Elaine Taylor (born 3 December 1967 in Watson Lake, Yukon) is a Canadian politician. She is the former Deputy Premier of the Yukon and represented the electoral district of Whitehorse West in the Yukon Legislative Assembly. First elected in 2002, and re-elected in 2006 and 2011, she was defeated in the 2016 Yukon general election by Richard Mostyn of the Yukon Liberal Party.

At the time of her defeat, she was the longest continuously serving Cabinet minister in Canada and longest-serving Cabinet minister in the Yukon.

She is a member of the Yukon Party.

Political career

Taylor first attempted to enter electoral politics in the 2000 Yukon election by contesting New Democrat Cabinet minister Dave Sloan for his seat of Whitehorse West. Whitehorse West, the former seat of Yukon Government Leader Tony Penikett, had been held by the New Democrats since it was first established in 1978. Taylor, running for the Yukon Party, and Sloan, both lost to Liberal candidate Dennis Schneider, with Taylor finishing in third. Schneider had won as part of the Liberals' sweep of the City of Whitehorse during that election.

31st Legislative Assembly

Taylor tried again to capture Whitehorse West in the 2002 election against Schneider. The short-lived Liberal government of Pat Duncan had called a snap election in an effort to shore up its political support after a series of high-profile Cabinet defections reduced it to a minority government. Taylor was successful in capturing the riding from Schneider, and joined the Dennis Fentie's Yukon Party caucus in forming a majority government. It was the first time the Yukon Party had succeeded in capturing the riding of Whitehorse West, though the nature of the riding had changed significantly since 1978.

Taylor was sworn into Cabinet on 30 November 2002, as the Minister of Business, Tourism and Culture (later renamed to Tourism and Culture) and Minister of Justice. She was the only woman in both Cabinet and the Yukon Party caucus during her first term.

Taylor was later appointed Minister of the Public Service Commission in July 2004, taking over from Cabinet minister John Edzerza who in turn inherited her portfolio of Justice. In that same shuffle, Taylor gained responsibility for the Women's Directorate portfolio, which had been previously reduced to a branch of the Cabinet Offices under the Pat Duncan government. Taylor had been tasked with returning the Women's Directorate to a ministerial portfolio when she was first sworn into Cabinet.

Taylor's higher profile in the Yukon Party caucus during its first term led Premier Fentie to name her acting Deputy Premier in December 2005, following the resignation of incumbent Peter Jenkins from Cabinet over an expense dispute with the Yukon Government. Fentie made Taylor's position permanent in January 2008.

Taylor's role in the Yukon Party caucus became even more prominent in August 2006 when Cabinet minister John Edzerza defected from the Yukon Party caucus to run for the New Democrats in the 2006 election. Taylor inherited Edzerza's portfolios of Education and Justice - the latter of which she had surrendered to Edzerza in 2004 - until the election scheduled for October 2006.

32nd Legislative Assembly

Taylor sought re-election in Whitehorse West in the 2006 election and was re-elected by a large margin. She was once again sworn into Cabinet, retaining her interim Deputy Premier title and her position as Minister of Tourism and Culture and Minister responsible for the Women's Directorate. Her portfolios of the Public Service Commission, Education, and Justice were transferred to other colleagues.

During the 32nd Assembly, Taylor served as the Government House Leader, and also as Chair of the Legislative Overview Committee, the Cabinet Committee on Legislation, and the Standing Committee on Appointments to Major Government Boards and Committees. She was also a member of the Standing Committee on Rules, Elections and Privileges.

In a 2008 Cabinet shuffle, Taylor handed over responsibility for the Women's Directorate portfolio to Justice Minister Marian Horne, but Fentie appointed her once again as Minister of the Environment in July 2008; a portfolio Fentie had held since the 2006 election. Taylor held the Environment post until 2010 when, in a surprise move, now-New Democrat MLA John Edzerza once again crossed the floor the Yukon Party. Fentie had lost his majority when Cabinet minister Brad Cathers had left caucus to sit as an independent when it was revealed that Fentie had been engaged in secret talks to privatize Yukon Energy through a sale to ATCO Electric. Cathers resigned in protest over Fentie's lack of transparency and treatment of both ministers and political staff. Edzerza's floor crossing re-established Fentie's majority in the legislature. Taylor, though publicly upset about having to surrender the Environment portfolio, nevertheless complied.

In 2011, Fentie announced that he would resign as Premier and leader of the Yukon Party. Taylor chose to endorse local businessman Rod Taylor (no relation) for the Yukon Party leadership, but Rod Taylor pulled out of his leadership bid in favour of local pharmacist Darrell Pasloski, who had run unsuccessfully for the Conservatives in the federal riding of Yukon in the 2008 federal election. Despite having endorsed Pasloski's opponent, Taylor was kept on in her Deputy Premier capacity and remained in Cabinet.

33rd Legislative Assembly

Taylor chose to seek re-election for a third term in the 2011 election in Whitehorse West. She once again won comfortably with more than half the vote and was appointed to Pasloski's Cabinet as Deputy Premier, Minister of Community Services, Minister of the Public Service Commission, Minister responsible for the Women's Directorate, the Minister responsible for the French Language Services Directorate. As Minister of Community Services, Taylor was handed responsibility for the beleaguered Whistle Bend subdivision development project that had been subject to slow progress and stagnant demand.

Taylor was shuffled into the position of Education minister in August 2013, taking over from Minister Scott Kent who had endured several controversies regarding his department's management of a string of controversies in the Catholic school system. Taylor remained in that position until Pasloski's final Cabinet shuffle in January 2015, when she once again retained responsibility for Tourism and Culture. Taylor stayed as Minister of Tourism and Culture, and kept her portfolio responsibilities for the Women's Directorate and the French Language Services Directorate for the rest of 33rd Assembly. By the end of the 33rd Assembly, Taylor was the longest-serving incumbent Cabinet minister in Canada and the longest-serving Cabinet minister in Yukon history.

Taylor sought another term in the 2016 election, but was narrowly defeated by a margin of 22 votes by Liberal candidate and former journalist Richard Mostyn. Taylor joined Premier Pasloski and Cabinet ministers Doug Graham and Mike Nixon in defeat on election night, when the Yukon Party was reduced to Official Opposition status by a Liberal majority government.

Personal life

Prior to running for elected office, Taylor served as Executive Assistant to John Ostashek, Yukon Government Leader and leader of the Yukon Party, before his defeat in the 1996 Yukon election. She was also a researcher and constituency caseworker for the Yukon Party Caucus and a visitor receptionist in the Yukon Department of Tourism.

Taylor, born and raised in Watson Lake, Yukon, holds a Bachelor of Arts in political science from the University of Alberta.

Electoral record

Yukon general election, 2016

|-

| Liberal
| Richard Mostyn
| align="right"| 455
| align="right"| 45.8%
| align="right"| +17.1%
|-

|-

| NDP
| Stu Clark
| align="right"| 106
| align="right"| 10.7%
| align="right"| -2.2%
|-
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 994
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
|}

Yukon general election, 2011

|-

|-

| Liberal
| Cully Robinson
| align="right"| 209
| align="right"| 28.7%
| align="right"| -9.9%
|-

| NDP
| Louis Gagnon
| align="right"| 94
| align="right"| 12.9%
| align="right"| +5.1%
|-
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 729
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
|}

Yukon general election, 2006

|-

|-

| Liberal
| Mike Walton
| align="right"| 371
| align="right"| 38.6%
| align="right"| +0.6%
|-

| NDP
| Rhoda Merkel
| align="right"| 75
| align="right"| 7.8%
| align="right"| -6.1%
|-
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 963
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
|}

Yukon general election, 2002

|-

|-

| Liberal
| Dennis Schneider
| align="right"| 319
| align="right"| 38.0%
| align="right"| -2.5%
|-

| NDP
| Rachel Grantham
| align="right"| 117
| align="right"| 13.9%
| align="right"| -17.4%
|-
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 840
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
|}

Yukon general election, 2000

|-

| Liberal
| Dennis Schneider
| align="right"| 621
| align="right"| 40.5%
| align="right"| +8.4%

| NDP
| Dave Sloan
| align="right"| 480
| align="right"| 31.3%
| align="right"| -9.4%

|-
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 1,535
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
|}

References

1967 births
Yukon Party MLAs
Living people
Women MLAs in Yukon
Deputy premiers of Yukon
Politicians from Whitehorse
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Women government ministers of Canada

Elaine Taylor (politician)


Torstar Corporation is a Canadian mass media company which primarily publishes news. In addition to the Toronto Star, its flagship and namesake, Torstar also publishes daily newspapers in Hamilton, Peterborough, Niagara Region, and Waterloo Region In addition to the Metroland Media Group and a minority position on Canadian Press. The corporation was initially established in 1958 to take over operations of the Star from the Atkinson Foundation after a provincial law banned charitable organizations from owning for-profit entities. From 1958 to 2020, the class A shares of Torstar were held by the families of the original Atkinson Foundation trustees. The private investment firm NordStar Capital LP, now owned by Jordan Bitove, acquired the company in 2020.

History

Torstar was founded after the Ontario government passed a law barring the provisions of late-Toronto Star owner Joseph Atkinson's will from being enacted. Atkinson had bequeathed the newspaper to a charitable organization he had founded. The Progressive Conservative provincial government of George Drew passed a law banning charitable organizations from operating profitable entities such as newspapers. Rather than sell the newspaper, the trustees of the Atkinson Foundation bought out the Star privately and founded Torstar as a private corporation.

On November 26, 2010, it was announced that the Canadian Press news agency would be taken over by a for-profit corporation, with Torstar serving as one of its investors.
On November 27, 2017, Postmedia and Torstar announced a transaction in which Postmedia would sell seven dailies, eight community papers, and the Toronto and Vancouver 24 Hours to Torstar, in exchange for 22 community papers and the Ottawa and Winnipeg versions of Metro. Except for the Exeter Times-Advocate, St. Catharines Standard, Niagara Falls Review, Peterborough Examiner, and Welland Tribune, all acquired papers were to be closed. Torstar stated that it wanted to focus on building synergies within its existing markets served. The swaps effectively remove competition between the two companies in the affected markets; the Competition Bureau stated that it would review the proposed deal. and in March 2018, formally accused the companies of using no-compete clauses to reduce competition in the newspaper industry, in violation of the Competition Act.
On December 20, 2018, Torstar applied to the Ontario Superior Court for an order to keep documents seized from its offices by the Competition Bureau sealed from the public.

Sale to NordStar

Initial NordStar proposal

On May 26, 2020, Toronto Star publisher John Honderich announced the sale of Torstar to Nordstar Capital LP, for $52 million. The price for the class A voting shares and class B non-voting shares was set at 63 cents in the deal. At the time of the most recent quarter, Torstar had $69 million in cash on its balance sheet – more than the $52-million acquisition price from Nordstar. However, Torstar's share price had suffered from the company's inability to generate enough revenue or cost savings to pay quarterly dividends, which were suspended late in 2019. The suspension pushed the publicly traded B shares to what was then the lowest level since at least the late 1990s — 53 cents. Weeks prior to the announcement of the deal, Torstar had reported a $23.5-million loss for the first quarter of 2020.

The new owners planned to make Torstar a private company with former Premier of Ontario David Peterson as chair of the board.

NordStar revised proposal and final sale

On July 11, the NordStar bid was increased to $60 million, or 74 cents per share, with the Voting Trust and Fairfax revising their soft lock-up agreements, to hard lock-ups. This effectively put an end to the bidding process because the terms of the revised bid meant that "the Voting Trust and Fairfax can't change their votes to support any other bid".

In the shareholder vote held on July 21, 99.7% of the class A shareholders favoured the NordStar offer as did 98.1% class B shareholders. However, only 81.9% of minority shareholders (not including the Voting Trust or Fairfax Financial) voted to accept the NordStar offer. On July 23, Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP, an international corporate law firm representing Torstar, brought forth a motion on behalf of Torstar before Ontario Superior Court Justice Gilmore to approve Torstar's plan of arrangement with respect to the acquisition of Torstar. Grant Vingoe, chair of the Ontario Securities Commission, had previously said in a letter to Andrea Horvath that the court was the appropriate venue to challenge the proposal. He further said that the test to be applied by the court was whether the process leading to the arrangement was fair and reasonable.
On July 25, the Globe and Mail published an interview with Butch Folland, a significant member of Torstar's voting trust and the great grandson of the founder of Torstar, Joseph E. Atkinson, Torstar's original publisher and the author of the Atkinson Principles. Folland is also the grandson of Harry Hindmarsh, who was President of the Star following Atkinson's death in 1948. His personal ties to the Toronto Star date back to age 13 when he took a job as an office boy. In that article. Folland is quoted as saying, "I was really disappointed in the outcome. I felt that the process wasn't really fair in the way it affected me."

Late in the evening on July 27, an Ontario court approved the $60-million takeover of Torstar Corp. by private equity firm NordStar Capital LP over the objections of a rival bidding group, which immediately said it planned to appeal the judge's decision. Ontario Superior Court Justice Cory Gilmore ruled NordStar, could close their purchase of Torstar,

Operations

Daily News Brands

The Daily News Brands division primarily comprises the Toronto Star and its associated properties, including Torstar Syndication Services. The division also owns The Hamilton Spectator, the Waterloo Region Record, the St. Catharines Standard, the Niagara Falls Review, the Welland Tribune, and the Peterborough Examiner.
The StarMetro chain of free daily newspapers serving Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, Toronto, and Vancouver was also part of this division until publication of those titles ceased in 2019.

Community Brands

The Community Brands division, Metroland Media Group, owns more than 70 weekly community papers as of late May 2020, the free magazine Canadian Immigrant, and other community-oriented properties.

VerticalScope

On July 29, 2015, Torstar announced its acquisition of a 56% majority stake in VerticalScope, a Toronto-based owner of online communities, for $200 million. VerticalScope operates numerous websites and internet discussion message boards dedicated to various topics. Torstar CEO David Holland explained that the purchase was designed to bolster the company's presence in digital media.

Star Touch and ePaper apps

Launched in 2015, Toronto Star Touch was the company's app designed specifically for tablet computers. It was discontinued in late July 2017 after an investment totaling $20 million because of an inadequate volume of readers and advertisers and was replaced by universal apps available for both Android and iOS smartphones and tablets.

Management

The following is a list of past presidents and CEOs of Torstar:

 Beland Honderich 1966–1988 (as president), 1976–1988 (as CEO and chair)
 David R. Jolley 1988–1994
 David A. Galloway 1988–2002
 J. Robert S. Prichard 2002–2009
 David P. Holland 2009–2017
 Neil Oliver 2022–present

Other investments

Torstar owns a 20 per cent stake in the Victoria, British Columbia-based newspaper publisher Black Press. The company is also part owner of The Canadian Press.

Past investments

Torstar launched a weekly celebrity-based magazine called Scoop in 2005, which folded one year later.

Between late 2005 and early 2011, Torstar also held a 20 per cent stake in CTVglobemedia, a Canadian media company which broke up when BCE Inc., the parent company of Bell Canada, purchased the company's media assets. This caused some controversy because CTVgm owned The Globe and Mail, a competing newspaper to Torstar's own Toronto Star. There were no editorial hurdles between the two newspapers however. Torstar sold its shares in 2011.

On May 2, 2014, Torstar announced the sale of Harlequin Enterprises, a publisher of romance novels, to HarperCollins for $415 million.

See also

 Postmedia Network
 Quebecor Media
 The Woodbridge Company
 Grant v. Torstar Corp.

References

External links

 Torstar corporate webpage

Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Newspaper companies of Canada
Companies based in Toronto

1958 establishments in Ontario

Torstar


Too Many Winners is a 1947 American mystery crime film directed by William Beaudine and starring Hugh Beaumont, Trudy Marshall and Ralph Dunn. Made and released by Producers Releasing Corporation , it was one of a number of films featuring the private detective Michael Shayne.

Plot
Private detective Michael Shayne and his girlfriend/secretary Phyllis are in the office ready to leave on a duck-hunting vacation but are puzzled when a mysterious stranger arrives who announces that he intended to offer a bribe to not take a certain unspecified case, but hearing that Shane is going away anyway, abruptly departs. The mystery deepens when Shayne is invited over by a Mayme Martin with an offer to sell certain valuable information which Shayne declines. Leaving Martin's, Shayne is ambushed by a pair of odd thugs under orders of their boss seeking to know what Martin told him, which was nothing; they beat up and leave Shayne in the city dump.

Now drawn in to an obvious situation, Shayne sends his reporter friend Tim Rourke to accept Martin's information offer, but instead Rourke encounters police and her murdered body.

It turns out that the mystery concerns criminal activity at the Santa Rosita racetrack. The president Albert Payson's track manager John Hardeman hires Shayne to solve a counterfeit ticket racket that is bankrupting the track. The printer for the legitimate tickets is a trusted company owned by Payson, and Hardeman alone decides on the tickets' secret daily design and code numbers.

The track offers one other lead. Gil Madden, owner of the Tribune, had long been trying to get the contract for printing the tickets. He had financed the purchase of the Tribune using as collateral a printing company he'd acquired from a prison inmate, a Theodore Ross.

Shayne recognizes Madden as the stranger who offered the bribe to drop the case and he won't answer questions. Madden's partner, photographer/engraver Ben Edwards, also refuses to be questioned.

As it turns out, Gil Madden is aka Theodore Ross and Ben Edwards is aka Claude Bates. Years ago they were convicted of together counterfeiting Irish sweepstakes tickets and sent to Joliet Penitentiary. Madden served a light sentence and was released but Edwards drew 20 to 50 and after two years, broke out. Edwards has acquired a wife and son who know nothing about his past.

Despite the efforts of Edwards to remake his life, inventing a new type of camera, sadly Hardeman figured out his identity and began blackmailing the escaped convict to force him to make the counterfeit racing tickets.

We are now at the point of the film where Hardeman fears Edwards will talk and directs his thugs to kill him, as he had ordered the death of Martin who knew about the blackmail. But just as he speaks this order into the phone, Edwards shows up to instead shoot and kill Hardeman; in turn as he is leaving, Edwards is shot and killed by Hardeman's thugs.

At the end, one thug reveals the other, Joe, as the killer of Martin and Edwards; Joe attacks and is shot by the other as police arrive and capture him. In the final scene, the police agree at Shane's request to spare Edwards' family from the truth, and Shane and Phyllis at last embark on their vacation.

Cast
 Hugh Beaumont as Michael Shayne
 Trudy Marshall as Phyllis Hamilton
 Ralph Dunn as Det. Peter Rafferty
 Claire Carleton as Mayme Martin
 Charles Mitchell as Tim Rourke
 John Hamilton as Albert Payson
 Grandon Rhodes as John Hardeman
 Ben Welden as Gil Madden / Theodore Ross
 Byron Foulger as Ben Edwards / Claude Bates
 Jean Andren as Mary Edwards
 George Meader as Clarence

References

Bibliography
 Marshall, Wendy L. William Beaudine: From Silents to Television. Scarecrow Press, 2005.

External links

1947 films
American crime films
American black-and-white films
1947 crime films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by William Beaudine
Producers Releasing Corporation films
1940s American films
1947 mystery films
American mystery films

Too Many Winners


A light meter (or illuminometer) is a device used to measure the amount of light. In photography, an exposure meter is a light meter coupled to either a digital or analog calculator which displays the correct shutter speed and f-number for optimum exposure, given a certain lighting situation and film speed. Similarly, exposure meters are also used in the fields of cinematography and scenic design, in order to determine the optimum light level for a scene.

Light meters also are used in the general field of architectural lighting design to verify proper installation and performance of a building lighting system, and in assessing the light levels for growing plants.

If a light meter is giving its indications in luxes, it is called a "luxmeter".

Use in photography

Actinometers
The earliest exposure meters were called actinometers (not to be confused with the scientific instrument with the same name), first developed in the late 1800s after commercial photographic plates became available with consistent sensitivity. These photographic actinometers used light-sensitive paper; the photographer would measure the time required for the paper to darken to a control value, providing an input to a mechanical calculation of shutter speed and aperture for a given plate number. They were popular between approximately 1890 and 1920.

Extinction types

The next exposure meters, developed at about the same time but not displacing actinometers in popularity until the 1920s and 1930s, are known as extinction meters, evaluating the correct exposure settings by variable attenuation. One type of extinction meter contained a numbered or lettered row of neutral density filters of increasing density. The photographer would position the meter in front of their subject and note the filter with the greatest density that still allowed incident light to pass through. In another example, sold as Heyde's Aktino-Photometer starting from the early 1900s, the photographer views the scene through an eyepiece and turns the meter to vary the effective density until the scene can no longer be seen. The letter or number corresponding to the filter strength causing the "extinction" of the scene was used as an index into a chart of appropriate aperture and shutter speed combinations for a given film speed.

Extinction meters tended to provide inconsistent results because they depended on subjective interpretation and the light sensitivity of the human eye, which can vary from person to person.

Photoelectric types

Later meters removed the human element and relied on technologies incorporating selenium, CdS, and silicon photodetectors.

Selenium and silicon light meters use sensors that are photovoltaic: they generate a voltage proportional to light exposure. Selenium sensors generate enough voltage for direct connection to a meter; they need no battery to operate and this made them very convenient in completely mechanical cameras. Selenium sensors however cannot measure low light accurately (ordinary lightbulbs can take them close to their limits) and are altogether unable to measure very low light, such as candlelight, moonlight, starlight etc. Silicon sensors need an amplification circuit and require a power source such as batteries to operate. CdS light meters use a photoresistor sensor whose electrical resistance changes proportionately to light exposure. These also require a battery to operate. Most modern light meters use silicon or CdS sensors. They indicate the exposure either with a needle galvanometer or on an LCD screen.

Many modern consumer still and video cameras include a built-in meter that measures a scene-wide light level and are able to make an approximate measure of appropriate exposure based on that. Photographers working with controlled lighting and cinematographers use handheld light meters to precisely measure the light falling on various parts of their subjects and use suitable lighting to produce the desired exposure levels.

Reflected and incident measurements
Exposure meters generally are sorted into reflected-light or incident-light types, depending on the method used to measure the scene.

Reflected-light meters measure the light reflected by the scene to be photographed. All in-camera meters are reflected-light meters. Reflected-light meters are calibrated to show the appropriate exposure for "average" scenes. An unusual scene with a preponderance of light colors or specular highlights would have a higher reflectance; a reflected-light meter taking a reading would incorrectly compensate for the difference in reflectance and lead to underexposure.  Badly underexposed sunset photos are common exactly because of this effect: the brightness of the setting sun fools the camera's light meter and, unless the in-camera logic or the photographer take care to compensate, the picture will be grossly underexposed and dull.

This pitfall (but not in the setting-sun case) is avoided by incident-light meters which measure the amount of light falling on the subject using a diffuser with a flat or (more commonly) hemispherical field of view placed on top of the light sensor. Because the incident-light reading is independent of the subject's reflectance, it is less likely to lead to incorrect exposures for subjects with unusual average reflectance. Taking an incident-light reading requires placing the meter at the subject's position and pointing it in the general direction of the camera, something not always achievable in practice, e.g., in landscape photography where the subject distance approaches infinity.

Another way to avoid under- or over-exposure for subjects with unusual reflectance is to use a spot meter: a specialized reflected-light meter that measures light in a very tight cone, typically with a one degree circular angle of view. An experienced photographer can take multiple readings over the shadows, midrange, and highlights of the scene to determine optimal exposure, using systems like the Zone System.

Many modern cameras include sophisticated multi-segment metering systems that measure the luminance of different parts of the scene to determine the optimal exposure. When using a film whose spectral sensitivity is not a good match to that of the light meter, for example orthochromatic black-and-white or infrared film, the meter may require special filters and re-calibration to match the sensitivity of the film.

There are other types of specialized photographic light meters. Flash meters are used in flash photography to verify correct exposure. Color meters are used where high fidelity in color reproduction is required. Densitometers are used in photographic reproduction.

Exposure meter calibration

In most cases, an incident-light meter will cause a medium tone to be recorded as a medium tone, and a reflected-light meter will cause whatever is metered to be recorded as a medium tone.  What constitutes a "medium tone" depends on meter calibration and several other factors, including film processing or digital image conversion.

Meter calibration establishes the relationship between subject lighting and recommended camera settings. The calibration of photographic light meters is covered by ISO 2720:1974.

Exposure equations

For reflected-light meters, camera settings are related to ISO speed and subject luminance by the reflected-light exposure equation:

where

  is the relative aperture (f-number)
  is the exposure time ("shutter speed") in seconds
  is the average scene luminance
  is the ISO arithmetic speed
  is the reflected-light meter calibration constant

For incident-light meters, camera settings are related to ISO speed and subject illuminance by the incident-light exposure equation:

where

  is the illuminance
  is the incident-light meter calibration constant

Calibration constants

Determination of calibration constants has been largely subjective; ISO 2720:1974 states that

The constants  and  shall be chosen by statistical analysis of the results of a large number of tests carried out to determine the acceptability to a large number of observers, of a number
of photographs, for which the exposure was known, obtained under various conditions of subject manner and over a range of luminances.

In practice, the variation of the calibration constants among manufacturers is considerably less than this statement might imply, and values have changed little since the early 1970s.

ISO 2720:1974 recommends a range for  of 10.6 to 13.4 with
luminance in cd/m2.  Two values for  are in common use: 12.5 (Canon, Nikon, and
Sekonic) and 14 (Minolta, Kenko, and Pentax); the difference between the two values is approximately  EV.

The earliest calibration standards were developed for use with wide-angle averaging reflected-light meters
(Jones and Condit 1941).  Although wide-angle average metering has largely given way to other metering sensitivity patterns (e.g., spot, center-weighted, and multi-segment), the values for  determined for wide-angle averaging meters have remained.

The incident-light calibration constant depends on the type of light receptor.  Two receptor types are common: flat (cosine-responding) and hemispherical (cardioid-responding).  With a flat receptor, ISO 2720:1974 recommends a range for  of 240 to 400 with illuminance in lux; a value of 250 is commonly used.  A flat receptor typically is used for measurement of lighting ratios, for measurement of illuminance, and occasionally, for determining exposure for a flat subject.

For determining practical photographic exposure, a hemispherical receptor has proven more effective. Don Norwood, inventor of incident-light exposure meter with a hemispherical receptor, thought that a sphere was a reasonable representation of a photographic subject. According to his patent (Norwood 1938), the objective was

to provide an exposure meter which is substantially uniformly responsive to light incident upon the photographic subject from practically all directions which would result in the reflection of light to the camera or other photographic register.

and the meter provided for "measurement of the effective illumination obtaining at the position of the subject."

With a hemispherical receptor, ISO 2720:1974 recommends a range for  of 320 to 540 with illuminance in lux; in practice, values typically are between 320 (Minolta) and 340 (Sekonic).  The relative responses of flat and hemispherical receptors depend upon the number and type of light sources; when each receptor is pointed at a small light source, a hemispherical receptor with  = 330 will indicate an exposure approximately 0.40 step greater than that indicated by a flat receptor with  = 250.  With a slightly revised definition of illuminance, measurements with a hemispherical receptor indicate "effective scene illuminance."

Calibrated reflectance

It is commonly stated that reflected-light meters are calibrated to an 18% reflectance, but the calibration has nothing to do with reflectance, as should be evident from the exposure formulas.  However, some notion of reflectance is implied by a comparison of incident- and reflected-light meter calibration.

Combining the reflected-light and incident-light exposure equations and rearranging gives

Reflectance  is defined as

A uniform perfect diffuser (one following Lambert's cosine law) of luminance  emits a flux density of ; reflectance then is

Illuminance is measured with a flat receptor.  It is straightforward to compare an incident-light measurement using a flat receptor with a reflected-light measurement of a uniformly illuminated flat surface of constant reflectance.  Using values of 12.5 for  and 250 for  gives

With a  of 14, the reflectance would be 17.6%, close to that of a standard 18% neutral test card.  In theory, an incident-light measurement should agree with a reflected-light measurement of a test card of suitable reflectance that is perpendicular to the direction to the meter.  However, a test card seldom is a uniform diffuser, so incident- and reflected-light measurements might differ slightly.

In a typical scene, many elements are not flat and are at various orientations to the camera, so that for practical photography, a hemispherical receptor usually has proven more effective for determining exposure.  Using values of 12.5 for  and 330 for  gives

With a slightly revised definition of reflectance, this result can be taken as indicating that the average scene reflectance is approximately 12%.  A typical scene includes shaded areas as well as areas that receive direct illumination, and a wide-angle averaging reflected-light meter responds to these differences in illumination as well as differing reflectances of various scene elements. Average scene reflectance then would be

where "effective scene illuminance" is that measured by a meter with a hemispherical receptor.

ISO 2720:1974 calls for reflected-light calibration to be measured by aiming the receptor at a transilluminated diffuse surface, and for incident-light calibration to be measured by aiming the receptor at a point source in a darkened room.  For a perfectly diffusing test card and perfectly diffusing flat receptor, the comparison between a reflected-light measurement and an incident-light measurement is valid for any position of the light source.  However, the response of a hemispherical receptor to an off-axis light source is approximately that of a cardioid rather than a cosine, so the 12% "reflectance" determined for an incident-light meter with a hemispherical receptor is valid only when the light source is on the receptor axis.

Cameras with internal meters

Calibration of cameras with internal meters is covered by ISO 2721:1982; nonetheless, many manufacturers specify (though seldom state) exposure calibration in terms of , and many calibration instruments (e.g., Kyoritsu-Arrowin multi-function camera testers ) use the specified  to set the test parameters.

Exposure determination with a neutral test card

If a scene differs considerably from a statistically average scene, a wide-angle averaging reflected-light measurement may not indicate the correct exposure.  To simulate an average scene, a substitute measurement sometimes is made of a neutral test card, or gray card.

At best, a flat card is an approximation to a three-dimensional scene, and measurement of a test card may lead to underexposure unless adjustment is made. The instructions for a Kodak neutral test card recommend that the indicated exposure be increased by  step for a frontlighted scene in sunlight.  The instructions also recommend that the test card be held vertically and faced in a direction midway between the Sun and the camera; similar directions are also given in the Kodak Professional Photoguide. The combination of exposure increase and the card orientation gives recommended exposures that are reasonably close to those given by an incident-light meter with a hemispherical receptor when metering with an off-axis light source.

In practice, additional complications may arise.  Many neutral test cards are far from perfectly diffuse reflectors, and specular reflections can cause increased reflected-light meter readings that, if followed, would result in underexposure.  It is possible that the neutral test card instructions include a correction for specular reflections.

Use in illumination

Light meters or light detectors are also used in illumination. Their purpose is to measure the illumination level in the interior and to switch off or reduce the output level of luminaires. This can greatly reduce the energy burden of the building by significantly increasing the efficiency of its lighting system. It is therefore recommended to use light meters in lighting systems, especially in rooms where one cannot expect users to pay attention to manually switching off the lights. Examples include hallways, stairs, and big halls.

There are, however, significant obstacles to overcome in order to achieve a successful implementation of light meters in lighting systems, of which user acceptance is by far the most formidable. Unexpected or too frequent switching and too bright or too dark rooms are very annoying and disturbing for users of the rooms. Therefore, different switching algorithms have been developed:
difference algorithm, where lights are switched on at a lower light level than they switch off, thus taking ensuring the difference between the light level of the 'on' state and 'off' state is not too big
time delay algorithms:
a certain amount of time must pass since the last switch
a certain amount of time at a sufficient illumination level must pass.

Other uses

In Scientific Research & Development uses, a light meter consists of a radiometer (the electronics/readout), a photo-diode or sensor (generates an output when exposed to electromagnetic radiation/light) a filter (used to modify the incoming light so only the desired portion of incoming radiation reaches the sensor) and a cosine correcting input optic (assures the sensor can see the light coming in from all directions accurately).

When the word light meter or photometer is used in place of radiometer or optometer, or it is often assumed the system was configured to see only visible light. Visible light sensors are often called illuminance or photometric sensors because they have been filtered to be sensitive only to 400-700 nanometers (nm) mimicking the human eyes' sensitivity to light. How accurately the meter measures often depends on how well the filtration matches the human eyes' response.

The sensor will send a signal to the meter that is proportional to the amount of light that reaches the sensor after being collected by the optics and passing through the filter. The meter then converts the incoming signal (typically current or voltage) from the sensor into a reading of calibrated units such as Foot-Candles (fc) or Lux (lm/m^2). Calibration in fc or lux, is the second most important feature of a light meter. It not only converts the signal from V or mA, but it also provides accuracy and unit to unit repeatability. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceability and ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation are two well known terms that verify the system includes a valid calibration.

The meter/radiometer/photometer portion may have many features including:

Zero: subtracts ambient/background light levels, or stabilize the meter to the working environment

Hold: freezes the value on the display.

Range: for systems that are not linear and auto ranging this function allows the user to select the portion of the meter electronics that best handles the signal level in use.

Units: For illuminance the units are typically only lux and foot-candles but many light meters can also be used for UV, VIS and IR applications so the readout could change to W/cm^2, candela, Watts etc.

Integrate: sums up the values into a dose or exposure level i.e. lux*sec or J/cm^2.

Along with having a variety of features, a light meter may also be usable for a variety of applications. These may include the measurement of other bands of light such UVA, UVB, UVC and Near IR.  For example, UVA and UVB light meters are used for phototherapy or treatment of skin conditions, germicidal radiometers are used for measuring the UVC level from lamps used for disinfection and sterilization, luminance meters are used to measure the brightness of a sign, display or exit sign, PAR quantum sensors are used to measure how much of a given light source's emission will help plants grow, and UV-curing radiometers test how much of the lights emission is effective for hardening a glue, plastic, or protective coating.

Some light meters also have the ability to provide a readout in many different units.  Lux and footcandles are the common units for visible light, but so are Candelas, Lumens, and Candela per square meter.  In the realm of disinfection, UVC is typically measured in watts per square centimeter, or watts for a given individual lamp assembly, whereas systems used in the context of the curing of coatings often provide readouts in Joules per Square centimeter.  Regular measurements of UVC light intensity thus can serve to provide assurance of proper disinfection of water and food-preparation surfaces, or reliable coating hardness in painted products.

Although a light meter can take the form of a very simple handheld tool with one-button operation, there are also many advanced light-measurement systems available for use in numerous different applications.  These can be incorporated into automated systems that can, for example, wipe lamps clean when a certain reduction in output is detected, or that can trigger an alarm when lamp-failure occurs.

See also

 Selenium meter
 Photometer | Photodetector
 Colorimetry | Photometry | Radiometry
 Light value
 Photomultiplier tubes for detecting light at very low levels.
 PIN diode solid state electronic devices for detecting incident light.

Notes

References

 Ctein. 1997. Post Exposure: Advanced Techniques for the Photographic Printer. Boston: Focal Press. .
 Eastman Kodak Company. Instructions for Kodak Neutral Test Card, 453-1-78-ABX. Rochester: Eastman Kodak Company.
 Eastman Kodak Company. 1992. Kodak Professional Photoguide. Kodak publication no. R-28. Rochester: Eastman Kodak Company.
  ISO 2720:1974. General Purpose Photographic Exposure Meters (Photoelectric Type) — Guide to Product Specification. International Organization for Standardization.
  ISO 2721:2013. Photography — Film-based cameras — Automatic controls of exposure. International Organization for Standardization.
 Jones, Loyd A., and H. R. Condit. 1941. The Brightness Scale of Exterior Scenes and the Correct Computation of Photographic Exposure. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 31:651–678.
  Norwood, Donald W. 1938. Exposure Meter. US Patent 2,214,283, filed 14 November 1938, and issued  10 September 1940.

External links
 The Problem with Lux Meters An article suggesting that Lux meter may read incorrectly when measuring light not from a tungsten source (i.e. fluorescent, metal halide, sodium, LED and other types).
 Exposure Metering: Relating Subject Lighting to Film Exposure (PDF) A discussion of meter calibration and its practical effects.
 Estimating Luminance and Illuminance (PDF) A Kodak guide to using a camera's exposure meter.
 Basic Light Measurement Principles An article from International Light Technologies on basic principles

Photography equipment
Electromagnetic radiation meters
Lighting

Light meter


Custer County is a rural mountain county in the center of the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,275,  making it the fifth-least populous county in Idaho. The county seat is Challis. Established in 1881, the county was named for the General Custer Mine, where gold was discovered five years earlier. Custer County relies on ranching, mining, and tourism as its main resources.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.3%) is water. It is the third-largest county in Idaho by area.

The Lost River Range, the state's highest mountains, are located in eastern Custer County. The highest is Borah Peak, the highest natural point in Idaho at . On the western border of the county is Idaho's famous Sawtooth Range; the tallest is Thompson Peak in Custer County, above picturesque Redfish Lake.  east are the White Cloud Mountains, the tallest of which is Castle Peak at .

The Salmon River and Big Lost River flow through Custer County.

Adjacent counties
Lemhi County - north
Butte County - east
Blaine County - south
Elmore County - southwest
Boise County - southwest
Valley County - west

Major highways
 US 93

National protected areas
 Challis National Forest (part)
 Sawtooth National Forest (part)
 Sawtooth National Recreation Area (part)
 Hemingway–Boulders Wilderness (part)
 Jim McClure–Jerry Peak Wilderness
 Sawtooth Wilderness (part)
 Cecil D. Andrus–White Clouds Wilderness

Demographics

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,342 people, 1,770 households, and 1,196 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 2,983 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 97.28% White, 0.55% Native American, 0.02% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.17% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. 4.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.6% were of English, 17.0% German, 10.9% Irish and 9.9% American ancestry.

There were 1,770 households, out of which 29.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.10% were married couples living together, 4.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 27.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.50% under the age of 18, 4.80% from 18 to 24, 25.90% from 25 to 44, 29.30% from 45 to 64, and 14.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 104.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,174, and the median income for a family was $39,551. Males had a median income of $32,255 versus $21,463 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,783. About 10.70% of families and 14.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.70% of those under age 18 and 12.80% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 4,368 people, 1,936 households, and 1,244 families living in the county. The population density was . There were 3,103 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 96.4% white, 0.6% American Indian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 1.5% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 34.3% were English, 25.6% were German, 19.5% were Irish, and 2.8% were American.

Of the 1,936 households, 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.7% were non-families, and 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.74. The median age was 48.0 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $41,910 and the median income for a family was $56,710. Males had a median income of $42,865 versus $27,317 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,625. About 10.1% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.2% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
Custer County is overwhelmingly Republican. The last Democrat to carry the county was John F. Kennedy in 1960, since 1968 no Democrat has passed 37 percent of the county's vote, and the last to pass 28 percent was Michael Dukakis in 1988. However, unusually for so Republican a county, the westernmost precincts adjacent to Blaine County give Democratic majorities in most statewide elections. In the 2008 Presidential election, it supported Republican John McCain over Democrat Barack Obama by a margin of 71 percent to 25 percent. In 2012, the county gave Mitt Romney a first ballot victory in the Republican primary caucus and subsequently voted 74.1 percent for him in the Presidential election. In 2016, Donald Trump won the Republican primaries with 41.8 percent of support in the county although Ted Cruz won the state with 45.5 percent.

Communities

Cities
Challis
Clayton
Lost River
Mackay
Stanley

Unincorporated communities
 Dickey
 Ellis
 Goldburg

Ghost towns
 Bayhorse
 Bonanza
 Custer

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Custer County, Idaho

References

External links

Challis School District #181

Further reading
The History of Custer County

Idaho counties
1881 establishments in Idaho Territory
Populated places established in 1881

Custer County, Idaho


James Harlan Steele (1913-2013) was an American veterinarian recognized as "the father of veterinary public health" who led some of the first efforts to prevent the spread of disease from animals to humans.

Steele's professional career spanned more than 70 years. It began in 1938 when he worked in a brucellosis testing laboratory for the Michigan State Department of Agriculture while studying veterinary medicine at Michigan State University. Brucellosis developed in many of his veterinary colleagues, and he wanted to learn how the causative pathogen and other pathogens were transmitted from animals to humans. This marked the beginning of his lifelong vocation of studying and controlling zoonotic diseases.

In 1941, Steele received a doctorate of veterinary medicine from Michigan State University, and in 1942, he earned a master of public health degree from Harvard University. In 1943, he was commissioned as a sanitarian in the Public Health Service (PHS). He spent most of World War II in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, where he coordinated milk and food sanitation programs, evaluated zoonotic threats to the islands, and conducted research on brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, rabies, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis.

References
This article incorporates public domain text from the CDC as cited

American veterinarians
Male veterinarians
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni
Michigan State University alumni
1913 births
2013 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians

James Harlan Steele


Daniel D. Tompkins (June 21, 1774 – June 11, 1825) was an American politician. He was the fifth governor of New York from 1807 to 1817, and the sixth vice president of the United States from 1817 to 1825.

Born in Scarsdale, New York, Tompkins practiced law in New York City after graduating from Columbia College. He was a delegate to the 1801 New York constitutional convention and served on the New York Supreme Court from 1804 to 1807. In 1807, he defeated incumbent Morgan Lewis to become the Governor of New York. He held that office from 1807 to 1817, serving for the duration of the War of 1812. During the war, he often spent his own money to equip and pay the militia when the legislature was not in session, or would not approve the necessary funds.

Tompkins was the Democratic-Republican Party's vice presidential nominee in the 1816 presidential election. The ticket of James Monroe and Tompkins easily prevailed over limited Federalist opposition. He served as vice president from 1817 to 1825, and was the only 19th century vice president to serve two full terms. In 1820, he sought another term as Governor of New York, but was defeated by DeWitt Clinton. After the War of 1812, Tompkins was in poor physical and financial health, the latter condition stemming largely from his spending for the military effort during the War of 1812. He fell into alcoholism and was unable to re-establish fiscal solvency despite winning partial reimbursement from the federal government in 1823. He died 99 days after completing a second term and leaving office at the age of 50.

Name
Tompkins was baptized Daniel Tompkins, but added the middle initial "D." either before or during his time as a student at Columbia College. According to his granddaughter, Helen T. Tompkins, this was to distinguish himself from another Daniel Tompkins who was a student there, though records of Columbia College do not list any other Daniel Tompkins studying at Columbia at the time. There is controversy as to what the middle initial stood for; some have suggested "Decius." The generally accepted conclusion is that it did not stand for anything and served only to distinguish him from another Daniel Tompkins whom he perhaps studied along with either in primary or secondary school.

Early life, family, and career

Daniel D. Tompkins was born on June 21, 1774, in Scarsdale, Westchester County, New York, at his home, the estate of Fox Meadow. His parents were Sarah Ann (Hyatt) and Jonathan Griffin Tompkins. His older brother, Caleb Tompkins was a United States representative from 1817 to 1821. Daniel Tompkins graduated from Columbia College in New York City in 1795, and then studied law with James Kent and Peter Jay Munro. He was admitted to the bar in 1797, and practiced in New York City. Despite the Federalist leanings of Kent and Munro, Tompkins entered politics as a Democratic-Republican. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention in 1801, and a member of the New York State Assembly in 1804. He was elected to the 9th United States Congress, but resigned before the beginning of the term to accept, at age 30, an appointment as associate justice of the New York Supreme Court of Judicature, in which capacity he served from 1804 to 1807.

On February 20, 1798, Daniel Tompkins, 23, married 16-year-old Hannah Minthorne, the daughter of Mangle Minthorne, an assistant alderman of New York City. The couple had eight children, including Arietta Minthorn Tompkins (born July 31, 1800), who married a son of Smith Thompson in 1818, and (Mangle) Minthorne Tompkins (December 26, 1807 – June 5, 1881), who was the Free Soil Party candidate for Governor of New York in 1852.  The Tompkinses also fostered Henry Brewerton (1801–1879), who was orphaned at a young age.  Brewerton entered West Point in 1813, served as an engineer officer during the American Civil War and retired from the Army in 1867.

The Tompkinsville section of Staten Island was named after him; in 1815, Tompkins established a settlement along the eastern shore of the island with the purchase of the Van Buskirk Farm in New Brighton and property on Grymes Hill. His main residence was located on Fort Hill, near Fort Place which burned down in 1874.

Their children Hannah and Minthorne were named after their mother, and Hannah and Minthorne streets in Staten Island are named for them. Staten Island's Westervelt Avenue is named for daughter Hannah's husband. Hannah was ill in the year before her husband became vice president, and did not attend his inauguration. She survived him by nearly four years in Tompkinsville, Staten Island.

Governor

On April 30, 1807, he defeated the incumbent Governor Morgan LewisTompkins received 35,074 votes, Lewis 30,989 – and remained in office as Governor of New York until 1817. He was reelected in 1810, defeating Jonas PlattTompkins received 43,094 votes, Jonas Platt received 36,484. In 1813 he defeated Stephen Van RensselaerTompkins received 43,324 votes, Van Rensselaer received 39,718and in 1816, he beat Rufus KingTompkins received 45,412 votes, King received 38,647. Tompkins was supported by DeWitt Clinton in his first run for office, but Tompkins later broke with Clinton by supporting James Madison over Clinton in the 1808 presidential election.

During the War of 1812, Tompkins proved to be one of the most effective war governors. He played an important role in reorganizing the state militia and promoted the formation of a standing state military force based on select conscription. He declined an appointment as United States Secretary of State by President James Madison in 1814, instead accepting appointment as commander of the federal military district that included New York City.

Tompkins was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.

In 1815 Tompkins established a settlement along the eastern shore of Staten Island that came to be called Tompkinsville. He built a dock along the waterfront in the neighborhood in 1817 and began offering daily ferry service between Staten Island and Manhattan. In 1816 he purchased much of the land later known as Tompkinsville from the Church of St. Andrew, but his financial troubles later led the church to foreclose. His son-in-law and daughter, Dr. John S. and Hannah Westervelt then bought the property, which they later divided into many lots to sell off.

In 1817, Governor Tompkins suggested that July 4, 1827, be set as the date on which all slaves in New York state—including those who were born before the Gradual Manumission Act of July 4, 1799, (and who were therefore not eligible for freedom)—should be freed. This was subsequently marked by African Americans in the state by a Fifth of July celebration.

Vice presidency (1817–1825)
Many New York Democratic-Republicans supported Tompkins for president in the 1816 presidential election, but James Monroe received the party's nomination. Tompkins was instead elected Vice President as Monroe's running mate. Tompkins was re-elected in 1820. He served from March 4, 1817, to March 4, 1825. In April 1820, while serving as vice president, he ran for Governor of New York against incumbent DeWitt Clinton. Tompkins lost, 45,900 votes to 47,447. He was a delegate to the 1821 New York State Constitutional Convention, serving as its president.
When Tompkins became vice president, he was in poor health, due to a fall from a horse on November 3, 1814. His finances were also quite poor. During the War of 1812, he had personally financed New York's war effort with borrowed money, but did not adequately document his expenses. Both the New York legislature and the federal government refused him full reimbursement. He also slipped into alcoholism. With poor physical and financial health, Tompkins spent much of his vice presidency outside of Washington, D.C., and made for a poor presiding officer of the Senate while it debated the Missouri Compromise in 1820. In 1823, Tompkins finally won compensation from the federal government, but he continued to drink heavily and was unable to resolve his business affairs.

Freemasonry
Apart from his political career, Tompkins was an active Freemason throughout his life. He was a member of Hiram Lodge 72, Mount Pleasant, New York and became Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New York from 1820 to 1822. The Daniel D. Tompkins Memorial Chapel at the Masonic Home in Utica, New York was built in his honor in 1911. The Grand Lodge of New York celebrated the centennial of the chapel on June 25, 2011.

He also served as the first Sovereign Grand Commander of the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction Scottish Rite, a branch of Freemasonry. Tompkins served in this capacity from 1813 to 1825, although he did not devote much time to the newly formed group.

Death

Tompkins died in Tompkinsville on June 11, 1825, 10 days before his 51st birthday. He was interred in the Minthorne vault in the west yard of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery, New York City, as was his wife. His post-vice presidency lifespan is the shortest of any US vice president, and he also lived the shortest life of any US vice president. He was the youngest US vice president until John C. Breckinridge took office in 1857 at 36, and the only 19th-century vice president to serve two terms under the same president, and two full terms at all. (George Clinton died in his second term, and John Calhoun resigned before the end of his.)

Legacy

The Tompkinsville neighborhood of Staten Island is named for Tompkins, and the streets in that neighborhood are named for his children. Tompkins Masonic Lodge #471 in that same section of Staten Island is also named for him. Tompkins is credited with being one of the founding members of the Brighton Heights Reformed Church on Staten Island. The church was founded in 1823, during his term as vice president. Its first meeting place was in New York Marine Hospital (then known as the Quarantine), a predecessor of the immigration facility on Ellis Island.

Four forts in New York State in the War of 1812 were named for Governor Tompkins, in Staten Island, Sackets Harbor, Buffalo, and Plattsburgh.

Tompkins Park in Bedford Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York (now called Herbert Von King Park) was named after Tompkins. The nearby Tompkins Avenue and Tompkins Public Houses are likewise named.

Tompkins County in New York, Tompkins Square Park in Manhattan, Public School 69 Daniel D. Tompkins School in Staten Island, and the Town of Tompkins are named after him, as is Tompkins Road, running between Post Road (NY-22) and Fenimore Road in Scarsdale, New York.

Tompkinsville, Kentucky, is named for Tompkins. It is the county seat of Monroe County, Kentucky, which is named for the president under whom Tompkins served as vice president.

Tompkins was mentioned by Kris Kringle in the 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street. The screenplay was incorrect, however, in that Kringle mentions that Tompkins served as vice president under John Quincy Adams when Adams's vice president was actually John C. Calhoun. Tompkins was the sixth vice president and Adams was the sixth president, leading to confusion in the script.

American actor and producer Richard Kollmar, husband of columnist and TV personality Dorothy Kilgallen, was a great-great-grandchild of Tompkins.

References

External links

 Public papers of Daniel D. Tompkins, governor of New York, 1807–1817, Volume 3 (online)

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1774 births
1825 deaths
19th-century vice presidents of the United States
1816 United States vice-presidential candidates
1820 United States vice-presidential candidates
American Presbyterians
Burials in New York (state)
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
Democratic-Republican Party vice presidents of the United States
Governors of New York (state)
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
American people of English descent
Members of the New York State Assembly
Monroe administration cabinet members
New York (state) Democratic-Republicans
New York (state) lawyers
New York Supreme Court Justices
Politicians from Scarsdale, New York
People from Staten Island
Vice presidents of the United States
Abolitionists from New York City

Daniel D. Tompkins


Publius Metilius Nepos (c. 45 – 127 AD) was a Roman senator during the late 1st century. He is known to have been suffect consul in the nundinium of September to December 91, and was appointed Governor of Britannia by the Emperor Domitian before his death in 96, and held the post until 98.

During his governorship, the colonies of Colonia Domitiana Lindensium (Lincoln) and Colonia Nervia Glevensium (Gloucester) were founded.

Further details about Nepos are more difficult about which to be confident. The inscriptions of the Frater Arvale record a Publius Metilius Sabinus Nepos as one of their brotherhood who attended their meetings in the years 105, 110, and 111, who had died by 26 February 118 when a successor was co-opted in his place. On the other hand, a papyrus from Roman Egypt records the joint consulate of P. Metilius Nepos II and Marcus Annius Libo for 128; apparently Nepos died in late 127, and his term assigned to another person. Some assistance is provided by the presence of a "Metilius" -- who could be Publius Metilius Nepos or Publius Metilius Sabinus Nepos -- as suffect consul in 103. It is likely we have two consular senators with similar names: one died before February 118, the other in late 127.

Pliny the Younger addressed several letters to a Nepos, and at least one more to a Sabinus. It is not yet possible to determine which Nepos Pliny was writing to, nor even be assured he was writing to either of these Metilii Nepotes.

The question of children and descendants is an open one. On one hand there is a Publius Metilius P.f. Secundus, suffect consul in 123, who could be the son of either Metilii Nepotes; on the other, Anthony Birley notes there are two polyonymous senators of the next generation whose names include Metilius as part of their nomenclature: Marcus Sedatius Severianus, consul in 153, and Marcus Metilius Aquillius Regulus, consul in 157. The solution awaits further information.

References

40s births
Year of birth uncertain
127 deaths
Roman governors of Britain
Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome
Roman consuls designate
1st-century Romans
2nd-century Romans
Nepos, Publius

Publius Metilius Nepos


The Door is a novel by Hungarian writer Magda Szabó. The Door was originally published in Hungary in 1987, and translated into English in 1995 by Stefan Draughon for American publication, and again in 2005 by Len Rix for British publication. Rix's translation won the 2006 Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize, and was short-listed for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize. Rix's translation was republished in 2015 by New York Review Books Classics.

A film based on the novel, directed by István Szabó, was released in March 2012.

Plot
The novel begins with Magda, the narrator, recounting the recurring dream that haunts her in her old age. As Magda explains, after waking up from this dream, she is forced to face the fact that "I killed Emerence". The story that follows is Magda's attempt to explain what she means by this sentence; it is the comprehensive story of her decades-long relationship with her housekeeper Emerence.
When the story begins, Magda has just come into favour with the government and her works are finally allowed to be published again. She realises that she must employ a housekeeper to be able to dedicate herself to writing full-time. A former classmate recommends an older woman named Emerence. Emerence agrees to come work for her on her own terms, but she will not, she informs Magda, just be a person to "wash the dirty linen" of whoever is willing to hire her. For several years, Magda and Emerence have a somewhat unconventional relationship. Emerence sets her own wages and her own hours, and even chooses which household chores she will or will not accept. Even though she works in Magda's home, Emerence remains as much an enigma to Magda as she is to the rest of the neighbourhood. The neighbours on their street are bewildered by but still respect this odd elderly woman who is so particular in her habits and guards the closed doors of her house with the utmost secrecy.
The relationship between the two women changes dramatically some years after Emerence begins working for Magda, when Magda's husband suddenly becomes seriously ill. Magda, not thinking that Emerence cares about her personal life, takes her husband to the hospital for an operation without telling Emerence. When she returns, Emerence feels furiously betrayed. The two women stay up talking through the night, and get to know each other on a much deeper level than ever before. Although this night does not make them into instant friends, it certainly lays the foundation for the friendship that gradually emerges. Shortly after this episode, Magda and her husband find a starving puppy and take it in, with the intention of nourishing it back to health and then giving it away. Emerence and the dog, however, form a very quick and incredibly close bond, and the dog, whom Emerence names Viola (even though it is a male) adds an extra dimension to the relationship between the two women - Magda, the dog's owner, and Emerence, the dog's master.
Over the next several years, Magda and Emerence become increasingly close, and start to depend on each other more than either of them could have anticipated. Together, they experience all the drama of the neighbourhood, including the suicide of Pollet, one of Emerence's three close female friends. The two women open up to each other, and Magda learns many details of Emerence's life, including the story of her early life in the same rural region where Magda has family roots. She also learns the story of how Emerence saved the life of the baby Eva Grossman, the daughter of the wealthy Jewish family whose house Emerence cared for before they fled the country. Emerence develops so much trust for Magda that she allows her inside her house, an honour she has bestowed on nobody else in decades, not even her three best friends or her own nephew.
Near the end of the story, the always robust Emerence falls ill and is unable to continue to perform her duties. She hides away in her house, allowing entry to nobody. Magda, out of genuine concern, intervenes and arranges to forcibly take Emerence to a hospital to recover. Emerence very nearly recovers, but when she finds out that Magda betrayed her secret by letting the whole street into her closely guarded home, Emerence loses her will to live. Emerence dies in the hospital, and Magda is racked with guilt for the rest of her life.

Characters

Magda: The narrator of the novel. Magda is a writer who is coming back into favour with the government when the novel begins, but the main focus of the novel is her relationship with Emerence. Unlike Emerence, Magda is sincerely religious
Magda's husband: An unnamed academic with whom Magda enjoys a fine relationship. The husband has a serious bout of illness several years after Emerence comes to work for him and Magda. He tolerates, but does not get along with Emerence.
Emerence: Magda's housekeeper who works on her own terms. Although ageing, Emerence is a strong and driven personality, and has been fiercely independent since her unfortunate childhood in rural Hungary. Emerence takes care of Magda's house and the streets of the neighbourhood with a vitality that is almost superhuman.
Viola: A dog that Magda found as a frail puppy buried in the snow one Christmas Day. Magda takes him in but Emerence becomes his master; Emerence and Viola enjoy a special connection that Magda is unable to understand or be part of.
Adélka: An elderly widowed pensioner, one of Emerence's three female friends who she entertains on the porch of her house.
Polett (formerly Paulette): An impoverished elderly friend of Emerence. Polett now lives alone and in poverty but was previously employed as a French governess. She is the second of Emerence's trio of older female friends.
Sutu: An elderly female fruit and vegetable seller, the third of Emerence's close friends.
"Józsi's boy": The son of Emerence's brother, her sole living relative she still has a good relationship with
the Lieutenant Colonel: Emerence's friend and a lieutenant colonel in the police force. He and Magda shoulder the burden of responsibility for Emerence.
Eva Grossman: the baby daughter of the Jewish family whose home Emerence took care of before they fled the country, leaving behind little Eva in the care of Emerence. Grown up, Eva lives in the United States when the story takes place.

Autobiographical content
Although the work cannot be taken autobiographically, there are many similarities between the life of the author Magda and the narrator, Magda. As the back of the New York Review of Books publication of the novel writes, "Magda is a writer, educated, married to an academic, public-spirited, with an on-again-off-again relationship to Hungary's Communist authorities". The author, Magda Szabó, was also an educated writer and married to an academic, the Hungarian translator Tibor Szobotka. Events from the book such as Magda being sent to Greece as part of the Hungarian delegation for a literary conference could easily have been taken from the life of the author, and the award that the character Magda receives from the Hungarian Parliament in the story could be easily exchanged with one of the many awards that the author has won. Even the on-again-off-again relationship that Magda in the book enjoys with the Hungarian government is evocative of Szabo's relationship with that same institution; while she did win many national literary awards, she was also labelled an "enemy of the people" by the Communist government, was fired from the Ministry of Education, and had her books banned from publication from 1949 to 1956.

Critical reception
The Door has won many literary prizes and awards:
 In 2015, it was included in The New York Times 10 best books of 2015
 In 2006, Len Rix's translation won the Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize
 Shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize
 The 2003 Prix Femina étranger (French translation)
The book has received high praise, including the following:
 Claire Messud, for The New York Times Book Review, Feb. 6, 2015: "I've been haunted by this novel. Szabo's lines and images come to my mind unexpectedly, and with them powerful emotions. It has altered the way I understand my own life."
 Clara Györgyey, for World Literature Today: "Szabo's style (the text is brilliantly translated), laced with gentle humor, is as mesmerizing as are her characters. Her dexterous, self-ironizing distance (the autobiographical elements are obvious), the detached gestures with which the narrator interrupts herself, the muted fury that erupts in overlong or half-sentences, and a certain moral seriousness and ethical anguish also impregnate this gem of a novel. Ultimately, the text is a tranquil memento, a piece of irrefutable poetry, a bizarre counterpart to our universal betrayal—out of love."

References

External links
Labours of love, review of "The Door" by The Guardian, 29 October 2005
The housekeeper with the keys to Hungary's secret sufferings, review of "The Door" by The Independent, 18 January 2006
The 10 Best Books of 2015 (The Door is the first book listed), The New York Times, 3 December 2015

1987 novels
Hungarian novels
Novels about writers
NYRB Classics

The Door (novel)


Fa'ahia is an early Polynesian occupation site in the north-east of the island of Huahine, in the Society Islands, French Polynesia.  With the neighbouring Vaito'otia site, it dates to between 700 CE and 1200 CE.  Because much of the site is waterlogged, artefacts made of organic materials have been well preserved, including wooden patu hand clubs, canoe parts and adze handles.

Subfossil bird bones have also been well preserved, providing much new information about the avifauna of the island around the time it was first settled by humans, demonstrating that even small islands could hold a rich variety of bird species. Several excavations were conducted by Yosihiko H. Sinoto of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum.

Birds
The remains of several species of birds have been found, representing those that were killed for their flesh, bones or feathers by prehistoric Polynesians. Globally extinct species of land birds found at the site include two rails, the Huahine rail and swamphen; two doves, the great ground dove and Huahine cuckoo-dove; two parrots, the conquered lorikeet and Sinoto's lorikeet, and the Huahine starling.

Locally extinct land birds found were striated heron, spotless crake, Polynesian ground dove, Marquesan imperial pigeon, Polynesian imperial pigeon, and Tahiti reed warbler.  The only globally extinct seabird was the Huahine gull, but several other seabirds that are now locally extinct, at least as breeders, were found, including the wedge-tailed shearwater, Christmas shearwater, Audubon's shearwater, Tahiti petrel, Phoenix petrel, Trindade petrel, brown booby, red-footed booby, great frigatebird, lesser frigatebird, and black noddy.

Notes

References
 Kirchman, Jeremy J.; & Steadman, David W. (2006). New Species of Rails (Aves: Rallidae) From an Archaeological Site on Huahine, Society Islands. Pacific Science 60: 281.

Archaeological sites in French Polynesia
Huahine

Fa'ahia


An HI region or H I region (H one) is a cloud in the interstellar medium composed of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI).

These regions do not emit detectable visible light (except in spectral lines from metal elements).

H I regions are clouds of neutral hydrogen which glow faintly with infrared light. Because they are common in our galaxy, they obscure distant views at extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray wavelengths. An exception is the Lockman Hole, through which we have a fairly clear window to distant objects.

Another window into deep space is the Chandra Deep Field South. This was chosen for the Chandra X-ray Observatory satellite.

Milky Way
Hydrogen

H I region


Electronic money is money stored electronically, and spent by using a technical device, such as a smart card.  If it is stored on a card, its use may be secured by a PIN code.  In Japan, electronic money is commonly used to pay for train tickets.  JR East's prepaid train ticket (Suica) and JR West's IC Operating card (ICOCA).  Suica and ICOCA are plastic cards with a built-in IC chip.  Suica was originally introduced in 2001.

In addition, many types of electronic money are used in other train stations in Japan. For example, Kitaca is electronic money in the Hokkaido area, Sugoca is used in the Kyusyu area, etc. Most electronic money is also used to pay for goods at convenience stores in Japan.

In 2004, NTT DoCoMo launched a mobile phone that uses smart card chip to realize electronic
money capability. Recently, many people have been using these kinds of electronic money cards in Japan.

Note, that electronic money is always backed by real money. For this reason, cryptocurrencies cannot be used as electronic money.

In the European Union, authorized and regulated electronic money institutions can issue e-money which serves as a "digital alternative to cash". The issuance of e-money is governed by the Directive 2009/110/EC "on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions". The Directive also describes e-money as a "technically neutral ... electronic surrogate for coins and banknotes".

In June of 2019, the Icelandic company Monerium become the first company authorized to issue e-money tokens on blockchains.

Related pages

 Bitcoin
 Debit card

References

Money

Electronic money


Henry Ward Beecher Douglas (February 2, 1873 – April 6, 1944) was a businessman and politician in Alberta, Canada.  He served as an alderman on the Edmonton City Council from 1912 until 1913.

Early life

Douglas was born in Kemptville, Ontario on February 2, 1873.  His family moved to Manitoba when he was a child, as his father was a pioneer missionary.  He was educated in public schools in Winnipeg before studying classics at Manitoba College.  He graduated with honours in 1898, whereupon he partnered with W. W. Miller to open a book and stationary business in Portage-la-Prairie.  In 1902 he came to Edmonton and continued his business, incorporating as The Douglas Company Limited in 1905 (the company later changed its name to Douglas Printing Co. Ltd.).

Politics

Douglas first sought political office in Edmonton's February 1912 municipal election, when he was elected to Edmonton City Council on the strength of first-place finish in an eighteen candidate field.  He did not run for re-election at the conclusion of his term in December 1913.

In the 1915 election, Douglas was elected as a public school trustee after a third-place finish out of nine candidates.  He was re-elected in 1917, when he topped the field of seven candidates.  However, in the 1919 election, the Labour Party ran a full slate of candidates for the first time, and swept the school board elections.  Douglas, running as an independent (as were all of the other non-Labour candidates) finished sixth of eight candidates and was defeated.  He did not re-enter public life thereafter.

Private life and death

Douglas was active with the Masons, the Kiwanis Club, the Edmonton Board of Trade, the Presbyterian Church, and the Liberals.  He died April 6, 1944.

References
Edmonton Public Library biography of Henry Douglas
City of Edmonton biography of Henry Douglas

1873 births
1944 deaths
Edmonton city councillors
People from Leeds and Grenville United Counties
University of Manitoba alumni
Canadian Presbyterians
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Businesspeople from Edmonton

Henry Douglas (Alberta politician)


Sir Geoffrey Fenton (c. 1539 – 19 October 1608) was an English writer, Privy Councillor, and Principal Secretary of State in Ireland.

Early literary years
Geoffrey (spelt Jeffrey by Lodge) was born in 1539, the son of Henry Fenton of Sturton-le-Steeple,  Nottinghamshire, England and Cicely  Beaumont, daughter of Richard Beaumont of Coleorton Hall, Leicestershire, and was the brother of Edward Fenton the navigator.

Geoffrey is said to have visited Spain and Italy in his youth; possibly he went to Paris in Sir Thomas Hoby's train in 1566, for he was living there in 1567, when he wrote Certaine tragicall discourses written oute of Frenche and Latin. This book is a free translation of François de Belleforest's French rendering of Matteo Bandello's Novelle.

Until 1579 Fenton continued his literary labours, publishing Monophylo in 1572, Golden epistles gathered out of Guevaraes workes as other authors ... 1575, and various religious tracts of strong Protestant tendencies. In 1579 appeared the Historie of Guicciardini, translated out of French by Fenton and dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.

Ireland
Through Lord Burghley he obtained, in 1580, the post of secretary to the new Lord Deputy of Ireland, Lord Grey de Wilton, and thus became a fellow worker with the poet, Edmund Spenser. Fenton thereafter abandoned literature for service to the Crown in Ireland. He proved himself a zealous Protestant, who worked against the "diabolicall secte" of Rome, and urged the assassination of the Crown's most dangerous subjects. He secured the Queen's confidence with his written reports, but was arrested at Dublin in 1587 by the authority of the sitting governor, Sir John Perrot, on account of his debts, and was paraded in chains through the city. He was soon released, and made himself an instrument in Perrot's downfall in the following years.

In 1589 Fenton was knighted, and in 1590–1591 he acted as a Commissioner at London in the controversial impeachment of Perrot, which concluded when a death sentence was passed upon the former governor. By 1603 he was Principal Secretary of State, and Privy Councillor, in Ireland.

The policies Fenton promoted in relation to woodlands in the Plantations encouraged short-term commercial exploitation and clearance for agriculture, giving little weight to their conservation as a strategic resource.

Later life
Fenton is said to have disliked the Scots and in particular James VI of Scotland, so upon James's succession to the English crown as James I of England, Fenton's post was in danger, but Cecil exerted himself in his favour, and in 1604 it was confirmed to him for life, though he had to share it with Sir Richard Coke. Fenton died in 1608, and was buried in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.

Family
Fenton married in June 1585, Alice, daughter of Dr Robert Weston, formerly Lord Chancellor of Ireland by his first wife Alice Jenyngs, and widow of Dr Hugh Brady, bishop of Meath, by whom he had two children — a son, Sir William Fenton, and a daughter, Catherine, who in 1603 married Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork.

The Parsons family of Birr Castle, who hold the title Earl of Rosse, are collateral descendants of Fenton through his sister Catherine, who married James Parsons of Leicestershire.

Notes

References

Attribution:
  Endnotes:
Harl. Soc. publications, vol. iv., Visitation of Nottinghamshire, 1871;
Roy. Hist. MSS. Comm. (particularly Hatfield collection);
Calendar of State papers, Ireland (very full), domestic, Carew papers;
Lismore papers, ed. A. B. Grosart (1886–1888);
Certaine tragicall Discourses, ed. R.L. Douglas (2 vols., 1898), Tudor Translation series, vols. xix., xx. (introd.).

1530s births
1608 deaths
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
English non-fiction writers
People from Nottinghamshire
People of Elizabethan Ireland
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
Irish MPs 1585–1586
English male non-fiction writers

Geoffrey Fenton


Nippur, or Enlil ('lord wind'), is modern Nuffar in Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities. It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god, Enlil, ruler of the cosmos (universe), and subject to An alone.

Nippur was always part of a larger empire. Its control was crucial, as it gave overall 'kingship' to monarchs from other city-states. It was a sacred city, important because it had the famous shrine of Enlil.

Late in the 3rd millennium BC, Nippur was conquered and occupied by the Semitic rulers of Akkad, and their rulers, like Sargon, left gifts at this sanctuary. Another ruler, Naram-Suen, rebuilt the temple and the city walls; in the debris of this ancient site his remains were found. This Akkadian occupation was succeeded by an occupation during the third dynasty of Ur, and the constructions of Ur-Nammu, the great builder of temples, are on top of those of Naram.

Kassite and later history
Under the succeeding Kassite dynasty, shortly after the middle of the 2nd millennium, Nippur was restored once more to its former splendour.

After the middle of the 12th century BC follows a long period of neglect, but after with the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian Sargon II, at the close of the 8th century BC, the city revives. Under Ashurbanipal, about the middle of the 7th century BC, we find Ekur restored with a splendour greater than ever before, the ziggurat of that period being 58 by 39 m.

After that Nippur appears to have gradually fallen into decay, until finally, in the Seleucid period, the ancient temple was turned into a fortress. Huge walls were built at the edges of the ancient terrace, and the courts of the temple were filled with houses and streets. This fortress was occupied and further built upon until the close of the Parthian period, about AD 250.

Under the rule of the Sassanids Nippur fell into decay, and the ancient sanctuary became only a little village of mud huts huddled about the ancient ziggurat. The city was the seat of a Christian diocese as late as the 8th century AD.

Archaeology
Nippur was situated on both sides of the Shatt-en-Nil canal, one of the earliest courses of the Euphrates. It lies between the present bed of that river and the Tigris, almost 160 km southeast of Baghdad. It is divided into two main parts by the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil (Arakhat). The highest point of these ruins, a conical hill rising about 30 m above the level of the surrounding plain, northeast of the canal bed, is called by the Arabs Bint el-Amiror ('prince's daughter').

Nippur was first excavated, briefly, by Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1851.
Full scale digging was begun by an expedition from the University of Pennsylvania. The work involved four seasons of excavation between 1889 and 1900. Nippur was also excavated for 19 seasons between 1948 and 1990.

References

Archaeological sites in Iraq
Mesopotamia

Nippur


The Society of Brethren of the Croatian Dragon (Croatian: Družba "Braća Hrvatskoga Zmaja"; Latin: Societas "Fratres Draconis Croatici") is a Croatian historical and cultural society founded on November 16th, 1905.

History

The Society was formed in times of Croatian territorial and political disunion. Certain autonomy had been bestowed only upon Banic Croatia in co-state with Hungary that was a part of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Other regions were out of reach of Croatian banus and parliament.

The Society was founded in politically complex and difficult conditions for the Croats, in times of rightly harbored hopes in resolving Croatian national positions, primarily national unification and integration of the Croatian lands in the pluralistic society shaped by political and national unity. In those times, the opportunities within Austro-Hungarian Monarch, as well as relationships with other European countries, were not encouraging nor affordable. Therefore, the founding of a Croatian cultural society upon the principles of patriotism, honest friendship, brotherly love, respect and unity, provided a major breakthrough in strengthening, developing, modern forming and prosperity of Croatian society and Croatia.

The Society was formed with the purpose to nurture and promote the cultural and ethnic values of the Croatian people, strengthening national awareness, shaping modern social content, reviving memories of glorious Croatian historical events and famous Croats, as well as preserving, renewing and promoting Croatian cultural and natural heritage. The Society's activity is testified by its work, erected monuments, placed memorial tablets, organized lectures, round tables, symposia and conferences, published books and publications, but also pilgrimages, commemorations, festivities and appropriate activities.

The Society of Brethren of the Croatian Dragon is dedicated to Croatian people with all its activities. There are three different periods in its centennial activities. The first period, from its founding in 1905 until the banning of its activities at the beginning of the single-mindedness in 1946, the second period from the banning of its activities until Society's renewal in 1990, and the third period from the renewal until the present. During the Independent State of Croatia, the Society was made into a Knight's Order in 1941. The Brethren was restored in 1945 before being banned in Communist Yugoslavia in 1946. It was re-established in 1990. It is important to point out that the Society, from its founding as a decidedly cultural Croatian brotherhood, shared the destiny of the Croatian people and the country.

The Society of Brethren of the Croatian Dragon presently acts within the Dragon Headquarters in Zagreb and 19 Dragon Branches in Croatian countries. The membership consists of full members, contributory members and honorary members. There are but a few associations that always had so different, yet socially and professionally confirmed and successful individuals. That is the confirmation of the Society's wealth of knowledge and experience, but also a high awareness of Croatian values and identity, as well as the so important Croatian unity. With special honor and dignity, the Society wisely and patiently reflects and incorporates its activities within the value system of the Croatian state and society, along with their actions that, in essence, bring the truth and a deep devotion to the Croatian homeland and contribute to the patriotic and national values, but also those actions that are reminiscent of Croatia's suffering and martyrdom. In its essence, the activities that fortify Croatian identity and raise Croatian awareness - the ones which are lively experienced and possess that certain special quality.

The depth of the sense of Society's activities is best displayed through its motto: "Pro aris et focis, Deo propitio!" - "For altars and hearths, with God's grace!". In addition, inside the Dragon Headquarters - in the Dragon and Knight's Hall within the Stone Gate Tower - other thoughts are carved into the beams, the contents and meanings of which are a constant inspiration for the Society. These are the thoughts of Marquis Fran Krsto Frankopan: "He who dies honorably lives forever!", and those of poet Ivan Gundulić: "Fair liberty, beloved liberty, liberty sweet avowed, thou art the treasured gift that Good to us endowed!", and those of writer Antun Gustav Matoš: "As long as there is heart, there is Croatia!".

Since its founding, the Society stands for Christian principles in science and art, and also in public and private life. The patron of the Society of Brethren of the Croatian Dragon is St. George Martyr, and the Society enjoys special advocacy of the Holy Virgin Mary of the Stone Gate.

The Society Dragon's salute is: "God grant us happiness! - Long live the Croatian Dragon!".

In 1907, the Society claimed to have found the remains of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan, and by 1919 those were moved to the Zagreb Cathedral.

Grand Masters
Emilij Laszowski (1906–1935)
Milutin Mayer (1936–1941)
Mladen Deželić (1942–1945)
Antun Bauer (1990–1992)
Đuro Deželić (1992–1993)
Juraj Kolarić (1993–2001)
Matija Salaj (2001–2006)
Dragutin Feletar (2006–2011)
Nevio Šetić (2011–2021)
Mislav Grgić (2021–current)

Members
Zvonimir Šeparović
Milan Bandić

References

External links
Official website

Organizations established in 1905
Cultural organizations based in Croatia
1905 establishments in Austria-Hungary

Brethren of the Croatian Dragon


Bjorg Lambrecht (2 April 1997 – 5 August 2019) was a Belgian cyclist who rode for UCI WorldTeam . In August 2018, he was named in the startlist for the 2018 Vuelta a España. He died on 5 August 2019 after crashing into a concrete culvert during the third stage of the 2019 Tour de Pologne.

Early life and family
Lambrecht came from the Belgian town of Knesselare, situated between Bruges and Ghent. He was born to Kurt and Anje Lambrecht and had a sister, Britt.

Career
In 2015, Lambrecht became the Belgian national junior champion, relegating Glen Van Nuffelen and Stijn Goolaerts to second and third places respectively.

In 2016, he caused a surprise by winning the opening stage of the Ronde de l'Isard. In the final stage he was sent in the wrong direction by the race management. The race jury recognized the error and so Lambrecht became the third Belgian to win this race after Yannick Eijssen (2010) and Louis Vervaeke (2014). Just under two weeks after his final win in France, Lambrecht took part in the Grand Prix Priessnitz spa race with a Belgian selection. Here he managed to win the last leg, with a sloping finish on cobbles in Jeseník, with a lead of a few seconds.

At the beginning of 2017, he won Liège–Bastogne–Liège U23 race by beating his three fellow poursuivants in the sprint. Later that year he was fifth in the Flèche Ardennaise race, second in the final classification of the Ronde de l'Isard, eighth in that of the Tour of the Jura, he won a stage and the final classification in the Grand Prix Priessnitz spa and became second in the final classifications of the Tour de Savoie Mont-Blanc, the Giro della Valle d'Aosta and the Tour de l'Avenir 2017.

In 2018, Lambrecht turned professional with . In 2019, he recorded his biggest result as a professional, finishing fourth at the Flèche Wallonne race. In April of the same year, he signed a two-year contract extension with .

Death
Lambrecht crashed into a concrete culvert during stage three of the 2019 Tour de Pologne. The cause of the crash is unknown, no other riders appeared to have been involved. He was taken to hospital in Rybnik by ambulance, but died during surgery. Out of respect for Lambrecht, the fourth stage of the race was neutralised, allowing riders to honour his memory. The remaining members of the Lotto-Soudal team led the peloton in the first part of the race until kilometre 48, where Lambrecht had crashed the previous day, at which point the peloton stopped and a moment of silence was held. On 7 August 2019, 's team doctor, Maarten Meirhaeghe, said in a press statement that Lambrecht's death was caused by "a severe laceration to his liver that caused an internal hemorrhage and a cardiac arrest".

Lambrecht was buried on 13 August 2019 in Saint Willibrord Church in his home town of Knesselare. Hundreds attended the service, including many former  teammates, some of whom carried the coffin into the church. On 11 August, a minute's silence was held before the 2019 European Road Championships in honour of Lambrecht. On 25 August, another minute's silence was held before Stage 2 of the Vuelta a España, the first Grand Tour that Lambrecht would have competed in. His race number, 143, was retired for all subsequent editions of the Tour de Pologne.

Major results
The following are some of the major achievements of Lambrecht.

2015
 1st  Road race, National Junior Road Championships
 Driedaagse van Axel
1st  Mountains classification
1st Stage 4
 2nd Overall Oberösterreich Juniorenrundfahrt
1st  Mountains classification
 3rd Overall GP Général Patton
1st  Mountains classification
 3rd Overall Aubel–Thimister–La Gleize
 3rd Trofeo Emilio Paganessi
 3rd La Philippe Gilbert Juniors
 4th Overall Trofeo Karlsberg
2016
 1st  Overall Ronde de l'Isard
1st  Points classification
1st  Young rider classification
1st  Mountains classification
1st Stage 1
 2nd  Road race, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships
 3rd Piccolo Giro di Lombardia
 4th Flèche Ardennaise
 4th Overall Course de la Paix U23
1st Stage 3
 10th Overall Tour de Savoie Mont Blanc
 10th Overall Giro della Valle d'Aosta
2017
 1st  Overall Grand Prix Priessnitz spa
1st  Points classification
1st Stage 2
 1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège Espoirs
 2nd Overall Giro della Valle d'Aosta
1st  Points classification
 2nd Overall Ronde de l'Isard
1st Stage 3
 2nd Overall Tour de Savoie Mont Blanc
 2nd Overall Tour de l'Avenir
 5th Flèche Ardennaise
 8th Overall Tour du Jura
1st  Young rider classification
 10th Overall Circuit des Ardennes
2018
 2nd  Road race, UCI Road World Under-23 Championships
 2nd Overall Tour des Fjords
1st  Young rider classification
1st Stage 3
2019
 1st  Young rider classification, Critérium du Dauphiné
 4th La Flèche Wallonne
 5th Brabantse Pijl
 6th Amstel Gold Race

References

External links

1997 births
2019 deaths
Belgian male cyclists
Cyclists from Ghent
Cyclists who died while racing
Sport deaths in Poland

Bjorg Lambrecht