The Karenni States, also known as Red Karen States, was the name formerly given to the states inhabited mainly by the Red Karen, in the area of present-day Kayah State, eastern Burma. They were located south of the Federated Shan States and east of British Burma.

The British government recognised and guaranteed the independence of the Karenni States in an 1875 treaty with Burmese King Mindon Min, by which both parties recognised the area as belonging neither to Burma nor to Great Britain. Consequently, the Karenni States were never fully incorporated into British Burma. The Karenni states formed for a time the "Kayah State" in post-independent Burma, but on 29 April 1959 both the Shan and the Kayah rulers formally surrendered their ruling powers to the Burmese government.

History
There are no historical data on the Karenni States before the 19th century. According to local tradition in the early times of the Karenni states there was a principality led by a  "Sawphya" that was under the over lordship of a Shan prince. This state finally became independent in the 18th century. In the 19th century the Karenni state was divided into five principalities (sawphyas).

British rule in Burma
In 1864 a Karenni prince requested the status of British protectorate for his state, but the British authorities did not show any interest. After the death of this prince in 1869 his two sons renewed the petition claiming that they feared Burmese ambitions on their state.
The British refused again, but agreed to arbitrate before the King of Burma. Since the Burmese monarchy insisted in their demands on the Karenni territories, the British granted recognition to four states, Kyebogyi, Namekan (Nammekon), Naungpale and Bawlake, which became independent under British protection on 21 June 1875. Kantarawadi state, however, remained independent without official protection.

The Karenni States were recognized as tributary to British Burma in 1892, when their rulers agreed to accept a stipend from the British government. An Assistant Superintendent of the Shan States was based at Loikaw as Agent of the British government. He was exercising control over the local Karenni Rulers, being supervised by the Superintendent at Taunggyi.

On 10 October 1922 the administrations of the Karenni states (Bawlake, Kantarawaddy, and Kyebogyi) were placed under the administration of the Federated Shan States, established in 1900.  under a commissioner who also administered the Wa States. This arrangement survived the constitutional changes of 1923 and 1937. By the 1930s, the Mawchi Mine in Bawlake was one of the most important sources of tungsten in the world.

On 27 May 1942, during World War II, nearby Kengtung State was invaded and its capital captured by the Thai Phayap Army. Following a previous agreement between Thai Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram and the Japanese Empire, in December the same year the Thai administration occupied Kengtung and parts of Möngpan. The annexation by Thailand as Saharat Thai Doem northern province was formalized on 1 August 1943.

Thailand left the territories in 1945, but officially relinquished its claim over the trans-Salween part of Kantarawadi State only in 1946 as part of the condition for admission to the United Nations and the withdrawal of all wartime sanctions for having sided with the Axis powers.

Post-independence Burma
The Constitution of the Union of Burma in 1947 proclaimed that the three Karenni States be amalgamated into a single constituent state of the union, called Karenni State. It also provided for the possibility of secession from the Union after 10 years. In 1952, the former Shan state of Mong Pai was added, and the whole renamed Kayah State, possibly with the intent of driving a wedge between the Karenni in Kayah State and the rest of the Karen people in Karen State, both fighting for independence.

The division failed, with the Karenni fighting alongside the other Karen peoples against the Myanmar dictatorship. Their military organisation, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), had 20 000 members by the 1980s. However, the political branch of the KNLA, the Karen National Union (KNU), sought to resolve the conflict through political means. In 1992, it appointed Róbert Cey-Bert as its international ambassador, whose diplomatic efforts led to the KNU's admission to the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) in 1993.

Under the Burmese government control, the states subjected to changes throughout the small state. Resources like the hydropower and mining led to massive military presence around the state; thus, leading many of its people without a home and more problems to arise.  The heavy military presence had created issues that people of the state faces as consequences. Mistreatment of the local people include land taken away by the military, human rights violations like forced labor and sexual violence and overall safety of the people resulting from landmine planted around the state.

The armed conflict did not end there, however, with the KNU's new headquarters being established in Mu Aye Pu, on the Burma-Thai border. In 2004, the BBC, citing aid agencies, estimated that up to 200,000 Karen, including Karenni, had been displaced during the decades-long war, with a further 160,000 living in refugee camps on the Thai side of the border. The largest refugee camp is located in Mae La, Tak (ตาก) province, Thailand, which hosts around 50,000 Karen refugees.

In February 2010, reports said the Burmese army was continuously burning Karen villages, displacing thousands of people. Many Karen, including people such as Padoh Mahn Sha Lah Phan, former KNU secretary, and his daughter Zoya Phan, have accused the Myanmar military government of ethnic cleansing. The US State Department has also accused the Burmese government of suppressing religious freedom.

States
There were five Karenni states, divided into two regions.

Western Karenni
The Western Karenni States were the four Karenni states located west of the Salween River:
 Kyebogyi, , population 9,867 in 1901.
 Bawlake, , population 5,701 in 1901.
 Naungpale, , population 1,265 in 1901.
 Nammekon, , population 2,629 in 1901.

Kantarawadi
Kantarawadi State was also known as "Eastern Karenni". It had an area of  and a population of 26,333 in 1901. More than half of its territory was located east of the Salween River, an area that was annexed by Thailand during World War II.

See also
 Princely States
 Shan States
 Red Karen

References

External links
 The Imperial Gazetteer of India
 "Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states"
 Karenni Ethnicity

Former countries in Burmese history
Kayah State
Karen people
18th century in Burma
19th century in Burma
20th century in Myanmar
Military history of Burma during World War II
Military history of Thailand during World War II
States and territories established in the 18th century
States and territories disestablished in 1959
18th-century establishments in Asia
1959 disestablishments in Asia

Karenni States


Felix Blache-Fraser  (August 19, 1932 – December 3, 2017) was a Black Canadian broadcaster, non-fiction author, film producer, film festival founder, public servant, and educator in Alberta.

Broadcasting and journalism
Born in Montreal in 1932, Fraser began his career in broadcasting in 1951, when hired at the age of nineteen by Foster Hewitt for his radio station CKFH in Toronto. In 1952, he worked as a radio announcer in Timmins, Ontario, for six months before being hired as assistant news editor at CKBB radio in Barrie, where he would become the station's sports director and play-by-play announcer, calling games for the Barrie Flyers.

In 1955, Fraser moved back to Montreal, where he attended McGill University and hosted an all-night show at CKVL in Verdun. In 1956, he worked as a news editor at CFCF radio, eventually becoming chief writer.

Fraser moved to western Canada in 1958, and initially worked in public relations for Saskatchewan Government Insurance. However, he also remained involved in radio broadcasting, hosting between-period hot stove league discussions on junior hockey broadcasts and sometimes doing play-by-play announcing. In 1960, he founded a newspaper called the Regina Weekly Mirror.

He moved to Edmonton in 1965, where he became program manager and senior producer of the Metropolitan Edmonton Educational Television Association (MEETA), Canada's first educational television channel, which aired on CBXFT. Fraser subsequently became producer/host of Newsmakers, a weekly public affairs program on ITV Global Edmonton, and then served as president and CEO of VisionTV, Toronto.
In 1974, Fil moved over to the 'opposition', to host a one-year run of his own eponymous talk show on Dr. Charles Allard's newly-launched CITV private television station, and also began what would become a five-year stint as host of a talk show on CJCA-AM radio Edmonton. In 1980 he took his talk-show host talents across town to CKXM-FM Edmonton, which had just changed its call-sign from CFRN, to avoid confusion with the AM station that used the same call letters. This series ran for three years; in 1983 he became host of Alberta Morning, the daily program that ran on CKUA-AM, then operated by Access Alberta. Later, in 1987, he became Director of Development for Access Alberta, in Edmonton.

Fraser served on the Alberta Task Force on Film and the Federal Task Force on Broadcasting Policy (Caplan/Savageau) and was the Governor of the Canadian Journalism Foundation as well as a member of the Canadian Association of Black Journalists.

Death
Fil Fraser died in Edmonton on December 3, 2017 of heart failure, aged 85. He was survived by his wife, Gladys Odegard; his four children, three siblings and extended family. He was predeceased by his parents, Felix and Marguerite Blache-Fraser, and three siblings.

Film
In the 1970s, Fraser formed a production company to produce educational television films. He then went on to produce four feature films, from 1977–82, including Why Shoot the Teacher? (executive producer), Marie-Anne, The Hounds of Notre Dame (producer), and Latitude 55° (executive producer). He was a founding member of the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television.

He organized the first Alberta Film Festival in 1974, which later became the Alberta Motion Picture Industry Association, and founded the Banff International Television Festival in 1979.

Writing
Fraser's published non-fiction works include Alberta's Camelot: Culture and the Arts in the Lougheed Years (2003), which looked at how programs by the government of former premier Peter Lougheed helped the provincial arts sector to flourish from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s.

His 2006 book, Running Uphill: The Fast, Short Life of Canadian Champion Harry Jerome, looked at the pioneering Black Canadian track star Harry Jerome. In 2009, he completed the book How the Blacks Created Canada, part of a series of books from publisher Dragon Hill about how different cultural groups have contributed to the development of Canada.

Public service and academia
Fraser served as Chief Commissioner for the Alberta Human Rights Commission from 1989 to 1992 and served on the Spicer Commission.

A writer and educator in the field of alcoholism and addictions, he served as head of alcoholism prevention programs for both Alberta and Saskatchewan. He was an adjunct professor in State and Legal Studies at Athabasca University.

Honours
Fraser was a member of the Order of Canada and received the Alberta Achievement Award. In 2015, he was made a member of the Alberta Order of Excellence.

Bibliography

References

External links

1932 births
2017 deaths
Black Canadian broadcasters
Black Canadian filmmakers
Film producers from Quebec
Film festival founders
Canadian television executives
Writers from Montreal
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Academic staff of Athabasca University
Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence
Members of the Order of Canada
Black Canadian writers
Canadian non-fiction writers
McGill University alumni
Anglophone Quebec people
Black Canadian journalists

Fil Fraser


Peter Chanel, SM (12 July 1803 – 28 April 1841), born Pierre Louis Marie Chanel, was a Catholic priest, missionary, and martyr. Chanel was a member of the Society of Mary or "Marists" and was sent as a missionary to Oceania. He arrived on the island of Futuna in November 1837. Chanel was clubbed to death in April 1841 at the instigation of a chief upset because his son converted.

Life

Early years
Chanel was born in the hamlet of La Potière near Montrevel-en-Bresse, Ain département, France. Son of Claude-François Chanel and Marie-Anne Sibellas he was the fifth of eight children. From about the age of 7 to 12 he worked as a shepherd. The local parish priest persuaded his parents to allow Peter to attend a small school the priest had started. After some local schooling, his piety and intelligence attracted the attention of a visiting priest from Cras, the abbé Trompier, who took over the boy's education at Cras in the autumn of 1814. He made his first communion on 23 March 1817.

It was from that time that Chanel's attraction for the missions abroad began. His interest began when he read letters from missionaries to America sent back by Bishop Louis William Valentine Dubourg. He later said, "It was that year that I formed the idea of going to the foreign missions." In 1819 he entered the minor seminary at Meximieux where he won several awards and class prizes in Latin, Christian doctrine, and oratory. He attended the Belley diocesan college in 1823, and the major seminary at Brou in 1824.

Chanel was ordained on 15 July 1827 and spent a brief time as an assistant priest at Ambérieu-en-Bugey. At Ambérieu he also read letters from a former curate from that parish who was at that time a missionary in India. There he met Claude Bret, who was to become his friend and also one of the first Marist Missionaries. The following year, Chanel applied to the Bishop of Belley for permission to go to the missions. His application was not accepted and instead, he was appointed for the next three years as parish priest of Crozet. Chanel found his new parish in a deplorable state. On Sundays and feast days, the church was almost empty. The children, idle and left to themselves. The priest went on a pilgrimage to Annecy, to the tomb of Francis de Sales who had once visited his parish.

Chanel's zeal was respected, and his care, particularly of the sick in the parish, won the hearts of the locals. During this time, Chanel heard of a group of diocesan priests who were hopeful of starting a religious order to be dedicated to Mary, the Mother of Jesus

Marist and missionary

In 1831, at the age of 28, Chanel joined the nascent Society of Mary (Marists), who would concentrate on local missions and foreign missionary work. Instead of selecting him as a missionary, however, the Marists appointed him as the spiritual director at the seminary of Belley, where he stayed for five years. In 1833, he accompanied Jean-Claude Colin to Rome to seek approval of the nascent Society. In 1836, the Marists were asked to send missionaries to the territory of the southwest Pacific. In return for eventual acceptance, the group were promised formal approbation, granted by Pope Gregory XVI. Chanel, professed with the other aspirants as Marist on 24 September 1836, was made the superior of the band of seven Marist missionaries that set out on 24 December from Le Havre on the Delphine accompanied by the new Bishop of Maronea (Western Oceania), Jean-Baptiste Pompallier . Chanel was not deterred by the dangers of such a long sea voyage.

Chanel traveled first to the Canary Islands (8 January 1837), where his friend, Claude Bret, caught a flu-like virus which led to his death at sea (20 March 1837). Next, Chanel traveled to Valparaíso, Chile (28 June), where the French Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary ("Picpus Fathers"), who had care of the Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Oceania, had their base. His third and fourth stops were in the Gambier Islands (13 September) and in Tahiti (21 September), where the group transferred to the ship Raiatea. In that ship, they set sail (23 October) to drop off two missionaries at Wallis, the main seat of the mission in Tonga. The missionaries arrived at Vava'u but were not welcome, and thus continued their journey to Futuna. Chanel went to neighboring Futuna, accompanied by a French lay brother Marie-Nizier Delorme.  They arrived on 8 November 1837 with an English Protestant layman named Thomas Boag, who had been resident on the island and had joined them at Tonga seeking passage to Futuna.

Martyrdom
The group was initially well received by Futuna's king, Niuliki. Chanel struggled to learn the language but eventually mastered it. Despite little apparent success and severe want, he maintained endless patience and courage. On 2 February 1839, a cyclone destroyed almost all the houses and plantations on the island. Chanel laboured faithfully amid the greatest hardships, attending the sick, baptizing the dying, and winning from all the name of "the man with the kind heart". It was a difficult mission, requiring him to cope with isolation and acclimatise to different foods and customs, but it eventually began to bear some fruit. A few natives had been baptised while a few more were being instructed. King Niuliki believed Christianity would undermine his authority as high priest and king. When his son, Meitala, sought to be baptised, the king sent a favored warrior, his son-in-law, Musumusu, to "do whatever was necessary" to resolve the problem. Musumusu went to Meitala and the two fought. Musumusu, injured in the fracas, went to Chanel feigning need of medical attention. While Chanel tended him, a group of others ransacked his house. Musumusu took an ax and clubbed Chanel to death. Chanel died on 28 April 1841.

Relics

Pompallier heard of the death of Chanel on 4 November 1841 while he was at Akaroa and arranged for a French naval corvette commanded by the Comte du Bouzet, L'Allier, to accompany the mission schooner Sancta Maria and sail on 19 November for Wallis and Futuna, taking with him Philippe Viard. The two vessels arrived at Uvea on 30 December 1841. The bishop sent Viard to Futuna, where he landed on 18 January 1842. A chief named Maligi, who had not agreed to Chanel's murder, agreed to disinter Chanel's body and brought it to the L'Allier the next day, wrapped in several local mats.

The ship's doctor, M. Rault, was able to verify the identity of the remains, bearing in mind the description of the manner of Chanel's death given previously by Marie-Nizier. The doctor undertook to embalm the remains, so that they could be kept, wrapping them in linen and placing them in a cask. The schooner Sancta Maria transported the body back to Kororāreka, New Zealand, arriving on 3 May 1842.

The relics remained in the Bay of Islands until 1849, when they were accompanied by Petitjean to Auckland, New Zealand – most likely early in April 1849. They left New Zealand on 15 April 1849 by the ship Maukin, and arrived in Sydney, Australia, on 4 May. Rocher received the container that held the bones and took it to the Procure Chapel at Gladesville in Sydney on 7 May. Rocher was very careful in making the decision as to when to send the container on to England and France. He looked for a trustworthy captain, and a reliable person in London to receive the consignment, attend to the customs, and have it sent on to Lyon. Early in 1850, Bernin, pro-vicar for Bishop Douarre, vicar-apostolic of New Caledonia, had to leave for France. He left Sydney for London on the Waterloo on 1 February 1850, taking Chanel's remains with him. On 1 June 1850, the remains arrived at the motherhouse of the Society of Mary in Lyon. The relics were returned to Futuna in 1977. The skull was returned to Futuna in 1985.

Conversions in Futuna
Pompallier sent Catherin Servant, François Roulleaux-Dubignon and Marie Nizier to return to the island and they arrived on 9 June 1842. Eventually, most islanders converted to Catholicism. Musumusu himself converted and, as he lay dying, expressed the desire that he be buried outside the church at Poi so that those who came to revere Chanel would walk over his grave to reach it.

The tabloid The Catholic Weekly has claimed that a Tongan dance, the eke, originated as penance for Chanel's death.

Veneration
Chanel was declared a martyr and beatified on 17 November 1889. The cause for his canonization was opened on 10 June 1891, and he was canonized on 12 June 1954 by Pope Pius XII. Chanel is recognized as the protomartyr and patron saint of Oceania. His feast day is 28 April, which is a public holiday in Wallis and Futuna.

Peter is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 28 April.

Legacy
Marist priests and brothers working in Oceania cover a territory as big as Western Europe. The area includes six independent nations and two French territories. The Marist Oceania province is the largest in the Society of Mary.

Several schools and colleges, mostly in Oceania but including Chanel College, Dublin, are named for him.

See also
Marcellin Champagnat
Peter Julian Eymard
Saint Peter Chanel, patron saint archive
Pacific Regional Seminary of St Peter Chanel, in Fiji

References

1803 births
1841 deaths
People from Ain
19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
French Roman Catholic saints
Canonizations by Pope Pius XII
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
19th-century Christian saints
French people murdered abroad
People murdered in Wallis and Futuna
History of Wallis and Futuna
Roman Catholic missionaries in Wallis and Futuna
Axe murder
Anglican saints
1841 murders in Oceania

Peter Chanel


Snikken en grimlachjes is the best-known work of Piet Paaltjens, a fictional poet created by Dutch poet and minister François Haverschmidt (1835–1894). Originally, it contained a collection of 24 poems. It appealed to a large audience, possibly due to its humoristic, melancholic-romantic tone, or maybe due to the poetry missing a "moral purpose", as Haverschmidt himself stated in the preface to the first edition. Typical for Paaltjens' poetry is the combination of romantic clichés (unrequited love, grand emotions, the natural world), irony, and crude reality.

Structure
The book consists of the following parts.

 De bleeke jongeling (The pale youngster), a stand-alone poem;
 Immortellen 1850–1852 (Immortals), thirteen short poems. The numbering suggests that they are taken from a much larger collection;
 Tijgerlelies 1851–1853 (Tiger lilies), four poems about girls; and
 Romancen (Romances), six narrative poems, three of which are of considerable length.

Editions
During Haverschmidt's life, six prints were published.
In the preface of the first edition, printed in 1867 by Schiedam-based publisher Roelants, Haverschmidt gives a short profile of Paaltjens, which is contemptuous towards the work: "I also cannot find any moral purpose in it."

In the second edition, the preface is written from Paaltjens' point of view, in the form of a letter to the publisher. Here Snikken en Grimlachjes is described as "rhymes of my youth" and the author claims that he burnt poems of later date, "to warm a kettle of bishop". Paaltjens claims he has finally renounced the sombre, bitter lyric of the collection.

The preface for the fourth edition is again written by Haverschmidt, and instead of contempt, he now shows great enthousiasm for the poems. This edition also saw the addition of Latin translations of Immortellen I and LXXII, written by his friend Adriaan van Wessem ("Adrianus Arena Ictus").

The fifth edition (1881) got an appendix, which is introduced by the publisher, claiming "Paaltjens has permitted us to add the following poem to his Snikken en Grimlachjes." The poem is titled Reünie ("Reunion"); it was written on the occasion of a lustrum celebration of Paaltjens' Leiden student society. The appendix also contains a new Latin translation by Van Wessem: Immortelle LX.

The sixth and last edition that was published during Haverschmidt's life appeared in 1889. Latin translations of Immortellen XXV and XCVI, and De zelfmoordenaar ("The self-murderer") were added to the appendix, again provided by Van Wessem. New in this edition are four poems that are dedicated to Van Wessem: Aan Adrianus Arena Ictus. Een paar slotsnikken ("To Adrianus Arena Ictus. A few closing sobs.")

Snikken en grimlachjes was reprinted many times after Haverschmidt's death. Roelants, the original publisher, issued a seventh (1895), eighth (1904), ninth (1908), tenth (undated) and eleventh (undated) edition. When the rights to the book expired in 1944, publisher Oceanus from The Hague immediately published a new edition, the preface and explanations of which were written by K.H. de Raaf. The book has since been published by many different publishing houses.

Trivia
 The title in Dutch is a play on words meaning 'sobs and grim smiles'. A 'glimlach' is just a smile, so 'snikken en glimlachjes' would contrast positive and negative emotions. With 'grimlachjes' instead of 'glimlachjes', the title takes a turn for the cynical.
 The Immortellen were translated into English by Jacob Lowland – a pseudonym of James Holmes – as Piet Paaltjens' Everlastings (1850–1852): An Integral Englishing of the Immortellen (Amsterdam: Aarts, 1982).
 De zelfmoordenaar (The Self-Murderer), one of the romancen, is a satire about a romantic poet and is possibly Paaltjens' most famous poem. Eventually, Haverschmidt would take his own life.
 Paaltjens' work inspired many artists. Drs. P, for instance, wrote a reply to the poem Aan Rika (To Rika).

Sources
 Nederlandse literatuur – Geschiedenis, bloemlezing en theorie – J.A. Dautzenberg
 Piet Paaltjens "Snikken en grimlachjes": Poëzie uit den studententijd (delivered by Rob Nieuwenhuys)

References

External links
 Snikken en grimlachjes at Project Laurens Jz Coster.
 Snikken en grimlachjes at DBNL.
 De zelfmoordenaar at DBNL.

Dutch poetry collections

Snikken en grimlachjes


Leon Dean Johnson (born 10 May 1981) is a professional footballer who played as a defender, most notably for Wycombe Wanderers. Born in England, he made five appearances for the Grenada national team at international level.

Club career
Born in London, Johnson came through the youth ranks at his first professional club, Southend United. He made his professional debut when he started the Football League Trophy match for Southend at home to Cheltenham Town in 1999. Southend lost 1–0 to go out of the cup, and Johnson played no more part in the 1999–2000 season. At the end of September in the 2000–01 season, Johnson came on as a substitute in the 1–0 win at Rochdale. By the end of January, Johnson had established himself as a decent defender and he played in a total of 26 games and scored his first goal in a 1–1 draw with Chesterfield at the Recreation Ground.

In the 2001–02 season, Johnson made 34 appearances for Southend in all competitions. However, as Southend only finished 12th in League One, cost-cutting meant that Johnson was released from the Roots Hall club on a free transfer. He spent time on trial at nearby club Gillingham during the close-season summer of 2002. Johnson impressed in several friendlies for the Gills who soon signed him up on a full-time contract.

Johnson was not seen as first choice for the Gills at the beginning of his career. His first competitive appearance in a Gills shirt came in the middle of September as a late substitute for David Perpetuini. Despite making 20 appearances that season (18 in the league) as Gillingham finished a record high of 11th in the league. He never established himself as a first team regular, however and he only made 21 appearances the next season and only eight the season after that.

It was, however, the 2005–06 season that saw Johnson stake a claim for a regular first team spot. Johnson made around 30 appearances in total, and perhaps would have made more were it not for three suspensions (two following red cards, one following his fifth booking of the season). Johnson scored his first goal for Gillingham against Milton Keynes Dons on New Year's Eve 2005 in a 3–0 win at Priestfield when he headed home Andrew Crofts' flick on following Michael Flynn's long ball.

Wycombe Wanderers
He was released by Gillingham in May 2007 and signed for Wycombe the following month. Johnson was a regular in the Wycombe team throughout the season and was awarded at the end of the year with the Fans' Player of the Year Award. He went on to sign a one-year extension, which kept him at the club until the summer of 2010. He then once again extended his contract for a further two years. He has been involved in two promotions at the club, having three managers in his spell at the club. In May 2014 Johnson was released after a series of injuries following Wycombe's final day league survival. When he left he had the second highest league appearance  and fourth highest appearance total of any player at the club.

International career
Born in England, Johnson qualifies to play for Grenada through his father. On 20 May 2011, he was included in the Grenada squad for the 2011 Gold Cup. Johnson played in all three of Grenada's games in the group stage, but the team was eliminated from the tournament after three heavy defeats.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Shoreditch
English men's footballers
Grenadian men's footballers
Grenada men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Southend United F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
English Football League players
2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
English sportspeople of Grenadian descent

Leon Johnson (footballer)


Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency (Rosstandart) () is the Russian federal government agency that serves as a national standardization body of the Russian Federation. It was previously known as Gosstandart. It is subordinated to the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

History
On September 15, 1925, by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, an all-Union body in the field of standardization was created, the Committee for Standardization under the Council of Labor and Defense (Gosstandart). The introduction of state management of standardization in the country served as the beginning of systematic work in all sectors of the economy. On May 7, 1926, the first all-Union standard was approved - OST 1 "Wheat. Breeding grades of grain. Nomenclature".

In 1946, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was established. The USSR took over the work of the secretariats of technical committees: 37 "Terminology (general principles and coordination)", 55 "Timber (lumber assortment and coordination)", 57 "Clean surfaces (metals)" and 65 "Manganese ores (chemical analysis methods)" .

In 1954, a committee of standards, measures and measuring instruments was formed under the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the basis of the merger of the standardization department under the State Planning Committee of the USSR and the main chamber of measures and measuring instruments of the USSR Ministry of Finance.

In the 1960s and 1980s, work was carried out to streamline and regulate all work in the field of standardization itself. In 1968, a set of standards GOST 1 "State Standardization System" was introduced.

On May 22, 1991, the USSR Law "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" adopted by the Supreme Council of the USSR introduced mandatory certification of products (goods, works and services).

Mission
In 2004, Gosstandart of Russia was folded into the Russian Federation Ministry of Industry and Energy and became known as the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology, or Rostekhregulirovaniye (). From June 2010 the short name became Rosstandart (). The new name reflects a new role the agency is supposed to play in the Russian government's effort to reduce barriers to trade and get the Russian economy more closely aligned with the global marketplace. Rosstandart continues its sponsorship and funding of the development of GOST R standards, the national standards of the Russian Federation.

Responsibilities
Rosstandart carries out powers in the established field of activity, including:
 performs the functions of the competent administrative body of the Russian Federation in accordance with the agreement on the adoption of uniform technical requirements for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts that can be installed and / or used on wheeled vehicles, and on the conditions for mutual recognition of approvals issued based on these regulations, concluded in Geneva on March 20, 1958;
 organizes the examination of draft national standards;
 performs a number of functions in the field of control and supervision activities (in particular, on the compliance of products with the certain technical regulations requirements; federal metrological supervision, etc.)
 manages the activities of the state metrological service, the state service of time, frequency and determination of the parameters of the Earth's rotation, the state service of standard reference data on physical constants and properties of substances and materials, the state service of standard samples on the composition and properties of substances and materials, as well as approval of national standards;
 leads the federal information fund of technical regulations and standards.

Among other responsibilities of the agency are representing the Russian Federation to international and regional standards organizations (such as the ISO, IEC, and EASC) and administering the GOST R certification program for products.

See also
 Gosstandart
 GOST R standards
 GOST standards

References

External links

Standards organizations in Russia
Government agencies of Russia
Government agencies established in 2004

Rosstandart


Nzambi a Mpungu (also Nzambi and Nzambi Mpungu) is the Supreme God, eternal Sky Father and God of the Sun (fire) in traditional Kongo spirituality. His female counterpart is Nzambici, the Sky Mother and Goddess of the Moon. Among other Central African Bantu peoples, such as the Chokwe, and in the Kingdom of Ndongo, Nzambi Mpungu was also called Kalunga, the god of fire and change. This may have a connection to an element of Bakongo cosmology called Kalûnga. It was seen as the spark of fire that begot all life in the universe. After Portuguese colonization, Nzambi Mpungu became synonymous with the Christian God and existed chiefly as the Creator God.

History

Nzambi Mpungu was recorded as the name of the God of the Kongo people as early as the early sixteenth century by Portuguese who visited the Kingdom of Kongo.

European missionaries along with Kongo intellectuals (including King Afonso I of Kongo) set out to render European Christian religious concepts into Kikongo and they chose this name to represent God.  Jesuit missionaries in the 1540s noted the acceptance of this relationship as well, and it was probably included in the now lost catechism produced by Carmelites in Kikongo in 1557.  Certainly, it was used for God in the catechism of 1624, a translation by the "best masters of the church" in Kongo under the supervision of the Jesuit priest Mateus Cardoso.

Prior to European colonization, Nzambi Mpungu and his female counterpart, Nzambici, were perceived as the "Marvels of Marvels" who existed everywhere simultaneously and gave life to all things. Nzambi Mpungu was the "sovereign master," the God of the sun (fire) and change. It was believed that Nzambi Mpungu/Nzambici created the universe, the spiritual world (Ku Mpémba) and the physical world (Ku Nseke). Contrary to what the title "the Great Spirit" implies, Nzambi Mpungu/Nzambici and the spiritual nature of the Kongo people did not exist under the same confines of hierarchy as the omnipotent God of the monotheistic Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Judaism and Islam). All spirits within Kongo spirituality were believed to be equally significant and each had their own purpose across both worlds.

After the introduction of Catholicism by the Portuguese, there was a massive effort to convert Central Africans by creating connections between Christianity and their traditional African religions. While it was largely a failure for ethnic groups, like the Mbundu in the Kingdom of Ndongo, the Portuguese were able to persuade many Bakongo in the Kingdom of Kongo that Nzambi Mpungu was the Christian God and that the other spirits were similar to angels, who were subservient to God. Not only did this act make way for an easier conversion of the Bakongo people to Christianity, it also created a hierarchy in Bakongo spirituality that reduced other spirits like Nzambici, simbi and nkisi to "lesser spirits" that no longer had relevant voices in spiritual matters.

One Kikongo saying is "Ku tombi Nzambi ko, kadi ka kena ye nitu ko." It means "Don't look for God, He does not have a body."

Nzambi in the African diaspora

Candomblé Bantu
In the religion of Candomblé Bantu, Nzambi is the "sovereign master". He created the earth and then withdrew from the world. Nzambi Mpungu remains responsible for rainfall and health.

Kumina
In the religion of Kumina there is a high creator god is known as "King Zombi" which is a derivative of Nzambi Mpungu.

Palo
In the religion of Palo, "Nzambi" is the god who created the universe and animates it. Nzambi resides in all natural things, and the spirits of the dead. Long deceased ancestors who have become spirits will over a long period of time become enveloped in the natural elements and thus Nzambi himself. The natural powers of Nzambi can be harnessed by a Nganga and in common ceremonies.

References

African deities
African gods
African mythology
Bantu deities
Bantu religion
Creator deities
Creator gods
Kongo
Kongo culture
Names of God in African traditional religions
Sky and weather deities
Sky and weather gods
Solar gods
Solar deities
Kongo religion

Nzambi a Mpungu


Gastornis, formerly known as Diatryma, is an extinct genus of large flightless birds. They lived in the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs of the Cainozoic. The first remains were discovered in the mid-19th century.

In the 1870s, the famous American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope discovered another, more complete set of fossils in North America, and named them Diatryma.

The fossil remains of these birds have been found in western-central Europe (England, Belgium, France and Germany) as well as North America. Their life style is in dispute.

Description
Gastornis parisiensis measured on average 1.75 metres (5.7 ft) tall, but large individuals grew up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. Gastornis had a huge beak with a slightly hooked top, which possibly suggests that it was carnivorous. Gastornis had large powerful legs. It had large feet with small talons. Fossil footprints suggest it was a herbivore.

Paleobiology

Distribution
Although North American and Europe were separated by the end of the Cretaceous, there must have been a landbrige still in place somewhere. This is because the European and North American Diatrymas were so similar. Other bird and mammal genera also occur on both sides of the (present-day) North Atlantic in the Palaeocene and Eocene. This is evidence that Europe and North America were once connected by dry land in part of the early Cainozoic.

Palaeoecology
At the time, the environment where Gastornis lived had dense forest and a moist to dry subtropical or even tropical climate. North America and Europe were still rather close. Greenland was  probably covered with lush woodland and grassland. Only narrow straits of a few 100 km at most would have blocked landbound dispersal of the Gastornis ancestors. Land in North American was connected. Their European range was an archipelago, with the Alps building up, and high sea levels in the Paleocene and Eocene. Geographically, it was roughly similar to today's Indonesia.

The majority view is that Gastornis was a predator. However, some doubt the bird was agile enough to catch fast-moving prey, and have doubts about the beak being right for carnivory. It may be that Gastornis was an ambush hunter, or used pack hunting techniques to pursue or ambush prey. If Gastornis was a predator, it would need some way of hunting prey through the dense forest.

Alternatively, they may have been mainly scavengers, omnivores or even herbivores. The large beak of Gastornis would have been suited for crushing seeds and tearing off vegetation. It seems rather big for a purely vegetarian diet. Regardless of what these birds ate, the beak may have been used also for social display – its presence in all known fossils argues against a sexual display role. These contradicting hypotheses, which can't be separated by the evidence, make the paleobiology of Gastornis unclear.

Similar gigantic birds of the Cenozoic were the South American terror birds (phorusrhacids) and the Australian mihirungs (Dromornis). The former were certainly carnivorous, and the latter are suspected of being predators, too. On the other hand, ratites, the flightless giant birds of our time, feed on plants, small vertebrates, and invertebrates.

Gastornis were among the largest, if not the largest birds alive during the Paleogene. They had few natural enemies or serious competitors. If these huge birds were active hunters, they must have been important apex predators which dominated the forest ecosystems of North America and Europe until the middle Eocene.

The mid-Eocene saw the rise of large creodont and mesonychid predators in Eurasia and North America. The appearance of these new predators coincides with the decline of Gastornis and its relatives. This was possibly due to an increased tendency of mammalian predators to hunt together in packs (especially in the hyaena-like creodonts). We know of no bird which weighed more than half a metric ton. Perhaps they could not evolve to larger sizes. If so, they could not compete by sheer bulk as some mammals can do.

Trace fossils
In late Paleocene deposits of Spain and early Eocene deposits of France, shell fragments of huge eggs have turned up in Provence. These are presumably from Gastornis.

Some of these fragments were complete enough to reconstruct a size of 24 by 10 cm (about 9.5 by 4 inches) with shells 2.3–2.5 mm (0.09–0.1 in) thick. This is roughly half again as large as an ostrich egg, and very different in shape from the more rounded ratite eggs.

Large birds
Cassowary
Elephant birds
Aepyornis
Moa
Dinornis
Terror birds
Phorusrhacos
Brontornis
Dromornis

References

Fossils
Flightless birds

Gastornis


An escape chair or evacuation chair  is a device manufactured for the smooth descent of stairways in the event of an emergency. It was invented in the United States in 1982.  The single-user operation device does not require heavy lifting to evacuate a person. An escape chair always comes with a green seat, head rest and dust cover. At airports and other large, multistory buildings, escape chairs can be used to assist persons with reduced mobility during emergency evacuation.

A stair chair has caterpillar tracks for moving a person down the stairs. Operating a stair chair over a flat surface is identical to operating a wheelchair: the operator simply pushes it in front of them. Once the stairwell has been reached, the chair can be pushed back to engage the tracks on the treads of the stairs. There is an extendable handle to allow the operator to control the chair. Enhanced models can require two-person operation; these are more commonly used in ambulances. Escape chairs are produced in both manual and electric versions. Chairs with electrical track systems can be more easily moved up and down stairs by a single operator.

Laws

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom's Disability Discrimination Act 1995 says that every person is to have a safe entrance into and exit from a building. Under UK law, If a person was to perish in the building due to a lack of adequate evacuation equipment, the owners or operators of the building could be charged with corporate manslaughter.

References

Chairs
Evacuations
Firefighting equipment
Safety equipment

Escape chair


James Thomas Walker (20 March 1841 – 18 January 1923) was an Australian banker and politician. He served as a Senator for New South Wales from 1901 to 1913.

Walker was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He spent his early childhood in New South Wales, before returning to Scotland with his family to study finance. Joining the Bank of New South Wales, he returned to Australia and held various financial positions in New South Wales and Queensland. Gaining a public reputation for financial expertise, he was active in the Federationist cause and was a delegate to the 1897 Constitutional Convention, where he was a significant figure in the development of Commonwealth finance schemes. After assisting the successful "Yes" campaign for the 1898 referendum, he was elected to the Senate in 1901 as a Free Trader.

As a senator, Walker continued to focus on finance, although his views on social policy sometimes saw him on the outside of his party. He supported the White Australia policy but disagreed with key elements, and was a leader in opposition to the dictation test, by which a potential immigrant was required to pass a test in any European language before their application was accepted. He also campaigned for a transcontinental railway and for a capital city to be located on federal territory. Attempts to guide financial reform through the parliament as a backbench senator led to frustration, and Walker retired due to ill health in 1913 with his legislation unpassed.

Early life and career
Walker was born on Leith Walk in Edinburgh to grazier John William Walker and his wife Elizabeth, née Waterston. The family migrated to New South Wales in 1844 and settled on Castlereads Station near Boorowa. In 1849, John Walker sold the property to Hamilton Hume and returned to Scotland. James was educated at the Edinburgh Institution and King's College London before returning to Edinburgh in 1857. After several years in Scotland working first for the paper manufacturers Cowan & Sons, and then for stockbroker Robert Allan, he joined the Bank of New South Wales' London branch in March 1860; his cousin, Thomas Walker, was one of the bank's directors. In January 1862 he departed for Melbourne on Swiftsure and was posted to the bank's Sydney office.

Walker was then sent by the bank to Rockhampton in Queensland, where he worked as an accountant until 1866 when he was appointed manager of the Townsville branch. In 1867 he was transferred to the Toowoomba branch, which he managed until 1878 when he was promoted assistant inspector in Brisbane. He married Janette Isabella Palmer on 16 April 1868 at Range View. In 1885 he resigned from the Bank of New South Wales to become the first manager of the Royal Bank of Queensland, but in 1887 he returned to New South Wales to manage the estate of Eadith Walker, the daughter of his late cousin Thomas.

Federation

Walker had a strong interest in Federation and was a member of the Australasian Federation League of New South Wales. In 1896 he attended the People's Federal Convention in Bathurst, where he proposed a financial scheme that would provide savings for a federal government based on income from state taxes and federal spending. His reputation for financial expertise saw him elected to the Australian Federal Convention in 1897. There he supported equal representation for all states in an upper house, Commonwealth control of railways, and a national capital on federal territory. He reiterated his financial proposals, but was overlooked for the finance and trade committee, having been described by Alfred Deakin as "a mere commercial man".

Despite this setback, Walker continued to play an active part in the development of the Australian Constitution. He had the name of the federal upper house changed from the "States Assembly" to the Senate, although his proposal that the federated colonies adopt the name "Commonwealth of Australasia", with a view to the future inclusion of New Guinea, New Zealand and Fiji, was not adopted. He also supported a minimum age for senators of twenty-five, rather than twenty-one, and voted for Paddy Glynn's proposal to include recognition of a "Divine Sovereign" in the Constitution.

The second session of the Convention took place in Sydney in September 1897. Walker was appointed to a subcommittee on federal finance, which proposed a financial scheme based on Walker's Bathurst proposal that was adopted by the Convention. He was active in the Federation referendum campaign, travelling around New South Wales to encourage a "Yes" vote. He mostly focused on financial issues, and in 1899 went to Western Australia, the most reluctant colony, to increase support.

Following the success of the referendum, Walker was encouraged to stand for the Senate by a petition of over 6500 signatures. A staunch free trader, Walker campaigned as part of the Free Trade Party's endorsed ticket. He had resigned as president of the Bank of New South Wales in 1897, but remained a director. At the first federal election in March 1901, Walker was elected as a New South Wales senator at the head of the poll.

Senate career

As a senator, Walker devoted his support to a variety of causes, including a transcontinental railway and equal pay for women. He opposed a federal old-age pension scheme on the grounds of lack of funds, and also opposed the Immigration Restriction Bill, although he supported the White Australia policy in principle. He opposed the proposed form of the dictation test and supported James Macfarlane's amendment requiring the test to be administered in a language known to the immigrant, moving his own amendment after Macfarlane's was defeated. He also expressed reservations about the deportation of Kanaka labourers, supporting the reduction in their use but advocating that those resident in Australia for at least five years be permitted to remain. He vigorously opposed compulsory arbitration, and voted against the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill.

Re-elected as an Anti-Socialist in 1906, Walker expressed the view that the three-party system of the Australian Parliament's first decade was dysfunctional, and implored electors to vote "for either socialism or anti-socialism, and so end this triangular government". He continued to support the transcontinental railway and lamented the slow progress of the decision on a site for the federal capital, and supported a higher rate of immigration and the watering down of the Immigration Restriction Act. In 1908, he introduced the Commonwealth Companies Reserve Liabilities Bill, which permitted special reserve funds for banks to assist shareholders during a financial crisis, and in 1910 followed with the similar Commonwealth Banking Companies Reserve Liabilities Bill. He complained of the difficulty of passing private senators' bills, and at the 1913 election he retired, suffering from ill health.

Later life
Walker maintained an interest in politics after his retirement, and remained a director of the Bank of New South Wales until 1921. He had been president of the Australian Golf Club (1903–19), a director of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and a member of the Presbyterian Church's finance committee. A fellow of the Institute of Bankers in London since 1886 and vice-president of the Australian Economic Association, he also continued as a director of the Australian Mutual Provident Society and a councillor of St Andrew's College at the University of Sydney. Walker died on 18 January 1923 at Woollahra in Sydney, and was survived by his wife and five of their seven children. Buried at South Head Cemetery, his estate at his death was worth £27,697.

References

Free Trade Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Commonwealth Liberal Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Members of the Australian Senate
1841 births
1923 deaths
People from Leith
People educated at Stewart's Melville College
Alumni of King's College London
Australian Presbyterians
Scottish emigrants to Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Presidents of the Bank of New South Wales

James Walker (Australian politician)


Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (13 June 1910 – 27 January 1999) was a Spanish writer associated with the Generation of '36 movement.

Life
He was born in Serantes, Ferrol, Galicia, and received his first education there, subsequently attending the universities of Santiago de Compostela and Oviedo.

Although primarily a novelist, he also published journalism, essays, and plays. His career as a writer began in Oviedo, but developed largely in Madrid.

Before the outbreak of the Spanish civil war, he traveled to Paris with the intention of writing his doctoral thesis and there he was surprised by the coup d'etat of July 18, 1936. After hesitating, he returned to Spain in October to be with his family.  From the bus that was taking him home, he saw the bodies of victims of the repression in the ditches. His father exclaimed by way of greeting: "Don't you know that many of your friends have been shot?". He followed the recommendation of a priest he trusted and joined the Falange. His first novel, Javier Mariño, appeared in 1943, and he continued to publish novels almost until his death, receiving major prizes for some of them.

Despite his affiliation to the Falangists, from 1939, when he returned to Santiago to take up a university post, he increasingly distanced himself from the party. He joined in protests in favour of striking Asturian miners in 1962, and was expelled from his teaching post at the university as a result. In the mid-1960s he had a number of problems with government censors.

He left Spain for a post at the University at Albany, State University of New York in 1966, and remained there until 1973 as the University's first distinguished professor. In 1975 he moved to the city of Salamanca, where he remained until his death. After his return to Spain, he was increasingly celebrated: He was elected to seat E of the Real Academia Española, he took up his seat on 27 May 1977, and was awarded the premier Spanish literary prize, the Cervantes Prize, in 1985.

Immediately after his death, the Fundación Gonzalo Torrente Ballester was set up to protect, study and disseminate his work.

List of novels

 Javier Mariño (1943)
 El golpe de estado de Guadalupe Limón (1946)
 Ifigenia (1950)
 Los Gozos y Las Sombras: El Señor llega (1957) - , Donde da la vuelta el aire (1960), La Pascua triste (1962). Novel prize of the Fundación Juan March
 Don Juan (1963)
 Off-Side (1968)
 La Saga/Fuga de J.B. (1972) - Critics' Prize and City of Barcelona Prize
 Fragmentos de Apocalipsis (1977)
 La isla de los jacintos cortados (1980) - National Literature Prize
 Dafne y ensueños (1982)
 Quizá nos lleve el viento al infinito (1984)
 La princesa durmiente va a la escuela (1985)
 La rosa de los vientos (1985)
 Yo no soy yo, evidentemente (1987)
 Filomeno, a mi pesar (1988) - Planet Prize
 Crónica del rey pasmado (1989)
 Las islas extraordinarias (1991)
 La muerte del decano (1992)
 La novela de Pepe Ansúrez (1994)
 La boda de Chon Recalde (1995)
 Los años indecisos (1997)
 Doménica (1999)

Screenplays
 Night Arrival (1949)
 Surcos (1951)
 Devil's Roundup (1952)
 Rebellion (1954)

See also
University of Santiago de Compostela

References

External links

Official site  giving biographical and bibliographical material about Torrente Ballester and a good collection of images.

1910 births
1999 deaths
People from Ferrol, Spain
Writers from Galicia (Spain)
Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
Premio Cervantes winners
Falangism
Spanish male writers
Spanish fascists
Spanish theatre critics
University at Albany, SUNY faculty
University of Oviedo alumni
Spanish writers

Gonzalo Torrente Ballester


Ridout & Maybee LLP is a Canadian intellectual property law firm with offices in Toronto, Ottawa, and Burlington. The firm has over 30 professionals, lawyers, and agents across all three offices and is one of Canada's longest operating IP firms.

History
1893 saw the beginning of what is Ridout & Maybee LLP—of John Gibbs Ridout and James Edward Maybee; however, the roots and reputation of the name date further back. Donald C. Ridout, a well-known, successful practitioner, began his practice the year of the confederation, 1867.  He formed his first partnership in 1869 with an architect, James Smith, under the firm name of Ridout & Smith, Engineers and Architects

While a simple patent practice in Upper Canada, during a time other big names in the IP world were starting out—Smart, Biggar, Fetherstonhaugh, Dennison, and Riches, to name a few—Ridout and Smith are the Patent Agents responsible for the first patent issued post-Confederation in Canada; a minute but defining feature of Ridout name. The patent was granted to W. Hamilton for a "Machine for Measuring Liquids".

The Evolution of the Ridout Practice
Smith departed from the firm in 1873, and the firm became Donald C. Ridout & Co. The firm at the time was described as "Patent Agents and (strangely) dealers in machinery", a combination one will not find in today's IP firms.

From 1876 to 1880, the name changed with the addition of George Aird, a civil engineer, to Ridout, Aird & Co., and reverted again to Donald C. Ridout & Co upon the departure of Aird in 1880.

Donald C. Ridout died in 1893, however, Charles H. Riches, a draughtsman at Donald Ridout & Co., purchased the goodwill to the firm and arranged for Donald C. Ridout Jr. to carry on the practice at 22 King Street East in Toronto.

James Edward Maybee—one of the 3 draughtsmen at Donald Ridout & Co. starting in 1882—formed a partnership with John Gibbs Ridout, brother to Donald Jr., upon the death of Donald Ridout Jr. under the name Ridout & Maybee.

It was at this time that the two draughtsmen began work on one of the only textbooks available on patents at the time titled "Ridout on Patents". The textbook was later published in 1894 by Rowsell and Hutchison and it was paramount in the growth in popularity of the practice of patent law in Canada.

Like many strong partnerships, this one is not without its drama. History books explain how Maybee did most of the work, while Ridout received the profits. Upon John G. Ridout's death in 1910, Maybee purchased the assets and goodwill of the company from Ridout's widow and over the following years progressed in both profits and reputation. In the early 1930s, Maybee was approached by Lord Marks (of the British firm Marks & Clerk) with an interest in purchasing the business but declined his proposal.

J. Edward Maybee retired in 1940, leaving his son Gareth to continue the practice after purchasing all of the business' assets. Gareth retired in January 1969 and was elected an honorary member of the Patent and Trademark Institute of Canada.

Firm Growth
 The law firm of Kent & Edgar, founded in 1995, merged with the firm in 1999.
 The law firm of Dennis Moss and Peter Hammond merged with the firm in 2000.
 The firm of Gowan Intellectual Property merged with the firm in November 2015.

Notable Mentions
 The firm's founder, James Edward Maybee, was the first president of the Intellectual Property Institute of Canada.
 Former partner (and now Federal Court Judge) Janet M. Fuhrer was the president of the Canadian Bar Association from 2015-2016.
 Partner Marcus Gallie is the current editor of the Canadian Patent Reporter - a publication established in 1942 that is published by Thomson Reuters. He has been the editor of this publication since 2008.

Ranking
 Top 10 IP Boutique Law Firm - Canadian Lawyer Magazine (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016)
 Top Intellectual Property Law Firms - Chambers Global (2014)
 Canada's Life Sciences Law Firm of the Year - Corporate INTL Magazine (2010)
 Canada's Patent Law Firm of the Year - Corporate INTL Magazine (2011)
 Patent Contentious (Notable), Patent Prosecution (Tier 2), Trademark Contentious (Notable). Trademark Prosecution (Tier 2) - Managing Intellectual Property IP Stars (2017)

References

External links
 Official website

Law firms of Canada
Law firms established in 1893
1893 establishments in Ontario
Canadian companies established in 1893

Ridout & Maybee


Werner Callebaut (October 7, 1952 – November 6, 2014) was a professor at the University of Hasselt, scientific director of the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, editor and chief of Biological Theory, and president of The International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology.

Biography
He attended high school at Koninklijk Atheneum Vilvoorde, Belgium.  During his undergraduate studies at the University of Ghent, he was highly influenced by Leo Apostel and Etienne Vermeersch. In 1983, he received a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Ghent with a dissertation entitled Contribution to a General Theory of Rationality on Evolutionary Foundations—With an Application to the Organization of Scientific Knowledge.  In 1995 he became a professor of philosophy at University of Hasselt.  Between 1995 and 1999, he was a visiting fellow at Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research (KLI) and, in 1999, he moved to Vienna, Austria to become scientific manager of KLI. In 2006, he became editor and chief of Biological Theory.  In 2013, he was elected president of The International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB). He unexpectedly and untimely passed away in his sleep.

Taking the Naturalistic Turn
In his 1993 book Taking the naturalistic turn, or how real philosophy of science is done, Callebaut interviewed a number of philosophers of on key topics in the philosophy of science. He then wove together the interviews into conversations on these key topics in the philosophy of science.

References

External links
 Werner Callebaut (1952–2014)

1952 births
2014 deaths
Extended evolutionary synthesis
Flemish philosophers
Scientists from Mechelen
Philosophers of science

Werner Callebaut


John Thomas O'Brien (born December 11, 1930) is a former backup second baseman and pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1953, 1955–58), St. Louis Cardinals (1958) and Milwaukee Braves (1959). O'Brien batted and threw right-handed. His twin brother, Eddie, was also a major league infielder.

O'Brien attended Saint Mary's High School in South Amboy, now Cardinal McCarrick High School, where he has been inducted into the school's sports hall of fame.

O'Brien attended Seattle University, where he played on the basketball team for the Chieftains (along with his brother Eddie) and scored 43 points in a stunning 84–81 upset over the Harlem Globetrotters on January 21, 1952. In 1953, O'Brien became the first player in NCAA history to score 1,000 points in a season. O'Brien would be the shortest NCAA All-American player to be named until 2016 when the similarly  Tyler Ulis of Kentucky was named a member of the first team. Later he and Eddie were drafted by the NBA's Milwaukee Hawks in 1953, but the twins never played in the NBA.

In a six-season career, O'Brien was a .250 hitter (204-for-815) with four home runs and 59 RBI in 339 games played. From 1956 to 1958, he also doubled as a pitcher, appearing in 25 games (all but one in relief) and 61 innings, surrendering 61 hits, walking 30 and striking out 35. He lost three of four decisions (.250) with an earned run average of 5.61.

While in Pittsburgh, Johnny and Eddie O'Brien became the first twins in major league history to play for the same team in the same game. They are also one of only four brother combinations to play second base/shortstop on the same major league club. The others are Garvin and Granny Hamner, for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1945; Frank and Milt Bolling, with the Detroit Tigers in 1958, and Billy and Cal Ripken, for the Baltimore Orioles during the 1980s.

In retirement, O'Brien worked variously as a city councilman in Seattle, a sportscaster of Seattle University basketball games along with Keith Jackson, the head of security, sales and promotions at the Kingdome and an energy consultant for the Alaskan shipping industry.

References

External links

Johnny O'Brien - Baseballbiography.com
Retrosheet

1930 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Baseball players from New Jersey
Basketball players from New Jersey
Houston Astros scouts
Major League Baseball second basemen
Milwaukee Braves players
Milwaukee Hawks draft picks
People from South Amboy, New Jersey
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Seattle Rainiers players
Seattle Redhawks baseball players
Seattle Redhawks men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Middlesex County, New Jersey
St. Louis Cardinals players

Johnny O'Brien


Eoderoceratoidea is a superfamily of true ammonites (suborder Ammonitina) from the Lower Jurassic, comprising seven phylogenetically related families, characterized in general by having ribbed evolute shells that commonly bear spines or tubercles. Adult shell size ranges from 2 or 3 cm to giants reaching 50 cm in such genera as Apoderoceras, Epideroceras, and Liparoceras.

The earliest known eodoceroceratoidean is the eoderoceratid genus Microderoceras.  Although its origin is uncertain, it is likely that it is derived from the Psiloceratoidea.  It has also been proposed, with some imagination, that Microderoceas has its origin some earlier Jurassic lytoceratid such as Analytoceras.

Seven families are included, beginning with the Eoceroceratidae, which gave rise at about the same time to the Phricodoceratidae, Coeloceratidae, Liparoceratidae, and Polyhmorphitidae. The Phricodoceratidae left no descendants but the Coeloceratidae later gave rise to the Dactylioceratidae and the Liparoceratidae to the Amaltheidae. The Polymorphitidae became the source for the superfamilies Hildocerataceae beginning with the Hildoceratidae.

The more recent taxonomy of Donovan et al. (1981) with seven families, differs from that of Arkell, et al. in the Treatise (1957) which included just five families. The phricodoceratids and coeoloceratids were then considered as subfamilies (Phricodoceratinae and Coeloceratinae, respectively) of the Eoderoceratidae.  As later (1981) the Liparoceratidae and Polyhmorphitidae were derived from the Eoderoceratidae but the Dactylioceratidae were derived separately (1957) from the Lytoceratidae - a source since then largely rejected.

References

Ammonitida superfamilies
Jurassic ammonites
Early Jurassic first appearances
Early Jurassic extinctions

Eoderoceratoidea


Shahriyar Hamid oghlu Mammadyarov (; born 12 April 1985), known internationally as Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, is an Azerbaijani chess grandmaster.  he is ranked No. 2 in Azerbaijan. His personal best  rating of 2820 makes him the sixth-highest-rated player in chess history.

Mamedyarov has competed in the Candidates Tournament in 2011 (eliminated in quarterfinals), in 2014 (placing fourth) and in 2018 (placing second). He is a two-time World Junior Champion (2003 and 2005) and was World Rapid Champion in 2013.

A gold medalist at the 2012 Chess Olympiad on the third board, he is a three-time European Team Champion (2009, 2013, 2017) with Azerbaijan. He is also a two-time winner at Tal Memorial (2010 joint and 2014 Blitz) and Shamkir Chess (2016 and 2017), as well as the winner of 2018 Biel Chess Festival where he beat reigning World Champion Magnus Carlsen.

Personal life
Shakhriyar's parents are from the Zangilan District of Azerbaijan. In 1980, his family moved to the then-flourishing industrial city of Sumqayit, Azerbaijan, where Shakhriyar was born. His first chess trainer was his father, who is also a former boxer and taught boxing to Shakhriyar for some time. Mamedyarov has two sisters, Zeinab Mamedyarova and Turkan Mamedyarova, who are Woman Grandmasters. Mamedyarov got married in 2012, but later divorced. He remarried in July 2017.

Professional chess career
In 2003, Mamedyarov won the World Junior Chess Championship. He repeated his victory in 2005, becoming the only two-time champion, while achieving a 2953 performance rating after eight rounds. This performance earned him an invitation to the Essent Tournament 2006 in Hoogeveen. After winning this and the 2007 edition, Mamedyarov achieved world fame.

In 2005 Mamedyarov competed at the European Club Cup and had the second-highest performance rating (2913), after Vassily Ivanchuk, of all of the participants.

Mamedyarov attained joint first place at the Aeroflot Open in Moscow in February 2006, with a score of 6½/9. In May, he won the combined FiNet/Ordix rapid event. In October 2006, he won the closed Essent Chess Tournament in Hoogeveen with 4½/6, beating Judit Polgár on Sonneborn-Berger tie-breaks.

At the Chess World Cup 2007 Mamedyarov reached the third round where he was knocked out by Ivan Cheparinov.

In 2008, he won the Corsican Circuit rapid knockout.

In 2009, he won the Mainz Ordix Open with 10/11.

In 2010, he tied for first place with Vladimir Kramnik and Gata Kamsky at the President's Cup in Baku, followed by joint first in the Tal Memorial.

In June 2013, Mamedyarov won the World Rapid Chess Championship, scoring 11½/15. The next month he won the Geneva Masters rapid event.

In November 2014, he won the Tal Memorial for the second time.

In June 2016, Mamedyarov won the 3rd Shamkir Chess Tournament, the Vugar Gashimov Memorial. He defeated both top seeds Fabiano Caruana and Anish Giri in the last two rounds, which put him in a tiebreak situation with Caruana. He defeated Caruana in the tiebreak, thus giving him tournament victory.

In April 2017, Mamedyarov won the Vugar Gashimov Memorial for the second year in a row with a score of 5½/9.

In April 2018, he participated in the fifth edition of the Gashimov Memorial, finishing fourth with a score of 4½/9 (+1–1=7).

From 28 May to 7 June 2018, he competed in the sixth edition of Norway Chess, placing seventh with 3½/8 (+0–1=7).

From 22 July 2018 to 1 August, he competed in the 51st Biel Chess Festival, winning the event by one-and-a-half points ahead of Magnus Carlsen.
He defeated Carlsen in round 9 with the white pieces of a King's Indian, Fianchetto Variation.

On 14 June 2020, Mamedyarov won Sharjah online Chess tournament with 7.5 points from 10 rounds which is his first online tournament win.

On 26 June 2020, Mamedyarov placed 2nd-6th in the 1st Mukhtar Ismagambetov Memorial along with Nodirbek Abdusattorov, Dmitriy Bocharov, Kazybek Nogerbek, and Davit Maghalashvili, with a score of 8.5/11.

In June 2021, Mamedyarov won Superbet Chess Classic tournament in which Fabiano Caruana, Levon Aronian, Alexander Grischuk, Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, Anish Giri, Teimour Radjabov and Wesley So participated.

Through February and March 2022, Mamedyarov played in the FIDE Grand Prix 2022. In the second leg, he placed second in Pool D with a 3/6 result. In the third leg, he won his pool with a result of 3.5/6 and a 3/4 result in rapid and blitz tiebreakers against Vincent Keymer.

World Championship cycles

In 2011, Mamedyarov was the tournament organisers' nominee, qualifying him for the Candidates Tournament for the World Chess Championship 2012, where he lost to Boris Gelfand in the first round.

In the 2014 cycle, he qualified for the Candidates Tournament by coming second in the FIDE Grand Prix 2012–13. He finished fourth in the Candidates, with a score of 7/14.

He failed to qualify for the 2016 Candidates. He came sixth in the FIDE Grand Prix 2014–15, and was knocked out in the quarter-finals of the Chess World Cup 2015 by eventual winner Sergey Karjakin.

In the 2018 cycle, he qualified for the Candidates Tournament 2018 by winning the FIDE Grand Prix 2017. He finished as a runner-up in Candidates one point behind Caruana, with a score of 8/14.

In the 2020 cycle, he failed to qualify for Candidates, finishing fourth in FIDE Grand Prix 2019, and being knocked out in the Fourth round of Chess World Cup 2019, by Teimour Radjabov.

In the 2022 cycle, he failed to qualify for Candidates, finishing seventh in FIDE Grand Prix 2022, and being knocked out in the Third round of Chess World Cup 2021, by Haik Martirosyan.

Team competitions
Mamedyarov played for Azerbaijan at the Chess Olympiads of 2000, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018. In 2009, 2013 and 2017 he won the team gold medal for Azerbaijan at the European Team Chess Championship, having won the bronze medal in 2007 and silver in 2011.

Tournament victories

Tournament victories by Mamedyarov include:
 2022 ShushaChess, 1st
 2021 Superbet Chess Classic, 1st
 2018 Biel Chess Festival, 1st
 2017 FIDE Grand Prix, 1st
 2017 Gashimov Memorial (4th annual Shamkir Chess tournament)
 2016 Gashimov Memorial (3rd annual Shamkir Chess tournament)
 2014 Tal Memorial (Blitz), 1st
 2013 Beijing FIDE Grand Prix 2012–2013, 1st
 2013 Geneva Chess Masters, Rapid (knock-out format), 1st
 2013 World Rapid Chess Championship Khanty-Mansiysk, 1st
 2010 Tal Memorial, joint 1st
 2010 The President's Cup, joint 1st
 2009 Chess Classic, Mainz, 1st
 2008 Rapid Tournament, Corsica, 1st
 2007 Rapid Tournament, Czech Republic, 1st
 2006 Hoogeveen Essent Tournament, 1st
 2006 Ordix Open, joint 1st
 2006 Aeroflot Open, Moscow, Russia, joint 1st
 2006 Reykjavík Open, joint 1st
 2006 The President's Cup, Baku, Azerbaijan 1st
 2005 World Junior Championship (Under-20)
 2004 Dubai Open, Dubai, 1st
 2003 Under-18 World Championship
 2003 World Junior Championship (Under-20), Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan

Notes

References

External links

 Interview with GM Shakhriyar Mamedyarov

1985 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Azerbaijani chess players
World Youth Chess Champions
World Junior Chess Champions
Chess Olympiad competitors
People from Sumgait
People from Zangilan District

Shakhriyar Mamedyarov


The papacy has been surrounded by numerous legends. Among the most famous are the claims that the papal tiara bears the Number of the Beast inscriptions, that a woman was once elected pope, or that the current pope will be the last. The latter claim is false for every known pope barring the incumbent, but it remains theoretically possible.

Vicarius Filii Dei

One misconception surrounding the papal tiara suggests that the words  (Latin for "Vicar of the Son of God") exist on the side of one of the tiaras.

The story centres on the widely made claim that, when numerised (i.e., when those letters in the 'title' that have Roman numeral value are added together as in a chronogram) they produce the number 666, described in the Book of Revelation as the Number of the Beast (the Antichrist), who wears multiple crowns (identified by some as the triple tiara).

VICARIVS·FILII·DEI with the non-numeric letters removed gives: VICIVILIIDI = 5 + 1 + 100 + 1 + 5 + 1 + 50 + 1 + 1 + 500 + 1 = 666

This claim has been made by some Protestant sects who believe that the Pope, as head of the Roman Catholic Church, is the Beast or the False Prophet mentioned in the Book of Revelation. However, a detailed examination of the existing tiaras shows no such decoration.

Further,  is not among the titles of the Pope; the closest match is  ("Vicar of Christ", also rendered in English as "Vicar of Jesus Christ"), the numerical values of which do not add up to 666, but to 214.

Pope Joan

The claim that a woman, often called Pope Joan, became pope first appeared in a Dominican chronicle in 1250. It soon spread Europe-wide through preaching friars. The story grew in embellishment but centered on a set of claims.

The period for this claim is traditionally given as AD 855–858, between the reigns of Leo IV and Benedict III; however, this possibility is unlikely, because Leo IV died on 17 July 855 and Benedict III was elected as his successor on 29 September 855.

Jean de Mailly, a French Dominican at Metz, places the story in the year 1099, in his , which dates from approximately 1250 and gives what is almost certainly the earliest account of the woman who became known as Pope Joan. His compatriot Stephen of Bourbon acknowledges this by placing her rule at approximately 1100. Also, Rosemary and Darrell Pardoe, authors of The Female Pope: The Mystery of Pope Joan. The First Complete Documentation of the Facts behind the Legend, is assuming that a more plausible time-frame would be 1086–1108, when there were a lot of antipopes, and the reign of the legitimate popes Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II was not always established in Rome, since this city was occupied by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and later sacked by the Normans.

Generally, there are two versions of the legend.
In the first, an English woman, called Joan, went to Athens with her lover, and studied there.
In the second, a German woman called Giliberta was born in Mainz.

"Joan" disguised herself as a monk, called Joannes Anglicus. In time, she rose to the highest office of the church, becoming a pope.

After two or five years of reign, "Pope Joan" became pregnant and, during an Easter procession, she gave birth to the child on the streets when she fell off a horse. She was publicly stoned to death by the astonished crowd, and according to the legend, removed from the Vatican archives.

As a consequence, certain traditions stated that popes throughout the medieval period were required to undergo a procedure wherein they sat on a special chair with a hole in the seat. A cardinal would have the task of putting his hand up the hole to check whether the pope had testicles, or doing a visual examination. This procedure is not taken seriously by most historians, and there is no documented instance. It is probably a scurrilous legend based on the existence of two ancient stone chairs with holes in the seats that probably dated from Roman times and may have been used because of their ancient imperial origins. Their original purpose is obscure.

In a seventeenth-century study, Protestant historian David Blondel argued that 'Pope Joan' is a fictitious story. The story may well be a satire that came to be believed as reality. This view is generally accepted among historians.

Prophecy of the Popes
According to the Prophecy of the Popes, some interpretations hold that after Pope Benedict XVI, who resigned on 28 February 2013, there will be one pope left before the destruction of Rome. This individual is labeled by the prophecy as Petrus Romanus.

Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus

A series of manuscript prophecies concerning the Papacy.

Documents of Jesus Christ
It is sometimes claimed that there exists a collection of documents that directly refer to Jesus, such as the execution order for Jesus signed by Pontius Pilate, or were personally written by Jesus, explaining to his followers how to conduct the formation of the Catholic Church after his death, or even the exact date of his return to judge mankind. These documents are said to be a closely guarded secret of the Catholic Church, and supposedly are hidden in the Vatican Secret Archives, or at past times in an underground vault if Nazi Germany would invade the Vatican.

However, there is no solid evidence for any of these claims; in history, only one document has ever been attributed to Jesus himself, the Letter of Christ and Abgarus.
Scholars generally believe that those letters were fabricated, probably in the 3rd century AD.
Even in ancient times, Augustine and Jerome contended that Jesus wrote nothing at all during his life. The correspondence was rejected as apocryphal by Pope Gelasius I and a Roman synod (c. 495).

Jewish legends
Jewish legends related to the papacy include the Jewish pope Andreas and also concerning the fate of the Menorah, which some, including former Israeli Minister of Religious Affairs Shimon Shetreet, have believed is being held in secret by the Vatican, and the idea of hidden Jewish manuscripts in the Vatican Secret Archives.

See also
Vatican conspiracy theories

References

Further reading
Eamon Duffy, Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes (Yale Nota Bene, 2001)
Joseph McCabe, A History of the Popes, Watts & Co, (1939) London.
Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050–1250 (Cambridge, 1990)
K. Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church 300–1140 (Princeton, 1969)

 Christian folklore
 History of the papacy
 Pope Joan

Legends surrounding the papacy


The Birmingham Terminal Station (or simply Birmingham Terminal), completed in 1909, was the principal railway station for Birmingham, Alabama (United States) until the 1950s. It was demolished in 1969, and its loss still serves as a rallying image for local preservationists.

Beginnings
Six of the seven railroads serving Birmingham joined to create the Birmingham Terminal Company in the early 20th century. They funded a new $2 million terminal station covering two blocks of the city at the eastern end of 5th Avenue North downtown. The station largely took over the function of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad station at Morris Avenue and 20th Street. Thus, the Louisville and Nashville and the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad maintained their own respective stations, separate from Terminal Station.

Architecture

The architect for the hulking Byzantine-inspired Beaux-Arts station was P. Thornton Marye of Washington, D.C. The exotic design stirred controversy at first.

The exterior of the building was primarily dressed in light-brown brick. Two  towers topped the north and south wings. The central waiting room covered  and was covered by a central dome  in diameter covered in intricate tilework and featuring a skylight of ornamental glass. The bottom  of the walls in the main waiting room were finished in gray Tennessee marble.

Connecting to the main waiting room were the ticket office, a separate ladies' waiting room, a smoking room, a barber shop, a news stand, a refreshment stand, and telephone and telegraph booths. Along the north and south concourses were the kitchen, lunch and dining rooms, another smoking room, restrooms, and the "colored" waiting room, a requirement of Birmingham's strict racial segregation. The north wing housed two express freight companies while the south was used for baggage and mail transfer.

Outside of the station were ten tracks. A series of overlapping "umbrella" sheds covered the platforms and tracks. These sheds provided protection from the rain while still letting in sunlight and fresh air. During the Depression, the station fell into disrepair, but resurged in the late 1930s through World War II. In 1943 the station underwent a $500,000 renovation which included sandblasting, new paint, and new interior fixtures. During this period of rebirth, rail traffic peaked at 54 trains per day.

Passenger services
The station's tenants included the Central of Georgia, Illinois Central, St. Louis-San Francisco ('Frisco'), Seaboard Air Line and Southern Railway.

Major named passenger trains included:
Central of Georgia and Illinois Central:
City of Miami (Chicago-Miami)
Seminole (Chicago-Jacksonville)
St. Louis-San Francisco, and Southern Railway:
Kansas City-Florida Special (Kansas City-Jacksonville)
Sunnyland (Memphis-Atlanta)
Seaboard Air Line:
Cotton Blossom: New York - Birmingham
Passenger Mail and Express: Washington and Portsmouth - Birmingham
Silver Comet: New York and Portsmouth - Birmingham
Southern Railway:
Birmingham Special (New York City-Birmingham)
Pelican (New York City-New Orleans)
Southerner (New York City-New Orleans)

Decline

As automobile ownership increased and air travel gained popularity, rail travel suffered. By 1960 only 26 trains per day went through Terminal Station. At the beginning of 1969 it was down to seven trains. During the 1960s the station served as the site of numerous small episodes of the Civil Rights Movement. Local Civil Rights leaders like Fred Shuttlesworth challenged the racially segregated accommodations of the station and crowds of belligerent whites gathered, sometimes leading to violence.

In 1969 the U.S. Social Security Administration announced plans to build a consolidated service center in downtown Birmingham. William Engel of Engel Realty quietly put together a plan for a $10 million redevelopment for the site of the deteriorating station. The redevelopment, which Engel pitched to the Southern Railway, would include a smaller and more modern train terminal along with a new Social Security building, two smaller office buildings and a large hotel.

Permission to proceed with demolition was granted on June 30, 1969 by the Alabama Public Service Commission. They set aside the arguments of numerous local preservationists in attendance (including the Heart of Dixie Railroad Society, the Alabama Historical Society, the Women's Committee of 100 and number of prominent local architects) stating that they may only consider "the necessity and convenience of the traveling public." In its run-down state, the Terminal Station was judged to no longer meet those needs. Within a few months, the building was demolished by the T. M. Burgin Demolition Company and the site cleared.

Ultimately the redevelopment plans were never built. The Social Security Administration built a new office building elsewhere in 1974. The site became part of the right-of-way for the Red Mountain Expressway, connecting U.S. Highway 31 and U.S. Highway 280 with Interstate 20 and Interstate 59. By using the Terminal Station site, a public housing project which had been slated for demolition, was preserved. The Southern Railroad moved their passenger station two blocks north to Seventh Avenue, using that site until 1979, when the Southern Crescent was rerouted along the Louisville & Nashville right-of-way by Amtrak.

5th Avenue North tunnel
An underpass, locally called a "subway" tunneled below the center of the building, allowing streetcars to bypass the terminal and rail traffic. In 1926 a large electric sign reading "Welcome to Birmingham, the Magic City", was erected outside the station at the west end of the underpass. The sign functioned as a gateway for visitors who arrived primarily by rail and 5th Avenue became a "hotel row", lined with restaurants and entertainments.  The only remnant of the demolished building to survive after 1969 was the tunnel, now commonly known as the 5th Avenue North tunnel, which now carries that road under the highway and railroad tracks.

References

Terminal Station at BhamWiki.com - accessed October 24, 2006
Kelly, Mark (May 28, 1998) "Terminated Station: The Rise and Fall of Birmingham's Terminal Station". Black & White, pp. 14–17.

Clemons, Marvin, "Great Temple of Travel: A Pictorial History of Birmingham Terminal Station, 1909-1969," MidSouth Media, 2016

Railway stations in the United States opened in 1909
Demolished railway stations in the United States
Demolished buildings and structures in Alabama
Former railway stations in Alabama
Buildings and structures in Birmingham, Alabama
Towers in Alabama
Beaux-Arts architecture in Alabama
Byzantine Revival architecture in Alabama
Road tunnels in Alabama
Transportation buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Alabama
Buildings and structures demolished in 1969
Former St. Louis–San Francisco Railway stations
Former Seaboard Air Line Railroad stations
Former Central of Georgia Railway stations
Former Illinois Central Railroad stations
Former Southern Railway (U.S.) stations
Railway stations in the United States closed in 1969

Birmingham Terminal Station


Q'ueli () or Q'uelis-tsikhe (ყუელისციხე, "fortress of Q'ueli") was a medieval Georgian fortress atop the homonymous mountain of the Arsiani Range (Yalnızçam Dağları), now within the boundaries of Turkey, where it is known as Kol Kalesi or Kuvel Kalesi. Its Georgian name is alternatively transliterated as Qveli, Kveli, K'veli, Qvelis-ts'ikhe or Qvelis-c'ixe. First appearing in the early 10th-century Georgian sources, Q'ueli was one of the principal fortifications of the province of Samtskhe until being conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.

The name Q'ueli/Q'uelis-tsikhe literally translates from Georgian as "a cheese fortress", which was a source of the Greek equivalent Tyrokastron (Τυρόχαστρον)—the name by which the fortress is mentioned in Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos's De Administrando Imperio.

History
The fortress of Q'ueli, now largely in ruins, lies at the village of Kolköy in the present-day district of Posof, northeastern Turkey, close to the border with Georgia. It is first mentioned in the early 10th-century Georgian hagiographic text Passion of Gobron by Stepane Mtbevari as the site of resistance to the invading army of the Azerbaijani emir Yusuf Ibn Abi'l-Saj—Abu l'K'asim of the Georgian accounts—in 914. According to this source, Q'ueli fell after a 28-day siege and the Georgian commanding officer Gobron, a devoted Christian, was put to death for having refused to convert to Islam.

By the 920s, Q'ueli had emerged as a chief fortress of Javakheti, a Georgian duchy which is mentioned in Constantine Porphyrogennetos's De Ceremoniis as Kouel (Κουελ), so named after the fortress itself. In this passage, Constantine refers to the "archon of Kouel", which, according to Professor Cyril Toumanoff, might have been the Georgian Bagratid prince David. Q'ueli is elsewhere referred to by Constantine by its Greek equivalent of Tyrokastron and later appears in possession of David's expansionist cousin, Gurgen II of Tao. Gurgen then gave Q'ueli and Adjara to his father-in-law Ashot Kiskasi in exchange of Klarjeti and, subsequently, deprived him even of these. After Gurgen's death in 941, Q'ueli passed to his cousins and, eventually, was inherited, along with other Bagratid holdings, by Bagrat III, who went on to become the first king of a unified Georgia in 1008.

Due to its strategic location, Q'ueli was a scene of several military conflicts throughout its history. In the 1040s, Q'ueli fell under control of the rebellious Georgian warlord Liparit, who was eventually dispossessed of it by King Bagrat IV of Georgia in 1059. The fortress was then apparently given in possession to Murvan Jaq'eli, who appears as the eristavi (duke) of Q'ueli in the 1060s. In 1065 it was passed by the Seljuqid sultan Alp-Arslan during his Georgian campaigns. In 1080, the Turks led by amir Ahmad, probably of the Mamlān dynasty, surprised and defeated King George II of Georgia at Q'ueli. In the 16th century, Q'ueli, along with much of southwest Georgia, fell under the Ottoman sway and lost its past importance.

References

Ruins in Turkey
Castles in Turkey
Tao-Klarjeti
Bagratid Iberia

Queli


Pseudospatha tanganyicensis a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. It is the only species in the genus Pseudospatha.

This species is endemic to Lake Tanganyika where found in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia. It is common and widespread in the lake.

Pseudospatha is one of three monotypic genera of freshwater mussel that are endemic to Lake Tanganyika, the others being Brazzaea and Grandidieria.

References

Unionidae
Molluscs described in 1880
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Bivalve genera
Monotypic mollusc genera
Fauna of Lake Tanganyika

Pseudospatha


Solomon Dayrolles (died 1786) was an English diplomat.

Life
Dayrolles was the nephew and heir of James Dayrolles, king's resident for some time at Geneva, and from 1717 to 1739 at The Hague, who died on 2 January 1739, was the godson of Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, the wit and politician, through whose friendship the young official obtained speedy advancement in his profession. He began his diplomatic career under James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave, then ambassador at Vienna, and when Waldegrave became ambassador at Versailles, Chesterfield endeavoured to obtain the appointment of secretary to the embassy for his protégé; but in this he was frustrated by superior influence.

Dayrolles was sworn as gentleman of the privy chamber to George II on 27 February 1740, and retained his place in the court of George III. With the old king he quickly became a personal favourite, and was rewarded by the post of Master of the Revels (12 April 1744). He was secretary to Lord Chesterfield during the peer's second embassy to The Hague (1745), and when his patron somewhat later in the year entered on his duties as lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Dayrolles accompanied him in the same capacity, and was nominated by him gentleman usher of the black rod in the Irish House of Lords (2 September 1745), a sinecure. Through the personal liking of the king, and Chesterfield's credit with Pelham, the place of king's resident at the Hague was given to Dayrolles on 12 May 1747. He was there for four years, and then was promoted to a similar post at Brussels, which he held until August 1757.

On his uncle's death in 1739 he inherited a fortune, and in that year he purchased from Sir Richard Child, Earl of Tilney, the estate of Henley Park, in the parish of Ash, near Guildford, which remained his property until 1785. In March 1786 he died, and in the same year his library was sold.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1743.

Legacy
Matthew Maty was assisted in his Life of Chesterfield by Dayrolles. For years he and Lord Chesterfield kept up a correspondence; his letters from Chesterfield were initially edited by Lord Mahon. The originals were bought from the heirs of Dayrolles by Messrs. Bentley, and they then passed by purchase to Mahon (by then Lord Stanhope) in April 1846.

Dayrolles's own official correspondence and that of his uncle, comprised in twenty-one folio volumes, once belonged to William Upcott.

Family
He married, on 4 July 1751, Christabella, daughter of Colonel Peterson of Ireland, who is said to have been 'a lady of accomplished manners and dignified appearance.' She died at George Street, Hanover Square, on 3 August 1791; her age at death is given as 58, so that she must have been considerably younger than her husband. William Cramp, who wanted to fix the identity of Junius on Lord Chesterfield, published in 1851 a small pamphlet of Facsimile Autograph Letters of Junius, Lord Chesterfield, and Mrs. C. Dayrolles, showing that the wife of Mr. Solomon Dayrolles was the amanuensis employed in copying the Letters of Junius for the printer.

Dayrolles had issue one son, Thomas Philip Dayrolles, a captain in the 10th dragoons, who died at Lausanne, having married Mlle. H. G. Thomaset, a Swiss lady; and three daughters. Christabella, the eldest, married in 1784 the Hon. Townsend Mullins; their son was Thomas de Moleyns, 3rd Baron Ventry. Emily married, on 24 December 1786, the Baron de Reidezel, aide-de-camp to the Duke of Würtemberg; and Mary became the wife, on 6 February 1788, of Richard Croft, junior, a banker in Pall Mall. The youngest of these daughters is said to have been the prototype of the vivacious Miss Larolles in Fanny Burney's novel Cecilia.

References

Year of birth missing
1786 deaths
British diplomats
Fellows of the Royal Society

Solomon Dayrolles


The Town of Westfield is located in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 611 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.8 square miles (92.6 km2), of which, 35.8 square miles (92.6 km2) of it is land and 0.03% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 611 people, 202 households, and 171 families residing in the town.  The population density was 17.1 people per square mile (6.6/km2).  There were 216 housing units at an average density of 6.0 per square mile (2.3/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 99.18% White, 0.65% from other races, and 0.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.95% of the population.

There were 202 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.7% were married couples living together, 2.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.3% were non-families. 11.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.32.

The population was 30.8% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 115.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $42,188, and the median income for a family was $42,679. Males had a median income of $22,422 versus $20,694 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,231.  About 9.1% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.6% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
Town of Westfield Official Website

Towns in Sauk County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Westfield, Sauk County, Wisconsin


This article describes any leap year starting on Sunday. Examples include 1928, 1956, 1984, 2012, 2040, 2068, and 2096.

This is the only leap year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th, in January, April and July. The other type of year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th is a Common year starting on Thursday. Interestingly, with the exception of skipped leap years, leap years starting on Sunday falls exactly three years either side of two consecutive common years starting on Thursday; the most recent occurrence was 2012 between 2009 and 2015.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 16, Valentine's Day is on a Tuesday, Presidents Day is on February 20, the leap day, February 29, is on a Wednesday, St. Patrick's Day is on a Saturday, Mother's Day is on May 13, Memorial Day is on May 28, Father's Day is on June 17, Independence Day is on a Wednesday, Labor Day is on September 3, Columbus Day is on it's earliest possible date, October 8, Halloween is on a Wednesday, Veterans Day is on a Sunday, Thanksgiving is on its earliest possible date, November 22, and Christmas is on a Tuesday. A leap year starting on Sunday is any leap year (i.e. a year with 366 days) that begins on Sunday, 1 January, and ends on Monday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is AG.

Calendar

Leap years by day

Leap year starting on Sunday