The Jena Six were six black teenagers in Jena, Louisiana, convicted in the 2006 beating of Justin Barker, a white student at the local Jena High School, which they also attended. Barker was injured on December 4, 2006, by the members of the Jena Six, and received treatment at an emergency room. While the case was pending, it was often cited by some media commentators as an example of racial injustice in the United States. Some commentators believed that the defendants had been charged initially with too-serious offenses and had been treated unfairly.

A number of events had taken place in and around Jena in the months before the Barker assault, which the media have associated with an alleged escalation of local racial tensions. These events included: the hanging of rope nooses from a tree in the high school courtyard, two violent confrontations between white and black youths, and the destruction by fire of the main building of Jena High School. Extensive news coverage related to the Jena Six often reported these events as linked. Federal and parish attorneys concluded from their investigations that assessment was inaccurate for some of the events; for instance, the burning of the high school was an attempt to destroy grade records.

Six students—Robert Bailey, then aged 17; Mychal Bell, then 16; Carwin Jones, then 18; Bryant Purvis, then 17; Jesse Ray Beard, then 14; and Theo Shaw, then 17—were arrested for the assault of Barker. Mychal Bell was initially convicted as an adult of aggravated battery and conspiracy to commit aggravated battery. His convictions were overturned on the grounds that he should have been tried as a juvenile. Before a retrial in juvenile court, Bell pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of simple battery. The other five defendants later pleaded "no contest" to the same offense and were convicted.

The Jena Six case sparked protests by people who considered the arrests and subsequent charges, initially attempted second-degree murder, as excessive and racially discriminatory. The protesters asserted that white Jena youths involved in similar incidents were treated more leniently. On September 20, 2007, between 15,000 and 20,000 protesters marched on Jena in what was described as the "largest civil rights demonstration in years". Related protests were held in other US cities on the same day. Subsequent reactions included songs alluding to the Jena Six, numerous editorials and opinion columns, and congressional hearings.

Background to the assault

Jena High School is located in the town of Jena, Louisiana, which has about 3,000 people. Some early reporting indicated that students of different races seldom sat together, for instance in the cafeteria, although this has been disputed.  According to early reports of the school environment, black students when outside typically sat on bleachers near the auditorium, while white students sat under a large tree in the center of the school courtyard, referred to as the "white tree" or "prep tree". According to some of the school's teachers and administrators, the tree in question was not a "white tree", and students of all races had sat under it at one time or another.

At a school assembly held on August 31, 2006, a black male freshman asked the principal whether he could sit under the tree. According to Donald Washington, United States Attorney for the Western District of Louisiana, the principal said the question was posed in a "jocular fashion". The principal told the students they could "sit wherever they wanted". CNN reported that the freshman and his friends sat under the tree.

Noose hanging
The following morning, students and staff discovered rope nooses hanging from the tree; reports differ as to whether there were two or three nooses. A black teacher described seeing both white and black students "playing with [the nooses], pulling on them, jump-swinging from them, and putting their heads through them" that same day. Craig Franklin, assistant editor of The Jena Times, said the nooses were hung as a prank by three students directed at white members of the school rodeo team. The school's investigating committee had concluded that "the three young teens had no knowledge that nooses symbolize the terrible legacy of the lynchings of countless blacks in American history". The names of those who hung the nooses were not publicly disclosed.

Repercussions
The school disciplinary process that followed is unclear. It was reported that the principal, Scott Windham, learned that three white students were responsible and recommended expulsion, that the board of education overruled his recommendation, and that school superintendent Roy Breithaupt agreed with the overruling. It was initially reported that the punishment was reduced to three days of in-school suspension. Under the district's Crisis Management Policy Procedures, the three students were isolated at an alternative school "for about a month", spent two weeks on in-school suspension, served Saturday detentions, had to attend Discipline Court, were referred to Families in Need of Services, and had to have an evaluation before they were able to return to school.

The school superintendent was quoted as saying, "Adolescents play pranks. I don't think it was a threat against anybody". Black residents of Jena have said that this comment stoked racial tensions leading to subsequent events.

According to US Attorney Donald Washington, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigators found that the hanging of the nooses "had all the markings of a hate crime". But, it could not be prosecuted as such since juveniles are rarely prosecuted in the federal system, and this offense did not meet departmental standards for charges to be brought. La Salle Parish District Attorney J. Reed Walters stated that Washington had found no federal statute under which the teens could be prosecuted, just as he had found no applicable state statute. Walters opined: "The people that [hung the nooses] should be ashamed of what they unleashed on this town".

The school called police to the school in the days after the noose incident. The principal called an assembly on September 6, 2006. The Jena Police Department asked Parish Attorney Walters to attend and speak at the assembly. Already pressed for time due to a case under preparation, Walters felt that the students were not paying proper attention to him. He warned them, "I can be your best friend or your worst enemy. With the stroke of a pen I can make life miserable for you or ruin your life. So I want you to call me before you do something stupid". Though black students say Walters was looking at them when he made the comments, Walters and school board member Billy Fowler, also present, deny it. Walters said that he was irritated at "two or three girls, white girls, [who] were chit-chatting on their cellphones or playing with their cellphones".

School arson, fight, and confrontation
On November 30, 2006, the main building of the high school was destroyed by arson. Although it would be many months before the perpetrators were known, the news media later widely cited the fire as a racially charged event leading up to the assault on Barker. On December 28, 2007, LaSalle Parish Sheriff- elect Scott Franklin announced that an investigation had shown that the fire was set in an effort to destroy grade records in the building and to close the school for a time. Six male suspects (three juveniles and three adults) had been arrested, and two more adult males were being sought. Franklin indicated that the fire was not racially motivated, and had no connection to the Jena Six.  Two of the arson defendants pleaded guilty, and were sentenced to ten years in prison, with restitution ordered in the amount of $10 million.

On December 1, 2006, a private party was held at the Jena Fair Barn. Bailey and four other black youths tried to enter the party at about 11:00 p.m. According to U.S. Attorney Washington, they were told by a woman that no one was allowed inside without an invitation. The youths persisted, stating that some friends were already at the party. A white male, who was not a student, moved in front of the woman and a fight ensued. After the fight broke up, the woman told both the white male and the black students to leave the party. Once outside, the black students were involved in another fight with a group of white males who were not students. Justin Sloan, a white male, was charged with battery for his role in the fight and was put on probation. Bailey later said that one of the white males broke a beer bottle over his head, but there are no records of Bailey receiving medical treatment.

The following day, an incident occurred at the Gotta Go convenience store, outside Jena in unincorporated LaSalle Parish, between Matt Windham and three black youths, including Bailey. Law enforcement reported that their accounts contradicted each other. Windham alleged that Bailey and his friends chased him, that he ran to get his gun, and that the students wrestled it away from him. According to the black students, as they left the convenience store, they were confronted by Windham with a shotgun. They said they wrestled the gun away from him and fled the scene. Bailey was charged with disturbing the peace, second-degree robbery, and theft of a firearm.

Attack on Barker
A group of black students punched, kicked, and stomped on a white 17-year-old Jena High School student, Justin Barker, on December 4, 2006. At first the black attackers claimed that they beat victim Justin Barker because he made a racist joke, but subsequently they advanced the explanation they beat him because they encountered three nooses. Superintendent Breithaupt described the battery as a "premeditated ambush and attack by six students against one. The victim attacked was beaten and kicked into a state of bloody unconsciousness". Barker was released from a local emergency room after three hours of treatment and observation for a concussion and an eye that had swollen shut. The emergency physician's record shows that he also had injuries to his face, ears, and hand. He  attended his school's class ring ceremony and dance that evening. He later testified, "I waited 11 years to go to it. I wasn't going to let that get in my way". He left the dance early due to pain. During the trial, Barker testified that his face was badly swollen after the attack and that he suffered a loss of vision in one eye for three weeks. He said that he has suffered recurring headaches and forgetfulness since the attack.

US Attorney Washington stated he did not believe the noose incident and the beatings were related. Walters likewise said that he believed there was no link between the noose incident and the beating. "When this case was brought to me and during our investigation and during the trial, there was no such linkage ever suggested. This compact story line has only been suggested after the fact." Although Washington believed that both the noose hangings and the Barker battery were symptoms of racial tension, he has also said that there was no apparent lingering anger among students at the school after the nooses were found.

Criminal cases
Law enforcement arrested six students, eventually dubbed the "Jena Six", who were accused in the attack on Barker. Five of them (Robert Bailey, Jr., then 17; Mychal Bell, then 16; Carwin Jones, then 18; Bryant Purvis, then 17; and Theo Shaw, then 17) were charged with attempted murder. The sixth student, Jesse Ray Beard (also known as Jesse Rae Beard), was charged as a juvenile. Walters charged Mychal Bell as an adult, although he was only 16, because of his previous criminal record and because Walters believed Bell initiated the attack.

Mychal Bell proceedings
District Judge J. P. Mauffray, Jr. presided over Bell's trial. On the first day of trial, June 26, 2007, Walters reduced the charges to aggravated second-degree battery and conspiracy to commit aggravated second-degree battery. The charge of aggravated battery requires the use of a "dangerous weapon", and Walters argued that the tennis shoes worn by Bell while allegedly kicking Barker were dangerous weapons. A number of witnesses testified that they saw Bell strike Barker, while other witnesses were unsure Bell was involved at all.

Before the trial began, public defender Blane Williams had urged Bell to accept a plea bargain. At trial he rested the defense case without calling any witnesses or offering any evidence. The six members of Bell's jury were all white. The 150-person jury pool included black citizens, who make up 10 percent of the parish's population, but none of the 50 potential jurors who showed up was black. Williams did not challenge the composition of the jury pool.

The jury found Bell guilty, and he faced the possibility of up to 22 years in prison. The judge scheduled sentencing for September 20, 2007. Bell's new defense attorneys, Bob Noel, Walter Lee Perkins Jr., Peggy Sullivan, Louis Scott and Carol Powell-Lexing, requested a new trial on the grounds that Bell should not have been tried as an adult. A request to lower Bell's $90,000 bond was denied on August 24, 2007, due to his juvenile record. Bell had been put on probation for a battery that occurred December 25, 2005. While on probation, he was convicted of another battery charge and two charges of criminal damage to property. One of the battery charges was reportedly for punching a 17-year-old girl in the face. The media had initially reported that Bell had no prior criminal record. On September 4, 2007, Judge Mauffray vacated the conspiracy conviction on the grounds that Bell should have been tried as a juvenile, but he let the battery conviction stand. Bell appealed his conviction, principally on the ground that he had been improperly tried as an adult. On September 14, 2007, Louisiana's Third Circuit Court of Appeals overturned Bell's battery conviction, agreeing that this remaining charge was not among those for which a juvenile may be tried as an adult.

Following the appellate ruling, on September 21, 2007, Judge Mauffray denied the request for Bell to be eligible for bail pending possible further appeal. On September 26, Parish Attorney Walters announced that the prosecution would not appeal the appellate ruling, but would try Bell as a juvenile. Bell was released on $45,000 bond, subject to electronic monitoring and under the supervision of a probation officer.

On October 11, 2007, Mauffray found that Bell had violated the terms of his probation for previous convictions. The judge sentenced Bell to 18 months in a juvenile facility on two counts of simple battery and two counts of criminal destruction of property, and Bell was taken into custody. According to Walters, the matter was unrelated to the assault on Barker, and it had not been referred to during the Barker proceedings. The defense filed a motion to dismiss the Barker charges on the ground that retrying Bell would amount to double jeopardy. On November 8, 2007, Mauffray denied the motion.

Bell's retrial in the Barker assault was scheduled for December 6. Three days before the trial began, he pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of battery, and was sentenced to 18 months in a juvenile facility, with credit for time served. He agreed to testify against any of the other assault defendants at trial. All appeals were dropped as part of the plea agreement.

Remaining defendants
On September 4, 2007, charges against Carwin Jones and Theo Shaw were reduced to aggravated second-degree battery and conspiracy, as were those of Robert Bailey, Jr. on September 10. Bryant Purvis was arraigned on reduced charges of aggravated battery and conspiracy to commit aggravated battery on November 7, 2007, and pleaded not guilty. Because Louisiana law considers seventeen-year-olds to be adults for purposes of criminal culpability, the charges for these four were unaffected by the appellate ruling overturning Bell's conviction.

Proceedings were on hold for some time pending resolution of various motions to require Mauffray to recuse himself. On July 31, 2008, Mauffray was removed from the cases by Judge Thomas Yeager for making questionable comments about the defendants.  The Louisiana Supreme Court assigned Judge Yeager to hear the five remaining cases by order signed August 4, 2008. Walters appealed the recusal order, but his appeal was dismissed on March 4, 2009, as moot, or no longer relevant, as Mauffray had left the bench at the end of 2008.

On June 26, 2009, the remaining five defendants entered pleas of "no contest" to a charge of simple battery.  The court found them guilty as charged, and sentenced each to a fine of $500 (waived in regards to Shaw due to the time he spent in jail), $500 to be paid as court costs, restitution to be paid to the Barker family (with whom the defendants were ordered to have no contact), and seven days of unsupervised probation.  The defendants' lawyers read a statement apologizing to the Barker family and to the town. Addressing the rumors that the attack had been provoked by Barker using a racial epithet, they said on behalf of the defendants:

To be clear, not one of us heard Justin use any slur or say anything that justified Mychal Bell attacking Justin nor did any of us see Justin do anything that would cause Mychal to react.

Yeager, who presided over the plea and sentencing, also ordered the youths to avoid criminal activity, and not to disavow the statement made on their behalf in court.  On June 26, it was announced that the civil case by Barker against the Jena Six members had been settled on undisclosed terms. His civil case against the school board was pending.

Media coverage

News coverage
Initially, the Jena Six were largely ignored by the United States national media, though covered locally and within Louisiana. Both The Jena Times and The Town Talk (a regional newspaper published in Alexandria, Louisiana) covered the story from its inception. A number of African-American bloggers also covered the story before there was mainstream national press coverage. The first piece on the case to be published by an outside source ran on May 9, 2007, in Left Turn, a small alternative news magazine.

The first mainstream US print media outlet to cover the matter was the Chicago Tribune, whose Southwest Bureau Chief, Howard Witt, wrote a piece covering the story on May 20. Witt had received a summary of the situation from Alan Bean, a Texas minister who had founded the advocacy group Friends of Justice. The group sent its document to other reporters and bloggers. In it Bean demanded that outside authorities, not those in LaSalle Parish, deal with the case, and that no incarceration of the defendants occur. Britain's The Observer also featured an article on the case on May 20.

A segment on a BBC program This World followed on May 24. The case began to receive more extensive national media coverage in July 2007, with CNN interviewing Jena residents and parents of those involved. Given the racial history of the Deep South, many news reports from Jena evoked the Civil Rights Movement, referred to historic lynching, or Jim Crow.

Some sources pointed to inaccurate reporting by the media. The Associated Press published an article noting the various reporting errors that have been made, including whether the tree was a "white tree", the number of nooses, and the discipline given to the noose-hanging students. Based on this, MTV posted a retraction for incorrect information that it had reported on the case from other news sources.

Columnists and editorials
Many major editorial pages and columnists have been sympathetic to the supporters of the Jena Six. They have used the case to discuss broader trends of racism in the US criminal justice system and to call for a renewed civil rights movement. Most editorials were published around the time of the Jena rally. The New York Post, in a September 23, 2007, editorial, stated "it's impossible to examine the case of the so-called Jena Six without concluding that these black teens have been the victims of a miscarriage of justice, with a clearly racial double standard at work". Byron Williams, writing on the Huffington Post, was one of several to cite the Urban League's 2005 finding that the average black male convicted of aggravated assault serves 48 months in prison, one-third longer than a comparable white man. The 2005 report also found that a black male who is arrested is three times more likely to go to jail than a white male arrested for the same crime. Citing the same statistics, syndicated columnist Clarence Page wrote that "The best legacy for the Jena 6 march would be a new movement, dedicated this time to the reduction and elimination of unequal justice wherever it appears. I don't care who leads it, but it shouldn't be for blacks only". Writing in The New York Times, Professor Orlando Patterson of Harvard University used the case to highlight the use of the prison system as a means of "controlling young black men", which is one factor in a broader "crisis in relations between men and women of all classes and, as a result, the catastrophic state of black family life".

Other columnists have argued that inaccuracies in the media coverage unfairly tarnish the town and have led to a national overreaction, part of the tendency in the 24-hour news cycle. Dallas Morning News columnist Heather MacDonald, while condemning the noose hangings as a "despicable provocation", said that "the media, the (race) advocates and pandering politicians have erupted in an outpouring of seeming joy at the alleged proof that America remains a racist country". In a column in the Kansas City Star, Jason Whitlock drew attention to what he called factual inaccuracies in reporting of the story. He focused on the piece circulated by Bean to news outlets, "Bean's story is framed—by his own admission—as an indictment of the criminal justice system and the people in power in Jena and, therefore, the story is unfairly biased". Craig Franklin, assistant editor of The Jena Times, who says that he is the only writer to have covered this story from its inception, wrote in The Christian Science Monitor, "I have never before witnessed such a disgrace in professional journalism. Myths replaced facts ... the truth about Jena will eventually be known".

Public response
The case provoked reactions that the charges against the Jena Six were disproportionate and racially motivated. Supporters of the Jena Six circulated online petitions, raised money for legal defense, and held a demonstration in Jena on September 20, 2007. This event attracted thousands marching in protest.

Rallies

Rallies in support of the Jena Six were held in Jena on September 20, 2007, the date upon which Bell was scheduled for sentencing. An estimated 15,000 to 20,000 demonstrators attended the rally that day, severely overtaxing the facilities of the small town. Protesters took buses from such distant cities as Los Angeles and Washington, DC. Because of the congestion on the roads leading to Jena, many protesters left their vehicles and continued into town on foot. Attendees included civil rights activists Jesse Jackson, Al Sharpton, and Martin Luther King III, and rappers Mos Def and Salt-n-Pepa. Rapper-actor Ice Cube attended and financially supported the rally. Darryl Hunt, an African American who was wrongfully convicted of the rape and murder of a young white newspaper reporter in 1984, was scheduled as a keynote speaker. The demonstrators were addressed by Darryl Matthews, General President of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, who said, "It is sobering to know that in 2007 Martin Luther King's dream of equal treatment, respect, fairness and opportunity is still not realized".

Artistic tributes
Several songs have been produced in response to the Jena Six case. John Mellencamp released a song and video called "Jena", with lyrics such as "Jena, take your nooses down" which gained considerable media attention, and which Mellencamp described as a "condemnation of racism". The video juxtaposes images of Jena, the high school, and the tree with video from the 1960s, including civil rights marchers and police beatings, video of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. speaking, and an image of a black man in shackles. The song and video led to Jena's mayor, Murphy R. McMillan, issuing a statement rebutting the accusations he believed were expressed and implied in the video. An episode of the Salt-N-Pepa Show on VH1 was filmed at the Jena rally. Bomani Armah released a song called "Jena 6".

Blood at the Root is a play written by Dominique Morisseau about the Jena 6. Blood at the Root premiered on March 28, 2014 at Penn State Center Stage. The story is told through the lens of one of the Jena 6's sister, who also attended the high school. The audience is able to experience the series of events that led up to the convictions from multiple students' unique perspective. It has toured internationally and has been described as "catalyzing conversations on difficult and essential questions of race and justice".

Other reactions

Many online petitions have circulated calling for various actions in response to the Jena Six case. Online advocacy group Color of Change, which had previously advocated for victims of Hurricane Katrina, called for District Attorney Walters to drop all charges and for Governor Kathleen Blanco to investigate his conduct.  Color of Change raised more than $212,000 for the Jena Six legal defense, largely through online donations. While the NAACP provided a link to the fund through its website, initially, the donation link on the NAACP Jena Six support page steered potential donors to the generic NAACP donation page, with no way to designate funds for the Jena Six. Black bloggers objected, and several days later, the link was altered to reach the defense fund.

The Southern Poverty Law Center represented Beard, hired local defense counsel to represent Bailey, and helped coordinate the overall defense strategy.

In the months following the Jena Six rally, controversy arose about accounting and dispersal of the legal defense funds. Questions about the money were first sparked by photos posted on Robert Bailey's former MySpace account, which show him with quantities of hundred dollar bills stuffed in his mouth. The controversy expanded when radio host Michael Baisden accused Color of Change of being "shady" with their use of the funds. Color of Change responded to the accusations by posting links to canceled checks on their web site. In his November 10 report, Chicago Tribune correspondent Howard Witt noted that Color of Change was the only national civil rights group to be fully transparent with their use of the funds. But Witt raised broader questions about the funds, which totaled more than half a million dollars. He reported that attorneys for Bell claimed that they have yet to receive any money from him, and that the six families had refused to publicly account for the donations.

On September 22, 2007, the FBI opened an investigation of a white supremacist website that listed the addresses of five of the Jena Six and the telephone numbers of some of their families "in case anyone wants to deliver justice". An FBI spokeswoman said the agency believed that the website "essentially called for their lynching". Civil rights advocate Al Sharpton has said that some of the families have continually received threatening and harassing phone calls.

Later developments
On September 25, 2007, Representative John Conyers (D), Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, announced that he would hold congressional hearings on what he described as "the miscarriages of justice that have occurred in Jena, Louisiana", with the goal of pressuring the United States Department of Justice into taking action. The hearing took place on October 16, 2007; Washington and Sharpton, among others, testified. Walters was invited to testify but declined. Most Republican members of the committee declined to attend. Representative Sheila Jackson Lee (D-Texas) said to Washington and other Justice Department officials, "Shame on you. ... As a parent, I'm on the verge of tears," and said, "I want to know what you're going to do to get Mychal Bell out of jail!" US Attorney Washington responded that the federal government had a limited role to play in the matter.

Representative Lee and other members of the Congressional Black Caucus called upon outgoing Louisiana Governor Blanco to pardon the Jena Six on December 19, 2007, stating that "we believe Mychal Bell and the Jena 6 have paid a sufficient debt to society for any transgressions they may have committed". Blanco's office responded that she cannot grant pardons without a recommendation from the state Pardon Board, and no meeting of that body was scheduled during her remaining term of office. Walters commented that Representative Lee's "passion for racial equality is admirable, but her grasp of the facts is not". He indicated that the attack on Barker was not just a schoolyard fight "but rather an unprovoked, unforeseen assault on a young man who had nothing to do with the hanging of the nooses". Governor Blanco's term of office ended without any pardons being granted.

On July 31, 2007, the school had the controversial tree cut down. School Board member Fowler said, "There's nothing positive about that old tree. It's all negative. And I'm serving on the new School Board, and we're wanting to start fresh on some things". According to Fowler, the tree would have had to have been cut down to make way for the rebuilding of the school after the fire. Others thought that taking down the tree was not an effective way to address any problems of racism in Jena. "Cutting down that beautiful tree won't solve the problem at hand," said Caseptla Bailey, Robert Bailey's mother. "It still happened".  The remains of the building have been cleared, and a bid accepted for the reconstruction.

Jones and Purvis attended the BET Hip Hop Awards in Atlanta on October 13, 2007, and were invited to present the award for Video of the Year. When the two defendants came out on stage, they were greeted by a standing ovation. Emcee Katt Williams joked, "They don't look so tough, do they?" The two members delivered speeches thanking family, friends, the "Hip-Hop Nation", and those who came to Jena.

Justin Barker and his parents filed a civil suit on November 29, 2007, against the parents of those accused of beating him, the adult members of the Jena Six (as of the time of the attack), an additional student named Malcolm Shaw, and the LaSalle Parish School Board. Barker's medical bills from his emergency room visit totaled more than $5,000. The lawsuit alleges that the LaSalle Parish School Board inadequately supervised students and failed to maintain discipline. The Barkers also allege that the school board did not implement a plan to "discourage the dangerous activity of threatening and attacking other students while in possession of actual knowledge of said threats and prior attacks while the students are on school grounds".

The case was on hold pending resolution of the criminal cases. When the Barkers' attorney learned that Jesse Ray Beard was using defense funds (which might be garnished under a civil suit) to pay for private school, he decided to push ahead with the case. Following a motion by Bell's civil attorney to recuse Mauffray in the civil case, proceedings were put on hold again pending appointment of a judge to hear that recusal motion.  Mauffray subsequently retired. On March 16, 2009, Judge Ronald Lewellyan was assigned to hear the civil case.  On June 26, 2009, Judge Lewellyan approved a settlement of Barker's claims against the Jena Six, though the claim against the school board remained pending.

Jena Six's subsequent activities

On August 6, Judge Yeager terminated Beard's probation (he remained under the conditions of his bail release in the Barker incident) so he could attend the Canterbury School in Connecticut. Half of the $39,900 annual tuition was paid for with Jena Six defense fund money. At Canterbury, Beard played on the basketball, baseball, and football teams and graduated in 2010.

On May 10, Bell was stopped in Olla, Louisiana, for speeding and not having proper vehicle insurance while on a weekend pass from his sentence. In an interview televised on CNN on August 24, 2008, Bell admitted to having struck Barker in 2006 and described Jena as "a real racist town". On August 27, 2008, the Louisiana High School Athletic Association turned down Bell's request for an extra year of athletic eligibility. Marcus Jones, Bell's father, blamed Bell's attorney at the time of the plea agreement for the denial. "If it weren't for his attorney, Mychal would be able to play football", Jones said. "They coerced him into taking that plea agreement. If he wouldn't have taken that plea, he wouldn't be in the position he's in now". In 2014, Bell was attending Southern University in Baton Rouge.

Robert Bailey attended high school at Shaw High School in Columbus, Georgia, where he was granted an extra year's eligibility to play football.

Theo Shaw was able to attend classes at another high school and have his credits transferred to Jena. He received a Jena High School diploma although he took part in the graduation ceremony at the other school. On June 3, 2018, he graduated from  the University of Washington School of Law, having received a full scholarship as a Gates Public Service Law Scholar.

References

External links

 FAQ of the case and local coverage from The Town Talk (Alexandria, Louisiana)
 The Washington Post page on the Jena Six controversy
 NPR coverage of the Jena Six
 Gabriel J. Chin, The Jena Six and the History of Racially Compromised Justice in Louisiana, 44 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 361 (2009).

December 2006 crimes in the United States
African-American people
People convicted of battery
American people convicted of assault
Crimes in Louisiana
Quantified groups of defendants
Juvenile law
LaSalle Parish, Louisiana
21st-century American trials
Post–civil rights era in African-American history
2006 controversies in the United States

Jena Six


Arthur Lee Conley (January 4, 1946 – November 17, 2003), also known in later years as Lee Roberts, was an American soul singer, best known for the 1967 hit "Sweet Soul Music".

Early  life
Conley was born in McIntosh County, Georgia, U.S., and grew up in Atlanta. He first recorded in 1959 as the lead singer of Arthur & the Corvets. With this group, he released three singles in 1963 and 1964—"Poor Girl", "I Believe", and "Flossie Mae"—on the Atlanta-based record label, NRC Records.

Biography and career
In 1964, he moved to a new label (Baltimore's Ru-Jac Records) and released "I'm a Lonely Stranger". When Otis Redding heard this, he asked Conley to record a new version, which was released on Redding's own fledgling label Jotis Records, as only its second release.  Conley met Redding in 1967. Together they rewrote the Sam Cooke song "Yeah Man" into "Sweet Soul Music", which, at Redding's insistence, was released on the Atco-distributed label Fame Records, and was recorded at FAME studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. It proved to be a massive hit, going to the number two position on the U.S. charts and the Top Ten across much of Europe. "Sweet Soul Music" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.

After several years of hit singles in the early 1970s, he relocated to England in 1975, and spent several years in Belgium, settling in Amsterdam (Netherlands) in spring 1977. At the beginning of 1980 he had some major performances as Lee Roberts and the Sweaters in the Ganzenhoef, Paradiso, De Melkweg and the Concertgebouw, and was highly successful. At the end of 1980 he moved to the Dutch town of Ruurlo legally changing his name to Lee Roberts—his middle name and his mother's maiden name. He promoted new music via his Art-Con Productions company. Amongst the bands he promoted was the heavy metal band Shockwave from The Hague. A live performance on January 8, 1980, featuring Lee Roberts & the Sweaters, was released as an album entitled Soulin in 1988.

Personal life
Conley was gay, and several music writers have said that his homosexuality was a bar to greater success in the United States and one of the reasons behind his move to Europe and his eventual name change. In 2014, rock historian Ed Ward wrote, "[Conley] headed to Amsterdam and changed his name to Lee Roberts. Nobody knew 'Lee Roberts,' and at last Conley was able to live in peace with a secret he had hidden—or thought he had—for his entire career: he was gay. But nobody in The Netherlands cared."

Death
Conley died at the age of 57 from intestinal cancer in Ruurlo, The Netherlands in November 2003. He was buried in Vorden.

Discography
Albums

 Sweet Soul Music (Atlantic, 1967)
 Shake, Rattle & Roll (Atlantic, 1967)
 Soul Directions (1968)
 More Sweet Soul (1969)

Singles
"I Believe" (1963, as Arthur & the Corvets)
"Flossie Mae" (1963, as Arthur & the Corvets)
"Poor Girl" (1963, as Arthur & the Corvets)
"Where He Leads Me" / "I'm A Lonely Stranger" (1965)
"Who's Fooling Who" / "There's A Place For Us" (1966)
"I Can't Stop (No, No, No)" / "In The Same Old Way" (1966)
"I'm Gonna Forget About You" (1966)
"Sweet Soul Music" / "Let's Go Steady" (1967, co-written with Otis Redding, #2 R&B, #2 pop)
"Whole Lotta Woman" / "Love Comes And Goes" (1967, #73 Pop)
"Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha!" (1967)
"Shake, Rattle & Roll" (1967, #31 pop, #20 R&B)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Otis Sleep On" (1968, #51 pop, #41 R&B, Beatles cover featuring guitar by Duane Allman)
"Aunt Dora's Love Soul Shack" (1968)
"Funky Street" / "Put Our Love Together" (1968)
"People Sure Act Funny" (1968, Top 20 R&B)
"Burning Fire" (1968)
"Is That You Love" (1968)
"Run On (1968)
"Star Review" (1969, with Tom Dowd, written by Allen Toussaint)
"They Call the Wind Maria" (1969)
"Day-O" (1969, made famous by Harry Belafonte)
"God Bless" (1970, Top 40 R&B)
"I'm Living Good" (1971)
"Walking on Eggs" / "More Sweet Soul Music" (1972)
"Rita" (1972)
"It's So Nice (When It's Someone Else's Wife)" (1974)

References

External links
 Memorial website (in Dutch) Photos from Arthur's last live performance, 9 June 2002 in Netherlands.
 Arthur Conley Sweet Soul Music Home Page w/ CD Liner Notes, Discography and Latest Releases
 Yoni's Home of Soul Music page on Conley, w/ info about unreleased tracks

 Otis Redding's biography contains history of Jotis Records
 Answers.com article on Arthur Conley
 Arthur Conley Dies

1946 births
2003 deaths
American soul musicians
American expatriates in Belgium
American expatriates in the Netherlands
American expatriates in England
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands
Atlantic Records artists
Atco Records artists
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
American LGBT singers
American gay musicians
Singers from Atlanta
People from McIntosh County, Georgia
African-American LGBT people
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American LGBT people
20th-century African-American male singers

Arthur Conley


Eileen Mabel Gibb (3 August 1911 – 2003) was a British author. She is best known for writing the Sammy  the Shunter series of books using the name Eileen Gibb as opposed to her married name of Holder.

Biography
Gibb was born on 3 August 1911 to parents Benjamin and Mabel in Croydon, Surrey.  During the Second World War Gibb was secretary to the art historian and National Gallery director Kenneth Clark, and this introduced her to a wide variety of friends in artistic and writing circles including Henry Moore, Stanley Spencer and Philip Larkin.  Gibb married John Terrance Holder in 1942 and became a member of a family with an enthusiasm for railways, her father in-law John Alexander Holder being a brewer, founder director of the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway and owner of Broome House, Broome, Worcestershire with its own miniature railway that was later to move to Keeping House, Beaulieu, Hampshire.  Her husband, who rose to rank of Major in the Royal Engineers during the war, had served an apprenticeship as an engine driver on the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway before the war and was to serve as its manager post-war until 1948 until becoming sales manager of Ian Allan.  From 1953 he was circulation manager of The Economist and later was a director  at Ian Allan and The Economist.  When he was appointed managing director of the Dart Valley Railway (DVR) in 1970 both Gibb and her husband were expected to spend much time away from their home in Cobham, Surrey to assist in the proceedings of the DVR.  Gibb's work at the DVR including unveiling the restored coach Vicky that had been used by Queen victoria.   Gibb had two children, her daughter commenting: "I think this exposure to so much railway stuff must have fired mum's imagination to produce her stories".  Other work including contributions to the Robin children's magazine including Tubby the Odd-job Engine.  Gibb ceased writing around 1969 but maintained an interest in artistic projects  until her death in 2003.

Work

Sammy the Shunter
Sammy the Shunter is a fictional anthropomorphic steam locomotive character created by Eileen Gibb, featuring in a series of children's books published in the 1940s and 1950s.  Sammy is depicted as a  locomotive, painted red with green wheels and a yellow dome who lives in the fictional town of Sleeping Sunbury in England. The various books tell of Sammy's adventures all over the world.  They are mostly nearly 30 pages long, though Sammy the Shunter Bumper Book is closer to 60 pages.  Sammy the Shunter also appears in the stories "The Holiday Train" and "Sammy on the Christmas Tree, featured in My Trains Book.

Sammy the Shunter was demonstrated in an O gauge layout at Railwayland, Scarborough and Brighton by Harold Elliot, Eliiot being known for his hilarious antics while demonstrating.

The stories of The Railway Series (Thomas the Tank Engine) surpassed in popularity those of Sammy the Shunter, with many people attending Thomas events in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Characters
 Sammy is the main character throughout the books. He is a friendly 2-4-2T steam shunter painted red with green wheels, yellow buffers, blue running plates and yellow lining with his nameplate on his sides in yellow. In the first book, Sammy used to be a rusty colour and had a number 109846 before being repainted.
 Mr. Buffin is Sammy's driver. He is a kind old man who is seen with Sammy on his adventures. It is mentioned in "Sammy Gets Streamlined" that he was meant to drive the Flying Scotsman but things had gone wrong. Mr. Buffin has a fear of wild animals.
 Mr. Plum is the stationmaster of Sleeping Sunbury station. Mr. Plum is a strict man with a short temper who addressed Sammy by his number in the earlier books, but has a kinder side.

Billy the Bus
Gibb published Billy the bus. No 1 Billy and the robbers (1953, Ian Allan), and Billy the bus. No 2 Billy goes exploring.

Robin magazine
Gibb contributed to Robin children's magazine in the 1950s and 1960s with tales of Tubby the odd-job engine and other characters.

Jigsaws

Two untitled series of four plywood c 30 piece jigsaws  5 3/4" x 7 3/4" featuring Sammy were produced in the 1950s by High Spot. The jigsaws were not individually titled. They are scarce but do come up from time to time on Ebay.
They can be differentiated as follows:

Series A

The images on the box lid tops are all centered with a "SERIES OF FOUR" label below and no text on the lid sides. The jigsaws are all portrait orientation with themes as follows:

 At the Rodeo
 At the Horse Race
 At the Zoo
 At the Fireworks Display

Series B

The images on the box lid tops are to the lower left and follow an American cowboy theme. The " series of four" label and "ALL INTERLOCKING"  are printed on sides of the box lids. There are two portrait and two landscape images:

 In America 1
 In America 2
 In America 3
 In America 4

Bibliography

 .

References

Notes

Footnotes

Sources

1911 births
2003 deaths
20th-century British women writers
British women children's writers
British children's writers
Writers from Croydon

Eileen Gibb


The theory of recapitulation was a theory that tied evolution (the change in organisms over time) with embryology (the way organisms develop before they are born). The theory stated that before they are born, organisms pass through developmental stages that look like adult animals of other species, in roughly the same order that these other species split off during evolution.

Étienne Serres first proposed this idea in 1824–26. In 1886 Ernst Haekel suggested that the embryonic development of an organism (its ontogeny) followed the same path as the evolutionary history of its species (its phylogeny). It is also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism.

Although there is something to this idea, it is no longer thought to be such a useful way to look at development.

Haeckel's theory

Haeckel formulated his theory as "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". Ontogeny is the steps an organism takes in its development before it is born, starting as a single cell and ending as a baby. Phylogeny is the steps a species takes in its development, starting as a very simple organism and evolving into the current organism. "Recapitulates" is a synonym for "reflects" and implies that the ontogeny of an organism is similar to the phylogeny of its species.

For example, Haeckel realized that before they are born, there is a time when humans have slits in their necks. These slits look like the gills on adult fishes. Haeckel took this to mean that some time before our species became human, we were fish-like. This view is supported by the fossil record and other evidence. As the unborn human gets closer to being born, it develops a tail. In fact, some human babies are even born with tails. Haeckel concluded, again correctly, that at some time in humanities more recent evolutionary past (after we had gone through our fish stage) the species that would go on to become humans had a tail.

However, not all of Haeckel's evidence or conclusions were this good. Haeckel produced several embryo drawings that often overemphasized similarities between embryos of related species.  These found their ways into many biology textbooks, and into popular knowledge, even though they were wrong. Furthermore, Haeckel used this "evidence" to conclude that white people were evolutionary superior to people of other races. Not only is this a racist view, but we know today that it is not true.

Rejection
Today, scientists think that Haeckel overstated the case. For example, the "gills" of a developing human do not work (though Haekel never said they did). Furthermore, as better observations were made, it was discovered that developing babies don't look exactly like the pictures Haeckel drew. He may have exaggerated what he saw in order to support his point better. Also, Haekel's discussion was entirely about morphology: he did not discuss the evolution and development of animal behaviour.

However, this is not to say that nothing about the theory makes sense. It is true that our ontogeny gives clues about our phylogeny. However, the relationship is not nearly as direct as Haeckel said it was. In fact, Haekel's over-emphatic claims led in due course to over-emphatic rejections.

Modern observations
Today, scientists agree that some parts of Haeckel's theory still make sense. For example:
Before they are born, developing organisms of different species look similar.
This similarity lasts longer in species which split from each other rather recently.
Before they are born, developing organisms may have traits which they do not have when born, but which the organisms that they evolved from had when they were adults.

Notes

References

Other websites
Of Parts and Wholes: Self-similarity and Synecdoche in Science, Culture and Literature
"Ontology Recapitulates Philology", a parody phrase

Evolutionary biology
Developmental biology

Recapitulation theory


A Touch of Class is a 1973 British romantic comedy film produced and directed by Melvin Frank and starring George Segal, Glenda Jackson, Hildegarde Neil, Paul Sorvino and K Callan. The film tells the story of a couple (Segal and Jackson) having an affair, who find themselves falling in love. It was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture, with Jackson winning Best Actress.

The film was adapted by Melvin Frank and Jack Rose from Frank's story "She Loves Me, She Told Me So Last Night," oddly listed as an original song in the film's opening credits. However, it bears more than a passing resemblance to an earlier Frank film, The Facts of Life (1960), which likewise dealt with a middle-aged couple trying to have an affair, centering on a disaster-laden trip to a place where they would not be recognized.

The lead role of Steve was originally offered to Cary Grant, with a promise by Frank to rewrite the script to play up the age difference between Steve and Vickie. However, Grant opted to remain in retirement from filmmaking, and he turned the role down. Despite this, he did remain connected to the film, as it was produced by Fabergé's Brut Productions, and Grant was on the board of directors for Fabergé. Roger Moore was also offered the lead role before dropping out to star in Live and Let Die, his first appearance as James Bond.  Moore did, however, have a hand in the production of this film.

Glenda Jackson revealed that she was approached by the director Melvin Frank after appearing on the comedy sketch and variety program The Morecambe & Wise Show on the BBC in the United Kingdom in 1971, in the "Antony and Cleopatra" sketch. After her role in this film won her an Oscar, Eric Morecambe sent her a telegram reading, "Stick with us and we will get you another one".

Plot
Vickie Allessio, a divorced British mother of two, meets Steve Blackburn, an American married man, while sharing a taxi in London. Steve is attracted to Vickie and invites her to tea, then lunch, and eventually suggests they have sex. Vickie agrees but expresses her desire to have uncomplicated sex in a sunny location. Steve arranges a trip to Málaga, Spain.

Their plans are disrupted when Steve's wife, Gloria, unexpectedly shows up. To hide their affair, Steve pretends that Vickie is his mother. He cancels the plane tickets he had arranged for his family and encounters his friend Walter Menkes, a movie producer, at the airport. Steve, unable to admit that he is with Vickie, spends the flight next to Walter while Vickie sits elsewhere.

Upon arriving in Málaga, Steve gives the last decent rental car to Walter to get rid of him. He ends up driving an Italian car with an awkward clutch, causing discomfort and annoyance to Vickie. They struggle up several flights of stairs to reach their hotel room.

Their first night together becomes awkward as they argue about their preferences during sex. Steve injures his back, requiring medical attention and sleep. In the morning, Vickie encounters an American woman named Patty but declines her invitation to dinner. Steve wakes up to find Vickie sunbathing on the balcony and they finally have sex.

Steve becomes disappointed when Vickie does not show enthusiasm afterward, leading to anger and tension between them. During a golf game, Vickie takes offense at Steve's competitive nature against a local boy. The tension continues to mount, and Vickie decides to have dinner with Patty while Steve arranges dinner with Walter. To their surprise, Vickie discovers that Patty is Walter's wife, leading to an uncomfortable dinner for the four of them.

After an argument in their hotel room, Steve and Vickie decide to return to London. At the airport, they realize that the last two plane tickets have been sold. Frustrated, they return to the hotel room and start attacking each other playfully. The situation turns humorous, and their relationship begins to blossom.

Walter and Patty notice the developing relationship between Steve and Vickie. Walter shares his own experience of a holiday romance and warns Steve that it won't work out. Despite this, Steve expresses his desire to continue seeing Vickie when they return to London. They rent a secret flat together, concealing their affair.

As their relationship progresses, it becomes more complicated. Vickie puts in a lot of effort to be with Steve, but he often disappoints her. Steve rushes off after sex without realizing that Vickie has prepared a lavish meal for him. Vickie tries to seek companionship with her gay coworker, but he is unavailable. Steve feels guilty and brings flowers to Vickie, only to leave without saying a word.

The tension between them grows, and Steve's coworkers become aware of something going on. Steve tries to meet Vickie in the evening but forgets that he has plans with his wife. When his wife calls, Steve is unable to reach Vickie, and Vickie sees Steve and Gloria together at the theater. She feels betrayed and confronts Steve when he finally arrives at their flat.

The next morning, Steve sends a telegram to end their relationship but changes his mind and rushes to the flat; but Vickie has already received the telegram and begins packing to leave. As Steve arrives, he sees Vickie standing at a bus stop. Despite his efforts to get her attention, Vickie leaves in a taxi that another man had hailed. She asks the man if he is married, and upon his affirmative response, she walks away, leaving the taxi for him.

The story concludes with Vickie moving on from the failed affair and finding a new direction in her life.

Cast

Reception
The film earned $4,125,600 in North American rentals in 1973. Other accounts put rentals at $8.4 million.

Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, calling it "a sharp-edged, often very funny dissection of a love affair between two possibly incompatible people. But then it gets serious with itself and ends on a note that doesn't satisfy us." Gene Siskel had a similar opinion, awarding two-and-a-half stars out of four and writing that in the film's best moments it "reminds one of those wonderful screen battles between Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn," but then it "tries to get serious" which "leads to an unsatisfying conclusion totally removed from the dominant tone of the movie, which is raucous at best, contrived silliness at worst." Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it "a very patchy movie—enormously funny in bits and pieces and sometimes downright dumb." Variety wrote,"George Segal herein justifies superbly a reputation for comedy ability while Glenda Jackson's full-spectrum talent is again confirmed." Penelope Gilliatt of The New Yorker wrote that the film had "moments of reckless funniness" but observed that the "muddle of period convention is odd," as it blended the "Hepburn-Tracy tradition" and an "old-style slapstick" scene with "modern and naturalistic eroticism." Sylvia Millar of The Monthly Film Bulletin called the film "a waste of two considerable talents," stating that "Frank has written a script which is not devoid of wit; but it's never effortless, and a battering of coarse sexual polemic is always thrusting in to spoil the fun."

The film has a score of 85% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews, with an average grade of 6.8 out of 10.

Awards and honours

References

External links

 A Touch of Class at the British Film Institute

1973 films
1973 romantic comedy films
1970s British films
1970s English-language films
Adultery in films
British romantic comedy films
Embassy Pictures films
Films about vacationing
Films directed by Melvin Frank
Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance
Films scored by John Cameron
Films set in hotels
Films set in London
Films set in Málaga
Films shot in London
Films shot in the province of Málaga

A Touch of Class (film)


William Patrick Patterson was a spiritual teacher of the Fourth Way, an esoteric teaching of self-development brought to the West by G. I. Gurdjieff. Patterson was also an author, filmmaker and speaker on spiritual themes, including the Fourth Way, being and becoming, Advaita Vedanta, self-awakening, self-observation, esoteric Christianity, and conscious-body-breath-impressions. He was the editor-in-chief of The Gurdjieff Journal.

Biography
Patterson was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was an exchange student at the University of Vienna and graduated from Bowling Green State University with a B.A. degree in English and minors in philosophy and psychology. He worked in New York for IBM, J. Walter Thompson, BBD&O and Harcourt Brace. He founded and edited In New York magazine and ran it for five years before selling it in 1969. Thereafter, he was the editor-in-chief of Food Management magazine and high-tech editor of Industry Week magazine. He resides in California.

Patterson was a longtime student of Lord John Pentland, who was appointed by Gurdjieff to be the leader of the Work  in America and was the president of the New York and San Francisco Gurdjieff foundations. The Danish mystic Alfred Sorensen, who was given the name "Sunyata" in 1936 by Ramana Maharshi, lived with Patterson from 1982 and introduced him to Advaita Vedanta. Sunyata died in 1984 at the age of 94, but in the previous year he introduced Patterson to Jean Klein, a Western Advaita master with whom Patterson studied until Klein's death in 1998. Klein provided the foundation for a direct experiencing of the body, allowing Patterson to incorporate Work principles with Advaita Vedanta, which he has named "conscious-body-breath-impressions". Klein also provided the necessary catalysis and encouragement for the writing of Patterson's first book on The Gurdjieff Work, Eating The "I": A Direct Account of The Fourth Way.

Teaching
Patterson was the founder/director of The Gurdjieff Legacy Foundation through which he teaches study groups, as well as organizes seminars, workshops, and talks on Fourth Way themes. He also founded and directs The Gurdjieff Studies Program, which allows students living out of the reach of ongoing Gurdjieff Legacy Foundation groups to participate in study through correspondence, seminars, and scheduled private meetings.

Sample group meetings are found in the "Fourth Way Meetings" section of Patterson's latest book, Spiritual Survival in a Radically Changing World-Time. The section consists of 324 questions and answers arranged in 36 subsections. Group study includes weekly meetings and "Days of Exploration" where practical work with Fourth Way ideas regarding attention and the triadic brain functioning of the body is explored, experienced, and refined.

Published books
Partial list of published books:
 Eating The "I":  A Direct Account of The Fourth Way (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA, 1992)
 Struggle of the Magicians (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA, 1998)
 Struggle of the Magicians (Greek Translation, Metaekdotiki, Thessalonika, Greece, 1999)
 Taking with the Left Hand (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA, 1998)
 Taking with the Left Hand (Japanese Translation, The English Agency, Tokyo, Japan, 2004)
 Ladies of the Rope (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA, 1998)
 Gurdjieff et Les Femmes de la Cordée (La Table Ronde, Paris, France, 2005)
 Voices in the Dark (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA, 2000)
 The Life & Teachings of Carlos Castaneda  (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA, 2008)
 Spiritual Survival in a Radically Changing World-Time (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA 2009)
 Adi Da Samraj Realized or/and Deluded? (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA 2011)
 Georgi Ivanovitch Gurdjieff — The Man, The Teaching, His Mission (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA 2014)
 Teachers of No-Thing & Nothing — Eating The "I" Parts II & III  (Arete Communications, Fairfax, CA  2020)

Filmography
 The Life & Teachings of Carlos Castaneda
 Introduction To Gurdjieff's Fourth Way: From Selves To Individual Self To The Self
 Introduction To Gurdjieff's Fourth Way: The Movement From Sex To Love
 Introduction To Gurdjieff's Fourth Way: What Is the Meaning of Human Life on the Planet Earth?
 Documentary Trilogy: The Life & Significance of George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff

References

External links

American non-fiction writers
Fourth Way
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Pittsburgh
Bowling Green State University alumni

William Patrick Patterson


The Visioner's Tale is one of the little-known writings of Geoffrey Chaucer.   Only parts of the story were left from when Chaucer wrote it in the 14th century, so it is not normally included in modern versions of the Canterbury Tales.

Here is the tale, as put together by someone from Denmark who studied the parts of the story, and tried to put them together:

My lady's touch upon the lute is light,
yet she weaves the streams of melody,
with such profound synchicity,
that the river of time spills into dream,
into that ocean of unspoken promise,
where lives primordial the memory of future things,
here vision and voice and sound,
and meaning emerge at last as one.

British poems
Geoffrey Chaucer

The Visioner's Tale


Meriiti (Meri-iti, beloved of the father) was an ancient Egyptian official living at the end of the First Dynasty around 2900 BC. He is only known from his stela found in tomb 810.H.11 at Helwan. The stela was found in the burial chamber next to the coffin. It shows on the left Meriiti sitting on a chair with offerings in front of him. On the right side of the stela is a list of Meriiti's titles.

On this stela Meriiti bears seven titles making him to one of the few officials of the period with a longer string of titles.

Meriiti's titles:
priest of Khnum, companion of the house
director of the dining hall of the chamber of life
master/carpenter of Nekhen
director of the dining hall and the great magazine(as in storehouse)
commander of the qedhetep-administration
helping hand
manager of the office of the west, carrier of Anubis

References

People of the First Dynasty of Egypt

Meriiti


Tundavala Gap (in Portuguese, Fenda da Tundavala) is a viewpoint in the rim of the great escarpment called Serra da Leba. It is located some 18 km from the city of Lubango, in Huíla province, Angola.

The escarpment marks the western limit of Bié Plateau. The altitude at the rim exceeds 2200 m, while the plain below is approximately 1200 m lower, which creates a rather impressive view, encompassing a distance of tens of kilometers.

Tundavala National Stadium, in Lubango, which hosted the matches of Group D in the 2010 African Cup of Nations is named after Tundavala Gap.

Mountains of Angola

Tundavala Gap


Makin is an unincorporated community in Warren Township, Huntington County, Indiana.

History
Makin was never properly laid out or platted. A post office was established at Makin in 1882, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1902. Abraham S. Makin served as an early postmaster.

Geography
Makin is located at .

References

Unincorporated communities in Huntington County, Indiana
Unincorporated communities in Indiana

Makin, Indiana


Erich Kunzel, Jr. (March 21, 1935 – September 1, 2009) was an  American orchestra conductor. Called the "Prince of Pops" by the Chicago Tribune, he  performed with a number of leading pops and symphony orchestras, and led the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra (CPO) for 32 years.

Early life and career
Kunzel was born to German-American immigrant parents in New York City. At Greenwich High School in Connecticut, he arranged music and played the piano, string bass and timpani. Initially a chemistry major, Kunzel graduated from Dartmouth College with a degree in music, where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta, then studied at Harvard and Brown universities. He conducted the Brown University Glee Club for at least two years. Early in his career, he conducted for the Santa Fe Opera and studied at the Pierre Monteux School. He met his Austrian-born wife, Brunhilde, while conducting Gianni Schicchi for Santa Fe in 1964, and they married a year later. From 1960 to 1965, he conducted the Rhode Island Philharmonic. From 1965 to 1977, Kunzel served as resident conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra (CSO).

In 1969, he was initiated as an honorary member of the Eta-Omicron chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at the College-Conservatory of Music at the University of Cincinnati. He was also a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.

The Pops
In 1965, Kunzel began the country's first winter pops series, the "8 O'Clock Pops". When the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra board of trustees created the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra in 1977, Kunzel was named conductor. The Pops became the larger of Cincinnati's two orchestras, as all of Max Rudolf's symphony orchestra also played for the Pops year-round. At the invitation of Arthur Fiedler in 1970, Kunzel guest-conducted over 100 concerts with the Boston Pops Orchestra. He remained active with symphony, leading the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra (as Principal Pops Conductor) from 1982 to 2002.

From the beginning, Kunzel strove to expand the Cincinnati Pops' reach worldwide, with nearly 90 recordings on the Telarc label, most of which became bestsellers. His popular recordings of classical music, Broadway musicals, and movie scores topped worldwide crossover charts more than any other conductor or orchestra in the world. Some of Kunzel's mentees at the Cincinnati Pops would later become notable in their own right, including Keith Lockhart of the Boston Pops and Steven Reineke of The New York Pops.

The Cincinnati Pops were especially popular in Asia. The group toured Japan several times, starting in 1990. In 1998, Kunzel became the first American pops conductor to perform in China. Ten years later, he and the Cincinnati Pops were invited back to perform at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing; they were the only American orchestra to play at the event.

Kunzel made most of his classical music recordings as director of the Cincinnati Pops. However, he also made jazz recordings with Dave Brubeck, Duke Ellington, and other well-known artists. From the Capitol Building lawn, Kunzel conducted the National Symphony Orchestra every Memorial Day and Fourth of July from 1991 to 2009, in concerts televised nationwide on PBS.  In 1987, his Aaron Copland: Lincoln Portrait (CD-80117) album with narration by Katharine Hepburn including Old American Songs sung by Sherrill Milnes received a Grammy nomination.  Other Grammy nominations came in 1989 (A Disney Spectacular), 1991 (Meredith Willson's The Music Man), and 1993 (Amen!--A Gospel Celebration).  The album American Jubilee won the Grand Prix du Disque in 1989.  His albums frequently feature digital sound effects created by Michael Bishop.

The conductor had a large influence on Cincinnati's local music scene. In addition to conducting almost weekly subscription concerts with the Cincinnati Pops, he expanded the Pops program in 1984 to include a summer concert series at the newly built Riverbend Music Center on the banks of the Ohio River. He pushed for a new campus to house the city's public School for Creative and Performing Arts. He invited many local performers, including children's choruses and College-Conservatory students, to share the stage with the Pops.

The recording engineer for Kunzel's recording of  music by Copland earned a Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical in 1998, for Copland: The Music of America,  Kunzel earned the 2006 National Medal of Arts. In 2009, he was inducted into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame, based in Cincinnati.

On June 20–21, 2008, Kunzel conducted The Toronto Symphony Orchestra's performance of Star Trek: The Music at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto.

Last days
In April 2009, Kunzel was diagnosed with pancreatic, liver and colon cancer and received chemotherapy treatments in Cincinnati. He conducted a final concert at Riverbend on August 1, 2009, and died a month later in Bar Harbor, Maine, near his home at Swan's Island. That day, the CSO board of trustees posthumously named him "Founder and Conductor Emeritus" of the Pops.

Discography

Decca recordings with the Cincinnati Symphony:
 Duke Ellington - Orchestral Works (1970)

MCA recordings with the Cincinnati Symphony:
 Dave Brubeck Trio, Gerry Mulligan - Elementals (1971)

Turnabout recordings with the Cincinnati Pops:
 American Fantasia (1978)
 Pomp & Circumstance (1978)
 A Portrait Of George: Gershwin On Broadway & In Hollywood (1979)
 Jacques Offenbach - Overtures (1979)

Caedmon recordings with the Cincinnati Pops:
 Peter And The Wolf and Tubby The Tuba, with Carol Channing (Sergei Prokofiev; George Kleinsinger, Paul Tripp) (1979)

Telarc recordings with the Cincinnati Symphony:
 Tchaikovsky 1812, with Kiev Symphony Chorus, Children's Choir of Greater Cincinnati (1979) [reissued in 2001 credited to Cincinnati Pops; cover nearly the same otherwise]
 George Gershwin - Rhapsody in Blue/An American in Paris (1981)
 Ludwig van Beethoven: Wellington's Victory/Franz Liszt: Battle of the Huns (1983)

MMG recordings:
 Peter and the Wolf narrated by Don Harron/The Ugly Duckling sung by June Anderson, Cincinnati Pops (1981)
 An Evening With Rodgers & Hammerstein, The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra Chorus & Soloists featuring Mark Pedrotti (1982)

Vox Prima recordings with the Cincinnati Pops:
 Dances from the Opera (1983)

Vox Cum Laude recordings with the Cincinnati Pops:
 Music Of Waldteufel (1983)
 An International Salute (1984)
 Jacques Offenbach: Concerto Rondo; Four Orchestral Pieces featuring Ofra Harnoy, Philip Collins (1984)
 Peaches And Cream - John Philip Sousa Dances And Marches (1984)
 Jacques Offenbach – Vive La France! [2 disc compilation] (1994)

Fanfare recordings with The Winnipeg Symphony:
 Kunzel on Broadway (George Gershwin; Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II; Cole Porter; Jerry Herman; Meredith Willson; Frederick Loewe, Alan Jay Lerner) (1985)

Telarc recordings with the Cincinnati Pops:

 Star Tracks (Frank Proto; John Williams; Alexander Courage) (1984)
 Time Warp (Don Dorsey; Johann Strauss II; Jerry Goldsmith; Alexander Courage; Stu Phillips; John Williams; Aram Khachaturian) (1984)
 Ein Straussfest: Waltzes, Polkas & Marches of the Strauss Family, featuring King Keyes (zither) (Johann Strauss II; Johann Strauss I, Josef Strauss; Eduard Strauss) (1985) [recording of On the Beautiful Blue Danube is the same as the one on Time Warp]
 Orchestral Spectaculars (Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov; Paul Dukas; Jaromir Weinberger; Camille Saint-Saëns; Franz Liszt) (1985)
 The Stokowski Sound: Transcriptions for Orchestra by Leopold Stokowski (Johann Sebastian Bach; Luigi Boccherini; Claude Debussy; Ludwig van Beethoven; Isaac Albeniz; Sergei Rachmaninoff; Modest Mussorgsky) (1986) [reissued in 1994 with two new tracks, by Johannes Brahms and Modest Mussorgsky, as The Fantastic Stokowski]
William Tell and Other Favorite Overtures (Franz von Suppé; Daniel-François Auber; Louis Joseph Hérold; Emil von Reznicek; Jacques Offenbach; Gioacchino Rossini (1986)
 Round-Up, featuring Frankie Laine, Men of The May Festival Chorus directed by John Leman, Ron McCroby (Gioachino Rossini; Elmer Bernstein; Franz Waxman; Christopher Palmer, Jay Livingston, Ray Evans, Dimitri Tiomkin, Ned Washington, Jerome Moross, Herschel Burke-Gilbert; Alfred Newman; Richard Hayman; Jerome Moross; Bruce Broughton) (1986)
 Star Tracks II (John Williams; Alan Silvestri; Jerry Goldsmith; James Horner; Leonard Rosenman; Henry Mancini; Don Dorsey; Bill Conti) (1987)
 Hollywood's Greatest Hits Volume I featuring William Tritt (Alfred Newman; Erich Wolfgang Korngold; Max Steiner; Miklós Rósza; Ernest Gold; Maurice Jarre; Nino Rota; Francis Lai; John Williams; Michel Legrand; Bill Conti; Michael Gore; John Barry; Vangelis, Donald Rose) (1987)
 Pomp & Pizazz (John Williams; Josef Suk; Edward Elgar; John Ireland; Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky; Hector Berlioz; Josef Franz Wagner; Julius Fučik; John Philip Sousa, Leopold Stokowski; Richard Hayman, George Gershwin, Meredith Willson, Bob Haggart & Ray Baduc) (1987)
 Ferde Grofé: Grand Canyon Suite • George Gershwin: Porgy & Bess/Symphonic Suite "Catfish Row" (1987)
 Aaron Copland: Lincoln Portrait featuring Katharine Hepburn/Old American Songs featuring Sherill Milnes (1987)
 Symphonic Spectacular (Dmitri Shostakovich; Richard Wagner; Manuel De Falla; Georges Bizet; Armas Järnefelt; Emmanuel Chabrier; Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky; Johan Halvorsen; Georges Enesco (sic); Aram Khachaturian) (1988)
 The Big Band Hit Parade, with Ray Brown, Dave Brubeck, Cab Calloway, Eddie Davis, Buddy Morrow, Gerry Mulligan, Doc Severinsen, Ed Shaughnessy (1988)
 Richard Rodgers: The Sound of Music, with Frederica von Stade, Håkan Hagegård and Eileen Farrell, (1988)
 George Gershwin: Rhapsody In Blue / Concerto In F, featuring William Tritt, Cincinnati Jazz Orchestra (1988)
 American Jubilee (John Williams; Richard Hayman; Charles Ives, William Schuman; Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Hershy Kay; George Chadwick; Daniel Emmett (1988)
 Chiller, featuring Robert Muckenfuss (Michael Bishop; Andrew Lloyd Webber; Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov; Camille Saint-Saëns; Hector Berlioz; Edvard Grieg; Rosalind Ilett; Marius Constant; Franz Waxman, Steven R. Bernstein; Bernard Hermann; John Addison; Jerry Goldsmith; Henry Mancini; Charles Gounod) (August 10, 1989)
 Mancini's Greatest Hits (1989)
 Victory at Sea   War and Remembrance   Casablanca   And Other Favorites (Richard Rodgers, Robert Russell Bennett; Robert Cobert; Max Steiner; Kenneth Alford; Richard Addinsell; Ron Goodwin; George M. Cohan; Paul Anka; Jerry Goldsmith; Richard Hayman, Robert M. Crawford, Jacques Offenbach, Henry C. Davis, Francis Saltus van Boskerck, Edmund L. Gruber, Charles A. Zimmerman, Alfred H. Miles, Royal Lovell) (1989)
 A Disney Spectacular, featuring His Master's Voice, Tracy Dahl, Douglas Webster, Indiana University Singing Hoosiers directed by Robert E. Stoll, School for the Creative and Performing Arts Children's Chorus directed by Deborah N. Barry, May Festival Chorus directed by John H. Williams (Ned Washington, Leigh Harline; Richard M. Sherman, Robert B. Sherman; Bob Hilliard, Sammy Fain; Mack David, Jay Livingston, Al Hoffman; Terry Gilkyson; Frank Churchill, Ann Ronell; Frank Churchill, Larry Morey; Jimmie Dodd; Gershon Kingsley, Jean Jacques Perrey; Ray Gilbert, Allie Wrubel; Sammy Cahn, Sammy Fain; Oliver Wallace; Peggy Lee, Sonny Burke; Sammy Fain, Jack Lawrence, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky) (May 22, 1989)
 Happy Trails: Round-Up 2, featuring Gene Autry, Sherill Milnes, Roy Rogers (October 9, 1989)
 Trumpet Spectacular featuring Doc Severinsen (Hermann Bellstedt arr. Christopher Fazzi; Gioacchino Rossini arr. Erich Kunzel; Jeremiah Clarke; Johann Sebastian Bach arr. Erich Kunzel; Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov arr. Erich Kunzel; Georges Bizet arr. Frank Proto; Giacomo Puccini arr. Christopher Fazzi; Robert Schumann arr. Kunzel; Del Staigers orch. Christopher Fazzi; Leroy Anderson; Johann Sebastian Bach arr. Christopher Fazzi) (March 15, 1990)
 Classics of the Silver Screen featuring Richard Leech (Jean-Joseph Mouret; Johann Pachelbel; Giacomo Puccini, Giuseppe Adami, Renato Simoni; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; George Frideric Handel; Sergei Rachmaninoff; Pietro Mascagni, Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti, Guido Menasci; Franz Liszt; Antonín Dvořák, Jaroslav Kvapil; Alfredo Catalani, Luigi Illica; Antonio Vivaldi; Giacomo Puccini, Luigi Illica, Giuseppe Giacosa; Giacomo Puccini, Giovacchino Forzano; Samuel Barber) (1990)
 Fantastic Journey, featuring the School for the Creative and Performing Arts Children's Chorus directed by Deborah N. Berry (Danny Elfman; Bernard Herrmann; Leith Stevens; John Barry; Paul Freeman; Jerry Goldsmith; Bruce Broughton; Lee Holdridge; Alex North; John Williams; Craig Safan) (1990)
 Christmas with the Pops, featuring Rosemary Clooney, Sherrill Milnes, Doc Severinsen, Toni Tenille, May Festival Chorus directed by Robert Porco, School for the Creative and Performing Arts Children's Chorus conducted by Deborah N. Berry, Stephen Van Dyck, First Presbyterian Church of Fort Thomas Bell Choir directed by Becky Bell (Carmen Dragon; Thomas Oliphant (uncredited); Felix Bernard; Mel Tormé; Bruce Healey, Haven Gillespie & Fred Coots, Gene Autry & Oakley Haldeman; John D. Marks, Steve Nelson & Walter Rollins, James S. Pierpont (sic); Irving Berlin; Mykola Leontovich, Peter Wilhousky; Noel Regney, Gloria Shayne; Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne; Felix Mendelssohn; Tommy Newsom; Frank Proto; Howard Blake; Leroy Anderson; Ralph Blaney, Hugh Martin; Adolphe Adam, John Sullivan Dwight; Joseph Mohr, Franz Gruber) (October 8, 1990)
 ¡Fiesta!, with Doc Severinsen,  Los Caminantes Mariachi Band (1990)
 Movie Love Themes (Dave Grusin; Alex North; Stephen Sondheim; John Barry; John Williams; Paul Williams, Barbra Streisand; Irene Cara, Giorgio Moroder, Keith Forsey; Lalo Schifrin, Will Jennings; Willy Russell; Burt Bacharach; Marvin Hamlisch; Angelo Badalamenti; Maurice Jarre; Stanley Myers; Marvin Hamilish, Alan and Marilyn Bergman) (1991)
 Pops Plays Puccini (Puccini Without Words): Arrangements for Orchestra – Selections from Giacomo Puccini's Operas adapted and orchestrated by Crafton Beck, Steven Bernstein, and Erich Kunzel (March 14, 1991)
 Bond and Beyond (John Barry; Monty Norman; Danny Elfman; Ennio Morricone; Jerry Goldsmith; Walter Schumann; Henry Mancini; Fred Steiner; Bronislau Kaper; Mike Post; Lalo Schifrin; Jan Hammer; Morton Stevens; Paul McCartney; Bill Conti; Harold Faltermeyer; Michael Kamen; Marvin Hamlisch; Isaac Hayes) (1991)
 Down on the Farm (1991)
 Jacques Offenbach: Gaîté Parisienne; Jacques Ibert: Divertissement (1992)
 Unforgettably Doc, with Doc Severinsen (1992)
 Rodgers and Hammerstein: Songbook for Orchestra (January 28, 1992)
 Young at Heart, with Patti Page, Bob McGrath, Mel Tormé (1992)
 Sailing, featuring Roger Williams, William Tritt, Philip Collins, The Village Waytes (Jolynda Bowers, Mark Dietrich, Thom Mariner, Vera Mariner, Michael Oxley) with Thomas Bankston, Neal Hamlin, Amy E. Hill, Steven D. Jones, Rita Larkin, David Lohman, Joe Miller, Jill R. Pearon, Anthony Turner, Tommy Tutwiler, Jeannie Vail directed by J. David Moore (Christopher Cross; Lee Holdridge; John Barry; Antonio Carlos Jobim; Alan Menken; Dave Grusin; Robert Maxwell, Carl Sigman, Roger Williams; Eric Knight; Charles Trenet; Neil Diamond, Lee Holdridge; Erik Darling, Bob Carey, Alan Arkin; Jack Lawrence, Eric Coates; Steve Cropper, Otis Redding; Johnny Pearson; Jimmy Buffett, John Bambridge; John Denver) (1992)
 American Piano Classics, featuring Stewart Goodyear, William Tritt (Leroy Anderson; Scott Joplin; Morton Gould; Euday L. Bowman; Louis Moreau Gottschalk; George Gershwin) (January 26, 1993)
 Amen!: A Gospel Celebration, featuring Jennifer Holliday, Maureen McGovern, Lou Rawls, Azusa Pacific University Choir conducted by William Henry Caldwell, Cincinnati Pops Chorale (Janet Burnett, Peggy J. Gibbs, Terri McCoy, M. Jo Patrick, Priscilla C. Devaney, Sally V. Harper, Brenda J. Hartman, Keren Husman, Cynthia A. Mills, Rick Davis, H. Scott Nesbitt, Dave Weidle, Charles K. Wells, Timothy R. Breithaupt, Brian D. Griffin, Jim Racster) (William Spivery; Steven V. Taylor, Don Hart; Gary Geld, Peter Joell; Julie Gold; Stephen Schwartz; Bill Withers, Bruce Healey; Albert E. Brumley, O.D. Hall, Jr.; Gene MacLellan; Hoyt Axton; Bob Krogstad; Paul Simon; Mike Renzi) (1993)
 Ein Straussfest II, featuring Cincinnati Pops Chorale (Johann Strauss I; Johann Strauss II; Josef Strauss; Eduard Strauss) (1993)
 Meredith Willson's The Music Man, story by Meredith Willson & Franklin Lacey, with Timothy Noble, Kathleen Brett, Doc Severinsen, Steven Dauterman, James Racster, Stephen Grant, Timothy Breithaupt, Stephen Madaris, Lewis Dahle von Schalnbusch, Patsy Meyer, Neil Jones, Scott Brannon, Richard Rebilas, Michael Bell, Janet Burnett, Carol Fullman, Ann Siverly, James Thomas Hodges, Indiana University Singing Hoosiers directed by Robert E. Stoll (1993)
 Hollywood's Greatest Hits Volume II, featuring Julie Spangler, Frank Proto, Bill Platt, Jeanne Dulaney, Paul Patterson, Tim Berens (Alex North; Miklós Rósza; Elmer Bernstein; Dimitri Tiomkin; Will Hudson, George Duning; Victor Young; Bronislau Kaper; Mikis Theodorakis; Michel Legrand; André Previn; John Barry; Nino Rota; Charles Chaplin; Enya; James Newton Howard) (June 29, 1993)
 Lerner & Loewe: Songbook for Orchestra (1994)
 The Great Fantasy Adventure Album, featuring Timothy Berens, May Festival Chorus directed by Robert Porco featuring Brian Horne, with John Birge, Charles Pagnard, Paul Piller, Marc Wolfley, Fred Thiergartner, Heather MacPhail, Marcia Labella, Juliet Stratton, Elizabeth Motter (Miklós Rósza; John Williams; Michael Kamen; Patrick Doyle; James Horner; Bernard Herrmann; Alan Silvestri; Laurence Rosenthal; Danny Elfman; Jerry Goldsmith; Mark Knopfler; Lee Holdridge; Basil Poledouris; Michael Bishop, Scott Burgess, Tom Letizia; Brad Fiedel, Julie Spangler) (1994)
 The Very Best of Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops – Top 20, featuring Frankie Laine, Doc Severinson, Eddie Daniels, Ed Shaughnessy, Richard Leech, Robert Muckenfuss, Paul Patterson, Tim Berens, Jeanne Dulaney, Central State University Chorus (Christopher Palmer, Jay Livingston, Ray Evans, Dimitri Tiomkin, Ned Washington, Jerome Moross, Herschel Burke-Gilbert; Richard Strauss, Jerry Goldsmith; Louis Prima, Tommy Newsom; Max Steiner; Alex North, Patrick Russ; Giacomo Puccini, [Giuseppe Adami, Renato Simoni]; Johann Sebastian Bach, Leopold Stokowski; Frank Proto, John Williams; Danny Elfman; Ferde Grofé; John Barry, Nic Raine; Andrew Lloyd Webber; Nino Rota, Mark McGurty; Henry Mancini; Giacomo Puccini, Steven Bernstein, Erich Kunzel, Crafton Beck; Eduard Strauss; Bob Krogstad; Michael Bishop, Scott Burgess, Tom Letizia; Brad Fiedel, Julie Spangler) (September 27, 1994) [compilation--a limited release included a promotional copy of Meredith Willson's The Music Man as a bonus shrinkwrapped in full jewel case]
 Verdi Without Words: Grand Opera for Orchestra – Selections from the Operas of Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) Adapted, orchestrated, and arranged by Erich Kunzel and Crafton Beck (January 24, 1995)
 The Magical Music of Disney, arranged with Danny Troob, featuring Darryl Phinnesee, Susie Stevens Logan, Annie Livingstone, Camille Saviola, with Paul Piller, Tim Berens, Michael Chertock, Scott Lang, Marc Wolfley, Jeanne Dulaney, Michael Kenyon, Paul Patterson; Indiana University Singing Hoosiers conducted by Robert E. Stoll. Additional chorus from the film cast of The Lion King: Jim Gilstrap, Clydene Jackson, Rich Logan, Myrna Mathews, Darryl Phinnessee, Josef Powell, Sally Stevens, Carmen Twillie, Julia Waters, Maxine Waters, Oren Waters, Terry Young (Hans Zimmer, Elton John, Tim Rice; Alan Menken, Howard Ashman, Tim Rice) (1995)
 Puttin' on the Ritz: The Great Hollywood Musicals, featuring Frederica von Stade, Michael Feinstein, Jerry Hadley, Lee Roy Reams, Bobby Short, Leslie Uggams, Jeremy Davenport, The Osborne Sisters: Esther Mullens, Georga Osborne, Valerie Wilson; Indiana University Singing Hoosiers directed by Robert E. Stoll featuring Jason Burke, Branch Fields, Edward C. Hayes, David C. Starkey, Alison Streeter; Kiki Bussell, Lui-Jia Wu, Michael Andres, Jim Sherrick, Herb Aronoff, Joseph Gaudio, Larry Dickson, Charles Pagnard, Paul Piller, Frank Proto, Tim Berens, Ed Shaughnessy (Howard Dietz, Arthur Schwartz; Irving Berlin; E.Y. Harburg, Harold Arlen; Al Dubin, Harry Warren; Arthur Freed, Nacio Herb Brown; Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers; Don Raye, Hughie Prince; Herb Magidson, Con Conrad; Ira Gershwin, George Gershwin; Cole Porter; Johnny Mercer, Harry Warren; Dorothy Fields, Jerome Kern; Leo Robin, Ralph Rainger) (September 26, 1995) (originally released in a Limited Edition 24 Carat Gold at Normal CD pricing)
 Symphonic Star Trek: Music of the Motion Pictures and Television Series featuring Leonard Nimoy (Russ Lindway; Jerry Goldsmith; Michael Bishop; Cliff Eidelman; Dennis McCarthy; Leonard Rosenman; Alexander Courage; James Horner) (April 23, 1996) [partially a compilation of previously released recordings along with newly recorded material]
 Viennese Violin, featuring Robert McDuffie (Franz Lehár; Fritz Kreisler; Johann Strauss II; Rudolf Sieczynski) (1996)
 Andrew Lloyd Webber (January 23, 1996)
 Aaron Copland: The Music Of America (January 28, 1997)
 Beautiful Hollywood (Alan Silvestri; Mark Isham; Carter Burwell; Nancy Wilson; James Horner; Andrew Lloyd Webber, Tim Rice; Lennie Niehaus; Ennio Morricone; Alan Menken, Stephen Schwartz; Basil Poledouris; Jerry Goldsmith; John Barry; John Williams; Randy Edelman) (September 23, 1997)
 The Big Picture (Danny Elfman; Elliot Goldenthal; James Horner; Mark Mancina; Hans Zimmer; David Arnold; Trevor Jones; Randy Edelman; Jerry Goldsmith) (1997)
 Gershwin Centennial Edition (The Complete Orchestral Collection) (May 26, 1998)
 Play Ball! with Maria Muldaur, James Earl Jones (1998)
 From the Heart (1998)
 George Gershwin: Selections from Porgy and Bess, Blue Monday (World Premiere Recording: Original Version) (1998)
 On Broadway (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil, Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller; Claude-Michel Schönberg, Richard Maltby Jr.; Mark Mancina; Lucy Simon, Marsha Norman; Cy Coleman, David Zippel; Stephen Sondheim) (1999)
 The Great Movie Scores from the Films of Steven Spielberg, with Timothy Berens, Michael Turk Richards, School For Creative And Performing Arts Chorale, Sylvia Mitchell, Michael Kenyon, Randolph Bowman, Duane Duggar, Alexander Kerr, Walnut Hills High School Senior Choir (John Williams; Jerry Goldsmith; Quincy Jones) (January 26, 1999)
 Route 66 - That Nelson Riddle Sound (2000)
 Mega Movies (Jerry Goldsmith; James Horner; Bob Badami, Hans Zimmer, Nick Glennie-Smith; Alan Silvestri; Hans Zimmer, Stephen Schwartz; David Hirschfelder; David Arnold; Stephen Warbeck; Trevor Rabin) (2000)
 Viennafest (Eduard Strauss; Emmerich Kálmán; Franz Lehár; Johann Strauss II; Johann Strauss I; Josef Lanner; Oscar Straus; Robert Stolz; Rudolf Sieczynski) (October 24, 2000)
 The Best of Gershwin, featuring William Tritt, Harolyn Blackwell, John O'Conor (2001)
 Perform the Music of The Beatles featuring The King'Singers (John Lennon, Paul McCartney; George Harrison; Richard Starkey) (2001)
 Nice 'N' Easy (Celebrating Sinatra) (2001)
 Scary Music (Danny Elfman; Vic Mizzy; Mike Oldfield; Elmer Bernstein; John Michael Spirt, Robert Lawrence Rappaport, Steve Millman Rappaport; Bobby Pickett; Wendy Carlos, Rachel Elkind; Rod Temperton; Jerry Goldsmith; Robert Cobert; Burt Bacharach, Mack David; Gordon Goodwin, Paul Sundfor, John DeBello) (2002)
 A Celtic Spectacular, featuring James Galway, Kieran O'Hare, Silver Arm (2002)
 Got Swing! with special guests The Manhattan Transfer, John Pizzarelli; Janis Siegel, Antonio Hart; Mike Sharfe, Richie Goods (2003)
 Epics (Richard Strauss; Miklós Rósza; Hans Zimmer; Max Steiner; Tan Dun; Alex North; Maurice Jarre; Howard Shore; John Williams; Elmer Bernstein) (2003)
 Ballet Favorites, featuring Gillian Benet Sella (Adolphe Adam; Aram Khachaturian; Dmitry Kabalevsky; Dmitri Shostakovich; Frédéric Chopin; Igor Stravinsky; Jacques Offenbach; Léo Delibes; Léon Minkus, Manuel de Falla, Paul Dukas, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Reinhold Glière) (2004)
 Classics at the Pops (Aaron Copland; Camille Saint-Saëns; Ottorino Respighi; Ralph Vaughan Williams; Giuseppe Verdi; Claude Debussy; Edward Elgar; Hector Berlioz; Jaromir Weinberger; Dmitri Shostakovich) (October 26, 2004)
 Miklós Rósza: Three Choral Suites, with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir (April 26, 2005)
 Howard Hanson: Bold Island Suite (world premiere recording) • Symphony No. 2, "Romantic" • Suite from Merry Mount (September 27, 2005)
 The Never-Ending Waltz (2006)
 Russian Nights (2006)
 Great Film Fantasies (John Williams; Howard Shore) (2006)
 Christmastime Is Here, with Ann Hampton Callaway, Tony DeSare, King's Singers, John Pizzarelli, Tierney Sutton, Indiana University Singing Hoosiers directed by Michael Schwarzkopf (September 26, 2006)
 Masters And Commanders - Music From Seafaring Classics featuring Eric Kim, Timothy Lees (Alfred Newman; Klaus Badelt; Hans Zimmer; Erich Wolfgang Korngold; Luigi Boccherini; Elmer Bernstein; Franz Waxman; Henry Mancini; Bronislau Kaper; Morton Gould; John Debney) (July 24, 2007)
 Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Nutcracker: Favorite Selections (September 25, 2007)
 Boléro (Maurice Ravel; Alexander Borodin; Georges Bizet; Isaac Albeniz) (April 22, 2008)
 Vintage Cinema (Max Steiner; Erich Wolfgang Korngold; Miklós Rósza; Aaron Copland; Franz Waxman; Leonard Bernstein; Bernard Herrmann; Elmer Bernstein) (October 28, 2008)
 From the Top at the Pops featuring Christopher O'Riley and America's Best Young Classical Musicians: Caroline Goulding, Chad Hoopes, Corey Dundee, Hilda Huang, Ji-Yong, Matthew Allen (David Popper; Edvard Grieg; Felix Mendelssohn, Johann Sebastian Bach, Max Bruch, Russell Peck) (August 25, 2009)

Pro Arte recordings with the Rochester Pops

 Christmas At The Pops (Leroy Anderson; Georges Bizet; Victor Herbert; Leopold Mozart; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; Mark Leontovich [Mykola Leontovich]; Emil Waldteufel;  Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky; Johann Strauss II; Felix Bernard) (1985)
 Syncopated Clock (And Other Favorites By Leroy Anderson) (1986) (issued in Japan as The Typewriter Song)
 Ties & Tails. Music Of Duke Ellington And George Gershwin (1986)
 A Night At The Pops (1987) (reissued on FirstChoice in 1991)
 An Enchanted Evening ...The Music Of Richard Rodgers (1987)

PAR recordings with the Houston Symphony

 Gerry Mulligan: Symphonic Dreams (1987)

Telarc recordings with Naples Philharmonic Orchestra
 Joaquin Rodrigo: Concierto De Aranjuez/Fantasía para un gentilhombre/Concierto para un fiesta featuring David Russell (1987)

See also
Paavo Järvi, Kunzel's counterpart at the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra
John Morris Russell, Kunzel's successor at the Cincinnati Pops, named in December 2010.

References

Sources
 "Erich Kunzel" in Contemporary Musicians. Vol. 17. Gale Research, 1996.

External links
 from the Cincinnati Pops

1935 births
2009 deaths
American male conductors (music)
20th-century American conductors (music)
American people of German descent
Brown University alumni
Brown University faculty
Deaths from cancer in Maine
Dartmouth College alumni
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Harvard University alumni
Musicians from Cincinnati
Musicians from Greenwich, Connecticut
People from Hancock County, Maine
Musicians from New York City
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Classical musicians from Ohio
20th-century American male musicians
Greenwich High School alumni

Erich Kunzel


The Ahir (Abhira) Kingdom in the Mahabharata is one of two kingdoms near the Sarasvati River which existed only as a dried up river bed during the time of the Kurukshetra War. They were dominated by the Ahirs/Abhiras sometimes referred to as Sur-abhira also, combining both Sura and Abhira kingdoms. The modern day Ahir/Abhira territory lies within the Northern areas of Gujarat and Southern Rajasthan, India .

Reference of Abhiras in Mahabharat
Ahirs are mentioned as warriors in support of Duryodhana in the Mahabharat war. The Gopas, whom Krishna had offered to Duryodhana to fight in his support when he himself joined Arjuna's side, were no other than the Yadavas themselves, who were also the Ahirs. The Ahirs also have been described as Vratya Kshatriyas. The Ahirs are said to have looted the troops of Arjuna, the Pandava, when he was returning from Dwaraka being accompanied by some of the members of Sri Krishna's family after the death of the later. Abhiras are said to have waylaid Arjuna and deprived him of remaining wealth from Dwarka and women somewhere in Punjab. In Mahabharat Ahir, Gopa, Gopal and Yadavas are all synonyms. They defeated the hero of Mahabharat war, and did spare him when he disclosed the identity of the members of the family of Sri Krishna.

Ahir kingdom of Maharashtra
The Ahirs ruled Western Maharashtra which included Nasik, Aparanta, Lata and Khandesh.

Ahir kingdom of South India
According to historian Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya the Ahir Kingdom (Ay Dynasty) was far more extended in South India.

King Porus
Porus  was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Hydaspes River of Jhelum and Acesines (Chenab River), in the Punjab region. He is credited to have been a legendary warrior with exceptional skills.Porus fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC), thought to be fought at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab, which is now part of Pakistan.  Ancient Greek historians describe the battle and the aftermath of Alexander's victory. After the defeat and arrest of Porus in the war, Alexander asked Porus how he would like to be treated. Porus, although defeated, being a valiant, proud king, stated that he be treated like how Alexander himself would expect to be treated. Alexander was reportedly so impressed by his adversary that he not only reinstated him as a satrap of his own kingdom but also granted him dominion over lands to the south-east extending until the Hyphasis (Beas).Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.

According to historian Ishwari Prasad, Porus might have been a Yaduvanshi Shurasena. He argued that Porus' vanguard soldiers carried a banner of Heracles whom Megasthenes—who travelled to India after Porus had been supplanted by Chandragupta—explicitly identified with the Shurasenas of Mathura. This Heracles of Megasthenes and Arrian (the so called Megasthenes' Herakles) has been identified by some scholars as Krishna and by others as his elder brother Baladeva, who were both the ancestors and patron deities of Shoorsainis Yaduvansh.
Iswhari Prashad and others, following his lead, found further support of this conclusion in the fact that a section of Shurasenas were supposed to have migrated westwards to Punjab and modern Afghanistan from Mathura and
Dvārakā, after Krishna walked to heaven and had established new kingdoms there.

Kalachuri Dynasty
The Early Kalachuris or Kalachuris of Mahismati were generally classified as of Abhira lineage. As the Kalachuri-Era was started by Abhira king Ishwardutta/Ishwarsena and the Early Kalachuris were also closely connected with the Abhira-Traikutakas, who claimed to be the Yadavas of Haihaya sect. The Later Kalachuris were regarded as namesakes and they had no connection with the Early Kalachuris.

The following are the known rulers of the Kalachuri dynasty of Mahismati with their estimated reigns (IAST names in brackets):

• Krishnaraja (Kṛṣṇarāja), r. c. 550-575 CE

• Shankaragana (Śaṃkaragaṇa), r. c. 575-600 CE

• Buddharaja (Buddharāja), r. c. 600-625 CE

Traikutakas
It is generally believed that Traikutakas were another class of Abhiras. And that is why they also have been called Abhira-Traikutaka in history. Indradutta, Dahrasena and Vyaghrasena are the chief kings of this dynasty. The Traikutakas are known for their Vaishnava sect, who claimed to be the Yadavas of the Haihaya lineage. And Dahrasena also performed Ashwamedh Yajna. The following were the principal rulers:

 Maharaj Indradutta
 Maharaj Dahrasena
 Maharaj Vyaghrasena

Chudasama Dynasty
The Chudasama Dynasty is originally considered to be of Abhira lineage of Sindh. Graharipu of this lineage has been called as Abhira and Yadava in the poetry of Hemachandracharya. According to Indian historian Vidarbha Singh, Chudasama people are the descendants of Samma-Yadavas of the Nagar Samachi of Sindh, who probably migrated from Sindh in the 9th century. Harald Tambs-Lyche believes that the popular story evidence based on the poetry that was Chudasama Dynasty in Junagadh that is in Saurashtra (Sorath) region of Gujarat. The Chudasama line of Abhiras was traditionally established in 875 CE. Chudasama rulers were also often addressed by titles like 'Ahir Rana or Abhira Ranaka' and by the idea of Harald Tambs-Lyche "Chudasama state was composed of Ahir caste and many small princely (petty) states which were later classified into Rajputs." Dulmaka Chudasama, the last ruler of this lineage, accepted Islam religion under the influence of Muhhamed Baghara in 1470. Baghara had invaded Girnar of Chudasama Dynasty many times.

Related pages
 Ahir

References

Ancient India

Ahir Kingdom


Strontium dog is a science fiction comic strip that was first published in a British comic called starlord in 1978. The same year it was moved to a comic called 2000 AD. It is set in a future where a war ended long ago and it disfigured people. The main character is one of the disfigured mutants called Johnny Alpha.
In the future where the story is set, there are many mutants, who are discriminated and in order to live, the mutants either must live on the streets, or become a bounty hunter.

Johnny Alpha is a mutant bounty hunter who was given a special gift when he was disfigured. His eyes glow white, and they can let him see through walls, except lead, because radioactive waves cannot pass through lead. They also let him control peoples minds, which helps him in some instances.

Comics
Science fiction

Strontium Dog