Christopher Megaloudis (born May 14, 1984) is a Puerto Rican international footballer.

Career

Youth career
Chris played soccer in high school at Monsignor McClancy Memorial High School. He is the school's all-time leading goal scorer. For all of his goal-scoring accomplishments, Christopher was named as team Most Valuable Player after his freshman, junior, and senior years. Throughout his high school career, the Crusaders won the Brooklyn-Queens Championship four times, losing only one game along the way (a span that saw the team go undefeated in 56 league games). In Christopher's sophomore season, the team advanced to the City Championship game. In his junior season, the Crusaders once again progressed to the City Championship game, this time defeating Salesian 2-0, a season that saw the Crusaders outscore their opponents by   a staggering 100-17 goals with a school best 14-2-1 record. In his senior year, the team compiled a record of 16-3, falling in a penalty shootout to Saint Joseph's by the Sea in Staten Island. Christopher received recognition as a City All-Star first team member from the C.H.S.A.A. coaches all four years as well as by the Daily News, Newsday, and various local newspapers.

Professional career
Following his college career, Megaloudis joined the Long Island Rough Riders of the PDL on a full-time basis. In 2007 Megaloudis joined semi-pro club New York Pancyprian-Freedoms of the Eastern New York League (ENYSASA) and helped lead the club past the first round of the U.S. Open Cup. He later joined the PDL's Westchester Flames.

In January 2008, Megaloudis went on trial with New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer. He was signed by the club in March 2008, and made his full professional debut for the Red Bulls on June 18, 2008 in a game against the New England Revolution. He was waived by New York Red Bulls on September 15, 2008.

In 2009, Sevilla FC Puerto Rico of the Puerto Rico Soccer League signed Megaloudis to the club near the end of the 2009 Puerto Rico Soccer League Playoffs. In January 2010 he joined club Radnički Obrenovac in Serbia third league.

He signed with River Plate Puerto Rico but the team soon folded. After he left and signed with FC New York until the end of the USL Pro 2011 Season. He played just four games for F.C. New York, during the 2011 USL Professional Division season and joined in November the same year to USL Premier Development League club Long Island Rough Riders. Megaloudis played six games for Long Island, before moved to Cosmopolitan Soccer League side Greek American AA.

National team
Megaloudis scored his first international goal for Puerto Rico against Trinidad and Tobago on January 26, 2008. His second was scored against Honduras in a World Cup Qualifier (ended in a 2-2- draw).

International goals
Scores and results list Puerto Rico's goal tally first.

Personal life
Megaloudis works since his retirement as FIFA Player agent for Washington, District Of Columbia based agency  James Grant Sports. He now coaches at Nassau Community College. This season his team went all the way to the NJCAA National Championship where they placed 4th in the nation.

Family
Megaloudis is eligible to play for Puerto Rico because his mother Carmen is Puerto Rican. His father Michael is of Greek descent but played for Puerto Rico in the 1990s. His grandfather Demosthenes played in the 40s active soccer and was during this time, member of the Greek American AA, whose brother Steve Megaloudis, was a player too. His uncle Nicky Megaloudis played in the 80s, active in the North American Soccer League (NASL) and MISL. His Cousins and sons of Nick, George and Dino, played professionally in Greece. George played in the Greece Super League for AO Chania, while Dino was a member of the Greece national U-16 and U-20 side. Another uncle Gus, played also for the reserve side of Greek American AA. His cousin Nicole was in the Women Soccer Team of Virginia Commonwealth University Rams, before she died in a car crash Goochland County, Virginia in 2004.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Puerto Rican people of Greek descent
Puerto Rican men's footballers
Puerto Rico men's international footballers
Brooklyn Knights players
Long Island Rough Riders players
Westchester Flames players
New York Red Bulls players
New York Pancyprian-Freedoms players
Puerto Rican expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia
FK Radnički Obrenovac players
Sevilla FC Puerto Rico players
Club Atlético River Plate Puerto Rico players
F.C. New York players
USL League Two players
Major League Soccer players
USL Championship players
Cosmopolitan Soccer League players
Men's association football forwards
Soccer players from Queens, New York
Saint Peter's Peacocks men's soccer players
Stony Brook Seawolves men's soccer players
Nassau Lions women's soccer coaches

Chris Megaloudis


The East Argentine  Railway (EA) (in Spanish: Ferrocarril Este Argentino) was a British-owned railway company, founded in 1871, that operated a  railway network in the Entre Ríos and Corrientes provinces of Argentina. Financial problems forced the sale of the company to another British-owned company, the Argentine North Eastern Railway (ANER) in 1907.

History
The company was founded in August 1871 to take over a concession, originally granted to P.Montravel in October 1864 for the construction of a line, 293 km long, from Concordia in the province of Entre Ríos to Mercedes in the province of Corrientes.  Standard gauge was chosen because of its use in the neighboring country of Uruguay and other railways in that part of Argentina later followed this example.

Starting from Concordia, Federación was reached in 1874, Monte Caseros the next year and then Ceibo on the River Uruguay, which was later developed as a port.  Financial problems ensued and further construction of the line was stopped.

In 1886 the Argentine government granted a new concession to John and Matthew Clark to complete the line from Monte Caseros to Mercedes and on to Corrientes.  The Clark brothers later transferred their concession to the ANE for the construction to be completed and in 1907 the company bought the EAR.

See also
 Argentine North Eastern Railway
 Urquiza Railway

Bibliography
 British Railways in Argentina 1857-1914: A Case Study of Foreign Investment by Colin M. Lewis - Athlone Press (for the Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London, 1983)
 British Railways in Argentina 1860-1948 by H.R. Stones -  P.E.Waters & Associates, Bromley, Kent (England, 1993)

Defunct railway companies of Argentina
Railway companies established in 1874
1874 establishments in Argentina
Metre gauge railways in Argentina
Transport in Entre Ríos Province

East Argentine Railway


A regional language is a language spoken in an area that is part of a larger nation state.

Internationally, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, "regional or minority languages" means languages that are:
traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population; and
different from the official language(s) of that State

A regional language is, in terms of political status, different from the official language of the country where it is spoken. The regional languages are sometimes recognized and protected by the regional government or the state: many states across the world recognize regional languages, and give them a status, as is the case, for example, of Wallonia, Spain, Italy or Switzerland. In other cases the state does not grant official status as an official language of the country; it is the case with the regional languages of France, which can be studied but cannot be used in the government or any public service, where only French is official.

Status and trends
In some cases, a regional language may be the main or official language of another country; that is the case, in Europe, of French in the Valle d'Aosta, or Slovene in Austria.

Status changes may take place either by laws within a state or is by political and territorial changes.

An example of the first case is Belgium, where only French was the official language since the independence in 1831. In 1878, it was allowed that the provinces and districts where Flemish was spoken to use either French or Flemish; then, in 1938, Flemish became the official language of the northern part of Belgium.

For the second case, an example is the fragmentation of the Soviet Union where some regional languages, such as Latvian, Romanian or Georgian, became official languages in the new states formed after the fragmentation: Latvia, Moldova and Georgia.

In a federal state, an official language in a province, region or state, can be a regional language in other parts. That is the case, for example, in Canada, where French is the official language in the province of Quebec but is a regional one in other provinces.

Related pages
Minority language
Provincial language
National language
Official language

References

Languages

Regional language


Shilin is a metro station on the Tamsui-Xinyi Line in Taipei, Taiwan. The station code is R16.

Station layout information
The station platforms are above ground level. Platform 1 is for Tamsui or Beitou and Platform 2 is for Xiangshan or Daan. Transfers to the Circular Line will be accessible at this station in the future via an underground platform.

Railway stations in Taipei

Shilin metro station


The North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal () (often called the Subei Canal) is located in the lower reaches of the Huai River, one of the major rivers in the north of Jiangsu Province, China. It originates at Gaoliangjian on Hongze Lake and runs through Hongze, Qingpu, Huai'an, Funing, Sheyang and Binghai county(or district) and joins the artificial estuary of Biandan Harbour. The canal is 168 km in length and can irrigate 1,720,000 hectares of farmland. The construction program was organized and directed by the headquarters of the Jiangsu Huai River management program between October 1951 and May 1952.

There are three main canals related to the main irrigation canal. The first is the famous Grand Canal which goes through the western part of north Jiangsu and crosses the Subei canal. It is called "the west main canal". The second is the Chuanchang River. The main irrigation canal and Chuangyang River form a "T" junction called "east main canal". The third is the Tongyang Canal, which lies in the southern part of north Jiangsu. It connects the start and ending points. This is called the "south main canal". The North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal and these three main canals form a quadrangle connecting those inland rivers, which as a whole is an irrigation system. A parallel canal to the north, the , aims to direct more water to the sea.

History
The canal was first built between 1934 and 1937 to divert part of the Huai River, which from time to time catastrophically flooded its surrounding region. In 1938, the Japanese destroyed many dams, which caused the Yellow River to flow into the Huai. The region was very severely flooded and the canal was largely destroyed.

After the Chinese Civil War, the government wanted to rebuild the canal for flood management. During the planning of this project China had entered the Korean War, which meant that the government did not have the economic resources to fund this project. However, Premier Zhou Enlai, who came from the Huai River drainage basin, insisted on carrying out the whole project because he knew how people suffered from flood and waterlogging in his hometown. In 1950 the inundation was particularly serious. Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou Enlai instructed relevant departments to work out a plan to regulate water conservancy. In 1951, Zhou Enlai held a conference on the project. Li Baohua, undersecretary of Ministry of Water Resources, reported the researches of his group and proposed a project plan. Zhou Enlai approved and supported the plan. On November 2, 1951, the project was put into practice. More than 1,190,000 civilian workers participated this project.

Effects
The North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal is a multi-purpose project for flood control, irrigation and power generation.

The canal is one of the flood-relief canals and contributes greatly to the flood discharge of lower reaches of Huai River. It was designed to transfer water at a speed of 5000 stere per second. On the north side of the main canal, a drainage canal was built to drain the flood areas north of the main canal. The Canal can discharge floodwaters at a speed of 800 stere per second. When the water volumes in the north area of the main canal gets more serious, the Canal can help drain this area to discharge the floods. Alongside the main canal there have been built the Gaoliangjian intake sluice, the east canal diversion sluice, the Funing Waist gate  and Liuduo tidal sluice.

The Canal also irrigates north Jiangsu and the Lixiahe area, bringing water from Hongze Lake to irrigate land along the southern part of the Yellow River basin. It was planned to irrigate more than 3,600,000 mu of farmland of both the Lixiahe area and the area north of the main canal.

The canal also has provides for ship navigation and electricity generation. In Gaoliangjian, on the northern canal, and Buning hydroelectric power generators and ship locks have been built near sluices. In total there are 36 culverts, 2 flood-release sluices and 4 road bridges associated with the main canal. A cross sluice was also built at Gaoliangjian between the Erhe river and the canal. This is a further flood drainage gate that strengthens the draining capacity of the main canal.

Administration

The Jiangsu Irrigation Canal Management Office () is in charge of the administration of riverine engineering and the provision of resources. Counties and districts along the canal are responsible for the repair and administration of the banks.

Affiliated buildings
Gaoliangjian intake sluice
Liuduo tidal sluice
Tidal sluice of south Great Canal
Hydropower stations affiliated to different sluices
36 culverts along the canal and 2 flood-release sluices
4 road bridges across the canal

See also
 History of canals in China

References

External links
苏北灌溉总渠旅游

Huai River
Bodies of water of Jiangsu
Irrigation canals
Canals in China

North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal


Live and Let Die is a 1973 spy film. It is the eighth film in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It was directed by Guy Hamilton and produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, while Tom Mankiewicz wrote the script. Although the producers had approached Sean Connery to return after Diamonds Are Forever (1971), he declined and a search for a new actor led to Moore being signed.

The film is based on Ian Fleming's 1954 novel of the same name. The storyline involves a Harlem drug lord known as Mr. Big who plans to distribute two tons of heroin for free to put rival drug barons out of business and then become a monopoly supplier. Mr. Big is revealed to be the alter ego of Dr. Kananga, a corrupt Caribbean dictator, who rules San Monique, a fictional island where opium poppies are secretly farmed. Bond is investigating the deaths of three British agents, leading him to Kananga, and he is soon trapped in a world of gangsters and voodoo as he fights to put a stop to the drug baron's scheme.

Live and Let Die was released during the height of the blaxploitation era, and many blaxploitation archetypes and clichés are depicted in the film, including derogatory racial epithets ("honky"), black gangsters, and pimpmobiles. It departs from the former plots of the James Bond films about megalomaniac super-villains, and instead focuses on drug trafficking, a common theme of blaxploitation films of the period. It is set in African-American cultural centres such as Harlem and New Orleans, as well as the Caribbean Islands. It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African-American Bond girl romantically involved with 007, Rosie Carver, who was played by Gloria Hendry.

The film was a box-office success and received generally positive reviews from critics. Its title song, written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings, was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Plot

Three MI6 agents are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, in New Orleans, and the small Caribbean nation of San Monique, while monitoring the operations of the island's dictator, Dr. Kananga. James Bond, Agent 007, is sent to New York to investigate. Kananga is also in New York, visiting the United Nations. After Bond arrives, his driver is shot dead by Whisper, one of Kananga's men, while taking Bond to Felix Leiter of the CIA. Bond is nearly killed in the ensuing car crash.

The killer's licence plate leads Bond to Harlem where he meets Mr. Big, a mob boss who runs a chain of restaurants throughout the United States, but Bond and the CIA do not understand why the most powerful black gangster in New York works with an unimportant island's leader. Bond meets Solitaire, a beautiful tarot reader who has the power of the Obeah and can see both the future and remote events in the present. Mr. Big demands that his henchmen kill Bond, but Bond overpowers them and escapes with the help of CIA agent Strutter. Bond flies to San Monique, where he meets Rosie Carver, a local CIA agent. They meet up with Bond's ally, Quarrel Jr., who takes them by boat near Solitaire's home. When Bond suspects Rosie of being a double agent for Kananga, Rosie tries to escape but is killed remotely by Kananga. Bond then uses a stacked deck of tarot cards that show only "The Lovers" to trick Solitaire into thinking that fate is meant for them; Bond then seduces her. Having lost her virginity and thus her ability to foretell the future, Solitaire realizes she would be killed by Kananga, so she agrees to cooperate with Bond.

Bond and Solitaire escape by boat and fly to New Orleans. There, Bond is captured by Mr. Big, who removes his prosthetic face and reveals himself to be Kananga. He has been producing heroin and is protecting the poppy fields by exploiting the San Monique locals' fear of voodoo priest Baron Samedi, as well as the occult. As Mr. Big, Kananga plans to distribute the heroin free of charge at his restaurants, which will increase the number of addicts. He intends to bankrupt other drug dealers with his giveaway, then charge high prices for his heroin later in order to capitalise on the huge drug dependencies he has cultivated.

Angry at Solitaire for having sex with Bond and losing her ability to read tarot cards, Kananga turns her over to Baron Samedi to be sacrificed. Kananga's henchmen, one-armed Tee Hee and tweed-jacketed Adam, leave Bond to be eaten by crocodilians at his farm in the Deep South backwoods. Bond escapes by running along the animals' backs to safety. After setting the drug laboratory on fire, he steals a speedboat and escapes, pursued by Kananga's men under Adam's order, as well as Sheriff J.W. Pepper and the Louisiana State Police. Most pursuers get wrecked or left behind, and Adam is killed in a boat crash by Bond.

Bond travels to San Monique and with the help of Quarrel Jr. sets timed explosives throughout the poppy fields. He rescues Solitaire from the voodoo sacrifice and throws Samedi into a coffin of venomous snakes. Bond and Solitaire escape below ground into Kananga's lair. Kananga captures them both and proceeds to lower them into a shark tank. However, Bond escapes and forces Kananga to swallow a compressed-gas pellet used in shark guns, causing his body to inflate and explode.

Leiter puts Bond and Solitaire on a train leaving the country. Tee Hee sneaks aboard and attempts to kill Bond, but Bond cuts the wires of his prosthetic arm and throws him out the window. As the film ends, a laughing Samedi is revealed to be perching at the front of the train.

Cast

 Roger Moore as James Bond – 007, a British MI6 agent who is sent on a mission to investigate the murder of three fellow agents.
 Yaphet Kotto as Dr. Kananga / Mr. Big,  a corrupt Caribbean Prime Minister who doubles as a drug lord.
 Jane Seymour as Solitaire, Kananga's psychic and Bond's love interest.
 Clifton James as Sheriff J.W. Pepper, an uncouth Louisiana sheriff.
 Julius W. Harris as Tee Hee Johnson, Kananga's primary henchman who wears a pincer-tipped prosthetic arm.
 Geoffrey Holder as Baron Samedi, Kananga's henchman who has ties to the Voodoo occult.
 David Hedison as Felix Leiter, Bond's CIA colleague who is also investigating Mr. Big.
 Gloria Hendry as Rosie Carver, a junior CIA agent in San Monique, secretly working for Kananga.
 Bernard Lee as M, the Head of the Secret Intelligence Service
 Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny, M's secretary.
  Tommy Lane as Adam, one of Dr. Kananga's henchmen who pursues 007 through the Louisiana Bayou.
 Earl Jolly Brown as Whisper, Kananga's henchman who only whispers.
 Roy Stewart as Quarrel Jr., Bond's ally in San Monique and son of Quarrel from Dr. No.
 Lon Satton as Harry Strutter, a CIA agent who assists Bond in New York.
 Arnold Williams as Cab Driver 1, a jokey New York taxi driver and one of Kananga's men.
 Ruth Kempf as Mrs. Bell, a student pilot who gets caught up in Bond's escaping from Kananga's men.
 Joie Chitwood as Charlie, a CIA agent.
 Madeline Smith as Miss Caruso ("Beautiful Girl"), an Italian agent whom Bond briefly romances at the beginning of the film.
 Michael Ebbin as Dambala, one of Kananga's henchmen in San Monique and a voodoo priest who taunts and kills his victims with a snake.
 Kubi Chaza as Sales Girl, a cashier at the Oh Cult Voodoo Shop in New York, and informant for Kananga.
 B. J. Arnau as a cabaret singer, who performs a rendition of the movie's theme at a Fillet of Soul restaurant.

Production

Writing
While filming Diamonds Are Forever, Live and Let Die was chosen as the next Ian Fleming novel to be adapted because screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz had thought it would be daring to use black villains, as the Black Panthers and other racial movements were active at this time.

Guy Hamilton was again chosen to direct and, since he was a jazz fan, Mankiewicz suggested he film in New Orleans. Hamilton did not want to use Mardi Gras since Thunderball (1965) featured Junkanoo, a similar festivity, so after more discussions with the writer and location scouting with helicopters, he decided to use two well-known features of the city, the jazz funerals and the canals.

To develop a better feel of how Voodoo was practised, Saltzman and Broccoli escorted Hamilton, Mankiewicz, and production designer Syd Cain to scout New Orleans further and then the islands of the West Indies. Haiti was an important destination of the tour and not only did Fleming connect it with the religion, there were many practitioners available to witness. Despite viewing actual demonstrations, due to political unrest in the country at the time, it was decided not to film in Haiti. Instead, they chose to film in Jamaica.

While searching for locations in Jamaica, the crew discovered a crocodile farm owned by Ross Kananga, after passing a sign warning that "trespassers will be eaten". The farm was put into the script and also inspired Mankiewicz to name the film's villain after Kananga.

Richard Maibaum later claimed he was asked to write the film, but declined, because he was too busy. He disliked the completed film, saying, "to process drugs in the middle of the jungle is not a Bond caper."

Casting
Broccoli and Saltzman tried to convince Sean Connery to return as James Bond, but he declined. At the same time, United Artists considered Steve McQueen and Paul Newman for the role. Hamilton also recommended Burt Reynolds after watching him on television. Broccoli subsequently approached Reynolds for the role, but Reynolds felt Bond should be played by a British actor and turned the offer down. Among the actors to test for the part of Bond were Julian Glover (who would portray Aristotle Kristatos in For Your Eyes Only (1981)), John Gavin, Jeremy Brett, Simon Oates, John Ronane, and William Gaunt. The main frontrunner for the role was Michael Billington. Broccoli met with Anthony Hopkins about playing the role, but Hopkins did not think that he was right for the part.

Meanwhile, United Artists was still pushing to cast an American to play Bond, but Broccoli insisted that the part should be played by a British actor and put forward Roger Moore. Moore, who had been considered for the role in Dr. No (1962) and On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969), was ultimately hired. After Moore was chosen, Billington remained on the top of the list in the event that Moore declined to come back for the next film. Billington played a brief role in the pre-credit sequence of The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). Moore tried not to imitate either Connery's or his own prior performance as Simon Templar in The Saint, and Mankiewicz fitted the screenplay into Moore's persona by giving more comedic scenes and a light-hearted approach to Bond.

Mankiewicz had thought of turning Solitaire into a Black woman, and Diana Ross was his first choice. Broccoli and Saltzman decided to stick to Fleming's description of a white woman and, after considering Catherine Deneuve, cast Jane Seymour, who was in the television series The Onedin Line. After Solitaire was cast with a white actress, the character of Rosie Carver was switched to be a Black woman and cast with Gloria Hendry. Yaphet Kotto was cast while doing another movie for United Artists, Across 110th Street (1972). Kotto reported one of the things he liked in the role was Kananga's interest in the occult, "feeling like he can control past, present and future".

Mankiewicz created the character Sheriff J. W. Pepper to add comic relief. Portrayed by Clifton James, Pepper reprised the role in The Man with the Golden Gun (1974). Live and Let Die is also the first of two films featuring David Hedison as Felix Leiter, who reprised the role in Licence to Kill (1989). Hedison had said, "I was sure that would be my first and last" appearance as the character, before being cast again.

Madeline Smith, who played Miss Caruso, sharing Bond's bed in the film's opening, was recommended for the part by Roger Moore after he had appeared with her on television. Smith said that Moore was polite and pleasant to work with, but she felt very uncomfortable being clad in only blue bikini panties while Moore's wife was on set overseeing the scene.

Live and Let Die was the only Bond film until Casino Royale (2006) not to feature the character Q, portrayed by Desmond Llewelyn. He was then appearing in the television series Follyfoot, but was written out of three episodes to appear in the film. By then, Saltzman and Broccoli decided not to include the character, feeling that "too much was being made of the films' gadgets", and decided to downplay this aspect of the series, much to Llewelyn's annoyance.

Bernard Lee considered not reprising his role as M due to the death of his wife Gladys Merredew, and was nearly recast with Kenneth More. However, he ultimately returned to the role.

Lois Maxwell had only been included in Diamonds Are Forever (1971) during filming as a late addition, as she had asked for a pay increase. For Live and Let Die, she returned for the same fee, but due to a technical error, the filming of her scenes in Bond's home at the start of the movie extended to two days, costing the production more than if they had paid the increase she requested. Moore later wrote that Maxwell celebrated the double-pay-day by purchasing a fur coat.

Filming
Principal photography began on 13 October 1972 in New Orleans, Louisiana. For a while, only the second unit was shooting after Moore was diagnosed with kidney stones. Hamilton initially wanted to film in Haiti, which the fictional San Monique was modeled after, but could not because of the political instability under the regime of François "Papa Doc" Duvalier. In November, the production moved to Jamaica, which represented San Monique. In December, production was divided between interiors in Pinewood Studios in the UK and location shooting in Harlem in New York City. The producers were reportedly required to pay protection money to a local Harlem gang to ensure the crew's safety. When the money ran out, they were forced to leave. Some exteriors were in fact shot in Manhattan's Upper East Side as a result of the difficulties of using real Harlem locations. The street chase was shot at FDR Drive.

Ross Kananga suggested the stunt of Bond jumping on crocodiles, and was enlisted by the producers to perform it. The scene took five takes to be completed, including one in which the last crocodile snapped at Kananga's heel, tearing his trousers. The production also had trouble with snakes during the voodoo ceremony scene in Jamaica. The script supervisor was so afraid that she refused to be on set with them, an actor fainted while filming a scene where he is killed by a snake, Jane Seymour became terrified as a snake was held up to her face, and Geoffrey Holder only agreed to fall into the snake-filled casket because Princess Alexandra was visiting the set. Another notable incident was when during filming of this scene a dancer who held a snake was bitten, and he dropped the snake, and this grabbed everyone's attention. Meanwhile Seymour was tied up to a stake for this scene, and the loose snake then set its sights on Seymour, who was saved by the film's snake handler, who grabbed it when it was mere inches from Seymour's feet.

The boat chase was filmed in Louisiana around the Irish Bayou area, with some interruption caused by flooding. 26 boats were built by the Glastron boat company for the film. 17 were destroyed during rehearsals. The speedboat jump scene over the bayou, filmed with the assistance of a specially-constructed ramp, unintentionally set a Guinness World Record at the time with  cleared. The waves created by the impact caused the following boat to flip over.

The chase involving the double-decker bus was filmed with a former London bus adapted by having a top section removed, and then placed back in situ running on ball bearings to allow it to slide off on impact. The stunts involving the bus were performed by Maurice Patchett, a London Transport bus driving instructor.

Salvador Dalí was approached in 1973 to design a Surrealist tarot deck for the film. However, his fee was too expensive for the film budget. At the end, the deck used in the film was designed by Fergus Hall. Dalí kept working at the deck and released it in 1984.

Music

John Barry, who had worked on the previous seven films, was unavailable during production as he was working on the stage musical Billy. Broccoli and Saltzman instead asked Paul McCartney to write the theme song. Saltzman, mindful of his decision not to produce A Hard Day's Night (1964), was especially eager to work with McCartney. Since McCartney's salary was high and another composer could not be hired with the remainder of the music budget, George Martin, who had been McCartney's producer while with The Beatles, was chosen to write the score for the film.

"Live and Let Die", written by McCartney along with his wife Linda and performed by their group Wings, was the first true rock and roll song used to open a Bond film, and became a major success in the United Kingdom (where it reached number nine in the charts) and the US (where it reached number 2, for three weeks). It was nominated for an Academy Award, but lost to "The Way We Were". Saltzman and Broccoli hired B. J. Arnau to record and perform the title song, not realising McCartney intended to perform it. Arnau's version was featured in the film, when the singer performs it in a night club that Bond visits.

In the pre-titles sequence, the Olympia Brass Band performed a funeral march observed by a MI6 agent. The first musical piece at the beginning of the funeral march is "Just a Closer Walk with Thee". Trumpeter Alvin Alcorn portrayed the knife-wielding assassin. After the agent is fatally stabbed, the band starts playing the more lively "New Second Line" (also known as "Joe Avery's Piece") penned by Milton Batiste.

Release and reception
The film was released in the United States on 27 June 1973. The world premiere was at Odeon Leicester Square in London on 6 July 1973, with general release in the United Kingdom on the same day. From a budget of around $7 million, ($ million in  dollars) the film grossed $161.8 million ($ million in  dollars) worldwide.

The film holds the record for the most viewed broadcast film on television in the United Kingdom by attracting 23.5 million viewers when premiered on ITV on 20 January 1980.

Contemporary reviews
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stated that Moore "has the superficial attributes for the job: The urbanity, the quizzically raised eyebrow, the calm under fire and in bed". However, he felt that Moore wasn't satisfactory in living up to the legacy left by Sean Connery in the preceding films. He rated the villains "a little banal", adding that the film "doesn't have a Bond villain worthy of the Goldfingers, Dr. Nos and Oddjobs of the past." Richard Schickel, reviewing for Time magazine, described the film as "the most vulgar addition to a series that has long since outlived its brief historical moment — if not, alas, its profitability." He also criticized the action sequences as excessive, but noted that "aside an allright speedboat spectacular over land and water, the film is both perfunctory and predictable—leaving the mind free to wander into the question of its overall taste. Or lack of it."

Roger Greenspun of The New York Times praised Moore as "a handsome, suave, somewhat phlegmatic James Bond—with a tendency to throw away his throwaway quips as the minor embarrassments that, alas, they usually are." He was critical of Jane Seymour and Yaphet Kotto, the latter of whom he felt "does not project evil." In summary, he remarked the film was "especially well photographed and edited, and it makes clever and extensive use of its good title song, by Paul and Linda McCartney." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times likened Moore as "a handsome and smoothly likable successor to Sean Connery as James Bond." He further noted that the script "uses only the bare bones of Fleming's story about evil doings which link Harlem with a mysterious Caribbean island. The level of invention is high, but now and again you do sense the strain of always having to try harder because you're No. 1. If one menacing viper is good, three or a coffinful full are not inevitably better. But the action never slumps, and the series never seemed more like a real cartoon."

Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote that Moore was "an okay replacement for Sean Connery. The Tom Mankiewicz script, faced with a real-world crisis in the villain sector, reveals that plot lines have descended further to the level of the old Saturday afternoon serial, and the treatment is more than ever like a cartoon. Unchanged are the always-dubious moral values and the action set pieces. Guy Hamilton's direction is good."

Retrospective reviews
Chris Nashawaty, reviewing for the BBC, argues that Dr. Kananga/Mr. Big is the worst villain of the Roger Moore James Bond films. Also from the BBC, William Mager praised the use of locations, but said that the plot was "convoluted". He stated that "Connery and Lazenby had an air of concealed thuggishness, clenched fists at the ready, but in Moore's case a sardonic quip and a raised eyebrow are his deadliest weapons".

Danny Peary, in his book Guide for the Film Fanatic, noted that Jane Seymour portrays "one of the Bond series' most beautiful heroines", but had little praise for Moore, whom he described as making "an unimpressive debut as James Bond in Tom Mankiewicz's unimaginative adaptation of Ian Fleming's second novel ... The movie stumbles along most of the way. It's hard to remember Moore is playing Bond at times — in fact, if he and Seymour were black, the picture could pass as one of the black exploitation films of the day. There are few interesting action sequences — a motorboat chase is trite enough to begin with, but the filmmakers make it worse by throwing in some stupid Louisiana cops, including pot-bellied Sheriff Pepper."

Ian Nathan of Empire wrote "This is good quality Bond, managing to reinterpret the classic moves — action, deduction, seduction — for a more modern idiom without breaking the mould. On one side we get the use of alligators as stepping stones and the pompous pitbull of rootin' tootin' Sheriff Pepper caught up in the thrilling boat chase. On the other, the genuine aura of threat through weird voodoo henchman Tee Hee and the leaning toward — what's this? — realism in Mr Big's plot to take over the drug trade from the Mafia." He concluded that "Moore had got his feet under the table."

In November 2006, Entertainment Weekly listed Live and Let Die as the third-best Bond film. MSN chose it as the thirteenth best Bond film and IGN listed it as twelfth-best. IGN ranked Solitaire as 10th in a Top 10 Bond Babes list.

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% from 51 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "While not one of the highest-rated Bond films, Live and Let Die finds Roger Moore adding his stamp to the series with flashes of style and an improved sense of humor." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 based on 9 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Accolades

In 2004, the American Film Institute nominated the title song for AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs.

See also

 List of American films of 1973
 List of drug films
 Outline of James Bond

References

Bibliography

External links

 MGM Official Site: Live and Let Die

1970s action thriller films
1970s spy films
1973 films
British sequel films
Blaxploitation films
1970s English-language films
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films about virginity
Films about Voodoo
Films based on British novels
Films directed by Guy Hamilton
Films produced by Harry Saltzman
Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli
Films scored by George Martin
Films set in Harlem
Films set in New Orleans
Films set in New York City
Films set in the Caribbean
Films set in a fictional country
Films set on fictional islands
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot in Jamaica
Films shot in New Orleans
Films shot in New York City
James Bond films
Films with screenplays by Tom Mankiewicz
United Artists films
Eon Productions films
1970s British films

Live and Let Die (film)


Emil Ritterling (20 December 1861, in Leipzig – 7 February 1928, in Wiesbaden) was a German historian and archaeologist.

He studied classical philology and history at the universities of Bonn and Leipzig, and afterwards worked for several years as a librarian in Berlin (1887–91). In 1892 he relocated to Wiesbaden, where he eventually became a member of the Imperial Limes Commission. In 1899–1911 and 1915–23 he was director of the Nassau Regional Museum of Archaeology in Wiesbaden, and from 1911 to 1914 was head of Roman-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute in Frankfurt am Main. In 1902 he received the title of professor.

Selected works
 De Legione Romanorum X Gemina, 1885 – The Legio X Gemina.
 Römische Münzen aus Wiesbaden und Umgegend im Altertums-Museum zu Wiesbaden, 1896 – Roman coins from Wiesbaden and its environs at the Antiquities Museum in Wiesbaden.
 Zum römischen Heerwesen des ausgehenden dritten Jahrhunderts, 1903 – On the Roman army of the third century.
 Das frührömische lager bei Hofheim im Taunus, 1904 – An early Roman camp at Hofheim am Taunus.
 Das Kastell Niederbieber Ausgrabungsbericht, 1912 – The castle at Niederbieber excavation report.
 Ein Amtsabzeichen der beneficiarii consularis im Museum zu Wiesbaden, 1919 – An official badge of beneficiarii consularis in the museum at Wiesbaden.
 Fasti des römischen Deutschland unter dem Prinzipat (with Edmund Groag, edited by Ernst Stein, 1932) – Fasti of Roman Germania under the Principate.
 Die kaiserlichen Beamten und Truppenkörper im römischen Deutschland unter dem Prinzipat (edited by Ernst Stein, 1932) – The imperial officials and troops in Roman Germania under the Principate.

References

1861 births
1928 deaths
Archaeologists from Leipzig
Leipzig University alumni
University of Bonn alumni
19th-century German historians
20th-century German historians

Emil Ritterling


KNAU (88.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classical music and news/talk and information format. Licensed to Flagstaff, Arizona, United States, KNAU and its sister stations serve Northern Arizona. The station is currently owned by Northern Arizona University (NAU) and features programming from National Public Radio, Public Radio International, and American Public Media, among other content providers. NAU also owns KPUB (91.7 FM), a station devoted to talk programming, and student-run low-power station KLJX-LP (107.1 FM). KNAU's programming is heard on KNAA (90.7 FM) in Show Low and on five translators in northern Arizona, as well as online.

Broadcasting activity at NAU began in 1962 as a 10-watt AM station, run by students, with student-built transmitter and antenna atop Sechrist Hall. The format was Top 40, playing popular music of the day. It was switched to a carrier current service in 1968, making it available only in campus buildings rather than over the air. The FM station was approved in 1968 and began broadcasting in December 1970 as KAXR. It was a 10-watt station that aired some arts programming as well as student DJ-selected music. In the early 1980s, the station transformed from a local outlet into a regional public radio station, which included a frequency change and power increase to 100,000 watts in 1983, expanded facilities and staff, affiliation with NPR, and the construction of new transmitters.

History

Foundation
Broadcasting at NAU began with station KASC, built in 1962 and so named when the school was Arizona State College at Flagstaff. Soon after the Arizona Board of Regents gave approval to raise the school to university status as Northern Arizona University effective May 1, 1966, KASC began considering changing its call letters to KNAU in late 1964. The change did not take place until 1967, a year in which the student station was pranked by someone claiming to be an administrator dismissing campus early for Christmas due to a particularly bad snowstorm; half of the students left campus before the situation was rectified.

As early as 1966, the idea of an FM station that might provide wider service to the city of Flagstaff outside of campus was considered. On June 19, 1968, NAU filed with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to build a new 10-watt station at 88.5 MHz in Flagstaff. Approval was granted on September 11 of that year, but the station did not begin regular programming until December 16, 1970.

KAXR ("K-Axer", referring to the university's Lumberjacks mascot) was the second FM station in Flagstaff and had a fine arts and classical music orientation, though it also played rock music. It complemented carrier current KNAU, which remained in service as a student station. The transmitter was donated by Phoenix College, whose KFCA had already upgraded to higher power. NAU had also been donated equipment to possibly operate an AM station at 1230 kHz, which was being vacated by KEOS in its move to 690 kHz; however, an FCC freeze on new AM station applications forestalled any use of the frequency.

Going regional
The small FM station began its effort to transform into a regional outlet at the end of the 1970s. In 1979, it filed to increase power to 100,000 watts to comply with FCC rules restricting 10-watt Class D stations like KAXR; the Board of Regents included funds in its 1980–81 budget to carry out the upgrade. The university had opted to go all the way because it said such a major upgrade could attract grant support.

On August 18, 1980, KAXR became KNAU, a set of call letters that previously belonged to the scrapped freighter Kenneth McKay; the designation had been denied originally to the station because of its use by the ship. The first full-time station manager was also hired as part of the move away from a small student station to a regional NPR station, which would fill one of the public network's coverage gaps. Even though some grant money had already been allocated, budget cuts at NAU almost ended the project before it began and threatened the station's future. However, station officials were able to allay the university's concerns by using university personnel for construction and cutting the budget for studio equipment, and in May 1982, the project got the green light, only to be held up again when an architect's bid for new studios came in much higher than budgeted.

In March 1983, after NAU's College of Creative Arts reorganized some offices and relocated speech pathology to another building, space in the Creative Arts Building was identified to house KNAU studios, and the project was approved for good. A transmitter was built on Mormon Mountain, while a satellite uplink was added for the reception of public radio programming. On November 28, 1983, KNAU switched from 10 watts at 88.5 MHz to 100,000 watts at 88.7 MHz. In its metamorphosis, KNAU not only had expanded its coverage area, but it had also hired its first news director, expanded its record library from 300 to 1,500 classical selections, and added more full-time staff. Full public radio status from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting allowed the station to begin airing NPR and American Public Radio programs in 1984. It marked a return to NPR for KNAU, which as KAXR had been briefly aligned with the network in 1974.

The first two translators were approved in 1985, one on Mount Francis to serve Prescott and one on Mount Elden to serve areas of Flagstaff that experience heavy multipath distortion with signals transmitted from Mormon Mountain. The next year, KNAU was approved to expand its service north and west to Page and Kingman. Also in 1986, KNAU was first to report the crash of an airplane and a helicopter over the Grand Canyon, earning it a Governors' Award from the Associated Press.

Growth to two services
In 1995, KNAU replaced the 90.7 transmitter on Mount Elden with a new 500-watt full-service station, KNAQ. This station became a separate program service, talk-oriented KPUB, in 2001; the switch was in response to KJZZ in Phoenix losing its Flagstaff translator the year prior, taking with it many longform talk programs that KNAU did not carry. The station moved to new studios on NAU's South Campus in 1998, leaving the Creative Arts Building behind after starting there in 1970.

KNAU was honored with three national Edward R. Murrow Awards for small-market radio stations in 2014.

Funding
In fiscal year 2021, KNAU had total revenue of $3.14 million, of which $477,000 came from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. NAU provided $376,000 in appropriations. Memberships made up nearly $566,000, and the station had 4,238 members.

Programming
KNAU broadcasts classical music from the Classical 24 service and key public radio news programs, including Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Marketplace, and Fresh Air. KNAU has more talk programs on the weekend, which are simulcast with KPUB.

Transmitters and translators
Since the activation of its two translators in 1985, KNAU has steadily increased its regional coverage footprint through the construction of translators and high-power stations, as well as content partnerships, including in northern Arizona's Native American communities. In 2002, KNAU assisted in the launch of KUYI on the Hopi reservation by providing access to NPR programming as well as its own local and regional news; this was the second station it had provided NPR programming to, after KGHR in Tuba City. At one time in the mid-2000s, KNAU supported KAWC-FM in Yuma, with KNAU's network operations manager serving as the general manager of KAWC-FM.

In 2008, Cellular One of Show Low donated $67,000 to support a satellite interconnection system to improve the signal delivery from Flagstaff, which had been intermittent.

References

External links

NAU
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Classical music radio stations in the United States
NPR member stations
Radio stations established in 1970
1970 establishments in Arizona
Northern Arizona University

KNAU


From the roadsigns by Tourism Tonga

Twin waters
Peka was the name of the settlement where Tuʻivakanō Viliami and the first christian converts of Hule resided.

Tuʻisoso, a high chief from Lakeba in the Lau group in Fiji chose the son of the third Tuʻikanokupolu Mataele Tuʻapiko and his wife ʻUmukisia, the daughter of the Tuʻihaʻatuʻunga as the first Tuʻivakanō. The Tuʻikanokupolu gave his son to Tuʻisoso to become the first Tuʻivakanō as a sign of gratitude and good relations for Tuʻisoso's gift of a kalia (double hulled canoe) which was the first Hifofua. The villagers moved further inland later on and called their village Nukunuku, meaning «lots of sand» and named after one of Tuʻisoso's land in Fiji. Peka was where the Tuʻivakanō and his people began worshipping at christians. Two wells were dug for the baptising of new converts and were named the Vaimāhanga meaning «twin wells». Tuʻivakanō built a church here in 1835, where they would have morning and evening services every Wednesday and Sunday. Christian converts from the Sia-ko-Veiongo (now known as Kolomotuʻa), Matahau and Masilamea would also join.

Hule fortress
Hule was built around 1797 by Tuʻivakanō Vaea-mo-Mataele-ʻAokātoa (the chief of Nukunuku) for his people's protection. Since the construction of this fort, it has only been overpowered twice. The first time was in 1808, by the warrior Teukava from the village of Kolovai. In under 12 hours, Tuʻivakanō won back the fort. William Mariner (known as Toki Ukamea by Tongans), wrote about Teukava's defeat after his return to England in 1811. He was a teenage English castaway who was adopted into Tongan royalty in 1806. Mariner wrote that Teukava was killed because he did not know a secret code that the people of Nukunuku used when escaping the fort. He was killed at the exit as he tried to escape.

Tuʻivakanō ʻAokātoa was converted to christianity in 1829, even though his clan, the Haʻa Havea Lahi and his brothers did not support him. He was baptised as Tuʻivakanō Viliami, which is the Tongan version of «William», and was then known as Tuʻivakanō Viliami. He was the first chief to be converted to christianity in all of Tongatapu. He invited the missionaries into Nukunuku and his two sons Vaea Mataele and Tēvita Tuʻumotoʻoa built the first christian church on the western side of Tongatapu at the fanga ko Peka. The opening ceremony for the church was held on the 20 August 1835. Tuʻivakanō Viliami encouraged the teaching of christian beliefs in Nukunuku, and many of his people were converted as a result. This angered his clan, the Haʻa Havea Lahi, so they exiled him from Nukunuku and replaced him with Uhi who took over the title Tuʻivakanō.

Tuʻivakanō Viliami stood on the same side as Aleamotuʻa (the Tuʻikanokupolu at the time) and Tāufaʻāhau (later known as Tupou I) as they tried to convert more people into christianity. Tuʻivakanō Uhi later agreed with Tāufaʻāhau's plea for conversion, but one of the commanding warriors, named Kafoa (also known as Ikahui) suggested they fight to the death. Tāufaʻāhau, his warriors and the converted people of Nukunuku and Kolomotuʻa surrounded the fort. The battle caused the death of Tāufaʻāhau's brother Siosaia Lauaki [sic!], which led to Tāufaʻāhau completely destroying the fort in January 1837. There were approximately 300 casualties at this battle, with the remaining people surrendering and converting to christianity.

Nukunuku/en


Henry V the Blondell (1216 – 24 December 1281), called the Great, was the Count of Arlon from 1226 to his death, lord of Ligny from 1240 to his death, Count of Luxembourg and Laroche from 1247 to his death, and the Marquis of Namur between 1256 and 1264 as Henry III. He was the son and successor of Waleran III, Duke of Limburg and Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg.

In 1226, following the death of his father Waleran III, Henry inherited the county of Arlon.

In 1240 Henry married Margaret, daughter of Henry II of Bar and Philippa of Dreux. Henry's marriage to Margaret brought him Ligny-en-Barrois as her dowry, though, by a clause in the marriage contract, it remained under the feudal suzerainty of the County of Bar. In contempt of this, Henry paid homage in 1256 to King Theobald II of Navarre in the latter's capacity as Count of Champagne. Henry's brother-in-law Count Theobald II of Bar took advantage of the conflict then raging between Duke Frederick III of Lorraine and the bishops of Metz. Henry V was a partisan of the duke and so Theobald took the side of the bishop. Henry was captured in battle at Prény on 14 September 1266. On 8 September 1268, King Louis IX of France arbitrated between the two counts and Henry was freed and repossessed of Ligny, but under the suzerainty of the Barrois.

Henry inherited Luxembourg and Laroche following the death of his mother, Ermesinde, in 1247. In 1256, Henry seized Namur while the reigning margrave, Baldwin II, was also reigning emperor in Constantinople. Baldwin sold his rights to Namur to Guy, Count of Flanders, who retook the margraviate from Henry. The two parties made peace and Guy married Henry's daughter, Isabelle.

Upon receiving 15,000 tournois from the Pope, Henry joined Edward of England on the Ninth Crusade. He returned with his remaining retainers after the crusaders achieved a truce with the Mamluk Sultanate.

Issue

From Margaret he had the following issue:

Henry VI (died 1288), Count of Luxembourg
Waleran I (died 1288), Count of Ligny & Roussy. He is the forefather and founder of what became the french branch of the House of Luxembourg, the so-called house of Luxembourg-Ligny.
Isabelle (1247–1298), married Guy of Dampierre
Philippa (1252–1311), married John II, Count of Holland
Marguerite (lady of Macheren), living 1302
Felicitas
Jeanne (died 1310), Abbess at the Abbey of Clairefontaine

He also had at least two illegitimate sons, including:

Henry, bastard of Luxembourg (died 1288), married Isabelle of Houffalize, heiress of Houffalize
Baldwin

All of his sons perished in the Battle of Worringen in 1288.

Notes

References

1216 births
1281 deaths
13th-century Luxembourgian people
House of Luxembourg
Counts of Luxembourg
Margraves of Namur
House of Limburg
Counts of Namur
Counts of Arlon
Christians of Lord Edward's crusade
13th-century counts in Europe

Henry V, Count of Luxembourg


The 1980 National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party  nominated President Jimmy Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale for reelection. The convention was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City from August 11 to August 14, 1980.

The 1980 convention was known as it was the last time in the 20th century, for either major party, that a candidate tried to get delegates released from their voting commitments. This was done by Senator Ted Kennedy, Carter's primary challenger for the nomination in the Democratic primaries.

President Carter gave his speech accepting the party's nomination on August 14.

References

1980 in New York (state)
20th century in New York City
United States presidential nominating conventions
Democratic Party (United States)
August 1980 events

1980 Democratic National Convention


Laketown is a town in Polk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 918 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Atlas is located in the town. The unincorporated communities of Cushing and Pole Cat Crossing are also located partially in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.8 square miles (92.6 km2), of which, 34.2 square miles (88.7 km2) of it is land and 1.5 square miles (4.0 km2) of it (4.28%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 918 people, 350 households, and 262 families residing in the town. The population density was 26.8 people per square mile (10.4/km2).  There were 445 housing units at an average density of 13.0 per square mile (5.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.47% White, 0.33% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.54% from other races, and 0.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.54% of the population.

There were 350 households, out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 20.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $40,156, and the median income for a family was $45,000. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $20,938 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,573. About 9.9% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 14.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Luck School District

References

Towns in Polk County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Laketown, Wisconsin


The Dog Who Saved Christmas Vacation is a 2010 American made-for-television Christmas comedy film and a sequel to the ABC Family 2009 movie The Dog Who Saved Christmas. The movie stars Paris Hilton in her first voice role, as the poodle Bella, and Mario Lopez again voices Zeus.  It premiered on ABC Family on November 28, 2010 during the Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas programming block and was written by Michael Ciminera and Richard Gnolfo.

Plot
The Bannister family and their dog Zeus go to a ski lodge in Colorado for their Christmas vacation. When they get to their condo, they find Belinda Bannister's brother and his son staying in the same condo. Along with the boys is a poodle named Bella, and Zeus immediately has a crush on her. Despite the surprised guests there, George tries to have the best Christmas ever.

Meanwhile, Ted and Stewey are after London James's necklace. They steal it, but they accidentally leave it at the gift shop, where George (thinking it's a $5 dog collar) lets Zeus buy it for Bella. Ted and Stewey kidnap Bella, so Zeus goes after her, following the two crooks to their hotel room. Ted and Stewey go to get Chinese food as Zeus enters  to save Bella. Zeus starts to set up booby traps. Stewey and Ted come back and end up chasing Zeus through the house and through booby traps. Zeus frees Bella and the two try to escape but get caught by the two robbers. Zeus and Bella finally escape with the help of Trooper, a service dog who had a crush on Bella, and used to bully Zeus. Zeus and Bella end up getting chased back to the village by Ted and Stewey. Zeus then finishes the thieves off by knocking down a tower of Christmas presents. The family finds the dogs at the village. London James gets her necklace back, Ted and Stewey are arrested, and Zeus and Bella become a couple.

Cast
 Mario Lopez as Zeus
 Paris Hilton as Bella
 Elisa Donovan as Belinda Bannister
 Gary Valentine as George Bannister
 Dean Cain as Ted Stein
 Joey Diaz as Stewey McMann
 Brennan Bailey as Ben Bannister
 Kayley Stallings as Kara Bannister
 Carlson Young as London James
 Michael Healey as Trooper/rescue dog

See also
 List of Christmas films

References

External links

American Christmas films
ABC Family original films
Films set in Colorado
Films about dogs
Films about vacationing
2010 television films
2010 films
Films directed by Michael Feifer
Television sequel films
Christmas television films
2010s Christmas films
American sequel films

The Dog Who Saved Christmas Vacation


Lahndi (or prescriptive; Landai), (Pashto; لاندی ['lan: da'ɪ) also known as dried meat, is a dish common in Pashtun cuisine of salt-cured meat mostly reɡions with dry and cold weather. Consumption of lahndi is common during the winter months. Sheep are specially fattened so that their flesh may be more suitable for preparing lahndi.

Method
Lahndi is usually prepared from lamb and sheep, although it can also be made from beef. It is prepared as follows. First a lamb or sheep is slaughtered in the Islamic way, i.e., halal. Then the wool is separated in a proper and skilled way, leaving only the skin. After that, the remaining hairs on the skin are burned away with fire, after which the meat is wiped to get rid of the carbon deposits. Then the meat is cut into smaller pieces and rubbed with salt to prevent bacteria. It is also rubbed with pungent-smelling asafoetida, which is a little like garlic and serves as a preservative, a much-needed additive in a part of the world where electricity and refrigerators are rare. Having been thus prepared, the meat is strung on lahndi poles (tall poles with crosspieces which stand outside most Afghan mud-houses and serve as winter larders).

The best time to prepare lahndi is December, when the meat dries out within fifteen days if it is cold enough. It is commonly eaten in winter to keep a person warm and help them face the extreme weather.

See also

 List of dried foods
 List of lamb dishes

References

Dried meat
Lamb dishes
Afghan cuisine
Pashtun cuisine

Lahndi (food)


An offshore trust is a conventional trust that is formed under the laws of an offshore jurisdiction.

Generally offshore trusts are similar in nature and effect to their onshore counterparts; they involve a settlor transferring (or 'settling') assets (the 'trust property') on the trustees to manage for the benefit of a person, class or persons (the 'beneficiaries') or, occasionally, an abstract purpose. However, a number of offshore jurisdictions have modified their laws to make their jurisdictions more attractive to settlors forming offshore structures as trusts. Liechtenstein, a civil jurisdiction which is sometimes considered to be offshore, has artificially imported the trust concept from common law jurisdictions by statute.

Uses of offshore trusts
Official statistics on trusts are difficult to come by as in most offshore jurisdictions (and in most onshore jurisdictions), trusts are not required to be registered, however, it is thought that the most common use of offshore trusts is as part of the tax and financial planning of wealthy individuals and their families. For instance, the founder of Wonga.com, Errol Damelin holds his shares through Castle Bridge Ventures, a trust based in the British Virgin Islands. While the family behind the Nando's restaurant chain, the Enthovens, reportedly use trusts in the Channel Islands as part of their financial planning. Other users of offshore trusts include Sir Ken Morrison, the British supermarket magnate, the Rothermere family who own the Daily Mail group and the late Bruce Gyngell who founded  TV-am.

However, offshore trusts have other uses too:
 Offshore trusts are also sometimes formed as unit trusts to operate as a mutual fund.
 Offshore trusts are often used as part of an orphan structure in capital markets or trade finance transactions.
 Pan-national non-governmental bodies are sometimes established as offshore trusts. For example, the International Cricket Council is formed in the British Virgin Islands.

Types of offshore trusts
Below are the most common types of trusts:

A Revocable Offshore Trust is a trust which can be liquidated or altered by the settlor according to the terms, that are set out in the Trust Deed.

In an Irrevocable Offshore Trust may not be changed or liquidated by the settlor.

A Discretionary Offshore Trust enables the trustee to decide on the distribution of profits for different classes of beneficiaries.

In a Fixed trust, the distribution of income to the beneficiaries is fixed and can not be changed by trustee.

A Hybrid Trust includes elements of discretionary and fixed trust.

The benefits of an offshore trust
 Confidentiality and anonymity: Despite the fact that an offshore trust is officially registered in the government, the parties of the trust, assets, and the conditions of the trust are not recorded in the register .
 Tax-exempt status: Assets that are transferred to an offshore trust (in a tax-exempt offshore zone) are not taxed either when transferred to the trust, or when transferred or redistributed to the beneficiaries.
 The ability to transfer assets in a short time and without high costs: The transfer of property inherited through an offshore trust does not require the approval of a judge or the high cost of a lawyer.
 Asset protection: The Trust protects assets from forced transfer by inheritance, from seizure in divorce and bankruptcy.
 Accumulation of capital: The trust can own commercial enterprises, open bank accounts, participate in international investment projects, and its revenues will accumulate in one of the tax-free offshore zones.
 Reliability: The capital will be safe from a financially, politically and economically unstable world.
 Versatility: In the trust, you can transfer any assets - cash, real estate, business, stocks, intellectual property rights, etc.

Rule against perpetuities
Trusts in general are subject to the rule against perpetuities which, in practical terms, puts limits on the length of time within which all trust property must be distributed.  Because of the strictures of the rule, a number of trusts have been struck down in wildly hypothetical circumstances because of possible infringement of the rule (e.g., the fertile octogenarian).

Most offshore jurisdictions which have sophisticated trust laws have modified their laws relating to perpetuity to allow settlor to select lengthy, fixed, perpetuity periods, to avoid the use of "Royal lives" clauses.  Many have also adopted "wait and see" laws, which mean that trusts which might potentially infringe the rule against perpetuities are no longer automatically invalid, but instead the trust remains valid unless and until the perpetuity period is breached.

In Jersey, the rule against perpetual trusts has actually been abolished entirely.  This has also been done in a number of U.S. states.

Management of underlying companies
Trusts in general are subject to the rule in Bartlett v Barclays Bank which provides (briefly) that where trust property includes the shares of a company, then the trustees must take a positive role in the affairs on the company.  The rule has been criticised, but remains part of trust law in many common law jurisdictions.

A number of offshore jurisdictions (notably the Cayman Islands, with STAR trusts, and the British Virgin Islands, with VISTA trusts) have created special forms of trust that may be expressly settled without imposing an obligation of the trustees to interfere in management in this way.

Paradoxically, these specialised forms of trusts seem to infrequently be used in relation to their original intended uses.  STAR trusts seem to be used more frequently by hedge funds forming mutual funds as unit trusts (where the fund managers wish to eliminate any obligation to attend meetings of the companies in whose securities they invest) and VISTA trusts are frequently used as a part of orphan structures in bond issues where the trustees wish to divorce themselves from supervising the issuing vehicle.

Critics in onshore jurisdictions have suggested that these specialised trusts have provisions that so fundamentally undermine the nature of a trust that they should not be recognised in an onshore jurisdiction, but whatever the view of onshore tax authorities and regulators, it seems unlikely that the courts in onshore jurisdictions would be prepared to derogate from the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition.

Asset protection

Certain jurisdictions (notably the Cook Islands, but the Bahamas also has a species of asset protection trust) have provided special trusts which are styled as asset protection trusts.  While all trusts have an asset protection element, some jurisdictions have enacted laws trying to make life difficult for creditors to press claims against the trust (for example, by providing for particularly short limitation periods).  In practice, the effectiveness of such trusts is limited as the bankruptcy and/or divorce laws in the settlor's home jurisdiction will usually operate to set aside transfers to the trusts, and most jurisdictions (including offshore jurisdictions) set aside transactions entered into defraud creditors.

Powers of investment
Most traditional jurisdictions only permit trustees to make very conservative financial investments.  Most offshore jurisdictions give trustees flexibility and permit (or allow the settlor to specify in the trust instrument that they are permitted) a wider range of investments, including higher risk investments such as derivatives and futures contracts and specific investments, such as an investment into a small private company, in any area of the world.

Purpose trusts
Whilst in most common law jurisdictions, trusts must either be formed for the benefit of persons, or charitable purposes, many offshore jurisdictions have also amended their laws to permit trusts to be formed for non-charitable purposes.  Such trusts need to enforce a "protector" to be able to enforce the terms of the trust, but doubt remains as to who should be treated as the beneficial owner of the trust funds for tax purposes prior to its distribution.

No offshore jurisdiction yet appears to have made a serious effort to expand upon the flexibility of discretionary trusts in relation to certainty of objects, as expounded in McPhail v Doulton.  This may be because the common law rules are now considered to be sufficiently flexible to make no widening necessary to attract trust business.

Anachronistic common law rules
Many offshore jurisdictions have also legislated to abolish certain anachronistic common law rules which sometimes cause difficulty for trust planning.  These include:
 Rule in Howe v Earl of Dartmouth
 Rule in Maloney v Alveranga
 Rule in Re Atkinson

See also
 Private foundation

References

Equity (law)
Wills and trusts
Offshore finance
Legal entities

Offshore trust


In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are several different Feasts of the Cross, all of which commemorate the cross used in the crucifixion of Jesus. Unlike Good Friday, which is dedicated to the passion of Christ and the crucifixion, these feast days celebrate the cross itself, as the sign of salvation. In Western Catholicism, Eastern Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Lutheranism and Anglicanism the most common day of commemoration is 14 September, or 27 September in churches still using the Julian calendar.

In English, the feast is called The Exaltation of the Holy Cross in the official translation of the Roman Missal, while the 1973 translation called it The Triumph of the Cross. In some parts of the Anglican Communion the feast is called Holy Cross Day, a name also used by Lutherans. The celebration is also sometimes called Holy Rood Day, or by the historical names Roodmas or Crouchmas.

History
The Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, celebrated every year on 14 September, recalls three events:
 The finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena.
 The dedication of churches built by Emperor Constantine on the site of the Holy Sepulchre and Mount Calvary.
 The restoration of the True Cross to Jerusalem in AD 629 by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, after it had fallen into the hands of the Persian Emperor Chosroes II in the AD 614 Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem.

Under Emperor Constantine, around AD 327, Bishop Macarius of Jerusalem caused excavations to be made in order to ascertain the location of Calvary as well as that of the Holy Sepulchre. It was in the course of these excavations that the wood of the cross was recovered. It was determined by Macarius to be authentic (the crosses of the two thieves were also recovered) and for it Constantine built the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre. Subsequently, pieces of the True Cross relic were distributed across the empire and by the turn of the 5th century were venerated as far away as Italy.

The Ancient Georgian Iadgari (Chantbook) bears witness to the celebration of the Exaltation of the Cross in Jerusalem prior to the middle of the 6th century. In the west before the end of the seventh century the feast was mainly observed in Rome. However, the earliest recorded commemoration of 14 September as the feast day on a Western calendar is from the 7th century A.D.

In the Gallican usage, beginning about the seventh century, the Feast of the Cross was celebrated on 3 May, and called "Crouchmas" (for "Cross Mass") or "Roodmas". When the Gallican and Roman practices were combined, the September date was assigned to commemorating the rescue of the cross from the Sassanid Persians, and the May date was kept as the Finding of the Holy Cross or Invention of the True Cross to commemorate the finding. ("Invention" is a rendering of the Latin term inventio meaning "discovery".) Pope John XXIII removed this feast in 1960, so that the General Roman Calendar now celebrates both the finding and the exaltation of the Holy Cross on 14 September, although some Latin American countries and Mexico still celebrate the feast of the finding on 3 May. Some communities which celebrate the liturgy in the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite also observe the feast of the finding of the Holy Cross on 3 May.

Theological distinction
The Second Council of Nicæa of 787, drew the distinction between veneration of the cross and worship or latria, "which, according to the teaching of the faith, belongs to the Divine nature alone." Petavius noted that this cult must be considered as not belonging to the substance of religion, but as being one of the things not absolutely necessary to salvation. Thus, the honor paid to the image passes to the prototype; and he who adores the image, adores the person whom it represents.

Traditions
According to Christian tradition, the True Cross was discovered in 326 by Saint Helena, the mother of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, during a pilgrimage she made to Jerusalem. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was then built at the site of the discovery, by order of Helena and Constantine. The church was dedicated nine years later, with a portion of the cross. One-third remained in Jerusalem, one-third was brought to Rome and deposited in the Sessorian basilica Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (Holy Cross in Jerusalem), and one-third was taken to Constantinople to make the city impregnable.

The date of the feast marks the dedication of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 335. This was a two-day festival: although the actual consecration of the church was on 13 September, the cross itself was brought outside the church on 14 September so that the clergy and faithful could pray before the True Cross, and all could come forward to venerate it.

Historically in Western Christianity, the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday of the calendar week after the one in which the feast day occurs are designated as one of each year's four sets of Ember days. Until 1969, these ember days were a part of the liturgical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. Organization of these celebrations in the ordinary form is now left to the decision of episcopal conferences in view of local conditions and customs. The ember days are still observed in the calendar of the Roman Rite's Extraordinary Form, the Anglican Ordinariate, and Western Orthodoxy.

Liturgical colours
Red is the usual liturgical color in churches that follow such traditions.

In Western Christianity, red vestments are worn at church services conducted on this day. In the liturgy of the Roman Catholic church the readings in the Holy Mass for this day draw a comparison between the bronze serpent of Numbers 21, which was raised up on a pole so that all who looked upon it would be cured of the deadly poison of venomous snakes, and John 3: 14–15, "And just as Moses lifted up the serpent in the desert, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, so that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life." If the feast falls on a Sunday, its Mass readings are used instead of those for the occurring Sunday in Ordinary Time.

The lectionaries of the Church of England (and other Anglican churches) and Western Rite Orthodoxy also stipulate red as the liturgical color for 'Holy Cross Day.'

In Eastern Orthodox Churches that use various liturgical colors, red vestments are also worn. Yet in these Orthodox churches, the wearing of red continues for a week after the feast.

Religious orders
The Carmelite Rule of St. Albert of 1247 gives this date as the beginning of the period of fasting, which ends on Easter Sunday.

This date is the titular feast of the Congregation of Holy Cross, The Companions of the Cross and the Episcopal Church's Order of the Holy Cross.

Observation in various Churches

Church of England

The Common Worship calendar (2000), like the General Roman Calendar, celebrates the Feast on 14 September.

Church of the East

The Church of the East celebrates the finding of the Cross on 13 September, and considers it to be a major feast. The Assyrian Church considers the Sign of the Cross to be the sacrament by which all of the other sacraments are sealed and perfected. (The Church's traditional list of sacraments does not include marriage.) Saranaya (Syriac) hold a shara every year in cities like Chicago, Illinois, and Modesto, California, and other parts of the world. The shara in Modesto is held every Sunday prior to 13 September at East La Loma Park, where they  in remembrance of the Feast Of the Cross. People gather to feast, sing and dance to celebrate the joyous event.

Eastern Orthodoxy

In Byzantine liturgical observance, the Universal Exaltation (also called Elevation in Eastern Orthodox tradition) of the Precious and Life-creating Cross commemorates both the finding of the True Cross in 326 and its recovery from the Persians in 628, and is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the church year. 14 September is always a fast day and the eating of meat, dairy products and fish is prohibited. The Feast of the Exaltation has a one-day forefeast and an eight-day afterfeast. The Saturday and Sunday before and after 14 September are also commemorated with special Epistle and Gospel readings about the Cross at the Divine Liturgy.

On the eve of the feast before small vespers the priest, having prepared a tray with the cross placed on a bed of fresh basil leaves or flowers, covered with an aër (liturgical veil), places it on the table of prothesis; after that service, the priest carries the tray on his head preceded by lighted candles and the deacon incensing the cross, processes to the holy table (altar), in the centre whereof he lays the tray, in the place of the Gospel Book, the latter being set upright at the back of the altar. Those portions of the vespers and matins which in sundry local customs take place before the Icon of the Feast (e.g., the chanting of the Polyeleos and the Matins Gospel) instead take place in front of the Holy Table. The bringing out of the cross and the exaltation ceremony occur at matins.

The cross remains in the centre of the temple throughout the afterfeast, and the faithful venerate it whenever they enter or leave the church. Finally, on the leave-taking (apodosis) of the feast, the priest and deacon will incense around the cross, there will be a final veneration of the cross, and then they will solemnly bring the cross back into the sanctuary through the Holy Doors. This same pattern of bringing out the cross, veneration, and returning the cross at the end of the celebration is repeated at a number of the lesser times.

Oriental Orthodoxy

Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church observes a five-day fast, called the Fast of the Holy Cross, from September 10 through 14 September, in preparation for the Feast of the Holy Church in view of the Holy Cross, which they celebrate on September 15. September 16 is observed as the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Khachverats in Armenian), a feast which continues for several days thereafter. It is counted as one of the five major feasts of the Armenian Church, and the most important of the four feasts of the Holy Cross. According to Armenian tradition, the first one to "exalt" the Cross was the Apostle James of Jerusalem, the "Brother of the Lord". On the Sunday nearest 14 September, the liturgy is marked with an antasdan service (blessing of the fields) during which the processional cross is adorned with basil (a symbol of royalty) and the four corners of the church are blessed as a sign of the sanctification of the world.

On the Sunday nearest September 28 (always two weeks after the Exaltation) the Armenian Church celebrates the Feast of the Holy Cross of Varak (Varaka Khach) commemorating the third century placement of an authentic relic of the cross in Armenian soil at Varagavank. This is a cross feast unique to the Armenian Church.

On the Sunday closest to October 26, the Armenian Church celebrates the Discovery of the Holy Cross (Kyood Khach), commemorating the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena (327 AD).

Coptic Orthodox Church
The Coptic Orthodox Church annually commemorates two events related to the Cross.  The first Feast of the Cross commemorates the Consecration of the Church of the Resurrection on 17 Thout according to the Coptic calendar. This corresponds to 14 September on the Julian Calendar (or, in years following a Coptic leap year, one day later) which will correspond to 27 September on the Gregorian Calendar until AD 2099.  The second Feast of the Cross commemorates the Appearance of the Holy Cross on 10 Paremhat according to the Coptic calendar. This corresponds to 19 March on the Gregorian Calendar until AD 2099.

Orthodox Tewahedo Churches

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (along with Evangelical Protestants) commemorate the finding of the true cross on Mäskäräm 17 of the Ethiopian Calendar. This is the same date as observed by the Coptic Orthodox Church. The eve of this day is popularly called Demera (meaning "Bonfire") in Amharic.

The Ethiopian Patriarch lights a large bonfire in Meskel Square, Addis Ababa's greatest open arena, and smaller bonfires are lit by individuals and local parishes throughout the country. Thousands attend the colourful and vibrant ceremony of religious chantings around the bonfire in Meskel Square, which owes its name to the ceremony, for meskel means "cross" in Ge'ez. According to tradition, the bonfire commemorates how the Empress Helena used the smoke of a bonfire to determine where to search for the true cross in Jerusalem, or how, by a series of bonfires, she signalled to her son Constantine in Constantinople her success in finding it.

Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church
In the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church a special offering called panchasarayumanda is made on this day, in particular at the Akaparambu Mor Sabor-Mor Aphroth Church in the Ernakulam District, Kerala.

Related observances

6 March

On 6 March, the liturgical calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church, commemorates the Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by Empress Saint Helen—that is to say, the anniversary of the actual discovery; the date for the feast on 14 September was determined by the consecration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This is a lesser feast, and does not have any of the liturgical peculiarities of the feast of 14 September.

3 May
The General Roman Calendar before 1960 contained the Feast of the Finding of the Holy Cross (Roodmas) on 3 May. It commemorated the founding of the True Cross by Saint Helena, the mother of the emperor Constantine. With the reorganisation of the liturgical calendar by his Motu proprio Rubricarum instructum of Pope John XXIII (1960), the Feast of the Finding of the Cross was celebrated only in some regions. Meanwhile, the finding of the True cross is also commemorated at the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross on 14 September.

1 August

The Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholics also commemorate the Procession of the Precious Wood of the Life-giving Cross of Jesus Christ on 1 August, which is also the first day of the Dormition Fast. The propers of the feast are combined with those of the Holy Maccabean Martyrs, the commemoration of whose endurance is deemed appropriate for the first day of a fast. Unlike the observance on 14 September, this commemoration is considered to be a minor feast, but it does have the bringing out of the cross and veneration by the faithful like the September feast.

The history of this feast begins in Constantinople where it was the custom to carry the relic of the True Cross through the streets and squares of the city to ask for God's blessing and for relief from sickness. On the eve of the feast (31 July), observed as a forefeast, it was taken out of the imperial treasury, and laid upon the altar of the "Great Church" (Hagia Sophia) and the following day solemnly placed in the middle of the Great Church for the faithful to venerate. It was taken in procession daily throughout the city, offering it to the people to venerate, until the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos (15 August), when it was returned to the imperial treasury.

In commemoration of this tradition, it is customary to have an outdoor procession with the Lesser Blessing of Water on August 1. It is the first of three "Feasts of the Saviour" in the month of August, the other two being the Transfiguration (6 August) and the Icon of Christ "Not Made by Hands" (16 August). Because of the blessing of holy water, this feast is sometimes called "Saviour of the Water." There may also be celebrated on this day the Rite of Blessing New Honey, for which reason the day is also referred to as "Saviour of the Honey."

According to Saint Nikolaj Velimirović, this feast was instituted by mutual agreement of the Greeks and Russians to commemorate the simultaneous victories of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos over the Bulgarians and the Russian Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky over the Saracens in the 12th century.

In the Russian Orthodox Church, this feast also celebrates the Baptism of Rus, which occurred on 1 August 988.
 Synaxarion

12 October
In the Russian Orthodox Church, 12 October is the commemoration of the Translation of a Portion of the Life-Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina.
A portion of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord, as well as the Philermos icon of the Mother of God and the right hand of John the Baptist were preserved on the island of Malta by the Knights of the Catholic Order of St. John of Jerusalem, who controlled the island.

In 1798, when the French seized the island, the Maltese Knights turned to the Russian Empire for defense and protection. To this end, they elected Paul I, the Tsar of Russia, as Grand Master of the Order. The Tsar accepted his election. On 12 October 1799, Maltese knights came to their new Priory Palace, just built for them by Paul in Gatchina (45 km [27 miles] south of St.  Petersburg), and offered these ancient and holy treasures to their new Grand Master, the tsar.

In the autumn of 1799 the holy items were transferred to St. Petersburg and placed in the Winter Palace within the internal church dedicated to the Icon of the Savior Not-Made-by-Hands. The feast for this event was established in 1800.

Moveable feasts
In addition to celebrations on fixed days, the Cross may be celebrated during the variable, particularly in Lent and Eastertide.

Eastern Christians celebrate an additional Veneration of the Cross on the third Sunday of Great Lent. The services for this day are modeled on the Feast of the Exaltation (14 September), and include bringing the cross to the holy table at little vespers and with solemnity out into the center of church at matins, albeit without the ceremony of the Exaltation of the Cross, for veneration by the faithful. It remains in the centre of the church for nearly a week (the Fourth Week of Great Lent). On the Monday and Wednesday of that week, a veneration of the Cross takes place at the First Hour (repeating a portion of the service from matins of the previous Sunday). On Friday of that week, the veneration takes place after the Ninth Hour, after which the priest and deacons return the cross to the sanctuary.

In addition to all of the above commemorations, Orthodox also hold Wednesday and Friday throughout the year as a commemoration of the Cross.

In the Roman Breviary before the 1961 reform, a Commemoration of the Cross is made during Eastertide except when the office or commemoration of a double or octave occurs, replacing the suffrage of the Saints said outside Eastertide.

Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, and some Anglican churches have a formal Adoration of the Cross during the services on Good Friday.

Veneration of the Cross

Feast days
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, on several of the feast days mentioned above, there is a public veneration of the cross. It may take place at matins, after the cross is brought out, at the end of the celebration of the Divine Liturgy, or at the end of one of the Little Hours, depending upon the particular feast and local custom.

The faithful come forward and make two prostrations, make the sign of the cross on themselves, and kiss the feet of Christ on the cross, and then make a third prostration. After this, they will often receive a blessing from the priest and bow towards their fellow worshippers on each side of the church (this latter practice is most commonly observed in monasteries).

At the end of services
At the end of the Divine Liturgy, and at some other services as well, it is customary for the faithful to come forward and venerate the "Blessing Cross" (hand-cross) which is held by the bishop or priest, and to kiss his hand. This practice is also called the "Veneration of the Cross", though it does not involve making prostrations. The cross which is venerated is small (typically 10–16 inches). This cross is usually metal, often gold or gold-plated, and can be enameled or decorated with jewels. The figure of Jesus on the Cross (the soma) is usually engraved, enameled, or painted on the cross, rather than being a separate three-dimensional figure as is found on a crucifix.

See also
 Dream of the Rood
 Ember days

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

 The 13th through 18th photos in this series are of a Russian Orthodox bishop performing the Exaltation of the Cross in West Virginia
 Photo of Exaltation of the Cross by a Bishop in Russia

Christian festivals and holy days
March observances
April observances
September observances
August observances
May observances
Crucifixion of Jesus
Feasts of Jesus Christ
Christian processions
Helena, mother of Constantine I
Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Feast of the Cross


Flat memory model or linear memory model refers to a memory addressing paradigm in which "memory appears to the program as a single contiguous address space." The CPU can directly (and linearly) address all of the available memory locations without having to resort to any sort of bank switching, memory segmentation or paging schemes.

Memory management and address translation can still be implemented on top of a flat memory model in order to facilitate the operating system's functionality, resource protection, multitasking or to increase the memory capacity beyond the limits imposed by the processor's physical address space, but the key feature of a flat memory model is that the entire memory space is linear, sequential and contiguous.

In a simple controller, or in a single tasking embedded application, where memory management is not needed nor desirable, the flat memory model is the most appropriate, because it provides the simplest interface from the programmer's point of view, with direct access to all memory locations and minimum design complexity.

In a general purpose computer system, which requires multitasking, resource allocation, and protection, the flat memory system must be augmented by some memory management scheme, which is typically implemented through a combination of dedicated hardware (inside or outside the CPU) and software built into the operating system. The flat memory model (at the physical addressing level) still provides the greatest flexibility for implementing this type of memory management.

Memory models

Most modern memory models fall into one of three categories:

Flat memory model
Simple interface for programmers, clean design
Greatest flexibility due to uniform access speed (segmented memory page switches usually incur varied latency due to longer accesses of other pages, either due to extra CPU logic in changing page, or hardware requirements)
Minimum hardware and CPU real estate for simple controller applications
Maximum execution speed, Simply there isn't any latency due to CPU or logic.
Not suitable for general computing or multitasking operating systems unless enhanced with additional memory management hardware/software; but this is almost always the case in modern CISC processors, which implement advanced memory management and protection technology over a flat memory model. Linux e.g. uses a flat memory model, see x86 memory segmentation#Practices.

Paged memory model

Suitable for multitasking, general operating system design, resource protection and allocation
Suitable for virtual memory implementation
More CPU real estate, somewhat lower speed
More complex to program
Rigid page boundaries, not always the most memory efficient
This memory model is required when using Physical Address Extension (PAE) in Pentium Pro and later x86 CPUs to support 36-bit physical addresses to address more than 4GB of physical memory.

x86 segmented memory model

Similar to paged memory, but paging is achieved by the implicit addition of two relatively shifted registers: segment:offset
Variable page boundaries, more efficient and flexible than the paged memory model
Quite complex and awkward from a programmer's point of view
More difficult for compilers
Pages can overlap / poor resource protection and isolation
Many to one address translation correspondence: Many segment:offset combinations resolve to the same physical address
Greater chance of programming errors
Implemented in the original Intel 8086, 8088, 80186, 80286, and supported by 80386 and all subsequent x86 machines through to present day Pentium and Core 2 processors. This memory model has remained ever since in the x86 machines, which now provide multi-mode operation and rarely operate in the compatible segmented mode. See x86 memory segmentation for details.
saves RAM by moving the segment address, this allows short jumps that require fewer bytes.

Within the x86 architectures, when operating in the real mode (or emulation), physical address is computed as:
Address = 16 × segment + offset
(I.e., the 16-bit segment register is shifted left by 4 bits and added to a 16-bit offset, resulting in a 20-bit address.)

See also
Address space
Memory model (disambiguation)

References

Computer memory

Flat memory model


The Comast Group (also Komast Group) was a group of Attic vase painters in the black-figure style. The works of its members are dated to between 585 and 570/560 BC.
The artists of the Komast Group are seen as the successors of the Gorgon Painter. Its most important representatives were the KX Painter and the slightly later KY Painter. They painted vases shapes that had been newly introduced to Athens or that had not previously been painted. Especially commonly painted by them were ''kothon'' and lekanis. From Corinth, then still the centre of Greek vase painting, they adopted the Komast cup and the skyphos (known as kotyle. The KY Painter introduced the column krater. Also popular at the time was the kantharos.  The group adopted the Corinthian habit of depicting komasts, after which the group is named. It provided the group's most commonly painted motif. The komast scenes permit Attic artists for the first time to reach the artistic levels of middle-ranking Corinthian vases. While the older KX Painter still mostly painted animals and only the occasional komast scene, the komos became a standard motif for the KY painter and further inferior successors. It is not clear to what extent the painters of the group really cooperated. It is possible that they all worked in the same workshop. The group influenced later Attic vase painters, including the Heidelberg Painter.
Works by the Komast Group were not only found in Attica, but appear to have been exported widely. Vases and fragments have been found at many sites, including Naukratis, Rhodes, Central Italy, Taras, and even Corinth.

Bibliography
 John Beazley: Attic Black-figure Vase-painters. Oxford 1956, p. 23–37.
 John Boardman: Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch, von Zabern, 4. edn, Mainz 1994 (Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, Vol 1) , p. 19.

Anonymous artists of antiquity
Ancient Greek vase painters
Year of birth unknown

Comast Group