Brendan O'Brien (born June 30, 1960) is an American record producer, mixer, engineer, and musician. He has worked with many groups and artists during his career, such as AC/DC, Pearl Jam, Stone Temple Pilots, Soundgarden, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Bob Dylan, Rage Against the Machine, and Bruce Springsteen. O'Brien was also credited on a plethora of nu metal albums with such artists as Korn, Limp Bizkit, Incubus, and more.

Career
Brendan's career blossomed as a young guitarist with a local Atlanta band by the name of Pranks, signed by what was then Century Artists Management. The management company had what many considered the best of Atlanta and the surrounding region in those days, including the likes of Mother's Finest, Ezra Pound and a dozen other "super-regional" acts. In the late 1970s, he moved on to writing, performing, and recording with the band Samurai Catfish.

O'Brien became a successful local engineer, considered to be the go-to guy to "make a record in a few days for $1500". His studio career was propelled by the success of the first Black Crowes album, Shake Your Money Maker, which he engineered and for which he also performed guitar, bass, and "a potpourri of instruments". The following year he produced and mixed Stone Temple Pilots' debut album Core and engineered and mixed Red Hot Chili Peppers breakthrough album Blood Sugar Sex Magik. These two records launched his career as an in-demand, multi-platinum producer, engineer and mixer. He produced and mixed nearly the entire catalog of Stone Temple Pilots and Pearl Jam. Most of his productions were engineered by Nick DiDia, whom he worked with throughout most of his career.

O'Brien often engineered and recorded his own sessions with the help of various assistant engineers. A majority of the records that he produced and/or mixed were made at Southern Tracks Recording Studio near his home, in Atlanta, from the late 1980s until its closure.

In the mid-1990s, O'Brien became vice president of Epic Records and the Epic imprint 57 Records. He also played a Hammond organ for Bob Dylan's appearance on MTV Unplugged. In 1995, he joined Pearl Jam and Neil Young on keyboards for the Mirror Ball tour across Europe.

In 2002, he won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album for his work on Bruce Springsteen's The Rising. In 2009, he was awarded the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical. In 2015, he produced Higher Truth, the final release by Chris Cornell.

He produced the Italian bluesman artist Zucchero Fornaciari's 2016 album Black Cat and received production credits for track three of the 2017 EP Cold Dark Place by the progressive metal band Mastodon. The most recent album he produced was AC/DC's Power Up.

Selected discography
Below is a selection of albums Brendan O'Brien has worked on as a producer, engineer, or mixer.

Kansas - In the Spirit of Things (engineer) (1988)
Atlanta Rhythm Section - Truth in a Structured Form (engineer) (1989)
 Springhill - Southern Eulogy (producer, engineer, guitarist)
Black Crowes - Shake Your Money Maker (engineer)
King's X - Dogman (producer, mixer)
Pearl Jam - Ten (mixer)
Temple of the Dog - Temple of the Dog (mixer)
Red Hot Chili Peppers - Blood Sugar Sex Magik (engineer)
Black Crowes - The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion (engineer)
Jackyl - Jackyl (producer, engineer, mixer)
The Jayhawks - Hollywood Town Hall (engineer, mixer)
Stone Temple Pilots - Core (producer, mixer)
Pearl Jam - Vs. (producer, engineer)
Aerosmith - Get a Grip (mixer)
Paul Westerberg - 14 Songs (mixer)
Pearl Jam - Vitalogy (producer, engineer) (1994)
Soundgarden - Superunknown (mixer) (1994)
Stone Temple Pilots - Purple (producer) (1994)
Neil Young - Mirror Ball (producer) (1995)
Matthew Sweet - 100% Fun (producer, mixer)
Dan Baird - Buffalo Nickel (producer)
Pearl Jam - No Code (producer, mixer)
Stone Temple Pilots - Tiny Music... Songs from the Vatican Gift Shop (producer, mixer)
Rage Against the Machine - Evil Empire (producer)
Michael Penn - Resigned (producer)
Matthew Sweet - Blue Sky on Mars (producer)
Pearl Jam - Yield (producer, mixer)
Pete Droge - Spacey and Shakin (producer)
Rage Against the Machine - The Battle of Los Angeles (producer, mixer)
Limp Bizkit - Significant Other (mixer, songwriter)
Limp Bizkit - Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water (mixer)
Stone Temple Pilots - No. 4 (producer, mixer)
Korn - Issues (producer, mixer)
Lifehouse - No Name Face (mixer)
The Offspring - Conspiracy of One (producer)
The Offspring - Defy You (producer)
Pearl Jam - Binaural (mixer)
Train - Drops of Jupiter (producer, mixer)
Papa Roach - Lovehatetragedy (producer)
Pearl Jam - Riot Act (mixer)
Bruce Springsteen - The Rising (producer) (2002)
Train - My Private Nation (producer, mixer)
The Offspring - Splinter (producer)
Trey Anastasio - Shine (producer, mixer)
Audioslave - Out of Exile (mixer)
Bruce Springsteen - Devils & Dust (producer, mixer)
Train - For Me, It's You (producer, mixer)
The Nightwatchman - One Man Revolution (producer)
Bruce Springsteen - Magic (producer, mixer)
Velvet Revolver - Libertad (producer) (2007)
The Nightwatchman - The Fabled City (producer)
AC/DC - Black Ice (producer) (2008)
Killswitch Engage - Killswitch Engage (producer)
Mastodon - Crack the Skye (producer)
Pearl Jam - Backspacer (producer)
Anberlin - Dark Is the Way, Light Is a Place (Producer) (2010)
The Nightwatchman - World Wide Rebel Songs (mixer)
Incubus - If Not Now, When? (producer)
The Fray - Scars & Stories (producer)
Third Day - Miracle (producer)
Seether - Holding Onto Strings Better Left to Fray (producer)
The Killers - Battle Born (producer, engineer, mixer)
My Chemical Romance - Conventional Weapons  (2012 - 2013)
Pearl Jam - Lightning Bolt (producer, mixer)
AC/DC - Rock or Bust (producer) (2014)
Seether - Isolate and Medicate (producer)
Bruce Springsteen - High Hopes (producer, mixer)
Blackberry Smoke - Holding All the Roses (producer)
Wakrat - Wakrat (engineer, mixer) (2016)
Prophets of Rage - Prophets of Rage (producer, mixer)
Mastodon - Emperor of Sand (producer) (2017)
Chris Cornell - Chris Cornell (producer) (2018)
AC/DC - Power Up (Producer, mixing) (2020)

References

External links
 [ Brendan O'Brien] on AllMusic

1960 births
Living people
Record producers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Atlanta

Brendan O'Brien (record producer)


Enrico Annoni (born 10 July 1966) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a defender.

He played for several years in Serie A with Como, Torino and Roma. He then moved to Scotland to play for Celtic for two years, before returning home to Italy to care for his ill father. Annoni had a brief spell as assistant coach at Padova and then at Serie B side Catania in the same role.

Club career
Annoni began his career in the early 1980s as a defender with Serie D side, Seregno. In season 1983-84 he moved to Serie B side, Como and played 2 games in their successful campaign for promotion that year to Serie A. Annoni was then loaned out to Sambenedettese for two seasons before returning to Como for season 1987–88. He became a regular in the team, making 95 league appearances in 3 seasons. Annoni was now an established defender, able to play at either centre-back or full-back positions.

In 1990 Annoni joined Torino. He quickly became popular with the fans who nicknamed him 'Tarzan'. He picked up his first silverware in June 1991 when Torino beat Pisa in the final of the Mitropa Cup. He was then part of the Torino side that reached the UEFA Cup Final in 1992, playing in all the games leading up to the final and scoring in the first round against Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur and second round against Boavista. Annoni played in the first leg of the final against Ajax, a 2–2 draw at home, but missed the second leg through suspension.  That match finished 0–0, with Ajax winning the UEFA Cup on the away goals rule.

In June 1993 Annoni picked up his first major silverware when Torino defeated Roma on away goals in the final of the Coppa Italia.

Annoni joined Roma in 1994. He was a regular in the team in his first two seasons there, but only made 12 league appearances in his third season, 1996–97.

In February 1997 Annoni moved abroad to join Scottish Premier Division side, Celtic. During his time in Scotland, he won the Scottish Premier Division title and the Scottish League Cup. He left Celtic in July 1999 to return to Italy to care for his ill father.

Annoni made a guest appearance for Celtic in May 2008 in the benefit game for former Celtic team-mate Phil O'Donnell, who died in December 2007 whilst playing for Motherwell.

Annoni is the subject of an anecdote whereby, in a match in the late 1990s where Celtic were performing poorly and Annoni had just been brought on as a substitute, a fan is reported to have exclaimed in his native Scots; "Aw naw, no Annoni oan an aw noo!" (Oh no, not Annoni on as well now!).

Managerial career
In July 2013, Annoni joined Dario Marcolin's coaching staff, becoming assistant coach at Serie B side Padova. He lasted just two months in this role, and was sacked in September along with Marcolin himself and goalkeeping coach Gaetano Petrelli.

On 3 January 2015, he followed Marcolin at Catania, becoming an assistant coach at the club.

Honours

Club
Celtic
 Scottish Premier League: 1997–98
 Scottish League Cup: 1997–98

Torino
 Coppa Italia: 1992–93
 Mitropa Cup: 1991
 UEFA Cup runner-up: 1991–92

Individual
Torino FC Hall of Fame: 2019

References

External links

Living people
1966 births
Men's association football central defenders
Como 1907 players
US Sambenedettese players
Torino FC players
AS Roma players
Celtic F.C. players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Scottish Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Italian men's footballers
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Scottish Football League players
US 1913 Seregno Calcio players
People from Giussano
Footballers from Lombardy

Enrico Annoni


Philip Williamson (born 1953) is a British historian. He studied history at Peterhouse, Cambridge, under Maurice Cowling, and is considered one of the members of the Peterhouse School. He is emeritus professor of modern British history at the University of Durham.

Works

Author
National Crisis and National Government. British Politics, the Economy and Empire 1926-1932 (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Stanley Baldwin. Conservative Leadership and National Values (Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Editor
The Modernisation of Conservative Politics. The Diaries and Letters of William Bridgeman 1904-1935 (The Historians' Press, 1988).
(with Edward Baldwin), Baldwin Papers. A Conservative Statesman 1908-1947 (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
(with Natalie Mears, Alasdair Raffe & Stephen Taylor), National Prayers: Special Worship since the Reformation. Volume 1: Special Prayers, Fasts and Thanksgivings in the British Isles, 1533-1688 (Church of England Record Society, 2013).
(with Alasdair Raffe, Stephen Taylor & Natalie Mears), National Prayers: Special Worship since the Reformation. Volume 2: General Fasts, Thanksgivings and Special Prayers in the British Isles, 1689-1870 (Church of England Record Society, 2017).

Notes

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
British historians
Academics of Durham University

Philip Williamson (historian)


Nature Photonics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group. The editor-in-chief is Oliver Graydon. The journal covers research related to optoelectronics, laser science, imaging, communications, and other aspects of photonics and was established in January 2007. Nature Photonics publishes review articles, research papers, News and Views pieces, and research highlights summarizing the latest scientific findings in optoelectronics. This is complemented by a mix of articles dedicated to the business side of the industry covering areas such as technology commercialization and market analysis. The papers that have been published in this journal are internationally acclaimed for maintaining high research standards. The journal is regarded as top-ranking in the field of photonics.

Nature Photonics is indexed in the NASA Astrophysics Data System and Science Citation Index.

External links

Nature Research academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2007
Optics journals

Nature Photonics


Oskar Rohr (24 April 1912 – 8 November 1988) was a German footballer and one of the first footballers to play abroad in a foreign league.  He was born in Mannheim, Germany.

Early career
Rohr, known primarily by his nickname "Ossi", began his career in the 1920s as a striker for hometown clubs FC Phönix Mannheim and later for VfR Mannheim. He was quickly marked as a talented striker with a natural instinct for scoring goals.  Fueled by the desire to display his talents at a higher level, he signed with FC Bayern Munich in 1930.  In his first season with FC Bayern, Rohr and his teammates barely missed out on the final round of the German Championship.  In his second season with the club, FC Bayern went on to defeat Eintracht Frankfurt in the final and claim its first German Championship with a 2–0 victory.  Ossi Rohr, who scored one of the two goals in the match against Eintracht, was German Champion at the young age of 20 years.  The following year, Bayern's fortunes were significantly poorer, resulting in a mid-table finish within Bavaria.  This lackluster finish encouraged Rohr to continue his career elsewhere.

At the age of 19, Rohr received his first German national team call-up by German manager Otto Nerz.  There he found himself on the pitch with stars such as Ernst Kuzorra and Richard Hofmann.  He played in a total of four national team matches through March 1933, receiving his first cap a year earlier against Switzerland (2–0) in March 1932. He later scored two goals in a 4–3 win against Sweden, one goal in a 1–3 loss to Italy, and two goals in a 3–3 draw with France. With five goals in four matches, Rohr looked to be on the verge of a very successful national career.

Success Abroad
During the summer of 1933, Rohr transferred to Grasshoppers Zürich in the Swiss League, where he would go on to win the Swiss Cup.  Although football results were important to him, Rohr's real mission was to earn a living playing football.  The pursuit of money convinced him to transfer to French League side Racing Strasbourg.  Due to his numerous transfers, football magazine "Der Fußball" referred to Rohr as ''"the Gladiator, whom sells himself abroad."

This antagonism towards Rohr only endeared him even more to the press and fans in the Alsace.  During the 1934–35 season, he proved his worth scoring 20 goals in 22 matches while leading Strasbourg to runner-up in the French Championship.  The following season Rohr scored at an even higher rate, netting 28 goals in 28 matches.  This performance saw him end up second on the French goal scoring list, with Strasbourg finishing third in the league. Although only finishing 6th in the league during the 1936–37 season, Rohr did obtain a French Cup runners-up medal with Strasbourg, as well as becoming the French League scoring champion with 30 goals.  The following season he would finish again in second on the goal scoring list with 25 goals.  With 117 Ligue 1 goals, Rohr is still the all-time goal scorer at Racing Strasbourg.  He is still fondly remembered by fans of the club.

War Years
The start of World War II in 1939, as well as the occupation of various parts of France by the German Army in 1940, troubled Rohr and he decided to flee to Sète in southern, unoccupied France where he live until 1942.  During this time, the Third Reich declared him Persona non grata. It is unknown if he played at local club FC Sète during this time period; he was however, not listed on the players roster during the 1941–42 season.  Additionally disputed is whether Rohr served as a member of the French Foreign Legion between 1940 and 1942.

In November 1942, he was sentenced to a three-month prison term after his arrest by French police in Marseille for "anti-French or communist propaganda."  He was handed over to the authorities by his nephew, Philip Rohr.  He served his sentence at the Strasbourg Citadel, after which he was handed over to German authorities.  The Gestapo interned him in a concentration camp at Karlsruhe-Kieslau; two months later he was sent to the Eastern Front.  After arriving at the Eastern Front, Rohr was permitted to join a German Army football team, enabling him to perform the one task he truly enjoyed; scoring goals.  Shortly before the end of the war, a German pilot recognized him from his football days and offered him a flight back to Germany.

Post war
After the war ended, Rohr decided to remain in Germany instead of returning to Strasbourg.  Until  1949 he continued to play in the first division of German football (Oberliga Süd) for VfR Mannheim (1945–46, 7 matches, 3 goals), TSV Schwaben Augsburg (1945–46, 15 matches, 8 goals) and SV Waldhof (1948–49, 17 matches, 5 goals) as well as for (Oberliga Südwest) FK Pirmasens (1947–48, 21 matches, 11 goals). At VfR Rohr briefly played in the same side as his nephew Philipp.  After his retirement, he worked as a clerk for the Mannheim city prosecutors office.

Gernot Rohr, grandnephew of Oskar Rohr, would eventually also play for FC Bayern as well as in the French League with Girondins Bordeaux; Gernot even became a French citizen in 1982 and worked as a football manager until 2005 in the same country where his great uncle, Oskar Rohr, made his name as the greatest goal scorer of the 1930s.

References

External links
 Article in "SportWoche" (in German)

1912 births
1988 deaths
Footballers from Mannheim
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
German men's footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Grasshopper Club Zürich players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
Ligue 1 players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
FC Sète 34 players
German expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in France
SV Waldhof Mannheim players
Men's association football forwards
VfR Mannheim players
FK Pirmasens players
TSV Schwaben Augsburg players
German Army personnel of World War II

Oskar Rohr


People in Luck (French title: Les veinards), is a 1963 French comedy film directed by Philippe de Broca and Jean Girault, written by Jacques Vilfrid and Jean Girault and starring France Anglade and Louis de Funès (uncredited). The film is known under the titles People in Luck or The Lucky (English), Die Glückspilze or Fünf Glückspilze (German) and I fortunati (Italian).

Cast
 France Anglade as Corinne ("Le yacht" segment )
 Francis Blanche as Bricheton
 Blanchette Brunoy as Mrs Beaurepaire ("Un gros lot" segment)
 Daniel Ceccaldi as Gros nounours ("Le repas gastronomique" segment )
 Louis de Funès as Antoine Beaurepaire
 France Rumilly as Danielle Beaurepaire
 Noël Roquevert as Le bijoutier
 Max Montavon as Un vendeur de la bijouterie
 Jean Ozenne as Le réceptionniste de l'hôtel
 Robert Rollis as Le chauffeur de taxi
 Jack Ary as an agent
 René Hell as Un vendeur de journaux
 Nono Zammit as an agent
 Henri Lambert as Le « balafré »
 Jean-Claude Brialy as L'automobiliste
 Adrien Cayla-Legrand as A passerby
 André Chanu
 Jean-Lou Reynolds
 Philippe Dehesdin
 Pierre Tornade
 Michel Gonzalès

References

External links

 Les Veinards (1962) at the Films de France

1963 films
French comedy films
1960s French-language films
French anthology films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Philippe de Broca
Films directed by Jean Girault
1960s French films

People in Luck


AIDS Information Centre-Uganda (AIC) is a Non-Governmental Organization in Uganda established in 1990 to provide Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) for Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV). The Organization was founded as a result of growing demand from people who wanted to know their HIV status. At this time the HIV/AIDS in Uganda was high.

AIC currently offers HIV counselling and testing services through 8 branches of Kampala, Jinja, Mbale, Mbarara, Arua, Lira, Soroti and Kabale, selected hospitals, health centres, and antenatal clinics. AIC also conducts HCT outreaches to communities and institutions targeting the Most-at risk populations. AIC supported the Uganda Ministry of Health to extend HCT services nearer to the communities by supporting HCT in 33 districts in Uganda with over 200 district health facilities benefiting.

By December 2010 AIC had served over 2,959,193 clients. The number keeps growing and for the last 3 years over 300,000 clients annually are being served using the different approaches for HCT.

To consolidate its HIV counselling and Testing services in the country, AIC has adopted a new vision as 'Universal knowledge of HIV status in Uganda' and its mission as 'to provide HIV and AIDS information and quality HCT services' and this will be through to 2015.

How AIC works
AIC is now a membership organisation, with a functional Board of Trustees (BOT), 8 Branch Advisory Committees (BACs) and just over 3000 members all over Uganda. Headed by the Executive Director, AIC now employs 140 full-time staff that include Managers, coordinators, supervisors, medical and no medical counselors and medical officers and support staff.

AIC has a wide range of stakeholders with whom it works including government ministries, development partners and other agencies involved in HIV and AIDS work. Major stakeholders include Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Department for International Development (DFID), European Union (EU), Ministry of Health (MoH), Uganda AIDS Commission (UAC), the AIDS Support Organization (TASO), District Local Governments among others.

Services offered by AIC

HIV counselling and Testing Services
AIC uses a multi-faceted approach in order to increase accessibility and HCT utilisation. Client initiated HCT is provided at the 8 AIC stand alone branches and outreaches. Targeted outreaches for the Most At Risk Populations (MARPs) are also conducted for these hard to reach populations that included commercial sex workers, Long Distance Truck Drivers and their clients, Fishing communities and Institutions of Higher learning. Commercial sex workers access HCT services during the peak hours of service delivery in order to benefit their clients. The truck drivers with their "service providers" are also another target group that AIC serves during evenings and nights at their transit stations. This HCT service delivery strategy is now referred to as the "Moonlight HCT services". For distant areas with difficult terrain, the community camping strategy is used. This is where HCT service providers camp in a community and provide services from the community for several days. This strategy is cost effective in terms of fuel, wear and tear and ensured service delivery to all potential clients. This strategy also promotes community involvement as mobilisation is done through the existing community structures. HCT is also offered to pregnant women both at the branches and at the supported health units where HCT is offered to all pregnant women as part of their routine ante-natal medical check up.

HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) service are offered daily (even on Sundays and public holidays on appointments) at an affordable user fee in AIC main branches. Free HCT is also provided to children and youth below 24 years of age and Most At Risk Population. AIC is currently the largest single Non-governmental Organisation (NGO) HCT service provider in the country contributing at least 26 -30% of the total number of individuals tested for HIV in the country in any a given year.

Palliative care
AIC contributes to the goal of the National Strategic Plan in care and treatment by offering Palliative Care Basic –Health Care (PCBHC). PCBHC includes psychosocial support, screening for and treatment of opportunistic infections (including Tuberculosis), as well as the provision of the basic health care package. The basic health care package includes prevention of malaria, respiratory and central nervous system diseases among PLHAs.

Psychosocial Support
Clients that are HIV positive are encouraged to live positively. This is provided by counselors to clients during one on one session or in Post Test clubs.

TB/HIV Integration
AIC is guided by the National Policy guidelines for TB/HIV collaborative activities in Uganda. The overall goal of the policy is to decrease the burden of tuberculosis and HIV in Uganda through improved TB and HIV collaborative interventions. AIC employs a screening tool developed in collaboration with Centres for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) to screen HIV positive clients for TB This is done in the 8 branches of AIC and the supported sites

Screening and treatment of other opportunistic Infections
AIC screens and treats sexually transmitted infections like syphilis and Herpes simplex type II and other opportunistic infections like skin infections, pneumonias and others in all its eight branches. Among the integrated services offered are education and counseling on Reproductive health issues for the HIV positive and offering of Family Planning (FP) suitable to individual circumstances and choice.

Basic Care Packages (BCP)
HIV positive clients receives basic care packages consisting of mosquito nets, water guard chemical and a safe water vessel, condoms, Septrin for prophylaxis and reading material on psychosocial counseling to all HIV positive clients. This Package helps in prevention of malaria, respiratory, central nervous system diseases among PLHAs. This was achieved through partnership with PSI.

Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis
A daily dose of Cotrimoxazole has been proven to prolong life (25-50% decrease in mortality) and reduce the incidence of malaria, diarrhoea, toxoplasmosis, certain respiratory infections, blood infections (Septicaemia) and other illnesses affecting PLHA.

CD4 Monitoring
AIC started offering this service in 2004 at AIC Kampala but has now expanded to cover all the 8 branches. The service is offered to the all HIV positive clients after VCT and are able to pay the user fee for the CD4/CD8+ count, any client with evidence of a positive HIV test and referral document from a recognized centre and clients already on ARVS with referral for monitoring.

Research and Documentation
AIC being the pioneer HCT organization in Uganda, and with over 20 years of work, AIC is well placed to play a leading role in driving or influencing policy and practice in the area of HCT. AIC has made deliberate efforts to promote its corporate image among its clients, development partners and central government agencies.

AIC conducts operational research to generate answers to emerging questions and provide evidence-based data on HCT. Through its research and documentation activities with its partners, AIC has supported to the public to access evidence-based information on HCT and its related services through various channels, including the print materials, radio, video, the resource centre and website.

Capacity Building for HIV Counselling and Testing
AIC trains HIV/AIDS Counselors, Trainer of Trainers, Counselor supervisors, Laboratory technicians, Data entrants, Voluntary counseling and testing promoters, and People living with HIV/AIDS who have accepted to go public. AIC provides training within and outside Uganda in HCT; HIV prevention, care, adherence, and support.

Youth Friendly Services
AIC provides specially designed HCT to meet the special needs of young people, aged 12 to 24 free of charge with same day results. This followed a study conducted to identify opportunities and barriers for providing VCT to youth. With trained peer counselors, a private waiting room and lab, the environment is youth friendly, satisfying the need for privacy. Youth can also access all other AIC services including referral to youth friendly service organizations. AIC also provides HCT for children below age 12. To date AIC has established seven youth corners at seven AIC branches.

HIV Prevention Programme
AIC has continued to contribute towards the national efforts to fight the drivers of the epidemic. Appropriate messages are delivered depending on the nature of the client and community.

Abstinence, Be faithful and condom use
Abstinence messages encourage young clients to abstain or delay their sex debut. The messages delivered give the client the advantages of abstaining, and give role models in society who abstained and have been successful in their lives. AIC delivers abstinence messages to young people in and out of school through educational talks, music and drama outreaches and HIV counseling sessions at HCT service delivery sites.

Recent studies indicate an escalating HIV prevalence among people who are currently married or cohabiting and those that have ever been married. Statistics from the AIC database corroborate these findings. AIC uses community dialogues, music and drama and HIV counseling in the provision of "Be faithful" messages to the target audience who are sexually active clients.

The need for promotion of correct and consistent use of condoms remains vital because majority of high risk populations (MARPS) do not know the correct use of the condoms while those that know, do not use them consistently. Condoms are distributed through PTC condom distribution outlets, AIC branch offices and other targeted points such as bars and lodges.

Know Your HIV Status Clubs
The Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS), 2006 indicated that although most people had some knowledge about HIV only about 30 percent of women and 40 percent of men had comprehensive knowledge. In order to bridge this gap and increase comprehensive knowledge about HIV and to increase access to care and support for clients who have tested HIV positive, AIC established the Know Your HIV Status Clubs at parish level in 9 districts of Uganda in 2010.

A Know Your HIV Status Club (KYHSC) is an association of 20 members at parish level who have been selected by the community to pass on messages to households on HIV and AIDS prevention and care. These members are drawn from the existing district structures such as Village Health Teams, Community Resource Persons, PHA Network Support Agents, Post Test Club members and other structures. The major role of the twenty members is to disseminate information on comprehensive HIV and AIDS prevention package at household level.

Post Test Services
The AIC Post Test Club (PTC) was established on August 4, 1990, in support of the national effort to prevent further spread of HIV and AIDS and to provide psychosocial support to those infected and affected by HIV. The purpose of the club is to respond to the expressed needs of the clients for ongoing support services. The major objective is to offer on-going psychosocial support to the members irrespective of their HIV status. All the eight AIC regional centres have PTC's and over 20 district based PTCs in Uganda are supported .

The services range from on-going support counseling, educational talks, condom promotion, community mobilization to distribution of Information Education Communication (IEC) materials among others.

AIC Couple Club
In the recent past, AIC realized that the cases of HIV discordance among couples were on the rise. HIV test results showed that at least 8% of all couples tested have one HIV positive while the other is negative. The Couple Club support couples socially and psychologically, enabling them cope with denial, avoid blame, or violence. At the Discordant Couple Club, AIC provide: Ongoing psychosocial support; continuous education to prevent the infection of the HIV negative partner; peer psychosocial support groups through sharing experiences; promote positive living and provide education on treatment options. We also impart income generation skills for many of the clients.

Philly Lutaaya Initiative (PLI)
The PLI was established in September 1991 through the collaborative efforts of TASO, World Learning Inc., AIC and UNICEF. PLI was formed after the death of the renowned Ugandan musician Philly Lutaaya Bongole the first Ugandan to publicly declare that he was infected with HIV. The objective of the PLI was to bring the reality of HIV and AIDS to the general affected communities and to demonstrate that people living with HIV and AIDS (PHAs) can lead a healthy and productive life.

References

HIV/AIDS in Uganda
Medical and health organisations based in Uganda

AIDS Information Centre


Maistre Jhan (also Jehan, Jan, Ihan) (c. 1485 – October 1538) was a French composer of the Renaissance, active for most of his career in Ferrara, Italy. An enigmatic figure, of whom little biographical information has yet emerged, he was one of the earliest composers of madrigals as well as a prominent musician at the Este court in the early 16th century.

Biography
Nothing is known of his early life, other than that he was French, for the earliest reference to him in the records of the Este court in Ferrara are as a "singer from France." He received his first payment from them in 1512, and remained employed there until his death 26 years later. During that time, as evident from the number of dedications made to him and favorable commentary in the records, he must have been honored; and he was maestro di cappella, choirmaster, for an unknown amount of the time. Several contemporary writers, including influential music theorist Adrianus Coclico, mention him as an expert composer.

Several composers with similar names have been confused with Maistre Jhan. Pioneering 19th-century French musicologist François-Joseph Fétis mistook him for Jhan Gero; records at Ferrara seem to identify him with Jehan le Cocq and Johannus Gallus, people who have since been determined to be separate individuals; a Maistre Jhan in Verona has turned out to be Jan Nasco.

Works and influence
While famous during his time, Jhan's work has largely faded into obscurity. He wrote in most of the genres current in the early 16th century, including, in sacred vocal music, masses (all but one of which are lost), motets, and lamentations. In style the sacred music is similar to the work of Josquin des Prez (died 1521), using imitative passages alternating with homophony. Jhan wrote his one surviving setting of the mass for the accession to the dukedom of Ercole II d'Este (1534); it uses cantus-firmus technique.

Jhan's secular music includes madrigals and at least one chanson. The madrigals appear in publications from 1530 to 1550; his five madrigals published in 1530, along with works by Philippe Verdelot, are part of the first book of madrigals ever to be published with that name. In 1542 three of his madrigals appear alongside composers such as Costanzo Festa, Francesco Corteccia, and Hubert Naich; the style of his works is similar to that of Verdelot, and represents the earliest stage of the genre, before it developed its peculiar individuality.

References
 James Haar, Anthony Newcomb, Massimo Ossi, Glenn Watkins, Nigel Fortune, Joseph Kerman, Jerome Roche: "Madrigal", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 6, 2008), (subscription access)
 George Nugent, James Haar, "Maistre Jhan," Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 6, 2008), (subscription access)
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
 Allan W. Atlas, Renaissance Music: Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998.
 Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal. Three volumes. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949.

Notes

1480s births
1538 deaths
Renaissance composers
Madrigal composers
Male classical composers

Maistre Jhan


Nancy Mercado (born December 1959) is an American writer, editor, educator and activist; her work focuses on issues of injustice, the environment, and the Puerto Rican and Latino experience in the United States. She forms part of the Nuyorican Movement, a literary genre which arose from the Beat Movement.

Life and education

Mercado was born and raised in Atlantic City, New Jersey. She received a B.A. from Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey in 1982, with a double major in art/art history and Puerto Rican Studies, and her M.A. from New York University in Liberal Studies with a concentration in script writing and Cinema Studies (1989). In 1989 she was accepted into the School of Drama at Yale University but had to leave toward the end of the first semester due to her financial situation. Her doctoral degree was awarded in 2004 in English literature, with a concentration in creative writing, from Binghamton University.

Career
Mercado began her literary career in 1979; as such, some consider her to be part of the second wave of writers who constitute the Nuyorican literary movement. Of her work, Dr. Marilyn Kiss writes, "if the personal is political, then such verses as, "He was forgotten/before he could be remembered/by the heads of state/he provided sugar for," written about her grandfather, Don Portolo, "Director of the Sugar Cane Field Workers", and "Milla can speak of/The turn of the century land reforms,/Of the blinded enthusiasm/For a man called Marín..." about her grandmother, Milla, and "Juanita, Providing food from soil,/Creating homes from ashes,/Teaching tolerance by living..." about her aunt in Puerto Rico, offer testimony to the power of this type of poetic vision."

Mercado's book of poems; It Concerns the Madness (Long Shot Productions), was published in 2000. In 2005 she served on the editorial board for a special issue of Letras Femeninas; a publication of the Asociación Internacional De Literatura Femenina Hispánica, Department of Languages and Literature, Arizona State University. Latino Leaders Magazine's 2007 issue profiled her as "one of the most celebrated members of the Puerto Rican literary movement in the Big Apple."

In 2011 Mercado was guest editor of phati'tude Literary Magazine's winter issue ¿What's in a Nombre? Writing Latin@ Identity in America.

Mercado's film, video and radio features include the 1990s Poetry Spots video series directed by Bob Holman, the documentary film, Yari, Yari Pamberi Black Women Writers Dissenting Globalization directed by Jayne Cortez, the 2011 PBS NewsHour documentary special; America Remembers 9/11. and, National Public Radio's, The Talk of the Nation program; Subdued Reflection On Sept. 11 Anniversary in 2012.

Bibliography

Books

Las Tres Hermanas... children's coloring book. New York City: Casita Maria, 2017
Nuyorican Writers Anthology. Editor. New York City: Centro, Hunter College City University of New York, 2015
It Concerns the Madness. Hoboken: Long Shot Productions, 2000.
if the world were mine... the young writer's workshop anthology. Editor. Newark: New Jersey Performing Arts Center Publication and United Way of Essex and West Hudson, 2003.

One-act plays

Palm Trees in the Snow (1989)
Chillin (1990)
Forever Earth (1991)
It is I; Stay Alive! (1992)
Planet Earth (1993)
Alicia in Projectland, coauthored with Pedro Pietri (1994)
AWAY (1996)

Essays
"Ser o no ser Nuyorican." La Ventana. Havana, Cuba: Casa de las Americas, 2014.
"About Face: My Brief Journey as a Female Puerto Rican Poet." Gare Maritime. Nantes, France: Maison de la Poesie, 2000.
"AIDS in My World." Not in My Family: AIDS in the African American Community. Editor. Gil L. Robertson IV. Los Angeles, California: Agate Publishers, 2006.
"Miguel Piñero." (Biographical entry.) The Encyclopedia of Hispanic-American Literature. Editor. Luz Elena Ramírez. New York: Facts on File, 2009.
"Youth Performance Workshops Reach Students in Elizabeth." Resource. Newark, NJ: New Jersey Performing Arts Center Publication, 1996.

See also

Further reading
 The Frederick Douglass 200, The Guardian Newspaper
 Alumna Wins American Book Award for Lifetime Achievement, Rutgers Today
 Nancy Mercado: The Passion of Nuyorican Poetry, Blues.GR
 Mercado Honored for Lifetime Literary Achievement, BingU News
 The Honor of a Lifetime, Rutgers Magazine
 Rutgers launched the career of this Puerto Rican poet. Now she's fighting for the Earth's future, BTN Big Ten Network
 Nuyorican Womens Anthology Part One
 Nuyorican Womens Anthology Part Two
 Cure the Canon of Literary Agoraphobia, New York Times
 The Balance of Understanding, Tribes Magazine
 Book Reviewing African-American Style, The Nation
 End of an era Long Shot to cease publishing, The Hudson Reporter
 First on the Listening List, Top of the Reading Stack for 2001, About.com
 Lorenz, Matthias N., ed. (2004). Narrative des Entsetzens: Künstlerische, mediale und intellektuelle Deutungen des 11. Septembers 2001. Würzburg: Könighausen & Neumann, 2004. 137 and 149.
 Nuyoricans jubiliant about Supreme Court nominee, San Francisco Chronicle
 Remembering Gregory Corso, The Hudson Reporter
 Yari Yari Pamberi Black Women Writers Dissecting Globalization, Educational Media Reviews

References

1959 births
Living people
Writers from Atlantic City, New Jersey
American people of Puerto Rican descent
American women poets
Binghamton University alumni
New York University alumni
Puerto Rican poets
Puerto Rican women writers
Rutgers University alumni
American Book Award winners

Nancy Mercado


Tiberius Julius Mithridates Philogermanicus Philopatris, also known as Mithridates III of the Bosporus (fl. 41 AD, died 68 AD), was a Roman client king of the Bosporus.

Ancestry
Mithridates was the first son of the Roman client king Aspurgus and his consort Gepaepyris. He had a younger brother who would go on to succeed him as Cotys I. He was a prince of Greek, Iranian and Roman ancestry. He was the first grandchild and grandson of Asander and Dynamis of the Bosporus and Cotys VIII and Antonia Tryphaena of Thrace.

Through his maternal grandmother Antonia Tryphaena, he was a descendant of Roman triumvir Mark Antony. Tryphaena was the first great-granddaughter born to Antony. Through Tryphaena, Mithridates was also related to various members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

Through Aspurgus, Mithridates was a descendant of the Greek Macedonian kings: Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Seleucus I Nicator and the general and statesman Antipater. These three men served under Alexander the Great. Tiberius Julius Mithridates was named in honour of his ancestor Mithridates VI of Pontus, who was the paternal grandfather of Tiberius Mithridates' grandmother Dynamis.

Life
Little is known on the early life of Mithridates.
Aspurgus headed the Bosporan domain until his death in 37 or 38. Gepaepyris succeeded her husband as sole ruler. In AD 39 Mithridates inherited the throne of his mother. Sometime before 45, the Roman Emperor Claudius had given Mithridates the whole Bosporan Kingdom to rule. Claudius recognised and appointed him as the legitimate Bosporan King. In 45, for unknown reasons, Claudius deposed Mithridates from the throne and replaced him with his younger brother Cotys I. Claudius had withdrawn the Roman garrison under Aulus Didius Gallus from the Bosporan Kingdom and a few Roman cohorts were left behind with the eques Gaius Julius Aquila.

Mithridates despised the situation. He mistrusted Cotys I and Aquila, and attempted to regain his throne. Mithridates was able to entice the leaders of the local tribes and deserters into his allies. He was able to seize control of the local tribes and collect an army to declare war on Cotys I and Aquila. When Cotys I and Aquila heard news of this war, they feared that the invasion was imminent. Both men knew they had the support of Claudius. Mithridates with his army, engaged in war with Cotys I's army and Aquila's battalions, in a three-day war, which Cotys I and Aquila won unscathed and triumphant at the Don River.

Mithridates knew that resistance was hopeless and considered an appeal to Claudius. Mithridates turned to a local tribesman called Eunones, to help him. Eunones, sent envoys to Rome to Claudius with a letter from Mithridates.

In Mithridates' letter to the Emperor, Mithridates greeted and addressed him with great honour and respect from one ruler to another ruler. Mithridates asked Claudius for a pardon and to be spared from a triumphal procession or capital punishment. Claudius wasn't sure how to punish or deal with Mithridates. Mithridates was captured and brought to Rome as a prisoner. He was displayed as a public figure beside the platform in the Roman Forum along with his guards and his expression remained undoubted.

Claudius was impressed with Mithridates' mercy from his letter and allowed him to live. He was spared capital punishment and was exiled. Mithridates lived in exile as a destitute until his death. He had no known wife or children.

See also
 Bosporan Kingdom
 Roman Crimea

Notes

References

Sources
 Tacitus, Annales, 12.15–21.
 Cassius Dio, 60.8.
 Pliny, Natural History, 6.5.

Bibliography
"Cotys (7)", William Smith (ed.) Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 3. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1867.
"Mithridates (9)", William Smith (ed.) Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 3. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1867.

External links
 Coinage of Mithridates

Monarchs of the Bosporan Kingdom
Roman client monarchs
1st-century births
68 deaths
1st-century monarchs in Europe
Julii

Tiberius Julius Mithridates


The woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) was a large mammal species of rhinoceros, now extinct. It was widespread throughout the tundra of northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene epoch, about 1.8 million years ago until about 10,000 years ago (the end of the last ice age).

Recently, the earliest known woolly rhino fossil was discovered from 3.6 million years in the Himalayas on the cold Tibetan plateau. It lived there during a period of general climate warmth around the earth. It is believed that they migrated from there to other parts when the ice age developed.

Description
It was well adapted to the cold; it had thick, shaggy fur, small ears, short legs, and a massive body (all to lessen heat loss). Fossils of this early rhino have been found, in addition to well-preserved corpses, which were found in frozen gravel in Siberia. Stone Age humans hunted woolly rhinos; they drew pictures of the rhinos on cave walls 30,000 years ago, giving us even more information about these large mammals.

References

Rhinoceroses
Extinct species

Woolly rhinoceros


ABC Radio Melbourne (official callsign: 3LO) is an ABC Local Radio station in Melbourne, Australia. It began transmission on 13 October 1924, and was Melbourne's second licensed radio station after 3AR.

Most Local Radio stations in Victoria simulcast ABC Radio Melbourne's programming when not airing local shows for their areas.

History
The station was initially owned by the Broadcasting Company of Australia, owned by J. & N. Tait (theatrical entrepreneurs), Buckley & Nunn (a department store) and The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd (a newspaper company). It was named after 2LO in England, where the LO probably stood for London. However, many radio historians believe the following alternative reason for the name: the first landline between the studio and transmitter did not work properly and, therefore, a second line was put into use, and someone with a sense of humour named the station 2LO, standing for Second Line Out.

The station began transmission with an outside broadcast of a performance of 'La Bohème' featuring Dame Nellie Melba, from His Majesty's Theatre.

The station initially operated on longwave on 174 kHz (1720 metres) using 5 watts from a site in what is today Maidstone (and was then considered Braybrook). In July 1925, it moved to the mediumwave 810 kHz.

From 1927 to 1939, the shortwave service "Voice of Australia" broadcast 3LO material to the world.

From 1928 the Postmaster-General's Department (PMG) was responsible for the technical side of all Australian A Class stations including 3LO. Also in 1928, the Australian Broadcasting Company was given a licence to provide all programming on 3LO. The Australian Broadcasting Company was nationalised and became the Australian Broadcasting Commission in 1932.

In 1938, transmission moved from Maidstone to Delahey (on a site then considered St Albans), where it remains today.

The two Melbourne stations (3LO & 3AR) had a studio in Melbourne Place, a laneway off Russell Street near Little Collins Street, until the building of Broadcast House in Lonsdale Street in 1945. The 3LO on-air studio at Broadcast House was studio 308, although for many years the news broadcasts came from Marland House in Bourke Street. The studios were transferred to the ABC's then new Southbank Centre in 1995.

In its early days the station was involved in programs, such as Kindergarten of the Air, giving children in regional areas greater social awareness and preparation for school.

In early 2006, with the start of the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games, the ABC set up what was known as "The G-Spot" at Federation Square – an outside broadcast studio where members of the public could watch and participate in the broadcast. At the same time, ABC Radio Melbourne became the second Local Radio station to introduce streaming broadcasts in addition to its regular radio broadcast, subject to sporting rights and legal concerns.

Present
ABC Radio Melbourne provides a mix of local and national news, talkback, current affairs and sports programming. During part of the day it is also identified as ABC Radio Melbourne and ABC Victoria, as much of its content is also heard on other stations in the ABC Local Radio network in Victoria. It is also available through online streaming.

ABC Radio Melbourne's 774 kHz transmitter is located in Delahey, 20 km north-west of Melbourne's central business district. The station broadcasts at a power of 50,000 watts, covering the majority of Victoria, and one of two transmitters using the callsign 3LO, the other being at Marengo on 89.5 MHz with an EIRP of about 327 watts serving the Apollo Bay area.

ABC Radio Melbourne sometimes broadcasts live from events such as the Gardening Australia Expo, the Melbourne International Comedy Festival, the C31 Melbourne Antenna Awards, the Royal Melbourne Show and the Royal Geelong Show.

The station is housed in the ABC Southbank Centre, which has four levels incorporating ABC Local Radio, ABC Radio National, ABC Classic FM, Triple J, ABC Dig Music, Radio Australia, Australia Network, ABC News and Current Affairs and ABC TV.

ABC Radio Melbourne is an official Emergency Services Broadcaster, a role it notably filled during the Black Saturday bushfires and recovery in 2009.

Programs

Daily scheduling
Breakfast, with Sammy J (Monday to Thursday) and Charlie Pickering (Friday) – 5:30am to 8:00am
AM, with Sabra Lane – 8:00am to 8:30am
Mornings, with Rafael Epstein – 8:30am to 11:00am
The Conversation Hour, with Richelle Hunt – 11:00am to 12:00pm
The World Today, with Sally Sara – 12:00pm to 12:30pm
Afternoons, with Trevor Chappell (Monday to Thursday) & Jacinta Parsons and Brian Nankervis (Friday) – 12:30pm to 3:30pm
Drive, with Ali Moore – 3:30pm to 6:30pm
PM, with David Lipson – 6:30pm to 7:00pm
 Evenings, with David Astle (Monday to Thursday), Sirine Demachkie (Friday, National Broadcast), Christine Anu (Saturday, National Broadcast) – 7:00pm to 10:00pm
 Nightlife, with Philip Clark (Monday to Thursday) and Suzanne Hill (Friday to Sunday) – 10:00pm to 2:00am
 Overnights, with Michael Pavlich (Monday to Thursday from Melbourne) and Rod Quinn (Friday to Sunday from Sydney) – 2:00am to 6:00am

Other programs
 The Friday Revue, with Jacinta Parsons and Brian Nankervis - Friday 12:30pm to 3:30pm
 Saturday Breakfast, with Alice Zaslavsky - Saturday 6:00am to 8:00am
 Saturday Mornings, with Matt Preston - Saturday 8:30am to 12:00pm
 Saturday Morning Sport, with Matt Preston and Catherine Murphy - Saturday 11:00am to 12:00pm during Saturday Mornings with Matt Preston, it's broadcast to all of Victoria.
 Sundays, with Lisa Leong - Sunday 10:00am to 12:00pm
 Grandstand is the ABC's sport program, which is broadcast from 12 noon on a Saturday and Sunday
 Songs and Stories, with Robbie Buck - Sunday 6:30pm to 9:00pm
 Various weekend DAB programs, with Editor's choice, Live and Local, Babytalk, Weekends, Saturday Afternoon, The Best of the Story Stream, Countrywide, A Big Country, and Sunday Afternoon, which is broadcast on DAB+ digital radio from 12 noon to 7pm on a Saturday and 12 noon to 6:30pm on a Sunday
 Speaking Out'' (Radio National), with Larissa Behrendt

Former presenters

 Mary Adams
 Doug Aiton
 Elizabeth Bond
 Clare Bowditch
 Alan Brough
 Lindy Burns
 Peter Clarke
 Peter Evans
 Jon Faine
 Libbi Gorr
 Derek Guille
 Lynne Haultain
 Gael Jennings
 Ramona Koval
 Terry Laidler
 Terry Lane
 Helen Razer
 Tonya Roberts
 Michael Schildberger
 Mark Skurnik
 Alan Stokes
 Richard Stubbs
 Red Symons
 Virginia Trioli
 Kevin Arnett

See also
 List of radio stations in Australia
 Timeline of Australian radio

References

External links
 ABC Radio Melbourne website
 ACMA 3LO Assignment
 Crossbandradio.com; Peter Evans broadcasts from the 1970s

Melbourne
Radio stations established in 1924
Radio stations in Melbourne

ABC Radio Melbourne


Gray Television, Inc. is an American publicly traded television broadcasting company based in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1946 by James Harrison Gray as Gray Communications Systems, the company owns or operates 180 stations across the United States in 113 markets. Its station base consists of all ranges of media markets, from as large as Atlanta, to one of the smallest markets, North Platte, Nebraska.

History
James H. Gray started his communication business with the purchase of The Herald Publishing Company (a company founded in 1897 to promote The Albany Herald, a newspaper that started publication in 1891), in 1946 after he returned from World War II. The purchase included WALB radio. Gray launched WALB-TV in 1954. In 1960, Gray purchased WJHG-TV in Panama City, Florida, and followed it later in the decade with KTVE serving Monroe, Louisiana and southern Arkansas.

In 1986 Gray died, leaving his 50.5% share of the stock in a trust for his children with stipulation that they run the business together, sell their stock with each other or sell out together. This caused difficulties as two of the three wanted to sell, but the third was against the purchase. In 1991, to break the stalemate, the board of directors had the company purchase 25% of their shares.

Gray Communication Systems
The company was then taken public on NASDAQ's small-cap market in the 2nd quarter 1992. The price per share dropped to $8. The company put itself-or any part up-for sale by the end of 1992. While the board of directors received about 40 offers, Bull Run Corporation eventually stepped in and purchased the remaining shares of the Gray siblings, who as part of the deal resigned from the board.

New management took over all three TV stations. Bull Run Corporation, primarily owned by J. Mack Robinson, decided to make Gray a Southeast regional media company, expanding its focus beyond the state of Georgia. Gray purchased two TV stations (WKYT-TV and WYMT-TV) from the failed and government-seized Kentucky Central Insurance Company in September 1994 after a court challenge to the sale by Kentucky Central builder Garvice Kincaid.

In 1994 and 1995, Gray purchased two newspapers, the Rockdale Citizen (acquired May 31, 1994) and Gwinnett Post-Tribune (acquired January 1995; quickly renamed Gwinnett Daily Post) and seven advertising weeklies. In 1995, the company moved its stock listing to the New York Stock Exchange. By this time, Robinson, directly or through Bull Run, owned 44% of the company's stock. Gray had started to focus on its TV station segment over the newspaper holding while TV produced more income and the newspapers' income were declining. Just months after doubling the Daily Posts staff, one third were laid off and a quarter of The Albany Heralds staff followed in January 1996. Newspaper leaders resigned during this period–from the corporate president in late 1995 to the Citizens editor and publisher.

In 1996, Gray added additional TV stations while entering additional communication industry segments. In 1996, Fortune considered the company the nation's 81st fastest growing company, with a 48% percent growth rate, and as if to prove the point, Gray purchased WRDW-TV in January 1996. In September of the same year, a basket purchase from First American Media, Inc. earned the company two more TV stations, (WCTV and WVLT-TV), Satellite and Production Business Services, which was renamed Lynqx Communications and PortaPhone paging business.

In August and September 1996, Gray raised additional operating funds by various means. On August 20, KTVE was sold for cash and accounts receivable. The company issued and sold Class B common stock (through a public offering), senior subordinated notes and preferred stock in September. Also, a new bank credit facility was arranged. This brought the company total to $534.5 million in available funds with $409.5 million directly available.

Also in September 1996, Ralph Gabbard, the newly named president and CEO, died from a heart attack at age 50. Robinson, Bull Run's chair, took over as interim CEO and president with Bull Run CEO Robert Prather as interim executive vice-president, acquisitions.

With its additional funds, Gray continued purchasing in 1997 with two announcements in January and February. The company bought Gulflink Communications, Inc., a transportable satellite uplink business based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in April 1997 to go along with Lynqx. With  Raycom Media acquiring a station from AFLAC Broadcast Group, Inc., forcing them to sell WITN-TV to Gray, which was finalized on August 1, 1997. The Gwinnett Daily Post increased circulation in 1997 through a deal with Genesis Cable Communications to provide the paper to its metro Atlanta subscribers at Genesis's expense.

In 1998, Gray started to expand beyond its Southeast region. As the company agreed to purchase the Busse Broadcasting Corporation, which owned KOLN, KGIN-TV and WEAU. Gray's ownership of a newspaper and TV station in Albany, Georgia while grandfathered was examined under the Media cross-ownership rule of the FCC due to this potential purchase. WALB was thus sold to Liberty Corp.'s Cosmos Broadcasting in August 1998.

In 2002, Robinson became chairman and CEO, his son-in-law Hilton Howell vice chairman, Prather president/COO and Jim Ryan senior vice president. They had Gray purchase 14 Benedek Broadcasting stations while that company was in bankruptcy.

Gray Television

In 2006, the company spun off its five daily newspapers and wireless messaging business into the newly formed Triple Crown Media, later (in 2010) renamed Southern Community Newspapers. A new strategy of purchasing stations in college towns or capitals was put into place.

The company had overpaid for a pair of stations and was over leveraged like many other station groups entering the Great Recession. Advertising revenues dropped. The twin problems caused its shares to trade at its lowest at 16 cents in 2008, thus the NYSE indicated they might delist the company. Loan covenants could have forced the company into default. Robinson stepped down with Howell replacing him in 2008.

On July 30, 2009, Gray was awarded a contract to manage seven Young Broadcasting-owned stations. Through December 31, 2012, Gray would earn $2.2 million and an opportunity to earn additional specified incentive fees if certain performance targets were exceeded.

Prather left the company in 2013 and Howell took over the president title. On November 4, 2013, Gray Television announced that it would purchase Yellowstone Holdings for $23 million, adding local stations: KGNS-TV, KGWN, KCWY, and KCHY-LP. Three weeks later, on November 20, Gray announced it would purchase Hoak Media and Parker Broadcasting for $335 million, and North Dakota's Fox affiliate KNDX/KXND for $7.5 million. As part of the deal, stations KAQY, KHAS-TV, and KXJB, were proposed to be sold to Excalibur Broadcasting and operated by Gray under a "local marketing agreements". On December 19, it was announced that stations KREX-TV and WMBB would be sold to Nexstar Broadcasting Group, while KFQX would be sold to Mission Broadcasting. On March 25, 2014, Prime Cities Broadcasting, owner of KNDX/KXND, requested that the FCC dismiss the sale of KNDX/KXND to Excalibur.

The sale was completed on June 13, 2014. However, some stations were forced to go off the air and their programming was moved to a multicast stream on adjacent channels, due to some stations being unable to receive regulatory approval, after the FCC's ruling on joint sales agreements. Those silent stations would then be sold off to minority interest, pending FCC approval.

On July 24, 2014, SJL Broadcasting announced that it would sell WJRT-TV and WTVG to Gray, for $128 million. The sale was completed on September 15.

In July 2015, Gray closed its accounting and human resources offices in Albany (housed in the same building as The Albany Herald), combining them with the corporate offices in Atlanta.

In September 2015, Gray announced that it would acquire the television and radio stations of Schurz Communications for $442.5 million. It also purchased KCRG-TV in Cedar Rapids, Iowa from the locally owned Gazette Company, who owned the station from its sign-on in 1953.

In January 2016, Gray Television opened a national news bureau in Washington, D.C., led by former APTV journalist Jacqueline Policastro. The bureau was designed to provide enhanced coverage of national political issues for Gray's local stations.

On May 13, 2016, Gray announced that it would acquire WDTV and WVFX in Clarksburg, West Virginia from Withers Broadcasting for $26.5 million. On June 3, 2016, it was announced that Gray would acquire two stations that were spun-off from the Nexstar-Media General merger; KWQC-TV in Davenport, Iowa and WBAY-TV in Green Bay, Wisconsin for $270 million. On February 16, 2017, Gray announced that it would acquire WABI-TV in Bangor, Maine and WCJB-TV in Gainesville, Florida from Diversified Communications for $85 million. On May 4, 2017, Gray announced its intent to acquire WCAX-TV in Burlington, Vermont from Mount Mansfield Television for $29 million.

In April 2017, Gray Television filed a lawsuit against Nick Prueher and Joe Pickett, founders of the Found Footage Festival, for fraud and copyright infringement, after having booked an appearance on the morning show of a Gray station as a fake strongman act, "Chop and Steele", and utilizing the footage during their show. The parties later agreed to a settlement.

On May 21, 2018, Gray Television entered into an agreement to acquire KNHL from Legacy Broadcasting for $475,000. Gray intended to turn KNHL into a satellite of its NBC affiliate KSNB-TV.

On June 25, 2018, Gray Television announced its intent to acquire Raycom Media for $3.65 billion, pending regulatory approval. The combined company would be led by Raycom's current president and CEO Pat LaPlatney, with current Gray CEO Hilton Howell acting as executive chairman and co-CEO. The acquisition, which Gray expected to close in late 2018, would give Gray 142 stations in 92 markets, making Gray the third-largest owner of television stations in the United States, with a total market share of 24%.

Although Gray foresaw that the acquisition would receive regulatory approval quickly, due to limited market overlap between the two companies and its still-relatively low total market reach post-acquisition. Gray would divest nine stations in markets where Gray and Raycom both already owned stations, including WTNZ, WTOL, KXXV, WTXL, WFXG, KWES-TV, WPGX, WSWG, and WDFX-TV. The sale was approved by the FCC on December 20, 2018. The deal was completed on January 2, 2019.

Gray announced on April 24, 2019, a joint venture with Grand Ole Opry Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of Ryman Hospitality Properties, a former owner of The Nashville Network. The services would consist of a broadcast diginet and an OTT streaming platform. The joint venture is based in Nashville under general manager Drew Riefenberger. Gray contributed distribution and marketing capabilities, multicast knowledge and affiliate Gray TV stations. The Circle TV network made its launch on January 1, 2020.

On February 1, 2021, Gray Television announced its intent to acquire all Quincy Media's broadcasting properties for $925 million in cash. To comply with federal regulators, Gray would divest Quincy stations in Tucson; Harrisburg, Illinois; Waterloo/Cedar Rapids, Iowa; and Madison, La Crosse, and Wausau in Wisconsin over to Allen Media Group. Gray's acquisition of Quincy Media was completed on August 2.

In March 2021, Gray Television revealed plans to purchase a shuttered General Motors plant in Atlanta suburb Doraville, Georgia and transform the site into a media production community called Assembly. The "studio city" is set to include multiple film studios, as well as apartments, townhomes, a hotel, corporate offices, restaurants and retail space. In September 2021, Gray Television purchased Doraville-based Third Rail Studios for $27.5 million.

On May 3, 2021, Gray announced plans to buy the television division of Meredith Corporation for $2.7 billion. If approved, Gray would sell WJRT-TV to acquire competing station WNEM-TV, owned by Meredith. It is revealed that Allen Media Group would purchase WJRT-TV in Flint for $70 million. The sale was completed on December 1.

On September 18, 2021, Gray launched InvestigateTV, a weekly program featuring investigative stories from a national team and Gray local investigations to a national audience. The program draws from an investigative unit formed at WVUE under Raycom ownership.

On September 28, 2022, Gray announced its intent to purchase WBQC-LD for $2.5 million. The sale was completed on November 21, making WBQC-LD a sister station to WXIX-TV.

On September 11, 2023, InvestigateTV+, a weekday expansion of the InvestigateTV franchise, launched on all Gray television stations and is syndicated to stations outside of a Gray market.

On October 1, 2023, the Peachtree Sports Network will launch in Georgia, focusing on live, local sports programming all year long. The broadcast network will launch in Atlanta but will soon air on Gray-owned over-the-air channels in Albany, Augusta, Columbus, Macon, and Savannah in the coming months.

Assets
 Circle (2020) joint venture broadcast network with Opry Entertainment Group
Raycom Sports
PowerNation Studios
PowerNation (automotive hobby programming for syndication across many of Gray's affiliates)
Tupelo Honey (production company)

Stations

Management of Young Broadcasting stations
On July 22, 2009, a New York bankruptcy judge approved a plan transferring ownership of Young Broadcasting and its stations to the company's secured lenders. The plan included Gray Television coming in as an outside party to advise on the operations of Young-owned stations in seven markets through December 2012. The new Young Broadcasting still held the final say on overall operations for their stations, including programming and personnel.

The former Young-owned stations managed by Gray Television include:
WKRN-TV in Nashville, Tennessee
WTEN in Albany, New York; repeater WCDC-TV in Adams, Massachusetts; and an SSA with WXXA-TV
WRIC-TV in Richmond, Virginia
WBAY-TV in Green Bay, Wisconsin
KWQC-TV in Davenport, Iowa
KELO-TV in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and its translators throughout South Dakota
KLFY-TV in Lafayette, Louisiana

Young Broadcasting would retain ownership of all its stations, including three stations that Gray would not operate: KRON-TV in San Francisco, California, WATE-TV in Knoxville, Tennessee, and WLNS-TV in Lansing, Michigan, the latter two due to Gray already owning stations in those markets. Gray considered the possibility of purchasing the Young stations if the group went on the market.

The agreement ended without any further extensions on December 31, 2012, and Young agreed to a merger with Media General in mid-2013. Gray would eventually purchase KWQC and WBAY outright when Nexstar Broadcasting Group acquired Media General in 2017, as Nexstar already owned WHBF-TV and WFRV-TV in each market. At that time, Gray had already acquired Sioux Falls rival station KSFY. Gray would also re-enter the Richmond market when it bought WWBT in 2019, following its merger with Raycom Media, and would also re-enter the Nashville market in 2021 with WSMV-TV after acquiring the television assets of Meredith Corporation.

Washington News Bureau
By January 20, 2016, Gray had set up their Washington News Bureau by Jacqueline Policastro to enable stations to get interviews with U.S. Senators and Representatives serving their communities. The bureau cooperates with Lilly Broadcasting's Washington bureau, previously started by Policastro, and is located at the NBC News Capitol Hill Bureau, 400 N. Capitol Street. In February 2019, Gray announced that award-winning journalist Greta Van Susteren joined the company as its Chief National Political Analyst. Gray then announced in April 2019 Greta Van Susteren as host of a Sunday morning syndicated show, Full Court Press with Greta Van Susteren, which was launched in September 2019. Van Susteren departed the company for Newsmax TV in late 2022.

Local News Live
Originating from Gray's Washington bureau is Local News Live, a hosted service of live breaking news and events from the 113 Gray television markets across the country, similar to LiveNOW from Fox (produced by Fox Television Stations) and The National Desk (produced by Sinclair Broadcast Group). The channel operates from 7 a.m. to midnight Eastern, (with paid programing vacate their spots), features live newscasts at 7 a.m., 2 p.m., and 8 p.m. Eastern time, and repeats throughout the day when no breaking news is occurring. In addition to live events, the anchors interview reporters and use footage not otherwise seen on broadcast. Local News Live airs on Gray television live streams between local newscasts and as a separate option on Gray station websites.

References

External links

Gray DC Bureau
InvestigateTV

American companies established in 1946
1946 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Television broadcasting companies of the United States
Companies based in Atlanta
Mass media companies established in 1946
1992 initial public offerings

Gray Television