Songs from the Mountains (1880) is the third collection of poems by Australian poet Henry Kendall, and the last to be published during his lifetime. It was released in hardback by William Maddock in 1880, and features the poet's widely anthologised poems "Bill the Bullock Driver", and "Araluen".

The collection was originally published in 1880 containing the poem "The Song of Ninian Melville".  Immediately after publication the publisher, believing the political satire to be possibly libelous, recalled the edition after some 250 copies had been distributed. The satire was excised and replaced by the poem "Christmas Creek". The book was re-published in January 1881. "Jack Lockley told me that, as a message-boy at Maddock's, he personally delivered to subscribers about one hundred copies of the book before word came to the shop that [Ninian] Melville was about to launch legal proceedings... Jack was promptly sent out to retrace his steps and retrieve the delivered copies. He told me he did manage to collect all but perhaps half a dozen; one copy - like most other such rarities - is now in the Mitchell Library."

The collection includes 35 poems by the author that are reprinted from various sources.

Contents
 "Dedication: To a Mountain"
 "Mary Rivers"
 "Kingsborough"
 "Beyond Kerguelen"
 "Black Lizzie"
 "Hy-Brasil"
 "Jim the Splitter"
 "Mooni"
 "Pytheas"
 "Bill the Bullock Driver"
 "Cooranbean"
 "When Underneath the Brown Dead Grass"
 "The Voice in the Wild Oak"
 "Billy Vickers"
 "Persia"
 "Lilith"
 "Bob"
 "Peter the Piccaninny"
 "Narrara Creek"
 "In Memory of John Fairfax"
 "Araluen"
 "The Sydney International Exhibition"
 "The Song of Ninian Melville" (replaced in the second edition by "Christmas Creek")
 "Orara"
 "The Curse of Mother Flood"
 "On a Spanish Cathedral"
 "Rover"
 "The Melbourne International Exhibition"
 "By the Cliffs of the Sea"
 "Galatea"
 "Black Kate"
 "A Hyde Park Larrikin"
 "Names Upon a Stone"
 "Leichhardt"
 "After Many Years"

Critical reception

At the time of its original publication in Australia The Sydney Mail stated: "Sad songs though many of them be, they are full of great thoughts and lofty aspirations. You may dislike them because they are not all chanted in unison with the bright noontide hymn; but you cannot deny that they are all of the music that floats high above the level of earthly grossness, and that sings, if sometimes among clouds, yet always far above
the spires and mountains, although these are loftier than the level of the unbroken plains beneath."

See also

 1880 in literature
 1880 in Australian literature
 1880 in poetry

References

External links

Poetry by Henry Kendall
Australian poetry collections
1880 books

Songs from the Mountains


Loren Driscoll (April 14, 1928 – April 8, 2008) was an American tenor who had an active international career from the 1950s through the mid-1980s. Driscoll was particularly noted for his performances in contemporary operas and sang in many world premieres.

Biography
Driscoll was born in Midwest, Wyoming and after studies at Syracuse University and Boston University made his professional operatic debut in 1954 as Dr. Cajus in Verdi's Falstaff with Opera of Boston. During the late 1950s and early 1960s Driscoll sang several roles with  Santa Fé Opera. He made his company debut there in 1957 as Tom Rakewell in Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress and went on to sing Edgar Linton in the world premiere of Carlisle Floyd's Wuthering Heights (1958) and Hermann in the United States premiere of Paul Hindemith's Neues vom Tage (1961). In 1962 Driscoll became a principal singer with the Deutsche Oper Berlin and remained based with company for the next 25 years, while also singing at the Salzburg Festival, Glyndebourne, and several other European and North American opera houses.  His great performance at the Deutsche Oper Berlin as Lord Barrat in the opera Der junge Lord by Hans Werner Henze (1965) awarded him the honorary title of "Kammersänger".

He made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 1966 as David in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, a role he sang 23 times with the company between 1966 and 1972. He also appeared at the Met as Alfred in their 1967 production of Die Fledermaus.

In the 1950s Driscoll also sang in  several Broadway musicals: as the Imam of the Mosque/The Bangle Man in Kismet, Freddy Eynsford-Hill in My Fair Lady, and Jerry Devine in the premiere of Marc Blitzstein's Juno (1959).  Also for Blitzstein, Driscoll performed the role of Leo Hubbard in the composer's Regina with the New York City Opera in 1958, and appears on the recording of that production.  Also on record, he can be heard singing in English language performances of Stravinsky's Renard the Fox and The Wedding (the recording of which features Samuel Barber, Aaron Copland, Lukas Foss, and Roger Sessions playing the four pianos).  Both recordings were conducted by Stravinsky himself.

Driscoll died in Berlin, on April 8, 2008.

Opera roles created
Roles created by Loren Driscoll include:
Shridaman in Peggy Glanville-Hicks' Transposed Heads (Phoenix Theatre, New York City, 1958)
Edgar Linton in Carlisle Floyd's Wuthering Heights (Santa Fe Opera, 1958)
Pedro de Alvarado in Roger Sessions' Montezuma (Deutsche Oper Berlin, 1964)
Lord Barrett in Hans Werner Henze's Der junge Lord (Deutsche Oper Berlin, 1965)
Dionysos in Henze's The Bassarids (Salzburg Festival, 1966).
Eumaeus in Luigi Dallapiccola's Ulisse (Deutsche Oper Berlin, 1968)
The Architect in Aribert Reimann's Melusine (Schwetzingen Festival, 1971)
First Officer in Wilhelm Dieter Siebert's Der Untergang der Titanic (The Sinking of the Titantic) (Deutsche Oper Berlin 1979).

References

Sources
Boosey & Hawkes, Siebert, Wilhelm Dieter: Untergang der Titanic (1979)
Cummings, David (ED.), "Driscoll, Loren", International Who's Who in Classical Music, Routledge, 2003, p. 206.
Metropolitan Opera, Performance record: Driscoll, Loren (Tenor), MetOpera Database
Time Magazine, "The Theater: New Musical on Broadway", 23 March 1959

1928 births
2008 deaths
People from Midwest, Wyoming
American male musical theatre actors
American operatic tenors
Singers from Wyoming
Syracuse University alumni
Boston University alumni
Male actors from Wyoming
20th-century American male opera singers

Loren Driscoll


The University of Salzburg (), also known as the Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg, PLUS), is an Austrian public university in Salzburg municipality, Salzburg State, named after its founder, Prince-Archbishop Paris Lodron.

Established in 1622, the university was closed in 1810 and re-established in 1962. Nowadays, it has around 18,000 students and 2,800 employees; it is the largest educational institution in Salzburg State. It is divided into six faculties: Catholic Theology, Law and Economics, Cultural Sciences, Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Analytical and Life Sciences.

Benedictine University
On 23 July 1622, Archbishop Paris Lodron appointed the scholar Albert Keuslin first rector of the Benedictine university. Keuslin, a graduate of the Jesuit University of Dillingen, had established the Akademisches Gymnasium, a secondary school, at Salzburg five years earlier. By resolution of Emperor Ferdinand II, issued on October 8, the Gymnasium was raised to a university. While the Thirty Years' War raged outside the Archbishopric of Salzburg, the university was built up and maintained by a federation of Benedictine abbeys from Salzburg, Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In its early years, courses taught were theology, divinity, philosophy, law, and medicine.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Prince-Archbishopric was secularized as the Electorate of Salzburg in 1803. It was ruled by Archduke Ferdinand III of Austria, a brother of Emperor Francis I, who established a Faculty of Medicine. After Salzburg was annexed by the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1810, however, the university was closed on 24 December and replaced by a Lyzeum college with sections for divinity and philosophy, as well as a school for medicine and surgery. After the Napoleonic Wars, Salzburg became part of the Austrian Empire.

The divinity section was again converted to a faculty in 1850. In World War I, plans were evolved to relocate the Francis Joseph University from Czernowitz to Salzburg, though never carried out.

University of Salzburg

The University of Salzburg was not re-established until 1962, with a faculty of Catholic theology and a faculty of philosophy. Classes resumed in 1964, with a faculty of law added the following year. In 1975, a new federal law regulated the organisation of all Austrian universities. The University of Salzburg created four academic divisions: the Faculty of Catholic Theology, the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Humanities, and the Faculty of Natural Sciences. A fifth division, the Faculty of Medicine, was not realized.

In 1995, the organisation of Austrian universities was further restructured with more faculty autonomy. The university gradually incorporated new academic programs through 2004 into 32 Fachbereiche or "departments", and again, decided not to create a Faculty of Medicine.

Locations
The University of Salzburg has no central campus, occupying several buildings in Salzburg's historic centre: parts of the Salzburg Residenz building (Toskanatrakt) and on Kapitelgasse south of Salzburg Cathedral. The university library is located between the Kollegienkirche (the University Church) and the Großes Festspielhaus; attached to it is the Große Aula, or ceremonial hall.

The traditional faculty building of Humanities (Communication Studies, Sociology and Political Science) is located by the Rudolfskai, only 100 metres from Mozartplatz and Papagenoplatz. The Faculty of Sciences is housed in the second largest building in Salzburg after Hohensalzburg Fortress, and is located just further south next to Schloss Freisaal Castle and Frohnburg Castle.

Completed in 2011, the Unipark Nonntal campus (replacing the old location at the Akademiestraße) is home to the departments of modern languages, and cultural and social sciences. The building is 17,000 square metres in size, with 5,500 students and 300 academic staff. There is a library and an Auditorium Maximum. Financing for the construction of the Unipark Nonntal was enabled by successful negotiations between Salzburg's state governor Franz Schausberger and the Federal Ministry of Education. Originally designed in 2002 by architects Storch Ehlers Partners, it was constructed in three years.

Smaller university offices and institutes are scattered throughout the city, with arts and music being taught at the Mozarteum University Salzburg.

Alumni

 Hannes Ametsreiter (born 1967), Austrian telecommunication manager
 Martina Berthold (born 1970), Austrian politician
 Gabi Burgstaller (born 1963), Austrian politician
 Herbert Dachs (born 1943), Austrian political scientist
 Wolfgang Eder (born 1952), Austrian iron steel manager
 Renate Egger-Wenzel (born 1961), Austrian professor of Old Testament
 Christine Esterházy (born 1959), German opera singer
 Benita Ferrero-Waldner (born 1948), Austrian diplomat and politician
 Alexandra Föderl-Schmid (born 1971), Austrian journalist
 Karl-Markus Gauß (born 1954), Austrian novelist
 Toni Giger (born 1963), Austrian ski trainer
 Erich Hackl (born 1955), Austrian novelist and short-story writer
 Gerhart Holzinger (born 1947), Austrian constitutional lawyer
 Hannes Leitgeb (born 1972), Austrian philosopher and mathematician
 Hieronymus II. Lindau, (1657–1719), Abbot of Ochsenhausen Abbey
 Franziskus Klesin (1643–1708), Abbot of Ochsenhausen Abbey
 Erwin Kräutler (born 1939), Roman Catholic bishop
 Peter Launsky-Tieffenthal (born 1957), Austrian diplomat
 Alois von und zu Liechtenstein (born 1968), Liechtensteiner heir to the throne
 Andreas Maislinger (born 1955), Austrian historian
 Leopold Mozart (1719–1787), German composer
 Marie-Louise Nosch (born 1970), Danish archaeologist
 Brigitta Pallauf (born 1960), Austrian politician
 Helga Rabl-Stadler (born 1948), Austrian politician and cultural manager
 Tobias Regner (born 1982) German singer, songwriter
 Astrid Rössler (born 1959), Austrian politician
 Abraham a Santa Clara (1644–1709), German Roman Catholic preacher and writer
 Franz Schausberger (born 1950), Austrian politician and historian
 Bernardin Schellenberger (born 1944), German Catholic theologian, priest and former Trappist
 Wolfgang Vyslozil (born 1945), Austrian media executive and lecturer
 Paulus Maria Weigele (born 1943), Abbot of Ottobeuren Abbey
 Beda Werner (1673–1725), Abbot of Ochsenhausen Abbey
 Bettina Bäumer (born 1940), Austrian-born Indian scholar and Indologist
 Ute Wartenberg, German numismatist
 Kay-Michael Dankl, Austrian politician
 Stefan Weber, Austrian media researcher

See also
 List of early modern universities in Europe

References

External links
 University of Salzburg Website
 A brief Guide for International Students (2013)

Universities and colleges in Austria
University of Salzburg
Educational institutions established in the 1620s
1810 disestablishments in the Austrian Empire
Educational institutions established in 1964
1622 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy
17th-century establishments in Austria
1964 establishments in Austria

University of Salzburg


The Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King – sometimes also translated as Fanbearer on the King's Right Hand – was an ancient Egyptian courtier.

The title implies a very close personal or official relationship with the pharaoh. During the times of Amenhotep II and Tuthmosis IV the title was held by officials like the viceroy of Kush, the chief steward of the king, and several tutors, such as Sennedjem under Tutankhamun. Scenes depicting the fan-bearers show them holding a long fan with a single feather. Other important title holders include Maiherpri, who was buried in the Valley of the Kings.

See also
Flabellum

References


James Chaffee Loomis (April 29, 1807 – September 16, 1877) was an American lawyer and politician.

Loomis, eldest son of James and Abigail S. (Chaffee) Loomis, of Windsor, Connecticut, was born in Windsor, April 29, 1807.  He graduated from Yale College in 1828. On his graduation, he began the study of law in the University of Virginia, but returned the next year to Connecticut, where he pursued his studies, first in the school connected with this college, and later in Norwalk with Hon. Clark Bissell. In 1832 he was admitted to the bar of Fairfield County, and settled in practice with Hon Samuel B. Sherwood, of Saugatuck, now Westport. He removed to Bridgeport in 1840, and before many years his business became more extensive than that of any of his associates in the county. He also took an active part in public affairs, was early elected to the Connecticut State Senate (serving in 1837-38 as an ex-officio member of the corporation of Yale), and repeatedly afterwards to the lower house of the Connecticut State Legislature. He was in 1861 and 1862 the unsuccessful candidate of the Democratic party for the governorship. About 1870 he retired from the active practice of his profession, to devote himself to the care of his large estate and to the interests of the various corporations and public trusts with which he was connected. At the time of his death, he was President of the County Bar Association, of the City Board of Education, of the Mountain Grove Cemetery, and of the Bridgeport Library Association. Loomis went from home on August 18, 1877, to South Egremont, Massachusetts, with the intention of spending some weeks there in rest. He was attacked two days later with a gastric fever, from the effects of which he died, in that town, Sept. 16, at the age of 70.

He was first married, May 1, 1833, to Eliza C Mitchell, of New Haven, who died March 24, 1840. He was again married, Apr. 24, 1844, to Mary B., daughter of Ira Sherman, of Bridgeport, who survived him. His children—one son by the first marriage, and one son and one daughter by the second marriage—all died before him. The younger son was at the time of his death (in October, 1867) a member of the Senior Class of Yale.

External links

People from Windsor, Connecticut
Yale College alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Connecticut lawyers
Democratic Party Connecticut state senators
Democratic Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
1807 births
1877 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Burials at Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport
19th-century American lawyers

James Chaffee Loomis


Eduard Ingriš () (February 11, 1905 – January 11, 1991) was a Czech-American composer, photographer, conductor and adventurer.

Born in Zlonice in Bohemia (then-Austro-Hungary, now Czech Republic), Ingriš left Czechoslovakia in 1947 for South America, living in Brazil and Peru. In 1955 and 1959 he organized the Kantuta and Kantuta II raft voyages and sailed across the Pacific, in similar style to Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-tiki.

While Ingriš' travels spanned the globe and his talents led him through several careers, his first love was always music.  He wrote the first arrangement of the famous "Beer Barrel Polka", after Jaromír Vejvoda came upon the melody and sought Ingriš' help in refining it. This was shortly before the outbreak of World War II. The piece was brought to England by Czech pilots flying for the Royal Air Force, became an overnight hit there, and subsequently was popularized in America.

Ingriš received degrees from the Charles University in Prague and the Prague Conservatory. He composed about 1,000 works, including forty-eight operettas and musical comedies, full opera and symphonies. At nineteen he composed the operetta "The Capricious Mirror", which played five years in Prague — a record-setting of 1,600 performances (surpassing records of New York's Broadway). He directed the Symphony Orchestra of Prague and scored 11 European movies.  He also conducted the National Symphony Orchestra of Peru.

As a camera man, Ingriš worked for film studios in Czechoslovakia, Germany, and Peru. He filmed a series of thirteen travel and adventure films for the American Production Company, Hollywood. For Movius Productions (Hollywood), he filmed "Jungle Sabotage", a movie starring Pilar Pallete, wife of actor John Wayne. He assisted author Ernest Hemingway in filming The Old Man and the Sea, based upon Hemingway's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel. He also wrote music to another film, produced by Steel Productions in Hollywood, called "The Gallant One".

Ingriš' own high adventure films "From High C's to High Seas", depicting his two balsa raft expeditions across the Pacific, "Untamed Amazon" and "Sailing the South Seas" of his return voyage on a ketch from Tahiti to Lima, Peru, are scored with his own compositions, and were personally presented on lecture tours for several years throughout USA, Canada and Hawaii and later transferred to videos.

Ingriš resided at South Lake Tahoe, California where he died in 1991 at age 86. His remains were moved to his native village, Zlonice.

References

External links
Article in English by Radio Prague

American musical theatre composers
Czech musical theatre composers
American opera composers
Czech opera composers
Male opera composers
Czechoslovak expatriates in Germany
1905 births
1991 deaths
Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
Czech sailors
Czech explorers
Czechoslovak expatriates in Peru
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
Charles University alumni
Prague Conservatory alumni

Eduard Ingris


Flora Wambaugh Patterson (1847–1928) was an American mycologist, and the first female plant pathologist hired by the United States Department of Agriculture. She ran the US National Fungus Collections for almost thirty years, radically growing the collection and shaping its direction, and supervised or discovered numerous significant fungal diseases.

Life
Flora Wambaugh was born in Columbus, Ohio, to Sarah Sells (Wambaugh) and Methodist minister A. B. Wambaugh. She studied fungi as a hobby in her childhood.
She attended Antioch College in Ohio, earning her bachelor's degree in 1865.
She then earned two Master's degrees from Cincinnati Wesleyan College.  Wambaugh married Captain Edwin Patterson in 1869, assuming his name, and they had two children; she worked to support the family financially.
After his death Patterson continued her studies at the State University of Iowa, and in 1892 or 1893 made plans to transfer to Yale University. When Yale rejected her because she was a woman, she moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and began studies at Radcliffe College, where she worked at the Gray Herbarium at Harvard.

In 1895, Patterson joined the USDA as a pathologist, hired by Beverly T. Galloway along with Franklin Sumner Earle.
During her almost thirty-year tenure at the USDA, Patterson increased the size of the U.S. National Fungus Collections by almost six times, from 19,000 to 115,000 reference specimens.  She identified numerous new species of fungus, including those causing pineapple rot (Thielaviopsis paradoxa), peach leaf curl (Taphrina), and "witches' broom" on bamboo (Loculistroma bambusae), which was an entirely new genus.

Among other responsibilities, Patterson was in charge of identifying new fungal pathogens, and took a leading role in identifying the chestnut blight that wiped out eastern North America's chestnut forests, and the potato wart disease Synchytrium endobioticum.
Patterson was involved in Japan's gift to the United States of cherry trees, ultimately leading to the destruction of the first shipment of trees which was infected with multiple types of insects and diseases.
All of these incidents led to the passage of the Plant Quarantine Act of 1912 which aimed to prevent introduction of invasive harmful diseases.

Patterson continued her work with the USDA until retiring at the age of 75, and then lived with one of her sons in New York City until her death at the age of 80.

Selected bibliography of Patterson's writings
 Patterson, F. W. 1894. Species of Taphrina parasitic on Populus. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advan. Sci. 43:293-294.
 Patterson, F. W. 1895. A study of North American parasitic Exoascaceae. Iowa Univ. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. 3:89-135.
 Patterson, F. W., Charles, V. K., and Veihmeyer, F. J. 1910. Some fungous diseases of economic importance. I.-Miscellaneous Diseases. II. Pineapple rot caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa. USDA, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bull. No. 171.
 Patterson, F. W., and Charles, V. K. 1915. Mushrooms and other common fungi. USDA Bulletin No. 175.
 Patterson, F. W., and Charles, V. K. 1917. Some common edible and poisonous mushrooms. USDA Farmer's Bulletin No. 796

Notes

Further research

 "Women's Who's Who of America" (1982)

1847 births
1928 deaths
Ohio Wesleyan Female College alumni
American mycologists
Women mycologists
United States Department of Agriculture officials
American phytopathologists
Women phytopathologists

Flora Wambaugh Patterson


Golub is a 1988 documentary film, produced by Kartemquin Films, that examines the life and work of controversial painter, Leon Golub. Inspired by war, political oppression and the fight for Free Speech, Golub and his paintings are famous for their depictions of extreme violence. Also featured prominently in the film is his wife, anti-war feminist and artist, Nancy Spero. The documentary tracks Golub from starting with a blank canvas to a touring North American exhibition and eventually to an exhibition in Northern Ireland.

In 2001, the filmmakers revisited Leon Golub in his final years, and in 2004 released the documentary, Golub: Late Works Are The Catastrophes. With his previous work being more relevant than ever in the aftermath of September 11, Golub's later paintings have become less graphic and violent. At one point, Golub admits, "my work these days is sort of political, sort of metaphysical, and sort of smart-ass. I'm playful and hostile."  With his wife Nancy Spero still by his side, the documentary captures the final steps of an artist's journey.

Produced by Kartemquin Films and directed by Jerry Blumenthal and Gordon Quinn, Golub (1988) was the winner of the Silver Hugo Award at the 1988 Chicago International Film Festival. The film went on to be an Official Selection at multiple international film festivals including the Cinematica of Portugal and the Sydney International Film Festival.  In a February 1989 review of Golub, the Chicago Readers Jonathan Rosenbaum hailed the documentary as a "masterpiece" and "virtually perfect".  The film made its television premiere on PBS's POV in 1990.  Golub: Late Works Are The Catastrophes would also receive worldwide recognition as an Official Selection at the 2004 International Documentary Festival Amsterdam as well as the Montreal International Film Festival of the Arts.

In 2006, Kartemquin Films released Golub/Spero a DVD compilation of Golub: Late Works Are The Catastrophes that also features two documentary shorts created by filmmaker, Irene Sosa, that highlight the work of Nancy Spero.

References

External links
 Golub Official Site
 Golub: Late Works Are The Catastrophes Official Site
 Kartemquin Films
 IMDB- Golub
 IMDB - Golub: Late Works Are The Catastrophes

Documentary films about painters
1988 films
1988 documentary films
Kartemquin Films films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films

Golub (film)


A late-night newscast (or late local news) is a television newscast on many American networks at 11:00 p.m. Eastern Time nightly. All other time zones air their last newscasts of the day at 10:00 p.m. local time. FOX affiliates have a 10:00 p.m. newscast. The news precedes primetime and before late-night television.

American television news programs

Late-night newscast


A Rietveld joint, also called a Cartesian node in furniture-making, is an overlapping joint of three battens in the three orthogonal directions.

Description
A Rietveld joint is an overlapping joint of three battens in the three orthogonal directions. It was a prominent feature in the Red and Blue Chair that was designed by Gerrit Rietveld. In Gerrit Rietveld's furniture, many of these joints were doweled, meaning that the adjoining faces were connected with glued wooden pins. The first two connections were made by boring a hole about 1 mm deeper than the dowel length, but the third connection was made with a longer dowel, boring through a batten, leaving a circular mark that had to be painted over.

History
Rietveld joints are inextricably linked with the early 20th century Dutch artistic movement called De Stijl (of which Gerrit Rietveld was a member), a movement whose aims included ultimate simplicity and abstraction. This led to the movement's three-dimensional works having vertical and horizontal lines that are positioned in layers or planes that do not intersect, thereby allowing each element to exist independently and unobstructed by other elements and giving a piece a visually raw and simplified look.

References

De Stijl
Modernism
History of furniture
Dutch inventions

Rietveld joint


John Hartson (born 5 April 1975) is a Welsh former professional footballer, coach and sports television pundit for S4C, Sky Sports, Premier Sports TV and BT Sport.

As a player he was a striker, notably for Scottish club Celtic where his time with the Hoops saw three Scottish Premier League titles. Hartson also played in the Premier League with Arsenal, West Ham United, Wimbledon, Coventry City and West Bromwich Albion, and in the Football League for Luton Town and Norwich City.

Hartson earned 51 international caps for Wales, scoring 14 goals. He later held the position of head coach for Wales's strikers.

Early life
John Hartson was born on 5 April 1975 in Swansea, the third of four children to Cyril and Diana Hartson. Cyril had played football for local team Afan Lido. Hartson grew up in Talycoppa, Swansea, alongside his elder brother James, elder sister Hayley and younger sister Victoria. As a youngster Hartson represented Lonlas Boys' Club in Skewen, playing his first match aged six. He joined Luton Town's Youth Training Scheme at the age of sixteen but was suspended four months later for stealing a bank card from the son of a couple with whom he was lodging. He used the card to withdraw £50 in order to fund his gambling addiction. Hartson was suspended and sent home to Swansea but was reinstated by Luton shortly afterwards and allowed to resume his apprenticeship.

Club career

Luton Town and Arsenal
Hartson turned professional in 1992 and made his Luton Town first team debut as a substitute in a 1–0 League Cup defeat to Cambridge United on 24 August 1993. In January 1995, at 19, he joined Arsenal for £2.5 million, a British record fee for a teenage player at the time.
Along with Chris Kiwomya, Hartson was one of George Graham's last signings before the manager's sacking in February 1995. He made his Arsenal debut on 14 January 1995, a 1–1 home draw with Everton, and scored his first goal for the club the following week, the only goal in a 1–0 away win at Coventry City. He was a regular for the remainder of his first season, a highlight of which was scoring Arsenal's 75th-minute equaliser in the 1995 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final against Real Zaragoza; however a last-minute goal from 40 yards by Nayim over David Seaman meant Arsenal lost the game 2–1. He was strike-partner to Ian Wright, being favoured ahead of Kevin Campbell to fill the gap left by the injured Alan Smith, who retired at the end of the season.

Following the signing of Dennis Bergkamp, who was preferred up front to partner Wright, Hartson went on to feature under Graham's successors Bruce Rioch and Arsène Wenger. With Wenger wanting him to stay at the
club, Hartson though in February 1997 linked up with West Ham United in a £3.2 million deal. At the time, he was the most expensive player to be signed by West Ham. The deal was initially reported to be worth £5 million.

In total, Hartson played 53 times for Arsenal, scoring 14 goals.

West Ham United
Hartson made his debut for West Ham on 15 February 1997 alongside another new signing, Paul Kitson. West Ham lost 1–0 to Derby County and Hartson was booked. His first West Ham goal came in his next following game on 24 February 1997, a 4–3 home win over Tottenham Hotspur. In his first season, he scored five league goals from eleven games and was instrumental in helping West Ham rise from 18th when he joined to a final league position for 1996–97 season of 14th. The next season saw Hartson finish, with 24 goals in 42 games in all competitions, as West Ham's top scorer. Hartson's goal tally was in all a considerable margin ahead of the next highest scorer, Eyal Berkovic with nine goals. He was also the second highest scorer, behind Andy Cole in the Premier League in that season. In the 1998 close season, Manchester United chairman Martin Edwards and assistant manager Brian Kidd expressed their desire for Hartson to sign for Manchester United to manager Alex Ferguson. However, Ferguson decided against making a bid for Hartson. In a training ground incident in September 1998, Hartson kicked West Ham teammate Eyal Berkovic in the face, after the Israeli midfielder had punched Hartson in the leg as he attempted to help Berkovic to his feet. The incident was captured on camera. Hartson was fined and admitted in his biography that it was an error of judgement. Berkovic said of the incident "If my head had been a ball, it would have been in the top corner of the net".

His form suffered and he managed only four goals from twenty games in season 1998–99. His final game on 13 January 1999, saw West Ham lose 1–0 in an FA Cup tie against his hometown club, Swansea City.

Hartson played 73 times and scored 33 goals for the east London club.

Wimbledon
Hartson joined Wimbledon in January 1999, becoming the club's most expensive signing ever at £7.5m. His time with the Dons was marred by injury, though he still managed a respectable goal tally, first in the Premier League, then the First Division following the club's relegation in 2000. Proposed moves to Rangers, Tottenham and Charlton fell through due to doubts over the player's fitness. Hartson instead joined Coventry City on a pay-for-play deal in February 2001.

Coventry City
Hartson made his Coventry debut against former club West Ham on 12 February 2001. He went on to score six goals in twelve league games, including a brace in a defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford. However, despite his efforts Coventry were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season.

Celtic

In August 2001, Hartson joined Celtic in a £6m transfer. He made his debut on 4 August 2001, coming on as a substitute in a league match away at Kilmarnock. He scored his first goals for Celtic when he scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 win over Dundee United on 20 October 2001. At the end of his first season at Celtic he helped them win the Scottish Premier League title.

In December 2002, Hartson scored as Celtic were beaten 2–1 in the away leg of their third round UEFA Cup tie against Celta Vigo. However, with the aggregate score 2–2, Celtic progressed on the away goals rule. This was the first time that Celtic had remained in European competition after Christmas since 1980. In March 2003, Celtic faced Liverpool in the UEFA Cup at the quarter final stage, drawing 1–1 in Glasgow.
In the return leg at Anfield, Hartson fired the club's goal of the season with a strike past Jerzy Dudek into the top corner from over 25 yards out. Celtic won this match 2–0, progressing to the semi-final. After scoring the winning goal against Rangers at Ibrox in late April Hartson was plagued by a back injury which meant he missed the rest of the season, including the 2003 UEFA Cup Final. Nevertheless, he had played a major role in getting Celtic all the way through the tournament, with his goals in Liverpool and Vigo, as well as several assists. Celtic were defeated 3–2 in the final after extra time by José Mourinho's FC Porto.

In March 2004, he dropped out for the remainder of the football season for surgery to his back; however, he recovered in time for Wales' unsuccessful qualifying campaign for the 2006 World Cup. Celtic went on to win the 2003–04 Scottish Cup and the 2003-04 title in his absence.

In April 2005 he shared the Scottish PFA Players' Player of the Year award with Fernando Ricksen and in May he was voted the Scottish Football Writers' Association Player of the Year. He played as Celtic won the 2005 Scottish Cup Final.

On 6 November 2005 Hartson scored his 100th goal for Celtic against Falkirk. He missed Celtic's victory in the 2006 Scottish League Cup Final through suspension. He scored the only goal against Hearts, on 5 April 2006, his 31st birthday to clinch the title for Celtic.

Hartson was sent off on a number of occasions, one being a notable dismissal towards the end of an Old Firm derby, when he was sent off for violent conduct along with Celtic teammate Johan Mjällby and Rangers player Fernando Ricksen. Hartson's dismissal was overturned on appeal.

Due to the close bond Hartson felt with both Celtic Football Club and their fans, he has a tattoo of a large Celtic crest on his upper arm with the words 'You'll Never Walk Alone' underneath in honour of the song which Celtic fans sing ahead of big games. After a picture of the tattoo appeared on the internet and many Celtic F.C. forums, Hartson tweeted that the tattoo was real and in honour of the support he had received from Celtic fans during his illness. The tweet read, "Yes my Celtic tattoo is real I had it done soon as I came out of hospital after the support I was given by the whole Celtic family."

West Bromwich Albion
On 26 June 2006, Hartson signed a two-year contract with English Football League Championship side West Bromwich Albion in a £500,000 move. Hartson scored twice on his Albion debut in a 2–0 Hawthorns win against Hull City on 5 August 2006.

On 31 August 2007, The Times said that Hartson had signed for League One club Nottingham Forest on a loan move. On 5 September 2007, the Western Mail reported that Hartson had rejected a firm approach from Forest and was on the verge of signing for his hometown club Swansea City on loan. However the club quickly issued a statement on its website denying the striker was set to sign.

In October 2007 Hartson joined Norwich City on a month's loan. Although Norwich had the option to extend the loan until 31 December, newly appointed manager Glenn Roeder decided to send Hartson back to the Midlands after the initial month period. He then rejected an offer to join Chester City on loan. In January 2008 Hartson was released by West Bromwich Albion, six months before the end of his contract.

On 7 February 2008, Hartson announced his retirement from football, citing his long-term struggles with weight and fitness as major reasons for finishing his career.

International career
Hartson won 51 first team caps for Wales, scoring 14 goals. He is currently the 11th highest scorer of all time for the Welsh.

He also holds a record for the Wales U21 team by being one of only four people to have scored a hat-trick at that level alongside Craig Davies, Lee Jones and Ched Evans.

Hartson retired from international football in February 2006 in order to concentrate on his career with Celtic but in August that year he stated that he would come out of retirement to play if John Toshack needed him.

Media career
Just a few weeks after his retirement from playing, East Stirlingshire in the Scottish Football League Third Division offered Hartson the chance to succeed Gordon Wylde as manager, but Hartson rejected the opportunity, saying that, "the timing is just not right for me at the moment." Hartson joined Setanta Sports as a pundit for the 2008–09 season, as part of the broadcaster's coverage of the Scottish Premier League. A Welsh speaker, Hartson appears regularly as a studio guest on S4C's Sgorio. He was also a regular pundit on ITV's coverage of the FA Cup until ITV lost the rights to the competition at the end of the 2013/14 season, and often appears on BBC Radio 5 Live's coverage of both Premier League and Champions League games as a match summariser. In 2011 Hartson was appointed part-time coach with Newport County. In 2016, he joined BT Sport to provide analysis on the newly launched BT Sport Score.

Personal life
In July 2009 Hartson received chemotherapy after being diagnosed with testicular cancer which had spread to his brain. It was later reported the cancer had spread to his lungs and that he remained in a "critical condition" following emergency surgery. The treatment was successful and by December of that year it was reported that the cancer had been virtually eradicated from Hartson's body although he would have more surgery and treatment to come. Hartson is a lifelong Swansea City supporter.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Arsenal
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1994–95

Celtic
Scottish Premier League: 2001–02, 2003–04, 2005–06
Scottish Cup: 2003–04, 2004–05
Scottish League Cup: 2005–06

Individual
Welsh Footballer of the Year: 1998, 2001, 2003
PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year: 2005
SFWA Footballer of the Year: 2005
FAI International Personality: 2016

References
General

Specific

External links
 John Hartson on Twitter

 Playing Record at Celtic at FitbaStats

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Swansea
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's youth international footballers
Wales men's under-21 international footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Luton Town F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Celtic F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
British association football commentators
People educated at Ysgol Gyfun Gŵyr
Bards of the Gorsedd
Scottish league football top scorers
Welsh autobiographers
Welsh-language broadcasters
Newport County A.F.C. non-playing staff
Livingston F.C. non-playing staff

John Hartson


The Ukrainian National Revival () took place during a period when the territory of modern Ukraine was divided between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Russian Empire after the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century. The period took place soon after the Haidamaka Uprisings (also known as Koliivshchyna) rocked lands of former Cossack Hetmanate.

The movement arose at a time when the Ukrainian national resistance was almost entirely subjugated and largely driven underground. All state institutions under the Cossack Hetmanate were completely liquidated along with the Cossack movement. The European territory of the Russian Empire had successfully crossed the Dnieper and extended towards Central Europe, as well as reaching the shores of Black Sea.

Nonetheless, the period is also considered to be the beginning of modern Ukrainian literature, foremostly the works of Ivan Kotliarevsky. A number of Ukrainian historians such as Volodymyr Doroshenko and Mykhailo Hrushevsky divided the period into three stages. The first stage stretches from the end of the 18th century to the 1840s, the second stage covers the period of the 1840s-1850s, and the third stage is the second half of the 19th century.

Novhorod-Siversky Patriotic Circle
Novhorod-Siversky Patriotic Circle existed prior to the Patriotic war of 1812 in Novhorod-Siverskyi, Russian Empire. Its members included such personalities like Andriy Hudovych, Tymofiy Kalynsky, Ivan Khalansky, Arkhyp Khudorba, Pavlo Koropchevsky, Opanas Lobysevych (one of the leaders), Mykhailo Myklashevsky, Hryhoriy Poletyka, Andriy Rachynsky, Bishop Verlaam Shyshatsky, Fedir Tumansky, Melkhysedek Znachko-Yavorsky, H. Dolynsky, S. Shyrai, and A. Pryhara. There are speculations that the 1791 secret mission of Vasily Kapnist to Berlin was connected with that circle. The circle played a key role in revival of Cossack regiments (see Ivan Kotliarevsky).

Sts Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood

Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius was a short-lasting underground anti-absolutist organization of Russian Empire based in Kyiv and consisting of 12 members. Ideas of Pan-Slavism were popular among some of its participants. It was led by Mykola Kostomarov.

Hromada

A network of hromadas (Ukrainian communities) appeared soon after the liquidation of the Sts Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood and was heavily influenced by the ongoing Khlopomanstvo movement on the territory of modern Ukraine. The first such hromada appeared in the capital of Russian Empire, Saint Petersburg. Many members were editors of the Ukrainian magazine Osnova that was published in 1861–62. Among the later members of the Saint Peterburg Hromada were Volodymyr Leontovych, Petro Stebnytsky and others. The most influential hromada, however, appeared in Kyiv, members of which were Volodymyr Antonovych, Mykhailo Drahomanov, Mykola Lysenko, Pavlo Chubynsky, and many others. Alternatively called the Old Hromada, Hromada of Kyiv played a key role in appearance of numerous Ukrainian political and cultural organizations in the Ukrainian guberniyas of the Russian Empire such as the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists, Revolutionary Ukrainian Party, Prosvita (Enlightment), and others. Some powerful hromadas existed in Odesa, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, Poltava and elsewhere.

In the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary

The Ukrainian national revival in the territory what is today Western Ukraine is considered to have started around 1837, when Markiyan Shashkevych, Ivan Vahylevych and Yakiv Holovatsky published Rusalka Dnistrovaya, an almanac of Ukrainian folk songs in Buda, Hungary. During the Revolution of 1848, the Supreme Ruthenian Council was founded in Lviv, becoming the first legal Ukrainian political organization. In May 1848, Zoria Halytska started publishing as the first newspaper in Ukrainian language. In 1890, Ukrainian Radical Party, the first Ukrainian political party, was founded.

See also
Ukrainian nationalism

References

External links
 Doroshenko, V. Ukrainian culture in Russia. Newer times. "Circulation of the Union for liberation of Ukraine". Vienna, 1917.
 Hrytsak, Ya. Outline of the History of Ukraine: Formation of the Ukrainian modern nation.
 Ukrainian Liberation Movement. Electronic archives
 Novhorod-Siverskyi patriotic circle in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
 Hromadas (Hromada of Kyiv) in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine

Neo-romanticism
Populism
History of Ukraine (1795–1918)
Culture of Ukraine
Ukrainian nationalism

Ukrainian national revival


A military uniform is a set of clothes worn by people in the armed forces. A uniform makes it easy to see that a person is in the forces, and which side they are on.  A uniform may be made to impress people, or to frighten them.

In Hannibal's army there were soldiers who wore white tunics with crimson edgings. The Roman armies had uniforms.  Their commanders had white cloaks and feathers on their helmets. The centurions had special helmets, and chest ornaments a bit like modern medals

The normal  18th century military uniform in Europe was a three sided hat, long-skirted coat, waistcoat and breeches.  Uniforms got more colourful after the Napoleonic Wars.   British soldiers had red clothing and were called "Redcoats".  By the time of the First World War most uniforms were much duller, and less expensive, because the armies were very large.  Grey, khaki  and blue were the common colours.  Steel helmets became very common.

By World War II plain and practical combat dress had replaced the colourful uniforms, except for parades.  Now almost all armies wear some sort of camouflage.

There may be different uniforms for different activities.  There may be a dress code.  For actual fighting there may now be camouflage.  In the past there was often armour. People who have won medals or awards  may put them on their uniform or be given special uniform for a parade.

References

 Uni

Military uniform


Józef Zawadzki (1781–1838) was a Polish pressman, publisher, typographer and bibliophile, one of the most prominent Polish publishers in the 19th century. He was the founder of the Zawadzki Press and was the official publisher of the Imperial University of Vilnius. He published 851 books, mostly in Polish, but also in Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Lithuanian.

Biography
Zawadzki was born on March 15 or March 7, 1781 in Koźmin, now Koźmin Wielkopolski, Poland. In 1805, he took over the printing press of the Imperial University of Vilnius and established his own Zawadzki Press. Until 1828, he was the official printer of the university. In 1810, Zawadzki with J. Węcki opened a branch of his printing house in Warsaw.

Zawadzki published works of fiction as well as scientific works. He published Historia literatury polskiej of Feliks Bentkowski (1814), Poezje vol. 1–2 of Adam Mickiewicz (1822–1823), works of Joachim Lelewel, Jan Śniadecki and Jędrzej Śniadecki, Słownik łacińsko-polski of Florjan Bobrowski (1822), calendars, music sheets, magazines, textbooks. He was the author of Organizacja księgarstwa polskiego (1818). Zawadzki's bookstore served as a meeting place of writers and intelligentsia. In 1818, he was a co-founder of Towarzystwo Typograficzne in Vilnius.

He died on December 17, 1838 in Vilnius and was buried at the Saulė Cemetery.

Further reading

References

1781 births
1838 deaths
People from Krotoszyn County
Book editors
Polish editors
Polish publishers (people)
Polish typographers and type designers
Burials at Saulė Cemetery

Józef Zawadzki (publisher)


The Threepenny Opera () is a 1931 German musical film directed by G. W. Pabst. Produced by Seymour Nebenzal's Nero-Film for Tonbild-Syndikat AG (Tobis), Berlin and Warner Bros. Pictures GmbH, Berlin, the film is loosely based on the 1928 musical theatre success of the same name by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill. As was usual in the early sound film era, Pabst also directed a French language version of the film, L'Opéra de quat'sous, with some variation of plot details (the French title literally translates as "the four penny opera"). A planned English version went unproduced. The two existing versions were released on home video by The Criterion Collection.

The Threepenny Opera differs in significant respects from the play and the internal timeline is somewhat vague. The whole of society is presented as corrupt in one form or another. Only some of the songs from the play are used, in a different order.

Plot summary
In 19th century London, Macheath — known as Mackie Messer ("Mack the Knife") — is a Soho crime lord whose former lover is Jenny, a prostitute in a brothel on Turnbridge Street. On first meeting Polly Peachum, however, he persuades her to marry him. His gang steals the props required for a mock wedding in a dockside warehouse in the dead of night. The celebration is attended by Jackie "Tiger" Brown, Mackie's old comrade-in-arms from their army days in India who is now Chief of Police and about to oversee a procession through the city for the queen's coronation.

Polly's father, Mr Peachum, who runs a protection racket for the city's beggars, outfitting each with an appropriate costume, is furious at losing his daughter to a rival criminal. Visiting Brown, he denounces Mackie as a murderer and threatens to disrupt the queen's procession with a protest march of beggars if Mackie is not incarcerated. Tipped off by Brown to lie low, Mackie goes to the brothel, where the jealous Jenny betrays his presence to Mrs Peachum and the police. After a dramatic rooftop escape, he is arrested and imprisoned.

Meanwhile, Polly, who has been left in charge of the gang, takes over a bank and runs it with Mackie's henchmen. This impresses her parents and causes them to undergo a change of heart. Peachum tries to stop the protest march at the last minute but fails, and the procession escalates into a battle between beggars and police enraging the new queen. Jenny visits the prison and, by distracting the jailer with her feminine wiles, allows Mackie to escape. He makes his way to the bank, where he discovers his new status as director. Peachum and Brown, whose careers are both ruined by the beggar demonstration, also come to the bank and agree to join forces with Mackie. Banking, after all, is a safer and more lucrative form of stealing. In a final shot we see the protesting beggars fading from sight into darkness.

Cast

German-language version

 Rudolf Forster as Mackie Messer
 Carola Neher as Polly Peachum
 Reinhold Schünzel as Tiger Brown
 Fritz Rasp as Peachum
 Valeska Gert as Mrs Peachum
 Lotte Lenya as Jenny
 Hermann Thimig as the pastor
 Ernst Busch as the street singer
 Vladimir Sokoloff as jailer
 Paul Kemp as member of gang
 Gustav Püttjer as member of gang
 Oscar Höcker as member of gang
 Krafft Raschig as member of gang
 Herbert Grünbaum as Filch

Cast notes
 Rudolf Forster, Carola Neher and Lotte Lenya reprised their roles from the stage production.  Neher later died in a Gulag in 1942 where she was sent to during the Great Purge.

French-language version
 Florelle as Polly Peachum
 Albert Préjean as Mackie
 Gaston Modot as Peachum
 Margo Lion as Jenny
 Vladimir Sokoloff as Smith, jailer
 Lucy de Matha as Mrs Peachum
 Jacques Henley as Tiger Brown
 Hermann Thimig as parson
 Antonin Artaud as beggar
 Roger Gaillard as beggar
 Marie-Antoinette Buzet as whore at Turnbridge

Production
Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill, the playwright and composer of the stage play that the film is based on, were originally hired to adapt the play for film, but Brecht quit in the middle of production, while Weill continued working on the film until he was fired.  The two each sued Warner Bros. and the German production company on the basis that sale of the rights stipulated that nothing in the stage production could be changed for the film. Brecht and Weill intended the piece as a satire on capitalism, and claimed that the ideological basis of the story was softened by director G. W. Pabst, who wanted the film to be more entertaining. Brecht was accused of breach of contract and his suit was rejected, but Weill won his suit.

In August 1933, Pabst's film was banned by the Nazis, and the negative and all prints that could be located were destroyed.  The film was later reconstructed in 1960 by Thomas Brandon with the assistance of the Museum of Modern Art.

Songs
Not all the songs from the stage production were used in the film. Songs that were used include "The Ballad of Mackie Messer", "Love Duet", "Barbara Song", "Is It a Lot I'm Asking?", "The Ballad of the Ship with Fifty Cannons", "The Cannon Song", and "Song of the Insufficiency of Human Endeavor".

Release
The Threepenny Opera was the first film presented at Warner Brothers' new foreign-language theater in New York City.

The versions of the film released in the United States and the United Kingdom were shorter than the 110 minutes of the original German version.

Reception
The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited this movie as one of his 100 favorite films.

References

External links

The Threepenny Opera: Doubles and Duplicities an essay by Tony Rayns at the Criterion Collection

1931 films
1930s musical drama films
Banned films in Nazi Germany
German black-and-white films
Films based on musicals
Films based on works by Bertolt Brecht
Films directed by G. W. Pabst
Films of the Weimar Republic
Films set in London
Films set in the 19th century
1930s German-language films
German musical drama films
German multilingual films
Films produced by Seymour Nebenzal
German historical musical films
1930s historical musical films
Tobis Film films
1931 multilingual films
1931 drama films
1930s German films
Films shot at Staaken Studios

The Threepenny Opera (film)


The Norman Whitfield Sessions is compilation album of songs by Marvin Gaye from 1962 to 1969. The album covers the Norman Whitfield-produced sessions of soul singer Marvin Gaye's late sixties period as he moved away from teen pop-driven R&B songs that made him a pop star. It covers more mature, grittier and funkier material as Whitfield guided the direction of Gaye's career, the high point being the 1968 song, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", which became Gaye's first international smash. Other hits during that period included the more upbeat "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby", the darker "That's the Way Love Is" and "The End of Our Road". The collection includes "Wherever I Lay My Hat", which Whitfield co-penned and produced with Gaye on his That Stubborn Kinda Fellow; the song was covered by British singer Paul Young. There are covers of rock songs such as "Groovin'", "Yesterday", "Abraham, Martin & John" and two Temptations covers ("Cloud Nine" and "I Wish It Would Rain").

Track listing
"True, True Loving" (Previously unreleased)
"Me and My Lonely Room"
"Wherever I Lay My Hat"
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine"
"Gonna Give Her All the Love I Got"
"Yesterday"
"Groovin'"
"Gonna Keep on Tryin' Till I Win Your Love"
"That's the Way Love Is"
"Abraham, Martin & John"
"How Can I Forget"
"No Time for Tears"
"I Wish It Would Rain" (B-side of "Let's Get It On")
"Cloud Nine"
"Don't You Miss Me a Little Bit Baby"
"So Long"
"Too Busy Thinking About My Baby"
"The End of Our Road"

References

1994 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by Norman Whitfield
Marvin Gaye compilation albums
Motown compilation albums

The Norman Whitfield Sessions


The Return is a 2000 novel written by Buzz Aldrin and John Barnes. The book details a fictional account of the future of space travel, specifically space tourism. Although set in the near future, it now seems somewhat dated as events that happened shortly after its release, such as the Columbia disaster and recent space tourism advances such as SpaceShipOne and Virgin Galactic, are not included. Most of the corporations within the novel have fictional names; however, it is often quite clear that they are references to real corporations such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Nike. Overall, the book heavily supports the view that tourism is needed to drive the space industry.

Plot summary
The book starts by detailing a corporation that works to send people to space by booking them on empty seats on Space Shuttle flights. The third such flight is preparing to launch, carrying retired basketball player MJ (a character closely resembling Michael Jordan) into space.

However, during the flight something goes wrong and MJ and a mission specialist die, while the rest of the crew is forced to make an emergency landing. Initially almost everyone in the space industry is sued over MJ's death, although most of the charges are later dropped when it is discovered that the explosion was the result of a Chinese attempt to take down the Space Shuttle. China is also found to be responsible for a high altitude nuclear weapon that Pakistan set off. The purpose of this bomb was to wipe out the current network of satellites, apparently in an attempt to cash in with their new presence in space exploration. The bomb also leaves the International Space Station heavily damaged.

The rest of the book chronicles a daring rescue attempt to save those still on board the ISS, using mostly theoretical prototype vehicles. The rescue is a success, and the whole crew returns as heroes.

References

External links

2000 American novels
American science fiction novels
Buzz Aldrin
Collaborative novels
Novels about NASA
Novels by John Barnes
Novels set in the 2000s
Space exploration novels
2000 science fiction novels
Novels by astronauts

The Return (Aldrin and Barnes novel)


A tree is a tall plant with a trunk and branches made of wood. Trees can live for many years. The oldest living tree found is about 5,000 years old. The oldest tree from the UK is about 1,000 years old. The four main parts of a tree are the roots, the trunk, the branches, and the leaves. Trees are a wide variety of plant species that have independently evolved a trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants to compete for sunlight.

The roots of a tree are usually under the ground. However, this is not always true. The roots of the mangrove tree are often under water. A single tree has many roots. The roots carry nutrients and water from the ground through the trunk and branches to the leaves of the tree. Leaves can also breathe in air. Sometimes, roots are specialized into aerial roots, which can also provide support, as is the case with the banyan tree.

The trunk is the main body of the tree. The trunk is covered with bark which protects it from damage. Branches grow from the trunk. They spread out so that the leaves can get more sunlight.

The leaves of a tree are green most of the time, but they can come in many colors, shapes and sizes. The leaves take in sunlight and use water and food from the roots to make the tree grow, and to reproduce.

Trees and shrubs take in water and carbon dioxide and give out oxygen with sunlight to form sugars. This is the opposite of what animals do in respiration. Plants also do some respiration using oxygen the way animals do. They need oxygen as well as carbon dioxide to live. Trees are renewable resources because, if cut down, other trees can grow in their place.

Parts of trees

The parts of a tree are the roots, trunk(s), branches, twigs and leaves. Tree stems are mainly made of support and transport tissues (xylem and phloem). Wood consists of xylem cells, and bark is made of phloem and other tissues external to the vascular cambium.

Growth of the trunk
As a tree grows, it may produce growth rings as new wood is laid down around the old wood. In areas with seasonal climate, wood produced at different times of the year may alternate light and dark rings. In temperate climates, and tropical climates with a single wet-dry season alternation, the growth rings are annual, each pair of light and dark rings being one year of growth. In areas with two wet and dry seasons each year, there may be two pairs of light and dark rings each year; and in some (mainly semi-desert regions with irregular rainfall), there may be a new growth ring with each rainfall.

In tropical rainforest regions, with constant year-round climate, growth is continuous. Growth rings are not visible and there is no change in the wood texture. In species with annual rings, these rings can be counted to find the age of the tree. This way, wood taken from trees in the past can be dated, because the patterns of ring thickness are very distinctive. This is dendrochronology. Very few tropical trees can be accurately dated in this manner.

Roots
The roots of a tree are almost always underground, usually in a ball shaped region centered under the trunk, and extending no deeper than the tree is high. Roots can also be above ground, or deep underground. Some roots are short, some are meters long.

Roots provide support for the parts above ground, holding the tree upright, and keeping it from falling over in high wind.

Roots take in water, and nutrients, from the soil. Without help from fungus for better uptake of nutrients, trees would be small or would die. Most trees have a favorite species of fungus that they associate with for this purpose.

Branches

Above ground, the trunk gives height to the leaf-bearing branches, competing with other plant species for sunlight. In all trees the shape of the branches improves the exposure of the leaves to sunlight. Branches start at the trunk, big and thick, and get progressively smaller the farther they grow from the trunk. Branches themselves split into smaller branches, sometime very many times, until at the end they are quite small. The small ends are called twigs.

Leaves
The leaves of a tree are held by the branches. Leaves are usually held at the ends of the branches. The, although some have leaves along the branches. The main functions of leaves are photosynthesis and gas exchange. A leaf is often flat, so it absorbs the most light, and thin, so that the sunlight can get to the green parts in the cells, which convert sunlight, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and water from the roots, into glucose and oxygen. Most of a tree's biomass comes from this process.

Most leaves have stomata, which open and close, and regulate carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour exchange with the atmosphere.

Trees with leaves all year round are evergreens, and those that shed their leaves are deciduous. Deciduous trees and shrubs generally lose their leaves in autumn as it gets cold. Before this happens, the leaves change colour. The leaves will grow back in spring.

Exceptions
The word "tree" in English means a long lived plant having obvious main stem, and growing to a considerable height and size. Thus not all trees have all the organs or parts as mentioned above. For example, most (tree-like) palms are not branched, and tree ferns do not produce bark. There are also more exceptions.

Based on their general shape and size, all of these are nonetheless generally regarded as trees. Trees can vary a lot. A plant that is similar to a tree, but generally smaller, and may have multiple trunks, or have branches that arise near the ground, is called a "shrub", or a "bush". Since these are common English words there is no precise differentiation between shrubs and trees. Given their small size, bonsai plants would not technically be "trees", but are indeed "trees". Do not confuse the use of tree for a species of plant, with the size or shape of individual specimens. A spruce seedling does not fit the definition of a tree, but all spruces are trees.

Classification

A tree is a plant form that can be found in many different orders and families of plants. Trees show many growth forms, leaf type and shape, bark traits and organs.

The tree form has changed separately in classes of plants that are not related, in response to similar problems (for the tree). With about 100,000 types of trees, the number of tree types in the whole world might be one fourth of all living plant types. Most tree species grow in tropical parts of the world and many of these areas have not been surveyed yet by botanists (they study plants), making species difference and ranges not well understood.

The earliest trees were tree ferns, horsetails and lycophytes, which grew in forests in the Carboniferous period; tree ferns still survive, but the only surviving horsetails and lycophytes are not of tree form. Later, in the Triassic Period, conifers, ginkgos, cycads and other gymnosperms appeared, and subsequently flowering plants in the Cretaceous period. Most species of trees today are flowering plants (Angiosperms) and conifers.

A small group of trees growing together is called a grove or copse, and a landscape covered by a dense growth of trees is called a forest. Several biotopes are defined largely by the trees that inhabit them; examples are rainforest and taiga (see ecozones). A landscape of trees scattered or spaced across grassland (usually grazed or burned over periodically) is called a savanna. A forest of great age is called old growth forest or ancient woodland (in the UK). A very young tree is called a sapling.

Records

Tallest
Scientists in the UK and Malaysia say they have discovered the world's tallest tropical tree measuring more than 100m (328ft) high.

A coast redwood: , in Redwood National Park, California had been measured as tallest, but may no longer be standing.

The tallest trees in Australia are all eucalypts, of which there are more than 700 species. The so-called 'mountain ash'. with a slim, straight trunk, grows to over 300 feet.

Stoutest trees
The stoutest living single-trunk species in diameter is the African baobab: , Glencoe baobab (measured near the ground), Limpopo Province, South Africa. This tree split up in November 2009 and now the stoutest baobab could be Sunland Baobab (South Africa) with diameter 10.64 m and circumference of 33.4 m.

Some trees develop multiple trunks (whether from an individual tree or multiple trees) which grow together. The sacred fig is a notable example of this, forming additional 'trunks' by growing adventitious roots down from the branches, which then thicken up when the root reaches the ground to form new trunks; a single sacred fig tree can have hundreds of such trunks.

Altitude
Trees have been found growing at record-breaking heights in Scotland's mountains. On Braeriach, Britain's third highest mountain, a sitka spruce was found at 1,125m (3,691ft).

Age of individual trees
The life-span of trees is determined by growth rings. These can be seen if the tree is cut down or in cores taken from the edge to the center of the tree. Correct determination is only possible for trees which make growth rings, generally those which occur in seasonal climates. Trees in uniform non-seasonal tropical climates are always growing and do not have distinct growth rings. It is also only possible for trees which are solid to the center of the tree; many very old trees become hollow as the dead heartwood decays away. For some of these species, age estimates have been made on the basis of extrapolating current growth rates, but the results are usually little better than guesses or speculation. White proposed a method of estimating the age of large and veteran trees in the United Kingdom by correlation between a tree's stem diameter, growth character and age.

The verified oldest measured ages of living trees are:
 Great Basin bristlecone pine (Methuselah) Pinus longaeva: 4,852 years
 Patagonian cypress: Fitzroya cupressoides: 3,649 years in Cordillera Pelada, Los Rios, Chile

Other species suspected of reaching exceptional age include European Yew Taxus baccata (probably over 2,000 years) and western redcedar Thuja plicata. The oldest known European yew is the Llangernyw yew in the Churchyard of Llangernyw village in North Wales which is estimated to be between 4,000 and 5,000 years old.

The oldest reported age for an Angiosperm tree is 2,305 years for the Sri Maha Bodhi sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) planted in 288 BC at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; this is said to be the oldest human-planted tree with a known planting date.

Oldest forests
The earliest fossilised trees date to 386 million years ago in the Devonian period. They have been found at an abandoned quarry in Cairo, New York. The forest was so vast it originally stretched beyond Pennsylvania.

This discovery is two or three million years older than the previous oldest forest at Gilboa, also in New York State.

Tree value estimation
Studies have shown that trees contribute as much as 27% of the appraised land value in certain markets.

These most likely use diameter measured at breast height (dbh), 4.5 feet (140 cm) above ground—not the larger base diameter. A general model for any year and diameter is:

assuming 2.2% inflation per year.

Tree climbing
Tree climbing is an activity where one moves around in the crown of trees.

Use of a rope, helmet, and harness are the minimum requirements to ensure the safety of the climber. Other equipment can also be used depending on the experience and skill of the tree climber. Some tree climbers take special hammocks called "Treeboats" and Portaledges with them into the tree canopies where they can enjoy a picnic or nap, or spend the night.

Tree climbing is an "on rope" activity that puts together many different tricks and gear originally derived from rock climbing and caving. These techniques are used to climb trees for many purposes, including tree care (arborists), animal rescue, recreation, sport, research, and activism.

Damage

The three big sources of tree damage are biotic (from living sources), abiotic (from non-living sources) and deforestation (cutting trees down). Biotic sources would include insects which might bore into the tree, deer which might rub bark off the trunk, or fungi, which might attach themselves to the tree.

Abiotic sources include lightning, vehicles impacts, and construction activities. Construction activities can involve a number of damage sources, including grade changes that prevent aeration to roots, spills involving toxic chemicals such as cement or petroleum products, or severing of branches or roots. People can damage trees also.

Both damage sources can result in trees becoming dangerous, and the term "hazard trees" is commonly used by arborists, and industry groups such as power line operators. Hazard trees are trees which due to disease or other factors are more susceptible to falling during windstorms, or having parts of the tree fall.

The process of finding the danger a tree presents is based on a process called the quantified tree risk assessment.

Trees are similar to people. Both can take a lot of some types of damage and survive, but even small amounts of certain types of trauma can result in death. Arborists are very aware that established trees will not tolerate any appreciable disturbance of the root system. Even though that is true, most people and construction professionals do not realize how easily a tree can be killed.

One reason for confusion about tree damage from construction involves the dormancy of trees during winter. Another factor is that trees may not show symptoms of damage until 24 months or longer after damage has occurred. For that reason, persons who do not know about caring for trees may not link the actual cause with the later damaged effect.

Various organizations have long recognized the importance of construction activities that may damage tree health. This can result in monetary losses due to tree damage and replacement costs. As a result, standard methods of tree management for building activities are well established and tested.

 Developing a tree protection plan
 Developing a remediation plan (making damage good)
 Setting up tree protection zones (TPZs)
 Assessing tree damage, after building
 Doing the remediation plan

Trees in culture

The tree has always been a cultural symbol. Common icons are the World tree, for instance Yggdrasil, and the tree of life. The tree is often used to represent nature or the environment itself. A common mistake (wrong thing) is that trees get most of their mass from the ground. In fact, 99% of a tree's mass comes from the air.

Wishing trees

A Wish Tree (or wishing tree) is a single tree, usually distinguished by species, position or appearance, which is used as an object of wishes and offerings. Such trees are identified as possessing a special religious or spiritual value. By tradition, believers make votive offerings in order to gain from that nature spirit, saint or goddess fulfillment of a wish.

Tree worship
Tree worship refers to the tendency of many societies in all of history to worship or otherwise mythologize trees. Trees have played a very important role in many of the world's mythologies and religions, and have been given deep and sacred meanings throughout the ages. Human beings, seeing the growth and death of trees, the  elasticity of their branches, the sensitiveness and the annual (every year) decay and revival of their foliage, see them as powerful symbols of growth, decay and resurrection. The most ancient cross-cultural symbolic representation of the universe's construction is the 'world tree'.

World tree

The tree, with its branches reaching up into the sky, and roots deep into the earth, can be seen to dwell in three worlds - a link between heaven, the earth, and the underworld, uniting above and below. It is also both a feminine symbol, bearing sustenance; and a masculine, phallic symbol - another union.

For this reason, many mythologies around the world have the concept of the World tree, a great tree that acts as an Axis mundi, holding up the cosmos, and providing a link between the heavens, earth and underworld. In European mythology the best known example is the tree Yggdrasil from Norse mythology.

The world tree is also an important part of Mesoamerican mythologies, where it represents the four cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west). The concept of the world tree is also closely linked to the motif of the Tree of life.

In literature

In literature, a mythology was notably developed by J.R.R. Tolkien, his Two Trees of Valinor playing a central role in his  1964 Tree and Leaf. William Butler Yeats describes a "holy tree" in his poem The Two Trees (1893).

List of trees
There are many types of trees. Here is a list of some of them:

 Apple tree
 Coconut palm
 Cottonwood
 Eucalyptus (Gum tree)
 Fir
 Horse chestnut
 Mangrove
 Maple
 Oak
 Palm
 Pine
 Redwood
 Rubber tree
 Willow
 Yew
 Birch
 Toona ciliata

Related pages
 Wattezia is the earliest tree in the fossil record.

References

Other websites

 Global Trees Campaign website
 Botanic Gardens Conservation International website

More reading

Basic English 850 words

Tree


Induction sealing is the process of bonding thermoplastic materials by induction heating. This involves controlled heating an electrically conducting object (usually aluminum foil) by electromagnetic induction, through heat generated in the object by eddy currents.

Induction sealing is used in many types of manufacturing. In packaging, it is used for package fabrication such as forming tubes from flexible materials, attaching plastic closures to package forms, etc. Perhaps the most common use of induction sealing is cap sealing, a non-contact method of heating an inner seal to hermetically seal the top of plastic and glass containers. This sealing process takes place after the container has been filled and capped.

Sealing process

The closure is supplied to the bottler with an aluminum foil layer liner already inserted. Although there are various liners to choose from, a typical induction liner is multi-layered. The top layer is a paper pulp that is generally spot-glued to the cap. The next layer is wax that is used to bond a layer of aluminum foil to the pulp. The bottom layer is a polymer film laminated to the foil. After the cap or closure is applied, the container passes under an induction coil, which emits an oscillating electromagnetic field. As the container passes under the induction coil (sealing head), the conductive aluminum foil liner begins to heat as a result of the eddy currents being induced. The heat melts the wax, which is absorbed into the pulp backing and releases the foil from the cap. The polymer film also heats and flows onto the lip of the container. When cooled, the polymer creates a bond with the container resulting in a hermetically sealed product. Neither the container nor its contents are negatively affected, and the heat generated does not harm the contents.

It is possible to overheat the foil and thereby cause damage to the seal layer and to any protective barriers. This could result in faulty seals, even weeks after the initial sealing process, so proper sizing of the induction sealing is vital to determine the exact system necessary to run a particular product.

Sealing can be done with either a handheld unit or on a conveyor system. A more recent development (which better suits a small number of applications) allows for induction sealing to be used to apply a foil seal to a container without the need for a closure. In this case, foil is supplied pre-cut or in a reel. Where supplied in a reel, it is die cut and transferred onto the container neck.  When the foil is in place, it is pressed down by the seal head, the induction cycle is activated, and the seal is bonded to the container. This process is known as direct application or sometimes "capless" induction sealing.

Potential uses

There are a variety of reasons companies choose to use induction sealing:
 Tamper evidence
 Leak prevention
 Freshness retention
 Protection against package pilferage
 Sustainability
 Production speed

Tamper evidence
With the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations concerning tamper-resistant packaging, pharmaceutical packagers must find ways to comply as outlined in Sec. 450.500 Tamper-Resistant Packaging Requirements for Certain over-the-counter (OTC) Human Drug Products (CPG 7132a.17).

Induction sealing systems meet or exceed these government regulations. As stated in section 6 of Packaging Systems:

"...6. CONTAINER MOUTH INNER SEALS. Paper, thermal plastic, plastic film, foil, or a combination thereof, is sealed to the mouth of a container (e.g., bottle) under the cap. The seal must be torn or broken to open the container and remove the product. The seal cannot be removed and reapplied without leaving visible evidence of entry. Seals applied by heat induction to plastic containers appear to offer a higher degree of tamper-resistance than those that depend on an adhesive to create the bond..."

Leak prevention/protection
Some shipping companies require liquid chemical products to be sealed prior to shipping to prevent hazardous chemicals from spilling on other shipments.

Freshness
Induction sealing keeps unwanted pollutants from seeping into food products, and may assist in extending shelf life of certain products.

Pilferage protection
Induction-sealed containers help prevent the product from being broken into by leaving a noticeable residue on plastic containers from the liner itself. Pharmaceutical companies purchase liners that will purposely leave liner film/foil residue on bottles. Food companies that use induction seals do not want the liner residue as it could potentially interfere with the product itself upon dispensing. They, in turn, put a notice on the product that it has been induction-sealed for their protection; letting the consumer know it was sealed upon leaving the factory and they should check for an intact seal before using.

Sustainability
In some applications, induction sealing can be considered to contribute towards sustainability goals by allowing lower bottle weights as the pack relies on the presence of an induction foil seal for its security, rather than a mechanically strong bottle neck and closure.

Induction heating analysis

Some manufacturers have produced devices which can monitor the magnetic field strength present at the induction head (either directly or indirectly via such mechanisms as pick up coils), dynamically predicting the heating effect in the foil. Such devices provide quantifiable data post-weld in a production environment where uniformity – particularly in parameters such as foil peel-off strength, is important. Analysers may be portable or designed to work in conjunction with conveyor belt systems.

High speed power analysis techniques (voltage and current measurement in near real time) can be used to intercept power delivery from mains to generator or generator to head in order to calculate energy delivered to the foil and the statistical profile of that process. As the thermal capacity of the foil is typically static, such information as true power, apparent power and power factor may be used to predict foil heating with good relevance to final weld parameters and in a dynamic manner.

Many other derivative parameters may be calculated for each weld, yielding confidence in a production environment that is notably more difficult to achieve in conduction transfer systems, where analysis, if present is generally post-weld as relatively large thermal mass of heating and conduction elements combined impair rapid temperature change. Inductive heating with quantitative feedback such as that provided by power analysis techniques further allows for the possibility of dynamic adjustments in energy delivery profile to the target. This opens the possibility of feed-forward systems where the induction generator properties are adjusted in near real-time as the heating process proceeds, allowing for a specific heating profile track and subsequent compliance feedback – something that is not generally practical for conduction heating processes.

Benefits of induction vs. conduction sealing
Conduction sealing requires a hard metal plate to make perfect contact with the container being sealed. Conduction sealing systems delay production time because of required system warm-up time. They also have complex temperature sensors and heaters.

Unlike conduction sealing systems, induction sealing systems require very little power resources, deliver instant startup time, and have a sealing head which can conform to "out of specification" containers when sealing.

Induction sealing also offers advantages when sealing to glass: Using a conduction sealer to seal a simple foil structure to glass gives no tolerance or compressibility to allow for any irregularity in the glass surface finish. With an induction sealer, the contact face can be of a compressible material, ensuring a perfect bond each time.

Real-world applications of induction sealing
Induction sealing is broadly used to preserve the freshness and integrity of various products, such as:

 Sauces, jams, and condiments
 Dairy products, including milk and yogurt containers
 Beverages, such as water, coffee, tea, and juices
 Nutritional supplements
 Ready-to-eat meals, soups, and other food products
 Pet food and animal care products
 Medications and other pharmeceuticals
 Cosmetics, such as shampoos and conditioners
 Skin care products, such as lotions, creams, and serums
 Various chemical substances, including cleaning agents, pesticides, and fertilizers
 Pastes, adhesives, sealants, paints, and coatings
 Lubricants and greases
 Sporting goods supplies

History

1957–1958 – Original concept and method for induction sealing is conceived and proven by Jack Palmer (a process engineer at that time for the FR Corporation – Bronx, NY) as a means of solving liquid leakage from polyethylene bottles during shipment
1960 –  is awarded to Jack Palmer, in which his concept and process of induction sealing is made public
Mid-1960s – Induction sealing is used worldwide
1973 – First solid-state cap sealer introduced
1982 – Chicago Tylenol murders
1983 – First transistorized air-cooled power supply for induction cap sealing
1985 – Universal coil technology debuted
1992 – Water-cooled, IGBT-based sealer introduced
1997 – Waterless cap sealers introduced (half the size and relatively maintenance-free)
2004 – 6 kW system introduced

References

Further reading
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,

External links
FDA's regulations concerning tamper-resistant packaging
 http://www.enerconind.co.uk/

Induction heating
Packaging machinery

Induction sealing


The Scott Hotel is a former hotel located at 101 East Quincy Street in Hancock, Michigan, originally known as the Hotel Scott. As of 2009, it is also known as the Scott Building. The five-story building is in the Renaissance Revival style, constructed of tan brick and trimmed with Lake Superior Sandstone. The building is listed as a Michigan State Historic Site and is a contributing property of the Quincy Street Historic District.

History

Construction of the hotel was completed in August 1906. It opened on August 14, 1906, and was owned by Archibald J. Scott, for whom the building is named.

In December 1913, Charles Moyer, president of the Western Federation of Miners, was in the hotel when he was attacked, shot, and later deported by train to Chicago.

The Kerredge Theatre, located next door to the east, burned down late May 1959 and caused an estimated $100,000 (1959 US dollars) of smoke and water damage to the hotel. At this time, the hotel had 100 rooms. The hotel closed in the late 1960s. The building was listed as a Michigan State Historic Site on January 17, 1986. On October 13, 1988, the Quincy Street Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, with the Scott Hotel as a contributing property.

A 2004 study recommended that the largely unused building should be put to better use. The Hancock Hardware store, located on the ground floor, closed in 2006. Beginning in 2006, the building underwent a $4.2 million renovation to create 28 apartment units for low-income seniors. The renovation was completed and the apartments opened for occupancy in December 2007.

Architecture
Designed by Eric Anderson in the Renaissance Revival style, the five-story building is rectangular in shape with a flat-roof. It is largely constructed of tan-colored brick adorned with Lake Superior Sandstone trimmings and quoining. The building's stamped metal cornice is trimmed with modillions and dentils.

The building was originally fronted by four stories of balconies, though by March 1921 the topmost balcony had been removed. By April 1922, the balconies had been replaced by a single veranda. About this time, a large sign displaying Scott Hotel was built on top of the building. A different sign at the same spot that read Hotel Scott existed during the 1940s and 1950s. The veranda was removed in the 1960s and the hotel signage was also removed at some point.

See also

List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Houghton County, Michigan

References

Michigan State Historic Sites in Houghton County
Renaissance Revival architecture in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Houghton County, Michigan
Historic district contributing properties in Michigan
Hancock, Michigan
Hotel buildings completed in 1906
1906 establishments in Michigan

Scott Hotel


National Panchayati Raj Day (National Local Self-Government day) is the national day of Panchayati Raj System in India celebrated by Ministry of Panchayati Raj on 24 April annually.

Panchayati Raj was constitutionalised through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1993. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 22 December 1992 and by Raj Sabha on 23 December 1992. Later it was approved by 17 state assemblies and received the assent of the President on 23 April 1993. This Act become effective on 24 April 1993.

Then ,Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh declared the first National Panchayati Raj Day on 24 April 2010.  He mentioned that if Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) functioned properly and locals participated in the development process, the Maoist threat could be countered.

Addressing the Elected Representatives, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 24 April 2015 called for an end to the practice of "husbands of women sarpanches" or "sarpanch pati" exercising undue influence on the work of their wives elected to power.

References

Observances in India
April observances
Panchayati raj (India)

National Panchayati Raj Day


USS Clay (APA-39) was a Bayfield class attack transport in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. She was then sold into commercial service and was scrapped in 1974.

History
USS Clay was originally laid down as Sea Angel by the Western Pipe and Steel Company on 14 October 1942. The vessel was launched on 23 January 1943 and commissioned into the US Navy as naval transport USS Clay (AP-84) on 29 June 1943. The ship then sailed from San Pedro to New York, where she was decommissioned for conversion on 11 August 1943, and recommissioned into service as an attack transport designated APA-39''' on 21 December 1943, after which she sailed to Pearl Harbor in preparation for operations against the Japanese.

Saipan
After an abortive operation against Kavieng (cancelled due to neutralization of the Japanese forces there by other means), USS Clay headed to Saipan, where on the morning of 15 June 1944 she participated in a feint landing off the island's northwestern coast in order to draw Japanese troops away from the real landing zone. On the afternoon of the same day, Clay participated in the invasion proper, landing elements of the 2nd Marine Division.Clay then returned to Pearl Harbor with troops and Japanese prisoners of war, arriving on 9 July. Clays naval division was then ordered to San Diego to embark the 5th Marine Division for an attack on Guam, but during the trip Guam fell to US forces and the ship was diverted to Hawaii in preparation for a new operation.

Leyte

After intensive rehearsals, USS Clay then embarked with elements of the 96th Infantry Division for an attack on Yap, but once again the course of the war made the invasion unnecessary and the ship was ordered to participate in an invasion of Leyte instead, 700 miles beyond. The vessel staged at Manus and on 14 October set sail as part of a large invasion force, taking part in the invasion on 20 October. Under constant threat from Japanese aircraft, Clay then sailed from Leyte to Hollandia and thence Morotai, before returning to Leyte with vital reinforcements and supplies. The vessel unloaded in a single day and on 14 November proceeded once again to Manus, then to Cape Gloucester, where following her arrival on 27 November, she began to prepare for the invasion of Luzon in Lingayen Gulf.

Luzon
On 31 December 1944, USS Clay departed for the invasion of Luzon. In the face of kamikaze air attacks, the invasion was successfully carried out on 9 January. Clay herself helped beat off the suicide attacks, and the Japanese erroneously reported her sinking.Clay then returned to Leyte to embark elements of the 1st Cavalry Division, which she also transported to Luzon, arriving on 27 January. After taking on board wounded soldiers, Clay then set sail for Guadalcanal to embark elements of the 6th Marines.

Okinawa
After more rehearsals, USS Clay embarked in March with elements of the 6th Marines as part of the massive invasion fleet destined for Okinawa. Braving attacking planes and gunfire, the invasion took place on 1 April. By 5 April Clay was returning home to San Francisco for an overhaul and an increase in her armament in preparation for the invasion of Japan. While in port she also received a new commanding officer, Captain E. M. Eller, and refresher training at San Diego.

After the Japanese surrender
On 27 July USS Clay headed once more for the Pacific, but before she could arrive the US unleashed its atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima and the Japanese surrendered. Clay continued to Leyte, and from there to Cebu where she embarked elements of 182nd Infantry Regiment for occupation duties in Japan. On 1 September, she sailed for Tokyo Bay as flagship of Temporary Squadron 13 (part of Tokyo Force), skippered by Squadron Commander Captain R C Bartham.

Sailing through swept minefields and past the wreck of the Japanese battleship Nagato, USS Clay disembarked her cargo in the devastated industrial region between Yokohama and Tokyo, before returning to Cebu and thence to Otaru with more occupation troops. She then journeyed to Guam to pick up occupation troops for Tientsin, China. From there she sailed to Saipan to embark troops returning home to the United States, arriving at San Pedro on 5 December 1945. After a second trip to the Pacific to pick up more returning servicemen, she sailed from San Francisco on 9 March 1946 and arrived at New York on 27 March. She was decommissioned on 15 May 1946 .

In the course of her naval career, USS Clay covered over 100,000 miles in wartime operations. She received four battle stars for her wartime service.

Commercial service
After decommissiong, the vessel was sold through the Maritime Commission on 12 September 1946 to American President Lines, which renamed her SS President Johnson. By the 1970s she had been sold again, to Waterman Steamship Corporation, and renamed SS La Salle''. The vessel was finally scrapped in 1974.

References

 AP-84 / APA-39 Clay

Bayfield-class attack transports
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
USS Clay (APA-39)
Ships built in Los Angeles
1943 ships
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States

USS Clay


Confessions of a Police Captain  (, also known as Confessions of a Police Commissioner to the District Attorney) is an Italian crime-drama film.

The film won the Golden Prize at the 7th Moscow International Film Festival in 1971 and the Prix lntemational de l'Academie du Cinema at the Étoile de Cristal Awards in 1972.

Plot
Police Captain Bonavia (Balsam) arranges the release of a criminally insane prisoner, Michele Lipuma, who immediately sets about settling a score with a local construction magnate, Ferdinando Dubrosio. As Bonavia follows Lipuma's initial movements, it becomes clear that Bonavia orchestrated his release for that outcome. Lipuma's attempt to kill Dubrosio fails—Dubrosio was tipped off somehow and left three gunmen in his place...all of whom, including Lipuma, end up dead.
D.A. Traini (Nero), energetic and idealistic, takes over the case and is informed by Bonavia of the stranglehold Dubrosio has over the local construction industry, and how he and various government officials game the system for their own benefit.  As the case unfolds, Traini realizes that Bonavia masterminded the events as intricately as any criminal, and vows to bring him down. Traini believes whole-heartedly in the system and its officials, refusing to accept corruption of any official, but is countered by Bonavia, who explains that all he has to do to derail Traini is muddy the water with slander.

Central to the overall case is the whereabouts of Lipuma's sister, Serena, who was once involved with Dubrosio and privy to many of the conversations held between Dubrosio and the government officials. As witnesses to Dubrosio's activities tend to disappear, when Bonavia finds Serena, he puts her in a safe house known only to himself. Traini finally decides to start the prosecution of Bonavia, prompting Bonavia to write a full confession, including the murder of Dubrosio, which he then commits while Traini is reading the confession.  Bonavia immediately turns himself in, and when the arrest is mentioned on TV, Serena calls the courthouse to enquire...only to have Dubrosio's thugs arrive at the safe house, claiming to be sent by the court. She is unceremoniously killed, encased in a concrete, and incorporated into a local construction project.

From prison, Bonavia questions whether Traini will investigate how Dubrosio found out where Serena was hidden...as it was only after she contacted the courthouse...but Traini refuses to consider any possible collusion between parties. He reassures Bonavia that the system has integrity and will serve justice in the end. Bonavia responds that prison is a different world, and one where Traini holds no influence. Bonavia is duly killed in prison, eliminating the last 'loose thread'. With that, Traini realizes that the word could only have come from the Attorney-General himself, who smugly smiles and asks "Is something wrong?" when finally confronted.

Cast
 Franco Nero: Deputy D.A. Traini
 Martin Balsam: Commissioner Bonavia
 Marilù Tolo: Serena Li Puma
 Claudio Gora: District Attorney Malta
 Luciano Catenacci: Ferdinando Lomunno
 Giancarlo Prete: Giampaolo Rizzo
 Arturo Dominici: Lawyer Canistraro
 Michele Gammino: Gammino
 Adolfo Lastretti: Michele Li Puma
 Nello Pazzafini: prisoner

Releases
Wild East released this on a limited edition R0 NTSC DVD alongside The Summertime Killer in 2010.

References

External links

1971 films
1971 crime drama films
Italian crime drama films
1970s Italian-language films
Films about the Sicilian Mafia
1970s political thriller films
Films directed by Damiano Damiani
Films set in Sicily
Films scored by Riz Ortolani
1970s Italian films

Confessions of a Police Captain