Hairkutt is a 2005 documentary film by Curtis Elliott and Ben Scholle.

Plot
The film stars Bryant "HairKutt" Johnson, director Elliott, Maurice Bradley, and Anthony Dorsey as four friends from St. Louis, Missouri, who travel to a remote cabin in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee. Their plan is to spend a week together to help Hairkutt quit his 15-year addiction to heroin.

Hairkutt longs to end his heroin addiction in order to finally care for his daughter and to realize his dream of running his own hair-cutting business. His friends, particularly Curtis Elliott, want to help him, so they travel to a cabin in Tennessee, cover its carpeting with plastic sheeting, and prepare restraining ropes on one of the beds. Hairkutt will attempt to quit cold turkey.

It is stated that 99% of attempts to quit heroin cold turkey are unsuccessful.

The first night unfolds, and the tough love of Hairkutt's friends quickly reaches new depths. He writhes in agony, night after night, and as his friends care for him and joust with him verbally, the question is whether this will be Hairkutt's deathbed or a springboard to a new life.

Cast
 Reese ... Maurice Bradley (himself)
 Lark ... Anthony Dorsey (himself)
 Curtis ... Curtis Elliott (himself)
 HairKutt ... Bryant Johnson (himself)

Format
The cinematography is amateur, yet expertly edited by filmmaker Scholle, and spliced together with interviews with the participants. Subtitle explanations of the story as it unfolds and background on the history of drugs and violence in St. Louis complement the scenes.

Original music by Ben Scholle and Vince Deloney adds texture.

Reception
The film won accolades at several documentary film festivals, including Best Documentary at the St. Louis Filmmakers Showcase and the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival.

External links

2005 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about drug addiction
Films about heroin addiction
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Hairkutt


The Vezo is the term the semi-nomadic coastal people of southern Madagascar use to refer to people that have become accustomed to live from sea fishing. The Vezo speak a dialect of the Malagasy language, which is a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language group derived from the Barito languages, spoken in southern Borneo. They currently populate most of the littoral zone along Madagascar's west coast between Toliara and Mahajanga.

"Vezo" literally means 'the people who fish', but also has been known to mean 'to struggle with the sea'.

Ethnic identity

Vezo do not identify with a particular Malagasy ethnic group but instead with their way of life. They currently populate most of the littoral zone along Madagascar's west coast between Toliara and Mahajanga. Like most other Malagasy ethnic groups, their origins can directly be traced to that original mix of Austronesian settlers from Asia and the Bantu migrants from mainland East Africa. They have been known to state emphatically that they need have no common origin or shared essence with one another. Their identity is instead contextual and embodied in learned skills such as fishing or swimming and the calluses they produce, rather than in shared origin. Because of their semi-nomadic marine migrations, their population is difficult to determine and has been estimated by counting the dugout canoes called pirogues (lakanas in Malagasy language) around Madagascar. The Vezo tribe is from Southwest Madagascar.

Society

The Vezo are a fishing people who inhabit a coastal belt extending from Intampolo in the south to Morondava in the north of southwest Madagascar. Andavadoaka is a village whose population are of the Vezo tribe. It has a population of 1,200, with over 50% under 15 years of age. Household income is mainly from fishing. Fishermen make use of mangroves for timber, wood, and fishing. The fishers participate in an artisanal fishery reliant on pirogues (canoes, made by hollowing out a large log) powered by sail and paddle, and most fishing occurs 5 km or less from shore. Men predominantly fish with line, nets, and spears. Women glean the reef flats for invertebrates including octopus and sea cucumbers. Fish sales, processing and trade supplement local income, as does tourism and local commerce.

The Vezo traditionally traded with the neighboring agro-foresters, the Masikoro. The Vezo also trade with the Mikea, exchanging fish for honey and tubers. However, increased trade has changed the economy from barter to cash-based. Furthermore, growth in fish export from Madagascar has encouraged fish processing and export companies to the region, such as Murex and Copefrito (now operating in the southwest). Their purchases of marine products have increased fish demand and strengthened the cash economy.
Besides gleaning from the reef flats, women are the ones who sell the catches that men bring them. With what they earn, women buy rice, the staple food, as well as other essential foodstuffs and a variety of luxury items.
Children go to school in the one village school building, where there are two designated teachers. However, due to the deterioration
of public administration in Madagascar, the building and the teachers are hardly ever occupied. Whenever children are in the building, and if the teacher has not run out of chalk, the teaching largely consists in copying letters, numbers, and short sentences from the blackboard onto the child's own A5 size blackboard. Understandably, the many children who do not own a blackboard are allowed to play in the burning heat outside.

Family ties are extremely important among the Vezo and elders are greatly respected in the community. Families often provide for each other with younger members building boats for the elderly to use. Maintaining family ties is important to ensure that one is looked after in old age, or after an accident or ill health. Family relationships are particularly important to Vezo fishers because they determine access to marine resources and fishing gear.

Culture

The Vezo have official cultural ceremonies called Fomba. These include Bilo, Tromba, Savatse, Takasy and Soro. All these ceremonies, except Takasy, are practiced (with some variations) by the neighbouring inland Masikoro people.

The circumcision ceremony typically lasts from 4 am until 9 am. The parents ask a wise elder to suggest the best date and time for the ceremony, and identify a nurse or doctor who knows how to perform the circumcision. Family members are invited to attend the ceremony, and one of the uncles holds the child during the ceremony. After the physical cut, there is drinking of alcohol. After the ceremony the child is called savatse.

Fady
The community life of the Vezo, as elsewhere in Madagascar, is guided by numerous fady (taboos). During the course of the life of a Vezo man, he is exposed to the danger of catching hanimboky, a very unpleasant disease that only affects men. The name literally means 'swollen/full with food', which makes it considered thus a male pregnancy. A man sick with hanimboky is constipated and this causes his stomach to swell up until it resembles the belly of a pregnant woman. The illness is caused by food that the male kin of a sexually active woman accepted and ate from her. The food is said to be dirty, for it is assumed that the woman had acquired it with 'tangy', the presents her lover gives her for having sex with him. When a man accepts food from one of his female kin, it is therefore as if he were receiving food from the woman's lover; if a man accepted such food, he would be put in a very inferior position. In essence, they are treated as if they were women by their daughter's or sister's lover.

Funeral rites
Vezo cemeteries lie in the forest, far away from the villages and are so well hidden by the vegetation that they are considered "invisible to the eye". The cemeteries must be hidden in this way because the sight of tombs makes the people sad and unhappy. Cemeteries are not places the Vezo like to visit very often. One does not simply go for a stroll near the cemetery. The living only approach a cemetery when they bear a corpse or when they have to "work" for the dead, such as digging graves and building tombs.

In western Madagascar, Sakalava and Vezo funerary sculpture is renowned internationally for its erotic wooden figures, often depicted during copulation and showing oversized phalluses and breasts. It is unknown as to why the sculptures have this sort of eroticism, but it may have to do with meeting growing tourist demand.

Even after their ancestors have passed, the Vezo keep them involved in many different affairs. Many events in the productive, reproductive and social life of any Vezo family require that the dead be promptly informed, for example if one intends to move to a temporary fishing location, if one is moving into a newly built house or is launching a new canoe, if one is having a difficult birth or if a newborn is brought out of the house for the first time, if one is about to sit a school exam, if difficult words have been spoken which make people's heart heavy with anger, if the visiting anthropologist arrives or leaves, and so on. It is the responsibility of the senior head of the family to call the dead and talk to them, asking for their protection or their forgiveness, and ensuring that they are kept well informed of life's events – for whenever the dead have reasons to be "surprised," they will want to ask questions, thereby causing trouble for the living.

The dead communicate with their living descendants through the dreams that they induce in them. This is because when a person dies, the breathing stops, the body becomes stiff, cold and soon begins to stink and to decompose. But when a person dies, the 'spirit' – known as fanahy up to the moment of death – permanently departs from the body. In its new disembodied, ghostly form, the spirit – now known as angatse – is invisible, and moves around like wind. To be seen by living people, it enters their dreams, where it appears together with its original uncorrupted body, just as it was when the person was alive.

Language
The Vezo speak a dialect of the Malagasy language, which is a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language group derived from the Barito languages, spoken in southern Borneo.

Economy
Off the coast of Madagascar, overfishing has become a major issue. The Vezo rely entirely on fishing, who for the past 2,000 years have been navigating the stretch of the Indian Ocean that separates Madagascar from the African continent in hand-carved pirogues. Increasingly, commercial boats, mostly from Asia and Europe, are fishing those same waters. Thus, it is difficult for the traditional fishermen to compete in the market. In response, many Vezo have resorted to fishing hundreds of miles offshore, spending six to nine months a year in rough and dangerous waters in search of sharks and sea cucumbers, both in high demand in Asian seafood markets. Some bring their families and all their possessions and set up camp on sandbars far from civilization.

Fishermen believe that the current fishing practices have to change by keeping successful skills, removing destructive fishing practices and adopting new fishing technologies. The lack of a system allowing local users to have a shared assessment of the fishing conditions and to define a common vision is the main problem for Vezo traditional fishers. They are so good at tracking the changes in fish catches over time and have a better understanding of the multiple uses of the available habitats but when it comes to pooling their knowledge into one system, they just can not make it by themselves. This shows that traditional ways of solving problems have failed to make its way to modern days. Traditional leaders used to play an important role in preserving wealth of the community by providing guidance to resource users according to the best available judgment. This role has been weakened by several factors including his social status.

Even worse, there is no significant improvement of household revenue in short term by setting up a marine reserve, it is hoped that the approach is likely to bring a much bigger impact on targeted fisheries in a mid and long term exploitation. From a biological point of view, a larger female octopus for example tends to lay many more eggs than young ones. By providing a few more months to grow in a closed fishing ground, it allows octopus individuals to get to bigger sizes.

The Vezo have a long history of subsistence turtle exploitation and associated cultural traditions. By local law, turtles are protected under Decree 24 passed in 1923, but this law has seldom been enforced. The low reproductive potential and delayed sexual maturity of turtles make all species unsuitable for intensive harvest. Even as far back as the early twentieth century, it has been reported that turtles play an important role to Malagasy fisheries. There has been a decline in numbers of the hawksbill turtle and the disappearance of nesting populations. The raiding of the turtle nests and hunting for the meat and carapaces are believed to be the fundamental causes of decline for four of the five species in the region.

See also

 Demographics of Madagascar
 Andavadoaka

Notes

References

Bernard Koechlin, Les Vezo du Sud-Ouest de Madagascar. Contribution à l'étude de l'éco-système de semi-nomades marins, Paris/La Haye, Mouton ("Cahiers de l'Homme. Ethnologie- Géographie-Linguistique", Nelle série, vol XV), préface de Georges Condominas, 243 p., cartes, dess., ill., photos., 1975

External links
The Southern Region - very short section on Vezo canoes and burial practices
Photo journal: Shark fishing in Madagascar Jonny Hogg, BBC, ten annotated photographs about the Vezo, "the sea is the most important thing in the world for the Vezo. For most of us, it's our only source of income."
"Voyage of the Vezo" Documentary Film
"Blue Ventures"

African nomads
Ethnic groups in Madagascar
Fishing communities

Vezo people


The Statute of Rhuddlan (), also known as the Statutes of Wales () or as the Statute of Wales (), was a royal ordinance by Edward I of England, which gave the constitutional basis for the government of the Principality of Wales from 1284 until 1536.

The statute followed the Conquest of Wales by Edward I and the killing of the last Welsh prince to rule the whole Principality, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282. The statute introduced English common law to Wales, but also permitted the continuance of Welsh legal practices within the Principality. The statute also introduced the English shire system to the Principality of Wales. Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by Welsh law and the native Princes of Wales.

Background

The Prince of Gwynedd had been recognised by the English Crown as Prince of Wales in 1267, holding his lands with the king of England as his feudal overlord. It was thus that the English interpreted the title of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Lord of Aberffraw, which was briefly held after his death by his successor Dafydd ap Gruffudd. This meant that when Llywelyn rebelled, the English interpreted it as an act of treason. Accordingly, his lands escheated to the king of England, and Edward I took possession of the Principality of Wales by military conquest from 1282 to 1283. By this means the principality became "united and annexed" to the Crown of England.

Following his conquest Edward I erected four new marcher lordships in northeast Wales: Chirk (Chirkland), Bromfield and Yale (Powys Fadog), Ruthin (Dyffryn Clwyd) and Denbigh (Lordship of Denbigh); and one in South Wales, Cantref Bychan. He restored the principality of Powys Wenwynwyn to Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn who had suffered at the hands of Llewelyn, and he and his successor Owen de la Pole held it as a marcher lordship. Rhys ap Maredudd of Dryslwyn would have been in a similar position in Cantref Mawr, having adhered to the king during Llewelyn's rebellion, but he forfeited his lands by rebelling in 1287. A few other minor Welsh nobles submitted in time to retain their lands, but became little more than gentry.

The English Crown already had a means of governing South Wales in the honours of Carmarthen and Cardigan, which went back to 1240. These became counties under the government of the Justiciar of South Wales (or of West Wales), who was based in Carmarthen. The changes of the period made little difference in the substantial swathe of land from Pembrokeshire through South Wales to the Welsh Borders which was already in the hands of the marcher lords. Nor did they alter the administration of the royal lordships of Montgomery and Builth, which retained their existing institutions.

Statute
The statute also divided Wales into administrations of government via shires which were essentially provinces of the English crown. Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by Welsh law and the native Princes of Wales, the last prince to rule the whole Principality being Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, killed in an ambush by the English in 1282.

The statute was not an act of Parliament, but rather a royal ordinance made after careful consideration by Edward I on 3 March 1284. It takes its name from Rhuddlan Castle in Denbighshire where it was first promulgated on 19 March 1284. The Statute was superseded by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 when Henry VIII made Wales unequivocally part of the "realm of England". The statute was formally repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1887.

Counties

The Statute of Rhuddlan was issued from Rhuddlan Castle in North Wales, one of the "iron ring" of fortresses built by Edward I to control his newly conquered lands. It provided the constitutional basis for the government of what was called "The Land of Wales" or "the king's lands of Snowdon and his other lands in Wales", but subsequently called the "Principality of North Wales". The Statute divided the principality into the counties of Anglesey, Merionethshire, Caernarfonshire, and Flintshire, which were created out of the remnants of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in North Wales. Flintshire was created out of the lordships of Tegeingl, Hopedale, and Maelor Saesneg. It was administered with the Palatinate of Cheshire by the Justiciar of Chester.

The other three counties were overseen by a Justiciar of North Wales and a provincial exchequer at Caernarfon, run by the Chamberlain of North Wales, who accounted to the Exchequer at Westminster for the revenues he collected. Under them were royal officials such as sheriffs, coroners, and bailiffs to collect taxes and administer justice. The king had ordered an inquiry into the rents and other dues to which the princes had been entitled, and these were enforced by the new officials. At the local level, commotes became hundreds, but their customs, boundaries and offices remained largely unchanged.

Law
The Statute introduced the English common law system to Wales, but the law administered was not precisely the same as in England. The criminal law was much the same, with felonies such as murder, larceny and robbery prosecuted before the justiciar, as in England. The English writs and forms of action, such as novel disseisin, debt and dower, operated, but with oversight from Caernarfon, rather than the distant Westminster. However, the Welsh practice of settling disputes by arbitration was retained. The procedure for debt was in advance of that in England, in that a default judgment could be obtained. In land law, the Welsh practice of partible inheritance continued, but in accordance with English practice:
Daughters could inherit their father's lands if there was no son.
Widows were entitled to dower in a third of their late husband's lands.
Bastards were excluded from inheriting.

Building

The Parliament House of Edward III in Rhuddlan where it was thought that the Statute of Rhuddlan was promulgated. Thomas Pennant remarks in 1778, "A piece of antient building called the Parlement is still to be seen in Rhuddlan: probably where the king sat in council." Pennant was to get John Ingleby to provide a watercolour of the building. Today the building still partially stands in Parliament Street, with a late 13th-century doorway and a 14th-century cusped ogee door head.

References

Footnotes

Citations

Sources
Primary
  pp. 2–27

Secondary

Legal history of Wales
1284 in Wales
1280s in law
1284 in England
Constitutional laws of Wales
Rhuddlan
The Lordship of Bromfield and Yale

Statute of Rhuddlan


The United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources has deals with problems related to energy and nuclear waste policy, territorial policy, native Hawaiian matters, and public lands.

It was originally named Committee on Interior and Insulars Affair.  In 1977, it became the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and Indian Affairs were removed from its jurisdiction into its own committee.

Current members

Chairs (since 1977)
Scoop Jackson (D-WA) 1977–1981
James McClure (R-ID) 1981–1987
Bennett Johnston (D-LA) 1987–1995
Frank Murkowski (R-AK) 1995–2001
Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) 2001
Frank Murkowski (R-AK) 2001
Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) 2001–2003
Pete Domenici (R-NM) 2003–2007
Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) 2007–2013
Ron Wyden (D-OR) 2013–2014
Mary Landrieu (D-LA) 2014–2015
Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) 2015–present

References

Energy


Mount Jo is a  mountain in the heart of the Adirondack Mountains of New York. It is in North Elba, New York on land owned by the Adirondack Mountain Club. The Adirondack Loj and Heart Lake are at the foot of Mount Jo. There are two trails that lead to its summit.

A steep but short and relatively easy hike compared to other mountains in the area, the Mountain offers great views of the High Peaks region, including Cascade Mountain, Mount Marcy, Algonquin Peak, Mount Colden and Indian Pass. It is near Heart Lake in North Elba. The climb offers one of the best views for the effort (a  vertical ascent from the Loj – actual trail distance is approximately 2.6 miles roundtrip), with a sweeping vista of the Great Range of the Adirondacks. It is  south of Lake Placid.

The mountain was named in 1877 by Henry Van Hovenberg, who built the original Adirondack Loj, for his fiancée Josephine Schofield, who died shortly before they were to have been married.

References

External links
Summit Post

Mountains of Essex County, New York
Tourist attractions in Essex County, New York
Mountains of New York (state)

Mount Jo


Otto Matthäus Zykan  (29 April 1935, Vienna – 25 May 2006, Sachsendorf, Burgschleinitz-Kühnring) was an Austrian composer and pianist.

He studied at the Vienna Music Academy,  where his teachers included Karl Schiske (composition), Bruno Seidlhofer and Josef Dichler (piano). He also attended the Darmstadt summer courses (1958, 1964–1966), winning the Kranichstein Music Prize of the international piano competition on his first visit. Zykan's most characteristic works are his 'total art productions', in which processes of permutation extend to movement, sounds and linguistic elements alike, sometimes producing compromise and sometimes distortion, and often reducing critical comment to the absurd. As his creative work has been conceived entirely in relation to the present, a number of his works exist only in a sketch-like draft form. He has mostly dispensed with publication, since the majority of his works depend on his personal interpretation. As a result, a number of compositions have been lost. He has also created TV advertisements for well-known firms. Among his works are three operas, 1966's Singers Nähmaschine ist die beste, 1980's Kunst kommt von Gönnen and Auszählreim of 1986.

References

 OperaGlass page (cached)

1935 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Austrian composers
20th-century Austrian male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century pianists
Austrian classical composers
Austrian opera composers
Male opera composers
Austrian pianists
Musicians from Vienna
Austrian male classical composers
Male pianists
21st-century Austrian musicians
21st-century classical composers
21st-century pianists
21st-century male musicians

Otto Zykan


Luigi Serena (Montebelluna, 1855 - Treviso, 1911) was an Italian painter.

Born in the Veneto, resident in Treviso, he exhibited throughout Italy. In 1881 at Venice, he exhibited: Andemo a la sagra; Baruffa di donne; La morosa in collera; Dolci parole ; Piazzetta e Molo of Venice. in 1883 in Milan: Pollivendola; Lassine el me filo. In 1883 at Turin: Pollivendola was again exhibited. Other works are: Femo pase; Piazzetta al molo. At the 1884 Exhibition of Fine Arts in Turin, he exhibited: Al Lavatoio. In 1886, at the Exposition for the Encouragement of Fine Arts in Florence, he displayed Innocenti.

References

1855 births
1911 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
19th-century Italian male artists
20th-century Italian male artists

Luigi Serena


Eldama Ravine (sometimes known by the short form E/Ravine) is a town in Baringo County, Kenya, a few miles north of the equator, geographical coordinates 0° 30' 0" North, 35° 43' 0" East. It was established as an administrative point by British colonialists and later served as a transit route for lumber harvested from surrounding forests.

It was previously the headquarters of the former Koibatek District and Eldama Ravine Constituency.

It has a population of 45,799 (2009 census). It is largely an agricultural trade point producing world popular commercial rose flowers. It is fairly cosmopolitan, having residents from more than half of Kenya's ethnic tribes.

Naming
Eldama Ravine was first known as Shimoni due to the presence of a narrow ravine through which the Eldama Ravine River flows. Eldama, the non-English part of the name, is derived from the Maasai word 'eldama', which means narrow gorge. It had two areas known as Lembus Soi (Mogotio constituency) and Lembus Mosop (Eldama Ravine constituency).

The town was established by Nubians who worked as soldiers and transporters for the British IBEA in 1887, white settlers and the native lembus community. It became the headquarters of the Naivasha province, then under the Uganda Protectorate.

References

Populated places in Baringo County

Eldama Ravine


Command Responsibility is an idea that Military Officers are responsible for making sure that the soldiers under their command do not commit war crimes, and if they do, make sure that the soldiers involved are punished. It also suggests, and is often claimed as an excuse when soldiers commit war crimes due to being ordered to do so, and that the officers in that case bear the responsibility, not the individual soldiers carrying out the illegal orders. This excuse is nowadays considered dubious and frequently ridiculed as the "Nuremberg defence", as many of the Nazis in the Nuremberg trials claimed that while they did in fact commit war crimes, they had an oath to Hitler and could not refuse to obey it, no matter the consequences. The command responsibility argument has been invoked since with varying success, but under modern international humanitarian law, command to commit an illegal act, such as crimes against humanity, is not an excuse unless there was fear of reprisals, for example the real threat of the person ordered being killed if he refused to carry them out.

References
 Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law HTML version by Allison Marston Danner and Jenny S. Martinez, September 15, 2004

Military

Command responsibility


Following the defeat of Mauron during the Breton War of Succession, the Franco-Bretons, led by Bertrand Du Guesclin, took their revenge at the Battle of Montmuran on April 10, 1354.

The battle

Along with many other Englishmen, the young Hugh Calveley served in Brittany, supporting Jean de Montfort's English-backed bid to become Duke of Brittany against the French-backed claimant, Charles de Blois, during the Breton War of Succession.

In 1354, Calveley was captain of the English-held fortress of Bécherel. He planned a raid on the castle of Montmuran on 10 April, to capture Arnoul d'Audrehem, Marshal of France, who was a guest of the lady of Tinteniac. Bertrand du Guesclin, in one of the early highlights of his career, anticipated the attack, posting archers as sentries. When the sentries raised the alarm at Calveley's approach, du Guesclin and d'Audrehem hurried to intercept. In the ensuing fight, Calveley was unhorsed by a knight named Enguerrand d'Hesdin, captured, and later ransomed.

See also
 List of Hundred Years' War battles

1354 in England
1350s in France
Montmuran 1354
Montmuran
History of Ille-et-Vilaine
Montmuran
War of the Breton Succession

Battle of Montmuran


Charles Napoleon Brumm (June 9, 1838 – January 11, 1917) was a Greenbacker and a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Early life and education
Charles N. Brumm was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania.  He attended the common schools and Pennsylvania College in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.  He studied law for two years.

Civil War
Under the first call of President Abraham Lincoln for three-months' men, Brumm enlisted as a private and was elected the first lieutenant of Company I, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry.  He reenlisted in 1861 for three years and was elected first lieutenant of Company K, Seventy-sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry.  He was detailed on the staff of General Barton as assistant quartermaster and aide-de-camp, which position he held under General Barton and General Galusha Pennypacker until the expiration of his term of service in 1871.

Congressional service
After the war Brumm resumed the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1871.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1878.

Brumm was elected as a Greenbacker to the Forty-seventh and Forty-eighth Congresses and as a Republican to the Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Congresses. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1888.  He was a delegate to the 1884 Republican National Convention.

Brumm was elected as a Republican to the 54th and 55th Congresses and served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Claims during these years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1898.

Brumm was again elected to the 59th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George R. Patterson.  He was reelected to the 60th Congress and served until 1909 when he resigned, having been elected judge of the Schuylkill County Court of Common Pleas. He served as Chairman of the United States House Committee on Mileage during the Sixtieth Congress.

He served as judge until his death at Minersville, Pennsylvania.

Inventions
Brumm was known for having a very mechanical mind.  He was granted letters patent on a meat cutter, and also invented a brick and mortar elevator, a railroad snow shove, and a self-starting car-brake.

He is the father of Congressman George Franklin Brumm.

See also

References
 Retrieved on 2008-02-14
The Political Graveyard
Rootsweb

1838 births
1917 deaths
Politicians from Pottsville, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Greenbacks
Greenback Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Union Army officers
Pennsylvania lawyers
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
Judges of the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

Charles N. Brumm


"La Década Perdida" ("The Lost Decade") of Latin America is a Spanish term used to describe the economic crisis suffered in Latin America during the 1980s, which continued for some countries into the 1990s. In general, the crisis was composed of unpayable external debts, taxes, and volatile inflation and exchange rates, which in the majority of the countries in the region were fixed.

Overview
During the 1970s, the rise in prices of raw materials (primarily oil) and the decrease in the value of the dollar caused US dollars to flow into Latin America, a region that then debated between an industrial model directed from the state or a market based model.

In 1980, the decreased price of raw materials and the rise of interest rates in the industrialized countries generated a lack of resources, which provoked a massive depreciation of exchange rates, appreciating the real interest rate on the debt, a situation made worse by the presence of excessively large bureaucracies.

In response to the crisis, the majority of the nations had to abandon their economic models of industrialization by substituting with imports, and they adopted a growth strategy oriented toward exports. This strategy was encouraged by the International Monetary Fund. There were exceptions, like Chile or Costa Rica, which briefly adopted reformist strategies. The real growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) for the region was only 2.3% between 1980 and 1985. Between 1982 and 1985, Latin America paid 108 billion dollars in past debts.

In the beginning of the 1990s, Latin America was recuperating from the crisis, which nevertheless reconfigured the economic landscape of the region. The countries who previously were regional leaders like Argentina, Mexico, and Venezuela were left with diverse effects that hadn't been overcome. Meanwhile countries that had fallen behind previously like Chile, Brazil, Peru, and Colombia stood out in the late 20th century with high economic growth and a better social wellbeing in relative terms.

The second "Década Perdida"
Various publications, including El País and CNN en Español had indicated that the decade from 2012 marked a "second lost decade" for Latin America, due to the significant fall of the regional economic indices. During the second half of the decade, almost all the countries of the subcontinent traversed periods of no growth or an economic recession, which led to a turbulent political and social scene.

Between 2003 and 2012, Latin America lived through years of stability (which included a boom in some cases) due to the high demand for raw materials partly due to the Asian Market. This demand came primarily from China, which navigated the subprime crisis of 2008 with little difficulty. Benefitting from the weakening of the currencies from industrialized countries, they could obtain greater quantities of foreign currency. This period was known as the "gained decade," particularly by the center-left governments as a part of the "red tide" movement which had its best moment in that period.

However, the slowing down of China from 2012, and the consequent fall in the price of raw materials led to a new scenario. In 2011 the region had its last year of strong growth (greater than 4% annual), while 2012 was slightly better than 3% and between the years 2013 and 2015 it was below 2%. During the years 2016 and 2017 the economic activity in Latin America decreased for the first time since 2002, whereas in 2018 it barely passed 1%. The poverty in the subcontinent also grew starting in 2014, for the first time since the 1980s.

The effect of this situation was that Latin America lived through a "conservative wave" that included the general election of right leaning leaders in a region that during the previous century had for the most part elected left leaning governments. It was suggested that these aggressive political changes tended to strengthen exterior commerce and equilibrate fiscal accounts. However, the commercial war between the United States and China and a new increase in the value of the dollar worsened the regional economic situation in Latin America even more. In the last part of the 2010s, in various countries, there were diverse episodes of social disturbances.

Venezuela was the country most affected by the economic crisis due to a mix between an extreme dependence on petroleum (whose value plummeted between 2012 and 2015), inflation, a corrupt central bank, and a lack of economic support from foreign countries. This created a situation of catastrophic proportions, including industrial paralysis, shortages, and problems with public services.

Brazil, a country who had one of the largest increases on the global level during the 2000s, stayed immersed in a period of decrease starting in 2012. A situation influenced by the hosting of the World Cup in 2014 and the Olympics in 2016. The events organized in their nation generated a wave of protests, while between 2014 and 2016 the economy entered into a recession.

See also
 Lost Decade (Peru)
 Chilean crisis of 1982
 Latin American debt crisis
 L-shaped recession
 El Caracazo
 Hyperinflation in Brazil

References

External links

Economic history of Mexico
Economic collapses
Inflation in Argentina
Inflation in Brazil
1980s economic history
1980s in Central America
1990s in Central America

La Década Perdida


The autism spectrum quotient is a questionnaire which was first published in 2001 by the Autism Research Centre in Cambridge, UK. There are fifty questions in the test, and they are used to decide whether a teenager or an adult wtih average intelligence has symptoms of autism or related autism spectrum conditions. It is commonly used for self-diagnosis of autism-related spectrum conditions.

Autism
Psychometrics

Autism Spectrum Quotient


Karl Ernst Krafft (10 May 1900 – 8 January 1945) was a Swiss astrologer, born in Basel. He worked on the fields of astrology and graphology.

Astrology career
After studying in the University of Basel and Geneva, he graduated with a degree in mathematics. For the best part of ten years he worked on a massive book entitled Traits of Astro-Biology. This expounded his own theory of "Typocosmy": the prediction of the future based on the study of an individual's personality, or type. Krafft opened an office in Zürich, where he provided horoscopes and investment advice. Krafft's business collapsed, as did and his own investments (which were decided via divination).

By the early 1930s, when Adolf Hitler had come to power, Krafft enjoyed a unique status among occultists and prophets in Germany. The National Socialists, later to become his patrons, at first posed a threat to him. Occultists, like Freemasons, were among those harassed and vilified by most National Socialists. While the Nazi state persecuted astrologers, Rudolf Hess and Heinrich Himmler consulted them. Krafft moved to Germany at the invitation of the Nazis and was endorsed by the Ministry of Propaganda. Kraff subsequently joined the Nazi Party and introduced anti-Semitic ideas into his work. Krafft moved into the orbit of the National Socialist elite in November 1939 when he made a remarkable prediction. He predicted that the Führer's life would be in danger between 7 and 10 November. He wrote, on 2 November to a friend, Dr Heinrich Fesel, who worked for Himmler, warning him of an attempt on Hitler's life. Fesel filed the letter away, unwillingly to become enmeshed in something dangerous.

On 8 November, a bomb exploded at the Munich beer hall. There were many injuries but the target, Hitler, was unscathed because he left the assembly in the hall a few minutes before the explosion. When newspapers reported the near-catastrophe Fesel dispatched a telegram to Hess, drawing attention to Krafft's prediction. Krafft was arrested and brought to Gestapo Headquarters in Berlin. Krafft's proclamation of exacting astrological rules managed to convince the Gestapo that astrology enabled its practitioners to make accurate forecasts of future events resulting in now being employed by the Nazi Propaganda Ministry, the SS and even the Foreign Office to carry out astrological studies of a political nature. After his release he was summoned to the Reich Propaganda ministry, run by Joseph Goebbels. Goebbels had recently taken to poring over Nostradamus, trying to squeeze propaganda from the prophecies. Krafft, he felt, should work on deciphering the cryptic quatrains.  Krafft began work on a pro-German evaluation of Nostradamus.

Krafft was convinced that the prophecies of Nostradamus boded well for the Third Reich. Tens of thousands of pamphlets based upon his interpretations of the quatrains were translated and circulated in six languages: French (translated by Krafft himself), Danish, Hungarian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish and he soon came to the attention of the Führer. In the spring of 1940 he gave a private horoscope reading for Hitler to an aide, but he never met his leader.

British intelligence became so concerned at the thought that their opponent's war was being conducted by a mystic that they, for a time, hired the services of astrologer Louis De Wohl. De Wohl was quietly dropped after several months, having failed to procure any hard evidence about Krafft's work.

Krafft warned the Reich leaders that for victory to be certain, the war must end for Germany in 1943. Krafft's star was still in the ascendancy when Rudolf Hess made his astonishing flight to Scotland in 1941. Hitler was outraged. Hess was the biggest occult supporter of them all. Hitler ordered a purge of astrologers, occultists and other sages. Krafft was caught up in this. He worked on horoscopes of Allied generals and admirals, having informal contacts with Kurd Kisshauer and Amt Rosenberg. One of his predictions when seeing the charts of both Erwin Rommel and Bernard Montgomery, adversaries in the desert war, was: "Well this man Montgomery's chart is certainly stronger than Rommel's."

Later life
Krafft was arrested on June 12, 1941, as part of a crackdown on astrologers, faith healers and occultists following Rudolf Hess's flight to Scotland. He was released in 1943 and set back to propaganda work, but the integrity of his forecasts soon told against him. Krafft's bitter complaints at the demeaning work he was expected to do, led to his rearrest in 1944. He was held in poor conditions, caught typhus fever and eventually died on 8 January 1945 en route to the Buchenwald concentration camp.

See also
Nazi mysticism

References

Zodiac and Swastika by Wilhelm Wulff.
Mysteries of the Unexplained Section 2 (Karl Ernst Krafft and the Hitler Horoscopes) by Reuben Stone.
 Astrology and Psychological Warfare during World War II by Ellic Howe.

External links
Karl E.Krafft -photo, bio from Russia

1900 births
1945 deaths
Swiss astrologers
20th-century astrologers
Occultism in Nazism
Scientists from Basel-Stadt
People who died in Buchenwald concentration camp
Deaths from typhus
Swiss people of World War II
Reich Security Main Office personnel

Karl Ernst Krafft


Fernando Chacarelli (18 July 1905 – 26 April 1984) was an Argentinean runner who won eight medals at the South American athletics championships, including the gold medal in cross country running in 1931. He was selected for the 1928 Summer Olympics, but did not compete because the national Olympic Committee could not sponsor long-distance runners at those games. He was placed 12th in the 10,000 m and 17th in the marathon at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

Chacarelli competed throughout his career under the surname of Cicarelli, though he signed autographs as Chacarelli. In 1924 he set a new Argentinean record over 3000 m, and in 1926–27 won a bronze and a silver medal in this event at the South American athletics championships. In 1927 he also placed second in the 5000 m, but was disqualified for allegedly elbowing a competitor. Chacarelli believed he did not do so, and disappointingly withdrew from the cross-country event. In 1932 he set new South American records over 15 km, 20 km and 25 km distances. He retired the next year and later worked as a physical education teacher. An annual marathon race is held in his honor in his native city of Cordoba.

References

1905 births
1984 deaths
Olympic athletes for Argentina
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Argentine male long-distance runners
Sportspeople from Córdoba Province, Argentina

Fernando Chacarelli


The southwestern toad or Mexican Madre toad (Anaxyrus mexicanus), formerly Bufo mexicanus, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to north-western Mexico and found on the Sierra Madre Occidental in eastern Sonora and western Chihuahua and south to south-western Durango.
Its natural habitats are conifer forests, commonly along low rivers and streams, its breeding habitat. It is a rare species threatened by habitat disturbance, including alterations causing the desiccation of streams and soils.

References

Anaxyrus
Endemic amphibians of Mexico
Fauna of the Sierra Madre Occidental
Amphibians described in 1879
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Southwestern toad


The Islamic Action Society ( Jamʿīyah al-ʿAmal al-ʾIslāmī), sometimes shortened to ʿAmal (), was one of the main Islamist political parties in Bahrain, and mainly appealed to Shīʻa followers of the Islamic philosopher Mohammad Hussaini Shirazi, who are known as "the Shirāzī faction".

The party boycotted 2002's general election along with several other opposition groups, but did take part in 2006's parliamentary election, in which it won no seats.

The party is the direct descendant of the militant organisation, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain, whose members were pardoned after wide ranging political reforms instigated by King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa in 2001. With the reforms, they returned from exile or were released from prison and formed the Islamic Action Society.

As with the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain, the party's spiritual leader was Iraqi cleric Hādī al-Mudarrisī, who was given asylum in Bahrain in the 1970s and acquired Bahraini citizenship while preaching religious awareness. He was though expelled to Iran after he set up the Front, but in 1981 he attempted to return to Bahrain as the head of a theocratic government in a failed coup d'état.

The Front was accused by the government for a series of terror attacks on civilian targets in the 1990s including a bomb attack on the Diplomat Hotel in Manama in 1996 injuring four people. A spokesman claiming responsibility for the bombings told the  Associated Press "We put a bomb in the Diplomat hotel 20 minutes ago ... after the feast ... tell the government that we will destroy everyplace."

The party often called for public demonstrations and political seminars focusing on the issues affecting the majority Shīʻa, who have been ruled by the minority Sunnis for many decades. In September 2005, its license was temporarily suspended after a crowded festival was held honouring those imprisoned by the government on suspicion of involvement in an alleged 1981 coup. The party resumed activities after the temporary suspension.

The last president of the party was Shaykh Muħammad ʻAlī al-Mahfūð, a longtime opposition figure and a close aid to Āyatu l-Lāh al-Mudarrisī. Its vice-president was Salah al-Khawāja.

While the party was allied with fellow Shīʻa Islamists al Wefaq, although the relationship was difficult: Shaykh al-Mahfūð said that attempts were being made by ʻAlī Salman and others to marginalise the party into its "Shirāzī base". The Islamic Action demanded al-Wefaq's support in several constituencies in the 2006 election, although the Islamic Action's spokesman Jawad ʻAbdu l-Waħab has said that no decision has yet been made because they want although it took part anyway. This led one commentator to accuse the party of having a stance "based on self-serving interests but under glossy principles to boost its prestige". Discussion about participation in elections prompted Vice President Salah Khawaja to resign from the party in March 2006 and announce his retirement from politics.

Before February 2011, Islamic Action Society decided to support the Bahraini uprising. During February and March 2011, many representatives of Amal joined anti-Monarchy protesters in Lulu Square and vowed not to enter any dialogue until King Hamad relinquished his office. As a result, the government arrested all the prominent leaders of Amal and closed its headquarters, dissolving the party.

See also
 List of political parties in Bahrain

References

External links
IAS website
Religious body floats demands for elections Gulf News, 8 March 2006

Bahraini uprising of 2011
Organizations of the Arab Spring
Political parties in Bahrain
Politics of Bahrain
Shia Islamic political parties
Republicanism in Bahrain
Political parties established in 2001
2001 establishments in Asia
Political parties disestablished in 2011
2011 disestablishments in Asia
Banned Islamist parties

Islamic Action Society


Kim Sun-ja (; December 11, 1939 – December 30, 1997) was a South Korean serial killer. Between October 1986 and August 1988, she poisoned six people, five of them fatally, using beverages laced with potassium cyanide. She was amongst the last 23 people executed in the country prior to the executions moratorium enacted by then-president Kim Dae-jung.

Personal life
Kim was a housewife who lived in Sindang-dong, a dong in Seoul's Jung District, along with her three sons. The family relied entirely on her husband's salary as a painter, but that didn't stop Kim from borrowing money from various people, due to her frequent visits to cabarets and a gambling addiction. In the end, she decided to kill creditors and steal their money.

Murders
On October 31, 1986, Kim asked 49-year-old Kim Gye-hwan, a friend of hers who also lived in Sindang-dong, to go to the bathroom together. Not long after, Gye-hwan fell down the stairs after drinking a cyanide-laced beverage. She was transferred to a nearby hospital, but died suffering from severe cramps and breathing difficulties. Her necklace and ring had been stolen, but police found no evidence connecting Kim Sun-ja to the crime.

On April 4, 1987, Kim asked 50-year-old Jeon Soon-ja, a creditor who lived in Sindang-dong, if they could ride the bus together so she could get some money in Yeongdeungpo. She borrowed 7 million won, and the two women then boarded a bus. While riding on the bus, Jeon started complaining that her drink had been poisoned with something, and fell from her seat. She was taken to a nearby hospital, but soon after died.

On February 10, 1988, she suggested to 46-year-old Kim Soon-ja, another creditor based in Sindang-dong, that they go to a coffee shop together so Soon-ja could receive money from a debtor. Kim had borrowed 1.2 million won from Soon-ja some time before, and agreed to go with her. Both waited for the debtor to come out, but after he didn't show up, they decided to leave. Soon-ja then drank a poisoned Yulmu-cha, which caused her to vomit on the way home in the taxi. Kim said that she would get better if she had more of the healthy drink, but suggested that they get out of the taxi first. Soon-ja, already suspicious of her behavior, ignored her suggestion. Kim later repaid her, and even visited her house to ask if she was alright.

On March 27, 1988, Kim took the intercity bus together with her father, 73-year-old Kim Jong-chun, who was returning home from visiting some relatives. She gave him a poisoned beverage, and he soon fainted on the bus due to the cyanide. Jong-chun was taken to a nearby hospital, but doctors were unable to save him.

On April 29, 1988, Kim handed a poisoned drink to her 46-year-old younger sister while they were waiting at the Hwayang-dong bus stop, near the Children's Grand Park. Like the previous victims, Kim had borrowed 10 million won from her sister. The younger Kim fell down on the city bus due to the poisoning, was taken to a nearby hospital by a fellow passenger, but succumbed to the cyanide shortly after. Kim, who had stolen her handbag and jewelry, managed to run away while her sister was carried off from the bus.

On August 8, 1988, Kim met her 46-year-old cousin, Son Si-won, who lived in Changsin-dong, at a coffee shop in Sungin-dong. Kim proceeded to borrow 484 million won, ostensibly for a deposit required to buy a house, and then gave her cousin a poisoned drink. Son Si-won suddenly collapsed while riding the bus toward Seobinggo-dong, was taken to the hospital, and subsequently died.

Arrest and execution
Kim Seon-ja was arrested on September 2 by the Yongsan District police on charges of poisoning relatives and creditors. The police had carried out autopsies on four people who died under suspicious circumstances, finding citric acid in three of the bodies.

Kim vehemently denied the accusations, but nevertheless, police searched her home in order to find evidence, while Kim's body was searched by a policewoman. Authorities found jewelry and cash stolen from the deceased. In addition, the day after she had murdered Son Si-won, Kim deposited a check in an account at the Sadang-dong branch of the CHB Bank. Judging from these circumstances, she was identified as the culprit.

Kim was living in an old Japanese house at the time of the crime. A police officer, while searching through her home, found a small hole in a newspaper while looking at the toilet in the restroom. The policeman unpacked the newspaper and found a clump of cyanide, which Kim had used for the crimes. According to the investigators, she had bought it from a nephew working at a chemical company, under the pretense of catching pheasants.

Kim strongly denied the accusations during the trial, but was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court in 1989. On December 30, 1997, she was executed at the Daejeon Prison. On the day of her execution, 22 other violent criminals were also executed in prisons around the country, the last executions conducted in South Korea.

In popular culture
On September 23, 2003, the 34th episode of the MBC-broadcast program "True Story - Theater, Crime and Punishment", titled "A Woman Called Death - Serial Poison Murders", covered Kim Sun-ja's crimes and trial. Here, she and other parties were renamed, with Kim being given the name Lee Jae-sook. Cyanide, the poison used in her crimes, was also renamed to X2.

Kim Sun-ja's serial poisonings were also reenacted in episode 251 of the program 'Sponge' (broadcast on KBS2 on September 20, 2008) and episode 2 of 'That Day' (broadcast on Channel A on December 14, 2014).

See also
 List of serial killers by country

References

1939 births
1997 deaths
20th-century criminals
Executed South Korean female serial killers
People convicted of murder by South Korea
People executed by South Korea by hanging
South Korean people convicted of murder
Patricides
Poisoners
Sororicides

Kim Sun-ja (serial killer)


Empire is a 1977 turn-based wargame with simple rules. The game was conceived by Walter Bright starting in 1971, based on various war movies and board games, notably Battle of Britain and Risk. The game was ported to many platforms in the 1970s and 1980s. Several commercial versions were also released, often adding basic graphics to the originally text-based user interface. The basic gameplay is strongly reminiscent of several later games, notably Civilization, which was partly inspired by Empire.

Gameplay
At the start of a new game, a random game map is generated on a square grid basis. The map normally consists of numerous islands, although a variety of algorithms were used in different versions of the game, producing different styles of maps. Randomly distributed on the land are a number of cities. The players start the game controlling one of these cities each. The area immediately around the city is visible, but the rest of the world map is blacked out.

The city can be set to build armies, aircraft, and various types of ships. Cities take a particular number of turns to produce the various units, with the armies typically being the most rapid. Players move these units on the map to explore the world, typically seeing the land within a one square radius around the unit. As they explore they will find other cities, initially independent, and can capture them with their armies. The captured cities are then set to produce new units as well.

As the player's collection of cities expands, they are able to set aside some to produce more time-consuming types, like battleships. Ultimately they have to use these forces to take all the cities on the map, including those of the other players, who are often run by the computer's game engine.

History and development
Walter Bright created Empire as a board wargame as a child, inspired by Risk, Stratego, and the film Battle of Britain. He found gameplay tedious, but later realized that a computer could handle the gameplay and serve as CPU opponent. The initial version of computer Empire was written in BASIC, before being re-written around 1977 in the FORTRAN programming language for the PDP-10 computer at Caltech. This version was spread virally to other PDP-10s, which were then common timesharing systems. Later, Bright recoded this in assembly language on a Heathkit H11 and made it available commercially. He sold two copies.

At some point, someone broke through the security systems at Caltech, and took a copy of the source code for the FORTRAN/PDP-10 version of the game. This code was continually modified, being passed around from person to person. Eventually, it was found on a computer in Massachusetts by Herb Jacobs and Dave Mitton. They ported the code to the VAX/VMS operating system and, under the alias of "Mario DeNobili and Paulson", submitted the program to DECUS, a large user's group. DECUS programs were often installed on new DEC computers at the time of delivery, and so Empire propagated further. Eventually, Bright heard of this, and in 1983 contacted DECUS, who subsequently credited Bright in the catalog description of the program and re-added his name to the source code.

In 1984, Bob Norby from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, ported the DECUS version from the VAX to the PC as shareware. In 1987, Chuck Simmons re-implemented the game in C using the UNIX curses library in order to make use of its support for many different character-cell terminals. Eric S. Raymond maintains a copy of this version and shared some version with open-source projects.

In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared the original Empire the 8th-best computer game ever released. The magazine's wargame columnist Terry Coleman named it his pick for the second-best computer wargame released by late 1996, behind Panzer General.

Empire: Wargame of the Century

After this, Bright recoded the game in C on an IBM PC. With low commercial expectations, he submitted an announcement to January 1984 BYTE Magazine's "Software Received" section, and received a flood of orders. After writing to many software companies (including Brøderbund, Sirius Software, Simon & Schuster, subLOGIC, Epyx and MicroProse), he licensed the game to a small software company named Interstel. Mark Baldwin was brought in to coauthor the game redesigning it for the commercial market. Starting around 1987, Empire: Wargame of the Century on the Atari ST, Amiga, Commodore 64, Apple II, Macintosh and DOS was produced.

Empire Deluxe
In the early 1990s, Mark Baldwin and Bob Rakowsky rewrote the game, calling it Empire Deluxe for DOS, Mac OS, and Windows, released in 1993 with New World Computing as the publisher. Empire Deluxe sustained the old game play of Interstel's version in a standard game, while adding a basic version for beginners, and advanced game with new units such as the Bomber and Armor and map sizes up to 200×200.

An expansion pack, Empire Deluxe Scenarios, was produced later in 1993, including a map and scenario statistics tool, a map randomiser tool (as random maps were present in the Interstel version, but lacking from Empire Deluxe), upgrade patches for both DOS and Windows versions and a collection of 37 scenarios (with accompanying maps) from "celebrity" designers, many of them famous in the games industry including Will Wright, Jerry Pournelle, Jim Dunnigan, Johnny Wilson (Computer Gaming World editor), Gordon Walton, Don Gilman (Harpoon series architect), Trevor Sorensen (Star Fleet series designer), and the game's authors Mark Baldwin and Bob Rakosky.

Computer Gaming World in 1993 called Empire Deluxe "a welcome addiction (sic) to the library of every serious strategy gamer". A 1993 survey in the magazine of wargames gave the game four stars out of five, noting flaws but stating that "Yet, I keep on playing". It enjoyed great success, and was noted as one of  Gamespy's Greatest Games of All Time. Empire Deluxe was reviewed in 1993 in Dragon #195 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 4 out of 5 stars. In 1994, PC Gamer US named Empire Deluxe the 35th best computer game ever. The editors called it "an elegant and adaptable game system that ... allows almost endless replayability."

Computer Gaming World in 1993 stated that Empire Deluxe Scenarios offered "a lot of value" to the game's fans.

Killer Bee Software
In the Winter of 2002, Mark Kinkead of Killer Bee Software purchased the rights for Empire Deluxe from Mark Baldwin and Bob Rakowsky, and in 2003 produced a new version called Empire Deluxe Internet Edition (EDIE) for Windows. This was essentially a port of the code Baldwin and Rakowsky produced in 1993, with few changes, such as a slightly increased map size (255×255), but did not add any new rules. A year later, Kinkead would create an "Enhanced" version with new units and rules, including artillery, engineers and orbital units. The company produced several other editions for Windows, Android, and iOS.

Sequel

In 1995, New World Computing published a sequel named Empire II: The Art of War. While the original had been a turn-based strategy, Empire II was shifted towards turn-based tactics: there was no more empire-building and production of units, but the complexity and realism of battles were enhanced with features such as morale rules and various degrees of damage. The playable campaigns consisted of a collection of diverse historical or fictional battles. The game editor feature was enhanced by allowing the user to design not only new maps and campaigns, but also new units with new graphics and sounds.

Legacy
There are ports and source code for modern PC operating systems available for free download at Walter Bright's Classic Empire webpage.

Sid Meier has stated that Empire inspired his Civilization series.

References

External links
 Walter Bright's Empire website
 EDEE Publisher Page - Killer Bee Software

 Dos version of Empire at Abandon ware, Empire: War game of the century, port by Bob Norby.
 Empire for the PDP-11 Source Code

1977 video games
Computer wargames
Mainframe games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games with textual graphics
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Amiga games
Apple II games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Linux games
Classic Mac OS games
Windows games
Play-by-email video games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Video games developed in the United States

Empire (1977 video game)


I Felix M. Garcia metung yang Kapampangan watas.

Talambie

FELIX MAURICIO GARCIA

Poet/Writer/Columnist

Born on January 30, 1938 to spouses Raymundo Garcia and Gregoria Mauricio
in Tacasan, Macabebe, Pampanga (Philippines), FELIX M. GARCIA, whose father
was a vernacular poet, is one common person who has less in life in terms of material
possession, but he was enriched by his father's precious gift - the gift of power to
write literary works. He was an undergraduate, but his lack of education did not deter
him from soaring high in promoting the craft he inherited from his father. He wrote
numerous literary works that gained him prominence and distinction in the field of arts
and culture. He was only 15 years old when he wrote his first Zarzuela play entitled "Bunga ning Dewacan" (Fruit of Evil).

Numerous awards were given him particularly the "Outstanding Playwright
-Director" in 1990, which was awarded by Lira Pampangueña (Central Luzon Writers-
Poets League) and the "Most Outstanding Kapampangan in Pampango Literature"
given in 1999 by MOKA, in conjunction with the province's 428th Foundation Day and, a three-time (3) recipient of different awards in writing competitions held by the same awarding body during the incumbency of the then Governor Bren Z. Guiao.

His works in English include "The Story of a Tree"; An Advice to a Drinker"; "A
Man's Wish"; "The Lords Prayer", (Poet's Modern Version on World Peace); "Give
Peace a Chance" (on World Brotherhood and Peace Through Poetry); and "Give Peace a Chance in Mindanao", his entry on Anthology during the 16th World Congress of Poets of the United Poets Laureate International held on August 2 - 6, 2000 at the Mimosa Leisure Estate, Angeles City (Philippines), in which he was given a Certificate of Merit in Recognition and Appreciation of Excellence in Poetry for World Brotherhood and Peace. He is a columnist not only for one newspaper of general circulation and, at the time of this publication he is an Editor-in-Chief to a certain newsweekly in his province.

Garcia is happily married to Milagros T. Viray-Garcia of San Simon, Pampanga
with whom he has nine (9) children, girls (Marissa, Marietta, Marianita, Mary Jane and Amapola) four of whom are boys (Marvel, Felix Jr., Marlon, Mario) and are likely to inherit
their father's love of poetry and skills in writing.

(Note: This short biographical data of Poet Laureate International FELIX M. GARCIA  was published on June 2007 weeks after the 20th World Congress of Poets held in Montgomer, Alabama, United States of America).

Ding Kayang Kinudta

 Kapampangan Watas

Felix M. Garcia


Sixteenth HD1080 (or HD1080/16) is a display resolution that is the same aspect ratio and one 16th the area of 1080 line high-definition TV resolution.

HD1080 is 1920x1080 pixels, so dividing the resolution by 4 in each axis gives 480x270 pixels. This is a computationally convenient process, as HD1080 content can be scaled down simply by summing blocks of 16 pixels and dividing by 16 (arithmetic shift right 4 bits).

HD720 is 1280x720 pixels, i.e. 2/3 the resolution of HD1080 in each axis. HD720
content thus needs to be scaled by a factor of 3/8 in each axis, producing 3x3 pixels for every 8x8 pixels in. This is not as easy as scaling HD1080 content.

In practice, these displays are made with 272 rows of pixels where it is more convenient to manufacture pixels in multiples of 8x8. It also helps image compression and decompression, which is commonly done on 8x8 or 16x16 blocks of pixels.

Applications
Sixteenth HD1080 displays are generally intended for Portable Media Players, where they are well suited to showing scaled-down HD1080 content that is the coming standard in media (e.g. Blu-ray discs).

The PlayStation Portable uses a 480x272 display, suggesting potential use as a Portable Media Player as well as a games machine.

Microsoft's Zune HD uses a 480x272 OLED display to properly scale HD video when it is being displayed on the device.

Digital imaging

Sixteenth HD1080


OMAS (an acronym for "Officina Meccanica Armando Simoni") is an Italian manufacturing company of writing implements, founded in 1925, put in liquidation in January 2016, and revived in 2018. Their products of great quality and luxury and have always been manufactured in their factory located in Bologna.

Products manufactured included fountain pens, ink and related luxury goods. In 2018, another Italian penmaker, Ancora, announced the acquisition of OMAS brand and assets and the relaunching of its products.

History
The company was founded by Armando Simoni as "Officina Meccanica Armando Simoni" (abbreviated OMAS), setting up in Bologna. Simoni also designed the tools and equipment needed to manufacturer fountain pens.

OMAS manufactured a variety of pens, the top line being the faceted "Arte Italiana" range, as well as a variety of limited edition pens. In their history, they introduced a number of cutting edge designs including the "doctor's pen" (which had a tiny built-in clinical thermometer) and the double-nibbed Itala in the 1920s and the 361 model in the late 1940s whose nib could be used as a hard writer if handled in one position and as a flexible writer in another. Their last major design innovation was the 360, a fountain pen with a triangular body to maximize grip and writing comfort, launched in 1996.

The largest size pen manufactured as a non-limited edition in their most current production was the 12-faceted Paragon, the second largest being the Milord. OMAS' product range was last updated in 2005. The Milord model became the size of the pre-2005 Paragon model. OMAS continued to release limited editions based on their earlier style of pens.

In 2000, the French company LVMH acquired OMAS from the heirs of Armando Simoni. It was the only writing instrument company in its suite of companies. In October 2007 the Hengdeli Holdings Limited of Hong Kong purchased 90% equity stake in OMAS. Xinyu had a strategic partnership with LVMH and planned to use OMAS for its expansion of luxury goods in the Asian market. The company continued to be unprofitable, and was sold to another Chinese company, O-Luxe, in 2011.

O-Luxe decided to close OMAS in November 2015 and the company entered voluntary liquidation in January 2016, ceasing all trading. The Turners Workshop Ltd, bought the remaining stock of Acrylics  Ebonite and Caseins from the factory closure

In June 2018 it was announced that Ancora, another Italian penmaker, had acquired OMAS and that production would be resumed with OMAS remaining a separate brand, retaining its classic models and using the materials inherited from the former company.

References

External links
 Official website

Manufacturing companies based in Bologna
Fountain pen and ink manufacturers
LVMH brands
Manufacturing companies established in 1925
Italian brands
Design companies established in 1925
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2016
Italian companies disestablished in 2016
Italian companies established in 1925

OMAS


Tarland (Scots Gaelic: Turlann) is a veelage in Aiberdeenshire, Scotland an is locatit five mile northwast o Abyne, an 30 mile wast o Aiberdeen. Population 540 (2004).

Tarland is hame tae the Culsh Earth House, an Iron Age belaw-grund dwellin that itherwise kent as a Souterrain.  Souterrains wur uised tae store fuid an the Culsh Earth House probably servit as a commonty cellar.

Juist sooth o Tarland is the Tomnaverie Stane Circle, a 4000-year-auld recumbent stane circle.  The laund is awned bi the MacRobert Trust an in the care o Historic Scotland.  The circle wis recently restored wi help frae a donation bi the trust.

Melgum Lodge near Tarland wis oreeginally built as a huntin lodge for the pheesician tae Queen Victoria who frequently stayed in the vicinity at Balmoral Castle.

Tarland kirk () commemorates Mo Luag, a saunt mair aften associatit wi the wast coast.

Freemit airtins
Cromar Parish Church
 Panorama of the Tomnaverie stone circle  (QuickTime required)
The MacRobert Trust

Veelages in Aiberdeenshire
Places o Scotland

Tarland


Ruthenium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Ru. It has the atomic number 44. It is a rare metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group. Ruthenium is found in platinum ores.

Ruthenium is used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys.

Transition metals

Ruthenium


"Living in the Plastic Age" (on some releases simply listed as "The Plastic Age") is a synth-pop song written, performed and produced by the Buggles. It was released as the second single from their debut album The Age of Plastic on 14 January 1980.

The B-side of the single, "Island" was written as a 'Thank You' to their record company, Island Records.

Background and composition
The lyrics of "The Plastic Age" comment on the coldness of the culture of plastic technology in the 1970s. The song is 5 minutes and 8 seconds long, and is played at a tempo of 140 beats per minute. The song begins with sounds of telephones ringing, and brief, garbled yells, before a piano, synthpop bass and drumbeat start the song. There are also vocals that build up each chorus of the song.

Trevor Horn remembers about the song:

The 7" vinyl UK and Spanish version of the single included both the album version of the song on its A-side and the song "Island" on its B-side. In Spain, the song was released as "La Edad Del Plastico".  The single's French and Netherlands 7" vinyl release included an edit version of the song on their A-side, but the song "Island" was still on the B-side of both those releases. The Canadian release of the 7" vinyl included the edit of the song on the A-side, but, instead of "Island", the song "Johnny on the Monorail" was included on the B-side.

A 2011 Japanese re-issue of The Age of Plastic album features the longer version as on the original vinyl album and also includes the shorter "single version" as a bonus track.

Commercial performance
"Living in the Plastic Age" received chart performance on the UK Singles Chart, German Media Control Charts, the Dutch Top 100 and Top 40, in Wallonia and in France. The song was the forty-fifth best-selling song of 1980 in France, with sales of under 350,000 units.

Critical reception
Critical reactions to the songs have been positive.

Contemporary
In its 1980 review, Smash Hits listed the song as one of the best tracks on parent album "The Age of Plastic", alongside "Video Killed the Radio Star".

Retrospective
Don Ignacio, in a review of The Age of Plastic, gave the song an A+, and considered the song to be a highlight of the album. Krinein magazine wrote that songs from the album, "The Plastic Age", "Kid Dynamo", "Elstree" and "Johnny on the Monorail", were "equally effective in their melodies, rhythms and harmonies." Napster's Nicholas Baker said of "The Plastic Age" as one of the songs from the album that Trevor Horn's "considerable songwriting prowess" was evident in. In an AllMusic review of the album, the song was rated an AMG pick track.

Music video
The Buggles also created an unusual, futuristic and illusion-like music video for the song.  The video, directed by Russell Mulcahy, was only rarely shown on music channels but VH1 Classic occasionally airs the video. The music video for "Living in the Plastic Age" employed bright colours, harsh source lighting, much color keying, and provocative motifs (women in body paint portraying inanimate objects). Fine Print Magazine found the video to be unmemorable. It was also the 208th and second final video aired on MTV on its first day.

The band also recorded a mimed performance of the song for Top of the Pops, originally broadcast on 24 January 1980, and a second performance 2 weeks later.

Legacy
Will Harris of PopMatters said, in a 2003 review of Supertramp's album Breakfast in America, that the song "Living in the Plastic Age" might've had a keyboard bit cribbed from "Fool's Overture".

In 2004, the Buggles reunited (including Debi Doss, Linda Allen and Bruce Wooley) at Wembley Arena to perform "Video Killed the Radio Star" and "The Plastic Age" in front of Prince Charles, Prince of Wales as part of a Prince's Trust charity concert celebrating Horn's career as a producer.

French extreme metal band Carnival in Coal covered the song for their 2005 album Collection Prestige.

The song was performed at a September 2010 Buggles reunion performance, billed as "The Lost Gig", that took place at Ladbroke Grove's Supperclub, Notting Hill, London. It was a fund raiser with all earnings going to the Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability. With the exception of "The Plastic Age" and "Video Killed the Radio Star", "The Lost Gig" saw the first live performances of all songs from The Age of Plastic.

Charts

References

External links

1979 songs
1980 singles
The Buggles songs
Songs written by Geoff Downes
Songs written by Trevor Horn
Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy
Island Records singles

Living in the Plastic Age


Anshan (or Anzan, , modern: Tal-i Malyan) was an ancient town in what was then Elam empire (today's Iran) in the province Fars. The oldest settlement may have been as early as 5500 BC.

History
Anshan was later ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty and became one of the primary cities of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Persian prince Teispes (675-640 BC) conquered the city and called himself "king of the city of Anshan"

Anshan is a big archaeological place today containing around 200 hectares. Excavations (digs) carried out by the University of Pennsylvania took place in 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978.

Cities in Fars Province
Ancient settlements

Anshan (Persia)


Orleansville Airfield was a World War II military airfield in Algeria, near Chlef, approximately 170 km southwest of Algiers.  It was a temporary airfield constructed by Army Engineers using compacted earth for its runway, parking and dispersal areas, not designed for heavy aircraft or for long-term use.  The prevailing temperatures in the area are some of the hottest in the world, making steel planking unsuitable for airfield use.

The airfield was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force 52d Fighter Group during the North African Campaign against the German Afrika Korps.  It operated from the field between 2–20 January 1943.

After the 52d moved out the airfield was dismantled. Today, there are no remaining traces of the airfield as the area around the town of Chlef has grown substantially since the war. The urban development has obliterated any trace of the airfield. It is unknown precisely where the airfield was located due to the changed landscape over the past 60 years.

References

 Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. .

 USAFHRA search for Orleansville Airfield

External links

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Algeria
World War II airfields in Algeria

Orleansville Airfield


A community association manager is a manager of a condominium or homeowners association (including single-family home subdivisions, townhouses, or mixed-use development).  The position is frequently confused with a property manager, who deals with individual rental units or a group of rental units, like an apartment complex. The community manager deals with property owners and homeowners.

People with this position are also sometimes called community managers, which is distinct from online community managers.

Types

On-site manager: This type of manager works in the community they manages.

Portfolio manager: This type of community manager oversees several communities and is often paid on a commission basis.

Large-scale manager: Typically, large scale managers are also on-site managers. The Community Associations Institute offers certification for Large-scale managers and notes the following description: This designation allows a professional holding the PCAM (Professional Community Association Manager) designation to specialize in issues facing larger community associations. To be considered for this designation, the candidate must already be a manager of a large-scale community of over 1200 units,  and a budget of at least $1.5m.

Florida

The state of Florida requires community association managers to hold a license. Performing duties as a CAM without a license is a violation of Florida statutes.

Credentials
Organizations like the Community Associations Institute offer rigorous courses for professional managers to obtain their certification. The Community Association Managers International Certification Board's (CAMICB) (A different organization) provides internationally accredited certifications. Some common certifications include Certified Manager of Community Associations (CMCA) offered through the CAMICB, Association Management Specialist (AMS), and Professional Community Association Manager (PCAM).  Being able to find a professional management company is an important task for many board members.

References

Community and social services occupations
Business occupations

Community association manager


Gaurabda is the name of the moon calendar used by Gaudiya Vaishnavism as part of the liturgy.

It is used as the main calendar of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.

Following Gaudiya Vaisnava tradition, the years are counted from the birth (traditionally known as the "appearance" day) of Śrī Caitanya Mahaprabhu. Lord Caitanya, widely recognized as the incarnation of Krishna, is also known as Gaura, so the year is called "Gaurabda," or "the year of Lord Caitanya."

Reasons to follow a lunar calendar

Most scholars who have analyzed the two traditional Indian calendar systems, both lunar and solar, have concluded that the lunar system is the more ancient. The lunar phases are known to influence agriculture, and according to scriptures like Manu-samhita (The laws of Manu), they also influence more subtle aspects of human life. In the Vaisnava calendar the times for various celebrations are determined by the lunar tithi, sometimes with naksatra and other elements of the calendar taken into account.

Traditional and modern methods of calculation
Traditionally the astronomical calculations needed to make a Pancanga were done according to an astronomical text such as Surya Siddhanta. The methods described in Surya Siddhanta are similar to modern astronomical methods for ascertaining the positions of the planets.

The main difference is that Surya Siddhanta has a simpler model. Such a model enables practical manual calculation. Observatory instruments could be built without high technology and were used regularly to check that manual calculations tallied with observable reality. When a difference appeared after some time, corrections were made to the astronomical constants in the formulas. With this system, fairly good results were obtainable even though the astronomical model was simple. Its accuracy cannot be compared to that obtained by modern methods, but for the creation of calendars and for the scientific purpose of astrology it sufficed.

Currently a computer program is used to provide formulas that give an accuracy of 1 minute of arc for the longitude of the sun and 2 minutes of arc for the longitude of the moon. When determining ending times of tithis, these errors can result in a maximum error of 5 minutes of time. The average error is about 3 minutes. Such an error will report an Ekadasi (the eleventh tithi) on the wrong date roughly once every 20 years.

Names of months

Each month, or "masa," is known by a name of Visnu.

The months, the Sanskrit names by which they are commonly known in India, and their rough equivalents according to the Gregorian calendar are listed as follows:

Ekadasi
When to observe Ekadasi

Ekadasi, the eleventh tithi, has special importance. In the scripture Caitanya-caritamrta, Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu instructs Sanatana Goswami regarding the Vaisnava regulative principles (Caitanya-caritamrta, Madhya-lila 24.342):

"You should recommend the avoidance of mixed [viddha] Ekadasi and the performance of pure Ekadasi. You should also describe the fault in not observing this. One should be very careful as far as these items are concerned. If one is not careful, one will be negligent in executing devotional service."
As described in Hari Bhakti Vilasa, viddha (mixed) Ekadasi takes place when the eleventh tithi starts before sunrise but the tenth tithi still presides at the beginning of brahma muhurta (the auspicious period that starts an hour and a half before sunrise).

On Ekadasi it is traditional to fast. But under certain conditions, called mahadvadasi, one fasts not on the Ekadasi but on the next day, the dvadasi, even though the Ekadasi is suddha,
or pure, and not viddha, or mixed. There are eight mahadvadasis.

The calendars produced by this program make it easy to see when to observe Ekadasi. The Ekadasi fast should be observed on the day called suddha (pure) Ekadasi, or alternatively on
Mahadvadasi, even if the previous day is called Ekadasi. All this is clarified by the asterisk (*), which indicates a fast, at the right margin of the printed computer generated calendar.

"Break fast 05:18 - 09:34" and "Daylight-savings not considered"

To complete the proper observance of Ekadasi, the next morning one should end the fast after the first time given in the calendar and before the second time. The calendar gives these
times according to the standard time of the place for which the calendar is made.

During the summer, many locations do not follow standard time, but instead move their clocks an hour ahead (or sometimes more) to make more use of the hours of daylight.

Links and terminology
 Kali yuga
 Yugas
 Panchangam (Almanac)

Calculations

References

External links
Vaishnava Calendar Online

Vaishnavism
Hindu calendar

Gaurabda


N-Ethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-2-aminoindane (ETAI) is a psychoactive drug and research chemical with putative entactogenic effects. It functions as a selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA). ETAI is the aminoindane analogue of fenfluramine and is approximately 50% as neurotoxic in comparison.

References

2-Aminoindanes
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Serotonin releasing agents
Entactogens and empathogens

Ethyltrifluoromethylaminoindane


Leiv Amundsen (30 May 1898 – 25 June 1987) was a Norwegian librarian and philologist.

He was born in Tjøme as a son of sailmaker Carl Amundsen (1851–1916) and Henrikke Elise Andersen (1857–1923). He attended upper secondary school in Drammen, and worked at the University Library of Oslo at the same time as studying classical philology at the Royal Frederick University. He never actually graduated from the university, but was instead promoted manager of the manuscript collection at the University Library in 1923. He specialized in papyrology, first as the assistant of Samson Eitrem. He was a research fellow with Rockefeller grants from 1926 to 1929, and studied abroad. Among others he was a part of the University of Michigan Archaeological Expedition in Karanis, and published Greek Ostraca in the University of Michigan Collection. Part I. Texts in 1935. He took the dr.philos. degree in 1933, and was hired as a docent at the Royal Frederick University in 1935. He was promoted to professor in 1946. Amundsen was also secretary-general of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1954 to 1961. He had been a fellow of the Academy since 1935. He retired in 1968.

Throughout his career he published diaries and letters of Bernhard Herre, Camilla Collett, Peter Jonas Collett and Henrik Wergeland. In 1976 he co-published the correspondence between Johan Ernst Gunnerus and Carl von Linné between 1761 and 1772. He also published the two-volume history of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, in 1957 and 1960, and wrote large parts of the two-volume work on the University of Oslo from 1911 to 1961. He also contributed significantly to the first edition of Norsk biografisk leksikon, and edited Gyldendals nye konversasjonsleksikon, issued in four editions between 1948 and 1958.

From May 1928 Amundsen was married to Inger Sandberg (1898–1985). He died in June 1987 in Bærum. He had lived at Stabekk and Capralhaugen.

References

1898 births
1987 deaths
People from Tjøme
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Librarians from Oslo
Norwegian philologists
Classical philologists
Papyrologists
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
University of Michigan people
20th-century philologists

Leiv Amundsen


The Temples Historic District encompasses a distinctive collection of Greek Revival houses on Madison Street in the rural village of North Anson, Maine.  Built between about 1844 and 1858 were four houses in a row, three of which exhibit classical Greek temple-front facades, and assemblage that is unique in the rural interior of the state.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Description and history
The village of North Anson is located on the north bank of the Carrabassett River, shortly before it empties into the Kennebec River in southern Somerset County, Maine.  Madison Street extends eastward from the village center.  On the south side of Madison Street stand four houses that are remarkably similar in construction and style.  Three stand to the west of Winter Street, and one to the east.  All are 1-1/2 stories in height, with wood framing and clapboard siding.  All have a front-facing gable roof, and three of them have a Greek temple portico supported by three Doric columns.  The two westernmost houses are virtually identical, with a detailed Doric entablature encircling the eave and an ornamented Greek Revival entrance surround.  The house at the eastern end is similar to these, but has less detailing on the entablature and entrance surround.  The fourth house lacks a temple front, although it may at one time have had one.  It has thick pilasters at the corners and a simple entablature, and is fronted by a Colonial Revival porch.  Its front facade is also finished in flushboard, and there is an Italianate round-arch window in the gable.

The exact date of construction of the houses is not known, nor is the identity of the (likely single) builder. They were probably built between about 1844 and 1852, late in the Greek Revival period.  The house with Italianate features was owned by a carpenter, Ebenezer F. Witherill, and the other three were owned by businessmen and merchants.  It is surmised that Witherill built all four houses, and added the Italianate features to his own house (removing its temple front) to showcase architectural fashion trends.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Somerset County, Maine

References

Greek Revival houses in Maine
Italianate architecture in Maine
Buildings and structures completed in 1844
Buildings and structures in Somerset County, Maine
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, Maine

Temples Historic District


Charles Patrick Hogan is an American novelist, screenwriter, and television producer. He is best known as the author of Prince of Thieves, and as the co-author of The Strain trilogy with Guillermo del Toro. Alongside del Toro, Hogan created the television series The Strain (2014–2017), adapting their trilogy of vampire novels.

Hogan also wrote the crime novels The Standoff (1995), The Blood Artists (1998), The Killing Moon (2007), and The Devils In Exiles (2010), and the screenplay for the war film 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (2016).

Prince of Thieves (2004) was adapted into Ben Affleck's Academy Award-nominated film The Town (2010). The work won the 2005 Hammett Prize and was called one of the ten best novels of the year by Stephen King.

Bibliography
The Standoff (1995)
The Blood Artists (1998)
Prince of Thieves (2004)
The Killing Moon (2007)
The Devils In Exile (2010)

The Strain trilogy
The Strain (with Guillermo del Toro) (2009)
The Fall (with Guillermo del Toro) (2010)
The Night Eternal (with Guillermo del Toro) (2011)

Filmography

References

1967 births
Living people
Novelists from Boston
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American mystery writers
American horror writers
Boston College alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers

Chuck Hogan


Subscript is the text which a small letter/number is written after a particular letter/number. It hangs below its letter or number. It is used when writing chemical compounds. An example of subscript is N2.

Superscript is the small letter / number above a particular letter / number. An example of superscript is 25. The number 5 above the number 2 is an example of superscript. Superscript can be used for exponents in mathematics.

Typing subscripts
In word-processing computer programs like Microsoft Word, the shortcut key for subscripts is Ctrl+= .
You can use Subscript and superscript generators to turn regular text into super/subscript.

Typography

Subscript and superscript