Roshd International Film Festival is eldest film festival in Iran. It is centered on the films with educational and pedagogical themes and is staged every year by the Supplying Educational Media Center, a sub-branch of the Ministry of Education of the I.R.Iran. The festival seeks the main objectives of identifying and selecting the best educational and pedagogical films in order to introduce them to the educational systems.

History
Roshd International Film Festival was first staged in 1963 by the Bureau of Audio-visual Activities of the Ministry of Education of Iran. The official name of this festival was first "the International Educational Film Festival"; and the Persian word "jashnvâre", meaning "something like a feast", was coined and used first in Persian to call this kind of event and eventually this word became the standard Persian translation of the word "festival".

From the 20th festival on, the official name of the festival turned into its current name, i.e. "Roshd International Educational Film Festival". For the first time in 1993, Roshd International Film Festival was staged simultaneously in Tehran and the city of Bandarabbas, the center of Hormozgan Province, southern Iran. From 1993 up until 2001, the festival was staged every year, simultaneously in Tehran and other provinces of Iran. Since 2001, Tehran is the only host of Roshd International Film Festival and the Provincial Roshd Film Festivals have been staged periodically but not simultaneously in other provinces.

Objectives
The main objectives of Roshd International Film festival are as follows: Identifying, choosing, and introducing the best educational and pedagogical films in order to encourage the Iranian and foreign film makers who are active in the field of educational films and promote artistic and cultural interactions among them. By triggering intercommunication among the educational film makers, Roshd Film Festival seeks to improve the quality and quantity of the educational films produced in the I.R.Iran.

References

External links
Supplying Educational Media Center, a sub-branch of the Ministry of Education of the I.R.Iran, at

Documentary film festivals in Iran
Film festivals in Tehran

Roshd International Film Festival


Nick Blood (born 20 March 1982) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Lance Hunter in Marvel's  Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Kieran in Trollied.

Early life
Blood was born in Aylesbury, England. He joined his local drama club at the age of 7 and soon realized that he wanted to become an actor. Blood went to local school Wingrave C&E before he was a pupil at Sir Henry Floyd Grammar School in Aylesbury, and attending Bristol University. He found his pathway into acting via the ITV Drama Club.  Blood subsequently attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

Career

Film and television
Blood's first acting role came in the 25th series of The Bill in a two-episode story of an armed robbery at a toy shop.

He had a role as Alex, Ali's gay flatmate who works as a designer, in the BBC drama Material Girl (2010).

In 2011, he appeared in the Channel 4 drama Misfits as the coma victim, Dom, Jen's boyfriend. In 2011, he was announced to play the role of Kieran, a butcher, in fictitious "Valco" in the Sky1 sitcom Trollied. Blood left the show in the finale of Season 3.

In 2012, Blood gained his first feature film role as Davy Famous in Spike Island.

In 2013, he appeared in the final season of Him & Her as Becky's ex-boyfriend, Lee. Him & Her appears on BBC Three. Lee is a charming young lad which Becky's parents adore very much and prefer to be Becky's boyfriend more than Steve, who is played by Russell Tovey, and is Becky's fiancé. In 2014, Blood appeared in ITV's mystery drama The Bletchley Circle, as Ben, a police officer. Blood also appeared in the Channel 4 police comedy-satire Babylon. He also provides a voice in the video game Dragon Age: Inquisition. In 2018, he played Adam in the indie thriller, Still.

Blood became a regular on the second season of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Lance Hunter, a mercenary whom Coulson turns to for help and who agrees to join S.H.I.E.L.D. His character is later forced to retire from S.H.I.E.L.D. prior to the season 3 finale. He returns in season 5's episode "Rewind".

Theatre
In 2009, Blood formed a theatre company called "WE. BUY. GOLD" with his friend at LAMDA, Tom McCall.

WE. BUY. GOLD.'s debut show, Inches Apart, which was co-written and starred Blood, was entered into the Old Vic New Voices Theatre503 Award, which it subsequently won. The Old Vic then produced a full professional production at Theatre503, which ran from 12 May to 13 June 2009.

Blood made his professional stage debut in 2009 in The Priory as Adam, at the Royal Court Theatre which ran from 19 November 2009 to 16 January 2010. In 2010, he went on to perform as Sordido in a modern adaptation of the Jacobean tragedy Women Beware Women at the National Theatre, directed by award-winning Marianne Elliott.

In 2011, he appeared in Backbeat which told the story of the formation and early years of The Beatles. It ran in the Duke of York's Theatre from 10 October 2011 to 18 February 2012, and Blood played the lead role of the "fifth Beatle" Stuart Sutcliffe. Due to the musical nature of the role he has learned to play bass guitar, and also subsequently joined a band, Shaaark. The show was an overwhelming critical success during its West End run. This success took the show to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 24 August 2012 to 31 August 2012, for a run of seven days.

Personal life
Blood is a lifelong supporter of Liverpool F.C.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

English male film actors
English male television actors
1982 births
Living people
English male musical theatre actors
Male actors from London
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
English male video game actors
English male voice actors
21st-century English male actors
Actors from Aylesbury
Male actors from Buckinghamshire

Nick Blood


Puerto Rico has a vibrant literature. Puerto Rican poetry, novels, essays, and theater plays are mostly written in Spanish. However, Puerto Rican authors sometimes write in a mixture of Spanish and English and in English. The most important authors are René Marqués, Julia de Burgos, Rosario Ferrer, Luis Rafael Sanchez, Giannina Braschi, Lin-Manuel Miranda, and Esmeralda Santiago.

Puerto Rican women writers
Puerto Rican women novelists have been successful internationally. They have won many prizes. Their books have been translated into many languages. They write satires, humorous novels, poems, and political essays The island's storytellers include Rosario Ferrer (Eccentric Neighborhoods), Giannina Braschi (United States of Banana), Ana Lydia Vega (Pollito Chicken), Mayra Santos (Sirena Selena), and Esmeralda Santiago (When I Was Puerto Rican). The major female poets are Julia de Burgos (who wrote lyrical poems such as "Yo fui mi ruta") and Giannina Braschi (author the poetry epic "Empire of Dreams").

Nuyorican Literature
In the 20th century, many Puerto Ricans moved to New York City for a better life. They are called "Nuyorican." Nuyorican is a person of Puerto Rican birth or descent who lives in New York.

Novels
The most famous Puerto Rican novels are Down These Mean Streets by Piri Thomas and Yo-Yo Boing! by Giannina Braschi. Both books talk of New York City life for immigrants. Their books discuss the harsh side of the American Dream. Both novels also use a mixture of Spanish and English called Spanglish.

Poetry
The Nuyorican movement is a tradition of poets, writers, artists, and musicians who create works about Puerto Rican life in New York City. The male poets include Miguel Algarin, Tato Laviera, Pedro Pietri (Masses are Asses), and Miguel Pinero (Outlaw). The main Nuyorican women poets are Sandra Maria Esteves and Giannina Braschi (Empire of Dreams).

Theater
The most famous Puerto Rican playwright is Lin Manuel Miranda, author of the Broadway musical Hamilton. Miranda's successful musical won many awards, including Drama Desk Award and Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The play is about the American revolution in 1776.  One actress Rosie Perez wrote an autobiography called "Handbook for an Unpredictable Life: How I Survived Sister Renata and My Crazy Mother, and Still Came Out Smiling..." (2014).  Famous Puerto Rican plays are Short Eyes by Miguel Pinero and The Oxcart by René Marqués.  Latino theater companies that produce Puerto Rican plays include Pregones, Puerto Rican Traveling Theater, and Aguijon Theater.

Puerto Rican authors
Born in Puerto Rico, USA

 Giannina Braschi (Empire of Dreams)
 Julia de Burgos ("Río Grande de Loíza")
 Victor Hernández Cruz (Snaps)
 Tato Laviera (La Carreta Made a U Turn)
 Judith Ortiz Cofer (Reaching for the Mainland)
 Luis Palés Matos (Tuntún de pasa y grifería)
 Pedro Pietri (Puerto Rican Obituary)
 Miguel Piñero (Lower East Side Poem)
 Mayra Santos-Febres (Anamu y manigua)

Born stateside

 Jack Agüeros (Sonnets from the Puerto Rican )
 Martín Espada (Imagine the Angels of Bread)
 Sandra Maria Esteves (Yerba Buena)
 Lin-Manuel Miranda (creator of Broadway musical Hamilton)
 Piri Thomas (Down These Mean Streets)
 William Carlos Williams (epic poet, author of Paterson)

Related pages
 Puerto Rico
 American literature
 Latina poetry
Spanglish

References

Puerto Rico
American literature

Puerto Rican literature


Islamic geometric patterns were the first form of art in the Arabian Peninsula. Most forms of geometric patterns use shapes resembling hexagons, squares, and pentagons. They were originally invented by Euclid, who also invented geometry. They are ususally found on ceilings of churches, in colored or broken glass.

Islamic culture
Art
Geometry
Architectural elements

Islamic geometric patterns


Pan de jamón (ham bread) is a typical Venezuelan Christmas bread, filled with ham, raisins and green olives. Many variations have been created, some filling the bread with other ingredients like turkey or cream cheese and others using puff pastry as the dough. Pan de jamón appeared in the beginning of the 20th century and slowly became a tradition in the Christmas season in Venezuela and Madeira.

History
According to Miro Popić, Venezuelan journalist and commentator specialized in gastronomy, the recipe is believed to be created in December 1905 by Gustavo Ramella, owner of a bakery located in Caracas. Apparently the original bread was filled only with ham. Other recognized bakeries started making the bread and added new ingredients. By 1920 olives, nuts, and capers were added to the filling.

See also

 List of ham dishes
 Venezuelan cuisine

References

External links

Venezuelan cuisine
Christmas food
Ham dishes

Pan de jamón


Geelong West is a commercial and residential suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia. When Geelong was founded, the area was known as Kildare but its name was changed to Geelong West in 1875. The main street is Pakington Street. At the 2016 census, Geelong West had a population of 6,966.

History
Ashby was once a suburb of Geelong located in the area of Geelong West, west of Latrobe Terrace, between Aberdeen Street and Church Street. By 1850, that area had become known as Little Scotland, and Kildare. At that time, Ashby referred to the area between Autumn Street and Waratah Street.

In 1875, the entire Ashby area was renamed Geelong West. The Ashby state school, which had only opened that year, had its name changed to Geelong West. In 1988, as part of Australia's bicentennial celebrations, the school changed its name back to Ashby. A Post Office named Geelong West opened on 1 July 1865, but was replaced and renamed Geelong North Railway Station in 1886. On 1 April 1887, the Geelong West office reopened near its present location. In 1960, Shandeen Post Office opened near the corner of Aberdeen Road and Shannon Avenue.

From 1912 until 1956, Geelong West was served by an electric tramway service in Pakington Street, after which the service was replaced by buses run by Benders Buslines.

The M. Donaghy & Sons ropeworks was located in Pakington Street. The site has been redeveloped into a shopping centre, with a Woolworths (formerly Safeway) supermarket and other shops.

Heritage listed sites

Geelong West contains a number of heritage listed sites, including:

 22 Pakington Street, Harp Inn
 95 Pakington Street, Donaghy's Rope Walk
 233 Pakington Street, Reformed Church of Geelong
 9 Gertrude Street, Residence
 202 Aberdeen Street, Shearers Arms Hotel
 127 Elizabeth Street, St Elmo

Governance

Geelong West Borough was established in 1875, and was proclaimed a Town in 1922. It absorbed the Moorpanyal riding part of Corio Shire in 1926, and was proclaimed a City in 1929.

In 1993 Geelong West City was amalgamated with part of Bannockburn Shire, part of Barrabool Shire, Bellarine Rural City, Corio Shire, Geelong City, Newtown City & South Barwon City to form Greater Geelong City.

Notable people
Journalist and publisher J. F. Archibald was born in Geelong West in 1856. A memorial bust was erected on the corner of Weddell Road and Church St in 1956.

Pako Festa

The Pako Festa is an annual festival held in Pakington Street, Geelong West each year around late February. In 2006 it was held on 25 February. The festival is held to promote cultural diversity and show appreciation for the artwork and fashion designed by citizens of the Geelong area.

Sport

The suburb has an Australian rules football team competing in the Geelong Football League and a team competing in the Geelong & District Football League.

References

External links

Official Geelong Council website
Ashby Primary School
Local history of Geelong West
Local Business Directory for the Pakington Street Area

Suburbs of Geelong

Geelong West, Victoria


Lunatic is an old term that was used to refer to a person with a mental illness, or a mental disability. The term goes back to the Latin word lunaticus, which means ' of the moon', or moonstruck. It was also used in English law until about 1930, when it was  replaced by "person of unsound mind". Starting 1959, English law speaks about "mental illness".

History

The term "lunatic" was originally used to refer mainly to epilepsy and madness, as diseases thought to be caused by the moon. The King James Version of the Bible records "lunatick" in the Gospel of Matthew which has been interpreted as a reference to epilepsy. By the fourth and fifth centuries, astrologers were commonly using the term to refer to neurological and psychiatric diseases.Philosophers such as Aristotle and Pliny the Elder argued that the full moon induced insane individuals with bipolar disorder by providing light during nights which would otherwise have been dark, and affecting susceptible individuals through the well-known route of sleep deprivation. Until at least 1700, it was also a common belief that the moon influenced fevers, rheumatism, episodes of epilepsy and other diseases.

Related pages

 Madness

References

Mental health law

Lunatic


The Karabakh horse , also known as Karabakh, is a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse. It is named after the geographic area where the horse was first developed, Karabakh in the Southern Caucasus.  It is an area that is  part of Azerbaijan. The highland part is currently under control by Armenia. The breed is noted for its good temper and speed. For example, in 2004 a Karabakh horse named Kishmish from the Agdam stud in Azerbaijan set a speed record by running 1000 metres in 1 minute 9 seconds, and 1600 metres in 1 minute, 52 seconds.

The breed is thought to be a cross-breeding of Akhal-Teke, Persian, Kabarda, Turkoman, and Arabian horse. Right now, the Karabakh is bred mainly in Azerbaijan's Shaki area. Currently the breed numbers are below 1,000.  It is threatened with extinction.

Breed characteristics
The breed is hardy, strong, tough, and sure-footed.

The horse is not large.  It is 14-15 hands high or 145–150 cm. They have small, clean-cut heads, a straight profile with broad foreheads, and nostrils that can dilate. The neck is set high, average in length, muscular and elegant. They have compact bodies with well defined and developed muscles.  The shoulders are often quite upright. The horses have a deep chest, a sloping croup, and long, fine, but very strong legs, although the joints are small. The horses are narrow, not very deep through the girth, due to the Akhal-Teke influence.

Their skin is thin and soft with shiny hair. The main colors of the breed are chestnut and bay, with characteristic golden tint of the breed. They can also be gray. Rarely they can be Palomino or Buckskin.  White markings are allowed.

They are fast and agile. The Karabakh horse is said to have a good endurance and loyalty to master.

In popular culture
The Karabakh horse is the national animal of Azerbaijan.  It is the official symbol of the Agdam and Shaki regions. This horse is very important in Azerbaijan culture. They appear in literature and are on items such as postage stamps.

References

Horse breeds
Armenia
National symbols of Azerbaijan

Karabakh horse


Clarence Paul Oliver (November 8, 1898 – July 10, 1991), known to his friends as "Pete",  was an American geneticist. Born in Dexter, Missouri, he attended college at University of Texas receiving a BA in 1925. He continued his studies at University of Texas completing a PhD in the laboratory of Hermann Joseph Muller in 1931. From 1932 to 1946 he was a member of the faculty of University of Minnesota where future nobelist Edward B. Lewis worked in his lab as an undergraduate.  From 1946 to his retirement in 1971, he was a faculty member at University of Texas, where he studied human genetics and pseudoallelism.

Professional accomplishments
 Founding member of the American Society of Human Genetics (1948)
 President of the American Society of Human Genetics (1953)
 Secretary of the Genetics Society of America (1953- 1955)
 President of the Genetics Society of America (1958)
 Editor of the journal Genetics (1957-1963)
 Ashbel Smith Professor at the University of Texas

Sources
University of Texas Scholarship Page
In Memoriam Clarence Paul Oliver, memorial resolution of the University of Texas Austin Faculty Council

1898 births
1991 deaths
American geneticists
Muller, Hermann Joseph
People from Dexter, Missouri
Genetics (journal) editors

Clarence Paul Oliver


The Changzhou Museum () is a comprehensive museum in the city of Changzhou, in southern Jiangsu province of China. Established in 1958, it exhibits a large collection of artifacts, and has a research department. There are eight sections and more than 20,000 cultural relics. High-quality relics include original green porcelain of the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, lacquerware and porcelains in Song and Yuan dynasties and paintings and calligraphy in Qing and Ming dynasties and so on. Changzhou museum was awarded the title of "Patriotic education base of Jiangsu province" and "Excellent museum of Jiangsu province". Over its first fifty years, the museum moved three times. The new building has  been located to the west of People's Square since December 2006, and was opened to the public on April 28, 2007.

Collections

Changzhou museum is a comprehensive museum, including the only children's museum in Jiangsu province. Its collection of cultural relics include more than 20,000 pieces, among which there are 27 pieces of national first grade cultural relics (national treasures), 166 pieces of the second-class historical relics, 3,129 pieces of the third-class historical relics, national second and third grade animals and plants, and 103  fossil specimens. Its historical culture exhibition is famous for its cultural relics, which show the cultural deposits. Its natural display is the most characteristic display of the comprehensive museums among the whole province. The Xie Zhiliu art gallery displays the art career and achievement of Changzhou native Xie Zhiliu. Among these treasures, the jade in the Liangzhu culture period is full of characteristics of collection antiques in Changzhou Museum.

Buildings
Changzhou museum was a key project of the cultural development of eleventh five-year period for the Changzhou government. It is also a landmark of cultural construction in Changzhou. The new Changzhou Museum had been completed in December 2006 and it was officially open to the public on April 28 of 2007. With the construction area of 20000 square meters, Changzhou Museum was combined with the urban planning exhibition hall. The overall construction is divided into five levels: four floors about the ground, and one storey underground. The first and the floors are for display and the exhibition and the four-storey and the basement is home to storehouses and offices. The show area of the new museum is nearly 10000 square meters.

References

External links
Official website

1958 establishments in China
Museums in Jiangsu
Buildings and structures in Changzhou
Museums established in 1958
National first-grade museums of China

Changzhou Museum


PBS YOU (stylized as pbs you; the latter word is an acronym for "Your Own University") was founded in the late 1990s as a 24/7 channel/network featuring formal and informal educational programs and college-related fare, largely to take advantage of available rights and satellite transponder space and eager customers for carriage among the satellite-dish and some cable television companies.

How-to programs and public affairs programs and news predominated. An American Public Television, WGBH and WNET partnership now offers two similar alternative national services, Create, which was introduced in January, 2006, and World, beginning national service August 2007.

PBS YOU formerly included PBS Adult Learning Service (ALS) telecourses for college credit and foreign language instruction. PBS ALS has been decommissioned as of September 2005; the Annenberg/CPB Channel remains in place as a source of networked feeds of credit courses.

Demise
PBS YOU had long been vulnerable to budget concerns at PBS.

In late 2001, YOU was in danger of being shut down altogether. A deal with New River Media, producers of Think Tank and with the producers of the Standard Deviants educational series for teens helped to provide a reprieve for the channel, which largely reverted to its initial mix of programming in 2002 after having carried a preponderance of programming from those two sources.

In the wake of the closure of the original incarnation of the PBS Kids Channel on September 26, 2005 (in favor of the new commercial partnership service PBS Kids Sprout), YOU's future was once again in doubt and eventually followed suit on January 9, 2006. The Create network was created to partially fill the void left by the closure of YOU.

Prior to its cancellation, PBS YOU was carried by 67 PBS member stations (via ATSC subchannels), DirecTV, Dish Network and select digital cable providers.

See also
 Create (television network)

External links
Archived official website at the Wayback Machine

Public Broadcasting Service
Defunct television networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1998
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2006
Educational and instructional television channels
English-language television stations in the United States

PBS YOU


Lundstrom and Lundström is a surname of Swedish origin. The name commonly appears as Lundström within Sweden and as  Lundstrom within English speaking countries.  Lundstrom and Lundström may refer to:

People
Anna Lundström (born 1980), Swedish figure skater
Åge Lundström (1890–1975), Swedish Air Force general
Carl Lundström (born 1960), Swedish businessman
Carl August Lundström (1844–1914), Finnish entomologist
Don Lundstrom, American sculptor
 Isac Lundeström (born 1999), Swedish ice hockey player
Johan Lundström (born 1973), Swedish biologist and psychologist
John Lundstram (born 1994), English footballer
John Edvard Lundström (1815–1888), Swedish industrialist and inventor
Klas Lundström (1889–1951), Swedish track and field athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics
Linda Lundström (born 1951), Canadian fashion designer
Linden Lundstrom, (1913–1996) American choral conductor, and author
Marjie Lundstrom (born 1956), American reporter for The Sacramento Bee
Martin Lundström (1918–2016), Swedish cross-country skier
Nina Lundström (born 1961), Sweden-Finnish Liberal People's Party politician
Oleg Lundstrem (or Lundström, 1916–2005), Soviet-Russian jazz composer and conductor
Sten Lundström (born 1952), Swedish Left Party politician, member of the Riksdag
Ted Lundström, Swedish bass player, Amon Amarth
Tord Lundström (born 1945), Swedish retired professional ice hockey player and coach
Vilhelm Lundstrøm, (1893–1950) Danish modernist painter

Other
7047 Lundström, a main belt asteroid

Surnames
Swedish-language surnames

Lundström


The Christian Community (original German name: Die Christengemeinschaft) is a Christian denomination. It was founded in 1922 in Dornach (Switzerland) by a group of theologians and pastors, led by the Protestant pastor Friedrich Rittelmeyer. He was helped by Rudolf Steiner, the Austrian philosopher and founder of anthroposophy.

Other websites
The Christian Community in North America with extensive introductory articles
The Christian Community in the UK and Ireland also with introductory articles

Protestant denominations

The Christian Community


Darran Thomson (born 31 January 1984) is a Scottish footballer.

Thomson played in two games for Hibernian in the Scottish Premier League towards the end of the 2002–03 season as he attempted to earn a new contract from manager Bobby Williamson. Thomson was one of a group of young players, including Scott Brown, Derek Riordan and Steven Whittaker, who were given a chance in the Hibs first team at that time.

Thomson left Hibs in the 2003 close season, however, for the security of a two-year contract offer from First Division club Inverness Caledonian Thistle. Despite playing in the side that gained promotion to the Scottish Premier League and won the Challenge Cup in the 2003–04 season, Thomson was eventually released by Inverness towards the end of that contract. After short stints with several lower division Scottish Football League clubs, Thomson moved into junior football with Bonnyrigg Rose.

In October 2010, Thomson returned to the SFL to sign for Arbroath.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Hibernian F.C. players
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players
Elgin City F.C. players
Albion Rovers F.C. players
Alloa Athletic F.C. players
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
Bonnyrigg Rose F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Arbroath F.C. players
The Spartans F.C. players
Vale of Leithen F.C. players

Darran Thomson


John Edward Michael Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh,  (26 November 1937 – 20 May 2019) was a British Conservative Party politician who was Member of Parliament for Croydon Central from February 1974 until 1992. During the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher he enjoyed a meteoric rise through the ranks of government, which culminated in his serving as a Secretary of State in the Cabinet from 1987 to 1989. For a time, he was considered a rising star of his party and a potential leadership contender.

Moore was particularly noted for his "filmstar good looks" and an American background: Moore's wife was American and he had lived for several years in the US. He brought aspects of American corporate culture to government and was reported to speak with a slight American accent. His first political experience was as a Democratic Party organiser in Illinois during the early 1960s.

Moore's fortunes in government waned after 1987 when he was made responsible for the highly sensitive portfolios of health and social security. His earlier success had been as a facilitator of the Thatcher government's privatisation programme. In this capacity he became known as "Mr Privatisation". When Moore attempted to extend this concept into the management of the National Health Service and the wider provision of social services, he encountered opposition from all sides. After losing credibility he was effectively demoted in 1988 (through loss of the health portfolio) and then sacked from his cabinet post in 1989.

Moore left the House of Commons in 1992, subsequently holding a number of corporate directorships and chairmanships.

Early life
Moore was born in Kentish Town, London, in 1937. His father was a factory worker who later became a publican. He attended the Licensed Victuallers' School in Slough, an independent school supported by his father's trade body. After leaving school, Moore undertook two years of National Service from 1955 to 1957. He served with the Royal Sussex Regiment in Korea and won a temporary commission.

He enrolled at the London School of Economics in 1958, and followed a three-year degree course. He was active in student politics, and held the position of President of the LSE Students' Union. During this time he met fellow student Sheila Tillotson. Moore accompanied Tillotson back to her native Chicago after the two had both completed their studies. Here the couple married in 1962 and Moore found work initially as a financial analyst with a Chicago investment bank. He became a stockbroker, and achieved a senior position at the Chicago office of the Dean Witter brokerage. Dean Witter catered to a mainly middle-class clientele, with the typical client holding only a modest portfolio of stock.

While in Chicago, Moore became a Democratic Party activist, motivated by his opposition to segregation, and served as a "precinct captain". In this capacity he gained experience of American political campaigning which he later applied in the UK. He was reportedly much impressed by President John F. Kennedy, and adopted him as a role model.

Moore returned to the UK in 1968, and took up an appointment in London as Chairman of Dean Witter (International). The Moores set up residence in the suburb of Wimbledon where their three children (one daughter and two sons) were born. Moore became active in local Conservative politics and was elected to serve as a Councillor in the London Borough of Merton in 1971. He initially gave the impression of being a liberal conservative. For example, he opposed the withdrawal of free school milk from the Borough's children which was happening as the result of the government budget cuts policy.

In October 1973, he was adopted as the prospective Conservative parliamentary candidate for the Croydon Central constituency. At this time he was described as being "an investment banker and stockbroker".

Early political career
Croydon Central was a new constituency, and was initially very marginally Conservative. Moore won the seat in the February 1974 general election by a majority of 1,300 votes over Labour. His majority was reduced to 164 in the October 1974 election. However, he was able to strengthen his position in the constituency; the last time he contested the seat (in the 1987 election) he achieved a majority of over 10,000. His wife, Sheila, acted as his constituency secretary, speech writer and political adviser. She combined her duties in this regard with studying for a law degree and acting as a local magistrate. Observers commented that Sheila was very much the driving force behind his rise in politics.

Moore projected the image of a young, vigorous politician. He would usually rise at 05:30 and be at his desk by 07:00. He was a member of the House of Commons football team and the House skiing team. It is reported that his wife "... kept him on a strict regime of camomile tea, decaffeinated coffee and health food...." He was frequently seen jogging in the early morning in the Westminster area, and was reported to spend 30 minutes each day on an exercise bicycle. In 1987, Conservative MP Julian Critchley described him as "Handsome, with the sort of looks that would have appealed to J. Arthur Rank, personable and polite" and looking "ten years younger than his 49 years".

Margaret Thatcher appointed Moore as one of five Conservative Party vice-chairmen in March 1975, shortly after she became Conservative leader. Moore's remit was "youth". He held this position until the Conservatives were returned to office in 1979, at which time he was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Energy. In this capacity, one of his main duties was responsibility for the nationalised British coal industry.

After the 1983 general election, Moore was appointed Economic Secretary to the Treasury under Chancellor Nigel Lawson. At the Treasury, Moore was charged with fronting government policy on privatisation. Most notably, he oversaw the privatisation of British Telecom in 1984 and that of several other major utilities supplying gas, electricity and water. The privatisation of state-owned industries was a major feature of the Thatcher governments. These privatisations were popularised by small parcels of shares in the privatised entities being made available to members of the public at deeply discounted prices. This promoted a form of popular capitalism along the lines of the Dean Witter business model. Moore gained an extremely high profile and became known as "Mr Privatisation".

Cabinet career
Moore joined Thatcher's Cabinet in 1986 as Secretary of State for Transport. His tenure of office at Transport was brief but coincided with the completion of major developments such as the M25 London orbital motorway and the privatisation of British Airways. The capsizing of the Herald of Free Enterprise car ferry outside Zeebrugge harbour on 6 March 1987 gave Moore considerable media exposure. These events served to raise Moore's profile even further and he played a prominent campaign role in the 1987 general election.

... what probably clinched his promotion to the DHSS yesterday was his TV performance in the party political broadcast that attacked the loony left. It was Thatcher herself who suggested that Moore be used on it. The broadcast was, according to one observer, considered "sharp, nasty – and effective".

By now, Moore was being widely spoken of as a future Prime Minister, with journalist Brian Walden saying in 1987 that "he has future Tory leader written all over him". After the 1987 election he was appointed as Secretary of State for Health and Social Services. In this capacity he was responsible for the National Health Service's £66 billion annual spend, and the payment of over £50 billion annually in the form of social security benefits. These were highly sensitive portfolios that were intended to be very much at the centre of policy initiatives in the 1987 government.

However, there were some early misgivings about the appointment. Describing Moore's earlier career in government, Julian Critchley said, "The script had been written for him, and he had only to learn his lines". Other commentators noted that his previous experience had been in implementing policy rather than in creating policy. In 2012 David Waddington, Mrs Thatcher's former Chief Whip and Home Secretary published a memoir of his time in government ('Dispatches') in which he reported that Thatcher had a weakness for "a good-looking fellow" when it came to making government appointments. "Once or twice she ... wished to have some good-looking fellow promoted who was known to be useless. ...  He was a fine-looking chap but no else thought he was anything like up to the job." Waddington declined to name the people he referred to but many commentators stated that Moore was one clear beneficiary of this personal foible.

Once established in his new job, Moore delivered a series of speeches on policy in the social services. These speeches appeared to indicate a move to a healthcare system based on private insurance, similar to the American model. Specific proposals included making private healthcare insurance contributions tax-deductible, and allowing nurses' wage rates to be established by local bargaining rather than by central negotiation. Moore quickly encountered opposition from various interest groups, including the Royal College of Physicians. Many Conservative backbench MPs had misgivings about what was being proposed. Furthermore, some of the speeches suggested that Moore was positioning himself to be leader of the Conservative Party. During a visit to the US in October 1987, he delivered a speech to the Mont Pelerin Society in which he appeared to suggest that he had been the prime mover behind privatisation in the UK. This displeased his fellow Ministers and other senior Party figures.

Moore did not seem to engage comfortably in the public estimate procedures by which departmental spending budgets were set. The then Chief Secretary to the Treasury, John Major, was reported to have found Moore to be "a soft touch". The then Health Minister, Edwina Currie, is reported to have described Moore as being "useless". An entry in her diary dated January 1988 reads: "It became apparent during the first ten days ... that Moore just didn't know what to do". Moore found difficulties in his relationships with senior civil servants. Not all the latter were comfortable with a working day that started at 07:00. Moore's wife (and political adviser), Sheila, had clashes with civil servants, and Moore was privately warned that she did not understand the British way of doing things. It is believed that Sheila may have drafted some of Moore's more controversial speeches.

A 1987 Cabinet Office memo written by Moore stated that the Government had adopted a Policy of not accepting any direct responsibility for the Contaminated Blood Scandal. It was unearthed and made public in 2017 with many of those affected by the scandal alleging a cover-up.

In November 1987, Moore was struck down with bacterial pneumonia. He initially ignored the illness and tried to attend a cabinet meeting, during which he lost consciousness, and was subsequently admitted to Parkside Hospital in Wimbledon. The fact that this was a private clinic owned by a German healthcare company (reportedly charging patients up to £2,000 per day) attracted bad publicity. Union leader Rodney Bickerstaffe stated "How can a social services secretary claim to care about the National Health Service when he does not even trust his own health care to an NHS hospital?".

End of political career
After two months' absence due to illness, Moore returned to work. But by now his political prospects were much diminished. The Department of Health and Social Security was split into two separate ministries, with Kenneth Clarke becoming Secretary of State for Health on 25 July 1988. Moore remained in the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Social Security for a further year. However, his credibility was further damaged by speeches in which he appeared to suggest that poverty had been abolished in modern Britain. His attempt to target state assistance towards poorer families while freezing child benefits provoked a major rebellion by Conservative backbench MPs.

Moore was sacked from the cabinet in July 1989. Most commentators at the time considered him to have been a weak politician who had been promoted beyond his ability. One colleague compared him to 'a frightened rabbit mesmerised by oncoming headlights'.

Between his sacking from the Cabinet in 1989 and stepping down from the House of Commons in 1992 his only contributions were in two transport debates. He gave up his parliamentary seat at the time of the 1992 general election. After leaving government Moore held a number of directorships with large concerns, including Credit Suisse Asset Management and Rolls-Royce. In 2010 he retired as Chairman of the Monitor Group.

After leaving the Commons, Moore became a life peer as Baron Moore of Lower Marsh, of Lower Marsh in the London Borough of Lambeth. His attendance was very sparse; a BBC feature in August 2011 reported that after 20 years in the House of Lords, Moore had still to make his maiden speech.

Personal life
Moore and his wife, the former Sheila Tillotson, had three children and were married until her death in 2008. Moore had a longstanding interest in exercise and fitness. During his time as an MP, he played football and took up skiing; later in life, he competed in a triathlon when he was 64, which he completed despite a fall off his bike at one point, and also became an avid practitioner of tai chi. He died from complications of pneumonia and a stroke at St George's Hospital in London on 20 May 2019, aged 81.

Arms

References

External links

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1937 births
2019 deaths
20th-century English businesspeople
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British Secretaries of State
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Deaths from pneumonia in England
English expatriates in the United States
English stockbrokers
Illinois Democrats
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Licensed Victuallers' School
People from Kentish Town
Politics of the London Borough of Croydon
Secretaries of State for Health and Social Services
Secretaries of State for Transport (UK)
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Royal Sussex Regiment soldiers

John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh


Jan Robert Andersson (born 3 April 1974), commonly known as Robban Andersson or Robinson-Robban, is a Swedish television personality who has participated in Expedition Robinson (the Swedish original to the US Survivor series) several times from 1999 until 2012. He has also participated in the celebrity version of Big Brother and in the Gladiatorerna.

Career
Andersson participated in Expedition Robinson several times between 1999 and 2012. The shows were broadcast on Sveriges Television and later on TV4. He has also worked as a sports teacher, as a reporter at Se & Hör and in a mine. Andersson made his television debut in Expedition Robinson 1999 on 25 September 1999. He has since participated in the series in 2003, 2005 and 2012. During the 2012 series, Robinson: Revanschen, Andersson set the world record for the most days spent on Survivor islands by amassing a total 126 days, beating the American contestant Rob "Boston Rob" Mariano's previous record of 117 days. In the same season he had his best result in the competition by placing second in the finale behind Mariana "Mirre" Hammarling. In 2012, he participated in the talk show Breaking News med Filip och Fredrik on Kanal5, on which he graded the different Expedition Robinson hosts over the years. Andersson made headlines when he appeared on the live Expedition Robinson finale in 2003 painted completely in blue, grabbed the winner's statuette and ate his ballot paper with his vote for the winner.

Andersson has also taken part in the TV4 show Gladiatorerna and participated in the Swedish celebrity version of Big Brother in 2002 on Kanal5. He participated in Talang 2010 under the alias "Mr Glupsk"; his talent was that he could eat thirteen sausages in two minutes.

In 2016, he participated in Realitystjärnorna på godset alongside other reality series stars such as Victoria Silvstedt and Meral Tasbas, the show was broadcast on TV3.

Personal life
He is in a relationship with Linda Lundin. Together the couple have two children: Tiger, born in 2010, and Chili, born in 2012.

References

1974 births
Swedish television personalities
Living people
People from Gällivare Municipality
Participants in Swedish reality television series

Robban Andersson


Donald Haines (May 9, 1919 – February 20, 1943) was an American child actor who had recurring appearances in the Our Gang short subjects series from 1930 to 1933. He appeared in Our Gang during the early sound days along with Norman "Chubby" Chaney, Allen "Farina" Hoskins, Jackie Cooper, Matthew "Stymie" Beard, Bobby "Wheezer" Hutchins, and Dorothy DeBorba.

Early years
Haines was born in Seward County, Nebraska, the son of Karl and Nola Haines. Their family moved to California when he was 9 years old.

Our Gang
Haines's tenure began during the early talkies up through the "Miss Crabtree episodes," and then the early Spanky episodes. He would leave with Jackie Cooper for feature films at Paramount only to return a few months later. He was 11 years old when he joined the gang in 1930. His association with the Our Gang series lasted through 1933.

Haines's first short was Shivering Shakespeare, which featured him giggling his way through his lines. He was intended to originally be a full-time character playing the tough guy and was cast as such in The First Seven Years, opposite Jackie Cooper. After that, he played a recurring character with occasional lines of dialogue until 1931. At that time he was offered a contract with Paramount that began with a role in a feature called Skippy. Cooper also was offered a role on that feature along with a contract. Both Jackie and Donald are missing from the final scenes of the second-to-last short made in the 1930-31 season, Bargain Day, owing to their beginning work at Paramount.

Haines left Paramount to return to Hal Roach Studios just in time for the 1931-32 season. Haines would resume his role as a recurring character with occasional dialogue for the next two seasons. Haines left the Our Gang series at the age of 15 after appearing in the 1933 short Fish Hooky.

Later career
Haines left the Our Gang series in 1933 but continued working as an actor at Hal Roach Studios on many shorts and features until 1940. His work during this time included appearances in the East Side Kids films East Side Kids and Boys of the City as "Pee Wee" and then in That Gang of Mine, Pride of the Bowery, Flying Wild, Bowery Blitzkrieg, and Spooks Run Wild as "Skinny." He also played Jerry Cruncher Jr. in the film version of A Tale of Two Cities.

Death
Haines enlisted as an aviation cadet in the United States Army Air Forces on December 10, 1941, to serve in World War II. He was killed in action on February 20, 1943, in North Africa. At the time of his death, he was a first lieutenant in the 93rd Fighter Squadron. Haines is buried in Inglewood Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

Filmography

Our Gang
Shivering Shakespeare (1930, Short) as Donny (film debut)
The First Seven Years (1930, Short) as Speck (uncredited)
Teacher's Pet (1930, Short) as Don (uncredited)
School's Out (1930, Short) as himself
Helping Grandma (1931, Short) as Donald
Love Business (1931, Short) as Donald
Little Daddy (1931, Short) as Donald
Bargain Day (1931, Short) as Donald
Big Ears (1931, Short) as Donald
Readin' and Writin' (1932, Short) as Donald
Free Eats (1932, Short) as Kid Wanting Cake
Choo-Choo! (1932, Short) as Donald, an orphan
Birthday Blues (1932, Short) as Boy with mousetrap on lip
A Lad an' a Lamp (1932, Short) as Toughie
Fish Hooky (1933, Short) as Donald

Film

Skippy (1931) as Harley Nubbins
When a Feller Needs a Friend (1932) as Fatty Bullen
No Greater Glory (1934) as Csonakos
Manhattan Melodrama (1934) as Spud - as a Boy (uncredited)
Little Man, What Now? (1934) as Emil Kleinholz Jr.
Now I'll Tell (1934) as Messenger Boy (uncredited)
Murder in the Private Car (1934) as Boy in Front of Theatre (uncredited)
Kid Millions (1934) as Kid Band Member (uncredited)
I'll Fix It (1934) as Boy (uncredited)
Music in the Air (1934) as Peanut Vendor at Munich Zoo (uncredited)
The Winning Ticket (1935) as Stubby (uncredited)
Straight from the Heart (1935) as Neighbor Boy (uncredited)
Vagabond Lady (1935) as Spear Office Boy (uncredited)
Ginger (1935) as Butch (uncredited)
The Nitwits (1935) as Hal - Office Boy (uncredited)
His Night Out (1935) as Office Boy (uncredited)
Annie Oakley (1935) as Boy at Shooting Gallery (uncredited)
A Tale of Two Cities (1935) as Jerry Cruncher Jr.
Exclusive Story (1936) as Office Boy (uncredited)
Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936) as Fighting Boy (uncredited)
Love Before Breakfast (1936) as Boy on Bicycle (uncredited)
Little Miss Nobody (1936) as Harold Slade
Bunker Bean (1936) as Jones & Co. Office Boy (uncredited)
Daniel Boone (1936) as man Being Burned at The Stake (uncredited)
Two Wise Maids (1937) as Schoolboy (uncredited)
Rhythm in the Clouds (1937) as Office Boy (uncredited)
Public Wedding (1937) as Boy Selling Confetti (uncredited)
Super-Sleuth (1937) as Second Newsboy (uncredited)
Love and Hisses (1937) as Newsboy (uncredited)
Kidnapped (1938) as Ransome
Three Comrades (1938) as Jupp - Boy Running for Help (uncredited)
Reformatory (1938) as Inmate (uncredited)
Boys Town (1938) as Alabama (uncredited)
Down on the Farm (1938) as Boy in Drug Store (uncredited)
Sergeant Madden (1939) as Milton
Never Say Die (1939) as Julius - Bellhop (uncredited)
On Your Toes (1939) as Elevator Operator (uncredited)
East Side Kids (1940) as PeeWee
Seventeen (1940) as Joe Bullitt
The Return of Wild Bill (1940) as Bobby
Boys of the City (1940) as Peewee
That Gang of Mine (1940) as Skinny
Fugitive from a Prison Camp (1940) as Burly Bascomb
Melody Ranch (1940) as Callboy (uncredited)
Pride of the Bowery (1940) as Skinny
Flying Wild (1941) as Skinny
Bowery Blitzkrieg (1941) as Skinny
Spooks Run Wild (1941) as Skinny (final film)

References

Bibliography
 Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 89.

External links

American male child actors
1919 births
1943 deaths
United States Army Air Forces personnel killed in World War II
People from Sumner County, Kansas
Male actors from Kansas
20th-century American male actors
People from Seward County, Nebraska
American male comedy actors
Our Gang
American male film actors
Hal Roach Studios actors
United States Army Air Forces officers

Donald Haines


A dip pen is a writing instrument used to apply ink to paper. It usually consists of a metal nib with capillary channels like those of fountain pen nibs, mounted in a handle or holder, often made of wood. Other materials can be used for the holder, including bone, metal and plastic; some pens are made entirely of glass.

Generally dip pens have no ink reservoir, so the user must refill the ink from an ink bowl or bottle to continue drawing or writing. Sometimes a simple tubular reservoir can be clipped to the top of the pen, allowing for several minutes of uninterrupted use. Refilling can be done by dipping into an inkwell, but it is also possible to charge the pen with an eyedropper, a syringe, or a brush, which gives more control over the amount of ink applied. Thus, "dip pens" are not necessarily dipped; many illustrators call them nib pens.

Dip pens emerged in the early 19th century, when they replaced quill pens and, in some parts of the world, reed pens. Dip pens were generally used before the development of fountain pens in the later 19th century, and are now mainly used in illustration, calligraphy, and comics.

While a fountain pen offers the convenience of less frequent refills, the dip pen has certain advantages over a fountain pen. It can use waterproof, pigmented, iron gall ink, particle-and-binder-based inks, such as India ink, drawing ink, and acrylic inks with ease; while fountain pens generally must use water based inks, require thorough and frequent cleaning to prevent clogging when used with pigmented or waterproof inks and may corrode when used with iron gall ink. Dip pen nibs may also corrode when used with iron gall ink but this is not as likely nor as problematic as the nib of a dip pen is often cleaned after each use, and is easily replaced. Dip pens are also more sensitive to variations of pressure and speed, producing a line that naturally varies in thickness.

There is a wide range of exchangeable nibs for dip pens, so different types of lines and effects can be created. The nibs and handles are far cheaper than most fountain pens, and allow color changes much more easily.

History

The earliest known split-nib metal dip pen is a surviving copper-alloy pen found in Roman Britain (AD 43 to 410).  Several other surviving all-metal and removable-nib pens from the Middle Ages and Renaissance have been found, suggesting they were used alongside quill pens.

The steel pen is first attested in Daniel Defoe's book A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain – 1724–26. In Letter VII Defoe wrote: "the plaster of the ceilings and walls in some rooms is so fine, so firm, so entire, that they break it off in large flakes, and it will bear writing on it with a pencil or steel pen." In Newhall Street, John Mitchell pioneered mass production of steel pens in 1822; prior to that the quill pen had been the most common form of writing instrument. His brother William Mitchell later set up his own pen making business in St Paul's square. The Mitchell family is credited as being the first manufacturers to use machines to cut pen nibs, which greatly sped up the process.

The Jewellery Quarter and surrounding area of Birmingham, England was home to many of the first dip pen manufacturers, which some companies establishing there to produce pens. Some of those companies were Joseph Gillott's (established in 1827), Sir Josiah Mason (1827), Hink Wells & Co. (1836), Baker and Finnemore (1850), C. Brandauer & Co. (1850), D. Leonardt & Co. (1856).

Baker and Finnemore operated in James Street, near St Paul's Square. C Brandauer & Co Ltd., founded as Ash & Petit, traded at 70 Navigation Street. Joseph Gillott & Sons Ltd. made pen nibs in Bread Street, now Cornwall Street. Hinks Wells & Co. traded in Buckingham Street, Geo W Hughes traded in St Paul's Square, D. Leonardt & Co./Leonardt & Catwinkle traded in George Street and Charlotte Street, and M Myers & Son. were based at 8 Newhall Street. By 1830 John and William Mitchell, Joseph Gillott and Josiah Mason were the major manufacturers in Birmingham.

In Germany the industrial production of dip pens started in 1842 at the factory of Heintze & Blanckertz in Berlin.

By the 1850s, Birmingham was a world centre for steel pen and steel nib manufacture. More than half the steel nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham. Thousands of skilled craftsmen and women were employed in the industry. Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected in Birmingham, enabling the city's factories to mass produce their pens cheaply and efficiently. These were sold worldwide to many who previously could not afford to write, which encouraged the development of education and literacy. By 1860 there were about 100 companies making steel nibs in Birmingham, but 12 large firms dominated the trade. In 1870 Mason, Sommerville, Wiley, and Perry, merged to form Perry & Co. Ltd. which later became one of the largest manufacturers in the world, with near 2,000 employees.

Richard Esterbrook manufactured quill pens in Cornwall. In the 19th century, he saw a gap in the American market for steel nib pens. Esterbrook approached five craftsmen who worked for John Mitchell in Navigation Street with a view to setting up business in Camden, New Jersey, US. Esterbrook founded his company in 1858, and it grew to become one of the largest steel pen manufacturers in the world. In 1971 it went out of business.

The oblique dip pen was designed for writing the pointed pen styles of the mid 19th to the early 20th century such as Spencerian Script, although oblique pen holders can be used for earlier styles of pointed penmanship such as the copperplate scripts of the 18th and 19th centuries. As the name suggests, the nib holder holds the nib at an oblique angle of around 55° pointing to the right hand side of the penman. This feature helps greatly in achieving the steep angle required for writing certain scripts, but more importantly, it prevents the right hand nib tine from dragging on the paper as can be experienced when using a straight nib holder with a straight nib for this purpose.

The decreasing production of dip pens and the subsequent demise of the industry in Birmingham is often blamed on the invention of the ballpoint pen in 1938 by the Hungarian Laszlo Biro.

One improved version of the dip pen, known as the original "ballpoint", was the addition of a curved point (instead of a sharp point) which allows the user to have slightly more control on upward and sideways strokes. This feature, however, produces a thicker line rather than the sharp line produced by a sharp point.

Pen makers
The following is a list of some of the most prominent dip pen manufacturers (in past and present times):

Uses

Dip pens continued in use in schools into the 1950s and 1960s, mainly on grounds of cost, since fountain pens were expensive to buy. Even when ballpoint pens became cheaply available, some schools banned their use, perhaps because writing with a dip pen had to be done with greater care. School desks were made with a socket for a small ceramic inkwell which had to be refilled on a daily basis, a task often delegated to one of the pupils.

Dip pens are rarely used now for regular writing, most commonly having been replaced by fountain pens, rollerball pens, or ballpoint pens. However, dip pens are still appreciated by artists, as they can make great differences between thick and thin lines, and generally write more smoothly than other types of pens. Dip pens are also preferred by calligraphers for fine writing. Dip pens are still in use for nib paintings, mostly round tip ones with a slit in the centre.

Although most of the factories ceased manufacturing dip pens, some companies are still active, such as Speedball, Brause (currently owned by French company Exacompta Clairefontaine), William Mitchell and Joseph Gillott's.

Gallery

See also
 Birmingham pen trade
 Calligraphy
 Lettering
 Nib (pen)

References

External links

 Kallipos, Calligraphy German website
 Manuscript Pen Company
 Scribblers, calligraphy website
 Blam! Design, calligraphy and vintage pens
 The Pen Museum at Birmingham Heritage forum
 Birmingham Pen Room, writing and pen museum (Archive)

Writing implements
Visual arts materials
Pens

Dip pen


WEMT (channel 39) is a television station licensed to Greeneville, Tennessee, United States, serving as the Fox affiliate for the Tri-Cities area. It is owned by Cunningham Broadcasting, which maintains a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of Bristol, Virginia–licensed dual NBC/CW affiliate WCYB-TV (channel 5), for the provision of certain services. However, Sinclair effectively owns WEMT; the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. Both stations share studios on Lee Street on the Virginia side of Bristol (straddling the Virginia–Tennessee line), while WEMT's transmitter is located at Rye Patch Knob on Holston Mountain in the Cherokee National Forest.

Channel 39 began in November 1985 as WETO ("East Tennessee's Own"), the market's first independent station, under local ownership and with studios and offices in Greeneville. WETO affiliated with Fox the next year, but the undercapitalized local owners sold the station in 1989 to MT Communications, which changed the call letters to WEMT. The station was sold again in 1992; it moved its studios to Johnson City, Tennessee. In 2006, then-WCYB-TV owner BlueStone Television acquired the station's non-license assets, while another group purchased the license; WCYB-TV has operated WEMT ever since under three different group owners. The WCYB newsroom produces a 10 p.m. newscast for WEMT.

History

East Tennessee's Own
Medium Rare Inc., a company headed by Greeneville men Jay Austin and Robert Lochte, filed on October 20, 1982, for a construction permit to build a station on channel 39 in Greeneville. The Federal Communications Commission granted the permit on May 25, 1983; Medium Rare then sold WMGL, an FM radio station it owned in Pulaski, Tennessee.

WETO ("East Tennessee's Own") announced its forthcoming existence in March 1985; the station would have a general-entertainment independent format and studios in a Greeneville industrial park. The antenna, on a tower on Camp Creek Bald of Viking Mountain near Greeneville, was installed in September, The station, which began broadcasting on November 4, 1985, represented a $1.6 million investment for the owners.

WETO affiliated with Fox when the network launched in 1986. This made it the closest Fox affiliate to Knoxville, where it took a year for WKCH-TV to link up with the fourth network.

As a business, WETO-TV suffered after several years. Undercapitalized from the start, Austin and Lochte failed to anticipate a surge in programming costs or difficulties achieving cable carriage from the repeal of must-carry rules requiring systems to offer local stations. At first, East Tennessee's Own Inc. (the former Medium Rare) reached a deal in October 1988 to sell the station MT Communications of Los Angeles, with most of the purchase price in assumption of debt. The original MT deal never took place, and in the meantime, the station was sued for failing to pay ASCAP dues and thereby broadcasting copyrighted music, including the theme to the Fox series Duet, without permission.

MT Communications ownership
On July 7, 1989, a public auction was held at the WETO studios in Greeneville. The original winning bid of $1.9 million came from Elvin Feltner and his company, Krypton Broadcasting. When Krypton failed to put together financing for the deal, MT Communications won the auction with its bid of $1.85 million.

MT Communications took over on November 15, 1989, and changed the call sign to WEMT on December 1. This call sign change coincided with similar moves at its Fox affiliates in Memphis (WMKW-TV to WLMT) and Nashville (WCAY-TV to WXMT). MT Communications also acquired WJWT, a struggling Fox affiliate in Jackson, and converted it to a semi-satellite of WLMT with local advertising that December; it became WMTU in January 1990.

MT Communications had its own struggles, though the Tri-Cities were not as affected; revenues at WEMT increased 130 percent in 1990 and another 35 percent in 1991. In 1990, its stations in Memphis and Nashville lost their Fox affiliations to higher-rated independents in their markets, the latter in a deal in which the Nashville station sold much of its programming inventory. WMTU continued to air Fox programming until 1992, when it resumed broadcasting WLMT on a full-time basis.

Max Media and Sinclair ownership
In December 1991, MT Communications moved to sell three of its four stations—WMTU, WLMT, and WEMT—to former Virginia lieutenant governor Dick Davis. Max Media—a Virginia company founded by three former officers of TVX Broadcast Group—then would manage the stations for Davis.  Max Media began the process of moving WEMT out of Greeneville and to a more centrally located site in the Tri-Cities. The station already had a sales office in Johnson City, Tennessee, but it was insufficient to house the whole station. The entire operation moved to a new building on Hanover Road in Johnson City in February 1993. The station also analyzed the eventual possibility of starting a local newscast at this time. Max Media, which had only been serving as manager, acquired WEMT outright in 1994.

The company's stations were acquired by Sinclair Broadcast Group in 1998. Even though the larger deal closed in July 1998, Sinclair had to wait to acquire WEMT because it owned a station with an overlapping coverage area; it instead took over operations under a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Max Media.

Operation with WCYB
In 2005, Sinclair sold WEMT's license to Aurora Broadcasting Inc. for $1.4 million and the non-license assets for $5.6 million to BlueStone Television, which owned NBC affiliate WCYB-TV in Bristol, Virginia. As part of the deal, WCYB-TV assumed most of the station's operations began producing a local 10 p.m. newscast for WEMT. The Aurora purchase closed in February 2006; that May, BlueStone put all of its television properties on the market, and parallel with Bonten Media Group acquiring BlueStone, Esteem Broadcasting purchased WEMT from Aurora.

WEMT shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 39, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 38, using virtual channel 39. However, the station continued to broadcast from Viking Mountain until November 2011, when its transmitter was moved to Holston Mountain, a shift northeast that improved the signal strength and coverage in the Tri-Cities and southwest Virginia while removing areas around Knoxville from the service area.

On April 21, 2017, Sinclair announced its intent to purchase the Bonten stations for $240 million. As an aspect of the deal, the Esteem stations were sold to Sinclair affiliate Cunningham Broadcasting, maintaining the current operational arrangement. The sale was completed on September 1.

WEMT relocated its signal from channel 38 to channel 28 on April 12, 2019, as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Notes

References

EMT
Fox network affiliates
Movies! affiliates
Charge! (TV network) affiliates
TBD (TV network) affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1985
Sinclair Broadcast Group
1985 establishments in Tennessee

WEMT


Henry Wise (16 August 1802 – 25 December 1866) was a mariner and merchant associated with the Far East.

Born in Oxford, Wise worked his way up as a mariner in the East India Company's Marine Service from midshipman in 1819 to chief officer in 1831, and then a supercargo in the China trade. His logbooks from voyages in the Castle Huntly, Astell, and Elizabeth are preserved at the National Maritime Museum.

He invented several schemes related to speeding travel between England and the East, publishing a book proposing the use of steam and a 'propellor' in 1839, a 'Plan for the Acceleration of the China Mails' (i.e. their conveyance from Suez via Ceylon to Hong Kong direct)
submitted to her Majesty's Government 14 September 1843, and advocating a canal across Siam in 1859.

By 1838, he was settled in London and he is principally known for his subsequent involvement with James Brooke: he helped fit out the ship for his 1839 voyage and became the agent in London to the now Rajah of Sarawak in 1841. This relationship soured around 1847 when the Eastern Archipelago Company was set up at considerable advantage to Wise who contributed rights handed to him by Brooke to mine coal in Labuan in return for fees, equity, and the job of Managing Director. The Rajah also blamed Wise for his loss of money when the firm of Melville & Street collapsed in 1848. Legal wrangles instituted by the Rajah established that the EAC was undercapitalised and only got its charter by very creative accounting, in which officials acquiesced. Fraudulent or not, the company was ambitious, but struggled until finally being wound up in 1857. Wise lost money as a shareholder in the fraudulent Royal British Bank, which had had the same founding Chairman as the Eastern Archipelago Company, one John MacGregor MP.

He died in Hampstead in 1866, leaving a wife, Elizabeth, two daughters (Henrietta Elizabeth b.1848 and Harriet Grace b.1850), and 'effects under £1500' in his will. Elizabeth died 26 March 1872, at 27, Fairfax-road, South Hampstead, aged 62.

References

1802 births
1866 deaths
British merchants
British sailors
People from Oxford
19th-century British businesspeople

Henry Wise (merchant)


The Creative Commons is a
American non-profit organisation that tries to make creative work available for others to use and share.

Aim
Their website allows copyright holders to give some of their rights to any other people. They still keep some other rights. They do this through licenses and contracts. Some of these make the work public domain or open content. They do this because copyright law can stop people sharing information.

The project has different free licenses. A person who has copyright can choose which one they want to use when they publish their work. They also provide RDF/XML metadata. These say what the licenses are and make it easier to automatically sort out and find work that has these licenses. They also provide a 'Founder's Copyright' contract. This aims to give the same effects as the original US Copyright did.

History
Creative Commons was officially started in 2001.

Lawrence Lessig is the founder and chairman of Creative Commons. Lessig started it as a way of reaching the goals of his Supreme Court case, Eldred v. Ashcroft.

Localisation
The iCommons (International Commons) is one of the Creative Commons projects. They improve the wording of the licenses and make them usable in other countries. The first ones dealt with US law only. As of February 4, 2004, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom have joined this project.

Projects that use Creative Commons licenses include LOCA Records, Magnatune, Opsound, Opcopy, Wikitravel, iRATE radio and the fiction of Cory Doctorow.

References

Other websites
 Article on the Creative Commons License on the English Wikipedia
 The creativecommons.org website
 A short Flash animation talking about Creative Commons
 International Commons: Creative Commons initiatives outside the United States.

Non-profit organizations of California
2001 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco

Creative Commons


Jesus Was a Capricorn is the fourth album by Kris Kristofferson, released in 1972 on Monument Records.  The album cover pictures Kristofferson and his soon-to-be wife Rita Coolidge. "Why Me" reached #1 on the Country singles charts.

Recording and composition

Jesus Was a Capricorn was produced by Fred Foster and, like his previous album Border Lord, features more elaborate instrumentation than his first two LPs.  Biographer Stephen Miller notes in his book Kristofferson: The Wild American, "A common criticism directed at Jesus Was a Capricorn was that it was overproduced and moved Kristofferson's songs too far away from the rough-hewn charm of his earlier work." The title track, with its chorus containing the line "Cos everybody's got to have somebody to look down on" was interpreted by some as Kristofferson's reply to critics who disparaged his previous album Border Lord.  The song, and Kristofferson's phrasing, is very reminiscent of John Prine, of whom Kristofferson was an early champion. Kristofferson told Graeme Thomson of Uncut in 2016, "I wrote 'Jesus Was A Capricorn (Owed To John Prine)' because I was so influenced by John. When I heard his songs I felt like his writing had kicked me into doing it. You take things from all over the place, though you don't always admit it! I was really influenced by Roger Miller, Shel Silverstein and Mickey Newbury. Everybody you admire influences you somehow in your art."

Another song from the album with a religious theme would become the biggest hit of Kristofferson's career: "Why Me."  According to country music historian Bill Malone, Kristofferson wrote the song during an emotionally low period of his life after having attended a religious service conducted by the Rev. Jimmie Rogers Snow. Malone wrote, "'Why Me, Lord'" - as the song is sometimes known - "may seem greatly out of character for Kristofferson, but it can be interpreted as his own personal religious rephrasing of 'Sunday Morning Coming Down.' In this case, he is 'coming down' not from drugs, but from the whole hedonistic euphoria of the (1960s)." Malone described Kristofferson's gruff vocal styling as "perfect" for the song, since "he sounds like a man who has lived a lot but is now humbling himself before God."  Kristofferson said he went with friends to the church service where he was moved by Larry Gatlin's song "Help Me (Lord)". He said that he had never thought of needing help, but he was at a low point in his life. When the pastor asked the congregation, "Is anybody feeling lost?" "Up goes my hand," Kristofferson says. The Pastor then asked, "Are you ready to accept Christ? Kneel down there."  "I'm kneeling there," Kristofferson continues, "and I carry a big load of guilt around...and I was just out of control, crying. It was a release. It really shook me up."  Kristofferson later said, "It was just a personal thing I was going through at the time.  I had some kind of experience that I can't even explain."  Kristofferson met June Carter Cash and Johnny Cash in a hotel room in 1972 to play them two songs he had written.  Kristofferson had just attended a rough screening of a movie Johnny and June were heavily involved in, entitled The Gospel Road.  Johnny Cash's memoir Man in Black, reiterated the story that Larry Gatlin sang "Help Me" at the Evangel Temple, which inspired Kristofferson to write the song. Kristofferson also played Cash the song "Burden of Freedom," which was used in The Gospel Road.

"Why Me" became an immediate country gospel standard. Elvis Presley incorporated the song, retitled "Why Me Lord", into his live shows beginning in January 1974 up until his last concert tour.  It was first released on the live album, Elvis Recorded Live On Stage In Memphis in June 1974.  The recording is from his March 20, 1974 concert in Memphis, Tennessee.  He often introduced the song for J.D. Sumner to sing "one of his favorite songs."  Sumner would sing the verses and Elvis would join on the chorus along with the back-up singers. The song would also be recorded by George Jones, Merle Haggard, Conway Twitty, Willie Nelson, Connie Smith, and David Allan Coe.

Although "Why Me" revealed another side of Kristofferson's songwriting, the subject matter in his songs remained rooted in the grim realities of life, exploring broken relationships, lost family, drug addiction, and prostitution.  As Michael Striessguth put it in his book Outlaw: Waylon, Willie, Kris, and the Renegades of Nashville, "By 1972, singer-songwriter meant James Taylor and Carole King, whose soft sounds and safe lyrics appealed to radio, while Kristofferson's music continued to mine the oil-stained streets for inspiration, producing ruminations on prostitution, dissipation, and getting high that proved too thorny for the broadcast airwaves."  This uncompromising artistic stance might be most apparent in the song "Sugar Man," "a noirish study of a woman prowling the streets, selling her body, and injecting heroin."  Kristofferson, who fell out with his parents after rejecting a career at West Point to pursue a career as a songwriter, addresses his lost family in "Jesse Younger," his anger evident in the performance, which contains much of the sarcastic aggressiveness found in "Blame It on the Stones" from his debut album.

Some critics felt Kristofferson's burgeoning film career was a distraction and his songwriting was slipping.  The singer later reflected, "It was as if I were spending so much creative energy on the wrong thing, performing and movies that my songwriting was suffering.  I don't think it was." Kristofferson's albums were still being mined by other recording artists within and outside country music.  Frank Sinatra covered "Nobody Wins" for his 1973 comeback album Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back, while Brenda Lee took the song to the country Top 5 the same year.   As on his previous album, girlfriend and soon-to-be wife Rita Coolidge sings on the album, contributing vocals to "Give It Time to Be Tender" and "It Sure Was (Love)," and Kristofferson also duets with Larry Gatlin on the Gatlin's composition "Help Me."

Reception
The first two singles from the album, the title track and "Jesse Younger," both stiffed, and "Jesus Was a Capricorn'" faded down the charts, but the label released "Why Me" as the third single and it quickly entered the country and pop charts, hitting number one in country in July 1973, and peaking in the pop Top 20 after a slow climb in November. That turned around the fortunes of "Jesus Was a Capricorn", which marched back up the charts and reached number one on the country charts a full year after it had been released. Both album and single went gold, giving Kristofferson his greatest success as a recording artist.

Record World called the title track a "funky song with a sing along kind of chorus with timely and clever lyrics delivered with appropriate gusto by Kris."

Track listing
All songs by Kris Kristofferson except as noted
"Jesus Was a Capricorn (Owed to John Prine)" – 2:28
"Nobody Wins" – 3:06
"It Sure Was (Love)" – 2:51
"Enough for You" – 3:05
"Help Me" (Larry Gatlin) – 3:22
"Jesse Younger" – 2:40
"Give It Time to Be Tender" (Kristofferson, Donnie Fritts) – 3:26
"Out of Mind, Out of Sight" (Kristofferson, Stephen Bruton) – 2:58
"Sugar Man" – 3:59
"Why Me" – 3:26

Personnel

Kris Kristofferson - vocals, guitar
Rita Coolidge - backing vocals on "It Sure Was (Love)", "Help Me", "Give It Time to Be Tender" and "Why Me"
Andrew Newmark, Kenny Buttrey - drums
Chip Young, Dennis Linde, Fred Carter Jr., Grady Martin, Jerry Shook, Jimmy Colvard, John Buck Wilkin, Johnny Christopher, Mac Gayden, Stephen Bruton - guitar
Norbert Putnam, Tommy Cogbill - bass guitar
"Uncle Josh" Graves - slide dobro
Weldon Myrick - steel guitar
Bobby Emmons, Bobby Wood, David Briggs, John Harris, Mike Utley - piano, electric piano, organ
Alan Rush, Benny Whitehead, Billy Swan, Larry Gatlin, Randy Cullers, The Bergenaires, The Joint Venture, The Jordanaires - backing vocals
Brenton Banks, Byron Bach, Carl Gorodetzky, David Darling, George Binkley, Lillian Hunt, Sheldon Kurland, Steven Smith - strings
Bill Justis - string arrangements

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

Bibliography

1972 albums
Kris Kristofferson albums
Albums arranged by Bill Justis
Albums produced by Fred Foster
Monument Records albums

Jesus Was a Capricorn


William Charles Kueffner (February 27, 1840 – March 18, 1893) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War who served in the 9th Illinois Infantry in the Western Theater in several campaigns. He was later brevetted as a brigadier general for bravery in combat and was a noted attorney in southern Illinois following the war.

Biography
Kueffner was born in Germany. He lived in Mecklenburg before emigrating to the United States. He settled in the Hill Country of Texas in the German-American community, where he was an outspoken opponent of slavery. He moved North on the outbreak of the Civil War and relocated to Belleville, Illinois. He subsequently joined the Union Army and was commissioned as a captain in the 9th Illinois Infantry. Over the next four years, he took part in 110 engagements and was wounded four times.

Following his final battle wound, he was transferred to the 23rd Veterans Reserve Corps, with whom he served in non-combat areas. However, very late in the war, he had recovered sufficiently to become the colonel and commander of the 149th Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He was brevetted Brigadier General, U.S. Volunteers in the omnibus promotions following the war, backdated to March 13, 1865, for "gallant and meritorious services".

After the war, Kueffner was the collector of internal revenue for the 12th district of Illinois until removed in 1869 by order of President Ulysses S. Grant for political reasons. He then studied law, passed his bar exam, and established a profitable legal practice. He became one of Belleville's and Southern Illinois' most outstanding lawyers.

Kueffer died in the spring of 1893 at the age of 53. He was buried in the Walnut Hill Cemetery in Belleville. He is honored there with an impressive stone statue.

References

Union Army generals
Emigrants from the German Confederation to the United States
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
People of Texas in the American Civil War
People from Belleville, Illinois
Illinois lawyers
1840 births
1893 deaths
19th-century American lawyers

William Kueffner


Ampor Tevi (; born July 17, 1970) is a Cambodian actress active in 1990s. Within the span of her career she has starred in numerous films, from movies to musical skits. Her career started in 1988 with her paired actor Sam Vityea. After Sam Vityea died that year, Ampor Tevi was often paired with fellow actor, also famous at the time, Tep Rindaro.

Biography
Ampor Tevi was born in 1970. She is the eldest child in the family among five other siblings. She finished the 12th Grade at Bak Touk College of Fine Arts in 1989. Her debut film was released in 1988 co-starring Sam Vityea, her ex co-star. She then married Pich Phirun who was also an actor from her generation in October 1992.

Career
After marriage, Tevi continued to act for more movies mostly with her co-star Tep Rindaro. Remarkably, her popularity went from just a regular movie star to a super movie star in just a few years. Every new movie released locally and overseas Ampor Tevi was a part of, and she was always the main character of the movie or music video. Everybody began to know her mostly as a playful and pretty young girl.

Cambodia was not completely peaceful in early 1990s. Wars were still going on in some places in the country. Over all Cambodian population were still very poor and needy, so Khmer entertainment productions and performing arts were not in Cambodians' minds at the time. Khmer movies were mostly sold overseas to few Cambodians who fled the country in early 1980s. Khmer cinematography and film productions were very primitive. So, Khmer movie productions were not sophisticated enough to compete with foreign movies from Thailand, India and Hong Kong. Local Cambodians would watch Thai, Indian or Chinese movies rather than Khmer movies. Only Cambodians who lived overseas watched Khmer movies or music videos because they missed Cambodia and that was the only way they could see Cambodia. That had adversely affected local Khmer film productions dramatically that most of Khmer movie production companies had to go out of business or stopped producing movies. By 1994, due to the governments demand, the fairly new Cambodian film industry came once again to an end leaving most actors like Ampor Tevi herself starring in karaoke videos up until the early 2000s. Despite of her popularity, Ampor Tevi had very few opportunities to act and began to lose her concentration. In 2001 Fai Sam Ang, the predominant movie director decided to create the well-known Khmer folktale story: Kone Puos Keng Kong (The Snake King's Child). Ampor Tevi was selected to act as Neang Ni, the main female character of the movie together with Tep Rindaro, Pich Chan Boremei and Winai Kraibutr a Thai leading actor who was also part of the movie. After the filming of Kone Puos Keng Kong, Ampor Tevi decided to leave Cambodia for USA, seeking for a better opportunity. Kon Pous King Kang was the last movie of her career.

Partial filmography

References
Angkorthom

1970 births
Cambodian film actresses
Living people
20th-century Cambodian actresses
21st-century Cambodian actresses

Ampor Tevi


Guilherme de Andrade e Almeida (born in Campinas, July 24, 1890 and died in Sao Paulo, July 11, 1969) was a lawyer, journalist, film critic, poet, essayist and Brazilian translator. He helped popularize the Japanese poem style, haiku, in Brazil.

He is the son of Estevão de Araújo Almeida, a law teacher and jurist, and Angelina Andrade Almeida.

He married Belkiss Barroso de Almeida, and they had a son, Guy Sérgio Haroldo Estevão Zózimo Barroso de Almeida, who married Marina Queiroz Aranha de Almeida.

He fought in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932. His greatest work of love to São Paulo was his poem, Nossa Bandeira (Our Flag), but he also wrote Moeda Paulista (São Paulo Coin) and the poignant Oração ante a última trincheira (Prayer at the last ditch"). He was proclaimed The poet of the Revolution.

He also wrote the letter "Canção do Expedicionário" ("Song of the Expeditionary") with music by Spartaco Rossi and pracinhas brasileiros in World War II.

References

1890 births
1969 deaths
Brazilian male journalists
Brazilian male poets
Brazilian translators
20th-century Brazilian poets
20th-century translators
20th-century Brazilian male writers
20th-century Brazilian lawyers
20th-century journalists

Guilherme de Almeida


One More Chance is a 2007 Filipino romantic drama film directed by Cathy Garcia-Molina and starring John Lloyd Cruz and Bea Alonzo. The film was written by Vanessa R. Valdez and Carmi Raymundo and produced by Charo Santos-Concio and Malou N. Santos. The film tells a love story between Popoy and Basha who are lovers since their college days and they became a couple. Suddenly, as they try to maintain their relationship, they have misunderstandings to each other due to their ambitions in life. As they almost break apart, the two will find solutions to repair their love.

One More Chance was released on November 14, 2007, by Star Cinema and grossed over ₱152.7 million nationwide, making it a box office success and received several year-end accolades. A sequel, A Second Chance, was released in November 2015. The 4K digital remaster of the film was released through iTunes on September 14, 2015, and a limited theatrical run on October 4, 2017.

Plot
College sweethearts Popoy and Basha are a longtime couple working for the same construction firm. After five years together, Basha starts to feel smothered by the domineering and controlling Popoy who frequently makes decisions for both of them. Popoy's nagging and overbearing attitude eventually takes a toll on Basha, and she decides to break up with him. She also resigns from the firm where they both work, he as an engineer and she as an architect.

Popoy's friends try to help him move on, and he meets Trisha, a singer at a bar that Popoy and his friends frequent. He eventually spirals out of control, affecting his work and relationships with his friends. Meanwhile, Basha attempts to find herself after the breakup. She eventually meets another architect named Mark who offers her a job at their small firm. Accepting the offer, Basha begins to feel the professional and creative freedom she was denied in her previous work.

Things take a turn for the worse when Mark, as a friendly gesture, drives Basha to a dinner party with her friends after being MIA for nearly three months. Popoy misconstrues their relationship and thinks that Mark and Basha are a couple, which sets him off.

Some time after, both Popoy and Basha are in a better place. Popoy is now in a relationship with Trisha, while Basha continues to thrive in her career. Popoy's aunt Edith and her fiancé Willie arrive home from the United States, intending to claim Popoy and Basha's promise to build their dream house together. This forces the two to work together on the house. They remain civil to each other, but their close proximity brings out some feelings in both.

The circumstances surrounding their common friends further lead Popoy and Basha to confront more hurt and anger regarding their breakup. When Basha delivers the final design plans of Edith and Willie's house to Popoy's apartment, Basha apologizes for breaking Popoy's heart and they end up spending the night together.

At Mark's wedding, Basha tells him that she wished she could have prevented hurting Popoy. Mark tells her that breaking up was the right thing to do in the long run, that sometimes couples need to grow independently of each other because "it takes grownups to make relationships work."

Meanwhile, Trisha notices that Popoy has still not moved on from Basha. Popoy admits that while he loves Trisha, he also still loves Basha. They break up.

Popoy turns to his friends Krizzy and Kenneth. They point out that his breakup with Basha was also hard on her, not just on him, with Krizzy saying that Basha bravely faced the truth about the problems in their relationship. Kenneth suggests that Popoy was hurt because he could not bear to give Basha what she needed. The couple make Popoy realize that Basha needed to take care of herself first. Popoy admits he never stopped loving Basha but wonders if love is enough.

Popoy and Basha meet at a bench at the university where they both went to college. Popoy tells Basha that he is headed to Qatar for a two-year work contract, something he turned down earlier when they were still together. Popoy reveals that Trisha broke up with him, and Basha apologizes. Popoy tells her it should be him apologizing to her for not giving her what she needed in the relationship. He says it is his turn to find himself, to find what he lost in his heartbreak. They part as friends.

Two years later, Basha is shown working at a building construction site. Popoy approaches her, and asks her out for coffee and dinner. Basha accepts.

Cast

Main cast
John Lloyd Cruz as Popoy
Bea Alonzo as Basha

Supporting cast
Derek Ramsay as Mark
Maja Salvador as Trisha
Lauren Young as Bernice
Dimples Romana as Krizzy
Bea Saw as Anj
James Blanco as Kenneth
Janus del Prado as Chinno
Ahron Villena as JP
Nanette Inventor as Nanay Edith
Al Tantay as Tito Willie
Bodjie Pascua as Sir Bert
Nikki Gil as Helen
Melissa Mendez as Elvie
Shamaine Buencamino as Rose
Robert Woods as Francis
Gee Canlas as Cathy

Awards and recognition

Legacy
Hailed by Filipino audiences as one of the most unforgettable Tagalog romantic movies of all time, the film has continued to be popular for its famous quotes and lines.

Because of this, a novel adaptation was released in June 2015. Two months later, Star Cinema confirmed that a sequel to the film would be released. The sequel, A Second Chance, was released on November 25, 2015, with Garcia-Molina returning as director, and Cruz and Alonzo reprising their roles.

References

External links

2007 films
2007 romantic drama films
Filipino-language films
Films directed by Cathy Garcia-Molina
Philippine romantic drama films
Star Cinema films

One More Chance (2007 film)


A point-and-shoot camera, also known as a compact camera and sometimes abbreviated to P&S, is a still camera (either film or digital) designed primarily for simple operation. Most use focus free lenses or autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for setting the exposure options, and have flash units built in. They are popular for vernacular photography by people who do not consider themselves photographers but want easy-to-use cameras for snapshots of vacations, parties, reunions and other events.

Most compact digital cameras use small 1/2.3-type ("1/2.3-inch") image sensors, but since 2008, a few non-interchangeable lens compact cameras use a larger sensor such as 1.0-type ("1-inch"), APS-C (e.g. Fujifilm X100 series), or even full frame (e.g. Sony RX1 series). Most models prioritize being operated in auto mode, but some high end point-and-shoot cameras have PASM (program, aperture priority, shutter priority, and manual modes) on the mode dial, raw image format, and a hot shoe. None have interchangeable lenses, but some have secondary lens mounts.

Point-and-shoots have been by far the best selling type of standalone camera, as distinct from camera phones. However, point-and-shoot camera sales declined after about 2010 as smartphones overtook them in usage. To overcome market shrinkage, compact camera manufacturers began making higher-end versions with a stylish metal body.

Types of point-and-shoot digital cameras
Current point-and-shoot digital cameras have coalesced into three categories:
 premium compact cameras with a large sensor and prime lens optimized for travel and street photography;
 vlogging cameras with a flip screen and wide-angle or ultra wide-angle lens;
 travel zoom cameras with a compact body.
Fixed-lens cameras that include an all-in-one superzoom lens in a large DSLR-style body are known as bridge cameras.

Types of point-and-shoot film cameras
The lowest-end point-and-shoot film cameras are similar to disposable cameras, but can be reloaded. These cameras have focus-free lenses, with fixed apertures. They may or may not have a light meter. Most have a wheel or lever for advancing the film and cocking the shutter, and a crank for returning the film to the canister for unloading. Because of the fixed apertures, models with flash have no way of controlling the exposure from the flash. Therefore, flash pictures have to be taken within a narrow range of distance from the subject.

Advanced models use automatic focus and have variable apertures. They all have light meters. They use electric motors to advance and rewind the film. They are much more versatile than the low-end models. They are also likely to have zoom lenses, more advanced auto-focus systems, exposure systems with manual controls, larger apertures and sharper lenses. They may have special lamps or pre-flash systems designed to reduce red eye in flash pictures of people.

Comparison to SLRs and DSLRs

Point-and-shoot cameras are distinguished from single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs) in several respects: point-and-shoot film cameras, and many digital ones, use a viewfinder.  The image that the photographer sees is not the same image that passes through the primary lens of the camera.  Rather, the image in the viewfinder passes through a separate lens. SLRs, on the other hand, have only one lens, and a mirror diverts the image from the lens into the viewfinder; that mirror then retracts when the picture is taken so that the image can be recorded on the film or sensor. With this mechanism, pictures cannot be previewed on the LCD screens of most digital SLRs (DSLRs). Some manufacturers have found a way around this limitation, often by splitting the image into two just before reaching the viewfinder eyepiece.  One image goes into the viewfinder and the other goes into a low resolution image sensor to allow light metering or previewing on the LCD, or both.

Digital cameras share one advantage of the SLR design, as the camera's display image comes through the lens, not a separate viewfinder. Mirrorless interchangeable lens cameras (MILCs) lack a mirror but in many ways can be used the same as DSLRs. Many smaller digital point-and-shoots of the 2010s omit the viewfinder and use only the screen.

With SLR cameras, it is important that the image in the viewfinder be the same image recorded by the film or sensor, so that the effect of the add-on lenses and filters can be seen by the photographer. Point-and-shoot cameras generally don't have such add-on devices, hence no need.

Small cameras, including digital ones, encourage the occurrence of photographic orbs unexpected, typically circular artifacts that occur in flash photography where the short distance between the lens and the built-in flash decreases the angle of light reflection to the lens.  The resulting retroreflection makes dust particles bright and visible.

Sales decline

According to the NPD Group, up to end of November 2011 point-and-shoot cameras took 44 percent of photos, down from 52 percent in 2010, while camera-equipped smartphones took 27 percent of photos in 2011, up from 17 percent. Unit total sales of all types of point-and-shoot cameras declined by 17 percent year on year, but increased by 16 percent for cameras having optical zoom greater than 10x.
At the end of 2012, more than one brand offered point-and-shoot cameras with 24x optical superzoom as compensation of sales decline and in later years longer zooms became commonplace. Concurrently with rising sales of smartphones, the sales of more advanced cameras like SLRs have also increased, at the expense of point-and-shoot.

Point-and-shoot camera sales dropped by about 40 percent in 2013, particularly for inexpensive cameras.  Fujifilm and Olympus stopped development of low-end point-and-shoot cameras and focused on mid and high-end cameras at higher prices.

Shipment dropped to 12 million units in 2016, only one-tenth of the peak reached in 2008.

Types of film
Most film-based point-and-shoots made after the late 1980s use 35mm film. The key innovations that made 35mm point-and-shoot cameras possible were automatic film loading and automatic advance and rewind. Advanced Photo System film was mildly popular in the 1990s. 126 film was also popular during the 1970s.

Terminology
The terms "point and shoot" and "compact camera" are used differently in different parts of the world. In the UK point-and-shoot predominantly means a fully automatic camera, regardless of size or shape.
A "compact camera" on the other hand, has a small body, regardless of any fully automatic capabilities. Thus a DSLR can have point-and-shoot modes, and some compact cameras are not designed for point and shoot operation, with the equivalent controls to a DSLR.

The use of "point-and-shoot" to mean a small or compact camera regardless of automation capabilities has long been predominant in the US, and in the 21st century it began spreading elsewhere.

The term "compact system camera" has also been used to refer to mirrorless cameras.

See also

 List of large sensor fixed-lens cameras
 List of superzoom compact cameras
 List of bridge cameras
 Digital photography
 Electronic viewfinder

References

Point-and-shoot camera