The Evangelists (Evangheliştii in Romanian) is a controversial play by Romanian academic and writer Alina Mungiu-Pippidi. The play received the UNITER Prize, one of Romania's most prestigious literary awards, in 1992.

Plot summary

The play is set in Antioch, about two millennia ago, where Simon Peter calls on four students of the Cherintos Academy - John, Mark, Matthew and Luke, the writers of the New Testament - to write four "books" about the life of Jesus. The play tells the story of Jesus in a manner very different from that of the New Testament, with many subversions of plot. For example, in the play, Peter is portrayed as a negative character, violent, misogynistic and accused of killing Jesus. Additionally, Mary Magdalene is shown as performing oral sex on Jesus while washing his feet, while the Last Supper is shown as a violent gathering in which Peter kills all of the other apostles.

Criticism

The play debuted in late 2005 for the first time in Romania, where it sparked a significant amount of controversy. It was criticised by Romanian religious organisations, particularly the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church of Romania for its "blasphemous" subject matter, which "makes a ridicule of Jesus Christ". This was due to the offensive portrayal of figures highly revered in Christianity, particularly Jesus, Peter and Mary Magdelene. The play was also denounced as an "attack against public morals" by Teoctist Arăpaşu, the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church.

A press release by the Roman Catholic Church of Iaşi stated:

"We consider this play to be an attack against public morals, a serious indecency disguised as "art", an attack against faith in God, an insult against the holiest figures: Jesus, Mary and the Apostles"

Mungiu has defended herself against these claims by asserting her right to freedom of speech.

Notes

External links
 Călin Ciobotari, "Alina Mungiu-Pippidi scandalizează 'dulcele târg al Ieşilor'", Flacăra Iaşului, December 5, 2005
 Full Text in English
 Full Text in French

See also
 List of Romanian plays

Romanian plays
2005 plays

The Evangelists


Claudine Monteil (born 1949) is a French writer and women's rights specialist. She holds a PhD on Simone de Beauvoir's writings and life. She was inspired by the example of her mother, Dr Josiane Serre, a chemist and president of the École Normale Supérieure de Jeunes Filles (ex-Sèvres), the equivalent of one of the Seven Sisters. Her father is the mathematician Jean-Pierre Serre, Fields medal and Abel prize.

Dr Monteil is one of the founders of the women's rights movement in 1970. She is also a specialist on Simone de Beauvoir. While working on women's rights, she was a long close friend of Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir's sister, the painter Hélène de Beauvoir.

Books
Her writings on the Beauvoirs, Sartre and French feminism, have been translated into multiple languages:

Simone de Beauvoir, côté femme, Timée-éditions (English: Simone de Beauvoir, her story as a woman) - translated into Chinese and Japanese
Les Sœurs Beauvoir (English: The Beauvoir Sisters) - translated in English, Korean, Spanish, German and Chinese.
Les Amants de la liberté, Sartre et Beauvoir dans le siècle (English: The Lovers of Freedom, Sartre and Beauvoir in the Century) - translated into Greek, Portuguese, Swedish, Japanese, Chinese, Romanian and Turkish.
Simone de Beauvoir le mouvement des femmes, mémoires d'une jeune fille rebelle (English: Simone de Beauvoir the women's movement, memories of a rebellious girl) - translated into Japanese and Swedish.

Claudine Monteil has also written a biography on Charlie Chaplin with his wife Oona Chaplin.
"Les Amants des Temps Modernes, Oona et Charles Chaplin" (English: Lovers of Modern Times: Oona and Charles Chaplin) - translated into Greek and Portuguese

Other websites
Claudine Monteil Official site in English and French

1949 births
Living people
Feminists
French historians
French diplomats

Claudine Monteil


Alocasia fornicata is a plant species of many-nerved, broad-leaved, rhizomatous or tuberous perennials from the family Araceae, native to Indochina and to the Indian Subcontinent. It characteristically grows 2' - 3 ' in height with slightly pink petiole, triangular wide shaped leaves and a horizontally growing stolon.

The plant's spadix is collected and cooked in North East Indian states of Mizoram, Manipur and Tripura where the plant is known locally as Baibing in Mizo. Alocasia affinis is also consumed. Both are a much favored seasonal vegetable.

The plant, including the spadix, contains needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate known as raphides that are believed to be a defense mechanism against plant predators that can tear and damage the mucus membranes of the throat or esophagus.

References

fornicata
Flora of Indo-China
Flora of the Indian subcontinent
Plants described in 1841
Vegetables

Alocasia fornicata


Bygstad is a village in Sunnfjord Municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  The village is located on the northern shore of the Dalsfjorden, about  northwest of the innermost part of the fjord.  The municipal center, Sande, is about  to the southeast of Bygstad and Førde Airport, Bringeland sits about  east of the village.

The village is an old church site where there once was a stave church here dating back to the 13th century.  The present Bygstad Church was built in 1845 and it serves the western part of the municipality of Gaular.

Notable residents
Jenny Ellaug Følling, a Norwegian politician
Kristian Lien, a Norwegian politician

References

Villages in Vestland
Sunnfjord

Bygstad


Louis Jean Népomucène Lemercier (20 April 1771 – 7 June 1840) was a French poet and playwright.

Life
Lemarcier was born in Paris. His father had been intendant successively to the duc de Penthièvre, the comte de Toulouse and the unfortunate princesse de Lamballe, who was the boy's godmother. Lemercier was a prodigy; before he was sixteen his tragedy of Méléagre was produced at the Théâtre Français. Clarisse Harlowe (1792) provoked the criticism that the author was "pas assez roué pour peindre les roueries" (not enough scamp to depict scamp tricks.) Le Tartufe révolutionnaire a parody full of bold political allusions, was suppressed after the fifth performance.

In 1795, Lemercier's masterpiece Agamemnon, called by Charles Lafitte the last great antique tragedy in French literature, was produced. It was a great success, but was violently attacked later by Julien Louis Geoffroy who stigmatized it as a bad caricature of Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. Les quatre métamorphoses (1799) was written to prove that the most indecent subjects might be treated without offence.
The Pinto (1800) was the result of a wager that no further dramatic innovations were possible after the comedies of Pierre Beaumarchais.
It is a historical comedy on the subject of the Portuguese Revolution of 1640.
This play was construed as casting reflections on the first consul Napoleon, who had hitherto been a firm friend of the avowed republican Lemercier. His extreme freedom of speech finally offended Napoleon, and the quarrel proved disastrous to Lemercier's fortune for the time.
In 1803, he earned a severe disappointment on the première of his tragedy Isule et Orovèse which was widely ridiculed and hooted by the public; consequently, at the beginning of the third act Lemercier withdrew his manuscript. He published his text with annoted "hootings" in order to pay deference to his public.

None of his subsequent work fulfilled the expectations raised by Agamemnon, with the exception perhaps of Frédégonde et Brunehaut (1821).
In 1810, he was elected to the Académie française, where he consistently opposed the romanticists, refusing to vote for Victor Hugo – who was to succeed him in the fauteuil 14. In spite of this, he has some pretensions to be considered the earliest of the romantic school. His Christophe Colomb (1809), advertised on the play-bill as a comédie shakespérienne [sic], represented the interior of a ship, and showed no respect for the classical unities.
Its numerous innovations provoked such violent disturbances in the audience that one person was killed and future representations had to be guarded by the police.

Lemercier wrote four long and ambitious epic poems: Homère, Alexandre (1801), L'Atlantiade ou la théogonie newtonienne (1812) and Moïse (1823), as well as an extraordinary Panhypocrisiade (1819–1832), a distinctly romantic production in sixteen cantos, which has the sub-title Spectacle infernal du XVIe siècle.
In it 16th century history, with Charles V and Francis I as principal personages, is played out on an imaginary stage by demons in the intervals of their sufferings.

Lemercier died on 7 June 1840 in Paris.
He had composed his own epitaph as follows: « Il fut homme de bien et cultiva les lettres. » ("He was a gentleman and a man of letters.")

Works

Theatre
1788: Méléagre, tragedy in 5 acts
1792: Clarisse Harlowe, drama, in verse
1795: Le Tartufe révolutionnaire, comedy in 5 acts, in verse
1796: Le Lévite d'Éphraïm, tragedy in 3 acts
1797: Agamemnon, tragedy in 5 acts, presented at the Théâtre de la République 5 floréal an V (24 April)
1797: La Prude, comedy
1798: Ophis, tragedy in 5 acts, presented at the Théâtre de la République 2 nivôse an VII
1800: Pinto, ou la Journée d'une conspiration, historical comedy, created at the Théâtre de la République 1 germinal an VIII (22 March)
1803: Isule et Orovèse, tragedy in 5 acts
1808: Baudouin, empereur, tragedy in 3 acts
1808: Plaute ou la Comédie latine, comedy in 3 acts, in verse, presented at the Comédie-Française, 20 January
1809: Christophe Colomb, historical comedy in 3 acts, in verse, presented at the Théâtre de S. M. l'Impératrice et Reine, 7 March
1816: Charlemagne, tragedy in 5 acts, presented at the Comédie-Française, 27 June
1816: Le Frère et la Sœur jumeaux, comedy in 3 acts, in verse, presented at the Théâtre de l'Odéon, 7 November
1817: Le Faux bonhomme, comedy in 3 acts tombée dès le commencement du 3e act, presented at the Théâtre français, 25 January
1817: Le Complot domestique, ou le Maniaque supposé, comedy in 3 acts and in verse, presented at the Théâtre de l'Odéon, 16 June
1818: Ismaël au désert ou l'origine du peuple arabe, scène orientale en vers (1801), presented at the Théâtre de l'Odéon 23 January (under the title Agar et Ismaël, ou l'Origine du peuple arabe)
1820: La Démence de Charles VI, tragedy in 5 acts, meant ti be presented at the Théâtre de l'Odéon 25 September
1820: Clovis, tragedy in 5 acts
1821: Frédégonde et Brunehaut, tragedy in 5 acts, presented at the Second Théâtre français 27 March
1821: Louis IX en Égypte, tragedy in 5 acts, presented at the Second Théâtre français, 5 August
1822: Le Corrupteur, comedy in 5 acts and in verse, completed 22 November, presented at the Second Théâtre-Français, 26 November
1823: Dame Censure, ou la Corruptrice, tragi-comedy in 1 act and in prose
1824: Richard III et Jeanne Shore, historical drama in 5 acts and in verse, imitated from Shakespeare and Rowe
1825: Les Martyrs de Souli, ou l'Épire moderne, tragedy in 5 acts, inspired by the writings of François Pouqueville.
1826: Camille, ou le Capitole sauvé, tragédy in 5 acts
1828: L'Ostracisme, comedy
 Richelieu ou la journée des dupes, comedy in 5 acts, in verse
1835: L'Héroïne de Montpellier, melodrama in 5 acts, presented at the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin 7 November
1827: Les Deux filles spectres, melodrama in 3 acts and in prose, représenté au théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin 8 Novembre
1830: Les serfs polonais, melodrama in 3 acts, presented at the Théâtre de l'Ambigu 15 June.

Poems and varia
1789: Épître d'un prisonnier délivré de la Bastille
1798: Les Quatre Métamorphoses
1800: Homère, poem
1800: Alexandre, poem
1801: Les Trois fanatiques, poem
1802: Un de mes songes ou quelques vers sur Paris
1803: Les Âges français, poème en 15 chants
1804: Hérologues, ou Chants des poètes rois
1804: L'Homme renouvelé, récit moral en vers
1806: Traduction des Vers dorés de Pythagoras et de deux idylles de Theocritus
1806: Discours de la nature
1807: Épître à Talma
1808: Essais poétiques sur la théorie Newtonienne tirés de l'Atlantiade [...] - Paris : Collin
1812: L'Atlantiade ou la théogonie newtonienne, poème en 6 chants: Bizarre poème didactique où des divinités allégoriques représentent le calorique, l'oxygène, le phosphore, etc.
1812: Ode sur le doute des vrais philosophes
1814: Épître à Bonaparte sur le bonheur de la vertu
1814: Épître à Bonaparte, sur le bruit répandu qu'il projetait d'écrire des commentaires historiques
1815: Réflexions d'un Français, sur une partie factieuse de l'armée française
1818: La Mérovéide ou les champs catalauniques, poème en 14 chants
1818: Du Second Théâtre-français, ou Instruction relative à la déclamation dramatique
1819: La Panhypocrisiade ou la comédie infernale du XVIe siècle, poème en 16 chants
1819 and 1823: Moïse, poem
1820: Cours analytique de littérature générale, 4 vol. : collection of lessons given at the Athénée from 1811 to 1814.
1820: Chant pythique sur l'alliance européenne
1820: Ode à notre âge analytique
1823: Le Paysan albigeois
1824–1825: Chants héroïques des montagnards et matelots grecs, translated into French verse
 Ode à la mémoire du Comte de Souza
 Almînti, ou le Mariage sacrilège, physiological novel
 Ode à l'hymen, set in music by Luigi Cherubini
 Ode sur la Melpomène des Français

References

External links
  Népomucène Lemercier on data.bnf.fr

18th-century French poets
18th-century French male writers
19th-century French poets
Writers from Paris
Members of the Académie Française
18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
1771 births
1840 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery

Népomucène Lemercier


The Emoji Movie is a 2017 animated family comedy adventure movie from Sony Pictures. It is about little faces used to text with called, "emojis." Emojis are part of United States pop culture. The movie is about 3 emojis going on an epic adventure in a smartphone to save them from deletion.

Plot
Gene is a "meh" emoji in the phone of a teen named Alex. He is the son of two other "meh" emojis, Mel and Mary Meh. Gene is not like other emojis because he has more than just one emotion. Alex decides to send Gene to a girl he likes, Addie McCallister, but Gene panics. This results in Alex sending an emoji with a weird face to Addie and Gene wrecking his workplace in the phone. Gene is threatened with deletion by a powerful Emoji called Smiler but is rescued by another Emoji called Hi-5 who tells Gene that he can be fixed if they find a hacker.

In the human world, Alex has started to think that his phone is broken. Back in the phone, Hi-5 and Gene visit another app and meet another emoji, a hacked called Jailbreak who wants to go to the cloud. The three emojis are chased by Smiler's robots from app to app. During the adventure they also find out Jailbreak is actually a princess. A relationship starts to form between Gene and Jailbreak.

The trio make it to the cloud where Jailbreak is about to reprogram Gene. Just then, one of Smiler's robot sneaks into the cloud and captures Gene. Hi-5 and Jailbreak chase after them on a Twitter bird.

As Smiler is abour to delete Gene, Gene's parents arrive, and Mel reveals he also has more than one emotion. Jailbreak and Hi-5 arrive and stop Smiler's robot, which falls on top of Smiler. In the human world, Alex is preparing to do a factory reset, which will destroy the emoji world. Just before the reset, Gene has himself texted to Addie. This stops Alex from doing the reset and stops the emoji world from being destroyed. He finally speaks with Addie, who likes Gene's face-changing powers. Gene learns to accepts himself and all the emojis throw a party except Smiler, who is sent to a club for unpopular emojis as shown in the end credits.

Reviews
This movie received extremely bad reviews from critics. They did not like the plot of the movie, because they think the movie was lazily created and simply designed for advertising product placement of apps like Candy Crush Saga, Just Dance and Dropbox. They also stated that The Emoji Movie lacks originality and is too similar to other, better movies like Wreck-It Ralph and The Lego Movie. With a rating of 6% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, it is the worst reviewed animated movie of 2017.

Music
The music for the Emoji Movie was composed by Patrick Doyle.

References

2017 comedy movies
2017 science fiction movies
American animated movies
American science fiction movies
American comedy movies
2017 computer-animated movies

The Emoji Movie


"The Immortal Legions" is a poem written by Alfred Noyes, and set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar. It was one of the songs (also known as the "Pageant of Empire") written to be performed in the Pageant of Empire at the British Empire Exhibition on 21 July 1924.

The poem is of quiet grief and thanksgiving in remembrance of those who died in the achievement of victory.

In the event, the song introduced "A Pageant of Heroes".

The song starts after a short introduction, pensively, in a minor key, with the solo voice which is joined by a simple ostinato-like bass line. The gentle middle section seems to show the sentiment of hope.  The song ends triumphally in the relative major key, with words of thanksgiving.

This song was also arranged by the composer as a part-song.

References

Foreman, Lewis (ed.),"Oh, My Horses! Elgar and the Great War", Elgar Editions, Rickmansworth, 2001
Richards, Jeffrey "Imperialism and Music: Britain 1876-1953" (Manchester University Press, 2002)

Recordings

 The CD with the book Oh, My Horses! Elgar and the Great War has many historical recordings including The Immortal Legions, a 1985 recording with Anthony Ransome (baritone), Kensington Choir and Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leslie Head
 The CD "The Unknown Elgar" has Sailing Westward and The Immortal Legions, Tudor Choir directed by Barry Collett, with Ken Burley (piano) PEARL SHE CD 9635

External links

Songs by Edward Elgar
1924 songs
World's fair music
British Empire Exhibition

The Immortal Legions


The enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) is a type of assay that focuses on quantitatively measuring the frequency of cytokine secretion for a single cell. The ELISpot Assay is also a form of immunostaining since it is classified as a technique that uses antibodies to detect a protein analyte, with the word analyte referring to any biological or chemical substance being identified or measured.

The FluoroSpot Assay is a variation of the ELISpot assay. The FluoroSpot Assay uses fluorescence in order to analyze multiple analytes, meaning it can detect the secretion of more than one type of protein.

History
Cecil Czerkinsky first described ELISpot in 1983 as a new way to quantify the production of an antigen-specific immunoglobulin by hybridoma cells.
In 1988, Czerkinsky developed an ELISA spot assay that quantified the secretion of a lymphokine by T cells.
In the same year, dual-color ELISpot was combined with computer imaging for the first time, which allowed for the enumeration and analysis of spots.
1988 also marked the first use of membrane-bottomed plates for performing these assays.

Mechanism of ELISpot

Antibody coating: Throughout the ELISpot Assay technique, different substances are added to and washed away from wells. Wells are found on a laboratory plate with tiny dishes/bowls that can be filled with a substance to be examined; the amount of wells on a plate varies, but it usually ranges from 16-100. The first substance added to the wells are cytokine specific monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies coat the walls of the wells for future binding to cytokine. The monoclonal antibodies means that the antibody is produced from a single cell lineage, and is only able to bind to one protein epitope. Polyclonal antibodies, on the other hand, are capable of binding to multiple epitopes of the same protein.
Cell incubation: The desired cells being observed and analyzed are added to the wells. Each well can have the presence or absence of stimuli that activate the secretion of cytokine in cells. During cell incubation, the cells are allowed to react to any present stimuli and secrete cytokine. There are many procedures and methods to follow to ensure proper cell handling. To make sure that cells are of high quality, cells in blood samples should be lightly agitated if stored for longer than 3 hours, the blood samples should be diluted in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) before being stored, and the blood samples should not have granulocytes. Any cells that have been cryopreserved and thawed should be allowed to rest for an hour or more at 37 degrees Celsius (the typical temperature of the human body). There are also many things that should be taken into consideration when incubating the cells, such as making sure that the cells do not experience sudden movements that could affect spot formation, or that the incubator's humidity is high enough to avoid excessive evaporation and drying out the wells.
Cytokine capture: Since the cells are surrounded by cytokine specific monoclonal antibodies that coat the walls of the wells, cytokine that has been secreted by the incubated cells will start to attach to the antibodies at a specific epitope.
Detection antibodies: At this point, the wells must be rinsed in order to get rid of the cells and any other undesirable substances. All that should remain are the cytokine specific monoclonal antibodies and any cytokine that bonded to the antibodies. Biotinylated cytokine-specific detection antibodies are then added to the well. These cytokine-specific detection antibodies will bind to any cytokine that is left in the well since the cytokine is still attached to the first set of antibodies used. Since the cytokine attached to the first set of antibodies coating the wells, the cytokine was not washed away when the wells were rinsed.
Streptavidin-enzyme conjugate: Streptavidin-enzyme conjugate is added to the wells in order to bind with the detection antibodies. The purpose of biotinylating the cytokine-specific detection antibodies added to the wells in the previous step is so that the antibody can bind to the new streptavidin-enzyme conjugate. Biotinylation basically creates a strong affinity between the biotin on the cytokine-specific antibody and the streptavidin on the conjugate.
Addition of substrate: A substrate is added to the wells, and is catalyzed by the enzyme conjugate added in the previous step. This reaction forms insoluble precipitate that forms spots in the wells. The substrate that you use in this step will depend on the type of enzyme used in the previous step. If streptavidin-ALP (streptavidin and alkaline phosphatase conjugate) is used, then using BCIP/NBT-plus (a mixture of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride) as a substrate will produce more distinct spots that are easier to analyze. If streptavidin-HRP (streptavidin and horseradish peroxidase conjugate) is used, then using TMB (tetramethylbenzidine) as a substrate will produce better results.
Analysis: The spots that are formed can then be read on an automated ELISpot reader, or counted under a dissection microscope, and further used to calculate the frequency of cytokine secretion.

Mechanism of FluoroSpot
The FluoroSpot assay is very similar to the ELISpot assay. The main difference is that the FluoroSpot assay is able to analyze the presence of multiple analytes on one plate of wells, whereas the ELISpot assay can only analyze one analyte at a time. The FluoroSpot assay accomplishes this by using fluorescence rather than an enzymatic reaction for detection. The steps for a FluoroSpot assay are also similar, with a few differences.

 Antibody Coating: Similar to the ELISpot, cytokine-specific monoclonal capture antibodies are added to a plate with wells. For both assays, the plates are ethanol-treated to avoid contamination and skewed data collection. For the FluoroSpot assay, a mixture of different types of capture antibodies are attached to the wells in order to detect multiple types of analytes.  In order to get optimal results with the ELISpot and the FluoroSpot assay, proper plate coating techniques should be followed. The plates should be treated with ethanol, washed, and then coated with antibodies. Ethanol treatment methods also vary depending on the type of plates that are used. For MSIP and IPFL plates, you should add 15 micro liters of 35% ethanol to all of the wells. Allow the ethanol to sit in the wells for one minute, and then pour it out. For MAIPSWU plates, you should instead add 50 micro liters of 70% ethanol to all of the wells. Allow the ethanol to sit in the wells for two minutes, and then pour it out. After you have treated the wells with ethanol, you need to wash all of the wells with 200 micro liters of sterile water. This washing process should be repeated for a total of 5 times. Once the wells have been treated with ethanol and washed, the cytokine-specific monoclonal capture antibodies can be added to each well.
 Cell Incubation: Cell are added to the wells and are incubated in the presence or absence of stimuli that affect protein secretion.
 Cytokine Capture: Proteins/analytes that are secreted by the incubated cells will bind to the capture antibodies attached to the wells during the first step.
 Detection Antibodies: Similar to the ELISpot, once the wells are rinsed to get rid of the cells and other substances that we are not interested in identifying or measuring, a biotinylated detection antibody is added (this is specific for one type of analyte that you wish to quantify) and then tag-labeled detection antibodies are added for the second and third types of analytes being studied.
 Fluorophore-labeled Conjugates: Instead of adding a streptavidin-enzyme conjugate, the detection of multiple analytes is amplified in the FluoroSpot with the use of fluorophore-labeled anti-tag antibody and streptavidin-fluorophore conjugate. A fluorescence enhancer solution is also added during this step in order to enhance the signals later used when analyzing the fluorescence colors in the wells. This fluorescence is what makes it possible for the FluoroSpot to analyze and compare multiple analytes, unlike the ELISpot.
 Analysis: Since the FluoroSpot relies on the use of fluorescence and not an enzymatic reaction, there is no need for a step that adds a substrate to react with enzymes (as needed for the ELISpot). The last step for the FluoroSpot assay is to analyze the fluorophores under an automated fluorescence reader that has separate filters for the different fluorophores being analyzed. These filters should be selected for the specific wavelengths of the fluorophores if you want accurate measurements.

Since the FluoroSpot assay identifies and quantifies the presence of multiple analytes, it is possible that the absorption of one analyte can affect the secretion of another analyte; this is called capture effects. The effect an analyte has on another analyte could be positive or negative (the production of the second analyte can either increase or decrease). To counteract capture effects, it is possible to use co-stimulation in order to bypass the decreased production of an analyte. This is when a second antibody that stimulates the production of the same analyte is added to the wells.

Applications of ELISpot and FluoroSpot
The ELISpot and FluoroSpot assays can be used in many research fields: vaccine development, cancer, allergies, monocytes/macrophages/dendritic cells characterization, apolipoproteins analysis, and veterinary research. With the ELISpot, you can study antigen-specific cytokine responses, antibody specific secreting cells, tumor antigens, granzyme B and Perforin release by T cells, vaccine efficacy, epitope mapping, cytotoxic T-cell activity, detection of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, vaccine-induced antibody responses, antigen-specific memory B cells, and much more.

More specifically, the T-cell ELISpot assay is used to characterize T-cell subsets. This is because the assay can detect the production of cytokines IFN-y, IL-2, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. The first three cytokines are produced by Th1 cells, while the last three are produced by Th2 cells. Measuring T-cell responses through cytokine production also makes it possible to study vaccine efficacy.

With T-cell FluoroSpot, you can monitor tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. You can also analyze the IFN-y cytokine and granzyme B secretion in order to assess cytotoxic T-cell responses. Both of these are used for cancer research.

With B-cell FluoroSpot, vaccine efficacy can also be observed by quantifying the secretion of IgG, IgA, and IgM before and after a vaccination. This analysis of multiple immunoglobulins is made possible because of the fluorescence method used in the FluoroSpot.

References

Biochemistry methods
Immunologic tests

ELISpot


General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) is a manufacturer of military vehicles such as tanks and lighter armored fighting vehicles.

History
In February 1982 Chrysler announced the sale of Chrysler Defense, its profitable defense subsidiary, to General Dynamics for US$348.5 million. The sale was completed in March 1982 for the revised figure of US$336.1 million. Renamed General Dynamics Land Systems, the division operates the Lima Army Tank Plant and General Dynamics Anniston Operations in Anniston, Alabama, along with smaller operations in Tallahassee, Florida, and Scranton, Pennsylvania. Headquarters are located in Sterling Heights, Michigan. As of 2016, General Dynamics Land Systems employed 6,800 people.

General Dynamics Land Systems Canada
In 2003 it acquired Steyr-Daimler-Puch Spezialfahrzeug GmbH (SSF), the land defense vehicles unit of Steyr-Daimler-Puch, and General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada (GDLS-C), a subsidiary of General Dynamics based in London, Ontario, purchased General Motors Diesel's GM Defense unit from General Motors. It supplies such armored vehicles as the LAV-25, the Stryker, and other models based on these chassis. The London operation is located at GM Diesel's old plant on Oxford Street East. SSF merged into the General Dynamics European Land Systens (GDELS) unit.

After the division secured a fourteen-year, $15-billion deal to supply light armoured vehicles to Saudi Arabia, Unifor representatives expressed concern that the London plant would suffer financially due to negative publicity surrounding the deal and that union members employed at the plant would lose their jobs. Both Bloc Québécois Leader Gilles Duceppe and New Democrat Thomas Mulcair challenged Prime Minister Stephen Harper on the secrecy surrounding military sales to Saudi Arabia,  while David Perry, senior analyst with the Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute, argued that secrecy in trade details is part of a pragmatic foreign trade policy necessary for a domestic industry in a global market.

Vehicles

 M1 Abrams, the American main battle tank
 K1 88-Tank, the South Korean main battle tank
 Light Armoured Vehicle, a family of infantry fighting vehicles
 Stryker, a family of eight-wheeled armored fighting vehicles derived from the Canadian LAV III
 Ajax, a family of tracked armoured fighting vehicles being developed for the British Army
 Buffalo, a wheeled mine resistant, ambush protected (MRAP) armored military vehicle
 Cougar, an MRAP and infantry mobility vehicle structured to be resistant to landmines and improvised munitions
 Multi-Utility Tactical Transport (MUTT), currently being trialed by the United States military
 Griffin, a series of armoured fighting vehicles under development and being offered under the United States Army Next Generation Combat Vehicle program
 Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF), a prototype undergoing Soldier Vehicle Assessment (SVA)
 Tracked Robot 10-Ton (TRX), a robotic combat vehicle platform

References

External links

Land Systems
Defense companies of the United States
Military vehicle manufacturers
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Companies based in Macomb County, Michigan
Sterling Heights, Michigan
American companies established in 1982
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in Michigan
Chrysler

General Dynamics Land Systems


Factoring is a financial arrangement whereby a supplier of goods sells its trade receivables to the factor (bank) at discounted price for immediate cash payment. Factoring is selling rights to the future payments. People and companies that are receiving money from contracts every some time may be in need of extra money - so they sell rights to receive those payments for cash hence Factoring. This is done especially in construction business where companies are paid for parts of work completed instead of upfront payment. Such a company will sell future payments for small percentage fee and will receive all money they need to continue the work without delays.

The structured settlement factoring transaction can be really helpful for business in financial needs.
It provides business with better financing and more funds on hands in exchange for small percentage of total sum.

Some banks are entering field of Factoring trying to provide same service advertised by well known names.

References

Finance

Factoring (finance)


Xfce or XFCE (pronounced as four individual letters) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems.

Xfce aims to be fast and lightweight while still being visually appealing and easy to use. Xfce embodies the traditional Unix philosophy of modularity and re-usability. It consists of separately packaged parts that together provide all functions of the desktop environment, but can be selected in subsets to suit user needs and preference. Another priority of Xfce is adherence to standards, specifically those defined at freedesktop.org.

Features
Like GNOME, Xfce is based on the GTK toolkit, but it is not a GNOME fork. It uses the Xfwm window manager, described below. Its configuration is entirely mouse-driven, with the configuration files hidden from the casual user. Xfce does not feature any desktop animations, but Xfwm supports compositing.

History
Olivier Fourdan started the project in late 1996 as a Linux version of the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), a Unix desktop environment that was initially proprietary and later released as free software. The first release of Xfce was in early 1997. However, over time, Xfce diverged from CDE and now stands on its own.  The Slackware Linux distribution has nicknamed Xfce the "Cholesterol Free Desktop Environment", a loose interpretation of the initialism.

Mascot

Per the FAQ, the logo of Xfce is "a mouse, obviously, for all kinds of reasons like world domination and monsters and such." In the SuperTuxKart game, in which various open source mascots race against each other, the mouse is said to be a female named "Xue".

Early versions

Xfce began as a simple project created with XForms. Olivier Fourdan released the program, which was just a simple taskbar, on SunSITE.

Fourdan continued developing the project and in 1998, Xfce 2 was released with the first version of Xfce's window manager, Xfwm. He requested to have the project included in Red Hat Linux, but was refused due to its XForms basis. Red Hat only accepted software that was open source and released under either a GPL or BSD compatible license, whereas, at the time, XForms was closed source and free only for personal use. For the same reason, Xfce was not in Debian before version 3, and Xfce 2 was only distributed in Debian's contrib repository.

In March 1999, Fourdan began a complete rewrite of the project based on GTK, a non-proprietary toolkit then rising in popularity. The result was Xfce 3.0, licensed under the GPL. Along with being based completely on free software, the project gained GTK drag-and-drop support, native language support, and improved configurability. Xfce was uploaded to SourceForge.net in February 2001, starting with version 3.8.1.

Modern Xfce

In version 4.0.0, released 25 September 2003, Xfce was upgraded to use the GTK 2 libraries. Changes in 4.2.0, released 16 January 2005, included a compositing manager for Xfwm which added built-in support for transparency and drop shadows, as well as a new default SVG icon set. In January 2007, Xfce 4.4.0 was released. This included the Thunar file manager, a replacement for Xffm. Support for desktop icons was added. Also, various improvements were made to the panel to prevent buggy plugins from crashing the whole panel. In February 2009, Xfce 4.6.0 was released. This version had a new configuration backend, a new settings manager and a new sound mixer, as well as several significant improvements to the session manager and the rest of Xfce's core components.

In January 2011, Xfce 4.8.0 was released. This version included changes such as the replacement of ThunarVFS and HAL with GIO, udev, ConsoleKit and PolicyKit, and new utilities for browsing remote network shares using several protocols including SFTP, SMB, and FTP. Window clutter was reduced by merging all Thunar file progress dialog boxes into a single dialog. The panel application was also rewritten for better positioning, transparency, and item and launcher management. 4.8 also introduced a new menu plugin to view directories. The 4.8 plugin framework remains compatible with 4.6 plugins. The display configuration dialog in 4.8 supports RandR 1.2, detecting screens automatically and allowing users to pick their preferred display resolution, refresh rate, and display rotation. Multiple displays can be configured to either work in clone mode, or be placed next to each other. Keyboard selection was revamped to be easier and more user-friendly. Also, the manual settings editor was updated to be more functional.

The 4.8 development cycle was the first to use the new release strategy formed after the "Xfce Release and Development Model" developed at the Ubuntu Desktop Summit in May 2009. A new web application was employed to make release management easier, and a dedicated Transifex server was set up for Xfce translators. The project's server and mirroring infrastructure was also upgraded, partly to cope with anticipated demand following the release announcement for 4.8.

Xfce 4.10, released 28 April 2012, introduced a vertical display mode for the panel and moved much of the documentation to an online wiki. The main focus of this release was on improving the user experience.

Xfce 4.12 was released on 28 February 2015, two years and ten months later, contrary to mass Internet speculation about the project being "dead". The target of 4.12 was to improve user experience and take advantage of technologies introduced in the interim. New window manager features include an Alt+Tab dialog, and smart multi-monitor handling. Also, a new power management plugin for the panel's notification area was introduced, as well as a re-written text editor and an enhanced file manager. Xfce 4.12 also started the transition to GTK 3 by porting application and supporting plugins and bookmarks. With 4.12, the project reiterated its commitment to Unix-like platforms other than Linux by featuring OpenBSD screenshots.

Xfce 4.13 is the development release during the transition of porting components to be fully GTK3-compatible, including xfce-panel and xfce-settings.

The planned release of Xfce 4.14 was announced in April 2016 and was officially released on 12 August 2019. The main goals of the release included porting the remaining core components from GTK 2 to GTK 3; replacing the dependency on  with GDBus, GNOME's implementation of the D-Bus specification; and removing deprecated widgets. Major features were postponed for a later 4.16 release. The minimum GTK 3 version was bumped from 3.14 to 3.22.

Xfce 4.16 was released on 22 December 2020. Some notable changes in this release include new icons with a more consistent color palette; improved interfaces for changing system settings; various panel improvements like animations for hiding, a new notification plugin with support for both legacy SysTray and modern StatusNotifier items, and better support for dark themes; and more information included in the About dialog.

Xfce 4.18 was released on 15 December 2022. This release mainly focused on new features and improvements to the Thunar file manager including an image preview sidebar, split view, recursive file searching, better mime type handling, per-file color highlighting, undoing up to 10 actions, a recently opened files location, restoring open tabs on startup, and a customizable toolbar. Other changes include a keyboard shortcut editor and merging the date and time plugins.

Software components

Applications developed by the Xfce team are based on GTK and self-developed Xfce libraries. Other than Xfce itself, there are third-party programs which use the Xfce libraries.

Development framework
Xfce provides a development framework which contains the following components:

 exo, an application library for the Xfce desktop environment
 garcon, a Freedesktop.org compliant menu library
 libxfce4ui, a widgets library for the Xfce desktop environment
 libxfce4util, an extension library for Xfce

One of the services provided to applications by the framework is a red banner across the top of the window when the application is running with root privileges, warning the user that they could damage system files.

Xfce Panel
Xfce Panel is a highly configurable taskbar with a rich collection of plug-ins available for it.

Many aspects of the panel and its plug-ins can be configured easily through graphical dialogs, but also by GTK style properties and hidden Xfconf settings.

Xfce Terminal

A terminal emulator is provided as part of the Xfce project, but it can be used in other X Window System environments as well. It supports tabs, customizable key bindings, colors, and window sizes. It was designed to replace GNOME Terminal, which depends on the GNOME libraries. Like GNOME Terminal, though, it is based on the VTE library. Xfce Terminal can be configured to offer a varying background color for each tab. It can also be used as a drop-down terminal emulator, similar to Guake or Tilda.

Xfwm
Xfwm is a window manager, supporting custom themes. Starting with version 4.2, Xfwm integrates its own compositing manager.

Catfish
A file searching tool, able to perform in-name and in-text matching, as well searching by file type and last modified time. It is also capable of performing indexing by using an mlocate database.

Thunar

Thunar is the default file manager for Xfce, replacing Xffm. It resembles GNOME's Nautilus, and is designed for speed and a low memory footprint, as well as being highly customizable through plugins. Xfce also has a lightweight archive manager called Xarchiver, but this is not part of the core Xfce 4.4.0. More recently, Squeeze has been started as an archive manager designed to integrate better into the Xfce desktop, and though no releases have been made since 2008, the git repository of squeeze has been active and this version is more feature-rich than the last stable release.

Orage
Starting with version 4.4, Xfcalendar was renamed to Orage (French for "thunderstorm") and several features were added. Orage has alarms and uses the iCalendar format, making it compatible with many other calendar applications, e.g. vdirsyncer to sync via CalDAV. It also includes a panel clock plugin and an international clock application capable of simultaneously showing clocks from several different time zones. With Xfce 4.16, and the dropping of GTK2 support for panel plugins, orage was replaced with DateTime plugin.

Mousepad

Mousepad is the default text editor for Xfce in some Linux distributions, including Xubuntu. Mousepad aims to be an easy-to-use and fast editor, meant for quickly editing text files, not a software development environment or an editor with a large plugin ecosystem. It does offer tabbed files, syntax highlighting, parentheses matching and indentation features commonly found in software editors. It closely follows the GTK-system release cycle. It originated as a fork of Leafpad, was developed by Erik Harrison and Nick Schermer, but has since been rewritten from scratch.

Parole

Parole is a simple media player based on the GStreamer framework. It is designed with simplicity, speed and resource usage in mind, and is part of the Xfce Goodies and uses at least three libraries from the Xfce project (libxfce4ui, libxfce4util, and libxfconf).

It is similar to GNOME Videos, but it has some advantages and disadvantages compared to it:

Advantages
 It has (X11/XShm/Xv) video output that provides a much higher frame rate than Clutter-based video output of GNOME Videos which relies upon OpenGL or OpenGL ES for rendering
 Traditional text-based playlist on the main window for both audio and video files which provides an easy and fast switch between the files and show their time
 Audio visualization
 Showing a banner upon the videos that have multiple audio or subtitle files

Disadvantages
 Lacks a mechanism to speed up or slow down the media playback
 Lacks many advanced features of GNOME Videos
 As of version 1.0.5 (2019–11) it cannot run under Wayland

Ristretto
An image viewer (supporting slideshow mode). Ristretto operates on folders of images, displaying thumbnails along with the active image.

Xfburn
A CD/DVD optical disc authoring software. Starting with the 4.12 release of Xfce, Xfburn is also able to burn Blu-ray discs.

Xfce Screensaver
A screen saver and session-locking program first packaged with the 4.14 release of Xfce. It uses screensaver themes compatible with Xscreensaver. Although forked from MATE Screensaver, it depends only on Xfce libraries.

Table of Xfce 4 components

Products and distributions using Xfce

Xfce is included as one of the graphical user interfaces on the Pandora handheld gaming system.

It is the default desktop environment in the following Linux distributions:

 BackBox
 Black Lab Linux
 Devuan
 Dragora GNU/Linux-libre
 Emmabuntüs
 EndeavourOS
 GalliumOS
 Kali Linux
 The Linux Schools Project
 Linux Lite
 Manjaro
 MX Linux
 Mythbuntu
 Pentoo
 Peppermint OS
 QubesOS
 Salix OS
 SolydXK (SolydX)
 SystemRescueCD
 UberStudent
 Ubuntu Studio (until 20.04)
 Void Linux
 Whonix
 Xubuntu

It is also included as a standard desktop option on FreeBSD and derivatives such as GhostBSD, and in many other Linux distributions not listed above, including Arch Linux, Debian, Ubuntu, openSUSE, Fedora, Kali, Linux Mint, Slackware, Mageia, OpenMandriva, Void Linux and Zorin OS. Kali Linux also uses Xfce as the desktop environment when running on the ARM platform. Debian makes a separate netinstall CD available that installs Xfce as the default desktop environment. In 2013, Debian briefly made it the default environment, replacing GNOME.

See also

 LXQt
 LXDE
 MATE

References

External links

1997 software
Compositing window managers
Desktop environments based on GTK
Free desktop environments
X Window System

Xfce


Nightjars are medium-sized birds that are active during the dawn and dusk, or during the night. They can be found all over the world. They primarily feed on insects. In English, they are also known as goatsuckers, or bugeaters. The word goatsucker was translated to Latin as Caprimulgus. Some of them are also called nighthawks. There are about 100 species.

Birds

Nightjar


Carlos A. Felippa is a professor of Aerospace Engineering Sciences at the University of Colorado. His research at Colorado concerns aerospace structures and structural analysis, with special interests in coupled field problems: elastoacoustics, aeroelasticity, control-structure interaction, thermomechanics and electrothermomechanics.

Biography
Felippa studied civil engineering at the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Ing. Civ. 1963) and the University of California, Berkeley (M.S. 1964 and Ph.D. 1966). After working at Boeing and Lockheed, he took a position at the University of Colorado in 1986, where from 1989 to 1991 he directed the Center for Space Structures and Controls.

Selected publications

Professor Felippa has over 150 publications in refereed journals, conference proceedings, and book chapters.

C. A. Felippa and K. C. Park, A direct flexibility method, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 149, 319–337, 1997.
C. A. Felippa, Recent Developments in Parametrized Variational Principles for Mechanics, Computational Mechanics, 18, No. 3, 159–174, 1996.
C. A. Felippa, L. A. Crivelli and B. Haugen, A Survey of the Core-Congruential Formulation for Nonlinear Finite Elements, Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 1, pp. 1–48, 1994.
C. A. Felippa, Parametrized Variational Principles and Applications, Science and Perspectives in Mechanics, ed. by B. Nayroles, J. Etay and D. Renouard, ENS Grenoble, Grenoble, France, 1994, pp. 1–42.
K. C. Park and C. A. Felippa, Partitioned Analysis of Coupled Systems, Chapter 3 in Computational Methods for Transient Analysis, T. Belytschko and T. J. R. Hughes, eds., North-Holland, Amsterdam–New York, 1983.

References
 www.colorado.edu/engineering/CAS/Felippa.d/FelippaHome.d/Felippa.Fullvita.pdf

UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
University of Colorado faculty
American aerospace engineers
Living people
Engineers from Colorado
Year of birth missing (living people)

Carlos A. Felippa


Margarethe "Grethe" Cammermeyer (born March 24, 1942) is a former Norwegian-American military officer. She served as a colonel in the Washington National Guard and became a gay rights activist.

Early life and education
Born in Oslo, Norway, she became a United States citizen in 1960. In 1961 she joined the Army Nurse Corps as a student. She received a B.S. in nursing in 1963 from the University of Maryland. At the University of Washington School of Nursing, she earned a master's degree in 1976 and a Ph.D. in 1991.

Career and activism
She had a 15-year marriage to Harvey Hawken and they had four sons. She divorced in 1980. In 1988, when she was 46, she met the woman who later became her wife, Diane Divelbess.

In 1989, responding to a question during a routine security clearance interview, she disclosed that she is a lesbian. The National Guard began military discharge proceedings against her. On June 11, 1992, she was honorably discharged. Cammermeyer filed a lawsuit against the decision in civil court. In June 1994, Judge Thomas Zilly of the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington ruled that her discharge and the ban on gays and lesbians serving in the military were unconstitutional. She returned to the National Guard and served as one of the few openly gay or lesbian people in the U.S. military while the "don't ask don't tell" policy was in effect, until her retirement in 1997.

A television movie about Cammermeyer's story, Serving in Silence, was made in 1995, with Glenn Close starring as Cammermeyer. Its content was largely taken from Cammermeyer's autobiography of the same name.

After retirement, Cammermeyer ran for the United States Congress in Washington's 2nd congressional district in 1998.  She won the Democratic primary, but lost in the general election to Republican incumbent Jack Metcalf.

In June 2010, she was appointed to the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services, a committee which is appointed by the United States Secretary of Defense and which reports to the United States Department of Defense.

The Point Foundation announced plans to honor Cammermeyer with its Point Legend Award in April 2011.

In 2012, after same-sex marriage was legalized in Washington state, Cammermeyer and her wife Diane Divelbess became the first same-sex couple to get a license in Island County.

See also
Sexual orientation and the United States military

References

External links
 Official site
 Margerethe Cammermeyer on Matt and Andrej Koymansky's Famous GLTB page
 Margerethe Cammermeyer on glbtq encyclopedia
 Planet Out article

Bisexual military personnel
Bisexual women politicians
University of Maryland, Baltimore alumni
University of Washington School of Nursing alumni
1942 births
Living people
American LGBT rights activists
American LGBT politicians
Norwegian bisexual people
American bisexual people
Cammermeyer, Margarethe
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
American military personnel discharged for homosexuality
Women in Washington (state) politics
Washington (state) Democrats
Women in the United States Army
United States Army Nurse Corps officers
People with acquired American citizenship
21st-century American women

Margarethe Cammermeyer


Bran ua Máele Dúin (or Bran mac Dúnchada) (died 712) was a king of the Uí Cheinnselaig of South Leinster. He was of the Sil Máeluidir sept of this branch of the Laigin, who were found in the later baronies of Shelmalier on the lower reaches of the Slaney River in southern modern County Wexford. The date of Bran's accession is unknown but the Book of Leinster king list gives him a reign of three years which would correspond to 709–712.

His last paternal ancestor to hold the kingship was Éogan Cáech mac Nath Í who would have lived in the early 6th century of whom Bran was a 5th generation descendant. Bran's grandfather Máel Dúin mac Máel Uidir was the son of the eponymous founder of his sept. The last member of this sept to hold the throne was Forannán mac Máel Udir whom the king lists would place in the late 6th century.

The Annals of Ulster record that in 709 the Uí Cheinnselaig fought the Battle of Selg in Fortuatha Laigen (east of the Wicklow Mountains) against Cellach Cualann, King of Leinster of the Uí Máil branch of the Laigin in which two sons of Cellach were slain. The Annals of Tigernach are however silent on who Cellach's opponents were and mention that he had British mercenaries. The  Uí Cheinnselaig were probably the aggressors and the battle may have actually been a standoff despite Cellach's losses.

The Uí Cheinnselaig however became involved in infighting and in 712 Bran lost his life along with his sons in battle. The Book of Leinster calls this battle the Battle of  Áth Buichet. One of Bran's sons did survive, Cennselach mac Brain (died 770) who later became king of the Uí Cheinnselaig.

Notes

References

 Annals of Ulster at  at University College Cork
 Annals of Tigernach at  at University College Cork
 Gearoid Mac Niocaill (1972), Ireland before the Vikings, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
 Book of Leinster,Rig Hua Cendselaig at  at University College Cork

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

Kings of Uí Cheinnselaig
8th-century Irish monarchs
712 deaths
Monarchs killed in action
People from County Wexford
Year of birth unknown

Bran ua Máele Dúin


Panagia () is a village in the northeastern part of the island of Lemnos, Greece. It is part of the municipal unit of Moudros. In 2011 its population was 383 people, including the small village Kortisonas (pop. 2).

Population

History

West of the village, in a small port near Cape Sotiras, an ancient site has been found. At the southern end of the bay a stele from the 4th century BC has been found, that reads: BENDIDORA METROPHANOU GERGISIOU. In medieval texts the location was mentioned as the valley of Saint Saviour. The map of the Italian traveller Buondelmonti (1418) mentions a chapel Sotira. A coastal settlement known as Sotira in northeastern Lemnos was mentioned on maps of other travellers including Belon (1588) and Dapper (1688). In 1858, when Conze visited the cape and the bay of Sotiras, he observed an old ruined stone pier and the chapel of Agios Sotiras.

By the mid 19th century, there were no villages in the area of northeast Lemnos between Kontopouli and the cape Plaka. There were only a few isolated farms, which belonged to Turkish land owners from Agios Ypatios. The village of Panagia was founded around 1865 by residents of Agios Ypatios and Kontopouli that owned land in the area. The location of Panagia was chosen because of its equal distance to the east and west coast of the peninsula, providing greater safety. At Panagia an old Byzantine monastery was situated, at the foot of the hill Alepotrypes (Αλεπότρυπες).

In 1874, it had 30 families. In another work of the same year, Panagia was mentioned as Tsiftlikia (Τσηφτλίκια).  Apparently the name Panagia was not in use yet. It was first mentioned on a map in 1904 by Fredrich, together with the two nearby settlements Naxia and Petsa. In 1865, the first inhabitants built a church of Panagia (Our Lady) in the location of the old monastery. Later they built a newer church with a gift of $6,500 from Anastasios Diamantis, an immigrant from the USA. In 1887, a community school was founded in nearby Plaka, which also served pupils from Panagia. In 1903, a school was founded in Panagia. The school building was built between 1929 and 1932.

In spite of being situated in a remote part of Lemnos, the village grew between World Wars I and II, because several refugee families from Asia Minor settled there. The fertility of the soil also contributed to the growth, and in 1928 Panagia had 406 inhabitants. After World War II, the agricultural fields produced 407 tons of cotton and 700 tons of wheat. In 1961, it had 697 inhabitants. Later the population declined, but it is still one of the most lively villages on the island. It has a fishing club, a soccer club and an active cultural council.

Bibliography

Tourtsopoulou-Stefanidou Vasilili, Ταξιδιωτικά και γεωγραφικά κείμενα για τη νήσο Λήμνο (15ος-20ος αιώνας) = Travelling and Geographic Sources of Lemnos Island (15th-20th Centuries) Thessaloniki, 1986.
Lemnos CD: Λήμνος αγαπημένη = Loveable Lemnos
Theodoros Belitsos, Η Λήμνος και τα χωριά της = Lemnos and its villages, 1994

See also

List of settlements in the Lemnos regional unit

References

Populated places in Lemnos

Panagia, Lemnos


Catoctin Furnace is an unincorporated community located on Route 15 between Frederick and Thurmont in the northern part of Frederick County, Maryland, United States. It is the site of the Catoctin Furnace Historic District.

History
Catoctin Furnace (also known as Catoctin Iron Furnace) was constructed in 1774 by four brothers Thomas, Baker, Roger and James Johnson to produce pig iron from locally mined hematite. The village of Catoctin Furnace grew in the land around the iron furnace. Furnace workers lived in company-owned stone and log houses. During its most prosperous time, the village of Catoctin Furnace boasted three furnaces, a sawmill, a gristmill, a school, and eighty houses for workers all situated on 11,350 acres.

By 1903, operating a small iron furnace complex was nearly impossible due to technological advances as well as environmental restraints, and the furnace was shut down. After the furnace went out of business, many people from the community were forced to seek employment outside the tiny village. In 1923, the property again changed hands, and the families residing in the formerly company-owned houses were given the opportunity to purchase their own homes.

References

External links
catoctinfurnace.org  Catoctin Furnace Historical Society, Inc. website

Unincorporated communities in Frederick County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland

Catoctin Furnace, Maryland


Road signs in Azerbaijan are similar to the road sign system of post-Soviet states (as well as neighboring Armenia and Georgia) that ensure that transport vehicles move safely and orderly, as well as to inform the participants of traffic built-in graphic icons. They generally conform to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals.

Since Azerbaijan was a union republic of the Soviet Union before regaining its independence in 1991, road signs in Azerbaijan are largely based on the ГОСТ 10807-78 and ГОСТ 23457-86 Soviet standards (both of them are no longer valid in Russia) but with additions. Inscriptions on road signs are in Azerbaijani language (names of settlements can also be written in English) and in Latin script only.

In the Republic of Artsakh, a former breakway state formed during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1991 and de-facto dissolved in September 2023, road signs with settlement names in Armenian, Russian and English were used. In September 2023 after the Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenian-language road signs began to be removed.

Gallery

References

External links

 http://www.adcidl.com/pdf/Azerbaijan-Road-Traffic-Signs.pdf

Azerbaijan

Road signs in Azerbaijan


The Norwegian Society of Composers () was founded in 1917. The Society's main objectives are to promote its members' music and secure their rights.

As of today the Society counts 185 members who meet regularly for discussions and seminars. The Society works towards creating opportunities for the dissemination of contemporary music and for increasing public awareness of this art form. Contemporary music is promoted via several channels, including the society's record label Aurora, and through collaboration with concert producers and festivals.

The Society negotiates on behalf of its members in matters concerning remuneration and performing rights. It acts in an advisory capacity to the Ministry of Culture and Church Affairs and is represented on several boards (such as the Norwegian performing rights organization TONO) and public committees. The Norwegian Society of Composers offers legal, financial and practical aid to its members and provides information for the general public.

Together with its sister organizations in the Nordic countries, the Norwegian Society of Composers arranges the annual festival Nordic Music Days.

Awards

Work of the Year Winners
 Rune Rebne (1995)

External links

1917 establishments in Norway
Arts organizations established in 1917
Music organisations based in Norway
Norwaco

Norwegian Society of Composers


Janez Gradišnik (22 September 1917 – 5 March 2009), was a Slovenian author and translator.

Biography
He was born in Stražišče near Prevalje, present-day Slovenia, in what was then the Duchy of Carinthia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He studied at the University of Ljubljana. In the late 1930s and 1940s, he belonged to the Christian left intellectual circle of Edvard Kocbek. During World War II, he was arrested by the Nazi German authorities and expelled to Croatia. Between 1941 and 1945, he lived in exile in Bjelovar. In March 1945, the Ustaša (Croatian Fascists) arrested him, and he spent the last months of the war imprisoned in Zagreb.

After the war, he shortly worked as the secretary of Edvard Kocbek, who was named Yugoslav Minister for Slovenia in Belgrade. After returning to Slovenia, he became the editor of the State Publishing House of Slovenia (Državna založba Slovenije), but was forced to resign in 1952, when Kocbek was removed from public life. After that, Gradišnik dedicated himself mostly to translations. Together with Janko Moder, he was considered the foremost Slovene translator of the second half of the 20th century.

He translated from German, English, French, Russian, Serbian, and Croatian into Slovene.  He translated works by Jules Verne, Vercors, Jack London, Ernest Hemingway, Norman Hunter, Sinclair Lewis, John Boynton Priestley, John Galsworthy, E.M. Forster, Robert Louis Stevenson, Dobrica Ćosić, André Malraux, Walter de la Mare, Thomas Mann, Mark Twain, Thornton Wilder, George Eliot, Graham Greene, Robert Musil, Thomas Wolfe, Rudyard Kipling, Aldous Huxley, Heinrich Böll, James Joyce, Laurence Sterne, Franz Kafka, Hermann Hesse, Mihail Afanasjevič Bulgakov, Henri Bergson, Albert Camus, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann and others.

He also compiled several dictionaries, most notably a Slovene-German one, and wrote short stories and literature for children.

In 2008 he received the Prešeren Award for his lifetime of work in literature, translation, writing, and linguistics.

His son Branko Gradišnik is also a prominent translator, humorist, and short story writer.

He died on 5 March 2009 in Ljubljana.

Notes

References
Profile on the webpage of the Slovenian Television Broadcast

1917 births
2009 deaths
Slovenian writers
Slovenian translators
German–Slovene translators
French–Slovene translators
Russian–Slovene translators
Serbian–Slovene translators
Prešeren Award laureates
Slovenian Roman Catholics
Slovenian Christian socialists
People from the Municipality of Ravne na Koroškem
University of Ljubljana alumni
Yugoslav translators
Catholic socialists
Yugoslav writers

Janez Gradišnik


Annie Fox (born 1950) is an American book author. In addition to writing, she also is a presenter of workshops for teens, their families and educators. In workshops and online, Fox has been answering teens' questions, especially teen girls' questions for over ten years. On her online teen chat rooms at Talk City's The InSite, her username is "Hey Terra!" She is also a contributor to The Huffington Post.

Early life and education
She graduated from Cornell University with a degree in Human Development. She then completed her Master's in Education from the State University of New York at Cortland and became a teacher.

Career
With her husband, game programmer David Fox, she opened the world's first public access microcomputer facility (Marin Computer Center) in 1977. Her first computer-oriented book was Armchair BASIC: An Absolute Beginner's Guide to Microcomputers and Programming in BASIC (1983, Osborn/McGraw-Hill). From there she became an award-winning writer/designer of children's CD-ROMs. After her career as a children's CD-ROM designer, Fox created The InSite, a website for teens and young adults. There she wrote as "Terra" on InSite's online advice column.

Her first book was People Are Like Lollipops (1971, Holiday House). She wrote the book Can You Relate (Free Spirit Publishing, 2000). It was re-released in 2005 as The Teen Survival Guide to Dating and Relating: Real-World Advice on Guys, Girls, Growing Up, and Getting Along and is now available as a free PDF download. Also in 2005, she co-wrote Too Stressed to Think? A teen guide to staying sane when life makes you CRAZY (Free Spirit Publishing, 2005). Too Stressed to Think? was well-reviewed by Scholastic Choices. Be Confident in Who You Are is Book 1 of Fox's Middle School Confidential  series for 10- to 14-year-olds. The format of the book, which is similar to a graphic novel, makes her self-help book for kids stand out from other similar titles, according to School Library Journal. It was published by Free Spirit in 2008. Book 2: Real Friends vs. the Other Kind was published in June 2009, and Book 3: What's Up with my Family? was published in January 2010.

Fox and David Fox's multi-media company, Electric Eggplant, developed and published the Middle School Confidential graphic novel app series based on the popular books. Fox's latest book, The Girls Q&A Book on Friendship: 50 Ways to Fix a Friendship Without the DRAMA, first in her new Girls Q&A Book series, was published on October 1, 2014.

Works

 People Are Like Lollipops. Holiday House, 1971.
 Can You Relate: Real-World Advice on Guys, Girls, Growing Up, and Getting Along. Free Spirit Publishing, 2000. Re-released as The Teen Survival Guide to Dating and Relating: Real-World Advice on Guys, Girls, Growing Up, and Getting Along. Free Spirit Publishing, 2005.
 Too Stressed to Think? A teen guide to staying sane when life makes you CRAZY. By Annie Fox and Ruth Kirschner. Free Spirit Publishing, 2005.
 Middle School Confidential: Be Confident in Who You Are. Free Spirit, 2008.
 Middle School Confidential: Real Friends vs. the Other Kind. 2009.
 Middle School Confidential: What's Up with my Family? 2010.

References

External links
AnnieFox.com
Annie Fox's author page
Electric Eggplant
The InSite

1950 births
Living people
Cornell University alumni
State University of New York at Cortland alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
American children's writers

Annie Fox (author)


The 915th Tactical Fighter Group is an inactive United States Air Force Reserve unit.  It was last active with the Tenth Air Force, based at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida.  It was inactivated on 1 April 1981.

History

Need for reserve troop carrier groups
During the first half of 1955, the Air Force began detaching Air Force Reserve squadrons from their parent wing locations to separate sites. The concept offered several advantages.  Communities were more likely to accept the smaller squadrons than the large wings and the location of separate squadrons in smaller population centers would facilitate recruiting and manning.  Continental Air Command (ConAC)'s plan called for placing Air Force Reserve units at fifty-nine installations located throughout the United States.  When these relocations were completed in 1959, reserve wing headquarters and wing support elements would typically be on one base, along with one (or in some cases two) of the wing's flying squadrons, while the remaining flying squadrons were spread over thirty-five Air Force, Navy and civilian airfields under what was called the Detached Squadron Concept.

Although this dispersal was not a problem when the entire wing was called to active service, mobilizing a single flying squadron and elements to support it proved difficult.  This weakness was demonstrated in the partial mobilization of reserve units during the Berlin Crisis of 1961  To resolve this, at the start of 1962, ConAC determined to reorganize its reserve wings by establishing groups with support elements for each of its troop carrier squadrons.  This reorganization would facilitate mobilization of elements of wings in various combinations when needed. However, as this plan was entering its implementation phase, another partial mobilization occurred for the Cuban Missile Crisis, with the units being released on 22 November 1962.  The formation of troop carrier groups occurred in January 1963 for units that had not been mobilized, but was delayed until February for those that had been.

Activation of 915th Troop Carrier Group
As a result, the 915th Troop Carrier Group was established at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida on 11 February 1963 as the headquarters for the 76th Troop Carrier Squadron, which had been stationed there since July 1960.  Along with group headquarters, a Combat Support Squadron, Materiel Squadron and a Tactical Infirmary were organized to support the 76th.

The group's mission was to organize, recruit and train Air Force Reserve personnel  in the tactical airlift of airborne forces, their equipment and supplies and delivery of these forces and materials by airdrop, landing or cargo extraction systems.   The group was equipped with Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars for Tactical Air Command airlift operations.

The 915th was one of three C-119 groups assigned to the 435th Wing in 1963, the others being the 916th Troop Carrier Group at Donaldson Air Force Base, South Carolina and the 917th Troop Carrier Group at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.

Transferred from TAC to Military Air Transport Service, being upgraded to a Douglas C-124 Globemaster II long range intercontinental transport group in 1965.  Operated aircraft on flights to  Europe, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico.  Supported Vietnam War, by the end of 1966, the unit had flown several missions into Tan Son Nhut Air Base in South Vietnam.   Ordered to active service to support airlift to Japan and South Korea in 1968 in support of the Pueblo Crisis.  Relieved and returned to the reserve in June 1969.  Inactivated in 1971 as part of phaseout of C-124 Globemaster.

915th Airborne Early Warning and Control Group
Activated by Aerospace Defense Command in 1976 as a reserve Lockheed EC-121T Warning Star Airborne Early Warning and Control unit, operating flights from Homestead to Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland.  Mission of group was early warning of unknown aircraft approaching the east coast of the United States and monitoring of Soviet Air Force flights along the Atlantic Coast to and from Cuba.

In 1978 ADCOM began phaseout of the EC-121 as the Boeing E-3A Sentry AWACS aircraft entered the aircraft inventory.  The Air Force Reserve began conversion of the 915th to a tactical fighter group and inactivated its 79th Airborne Early Warning and Control Squadron, replacing it with the 93d Tactical Fighter Squadron.  The group was redesigned as the 915th Tactical Fighter Group.   the 915th Group was the first Air Force Reserve McDonnell F-4C Phantom II unit in October 1978.

Inactivated in 1981 when Tenth Air Force elevated its presence at Homestead to a wing, with personnel and equipment transferred to the new 482d Tactical Fighter Wing.

Lineage
 915th Military Airlift Group
 Established as the 915th Troop Carrier Group, Medium and activated on 28 December 1962 (not organized)
 Organized in the Reserve on 17 January 1963
 Redesignated 915th Air Transport Group on 1 December 1965
 Redesignated 915th Military Airlift Group on 1 April 1966
 Ordered to Active Service on 26 January 1968
 Relieved from Active Duty on 1 June 1969
 Inactivated on 30 July 1971

 915th Tactical Fighter Group
 Established as the 915th Airborne Early Warning and Control Group on 30 November 1976
 Activated in the Reserve on 1 December 1976
 Redesignated 915th Tactical Fighter Group on 1 October 1978
 Inactivated on 1 April 1981

Assignments
 Continental Air Command, 28 Dec 1962
 435th Troop Carrier Wing, 17 January 1963
 445th Air Transport Wing (later 445th Military Airlift) Wing, 1 December 1965
 459th Military Airlift Wing, 26 January 1968
 445th Military Airlift Wing, 1 September 1969 – 21 April 1971
 Tenth Air Force, 1 December 1976 – 1 April 1981

Components
 76th Troop Carrier Squadron (later 76th Air Transport Squadron, 76th Military Airlift Squadron), 17 January 1963 – 1 April 1966
 79th Military Airlift Squadron, 1 April 1966 – 30 June 1971
 79th Airborne Early Warning and Control Squadron, 30 June 1971 – 1 October 1978
 93d Tactical Fighter Squadron, 1 October 1978 – 1 April 1981

Stations
 Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, 17 January 1963 – 21 April 1971
 Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, 1 December 1976 – 1 April 1981

Aircraft
 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1963-1966
 Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1966-1971
 Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star, 1976-1978
 McDonnell F-4C Phantom II, 1978-1981

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 AFHRA search 915th Tactical Fighter Group

Military units and formations established in 1963
Fighter groups of the United States Air Force

915th Tactical Fighter Group


Peter Allen Stauber (born May 10, 1966) is an American politician, former professional hockey player, and retired law enforcement officer from Minnesota serving as the United States representative for Minnesota's 8th congressional district. A member of the Republican Party, Stauber has represented the district since 2019.

Stauber was born and grew up in Duluth, Minnesota. He played college hockey for Lake Superior State University, where as a star player on the team, he led the Lakers to a national championship in the 1988 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. Stauber met his political idol President Ronald Reagan when the team visited the White House after winning the national championship. He later said this event formed his political ambition. He went on to have a brief career in professional hockey. Stauber served as a lieutenant in the Duluth Police Department from 1995 to 2017. During his service as a police officer, he was shot while on duty. He also served as a county commissioner in St. Louis County, Minnesota, from 2013 to 2019.

Stauber succeeded DFL incumbent Rick Nolan by defeating Democratic nominee Joe Radinovich in the 2018 United States House of Representatives elections.

Representing a working-class and mostly rural district, Stauber is only the second Republican to represent his district since 1947.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the company Stauber and his brothers co-own received over $86,000 in bailout funds from the Paycheck Protection Program.

Early life and education
Stauber was born on May 10, 1966, in Duluth, Minnesota, and attended Denfeld High School in Duluth. He has a bachelor's degree in criminology from Lake Superior State University, where he was a star player on the Lake Superior State Lakers men's ice hockey team. He is credited with helping lead the Lakers to victory in the playoffs and the 1988 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Championship game. Lake Superior "became the smallest school ever to win college hockey's biggest prize." In that game, Stauber took a critical shot, described by opinion columnist Mike Mullen during Stauber's 2018 candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives as "risky, arguably crafty, and inarguably illegal," and by Star Tribune sportswriter John Gilbert in his 1988 story on the championship game as the moment when "Pete Stauber got away undetected when he straight-armed the net off its moorings during a Saints rush with 1:23 to go in regulation."

After winning the national championship, the team was invited to the White House, where Stauber met President Ronald Reagan, an event he has called a pivotal moment in the formation of his interest in politics.

Career

Professional hockey
In 1990, Stauber signed a multi-year contract with the Detroit Red Wings. The Florida Panthers selected him from the Red Wings in the 1993 NHL Expansion Draft.

Stauber and his brothers, John, Jamie, Bill, Dan, and Robb, all played hockey. Together they run an annual Stauber Brothers Military Heroes Hockey Camp, a summer program for children with parents in the military. The six are co-owners of the Duluth Hockey Company, which began as a sporting goods retailer but since 2015 has specialized in hockey-related merchandise.

Local politics
Stauber served on the Hermantown City Council for eight years. From 2013 to 2019, he served as a member of the St. Louis County, Minnesota Commission, which includes Duluth.

Political positions

Indigenous issues
A group of Ojibwe tribes from Stauber's district rebuked him for his attempts to block President Joe Biden's nomination of Deb Haaland as United States Secretary of the Interior. The Midwest Alliance of Sovereign Tribes also complained about his actions. A member of the House subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples, Stauber cited Haaland's support of the Green New Deal and opposition to oil drilling. As a member of the House, he did not vote on the nomination.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2018

In June 2018, Donald Trump campaigned for Stauber in his run for U.S. Representative, making his first visit to Minnesota as president and attending his first rally to support a Republican candidate for the House of Representatives in the 2018 general election, visiting Stauber's hometown of Duluth.

The 8th district had an open seat in a previously Democratic-Farmer-Labor (DFL)-held district where the last two elections were close. Partisan funders on both sides of the aisle reserved "millions" of dollars for advertising in a race widely regarded as a potential Republican pickup of a seat that had been held since 2013 by Rick Nolan. In November, Stauber defeated the DFL nominee, former Nolan aide Joe Radinovich, to become only the fifth person to represent the district in 71 years, and the second Republican to do so. He won primarily by running up his margins in the district's more conservative western portion.

During his 2018 campaign, Stauber ran on a policy of allowing Medicare to negotiate drug prices, becoming only one of a handful of Republicans to endorse what was primarily a progressive idea. Stauber has since walked back from his campaign pledge.

2020

Stauber was reelected on November 4, 2020, defeating DFL nominee Quinn Nystrom. In December 2020, he filed a motion to support Texas v. Pennsylvania, described as a "seditious abuse of the judicial process" and aimed at invalidating millions of votes in various swing states. The Duluth News Tribune, which had endorsed Stauber, and many other local officials sharply criticized him for the ploy in an open letter to Stauber.

Tenure
According to the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University, Stauber held a Bipartisan Index Score of 0.7 in the 116th United States Congress for 2019, which placed him 64th out of 435 members. Based on FiveThirtyEight's congressional vote tracker at ABC News, Stauber voted with Trump's stated public policy positions 90.4% of the time, which ranked him average in the 116th United States Congress when predictive scoring (district partisanship and voting record) is used.

On September 30, 2020, Stauber hosted Trump in a visit to his district, attending a rally of about 3,000 people at the Duluth International Airport. Along with two of his Minnesota Republican House colleagues, Stauber rode with Trump on Air Force One. After it was determined that Stauber had interacted with people who tested positive for COVID-19 in Washington D.C., including Trump, Stauber took a Delta flight in violation of Delta's rules, potentially exposing the other passengers to the virus.

In December 2020, Stauber was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump.

Committee assignments
For the 118th Congress:
 Committee on Natural Resources
 Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources (Chair)
 Subcommittee on Federal Lands
 Committee on Small Business
 Subcommittee on Rural Development, Energy, and Supply Chains
 Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
 Subcommittee on Aviation
 Subcommittee on Highways and Transit
 Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials

Caucus memberships
Law Enforcement Caucus
Congressional Steel Caucus
Congressional Western Caucus
Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation
Republican Main Street Partnership
Republican Study Committee
 Republican Governance Group
Problem Solvers Caucus (former)

Electoral history

Personal life
Of German ancestry, Stauber lives in Hermantown, where he and his family belong to the St. Lawrence Catholic Church. While on police duty in 1995, he was shot and lightly wounded in the head when a bullet entered his squad car.

References

External links
Congressman Pete Stauber official U.S. House website
Campaign website

|-

1966 births
Adirondack Red Wings players
American men's ice hockey forwards
American Roman Catholics
American shooting survivors
Catholics from Minnesota
Candidates in the 2018 United States elections
County commissioners in Minnesota
Lake Superior State University alumni
Living people
Minnesota city council members
Politicians from Duluth, Minnesota
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota
Toledo Storm players
American police officers
21st-century American politicians
NCAA men's ice hockey national champions

Pete Stauber


The Amazon weasel (Mustela africana), is a type of weasel. It is native to South America. It is also called the tropical weasel. It was first identified from a museum example that was not labeled well. The museum label said it was from Africa. That is why the scientific name is Mustela africana.

Description
The Amazon weasel is 43 to 52 cm (17 to 20 in) in length. Its tail is 16 to 21 cm (6.3 to 8.3 in) long. They have a long, slender, torso and short legs and ears. They have short fur. It is reddish to dark brown on the upper body, and is pale orange-tan on the underparts. The whiskers are short and there is almost no hair on the bottom of the feet.

Distribution
The Amazon weasel live in the Amazon basin in northern Brazil and eastern Peru and Ecuador. They may also live in southern Colombia, Venezuela and the Guyanas, as well as northern Bolivia. The region it lives in is covered by tropical rainforest.

Biology and Behavior

The Amazon weasel is rarely seen. Little is known about its habits. They eat rodents and other small mammals. They have been reported to make burrows in the stumps of hollow trees. They have been found from sea level to 1,250 m (4,100 ft). They have been reported to swim in rivers or estuaries. Sometimes, they swim far from the shore.

References

Mustelids
Mammals of South America

Amazon weasel