Foo Fighters is an American rock band formed in Seattle in 1994. Founded initially as a one-man project by former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl, the lineup now consists of Grohl (lead vocals, guitar), Nate Mendel (bass guitar), Chris Shiflett and Pat Smear (guitars), Rami Jaffee (keyboards), and Josh Freese (drums).

Grohl formed the project after the breakup of Nirvana in 1994 to release solo material. Prior to the release of Foo Fighters' 1995 eponymous debut album, he recruited Mendel and William Goldsmith (drums), both formerly of Sunny Day Real Estate, and Smear, who had played with Nirvana on tour. The band began with performances in Portland, Oregon. Goldsmith quit during the recording of their second album, The Colour and the Shape (1997); most of the drum parts were re-recorded by Grohl. Smear departed soon afterward.

Smear and Goldsmith were replaced by Franz Stahl (guitar) and Taylor Hawkins (drums); Stahl was fired before the recording of the group's third album, There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999). The band briefly continued as a trio until Shiflett joined after the completion of There Is Nothing Left to Lose, solidifying the core of their lineup. Foo Fighters released their fourth album, One by One, in 2002. It was followed with the two-disc In Your Honor (2005), which was split between acoustic songs and heavier material. Foo Fighters released their sixth album, Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace, in 2007.

For Foo Fighters' seventh studio album, Wasting Light (2011), produced by Butch Vig, Smear returned as a full member, after having appeared frequently with the band since 2005. Sonic Highways (2014) was released as the soundtrack to the television miniseries directed by Grohl. Concrete and Gold (2017) was the second Foo Fighters album to reach number one in the United States and their first studio album to feature their longtime session and touring keyboardist Jaffee as a full member. The band's tenth album, Medicine at Midnight (2021), was the last before Hawkins' death in March 2022; Freese was announced as the band's new drummer the following year. Their eleventh album, But Here We Are, was released in June 2023.

Foo Fighters have won 15 Grammy Awards, including Best Rock Album five times, making them among the most successful rock acts in Grammy history. In 2021, the band was announced as recipients of the first-ever "Global Icon" award at the 2021 MTV Video Music Awards. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2021, their first year of eligibility.

History

Background and first demos (1990–1994)

In 1990, Dave Grohl joined the grunge band Nirvana as drummer. During tours, he took a guitar with him and wrote songs, but was too intimidated to share them with the band. He was "in awe" of the songs written by Nirvana's frontman, Kurt Cobain. Grohl occasionally booked studio time to record demos and covers, and released an album of demos, Pocketwatch, under the pseudonym Late! in 1992.

Nirvana disbanded after the death of Cobain in 1994. Grohl received offers to work with various artists. Press rumors indicated he might join Pearl Jam, and he almost accepted a position as drummer in Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Grohl later said: "I was supposed to just join another band and be a drummer the rest of my life. I thought that I would rather do what no one expected me to do." He instead entered Robert Lang Studios in October 1994 to record 15 of his own songs. With the exception of a guitar part on "X-Static", played by Greg Dulli of the Afghan Whigs, Grohl played every instrument and sang every vocal. He completed an album's worth of material in five days and handed out cassette copies of the sessions to his friends for feedback.

Grohl hoped to stay anonymous and release the recordings in a limited run under the name Foo Fighters, taken from foo fighter, a World War II term for unidentified flying objects. He hoped the name would lead listeners to assume the music was made by several people. He said later: "Had I actually considered this to be a career, I probably would have called it something else, because it's the stupidest fucking band name in the world." The demo tape circulated in the industry, creating interest among record labels.

Formation and debut album (1994–1995)
Grohl formed a band to support the album. He spoke to the Nirvana bassist, Krist Novoselic, about joining the group, but they decided against it. Grohl said it would have felt "really natural" for them to work together, but would have been "weird" for the others and place more pressure on Grohl. Instead, Grohl recruited the bassist Nate Mendel and the drummer William Goldsmith, both of the recently disbanded Seattle group Sunny Day Real Estate. The Nirvana touring guitarist Pat Smear joined as the second guitarist. Grohl licensed the album to Capitol Records, releasing it on his new label, Roswell Records.

Foo Fighters made their live public debut on February 23, 1995, at the Jambalaya Club in Arcata, California, followed by performances at Satyricon in Portland on March 3 and the Velvet Elvis in Seattle on March 4. The show on March 3 had been part of a benefit gig for the investigation of the rape and murder of Gits singer Mia Zapata. Grohl refused to do interviews or tour large venues to promote the album. Foo Fighters undertook their first major tour in the spring of 1995, opening for Mike Watt. The band's first single, "This Is a Call", was released in June 1995, and its debut album Foo Fighters was released the next month. "I'll Stick Around", "For All the Cows", and "Big Me" were released as subsequent singles. The band spent the following months on tour, including their first appearance at the Reading Festival in England in August.

The Colour and the Shape (1996–1997)

After touring through the spring of 1996, Foo Fighters entered Bear Creek Studio in Woodinville, Washington, with producer Gil Norton to record its second album. While Grohl once again wrote all the songs, the rest of the band collaborated on the arrangements. With the sessions nearly complete, Grohl took the rough mixes to Los Angeles, intending to finish his vocal and guitar parts. While there, Grohl realized that he was not happy with the drumming and replaced most of Goldsmith's drum tracks with his own. Though Grohl hoped that Goldsmith would still play on the tour, Goldsmith felt betrayed and left the band.

In need of a replacement for Goldsmith, Grohl contacted Alanis Morissette's touring drummer Taylor Hawkins for a recommendation. Grohl was surprised when Hawkins volunteered himself. Hawkins made his debut with the group in time for the release of its second album, The Colour and the Shape, in May 1997. The album included the singles "Monkey Wrench", "Everlong" and "My Hero".

Smear left Foo Fighters in 1997, citing exhaustion and burnout, and was replaced by Grohl's former Scream bandmate Franz Stahl. Stahl toured with Foo Fighters for the next few months and appeared on two tracks recorded for movie soundtracks, a re-recording of "Walking After You", also released as a single, for The X-Files and "A320" for Godzilla. A B-side from the "My Hero" single, "Dear Lover", appeared in the horror film Scream 2. The tour for The Colour and the Shape album in 1998 included performances at Glastonbury Festival (on the main stage) and the Reading Festival.

There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1998–2001)
In 1998, Foo Fighters traveled to Grohl's home state of Virginia, to write their third album. However, Grohl and Stahl were unable to co-operate as songwriters; Grohl told Kerrang! in 1999, "in those few weeks it just seemed like the three of us were moving in one direction and Franz wasn't." Grohl was distraught over the decision to fire Stahl as the two had been friends since childhood. Shortly after that, Mendel called Grohl to say he was quitting to reunite with Sunny Day Real Estate, only to reverse his decision the next day. The remaining trio of Grohl, Mendel, and Hawkins spent several months recording the band's third album, There Is Nothing Left to Lose, in Grohl's home studio. The album spawned several singles, including "Learn to Fly", the band's first to reach the US Billboard Hot 100. Other singles included "Stacked Actors", "Generator", "Next Year", and "Breakout".

Before the release of the album, Capitol Records president Gary Gersh was forced out of the label. Given Grohl's history with Gersh, Foo Fighters' contract had included a "key man clause" that allowed them to leave the label upon Gersh's departure. They left Capitol and signed with RCA, who later acquired the rights to the band's Capitol albums.

After recording There Is Nothing Left to Lose was completed, the band auditioned a number of potential guitarists and settled on Chris Shiflett, who performed with Me First and the Gimme Gimmes and California punk band No Use for a Name. Shiflett initially joined as a touring guitarist but achieved full-time status prior to the recording of the group's fourth album.

In January 2000, Mendel led a benefit concert in Hollywood for the AIDS denialist group Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives, with a speech by the founder, Christine Maggiore, and distribution of free copies of her self-published book, What If Everything You Thought You Knew About AIDS Was Wrong?. The Foo Fighters website featured a section devoted to Alive & Well. Sandra Thurman, the director of the Office of National AIDS Policy, stated this was "extraordinarily irresponsible behavior... There is no doubt about the link between HIV and AIDS in the respected scientific community." All links and references to Alive & Well were finally removed from the Foo Fighters website by March 2003.

Around 2001, Foo Fighters established a relationship with the English rock band Queen, as the band (particularly Grohl and Hawkins) were fans. That March, Grohl and Hawkins inducted them into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and joined them to perform the 1976 classic, "Tie Your Mother Down", with Hawkins playing drums alongside Roger Taylor. The guitarist Brian May added a guitar track to Foo Fighters' second cover of Pink Floyd's "Have a Cigar", which appeared on the soundtrack to the movie Mission: Impossible 2. In 2002, May contributed guitar to "Tired of You" and the outtake "Knucklehead". Foo Fighters and Queen have performed together on several occasions since, including VH1 Rock Honors and Foo Fighters' headlining concert in Hyde Park.

One by One (2001–2004)

Near the end of 2001, Foo Fighters reconvened to record their fourth album. After spending four months in a Los Angeles studio, the album "just didn't sound right" and the band had no confidence it would sell well. With the album not reaching their expectations amid much infighting, Grohl spent some time helping Queens of the Stone Age complete their 2002 album Songs for the Deaf. Once that album was finished and touring had started for both Foo Fighters and Queens of the Stone Age, the band was on the verge of breaking up entirely. Grohl reunited with Hawkins, Shiflett, and Mendel to play the Coachella Festival, alternating days with Queens of the Stone Age. Hawkins and Grohl talked about resuming work on One by One and after a very satisfying performance the following day, they agreed to stay together. The group re-recorded nearly all of the album in a ten-day stretch at Grohl's home studio in Alexandria, Virginia, the following month. The original version of One by One, referred to by the band as Million Dollar Demos, has never been released in its entirety although seven tracks were leaked online in 2012 and 2015.

The album was released in October 2002 under the title One by One. Singles from the album included "All My Life", "Times Like These", "Low", and "Have It All". The tour for the album included a headline performance at the 2002 Reading and Leeds Festivals.

For most of its history, the band chose to stay away from the political realm. However, in 2004, upon learning that George W. Bush's presidential campaign was using "Times Like These" at rallies, Grohl decided to lend his public support to John Kerry's campaign, saying, "There's no way of stopping the president playing your songs, so I went out and played it for John Kerry's people instead, where I thought the message would kinda make more sense." Grohl attended several Kerry rallies and occasionally performed solo acoustic sets. The entire band joined Grohl for a performance in Arizona coinciding with one of the presidential debates.

In Your Honor (2005–2006)

Having spent a year and a half touring behind One by One, Grohl did not want to rush into recording another Foo Fighters record. Initially Grohl intended to write acoustic material by himself but eventually the project involved the entire band. To record its fifth album, the band shifted to Los Angeles and built a recording studio, dubbed Studio 606 West. Grohl insisted that the album be divided into two discs – one full of rock songs, the other featuring acoustic tracks. In Your Honor was released in June 2005. The album's singles included Best of You, DOA, Resolve, and No Way Back/Cold Day in the Sun.

During September and October 2005, the band toured with Weezer on what was billed as the Foozer Tour. Foo Fighters played a headline performance at the 2005 Reading and Leeds Festivals. On June 17, 2006, Foo Fighters performed their largest non-festival headlining concert to date at London's Hyde Park. Motörhead's Lemmy joined the band on stage to sing Shake Your Blood from Dave Grohl's Probot album. As a surprise performance, Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen appeared to play part of We Will Rock You as a lead in to Tie Your Mother Down.

In further support of In Your Honor, the band organized a short acoustic tour for the summer of 2006. Members who had performed with them in late 2005 appeared, such as Pat Smear, Petra Haden on violin and backing vocals, Drew Hester on percussion, and Rami Jaffee of The Wallflowers on keyboard and piano. While much of the setlist focused on In Your Honors acoustic half, the band also used the opportunity to play lesser-known songs, such as Ain't It The Life, Floaty, and See You. The band also performed Marigold, a Pocketwatch-era song that was best known as a Nirvana B side.

In November 2006, the band released their first ever live CD, Skin and Bones, featuring fifteen performances captured over a three-night stint in Los Angeles.

 Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace (2007–2009)

For the follow-up to In Your Honor, the band recruited The Colour and the Shape producer Gil Norton. Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace was released on September 25, 2007. The album's first single, "The Pretender", was issued to radio in early August. In mid-to-late 2007 "The Pretender" topped Billboard's Modern Rock chart for a record 19 weeks. The second single, "Long Road to Ruin", was released in December 2007, supported by a music video directed by longtime collaborator Jesse Peretz (formerly of the Lemonheads). Other singles included "Let It Die" and "Cheer Up, Boys (Your Make Up Is Running)".

In October 2007, Foo Fighters started their world tour in support of the album. The band performed shows throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia, including headlining the Virgin Mobile Festival in Baltimore on August 9. At the European MTV Music Awards in 2007, Pat Smear confirmed his return to the band in a touring capacity.

Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace was nominated for five Grammy Awards in 2008. Foo Fighters went home with Best Rock Album and Best Hard Rock Performance (for "The Pretender"). The album was also nominated for Album of the Year, while "The Pretender" was also nominated for Record of the Year and Best Rock Song.

On June 7, 2008, the band played Wembley Stadium, London, and was joined by Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin to play "Rock and Roll" (with Grohl on drums and Hawkins on vocals) and "Ramble On" (sung by Grohl, drums by Hawkins). As Page and Jones left the stage before a final encore of "Best of You", an ecstatic Grohl shouted "Welcome to the greatest fucking day of my whole entire life!". Throughout the tour for Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace, Foo Fighters had been writing and practicing new songs at sound checks. After Foo Fighters had completed this tour in September 2008, they recorded 13 new songs in Studio 606, shortly after announcing a hiatus from touring (which would last until January 2011). These sessions likely lasted from late 2008 – early 2009. While the members of Foo Fighters had initially planned for their new album (composed of songs from this recording session) to have come out in 2009 with almost no touring support, they ultimately decided to shelve most of the songs from these sessions. Three of these songs were later released — "Wheels" and "Word Forward" (on their 2009 compilation album, Greatest Hits); and a newly recorded version of "Rope" (which ended up making the final cut of Wasting Light).

 Wasting Light (2010–2012)

In August 2010, the band began recording their seventh studio album with producer Butch Vig, who had previously produced the two new tracks for the band's Greatest Hits album. The album was recorded in Dave Grohl's garage using only analog equipment. The album won five Grammys and was nominated for six. The recording was analog to tape and used no computers, not even to mix or master. Vig said in an interview with MTV that the album was entirely analog until post-mastering. Pat Smear was present in many photos posted by Grohl on Twitter, and a press release in December confirmed Smear played on every track on the album and was considered an official member of the band once again.

The first single from Wasting Light, "Rope", was released to radio in February 2011. On April 16, 2011, Foo Fighters released an album of covers, Medium Rare, as a limited-edition vinyl for Record Store Day. The promotion for the album was highly praised for its originality. Wasting Light debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, becoming the band's first album to do so. Other singles for the album included "Walk", "Arlandria", "These Days", and "Bridge Burning".

Alongside Wasting Lights release, Foo Fighters released a rockumentary, directed by Academy Award-winner James Moll. The film, titled Back and Forth, chronicles the band's career. Then current and past members, and producer Butch Vig, tell the story of the band through interviews. After debuting on March 15, 2011, at the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas, it was released on DVD three months later.

On May 21, 2011, Foo Fighters headlined the middle day of the Hangout Music Festival in Gulf Shores, Alabama. On June 4, 2011, they played a surprise set at the 2011 KROQ Weenie Roast. They also headlined two sold-out shows at the Milton Keynes National Bowl on July 2 and 3, joined on stage by artists such as Alice Cooper, Seasick Steve, and John Paul Jones. They headlined the final night at the 20th anniversary of Lollapalooza in Chicago's Grant Park on August 7, 2011, performing part of their set in a driving rainstorm.

In September 2011 before a show in Kansas City, the band performed a parody song in front of a protest by the Westboro Baptist Church. It mocked the church's opposition to homosexuality and was performed in the same faux-trucker garb that was seen in the band's Hot Buns promotional video.

It was announced on September 28, 2011, that Foo Fighters would be performing during the closing ceremony of Blizzard Entertainment's annual video game convention, BlizzCon.

On August 27, 2012, Foo Fighters ended their European tour with a headline performance at Reading and Leeds Festival. On September 5, the band performed a show at the Fillmore in Charlotte, North Carolina, as a benefit for Rock the Vote. The show, which occurred at the same time as the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, was announced only two weeks prior. Tickets to the 2000-person capacity venue sold out in under 60 seconds, setting a record for the site. The band set another personal record during the show itself, being the longest that the band had played to date at just under 3.5 hours with a setlist of 36 songs. On September 21, the band headlined the Music Midtown Festival in Atlanta, Georgia. The following evening, they headlined the DeLuna Festival in Pensacola Beach, Florida. On September 29, the band performed at the Global Citizens' Festival before embarking on a break.

 Sonic Highways and Saint Cecilia EP (2013–2015)
Despite initially announcing a break after supporting Wasting Light, Grohl stated in January 2013 that the band had started writing material for an eighth studio album. On February 20, 2013, at the Brit Awards, Grohl said he was resuming work on the album the following day.

On September 6, 2013, Shiflett posted a photo to his Instagram account that indicated 13 songs were being recorded and later described it as "pretty fucking fun". Rami Jaffee has recorded parts for two songs, one of which was "In the Clear". Butch Vig, who worked with the band on Wasting Light, confirmed via Twitter in late August 2013 that he was producing the album. The band confirmed that it would end its hiatus by playing two shows in Mexico City on December 11 and 13. On October 31, a video appeared on the official Foo Fighters YouTube channel showing a motorcyclist, later revealed to be Erik Estrada, delivering each of the band members an invitation to play in Mexico.

On January 16, 2014, a picture was posted to Foo Fighters' Facebook page with several master tapes labeled LP 8. On May 15, it was announced that the album would be released in November and that Foo Fighters would commemorate the album and their 20th anniversary with an HBO TV series directed by Grohl titled Sonic Highways. Eight songs were written and recorded in eight studios in eight different American cities with video capturing the history and feel of each town. On July 30, Butch Vig revealed that Foo Fighters had finished recording and mixing the album and that it was slated to be released a month after the premiere of the TV show.

In June 2014, the band agreed to play a show in Richmond, Virginia, that was entirely crowd-funded by fans on the website Tilt.com. The show took place on September 17 before 1,500 fans. The band played 23 songs over the course of two and a half hours. Foo Fighters announced their tour would include performances in Cape Town on December 10 and Johannesburg on December 13. The band played three performances under the alias The Holy Shits in September 2014; the first at the Concorde 2 club in Brighton, England, where Grohl invited lead singer Jay Apperley of the tribute band UK Foo Fighters on stage to sing, followed by the House of Vans and the Islington Assembly Hall. On September 14, 2014, the band performed at the closing ceremony of the Invictus Games, their first official show in England since closing Reading Festival in 2012. They closed out the 2014 VooDoo Music and Arts Festival in New Orleans on November 2, 2014, in a two and a half hour performance that included an appearance from New Orleans native Trombone Shorty, who played "This Is a Call" with the band.

On August 8, the band released a short clip of their latest work, titled 8. On August 11, the band announced that the new album would be titled Sonic Highways and released on November 10, 2014. An international tour, dubbed the Sonic Highways World Tour, followed with performances in South Africa in December and South America in January 2015. It continued to Australia and New Zealand in February and March.

On May 20, 2015, Foo Fighters were the final musical act to perform on Late Show with David Letterman, continuing their long association with the host as he wrapped up his 33-year career in late night television. The show ended with a montage of Letterman highlights while Foo Fighters played "Everlong", which Letterman said had significant meaning for him after his open-heart surgery in 2000. The band postponed their international tour to make the appearance; the tour resumed on May 24, with a performance at Radio 1's Big Weekend in Norwich, England.

On June 12, Grohl fell from the stage in Gothenburg, Sweden, during the group's second song, breaking his leg. The band continued playing while Grohl received medical attention, who then returned to the stage to finish the last two hours of the band's set from a chair while a medic tended to his leg. After the concert, Grohl was flown to London for surgery, requiring six metal pins to stabilize the fracture. As a result of the injury, the band canceled its remaining European tour dates.

In July, one thousand Italian fans held the Rockin' 1000 gathering in Cesena, Italy, performing "Learn to Fly" and asking Foo Fighters to come play in the town. The performance video went viral and impressed Grohl, resulting in the band appearing in Cesena on November 3.

Foo Fighters planned to follow their international tour with a North American tour to promote Sonic Highways, beginning with a special Fourth of July event in Washington, D.C., that would commemorate the band's 20th anniversary. The all-day event was to be held at Washington's RFK Stadium featuring performances by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, Heart, LL Cool J, Gary Clark Jr., and Buddy Guy. Dave Grohl's injury initially led to speculation that the band would drop out of the event but they later confirmed they would perform; however, the injury did prevent them from headlining the 2015 Glastonbury Festival. The band performed for 48,000 people with Grohl in a custom-built moving throne which he claimed to have designed himself while on painkillers.

Beginning with the show on July 4, Foo Fighters re-branded the North American tour as the Broken Leg Tour. The band continued to use the name at later North American performances. Prior to their August 21 concert at the Sprint Center in Kansas City, Missouri, the band rickrolled protesting members of the Westboro Baptist Church, as they had also done in 2011.

On November 23, 2015, a surprise release following a month-long countdown clock on Foo Fighters' website revealed the free EP Saint Cecilia, including a single of the same name. Alongside its release, Grohl announced that the band would be going on an indefinite hiatus.

 Concrete and Gold (2016–2019)

In response to growing rumors of a breakup, Foo Fighters released a mockumentary video in March 2016 portraying Grohl leaving the band to pursue electronic music and Nick Lachey (formerly of 98 Degrees) becoming the group's new singer, ending with: "For the millionth time, we're not breaking up. And nobody's going fucking solo!"

Grohl announced that Foo Fighters would spend much of 2017 recording their ninth studio album. On June 1, 2017, their new single "Run" was released. It topped the US Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart the following month. The band confirmed touring keyboardist Rami Jaffee was officially the sixth member of the group. On June 20, 2017, the band announced that their new album, Concrete and Gold, would be released in September. On August 23, 2017, "The Sky Is a Neighborhood" was released as the second single and topped the Mainstream Rock chart. The Line was released in promotion of the album and later as the third single in 2018. Concrete and Gold was officially released on September 15, 2017, produced by Greg Kurstin. The album is noted as deriving influence from Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, and the Beatles. Concrete and Gold also features Justin Timberlake on vocals for "Make It Right", Shawn Stockman of Boyz II Men on backing vocals for the song "Concrete and Gold", and Paul McCartney on the drums for "Sunday Rain". The band began touring in June 2017, including headlining the Glastonbury Festival 2017. The tour in support of Concrete and Gold was extended to October 2018.

 Medicine at Midnight and Studio 666 (2019–2022)
In October 2019, the band announced that they were recording their tenth studio album based on demos by Grohl. In November 2019, the band began releasing a series of EPs under the umbrella name of the Foo Files, largely consisting of previously released B sides and live performances. By February 2020, Grohl announced that the new album was complete but by May, it was delayed indefinitely because of the COVID-19 pandemic, saying, "We've kind of shelved it for now to figure out exactly when it's going to happen."

Starting in November 2020, promotion for the album ramped up. Its title, Medicine at Midnight, and release date, February 5, 2021, were announced. The band released three singles ahead of the album: "Shame Shame", "No Son of Mine", and "Waiting on a War". In January, the band performed at the US Presidential Inauguration of Joe Biden.

On February 10, 2021, Foo Fighters were announced as one of the 2021 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame nominees in their first year of eligibility as their debut album had been released 25 years prior. On May 12, 2021, Foo Fighters were announced as one of six performer inductees. For Record Store Day on July 17, 2021, the Foo Fighters released an album of disco covers, Hail Satin, under the name Dee Gees. The album contains four Bee Gees covers, a cover of Andy Gibb's "Shadow Dancing", plus five live versions of Medicine at Midnight tracks.

On February 25, 2022, Foo Fighters released a comedy horror film, Studio 666, directed by BJ McDonnell. It stars the band members as themselves, alongside Will Forte, Whitney Cummings, Jeff Garlin, and Jenna Ortega. In the film, Grohl is possessed by a demonic spirit and kills the other band members while they record in a haunted mansion. It was filmed in the same mansion in which Foo Fighters had recorded Medicine at Midnight. Studio 666 received mixed reviews and performed poorly in its opening week. Grohl released an EP of songs from the film, Dream Widow, on March 25, 2022.

 Death of Hawkins and But Here We Are (2022–present)
On March 25, 2022, Hawkins died in his room at the Casa Medina hotel in Bogotá, Colombia. No cause of death was given. Hawkins had suffered chest pain, and had ten substances in his system at the time of his death, including opioids, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, and THC, the psychoactive compound in cannabis.

Foo Fighters were scheduled to perform that night at the Estéreo Picnic Festival as part of their ongoing South American tour; the festival stage was turned into a candlelight vigil for Hawkins. A few days later, the band canceled their remaining tour dates. In September, Foo Fighters performed tribute concerts to Hawkins at Wembley Stadium, London, and the Kia Forum, Los Angeles. Josh Freese played drums at both concerts. Shane Hawkins, Taylor's 16-year old son, played drums on "My Hero" at Wembley.

In January 2023, Foo Fighters began announcing festival appearances for the year. On May 21, in a humorous video featuring several celebrity drummers, they announced Freese as their new drummer. The Foo Fighters' eleventh studio album, But Here We Are, was released on June 2, featuring the lead single "Rescued". A press release described the album as a "brutally honest and emotionally raw response to everything Foo Fighters endured over the last year".

At the Glastonbury Festival 2023, a billing on the pyramid stage for 'The ChurnUps' was rumoured to be a well known band; it turned out to be Foo Fighters. It was the band's first time at the festival since headlining in 2017, as well as playing the same stage, night and spot as their Glastonbury debut 25 years earlier.

 Musical style and legacy

Foo Fighters have been described as alternative rock, post-grunge, hard rock, grunge, power pop, and pop rock. They were initially compared to Grohl's previous group, Nirvana. Grohl acknowledged that Kurt Cobain was an influence on his songwriting: "Through Kurt, I saw the beauty of minimalism and the importance of music that's stripped down." Foo Fighters also used the technique of shifting between quiet verses and loud choruses, which Grohl said was influenced by the members of Nirvana "liking The Knack, Bay City Rollers, Beatles, and ABBA as much as we liked Flipper and Black Flag, I suppose." When comparing the legacies of the two bands, Pitchfork said that Foo Fighters' "may not be anywhere near as glamorous or as era-defining as that of [Nirvana], but in a way, it's much more difficult and thankless". The publication would also call Grohl and the band "excellent at being mainstream" and being "his generation's answer to Tom Petty—a consistent hit machine pumping out working-class rock."

Writing and recording songs for their first album by himself, Grohl intended for the guitar riffs to be as rhythmic as possible. He approached the guitar in a similar manner to his drumming, assigning various drum parts to strings on the instrument. This allowed him to piece together songs easily; he said, "I could hear the song in my head before it was finished." Once Grohl assembled a full band, the members assisted in song arrangements.

The band members meld melodic and heavy elements. Grohl noted in 1997, "We all love music, whether it's the Beatles or Queen or punk rock. I think the lure of punk rock was the energy and immediacy; the need to thrash stuff around. But at the same time, we're all suckers for a beautiful melody, you know? So it is just natural." Grohl said in 2005, "I love being in a rock band, but I don't know if I necessarily wanna be in an alternative rock band from the 1990s for the rest of my life." Grohl noted that the band's acoustic tour was an attempt to broaden the group's sound.

Band membersCurrent members Dave Grohl – lead vocals, guitar (1994–present)
 Nate Mendel – bass (1995–present)
 Pat Smear – guitar (1995–1997, 2010–present; session/touring musician 2005–2010), backing vocals (1995–1997)
 Chris Shiflett – guitar, backing vocals (1999–present)
 Rami Jaffee – keyboards, piano (2017–present; session/touring musician 2005–2017)
 Josh Freese – drums, percussion (2023–present)Current session/touring musicians Violet Grohl – backing vocals (2017–present)Former members William Goldsmith – drums, percussion (1995–1997)
 Franz Stahl – guitar, backing vocals (1997–1999)
 Taylor Hawkins – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1997–2022; his death)Former touring musicians Drew Hester – percussion (2005–2008)
 Petra Haden – backing vocals, violin (2005–2006)
 Jessy Greene – cello, violin, backing vocals (2007–2008)
 Laura Mace – backing vocals (2017–2022)
 Samantha Sidley – backing vocals (2017–2022)
 Barbara Gruska – backing vocals (2017–2022)

Timeline

DiscographyStudio albums'''
 Foo Fighters (1995)
 The Colour and the Shape (1997)
 There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999)
 One by One (2002)
 In Your Honor (2005)
 Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace (2007)
 Wasting Light (2011)
 Sonic Highways (2014)
 Concrete and Gold (2017)
 Medicine at Midnight (2021)
 But Here We Are (2023)

 Awards and nominations

Foo Fighters first received a Grammy Award for their music video for "Learn to Fly" in 2000, and they have won ten others. These include four Grammys in the Best Rock Album category for: There Is Nothing Left to Lose; One by One; Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace; and Wasting Light; and three awards for Best Hard Rock Performance for the songs "All My Life", "The Pretender", and "White Limo". The band also received three Kerrang! Awards. At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, the band won Best Rock Video for "Walk". They won the Radio Contraband Major Label Artist of the Year in 2011 and 2014. The band won Song of the Year for "Something from Nothing" and Album of the Year for Sonic Highways both in 2014.

The band was nominated for six Grammy Awards—Album of the Year, Best Rock Performance, Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance, Best Rock Song, Best Rock Album, and Best Long Form Music Video (for Back and Forth'')—at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards held in February 2012. They won five of the six, losing only to Adele in the Album of the Year category.

In September 2021, the band received the first-ever Global Icon Award at that year's MTV Video Music Awards. The following month, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in their first year of eligibility.

References

External links

Alternative rock groups from Washington (state)
American post-grunge musical groups
Grunge musical groups
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Hard rock musical groups from Washington (state)
Kerrang! Awards winners
MTV Video Music Award winners
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from Seattle
NME Awards winners
Nirvana (band)
RCA Records artists
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Late Show with David Letterman
1994 establishments in Washington (state)

Foo Fighters


is a purpose built municipal art gallery in Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It was opened in 2002.

The major collections of the museum are foreign and Japanese sculptures, foreign and Japanese prints, Western-style and Japanese-style paintings associated with Hyogo Prefecture, Japanese greatworks in modern era, and contemporary art.

This museum has memorial rooms of Ryōhei Koiso and Kanayama Heizō. They are two of the  greatest contemporary artists in Japan.

The building of the museum is a modern, concrete construction by famed architect Tadao Ando.

References

Tadao Ando buildings
Art museums and galleries in Kobe
Prefectural museums
Art museums established in 2002
2002 establishments in Japan

Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of Art


Dr. George D. Winter (1927-1981) was the British-born pioneer of moist wound healing. In 1962, while working at the Department of Biomechanics and Surgical Materials at the University of London, Winter published his landmark Nature paper Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelisation of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig (Nature 193:293 1962) where he demonstrated that, contrary to the conventional wisdom that wounds should be allowed to dry out and form scabs to promote healing, wounds instead healed faster if kept moist. Winter formed multiple partial thickness wounds on the backs of pigs, half left open to the air and half covered with a polymer film to keep them hydrated. The latter wounds healed faster, as measured by the migration of new epithelium on the wound bed. This work began the evolution of modern wound dressings that promote moist wound healing.

George D. Winter was the first president of the European Society for Biomaterials and has an annual award named after him.

1927 births
1981 deaths
Academics of the University of London

George D. Winter


Heinzenberg () is the western side of Hinterrhein valley in the Swiss canton of Graubünden between the Viamala and the narrow valley in Rothenbrunnen.  The eastern side of the valley is called Domleschg.  The region is named after the Heinzenberg Castle near the village of Präz.

Geography

The Heinzenberg area extends for about 10 km from south to north, and is bounded on the west by the Heinzenberg Ridge and on the east by the Posterior Rhine. The slope rises very gently (with a 15 to 20 percent grade), especially in the southern part, and offers good conditions for agriculture. There are meadows and pastures around the villages and on the lower slopes, and fields and fruit trees. Higher up the slopes, there is a zone with Maiensässes. Above , Alpine meadows can be found. Duke Henri of Rohan praised the diverse landscape exuberantly as "the most beautiful mountain in the world".

The substrate of the area consists mostly of Bündner schist, providing little resistance to erosion.  The geology of the area is dominated by subsidence and minor landslides.  The Nolla brook, which forms the southern border of the Heinzenberg area, dug itself a deep ravine within a few decades at the end of the 18th century and was feared because it often caused floods in Thusis.  It took extensive control structures to stabilize the situation.  The Porteiner Tobel also shows extensive erosion damage.

The Heinzenberg Ridge begins in the south with the 1848 m high Glas Pass, a historically significant bridle path connecting Thusis to the Safien valley.  A trail exists along the ridge, which provides nice views of the valley.  The highest points along the trail are Lüschgrat (2179 m), Tguma (2163 m) and Präzerhöhi (2120 m).  To the west, the ridge falls off abruptly into the Safien valley.

Municipalities
The largest villages are Thusis and Cazis at the bottom of the slope at about 700 m above sea level.  Slightly higher (850 to 1000 m) are the villages of Masein and Tartar.  Higher still (1140–1270 m) are the villages of Urmein Flerden, Portein Sarn and Präz.  The highest community is the typical Walser scattered settlement Tschappina at 1400 to 1600 m.

Use of the German language spread from Thusis to the smaller villages, displacing the Sutsilvan dialect of the traditional Romansh language almost completely.  Today only a handful of elderly people in the more remote parts of Heinzenberg (in particular Präz) speak Romansh.  All communities joined the Reformation in the 16th century, except Cazis.

The ten municipalities together form the Kreis ("sub-district") of Thusis.  Until 1 January 2001, the Kreise of Thusis, Domleschg and Safien formed the district of Heinzenberg.  Today, the Kreis of Thusis is part of the district of Hinterrhein.

Transport
From time immemorial, the Posterior Rhine valley was a transit area on the route from Chur to the Alpine passes of the Splügen and San Bernardino.  Today, transport arteries exist on both sides of the river: the highway A13 on the Domleschg side, and the Rhaetian Railway on the Heinzenberg side.

The Heinzenberg area is served by two Postauto lines:
 Thusis – Präz
 Thusis – Obertschappina, in summer to Glas Pass

External links
 Tourism information Heinzenberg

Regions of Switzerland

Heinzenberg GR


Mr. L is a character from the Mario Bros video game Super Paper Mario.  He is a brainwashed Luigi.  He is an antagonist, or bad guy.

He works for the evil character Count Bleck. According to The InterNed, Mr. L's theme song is "Mr. L, Green Thunder." He eventually becomes Super Dimentio, the fused form of Dimentio and Mr. L, which is the final enemy that the player fights in the game. Before turning evil, Luigi tries to stop Count Bleck from using the Chaos Heart; however, after being trapped in Castle Bleck, Luigi gets brainwashed by Nastasia, ultimately turning him into Mr. L.

References

Video game characters

Mr. L


Nathan "The Hobbit" Friend (born 28 February 1981 in Toowoomba, Queensland) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Gold Coast Titans in the National Rugby League (NRL). He previously played for the Brisbane Broncos, Melbourne Storm and New Zealand Warriors. He plays as a .

Early life
Born and raised in Toowoomba, Friend started playing league at the age of five for Wests Juniors, staying with the club until under-15 level.  He was then picked for the Toowoomba under-17 side, subsequently playing one season in the local A-grade competition. In 2000 he joined the Brisbane Broncos' feeder club, the Toowoomba Clydesdales and in 2002 he moved to Brisbane to train full-time with the Broncos. He made his first-grade debut later that year.

Playing career
Friend joined the Melbourne Storm in 2003. In 2005, he announced that he would be one of the founding members of the Gold Coast in 2007.

The 2006 NRL season was the first season where Friend played regular first grade football.  Out of Melbourne's 29 matches in 2006, Friend played in 21 of the games including all three of the Storm's finals series matches.  Friend only lost two games out of the 21 he played in 2006.  He played in the 2006 NRL Grand Final for Melbourne as one of their interchange players.  Melbourne lost the match 15–8 to his former club the Brisbane Broncos at Telstra Stadium.

In 2007, Friend played on the interchange bench in the Titans' inaugural game, a 20–18 home loss to the St George Illawarra Dragons.  He continued to play on the bench for the first eight games of the season.  In Round 9, he replaced Clint Amos as the Titans' starting hooker and remained first choice hooker for the rest of the season.  The Titans' Round 20 loss to the South Sydney Rabbitohs was the only game in the 2007 season that Friend did not play in.

In 2008, Friend remained first choice hooker for the Titans. He scored his first ever try in first grade in the Titans' 30–12 away loss to the St George Illawarra Dragons in Round 2.

The 2009 NRL season was Friend's best year in the NRL.  He played as starting hooker in all of the club's matches in 2009 as the Gold Coast reached the finals for the first time, finishing in third place.  He scored more tries in 2009 than he did in the rest of his NRL career, scoring four.  Their season ended in disappointment with the Titans losing both of their finals games to the Brisbane Broncos and Parramatta Eels respectively.  Friend won the Paul Broughton Medal for the Gold Coast Titans' player of the year in 2009.

In 2010, Friend again played in all of the Titans' games in that season.  This meant that he had played 56 consecutive games for the Gold Coast Titans.  Friend was also given an opportunity to play State of Origin due to an injury to first choice hooker Cameron Smith before game one.  Friend was up against other Queensland hookers such as Matt Ballin, Andrew McCullough, Jake Friend, Kevin Kingston and Aaron Payne.  Matt Ballin was selected ahead of Friend, mainly due to his age.

The Gold Coast had a slow start to the 2011 season, losing all of their first three games. Friend was injured and unable to play in all of these games and many attribute the losses to the fact that Friend was absent and his replacement Riley Brown did not have the same impact as Friend.  His injury also meant that his run of 56 consecutive matches for the Titans came to an end.  At the end of the 2011 NRL season, the Gold Coast finished last on the table and claimed their first wooden spoon.

On 11 April 2011, Friend signed with New Zealand Warriors for the 2012 and 2013 seasons with an option for 2014. In August 2013 the Warriors took up the option for 2014 and in May 2014 his persistent tackling saw them extending his stay at the Warriors by a further year, for the 2015 season.

In round 18 2015, in the Warriors' last victory of the season, against the Melbourne Storm, Friend was a key player in one of the best tries of the season. He was upended and displayed his best acrobatic moves after chasing a Chad Townsend bomb kick, delivering a jaw-dropping back flip pass between his legs to Sam Tomkins.

On 30 July 2015, after four years with the Warriors, Friend signed a 1-year contract to return to the Gold Coast, starting in 2016.

Post playing
Friend retired at the end of the 2016 NRL season and now works as a bricklayer, a job he did part time during his playing career.

References

External links
Gold Coast Titans profile
New Zealand Warriors Profile
Rugby League Project Profile
rleague Profile

1981 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
NRL All Stars players
New Zealand Warriors players
Gold Coast Titans players
Melbourne Storm players
Brisbane Broncos players
Toowoomba Clydesdales players
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Toowoomba

Nathan Friend


Mean length of utterance (or MLU) is a measure of linguistic productivity in children. It is traditionally calculated by collecting 100 utterances spoken by a child and dividing the number of morphemes by the number of utterances. A higher MLU is taken to indicate a higher level of language proficiency.

Mean length of utterance is a good marker of language impairment.  It is the number of words or morphemes in each of their spontaneous utterances. It can be used to benchmark language acquisition  and is used to compare language intervention outcomes in children with autism. In testing of children ages 3-9 with diagnoses of autism or autism spectrum disorders and nonverbal IQ scores below 85, results indicated that children with autism persistently scored below the unaffected group without significant improvement in scores concerning mean length of utterance. There may be variability in outcomes due to sampling differences.

A study by Bishop and Adams (1990) suggests that MLU at 4.5 is a good predictor of reading ability at age 8. Nonetheless MLU is considered controversial, and should not be used as the only diagnostic measure of language proficiency in children.

See also
 Language acquisition
 Language development

References

 Bishop, D. V. M., & Adams, C. (1990). A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders and reading retardation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 1027–1050.

External links
 The Effect of Coffee Consumption on Adults' Average MLU at the Breakfast Table: A humorous article demonstrating some of the criticisms of MLU—namely that extra-linguistic factors can greatly affect MLU.

Reading (process)
Morphemes

Mean length of utterance


Chembarambakkam Lake is a lake located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is about 40km from Chennai. It is one of the two reservoirs from where water is taken to Chennai City for supply. The Adyar River starts at Chembarambakkam Lake. The lake can hold 3645 million cubic feet of water.

Reference

Lakes of Tamil Nadu
Chennai district

Chembarambakkam Lake


Anthony Francis Clarke Wallace (April 15, 1923 – October 5, 2015) was a Canadian-American anthropologist who specialized in Native American cultures, especially the Iroquois. His research expressed an interest in the intersection of cultural anthropology and psychology.  He was famous for the theory of revitalization movements.

Early life and education
Wallace was born in Toronto, Ontario, on April 15, 1923, and was the son of the historian Paul Wallace and his wife a British national. After attending school in Annville, Pennsylvania, he enrolled into Lebanon Valley College, in 1941, where he studied French-Canadian folklore, and later, the oral literature of the Iroquois and
Lenape. A year later, Wallace joined the Army Specialized Training Program at the University of Cincinnati, and studied electrical engineering there for one year. In October 1944, he was assigned to the 14th Armored Division in Southern France where he remained until the end of the war in 1945.

After the war, Wallace returned to his studies and earned his B.A. in history in 1947 and an M.A. and PhD in anthropology in 1949 and 1950 respectively from the University of Pennsylvania. It was during 1947 studies, when he published his first article entitled "Woman, Land, and Society: Three Aspects of Aboriginal Delaware Life", and following its success, joined the Department of Anthropology after reading The Golden Bough by James George Frazer. During his graduate studies at Penn, Wallace was a student of American ethnologist Frank Speck and when professors Alfred Irving Hallowell, Loren Eiseley, and Ward Goodenough joined the faculty, Wallace became their student too.

For his M.A. in 1949, Wallace wrote a thesis about Teedyuscung titled "A Psychocultural Analysis of the Life of Teedyuscung, a Delaware Indian, 1700-1763", which was published same year under the title King of the Delawares. His Ph.D. thesis was entitled "The Modal Personality Structure of the Tuscarora Indians: As Revealed by the Rorschach Test" that appeared two years later in the Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin. While completing his Ph.D., Wallace was already married to Betty, and already had two children, Anthony and Daniel.

Career
Immediately after graduation, Wallace started to receive position offers from University of Wisconsin and Yale, but due to his family ties, turned them down in order to remain in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His decision was also justified by the fact that he already was an instructor at Bryn Mawr College, a position that he was thoroughly enjoying. The previously obtained Ph.D., allowed Wallace to hold numerous part-time positions at the University of Pennsylvania where in 1955 he became senior research associate at the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, at which place he later became the Director of Clinical Research, and served as such until its closure in 1980. From 1955 to 1960, Wallace served as research associate at the institute and visiting associate professor in the Department of Anthropology at Penn, following which, he was appointed director of clinical research at the University of Pennsylvania. A year later, after writing Culture and Personality, he abandoned that position, in order to become full-time professor and chairman of the Department of Anthropology at Penn.

The Cold War, which started around the same time, allowed Wallace to join the National Academy of Sciences Committee which was headed by William N. Fenton, an anthropologist and Iroquois expert, at that time. During his stay with the committee, he was responsible for the study of aftermath of a tornado at Worcester, Massachusetts in 1953. A year prior to it, Wallace already published an article on Native American studies titled "Handsome Lake and the Great Revival in the West" which in 1969 was published as part of his book The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca. His other notable works of that time were the "Mazeway Resynthesis: A Biocultural Theory of Religious Inspiration" and "Mazeway Disintegration" which were published in 1956 and 1957 respectively. At time when he was writing those articles, he wrote a report on tornado studies in Worcester, Massachusetts entitled "Tornado in Worcester: An Exploratory Study of Individual and Community Behavior in an Extreme Situation" which was later published under Rockdale and St. Clair, a precursor of his future career. His last publication in that field was in 1960. Entitled "The Meaning of Kinship Terms", the work was written by him and his colleague, a fellow anthropologist John Atkins.

At the age of 40, the Wallace family began adopting children from Korea, bringing their family to six. From 1965 to 1966, he taught "Primitive Religion", one of the courses on the Anthropology of Religion. It was during these times when Wallace wrote Religion: An Anthropological View and became a mentor to future anthropologists Raymond D. Fogelson and Richard Bauman. During the late 1960s, Wallace shared an office with fellow anthropologist Greg Urban at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1969.

Around 1971, Wallace, after finishing his term as department chair, he became an author of such books as Rockdale and Saint Clair which were awarded Bancroft and Dexter Prizes in 1987 and 1989 respectively. In 1980, he became the first Geraldine R. Segal Professor in American Social Thought at the University of Pennsylvania, and three years later became Professor of the Department of Anthropology at the same institution. Until his retirement in 1988, Wallace served on the board of the Research Foundation of the University, the Faculty Editorial Committee of the University Press and the Ethnohistory Committee.

Retirement and death
After his retirement in 1988, Wallace returned to the study of Native American culture, writing such books as The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians in 1992 and Tuscarora: A History in 2013. A decade before the publication, Wallace's wife, Betty had died. He had planned  to move to western New York with her so that he would be closer to the Tuscarora Reservation.

He died on October 5, 2015, in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania, where he had been residing.

Works
(1949) King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung 1700–1763.
(1952) The Modal Personality Structure of the Tuscarora Indians, as Revealed by the Rorschach Test, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
(1961) Culture and Personality, New York: Random House.
(1966) Religion: An Anthropological View.
(1969) The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca, with the assistance of Sheila C. Steen, New York: Random House.
(1978) Rockdale: The Growth of an American Village in the Early Industrial Revolution, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
(1982) The Social Context of Innovation, Princeton University Press.
(1987) Saint Clair: a Nineteenth Century Coal Town's Experience with a Disaster-Prone Industry, New York: Random House; 1988 with corrections, Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, . LCCN n/88/4772.
(1993) "The Long, Bitter Trail", New York: Hill & Wang.
(1999) "Jefferson and the Indians:  The Tragic Fate of the First Americans",  Cambridge, MA:  Belknap Press.
(2012) Tuscarora: A History, Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
(2013, December) "Commentary: 'Growing Up Indian': Childhood and the Survival of Nations" in Ethos (Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology) Volume 41:4, pp. 337–340.

References

Sources
Darnell, Regna (2006) "Keeping the Faith: A Legacy of Native American Ethnography, Ethnohistory, and Psychology."  In: New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations, ed. by Sergei A. Kan and Pauline Turner Strong, pp. 3–16.  Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Kan, Sergei A., and Pauline Turner Strong (2006) Introduction. In: New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations, pp. xi-xlii. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

External links
Anthony F. C. Wallace Papers at the American Philosophical Society

1923 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Anthropologists of religion
Bancroft Prize winners
Canadian anthropologists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Toronto
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty

Anthony F. C. Wallace


Blackfoot is a city in Bingham County, Idaho, United States. The population was 12,355 at the time of the 2020 census. The city is the county seat of Bingham County. Blackfoot is the principal city of the Blackfoot, Idaho, Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Bingham County.

History

The city of Blackfoot is located near the center of Bingham County, on the south side of the Snake River. It was designated the county seat by the Thirteenth Territorial Legislature on January 13, 1885. Originally, the county seat was to be Eagle Rock (the original name for Idaho Falls). However, supposedly, on the night before the legislation was to be signed, men from Blackfoot bribed a clerk to erase Eagle Rock and write in Blackfoot. The measure went through without opposition and was signed by the governor. The origin of this accusation, written many years after the event, was a Blackfoot newspaper editor named Byrd Trego. The battle for county seat between Eagle Rock and Blackfoot was a political tug-of-war involving sectional and anti-Mormon factions in the Idaho Legislature. The leader of the southeastern Idaho anti-Mormons was a Yale graduate named Fred Dubois, who settled in Blackfoot in 1880. The legislative maneuvering to overturn Eagle Rock as the county seat naturally left "disparaging rumors intimating some skullduggery on Blackfoot's part."

Frederick S. Stevens and Joe Warren were the first permanent white settlers of record in Bingham County. In 1866, Stevens and Warren filed claims in the Snake River Valley near the present-day location of Blackfoot, where they started farming and ranching. The area was a flat, expansive plain of sagebrush frequented by Indians. To create a place of safety for the scattered settlers when they feared Indian trouble, Mr. Warren outfitted his cabin with holes between the logs where men could stand guard, day or night, until the natives left the neighborhood. When the Utah and Northern Railway signed contracts to expand north into Idaho in the 1870s, some of the settlers laid out a town on the Shilling and Lewis homesteads. The planned town, named Blackfoot, which was what the area had been called by fur traders, was near the Corbett stage station, about a mile from the Snake River, and two miles from the Blackfoot River.

Civil War veteran William Edward Wheeler, from Vermont, was an early settler. On July 1, 1880, Wheeler began publishing a newspaper called the Blackfoot Register. The first issue described the businesses in operation in Blackfoot on the publication date: "four general merchandise stores, one jewelry store, a livery stable, four saloons, a hotel, one meat market, two blacksmith shops, one barber shop and one lumber yard." Henry W. Curtis opened the first hardware store in 1885.

The first issue of the Blackfoot Register also described "a ditch being dug from the Blackfoot River that would irrigate several thousand acres." It was their plan to bring the water into town so residents could grow gardens and plant trees. The goal was finally realized in 1886 when Alfred Moyes planted the first shade trees in the Upper Snake River Plain around the Blackfoot Courthouse. Others in town followed suit and within a few years Blackfoot's tree-lined streets had a reputation that earned the nickname "Grove City." Sightseeing excursions from the surrounding area were reportedly organized so they could "feast their eyes on this verdure," which stood in pleasant, stark contrast with the endless acres of dry, gray sagebrush.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Blackfoot has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with cold winters and hot summers.

Demographics

2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 11,899 people, 4,229 households and 2,958 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 4,547 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 83.1% White, 0.3% African American, 3.5% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 9.1% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.4% of the population.

There were 4,229 households, of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.1% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.31.

The median age in the city was 30.8 years. 31.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.5% were from 25 to 44; 20.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 10,419 people, 3,685 households and 2,682 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 3,929 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 86.76% White, 0.21% African American, 2.51% Native American, 1.09% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 6.33% from other races, and 3.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.17% of the population.

There were 3,685 households, of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.27.

31.2% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

The median household income was $33,004 and the median family income was $36,553. Males had a median income of $31,489 compared with $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,529. About 11.5% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.4% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Blackfoot claims the largest potato industry in any one area, and is known as the "Potato Capital of the World."

Arts and culture
Blackfoot is the site of the Idaho Potato Museum, the location of the world's largest baked potato and potato chip, and the location of the Eastern Idaho State Fair.

Education
Blackfoot is served by the Blackfoot School District #55  and the Snake River School District #52.

High schools

 Blackfoot High School
 Independence High School
 Snake River High School
Bingham Academy

Middle schools

 Mountain View Middle School
 Idaho Science And Technology Charter School
 Snake River Junior High School
 Snake River Middle School
BCCLC Middle School

Elementary schools

 Blackfoot Sixth Grade School
 Fort Hall Elementary School
 Groveland Elementary School
 Ridgecrest Elementary School
 Donald D. Stalker Elementary School
 I.T. Stoddard Elementary School
 Wapello Elementary School
 Blackfoot Charter Community Learning Center
 Rockford Elementary
 Moreland Elementary

Notable people
 Kimball Allen, writer and actor
 Dan Clark, writer and comedian
 Josh Hill, professional football player
 Larry Scott, bodybuilder and 1966 Mr. Olympia; born in Blackfoot
 Mike Simpson, U.S. Representative from Idaho's 2nd congressional district

In popular culture
 Blackfoot is mentioned in the song "When Cowboys Didn't Dance" by Lonestar as the destination of a cattle drive.

References

External links

Cities in Bingham County, Idaho
Cities in Idaho
Micropolitan areas of Idaho
County seats in Idaho

Blackfoot, Idaho


Ingrid Figur (born 1934) is a German soprano  and singing teacher.

Career
Born in Berlin, Figur studied in her hometown, first German studies, then music at school to become a teacher, finally followed by her singing studies. She then began a career, both in the repertoire of the lied and the oratorio, in and outside Germany.

Since 1974, she has been teaching singing at the Berlin University of the Arts, and as a professor from 1980 to 1999. Figur trained many of the singers known today at national and international level. Among her students are in particular Claudia Barainsky, , Stella Doufexis, Ursula Hesse, Andrea Long, Sebastian Noack, Christine Schäfer, Mojca Erdmann,  and Tim Severloh.

Particularly noteworthy is her long collaboration and membership to the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart, as well as the Berlin nichi-doku Liederkreis (Deutsch-japanische Sommerakademie für Gesang und Liedbegleitung). In addition, she gives numerous master classes in Germany and other countries.

References

1934 births
Living people
Singers from Berlin
German sopranos
German music educators
Academic staff of the Berlin University of the Arts
German women music educators
20th-century German women singers

Ingrid Figur


Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (21 August 1681 in Gotha – 9 March 1724 in Hildburghausen), was a duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

He was the eldest son of Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen and Countess Sophie Henriette of Waldeck.

During his youth he served on the Netherlands in the imperial military army, during which he was wounded in the Spanish Succession War at Höchstädt; in 1715 he left the Army after the death of his father, and assumed the government of the duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

He wanted, like many German princes, to repeat the splendor of the court of the King Louis XIV of France in his own duchy; but this was the cause of his financial ruin.

Constantly in need of money, he levied taxes and sold towns. Among them was the county of Cuylenburg, the dowry of his wife. The county was sold in 1720 to the General States, not for the repayment of the debts but to build in his palace a garden connected with a channel. Likewise, in 1723 the office was finally sold to the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. But the sale, without the assent of his wife was illegal, and this led to a war with Saxe-Meiningen. The county was occupied with troops of both duchies and at the end of the war all of the county was devastated and ruined.

Because of his intolerable fiscal charges, in 1717 an open revolt developed in the duchy.

Marriage and issue
In Erbach on 4 February 1704, Ernest Frederick married Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach. They had fourteen children:
 Ernest Louis Hollandinus (b. Hildburghausen, 24 November 1704 – d. Hildburghausen, 26 November 1704).
 Sophie Amalie Elisabeth (b. Hildburghausen, 5 October 1705 – d. Hildburghausen, 28 February 1708).
 Ernest Louis (b. Hildburghausen, 6 February 1707 – d. Hildburghausen, 17 April 1707).
 Ernest Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (b. Hildburghausen, 17 December 1707 – d. Hildburghausen, 13 August 1745).
 Frederick August (b. Hildburghausen, 8 May 1709 – d. Hildburghausen, 4 March 1710).
 Louis Frederick (b. Hildburghausen, 11 September 1710 – d. Nimwegen, 10 June 1759), married on 4 May 1749 to Christine Luise von Holstein-Plön. This marriage was childless.
 Stillborn daughter (Hildburghausen, 2 August 1711).
 Stillborn daughter (Hildburghausen, 24 August 1712).
 Elisabeth Albertine (b. Hildburghausen, 3 August 1713 – d. Neustrelitz, 29 June 1761), married on 5 May 1735 to Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg, Herr of Mirow.
 Emanuel Frederick Charles (b. Hildburghausen, 26 March 1715 – d. Hildburghausen, 29 June 1718).
 Elisabeth Sophie (b. Hildburghausen, 13 September 1717 – d. Hildburghausen, 14 October 1717).
 Stillborn daughter (Hildburghausen, 17 March 1719).
 George Frederick William (b. Hildburghausen, 15 July 1720 – d. Hildburghausen, 10 April 1721).
 Stillborn son (Hildburghausen, 15 December 1721).

References
 Johann Samuel Ersch (Hrsg.): Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, 1. Sektion, 37. Teil, Leipzig, 1842, S. 300 (Digitalisat)
 Oliver Heyn: Das Militär des Fürstentums Sachsen-Hildburghausen (1680-1806) (=Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Thüringen, Kleine Reihe, Bd. 47), Köln, Weimar, Wien 2015
 Oliver Heyn: Militärisches Prestige und finanzielle Absicherung. Die Herzöge von Sachsen-Hildburghausen im Dienst der Vereinigten Niederlande (1680-1760), in: Zeitschrift für Thüringische Geschichte 71 (2017), S. 45–72.
 Rudolf Armin Human: Chronik der Stadt Hildburghausen, Hildburghausen, 1886
 Heinrich Ferdinand Schoeppl: Die Herzoge von Sachsen-Altenburg. Bozen, 1917, Neudruck Altenburg, 1992

1681 births
1724 deaths
House of Saxe-Hildburghausen
People from Gotha (town)
Dukes of Saxe-Hildburghausen
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire


Hypnagogia is the state of mind that exists between being awake and sleep, or just after waking up.

People in this state may have experiences that resemble hallucinations, but are not. The person usually knows that it is not real, but very often nothing can be done against it. Most of these pseudohallucinations are visual experiences.

Other experiences that may happen are sleep paralysis and lucid dreams. All of these symptoms happen because of the changes that occur in the brain, and they are not linked to a disease.

The writings of Aristotle already talk  about hypnagogia. In more recent centuries, many authors have referred to the state. Edgar Allan Poe, for example, wrote of the "fancies" he experienced "only when I am on the brink of sleep, with the consciousness that I am so".

Serious scientific inquiry began in the 19th century with Johannes Peter Müller, Jules Baillarger and Alfred Maury, and continued into the 20th century with Leroy.

With electroencephalography (EEG) in the mid 20th century, detecting such a state has become easier.

References

Cognition
Sleep

Hypnagogia


Community banking is a non-traditional form of money-lending.   Unlike banks or other classic lending institutions, the funds that community banks lend to borrowers are gathered by the local community itself.  This tends to mean that the individuals in a neighborhood or group have more control over who is receiving the capital and how that capital is being spent.  This practice has existed in some form for centuries; in ancient Egypt, for example, when grain was often used as currency, local granaries would store and distribute the community's food supply.   Since that time, a variety of community banking models have evolved.

Overview
Community banking is a form of empowerment-based economics which falls under the larger umbrella of micro-finance.  Micro-finance as a whole is focused on the entrepreneurship of individuals, generally with a goal of lifting low-income or disadvantaged groups out of poverty and providing the means for them to prosper.   A very successful example of micro-finance can be seen in the Grameen Bank.

Although there are many different models of community banking, the goal is always located in the socio-economic growth of communities through the sharing of resources.  While this can include the participation of banks or other traditional money-lending institutions, this is not necessarily the case.  The specific framework and practices of the community bank depend largely on its location in the world and the culture that has shaped it.

It is thus important to recognize the paramount power of the community in this process to make decisions and control the allocation of funds.  Community banking is closely linked to tenets of both social work in general and community organizing in particular, wherein each person is regarded with dignity and seen as a force for change.  It is generally initiated and organized by the collective rather than an outside institution (as is the case in more traditional models), and thus reflects the power of individuals in creating social change.  However, the sovereignty of the community requires that as professionals enter, they do so from a place of cultural humility.  The philosophical foundation of community banking is that the collective knows best, and imposing the views of an outsider onto this system would dismantle the nature of the work.

Models by country
Community banking looks very different in individual settings or within unique groups.

United States
In the United States, community banks are a common institution.  The US tends to follow a more traditional money-lending model in this way, but still incorporates collective ideals in that the community banks are locally owned.  They remain specific to individual neighborhoods, and are thus more able to respond to community needs.

India
In India, community banking looks very different.  Self-Help Groups (SHG) are often instituted in which members of the local community join together and pool capital resources for the purpose of lending to members.  Sometimes, the Self-Help Group is backed by a non-profit organization or even a government-backed bank, but this is not always the case.  Self-Help Groups are small, with homogeneous membership, and high attendance rates.  They value transparency in their practices and utilizing their savings for the purposes of lending.  Because the borrowers are members of the SHG, they tend to experience lower interest rates, greater understanding should they have trouble repaying the loan, and greater flexibility overall.  This model is closely linked to tenets of both social work in general and community organizing in particular, wherein each person is regarded with dignity and seen as a force for change.  Community banking, in this model, is initiated and organized by the collective rather than an outside institution (as is the case in more traditional models), and thus reflects the power of individuals in creating social change.

Nigeria
Another community banking model in Nigeria is the Credit Development Division. The need for a community banking model arose out of the desire to lessen the gap of credit accessibility in rural areas and to stimulate the economy. Employees in the Division are given the responsibility of planning and implementing credit programs to customers, coordinating alongside community members and other local bodies in order to distribute lines of credit and offering savings opportunities, develop credit tools focusing on security, down-payments, loan repayment periods, and interest and fees. A key component of this approach is that the target customers of the community banks were farmers. Ultimately the goal was to increase productivity and establish a better market for their products. In this model, the bank invests directly into a project without the use of a middle man or negotiator.

Tanzania
The Tanzanian government in collaboration with SEDIT (Social and Economic Development Initiative of Tanzania) implemented a tool called Village Community Banks, or VICOBA. Development of this model included four key elements: group formation, governance, bank operations, and capacity building. Residents in several pre-selected villages voluntarily joined a group consisting of 30 members and then determined the rules and regulations of how the community bank would function. Once members completed the training sessions they could begin to take out loans predetermined projects. During the first few months members can take out short term loans and once they have developed entrepreneurship skills, they can take out longer term loans of up to six months. Lastly, SEDIT provided technical skills to participants over a period of fourteen to sixteen months. Training focused on the forming and regulating of a VICOBA group, how to create group guidelines and resolve conflicts, regulations on running savings and credit transactions in addition to entrepreneurial skills.

Ecuador

In 1999, Peace Corps Ecuador piloted the community banking program Programa de Ahorro y Crédito (PAC), which was adapted from a similar program in Niger called Mata Masu Dubara (Women Moving Ahead). A study of the program was conducted in 2010 from the nonprofit Freedom from Hunger, which evaluated two community banking programs in Ecuador. Participants in the banks were surveyed to determine the effectiveness of the local banking approach. Results showed the most common uses for loan funds were related to health care, investments in business and agricultural enterprises, as well as expenses for home improvements and school. The study found that half of community banks stored their money in a cashbox and nearly a third put the funds in a bank account in the name of one group member (See Fig. 1).

Criticisms
Although community banking aims to empower and encourage economic development within communities, there is criticism that this is not always the case.  In Indian models, for example, some argue that the lending process is encouraging households into much greater levels of debt than they can handle.  As a result, income insecurity is actually rising and class polarization increases.

Similar arguments are being made in Bangladesh, where women are bearing the brunt of the increased micro-financed debt.  "Empowerment" is not as simple as providing monetary resources, as it fails to consider the many facets of life that community banking may have on individual families and cultures (for instance, how will the increase in capital change family dynamics, women's workload, etc.).  To be truly effective, many argue that a more transformative model would have to take place in order to have a lasting impact on the daily lives of community members.

Issues encountered in the Tanzanian community banks related to culture, infrastructure, and lack of available funds. Women were often unable to participate in the banks due to their husbands prohibiting them from becoming members; this was especially common in rural parts of the country. In some cases participants did not see the advantages of community banks as well as having misconceptions about the program. Some of the communities were located in remote areas that were difficult to reach by facilitators and agencies such as SEDIT. Lastly, inadequate funding limited participation because of the inability to collect sufficient start up funds.

The Nigerian model was criticized as being ineffective because bank operators rarely gave out loans. A study of the community banks found that only 23.3% of deposits were given back to the community as loans.

Based on the Freedom from Hunger study, several recommendations were made to Peace Corps Ecuador so as to make the community banking model more efficient.  Many of these focused on creating a standard of how to start a community bank including providing training to participants on accounting and group facilitation skills. Another recommendation was to develop a training module to be given to youth so as to increase skills in financial responsibility and prioritizing.

References

Community banking
Microfinance
Egyptian inventions

Community banking models


Graham's Line Identification Tone System (GLITS) is a test signal for stereo systems devised by BBC TV Sound Supervisor and Fellow of the IPS Graham Haines in the mid 1980s. It comprises a 1 kHz  tone at 0 dBu (- 18 dBFS) on both channels, with interruptions which identify the channels.

The left channel is interrupted once for 250 ms every 4 seconds. 250 ms later the right channel has two interruptions of 250 ms spaced by 250 ms.

This arrangement has an advantage over the EBU stereo ident tone in that each channel is explicitly identified as belonging to a stereo pair. The EBU Technical Document Multichannel Audio Line-up Tone (Tech 3304) defines stereo lineup tone as having an interruption in the left channel only, lasting 250 ms every 3 s.

Multichannel GLITS
There is now an official EBU standard for a multichannel BLITS 5.1 channel ident tone which is also described in the Tech 3304 paper, along with an alternative film-style multichannel ident tone system for systems larger than 5.1 arrays.

Blits plays a sequence of tones (based on the musical notes A and E) at -18dBFS on each channel in the AES channel format order (L, R, C, LFE, Ls, Rs), followed by an EBU-style ident on just the front left and right channels, again at -18dBFS and with four interruptions on the left channel. The four interruptions provides a unique confirmation that the stereo or mono downmix came from a 5.1 source and avoids any possible confusion with stereo EBU or GLITS downmixes. The final BLITS tone sequence is a 2 kHz tone at -24dBFS on all six channels – the lower source signal level ensuring that any derived downmixes remain close to -18dBFS.

The alternative EBU multichannel ident tone follows a format more closely associated with the film industry. A sustained 80 Hz runs on the LFE channel throughout the sequence. After a 3 second period of constant 1 kHz, -18dBFS tone on all main channels, each channel is identified in turn with a 0.5s pulse of 1 kHz tone, separated from its neighbours by 0.5s silence. The ident sequence starts at Front Left and continues clockwise through each available channel. The amount of time between the 3 second constant tone periods indicates the total number of channels in the system - e.g. a 7.1 system will have an ident sequence lasting 8 seconds.

Snell & Wilcox have used the following on the embedded audio in their VALID8 (Video Audio Line-up & IDentification) equipment:
 Channel 1 (L) 980 Hz one 250 ms interruption every 4 seconds
 Channel 2 (R) 980 Hz two 250 ms interruptions every 4 seconds
 Channel 3 (C) 432 Hz one 250 ms interruption every 4 seconds
 Channel 4 (Lfe) 432 Hz two 250 ms interruptions every 4 seconds (probably not audible from a subwoofer)
 Channel 5 (Ls) 990 Hz one 250 ms interruption every 4 seconds
 Channel 6 (Rs) 990 Hz two 250 ms interruptions every 4 seconds
 Channel 7 (Lo) 436 Hz one 250 ms interruption every 4 seconds
 Channel 8 (Ro) 436 Hz two 250 ms interruptions every 4 seconds

References

Broadcast engineering
Test items
British inventions

GLITS


The Alberta Non-Partisan League was a minor provincial political party in Alberta, Canada. The League changed its name to the Non-Partisan Political League of Canada: Alberta Branch in 1917 as it prepared to move into federal politics. The party changed its name yet again to the Farmers Non-Partisan Political League.

The League was formed to promote the active interest of farmers in the political arena, because it was felt that the Liberal and Conservative parties, federal and provincial, were not serving the interests of farmers. The Non-Partisan League conducted extensive meetings with interested farmers across rural Alberta and was socialist in inclination under the influence of William Irvine.

In the 1917 provincial election, four League members stood as candidates: Louise McKinney in Claresholm, James Weir in Nanton, J.E. Hillier in Pincher Creek and John W. Leedy in Gleichen. As well, there were several affiliated independent and labour candidates (through the NPL co-sponsored Labor Representation League), such as Lorne Proudfoot. McKinney and Weir were elected and sat in the legislature, while Hillier finished third in a tight three-way race and Leedy placed third.

In the months that followed, the party became active in federal politics. The decision was made at a 1917 convention in Calgary. The Non-Partisan Political League of Canada was founded. It nominated three candidates in the December 1917 federal election, all running in Alberta ridings. None were elected.

The league continued organizational efforts for the next few years, gathering a sizeable campaign fund, holding townhalls and increasing its membership. The league's political activities and its two successes pushed the United Farmers of Alberta to either enter electoral politics or face being eclipsed by the NPL. The UFA decided to launch a political arm and, in 1919, absorbed the NPL. The ground work and organization done by the league helped the UFA win a 1919 provincial by-election, a 1921 federal by-election, the 1921 provincial election, when it was elected government of the province, taking a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly, and an almost-clean sweep of Alberta seats in the 1921 Canadian federal election.

See also
List of Alberta political parties

References

External links
Lorne Proudfoots correspondence with the non-partisan league
news paper clippings and party material relating to the Non-Partisan League
    Louise McKinney non-partisan MLA fonds

Provincial political parties in Alberta
Political parties established in 1916
Political parties disestablished in 1919
Defunct political parties in Canada
1916 establishments in Alberta

Alberta Non-Partisan League


Parliamentary elections were held in Serbia on 20 February 1877. The elections were called by Prince Milan on 13 February in order to convene a Grand National Assembly, which would have four times as many members as a normal National Assembly. The newly elected Assembly was to convene on 26 February in the National Theatre.

A majority of the elected candidates were in favour of peace with the Ottoman Empire. For the first time a Jewish candidate was elected, winning a seat in Belgrade by a large majority after receiving the backing of all parties.

The elections were marred by violence in Kragujevac, Jagodina and Užice, with pressure to elect candidates favourable to the incumbent government and interference from the Karađorđević dynasty blamed. The election results in Kragujevac and Jagodina were later annulled due to the fighting. Government pressure resulted in the election of several Liberals in Belgrade despite the city being a Conservative stronghold, with over 600 voters in the city being prevented from voting by delays.

References

Serbia
1877 in Serbia
1877
February 1877 events

1877 Serbian parliamentary election


Bath Street in Bath, Somerset, England was built by Thomas Baldwin in 1791. Several of the buildings have been designated as Grade I listed buildings.

It was originally named Cross Bath Street as it contains the Cross Bath. It is also the entrance to the much more recent Thermae Bath Spa. At the northern end of the street the buildings are continuous with those in Stall Street.

The two-storey buildings have mansard roofs. Windows are pedimented and have decorative friezes. The south side is formed by numbers 1 to 8, while the north side is numbers 9 to 16, which formed part of the Royal Baths Treatment Centre, and are continuous with the buildings in Stall Street.

Bath Street was used for filming in the 1995 period drama film Persuasion.

See also

 List of Grade I listed buildings in Bath and North East Somerset

References

Grade I listed buildings in Bath, Somerset
Streets in Bath, Somerset

Bath Street, Bath


Attilio Pusterla (Milan, Italy, 1862 – Woodcliff, New Jersey, United States, 1941) was an Italian painter.

Biography
By 1880, he attended the Brera Academy alongside Filippo Carcano, Emilio Longoni, and Angelo Morbelli. He allied himself to the style and subjects of Vittore Grubicy, and resided in Milan.

He was a resident of Milan. In 1883 in Milan and Rome, he exhibited Effetto di sole. Also in Rome, he displayed another canvas depicting Motterone sul Lago Maggiore. At the 1886 Promotrice (and in 1887 in Venice) he sent Vecchio pescatore, La questua dei poreri, and Dopo una predica (After the Sermon). At 1886 in Milan, he sent Portrait of his father and Portrait of painter Gustavo Macchi. He then began painting genre figures of contemporary working class life, including Cucine Economiche, An English Marriage in a Cemetery, and the Bevitrici di Sangue.

His social content did not gain him economic success, and by 1900 he had moved to the United States. Among his works in North America were some of the frescoes on the Astoria Column in Oregon, as well as frescoes in the Senate Banking & Commerce Committee Room and in the House of Commons in Ottawa. Pusterla, as part of WPA-sponsored projects employing artists, directed much of the frescoes for the New York County Supreme Courthouse on Foley Square.

References

External links

1862 births
1941 deaths
Painters from Milan
Italian genre painters
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
Brera Academy alumni
Italian emigrants to the United States
19th-century Italian male artists
20th-century Italian male artists

Attilio Pusterla