Áed Uaridnach ("Áed the Warlike", or Áed mac Domnaill, "Áed son of Domnall") (died 612) was an Irish king who was High King of Ireland. He is sometimes also known as Áed  Allán, a name most commonly used for the 8th-century king of the same name, this Áed's great-great-grandson.

Áed was the son of Domnall Ilchelgach (died 566) and brother of Eochaid mac Domnaill (died 572), considered to have been High Kings by some sources. He belonged to the northern Cenél nEógain kindred of the Uí Néill. He was King of Ailech from 604 to 612.

Áed, it was said, was preceded as High King by the joint rule of Áed Sláine and Colmán Rímid and ruled from 604 to 612. Áed is mentioned in the earliest Irish King list contained in the Baile Chuind (The Ecstasy of Conn), a late 7th-century Irish poem. In 605 Áed won a victory over the King of Leinster, Brandub mac Echach (died 605) at the Battle of Slabra. Leinster was often a target of the Uí Néill for inaugural raids and the levy of a cattle-tribute. The Annals of Tigernach place the beginning of his reign after this event.

The cause of Áed's death is unknown, but his obituary presents it as a non-violent death. According to one recension of The Book of Invasions he "died of plague in Tara". The Cenél Feradach, led by the descendants of Suibne Menn, overshadowed Áed's branch of the Cenél nEógain—the Cenél maic Ercae—and it was not until the time of his great-grandson Fergal mac Máele Dúin that the Cenél maic Ercae again provided a High King of Ireland. Áed's son Máel Fithrich mac Áedo (died 630) was a king of Ailech.

Notes

References

 Annals of Ulster at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
 Annals of Tigernach at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
TLH: Thesaurus Linguae Hibernicae at University College Dublin

612 deaths
High Kings of Ireland
Kings of Ailech
7th-century Irish monarchs
People from County Donegal
People from County Londonderry

Áed Uaridnach


Konstantinos Adosidis (1818–1895) was the Ottoman-appointed Prince of Samos from 1873 to 1874, and again from 1879 to 1885.

A native of Kayseri, upon being appointed Prince of Samos he organized all the civil services of the Principality of Samos and he abolished the taxation system based on the tithe, earning him much popularity on the island  After ruling for five months he was summoned back by the Ottoman Sultan in order to work elsewhere in administration of the Ottoman Empire, the Samian parliament begged the Sultan to reconsider. But he did not, disregarding the privileges and rights of the Principality of Samos, which stated that the Prince was appointed according to the will of the Samian people. He left Manolis Pyrgios as his representative to govern the island.

Appointed again as Prince of Samos in March 1879, he was welcomed back by the Samians as they remembered his fair ruling. He used to be strict and there was as a result little crimes. No trials took place during this second reign. He fought smuggling and tax favouritism. He settled the economy of the island.

However, his second reign was viewed by the Samians as unfair and too strict. He had a lot of administrative skills but he lacked in patience and calmness. He ended up becoming abrupt and arrogant. Thus he lost all of the people's and the parliament's support. He made more and more enemies every day. He ignored the privileges and rights of the Principality of Samos twice. The first time he dismissed the legally elected Parliament and the second he asked the Ottoman government to send 200 soldiers in order to reinforce the two armies that already remained illegally on the island.

But he also did some good during his second reign. He constructed the road between Mytilinii and Tigani, the aqueduct of Vathi, a lot of schools, prisons, the Court House in Marathokampos, and more.

But the Samians never forgave him for ignoring their rights and privileges. Although the first time the Samian Parliament fought his dismissal, the second time they asked for and obtained it.

1818 births
1895 deaths
Princes of Samos
People from Kayseri
Cappadocian Greeks
19th-century Ottoman governors in Europe

Konstantinos Adosidis


Laguna Verde (Spanish for "green lake") is a lake in Bolivia located 12 km north of the town Comarapa in the Manuel María Caballero Province in Santa Cruz. It is named after the colour of the water which is caused by algae, usually green but, in times of drought, the colour may change to grey or even yellow.

Geography
The lake is part of an area of 70 hectares of forest and declared the 2006 Ecological Civil Servitude by a project funded by the foundation Environmental Protection Tarija at a cost of U.S. $30,000, while the Foundation friends of Nature ran wiring works, building a cabin and a tourist trail. It lies at an altitude of  and has an area of approximately  It has a maximum depth of 8 metres.

Among the fauna, as a passage and supply are the wild turkeys, puma and occasionally the spectacled Andean bear. More than 400 species of birds come to Laguna Verde during the migration season.

References

Lakes of Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)

Laguna Verde (Comarapa)


Aden is a locality in the County of Forty Mile No. 8, Alberta. It serves as a port of entry into the U.S. state of Montana for the nearby Canada – United States border crossing. The port of entry is located where Alberta Highway 880 continues as Secondary Highway 409 within Liberty County, Montana.

The locality takes its name from Aden, a port city in Yemen.

Climate
Aden experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) that just barely falls short of being a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk). Winters are long and dry, but only mildly cold, while summers are short but very warm. Precipitation is low, with an annual average of 407 mm, and is concentrated in the warmer months.

References

Alberta land ports of entry
Localities in the County of Forty Mile No. 8

Aden, Alberta


Advanced Format (AF) is any disk sector format used to store data on magnetic disks in hard disk drives (HDDs) that exceeds 528 bytes per sector, frequently 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte (4 KB) sectors. Larger sectors of an Advanced Format Drive (AFD) enable the integration of stronger error correction algorithms to maintain data integrity at higher storage densities.

History
The use of long data sectors was suggested in 1998 in a technical paper issued by the National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) calling attention to the conflict between continuing increases in areal density and the traditional 512-byte-per-sector format used in hard disk drives. Without revolutionary breakthroughs in magnetic recording system technologies, areal densities, and with them the storage capacities, hard disk drives were projected to stagnate.

The storage industry trade organization, International Disk Drive Equipment and Materials Association (IDEMA), responded by organizing the IDEMA Long Data Sector Committee in 2000, where IDEMA and leading hardware and software suppliers collaborated on the definition and development of standards governing long data sectors, including methods by which compatibility with legacy computing components would be supported. In August 2005, Seagate shipped test drives with 1K physical sectors to industry partners for testing. In 2010, industry standards for the first official generation of long data sectors using a configuration of 4096 bytes per sector, or 4K, were completed. All hard drive manufacturers committed to shipping new hard drive platforms for desktop and notebook products with the Advanced Format sector formatting by January 2011.

Advanced Format was coined to cover what was expected to become several generations of long-data-sector technologies, and its logo was created to distinguish long-data-sector–based hard disk drives from those using legacy 512-byte sector. Enterprise disks can be formatted with additional 8-byte Data Integrity Fields, resulting in a 520 or 528-byte physical sectors.

Overview

Generation-one Advanced Format, 4K sector technology, uses the storage surface media more efficiently by combining data that would have been stored in eight 512-byte sectors into one single sector that is 4096 bytes (4 KB) in length. Key design elements of the traditional 512-byte sector architecture are maintained, specifically, the identification and synchronization marks at the beginning and the error correction coding (ECC) area at the end of the sector. Between the sector header and ECC areas, eight 512-byte sectors are combined, eliminating the need for redundant header areas between each individual chunk of 512-byte data. The Long Data Sector Committee selected the 4K block length for the first generation AF standard for several reasons, including its correspondence to the paging size used by processors and some operating systems as well as its correlation to the size of standard transactions in relational database systems.

Format efficiency gains resulting from the 4K sector structure range from 7 to 11 percent in physical platter space. The 4K format provides enough space to expand the ECC field from 50 to 100 bytes to accommodate new ECC algorithms. The enhanced ECC coverage improves the ability to detect and correct processed data errors beyond the 50-byte defect length associated with the 512-byte sector legacy format. The Advanced Format standard employs the same gap, sync and address mark configuration as the traditional 512-byte sector layout, but combines eight 512-byte sectors into one data field.

Having a huge number of legacy 512-byte-sector–based hard disk drives shipped up to the middle of 2010, many systems, programs and applications accessing the hard disk drive are designed around the 512-byte-per-sector convention. Early engagement with the Long Data Sector Committee provided the opportunity for component and software suppliers to prepare for the transition to Advanced Format.

For example, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2 (with certain hotfixes installed) support 512e format drives (but not 4Kn), as do contemporary versions of FreeBSD and Linux. Mac OS X Tiger and onwards can use Advanced Format drives and OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.2 additionally supports encrypting those. Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 also support 4Kn Advanced Format. Oracle Solaris 10 and 11 support 4Kn and 512e hard disk drives for non-root ZFS file systems, while version 11.1 provides installation and boot support for 512e devices. Prior to Windows Vista, Windows 2000 and Windows XP use 4096 bytes as default allocation unit size when use NTFS to format local hard disks, but do not align to 4KB boundaries.

Categories
Among the Advanced Format initiatives undertaken by the Long Data Sector Committee, methods to maintain backward compatibility with legacy computing solutions were also addressed. For this purpose, several categories of Advanced Format devices were created.

512 emulation (512e)
Many host computer hardware and software components assume the hard drive is configured around 512-byte sector boundaries. This includes a broad range of items including chipsets, operating systems, database engines, hard drive partitioning and imaging tools, backup and file system utilities as well as a small fraction of other software applications. In order to maintain compatibility with legacy computing components, many hard disk drive suppliers support Advanced Format technologies on the recording media coupled with 512-byte conversion firmware. Hard drives configured with 4096-byte physical sectors with 512-byte firmware are referred to as Advanced Format 512e, or 512 emulation drives.

The translation of the native 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical format (with 0, 8, 64, or 128-byte Data Integrity Fields) to a virtual 512, 520 or 528-byte increment is transparent to the entity accessing the hard disk drive. Read and write commands are issued to Advanced Format drives in the same format as legacy drives. However, during the read process, the Advanced Format hard drive loads the entire 4096-byte sector containing the requested 512-byte data into memory located on the drive. The emulation firmware extracts and re-formats the specific data into a 512-byte chunk before sending the data to the host. The entire process typically occurs with little or no degradation in performance.

The translation process is more complicated when writing data that is not a multiple of 4K or not aligned to a 4K boundary. In these instances, the hard drive must read the entire 4096-byte sector containing the targeted data into internal memory, integrate the new data into the previously existing data and then rewrite the entire 4096-byte sector onto the disk media. This operation, known as read-modify-write (RMW), can require additional revolution of the magnetic disks, resulting in a perceptible performance impact to the system user. Performance analysis conducted by IDEMA and the hard drive vendors indicates that approximately five to ten percent of all write operations in a typical business PC user environment may be misaligned and a RMW performance penalty incurred.

When using Advanced Format drives with legacy operating systems, it is important to realign the disk drive using software provided by the hard disk manufacturer.  Disk realignment is necessary to avoid a performance degrading condition known as cluster straddling where a shifted partition causes filesystem clusters to span partial physical disk sectors.  Since cluster-to-sector alignment is determined when creating hard drive partitions, the realignment software is used after partitioning the disk. This can help reduce the number of unaligned writes generated by the computing ecosystem.  Further activities to make applications ready for the transition to Advanced Format technologies were spearheaded by the Advanced Format Technology Committee (formerly Long Data Sector Committee) and by the hard disk drive manufacturers.

4K native (4Kn)

For hard disk drives working in the 4K native mode, there is no emulation layer in place, and the disk media directly exposes its 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical sector size to the system firmware and operating system. That way, the externally visible logical sectors organization of the 4K native drives is directly mapped to their internal physical sectors organization.  Since April 2014, enterprise-class 4K native hard disk drives have been available on the market.

Readiness of the support for 4 KB logical sectors within operating systems differs among their types, vendors and versions.  For example, Microsoft Windows supports 4K native drives since Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 (both released in 2012) in UEFI.

Linux supports 4K native drives since the Linux kernel version 2.6.31 and  version 2.17 (released in 2009 and 2010, respectively).

The color version of the logo indicating a 4K native drive is somewhat different from the 512e logo, featuring four rounded corners, a blue background, and text "4Kn" at the center of the logo.

See also
 Partition alignment

References

External links
 IDEMA: Advanced Format Technology (archived on September 29, 2011)
 Coughlin Associates: Aligning with the Future of Storage (archived on May 5, 2012)
 Western Digital: Advanced Format White Paper (September 2018) and its older version (April 2010)
 Hitachi Global Storage Technologies: Advanced Format Technology Brief
 The Tech Report: Western Digital brings Advanced Format to Caviar Green
 Dell: Support: System Image Support for Advanced Format Hard Drives on Dell Business Client Notebooks and Desktops

Hard disk drives
Solid-state computer storage

Advanced Format


Rick Kiefer (born 1939) is an American trumpet player who has spent most of his career as a professional musician in Germany. Born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio, he first attracted notice in the early 1960s as a member of the Maynard Ferguson big band. In the mid-60s, he moved to Germany and became a member of the Max Greger band, and by the end of the decade, he had joined the Kurt Edelhagen orchestra in Cologne. He spent the first half of the 1970s as a member of the James Last Orchestra, as well as with the Peter Herbolzheimer band, and from the late 70s onwards became a permanent member of the WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk, or West German Radio) big band. Kiefer is notable for being part of a group of Cleveland natives who played trumpet for James Last, the others being Bob Lanese, Chuck Findley and Bob Findley.

Discography

With Maynard Ferguson
Newport Suite (Roulette, 1960)
Let's Face the Music and Dance (Roulette, 1960)
Maynard '61 (Roulette, 1961)
With the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band
Off Limits (Polydor, 1970)
Change of Scenes (Verve, 1971) with Stan Getz
 As a soloist Rick Kiefer
Lush Life (Omega, 1975) with Rob Pronk and Jerry van Rooyen

References

Living people
American trumpeters
American male trumpeters
1939 births
Musicians from Cleveland
21st-century trumpeters
21st-century American male musicians
James Last Orchestra members

Rick Kiefer


Jim Fidler (born in the 1960s in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania) is a singer, producer, and musician living in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Biography
In the 1960s, Jim and his mother relocated to Newfoundland where he grew up in the diverse Rabbittown section of St. John's. As a youth, Fidler spent a great deal of time along Conception Bay, where he developed an appreciation for Newfoundland's music and culture.  Fidler's family found that, as a child, he frequently picked up instruments and mastered them with ease.

Blind since age 9, he continued to develop his talents. By the age of 10, he had formed his own band with friends. He attended school in Halifax, where he continued his musical studies and eventually earned a degree in classical piano and music theory at the Maritime Conservatory of Music in Halifax.

Fidler plays many of the instruments used on his albums including accordion, guitar, whistle, bodhran, and keyboards. The styles of music that he plays range from reggae to bluegrass, Celtic to North African. He formed a successful reggae group called Pressure Drop in the late 1980s and was their drummer and songwriter. Between Pressure Drop and his first solo CD, Fidler arranged some songs on Great Big Sea's debut CD.

In addition to his solo albums, his project Gypsy won awards for Roots/Traditional Album of the Year and Independent Album of the Year in 1996. In 1998 and again in 2000 Jim was featured in the Toronto production of The Needfire. Fidler has collaborated with Great Big Sea, Paddy Keenan, Celtic Connection, the Masterless Men, Atlantic Union and others.

Fidler continues to live in St. John's, Newfoundland with his wife, Lillian, a graphic designer, and their cat, Gypsy.

Fidler is Christina Aguilera's first cousin.

Discography
Gypsy (1995)
Friendly Fire (1999)
Musaik: In This World (2003)
Midnight Rover (2005)
Up That River (2011)

References

External links
 Jim Fidler Official site
 Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador - Jim Fidler

Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts alumni
Musicians from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Musicians from Pittsburgh
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Blind musicians

Jim Fidler


Louise van Panhuys née von Barckhaus of Wiesenhütten (October 10, 1763 – October 18, 1844) was a German botanical artist and landscape painter.

Early years
Born Louise Friederike Auguste von Barckhaus of Wiesenhütten in Frankfurt, she was the sixth child of Charlene von Barckhaus of Wiesenhütten (1736–1804), and Heinrich Carl von Barckhaus of Wiesenhütten (1725–1793), who was later made a baron. She received artistic training from her mother, who was an amateur painter, and from a relative, Christian Georg Schütz the Elder. Through family connections, she made the acquaintance of the poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe early in life and they later corresponded.

She moved to Darmstadt, probably after the death of her father, and lived with one of her brothers. Between 1802 and 1805 she took two long trips to England with her brother, where she made contact with English naturalists and botanical illustrators in order to continue her education as a painter. It appears that during this period she took private lessons with the well-known botanical painter James Sowerby.

Marriage

In 1805, she married a widowed Dutch officer, Willem Benjamin van Panhuys (1764–1816). In 1811, they traveled to Suriname, where he had a coffee plantation inherited from his deceased first wife. They later acquired the sugar cane plantation Alkmaar there as well. In early 1816, Suriname—which has been occupied by the English since 1804—returned to Dutch rule. Willem was appointed Governor-General by King William I of the Netherlands, but his tenure in office lasted only a few months as he died in July 1816. Louise then moved back to Frankfurt, where she lived in a house that had once belonged to Matthäus Merian the Younger.

Art
Louise van Panhuys mainly painted watercolors of plant specimens, with attention to scientific accuracy. She was influenced by the botanical art of Maria Sibylla Merian and the travel writings of Alexander von Humboldt. During her years in Suriname, she painted some 90 watercolors, now housed Frankfurt University Library.

In 1898, her work was shown publicly for the first time by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society. More recently, exhibitions showcasing her work have been mounted by the Frankfurt University Library (1991) and the Frankfurter Sparkasse (2009).

Sources

This article is translated from :de:Louise von Panhuys. Sources listed on that page include:

 Reise nach Surinam, Pflanzen- und Landschaftsbilder der Louise von Panhuys 1763–1844, with contributions by Karin Görner and Klaus Dobat. Published by the Senckenberg Library of Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 1991. . (In German)
 Bickel, Stefanie, and Esther Walldorf. Elisabeth Schultz und Louise von Panhuys – Zwei Frankfurter Malerinnen des 19. Jahrhunderts zwischen Kunst und Wissenschaft. Published by the 1822-Stiftung der Frankfurter Sparkasse. Frankfurt am Main 2009. (In German)
 Hücking, Renate. Surinam am Main – Die Landschafts- und Pflanzenmalerin Louise von Panhuys. In Pinien, Palmen, Pomeranzen – Exotische Gartenwelten in FrankfurtRheinMain. Published by KulturRegion FrankfurtRheinMain (Projektleitung: Heidrun Merk). Frankfurt/M.: Societäts-Verlag 2012, S. 102–111. . (In German)

External links

 Botanical watercolors by Louise van Panhuys
 Watercolors of plants, landscapes and people in Suriname by Louise van Panhuys

1763 births
1844 deaths
18th-century German women artists
19th-century German women artists
Botanical illustrators
Natural history of Suriname

Louise van Panhuys


Paul Kleinert (23 September 1837 – 29 July 1920) was a German theologian, born at Vielguth in Prussian Silesia.

From 1854 to 1857 he studied at the universities of Breslau and Halle. He taught school in Oppeln and Berlin, becoming professor at the University of Berlin in 1868. In 1885-1886 he was rector at the University of Berlin. From 1873 to 1891 he was member (consistorial counsellor) of the Marcher Consistory in Berlin. In 1892 he was promoted upper consistorial counsellor in the Supreme Consistory (Evangelischer Oberkirchenrat; EOK) of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces.

Publications
Kleinert published:
 Obadjah-Zephanjah wissenschaftlich und für den Gebrauch der Kirche dargestellt (second edition, 1893)
 Ueber das Buch Koheleth (Berlin, 1864)
 Augustin und Goethes Faust (1866)
 Das Deuteronomium und die Deuteronomiker (1872)
 Untersuchungen zur alttestamentlichen Rechts- und Litteraturgeschichte (1872)
 Abriss der Einleitung zum alten Testament in Tabellenform (1878)
 Abhandlungen zur christlichen Kultus- und Kulturgeschichte (1889)
 Der preussische Agendenentwurf (1894)
 Selbstgespräche am Kranken- und Sterbelager (1896)
 Die Propheten Israels in sozialer Beziehung (1905)
 Homiletek (1907)
 Musik und Religion (1908)

References
 Hugo Wilhelm Paul Kleinert Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (biography)

1837 births
1920 deaths
German Lutheran theologians
People from Oleśnica County
People from the Province of Silesia
University of Breslau alumni
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
19th-century German Protestant theologians
20th-century German Protestant theologians
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century male writers

Paul Kleinert


Peyer's patches (or aggregated lymphoid nodules) are organized lymphoid follicles, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer.  They are an important part of gut associated lymphoid tissue usually found in humans in the lowest portion of the small intestine, mainly in the distal jejunum and the ileum, but also could be detected in the duodenum.

History

Peyer's patches had been observed and described by several anatomists during the 17th century, but in 1677 Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer (1653–1712) described the patches so clearly that they were eventually named after him.  However, Peyer regarded them as glands which discharged, into the small intestine, some substance which facilitated digestion.  It was not until 1850 that the Swiss physician Rudolph Oskar Ziegler (1828–1881) suggested, after careful microscopic examination, that Peyer's patches were actually lymph glands.

Structure
Peyer's patches are observable as elongated thickenings of the intestinal mucosa measuring a few centimeters in length. About 100 are found in humans. Microscopically, Peyer's patches appear as oval or round lymphoid follicles (similar to lymph nodes) located in the mucosa layer of the ileum and extend into the submucosa layer.
The number of Peyer's patches peaks at age 15–25 and then declines during adulthood.
In the distal ileum, they are numerous and they form a lymphoid ring. At least 46% of Peyer's patches are concentrated in the distal 25 cm of ileum in humans. It is important to note that there are large variations in size, shape, and distribution of Peyer's patches from one individual to another one.
In adults, B lymphocytes are seen to dominate the follicles' germinal centers.  T lymphocytes are found in the zones between follicles. Among the mononuclear cells, CD4+/CD25+ (10%) cells and CD8+/CD25+ (5%) cells are more abundant in Peyer's patches than in the peripheral blood.

Peyer's patches are characterized by the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), which covers all lymphoid follicles. FAE differs from typical small intestinal villus epithelium: it has fewer goblet cells therefore mucus layer is thinner, and it is also characterized by the presence of specialized M cells or microfold cells, which provide uptake and transport of antigens from lumen. Moreover, basal lamina of follicle-associated epithelium is more porous compared to intestinal villus. Finally, follicle-associated epithelium is less permeable for ions and macromolecules, basically due to higher expression of tight junction proteins.

Function
Because the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to the external environment, much of it is populated with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Peyer's patches thus establish their importance in the immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen and in facilitating production of the immune response within the mucosa.

Pathogenic microorganisms and other antigens entering the intestinal tract encounter macrophages, dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes found in Peyer's patches and other sites of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Peyer's patches thus act for the gastrointestinal system much as the tonsils act for the respiratory system, trapping foreign particles, surveilling them, and destroying them.

Peyer's patches are covered by a special follicle-associated epithelium that contains specialized cells called microfold cells (M cells) which sample antigen directly from the lumen and deliver it to antigen-presenting cells (located in a unique pocket-like structure on their basolateral side). Dendritic cells and macrophages can also directly sample the lumen by extending dendrites through transcellular M cell-specific pores. At the same time the paracellular pathway of follicle-associated epithelium is closed tightly to prevent penetration of antigens and continuous contact with immune cells. T cells, B-cells and memory cells are stimulated upon encountering antigen in Peyer's patches. These cells then pass to the mesenteric lymph nodes where the immune response is amplified. Activated lymphocytes pass into the blood stream via the thoracic duct and travel to the gut where they carry out their final effector functions. The maturation of B-lymphocytes takes place in the Peyer's patch.

Clinical significance
Although important in the immune response, excessive growth of lymphoid tissue in Peyer's patches is pathologic, as hypertrophy of Peyer's patches has been closely associated with idiopathic intussusception.

Having too many or larger than normal Peyer's patches is associated with an increased risk of prion diseases, and intussusception in children. A history of viral illness is a risk factor for enlarged or inflamed Peyer's patches.

Salmonella typhi and poliovirus also target this section of the intestine.

See also

Influenza
Lung cancer

References

External links

Lymphatic system
Lymphatic tissue
Small intestine

Peyer's patch


Thick as Thieves (also known as The Code) is a 2009 American/German heist action thriller film directed by Mimi Leder, starring Morgan Freeman, Antonio Banderas, and Radha Mitchell. The film was released direct-to-DVD on April 17, 2009 in the United States and on October 18, 2010 in Germany.

Plot
In New York, veteran thief Keith Ripley recruits younger crook Gabriel Martin to help him pull off one final job in order to repay his debt to the Russian mafia, who had killed his previous partner, Victor Korolenko, before they could complete the plan. Martin is unsure of Ripley, but Ripley's goddaughter, Alexandra Korolenko, who is Victor's daughter, convinces him otherwise, although Ripley does not like that the two are getting close. Ripley tells Martin the plan, that they are going to steal from a Russian museum that has been smuggling Russian treasures into the country and bribing the NYPD with large donations and expensive equipment. The two infiltrate a party at the museum posing as cops, with Ripley as Lt. Weber, who has a vendetta against Ripley, to gather information about their vault.

The Russian mob, led by Nicky Petrovitch, grow impatient and kidnap Alexandra, telling Ripley he must steal two Fabergé eggs from the Russian Museum in order to get her back. When the duo get into the vaults of the museum with the eggs, Martin reveals he is an undercover cop from Miami planted by Weber to catch Ripley, leaves Ripley locked in the vault and informs Weber, while taking the eggs to the Russian mobster to free Alexandra. After Alexandra is released, Martin is forced to meet with Petrovitch, who reveals that the eggs they have stolen are made of wood. Meanwhile, Weber and his squad enter the museum, but are detained by the security guards due to Martin telling the guards he was a cop as he escaped.

Martin reports in to the police the next morning, after the police have picked up Petrovitch, only to learn that the man they have in custody is not the man Martin met, and that the man he met was actually Victor Korolenko, who had faked his death with Ripley's help. It is then revealed that Ripley had escaped, letting the museum know cops were on the way and that they had cleaned out the vault of all the smuggled items (which had included the eggs) before the police could inspect it, meaning there was no evidence that anything had been stolen and that Martin's testimony would be worthless as his actions have been kept off the book to prevent Ripley from finding out. Martin's involvement with Alex compromises him, and Ripley had to be let go.

Ripley later calls Martin from an airport tarmac, ready to leave with Victor to meet with a buyer for the eggs; to tell him that they knew Martin was a cop from the beginning. Martin later meets up with Alex, who remained in New York, and who confesses that her feelings for him are real. Martin decides to become a thief.

Cast

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 20% based on reviews from 5 critics.

David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews gave the film 2.5/4 and called it "...a hopelessly uneven endeavor that's consistently buoyed by Freeman's mere presence...".

Dragan Antulov of Draxblog Movie Reviews gave it 3/10 and wrote: "The sadness created by this film could be cured only by its quick descent in well-deserved oblivion."
Jason McKiernan at Filmcritic.com called it "sloppy, lazy, and unable to keep up with its own con."
David Cornelius at DVDTalk.com wrote: "Don't let the big names fool you: The Code is limp enough a thriller to deserve the direct-to-video treatment it's received."

References

External links

Thick as Thieves at Rotten Tomatoes

2009 direct-to-video films
2009 films
2009 action thriller films
2009 crime thriller films
2000s heist films
American action thriller films
American heist films
Films directed by Mimi Leder
Films scored by Atli Örvarsson
Films shot in New York City
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Bulgaria
MoviePass Films films
Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department
Films about the New York City Police Department
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Thick as Thieves (2009 film)


The perennial philosophy (), also referred to as perennialism and perennial wisdom, is a perspective in philosophy and spirituality that views religious traditions as sharing a single, metaphysical truth or origin from which all esoteric and exoteric knowledge and doctrine has grown.

Perennialism has its roots in the Renaissance interest in neo-Platonism and its idea of the One, from which all existence emerges. Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499) sought to integrate Hermeticism with Greek and Christian thought, discerning a prisca theologia which could be found in all ages. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–94) suggested that truth could be found in many, rather than just two, traditions. He proposed a harmony between the thought of Plato and Aristotle, and saw aspects of the prisca theologia in Averroes (Ibn Rushd), the Quran, the Kabbalah and other sources. Agostino Steuco (1497–1548) coined the term philosophia perennis.

A more popular interpretation argues for universalism, the idea that all religions, underneath seeming differences, point to the same Truth. In the early 19th century the Transcendentalists propagated the idea of a metaphysical Truth and universalism, which inspired the Unitarians, who proselytized among Indian elites. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Theosophical Society further popularized universalism, not only in the western world, but also in western colonies. In the 20th century, universalism was further popularized through the Advaita Vedanta and Sufism inspired Traditionalist School, which argued for a metaphysical, single origin of the orthodox religions, and by Aldous Huxley and his book The Perennial Philosophy, which was inspired by neo-Vedanta.

Definition

Renaissance
The idea of a perennial philosophy originated with a number of Renaissance theologians who took inspiration from neo-Platonism and from the theory of Forms. Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499) argued that there is an underlying unity to the world, the soul or love, which has a counterpart in the realm of ideas. According to Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494), a student of Ficino, truth could be found in many, rather than just two, traditions. According to Agostino Steuco (1497–1548) there is "one principle of all things, of which there has always been one and the same knowledge among all peoples."

Aldous Huxley and mystical universalism
One such universalist was Aldous Huxley, who propagated a universalist interpretation of the world religions, inspired by Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta and his own use of psychedelic drugs. According to Huxley, who popularized the idea of a perennial philosophy with a larger audience,

In Huxley's 1944 essay in Vedanta and the West, he describes "The Minimum Working Hypothesis", the basic outline of the perennial philosophy found in all the mystic branches of the religions of the world:

Origins

The perennial philosophy originates from a blending of neo-Platonism and Christianity. Neo-Platonism itself has diverse origins in the syncretic culture of the Hellenistic period, and was an influential philosophy throughout the Middle Ages.

Classical world

Hellenistic period: religious syncretism

During the Hellenistic period, Alexander the Great's campaigns brought about exchange of cultural ideas on its path throughout most of the known world of his era. The Greek Eleusinian Mysteries and Dionysian Mysteries mixed with such influences as the Cult of Isis, Mithraism and Hinduism, along with some Persian influences. Such cross-cultural exchange was not new to the Greeks; the Egyptian god Osiris and the Greek god Dionysus had been equated as Osiris-Dionysus by the historian Herodotus as early as the 5th century BC (see Interpretatio graeca).

Roman world: Philo of Alexandria
Philo of Alexandria (c.25 BCE – c.50 CE) attempted to reconcile Greek Rationalism with the Torah, which helped pave the way for Christianity with neoplatonism, and the adoption of the Old Testament with Christianity, as opposed to Gnostic roots of Christianity. Philo translated Judaism into terms of Stoic, Platonic and neopythagorean elements, and held that God is "supra rational" and can be reached only through "ecstasy." He also held that the oracles of God supply the material of moral and religious knowledge.

Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism arose in the 3rd century CE and persisted until shortly after the closing of the Platonic Academy in Athens in AD 529 by Justinian I. Neoplatonists were heavily influenced by Plato, but also by the Platonic tradition that thrived during the six centuries which separated the first of the neoplatonists from Plato. The work of neoplatonic philosophy involved describing the derivation of the whole of reality from a single principle, "the One." It was founded by Plotinus, and has been very influential throughout history. In the Middle Ages, neoplatonic ideas were integrated into the philosophical and theological works of many of the most important medieval Islamic, Christian, and Jewish thinkers.

Renaissance

Ficino and Pico della Mirandola
Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499) believed that Hermes Trismegistos, the supposed author of the Corpus Hermeticum, was a contemporary of Moses and the teacher of Pythagoras, and the source of both Greek and Christian thought. He argued that there is an underlying unity to the world, the soul or love, which has a counterpart in the realm of ideas. Platonic Philosophy and Christian theology both embody this truth. Ficino was influenced by a variety of philosophers including Aristotelian Scholasticism and various pseudonymous and mystical writings. Ficino saw his thought as part of a long development of philosophical truth, of ancient pre-Platonic philosophers (including Zoroaster, Hermes Trismegistus, Orpheus, Aglaophemus and Pythagoras) who reached their peak in Plato. The Prisca theologia, or venerable and ancient theology, which embodied the truth and could be found in all ages, was a vitally important idea for Ficino.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494), a student of Ficino, went further than his teacher by suggesting that truth could be found in many, rather than just two, traditions. This proposed a harmony between the thought of Plato and Aristotle, and saw aspects of the Prisca theologia in Averroes, the Koran and the Kabbalah among other sources. After the deaths of Pico and Ficino this line of thought expanded, and included Symphorien Champier, and Francesco Giorgio.

Steuco

De perenni philosophia libri X
The term perenni philosophia was first used by Agostino Steuco (1497–1548) who used it to title a treatise, De perenni philosophia libri X, published in 1540. De perenni philosophia was the most sustained attempt at philosophical synthesis and harmony. Steuco represents the renaissance humanist side of 16th-century Biblical scholarship and theology, although he rejected Luther and Calvin. De perenni philosophia, is a complex work which only contains the term philosophia perennis twice. It states that there is "one principle of all things, of which there has always been one and the same knowledge among all peoples." This single knowledge (or sapientia) is the key element in his philosophy. In that he emphasises continuity over progress, Steuco's idea of philosophy is not one conventionally associated with the Renaissance. Indeed, he tends to believe that the truth is lost over time and is only preserved in the prisci theologica. Steuco preferred Plato to Aristotle and saw greater congruence between the former and Christianity than the latter philosopher. He held that philosophy works in harmony with religion and should lead to knowledge of God, and that truth flows from a single source, more ancient than the Greeks. Steuco was strongly influenced by Iamblichus's statement that knowledge of God is innate in all, and also gave great importance to Hermes Trismegistus.

Influence
Steuco's perennial philosophy was highly regarded by some scholars for the two centuries after its publication, then largely forgotten until it was rediscovered by Otto Willmann in the late part of the 19th century. Overall, De perenni philosophia wasn't particularly influential, and largely confined to those with a similar orientation to himself. The work was not put on the Index of works banned by the Roman Catholic Church, although his Cosmopoeia which expressed similar ideas was. Religious criticisms tended to the conservative view that held Christian teachings should be understood as unique, rather than seeing them as perfect expressions of truths that are found everywhere. More generally, this philosophical syncretism was set out at the expense of some of the doctrines included within it, and it is possible that Steuco's critical faculties were not up to the task he had set himself. Further, placing so much confidence in the prisca theologia, turned out to be a shortcoming as many of the texts used in this school of thought later turned out to be bogus. In the following two centuries the most favourable responses were largely Protestant and often in England.

Gottfried Leibniz later picked up on Steuco's term. The German philosopher stands in the tradition of this concordistic philosophy; his philosophy of harmony especially had affinity with Steuco's ideas. Leibniz knew about Steuco's work by 1687, but thought that De la vérité de la religion chrétienne by Huguenot philosopher Phillippe du Plessis-Mornay expressed the same truth better. Steuco's influence can be found throughout Leibniz's works, but the German was the first philosopher to refer to the perennial philosophy without mentioning the Italian.

Popularisation

Transcendentalism and Unitarian Universalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882) was a pioneer of the idea of spirituality as a distinct field. He was one of the major figures in Transcendentalism, which was rooted in English and German Romanticism, the Biblical criticism of Herder and Schleiermacher, and the skepticism of Hume. The Transcendentalists emphasised an intuitive, experiential approach of religion. Following Schleiermacher, an individual's intuition of truth was taken as the criterion for truth. The Transcendentalists were largely inspired by Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881), whose Critical and Miscellaneous Essays popularised German Romanticism in English and whose Sartor Resartus (1833–34) was a pioneer work of Western perennialism. They also read and were influenced by Hindu texts, the first translations of which appeared in the late 18th and early 19th century. They also endorsed universalist and Unitarian ideas, leading in the 20th century to Unitarian Universalism. Universalism holds the idea that there must be truth in other religions as well, since a loving God would redeem all living beings, not just Christians.

Theosophical Society

By the end of the 19th century, the idea of a perennial philosophy was popularized by leaders of the Theosophical Society such as H. P. Blavatsky and Annie Besant, under the name of "Wisdom-Religion" or "Ancient Wisdom". The Theosophical Society took an active interest in Asian religions, subsequently not only bringing those religions under the attention of a western audience but also influencing Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Japan.

Neo-Vedanta

Many perennialist thinkers (including Armstrong, Huston Smith and Joseph Campbell) are influenced by Hindu mystics Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda, who themselves have taken over western notions of universalism. They regarded Hinduism to be a token of this perennial philosophy. This notion has influenced thinkers who have proposed versions of the perennial philosophy in the 20th century.

The unity of all religions was a central impulse among Hindu reformers in the 19th century, who in turn influenced many 20th-century perennial philosophy-type thinkers. Key figures in this reforming movement included two Bengali Brahmins. Ram Mohan Roy, a philosopher and the founder of the modernising Brahmo Samaj religious organisation, reasoned that the divine was beyond description and thus that no religion could claim a monopoly in their understanding of it.

The mystic Ramakrishna's spiritual ecstasies included experiencing the sameness of Christ, Mohammed and his own Hindu deity. Ramakrishna's most famous disciple, Swami Vivekananda, travelled to the United States in the 1890s where he formed the Vedanta Society.

Roy, Ramakrishna and Vivekananda were all influenced by the Hindu school of Advaita Vedanta, which they saw as the exemplification of a Universalist Hindu religiosity.

Traditionalist School

The Traditionalist School is a group of 20th- and 21st-century thinkers concerned with what they consider to be the demise of traditional forms of knowledge, both aesthetic and spiritual, within Western society. The early proponents of this school are René Guénon, Ananda Coomaraswamy and Frithjof Schuon. Other important thinkers in this tradition include Titus Burckhardt, Martin Lings, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Jean-Louis Michon, Marco Pallis, Huston Smith, Jean Borella, Elémire Zolla and Julius Evola. According to the Traditionalist School, orthodox religions are based on a singular metaphysical origin. According to the Traditionalist School, the "philosophia perennis" designates a worldview that is opposed to the scientism of modern secular societies and which promotes the rediscovery of the wisdom traditions of the pre-secular developed world. This view is exemplified by René Guénon in his 1945 book The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times, one of the founding works of the Traditionalist School.

According to Frithjof Schuon:

The Traditionalist School continues this metaphysical orientation. According to this school, the perennial philosophy is "absolute Truth and infinite Presence". Absolute Truth is "the perennial wisdom (sophia perennis) that stands as the transcendent source of all the intrinsically orthodox religions of humankind." Infinite Presence is "the perennial religion (religio perennis) that lives within the heart of all intrinsically orthodox religions." The Traditionalist School discerns a transcendent and an immanent dimension, namely the discernment of the Real or Absolute, c.q. that which is permanent; and the intentional "mystical concentration on the Real".

According to Soares de Azevedo, the perennialist philosophy states that the universal truth is the same within each of the world's orthodox religious traditions, and is the foundation of their religious knowledge and doctrine. Each world religion is an interpretation of this universal truth, adapted to cater for the psychological, intellectual, and social needs of a given culture of a given period of history. This perennial truth has been rediscovered in each epoch by mystics of all kinds who have revived already existing religions, when they had fallen into empty platitudes and hollow ceremonialism.

Shipley further notes that the Traditionalist School is oriented on orthodox traditions, and rejects modern syncretism and universalism, which together create new religions from older religions and compromise the standing traditions.

Aldous Huxley

The term was popularized in the mid-twentieth century by Aldous Huxley, who was profoundly influenced by Vivekananda's Neo-Vedanta and Universalism. In his 1945 book The Perennial Philosophy he defined the perennial philosophy as:

In contrast to the Traditionalist school, Huxley emphasized mystical experience over metaphysics:

According to Aldous Huxley, in order to apprehend the divine reality, one must choose to fulfill certain conditions: "making themselves loving, pure in heart and poor in spirit." Huxley argues that very few people can achieve this state.  Those who have fulfilled these conditions, grasped the universal truth and interpreted it have generally been given the name of saint, prophet, sage or enlightened one. Huxley argues that those who have, "modified their merely human mode of being," and have thus been able to comprehend "more than merely human kind and amount of knowledge" have also achieved this enlightened state.

New Age

The idea of a perennial philosophy is central to the New Age Movement. The New Age movement is a Western spiritual movement that developed in the second half of the 20th century. Its central precepts have been described as "drawing on both Eastern and Western spiritual and metaphysical traditions and infusing them with influences from self-help and motivational psychology, holistic health, parapsychology, consciousness research and quantum physics". The term New Age refers to the coming astrological Age of Aquarius.

The New Age aims to create "a spirituality without borders or confining dogmas" that is inclusive and pluralistic. It holds to "a holistic worldview", emphasising that the Mind, Body and Spirit are interrelated and that there is a form of monism and unity throughout the universe. It attempts to create "a worldview that includes both science and spirituality" and embraces a number of forms of mainstream science as well as other forms of science that are considered fringe.

Academic discussions

Mystical experience

The idea of a perennial philosophy, sometimes called perennialism, is a key area of debate in the academic discussion of mystical experience. Huston Smith notes that the Traditionalist School's vision of a perennial philosophy is not based on mystical experiences, but on metaphysical intuitions. The discussion of mystical experience has shifted the emphasis in the perennial philosophy from these metaphysical intuitions to religious experience and the notion of nonduality or altered state of consciousness.

William James popularized the use of the term "religious experience" in his 1902 book The Varieties of Religious Experience. It has also influenced the understanding of mysticism as a distinctive experience which supplies knowledge. Writers such as W.T. Stace, Huston Smith, and Robert Forman argue that there are core similarities to mystical experience across religions, cultures and eras. For Stace the universality of this core experience is a necessary, although not sufficient, condition for one to be able to trust the cognitive content of any religious experience.

Wayne Proudfoot traces the roots of the notion of "religious experience" further back to the German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), who argued that religion is based on a feeling of the infinite. The notion of "religious experience" was used by Schleiermacher to defend religion against the growing scientific and secular critique. It was adopted by many scholars of religion, of which William James was the most influential.

Critics point out that the emphasis on "experience" favours the atomic individual, instead of the community. It also fails to distinguish between episodic experience, and mysticism as a process, embedded in a total religious matrix of liturgy, scripture, worship, virtues, theology, rituals and practices. Richard King also points to disjunction between "mystical experience" and social justice:

Religious pluralism

Religious pluralism holds that various world religions are limited by their distinctive historical and cultural contexts and thus there is no single, true religion.  There are only many equally valid religions. Each religion is a direct result of humanity's attempt to grasp and understand the incomprehensible divine reality. Therefore, each religion has an authentic but ultimately inadequate perception of divine reality, producing a partial understanding of the universal truth, which requires syncretism to achieve a complete understanding as well as a path towards salvation or spiritual enlightenment.

Although perennial philosophy also holds that there is no single true religion, it differs when discussing divine reality. Perennial philosophy states that a divine reality can be understood and that its existence is what allows the universal truth to be understood.  Each religion provides its own interpretation of the universal truth, based on its historical and cultural context, potentially providing everything required to observe the divine reality and achieve a state in which one will be able to confirm the universal truth and achieve salvation or spiritual enlightenment.

Evidence for perennial philosophy
Cognitive archeology such as analysis of cave paintings and other pre-historic art and customs suggests that a form of perennial philosophy or Shamanic metaphysics may stretch back to the birth of behavioral modernity, all around the world. Similar beliefs are found in present-day "stone age" cultures such as Aboriginal Australians. Perennial philosophy postulates the existence of a spirit or concept world alongside the day-to-day world, and interactions between these worlds during dreaming and ritual, or on special days or at special places. It has been argued that perennial philosophy formed the basis for Platonism, with Plato articulating, rather than creating, much older widespread beliefs.

See also

Notes

References

Sources

Printed sources

Web-sources

Further reading
 William W. Quinn, junior. The Only Tradition, in S.U.N.Y. Series in Western Esoteric Traditions. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1997. xix, 384 p.  pbk
 Samuel Bendeck Sotillos (ed.), Psychology and the Perennial Philosophy in Studies in Comparative Religion (Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom Books, 2013).
 Zachary Markwith, "Muslim Intellectuals and the Perennial Philosophy in the Twentieth Century", Sophia Perennis Vol. 1, N° 1 (Tehran: Iranian Institute of Philosophy, 2009).

External links

Neoplatonism
Neo-Vedanta
Nonduality
Philosophy of religion
Religious pluralism
Traditionalist School

Perennial philosophy


John Napier Wyndham Turner  (June 7, 1929September 19, 2020) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 17th prime minister of Canada from June to September 1984. He served as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and leader of the Official Opposition from 1984 to 1990.

Turner practised law before being elected as a member of Parliament in the 1962 federal election. He served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau as minister of justice and attorney general from 1968 to 1972, and minister of finance from 1972 to 1975. As a cabinet minister, Turner came to be known as a leader of the Business Liberal faction of the Liberal Party. Amid a global recession and the prospect of having to implement unpopular wage and price controls, Turner resigned from his position in 1975.

From 1976 to 1984, Turner took a hiatus from politics, working as a corporate lawyer on Bay Street. Trudeau's resignation in 1984 triggered a leadership election, in which Turner successfully contested. Turner held the office of prime minister for just 79 days, as he advised the governor general to dissolve Parliament immediately after being sworn in. He went on to lose the 1984 election in a landslide to Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives, leading the Liberals to the second-worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level (in terms of proportion of seats). Turner stayed on as Liberal leader and led the Opposition for the next six years. In the 1988 election, he vigorously campaigned against Mulroney's proposed free trade agreement with the United States, and led the Liberals to a modest recovery. Turner resigned as party leader in 1990 and did not seek re-election in 1993.

Turner was Canada's first prime minister born in the United Kingdom since Mackenzie Bowell in 1896, Canada's second shortest-serving prime minister behind Charles Tupper, and Canada's fourth longest-lived prime minister, living to the age of 91.

Early life
Turner was born on June 7, 1929, in Richmond, Surrey, England (now a part of London), to Leonard Hugh Turner, an English journalist, and Phyllis Gregory, a Canadian economist. He had a brother, Michael, born in 1930 (who died shortly after birth), and a sister, Brenda, born in 1931. When Turner's father died in 1932, he and his sister moved to Canada with their Canadian-born mother. The family settled in her childhood home in Rossland, British Columbia, and later moved to Ottawa.

Turner's mother was loving but demanding of her two children. The family was not wealthy. His mother remarried in 1945 to Frank Mackenzie Ross, who later served as Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, and the family relocated to Vancouver.

Education
Turner was educated at Ashbury College and St Patrick's College, Ottawa (senior matriculation). He enrolled at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in 1945 at age 16 where he was a member of the UBC chapter of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity, and was among Canada's outstanding track sprinters in the late 1940s. He held the Canadian record for the men's 100-yard dash and qualified for the 1948 London Olympics, but a bad knee kept him from competing. He graduated from UBC with a BA (Honours) in 1949.

Awarded a Rhodes Scholarship, Turner went on to Magdalen College at the University of Oxford, where he earned a BA, Jurisprudence, 1951; a Bachelor of Civil Law, 1952; and an MA, 1957. He was on the track and field team at Oxford. One of his teammates was Roger Bannister, who became the first runner to break the four-minute barrier in the mile. At Oxford, Turner was a classmate and friend of future Australian Prime Ministers Malcolm Fraser and Bob Hawke, as well as Jeremy Thorpe, future leader of Britain's Liberal Party. He also pursued doctoral studies at the University of Paris from 1952 to 1953.

Relationship with Princess Margaret
On July 25, 1958, a ball was hosted by Turner's mother and stepfather (in the latter's role of Lieutenant Governor of  British Columbia), in honor of Princess Margaret at HMCS Discovery, the Canadian navy's land station in Vancouver. Turner danced with Princess Margaret, one year his junior, and they sat out talking, refusing requests to return to supper. This was the first time that Turner received significant press attention in Canada. Further meetings between them during Margaret's three week official visit to Canada led to considerable speculation about whether the two would become a serious couple. Contemporary press reports suggested there was some consternation about the reports among British officials, but their Canadian counterparts were more relaxed.

A year later, in September 1959, press attention returned when reports circulated that Turner had been a recent guest at Balmoral in August where discussions had taken place concerning marriage between the pair; that he had also paid a secret visit to see her in April and that his parents had commented on their close friendship during their visit to Scotland in August.

According to contemporary press reports, Buckingham Palace refused to engage with the rumors. A spokesperson for Margaret said the April meeting was not a secret and they had nothing to say officially about any of the reports. Turner was quoted as saying, "I have nothing whatsoever to say about these reports"

According to letters discovered in 2015, written by Margaret to her friend Sharman Douglas and obtained by the Daily Mail, the relationship was more serious than previously thought with the princess writing in one letter, seven years later: "John Turner is here & we meet on Thursday. It will seem so funny as we haven't met since I nearly married him & he's bringing his wife!". Turner told the Daily Mail: "I have never talked about it, and I am not going to start talking about it now". Brenda confirmed a "very definite attraction" between her brother and the princess, but said that Turner was uninterested in royalty and would not have given up Catholicism.

It has been claimed Turner attended Margaret's party at Balmoral Castle in August 1959 where his roommate was Margaret's future husband Antony Armstrong-Jones; however, according to his authorised biography, Armstrong-Jones visited Balmoral for the first time in early October 1959. Turner was the only Canadian unofficial guest at their wedding in May 1960. Turner remained friends with Margaret, he and his wife often meeting the princess in Britain or during official visits to Canada. They attended Margaret's 2002 private funeral and were Canada's official representatives at the memorial service.

Marriage and family
Turner was married on May 11, 1963, to Geills McCrae Kilgour (b. 1937) who was then a systems engineer with IBM, and the great niece of Canadian Army doctor John McCrae, the author of what is probably the best-known First World War poem, "In Flanders Fields", and sister of David Kilgour, a long-time Canadian Member of Parliament. The Turners have a daughter named Elizabeth and two sons: Michael and Andrew. Their second son, David, died in 2021. The Turner children attended Rockcliffe Park Public School, in Ottawa. All three sons attended Upper Canada College, in Toronto.

Early career
Turner practised law, initially with the firm of Stikeman Elliott in Montreal, Quebec. He was elected as Member of Parliament for St. Lawrence—St. George in 1962 and was reelected there in every election until the riding's dissolution in 1968. He was the Member of Parliament for Ottawa—Carleton from 1968 to 1976.

In 1965, while vacationing in Barbados, Turner noticed that former prime minister and Leader of the Opposition John Diefenbaker, staying at the same hotel, was struggling in the strong surf and undertow. Turner, a competitive swimmer while in university, jumped in and pulled Diefenbaker to shore.

Cabinet minister

Premiership of Lester Pearson
Turner was generally respected for his work as a cabinet minister in the 1960s and 1970s, under prime ministers Lester Pearson and Pierre Trudeau.

He served in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Lester Pearson in various capacities, most notably as Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs. When Pearson retired, Turner ran to succeed him at the 1968 leadership convention. Turner, at age 38 the youngest of the dozen leadership candidates, stated "My time is now", and remarked during his speech that he was "not here for some vague, future convention in, say, 1984". Turner stayed on until the fourth and final ballot, finishing third behind Pierre Trudeau and runner-up Robert Winters.

Premiership of Pierre Trudeau
Turner served in Trudeau's cabinet as minister of justice for four years. Biographer Paul Litt argues that Turner was a hard-working, well-informed minister whose success was assured by his warm relationship with his peers. His achievements, say Litt, included strengthening the rights of individual defendants on trial, greater efficiency in the justice system, creation of the influential Law Reform Commission, selecting highly professional judges, and bringing a policy perspective to the Justice Department. He led the government's position in the highly controversial Official Languages Act, and he took control during the October Crisis in 1970.

A leader of the Business Liberal faction of the Liberal Party, Turner then served as Minister of Finance from 1972 until 1975. His challenges were severe in the face of global financial issues such as the 1973 oil crisis, the collapse of the postwar Bretton Woods trading system, slowing economic growth combined with soaring inflation (stagflation), and growing deficits. His positions were more conservative than Trudeau's and they drew apart. In 1975 Turner surprisingly resigned from cabinet. The Liberals had won the 1974 election by attacking Robert Stanfield's Progressive Conservatives over their platform involving wage and price controls. However, Trudeau decided to implement the wage and price controls in late 1975, so some have suggested that Turner quit rather than carry out that proposal. In a 2013 interview with Catherine Clark on CPAC Turner confirmed his resignation from cabinet was a direct result of refusing to implement wage and price controls, after campaigning against them in 1974.

In his memoirs, Trudeau wrote that Turner said he resigned as Finance Minister in 1975 because he was tired of politics, after 13 years in Ottawa, and wanted to move on to a better-paying job as a lawyer in Toronto, to better support his family and to be with them more, as his children were growing up. Trudeau also suggested that Turner's years as finance minister were very difficult because of turbulent and unusual conditions in the world economy, characterized as stagflation, largely caused by enormous increases in the price of oil.

Bay Street
From 1975 to 1984, Turner worked as a corporate lawyer at the Bay Street law firm McMillan Binch. When Pierre Trudeau resigned as Liberal leader in 1979 following an election loss, Turner announced that he would not be a candidate for the Liberal leadership. Trudeau was talked into rescinding his resignation after the government of Joe Clark was defeated by a motion of no confidence, and returned to contest and win the 1980 federal election. Trudeau then served as Prime Minister until 1984.

Prime minister (June–September 1984)
Trudeau retired after polls showed the Liberals faced certain defeat in the next election if he remained in office. Turner then re-entered politics, and defeated Jean Chrétien, his successor as finance minister, on the second ballot of the June 1984 Liberal leadership convention. He was formally appointed prime minister on June 30. When he was sworn in, Turner was not an MP or senator. Had he wished to have parliament summoned, he would not have been able to appear on the floor of the House of Commons. He also announced that he would not run in a by-election to get into the Commons, but would instead run in the next general election as the Liberal candidate in the British Columbia riding of Vancouver Quadra. This was a sharp departure from usual practice, in which the incumbent in a safe seat resigns to allow a newly elected party leader a chance to get into parliament, and the seat Turner intended to contest was held by the Tories instead. However, this was part of Turner's strategy to rebuild the Liberals' image in western Canada; at the time, the party held no seats west of Winnipeg.

In his final days of office, Trudeau recommended that Governor General Jeanne Sauvé appoint over 200 Liberals to patronage positions, including senators, judges, and executives on various governmental and crown corporation boards. The large number of appointments, as well as doubtful qualifications of some appointees, generated a severe backlash across the political spectrum. Turner then made a further 70 appointments himself, one of Trudeau's conditions for retiring earlier than he had planned.

1984 federal election

On July 9, only nine days after being sworn in, Turner asked Sauvé to dissolve parliament and advised her to call an election for early September. Turner was persuaded by internal polls that showed the Liberals were ahead of the Tories; after Turner won the leadership his party surged in the polls to take a lead, after trailing by more than 20 percentage points before he was selected. Progressive Conservative leader Brian Mulroney and other experts had expected Turner to tour Canada during the summer and early autumn, accompanying Queen Elizabeth II and Pope John Paul II on their upcoming visits, and then call the election for later in the autumn. However, the Liberals' polling data was faulty; they had in fact not polled since May and the situation had since changed, not least because of the public uproar over the patronage appointments. As the campaign unfolded, the Tories and Mulroney, who was fighting his first general election in any capacity, soon took the lead.

Early in the campaign, Turner appeared rusty and old-fashioned. His policies contrasted with Trudeau's and seemed to legitimize the Tory calls for lowering the deficit, improving relations with the United States, cutting the bureaucracy, and promoting more federal-provincial harmony. He spoke of creating "make work projects", a discarded phrase from the 1970s that had been replaced by the less patronizing "job creation programs". Turner was also caught on television patting the bottoms of Liberal Party President Iona Campagnolo and Vice-President Lise St. Martin-Tremblay, causing an uproar among feminists, who saw such behaviour as sexist and condescending.

During the televised leaders' debate, Turner attacked Mulroney over the patronage machine that the latter had allegedly set up in anticipation of victory, comparing it to the Union Nationale governments of Quebec. Mulroney responded by pointing to the raft of patronage appointments made on the advice of Trudeau and Turner. Turner had the right to advise Sauvé to cancel Trudeau's appointments—advice that she was bound to follow by convention—but failed to do so and added to his own. Mulroney demanded that Turner apologize to the country for what he called "these horrible appointments." Turner claimed that "I had no option" except to let them stand. Mulroney responded, "You had an option, sirto say 'no'and you chose to say 'yes' to the old attitudes and the old stories of the Liberal Party." He highlighted the Liberals' long record in government and resulting patronage appointments. Many observers believed that Mulroney clinched the election at this point, as it made Turner look weak and indecisive. Analysts agreed he was "done in by television."

Turner discovered late in the campaign that the Liberals' electoral hopes were poor in their traditional stronghold of Quebec. The party had heretofore relied on Trudeau's appeal, patronage, and traditional dislike of the Progressive Conservatives for victory in recent previous elections. Turner had surrounded himself with Trudeau's factional opponents and Trudeau himself did not endorse Turner. In a last-minute turnaround, Turner rehired much of Trudeau's staff during the final weeks, but this had little effect. Quebec's disaffection with the federal Liberals regarding patriation in 1982 further contributed to their defeat. Mulroney, a native Quebecker, was able to harness that discontent to the Progressive Conservatives' advantage by promising a new constitutional agreement.

On September 4, the Liberals were swept from power in a Tory landslide. The Liberals were cut down to 40 seats, the fewest in the party's history until 2011, against 211 for the Progressive Conservatives. The Liberals fell to 17 seats in Quebec, all but four in and around Montreal. Eleven members of Turner's cabinet were defeated. It was the worst defeat the Liberals experienced in a federal election since 1958.

Turner stepped down as prime minister on September 17. The election having been called just over a week after his being sworn in, Turner held the office of prime minister for two months and seventeen days, the second-shortest stint in Canadian history, ahead of only Sir Charles Tupper, who took office after dissolution of parliament. Turner, along with Tupper and later Kim Campbell, were the only PMs who never faced a parliament or implemented any legislative initiative.

Leader of the Opposition

In 1984, Turner managed to defeat the Tory incumbent in Vancouver Quadra, Bill Clarke by 3,200 votes, a surprising result given the size of the Tory wave, and became leader of the opposition. He was the only Liberal MP from British Columbia, and one of only two from west of Ontario. The Liberals, amid their worst showing in party history and led by an unpopular Turner, were said by some pundits to be following the British Liberals into oblivion. Though the Liberals had not fared much better in the 1958 election, they had clearly emerged as the main opposition party back then. After the 1984 election, however, the NDP were not far behind with 30 seats. Their leader Ed Broadbent consistently outpolled Turner and even Mulroney, except in Quebec.

The Liberals responded by using their large Senate majority, built up over years of Liberal majorities in the Commons, to stall Mulroney's legislation. In addition, a group of young Liberal MPs, known as the "Rat Pack", pestered Mulroney at every turn. The group included Sheila Copps, Brian Tobin, Don Boudria, and John Nunziata.

Turner's leadership was frequently questioned, and in the lead up to the 1986 Liberal convention, a vote of confidence loomed large. The popular Jean Chrétien resigned his seat, creating a stir in caucus. Keith Davey publicly voiced his concerns with Turner's leadership, which coincided with backroom struggles involving Chrétien's supporters. The public conflict is said to have influenced many Liberals to support Turner, and he ended up getting a little over 75% of the delegate vote.
The Liberals faced more internal conflict in the next few years, but polls frequently had them in front of the Progressive Conservatives (however, with Turner last in preferred prime minister categories). The upcoming Canada–US Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Meech Lake Accord threatened to divide the party until Turner took the position of being pro-Meech Lake and against the FTA. Turner asked the Liberal Senators to hold off on passing the legislation to implement the agreement until an election was held. It was later revealed that Mulroney planned to have an election called, anyway.

1988 federal election

When the election was called for November 21, 1988, the Liberals had some early struggles, notably during one day in Montreal where 3 different costs were given for the proposed Liberal daycare program. The campaign was also hampered by a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation report that stated there was a movement in the backroom to replace Turner with Chrétien.

Turner campaigned rallying support against the proposed FTA, an agreement that he said would lead to the abandonment of Canada's political sovereignty to the United States. His performance in the debate and his attacks on Mulroney and the FTA, where he accused the Progressive Conservative Prime Minister of selling Canada out with one signature of a pen, raised his poll numbers, and soon the Liberals were hoping for a majority. This prompted the Progressive Conservatives to stop the relatively calm campaign they had been running, and go with Allan Gregg's suggestion of "bombing the bridge" that joined anti-FTA voters and the Liberals; Turner's backbone. The ads focused on Turner's leadership struggles, and combined with over $6 million in pro-FTA ads, stopped Turner's momentum. Also not helping the Liberals was that the NDP had opposed the FTA as well (though not as vocally); this likely resulted in vote-splitting between the opposition parties. Although most Canadians voted for parties opposed to free trade, the Tories were returned with a majority government, and implemented the deal.

The Liberals more than doubled their representation to 83 seats, and kept their role as the Official Opposition; the NDP had also made gains but finished a distant third with 43 seats. The Progressive Conservatives won a reduced majority government with 169 seats.

The election loss seemed to confirm Turner's fate; he announced he was standing down from the party leadership in May 1989, officially resigning in June 1990. Turner resigned as Official Opposition leader, while still holding the Liberal leadership, so Herb Gray became the caucus leader in the interim. Chrétien won that year's leadership convention over Paul Martin. Although not officially endorsed by Turner himself, Martin was widely the favourite of Turner's supporters.

Turner continued to represent Vancouver Quadra in the House of Commons before retiring from politics in the 1993 election.

After politics

In 1990, Turner returned to practicing law, this time working for Miller Thomson LLP; this was despite him serving as an MP for another three years. He eventually became head of the firm's scholarships program. Turner was also a board member for several corporations.

Turner was a member of the Canadian delegation that monitored the runoff vote in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election.

Turner voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.

In 2017, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. Turner lived in the Deer Park neighbourhood of Toronto.

Death and state funeral

Turner died on September 19, 2020, at the age of 91. A state funeral was held for Turner on October 6, 2020, at St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica. Turner was buried in a private service at Mount Pleasant Cemetery. Turner and Mackenzie King are two former Prime Ministers interred at Mount Pleasant.

Honours
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According to Canadian protocol, as a former prime minister, he was styled The Right Honourable for life.

Turner was ranked 18th out of the first 20 Prime Ministers of Canada (through Jean Chrétien) by a survey of Canadian historians in 1999. The survey was used in the book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders by J. L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer.

Turner was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on October 19, 1994, and was invested on May 3, 1995. His citation reads: He became Canada's seventeenth Prime Minister, crowning a distinguished parliamentary career during which he held several key Cabinet portfolios. Parallel to his political life, he has been a respected member of the law profession and supporter of many charitable organizations, in particular Mount Sinai Hospital and the Community Foundation of Toronto. His passion for his country is admired by all Canadians.

Honorary degrees

See also

List of prime ministers of Canada

Federal budget presented as minister of finance
1973 Canadian federal budget
May 1974 Canadian federal budget
November 1974 Canadian federal budget
1975 Canadian federal budget

References

Further reading

Archives

Bibliography

External links

University of British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame
CBC Digital Archives – The Long Run: The Political Rise of John Turner

Prime Ministers of Canada
Leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada
Canadian Ministers of Finance
Members of the 19th Canadian Ministry
Members of the 20th Canadian Ministry
Members of the 23rd Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Lawyers in Ontario
Canadian lawyers
Canadian King's Counsel
Canadian Rhodes Scholars
Canadian male sprinters
Sportspeople from British Columbia
University of British Columbia alumni
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
University of Paris alumni
People from Richmond, London
Politicians from Victoria, British Columbia
Politicians from Vancouver
Politicians from Toronto
Companions of the Order of Canada
1929 births
2020 deaths
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
English emigrants to Canada
Canadian corporate directors
Canadian Roman Catholics
English Roman Catholics
Corporate lawyers
Solicitors General of Canada
English people of Canadian descent
21st-century Canadian politicians
Burials at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto
Foreign-born Canadian politicians

John Turner


Janusz Tyszkiewicz Łohojski of Leliwa (lit. Janusz Tyszkiewicz of Łohojsk; 1590–1649) was a magnate and politician of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

He was born 1590 to Teodor Fryderyk Tyszkiewicz and Zofia née Zasławska. He started his career as a military man, serving under Stanisław Żółkiewski in the tragic Battle of Cecora of 1620, and the subsequent victorious battle of Chocim. Throughout his political career he held a number of posts, among them that of Voivode of Kiev (since 1630), starost of Śniatyń and Żytomierz. An ardent Catholic, he spent much of his fortune supporting the foundation of numerous churches and monasteries. His best known contribution is the sponsorship of Carmelite fortified monastery in Berdychiv, started between 1626 and 1628, and completed around 1642. Married to Jadwiga Bełżecka, he had a single daughter, Krystyna Tyszkiewicz Łohojska.

Notes and references

Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Tyszkiewicz Lohojski, Janusz
Tyszkiewicz Lohojski, Janusz
Tyszkiewicz Lohojski, Janusz
Tyszkiewicz family
Zasławski family
Voivodes of Kiev

Janusz Tyszkiewicz Łohojski


Vassilie Trunoff (1929 in Melbourne, Australia – 1985 in London, England) was an Australian ballet dancer. He was born of Russian emigre parents and began dancing in his mother's folk dancing troupe. His dancing was noticed by Edouard Borovansky who offered him classes at the Borovansky school. He soon became a member of the fledgling Borovansky Ballet. He performed a wide variety of roles in the Borovansky repertoire and in 1946 created the part of the Aborigine in Borovansky's Terra Australis. At the end of the 1947 Borovansky season Trunoff joined Ballet Rambert for its Australian tour and performed with the company under the name of Basil Truro. He performed in a season of the musical Oklahoma! and subsequently married fellow dancer Joan Potter. In 1950, Trunoff left Australia for London. He joined the London Festival Ballet as a soloist and he was soon promoted to principal, gaining a reputation for his virtuosity of technique. At Borovansky's invitation, Trunoff and his wife returned to Australia in 1954, however in 1958 they both rejoined the London Festival Ballet as ballet master and ballet mistress respectively. As ballet master, Trunoff toured to Australia in 1975 and 1977 with Festival Ballet productions that included Romeo and Juliet and Giselle. He returned again in 1980 to produce Scheherazade and Graduation Ball for the Australian Ballet's special tribute season in honour of Edouard Borovansky. Trunoff died in London in 1985.

References

1929 births
1985 deaths
Australian male ballet dancers
English National Ballet

Vassilie Trunoff


The Marriage Law Project (MLP) is a public interest legal aid organization founded in 1996. It aims "to reaffirm marriage as the union of one man and one woman." Its offices are located in the Columbus School of Law at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. Its founder, David Orgon Coolidge, was Senior Fellow at the Columbus School of Law Ethics and Public Policy Center and a Research Fellow in the Columbus School of Law Interdisciplinary Program in Law and Religion. William C. Duncan, J.D. is Assistant Director of the Marriage Law Project.

The Marriage Law Project monitors the progress of state and federal legislation regarding marriage and same-sex unions. It provides information regarding headline news, current legislative progress, various arguments against same-sex marriage, case and statute law, news reports, and links to other resources. The Marriage Law Project is a frequent contributor as a spokesperson in the cultural homosexuality debates, especially from a Roman Catholic point of view. MLP participated in filing the injunction against San Francisco when that city's clerk decided to issue same-sex marriage licenses.

Symposia
MLP and the Marriage and Family Law Project at Brigham Young University Law School co-hosted a symposium in September 2006 entitled "'What's the Harm?'—How Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage Will Harm Society, Families, Adults, Children and Marriage".

Another joint symposium by these schools was held February 1–3, 2001, and was entitled "The ALI Family Dissolution Principles: Blueprint to Strengthen or to Deconstruct Families?"

Published works
The Marriage Law Project has continued to submit Amici Curiae briefs in court cases and appeals regarding equal marriage all over the United States. Articles have been published in several law journals.

References

External links
 Columbus School of Law, Interdisciplinary Program in Law and Religion

Columbus School of Law
Organizations established in 1996
Catholic University of America
Same-sex marriage in the United States
Political organizations based in the United States
Conservative organizations in the United States
Organizations that oppose LGBT rights in the United States

Marriage Law Project


Until 1995 Ethiopia was divided into provinces.  The provinces were divided into awrajjas or districts. In 1995 they were replaced by regions and two chartered cities. Eritrea was an Ethiopian province until 1993.

From 1942 until 1995 the provinces of Ethiopia were:

Older provinces, which are frequently used to indicate location within Ethiopia, include:

Ethiopia
Geography of Ethiopia

Provinces of Ethiopia


Cuana of Kilcoonagh was an early Christian missionary active in the northeast of the parish of Ballymacward, County Galway, sometime around or after 500. He was the founder of the church at Kilcoonagh, (now the townland of Garrafine), of which a children's burial ground, called Shanclogh, appears to be the only extant remains.

Cuana evangelised among the Soghain people, and appears to have been a member of this people himself. A saint of his name is listed as follows: "Cuana mac Tálain mac Dubhtaigh mac Rosa mac Finnchadha mac Fedhlimidh mac Sodhan Salbhuidhe. This pedigree would make him a kinsman of both Kerrill and Molua of Kilmoluagh.

References

Sources
 The Life, Legends and Legacy of Saint Kerrill: A Fifth-Century East Galway Evangelist, Joseph Mannion, 2004. 0 954798 1 3

People from County Galway
Medieval Irish saints
5th-century Irish priests
6th-century Irish priests
5th-century Christian clergy
6th-century Christian clergy

Cuana of Kilcoonagh


Camilo Igor Ballesteros Briones (born 23 June 1987 in Santiago) is a Chilean physical education undergraduate student and member of the Chilean Communist Youth. He was the president of the University of Santiago de Chile Student Federation (Feusach) in 2010-2011 and became of the main spokespersons of the Confederation of Chilean Students (Confech) during the  movement for better access to quality education.

Biography
Born to working-class parents, Ballesteros lived his childhood in the commune of Independencia, Santiago. He studied in the Saint George school (known for being an elite school for the rich people of Chile), and then in the Colegio Latinoamericano in Providencia. When he was in high school he took part in the 2006 student protests in Chile, joining the Communist Party of his country.

Inside the University of Santiago he started working with a group of students, including Feusach former president Pablo Moyano, to form a leftist student collective called Avanza Usach. They won University elections in the 2009–2010 term and were re-elected in 2010, with Ballesteros as president. During the 2011 student protests he became one of the three most recognized faces of the Confech along with Camila Vallejo from the Fech and Giorgio Jackson from the Feuc.

In January 2012, with the support of the Chilean Communist Party, Ballesteros launched his candidacy for mayor to Estación Central. In the elections he lost by a small percentage against Rodrigo Delgado (UDI). In January 2013 the Communist Party announced his candidacy for deputy.

In 2013, he took part in Michelle Bachelet's presidential campaign as representative of her Youth Branch.

Ballesteros is a Roman Catholic.

See also
 Leaders of the 2011 Chilean protests
 2011 student protests in Chile

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Anti-corporate activists
Communist Party of Chile politicians
University of Santiago, Chile alumni
Chilean Roman Catholics
Chilean people of Asturian descent

Camilo Ballesteros


In computer graphics, graphics software refers to a program or collection of programs that enable a person to manipulate images or models visually on a computer.

Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct categories: raster graphics and vector graphics, with further 2D and 3D variants. Many graphics programs focus exclusively on either vector or raster graphics, but there are a few that operate on both. It is simple to convert from vector graphics to raster graphics, but going the other way is harder. Some software attempts to do this.

In addition to static graphics, there are animation and video editing software. Different types of software are often designed to edit different types of graphics such as video, photos, and vector-based drawings. The exact sources of graphics may vary for different tasks, but most can read and write files.

Most graphics programs have the ability to import and export one or more graphics file formats, including those formats written for a particular computer graphics program. Such programs include, but are not limited to: GIMP, Adobe Photoshop, CorelDRAW, Microsoft Publisher, Picasa, etc.

The use of a swatch is a palette of active colours that are selected and rearranged by the preference of the user. A swatch may be used in a program or be part of the universal palette on an operating system. It is used to change the colour of a text or image and in video editing. Vector graphics animation can be described as a series of mathematical transformations that are applied in sequence to one or more shapes in a scene. Raster graphics animation works in a similar fashion to film-based animation, where a series of still images produces the illusion of continuous movement.

History
SuperPaint was one of the earliest graphics software applications, first conceptualized in 1972 and achieving its first stable image in 1973

Fauve Matisse (later Macromedia xRes) was a pioneering program of the early 1990s, notably introducing layers in customer software.

Currently Adobe Photoshop is one of the most used and best-known graphics programs in the Americas, having created more custom hardware solutions in the early 1990s, but was initially subject to various litigation. GIMP is a popular open-source alternative to Adobe Photoshop.

Adobe offers a suite of programs called Creative Cloud. Lightroom and Photoshop are two extremely popular editing programs amongst photographers. So much so that Adobe offers a Photographers Plan which packages the two programs together. They have become the industry standard for professional photographers across various genres of photography.

See also

Comparison of raster graphics editors
Comparison of vector graphics editors
List of raster graphics editors
Graphic art software
Image morphing software
Image conversion
imc FAMOS (1987), graphical data analysis
Raster graphics editor
Vector graphics editor

References

Graphics software


Busan Social Information Forum (abbreviation: BSIF, Korean: 부산사회정보포럼) was founded on March 1, 2003, at Busan Forum, led by Chairman Seung-Moo Ha. Following the Busan Forum, it is the second non-profit forum organization founded in the Busan area.

Overview
On April 11, 2004, we participated in a member organization of the Korea Forum Union, an association of 33 regional forums scattered throughout the country. Until 2016 National Forum Association is disbanded, it participated in the national forum of activities, thereafter, in the center of Busan, online network between experts and non-experts who are active in a variety of fields around the country to build, has been working. Through people-to-people exchanges, it provides a mutual exchange and various regional information between the hierarchy.

Activity
 Holding seminars and symposiums
 Business for mutual fellowship and exchange between members
 Derivation of policy alternatives and business to spread them
 Opinion presentation on important national issues
 Businesses that contribute to the development of other regions and nations
 Provision of employment information

History
 Busan Social Information Forum completes re-registration of non-profit social groups on March 6, 2020
 On February 24, 2020, the Korean Social Policy Forum changed the name of the organization to "Busan Social Information Forum". • Revised the rules and applied for re-registration of social organizations.
 On September 14, 2017, Prevention of Ha Seung Moo Chairman of the Blue House (selected as the Korea Veteran Family)
 On June 10, 2015, Korea PR Specialist Forum(KPRF) changed its name to Korea Social Policy Forum
 On June 21, 2007, the organization name was changed to "Korea PR Specialist Forum(KPRF)" at the Busan Youth Forum
 On April 01, 2006, he received a Merit Award from President Ha Seung Moo(Korea Forum Union and the 21st Century Bundang Forum) Lee Young-Hae Standing Representative.
 On April 11, 2003, participated in the founder and member organization of the Korea Forum Union(elected Vice President of Ha Seung Moo Korea Forum Union and Chair of the First Public Relations Committee)
 Busan Youth Forum established on March 01, 2003

References

Other websites
BSIF Official site

Non-profit organizations of Asia
2003 establishments in South Korea
Organizations based in South Korea

Busan Social Information Forum


Brynmenyn is a small village located at the confluence of the Garw and Ogmore rivers in south Wales, around 4 miles north of Bridgend, and it also in the Bridgend County Borough council area. The village has its own primary school.

Transport
The A4065 road runs through the village; to the west this leads to Tondu, and to the east it heads to Abergarw and Bryncethin. The A4064 road starts in the village and heads north towards Llangeinor. A disused railway runs through the village, and the village formerly had a railway station.  The nearest operational station is Tondu on the Maesteg Line.

Leisure
Bryngarw Country Park is situated on the north-western boundary of the village.

Book
Memories of Sarah Jane Howell: A Welsh story of the greatest Heroine by Roger G K Penn.
'The story of Sarah Jane Howell, eldest daughter of George and Jennet Howell, Abergarw Farm, Brynmenyn. Sarah Jane was assistant mistress at Brynmenyn Council School who died, aged 21, in the Llynfi river near Bridgend whilst rescuing one of her pupils from drowning on the 19th of December 1911.'

Published 2014

References

Villages in Bridgend County Borough

Brynmenyn


John Marius Trana (22 June 1898 – 29 August 1976) was a Norwegian trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party. He chaired the Norwegian Union of Railway Workers from 1945 to 1963, and served as a deputy representative in the Norwegian Parliament.

Career
He was born in Verdal as the son of railway manager John Trana (1871–1920) and his wife Marie Justine Freberg (1867–1949).

John Marius Trana was hired by the Norwegian State Railways in 1917, and was promoted to railway manager in 1921. He became involved in the trade union Norwegian Union of Railway Workers, serving as a member of the national board from 1932 to 1941. From 1941 to 1945, during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany when the Nazi occupants usurped the trade union, Trana was the chairman of the illegal shadow union. The pre-war union chairman, Ludvik Buland, was imprisoned in a concentration camp in 1941. Buland died in prison in 1945, and following the liberation of Norway in May that year, Trana was elected as the new chairman. He was challenged by Communist candidate Olaf Bjerke, but won the vote at the national convention. He chaired the union until 1963, and was later given honorary membership.

In the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions, the national trade union center in Norway, he was a member of the board from 1945 to 1949 and of the secretariat from 1949 to 1963. From 1949 to 1963, he also chaired the Statstjenestemannskartellet, a cartel within the Confederation of Trade Unions for workers in the public sector. Trana was also a member of the board of the railway section in the International Transport Workers' Federation.

Trana had a political background as a member of the executive committee of Oslo city council from 1931 to 1937. He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the terms 1954–1957 and 1958–1961.

References

1898 births
1976 deaths
Norwegian trade unionists
Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996) people
Norwegian resistance members
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Oslo
Deputy members of the Storting
People from Verdal

John Marius Trana