Second grade (also 2nd Grade or Grade 2) is the second year of formal or compulsory education. It is the second year of primary school. Children in second grade are usually aged 7-8.

Australia equivalent

In Australia, this level of class is called Year 2. Children generally start this level between the ages of seven and eight.

Brazil equivalent
In Brazil, second grade is the segundo ano do Ensino Fundamental I, in this case, the minimum age required to enter second grade is 7 years (84 months). To enter the second grade, all students must be 7 years old before the cut-off date.

Cameroon equivalent
In Cameroon, there are two sub-educational systems: one based on French education taught in French, and the other one based on British educational systems taught in English. This grade thus corresponds to "Class Two" in the English sub-educational system, and to the "Cours Preparatoire (CP)" of the French system.

France equivalent
In France, second grade corresponds to CE1 (Cours Élémentaire 1), the second of five years of elementary school.

India equivalent
In India, children enter Class 2 or 3 at ages 7 to 8.

Italy equivalent
In Italy, second grade corresponds to the second class of primary school (seconda classe della scuola primaria)

Germany equivalent
In Germany, second grade is comparable to second class (2.Klasse).

Greece equivalent
In Greece, the second school year of primary school is referred to as Second Grade of Primary (Deftera Dimotikou).

New Zealand equivalent
In New Zealand, this level of class is called Year 3.

Peru equivalent
In Peru, "second grade (Segundo Grado)" is the common term, with pupils between 7–8 years old.

Philippines equivalent
In the Philippines, Grade 2 () is the second year of Primary Level and Elementary School curriculum. Students are usually 7-8 years old. Sometimes children they start from young age of 6-7.

Portugal equivalent
In Portugal, second grade (segundo ano, 2º ano) is the second of the four-year 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico that also includes the first grade, the third grade, and the fourth grade.

Republic of Ireland equivalent
In The Republic of Ireland, the equivalent to second grade is known as "Second Class" (usually for 7–8 year olds), which is year 4 of primary school. It is traditionally the year that is dedicated to preparing for the child's "First Holy Communion"; however, as Ireland has become increasingly multicultural, more and more schools are opting to prepare for the sacrament outside of school hours.

United Kingdom equivalents
The British education system differs slightly between the four individual countries of the United Kingdom.

In England, the second year of school is called year 1, with pupils 5 to 6 years old. Second grade is the equivalent to Year 3 in England and Wales, making it the fourth year of compulsory education.  In Scottish and Welsh schools, contemporary pupils are in their third year of compulsory education; this level is their fourth year in Northern Ireland.

United States equivalents
In the United States, second grade students study arithmetic, working with multi-digit addition and subtraction of natural and whole numbers. They also study time and its division into AM and PM segments; fractions; rounding; and measurement. Usually, multiplication and division are introduced toward the end of the school year. Children usually turn 8 years old during the second grade academic year.

In language arts, students work with regular and irregular verbs, plurals, homophones, compound words, and comparative and superlative adjectives.

Natural science in the second grade includes basic physics like simple machines, magnets, and heat. Students learn about human anatomy, including the heart and digestive system. A basic understanding of the Earth and space is also taught, comprising such topics as basic astronomy, geology, paleontology, and meteorology. The science curriculum may vary by local school district.

Civics class includes topics relating to the presidents, the states, and capitals of the United States, as well as the Civil War and geography.

In popular culture
 Sune börjar tvåan, Anders Jacobsson and Sören Olsson, 1985

See also
 Educational stage
 Elementary schools in Japan

References

2
Primary education

Second grade


Stanley William Tracey  (30 December 1926 – 6 December 2013) was a British jazz pianist and composer, whose most important influences were Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk. Tracey's best known recording is the 1965 album Jazz Suite Inspired by Dylan Thomas's "Under Milk Wood", which is based on the BBC radio drama Under Milk Wood, by Dylan Thomas.

Early career
The Second World War meant that Tracey had a disrupted formal education, and he became a professional musician at the age of sixteen as a member of an ENSA touring group playing the accordion, his first instrument. He joined Ralph Reader's Gang Shows at the age of nineteen, while in the RAF and formed a brief acquaintance with the comedian Tony Hancock. Later, in the early 1950s, he worked in groups on the transatlantic liners Queen Mary and Caronia and toured the UK in 1951 with Cab Calloway. By the mid-1950s, he had also taken up the vibraphone, but later ceased playing it. At this time he worked widely with leading British modernists, including drummer Tony Crombie, clarinettist Vic Ash, the saxophonist-arranger Kenny Graham and trumpeter Dizzy Reece.

In February 1957, he toured the United States with Ronnie Scott's group, and became the pianist with Ted Heath's Orchestra in September for two years (1958–59), including a US tour with singer Carmen McRae. Although Tracey disliked Heath's music, he gained a regular income and was well featured as a soloist on both piano and vibes, and contributed compositions and arrangements that stayed in the Heath book for many years. The following year he recorded his first album as leader, Showcase, for English Decca (also Heath's label) and Little Klunk in 1959; he had first recorded in 1952 with the trumpeter Kenny Baker. At Decca Records, Tracey met his future wife, Jackie Buckland (3 April 1929 – 13 August 2009); the couple had two children Clark and Sarah.

At Ronnie's and the Under Milk Wood LP
From March 1960 until about 1967 (some sources give 1968), Tracey was the house pianist at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in Soho, London, and he had the opportunity to accompany many of the leading musicians from the US who visited the club. Recordings of some of these performances appeared on LP, while others appeared on the Jazz House and Harkit labels, recorded by the journalist Les Tomkins, but with non-professional recording equipment. Which working at Scott's club, Tracey gained some high-profile admirers; Sonny Rollins asserted at one concert: "Does anyone here know how good he is?". It is Tracey on piano that film viewers hear behind Rollins on the soundtrack of the Michael Caine version of Alfie (1966).

However, the experience of working in Scott's club affected Tracey's health; the long hours led to him taking various illicit stimulants, and the low wages also meant that he had to take the workman's bus back home to Streatham at 3am.

At the same time, he became active too in Michael Horovitz's New Departures project, mixing poetry performances with jazz, where the musicians interacted spontaneously with the words. The New Departures group recorded an album in 1964 with saxophonist Bobby Wellins, a partnership that continued for several decades. Both men contributed original compositions to the album.

Tracey's 1965 album (its full title is Jazz Suite Inspired by Dylan Thomas's "Under Milk Wood") is one of the most celebrated jazz recordings made in the United Kingdom. Tracey was inspired to compose the suite by hearing the original 1953 BBC broadcast on an LP his wife Jackie had acquired. The track "Starless and Bible Black", a quote from the opening monologue, is probably the best demonstration of Wellins' lyricism and the highlight of Tracey's whole career. Such is the affection with which these pieces are held that Tracey has re-recorded them on several occasions, something that is unusual for British jazz musicians to do. Under Milk Wood was followed by Alice in Jazzland, an album for big band, the next year featuring many of his former Ted Heath colleagues. Later in the decade, Tracey made the arrangements for an Acker Bilk record, Blue Acker, and his first album dedicated to Duke Ellington compositions (both recorded in 1968), in this case to commemorate Ellington's 70th birthday the following year.

Experimentation and consolidation
The early 1970s were a bleak time for Tracey. Around 1970, he almost chose to retrain as a postman under pressure from the Unemployment Benefits' office – "I would have quite a good pension by now" he quips – but his wife, formerly involved in public relations, took a more direct role in the development of Tracey's career.

He began to work with musicians of a later generation, who worked in a free or avant-garde style, including Mike Osborne, Keith Tippett and John Surman. Tracey continued to work in this idiom with Evan Parker at the UK's Appleby Jazz Festival for several years, but this was always more of a sideline for Tracey, who said that he "took more out of free music into the mainstream than I did from mainstream into free". Neil Ferber founder and organiser of the Appleby Jazz Festival built the festival around Stan Tracey and the musicians who worked with him, booking Stan to appear at every festival for the 18 years that it existed.

In the mid-1970s he formed his own record label, Steam, and through it reissued Under Milk Wood (the major label that held the rights to it had allowed it to fall out of print). Over the next decade he also used the outlet to issue recordings of a number of commissioned suites. These included The Salisbury Suite (1978), The Crompton Suite (1981) and The Poets Suite (1984).

He led his own octet from 1976 to 1985 and formed a sextet in 1979 (later called Hexad), touring widely in the Middle East and India. In this context he had a longstanding performance partnership from 1978 with saxophonist (and physician) Art Themen, and his own son, the drummer Clark Tracey. He was able to share the billing with arranger Gil Evans in a 1978 concert at the Royal Festival Hall, such was Tracey's pre-eminence in the UK. In private, he played Ellington recordings for Evans that the latter had not previously heard. Tracey continued to record with American musicians on occasion as well, with dates taking place with Sal Nistico in 1985 and Monk associate, Charlie Rouse in 1987.

The Steam label ceased trading in the early 1990s, reportedly because of difficulties caused by the retail trade's need for its inventory to carry a barcode. However, in 1992 Tracey benefited from Blue Note's brief interest in UK musicians, leading to the Portraits Plus album and the commercial issue of the BBC's recording of the concert commemorating the 50th anniversary of Tracey's first professional gig, as well as Under Milk Wood′s debut on CD.

In 1995 his new quartet featuring Gerard Presencer recorded the For Heaven's Sake album and also performed gigs together. In 2003 Tracey was the subject of a BBC Television documentary Godfather of British Jazz, a rare accolade nowadays for any jazz musician, let alone one from Britain. Tracey's catalogue from the LP era is being reissued on ReSteamed Records.

Already an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.

Tracey died of cancer on 6 December 2013; he was survived by his son, Clark Tracey; his daughter died in 2012.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
 Showcase (Vogue, 1958)
 Little Klunk (Vogue, 1959)
 The New Departures Quartet (Transalantic, 1964) – with Bobby Wellins
 Jazz Suite Inspired by Dylan Thomas's "Under Milk Wood" (Columbia, 1965) – soundtrack
 Laughin' & Scratchin'  (Jazz House, 1966)
 Alice in Jazz Land (Columbia, 1966)
 Die Jazz Werkstatt '66 (NDR, 1966) – 1 track, Tracey session with Kenny Wheeler and Bobby Wellins otherwise unissued
 In Person (Columbia (EMI), 1966)
 With Love from Jazz (Columbia (EMI), 1967)
 We Love You Madly (Columbia (EMI), 1968)
 The Latin American Caper (Columbia (EMI), 1969)
 The Seven Ages of Man (Columbia (EMI), 1969)
 Free an' One (Columbia (EMI), 1970) – retitled Wisdom In The Wings, Resteamed, 2021)
 Perspectives (Columbia (EMI), 1970)
 Alone at Wigmore Hall (Cadillac, 1974)
 Captain Adventure (Steam, 1976) – live rec. 1975
 Under Milk Wood (RCA, 1976)
 The Bracknell Connection (Steam, 1976)
 Hello Old Adversary! (Steam, 1979)
 South East Assignment (Steam, 1980)
 The Crompton Suite (Steam, 1981)

 The Poets' Suite (Steam, 1984)
 Now (Steam, 1985)
 Live at Ronnie Scott's Hexad (Steam, 1985; Linn)
 Stan Tracey Plays Duke Ellington (Mole, 1986; TAA, 2001)
 Genesis and More (Steam, 1987)
 We Still Love You Madly (Mole, 1988; TAA, 2001)
 Portraits Plus (Blue Note, 1992)
 Live at the QEH (Blue Note, 1993)
 For Heaven's Sake (Cadillac, 1995)
 Solo: Trio (Cadillac, 1997)
 Comme D'Habitude (Jazzizit, 1998)
 The Durham Connection (33 Jazz, 1998)
 Stan Tracey Quartet with Phillip Madoc (2001)
 Live at the Savage Club (SAVAjazz, 2001)
 Zach's Dream (Trio, 2002)
 Seventy Something (Trio, 2003)
 The Last Time I Saw You with Peter King (Trio, 2004)
 Just You, Just Me (Avid, 2003) – with Danny Moss
 Suspensions & Anticipations (psi, 2003) – with Evan Parker
 Live at the Appleby Jazz Festival (Trio, 2004)
 For All We Know (Trio, 2005)
 Crevulations (psi, 2005) – with Evan Parker
 Khumbula (Remember) (Ogun, 2005) – with Louis Moholo-Moholo
 Let Them Crevulate (Trio, 2005) – with Guy Barker
 Play Monk (Resteamed, 2006) – with Bobby Wellins
 The London Session (Dox, 2006)
 Senior Moment (Resteamed, 2008)
 The Later Works (Resteamed, 2009)
 Sound Check (Resteamed, 2010)
 A Child's Christmas (Resteamed, 2011)
 The Flying Pig (Resteamed, 2012)
 UK Live 1967 Vol. 1 (Jazzhus Disk, 2012) – rec. 1967 at the Manchester Sports Guild, with Ben Webster
 UK Live 1967 Vol. 2 (Jazzhus Disk, 2012) – rec. 1967 at the Manchester Sports Guild, with Ben Webster and Ronnie Scott
 The 1959 Sessions (ReSteamed, 2022)

As sideman

With Stan Getz
 Live In London (Harkit, 1964)
 Live In London Volume 2 (Harkit, 2004) – rec. 1964

With Ronnie Scott
 The Night Has A Thousand Eyes (Ronnie Scott's Jazz House, 1964) – also with Sonny Stitt
 When I Want Your Opinion, I'll Give It To You (Ronnie Scott's Jazz House, 1997) – rec. 1963–65

With Ben Webster
 Ben Webster At Ronnie Scott's 1964 (Storyville, 1964)
 Soho Nights Volume 1 (ReSteamed, 1968)
 Soho Nights With Stan Tracey - Vol. 2 (ReSteamed, 1964)
 Webster's Dictionary (Pye/Philips, 1970)

With others
 Guy Barker, Isn't It (Spotlite, 1991)
 Acker Bilk, Blue Acker (Columbia (EMI), 1968)
 Don Byas, Autumn Leaves (Ronnie Scott's Jazz House, 1965)
 Al Cohn and Zoot Sims, Al And Zoot In London (World Record Club, 1965) – reissued on Harkit
 Benny Golson, Three Little Words (Ronnie Scott's Jazz House, 1965)
 Johnny Griffin, Live In London (Harkit, 1963)
 Paul Gonsalves and Tubby Hayes, Just Friends (Columbia (EMI), 1964 or 1965)
 Joe Harriott, Personal Portrait (Columbia (EMI), 1967) – three tracks only
 J. J. Johnson, Live in London (Harkit, 2003) – rec.  1964
 Laurie Johnson, Synthesis (Columbia (E), 1969; Redial, 1998)
 Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Live In London (Harkit, 2004) – rec. 1964
 Prince Lasha, Insight (CBS, 1966)
 Yusef Lateef, Live in London (Harkit, 2004) – rec. 1964
 Harry Miller's Isipingo, Full Steam Ahead (Reel Recordings, 2009) – rec. 1975–77
 Wes Montgomery, Body And Soul (Ronnie Scott's Jazz House, 1965)
 Sal Nistico, Live In London (Steam, 1985)
 Mike Osborne, Tandem (Ogun, 1976)
 Sonny Rollins, Live In London (3 volumes) (Harkit, 1965)
 Charlie Rouse, Playin' In The Yard (Steam, 1987)
 Alan Skidmore, East To West (Miles Music, 1989)
 Danny Thompson, Elemental (Antilles, 1990)
 Jimmy Witherspoon, Live in London (Harkit, 2003) – live rec. 1966

Film soundtracks
 Stolen Hours (US: Summer Flight) (1963) – with Tubby Hayes a.o.
 Alfie (1966) – with Sonny Rollins'References

External links
 – official site
Stan Tracey re-releases

"Ken: 'You never got into drugs, did you?' Stan: 'Of course I did!' Jazz-lover and Conservative MP Ken Clarke talks to his hero Stan Tracey about playing - and partying - with the greats", The Guardian, 13 November 2006
 Stan Tracey obituary by John Fordham in The Guardian'', 6 December 2013

1926 births
2013 deaths
20th-century British musicians
20th-century British pianists
21st-century British pianists
British jazz composers
British jazz pianists
British male composers
British male pianists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Male jazz composers
Ivor Novello Award winners
People from Denmark Hill
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Psi Records artists

Stan Tracey


Melaleuca oxyphylla, commonly known as pointed-leaved honey-myrtle, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, and is endemic to the Eyre Peninsula region of South Australia. It has long, thin greyish branches, small clusters of white or cream flowers and leaves that are distinctively shaped and arranged. It is similar to Melaleuca acuminata but has longer, narrower leaves and shorter stamens.

Description
Melaleuca oxyphylla is a shrub growing to a height of . Its leaves are covered with soft, silky hairs when young but become glabrous as they mature. They are crowded together in alternating pairs, each pair at right angles to the ones above and below, so that they form four rows along the branchlets (decussate). Each leaf is  long,  wide, narrow elliptic in shape with a fine, but not prickly tip.

The flowers are white to creamy yellow and are arranged in small heads between the leaves. The heads  up to  in diameter and contain 1 to 5 individual flowers. The petals are  long and the stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flowers with 9 to 15 stamens in each bundle. The main flowering season is spring and is followed by fruit which are smooth, woody, roughly spherical capsules,  long in scattered clusters along the branches.

Taxonomy and naming
This species was first formally described in 1979 by John Carrick in Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens from a specimen collected by David Symon in the Gawler Ranges, south-west of Yardea.  The specific epithet (oxyphylla) is from the Ancient Greek words ὀξύς (oksús) meaning "sharp" or "acute" and phýllon meaning "leaf", referring to the sharp-tipped leaves.

Distribution and habitat
Melaleuca oxyphylla occurs in the Eyre Peninsula, mostly between Minnipa and Cowell growing along creeks in clay soils.

References

Flora of South Australia
oxyphylla
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1979

Melaleuca oxyphylla


The Iglesia de San Román is a church in Toledo (Castile-La Mancha, Spain). The church was built in the Mudéjar style in the 13th century.
On this site there was an old Visigothic structure and probably an ancient Roman building.

The building is protected by a heritage listing. It currently houses a Visigothic museum, the "Museum of the Councils and Visigothic Culture" (the councils in question are the Councils of Toledo, the earliest of which assembled in 400).

History and description
It is located in one of the highest places of the city, on the second of the twelve hills that form it. There is already news of the parish in the 12th century and the church would be consecrated in 1221 by the archbishop Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada.  Tradition indicates that in it Alfonso VIII  was crowned king of Castile on 26 August 1166.

The church presents a floor plan with three naves separated by horseshoe arches with alfiz that are supported on pillars. Visigoth and Roman columns attached to capitals are reused from Visigothic origins in some cases, distinguishing themselves by its Corinthian leaves.

Throughout the 13th century a new apse was constructed and the robust tower was built (of Toledan Mudéjar style, with its two upper storeys forming a double belfry and with window openings in groups of two and three, and that would serve as a model for other Toledan towers); In addition to being realized the murals to the fresco in Romanesque painting figurative combined with typically Mudéjar decorations. Of great beauty, these are considered the most southern of Spain. The frescoes are divided into two areas separated by inscriptions. They emphasize the four winged evangelists and the representations of archbishops, the saints Stephen and Lawrence, angels or the Final Judgment.

In the 16th century, Alonso de Covarrubias designed the apse with Plateresque dome of coffers in the main chapel and later covered the paintings, which lost its traces until the first third of the 20th century in which these were rediscovered. It was not until the 1940s that these were recovered where possible.

References

External links

Sacred destinations
ArteHistoria
Turismo Castilla Mancha
Círculo Románico: Characteristic of Mozarabic and Romanesque wall paintings, Iglesia de San Roman, Toledo
 Iglesia de San Román. In Tourism of Castilla-La Mancha. Consulted: June 18, 2011.
 Museum of Councils and Visigothic Culture in the same website.

Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the City of Toledo
Toledo
Romanesque architecture in Castilla–La Mancha
Romanesque art
Former mosques in Spain
Museums in Toledo, Spain
Roman
Churches completed in 1221
13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain

Church of San Román, Toledo


State of Shock is a Canadian band from Vancouver, British Columbia. Formed by Jesse Wainwright and Johnny Philippon, they made their debut in June 2004 with their album Guilty by Association after winning CFOX-FM's Seeds contest, and won Favourite New Group of the Year at the 2005 Canadian Music Awards.

They became better known in early 2007, with the release of their album Life, Love & Lies. Included in the album was their successful debut single, "Money Honey", which won the band a Juno Award nomination for New Group of the Year, two Canadian Radio Music Awards in the category of Best New Group for both rock and CHR formats, as well as a Canadian Indie Music Award for Favourite Single of the Year. The single eventually reached the double platinum sales mark for digital sales in Canada and stayed on Billboard's Canadian Hot 100 chart for nearly a year. With their second single "Hearts that Bleed", the band enjoyed a top-ten slot at MuchMusic and rock radio. During the summer of 2007, State of Shock went on a Canada-wide tour supporting bands such as Nickelback and Puddle of Mudd, and opening for Aerosmith in front of 27,000 people at Sarnia Bayfest.

State of Shock released their third and most recent studio album, Rock N' Roll Romance, on 20 September 2011. Both albums were produced by Jeff Dawson and mixed by Mike Fraser.

In 2014, Jesse Wainwright (guitar, backing vocals) teamed up with country singer Stacey McKitrick as a new country duo, Austin Belle, with Kadooh (Simon Clow) playing guitar for Austin Belle's live shows.

Band members
Cameron Melnyk: lead vocals
Alison Toews: bass, backing vocals
Jesse Wainwright: guitar, backing vocals
Simon Clow (Kadooh): guitar, backing vocals
Johnny Philippon: drums

Discography

Albums

Singles

1 Weren't produced into physical singles, but music videos were made for them.

Awards

Canadian Radio Music Awards
Best Rock song (for "Money Honey") – Winner
Best Contemporary hit radio song (for "Money Honey") – Winner
Best Hot Adult Contemporary song (for "Money Honey") –
Independent Single of the Year (money honey) – Winner – (beat out Feist)
Western Canadian Rock Recording of the Year 2008 – Winner

2008 Juno Awards
Best New Group of the Year – Nominated

Independent Music Awards
Hard Rock/Metal Album of the year (Life, Love, and Lies) – Nominated

Television appearances
In 2008, State of Shock appeared on the show About a Girl, playing their single "Money Honey".

References

External links

Musical groups established in 1999
Canadian alternative rock groups
Canadian pop rock music groups
Musical groups from Vancouver
1999 establishments in British Columbia

State of Shock (band)


is a Japanese former professional wrestler. He is best known for his two stints with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and a brief stint with World Wrestling Council (WWC).

Hirasawa wrestled as a fall guy, under the mask superhero, . He has also worked under another mask as Bone Soldier, and unmasked under his real name, as well as the ring name . He is also known for his brief tenure with New Japan's stables Chaos and Bullet Club, but was kicked out for his poor performance.

Early life
Prior to becoming a professional wrestler, Hirasawa was a freestyle amateur wrestler, taking part in the 1996 and 1998 World Championships as a cadet and the 2001 World Championship as a junior, and also saw Hiroshi Hase as an idol when he was younger. His father, Mitsushi Hirasawa, was friends with Riki Choshu from very old times. He joined the New Japan dojo in March 2005 under the guidance of Choshu, Takashi Iizuka and Hiroyoshi Tenzan.

Professional wrestling career

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2006–2010)
Hirasawa originally debuted for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) on 28 January 2006, losing to his mentor Takashi Iizuka. Hirasawa would wrestle on the NJPW undercards, mostly losing which is custom for new wrestlers in NJPW. His first win would come on 26 April, defeating the two-year pro Yujiro Takahashi. Hirasawa teamed up with Ryusuke Taguchi to participate in his first tournament, the National Area Tag League 2006 where they were placed in block C and lost both of their matches. Hirasawa would make several appearances for Pro Wrestling Zero1, the most notable of which was when he and Manabu Nakanishi participated in the Passion Cup Tag Tournament 2008. In late 2008, Hirasawa would form a tag team with Yuji Nagata, which would be a precursor to Seigigun ("Blue Justice Army"). The pair participated in the 2008 G1 Tag League block B, they would only gain a single point when they drew with Manabu Nakanishi and Yutaka Yoshie. In the fall of 2009, Hirasawa joined Yuji Nagata's new Seigigun stable, along with Wataru Inoue and Super Strong Machine. At Wrestle Kingdom IV in Tokyo Dome, Hirasawa, along with Inoue and Super Strong Machine defeated Jyushin Thunder Liger, Koji Kanemoto, and Kazuchika Okada in the opening match. Even with joining this stable, Hirasawa largely continued in the midcard largely serving as the fall guy in tag match. On 28 June, Seigigun entered a six-man tag tournament with Nagata, Inoue, and Hirasawa forming one team, while Machine teamed with Tonga Strong Machine and Pink Strong Machine (Yoshie). However, both teams lost. On 12 September, there was a special Mitsuhide Hirasawa farewell match, which he would lose.

World Wrestling Council (2010–2011)
After embarking on an extended tour of Puerto Rican World Wrestling Council (WWC) in September 2010, Hirasawa adopted the new ring name Hideo Saito, as a tribute to Masa Saito and Hideo Nomo. His new gimmick saw Saito have (kayfabe) personality problems, in which he would find himself portraying a lot of characters besides himself. On 25 September, Saito would win his first championship when he won a battle royal for the vacant WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship and would lose it on 27 November. On 19 February, he also won the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship and lost it on 26 March. In May 2011, Saito took part in NJPW's first tour of the United States, the Invasion Tour 2011. On 13 May in Rahway, New Jersey, he entered the tournament to determine the first ever IWGP Intercontinental Champion, losing to Yujiro Takahashi in his first round match.

Return to NJPW and departure (2011–2017)

Hirasawa returned to New Japan on 18 June, now going permanently by the Saito name, and turned on Seigigun and its leader Yuji Nagata, joining Chaos. In August, Saito took part in the 2011 G1 Climax, losing his first eight matches only to pick up his opening win on the final day of the tournament in a match against former mentor, Yuji Nagata. On 19 September, Nagata defeated his former protégé in a grudge match. Saito's erratic behaviour and poor match results eventually led to the rest of Chaos kicking him out of the stable on 4 December 2011. After his exile from Chaos, Saito developed an alter-ego called "Captain New Japan", dressed in a variation of the Captain America costume, complete with a shield. In November, Captain New Japan took part in the 2012 World Tag League, teaming with IWGP Heavyweight Champion Hiroshi Tanahashi under the team name "Captain Ace". The team lost all six of their matches with Captain New Japan being pinned in each match. On 3 March 2013, Captain New Japan returned to Seigigun in an eight-man tag team match, where he, Nagata, Super Strong Machine and Wataru Inoue were defeated by Hirooki Goto, Karl Anderson, Ryusuke Taguchi and Tama Tonga. On 7 April, Captain New Japan was attacked by Bad Luck Fale and Prince Devitt and would also be unmasked by Devitt, however, his face was never shown. In response to this, Captain New Japan teamed up with Taguchi, Devitt's former Apollo 55 partner, and challenged the two at Wrestling Dontaku 2013, where they lost. Following these events, Captain New Japan fought against the newly formed Bullet Club headed by Devitt and reformed his alliance with Tanahashi. On 4 August, Captain New Japan carried Tanahashi to the ring akin to Fale and Devitt and became involved in the match-up trying to limit the effects of Fale's interference; however, Devitt would ultimately defeat Tanahashi. In November, Captain Ace reunited for the 2013 World Tag League. Much like the previous year, the team lost their first five matches, but on the final day, they finally picked up a win over Fale and Devitt, with Captain pinning Devitt, costing the Bullet Club team a spot in the semifinals.

On 13 April 2014, during NJPW's trip to Taiwan, Hirasawa, working as Captain Taiwan, received his first title shot in the promotion, when he and Hirooki Goto unsuccessfully challenged Bullet Club representatives Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson for the IWGP Tag Team Championship.

In early 2016, Captain New Japan became part of Yoshitatsu's new anti-Bullet Club stable, Hunter Club. On 12 September, Yoshitatsu, upset with Captain New Japan's poor performances, announced a Twitter poll that would decide whether he would get to stay in Hunter Club.

On 25 September at Destruction in Kobe, upon being denied a spot in Hunter Club, Captain New Japan turned on Yoshitatsu and defected to Bullet Club. The following day, Hirasawa was given the new ring name "Bone Soldier". He made his debut under the name on 8 October. The following month, Bone Soldier entered the 2016 World Tag League, teaming with Bullet Club stablemate Bad Luck Fale. The two lost all seven of their matches in the tournament, with Bone Soldier being pinned by his rival Yoshitatsu in their final match on 8 December.  On 1 March 2017, Hirasawa's profile was removed from NJPW's website, confirming his departure from the company.

Championships and accomplishments
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #441 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017
World Wrestling Council
WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Gimmick (2016)

References

External links

 International Wrestling Database profile

Living people
Japanese male professional wrestlers
1982 births
Sportspeople from Sapporo
Masked wrestlers
Chaos (professional wrestling) members
Bullet Club members
21st-century professional wrestlers
WWC Puerto Rico Champions

Captain New Japan


Biohazard 4D-Executer is a 2000 Japanese 3D animated biopunk horror film based on the Resident Evil series of survival horror video games. It was created by Capcom in cooperation with Visual Science Laboratory, and distributed by Digital Amuse. Biohazard 4D-Executer was directed by Koichi Ohata, and written by Daisuke Okamoto, who was supervised by the game series developers. A limited release, the 20-minute film has been an attraction in Japanese theme parks since November 2000, and can be seen in movie theaters and smaller booths. The story centers on the mission of a military squad sent to the zombie-infested Raccoon City to locate the whereabouts of Dr. Cameron, a female scientist conducting research on a new type of virus.

Plot
In the Midwest of America, the citizens of Raccoon City have been transformed into zombies after becoming infected with the T-virus, a biological weapon secretly developed by the pharmaceutical company Umbrella. A military squad – consisting of leader Claus (Masaki Aizawa) and his men Roger (Hiroto Torihata), Ed (Hideto Ebihara), Robert (Tadasuke Omizu) and Norman (Yoshiyuki Kaneko) – is sent into the city by the company. Members of the Umbrella Biohazard Countermeasure Service, a group specialized in containing biohazard outbreaks caused by Umbrella, their objective is to rescue Dr. Cameron (Yurika Hino), a female scientist researching a new virus.

The squad tracks a signal from her ID card, and is drawn to a warehouse, where Robert is killed during a surprise attack from an unidentified monster. The team blows the creature to pieces, but is unaware of its ability to transfer its mind to other life forms. The squad leaves to chase Dr. Cameron's now-moving signal to a manhole, and the monster follows them in the body of a crow. Norman and Roger accompany Claus into the sewers, while Ed stands guard on the street. Underground, the team finds Dr. Cameron's equipment, and is attacked by a dog. After shooting the dog, they see the doctor's ID card attached to it. Roger, who is a higher-up within Umbrella, reveals to the others that the true purpose of their mission was not to rescue Dr. Cameron, but to collect her research data regarding a new virus capable of regenerating genes. She was infected with her creation, and mutated into the monster that the squad had fought at the warehouse.

While Claus, Norman and Roger return to the surface, Ed is killed by the crow, and transforms into a creature similar to the one in the warehouse. This new monster kills Norman, but Claus and Roger barely escape in a humvee, using a machine gun attached to the vehicle to destroy it. As the two men drive out of the city, Claus asks about the virus. Roger explains how it fuses with genes, enabling Dr. Cameron to regenerate her body in other life forms, and thus making her nearly immortal. Roger then impales Claus with tentacles, pinning him to the seat. At this point, Roger is revealed to have two faces, the second one being Dr. Cameron's. The researcher explains that she was watching them in the body of the dog while they were in the warehouse, and that she realized that Umbrella was pursuing her research data. Dr. Cameron tells Claus that he and his team turned out to be perfect guinea pigs for the virus she had created, and that she will continue her experiments, trying to return herself to a human form. Using tentacles, she rips Claus' face apart.

Production and release
The concept for Biohazard 4D-Executer was originally conceived by anime director Yasuhiro Imagawa, who proposed his idea of the film to Capcom, the game company responsible for the Resident Evil series. The project was announced to the public in late October 1999, under the tentative title Biohazard 4D-Horror. In the early stages of development, Imagawa was responsible for the planning and the screenplay, and he collaborated on the film with director of photography Shinji Higuchi. The final script was written by Daisuke Okamoto, under the supervision of Capcom's screenwriting subsidiary Flagship. Former Capcom Production Studio 2 game designer and producer Keiji Inafune and Flagship co-founder Noboru Sugimura served as executive supervisors. Inafune referred to the story as a "gaiden" – or side-story – for fans of the Resident Evil series.

The film marked director Koichi Ohata's first experience with computer-generated imagery (CGI), after his previous work on original video animations such as MD Geist, Cybernetics Guardian and Genocyber. The CGI rendering was handled by the company Visual Science Laboratory, with the creature designs provided by 3D artist Gouta Nanami. Due to the strong graphic violence depicted, shorter versions of the 20-minute film were created, from which certain scenes were cut. Biohazard 4D-Executer is presented in 5.1 surround sound, and features music composed and orchestrated by Yoshihiro Ike. The film was produced with a budget of 150 million yen (approx. US$1.4 million in October 1999), and saw a first screening at the Tokyo International Fantastic Film Festival on October 27, 2000. A widespread release in Japanese theme park theaters followed in November 2000. The film is shown in movie theaters for a large audience, and in single booths for a small number of viewers. For a more immersive presentation of the attraction, distributor Digital Amuse designed special cylindrical seats named "gimmick chairs", which can shake viewers and blow air on their necks.

References

External links

2000 horror films
2000 3D films
Amusement park films
Japanese 3D films
Resident Evil films
Films about viral outbreaks
2000 films
2000 anime films
Anime films based on video games
Japanese computer-animated films
Anime short films
Japanese horror films
Horror anime and manga
2000 short films
3D short films
Animated films set in the Midwestern United States
Works based on Capcom video games

Biohazard 4D-Executer


The Trofeo Maserati is a single-marque motorsport championship that was started by Maserati Corse in 2003, with the introduction of the Maserati Coupé. Its title is commonly confused as Maserati Trofeo, which in fact refers to the name devised for the 4200 Coupé built for the series. However, in recent years Maserati themselves have been very inconsistent regarding the name of the championship, making it hard to define what is officially correct. In this article, the series will be referred to as Trofeo Maserati.

It is very similar to the Ferrari Challenge, although not on such a large scale. The concept is simple: customers purchase or rent a Trofeo car which is for track use only, register themselves and their team for a season or race and compete. Teams are not allowed to tune their engines, but can adjust suspension, brakes etc. Entrants can also use Maserati in-house teams at an additional cost.

Series

Originally, the Trofeo Maserati consisted of only one series, based in Europe. This was until 2010 when the Maserati Granturismo MC (not to be confused with the GranTurismo MC Stradale) was introduced. Today, there are several series. The Trofeo Maserati is regulated by the National Sporting Authority (ASN) of an involved country and FIA. If there is any argument during a race weekend, the ASN has a higher ruling than the FIA.

Trofeo Worldwide

This new season format was introduced in 2010 alongside the new GranTurismo MC. The 2012 calendar encompasses seven events spanning the globe, including circuits in Italy, China, Portugal, France, Spain, and the United States.  A new twist made in 2011 is the inauguration of "endurance" events. This gives the season a 3+3 format, with three regular race weekends and three endurance race weekends. The difference is explained below.

Trofeo European Series

This is a sub series to the Worldwide series which only encompasses the events in Europe, thus keeping the costs down for those who do not wish to bring the car to China and United States. This saves the entrants approximately €40,000 in entry fees alone, but they still compete in 5 of the 7 Worldwide series' events.

The regular events precede as follows:

 2 free practice sessions of 45 minutes each.
 2 qualifying sessions of 20 minutes each.
 2 races of 38 minutes + 1 lap each.

The endurance events precede as follows:

 2 free practice sessions of 45 minutes each.
 2 qualifying sessions of 20 minutes each.
 2 races of 28 minutes + 1 lap each.
 1 race of 48 minutes + 1 lap with one mandatory pit stop.

Trofeo Middle East

The JBF RAK Middle East championship is an unusual race series because it is run during the Northern Hemisphere's winter months. The season starts in November and ends in March. It is run on circuits in Abu Dhabi, Bahrain and Qatar. A season comprises seven events, just like the worldwide series. The Middle East series has yet to adapt the Worldwide Series' 3+3 season format. Technically, since the Worldwide Series ends in November and stars in April, those wishing to can race in the Trofeo-series all-year around. This is one of the only race series in the world which allow this unique possibility, and it is possibly the only GT Racing series.

Competitors

Upon joining the series, entrants can choose to participate in the Trofeo Racing Academy which is Maserati's own racing school. Furthermore Maserati Corse supply a season package called "fly & drive", this includes full hospitality and technical support at all the events over a season. The per-race cost for the old 4200 Trofeo was approximately $20,000.

Today, entrants can choose to compete in single or multi driver lineups. Those choosing to compete with two drivers effectively split the race weekend 50/50. With the first driver competing in the first race, and the second driver competing in the second race. In recent years this form of competing has become very popular in gentleman GT racing, because the drivers can split the costs.

Points and classes

At the end of each season, the following prizes and titles are awarded. This is universal for all the series.

 Trofeo Assoluto - For all drivers, this is the grand prize and champion title.
 Trofeo Maserati - Awarded to the driver with the most points, using an MC supported by Maserati.
 Trofeo Team - Awarded to the driver/team with the most points running their own car and team. (I.e. not rented or prepared by Maserati Corse)
 Trofeo over 50 - Awarded to the driver who is 50 years old or more with the most points.
 Trofeo under 30 - Awarded to the driver under 30 years old with the most points. This is to promote juniors competing in the series.
 Prize Pole Position - Awarded to the driver who has taken the highest number of pole positions throughout the season.

Points

Regular Race

 1st - 20
 2nd - 15
 3rd - 12
 4th - 10
 5th - 8
 6th - 6
 7th - 4
 8th - 3
 9th - 2
 10th - 1

Endurance Race

 1st - 25
 2nd - 18
 3rd - 15
 4th - 12
 5th - 10
 6th - 8
 7th - 6
 8th - 4
 9th - 2
 10th - 1

Cars

The Trofeo is and has always been single model championship, older models are not eligible for entry. The only model eligible is the one that Maserati is currently manufacturing and racing. This means that the Coupé-based Trofeo became ineligible to race at the arrival of the MC. Some of these were known as "Trofeo Lights" and primarily raced in FIA GT3. Maserati did for a short time produce Maserati 3200 GT Trofeo's, and were used for cup-style racing.

For each event Maserati supplies two spare cars. These may only be used by the drivers if there is a major technical failure or irreparable damage due to an accident.

GranTurismo MC
First released in 2010, all new MC's are delivered race prepared by Maserati technicians. Entrants who use private teams must have their cars homologated to meet the equal settings of the in-house raced MC's. It features aerodynamic enhancements and weight reduction over the GranTurismo S which it was originally based upon. It has a base price of €155-158.000 excl. VAT, but includes technical support throughout the initial season. The MC can also be run in all GT4 class racing series. It has around 488 bhp and gearchanges are dealt with in 60 ms. For 2012 the MC has a revised aero package encompassing amongst other minor changes a large rear wing.

See also
Ferrari Challenge
Porsche Supercup
Lamborghini Super Trofeo

References

External links

Maserati in motorsport
One-make series
Sports car racing series

Trofeo Maserati


Jonesville is an unincorporated community in Alachua County, Florida, United States. It is located roughly at the intersection of County Road 241 and State Road 26 (Newberry Road).  Jonesville has no city government but is an informal name for a region on Newberry Road between Gainesville and Newberry.

While no clear delineation has been made for what includes Jonesville, its eastern boundary is 122nd street (colloquially known as Parker Road), due to the City of Gainesville owning up to the eastern side of the road.  All the other limits are vague.  Jonesville may extend as far west as to 170th St. Approximate northern and southern markers for the region are NW 39th Avenue and SW 8th Avenue, respectively.

Jonesville is named for John Joseph Jones, a young Alabama farmer who moved to this area in the early 1850s, and owned a farm on the south side of the old Newnansville Road. During the Civil War he enlisted as private and later served as 1st lieutenant in the Alachua Rangers, which became C Company of the 7th Florida Volunteer Infantry. After the war he returned to farming. When a post office opened in Jonesville in 1875, John Jones became the first postmaster and this is how the community received the official name of "Jonesville".

Rapid Growth
Over the past 40 years, Jonesville has become more populated as the city of Gainesville has continued to grow and residents have moved west towards less dense communities. Coinciding with the growth in the area population, Jonesville has seen an increase in both commercial developments and residential developments.

Commercial Development
Commercial development has rapidly occurred in the 2010s, with new businesses in and around the Steeple Chase shopping plaza.  Large-scale commercial developments have included the Town of Tioga development on pre-existing empty fields around the Steeple Chase Shopping Center, and the Arbor Greens center. Additional businesses are expected to move to the area as the population grows.  Current agendas include the development of commercial/office space at the intersection of Newberry Road and NW 140th Terrace as well as expansion of commercial land in Town of Tioga.

Residential Development
Many subdivisions have sprung up in the past decade or so in and around the Jonesville area. Older residential neighborhoods have been built since the 1970s. Some of these include Villages of West End, West End Golf View Estates, and Jockey Club.  Large, more recent subdivisions include Amelia Fields, Town of Tioga, Arbor Greens, Turnberry Lake, Belmont, Strawberry Fields, and Wyndsong. Apartments and condos are also in the region.

Infrastructure
Jonesville is primarily served by Florida State Road 26, Alachua County Road 241, and SW 8th Avenue.

The Jonesville Park provides local residents with baseball fields, a mile-long track, a disc golf course, tennis courts, soccer fields, and regular play. Future development of the park promises to include a nature center, an event lawn with numerous activities, a BMX track, nature trails, picnic areas, an amphitheater, and a recreation center with gymnasium, weight room and multipurpose rooms.

Alachua County Fire Rescue Station 24 is ocated just north of Jonesville Park on County Road 241. The station serves the local area, but can be dispatched elsewhere as needed.  A new station was built in 2011, and the old station has been abandoned since.

Citations

References

Unincorporated communities in Alachua County, Florida
Gainesville metropolitan area, Florida
Unincorporated communities in Florida

Jonesville, Florida


Count, then Prince Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (, 31 October 1736 – 28 May 1816), a member of the Saltykov noble family, was a Russian Imperial Field Marshal and courtier best known as the tutor of the eventual Tsar Paul I of Russia and his two sons, Constantine and Alexander.

He was the head of the Russian Army as the president of the War Collegium in 1791–1802.  He was also the interim head (Lieutenant Grand Master) of the Order of Malta between 1801 and 1803.

Life
His parents were general Ivan Alexeyevich Saltykov (himself the nephew of Anna I of Russia) and countess Anastasia Petrovna Tolstoy. He spent a short time in the Semyonovsky Regiment, of which he became a permanent member in 1748. In 1747, he and his father took part in the Russian advance to the River Rhine. During the Seven Years' War he distinguished himself in several battles against Prussian forces. After the victory at Kunersdorf over Frederick II of Prussia, Nikolay was sent to Saint Petersburg to deliver news of the victory to the commander in chief - for that service, he was made a colonel.

In 1761, under the command of Pyotr Rumyantsev, he fought at Kolberg. Peter II of Russia made Saltykov a major general and in 1763 he was given command of the troops stationed in Poland, where he took part in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). In 1769 he aided Prince Alexander Golitsyn in the siege and occupation of the city of Chotyn, which Russian troops entered on 10 September that year. For fighting with distinction in these battles he was made a lieutenant-general and a member of the Order of Alexander Nevsky, but due to ill health he was forced to leave the campaign in order to travel abroad in search of a cure. During this time, he spent three years visiting Europe, most notably visiting Berlin and Paris. After he returned to Russia, Catherine II of Russia made him vice-president of Russia's Military Council. Simultaneously, Catherine made him hofmeister of the court. He became tutor to Grand Duke Paul, with whom he again visited Berlin in 1776 before accompanying Paul on a grand tour across Europe in 1781 and 1782.

On 24 November 1782, Catherine made Saltykov a member of the Order of Saint Andrew, a senator and a member of the high court council. In the following years Catherine made Saltykov permanent tutor to her grandsons Alexander (the future Alexander I of Russia) and Konstantin. In June 1789, Saltykov introduced Catherine to the young Platon Zubov, in an effort to supplant Catherine's favourite (and Saltykov's rival) Prince Potemkin. Zubov would become the last of Catherine's favourites, accumulating an enormous fortune, despite becoming widely reviled for corruption and cruelty.

In 1790, during the celebrations of the peace with Sweden, Saltykov was made a Count of the Russian Empire, and granted 5,000 serfs in Russian Poland and an annual pension of 125 rubles. On Paul's accession to the throne, Saltykov was made field marshal general on 8 November 1796 and then president of the Military Council of State. Alexander I, during the celebrations of his coronation, gave Saltykov his portrait decorated with diamonds.

At the start of the Napoleonic Wars, Saltykov was instructed to look after military reports and to be head of state while Alexander was away leading the Russian army in 1813 and 1814. On Alexander's return to Saint Petersburg, Saltykov was promoted to Prince of the Russian Empire, with the title of Excellency. He was also made Lieutenant Grand Master of the Order of Malta from 1801 to 1803 on behalf of Alexander, who had been elected Grand Master but could not carry out his official duties.

Prince Saltykov and his family occupied a large Neoclassical townhouse at the crossing of the Millionnaya Street and the Palace Embankment in St Petersburg. His grandson Alexei Saltykov was known for his travels in India and Persia.

References

  Николай Иванович Салтыков (Nikolai Saltykov)

1736 births
1816 deaths
Field marshals of Russia
Knights of Malta
Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Lieutenants of the Knights Hospitaller
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

Nikolai Saltykov


Mary Clementina De Garis (16 December 1881 – 18 November 1963) was an Australian medical doctor. During World War I she worked at the Ostrovo Unit in Serbia for the Scottish Women's Hospitals and after the war worked at Geelong Hospital in Australia. She was an advocate of antenatal and postnatal care.

Early life and education
Mary Clementina De Garis was born in Charlton, Victoria in 1881. She was the daughter of a Mildura clergyman and irrigation pioneer Elisha Clement De Garis, known as Elizee De Garis, and Elizabeth Buncle, a midwife. There were six children in the family: Mary and Elizabeth (twins), Clement,(known as Jack), Lilian, Alfred, and Lucas (known as George). In 1898 Mary De Garis was dux of her year at the Methodist Ladies' College, Melbourne. In 1900 she enrolled in medicine at the University of Melbourne.

De Garis was the thirty-first woman to enroll in medicine from the University of Melbourne, awarded a Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.) in 1904 and Bachelor of Surgery (B.S.) in 1905. She was then appointed to two resident positions, at the Melbourne Hospital in 1905–06, and the Women's Hospital from 1906–07. In 1907, she became the second woman in Victoria to be awarded the Doctorate of Medicine.

Career
After graduation, De Garis travelled to the Australian outback to take up her first full-time position in Muttaburra, north-west Queensland. Subsequently, in 1908–09 she travelled to the United Kingdom and to the United States of America for fourteen months to further her professional development. Returning to Melbourne, she worked at the Queen Victoria Hospital and conducted a private practice in central Melbourne. In 1911 Mary De Garis travelled to the outback town of Tibooburra, western New South Wales to work at the hospital until 1915.

World War I
Wishing to be closer to her fiancé, Colin Thomson, who had enlisted for the Australian Imperial Forces, in 1916 she sailed back to London and worked at the Manor Hospital for five months. After Colin Thomson's death at the battle of Pozieres in August 1916, she joined the Scottish Women's Hospitals organisation and was posted to the American Unit - also known as the Ostrovo Unit - in Macedonia, close to the Balkan Front, from February 1917 to October 1918. Mary De Garis was the Chief Medical Officer for 14 months.

De Garis was awarded the Serbian Order of St Sava 3rd Class

Post war and death
After the war, in May 1919, De Garis settled in Geelong, Victoria. Here she pushed for women to be members of the hospital general committee as well as for the first maternity ward to be included in the hospital. She was also responsible for antenatal and postnatal care being implemented at the hospital. In 1931 she was appointed as the Honorary Medical Officer to the Maternity Ward at the Geelong Hospital until 1941 and then she became an Honorary Consultant to the Maternity Ward until 1959. She was the first and only female medical doctor in Geelong from 1919 to 1941. Conducting research into the causes of pain in labour and other obstetric matters, she published over 40 articles and letters in the British/Australian Medical Association journals as well as 5 books. Practising until 1960, she died in Geelong in 1963.

See also
 Edith McKay
 Agnes Bennett
 Kathleen Coleman
 Jessie Ann Scott
 Olive Kelso King
 Elsie Inglis

References

Bibliography
 Mary De Garis private papers
 Ruth Lee (2014) Woman War Doctor: The Life of Mary De Garis, (Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing).
 McClelland, J. (1996)From Infirmary to Hospital: Geelong and District Hospital (Kitchener Memorial) 1924-1966 (Geelong: The Geelong Hospital)
 Leneman, Leah (1994). In the Service of Life: The Story of Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women's Hospitals. The Mercat Press, Edinburgh
 Hutton, I Emslie (1928). With a Woman's Unit in Serbia, Salonika and Sebastopol. Williams and Norgate, London
 M.C. De Garis (1926) Clinical Notes and Deductions of a Peripatetic, Being Fads and Fancies of a General Practitioner. Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London
 M.C. De Garis (1930) The Theory of Obstetrics: A Functional Study of Child-Bearing. Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London
 Gilchrist, Hugh (1997). Australians and Greeks, Volume 2. Halstead Press, Sydney

External links
 Mary Clementina De Garis
 Mary Clementina De Garis at the Australian Dictionary of Biography

1881 births
1963 deaths
People from Charlton, Victoria
Australian women of World War I
Australian women medical doctors
Australian medical doctors
Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service volunteers
19th-century Australian women

Mary De Garis


The Party for Full Democracy (, , ), abbreviated to PID, is a political party in Luxembourg.  It was founded in 2013 by Jean Colombera, a member of the Chamber of Deputies that had been elected for the Alternative Democratic Reform Party at the 2009 election.  The party ran in the 2013 election, with Colombera leading the list in Nord, but did not win any seats.

References

2013 establishments in Luxembourg
Conservative parties in Luxembourg
Political parties established in 2013

Party for Full Democracy


Saubhagya Singh Shekhawat (सौभाग्य सिंह शेखावत; 22 July 1924 – 10 December 2016) was an Indian Rajasthani language writer.

Though moderately educated, he is known as a high-ranking scholar who has contributed to almost all the research journals of Rajasthan. He is known as an expert on the ancient Dingal language. He died on 10 December 2016 at the age of 92 in his hometown.

Bibliography

 Rajasthani Nibandh Sangrah (1974)
 Rajasthani Sahitya Sampada (1977)
 Poojan-Panv Kavisara (1987) 4
 Rajasthani Sahitya, Sanskriti Avam Itihas (1991)
 Jeenmata
 Rajarshi Madan Singhji Danta
 Bhaktvar Raghuveer Singhji Javali Jeevan Parichay
 Rajasthani Varta Bhag-3 (1957)
 Rajasthani Varta Bhag-4
 Rajasthani Varta Bhag-5
 Rajasthani Varta Bhag-7
 Rajasthani Veer Geet Sangrah Part I
 Vinhe Raso (1966)
 Balvad Vilas
 Rajasthani Veer Geet Sangrah Part IV
 Jada Mehdu Granthavali
 Doongarsi Ratanu Granthavali(19
 Swatantrata senani Dungji Jawaharji (1972)
 Kaviraj Bankidas Aashiya Granthavali Part I (1985)
 Kaviraj Bankidas Aashiya Granthavali Part I (1987)
 Marwad Ra Umravan Ri Varta
 Isardas Namak Vibhinna Charan Kavi
 Charan Sahitya ki Marm Parikshaक्षा
 Rajasthani shodh Sansthan ke Hastlikhit Granthon Ki Soochi Part III
 Rajasthani Sahitya aur Itihas Sambandhi Prakashit Granthon Ki Soochi
 Shekhawati Ke Veer Geet
 Malani Ke Gaurav Geet
 Kahvat Vilas
 Kaviraj Bankidas
 Veer Bhogya Vasundhara (1998)
 Gaj Uddhar Granth
 Rajasthani Shabd-Kosh part I Sanshodhan Parivardhan
 Rasile Raj Ra Geet (co-Editor)
 Raja Ummed Singh Sishodia Ra Veer Geet
 Aitihasik Rukke Parvane
 Ajeet Vilas
 Mataji Ri Vachnika
 Dr Tessitory Ka Rajasthani Granth Sarvekshan
 Suryamal Mishan Visheshank
 Veer Satsai Rajasthani Teeka
 Rajlok Sahitya
 Mohnot Nansi
 Ranrol (2002)
 Akhil Bhartiya Kshtriya Mahasabha New Delhi satabdi samaroh Smarika
 Patra Dastavej Edited by Dr Mahendra Singh Nagar and Kr Dharmveer Singh Shekhawat
 Patra Prakash
 History of Thikana Khood and Danta

Shekhawat has served as:
 Editor, Suprabhat (1944–45)
 Editor, Sangharsh (1947–1952)
 Editor, Rajasthani Shabd-Kosh (1982–1984)
 Executive committee member, Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya Avam Sanskriti Academy, Bikaner
 Member Advisory Board, Sri ShardulShekhawati Sodh Sansthan, Kali
 Member Advisory Board, Sri Khicchi Shodh Sansthan, Indroka, Jodhpur
 Chairman Rajasthani Bhasha Unnayan avam Samvedhanik Manyta Samiti (formed by Government oF Rajasthan), 1990
 Chairman Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya Avam Sanskriti Academy Bikaner (Government of Rajasthan) for two terms
 State Nominee and Member Advisory Board for Rajasthani, Sahitya Akademi New Delhi

Awards

 Maharana Kumbha Award 1983–84 (Maharana Mewar Foundation, Udaipur)
 Hajari Mal Banthiya Award ( Calcutta)
 Prithvi Raj Rathore Award (Rajasthani Bhasa Sahitya Evam Sanskriti Academy, Bikaner)
 Rati Ghati Puruskar (Bikaner)
 PhoolChand Banthiya Puruskar Culcutta 1973,
 Vishishtha Sahityakar Puruskar, Rajasthan Sahitya Academy Udaipur 1976,
 Rajasthan Ratnakar, Deep Chand Jain Puruskar New Delhi 1978,
 Rajasthani Gadya Puruskar, Rajasthani Bhasha Sahitya Sangam, Bikaner 1978–79,
 Maharana Kumbha Award Maharana Mewar Foundation Udaipur, 1983–84,
 Dwarika Nidhi Sahitya Samman, Jaipur 1992
 Puranmal Misra Sanskriti Puruskar, Shekhawati Sahitya kala evam Sanskriti, Academy, Laxmangarh, Shekhawati, 1996,
 Kunwar Kartar Singh Gurjar Sahitya Samman, 1996 Jai Sahitya Sansad, Jaipur,
 Sahitya Samman, Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Amrit mahotsava Samiti, 1998,.
 lakhotiya Puruskar Aashrani Ramniwas Lakhotiya Trust New Delhi (2001), Sahitya Samman,
 Rajpoot Chetna Evam Jagran Manch, Bikaner 2001,
 Sahitya Samman Rajpoot Sabha Sikar 2001
 Palaki Siropav ro Kurab Maharaja Gaj Singh Jodhpur 2003,
 Goenka Rajasthani Sahitya Samman 2011

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
20th-century Indian essayists
20th-century Indian linguists
People from Sikar district
Rajasthani-language writers
Rajasthani people
Writers from Rajasthan

Sobhagya Singh Shekhawat


Cotheridge Court is a Grade II* listed ancient manor house situated in the south-western part of Cotheridge, in the county of Worcestershire, England, and birthplace of Herbert Bowyer Berkeley.  The house bought in 1615 by William Berkeley, eldest son of Rowland Berkeley (1548-1611) of Spetchley, was owned and lived in by the Berkeley family for nearly 350 years, but the manor is over one thousand years old.  This family descended from the Berkeleys of Berkeley Castle Gloucestershire, and Eadnoth. Cotheridge Court is now a private residence of sub-divided flats.

History

Before the Domesday Survey
In 963, Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, granted land called 'Coddanhrycce' to thegn Aelfric for three successive generations, being limited to male heirs.

Domesday Book
In the Domesday Book, a timber-framed court is mentioned.  The existing house dates back to the 16th century, and perhaps even further back.  It is built upon the site of the original dwelling mentioned in the Domesday Book.

17th century
Prior to 1615, the manor was held by a succession of various owners. In 1615, it was sold to William Berkeley (1582–1658) of Cowleigh, eldest son of Rowland Berkeley (1548–1611) of Worcester and Spetchley, a wealthy Worcester clothier who originated from Hereford. The house then was a large, two-storey timber-framed dwelling with a third floor of gabled attics having carved bargeboards. The house contained a small, panelled room known as the 'sots hole' where drunks were held in order to sleep off their drunkenness. This room probably dates back to pre-15th century and before, when the house was a Court House.

William, Sheriff of Worcestershire in 1617, was succeeded by his son, Sir Rowland Berkeley (1613–1696). Sir Rowland's only son, Thomas, died unmarried, on 25 October 1669, in Greece.  He was on a diplomatic mission to Turkey, travelling with His Excellency Sir Daniel Harvey from King Charles II to Sultan Mahomethan, Emperor of the Turks.  The two men were travelling from Constantinople towards Thessalonica when Thomas fell ill.  He was 30 years old and his remains were buried amongst Christians.  Having no other sons, Cotheridge Court passed to Sir Rowland's eldest daughter Elizabeth.  She married in 1681 Henry Green who adopted the surname Berkeley. Their eldest son became the next Rowland Berkeley of Cotheridge who died in 1731.

18th century
In 1770, the entrance front to the house, as well as the south front were cased with brick and the old windows were replaced with large, sash windows.  The old, gabled attics were concealed behind a wall of brick; and sham, glazed windows were added to the new, brick front giving the appearance of a third floor without attics.  The north wing of the house, as well as part of the back were not modernized, and remained as timber and plaster.

In 1764, another Rowland Berkeley (1732–1805) became Sheriff of Worcestershire and from May to September 1774 was Member of Parliament for Droitwich.

Ha-ha
In the mid- or late 18th century, a ha-ha was installed where the gardens met with the pastureland.  This was to provide the house with a clean view of the grazing cattle and the breath-taking, prominent Malvern Hills in the far distance.

19th century
Rowland Berkeley (1732–1805), was succeeded by his brother the Rev. Henry Rowland Berkeley, D.C.L., Fellow of New College, Oxford, who also died childless in 1832.  Eventually it passed to William Berkeley Esquire who died in 1869 and the manor passed to his eldest son the Rev. William Comyns Berkeley.  His son Rowland, eldest brother to Herbert Bowyer Berkeley inherited the manor.

At about the mid-part of the century a delicate, ornamental stone balustrade was added to the top of the brick facing, above the sham, glazed windows.

Noake's History
It is mentioned in  John Noake's History of Worcestershire that from the road to Bromyard an avenue of limes some three-quarters of a mile in length, and in a straight line runs from the road to Cotheridge Court.

Rowland Berkeley of Cotheridge
 Rowland Berkeley (1548–1611) of Worcester and Spetchley bought land at Cotheridge
 William Berkeley (1582–1658) bought the manor of Cotheridge 1615
 Sir Rowland Berkeley (1613–1696)
 Rowland Berkeley (died 1731) grandson of Sir Rowland, son of Elizabeth Berkeley and Henry Greene
 Rowland Berkeley (died 1759)
 Rowland Berkeley (1732–1805)
 Henry Rowland Berkeley (1740–1832)
 Richard Rowland Berkeley (died 1840) born Tomkyns nephew of Henry Rowland Berkeley (1740–1832)
 John Rowland Berkeley (died 1850) nephew of Rowland Berkeley (died 1759)
 William Berkeley (1784–1869) nephew of Rowland Berkeley (died 1759)
 William Comyns Berkeley (1810–1885)
 Rowland Comyns Berkeley (1846–1925)

References

External links
 King Charles II
 Cotheridge Court

Country houses in Worcestershire
Grade II* listed buildings in Worcestershire
Grade II* listed houses

Cotheridge Court


Pro Moves Soccer is a soccer video game developed by Danish studios BGS Developments and ZAT Productions and published by ASCII Entertainment for the Sega Genesis in North America. The game was released in 1993, and was based on the fictional Asciiware World Sports league.

Gameplay

The game itself features international level soccer matchups and customizable options that makes a game anywhere from the length of a childhood soccer match (3 minute halves) to the length of an actual FIFA soccer match (45 minute halves). As long as they can remember the lengthy passwords, players can also make their own soccer teams. The game's announcer uses brief words and phrases to describe the action (i.e., kick-off, yellow card, red card, penalty shot, head shot, header, rainbow kick).

Players can either play exhibition, World Cup, practice, or Eight Nations tournament (where eight nations compete to win the championship, making for shorter gameplay). This game has a medium difficulty level and can be mastered with repeated gameplay. Teams can choose to concede from either of the tournaments at any time without dire consequences. Fictional players play for each team (nations range from Argentina to Jamaica and Russia).

Different weather conditions can be activated on the option screen; including sunny days in addition to cloudy days, rainy days and snowy days. Fouls can be deactivated allowing less experienced players to tackle the opposition without the fear of either a yellow card or a red card. Injuries can appear in the game as a result of rough play. Being tackled an excessive number of times can also cause a player to get injured. Failure to substitute an injured player results in him losing his abilities for the remainder of the game.

Reception
GamePro gave the game a score of 3 out of 5 while Game Players gave it a score of 60%.

References

1993 video games
ASCII Corporation games
Association football video games
North America-exclusive video games
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Top-down video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games scored by Jesper Kyd
Video games developed in Denmark

Pro Moves Soccer


Gothic F.C. wis a fitbaw club frae Norwich, Ingland. They wur members o the Eastren Coonties League atween 1963 an 1978.

Heestory
The club wis the works team o Laurence, Scott an Electromotors. The company's main factory wis located next to Norwich Ceety's Carrow Road grund an wis kent as the Gothic Works, frae which the team took its name. They began entering the FA Cup at the end o World War II, an almost reached the first round in their first season, losing their fowert qualifying round tie to Colchester Unitit. In 1963 they joined the Eastren Coonties League. Initially a mid-table side, frae 1972 onwards the club struggled, finishing bottom in 1974-75. They withdrew frae the league in 1978 an later folded.

Their Heartsease Lane grund wis taken over bi Norwich Unitit in 1985,  who later moved to Plantation Park.

External links

Defunct fitbaw clubs in Ingland
Sport in Norwich
Association fitbaw clubs established in 1898
1898 establishments in Ingland
Norwich and District Saturday Football League
Norfolk & Suffolk League
Eastern Counties Football League
Anglian Combination

Gothic F.C.


Huși (, Yiddish/Hush,, German: Hussburg) is a city in Vaslui County, Romania, former capital of the disbanded Fălciu County in the historical region of Western Moldavia, Romanian Orthodox episcopal see, and home of some of the best vineyards of Romania. The city is located on a branch of the Iași-Galați railway,  west of the Prut River and the border with the Republic of Moldova. In 2000, the city's population was 33,320, more than double the 1900 population of 15,404.

History

One theory states that Huși was founded in the 15th century by a colony of Hussites, from whom its name would have been derived; this has been disputed by renowned scholars such as Nicolae Iorga and the bishop Melchisedec Ștefănescu, who argued that the name of the city is older, originating with the boyar Hus (whose name is also rendered as Husul or Husea), who owned land in the area.

The first document mentioning the city is a letter of December 17, 1487, sent by the Prince of Moldavia, Stephen III the Great, to the influential Saxon traders of Brașov; the text indicates that the letter had been sent from Huși. Soon after, Huși became one of the favorite places of residence of Stephen III, a fact which led to a noted rise in economical and political status for the following period.

Princes who succeeded Stephen—such as Bogdan III cel Orb, Petru Rareș, Iliaș, Alexandru Lăpușneanu, and Ioan Vodă cel Cumplit—also chose Huși as one of their favorite residences, taking into consideration both its wines and the strategic location which allowed an efficient overseeing of several anti-Ottoman campaigns.

In 1598, during the reign of Ieremia Movilă, Huși was established as an episcopal see of the Eastern Orthodox Church, although the Huși cathedral had in fact been built by Stephen III (1491) as the church of his palace there. After 1598, the bishops became the owners of the city and its lands, and were thus the main agents behind the city's development.

In 1711, Huși was the place of signing for the Treaty of the Pruth that ended the Russo-Turkish War.

Jewish history of Huși

According to local tradition, the first Jewish immigrants came to Huși some time after 1484 (documents mention "five families, among them Frisof, Stofler and Gronic"). In 1747 there were about 1,042 Jews in city; cca. 2,500 in 1859; 3,587 in 1897; 2,514 in 1930; 2,100 in 1942; 2,000 in 1992. In 2005, Huși was home to only 25 Jews (0–15 years old: 1 person; 16–35 years old: 3 persons; 36–60 years old: 6 persons; over 60 years old: 10 persons), the result of successive waves of aliyah after World War II.

The Jews of Huși have had an important role in the economic development of the city, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, at a time when the city was considered one of the most important in Moldavia.

The first synagogue (Beth-Hanidras, the Great Synagogue) was built in the 18th century. In 1943 there were five synagogues (Beth-Hanidras, Ceaușul Mare, Blănari, Croitorilor, Postelnici). Only one synagogue serves the Jewish community nowadays. The first Jewish cemetery was founded in 1680, on Călărași Street. The second cemetery was opened in 1880, and it is still in use.

Hungarian history of Huși
According to some historians, Huși was established by hussite refugees from the Kingdom of Hungary in the 15th century. The town itself has a significant role in Hungarian history because the first Hungarian Bible translation was written in Huși. Its copies can be found in the Vienna-codex and the Apor-codex. During the Counter-Reformation the Hussite citizens were converted to Catholic faith; nevertheless, in the 17th century the majority of the town were Hungarian-Saxon Catholics. As archbishop Bandinus wrote in 1648 "the inhabitants here are Hungarians and Romanians; Hungarians are in the majority. They share the leading positions between them: if in one year the judge is Hungarian, next year a Romanian will be the judge, so the leaders are changed alternately. The Hussites until now sang in Hungarian at holy masses and liturgies, what was a bad practice in that time. We arranged this in order to satisfy the need of the people, that the holy liturgies will be performed in Latin, and before and after the mass the hymns should be sung in Hungarian, to satisfy the devotion of the people.

Two years ago, a village on the river Prut had twelve Hungarian houses, but because of many difficulties the Hungarian people immigrated to the Tatar land, to the town called Csoborcsok, and others to Huși so the region remained abandoned. Catholics are 682, in number they have a Szekler priest called Michael Rabczony." After the 19th century, assimilation reached the Catholic population of Huși. In 1898 Gheorghe I. Lahovary wrote that the Hungarians number 1838 out of total 12,600 however they only speak Romanian. In 1930, the town had 3,983 Catholics but only 324 Hungarian citizens. The result of assimilation that today only 9 Hungarians (out of 5,826 Roman Catholics) live in Huși. The 2011 census counted 24,997 inhabitants.

Demographics

Natives
 Sender Argintar
 Vasile Buhăescu
 Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
 Constantin Codrescu
 Neculai Costăchescu
 Alexandru Ioan Cuza (disputed with Bârlad)
 Nicolae Dabija
 Ștefan Dimitrescu
 Alexandru Giugaru
 Anton Holban
 Nicolae Hortolomei
 Nicolae Malaxa
 Elena Meissner
 Nicolae Negură
 Mihaela Popa
 Maria Răducanu
 Mihai Ralea
 Ștefan C. Șendrea
 Gheorghe Teleman

References

Cities in Romania
Populated places in Vaslui County
Monotowns in Romania
Localities in Western Moldavia
1487 establishments in Europe
Hussite history
Capitals of former Romanian counties
Jewish communities in Romania

Huși


Howard Albert "Hopalong" Cassady (March 2, 1934 – September 20, 2019) was a professional American football running back.  He won the Heisman Trophy in 1955. He was added into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1979. He played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons, seven of them for the Detroit Lions, with whom he won the 1957 NFL Championship Game. He briefly played for the Cleveland Browns and the Philadelphia Eagles.

Cassady was born in Columbus, Ohio. He studied at Ohio State University. Cassady died on September 20, 2019 at his home in Tampa, Florida at the age of 85.

References

1934 births
2019 deaths
American football running backs
Cleveland Browns players
Detroit Lions players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Sportspeople from Columbus, Ohio

Howard Cassady


In mathematics, and natural science, a deterministic system is a system where the current state the system  does not depend on random factors. It only depends on previous states, and time. A deterministic model will always produce the same state at a given time, given the same starting conditions.

Systems

Deterministic system


Blanca (, ; aft. 1133, Laguardia, Álava – August 12, 1156) was Queen of Castile, daughter of King García Ramírez of Navarre and his first wife, Margaret of L'Aigle. Blanca married Sancho III of Castile, regent of Castile (subject to his father Alfonso VII) on February 4, 1151 in Carrión de los Condes, Palencia, after travelling from Calahorra, Logroño, in January. The marriage was arranged to insure closer ties between León-Castile and Navarre. As was traditional, Blanca confirmed documents with her husband, so her activity may be traced until 1155.

On November 11, 1155 she gave birth to the future king Alfonso VIII. There appears to be no record of her activities after December 1155, and she died on August 12, 1156. The cause of her death seems to have been complications of a new pregnancy, a child named García. In addition, she had other children buried in the church of San Pedro in Soria, although they are not identified.

That her death was caused by a pregnancy is recorded in an epitaph engraved on her tomb; however, the engraving did not survive a sixteenth-century reconstruction of the royal tombs in Nájera. Her sarcophagus lid was preserved, and it represents the queen's deathbed with members of the court, including her husband, mourning her passing. Blanca was buried in the pantheon of the Navarrese kings in the monastery called Santa María la Real of Nájera, to which Sancho made donations on her behalf. The sarcophagus of the queen is regarded as a primary example of the ability to express human emotions in visual images in the 12th century.

References

1130s births
1156 deaths
12th-century nobility from León and Castile
Deaths in childbirth
Navarrese infantas
Queens consort of Castile
Daughters of kings

Blanca of Navarre, Queen of Castile


Mark Staff Brandl (born 1955) is an American-born artist, art historian and philosopher of art now living primarily in Switzerland.

History
Born in Peoria, Illinois and raised in Pekin, Illinois, Brandl is the son of Earl and Ruth Brandl, and brother of Marcia Brandl Willhite. He lived for many years in Chicago, Illinois, where his career in fine art began. Brandl has lived primarily in Trogen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland since 1988. He studied art, art history, literature and literary theory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois State University, and Columbia Pacific University, and completed his Ph.D. in art history and metaphor theory under Philip Ursprung at the University of Zurich in 2011. Brandl is an Associate Professor/Dozent Emeritus in art history, painting, art theory and comics at the Art Academy of Liechtenstein in Nendeln, Liechtenstein and the Higher Technical Academy for Visual Art in St. Gallen, Switzerland. Brandl is most well known for his self-labeled "mongrel art": hybrids of installation and sequential paintings and drawings, which occasionally incorporate lectures as performances.

Exhibitions and Publications
Brandl is active internationally as an artist since 1980, has won various awards, had many publications and had numerous exhibitions. His shows include galleries and museums in the US, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Egypt, the Caribbean; specific cities include Paris, Moscow, Chicago, Los Angeles and New York. As a critic, he has been a frequent contributor to London's The Art Book and a Contributing Editor for New York's Art in America. He has frequently collaborated  with fellow former Pekinite Th. Emil Homerin. Brandl has also been a contributor to Sharkforum, a critical website concerning art and contributes to the renowned art critical podcast Bad at Sports. Due to his participation in these publications and his many exhibitions, Brandl has become highly visible in the Chicago and New York art worlds, as well as in Europe. Recent exhibitions include a painting-installation in St. Gallen Switzerland and Berlin, Germany and a performance-art lecture in documenta 13 in Kassel, Germany in 2012. His newest project begun in 2017 is a series of lectures on art history presented entertainingly as performances with painted backdrops and within entire installations of paintings. Brandl calls this project, as well as himself in it, "Dr Great Art." As a part of this, he has a biweekly podcast also titled 'Dr Great Art.'

Collections
He is also the curator of The Collapsible Kunsthalle and the Kunstgrill in Zurich. Works of his have been acquired by the Museum of Modern Art in New York, Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, the St. Gallen Art Museum, The Thurgau Museum of Fine Art, The E.T.H. Graphic Collection in Zurich, The Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, the National Museum of Cartoon Art, the Art Museum Olten and others.

References

External links
Mark Staff Brandl (official site)
 (second official site)

Sharkforum, Art Critical Blog Magazine Site
Interview with Brandl on Bad at Sports podcast
Interview with Brandl on Comic Book Talk Radio podcast
Print interview with Brandl on Myartspace

1955 births
Living people
20th-century Swiss painters
Swiss male painters
21st-century Swiss painters
21st-century Swiss male artists
People from Pekin, Illinois
University of Illinois College of Fine and Applied Arts alumni
Artists from Chicago
American art historians
American art critics
Journalists from Illinois
Historians from Illinois
20th-century Swiss male artists

Mark Staff Brandl


Odoardo Beccari (16 November 1843 – 25 October 1920) was an Italian botanist famous for his discoveries in Indonesia, New Guinea, and Australia. He has been called the greatest botanist to ever study Malesia. His author abbreviation is Becc. when citing a botanical name.

Life

Youth and education (1843–1864)

Odoardo Beccari was born in Florence as the third child of Giuseppe di Luigi Beccari and the first child of Antonietta Minucci. After he lost his mother in early infancy and his father in 1849, he was brought up by a maternal uncle Minuccio Minucci.

From 1853–1861, he attended the prestigious secondary school Real Collegio in Lucca. Here, one of his  teachers was abbot Ignazio Mezzetti (1821–1876), a passionate collector of botanical specimens, who inspired him to pursue botany and assemble a herbarium. He later named the genus Mezzettia in his honor.

In August 1861, he commenced his studies at the University of Pisa. Here he quickly captured the attention of the eminent naturalists Giuseppe Meneghini and Pietro Savi. Very unusually, Savi made him assistant to the chair already in 1831.

Beccari, however, was disappointed with the conventionality of the scientists in Pisa. Therefore, he quit his position there and changed to the University of Bologna in March 1864, where he graduated in July of the same year.

First voyage to Borneo (1865–1868)

After finishing his studies, Beccari got to know the young Giacomo Doria in Genoa, who had traveled widely in Mesopotamia, and the two decided to conduct an expedition to Sarawak in northern Borneo, which was then poorly explored.

To prepare for this voyage, Beccari stayed in London from February–April 1865 to study the natural history collections there, in particular at the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew. There, he also met Charles Darwin, William and Joseph Hooker, as well as James Brooke, the first rajah of Sarawak.

Beccari departed from Southampton on 4 April 1865, meeting Doria in Suez. Calling in Aden, Ceylon and Singapore, the two reached Kuching, the capital of Sarawak, on 19 June 1865. For the first three months, they were also accompanied by Beccari's brother Gioavanni Battista, who then continued to Japan. After a short productive period, Doria's health worsened dramatically by March 1866, forcing him to return to Italy. He worked mostly in a hut in the forest some 80 km from Kuching, in today's Kubah National Park. In 1867, he visited Batang Lupar, hunting and studying Orangutans. Later in 1867, he also conducted a long and risky expedition into the interior of Sarawak.

In 1866 he discovered and drew in his notebook the plant Thismia neptunis of the family Thismiaceae; only after 151 years, in 2017, was this discovery confirmed. He also discovered a new species of Rafflesia, the largest-flowered plant genus, which he called Rafflesia tuan-mudae in honor of James Brooke.

Beccari contracted Malaria and Elephantiasis and had to leave in January 1868, arriving in Italy on 2 March.

Florence and Africa 1868–1871

Back in Florence, Beccari published, on his own costs, a journal titled Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, which he edited from 1868–1871, which published original research by the most important Italian botanists of the day, including Beccari's own descriptions of his collections made in Borneo. Before his expedition to New Guinea, Beccari handed the management of the journal to Teodoro Caruel.

He also published his results in Bolletino della Società Geografica Italiana. He collaborated with specialists to study particular groups such as seagrasses with P. Ascherson, pteridophytes with Vincenzo de Cesati, mosses with Hampe, lichens with August von Krempelhuber etc.

From February–October 1870, Beccari joined an expedition alongside geologist Arturo Issel and zoologist Orazio Antinori to Eritrea. This came just two years after the purchase of Assab marked the beginning of the Italian colonization of Eritrea which would come into full swing in the 1880s. Apart from Assab, the party also visited the country of the Bilen people, then called Bogos.

Expedition to New Guinea (1871–1876)

On 26 November 1871 Beccari departed on a voyage to New Guinea, then hardly explored, together with the ornithologist Luigi D'Albertis. Since Western New Guinea was then already claimed by the Dutch, the voyagers had to call at Batavia (Jakarta) to ask for permission for their scientific voyage and get hold of official maps. They also visited the botanical garden at Buitenzorg (Bogor), Java and Beccari climbed Mount Pangrango.

By ship, the party, visiting on their way the islands Flores, Timor and Ambon, reached Sorong on the western part of the Bird's Head Peninsula of New Guinea in April 1872, 40 days after departing Ambon. In July, they left Sorong, reaching Mansinam Island further to the east after 20 days. They especially studied the area near Mount Arfak (2,955 m). After D'Albertis had fallen seriously ill, and they had managed to return to Ambon, he departed with the Italian corvette Vettor Pisani which they chanced upon there. In total, Beccari had collected about 700 plant species during his voyage to New Guinea.

On his own way back, he visited the Aru and Kai Islands, where he collected further specimens. In the Kai Islands, he suffered a shipwreck, but could save all his collections. He then continued to Sulawesi, traveling around the island and reaching Makassar on 15 August 1874. Beccari's funds were running out at that time, but after he had written earlier in the year to Doria in Genoa asking for help in acquiring funding, his friend convinced the city council of Genoa to finance a second expedition towards New Guinea.

Since the season was not conducive to an expedition to New Guinea, he spent the summer in Bali, Surabaja, Semarang, then proceeded through the interior of Java to Bogor to sort his collections. He left Jakarta in October and sailed to Ternate with a crew of 10. He visited many parts of northern West Papua, such as the Schouten Islands, Dorei (Manokwari) and Seram. He also climbed one of the summits of Mount Arfak. In July, a breakout of Beri-Beri among the crew that ended up killing the majority of them forced an early end to the expedition and a return to Ternate. From November 1875 to January 1876, Beccari accompanied a Dutch bathymetric survey, which allowed him to visit places as far as the Yos Sudarso Bay.

Beccari left Ternate for Jakarta in March 1876 and arrived in Florence in June, where he received many honors.

Third Malesian Voyage (1877–1878)

After one year in Florence, Beccari decided to make another long voyage to Malesia, accompanied this time by Enrico Alberto d'Albertis, a cousin of Luigi D'Albertis. The first part of the trip took the two through India via Singapore and Kuching to Australia. Enrico d'Albertis then returned directly while Beccari made botanical studies in West Sumatra, especially around Mount Singgalang, where he amassed a collection of about 1,000 species. He returned to Florence in late December 1878. Among other plants, he discovered Amorphophallus titanum on this voyage.

Life in Italy (1879–1920)

Between 1878 and 1879, Beccari was Director of the Botanical Collections and Garden of the Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History of Florence (he was appointed while on his voyage). He resigned after one year due to disagreements about the source of financing for the sale of his plant collection and the removal of the large existing collections to a new building.

In January 1888, Beccari married Nella Goretti de Flamini. They had four sons: Nello, Dino, Baccio and Renzo. Nello Beccari became an anatomist in his own right. They lived in the Castello di Bisarno, a villa near Florence.

He began to publish a large work, Malesia, mainly detailing results from the study of his collection, but the publication was stopped after some volumes due to lack of funds. In May 1897 he was visited in Florence by Margaret Brooke, the ranee of Sarawak, who inspired him to write a book about his explorations in Borneo, which became Nelle foreste di Borneo, published in 1902.

In his last years, he mainly studied palms, basing his research on specimens sent to him from all over the world, publishing works such as Asiatic Palms (1908) and Palme del Madagascar descritte ed illustrate (1912). He died on 25 October 1920 in Florence, aged 77.

Legacy

Beccari's botanical collection now forms part of the Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze.
While the greatest part of Beccari's archive is preserved at the University of Florence, some travel notes can be found in the library of the Museo Galileo.

The botanical journal Beccariana from Herbarium Manokwariense, Universitas Negeri Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari, Papua Barat, Indonesia, is named after him. See below for a list of species named after Beccari.

In 2020/21 the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture, Sarawak, funded the Beccari Centenary. This included a series of talks, the Beccari Discovery Trail at Matang, and a discovery trail with interpretive signs at Kubah National Park.

Selected works

Nelle Foreste di Borneo. Viaggi e ricerche di un naturalista, S. Landi, Florence, 1902.
Wanderings in the great forests of Borneo; travels and researches of a naturalist in Sarawak, A. Constable, London, 1904.
Asiatic Palms (1908).
Palme del Madagascar descritte ed illustrate (1912).
Nova Guinea, Selebes e Molucche. Diari di viaggio ordinati dal figlio Prof. Dott. Nello Beccari, La Voce, Florence, 1924.

Genera and species named after Odoardo Beccari

Plants
Beccarianthus, a genus in the family Melastomataceae
Beccarinda, a genus in the family Gesneriaceae
Beccariophoenix, a genus in the family Arecaceae
Aglaia beccarii, a tree in the family Meliaceae
Aulandra beccarii, a tree in the family Sapotaceae
Alocasia beccarii, a plant in the family Araceae
Bulbophyllum beccarii, an orchid
Coelogyne odoardi, an orchid
Dacrydium beccarii, a conifer in the family Podocarpaceae
Dryobalanops beccarii or Kapur Keladan, a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae
Durio beccarianus, a species of durian
Haplolobus beccarii, a plant in the family Burseraceae
Holochlamys beccarii, a plant in the family Araceae
Lithocarpus beccarianus, a tree in the family Fagaceae
Musa beccarii, a wild banana in the family Musaceae
Myrmecodia beccarii, a plant in the family Rubiaceae
Myrtella beccarii, a plant in the family Myrtaceae
Palaquium beccarianum, a tree in the family Sapotaceae
Pritchardia beccariana, a tree in the family Arecaceae
Pseuduvaria beccarii, a plant in the family Annonaceae
Tristaniopsis beccarii, a plant in the family Myrtaceae

Animals
Acanthopelma beccarii, a tarantula
Carlia beccarii, a skink
Clinidium beccarii, a ground beetle in the family Carabidae
Cochoa beccarii, a bird in the family Turdidae
Conraua beccarii, frog in the family Ranidae
Crocidura beccarii, a shrew
Draco beccarii, a "flying dragon" lizard
Emballonura beccarii, a bat in the family Emballonuridae
Gallicolumba beccarii, a bird in the family Columbidae
Harpesaurus beccarii, a lizard in the family Agamidae
Margaretamys beccarii, a rat in the family Muridae
Mormopterus beccarii, a bat in the family Molossidae
Otus beccarii, an owl in the family Strigidae
Scopula beccarii, a moth in the family Geometridae
Sericornis beccarii, a bird in the family Acanthizidae
Tropidophorus beccarii, a skink
Varanus beccarii, a monitor lizard

See also
Cocos nucifera palmyrensis (Becc.), identified by Odoardo Beccari as the coconut type with the largest and most triangular (in cross-section) fruit in the world, found only on Palmyra Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.
Trachycarpus takil (Becc.), the Kumaon windmill palm. First discovered & described by Beccari, who mistook it for a known fortunei variant, thus missed having it named after him. Trachycarpus takil is believed to be the hardiest trunking palm on earth.

References

Further reading
Nalesini O (2009). L'Asia Sud-orientale nella cultura italiana. Bibliografia analitica ragionata, 1475–2005. Roma: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. pp. 17–18 (Biography), 64–65 (travels), 385–390 (Botany). .

External links

IMHS
Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia

Archive of Museo Galileo

Italian naturalists
Taxonomists
1843 births
1920 deaths
Botanists with author abbreviations
Italian entomologists
Scientists from Florence
19th-century Italian botanists
20th-century Italian botanists
19th-century naturalists
20th-century naturalists
University of Pisa alumni
Members of the Lincean Academy

Odoardo Beccari


An American comic book is a thin book in the United States that has comics usually of superheroes. While it was created in 1933, American comic books first became popular after the 1938 publication of Action Comics, which included the debut of the superhero Superman.

The comic book superhero first emerged from pulp fiction in the 1930s in what is known as the Golden Age of DC Comics and its protagonists superheroes characters such as Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman, who were only marginally associated with science and technology. The post-World War II period saw a decline in the popularity of these figures. But in the 1960s, Marvel Comics brought about a Silver Age by creating a new pantheon of superheroes characters including Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk and the X-Men, all of whom reflected a deeper concern for the ethical issues associated with science and technology in the nuclear age.

The original famous well known popular superhero-titles Action Comics, Detective Comics, All Star Comics, Sensation Comics, The Incredible Hulk and Amazing Fantasy, were all debuts of DC and Marvel characters such as Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Hulk and Spider-Man.

This was followed by a superhero boom that lasted until the end of World War II. After the war, while superheroes were well known, the comic book industry later made comics of horror, crime, science fiction and romance.

References

1933 establishments in the United States
Comics

American comic book