Morris Park is a  neighborhood in the New York City borough of the Bronx. Its approximate boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are Neill Avenue and Pelham Parkway to the north, Eastchester Road to the east, the Amtrak Northeast Corridor tracks and Sackett Avenue to the east and south, and Bronxdale Avenue and White Plains Road to the west. It borders the neighborhoods of Van Nest to its southwest and Pelham Parkway to its northeast. Williamsbridge Road and Morris Park Avenue are the primary thoroughfares.

The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community District 11 in the East Bronx, and its ZIP Codes include 10461 and 10462. The area is patrolled by the 49th Precinct of the New York City Police Department, located at 2121 Eastchester Road. The local subway is the IRT Dyre Avenue Line (), which runs under the Esplanade. The neighborhood has a large Albanian American and Italian American population.

History

Morris Park is named after John Albert Morris, who built the Morris Park Racecourse, which existed from 1889 until 1910. In 1890, the Morris Park Racecourse hosted both the Preakness and the Belmont Stakes; the latter continued to be run there until 1905. The track was later used for auto racing and was the site of the first public air show. After a 1910 fire, the property was divided into lots for the current neighborhood. Several streets in Morris Park, including Cruger, Holland, Radcliff, Colden, Paulding, and Hone Avenues, are named after mayors of New York City during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Land use and terrain
Housing in Morris Park is mostly one and two family homes of various styles. The neighborhood also has several apartment buildings. The total land area is a little over one-third of a square mile. The area is low-lying and relatively flat.

The northern section of Morris Park nearest Jacobi Medical Center is also referred to as Indian Village. Several streets are named after Native American tribes, including Choctaw Place, Narragansett Avenue, Seminole Avenue, and Pawnee Place.

Demographics
For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Morris Park as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Van Nest/Morris Park/Westchester Square. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Van Nest/Morris Park/Westchester Square was 29,250, a change of 2,115 (7.2%) from the 27,135 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 27.3% (7,987) White, 11.1% (3,245) African American, 0.3% (82) Native American, 10.6% (3,100) Asian, 0.1% (15) Pacific Islander, 1% (292) from other races, and 1.4% (410) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 48.3% (14,119) of the population.

The entirety of Community District 11, which comprises Morris Park and Allerton, had 116,180 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 79.9 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 22% are between the ages of between 0–17, 30% between 25–44, and 24% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 14% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 11 was $48,018. In 2018, an estimated 21% of Morris Park and Allerton residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eight residents (12%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 55% in Morris Park and Allerton, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Morris Park and Allerton are considered high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Culture
The neighborhood has a large Italian population, and since the early 2000s, has also had a large Albanian population and smaller Asian and Hispanic neighborhoods. Morris Park has always been predominantly Italian. It is generally more suburban than other neighborhoods in the Bronx.

As an Italian American neighborhood, the residents have close ties to their heritage. After Italy's World Cup victory in 2006, over 30,000 flocked to the neighborhood for an all-day party. Since then, Morris Park has gained a rival reputation with Arthur Avenue for the prototypical Italian-American neighborhood in the Bronx. Morris Park has one of the highest percentage of Italian populations in the city, along with Bensonhurst in Brooklyn and Staten Island.

Morris Park is famous for its annual Columbus Day parade, which began in 1977 to honor Christopher Columbus. It is held on the Sunday before the national Columbus Day holiday. Rudolph Giuliani, Michael Bloomberg, and Bill de Blasio have attended as mayors. The procession begins at the intersection of Morris Park Avenue and White Plains Road, marches east on Morris Park Avenue, turns north on Williamsbridge Road, and ends at Pelham Parkway South. The reviewing stand, where the local dignitaries, politicians, civic and business leaders, and Grand Marshal sit, is located on Williamsbridge Road between Lydig and Neill avenues. Past Grand Marshals have included actors Tony LoBianco, Chazz Palminteri, television personality Regis Philbin, and former New York Yankees first baseman Joe Pepitone.

Politics
Politically, Morris Park is in New York's 14th congressional district, represented by Democrat Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez . It is also part of the 34th State Senate district, represented by Democrat Alessandra Biaggi, and the 80th State Assembly district, represented by Democrat Nathalia Fernandez. Morris Park is located in New York's 13th City Council district, represented by Marjorie Velázquez, a Democrat.

A reflection of its heavily Italian-American and Catholic population, Morris Park was politically conservative and remained one of the Bronx's few solidly Republican neighborhoods until the 1990s. It was represented in the United States Congress from 1953 to 1969 by Paul Fino, a Republican, and then from 1969 to 1988 by Mario Biaggi, a socially conservative and law and order Democrat. Republican State Senators such as John D. Calandra and Guy Velella drew extensive support from Morris Park residents. In his three mayoral campaigns in 1989, 1993, and 1997, Rudy Giuliani, a Republican, carried Morris Park by substantial margins. In recent years, changing demographics have altered the neighborhood's political landscape.

Notable locations

The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, and the Jack D. Weiler Hospital division of Montefiore Medical Center are located on the eastern edge of the neighborhood. The neighborhood is also home to Bronx Psychiatric Center and Calvary Hospital. St. Francis Xavier School and St. Clare of Assisi School are two local Catholic schools. Our Savior Lutheran School, P.S. 83, and P.S. 108 are other local schools.

Loreto Park, bounded by Morris Park, Haight, Van Nest, and Tomlinson Avenues, was named after Alfred Loreto, a police officer who lived nearby at 1870 Hering Avenue and was killed on July 21, 1950 while foiling an attempted kidnapping of his neighbor. It underwent a large renovation that was completed in 2012. Councilman James Vacca allocated $500,000 from the New York City Council for the reconstruction. Additions included a play area for toddlers, wheelchair accessible equipment, planting beds, new benches, fencing, and game tables. The bocce court was renovated, and a roller hockey rink was added. However, the Morris Park Hockey League folded several years later and the rink quickly became underutilized, leading to another major reconstruction project costing $2,000,000 that is scheduled for completion in September 2021.

Joseph Garofalo, a World War II veteran, persuaded John Dormi & Sons Funeral Home on Morris Park Avenue to display his collection of medals and war memorabilia and named it the Bronx Military Museum. People in the neighborhood have also contributed military memorabilia that belonged to their relatives.

Police and crime

Morris Park and Allerton are patrolled by the 49th Precinct of the New York City Police Department, located at 2121 Eastchester Road. The 49th Precinct ranked 43rd safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 64 per 100,000 people, Morris Park and Allerton's rate of violent crimes per capita is slightly more than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 372 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 49th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 71.7% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 7 murders, 17 rapes, 273 robberies, 367 felony assaults, 133 burglaries, 611 grand larcenies, and 371 grand larcenies auto in 2022.

Fire safety

Morris Park is served by the New York City Fire Department's Squad 61/Battalion 20, located at 1518 Williamsbridge Road. Engine Company 97 is located just outside Morris Park at 1454 Astor Avenue. Also just off Morris Park Avenue is Engine 90/Ladder 41 located at 1843 White Plains Road. In addition, the Fire Department's Emergency Medical Service's Station 20 is located on the grounds of Jacobi Medical Center.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are slightly more common in Morris Park and Allerton than in other places citywide. In Morris Park and Allerton, there were 90 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 19.7 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Morris Park and Allerton has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 12%, the same as the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Morris Park and Allerton is , less than the city average. Fifteen percent of Morris Park and Allerton residents are smokers, which is slightly higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Morris Park and Allerton, 32% of residents are obese, 14% are diabetic, and 31% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 23% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-three percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 80% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," slightly higher than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Morris Park and Allerton, there are 17 bodegas.

The nearest large hospitals are Calvary Hospital, Montefiore Medical Center's Jack D. Weiler Hospital, and Jacobi Hospital. The Albert Einstein College of Medicine campus is also located in Morris Park.

Post office and ZIP Codes
Morris Park is located within ZIP Codes 10461 east of Paulding Avenue and 10462 west of Paulding Avenue. The United States Postal Service operates the Morris Park Station post office at 1807 Williamsbridge Road.

Education

Morris Park and Allerton generally have a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city . While 32% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 24% have less than a high school education and 44% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 26% of Bronx residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Morris Park and Allerton students excelling in math rose from 32% in 2000 to 48% in 2011, though reading achievement remained constant at 37% during the same time period.

Morris Park and Allerton's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is slightly higher than the rest of New York City. In Morris Park and Allerton, 23% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, a little more than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 74% of high school students in Morris Park and Allerton graduate on time, about the same as the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates the following public schools in Morris Park:
 P.S. 83 Donald Hertz (grades K-8)
 P.S. 105 Senator Abraham Bernstein (grades PK-5)
 P.S. 108 Philip J. Abinanti (grades PK-5)
 P.S./M.S. 498 Van Nest Academy (grades K-8)
 Bronx High School for the Visual Arts (grades 9-12)

Library

The New York Public Library's Morris Park branch is located at 985 Morris Park Avenue. The two-story,  branch opened in 2006. It is the first branch library to be built in Morris Park, and one of the newest locations in the system.

Transportation
The following MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Morris Park:
 bus to either the 225th Street () station or Locust Point
 bus and Bx12 Select Bus Service to either the Bay Plaza Shopping Center or the Inwood–207th Street () station
 bus to either the Westchester Square () or Third Avenue–138th Street () stations
 bus to either Woodlawn or the Westchester Square () station
 express bus to and from Midtown Manhattan

Morris Park is also served by the following Bee-Line Bus System routes to Westchester County, New York:
BL60: to White Plains
BL61: to Port Chester
BL62: to White Plains

Subway service is provided by the New York City Subway via the following IRT Dyre Avenue Line stations, served by the :
Pelham Parkway/Esplanade
 Morris Park

Notable residents
 Cara Buono (born 1971), actress
 Mary Higgins Clark (1927–2020), best-selling mystery author
 Abel Ferrara (born 1951), film director
 Jeffrey D. Klein (born 1960), former New York State Senator (Democrat)
 Jake LaMotta (1922–2017), former professional boxer and middleweight champion
 James Madio (born 1975), actor
 Ronnie Ortiz-Magro (born 1985), cast member of Jersey Shore
 Regis Philbin (1931–2020), television presenter, talk show host and game show host
 Luis Resto (born 1955), former welterweight boxer and subject of HBO documentary "Assault in the Ring"
 Anthony Ribustello (1966–2019), actor
 Nancy Savoca (born 1959), film director
 Andrew Velazquez (born 1994), MLB infielder. He played for the New York Yankees in 2021.
 Guy Velella (1944–2011), former New York State Senator (Republican) and Bronx Republican Chairman

In film
The Seven-Ups (1973)
The Wanderers (1979)
Raging Bull (1980)
True Love (1989)
Bad Lieutenant (1991)
Kiss Me Guido (1997)
Summer of Sam (1999)
Men in Black 3 (2012)

References

Further reading
 DiBrino, Nicholas. The History of the Morris Park Racecourse and the Morris Family (1977)

Albanian-American culture in New York City
Neighborhoods in the Bronx
Little Italys in the United States
1910 establishments in New York City
Sicilian-American culture

Morris Park, Bronx


Polish landed gentry  (, from ziemia, "land") was a social group or class of hereditary landowners who held manorial estates. Historically, ziemianie consisted of hereditary nobles (szlachta) and landed commoners (kmiecie; Latin: cmethones). The Statutes of Piotrków (1496) restricted the right to hold manorial lordships to hereditary nobility. The non-nobles thus had to either sell their estates to the lords or seek a formal ennoblement for themselves (not an easy task), or had their property taken away. A rare exception was the burgesses of certain specially privileged "ennobled" royal cities who were titled "nobilis" and were allowed to buy and inherit manorial estates and exercise their privileges (such as jurisdiction over their subjects) and monopolies (over distilleries, hunting grounds, etc.). Therefore, in the szlachta-dominated Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth there was almost no landed gentry in the English meaning of the term, i.e. commoners who owned landed estates. With the Partitions these restrictions were loosened and finally any commoner could buy or inherit land. This made the 20th-century Polish landed gentry consist mostly of hereditary nobles, but also of others.

They were the lesser members of the szlachta, contrasting with the much smaller but more powerful group of "magnate" families (sing. magnat, plural magnaci in Polish), see "Magnates of Poland and Lithuania". Compared to the situation in England and some other parts of Europe, these two parts of the overall "nobility" to a large extent operated as different classes, and were often in conflict. After the Partitions of Poland, at least in the stereotypes of 19th-century nationalist lore, the magnates often made themselves at home in the capitals and courts of the partitioning powers, while the gentry remained on their estates, keeping the national culture alive (for a preserved, non-magnate example, see Dąbrowski Manor in Michałowice).

20th century
Although the March Constitution of Poland (1921) abolished the legal class of hereditary nobility, szlachta or ziemiaństwo was informally recognized and remained an economic and social reality as well as a politically influential group, to a degree greater than hereditary nobility in European countries with more highly developed capitalism (and the remnants of feudalism mostly gone).

At the end of World War II, because of the Polish Land Reform Act passed in 1944 by the Polish Committee of National Liberation, landed gentry with larger estates was dispossessed and eliminated as a social group. Many land-owning families were eliminated or had their estates confiscated by the Germans or Soviets, earlier during the war.

With the liquidation of the Polish People's Republic (1989), the descendants of Polish landed gentry became politically active, struggling for (and often succeeding in) restoration of land ownership or at least compensation. Attempts to delegitimize the land reform of 1944 have also been made.

References

T. Chrzanowski, "Dziedzictwo. Ziemianie polscy i ich udział w życiu narodu", Kraków, Znak, 1995

Gentry

Polish landed gentry


Robert Edward Eberly (July 14, 1918 – May 19, 2004), son of Orville and Ruth Eberly, served as Chairman of the Board of Eberly Natural Gas Company, an oil and natural gas exploration and production firm. He was also a director of Gallatin National Bank (retiring in 1990). Eberly graduated in 1939 from Penn State with a BS in Commercial Chemistry.

On March 17, 1990, the College of Science at Penn State was renamed the Eberly College of Science in recognition of the support of the Eberly family.  The Eberly family has also made donations to help build the Paterno Library addition and the Bryce Jordan Center at University Park campus, endow scholarships for Penn State Fayette Campus students and support higher education at Penn State and West Virginia University. Robert Eberly's sister, Carolyn Eberly Blaney and her husband W. Gerald Blaney, serve as trustees of the Eberly Family Trust, as did Eberly's sister Margaret Eberly George (d. 2000). His wife, Elouise R. (née Ross), is an honorary alumna of Penn State.

See also
Hobby-Eberly Telescope

References

External links
Fayette County man shows gratitude to home region
Brother Eberly '39 Extends the Helping Hand
The Histories of Penn State

Eberly College of Science alumni
American energy industry businesspeople
American chief executives
1918 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American philanthropists

Robert E. Eberly


Milestone Radio, Inc. was a radio broadcasting company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They were the first broadcasting company in Canada that was owned and operated by Black Canadians. The company's president was Denham Jolly.

Company history
The company was founded in 1988 by five prominent individuals in Toronto's black community. After two attempts to obtain a license, which saw the group controversially passed over in favour of existing radio services, the group finally received a license from the CRTC in 2000 to launch the country's first R&B/hip-hop outlet, CFXJ-FM - branded as "Flow 93.5", which signed on the air in 2001.

Slaight Communications was a minority investor in the company; this ownership stake was not part of the company's 2007 sale of its broadcasting assets to Astral Media.

In 2003, the company teamed up with CHUM Limited to obtain a license for a Rhythmic Top 40 station in Edmonton, Alberta. That station, CHBN-FM, made its debut on February 17, 2005. CHBN-FM has since moved to mainstream top 40 since December 2005, and CHUM's stake in the station was transferred to CTVglobemedia when that company acquired CHUM Limited in 2007.

CHUM Radio, a division of CTVglobemedia (now Bell Media Radio) had acquired CFXJ which was approved by the CRTC on December 23, 2010.  and was finalized in February 2011, ending Milestone's foray into radio ownership. That same year, CKFG-FM - on-air as "G98.7", founded by Fitzroy Gordon, was launched that October.

Two years later, CFXJ was resold to Newcap Radio as Bell Media acquired the assets of Astral Media. The station, now owned by Stingray Radio, was rebranded to "93.5 Today Radio" in February 2022, whilist CKFG was relaunched as "Flow 98.7" by new owners CINA Radio Group, who acquired the station in 2021.

References

Slaight Communications
Radio broadcasting companies of Canada
Black Canadian culture in Toronto
Defunct broadcasting companies of Canada
Mass media companies established in 1988
Mass media companies disestablished in 2011
1988 establishments in Ontario
2011 disestablishments in Ontario
Black Canadian organizations
Black Canadian mass media

Milestone Radio


Prima Games is a publishing company of video game strategy guides in the United States. Formerly, Prima was an imprint of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Penguin Random House, and produced print strategy guides, featuring in-depth walkthroughs for completing games and other information, such as character sheets and move charts. Prima was acquired by Asteri Holdings in March 2019, which will transition the business to provide strategy guides in online form only, alongside other gaming news.

The company was acquired by GAMURS Group in January 2022.

History
Prima Publishing was a small publisher working out of a residential-style home office in Roseville, California when in 1990 its owner, Ben Dominitz, contracted with author Rusel DeMaria to create a video game strategy guide imprint, initially called "The Secrets of the Games". At the time, DeMaria was senior editor for PC Games magazine and on the staff of GamePro. The initial contract called for five books – the first ones being Nintendo Games Secrets, Sega Genesis Games Secrets, Turbografx Games Secrets, Game Boy Games Secrets and The Official Lucasfilm Games Air Combat Strategies Book.

Notable titles included Myst: The Official Strategy Guide, which sold in excess of 1.25 million copies in all versions, The 7th Guest: The Official Strategy Guide, X-Wing: The Official Strategy Guide, TIE Fighter: The Official Strategy Guide, Secret of Mana Game Secrets, Prince of Persia: The Official Strategy Guide, a special Sonic the Hedgehog book for Sega and two Earthworm Jim strategy guides. DeMaria served as the principal author and creative director of Secrets of the Games between 1990 and 1996. He also was the editor on several books by other authors.

In 2005, Prima introduced electronic distribution of gaming guides.

In 2006, Prima Games undertook an effort to revolutionize the quality of MMORPG strategy guides. Historically those had largely consisted of charts of data, maps and basic instructions. What they were lacking was expert strategy content. Prima engaged the online gaming community known as The Syndicate (www.LLTS.org) who was very large, well known and well connected with developers. That partnership resulted in a shift in how strategy guides were written. They began to be less of a data dump and more of a deep strategy. Examples of this can be seen in the LOTRO, Pirates of the Burning Seas, Vanguard, Warhammer Online and other similar guides from 2006 through 2009.

Prima entered a partnership with Nintendo in 2007, creating several official game guides over the years (such as for Super Mario Galaxy, Super Mario Galaxy 2, and Super Mario Odyssey.). They contained gameplay tips, walkthroughs, and canon lore. Some of these even featured never-before-seen concept art.

In 2009, Prima Games decided to take the expert strategy concept an additional step. First, they hired The Syndicate (its own independent studio) in place of a specific author. The guides would be written from the ground up solely by The Syndicate. They filled the role of writer, author, project management and editor. Second, the scope of the guides they worked on was expanded from just MMOs to include FPS, RTS and RPG games.

In 2010, Prima started selling their strategy guides on Steam.

In 2013, Prima parent company Random House merged with Penguin Group, owner of competing strategy guide imprint BradyGames, to form Penguin Random House. On June 1, 2015, it was announced that the two imprints would merge, and continue to operate solely under the Prima Games brand.

Prima has also worked with developers directly to create guides like Half-Life 2: Raising the Bar.

Penguin Random House announced in November 2018 that it has decided to close Prima Games by Q2 2019. However, by March 14, 2019, the division was acquired by Asteri Holdings, which will shutter the print operations and instead have Prima provide game strategy guides in online form as well as expanding into gaming news.

The company was acquired by GAMURS Group in January 2022.

References

External links

American companies established in 1990
Publishing companies established in 1990
Companies based in Shreveport, Louisiana
Book publishing companies based in Louisiana
Video game journalism
1990 establishments in Louisiana
2019 mergers and acquisitions
2022 mergers and acquisitions

Prima Games


Salah Asuhan (Indonesian: Wrong Upbringing) is an Indonesian novel by Abdul Muis originally published in 1928 by Balai Pustaka. It is widely considered one of the best examples of early modern Indonesian literature.

Background
Salah Asuhan was written during the colonial period and published by Balai Pustaka, which published books "suitable for native Indonesian reading." In order to be published, books had to avoid themes of rebellion and use formal Malay. As such, Salah Asuhan had to be rewritten with the European characters shown in a positive light after Balai Pustaka refused to publish it.

Plot
The story revolves around the Minangkabau Hanafi and his friend, the half-French half-Minangkabau Corrie du Bussée. Although Hanafi is Minangkabau and a Muslim, he considers European culture to be superior and has many European friends. After graduating from high school in Solok, Hanafi admits his love to Corrie and kisses her. However, Corrie feels ashamed afterwards and eventually flees to Batavia (Jakarta), leaving a letter for Hanafi saying that they can never be together because he is pribumi. Hanafi is then married to his cousin Rapiah, much to his discontent. He begins taking out his anger on his family, especially Rapiah.

After a few years, Hanafi's European friends have left him because of his treatment of his family, including his and Rapiah's baby son. His temperament becomes worse as a result. One day, he is bitten by a rabid dog. He is sent for treatment in Batavia.

Upon arrival in Batavia, Hanafi meets Corrie again and they fall in love. They eventually marry and move in together. Hanafi finds employment with the Dutch colonial government, receives the same legal status as a European, and adopts the Christian name Chrisye. He does not think of his family in Solok, even though they are worried about him.

Although their married life starts well, eventually Hanafi becomes abusive towards Corrie. Upon hearing that Corrie has befriended a disreputable woman and occasionally meets other men without him knowing, Hanafi loses his temper, accuses Corrie of infidelity and hits her. Corrie runs away from home and eventually starts working at an orphanage in Semarang.

Hanafi's coworkers in Batavia ostracise him after hearing of his treatment of Corrie. After one tells him that he is seen to be acting poorly, Hanafi realizes that he was wrong and goes to Semarang to apologize to Corrie. However, upon arrival he finds her dying of cholera. Corrie forgives him, and dies. Hanafi then collapses from the stress.

After being treated, Hanafi returns to his village to be with his family. Not long after his arrival, he commits suicide by drinking poison and apologizes to his family on his deathbed, embracing his Minangkabau and Muslim heritage. Rapiah states that she will not raise their son to be like the Europeans.

Themes
Salah Asuhan is generally seen as a warning against excessive Westernization. The failure of the marriage between Hanafi and Corrie is presented as being caused by Hanafi's refusal to follow Minangkabau traditions and aspiring to be more than a pribumi. Hanafi's admiration for European culture and lack of understanding of his own causes him to berate and demean his family, while his inability to live up to those ideals ultimately causes his relationship with Corrie to dissolve.

Reception
Salah Asuhan is generally considered one of the most important works in modern Indonesian Literature and is commonly used as reading material in Indonesian literature classes.

Bakri Siregar wrote positively of Salah Asuhan, considering the diction unparalleled in its contemporaries and the characters well fleshed-out.

A. Teeuw considered Salah Asuhan one of the three most important pre-war novels. He wrote that the unprecedented frank depiction of racism and social ostracism was tempered by the simple writing style to the point that it could be enjoyed not only as a piece of literature, but also as a love story.

In popular culture
Salah Asuhan was made into a film of the same name in 1972 by Asrul Sani.

References

Sources

Indonesian romance novels
1928 novels
Novels set in Indonesia
Balai Pustaka books

Salah Asuhan


Emir Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan (, 3 January 1880 – 28 April 1944) was the last emir of the Uzbek Manghit dynasty, rulers of the Emirate of Bukhara in Central Asia. Although Bukhara was a protectorate of the Russian Empire from 1873, the Emir presided over the internal affairs of his emirate as an absolute monarch and reigned from 3 January 1911 to 30 August 1920.

Early life
At the age of thirteen, Alim Khan was sent by his father Emir Abdulahad Khan to Saint Petersburg for three years to study government and modern military techniques. In 1896, having received formal confirmation as Crown Prince of Bukhara by the Russian government, he returned home.

After two years in Bukhara assisting in his father's administration, he was appointed governor of the Nasef region for the next twelve years. He was then transferred to the northern province of Karmana, which he ruled for another two years, until receiving word in 1910 of his father's death.

Reign
Alim Khan's rule began with promise. Initially, he declared that he would no longer expect or accept any gifts, and prohibited his officials from demanding bribes from the public, or imposing taxes on their own authority.  However, as time went by, the Emir's attitude towards bribes, taxes, and state salaries changed. The conflict between the traditionalists and the reformists ended with the traditionalists in control, and the reformers in exile in Moscow or Kazan. It is thought that Alim Khan, who initially favored modernization and the reformists, realised that their eventual goals included no place for either him or his descendants as rulers. Like his predecessors, Alim Khan was a traditional ruler. He toyed with the idea of reform as a tool to keep the clergy in line, but only as long as he saw the possibility of using it to strengthen Manghud rule.

One of the most important Tajik writers, Sadriddin Ayniy, wrote vivid accounts of life under the Emir. He was whipped for speaking Tajik and later wrote about the life under the Emirs in The Bukhara Executioners ("Jallodon-i Bukhara").

Alim Khan was the only Manghud ruler to add the title of Caliph to his name, and was the last direct descendant of the Manghit dynasty to serve as a national ruler.

In March 1918, activists of the Young Bukharan Movement (Yosh Buxoroliklar) informed the Bolsheviks that the Bukharians were ready for the revolution and that the people were awaiting liberation. The Red Army marched to the gates of Bukhara and demanded that the emir surrender the city to the Young Bukharans. As Russian sources report, the emir responded by killing the Bolshevik delegation, along with several hundred Russian supporters of the Bolsheviks in Bukhara and the surrounding territories. The majority of Bukharans did not support an invasion and the ill-equipped and ill-disciplined Bolshevik army fled back to the Soviet stronghold at Tashkent.

Deposition and death

However, the emir had won only a temporary respite. As the civil war in Russia wound down, Moscow sent reinforcements to Central Asia. On 2 September 1920, an army of well-disciplined and well-equipped Red Army troops under the command of general Mikhail Frunze attacked the city. After four days of fighting, the Ark of Bukhara was destroyed, the red flag was raised from the top of Kalyan Minaret, and the Emir Alim Khan fled, first to his base at Dushanbe (in present-day Tajikistan), and then finally to Kabul, Afghanistan, where he died in 1944. He is buried at the Shuadoi Solehin cemetery.

He was awarded the Order of Prince Danilo I and a number of decorations.

Family

Although the emir had several children, the exact number of offspring the emir had is unknown. Emir Alim Khan had three official wives in Bukhara, but after settling in Afghanistan, people there sympathized with him and many gave their daughters to him as wives. Therefore, he had several more wives in Afghanistan. According to some estimates, Seyid Alim Khan's offspring numbered about 500. With the exception of only a few, almost all of his descendants were with him during the last years of his life.

By the end of August 1920, the Red Army was surrounding and had begun to bombard Bukhara. Seyid Alim Khan hastily began to evacuate himself, his family, and some of his close associates. However, possibly due to the suddenness of the forced evacuation, his three young sons—about 8–10 years old (according to other sources, 4–6 years old), Sultanmurad, Shahmurad and Rakhimkhan—remained in Bukhara. After the capture of Bukhara, the Bolsheviks discovered them and at first wanted to shoot them together with the remaining several members of the family and close associates of the emir (similar to the execution of Nicholas II with his family and close associates), but left them alive in order to further propaganda in their favor, sending all three to Moscow to be raised in an orphanage for the orphans of dead Bolsheviks and soldiers of the Red Army.

Seyid Alim Khan appealed to the Bolsheviks and the world community for the release of his children and other family members who had remained in Bukhara, to join him in Afghanistan, but the Bolsheviks refused, keeping them as hostages for personal, political, and ideological purposes. The eldest of these three sons of Seyid Alim Khan, Sultanmurad, was disabled and lame from birth. He graduated from the Faculty of Workers and after his studies began working at a factory for the disabled. According to some reports, he spoke English. Some time later, Sultanmurad was arrested by the NKVD and declared an " enemy of the people ". Among other charges, he was accused of collaborating with British intelligence. After his arrest, Sultanmurad announced a hunger strike and soon died, most likely from exhaustion. His wife at that time worked at a soap factory and, according to some reports, upon learning of the death of her husband, threw herself into a cauldron of boiling soap.

Before the outbreak of World War II, during the "Great Terror", the youngest of these sons of Seyid Alim Khan, Rakhimkhan, who remained in the USSR, tried to flee the country, but was detained by Soviet border guards on the Soviet-Afghan border. According to some sources, he was detained in the territory of the Uzbek SSR, on the Amu Darya River, which separated the USSR and Afghanistan; according to other sources, he was detained in the territory of the Turkmen SSR, where the border between the USSR and Afghanistan runs through the steppes and hills. After that, a sentence of execution was read to him, and he was shot by the NKVD.The middle of the three, Shakhmurad, was also with his brothers in a Moscow orphanage, but in 1922, together with several Bukhara youths, was sent by the authorities of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic to study in Germany as part of the training of new young personnel for the young republic. Due to ideological considerations, he was given a new full name - "Alimov Shah Muratovich" (according to other sources, his full name was "Shakhmurad Alimkhanov"). After returning from studies, he was fluent in German. He also studied at the Institute of the Coal Industry. According to Shakhmurad's classmate, Khaidar Yusupov, Shakhmurad dreamed of becoming a military man, but could not be admitted to study at a military school due to ideological considerations, as he was "the son of an enemy of the people." After that, on the advice of friends and acquaintances, he decided to disown his father. In 1930 (according to other sources, in 1929) he wrote an open letter to his father through the Izvestia newspaper, where he renounced Seyid Alim Khan, accusing him and his government of grave sins and deeds. According to some reports, this was arranged by the NKVD, which pushed him to take such a step through acquaintances and friends who were NKVD informants. Subsequently, he was admitted to the V. V. Kuibyshev Military Engineering Academy in Moscow, and then taught there upon graduation. He later served in the Red Army, achieving the rank of major general, and participated in World War II, when he lost a leg. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and, after the end of the war, again began teaching at the V. V. Kuibyshev Military Engineering Academy in Moscow, then married Lidia Mikhailovna. According to the memoirs of one of Shakhmurad's contemporaries, "when Shakhmurad came to visit us with his wife Lidia Mikhailovna, he became drunk, remembered his parents, and cried." Many of Shahmurad's acquaintances and friends did not know of his origin, and he spoke about his past only to close friends. According to some reports, he died in 1985 in Moscow, at the age of 75.

Alim Khan's daughter, Shukria Alimi Raad, worked as a broadcaster for Radio Afghanistan. Shukria Raad left Afghanistan with her family three months after Soviet troops invaded the country in December 1979. With her husband, also a journalist, and two children, she fled to Pakistan, and then through Germany to the United States. In 1982, she joined the Voice of America, working for many years as a broadcaster for VOA's Dari Service, editor, program host and producer.

During his governance in Bukhara, Alim Khan also had a son named Qasem, who was killed by the Bolshevik revolutionaries. Qasem had only one son who, when he was 13 years old, escaped from Bukhara to Mashad, Iran, with his stepfather. When he arrived in Iran, he took the name Husein Bukharaei. He married Bibimeymanat Mohsenolhoseini in Mashhad. They had 6 sons and 4 daughters. Husein Bukharaei died in 1993. Their children (Hasan, Lo'ba, Ali, Narges, Qasem, Reza, Fatemeh, Mohammad, Mahmoud, Mahboubeh) all live in Mashhad.

In 2020, the BBC World Service made a documentary, called Bukhara, which discusses Emir Alim Khan and the fate of his family.

Alim Khan's descendants include his granddaughter Nailaj Naebzadeh from his daughter Razia Alimi; his great-granddaughter Kadeij Naebzadeh; Salim Islamzada, his grandson through his mother Shamsia Alimi; and multiple great-grand-daughters through his three daughters Sadaf, Zohra, and Fereshta Islamzada. All listed currently reside in the United States. They also include Nailaj Naebzadeh, who was born in United States. Just like her aunt, Shukria Alimi Raad, her mother Razia Alimi also escaped from Afghanistan during the invasion of the Soviet Army in 1979.

References

1880 births
1944 deaths
Emirs of Bukhara
Uzbeks
Russian anti-communists
Borjigin
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)

Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan


Ponmalai Nathar Temple, also known as Kanagagireeswar temple in Devikapuram is at a height of about 500 feet, from the mean sea level. It is thought to have been built approximately 1000 years ago during the reign of the Chola King. Later the temple was expanded during the Vijayanagara Period in the 15th century.

A story says that while a villager named Irula was digging the forest and collecting roots, his axe hit a Lingam underneath. As a result of this sinful act, he fell unconscious. On account of his deep devotion to the Lord, the God appeared in his dream and told him that he is present inside the pit. At once, he found the Lingam, installed it on the top of the hillock and worshiped it. Subsequently, when a Pallava king, who was marching with his army through this place, learned of this Deity, he worshiped it and vowed to build a grand temple at this place, if he returned victorious.

Description

Several steps lead to the top of the hill. First is the Veerabadrar's shrine. Sri Aladi Viniayagar is installed mid-way to the flight of steps leading to uphill. On a rock, to the north of the hill top, are two footprints of the Ambal. It is believed to be those of the Ambal, who performed a severe penance for Sri Ponmalainathar, in a standing posture. Just in front of the temple there is a thirty-six pillared mandapam bearing several beautiful sculptures in its pillars.

The temple is 140 feet long and 70 feet wide. The famous "Navanarikunjaram" sculpture is found in the inner prakaram. In the southern prakaram of the temple are found the Sannidhis of Sri Visalakshiamman, Sptah Kanniars and Sri Dhakshnamoorthy, while the Sannadhis of Sri Vinayagar and Sri Murugar are located in the western prakaram.

Two lingam are installed in the sanctum sanctorum. The Lingam at the rear is Sri Kanakagiriswarar alias Ponmalainathar, which is a 2 ft-high Swayambu Lingam. The first dharsan in this temple is that of Sri Viswanadhar. The notable features of the temple are, unlike other shrines, abishegam is done to the deity here with hot water only instead of cold water.

Saint Arunagirinathar appears to have visited this shrine and sung songs in praise of the deity, through his famous "Thiruppugazh" in which he described this sthalam as Kanakagiri.

Sri Thiukameswarar
A small temple is found at the bottom of the hill to the north. People call the deity there Sri Thiukameswarar, also known as Sri Kanaswarar. Sri Kokilambal is his consort. Her sannidhi is to the northwest. The temple of Sri Thirukaneswarar is 20 feet long and 11 feet wide. It is designed with nine granite stones. Two lingams are installed in the sanctum sanctorum. The Lingam at the rear is Sri Kanakagiriswarar alias Ponmalainathar, who is a 2 feet high Swaymbu Lingam. The first dharsan in this temple is that of Sri Viswanathar. Abishegam is done to the deity here with hot water only. Images of pigs are found on the outer walls of the temple. The images of the pigs might have been intended to create sentimental feelings among Muslim invaders and prevent them from destroying the temple.

Saint Arunagirinathar appears to have visited this shrine and sung songs in praise of the deity, through his famous "Thiruppugazh", in which he has described this sthalam as Kanakagiri.

Hindu temples in Tiruvannamalai district

Ponmalai Nathar Temple


Santiago del Arrabal is a church in Toledo, Spain, built in 1245–48, at the orders of Sancho II, on the site of an earlier building, possibly a mosque.
Many characteristics of Islamic architecture, such as the horseshoe arch, have remained in the present building which is built in the Mudéjar style.

The church is dedicated to Saint James ("Santiago" in Spanish), "del Arrabal" refers to its location on the outskirts of Toledo (Arrabal being a Spanish word of Arabic origin). The patrons of the church during its foundation were members of the Diosdado family, knight commanders of the Order of Santiago.

External links
Museum with no Frontiers
PAge at ArteHistoria
Tourist page in Castile-La Mancha

Toledo
Santiago, Toledo
Churches converted from mosques
Toledo
Santiago del Arrabal
Churches completed in 1248

Church of Santiago, Toledo


Bernard Coulie (born 1959) is a Belgian academic specializing in Greek patristic literature primarily of Late Antiquity and its derivatives (hence an expertise in translation techniques) and counterparts in eastern Christian oriental languages of that period (notably Armenian, Syriac and Georgian). A dominant interest has been the work of Gregory of Nazianzus (Gregory the Theologian) and he has been closely associated since the 1980s with the NAZIANZOS project of the University of Louvain (UCLouvain) which he has directed for approximately a quarter of a century. Many of his contributions are detailed in the Publications section of the NAZIANZOS site. He has notably undertaken the editorship of volumes of the Corpus Nazianzenum series in Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca (published by Brepols). This has involved Coulie in co-operation with the computerized CETEDOC editions. He has published  work jointly with Georgian and Armenian scholars.

Coulie's initial university studies were at Louvain, Harvard and Vienna.

Coulie is a member of the councils of several academic and comparable institutions, e.g. he is president of the Conseil d'administration of the Fondation Nubar Pasha - Oeuvre des Boursiers armeniens. (A fuller list can be seen in his French language Wikipedia entry).

Coulie is currently editor of the academic journal, Le Mouséon.

Coulie was president of the academic corps of the University of Louvain (UCLouvain) in 1998. He was the third lay person to serve as Rector of the UCLouvain (2004–2009).

Works
(ed.) Versiones Orientales, repertorium Ibericum et studia ad editiones curandas (Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca
Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni opera,Versio Armeniaca 1, Orationes ii, xii, ix (Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca, 28, Corpus Nazianzenum 3, Brepols, Turnhout 1994
(with L. SHERRY & CETEDOC) Thesaurus Pseudo - Nonni quondam Panopolitani, Paraphrasis Evangelii S. Ioannis (Corpus Christianorum, Thesaurus Patrum Graecorum), Brepols, Turnhout 1995
New Testament Quotations & Textual Criticism in the Armenian version of Gregory of Nazianzus, in S.AJAMIAN & M.E. STONE ed. Text and Context, Studies in the Armenian New Testament. Papers presented to the Conference on the Armenian New Testament, May 22–28, 1992,  (University of Pennsylvania, Armenian Texts and Studies 13), Atlanta GA, Scholars Press, 1994,23-33

References

External links
 Personal web site

20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic theologians
Living people
1959 births
Armenian studies scholars
Patristic scholars
Université catholique de Louvain alumni
Academic staff of the Université catholique de Louvain
21st-century Belgian Roman Catholic theologians

Bernard Coulie


Major General Philip Thomas Tower,  (1 March 1917 – 8 December 2006) was a British Army officer who held high command in the late 1960s.

Military career
The only son of Vice Admiral Sir Thomas Tower, Tower was born in Rhu, Dunbartonshire. Educated at Harrow and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, he was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1937, then served with the 25th Field Regiment in India until the outbreak of the Second World War.

Ordered to North Africa, Tower saw active service against the Italians in 1940 and 1941 and was at the Battle of Bir Hakeim in May 1942. When General Neil Ritchie abandoned the Gazala Line, the garrison at Tobruk was left isolated, and Tower's force fought until their ammunition was exhausted, at which point they surrendered. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his part in this action, and was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1942 for his earlier service in the Middle East. Tower was interned in a prisoner-of-war camp in Italy until the Italians surrendered in September 1943. He then escaped and crossed through the German lines reaching safety in one month later. He was appointed brigade major of the 1st Airborne Division in April 1944. Later that year, during the Battle of Arnhem, part of Operation Market Garden, he parachuted and was safely evacuated. Tower accompanied 1st Airlanding Light Regiment in the relief of Norway in Spring 1945.

He graduated from the Staff College, Camberley in 1948, the Joint Service Defence College in 1956 and the Imperial Defence College in 1961.

In 1967, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, and was Commandant of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. In May of the same year, he became General Officer Commanding Middle East Land Forces where he served in the Aden Emergency. Retired from the army in 1972, he was Administrator of Blickling Hall in Norfolk from 1973 to 1982. Between 1975 and 1978, he was County commissioner for the Norfolk St John Ambulance Brigade.

Tower was married to Elizabeth Sneyd-Kynnersley; they were childless.

References

External links
1st British Airborne Division officers
Imperial War Museum Interview

1917 births
2006 deaths
People from Rhu, Argyll and Bute
Scottish military personnel
People educated at Harrow School
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Royal Artillery officers
British Army major generals
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Order of the British Empire
British Army personnel of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Italy
British military personnel of the Aden Emergency
Commandants of Sandhurst
British World War II prisoners of war
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Graduates of Joint Services Command and Staff College

Philip Tower


Beyle (or Bella) "Beyltse" Schaechter-Gottesman (August 7, 1920 – November 28, 2013) was a Yiddish poet and songwriter.

Biography
She was born in Vienna into an Eastern-European, Yiddish-speaking family; her family left for Czernowitz, Ukraine (then Cernăuți, Romania) and settled there when Schaechter-Gottesman was a young child. She was brought up in a multi-lingual environment that included Yiddish, German, Romanian, and Ukrainian; she also studied French and Latin at school. They were a singing family and her mother, Lifshe Schaechter, was known for her wide folk repertoire. Schaechter-Gottesman was sent to Vienna for art lessons, but was forced to return to Czernowitz when the Germans invaded Austria in 1938. In 1941 she married a medical doctor, Jonas (Yoyne) Gottesman, and together they lived out the war in the Czernowitz ghetto, along with her mother and several other family members.

After the war, Schaechter-Gottesman lived several years in Vienna, where her husband had a chief position ("Chefarzt") in the DP camps in the area. Their daughter Taube was born there in 1950; the family moved to New York in 1951, where the Gottesmans had two other children, Hyam and Itzik. In New York the Gottesmans took part in an experimental Yiddish community in the Bronx, centered on Bainbridge Avenue. There a half-dozen Yiddish-speaking families bought adjacent houses and reinvigorated the existing Sholem Aleichem Yiddish School. Schaechter-Gottesman became an important member of this community, writing classroom materials, plays and songs for the school as well as editing a magazine for children, "קינדער־זשורנאַל" ("Kinderzhurnal") and a magazine of children's writings, "ענגע־בענגע" ("Enge-benge").

Schaechter-Gottesman's first book of poetry, "מיר פֿאָרן" ("Mir Forn", We're Travelling) appeared in 1963. Her books, eight in total, have appeared regularly since then. They include poetry for adults, children's books and song books. She has recorded three CDs of her songs and one recording of folk songs. Her work does not revolve around a single theme but ranges widely from Eastern European subjects to contemporary New York, and from lighthearted children's fare to such sombre reflections as "Di Balade Funem Elftn September" (The Ballad of September 11). Her best-known single work is "Harbstlid" (Autumn Song). Schaechter-Gottesman's songs have been performed by Theodore Bikel, Adrienne Cooper, Theresa Tova, Lucette van den Berg, Susan Leviton, Michael Alpert, Lorin Sklamberg, Sharon Jan Bernstein, Fabian Schnedler, Massel-Tov and others. A song written for her nephew, "Binyumele's Bar Mitsve", was adapted by Adrienne Cooper for her daughter as "Sorele's Bas Mitsve" and was recorded on the CD Mikveh.

Schaechter-Gottesman served as a resource for researchers of both Yiddish folk and art music. She has been recorded and interviewed numerous times and participated in such cultural events as KlezKamp, KlezKanada, Buffalo on the Roof, Ashkenaz Festival, and Weimar KlezmerWochen. "Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman: Song of Autumn", a 72-minute film by Josh Waletsky, was released summer 2007 as part of the League for Yiddish's Series "Worlds Within a World: Conversations with Yiddish Writers".  A new collection of her poetry, דער צוויט פֿון טעג ("Der tsvit fun teg", "The Blossom of Days") was released in the autumn of 2007.

Schaechter-Gottesman died November 28, 2013, in her home in the Bronx, aged 93.

Awards and honors
In 1998 Schaechter-Gottesman was inducted into the People's Hall of Fame at City Lore in New York.

She was a recipient of a 2005 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. She was the first Yiddish poet or musical figure to receive this honor.

Family
The entire Schaechter-Gottesman family has been productive in the field of Yiddish culture. Her mother, Lifshe Schaechter-Widman, wrote a memoir, "Durkhgelebt a Velt" (A Full Life) in 1973, as well as serving as an informant for folk song researchers with her recording "Az Di Furst Avek" (When You Go Away). Her brother, Mordkhe Schaechter, was the world's leading Yiddish linguist. Her son, Itzik Gottesman, is a scholar of Yiddish folklore. Her niece, Gitl Schaechter-Viswanath is also a Yiddish poet; nephew Binyumen Schaechter is a composer and musical director in Yiddish and English; and niece Rukhl Schaechter is the editor of the Yiddish edition of The Forward. Her granddaughter, Esther Gottesman, teaches children Yiddish and sings on Schaechter-Gottesman's most recent release, "Fli mayn flishlang" (Fly, Fly My Kite).

Further reading
Cassedy, Ellen. "Singer and Poet Gets Capitol Honor." The Forward Sep 30, 2005, p. 17
Robinson, George. "A Real Yiddishe Mama." The New York Jewish Week Nov 18, 2005, p. 5
Afn Shvel Fall-Winter 2006. Includes several articles about Schaechter-Gottesman. In Yiddish.

References

External links
 2005 Interview with Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman
 Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman's CDs
  Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman's books

Yiddish-language poets
National Heritage Fellowship winners
Austrian Ashkenazi Jews
Bukovina Jews
Romanian Ashkenazi Jews
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Austrian emigrants
Immigrants to Romania
1920 births
2013 deaths
20th-century poets

Beyle Schaechter-Gottesman


Mirko pl. Vidaković (October 29, 1924 – August 15, 2002) was a Croatian botanist and dendrologist and the expert for the genetics of the forest trees.

Biography

Vidaković was born in Lemeš, Bačka. He attained a professional qualification of engineer of forestry before 1949, when he was first employed as a lecturer at the Faculty of Forestry of the University of Zagreb ().

He was a full member of Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU) since 1981.

He was the head of the arboretum in Trsteno since 1970.

He worked as UNDP's and FAO's expert in Pakistan, Vietnam and Hungary.

Together with forestry of Našice, in 1996 he founded first clone seminal plantation of pedunculate oak in Croatia.

He died in Zagreb at the age of 77.

Works
His works were published in various editions from international scientific gatherings, symposiums and consultations, mostly in area of ecological valorization of littoral carst, mechanization of agriculture, adaptation of forests to climate change etc.

He published his works in Annales forestales.

Golosjemenjače, (co-author) 2004
Obična bukva (Fagus sylvatica L.) u Hrvatskoj = Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Croatia , (co-author), 2003
Obična jela (Abies alba Mill.) u Hrvatskoj = Silver fair (Abies alba Mill.) in Croatia, (co-author), 2001
Estimation of genetic gain in a progeny trial of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), (co-author) 2000
Hrast lužnjak (Quercus robur L.) u Hrvatskoj = Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in Croatia, (co-author), 1996
Experimental plots of some hard pine hybrid families in Croatia, (co-author) 1995
Izravna sjetva da ili ne?, (co-author), 1994
Tehnika za obradu tla, sjetvu i borbu protiv korova , (co-author), 1994
Zrinjevac : spomenica : priroda, vrtovi, perivoji i uresno raslinstvo u Zagrebu, (co-author), 1995
Novosti u tehnici obrade tla, (co-author), 1993
Hrvatski umjetnici za Trsteno = Kroatische Kuenstler fuer das Arboretum Trsteno = Croatian artist for the Arboretum of Trsteno, (co-author) 1993
Arboretum Brijuni, (co-author), 1993
Radovi na podizanju klonske sjemenske plantaže hrasta lužnjaka na području Š. G. "Krndija" i Š. G. "Papuk", (co-author), 1992
Čuvanje genskih resursa šumskog i hortikulturnog drveća i grmlja u Hrvatskoj , 1992
Doprinos OLT-a integralnoj tehnici biljne proizvodnje , 1992
Svjedočanstva: razaranje Dubrovnika, (co-author with few HAZU-members), 1992
Kako agregatirati traktor za oranje? , 1991
Growth of some interspecific hybrid pine seedlings and their cuttings , (co-author), 1991
Prilog sanaciji erozije na području izvorišta rijeke Une, (co-author), 1991
Sjetva jednosjemenim pneumatskim sijačicama , (co-author), 1990
Uspijevanje nekih vrsta i hibrida dvoigličavih borova na području Arboretuma Trsteno , (co-author), 1990
Arboretum Lisičine, (co-author), 1986
Genetika i oplemenjivanje šumskog drveća , (co-author) 1985
Zakorjenjivanje reznica ranog i kasnog hrasta lužnjaka = The rooting of cuttings of the early and late flushing Slavonian oak , (co-author), 1983
Četinjače : morfologija i varijabilnost, 1982, 1991 (in English) i 1993
Genetics of Pinus peuce Gris = Genetik der Pinus peuce Gris = Genetika Pinus peuce Gris , (co-author), 1978
Genetics of European black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) , 1974
Oplemenjivanje ekonomski važnijih vrsta šumskog drveća jugoistočne Slavonije , 1974
Prilog proučavanju morfološke varijabilnosti spontanih križanaca između alepskog i brucijskog bora, (co-author), 1974

Sources
 Umro akademik Mirko Vidaković, Vjesnik, 17 August 2002

External links
 Imenik hrvatskih šumara Biography
 In memoriam
 Spomen ploča
 Mirko Vidaković biography at the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU)
 Klonska plantaža hrasta lužnjaka

1924 births
2002 deaths
Croatian biologists
Croats of Vojvodina
Members of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Forestry academics
University of Zagreb alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb
Dendrologists
Croatian foresters
Bunjevci
20th-century biologists
Yugoslav biologists
Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia

Mirko Vidaković


Mark Boswell is the founder and leading theorist of the NOVA-KINO experimental cinema movement.

Born 1960 in Asheville, North Carolina, Boswell studied film, film theory, and art history in Switzerland, France, Germany and the Florida Space Coast from 1984–1992. He co-founded the Alliance Film/Video Cooperative in 1993 (with William Keddell) and the Anti Film Festival in 1994. Some of his most widely screened films are Unknown Unknown(s), (2009) USSA: Secret Manual of the Soviet Politburger, (2001) Agent Orange, the feature film The Subversion Agency (2004) and the documentary 60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero.

For many years Boswell has taught at the San Francisco Art Institute, The Ringling College of Art and Design, Florida, and the Pratt Institute in New York. He was awarded the 2004 International Media Art Award from The ZKM Museum in Karlsruhe Germany for his film The End of Copenhagen. KultKino, Boswell's five minute 1997 experimental short film, was included in the 1999 Venice Biennale. He has also lectured internationally on agit-prop cinema at the UCLA Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, the Wolfsonian/FIU Museum Of Propaganda in Miami Beach, the Magis Film Conference in Italy, and the Ruskin College of Art at Oxford University, England. During the mid-nineties he edited numerous projects for Doris Wishman during the last phase of her career in Miami Beach.

Cinematic Style

Boswell's work is sometimes noted for its elliptical montage structure featuring a wild concoction of appropriated film materials coupled with his own production footage. Another aspect of this process is his usage of subtitles over original scenes from iconic films that leads toward an entirely different storyline.

During the 2009 Cambridge Film Festival in England the British film critic Laura J Smith wrote: He refers to his work as "Nova-Kino" a pertinent cinematic theory for filmmakers and media artists alike who, as Boswell describes, "utilise found footage as source material to be re-edited or re-animated, giving radical rebirth or second life in their reconstructed state." A vital element of Nova-Kino is "the usage of critical, political, and other highly charged points of view embedded within the structure of the work that challenge hegemonic power structures at large or in more specific realms." By no accident, these aesthetics are undeniably similar to those of Agit-Prop cinema, which Boswell labels "the eternal bi-product of the Russian Revolution."

In Helsinki 2003 during the Avanto Festival, for the European premiere of his first feature film"The Subversion Agency" – the Finnish film critic Manu Haapalainen wrote: The black and white film feels and looks like a version of Francis Ford Coppola's "The Conversation", set in Cuba, directed by Jean-Luc Godard and scripted by William Burroughs. The film's intricate and non-linear plot has to do with the adventures of an American arms dealer in a perplexing country called K-Zone. K-Zone is like a cross between Cuba and a kind of socialist America imaginable only in an alternative reality. "The Subversion Agency" is an extremely stylish work on the level of both image and sound. The aged, grainy archival material has been allowed to dictate the visual look of the whole film. The soundtrack of "The Subversion Agency" is chock full of something resembling electronic music, hissing sounds, beeps and interferences. The film's narrative is repeatedly interrupted by auditive and visual discontinuities and disturbances. The experience is voyeuristic and somewhat enigmatic.

Nova-Kino Manifesto

Nova-Kino is an experimental cinematic movement with departure points from the Russian twenties, film noir, situationism, the classical avant-garde, and post-modern appropriationist theory. The movement is blatantly left with variations of classical anarchism, situationism and Marxist paranoia of unrestrained capitalism.
Nova-Kino is a technologically advanced medium that incorporates digital, celluloid, analog, and pseudo-redundant motion picture technologies that en somme, actualize the free market mantra of "the democratization of technology."
Nova-Kino's fire-brand critique of Capitalism, Americanism, and Technotopia will make its acceptance into the traditional venues of exhibition, distribution, and production DIFFICULT - but not impossible.
Nova-Kino is an investigation into the political structure of the past, present, and future. It does not operate under any sequential formula. Therefore, it is a Buddhist attack on the narrative structure of History. However, unlike the old guard/avant-garde, Nova-Kino wholeheartedly embraces the telling of "stories." Nova-Kino is therefore the simultaneous raconteur of the past and prophet of the present.
Nova-Kino does not recognize the traditional property rights of the West. More specifically, the further Hollywood advances its tautological consumerism on Society, the further WE attack! Nova-Kino is like an Indian Casino; paradoxical, autonomous, and ultimately wise...

Filmography
 Nova Conspiracy (currently in post-production)
 Trust, But Verify (2016)
 Boswell on T.V. (2013)
 Royal Flush (2011)
 Unknown Unknown(s) (2009)
 The St.Petersburg Paradox (2007)
 The End of Copenhagen (2004)
 The Subversion Agency (2003)
 Deep Blue (2003)
 Stars & Stripes Forever (2003) Music Video Collaboration with experimental electronic group Matmos (Matador Records)
 Agent Orange (2002)
 USSA: Secret Manual of the Soviet Politburger (2001)
 The Life and Times of Harry D.Boswell (2001)
 Liquidation of the Wild West (2000)
 Golf Caddies and Madness (2000)
 Galaxie 500 (1999)
 Rausch & Burn (1999)
 Vast Floridias (1999)
 Maintenance (1998)
 KultKIno (1997)
 The Memory Corporation (1996)
 State Sponsored Cinema (1995)
 Words Eat Death (1994)
 The Football Man (1993)
 The Job (or) the Home Movies of V.I. Lenin (1992)
 Mongoloid (1992)

Gallery

References

External links
 16 BEAVER GROUP

American cinematographers
American art educators
Living people
1960 births
Artists from Asheville, North Carolina
San Francisco Art Institute faculty
Pratt Institute faculty

Mark Boswell (film director)


Chislehurst () is a suburban settlement in south-east London, England and part of the London Borough of Bromley.

Etymology
The name "Chislehurst" is derived from the Saxon words "cisel" meaning gravel and "hyrst" meaning wooded hill.

History
Camden Place (now Chislehurst Golf Club) is where the French Emperor Napoleon III died in exile in 1873. His body and that of the Prince Imperial were originally buried in St Mary's Church, before being moved to Farnborough Abbey. There is a monument to Napoléon Eugène in the woods, and the area's connections to the imperial family are found in many road names and in the local telephone code, 467, which in its earlier format corresponded to the letters IMP (imperial).

A local attraction is Chislehurst Caves. The caves are considered to be of very ancient origin. Originally they were used to extract flint and chalk. During World War II, thousands of people used them every night as a bomb shelter. There is even a chapel. A girl was born in the caves during World War II, and her name was "Cavina". The caves have also been used as a stage for live music; Jimi Hendrix, The Who and The Rolling Stones have played there. The caves are said to be haunted, and Druids are said to have made grisly human sacrifices in their depths. Several TV programmes and movies have been filmed there, including episodes of Doctor Who. Tours are available most days, and on Sundays there is an particularly long tour, lasting about an hour and a half.

The civil parish of Chislehurst formed an urban district of Kent from 1894 to 1934. In 1934 it became part of the Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District, which was divided in 1965 between the London boroughs of Bromley and Bexley.

References

Areas of London
London Borough of Bromley

Chislehurst


Mneme or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003, and was designated S/2003 J 21.

Mneme is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,427,000 km in 640.769 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (148° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2214.

It was named in March 2005 after Mneme, one of the three original Muses. She is sometimes confused with Mnemosyne, mother of the Muses (the three or the nine, depending on the author) by Zeus (Jupiter).

Mneme belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References

Jupiter's moons

Mneme (moon)


Edwin Sylvanus Osborne (August 7, 1839 – January 1, 1900) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Biography
Edwin S. Osborne was born in Bethany, Pennsylvania.  He attended the public schools and the University of Northern Pennsylvania at Bethany.  He graduated from the New York State and National Law School at Albany, New York, in 1860.  He was admitted to the bar and practiced law in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.  He entered the Union Army on August 30, 1862, as captain of Company F, One Hundred and Forty-ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. He was promoted to major of that regiment on February 25, 1865, and served until honorably discharged on July 25, 1865.

He was appointed by Governor John W. Geary as major general of the National Guard, Third Division, of Pennsylvania in 1870. He served as commander of the Department of Pennsylvania in the Grand Army of the Republic in 1883.

Osborne elected as a Republican to the Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, and Fifty-first Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1890.  He was a delegate to the 1888 Republican National Convention. He resumed the practice of law in Wilkes-Barre. In 1898 he moved to Washington, D.C.,  and lived in retirement until his death on January 1, 1900. Interment in Arlington National Cemetery.

References
 Retrieved on 2008-02-10
The Political Graveyard

1839 births
1900 deaths
Pennsylvania lawyers
Union Army officers
People from Bethany, Pennsylvania
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
19th-century American politicians
Washington, D.C., Republicans
19th-century American lawyers
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

Edwin Sylvanus Osborne


Oil's Well (a pun on "all's well") is a video game published by Sierra On-Line in 1983. The game was written for the Atari 8-bit family by Thomas J. Mitchell. Oil's Well is similar to the 1982 arcade game Anteater, re-themed to be about drilling for oil instead of a hungry insectivore. Ports were released in 1983 for the Apple II and Commodore 64, in 1984 for ColecoVision and the IBM PC (as a self-booting disk), then in 1985 for MSX and the Sharp X1. A version with improved visuals and without Mitchell's involvement was released for MS-DOS in 1990.

Gameplay

The player collects oil for a drilling operation by moving the drill head through a maze using four directional control buttons. The drill bit is trailed by a pipeline connecting it to the base. Subterranean creatures populate the maze; the head can destroy the creatures, but the pipeline is vulnerable. As the player traverses the maze, the pipe grows longer, but pressing a button quickly retracts the head. There are 8 levels to play through.

Reception
Dave Stone reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "The action's well-paced, the difficulty progressive. While getting to a higher level is somewhat dependent on getting the right breaks — good eye-hand coordination, timing, and strategy are essential."

Ahoy! stated that while the Commodore version's graphics and sounds were only "serviceable; gameplay is, in my experience, unique ... Recommended". InfoWorld called the IBM PCjr version "a clever, basic game".

The U.S. gaming magazine Computer Games awarded Oil's Well the 1984 Golden Floppy Award for Excellence, in the category of "Maze Game of the Year."

Legacy
Despite already being a clone of Anteater, several additional clones borrowed the theme of Oil's Well: Pipeline Run for the Commodore 64 in 1990 and Oilmania for the Atari ST in 1991.

References

External links
Oil's Well at Atari Mania

Commodore 64 video at archive.org
Review in GAMES magazine

1983 video games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit family games
ColecoVision games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Maze games
MSX games
Sierra Entertainment games
Video game clones
Video games developed in the United States

Oil's Well


Neuromorphic computing is an approach to computing that is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. A neuromorphic computer/chip is any device that uses physical artificial neurons to do computations. In recent times, the term neuromorphic has been used to describe analog, digital, mixed-mode analog/digital VLSI, and software systems that implement models of neural systems (for perception, motor control, or multisensory integration). The implementation of neuromorphic computing on the hardware level can be realized by oxide-based memristors, spintronic memories, threshold switches, transistors, among others. Training software-based neuromorphic systems of spiking neural networks can be achieved using error backpropagation, e.g., using Python based frameworks such as snnTorch, or using canonical learning rules from the biological learning literature, e.g., using BindsNet.

A key aspect of neuromorphic engineering is understanding how the morphology of individual neurons, circuits, applications, and overall architectures creates desirable computations, affects how information is represented, influences robustness to damage, incorporates learning and development, adapts to local change (plasticity), and facilitates evolutionary change.

Neuromorphic engineering is an interdisciplinary subject that takes inspiration from biology, physics, mathematics, computer science, and electronic engineering to design artificial neural systems, such as vision systems, head-eye systems, auditory processors, and autonomous robots, whose physical architecture and design principles are based on those of biological nervous systems. One of the first applications for neuromorphic engineering was proposed by Carver Mead in the late 1980s.

Neurological inspiration
Neuromorphic engineering is for now set apart by the inspiration it takes from what we know about the structure and operations of the brain. Neuromorphic engineering translates what we know about the brain's function into computer systems. Work has mostly focused on replicating the analog nature of biological computation and the role of neurons in cognition.

The biological processes of neurons and their synapses are dauntingly complex, and thus very difficult to artificially simulate. A key feature of biological brains is that all of the processing in neurons uses analog chemical signals. This makes it hard to replicate brains in computers because the current generation of computers is completely digital. However, the characteristics of these parts can be abstracted into mathematical functions that closely capture the essence of the neuron's operations.

The goal of neuromorphic computing is not to perfectly mimic the brain and all of its functions, but instead to extract what is known of its structure and operations to be used in a practical computing system. No neuromorphic system will claim nor attempt to reproduce every element of neurons and synapses, but all adhere to the idea that computation is highly distributed throughout a series of small computing elements analogous to a neuron. While this sentiment is standard, researchers chase this goal with different methods.

Examples

As early as 2006, researchers at Georgia Tech published a field programmable neural array. This chip was the first in a line of increasingly complex arrays of floating gate transistors that allowed programmability of charge on the gates of MOSFETs to model the channel-ion characteristics of neurons in the brain and was one of the first cases of a silicon programmable array of neurons.

In November 2011, a group of MIT researchers created a computer chip that mimics the analog, ion-based communication in a synapse between two neurons using 400 transistors and standard CMOS manufacturing techniques.

In June 2012, spintronic researchers at Purdue University presented a paper on the design of a neuromorphic chip using lateral spin valves and memristors. They argue that the architecture works similarly to neurons and can therefore be used to test methods of reproducing the brain's processing. In addition, these chips are significantly more energy-efficient than conventional ones.

Research at HP Labs on Mott memristors has shown that while they can be non-volatile, the volatile behavior exhibited at temperatures significantly below the phase transition temperature can be exploited to fabricate a neuristor, a biologically-inspired device that mimics behavior found in neurons. In September 2013, they presented models and simulations that show how the spiking behavior of these neuristors can be used to form the components required for a Turing machine.

Neurogrid, built by Brains in Silicon at Stanford University, is an example of hardware designed using neuromorphic engineering principles. The circuit board is composed of 16 custom-designed chips, referred to as NeuroCores. Each NeuroCore's analog circuitry is designed to emulate neural elements for 65536 neurons, maximizing energy efficiency. The emulated neurons are connected using digital circuitry designed to maximize spiking throughput.

A research project with implications for neuromorphic engineering is the Human Brain Project that is attempting to simulate a complete human brain in a supercomputer using biological data. It is made up of a group of researchers in neuroscience, medicine, and computing. Henry Markram, the project's co-director, has stated that the project proposes to establish a foundation to explore and understand the brain and its diseases, and to use that knowledge to build new computing technologies. The three primary goals of the project are to better understand how the pieces of the brain fit and work together, to understand how to objectively diagnose and treat brain diseases, and to use the understanding of the human brain to develop neuromorphic computers. That the simulation of a complete human brain will require a powerful supercomputer encourages the current focus on neuromorphic computers. $1.3 billion has been allocated to the project by The European Commission.

Other research with implications for neuromorphic engineering involve the BRAIN Initiative and the TrueNorth chip from IBM. Neuromorphic devices have also been demonstrated using nanocrystals, nanowires, and conducting polymers. There also is development of a memristive device for quantum neuromorphic architectures. In 2022, researchers at MIT have reported the development of brain-inspired artificial synapses, using the ion proton (), for 'analog deep learning'.

Intel unveiled its neuromorphic research chip, called "Loihi", in October 2017. The chip uses an asynchronous spiking neural network (SNN) to implement adaptive self-modifying event-driven fine-grained parallel computations used to implement learning and inference with high efficiency.

IMEC, a Belgium-based nanoelectronics research center, demonstrated the world's first self-learning neuromorphic chip. The brain-inspired chip, based on OxRAM technology, has the capability of self-learning and has been demonstrated to have the ability to compose music. IMEC released the 30-second tune composed by the prototype. The chip was sequentially loaded with songs in the same time signature and style. The songs were old Belgian and French flute minuets, from which the chip learned the rules at play and then applied them.

The Blue Brain Project, led by Henry Markram, aims to build biologically detailed digital reconstructions and simulations of the mouse brain. The Blue Brain Project has created in silico models of rodent brains, while attempting to replicate as many details about its biology as possible. The supercomputer-based simulations offer new perspectives on understanding the structure and functions of the brain.

The European Union funded a series of projects at the University of Heidelberg, which led to the development of
BrainScaleS (brain-inspired multiscale computation in neuromorphic hybrid systems), a hybrid analog neuromorphic supercomputer located at Heidelberg University, Germany. It was developed as part of the Human Brain Project neuromorphic computing platform and is the complement to the SpiNNaker supercomputer (which is based on digital technology). The architecture used in BrainScaleS mimics biological neurons and their connections on a physical level; additionally, since the components are made of silicon, these model neurons operate on average 864 times (24 hours of real time is 100 seconds in the machine simulation) that of their biological counterparts.

Brainchip announced in October 2021 that it was taking orders for its Akida AI Processor Development Kits and in January 2022 that it was taking orders for its Akida AI Processor PCIe boards, making it the world's first commercially available neuromorphic processor.

Neuromemristive systems
Neuromemristive systems is a subclass of neuromorphic computing systems that focuses on the use of memristors to implement neuroplasticity. While neuromorphic engineering focuses on mimicking biological behavior, neuromemristive systems focus on abstraction. For example, a neuromemristive system may replace the details of a cortical microcircuit's behavior with an abstract neural network model.

There exist several neuron inspired threshold logic functions implemented with memristors that have applications in high level pattern recognition applications. Some of the applications reported recently include speech recognition, face recognition and object recognition. They also find applications in replacing conventional digital logic gates.

For (quasi)ideal passive memristive circuits, the evolution of the memristive memories can be written in a closed form (Caravelli-Traversa-Di Ventra equation):

as a function of the properties of the physical memristive network and the external sources. The equation is valid for the case of the Williams-Strukov original toy model, as  in the case of ideal memristors, . However, the hypothesis of the existence of an ideal memristor is debatable. In the equation above,  is the "forgetting" time scale constant, typically associated to memory volatility, while  is the ratio of off and on values of the limit resistances of the memristors,  is the vector of the sources of the circuit and  is a projector on the fundamental loops of the circuit. The constant  has the dimension of a voltage and is associated to the properties of the memristor; its physical origin is the charge mobility in the conductor. The diagonal matrix and vector  and  respectively, are instead the internal value of the memristors, with values between 0 and 1. This equation thus requires adding extra constraints on the memory values in order to be reliable.

It has been recently shown that the equation above exhibits tunneling phenomena and used to study Lyapunov functions.

Neuromorphic sensors
The concept of neuromorphic systems can be extended to sensors (not just to computation). An example of this applied to detecting light is the retinomorphic sensor or, when employed in an array, the event camera. In 2022, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research reported an organic artificial spiking neuron that exhibits the signal diversity of biological neurons while operating in the biological wetware, thus enabling in-situ neuromorphic sensing and biointerfacing applications.

Military applications

The Joint Artificial Intelligence Center, a branch of the U.S. military, is a center dedicated to the procurement and implementation of AI software and neuromorphic hardware for combat use. Specific applications include smart headsets/goggles and robots. JAIC intends to rely heavily on neuromorphic technology to connect "every sensor (to) every shooter" within a network of neuromorphic-enabled units.

Ethical and legal considerations
While the interdisciplinary concept of neuromorphic engineering is relatively new, many of the same ethical considerations apply to neuromorphic systems as apply to human-like machines and artificial intelligence in general. However, the fact that neuromorphic systems are designed to mimic a human brain gives rise to unique ethical questions surrounding their usage.

However, the practical debate is that neuromorphic hardware as well as artificial "neural networks" are immensely simplified models of how the brain operates or processes information at a much lower complexity in terms of size and functional technology and a much more regular structure in terms of connectivity. Comparing neuromorphic chips to the brain is a very crude comparison similar to comparing a plane to a bird just because they both have wings and a tail. The fact is that biological neural cognitive systems are many orders of magnitude more energy- and compute-efficient than current state-of-the-art AI and neuromorphic engineering is an attempt to narrow this gap by inspiring from the brain's mechanism just like many engineering designs have bio-inspired features.

Social concerns
Significant ethical limitations may be placed on neuromorphic engineering due to public perception. Special Eurobarometer 382: Public Attitudes Towards Robots, a survey conducted by the European Commission, found that 60% of European Union citizens wanted a ban of robots in the care of children, the elderly, or the disabled. Furthermore, 34% were in favor of a ban on robots in education, 27% in healthcare, and 20% in leisure. The European Commission classifies these areas as notably "human." The report cites increased public concern with robots that are able to mimic or replicate human functions. Neuromorphic engineering, by definition, is designed to replicate the function of the human brain.

The social concerns surrounding neuromorphic engineering are likely to become even more profound in the future. The European Commission found that EU citizens between the ages of 15 and 24 are more likely to think of robots as human-like (as opposed to instrument-like) than EU citizens over the age of 55. When presented an image of a robot that had been defined as human-like, 75% of EU citizens aged 15–24 said it corresponded with the idea they had of robots while only 57% of EU citizens over the age of 55 responded the same way. The human-like nature of neuromorphic systems, therefore, could place them in the categories of robots many EU citizens would like to see banned in the future.

Personhood
As neuromorphic systems have become increasingly advanced, some scholars have advocated for granting personhood rights to these systems.  Daniel Lim, a critic of technology development in the Human Brain Project, which aims to advance brain-inspired computing, has argued that advancement in neuromorphic computing could lead to machine consciousness or personhood.  If these systems are to be treated as people, then many tasks humans perform using neuromorphic systems, including their termination, may be morally impermissible as these acts would violate their autonomy.

Ownership and property rights
There is significant legal debate around property rights and artificial intelligence. In Acohs Pty Ltd v. Ucorp Pty Ltd, Justice Christopher Jessup of the Federal Court of Australia found that the source code for Material Safety Data Sheets could not be copyrighted as it was generated by a software interface rather than a human author. The same question may apply to neuromorphic systems: if a neuromorphic system successfully mimics a human brain and produces a piece of original work, who, if anyone, should be able to claim ownership of the work?

See also

References

External links

Telluride Neuromorphic Engineering Workshop
CapoCaccia Cognitive Neuromorphic Engineering Workshop
Institute of Neuromorphic Engineering
INE news site.
Frontiers in Neuromorphic Engineering Journal
Computation and Neural Systems department at the California Institute of Technology.
Human Brain Project official site
 Building a Silicon Brain: Computer chips based on biological neurons may help simulate larger and more-complex brain models. May 1, 2019. SANDEEP RAVINDRAN

Electrical engineering
Neuroscience

Robotics

Neuromorphic engineering


Roswell Beebe (December 22, 1795 – September 27, 1856) was an American politician, business executive, and real estate purveyor during the early 19th century. Serving as president of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad, Roswell Beebe was an important figure in the early development of Little Rock, Arkansas, where he was elected alderman (1848) and mayor of the city (1849).  On September 25, 1839, he received the original patent for the town of Little Rock, signed by President Martin Van Buren.

Beebe, Arkansas (and later, its current city hall) was also named after Roswell Beebe.

"As first President of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad company, Roswell Beebe guided the southern portion of the Union Pacific (which is now named the Southern Pacific line) from Tennessee to Little Rock and then on to San Antonio, Texas". The Roswell Beebe train ran on this track and was named after its benefactor.

Beebe was born in New York City to a wealthy English family, and he died there while visiting in 1856.  His body was returned to Little Rock, where it was buried in Mount Holly Cemetery, one of the city cemeteries that he had donated.

References

Bibliography
 Atkinson, J. H., ed. "Letters from Solon Borland to Roswell Beebe." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 18 (Autumn 1959): 287–290.
 "Roswell Beebe Materials, 1795–1925." Butler Center for Arkansas Studies. Central Arkansas Library System, Little Rock, Arkansas.

1795 births
1856 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Burials at Mount Holly Cemetery
Businesspeople from Arkansas
Mayors of Little Rock, Arkansas
19th-century American businesspeople

Roswell Beebe


Art, Life, and the other thing is an Archibald Prize-winning 1978 painting by Australian artist Brett Whiteley which combines three different media in a triptych.

Work components

Art
The middle canvas depicts Brett Whiteley himself standing side-on to the onlooker, his head in motion and his hands grasping. In one hand, a black-and-white image of Joshua Smith by William Dobell; in the other, a paint brush, as he is painting this picture. His body runs vertically to the canvas with the left hand side being almost empty. The features of the figure are disoriented and exaggerated especially in the head, where Whiteley is showing movement. Because of this movement, the head appears very abstract.  The arms, legs and torso are unrealistically long and lanky. The body is clothed in a two-piece outfit, all in white. As the head turns it becomes more real and solid, going from a mass of blurred lines on the left to being almost photo-realistic on the right. To add to the realism, Whiteley had added his own hair to the piece on the right-hand side. The background colour is light orange.

The William Dobell painting. Mr Joshua Smith, won the 1943 Archibald Prize.

Life
The third and last component of the triptych is a small headshot photograph of Brett Whiteley himself.  It is on the far right, in the top-left corner of the piece and is the smallest component. The picture is cut off just below Whiteley's chin. The subject is smiling and in a thoughtful expression, his eyes are focused on something past the viewer, to our right (his left). His hair looks messy, revealing it not to be a formal photograph. The background colour is light orange.

Other Thing
The left-hand part of the triptych is a medium-sized oil painting on canvas done in warm, earthy colours, such as browns, oranges, yellows and reds.  It depicts a crazed baboon, shackled and chained with cuts and wounds caused by the nails sticking into its hands and wrists. The baboon is clearly in motion, struggling with the extreme pain and torment. Its eyes are wild and its mouth is gaping. The baboon occupies most of the painting, but it is not a real-to-life/realistic painting, but distorted to accentuate its features. In the top left-hand corner there is a hand, palm outstretched, offering the baboon a syringe. The baboon's hands are human. There is nothing in the background.

This section is probably the most revealing on Brett Whiteley's life at the time.  The tormented baboon is the symbolisation of his battle with drug addiction, in particular, heroin. The nails in its hands and the frenzied desperation of the creatures canvas in this part is the largest in size.

Summary
This work is controversial, rich and portrays many aspects of the painter.   Brett Whiteley uses many media, such as: painting, photography, drawing, sculpture and even melds his own hair onto the piece. His drawing is exaggerated with very expressive features and the artist places a large emphasis on the visualization of motion.  This is evident in this piece and in his other works.

Basic information
(Triptych) Oil, glass eye, hair, pen and ink on cardboard, plaster, photography, oil, dried PVA, cigarette butts, hypodermic syringe on board, 90.4 x 77.2, 230 x 122, 31.1 x 31.1 cm; signed and dated in black ink 1.r. 'brett Whiteley 1978', signed verso in black oil on masking tape 'BRETT WHITELEY'

Inscriptions: u.r. in black ink 'rage/rage/against the dying of the light/ DYLAN THOMAS'. Inscribed 2nd panel on verso on paper 'hanging instruction for Art, Life and The Other Thing'

Exhibited: 'Archibald, Wynne and Sulman', The Art Gallery of New South Wales, 1978 awarded Archibald Prize. Greenhill Galleries, Perth, 1987, not catalogued

Literature: Waldmann 1982, pp. 213–36. Hunt 1994.

Collection: Art Gallery of New South Wales. Purchased by the New South Wales State Government 1994, transferred to the Gallery 1998

References

External links
 Image: Art, Life, and the Other Thing

Triptychs
1978 paintings
Collections of the Art Gallery of New South Wales
Archibald Prize
Paintings by Brett Whiteley
Paintings about painting
Monkeys in art

Art, Life and the other thing


Geochronology is the science of finding the ages of rocks, fossils and sediments. It uses a number of methods. Geochronology is the main tool used to get absolute age dates for all fossil assemblages, and for the history of the Earth and other bodies.

Dating methods

Radiometric dating

By measuring the amount of radioactive decay of a radioactive isotope with a known half-life, geologists can establish the absolute age of the parent material. A number of radioactive isotopes are used for this purpose, and depending on the rate of decay, are used for dating different geological periods. More slowly decaying isotopes are useful for longer periods of time, but less accurate in absolute years. With the exception of the radiocarbon method, most of these techniques are actually based on measuring an increase in the abundance of a radiogenic isotope, which is the decay-product of the radioactive parent isotope. Two or more radiometric methods can be used in concert to achieve more robust results. Most radiometric methods are suitable for geological time only, but some such as the radiocarbon method and the 40Ar/39Ar dating method can be extended into the time of early human life and into recorded history.

Some of the commonly used techniques are:
 Radiocarbon dating. This technique measures the decay of carbon-14 in organic material and can be best applied to samples younger than about 60,000 years.
 Uranium-lead dating.  This technique measures the ratio of two lead isotopes (lead-206 and lead-207) to the amount of uranium in a mineral or rock.  Often applied to the trace mineral zircon in igneous rocks, this method is one of the two most commonly used (along with argon-argon dating) for geologic dating.  Uranium-lead dating is applied to samples older than about 1 million years.
 Uranium-thorium dating. This technique is used to date speleothems, corals, carbonates, and fossil bones.  Its range is from a few years to about 700,000 years.
 Potassium-argon dating and argon-argon dating. These techniques  date metamorphic, igneous and volcanic rocks. They are also used to date volcanic ash layers within or overlying human anthropology sites.  The younger limit of the argon-argon method is a few thousand years.
 Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating

Cosmogenic nuclides
A series of techniques to find the age when a surface was created or exposed. Exposure dating uses the concentration of nuclides like  10Be, 26Al, 36Cl. They are produced by cosmic rays interacting with Earth materials. The data show when a surface, such as an alluvial fan, was created. Burial dating uses the radioactive decay of two elements to find the age when a sediment was buried away from cosmic rays.

Luminescence dating
Luminescence dating techniques use 'light' emitted from materials such as quartz, diamond, feldspar, and calcite. Many types of luminescence techniques are used in geology and in archaeology.

Incremental dating
Incremental dating techniques let us build year-by-year annual chronologies.
 Dendrochronology
 Ice cores
 Lichenometry
 Varves

Paleomagnetic dating
The pattern of magnetisation in a rock formation can be used to help find its date.

Stratigraphy

Marker horizons are stratigraphic units of the same age, with distinctive composition and appearance. So, though they are in different geographic sites, there is certainty about their age-equivalence. Fossil faunal and floral assemblages, marine and terrestrial, make for distinctive marker horizons. Volcanic ash (tephra) has a geochemical fingerprint. Tephra is often used as a dating tool in archaeology, because the dates of some volcanic eruptions are well-established.

Related pages
Age of the Earth

References

Dating methods

Geochronology