Rancho Cucamonga ( ) is a city located just south of the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and Angeles National Forest in San Bernardino County, California, United States. About  east of Downtown Los Angeles, Rancho Cucamonga is the 28th most populous city in California. The city's seal, which centers on a cluster of grapes, alludes to the city's agricultural history including wine-making. The city's proximity to major transportation hubs, airports, and highways has attracted the business of several large corporations, including Coca-Cola, Frito-Lay, Big Lots, Mercury Insurance Group, Southern California Edison, and Amphastar Pharmaceuticals.

The city had a population of 174,453 according to the 2020 United States Census. The city experiences an average of 287 sunny days per year, compared to a national average of 205 days. Its climate is classified as warm Mediterranean, or Csa, under the Köppen climate classification system.

The Jack Benny Program popularized the city's name, in particular the word "Cucamonga".

History

By 1200 AD, Kukamongan Native Americans had established a village settlement in the area around present-day Red Hill, near the city's western border, where Red Hill Country Club stands today. Kukamonga derives its name from a Tongva word meaning "sandy place." Anthropologists have determined that this cluster of settlers likely belonged to the Tongva people or Kich people, at one time one of the largest concentrations of Native American peoples on the North American continent. In the 18th century, following an expedition led by Gaspar de Portola, the land was incorporated into the Mission System  established by Father Junipero Serra and his group of soldiers and Franciscan friars.

After a half century of political jockeying in the region, the land finally came under the control of Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of Mexico. On March 3, 1839, Alvarado granted 13,000 acres of land in the area called "Cucamonga" to Tubercio Tapia, a first-generation Spanish native of Los Angeles, successful merchant, and notorious smuggler. Tapia went on to establish the first winery in California on his newly deeded land. Rancho Cucamonga was purchased by John Rains and his wife in 1858. The Rains family's home, Casa de Rancho Cucamonga, was completed in 1860 and now appears on the National Register of Historic Places.

During the ensuing years the town prospered and grew. In 1887, irrigation tunnels were dug into Cucamonga Canyon by Chinese laborers and the Santa Fe Railroad was extended through the area. Among the town's economic mainstays was agriculture, including olives, peaches, citrus, and, most notably, vineyards. In 1913, the Pacific Electric Railway was extended through Rancho Cucamonga in an effort to improve crop transportation. Several landmarks in existence today pay tribute to the city's multicultural founding. In particular, Our Lady of Mt. Carmel remains as a relic of the area's Mexican agriculture laborers while the Chinatown House stands as a reminder of the Chinese immigrants who labored in constructing the area's infrastructure.

In 1977, the unincorporated communities of Alta Loma, Cucamonga, and Etiwanda voted to incorporate, forming the city of Rancho Cucamonga.

Grapeland
The former community of Grapeland, first settled in 1869, lay roughly between today's Victoria Groves Park and Central Park. There was a schoolhouse which also doubled as a church. In 1890 an irrigation district was formed and $200,000 in bonds were sold to pay for improvements. The Sierra Vista reservoir was built in 1886-87 by J.L. Scofield as the focal point of a network of irrigation pipes.  The system was unused, however, because the bond issue was declared illegal. "Orchards and vineyards began to die," The Daily Report newspaper reported in a retrospective. "Residents moved out. The post office closed in 1905. Homes, buildings were destroyed or abandoned." The reservoir remained unused until 1956, when the Fontana Union Water Company filled it with 5 million gallons of water. The local school district was merged with the Etiwanda district in 1901. In 1957 the settlement was practically deserted, but there were still rabbit-proof stone walls marking boundaries of previous citrus orchards.

Geography
Rancho Cucamonga is part of the Inland Empire and San Bernardino County, a region that lies inland from the Pacific coast and directly east of Los Angeles County. Rancho Cucamonga is located about  east of Los Angeles, bordered by Upland to its west, Ontario to its south, the San Gabriel Mountains to its north and I-15 and Fontana to its east. Situated on an alluvial plain with a wildland–urban interface, bears occasionally wander through. Views of Cucamonga Peak, one of the tallest peaks of the San Gabriel Mountains, are available. The city has a total area of , 99.95% of which is land and 0.05% water.

Climate
The city's climate is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean, or Csa, under the Köppen climate classification system. Yearly precipitation is  and the city experiences an average of 287 sunny days per year, compared to a national average of 205 days.

Demographics

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Rancho Cucamonga had a population of 165,269. The population density was . The racial makeup of Rancho Cucamonga was 102,401 (62.0%) White (42.7% Non-Hispanic White), 15,246 (9.2%) African American, 1,134 (0.7%) Native American, 17,208 (10.4%) Asian, 443 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 19,878 (12.0%) from other races, and 8,959 (5.4%) from two or more races.  There were 57,688 residents of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, of any race (34.9%).

The census reported that 162,145 people (98.1% of the population) lived in households, 136 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,988 (1.8%) were institutionalized.

Out of a total of 54,383 households, 23,055 (42.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 30,533 (56.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,514 (13.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 3,257 (6.0%) had a male householder with no wife present, as well as 2,995 (5.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships and 425 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 9,956 households (18.3%) were made up of individuals, and 2,679 (4.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98.  Over the 41,304 families (76.0% of all households), the average family size was 2.90.

The age distribution of the city was as follows: 42,550 people (25.7%) under the age of 18, 17,365 people (10.5%) aged 18 to 24, 48,600 people (29.4%) aged 25 to 44, 43,710 people (26.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 13,044 people (7.9%) who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 34.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males.

There were 56,618 housing units at an average density of , of which 35,250 (64.8%) were owner-occupied, and 19,133 (35.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.2%.  110,570 people (66.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 51,575 people (31.2%) lived in rental housing units.

During 20092013, Rancho Cucamonga had a median household income of $77,835, with 6.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

2000
As of the 2000 census, there were 127,743 people, 40,863 households, and 31,832 families residing in the city.  The population density was 1,317.0/km (3,411.4/mi2).  There were 42,134 housing units at an average density of 434.4/km (1,125.2/mi2).  The racial makeup of the city was 66.53% White, 9.00% Asian, 0.67% Native American, 5.99% African American, 0.27% Pacific Islander, 13.25% from other races, and 5.41% from a biracial or multiracial background. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.78% of the population.

There were 40,863 households, of which 44.7% had children under the age of 18.  60.2% of households consist of a married couple living together.  12.8% had a female householder with no husband present.  22.1% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were single-person and 4.1% had a person of 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.04 and the average family size was 3.44.

In the city, the population spread was as follows: 29.9% were under the age of 18, 9.9% were from 18 to 24, 33.2% were from 25 to 44, 21.0% were from 45 to 64, and 6.1% were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $78,428 and the median income for a family was $91,240. Males had a median income of $50,288 versus $40,952 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,702.  About 4.9% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

While most of the city's land area is devoted to residential areas, Rancho Cucamonga, like its neighbors Ontario and Fontana, is a major center for the logistics industry in Southern California. This is due to its proximity to two interstate highways and Ontario International Airport, and the space afforded by the large tracts of former agricultural land in the southern section of the city.

In the area around Milliken Avenue, between Archibald and Etiwanda Avenues, Foothill Boulevard, and Fourth Street, about seven square miles of land are primarily occupied by numerous massive distribution centers, and even more, smaller manufacturing companies. This area is ringed by office parks, mostly along Haven Avenue, and shopping strips, such as the Terra Vista Town Center (part of a nearly two-square-mile master-planned community in the center of the city), and malls, such as Victoria Gardens, and the Ontario Mills, across Fourth Street in Ontario.

The city is also home to a CMC Steel (formerly Gerdau, formerly TAMCO Steel) minimill, the only producer of long steel in California. This mill recycles ferrous scrap, such as junked cars and appliances, to produce rebar.

The city hosts LoanMart Field, (formerly known as The Epicenter), a minor-league baseball stadium, home of the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes. The Quakes' mascot, Tremor, is a "Rallysaurus."

Victoria Gardens

Victoria Gardens is a lifestyle center near the eastern end of the city, at the intersection of Foothill and Day Creek Boulevards. Since the city had never developed a traditional commercial downtown like neighboring cities Ontario and Upland had, efforts were made in the design of Victoria Gardens to bring elements of more traditional and urban town design to what had historically been a suburban city. While retaining many characteristics of traditional shopping malls, such as large anchor stores, a food court, and vast parking lots and garages, the smaller stores are arranged as city blocks in a grid of two-lane streets, featuring lush landscaping and metered "teaser parking" in front of the stores, which open onto the sidewalk. There are two "Main Streets", which run from west to east across the center. Running from north to south between them is a pedestrian axis leading from one of the Macy's anchor stores, through a "town square" between a pair of mixed-use office buildings, to the Victoria Gardens Cultural Center, which contains the Lewis Playhouse (a 570-seat theater) and a branch of the city library. The east side of the development has Southern California's only Bass Pro Shops Outdoor World superstore; the  facility includes a Tracker Boat Center and the Islamorada Fish Company restaurant. There are restaurants throughout the center, both well-known chains and unique eateries. The center also features a 12-screen movie theater.

Top employers
According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the principal employers in the city are:

Government

Local government
Rancho Cucamonga is a General Law City, incorporated in 1977 under the "Council-Manager" form of local government. The four-member Council, plus the Mayor, City Clerk, and City Treasurer, are all elected at-large by the voters of the city. The Council then appoints the City Manager, who acts as the administrative head of the city government, and is responsible for the day-to-day operations, code enforcement, and the fiscal soundness of the municipal government. The council itself serves as a local legislative body.
The city's elections, which are plurality, are held on a Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even-numbered years.

L. Dennis Michael has been the city's mayor since 2011, with John Gillison as the city manager.

According to a city Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $278.3 million in revenues, $243.6 million in expenditures, $1,400.7 million in total assets, $492.1 million in total liabilities, and $583.3 million in cash and investments.

Politics
In the California State Legislature, Rancho Cucamonga is in , and in .

In the United States House of Representatives, Rancho Cucamonga is in .

In 2005, the non-partisan Bay Area Center for Voting Research ranked Rancho Cucamonga as the 28th most conservative city in the United States.

Law enforcement
Since incorporation in 1977, law enforcement services in Rancho Cucamonga City have been provided through a contract with the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department.

Rancho Cucamonga is also home to the Foothill Communities San Bernardino County Courthouse, which is housed in a building adjacent to the Rancho Cucamonga Civic Center, in a government complex located at Haven Avenue and Civic Center Drive in the city. The Civic Center houses the Rancho Cucamonga city hall, the city police department, and other local government offices.

Education

Schools
Rancho Cucamonga has multiple public K–12 schools, operating under several different school districts, within its borders: Alta Loma School District, Central School District, Cucamonga School District, Etiwanda School District, and Chaffey Joint Union High School District. Private schools include Upland Christian Academy. In addition, Rancho Cucamonga is the home to Chaffey College and satellite campuses of the University of La Verne, Cambridge College, University of Redlands, Everest College, and University of Phoenix, as well as the automotive trade school.

High Schools
Alta Loma High School
Etiwanda High School
Los Osos High School
Rancho Cucamonga High School

Libraries
The city of Rancho Cucamonga has two public libraries, with a combined total of over 200,000 volumes. The library at 7368 Archibald Avenue opened in 1994 and was remodeled in the summer of 2008. The Paul A. Biane library at 12505 Cultural Center Drive at the Victoria Gardens Cultural Center opened in August 2006. In 2013, the Rancho Cucamonga Public Library was a recipient of the National Medal for Museum and Library Services, the nation's highest honor that can be bestowed on a Library or Museum.

Infrastructure

Transportation
Rancho Cucamonga is served by Omnitrans bus service,  train service from Metrolink's Rancho Cucamonga station on the San Bernardino Line, and nearby Ontario International Airport, one of four major Los Angeles-area passenger airports with multiple daily flights by most domestic carriers as well as a major shipping hub for companies like UPS and FedEx.

Interstate 15 (I-15) and State Route 210 (SR-210) run through Rancho Cucamonga as well as the historic U.S. Route 66 (as Foothill Boulevard).

I-15 sits atop an elevated berm, and cuts a curve through the southeastern part of the city, isolating a mostly industrial area, a small shopping center, and several housing tracts from the larger part of the city. Further north, I-15 forms part of the northeastern border with neighboring Fontana before entering the Cajon Pass through the San Gabriel Mountains. I-15 provides connectivity with the High Desert, Nevada, and points north for the Inland Empire and much of Southern California.

SR-210 runs nearly straight east–west through the northern part of the city, roughly bisecting the residential communities of Alta Loma and Etiwanda, providing connection (in addition to I-10 and SR-60) from the San Gabriel Valley and points west to the San Bernardino area.

Utilities
Rancho Cucamonga receives natural gas from the Southern California Gas Company. The city's water supply and sewage are managed by the Cucamonga Valley Water District. Garbage collection is by Burrtec Disposal, phone service is from Frontier Communications and cable TV is provided by Charter Communications.

Electric power in Rancho Cucamonga is provided by Southern California Edison and the Rancho Cucamonga Municipal Utility, and the city is also home to the Reliant Energy Etiwanda Generating Station, on Etiwanda Avenue. This facility, one of five Reliant stations in California, is a natural gas-fired power plant, which began operation in 1963. At  net capacity, it is Reliant's second-highest capacity plant on the West Coast. It utilizes four steam turbine generators; of which units three and four remained active after turbines one and two, as well as a combustion turbine, were retired in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Several systems are in place to control gas emissions, and annually, over  of recycled water are used for cooling.

On November 29, 2011, the Inland Empire Utilities Agency installed the first wind turbine in Rancho Cucamonga.

Stormwater
Rancho Cucamonga's location at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains has necessitated the use of numerous control channels and basins to reduce the seasonal flood danger from the several streams descending from the range. Some of the city's roads are known for flooding. Hermosa Avenue, in particular, now features many high curbs and extra-large storm drain grates.

Notable people
The Young Bucks, Professional Wrestlers. Current tag-team in All Elite Wrestling
C. J. Stroud, Quarterback. 2023 NFL Draft #2 Pick for the Houston Texans
Nichkhun, singer, songwriter, actor and model. Member of the boy band 2PM

In popular culture
The name "Cucamonga" became well known to fans of Jack Benny's popular radio program, in which an announcer, voiced by Mel Blanc, would call out: "Train leaving on track five for Anaheim, Azusa and Cu-camonga!" This running gag became so well known that it eventually led to a statue of Benny in Cucamonga.

The city is the primary setting of the TV series Workaholics and the feature film Next Friday. Further mention of the city was made in the Netflix series Unsolved.

The city was claimed as the location where the "Flamin' Hot" flavor of Cheetos was created in the 1980s at the Frito-Lay factory.

Cucamonga is referenced in the Grateful Dead song "Pride of Cucamonga" on the album From the Mars Hotel, and in "Cucamonga" on Frank Zappa's album Bongo Fury.

See also

 List of people from Rancho Cucamonga, California
 List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations

References

External links

Rancho Cucamonga Chamber of Commerce
The History of Casa de Rancho Cucamonga at citivu.com

Cities in San Bernardino County, California
Pomona Valley
Populated places in San Bernardino County, California
Incorporated cities and towns in California
1977 establishments in California
Chicano and Mexican neighborhoods in California

Rancho Cucamonga, California


Ryan Horrell (born 7 April 1973) is a former English cricketer. Horrell was a left-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born in Barnstaple, Devon.

Horrell made his debut for Devon in 1991 against Oxfordshire in the Minor Counties Championship. From 1991 to 2000, he represented Devon in 21 Championship matches, the last of which came against Cheshire. The season following his debut, he made his debut MCCA Knockout Trophy for the county against Cornwall. From 1992 to 2000, he represented the county in just 5 Trophy matches, the last of which came against Wiltshire. Horrell made his List A debut for Devon against Essex in the 1st round of the 1996 NatWest Trophy. His next List A appearance came four years later against Staffordshire in the 2nd round of the 2000 NatWest Trophy, with his final List A match coming in the following round against Surrey. In his 3 List A matches, he scored 25 runs at a batting average of 25.00, with a high score of 25*. With the ball he took 2 wickets at a bowling average of 35.00, with best figures of 1/33.

He also played Second XI cricket for the Gloucestershire Second XI (1991–1993) and the Somerset Second XI (1995–1996).

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Barnstaple
English cricketers
Devon cricketers
Cricketers from Devon

Ryan Horrell


Thomas Wicksteed (26 January 1806 – 15 November 1871) was a notable English civil engineer of the 19th century. As engineer to the East London Waterworks Company he was responsible for introducing the Cornish pumping engine. He oversaw many improvements, and was approached for advice by a number of water companies elsewhere in the country, later turning his attention to the efficient handling of sewage.

Career
Born in Shrewsbury, the fourth son of John Wicksteed, he was educated at Shrewsbury School, and at sixteen years of age he was sent to London, to reside with his father's old friend, Arthur Aikin, Secretary of the Society of Arts, with whom he lived. He was articled to a mechanical engineer in Smithfield, and at the end of his apprenticeship, became an assistant to Henry R. Palmer, Engineer to the London Docks, at a time when extensive additions were being made.

In 1829, he became the Engineer to the East London Waterworks Company. It was a time when costly additions to the reservoirs and pumping-engines had to be made, but these were offset by the large saving he was able to make, particularly in the consumption of fuel.

In 1835 his attention was directed to the Cornish engine as a replacement for the less economical condensing engine. He visited the Cornish mines, conducted experiments, and prevailed upon the directors of the company to invest in this new technology. In 1837 an engine from Cornwall was installed in the works at Old Ford. The savings were such that he carried out careful measurements for a year, and published his findings in 1841 in a paper entitled "An Experimental Inquiry concerning the relative power of, and useful effect produced by, the Cornish and Boulton and Watt pumping-engines, and cylindrical and waggon-head boilers" read to the Institution of Civil Engineers. Following this, several large engines were installed under his direction by various water companies about London.

Meanwhile, he carried out various additions to the reservoirs and other works of the company. Among these was to transfer the source of the company's supply from Old Ford to Lea Bridge up river from the tidal flow.

Between 1838 and 1845, he was retained as Consulting Engineer to the Grand Junction, Vauxhall, Southwark, and Kent Waterwork Companies, while still Resident Engineer to the East London Water Works. He was thus, at one time, engineer to five out of the then nine London water companies. During this time, he constructed new waterworks at Hull and Wolverhampton, with extensions to those at Brighton and Scarborough. He was also consulted by the towns of Leeds, Liverpool, Dewsbury, Lichfield, Leamington, Cork, Kingston in Jamaica, Valparaiso, Boston, in the United States, the
waterworks and sewerage of Berlin and consulted by the Pasha of Egypt in reference to the barrage of the Nile.

His attention having been drawn to the sewerage of towns, and its disposal, he became the Engineer to the London Sewage Company in 1847. Plans for a sewer along the North bank of the Thames to a pumping station and reservoir at Barking Creek were prepared to put before Parliament on behalf of the company, but necessary investment was not forthcoming and the company was subsequently dissolved. His plan was
similar to that which he had proposed for Berlin in 1841, and he then built a system at Leicester. With the aim of purifying the sewage of towns, and producing manure, he set up the Patent Solid Sewage Manure Company. At this point he resigned as Engineer to the East London Waterworks in 1851 and severed his connections with the other London companies.

The Patent Solid Sewage Manure Company at Leicester was successful in purifying sewage, with a marked improvement to the River Soar but, though large quantities of manure were produced it could not compete with others on the market. In the end, the company failed and the corporation took over the sewage purifying.

Besides carrying out a complete system of drainage for Leicester, he was consulted on the sewerage of Leeds, Leamington, Maidstone, and Scarborough ; and gave evidence before the Special Committee on the Sewage of the Metropolis.

He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 7 February 1837 and contributed several papers on the Cornish engine, for which he received a Telford medal in 1839. He had a seat on the Council from 1840 to 1843, but for many years before his death he had ceased to attend the meetings and to take part in the discussions. In 1863 he was elected also to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

Personal life
On 20 July 1829 at St John, Hackney, he married Eliza, the third daughter of the late Mr. John Barton, of London, by whom he had six children - Bithia (1831-1874), Katharine (1833–1884), Mary (1834-1834), Mary Frances (1835-1906), Arthur Aikin (1840-1903) and Eliza Lucy (1845-1923).

His health was adversely affected by his labours in Leicester, and in 1865, he had what was described at the time as a slight attack of paralysis, and retired. He died at Headingley, near Leeds, on 15 November 1871, aged 65.

References

London water infrastructure
English civil engineers
Water supply and sanitation in London

Thomas Wicksteed


The first season of the American television drama series Mad Men premiered on July 19, 2007, and ended on October 18, 2007. It consisted of thirteen episodes, each running approximately 47 minutes. AMC broadcast the first season on Thursdays at 10:00 pm in the United States. Actors Jon Hamm, Elisabeth Moss, Vincent Kartheiser, January Jones, Christina Hendricks, Bryan Batt, Michael Gladis, Aaron Staton, and Rich Sommer receive main cast billing.

Season one takes place between March and November 1960. It introduces the fictional advertising agency Sterling Cooper. The season begins with the new secretary, Peggy Olson, starting her first day with the firm. As the season unfolds, the mysterious backstory of enigmatic ad man Don Draper is revealed as is the growing confidence and success of Peggy Olson.

The first season was highly commended for its excellence in writing, acting, and art design, as well as for its faithfulness to the era it depicted. It was acknowledged with numerous honors from industry awards, including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, the Golden Globe Award for Best Drama Series, and a Peabody Award. According to Metacritic's annual aggregate of year-end lists that detailed the best TV shows of 2007 as determined by significant entertainment publications and critics, Mad Mens first season received the most mentions of any show and also received the most first-place votes.

Cast

Main cast
 Jon Hamm as Don Draper
 Elisabeth Moss as Peggy Olson
 Vincent Kartheiser as Pete Campbell
 January Jones as Betty Draper
 Christina Hendricks as Joan Holloway
 Bryan Batt as Salvatore Romano
 Michael Gladis as Paul Kinsey
 Aaron Staton as Ken Cosgrove
 Rich Sommer as Harry Crane
 Maggie Siff as Rachel Menken

Recurring cast

Guest stars
 Deborah Lacey as Carla
 Darren Pettie as Lee Garner, Jr.

Plot

The first season opens in March 1960, as genius advertising executive Donald "Don" Draper meets Peggy Olson, his new secretary. They both work at the small but prestigious agency Sterling Cooper. Though Don is welcoming towards her, Peggy is subject to passive-aggressive hostility from office manager Joan Holloway and sexual harassment from her male colleagues. Junior accounts manager Pete Campbell, who is about to get married, takes a liking to Peggy and the two have sex the night of his bachelor party. Don, meanwhile, has trouble balancing his life as he cheats on his wife, Betty Draper, with a beatnik artist named Midge Daniels. Roger Sterling, the acerbic son of one of Sterling Cooper's founding partners, cheats on his wife, Mona, with Joan, of whom he is enamored.

Sterling Cooper begins working for the 1960 Richard Nixon presidential campaign, gratis and unbidden, as they believe Nixon's success against John F. Kennedy will benefit their business. They are also working to reassure their largest client, Lucky Strike, whose account is the firm's bread and butter, in the face of resurgent medical research demonstrating smoking is harmful and related lawsuits and impending legislation harmful to the tobacco industry.

Betty begins seeing a psychiatrist after her numb and shaking hands cause her to crash the family car. Don, initially resistant to the idea of psychotherapy, allows Betty to seek help. Behind Betty's back, Don has Betty's doctor report back to Don what Betty says in treatment. Meanwhile, Don begins a flirtatious relationship with Rachel Menken, the Jewish owner of a department store who seeks marketing help at Sterling Cooper.

Don also has to deal with the arrival of his younger brother, Adam Whitman, who refers to Don as "Dick Whitman". Don gives Adam $5,000 and tells him to make a new life for himself, as Don did, and to never contact Don again.

Flashbacks to Don's childhood as "Dick Whitman", during the Great Depression, depict Dick's relationships with his unloving, pious stepmother, who calls him a "whore-child", and abusive father Archibald Whitman, who cheats a hobo out of promised payment for performing chores. Dick had grown friendly with the vagrant, and the incident further degrades his image of his father.  Additionally, the vagrant teaches young Dick the hobo code, which communicates important messages via simple visual symbols. Don finds a weathered hobo sign indicating Don's father is a dishonest man.

Peggy begins writing copy after ad man Freddy Rumsen recognizes her talent. She is soon given control of her own account, creating a campaign for a weight loss machine. Peggy's work on the weight loss machine coincides with her own weight gain.

Roger suffers two heart attacks, drastically changing his outlook on life, and prompting Lucky Strike's owner, Lee Garner, Sr., to warn Bert Cooper that keeping Lucky Strike's account requires Sterling Cooper to do something to "show Don Sterling Cooper appreciates him". Bert then offers Don a partnership, with a 12% share of the business (without Don having to pay a partnership fee). Don accepts, provided he's not required to sign a contract; an amused Bert agrees, and acknowledges Don's attitude calls back to Ayn Rand's philosophy, as expressed in the book Bert had earlier urged Don to read: Atlas Shrugged.

Don's first order of business is to appoint a new head of accounts (to lighten Roger's load as partner and rainmaker), and Don begins interviewing external candidates (to Pete's chagrin). The most promising candidate proves to be Herman "Duck" Phillips, who "landed American Airlines", but is looking for a job after alcoholism and an extramarital affair ended his career at Y&R's London office.

After the partners leave for the day, the Sterling Cooper ad men throw a raucous party the night of the 1960 presidential election, but see their client and preferred choice, Nixon, defeated by Kennedy.

Further flashbacks revolve around Dick Whitman's origin story in the Korean War, in which he is put under the command of a Lieutenant Donald Draper, who is soon to be sent home. After an attack, an accidental explosion kills Draper and injures Whitman. Whitman switches dog tags with his lieutenant and assumes Draper's identity as a way to escape the war. The Army has "Draper" take Whitman's body back to Whitman's family. The coffin is dropped off by train, and Whitman does not exit to greet his family, but a young Adam sees Whitman standing inside the train. Adam's parents dismiss his entreaties that, "I see Dick on the train". A female train passenger notices Whitman's look of grief and tells him to "forget that boy in the box". Whitman then turns his back on his family and begins his new life as "Donald Draper".

Pete, who has demonstrated a propensity to snoop, expresses the belief that he should be promoted to head of accounts and throws his hat in the ring. He has also revealed his jealousy about Peggy and Don's success and sits at Don's desk after the two have left for the day. The mailroom boy mistakes Pete for Don and delivers a package from Adam Whitman filled with Dick Whitman's dog tags and childhood photographs. (Adam posted the package immediately before hanging himself in his hotel room).

Pete confronts Don with the information that he knows Don's real name is Dick Whitman and attempts to blackmail him for a promotion. Don neutralizes the threat by telling Bert, "I've pulled the trigger on hiring Duck Phillips," which he knew would incite Pete to reveal Don's true identity to Bert. Pete tells Bert that Don is a deserter who isn't who he says he is, but Bert brushes it off with "Who cares?" After Pete leaves the room, Bert gives Don the option to either fire Pete or keep a close eye on him, as "one never knows how loyalty is born."

Peggy seeks medical care for severe stomach pain. The doctor quickly realizes Peggy's weight gain is a result of a pregnancy; she was impregnated by Pete Campbell. After the child is delivered, the nurse encourages Peggy to hold the baby, but Peggy refuses.

The season ends just before Thanksgiving 1960, as Betty and Don bicker over Don's lack of interest in attending Thanksgiving dinner with Betty's family. Don cites his workload as his reason to stay home. Soon afterwards, Betty discovers Don was receiving calls from her psychiatrist, who was reporting on her sessions to Don. Don also learns that his brother Adam has hanged himself.

Don subsequently makes a new campaign presentation for the Kodak Carousel that revolves around the "power of nostalgia".

During a train ride, Don has a vision of returning home to announce he will be joining the family for Thanksgiving. Instead, Don returns home to find the house dark and empty. He sits alone at the bottom of the staircase as the season closes.

Episodes

Production

Filming

The pilot episode was shot at Silvercup Studios and various locations around New York City; subsequent episodes have been filmed at Los Angeles Center Studios. It is available in high definition for showing on AMC-HD and on video-on-demand services available from various cable affiliates. The writers, including Weiner, amassed volumes of research on the period in which Mad Men takes place so as to make most aspects of the series—including detailed set designs, costume design, and props—historically accurate, producing an authentic visual style that garnered critical praise. Each episode has a budget of $2–2.5 million, though the pilot episode's budget was over $3 million. On the scenes featuring smoking, Weiner stated: "Doing this show without smoking would've been a joke. It would've been sanitary and it would've been phony." Since the actors cannot, by California law, smoke tobacco cigarettes in their workplace, they instead smoke herbal cigarettes.

Crew
In addition to having created the series, Matthew Weiner is the showrunner, head writer, and an executive producer; he contributes to each episode—writing or co-writing the scripts, casting various roles, and approving costume and set designs. He is notorious for being selective about all aspects of the series, and promotes a high level of secrecy around production details.

Along with Matthew Weiner, the writing staff of the first season consisted of co-executive producer Tom Palmer, who wrote two episodes; producer Lisa Albert, who wrote two episodes; producers and writing team Andre and Maria Jacquemetton, who wrote three episodes; writer's assistant Robin Veith, who wrote two episodes; and freelance writers Bridget Bedard and Chris Provenzano, who each wrote two episodes. Other producers included co-producer Blake McCormick, producer Todd London, and co-executive producer Scott Hornbacher. Primary directors of the first season were Tim Hunter, who directed four episodes, and Alan Taylor, who directed three including the pilot episode. The remaining episodes were directed by Ed Bianchi, Lesli Linka Glatter, Andrew Bernstein, series cinematographer Phil Abraham, Paul Feig, and series creator Matthew Weiner, who directs each season finale.

Reception

Ratings
The premiere episode, which aired at 10:00 p.m. on July 19, 2007, was rated higher than any other AMC original series at the time, and attained a 1.4 household rating (1.2 million households). The season averaged 900,000 viewers.

Critical reception
The first season of Mad Men received acclaim from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 85% of 41 critics have given the season a positive review with an average score of 9.2/10. The site's consensus is: "Oozing evocative early 1960s ambiance, Mad Men is a sly, subversive look at the American workplace that radiates class, wit, and an undercurrent of disaffection." On Metacritic, the first season scored 77 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating generally favorable reviews.

Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said each episode "unfolded like a small movie", calling it "one of the best character studies anyone has put on television in some time – an adult drama of introspection and the inconvenience of modernity in a man's world." Robert Bianco of USA Today said the show "hopes to come to grips with both what was lost and what has been gained since generation gaps, sexual revolutions, racial divides and Vietnam blasted the '60s apart" and called it a "smart, complex drama". The New York Times called it "both a drama and a comedy and all the better for it, a series that breaks new ground by luxuriating in the not-so-distant past."  DVD Talk writer Adam Tyner described the season as "virtually flawless", praising the depth with which each of the characters has been written. Andrew Johnson praised the initial episode in Time Out New York  stating: "Inspired by cynical Eisenhower-era comedies of manners (Sweet Smell of Success, The Apartment) and the stories of John Cheever, frequent Sopranos writer Matthew Weiner's Mad Men is a scathing chronicle of the ad industry's boozy midcentury heyday, and one of the freshest series to hit basic cable in years."

Varietys reaction to the first season was more mixed, commenting that "as a serialized drama, the program's situations aren't especially stirring, even with its solid, perfectly outfitted cast. The sheer atmosphere, however, proves intoxicating." Tom Shales of The Washington Post wrote a negative review, stating that "the stories unfold in a dry, drab way and the pacing is desultory. Series directors are fond of long pauses that serve no purpose other than to give the impression that an actor forgot his next line."

Accolades
The first season of Mad Men was nominated for and won numerous industry awards, including fifteen Emmy nominations and six Emmy wins. At the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards, Mad Men won Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series (Matthew Weiner for "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"). The series also won Creative Arts Emmys for Art Direction, Cinematography, Hairstyling, and Main Title Design.

The series also received nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (Jon Hamm), Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (John Slattery), Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series (Robert Morse), Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series (Alan Taylor), again for "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes") and a second nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series (Weiner and Robin Veith, for "The Wheel").

Mad Men won a Peabody Award for Outstanding Achievement in Television for the first season in 2007. AMC Executive Vice President Charles Collier called the award an "incredible honor". The first season was also honored by the American Film Institute as one of the ten greatest television achievements of 2007, called it brilliant for depicting "the discomfort that hides in the dark corners of nostalgia", and said "The show's extraordinary writing, characterizations and art direction neatly package a time filtered through the haze of cigarettes and sexism, but the message is for today — that those who sell a way of life are often mad for a world that is not their own."

The series won Best Television Drama Series at the 65th Golden Globe Awards, while Jon Hamm won Best Actor – Television Series Drama. "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" also won a Casting Society of America Artios Award for Outstanding Casting in a Television Pilot, Drama. Alan Taylor won a 2007 Directors Guild of America Award for Drama Series directing "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes". The series also won 2007 Writers Guild Awards for Best Dramatic Series and Best New Series. Chris Provenzano for "The Hobo Code" was nominated for the Episode Drama award, but lost to The Sopranos episode, "The Second Coming".

The first season was also honored by the Television Critics Association Awards, winning Program of the Year, Outstanding Achievement in Drama, and Outstanding New Program of the Year. Jon Hamm was also nominated for Individual Achievement in Drama at the 24th TCA Awards.

Jon Hamm and the cast Mad Men were also nominated at the 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series but lost to James Gandolfini and the cast of The Sopranos, respectively.

Home media release
The first season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on July 1, 2008. In addition to the thirteen episodes, the discs include 26 audio commentaries by cast and crew, and featurettes regarding the production of the series and mini-documentaries on media culture and the historical time in which the story is set. Featurettes include "Establishing Mad Men", "Advertising the American Dream", and "Scoring Mad Men". Also included is a music sampler for music from the show, a photo gallery, and a season two preview.

References

External links

2007 American television seasons

Television series set in 1960
Korean War fiction

Mad Men (season 1)


Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers is an American fast casual restaurant chain. They make and hand out frozen custard, sundaes, hot dogs and chicken sandwiches along with other foods. There were almost 450 Freddy's restaurants in the United States as of August 1, 2022.

The company was founded in Wichita, Kansas in 2002. Almost two years after that they opened their first franchise in Hutchinson. In 2011, Freddy's opened their 50th store in California.

The company was named for Frederick "Freddy" Simon (1924 or 1925 -- 2020).

2002 in the United States
Companies of the United States
American fast food restaurants

Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers


Talib Mushtaq was a diplomat and Arab nationalist in Iraq during the 1930s.

Mushtaq was born in Kazimiyya, Iraq, in 1900. His father was an Ottoman official of Turkish origin. When the First World War began, Mushtaq tried to enter the Ottoman army but was rejected due to his young age. Once Britain occupied Iraq, Mushtaq fled to northern Iraq with his family where they settled in Kirkuk. Mushtaq was sent to Izmit, Turkey, where he was entered into a boarding school. Once the Ottomans were defeated in the war, Mushtaq took part in Turkish nationalist rallies in Istanbul against the Greek invasion and gave a speech to the public where he called for the independence of Izmir. He returned to Iraq due to economic reasons when he sought financial support from Sherif Husain, a representative that encouraged Iraqi's in Istanbul to return to Iraq. After arriving in Iraq Mushtaq embraced Arab nationalism and engaged in nationalist activities during the 1920s and became the Director of Education in Basra.

References

Bibliography

 .

1900 births
Iraqi Arab nationalists
Iraqi diplomats
Iraqi Turkmen people
Turkish nationalists
Year of death missing

Talib Mushtaq


Juan Manuel Santos Calderón (born 10 August 1951) is a Colombian politician. He became the President of Colombia on 7 August 2010. Santos replaces Álvaro Uribe as president.

Santos has distanced himself from Uribe. Santos intends work on the social need of the country. He also wants to improve relations  Colombia's neighbors.

Since winning the presidency in a June 20 landslide, Santos has marked distance between himself and Uribe, signaling the arrival of a leader who, unlike his predecessor, intends to focus on a social agenda and the country's frayed relations with its neighbors. During his inauguration speech, he said "I will preside over a government of national unity that will bring social prosperity for all Colombians... If we want to have economic and social development, we need to build unity among us."

Santos was schooled in the United States and is familiar with technology. He was a defense minister in the Uribe government. Santos has become well known around the world for trying to end the long conflict in Colombia. In 2016, after a lot of negotiations, he announced a peace deal with the FARC militia, which has been at war with the Colombian government since the 1960s. By June 2016, a peace deal had been reached, and some people have said Santos and the other negotiators may win a Nobel Peace Prize if the peace deal holds. Uribe is against the deal, which he thinks is too easy on FARC.

He is 65 years old, and is from one of the most politically influential families of Colombia. He is married to Maria and has three children.

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2016

He left office on 7 August 2018 and was replaced by conservative Iván Duque Márquez.

References

Living people
Politicians from Bogotá
1951 births
Presidents of Colombia

Juan Manuel Santos


A pragmatic clinical trial (PCT), sometimes called a practical clinical trial (PCT), is a clinical trial that focuses on correlation between treatments and outcomes in real-world health system practice rather than focusing on proving causative explanations for outcomes, which requires extensive deconfounding with inclusion and exclusion criteria so strict that they risk rendering the trial results irrelevant to much of real-world practice.

Examples
A typical example is that an anti-diabetic medication in the real world will often be used in people with (latent or apparent) diabetes-induced kidney problems, but if a study of its efficacy and safety excluded some subsets of people with kidney problems (to escape confounding), the study's results may not reflect well what will actually happen in broad practice. PCTs thus contrast with explanatory clinical trials, which focus more on causation through deconfounding. The pragmatic versus explanatory distinction is a spectrum or continuum rather than a dichotomy (each study can fall toward one end or the other), but the distinction is nonetheless important to evidence-based medicine (EBM) because physicians have found that treatment effects in explanatory clinical trials do not always translate to outcomes in typical practice. Decision-makers (including individual physicians deciding what to do next for a particular patient, developers of clinical guidelines, and health policy directors) hope to build a better evidence base to inform decisions by encouraging more PCTs to be conducted.

Distinction from other forms of trials
The distinction between pragmatic and explanatory trials is not the same as the distinction between randomized and nonrandomized trials. Any trial can be either randomized or nonrandomized and have any degree of pragmatic and explanatory power, depending on its study design, with randomization being preferable if practicably available. However, most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to date have leaned toward the explanatory side of the pragmatic-explanatory spectrum, largely because of the value traditionally placed on proving causation by deconfounding as part of proving efficacy, but sometimes also because "attempts to minimize cost and maximize efficiency have led to smaller sample sizes". The movement toward supporting pragmatic randomized controlled trials (pRCTs) hopes to make sure that money spent on RCTs is well spent by providing information that actually matters to real-world outcomes, regardless of conclusively tying causation to particular variables. This is the pragmatic element of such designs. Thus pRCTs are important to comparative effectiveness research, and  a distinction is often (although not always) made between efficacy and effectiveness, whereby efficacy implies causation provided by deconfounding other variables (we know with certainty that drug X treats disease Y by mechanism of action Z) but effectiveness implies correlation with outcomes regardless of presence of other variables (we know with certainty that people in a situation similar to X who take drug A tend to have slightly better outcomes than those who take drug B, and even if we think we may suspect why, the causation is not as important).

Explanation remains important, as does traditional efficacy research, because we still value knowledge of causation to advance our understanding of molecular biology and to maintain our ability to differentiate real efficacy from placebo effects. What has become apparent in the era of advanced health technology is that we also need to know about comparative effectiveness in real-world applications so that we can ensure the best use of our limited resources as we make countless instances of clinical decisions. And it is apparent that explanatory evidence, such as in vitro evidence and even in vivo evidence from clinical trials with tight exclusion criteria, often does not help enough, by itself, with that task.

Other types of pragmatic research
Pragmatism can be used as an epistemology when undertaking any type of research. Examples include systematic reviews, consensus methods such as Delphi and crowdsourcing in fields such as urban planning.

See also
 Other ways to use evidence tied to outcomes but not necessarily to known causality
 Real world data
 Real world evidence

References

Clinical research

Pragmatic clinical trial


The Brit HaHayal was a Revisionist Zionist association of Jewish reservists in the Polish Army formed in December, 1932 in Radom. The first branch was established Warsaw in February 1933 with the aim of "taking part in the struggle of the Jewish people for the reconstruction of the Jewish State on both sides of the Jordan.

The first conference of the organisation in Warsaw in October, 1933 was attended by Revisionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky and 1500 delegates from 170 branches.

In response to growing antisemitism Brit HaHayal assumed a role in organising units for the defence of Jews and Jewish culture and property in Poland in addition to maintaining its original Palestine-centred programme.

At the first world conference in Krakow in January, 1935 delegates endorsed a proposal to establish regional military and political training schools for members. The organisation itself was also modelled on a military unit and was based on strict discipline and a clear chain of command.

By 1939 Brit HaHayal had 25,000 members worldwide. The world commander of the organisation was Jeremiah Halpern, a certified ship's captain and seasoned Revisionist leader.

Notes

References
Patai, Raphael (1971). Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, Volume 1. Herzl Press.

Organizations established in 1932
1930s in Mandatory Palestine
1930s in Poland
Jewish Polish history
Ze'ev Jabotinsky
Revisionist Zionism
Zionism in Poland

Brit HaHayal


Where the Legend Begins is a 2002 Hong Kong television series produced by TVB. The series is based on the life story of Zhen Fu (Cantonese: Yan Fuk), a noble lady who lived during the Three Kingdoms period. It contains embellishments from folktales about Yan's romance with Cao Pi (Cantonese: Cho Pei) and Cao Zhi (Cantonese: Cho Chik). The series was first aired in Hong Kong on TVB Jade from 24 June to 26 July in 2002.

Cast
 Note: Some of the characters' names are in Cantonese romanisation.

Main cast
Ada Choi as Yan Fuk
Steven Ma as Cho Chik
Moses Chan as Cho Pei
Mak Cheung-ching as Cho Cheung
Lau Dan as Cho Cho
Sonija Kwok as Kwok Yun

Other cast
Felix Lok as Sun Yuk
Chuk Man-kwan as So Choi-yuk
Irene Wong as Chui Fau
Priscilla Ku as Lau Sik-sik
Gilbert Lam as Yeung Sau
Lam King-kong as Ting Yi
June Chan as Yau-sin
May Kwong as Song-yau
Ching Hor-wai as Lady Bin
Michelle Fung as Lady Wong
Wong Wai-leung as Yan Yim
Fung So-bor as Lady Cheung
John Tang as Cho Jui
Chang Tse-sheng as Sze-ma Yi
Wah Chung-nam as Tsui Fong
Lee Ka-ting as Ha-hau Yun
Homer Cheung as Yu Kam
Ngai Wai-man as Sze-ma Long
Wong Wai-tak as Ka Hui
Robert Siu as Wah Yam
Lee Lung-kei as San Pei
Lily Li as Lady San
Mak Ka-lun as Emperor Hin

List of featured songs
All the songs were composed by Joseph Koo while Chan Siu Kei provided the lyrics.

Shui Chung Sin (水中仙; Water Goddess) - the opening theme song performed by Steven Ma
Lau Sa (流沙; Quicksand) - the ending theme song performed by Steven Ma and Rain Li
Sik Fa (惜花; Cherish the Flower) - insert song performed by Priscilla Ku

Awards and nominations
TVB Anniversary Awards (2002)
 My Favourite Character (Steven Ma)
 My Favourite Character (Ada Choi)
 Most Improved Male Artiste (Moses Chan)
 Nominated: Best Actor (Steven Ma) - Top 5
 Nominated: Best Actress (Ada Choi) - Top 5

See also
 God of River Lok
 List of media adaptations of Romance of the Three Kingdoms

External links

  Where the Legend Begins official page on TVB's website

2002 Hong Kong television series debuts
2002 Hong Kong television series endings
TVB dramas
Works based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Television series set in the Three Kingdoms

Where the Legend Begins


The 1916 Democratic National Convention was held at the St. Louis Coliseum in St. Louis, Missouri from June 14 to June 16, 1916. It resulted in the nomination of President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall for reelection.

Presidential nomination

Presidential candidates

Senator Hughes of New Jersey made the motion to suspend the rules and nominate Woodrow Wilson by acclamation. The motion was seconded in all parts of the house, but Robert Emmett Burke, the uninstructed delegate from Chicago, made a point of order and demanded a roll call. The point of order was not taken into account by Chairman James, who put the motion before the convention. He called for the "ayes" and there was a great shout. "Contraries," demanded Burke. Chairman James called for the "nays" and Burke voted "nay" in a loud voice. There was some hissing, but it was drowned by cheers when, at 11:54pm, Chairman James declared Woodrow Wilson nominated for President by the convention.

Presidential Nomination / 2nd Day of Convention (June 15, 1916)

Demonstrations
Women's suffrage activists in Missouri staged a demonstration for the convention. Suffragists Emily Newell Blair and Edna Gellhorn came up with the idea and organized a "walkless, talkless parade," also called the "Golden Lane." Around 3,000 suffragists lined twelve blocks of Locust Street in St. Louis, wearing white dresses, "votes for women" sashes and holding yellow umbrellas. Democratic delegates had to walk past the suffragists to reach the convention hall. The demonstration was meant to represent how women were silenced by not being allowed to vote and received national attention in the press. The Democratic delegates did decide to support women's suffrage on a state by state basis.

Images

See also
1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries
List of Democratic National Conventions
U.S. presidential nomination convention
History of the United States Democratic Party
1916 Republican National Convention
1916 United States presidential election

References

Sources

External links

The Political Grave Yard: 1916 Democratic National Convention
 Democratic Party Platform of 1916 at The American Presidency Project
 Wilson Nomination Acceptance Speech for President at DNC (transcript) The American Presidency Project

1916 conferences
1916 United States presidential election
1916 in Missouri
Conventions
Conventions in St. Louis
Political conventions in Missouri
Missouri Democratic Party
Democratic National Conventions
June 1916 events
1910s political conferences

1916 Democratic National Convention


K Vijay Kumar, IPS (born 15 September 1952), is a retired IPS officer. He was the chief of the Special Task Force of Tamil Nadu that was involved in the death of the Veerappan during Operation Cocoon of 2004. He had also been the senior advisor to Home Ministry for the Left Wing Extremism areas. He served as the Advisor to the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir with Home, Forest, Ecology & Environment, Health & Medical Education, Youth Services & Sports, Hospitality & Protocol, Civil Aviation, Estates and Information portfolios. Currently he has joined back as senior security adviser in Ministry of Home Affairs in December 2019.

Early life
Vijay Kumar grew up in Tamil Nadu with five other siblings. His father M. Krishnan Nair was a retired police officer. He has bachelor's and master's degrees in law (BL and ML) from Madras University and an MBA from Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). In 2010, he also earned his master's degree in business law at National Law School of India University, Bangalore.

Career
Vijay Kumar joined the Indian Police Service on 10 November 1975. He served as Assistant superintendent in Pattukkottai, Trichy and Sembiam. As Superintendent of Police, he served in Dharmapuri from 1982 to 1983 and Salem from 1983 to 1985. He assisted Walter Devaram during this tenure. He served from 1985 to 1990 in the Elite Special Protection Group (SPG) with former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. In 1990, he was posted as the SP of Dindigul district followed by Vellore district in 1991. . In 1991 he along with Sanjay Arora went on to form the Special Security Group (SSG) to provide security to Former Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa. In 1997 he was posted as the first Inspector General of Police for the South Zone of Tamil Nadu after having handled the caste clashes in the southern districts. He served from 1998 to 2000 as the Inspector General, Border Security Force (BSF) Srinagar during the peak of militancy. He also served as IG (Operations), BSF before being recalled to the state to head the operations to hunt the forest brigand Veerapan. In December 2001, he was appointed Commissioner of Police for Chennai city. The highlight of his career came was when he headed the task force operation, Operation Cocoon in which Veerappan was killed in October 2004.

In 2008, Vijay Kumar was chosen to head the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in Hyderabad. He served as the Director-general of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) from 2010 to 2012. In December 2012, the Union government appointed him as Senior Security Adviser in Ministry of Home Affairs in Government of India.

A 1975-batch IPS officer of Tamil Nadu cadre, Vijay Kumar had earlier served in the Kashmir Valley as Inspector General of BSF 1998-2001 when the border guarding force was actively involved in the counter-militancy operations. Vijay Kumar was shot to fame when he headed the Special Task Force (STF) for a long-time and strategised operations that culminated in the elimination of the dreaded sandalwood smuggler Veerappan in October 2004. He was appointed as Director General of the world's largest paramilitary force—the CRPF—after naxals killed 75 personnel in Dantewada in 2010.

In June 2018, Vijay Kumar was appointed as adviser to Governor Vohra, along with Chhattisgarh cadre IAS officer BVR Subrahmanyam. The names of advisers were cleared by the Ministry of Home Affairs in Government of India after the state was put under the Governor's rule. In Dec 2019, he was appointed as senior security adviser in the Ministry of Home Affairs, where he'll consult on the security-related matters of Union Territory of JK [Jammu and Kashmir]  and left wing extremism-affected states.

Awards and recognitions
During his 37 years of service he has been awarded with Jammu & Kashmir Medal, Counter Insurgency Medal, Police Medal for Meritorious Service in 1993, President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service in 1999 and President's Police Medal for Gallantry on 58th Independence Day in 2005 (for his role in catching Veerappan).

In popular culture
In 2013, Kannada film Attahasa based on the life and death of Veerappan, the role of Vijay Kumar was played by Arjun Sarja, and in 2016 the role was essayed by K. S. Sridhar in Killing Veerappan.

Book
His book Veerappan: Chasing the Brigand () gives an account of the rise and fall of Veerappan. The last section details about the Operation Cocoon.

References

1952 births
Indian civil servants
Indian police officers
Living people
Madras Christian College alumni
People from Tamil Nadu
St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni
University of Madras alumni
Advisor to Governor of Jammu and Kashmir

K. Vijay Kumar


Ann Pettifor (born February 1947) is a British economist who advises governments and organisations. She has published several books. Her work focuses on the global financial system, sovereign debt restructuring, international finance and sustainable development. Pettifor is best known for correctly predicting the financial crisis of 2007–08. She was one of the leaders of the Jubilee 2000 debt cancellation campaign.

She is the director of Policy Research In Macroeconomics (PRIME) a network of economists researching Keynesian monetary theory and policies, an honorary research fellow at the Political Economy Research Centre at City, University of London (CITYPERC), Chair of the  Political Economy Research Centre's Advisory Board at Goldsmiths, a fellow of the New Economics Foundation, a director of  Advocacy International and a trustee of the PREP Foundation for pluralist economics. Pettifor is a member of the Green New  Deal Group of economists, environmentalists and entrepreneurs.

Biography
Lynda Ann Pettifor was born in South Africa in February 1947, and graduated with a degree in politics and economics from the University of the Witwatersrand. In the 1980s she held several posts as adviser to Frances Morrell, the leader of the Inner London Education Authority and later advised  Greater London Council, Ken Livingstone. She also advised the Right Hon. Margaret Beckett MP who went on to serve in the 1997 Labour government. She also worked as a lobbyist for Ian Greer Associates.

Pettifor co-founded the Jubilee 2000 worldwide campaign for the cancellation of the debts of the poorest countries. In 1998 Jubilee 2000 organised a human chain of approximately 70,000 people, which surrounded the 1998 G8 summit in Birmingham, United Kingdom. In 1999 at the Cologne G8 Summit the G8 agreed to write off approximately $100 billion of third world debt owed by 37 countries, in large part due to the campaign. Jubilee 2000 had supporters including Pope John Paul II, Muhammad Ali, Bono, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown and Bill Clinton. The Independent would later describe her work on the campaign as 'genius'.

At the conclusion of the Jubilee 2000 campaign Pettifor joined the New Economics Foundation in London where she headed their research unit on global macro-economics.

Pettifor became a member of the Green New  Deal Group of economists, environmentalists and entrepreneurs that published The Green New Deal in July 2008. The group argued that "The triple crunch of financial meltdown, climate change and 'peak oil' has its origins firmly rooted in the current model of globalisation. Financial deregulation has facilitated the creation of almost limitless credit. With this credit boom have come irresponsible and often fraudulent patterns of lending, creating inflated bubbles in assets such as property, and powering environmentally unsustainable consumption."

In the 2010 general election Pettifor attempted to stand for Parliament as a Labour candidate and was shortlisted in the North West Durham selection process but lost to Pat Glass. She has also unsuccessfully stood as a local election candidate for the West End ward on Westminster City Council.

As a director of Advocacy International she worked on designing and promoting the MamaYe campaign together with Options Consultancy Services. Working in five African countries the campaign makes life-saving changes for mothers and babies during pregnancy and childbirth.

In September 2015, she was appointed to the British Labour Party's Economic Advisory Committee, convened by Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell and reporting to Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn, regarding which she stated that she was honoured to be asked to serve with such distinguished colleagues and that she hoped to play her part in overturning the Chancellor's deficit fetishism, and his employment of it as a smokescreen for an attack on the state. She currently resides in London, England.

Pettifor contributed an article to the Labour in the City Anthology in October 2018, which was launched at the City Corporation by Alistair Darling. Pettifor argues that far more radical reforms are needed to prevent a recurrence of the 2008 crisis.

Awards

Pettifor was granted the freedom of the city of Callao in Peru in 1999 (for her work on debt cancellation for Peru); and the Pax Christi International Peace Award in 2000. In 2001 she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Lord Patten, Vice-Chancellor of Newcastle University, and in the same year was honoured with a Masters of Letters Degree (a Lambeth Degree) by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The President of Nigeria, President Obasanjo made her a Member of the Order of the Niger (MON) for her work in leading the campaign to write off billions of dollars of debt owed by Africa's poorest countries. In 2018, she was awarded with the Hannah Arendt Prize.

Works
Pettifor is known for correctly predicting the global financial crises in several publications including in the book The Real World Economic Outlook, and summarised in the New Statesman in an article published on 1 September 2003 entitled "Coming soon: The new poor". This was followed by her September 2006 book The Coming First World Debt Crisis.

1996: Debt, the Most Potent Form of Slavery: : a discussion of the role of Western lending policies in subordinating the economies of poor countries. Debt Crisis Network.
2000: Kicking the Habit: Finding a Lasting Solution to Addictive Lending and Borrowing and Its Corrupting Side-Effects (Joseph Hanlon & Angela Travis). Jubilee 2000 Coalition.
2001: It Takes Two to Tango: Creditor Co-Responsibility for Argentina's Crisis – and the Need for Independent Resolution (with Liana Cisneros & Alejandro Olmos). New Economics Foundation.
2002: Chapter 9/11?: Resolving International Debtcrises – The Jubilee Framework for International Insolvency. New Economics Foundation.
2003: The Real World Economic Outlook Palgrave Macmillan.
2006: The Coming First World Debt Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan.
2008: The Green New Deal – Joined up policies to solve the triple crunch of credit crises, climate change and high oil prices  New Economics Foundation.
2013: National Plan for the UK: From Austerity to the Age of the Green New Deal New Economics Foundation
2014: Just Money: How Society Can Break the Despotic Power of Finance. Commonwealth Publishing.
2017: The Production of Money – How to Break the Power of Bankers, Verso
2019: The Case for the Green New Deal. Verso

References

External links

 Website of Policy Research in Macroeconomics (PRIME)
 Advocacy International's website

British activists
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
Living people
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
Members of the Order of the Niger
20th-century South African economists
South African women economists
21st-century  British economists
British women economists
1947 births
Monetary economists

Ann Pettifor


Datana integerrima, the walnut caterpillar moth,  is a moth of the  family Notodontidae. It is found in eastern North America, from Ontario, through most of the Eastern States west to Minnesota and south to northern Mexico.

The wingspan is 35–50 mm. Adults are on wing from May to August.

The larvae feed on hickory, pecan, Carya and Juglans species.

External links
Bug Guide
Images
Species info

Notodontidae
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1866

Datana integerrima


A pithos (several pithoi) is a large jar used for storage. It was common in the whole Mediterranean. It was used for storing things like wine, vegetable oil or grain. Pithoi were common in the Aegean and on Crete. These jars were very big, they could reach the height of a man. As a consequence, creating them required special skill. Pithoi were similar to amphoras, but they were usually bigger, and had a flat bottom.

Pithoi were sometimes used for burials, examples of these are the Argaric culture, or the child-skeleton of Kritsa.

Related pages
Pandora's box

Ancient Greek pottery

Pithos


Ramateertham is a village panchayat in Nellimarla mandal of Vizianagaram district in Andhra Pradesh in India. It is about 12 km from Vizianagaram city. It is a famous Pilgrimage and also Ancient Historical Site since 3rd Century BCE. There is a post office at Ramateertham. The PIN code is 535218.

Archaeological Site
Archaeological survey report  of 1903 describe it as:

Ramateertham is one of the places made sacred by a traditional connection with Lord Sree Rama. The temple and village at the base of a chain of hills of solid rock on which are some perennial springs of water, and various places each in a way associated with the name of Rama. The Jains have also had a residence here, their remains consisting chiefly of natural caves with slab sculptures set in them, and some small ruined brick temples. It is one of the few places in this direction where Jains remains exist. The only notice of buried remains here is in Sewel's Lists (Vol. I, page 15) where mention is made of great heaps of broken bricks and cut stones on a hill which is difficult of access. It was hitherto unknown that these remains were Buddhist. Since that time, excavations have been conducted and resulted in the unearthing of an extensive part of what has undoubtedly been a large and important Buddhist monastery.

Buddhism and Jainism
The Black Granite hills on which you can find the ruins of some Buddhist and Jain structures known as Bodhikonda. Apart from it there are two other hills by name Gurabaktakonda (Gurubhakthulakonda) and Ghani konda (also known as Durga Konda) on which you can find a 3rd-century BC Buddhist Monastic complex remains and rock-cut caves with Jain Tirthankara images on the walls of the caves.

Bodhikonda
At Ramateertham there are three lines of hills standing parallel east and west, and each separated from the other by a narrow valley. The southernmost is known as the Bodhikonda, and on it are the spots connected with Rama, and Jaina remains consisting of natural caves, rock art, images and a ruined Jain brick temple towards south west of the hill.

Durgakonda (Ghanikonda)
The northern hill is the Durgakonda, so named from an image of that goddess which stands in a natural cave at its western base. In front of this cave and on the rock above it are some mounds. They contain both Buddhist and Jaina remains.

Gurabaktakonda
The central hill is known as the Gurabaktakonda (Gurubhakthulakonda) and it is high up on its northern side that the ruined Buddhist monastery stands. The hill is formed of precipitous bare solid rock, rounded on the top and about 500 feet in height. Near its south summit, under a vertical wall of rock is a perennial spring, beside which are a ruined brick mound and some Jaina images. On the rooky summit are some brick mounds. On the north face of the hill at a height of about 400 feet from the base is a long irregular rooky platform 903 feet in length and averaging more than 100 feet in breadth. The hill above it extends throughout its whole length in a vertical wall of rook about 100 feet high. Natural irregularities in the northern face of the platform have been made up by retaining walls of stone masonry. Along the whole platform is a series of brick mounds which were covered with dense jungle.

The excavation so far as it has proceeded has resulted in the unearthing of the following buildings noted consecutively from west to east. The base of a brick stupa at the western extremity 65 feet in diameter, and a tank beside it which was doubtless kept filled with water from the perennial spring on the hill top. Adjoining it on the east is a detached mass of heaped rocks on the east summit of which stands a chaitya 55 feet in length. In its apse is a stone dagob in good preservation except a part of the dome. It contained the stone lid of a relic casket. On the north and south lower sides of the mass of rock are two rows of brick cells each terminated by a small stupa or dagoba. East from this again is a pillared hall 77 feet square with rows of massive stone piers all fallen or broken.

Two other large chaitya with walls still standing for a considerable height adjoin this on the east, and north of them on the outer face of the platform is a long row of cells and other buildings. The other mounds at the east extremity of the platform are as yet only partly explored. A stone statue of Buddha with the graceful flowing robes of the Amaravati sculptures is the only one of the kind as yet found. The chaityas are irregular in their orientation probably indicating different periods of construction on the hill.

Post Independence Excavations
Excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India yielded some more Remnants along these Ramateertham hills comprising Buddhist relics and Jaina Figures. This site is now under the maintenance of Archaeological Survey of India, Hyderabad circle.

Rama Temple
The famous ancient temple of Ramachandra Swamy can be found here. The beautiful idols of Lord Ramachandra Swamy, Sita and Lakshmana in Silver kavachas can be seen at this temple. There is a beautiful lake in vicinity of the temple. One has to visit this temple for its serenity. The festivals of Sri Ramanavami and Vaikuntha Ekadasi are celebrated with pomp and fervour here. Every year Ramateertham GIripradarshana will be organized during Vaikuntha Ekadasi. You can see many tortoises with Vishnu Namams on their backs, roaming around in the temple. There is also a Rama Stambham installed by Pedda Jeeyar.

Rama Idol Beheaded

Srirama idol in Kodanda Rama temple at Bodi Konda is destroyed by some unidentified people. On December 29, 2020, the locals found that the Idol of Rama was beheaded.

Shiva Temple

Next to Rama temple, there is a Shiva temple constructed in 2007.  Goddess Shri Kamakshi in the Shiva temple is must see for everybody. There are a lot of religious activities which takes place in the Shiva temple for every full moon and during navaratri celebrations. Many devotees visit both the temples during important days. This place has lot of religious importance and is historical too.

Gallery

See also
 Danavulapadu Jain temple

References

http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/vizianagaram.html

Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh
Hindu temples in Vizianagaram district
Hindu holy cities
Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
Vaishnavism
Villages in Vizianagaram district
Rama temples
Buddhist caves in India
Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh
3rd-century BC Jain temples
Uttarandhra

Ramateertham


In Māori mythology,  Tinirau is a guardian of fish. He is a son of Tangaroa, the god of the sea. His home at Motutapu (sacred island) is surrounded with pools for breeding fish. He also has several pet whales.

Hinauri, sister to the Māui brothers, had married Irawaru, who was transformed into a dog by Māui-tikitiki. In her grief Hinauri throws herself into the sea. She does not drown but is cast ashore at the home of Tinirau, where she attracts his attention by muddying the pools he uses as mirrors. She marries Tinirau and uses incantations to kill his other two wives, who had attacked her out of jealousy (Biggs 1966:450).

When her child Tūhuruhuru is born, the ritual birth ceremony is performed by Kae, a priest. After this is done, Tinirau lends Kae his pet whale to take him home. In spite of strict instructions to the contrary, Kae forces the whale, Tutu-nui, into shallow water, where it dies, and is roasted and eaten by Kae and his people. When he learns of this Tinirau is furious and sends Hinauri with a party of women (often they are Tinirau's sisters) to capture Kae, who is to be identified by his overlapping front teeth. The sisters perform indecent dances to make him laugh. When he laughs, they see his crooked teeth. Then the women sing a magic song which puts Kae into a deep sleep, and carry him back to Motutapu. When Kae wakes from his sleep he is in Tinirau's house. Tinirau taunts him for his treachery, and kills him (Grey 1970:69, Tregear 1891:110, Biggs 1966:450).

Later Tūhuruhuru is killed by the tribe of Popohorokewa for the death of Kae. In turn, Tinirau calls on Whakatau to destroy the Popohorokewa, which he did by burning them all in the house called Tihi-o-manono (Biggs 1966:450).

In a South Island account, Tinirau, mounted on Tutunui, meets Kae, who is in a canoe. Kae borrows Tutunui, and Tinirau goes on his way to find Hine-te-iwaiwa, travelling on a large nautilus that he borrows from his friend Tautini. When Tinirau smells the south wind he knows that his whale is being roasted (Tregear 1891:110).

See also
 Tinirau - general Polynesian
 Kinilau - Hawaii
 Tinilau and Ae - Samoa
 Sinilau and Kae (and Longopoa) - Tonga

Notes

References
B.G. Biggs, 'Maori Myths and Traditions' in A. H. McLintock (editor), Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, 3 Volumes. (Government Printer: Wellington), 1966, II:447-454.
George Grey, Polynesian Mythology, Illustrated edition, reprinted 1976. (Whitcombe and Tombs: Christchurch), 1956.
H.M. Mead, Neil Grove, Ngā Pēpeha a ngā Tīpuna, The Sayings of the Ancestors (Victoria University Press: Wellington), 2001,
E. R. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary (Lyon and Blair: Lambton Quay), 1891.

Māori mythology
Legendary Māori people

Tinirau and Kae


Sir Robin Buchanan Nicholson,  (born 12 August 1934) is a British industrial metallurgist and academic, who served as Chief Scientific Adviser, Cabinet Office, from 1983 to 1985.  He then joined the board of Rolls-Royce plc, where he served until 2005.  He was also a non-executive board member of BP plc and Pilkington plc.

Early life and education
Nicholson was born in Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, to Carroll Nicholson and Nancy Esther Levi. After attending Oundle School, Nicholson studied natural sciences at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, gaining a BA in 1956, followed by a PhD in metallurgy in 1959.

He was a fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, from 1962 to 1966, and was made a lecturer in metallurgy at Cambridge in 1964, before becoming professor of metallurgy at the University of Manchester in 1966.  He joined the European subsidiary of the nickel company Inco in 1972, initially to be the director of its research laboratory, becoming a director in 1975, and managing director from 1976-1981.

He was elected in 1980 as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

In 1981 he joined the Central Policy Review Staff in the Cabinet Office, before becoming Chief Scientific Adviser, Cabinet Office from 1983-85.  He was also a member of the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) from 1978 to 1981, and a member of the UK Government's Council for Science and Technology (CST) from its inception in March 1993 to March 2000. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1978.

He then re-joined the private sector, becoming a director of Pilkington plc and Rolls-Royce plc in 1986; and BP plc in 1987, where as chairman of the remuneration committee until 2005 he was several times the target of public criticism for approving steep increases in executive pay.

Nicholson was elected a member of the US National Academy of Engineering in 1983, with a citation for his leadership in government/industry engineering policy, in bio-engineering, in theory of precipitation hardening in metals (his research field in the early 1960s), and in solar energy materials systems.

Nicholson was the first chairman of the National Energy Foundation, from its inception in 1988 until replaced by Mary Archer in 1990; he remained on its board of trustees until 1996.

In 1998, he published Science and Technology in the United Kingdom in the series of Cartermill Guides to World Science & Technology.

Nicholson was a Member of Council of Exeter University until 2011.

Personal life
In 1958, Nicholson married Elizabeth Mary Caffyn, daughter of Sir Sydney Caffyn. They had two daughters- Jennifer and Helen along with a son- Timothy. Elizabeth   Mary died in 1988.

References

1934 births
Living people
British metallurgists
People educated at Oundle School
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Society
Chief Scientific Advisers to HM Government
BP people

Robin Nicholson (metallurgist)


Pakistanis in Burma are a historical community living in Burma who trace their origins to Pakistan. This definition includes Pakistani nationals residing in Burma and Burmese citizens who have ancestral links to Pakistan. Their history predates the independence of Pakistan in 1947.

Along with Burmese Indians, they were part of the large South Asian community in the country. Significant Muslim migration occurred to Burma during the British Raj period. Most of these migrants were Bengalis of erstwhile East Pakistan, but there were also significant communities of Urdu-speakers, Memons, Punjabis and Pashtuns.

History
Large-scale Muslim immigration from the South Asia to Burma began in the 1870s, when Burma, like modern-day Pakistan, was also under the British Raj. Many of these Muslims came from areas that were to become Pakistan, and settled in various parts of Burma, including the western regions which were predominantly populated by local Burmese Muslims. Following Burma's independence in 1948, the status of Muslims from the South Asia living in Burma was profoundly affected; they could no longer display links with their places of origin and were given the option of either applying for Burmese citizenship, be considered foreigners, or become stateless. At that time, various Muslim associations in the area together united to form the "All Burma Pakistan Association" (ABPA) – a federation which came to be known as representing the "largest South Asian Muslim ethnic group in Burma." The number of Pakistanis in Burma was estimated by the leaders of the ABPA to be between 300,000 and 500,000 people; however, the accuracy of this figure could never possibly be determined given the lack of official and reliable statistics.

According to Moše Yegar, author of Between Integration and Secession, most of the Pakistanis belonged to modest, working-class socioeconomic backgrounds..

Many of the Pakistanis failed to opt for Burmese citizenship either because of "ignorance or a lack of information"; however, among them were some who intentionally managed to retain their Pakistani citizenship. Then, there were others who lost their Pakistani citizenship while at the same time failing to take up Burmese citizenship. It became one of the objectives of the ABPA to lobby Burmese authorities and the local Pakistani embassy to assist in facilitating the naturalization of those Pakistanis who sought Burmese citizenship, as well as facilitating those who wanted to acquire Pakistani passports.

Community
Pakistanis in Burma remained equally loyal to Burma and Pakistan, identifying themselves with the national aspirations of both countries, and were an important link in promoting bilateral relations between the two countries. They identified as Muslims in terms of religious affiliation. Together with Burmese Indians, they were part of the large South Asian community in the country.

The All Burma Pakistan Association served as the exclusive association for all Pakistanis in Burma. The ABPA maintained strong relations with the Government of Pakistan. Whenever high-profile Pakistani personalities visited Burma, they would be personally received as guests by the APBA.

In the 2014 Myanmar Census, Pakistani residents were categorised into the "Other" ethnic category, along with Chinese and Rohingya residents.

Exodus
In the years that followed independence, Pakistanis in Burma enjoyed the same lifestyles as other immigrants settled in Burma. In fact, Pakistanis were granted special privileges by the Government of Burma whereby they were given complete freedom to observe and celebrate their national and cultural events, such as raising the flag of Pakistan on occasions like Pakistan Day. Similar privileges were enjoyed by the Chinese and Hindu communities. Even the Rohingya conflict in Western Burma, led by local Muslim separatists who aspired a unification with neighboring East Pakistan, posed no political effects whatsoever upon the lives of the Pakistanis in Burma despite the momentary diplomatic scuffle that was meanwhile following between the governments of Pakistan and Burma over the conflict.

However, following the 1962 Burmese coup d'état by General Ne Win and a nationwide nationalization program, living conditions suddenly became difficult for all immigrants. The 1962 coup led to a swift exodus of South Asians from Burma, and many Muslims began returning to India and Pakistan. With the growing popularity of the Burmese National Movement post-World War II, opposition against the presence of South Asian and Muslim immigrants had begun to grow in Burma. South Asian Muslims were losing their prospects of being equal citizens and were beginning to discover themselves as a foreign minority in independent Burma. The changing hostile atmosphere triggered a mass exodus of South Asians and the Pakistani community significantly declined. Those Muslims of Pakistani origin who chose to remain were confronted by an increasingly nationalist Burmese movement and were forced to quietly assimilate into Burmese society rather than being able to freely emphasize a separate ethnic identity.

Notable people
 Abdul Hamid Khan, Army General serving as Chief of Staff during the Pakistan Civil War
 Eric G. Hall – Pakistan Air Force general, born and raised in Burma
 Rakshanda Khattak - Pakistan's first supermodel

See also
 Burmese people in Pakistan
 Burma–Pakistan relations
 Rohingya people
 Burmese Indians
 Greater India
 Indosphere
 Islam in Burma

Pakistani diaspora in Southeast Asia:
 Pakistanis in Indonesia
 Pakistanis in Malaysia
 Pakistanis in Singapore
 Pakistanis in Thailand
 Stranded Pakistanis

References

External links

Myanmar–Pakistan relations
Ethnic groups in Myanmar
Burma
Burma

Pakistanis in Myanmar


Christopher Paul Cummins (born 12 December 1962) is an Australian politician. He was a Labor member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 2001 to 2006.

Cummins first was first elected to parliament at the 2001 state election as the Labor candidate for Kawana. He was re-elected in the same capacity 2004 state election. Cummins won promotion to cabinet of Peter Beattie during his second term. He served as the Minister for Emergency Services from February 2004 to July 2005 and as the Minister for Small Business, Information Technology Policy and Multicultural Affairs from July 2005 to September 2006. At the 2006 state election, he was defeated by Liberal candidate Steve Dickson.

Cummins was the Labor candidate for Fisher at the 2010 federal election. He was defeated by incumbent Liberal MP Peter Slipper.

Prior to entering state politics, Cummins was a Caloundra City councillor from 1997 to 2001.

Cummins was born in Ipswich, Queensland. He is married with one son.

References

1962 births
Living people
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Queensland
21st-century Australian politicians

Chris Cummins (politician)


Kavadikaranoor (; also spelt as Kavadikaranur) is a village in Salem district  in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is the largest village in Thangayur panchayat. The village is spread over an area of 12.35 km2. The economy of the village revolves around agriculture, truck and heavy truck transports.

Kavadikaranoor has an average elevation of . It is at the east basin of the hill called Sooriya malai (Mountain of Sun). This mountain doesn't have any plants due to its rocky and unusual properties. The research done geologists shows it consists of rare radioactive minerals. A number of stone quarrying companies have been here for more than 30 years. A lake is located in the north-eastern part of the village and irrigation spreads to nearby areas.

Vishnu is the god worshipped most in the village. The main temple is Sri Paali Perumal. Main festival seasons are October and April. On the 4th Saturday of each month more than 20,000 thousand people worship here from various parts of the district.

The people are mostly Gounders. Other minority peoples are also present in small numbers. All the people are peacefully co-existing and living in harmony. It has a population of 1812 as of the 2001 India census. Males constitute 70% of the population and females 63% and an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%.

References

Villages in Tamil Nadu

Kavadikaranoor


John Leslie Gwyn Thomas (14 March 1891 – ) was a Welsh sportsman who played both rugby and cricket at domestic level. Thomas was born and died in Neath.

Thomas played both sports for Neath while attending grammar school, his cricket skill commended on account of his bold striking of the ball and free scoring, possessing enough power to lift the ball out of the cricket ground. He became a regular team member in Glamorgan's Minor Counties fixtures between 1910 and 1920, before finally getting his chance at first-class cricket in 1922, when other batsmen became unavailable, before being interrupted in his quest for further possible play by his business commitments.

Thomas played rugby union for Neath RFC, captaining the team during the 1920–21 season. He also played for Barbarian F.C. between 1912 and 1920.

Thomas died in 1932 at the age of 41.

External links
 Gwyn Thomas at Cricket Archive

1891 births
1932 deaths
Barbarian F.C. players
Cricketers from Neath
Glamorgan cricketers
Neath RFC players
People educated at Neath Grammar School for Boys
Rugby union players from Neath
Welsh cricketers
Welsh rugby union players

Gwyn Thomas (sportsman)


Kambly is a Swiss biscuit factory. It was founded in 1910 by Oscar Kambly.

History
He got to know a girl that lived in Trubschachen. It was a real lovestory. When he went at her home he had the idea to make a biscuit after his grandmother's recipe, this was in 1906. In 1910 he could absorb the store of his instructor.

The factory today
Today, Kambly is Switzerland's largest biscuit producer and leading exporter.
Kambly is represented in more than 30 different countries.
It is the most famous and most liked biscuit brand of Switzerland's.
There are two factories, one in Trubschachen and one in Lyss, both in the canton of Berne.
Today it's Oscar Kambly the third who administrates the factory, he has done this since 1983.
Oscar Kambly who founded the factory leaded it from 1910-1953.
The first factory was only in Trubschachen, but because Kambly bought
the Arni AG in Lyss in 1999, they now have got another station.
There are 420 employees. 2007, there was a conversion of 164 million Swiss francs. Kambly got  the award "Brand Excellence Swiss Trophy" in 2003. In 2003, 2005,2007 & 2008 the international price "Saveur de l'Année".

Factory stores
There are 2 factory stores. One in Lyss and another one in Trubschachen.
There you can buy the biscuits much cheaper.

Products
The oldest product is the "Bretzeli", that has been produced since 1906 and that was invented by Oscar Kambly the first.
Some other known products are: "Biscuits Butterfly", "Caprice", "Mignon" and the "Petit Beurre".
They also produce salted biscuits.

Other websites
Webpage of Kambly.ch

Food companies of Switzerland
1910s establishments in Switzerland
1910 establishments in Europe

Kambly


The National Management Association (NMA) was founded in 1925 by Mr. Charles F. Kettering. Initially named the National Association of Foreman, NMA is a national, non-profit leadership development organization headquartered in Dayton, Ohio with a membership of over 22,000.

History

In 1919, Charles F. Kettering formed the Foreman's Club of Dayton in order to provide better structure to the concept of continuing education.  The Foreman's Club of Dayton was attracting members from a broader spectrum of management and supervisory levels. So in 1925 the name was changed to "The National Management Association".

In 1974, with the help of the International Management Council and the National Management Association, the Institute of Certified Professional Managers was created.

In 1988, NMA created a Speech Contest dedicated to the Free Enterprise System where cash prizes are awarded for the best speech. The contest involves children in grades nine through twelve where they create and deliver a speech based upon their interpretation of our Free Enterprise system. In 2009 NMA changed the Speech Contest from "American Enterprise" to "Leadership" to promote better understanding of Leadership and the role it plays in today's world. The Speech Contest has remained the only youth program offered by NMA.

Dayton, Ohio was the location of NMA's national headquarters facility.  Ground was broken in 1969 for the current NMA Headquarters – dedicated forty years later on July 18, 2009, as The Fritz Hauf Memorial Building.

In 2005, NMA, while legally remaining The National Management Association, re-branded itself as "NMA...THE Leadership Development Organization" to respond to the realities of a changing workforce and a customer base that was focusing on not only management development but leadership development in a global economy.

References
https://nma1.org/about-us
http://www.icpm.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=167

Non-profit organizations based in Ohio
Organizations based in Dayton, Ohio
Organizations established in 1925
Charles F. Kettering

National Management Association