The Commanders–Cowboys rivalry is a National Football League (NFL) rivalry between the Washington Commanders, formerly known as the Redskins, and the Dallas Cowboys. In 2005, Sports Illustrated called it the top NFL rivalry of all time and "one of the greatest in sports." ESPN ranked it the best rivalry in the NFL. The Sportster has ranked it the 17th biggest rivalry in the world. During the tenure of this rivalry, the two franchises have won 32 combined division titles and eight combined Super Bowls.
They are two of the wealthiest franchises in the NFL.
The rivalry started in 1960 when the Cowboys joined the league as an expansion team. During that year they were in separate conferences, but played once during the season. In 1961, Dallas was placed in the same division as Washington, and from that point on, they have played each other twice in every regular season.

Beginning
Texas oil tycoon Clint Murchison, Jr. was having a hard time bringing an NFL team to Dallas, Texas. He tried buying two teams, but the negotiations fell through. In 1958, Murchison heard that George Preston Marshall, owner of the Washington Redskins, was eager to sell the team. Just as the sale was about to be finalized, Marshall called for a change in terms. Murchison was outraged and canceled the whole deal.

Around this time, Marshall had a falling out with the Redskin band director, Barnee Breeskin. Breeskin had written the music to a fight song, "Hail to the Redskins", now a staple for the team. Breeskin wanted revenge after the failed negotiations with Marshall. He approached Murchison's lawyer and sold the rights for $2,500. Murchison then decided to create his own team, with the support of NFL expansion committee chairman, George Halas. Halas decided to put the proposition of a Dallas franchise before the NFL owners, which needed to have unanimous approval in order to pass. The only owner against the proposal was George Preston Marshall, as the Redskins were the only NFL team in the Southern United States at that time, and did not want a professional team in Texas encroaching in their territory, as they saw it. However, Marshall found out that Murchison owned the rights to Washington's fight song, so a deal was finally struck. If Marshall showed his approval of the Dallas franchise, Murchison would return the song. The Cowboys were then founded and began playing in 1960.

To build the roster of an expansion team, Dallas was allowed to pick certain players from certain teams per League rules. In addition to selecting three players from the Redskins roster, the Cowboys traded their first round (#2-Norm Snead) and sixth round (#72-Joe Krakoski) draft choices in the 1961 NFL Draft to the Redskins in exchange for Pro Bowl quarterback Eddie LeBaron, convincing him to come out of retirement to become the franchise's first starting quarterback.

First few games
Though both teams would become juggernauts in the National Football League, the beginning of the rivalry was not all that exciting.

The first game took place in Griffith Stadium on October 9, 1960, and was won by the Redskins 26-14; the Redskins would not win any of their last ten games in 1960 and would finish with a record of 1-9-2 (as part of a 23-game winless streak that ended in the last week of 1961), while the Cowboys would finish winless with a record of 0-11-1.

The Redskins would go on to win two of their first four meetings, and tie the two others.

Cowboy Chicken Club
In December 1961, an unknown number of Cowboys fans snuck into D. C. Stadium, armed with bags of chicken feed. When Alaskan snow dogs were to drag Santa Claus onto the field during the halftime show, the pranksters would unleash dozens of hungry chickens onto the field – 75 white, one black.  The significance of the black chicken was to symbolize how Marshall was the only owner in the league who would not recruit an African-American football player; Marshall stating, "We'll start signing Negroes when the Harlem Globetrotters start signing whites."

The chickens fit into two large crates, which were smuggled into the stadium the morning of the game. The chickens and the smugglers went unspotted until halftime, when a stadium usher noticed a man guarding the crates and heard the chickens. Though the guard tried to bribe the official with $100, he was quickly reported and arrested, and the chickens confiscated. As it turned out, the "official" was actually Redskins general manager Dick McCann.

The following year and the night before the third Redskins-Cowboys match-up in less than a year, pranksters sneaked into Marshall's hotel suite and dropped off a large turkey in the bathroom. When Marshall went into the bathroom, the turkey puffed up and gobbled at him, causing Marshall to flee his room. "Chickens are nice", Marshall said, "but a man shouldn't fool with a mad turkey."

Just minutes before kickoff, while "Hail to the Redskins" blared throughout the stadiums, four banners reading "CHICKENS" – one at each 50-yard line and one in each end zone center – were unfurled in the stadium's upper decks. Two acrobats, hired by Cowboys fans and Chicken Club founders Bob Thompson and Irv Davidson (along with the University of Maryland students with the banners) rushed onto the field dressed in chicken costumes and began to throw colored eggs. One was apprehended by a guard, but the other proved to be too elusive.  By this time, the band was playing the National Anthem, therefore unable to move. The lone chicken-acrobat reached into this bag and released a chicken, then returned to his egg-throwing. Running to a sideline, he then attempted to leave the stadium by jumping over a bench, but slipped.

A group of security guards then apprehended him, but he was able to break free. He made it back to the 50-yard line, turned a cartwheel, then ran and flopped onto the 30-yard line. By this time, only aware that the National Anthem was over, the two teams rushed onto the field in the middle of the chaos. In the midst of the ruckus, the man made it off the field and into the stands. Although the real chicken was caught, the acrobat-chicken was never apprehended.

The next day, while reporting the 38–10 Cowboys victory, the Dallas News scoring summary ended with, Attendance-49,888 (and one chicken).

1965 – 1967

November 28, 1965, DC Stadium: The Cowboys quickly took a 21–0 lead on a pass play, a running play and a 60-yard fumble recovery. Despite Jurgensen's 26-yard touchdown pass to Charley Taylor, the fans in the stands called for him to be benched in favor of second-string quarterback Dick Shiner. However, Jurgensen then drove the Redskins down field for a second touchdown to cut the Cowboys lead to 24–13. They then scored a rushing touchdown to make it 24–20. But just when the Redskins were gaining momentum, Meredith tossed a 53-yard scoring touch to Frank Clarke. Jurgensen was then able to throw another touchdown pass to Bobby Mitchell to make it 31–27. The Redskins got the ball back on their 20-yard line with less than two minutes to go. After working his way down the field, Jurgensen passed to tight end Angelo Coia to give the Redskins their first lead, 34–31, with about one minute to play. But Meredith was not done either. He drove the Cowboys to the Redskins 37-yard line with seven seconds to go. Danny Villanueva was then brought in and attempted a tying field goal, but it was blocked by Redskins defensive back Lonnie Sanders.  Final: Redskins, 34 – Cowboys, 31

November 13, 1966, DC Stadium: In the second quarter with the score 7–6 Dallas, Meredith threw a 52-yard touchdown to Bob Hayes, followed in the third quarter with a 95-yard repeat, making the score 21–7. Then Washington scored three consecutive times with Jurgensen's 4-yard pass to Jerry Smith and 78-yard pass to Charley Taylor, followed by a Charlie Gogolak field goal, giving them the lead, 23–21. Meredith then drove the Cowboys down field to set up a one-yard touchdown run by Dan Reeves. But the Redskins matched their score on a drive ending with Jurgensen's 18-yard scoring pass to Taylor, making it 30–28. Meredith got the ball back with no timeouts and the Redskins playing deep prevent. Somehow, he was able to drive them to the Redskins 33.  The Redskins mounted a strong pass rush to push the Cowboys out of field goal range. But apparently it was too strong. Meredith was hit just as he scrambled out of bounds. The penalty put the Cowboys on the Redskins 12 for an easy Villanueva field goal. Final: Cowboys, 31–Redskins, 30

December 11, 1966, The Cotton Bowl: The Redskins took a 10–7 lead at the half after linebacker John Reger recovered a block punt and ran it in for a score.  But Danny Villanueva then kicked a tying 26-yard field goal for the Cowboys and Bob Hays caught a 23-yard pass for the 17–10 lead. The Redskins tied it up on Bobby Mitchell's 11-yard reception from Jurgensen. The Cowboys regained the lead when Dan Reeves broke for a 67-yard touchdown run, making it 24–17. But the Redskins then drove the field and scored on Jurgensen's 11-yard pass to Jerry Smith, only to have the Cowboys regain the lead with a six-yard touchdown run by Don Perkins, making it 31–24. Jurgensen was then able to hit Charlie Taylor with a 65-yard touchdown pass that Taylor caught between two defenders, tying the game.  After good defense, the Redskins got the ball back with two minutes to go. Starting at their 46-yard line, Redskins running back A. D. Whitfield ran right for a 30-yard gain that set up Charlie Gogolak's winning field goal. Final: Redskins, 34 – Cowboys, 31

October 8, 1967, DC Stadium: The Redskins led 14–10 with 70 seconds to go in the fourth quarter. The Cowboys took possession on their 29-yard line. On fourth down with 23 seconds remaining, Meredith hit an open Dan Reeves who beat out linebacker Chris Hanburger to score, making it 17–14. After the kick-off with seven seconds to go, Jurgensen pitched a long pass to Charley Taylor, but he was tackled at the Cowboys 20-yard line as time ran out. Final: Cowboys, 17 – Redskins, 14 Washington would win the rematch in Dallas that season, 27–20, but the Cowboys closed out the decade with four straight wins over the Redskins. In the late 60's the Redskins hired Vince Lombardi to try to stop ex-Giants coordinator Tom Landry. Lombardi's 7–5–2 record with the Redskins was the team's first winning season in 14 years, but he was still swept by the Cowboys. Lombardi's untimely death in 1970 froze Redskins development for two seasons.

1970s

After a losing season in 1970, the Redskins' hired George Allen as head coach from the Los Angeles Rams. Under Allen, the Skins in 1971 went 9–4–1, including a 20–16 victory at the Cowboys, against whom Allen carried particular hatred.  As the 1972 football season approached, preseason predictors were touting the Cowboys, who had defeated the Dolphins, 24–3 in the previous Super Bowl, to again win the NFC East.

October 22, 1972, RFK Stadium: Both teams came into the game with a 4–1–0 record. Sonny Jurgensen was Washington's starting quarterback, with Billy Kilmer benched after a previous loss. Craig Morton was the Cowboys' quarterback while the injured Roger Staubach watched from the sideline. Despite Washington's home-field advantage, the Cowboys were favored by a touchdown. A field goal and a Morton touchdown pass gave Dallas a 10–0 lead at the end of the first quarter, which was extended to 13–0 in the second period. Jurgensen led a Washington drive that climaxed with a pass to Larry Brown for a touchdown, but at the half, the Redskins trailed by six points. Another seven points were added to the lead in the third quarter when Walt Garrison scored a touchdown. But then, Larry Brown broke a run for 34 yards and a touchdown to make the score to 20–14. Curt Knight kicked a 42-yard field goal to make it 20–17. Charley Harraway ran for 13 yards to make the score 24–20, Redskins on top. During this offensive scoring period, the Over-the-Hill Gang defense shut down the Cowboys. Ultimately, Washington defeated the Cowboys, which moved the Redskins into first place in the NFC East.

December 31, 1972, RFK Stadium (NFC Championship): On the New Year's Eve playoff game, Redskins Quarterback, Billy Kilmer connected with Charley Taylor on a 15-yard touchdown pass, and Washington had a 10–3 lead at halftime. In the fourth quarter, Kilmer again went to Taylor for a 45-yard touchdown. Knight added three more field goals that period, and the Over-the-Hill Gang defense allowed only a second-quarter field goal. The final score was Washington 26, Dallas 3.

October 8, 1973, RFK Stadium: Roger Staubach had won back the quarterback job after missing most of the 1972 season with a shoulder injury, but Tom Landry pulled him in the third quarter when he missed an important signal and was sacked by the Redskins defense. Dallas led 7–0 when Craig Morton replaced Staubach. Late in the fourth quarter, the game was tied 7–7 when Redskins defender Brig Owens picked off Morton's errant pass and raced 26 yards to score a touchdown. The Cowboys threatened in the last seconds to tie the game, but Ken Houston tackled Walt Garrison on the one-yard line as time ran out, preserving a 14-7 Redskins win.

November 28, 1974, Texas Stadium: Before this Thanksgiving Day matchup, the Redskins were 8–3 and ready to secure a playoff berth with a win against the Cowboys (6–5) in a nationally televised game from Texas Stadium in Irving, TX. With less than ten minutes to go in the third quarter, Washington was leading 16–3 when Redskins linebacker Dave Robinson knocked Roger Staubach out of the game. Rookie Clint Longley came into the game; before the game Redskins defensive tackle Diron Talbert had boasted the goal was to knock out Staubach "because all they've got left is that rookie Longley." Longley responded when he led the Cowboys to a last-minute come-from-behind victory, throwing a 50-yard touchdown pass to Drew Pearson with 28 seconds left. The final score was Cowboys 24, Redskins 23. The Redskins were stunned. "I don't have very much to say," coach George Allen said when it was over. "It was probably the toughest loss we ever had."

December 16, 1979, Texas Stadium: The NFC East Division Championship and home field advantage on the line for both teams.  This set the stage for the regular season finale against Washington; the winner would capture the NFC East title while the loser would be relegated to the second wild card (Dallas) or miss the playoffs entirely (Washington). In the game, Texas Stadium fans were treated to one of Staubach's greatest comebacks in his final regular season game. The Cowboys trailed 17–0 but then scored three touchdowns to take the lead. Led by running back John Riggins, the Redskins came back to build a 34–21 lead, but the Cowboys scored 2 touchdowns in the final five minutes — including a Staubach touchdown pass to Tony Hill with less than a minute remaining — for an amazing 35–34 victory.  In the week leading up to the game, Cowboys' defensive end Harvey Martin received a funeral wreath, supposedly sent by the Redskins. He kept it in his locker all week for motivation, and after the win, he raced into Washington's locker room, opened the door, and heaved it into the room, breaking up a team prayer.

1980s
January 22, 1983, RFK Stadium (NFC Championship): The Redskins defeated the Cowboys to earn a trip to Super Bowl XVII. Before the game, the stadium physically shook as a capacity crowd of 54,000 chanted, "We Want Dallas!" The game is best remembered for the quarterback hit by Redskins defensive end Dexter Manley that sent Cowboys' quarterback Danny White into the locker room shortly before halftime, knocking him out for the rest of the game and defensive tackle Darryl Grant's interception return for a 10-yard touchdown of a Gary Hogeboom pass tipped by Manley to score the decisive points. John Riggins rushed for 140 yards and two touchdowns on 36 carries as the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 31–17. The Redskins went on to defeat Miami for their first Super Bowl championship.

September 5, 1983, RFK Stadium: Before a sold-out season opener on Monday Night Football, the Redskins were leading the visiting Cowboys 23–3 going into halftime. Danny White's second-half comeback erased the lead, and the Cowboys took an improbable 31–30 victory.

December 11, 1983, Texas Stadium: The second 1983 regular season meeting between the Redskins and Cowboys at Texas Stadium was more remembered for an infamous play by the Cowboys than it was for the game's outcome. On a 4th down and 1 play, Danny White was attempting to draw the Redskins offside by using hard counts, thereby giving the Cowboys a first down and keeping their drive going.  But the Redskins' defense never moved, and Danny White ran a play that resulted in a loss of yards, turning the ball over to the Redskins on downs.  During the replay, coach Tom Landry was simultaneously shown yelling, "No, Danny, no!" from the sidelines (undoubtedly wanting White to call a time-out to punt the ball). After the play, Landry was shown shaking his head in disgust.  The Redskins went on to win, 31–10.

December 9, 1984, Texas Stadium: Down 21–6 at halftime, the Redskins scored 17 unanswered points on turnovers to take a 23–21 lead going into the fourth quarter.  They came back to defeat the Cowboys, 30–28. Coupled with the 34–14 win earlier in the year, the Redskins enjoyed their first season sweep of the Cowboys in series history.

September 9, 1985, Texas Stadium: For the Monday Night Football season opener, the Cowboys secondary, nicknamed "Thurman's Thieves," intercepted Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann five times. Redskins coach Joe Gibbs would pull Theismann from the game in the fourth quarter due to his poor performance. To rub salt in the wound, fans at Texas Stadium began singing "Happy Birthday" to Theismann as he sat on the bench staring straight ahead (the game took place on Theismann's birthday). The Cowboys went on to win in a blowout, 44–14.

October 19, 1987, Texas Stadium: Dubbed by Washington fans as the "Scab Game," no team in the NFL had more players cross the picket line during the 1987 strike than the Cowboys, who were 2–0 with their veteran players entering a game with the Redskins on Monday Night Football. Washington had also won their two games during the strike but without any veterans. For this game, the Cowboys had Danny White, Randy White, Tony Dorsett, and Ed Jones, among other veterans, but were upset by the replacement Redskins players, 13–7, in a game former Washington head coach Joe Gibbs called "one of my greatest experiences and wins." The Redskins finished 3–0 with the replacements, the strike ending the following week. In 2000 Warner Bros. made a movie loosely based on the 1987 Redskins, The Replacements.

December 11, 1988, RFK Stadium The Cowboys upset the reigning Super Bowl champion Redskins, 24–17, ending any shot the Redskins had of making the playoffs. Rookie and eventual hall of fame wide receiver Michael Irvin was the big star of the game with three touchdown catches. This game would prove to be the final victory for legendary Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry.

1990s
November 24, 1991, RFK Stadium:  The 6–5 Cowboys handed the 11–0 Redskins their first defeat and their only defeat at home that season, 24–21. Despite the loss, the Redskins would finish 14–2 and go on to win Super Bowl XXVI. The Cowboys, motivated by the victory, would start a 6-game win streak, finishing 11–5; Cowboys owner Jerry Jones would later tell The Washington Post that he believed this victory was a key turning point in the Cowboys' transformation into the dominant team they would become during the early 1990s.

September 7, 1992, Texas Stadium: On Monday Night Football, the Cowboys, led by Emmitt Smith's 140 yards rushing, handed the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins an embarrassing 23–10 loss at Texas Stadium in their first game of the season.

December 13, 1992, RFK Stadium: The defending Super Bowl champion Redskins stunned the eventual Super Bowl champion Cowboys 20–17 in Washington thanks to Safety Danny Copeland's fourth-quarter recovery of a Troy Aikman/Emmitt Smith fumble in the end zone. This game would prove to be Hall of Fame Head Coach Joe Gibbs' final victory at RFK Stadium.

September 6, 1993, RFK Stadium On Monday Night Football, the Redskins gained revenge for their Week 1 Monday night loss the year before by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Cowboys 35–16 at RFK to earn Richie Petitbon his first victory as a head coach.

December 26, 1993, Texas Stadium: The Cowboys would avenge their opening week loss by defeating the Redskins 38–3. The Cowboys' 35-point margin of victory is the largest margin of victory by either team to this point. The Cowboys would eventually close out the season with their second straight Super Bowl championship, while the Redskins would finish 4–12, their worst regular season record since 1963.

December 22, 1996, RFK Stadium: The Redskins defeated the Cowboys 37–10 in the final game played at RFK Stadium.

September 12, 1999, Jack Kent Cooke Stadium: In Week 1 of the 1999 season, the Redskins opened a 35–14 lead. Then Dallas scored three touchdowns during the final eleven minutes of regulation.  The Redskins botched a last-second field goal attempt, and the game went to overtime.  A play-action pass four minutes into overtime to Raghib Ismail fooled Redskins safety Matt Stevens and won the game for the visiting Cowboys.

2000s
December 22, 2002, FedExField: In the 2002 regular-season finale, Washington ended an 11-game losing streak to the Cowboys, defeating them 20–14. The win allowed Washington to finish 7–9, while Dallas finished 5–11 for the third straight year. Cowboys coach Dave Campo was fired following the 2002 season.

September 19, 2005, Texas Stadium: For this game, Emmitt Smith, Troy Aikman, and Michael Irvin were inducted into the Cowboys' "Ring of Honor" with a pre-game and halftime ceremony. Throughout a poorly played game, Dallas kept the Redskins out of the endzone and led 13–0 with less than 4 minutes left. It was at that point that the Redskins, led by quarterback Mark Brunell, took the lead thanks to two long touchdown passes to Santana Moss to win the game.

December 18, 2005, FedExField: This game was the Redskins' largest margin of victory against the Cowboys in a 35–7 blowout. The Cowboys' lone touchdown came in the fourth quarter after Washington was already ahead 35–0. The victory gave Washington its first sweep against Dallas since 1995. Dallas eventually finished 9–7, while Washington won its last two games to secure the final NFC wildcard playoff berth.

November 5, 2006, FedexField: During the fourth quarter, the game was tied 19–19 (due partly to a missed two-point conversion by the Cowboys). With 31 seconds to go, the Redskins' recently acquired kicker, Nick Novak, missed a 49-yard field goal wide right. The Cowboys then worked their way up the field to set up Mike Vanderjagt, the most accurate kicker in NFL history, for a 35-yard field goal with only seconds left. However, the kick was blocked by Troy Vincent, a safety who had been picked up by the Redskins off waivers earlier that week. The ball was scooped up by the Redskins' free safety, Sean Taylor, who ran it back to the Cowboys' 44-yard line, where the Cowboys' offensive lineman Kyle Kosier grabbed him by his facemask in an attempt to tackle him. The game would have gone into overtime had it not been for Kosier's defensive penalty, which added fifteen yards to the end of the return (by rule, an NFL game cannot end on a defensive penalty). Novak set up for a 47-yard field goal with no time left on the clock. Despite the recently missed field goal, Novak made this field goal to give the Redskins a victory.

September 8, 2008, Texas Stadium: The Redskins beat the Cowboys 26–24 in their final meeting at Texas Stadium.

November 16, 2008, FedExField: The Cowboys returned the favor of the 2005 week 1 defeat. Darrell Green and Art Monk were honored before the game for their recent induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. In a game that was highly touted for the return of Tony Romo, the Cowboys' defense held the Redskins to ten points while the Cowboys scored 14.

December 27, 2009, FedExField:  The Cowboys shut out the Redskins 17–0. This marked the third time the Cowboys have blanked the Redskins. Washington has never shut out Dallas. 2009 would also be the 15th time the Cowboys have swept the two-game regular season series. To this point, Washington has swept the Cowboys only five times.

2010s
September 12, 2010, FedExField: Late in the fourth quarter, Tony Romo led the team down the field. With three seconds on the clock and the score 13–7, Romo made a touchdown pass to wide receiver Roy Williams that would have tied the game with a successful extra point giving the Cowboys the win. However, the touchdown was called back due to a holding penalty against Alex Barron as time expired, and Washington went on to win.

December 19, 2010, Cowboys Stadium: The Cowboys built a 20–7 lead by halftime. By the end of the third quarter, the Cowboys led 30–14. The Redskins started quarterback Rex Grossman who filled in for the recently benched Donovan McNabb, and he brought the Redskins back to tie the game 30–30 with minutes left to play. Cowboys kicker David Buehler kicked a 39-yard field goal to put Dallas up 33–30 with 50 seconds to play. Rex Grossman then drove the Redskins down the field only to be intercepted by cornerback Terrence Newman to end the game.

November 22, 2012, Cowboys Stadium: After the Redskins built a 28–3 halftime lead, Dallas quarterback Tony Romo led the Cowboys to within seven, but the Redskins held on to win, 38–31. This marked the first time the Redskins defeated the Cowboys on Thanksgiving, previously 0–5 to their rival on Thanksgiving. Robert Griffin III completed 19 of 27 passes for 304 yards and had 4 touchdown passes and 1 interception on his way to winning the Galloping Gobbler Award issued to the player deemed to have had the best performance in the game. Alfred Morris also had 113 yards rushing on 24 carries and 1 touchdown while the Redskins defense intercepted two Tony Romo passes and sacked him three times.

December 30, 2012, FedExField: In the final game of the  season, the Redskins met the Cowboys on Sunday Night Football in Washington to decide the winner of the NFC East. Three interceptions by Tony Romo doomed the Cowboys. The Redskins defense, led by London Fletcher's eleven total tackles and two sacks, confused Romo all game long. The Redskins defense had three interceptions in the game with the final one being the most costly. With Dallas trailing 21–18 late in the fourth quarter from the Cowboy, Romo threw a pass to the flat intended for running back DeMarco Murray, which was intercepted by Redskins linebacker Rob Jackson. Redskins rookie running back Alfred Morris ran for 200 yards, and three touchdowns on 33 carries, the last coming with one minute left, effectively putting the game out of reach (the referee initially called a fumble and Cowboys recovery, but reversed his ruling once convinced by the side judge that, as replays would clearly show, Morris had crossed the goal line before losing the ball). The 28–18 win gave the Redskins their first NFC East title since 1999 while preventing the Cowboys from making the playoffs.

December 22, 2013, FedExField: Trying to play spoiler, the Redskins hosted the Dallas Cowboys and attempted to spoil their playoff chances. Leading 23-17 late, the Redskins looked poised to pull out the upset, but the Cowboys would score with just under a minute left and won 24-23.

September 18, 2016, FedExField: Both teams came into their Week 2 match-up in Washington having lost their season openers. Dallas started hot, getting a field goal and a touchdown run by rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott on their first two possessions to take a 10–0 lead into the 2nd quarter. The Redskins responded with a Matt Jones touchdown to make it 10–7, and both teams traded field goals to make it 13–10 at halftime. The Redskins opened the second half scoring as Kirk Cousins threw an 11-yard touchdown to Jamison Crowder. Dallas rookie quarterback Dak Prescott responded with a 6-yard touchdown run to help Dallas retake the lead at 20–17. The Redskins got two field goals to make it 23–20 and were about to make it a potential two-score game in the fourth quarter, but Cousins threw an interception in the end zone. That proved costly as Alfred Morris, the former Redskin, scored a 4-yard touchdown to make the score 27–23 for Dallas, and the Redskins failed to score on their final two possessions.

November 24, 2016, AT&T Stadium: This would be the 8th time the Cowboys and Redskins have faced off for the annual Thanksgiving Day event hosted at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The Redskins offense led by Kirk Cousins with 449 yards (8 yards shy of a career-best) would light up the air attack against a porous Dallas secondary. However, failing to convert key drives into touchdowns, missing two field goals, a questionable onside kick attempt, and the inability to stop the Cowboys' 4th ranked offense in the 4th quarter would be too much for the Redskins to overcome. The Cowboys rolled to a then franchise-best 10th win in a row with an easy 31–26 victory. The Cowboys–Redskins rivalry was rekindled between Josh Norman and Dez Bryant as both clashed several times during the game, and both coaches were warned by referees about their antics. Immediately after the game, both players would go helmet-to-helmet while exchanging shoves and taunts. During an interview Dez Bryant added fuel to fire by saying, "Washington needs to get their money back...I honestly feel like the guy is extremely soft." 2016 would also be the 18th time the Cowboys have swept the two-game regular-season series.

October 29, 2017, FedExField: The Redskins and Cowboys entered their first matchup in 2017 both at 3–3 and behind the Eagles by 3.5 games in the division. In a rainy, washout game in Washington, the Cowboys would win 33–19 for their third straight win of the season. Ezekiel Elliott fumbled on the first play of the game, which led to a Redskins field goal and a 3–0 lead. The Cowboys answered with an Elliott touchdown to take a 7–3 lead. The Redskins came back with 10 unanswered points to take a 13–7 lead, but momentum shifted when the Cowboys blocked a Nick Rose field goal attempt and returned it inside the Redskins 10-yard line. The Cowboys then scored 19 unanswered points to take a 26–13 lead late in the fourth, with Elliott's second touchdown coming right after the blocked field goal. The Redskins would score a touchdown yet miss an extra point to make the score to 26–19 and give them a chance, but Kirk Cousins had yet another untimely turnover as he threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown with 21 seconds left to seal the Cowboys victory.

November 30, 2017, AT&T Stadium: During this game, former Redskins running back Alfred Morris rumbled for 127 yards while subbing for the suspended Ezekiel Elliott. The Redskins' hopes were all but doomed after Kirk Cousins' penchant for turnovers continued with two interceptions and a lost fumble on the day.

October 21, 2018, FedExField: The Redskins defeated the Cowboys 20–17 in Washington. In a low-scoring game that saw the two teams tied at 7–7 heading into halftime, the Redskins would take a 20–10 lead with 4:55 left in the game after Dak Prescott fumbled the ball and Preston Smith picked it up and scored a touchdown. Prescott would run in from 1 yard out to make it 20–17, and Dallas had a chance to tie the game and send it into overtime, but after a rarely-called snap infraction penalty moved Dallas back 5 yards, kicker Brett Maher missed the game-tying field goal when it hit off the left upright; given its trajectory, the kick would have likely been good from 5 yards closer. ESPN reporter Ed Werder claims an inside source told him coach Jay Gruden planted the idea in the officials' minds before the game when he told them to look at how Ladouceur moves the ball before the play. Redskins long snapper Nick Sundberg was also continuously shouting at the refs to watch out for Ladouceur's subtle movement during the game on Sunday.

November 22, 2018, AT&T Stadium: For the 9th time, the Redskins came to Dallas to play the Cowboys on Thanksgiving. Dallas had won 7 of the first 8 matchups, with history repeating itself as the Cowboys won 31–23 to move into first place in the NFC East. This game was a coming-out party for wide receiver Amari Cooper, whom Dallas recently acquired from the Oakland Raiders. He had eight receptions for 180 yards and two touchdowns, the first for 40 yards and the second for 91 yards. Dallas quarterback Dak Prescott was also very efficient with 288 passing yards, 2 passing touchdowns, and 1 rushing touchdown. Running back Ezekiel Elliott ran strong for 121 rushing yards and caught 5 passes for 22 yards in this game with a touchdown. Washington had lost their starting quarterback Alex Smith to injury the week prior so the Redskins relied upon backup Colt McCoy, who had 268 passing yards with 2 touchdowns but also threw 3 interceptions.

December 29, 2019, AT&T Stadium: In the last game of the season, Dak Prescott threw 4 touchdowns in a blowout win for Dallas.  This would mark the 17th to this point that Dallas has swept the 2-game series.  This would also be the last game that the Washington franchise would use the name Redskins. The name was dropped due to massive pressure from the team's major sponsors because of the perceived racial connotation of the name.

2020s
October 25, 2020, FedExField: This was Washington's first win against Dallas since October 2018. The most notable play of the game came in the third quarter when Washington linebacker Jon Bostic made a dirty hit on Andy Dalton (who was starting for Dak Prescott, who was on injured reserve for the season) as he was sliding, causing Dalton to exit the game due to a head injury.  Jon Bostic was immediately ejected from the game and later fined.  The result of the violent blow to the head would keep Andy Dalton sidelined for three consecutive weeks.

November 26, 2020, AT&T Stadium: For the 10th time, Washington came to Dallas to play the Cowboys on Thanksgiving. Both teams entered this game with matching 3–7 records, but with a chance to take the lead in the NFC East. This time, Washington came out with the victory, 41–16, with rookie Antonio Gibson rushing for 115 yards and 3 touchdowns and Montez Sweat picking off Andy Dalton for a pick 6 to seal the win and sweep Dallas for the first time since 2012. The win moved Washington to 4–7 in first place in the NFC East. This was Washington's second win in ten Thanksgiving day matchups with Dallas.

December 12, 2021, FedexField: Due to widely reported poor conditions of FedExField, the Cowboys brought their own sideline hot seat benches that included the Cowboys' logo and team tame. Following the game, when questioned by reporters about the Cowboys' actions, Washington Head Coach Ron Rivera responded by saying, "That's all the gamesmanship that goes with it. It's part of the mind games people like to play." When questioned if he wasn't bringing Washington's own benches to Dallas, Rivera responded, "I didn't say that." For the game, a strong Cowboys defensive effort held on to win 27-20.

December 26, 2021, AT&T Stadium: As a response to the Cowboys' "gamesmanship" in the previous game, Washington shipped in their own hot seat benches with their logos to the climate-controlled AT&T stadium where the retractable roof was closed even though outdoor temperatures were in the 70s. However, the stunt backfired as the Cowboys' 56–14 win over Washington was the largest margin of victory in the history of the rivalry. When asked about Washington bringing their own benches in a post-game news conference. DeMarcus Lawrence could only say laugh and say, "They gotta take them back with 'em don't they?"

Rivalry off the field
 On December 19, 2005, Dallas Mavericks guard Darrell Armstrong was fined $1,000 for grabbing a microphone before a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves at the American Airlines Center and yelling "How 'bout those Redskins!" Only a few hours prior, the Cowboys had been routed by the Redskins 35–7, in the most lopsided loss of Bill Parcells's coaching career.  Armstrong was raised in North Carolina as a Redskins fan.
 Dallas coach Tom Landry appeared in a 1980s American Express TV commercial in which he visits an Old West-style saloon and makes the statement, "You never know when you'll be surrounded by Redskins". Several large men dressed in Redskins uniforms encircled Landry, who addressed them with, "Howdy!" After the credit card sales pitch was read, the ad returned to the scene where Landry, as he recites the company's slogan, "Don't leave home without it", leaves the saloon and the Redskins follow him out. The saloon doors knock the Redskins backwards as they swing shut.
 After Tom Landry was fired as Cowboys coach by new Cowboys owner Jerry Jones in 1989, Landry appeared in another TV commercial for Choice Hotels, in which he states that he feels so great being out of football that he might take up a new career.  Landry then pulls out a guitar and sings the Waylon Jennings/Willie Nelson classic, "Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to be", and after a pause, sings, "Redskins!"  In the commercial's closing tag, Landry quips, "You didn't think I would say 'Cowboys', did ya?"
 In 2017, the animosity between Cowboys wide receiver Dez Bryant and Redskins cornerback Josh Norman was part of an ad series for the Samsung Galaxy Note 8 phone. In the first ad, Norman is asked by reporters about a picture he posts on Twitter that shows Bryant's hands replaced with sticks of butter and a picture in which he says, "I'm Better Than Dez Bryant." Dez Bryant responded with his own commercial, where he says he's taking the high road when talking about Norman but draws Norman on a snail using the phone, indicating he's slow, and another drawing of the Redskins cornerback as a blanket, meaning Norman can't cover him.
 In 2022, Washington owner Dan Snyder took a swipe at Cowboys owner Jerry Jones in an attempt to deflect heat away from a long sexual harassment investigation.  Per ESPN's Don Van Natta Jr., Seth Wickersham, and Tisha Thompson, multiple team owners are aware that Snyder allegedly instructed his law firms to hire investigators, with one owner reportedly being told directly by Snyder that he "has dirt on" Jones. During a radio interview, Jerry Jones denied all knowledge of the 'dirt' that Dan Snyder was referring to.

Season-by-season results

|-
|
| style="|
| no game
| style="| Redskins  26–14
| Redskins  1–0
| Cowboys join NFL as an expansion team. The teams only played one game as Cowboys were placed in the Western Division and Redskins were in the Eastern division.
|-
|
| style="|
| Tie  28–28
| style="| Redskins  34–24
| Redskins  2–0–1
| Cowboys moved to the Eastern division with the addition of the Minnesota Vikings to the NFL. The Cowboys and Redskins would play two games annually beginning in 1961.  Redskins open Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium (then known as District of Columbia Stadium).
|-
|
| style="|
| Tie  35–35
| style="| Cowboys  38–10
| Redskins  2–1–2
|
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Cowboys  35–20
| style="| Redskins  31–23
| Redskins  3–2–2
|
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Cowboys  24–18
| style="| Redskins  28–16
| Redskins  4–3–2
|
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Cowboys  27–7
| style="| Redskins  34–31
| Redskins  5–4–2
|
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Redskins  34–31
| style="| Cowboys  31–30
| Redskins  6–5–2
| Cowboys lose 1966 NFL Championship.
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Redskins  27–20
| style="| Cowboys  17–14
| Redskins  7–6–2
| Cowboys lose 1967 NFL Championship.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  29–20
| style="| Cowboys  44–24
| Cowboys  8–7–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  20–10
| style="| Cowboys  41–28
| Cowboys  10–7–2
|
|-

|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  34–0
| style="| Cowboys  45–21
| Cowboys  12–7–2
| AFL-NFL merger.  Both teams placed in the NFC East. Cowboys lose Super Bowl V.
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Redskins  20-16
| style="| Cowboys  13-0
| Cowboys  13–8–2
| Cowboys win Super Bowl VI.
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Cowboys  34–24
| style="| Redskins  24–20
| Cowboys  14–9–2
| First game of series at Texas Stadium.  Redskins lose Super Bowl VII.
|- style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold;"
|  1972 playoffs
| style="|
|
| style="| Redskins  26–3
|  Cowboys  14–10–2
|  NFC Championship Game.
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Cowboys  27–7
| style="| Redskins  14–7
| Cowboys  15–11–2
|
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Cowboys  24–23
| style="| Redskins  28–21
| Cowboys  16–12–2
| Cowboys win game Thanksgiving game at Texas Stadium in Irving, TX on last-minute 50-yard touchdown pass.
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Cowboys  30–10
| style="| Redskins  30–24(OT)
| Cowboys  17–13–2
| Cowboys lose Super Bowl X.
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Redskins  27–14
| style="| Cowboys  20–7
| Cowboys  18–14–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  34–16
| style="| Cowboys  14–7
| Cowboys  20–14–2
| Cowboys win Super Bowl XII.
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Cowboys  37–10
| style="| Redskins  9–5
| Cowboys  21–15–2
| Cowboys lose Super Bowl XIII.
|-
|
| Tie  1–1
| style="| Cowboys  35–34
| style="| Redskins  34–20
| Cowboys  22–16–2
| Game at Texas Stadium in Irving, TX was the final regular season game and de facto NFC East championship game.  The Cowboys won to clinch the division while the Redskins loss kept them out of the playoffs all together.
|-

|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  17–3
| style="| Cowboys  14–10
| Cowboys  24–16–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  24–10
| style="| Cowboys  26–10
| Cowboys  26–16–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| no game
| style="| Cowboys  24–10
| Cowboys  27–16–2
| Dallas home game cancelled as a result of the 1982 players strike reducing the season to nine games. Cowboys hand Redskins only regular season defeat. Redskins win Super Bowl XVII.
|- style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold;"
|  1982 playoffs
| style="|
|
| style="| Redskins  31–17
|  Cowboys  27–17–2
|  NFC Championship Game. Redskins avenge their only defeat of the strike-shortened season.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Redskins  31–10
| style="| Cowboys  31–30
| Cowboys  28–18–2
| Redskins lose Super Bowl XVIII. Washington's victory at Texas Stadium in Irving, TX denies the Cowboys the NFC East and home-field advantage in the playoffs, which Washington would claim themselves the following week.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Redskins  30–28
| style="| Redskins  34–14
| Cowboys  28–20–2
| Redskins' first two-game sweep over Cowboys.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  44–14
| style="| Cowboys  13–7
| Cowboys  30–20–2
| Cowboys intercept Redskins QB Joe Theismann five times in the game at Texas Stadium in Irving, TX.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  30–6
| style="| Redskins  41–14
| Cowboys  31–21–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Redskins  13–7
| style="| Redskins  24–20
| Cowboys  31–23–2
| Redskins win Super Bowl XXII.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Redskins  35–17
| style="| Cowboys  24–17
| Cowboys  32–24–2
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Redskins  30–7
| style="| Cowboys  13–3
| Cowboys  33–25–2
| Game at Washington was the Cowboys' lone win of 1989.

|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  27–16
| style="| Redskins  19–15
| Cowboys  34–26–2
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Redskins  33–31
| style="| Cowboys  24–21
| Cowboys  35–27–2
| Redskins win Super Bowl XXVI.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  23–10
| style="| Redskins  20–17
| Cowboys  36–28–2
| Cowboys win Super Bowl XXVII.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  38–3
| style="| Redskins  35–16
| Cowboys  37–29–2
| Cowboys win Super Bowl XXVIII.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  31–7
| style="| Cowboys  34–7
| Cowboys  39–29–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Redskins  24–17
| style="| Redskins  27–23
| Cowboys  39–31–2
| Cowboys win Super Bowl XXX.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  21–10
| style="| Redskins  37–10
| Cowboys  40–32–2
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  17–14
| style="| Redskins  21–16
| Cowboys  41–33–2
| Redskins open FedEx Field (then known as Jack Kent Cooke Stadium).
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  23–7
| style="| Cowboys  31–10
| Cowboys  43–33–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  38–20
| style="| Cowboys  41–35(OT)
| Cowboys  45–33–2
| Cowboys come back from 21-point 4th quarter deficit to win game in Washington.
|-

|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  32–13
| style="| Cowboys  27–21
| Cowboys  47–33–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  9–7
| style="| Cowboys  20–14
| Cowboys  49–33–2
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  27–20
| style="| Redskins  20–14
| Cowboys  50–34–2
| Cowboys win 10 straight meetings (1997–2002).
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  21–14
| style="| Cowboys  27–0
| Cowboys  52–34–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  13–10
| style="| Cowboys  21–18
| Cowboys  54–34–2
| Cowboys win nine straight home meetings (1996–2004).
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Redskins  14–13
| style="| Redskins  35–7
| Cowboys  54–36–2
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  27–10
| style="| Redskins  22–19
| Cowboys  55–37–2
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  28–23
| style="| Redskins  27–6
| Cowboys  56–38–2
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Redskins  26–24
| style="| Cowboys  14–10
| Cowboys  57–39–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  7–6
| style="| Cowboys  17–0
| Cowboys  59–39–2
| Cowboys open AT&T Stadium (then known as Cowboys Stadium). Cowboys clinched a playoff berth in their shutout victory in Washington.
|-

|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  33–30
| style="| Redskins  13–7
| Cowboys  60–40–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  18–16
| style="| Cowboys  27–24(OT)
| Cowboys  62–40–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Redskins  38–31
| style="| Redskins  28–18
| Cowboys  62–42–2
| Game in Washington was the final game of the regular season and a de facto NFC East championship game.  The Redskins won to clinch the division and the Cowboys were left out of the playoffs. The game in Arlington, TX was played on Thanksgiving and was Washington's first-ever win at AT&T Stadium.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  31–16
| style="| Cowboys  24–23
| Cowboys  64–42–2
|
|-
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Redskins  20–17(OT)
| style="| Cowboys  44–17
| Cowboys  65–43–2
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Redskins 34–23
| style="| Cowboys  19–16
| Cowboys  66–44–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  31–26
| style="| Cowboys  27–23
| Cowboys  68–44–2
| Bryant–Norman fight in the game at Dallas's home game.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  38–14
| style="| Cowboys  33–19
| Cowboys  70–44–2
|
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  31–23
| style="| Redskins  20–17
| Cowboys  71–45–2
|
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  47–16
| style="| Cowboys  31–21
| Cowboys  73–45–2
| The game at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, TX was Washington's last game as the "Redskins".
|-

|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Washington  41–16
| style="| Washington  25–3
| Cowboys  73–47–2
| Game in Washington involved Washington linebacker Jon Bostic delivering a violent hit on Andy Dalton (who was starting for Dak Prescott, who was on injured reserve for the season) as he was sliding, causing Dalton to exit the game due to a head injury. Jon Bostic was immediately ejected from the game and later fined. Dalton was sidelined for three weeks. Dallas's home game involved a controversial fake punt attempt by Dallas that eventually led to a Washington lopsided victory.
|-
|
| style="|
| style="| Cowboys  56–14
| style="| Cowboys  27–20
| Cowboys  75–47–2
| Dallas's home game saw Dak Prescott become the first player to throw touchdown passes to a wide receiver, running back, offensive lineman, and a tight end in the same game.  This was also the largest margin of victory in the series.
|-
|
| Tie 1–1
| style="| Cowboys  25–10
| style="| Commanders  26–6
| Cowboys  76–48–2
| Washington Football Team adopts the "Commanders" name. Both games were played with different quarterbacks starting for both teams.
|-

|-
| Regular season
| style="|Cowboys 76–46–2
| Cowboys 42–17–2
| Cowboys 34–29
|
|-
| Postseason
| style="|Commanders 2–0
| no games
| Commanders 2–0
| NFC Championship Game: 1972, 1982.
|-
| Regular and postseason
| style="|Cowboys 76–48–2
| Cowboys 42–17–2
| Cowboys 34–31
|
|-

References

External links

National Football League rivalries
Washington Commanders
Dallas Cowboys
Dallas Cowboys rivalries
Washington Commanders rivalries

Commanders–Cowboys rivalry


Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada (30 November 1662 – 22 February 1743) was a prominent Spanish churchman and statesman during the 18th century.

Biography
Born in Motril, Granada province, he was ordained at the age of 14.  He served as a lector at the cathedral of Córdoba, canon at the cathedral of Zamora, and professor in the Colegio de Santiago in Granada.

He supported Philip V of Spain and the Bourbons during the War of Spanish Succession, and was named by Philip bishop of Cartagena on 9 February 1705, as well as viceroy of Valencia and Murcia.  Pope Clement X named him cardinal on 29 November 1719.  He served as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals (1728–1729), and as a crown-cardinal (circa 1732).

He undertook major urban development and revitalization schemes in Murcia and in Vega Baja del Segura, where he initiated the colonization of uncultivated lands, founded new towns, established a seminary for theologians, drained swamps, and built hospices and hospitals.  The Plaza del Cardenal Belluga in Murcia is named after him.  The Cathedral of Murcia, the episcopal palace of the Diocese of Cartagena, and the Town Hall (with a controversial extension to the town hall by Rafael Moneo) are found on this square.

In 1736, he provided support to the Capuchin missionary Francesco Orazio della Penna when the latter sought help for his mission in Tibet.

Notes

Resources
 (es) Díaz Gómez, J.A. (2017), Luis Antonio Belluga: trayectoria de un cardenal oratoriano y su vinculación a la Chiesa Nuova, Annales Oratorii 15: 121-154.

 (es) Díaz Gómez, J.A. (2016), Arte y mecenazgo en las fundaciones pías del cardenal Belluga bajo los reales auspicios de Felipe V. La irrenunciable herencia filipense, en M.M. Albero Muñoz y M. Pérez Sánchez (eds.), Las artes de un espacio y un tiempo: el setecientos borbónico: 57-75. Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española.
 (es) Linage Conde, A. (1978), Una biografía inédita del cardenal Belluga, por el obispo de Ceuta Martín Barcia (1746), Murgetana 52: 113-134.
 (es) López-Guadalupe Muñoz, J.J. (2004), El mecenazgo artístico del Cardenal Belluga: la Capilla de la Virgen de los Dolores en la Iglesia Mayor de Motril, Imafronte 17: 81-112.
 (es) Vilar Ramírez, J.B. (2001), El cardenal Luis Belluga. Granada: Comares.

1662 births
1743 deaths
Bishops of Cartagena
18th-century Spanish cardinals

Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada


A laser harp is an electronic musical user interface and laser lighting display. It projects several laser beams played by the musician by blocking them to produce sounds, visually reminiscent of a harp. It was popularised by Jean-Michel Jarre, and has been a high-profile feature of almost all his concerts since 1981.

Invention
French composer Bernard Szajner applied to patent the laser harp in 1981. It was granted in 1982, meaning that the French patent office had found no evidence of another inventor of the same or similar instrument before him.

However, Australian inventor Geoffrey Rose claims to have taken out a provisional patent with the United Kingdom's patent office in 1975–1976, and his invention may have been shown and used as early as 1976.

Design

Framed style
The framed style, which is often created to look like a harp with strings, uses an array of photodiodes or photoresistors inside the upper or lower part of the frame to detect blocking of the laser beams. The framed harp built by Geoffrey Rose in 1975–1976 was an octagonal shape with a 5×5 matrix of laser beams. The lasers can be mounted on the 'neck' or upper side of the harp, shining down, or on the body, shining up. Typically, the lasers used are very low-powered 5 mW red or green lasers, which are considered safe for public interaction by the FDA. Any number of laser beams can be arranged in this type of laser harp, from as few as one or two, up to 32 or more, depending on the capacity of the MIDI controller(s) and software being used. This style can be built in any size, from a lap-sized harp to a room-sized installation, or larger. In this design, only an analog trigger is created by the breaking of the beam (and the DC circuit made by the beam shining on the optic sensor), which is sufficient to trigger any number of events (musical or otherwise) as determined by the data analyzer or software in question. In the MIDI controller, this analog DC current interruption is converted to a digital signal, which is then used to trigger many possible events or actions. Some software comes equipped with full wave file editors and synthesizers, and can also trigger video and still imagery via projection units.

Unframed style
This style of laser harp is generally built using a single laser, splitting its beam into an array of beams in parallel or fan arrangement.  Playing the actual sound is usually handled by connecting the laser harp to a synthesizer, sampler or computer.

This frameless design is more elaborate than the framed style, relying on reflecting the light back to a single photodiode. The fan of laser beams is actually a single beam scanned into a fan pattern. By matching the timing of the reflected beam, the instrument can determine which beam the player is blocking and sound the corresponding note. Alternative designs use multiple lasers. In these designs, each laser can be independently controlled (pulsed on and off) to

Several techniques generate more control data, such as a continuous range of values like those in typical MIDI controllers:
 An infrared or ultrasonic rangefinder attached to the instrument that determines the position of the hand that blocks a beam
 A laser-based rangefinder that determines the distance from the hand to the laser's starting or ending point (and possibly using this laser itself as the string)—or a variation of this that uses the intensity of the sensor signal itself
 A camera that tracks position and motion of the laser dot on the hand, or length of the exposed beam if visible, then calculates a continuous value based upon a reference

The first of these is relatively inexpensive and straightforward to implement, and can use the same micro-controller that drives the lasers and reads the detectors.

The advantage of a dedicated sensor mechanism is that the instrument can be self-contained, as opposed to requiring a computer to control it with input from an ILDA interface and USB camera. The PC-based approach, however, offers more flexibility and can be constructed with mostly off-the-shelf hardware.

Unframed laser harps benefit from the use of higher-power lasers, as they facilitate easier detection by the sensor system. As the sensor is exposed to all ambient light, it can be swamped by stage lighting behind the artist if the sensitivity is too high. To avoid this, the system can use ambient light sensors to reject ambient light. The player may use white or light-coloured gloves to improve performance by scattering more light off the player's hands to provide the sensor with a higher signal-to-noise ratio with respect to ambient light. Furthermore, the gloves protect the player's skin from potentially hazardous laser radiation and give audiences a more visual impression of the instrument.

Unframed style, "image recognition"
The image recognition laser harp is also an unframed design, but uses a high-speed USB camera connected to a laptop computer, instead of a photodiode to detect the reflected light from the hand breaking the beam. The digital picture is analyzed by the computer software to determine which beam is broken and send the appropriate MIDI signal back to the synthesizer, which is responsible for creating the sound. The computer also controls the laser projector via an ILDA USB laser controller.

Bicolour
In 2008, Maurizio Carelli, an Italian software and electronic engineer, had the idea of a red-and-green bicolour laser harp. This device features a configurable full octave with both diatonic and chromatic notes. Green beams indicate diatonic notes and red ones mark chromatic notes.

Multicolour

In 2005, a free multicolour laser harp project using an ILDA interface was shared on laser discussion boards and revealed the same year at a German meeting.

As the project has grown, software was developed to simulate and control the hardware.

Notable uses
The laser harp became famous in Asia by Japanese artist Susumu Hirasawa.

In Jean-Michel Jarre concerts

Jean-Michel Jarre uses the laser harp in almost every concert, with the exception of Aero and the Oxygene 30th Anniversary Tour. He almost always uses it in the third part of Second Rendez-Vous, but has also used it for tracks like Third Rendez-Vous, Chronologie 3, Calypso 2,  Oxygene 7 and Time Machine. The characteristic sound of the laser harp in Jean-Michel Jarre's performances comes from a factory preset on the Elka Synthex synthesizer.

During Jarre's 2009 In-Doors Arena Tour, he commented on his blog that he "should make a few intentional mistakes for people to really understand that it is live".  Later the same day, at a concert in Helsinki, the harp "suddenly froze in Rendez Vous 2 for unknown reasons".

In art
Laser harps have appeared in a number of designs. They have also been used in public art installations, such as those by Jen Lewin at the Lincoln Center in 2000 and at Burning Man in 2005 and 2012, as well as those created by Johnny Dwork at the Harmony Festival in 2011, at the Portland Art Museum in 2012, at The Tech Museum of Innovation in 2014, and at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry in 2015.

See also
 Beamz
 Laser safety

References

External links

Electronic musical instruments
Harps
Laser art

Laser harp


Mysterium is an unfinished musical work by composer Alexander Scriabin.  He started working on the composition in 1903, but left it incomplete when he died in 1915. Scriabin planned that the work would be synesthetic, exploiting the senses of smell and touch as well as hearing. He wrote that
"There will not be a single spectator. All will be participants. The work requires special people, special artists and a completely new culture. The cast of performers includes an orchestra, a large mixed choir, an instrument with visual effects, dancers, a procession, incense, and rhythmic textural articulation. The cathedral in which it will take place will not be of one single type of stone but will continually change with the atmosphere and motion of the Mysterium.  This will be done with the aid of mists and lights, which will modify the architectural contours."

Scriabin intended the performance to be in the foothills of the Himalayas in India, a week-long event that would be followed by the end of the world and the replacement of the human race with "nobler beings".

At the time of his death, Scriabin had sketched 72 pages of a prelude to the Mysterium, entitled Prefatory Action. Alexander Nemtin spent 28 years reforming this sketch into a three-hour-long work, "Preparation for the Final Mystery" in 3 parts: Part 1 "Universe", Part 2 "Mankind", and Part 3 "Transfiguration". Part 1 was recorded in 1973, conducted by Kiril Kondrashin, released LP 1973;  in 1996 Vladimir Ashkenazy recorded all 3 parts with  Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin.

In popular culture

Scriabin's Mysterium is depicted in Issue 3 of the graphic novel trilogy Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons (2015).

The Black Tapes podcast (2015 – 2017) uses Scriabin's Mysterium as a potential example of someone trying to access supernatural forces.

See also
Synesthesia in art

References

External links
CD Review
Biography of Scriabin, including a description of the Mysterium
Article
Scriabin in the Himalayas
 "Scriabin's Mysterium and the Birth of Genius" by Emanuel E. Garcia

Compositions by Alexander Scriabin
Unfinished musical compositions
Apocalyptic music

Mysterium (Scriabin)


Eric Lenge (born 1971 - ) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo led a failed coup during June 2004 against the Government of Joseph Kabila. He had reached the rank of Major in the Special Presidential Security Group, the branch of the Congolese military in charge of Presidential security.

The coup began with a power blackout before taking over Congolese state radio and announcing that he intended to neutralise the transitional support.

The security forces fought forces loyal to Kabila at the Presidential palace with the loyalists soon gaining the upper hand. Lenge fled the capital with 21 others towards the province of Bas-Congo. As of the middle of 2004, he had not been captured.

Senior members of President Kabila's Government were later dismissed as a result of suspicion in the coup including Presidential adviser Kifua Adamasi, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Of Staff Admiral Liwanga Mata. Former National Security Minister Mwenze Kongolo, a loyalist of former President Laurent Kabila met with Lenge five hours before the start of the coup with Katangese partisans suspected by diplomats of involvement. A failure to pay arrears to the troops was another factor. Some Opposition newspapers believe that the incident was a ploy to consolidate Joseph Kabila in power.

In the first half of 2006, a series of letters purported to be from Major Eric Lenge have been sent to Congolese media groups, all ridiculing President Joseph Kabila's regime, contesting his citizenship, his filiation to Laurent Kabila, and his being unwed.

References
 Washington Post "Congo says troops are hunting leader of failed coup attempt" 13 June 2004 retrieved 10 December 2005
 The Sun-Herald, "Congo rebels threaten peace deal" 13 June 2004 Accessed via the Australia New Zealand Reference Centre 10 December 2005
  UK Immigration and Nationality Directorate "Congo Bulletin 1, 2004"
 The New York Times "Life in Congo: Another Coup, Another Crisis" 20 June 2004 published on Global Policy org retrieved 10 December 2005

1971 births
Living people
Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people

Eric Lenge


Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro, 2nd Baron of Itamaracá (April 30, 1804 – January 5, 1868) was a Brazilian poet, orator, diplomat, politician, physician and journalist. He is the patron of the 27th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, patron of the 7th chair of the Pernambucan Academy of Letters, and of the 23rd chair of the National Academy of Medicine.

Life
Monteiro was born in Recife, Pernambuco, to Manuel Francisco Maciel Monteiro (who was the brother of the previous Baron of Itamaracá, Tomás Antônio Maciel Monteiro) and Manuela Lins de Melo. After making preparatory studies in Olinda, he went to France in 1823, where he graduated in Medicine, Science and Letters at the University of Paris. In 1829, he returns to Recife, where he becomes a doctor for a short time — he would abandon his medical career to become a politician.

He was a provincial deputy in 1833 and a general deputy from 1834 to 1844, and again from 1850 to 1853. He was also the minister of Foreign Affairs from 1837 to 1839, and the headmaster of the Faculdade de Direito de Olinda from 1839 to 1844. As a journalist, he worked for journals O Lidador, A Carranca and A União. In 1853, following his diplomatic career, he went to Lisbon, where his diplomatic acting would give him the title of second Baron of Itamaracá, in a post that would last until his death, in 1868. His remains were brought to Pernambuco in 1870, and, in 1872, he was buried at a mausoleum built for him, in the bairro of Santo Amaro, in Recife.

Works
Monteiro's poems were published posthumously, in 1905, under the name Poesias (Poetry).

External links
 Monteiro's biography, Brazilian Academy of Letters
 Poems by Monteiro, Brazilian Academy of Letters

1804 births
1868 deaths
19th-century Brazilian poets
Brazilian medical writers
Brazilian journalists
Politicians from Recife
People from Recife
Romantic poets
University of Paris alumni
Portuguese-language writers
Patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Brazilian nobility
Brazilian male poets
Foreign ministers of Brazil
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Empire of Brazil)
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
19th-century journalists
Brazilian male journalists
19th-century Brazilian male writers


Leo Vincent Gordon (December 2, 1922 – December 26, 2000) was an American character actor and screenwriter. During more than 40 years in film and television he was most frequently cast as a supporting actor playing brutish bad guys but occasionally played more sympathetic roles just as effectively.

Early life and career
Gordon was born in Brooklyn in New York City on December 2, 1922. Reared by his father in dire poverty, Gordon grew up during the Great Depression. He left school in the eighth grade, went to work in construction and demolition, and then joined the New Deal agency, the Civilian Conservation Corps, in which he participated in various public works projects. After the United States entered World War II in 1941, Gordon enlisted in the U.S. Army, in which he served for two years and received an honorable discharge. Gordon was in southern California where he and a cohort attempted to rob a bar and its patrons with a pistol. He was shot in the stomach by one of the officers making the arrest. Convicted of armed robbery, he served five years in San Quentin Prison, where he furthered his education by reading nearly every book in the library.

Gordon took advantage of the benefits accorded him as part of the G.I. Bill and began taking acting lessons at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (ADA). During his time at the ADA, Gordon was enrolled with several future screen legends including Grace Kelly and Anne Bancroft. For a time, Jason Robards, later a two-time Academy Award winner, was Gordon's instructor. It was there where he also met his future wife, Lynn Cartwright, who would have a sporadic but lengthy career as a character actor, mainly in television (though her most famous role came in the 1992 movie A League Of Their Own when she played Geena Davis's aging character "Dottie Hinson"). They were married in 1950 and remained together until his death a half century later. They had one child, a daughter named Tara.

Actor in film and television
Gordon started his career on the stage and worked with fellow actors Edward G. Robinson and Tyrone Power. He was soon discovered by a Hollywood agent in a Los Angeles production of Darkness at Noon. Over the course of his career Gordon would appear in more than 170 film and television productions from the early 1950s to the mid-1990s.

In 1954 Gordon portrayed the outlaw Bill Doolin, a native Arkansan who founded the Wild Bunch gang and operated primarily in Kansas, on the syndicated television series Stories of the Century, starring and narrated by Jim Davis.

In 1955 he was cast on the ABC religion anthology series Crossroads in the role of Sergeant Leroy in "All My Love". In 1958 he appeared as Joe Brock in the episode "Desert Fury" of CBS's Tales of the Texas Rangers. That same year Gordon was cast as Zip Wyatt in "Three Wanted Men" of Rex Allen's syndicated Western series Frontier Doctor. He also played a gunslinging professional killer in the pilot for the television version of Gunsmoke; but many changes were later instituted on the series, such as the marshal's office and Long Branch Saloon looking markedly different and the relationship between Matt Dillon and Kitty being subtly more formal as well, so the episode was buried deep in the season in the hope that viewers would not notice, which apparently worked.  This pilot likely was S1E26's "Hack Prine".

Gordon was often cast to make the most of his  height, intense features, deep menacing voice, and icy stare. He had radiant light blue eyes. One of his earliest films was Riot in Cell Block 11, shot at Folsom prison. The film's director, Don Siegel, who worked with such screen tough guys as Clint Eastwood and John Wayne, related that "Leo Gordon was the scariest man I have ever met."

Other notable roles included that of John Dillinger in Siegel's Baby Face Nelson, opposite Mickey Rooney as the crazed protagonist. Gordon may be most noted for his recurring Irish character Big Mike McComb on the ABC/Warner Brothers Western television series Maverick, working from 1957 to 1960 alongside James Garner and Jack Kelly. Gordon's five appearances in the role include the much remembered episode "Shady Deal at Sunny Acres", "According to Hoyle" and "Plunder of Paradise" as well as "War of the Silver Kings", the first installment broadcast. Garner later recalled in his videotaped interview for the Archive of American Television that Gordon purposely punched him for real in one of their first scenes together and that Garner hit him back when filming the next scene. This is obviously visible when Gordon first hits Garner in the stomach, slamming Garner back against a closet door. Garner and Gordon reunited in the 1970s when Gordon appeared as a dimwitted bodyguard on four episodes of NBC's The Rockford Files starring Garner.

Gordon appeared in multiple roles on Robert Stack's 1959 ABC crime drama The Untouchables. Gordon also guest-starred on the ABC/WB western series The Alaskans opposite Roger Moore. He was cast as Damian in the 1961 episode "Million Dollar Suit" of the ABC/WB crime drama The Roaring 20s. He also appeared on the NBC Western series Empire and Laredo.

One of Gordon's best-remembered television appearances was on CBS's The Andy Griffith Show in the episode "High Noon in Mayberry", in which he portrays an ex-convict who appears destined for revenge against Sheriff Andy Taylor of fictitious Mayberry. The screenwriters for the episode, Jim Fritzell and Everett Greenbaum, borrowed heavily from Gordon's brief criminal career and subsequent incarceration in order to supplement the role.

Perhaps Gordon's single most memorable film scene occurred in McLintock! (1963), during which John Wayne knocks him down a long mudslide after uttering the famous line "Somebody oughta belt you in the mouth. But I won't! I won't! The hell I won't." Another notable role was in the 1966 western The Night of the Grizzly opposite Clint Walker, one of the very few actors who could match Gordon's intense screen presence regarding physical size and strength. Gordon played bounty hunter Cass Dowdy, who had a soft spot for his enemy's son but would, as one character said, "...hunt anything for a price, man or animal." Somehow, Gordon managed to make his character as sympathetic as he was frightening, and in his final scene he gives his life to save the boy.

Gordon portrayed sympathetic parts when called upon to do so, including his performances in the Western Black Patch (1957), a film that he wrote, and in Roger Corman's civil rights drama The Intruder (1962), opposite a young William Shatner.

In 1965, he was cast as the troublemaker Bender in the syndicated western series Death Valley Days in the episode "No Gun Behind His Badge", a dramatization of the Abilene, Kansas, marshal Thomas J. Smith, depicted in the segment by series host (and future U.S. President) Ronald Reagan. The episode also starred Michael Witney as Wild Bill Hickok, who succeeded Smith as marshal. In 1970 Gordon appeared as Loma Bartender on The Men From Shiloh (rebranded name for The Virginian) on the episode titled "Hannah."

Gordon also appeared as aging wrestler Milo Stavroupolis on NBC's Little House on the Prairie, starring Michael Landon.

Gordon's final role was as Wyatt Earp in a 1994 episode of the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. He also appeared in the film Maverick that same year with Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and James Garner.He starred in Tombstone Territory, Laramie and both acted in and wrote for Adam 12.

Screenwriter and novelist
Gordon was also a prolific screenwriter and novelist.  Usually credited as "Leo V. Gordon", he wrote dozens of scripts for television series and movies, sometimes writing a good role for himself. His first successful film script, The Cry Baby Killer, featured a young and unknown Jack Nicholson. Among the more notable feature films he wrote was You Can't Win 'Em All (1970) starring Tony Curtis and Charles Bronson. He also wrote the screenplay and appeared in Tobruk (1967), which starred Rock Hudson and George Peppard and was directed by Arthur Hiller. As a television screenwriter he wrote nearly 50 scripts apiece for Bonanza, Cheyenne and Maverick, in the episodes in which he was not a guest star. In the 1970s he appeared frequently as well on the popular police drama Adam-12, another show that he often scripted. Gordon once told an interviewer that because of his imposing size he never felt he was fully accepted as a screenwriter: "Writing is more rewarding than acting, but look at my face. Nobody believes I'm a writer. I should be 5' 8", 142 pounds, wear patches on my elbows and horn-rimmed glasses and smoke a pipe. That's a writer!" In addition to his script work for films and television Gordon wrote or co-wrote several novels, including the historical Western Powderkeg.

Personal life
In 1997 Gordon received the Golden Boot Award for his many years working in Westerns.

Gordon died, aged 78, on December 26, 2000. His ashes and those of his wife are together in a memorial display in a columbarium at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles.

Complete filmography

1950s
China Venture (1953) as Sgt. Hank Janowicz
City of Bad Men (1953) as Russell (uncredited)
Gun Fury (1953) as Tom "Jess" Burgess
All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953) as Peter How
Hondo (1953) as Ed Lowe
Riot in Cell Block 11 (1954) as Crazy Mike Carnie
The Egyptian (1954) as Minor Role (uncredited)
The Yellow Mountain (1954) as Drake
Sign of the Pagan (1954) as Bleda
The Bamboo Prison (1954) as Pike
Ten Wanted Men (1955) as Frank Scavo
Seven Angry Men (1955) as Martin White
Santa Fe Passage (1955) as Tuss McLawery
Soldier of Fortune (1955) as Big Matt
Robbers' Roost (1955) as Jeff
Tennessee's Partner (1955) as The Sheriff
Man with the Gun (1955) as Ed Pinchot
The Conqueror (1956) as Tartar Captain
The Steel Jungle (1956) as Lupo
Red Sundown (1956) as Rod Zellman
The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956) as Chauffeur (uncredited)
Great Day in the Morning (1956) as Zeff Masterson
Johnny Concho (1956) as Mason
7th Cavalry (1956) as Vogel
The Restless Breed (1957) as Cherokee
Lure of the Swamp (1957) as Steggins, Insurance Investigator
Black Patch (1957) as Hank Danner
The Tall Stranger (1957) as Stark
Baby Face Nelson (1957) as John Dillinger
Man in the Shadow (1957) as Chet Huneker
The Notorious Mr. Monks (1958) as Chip Klamp
Quantrill's Raiders (1958) as Quantrill
The Cry Baby Killer (1958) as Man in Crowd (uncredited)
Apache Territory (1958) as Zimmerman
Ride a Crooked Trail (1958) as Sam Mason
Escort West (1958) as Trooper Vogel
The Big Operator (1959) as Danny Sacanzi
The Jayhawkers! (1959) as Jake Barton

1960s
Noose for a Gunman (1960) as Link Roy
The Nun and the Sergeant (1962) as Dockman
The Intruder (1962) as Sam Griffin
Tarzan Goes to India (1962) as Bryce, Head Engineer
The Raven (1963) as Grimes (uncredited voice)
The Haunted Palace (1963) as Edgar Weeden / Ezra Weeden
McLintock! (1963) as Jones
Kings of the Sun (1963) as Hunac Ceel
Kitten with a Whip (1964) as Enders
The Girls on the Beach (1965) as Second Waiter (uncredited)
The Dictator's Guns (1965) as Morrison
The Night of the Grizzly (1966) as Cass Dowdy
Beau Geste (1966) as Krauss
Tobruk (1967) as Sgt. Krug
Devil's Angels (1967) as Sheriff Henderson
The St. Valentine's Day Massacre (1967) as Heitler
Hostile Guns (1967) as Hank Pleasant
Buckskin (1968) as Travis

1970s
You Can't Win 'Em All (1970) as Bolek
The Trackers (1971, TV Movie) as Higgins
Bonnie's Kids (1973) as Charley
My Name Is Nobody (1973) as Red
Nashville Girl (1976) as Burt
The Lucifer Complex (1978) as Norris (uncredited)
Son of Hitler (1978) as Tuennes
Bog (1979) as Dr. John Warren

1980s
Rage! (1980, TV Movie) as Cal's Father
M.A.D.D.: Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (1983, TV Movie) as Officer Horvath
Fire and Ice (1983) as Jarol
The Rousters (1983, TV Movie) as Unhappy Gun Buyer
Savage Dawn (1985) as Sheriff
The All American Cowboy (1985, TV Movie)
The Garbage Pail Kids Movie (1987) as Guard #1
Big Top Pee-wee (1988) as Joe the Blacksmith
Saturday the 14th Strikes Back (1988) as The Evil One
Alienator (1989) as Col. Coburn

1990s
Mob Boss (1990) as Don O'Reily
Maverick (1994) as Poker Player
The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Hollywood Follies (1994, TV Movie) as Wyatt Earp (final film role)

Partial television credits
 Official Detective - episode "Muggers" (1958) as Joseph Kirku
 Sea Hunt - episode "Flooded Mine" (1958) as panicky miner
 Bat Masterson - episode "Dude's Folly" (1958) as Joe Quince and episode "Law of the Land (1960) as Red Eric Peterson
 Cheyenne - episode "The Outlander" (1955) as MacDonald
 Gunsmoke - five episodes (1956-1974)
 Broken Arrow – episode "The Raiders" (1956) as Will Carr
 Tales of Wells Fargo - three episodes (1957-1961)
 Maverick - five episodes (1957–1959)
 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color - two episodes (1958)
 The Rifleman (1958-1963) - two episodes
 The Walter Winchell File - episode "The Witness" (1957) as Robinson
 Perry Mason - episode "The Case of the Dangerous Dowager" (1959) as Charles Duncan
 Bonanza – 3 episodes (1959-1968) as Early Thorne / Forsythe / Fargo Taylor
 Have Gun - Will Travel as Harkness in S4E16 "The Sanctuary" (1960)
 The Untouchables - two episodes (1960)
 The Andy Griffith Show – episode "High Noon in Mayberry" (1963) as Luke Comstock
 Laredo – episode "Lazyfoot, Where Are You?" (1965) as Moose
 Daniel Boone – episode "A Rope for Mingo" (1965) as Silas Morgan
 Laredo – episode "The Land Slickers" (1966) as Wayne Emerson
 Rango – episode "The Daring Holdup of the Deadwood Stage" (1967) as Slade
 McCloud – episode "Horse Stealing on Fifth Avenue" (1970) as Officer Shannen
 O'Hara, U.S. Treasury – episode "Operation: Hijack" (1971) as Harry Wilson
 Alias Smith and Jones – episode "Smiler with a Gun" (1971) as Ebenezer
 Hec Ramsey – episode "The Mystery of Chalk Hill" (1973) as Shaneley
 The F.B.I. – episode "Diamond Run" (1974) as Drunk Driver
 Adam-12 - five episodes (1971-1975)
 Cannon – episode "A Touch of Venom" (1975) as Jack Danvers
 The Rockford Files - four episodes (1978-1979)
 Little House on the Prairie – episode "The King Is Dead" (1979) as Milo Stavroupolis
 Fantasy Island - two episodes (1980-1981)
 The Winds of War (1983 TV miniseries) as General "Train" Anderson
 Magnum, P.I. – episode "The People vs. Orville Wright" (1987) as Croquet Player
 The Dukes of Hazzard – episode "Deputy Dukes" (1979) as Rocky Marlowe

References

External links

1922 births
2000 deaths
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male novelists
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Los Angeles
Male Spaghetti Western actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
Civilian Conservation Corps people
Military personnel from New York City
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
American people convicted of robbery
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American novelists
Western (genre) television actors
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Screenwriters from California
20th-century American screenwriters
Cartwright family

Leo Gordon


Fort Beaufort (Xhosa: iBhofolo), officially renamed KwaMaqoma in March 2023, is a town in the Amatole District of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province, and had a population of 25,668 in 2011. The town was established in 1837 and became a municipality in 1883. The town lies at the confluence of the Kat River and Brak River between the Keiskamma and Great Fish Rivers. KwaMaqoma serves as a mini-'dormitory' for academic staff and students of Fort Hare University, based in the nearby town of Alice, and is also close to Sulphur Springs.

It is also the birthplace of South African politician and anti-apartheid activist who is also the first Premier of the Eastern Cape Raymond Mhlaba and his former first wife Joyce Meke.

History
The roots of Fort Beaufort is a mission station that the Reverend Joseph Williams of the London Missionary Society established in 1816. In 1822, Colonel Maurice Scott of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment constructed a blockhouse about three miles from the mission station as a military frontier post and stronghold against raids by the Xhosa under their chief, Maqoma.  The British named it Fort Beaufort to honour the Duke of Beaufort, father of Lord Charles Henry Somerset, first British governor of the Cape Colony (1814 to 1826). After the 6th Xhosa War (1834–1835), Governor Sir Benjamin d'Urban authorised construction of a fort at the site of the original blockhouse. The new buildings included a military hospital, guard houses, infantry barracks, and officers' quarters.

In 1839, the British commenced work on what is probably the world's only inland Martello tower, a small, circular Napoleonic era design hitherto used only in coastal defences.  The tower was completed in 1846. Today, the original howitzer remains mounted on the roof on a traversing carriage that gives it a 360-degree field of fire.  The tower has been restored after having served for some time as a public latrine.

In 1840 Fort Beaufort became a town. Around this time Andrew Geddes Bain built the first road, including the Ecca Pass, from Grahamstown, to Fort Beaufort.

During the 8th Xhosa War (1850–53), also known as the War of Mlanjeni, anti-British forces unsuccessfully attacked the town. Harmanus Matroos, alias Ngxukumeshe, was a half-Khoikhoi and half-Xhosa. He started the war on 30 December 1850 by capturing a small outpost near Fort Beaufort. Matroos had served the British in the 7th Xhosa War (1846–47), also known as the War of the Axe. Matroos fell on 8 January 1851 during his third attack on Fort Beaufort.

British troops occupied the town until 1870.

In 1949 the first congregation of the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church) seceded from Alice due to demographic changes.

Schools
Schools in the area include the historic Healdtown Comprehensive School. Fort Beaufort has number of high schools that include:

Eyabantu High, Inyibiba High, Lindani High, Winterberg High, Thubalethu High, Sakhululeka High, and the newly built Lighthouse Academy.

Culture

Healthcare today
Fort Beaufort has three governmental hospitals, namely Fort Beaufort Provincial Hospital, Tower Psychiatric Hospital, and Winterberg TB (previous SANTA) Hospital. There are also seven primary healthcare clinics in the area, namely C.C. Lloyd (in the CBD), Newtown, Hillside, Thozamile, Lulama Kama, Healdtown and Mxelo.

Notable people

Raymond Mhlaba (first Premier of the Eastern Cape)
Josiah Gumede (President of the ANC 1927-1930)
Charlotte Maxeke (First President of the ANCWL)
Ian Roberts (Actor)
Ken Gampu (Actor)
Ian Roberts (Actor/Director)
Donald Gray (Actor)
Tony Yengeni (Politician)
Oliver Zono (Rugby Player)
Ali Mgijima (Rugby Player )(Went to school in the area)
John Dugard (Professor of International Law)
Ollie le Roux (Rugby Player)

See also

 List of Castles and Fortifications in South Africa

References

Populated places in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality
Beaufort
Populated places established in 1822
1822 establishments in the British Empire

Fort Beaufort


Felix Galimir (May 20, 1910, Vienna – November 10, 1999, New York) was an Austrian-born American violinist and music teacher.

Born in a Sephardic Jewish family Vienna; his first language was Ladino.
 He studied with Adolf Bak and Simon Pullman at the Vienna Conservatory from the age of twelve and graduated in 1928. With his three sisters he founded the Galimir Quartet in 1927 to commemorate the centenary of the death of Ludwig van Beethoven. During the early 1930s Galimir studied with Carl Flesch in Berlin. In 1936, the Galimir Quartet recorded the Lyric Suite of Alban Berg and the String Quartet of Maurice Ravel under the supervision of the composers, who were present during the rehearsals and recording sessions.

In 1936, he joined the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. He was harassed because of his Jewish ethnicity – at one performance, writes Allan Kozinn, "just as the lights went down, the principal clarinetist called out, in a voice audible throughout the theater, 'Galimir – have you eaten your matzos today?'" The next season, the orchestra expelled him because he was Jewish. He then emigrated to Palestine to join the newly founded Palestine Symphony Orchestra.

"My mother was Austrian, but as my father was Romanian, we were considered enemy aliens and lived in fear of internment", he said of his family's plight in World War I.

In 1938, Galimir moved to New York, where he founded another quartet and served as member of the NBC Symphony Orchestra from 1939 to 1956.(later, when the NBC ensemble was disbanded, Galimir was concertmaster of the Symphony of the Air.) In the 1950s he began acquiring a reputation as a music teacher and began teaching at The Juilliard School in New York in 1962 and from 1972 at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. In 1976 he began teaching at Mannes College of Music in New York.

In 1952, after the death of Adolf Busch, pianist Rudolf Serkin asked Galimir to join the faculty of the Marlboro Music Festival, where he was in residence every year from 1954 until his death in 1999.

Galimir died on November 10, 1999, aged 89, of natural causes and has since been honoured with memorial concerts and competitions in his name.

References

Bibliography
 Felix Galimir Obituary Los Angeles Times

1910 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Austrian people
20th-century classical violinists
Austrian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Jewish classical musicians
Concertmasters
Austrian Sephardi Jews
Austrian emigrants to Israel
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Musicians from Vienna
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American violinists

Felix Galimir


John the Deacon ( or Giovanni da Venezia;  940–45 – died after 1018) was a Venetian deacon, secretary to the doge of Venice and a chronicler.

The Venetian chronicle
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913):
The oldest chronicle of Venice, known as the Chronicon Sagornini, was compiled by deacon John, the chaplain and perhaps a relative of the Doge Pietro II Orseolo (991–1009). John enjoyed the confidence of this doge, and was often sent as his ambassador to Holy Roman Emperors Otto III and Henry II. In the first part of his chronicle, which deals with the early period of the republic, the narrative is often confused and deficient; later it becomes more accurate and complete, and for the time in which the writer himself lived it is particularly valuable. He carries the narrative to 1008 and treats in detail of the reign of Pietro Orseolo.

John's chronicle is a key primary source for the history of Slavic peoples and polities in Dalmatia during the 9th and 10th centuries, for which he probably drew on earlier documents. He distinguishes between the Narentines, who lived about the mouth of the Neretva River, and another, more northerly group that would give rise to the principality of Croatia and later still, the kingdom of Croatia. John reports on the troublesome dealings of Doge John (829–836) and his successor Peter (836–864) with the Neretva Slavs; the Pactum Lotharii of 840 and the Venetian-Frankish alliance against Slavic piracy; Domagoj and the wars about the Istrian region; the coup of the Slavic principality by Zdeslav; the usurper Branimir; and naval warfare against the Narentine Slavs in 887 and 948. For his own time, John reports on the successes of his master, Doge Peter (II) Orseolo (991–1009), against the "Slav Croats", his clashes with both Croats and Narentines over the possession of Zadar, and the submission of Dalmatian rulers (except the "king of the Croats") to Venice.

John has also been erroneously credited with the Chronicon Gradense, which is in the manuscripts usually given with Chronicon Venetum.

Notes

References

Editions

10th-century births
1009 deaths
10th-century Venetian people
11th-century Italian historians
Medieval Venetian historians
11th-century Venetian  writers
11th-century writers in Latin

John the Deacon (Venetian chronicler)


The Caudron C.101 and its variants, the C.103, C.104 and C.107 were French two seat reconnaissance aircraft flown from 1925, differing in their engines.

Design and development

The C.101 was designed to be a deep reconnaissance aircraft with the performance of contemporary fighters and able to carry some offensive weapons.  The military classification was Grandes Raids (G.R.) (English: major flights). It was a wooden single bay sesquiplane with strongly outward leaning interplane struts. A tandem pair of inverse V-form cabane struts supported the upper wing over the fuselage. In plan both upper and lower fabric covered wings were rectangular apart from angled tips and a semi-circular cut-out in the upper trailing edge to improve the pilot's upward view. The lower wings were almost a 63% scaled copy of the upper ones, with the same aspect ratio. There were ailerons on the upper wings only.

The four different versions had engines of three different configurations, two water-cooled V-12 engines and two  radial engines, one a single row nine cylinder, air-cooled unit and the other an eighteen-cylinder, water-cooled in-line radial engine. Although they were all in the  power range, their layouts required very different cowlings and resulted in a range of lengths. Otherwise the C.101-7 variants all had the same dimensions, though the weights varied. They all were fitted with two way radio and had generous fuel capacity for a good range; the tank of the C.103 at least could be released in an emergency to prevent it catching fire.

The pilot's open cockpit was under the wing cut-out; the observer sat close behind in a cockpit equipped with twin machine guns on a Scarff ring type mounting. The fin of the C.101 was triangular and broad chord and the rudder had a straight, vertical edge which extended down to the keel. As the rectangular plan tailplane was mounted on top of the fuselage, the balanced, overhung elevators had a cut-out for rudder movement. The C.101 had a fixed tailwheel undercarriage, with its mainwheels on a single axle which was sprung from V-form struts.

The Caudron C.101 was probably first flown in the first half of 1925 as test pilot Bécheler completed its official testing in that August. Even though the output of the Salmson engine, the most powerful of the set, was 19% more than that of the Gnome-Rhône, the maximum speed at ground level of the C.107 was only 4% more than that of the C.104.  The two  V-12 engines in the C.101 and C.103 produced speeds of  and  respectively, the former faster than the more powerful C.107 and the latter only slightly faster than the lowest powered C.104.

The Caudron C.104 was displayed at the 10th Paris Salon in December 1926. As well as the observer's guns, visible in images of the C.101, C.104 and drawings of the C.107, two more machine gun positions were noted: one fixed, forward firing synchronised pair controlled by the pilot and another single gun aimed by the observer through his cockpit floor. There was internal provision for twelve  bombs. Since these arms were required by the military specification, they were probably shared by the other variants.

The number of airframes built is not certain; there is only photographic evidence of the C.101 and C.104 and these may have shared the same airframe. Only the C.101 appeared, as F-ESAI, on the French civil aircraft register.

Variants

Data from Hauet (2001) pp. 194–5
Caudron C.101  Hispano-Suiza 12H upright water-cooled V-12. Maximum speed at ground level .
Caudron C.103  Lorraine 12Db water-cooled V-12. Maximum speed at ground level .
Caudron C.104  Gnome-Rhône 9Ab Jupiter air-cooled 9-cylinder radial engine. Maximum speed at ground level
Caudron C.107  Salmson 18CMb water-cooled 18-cylinder radial engine. Maximum speed at ground level

Specifications (C.101)

References

C.101
1920s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925

Caudron C.101