A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is also sometimes used to describe locally heavy but short-term rains.

The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the West African, Asia–Australian, the North American, and South American monsoons.

The term was first used in English in British India and neighboring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.

Etymology

The etymology of the word monsoon is not wholly certain. The English monsoon came from Portuguese  ultimately from Arabic  (, "season"), "perhaps partly via early modern Dutch monson".

History

Asian monsoon
Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of the Indian subcontinent and Asia around 50 million years ago. Because of studies of records from the Arabian Sea and that of the wind-blown dust in the Loess Plateau of China, many geologists believe the monsoon first became strong around 8 million years ago. More recently, studies of plant fossils in China and new long-duration sediment records from the South China Sea led to a timing of the monsoon beginning 15–20 million years ago and linked to early Tibetan uplift. Testing of this hypothesis awaits deep ocean sampling by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. The monsoon has varied significantly in strength since this time, largely linked to global climate change, especially the cycle of the Pleistocene ice ages. A study of Asian monsoonal climate cycles from 123,200 to 121,210 years BP, during the Eemian interglacial, suggests that they had an average duration of around 64 years, with the minimum duration being around 50 years and the maximum approximately 80 years, similar to today.

A study of marine plankton suggested that the South Asian Monsoon (SAM) strengthened around 5 million years ago. Then, during ice periods, the sea level fell and the Indonesian Seaway closed. When this happened, cold waters in the Pacific were impeded from flowing into the Indian Ocean. It is believed that the resulting increase in sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean increased the intensity of monsoons. In 2018, a study of the SAM's variability over the past million years found that precipitation resulting from the monsoon was significantly reduced during glacial periods compared to interglacial periods like the present day. The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) underwent several intensifications during the warming following the Last Glacial Maximum, specifically during the time intervals corresponding to 16,100–14,600 BP, 13,600–13,000 BP, and 12,400–10,400 BP as indicated by vegetation changes in the Tibetan Plateau displaying increases in humidity brought by an intensifying ISM. Though the ISM was relatively weak for much of the Late Holocene, significant glacial accumulation in the Himalayas still occurred due to cold temperatures brought by westerlies from the west.

During the Middle Miocene, the July ITCZ, the zone of rainfall maximum, migrated northwards, increasing precipitation over southern China during the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) while making Indochina drier. During the Late Miocene Global Cooling (LMCG), from 7.9 to 5.8 million years ago, the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) became stronger as the subarctic front shifted southwards. An abrupt intensification of the EAWM occurred 5.5 million years ago. The EAWM was still significantly weaker relative to today between 4.3 and 3.8 million years ago but abruptly became more intense around 3.8 million years ago as crustal stretching widened the Tsushima Strait and enabled greater inflow of the warm Tsushima Current into the Sea of Japan. Circa 3.0 million years ago, the EAWM became more stable, having previously been more variable and inconsistent, in addition to being enhanced further amidst a period of global cooling and sea level fall. The EASM was weaker during cold intervals of glacial periods such as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and stronger during interglacials and warm intervals of glacial periods. Another EAWM intensification event occurred 2.6 million years ago, followed by yet another one around 1.0 million years ago. During Dansgaard–Oeschger events, the EASM grew in strength, but it has been suggested to have decreased in strength during Heinrich events. The EASM expanded its influence deeper into the interior of Asia as sea levels rose following the LGM; it also underwent a period of intensification during the Middle Holocene, around 6,000 years ago, due to orbital forcing made more intense by the fact that the Sahara at the time was much more vegetated and emitted less dust. This Middle Holocene interval of maximum EASM was associated with an expansion of temperate deciduous forest steppe and temperate mixed forest steppe in northern China. By around 5,000 to 4,500 BP, the East Asian monsoon's strength began to wane, weakening from that point until the present day. A particularly notable weakening took place ~3,000 BP. The location of the EASM shifted multiple times over the course of the Holocene: first, it moved southward between 12,000 and 8,000 BP, followed by an expansion to the north between approximately 8,000 and 4,000 BP, and most recently retreated southward once more between 4,000 and 0 BP.

Australian monsoon

The January ITCZ migrated further south to its present location during the Middle Miocene, strengthening the summer monsoon of Australia that had previously been weaker.

Five episodes during the Quaternary at 2.22 Ma (PL-1), 1.83 Ma (PL-2), 0.68 Ma (PL-3), 0.45 Ma (PL-4) and 0.04 Ma (PL-5) were identified which showed a weakening of the Leeuwin Current (LC). The weakening of the LC would have an effect on the sea surface temperature (SST) field in the Indian Ocean, as the Indonesian Throughflow generally warms the Indian Ocean. Thus these five intervals could probably be those of considerable lowering of SST in the Indian Ocean and would have influenced Indian monsoon intensity. During the weak LC, there is the possibility of reduced intensity of the Indian winter monsoon and strong summer monsoon, because of change in the Indian Ocean dipole due to reduction in net heat input to the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Throughflow. Thus a better understanding of the possible links between El Niño, Western Pacific Warm Pool, Indonesian Throughflow, wind pattern off western Australia, and ice volume expansion and contraction can be obtained by studying the behaviour of the LC during Quaternary at close stratigraphic intervals.

South American monsoon
The South American summer monsoon (SASM) is known to have become weakened during Dansgaard–Oeschger events. The SASM has been suggested to have been enhanced during Heinrich events.

Process
Monsoons were once considered as a large-scale sea breeze caused by higher temperature over land than in the ocean. This is no longer considered as the cause and the monsoon is now considered a planetary-scale phenomenon involving the annual migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone between its northern and southern limits. The limits of the ITCZ vary according to the land–sea heating contrast and it is thought that the northern extent of the monsoon in South Asia is influenced by the high Tibetan Plateau. These temperature imbalances happen because oceans and land absorb heat in different ways. Over oceans, the air temperature remains relatively stable for two reasons: water has a relatively high heat capacity (3.9 to 4.2 J g−1 K−1), and because both conduction and convection will equilibrate a hot or cold surface with deeper water (up to 50 metres). In contrast, dirt, sand, and rocks have lower heat capacities (0.19 to 0.35 J g−1 K−1), and they can only transmit heat into the earth by conduction and not by convection. Therefore, bodies of water stay at a more even temperature, while land temperatures are more variable.

During warmer months sunlight heats the surfaces of both land and oceans, but land temperatures rise more quickly. As the land's surface becomes warmer, the air above it expands and an area of low pressure develops. Meanwhile, the ocean remains at a lower temperature than the land, and the air above it retains a higher pressure. This difference in pressure causes sea breezes to blow from the ocean to the land, bringing moist air inland. This moist air rises to a higher altitude over land and then it flows back toward the ocean (thus completing the cycle). However, when the air rises, and while it is still over the land, the air cools. This decreases the air's ability to hold water, and this causes precipitation over the land. This is why summer monsoons cause so much rain over land.

In the colder months, the cycle is reversed. Then the land cools faster than the oceans and the air over the land has higher pressure than air over the ocean. This causes the air over the land to flow to the ocean. When humid air rises over the ocean, it cools, and this causes precipitation over the oceans. (The cool air then flows towards the land to complete the cycle.)

Most summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain (because of the condensation of water vapor in the rising air). The intensity and duration, however, are not uniform from year to year. Winter monsoons, by contrast, have a dominant easterly component and a strong tendency to diverge, subside and cause drought.

Similar rainfall is caused when moist ocean air is lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface. However the lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, and this produces condensation.

Global monsoon

Summary table

Africa (West African and Southeast African)

The monsoon of western Sub-Saharan Africa is the result of the seasonal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the great seasonal temperature and humidity differences between the Sahara and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The ITCZ migrates northward from the equatorial Atlantic in February, reaches western Africa on or near June 22, then moves back to the south by October. The dry, northeasterly trade winds, and their more extreme form, the harmattan, are interrupted by the northern shift in the ITCZ and resultant southerly, rain-bearing winds during the summer. The semiarid Sahel and Sudan depend upon this pattern for most of their precipitation.

North America

The North American monsoon (NAM) occurs from late June or early July into September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid-July. It affects Mexico along the Sierra Madre Occidental as well as Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, West Texas and California. It pushes as far west as the Peninsular Ranges and Transverse Ranges of Southern California, but rarely reaches the coastal strip (a wall of desert thunderstorms only a half-hour's drive away is a common summer sight from the sunny skies along the coast during the monsoon). The North American monsoon is known to many as the Summer, Southwest, Mexican or Arizona monsoon. It is also sometimes called the Desert monsoon as a large part of the affected area are the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. However, it is controversial whether the North and South American weather patterns with incomplete wind reversal should be counted as true monsoons.

Asia
The Asian monsoons may be classified into a few sub-systems, such as the Indian Subcontinental Monsoon which affects the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions including Nepal, and the East Asian Monsoon which affects southern China, Taiwan, Korea and parts of Japan.

South Asian monsoon

Southwest monsoon

The southwestern summer monsoons occur from July through September. The Thar Desert and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heat up considerably during the hot summers. This causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush into the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central Asia, and forcing them to rise. As the clouds rise, their temperature drops, and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to  of rain annually.

The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the beginning of June and fade away by the end of September. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch.

The Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala, India, thus making this area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. This branch of the monsoon moves northwards along the Western Ghats (Konkan and Goa) with precipitation on coastal areas, west of the Western Ghats. The eastern areas of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats.

The Bay of Bengal Branch of Southwest Monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal heading towards north-east India and Bengal, picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The winds arrive at the Eastern Himalayas with large amounts of rain. Mawsynram, situated on the southern slopes of the Khasi Hills in Meghalaya, India, is one of the wettest places on Earth. After the arrival at the Eastern Himalayas, the winds turns towards the west, travelling over the Indo-Gangetic Plain at a rate of roughly 1–2 weeks per state, pouring rain all along its way. June 1 is regarded as the date of onset of the monsoon in India, as indicated by the arrival of the monsoon in the southernmost state of Kerala.

The monsoon accounts for nearly 80% of the rainfall in India. Indian agriculture (which accounts for 25% of the GDP and employs 70% of the population) is heavily dependent on the rains, for growing crops especially like cotton, rice, oilseeds and coarse grains. A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 1990s.

The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city-dwellers as well, for it provides relief from the climax of summer heat in June. However, the roads take a battering every year. Often houses and streets are waterlogged and slums are flooded despite drainage systems. A lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns causes severe economic loss including damage to property and loss of lives, as evidenced in the 2005 flooding in Mumbai that brought the city to a standstill. Bangladesh and certain regions of India like Assam and West Bengal, also frequently experience heavy floods during this season. Recently, areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the Thar Desert, have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season.

The influence of the Southwest Monsoon is felt as far north as in China's Xinjiang. It is estimated that about 70% of all precipitation in the central part of the Tian Shan Mountains falls during the three summer months, when the region is under the monsoon influence; about 70% of that is directly of "cyclonic" (i.e., monsoon-driven) origin (as opposed to "local convection"). The effects also extend westwards to the Mediterranean, where however the impact of the monsoon is to induce drought via the Rodwell-Hoskins mechanism.

Northeast monsoon

Around September, with the sun retreating south, the northern landmass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly, and air pressure begins to build over northern India. The Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still hold their heat, causing cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan peninsula. This is known as the Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon.

While travelling towards the Indian Ocean, the cold dry wind picks up some moisture from the Bay of Bengal and pours it over peninsular India and parts of Sri Lanka. Cities like Chennai, which get less rain from the Southwest Monsoon, receive rain from this Monsoon. About 50% to 60% of the rain received by the state of Tamil Nadu is from the Northeast Monsoon. In Southern Asia, the northeastern monsoons take place from October to December when the surface high-pressure system is strongest. The jet stream in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India. Meanwhile, a low pressure system known as a monsoon trough develops over South-East Asia and Australasia and winds are directed toward Australia.

East Asian Monsoon

The East Asian monsoon affects large parts of Indochina, the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Siberia. It is characterised by a warm, rainy summer monsoon and a cold, dry winter monsoon. The rain occurs in a concentrated belt that stretches east–west except in East China where it is tilted east-northeast over Korea and Japan. The seasonal rain is known as Meiyu in China, Jangma in Korea, and Bai-u in Japan, with the latter two resembling frontal rain.

The onset of the summer monsoon is marked by a period of premonsoonal rain over South China and Taiwan in early May. From May through August, the summer monsoon shifts through a series of dry and rainy phases as the rain belt moves northward, beginning over Indochina and the South China Sea (May), to the Yangtze River Basin and Japan (June) and finally to northern China and Korea (July). When the monsoon ends in August, the rain belt moves back to southern China.

Australia

The rainy season occurs from September to February and it is a major source of energy for the Hadley circulation during boreal winter. It is associated with the development of the Siberian High and the movement of the heating maxima from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere. North-easterly winds flow down Southeast Asia, are turned north-westerly/westerly by Borneo topography towards Australia. This forms a cyclonic circulation vortex over Borneo, which together with descending cold surges of winter air from higher latitudes, cause significant weather phenomena in the region. Examples are the formation of a rare low-latitude tropical storm in 2001, Tropical Storm Vamei, and the devastating flood of Jakarta in 2007.

The onset of the monsoon over Australia tends to follow the heating maxima down Vietnam and the Malay Peninsula (September), to Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines (October), to Java, Sulawesi (November), Irian Jaya and northern Australia (December, January). However, the monsoon is not a simple response to heating but a more complex interaction of topography, wind and sea, as demonstrated by its abrupt rather than gradual withdrawal from the region. The Australian monsoon (the "Wet") occurs in the southern summer when the monsoon trough develops over Northern Australia. Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.

Europe

The European Monsoon (more commonly known as the return of the westerlies) is the result of a resurgence of westerly winds from the Atlantic, where they become loaded with wind and rain. These westerly winds are a common phenomenon during the European winter, but they ease as spring approaches in late March and through April and May. The winds pick up again in June, which is why this phenomenon is also referred to as "the return of the westerlies".

The rain usually arrives in two waves, at the beginning of June, and again in mid- to late June. The European monsoon is not a monsoon in the traditional sense in that it doesn't meet all the requirements to be classified as such. Instead, the return of the westerlies is more regarded as a conveyor belt that delivers a series of low-pressure centres to Western Europe where they create unsettled weather. These storms generally feature significantly lower-than-average temperatures, fierce rain or hail, thunder, and strong winds.

The return of the westerlies affects Europe's Northern Atlantic coastline, more precisely Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, western Germany, northern France and parts of Scandinavia.

See also
 Monsoon (photographs) of India, 1960
 Tropical monsoon climate

References

Further reading
 Chang, C.P., Wang, Z., Hendon, H., 2006, The Asian Winter Monsoon. The Asian Monsoon, Wang, B. (ed.), Praxis, Berlin, pp. 89–127.
 International Committee of the Third Workshop on Monsoons. The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast.

External links

 National Weather Service: The North American Monsoon
 East Asian Monsoon Experiment
 Arizona Central monsoon page
 Basics of the Arizona Monsoon

Climate of Asia
Climate patterns
Flood
Weather hazards
Wind
Winds
Rain
Tropical meteorology
Articles containing video clips

Monsoon


Theta* is an any-angle path planning algorithm that is based on the A* search algorithm. It can find near-optimal paths with run times comparable to those of A*.

Description
For the simplest version of Theta*, the main loop is much the same as that of A*. The only difference is the function. Compared to A*, the parent of a node in Theta* does not have to be a neighbour of the node as long as there is a line-of-sight between the two nodes.

Pseudocode
Adapted from.function theta*(start, goal)
    // This main loop is the same as A*
    gScore(start) := 0
    parent(start) := start
    // Initializing open and closed sets. The open set is initialized
    // with the start node and an initial cost
    open := {}
    open.insert(start, gScore(start) + heuristic(start))
    // gScore(node) is the current shortest distance from the start node to node
    // heuristic(node) is the estimated distance of node from the goal node
    // there are many options for the heuristic such as Euclidean or Manhattan
    closed := {}
    while open is not empty
        s := open.pop()
        if s = goal
            return reconstruct_path(s)
        closed.push(s)
        for each neighbor of s
        // Loop through each immediate neighbor of s
            if neighbor not in closed
                if neighbor not in open
                    // Initialize values for neighbor if it is
                    // not already in the open list
                    gScore(neighbor) := infinity
                    parent(neighbor) := Null
                update_vertex(s, neighbor)
    return Null

function update_vertex(s, neighbor)
    // This part of the algorithm is the main difference between A* and Theta*
    if line_of_sight(parent(s), neighbor)
        // If there is line-of-sight between parent(s) and neighbor
        // then ignore s and use the path from parent(s) to neighbor
        if gScore(parent(s)) + c(parent(s), neighbor) < gScore(neighbor)
            // c(s, neighbor) is the Euclidean distance from s to neighbor
            gScore(neighbor) := gScore(parent(s)) + c(parent(s), neighbor)
            parent(neighbor) := parent(s)
            if neighbor in open
                open.remove(neighbor)
            open.insert(neighbor, gScore(neighbor) + heuristic(neighbor))
    else
        // If the length of the path from start to s and from s to
        // neighbor is shorter than the shortest currently known distance
        // from start to neighbor, then update node with the new distance
        if gScore(s) + c(s, neighbor) < gScore(neighbor)
            gScore(neighbor) := gScore(s) + c(s, neighbor)
            parent(neighbor) := s
            if neighbor in open
                open.remove(neighbor)
            open.insert(neighbor, gScore(neighbor) + heuristic(neighbor))

function reconstruct_path(s)
    total_path = {s}
    // This will recursively reconstruct the path from the goal node
    // until the start node is reached
    if parent(s) != s
        total_path.push(reconstruct_path(parent(s)))
    else
        return total_path

Variants
The following variants of the algorithm exist:

 Lazy Theta* – Node expansions are delayed, resulting in fewer line-of-sight checks
 Incremental Phi* – A modification of Theta* that allows for dynamic path planning similar to D*

See also
 Any-angle path planning
 A*

References

Graph algorithms
Routing algorithms
Search algorithms
Game artificial intelligence

Theta*


Rue Sursock is a historic street in  the Rmeil district of Beirut in Lebanon. Named after one of Beirut's most prominent families, the Sursock family, the street is home to many of Beirut's beautiful historic mansions that were built in the 18th and 19th centuries by aristocratic families, such as the Sursock and Bustros families. A large gate used to close down Rue Sursock at 10 pm, and this tradition remained until 1945.

There used to be more than thirty mansions and villas on Rue Sursock, but most of them were replaced with modern apartment buildings. The Palais de Bustros (Bustros Palace) is one of the largest of the palaces on Rue Sursock and now houses the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants. The street is also home to the Sursock Palace and the Nicolas Sursock Museum. Rue Sursock is known to be the most expensive residential Christian area in Lebanon. It is resided by the wealthiest Christian families in Lebanon.

References

Sursock, Rue
Tourist attractions in Beirut
Sursock family

Rue Sursock


Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm is a 1938 American musical comedy film directed by Allan Dwan, and written by Don Ettlinger, Karl Tunberg, Ben Markson and William M. Conselman, the third adaptation of Kate Douglas Wiggin's 1903 novel of the same name (previously done in 1917 and 1932).

Starring Shirley Temple, Randolph Scott, Jack Haley, Gloria Stuart, Phyllis Brooks, Helen Westley, Slim Summerville and Bill Robinson, it is the second of three films in which Temple and Scott appeared together, between To the Last Man (1933) and Susannah of the Mounties (1939). The plot tells of a talented orphan's trials and tribulations after winning a radio audition to represent a breakfast cereal.

Plot
Rebecca and her step-father, Henry, attend a singing contest to find "Miss America" in order to represent a cereal company in an advertising campaign.

While Rebecca sings, the advertising executive, Tony Kent, and the head of the cereal company listen to the contest on the radio, and fall in love with her voice.  From his office, Tony tells his assistant, Orville, that he's heard enough [contestants]. Misunderstanding his meaning, Orville sends Rebecca and Henry away.

Angered by Orville's error, Tony tells Orville to find Rebecca, but she and Henry have already left the building. Henry then takes Rebecca to live with Rebecca's aunt, Miranda, on Sunnybrook Farm because they have, yet again, been kicked out of their apartment for non-payment of rent.

Rebecca meets her Aunt Miranda and cousin Gwen at Sunnybrook and decides she loves the farm and never wants to leave. One day, she meets a new neighbor, who happens to be Tony Kent, but they had never met in person so neither knows the other.

Tony and Gwen seem to have chemistry, but Tony is seeing a singer, Lola Lee. Rebecca and Tony become fast friends and she visits him one day where they have lunch. Gwen stops by to retrieve her and is also persuaded to stay for a while, and during the visit Tony's assistant Orville also stops in to report to a furious Tony that he's lost Rebecca. But then, as if by magic, Gwen plays the piano while Rebecca sings and Orville recognizes her voice and excitedly tells Tony that's the girl, so the cereal campaign is saved.

Aunt Miranda is against Rebecca singing on the radio, and forbids Rebecca from doing so.  Rebecca and cousin Gwen devise a plan to do the transmission from Tony's home instead of the city.

Lola Lee arrives late for rehearsal and realizes Tony has feelings for Gwen. Lola rebuffs the love-struck Orville but they begin their rehearsal of the famous "Alone With You" which then transforms into the actual evening performance with orchestra. Tony's butler, Homer, who is a former beau of Aunt Miranda, assists Rebecca in climbing from her second story bedroom but knocks the ladder over when he tries to climb down, forcing him to stay in Rebecca's room.

Aunt Miranda hears the broadcast and thinks the little girl sounds much like Rebecca but believes Rebecca is in her room. When Homer falls over by rocking too hard in a rocking chair, Aunt Miranda discovers him in the bedroom. Homer begs her forgiveness for missing their wedding 25 years earlier. She forgives him and allows Rebecca to continue to sing but takes her straight home afterwards.

Henry and his new wife hear Rebecca singing on the radio and he gets a lawyer involved to again claim guardianship over Rebecca so they can get rich. He forces Aunt Miranda to give up Rebecca, and devises to sell her singing contract to a rival company of Tony's.

Tony and Gwen find Rebecca at the local broadcast station, and attempt to buy Rebecca's contract for $100,000 but the rival executive refuses. When Rebecca tries to sing, her voice (intentionally) fails her and a doctor is called. He says she has laryngitis and needs a year or more rest and she'll be good as new. The ad exec rips up the contract he had with Henry. Tony then offers Henry $5000 to turn over his legal guardianship to Rebecca's aunt. Henry agrees and after they leave, Rebecca shows she was merely pretending and her voice is fine.

The movie ends with Gwen and Tony, Lola Lee and Orville, and Miranda and Homer being couples, and Rebecca performs a military dance show on the stage.

Cast
 Shirley Temple as Rebecca Winstead, a young orphan
 Randolph Scott as Tony Kent, a radio advertising executive
 William Demarest as Henry Kipper, Rebecca's stepfather
 Helen Westley as Miranda, a farm woman and Rebecca's aunt
 Gloria Stuart as Gwen, Rebecca's cousin and Kent's romantic interest
 Bill "Bojangles" Robinson as Aloysius, Miranda's farm hand
 Slim Summerville as Homer Busby, Miranda's old sweetheart
 Jack Haley as Orville Smithers, a radio performer
 Phyllis Brooks as Lola Lee, a radio performer
 Alan Dinehart as Purvis, Kent's competitor
 Franklin Pangborn as an organist at a radio station
 Paul Hurst as Florabelle's Father
 Mary McCarty as Florabelle

Production
This movie is notable as the first movie in which Temple's mother did away with the trademark 56 curls for which Temple became famous. The new style with the long loose waves combed back was modeled to look closer to that of Mary Pickford, whom Temple's mother admired.

In the preparation for the film's finale (the "Toy Trumpet" dance number), Robinson joined Temple and her mother at the Desert Inn in Palm Springs to begin rehearsals. It was here that Temple had her first real encounter with the racism endured by Robinson, as he was forced to sleep in the chauffeurs' quarters as opposed to the cottages reserved for white guests.

At one point, preparations were made to include a drum sequence in the movie where Temple would play on the drums along with the musicians on the set. Temple befriended the studio drummer Johnny Williams, who taught her how to play the drums. Dwan, noticing her aptitude for the instrument, immediately ordered another drum set for her. Temple's mother, however, was strongly opposed to it, believing her sitting with legs apart was unladylike. The resulting sequence was later dropped, much to Temple's chagrin.

Temple's brother Jack Temple was hired as the movie's 3rd assistant director, to which as Shirley Temple would later say, he "spent time thinking up things to take care of, one of which was me." He was subsequently fired after he and Shirley Temple got into a dispute over a roasted turkey prop on the set. The turkey had been sprayed with insecticide to discourage insects, and her brother loudly ordered her not to eat the turkey, which she had no intention of doing. Out of spite, she popped the turkey in her mouth, prompting her brother to shake her to dislodge it. The spat did not sit well with the director Dwan, who ordered him off the set.

Soundtrack
 Happy Endings
 Music by Lew Pollack
 Lyrics by Sidney D. Mitchell
 Sung by Phyllis Brooks

 You've Gotta Eat Your Spinach, Baby
 Music by Harry Revel
 Lyrics by Mack Gordon
 Sung by Mary McCarty

 An Old Straw Hat
 Music by Harry Revel
 Lyrics by Mack Gordon
 Sung by Shirley Temple

 Crackly Grain Flakes
 Music by Lew Pollack
 Lyrics by Sidney D. Mitchell
 Sung by Quartet

 Alone with You
 Music by Lew Pollack
 Lyrics by Sidney D. Mitchell
 Sung by Phyllis Brooks and Jack Haley

 On the Good Ship Lollipop
 Music by Richard A. Whiting
 Lyrics by Sidney Clare
 Sung as part of a medley by Shirley Temple

 Animal Crackers in My Soup
 Music by Ray Henderson
 Lyrics by Ted Koehler and Irving Caesar
 Sung as part of a medley by Shirley Temple

 When I'm with You
 Music by Harry Revel
 Lyrics by Mack Gordon
 Sung as part of a medley by Shirley Temple

 Oh My Goodness
 Music by Harry Revel
 Lyrics by Mack Gordon
 Sung as part of a medley by Shirley Temple

 Goodnight My Love
 Music by Harry Revel
 Lyrics by Mack Gordon
 Sung as part of a medley by Shirley Temple

 Parade of the Wooden Soldiers
 Music by Leon Jessel
 English lyrics by Ballard MacDonald
 Arranged by Raymond Scott
 Sung by Shirley Temple and the Raymond Scott and His Quintet with Men's Chorus
 Danced by Temple and Bill Robinson

 The Toy Trumpet
 Music by Raymond Scott
 Lyrics by Sidney D. Mitchell and Lew Pollack

Release

Critical reception
Variety wrote, "The national No. 1 box office star has seldom shone so brilliantly in her singing, dancing and repartee.  That means she is going right ahead to bigger and better grosses."

Accolades
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated

Home media
In 2009, the film was available on videocassette and DVD in the black and white original and computer-colorized versions.  Some editions had special features and theatrical trailers.

See also
 Shirley Temple filmography

References

External links

1938 films
American black-and-white films
Films based on children's books
Films directed by Allan Dwan
20th Century Fox films
1938 musical comedy films
Musical film remakes
Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck
Films based on works by Kate Douglas Wiggin
American musical comedy films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
English-language musical comedy films

Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938 film)


La Maldita Vecindad y los Hijos del Quinto Patio (, usually called only "La Maldita") is a band formed in Mexico City in 1985. They are pioneers of rock en español and one of the most influential rock bands in Mexico.

They first made an impact with Mojado, Un poco de sangre, Cocodrilo, Pachuco and Un gran circo, songs that narrate the problems, adventures, and beauty of a society anxious to improve its economic status. Their wardrobe has incorporated elements of the pachuco, an archetypical character represented by Tin Tán in Mexican cinema. Tin Tan is sampled in one of the group's biggest hits, 1991's Pachuco.

The last studio album they recorded was in 2009. Since then, the band has collaborated with other bands, as well as having participated in tribute albums for José José and the Tigres del Norte. Their sound incorporates many styles, including ska, rock, and traditional Cuban forms such as the bolero and Cuban Son. Roco, the band's vocalist, dresses in a manner reminiscent of the pachucos.

History

At the end of the 1980s, a movement began called Rock en tu idioma (Rock in Your Language), and a marketing strategy was developed by record labels to draw attention of young people to the new trend, which began in Argentina. Influential bands like Soda Stereo, Los Enanitos Verdes, Virus, Heroes del Silencio, Autobús, and Žas, the band of Miguel Mateos, were among the pioneers who first played authentic rock music in Spanish. Consequently, Mexican bands began to sprout. Many of these were influenced by groups like The Police, The Cure, Paralamas do Sucesso, and others. The early bands of the movement, Caifanes, Maldita Vecindad, Café Tacuba and Maná achieved huge sales and great international recognition.

La Maldita Vecindad appeared on the music scene with a new style that was unheard of in Mexico at the time. It combined strong elements of ska, rock and traditional Mexican music. This included the attire of Roco, inspired by the pachuco culture represented by Tin Tan, the incorporation of a saxophone, and a celebration of the street culture of Mexico City.

From 1986 to 1988, the band participated actively in popular movements like the one for the victims of the earthquake of 1985 and the elections of 1988.

Their second album El circo turned them into a commercial success. The album reached over 800,000 copies sold (a record high at the time). In 1991, on their first U.S. tour, they played with groups like INXS, Bob Dylan, Leonard Cohen, Sonic Youth, Madness, Faith No More and Jane's Addiction. By 1992, they were often compared to other great Latin American bands like Mano Negra and Los Fabulosos Cadillacs.

Throughout their career, La Maldita Vecindad has remained a creative force. It has also managed to create unique covers of songs by artists from strikingly different genres, like Los Tigres del Norte, Armando Manzanero and Juan Gabriel.

Their newest album, Circular colectivo, (Nacional Records 2010) maintains much of the ska/punk energy, with a contemporary sound.  The lyrics talk about the crisis that Mexican society faces in a rapidly changing global economy and pays tribute to Rahsaan Roland Kirk and Ernest Ranglin. The production by San Francisco-based Greg Landau (Susana Baca, Patato Valdez, Quetzal) and Hector "Hecdog" Perez, has helped the band to craft a new path in Mexican music. The album features two cameos by Cuban pianist Omar Sosa.

Eulalio Cervantes Galarza, better known as Sax, died at the age of 52 after contracting COVID-19 in March 2021.

The name
In Mexico City, vecindad (literally meaning "neighborhood") refers to residential constructions that were built at the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Still inhabited today, these residential areas share one or more large patios and common areas such as bathrooms and laundry facilities, basically because the rented rooms do not have them. The more patios a vecindad has, the more populated these buildings are and therefore the poorer it tends to be.

The name "and the children of the fifth patio" has an interesting history. There's a Mexican movie from 1950, called "The Fifth Patio" due to it narrating the history of very poor families living in a fifth patio in a vecindad in Mexico City Downtown. In the twentieth century there was a vecindad located in the Santa María La Ribera suburb, the front door of which reminded a lot of the front door of that movie's vecindad, and people in the neighborhood started to call that vecindad "The Fifth Patio".  Most of the band members were born and raised in that vecindad, in Santa María La Ribera, Mexico City.

Members
Lineup

Rolando Rocco Ortega: vocals
Arturo Reyes Tiky Hagen : guitars (1985–1988)
Enrique Pato Montes: guitars (1988-present)
Aldo Acuña: bass (1987-present)
José Luis Paredes Pacho: drums (1985–2002)
Eulalio Sax Cervantes: saxophones, trumpets, and guitar (1985-2021†)
Adrian Lobito Navarro Maycote: percussion (1988–93)

Select discography

Albums
1989: Maldita Vecindad y los Hijos del Quinto Patio
1991: El circo
1993: En Vivo: Gira Pata de Perro (live)
1996: Baile de Máscaras
1998: Mostros
2009: Circular colectivo

Compilations
2000: Maldita Sea, Vol. 1: 1989–199
2001: Rock mexicano - Lo mejor de La Maldita Vecindad y los Hijos del Quinto Patio
2004: El tiempo vive en la memoria 1989–2004: 15 años de éxitos Maldita Vecindad

References

Musical groups established in 1985
Mexican rock music groups
Rock en Español music groups
Musical groups from Mexico City
Nacional Records artists
1985 establishments in Mexico

Maldita Vecindad


Morning Geyser is a fountain-type geyser located in the Fountain Paint Pots area of Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. When active it is the largest geyser in the Fountain Paint Pots area, but in most years it is inactive.

Eruption
Morning Geyser plays from a pool just beyond that of more frequently active Fountain Geyser, as seen from the boardwalk trail through the Fountain Paint Pots.  Morning's maximum height may reach   and just as wide, although most eruptions are smaller. Its duration is usually about 30 minutes, but durations of over one hour have been seen.  Eruptions take the form of successive jets of water rather than a constant stream, many starting from a "blue bubble" resembling those observed at Fountain.  Morning is sometimes observed to erupt simultaneously with Fountain, although most eruptions are independent.

The first recorded eruptions of Morning Geyser were in 1899, at which time it was called "New Fountain Geyser."  Eruptions were rare until 1959, when the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake (just outside the park) caused significant changes in the activity in the Fountain Paint Pots group of springs.  Morning was comparatively active from 1991 through 1993 but then erupted only rarely until 2012.  Reactivation occurred in that year, and eruptions were more frequent in late 2012 and 2013, with intervals as short as 6 hours, although more typical intervals ranged from 11 hours to several days.  No eruptions were recorded between October 2013 and August 2018; however, the geyser has again been active in the second half of 2018.

A less powerful geyser known as "Morning's Thief" erupts from a vent adjacent to Morning's pool.  Morning's Thief has erupted frequently during the last ten years, and has been thought to rob Morning of the energy necessary for an eruption.  However, a simultaneous eruption of Morning and Morning's Thief was observed during the former's 2013 active cycle.

References

External links

Geothermal features of Yellowstone National Park
Geothermal features of Teton County, Wyoming
Geysers of Wyoming

Morning Geyser


Anna Elisabeth of Saxe-Lauenburg (23 August 1624 in Ratzeburg – 27 May 1688 in Butzbach), was a duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg by birth and by marriage landgravine of Hesse-Homburg.

Life
Anna Elizabeth was a daughter of Duke Augustus of Saxe-Lauenburg (1577-1656) and his first wife Elisabeth Sophie (1599-1627), the daughter of the Duke John Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp.

She married on 2 April 1665 in Lübeck to Landgrave William Christoph of Hesse-Homburg (1625-1681).  For William Christoph, it was his second marriage.  Only two daughters from his first marriage to Sophia Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt had survived and it was hoped that the marriage with Anna Elisabeth would produce an heir.  The princess, whom the Landgrave only knew from a portrait, was annoyed to learn that she was physically challenged and unable to bear children.  He married her, as he had promised, but soon sought a divorce.  The divorce was pronounced in 1672.  According to some source, he had hoped for a huge dowry, however, the dowry she brought in was rather modest.  According to this theory, when her money had been used up, William Christoph called her unfit and filed for a divorce.

Anna Elisabeth received Philippseck Castle near Butzbach as her residence.  She engaged in poor relief and founded schools in Bodenrod and Maibach.  She died in Butzbach on 27 May 1688, at the age of 64, and was buried in the crypt below the choir of the church in Münster (a district of Butzbach).

References
 Archiv für hessische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, p. 408 ff (Online)
 Peter von Kobbe: Geschichte und Landesbeschreibung des Herzogthums Lauenburg, vol. 3, Harro von Hirschheydt, 1837, p. 35 ff

House of Ascania
1624 births
1688 deaths
Duchesses in Germany
Landgravines of Hesse-Darmstadt
Daughters of monarchs

Anna Elisabeth of Saxe-Lauenburg


Polbo á feira (literally meaning "fair-style octopus", pulpo a la gallega in Spanish, meaning Galician-style octopus), alternatively known as pulpo estilo feira, is a traditional Galician dish.

This dish is prepared by first boiling the octopus inside a copper cauldron. Before boiling it, the octopus' tentacles are dipped in and out of the boiling water three times, while being held by its head—this is meant to curl the tips of the tentacles. The tentacles are preferred over the head, which sometimes is discarded. After the octopus has been boiled, it is trimmed with scissors, sprinkled with coarse salt and both sweet and spicy paprika (known in Galicia as pemento and pemento picante) and drizzled with olive oil. The optimal cooking point is reached when the octopus is not rubbery but not overcooked, similarly to the al dente concept when cooking pasta. This is after approximately a 20–45 minutes boil (approximately 15 min/kg octopus), provided the octopus is left to rest for a further 20 minutes inside the boiled water away from the fire.

The dish is traditionally served on wooden plates with bread. Tradition dictates that water should not be drunk when eating octopus, so the dish is usually served accompanied by young Galician red wine.

Traditionally, this diatopic use of octopus was facilitated by its inland availability as stockfish. In the last decades, frozen octopus has replaced dried octopus. Fresh octopus is not so frequently used nowadays either, as it is necessary to pound it heavily before cooking to avoid the dish becoming rubbery. This procedure can be skipped after freezing, which, unlike other seafood, does not alter the organoleptic properties of octopus.

The provinces of Ourense and Lugo have a reputation for good octopus cooking. Fair-style octopus is the totemic food of the patron saint festivities of Lugo (San Froilán). Some Galician cooks specialize in this dish. They are usually women, known as polbeiras. After the modern decline of traditional rural fairs, many polbeiras (octopus restaurants) have sprouted across Galicia. They tend to be rustic eateries rather than fancy restaurants.

See also

 List of seafood dishes

References

External links
 Galician Octopus Recipe by Clay Douglass

Galician cuisine
Octopus dishes
National dishes
Tapas

Polbo á feira


Herne power plant is a coal-fired power plant located at Herne in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was constructed in 1962. The installed capacity of the plant is 950 megawatts. The power plant is owned and operated by Evonik Steag GmbH, a subsidiary of Evonik Industries.

In the 1980s, a fourth unit was added to the three older blocks. During this construction the high, 300 metre tall chimney and the large cooling tower, whose shape is present in the picture of the power station, were built. The power station annually produces approx. 5.2 billion kWh electrical power and 800 million kWh of long-distance heating. Annual coal consumption amounts to approx. 2 million tons.

External links

 http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b5018

Energy infrastructure completed in 1962
Energy infrastructure completed in 1989
Towers completed in 1989
Towers in Germany
Coal-fired power stations in Germany
Buildings and structures in Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimneys in Germany
Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia

Herne Power Plant


Mestre () is a borough of the comune (municipality) of Venice, on the mainland opposite the historical island city in the region of Veneto, Italy.

Administratively, Mestre forms (together with the nearby Carpenedo) the Municipalità di Mestre-Carpenedo, one of the six boroughs or districts of the comune. Sometimes it is considered as a frazione. With 88,552 (2019) inhabitants, Mestre is the most populated urban centre of the comune. The population of the borough of Mestre-Carpenedo is 89,373 (2010).

Overview
The mainland of Venice is the territory on the coast of the Lagoon of Venice, off the Adriatic sea in northeastern Italy. It is connected to Venice proper by a 3,850 m (2.39 miles) long railway and road bridge over the lagoon called Ponte della Libertà (Freedom Bridge).

After World War II, Mestre had a fast and disorganized period of urban growth and became a large metropolitan area together with the other urban centers on the Venetian mainland (Carpenedo, Marghera, Favaro Veneto, Chirignago, Zelarino, Tessera). Since Mestre is the hub and the most populated area of the mainland shore, in common parlance, its toponym is often misused to designate the whole Venetian mainland.

Mestre became a comune in 1806 and remained so until 1926 when it was incorporated into the comune of Venice with adjacent portions of the mainland and islands in the lagoon.

Population
Mestre has around 88,552 inhabitants, while the Municipalità di Mestre-Carpenedo (one of the six boroughs of the city of Venice) has 89,373 inhabitants. The Venetian mainland (the boroughs of Mestre-Carpenedo, Marghera, Chirignago-Zelarino, and Favaro Veneto) has around 181,000 inhabitants.

In contrast, there are just around 53,000 inhabitants in Venice city (San Marco, Castello, Cannaregio, San Polo, Dorsoduro, Santa Croce) and just approximately 27,700 in the other major islands of Venice city borough (Murano, Burano, Mazzorbo and Torcello). Adjacent multi island borough of Lido Pellestrina, which makes a total of around 80,700 inhabitants based on the islands of the municipality, thus making Mestre Venice municipality's largest population centre with approximately one-third of the total.

Public transport
Public transport is managed by Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano. There are several bus routes and two tram lines. Several bus routes link the mainland with piazzale Roma, the main bus station in Venice, via Ponte della Libertà, the bridge that connects Venice to the mainland.

History
According to legend, Mestre was founded by Mesthles, a companion of the hero Antenor, a fugitive from Troy, who founded Padua. The true origins of the town are uncertain. However, it is known that a Roman oppidum (fortress) existed here. Attila destroyed the settlement, probably rebuilt in the 10th century.

The first historical attestation of Mestre is in the charter of the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III, in which Rambald, the count of Treviso, received land in an area named Mestre. In 1152, a papal bull by Pope Eugene III recognized the bishop of Treviso as lord of Mestre. He mentioned the existence of the church of St. Lawrence, a castle (Castelvecchio, Old Castle), and a port. In 1257 the bishop granted Mestre to Alberico da Romano, the podestà of Treviso. In 1274, a fire destroyed the castle, and Mestre's inhabitants fortified the town with a palisade, which became Castelnuovo (Newcastle). No traces of this castle remain today.

In 1323, the Scaligeri family from Verona conquered Treviso and thus acquired Mestre. The Venetians, fearing Verona's excessive power in the mainland, conquered Mestre on 29 September 1337.
They replaced the old fortification with a brick wall, eight towers, and a moat. The port of Mestre benefited from the economic power of the Republic of Venice, forming Venice's primary connection with the mainland. A canal (the Canal Salso) was built to facilitate the transport of goods.

The Venetian domination of Mestre ended on 16 July 1797 with Napoleon's occupation of the Republic of Venice. In 1806, Mestre, following the French model, became a free municipality. It remained so under the subsequent period of Austrian rule (it also incorporated Carpenedo e Marocco) and under the Kingdom of Italy. In 1923, it was given the status of a town. Three years later, a Royal Decree incorporated Mestre and some other neighbouring townships (Chirignago, Zelarino, and Favaro Veneto) into the comune of Venice.

Since then, attempts have been made to regain autonomy in four referendums in 1979, 1989, 1994, and 2003, but in each instance, the proposal for separating Mestre from Venice was rejected. Another referendum, proposed by the president of the Veneto region, took place on 1 December 2019. Even though 66% of the voters voted for the separation, only 21% of the population voted, thus making the referendum not valid.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Mestre experienced a population boom, fuelled mainly by constructing a large industrial zone in nearby Marghera.

Tourism
Mestre is now a favourite starting point for tourists visiting Venice on a budget due to its convenient location, its cheap and frequent connections to Venice by train and by bus (which also runs at night), and the more reasonable prices of its bars, discos, car parking, hotels, restaurants, and supermarkets compared to the costs of the same tourist services in Venice.

In 1979, Mestre provided one of the venues for the European basketball championship EuroBasket 1979. This drew many tourists to the town. The other venues were in Siena, Gorizia and Turin.

Main sights
Duomo of St. Lawrence (17th century)
Palazzo da Re
Palazzo podestarile
Provvedaria
Torre dell'Orologio (Watchtower, 1108)
Train Station (Stazione Ferrovia)

Museums

 M9 Museum, inaugurated in 2018.

Points of interest
 Orto Botanico Locatelli, a small botanical garden

In popular culture
Donna Leon's third Commissario (inspector) Guido Brunetti mystery novel, The Anonymous Venetian (1994), aka Dressed for Death, starts with a battered body found behind a slaughterhouse near Marghera — just inside the border of Mestre. The staff of the local inspector is considered inadequate, so Brunetti is assigned to lead the investigation of the Mestre police.

In 2019, Italian-German singer Marco di Colonia released an album dedicated to Mestre's life and the people.

See also
 A.C. Mestre, the local football (soccer) club, currently playing in Serie C
 Reyer Venezia, a men's basketball club nominally representing Venice but playing home games in Mestre, currently in Lega A
 Basket Mestre 1958, another men's basketball club that both represents and plays in Mestre, currently in Serie C
 Trams in Mestre

References

External links

 Bacaro Tour Mestre -  History of mestre
 Municipality of Mestre-Carpenedo
 Mestre in the 1900s
 English team to tour in Mestre

Geography of Venice
Former municipalities of Veneto
Frazioni of the Metropolitan City of Venice

Mestre


The Springfield/Ozark Mountain Ducks were a minor league team that previously played in Ozark, Missouri, a suburb of Springfield. The team was a member of the Texas-Louisiana League, later named the Central Baseball League from 1998 to 2003. The team played in Price Cutter Park.

After 2003, they joined the Frontier League for one year in 2004 and disbanded after that when the Springfield Cardinals came to town. The Mountain Ducks folded after the 2004 season, with the rights to the club's spot in the CBL being sold to the Pensacola Pelicans of the discontinued Southeastern League.

Defunct minor league baseball teams
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 2004
Defunct independent baseball league teams
Defunct baseball teams in Missouri
Baseball teams established in 1998
Christian County, Missouri

Springfield/Ozark Mountain Ducks


Salix pulchra is a species of flowering plant in the willow family, known by the common names diamondleaf willow, tealeaf willow, and thin red willow. It is native to northern North America, where it occurs in Alaska, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. The species is also found in northern British Columbia, and occurs in Russia.

This willow is an erect, deciduous shrub growing up to  tall, but usually remaining smaller, especially in the Arctic and in alpine climates. Along with S. richardsonii and S. alaxensis, it is one of the tallest growing willows in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The species is dioecious, with male and female reproductive parts occurring on separate individuals. The inflorescence is a catkin. The catkins grow before the leaves appear in the spring. The leaves are green above and whitish underneath, and hairless.

This plant is a dominant species on the tundra in many areas. It commonly grows with sedges. It may form thickets with other species of willow along waterways and on floodplains. It grows in spruce woodlands and muskegs. It grows above the timberline in interior Alaska, and at the timberline in northern Alaska. It often sprouts and grows after wildfire, and it persists in open habitat.

This species was formerly known as S. planifolia subsp. pulchra, a subspecies of S. planifolia, but has since been treated as a distinct species. The two willow species have overlapping distribution and similar appearance, but can be distinguished by the longer stipules in S. pulchra. In areas where both willows occur, S. pulchra is often found at high elevations. S. pulchra and S. planifolia also form natural hybrids.

Salix pulchra is one of the least bitter-tasting willows in Alaska, and in the springtime, young leaves may be harvested for human consumption. The leaves and shoots were eaten by the Eskimo raw and dried, or stored in seal oil for future use. The leaves were also used to brew tea and make soup. At Nunivak Island, parts of this plant were chewed to treat ailments such as mouth sores and pain. This willow also provides a good source of vitamin C.

Apart from medicinal purposes, Native Americans used parts of willows, including this species, in basket weaving, to make bows and arrows, and for building animal traps.

References

External links

pulchra
Flora of Subarctic America

Salix pulchra


Franz Pforr (5 April 1788 – 16 June 1812) was a painter of the German Nazarene movement.

Biography

He was born in Frankfurt am Main. He received his earliest training from his father, the painter Johann Georg Pforr (1745–98), and his uncle, the art professor and first inspector of the painting gallery in Kassel, Johann Heinrich Tischbein the Younger (1742–1808).
While studying at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, Pforr moved in 1810 to Rome in company of other students, including Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Ludwig Vogel and Johann Konrad Hottinger. Looking for lost spirituality in their art, they lived at the abandoned monastery of Sant'Isidoro a Capo le Case.

Pforr did not live long enough to see his art acknowledged. He died of tuberculosis in Albano Laziale, Rome at age 24.

External links

Literature
Stemmler, Gunter: Die "Bürgermeisterkette" in Franz Pforrs Gemälde ´Der Einzug des Königs Rudolf von Habsburg in Basel 1273´. Anregungen, Vorlagen und historische Hinweise, in: Städel-Jahrbuch, n.s., 20, 2009, pp. 219–236.
Thommen, Heinrich: Im Schatten des Freundes: Arbeitsmaterialien von Franz Pforr im Nachlass Ludwig Vogels. Schwabe Verlag, Basel, 2010, (Schriften der Stiftung für Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts Olten), .

References

1788 births
1812 deaths
German romantic painters
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Nazarene painters
Infectious disease deaths in Lazio

Franz Pforr


Colonel Sir John Archibald Ruggles-Brise, 2nd Baronet  (13 June 1908 – 20 February 2007) was Lord Lieutenant of Essex from 1958 to 1978, and was the first pro-chancellor of Essex University from 1964 to 1979.  He was also a president of the Country Landowners' Association (now the Country Land and Business Association) from 1957 to 1959, and was a co-founder of the CLA's annual Game Fair in 1958.

Ruggles-Brise was born at Brent Hall in Finchingfield in Essex.  His family have deep roots in Essex, having been based at Spains Hall in Finchingfield since the house was bought by Samuel Ruggles, a clothier, in 1760.  His father, Sir Edward Ruggles-Brise, 1st Baronet, was MP for Maldon from 1922 to his death in 1942 (with a short intermission in 1923–4), and became a baronet in George V's Silver Jubilee honours list in 1935.

Ruggles-Brise was educated at Wellesley House School, Broadstairs and Eton College, where he became captain of his house, and then worked on a family farm in Alberta in Canada. He worked at Employers Liability Assurance, rising to manage its branches in the City of London and the West End of London.

He joined the Territorial Army (TA) in 1938 (his father commanded the 104th Essex Yeomanry Field Brigade R.A.).  When the Second World War broke out, he enlisted as a gunner in the 54th Anti-Aircraft Regiment. He was commissioned, and commanded a Royal Artillery anti-aircraft battery near London during the Blitz. He inherited the baronetcy on his father's death in 1942. The same year, he took command of the 180th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment in 1942, based in Scotland. He took his unit to join the air defences of Plymouth before D-Day in 1944. He received a military OBE. He continued to serve with the Territorial Army after the war, being awarded the Territorial Decoration and the rank of honorary colonel.

He continued to work in insurance for a short period after the war, but then returned to manage the neglected family estates in Essex, which he had inherited in 1942. He was president of the Country Landowners' Association from 1957 to 1959, and was a co-founder of the CLA's annual Game Fair in 1958.

He was Deputy Lieutenant of Essex from 1945, vice-lieutenant from 1945, and then Lord Lieutenant of Essex from 1958 to 1978. He became a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1958, and served as a Church Commissioner from 1959 to 1964, and as chairman of the Council of the Baronetage from 1958 to 1963.  He was also a Knight of the Order of St John, and played a leading role in the foundation of Essex University at Wivenhoe Park in 1961. He was the university's first pro-chancellor from 1964 to 1979.  He was a governor of Felsted School and Chigwell School from 1950 to 1975.

He never married. He was succeeded by his nephew, Sir Timothy Edward Ruggles-Brise, 3rd Baronet.

Honours

 He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Chelmsford in 1967.
 He served as a deputy lieutenant of Essex from 1945. This gave him the Post Nominal Letters "DL" for life.
 He served as the Vice Lord Lieutenant from 1948 to 1958.
 He served as the Lord Lieutenant of Essex from 6 September 1958 – 1978. At which time he reverted to a DL on the retired list.
 He served as a justice of the peace in Essex. This gave him the Post Nominal Letters "JP" for Life.

References

Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 24 March 2007
Obituary, The Times, 25 June 2007

External links

1908 births
2007 deaths
Military personnel from Essex
Royal Artillery officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Companions of the Order of the Bath
English justices of the peace
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Eton College
Knights of the Order of St John
Lord-Lieutenants of Essex
Deputy Lieutenants of Essex
People associated with the University of Essex
People from Finchingfield

John Ruggles-Brise


Henry Wilfred "Bunny" Austin (26 August 1906 – 26 August 2000) was an English tennis player. For 74 years he was the last Briton to reach the final of the men's singles at Wimbledon, until Andy Murray did so in 2012. He was also a finalist at the 1937 French Championships and a championship winner at Queen's Club.  Along with Fred Perry, he was a vital part of the British team that won the Davis Cup in three consecutive years (1933–35). He is also remembered as the first tennis player to wear shorts.

Early life and education
The son of stockjobber Wilfred Austin and his wife Kate, Austin was brought up in South Norwood, London. Austin concluded that the nickname "Bunny", bestowed on him by school friends, came from the Daily Mirror comic strip Pip, Squeak and Wilfred (Wilfred was a rabbit, or bunny). Encouraged by his father, who was determined that he become a sportsman, he joined Norhurst Tennis Club aged six. Austin was educated at Repton School, and studied history at Pembroke College, Cambridge.

Tennis career
While still an undergraduate at Cambridge University, he reached the semi-finals of the men's doubles at Wimbledon in 1926.  In 1931, A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph ranked Austin as the World No. 2.  In his first Wimbledon men's singles final in 1932, he was beaten by Ellsworth Vines of the United States in three sets.

In 1932 he decided that the traditional tennis attire, cricket flannels, weighed him down too much. He bought a pair of shorts to use at Forest Hills and subsequently became the first player to wear them at Wimbledon.

Austin reached the quarter finals or better at Wimbledon 10 times. At Wimbledon 1932 Austin beat Frank Shields and Jiro Satoh before losing the final in straight sets to Ellsworth Vines. At the French championships in 1937, Austin beat Yvon Petra before losing to Henner Henkel in the final. At Wimbledon 1938 Austin beat Henkel but won just four games in the final against Don Budge, who was at the peak of his form and went on to win the Grand Slam. He would be the last British man to reach the final of a Grand Slam tournament until Andy Murray in 2012. At Wimbledon 1939 Austin was top seed, but lost early. It was his last appearance at Wimbledon.

In the years 1933–1936 he and Fred Perry helped to win the Davis Cup for Britain.

Austin also popularized modern tennis racquet design by using and endorsing the 'Streamline' – a racquet invented by F.W. (Frank Wordsworth) Donisthorpe (patented in Great Britain in 1934) with a shaft that splits into three segments – allowing for aerodynamic movement. The design was manufactured by Hazells and at the time was mocked in the press for looking like a snow shoe. After Austin's retirement, the design was virtually forgotten until the reintroduction of the split shaft in the late 1960s.

Personal
He married actress Phyllis Konstam in 1931, after meeting her in 1929 on a transatlantic liner while travelling for the US Open, and together they were one of the celebrity couples of the age. Austin played tennis with Charlie Chaplin, was a friend of Daphne du Maurier, Ronald Colman, and Harold Lloyd, and met both Queen Mary and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

In 1933, concerned by increasing threats of a renewal of European, and indeed wider, war, Austin became involved in the Oxford Group, later Moral Re-Armament, speaking on public platforms and writing press articles. He and Fred Perry were the only players to raise their voice, in a letter to The Times, against the Nazi ban on Jews joining the German team for the Davis Cup. According to Austin's friend Peter Ustinov, Austin was "disgracefully ostracised by the All-England Club because he was a conscientious objector".  In fact, soon after British declaration of the Second World War, before the question whether he might register as an objector arose, he accepted an invitation from Frank Buchman, Oxford Group founder, for a speaking tour of the US, and went, with the apparently overt approval of the British government. In 1943, with the extension of US conscription to Allied resident citizens, he was drafted into the US Army Air Force, but a diagnosis of Gilbert's Syndrome (periodic malfunction of the liver) precluded him from combat service, and he was discharged in 1945. The syndrome explained his occasional and sudden fatigue on the court.A Mixed Double

When he returned to Britain in 1961, a voting member of the Membership Committee of the  All-England Club who had been removed from the Cambridge tennis team during Austin's captaincy used Austin's alleged proselytism for the Oxford Group as an excuse for denying him reinstatement in the All-England Club after a lapse of dues payment. His membership of the club was restored in 1984, the year the obstructing member died.

Austin's autobiography, written with his wife, A Mixed Double, was published in 1969.

After a serious fall in 1995, Austin moved to a nursing home in Coulsdon, London. He died in 2000 on his 94th birthday. His grave is in the village churchyard of Stoke St Gregory in Somerset. Just 56 days before his death, Austin had joined other past Wimbledon champions and finalists on Wimbledon's Centre Court for a pre-millennium parade of champions.

Austin was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1997.

A biographical novel was published about Austin in October 2012, by Gregory Wilkin, entitled The Rabbit's Suffering Changes: Based on the True Story of Bunny Austin, the Last British Man—Until Murray—to Play in the Finals of Wimbledon.

His sister Joan Austin was also a tennis player.

Grand Slam finals

Singles (Three runners-up)

Mixed doubles (3 runners-up)

References

External links

English male tennis players
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
People educated at Repton School
People from South Norwood
Sportspeople from the London Borough of Croydon
1906 births
2000 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Tennis people from Greater London
English conscientious objectors
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
British male tennis players

Bunny Austin


A Microburst is a downdraft that moves in a way opposite to a tornado. It is found in thunder storms. And it can be dangerous to an aircraft.

The typical microburst has an average duration of about 15 minutes from the time it is detected until it disappears, its divergence in the first 7 minutes is when it reaches a maximum in wind intensity; the descent occurs below the base of the storm or very close to it, and may have a radius of descent in the first minutes after it hits the ground from about 500 m.

Natural events

Microburst


Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa (born 11 October 1936 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands) is a Spanish novelist, inventor and industrialist. His novels have sold over 25 million copies worldwide. He is the owner of A.V.F.S.L, a desalinization company that uses a method of desalinization by pressure, invented by himself.

Biography
Vázquez-Figueroa and his family fled from the Canary Islands to Africa during the Spanish Civil War.  Since his youth, he visited the Sahara and described the culture of the desert region. He also worked as a teacher of submarine and diving techniques on the school boat "Cruz del Sur" of the oceanologist  Jacques Cousteau He attended the studios of the  in a part of 1962 and worked in the Destino specials.  He was a war correspondent in La Vanguardia, for TVE (Televisión Española) and for the program  with de la Cuadra Salcedo and Silva.  As a correspondent, he documented revolutionary wars in countries such as Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, and Guatemala.

He later wrote his first novel,  (Sand and Wind), and in 1975, he published as many as 14 to 15 novellas such as Ébano.  His other works include Tuareg, , and  as well as the sagas , ,  and . His novel Tuareg was cinematized in 1984 by director Enzo G. Castellari. His novel Iguana was cinematized in 1988 by Monte Hellman. His novel Garoé (the name of a sacred tree in the Canary Islands) won the 2010 Historical Novel Prize Alfonso X El Sabio, valued at €100,000. He has also published an autobiography entitled Anaconda.

He is also a screenwriter and film director and has made such films as Oro rojo.

Literature
 Tuareg (1980)
 Tras las huellas de Alec (1971)
 Serie Cienfuegos
 Cienfuegos (1987)
 Caribes (Caribs)
 Saud el Leopardo (2009)
 Azabache
 Montenegro
 Brazofuerte
 Xaraguá
 Tierra de bisontes (Land of the bisons)
 Olvidar Machu-Picchu (1983)
 Manaos
 Viracocha
 Anaconda
 Nuevos dioses
 El agua prometida
 La ordalía del veneno
 Marea negra
 Fuerteventura
 Serie Océano (Ocean Series):
Isla de Lobos ( Océano)
Yaiza
Maradentro
 Serie Piratas (Pirate Series):
 Piratas (1996)
 Negreros
 Leon Bocanegra
 Tiempo de conquistadores (2000)
 Un mundo mejor (2002)
 El señor de las tinieblas
 El anillo verde
 Delfines (Dolphins)
 La ruta de Orellana
 La Iguana
 Ícaro
 Bora Bora
 Ébano (1974)
 ¡Panamá, Panamá!
 Tierra virgen. La destrucción del Amazonas
 El inca (The Inca)
 Los ojos del tuareg (2000)
 Vendaval
 Ciudadano Max
 África llora
 Marfil
 Sicario
 Palmira
 ¿Quién mató al embajador?
 Como un perro rabioso ( El perro)
 Matar a Gadafi (1997)
 Vivir del viento
 El rey leproso (2005)
 Bajo siete mares
 Por mil millones de dólares (2007)
 Coltan (2008)

Filmography
El perro, directed by Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi (1977, based on the novel El perro)
Oro rojo, directed by Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa (1978)
Ashanti, directed by Richard Fleischer (1979, based on the novel Ébano)
Manaos, directed by Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa (1979, based on the novel Manaos)
Last Harem, directed by Sergio Garrone (1981, based on the novel El último harén)
Tuareg – The Desert Warrior, directed by Enzo G. Castellari (1984, based on the novel Tuareg)
Crystal Heart, directed by Gil Bettman (1986)
Iguana, directed by Monte Hellman (1988, based on the novel Iguana)
Rottweiler, directed by Brian Yuzna (2004, based on the novel El perro)

References

External links
Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa's Official English Website
About Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa

1936 births
Living people
People from Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Writers from the Canary Islands
Spanish inventors
20th-century Spanish writers
20th-century Spanish male writers
21st-century Spanish writers
Spanish film directors
Spanish screenwriters

Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa


Armando Falcon, Jr. (born June 4, 1960) is the former Director of the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO), a position he held from 1999 to 2005.  During this period, he led an investigation of financial misconduct at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, is credited with raising early warning signs about the risks posed by both companies.

The end result of the investigation led by Armando Falcon against Fannie Mae accounting – No misconduct by Fannie Mae CFO J. Timothy Howard and special recognition by the judge in the subject case of Mr. Howard's honest and ethical performance of his duties.

Career
Prior to OFHEO, Falcon served on the legal staff of the Committee on Banking and Financial Services in the U.S. House, where he joined as Counsel in 1989 and was promoted to General Counsel in 1995.  While at the Banking Committee, he acted as an adviser on many major financial issues, including the Savings and Loan crisis, and also helped to draft legislation regarding the Export-Import Bank, Deposit Insurance, Anti-Money Laundering, the Community Development Act and Government Securities Reform. He was also involved in the oversight of all financial regulators including the World Bank, the IMF, multilateral development banks, the Federal Reserve, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and other banking regulators.

Before joining the Banking Committee, Falcon worked briefly as a private attorney and as a law clerk to the Texas Attorney General from 1986 to 1988.

Since 2009, Falcon has served on the advisory board of the Comptroller General of the Government Accountability Office.  In addition, he is the CEO of Falcon Capital Advisors, a Washington-based consulting firm.

Education
Falcon holds a J.D. from The University of Texas School of Law, as well as a masters in public policy from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and an undergraduate degree from St. Mary's University in San Antonio, TX.

Personal life
Armando Falcon currently resides in Virginia, and is married with two children.

See also
Stephen Douglas Johnson
James B. Lockhart III

References

External links
 Falcon Capital Advisors

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development officials
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
St. Mary's University, Texas alumni
University of Texas School of Law alumni
1960 births
Living people

Armando Falcon


Alfred Hernando Hueso (Valencia 1957), known as Fredi, is a retired Valencian pilota professional player working now as a pilota businessman. He was a member of the Valencian Pilota Squad.

Fredi had a successful career at the Valencian trinquets as an Escala i corda escalater. His active years coincided with Genovés I, one of the best players of all times, so Fredi was lucky of playing with him but unlucky of not being able to win more competitions because of him.

When he retired as a player he decided to renew the structures of the Valencian pilota with a new trophy, the Escala i corda Circuit Bancaixa league for professional players, with his own company, Frediesport, and the Valencian bank Bancaixa.

In 2005 he joined the ex-pilotari Daniel Ribera, Ribera II, and the Gandia trinquet owner, Emili Peris, to create a brand new company, ValNet, which contracts all professional players.

Trophies
 Winner of the Campionat Nacional d'Escala i Corda 1980, 1986, 1988 and 1991
 Runner-up of the Campionat Nacional d'Escala i Corda 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1987
 Winner of the Trofeu Individual Bancaixa 1987
 Runner-up of the Trofeu Individual Bancaixa 1988

Handball International Championships
 Winner of the Llargues World Championship, Maubeuge (France), 1998.

External links
 Frediesport
 Investing in pilota is profitable
 ValNet Pilota

1957 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Valencia
Pilotaris from the Valencian Community

Alfred Hernando


Omasan Tokunbo Maxine Buwa (born October 27, 1965) is a Nigerian social worker and media commentator who rose to prominence as Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria winner in 1987. Throughout her career, she has worked as a model, television presenter, restaurateur, and actress, and most recently has appeared as a panellist on the TV show The Amazons.

Early life
Buwa was born in Paddington, London, but at age 7 moved to Nigeria with her mother, a teacher and Nigerian Airways head of catering. She attended Government College, Ikorodu where she showed interest in reading, debating, and track and field sports, and enrolled at the University of Maiduguri to study English Language. As a model under the Pandora model agency, Buwa modelled for several designers including Dakova and Labanella, and for advertising agencies such as Insight Communication and Rosabel.

Pageantry
In 1987, Buwa competed in Miss Nigeria and lost to Stella Okoye, but won the second edition of Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria, representing Warri. Her coronation was marred by protests from the audience who favoured first runner-up Niki Onuaguluchi who had flown in from Los Angeles to compete in the pageant. The judges defended their decision on grounds that Onuaguluchi, whose height was a mere  5'6", stood a lesser chance than her taller rivals at the forthcoming Miss Intercontinental. Buwa, on her part, accused her runner-up of rallying supporters to cheer her to victory.

During her reign, critics unfavourably described Buwa as unconventional and tomboyish, yet she still represented Nigeria at Miss Intercontinental 1987 where she reached the top 5, and at Miss Universe, and Miss World the following year before returning to the University of Maiduguri. However, the institution's predominantly Muslim authorities expelled her due to her participation in pageants which they described as immoral. In 1989, Buwa co-hosted the Miss Intercontinental pageant held in Lagos.

Career
After her reign, Buwa purchased a jazz/restaurant in Lagos, and established an aesthetics and cosmetology business. She also opened the modelling agency, "Queens LT",  with fashion designer Funmi Ajila. As an actress, Buwa took the lead in the movie Scattered Pictures, and the soap operas Memories and Ripples. She also worked as the host of weekend breakfast television program Morning Ride broadcast on NTA 2 Channel 5, and appeared in regular segments on BEN Television, London. Buwa later moved to New York where she worked as a make-up artist, with clients including Naomi Campbell and Mary J. Blige.

Buwa - who later acquired a Law degree from the University of North London -  was subsequently employed as an attorney and a social worker for special needs children whilst working part-time as a model in Ohio and writing for The Diasporan Star, an American-based Nigerian magazine. She also wrote the column "Generation Max" for Whispaz Magazine. In 2009, Buwa returned to Nigeria where the Delta state governor, Emmanuel Uduaghan, supported her programme "Rise" which helped meet the needs of people with disabilities. She has appeared on socio-political radio programs and has written for magazines. She also created an entity called "Maximillia 3", which mentors young people interested in a career in the media and discourages abuse of young women in the beauty pageant industry.

Personal life
Buwa has a daughter and twin sons with her ex-husband, and is of the opinion that she is still in search of a better man. Buwa's sons have helped expand her programme with the subsidiary "Rise 2".

See also
 Banke Meshida Lawal
 Joy Adenuga

References

Living people
British emigrants to Nigeria
English people of Nigerian descent
Miss Universe 1988 contestants
Miss World 1988 delegates
Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria winners
Nigerian expatriates in the United States
Nigerian make-up artists
Nigerian women lawyers
People from Paddington
University of Maiduguri alumni
Nigerian social workers
Miss Nigeria delegates
Nigerian beauty pageant contestants
Alumni of the University of North London
Nigerian film actresses
Nigerian television presenters
Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria contestants
Nigerian writers
Nigerian television personalities
1965 births

Omasan Buwa


Prince of Wales is a royal title. It is usually held by the eldest son of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. It is the title of the royal who is first in line to the throne. The title is not automatic, but is given by the reigning monarch.

When a person becomes King or Queen, their eldest son immediately becomes Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay. The current Prince of Wales, Prince William, was born in 1982, and was known as Prince William of Wales (his father is King Charles III). In 2022, his father became King, and he became The Duke of Cornwall (in Scotland he was called The Prince William, Duke of Rothesay).  In 2022, the King made him Prince of Wales, and he is now called Prince of Wales, except in Scotland, where he is still The Prince William, Duke of Rothesay.

King George II created his son, Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales.  When Frederick died, the King made Frederick's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales.

Related pages
 Titles of European royal heirs

British monarchy

Prince of Wales


The College of Business Education (CBE) is a higher learning institution in Tanzania established in 1965, registered and accredited
 by the National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) to offer Certificate, Diploma and Degree Programmes in various fields of study.

Academic departments
The College of Business Education has six academic departments as of 2019:

Accountancy
Business Administration
ICT and Mathematics
Marketing
Metrology and Standardization
Procurement and Supply Management

Programmes offered
Undergraduate and Postgraduate Programmes offered at CBE as of 2019:

Undergraduate programs
Technician certificate courses (NTA level 4–5)
 Technician Certificate in Accountancy
 Technician Certificate in Business Administration
 Technician Certificate in Marketing Management
 Technician Certificate in Procurement and Supplies Management
 Technician Certificate in Metrology and Standardization (DSM only)
 Technician Certificate in Information Technology

Ordinary diploma courses (NTA level 6)
 Ordinary Diploma in Accountancy
 Ordinary Diploma in Business Administration
 Ordinary Diploma in Marketing
 Ordinary Diploma in Procurement and Supplies Management
 Ordinary Diploma in Metrology and Standardization (DSM Only)
 Ordinary Diploma in Information Technology

bachelor's degree courses (three years) (NTA level 7–8)
 Bachelor's degree in Accountancy (BACC)
 Bachelor's degree in Business Administration (BBA)
 Bachelor's degree in Marketing (BMK)
 Bachelor's degree in Procurement and Supplies Management (BPS)
 Bachelor's degree in Metrology and Standardization (BMET)
 Bachelor's degree in Business Studies with Education (BBSE)
 Bachelor's degree in Information Technology (BIT)

Postgraduate programmes
Postgraduate diploma courses
 Postgraduate Diploma in Project Management (PGDPM)
 Postgraduate Diploma in Business Administration (PGDBA)
 Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management (PGDFM)

Masters courses
 Masters for Information Technology in Project Management (IT-Project Management)
 Masters of Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D)
 Masters of Supply Chain Management (MSCM)
 Masters of International Business Management (MIBM)
 Masters of Business Administration in Finance and Banking
 Masters of Business Administration in Human Resource Management
 Masters of Business Administration in Marketing Management

Rankings
In 2018, The Webometrics Ranking placed CBE on the 21st rank in the best Universities and Colleges in Tanzania. In 2019, CBE was ranked 15th in the best Universities and Colleges in Tanzania and it was also ranked 2nd in the best Colleges in Tanzania after Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science & Technology (NM-AIST).

References

External links

Colleges in Tanzania
Education in Dar es Salaam
Public universities in Tanzania
Universities and colleges established in 1965
1965 establishments in Tanzania

College of Business Education


Meminisse iuvat (14 July 1958)  is an encyclical of Pope Pius XII, asking for prayers for the persecuted Church in the East and criticizing  harmful cultural developments in the West. He asks for a novena of prayer preceding the feast of the Assumption.

The encyclical reminds its readers, that during the Second World War the Pope did not simply preach peace or work on better understanding between the war parties. Most importantly, he consecrated the whole human race to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, the mother of God. Twelve years later, war is over, but peace has not yet arrived. The new atomic weapons can annihilate not only the vanquished but also the victors.

Critique of the West
The problems and crisis of humanity continue to exist, because God, the source and guarantor of justice, the fountain of truth, the basis of all laws, is denied his proper place or, worse, completely disregarded. If a house is not built on a solid and sure foundation, it tumbles down; if a mind is not enlightened by the divine light, it strays more or less from the whole truth; if citizens, peoples, and nations are not animated by brotherly love, strife is born, waxes strong, and reaches full growth.
Christianity teaches the full truth, real justice, and divine charity, which drives away hate, bad intentions and enmity. A return to Christian principles would establish a society that is strong, just, and equitable. The Pope is firmly convinced that, whatever the obstacles or persecutions, Christianity will always win over her enemies. "It is a harmful and reckless policy to do battle with Christianity, for God guarantees, and history testifies, that she shall exist forever." Yet, in some unnamed countries - the Pope clearly points to the West - Christian principles and the Catholic religion are not given their proper place. Unsuspecting and uneducated young people easily fall for the temptations of seductive allurements of vice, as writers and publishers and movies continue to stir up vicious and violent appetites solely for the sake of gain.

Persecution in the East

In the East, persecutions against the Church continue. As a result, many bishops have been driven from their sees or so impeded that they cannot freely exercise their ministry; they have even been cast into prison or exiled. In those countries, newspapers, magazines, and other publications put out by Catholics have been almost completely silenced, as if truth were subject to the exclusive control and discretion of political rulers, and as though divine and human learning and the liberal arts need not be free if they are to flourish for the public and common good. Catholic schools are closed or replaced with institutes of the State which teach nothing at all about God or religion.  Missionaries are expelled, jailed or unable to help the faithful. Governments choose and appoint bishops, as if the Catholic Church were a creature of a single nation, dependent on its civil authority, and not a divine institution extending to all peoples.

But most of the faithful, of both the Latin and the Oriental rites, are practicing and defending their ancestral faith tenaciously. Gratefully, the Pope exhorts those who are under many dangerous and deceitful pressures - pressures which would urge them to stop supporting the firm, solid, and constant unity of the Church: "He who does not have the Church as his mother, cannot have God as his father. The Church, founded by Christ can be attacked, but not defeated, for she draws her strength from God, not from man. Just as Christ our Redeemer rose in triumph, so the Church shall some day win a peaceful victory over all her enemies."

The Pope encourages the faithful in the East to have confidence, and to be brave and steadfast soldiers, quoting St. Ignatius, the martyr: "We wish to counsel you in the words of St. Ignatius, martyr, although We know you do not require such counsel: "Serve him for whom you fight. ... May none of you desert him! Your baptism must be a shield; your faith a helmet; your charity a lance; your patience a suit of armour. Your works should be your credentials, so that you may be worthy to receive your reward."

Church will triumph
Empires and mighty states have fallen but the Church stands unmoved among the waves of this world, for she is built on the apostolic rock and holds fast to her foundation, unmoved by the onslaughts of the raging sea. Nothing can even shake her, Pope Pius teaches, because, as many physical elements of this world crash with thunder around her, she continues to provide a safe port. As half of Christianity suffers persecution, the other half is united with their brothers and sisters in prayer, that better times may quickly come upon the whole Church.

Text
 Meminisse iuvat, in Acta Apostolicae Sedis 1958, 440
 English translation

References

Encyclicals of Pope Pius XII
Religious persecution
Persecution of Catholics during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII
1958 documents
July 1958 events
1958 in Christianity

Meminisse iuvat


Castle Gay is a 1930 novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. It is the second of his three Dickson McCunn novels and is set in the Scottish district of Carrick, Galloway  some six years after the events described in Huntingtower.

Plot

Dickson McCunn, a 60-year old retired grocery-store owner hosts a supper for two of his protégés: John 'Jaikie' Galt and Dougal Crombie. Jaikie is now an undergraduate at Cambridge University and a rugby international; Douglas is a journalist working for the Craw Press. The two are to take a walking holiday in the Canonry, in the district of Carrick.

Thomas Carlyle Craw, proprietor of the Craw Press, is an influential writer with a special interest in the central European state of Evallonia, supporting restoration of the monarchy after years of republican rule. He is an extreme recluse, and has leased the secluded Castle Gay from its English owner Lord Rynns.

Craw is abducted by students during a prank in which he is mistaken for another man, and is  held at the very cottage where Jaikie and Dougal intend to stay. They agree to carry a letter to Craw's secretary at Castle Gay, Frederick Barbon, who can make sure that he remains hidden from the crowds of journalists who have arrived to cover an important local by-election. The friends find the gates to the Castle grounds barred, and they stumble across a journalist for a rival paper, Albert Tibbets, who is covering the story of Craw's disappearance. They meet Alison Westwater, daughter of Lord Rynns; Jaikie admires her. With Alison's help they gain access only to be told by Barbon that Craw must stay away as there is a party of Evallonian monarchists who are desperate to talk to him: Prince Odalchini, Count Casimir Muresco and Professor Jagon. They want Craw to ensure that the British government will support the overthrow of the Evallonian republicans and the ascent of their candidate Prince John to a restored throne. Unable to make them understand that Craw has no power to do any such thing, Dougal brings Dickson McCunn over to talk "practical common sense". Jaikie takes Craw on a walking tour, to ensure he remains hidden.

Tibbets is convinced he has a scoop when he is admitted to the castle and gains an interview with Craw - without realising that his interviewee is in fact McCunn. He publishes his article the next day, "Mr Craw Speaks to the World", in which he has Craw repudiating all his long-held principles.

Jaikie searches for Sigsimund Allins, a rogue employee of Craw's who has accepted a payment from the monarchists for an introduction to Craw, and a larger one from the republicans who hope to create a scandal by catching the monarchists colluding with a magnate of the British press. Jaike pretends to be drunk and 'accidentally' lets slip that the day of the by-election would be a good opportunity to catch Craw conspiring in Castle Gay, as most of the castle staff will be absent.

The monarchists, now joined by Prince John himself, are horrified to hear that their enemies are at hand, and especially by the presence of the communist leader Anton Mastrovin. They leave immediately for London. Prince John is helped by McCunn - who has developed strong personal loyalties - to escape by boat. As the prince departs, he give McCunn a ring and McCunn vows that "if ever you have need of me, a word will bring me across the world".

Mastrovin and his men arrive at the castle and demand to see Craw. They expect to find him  plotting with the prince and monarchists but instead find him in his study innocently dictating letters. They pull out guns, but are disconcerted when McCunn walks in, in his matter-of-fact way, followed by the local policeman. McCunn offers to allow them to leave - without their guns - or else face a charge of hamesuchen. They comply.

Jaikie and Alison reluctantly part, but not before he has vowed "to meet again … often … always" and she has called him "Dear Jaikie".  He realises that he has found something precious, and that he is no longer alone.

Principal characters

Locals
Dickson McCunn, wealthy retired 60-year-old Glasgow grocer
Dougal Crombie, journalist with the Craw Press
John 'Jaikie' Galt, Cambridge undergraduate and rugby international
Alison Westwater, daughter of Castle Gay's owner Lord Rynns
Thomas Carlyle Craw, proprietor of the Craw Press
Frederick Barbon, Craw's secretary
Sigsimund Allins, rogue employee of Craw
Albert Tibetts, rival journalist.

Evallonians
Prince John, pretender to the throne of Evallonia
Prince Odalchini, leader of the monarchists
Count Casimir Muresco, monarchist
Professor Jagon, monarchist
Anton Mastrovin, communist and leader of the republicans.

Critical reception

In The Interpreter's House (1975), David Daniell noted that the novel contains striking images and scenes, even though this and the other romance dealing with the politics of Evallonia (The House of the Four Winds) did not represent Buchan at his best.

References

External links

 Gutenberg (Australia) text

1930 British novels
Novels by John Buchan
Scottish novels
Novels set in Dumfries and Galloway
Hodder & Stoughton books
Novels set in the 1930s
Houghton Mifflin books

Castle Gay


Ignaz Unterberger (24 July 1748, Cavalese – 4 December 1797, Vienna) was an Italian and Austrian painter and printmaker, who was also an inventor. He was a member of a large dynasty of Tyrolean artists.

Biography
Unterberger was probably born on 24 July 1748 in Gaßlöss (now called Cavalese), located in the County of Tyrol, today in Italy. His initial artistic instruction came from his uncle Franz Sebald Unterberger (1706-1776). Unterberger Senior taught his nephew the style of the Tyrol. This was High Baroque - famed for intricate church altarpieces, sculpture and frescoes. Artists working in Vienna and Salzburg found themselves training in Rome, including Ignaz's elder brother. Christoph Unterberger (1732-1798)'s influence as a member of the Accademia di San Luca provided Ignaz with access to a pivotal group of Italian artists when he arrived in Rome in 1769. His ability to capture the Italian style was such that his painting 'Maternal Love' was thought to have been Correggio's.

Unterberger was a highly capable artist, with experience in creating frescoes, altarpiece paintings, bambocciata and marble work. The artist stated that he only painted for a livelihood, but printmaking was his real passion. Unterberger's printmaking is not particularly well-known, although some of his prints were included in the British Museum's 1994 exhibition and catalogue 'Printmaking in the Age of Goethe'. He did not engage in printmaking until he returned to Vienna from Rome in 1773, when he applied himself exclusively to the mezzotint.  His inventions included an excavating machine for digging canals, a foot-pedal for the harp, and a machine for preparing mezzotint plates.

Unterberger was never made a member of the Academy in Vienna, despite exhibiting there. Nevertheless his work was highly regarded, and the Imperial Chancellor Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg was a patron.  His painting Hebe (1795) was a sensation for its lighting effects, and bought by Emperor Francis II for a large amount.  He was also made a Royal and Imperial Court Painter.  Unfortunately, he only benefited from this role for two years before heart failure lead to his death on 4 December 1797, leaving a widow and nine children.

Notes

References
 G. Briganti, La Pittura in Italia. Il Settecento, Milan, 1990, II, pp. 889–90, with bibliography.
 A. Griffiths and F. Carey, German Printmaking in the Age of Goethe, London, 1994, pp. 90–93
 Grant, Sarah (2014). 'The Ornament Prints of Ignaz Unterberger' in Print Quarterly. Volume XXXI. pp. 280–293

External links

 Ignaz Unterberger @ the Masonic Wiki

1748 births
1797 deaths
18th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
People from Cavalese
18th-century Italian male artists

Ignaz Unterberger