The Medium is the student newspaper of the Mississauga branch of the University of Toronto. It has been in publication since 1974, when it was founded following the collapse of The Erindalian. It primarily covers UTM news, with occasional forays into University of Toronto tri-campus news and Mississauga news.

The Medium is published by Medium II Publications, a non-profit Ontario corporation founded in 1986 in the wake of disagreements with the Erindale College Student Union. It is funded partly by a student levy and partly through advertising sales. The corporation has also published Medium Magazine nearly annually since 2010, and run a blog division since 2013.

History
In the spring of 1974, The Erindalian, then the student newspaper of the University of Toronto's Mississauga campus, which had been established less than a decade prior, collapsed due to a lack of funding . A student named Greg Troy, enrolled under the pseudonym Gregg-Michael Troy, founded what was then called medium II along with a number of friends. The first issue was published as a proposal to the student council for funding, with a cover story on the murder of Constance Dickey on Erindale Campus. They were awarded funding and proceeded to publish throughout the academic year. Towards the end of the year, Troy resigned during a successful campaign for the presidency of the student council, and Harry Vredenberg took his place.

Early editor-in-chief Bruce Dowbiggin's conflicts with ECSU, the student union by then established in place of the council, was representative of tensions that would arise for decades to follow. These tensions culminated in the 1986 incorporation that separated the publisher from the union's umbrage. A board and constitution were established, and all equipment was bought from the union for the nominal fee of $1.

In 1995, medium II changed its name to The Medium; the incorporated name is still Medium II Publications. In 2000, the first website was established. In 2010, Medium editors began to publish the annual Medium Magazine, a higher-quality print publication made up of long-form features. In 2013, the corporation created positions for blog editors with the responsibility of creating a secondary stream of informal, online-only content. In 2014, a video editor position was added, followed by a managing editor in 2015.

Masthead
The Medium is published in five sections: News, Opinion, Arts, Features, and Sports. Each section has an editor in charge, with the exception of Opinion, which is managed by the editor-in-chief. A photography editor, design editor, advertising manager, distribution manager, webmaster, and copy editor make up the remaining part of the staff, along with the more recent and experimental blog, online, and video editors.

Most of the positions are elected annually, mainly those in charge of content; the rest are hired from the student population. Most of the writers are volunteers, and can earn the title of staff writer or associate editor while writing. Bookkeeping is handled externally.

Operations
In keeping with its constitution and the Ontario requirements for non-profit corporations, Medium II Publications holds an annual audit and annual general meeting. It also holds the occasional writing and photography contest.

The corporation is considered a student society in the university's taxonomy for the purpose of distributing the student levy, whose conditions include financial record-keeping, an audit, and constitutionality. The content does not involve any administrative oversight, although a university liaison holds a non-voting seat on the board of directors. The board's remaining positions are made up five elected students, the elected editor-in-chief, and a non-voting appointed ex-officio seat.

Notable past editors and staff
 Bruce Dowbiggin, writer for The Globe and Mail
 Sandy Mowat, son of Farley Mowat
 H.E. Robert Sabga, High Commissioner for Trinidad and Tobago
 Duncan Koerber, business communication professor at Brock University
 Robert Price, writing professor at UTM
 Richie Mehta, filmmaker
 Zaib Shaik, Director of film and entertainment City of Toronto, actor
 Ali Taha, Analyst, Innovation & Intrapreneurship at SpyderWorks Inc.

See also
List of student newspapers in Canada
List of newspapers in Canada

References

External links
 The Medium
 The Medium Blog

Student newspapers published in Ontario
University of Toronto
Mass media in Mississauga
Newspapers established in 1974
Weekly newspapers published in Ontario
1974 establishments in Ontario

The Medium (University of Toronto Mississauga)


Global Happiness Organization (GHO) is an international non-profit organization, founded under the name "Charity International". It is dedicated to the promotion of utilitarian ethics. It was founded in 2007 by a team of Swedish academics, philosophers and animal welfare activists led by Ludvig Lindström. The purpose of the organization is to increase net happiness worldwide and to get a happiness agenda into mainstream politics.  Its goal is to have politicians base their policy-making decisions on conclusions drawn from the latest scientific studies in order to create better conditions for a happier society and a happier world.

From 2007 onwards, the Global Happiness Organization has organized a Happiness Conference where the organization presents the latest happiness research, outlines its future agenda, and provides an arena for discussions both among its members and among international happiness researchers. Conference participants and speakers have included the Australian philosopher Peter Singer, the Dutch Happiness researcher Ruut Veenhoven and the British philosopher David Pearce.

The Global Happiness Organization's most recent conference was held in May 2009 at Malmö University.

References

External links
 Official website

Philosophy organizations
Non-profit organizations based in Sweden
Organizations established in 2007
2007 establishments in Sweden
Utilitarianism
Happiness

Global Happiness Organization


James Alexander Thomson is an American developmental biologist best known for deriving the first human embryonic stem cell line in 1998 and for deriving human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) in 2007.

Research
Human embryonic stem cells [which are cells that reproduce over and over and over again until they eventually die. they are what other cells 'stem' from] can divide without limit, and yet maintain the potential to make all the cells of the body.   This remarkable potential makes them useful for basic research on the function of the human body, for drug discovery and testing, and as a source of cells and tissues for transplantation medicine. In 1998, Thomson's Lab was the first to report the successful isolation of human embryonic stem cells. On November 6, 1998, Science published this research in an article titled "Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts", results which Science later featured in its "Scientific Breakthrough of the Year" article, 1999.

In spite of their great medical potential, however, human embryonic stem cells generated enormous controversy because their derivation involved the destruction of a human embryo. In 2007, Thomson's group (contemporaneously with Dr. Shinya Yamanaka) reported a method for converting human skin cells into cells that very closely resemble human embryonic stem cells.  Published in Science in late 2007 in an article titled "Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells", the results garnered international attention for potentially ending the ethical controversy surrounding human embryonic stem cell research. Science later featured induced pluripotent stem cells in its "Scientific Breakthrough of the Year" article, 2008.

Education
Thomson graduated with a B.S. in biophysics from the University of Illinois in 1981. He entered the Veterinary Medical Scientist Training Program at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving his doctorate in veterinary medicine in 1985, and his doctorate in molecular biology in 1988. His doctoral thesis involved understanding genetic imprinting in early mammalian development under the mentorship of Davor Solter at the Wistar Institute.  Thomson also spent two years (1989–91) as a postdoctoral research fellow in the Primate In Vitro Fertilization and Experimental Embryology Laboratory at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, and completed a residency in veterinary pathology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison  (1991–1994). He joined the Wisconsin Regional (now National) Primate Research Center on campus as its chief pathologist in 1995. There, he became the first in the world to successfully isolate and culture nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells. This led to his human embryonic stem cell discovery in 1998.

Current employment
He serves as Director of Regenerative Biology at the Morgridge Institute for Research in Madison, Wisconsin, is a professor in the Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health and a professor in the Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is also a founder of Cellular Dynamics International, a Madison-based company producing derivatives of human induced pluripotent stem cells for drug discovery and toxicity testing.

Awards
Thomson is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the recipient of numerous awards and prizes. In 1999, Thomson received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He was on the cover of TIME magazine's "America's Best in Science & Medicine" feature in 2001 for his work with human embryonic stem cells, and again in 2008 when the magazine named him one of the world's 100 most influential people for his derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. In 2011, Thomson was co-recipient, with Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, of the King Faisal International Prize and the Albany Medical Center Prize. In 2013, Thomson received an honorary doctor of science degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He also won the 2013 McEwen Award for Innovation from the International Society for Stem Cell Research.

References

External links

 "Stem cell pioneer does a reality check". MSNBC interview with James Thomson
 Nature Reports Stem Cells Q&A with James Thomson

21st-century American biologists
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Oak Park, Illinois
Year of birth missing (living people)

James Thomson (cell biologist)


Max Wilhelm Theodore Reischle (18 June 1858 – 11 December 1905) was an Austrian-born German Protestant systematic theologian. He was born in Vienna, and died in Tübingen.

In 1887, he received his doctorate at the University of Tübingen, later working as a professor at the Karlsgymnasium in Stuttgart (from 1889). In 1892, he was appointed a full professor of practical theology at the University of Giessen, then become a professor of systematic theology at the University of Göttingen (1895). During the following year, he accepted a call to Halle as chair of systematic theology.

His studies largely dealt with mysticism in theology, the philosophy of religion and the transmission of ethical principles in academic instruction.

Published works
 Die Frage nach dem Wesen der Religion. Grundlagen zu einer Methodologie der theologischen Wissenschaft (1889) – The question of the nature of religion. Foundations for a methodology of theological science.
 Der Glaube an Jesus Christus und die geschichtliche Erforschung seines Lebens (1893) – Faith in Jesus Christ and the historical study of his life.
 Christentum und Entwicklungsgedanke (1898).
 Christliche Glaubenslehre in Leitsätzen für eine akademische Vorlesung entwickelt (1899) – Christian doctrine as guidelines for academic lecture development.
 Werturteile und Glaubensurteile (1900) – Value and belief judgments.
 Die Bibel und das christliche Volksleben (1902).

References

External links
 Max Reischle at www.catalogus-professorum-halensis.de (German language)

Austrian Protestant theologians
German people of Austrian descent
Writers from Vienna
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Academic staff of the University of Giessen
Academic staff of the University of Halle
University of Tübingen alumni
1858 births
1905 deaths
19th-century German Protestant theologians
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

Max Reischle


The Old Supreme Court Chamber is the room on the ground floor of the North Wing of the United States Capitol. From 1800 to 1806, the room was the lower half of the first United States Senate chamber, and from 1810 to 1860, the courtroom for the Supreme Court of the United States.

History and use

Construction on the North Wing began in 1793 with the laying of the cornerstone by President George Washington. Although interior work was unfinished, the Senate relocated from its 1791 Philadelphia location, Congress Hall, in November 1800. The chamber interior, including an upper-level public gallery, was finally completed early in 1805, just before the start of the Samuel Chase impeachment trial. Its completion allowed the Federal government to move to Washington, D.C. The North Wing, as the only completed section of the Capitol, originally hosted both houses of the United States Congress, the Library of Congress, and the Supreme Court. In addition to the Chase trial, the chamber was the location of President Thomas Jefferson's inauguration in 1801.

Division into two levels

However, by 1806, the North Wing was already deteriorating from heavy use and required repairs. The Architect of the Capitol at the time, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, decided that the repairs would provide an opportunity to expand room space in the Capitol by dividing the chamber in half. The upper half would serve as a new chamber for the Senate (that area is now known as the Old Senate Chamber), and the lower half would be used for the Supreme Court.

The size and structure of Latrobe's vaulted, semicircular ceiling were virtually unprecedented in the United States. The room is  deep and  wide. Construction began in November 1806 with the gutting of the former two-story Senate Chamber and rooms above it and lasted until 1810. The process was not without tragedy, as an assistant to Latrobe, John Lenthall, Clerk of the Works, was killed upon removing a center wooden ceiling support prematurely, against Latrobe's advice. The unfinished masonry ceiling collapsed, crushing Lenthall in the process. Lenthall's death was a setback not just to construction but to Latrobe's reputation as an architect, which he struggled to rebuild for the rest of his career.

Fire of 1814 and reconstruction

The Supreme Court barely had the opportunity to hear cases in the chamber before the justices were forced to leave Washington by the threat of British invasion during the War of 1812. On August 24, 1814, the British successfully took the city and set fire to many of the recently completed buildings of the fledgling capital, including the North and South wings of the Capitol building. Despite the disaster, which left much of the North Wing gutted, the chamber with its vaulted ceiling survived. With safety in mind, however, Latrobe ordered the ceiling to be broken down and rebuilt for the final time in 1815. Latrobe resigned two years later, under his successor, Charles Bulfinch, that the chamber was completed in 1819, in time for the next session of the Supreme Court.

In 1844, Samuel Morse sent the first Morse coded message—which read, "What hath God wrought?"—from the Supreme Court Chamber.

The Supreme Court resided in the chamber for the next forty-one years, until 1860. During that time, the court heard arguments on such landmark cases as McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Dred Scott v. Sandford, and United States v. The Amistad. Two Chief Justices—John Marshall and Roger Taney—presided over the Supreme Court in the chamber.

Post-Supreme Court and restoration
Upon the departure of the Supreme Court to the Old Senate Chamber upstairs in 1860, the chamber was put to use as the Law Library of Congress until 1941. After the Supreme Court vacated the Capitol building itself for its present-day quarters in the Supreme Court Building, the room was used as a reference library and later as a committee room for the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy from 1955 to 1960. From 1960 to 1972, the chamber was a rather mundane storage room until Congress voted to restore it to its historic antebellum appearance, which everyday citizens can visit and see.

An 1854 diagram of the chamber was used to establish the layout and positioning of furniture in the chamber, and a portrait of John Marshall provided clues towards a mahogany railing and the carpet pattern. Still existing furnishings in the possession of the United States Capitol were sent to the chamber, as well as donated items such as Roger Taney's chair. By 1975, the chamber was opened to the public and has served as a museum ever since.

Artwork in the Old Supreme Court Chamber

There are several notable pieces of artwork in the Old Supreme Court Chamber. There are four marble busts of the first four Chief Justices of the Supreme Court: John Jay, John Rutledge, Oliver Ellsworth, and John Marshall. A bust of Roger Taney is found in the adjacent robing room, which serves as the entrance for visitors into the chamber. Above one fireplace is a clock that is said apocryphally to be ordered by Roger Taney and set five minutes forward under his direction to promote promptness in the court proceedings. Above the clock is a plaster relief of Lady Justice, notable for a lack of blindfold. She is accompanied by America, depicted as a winged youth, holding the United States Constitution as a star overhead shines light upon the document. Although never specified by the artist, Justice looks to the document with her unblinded eyes. An eagle seen protecting law books and an owl beneath Justice, two symbolic birds, are featured in the sculpture. The relief was the work of Carlo Franzoni in 1817.

Taney controversy

On July 22, 2020, amid the George Floyd protests, the U.S. House of Representatives voted 305–113 to remove a bust of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (as well as statues honoring figures who were part of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War) from the U.S. Capitol and replace it with a bust of Justice Thurgood Marshall, who was a champion of civil rights. The bill called for removing Taney's bust within 30 days after the law's passage. The bust had been mounted in the old robing room adjacent to the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol Building. The bill (H.R. 7573) also created a "process to obtain a bust of Marshall ... and place it there within a minimum of two years." After the bill reached the Republican-led Senate on July 30, 2020 (S.4382), it was referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration, but no further action was taken.

On June 29, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution 285 to 120 with sixty-seven Republican Representatives to replace the bust with one of Thurgood Marshall and expel Confederate statues from the U.S. Capitol.

On February 9, 2023, the bust of Roger Taney was officially removed from the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., thanks to an effort led by  Maryland Democratic Senators Ben Cardin and Chris Van Hollen, as well as Maryland Democratic Representative Steny Hoyer, to be replaced by a new work of art honoring Justice Thurgood Marshall.

Gallery

Notes

Buildings and structures completed in 1805
United States Capitol rooms
Supreme Court of the United States
Courthouses in Washington, D.C.
Federal courthouses in the United States
Benjamin Henry Latrobe buildings and structures
1805 establishments in Washington, D.C.

Old Supreme Court Chamber


Klang Valley () is an urban conglomeration in Malaysia that is centered in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, and includes its adjoining cities and towns in the state of Selangor. It is conterminous with Greater Kuala Lumpur, although there are variations between the two.

The Klang Valley is geographically delineated by the Titiwangsa Mountains to the north and east and the Strait of Malacca to the west.  It extends to Rawang in the northwest, Semenyih in the southeast, and Klang and Port Klang in the southwest. The conurbation is the heartland of Malaysia's industry and commerce. As of 2022, the Klang Valley is home to roughly 9 million people.

Origin
The valley is named after the Klang River, the principal river that flows through it that starts at Klang Gates Quartz Ridge in Gombak and flows into the Straits of Malacca in Port Klang, The river is closely linked to the early development of the area as a cluster of tin mining towns in the late 19th century. Development of the region took place largely in the East-West direction (between Gombak and Port Klang) but the urban areas surrounding Kuala Lumpur have since grown north and south towards the border with Perak and Negeri Sembilan respectively.

Regions
There is no official designation of the boundaries that make up the Klang Valley but it is often assumed to comprise the following areas and their corresponding local authorities:

Federal Territory of Putrajaya
 Putrajaya Corporation
Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur City Hall
 Selangor district of Petaling
Shah Alam City Council
Petaling Jaya City Council
Subang Jaya City Council
Selangor district of Klang
Klang Municipal Council
Selangor district of Gombak
Selayang Municipal Council
Selangor district of Hulu Langat
Ampang Jaya Municipal Council
Kajang Municipal Council
Selangor district of Sepang
Sepang Municipal Council
Selangor district of Kuala Langat
Kuala Langat Municipal Council

Transport

Even though the Klang Valley officially consists of separate cities and suburbs, integration between these cities is very high, with a highly developed road network and an expanding integrated rail transit system. Many expressways criss-cross the metropolis making cars the most convenient way to get around. However, this has led to the Klang Valley's notorious traffic jams which span whole kilometres of expressways and make driving during peak hours exhausting. Since the 1990s, new rail systems, such as Rapid KL's light rapid transit (LRT), mass rapid transit (MRT), KTM Komuter, ERL's airport rail links and a monorail have been developed. Most of these systems have gone through extensive expansion as a superproject. The Klang Valley Integrated Transit System, as of now, is currently being upgraded to include a new MRT line and LRT line, as well as a monorail serving Putrajaya. Buses that operate around Klang Valley are also extensive.

See also
 1998 Klang Valley water crisis
 Greater Kuala Lumpur
 Kuala Lumpur
 List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population
 Public Transport in Klang Valley

References

Klang River
Valleys of Malaysia
K
Landforms of Selangor
Peninsular Malaysia

Klang Valley


Stortinget is an underground rapid transit station on the Common Line of the Oslo Metro, Norway. It is located in the heart of the city center, next to the Parliament of Norway Building (Stortinget). The station is served by all of the five lines of the metro. At the street level, the station serves tram routes 11, 12, 13, 17, 18 and 19. Lines 11, 12 and 13 serves Øvre Slottsgate on the Vika Line while Lines 17, 18 and 19 stops at Tinghuset in the Ullevål Hageby Line. Also close to the station, there is a stop named Prof. Aschehougs gate that stops line FB5 to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. Stortinget is 'kilometer marker zero' for the metro network and is owned by Sporveien T-banen.

There has been a tram stop at Tinghuset since the opening of the Oslo Tramway, in 1875. The rapid transit station opened as Sentrum in 1977, and was connected to the eastern network of the metro. It was forced to close in 1983 due to leaks. It took the new name following the 1987 re-opening; this time it was also connected to the western network. The station has four platforms; originally two were used for the eastern trains and two for the western ones. Since 1993, trains have passed through the station.

History
The first underground railway to serve Oslo was the extension of the Holmenkoll Line to Nationaltheatret in 1928. The company, Holmenkolbanen, had plans for further extensions into the heart of the city, but high costs during the construction of the initial tunnel hampered progress. In 1954, the Parliament of Norway decided to build a rapid transit system for Oslo. Four lines to the east of the city would be built, and in 1966 the section from Tøyen to Jernbanetorget opened by Oslo Sporveier. Jernbanetorget was located adjacent to Oslo East Station, the main railway station serving Oslo. However, the eastern lines also did not extend into the core of the central business district of the capital.

During the 1960s, the Oslo Tunnel was being planned to connect the Drammen Line to Oslo East Station. This would make the West Station unnecessary, and would allow a central station to be built at the location of the East Station. The tunnel was planned to run in a similar route as would be necessary to connect Jernbanetorget to Nationaltheatret, and a railway station was planned to connect to Nationaltheatret. Simultaneously, Oslo Sporveier worked with possibilities to connect their eastern and western networks, and get both into the city core. During the 1960s, the planning office for the metro proposed to build a connecting tunnel between Nationaltheatret and Jernbanetorget. However, the initial plans involved creating a station close to Nationaltheatret, named for Slottsparken, which would serve as the transfer point between the two systems. This station had a planned dimension to hold 25,000 people.

At the time, the western and eastern networks were incompatible; in addition to different platform heights, the eastern network used six-car trains with a third-rail power supply, while the western network used overhead wires and two-car trains. The initial plans were met with criticism, following media's discovery that the main planners had not consulted several hired specialists, and that alternatives to the preferred route had not been made. As a consequence, several engineers working for the Norwegian State Railways made two alternative suggestion for the route. By 1975, the plans were changed so Nationaltheatret would become the transfer station, by building a balloon loop for the eastern trains, while the western trains would terminate as before. This solution would allow the two networks to be connected later. In 1978, the city planner discarded the proposal from Oslo Sporveier to build a new station at Slottsparken, and instead decided that Stortinget would become the interchange between the two systems. This would allow the western network to later be upgraded to metro standard and allow through trains. The proposal was supported by all political parties except the Labour Party.

The decision to build Sentrum Station was taken by the city council on 22 May 1969; the decision also involved that the transfer station be placed at Slottsparken/Nationaltheatret. Construction started in 1972, and the first leaks were revealed. By the time the station opened on 9 January 1977, the leaks had not been removed. During trials in January, it turned out that the tracks were too low for all types of trains to be able to open their doors, causing the tracks to have to be raised. By 1978, the contractor and the municipality felt that the leaks were under control, and the municipality took over the station. In February 1983, the station was closed to finally remove all leaks. At the time, it was expected that the station could reopen in 1984. The leakages were caused by two sources: the use of the wrong type of concrete, and the wrong construction method. These were specified correctly in the tender contracts, but after the contractor was chosen, an agreement was made between the municipality and Selmer for the use of the membrane method. Combined with the inferior quality of concrete, the leaks were unavoidable. In 1986, the municipality sued Selmer for the  it cost to repair the station.

The station reopened on 7 March 1987, with the new name Stortinget. The name derives from the Parliament of Norway () that is adjacent to the station. The Common Tunnel was completed, and the trains from the western network terminated where at the old platforms, where the eastern trains had previously terminated. The eastern trains instead operated through a balloon loop. The station featured a step-free walk between the two systems. With the opening of Stortinget, the metro network was declared finished, after the last extension on the Furuset Line to Ellingsrudåsen had been made in 1981. After the opening of Stortinget, only seven new station have opened: Mortensrud (1998), Forskningsparken (1999), Nydalen, Storo (both 2003), Sinsen,
Husebybakken (both 2006) and Løren (2016). In 1993, the Sognsvann Line and the Common Tunnel were rebuilt to metro standard, and the first through trains started operating on both sides of Stortinget. By 1995, also the Røa Line was upgraded, and all lines started operating through Stortinget.

Facilities

Stortinget has four platforms. Most regular trains which travel through the city center use the main platforms which were formerly used only for trains on the western side of the network. At each side is a platform for trains from the east terminating at Stortinget. Before the lines were joined these platforms were used by all trains on the eastern part of the network, but they are now used mainly for extra trains on lines 2 and 3 running Stortinget-Mortensrud (Line 3) and Stortinget-Ellingsrudåsen (Line 2).A loop which passes underneath the main track connects the two side platforms, allowing the trains to turn without having to reverse direction. The stations Øvre Slottsgate and Tinghuset of the Oslo tramway are close to the station entrances making it possible to transfer to all the tramway lines for example Line 13.

Service
Stortinget is served by all five lines of the Oslo Metro. The station is considered the heart of the system, and is 'kilometer marker zero' for measuring all distances. All services have a 15-minute headway. The metro is operated by Oslo T-banedrift on contract with Ruter.

The trams running through Grensen and Pilestredet serve the tram stop Tinghuset (the courthouse) next to one of the Metro entrances. The stop is served by lines 17, 18 and 19 of the Oslo Tramway. Westwards, line 17 and 18 operate along the Ullevål Hageby Line to Rikshospitalet; travel time is 16 minutes. Line 19 branches off onto the Homansbyen Line to Majorstuen. Eastwards, line 19 operates via Bjørvika to Ljabru. Line 17 operates via Sinsen to Grefsen, with a travel time of 17 minutes. Line 18 operates to Grefsen via the Grünerløkka-Torshov Line, with a travel time of 24 minutes. Øvre Slottsgate is also next to one of the Metro entrances. The stop is served by lines 11, 12 and 13. Westwards, Line 11 operate along the Briskeby Line to Majorstuen. Line 12 branches off and run via Aker Brygge in the Vika Line and operate along the Frogner Line to Majorstuen. Line 13 runs via the Skøyen Line to Lilleaker and Bekkestua. Eastwards, lines 11 and 12 runs via the Grünerløkka - Torshov Line to Kjelsås. Line 13 runs via the Bjørvika Line and the Ekerberg Line to Ljabru. Oslo Tramway is operated by Oslo Sporvognsdrift on contract with Ruter.

References

External links

Oslo Metro stations in Oslo
Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1875
Railway stations opened in 1977
1977 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1870s
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1970s

Stortinget station


Sevenoaks Rural District was a rural district in the county of Kent, England, from 1894 to 1974. It did not include Sevenoaks Urban District, which covered the town of Sevenoaks. It was created in 1894 from the majority of the area of Somerden Hundred, and parts of the Hundreds of Codsheath, Brasted, and Westerham and Edinbridge.

It included the following civil parishes:

Brasted
Chevening
Chiddingstone
Cowden
Dunton Green (1909–1974; created from part of Otford parish)
Edenbridge
Halstead
Hever
Kemsing
Knockholt (1969–1974; gained from London Borough of Bromley in Greater London)
Leigh
Otford
Penshurst
Riverhead
Seal
Sevenoaks Weald
Shoreham
Sundridge
Westerham

The rural district was abolished in 1974 and its former area is now part of the Sevenoaks district.

References

Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972
Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894
History of Kent
Sevenoaks
Rural districts of England

Sevenoaks Rural District


Haemodracon is a small genus of rare geckos from Socotra archipelago.

It contains the following species:
  — type species

The genus name is related to Dracaena cinnabari — the most famous tree of Socotra. It gives a red resin known as dragon's blood. The word Haemodracon is derived from the Latinized Greek haema-, meaning "blood", and dracon meaning "dragon".

References

Endemic fauna of Socotra
Lizard genera
Taxa named by William Roy Branch

Haemodracon


The Murrumbidgee River railway bridge is a heritage-listed railway bridge across the Murrumbidgee River located on the Tumut railway line at Gundagai in the Cootamundra-Gundagai Regional Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built in 1903. It is also known as the Gundagai Rail Bridge over Murrumbidgee River and the Murrumbidgee River Railway Bridge. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History

During the era of John Whitton as Engineer-in-Chief of the New South Wales Government Railways, there was a government edict for railway construction to use as much local materials as possible instead of expensive imported iron bridges. Whitton used stone arches and some brick arches but mostly timber in the form of laminated arches, timber beam bridges and timber trusses.

His successor was his Deputy, Henry Deane who, following a visit to the United States of America instigated a policy of cheaper railway construction known as Pioneer Lines beginning in the late 1890s. Most inland rivers were crossed by a new series of timber trusses based on the American Howe truss. Only under special circumstances were steel trusses used.

There were two types of timber trusses, the large span 62 feet through trusses and the shorter 35 – 40 feet deck trusses. Upgrading replacements have reduced the survivors to 3 sites with through trusses and 5 sites with deck trusses. All but one are on lines that have suspended traffic.

At Gundagai there is a mix of both bridge policies. The main channel of the Murrumbidgee River had to be crossed by a high level major steel truss bridge but, in order to contain railway construction costs, the long, high level viaduct across the flood plain was built from timber in the form of 77 deck trusses on timber trestles.

It is timber bridge construction on a grand scale.

The total crossing had to be built first so as to provide access to South Gundagai and the railway construction beyond to Tumut.

The line across the bridge and on to Tumut opened on 12 October 1903, with the first train travelling across on 3 December 1903. The last train travelled across the bridge on 26 November 1983 and the line was formally closed in March 1985 following flood damage to the line on two occasions.

In 2017, a local community group, Gundagai Historic Bridge Incorporated, expressed concern about the future of the decaying bridge and launched a campaign to save the bridge and have it converted into a rail trail. A spokesperson for John Holland Rail told The Daily Advertiser at that time: "No decision has been made, however we are considering a number of options which may include modifications or the removal of spans over public roadways."

A report in May 2018 commissioned by the Cootamundra-Gundagai Regional Council estimated that the cost of rehabilitating the timber viaducts would be $13,660,000, with a cost of a further $5,955,000 to install a shared path decking system to facilitate pedestrian use.

Description
The Gundagai Rail Bridge over Murrumbidgee River is a 77-span timber deck truss,  spans, on tall timber trestles. As at February 2018, the bridge was unsafe to cross due to decayed, loose and/or unstable timbers. There are safety barriers at both ends of the bridge to prevent pedestrian access. It was assumed to have not had any maintenance since 1984. A report at that time described the condition of the timber viaducts as varying from poor to fair condition, and the steel spans in fair to good condition. The structure retains its original fabric.

Heritage listing

Gundagai is a major crossing of the Murrumbidgee River by the Hume Highway to Victoria, and the Tumut branch railway. The railway reached the town in 1886.

Gundagai is a highly significant site with an excellent group of buildings and structures from the late 1880s. In particular the relationship of the station, yard and early timber road and rail viaducts adds to the particular significance of the area.
The timber viaducts are of very high significance because of their size, their pairing and their construction as examples of an early engineering solution to crossing a major flood plain. Their national significance is recognised by listing by the National Estate.

This viaduct is an example of timber bridge construction on a grand scale. A multi-span, high level viaduct of timber deck trusses and timber trestles, it is one of the most impressive structures in Australia. It dominates the crossing of the Murrumbidgee flood plain more so than the adjacent low level timber beam road viaduct. Its combination with the steel truss over the river makes for a unique technical juxtaposition of bridge types.

Gundagai rail bridge over Murrumbidgee River was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

The Gundagai-Tumut Railway was one of the early branch lines built cheaply as a developmental railway. It was not sufficiently profitable to justify upgrading despite the heavy cost of crossing the Murrumbidgee River.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

A high level structure on timber trestles, it one of the most imposing bridge structures in Australia.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The Murrumbidgee railway crossing was essential to the social and commercial development of the district south of the river.

Since the closing of rail services, the historic features of the railway have been successfully promoted such that the railway crossing is now a prominent tourist attraction.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The Murrumbidgee flood plain crossing at Gundagai was the largest application of the new type of timber deck truss bridge spans. It is an impressive example of the bridge carpenters' skills.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

There are only five sites with timber Howe deck trusses.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

It is a spectacular representative example of a timber Howe deck truss.

Engineering heritage award
The bridge received a Historic Engineering Marker from Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.

See also

List of railway bridges in New South Wales

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Gundagai
Railway bridges in New South Wales
Pedestrian bridges in Australia
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Bridges completed in 1903
1903 establishments in Australia
Gundagai
1895 disestablishments in Australia
Former railway bridges in Australia
Crossings of the Murrumbidgee River
Recipients of Engineers Australia engineering heritage markers

Murrumbidgee River railway bridge, Gundagai


Gravia () is a village and a former municipality in the northeastern part of Phocis, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Delphi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 161.651 km2. In the 2011 census its population was 604 for the village and 2,073 for the municipality.

Location
The municipal unit Gravia is situated in the foothills of the mountains Giona and Parnassus. The northeastern part of the municipal unit covers the western end of the wide valley of the river Cephissus. There are farmlands in the valley. The municipal unit borders Phthiotis Prefecture to the north and northeast. The Greek National Road 27 connects Gravia with Itea, Amfissa and Lamia. Gravia is located south of Lamia, northwest of Livadia and north of Amfissa and Itea.

History
The name is of Slavic origin, pointing to a settlement of the area after the 6th century; initially it was the name of a local river (mod. Koukouvistianos), which was later transferred to a castle some 5 km northwest of the modern settlement, above the acropolis of the ancient settlement of Pindus. The castle was most likely built by the Crusaders in the early 13th century, being mentioned for the first time in 1259, when the Prince of Achaea William II of Villehardouin crossed the local pass on his way to the Battle of Pelagonia. In 1275 it was one of the castles ceded by the ruler of Thessaly, John I Doukas, to the Duchy of Athens, as the dowry of his daughter Helena Angelina Komnene. The castle's history is unknown thereafter, except for a brief mention in 1304.

Gravia is famous for the battle of the Gravia Inn, that took place during the Greek Revolution of 1821. Odysseas Androutsos along with a group of Greek soldiers successfully repelled an attack from the Turkish army led by Omer Vryonis in May 1821.

Municipal districts

Apostolias
Gravia
Kaloskopi
Kastellia
Mariolata
Oinochori
Sklithro
Vargiani

Population

Sporting clubs
Androutsos Gravia

See also
List of settlements in Boeotia

References

Sources

External links

Official website of the municipality of Gravia
 Gravia on the GTP Travel Pages

Populated places in Phocis
Delphi
Castles in Greece

Gravia


Ikerasaa Strait (old spelling: Ikerasâ) is a  strait in the Upernavik Archipelago in Avannaata municipality in northwestern Greenland. The strait separates Kiatassuaq Island in the north from the mainland Sanningassorsuaq Peninsula in the south. The name of the strait is the local dialect version of ikerasak, a generic word for 'strait' in the Greenlandic language.

Geography

The strait is  long and at most  wide. Located in the northern part of Upernavik Archipelago, it is an inner waterway of Inussulik Bay, linking it with Alison Bay in the northeast. In the northwest, the strait is bounded by the mountainous Kiatassuaq Island. In the northwest, the strait splits into two channels, with the small Milissua Island straddling the middle.

The northern channel is very narrow, and both channels often choked with icebergs from the Greenland ice sheet () reaching the waterline at the east end of the strait, and the confluence with Alison Bay. The southern coast of the strait is undeveloped, formed by the Sanningassorsuaq Peninsula, and the nunatak at its root.

References

Inussulik Bay
Straits of the Upernavik Archipelago

Ikerasaa Strait


The Chief Andrew J. Blackbird House, also known as the Andrew J. Blackbird Museum, is located at 368 East Main Street in Harbor Springs, Michigan. Now a museum, it was built as the home of the Chief Andrew Blackbird family. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and currently operates as a museum of American Indian artifacts.

History
Chief Andrew Blackbird was an Odawa (Ottawa) tribe leader, historian, and proponent of Indian civil rights. He was author of the 1887 book, History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. He was born in about 1815, and as an adult served in a number of government posts, including being appointed US interpreter for the Mackinac Agency in 1861 and appointed postmaster of Little Traverse (now Harbor Springs) in 1869.

Blackbird purchased this house in about 1858 for the use of his family. When he was appointed postmaster, the house doubled as the post office, and residents picked up their main in the Blackbird kitchen. As the town grew and the salary of the postmaster increased, new residents disliked the arrangement, and in 1873 petitioned to have Blackbird removed. In response, Blackbird built an addition to his house to serve as the post office. However, Blackbird was removed as postmaster in 1877. Blackbird remained in the house until his death in 1908.

Blackbird's wife, Elizabeth, continued to live in the house until her death in 1920. Her two sons lived there until their deaths, the last in 1947. It was then sold to the Michigan Indian Foundation, and opened as a local museum in 1948. The City of Harbor Springs purchased the house in 1964, with the stipulation that it be used an Indian museum. It now operates as a museum of American Indian artifacts.

Description
The Chief Andrew Blackbird House is constructed in two connected parts, both -story wood-frame buildings clad with white-painted wooden clapboard siding. The original 1860 section has a porch extending across the front, the entry door opens into the kitchen. The connected early 1870s section served as a post office, and has a false front above the entrance. This section still contains some of the original mailboxes. Each section has a brick chimney.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Emmet County, Michigan
Native American museums in Michigan
Biographical museums in Michigan
Museums in Emmet County, Michigan
Houses in Emmet County, Michigan
Houses completed in 1860
1860 establishments in Michigan
Museums established in 1964

Chief Andrew J. Blackbird House


The 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment (513th PIR) was an airborne infantry regiment of the United States Army, raised during World War II. The 513th formed part of the 17th Airborne Division and participated in the European Campaign, fighting in the latter stages of the Battle of the Bulge in January 1945 and parachuted into Germany in Operation Varsity in March, in the largest airborne drop of the war. The regiment returned to the United States in September 1945 where it was inactivated.

History
The 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment was constituted on 26 December 1942 and assigned to the 13th Airborne Division. It moved from Fort Benning to Fort Bragg before being assigned to Camp Mackall, North Carolina, in January 1944, but was transferred to the Tennessee Maneuver Area and, in March 1944, assigned to the 17th Airborne Division, commanded by Major General William "Bud" Miley.

The 513th PIR was not sent overseas until after the D-Day landings, which took place on June 6, 1944, and was still in training in England during Operation Market Garden in September. During the crisis of the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, the division was flown into Reims, France and moved by truck into southern Belgium. In January 1945, the 513th Parachute Infantry was sent into the assault on Flamierge. During this fight, Staff Sergeant I.S. "Izzy" Jachman raced through heavy fire, picked up a bazooka from a fallen comrade and drove off two tanks, damaging one. His Medal of Honor citation concludes, "S/Sgt. Jachman's heroic action, in which he suffered fatal wounds, disrupted the entire enemy attack, reflecting the highest credit upon himself and the parachute infantry." Another Medal of Honor recipient from the regiment was Private First Class Stuart Stryker.

After the conclusion of the Ardennes campaign, the division was withdrawn in preparation for Operation Varsity. The regiment dropped with the rest of the division into Germany near Wesel in its only combat drop. In April 1945, units of the 513th were carried into action around Munster by British tanks from the Guards Armoured Division.

After conducting occupation duty the 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment returned to the United States on 1945-09-14 and was inactivated on the same date at Camp Myles Standish, Mass.

Notable members of the 513th
 Staff Sergeant Isadore S. Jachman, posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for actions during the battle for Flamierge, Belgium.
 Private First Class Stuart S. Stryker,  posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Wesel, Germany, during Operation Varsity.
 Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit, 513th PIR 1944-1946, shot and killed while trying to apprehend Lee Harvey Oswald after the 1963 assassination of US President John F Kennedy.
 Private Frank C Gaylord, Sculptor of the National Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC

Notes

External links
http://www.silentwingsmuseum.org/
http://www.asomf.org/
http://www.staticlinemagazine.com/

513
Military units and formations established in 1942
513
513

513th Parachute Infantry Regiment (United States)


A dress code is a rule about what people should, must or mustn't wear. Many times these rules are obvious: they do not need to be written. For example, when walking around a city or going to work one needs to have appropriate clothes. These can change depending on different countries and cultures. At other times a dress code can be a written rule: this can happen for important events. Some private places might also have a dress code that people need to follow to be allowed in - for example churches and nightclubs. Many organizations require a uniform.

The way a person chooses their clothes can be very important in a social environment. Different types of clothes can give an idea of how much money a person has, what religion he follows, marital status, etc.

Western dress codes
In the Western world, there are the following dress codes for important events. These can include, for example, State dinners (when important people of different countries meet over dinner), weddings or the Nobel Prize ceremony.
Casual attire is a relaxed dress for more freedom. Examples of casual garments and accessories include t-shirts, shorts, jeans, baseball caps, most sunglasses
Ceremonial dress or Court dress: this depends on the country and occasion
Formal or White tie. Men have a black suit, a white shirt and a white bow tie. Women have a long dress; they can't wear trousers.
Semi-formal or Black tie. It is similar to a white tie, but the suit is a bit different and the bow tie needs to be black.
Informal or Business attire. Men have a simple business suit with a shirt of any colour and a tie. Women can wear a short dress or even a business suit if they like.

Clothing

Dress code


Charles Muscatine (28 November 1920 – 12 March 2010) was an American academic specializing in medieval literature, particularly Chaucer. Following service in the U.S. Navy during World War II, he returned home to complete his studies and went on to become a tutor at UC Berkeley. He was fired from his position there for refusing to sign a McCarthyite oath. He challenged the termination in court and won reinstatement to his post at Berkeley in a landmark 1951 court decision.

Background
Muscatine was born in Brooklyn to Samuel and Bertha (Greenberg) Mushkatin, Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire (now Belarus). The family moved to Trenton, New Jersey, where his father managed a department store. Muscatine studied English at Yale and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II, participating in the D-day landing on Omaha Beach. After the war he returned to Yale where he became one of the first Jews to take a doctorate in the English department.  He joined the English department at UC Berkeley in 1948.

Loyalty oath controversy
Shortly after he was hired, the State of California began enforcing a state law, the Levering Act, requiring public employees to sign a loyalty oath, and more than 11,000 University of California employees signed rather than risk losing their jobs. Muscatine was one of 31 academics who refused to sign the loyalty oath, and he was fired for his refusal.   Muscatine later explained his rationale in refusing to sign the loyalty oath:

I felt that in the first place it was a violation of the oath to the U.S. Constitution that I had already taken. And secondly it was a violation of academic freedom, which is the idea that in a free society scholars and teachers are allowed to express and believe anything that they feel to be true. As a young assistant professor, I had been insisting to the kids that you stick to your guns and you tell it the way you see it and you think for yourself and you express things for yourself and I felt that I couldn't really justify teaching students if I weren't behaving the same way. So I simply couldn't sign the oath.

Muscatine and others who were dismissed challenged the action in court and ultimately won a landmark victory when the California Court of Appeal in April 1951 ordered the University of California to reinstate the fired academics.  In its decision, the Court of Appeal wrote:

Any other conclusion would be to approve that which from the beginning of our government has been denounced as the most effective means by which one special brand of political or economic philosophy can entrench and perpetuate itself to the eventual exclusion of all others; the imposition of any more inclusive test would be the forerunner of tyranny and oppression. ... While this court is mindful of the fact that the action of the regents was at the outset undoubtedly motivated by a desire to protect the university from the influences of subversive elements dedicated to the overthrow of our constitutional government and the abolition of our civil liberties, we are also keenly aware that equal to the danger of subversion from without by means of force and violence is the danger of subversion from within by the gradual whittling away and the resulting disintegration of the very pillars of our freedom.

Muscatine taught at Wesleyan University before being reinstated in 1952.

Scholarship
In 1966, as head of the UC Berkeley Academic Senate-appointed Committee on Educational Policy, he presided over an influential report that called for increased diversity in educational programs available to students.

His contributions to medieval studies include Chaucer and the French Tradition: A Study in Style and Meaning (University of California Press, 1957), The Book of Geoffrey Chaucer, The Old French Fabliaux, and Poetry and Crisis in the Age of Chaucer. He also published extensively on the issues facing third-level education, including Fixing College Education: A New Curriculum for the Twenty-First Century, completed shortly before his death.

David Lawton, the executive director of the New Chaucer Society, said of Chaucer and the French Tradition: "It remains astonishingly undated. The sheer quality of Muscatine's reading continues to set an almost impossibly high standard, and virtually single-handedly he opened up Chaucer studies to France and Chaucer's secular, French heritage. There has been a huge growth in this field, most of it following along the routes he made."

Charles Muscatine died of a lung infection in Oakland, California on 12 March 2010. His wife, Doris, died in 2006; they had two children.

Notable students
He directed the dissertation of Sister Mary Clemente Davlin, who became a noted medievalist.

References

External links

 The New Chaucer Society

1920 births
2010 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Infectious disease deaths in California
American medievalists
Chaucer scholars
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Wesleyan University faculty
Yale University alumni
United States Navy sailors
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Deaths from lung disease
Historians from California
Historians from New Jersey

Charles Muscatine


Alfred "Lash" LaRue (June 15, 1917 – May 21, 1996) was a popular western motion picture star of the 1940s and 1950s.

Biography

Early life and education
Born Alfred LaRue in Gretna, Louisiana in 1917, he was reared in various towns throughout Louisiana, but in his teens the family moved to Los Angeles, California, where he attended St. John's Military Academy and the College of the Pacific. Strangely, his California death records reportedly indicate the actor's father's surname was Wilson and that Lash was born in Michigan.

Film career
LaRue was originally screen tested by Warner Bros. but was rejected because he looked too much like Humphrey Bogart, then one of the studio's contract stars.

He signed a contract with Universal Pictures in 1944 as "Alfred LaRue", appearing in two Deanna Durbin musicals and a serial. Durbin and LaRue were romantically involved during his tenure there.

In 1945 independent producer Robert Emmett Tansey, releasing through the small PRC studio, launched a new western series with a difference: the features would be filmed in then-unusual Cinecolor. Singing cowboy Eddie Dean starred, with "Al LaRue" featured as "The Cheyenne Kid" and using a bullwhip expertly to disarm villains.

LaRue graduated to his own starring series (as "Cheyenne") in 1947, first for PRC, then for its successor Eagle-Lion (which continued to use the PRC brand name for its westerns), and finally for producer Ron Ormond. It was at this time that he developed his image as cowboy hero Lash LaRue, dressed all in black. Al St. John had been Buster Crabbe's comic sidekick in PRC westerns; after Crabbe left the studio, St. John's character "Fuzzy Q. Jones" was written into the Lash LaRue scripts.

Lash LaRue was different from the usual cowboy hero of the era. Dressed in black, he spoke with a "city tough-guy" accent somewhat like that of Humphrey Bogart, whom he physically resembled. His use of a bullwhip, however, was what set him apart from contemporary cowboy stars such as Gene Autry and Roy Rogers. His influence was felt throughout the dying medium of B-westerns; for example, he had an imitator, Whip Wilson, who starred in his own brief series, and even Roy Rogers started using a bullwhip in some of his Republic Pictures Westerns made during the same period.

LaRue made frequent personal appearances at small-town movie theaters that were showing his films during his heyday of 1948 to 1951, a common practice for cowboy stars in those days. However, his skillful displays of stunts with his whip, done live on movie theater stages, also convinced young Western fans that there was at least one cowboy hero who could perform in real life the things he did on screen. He continued working in films and television until he retired in 1990.

Personal life
For a time he was married to Reno Browne, a B-western actress, who together with Dale Evans was one of only two Western actresses ever to have their own comic book fashioned after their characters

. He later married Barbra Fuller, a radio, film and television actress. Their marriage lasted 14 months; they wed February 23, 1951 in Yuma, Arizona, and divorced June 2, 1952. They had no children but did have a godchild, child actor J.P. Sloane, the son of "Television's Singing Troubadour" Jimmie Jackson and "Television's Hollywood Hostess" Anita Coleman.

Television
In the later 1950s, LaRue was featured on the children's program The Gabby Hayes Show (in footage from his old PRC westerns). He appeared several times on the syndicated television series 26 Men, true stories of the Arizona Rangers. LaRue also appeared on Jimmie Jackson's television show Memory Lane. He appeared seven times in different roles in the 1956 TV western Judge Roy Bean. One of his roles on Judge Roy Bean was as the outlaw John Wesley Hardin. He portrayed another real-life criminal, Doc Barker, in the TV series Gangbusters, which was later recut into the film Guns Don't Argue. LaRue and Steve Brodie shared the role (from 1959–1961) of Sheriff Johnny Behan in Cochise County, Arizona, on ABC's The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh O'Brian. LaRue appeared five times; Brodie, nine times.

A role as the villain in a pornographic western, Hard on the Trail, in 1972, led him to repentance as a missionary for ten years, as he had not been informed of the adult nature of the film and would not have consented to appear in the film. He did not actually appear in any of the pornographic scenes. The film was later released without the pornographic scenes and retitled Hard Trail in an attempt to eliminate the double entendre.

Death
LaRue died of emphysema in 1996 at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California. He had recently undergone triple-bypass surgery and suffered from emphysema. He was cremated at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California. He was survived by his wife, Frances Bramlett LaRue, three sons and three daughters. He had reportedly been married at least ten times.

Legacy
LaRue was mentioned in the 1973 song "Childhood – 1949", written and recorded by Bobby Goldsboro as the B-side to his hit single "Summer (The First Time)".

He is one of many classic western stars mentioned in the 1974 Statler Brothers song "Whatever Happened to Randolph Scott?".

Writer/singer/producer Bruce Blackman of the pop group Starbuck wrote and recorded the tribute song "Lash LaRue", included on their 1976 album Moonlight Feels Right.

He was mentioned in the Shel Silverstein song "The Great Conch Train Robbery" in Silverstein's 1980 album of the same name.

A fifth season episode of Rockford Files, "A Material Difference", has Rockford confronting his notorious sidekick Angel Martin at an outdoor restaurant, asking of his leather jacket and dark clothing, "What are you, a clone of Lash LaRue?"

LaRue is seen on the 1986 Johnny Cash and Waylon Jennings duet album Heroes. On the back cover, LaRue is standing with the duo.

In Quentin Tarantino's 1994 film Pulp Fiction, Winston Wolfe (Harvey Keitel) jokingly refers to Vincent Vega (John Travolta) as "Lash LaRue".

Professional wrestler Mark LeRoux borrowed his ring name from LaRue, dubbing himself "Lash LeRoux" in 1999.

Filmography

Comics
Lash LaRue Western comic books were published first by Fawcett Comics (issues #1 through 46) and later by Charlton Comics (issues #47 through 84), between 1949 and 1961. The first issue alone today is worth upwards of $1,000 in near mint condition. They were among the most popular Western-themed comics of the era. Initially, LaRue and other Western stars weren't paid royalties by Fawcett; they were satisfied with just the publicity. (AC later published two reprint editions in 1990.) LaRue comics sold well with a total of 12 million copies in 1952 alone. Many stories featured his godson, J.P. Sloane.

Later films

References

Bibliography
 Lash LaRue, the King of the Bullwhip, by Chuck Thornton and David Rothel (Empire Publishing, NC, 1988). .
 The King of the Bullwhip: Lash LaRue, the Man, not the Legend, by Charles M. Sharpe (Sharpeco, NC, 1996). ASIN B0006QS5T6.

External links

 Lash LaRue-bio on (re)Search my Trash

1917 births
1996 deaths
People from Gretna, Louisiana
Baptists from Louisiana
Cajun people
American male film actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
Deaths from emphysema
Male actors from Louisiana
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century American male actors
20th-century Baptists

Lash LaRue


Assassin Club is a 2023 American Italian action thriller film written by Thomas C. Dunn, directed by Camille Delamarre and starring Henry Golding and Noomi Rapace.

Assassin Club is a thrilling movie that centers around the life of Morgan Gaines, a former Royal Marines officer turned ruthless assassin. Known for his unparalleled sniping skills and ability to survive the deadliest situations, Morgan is a force to be reckoned with. But things change when his mentor, Ian Caldwell, hands him a new contract to eliminate six different targets, each with a million-dollar bounty on their heads. But little does Morgan know; he has unwittingly entered a deadly game where each of the six targets is also an assassin who has been assigned to eliminate Morgan.

Plot

What Happens To Morgan?

Assassin Club begins with Morgan Gaines being contracted to assassinate a European trafficking kingpin, Luka Lesek. Morgan is a highly skilled and experienced assassin, and he plans to take out Luka with a precise shot to the head using his rifle. However, before Morgan can pull the trigger, he is shot by an unknown sniper. This unforeseen attack not only wounds Morgan but also causes him to accidentally fire his rifle, alerting Luka and his men to the assassination attempt. With Luka's men closing in on him, Morgan is forced to think quickly and use his smoke bombs to create a diversion to escape. Despite being pursued by the sniper, who shoots out his car tires, Morgan manages to evade his attackers and hide until things get back to normal. Meanwhile, the sniper continues with their mission and manages to take out Luka.

Confrontation With The Sniper
Morgan decides to take a break and spend some time with his girlfriend, Sophie. Morgan is hesitant to take on any more assassination contracts as he longs for a more ordinary and peaceful life. Unfortunately, things take a dramatic turn when Morgan and Sophie are followed by a stranger who attempts to attack them. Morgan quickly dodges the bullet before taking the attacker down. However, upon searching for him, Morgan is unable to find any identification or proof of his motive.

Morgan meets Caldwell for guidance. He shows Caldwell pictures of the attacker, and Caldwell reveals that the man is Alec Drakos, one of the assassins hired to kill Morgan. This revelation is a shock to Morgan, as he had assumed the attack was random and not connected to his current contract. However, Caldwell informs Morgan that by taking out Drakos, he has effectively started the deadly game of assassins, and now he has no choice but to complete the mission. Morgan realizes that he is now trapped in a dangerous situation where he must complete the contract and take out the remaining five targets or face being targeted and killed by the other assassins.

Who Is Falk? Why Did Morgan Kidnap Leon?
As Morgan begins his mission to take out the six targets, he realizes that one of the assassins, Demir, has been killed by Falk before Morgan can eliminate him. As Morgan continues his investigation into the $6 million contract, he kidnaps Leon, a French police officer who is assigned to track down the assassins, and questions him about the origin of the contract and the identity of the person behind it. Leon reveals that the French police have initiated the contract as a way to catch the assassins and are working with an anonymous benefactor who's provided the funding for the operation.

Soon after, Morgan receives a call from an unknown number, which turns out to be Falk. She reveals that she killed Demir and offers Morgan a proposal to collaborate on finding the person behind the $6 million deal for killing the assassins. Falk understands that they are both in danger and that their only chance of survival is by working together. Despite being hesitant at first, Morgan realizes that this might be his only chance of finding out who is behind the contract and putting an end to the deadly game. He agrees to collaborate with Falk, and together they start investigating and following leads to uncover the truth behind the contract.

What Happens Between Morgan And Caldwell? Is Caldwell Dead?
With the help of Falk, Morgan discovers that Alec is also a Royal Marines officer, just like him. Morgan then decides to hack into Caldwell's files to learn more about the truth behind the contract. To his shock, Morgan discovers that Caldwell had set him and Alec against each other deliberately, knowing that Morgan would emerge as the winner. Caldwell had even allowed Alec to know that Morgan was his target, putting Morgan's life at risk. Morgan is angry and feels betrayed by Caldwell, who was supposed to be his mentor and guide. He realizes that Caldwell had never really cared for him but had only used him as a pawn in his deadly game.

Falk hacks into Caldwell's files to retrieve information. However, she discovers that Caldwell has purposely withheld information about Morgan's personal details from her. This leads Falk to poison Caldwell and demand that he give her the information about Morgan in exchange for the antidote. Surprisingly, Caldwell doesn't betray Morgan this time and transfers Falk's information to Morgan before she has a chance to delete it. Unfortunately, Falk still gets the information on Morgan and brutally kills Caldwell before leaving the scene.

What Is Falk's Real Identity?
When Morgan receives the files from Caldwell, he gets a shocking revelation that Falk is actually Agent Vos, who has been working with the French police. Later, when Morgan receives a call from Falk, he finds out that another assassin, Ryder, has been sent to kill Sophie. Morgan immediately calls Sophie and warns her, but Ryder arrives on the scene. Fortunately, Sophie is able to hide, and Morgan informs the police, causing Ryder to flee before he can carry out the assassination.

Morgan sends his girlfriend Sophie to Lisbon to stay with her mother because she is pregnant. At the same time, Morgan plans to take down Ryder. During their one-on-one fight, Falk (who is really Agent Vos) plans to kill both Morgan and Ryder to cover up her own involvement in the assassination contract. However, Morgan is able to escape and fakes his own death to trick Falk. Later that night, Leon is searching for Morgan's body when Morgan surprises and attacks him, revealing Falk's true identity. Leon believes Morgan and takes him to Falk's location, where they engage in a brutal fight. Before Morgan can kill Falk, another officer intervenes and attacks Morgan, forcing him to flee the scene.

How Is Maat Connected To Morgan And The Other Assassins?
Maat is an organization that has been created to bring out all the assassins involved in Yakov Ilych's death. Jonna has been working with the French police to find out who killed her father. She knows it's her uncle, but she can't approach him directly because he might hire an assassin to kill her. Falk, who is actually Agent Vos, manipulates Jonna into offering a $6 million contract to kill all the assassins involved in her father's death. Jonna agrees because she believes that the same assassins could be used to kill her as well.

When Morgan tells Jonna that Falk is the killer of her father, Yakov, Jonna is shocked because she remembers the killer's eyes to be gray, not brown. It turns out that Falk has been deceiving Jonna all along and that she is the one who actually killed Yakov. Falk manipulates Jonna into offering the contract as a way to flush out any potential threats to her own identity as the killer.

Is Falk Able To Kill Morgan And Sophie?
Falk attacks and drowns Sophie in a bathtub. Fortunately, before Morgan enters the room, he notices a tripwire attached to a bomb that would detonate if he walks through the door. Morgan is forced to wait until the timer goes off, but Leon arrives just in time to try and stop Falk. In the ensuing struggle, Falk shoots and injures Leon before escaping the apartment. As Morgan waits for the timer to go off, he is devastated to see Sophie drowning, but to his surprise, Leon manages to pull her out of the water before succumbing to his injuries. With the timer ticking down, Morgan realizes that Sophie is still alive and manages to revive her.

After saving Sophie, Morgan follows Falk and tracks her down on the street. He decides to take her down to prevent any further harm to himself or his loved ones. With a clear shot, he shoots Falk from a safe distance and takes her down. Morgan knows that he cannot stick around for long and flees the scene before someone can catch him.

'Assassin Club' Ending Explained: What Happens To Morgan And Sophie?
The bittersweet ending of the Assassin Club leaves Morgan and Sophie living their dream life together but with the looming threat of Falk still being alive and seeking revenge. Morgan is unaware of the potential danger, but he must remain vigilant to protect himself and his loved ones from any future harm. It's possible that Morgan may need to go into hiding or take other security measures to ensure his safety. He may also need to keep a low profile and avoid drawing any attention to himself that could reveal his location to Falk or other potential threats. It's clear that Morgan's life will never be the same after the events of the Assassin Club.

The final showdown scene between Morgan and Falk is reminiscent of the 2008 movie Wanted, where the main character, Wesley Gibson, uses his newfound assassin skills to take down his enemies with precise bullet shots. Overall, the action sequences in this film are a highlight of the movie, delivering plenty of thrills and suspense, and the fights are well choreographed. However, the characters are underdeveloped, and the acting is wooden, making it difficult for the audience to invest in their stories.

Cast
Henry Golding as Morgan Ganes
Daniela Melchior as Sophie
Jimmy Jean-Louis as Inspector Leon
Noomi Rapace as Falk/Agent Vos
Sam Neill as Caldwell

Release
The film was released in digital in the United States on May 16, 2023.

Reception
The film has a 13% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews.  Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com awarded the film one star.  Verdosa of Screen Rant awarded the film one and a half stars out of five.  Martin Unsworth of Starburst awarded the film two stars out of five.  John Nugent of Empire awarded the film one star out of five.

Sergio Pereira of Comic Book Resources gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Assassin Club isn't about to knock John Wick off his perch, but it is an entertaining, turn-off-the-brain movie in the same vein as other '90s classics like Assassins and Hard Target."

References

External links

American thriller films
Italian thriller films

Assassin Club