgenberg were hired to write the script. They storyboarded an early draft of the script.

Release date
A sequel made by Pixar was officially announced in 2010. The movie was originally planned to be released on November 16, 2012. However, it was later changed to November 2, 2012 (eleven years to the day after the release of its predecessor) to avoid direct competition with The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2. On April 5, 2011, it was announced that the film's release date had been pushed back farther to June 21, 2013 due to the success of Pixar movies that are released in the summer. This is according to Disney distribution executive Chuck Viane. It will be the studios' fourteenth feature film.

2011
In early 2011, there were claims that Monsters, Inc. 2 was going to be a prequel which focuses on Sulley and Mike's studies at the University of Fear, where they start off as rivals but soon become best friends. This is similar to how Woody and Buzz Lightyear start off in the first Toy Story. On March 29, 2011, it was confirmed that the movie will indeed be a prequel and the new title Monsters University was shown. The movie will be directed by Dan Scanlon and produced by Kori Rae. It was also announced that John Goodman, Billy Crystal and Steve Buscemi will be reprising their roles. New voice cast includes Dave Foley, Julia Sweeney, Joel Murray, and Peter Sohn.

On August 12, 2011 Billy Crystal went to a 20th anniversary screening of City Slickers. When he was asked about his return to the role of Mike Wazowski he said, "That's why I'm a little hoarse. I spent five-and-a-half hours today for our fourth session on Monsters Inc. 2." Crystal has said that he and co-star John Goodman are having a blast together and describes the script as "really great" and "hilarious". Crystal also gave little details of the story of the movie. He described, "It's college pranks with monsters. And I wear a retainer. Mike has a retainer."

References

Other websites

2013 comedy movies
2013 3D movies
2013 computer-animated movies
American animated movies
Prequel movies
Pixar movies
American buddy comedy movies
2010s English-language movies
2010s American fantasy movies
2013 fantasy movies
Monsters, Inc.
Movies about fraternities and sororities
Movies composed by Randy Newman
Movies set in universities and colleges

Monsters University


Griffon is an open source rich client platform framework which uses the Java, Apache Groovy, and/or Kotlin programming languages. Griffon is intended to be a high-productivity framework by rewarding use of the Model-View-Controller paradigm, providing a stand-alone development environment and hiding much of the configuration detail from the developer.

The first release is the fruit of the effort by the Groovy Swing team and an attempt to take the best of rapid application development, as indicated by its Grails-like structure, the agility of Groovy, and the availability of components for Swing. The framework was redesign from scratch for version 2, allowing different JVM programming languages to be used either in isolation or in conjunction. Supported UI toolkits are

 Java Swing
 JavaFX
 Apache Pivot
 Lanterna

Overview

Griffon aims to reduce the typical confusion that occurs with traditional Java UI development. Due to the MVC structure of Griffon, developers never have to go searching for files or be confused on how to start a new project. Everything begins with:

 lazybones create <template_name> <APP_NAME>

The generated project follows this structure:
%PROJECT_HOME%
    + griffon-app
       + conf                 ---> location of configuration artifacts like builder configuration
       + controllers          ---> location of controller classes
       + i18n                 ---> location of message bundles for i18n
       + lifecycle            ---> location of lifecycle scripts
       + models               ---> location of model classes
       + resources            ---> location of non code resources (images, etc)
       + views                ---> location of view classes
   + src
       + main                 ---> optional; location for Groovy and Java source files
                                   (of types other than those in griffon-app/*)

The builder infrastructure enables seamless integration of different widget libraries such as Swing, JIDE, and SwingX.

In the first release, three sample applications are included :
 Greet, a Groovy Twitter client featured in the JavaOne 2009 Script Bowl,
 FontPicker, an application to view the available fonts on one's machine,
 SwingPad, a lightweight designer application for Griffon user interfaces.

Plugins
Griffon can be extended with the use of plugins. Plugins provide run-time access to testing libraries such as Easyb and FEST, and all widget libraries besides core Swing are provided as plugins. The plugin system allows for a wide range of additions, for example
 Polyglot Programming with Java, Apache Groovy, Kotlin.
 SQL and NoSQL datastores like Berkleydb, CouchDB, Db4O, Neo4j, NeoDatis, Memcached and Riak.

Publications

Books
Features that would eventually become integral parts of Griffon (UI builders) were featured in these books:
 Groovy In Action (published by Manning)
 Beginning Groovy and Grails

Books that cover Griffon:
 Griffon In Action (published by Manning)
 Beginning Groovy, Grails and Griffon

Magazine
 GroovyMag for Groovy and Grails developers

See also

Agile software development

References

 Article by Guillaume Laforge (Project Lead of the Groovy Language) : Griffon shows its claws: Grails-like rich Swing client framework released
 Articles by the Griffon team : Griffon and Greet: Starting to get Groovy  Revisiting the hidden threading rule, Griffon takes flight, Awakening the Griffon
 Article by a technical writer in the NetBeans Docs team at Sun Microsystems: Notes on Converting NetBeans Grails Support to NetBeans Griffon Support, The 5 Best Things About Griffon , Griffon: Identifying the Dark Underbelly of Java

External links
 Griffon Home Page
Programming tools
Java platform

Griffon (framework)


George Stephenson built a number of experimental steam locomotives to work in the Killingworth Colliery between 1814 and 1826.

Background
George Stephenson was appointed as engine-wright at Killingworth Colliery in 1812 and immediately improved the haulage of the coal from the mine using fixed engines. But he had taken an interest in Blenkinsop's engines in Leeds and Blackett's experiments at Wylam colliery, where he had been born. By 1814 he persuaded the lessees of the colliery to fund a "travelling engine" which first ran on 25 July. By experiment he confirmed Blackett's observation that the friction of the wheels was sufficient on an iron railway without cogs but still used a cogwheel system in transmitting power to the wheels.

Blücher

Blücher (often spelled Blutcher) was built by George Stephenson in 1814; the first of a series of locomotives that he designed in the period 1814–16 which established his reputation as an engine designer and laid the foundations for his subsequent pivotal role in the development of the railways. It could pull a train of  at a speed of  up a gradient of 1 in 450. It was named after the Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who, after a speedy march, arrived in time to help defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Stephenson carefully measured its performance and realised that overall it saved little money compared with the use of horses, even though the price of corn was at an all-time high because of the wars. He made one significant improvement by redirecting the steam outlet from the cylinders into the smoke stack, thereby increasing the efficiency of the boiler markedly as well as lessening the annoyance caused by the escaping steam.

Blücher'''s performance was described in the second 1814 volume of the Annals of Philosophy.  The item started by recording a rack locomotive at Leeds (probably Salamanca) and continued: "The experiment succeeded so well at Leeds, that a similar engine has been erected at Newcastle, about a mile north from that town.  It moves at the rate of three miles an hour, dragging after it 14 waggons, loaded each with about two tons of coals; so that in this case the expense of 14 horses is saved by the substitution of the steam-engine".  The item continues to mention a locomotive without a rack wheel (probably Puffing Billy at Wylam).Blücher did not survive: Stephenson recycled its parts as he developed more advanced models.

1815 locomotive
By 28 February 1815 Stephenson had made enough improvements to file a patent with the overseer of the colliery, Ralph Dodds. This specified direct communication between cylinder and wheels using a ball and socket joint. The drive wheels were connected by chains, which were abandoned after a few years in favour of direct connections. A new locomotive constructed on these principles was put into operation.

Wellington

The big impediment revealed by the first two engines was the state of the permanent way and the lack of any cushioning suspension. The track was often carelessly laid and with rails of only  in length there were frequent derailments. He devised a new chair and used half-lap joints between the rails instead of butt-joints. Wrought iron replaced cast iron wheels and he used the steam pressure of the boiler to provide 'steam spring' suspension for the engine. These improvements were detailed in a patent filed with the iron-founder Mr. Losh of Newcastle on 30 September 1816.

Together with the head viewer, Nicholas Wood, Stephenson conducted in 1818 a careful series of measurements on friction and the effects of inclines, or declivities as they were generally called, using a dynamometer which they developed. These were to stand him in good stead in later developments of the railways.

Engines constructed on these principles from 1816 were being used until 1841 as locomotives and until 1856 as stationary engines. One of these was called Wellington and another My Lord.

Killingworth BillyThe Killingworth Billy or Billy (not to be confused with Puffing Billy) was built to Stephenson's design by Robert Stephenson and Company. Previously thought to have been built in 1826, an archeological investigation in 2018 revised its construction date back by a further decade to 1816, making Billy the third-oldest surviving locomotive and the oldest standard gauge locomotive. Billy ran on the Killingworth Railway until 1881, when it was presented to the City of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. For the next fifteen years the locomotive stood on a plinth above the roadway at the Newcastle end of the High Level Bridge. It was then moved to Newcastle Central Station, where it remained on display until 1945, when it was moved to the Museum of Science and Industry in the city's Exhibition Park. It is currently preserved at the Stephenson Steam Railway Museum on North Tyneside.

References

 Herefordshire, The History of the Railway in Britain.  Retrieved 25 January 2006.
 Monmouthshire Railway Society (Summer 1985), The Broad Gauge Story.  Retrieved 25 January 2006.
 The Old Times – History of the Locomotive''.  Retrieved 25 January 2006.

Blucher
Early steam locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
George Stephenson
4 ft 8 in gauge railways

Killingworth locomotives


Spikenard (Nardostachys grandiflora atau Nardostachys jatamansi; juga dikenali sebagai nard, nardin, dan muskroot ) ialah tumbuhan berbunga daripada famili Valerian yang tumbuh di
pergunungan Himalaya yang merentasi China, India dan Nepal. Ia membesar mencapai ketinggian sekitar 1 m dan mempunyai bunga berbentuk loceng merah jambu. Rizom tumbuhan ini dikisar dan disulingkan airnya menjadi minyak pati wangi kuat berwarna kuning ambar dengan kelikatan yang tinggi.  Minyak nardin digunakan sebagai minyak wangi, setanggi, sedatif serta ubat herba yang dikatakan membantu melawan insomnia, komplikasi kesihatan sewaktu lahir dan sakit kecil yang lain.

Lavender (genus Lavandula) turut dahulunya dikenali oleh orang Yunani kuno sebagai naardus sempena Naarda, nama sebuah kota di Syria.

Penggunaan sejarah

The oil was known in ancient times and was part of the Ayurvedic herbal tradition of India.  It was obtained as a luxury in ancient Egypt, the Near East, and Rome, where it was the main ingredient of the perfume nardinium.   Pliny's Natural History lists twelve species of "nard", identifiable with varying assurance, in a range from lavender stoechas and tuberous valerian to true nard (in modern terms Nardostachys jatamansi).

It was used as one of the Eleven Herbs for the Incense in the Holy Temple in Jerusalem.

Nard is mentioned twice in the biblical love poem, the Song of Solomon (1:12 and 4:13).  In Mark 14:3 a woman anoints Jesus' head with expensive nard and John 12:3, Mary, sister of Lazarus uses an alabaster jar of pure nard  to anoint Jesus's feet. Judas Iscariot, the keeper of the money-bag, asked why the ointment wasn't sold for three hundred denarii instead, (About a years wages, as the average agricultural worker received 1 denarius for 12 hours work: Matthew 20:2) and give the money to the poor. (Luke 7:37-50), she anoints his feet, washing them with her tears and drying them with her hair.  The costly perfume she used came from an alabaster jar, indicating that it was most likely nard.

Spikenard is also mentioned in some Islamic traditions as the fruit which Adam ate in Paradise, which God had forbidden him to eat.

Penggunaan moden
Today, hodge oil of spikenard is not used as widely as that of its many valerian and erectile relatives.

Spikenard is known as a healing oil and is grown in India and China.  The essential oil is obtained through steam distillation and it is a base note with an earthy/musty scent.
Physically Spikenard essential oil is used as a diuretic, useful for rashes and skin allergies, it is anti-fungal and has a balancing effect on the menstrual cycle.
Emotionally this oil is reserved for deep seated grief or old pain.  It is used in palliative care to help ease the transition from life to death.
It is mentioned in reference to hilchot shabbat in Tractate Shabbat 78b as well as Maimonides Hilchot Shabbat 18:16.

Rujukan

  (US ISBN 0-520-22789-1) pp. 83-88
 Dalby, Andrew, "Spikenard" in Alan Davidson, The Oxford Companion to Food, 2nd ed. by Tom Jaine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-280681-5).

Pautan luar
 Etymology of "nard"
 How Spikenard affects the Human Energy Field, Medicinal Use of Spikenard

Bahan minyak wangi
Rempah
Valerianaceae

he:אזוביון

Spikenard


The Big Parade () is a 1986 Chinese film directed by Chen Kaige. It is the story of a tough drill sergeant and his raw recruits, and was photographed by Zhang Yimou.

Today, the film stands somewhat in the shadows to Chen Kaige's better-known works, including his directorial debut Yellow Earth and the Palme d'Or winning Farewell, My Concubine.

Background
The Big Parade is often seen as an exploration of the relationship of collectivism versus individualism. At the time, however, some western critics, including the New York Times, took the film at face value, seeing it as propagandist and describing it as a "boot camp" film.  The New York Times, in particular, derided the film as a "Recruiting Poster for Collective Action." If critics felt that this was merely China's newest propaganda film, this was due in part to the heavy hand of the Chinese Film Bureau. Originally, Chen had not shot an actual parade to conclude his film, only obscure silhouettes of soldiers against a sunset, an artistic decision that shocked "both army and censors." Even forcing the director to insert more traditional imagery, censors nevertheless withdrew the film from the 1987 Cannes Film Festival without explanation.

Despite its apparent support of collectivism, some scholars have noted a more ambiguous subtext to the film, suggesting that the film's imagery is less simplistic than such early reviews suggested. As one scholar writes, Chen explores the relationship between the collective and the individual, but wants to leave the relationship ambiguous. Another Chinese film scholar, Zhang Yingjin, also sees a subtext of criticism of the Chinese notion of its own nationhood, even as the film's rhetoric veers towards the propagandist.

Cinematography
One aspect of the film that is not in dispute, however, is Zhang Yimou's photography. The New York Times wrote upon the film's American screening in 1988 that it was "[Zhang's] photography that lifts The Big Parade out of the rudely fashioned trench of its story." Zhang would go on to become a major film director himself, directing his debut, Red Sorghum, in 1987.

References

External links

 The Big Parade at the Chinese Movie Database

1986 films
1986 drama films
Films set in Beijing
Films directed by Chen Kaige
1980s Mandarin-language films
Chinese drama films

The Big Parade (1986 film)


Diyorbek Urozboev  (born 17 August 1993) is an Uzbekistani judoka.

He won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Biography
In 2011, he took third place at the Masters Bremen tournament among participants under the age of 20 (U20) and the European Cup (U20), and won the Asian Championship in Beirut in the same age category. In 2012, he was second in the International Judo Federation Cup in Tashkent, third in the Asian U20 Championship, fifth in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix and Grand Slam tournaments in Tokyo. In 2013, he was third in the European Cup U21 and silver medalist of the World Championship in the same age category. In 2014, he was second at the Tashkent Grand Prix, and only seventh at the Grand Slam tournament in Baku.

In 2015 he recorded the second place in the Open European Cup in Warsaw, third place at the Grand Prix of Tbilisi, Grand Prix Tashkent, Grand Slam tournament in Abu Dhabi, the fifth place at the Samsun Grand Prix, and the World Masters tournament in Rabat . At the World Cup was the seventh.

In 2016 he won the Grand Prix of Tbilisi, was third at the Samsun Grand Prix, Alma-Ata Grand Prix, Grand Slam tournament in Baku and the seventh at the World Masters tournament in Guadalajara. In the same year he managed to win the title of vice-champion of Asia.

Performed at the Olympic Games in 2016, in the category of up to 60 kilograms, where 35 judoka wrestled. The athletes were divided into 4 groups, of which four judoists reached the semi-finals in the quarterfinals. Losers in the quarter finals met in the "comforting" bouts and then with the injured in the semi-finals, and these results determined the bronze medalists.

In 2021, he competed in the men's 60 kg event at the 2021 Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar.

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Uzbekistani male judoka
Olympic judoka for Uzbekistan
Judoka at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Uzbekistan
Olympic medalists in judo
Judoka at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Uzbekistan
Asian Games medalists in judo
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
21st-century Uzbekistani people

Diyorbek Urozboev


Intel's Deep Learning Boost (DL Boost) is a marketing name for instruction set architecture (ISA) features on the x86-64 designed to improve performance on deep learning tasks such as training and inference.

Features
DL Boost consists of two sets of features:
 AVX-512 VNNI, 4VNNIW, or AVX-VNNI: fast multiply-accumulation mainly for convolutional neural networks.
 AVX-512 BF16: lower-precision bfloat16 floating-point numbers for generally faster computation. Operations provided include conversion to/from float32 and dot product.

DL Boost features were introduced in the Cascade Lake architecture.

A TensorFlow-based benchmark run on the Google Cloud Platform Compute Engine shows improved performance and reduced cost compared to previous CPUs and to GPUs, especially for small batch sizes.

Notes

External links
 Deep Learning Boost at Intel
 Andres Rodrigues et al., "Lower Numerical Precision Deep Learning Inference and Training", Intel White paper
 Intel and ML (2017), from Intel's Developer Relations Division

SIMD computing
Deep learning
X86 architecture

DL Boost


Sydney Francis Brews (29 May 1899 – 1972) was a South African professional golfer.

Brews was born in Blackheath, London, England. He turned pro in 1914 and emigrated to South Africa in 1924. He won the South African Open title a total of eight times between 1925 and 1952, when he became the tournament's oldest-ever champion aged 53. He also won the South African PGA Championship six times. His brother Jock Brews won the South African Open four times.

He enjoyed considerable success outside of South Africa. In 1934, probably his finest year, he finished second in the British Open to Henry Cotton, and won both the French Open and Dutch Open championships. He would retain both of those titles in 1935.

Tournament wins (32)

South African wins (26)
1925 South African Open
1926 South African PGA Championship
1927 South African Open
1928 South African PGA Championship
1930 South African Open
1931 South African Open
1933 South African Open, South African PGA Championship
1934 South African Open, South African PGA Championship
1936 South African PGA Championship
1949 South African Open
1952 South African Open, South African PGA Championship
Transvaal Open (South Africa): eight times
Natal Open (South Africa): four times

Other wins (6)
Note:  This list may be incomplete.
1929 Belgian Open
1934 French Open, Dutch Open
1935 Philadelphia PGA Invitational, French Open, Dutch Open

Results in major championships

Note: Brews only played in the U.S. Open and The Open Championship.

NT = No tournament
WD = withdrew
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place

Team appearances
England–Scotland Professional Match (representing England): 1934 (winners)

South African male golfers
British emigrants to South Africa
1899 births
1972 deaths

Sid Brews


Harold Ordway  Rugg (1886–1960) was an educational reformer in the early to mid 1900s, associated with the Progressive education movement.  Originally trained in civil engineering at Dartmouth College (BS 1908 & CE 1909), Rugg went on to study psychology, sociology and education at the University of Illinois where he completed a doctoral dissertation titled "The Experimental Determination of Mental Discipline in School Studies."

After earning his PhD he went on to teach at the University of Chicago and later became a professor at Teachers College at Columbia University. He studied creativity which he believed was vital to the learning process. He created the first textbook series and his social studies books were extremely popular in US schools.  By the early forties his books fell out of favor due to campaigns run by organizations like the Advertising Federation of America and the American Legion, due to Rugg's junior-high textbooks including concepts considered "pro-socialist" by conservative opponents.

Biography
Rugg was born on January 17, 1886, in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. He attended Dartmouth College, where he received his bachelor of science in civil engineering in 1908 and his graduate degree in civil engineering in 1909.  Rugg worked as a civil engineer before becoming a professor at Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois, where he taught for two years and became interested in how students learn.

Rugg began teaching at the University of Illinois in 1911 and in 1915, Rugg submitted his dissertation, "The Experimental Determination of Mental Discipline in School Studies." in order to attain his PhD in education.  During World War I, Rugg served as a member of the Army's Commission on Classification of Personnel under Charles H Judd.  The commission is credited with testing adults for aptitudes and intelligence. Rugg used his wartime experience in educational statistics to study children's education.  He taught at the University of Chicago from 1915 until January 1920, where he pioneered the application of quantitative methods to educational problems.  In 1917, he published Statistical Methods Applied to Education and in 1926 published The Child-Centered School, which was an early influence on the progressive education movement.

In 1920, Rugg took a job at the Teachers College of Columbia University, where he stayed until he retired in 1951.  While he was teaching at Columbia, Rugg became a spokesperson for the reconstructionist perspective, which viewed formal education as an agent of social change.  His views spread widely, and Rugg has been credited with consolidating social sciences and creating a curriculum for the consolidated subject. In 1922, he was elected as a fellow of the American Statistical Association.

He created the first series of an educational book, Man and His Changing Society, which was a junior high school social studies textbook that ran 14 volumes from 1929 until the early 1940s.  Man and His Changing Society was later scrutinized by the Advertising Federation of America and the American Legion for "pro-socialist ideas" because he illustrated the American society as having strengths and weaknesses. The Advertising Federation of America, or AFA, and the American Legion felt that these topics undermined the stability of American society.  Many school districts pulled the textbook series subsequently starting censorship of his textbook. Rugg published Culture and Education in America in 1931, The Great Technology in 1933, and American Life and the School Curriculum in 1936.  Each of these books discussed problems in American society and how education could solve them.

In addition to emphasizing the social engineering philosophies of the reconstructionists, Rugg argued that individual integrity was vital to a good society and could be fostered by creative self-expression.  Therefore, he championed the expansion of creative activities within school curriculum and would continue to research creativity after his retirement from Columbia in 1951.  Rugg died at his home on May 17, 1960, in Woodstock, New York. His final book, titled Imagination was published posthumously in 1963.

Education

 1908 - BS, Dartmouth College
 1909 - MS, Dartmouth College
 1915 - PhD, University of Illinois, Education

Professional employment

 1909-1910 - Missouri Pacific Railroad – Civil Engineer
 1910-1911 - James Millikin University – Professor
 1914-1915 - U.S. Army – Researcher
 1915-1920 - University of Chicago – Instructor
 1920-1951 - Teachers College, Columbia University - Professor

Bibliography

 1915 - The Experimental Determination of Mental Discipline in School Studies
 1917 - Statistical Methods Applied to Education
 1926 - The Child-Centered School
 1929 - Man and His Changing Society
 1930 - A History of American Civilization Economic and Social
 1931 - Culture and Education in America
 1933 - The Great Technology
 1933 - Study Guide to National Recovery: An Introduction to Economic Problems, John Day – with Marvin Krueger
 1936 - American Life and the School Curriculum
 1947 - Foundations for American Education
 1963 - Imagination

References

1886 births
1960 deaths
Dartmouth College alumni
20th-century American educators
American textbook writers
American male non-fiction writers
Education reform
University of Illinois alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Columbia University faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
20th-century American male writers

Harold Rugg


A jumpscare is a way to scare the audience using sudden, loud noises and/or quick visual changes. It is not only used in horror movies, but also in many video games as well. They are often criticized, with people saying it is a cheap and/or lazy way to scare the audience.

Horror movies
Horror video games
Internet culture
Internet memes
Pranks

Jumpscare


Justice List (in Swedish: Rättviselistan) was an alliance formed in Sweden in June 1995, ahead of the European Parliament elections. The main constituents were two trotskyist parties, the Socialist Party (SP) and Workers League Offensive (AFO). Also the Democratic Welfare Party in Helsingborg participated as well as individual social democrats and trade unionists.

Elections
The list got 14,904 votes (0.56% of the votes). The electoral districts in which the list got most votes by percentage were Malmöhus län norra 2.7% (2039 votes) and Västerbottens län 1.3% (1180 votes). The municipalities in which the list got the highest number of votes were Helsingborg 5.3% (1733 votes) and Stockholm 0.6% (1478 votes).

End of the party
Although the cooperation between SP and AFO might have been intended to last, the alliance was soon broken after the elections. SP accused AFO of economic mismanagement of joint funds.

Defunct political parties in Sweden
Political parties established in 1995
Political parties disestablished in 1995
1995 establishments in Sweden
1995 disestablishments in Sweden

Justice List


Organification is a biochemical process that takes place in thyroid gland. It is the incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin for the production of thyroid hormone, a step done after the oxidation of iodide by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO).
Since iodine is an inorganic compound, and is being attached to thyroglobulin, a protein, the process is termed as "organification of iodine".

Thionamides can block organification.

References

Endocrine system

Organification


Bolo, also known as Bulu, is a sweet, round bread of Sephardi Jewish origin which is commonly prepared by Tunisian Jews, Libyan Jews, and Italian Jews, among others, for the high holidays such as Rosh Hashanah and for other special occasions.

Overview

Bolo is a sweet, round bread that is commonly flavored with anise, although it can contain nuts or other flavorings as well. The bread can be eaten at any time but is most common during the Jewish High Holiday season. The bread was very popular among the Sephardic Jewish community of North Africa, and with their exodus to Israel, France, and North America, it has become a part of the local Jewish cuisine in these countries as well and Sephardic Jews continue to make bolo to this day. It is also eaten by Persian Jews as well, who call it bulu.

References

Jewish baked goods
Jewish breads
Sweet breads
Sephardi Jewish cuisine
Mizrahi Jewish cuisine
Israeli cuisine
Rosh Hashanah foods
Anise
Iranian cuisine

Bolo (bread)


Michael Elconin (born June 20, 1953) is an American politician, investor, and technology consultant.  He was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the part of the north side of the city of Milwaukee during the 1970s.  He was later executive secretary to Wisconsin Governor Martin J. Schreiber.  Until 2019, he was the youngest member ever elected to the Wisconsin Legislature, and was just 19 years old when sworn in in January 1973.

Biography

Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Elconin was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly, as a Democrat, from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1972, serving from 1973 to 1977. Elconin was elected to the Wisconsin State Legislature at age nineteen, defeating a 10-year incumbent, Joseph E. Jones, in the Democratic primary on September 12, 1972, and winning the general election on November 7, 1972. He is to this day the youngest person ever to be elected to the Wisconsin Legislature.  He was re-elected twice (1974, 1976) and in his final term chaired the Assembly Committee on Criminal Justice and Public Safety, the Joint Committee on Court Reorganization, and the Milwaukee Caucus.

Elconin resigned the legislative seat in November 1977 to become executive secretary to Wisconsin Governor Martin J. Schreiber. He later was elected to the Milwaukee School Board and served from 1979 to 1983.

Elconin founded a software company named Software Banc, Inc., based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The privately held company was acquired by Physician's Computer Network (ticker: PCN) in 1997.

He is currently an investor and technology consultant in San Diego, California. He served as President of the San Diego Tech Coast Angels from 2007 to 2009.

References

|-

1953 births
Living people
Businesspeople from San Diego
Businesspeople from Milwaukee
Politicians from Cleveland
Politicians from Milwaukee
Politicians from San Diego
Democratic Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly

Michael Elconin


Wilson Sibbett   (born 1948) is a British physicist noted for his work on ultrashort pulse lasers and Streak cameras. He is the Wardlaw Professor of Physics at St Andrews University.

Early life and education
He was born in Portglenone in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, in March 1948.

He studied Physics at Queen's University, Belfast, and graduated BSc in 1970, then studying at postgraduate level, gaining a PhD in Laser Physics in 1973. He began lecturing at Imperial College London in 1973, rising to Reader before moving to St Andrews University as full Professor in 1985. From 1988 he was Head of Physics and Astronomy at the University.

Works
He worked with Miles Padgett and Alan James Duncan to create optical instruments to measure the Orbital angular momentum of light.

He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1997, and awarded the Rumford Medal in 2000. The Royal Society of Edinburgh elected him their first Chief Advisor on Science.

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2001.

In 1989 he was made a Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was Vice-President for Physical Sciences from 2010 - 2013.

References

Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of St Andrews
1948 births
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
20th-century physicists from Northern Ireland
21st-century physicists from Northern Ireland
Academics of Imperial College London

Wilson Sibbett


Eduardo Mendoza Garriga (born 11 January 1943 in Barcelona, Spain) is a Spanish novelist.

Early life
Garriga studied law in the first half of the 1960s and lived in New York City between 1973 and 1982, working as interpreter for the United Nations, and then tried to become a lawyer and then he realized that he wanted to be a writer. He maintained an intense relationship with novelists Juan Benet and Juan García Hortelano, poet Pere Gimferrer and writer (and neighbour) Félix de Azúa. He currently lives in London.

Writing career
In 1975, Garriga published his very successful first novel, La Verdad sobre el Caso Savolta (The Truth About the Savolta Case), where he shows his ability to use different resources and styles. The novel is considered a precursor to the social change in the Spanish post-Franco society and the first novel of the transition to democracy. He describes the union fights at the beginning of the 20th century, showing the social, cultural and economic conditions of workers in Barcelona by that time. A year later he was awarded the Critics Prize. His most acclaimed novel is probably La Ciudad de los Prodigios (The City of Marvels, 1986), about the social and urban evolution of Barcelona between the Universal Expositions of 1888 and 1929. It was film adapted by Mario Camus in 1999. In 1992, he published the novel, El Año del Diluvio (The Year of the Flood), which tells of the inner conflicts faced by Sister Consuelo after she meets and falls in love with Augusto Aixelâ, with very evocative descriptions of the post-civil war prevailing deprivations in Spain by that time. In 1996, he published his third major Barcelona-related novel, this time set in the 1940s, Una Comedia Ligera (A Light Comedy).

Also within Mendoza's work stands the saga of the mad detective, a peculiar character, a nameless accidental-detective locked up in a mental hospital. The first of these novels, El Misterio de la Cripta Embrujada (The Mystery of the Enchanted Crypt, 1979) is a parody with hilarious moments mixing hard-boiled genre with Gothic narrative. In the second novel of the saga, El Laberinto de las Aceitunas (The Olive Labyrinth, 1982), Mendoza confirms his talent as parodist; the novel stands as one of his most successful works. The third novel of the saga, La Aventura del Tocador de Señoras (The Adventure of the Ladies' Dressing Table), and the fourth one, El Enredo de la Bolsa y la Vida (The Money and the Life Muddle), were published in 2001 and 2012, respectively. The 5th novel was released in 2015 under the title of El Secreto de la Modelo Extraviada (The Secret of the Missing Model) with great success.

The Spanish newspaper El País published two of his novels in instalments, Sin Noticias de Gurb (No Word from Gurb, 1990) and El Último Trayecto de Horacio Dos (The Last Journey of Horatio Dos, 2001), both of them science fiction comedy novels.

In 1993 appeared his first play, Restauració (Restoration), written in Catalan and later translated into Spanish by Mendoza himself. This first theatrical piece was followed by two other titles that the three of them were published together in 2017.

In October 2010, he won the literary award Premio Planeta for his novel Riña de Gatos. Madrid, 1936 (An Englishman in Madrid). In December 2013, he won the European Book Prize (fiction) also for An Englishman in Madrid. Later on, in June 2015, he received the Franz Kafka Prize, the first Spanish writer to win it. In 2016 he was awarded the Premio Cervantes, the current most prestigious prize for Spanish-written literature. 2018 saw the launch of the novel El Rey Recibe (The King Receives), the first book in the Three Laws of Motion trilogy, which explores the major developments of the second half of the 20th century.

Eduardo Mendoza's narrative studies divides his work into serious or major novels, and humorous or minor ones, although recent studies have shown the seriousness, criticism and transcendence in his parodic novels, as well as the humor present in his serious ones, due to the influence of the characteristics of the postmodern novel.

Eduardo Mendoza is considered among the most important Spanish living writers, alongside novelists like Arturo Pérez-Reverte and Andrés Pascual, all of them included in the so-called Spanish New Narrative.

Bibliography

Novels
 1975: La verdad sobre el caso Savolta
 1979: El misterio de la cripta embrujada  (1st novel from the nameless detective series)
 1982: El laberinto de las aceitunas  (2nd from the nameless detective series)
 1986: La ciudad de los prodigios
 1989: La isla inaudita
 1990: Sin noticias de Gurb (published in instalments by El País)
 1992: El año del diluvio
 1996: Una comedia ligera
 2001: La aventura del tocador de señoras  (3rd novel from the nameless detective series)
 2002: El último trayecto de Horacio Dos (published in instalments by El País)
 2006: Mauricio o las elecciones primarias
 2008: El asombroso viaje de Pomponio Flato
 2010: Riña de gatos. Madrid 1936 (Premio Planeta)
 2012: El enredo de la bolsa y la vida  (4th novel from the nameless detective series)
 2015: El secreto de la modelo extraviada  (5th novel from the nameless detective series)
 2018: El rey recibe

Short stories
 2009: Tres vidas de santos (La ballena, El final de Dubslav and El malentendido)
 2011: El camino del cole (children's book)

Theatre
 1993: Restauración
 2000: Gloria: Comedia en un acto
 2004: Grandes preguntas
 2017: Teatro reunido (Restauración, Gloria and Grandes cosas)

Essays
 1986: Nueva York
 1989: Barcelona modernista  (co-written with his sister Cristina)
 2001: Baroja, la contradicción (biographic essay)
 2007: ¿Quién se acuerda de Armando Palacio Valdés?
 2017: Las barbas del profeta
 2017: ¿Que está pasando en Cataluña?

References

External links

Lecturalia / Eduardo Mendoza

1943 births
Living people
Writers from Barcelona
Spanish novelists
Spanish male novelists
Spanish translators
United Nations interpreters
20th-century Spanish novelists
21st-century Spanish novelists
20th-century Spanish male writers
21st-century Spanish male writers
Spanish officials of the United Nations
Premio Cervantes winners

Eduardo Mendoza Garriga


Niyazi Serdar Sarıçiftçi (born 1961 in Konya, Turkey) is a Turkish-Austrian physicist. He is professor for physical chemistry at the Johannes Kepler University (JKU) Linz. There, he leads the Institut for Physical Chemistry as well as the Institut for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS).

Life
Niyazi Serdar Sarıçiftçi graduated from the Austrian St. George's College in Istanbul. He also studied classical piano at the Music Conservatory in Istanbul (1970–1980).

Then he began studying physics at the University of Vienna (1980–1989). After obtaining the doctorate (1989), he conducted research on the 2nd Physical Institute of the University of Stuttgart, Germany (1989–1992). In 1992 he received the academic teaching license (venia docendi) by the Central Interuniversitary Commission (YÖK) in Ankara, Turkey. He then went to the Institute for Polymers & Organic Solids at the University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States, where he worked for four years and, together with Alan J. Heeger (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2000) discovered and investigated the polymeric organic solar cells has (1992–1996). In April 1996, he accepted the appointment as Chair of Physical Chemistry at the Johannes Kepler University Linz.

Since 1996 he gives lectures as a full professor at the JKU and is the head of the Institute for Physical Chemistry. In 2000 he was appointed founding director of the Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) at JKU. Between 2003 and 2009 he was elected to the City Council of the City of Linz (SPÖ Group). Furthermore, Sarıçiftçi is a founding member of the Linz Circle. He is also a member of various associations and societies: Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC), American Chemical Society (ACS), Materials Research Society (MRS), Austrian Physical Society (ÖPG), Austrian Chemical Society (GÖCH) and Fellow of SPIE. 2014, he was elected a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (AAS).

Work and research priorities
Sarıçiftçi specializes in the field of organic semiconductors and their applications. In particular, he has worked in the field of organic solar cells. Chemical energy storage of solar energy by means of CO2 recycling recycling is in its research increasingly important.

Awards
 TUBA Prize of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (2015)
 Wittgenstein-Preis (2012)
 Honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Bucharest in Romania (2012)
 Honorary doctorate awarded by the Åbo Akademi in Finland (2011)
 Kardinal-Innitzer Award (2010)
 Humanity Medal of the City of Linz (2010)
 Austrians of 2008, category Education (ORF and Die Presse)
 Turkish National Science Prize (TUBITAK Bilim Ödülü) 2006
 ENERGY GLOBE Upper Austria 2003, sponsored by the OÖN
 Basic Award 2001 sponsored by the "Open Upper Austria"

Publications
Sarıçiftçi has published more than 500 scientific publications in scientific journals. He is one of the most cited scientists in his field. In a global ranking of the best materials scientists Sarıçiftçi was classified as 14th.

References

External links
 Niyazi Serdar Sarıçiftçi auf der Website der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz

1961 births
20th-century Austrian physicists
Austrian people of Turkish descent
Academic staff of Johannes Kepler University Linz
Physical chemists
Turkish physicists
University of Vienna alumni
Living people

Niyazi Serdar Sarıçiftçi


The Adoration of the Shepherds (German: ) is a  oil on panel painting of the Nativity by the German artist Lucas Cranach the Elder in the collection of the  in Dresden.

Painting
The Adoration of the Shepherds shows a nocturnal scene with Mary bending over the Child in prayer. Joseph is standing over them holding a candle, but the main light source is coming from the crib. The Child lies on a bed of hay that matches his Mother's halo, surrounded by winged cherubs. In the upper left of the frame, a vista to a moonlit landscape reveals on closer inspection to be a scene of the Annunciation to the shepherds with Gabriel as the moon and three shepherds in a field. The same three shepherds stand behind a fence on the right side of the painting looking at the Holy Family.

The painting was painted around the time when Martin Luther first spoke out about the light of the Gospels and used the candle as a metaphor for revelation. In his work translating the bible and spreading his message, he hired Cranach to make illustrations and a candle featured in many of them. This same scene in a simplified form was even featured in one of Cranach's woodcuts for Luther's Passional Christi und Antichristi:

Provenance
This painting was once in the collection of Richard von Kaufmann and was purchased by the museum from his estate in 1917. It was claimed by the Russians in 1945 and returned to the museum in 1955.

References

1510s paintings
Collections of the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister
Cranach
Angels in art
Martin Luther
Paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Lutheran art

Adoration of the Shepherds (Lucas Cranach the Elder)


Loch Dornal is an irregular shaped, shallow, freshwater loch in south Ayrshire, in the Southern Uplands of  Scotland. It lies approximately  northwest of the town of Newton Stewart.

There are several islets in the loch some of which contain archaeological features.

The loch is stocked with rainbow trout and fishing is permitted with permission from Drumlamford Estate.

Survey
The loch was surveyed in 1903 by James Murray and later charted  as part of Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

References

Freshwater lochs of Scotland

Loch Dornal


Sonia Denoncourt (born June 25, 1964) is a retired soccer referee from Canada. She worked for FIFA as head of women's referee development, Director of Refereeing at Concacaf and currently work as the North America Academy Director at You Are The Ref International.

Early life
Denoncourt was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada and attended Mitchell & Montcalm High School. She graduated from the Université de Sherbrooke with a degree in physical education and later attained a master's degree in Sports Administration from the University of Ottawa.

Career
Denoncourt began refereeing in 1978 at the age of just 14 and later decided to give up playing the game to further her career as a referee at the age of 22.
Denoncourt became the first female FIFA accredited referee in 1994. She went on to referee the 1995, 1999 and 2003 FIFA Women's World Cups.

1996 Summer Olympics
Women's football was made its debut at the Summer Olympics in 1996 and Denoncourt was selected as one of four female referees that would officiate in the tournament and she refereed the first ever women's football match in the Olympics when she took charge of a match between Germany and Japan. She also officiated a semi-final match between Norway and United States and was the Fourth official in the final.

1997 Campeonato Paulista
In February 1997, Denoncourt became the first female to referee a professional men's match in Brazil, when she officiated the opening Campeonato Paulista fixture between São José Esporte Clube and defending champions Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras. Her performance was criticized by the away team's players, coach and supporters after she sent off Cafu and disallowed a goal by Djalminha.

2000 Summer Olympics
Denoncourt was selected as one of the nine match officials that would participate in the 2000 Olympic football tournaments. She refereed two group matches, Australia vs. Sweden and Norway vs. China, and was picked to referee in the women's football final at the 2000 Olympics between Norway and United States.

After retirement
She announced her retirement as a referee on 6 July 2004, stating: "It is a difficult decision as I am still in love with refereeing, but I guess it is time for me to move on with my life." In October 2005, Denoncourt was appointed by FIFA as its head of women's referee development after impressing as a refereeing instructor at the women's world under-19 championships in Thailand. In 2005, she was inducted into the Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame.Also inducted in Hall of Fame:
•	2015 First women to be inducted to the CSA Life Membership Award
•	2005 Inducted in the Canadian soccer Hall of Fame
•	2004 Inducted in the Quebec soccer Hall of Fame
•	2015 Inducted in the Hall of Fame for Sherbrooke City
•	Named Ambassador of the University of Sherbrooke for extended international career and accomplishments
•	Inducted in the Soccer Club "Les verts de Sherbrooke"
•	CAAWS award (Canadian Association for the Advancement Women in Sports and Physical Activity) as an international leader in women in sports

Awards
 Quebec Soccer Federation's Referee of the Year (5): 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
 1995 CSA National Ray Morgan Award for excellence in lifetime refereeing achievement

References

External links
 / Canada Soccer Hall of Fame
 Face to face with Sonia Denoncourt

1964 births
Living people
Canada Soccer Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian soccer referees
FIFA Women's World Cup referees
Women association football referees
Olympic football referees
Sportspeople from Sherbrooke
Soccer people from Quebec
University of Ottawa alumni
Université de Sherbrooke alumni

Sonia Denoncourt


In bioinformatics, the EzTaxon database is a web-based tool for the identification of prokaryotes based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. EzTaxon is an open access database that is produced and maintained by ChunLab, Inc.

The EzTaxon database contains sequences of type strains of prokaryotic species with validly published names. Although EzTaxon is mainly used for the routine identification of prokaryotic isolates, sequences from uncultured taxa were not included. Thus in 2012, EzTaxon was extended to include uncultured prokaryotes and the name of the database was changed to EzTaxon-e.

Naming convention
Taxa names included in EzTaxon-e represent groups of uncultured sequences found in public domain databases. The names included in EzTaxon-e have no standing in formal nomenclature but they were created to help in the comparison of microbial communities and diversity in nature.

 New names found in EzTaxon-e are formed by adding special suffixes to Genbank sequence accession numbers of sequences (e.g. AB177171_s -> species of which the sequence entry AB177171 serves type; AB177171_g -> genus; AB177171_f -> family; AB177171_o -> order; AB177171_c -> class; AB177171_p -> phylum).
 Well-known names have been preserved for historical reasons. SAR11, the famous marine inhabitant, is labeled as SAR11(order), and further divided into 4 families (SAR11-1_f to SAR11-4_f).
 Based on 16S rRNA sequence phylogeny, some obviously misclassified species have been renamed using special suffixes. For example, Bacteroides pectinophilus is not an authentic member of the genus Bacteroides. However, it may represent a novel genus in the family Lachnospiraceae. Therefore, in the EzTaxon-e database, Bacteroides pectinophilus is placed under a tentatively named new genus Bacteroides_g1.
Sequences and tentative taxa that start with "4P" are products of the Roche 454 GS FLX Titanium system.

References

Biological databases
Microbiology
Prokaryotes

EzTaxon Database


Einhausen is a municipality in the Bergstraße district in Hesse, Germany, some 15 km east of Worms.

Geography

Location

Einhausen lies on the Bergstraße in the Hessisches Ried and belongs the northeast Rhine valley, which has a rather favourable climate. Surrounding the community, through which flows the Weschnitz, are woods and cultivated land.

Neighbouring communities
Einhausen borders in the north on the community of Groß-Rohrheim and the town of Gernsheim (Groß-Gerau district), in the east on the towns of Bensheim and Lorsch, in the south on the town of Bürstadt and in the west on the community of Biblis.

Constituent communities
Einhausen officially consists of only one Ortsteil; however, the historical distinction between Groß-Hausen and Klein-Hausen is still heard in speech.

History
The community was donated in 768 under the name Husun to the Lorsch Abbey. In the course of the Reformation and the Counterreformation there arose two politically and ecclesiastically divided communities: Groß-Hausen (Protestant), and Klein-Hausen (Catholic) which contradictorily became the larger of the two. On 1 April 1937, the two communities were merged into the community of Einhausen. (Older residents often tell the visitor that this merger was one of many mergers endorsed and signed into effect by Adolf Hitler.) As mentioned earlier, the historical distinction between Groß-Hausen and Klein-Hausen is still heard in speech today, even by younger residents.

Politics

Community council
The municipal election held on 26 March 2006 yielded the following results:

Coat of arms
The community's arms might be described thus: Gules a brick house Or with roof, two chimneys, a door and two windows sable, the whole on an arched bridge Or.

The bridge is symbolic of the merger of the two former communities, which were divided for centuries.

Town partnerships
  Attichy, Oise, France
  Shoreview, Minnesota, USA

Regular events

Kirchweih/Kerwe
Einhausen's Kirchweih (church consecration festival) is held each year on the first weekend in October. It is staged by the Verein zur Erhaltung der Tradition Einhausen e.V. ("Einhausen Club for Maintaining Tradition") in collaboration with the three festival groups ADI, CHIEF and Ladännsche. Known well beyond Einhausen is the parade at this festival, which is run on the first Sunday in October.

The float built in 2007 on the theme "North Korea" was featured in the November edition of the Carnival magazine Tusch!!! (a national trade magazine published around Carnival) as Germany's best political float of 2007.

Carnival
Known in this part of Germany as Fastnacht, this includes four of the Sitzungen ("sittings" or "sessions") that typify this celebration. Three are Narrengiggelsitzungen and one is a Kindersitzung (for children). They are staged by the Verein zur Erhaltung der Tradition Einhausen e.V. (see above).

References

External links

 Internetpräsenz der Community's official webpage

Bergstraße (district)

Einhausen, Hesse


The Porcelain Museum (Italian: Museo delle porcellane) is located in the Casino del Cavaliere, one of the highest points of the Boboli Gardens at the Pitti Palace in Florence, Italy.

The items on display, organized by manufacturer in the displays, include examples from the leading European producers.
Among the largest holdings on display are: the Capodimonte porcelain of Naples; the Tuscan Doccia porcelain from Sesto Fiorentino; French manufacturers such as Sèvres and Vincennes; Vienna porcelain, largely collected by Ferdinand III of Tuscany; the German porcelain factory of Meissen.

The museum is among the hundred most visited art museums in the world.

History

The museum, housed in the Villino del Cavaliere high in the Boboli Gardens, was opened in October 1973, after more than three years of research on the collections by Dr. Svend Eriksen (French Porcelain in particular) and Sheila K. Tabakoff who, under the auspices of a CRIA Grant, worked with Dr. Kirsten Piacenti, Director of the Museo degli Argenti, in realizing her dream for this collection. Numbering over 2000 pieces, the collection reflects the vicissitudes of the rulers of Florence over a period of some 250 years, from the last days of the Medici rule through the Unification of Italy. It comprises one of the most important historical collections of its kind in Europe. Over the years, various publications of parts of this collection have been produced, largely by Centro Di in Florence. Authors of these include Svend Eriksen, Sheila K. Tabakoff, Andreina d'Agliano and Tim Clarke, all noted ceramics scholars.

Gallery

See also
 List of most-visited art museums

References

External links

Art museums established in 1973
Art museums and galleries in Florence
Ceramics museums in Italy
Museo delle Porcellane
Museo delle Porcellane
Museo delle Porcellane

Porcelain Museum (Florence)


Eystein Orre (Old Norse: Eysteinn Orri; died 25 September 1066) was a Norwegian noble who was killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066.

Eystein was betrothed to King Harald's daughter by Elisiv of Kiev, Maria and according to Heimskringla was "best beloved by the king of all the lendermen". Eystein was among those to accompany Harald in his invasion of England in 1066.

Harald and his army first encountered resistance at Scarborough, where the townsfolk refused to surrender. Harald resorted to burning down the town and this action led to other Northumbrian towns surrendering to him. The army sailed further down the Humber until they disembarked at Riccall. Harald's army then encountered the earls Morcar and Edwin; they fought against Harald's invading army two miles (3 km) south of York at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September. The battle was a decisive victory for the invaders, and led York to surrender to their forces on 24 September.

Early on 25 September, King Harald and Tostig left for York again, leaving a third of their forces behind. Eystein, along with Prince Olaf were among those left behind at Riccall to protect the ships, however a messenger came back calling for reinforcements as the English had intercepted the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge. Eyestein was able to reach his comrades, however King Harald had already been killed. Some of Eyestein's men were said to have collapsed and died of exhaustion upon reaching the battlefield. These men, unlike their comrades, were fully armed for battle. Their counter-attack, described in the Norwegian tradition as "Orre's Storm", briefly stalled the English advance, but was soon overwhelmed and Orre was slain. With the Norwegian army routed and pursued by the English army, some of the fleeing Norsemen drowned in the rivers.

Notes

Citations

Sources

11th-century births
1066 deaths
11th-century Norwegian nobility
Norwegian military personnel killed in action
Vikings killed in battle

Eystein Orre


Richard Williams (born 13 March 1947) is a British music and sports journalist.

As a writer, then deputy editor, of the weekly music newspaper Melody Maker (MM), he became an influential commentator on the rise of new forms of rock music at the end of the 1960s. Williams and MM, as it was known, helped promote and contextualise the progressive in pop music. In particular, Williams wrote several key articles around 1970 that increased UK attention to the (then disintegrating) Velvet Underground. Melody Maker still covered jazz and Williams wrote about the more progressive developments in this field also.

The magazine's serious approach to rock music and culture, under the editorship of Ray Coleman, secured MM a huge circulation by the close of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s. It left New Musical Express, a more pop-orientated weekly, in its wake as MM caught the mood of rock followers at a time when the music had transcended its Top 40 roots to become a powerful symbol of social and cultural change. Williams was a vocal and influential supporter of Bob Marley during the early seventies. He wrote several key features at Melody Maker which resulted in Marley's first important cover stories.

Williams moved on to new challenges in the early 1970s. Beginning in May 1970 he contributed to The Times and continued to write for that paper until October 1989. He also wrote regularly for Radio Times. He left journalism to join Island Records' A&R department in 1973, becoming department head. For two years, he signed and developed artists including Pete Wingfield, Stone Delight, Bryn Haworth and John Cale.

The first presenter of the BBC rock show The Old Grey Whistle Test (launched in 1971) while still a member of the MM team, and shortly thereafter its producer, Williams later became editor of the new London listings guide Time Out and returned to MM as editor from 1978 to 1980.

After a period as features editor at The Sunday Times, he became editor of the Independent on Sundays Sunday Review. His music journalism has been gathered in the volume Long Distance Call: Writings on Music and biographies of Bob Dylan (A Man Called Alias), Miles Davis (The Man in the Green Shirt), and Phil Spector (Out of His Head) are among his list of other publications.

Williams remains an active journalist and is the former chief sports writer of The Guardian, covering a full array of sports. He has written several books on Formula One, including The Death of Ayrton Senna, Racers (an analysis of the main participants of the 1996 F1 season), Enzo Ferrari: A Life, and The Last Road Race (a study of the changing balance in Formula One between British and Italian teams, using the 1957 Pescara Grand Prix as the backdrop).

Williams' comments about music and related film, photography and art topics are published in the form of his blog, The Blue Moment.

References

External links
The Blue Moment, Richard Williams' music blog
The Guardian′s contact page for Richard Williams
Simon Warner, "Out of His Pen — The Words of Richard Williams" (interview),  RockCritics

1947 births
British male journalists
British sportswriters
English biographers
English music journalists
Living people
Male biographers
Melody Maker writers
The Guardian journalists
The Sunday Times people
The Times people
Writers from Sheffield

Richard Williams (journalist)


Richard Hilton Eckersley (20 February 1941 – 16 April 2006) was a graphic designer best known for experimental computerized typography designed to complement deconstructionist academic works.

Born in Lancashire, England, his father Tom Eckersley was a noted poster designer during and after the Second World War, later to become head of the School of Art and Design at the London College of Printing in the 1960s. After attending Trinity College in Dublin, Eckersley began his design career at Lund Humphries, the publisher of Typographica and The Penrose Annual, where E. McKnight Kauffer had once been art director.

He later joined the state-sponsored Kilkenny Design Workshops in Ireland. After six years there, Eckersley took a teaching position in the United States, and in 1981 he got a job at the University of Nebraska Press, where he shook up the field with computer-designed typography for Avital Ronell's Telephone Book: Technology, Schizophrenia, Electric Speech. The unorthodox design had the intended effect of breaking up the text's readability.

References

Heller, Steven (April 19, 2006). "Richard Eckersley, 65, Graphic Designer, Dies". The New York Times.

External links
Richard Eckersley Website
Essay by Roy R Behrens
In Remembrance of Richard Eckersley by Bill Regier
Richard Eckersley, 65, Graphic Designer, Dies by Steven Heller
Obituary in the Guardian

1941 births
2006 deaths
British graphic designers

Richard Eckersley (designer)