The Hocągara (Ho-Chungara) or Hocąks (Ho-Chunks) are a Siouan-speaking Native American Nation originally from Wisconsin and northern Illinois. Due to forced emigration in the 19th century, they now constitute two individual tribes; the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin and the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska. They are most closely related to the Chiwere peoples (the Ioway, Oto, and Missouria), and more distantly to the Dhegiha (Quapaw, Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, and Osage).

Migration myth
In the story that follows, the Bear Clan assumes the foundation role for the whole nation, and when they land they find the nation's friendship tribe, the Menominee. The Bear Clan is strongly associated with the kaǧi, a term that denotes the raven and northern crow. It is also the name by which the Hocągara know the Menominee.

On account of his vision, a great Menominee (Kaǧi) chief commanded that all manner of supplies be assembled at a white sand beach on Lake Michigan. And when all this had been done and set in order, as the sun reached its zenith the vision came to life: in the pure blue sky of the eastern horizon a single dark cloud began to form and move irresistibly towards them. It was a great flock of ravens (kaǧi), spirit birds with rainbow plumage of iridescent colors. The instant that the first of these landed, he materialized into a naked, kneeling man. The Menominee chief said to his people, "Give this man clothing, for he is a chief." And the others landed in like fashion, and were given great hospitality. They were the Hocąk nation, and that is how they came to Red Banks.

Red Banks (Wisconsin) is the traditional homeland of the Hocąk Nation. It is situated on Green Bay, which the Hocągara called Te-rok, the "Within Lake". Lake Michigan as a whole was called Te-šišik, "Bad Lake", which may well have led the Algonquian peoples round about Lake Winnebago to call them "the people of the Bad Waters", or Winnibégo in Menominee.

Trickster tales
Trickster tales played a major role in the Winnebago tribe. These stories were passed down orally and depicted humorous lessons through animals, nature and trickery. For example, "The Trickster and Talking Bulb" tells the story of "The Old Man", who disregards the warnings of a bulb and, in turn, gets punished for his defiance. The trickster later learns to respect nature and not go against it.

Red Horn

Red Horn (also known as 'He Who Wears (Human) Faces on His Ears') is found in the oral traditions of the  Ioway, and Hocągara (Winnebago) (whose ethnology was recorded by anthropologist Paul Radin,  1908–1912). The Red Horn Cycle depicts his adventures with Turtle,  the thunderbird Storms-as-He-Walks (Mą'e-manįga) and others who contest a race of giants, the Wąge-rucge or "Man-Eaters",  who have been killing human beings whom Red Horn has pledged to help. Red Horn eventually took a red haired giant woman as a wife. Archaeologists have speculated that Red Horn is a mythic figure in Mississippian art,  represented on a number of Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC) artifacts. Hall has shown that the mythic cycle of Red Horn and his sons has some interesting analogies with the Hero Twins mythic cycle of Mesoamerica.

See also
Native American mythology
Ho-Chunk
Winnebago language
Winnebago War
Doty Island (Wisconsin)
Native American tribes in Nebraska

Notes and references

External links
Ho-Chunk Nation web site
The Encyclopedia of Hotcâk (Winnebago) Mythology
Catholic Encyclopedia entry
Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
Paul Radin's Winnebago Notebooks at the American Philosophical Library

Ho-Chunk
Siouan mythology

Ho-Chunk mythology


University of Asia Pacific (UAP) was made in 1996 as a private university. It was made under the Private University Act 1992. It has a vision to enhance the opportunities for higher education in Bangladesh.

Classes
Its curriculum has been approved by The University Grants Commission of the Government of Bangladesh. The university started its operation, i.e. the first semester of classes, in 1996. They offered four-year bachelor degree programs in Computer Science and Technology and Business Administration only. Now UAP has undergraduate programs in Architecture, Business Administration, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering and Pharmacy.

Sponsors
UAP has been sponsored by University of Asia Pacific Foundation, a non-profit, non-commercial organization based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The aim of the Foundation is to promote human and social development through, inter alia, improved educational opportunities, innovative educational programs relevant to the needs of an emerging society and to develop skills, know how and awareness of the youth through appropriate institutional means.

The foundation has been made by a group of eminent educationists, industrialists and administrators who share the same vision and social commitments. The University of Asia Pacific is the first project of the foundation aimed for these goals.

1996 establishments in Asia
Colleges and universities in Bangladesh

University of Asia Pacific


Gastroliths, or gizzard stones, are small rocks kept by an animal inside its stomach or at an early part of the alimentary canal. The function of these is to mash up the food so digestion takes place faster. Typically, animals which do this do not have suitable teeth for grinding, and the gastroliths are a good substitute for this.

A second function, in aquatic animals, is that gastroliths can be used for ballast to make diving easier.

Identification
Several pieces of evidence are needed to show that a rock was used by a fossil animal to aid its digestion. First, the stone must be unlike the rock found in its geological vicinity. Secondly, it should be rounded and polished, because inside a gizzard any genuine gastrolith would grind against other stones and fibrous materials, like the action of a rock tumbler. Lastly, the stone must be found with the fossils of the animal which ingested it.

Occurrence
Among living vertebrates, gastroliths are common among crocodiles, alligators, herbivorous birds, seals and sea lions. Domestic fowl need access to grit.  Stones swallowed by ostriches can exceed a length of . Amphibians such as the Axolotl ingest rocks that are presumed to be gastroliths. Apparent microgastroliths have also been found in frog tadpoles. Ingestion of silt and gravel by tadpoles of various frog species improves buoyancy control.

Sauropod dinosaurs appear to have used stones to grind tough plant matter. An example of this is the early Cretaceous theropod Caudipteryx zoui from northeastern China. It was discovered with a series of small stones, in the area of its skeleton that would have corresponded with its abdominal region. Aquatic animals, such as plesiosaurs, may have used them as ballast, to help balance themselves or to decrease their buoyancy, as crocodiles do. Some fossil gastroliths are rounded and polished, many stones in living birds are not polished at all. Gastroliths associated with dinosaur fossils can weigh several kilograms.

References

Zoology

Gastrolith


A baby walker is a device that can be used by infants who cannot walk on their own to move from one place to another. Modern baby walkers are also for toddlers. They have a base made of hard plastic sitting on top of wheels and a suspended fabric seat with two leg holes. In the US, baby walkers are responsible for about 2000 injuries annually to children serious enough to require a trip to the emergency room, prompting calls from pediatricians for their outright ban.

Cause of developmental delays
Many parents believe that such walkers teach a child to walk faster. However, they may actually delay walking by two to three weeks for a typical child. The amount of use matters; for every 24 hours babies spend in a baby walker (for example, one hour per day for 24 days), they learn to walk three days later and to stand four days later than they would have.

Safety issues
Baby walkers have also led to many preventable injuries caused by tripping, toppling over, or skidding on wet floors. These include injuries from falling down stairs while moving around in the baby walker, often with injuries that are worse than typical for falling down the stairs.  Walkers allow babies to reach areas they otherwise couldn't, including pools, bathtubs, and kitchens, where they can be at risk for burns from pulling boiling food off stovetops. The total number of baby walker-related injuries is likely an underestimation because there are more than 40 different terms used in academic or news reports for these devices, thus complicating a tally of the number of device-related injuries.

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, American Academy of Pediatrics, Kids In Danger, and other organizations have issued warnings to discourage parents from using baby walkers. Direct education of parents in a medical setting reduces parents' willingness to use these devices.

In Canada, the sale of baby walkers was banned on April 7, 2004.  Canada is the first country in the world to ban the sale, importation and advertisement of baby walkers.  This ban extends to modified and second hand baby walkers, including those sold at a yard sales or flea markets. The Canadian Consumers Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA) changed the items that were allowed to be sold at such sales. Owners of baby walkers may be fined up to CA $100,000 or sentenced to up to six months in jail.

In the United States, annual baby-walker-related injuries dropped from around 21,000 in 1990 to around 3,200 in 2003, attributed to publicity about the danger of such devices and voluntary safety improvements by manufacturers. Eight babies died from such injuries between 2004 and 2008. Annual injuries dropped a further 23% after mandatory U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission standards (adopted in 2010) went into effect, including testing requirements and brakes to prevent stair falls.

Alternatives

Parent-assisted baby walkers were developed as an alternative to traditional baby walkers.  These types of baby walkers differ greatly from traditional baby walkers as they have no wheels and require full parent assistance while in use.  The design of modern parent-assisted baby walkers is similar to leading strings in that the child is suspended upright from straps while learning to walk.  Parent-assisted baby walkers offer a safer method for teaching a child to walk over traditional baby walkers that can be unattended while in use.

Some toys with wheels are designed for young children to hold on to while they are walking.
Designed in vibrant colors and adorned with playful toys and interactive features, these walkers aid in physical development and stimulate a child's cognitive and sensory abilities.

History
Baby walkers were known as early as the 15th century in Europe. An illumination in the Hours of Catherine of Cleves, a Dutch manuscript from that time, depicts the infant Jesus in a wooden baby walker.

Go-cart was a common historical name for the wheeled version.  Other alternatives were also used.  A baby-runner was a padded wooden ring, set at the height of the baby's waist, on a pole that was fixed into the floor and ceiling.  The baby was placed inside the ring and able to move in a circle around the pole.  This prevented the baby from reaching dangerous places, such as hot ovens.

See also
baby jumper
stroller
walker (mobility)

References

Child development
Walking

Baby walker


In oceanography, geomorphology, and geoscience, a shoal is a natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material and rises from the bed of a body of water to close or above the surface that poses a danger to navigation. Shoals are also known as sandbanks, sandbars, or gravelbars. Two or more shoals that are either separated by shared troughs or interconnected by past or present sedimentary and hydrographic processes are referred to as a shoal complex.

The term shoal is also used in a number of ways that can be either similar or quite different from how it is used in geologic, geomorphic, and oceanographic literature. Sometimes, this term refers to either any relatively shallow place in a stream, lake, sea, or other body of water; a rocky area on the seafloor within an area mapped for navigation purposes; or a growth of vegetation on the bottom of a deep lake that occurs at any depth or is used as a verb for the process of proceeding from a greater to a lesser depth of water.

Description
Shoals are characteristically long and narrow (linear) ridges. They can develop where a stream, river, or ocean current promotes deposition of sediment and granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Marine shoals also develop either by the in-place drowning of barrier islands as the result of episodic sea level rise or by the erosion and submergence of inactive delta lobes.

Shoals can appear as a coastal landform in the sea, where they are classified as a type of ocean bank, or as fluvial landforms in rivers, streams, and lakes.

A shoal–sandbar may seasonally separate a smaller body of water from the sea, such as:
 Marine lagoons
 Brackish water estuaries
 Freshwater seasonal stream and river mouths and deltas.

The term bar can apply to landform features spanning a considerable range in size, from a length of a few meters in a small stream to marine depositions stretching for hundreds of kilometers along a coastline, often called barrier islands.

Composition
They are typically composed of sand, although they could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important.

Formation

Wave shoaling is the process when surface waves move towards shallow water, such as a beach, they slow down, their wave height increases and the distance between waves decreases. This behavior is called shoaling, and the waves are said to shoal. The waves may or may not build to the point where they break, depending on how large they were to begin with, and how steep the slope of the beach is. In particular, waves shoal as they pass over submerged sandbanks or reefs. This can be treacherous for boats and ships.

Shoaling can also refract waves, so the waves change direction. For example, if waves pass over a sloping bank which is shallower at one end than the other, then the shoaling effect will result in the waves slowing more at the shallow end. Thus, the wave fronts will refract, changing direction like light passing through a prism. Refraction also occurs as waves move towards a beach if the waves come in at an angle to the beach, or if the beach slopes more gradually at one end than the other.

Types

Sandbars and longshore bars

Sandbars, also known as a trough bars, form where the waves are breaking, because the breaking waves set up a shoreward current with a compensating counter-current along the bottom. Sometimes this occurs seaward of a trough (marine landform).

Sand carried by the offshore moving bottom current is deposited where the current reaches the wave break. Other longshore bars may lie further offshore, representing the break point of even larger waves, or the break point at low tide.

Peresyp

In Russian tradition of geomorphology, a  is a sandbar that rises above the water level (like a spit) and separates a liman or a lagoon from the sea. Unlike tombolo bars, a peresyp seldom forms a contiguous strip and usually has one or several channels that connect the liman and the sea.<ref> Федченко Г.П, 'О самосадочной соли и соляных озерах Каспийского и Азовского бассейнов  1870, p. 54</ref> A number of geographical locations are called "peresyp", most notable being the Peresyp district of Odessa built on the wide peresyp that bars the Khadzhibey and Kuialnyk limans from the Black Sea.

Harbor and river bars

A harbor or river bar is a sedimentary deposit formed at a harbor entrance or river mouth by the deposition of freshwater sediment or by the action of waves on the sea floor or on up-current beaches.

Where beaches are suitably mobile, or the river's suspended or bed loads are large enough, deposition can build up a sandbar that completely blocks a river mouth and dams the river. It can be a seasonally natural process of aquatic ecology, causing the formation of estuaries and wetlands in the lower course of the river.  This situation will persist until the bar is eroded by the sea, or the dammed river develops sufficient head to break through the bar.

The formation of harbor bars that prevent access for boats and shipping can be the result of:
 construction up-coast or at the harbor — e.g.: breakwaters, dune habitat destruction.
 upriver development — e.g.: dams and reservoirs, riparian zone destruction, river bank alterations, river adjacent agricultural land practices, water diversions.
 watershed erosion from habitat alterations  — e.g.: deforestation, wildfires, grading for development.
 artificially created/deepened harbors that require periodic dredging maintenance.

Nautical navigation
In a nautical sense, a bar is a shoal, similar to a reef: a shallow formation of (usually) sand that is a navigation or grounding hazard, with a depth of water of  or less. It therefore applies to a silt accumulation that shallows the entrance to or course of a river, or creek.  A bar can form a dangerous obstacle to shipping, preventing access to the river or harbor in poor weather conditions or at some states of the tide.

Geological units

In addition to longshore bars discussed above that are relatively small features of a beach, the term shoal'' can be applied to larger geological units that form off a coastline as part of the process of coastal erosion, such as spits and baymouth bars that form across the front of embayments and rias. A tombolo is a bar that forms an isthmus between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore.

In places of reentrance along a coastline (such as inlets, coves, rias, and bays), sediments carried by a longshore current will fall out where the current dissipates, forming a spit.  An area of water isolated behind a large bar is called a lagoon. Over time, lagoons may silt up, becoming salt marshes.

In some cases, shoals may be precursors to beach expansion and dunes formation, providing a source of windblown sediment to augment such beach or dunes landforms.

Human habitation
Since prehistoric times, humans have chosen some shoals as a site of habitation. In some early cases, the locations provided easy access to exploit marine resources. In modern times, these sites are sometimes chosen for the water amenity or view, but many such locations are prone to storm damage.

An area in Northwest Alabama is commonly referred to as "The Shoals" by local inhabitants, and one of the cities, Muscle Shoals, is named for such landform and its abundance of Mussels.

See also

  — 1982 U.S. law

 The

References

Coastal and oceanic landforms
Fluvial landforms
Hydrology
Coastal geography
Physical oceanography
.
Oceanographical terminology
Islands by type

hu:Turzás
pl:Mielizna

Shoal


Henri Gillain (1913 – 10 August 1999) was a Belgian teacher and comics enthusiast who on several occasions wrote scripts for Franco-Belgian comics publications in the segment known as Bande Dessinée. He was also the brother of Joseph Gillain, famous by the pseudonym Jijé.

Contributions
Although committed to his career as a math teacher, Henri Gillain followed with interest the early developments of comic strips in Belgium, and the artistic evolution of his brother, Jijé, eventually considered by many the second pioneer of Belgian comics after Hergé.

In the late 40s he turned contributor when he submitted a script to André Franquin, his brother's protégé, in the shape of a thick notebook which contained the ideas that would result in Spirou magazine serialised story, Il y a un sorcier à Champignac, and serve as a platform for the entire series Spirou et Fantasio. Upon publication in 1950, Henri Gillain took the pseudonym Jean Darc, a play on the name Jean d'Arc (Joan of Arc).

In 1952, Henri Gillain submitted another script to Will, another young artist nurtured by his brother, a scenario for Tif et Tondu, Le Trésor d'Alaric, and would on this occasion use the pseudonym Luc Bermar. During this time he was also an anonymous contributor to his Jijé's Blondin et Cirage story Nègre Blanc.

In 1959, he also wrote the story for Lambil's debut work with "Sandy", Une Aventure en Australie.

Sources

 Henri Gillain publications in Le Journal de Spirou BDoubliées

Footnotes

External links
 Henri Gillain biography on Éditions Dupuis

1913 births
1999 deaths
Belgian comics writers

Henri Gillain


Alan Curtis Kay (born May 17, 1940) is an American computer scientist. He has been elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Royal Society of Arts. He is best known for his pioneering work on object-oriented programming and windowing graphical user interface (GUI) design. He received the Turing award in 2003

References

1940 births
Living people
American computer scientists

Alan Kay


Julio Iglesias Jr. (born Julio José Iglesias Preysler; 25 February 1973) is a Spanish singer. In 2008, he was declared the winner of the CMT competition Gone Country.

Early life
Julio Iglesias Jr. was born Julio José Iglesias Preysler in Madrid, Spain, the son of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite and "Hola!" magazine journalist Isabel Preysler. He is the younger brother of Chabeli Iglesias and the older brother of Enrique Iglesias. His parents divorced in 1979. Iglesias Jr. and his siblings moved to Miami to live with their father. Iglesias Jr. went to college near San Francisco at Menlo College in Atherton, California. He won a chance to participate in NBC's Out of the Blue and he worked for the Travel Channel, where he hosted a travel show that took him to Latin America.

Career
Iglesias Jr., with the help of his friend and manager Darius Jordi Lassus, first got into show business as a model. It was his manager that negotiated an exclusive male modeling agreement with Joey Hunter (at the time he was the president of the Male Model division) at the Ford Models Agency in New York. It was through Joey Hunter, that Iglesias Jr. was discovered by photographer Bruce Weber. He went on to campaign for Versace. Shortly after, Iglesias Jr. signed on with publicity executive Ruben Malaret who began a press campaign to further gain exposure of Iglesias Jr. to the English speaking entertainment industry. Some of his notable accomplishments was his participation on Oprah Winfrey's talk show and was featured in an advertisement for Gap and he modeled for designer John Bartlett VII on Sixth Fashion Show.

He was offered two soap opera jobs, one at Televisa and one in the ABC soap opera All My Children. Iglesias Jr. also received an offer from the Producers of the Broadway show Grease to star as Danny, but decided to turn down these job offers because he wanted to focus on his music. Iglesias Jr. signed a recording agreement with Epic Records and he traveled to Miami where he began to record his first album, Under My Eyes, with Rodolfo Castillo. Released in 1999, the recording of this album took them to New York City and Los Angeles, two songs released from this English language album are "One More Chance" and "Under My Eyes". Among promotional appearances for the album, Iglesias Jr. performed "One More Chance" at the Miss Universe 1999 Pageant and opened for Cher on her tour of North America. The album failed to gain success in the United States and soon after Iglesias Jr. departed from Epic Records.

Iglesias Jr's. second album, Tercera Dimension, was released in 2003 on the Warner Music Group and featured Spanish pop rock songs with the singles "Los Demas" and "Dejame Volar". Both albums received public interest from the Hispanic media in the United States but attained minority success.

He worked for Hola Magazine, appearing in several photoshoots. More recently he has taken part in a series in Spain called Club de Flo, in which Spanish politicians and celebrities have to present a comedy routine. The show was unsuccessful and cancelled after several episodes. He has moved back to Spain and is living with his mother Isabel Preysler. He appeared on the Spanish version of Dancing with the Stars called "¡Mira quien baila!" but was voted out in the thirteenth week. He has played the lead role in a drama film entitled The Music of You directed by Lloyd DeSouza.

In 2008, Iglesias Jr. was the winner of the first season of CMT reality Television show Gone Country, in which artists from other genres of music lived together in a house in Nashville and competed to win a country music contract. His single "The Way I Want You" was released to country radio on 10 March 2008 and was produced by Gone Country host John Rich. Iglesias Jr. also appeared on the ABC TV show the superstars. He was partnered with soccer player Brandi Chastain; they finished in fourth place in the competition.

In 2014, he joined the band Latin Lovers with Nuno Resende and Damien Sargue.

In 2015, he performed a concert (complete show) for the first time with his father Julio Iglesias in a tour in Romania, on 22 May at Sala Polivalentă in Cluj-Napoca and 2 July at Sala Palatului in the capital Bucharest.

Personal life
In October 1999, he legally changed his name from Julio José Iglesias to Julio Iglesias Jr.

In May 2011, Iglesias Jr. became engaged to Belgian model Charisse Verhaert (born 1982) after 7 years of dating. The religious wedding took place on 3 November 2012 in Aldea del Fresno, Spain. In August 2020, a petition for divorce was filed in the Miami Court. Since October 2022, he has been in a relationship with Brazilian model Vivi Di Domenico who is twenty years his junior.

Iglesias is a Catholic and descendant of the religious Filipino-Spanish clan Arrastia from the Arrastia family of Lubao, Pampanga the Philippines.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links
 Official Site Latin Lovers

1973 births
Living people
21st-century Spanish singers
Bailando por un Sueño (Argentine TV series) participants
EMI Records artists
English-language singers from Spain
Epic Records artists
Julio Jr.
Participants in American reality television series
Participants in Argentine reality television series
Singers from Madrid
Singing talent show winners
Spanish emigrants to the United States
Spanish expatriates in the United States
Spanish male models
Spanish male singers
Spanish people of American descent
Spanish people of Filipino descent
Spanish people of Jewish descent
Spanish people of Kapampangan descent
Spanish people of Puerto Rican descent

Julio Iglesias Jr.


Shiva Baby is an American movie made by Emma Seligman. The main character Danielle is played by Rachel Sennott. It was shown at film festivals in 2020, and in movie theaters in 2021. It was delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Molly Gordon plays Maya, Danny Deferrari plays Max, Polly Draper plays Danielle's mom Debbie, Fred Melamed plays Danielle's dad Joel, and Dianna Agron plays Max's wife Kim.

Plot
Danielle has sex with Max in exchange for money, then goes to a Jewish funeral observance with her parents, Joel and Debbie. Debbie tells her to behave inside. Neighbors who are also at the funeral compare Danielle to Maya, who was Danielle's girlfriend in high school, and who is going to law school. Max also knows Danielle's parents and goes to the funeral. Debbie tells Danielle that Max is married, shocking her.

Kim, who is Max's wife, also arrives. She has brought their baby. Danielle has to go to the bathroom to change after accidentally ripping her tights. In the bathroom mirror she takes a topless photo to send to Max, but she leaves her phone in the bathroom. She tries to avoid Max and his family, helping out around the house. Maya tries to go with her and notices Danielle staring at Max, but Maya thinks Danielle is staring at Kim, and asks her about it. Danielle doesn't want to say Kim is pretty and successful.

Danielle then talks to Kim, who tries to give Danielle a job, but Danielle is rude to Kim. Danielle's parents then talk to Kim, revealing to Danielle that Kim makes the money in their family and gives Max the money to pay Danielle without knowing about it. Kim sees Danielle wearing the same bracelet that Max gave to her, and suspects something is out of place. Max then spills coffee on Danielle while trying to hide the topless photos from Kim, and Danielle goes to clean up with Debbie, who comforts her. Maya and Danielle then go to the kitchen, because Maya wants to talk about their relationship, but Max interrupts. Maya loudly talks about their relationship. Danielle follows Max to the bathroom and tries to give him a blowjob, but he leaves. Danielle goes outside, and argues with Maya before they kiss.

Maya then finds Danielle's phone in the bathroom, and sees messages about having sex with people, which upsets her. Maya tells Danielle she has seen the phone but won't tell her where. Danielle sees Kim again, talking with her parents and other people. Danielle hints to Kim that Max is cheating, and Kim asks Danielle if she is dating anyone. Joel gets the people around Danielle to sing an old lullaby to her to comfort her about being single. Danielle is stressed out and imagines Kim singing along.

Danielle and Max decide to stop having sex, and Kim walks in to tell Max they need to go home. Danielle also wants to go home and tries to find her parents. Kim goes to find Danielle to give her back her phone. Kim asks Danielle to hold her baby so she can feed her, but Danielle doesn't want to. Max starts arguing with Kim about the baby, accidentally pushing Danielle into a vase. Danielle starts crying on the floor, and Debbie gets everyone to leave. They all get in Joel's van even though there isn't much room, and Maya and Danielle hold hands and smile.

Cast
Source:

References

2020 comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
Feminist movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in New York City

Shiva Baby


The Aldomirovtsi Marsh () is a karst marsh in western Bulgaria near the town of Slivnitsa. In 1989 the marsh was designated a protected area in order to preserve the natural habitat of rare species of waterfowl and 40 species of higher plants.

Description
The marsh is situated in the westernmost reaches of the Sofia Valley, 5 km north-west of the town of Slivnitsa and 1 km north of the village of Aldomirovtsi near European route E80. It is located not far from the Serbian border (28 km), and 30 km from capital city Sofia. The Aldomirovtsi Marsh covers an area of 129.4 ha.

Near the marsh are the localities Meka Crev and Tri Ushi–- a scene of the bloody battle of Slivnitsa in November 1885 during the Serbo-Bulgarian War when the Bulgarians decisively defeated a Serbian invasion.

The marsh used to be a popular destination for anglers due to the large specimen of northern pike, common carp and the introduced grass carp. The record for a grass carp fished by angle was set there in 1982 –- 22.7 kg.

The Aldomirovtsi Marsh is home to many nesting and wintering bird species, including ruff, great crested grebe, little grebe, black-necked grebe, white stork, water rail, little gull, common redshank, little egret, little bittern, short-toed snake eagle, etc.

Drying problems and recovery
The marsh has a variable water regime and irregular shape. Its area increases in spring and almost dries in summer and autumn. The marsh had dried completely twice, in 1991 and 2012. In May 2012, immediately after the 2012 Pernik earthquake, the marsh began to rapidly dry up until it disappeared completely in July 2013. The cause was a shift of the earth layers of the local karst rocks in the aftermath of the earthquake.

In 2014 experts from Slivnitsa municipality and environmentalists discovered that the water of the marsh was draining in a ponor. The ponor was sealed with clay and concrete and since the autumn of 2014 the Aldomirovtsi Marsh has recovered.

See also

Geography of Bulgaria
Dragoman Marsh
List of protected areas of Bulgaria
List of lakes in Bulgaria

Citations

Sources

External links

Marshes of Bulgaria
Landforms of Sofia Province

Aldomirovtsi Marsh


Evan Siemann is a professor in the Biosciences Department at Rice University in Houston, Texas.  He received his AB from Cornell University in 1990 and his PhD from the University of Minnesota in 1997.  The focus of his research has been investigating how local environmental factors (e.g. enemies, resources, disturbance regime and recruitment limitation) interact with post-invasion adaptation to determine the likelihood and severity of Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) invasions into East Texas coastal prairie, mesic forests, and floodplain forests. The results of this research have been highlighted in Science Daily, Environmental News Service, and The Sciences. He has also recently begun to explore the ecosystem level impacts of exotic tree invasions into coastal prairies. His research group is also engaged in a number of applied research projects related to controlling exotic plant and animal invasions into Texas ecosystems.

Selected publications
Zou, J., Rogers, W.E., and Siemann, E. 2009. Plasticity of Sapium sebiferum seedling growth to light and water resources: Inter- and intraspecific comparisons. Basic and Applied Ecology 10:79–88.
Zou, J., Siemann, E. and Rogers, W.E.,. 2008. Decreased resistance and increased tolerance to native herbivores of the invasive plant Sapium sebiferum. Ecography 31:663–671.
Rua, MA, NIjjer, S, Johnson, A, Rogers, WE, and Siemann, E. 2008. Experimental approaches to test allelopathy: A case study using the invader Sapium sebiferum. Allelopathy Journal 22:1–13.
Horn, K.C., Johnson,S.D., Boles, K.M., Moore,A., Siemann,E., and Gabler, C.A. 2008. Factors affecting hatching success of golden apple snail eggs: effects of water immersion and cannibalism. Wetlands 28:544–549.
Zou, J., Rogers, W.E., and Siemann, E. . 2008. Increased competitive ability and herbivory tolerance of the invasive plant Sapium sebiferum. Biological Invasions 10:291–302.
Nijjer, S., Rogers, W.E., Lee,C.A., and Siemann, E.. 2008. The effects of soil biota and fertilization on the success of Sapium sebiferum  Applied Soil Ecology 38:1–11.
Siemann E, Rogers WE, and Dewalt SJ. 2006. Rapid adaptation of insect herbivores to an invasive plant. Proc R Soc B 273:2763–2769.
Zou J, Rogers WE, Dewalt SJ, Siemann E. 2006. The effect of Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) ecotype on soil-plant system carbon and nitrogen processes. Oecologia. 150: 272–281.
Bossdorf O, Auge H, Lafuma L, Rogers WE, Siemann E, Prati D. 2005. Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations. Oecologia. 2005 Jun;144(1):1–11
Siemann, E. and W.E. Rogers. 2003. Changes in light and nitrogen availability under pioneer trees may facilitate tree invasions of grasslands. Journal of Ecology 91:923–931.
Siemann, E. and W. E. Rogers. 2003. Herbivory, disease, recruitment limitation and success of alien and native tree species. Ecology 84:1489–1505.
Siemann, E. and W.E. Rogers. 2001. Genetic differences in growth of an invasive tree species. Ecology Letters 4:514–518.
Siemann, E. 1998. Experimental tests of the effects of plant productivity and plant diversity on grassland arthropod diversity. Ecology 79:2057–2070.
Tilman, D, J. Knops, D. Wedin, P. Reich, M. Ritchie and E. Siemann. 1997. Functional diversity and composition simultaneously influence ecosystem processes. Science 277: 1300–1302.
Siemann, E., D. Tilman and J. Haarstad. 1996. Insect species diversity, abundance and body size relationships. Nature 380:704–706.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
Cornell University alumni
Rice University faculty

Evan Siemann


Janis "Jan" Mary Hudson (April 27, 1954 – April 22, 1990) was a Canadian writer.

The daughter of Laurence and Mary Wiedrick, she was born Janis Mary Wiedrick in Calgary, Alberta and grew up in Edmonton. During her high school years, Hudson spent a short time in Eugene, Oregon, where she was encouraged in her writing by an English and drama teacher there. She received a BA in English from the University of Calgary and a law degree from the University of Alberta. She became interested in Alberta's history while taking a course about First Nations treaties in western Canada.

Hudson finished her manuscript for Sweetgrass in 1979. Although American publishers were not interested, the work placed second in the Alberta Writing for Young People competition. It was published in 1984 by Tree Frog Press, a small publishing company. It received the Canadian Library Association Book of the Year for Children Award and the Canada Council Children's Literature Prize. After it was released in the United States five years later, it was named Best Book for Young Adults by the American Library Association and received the Parents' Choice Award.

In 1990, Hudson published a second work of historical fiction Dawn Rider. It received the R. Ross Annett Award for Children's Literature.

She died in Edmonton at the age of 35 from sudden respiratory failure brought on by viral pneumonia.

References

1954 births
1990 deaths
Canadian women children's writers
Canadian historical novelists
University of Calgary alumni
University of Alberta alumni
Writers from Calgary

Jan Hudson


Cum Jam Lustri is an apostolic letter of Pope Pius XII, dated September 1, 1951, to the bishops "and brave people" of Poland about  their sufferings during Stalinist persecution. He asks for prayers to the Virgin Mary, because she will not deny her help to the Polish people, who dedicated themselves to her protection.

The letter expresses Papal condolences to the death of Cardinal August Hlond of Warsaw, who formed the face of the resurrected Poland and sacrificed his life for his country, the Church and the Representative of Christ.  The Pope also mourns the death Adam Stefan Sapieha Cardinal Archbishop of Krakow, who provided strong, courageous leadership  during the terrible years of German occupation. Strengthening his fatherland and the Church, he was never timid despite all the persecutions. He took care of his people. Sapieha was like a firmly rooted tree, growing next to a river, his very existence an encouragement not only for Poland but for all of Christianity.

Knowing how much Poland venerates the Blessed Mother, the Pope expresses his sadness that so many Polish bishops were not allowed to be in Rome during the proclamation of the Dogma of the Assumption, November 1, 1950. He is so much aware, that no other country has such an ardent love for the mother of the Lord. She will not deny her help to the Polish people, who dedicated themselves to her protection. He prays for her miraculous assistance and reminds, that Polish soldiers fought near the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto to save her house during the war. Polish soldiers also celebrated a Holy Mass in her honour, in smouldering ruins after the battle of Monte Cassino.  The struggle continues.  But, Pope Pius XII is sure, the Virgin Mary will help, as the high minded Polish people continue to trust in her and confidently hope for a better future.

References

Sources

 Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Roma, Vaticano, 1939,1951

Pope Pius XII apostolic writings
History of Catholicism in Poland
Persecution of Catholics during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII Mariology
Catholic theology and doctrine
1951 documents
1951 in Christianity

Cum Jam Lustri


Rear Admiral Sir (Charles) Philip Clarke KBE CB DSO (14 March 1898 – 13 November 1966) was a Royal Navy officer who became Flag Officer, Malta.

Naval career
Clarke joined the Royal Navy in 1911 and was promoted to midshipman in 1914 at the start of the First World War. He served in the Second World War becoming commanding officer of the cruiser HMS Caledon in July 1939 and commanding officer of the cruiser HMS Glasgow in November 1943.

Clarke became Director of Mobilisation at the Admiralty in March 1946 and Flag Officer, Malta in June 1948. In retirement he served as President of the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers from 1955 to 1956.

References

1898 births
1966 deaths
Royal Navy rear admirals
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing

Philip Clarke (Royal Navy officer)


Norman McCabe (February 10, 1911 – January 17, 2006) was an American animator, cartoonist, and director. He is famous for creating animated cartoons during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He did his most major work for the Warner Bros. studios. He created the characters of Porky Pig and Daffy Duck. His had an effect on almost all of the animated cartoon series by various studios in the 1940s.

Other websites

1911 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
American animators

Norman McCabe


The Church of the Assumption is an historic Carpenter Gothic style Roman Catholic church located on US 41, 400 feet east of M-26 in Phoenix in Houghton Township, Michigan.  It is also known as the Phoenix Church. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

History
In 1853, Frederic Baraga was consecrated as bishop of the Upper Peninsula diocese, and in 1854 he sent Rev. Henry L. Thiele to serve at the Eagle River mission, which included the town of Clifton at the Cliff mine. In 1858, Bishop Baraga authorized Thiele to construct a church near Clifton. A site for a church and cemetery was donated by the North American Mining Company, and Thiel hired Nicholas Grasser to build the church for $1860. It is likely that Bishop Baraga himself designed the church. Construction began in 1868, and was completed in 1869.

The church was consecrated as St. Mary's, but by 1883, the name was changed to the Church of the Assumption. The church was served from the mission at Eagle Harbor. In 1884, the Cliff Mine closed down and the population of Clifton dropped to almost nothing in a few years time. The nearby Phoenix Mine suffered the same fate, and with almost no parishioners left, the Church of the Assumption was closed. However, in 1899 the Phoenix Consolidated Copper Company made plans to reopen the Phoenix Mine, and the church was dismantled and reconstructed in its present location in Phoenix. During reconstruction, the architecture of the church was changed to give it a more Gothic appearance, installing Gothic windows, changing the roof pitch, and reconstructing the belfry and spire.

The Phoenix Mine closed again bu 1905, and the population of Phoenix again subsided. However, masses were held in the church until 1957, after which the church was finally closed. In 1985, the church was purchased by the Keweenaw County Historical Society, which undertook an extensive restoration process.  As of 2009, the church (although deconsecrated) is still used for weddings and memorial services.

Description
The Church of the Assumption is a white-painted wooden building in what was once the mining town of Phoenix. The church is covered in clapboard, and stands on concrete block piers which replaced the original supporting posts made of mine timbers. The building consists of a gable-roof nave about sixty feet by twenty-four feet, with a centrally positioned entryway/tower and steeple in the front facade and a small rear addition. The roof is steeply pitched, and the double-door entry has a pointed top arch. Four tall Gothic windows line each side of the nave's, and short upper and lower windows flank the entry tower, with additional windows in the tower's side walls. Another window in the front face of the tower above the entry.

Inside there is a small vestibule in the base of the tower, which leads into the nave. The long narrow room has wooden floor boards and wood-sheathed walls. A gallery is above, and a central aisle leads toward the altar. A rectangular-plan Gothic wooden altar stands on a platform in the front, with tiers of candle shelves behind. A door in the center of the rear wall behind the altar leads to a small one-story hip-roof sacristy.

References

External links
Phoenix Church from the Keweenaw County Historical Society

Buildings and structures in Keweenaw County, Michigan
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Carpenter Gothic church buildings in Michigan
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1858
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Keweenaw National Historical Park
Museums in Keweenaw County, Michigan
Religious museums in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Keweenaw County, Michigan

Church of the Assumption (Phoenix, Michigan)


WMJZ-FM (101.5 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to the city of Gaylord, Michigan.  It broadcasts with a power output of 50,000 watts.  The station airs an adult hits format as Eagle 101.5, and is owned by 45 North Media Inc, a company owned by Bryan Hollenbaugh.

History

Beginnings
For many years, WMJZ operated at the class A frequency of 95.3 FM, and a power output of only 3,000 watts.  The station first went on the air on February 20, 1984, as WZXM-FM with a Top 40/CHR format, as the FM sister station of AM 900 WZXM, which had been on the air since 1950, first as WATC, which was originally part of the Paul Bunyan Network.  As WZXM was a daytime-only station at this time, the presence of WZXM allowed Otsego County to enjoy local radio service after FCC rules mandated shutdown of the AM station after sunset.

WZXM was sold in June 1986 to a Detroit broadcaster.  The call letters were changed to WMJZ as part of an AM and FM simulcast of adult contemporary and oldies music, provided by ABC Radio/SMN's Starstation satellite-delivered format along with a local community involvement.

Simulcast abandoned: WMJZ comes into its own
Classic Radio decided to end the simulcast between the two stations in 1990, as WMJZ-AM had been granted limited nighttime power by the FCC and had the ability to have its own identity.  WMJZ then adopted a satellite-delivered adult contemporary format, while the AM adopted the call letters WSNQ and broadcast a syndicated news/talk format from the Sun Radio Network.  In June 1996, Classic Radio, Inc. decided to sell the station to Morning Dove, Inc., a company owned by David and Jo'Anne Essmaker.

Morning Dove made upgrades to the equipment and ended the satellite format relationship over the FM and began a new format of Hot Adult Contemporary music, all programmed locally on-site. The station dropped its "Majic" branding and became known as "Z95."  In February 1998, Morning Dove agreed to sell the station to Darby Advertising.

Darby Advertising
Darby Advertising applied for a construction permit to move WMJZ from 95.3 to 101.5.  The FCC approved the application in October 1998. WMJZ moved to 101.5 and was rebilled as "Oldies 101.5", with programming from Jones Radio Networks' Good Time Oldies format and its power now doubled to 6,000 watts.

The FCC granted a request in February 2004 for WMJZ to move its antenna to a taller tower and increase its power to 50,000 watts, covering much of Michigan's northern lower peninsula and Mackinac Straits area. WMJZ also moved tower locations, from a site on the east side of Gaylord along M-32 to a new site north of Vienna Corners, Michigan.

In early 2006, WMJZ ended its oldies format in favor of an classic hits format under the name Eagle 101.5.

45 North Media Inc
On January 1, 2018, WMJZ was sold to veteran broadcaster Bryan Hollenbaugh. Hollenbaugh was most recently a general manager at group of radio stations in Albany, New York. The sale was consummated on July 31, 2018, at a price of $750,000.

The station was re-positioned to Adult Hits and 'Uniquely Northern Michigan'. The format of the station became more contemporary, adding titles from the 1990s and 2000s into the mix.  Long-time morning show host Mike Reling has been a station staple; having hosted mornings for over 25 years; airing weekdays from 6 to 10 am. Kris Daniels hosts middays from 10am-3pm. Program Director Rob Weaver hosts weekday afternoons 3pm-8pm.

Specialty features, including Eagle on Tap and Live at Five weekdays feature local happenings in the bar and restaurant scene and local musicians performing in studio.  Weekend programming consists of locally produced shows Big Boys Radio a local hunting and fishing show on Saturday Mornings; "Michigan Rocks!" hosted by Mark Sandstedt, and  Sunday Over Easy an oldies show that airs Sunday Mornings, hosted by station owner Bryan Hollenbaugh; local church services; and the regionally produced Acoustic Cafe, hosted by Rob Reinhart.  Other specialty programs include New Wave Nation, Retro Mix and Time Warp.

WMJZ is also an affiliate of ABC News Radio; and airs play-by-play coverage various high school football, basketball and hockey games throughout respective seasons for Gaylord High School and Johannesburg-Lewiston High School.

WMJZ gains a sister station
In November 2018, 45 North Media expanded to the Manistee market, purchasing WMTE-FM from Mitten Media, replacing the station's Adult album alternative format with similar adult hits format as Eagle 101.5. Despite the station's similar branding and identical frequency, WMTE is not a simulcast of WMJZ. Rather, they are independently programmed.

References

Sources
Michiguide.com - WMJZ-FM History

External links

Gaylord, Michigan
MJZ-FM
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1982
1982 establishments in Michigan

WMJZ-FM


The Summit Fire was a wildfire that started on May 22, 2008 in the Santa Cruz Mountains, near Corralitos, California, United States. The fire was fully contained on May 27, 2008. No injuries or fatalities occurred, with the exception of twelve firefighters who received minor sprains, cuts and strains.

The fire prompted mandatory evacuations of homes in the area. Several elementary, middle, and high schools were closed following the fire. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency for Santa Cruz County. The cause of the fire was an unattended burn pile
.

The fire has approached the area  to the east which was consumed in October 2002 - the Croy Fire.

Evacuations
The fire affected Santa Clara and Santa Cruz Counties. Approximately 1,400 homes were evacuated. Of them 336 were mandatory. More than 2900 firefighters fought the fire. Residents were ordered to evacuate the area shortly before 3 PM. The fire also affected Maymens Flat, a tiny community of fewer than ten homes.

Response
A state of emergency was declared by Arnold Schwarzenegger. He excused himself during a meeting with presidential candidate John McCain to comment on the fire.

References

2008 California wildfires
Evacuations
Wildfires in Santa Cruz County, California
May 2008 events in the United States

Summit Fire (2008)


Sergeant Elbert Luther Kinser (October 21, 1922 – May 4, 1945) was a United States Marine who sacrificed his life at the Battle of Okinawa during World War II. He threw himself on a grenade, absorbing the explosion with his body and protecting his men, for which he received the Medal of Honor. It was presented to his parents on July 4, 1946, in Greeneville, Tennessee.

Early years
Elbert Kinser was born in Greeneville, Tennessee on  October 21, 1922. He worked on his father's farm prior to joining the Marine Corps.

Marine Corps service
 Kinser enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in December 1942 and received his recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina.

He sailed from the United States in March 1943, and joined the 7th Replacement Battalion in Pago Pago, Tutuila, American Samoa. Later, that battalion joined the 1st Marine Division in Melbourne, Australia, and Sgt Kinser was assigned to Company I, 1st Marines.

Action with the 1st Marines followed at Cape Gloucester, New Britain in Operation Cartwheel, and later at Battle of Peleliu in Peleliu, Palau Islands.

On Easter Sunday, April 1, 1945, Sgt Kinser landed with his unit on the Japanese island Okinawa. There Sergeant Kinser,  acting as a leader of a rifle platoon, serving with Company I, 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division, was subsequently killed in action on May 4, 1945. During a hand grenade battle, a Japanese grenade landed in the immediate vicinity, Kinser unhesitatingly threw himself on the deadly grenade, absorbing the full charge of the shattering explosion in his own body and thereby protecting his men from serious injury and possible death. This won him the nation's highest military decoration.

Sergeant Kinser was buried in the 1st Marine Division Cemetery on Okinawa and his remains were returned to the United States in early 1949 for burial.  His final resting place is the Solomon Lutheran Cemetery in Greeneville, Tennessee.

Decorations

The Medal of Honor was presented to Sgt Kinser's parents by MajGen Clifton B. Cates (future Commandant of the Marine Corps) on July 4, 1946, in Greeneville, Tennessee. In addition, Sgt Kinser was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart; Presidential Unit Citation; Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal; and the World War II Victory Medal.

Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to SERGEANT ELBERT L. KINSER
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following citation:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while acting as Leader of a Rifle Platoon, serving with Company I, Third Battalion, First Marines, First Marine Division, in action against Japanese forces on Okinawa Shima in the Ryūkyū Chain, May 4, 1945. Taken under sudden, close attack by hostile troops entrenched on the reverse slope while moving up a strategic ridge along which his platoon was holding newly won positions, Sergeant Kinser engaged the enemy in a fierce hand grenade battle. Quick to act when a Japanese grenade landed in the immediate vicinity, Sergeant Kinser unhesitatingly threw himself on the deadly missile, absorbing the full charge of the shattering explosion in his own body and thereby protecting his men from serious injury and possible death. Stouthearted and indomitable, he had yielded his own chance of survival that his comrades might live to carry on the relentless battle against a fanatic enemy. His courage, cool decision and valiant spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of certain death sustained and enhanced the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.
HARRY S. TRUMAN

Memorials
In Kinser's home county of Greene County, Tennessee several things are named in his honor. Downtown  Greeneville, Tennessee has a historical marker about Kinser, south of Greeneville is Kinser Park and in the city of Tusculum a bridge over the Nolichucky River on Tennessee State Route 107 is named in his honor. Camp Kinser, a Marine Corps installation at Urasoe on Okinawa Island was named after him.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References
Inline

General

1922 births
1945 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel killed in World War II
Christians from Tennessee
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
People from Greeneville, Tennessee
United States Marine Corps non-commissioned officers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Deaths by hand grenade

Elbert L. Kinser


Tim Regan (born June 27, 1981) is a former American soccer defender.

College
Regan played college soccer at Bradley University from 1999 to 2002, where he established himself as one of the best players in the program's history.  After starting 20 games as a freshman, Regan was named second-team All-Missouri Valley Conference as a sophomore, after registering two goals and two assists from a defensive midfield position.  Regan was moved to defense as a junior, and proved more than up to the task - he finished the year as a first-team All-MVC winner, and the team's co-MVP with Gavin Glinton.  Regan remained at defense as a senior and performed even better, winning MVC Defensive Player of the Year while being instrumental in the team posting a 0.81 goals against average.

Professional
Upon graduating, Regan was selected 17th overall in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by MetroStars of Major League Soccer.  Regan was versatile, but not overly impressive in MLS. As a rookie, he appeared in 15 games, starting seven, at numerous positions in the defense and midfield.  Regan received less playing time in 2004, playing in just 12 games. His hard work was rewarded with an expanded role in 2005, as he started 18 out of 20 matches. However, on March 1, 2006, Regan was released by MetroStars. One month later he was signed by his former Metro coach Bob Bradley at Chivas USA where he became a surprise starter.

After the 2006 season, Regan was picked up by Toronto FC in the 2006 MLS Expansion Draft, but later traded to New York Red Bulls (the former MetroStars) for forward Edson Buddle.  He was waived by New York during the 2007 season.

In the spring of 2008, Regan trained with Chicago Fire and appeared in a preseason games for his hometown club, but was not offered a contract.  Later that season, he would, however, sign a 'one-day contract' with Toronto FC — who were missing nine players to international duty — in order to play in a game against his former club, Chivas USA. Regan eventually signed a deal with Toronto that kept him at the club until the end of the season. He retired following the 2008 season to become Toronto's head of scouting.

He is also a "Soccer Operations & Scouting" instructor for the online sports career training school, Sports Management Worldwide, in Portland, OR.

Coaching career
On November 11, 2013, Regan was named as assistant coach for Indy Eleven of the NASL. On June 2, 2015, Regan was named Indy's interim head coach, following the dismissal of Juergen Sommer.

Regan currently is an assistant coach for his alma mater, Bradley, under the Braves' 22nd-year head coach, Jim DeRose. He also became the head coach of USL League Two expansion club Peoria City in 2020.

References

External links
 Bradley University Soccer Awards
 Chivas USA player
 MetroStars player profile
 Chicago Fire article

1981 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Men's association football defenders
Bradley Braves men's soccer players
Chicago Fire U-23 players
Chivas USA players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Indy Eleven coaches
Major League Soccer players
New York Red Bulls draft picks
New York Red Bulls players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) coaches
Soccer players from Cook County, Illinois
Toronto FC players
USL League Two players

Tim Regan


Rigid Airship Design B.V. was a company founded in the Netherlands in 1998 with the aim of building a modern rigid airship. In 1996, Scottish intellectual and airship expert Ian Alexander initiated a project in the Netherlands in co-operation with the Technical University of Delft, to design and construct a modern classic rigid airship based on proven technology. The project involved leading Dutch companies RDM Aerospace N.V., Nevesbu  (designers of ships and submarines), Stork N.V., and Fokker Aviation.  Consortium Rigid Airship Design was established on 26 May 1998 but went bankrupt 1 August 2001. The Utrecht-based lawyer Sjoerd Warringa was appointed as trustee by the Utrecht court.

The initiative provoked series of discussions in the Dutch Parliament and on governmental level. As a result, 'Platform Luchtschepen' (Airship Platform) was structured to investigate the attainability of projects like this in The Netherlands. The platform consists of representatives from governmental bodies, industry and environmental organisations. Results of the platform and the creative legacy of the Rigid Airship Design project are the cornerstones of a feasibility study on how to deploy a classic rigid airship to International Relief Organisations for rapid disaster relief after tsunamis, earthquakes and other calamities.

External links
Airship Association
Airship Holland

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the Netherlands
Airships

Rigid Airship Design


Living Colour is an American rock band from New York City, formed in 1984. The band currently consists of guitarist Vernon Reid, lead vocalist Corey Glover, drummer Will Calhoun and bassist Doug Wimbish (who replaced Muzz Skillings in 1992). Stylistically, their music is a creative fusion influenced by heavy metal, funk, jazz, hip hop, punk, and alternative rock. The band's lyrics range from the personal to the political, including social commentary on racism in the United States.

Living Colour has released six studio albums so far. The band rose to fame with their debut album Vivid in 1988. Although they scored several hits, Living Colour is best known for their signature song "Cult of Personality", which won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 1990 and has been consistently used as the entrance theme for professional wrestler CM Punk since 2011. They were also named Best New Artist at the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards and won their second Grammy Award for their follow-up album Time's Up (1990). Their third album, Stain (1993), was also well received by music critics. After disbanding in 1995, Living Colour reunited in late 2000, and has released three more studio albums since then: Collideøscope (2003), The Chair in the Doorway (2009) and Shade (2017). The band has been in the process of working on new material for the follow-up to Shade.

History

Early years (1984–1986)
English-born guitarist Vernon Reid had formed several bands, and after a few years, he formed Living Colour in New York in 1984, using the British spelling of "colour". Reid assembled several bands under the name Vernon Reid's Living Colour from 1984 to 1986.  Reid was well known on the downtown New York jazz scenes because of his tenure in Ronald Shannon Jackson's Decoding Society.

Early band members included bassists Alex Mosely, Jerome Harris and Carl James, drummers Greg Carter, Pheeroan akLaff and J. T. Lewis, keyboardist Geri Allen, and vocalists D. K. Dyson and Mark Ledford, with Reid occasionally singing lead vocals himself. The band's sound was vastly different from the songs later in their significant label recordings. Material from this period included instrumental jazz/funk workouts, politically pointed punk rock burners, experimental excursions via Reid's guitar synth, and an early version of the song "Funny Vibe", which was reworked for their debut album Vivid.

Mainstream success (1986–1991)

In 1986 a stable lineup was formed, consisting of vocalist/actor Corey Glover, guitarist Vernon Reid, bassist Muzz Skillings, and drummer Will Calhoun (who had graduated with honors from Berklee College of Music). After hiring managers Jim Grant and Roger Cramer, the band hired prodigy lighting designer Andy Elias in November 1986 to strengthen their live shows with explosive visual productions. Soon after, the band became experienced at touring and performed regular gigs at the club CBGB. Around this time, their career also benefited from English Rolling Stones singer Mick Jagger's involvement. Jagger's interest in Living Colour was piqued after Vernon Reid auditioned for Primitive Cool, then arranged to see them live at CBGBs. Jagger went on to produce two of their demos. Jagger's 'endorsement' encouraged major record labels to renew their interest in Living Colour, resulting in a recording contract with Epic Records. When interviewed in 2018, Vernon Reid looked back on the deal as a bittersweet triumph; "We had to get the co-sign from a person who literally embodied what rock 'n' roll is, the fact that he had to come see us, and dig us, for us to get at the back of the line is crazy."

Vivid, released on May 3, 1988, gathered sales momentum when later that year, MTV began playing the video for "Cult of Personality". The album reached #6 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart. On April 1, 1989, the band performed on NBC's Saturday Night Live. Four months later, the band gained further exposure as an opening act, along with Guns N' Roses, for The Rolling Stones' Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour.

In 1990 the band's second full-length album, Time's Up, featured songs in numerous musical contexts; jazz fusion, punk rock, Delta blues, hip hop (cameos by Queen Latifah and Doug E. Fresh), funk, thrash metal, jive, and hints of electronica were all represented. The album reached #13 on the Billboard 200, and won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance. Other guests included Maceo Parker and Little Richard.

In 1991, Living Colour joined the inaugural Lollapalooza tour, and released an EP of outtakes entitled Biscuits.

Second lineup and breakup (1992–1995)
In 1992, Skillings left the band and was replaced by Doug Wimbish. This new lineup released their third full-length album, Stain, in March 1993. The album reached #26 in the U.S., a further drop since its debut. Despite retaining their strong fan base, Living Colour disbanded in January 1995 after failing to settle on common musical goals during their fourth studio album sessions. Four of these tracks were included on the compilation Pride. Following the breakup, individual band members released a variety of solo efforts.

Reunion and subsequent events (2000–present)
Living Colour re-formed on December 21, 2000, at CBGB as a gig billed "Head>>Fake w/ special guests". Head>>Fake was the current drum and bass project headed by Calhoun and Wimbish. Glover was on the bill to sing a few songs, and Reid came on after three songs. The reunion was followed by the release of the band's fourth studio album, Collideøscope, in 2003, their first album not to chart in the United States, although it was critically praised. In 2005, Sony Records released Live from CBGB's, a live album recorded on December 19, 1989, as well as another best-of compilation, Everything Is Possible: The Very Best of Living Colour, with songs from Vivid to Collideøscope.
On September 22, 2006, Skillings joined the band for the first time in fourteen years when they played at a private party that drummer Jack DeJohnette threw for his wife, Lydia. Wimbish could not come back from his base in London to play for the event, so Skillings agreed to take over for the special private event.

The band performed a week-long European Tour starting on December 12, 2006. In May 2007, the band released their first live DVD – On Stage At World Cafe Live. On July 11, 2008, the band performed at the 1980s hard rock-themed Rocklahoma festival at Pryor, Oklahoma. Once again, Skillings performed with them in August 2008 for a Black Rock Coalition Band of Gypsys tribute in Harlem. They performed "Them Changes" and "Power of Soul".

On October 25, 2008, MVD Audio and CBGB Records released CBGB OMFUG MASTERS: August 19, 2005 The Bowery Collection, a soundboard collection of songs from the Save CBGB's benefit show. On November 25, 2008, Inakustik and MVD released The Paris Concert, a DVD recorded at New Morning, in Paris, France, during their 2007 European Tour. The band released their fifth studio album, The Chair in the Doorway, on September 15, 2009, on Megaforce Records. The album sold approximately 2,800 copies in its first week and landed at #161 on the Billboard 200. This was the band's first album to chart since Stain in 1993. The band toured the world in support of the record.

In 2013, Living Colour performed "Cult of Personality" live during CM Punk's entrance at WrestleMania 29 for his match against The Undertaker.

On July 2, 2014, Living Colour announced on their official website that they were putting the finishing touches on their upcoming sixth album Shade, which was released on September 8, 2017. "Shade is the sound of a band coming to terms with its shadows and light, From the blue pulpit of Robert Johnson to the mean red streets of Brooklyn to the golden lure of Hollywood, Shade is the next chapter of a unique American journey," Reid stated on the official website. The album includes ten originals and three covers: Robert Johnson's "Preachin' Blues", The Notorious B.I.G.'s "Who Shot Ya?" and Marvin Gaye's "Inner City Blues" available on CD, MP3, and vinyl.

On August 19, 2016, the band released a cover of The Notorious B.I.G.'s "Who Shot Ya?" from an upcoming EP entitled Mixtape which was released on September 9. It features appearances from Chuck D, Black Thought, Pharoahe Monch, Prodigal Sunn, and Kyle Mansa. Also in 2016, the band performed "Cult of Personality" on The Howard Stern Show.

By late 2018, Living Colour had begun working on new material for a possible EP or seventh full-length studio album. When asked about a month after the release of Shade if fans would have to wait another four years for the follow-up album, Reid replied, "Well I don't know about all that. It's intriguing to be back in this cycle."

On September 2, 2022 during a performance at Rock in Rio in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, guitarist Steve Vai joined Living Colour on stage for a rendition of "Cult of Personality."

The band announced on December 10, 2022, that they had entered the studio to begin recording their seventh studio album.

In 2023, the band embarked on a US tour with Extreme.

Acclaim and legacy
Living Colour was ranked No. 70 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock.

"Cult of Personality" was re-recorded for Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, with an updated solo, as the original masters could not be used.

In October 2006, "Love Rears Its Ugly Head" was ranked and voted 303 out of the 2006 songs featured in the Triple M Essential 2006 Countdown.

Rolling Stone have called the band "funk metal pioneers."

In early 2009, WWE used "Cult of Personality" in the video promoting the induction of Stone Cold Steve Austin into its Hall of Fame. Outside of his use of it in professional wrestling, CM Punk also entered to the song for his debut mixed martial arts bout at UFC 203 and subsequently at UFC 225 for his fight versus Mike Jackson.

Members

 Vernon Reid – lead guitar, guitar synthesizer, programming, laptop, backing vocals (1984–1995, 2000–present); lead vocals (1984–1985)
 Corey Glover – lead vocals, occasional rhythm guitar, occasional tambourine (1985–1995, 2000–present)
 Will Calhoun – drums, percussion, keyboards, samples, loops, programming, backing vocals (1986–1995, 2000–present)
 Doug Wimbish – bass, drums, guitar, programming, backing vocals (1992–1995, 2000–present)

Former members
 Alex Mosely – bass
Jerome Harris – bass
 Carl James – bass
 Greg Carter – drums
Pheeroan akLaff – drums
 J. T. Lewis – drums
Geri Allen – keyboards (died; 2017)
 D. K. Dyson – lead vocals
Mark Ledford – lead vocals (died; 2004)
 Muzz Skillings – bass, backing vocals (1986–1991, one-off show in 2006)

Discography

Vivid (1988)
Time's Up (1990)
Stain (1993)
Collideøscope (2003)
The Chair in the Doorway (2009)
Shade (2017)

Awards

MTV Video Music Awards
1989 – Best New Artist ("Cult of Personality")
1989 – Best Group Video ("Cult of Personality")
1989 – Best Stage Performance ("Cult of Personality")

Grammy Awards
1990 – Best Hard Rock Performance (won) ("Cult of Personality")
1990 – Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (nominated) ("Glamour Boys")
1991 – Best Hard Rock Performance (won) (Time's Up)
1994 – Best Hard Rock Performance (nominated) ("Leave It Alone")

References

External links

1984 establishments in New York City
African-American hard rock musical groups
African-American heavy metal musical groups
American alternative metal musical groups
American experimental rock groups
American funk metal musical groups
Epic Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Hard rock musical groups from New York (state)
Heavy metal musical groups from New York (state)
Megaforce Records artists
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Musical groups reestablished in 2000
Musical groups from New York City
Musical quartets from New York (state)
Political music groups

Living Colour


Periostitis, also known as periostalgia, is a medical condition caused by inflammation of the periosteum, a layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and pain.

Causes
Acute periostitis is due to infection, characterized by diffuse formation of pus, severe pain, constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. It can be caused by excessive physical activity as well, as in the case of medial tibial stress syndrome (also referred to as tibial periostalgia, soleus periostalgia, or shin splints). Congenital infection with syphilis can also cause periostitis in newborn infants.

History
Evidence for periostitis found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Periostitis has been seen in the late Cretaceous-Eocene crocodile Borealosuchus formidabilis, once known as Leidyosuchus. In one study, periostitis was the most common pathology in this species, with 134 instances of the condition out of 7,154 bones the scientists examined showing evidence for the condition. Periostitis has also been documented in dinosaurs, including a forelimb referred to the long-necked Camarasaurus grandis, as well as the shoulder blade of a horned dinosaur.

See also
 Periosteal reaction

References

External links

Osteopathies

Periostitis


A coaster, drink coaster, beverage coaster, or beermat is an object used to rest drinks upon. Coasters protect the surface of a table, or any other surface where a user might place a cup, from condensation created by cold drinks. A coaster on top of a beverage can also be used to show that a drink is not finished or to prevent contamination (usually from insects). Coasters can also stop hot drinks from burning the table surface.

In a pub or bar, coasters are used to protect tables and bar surfaces. Coasters are typically made of paper, and sometimes are used to write on. Coasters are often branded with trademarks or alcohol advertising. Coasters are not to be confused with bar mats, which are larger pieces of rubber or absorbent material that are used to protect countertops or floors and to limit the spread of spilled drinks.

History

The first coasters were designed for decanters or wine bottles so that they could be slid (or "coasted") around the dinner table after the servants had retired. They were in common use after about 1760. Early coasters took the form of a shallow tray or dish made of wood, papier-mâché, silver, or silver plate.

In 1880, a German printing company, Friedrich Horn, introduced the first coaster made of cardboard. In 1892, Robert Sputh of Dresden manufactured the first coaster made of wood pulp. Watney brewery introduced them to the United Kingdom in 1920 to advertise their pale ale. The packaging company Quarmby Promotions, established in 1872, began manufacturing coasters in Milnsbridge in 1931. After Quarmby Promotions was taken over by the Katz Group, it moved production to Brighouse and in 2006 to Morley, West Yorkshire, before closing its production in 2009.

Saucers are also long used in western culture for much the same purpose. When drinking tea, it is customary to use a cup and saucer set. By the mid-twentieth century, drink coasters made in many materials and styles were manufactured for domestic use. Today, they are common as everyday houseware pieces and are also used in restaurants.

Manufacturing

Coasters are often made from high grammage paperboard but may also be made from several layers of tissue paper. Drink coasters are also sometimes made from soapstone, metal, wood, and silicone. Important parameters for coasters are water absorbency, wet rub, and printability.

Some drink coasters are made to be recycled.

Coaster imprints
Coasters are usually adorned with a customized image, usually mentioning or advertising a brand of beer. However, they can also promote a drinking establishment, sports franchise, businesses, or special events.

Tegestology
Some coasters are collectible items. Tegestology is a term coined from Latin ( "covering" or "mat", and ) defined as the practice of collecting coasters, with practitioners known as tegestologists. A 1960 British Pathé News short shows comedy duo Morecambe and Wise as tegestologists.

References

Bartending equipment
Beer advertising
Beer vessels and serving
Collecting
Domestic implements
Drinkware
Ephemera
Paper products
Serving and dining

Drink coaster


"Yatta!" (やった "Hooray") is a 2001 parody song by the fictional Japanese boy band . The song title, yatta, is the past tense of the Japanese verb yaru ("to do"), an exclamation meaning "It's done!", "I did it!", "Ready!" or "All right!" The song and video have been used as a web culture in-joke on many different websites.

The song uses a chord progression based on Pachelbel's Canon.

History
The song was first performed as a sketch on the Japanese sketch comedy show , known as Silly Go Lucky in the United States, where Happa-tai is portrayed by some of Japan's most well-known comedians. The song was written by Hideki Fujisawa, otherwise known as Dance Man (dansu man;ダンス☆マン), who has also written songs for Morning Musume and the animated TV series Sgt. Frog.

On April 4, 2001, "Yatta!" was released under the Pony Canyon label in Japan. It surprisingly hit No. 6 in the charts and went triple-platinum in Japan within a number of weeks. While the song was intended to be humorous, some viewers outside Japan assumed it to be earnest, perhaps due to the obvious work that went into the special effects in the video. The incomprehensibility of such an elaborate video enhanced its popularity among Western audiences who could not understand the Japanese lyrics.

The actors who performed as Happa-tai were brought to perform "Yatta!" in the US on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. Host Jimmy Kimmel compared himself to Ed Sullivan introducing the Beatles in their first American performance.

Music video
The video features the band's members singing and dancing exuberantly, most characteristically by flexing their biceps and hopping from one foot to the other, while wearing only underwear with a large green fig leaf on the front, as well as white sneakers when outdoors. Their synchronized dancing and personalized poses for the camera parody the boy band craze of the early 2000s, while the sketch satirizes many of the stereotypes of Japanese pop culture, mainly doramas, sports TV shows and the shōjo manga aesthetic. This includes a group shot on a street filled with floating sakura blossoms, with the band's members posing energetically towards the camera, and a brief romantic interlude during the song's bridge, where a member receives a smile from a woman passing by in the street and stares at her longingly before being comforted by his partners.

Members of Green Leaves
 Kiyotaka Nanbara (leader)
 Jun Nagura
 Taizo Harada
 Ken Horiuchi
 Noboru Ouchi
 Jun Oki (replaced by Ryuhei Ueshima during the band's reunion on Jimmy Kimmel Live!)

References

External links
 "Yatta!" at YouTube

2001 singles
Internet memes
J-pop songs
Japanese popular culture
Disco songs
2001 songs
Pony Canyon singles

Yatta (song)


USS John Warner (SSN-785) is a nuclear powered  attack submarine of the United States Navy. She is the first in the class to be named after a person; the first 11 Virginia-class subs were named after states. John Warner was originally to be built by the Electric Boat division of General Dynamics in Groton, Connecticut, but the contract was later transferred to Huntington Ingalls Industries Newport News Shipbuilding. She is the second of the Block III subs, which have a revised bow and some technology from  cruise missile submarines. The vessel supports 40 weapons, special operations forces, unmanned undersea vehicles, and the Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS).

The name was announced on 8 January 2009, five days after John Warner, a Republican from Virginia, retired after serving 30 years as a United States senator, making John Warner the 13th U.S. Navy vessel to be named for a living person in the last hundred years.

Construction began on 29 April 2009 with the keel laying ceremony being held on 16 March 2013. Because of the modular construction sequence, the submarine was reportedly already about 59% complete before the official keel laying. The submarine was christened on 6 September 2014. John Warner was commissioned on 1 August 2015 with Commander Dan Caldwell in command.

On 14 April 2018, while on her first deployment, USS John Warner took part in targeted strikes against Syrian military facilities. She fired six Tomahawk cruise missiles, in what was believed to be the first combat use of her class of submarines.

References

Virginia-class submarines
Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
2014 ships

USS John Warner


The Hessischer Rundfunk (HR) is a German television and radio broadcasting company based in Frankfurt am Main in the State of Hesse.

HR is a member of the group of German public-broadcasting institutions that makes up ARD.

The HR produces the regional television service HR Fernsehen  (which used to be called HR Fernsehen ) and six regional radio channels.

Other websites
 Official website in German

German broadcasting companies
Frankfurt

Hessischer Rundfunk


Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France. It's capital was the city of Le Mans. The area is now divided into the departments of Sarthe and Mayenne.

History

The Carolingians called Maine pagis cenomannicus after the Cenomani tribe that Julius Caesar had defeated. Pepin the Short gave the duchy of Maine to his half-brother Grifo.
In the last half of the 9th century, Maine took on greater importance because of invasions from Normandy and Brittany. In 924 King Rudolph of France gave Maine to Rollo of Normandy. Because it was next to Anjou on the south and Normandy on the north, these two duchies often fought over Maine.

William, Duke of Normandy invaded Maine in 1063 and he controlled the county by the beginning of 1064. Norman control of Maine helped make the southern border of Normandy safe against Anjou. This was a factor which allowed Duke William to launch his successful invasion of England in 1066.

In 1069 the citizens of Le Mans revolted against the Normans. Soon some of the Manceaux barons joined the revolt. The Normans were expelled in 1070, and young Hugh V was made the Count of Maine. After Norman attacks in 1073, 1088, 1098 and 1099, Elias I succeeded his cousin Hugh V, who sold Maine to him in 1092 for ten thousand shillings. His daughter married Fulk V, Count of Anjou, who took Maine over in 1110 after the death of Elias. Henri Beauclerc, agreed to recognize him as Count of Maine.

Fulk's son Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou inherited Maine. In 1051 it passed to Geoffrey's son Henry, Duke of Normandy (later King Henry I of England). Anjou, Maine and Normandy now had the same ruler for the first time. Henry later founded the Plantagenet dynasty in England.

The King of France, Philippe Auguste attacked the Plantagenet holdings called the Angevin Empire when it was held by John, King of England. In 1331 the Count of Maine became a peer of the realm.

After the battle of Verneuil in 1424, the English occupied Maine. They held Le Mans until 1448 and Fresnay until 1449. In 1481, Charles V of Anjou left his lands to Louis IX of France. This act returned the county to the crown of France.

References

Subdivisions of France

Maine (province)


The cowboy hat is a high-crowned, wide-brimmed hat best known as the defining piece of attire for the North American cowboy. Today it is worn by many people, and is particularly associated with ranch workers in the western and southern United States, western Canada and northern Mexico, with many country, regional Mexican and sertanejo music performers, and with participants in the North American rodeo circuit. It is recognized around the world as part of Old West apparel.

The cowboy hat as known today has many antecedents to its design, including Mexican hats such as the sombrero, the various designs of wide-brimmed hat worn by farmers and stockmen in the eastern United States, as well as the designs used by the United States Cavalry.

The first western model was the open-crowned "Boss of the Plains", and after that came the front-creased Carlsbad, destined to become "the" cowboy style. The high-crowned, wide-brimmed, soft-felt western hats that followed are intimately associated with the cowboy image.

History

The concept of a broad-brimmed hat with a high crown worn by a rider on horseback can be seen as far back as the Mongolian horsemen of the 13th century. The hat has a tall crown that provides insulation, and a wide brim that provides shade. Hot and sunny climates inspire designs with very wide brims such as the sombrero of Mexico.

It is not clear when the cowboy hat received its name. However, European-Americans in the Western United States originally had no standard headwear. People moving West wore many styles of hat, including top hats, bowlers, Civil War headgear such as cavalry and slouch hats, and sailor hats.
Contrary to popular belief, it was the bowler and not the cowboy hat that was the most popular in the American West, prompting Lucius Beebe to call it "the hat that won the West". The working cowboy wore wide-brimmed and high-crowned hats. The hats were most likely adopted from civil war era slouch hats and may have been influenced by the Mexican Vaqueros before the invention of the modern design. John Batterson Stetson is credited for originating the modern day American Cowboy Hat.

The original "Boss of the Plains", manufactured by Stetson in 1865, was flat-brimmed, had a straight sided crown, with rounded corners. These light-weight, waterproof hats were natural in color, with four-inch crowns and brims. A plain hatband was fitted to adjust head size. The sweatband bore Stetson's name. While only making one style of hat, they came in different qualities ranging from one-grade material at five dollars apiece to pure beaver felt hats for thirty dollars each. J.B. Stetson was the first to market the "Boss of the Plains" to cowboys, and it has remained the universal image of the American West. The charisma of the West was carried back East when adventurers returned in the expensive "Boss of the plains" style hat. In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, a hat was an indispensable item in every man's wardrobe. Stetson focused on expensive, high-quality hats that represented a real investment for the working cowboy and a statement of success for the city dweller.

The durability and water-resistance of the original Stetson obtained additional publicity in 1912, when the battleship USS Maine was raised from Havana harbor, where it had sunk in 1898. A Stetson hat was found in the wreck, which had been submerged in seawater for 14 years. The hat had been exposed to ooze, mud, and plant growth. However, the hat was cleaned off, and appeared to be undamaged.

The cowboy hat has been adopted as a regional identifier among Māori tribes living in Gisborne District of New Zealand's North Island collectively called "Ngā Kaupoi" ('The Cowboys') for their native adoption of horses, one of its residents politician Rawiri Waititi is well known for his hat-donning appearance.

Design

Modern cowboy hats are made of fur-based felt, straw or, less often, leather. They are sold with a tall, rounded crown and a wide flat brim. They have a simple sweat band on the inside to stabilize the fit of the head, and usually a small decorative hat band on the outside of the crown. Hats are customized by creasing the crown and rolling the brim. Hats are also sold pre-creased and pre-rolled. Often a more decorative hat band is added. In some places, "stampede strings" or "wind strings" are also attached. Hats can be manufactured in virtually any color, but are most often seen in shades of beige, brown and black. Beginning in the 1940s, pastel colors were introduced, seen often on hats worn by movie cowboys and rodeo riders. "Today's cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and design since the first one was created in 1865 by J.B. Stetson."

Modern designs

The modern cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and underlying design since the Stetson creation.
The cowboy hat quickly identified its wearer as someone associated with the West. "Within a decade the name 'John B. Stetson' became synonymous with the word 'hat' in every corner and culture west of the Mississippi River." The shape of the hat's crown and brim were often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather by being softened in hot steam, shaped, and allowed to dry and cool. Because of the ease of personalization, it was often possible to tell where a cowboy hat was from, right down to which ranch, simply by looking at the crease in the crown.

Later as the mystique of the Wild West was popularized by entertainers such as Buffalo Bill Cody and western movies starring actors such as Tom Mix, the Cowboy hat came to symbolize the American West. John Wayne christened them "the hat that won the West". The Boss of the Plains design influenced various wide-brimmed hats worn by farmers and ranchers all over the United States. Later designs were customized for law enforcement, military and motion pictures.

The first American law-enforcement agency to adopt Stetson's western hat as part of their uniform was the Texas Rangers. The Texas Legislature designated the cowboy hat as the official "State Hat of Texas" in 2015.

Variations

Ten-gallon hats
Some cowboy hats have been called "ten-gallon" hats. The term came into use about 1925. There are multiple theories for how the concept arose.

One theory is that the term "ten-gallon" is a corruption of the Spanish modifier , which loosely translates as "really handsome" or "so fine".  For example, "" translates as "such a fine hat".

Another theory is that the term "ten-gallon" is a corruption of the Spanish term , which means "galloon", a type of narrow braided trim around the crown, possibly a style adapted by Spanish cowboys.  When Texas cowboys misunderstood the word  for "gallon", the popular, though incorrect, legend may have been born. According to Reynolds and Rand, "The term ten-gallon did not originally refer to the holding capacity of the hat, but to the width of a Mexican sombrero hatband, and is more closely related to this unit of measurement by the Spanish than to the water-holding capacity of a Stetson."

Early print advertising by Stetson showed a cowboy giving his horse a drink of water from a hat. The Stetson company notes that a "ten-gallon" hat holds only 3 quarts, not even one gallon (about 3 L instead of ).

Calgary White Hat
The Calgary White Hat is a white felt cowboy hat which is the symbol of both the Calgary Stampede annual rodeo and the city of Calgary. Created by Morris Shumiatcher, owner of Smithbilt Hat Company, it was worn for the first time at the 1946 Stampede. In the early 1950s, Mayor of Calgary Donald Hugh Mackay began presenting the white hat to visiting dignitaries, a tradition that the office of the mayor continues to this day. Thousands of tourists and groups also participate in "white hatting ceremonies" conducted by Tourism Calgary and by volunteer greeters at the Calgary International Airport. In 1983, the Calgary White Hat was incorporated into the design of the flag of Calgary.

See also

 Akubra
 Calgary White Hat
 Campaign hat
 Chupalla
 Cowboy boot
 Equestrian helmet
 Fedora
 Hardee hat
 John B. Stetson Company
 Resistol
 Slouch hat
 Sun hat
 Western wear

Footnotes

References
 Bender, Texan Bix (1994). Hats & the Cowboys Who Wear Them.
 Blevins, Winfred ( 2001). Dictionary of the American West: over 5,000 terms and expressions from Aarigaa! to Zopilote.
 Carlson, Laurie. (1998) Boss of the plains, the hat that won the West.
 Christian, Mary Blount. (1992) Hats off to John Stetson
 Foster-Harris, William (2007) The Look of the Old West: A Fully Illustrated Guide
 Reynolds, William and Rich Rand (1995) The Cowboy Hat book.
 Snyder, Jeffrey B. (1997) Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970.

External links

1860s fashion
Cowboy culture
19th-century fashion
20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion
Hats
History of clothing (Western fashion)
Rider apparel
Western wear
Rodeo clothing
Hat

Cowboy hat


Lupicínio Rodrigues (Porto Alegre, September 16, 1914 – Porto Alegre, August 27, 1974) was a Brazilian singer and composer from Rio Grande do Sul. He was a prominent exponent of the samba-canção genre. He dubbed his own style, dor-de-cotovelo (literally "elbow pain"), inspired by his experiences with heartbreak. His compositions have been performed and recorded by many musicians, including Jamelão, who recorded two albums exclusively devoted to his compositions. Rodrigues is also famous for having written the anthem of Grêmio.

Selected compositions
Some of his most recorded compositions are:

 Hino do Grêmio (Grêmio Anthem)
Vingança (Revenge) - Linda Baptista, Elza Soares, Arnaldo Antunes, Arrigo Barnabé;
 Felicidade (Happiness) - Caetano Veloso, Zezé Di Camargo & Luciano;
 Cadeira Vazia (Empty Chair) - Elis Regina, Nelson Gonçalves, Francisco Alves, Jamelão;
 Nervos de aço (Nerves of Steel) - Adriana Calcanhotto, Francisco Alves, Fábio Jr., Paulinho da viola, Gal Costa, Marisa Monte, Jamelão;
 Ela disse-me assim (She Told me That) - Adriana Calcanhotto, Gonzaguinha, Nelson Gonçalves, Simone;
 Esses moços (Those Lads) (sometimes also credited as Esses Moços (pobres moços) (Those Lads (Unhappy Lads)) - Adriana Calcanhotto, Fábio Jr., Francisco Alvez, Gilberto Gil, Nelson Gonçalves, Jamelão.

Tribute
On 16 September 2019, Google celebrated his 105th birthday with a Google Doodle.

References

Musicians from Porto Alegre
Brazilian composers
1914 births
1974 deaths
20th-century composers

Lupicínio Rodrigues


The Polish Women's Alliance of America (pol. Związek Polek w Ameryce) is a fraternal benefit society that was founded on May 22, 1898 in Chicago, Illinois.

The Polish Women's Alliance was founded by Stefania Chmielinska, a Polish immigrant who worked as a seamstress in Chicago. Chmielinska was vocal in her belief that women deserved equality and actively worked to promote this cause. Her belief in the ability of immigrant women to establish themselves into an organization that would promote self-sufficiency and offer financial stability was quite progressive for the 1900s, when women were still not allowed to vote.

The right of women to pursue higher education, the right to enter many professions, and the right of women to purchase life insurance in their own names were some of the issues tackled by the founders of the Polish Women's Alliance. Stefania Chmielinska and other founding members worked against these restrictions and developed the Alliance into a national organization as well as a leader in the Polish and Polish-American communities.

The Polish Women's Alliance has been actively involved in some of the most central events and causes in Polish–American life.  Among these were Poland's determination to become a nation after the Partitions of Poland, during which the country lacked an independent existence; funding the purchase of radium for the experiments of Madame Maria Sklodowska Curie; a fundraising effort for a Polish Women's Alliance bomber for the United States Air Force during World War II; the founding and organizing of the Polish American Congress in 1944; restoration and renovation projects for the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island; supporting the National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa in Doylestown, Pennsylvania; and supporting the Pope John Paul II Cultural Center in Washington D.C., and the Pope John Paul II Pilgrim Home in Rome.

The PWAA actively sponsors many Polish cultural events such as Polish language, literature, folklore, history and folkdance lessons, festivals and youth conferences. They have also sponsored religious, hospital, and children's institutions in Poland, including a school for the blind in Laski, Poland.

Local units are called "Groups" and regional organizations are called "Councils". The headquarters of the Alliance is in Park Ridge, Illinois.

The Alliance had 90,000 members in 1979, but declined to 65,000 members in 1994.

References

External links
PWAA Official Page
Polish Women's Alliance of America Records at the Women and Leadership Archives at Loyola University Chicago.
Polish Women's Alliance of America Records at the Newberry Library

Polish-American history
Fraternal service organizations based in Chicago
Polish-American culture in Chicago
Polish-American organizations
Polish diaspora organizations
Women's organizations based in the United States
Women in Illinois
Organizations established in 1898
Ethnic fraternal orders in the United States

Polish Women's Alliance of America