The "Old Stone Barracks" is the last remaining structure of a proposed quadrangle of early U.S. Army barracks built at Plattsburgh, New York in 1838.  Of the four main buildings initially planned for the Plattsburgh post, only two were ever constructed, an officer's barracks and an enlisted barracks which formed an "L" shape. The buildings were utilized by the Army for nearly a century. The officer's quarters, in which Lt. Ulysses S. Grant once stayed, was torn down by the U.S. Air Force during the winter of 1963. The remaining building, the  long, two story "Old Stone Barracks," remained mostly empty after the early 1960s and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. In December 2010 the Barracks and more than 7 acres of property was offered to a Canadian real estate developer for $35,000 with the intention of building an apartment complex on the historic site. At the time, the Barracks property was appraised at over $775,000 and the sale sparked public outcry for its preservation. In 2014, the building was again sold to current owners Terry Schmaltz and Mary Theresa Pearl who redeveloped it as the home of the "Valcour Brewing Company." The new craft brewery opened in 2016.

History
In the decades following the decisive British defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh and the close of the War of 1812, the United States Military still remained suspicious and wary of British Canada. Relations with England were not cordial following the war and the establishment of a permanent Army Post for a garrison at Plattsburgh, along the strategically important Lake Champlain corridor, which for centuries had been a route for invasion, seemed an obvious choice. Although troops had been stationed there from roughly 1812 to 1825, no permanent military installation had been constructed with the men often being housed in dilapidated and inadequate log structures left over from the War. This was especially apparent in view of the usually harsh North Country winters. In an October, 1838 letter to the Commanding General of the United States Army, Major General Alexander Macomb, who had commanded at Plattsburgh during the 1814 Battle, Brigadier General Abraham Eustis outlined the poor condition of the soldier's quarters there:

I take the liberty of calling to your attention the deficiency of Quarters for the troops at this station. You are already informed that there is scarcely a vestige of the old barracks remaining and that in consequence I have directed the six old storehouses on the public ground to be repaired and fitted for temporary barracks ...

The establishment of a permanent Plattsburgh Barracks was also partly spurred on by the military buildup associated with the beginning of the 2nd Seminole War in 1835. The outbreak of the War had drawn nearly a quarter of the total strength of the Army to the War zone in Florida. This fact had blatantly demonstrated to lawmakers and military leaders alike that the standing peacetime strength of the United States Army was far too small to meet the nation's needs. In 1838, Congress raised the standing strength of the Army to 12,539 men and the need for housing for them ballooned overnight.

The innovative permanent Army post planned for Plattsburgh was initially to be four stone barracks structures positioned in a quadrangle around a  square parade ground and surrounded by a wooden palisade with a western facing gate. Construction began late in 1838 on a rise overlooking the lake about a mile outside of the village. The site selected for the post stood just to the south of the three remaining earthwork fortifications left over from the 1814 siege, Fort Brown, Fort Moreau, and Fort Scott. These forts, which had been carefully laid out prior to the Battle, had been constructed under the direction of Major Joseph Totten, an expert in military and tactical engineering of the period. Together with two smaller redoubts which had been erected later, Fort Tompkins and Fort Gaines, the Plattsburgh fortifications formed a pentagon of interlocking cannon fire which could have protected the barracks from any hostile forces if the need arose.

By August, 1839, during the command of Benjamin Kendrick Pierce, stonework had commenced and the exterior walls of both the officer's and enlisted men's barracks had been erected. The main barracks buildings were built of native limestone which was quarried nearby and transported to the site. The water filled quarry where the limestone was excavated is still visible today. After this initial burst of progress, however, the site experienced several periods of stagnant and halted construction due in part to bureaucratic red tape from Washington. After numerous letters and solicitations were written to the Secretary of War by concerned Plattsburgh citizens, the Assistant Quartermaster General of the Army, Captain R. E. Clary was dispatched to oversee the construction project in September, 1841. Under Clary's supervision by September of the following year, it was reported to the Quartermaster General that the exterior work of the "company quarters" had been completed with the exception of the stone steps, portico floors, stairs leading to the upper level, and adjustment of the columns. Although reports claimed the buildings were nearing completion, the companies at Plattsburgh were still quartered in the old temporary wooden barracks through the winter of 1842–43 as the appropriation made for completing the work had been nearly exhausted. It would be nearly another year before two of the four buildings were ultimately finished and could be occupied in October, 1843.

When finally completed, the enlisted men's barracks, which would later be called simply the "Old Stone Barracks," was finished with a very attractive and distinctive two story tuscan columned and corniced portico which runs the entire  length of the building and was covered with a skillion roof. Initially four external staircases along this portico allowed the only access to the second floor. One stairway for each of the four large second floor rooms which served as each Company's living quarters. The smaller and slightly more elaborate neighboring officer's barracks was also finished with a similar two story portico although on the opposite side of the structure facing Lake Champlain where officers could enjoy the panoramic view and breeze of Plattsburgh Bay. Future 18th President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant occupied quarters in the officer's barracks while stationed at Plattsburgh as a young Lieutenant sometime between his graduation from West Point in 1843 and prior to serving in the Mexican War in 1846.

The enlisted barracks originally contained 18 rooms, several of which on the first floor were utilized as a post hospital, dispensary, Company office, Sergeant's room, Company kitchen, and mess hall. Four small storm-sheds and the hospital bathroom also extended off the first floor on the backside of the building. Many of the rooms were heated by individual coal stoves as well, providing a much appreciated measure of luxury for the soldiers during the winter months. Initially the western wall of the barracks was built of wood which would have allowed for an addition to be added to the structure later if the Army deemed it necessary. This never came to pass, however, and the temporary wooden wall was eventually finished in stone to match the rest of the facade. Within short order a host of smaller support buildings were erected at the post as well including a brick powder magazine, post headquarters, storehouse, carpenter's shop, icehouse, guardhouse with an area for holding prisoners, and two deep wells for drinking water.

The military presence in the Champlain Valley was further augmented just four years after the completion of the new Army post at Plattsburgh when construction was begun in 1844 on Fort Montgomery at nearby Rouses Point, a massive masonry fortification mounting 125 guns which would guard the northernmost point of Lake Champlain. Fort Montgomery, by design, was never permanently garrisoned and it was assumed that if the need arose, troops from Plattsburgh could quickly be marched there to man the fortification. In May 1850, Major Thomas J. Jackson, who would later be forever immortalized with the nickname "Stonewall," attended a court martial at Plattsburgh Barracks. While there he wrote his sister Laura Ann describing his surroundings:

Various Infantry and Artillery units were stationed at Plattsburgh Barracks in spurts throughout the latter half of the 19th century. Beginning in the early 1890s, a sprawling expansion program greatly enlarged the Army Post at Plattsburgh to the north with the construction of 3 much larger and more modern barracks, relegating the 1840 era structures to a much more secondary role. All of the old and long abandoned defensive fortifications still present, with the exception of Fort Brown, were leveled to form a mammoth  parade ground known as the "U.S. Oval." In 1892 during the removal of Fort Moreau, which had been the central and largest of the three American forts during the Battle of Plattsburgh, numerous human remains, as many as 25 individuals, were unearthed which had been hurriedly buried either during or immediately following the siege. A similar situation occurred when Fort Scott was leveled, with some thirty or more skeletons being removed from that site as well. Cannonballs and other 1814 artifacts that were also recovered were purportedly sent by the Army to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. All of the recovered skeletons were buried with full military honors in the nearby "old post cemetery" in a mass grave marked by a large monument dedicated to unknown dead of the War of 1812.

It was also during this period that the 21st Infantry, known as the "President's Own," was stationed at Plattsburgh. Their nickname was bestowed upon them during their years at Plattsburgh by President William Mckinley, who when frequently summering nearby at the luxurious Hotel Champlain, would often visit the Post to review the troops and attend performances by the unit's band. From their barracks here, the unit would be dispatched to see action in the Spanish–American War in 1898, as well as the Philippine–American War the following year. Following its return from duty in Cuba, the 15th Infantry was stationed here from 1899 to 1902 prior to its deployment to China and the Philippines.

In 1899, the original interiors of the "Old Stone Barracks" were gutted and modernized to serve as a barracks for the Post Band which it remained until 1906. During the updating of the structure, two of the external staircases on the front portico were removed and several internal stairways were constructed. It is believed that during this period, the original skillion or "shed" style roof was replaced over the portico with the hip roof we see today. Also, off the backside of the building where the four storm-sheds and hospital bathroom were originally located, several small single and two story porches were built to allow more convenient access to rooms from that side.

20th century
The barracks served in a variety of capacities throughout the first half of the 20th century. During World War I and the years immediately preceding it, the building served as part of the Civilian Military Training Camp at Plattsburgh, the brainchild of General Leonard Wood and forerunner of today's ROTC program.

In 1939, on the eve of World War II, Plattsburgh Barracks hosted the massive 1st United States Army maneuvers, a huge pre-War training operation involving aircraft, tanks, and roughly 20,000 soldiers.

The barracks was last used as offices and then apartments for Air Force personnel at Plattsburgh Air Force Base in the late 1950s. Following the demolition of the adjoining officer's quarters in 1964, the surviving "Old Stone Barracks" mostly remained dormant. Around this time the small 1899 era porch additions on the rear of the barracks were removed and the entire building was boarded up as a historical structure. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. With the impending closure of the base in 1995, one of the last official acts of the Air Force concerning the building was to perform asbestos and lead paint abatement, removing most of the remaining interior down to the studs, and replacing the barracks's slate roof.

21st century

The only structures which remain of the original 1840 era Army post are the barracks, its adjacent brick powder magazine, and the nearby "old post cemetery".  The original post parade ground is also still present.  These structures represent one of the last remaining examples of the first generation of permanent U.S. Army barracks in existence in the United States.

The "Old Stone Barracks" itself changed little following the departure of the Air Force in 1995, remaining boarded up and closed to the public for another 20 years. The building was often the target of vandalism and frequent break-ins, due in part to the many ghost stories which circulated on the internet concerning the building and its purported (and false) use as a "field hospital" during the Battle of Plattsburgh (24 years before the Barracks was even built). Floodlights were added to illuminate the front and rear of the barracks at night, decreasing the number of forced entries into the structure.

In 2007, a section of paved road which ran beside the barracks and followed the route of the original dirt road into the post compound through the palisade gate was removed by the City of Plattsburgh. In December 2010, it became public knowledge that the Old Stone Barracks and over 7 acres of surrounding property had been offered to Bernard Schneider, a Canadian real estate developer, for $35,000. At the time, the property was appraised at over $775,000. News of the pending sale immediately sparked a public outcry and spurred a Facebook campaign entitled "Save the Old Stone Barracks." Details of the proposed development included the construction of a large apartment complex on the historic property. Bowing to public pressure and involvement by the New York State Office of Historic Preservation, the project stalled and the Barracks was again offered for sale.

In late 2014, the Old Stone Barracks was purchased by Terry Schmaltz and his wife Mary Theresa Pearl with plans to restore and refurbish the historic building as the new home of the "Valcour Brewing Company," a craft brewery. Initial plans for the 1.5 million dollar project call for a tasting room, meeting space, restaurant, and inn.

References

External links
 Plattsburgh Barracks
 Link to the "Valcour Brewing Company" Website, current owners of the Old Stone Barracks
 Link to the "Save the Old Stone Barracks" Facebook page

Residential buildings completed in 1838
Closed installations of the United States Army
Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Clinton County, New York
Barracks on the National Register of Historic Places
Plattsburgh, New York

Old Stone Barracks


The Neolithic British Isles is about the remains of tribes living in the islands from about 4000 BC to 2,500 BC. These people left stone monuments and other remains in Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and many other islands.p37 The Neolithic was the last part of the Stone Age in the British Isles.

World Heritage sites
The most outstanding Neolithic archaeological sites are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Heart of Neolithic Orkney
Skara Brae
Ring of Brodgar
Maeshowe
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
Avebury
Stonehenge
Woodhenge
Durrington Walls

Neolithic in British Isles
Before the Neolithic period was the Mesolithic period, and after the Neolithic was the Bronze Age. During the Mesolithic, the inhabitants of the British Isles were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Around 4000 BC new ideas arrived in the islands from continental Europe. These ideas were taken up by the natives, and led to huge changes in both the society and the landscape. This has been called the Neolithic Revolution.

The Neolithic is marked by agriculture and living in settlements, with the hunter-gatherer lifestyle declining. To make room for the new farmland, these early agricultural communities cut down trees (deforestation) across the islands. This very greatly changed the landscape. At the same time, many new types of stone tools  began to be produced. They needed new skills, such as polishing.

The Neolithic tribes built many monuments in the landscape, many of which were megalithic in nature. The earliest of these are the chambered tombs, although later came the building of stone circles, a trend that would continue into the following Bronze Age. These constructions were probably places for ceremonies and religious rites. New ideas about religion, ritual and social hierarchy came with the new lifestyle.

Neolithic people on these islands were not literate, so left no written record. Everything we know about this time comes from archaeological investigations. This investigation began with the antiquarians of the 18th century, and intensified in the 19th when John Lubbock coined the term "Neolithic". The work expanded during the 20th and 21st centuries.

Historical overview

Late Mesolithic
During the Mesolithic, Britain was still attached by the landmass of Doggerland to the rest of continental Europe.
Archaeologist and prehistorian Caroline Malone noted that during the Late Mesolithic, the British Isles were something of a "technological backwater" in European terms, still living as a hunter-gatherer society whilst most of southern Europe had already taken up agriculture and sedentary living.p11

Early and Middle Neolithic: 4000–2900 BC

The spread of the Neolithic
The first societies in the world to abandon hunter-gathering and replace it with agriculture were found in the Near East around 8000–6000 BC. Similar developments occurred independently in China, and later in Mesoamerica, southeast Asia, Africa and India.p18 It was in the Near East that the "most important developments in early farming" occurred in the Levant and the mountains surrounding what is now Syria, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Iran and Iraq. These areas already had rich ecological variation that was being exploited by hunter-gatherers in the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods.p20

Early signs of these hunter-gatherers beginning to harvest, select and grow various food plants have been found in the Mesolithic Natufian culture of the Levant. These are signs that would later lead to the actual domestication and farming of crops. Archaeologists believe that the Levantine peoples developed agriculture between 8000 and 7000 BC in response to a rise in their population levels which could not be fed by the food which hunting and gathering could provide.p20 The idea of agriculture spread from the Levant into Europe, being adopted by hunter-gathering societies in what is now Turkey, Greece, the Balkans, and across the Mediterranean, eventually reaching north-western Europe and the British Isles.p22

The Neolithic in the British Isles
The archaeological community still debate whether the Neolithic Revolution was brought to the British Isles through by adoption by natives or by migrating groups of continental Europeans who decided to settle there.p22

Late Neolithic: 30002500 BC
"After over a thousand years of early farming, a way of life based on ancestral tombs, forest clearance and settlement expansion came to an end. This was a time of important social changes".p57

Early Bronze Age
The period that followed the Neolithic is known by archaeologists as the Bronze Age, because bronze was used for making certain tools.

References

Prehistoric buildings and structures
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
History of Ireland

Neolithic British Isles


Anthony Doerr (born October 27, 1973) is an American author of novels and short stories. He gained widespread recognition for his 2014 novel All the Light We Cannot See, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

Early life and education
Raised in Cleveland, Ohio, Doerr attended the nearby University School, graduating in 1991. He then majored in history at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, graduating in 1995. He earned an MFA from Bowling Green State University.

Career
Doerr's first book was a collection of short stories called The Shell Collector (2002). Many of the stories take place in countries within Africa and New Zealand, where he has worked and lived. His first novel, About Grace, was released in 2004. His memoir, Four Seasons in Rome, was published in 2007, and his second collection of short stories, Memory Wall, was published in 2010.

Doerr's second novel, All the Light We Cannot See, is set in occupied France during World War II and was published in 2014. It received significant critical acclaim and was a finalist for the National Book Award for Fiction. The book was a New York Times bestseller, and was named by the newspaper as a notable book of 2014. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2015. It was runner-up for the 2015 Dayton Literary Peace Prize for Fiction  and won the 2015 Ohioana Library Association Book Award for Fiction.

Doerr writes a column on science books for The Boston Globe and is a contributor to The Morning News, an online magazine.

From 2007 to 2010, he was the Writer in Residence for the state of Idaho.

Doerr's third novel, Cloud Cuckoo Land, follows three story lines, scattered throughout time: 13-year-old Anna and Omeir, an orphaned seamstress and a cursed boy, on opposite sides of formidable city walls during the 1453 siege of Constantinople; teenage idealist Seymour and octogenarian Zeno in an attack on a public library in present-day Idaho; and Konstance, decades from now, who turns to the oldest stories to guide her community in peril. Cloud Cuckoo Land was released September 28, 2021. It was shortlisted for the 2021 National Book Award for Fiction.

Personal life
Doerr is married, has twin sons and lives in Boise, Idaho.

Bibliography

Novels
About Grace (2004)
All the Light We Cannot See (2014)
Cloud Cuckoo Land (2021)

Short fiction
Collections
 The Shell Collector (2002)
 Memory Wall (2010)
Anthologies edited
 The Best American Short Stories 2019 (Editor)

Memoirs
 Four Seasons in Rome: On Twins, Insomnia, and the Biggest Funeral in the History of the World (2007)

Essays and reporting

Critical studies and reviews of Doerr's work
Cloud cuckoo land

———————
Notes

Awards
 2002: Barnes & Noble Discover Prize, for The Shell Collector
 2002: O. Henry Prize for "The Hunter's Wife" (Short story)
 2003: New York Public Library's Young Lions Fiction Award, winner, The Shell Collector
 2003: O. Henry Prize for "The Shell Collector" (Short story)
 2005: Rome Prize in Literature from the American Academy in Rome
 2005, 2011: Ohioana Book Award for About Grace and Memory Wall, respectively
 2008: O. Henry Prize for "Village 113" (Short story)
 2010: Guggenheim Fellowship
 2011: The Story Prize, winner, Memory Wall
 2011: Sunday Times EFG Private Bank Short Story Award, winner, "The Deep"
 2012: O. Henry Prize for "The Deep" (Short story)
 2014: finalist for the National Book Award for Fiction
 2015: Pulitzer Prize for All the Light We Cannot See
 2021: O. Henry Prize for "The Master's Castle" (Short story)

References

External links

 Official website
 Video: The Story Prize reading with Yiyun Li and Suzanne Rivecca. March 2, 2011.
Best Selling Books by Anthony Doerr from Local Library

American columnists
21st-century American novelists
Bowdoin College alumni
1973 births
Living people
Poets Laureate of Idaho
American male novelists
Novelists from Ohio
21st-century American poets
American male poets
American male short story writers
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

Anthony Doerr


Myoclonus is a rapid involuntary twiching of muscles. Myocloni are a side effect of many neurological conditons, but they can also happen in healthy people. As an example, twiching muscles when falling asleep are normal. Mycloni are a common symptom of epilepsy. Other less common diseses that provoke myocloni include encephalitis, Tics, and certain types of porphyria.

Certain analgesics can provoke myocloni.

Medical signs

Myoclonus


8-Carboxamidocyclazocine (8-CAC) is an opioid analgesic drug related to cyclazocine, discovered by medicinal chemist Mark P. Wentland and co-workers in Cogswell Laboratory at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Similarly to cyclazocine, 8-CAC acts as an agonist at both the μ- and κ-opioid receptors, but has a much longer duration of action than cyclazocine, and does not have μ antagonist activity. Unexpectedly, it was discovered that the phenolic hydroxyl group of cyclazocine could be replaced by a carboxamido group with only slight loss of potency at opioid receptors, and this discovery has subsequently been used to develop many novel opioid derivatives where the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by either carboxamide or a variety of larger groups. Due to their strong κ-opioid agonist activity, these drugs are not suited for use as analgesics in humans, but have instead been researched as potential drugs for the treatment of cocaine addiction.

See also
 Tianeptine an atypical, selective μ-opioid receptor (MOR) full-agonist licensed for major depression since 1989.
 Samidorphan an opioid  preferring the MOR, which is under development for major depression.

References

Synthetic opioids
Benzomorphans
Kappa-opioid receptor agonists
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Carboxamides

8-Carboxamidocyclazocine


Tariq Amin is a Pakistani hairdresser, celebrity wardrobe stylist, hair stylist and media personality. He has salons in Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi.

Amin graduated with a business degree from the College of Boca Raton, Florida in 1983. His work has also been shown in Vogue Magazine. He has done the makeup for music videos by Ali Azmat and Abbas Ali Khan among others, as well as appeared in the video for "Channo" by Ali Zafar. Amin has also featured in Adil Omar's "Paki Rambo" music video.

In 2011, Amin was in charge of heading Islamabad's first fashion week as well as launching 'T With T, his own reality show.

References

Living people
Pakistani hairdressers
People from Islamabad
Lynn University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Tariq Amin


This is a list of notable people who were born, or who have lived in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

 William Addams (1777–1858), U.S. representative
 David Hayes Agnew (1818–1892), surgeon
 Chas Alecxih, NFL defensive lineman
 Andy Baldwin, U.S. Navy lieutenant and physician, bachelor of season 10 of The Bachelor
 James Buchanan (1791–1868), 15th President of the United States
 Thomas Burch (1778–1849), Methodist circuit rider
 Simon Cameron (1799–1889), Secretary of War
 Miles B. Carpenter (1889–1985), sculptor
 Diane Cluck, singer-songwriter
 Lewis Cohen, playing card manufacturer
 Adam Cole, professional wrestler
 Michael Deibert, journalist, author
 Charles Demuth (1883–1935), painter
 Jon Dough (born Chet Anuszak), born in Lancaster
 William Duchman (1809–1881), Wisconsin state legislator and sawmill operator
 Gretchen Egolf, actress, sister of Tristan Egolf
 Tristan Egolf (1971–2005), novelist, author, activist
 Andrew Ellicott (1754–1820), surveyor
 Michael Erlewine, founder of All Media Guide (AMG)
 Andrew J. Feustel, NASA astronaut
 FFH, Contemporary Christian band
 Robert Fulton (1765–1815), engineer, inventor, creator of Clermont steamboat
 Jim Furyk, professional golfer
 Cam Gallagher, professional baseball player
 Gene Garber, Major League Baseball relief pitcher
 Jennifer Gareis, actress and 1994 Miss New York
 Lewis E. Gettle, Wisconsin State Assemblyman and lawyer
 Matt Greiner, drummer of metalcore band August Burns Red
 Jonathan Groff, actor and singer who originated role of "Melchior" in the Broadway musical Spring Awakening
 Klaus Grutzka (1923–2011), industrial artist
 Edward Hand (1744–1802), physician, farmer, congressman, general officer in Continental Army during American Revolutionary War
 Tom Herr, MLB second baseman
 Milton S. Hershey (1857–1945), chocolatier, founder of the Hershey Company
 S. Dale High, chairman of High Industries
 Rev.Earl Honaman (1904–1982), Suffragan Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central Pennsylvania
 The Innocence Mission, band from Lancaster (performed the hit song "Bright as Yellow")
 Travis Jankowski, professional baseball player
 Taylor Kinney, actor and model
 Maria Louise Kirk, painter and illustrator
 Dan Kreider, NFL fullback
 Floyd Landis, professional road bicycle racer
 D. Ross Lederman (1894–1972), film director
 Frank B. McClain (1864–1925), Mayor of Lancaster(24th), Pennsylvania, Lt Gov State of Pennsylvania (1914)
 Alexander McNair, first Governor of Missouri
 Thomas Mifflin, merchant, politician, governor of Pennsylvania
 Anna Balmer Myers, author of early 20th-century novels centered in Lancaster County
 Clarence Charles Newcomer (1923–2005), United States federal judge
 Karin Olah (born 1977), contemporary painter, collage, and fiber artist
 Amish Outlaws, cover band
 Nguyen Chanh Thi (1923–2007), Army of the Republic of Vietnam general, retired to Lancaster
 John Parrish, MLB relief pitcher
 Barry Pearl (born 1950), actor
 Molly Picon (1898–1992), actress, died in Lancaster
 John F. Reynolds (1820–1863), U.S. Army major general, American Civil War
 Charles Carl Roberts (1973–2006), perpetrator of the West Nickel Mines School shooting
 Keegan Rosenberry, professional soccer player, Philadelphia Union
 Brad Rutter, Jeopardy! champion
 Theodore Emanuel Schmauk (1860–1920), Lutheran theologian, educator
 Frank H. Shaw (1882–1950), civil engineer
 Pete Snyder, founder of New Media Strategies
 Thaddeus Stevens (1792–1868), U.S. representative, Republican
 John Stockton, Michigan territorial legislator
 Daniel B. Strickler (1897–1992), U.S. Army lieutenant general, lieutenant governor
 Bruce Sutter, Hall of Fame pitcher
 William G. Thompson, mayor of Detroit, Michigan 1881-83
 Julian Valentin, professional soccer player
 Zarek Valentin, professional soccer player
 Junior Vasquez, New York City club DJ, remixer, producer
 Robert S. Walker, U.S. representative, Republican
 James Weaver, California Angels pitcher
 Andrew Wenger, professional soccer player
 Suzanne Westenhoefer, comedian
 William Whipper (1804–1876), African American businessman, activist
 Charlotte White (1782–1863), first unmarried American female missionary, arrived in India in 1816
 Marianne Wiggins, author
 Kristen Wiig, actress and comedian
 Michael Willis, character actor
 Richard Winters, U.S. Army paratrooper portrayed in Stephen Ambrose's 1992 book and miniseries Band of Brothers

References

Lancaster

Pennsylvania culture

List of people from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania


Vohu Manah (Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 vohu manah)  is the Avestan language term for a Zoroastrian concept, generally translated as "Good Purpose", "Good Mind", or "Good Thought", referring to the good state of mind that enables an individual to accomplish their duties. Its Middle Persian equivalent, as attested in the Pahlavi script texts of Zoroastrian tradition, is 𐭥𐭤𐭥𐭬𐭭 Wahman, which is a borrowing of the Avestan language expression and has the same meaning, and which continues in New Persian as  Bahman and variants. Manah is cognate with the Sanskrit word Manas suggesting some commonality between the ideas of the Gathas and those of the Rigveda. The opposite of Vohu Manah is akem manah or Aka Manah, "evil purpose" or "evil mind".

The term is a compound of the words vohu "good" and manah "mind, thought, purpose", cognate with the Vedic words vásu and mánas, both with the same meaning. Both of these derive from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwásuš and *mánas, in turn from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus and *ménos.

In the Gathas, the oldest texts of the Avesta and considered to be composed by Zoroaster, the term 'Vohu Manah' is not unambiguously used as a proper name and frequently occurs without the "Good" (Vohu-) prefix.

In the post-Gathic texts that expound the principles of Zoroastrian cosmogony, Vohu Manah is an Amesha Spenta, one of seven emanations of Ahura Mazda that each represent one facet of creation. In the case of Vohu Manah, this is all animal creation, with a particular stress on cattle. Vohu Manah is of neutral gender in Avestan grammar but in Zoroastrian tradition is considered masculine.

In the Zoroastrian calendar, the second day of each month as well as the eleventh month of each year are dedicated to Vohu Manah. In the Iranian civil calendar, which inherits the names of the months from the Zoroastrian calendar, the 11th month is likewise named Bahman.

The Achaemenid emperor Artaxerxes II (as it is rendered in Greek) had "Vohu Manah" as the second part of his throne name, which when "translated" into Greek appeared as "Mnemon". New Persian Bahman remains a theophoric in present-day Iranian and Zoroastrian tradition.

See also
 Amesha Spentas, the emanations of Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.

References

Yazatas
Zoroastrian calendar
Pastoral deities

Vohu Manah


FF.C (Fortified Concept) were a Greek hip hop band founded in 1987.

History
The group was formed in 1987. Dimitris Petsoukis was experimenting with his synthesizer when in 1987 he met Kostas Kourmentalas via breakdancing and their mutual love for hip hop. FF.C was formed with DJ Mix Mad. Influenced by American hip hop, FF.C initially stood for "Funky Fresh Concept". They adopted the stage names of High Cool (Petsoukis) and Fresh Cool G (Kourmentalas) while the majority of their raps were in Greek. Thodoris Maggos (Free Jah Present) and Thomas Putikakis (DJ Everlast) soon joined the group.

Horizon Studio was used for their recordings. In 1993 they released their debut album using their own funds because at that time the Greek music industry didn't recognize the hip hop sound as commercially viable. The album was named Skliri Keri (Hard Times) and was pressed on 200 vinyl copies. By that time the FF.C acronym got a new meaning, "Fight Fashion Captivity". On this album Dimitris Petsoukis rapped while most of the lyrics were provided by Kostas Kourmentalas. Thodoris Maggos and DJ Mix Mad left the group after its release, while Thodoris Sartetzakis (Sparky T) joined in.

FF.C continued recording but soon realized that they had to drop their American influences and start to rap only in Greek. Petsoukis and Kourmentalas chose new stage names of Skinothetis and Rythmodamastis respectively, and the group was renamed to "FortiFied Concept". They got the industry's recognition thanks to major labels starting to approach hip hop artists. Thodoris Sartetzakis sent a 20-track demo to Polydor Records, and they managed to get a record deal with the label, in which they released four albums: S'alli diastasi (1997; Thodoris Sartetzakis left the group after its release), I Apili (1998), Ohiromeni Antilipsi (2000) and Ip' Opsin (2002).

Because of their track "Paramythi" being censored by the label, and not being included in the record Ip' Opsin, they left the label soon after its release. They then decided to release their material independently, which led them to Hxotron Productions, where they released their final two albums, Klassika Ixografimena (2004) and Antilipsies Suneidhshs (2005). After that, the group disbanded due to Kostas Kourmentalas' retirement from the music scene.

They have cited Public Enemy as their main influence.

Discography
 Σκληροί Καιροί - Skliroi Kairoi, Hard Times (Independent Production, 1993)
 Σ'άλλη Διάσταση - S'alli Diastasi, In Another Dimension (Polydor, 1997)
 Η Απειλή - I Apeili, The Threat (Polydor, 1998)
 Οχυρωμένη Αντίληψη - Ohiromeni Antilipsi, Fortified Concept (Polydor, 2000)
 Υπ'όψιν - Ip' Opsin, Keep in Mind (Polydor, 2002)
 Κλασσικά Ηχογραφημένα - Klassika Ihografimena, Classic Recorded (Ήχοτρον, 2004)
 Αντιληψίες Συνείδησης - Antilipsies Syneidisis, Concepts of Consciousness (Ήχοτρον, 2005)

Greek hip hop groups
Musical groups from Athens
Rap rock groups

FF.C


The 1999 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Kangaroos and the Carlton Football Club :the blues in the annual grand final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 1999 AFL season. The match, attended by 94,228 spectators, was won by the Kangaroos by a margin of 35 points (the second consecutive year in which the premiership decider was determined by that margin). It was the club's fourth and (as of 2023) most recent premiership victory.

Background

This was the ' second consecutive appearance in a grand final, whilst it was Carlton's first since winning the 1995 AFL Grand Final.

It was not a grand final matchup that was widely anticipated prior to the finals, with the top placed Essendon Bombers clearly the standout team of the home & away season and heavily backed to reach the grand final against another top four aspirant. While the second placed  qualified for the grand final with a preliminary final victory over the Brisbane Lions, the sixth placed Carlton Blues upset the Bombers to qualify as their grand final opponents in one of the biggest boilovers in finals history.

The  finished the 1999 home-and-away season in second position with 17 wins and 5 losses, although they had still conceded the most points against out of the top-10 teams on the ladder. They were a game behind , with the Brisbane Lions, Western Bulldogs, West Coast, Carlton,  and  making up the final eight.  Carlton had finished with a record of 12 wins and ten losses, becoming only the third club (after  in 1900) and South Melbourne in 1899 to reach the grand final after finishing sixth on the ladder.

The Kangaroos progressed to the grand final after a 45-point win over Brisbane in the preliminary final. Carlton's unexpected preliminary final win against Essendon meant that the Kangaroos went into the grand final as heavy favourites.

Teams

Match summary
Despite the Kangaroos entering the match as the strong short-priced favourite, Carlton seemed the better team in the opening 10 minutes and scored the first goal of the match when Brett Ratten seized an opportunity at the six minute mark after an errant kickout from the Kangaroos David King. This, however, was all they had to show for their efforts, as Glenn Archer, Byron Pickett and Mick Martyn stood up to nearly everything Carlton threw at them inside North's defensive zone. The Kangaroos, who were without suspended defender Jason McCartney, then kicked three goals in six minutes to go into the first break with a 12-point lead.

Carlton fought back in the second quarter to regain the lead by 8 points with goals to Fraser Brown, Scott Camporeale and Matthew Lappin, and it looked like the Blues had the momentum until the Kangaroos ruckman Corey McKernan booted two inspirational goals, the first from 65 metres out and the second from a tight angle just a minute later. The Kangaroos had regained control, but the Blues were still well in the game with the half time margin only 20 points.

The Kangaroos extended their lead in the third quarter when Winston Abraham kicked an easy goal before Carlton midfielder Justin Murphy injured his knee.
The Blues managed to reduce the deficite to 13 points before the Kangaroos then added goals through McKernan and Shannon Motlop. Matthew Lappin turned the ball over running towards goal, which resulted in a Peter Bell goal to the Kangaroos and an eventual 43 point lead at three quarter time.

The last quarter was a rather pedestrian affair. Early goals to Bell and Motlop cemented the Kangaroos victory, before Carlton were allowed some late goals to somewhat reduce the margin. In the end, despite both teams having 29 scoring shots, the Kangaroos ran out 35 point winners. Carlton's best was probably Stephen Silvagni, who kept Wayne Carey to just 2 goals. But winners on the day were hard to find for Carlton, who in the eyes of many had already played their 'grand final' the week before, and as such performed admirably. Kangaroo's Shannon Grant won the Norm Smith Medal for best on ground with 19 possessions and 4 goals.
Grant had come under heavy criticism for his performance in the previous grand final, which the Kangaroos had lost.
After missing out on a wonderful opportunity against Adelaide in 1998, the Kangaroos had redeemed themselves by taking the 1999 flag.

Scorecard

Epilogue
 this remains the last time either Carlton or the Kangaroos have appeared in a grand final. After Richmond met Adelaide in 2017, these became the longest grand final droughts for any AFL club. They would both proceed to the preliminary finals in 2000, but lost to Essendon and Melbourne respectively.

The Kangaroos would struggle with consistency (not helped by the abrupt 2002 departure of captain Wayne Carey), playing finals in 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2008 within the next decade.

After reaching the semi-final in 2001, Carlton would swiftly fall to the bottom of the ladder in 2002, claiming their first wooden spoon in their history, and the last of all the Victorian teams to do so. They would be found guilty of breaching their salary cap, which saw them stripped them of early draft picks for two years, hindering their short-term rebuild, fined $930,000 and club president John Elliott removed from his position. They would not make finals again until 2009.

For the season's minor premiers, Essendon, it was a bitter pill to swallow that they were unable to compete in this grand final. Coach Kevin Sheedy forced the Essendon playing group to attend the match as spectators to ponder "what might have been". They would go on to have their own success just a year later in the 2000 AFL Grand Final.

While Carlton's unexpected feat of reaching the grand final in 1999 has undoubtedly gone into Australian Football folklore, the finals system at the time was widely criticised for allowing a team that had finished as low as 6th to reach the grand final after losing its first finals match (a similar instance also occurred the year prior, with the 5th placed Adelaide Crows advancing on to ultimately win the 1998 premiership despite losing in the first week of the finals). Carlton were beaten by the Brisbane Lions in the qualifying final, yet still progressed to the second week of the finals to play the West Coast Eagles. This match, which was won by Carlton, also created a lot of controversy as the Eagles, who subsequently finished a place higher than Carlton and won its first finals match, had earned the right to host the final in Perth, yet were forced to play the match at the MCG due to a contractual agreement with the AFL that required at least one match to be played at that venue every week of the finals.

The AFL acted quickly, and in the 2000 season the finals system was changed, requiring the need for teams that finished between 5th-8th after the home & away season needing to win all their finals matches to reach the grand final (a loss in any week would see them eliminated).

The MCG finals contract was also renegotiated, with only the grand final to be committed to the MCG, freeing up higher ranked teams to be able to host finals matches in their home state should they be entitled to. This came after 2004, when the Brisbane Lions were forced to play a home Preliminary Final at the MCG, instead of the Gabba before losing the grand final to the Port Adelaide Football Club.

This finals system has been in place ever since, with only two teams reaching the grand final from below fourth position since 2000. The Western Bulldogs in 2016 made the grand final after finishing seventh on the ladder, yet did so without losing any finals and ultimately went on to win the premiership.  qualified for the 2019 grand final after finishing in sixth position. The Western Bulldogs qualified in 2021 after finishing in fifth position. Their second time doing this and first time without a pre-finals bye.

See also
1999 AFL season

References
1999 Grand Final Report

External links
Match Stats

VFL/AFL Grand Finals
North Melbourne Football Club
Carlton Football Club
1999 Australian Football League season
Afl Grand Final, 1999

1999 AFL Grand Final


Blue Mounds State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, in Rock County near the town of Luverne. It protects an American bison herd which grazes on one of the state's largest prairie remnants.

The state park is named after a linear escarpment of Precambrian Sioux Quartzite bedrock which, although pink in color, is said to have appeared blueish in the distance to early settlers.  Parts of the cliff are up to  high.  Unusual in the surrounding prairie landscape, they are a popular site for rock climbing.

The park also preserves a  line of rocks aligned by Plains Indians which marks where the sun rises and sets on the spring and fall equinoxes.  It also has a small reservoir for swimming, the only lake in Rock County.  The park's interpretive center was once the home of the author Frederick Manfred.

Four structures and one building in the park, built by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Wildlife
The park is home to a small population of coyotes and deer as well as various birds.

Bison herd

In 1961, three bison were acquired from the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge in Nebraska. In 2012, the Minnesota Zoo and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources entered into an agreement to form a partnership and develop a Minnesota Bison Conservation Herd. In 2017, a bull with Yellowstone genetics was added to the herd. Diverse genetics allows for healthier populations as the park participates in the conservation of bison. The herd varies in size from roughly 65 animals in the winter to around 100 in the summer, after calves are born. To keep the population at a sustainable level, individuals are sold in a fall auction. The bison range is fenced off, and visitors are warned not to approach when these strong and unpredictable animals are near the fenceline.

Cultural history
According to local folklore the mound was used as a buffalo jump before European settlement, but no archaeological evidence has yet been found as verification. The soil of the mound was too thin and boulder-strewn for farming, saving it from the plow, although it was grazed.

Parkland was originally established north of the Blue Mound for the purpose of providing work relief during the Great Depression and water recreation.  WPA crews built two dams on Mound Creek, creating Upper and Lower Mound Lake —  and  respectively — and facilities such as picnic grounds and a beach house. The  Mound Springs Recreational Reserve opened in 1937. In the 1950s trees were planted around the lakes and campground. The lower dam was destroyed by flooding in June 2014, draining Lower Mound Lake, and in June 2016 the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced the dam would not be rebuilt.

Land was added in 1955 and 1961, at which point the name was changed to Blue Mounds State Park.  More lands were authorized in 1963 and 1965 to include the whole of Blue Mound and property to either side.  The state bought Frederick Manfred's house in 1972 to turn into an interpretive center, although they let him live there for three more years.  Because the house was at the southern end of the mound and the developed part of the park was at the north end, a connecting road was surveyed across the top.  Local conservationists argued the state out of this plan several times in the 1970s, citing the impact to the environment atop the mound.  In 1986 a road was paved from the house south to a county highway instead, so that visitors to the interpretive center must hike in from the north or drive around the edge of the park to the south entrance.

In 1989 the WPA developments were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a  historic district.  The district contains five contributing properties—four structures and one building: Upper Dam, Upper Mound Lake, Lower Dam, Lower Mound Lake (all created in 1938) and a latrine (built 1939–42) located by the current cart-in campground.  They are considered historically significant as examples of New Deal federal work relief and recreational development in southwestern Minnesota, and architecturally significant for their unique National Park Service rustic design using Sioux Quartzite.  The two dams are particularly noteworthy, blending into the natural rock walls of the creek, an exceptional application of rustic style to utilitarian structures.

Incidents
Blue Mounds State Park was the scene of a murder May 20, 2001, when Carrie Nelson, then 20, was beaten to death while working alone in the park office. A coroner said the wounds to her head appeared as if she'd been struck with a rock.  The killer apparently stole about $2,000 from the park coffers.  The case went unsolved for six years until May 2007 when, in a routine check of DNA samples of prison inmates in South Dakota, police found a match with DNA samples gathered from the crime scene. The samples linked Randy Leeroyal Swaney, 35, to the murder. He was serving time for a 2004 burglary. In August 2008, Randy Swaney was sentenced to life in prison.

References

External links

Blue Mounds State Park, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
Blue Mounds State Park, Minnesota Historical Society

1937 establishments in Minnesota
Climbing areas of the United States
Grasslands of the North American Great Plains
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Prairies
Protected areas established in 1937
Protected areas of Rock County, Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Works Progress Administration in Minnesota
Grasslands of Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Rock County, Minnesota

Blue Mounds State Park


Fakts One (born April 6, 1977) is an American hip hop DJ & producer from Boston, Massachusetts. Fakts One was a founding member of the hip hop group The Perceptionists with long-time collaborators Akrobatik and Mr. Lif but left the group shortly after release of their first album Black Dialogue.

History
Raised in the historic Dudley Square (now Nubian Square) section of Roxbury, Fakts One grew up surrounded by highly influential local radio and DJs, most notably WILD 1090AM and local university stations WZBC, WMBR, WRBB, and Emerson College's WERS 88.9FM where he would spend his collegiate years (1995–1999) in Emerson's undergrad program.

Fakts One has been a key figure in Boston's music scene since the late 1990s, DJing at area hip hop shows & WERS 88.9FM. He has performed internationally with his former group The Perceptionists and as the tour DJ for Boston hip hop icon Edo G.

In 2005, Mr. Lif, Akrobatik, and DJ Fakts One made their constant collaborations official to form The Perceptionists, who released Black Dialogue (Definitive Jux, 2005). The Fakts One produced song "Let's Move" was featured in the EA video games Need For Speed: Most Wanted and NBA Live 06. Also, a cover of "Five O'Clock" is Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party 2. His tracks have also been featured in the television programs Cold Case and The Wire.

During the recording process of Black Dialogue, Fakts inked an album deal with Coup D'eTat to release Long Range Long Range, but CDT went under before the album could be released. NY-based label Nature Sounds eventually released Long Range in 2008 to critical acclaim.

After disappearing for years, he's recently resurfaced with his 2011 instrumental project The Chop Shop, and his newest project Second Chances, a collab effort with Alias. Both albums were released on his own label imprint JWAYmedia

Discography
Detonator Records Vol.1 Compilation (C-Rayz Walz, Breez Evahflowin, Snacky Chan) Detonator Records (2002)
Black Dialogue as The Perceptionists (with Mr Lif and Akrobatik) Definitive Jux (2005)
Long Range Nature Sounds (2008)
''The Chop Shop" JWAYmedia (2011)
"Second Chances" (with Alias) JWAYmedia/Brick Records (2012)

Production credits
A detailed discography & list of production credits can be found on DISCOGS.COM

References

External links
 Fakts One interview w/ platform8470.com

American hip hop DJs
Emerson College alumni
Musicians from Boston
1977 births
Living people

DJ Fakts One


Brandon McKinney (born August 24, 1983) is a former American football nose tackle. He was signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at Michigan State.  He graduated from Chaminade-Julienne High School.

McKinney has also played for the Baltimore Ravens and Indianapolis Colts.

Professional career

San Diego Chargers
Brandon McKinney made his NFL debut for the San Diego Chargers in 2006. He was a quality backup nose tackle for two seasons there. McKinney was released by the Chargers on October 4, 2008 following the return of suspended linebacker Stephen Cooper.

Baltimore Ravens
McKinney was signed by the Baltimore Ravens on October 8, 2008 after nose tackle Kelly Gregg was placed on season-ending injured reserve. McKinney, then #68, recovered a fumble from  Pittsburgh Steelers QB Ben Roethlisberger.

McKinney was re-signed by the Ravens on February 17, 2009, preventing him from becoming a restricted free agent in the offseason.

In December 2009, the Ravens placed McKinney (now back to #91, which he wore for the San Diego Chargers) on injured reserve due to a back injury after just two tackles in 2009. In 2010, he would come back from injury and record 10 tackles for the Baltimore Ravens.

Indianapolis Colts
McKinney signed with the Indianapolis Colts on April 4, 2012. On August 6, 2013, McKinney was released with an injury settlement. On June 19, 2014, McKinney was re-signed by the Colts, but the Colts cut McKinney on August 30, 2014.

References

External links
Indianapolis Colts bio
Baltimore Ravens bio
Michigan State Spartans bio

1983 births
Living people
Players of American football from Dayton, Ohio
American football defensive tackles
Michigan State Spartans football players
San Diego Chargers players
Baltimore Ravens players
Indianapolis Colts players

Brandon McKinney


Dastgāh-e Chahārgāh  (; ) is a musical modal system in traditional mugham music and one of the seven Dastgāhs of Persian Music. Classically, Persian Music is organized into seven Dastgāhs and five Āvāzes, however from a merely technical point of view, one can consider them as an ensemble of 12 Dastgāhs.

This is the fifth and the longest mode according to the amount of sounds. It consists of eleven membranes. Three tetra-chords are amalgamated with two methods. The first and the second tetra-chords are amalgamated with the first method. The second and the third tetra-chords are amalgamated with different method. Tetra-chords are 0.5+1.5+0.5 tone structural. Chahargah mode is represented in two kinds in Uzeyir Hajibeyov's composition. It creates at listener excitement and passion. Subgenres of Chahargah are: Bardasht, Maye, Bali-Kabutar, Djovhari, Basta-Nigar, Hisar, Mualif, Garra, Mukhalif, Ouj Mukhalif, Maghlub, Mansuriyya, Uzzal.

References

Azerbaijani music
Modes (music)
Mugham modes
 Hormoz Farhat, The Dastgāh Concept in Persian Music (Cambridge University Press, 1990). ,  (first paperback edition, 2004).

Chahargah (mode)


Archeological Site No. LA 54049 is a prehistoric archaeological site in Hidalgo County, New Mexico. The site was inhabited during the Animas phase (1200-1350 A.D.); it may have also had a Mimbres phase occupation in 1000-1150 A.D. The site's most distinctive feature consists of two stone lines, each roughly  long and separated by a  gap. While the purpose of the lines is uncertain, they may have demarcated a court for some sort of ball game. The site also includes a large lithic scatter and numerous ceramic fragments.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 23, 1993.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Hidalgo County, New Mexico

References

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
Hidalgo County, New Mexico
National Register of Historic Places in Hidalgo County, New Mexico

Archeological Site No. LA 54049


Vincent Irwin "Sandy" Nava (April 12, 1850 – June 15, 1906) was an American 19th century Major League Baseball player for five seasons from  through . Of Mexican heritage, Nava is the first known American-born Hispanic baseball player in the major leagues, and the second of Hispanic descent, behind Cuban-born Steve Bellán.

Career
Born as Vincent Irwin in San Francisco, California, Sandy made his Major League debut for the 1882 Providence Grays as a catcher.  He was brought in to be fellow San Francisco native Charlie Sweeney's catcher.  Nava's history in professional baseball showed two sides; when he was growing up in San Francisco, he apparently tried to hide his Mexican heritage and went by names like Irwin Sandy or Vincent Irwin, but when he came to the East Coast, he returned to his name of Nava and the Providence team tried to promote his "Spanish" heritage.

He played in 28 games his rookie season, and batted .206, while scoring 15 runs.  He returned to the Grays for two more seasons, continuing to be the back-up catcher to Barney Gilligan, having his best year in  when he batted .240 and scored 18 runs in 29 games. Even though he didn't hit well, he stayed on as Sweeney's personal catcher, until Sweeney was expelled from the team by refusing to leave a game in favor of Cyclone Miller.  The team decided to leave Nava and Miller behind on a road trip and later loaned them to a military team in Fort Monroe, Virginia.

For the  and  seasons, Nava played for the Baltimore Orioles of the American Association, and played in just 10 games in those two years before leaving the Majors.

Post-career
Nava was of Mexican descent, however, he was identified as Black, Indian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Cuban throughout his baseball career. In the 1900 United States Census, he was enumerated at 363 Davis Street in Baltimore, Maryland. He was listed as Vincent Nava, white and single, born April 1851, and working as an upholsterer, in a neighborhood with a large black population. Nava died in Baltimore at the age of 56, and is interred at Trinity Cemetery in Baltimore, a segregated cemetery.

References

External links

1850 births
1906 deaths
19th-century baseball players
American baseball players of Mexican descent
Baltimore Orioles (AA) players
Baseball players from San Francisco
Major League Baseball catchers
Oakland (minor league baseball) players
Providence Grays players
San Francisco Athletics players
San Francisco Reno players

Sandy Nava


Geduldig v. Aiello, 417 U.S. 484 (1974), was an equal protection case in the United States in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on whether unfavorable treatment to pregnant women could count as sex discrimination. It held that the denial of insurance benefits for work loss resulting from a normal pregnancy did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.  The California insurance program at issue did not exclude workers from eligibility based on sex but excluded pregnancy from a list of compensable disabilities. The majority found that even though only women would be directly affected by the administrative decision, the classification of normal pregnancy as non-compensable was not a sex-based classification and so the court would defer to the state so long as it could provide a rational basis for its categorization.

Facts
From 1946, California ran an insurance system to cover private sector employees if temporarily unemployed because of a disability not covered by workmen's compensation. It was funded by contributions deducted from the wages of participating employees, for whom participation was generally mandatory unless they belonged to an approved private insurance plan. Employees who had contributed 1% of a minimum income to the disability fund for one year prior to a period of disability were eligible to receive benefits.  However, certain disabilities would not be covered, including those resulting from commitment for dipsomania, drug addiction, or sexual psychopathy.  In Geduldig, the appellees challenged the further exclusion of certain disabilities resulting from pregnancy, as found in §2626 of the Unemployment Insurance Code: "In no case shall the term 'disability' or 'disabled' include any injury or illness caused by or arising in connection with pregnancy up to the termination of such pregnancy and for a period of 28 days thereafter."

The litigation began as two separate class action suits brought by employees who had paid into the state's disability fund but who had been denied benefits relating to pregnancy-related disabilities.  Three of the employees suffered employment disability after complications that arose during their pregnancies, while the fourth experienced a normal pregnancy which still led to a temporary inability to work.  Carolyn Aiello brought suit in Federal District Court, while Augustina Armendariz, Elizabeth Johnson, and Jacqueline Jaramillo brought suit as a petition for a writ of mandate in the state's supreme court.  The separate cases were consolidated when the state suit was removed to federal court by the appellant, Dwight Geduldig, Director of the California Department of Human Resources Development.

Initially, the appellees sought to enjoin enforcement of the exclusionary policy, and the District Court, as a divided three-judge panel, granted their motion for summary judgment, holding that the program's administration violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause and stating that "the exclusion of pregnancy-related disabilities is not based upon a classification having a rational and substantial relationship to a legitimate state purpose."  The court further denied a motion to stay its judgment pending appeal.  The appellant proceeded to file a similar motion with the Supreme Court, which noted probable jurisdiction of the appeal.

Although three of the appellees brought suit to recover benefits for loss of work after complications from pregnancy (tubal and ectopic pregnancies and a miscarriage), this issue was moot by the time the case reached the Supreme Court due to a decision in another case.  In Rentzer v. California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board, the state court interpreted the statute as applying only to benefit payments for disabilities resulting from normal pregnancies, thus allowing a woman who had suffered an ectopic pregnancy to recover benefits.  Therefore, the only remaining live controversy in Geduldig was whether appellee Jaramillo and others similarly situated were entitled to benefits for work loss related to normal and generally healthy pregnancy and childbirth.

Judgment
Part II of the majority opinion first laid out the rational basis for the policy as argued by the state.  Justice Stewart focused largely on the economics of the benefit system, which had been operating as a self-supporting system since its inception.  The contribution rate to the disability fund as set struck a balance that allowed the state to cover the health conditions that it had deemed eligible under the program: in the years immediately preceding Geduldig, 90-103% of the disability fund's revenue had been utilized to pay disability and hospital benefits.  Both parties acknowledged that to cover more disability risks would require an increase in the amount of money going into the fund, although they disagreed on the amount this would entail.  The District Court accepted the state's estimate that to cover normal pregnancy and delivery would require the fund to pay out over $100 million more in benefits but found that this would not destroy the solvency of the program, although it would require "reasonable changes in the contribution rate, the maximum benefits allowable, and other variables."  The state, however, argued that such changes would jeopardize the ability of low-income Californians to participate in the program, and thus it had a rational basis to maintain the system in its existing state.

The majority pointed to Williamson v. Lee Optical, in which the Court found that a legislature could legitimately address problems in phases, prioritizing issues which were most pressing.  The Geduldig majority stated that it would be particularly hesitant to second-guess such prioritization and legislative calculation in regards to social welfare programs, citing the premise in Dandridge v. Williams that the Equal Protection Clause "does not require that a State must choose between attacking every aspect of a problem or not attacking the problem at all."  California, the majority held, could legitimately and constitutionally decide that it was better to "keep benefit payments at an adequate level for disabilities that are covered, rather than to cover all disabilities inadequately."

Finally, Stewart's opinion turned to the issue of whether California's rational basis for its policy was sufficient to uphold the state's position.  The majority found in the insurance system no invidious discrimination that would violate the Equal Protection Clause, pointing out that women as a group were still eligible for benefits even though the particular condition of pregnancy might not be covered.  The Court reasoned that there was "no risk from which men are protected and women are not," and "no risk from which women are protected and men are not."  As stated in Footnote 20 of the majority opinion,

The program divides potential recipients into two groups-pregnant women and nonpregnant persons. While the first group is exclusively female, the second includes members of both sexes. The fiscal and actuarial benefits of the program thus accrue to members of both sexes.

While the Court acknowledged that only women could undergo the excluded condition, "it does not follow that every legislative classification concerning pregnancy is a sex-based classification."  Pregnancy was an objectively identifiable characteristic rather than a subjective judgment, and the appellants had made no showing that the state's asserted rationale for the policy was a pretext for invidious discrimination. Thus, California's policy was not one which the Court would subject to the heightened scrutiny that it had used to evaluate cases such as Reed v. Reed and Frontiero v. Richardson, and therefore the rational basis presented by the state was enough to allow the policy to stand.

The majority reversed the lower court's decision and vacated the stay previously granted.

Dissent
Justice Brennan, joined by Justices Douglas and Marshall, dissented from the majority's opinion, arguing that under Reed and Frontiero, intermediate scrutiny was the proper level of review for the issue, and that under this analysis California's classification failed, as the appellants had only set out a rational basis for the state's policy.  The dissenters acknowledged that the fiscal solvency of California's insurance program was a legitimate concern and that to include temporary disabilities resulting from normal pregnancy in the scope of conditions covered by the system would require an increase in the employee contribution, an increase in the yearly contribution ceiling, or state subsidization.  However,

whatever role such monetary considerations may play in traditional equal protection analysis, the State's interest in preserving the fiscal integrity of its disability insurance program simply cannot render the State's use of a suspect classification constitutional.

The dissenters pointed out that pregnancy was one of the only common conditions affecting health that was not covered by the broad scope of California's Unemployment Insurance Code, even though the economic results of it might be functionally identical to those of other disabilities, in that wages might be lost due to temporary physical inability to work, and even in healthy individuals, pregnancy, delivery, and post-partum care are costly.

Brennan and the other dissenters viewed the state's policy as "singling out for less favorable treatment a gender-linked disability peculiar to women," creating a "double standard."  They interpreted the policy as one in which

a limitation is imposed upon the disabilities for which women workers may recover, while men receive full compensation for all disabilities suffered.  ...In effect, one set of rules is applied to females and another to males.  Such dissimilar treatment of men and women, on the basis of physical characteristics inextricably linked to one sex, inevitably constitutes sex discrimination.

The dissenters expressed dissatisfaction with the majority's explanation for its refusal to apply a higher standard of review in a case involving issues tied to sex.  Brennan, Douglas and Marshall viewed Stewart's opinion as a retreat from recent equal protection decisions and voiced concern that the majority's decision would relegate sex-based classifications to the same "traditional" analysis that had allowed legislation such as that in Muller v. Oregon.

See also
 United States labor law
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 417
 Craig v. Boren
 Gender equality
 List of gender equality lawsuits

Notes

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States equal protection case law
1974 in United States case law
United States gender discrimination case law
Parental leave in the United States
United States employment discrimination case law
1974 in women's history

Geduldig v. Aiello


County Galway () is a county in Ireland. It is in the West Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the city of Galway. The population of the county is 250,541 according to the 2011 census.

References

County Galway


Jeera Bhaat or Jeera Rice is an Indian dish consisting of rice and cumin seeds. It is a very popular dish in the Indian subcontinent and most commonly used as an everyday rice dish. The Hindi term for cumin seeds is "jeera", thus owing to the name of the dish. The ingredients used are rice, cumin seeds, vegetable oil, onions, salt and coriander leaves.

Etymology
The name Jeera Bhaat is a compound of two Hindi words: Jeera and Bhaat. The word Jeera (or Jīrā in IAST) is derived from the Sanskrit word Jīraka, which means cumin seeds. The word Bhaat is derived from the Sanskrit word Bhakta meaning "boiled rice".

Preparation
Cumin seeds are fried in hot oil. Long-grain Basmati rice and salt are added to it. Water is then poured and allowed to boil with covered lid at high flame. The rice then is steamed on low flame until all the water is absorbed.

Jeera rice is generally garnished with finely chopped fresh coriander leaves but is also garnished with onion rings in some Indian hotels and restaurants.

References

External links

 Jeera Rice Recipe
 Jeera Rice Recipe Video
Indian rice dishes
North Indian cuisine
Pakistani rice dishes

Jeera bhaat


In geometry, an antiprism is a polyhedron (a 3D shape). It is made of two copies of a regular polygon. These polygons are connected using an alternating band of triangles. To connect a pair of n-sided polygons, 2n triangles are needed. Antiprisms are like prisms, but prisms use parallelograms for the bands at the side.

A right antiprism uses a right angle to connect the base polygons to the band of triangles. A uniform antiprism uses equilateral triangles as base surfaces.

The regular octahedron is a special kind of antiprism, since all of its faces are equilateral triangles. There are triangles on opposite sides of the octahedron. These triangles are connected by the rest of the triangles, which form an alternating band.

Polyhedra

Antiprism


Tumtum (, "hidden") is a term that appears in Jewish Rabbinic literature. It usually refers to a person whose sex is unknown because their genitalia are hidden, undeveloped, or difficult to determine.

Although they are often grouped together, the tumtum has some halakhic ramifications distinct from those of the androgynos (), who has both male and female genitalia.

Although tumtum does not appear in the Scripture, it does in other literature. Reform Rabbi Elliot Kukla writes, "The  tumtum  appears  17  times  in  the  Mishna;  23  times  in  the  Tosefta;  119  times  in  the  Babylonian Talmud; 22 times in the Jerusalem Talmud; and hundreds of times in midrash, commentaries, and halacha."

In the Babylonian Talmud, Yevamot 64a-b, Rabbi Ammi says that the Biblical figures "Abraham and Sarah were originally tumtumin" and infertile, and then miraculously turned into a fertile husband and wife in their old age. Rabbi Ammi points to the Book of Isaiah 51:1–2, saying that the references to "Look to the rock
from where you were hewn, and to the hole of the pit from where you were dug [...] Look to Abraham your father and to Sarah who bore you" explains their genitals being uncovered and remade.

Etymology

The eleventh century dictionary, the Aruch, says the word tumtum came from atum (אטום) "sealed."

Physical characteristics

The classical description of the physical characteristic of tumtum says they have a membrane of skin hiding female or male genitals. One form of a tumtum has exposed testicles and an unexposed penis. As long as the skin covers their genitals, they are considered doubtful men and women. As long as the skin is present, they are not able to be circumcised or have sex. Their status as tumtum can be changed by surgery, though they will still always have different rights and duties than those of other men and women. In the Talmud, one adult tumtum from the town of Bairi had surgery to cut away this skin, so he was able to be re-categorized as a man. He later fathered seven children. Rabbis differ in whether tumtum are legally obligated to have that surgery.

This description does not exactly match any intersex condition known today.

Gender role

Scholars today differ in whether they see tumtum as a distinct gender. The second century CE Mishnah, the oldest compendium of the Oral Torah, brings the opinion of Rabbi Meir that tumtum is not a distinct gender but a state of doubt between male and female - "sometimes he is a man and sometimes he is a woman". This is the position of traditional Judaism. According to transgender Reform Rabbi Elliot Kukla tumtum is one of six genders in classical Judaism, along with male, female, androgynos, aylonit (a person who was assigned female at birth, but is barren and perhaps masculinized), and saris (a eunuch by birth either through human intervention, or a person who was assigned male at birth but later became feminized). This, he claims, is an example of how the Western gender binary is not universal to all cultures.

Although the definition of tumtum is based on physical characteristics, this is used as a basis for social roles, duties, and prohibitions. This can be considered effectively a gender role. The strictest gender-dependent obligations or prohibitions apply to tumtum, because if the tumtum might really be a man or woman, laws for neither men nor women should be broken. Positive commandments from which women are exempted are considered binding on a tumtum. The Mishnah (Zavim, 2, 1) says that tumtum and androgynos have both men's and women's khumrot, meaning that where the law is stricter towards men than women, they are treated as men, but where the law is stricter towards women, they are treated as women.

See also
 Androgynos
 Gender and Judaism
 Intersex people and religion
 Intersex people in history

References

Further reading
 Rabbi Elliot Kukla. "A Created Being of Its Own: Toward a Jewish Liberation Theology for Men, Women and Everyone Else." 2006. TransTorah.

Gender and Judaism
Gender systems
Talmud concepts and terminology
Intersex in religion and mythology
Androgyny

Tumtum (Judaism)


Phi Delta Gamma () of Puerto Rico is the first Puerto Rican organization of Greek letters, which was founded in the western town of Mayagüez, on April 25, 1942.

History
Phi Delta Gamma originated from a high school fraternity, Alpha Iota Omega, which was founded in 1939. When the brothers of Alpha Iota Omega enrolled in the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (Colegio de Agricultura y Artes Mecánicas) of Mayagüez, some were offered the opportunity to pledge one of the original Puerto Rican fraternities. The others reunited in the house of the brothers Gilberto Oliver Padilla and Otis Oliver Padilla. They decided to found a new fraternity on April 25, 1942, and to use the Greek letters Phi, Delta and Gamma.

The founding brothers are Gilberto Oliver Padilla, Otis Oliver Padilla, Raúl Romaguera, Ramón Antonio Frontera, Ignacio Beauchamp, José Ramón Ponce de León, Hilton Quintana, Angel Inserni, Rafael Ferrer Monge "El Cubano" (who also developed the shield, the first rulebook, and the motto of the fraternity), Rubén D'Acosta, Edgardo Olivencia, César Arana and Hernán Rodríguez.

These brothers established the first chapter as Alpha in Mayagüez. They had plans to expand the fraternity to all of Puerto Rico. In 1944, the first Phi Delta Gamma clubhouse was established in the Méndez Vigo street of Mayagüez.

In 1945, brother Otis Oliver commended to students Juan Mari Brás and Manuel Portela Lomba to take the Phi Delta Gamma fraternity to San Juan. They began the task of establishing the Beta chapter in the University of Puerto Rico in Río Piedras. Some of the founding brothers of the Beta chapter are Oscar Colón, Juan Mari Brás, Jean García, Ramón Vargas, Manuel Portela Lomba and Angel Amézaga. Thanks to this effort, the first convention of the Phi Delta Gamma was celebrated in 1945, in the Condado Hotel.

The Phi Delta Gamma members are known as "the originals", because they changed the way a traditional fraternity ought to be; also, they were the first Greek letter fraternity, which originated in western Puerto Rico: town of Mayagüez. The Phi Deltas are renowned for their friendliness and honesty. Above all, the great brotherhood among its members is very characteristic of their family activities (which involve grandparents, parents, spouses, children, grandchildren, and even great-grandchildren).

Chapters
A list of Phi Delta Gamma chapters follows: Active chapters are indicated in bold. Inactive chapters are in italics.

Presidents (Pasados Grandes Cancilleres)

Notable members

See also
List of social fraternities and sororities

References

External links
 Hacienda Lealtad Phi Delta Gamma postmark
 www.phideltagammapr.org (offline)

Concilio Interfraternitario Puertorriqueño de la Florida
Fraternities and sororities in Puerto Rico
International student societies
1942 establishments in Puerto Rico
Latino fraternities and sororities
Student organizations established in 1942

Phi Delta Gamma (social)