The magic angle is a precisely defined angle, the value of which is approximately 54.7356°. The magic angle is a root of a second-order Legendre polynomial, , and so any interaction which depends on this second-order Legendre polynomial vanishes at the magic angle.  This property makes the magic angle of particular importance in magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. In magnetic resonance imaging, structures with ordered collagen, such as tendons and ligaments, oriented at the magic angle may appear hyperintense in some sequences; this is called the magic angle artifact or effect.

Mathematical definition

The magic angle θm is

where arccos and arctan are the inverse cosine and tangent functions respectively.

θm is the angle between the space diagonal of a cube and any of its three connecting edges, see image.

Another representation of the magic angle is half of the opening angle formed when a cube is rotated from its space diagonal axis, which may be represented as arccos − or 2 arctan  radians ≈ 109.4712°. This double magic angle is directly related to tetrahedral molecular geometry and is the angle between two vertices and the exact center of a tetrahedron (i.e., the edge central angle also known as the tetrahedral angle).

Magic angle and nuclear magnetic resonance

In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, three prominent nuclear magnetic interactions, dipolar coupling, chemical shift anisotropy (CSA), and first-order quadrupolar coupling, depend on the orientation of the interaction tensor with the external magnetic field.

By spinning the sample around a given axis, their average angular dependence becomes:

where θ is the angle between the principal axis of the interaction and the magnetic field, θr is the angle of the axis of rotation relative to the magnetic field and β is the (arbitrary) angle between the axis of rotation and principal axis of the interaction.

For dipolar couplings, the principal axis corresponds to the internuclear vector between the coupled spins; for the CSA, it corresponds to the direction with the largest deshielding; for the quadrupolar coupling, it corresponds to the z-axis of the electric-field gradient tensor.

The angle β cannot be manipulated as it depends on the orientation of the interaction relative to the molecular frame and on the orientation of the molecule relative to the external field. The angle θr, however, can be decided by the experimenter. If one sets θr = θm ≈ 54.7°, then the average angular dependence goes to zero. Magic angle spinning is a technique in solid-state NMR spectroscopy which employs this principle to remove or reduce the influence of anisotropic interactions, thereby increasing spectral resolution.

For a time-independent interaction, i.e. heteronuclear dipolar couplings, CSA and first-order quadrupolar couplings, the anisotropic component is greatly reduced and almost suppressed in the limit of fast spinning, i.e. when the spinning frequency is greater than the width of the interaction.

The averaging is only close to zero in a first-order perturbation theory treatment; higher order terms cause allowed frequencies at multiples of the spinning frequency to appear, creating spinning side-bands in the spectra.

Time-dependent interactions, such as homonuclear dipolar couplings, are more difficult to average to their isotropic values by magic angle spinning; a network of strongly coupled spins will produce a mixing of spin states during the course of the sample rotation, interfering with the averaging process.

Application to medical imaging: The magic angle artifact
The magic angle artifact refers to the increased signal observed when MRI sequences with short echo time (TE) (e.g., T1 or proton density spin-echo sequences) are used to image tissues with well-ordered collagen fibers in one direction (e.g., tendon or articular hyaline cartilage). This artifact occurs when the angle such fibers make with the magnetic field is equal to θm.

Example: This artifact comes into play when evaluating the rotator cuff tendons of the shoulder. The magic angle effect can create the appearance of supraspinatus tendinitis.

Reinforced rubber

To achieve optimal loading in a straight rubber hose the fibres must be positioned under an angle of approximately 54.7 angular degrees, also referred to as the magic angle. The magic angle of 54.7 exactly balances the internal-pressure-induced longitudinal stress and the hoop (circumferential) stress.

References

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Magnetic resonance imaging
Mathematical constants

Magic angle


Abdul Majid Cockar (3 February 1923 – 31 October 2016
) was a Kenyan lawyer and the Chief Justice of Kenya. He served from 1994 to 1997 and was succeeded by Zacchaeus Chesoni.

He was born in Amritsar, Punjab, British India. In 1938 he passed the Senior Cambridge Examination and joined the Kenya Department of Education as a teacher. He moved to the United Kingdom and completed the Post Graduate Teachers Diploma in Education in 1945. The following year he completed the Post Graduate Diploma in Law. He returned to Kenya in 1953 and enrolled as an advocate of the High Court of Kenya. The same year he set up the law firm Cockar & Cockar Advocates with his younger brother Saeed.

He was appointed a Senior Resident Magistrate in 1961 and Chairperson of the Rent Restriction Tribunal in 1974. He was later made a Judge of the High Court and Court of Appeal. In 1994 he was made Chief Justice of Kenya, serving until his retirement in 1997.

In 2012 he published his memoirs 'Doings, Non-doings and Mis-doings'. Cockar died at the age of 93 on 31 October 2016 in Nairobi.

See also
 Chief Justice of Kenya
 Court of Appeal of Kenya
 High Court of Kenya

References

2016 deaths
Chief justices of Kenya
Kenyan Muslims
20th-century Kenyan judges
Indian emigrants to Kenya
Punjabi people

Abdul Majid Cockar


Katie Tippel (Dutch title: Keetje Tippel) is a 1975 film by Paul Verhoeven. The film is based on the memoirs of Neel Doff (1858–1942) and was the most expensive Dutch film produced up to that time. The film was a box office success, being the number one film in the Netherlands for the year with 1.8 million admissions, and one of the top 10 most popular Dutch films of all time at the time.

Plot
The film begins in 1881 at Stavoren, a small Dutch rural town in the province of Friesland, and follows Katie's family to Amsterdam, where they hope to escape grinding poverty by finding work. Upon their arrival Katie secures employment at a dye-works, but is fired when she refuses to have sex with the director. She finds a job at a hat shop, where, during a business trip to a brothel, she discovers her older sister Mina working there. Later that evening, back at the hat shop, she is brutally raped by the owner and, in revenge, smashes the shop window.

Weeks go by, during which Katie's father works in a factory on low pay and Mina descends into alcoholism. While attempting to steal bread, Katie is knocked unconscious by a policeman and taken to a sanitorium. It becomes apparent that her body is her only asset as a doctor diagnoses tuberculosis, but refuses treatment unless she sleeps with him. It is unclear whether this occurs, but on her discharge Katie rejoins her family and discovers her father has been sacked and her sister is too drunk to sleep with clients. Katie's mother decides that, rather than the family starve, Katie must also go into prostitution.

Her first client is a gentleman, who Katie does not satisfy due to her inexperience. Her second client, an artist called George, takes her to his studio to pose for a painting depicting a Socialist revolution. He pays her the rate they negotiated for her services, but tells her he only wants her to model. He introduces Katie to Hugo, a banker, and Andre, a wealthy socialist, and they head to a nightclub for a meal. Katie's re-education has begun. Andre is attracted to Katie, but she seems enamoured with Hugo, with whom she goes home and sleeps. Hugo provides Katie with money for a new dress and they arrange to meet in the park. It is here that Katie's former life threatens to catch up with her when the gentleman she approached a few days earlier recognises her and informs Hugo he knew Katie when she only cost fifty cents. Hugo punches him, refusing to believe his story and promises Katie that she can move in with him "forever". Katie goes to see her family, informing them she intends to leave. Her mother asks how she will feed the children if Katie's not there to provide. Katie tells her mother she "should have fucked less" and storms out, kicking her hysterical mother who tries to prevent her from leaving.

Once at Hugo's, Katie settles into the life of the bourgeoisie but is soon troubled at having to go spying on some of Amsterdam's less affluent shop owners to see whom Hugo should refuse credit to. After being exposed in a coffee shop, and as a result, hot chocolate is thrown in her face, Katie tells Hugo she will not do his dirty work anymore. Very soon Hugo informs Katie that he intends to marry the daughter of the director of the bank he works at. Although Hugo proposes an arrangement even after he will marry, Katie runs out onto the street and joins in a socialist march. The police arrive to break it up, opening fire on the marchers. During the confusion, Katie is reunited with George and Andre who are also present. Andre is shot in the arm and collapses, hitting his head. George takes them to a carriage waiting nearby and Andre and Katie board it, taking them to Andre's country mansion. Katie stays with him and, when he awakes, it becomes apparent that romance will blossom between the two. They discuss the subject of money, Katie telling Andre that "money turns people into bastards". When Andre's headwound begins to bleed, Katie informs Andre that the best cure is to suck the blood. "That's better", she says, a sliver of blood running from the corner of her mouth. The picture freezes and a roller-caption appears informing us that the film is based on true events from the life of Neel Doff and that "her indomitable spirit lives on in this film".

Cast
 Monique van de Ven as Keetje "Tippel" Oldema
 Rutger Hauer as Hugo
 Peter Faber as George
 Andrea Domburg as Keetje's Moeder
 Hannah de Leeuwe as Mina, Keetje's zus
 Jan Blaaser as Keetje's Vader
 Eddie Brugman as André
 Jennifer Willems as Antoinette

Original ending
The film was to feature an epilogue set several years in the future where Katie, now married to Andre, would be sat reading. As the noise from those starving in the street becomes unbearable, Katie rises and closes the open window to shut out the sound. Her journey is now complete, Katie becoming one of the "bastards" she despises. However, producer Rob Houwer decided this was too downbeat as an ending, so it was never filmed.

Production
Gerard Soeteman's original script for the film was substantially longer, Katie's journey mirroring the growth of Socialism in the Netherlands during the late 19th century. Owing to budgetary restrictions from the Dutch Government and Rob Houwer many of the more lavish scenes were cut, placing the emphasis less upon the period the film is set than upon Katie herself.

Music
The soundtrack was composed by Rogier van Otterloo, but unlike other film music was never published on LP. Only years later when a CD was released with the collected works of Van Otterloo, the music of the opening titles became available in mono from the film's soundtrack.

In the film, the song "The money is on the streets" is sung by Riet Henius. This song, the text of which was co-written with Alexander Pola became a single. On the B-side are two pieces of music by Willem Breuker, which are referred to as clips from the movie, but are not heard in the film.

Intertextuality
Verhoeven has since stated that this is the only film of his he has ever considered remaking. There are numerous echoes of this film in the controversial 1995 movie Showgirls. Black Book (2006) also features a strong-willed female character whose quest for identity becomes blurred.

References

External links

1975 films
1970s Dutch-language films
Films based on Dutch novels
Films based on actual events
Films produced by Rob Houwer
Films set in Amsterdam
Films set in the Netherlands
Films set in 1881
Films set in the 1880s
Films directed by Paul Verhoeven
Tippel
Tippel
Tippel
Tippel
1970s historical drama films
Dutch historical drama films
1975 drama films

Keetje Tippel


Asterolasia hexapetala is a species of erect, spreading shrub that is endemic to the Warrumbungles in New South Wales. It has oblong to elliptical leaves with star-shaped hairs, especially on the lower surface, and white flowers arranged in small groups in leaf axils and on the ends of branchlets, the back of the petals densely covered with white, yellow or brown, woolly star-shaped hairs.

Description
Asterolasia hexapetala is an erect, spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of . The leaves are oblong to elliptical,  long and  wide on a petiole  long. The leaves are covered with white to brownish, woolly, star-shaped hairs, usually paler and more densely covered on the lower surface. The flowers are arranged in small umbels in leaf axils and on the ends of branchlets, each flower on a pedicel  long. The five petals are white to yellow, mostly  long, densely covered with white to yellow or brown, woolly, star-shaped hairs on the back. Flowering occurs in spring.

Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1825 by French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, who gave it the name Phebalium hexapetalum. In 1917, George Claridge Druce changed the name to Asterolasia hexapetala. The name originates from the Ancient Greek words; aster, lasios, and hexapetala, meaning star, hairy (referring to hairs on the leaves), and six-petals.

Distribution and habitat
This asterolasia is only found in the Warrumbungle Ranges where it mainly grows along watercourses in forest and woodland.

Use in horticulture
Asterolasoa hexapetala prefers a moist, well drained and lightly shaded situation. Established plants are able to cope with dry periods. Plants may be propagated by cuttings or from seed, with some difficulty.

References

hexapetala
Flora of New South Wales
Sapindales of Australia
Taxa named by George Claridge Druce

Asterolasia hexapetala


The French submarine fleet of World War II was one of the largest in the world at that time.  It saw action during the war but had a chequered service history due to France's position at that time.  During the conflict, 59 submarines, more than three-quarters of the fleet, were lost.

Construction history
After World War I France had a fleet of 36 submarines, in a variety of classes, plus 11 ex-German U-boats; these were mostly obsolete (all had been disposed of by the 1930s) and she was interested in replacing them. To this end the French Navy made plans for a fleet of vessels in three Types:
Type I ocean-going / grand patrol;
Type 2 coastal defence;
Type 3 mine layers.

At the same time, the major powers were negotiating an arms limitation treaty at the 1922 Washington Naval Conference.  There was discussion of banning submarines altogether, and to outlaw their use (a course favoured by Britain) both France and Italy opposed this. However the conference did place restrictions on the number and size of warships of various types that nations could build. The ocean-going submarine was restricted to a 1500-ton surface displacement, while the coastal submarine was limited to 600 tons, though there was no limit placed on the numbers of these vessels that could be built.

The first submarines completed by France after World War I were the three boats of the O'Byrne class (O'Byrne, Henri Fournier and Louis Dupetit-Thouars). Initially built on Romanian order, they were completed for the French Navy and commissioned in 1921.

In 1922–23  France ordered the Requin class, a Type 1 submarine. These ran to 9 vessels, but their  indifferent performance led to calls for an improved design. This came in 1924 with the Redoutable class, a successful design, which ran to 31 vessels in three series.

In 1923 the French Navy placed orders for a series of coastal/seagoing Type 2 boats. The order was placed with three different design bureaux, which led to three different designs to the same specification. Known collectively as the 600 Series, these were the Sirène, Ariane and Circé classes, a total of 10 boats.
They were followed in 1926 by the 630 Series, another three classes from the same bureaux. These were the Argonaute, Orion and Diane classes, a further 16 boats.
In 1934 the Navy opted for a standardized Admiralty design, the Minerve class of 6 boats, and in 1939 by the Aurore class, a larger, much improved version of the Minerve.
And further enlarged design, the Phenix class, were ordered but not built, due to France's defeat in 1940 and the subsequent armistice.

The type 3 minelayer was represented by the Saphir class, a 1925 order for 6 boats. These were  followed in 1937 by the Émeraude class, but again these were not built before the 1940 armistice.

France also experimented with the concept of the submarine cruiser, in common with other navies of the time. In 1926 she built the Surcouf, for many years the largest submarine ever built. However the vessel had little role to play in French naval strategy, and the experiment was not repeated.

Thus in 1939 France had, in total, a fleet of 77 submarines, making it the fifth largest submarine force in the world at that time.

Design features

While being designed by different bureaux, the French submarines of this period shared a number of features.  They were generally double-hulled, with an emphasis on good surface handling, though this led to them being indifferent divers.  They also emphasized habitability, needing to be suitable for service in France's colonial empire, which could mean long voyages and operations in the tropics.

One unique feature was the use of external torpedo mounts.  As well as torpedo tubes in the bow and stern, most French submarines carried torpedo tubes externally in trainable mounts, built into the outer casing. These could be trained to fire at various angles beyond fore and aft, but could not be re-loaded at sea. French submarines also mounted torpedoes of different calibres, typically carrying the 400mm (15.75 inch) torpedo, for use against "soft" targets such as merchant ships, as well as the 550mm (21.7 in) torpedo for use against warships.

Service history
The role of the French submarine force in 1939 was to act in concert with the French fleet and with France's allies against the Axis powers, with particular responsibilities in the Mediterranean.  It also operated in defence of France's overseas territories and colonial empire.  This changed in 1940 with the fall of France and the signing of the armistice with Germany.

One submarine had been sunk in action, and several others scuttled to prevent their capture; seven others, in British ports at the time of the armistice, became part of the Free French naval force (FNFL). The captured Aurore class boat  was taken into German service as UF-2, a training ship.  However the majority remained under the control of the Vichy government.

Over the next two years 16 submarines were lost in Vichy service, mostly in clashes with British and Allied forces.

In November 1942, with the invasion of Vichy territory by the Germans, many of the remaining vessels were scuttled, or captured by the Axis.  Those that survived, or managed to escape, joined the FNFL; despite losses, and with replacement from allied navies, France ended the war with 20 submarines in service, having lost 50 boats from a variety of causes.

Classes
Type 1 grand patrol/ocean-going submarine
 Requin class: 9 units built 1928–1931
 Redoutable class : 31 units built 1928–1937
Redoutable (1st series) : 19 units 1928-31
Espoir (2nd series) : 6 units 1931-34
Agosta (3rd series) : 6 units 1934-37

Type 2 coastal/sea-going submarines
 600 Series
 Sirène class : 4 units built 1925–1926
 Ariane class : 4 units built 1925–1927
 Circé class : 4 units built 1925–1927
 630 Series
 Argonaute class : 5 units built 1929–1932
 Orion class : 2 units built 1931
 Diane class : 9 units built 1930–1932
 Minerve class : 6 units built 1934–1938
 Aurore class : 8 ordered; 1 completed by 1939
 Phénix class : 13 ordered; none completed

Type 3 minelayer submarines
 Saphir class : 6 units built 1928–1935
 Émeraude class : 4 ordered; none completed

Cruiser submarine
Surcouf : 1 unit built 1929

In addition, Free French forces operated Curie, a British built U-class submarine.

See also
List of submarines of France

Notes

External links
 Sous-marins francais
 French navy submarines at uboatnet

References
 Bagnasco, E :Submarines of World War Two (1977)

Miller, D :Submarines of the World (1991)

French submarines of World War II


Claude Jacqueline Pompidou (née Cahour; 13 November 1912 – 3 July 2007) was the wife of President of France Georges Pompidou.  She was a philanthropist and a patron of modern art, especially through the Centre Georges Pompidou.

Life before politics

She was born Claude Jacqueline Cahour in Château-Gontier, Mayenne, one of two daughters of a doctor.  Her mother died when she was three years old.

She moved to Paris to study law.  She met Georges Pompidou, her future husband, during the first year of her studies; he was then working as a literature teacher at a lycée.  The couple married in 1935.  Their adopted son, Alain Pompidou, was born in 1942.

Georges Pompidou fought in the Battle of France in the Second World War, before resuming his career as a teacher.  He joined the staff of Charles de Gaulle after France was liberated.  He joined de Rothschild Frères as a banker in 1953, and became general manager of a bank in 1956.

Political life

De Gaulle appointed Georges Pompidou as Prime Minister of France in 1962 and he served until 1968.  The couple did not move to the Prime Minister's official residence at the Hôtel Matignon, staying instead in their apartment in Quai de Béthune on Île Saint-Louis.  Pompidou won public acclaim for his handling of the May 1968 strike but it caused friction with De Gaulle, leading to his resignation as Prime Minister once the crisis had passed.  Meanwhile, Mme Pompidou was noted for her interest in fashion.

Pompidou ran for the Presidency in 1969 and was elected, but Mme Pompidou did not enjoy political life, once calling the Élysée Palace a "house of sadness".  The couple redecorated its rooms in the modern style, with painted aluminium walls and colourful carpets by Yaacov Agam, and soft furnishings by Pierre Paulin.  Her husband died in office in 1974.  The daring decorations were removed by the next President, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

Philanthropy

In 1970, Mme Pompidou set up the Claude Pompidou Foundation to help disabled children, the elderly and hospitalised. Jacques Chirac served as the Treasurer of the Foundation for over three decades. His wife Bernadette Chirac became the president of the Foundation, following the death of Mme Pompidou.

Pompidou Centre

Pompidou played a key role in establishing the Centre Georges Pompidou. The building was designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers (it is said that Georges Pompidou didn't approve of the choice of the jury who picked up Piano and Rogers, and that he would have preferred a more classic architecture) and the choice of artwork for the Centre was based largely of her knowledge of her husband's tastes. She was particularly inspired by the work of Yves Klein.  Pompidou continued to play an active role in French artistic life in subsequent decades. She also played an active role in the foundation.

She published her memoirs, L'Élan du Coeur, in 1997. She died in Paris. The funeral service was held in church Saint-Louis-en-l'Île in presence of president Nicolas Sarkozy, former president Jacques Chirac, Farah Pahlavi, Princess  Caroline of Monaco, Maurice Druon and business woman Liliane Bettencourt.

References

External links
Fondation Claude Pompidou

1912 births
2007 deaths
People from Château-Gontier
Spouses of presidents of France
Spouses of prime ministers of France
French philanthropists
French socialites
20th-century French philanthropists
Georges Pompidou

Claude Pompidou


James Edward Miller (1942 - 8 February 2019) was a Professor of cognitive linguistics at the University of Auckland, researcher on language syntax, semantics and standardology. In the period of 2003-2007 he was Professor Emeritus of Spoken Language at the Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics of the University of Edinburgh.

Life
In 1965 he received an M.A. at the University of Edinburgh in Russian and French, receiving a Diploma in General Linguistics a year later. He received his Ph.D. on Tense and Aspect in Russian in 1970. After graduation, his main focus of interest for the first 20 years were in aspect, case and transitivity, as well as various models of the generative grammar framework.

In the late 1970s he investigated the syntax of Scottish English together with Keith Brown, which eventually led him to the research of a more general notion of syntax of spontaneous spoken language (English, Russian, and French), as well as the relation of spoken and written language, literacy, and the relationship of language and politics, education and identity. As a result of this research, he published a book Spontaneous Spoken Language together with Regina Weinert in 1998.

His research interest included speaking, writing and language acquisition, as well as topics on spoken language, non-standard language, and typology.

He died on 8 February 2019 at the age of 76.

Books
 Semantics and Syntax: Parallels and Connections (1985)
 Syntax: A Linguistic Introduction to Sentence Structure (1992, with E K Brown, James V Miller)
 Spontaneous Spoken Language : Syntax and Discourse (1998, with Regina Weinert)
 An Introduction to English Syntax (2000)

References

 Personal Webpage

Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Linguists
Academic staff of the University of Auckland
1942 births
2019 deaths

Jim Miller (linguist)


Benjamin Perryman (Steek-cha-ko-me-co) was a tribal town chief of some prominence among the Muscogee people in Alabama and was a pronounced adherent of the William McIntosh faction in Creek tribal affairs. He is noted as a signer of the Treaty of February 24, 1833 at Fort Gibson with the Government and, with Roley McIntosh, represented the Creeks at an intertribal conference with the western tribes which opened at Fort Gibson on September 2, 1834 and in these proceedings took an engaging part.

Ancestry
Benjamin Perryman was said to be the son of Theodore Perryman, a European-American man. Perryman's mother was Muscogee Creek. As such, Chief Perryman was a mix-blooded Indian. He had a brother named Sam Perryman, though it is not known if they had the same mother. Sam Perryman was also Creek. In matrilineal Creek society, in which paternity is much less important, they were automatically accepted as members of the Creek nation.

Prominent descendants
Among his many noted descendants are David McKellop Hodge, Albert Pike McKellop, Matt Taylor, a modern-day published astro photographer, and Pleasant Porter.

References

Native American leaders
Muscogee people
19th-century Native Americans
American Métis people

Benjamin Perryman


An isochromosome is an unbalanced structural abnormality in which the arms of the chromosome are mirror images of each other. The chromosome consists of two copies of either the long (q) arm or the short (p) arm because isochromosome formation is equivalent to a simultaneous duplication and deletion of genetic material. Consequently, there is partial trisomy of the genes present in the isochromosome and partial monosomy of the genes in the lost arm.

Nomenclature
An isochromosome can be abbreviated as i(chromosome number)(centromeric breakpoint). For example, an isochromosome of chromosome 17 containing two q arms can be identified as i(17)(q10).(Medulloblastoma)

Mechanism
Isochromosomes can be created during mitosis and meiosis through a misdivision of the centromere or U-type strand exchange.

Centromere misdivision
Under normal separation of sister chromatids in anaphase, the centromere will divide longitudinally, or parallel to the long axis of the chromosome. An isochromosome is created when the centromere is divided transversely, or perpendicular to the long axis of the chromosome. The division is usually not occurring in the centromere itself, but in an area surrounding the centromere, also known as a pericentric region. It is proposed that these sites of exchange contain homologous sequences between sister chromatids. Although the resulting chromosome may appear monocentric with only one centromere, it is isodicentric with two centromeres very close to each other; resulting in a potential loss of genetic material found on the other arms. Misdivision of the centromere can also produce monocentric isochromosomes, but they are not as common as dicentric isochromosomes.

U-type strand exchange
A more common mechanism in the formation of isochromosomes is through the breakage and fusion of sister chromatids, most likely occurring in early anaphase of mitosis or meiosis. A double-stranded break in the pericentric region of the chromosome is repaired when the sister chromatids, each containing a centromere, are fused together.  This U-type exchange of genetic material creates an isodicentric chromosome. Misdivision of the centromere and U-type exchange can occur in sister chromatids, thus creating an isochromosome with genetically identical arms. However, U-type exchange can also occur for homologous chromosomes which creates an isochromosome with homologous arms. This exchange between homologues is most likely due to homologous sequences containing low copy repeats. Regardless of the chromosome involved in U-type exchange, the acentric fragment of the chromosome is lost, thus creating a partial monosomy of genes located in that portion of the acentric chromosome.

Consequences
The most common isochromosome is the X sex chromosome. Acrocentric autosomal chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 are also common candidates for isochromosome formation. Chromosomes containing smaller arms are more likely to become isochromosomes because the loss of genetic material in those arms can be tolerated.

Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome is a condition in females in which there is partial or complete loss of one X chromosome. This causes symptoms such as growth and sexual development problems. In 15% of Turner syndrome patients, the structural abnormality is isochromosome X, which is composed of two copies of the q arm (i(Xq)). A majority of i(Xq) are created by U-type strand exchange. A breakage and reunion in the pericentric region of the p arm results in a dicentric isochromosome. Some of the p arm can be found in this formation of i(Xq), but a majority of the genetic material on the p arm is lost so it is considered absent. Since the p-arm of the X chromosome contains genes that are necessary for normal sexual development, Turner's syndrome patients experience phenotypic effects. Alternatively, the increase in dosage of genes on the q arm may be involved in a 10-fold increase in risk of i(Xq) Turner's patients developing autoimmune thyroiditis, a disease in which the body creates antibodies to target and destroy thyroid cells.

Neoplasia
Neoplasia is uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in the creation of a tumour. In many different forms of neoplasia, isochromosome 17q is the most frequent neoplasia associated isochromosome and corresponds with poor patient survival. Unique DNA sequences, known as low copy repeats, occur in the pericentric region of the p arm, so a crossover event in that area can create a dicentric isochromosome through U-type strand exchange. The neoplasia created from i(17q) is caused by a decrease and increase in gene dosage from the monosomy of the p arm and trisomy of the q arm, respectively. Many candidate tumour suppressor genes are found on the lost p arm, allowing the tumour cell population to be maintained. It is debated whether the loss of tumour suppressor gene p53, located on 17p, is involved in the central pathogenesis of some neoplasia. The presence of one p53 gene can be functionally active, but its relation to other oncogenes can alter its expression levels when present only in one copy. Since the genetic sequences involved in i(17q) neoplasia are large, it is difficult to determine which genes, or combination of genes, are involved in tumour growth.

References

Chromosomes

Isochromosome


Forest Hill College is a co-educational state secondary college in Burwood East, Victoria, Australia.

The College
Up until 2010, Forest Hill College was divided into 2 sub-schools, Junior (Year 7-9), and Senior (Year 10-12), with a courtyard for Year 7–9, a courtyard for Year 10, and another courtyard for VCE Year 11–12.

New developmental plans for the school were implemented in 2010 which has since changed the way in which the college is divided. No longer are there separate courtyards based on year level, instead students are free to roam the entire college and interact with peers of all ages. This is part of the college's focus on community, in an attempt to build friendships throughout the college, making students feel welcome. This change is only one aspect of the ongoing development within the College.

Year levels are assisted in their welfare roles by Junior and Senior Student Wellbeing Coordinators, a part-time Adolescent Health Nurse, a College Chaplain and Home Group Teachers.

Subjects on Offer in VCE
In addition to a standard list of subjects on offer, the school also offers the VCAL (Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning), with students spending a few days at Forest Hill College, other days at TAFEs in the area and for some, a few days at work.

Specialist Programs

 Deaf Facility
 International Student Program
 STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and/arts Mathematics)

Sports Academies:

 Australian Football
 Basketball
 Netball
 Soccer
 Tennis
 Performing Arts

External links
Forest Hill College

Secondary schools in Melbourne
Educational institutions established in 1990
1990 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in the City of Whitehorse

Forest Hill College


Strathdevon is the strath of the River Devon in Clackmannanshire, Scotland. Strathdevon is associated with the parish of Muckhart and was up until 1971 the southernmost tip of Perthshire.

The strath stretches east to west from upper Yetts o' Muckhart and the Glen Devon area westwards along the Ochil Hills. Strathdevon includes the settlements of Muckhart, Dollar, Tillicoultry, Alva and Menstrie on the A91, and Rumbling Bridge. In the upper Yetts o' Muckhart there is a building that was the turnpike for the B934 road that leads to Dunning Glen and the A823, which in turn leads to Glen Devon and Gleneagles.

Geography
The Strathdevon and Crook of Devon areas of Perth and Kinross, in which the River Devon and Black Devon flow, are overlooked by the tops of the Ochil Hills, from where most of the area can be seen. The Black Devon flows past Clackmannan and links with the River Forth south of Alloa. The Ochil Hills supply the water that Highland Spring sells worldwide, and have also been mined for minerals including gold and silver, with cobalt, tin, copper and iron.

Strathdevon is managed by the local authority and land owners, and has various countryside management programs in place. European otter can be seen in early mornings and late evenings in winter time around the Tillicoultry areas of the River Devon. Salmon and sea trout navigate to the Devon and Black Devon a few times per year from Greenland and Arctic areas. Salmon / sea trout steps are located at Cambus and Dollar. The River Devon Angling Association was formed in 1905 and manages over  of this river. Most of Scotland's salmon rivers are managed by the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO), and the Rivers and Fisheries Trusts of Scotland (RAFTS).

See also
 List of rivers of Scotland

References

External links
 http://www.clacksweb.org.uk/
 http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst6470.html
 http://www.clacksnet.org.uk/hosted/daa/index.htm
 A map of Strath Devon and the district between the Ochils and the Forth, 1681, National Library of Scotland

Valleys of Clackmannanshire

Strathdevon


Adventures in the Screen Trade is a book about Hollywood written in 1983 by American novelist and screenwriter William Goldman. The title is a pun on Dylan Thomas's Adventures in the Skin Trade.

Overview
The book is divided into three parts. "Part One: Hollywood Realities" is a collection of essays on various subjects ranging from movie stars and studio executives to his thoughts on how to begin and end a screenplay and how to write for a movie star.

"Part Two: Adventures" has stories from 11 projects that Goldman has been involved with, from Charly and Masquerade, to the Academy Award-winning Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and All the President's Men, to some projects that remained unrealised, such as a musical remake of Grand Hotel.

In "Part Three: Da Vinci", Goldman shows the reader how he would go about adapting his own short story "Da Vinci" into a screenplay. The full text of "Da Vinci" and the subsequent screenplay that he wrote are included, followed by interviews with key movie industry figures, including director George Roy Hill, cinematographer Gordon Willis, and composer Dave Grusin.

There is also an expanded edition of the book, which includes the full screenplay of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, plus Goldman's analysis of the screenplay's strengths and weaknesses, as "Part Three", and moves the "Da Vinci" section to "Part Four".

Background
In the late 1970s, Goldman did hours of interviews with John Brady for a book that became The Craft of the Screenwriter (1981). Some of Goldman's answers were edited into a magazine piece for Esquire; this was read by an editor at a publishing house who contacted him about writing a book on screenwriting. Goldman agreed and hired Brady to work on the book with him, getting Brady to interview him over several sessions. These conversations were taped and transcribed, which Goldman used as the basis for the book.

Reception
The book became a best seller and has since become recognized as an industry classic. Art Kleiner wrote, "This is one of the three most engrossing 'creative confessional' books I've ever read."

See also
Which Lie Did I Tell?: More Adventures in the Screen Trade

References

Egan, Sean, William Goldman: The Reluctant Storyteller, Bear Manor Media 2014

1983 non-fiction books
Film production
Books about film
Books by William Goldman
Show business memoirs
Works about screenwriting
Warner Books books

Adventures in the Screen Trade


The noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) is a small grey bird with a black head and yellow eyes. This bird is common in the gardens of eastern Australian homes, but is not seen in Western Australia or the Northern Territory. The genus puts it in a large group of honey-eating birds. The species is a Latin word meaning "black-headed."

The noisy miner is a native of Australia, and one of the few native birds that is thriving in cities and suburbs.  In  some parts of Australia the number of noisy miners has grown to the point that it is driving out smaller birds like the wrens.  It prefers gardens with open spaces and lawns.

It usually eats the nectar from garden flowers, mostly on grevilleas, however it also walks around on grass picking up and eating small insects.

It is highly aggressive when other birds enter its area of garden or bush, and it flocks together with other nearby noisy miners to make small defensive groups called 'coteries' of four or five which cooperate to drive off kookaburras or magpies.  Sometimes they join together into even larger 'colonies' with up to a hundred or so birds.

The female will lay between two and four eggs in her nest, and food will be bought to the mother and her chicks by quite a few males in the coterie.  Bringing up the chicks is often done by the whole group.  They breed at any time in the year so there are often young noisy miners in the group. The younger birds usually have feathers and face colouring very similar to the adult birds, so it is often difficult to tell the difference.

They are sometimes called native miners, native mynas or native mynahs (actually an Indian spelling), and, in older bird books they might have up to twelve different names.  At one time they were thought to be mainly bee-eaters, but they eat the nectar of Australian native flowers. They are also known to eat fruit and insects, and at times small reptiles and amphibians. While the name is often spelled myna, or mynah, they are not related to the introduced brown/black-feathered "Indian" or "Common mynah" which is usually slightly larger and often found in the same area.

Miner calls

As the common name suggests, the noisy miner is a noisy species. It has a large variety of songs, calls, scoldings and alarms, most of which are harsh single notes. It has a special alarm call which is only used when the threat comes from a large bird flying overhead, and a different alarm call when intruders like humans and dogs enter their territory. A study of the bird found that those who lived in a noisy urban area were able to make their alarm call louder so it could be heard.

References

Other websites

Birds of Australia
Passeri

Noisy miner


John Wesley Spencer (March 7, 1864 – June 28, 1939) was a justice of the Indiana Supreme Court from April 15, 1912, to January 7, 1919.

Spencer was born in Mount Vernon, Indiana to attorney Elijah M. Spencer and Mary E. (Morse) Spencer, a member of the family of Samuel F. B. Morse. Spencer attended the schools of Mt. Vernon, graduated from the Mount Vernon High School in 1880, and attended Central Normal College in Danville, Indiana, for one year.

He then read law in his father's law office in Mount Vernon, and was admitted to practice on March 7, 1885, the day he turned twenty-one. After practicing at Mount Vernon until 1890, he was elected prosecuting attorney of the First judicial circuit, composed of Vanderburgh and Posey counties. In September 1891, he moved to Evansville, Indiana. He was re-elected prosecuting attorney in 1892 and served as such until October 22, 1895. From 1891 to 1911 Spencer was engaged in the practice of law at Evansville in partnership with John R. Brill under the firm name of Spencer & Brill. In 1909, Frank Hatfield became a member of the firm, and the name was changed to Spencer, Brill & Hatfield.

In 1896 Spencer was elected as a member of the Democratic state central committee to represent the First Congressional district, and was re-elected in 1898. In 1902 he was the Democratic nominee for Congress in the First Congressional district, but was defeated by James A. Hemenway, later a United States senator from Indiana. In 1904 he was a delegate to the Democratic national convention at St. Louis, and the same year was a candidate on the Democratic ticket for elector from the First district. In 1908 Spencer was one of the candidates on the Democratic ticket for elector at large from Indiana. In 1899 Spencer was a delegate at large to the antitrust conference held at Chicago, Illinois, having been appointed by Governor James A. Mount.

On November 9, 1911, Spencer was appointed judge of the Vanderburgh circuit court, succeeding Curran A. DeBruler. On March 26, 1912, after a spirited nomination contest, he was nominated by the Democratic state convention to contest a seat of the Supreme Court of Indiana representing the First Supreme Court judicial district. Less than one month later, on April 15, 1912, Spencer was appointed by Governor Thomas R. Marshall to a seat on the Supreme Court of Indiana vacated by the death of James H. Jordan. In November, 1912, Judge Spencer was elected to a full term of six years. Spencer wrote many of the important opinions handed down by the court, and became chief justice on May 26, 1913, serving until January 17, 1919.

Personal life
On December 12, 1882, Spencer married Lillie L. Lichtenberger, of Mt. Vernon. At the time of his service on the Indiana Supreme Court, they have two living children, a daughter, Mrs. Alethea Vogel, of Dallas, Texas, and a son, John W., Jr., junior member of the law firm of Wittenbraker, McGinnis & Spencer, at Evansville. He died in Madison, Wisconsin.

References

Justices of the Indiana Supreme Court
U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
1864 births
1939 deaths
Canterbury College (Indiana) alumni
Chief Justices of the Indiana Supreme Court

John W. Spencer


Ranunculus viridis, the Mount Allen buttercup, is a critically endangered species of alpine Ranunculus (buttercup), endemic to Rakiura/Stewart Island, New Zealand, where it occurs at altitudes of  on Mount Allen in the Tin Range.

Discovery
R. viridis was first described by botanist Hugh Wilson in 1980. The epithet viridis refers to its bright green leaves. Department of Conservation surveys found a small number of plants in the early 2000s and again in March 2017. The latest survey team collected two rosettes, which are being grown in a climate-controlled glasshouse at the Dunedin Botanic Garden.

Description
The Mount Allen buttercup is a short perennial herb with leaves forming small clumps or patches. It has a stout rhizome with numerous fleshy roots. The leaves are bright green, thick and glossy (20-40mm in diameter). The flower stem is short (15-30mm tall) and barely rises above the leaves. it is covered with fine cobwebby hairs and grooved on its upper surface. A single bright yellow flower forms on each stem and is 25-30mm in diameter. The lower third of the petals are green. The seed head is light green (12 mm in diameter) with many small brown achenes. R.viridis flowers between December and March and fruits between December and May.

Habitat and ecology
New Zealand has more than 40 species of wild buttercups. Thirty-four of these are native and they usually grow in mountain regions and on some predator-free offshore islands. The Mount Allen buttercup is one of three species endemic to Rakiura/Stewart Island. It is found only in the remote Tin Range on the slopes of Mount Allen. It survives in the shady damp crevices and ledges of rocky outcrops high on the mountainside at altitudes of 700 m (2,300 ft). It is most closely related to R. pinguis, which is found on the Auckland and Campbell Islands, and the yellow mountain buttercup (R. sericophyllus) from the South Island.

References

External links
 The Mt Allen buttercup discussed on RNZ Critter of the Week, 14 September 2018

viridis
Flora of New Zealand

Ranunculus viridis


Six Gates from Limbo is a science fiction novel  by Scottish writer J. T. McIntosh, first published in serial form in Worlds of If magazine.  The serial was titled "Six Gates to Limbo" in the magazine, appearing starting in January 1969.   Copyright was then secured in Great Britain in 1968 by Michael Joseph Ltd.   It was published in August 1969 in New York City by Avon Books.

Plot

On awakening in an idyllic tropical paradise, Rex is disoriented and possibly afflicted with amnesia.  He knows his name, but the particulars are curiously missing.  He spends his first week exploring, and discovers that his Eden-like paradise is surrounded by a huge unscalable wall 50 miles in circumference.  Furthermore, there are six gateways at roughly equal intervals, but there is no way to climb up there and see where they go.

After a significant amount of exploring, he finds a single house that may hold the answers to his missing memory.  How he could have missed it on first waking, is beyond him.  Maybe he was just pointed in the wrong direction, and he started wandering off randomly, and forgot to turn around.  Inside, he discovers what appears to be three suspended animation tanks, one of which is labeled REX, another REGINA - both with their tops off - and on looking inside, mysteriously vacant.  The other tank is labeled VENUS and holds a woman who is the most breathtakingly beautiful thing he has ever seen.

External links

1968 British novels
1968 science fiction novels
Novels first published in serial form
Scottish science fiction novels
Works originally published in If (magazine)
1968 in Scotland
Michael Joseph books

Six Gates from Limbo


Denis Augustine Hanley (1903 – 10 June 1980) was a British electrical engineer and Conservative Party politician.

The son of Edmund Hanley of Kintbury, Berkshire, he was educated at Downside School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

At the 1931 general election he was elected as Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Deptford, unseating the long-serving Labour incumbent, C. W. Bowerman.

In January 1935 he was found guilty of being drunk in charge of a motor car and was disqualified from driving. When an election was called later that year he choose not to defend his seat.

From 1938-54 he was employed by the Royal Naval Scientific Service.

References

External links

1903 births
1980 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1931–1935
People educated at Downside School
British electrical engineers
People from Kintbury
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge

Denis Hanley


The Dallas Hilton, constructed as the Hilton Hotel and today operating as the Hotel Indigo Dallas Downtown, is a historic hotel opened in 1925, located at the corner of Main Street and S. Harwood Street in downtown Dallas, Texas (USA). The hotel is a contributing property in the Harwood Street Historic District and Main Street District. It is also located across the street from Main Street Garden Park.

History

The Beginning
The Hilton Hotel, built by Conrad Hilton, was his first hotel to bear the "Hilton" name.  Conrad Hilton operated one of the two earliest hotel chains in the state, and went on to become a world leading hotel operator, with an international chain of hotels and resorts.

Unlike his earlier hotels, which were bought and renovated but not built by Conrad Hilton himself, the new hotel in Dallas was designed by Hilton from the ground up to be a prominent high rise hotel.

For the building site Hilton chose the highest point in downtown Dallas. Hilton retained the prominent architectural firm of Lang and Witchell, one of the two most respected firms in Dallas, to design the new hotel. They designed the hotel as a 14-story, reinforced concrete and masonry structure in a simplified Sullivanesque style with symmetrical facades and Beaux Arts detailing. Its horseshoe plan is similar to that of the Magnolia Building and features two massive towers projecting toward Harwood Street which form an open court. The towers were tied together on the main (Harwood) facade with a frontispiece entrance and an elaborate bridge at the l0th level.

Ground was broken on July 25, 1924 and the building was completed just over one year later for a total cost of $1.36 million—Hilton's second most costly Texas highrise. The hotel officially opened on Thursday, August 6, 1925. Hilton maximized all available space in the public areas of the hotel for an assortment of vending services. The presence of the druggist, men's shop, barber shop, valet service, beauty shop, coffee shop, tailor, cigar/news stand, telegraph office, dining room and others dovetailed with Hilton's emphasis on service while the rents those services paid supplemented the finances of the operation. Not wanting to tie up capital in land ownership, Hilton introduced the idea of a 99-year land lease with the Dallas Hilton. The concept was well known in the East in 1925, but it was new to Texas commerce circles.

Hilton's private offices were also located on the mezzanine level as were seven sample rooms with Murphy wall beds. The 325 guest rooms were typically small and were painted in colors of pearl gray and cream. The rooms and corridors were carpeted. Most had full baths, and the rest had half baths. Seventy-five percent of the rooms had south or east exposure for maximum ventilation; no rooms were located on the west.

The competition of the luxurious Adolphus and Baker Hotels located just blocks away compelled Hilton to formulate a marketing strategy for attracting a new clientele — "The Average Man" — to whom a moderately priced, modern hotel of handsome design would appeal in a city where there were few alternatives.

Changes
During the Great Depression, Hilton lost four hotels and saved five, one of which was the Dallas Hilton. In 1938, he relinquished the operating lease of the Dallas Hilton after his move to California. George Loudermilk, the owner, contracted with another well known hotel operator in Texas, A. C. "Jack" White, in July 1938 to run the hotel. White changed the name of the hotel to the White Plaza Hotel. He also undertook improvements totaling $150,000, including improvements to the air conditioning system. The 325 rooms were converted to 234, all with private baths. Loudermilk resided at the hotel until his death in 1953.

In 1961, the building was sold to Earlee Hotels, but the hotel continued to bear the name White Plaza until 1974. During these years the hotel began to deteriorate and decline in popularity.

Restoration
In 1977, Opal Sebastian, real estate investor, purchased the building and changed the name to the Plaza Hotel. All floors above the fourth level had been closed for an unknown period of time, and all rooms were in poor condition. Sebastian reopened the floors one at a time as they were rehabilitated.

On February 15, 1985, the hotel was sold again to the Dallas Plaza Partners of California, made up of Hotel Equity Management and Blackmond, Garlock and Flynn real estate merchant banker of San Francisco. The Dallas Plaza Partners contracted with Corgan to restore the hotel and Jerry O'Hara to renovate the interior, which took ten months. In December 1985, The Dallas Plaza Hotel opened its doors. It was later renamed The Aristocrat Hotel of Dallas and managed by Holiday Inn.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Dallas Landmark in 1985.  It was also designated as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1988.

Today
In 2006, InterContinental Hotels Group, the parent company of Holiday Inn, converted the hotel to the Hotel Indigo Dallas Downtown. The property's interior underwent a $5 million renovation that introduced hardwood floors, spa-like guest bathrooms, a business center and an upgraded fitness area. Today the hotel contains  of meeting space and 169 rooms.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallas County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Dallas County
List of Dallas Landmarks

References

External links

History of the Aristocrat Hotel
Hotel Indigo Dallas

Skyscraper hotels in Dallas
History of Dallas
National Register of Historic Places in Dallas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks
Dallas Landmarks
Beaux-Arts architecture in Texas
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas

Dallas Hilton


The Ethiopian Art Theatre — originally called the Chicago Folk Theatre, later the Colored Folk Theatre, also referred to as The Ethiopian Art Players — was an African American theatre company based out of Chicago, Illinois. The company was an influential albeit short-lived (1922/1923–1925) group founded during the Harlem Renaissance. There are differing views over the precise year that the company was founded, 1922 or 1923. The founder was Raymond O'Neil, a white theatre director, and its principal sponsor was Mrs. Sherwood Anderson, also white; though all its performers were African American. The organization was unique and controversial during its era, primarily for being one of the few African American Theatre Companies to perform European theatrical works, but also, among other things, for producing theatrical works of African American playwrights for both African American and Non-African American audiences.

Aim of The Ethiopian Art Theater
According to The Crisis magazine in 1923, the aims of The Ethiopian Art Theater were to create "dramatic pieces" that have "universal appeal" for both African Americans as for other races including Caucasians and Asians. Secondly, the organization sought to encourage African Americans and Whites in the construction of dramatic literature and theater. Last, the Ethiopian Art Theater sought to extend this experience to other organizations and cities where there was a large African American community in the hopes of establishing similar theaters.

As a response to numerous social, legal, and artistic restrictions on African Americans in the early 20th century, the Ethiopian Art Theater became a significant means of African American self-actualization. Raymond O'Neil's talents and use of African American culture became one of the greatest successes in the African American cultural production. It was one of the first African American dramatic theater companies to make its way to the Broadway stage. Some even say it paved the way for other great African Americans to showcase their talents. In addition, the theater found a way to create a middle ground between white and black cultural drama. For approximately three years after its opening, Fredi Washington became the first Negro actress to play a mulatto in the play The Great White Way. Such roles were normally played by white actors but Washington fought to play this role.  In addition, O'Neil revised Salome for one week in May 1923 to include African American features, and created a jazzy version of Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors. He also recreated the Medieval drama, Everyman, to include a cabaret scene. Supporters of the theater group saw the organization as a way to promote cultural and economic development in the community.

The theater hit some financial struggles due to the lack of donors in the Ethiopian Art Theater organization. Still, W.E.B. Du Bois made a statement proclaiming it a success by saying how  "Financially the experiment was a failure; but dramatically and spiritually it was one of the greatest successes that this country has seen."

The Chip Woman's Fortune (play)
Along with The Ethiopian Art Theatre's European theatrical repertoire the group was also committed to performing works by African American playwrights. The company, "requested help from The Crisis, the official publication for the National Association for the advancement of Colored People (N.A.A.C.P). W.E.B. Du Bois, its editor, recommended Willis Richardson, who had won two of its annual literary contests, and the company chose Richardson's one-act play The Chip Woman's Fortune. "The Chip Woman's Fortune opened on [sic] 7 May 1923 at the Frazee Theatre, making it the first black drama produced on the Great White Way." The play centered around a critical incident in the life of a poor African American family. It was not a financial success but W.E.B DuBois lauded it:

Controversy
In its brief existence, The Ethiopian Art Theatre managed to stir-up considerable controversy — to a level that, in some instances, challenged its otherwise well-established credibility. The biggest controversy came from external conflicts " when the show opened in New York on 7 May 1923, it faced enforced segregated seating at Broadway's Frazee Theatre. The African American Press and many in the audience were given seats in the balcony, but they, "flatly refused to occupy them." Eventually the management withdrew segregated seating and the performance continued for two weeks before returning to Harlem." David Krasner writes, "[m]any attendees of the opening night's performance had to be forcibly removed from the theatre, while others interrupted with "laughter and loud talk" during "the climax of the play."

Another point of tension between the company, the New York City Critics, and the greater New York theatre establishment was the fact that The Ethiopian Theatre Company chose to perform works such as Oscar Wilde's Salome and Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors, that, at the time, were not thought to be plays for African American performers and that cut in on the financial gains of other theatre companies who felt that ethically they had exclusive rights to European works. Instead of playing exclusively for audiences in Harlem, The Ethiopian Art Theatre chose ambitiously to work within the mainstream New York, Washington, D.C., and Chicago theatre systems that, due to both social and financial segregation, primarily catered to white audiences.

O'Neil also caused internal and external strife when he couldn't decide which pieces from the company's repertoire to perform. "O'Neil eager to capitalize on the "novelty" of African American actors in "mainstream" plays, frequently switched shows at the last minute. Audiences, purchasing tickets with the guarantee for a particular show, were infuriated at discovering that the bill had been switched at curtain time and another show was being offered. This not only angered the audience, it upset the actors, who only at the last minute learned what show they would perform. As a consequence the acting suffered and the Broadway productions received mixed reviews."

The Curtain Closes
"With only modest success, they [The Ethiopian Art Theatre] opened on Broadway for only two weeks and then returned to Lafayette before closing their New York engagement and disbanding entirely." The company gave rise to several noteworthy careers such as: Evelyn Preer (1896–1932) who was considered a "pioneer in the cinema world for colored women", Sidney Kirkpatrick, Marion Taylor, Laura Bowman, Solomon Bruce, and Aurthur Ray. Many of these performers went on to join other notable theatre companies such and the Lafayette Players.

Productions
 Everyman
 Medieval drama
 By Hugo von Hofmannsthal

 The Follies of Scapin
 By Molière

 George
 An expressionistic play from the German of Büchner
 By D.B. Bowerfind

 Salome
 By Oscar Wilde
 May 1923, Dunbar Theatre, Philadelphia
 Daily performances preceded The Chip Woman's Fortune

 The Taming of the Shrew
 By Shakespeare

 The Comedy of Errors
 jazz style (jazz band accompaniment)
 By Shakespeare
 March 15, 1923, Frazee Theatre

 The Chip Woman's Fortune
 By Willis Richardson
 May 1923, Dunbar Theatre, Philadelphia
 Daily performances preceded Salome

 The Gold Front Stores, Inc.
 Comedy, 3 acts (1924)
 By Caesar G. Washington
 Opened March 23, 1924, Lafayette Theatre, Harlem
 Starring Abbie Mitchell, Edna Thomas, Gus Smith
 Directed by Raymond O'Neil

 Cooped Up
 Drama, 1 act (1924)
 By Eloise Bibb Thompson (née Eloise Bibb; 1878–1928)
 1925
 (also produced October 15, 1924, by the National Ethiopian Art Theatre, Inc.)

Selected actors
 Lewis Alexander
 Coy Applewhite
 Laura Bowman
 Solomon Bruce
 George Jackson
 Sidney Kirkpatrick
 Lionel Monagas
 Charles Olden
 Evelyn Preer (1896–1932), a pioneer in the cinema world for African American women
 Arthur Ray
 Marion Taylor
 Arthur Thompson
 Walter White
 Zaidee Jackson

See also
 The Ethiopian Art Theatre

Notes

References

External links
 "Opinion of W.E.B. Du Bois: The Ethiopian Art Theatre", The Crisis, Vol. 26, No. 23, Whole No. 153, July 1923, published by the NAACP
 "Harlem Renaissance," Encyclopædia Britannica (2011)

Theatre companies in Chicago
Harlem Renaissance
African-American arts organizations
African-American theatre

The Ethiopian Art Theatre


Bryn Hall, also called Brynne Hall, is situated in Bryn Park, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Greater Manchester.

History

Old Bryn Hall
The Ashton in Makerfield seat of the Gerard family was Bryn Hall, in their estate Bryn Park, Ashton in Makerfield. Brynne Hall became the seat of the Gerard family by the marriage of William Gerard to the daughter and sole heiress of Peter de Brynne in 1250. The estate is now used for arable purposes, although part of it has been used for the Landgate housing development. It has been suggested that the site of the Old Hall should be excavated to find the remains of the house; however, the landowner has dug it up.

New Bryn
New Bryn Hall was built by a different section of the family. It was erected during the reign of Edward VI and was built around a courtyard and entered by crossing a narrow bridge over a moat that surrounded the property. The hall had a gatehouse secured by huge doors. A porch led to the great hall, which had a railed gallery along one side used to observe entertainments below. The gallery was supported by richly carved double pilasters, which were later removed to Garswood Hall. (The original stone footings of this building were no more than 40 feet square, so the 'great' hall wasn't as 'great' as you might imagine)

Thomas Gerard was High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1557. His son, Thomas Gerard, was created Baronet Gerard of Bryn in 1611. The Baronet's brother, Fr. John Gerard, was later ordained a Roman Catholic priest of the Society of Jesus and left behind a detailed memoir of his underground ministry in Elizabethan England

The Roman Catholic priest Fr. Edmund Arrowsmith, who was Canonized by Pope Paul VI in 1970 as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, was related to the Gerards on his mother's side, and after his execution in 1628 his hand was reportedly cut off and preserved at the Hall in a white silk bag; it was referred to as the 'holy hand'.  The Gerards were Royalists during the English Civil War. In 1651, Charles II travelled through Wigan and lodged at Bryn Hall on his way from Scotland to his ultimate defeat at the Battle of Worcester. New Bryn Hall had completely collapsed by the end of the 20th century.

In the early 1600s the Gerards left Bryn Hall for nearby Garswood Hall before moving into New Hall, which dates to around 1692 and which they obtained from the Launder family; it has since been renamed Garswood Hall. New Bryn was later demolished.

Later, another 'Bryn Hall' was built, on a different site some distance from the original, by an offshoot of the Gerard family  (Richard Gerard in marriage to Margaret Baldwin).  The Crippin family moved into this hall and developed coal mining on the estate. In 1870 20 men were killed and 1873 six men were killed in explosions at Bryn Hall Colliery on the Bryn Hall Estate. Bryn Hall was home to colliery owner Edward Frederick Crippin.

References
Notes

Bibliography

Houses in Greater Manchester
Ashton-in-Makerfield

Bryn Hall, Ashton-in-Makerfield


Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School (A.D.H.S) and Jr. College of Commerce (A.D.H.S.J.C.C) (Popularly known as A.D.H.S. or nicknamed Antonians) is a semi-private Government, Boys, day school located at Dadar in Mumbai, India. The institution was established in 1851 by Dr Antonio Da Silva and Reverend John Braz Fernandees under the name St. Johna high school. The school caters to pupils from kindergarten up to class 12. The medium of instruction is English. The school houses more than 6,000 pupils aged 3 to 18.

The school is affiliated to the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune, which conducts the SSC examinations at the close of class 10 and the HSC examinations at the close of class 12.

Alumni are commonly known as Antonians Alumnus. They include India politicians, government officials and business leaders.  The Sister school of A.D.H.S Dr. Antonio da Silva Technical High School and Junior College of Science located at the Shivaji Park was established in June 1963.

History
The Institution was founded in 1851 at Dadar in Bombay, British India by Dr. Antonio Da Silva and John Braz Fernandees under the name St. Johna high school. In 1875, Da Silva left the bulk of his estate for the extension of the high school, when the school came to its present name.

The school started a technical Stream from Standard VII in June 1963. It became a full-fledged independent Technical High School on 13 June 1971. The Junior College of both the Commerce and Technical schools, started in 1975, offering Science (Biology) and Vocational streams. Vocational streams offer three options: Electrical Maintenance, Scooter Servicing and Mechanical Maintenance.

During that time the Institution was recognised and aided by the Directors of Vocational Education and Training (Maharashtra State). The institution prepares pupils for the Secondary School Certificate Examination (with technical subjects) and Higher Secondary Certificate (with science/vocational science subjects) of the Maharashtra State Board.

Campus site and layout

Buildings include the Office Heritage Block, Heritage Block, Center Block, South Block, Antonians hall and sports complex and grounds.

Facilities

The school has a large library with over 20,000 books and digital books that are accessible to the students during school hours. Separate science laboratories for Physics, Chemistry and Biology are available. The science laboratories are used by 6–12 class students to carry out practical work. The school has three computer laboratories where students from kindergarten through class 12 study computing. The school has a mini-theatre for educational and entertainment purposes and also has a television room. The school has two drawing rooms that are used for drawing and arts. Four Gardens including two play parks, one botanical garden and one tracking garden are on the grounds.

The school has three halls: Antonians hall Old Little Hall and the Alumnus Hall. A cafeteria is run by the Interact club for use by both faculty and students. The school has various indoor and outdoor sports facilities.

Academics

Admissions

The admission notice for kindergarten and junior kindergarten is put up in January. For senior kindergarten to class 8 and for class 11 of Jr. College of Commerce the notice is put up in April. During the admission procedure, preference is given to siblings of former students, Protestant Christians and relatives of teachers. An interview of each candidate is conducted as a part of the admission process.

Curriculum

The school follows the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (SSC) & (HSC) syllabus. Marathi, Hindi and French are taught as second languages. English, Marathi and Hindi are taught from class 1 to class 12.

The academic year commences in June and concludes in April, consisting of two terms. The first term is from June until November and the second term is from November to April. Tests are conducted periodically and examinations are held at the end of every term.

Academic life

Pupils are known as "Antonians". The Antonians and press often call alumni Antonians Almuns, or simply Old Boys. The vast majority of alumni are Indians, but a dwindling number of Englishmen from before the 1948 Batches studied there.

The school is a cosmopolitan school. The Christmas concert is a three-day event. A sports meet and a farewell party for new graduates are also held annually. Inter-house competitions are held in elocution, drama, song, etc.

School activities

Extracurricular activities include student-led clubs on campus, including the Nature Club, Interact Club, Science Club, Scouts and Guides, and Scottish Junior Rifle Club. Inter-house debates, elocution, PowerPoint presentation competitions, essay writing competitions, dramatics and sporting competitions engage older students. Sports activities at the high school include football, cricket, basketball, swimming, throwball and roller skating.

Sports

Sports are compulsory. The school has over approximately  of playing fields, the largest of which are Football Ground Field (FGF) and the Main Field. Cricket, hockey, athletics, boxing and association football are played seasonally. Tennis, table tennis, badminton, squash and gymnastics tournaments are held. Sport is dominated by football, cricket, basketball, hockey, volleyball and handball during the spring term and by football, athletics and boxing in the autumn term. Inter-house matches are played in cricket, hockey and football.

Sports facilities include a multi-purpose hall with a gymnasium and other indoor sports. Artificial turf cricket pitches, outdoor basketball courts, four badminton courts, two Tennis courts, four squash courts, and a ground that can be converted into a 400-metre athletics tracks. The school has a large sports field at the rear, and a separate playground for the students of junior school.

The school has a long tradition of winning major matches and tournaments in football, cricket, volleyball, handball, badminton and several other sports.  The school lost the final to NSS Hill Spring Boys Under 17 Subroto Cup Football Tournaments in 2011 it has lost the Final match of the Tournaments by 0–10.

Clubs and societies

Extracurricular activities are also a compulsory element of school life. Some 27 clubs and societies exist, covering politics, drama, photography, aeromodeling, first-aid, dramatics, painting, sculpture, carpentry, amateur radio, music, senior and junior English debating societies, Model United Nations, chess and astronomy. In many societies pupils come together to discuss a particular topic or subject, presided over by a schoolmaster and often including a guest speaker.

Theatre and music

A multi-purpose theatre space known as The Antonians hall was built in 1965 seating over 1,200. It was inaugurated in April 1965 as a venue with modular seating and staging units. The facility is equipped with state-of-the-art stagecraft and engineering systems and has been the setting for numerous Shakespeare and other classic productions of western theatre, as well as musical performances and speeches during school ceremonies such as Founder's Day. The multi-purpose Old Little Hall venue is the old theatre that was built in 1851. It can accommodate approximately 400 people. Plays are regularly staged in English, Marathi and Hindi, with 11–12 productions each year, including 2 major productions as part of Founder's Day celebrations. The Inter House Once-Act Play competition is held each year, alternatively in English and Hindi. Many of the plays historically have been joint productions with its sister school.

The Alumnus Hall seats over 200 is the more modern multi-purpose theatre built in 1990 as a black box theatre with modular seating and staging units and is normally used to explore new directions in performance art. In 1999 a new music facility was built, housing a music library, a concert hall and several practice and teaching rooms where students learn western and Indian instruments.

Affiliations

The school's sister school is Dr. Antonio da Silva Technical High School and Junior College of Science, located at the Shivaji Park area of Mumbai. The school also has ties with Our lady of Convent Girls High School, Our Lady of Salvation High School and many other schools.

Sister school

The school started a technical stream from Standard VII in June 1963. It became a full-fledged independent Technical High School on 13 June 1971 and is at present housed at S. Veer Savarkar Road (also known as Cadell road) in Shivaji Park. In 1970 the Institution was registered as Dr Antonio da Silva Technical High School feeder school. The Junior College of Commerce at Dr Antonio da Silva High School and Jr. College of Science at Dr Antonio da Silva Technical High School, started in 1975, offers Science (Biology) and Vocational streams. Vocational streams offer three options: Electrical Maintenance, Scooter Servicing and Mechanical Maintenance. That same year the name of the Technical Institution was renamed as Dr Antonio da Silva Technical High School and Jr. College of Science.

Memberships

The Dr. Antonio da Silva High School and Junior College of Commerce is a member of the Rotary International's Interact Club, International Boys' Schools Coalition (IBSC), Rashtriya Life Saving Society (India).

Controversy

On 14 March 2013, the police and trustees of the Dr Antonio Da Silva High School were investigating allegations that a six-year-old Class I student was handcuffed with a cycle-lock chain, paraded before students of various classrooms and made to clean a toilet room. The father of the boy lodged a complaint with Shivaji Park police station against a teacher and the headmistress. The teacher allegedly handcuffed and paraded the boy, while the headmistress took no action following the parent's complaint. That month the matter was pending at the Maharashtra State Commission for Protection of Child Rights (MSCPCR).

Incidents

Thirty-five years after leaving school in Std VII, gangster Ashwin Naik (49) went back to the school on 9 November 2009 to collect his leaving certificate.

On 13 July 2011 at 18:30 IST (UTC+05:30), a bomb exploded outside the school. It was the third explosive device of the 2011 Mumbai bombings. The device was placed on an electric pole at the bus stand near Kabutar Khana. At least 50 people were injured in the blast. No one from the school was injured. If the bomb had exploded five minutes earlier, thousands of students may have been injured. The school remained closed the next day.

See also

Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education
Education in India
List of schools in Mumbai
List of schools in Mumbai
List of the oldest schools in the world
Dadar
2011 Mumbai bombings

References

Private schools in Mumbai
High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai
Boys' schools in India
Schools in Colonial India
Junior colleges in Maharashtra
Universities and colleges in Mumbai
Educational institutions established in 1851
1851 establishments in India

Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School and Junior College of Commerce


Civilization is a board game designed by Francis Tresham, published in the United Kingdom in 1980 by Hartland Trefoil and in the United States in 1981 by Avalon Hill. The Civilization brand is now owned by Hasbro. It was out of print for many years, before it saw republication in 2018, by Gibsons Games. The game typically takes eight or more hours to play and is for two to seven players.

Civilization is widely considered to be one of the most influential games in the strategy genre, cited as foundational to both the grand strategy and 4X subgenres.

The game is also first in incorporating a technology tree (or "tech tree"), a common feature in subsequent board and video games, which allows players to gain certain items and abilities only after particular other items are obtained.

Overview

The Civilization board depicts areas around the Mediterranean Sea. The board is divided into many regions. Each player plays a historic civilization and starts in the area where appropriate for that civilization, and attempts to grow and expand their empire over successive turns, trying to build the greatest civilization while minimizing the effects of calamities and war.

The goal of Civilization is to be first to advance to the final space on a table called the Archaeological Succession Table (AST). The AST starts at 8,000 B.C. and ends at 250 B.C. The AST contains fifteen spaces, and players are advanced on the AST each turn. At several points, however, certain conditions must be met (such as, the civilization must have a certain number of cities) in order to advance. Since any given civilization is unlikely to meet the advancement criteria at every stage of the AST, games usually last more than fifteen turns.

Civilization is unusual in that it does not focus on war and combat, as many games of its genre do. Instead, players are encouraged to trade and cooperate in order to advance. However, war and combat are entirely permissible, and are sometimes inevitable. In fact, the game is designed to limit players' geographical expansion possibilities, forcing them to deal with other civilizations militarily, diplomatically, or otherwise if they wish their own civilization to reach its full potential.

Gameplay

A game starts with each player having a single population token in the area based on the specific civilization represented (e.g. on the island of Crete for the Cretans or in Africa for the Egyptians).  As the first few turns progress, the population expands exponentially. Since any given area only supports so many population tokens, players need to spread out, eventually meeting the civilizations of other players.

As each civilization grows, adding more and more population to the board, players can convert excess population into cities by gathering six population tokens in an area favoring settlement (or twelve in other areas). Each city grants a trade card to the owner, one of eleven commodities, such as iron, salt and grain. Having more cities gives access to more valuable commodities, such as bronze, spice and gold. Collecting more cards in a set gives a larger payout. For example, one salt is worth 3 points, two are worth 12 points, and three are worth 27 points. Thus, players are encouraged to trade with each other to collect sets of the same commodity. Along with trade come eight calamities such as volcanoes, famine and civil war, which destroy population and cities. Gains from trade are in turn used to purchase civilization cards, such as agriculture, coinage, philosophy and medicine, which grant special abilities and give bonuses toward future civilization card purchases.

Trade is the most important activity in Civilization. Trade cards give a player's civilization wealth, which ultimately helps their civilization advance on the AST. Many "trade sessions" can become quite vocal and exuberant as players try to out-trade one another. Since players are only required to tell the truth about one of the cards and the total points value they are trading, calamity cards can be slipped into a trade, thereby avoiding receiving the effects of the calamity.

The goal of the game is to advance (on the AST) through the Late Iron Age and become the most advanced civilization on the map board.  This is accomplished through clever game play and purchase of several high-value civilization cards.

Editions

Civilization by Hartland Trefoil (1980).

Civilization by Avalon Hill (1982): 1st edition with a cover depicting an antique Greek temple, an Egyptian fresco and some baskets; the board with the map is a one-piece multifold. 2nd edition with a cover showing three heads - a Roman legionnaire, a Greek man, and a Minoan woman above the Pyramids. The board consists of two separate pieces.

Civilization by Gibsons Games/Welt der Spiele/Piatnik (1988): English and German version. The cover shows six members from people around the Mediterranean Sea.

Civilisation by Descartes (1989): French version. The cover shows a grayhaired male, a Roman temple and the Pyramids in the background.

Civilisation by Gibsons (2018): UK version. The cover shows a Roman officer and an Egyptian noblewoman.

Expansions

Advanced Civilization (1991)

The Advanced Civilization expansion contains simplified trading rules and gives every civilization the possibility to buy all civilization advances.  It also adds more trading cards, civilization advances, calamities and rules for up to eight players.  It contains all the cards available in the Trade Card Set (below).

Other expansions
 Trade Card Set (1982): Usable with the Avalon Hill version. Adds additional commodities such as timber, silver and ivory to reduce the frequency of calamities, reduce the risk for a shortage in low value trade cards (which disproportionately hurts the players with the most cities), and increase the challenge of making large sets. Advanced Civilization includes this expansion.
 Western Extension Map (1988): Usable with the Hartland/Trefoil and the Avalon Hill version. Extends the game board west of Italy to cover Gaul, parts of the Iberian peninsula, the British Isles and northwest Africa. (Note that a version of this expansion was also available for the original Hartland Trefoil version of the game)
 Eastern Expansion Map (1995): Usable with the Hartland/Trefoil and the Avalon Hill version. Adds Persia, Sumer, Samita and Indus people and covers the areas of Persia, the westernmost parts of the Indian subcontinent and Arabia. The map has the imprint "Civilisation Eastern Extension Unofficial Version". It was published in Alea Magazine #21 (Spain). In addition there are five new civilization cards.

Adaptations
Incunabula was the first computer emulation of the board game by Avalon Hill (1984, for MS-DOS). Besides the main game, it included two shorter variants, one eliminating trade and one that includes only trade.

Avalon Hill's Advanced Civilization was a 1995 MS-DOS computer version of the board game, incorporating the Advanced Civilization expansion. The rules were slightly modified from the board game for computer play.

A projected sequel of the Civilization board game in the ages after antiquity drove the development of Age of Renaissance, published by Avalon Hill in 1996. This game, designed for 3 to 6 players, has kept only a few features of 'Civilization, such as commodities (no longer collectible cards but territories) and the civilization advances (no longer cards but ticks in a check list).

Civilization is also well-known as the core inspiration behind Sid Meier's computer game of the same name, which would itself act as the progenitor of the wider 4X genre.

Reception
In the February 1983 edition of Dragon magazine (Issue #70), Tony Watson thought the game was ground-breaking, saying, "Once in a while, a new game comes out that proves that there is still plenty of virgin territory out there for game designers to explore and plenty of room for innovative and imaginative approaches to those subjects. Avalon Hill's release, Civilization, is just such a game." He concluded, "Civilization is a game that defies comparison with others [...] It's a fine value and is highly recommended."

In the January 1990 edition  of Games International (Issue 12), Steve Jones examined the game at length and concluded, "Civilization is an excellent multi-player game for those who like long games which require considerable thought, concentration and decision making."

Civilization was chosen for inclusion in the 2007 book Hobby Games: The 100 Best. Steven Savile commented that designer Francis Tresham "created a thinking gamer's game, one that deserves to be played around a table with friends — especially the cheerfully scheming sort".

Reviews
 Casus Belli #44 (April 1988)
Games (Vol 6, No 4, issue #30, July/August 1982, review by R. Wayne Schmittberger)
1982 Games 100 in Games
Jeux & Stratégie #17

Awards
At the 1983 Origins Awards, Civilization was awarded the Charles S. Roberts Award for "Best Pre-20th Century Boardgame of 1982".

Legacy
The game shares the name and the basic broad themes of expansion, development and conflict with the MicroProse computer game Civilization by Sid Meier that came out a decade later. While the gameplay of the computer game is unrelated to Civilization, MicroProse did pay Avalon a licensing fee for the name. Later in 1998 MicroProse filed a lawsuit against Activision (who licensed the rights to the board game) and Avalon Hill to secure the rights for using the name. The lawsuit was settled amicably in 2000, with Avalon Hill selling all rights to the Civilization franchise to MicroProse.

Although the success of the Civilization computer games series has led to multiple board games, starting with Sid Meier's Civilization: The Boardgame in 2002, none of these games has any direct relation to the Civilization board game discussed here.

See also
 Dawn of the Ancients – play-by-mail game sharing similar aspects as noted in a 1985 gaming magazine.

References

External links
 Product page at Gibsons Games

Avalon Hill games
Board games introduced in 1980
Fictional civilizations
Francis Tresham games
Board games about history
Origins Award winners
World conquest board games

Civilization (1980 board game)


Crunchy Black (born August 1974 in Indiana) is an American rapper and dancer from Memphis, Tennessee. He left in 2006. He is best known for being a member of the Oscar-winning hip hop group Three 6 Mafia. Crunchy is known for his dancing "G-Walking", which he says he started doing at Club Memphis. He is not the starter of this dance but he is very good at it. He is known as a pioneer.

Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
Rappers from Tennessee
American dancers
Singers from Indiana
1974 births
Living people

Crunchy Black


Tafsir Ishraq al-Ma'ani is a commentary on the Qur'an (tafsir) in the English language by Indian Islamic scholar Syed Iqbal Zaheer, who was an editor of the Bangalore-based weekly Islamic magazine Young Muslim Digest.

The tafsir discusses how the Qur'an was understood by those who received it: the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his immediate followers (sahabah), and the scholars of Islam in every age. It also presents useful notes, variant notes, variant opinions, anecdotes and legal points from commentaries old and new.

Tafsir Ishraq al-Ma'ani available in 14 volumes and total Pages is 4,680. Syed Iqbal Zaheer write tafsir in English language. after English other language translation's are not available.

Authors or books cited or quoted

 Musnad by Ahmed ibn Hanbal.
 Kitab al-Fiqh 'ala Madhahib al-Arba'ah by Abdul Rahman al-Jaziri.
 Muhammad Nasiruddin Albani by Silsilah al-Ahadith al-sahiha.
 Al-Tafsir Al-Kabir, the Tafsir notes of Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH) collected by 'Abdul Rahman 'Umayrah.
 Ruh al Ma'ani Fi Tafsir Qur'an al Azim Wa al Sab' al Mathani by Shihab al Din Sayyid Mahmood Alusi (d. 1291 AH)
 The Message of the Qur'an by Muhammed Asad (d. 1412 AH)
 Sharh Sunan Abi Da'ud by Muhammad Shams al-Haq al-'Azimabadi.
 Futh al-Bari bi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari by Hafiz Ahmed b. Ali ibn Hajr al-'Asqalani (d. 852 AH)
 Hussain by Ibrahim Zahran, edited by Tafsir ibn Kathir.
 Life of the Prophet by Muhammad ibn Ishaq.
 Jami' al Bayan Fi Tafsir al Qur'an by Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d. 310 AH).
 Tafsir al Qur'an al Azim by 'Imad al Din Abul Fida Isma'il ibn 'Amr ibn Kathir (d. 774 AH).
 Al-Tafsir Al-Qayyim by Shamsuddin Muhammad (born Abi Bakr Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, d. 751 AH), collected by Muhammad Uways Al-Nadwi.
 Faid al-Qadir Sharh Jami' Saghir (of Jalaluddin Suyuti) by Muhammad 'Abdul Ra'uf al-Munawi.
 Lughat al-Qur'an (Urdu) by Maulana Abdul Rashid No'mani.
 Ma'arif al Qur'an by Mufti Muhammad Shafi'Deobandi.
 Holy Qur'an Translation and Commentary by Abdul Majid Daryabadi (English).
 Holy Quran Translation and Commentary by Abdul Majid Daryabadi (Urdu).
 Tafhim al-Qur'an by Sayyid Abul A'la Mawdudi (d. 1979 CE).
 Muwatta by Imam Malik ibn Anas.
 Sharh Sahih Muslim by Imam Sharfuddin Al-Nawawi (d. 261 AH)
 Al Jam'i Lil Ahkam al Qur'an by Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ahmad al Ansari al Qurtubi (d. 671 AH)
 Mu'jam Mufradat al-Qur'an by al-Raghib al-Asfahani.
 Rawa'e' al-Bayan Tafsir Ayat al-Ahkam by Muhammad 'Ali Sabuni.
 Tafsir al Fakhr al Razi by Muhammad al-Razi Fakhr al Din ibn Dia al Din 'Umar (d. 604 AH).
 Safwatu al Tafsir by Muhammad 'Ali Sabuni.
 Al-Qur'an al-Karim by Shabbir Ahmed 'Uthmani.
 Adwa' al-Bayan, Fi Idahi Al-Qur'an bi 'al-Qur'an by Muhammad Al-Amin (born Muhammad Al-Mukhtar Al-Jakani Al-Shanqiti).
 Fi Zilal al-Qur'an by Sayyid Qutb (d. 1386 AH).
 Al-Fath al-Qadir by Muhammad ibn 'Ali Shawkani (d. 1255 AH).
 Sayyid Ibrahim by Fath al-Qadir of Shawkani.
 Bayan al Qur'an by Ashraf 'Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH).
 Tuhfah al-Ahwazi bi Sharh Jami' al-Tirmidhi by Muhammad ibn 'Abdul Rahman Mubarakpuri.
 The Glorious Koran, Meaning and Translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
 Haqa'iq al-Tanzil Wa 'Uyun al-Aqawil Fi Wujuh at-Ta'wil by Abu al-Qasim Jarallah Mahmood (born 'Umar al-Zamakhshari, d. 538 AH).
 Al-Burhan Fi 'Ulum al-Qur'an by Badruddin Muhammad bin 'Abdullah al-Zarkashi.

References

Ishraq Al-Ma'ani

Tafsir Ishraq Al-Ma'ani


Tolna County is an administrative county in  Hungary.  It was a county of the former Kingdom of Hungary. It is in central Hungary, on the west bank of the river Danube. It has borders with the Hungarian counties Somogy, Fejér, Bács-Kiskun, and Baranya. The capital of Tolna county is Szekszárd. Its area is 3703 km2.

Tolna County


Sierra Leone, alias Republic of Sierra Leone, be sam country for de southwest coast of West Africa. Edey share ein southeastern border plus Liberia, den de northern half of de nation be surrounded by Guinea. Edey cover sam total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi), Sierra Leone get sam tropical climate, plus diverse environments wey dey range from savanna go rainforests. De country get population of 7,092,113 as of de 2015 census. Freetown be dema capital den largest city. De country be divided for five administrative regions, wey dem subdivide am go 16 districts.

Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone


The 2010 Ma'anshan riot (马鞍山局长打人事件) or the June 11 incident (6.11 事件) occurred in Anhui Province, Ma'anshan, Huashan District in the People's Republic of China on June 11, 2010. It started out when a Chinese Communist Party official hit a boy with his car followed by a number of angry responses. The city then rioted over the official's action.

Incident
At 6:40 pm on June 11, Communist Party Ma'anshan tourism official Wang Guo-qing (汪国庆) was driving in a car with another female passenger down Hubei East Road (湖北东路) Darunfa Market (大润发卖场).  A young boy was hit lightly.  Instead of apologizing, Wang got out of the car and attacked the boy.  The female passenger also agreed and complimented the attack saying it was a "good hit".  Wang was talking to the boy, "Do you know who I am?  I am the government leader."  This stirred anger amongst the crowd.  The woman in the passenger side followed by saying she knew where the boy attended school judging by the uniform and that she had the authority to "mess him up".

Riot
Pedestrians started attacking them with bricks on the street.  This quickly led to 3,000 to 4,000 people following in the riot.  At around 11:30 pm the city's CPC secretary Zheng Wei-wen (郑为文) arrived on scene to handle the case and gave some visibility.  He said if the case was not handled well, the citizens can find Zheng himself.

About 10 minutes later the armed riot-police-unit arrived on the scene.  The crowd started throwing all types of objects in complete chaos.  The police responded by firing tear gas.  Afterward there were some reports that questioned whether Wang Guo-qing was drunk at the time.

References

2010 in China
Riots and civil disorder in China
2010 riots
June 2010 events in China

2010 Ma'anshan riot


Chair (Latin cathedra, Greek kathedra, "seat", Polish katedra) is an equivalent of an academic department in Poland, Russia and the Czech Republic, a division of a university or school faculty devoted to a particular academic discipline. Originally, a cathedra is the chair or throne of a bishop, a symbol of the bishop's teaching authority in the Roman Catholic Church.

University organisation in Poland comprises the following units:
University (Uniwersytet)
Faculty (Wydział)
Institute (Instytut)
Chair (Katedra)
Department (Zakład)
Research group (Pracownia, Zespół)

Usually degree programmes are conducted within the framework of institutes. However, some specialised programmes may be conducted by independent chairs, while programmes with large variety of disciplines involved (especially medical and legal studies) may be conducted directly by a faculty — in this case, faculty may be composed of chairs with no institutes in its structure. Interdepartmental individual programmes exist at some universities, where a programme of studies is agreed individually with student's supervisor and courses from various faculties, institutes and chairs are available.

Academia in Poland

he:קתדרה (אקדמיה)
pl:Katedra_(jednostka_organizacyjna)

Chair (Polish academic department)


The Paramount at Buckhead is a 478 ft (146 m) tall residential skyscraper in Atlanta, Georgia, and the tallest building in The Alliance Center complex.  It was constructed between 2002 and 2004, and has 40 floors above ground and 5 floors below ground.  It is the 21st tallest building in Atlanta.  The Paramount at Buckhead is the tallest residential structure ever built using tunnelform concrete construction.

References

Residential skyscrapers in Atlanta
Residential condominiums in the United States

The Paramount at Buckhead


Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí was a  gauge railway line in São Paulo, Brazil.

On 13 September 1946, the São Paulo Railway was nationalised by the federal government, and passed to be managed by the Brazilian Ministry of Transportation and Public Works ().  In 1948 it was renamed   and in 1957 became part of  (RFFSA). It was incorporated by RFFSA in 1969.

In the 1970s, the haulage system was replaced by a three blade abt system which was installed by the Japanese firm Marubeni. The locomotives for this changeover had been constructed by Hitachi.
New locomotives (7) were ordered in 2010 from the Swiss manufacturer Stadler Rail. The rack-and-pinion locomotives are supposed to be the most powerful ever built, with over 5000 kW of power they develop 760 kN of tractive force. The first unit is already undergoing testing as of June 2012. The first two units should be shipped of to Brazil by fall in order to undergo testing on the track before the end of the year.

See also
 Santos
 Jundiaí

Railway lines in Brazil
5 ft 3 in gauge railways in Brazil
Rack railways in Brazil

Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí