Tropical cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of a tropical cyclone in the atmosphere. The mechanisms through which tropical cyclogenesis occurs are distinctly different from those through which temperate cyclogenesis occurs. Tropical cyclogenesis involves the development of a warm-core cyclone, due to significant convection in a favorable atmospheric environment.

Tropical cyclogenesis requires six main factors: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures (at least ), atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low-pressure center, a pre-existing low-level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear.

Tropical cyclones tend to develop during the summer, but have been noted in nearly every month in most basins. Climate cycles such as ENSO and the Madden–Julian oscillation modulate the timing and frequency of tropical cyclone development.  There is a limit on tropical cyclone intensity which is strongly related to the water temperatures along its path.

An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide. Of those, 47 reach strength higher than , and 20 become intense tropical cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale).

Requirements for tropical cyclone formation

There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to sustain a low pressure center, a preexisting low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear. While these conditions are necessary for tropical cyclone formation, they do not guarantee that a tropical cyclone will form.

Warm waters, instability, and mid-level moisture

Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) spanning through at least a 50-metre depth is considered the minimum to maintain a tropical cyclone. These warm waters are needed to maintain the warm core that fuels tropical systems. This value is well above 16.1 °C (60.9 °F), the global average surface temperature of the oceans.

Tropical cyclones are known to form even when normal conditions are not met. For example, cooler air temperatures at a higher altitude (e.g., at the 500 hPa level, or 5.9 km) can lead to tropical cyclogenesis at lower water temperatures, as a certain lapse rate is required to force the atmosphere to be unstable enough for convection. In a moist atmosphere, this lapse rate is 6.5 °C/km, while in an atmosphere with less than 100% relative humidity, the required lapse rate is 9.8 °C/km.

At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this level, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection. A wetbulb temperature at 500 hPa in a tropical atmosphere of −13.2 °C is required to initiate convection if the water temperature is 26.5 °C, and this temperature requirement increases or decreases proportionally by 1 °C in the sea surface temperature for each 1 °C change at 500 hpa.
Under a cold cyclone, 500 hPa temperatures can fall as low as −30 °C, which can initiate convection even in the driest atmospheres. This also explains why moisture in the mid-levels of the troposphere, roughly at the 500 hPa level, is normally a requirement for development. However, when dry air is found at the same height, temperatures at 500 hPa need to be even colder as dry atmospheres require a greater lapse rate for instability than moist atmospheres. At heights near the tropopause, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was −77 °C (−105 °F).  A recent example of a tropical cyclone that maintained itself over cooler waters was Epsilon  of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.

Role of Maximum Potential Intensity (MPI)
Kerry Emanuel created a mathematical model around 1988 to compute the upper limit of tropical cyclone intensity based on sea surface temperature and atmospheric profiles from the latest global model runs. Emanuel's model is called the maximum potential intensity, or MPI. Maps created from this equation show regions where tropical storm and hurricane formation is possible, based upon the thermodynamics of the atmosphere at the time of the last model run. This does not take into account vertical wind shear.

Coriolis force

A minimum distance of  from the equator (about 4.5 degrees from the equator) is normally needed for tropical cyclogenesis. The Coriolis force imparts rotation on the flow and arises as winds begin to flow in toward the lower pressure created by the pre-existing disturbance.  In areas with a very small or non-existent Coriolis force (e.g. near the Equator), the only significant atmospheric forces in play are the pressure gradient force (the pressure difference that causes winds to blow from high to low pressure) and a smaller friction force; these two alone would not cause the large-scale rotation required for tropical cyclogenesis. The existence of a significant Coriolis force allows the developing vortex to achieve gradient wind balance.  This is a balance condition found in mature tropical cyclones that allows latent heat to concentrate near the storm core; this results in the maintenance or intensification of the vortex if other development factors are neutral.

Low level disturbance
Whether it be a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a tropical wave, a broad surface front, or an outflow boundary, a low level feature with sufficient vorticity and convergence is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis. Even with perfect upper-level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low.  Tropical cyclones can form when smaller circulations within the Intertropical Convergence Zone come together and merge.

Weak vertical wind shear

Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s (20 kt, 22 mph) between the surface and the tropopause is favored for tropical cyclone development. A weaker vertical shear makes the storm grow faster vertically into the air, which helps the storm develop and become stronger. If the vertical shear is too strong, the storm cannot rise to its full potential and its energy becomes spread out over too large of an area for the storm to strengthen.  Strong wind shear can "blow" the tropical cyclone apart, as it displaces the mid-level warm core from the surface circulation and dries out the mid-levels of the troposphere, halting development. In smaller systems, the development of a significant mesoscale convective complex in a sheared environment can send out a large enough outflow boundary to destroy the surface cyclone. Moderate wind shear can lead to the initial development of the convective complex and surface low similar to the mid-latitudes, but it must relax to allow tropical cyclogenesis to continue.

Favorable trough interactions
Limited vertical wind shear can be positive for tropical cyclone formation. When an upper-level trough or upper-level low is roughly the same scale as the tropical disturbance, the system can be steered by the upper level system into an area with better diffluence aloft, which can cause further development. Weaker upper cyclones are better candidates for a favorable interaction. There is evidence that weakly sheared tropical cyclones initially develop more rapidly than non-sheared tropical cyclones, although this comes at the cost of a peak in intensity with much weaker wind speeds and higher minimum pressure. This process is also known as baroclinic initiation of a tropical cyclone. Trailing upper cyclones and upper troughs can cause additional outflow channels and aid in the intensification process. Developing tropical disturbances can help create or deepen upper troughs or upper lows in their wake due to the outflow jet emanating from the developing tropical disturbance/cyclone.

There are cases where large, mid-latitude troughs can help with tropical cyclogenesis when an upper-level jet stream passes to the northwest of the developing system, which will aid divergence aloft and inflow at the surface, spinning up the cyclone. This type of interaction is more often associated with disturbances already in the process of recurvature.

Times of formation

Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer when water temperatures are warmest. Each basin, however, has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active.

In the North Atlantic, a distinct hurricane season occurs from June 1 through November 30, sharply peaking from late August through October. The statistical peak of the North Atlantic hurricane season is September 10. The Northeast Pacific has a broader period of activity, but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic. The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November.

In the Southern Hemisphere, tropical cyclone activity generally begins in early November and generally ends on April 30. Southern Hemisphere activity peaks in mid-February to early March.  Virtually all the Southern Hemisphere activity is seen from the southern African coast eastward, toward South America. Tropical cyclones are rare events across the south Atlantic Ocean and the far southeastern Pacific Ocean.

Unusual areas of formation

Middle latitudes
Areas farther than 30 degrees from the equator (except in the vicinity of a warm current) are not normally conducive to tropical cyclone formation or strengthening, and areas more than 40 degrees from the equator are often very hostile to such development. The primary limiting factor is water temperatures, although higher shear at increasing latitudes is also a factor. These areas are sometimes frequented by cyclones moving poleward from tropical latitudes. On rare occasions, such as Pablo in 2019, Alex in 2004, Alberto in 1988, and the 1975 Pacific Northwest hurricane, storms may form or strengthen in this region. Typically, tropical cyclones will undergo extratropical transition after recurving polewards, and typically become fully extratropical after reaching 45–50° of latitude. The majority of extratropical cyclones tend to restrengthen after completing the transition period.

Near the Equator

Areas within approximately ten degrees latitude of the equator do not experience a significant Coriolis Force, a vital ingredient in tropical cyclone formation. However, a few tropical cyclones have been observed forming within five degrees of the equator.

South Atlantic

A combination of wind shear and a lack of tropical disturbances from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) makes it very difficult for the South Atlantic to support tropical activity. At least five tropical cyclones have been observed here, including a weak tropical storm in 1991 off the coast of Africa near Angola, Hurricane Catarina in March 2004, which made landfall in Brazil at Category 2 strength, Tropical Storm Anita in March 2010, Tropical Storm Iba in March 2019, and Tropical Storm 01Q in February 2021.

Mediterranean and Black Seas

Storms that appear similar to tropical cyclones in structure sometimes occur in the Mediterranean Sea. Notable examples of these "Mediterranean tropical cyclones" include an unnamed system in September 1969, Leucosia in 1982, Celeno in 1995, Cornelia in 1996, Querida in 2006, Rolf in 2011, Qendresa in 2014, Numa in 2017, Ianos in 2020, and Daniel in 2023. However, there is debate on whether these storms were tropical in nature.

The Black Sea has, on occasion, produced or fueled storms that begin cyclonic rotation, and that appear to be similar to tropical-like cyclones observed in the Mediterranean. Two of these storms reached tropical storm and subtropical storm intensity in August 2002 and September 2005 respectively.

Elsewhere
Tropical cyclogenesis is extremely rare in the far southeastern Pacific Ocean, due to the cold sea-surface temperatures generated by the Humboldt Current, and also due to unfavorable wind shear; as such, Cyclone Yaku in March 2023 is the only known instance of a tropical cyclone impacting western South America. Besides Yaku, there have been several other systems that have been observed developing in the region east of 120°W, which is the official eastern boundary of the South Pacific basin. On May 11, 1983, a tropical depression developed near 110°W, which was thought to be the easternmost forming South Pacific tropical cyclone ever observed in the satellite era. In mid-2015, a rare subtropical cyclone was identified in early May, slightly near Chile, even further east than the 1983 tropical depression. This system was unofficially dubbed Katie by researchers. Another subtropical cyclone was identified at 77.8 degrees longitude west in May 2018, just off the coast of Chile. This system was unofficially named Lexi by researchers. A subtropical cyclone was spotted just off the Chilean coast in January 2022, named Humberto by researchers.

Vortices have been reported off the coast of Morocco in the past. However, it is debatable if they are truly tropical in character.

Tropical activity is also extremely rare in the Great Lakes. However, a storm system that appeared similar to a subtropical or tropical cyclone formed in September 1996 over Lake Huron. The system developed an eye-like structure in its center, and it may have briefly been a subtropical or tropical cyclone.

Inland intensification

Tropical cyclones typically began to weaken immediately following and sometimes even prior to landfall as they lose the sea fueled heat engine and friction slows the winds. However, under some circumstances, tropical or subtropical cyclones may maintain or even increase their intensity for several hours in what is known as the brown ocean effect. This is most likely to occur with warm moist soils or marshy areas, with warm ground temperatures and flat terrain, and when upper level support remains conducive.

Influence of large-scale climate cycles

Influence of ENSO

El Niño (ENSO) shifts the region (warmer water, up and down welling at different locations, due to winds) in the Pacific and Atlantic where more storms form, resulting in nearly constant accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) values in any one basin. The El Niño event typically decreases hurricane formation in the Atlantic, and far western Pacific and Australian regions, but instead increases the odds in the central North and South Pacific and particular in the western North Pacific typhoon region.

Tropical cyclones in the northeastern Pacific and north Atlantic basins are both generated in large part by tropical waves from the same wave train.

In the Northwestern Pacific, El Niño shifts the formation of tropical cyclones eastward. During El Niño episodes, tropical cyclones tend to form in the eastern part of the basin, between 150°E and the International Date Line (IDL). Coupled with an increase in activity in the North-Central Pacific (IDL to 140°W) and the South-Central Pacific (east of 160°E), there is a net increase in tropical cyclone development near the International Date Line on both sides of the equator. While there is no linear relationship between the strength of an El Niño and tropical cyclone formation in the Northwestern Pacific, typhoons forming during El Niño years tend to have a longer duration and higher intensities. Tropical cyclogenesis in the Northwestern Pacific is suppressed west of 150°E in the year following an El Niño event.

Influence of the MJO

In general, westerly wind increases associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation lead to increased tropical cyclogenesis in all basins. As the oscillation propagates from west to east, it leads to an eastward march in tropical cyclogenesis with time during that hemisphere's summer season. There is an inverse relationship between tropical cyclone activity in the western Pacific basin and the north Atlantic basin, however. When one basin is active, the other is normally quiet, and vice versa. The main cause appears to be the phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation, or MJO, which is normally in opposite modes between the two basins at any given time.

Influence of equatorial Rossby waves

Research has shown that trapped equatorial Rossby wave packets can increase the likelihood of tropical cyclogenesis in the Pacific Ocean, as they increase the low-level westerly winds within that region, which then leads to greater low-level vorticity. The individual waves can move at approximately 1.8 m/s (4 mph) each, though the group tends to remain stationary.

Seasonal forecasts
Since 1984, Colorado State University has been issuing seasonal tropical cyclone forecasts for the north Atlantic basin, with results that they claim are better than climatology. The university claims to have found several statistical relationships for this basin that appear to allow long range prediction of the number of tropical cyclones. Since then, numerous others have issued seasonal forecasts for worldwide basins. The predictors are related to regional oscillations in the global climate system: the Walker circulation which is related to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation; the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO); the Arctic oscillation (AO); and the Pacific North American pattern (PNA).

See also
Invest (meteorology)
Monsoon trough
Tropical cyclone forecasting

References

External links

Current AO conditions
Current ENSO conditions
Current MJO conditions
Current NAO conditions
Current PNA conditions
Maximum Potential Intensity
Maximum Potential Intensity Maps Worldwide
Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential

Tropical cyclone meteorology

Tropical cyclogenesis


Pravia is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias in Spain. It is bordered on the north by Cudillero and Muros de Nalón, on the east by Candamo and Soto del Barco, on the west by Cudillero and Salas, and on the south by Candamo and Salas.

Since 774, when King Silo established his court at Santianes de Pravia, until the reign of Alfonso II, it was the capital of the kingdom of Asturias.

Parishes

References

Municipalities in Asturias

Astures

Pravia


Bride service has traditionally been portrayed in the anthropological literature as the service rendered by the bridegroom to a bride's family as a bride price or part of one (see dowry). Bride service and bride wealth models frame anthropological discussions of kinship in many regions of the world.

Patterns
Patterns of matrilocal post-marital residence, as well as the practice of temporary or prolonged bride service, have been widely reported for indigenous peoples of the Amazon basin. Among these people, bride service is frequently performed in conjunction with an interval of uxorilocal residence. The length of uxorilocal residence and the duration of bride service are contingent upon negotiations between the concerned parties, the outcome of which has been characterized as an enduring commitment or permanent debt. The power wielded by those who "give" wives over those who "take" them is also said to be a significant part of the political relationships in societies where bride service obligations are prevalent.

Rather than seeing affinity in terms of a "compensation" model whereby individuals are exchanged as objects, Dean's (1995) research on Amazon bride service among the Urarina demonstrates how differentially situated subjects negotiate the politics of marriage.

Example
An example of bride service occurs in the Hebrew Bible, , when Jacob labored for Laban for fourteen years to marry Rachel. The original deal was seven years, but when the wedding day arrived, Laban tricked Jacob by giving him Leah, his older daughter, instead of Rachel. Jacob then had to work for Laban another seven years before he was permitted to marry Rachel.

References

Further reading

Anthropology
Ethnology
Marriage

Bride service


Ultimate Guitar (Ultimate Guitar USA LLC), also known as Ultimate-Guitar.com or simply UG, is an online platform for guitarists and musicians. Its website and mobile application provides guitar tablature catalogues and chord sheets. UG's platform also includes video courses, reviews of music and equipment, interviews with notable musicians and forums. It was started on October 9, 1998, by Eugeny Naidenov. Since 2008, Ultimate Guitar operates from San Francisco, US, with its platform available in most countries. As of December 2021, the site and mobile app contain 1,600,000 tabs and chords for over 900,000 songs from over 115,000 artists.  The UG app (also known as 'Tabs') has been downloaded more than 53,000,000 times.

Community
UG has over 43 million registered users. The website is regulated by an administrator and moderators. Moderators are users who are rewarded for being particularly helpful and knowledgeable in a specific subject and are responsible for moderating forums that focus on the subject they specialize in. Inappropriate words were formerly censored by a computer that searched for and replaced undesired words posted within the community, until September 1, 2015, when censorship of curse and swear words was discontinued. Community members may also create guitar lessons, and have their approved works published on the website and accessed by its users. Reviews of albums, multimedia, gear, and news articles can also be submitted by members.

Like the tabs, the lessons and columns are also rated by users, which contribute to the creator's "UG Points".  A user's UG score increases or decreases as other members rate their contributions.

Although UG encourages participation, they also have a strict guideline and set of rules that all UG users must follow. Members must be over the age of 13 to use the services offered by the site and only one account is allowed to be made per person. Strong media is also prohibited from use on the site.

Some members of the community have collaborated with other users to develop musical projects via the website's forums and some of these community projects have been released as compilation albums. One of the most notable of these projects was the "Blues & Jazz Album II", which featured fourteen original tracks submitted by a number of community members, released for digital download with all profits going to Tipitina's Foundation. There have been several other collaborative albums made by community members that are available for free download within the forums, including two electronic albums, a rock album and an acoustic album.

Features
The Pit is the forum where registered users can discuss multiple topics, including those that do not necessarily have to do with guitar or  music, including political, religious, and topical issues. Although The Pit is a miscellaneous section, all standards are upheld.

On August 12, 2007, the Ultimate Guitar site launched "UG Profiles", a feature which allowed users to add profiles for each of their bands, upload pictures of themselves, as well as gear, display their "guitar skills", join groups of interest, and add other users to friends lists. This was intended for networking, advertising gear, and bands in a similar way to other sites such as MySpace. At one time the site featured MP3 functionality, allowing users to upload their own recordings to their profiles, however that feature was disabled due to lack of use and legal liability in the case of copyright violations. The MP3 functionality was removed prior to September 1, 2014.

Users are able to request tablature in the site's Tab Talk forum. Tabs can be voted from 1 star (worst) to 5 stars (best), and comments can be made about the tab. Tabs of entire albums can also be submitted. Files such as basic guitar tabs and bass tabs can be read from an Internet browser, or copied and viewed off-line in a text editor in ASCII format. Guitar Pro and Power Tab files are run through programs that can play the tablature. These files can be saved and opened on the user's computer. Tabs are searchable by artist, album, or song name. Songs in non-European languages are often romanized.

Relationships with music publishers and songwriters
In late 2004 to early 2005, after taborama and mxtabs.net began closing due to legal threats from the Music Publishers Association of America, UG saw a surge of new users flock to the community. UG argued that it was not subject to the MPA legal actions because its headquarters were in Russia and the site's practices complied with Russian laws. Since then, UG has signed license agreements with thousands of publishers, including Sony, EMI, Peermusic, Alfred, Hal Leonard, Faber and Music Sales, through which the songwriters receive compensation for the display of the tabs.

On April 10, 2010, Ultimate Guitar entered an additional licensing agreement with Harry Fox Agency. The agreement included rights for lyrics display, title search and tablature display with download and print capabilities. HFA's over 44,000 represented publishers have the opportunity to opt into the licensing arrangement with UG.

References

External links

Community websites
Online archives
Guitar websites
Internet properties established in 1998
Music Internet forums

Ultimate Guitar


Steven David Williams (born 16 October 1974, in Aberystwyth) is a Welsh coach and former association football player who has served as goalkeeping coach at association football club Dundalk and Gaelic football county teams Louth and Monaghan. He represented his country at Under-15, Under-16, Under-18 and Under-21 level in association football.

Career
Williams started his career at Coventry City before moving to Cardiff City in 1993. He was handed his professional debut in October 1993 when he played in a 5–0 defeat to York City and featured a number of times throughout the remainder of the 1993–94 season but in the following years he found first team opportunities hard to come by. At the end of the 1996–97 season he was handed a chance in the first team following an injury to Tony Elliott and helped Cardiff reach the play-offs before suffering defeat to Northampton Town. Having spent four years with Cardiff, Williams was released by the club and joined Dundalk in 1997.

He moved to Shelbourne for the onset of the 1999–2000 and was a major player in their double success that season, having kept seventeen clean sheets. He was voted Early & Baldwin Player of the Year in 2002/03 and won the SWAI Goalkeeper of the Year award for calendar year 2003. Possibly his greatest hour came when he kept a clean sheet as Shels beat Hajduk Split 2–0 in a Champions League qualifier in 2004.

Steve was also prone to mistakes. He dropped the ball into his own goal on the final day of the 2006 season against Bohemians. Shelbourne, however went on to win the title. Although prone to mistakes he made some outstanding saves. Some of these include denying Bohemians an equaliser in Dalymount Park with an unbelievable save to guarantee Shels title victory. Williams made 213 league appearances during his time with Shels.

Williams departed Shelbourne following 7 successful years to join Bray Wanderers in 2007. He took his position as Bray's first choice goalkeeper making 29 league and cup appearances for the 'Seagulls'. In 2008 Williams linked up with newly formed League of Ireland entity Sporting Fingal for their inaugural campaign in the League of Ireland First Division. Williams made 25 league and cup appearances for Sporting Fingal during the 2008 season before losing his no.1 spot to St. Patrick's Athletic loanee Brendan Clarke during the latter part of the season.

On 6 February 2009, Williams signed for Drogheda United. Steve made himself at home in Drogheda almost immediately. During a penalty shootout in the annual Jim Malone Cup match against Dundalk, he saved a penalty from former Drogs hero Declan O'Brien, and George O'Callaghan to win the cup for Drogheda. Williams shared Drogheda's goalkeeping spot with Paul Skinner over the 2009 Premier Division campaign as Drogheda achieved their season goal of Premier Division survival. Williams made 24 competitive appearances for Drogheda United in 2009.

Williams rejoined his former club Shelbourne and linked up with former manager Dermot Keely on 21 January 2010. In his second spell at Shelbourne he played as back-up keeper to Dean Delany but still made 3 league and cup appearances before his departure at the end of the season.

Prior to the start of the 2011 season, Williams returned to Drogheda United.

Coaching career
Williams was goalkeeping coach with Gaelic football county team Louth and coached Rory Beggan during Monaghan's 2018 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship campaign, which ended at the semi-final stage. In November 2020, Stephen Kenny asked Williams (then working with Dundalk for seven years) to coach the Republic of Ireland national football team goalkeepers when Alan Kelly asked to stay in the UK due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Williams left his role as Dundalk's goalkeeping coach in December 2020 to return as goalkeeping coach with Gaelic football county team Louth following the team's appointment of Mickey Harte as manager.

Honours

Club
Shelbourne
League of Ireland (5): 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2003, 2004, 2006
FAI Cup (1): 2000
Leinster Senior Cup (1): 2010

Individual
SWAI Goalkeeper of the Year (2): 2003, 2004

References

External links

Airtricity League Profile

1974 births
Welsh men's footballers
Footballers from Aberystwyth
Wales men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Association football goalkeeping coaches
Living people
Cardiff City F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
English Football League players
League of Ireland players
Shelbourne F.C. players
Bray Wanderers F.C. players
Dundalk F.C. players
Sporting Fingal F.C. players
Drogheda United F.C. players
Dundalk F.C. non-playing staff
Gaelic football goalkeeping coaches
Louth county football team
Monaghan county football team

Steve Williams (footballer, born 1974)


Celo Community, Incorporated ( ) is a communal settlement in the Western mountains of North Carolina, United States, located in the South Toe River valley of Yancey County, in the South Toe Township between the unincorporated areas of Celo and Hamrick. It was founded in 1937 by Arthur Ernest Morgan. Celo is a land trust with its own rules of taxation and land tenure that runs its internal government by consensus. The community does not require its members to accept any religion or ideology, but is based on ideals of cooperation between residents and care for the natural environment. However, its membership is predominantly Quakers. Celo has 40 families living on its .

Mission and goals of the community
The Celo Community Constitution states as its overriding purpose "to provide an opportunity for its members to enjoy a life that includes personal expression, neighborly friendship and cooperation, and appreciative care of the natural environment."

In 1959, the community restated its goals. Among these were "to pay allegiance to our common humanity overshadowing religious, racial, economic or political differences." Members are expected to work "at a calling that will provide simple but adequate living…to raise some of their own food and in doing so to conserve rather than deplete the land." The community also stated as a central goal "to rear our children in a wholesome environment where they can become acquainted with nature and be stimulated by intellectual freedom."

Historically and today, cooperation has been at the forefront of the community's mission. Founder Arthur Morgan explained the cooperative element of Celo by employing a metaphor, which he named "human uranium." Morgan explained that although a cubic yard of granite contains enough uranium to blow up a mountain, the particles have no effect when separated. Only when brought together, in what is called a "critical mass," can they exercise power. Morgan saw people in the same way: when brought together with common goals and ideals they have great power.

Examples of Celo's cooperative element include a food co-op, a cooperative retail crafts store, and Cabin Fever University, a program for sharing knowledge and skills as well as for organizing social events.

Operations
The community is based on a land trust system, by which members may own personal homes, but the land itself (including the land under those homes) is owned by the community. Land is never sold to members, but is assigned for periods of time on the condition that members live harmoniously with the land and their neighbors. Money is occasionally lent to community members for the purpose of improving land. In the words of the Celo Community Constitution, this system is meant to "encourage personal enterprise among members by making land and money available" for productive use.

The Community does not provide jobs for its residents. Members have worked on the community running Camp Celo, organizing cottage industries, and working for the settlement itself. Members also work off of the community. At times the work of the community has benefited the wider area. In 1962 Celo Community members Elizabeth and Ernest Morgan founded the Arthur Morgan School, a Quaker boarding school for students in 7th-9th grades. Physicians at Celo once ran a clinic open to people from outside the community and offering medical services for relatively low prices.

The Community accepts new members by consensus. A vote is held at regular meetings of the community. New admits must receive an affirmative vote with no more than fifteen percent of those present and voting dissenting. Members may also vote to dismiss members from the community.

History
In 1936, wealthy Chicago industrialist William H. Regnery was looking for a social project to fund. He asked a friend, Arthur Morgan, to suggest one. Morgan suggested he underwrite the founding of an intentional community. Regnery's beliefs seemed, at first glance, to clash with Morgan's vision for a communal settlement: he was a conservative and mild anti-Semite who opposed the New Deal and Franklin D. Roosevelt. However, his belief in the virtue of self-reliant rural farmers overrode all of these characteristics, and he agreed. With his philanthropy, Celo was on its way.

Morgan, Regnery, and Morgan's son, Griscom Morgan, chose the land that would become Celo. A board of directors was formed, including among its members Morgan, Regnery, and Clarence Pickett, executive secretary of the American Friends Service Committee.

During the first few years, Celo experienced frequent turnover of residents and difficulty in recruitment of members as the community struggled to establish a clear identity and direction. During this time, Celo also suffered from attacks for its opposition to World War II.

In the midst of World War II, Morgan visited Civilian Public Service camps in an attempt to recruit community members. He told the conscientious objectors confined there about Celo, and invited them to move to the community when the war ended. This group proved a receptive audience, and when the war ended several families moved to the community. Celo had a stable population by 1948. In that year, Camp Celo, a Quaker summer camp, was established by Doug and Ruby Moody on a holding of community land.

In these early years, Celo was populated mostly with Quakers and pacifists, a legacy left by Morgan's recruitment in the conscientious objector camps. Early growth was constant, but slowed during the 1950s due to conflicts with ex-members. By the 1960s however, national movements of communal living, back-to-the-land, and radicalism led the population to flourish once again.

In 2021, Celo was home to 79 adult members. The community has a slow membership process, and has a waiting list of families hoping to be admitted. Families who are unable to live at Celo due to a long waiting list have begun settling on the community's periphery.

Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Celo has an oceanic climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps. The highest temperature recorded in Celo was  on June 25–26, 1952 and June 28, 1952, while the lowest temperature recorded was  on January 21, 1985.

See also
 Camp Celo
 List of intentional communities

References

External links
 Camp Celo Website
 Arthur Morgan School Website

Intentional communities in the United States
Populated places established in 1937
1937 establishments in North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in Yancey County, North Carolina
Quakerism in North Carolina

Celo Community


A kugelblitz is a theoretical black hole created by enough light that space-time itself warps into a black hole. The famous equation, E=mc2  proves that energy can bend space-time, like matter. There would be no difference from an ordinary black hole.

Kugelblitz drives have been considered as possible future black hole starship engines.

A man-made kugelblitz would be made with a gamma-ray laser 1 billion times stronger than the current hypothesized ones. Also, it would have to produce a pulse that was 100 billionth of the current duration of a modern laser's pulse. A single pulse would equate to the energy produced by the sun in 1/10 of a second.

A kugelblitz of this size would last five years, and a device similar to a Dyson sphere could be constructed around it to use the energy produced by the Hawking radiation.

Black holes

Kugelblitz


Marguerite "Meta" Claudia Brevoort (November 8, 1825 – December 19, 1876) was an American mountain climber.

Brevoort was born on November 8, 1825, and spent her early years in a Paris convent school.

She made a number of important ascents in the Alps in the 1860s and 1870s, but was thwarted in her two greatest alpine ambitions: to be the first woman to climb the Matterhorn, and the first person to climb the Meije in the Dauphiné. Her role-model and rival was Lucy Walker, who began her considerable mountaineering career at the age of 28, in 1859. In 1871, hearing that Brevoort planned an expedition to the Matterhorn in 1871, Walker quickly assembled a party that included the famous guide Melchior Anderegg, and made the summit a few days before Brevoort arrived in Zermatt. In contrast to Walker, who always wore dresses, Brevoort was the first female mountaineer to wear trousers.

Brevoort was the aunt of W. A. B. Coolidge, whom she brought to Europe in 1865, when he was 15 years of age, and introduced to alpine climbing. Coolidge eventually became an outstanding mountaineer, with over 1,700 ascents in the Alps, and the greatest alpine historian of the Victorian age. The two climbed together for over ten seasons, and were joined in many of their adventures by Tschingel (1865–1879), a small dog their guide Christian Almer gave to her nephew. Later, she would proudly refer to their canine companion as the only "Honorary Lady member of the Alpine Club". She and Coolidge journeyed to the Dauphiné several times in order to attempt the Meije, but encountered bad weather each trip. In 1876, she had her final opportunity for a first ascent, but, instead, stayed in the Oberland in order to give more money to her nephew, to support his efforts in the range.

A few months later, on December 19, 1876, she died at her home in Dorking, England, where she lived with her niece. Her body was taken to Oxford, where she was buried in a grave in St Sepulchre's Cemetery, next to the grave of her sister, Mrs Coolidge.

References

Further reading

1825 births
1876 deaths
Sportspeople from Paris
American mountain climbers
American female climbers
American sportswomen
American expatriates in France
Burials at St Sepulchre's Cemetery

Meta Brevoort


Neurocritical care (or neurointensive care) is a medical field that treats life-threatening diseases of the nervous system and identifies, prevents, and treats secondary brain injury.

History

There have been many attempts to manage head injuries throughout history including trepanned skulls found from ancient Egypt and descriptions of treatments to decrease brain swelling in ancient Greek text. Intensive care begin with centers to treat the poliomyelitis outbreak during the mid-twentieth century. These early respiratory care units utilized a negative and positive pressure unit called the "Iron Lung" to aid patients in respiration and greatly decreased the mortality rate of polio. Dr. Bjørn Aage Ibsen, a physician in Denmark, "birthed the intensive care unit", when he used tracheostomy and positive pressure manual ventilation to keep polio patients alive in the setting of an influx of patients and limited resources (only one iron Lung).

The first neurological intensive care unit was created by Dr. Dandy Walker at Johns Hopkins in 1929. Dr. Walker realized that some surgical patient could use specialized postoperative neurosurgical monitoring and treatment. The unit Dr. Walker created showed a benefit to postoperative patients, than neurologic patients came to the unit. Dr. Safar created the first intensive care unit in the United States in Baltimore in the 1950s. In the 1970s, the benefit of specialized care in respiratory and cardiac ICUs led to the Society of Critical Care medicine being formed. This body created standards for extensive, difficult medical problems and treatments. Over time the need for specialized monitoring and treatments led to neurologic intensive care units.

Modern neurocritical care began to develop in the 1980s. The Neurocritical Care Society was founded in 2002. In 2005, neurocritical care was recognized as a neurological subspecialty.

Scope

The doctors who practice this type of medicine are called neurointensivists, and can have medical training in many fields, including neurology, anesthesiology, emergency medicine, internal medicine, or neurosurgery.  Common diseases treated in neurointensive care units include strokes, ruptured aneurysms, brain and spinal cord injury from trauma, seizures (especially those that last for a long period of time- status epilepticus, and/or involve trauma to the patient, i.e., due to a stroke or a fall), swelling of the brain (Cerebral edema), infections of the brain (encephalitis) and the brain's or spine's meninges (meningitis), brain tumors (especially malignant cases; with neurological oncology), and weakness of the muscles required to breathe (such as the diaphragm).  Besides dealing with critical illness of the nervous system, neurointensivists also treat the medical complications that may occur in their patients, including those of the heart, lung, kidneys, or any other body system, including treatment of infections.

Neurointensive care centers

Neurological Intensive care units are specialized units in select tertiary care centers that specialized in the care of critical ill neurological and post and pre-op neurosurgical patients. The goal of NICUs are to provide early and aggressive medical interventions including managing pain, airways, ventilation, anticoagulation, elevated ICP, cardiovascular stability and secondary brain injury.  Admission criteria includes: Impaired consciousness, impaired ability to protect airway, progressive respiratory weakness, need for mechanical ventilation, seizure, Radiologic evidence of elevated ICP, monitoring of neurologic function in patients that are critically ill. Neuro-ICU have been seeing increasing use at Tertiary referral hospital. One of the main reasons why Neuro-ICUs have seen increased use is the use of therapeutic hypothermia which has been shown to improve long-term neurological outcomes following cardiac arrest.

Neurointensive care team

Most neurocritical care units are a collaborative effort between neurointensivists, neurosurgeons, neurologists, radiologists, pharmacists, physician extenders (such as nurse practitioners or physician assistants), critical care nurses, respiratory therapists, registered dietitians, rehabilitation therapists, and social workers who all work together in order to provide coordinated care for the critically ill neurologic patient.

Neurointensive care nursing
Patients in the neurointensive care units (NICU) are vulnerable due to their primary injury, and in need of help with all their personal hygiene. When planning for nursing interventions it is beneficial to be aware of the patient's intracranial adaptive capacity, i.e., intracranial compliance, to avoid the development of elevated ICP. All nursing interventions is performed with the aim of benefit for the patient, such as hygienic interventions, preventing pressure ulcers, surgery wound management, endotracheal suctioning when artificial ventilation is needed, among other things. Though, nursing interventions might as well be stressful, and can result in high ICP. Therefore, it is the nurse's obligation to plan for the interventions so that a balance is achieved between the benefits for the patient's wellbeing and the risk of raised ICP, which might cause secondary insults. High ICP can be prevented by giving extra sedation before intervention, optimizing the patients position with a raised head and stretched neck to avoid venous stasis. When ICP is > 15 mmHg only the most important interventions are to be performed, to minimize the probabilities of secondary insults.

Neurointensive care procedures

Hypothermia: One third to half of people with coronary artery disease will have an episode where their heart stops. Of the patients who have their heart stopped seven to thirty percent leave the hospital with good neurological outcome (conscious, normal brain function, alert, capable of normal life). Lowering patients body temperature between 32 -34 degrees within six hours of arriving at the hospital doubles the patients with no significant brain damage compared to no cooling and increases survival of patients.

Basic life support monitoring:
Electrocardiography, pulse oximetry, blood pressure, assessment of comatose patients.

Neurological monitoring:
Serial neurologic examination, assessment of comatose patients (Glasgow Coma Scale plus pupil or four score), ICP (subarachnoid hemorrhages, TBI, Hydrocephalus, Stroke, CNS infection, Hepatic failure), multimodality monitoring to monitor disease and prevent secondary injury in states that are insensitive to neurological exam or conditions confounded by sedation, neuromuscular blockade and coma.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) management:
Ventricular catheter to monitor Brain oxygen and concentrations of glucose and PH. With treatment options of Hypertonic serum, barbiturates, hypothermia and decompressive hemicraniectomy

Common neurointensive care illnesses and treatments
Traumatic brain injury: Sedation, ICP monitoring and management, Decompressive Craniectomy, Hyperosmolar therapy and maintain hemodynamic stability.

Stroke: Airway management, Maintenance of blood pressure and cerebral perfusion, intravenous fluid management, Temperature control, prophylaxis against seizures, nutrition, ICP management and treatment of medical complications.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage:
Find the cause of hemorrhage, treat aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation if necessary, monitor for clinical deterioration, manage systemic complications and maintain cerebral perfusion pressure and prevent vasospasm and bridge patient to angiographic clipping.

Status epilepticus:
Termination of seizures, prevention of seizure recurrence, treatment of cause of seizure, management of complications, monitoring of hemodynamic stability and continuous Electroencephalography (EEG).

Meningitis:
Empirical treatment with antibiotics and maintain hemodynamic stability.

Encephalitis:
Airway protection, monitoring of ICP, treatment of seizures if necessary, and sedation if patient is agitated and virial testing hemodynamic stability.

Acute parainfectious inflammatory encephalopathy (Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and Acute hemorrhagic leucoencephalitis (AHL)):
high dose corticosteroids, monitoring of hemodynamic stability.

Multiple sclerosis, Autonomic neuropathy, spinal cord lesion and neuromuscular disease causing respiratory failure:
Monitor respiration and respiratory assistance, if necessary to maintain hemodynamic stability.

Tissue plasminogen activator:
Monitor patient who receive TPA for 24 hours for brain bleeds.

Spinal cord injury: immobilization, airway protection and oxygenation, management of spinal chock and cardiovascular effects.

See also

American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
American Osteopathic Board of Neurology and Psychiatry
Developmental Neurorehabilitation
List of neurologists
Neurocritical Care Society
Neurohospitalist, a physician interested in inpatient neurological care

References

External links
 American Academy of Neurology

Clinical neuroscience
Neurology
Neurotrauma

Neurointensive care


"Tell Me True" is a song written by Paul Kennerley and Brent Maher, and recorded by American country music artist Juice Newton.

After Newton's pop stardom had waned, her 1985 album Old Flame established her as C&W star yielding five Top Ten hits - two of them number ones - on the C&W chart: in addition Newton had topped the C&W chart in 1986 with "Both to Each Other" a duet with Eddie Rabbitt. The follow-up to the Old Flame album, the 1987 release Emotion, failed to continue Newton's hit streak when its first single "First Time Caller" fell short of the C&W Top 20. Released as the second single from the Emotion album in December 1987, "Tell Me True" returned Newton to the C&W Top Ten with a number 8 peak affording Newton her final appearance in the C&W Top 30. Strangely enough, RCA Records released no additional singles from the album despite the success of "Tell Me True."

With no further singles issued from the Emotion album, "Tell Me True" would be the final Juice Newton commercial single produced by her longtime collaborator Richard Landis until the 1998 single "When I Get Over You." Newton would make a final appearance on the C&W chart in 1989 with "When Love Comes Around the Bend" (number 40), which was issued only as a promotional single.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1988 singles
1987 songs
Juice Newton songs
Songs written by Paul Kennerley
RCA Records singles
Song recordings produced by Richard Landis
Songs written by Brent Maher

Tell Me True


Grindelia lanceolata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name narrow-leaf gumweed.

Distribution
Grindelia lanceolata is native to the south-central United States, primarily in the Ozarks, the Interior Low Plateaus, the southern Great Plains (Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado), and Northeastern Mexico. There are also isolated populations (some of them apparently naturalized) in New Mexico, Colorado, Wisconsin, Ohio, Virginia, South Carolina, and Connecticut.

The species' preferred habitat is limestone glades and rocky prairies.

Description
Grindelia lanceolata is a short-lived monocarpic perennial up to 150 cm (5 feet) tall. Leaves are up to 11 cm (4.4 inches) long, generally with no hairs or only a few hairs. The plant produces yellow flower heads in the summer, usually in flat-topped arrays but sometimes only one per flower stalk. Each head contains 12-36 ray flowers surrounding numerous disc flowers.

References

lanceolata
Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Plants described in 1834
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Grindelia lanceolata


Catherine Soullie (born 18 July 1954, in Cite d'Aunis) is a French politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 until 2011, representing the Massif Central-Centre constituency.

In the 2009 European elections, Soullie was the fourth candidate on the Union for a Popular Movement list in the Massif Central-Centre region - which made her election quasi-impossible in the 5-seat constituency. However, Brice Hortefeux, then-Minister of Labour, third candidate on the list, was elected due to the UMP's surprisingly good result. However, he preferred to continue in the government and Soullie, as fourth candidate on the list, replaced him.

References
 European Parliament:Catherine Soullie

1954 births
Living people
MEPs for Massif-central–Centre 2009–2014
21st-century women MEPs for France
Union for a Popular Movement MEPs

Catherine Soullie


The black-faced woodswallow (Artamus cinereus) is a woodswallow of the genus Artamus native to Australia, New Guinea and the Sunda Islands, including Timor. It is  long and is the most widespread species in the family Artamidae. Woodswallows have a soft call with chiff, chap and chattering calls which can include vocal mimicry

Increased vegetation due to inappropriate fire regimes has caused the woodswallows numbers to decline since 1993 in Cape York Peninsula.

Description

The black-faced woodswallow is  in length, and weighs . It has a blue-grey beak with a black tip and a black face mask which extends from the base of the bill up to and around the eyes. It has ash grey plumage, which is lighter around the breast with darker wings, and silver underwings. The tail is black with a white tip.

There are four different subspecies of back faced wood swallows. These are differentiated by black or white colouration of their tail vents. The white-vented subspecies A.c. normani and A.c.dealbatus are found on the Cape York Peninsula and northern Queensland respectively. The black-vented A.c. cinereus occurs in south west Australia, while A.c.melanops occurs in northern Australia and Lesser Sunda Islands, including Timor. The sexes are similar in colouration. Juvenile woodswallows have a brown body and wing coloration with buff streaks and a pale yellow beak. The voice is soft with chiff, chap and chattering animated calls which can include vocal mimicry.

Distribution and habitat

This species is broadly distributed in Australia, occupying most of the continent except for the eastern margin. It is mainly sedentary, remaining in arid and semi-arid areas even during dry conditions. Although it can be partly nomadic, the woodswallow prefers open eucalypt woodlands, scrub, and spinifex in arid and semi-arid conditions. In tropical savannah, it prefers open woodlands and grasslands. Woodswallows frequently flock with finches and at times the golden-shouldered parrot.

Ecology

Feeding

They are mainly insectivorous. Woodswallows are aerial feeders that can soar, hover and dive to catch insect prey which include moths and are also often feed on the ground taking ground insects, or insects caught on the wing to be dismembered. Woodswallows have brush- like tongues for gleaning nectar and will occasionally feed on flowers.

Behaviour

They are communal breeders, with documented feeding of young by numerous birds, probably as an adaptation to an erratic climate in arid and semi-arid conditions. Woodswallows also exhibit a tendency to flock and cluster roost, during the day and night. Clustering assists with thermoregulation, wind protection, social drive and reduces predation risk.

Breeding generally follows periods of rain with abundant insects, generally, they breed once a year between August and September. The sexes are similar in appearance and courtship displays consist of rotating tails and wing waving. The male and female perch a metre apart, then spread their wings while fanning and rotating the tail.

Nests are built in tree hollows, crevices, forks of branches or on top of stumps. The same areas are occupied each year. Nest building takes 4–7 weeks to complete and is composed of twigs, coarse grass and lined with softer grass.

The eggs are oval in shape and range from 17-22mm in size. The woodswallows eggs come in a clutch size of 3-4 eggs., white to dull white in colouration with blotched markings which are red-brown and lavender speckling. Incubation takes 14–16 days, and chicks fledge 18 days later. The fledglings are at risk from predators such as hawks, butcher birds and kookaburras, but are kept away by alarm calls and attacking behaviour of the parents. Other birds e.g. parrots often feed close to woodswallows thereby reducing their own predation risk. As they are communal breeders, helpers can be seen feeding the young and defending against predators.

Subspecies

There are 4 different subspecies of black-faced woodswallow. The Great Dividing Range, the Gregory Range and the eastern edge of the Carpentarian grasslands separates the range of the two species. To the east of the range are the subspecies with white vents, while to the west are the black vented subspecies. There have been reported hybrid populations, along territory borders with hybrid zones, where genetic exchange, detected phenotypically using the hybrid index score, has occurred. Of note, the black-vented woodswallows are more adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions, while the white-vented are adapted to tropical conditions. Therefore, selection pressure will probably not result in subspecies merging. The role of possible isolation of an ancestral subpopulation with subsequent expansion after glacial factors during the Pleistocene and environmental factors in generating the different plumage patterns has been considered. Molecular phylogeography using mitochondrial DNA in woodswallows was not helpful in determining biogeographical factors. Mt DNA studies revealed random intermixing. There are no current studies using nuclear DNA. This confirms that multiple criteria such as plumage, song, and mtDNA, nDNA and interbreeding determine species and subspecies.

Association with other bird species

On the Cape York Peninsula, the black-faced woodswallows associate with golden-shouldered parrots and finches, which has important consequences for the endangered parrots. The woodswallow nesting sites occur closer to more open areas, on gravel slopes and glimmer grass flats. The adults frequently feed on insects on the ground, but are also efficient at defending their territory against predators, which is also beneficial for parrots feeding nearby. However, woodswallows numbers have declined since 1993 in Cape York Peninsula. This loss has been attributed to vegetation thickening as a result of inappropriate fire regimes, which has contributed to increased predation of the golden-shouldered parrot.

Fire management

Although the current conservation status of black-faced woodswallow is least concern, there have been significant regional declines, particularly on the Cape York Peninsula. These losses are thought to be due to vegetation thickening. However, a recent change in fire management, specifically storm-burning, has resulted in a cessation of woodswallow decline. Storm-burning has produced a more open vegetation structure, which is beneficial for insect feeding and nesting by the woodswallows.

References

External links
 ABID Images
 On the HBW Internet Bird Collection

black-faced woodswallow
Birds of Timor
Birds of southern New Guinea
Birds of Australia
black-faced woodswallow
black-faced woodswallow
Articles containing video clips

Black-faced woodswallow


4-Fluorobenzoic acid (p-fluorobenzoic acid) is an organic compound with the formula C7H5FO2.  This colourless solid is a derivative of benzoic acid carboxylic acid.  It is a synthetic intermediate.

Preparation
4-Fluorobenzoic acid is commercially available. It may be prepared via the Schiemann reaction, in which a 4-aminobenzoic acid, protected as the ethyl ester, is diazotised and then fluoride introduced using tetrafluoroborate. Hydrolysis of the ester converts it back to the free acid.

4-Fluorobenzoic acid has been observed to form by the aerobic biotransformation of 4-fluorocinnamic acid.

See also
 2-Fluorobenzoic acid, the ortho isomer
 3-Fluorobenzoic acid, the meta isomer

References

Benzoic acids
Fluoroarenes

4-Fluorobenzoic acid


The Uprising of Asen and Peter () was a revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs living in Moesia and the Balkan Mountains, then the theme of Paristrion of the Byzantine Empire, caused by a tax increase. It began on 26 October 1185, the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and ended with the restoration of Bulgaria with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire, ruled by the Asen dynasty.

Isaac II Angelus, in order to raise money for his wedding with the daughter of King Béla III of Hungary, levied a new tax which fell heavily on the population of the Haemus Mountains. They sent two leaders (Peter and Asen) to negotiate with the emperor at Kypsella (now İpsala) in Thrace. They asked to be added to the roll of the Byzantine army and to be granted land near Haemus to provide the monetary income needed to pay the tax. This was refused, and Peter and Asen were treated roughly. Their response was to threaten revolt.

After their return, many of the protesters were unwilling to join the rebellion. The brothers Peter and Asen built the Church of St Demetrius of Thessaloniki in Tarnovo, dedicated to Saint Demetrius, who was traditionally considered a patron of the Byzantine city of Thessaloniki, and claimed that the Saint had ceased to favour the Byzantines: "God had decided to free the Bulgarians and the Vlach people and to lift the yoke that they had borne for so long". This persuaded their followers to attack Byzantine cities, seizing prisoners and cattle. Preslav, capital of the First Bulgarian Empire, was raided, and it was after this symbolic incident that Peter assumed the insignia of Tsar (or Emperor).

In the spring of 1186, Isaac started a counter-offensive. It was successful at first. During the solar eclipse of 21 April 1186, the Byzantines successfully attacked the rebels, many of whom fled north of the Danube, making contact with the north-Danubian Vlachs and with the Cumans of the Pontic Steppe. In a symbolic gesture, Isaac II entered Peter's house and took the icon of Saint Demetrius, thus regaining the saint's favour. Still under threat of ambush from the hills, Isaac returned hastily to Constantinople to celebrate his victory. Thus, when the armies of Bulgarians and the Vlachs returned, reinforced by the northern Vlachs and their Cuman allies, they found the region undefended and regained not only their old territory but the whole of Moesia, a considerable step towards the establishment of a new Bulgarian state.

The Emperor now entrusted the war to his uncle, John the sebastocrator, who gained several victories against the rebels but then himself rebelled. He was replaced with the emperor's brother-in-law, John Kantakouzenos, a good strategist but unfamiliar with the guerrilla tactics used by the mountaineers. His army was ambushed, suffering heavy losses, after unwisely pursuing the enemy into the mountains.

The third general in charge of fighting the rebels was Alexius Branas, who, in turn, rebelled and turned on Constantinople. Isaac defeated him with the help of a second brother-in-law, Conrad of Montferrat, but this civil strife had diverted attention from the rebels and Isaac was able to send out a new army only in September 1187. The Byzantines obtained a few minor victories before winter, but the rebels, helped by the Cumans and employing their mountain tactics, still held the advantage.

In the spring of 1187, Isaac attacked the fortress of Lovech, but failed to capture it after a three-month siege. The lands between the Haemus Mons and the Danube were now lost for the Byzantine Empire, leading to the signing of a truce, thus de facto recognising the rule of the Asen and Peter over the territory, leading to the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The Emperor's only consolation was to hold, as hostages, Asen's wife and a certain John (future Kaloyan of Bulgaria), brother of the two new leaders of the Bulgarian state.

Notes

Sources
 Nicetas Choniates, Historia, ed. J.-L. Van Dieten, 2 vols. (Berlin and New York, 1975), pp. 368–9, 371–7, 394-9; trans. as O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates, by H.J. Magoulias (Detroit; Wayne State University Press, 1984).

External links
Foreign policy of the Angeli from A History of the Byzantine Empire by Al. Vasilief

Bibliography
 Paul Stephenson, Byzantium's Balkan Frontier. A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) pp. 289–300.
 R. L. Wolff, "The Second Bulgarian Empire. Its origin and history to 1204". Speculum 24 (1949): 167–206.
 George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State. Rutgers University Press, 1969.

12th-century rebellions
13th-century rebellions
Conflicts in 1185
Conflicts in 1204
12th century in Bulgaria
12th century in the Byzantine Empire
12th century in Romania
Bulgarian rebellions
Rebellions against the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
Medieval Thrace
1185 in Europe
1204 in Europe
1180s in the Byzantine Empire
1200s in the Byzantine Empire
Military history of the Cumans
Medieval rebellions in Europe
1180s conflicts
1200s conflicts
1185 beginnings

Uprising of Asen and Peter


Alan John Donnelly is a British Labour Party politician and former trade unionist from Jarrow. He served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and as leader of the European Parliamentary Labour Party.

Donnelly was first elected to the European Parliament in 1989, representing the Tyne and Wear constituency. He took 69.3% of the vote in 1989, winning by a majority of 95,780. He was re-elected in 1994, winning 74.4% of the vote. When European Parliament constituencies were abolished in June 1999 and replaced by multi-member regional seats, Donnelly was selected as the first candidate on the Labour list in the North East and was elected. He resigned in December 1999, after being leader of the European Parliamentary Labour Party since 1997.

Before becoming an MEP, Donnelly worked for the GMB trade union, first in the North East region, and then as National Finance Officer in London. During this time he was part the St Ermin's group of moderate trade unions that met in St Ermin's Hotel to plan the expulsion of the Militant tendency from the Labour Party. As an MEP, he was later seen as a key ally of Tony Blair and served on the National Executive Committee.

He is currently the executive chairman of Sovereign Strategy, a public affairs company that he founded in January 2000. The company now has offices in Newcastle, London, and Brussels.

Donnelly has worked closely with Bernie Ecclestone and Max Mosley, becoming chief race steward in 2007–09. He has also been chair of the South Shields Labour Party since 2005. When David Miliband resigned from this seat in 2013, it was Donnelly that he wrote his resignation letter to.

He is openly gay.

References

External links
Professional Biography
No F1 role for Donnelly in 2010 (Autosport, 22 January 2010)
Personal website

Living people
Labour Party (UK) MEPs
Formula One people
British people of Irish descent
British motorsport people
MEPs for England 1989–1994
MEPs for England 1994–1999
MEPs for England 1999–2004
English LGBT politicians
Gay politicians
LGBT MEPs for the United Kingdom
21st-century English LGBT people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Alan Donnelly


Amical Club Mouzon was a football club located in Mouzon, Ardennes, France. The club disappeared in 1974, having merged with CS Sedan Ardennes.

History
The club participated for the first time in the Division d'Honneur Nord-Est in 1966–67, and won its first regional title the following season in 1967–68. That same season, Mouzon reached the round of 32 of the Coupe de France. During the club's first season in the Championnat de France Amateur (CFA), they finished last in the Group Est and returned to the Division d'Honneur.

The second Division d'Honneur title won by the club came just the following season in 1969–70, meaning promotion back to the CFA. Mouzon then achieved back-to-back promotions, winning the Group Est and therefore entering the Division 2 for the 1971–72 season. However, the club would only stay one season in the Division 2, and would be relegated to the recently-created Division 3. They maintained their position in the Division 3 for two seasons before merging into CS Sedan Ardennes to create CS Sedan Mouzon Ardennes. Sedan had recently been relegated from the Division 1. The new club name would only last one season, though, and the club went back to CS Sedan Ardennes in 1975.

Notable former players

  Éric Danty
  Maxime Fulgenzy
  Michel Le Flochmoan

Honours

References

CS Sedan Ardennes
Sport in Ardennes (department)
Association football clubs disestablished in 1974
1974 disestablishments in France
Defunct football clubs in France
Football clubs in Grand Est

AC Mouzon


Thee () is a 1981 Indian Tamil-language action crime film directed R. Krishnamoorthy. The film stars Rajinikanth plays the lead role and Suman plays the role of his brother. It is a remake of the 1975 Hindi film Deewaar, written by Salim–Javed.

Plot
The film opens with the strong leadership of trade unionist, who works hard to enhance the lives of struggling laborers. He lives in a modest home with his wife, Seetha, and their two young sons, Raja and Ravi. The trade unionist, however, is blackmailed by a corrupt businessman who threatens to kill his family if he does not cease his activities. Forced into compliance, the trade unionist is thus attacked by the very same laborers who once supported him. His family is also persecuted by the angry workers who brand young Raja's arm with the words: "My Father Is A Thief." The trade unionist then runs away forcing Seetha and her two children into destitute poverty. Not knowing what else to do, Seetha brings her children to Madras and struggles as a day labourer to care for her now homeless boys.

Raja, the elder brother, grows up with an acute awareness of his father's failure and is victimized for his father's supposed misdeeds. In the process of fighting for his rights, Raja, who starts out as a boot polisher and becomes a dockyard worker in his youth, becomes a smuggler and a leading figure of the underworld. He also sacrifices his own education so his brother Ravi can study. Ravi is an excellent student and grows up to become an upright police officer. He is also dating Radha, the daughter of the Commissioner of Police. On the Commissioner's suggestion, Ravi applies for employment with the police, and is sent for training. Several months later, he is accepted by the police, and has a rank of Sub-Inspector. Raja, meanwhile, becomes involved with Anita, a woman whom he meets at a bar. When Anita becomes pregnant, Raja decides to abandon his life in the underworld, marry her, and confess his sins. He also hopes to seek forgiveness from his mother and brother.

When Ravi returns home, he finds that Raja has become a businessman overnight, has accumulated wealth, and a palatial home. When Ravi finds out that Raja has acquired wealth by crime, he decides to move out along with his mother. One of his first assignments is to be apprehend and arrest some of Madras' hardcore criminals and smugglers which includes his brother, Raja — much to his shock, as he had never associated his very own brother of having any criminal background. Ravi must now decide to proceed on with apprehending Raja, or quit from the police force. However, when Anita is brutally murdered by rival members of the underworld, Raja loses all sense of rational behaviour and brutally murders his rivals in revenge for Anita's death, leading him to be branded a criminal forever. Their mother, who had sided with Ravi despite the fact that Raja was her favourite, is tormented by Raja's decisions and rejects him. The two brothers meet for a final showdown, where Ravi kills Raja. Raja dies in his mother's arms seeking forgiveness and Ravi is awarded for pursuing justice.

Cast
Rajinikanth as Rajshekhar 'Raja'
Suman as Inspector Ravishankar 'Ravi'
Sowcar Janaki as Seetha
Sripriya as Radha
Shoba as Anantlakshmi 'Anita'
Major Sundarrajan as Commissioner of Police, Radha's Father
Thengai Srinivasan as Raheem Bhai
R. S. Manohar as Madanagopal
A. V. M. Rajan as Ramaiah, Seetha's Husband
S. A. Ashokan as Madanagopal's boss (Guest Appearances)
V. Gopalakrishnan as Michael
K. Balaji as Jagdish
Manorama as Inspector Mohana (Guest Appearances)
 Master Sooriya Karan as Child Raja
Ceylon Manohar as Henchman
T. K. S. Natarajan
Aruna Irani as a Dancer

Soundtrack
Music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan, with lyrics by Kannadasan.

Reception
Nalini Shastry of Kalki called it a scene by scene remake of Deewar and added since many of the scenes reminds of Deewar, director Krishnamurthy gets minus for it. She however praised the acting of cast including the child actor who portrayed the younger version of Rajinikanth and also praised Balakrishnan's cinematography.

References

External links

1980s Tamil-language films
1981 action drama films
1981 crime drama films
1981 films
Films directed by R. Krishnamoorthy
Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan
Films set in Chennai
Films shot in Sri Lanka
Indian action drama films
Indian crime drama films
Tamil remakes of Hindi films
Indian films based on actual events
Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police
Indian gangster films

Thee (1981 film)


Prof. Dr. h.c. Hans Josef Vermeer (24 September 1930 – 4 February 2010), was a German linguist and translation scholar.

Vermeer was Professor of Linguistics at the University of Mainz in Germersheim and held a chair in Translation Studies at Heidelberg University. After his retirement, he became a visiting professor at national and international universities. In his final years, he returned to the universities of Mainz and Heidelberg. On 17 January 2010, just before his death, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Mainz.

Life and academic career
Hans Vermeer was born in Iserlohn in 1930. In 1950 he completed his secondary education in the same town. That same year, he took up an undergraduate degree in English and Spanish translation at Heidelberg University, which he completed in 1952. In 1953, after spending some time in Portugal at the University of Lisbon, he obtained an undergraduate degree in Portuguese translation as well. A year later, he received his graduate degree in Portuguese translation and interpreting. From 1954 to 1962 he taught Portuguese at the Department of Translation and Interpreting at Heidelberg University. In 1962, he was awarded a PhD degree from Heidelberg University for his dissertation on adjectival and verbal color terms in Indo-European languages and the issue of their translation. From 1962 to 1964, he taught languages of South Asia such as Urdu and Hindi at the Department of Modern Languages in Heidelberg. In 1968 he achieved Habilitation by completing a postdoctoral thesis on the structure of Central South Asian languages, contributing to the sprachbund issue. From 1968 to 1970, he worked as an assistant professor at the Department of Linguistics at Heidelberg University. In 1970, he transferred to the University of Mainz, Faculty of Translation and Interpreting Studies, Linguistics and Cultural Studies, where he would hold the Chair of General and Applied Linguistics until 1983. From 1984 to 1992, he was Chair Professor of General Translation Studies with Special Reference to Portuguese at Heidelberg University. In 1992, he retired from his chair but continued teaching. He was also appointed visiting professor at a number of universities: University of Innsbruck (1999-2002), Boğaziçi University in Istanbul (2002-2003) and Okan University, also located in Istanbul (2004-2007). He returned to the Faculty of Translation and Interpreting Studies, Linguistics and Cultural Studies at the University of Mainz as a visiting professor in 2008.

Vermeer is best known for establishing skopos theory, but published widely on a variety of topics in linguistics, translation and interpreting. He authored more than 80 articles, chapters and books. In 2012, a special issue of mTm was published to commemorate his work and life. In addition to his achievements in academia, Hans Vermeer was a translator for Portuguese, French and Basque, and worked as an interpreter for Portuguese.

Selected works
Adjektivische und verbale Farbausdrücke in den indogermanischen Sprachen mit ē-Verben. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Wortarten und zum Problem der Übersetzbarkeit. Heidelberg, Julius Groos, 1963.
(with Heinz Walz and Heinrich Klebes) Sprache und Entwicklungshilfe: Bedeutung und Möglichkeit der Vermittlung von Sprachkenntnissen und Auslandskunde an deutsche Fachleute im Rahmen der Entwicklungshilfe für Afrika und Asien. Heidelberg, Julius Groos, 1963.
(with Aryendra Sharma)  Einführung in die Grammatik der modernen Hindi. Studienausgabe. Heidelberg, Julius Groos, 1963.
Untersuchungen zum Bau zentral-süd-asiatischer Sprachen: Ein Beitrag zur Sprachbundfrage. Heidelberg, Julius Groos, 1969.
Einführung in die linguistische Terminologie. Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1971.
Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft: Eine Einführung. Freiburg, Rombach, 1972.
Ein Rahmen für eine allgemeine Translationstheorie. Lebende Sprachen 23:3, 1978, pp. 99–102.
Aufsätze zur Translationstheorie. Heidelberg, 1983.
(with Katharina Reiß) Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tübingen, Niemeyer, 1984. Translated into English by Christiane Nord as Towards a general theory of translational action: Skopos theory explained. English reviewed by Martina Dudenhöfer. Manchester, St. Jerome, 2013.
What does it mean to translate? Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 13, 1987, pp. 25–33.
Skopos  and  commission  in  translational  action. In Readings in translation theory, edited by Andrew Chesterman. Helsinki, Oy Finn Lectura, 1989, 173-187. Translated into English by Andrew Chesterman.
(with Heidrun Witte) Mögen Sie Zistrosen? Scenes & frames & channels im translatorischen Handeln. Heidelberg, Julius Groos, 1990.
Skizzen zu einer Geschichte der Translation - Band 1; Band 2. Frankfurt am Main, IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1991.
Describing nonverbal behaviour in the Odyssey: Scenes and verbal frames as translation problems. In Advances in nonverbal communication: Sociocultural, clinical, esthetic and literary perspectives, edited by Fernando Poyatos. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins, 1992, 285-299.
A skopos theory of translation (some arguments for and against). Heidelberg, TEXTconTEXT, 1996.
Translation and the "meme". Target - International Journal of Translation Studies 9:1, 1997, pp. 155–166.
Starting to unask what translatology is about. Target - International Journal of Translation Studies 10:1, 1998, pp. 41–68.
Das Übersetzen in Renaissance und Humanismus (15. und 16. Jahrhundert) – Band 1: Westeuropa; Band 2: Der deutschsprachige Raum, Literatur und Indices. Heidelberg, TEXTconTEXT, 2000.
Skopos  and  commission  in  translational  action. In The translation studies reader, edited by Lawrence Venuti, advisory editor Mona Baker. London/New York, Routledge, 2000, 221-232. Translated into English by Andrew Chesterman.
Luhmann's "Social Systems" theory: Preliminary fragments for a theory of translation. Berlin, Frank & Timme, 2006.
Ausgewählte Vorträge zur Translation und anderen Themen. Selected papers on translation and other subjects. Berlin, Frank & Timme, 2007.

References

External links
 Memorial website at the University of Mainz
 Obituary of Hans J. Vermeer by Heidemarie Salevsky

1930 births
2010 deaths
People from Iserlohn
Linguists from Germany
German translation scholars
Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
German male writers

Hans Vermeer


Rev. John Farrar (1802–1884) was a Methodist minister. He was Secretary of the annual British Methodist Conference on fourteen occasions, and was twice its elected President. Farrar was tutor and governor of several Wesleyan colleges. These included the early Wesleyan training college at Abney House, near London; and British Methodism's first purpose-built college at Richmond, now Richmond University.

Life
Farrar, the third and youngest son of the Rev. John Farrar (d.1837), a Wesleyan minister, was born at Alnwick, Northumberland, on 29 July 1802. On the opening of Woodhouse Grove School, Yorkshire, for the education of the sons of ministers, on 12 January 1812, he became one of its first pupils. On leaving school, he was employed as a teacher in an academy conducted by Mr. Green at Cottingham, near Hull. In August 1822, he entered the Wesleyan ministry, and spent his four years of probation as second-master in Woodhouse Grove School. He was afterwards resident minister successively at Sheffield, Huddersfield, Macclesfield and London, until in 1839 he was appointed tutor and governor of Abney House Training College in Stoke Newington, London, the larger part of whose grounds had recently become an arboretum and cemetery, Abney Park Cemetery.

Upon its opening in 1843, John Farrar became classics tutor at the Wesleyan Theological Institution at Richmond, Surrey, where he spent fourteen years. In 1858, he returned to Woodhouse Grove School, as governor and chaplain. On the foundation of the Wesleyan Theological College at Headingley, Leeds, in 1868, he became the first governor, and retained the chair until failing health compelled his retirement in 1876. During his residence here, the jubilee of his ministry occurred, when he was presented with an organ for the college, where a marble bust of himself now preserves the memory of his connection with the institution.

In 1854, the Wesleyan conference, appreciating his administrative qualities, elected Farrar president of the conference held at Birmingham; and on the occasion of the Burslem conference in 1870 he had the rare honour of being elected president a second time. Three years before his first election as president he became Secretary to the Conference, a position to which he was repeatedly re-elected, and for eighteen years, between 1858 and 1876, he was Chairman of the Leeds district. He lived to take part in the Wesleyans' closing (June 1883) and refounding (September 1883) of Woodhouse Grove School, to widen its intake of pupils.

Farrar wrote several books, including two religious dictionaries, one dealing with the Bible and its contents, the other referring to ecclesiastical events.

He married the youngest daughter of another Wesleyan minister, the Rev. Miles Martindale, whose own knowledge of the Methodist movement greatly assisted him in many of the offices which he held. He died at Headingley, Leeds, on 19 November 1884, and was buried near London at Abney Park Cemetery, Stoke Newington, on 25 November.

Publications
 The Proper Names of the Bible, their Orthography, Pronunciation, and Signification. 1839; 2nd edition, 1844.
 A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, illustrative of the Old and New Testament. 1851.
 An Ecclesiastical Dictionary, explanatory of the History, Antiquities, Heresies, Sects, and Religious Denominations of the Christian Church. 1853.
 A Manual of Biblical Geography, Descriptive, Physical, and Historical. 1857.
 A Key to the Pronunciation of the Names of Persons and Places mentioned in the Bible. 1857

References

Attribution

1802 births
1884 deaths
English Methodist ministers
People from Alnwick
Burials at Abney Park Cemetery
19th-century English Methodist ministers
Methodist Church of Great Britain people
Presidents of the Methodist Conference

John Farrar (minister)


IEC 60228 is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)'s international standard on conductors of insulated cables.  the current version is Third Edition 2004-11
Among other things, it defines a set of standard wire cross-sectional areas:

In engineering applications, it is often most convenient to describe a wire in terms of its cross-section area, rather than its diameter, because the cross section is directly proportional to its strength and weight, and inversely proportional to its resistance. The cross-sectional area is also related to the maximum current that a metallic wire can carry safely.

This document is one considered fundamental in that it does not contain reference to any other standard.

Description
The document describes several aspects of the conductors for electrical cables

Class
This refers to the flexibility and thermal effects i.e temperature of a conductor.

 Class 1: Solid conductor
 Class 2: Stranded conductor intended for fixed installation
 Class 5: Flexible conductor
 Class 6: Very Flexible conductor

Size
The nominal (see below) cross-sectional area for standard conductors including the following:
 Class 2: Minimum number of strands required to make particular conductor size
 Class 5 and 6: Maximum diameter of any component strand of the conductor

Resistance
The maximum permissible resistance per unit length (in ohms per kilometre – Ω/km) of each conductor size, class and type (both plain copper and metal coated)

Purpose of the document

This document and its precursors were created due to a need for a standard definition of cable conductor size. The main problem being that not all copper has the same resistivity value, so, for example, a 4 mm2 conductor from two different suppliers may have different resistance values. Instead this document describes conductors by their nominal size, determined by resistance rather than physical dimensions. This is a key distinction as it makes a standardized definition of conductors based solely on their electrical characteristics.

Almost all characteristics of conductors, resistance, current carrying capacity etc. are dependent on the physical dimensions of the conductor. However this document allows an easy reference whereby the standard conductor sizes and reference to physical dimensions are maintained but given an exact meaning in terms of the electrical characteristics of a conductor.

Footnotes

See also

Circular mil, Unusual unit used as the North American Electrical industry standard for wires larger than 4/0.
American wire gauge (AWG), used primarily in the US and Canada
Standard wire gauge (SWG), the British imperial standard BS3737, superseded by the metric.
Stubs Iron Wire Gauge
Jewelry wire gauge
Body jewelry sizes
Electrical wiring
Number 8 wire, a term used in the New Zealand vernacular

References

External links

60228
Wire gauges

IEC 60228


Kevin O'Connell (born October 3, 1948) is an American broadcast personality.

Early life
O'Connell was born in Buffalo, New York and attended Buffalo State College. His father is George O'Connell, the City Comptroller who led to effort to save the Shea's Performing Arts Center after it had fallen prey to taxes. His sister is Mary Kate O'Connell, a stage actress and WBBZ-TV host. His son Kevin Jr. is a chef who has operated restaurants and food trucks in Buffalo and Los Angeles.

Career
O'Connell was chief weather anchor for WGRZ-TV, the NBC affiliate in Buffalo, New York, from the mid-1990s until 2018. O'Connell also sub-hosted on The David Letterman Show on NBC, hosted the game show Go on NBC from October 1983 to January 1984, and presented the syndicated disco series Disco Step-by-Step from 1977 to 1980. He was often a substitute weathercaster for Weekend Today during the 1990s. He also hosted the 1986 and 1987 game show pilots Keynotes and Money in the Blank.

O'Connell was previously a news and weather anchor for Buffalo's WIVB, as well as Los Angeles TV stations KNBC (1982-1985), KCBS-TV (1985-1988) and KABC-TV (1989-1990) before returning to Buffalo in 1990. He was also a disc jockey early in his career, before moving into work in weather; as late as 2012, O'Connell was voice-tracking a shift at WECK in addition to his television duties.

Since joining WGRZ in 1993, O'Connell's primary focus has been weather forecasting, and he obtained an American Meteorological Society seal of approval as a result of his work there. O'Connell does not go by the title of meteorologist since he does not hold a bachelor's degree in the science of meteorology (he received his AMS seal before a degree became a requirement for it); he has some meteorology education from Buffalo State College, from which he graduated in 1972.

O'Connell was expected to retire near the end of 2016; his heir apparent, meteorologist Patrick Hammer, was hired in June 2015 and was originally to work his way into the position as O'Connell winds down his duties with WGRZ; this was complicated when Hammer was pulled off the air in November 2015 after a repeat driving under the influence arrest. Hammer was retained for mornings (where he worked in a previous market) while Heather Waldman, a former Accuweather on-air personality, will take over most of O'Connell's shifts.

Political career
O'Connell, a registered Democrat, was briefly courted as a potential candidate for Erie County clerk in 2017 but declined the offer. As of that time, his contract with WGRZ ran through the end of 2018. O'Connell was fired from WGRZ in July 2018 in a dispute over his legal work (weather anchors and meteorologists routinely provide testimony in court, which is forbidden under Tegna, Inc.'s policy without express permission) and his endorsement of a local attorney. O'Connell was afforded an on-air sendoff.

Post-meteorology
In September 2018, Kevin O'Connell was named Chief of Community Connections at Catholic Health. In this role, O'Connell is focused on creating new ties between the health system, community service organizations, and residents, helping to ensure that the organization is able to meet the healthcare needs of Western New Yorkers.

References

 WGRZ profile

American game show hosts
Buffalo State College alumni
Radio personalities from Buffalo, New York
Living people
American television meteorologists
1948 births
New York (state) Democrats
Scientists from New York (state)

Kevin O'Connell (American TV personality)


Coachcraft Ltd. of North Hollywood California built several modified cars that are generally regarded as the first examples of "custom cars", as contrasted to the coachbuilt cars with custom bodies which were purchased new in the 1930s. Strother MacMinn called the "Yankee Doodle Roadster" by Coachcraft the "first American custom sports car." Many pictures of this car can be seen by looking at the web pages in these references:

References

Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
1940s cars
1930s cars
Car manufacturers of the United States
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in California

Coachcraft Ltd.


Bepotastine (Talion, Bepreve) is a 2nd generation antihistamine. It was approved in Japan for use in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria/pruritus in July 2000, and January 2002, respectively. It is marketed in the United States as an eye drop under the brand name Bepreve, by ISTA Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Bausch + Lomb.

Pharmacology
Bepotastine is available as an ophthalmic solution and oral tablet. It is a direct H1-receptor antagonist that inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. The ophthalmic formulation has shown minimal systemic absorption, between 1 and 1.5% in healthy adults. Common side effects are eye irritation, headache, unpleasant taste, and nasopharyngitis. The main route of elimination is urinary excretion, 75-90% excreted unchanged.

Marketing history
It is marketed in Japan by Tanabe Seiyaku under the brand name Talion. Talion was co-developed by Tanabe Seiyaku and Ube Industries, the latter of which discovered bepotastine. In 2001, Tanabe Seiyaku granted Senju, now owned by Allergan, exclusive worldwide rights, with the exception of certain Asian countries, to develop, manufacture and market bepotastine for ophthalmic use. Senju, in turn, has granted the United States rights for the ophthalmic preparation to ISTA Pharmaceuticals.

Sales and patents
In 2011, ISTA pharmaceuticals experienced a 2.4% increase in net revenues from 2010, which was driven by the sales of Bepreve. Their net revenue for 2011 was $160.3 million. ISTA Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Bausch & Lomb in March 2012 for $500 million. Bausch & Lomb hold the patent for bepotastine besilate (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/temptn.cfm. On November 26, 2014, Bausch & Lomb sued Micro Labs USA for patent infringement. Bausch & Lomb was recently bought out by Valeant Pharmaceuticals in May 2013 for $8.57 billion, Valeant's largest acquisition to date, causing the company's stock to rise 25% when the deal was announced.

Clinical trials
A Phase III clinical trial was carried out in 2010 to evaluate the effectiveness of bepotastine besilate ophthalmic solutions 1.0% and 1.5%. These solutions were compared to a placebo and evaluated for their ability to reduce ocular itchiness. The study was carried out with 130 individuals and evaluated after 15 minutes, 8 hours, or 16 hours. There was a reduction in itchiness at all-time points for both ophthalmic solutions. The study concluded that bepotastine besilate ophthalmic formulations reduced ocular itchiness for at least 8 hours after dosing compared to placebo. Phase I and II trials were carried out in Japan.

Studies have been performed in animals and bepotastine besilate was not found to be teratogenic in rats during fetal development, even at 3,300 times more than typical use in humans.  Evidence of infertility was seen in rats at 33,000 times the typical ocular dose in humans. The safety and efficacy has not been established in patients under 2 years of age  and has been extrapolated from adults for patients under 10 years of age.

References

Chloroarenes
Ethers
H1 receptor antagonists
Leukotriene antagonists
Mast cell stabilizers
Piperidines
2-Pyridyl compounds
Peripherally selective drugs
Ophthalmology drugs

Bepotastine


Husenil Muhammad Afandi was a Russian Muslim scholar, spiritual leader, Shaykh of Naqshbandi and Shazali tariqahs in Dagestan.

He was born in 1862 in village Urib and died in 1967 and buried in Urib, Shamilsky District, Dagestan, Soviet Union.

For twenty years he worked as imam in village Kazanishe of Buynaksky District, Dagestan.
In 1920 he received ijazah from Shaykh Hasan Hilmi Afandi but he hid it until 1950 when he received second ijazah and order for preceptorship from Shaykh Humayd Afandi. His disciples who received his ijazah include Shaykh Muhammad Arif Afandi, Shaykh Hamzat Afandi and Shaykh Abdul Hamid Afandi, who later passed the tariqah ijazah to Shaykh Said Afandi al-Chirkawi.

In May 2011 new jum`ah mosque named after Shaykh Husenil Muhammad Afandi was opened to public in Makhachkala, Dagestani capital.

In July 2011 gathering of Dagestani Islamic scholars it was decided to open a madrassah named after Shaykh Husenil Muhammad Afandi in village Gogotl where the scholar lived for fifteen years after World War II.

References

External links
Islam in Dagestan
Ислам в Дагестане

1862 births
1967 deaths
People from Shamilsky District
People from Dagestan Oblast
Avar people
Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Sunni imams
Soviet imams
Soviet Sufis
20th-century Islamic religious leaders
Soviet Sufi religious leaders
Muslims from the Russian Empire

Husenil Muhammad Afandi