The Damme Hills are a high, wooded ridge, up to , in the Oldenburg Münsterland in the southern part of the district of Vechta, in western Lower Saxony, Germany.

Geography

Location
The ridge of the Damme Hills, which is about  long and only a few kilometers wide, lies on the southern edge of the North German Plain about  north of the city of Osnabrück. It is located in the Dümmer Nature Park near the town of Damme, which lies in the centre of the region, and between Lohne (some distance to the north), Steinfeld (to the north), Diepholz (roughly east-northeast), Neuenkirchen-Vörden (to the southwest) and Holdorf (to the northwest). To the east the river Hunte flows from south to north past the ridge; to the west the river Hase runs in the same direction.

The Damme Hills lie in the southwestern part of the Oldenburg Münsterland, which is why the local Signal Hill (Signalberg, 146 m) is its highest elevation. To the northeast stretch the Großes Moor (near Vechta) and the hill of the Kellenberg; east of the ridge is the Dümmer, and behind it the Stemweder Berg, to the south – on the other side of the Großes Moor (near Damme) – are the Wiehen Hills in the North Teutoburg Forest-Wiehen Hills Nature Park and to the west on the other side of the Hase valley are the Ankum Heights.

Watersheds
The Damme Hills lie on the Weser-Ems watershed: All streams and rivers that run eastwards from the ridge, flow via the  Hunte into the Weser, those that run westwards flow via the Hase into the Ems.

Geology
The Damme Hills are part of a series of ice age end moraines from the part of the Saale glaciation, the so-called Drenthe I stage. The Lingen Heights, the Ankum Heights, the Kellenberg and the Brelinger Berg also belong to this push moraine, also called the Rehburg Phase, which can be dated to about 230,000 years ago. The Rehburg Hills by the lake of the Steinhuder Meer, are not, however, part of the moraine.

Together with their almost symmetrical counterpart, the Ankum Heights, the Damme Hills display the most marked glacial lobes of this push moraine. It filled the lowland bay of the Artland. Iron ore is found deep under the hills.

Landscape scenery
In the gently curved ridge of the Damme Hills the wooded rolling hills and valleys alternate with meadows, fields and pastureland e. g. paddock). There are numerous paths for cyclists and hikers to enjoy the natural environment.

The lake known as the Damme Bergsee, roughly 25 ha in area, provides a refuge for rare animals and plants, which are described by means of a nature trail. Many endangered species of plant occur in this area: Of the hitherto 364 vascular plants, 68 species are on Lower Saxony's Red List of endangered types. One particularly notable group of animals are the  reptiles, of which 4 species occur here: the grass snake, sand lizard, viviparous lizard and slowworm. From the bird world there are 5 species of woodpecker as well as woodcock, crossbill and pied flycatcher. In 1974 even rollers bred in this wooded area, but were later shot by a farmer. Three of Germany's largest native beetles live here: the stag beetle, rhinoceros beetle and cockchafer.

Places of interest

Amongst the places of interest in the Damme Hills, aside from the woods themselves, are the observation towers of the Steigenberg (southwestern area of the ridge) and Mordkuhlenberg (north central area). From the latter there is a view over much of the ridge, the Dümmer Nature Park, Oldenburg Münsterland, the Wiehen Hills and Lake Dümmer. A nature trail on the Damme Bergsee gives information about animals and

Hills
The highest elevations of the Damme Hills are (sorted by height in metres above sea level, NN, mainly based on ):
 Signalberg 146 m; highest point in the Oldenburg Münsterland; with transmitter mast and telecommunication tower − between Damme and Steinfeld
 Mordkuhlenberg (142 m; with observation tower) − between Damme and Steinfeld
 Kattenberg (125.7 m) − west of Damme
 Spröckelnberg (121 m) − west of Damme
 Kreuzberg (117 m) − west of Damme
 Wellenberg (116.3 m) − west of Damme
 Hülseberg (116 m) − west of Damme
 Bökenberg (114 m) − southeast of Steinfeld
 Steigenberg (107.1 m; with observation tower) − east of Neuenkirchen
 Osterberg (97.2 m) − south of Langenberg
 Voßkuhlenberg (88 m) − west of Damme-Haverbeck
 Steinberg (85.2 m) − southwest of Damme-Haverbeck

Waterbodies
The waterbodies of the Damme Hills include:
Lakes
 Damme Bergsee (25 ha; in the centre of the ridge)
Rivers
 Hunte (passes the ridge to the east, western tributary of the Weser)
 Hase (passes the ridge to the west, eastern tributary of the Ems)

Towers
There are observation towers on the Mordkuhlenberg and Steigenberg. There is a Bundeswehr-owned transmitter mast on the Signalberg and, on its northern slopes, is a 134 m high Deutsche Telekom telecommunication tower.

References

External links
 Erholungsgebiet Damme Hills

Ridges of Lower Saxony
Forests and woodlands of Lower Saxony
Vechta (district)
Ridges of Europe

Damme Hills


Matthew Lee Robinson is an Australian composer/lyricist and actor, most known for his musical theatre and television work.

Career
Robinson was born in Rockhampton, Queensland, and graduated from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts with a Bachelor of Arts (Musical Theatre). Direct from graduating he was cast in the original Australian cast of Mamma Mia!, during which time he began writing the songs which would form the basis of his first musical Metro Street. Robinson was cast as Teague in the World Premiere of Australian play God's Last Acre for Playbox Theatre Company (now Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne) and appeared in guest roles on television's Blue Heelers and Stingers as well as the telemovie Like Mother, Like Son: The Strange Story of Sante and Kenny Kimes, appearing opposite Mary Tyler Moore.

Robinson's songwriting garnered national attention when Metro Street won the 2004 Pratt Prize for Music Theatre, an $80,000 award for the best new musical submitted from within Australia. Robinson and longtime collaborator Lucy Durack created and toured Immaculate Confection, a showcase of Robinson's songs, through five states in Australia to critical acclaim before Robinson was cast as the title role in Pippin for Peter Cousens' Kookaburra. On the back of this, director Stuart Maunder cast him in three successive musicals for Opera Australia at the Sydney Opera House: Freddy Eynsford-Hill in My Fair Lady, Henrik in A Little Night Music and Frederic in The Pirates of Penzance. During this time, Robinson also appeared as a bit part in the Steven Spielberg/Tom Hanks/HBO miniseries The Pacific and as a weekly on-screen vocal coach on the FOX8 reality TV series The Singing Office.

In 2009, Robinson's first musical Metro Street had its World Premiere at the State Theatre Company of South Australia, co-produced by Arts Asia Pacific and Power Arts. It was then picked up by the Daegu International Musical Festival in South Korea where it was the festival's featured opening musical. In total, Metro Street was nominated for five Helpmann Awards (including Best New Australian Work), the Victorian Premier's Literary Award for Best Music Theatre Script, three South Korean DIMF Awards and three Adelaide Curtain Call Awards. It won the Curtain Call Award for Best Musical.

2011 marked Robinson's television writing debut, contributing three songs to Series 2 of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV series Dance Academy. The same year Neil Gooding Productions produced Robinson's musical revue Sing On Through Tomorrow, with Robinson featuring on the original cast recording available on iTunes.

During Pippin, Robinson contacted composer/lyricist Stephen Schwartz, leading to a mentorship that continues today. Since 2010, Robinson has travelled to New York City once a year conducting readings of his current musicals in development Happy People and Atlantis which have been attended by Schwartz and representatives from a number of Broadway producing houses including Disney Theatrical Group, Manhattan Theatre Club, Araca, 321 Theatrical Management and Ambassador Theatre Group. These readings have been financially assisted by Power Arts, a Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Churchill Fellowship and an Australia Council for the Arts Skills & Arts Development Grant. In 2013, Village Theatre, Washington state, facilitated a workshop reading of Happy People.

With support from an Australia Council for the Arts Music Fellowship, Robinson is currently embarking on a two-year calendar of events, generating new musical theatre works across Australia, the U.S. and U.K.. He now resides in New York City.

Personal life
Robinson was married to actor Scott Morris in May 2016.

Awards

External links

Winner announced for Pratt Prize 2004
 2003 Cabaret winners

References

Australian male television actors
Australian male stage actors
Actors from Queensland
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian musical theatre composers
Australian musical theatre lyricists
Australian LGBT actors
Australian LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Australian LGBT screenwriters

Matthew Lee Robinson


Leon Weston "Pete" Harman (January 16, 1919 – November 19, 2014) was an American businessman best known for having struck a deal with Colonel Harland Sanders to open the first KFC franchise. Located in Salt Lake City, Utah, Harman's location opened for business in August 1952.

Early life
Harman was born in 1919 in Granger, now a part of West Valley City, a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah to David Reese Harman (1874–1924) and Grace May Hemenway (1879–1919) . Harman was the youngest of 14 children in a Latter-day Saint family. Harman's mother died two days after he was born, and his father later married Caroline Hemenway Harman, the widow of Pete's uncle. Harman was a major donor to the construction of the Caroline Hemenway Harman Continuing Education Building at Brigham Young University, named after his step-mother.

Harman and his wife, Arline, opened their first restaurant, The Do Drop Inn, with two employees in 1941. They had met in the 1930s while both employees at the same restaurant in San Francisco, California, and married in 1938.

Career
Harman worked with Colonel Sanders to develop and prepare the KFC system for franchising, working to develop training manuals and product guides. His other claims to fame are the development of the bucket packaging and the emphasis on the "Finger-lickin' good" motto.

In 1990 the International Foodservice Manufacturer Association recognized Harman's achievements with its Gold Plate Award. At the time of the award the Harman Management Corp. of Los Altos, California, employed over 4,000 people and operated 238 KFC stores in four states. Credit for his success was given to his enlightened practices towards his staff including stock purchase schemes.

His original KFC building was demolished in 2004 to make way for a museum and an updated restaurant. Harman relocated to Los Altos, California as the scope of his business expanded in the 1960s. He lived there until his death on November 19, 2014, at 95 years old.

References

External links
Deseret News, Wednesday, April 21, 2004
Keegan, Peter O.; "IFMA gold-plates 'Pete' Harman - International Foodservice Manufacturer Association"; Nation's Restaurant News, June 4, 1990
adherents.com

1919 births
2014 deaths
American restaurateurs
Fast-food chain founders
Latter Day Saints from Utah
KFC people
20th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Utah
People from West Valley City, Utah

Pete Harman


Yzerfontein, or Ysterfontein, is a small harbour town with about 1200 inhabitants on the west coast of South Africa about 90 km north of Cape Town. The name in Afrikaans means "Iron Fountain".The town started out when the farm 'Yzerfontein' was bought by the Katz-family in the 1930s. Then they started dividing the farm into plots. The main sources of income are tourism (especially during the wildflower season from August to October), mining and fishing.

Yzerfontein is known for its Sixteen Mile Beach, stretching north from the main beach of the town, to the West Coast National Park, which borders the town.  Dassen Island, another nature reserve, is about 10 km offshore.

Yzerfontein is the landing point for the ACE and WACS submarine communications cables.

Outside of the town is the Darling Wind Farm. This is producing power and there are plans for expansion.

The Yzerfontein salt pan is a  coastal salt pan, just northeast of the town. It was formerly mined for salt, and is currently mined for gypsum.

These days Yzerfontein is more modern. It has a new spa, coffee shop, pharmacy and many restaurants. Its harbour is busy when it is kreef season or snoek season.

References

External links
Information site for Yzerfontein

Populated places in the Swartland Local Municipality
Populated places established in 1937

Yzerfontein


Eike of Repgow (, also von Repkow, von Repko, von Repchow or von Repchau;  – ) was a medieval German administrator who compiled the Sachsenspiegel code of law in the 13th century.

Life
Little is known about Eike of Repgow, but he is mentioned in several documents dating from the period between 1209 and 1233. He was a scion of the Eastphalian gentry and it is thought that his family were vassals of the Magdeburg archbishops. His ancestors had moved to the Gau of Serimunt, south of Magdeburg, in the 12th century, where they acquired land in the village of Reppichau (in present-day Saxony-Anhalt). Other members of the family are mentioned earlier in 1156 and 1159.
From his mention in court proceedings in 1209 it is inferred that he was born around 1180. Lack of mentions after 1233 suggests that he died shortly after that.

From the prologue to the Sachsenspiegel it is clear that Eike could read Latin as well as German. It is not actually known if he could write, since it was quite common, at the time, to employ scribes. He was versed both in Canon and Roman law; so it is thought that he was educated at a cathedral school, possibly in Halberstadt, or more likely at Magdeburg under Archbishop Wichmann von Seeburg.

It is clear that he was a respected personage, but his precise place in the feudal hierarchy is not known with certainty, since he is sometimes listed among the free nobles and sometimes among the bondsmen (Dienstmannen). Eike of Repgow may have been a bondsman of Count Henry I of Anhalt or of Count Hoyer of Falkenstein, who then served as Vogt of Quedlinburg Abbey. Nevertheless, he was probably a free noble, one of the so-called schöffenbar freie, which entitled him to sit in the Thing (baron's court). One theory is that he was of noble birth, but like many others, became a ministerialis or bondsman, while retaining his noble status.

Works

Sachsenspiegel
Eike of Repgow translated the Sachsenspiegel at the behest of Count Hoyer of Falkenstein between 1220 and 1233. It was intended by its compiler to document existing, customary law, not to create new law. The work is of great significance not only as the first German legal code but also as one of the first major works of Middle Low German prose. As the author writes in the verse prologue of the Sachsenspiegel, he first wrote it in Latin and later, with some reluctance, at the wishes of Count Hoyer of Falkenstein, translated it into German.

The Latin version of the first part, on Landrecht (common law), has been lost, but the second part, on Lehensrecht (feudal law) was, as is now believed, preserved. This is the Vetus auctor de beneficiis, which is written in verse. There was a debate as to whether this was the Latin original of the part of the Sachsenspiegel on feudal law or a later translation of it into Latin, and for some time the latter view prevailed. However, the current consensus is that the Vetus auctor de beneficiis is indeed the Latin original of the feudal law section of the Sachsenspiegel.

Where the original was compiled is unclear. It was thought to have been written in Quedlinburg or at Falkenstein Castle in the Harz Mountains, but Peter Landau, an expert in medieval canon law recently suggested that it may have been written at the Cistercian abbey of Altzelle (now Altzella).

Sächsische Weltchronik
Another work, the Sächsische Weltchronik has been dated about 1230 and also been attributed to Eike, but this is now thought unlikely.

Commemoration

There are monuments to Eike of Repgow in Magdeburg, Dessau, Reppichau and Halberstadt and at Falkenstein Castle in the Harz Mountains. There is a square named after him in Berlin, and there is an open-air museum devoted to him and the Sachsenspiegel in his village of Reppichau. There are also schools named after Eike of Repgow in Halberstadt and Magdeburg.

The Eike of Repgow prize, which comes with a statuette of Eike, a certificate, and 5,000 euros, is awarded jointly by awarded annually by the city of Magdeburg and the Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg for academic work of a historical or legal nature.

Famous words
The origin of the modern German saying "Wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst" ("first come, first served", literally he who comes first, grinds first) can be traced to Eike of Repgow, who wrote (in the Sachsenspiegel) Die ok irst to der molen kumt, die sal erst malen (in modern English: He who comes to the mill first shall grind first).

References

Additional sources

Article on Eike of Repgow by the radio station MDR

Further reading

Legal codes
13th-century German writers
People from the Duchy of Saxony
Canon law jurists
Legal history of Germany
People from Saxony-Anhalt
Falkenstein, Saxony-Anhalt
1180s births
1230s deaths
German male writers
13th-century translators
13th-century jurists
Ministeriales

Eike of Repgow


James Patrick Blecksmith (September 26, 1980 – November 11, 2004) was an American military officer who was the first officer killed in  Operation Phantom Fury during Operation Iraqi Freedom II.

Biography
Blecksmith was born in Pasadena, California, September 26, 1980. He attended Valentine School, in San Marino, through 2nd grade, before his family moved to Seattle, Washington in 1989. After two years, the family returned to Southern California and Blecksmith enrolled at the Flintridge Preparatory School where he graduated in 1999. He lettered four years in track, two years in soccer and three years in football. He was named to three national All-American teams and was first-team all San Gabriel Valley. In track, he medaled, at the California Interscholastic Federation finals, in nine events and was all-(CIF) in his sophomore, junior and senior years, and was the Prep League Most Valuable Athlete in 1999. He served as 10th grade class president and was a member of the National Honor Society. Upon graduation from high school, Blecksmith entered the United States Naval Academy in June 1999.  Blecksmith's father, Edward, had served in the Marines in Vietnam.

United States Naval Academy
Although heavily recruited, Blecksmith saw limited action on the field for the Naval Academy. He matched the prototype of the 21st-century quarterback, 6-3, 216 with a rocket arm; but Navy ran a triple option offense, where the quarterback was more of a runner than a passer.  As a back-up quarterback, he completed 3 of his 4 passes, returned 2 kickoffs and caught a pass as a wide receiver during the Army–Navy Game in 2001.

Military career
After graduating from the Naval Academy in May 2003, Blecksmith accepted a commission as a 2nd Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. He completed The Basic School (TBS) and the Infantry Officer's Course at Quantico, Virginia. In April 2004, he was assigned to the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment of the 1st Marine Division and commanded the 3rd Platoon of India Company. The Battalion was deployed to Iraq on September 10, 2004.

Death
On March 31, 2004, Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah ambushed a convoy containing four American private military contractors from Blackwater USA, who were conducting delivery for food caterers ESS.

The contractors were dragged from their cars, beaten, and set on fire. Their burned corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates.  Photographs of the event were released to news agencies worldwide, causing outrage in the United States, and prompting the announcement of a campaign to reestablish American control over the city.

This led to an unsuccessful US operation to recapture control of the city in Operation Vigilant Resolve, and then a successful recapture operation in the city in November 2004, called Operation Phantom Fury in English and Operation Al Fajr in Arabic. Blecksmith's India Company was the first to enter the city and start the house-to-house search operation in the Jolan District. On November 11, Blecksmith died from small arms fire while leading the third platoon in the clearing of these buildings. The bullet entered his left shoulder and was deflected down to his heart. Operation Phantom Fury resulted in the reputed death of over 1,350 insurgent fighters. Approximately 95 American Marines were killed, and more than 1,000 were wounded.

Legacy
On Veterans Day, November 11, 2006, two years to the day after Blecksmith's family heard he'd been killed in action in Iraq, the Marines renamed Pasadena's Marine Corps Reserve Center in his memory. The San Marino Tribune announced that proceeds from their annual 5K Run & Walk, scheduled for Monday, July 4,  will benefit the J.P. Blecksmith Leadership Foundation at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Cañada. On April 20, 2005 James Patrick Blecksmith was awarded the Purple Heart and the Bronze Star for his courage and bravery.

In a season 4 episode of NCIS, actor Mark Harmon wears a J.P. Blecksmith memorial t-shirt in the episode "In The Dark." In the September 29, 2009 episode of NCIS "Reunion", Mark Harmon (Gibbs) wears a J.P. Blecksmith memorial t-shirt in an early scene.

References

1980 births
2004 deaths
American football wide receivers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
Players of American football from Pasadena, California
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Naval Academy alumni
Navy Midshipmen football players
American military personnel killed in the Iraq War
Deaths by firearm in Iraq

J. P. Blecksmith


The 6 February 1934 crisis (also known as the Veterans' Riot) was an anti-parliamentarist street demonstration in Paris organized by multiple far-rightist leagues that culminated in a riot on the Place de la Concorde, near the building used for the French National Assembly. The police shot and killed 15 demonstrators. It was one of the major political crises during the Third Republic (1870–1940). Leftist Frenchmen claimed it was an attempt to organize a fascist coup d'état. According to historian Joel Colton, "The consensus among scholars is that there was no concerted or unified design to seize power and that the leagues lacked the coherence, unity, or leadership to accomplish such an end."

As a result of the actions of that day, several anti-fascist organisations were created, such as the Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes, in an attempt to thwart fascism in France. After World War II, several historians, among them Serge Berstein, argued that while some leagues had indisputably desired a coup, François de La Rocque had in fact moderated toward a respect for constitutional order. However, the fascist actions on 6 February were arguably an uncoordinated but violent attempt to overthrow the Cartel des gauches government elected in 1932.

Radical-Socialist politician Édouard Daladier, who was president of the Council of Ministers, replaced Camille Chautemps on 27 January 1934 because of accusations of corruption (including the Stavisky Affair).  Daladier, who had been popular, was nonetheless forced to resign on 7 February. He was replaced by the conservative Radical Gaston Doumergue as head of the government; this was the first time during the Third Republic that a government was ended because of street demonstrations.

Stavisky affair and the 1930s crisis

France was affected in 1931, somewhat later than other Western countries, by the 1929 Great Depression, initiated by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ("Black Tuesday"). The economic and social crisis particularly affected the middle classes who tended traditionally to endorse the Republic (in particular the Radical-Socialist Party). Parliamentary instability ensued, with five governments between May 1932 and January 1934, which encouraged anti-parliamentarists.

Dissidents took advantage of a succession of political and financial scandals to gain power, including the Marthe Hanau Affair; the Oustric Affair, which involved the Minister of Justice and provoked the end of André Tardieu's government in 1930; and finally, the Stavisky Affair.

The Stavisky Affair reached the news in 1933. It involved Bayonne's Crédit municipal bank and centered around embezzler Alexandre Stavisky, known as le beau Sasha ("Handsome Sasha"), associated with several Radical deputies, including a minister of Camille Chautemps's government. Tensions rose when the press later revealed that Stavisky had benefited from a 19-month postponement of his trial because the public prosecutor was Chautemps' brother-in-law. On 8 January 1934, Alexandre Stavisky was found dead, and the police reported suicide as the cause—a convenient statement that raised public concerns of a cover-up. According to rightists, Chautemps had had him assassinated to keep him from revealing any secrets. The press then started a political campaign against alleged governmental corruption, while far rightists demonstrated. At the end of the month, after the revelation of yet another scandal, Chautemps resigned.

Édouard Daladier, another politician of the Radical-Socialist Party, succeeded him on 27 January 1934. Thirteen demonstrations had already occurred since 9 January in Paris. While the parliamentary right was trying to use the affair to replace the left-wing majority elected during the 1932 elections, the far right took advantage of its traditional themes: antisemitism, xenophobia (Stavisky was a naturalized Ukrainian Jew), hostility toward Freemasonry (Camille Chautemps was a Masonic dignitary), and anti-parliamentarism. As historian Serge Bernstein emphasized, the Stavisky Affair was exceptional neither in its seriousness nor in the personalities put on trial, but in the rightists' determination to use the opportunity to make a leftist government resign, helped by the fact that the Radical-Socialists did not have an absolute majority in the National Assembly and thus the government was weak and an alternative coalition might be formed by the parties to the right.

However, it was the dismissal of the police prefect Jean Chiappe that ultimately provoked the massive demonstrations of 6 February. Chiappe, a fervent anticommunist, was accused of double standards, including leniency towards the street agitation of the far-right (demonstrations, riots, attacks against the few leftist students in the Quartier Latin by the monarchist Camelots du Roi, the youth organization of the Action Française, etc.). According to leftists, Chiappe's dismissal was due to his involvement with the Stavisky Affair, while the rightists denounced the negotiations with the Radical-Socialists: the departure of Chiappe was said to have been in exchange for an endorsement of Daladier's new government.

The night of 6 February 1934

Forces present
Rightist anti-parliamentary leagues had been the main activists during the January 1934 demonstrations. Although these leagues were not a new phenomenon (the old Ligue des Patriotes ("Patriot League") had been initiated by Paul Déroulède in 1882), they played an important role after World War I, in particular when leftists were in power, as they had been since the 1932 legislative elections. The leagues differed in their goals, but were united by their opposition to the ruling Radical-Socialist party.

Action Française. Among the most important rightist leagues present on 6 February, the oldest one was the royalist Ligue d'Action Française. Founded in 1905 by Charles Maurras, it was composed of 60,000 members whose stated goal was to abolish the Third Republic, in order to restore the Bourbon monarchy and thus revert to the status quo of before the 1848 Revolution. Action Française endorsed a royal restoration, but this specific goal served as a rallying theme for a more general series of ideas, appealing to political Catholics, nationalists and anti-democrats opposed to the secular, internationalist and parliamentary type of republicanism associated with the Radical-Socialists and the Radicals. Although no longer a major mobilised political force, it had great prestige among the rest of the French right and had succeeded in spreading its ideas to other conservatives. The actual street agitation associated with Action Française was performed largely by its youth wing, the Camelots du Roi, which had much influence with students, and was prone to street brawls with leftists students in the Latin Quarter.
The Jeunesses Patriotes ("Patriot Youth") had been initiated by Pierre Taittinger, deputy of Paris, in 1924. With 90,000 members, including 1,500 "elites", it claimed the legacy of the Ligue des Patriotes. Their main point of difference from Action Française was that they did not seek to abolish the republic and restore the monarchy; their chief goal was to end the forty year dominance of Radical-Socialists and Radicals in government, giving the republic a more Catholic and authoritarian direction. The Jeunesses Patriotes had close links with mainstream right-wing politicians, notably the main party of the religious right, the Fédération Républicaine, and boasted several of the capital's municipal councillors in their ranks.
Solidarité Française ("French Solidarity"), founded in 1933 by the Bonapartist deputy and perfume magnate François Coty, had no precise political objectives and few members.
Francisme and others. Marcel Bucard's Francisme had adopted all the elements of the fascist ideology, while the Fédération des contribuables ("Taxpayers federation") shared its political objectives with the other leagues.
The Croix-de-Feu (Cross of Fire). The Croix-de-Feu had been created in 1926 as a World War I veterans association. The most important league by membership numbers, it had extended its recruitment in 1931 to other categories of the population, as directed by Colonel François de la Rocque. Like the other leagues, they also had "combat" and "self-defense" groups, known as "dispos". Although many on leftists accused it of having become fascist, especially after the crisis, historians now categorise it as a populist social-Catholic protest society, and that La Rocque's reluctance to order his protesters to join with the other leagues in attacking parliament directly was a major reason for the riots' failure to escalate into a regime change.
Veterans' associations. The veterans' associations which had participated with the demonstrations of January also began demonstrating on 6 February. The most important, the  (UNC), directed by a Parisian municipal counsellor whose ideas were similar to the rightists', counted 900,000 members.
Finally, an indication of the complexity of the situation and the general exasperation of the population, also present were elements associated with the French Communist Party (PCF), including its veterans' association, the  (ARAC).

The riots

On the night of 6 February, the leagues, which had gathered in different places in Paris, all converged on Place de la Concorde, located in front of the Bourbon Palace, but on the other side of the river Seine. The police and guards managed to defend the strategic bridge of the Concorde, despite being the target of all sorts of projectiles. Some rioters were armed, and the police fired on the crowd. Disturbances lasted until 2:30 AM. 16 people were killed and 2,000 injured, most of them members of the Action Française.

Far-rightist organisations had the most important role in the riots; most of the UNC veterans avoided the Place de la Concorde, creating some incidents near the Elysée Palace, the president's residence. However, Communists belonging to the rival leftist veterans' organization ARAC may have been involved; one public notice afterward condemned the governing centre-left coalition (known as the Cartel des gauches) for having shot unarmed veterans who shouted "Down with the thieves, long live France!".

While on the right side of the Seine (north, on the Place de la Concorde), the policemen's charges contained the rioters with difficulty, the Croix-de-feu had chosen to demonstrate in the south. The Palais Bourbon, the building used by the National Assembly, is much more difficult to defend on this side, but the Croix-de-feu limited themselves to surrounding the building without any major incident before dispersing. Because of this attitude, they earned the pejorative nickname of Froides Queues in the far-rightist press. Contrary to the other leagues which were intent on abolishing the Republic, it thus seemed that Colonel de la Rocque finally decided to respect the legality of the republican (unlike the Action Française) and parliamentary (unlike the Jeunesses Patriotes) regime.

In the National Assembly, the rightists attempted to take advantage of the riots to cause the Cartel des gauches government to resign. The leftists, however, rallied around president of the Council Édouard Daladier. The session was ended after blows were exchanged between left and right-wing deputies.

Consequences of the riots

Daladier's resignation and the formation of a National Union government
During the night, Daladier took the first measures to obtain the re-establishment of public order. He did not exclude the possibility of declaring a state of emergency, although he finally decided against it. However, the next day the judiciary and the police resisted his directives. Moreover, most of his ministers and his party denied him their endorsement. Thus, Daladier finally chose to resign. This was the first time during the Third Republic that a government had to resign because of pressure from street demonstrations.

The crisis was finally resolved with the formation of a new government directed by former president of the Republic (1924–31) Gaston Doumergue, a rightist Radical Republican who was ostensibly the only figure acceptable to both the far-rightist leagues and to the centrist parliamentary parties. Termed a "National Union government", in reality it was a government containing all political traditions but excluding the Socialist and Communist parties. It included the most important politicians of the parliamentary right wing, among them the Liberal André Tardieu, Radical Louis Barthou, and social-Catholic Louis Marin, although also included were several members of the centre-left (the Radical-Socialist and similar smaller parties), plus War Minister Philippe Pétain, who would later command the collaborationist Vichy regime during World War II.

Toward the union of the left wing

After 6 February, leftists were convinced that a fascist putsch had occurred. The importance of the anti-parliamentarist activity of far-rightist leagues was undeniable. Some of them, such as the Francisque, had copied all of their characteristics from the Italian Fascio leagues which had marched on Rome in 1922, thus resulting in the imposition of the fascist regime. Although historian Serge Bernstein has showed that Colonel de la Rocque had probably been convinced of the necessity of respecting constitutional legality, this was not true of all members of his Croix-de-feu society, which also shared, at least superficially, some characteristics of the fascist leagues, in particular their militarism and fascination for parades.

On 9 February 1934, a socialist and communist counter-demonstration occurred while Daladier was being replaced by Doumergue. Nine people were killed during incidents with the police forces. On 12 February the trade union Confédération générale du travail (CGT) (reformist, with some associations with the Socialist Party) and the Confédération générale du travail unitaire (CGTU) (revolutionary, and associated with the communist party) decided to organize a one-day general strike, while the socialist party Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO) and the communist party opted for a separate demonstration. However, at the initiative of the popular base of these societies, the demonstrations finally united themselves into one. Thus, this day marked a first tentative union between the socialists and the communists. It had at its core the anti-fascism shared by both Marxist parties; a union had been opposed since the division of the 1920 Tours Congress, but this new rapprochement resulted in the 1936 Popular Front (consisting of radicals and socialists and endorsed without participation in the government by the Communist party). This antifascist union was in acordance with Stalin's directives to the Comintern, which had asked the European communist parties to ally with other leftist parties, including social-democrats and socialists, in order to block the contagion of fascist and anti-communist regimes in Europe.

Furthermore, several anti-fascist organizations were created after the riots, such as the Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes (Watchfulness Committee of Antifascist Intellectuals, created in March 1934) which included philosopher Alain, ethnologist Paul Rivet and physicist Paul Langevin. The anarchists also participated with many antifascist actions.

The radicalization of the rightists
After the crisis, the parliamentary rightists also began to get closer to the counter-revolutionary far rightists. Several of its main activists would lose all trust in parliamentary institutions. Daniel Halévy, a French historian of Jewish ancestry, publicly declared that since 6 February 1934 he was now a "man of the extreme right". Although he personally abhorred Italian fascism or German national socialism, he later endorsed the Pétain regime of Vichy. The radicalization of the rightists would accelerate after the election of the Popular Front in 1936 and the Spanish Civil War (1936–39).

The American journalist John Gunther wrote in 1940 that the Croix-de-feu "could easily have captured the Chamber of Deputies. But [de la Rocque] held his men back. 'France wasn't ready,' he explained". It was possible, Gunther said, that "like Hitler, he hopes to gain power by legal means". To the far rightists, 6 February represented a failed opportunity to abolish the Republic, which only presented itself again in 1940 after the balance had been changed by the étrange défaite (Marc Bloch) or "divine surprise" (Charles Maurras), that is the 1940 defeat during the Battle of France against Germany. This deception prompted several far-right members to radicalize themselves, endorsing fascism, Nazism, or the wartime Vichy regime.

Despite the claims of the leftists, the 6 February crisis was not a fascist conspiracy. The far-rightist leagues were not united enough and most of them lacked any specific objectives. However, their violent methods, their paramilitary appearances, their cult of leadership, etc., explained why they have often been associated with fascism. Other than these appearances, however, and their will to see the parliamentary regime replaced by an authoritarian regime, historians René Rémond and Serge Bernstein do not consider that they had a real fascist project. Opposing this opinion, other historians, such as Michel Dobry or Zeev Sternhell, considered them as being fully fascist leagues. Brian Jenkins claimed it was pointless to seek a fascist essence in France and preferred to make comparisons which resulted, according to him, in a convergence between Italian fascism and the majority of the French leagues, in particular the Action Française (in other words, Jenkins considers fascism an Italian historic phenomenon, and though a fascist-like philosophy existed in France, it should not be termed "fascist" as that name should be reserved for Benito Mussolini's politics).

See also
Battle of Cable Street
Bonus March
Cartel des gauches
Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes
Far-right leagues
French Third Republic (1871–1940)
Geneva fusillade of 9 November 1932
Interwar France
January 6 United States Capitol Attack

References

Further reading
 Beloff, Max. "The Sixth of February." in James Joll, ed. The Decline of the Third Republic (1959)
 Dobry, Michel. "February 1934 and the Discovery of French Society's Allergy to the 'Fascist Revolution." in Brian Jenkins, ed. France in the Era of Fascism: Essays on the French Authoritarian Right (Berghahn. 2005) pp 129–50
 Hoisington, William A. "Toward the Sixth of February: Taxpayer Protest in France, 1928–1934." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques (1976): 49–67. in JSTOR
 Jankowski, Paul. "The sixth of February 1934: the press against the historians?." Contemporary French Civilization 45.1 (2020): 89-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3828/cfc.2020.6
 Jenkins, Brian. "The six fevrier 1934 and the 'Survival' of the French Republic." French History 20.3 (2006): 333–351; historiography
 Jenkins, Brian. "Plots and rumors: Conspiracy theories and the six février 1934." French Historical Studies 34.4 (2011): 649–678.
 Jenkins, Brian, and Chris Millington. France and Fascism: February 1934 and the Dynamics of Political Crisis (Routledge, 2015)
 Kennedy, Sean. Reconciling France Against Democracy: The Croix de Feu and the Parti Social Francais, 1927–1945 (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2007)
 Millington, Chris. Fighting for France: Violence in Interwar French Politics (Oxford UP, 2018).
 Passmore, Kevin. "The historiography of fascism in France." French Historical Studies 37.3 (2014): 469–499.
Soucy, Robert, French Fascism: The Second Wave, 1933–1939. (Yale University Press, 1995)
 Warner, Geoffrey. "The Stavisky Affair and the Riots of February 6th 1934." History Today (1958): 377–85.

In French
 Blanchard, Emmanuel. "Le 6 février 1934, une crise policière?." Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire 4 (2015): 15–28.
 Rémond, René. "Explications du 6 février." Revue International des Doctrines et des Institution 2 (1959): 218–30.
 (dir.), Le Mythe de l'allergie française au fascisme, éd. Éditions Albin Michel, 2003
 Danielle Tartatowsky, Les Manifestations de rue en France. 1918–1968, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1998
 Michel Winock, La Fièvre hexagonale : Les grandes crises politiques de 1871 à 1968, éd. du Seuil, coll. « Points »-histoire, 1999,

External links
 6 fevrier 1934: Manifestation sanglante a Paris ("6 February 1934: Bloody Demonstration in Paris")

French Third Republic
Far-right politics in France
Riots and civil disorder in France
Police brutality in Europe
1934 in France
Fascist revolts
1934 in Paris
1934 riots
1934 protests
February 1934 events
Attacks on legislatures

6 February 1934 crisis


Niall Quinn (born 22 August 1988 in Dunboyne) is an Irish motor racing driver, currently living in County Meath, Ireland.

Early career
1999- 3rd place in Irish Karting Championship in Cadet
2000- 1st place in Irish Karting Championship in Cadet
2002- 3rd place in Irish Karting Championship in Junior Intercontinental "A" (JICA)
2003- 1st place in Irish Karting Championship in Junior Intercontinental "A" (JICA)
2004- 5th place in Irish Karting Championship in Formula A
2005- 1st place in Irish Karting Championship in Formula A

Niall Quinn is the only driver in Irish karting history to win Cadet, JICA and Formula "A", the three premier categories in Irish Karting. Quinn also was a junior kart champion, awarded the award in late 2003.

At the end of 2005 Quinn won a worldwide driver shoot-out to win a contract to drive in the Red BullJunior team.

2006
In 2006 Quinn raced in the Formula BMW UK Championship as a Red Bull Junior driver. With Carlin Motorsport, he was the early leader in the Rookie Cup Championship, for first-time car racers. Quinn finished 3rd in the Rookie Cup Standings, and an 11th position and 5th place in the Formula BMW World Finals (the end of year world championship) with Holzer RennSport was the highlight of the year.

Quinn was dropped by Red Bull and came 3rd in the 2006 Motorsport Ireland Young Racing Driver of the Year awards.

2007
In 2007 Quinn raced in the Formula BMW Germany Series with Holzer RennSport. He finished 7th in the standings, and scored two podium finishes.

Niall was named Motorsport Ireland Young Racing Driver of the Year in November 2007. As part of this award he won the chance to drive for A1GP Team Ireland in the Australian race at Eastern Creek, Sydney in February 2008.

2008–2010

In January 2008 Quinn competed in four rounds of the Asian Formula Three series in Batangas, Philippines with Aran Racing. On his Formula Three debut he scored two second-place finishes.

He drove as Rookie driver for Team Ireland in A1GP World Cup of Motorsport, season 3, for the Australian, South African, Mexican, Chinese and Great British rounds of the series. He was signed again signed up for season 4 as rookie driver.

He competed in early rounds of the British Formula 3 series in the National class with Team Loctite in a Dallara Mugen-Honda. Later in the season he raced in the German F3 championship for one round at Oschersleben with Van Amersfoort Racing in a Dallara Volkswagen.

Niall won the Formula Palmer Audi Autumn Trophy, with two wins and 4 podiums.

Despite the success in 2008, Quinn did not race full-time in 2009, only testing for A1 Team Ireland and appearing in a few exhibition events such as the Goodwood Festival of Speed and the Dublin Grand Prix.

He has signed on with Team PBIR to race in the Firestone Indy Lights series beginning with the inaugural race at Barber Motorsports Park in April 2010.

Racing results

American open-wheel racing results
(key)

Indy Lights

References

External links
 Niall Quinn's official website
 Motorsport.com  Niall Quinn

1988 births
Living people
Asian Formula Three Championship drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
German Formula Three Championship drivers
Indy Lights drivers
Irish racing drivers
Motorsport people from County Meath
A1 Grand Prix Rookie drivers
Formula Palmer Audi drivers
Formula BMW ADAC drivers
Formula BMW UK drivers
Van Amersfoort Racing drivers
Carlin racing drivers
People from Dunboyne

Niall Quinn (racing driver)


Marcella Silvestri (born 25 April 1961) is an Italian voice actress. She contributes to voice characters in cartoons, anime, movies and more content.

Career
Silvestri is well known for providing the voice of the protagonist Hamtaro in the Italian language of the anime series Hamtaro. She also provided the voice of Koyuki Azumaya in the Italian-language version of the anime series Keroro Gunso. And She Known The Voice of Misaki Uzumaki in the Italian-language version of the anime series of Naruto.

She works at Merak Film, Studio P.V., Studio Asci and other dubbing studios in Italy.

Voice work

Anime and animation
 Miki in Angel's Friends
 Hay Lin in W.I.T.C.H.
 Hamtaro in Tottoko Hamtaro
 Hamtaro in Tottoko Hamutaro Hai!
 Luna in Ronin Warriors
 Koyuki Azumaya in Keroro Gunso
 Emma in Stoked
 Princess Ami in Puppy in My Pocket: Adventures in Pocketville
 Alice Gehabich in Bakugan Battle Brawlers
 Alice Gehabich in Bakugan Battle Brawlers: New Vestroia
 Simon in Alvin and the Chipmunks (TV series)
 Shirousa in Sugarbunnies
 Shirousa in Sugarbunnies: Chocolat!
 Shirousa in Sugarbunnies: Fleur
 Krillin (First dub) in Dragon Ball Z
 Krillin in Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge (Second dub)
 Krillin in Dragon Ball Z: Return of Cooler (Second dub)
 Mme. Fluffé in Best Ed
 Angelina Jeanette Mouseling in Angelina Ballerina
 Angelina Jeanette Mouseling in Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps
 Ruby in Jewelpet
 Miki in Shugo Chara!
 Burdine Maxwell in Bratz (TV series)
 Zoisite (Second voice) in Sailor Moon
 Berthier in Sailor Moon R
 VesVes in Sailor Moon S
 Francis X. Bushlad in Taz-Mania
 Misuzu Midorikawa in Lady!!
 Misuzu Midorikawa and Sophie Montgomery in Hello! Lady Lynn
 Harley Quinn in The Batman
 Doremi Harukaze in Ojamajo Doremi
 Jirōmaru Takaba in Bakusō Kyōdai Let's & Go!!
 Reika in Genesis of Aquarion
 Milo Oblong in The Oblongs
 Benji in Jin Jin and the Panda Patrol
 Ally in Eon Kid
 Yū Inagawa in Comic Party
 Natsue Awayuki in Prétear
 Stashia in Megami Paradise
 Keshimaru in Pastel Yumi, the Magic Idol
 Madoka Ayukawa in Kimagure Orange Road (First dub)
 Corona in Spider Riders
 Kanade Yumeno in Onegai My Melody
 Arnold Perlstein in The Magic School Bus'
 Nancy in The Story of Pollyanna, Girl of Love Athena Gilnande in Najica Blitz Tactics Nut in Magical Angel Sweet Mint Arbell, Bellemere, Kodama, Makino (Episode 45), Nico Olvia, and Michael and Hoichael's mother in One Piece Shuzo "Shu" Matsutani in Legendz Sherry LeBlanc in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's Miyu in Vampire Princess Miyu Ryoko Tsugumo in Area 88 Lum in Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer (Second dub)
 Juliet in Romeo x Juliet Geo in Team Umizoomi Gerty in Pic Me Susan Test in Johnny Test Sidney Poindexter in Danny Phantom Mooris Moony in Ricky Sprocket: Showbiz Boy Willow in A Kind of Magic Ethelbert the Tiger in Ethelbert the Tiger Kyoko Aoi in Future GPX Cyber Formula Aiko Nonohara in Hime-chan's Ribbon Tsukushi Makino in Boys Over Flowers Ken in Floral Magician Mary Bell Damia in Bosco Adventure Verdi in The Mozart Band and others

Live action shows and movies
 Marie Rogers in Romeo! Geena Fabiano in Unfabulous Dulcea in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie Katie in I Hate My 30's Raquel 'Rocky' Donatelli in Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County Maddie Harrington in Ally McBeal Samantha Morgan in Hang Time (TV series) Julia Field in Rituals (TV series)''
 and others

See also
 List of non-English language Stoked voice actors

References

External links

Living people
Actors from Genoa
Italian voice actresses
1961 births

Marcella Silvestri


Clarence Otto Kraft (June 9, 1887 – March 26, 1958) was an American Major League Baseball player. He played in three games for the Boston Braves in , but only appeared once in the field (at first base). He went 1-for-3 at the plate with one strikeout.

His greater claims to fame came later, in the minor leagues. The first came immediately after his Major League career ended. The Braves had acquired Kraft from the Brooklyn Robins, and returned Kraft to them in July. Brooklyn tried to send Kraft to the minor leagues, but Kraft sought the protection of the newly formed Fraternity of Professional Baseball Players of America, which under the terms of a new agreement with the Major League teams would allow Kraft to tender his services to higher-classed minor league teams. Under this clause, Kraft signed with the Class AA Newark Indians. However, the National Commission ruled that the rule could not be applied retroactively, and that Kraft's rights belonged to the Class A Nashville Volunteers. Kraft refused to report to the Volunteers, however, and the dispute was only settled when Robins owner Charles Ebbets paid Nashville $2,500 to rescind their claim on Kraft.

Later, playing for the Fort Worth Panthers, Kraft led the Texas League in home runs three straight times (–). In 1924, he hit 55 home runs and drove in 196 runs for the Panthers while batting .349. That season, he set several league records that stand to this day, including most runs scored (150), extra base hits (96), total bases (414) and runs batted in. Following the season, he announced his retirement and opened an auto dealership. He later served as a judge for Tarrant County before his death in 1958.

References

External links

1887 births
1958 deaths
Major League Baseball first basemen
Boston Braves players
McLeansboro Billikens players
McLeansboro Merchants players
Evansville River Rats players
Flint Vehicles players
Clarksdale Swamp Angels players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Newark Indians players
Harrisburg Senators players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Wilkes-Barre Barons (baseball) players
Fort Worth Panthers players
Baseball players from Evansville, Indiana
County judges in Texas

Clarence Kraft


The Pavillon de Breteuil lies in the southeastern section of the Parc de Saint-Cloud in Saint-Cloud, France, to the west of Paris. It is listed in France as a historic monument.Since 1875 it has been the headquarters of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM).

History
Built overlooking the River Seine by Thomas Gobert in the parkland surrounding the Château de Saint-Cloud, the building was inaugurated by Louis XIV in 1672 and first known as the Trianon de Saint-Cloud. The Trianon was renamed as the Pavillon du Mail in 1743 after being slightly modified.

In 1785 the whole of the château estate (the Domaine de Saint-Cloud), including the pavillon, was acquired by Marie Antoinette, the queen of Louis XVI. For his part in arranging the acquisition of the pavillon, the queen granted Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil the use of the estate, and he made the pavillon his official residence, and it was renamed to the Pavillon de Breteuil.

During the French Revolution (1789–99), Breteuil fled from France, and the state took ownership of the pavillon. Following the revolution, the pavillon was renovated by Napoleon, renamed as the Pavillon d'Italie. Until the fall of Napoleon in 1815, it was used as accommodation for visiting royalty.

Following another restoration started in 1817, the pavillon, now the Pavillon de Breteuil again, was used as the official residence of a series of officials and dignitaries up until the start of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). In 1870, as a result of shelling during that war, the château was destroyed and the pavillon was badly damaged.

Usage
In 1875, the Diplomatic Conference of the Metre in Paris, which had been convened by the French government to try to reach an agreement on international collaboration for the maintenance and development of the metric system, established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) To facilitate its work on the formulation of international standards, the French government offered  the use of a site in the Domaine de Saint-Cloud, which included the badly war-damaged Pavillon de Breteuil.

Following an agreement signed on 25 April 1969 with the French government, functional privileges and immunities were granted to the BIPM as an international organisation operating on the site of the Pavillon de Breteuil.

It is the home of the International Prototype of the Kilogram, which lost its status as a standard on 20 May 2019.

Since 1900, the building has been listed as part of the Domaine national de Saint-Cloud as an historic monument in France.

References

External links
 BIPM History of the Pavillon de Breteuil

Buildings and structures in Hauts-de-Seine

Pavillon de Breteuil


A wallaroo is an Australian macropod with its size between the big kangaroos and the small wallabies. The name "wallaroo" is a mix of wallaby and kangaroo. Most wallaroos are smaller than a kangaroo, and live in open, rocky country. Wallaroo means "rock kangaroo". There are three types of wallaroo. They all stand the same way: wrists raised, elbows close into the body, and shoulders back, and all have a large, black nose.

Wallaroo species

Macropus robustus
The eastern wallaroo, Macropus robustus, sometimes called the, common wallaroo or just wallaroo lives on the sides of the Great Dividing Range (which runs for more than 3,000 km along the eastern and south-eastern coast of Australia). There are four subspecies of Eastern Wallaroo:
 the Eastern Wallaroo, which lives across Australia
 the Euro, also widespread
 one that lives only on Barrow Island
 one that lives only in the Kimberley area of Western Australia

Macropus bernardus
Woodward's wallaroo or black wallaroo, Macropus bernardus, lives in steep, rocky ground in Arnhem Land. Between 60 to 70 cm in length (without tail) it is the smallest wallaroo and the most heavily built. Males weigh 19 to 22 kg, females about 13 kg.

Macropus antilopinus
The antilopine wallaroo, Macropus antilopinus, also called the antilopine kangaroo, is different to other wallaroos. It is, more like the eastern and western grey kangaroos. It lives in groups on the grassy plains and woodlands, where the other wallaroos live by themselves.

References

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia

Wallaroo


Agilodocodon was a shrew-sized docodont from the Middle Jurassic. It is the earliest known tree-climbing mammal-like therapsid.

Agilodocodon scansorius was about 13 centimeters from head to tail, and weighed about 27 grams. Its appearance was similar to a squirrel, with a long snout, curved, horny claws and flexible ankle and wrist joints typical of modern arboreal mammals. The front teeth were spade-like, indicating that Agilodocodon scansorius could gnaw tree bark and eat gum or sap.

This interpretation is questioned by another palaeontologist. He thinks Agilodocodon'''s teeth "are quite different" from the modern sap-eating monkeys, and the long, thin lower jaw seems too weak for gnawing tree bark.

 Discovery
The fossils of Agilodocodon scansorius, with  the mole-like Docofossor brachydactylus, were found by farmers in the Chinese Tiaojishan Formation. They were got and examined by the Beijing Museum of Natural History. The species Agilodocodon scansorius was reported in the journal Science'' in 2015.

References

Docodonts

Agilodocodon


Claypool Comics is an American comic book publishing company that was founded in 1993, known for publishing such titles as Peter David's Soulsearchers and Company and Elvira, Mistress of the Dark comics, as well as Richard Howell's Deadbeats and, (with Steve Englehart), Phantom of Fear City.  Ed Via is Claypool's publisher and editor-in-chief, while Richard Howell serves as editor.

The company published 336 issues in total. Deadbeats ran 82 issues, as did Soulsearchers and Company, with three Deadbeats trade paperback collections and two for Soulsearchers. Elvira ran for 166 issues, with two trade paperback collections. There were 12 issues of Phantom of Fear City. There was also a Free Comic Book Day flip-book which was half Deadbeats and half Soulsearchers.

In July 2006, Claypool announced that the print end of its published line would cease, as Diamond Comic Distributors, the industry's major distribution arm, would no longer carry it.

Deadbeats made the shift to Internet publication in April 2007, appearing on the Claypool Comics website with new episodes every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

References

External links
Official site

RIP Claypool

Comic book publishing companies of the United States
Defunct comics and manga publishing companies
1993 establishments in New Jersey
Publishing companies established in 1993
Companies based in Bergen County, New Jersey

Claypool Comics


Hens and Kelly, established in 1892 by Mathias J. Hens and Patrick J. Kelly, was a chain of department stores based in Buffalo, New York.  They were early adopters of S&H Green Stamps as a promotional incentive for repeat customers.  The downtown store was located at 478 Main Street at the corner of Mohawk Street.  The first branch location opened in December 1950, in South Buffalo at 2262 Seneca Street.  It closed in 1959.  Other stores followed in the L.B. Smith Plaza in Lackawanna, New York; 2863 Bailey Avenue, in Buffalo; and the Transitown Plaza, in Clarence, New York.

Hens and Kelly opened a $4 million (~$ in ) store at South Shore Plaza in Hamburg, New York in 1960, signaling a major expansion of the department store to the growing Buffalo suburbs.  The following year a new store opened at Northtown Plaza in Amherst, New York.  By the mid-1970s stores also operated at the Como Mall in Cheektowaga, New York, Village Shopping Center in East Aurora, New York, and Summit Park Mall, in Wheatfield, New York.  In 1967, the chain was purchased by the Sperry & Hutchinson company and in 1978, by Twin Fair, Inc.  Hens & Kelly was closed in 1982 when Twin Fair was acquired by Federated Department Stores.

References

Further reading
Rizzo, Michael F. (2007) Nine Nine Eight: The Glory Days of Buffalo Shopping Lulu Enterprises, Inc.; Morrisville, North Carolina. .

History of Buffalo, New York
Defunct department stores based in New York State
Companies based in Buffalo, New York

Hens and Kelly


James Blunt (born James Hillier Blount; 22 February 1974) is an English singer, songwriter, and musician. A former reconnaissance officer in the Life Guards regiment of the British Army, he served under NATO during the 1999 Kosovo War. After he left the military, he rose to fame in 2004 with the release of his debut album Back to Bedlam, achieving worldwide fame with the singles "You're Beautiful" and "Goodbye My Lover". Blunt's first album has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, topping the UK Albums Chart and peaking at number two in the US. "You're Beautiful" reached number one in thirteen countries, including the UK and the USA. Back to Bedlam was the best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK, and is one of the best-selling albums in UK chart history.

Blunt's second album, All the Lost Souls, released in 2007, reached number 1 in twelve countries. He went on to release a further five albums: Some Kind of Trouble (2010), Moon Landing (2013), The Afterlove (2017), Once Upon a Mind (2019) and Blunt's seventh studio album, Who We Used to Be, released in October 2023.

Blunt has sold over 20 million records worldwide. He has received several awards, including two Brit Awards—winning Best British Male in 2006—two MTV Video Music Awards, and two Ivor Novello Awards, as well as receiving five Grammy Award nominations and an Honorary Doctorate of Music in 2016 from the University of Bristol.

Early life
Blunt was born James Hillier Blount on 22 February 1974 at Tidworth Camp military hospital in Hampshire, the first of three children born to Jane Ann Farran ( Amos) and Colonel Charles Blount. His mother started up a ski chalet company in the French Alpine resort of Méribel, while his father was a cavalry officer in the 13th/18th Royal Hussars and then a helicopter pilot, becoming Colonel of the Army Air Corps. The family has a long history of military service, dating back to the 10th-century arrival of their Danish ancestors in England.

Blunt grew up primarily in St Mary Bourne, Hampshire, but moved every two years according to his father's military postings around England (Middle Wallop, Netheravon, and York) as well as Cyprus (Nicosia) and Germany (Soest). He also spent time in Cley-next-the-Sea, where his father owned the Cley Windmill. He was educated at Elstree School in Woolhampton and then Harrow School, Middlesex, gaining A-levels in physics, chemistry, and economics. He then went to the University of Bristol, where he read aerospace manufacturing engineering and sociology, graduating in 1996 with a BSc (Hons). In March 2022 he was the subject of 'James Blunt: From A to Z', broadcast by Burst Radio, Bristol University's radio station. Like his father, Blunt is a pilot and gained his fixed-winged private pilot licence at age 16. He also developed a keen interest in motorbikes around this time.

Military service
Having been sponsored through university on an army bursary, Blunt was committed to serve a minimum of four years in the armed forces. He trained at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, in intake 963, and was commissioned into the Life Guards, a reconnaissance regiment. He rose to the rank of captain. The Life Guards, part of the Household Cavalry Regiment, were primarily based in Combermere Barracks. Blunt was trained in British Army Training Unit Suffield in Alberta, Canada, where his regiment was posted for six months in 1998 to act as the opposing army in combat training exercises.

In 1999, Blunt volunteered to join a Blues and Royals squadron deploying with NATO to Kosovo. Initially assigned to carry out reconnaissance of the North Macedonia–Yugoslavia border, Blunt's troop worked ahead of the front lines, locating and targeting Serbian forces for the NATO bombing campaign. On 12 June 1999, the troop led the 30,000-strong NATO peacekeeping force from the North Macedonia border towards Pristina International Airport. However, a Russian military contingent had moved in and taken control of the airport before his unit's arrival. American NATO commander Wesley Clark ordered that the unit forcibly take the airport from the Russians. General Mike Jackson, the British commander, refused the order, telling Clark that they were "not going to start World War Three for you". Blunt has said that he would have refused to obey such an order if General Jackson had not blocked it.

During Blunt's Kosovo assignment, he had brought along his guitar strapped to the outside of his tank and would sometimes perform for locals and troops. While on duty there he wrote the song "No Bravery". Blunt extended his military service in November 2000, and was posted to the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment in London, as a member of the Queen's Guard. During this posting, he was featured on the television programme Girls on Top, a series highlighting unusual career choices. He stood guard at the coffin of the Queen Mother Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon during her lying in state and was part of the associated funeral procession on 9 April 2002.

A keen skier, Blunt captained the Household Cavalry alpine ski team in Verbier, Switzerland, becoming the Royal Armoured Corps giant slalom champion in 2000. He left the army on 1 October 2002 having served six years.

Music career

Early career
Blunt had piano and violin lessons as a child, but was introduced to the electric guitar aged 14 at Harrow by a fellow student. His dissertation at Bristol University was entitled The Commodification of Image – Production of a Pop Idol. One of his sources was Simon Frith, a sociologist and rock critic, and chair of the Mercury Music Prize panel of judges since 1992, who later undertook a lecture tour entitled "The unpopular and unpleasant thoughts inspired by the work of James Blunt".

While still in the army, Blunt would write songs during his time off. A backing vocalist and songwriting collaborator suggested he contact Elton John's manager, Todd Interland, with whom she used to share a house. Interland told HitQuarters that he listened to Blunt's demo while driving home and, after hearing the track "Goodbye My Lover", pulled over and called the mobile number written on the CD to set up a meeting.

Blunt left the British Army in 2002 so that he could pursue his musical career. He started using the stage name "James Blunt" in part to make it easier for others to spell; "Blount" is pronounced the same way, and remains his legal last name. Shortly after leaving the army he was signed to EMI music publishers and to Twenty-First Artists management. A record contract remained elusive, with label executives pointing to his posh speaking voice as a barrier in class-divided Britain. Linda Perry, who was just launching her own label Custard Records in early 2003, heard Blunt's promotional tape when visiting London, and soon after heard him perform live at the South by Southwest Music Festival. She made an offer to him the same night, and within a few days he signed a recording contract with her. A month later, he travelled to Los Angeles to meet producer Tom Rothrock.

2003–2006: Back to Bedlam

Blunt recorded Back to Bedlam in 2003 with Rothrock as producer in Conway Recording Studios at Rothrock's home studio in Los Angeles, playing many instruments himself. During recording, he lodged with actress Carrie Fisher. Fisher contributed in naming the album, and he recorded the song "Goodbye My Lover" in her bathroom. Back to Bedlam was released in the UK in October 2004.

Blunt's debut single in the UK was "High" (co-written with Ricky Ross of Deacon Blue). This song initially peaked below the Top 100 of the UK Singles Chart; after the subsequent success of "You're Beautiful" it made the Top 75 before being re-released. The song was chosen to appear in a Vodafone commercial in Italy, and was a Top 10 hit in that country.

The debut album from the unknown Blunt initially attracted little critical attention; there were no published reviews from major UK music journals. His live performances, mainly in support of better-known musicians, received generally favourable reviews. His lack of performing experience and inconsistent approach with audiences was commented upon, while his music was likened to that of Damien Rice and David Gray.

In March 2004, with Blunt performing in the support role for Katie Melua in Manchester, Alex McCann of Designer Magazine wrote, "Blunt's ascendance is a dead cert and this time next year it isn't that far removed from reality to suggest that a number one album, Brit Award and countless accolade's [sic] will be his for the taking." After the release of the album, concert support slots for Elton John and Lloyd Cole and the Commotions in late 2004 and early 2005 followed, as did a band residency at London club 93 Feet East. In March 2005, his second single, "Wisemen", was released.

Blunt's third single, "You're Beautiful", was his break-out hit. The song debuted at number 12 in the UK, and reached number one six weeks later. The song received huge airplay in the UK, propelling Back to Bedlam to number one on the UK Albums Chart. The extensive airplay ultimately led to Blunt and his co-writers being awarded the Ivor Novello Award for Most Performed Work.

After the success of "You're Beautiful" in the UK, the song crossed over to mainland Europe, becoming one of the biggest hits of summer 2005 across the continent. In the US, "You're Beautiful" made its debut in the summer of 2005 on WPLJ, a prominent radio station in New York City, despite not having been released to radio. The song was released to radio stations in the autumn of 2005 and climbed into the Top 10 in three radio formats: Adult Contemporary Music, Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks, and Adult album alternative.

Blunt became the first British artist to top the American singles chart in nearly a decade when "You're Beautiful" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2006; the last British artist to do so had been Elton John in 1997 with the song "Candle in the Wind 1997".
"Goodbye My Lover" was released as the fourth UK single from the album in December 2005, and the second US single. The songs "High" and "Wisemen" were subsequently re-released in 2006. Blunt began 2006 celebrating five Brit Award nominations, and went on to win Best British male solo artist and Best pop act categories, having already started an 11-month world tour. On 31 August 2006, he won two awards at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, with "You're Beautiful" winning the award for Best Male Video.

In late 2005, Blunt made appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show and as a musical guest on Saturday Night Live. Eight of the songs on the album were featured in television shows (The O.C., Grey's Anatomy and many more), films (Undiscovered), and advertising campaigns (Hilton Hotels, Sprint telecommunications) throughout 2005 and 2006. He performed "You're Beautiful" at the 49th Grammy Awards in February 2007, dedicating the song to the late Ahmet Ertegün of Atlantic Records, but he did not win in any of the five categories for which he had received nominations (including Best New Artist, won by Carrie Underwood).

The album sold 11.2 million copies and topped the album charts in 16 territories worldwide. It sold 2.6 million in the US and was certified 2× platinum. In Britain the album sold over three million copies, was certified 10× platinum, and entered the Guinness Book of World Records for the fastest selling album in one year.

In 2005, Blunt performed 90 live shows, mainly across the UK and Europe, and supported Jason Mraz in a North American tour. The "Back to Bedlam World Tour" started off in January 2006, covering cities in Europe, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, as well as three separate headline tours in North America, ending in November of that year. Not including promotional appearances, he performed over 140 live shows in 2006.

The videos for all of Blunt's singles from Back To Bedlam feature symbolism and dark imagery. In the first video for "High", he is buried in a desert. In the first video for "Wisemen", he is kidnapped and taken hostage. In the video for "You're Beautiful", he alludes to suicide by jumping off a cliff into the sea. In the "Goodbye My Lover" video, he is the outsider in a love triangle, imagining the couple, a man and woman (played by Matt Dallas of Kyle XY and Mischa Barton of The O.C.) together. The re-release video for "High" features Blunt running in a forest. The re-release video for "Wisemen" has him burning identification papers, and then walking through a forest while he is on fire.

Blunt appeared on an episode of Sesame Street which aired on 14 November 2007, singing about triangles to the tune of "You're Beautiful". A parody of "You're Beautiful" titled "You're Pitiful" was recorded by Weird Al Yankovic. He gave personal permission for this parody to be included on a Weird Al album, but Atlantic Records, his label, stepped in to forbid the commercial release of the song. Weird Al has since made the song available as a free MP3 download on his website. In a request by Yankovic to include the song on an upcoming compilation CD, Blunt's manager replied via email, "Thanks for your email, but both James and I will never approve this parody to be released on any label."

On 28 December 2009, BBC Radio 1 announced that Back to Bedlam was the biggest-selling album of the 2000s decade in the United Kingdom.

2007–2008: All the Lost Souls

Blunt's second studio album, All the Lost Souls, was released on 17 September 2007 in the United Kingdom and one day later in North America. It sold 65,000 units in its first week, and was certified gold in the UK after only four days. By the end of January 2008, the album had sold 600,000 copies in the UK, and 4.5 million copies internationally. Blunt completed the album's songs at his home in Ibiza in the winter of 2006–2007. He performed five of the ten album tracks during his 2005–2006 tours; lyrics, melodies, and harmonies were refined for the studio recording, on which his touring band played and Tom Rothrock worked as producer.

While Blunt's first album received little critical attention, critics from every major music publication, and newspapers around the world, weighed in on All the Lost Souls. The album was met with generally mixed to positive reviews, and maintains a 53/100 rating at Metacritic." Eric Danton, of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and The Hartford Courant wrote that the album is "a collection so bland, it makes hardtack seem sumptuous". However, Kerri Mason of Billboard said Blunt "shows the abandon and confidence of a long-term artist, not just a one-hit wonder" and continued "there is not a misstep throughout". Equally effusive, Liz Hoggard of The Observer wrote that "it's impossible to resist Blunt's troubadour yearning."

The first single from All the Lost Souls, "1973", was inspired by Blunt's nights out at Pacha, an Ibiza club, which opened in that year. The song became another hit, reaching number one on the Billboard European Hot 100 Singles chart. D.J. Pete Tong remixed "1973" and played the track during his set at Pacha over the summer of 2007. The second single, "Same Mistake", was released in early December 2007 but did not fare well in the UK charts, peaking at number 57. It was Number one in Brazil and a hit in many South American countries. The third single from the album was "Carry You Home", released in March 2008, peaking at number 20 in the U.K charts and bringing the album back into the Top 10, six months after its release. The fourth and final single from the original "All The Lost Souls" album was "I Really Want You".

Blunt collaborated twice during this album cycle. In late 2007, he worked with French rapper Sinik. They released "Je Réalise", which took elements of Blunt's song "I'll Take Everything", which hit the top three in France. On 14 November 2008, "Primavera in anticipo", Laura Pausini's new album, was released. The title track is a duet with Blunt. The album reached the Number one in Italy.

Throughout 2007 and 2008, Blunt went on his second world tour, including a performance in London's O2 Arena. In July and August 2008, he supported Sheryl Crow on a 25-date tour along with Toots and the Maytals. On 24 November 2008, All The Lost Souls was re-released as a deluxe edition, with new album artwork, new single "Love, Love, Love" and the documentary James Blunt: Return to Kosovo.

2010–2013: Some Kind of Trouble

Blunt's third studio album titled Some Kind of Trouble, was released on 8 November 2010. The album debuted at number four in the UK with over 100,000 copies sold in the first week. The album's first single "Stay the Night" was released on 27 October 2010. The single did much better in Europe than the UK, sitting at number two on the European Airplay Chart for five consecutive weeks, but only charting at number 37 in the UK top 40. The second single from the album, "So Far Gone" was released in the UK on 3 January 2011. The third single from the album, "If Time Is All I Have" was released in the UK on 4 April 2011. Overall critical reception has been mixed, with Allmusic saying, in a positive review, that "Some Kind of Trouble is a step in the right direction for Blunt, a move toward love songs free of pretension" whilst BBC Music felt "When all's said, Some Kind of Trouble is not a terrible record by any means, but there's little sense that Blunt has advanced, and equally little sense that it'll make any difference to his bottom line."

As of February 2011, worldwide sales stand at over one million copies.

2013–2017: Moon Landing

Blunt's fourth album, Moon Landing, was released on 18 October 2013. It featured production from Back to Bedlam producer Tom Rothrock. The lead single, "Bonfire Heart", debuted at number six before peaking at number four the following week in the UK Singles Chart. The single went to number 1 in Australia, Germany, Switzerland and Austria, and was in the top 10 in several other countries.

On 16 September 2014, Blunt confirmed on his official Instagram account that "Moon Landing" would be re-released on 3 November 2014. The new version of the album was named Moon Landing – Apollo Edition and contained 19 tracks: 11 from the original disc, plus the three bonus tracks of the deluxe version ("Telephone", "Kiss This Love Goodbye", and "Hollywood") and five new tracks ("Smoke Signals", "When I Find Love Again", "Breathe", "Trail of Broken Hearts", and "Working it Out"). The new track "When I Find Love Again" was released as a single that same day, after being played on BBC's Radio 2 for the first time. The official music video for "When I Find Love Again" was released on 14 October 2014. The new version of the album also contains a 19-track live DVD recorded during Blunt's performance in the 2014 edition of the Paléo Festival, Switzerland.

On 3 May 2015, Blunt was confirmed to be replacing Ronan Keating on the seventh season of The X Factor Australia. He was joined by American rock musician Chris Isaak and returning judges Guy Sebastian and Dannii Minogue.

2017–2019: The Afterlove and Walk Away
In early 2016, Blunt announced via his newsletter that he had started work on his fifth album. Titled The Afterlove, it was released in March 2017. In 2019, Blunt collaborated with German DJ and producer Alle Farben to release "Walk Away" in the dance music genre.

2019–present: Once Upon a Mind and Who We Used to Be
Blunt's sixth album, Once Upon a Mind, was released on 25 October 2019. He released the song "Cold" as the lead single on 29 August.

His first "greatest hits" album The Stars Beneath My Feet (2004–2021) was released on 19 November 2021 and included four new songs, two of them released as singles: "Love Under Pressure" and "Unstoppable". A Greatest Hits tour followed, with UK dates in February 2022.

On 2 August 2023, Blunt announced his seventh album, Who We Used to Be, which was released on 27 October 2023, while releasing a single "Beside You" from the album on the same day. Blunt then released singles "All The Love That I Ever Needed" and "The Girl That Never Was", the latter of which was written about Blunt and his wife losing a child through miscarriage. The album was be released the same day as Blunt's "non-memoir" Loosely Based on a Made-Up Story: A Non-Memoir. An in-depth documentary about Blunt's life and career, titled One Brit Wonder, is to be released in UK cinemas for one night only in December 2023.

Personal life

Blunt primarily resides on the Spanish island of Ibiza. He also owns a chalet in the Swiss Alpine village of Verbier, where he has a ski lift named after him. In 2012, alongside motorcycle racer Carl Fogarty and rugby player Lawrence Dallaglio, he opened a restaurant at the top of the ski lift called La Vache. The same year, he was a victim of the News International phone hacking affair and filed for damages in a civil case.

On 6 September 2014, Blunt married Sofia Wellesley, the granddaughter of Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington. Blunt and Wellesley have two sons; the godfather of their elder son is Ed Sheeran, and the godmother was Carrie Fisher.

Blunt received the honorary degree of Doctor of Music (Hon DMus) from the University of Bristol in 2016.

Blunt is an active user of Twitter with over two million followers and a feed notable for self-deprecating humour. In 2020, Constable published a compendium of his tweets as a book called How to Be a Complete and Utter Blunt: Diary of a Reluctant Social Media Sensation.

Charity work
Blunt is a patron of Help for Heroes, a charity that raises money to provide better facilities for wounded British servicemen, and has also held benefit concerts for this charity.

He raises funds for the medical charity Médecins Sans Frontières. He first encountered the non-governmental organisation while on operations in Kosovo. Since then, he has been an active supporter by holding meet-and-greet auctions at many of his concerts, and filming the documentary Return to Kosovo, in which he visited the people and places he had encountered while there.

Blunt also supports environmental causes. He screened the trailer for An Inconvenient Truth at his concerts, and for each advance sales concert ticket purchased through his designated website, a tree is planted. On 7 July 2007, he performed at the Live Earth concert at Wembley Stadium in London. He contributed to the charity single, "Everybody Hurts" in aid of the 2010 Haiti earthquake appeal.

Discography

 Back to Bedlam (2004)
 All the Lost Souls (2007)
 Some Kind of Trouble (2010)
 Moon Landing (2013)
 The Afterlove (2017)
 Once Upon a Mind (2019)
 Who We Used to Be (2023)

Tours
Headlining
Back to Bedlam World Tour (2005–2006)
All the Lost Souls Tour (2008–2009)
Some Kind of Trouble Tour (2011–2012)
Moon Landing World Tour (2014–2015)
The Afterlove Tour (2017–2018)
Once Upon a Mind Tour (2020)
The Stars Beneath My Feet Tour (2022)

Opening act
2004 Tour
The Secret Migration Promo Tour
Peachtree Road Tour
Fall Tour 2005
2008 Summer Tour
÷ Tour

James Blunt Band
Karl Brazil (drums, backing vocals): 2004–present
Ben Castle (lead guitar, backing vocals): 2005–present
John Garrison (bass, guitar, backing vocals): 2007–present
Christopher Pemberton (keyboards, backing vocals): 2014–present
Richard Cardwell (keyboards, backing vocals): 2014–present
Kristoffer Sonne (drums): 2017–present

Former members
Daisy Blount (backing vocals): 2004
Paul Freeman (lead guitar, backing vocals): 2004–2005
Malcolm Moore (bass, backing vocals): 2004–2007, 2010–2014
Paul Beard (piano, keyboards, backing vocals): 2004–2014
Simon Lea (drums): 2014–2015
Morten Hellborn (drums): 2015

Awards and nominations

Brit Awards

|-
|rowspan="5"|2006
|rowspan="3"|James Blunt
|British Pop Act
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|-
|British Male Solo Artist
|
|-
|British Breakthrough Act
|
|-
|Back to Bedlam
|British Album of the Year
|
|-
|"You're Beautiful"
|British Single of the Year
|
|-
|2008
|"1973"
|British Single of the Year
|
|}

BT Digital Music Awards

|-
|2005
|James Blunt
|Best Pop Artist
|
|}

Grammy Awards

|-
|rowspan="5"|2007
|James Blunt
|Best New Artist
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|"You're Beautiful"
|Record of the Year
|
|-
|Song of the Year
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|-
|Best Male Pop Vocal Performance
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|-
|Back to Bedlam
|Best Pop Vocal Album
|
|}

MTV Australia Awards

|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|rowspan="2"|"You're Beautiful"
|Song of the Year
|
|-
|Best Male Artist
|
|}

MTV Europe Music Awards

|-
|rowspan="3"|2005
|rowspan="2"|James Blunt
|Best New Act
|
|-
|Best UK & Ireland Act
|
|-
|"You're Beautiful"
|Best Song
|
|}

MTV Video Music Awards

|-
|rowspan="3"|2006
|rowspan="3"|"You're Beautiful"
|Best New Artist
|
|-
|Best Male Video
|
|-
|Best Cinematography
|
|}

Q Awards

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|rowspan="3"|2005
|James Blunt
|Best New Act
|
|-
|"You're Beautiful"
|Best Track
|
|-
|Back to Bedlam
|Best Album
|
|}

Teen Choice Awards

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|rowspan="4"|2006
|rowspan="2"|James Blunt
|Choice Music: Male Artist
|
|-
|Choice Music: Breakout Male Artist
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|"You're Beautiful"
|Choice Music: Single
|
|-
|Choice Music: Love Song
|
|}

2006
 NRJ Music Award (France) – Best International Newcomer
 Echo Music Prize (Germany) – Best International Newcomer
 NME Awards – Worst Album
 Ivor Novello Awards – Most Performed Work and International Hit of the Year
 World Music Awards – Best New Artist in the World and Biggest Selling British Artist in the World
 Premios 40 Principales – Mejor Artista Revelación Internacional (Nominated)

2007
 IFPI Hong Kong Top Sales Music Awards – Top 10 Best Selling Foreign Albums All the Lost Souls

2008
 Echo Music Prize (Germany) – Best International Male Artist

2010
 Virgin Media Music Awards – The Hottes

2011
Elele Magazine Teen Idol of Turkey 2011

2014
NME Awards for Best Band Blog or Twitter (nominated)
Hungarian Music Awards – Pop/Rock Album of the Year for Moon Landing

2016
 Honorary doctorate from the University of Bristol

References

Bibliography
 Hardy, Peter (2010). Different Country, Same State. London: Headline Publishing Group. . Retrieved 25 August 2013.

External links

1974 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Bristol
20th-century British Army personnel
21st-century British Army personnel
20th-century English singers
21st-century English singers
Atlantic Records artists
BT Digital Music Awards winners
Brit Award winners
British male pianists
British Life Guards officers
British soft rock musicians
Custard Records artists
Echo (music award) winners
English expatriates in Spain
English expatriates in Switzerland
English keyboardists
English male guitarists
English male singers
English male singer-songwriters
English multi-instrumentalists
English people of Danish descent
English pop guitarists
English pop pianists
English pop rock singers
English pop singers
English singer-songwriters
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Ivor Novello Award winners
MTV Europe Music Award winners
MTV Video Music Award winners
Military personnel of the Kosovo War
Musicians from Wiltshire
People educated at Elstree School
People educated at Harrow School
People from St Mary Bourne
People from Tidworth
Warner Music Group artists
World Music Awards winners

James Blunt


The Bombardment of Ellwood during World War II was a naval attack by a Japanese submarine against United States coastal targets near Santa Barbara, California. Though the damage was minimal, the event was key in triggering the West Coast invasion scare and influenced the decision to  intern Japanese-Americans. The event also marked the first shelling of the North American mainland during the conflict.

Background
Following the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, seven Japanese submarines patrolled the American West Coast. They sank two merchant ships and damaged six more, skirmishing twice with U.S. Navy air or sea forces. By the end of December, the submarines had all returned to friendly waters to resupply. However, several had gone to Kwajalein and would pay a return visit to American waters. One of these was the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine . The I-17 displaced  when submerged and was  long. Her armament included six  torpedo tubes and 17 torpedoes, plus a 14-cm deck gun. She carried 101 officers and men, captained by Commander Kozo Nishino.

The Japanese government, concerned about President Roosevelt's radio speech scheduled for February 23, 1942, ordered a Japanese submarine to shell the California coast on that day. A popular story about the attack is that Nishino had been a naval reserve officer before the war and had commanded a pre-war merchant ship that sailed through the Santa Barbara Channel and had once stopped at the Ellwood Oil Field to take on a cargo of oil. However, after graduating from the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1920, Nishino spent his entire career as a submarine crew member and officer and did not command a merchant ship, so the story of his prewar relationship to Santa Barbara is unlikely.

Bombardment
At around 7:00 pm on February 23, 1942, the I-17 came to a stop opposite the Ellwood field on the Gaviota Coast. Nishino ordered the deck gun readied for action. Its crew took aim at a Richfield aviation fuel tank just beyond the beach and opened fire about 15 minutes later with the first rounds landing near a storage facility. The oil field's workmen had mostly left for the day, but a skeleton crew on duty heard the rounds hit. They took it to be an internal explosion until one man spotted the I-17 off the coast. An oiler named G. Brown later told reporters that the enemy submarine looked so big to him he thought it must be a cruiser or a destroyer until he realized that only one gun was firing.

Nishino soon ordered his men to aim at the second storage tank. Brown and the others called the police, as the Japanese shells continued to fall around them.

Firing in the dark from a submarine buffeted by waves, it was inevitable that rounds would miss their target. One round passed over Wheeler's Inn, whose owner Laurence Wheeler promptly called the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office. A deputy sheriff assured him that warplanes were already on their way, but none arrived. The Japanese shells destroyed a derrick and a pump house, while the Ellwood Pier and a catwalk suffered minor damage. After 20 minutes, the gunners ceased fire and the submarine sailed away. Estimates of the number of explosive shells fired ranged from 12 to 25. Although he caused only light damage, Nishino had achieved his purpose, which was to spread fear along the American west coast.  A day later, reports of enemy aircraft led to the so-called "Battle of Los Angeles," in which American artillery was discharged over Los Angeles for several hours due to the mistaken belief that the Japanese were invading.

Reverend Arthur Basham of Montecito called the police to claim he had seen the enemy submarine from his home. He said the I-17 turned south towards Los Angeles, apparently flashing signal lights to someone onshore. In reality, the I-17 had sailed west, safely returning to Japan.

Aftermath
The attack was the first naval bombardment of the United States by a foreign power since the War of 1812 (Battle of Baltimore of 1814 by British Royal Navy), excluding the incidental shelling of coastland Orleans, Massachusetts in 1918. Additionally, at about 5,100 miles east of Japan, the bombardment of Ellwood was the furthest direct attack on a land target that the Japanese Empire made during World War Two, several hundred miles further than the attacks on Sydney Harbor, Australia and Fort Stevens, Oregon in June 1942.

The reports of Nishino's attack caused hundreds to flee inland; many feared that the event was a prelude to a full-scale attack on the West Coast of the United States. Since several people in Santa Barbara claimed to have seen "signal lights", a blackout was ordered for the rest of the night. The claims of signals were used to justify Franklin D. Roosevelt's internment of Japanese Americans, which began just one week later.

One night after the Elwood attack, the Battle of Los Angeles took place. In response to claimed sightings of "enemy aircraft", anti-aircraft batteries opened fire all across the city, causing panic among its residents.

Japanese submarines continued to conduct occasional attacks against allied shipping off the U.S. coast during the rest of the war. Sent to American waters in hopes of targeting warships, the submarines managed to sink only a handful of merchant ships, besides conducting a few minor attacks on shore targets. These consisted of a bombardment of Fort Stevens on the Columbia River, an attack on a Canadian lighthouse on Vancouver Island, and two air raids launched from a submarine in an attempt to start forest fires in southwest Oregon.

See also
 Attack on Orleans
 California during World War II
 American Theater (World War II), detailing attacks and infiltrations on and near the Americas
 1941, a 1979 film by Steven Spielberg, loosely based on the Bombardment of Ellwood

References

Further reading
 Official Chronology of the US Navy in World War II: Chapter V: 1943
 Graham, Otis L.; Bauman, Robert; Dodd, Douglas W.; Geraci, Victor W.; Murray, Fermina Brel. Stearns Wharf: Surviving Change on the California Coast. Graduate Program in Public Historical Studies, University of California, 1994
 Parshall, Jon; Hackett, Bob and Kingsepp, Sander. Imperial Japanese Navy Page: IJN Submarine I-17: Tabular Record of Movement. Retrieved 7/4/2010
 Webber, Bert. Silent Siege: Japanese Attacks Against North America in World War II, Ye Galleon Press, Fairfield, Washington, 1984  (hardcover).

Conflicts in 1942
Maritime history of California

1942 in California
History of Santa Barbara County, California
Naval battles of World War II involving Japan
Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
American Theater of World War II
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
February 1942 events
Japan–United States military relations

Bombardment of Ellwood


Pretty v. United Kingdom (2346/02) was a case decided by European Court of Human Rights in 2002.

Facts

Diane Pretty was suffering from motor neurone disease and was paralysed from the neck down, had little decipherable speech and was fed by a tube. It is not a crime to kill oneself under English law, but the applicant was prevented by her disease from taking such a step without assistance. It is however a crime to assist another to kill themselves (section 2(1) of the Suicide Act 1961).

Pretty wanted her husband to provide her with assistance in suicide. Because giving this assistance would expose the husband to liability, the Director of Public Prosecutions was asked to agree not to prosecute her husband. This request was refused, as was Pretty's appeal before the Law Lords.

Judgment

In a unanimous judgment, the Court, composed of seven judges, found Pretty's application under articles 2, 3, 8, 9 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights admissible, but found no violation of the Convention.

Significant conclusions include that no right to die, whether at the hands of a third person or with the assistance of a public authority, can be derived from Article 2 of the Convention.  As concerns Pretty's right to respect for private life under Article 8, the Court considered that the interference in this case might be justified as "necessary in a democratic society" for the protection of the rights of others.

References

External links
ECHR judgment

Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights cases involving the United Kingdom
Euthanasia in the United Kingdom
Euthanasia case law

Pretty v United Kingdom


Henri "Trollhorn" Sorvali, born 19 October 1978 in Finland, is the guitarist and keyboardist of the pagan metal band Moonsorrow, and keyboardist for Finntroll.

He also played keyboards on a few occasional gigs with The Rasmus in the late 1990s. Besides he was the leader of the folk/ambient project Lunar Womb, which in the end in 1999 was a solo project. He has also played in bands called Thunderdogs and Lakupaavi (a side project done as a joke by members of Moonsorrow), and played as a session musician on Ensiferum's self-titled debut album and Glittertind's mini-album Til Dovre Faller. He created the soundtrack for the 2009 Finnish horror film Black Blooded Brides of Satan. He currently works as a music producer for Rovio Entertainment.

Sorvali gets inspiration from bands like Anthrax, Bal-Sagoth, Bathory, Cannibal Corpse, Darkthrone, Helheim, Maze of Torment, Merciless and Thyrfing. His idols are Frank Zappa, Danny Elfman, and Jeremy Soule.

He is the cousin of Ville Sorvali, frontman of Moonsorrow. He has also worked as a music teacher in the Sibelius-lukio (Sibelius High School) in Helsinki. He no longer plays live with Moonsorrow though he remains active with the band through recording in the studio and composing most of their music. Instead, guitarist Janne Perttilä plays live in his place.

References

1978 births
Finntroll members
Living people
Finnish heavy metal guitarists
Finnish keyboardists
Musicians from Helsinki
Finnish multi-instrumentalists
21st-century guitarists

Henri Sorvali