Morton Beiser, CM, MD, FRCP (born November 16, 1936) is a Canadian professor, psychiatrist and epidemiologist known for his research in the fields of immigration and resettlement.

He is Professor of Distinction at Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Crombie Professor Emeritus of Cultural Pluralism and Health at the University of Toronto, Founding Director and Senior Scientist at the Ontario Metropolis Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Settlement (CERIS), and a Member of the Order of Canada.

Career history

Beiser was born in Regina, Saskatchewan.
He graduated from medical school at the University of British Columbia in 1960, with a specialty in psychiatry. At Duke University, he pursued studies in sociology, then studied psychiatric epidemiology at Cornell. In 1971, he was appointed an associate professor at Harvard.

During his time at Harvard he began research on what would become a lifelong fascination with the mental health of immigrants, starting with the health effects of urbanization in Senegal and the mental health of American Indians on reservations.

Beginning in 1975, Beiser was Professor and Head of Social and Cultural Psychiatry at the University of British Columbia's Department of Psychiatry, a position he held for 16 years.

During the 1980s he continued his research as Principal Investigator for the "Refugee Resettlement Project", a ten-year study of the health and experiences of the "Boat People", immigrants from Southeast Asia to Canada. In 1986, he was appointed chair of a federal government task force on the issue, and in 1988 authored the final report of the committee, After the Door Has Been Opened.

In 1991, he joined the University of Toronto where he was David Crombie Professor of Cultural Pluralism and Health, and Vice-President for Research, Department of Psychiatry, National Scientific Coordinator, Reducing Health Disparities Initiative, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (2002–2005), and founding director of the Ontario Metropolis Centre of Excellence for Research in Immigration and Settlement (1996–2003).

During his tenure at the University of Toronto, Beiser has received over $17 million in research grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the United States National Institutes of Health, and other peer-review sources.

He has authored more than 150 scientific research papers, a book about the Boat People entitled Strangers at the Gate, and is co-editor of the forthcoming Immigration, Ethnicity, and Health. He also conceived and produced a radio program on immigration in Canada which was aired from 1999 to 2000 in Ontario and Alberta, as well as a version for Canadian students, Strangers Becoming Us, to be used in the classroom, seeking to move his research from the realm of scientific research to policy debate. Strangers Becoming Us is still in use in all public elementary and high schools in Canada.

Beiser, now retired, was Professor of Distinction at Toronto Metropolitan University.

Books
 Today's Priorities in Mental Health: Knowing and Doing, 1978, co-editor with Robert Krell, Tsung-yi Lin, and Milton H. Miller.
 Strangers at the Gate, 1999

Personal life
He lives in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and in Grignan, France, with his husband, author J. Timothy Hunt. He has five sons: David Beiser, director of the International Grants Program, AYUSA Global Youth Exchange; award-winning journalist Vince Beiser; film and television actor Brendan Beiser and twins Daniel and Rowan Beiser. He is the cousin of computer science author Boris Beizer.

Awards, recognition, and residencies
 National Health Scholar and Scientist Awards, Canada's National Health Research and Development Program (1981–1999)
 Honorary Member, Belgian Royal Society of Medicine (1975)
 Distinguished Scholar Award, Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation (1974–1975)
 University of Toronto Beverley Distinguished Professor Award (1988)
 Joey and Tobey Tanenbaum Research Award (1994)
 Rockefeller Foundation Resident Scholar Award (1995)
 Canadian Psychiatric Association Award for Research in Psychiatric Epidemiology (2002)
 Queen's Golden Jubilee medal (2002)
 Member of the Order of Canada (2004)
 Queen's Diamond Jubilee medal (2012)

References

Members of the Order of Canada
Academic staff of Toronto Metropolitan University
Canadian medical researchers
Canadian psychiatrists
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health faculty
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
People from Regina, Saskatchewan
1936 births
Living people
Duke University Trinity College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Weill Cornell Medical College alumni
Canadian LGBT scientists
Canadian LGBT academics

Morton Beiser


Isabel Natividad Díaz Ayuso (; born 17 October 1978) is a Spanish politician and journalist serving as the president of the Community of Madrid since 2019. She is the president of the People's Party of Madrid.

A member of the People's Party, and the vice-secretary of communication and spokeswoman of the party's Madrilenian branch, she was the regional candidate for president of the Community of Madrid ahead of the 2019 Madrilenian autonomous election. Although her party lost the autonomous elections for the first time since May 1991, she was later elected president by the Assembly of Madrid. Her administration represented several firsts: it was the first time that the region was run by a coalition government—formed by Ayuso's own conservative People's Party (PP) and Citizens—and it was the first time that Vox propped up an autonomous executive in Madrid.

Personal life
Born on 17 October 1978 in Madrid in the Chamberí district, her parents were involved in the trade of medical and orthopaedic goods. She has a degree in journalism from the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and a master's degree in Political Communication and Protocol. Her partner between 2016 and 2020, was the hairdresser Jairo Alonso.

Isabel Ayuso was baptized as a Catholic but became irreligious at 9 years old after her grandfather's death. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she returned to the Catholic faith, stressing the importance of seeing people pray for her well-being.

She is a co-owner of a property management business she inherited from her father.

Political career
Affiliated to the Popular Party (PP) in 2005, when Pablo Casado was the president of New Generations in Madrid, in 2006, she was hired by Alfredo Prada, Minister of Justice and the Interior of the Government of the Community of Madrid, for his press department, gaining the confidence of Esperanza Aguirre. Specialized in political communication, she directed the online area of the PP, taking charge of Cristina Cifuentes' digital campaign in 2015.

A candidate on the PP list for the 2011 Madrid Assembly elections, she was not elected as a Member of Parliament at the time. She entered the ninth legislature of the regional parliament on 15 July, filling the vacancy caused by Engracia Hidalgo's resignation. She renewed her act as a deputy in the 2015 elections. During the X legislature she served as deputy spokesperson for her group, a position she abandoned along with her status as a deputy when she was appointed vice-counselor of the Presidency and Justice of the regional government.

On 11 January 2019, PP president Pablo Casado appointed her to lead the party in the 2019 Madrilenian regional election. In that election on 26 May, the PP list obtained 22.23% of valid votes and 30 seats, the second most voted list after the PSOE, with 27.31% of valid votes and 37 seats.

Presidency of the Community of Madrid

First Madrid government

Proposed as a candidate for the Presidency of the Community of Madrid by the President of the Assembly of Madrid, Juan Trinidad, who had previously prevented an investiture session for Ángel Gabilondo by scheduling an investiture session without a candidate in July 2019, Díaz Ayuso was sworn in as President of the regional government on August 14, with 68 votes in favour (corresponding to members of the Popular, Citizens' and Vox parliamentary groups in Madrid) and 64 against (corresponding to members of the Socialist, Más Madrid and United We Can-Madrid en Pie parliamentary groups).

In January 2020, she hired Miguel Ángel Rodríguez as chief of staff. Her vice president, Ignacio Aguado, then explained his disagreement with the decision.

On 1 December 2020, Díaz Ayuso inaugurated the Hospital Isabel Zendal, praised by her government but heavily criticised by the opposition for its cost overruns and its use as an "advertising campaign".

After Storm Filomena, the opposition criticised her government performance, accusing it of "lack of anticipation" against the incidences caused by the storm, that seriously damaged some infrastructure and parks in the region as well as trapping many citizens of the region for a whole night on the road, with snow reaching it some points more than 50 centimeters.

COVID-19 pandemic
Six months after her inauguration as President of the Community of Madrid, the COVID-19 pandemic reached Spain with special virulence in the Community of Madrid. In accordance with the state of alarm decreed by the Spanish government on 14 March 2020, the government of the Community of Madrid, like the other autonomous communities, took immediate measures [required clarification] such as the closure of schools and leisure centres, shows and sports events, retired people's day centres, religious celebrations, the closure of hotels and tourist accommodation, shops considered not to be of basic need and the limitation of travel to those needed to go to work or buy food. It also adopted protection measures in public transport, and tax reductions in the payment of Business Tax (IAE) and Property Tax (IBI) for leisure, hotel and commercial premises, travel agencies and large stores, on the condition that they maintain the jobs until the end of the year. Presential activity was suspended in all Community Citizen Service offices, and remote work was encouraged.

In view of the saturation of hospital services, Ayuso's government used the ferial enclosure IFEMA as an emergency hospital, which disposed of 5,500 hospital beds in order to attend all patients. IFEMA hospital was built in record time, less than 2 weeks, and the idea of the emergency hospital gave birth to the future Zendal Hospital, inaugurated a few months later. Hotels in Madrid were also used to look after less sick patients. Ayuso stopped appearing before the Madrid Assembly on 5 March 2020, and the chamber was closed for more than a month.

Ayuso was criticised for delivering high-quality FFP2 and FFP3 protective masks to the citizens of the Community of Madrid for free, which arguably could provoke that these kind of masks became scarce in hospitals – it later was revealed that hospitals were also well supplied with this equipment. In May 2020, during the coronavirus pandemic in Spain, her Director General of Public Health, Yolanda Fuentes, resigned, disagreeing with Ayuso's decision to request the transfer from phase 0 to phase 1 of the confinement, because it was not based on "health criteria", a position Ayuso reportedly took after a meeting with businessmen.

Ayuso opposed the request of her coalition partners, Citizens party, for the army to intervene in retirement homes. However, the army did so, against her own criteria, finding corpses and people "in extreme situations and in poor sanitary conditions.

In October 2020, Alberto Reyero, the regional minister responsible for nursing homes announced his resignation, wishing "good luck and success in the task that she has ahead" to Díaz Ayuso. He also mentioned that "the unity of the institutions is the most successful way to defeat the virus", criticizing the confrontation between the regional and national administrations. However, six days later, the central government approved the State of Alarm for the Community of Madrid following unsuccessful talks and confrontation between Díaz Ayuso and PM Pedro Sánchez. On 20 October 2020, two health officials of the Ayuso administration (the manager of Primary Attention and the manager of Hospitals) handed in their resignation.

2021 snap election
On 10 March 2021, following an announcement by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Citizens (Cs) to bring down the People's Party-led government in the Region of Murcia, she announced the breakup of her alliance with Cs in her own region and called a snap election in the Community of Madrid scheduled for 4 May. However, both the PSOE and Más Madrid preventively filled motions of no confidence in an attempt to thwart Ayuso's move.

She approves tax reform in April 2021 to lower the estate and gift tax.

Following her party's victory in the May elections, she was able to form a new government of the People's Party of the Community of Madrid with the external support of Vox, after her former colleagues of Citizens failed to gain a single seat.

Second Madrid government

On 31 August 2021, she announced her intention to contest the leadership of the regional branch of the party, a position left vacant since the resignation of former President Cristina Cifuentes.

In February 2022, Spanish media revealed Diaz Ayuso's People's Party made repeated attempts to illegally spy on her in the hope of obtaining sensitive information and blackmailing her out of the race to seize control of the Madrid branch of the party. The party's federal leadership closed in on then-unreleased allegations Ayuso's brother was involved in €1.5 M worth of healthcare material purchased by her administration at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020 in Spain. When disclosed, she reacted by insisting her brother's business deals were performed according to law and received no special treatment, whilst publicly accusing her party's top officials of conspiring against her. The scandal was sealed with the resignation of both PP President Pablo Casado and Deputy President García Egea, Ayuso herself managing to survive relatively unscathed and emboldened in her bid for the party's leadership in Madrid.

Between 200,000 and 670,000 demonstrators gather on November 13, 2022 in Madrid to defend the public health system in the region and against a proposed reform of the sector. The demonstration is aimed at the health policies of Isabel Diaz Ayuso, who wants to develop public-private partnerships and restructure the community care system. According to the unions, these services have been under pressure for several years, due to a lack of resources and personnel, and to poor regional management.

Political positions

Ayuso is neoliberal on economic issues. She has been described as a populist by several international newspapers, including Politico, The Guardian, and The Times.

Having broken in as leader of the PP candidacy with a harsh speech, close to that of José María Aznar, Esperanza Aguirre and Pablo Casado, had declared to be "next to Vox, not in front of it". In May 2021, she stated that "when they call you a fascist you know you're doing something right." In April 2021, she stated that she and PP "agreed on fundamental issues" with the far-right party Vox and "that will continue to be the case."

In 2023, she called for Basque nationalist party EH Bildu to be banned, claiming that "Eta is still alive" in the party. She has claimed that former Podemos secretary general Pablo Iglesias Turrión was "born from evil, to do evil."

Some of her positions and comments have strained relations with her government partners, Ciudadanos, which have led to an early election. She has been to compared to former American president Donald Trump by several of her critics.

Social issues
In the same month of April, when she was already the candidate for the presidency of the Community of Madrid, she proposed that children conceived but not born yet to be counted as members of family units for the purpose of applying for social aid or school places. She did not clarify whether these aids would be maintained in the event that the baby was not born. In February 2020, she stated that the LGBT law of the Community of Madrid approved by her predecessor in office – who also belonged to the People's Party and of which she herself voted in favour – was a consequence of the "tyrannical progressivism" and that, if it were up to her, "some articles would have to be repealed". During a heated debate with Rocío Monasterio, the president of Vox Madrid, Ayuso stated that she does not want to repeal the LGBT law or any other social laws. Instead, she believed that these laws can be "improved upon".

Colonialism
She joined a chorus of politicians, including Spain's Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, that repudiated the demand for an apology for colonialism by the President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Ayuso accused the Mexican President of instigating an "indigenism that is the new communism", and later said that indigenous movements across Latin America were promoting "a simplistic revision of Spanish history", the wrecking of "Spain's legacy in the Americas … [such as] the mixing and fusion of cultures that have forged such strong Atlantic links", and that Spain "took Spanish and... Catholicism, and therefore civilisation and freedom, to the American continent". She further disagreed with Pope Francis's statement that the Catholic Church should ask forgiveness for its actions in Mexico.

Climate
Regarding climate change, she says it "has always existed" and dismissed "apocalyptic claims" as part of a "communist plot". In April 2019 she claimed the night traffic jams as a "hallmark" of the city of Madrid, lamenting their disappearance with the start-up of Madrid Central. Later, in an interview with El País, she clarified that "... I love the nightlife here, I have lived it with intensity. I hate traffic jams: I hate them. I just miss that nightlife and everyone has understood what I meant".

Acknowledgments
In September 2021 Ayuso was awarded the Bruno Leoni Prize in recognition of the policies implemented by the Community of Madrid to contrast the COVID-19 epidemic, avoiding indiscriminate lockdowns and aiming at preserving individual freedoms and economic activities. The Prize is awarded by Istituto Bruno Leoni, an Italian classical-liberal think tank. This was the first instance of a government personality being selected while in office. Previously, the prize had been awarded to personalities such as Nobel laureates Vernon L. Smith and Mario Vargas Llosa, academics (Richard Pipes and Deirdre McCloskey), and democracy activists (Leopoldo Lòpez and Canan Arin).

Electoral history

References

1978 births
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Conservatism in Spain
Living people
Spanish Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Politicians from Madrid
People's Party (Spain) politicians
Presidents of the Community of Madrid
Members of the 9th Assembly of Madrid
Members of the 10th Assembly of Madrid
Members of the People's Parliamentary Group (Assembly of Madrid)
Members of the 11th Assembly of Madrid
Members of the 12th Assembly of Madrid
21st-century Spanish women politicians
Vice-ministers of the Community of Madrid
Women presidents of the autonomous communities of Spain

Isabel Díaz Ayuso


is a Japanese comedy manga series written by Fujio Akatsuka. It was serialized from 1967 to 1970 in Weekly Shōnen Sunday. Two anime television adaptations were produced by Toei Doga (now known as Toei Animation), and aired by TV Asahi (then called NET TV). Anime has 90 and 34 episodes.

Plot

The plot revolves around a young edokko named Atarō who lives with his father X-gorō (read as Batsu-gorō) in downtown Tokyo running the family store. After his father's sudden death, Atarō must take care of the store himself and, along with the help of his father's ghost, his friend Dekoppachi, former yakuza leader Butamatsu, and a nutty alley cat named Nyarome, he protects it from the tanuki-faced gang leader Kokoro Boss.

Cast
Atarō (ア太郎)

(Voice: Keiko Yamamoto (1st); Tomoko Maruo (2nd))

The initial main character of the series, Ataro is a 10 year old boy who runs a vegetable store in Tokyo with his father. He is serious and hard working but also sensitive.

X-gorō (×五郎)

(Voice: Ichirō Nagai (1st); Sanji Hase (2nd))

Ataro's father. He is killed when he falls out of a tree while trying to retrieve a young kids balloon. Because of the way his name is spelt, he could not enter heaven and was allowed back down to earth. However, since his body was cremated, he is stuck on earth as a ghost that only Ataro can see.

Nyarome (ニャロメ)

(Voice: Hiroshi Ōtake (1st); Akira Kamiya (2nd))

An alley cat who walks on two legs and can speak like a human. He is stubborn and mischievous, and often hits on human women.

Dekoppachi (デコッ八)

(Voice: Midori Katō (1st); Kyōko Tongū (2nd))

A 10 year old boy and Ataro's best friend. Dekoppachi has a short temper and a strong sense of justice. He was named by a reader.

Butamatsu (ブタ松)

(Voice: Kōsei Tomita (1st); Yō Yoshimura (2nd))

A former Yakuza leader who leads a gang of pigs.

Kokoro Boss (ココロのボス)

(Voice: Jōji Yanami (both series))

An unusual man. Whether he is a tanuki or a human is unknown.

Kopun A (コプンA)

(Voice: Keiichi Noda (1st); Toshio Kobayashi (2nd))

One of Kokoro Boss's henchmen. He is the taller one of the two.

Kopun B (コプンB)

(Voice: Isamu Tanonaka (1st); Shinobu Satōchi (2nd))

One of Kokoro Boss's henchmen. He is the shorter one of the two

God (神様)

(Voice: Takuzō Kamiyama (1st); Isamu Tanonaka (2nd))

God's Pupil (Voice: Masako Nozawa (1st); Mie Suzuki (2nd))

Kumagorō (Voice: Yonehiko Kitagawa (1st); Masaharu Satō (2nd))

Kumagorō's wife (Voice: Mariko Tsuda (1st); Noriko Uemura (2nd))

Kemunpas (ケムンパス)

(Voice: Keiichi Noda (1st); Keiichi Nanba (2nd))

A young caterpillar who is friends with Nyarome and Beshi. He is often used where a caterpillar may be needed, to dispense some commentary or advice or just crawl about.

Beshi (べし)

(Voice: Kōsei Tomita (1st); Kōzō Shioya (2nd))

A frog offering exposition or hanging out with Nyarome and Kemunpas.

Doctor Fukuwarai (Voice: Kiyoshi Kobayashi (2nd only))

A doctor with an unusual face consisting of a wrinkled mouth and sagging eyes. He uses saws and other heavy tools in his surgery and considers his work to be artistic, as he can expertly re-arrange faces and bodies to mind-boggling results.

Momoko (Voice: Aya Hisakawa (2nd only))
Kōban Officer (Voice: Kazumi Tanaka (2nd only))

Cameos
The first anime featured cameo appearances by several characters from other Akatsuka works.

Iyami (Osomatsu-kun) (Voice: Yonehiko Kitagawa)
Chibita (Osomatsu-kun) (Voice: Kazue Tagami, Masako Nozawa)
Totoko (Osomatsu-kun) (Voice: Kazuko Sugiyama)
Dekapan (Osomatsu-kun)
Hatabo (Osomatsu-kun)
Matsuzo (Osomatsu-kun)
Matsuyo (Osomatsu-kun)
Hagechibi (Osomatsu-kun)
Honkan-san (Tensai Bakabon) (Voice: Isamu Tanonaka, Keiichi Noda, and others)
Bakabon no Papa (Tensai Bakabon) (Voice: Jōji Yanami)
Rerere (Tensai Bakabon)

External links
 Mōretsu Atarō at Kore de ii noda (Fujio Akatsuka database)

1967 manga
1970 comics endings
1969 anime television series debuts
1970 Japanese television series endings
1990 anime television series debuts
1990 Japanese television series endings
Comedy anime and manga
Fujio Akatsuka
Shōnen manga
Toei Animation television
TV Asahi original programming
Toei Animation films

Mōretsu Atarō


István Csurka (27 March 1934 – 4 February 2012) was a Hungarian nationalist politician, journalist and writer. He was the founder and inaugural leader of the Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP) from 1993 until his death. He was also a Member of Parliament from 1990 to 1994 and from 1998 to 2002.

Biography
Csurka was born on 27 March 1934 in Budapest as the first son of Péter Csurka, a journalist. His younger brother was László Csurka, an actor and director. He was interned after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 for half a year. After that he was recruited as a III/III agent. In the early 1990s he was among the first to reveal his informant's past. He alleged that he signed the declaration of recruitment under a great deal of pressure at the time when he was subjected to internment.

He was a founding member of Hungarian Democratic Forum, and a member of the first elected Parliament of Hungary after the fall of communist-socialist regime. His life before the political transition was multi-sided: renowned novelist and drama-author, a source of critical opinion towards the régime but also an informant to the Hungarian secret police (reluctantly according to him).

In October 1994, he became chairman of the small Hungarian right-wing extremist party Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP), which defines itself as a radical national-conservative group, and had the support of 5% of voters at its peak [between 1998 and 2002]. Csurka himself is publicly associated with verbal anti-Semitism and saw himself as a representative of some 3 million Hungarians who live outside Hungary in the aftermath of the Treaty of Trianon. According to a report in The Independent about the right-wing cultural offensive of early 2012 he was "convinced Zionists had plans to establish a second home in Hungary."

He was rumoured to have sought a partnership with the centre-right governing party of Young Democrats (Fidesz) for MIÉP. However, its chairman, Viktor Orbán, repeatedly denied this and publicly rejected any of their parliamentary support as Prime Minister.  After the elections of April 2002, Fidesz lost its majority and MIÉP missed the 5% barrier to enter the Hungarian parliament; therefore, such speculations became irrelevant.

In the fall of 2011, Csurka was named as intendant for Új Színház ("New Theater") in Budapest by the new director, Hungarian actor György Dörner, who is affiliated with the far-right Jobbik party.  They were expected to make productions that move away from what Csurka regarded as, "the liberal-social-cultural policy... that is so oppressive". Later István Tarlós, the mayor of Budapest asked Dörner to reconsider hiring Csurka following an anti-Semitic screed.

He was hospitalized in January 2012. His last public appearance was in a pro-government demonstration in Szeged. He said that Hungary was threatened by unprecedented aggression. He also stressed the need to prevent the country from being diverted from the course set by a power backed by a two-thirds majority. Csurka died on 4 February 2012, aged 77, after a long illness.

Personal life
He was married and had three children: two daughters, Eszter and Dóra and one son, Endre István.

References

Sources
 Életrajz és program az Origón
 A MIÉP története
 Hungary's right-wing war on culture

Further bibliography
 Csurka István: Vasárnapi jegyzetek. – A Kossuth Rádió Vasárnapi Újság-jában 1987 és 1991 augusztusa között elhangzott jegyzetek. Püski Kiadó Bt. – Magyar Fórum Kiadó Kft.; Bp., 1991.  .

External links
 Csurka István életrajz
 Csukás István: Csurka István ötven éves (vers)
 A MAGYAR IRODALOM TÖRTÉNETE 1945–1975

1934 births
2012 deaths
Writers from Budapest
Hungarian nationalists
Hungarian male novelists
Hungarian journalists
Hungarian Democratic Forum politicians
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1990–1994)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1998–2002)
21st-century Hungarian novelists
20th-century Hungarian novelists
Hungarian Justice and Life Party politicians
Hungarian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Hungarian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Hungarian male writers
21st-century Hungarian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Hungarian male writers

István Csurka


Tedizolid (formerly torezolid, trade name Sivextro), is an oxazolidinone-class antibiotic. Tedizolid phosphate is a phosphate ester prodrug of the active compound tedizolid. It was developed by Cubist Pharmaceuticals, following acquisition of Trius Therapeutics (originator: Dong-A Pharmaceuticals), and is marketed for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (also known as complicated skin and skin-structure infections (cSSSIs)).

The most common side effects include nausea (feeling sick), headache, diarrhoea and vomiting. These side effects were generally of mild or moderate severity.

Tedizolid was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2014, and for medical use in the European Union in March 2015.

Medical uses
Tedizolid was approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 20, 2014, with the indication for the treatment of acute bacterial Skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains, MRSA, and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species (S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, and S. anginosus group including S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus), and Enterococcus faecalis. Tedizolid is a second-generation oxazolidinone derivative that is 4-to-16-fold more potent against staphylococci and enterococci compared to linezolid. The recommended dosage for treatment is 200 mg once daily for a total duration of six days, either orally (with or without food) or through an intravenous injection (if patient is older than 18 years old).

In the European Union tedizolid is indicated for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) in adults.

Mechanism of action
Tedizolid phosphate (TR-701) is a prodrug activated by plasma or intestinal phosphatases to tedizolid (TR-700) following administration of the drug either orally or intravenously. Once activated, tedizolid exerts its bacteriostatic microbial activity through inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit (on the acceptor site) of the bacteria.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties
Tedizolid tablets have an oral bioavailability >90%. Tedizolid has higher binding to plasma proteins (80%), longer half-life, and a larger volume of distribution compared to linezolid. It is primarily metabolized by the liver as an inactive sulphate conjugate (phase II reaction), with no metabolism by cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Less than 20% of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine. Tedizolid bactericidal activity on VRE and MRSA is time dependent. Correlations are closest between fAUC24/MIC and the tedizolid PK/PD index against MRSA and VRE. To achieve 1 log10 kill, tedizolid fAUC24/MIC in neutropenic mouse models with a thigh infection with VRE and MRSA should be 14.2 and 138.5, respectively. The post-antibiotic effects of tedizolid against VRE and MRSA are 2.39 and 0.99 h, respectively.

Clinical trials
Tedizolid proved its noninferiority to linezolid in two phase-III trials, known as the ESTABLISH trials.

Tedizolid is the second treatment approved by the FDA under the new federal law Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (known as the GAIN Act). New antibiotics manufactured under this new act will be designed as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP), allowing an expedited review by the FDA and an additional five years of market exclusivity.

Adverse effects
The most common adverse effects found in the clinical trials were nausea, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, and dizziness. Tedizolid has also been found to have hematologic (blood) effects, as shown in Phase-I studies in which subjects exposed to doses longer than 6 days showed a possible dose and duration effect on hematologic parameters.  Its safety in patients with decreased levels of white blood cells has not been established.  Patients on tedizolid are also at low risk of peripheral and optic neuropathy, similar to other members of the oxazolidinone class.

References

External links

Oxazolidinone antibiotics
Tetrazoles
Pyridines
Fluoroarenes
Merck & Co. brands

Tedizolid


Benjamin Thorpe (1782 – 19 July 1870) was an English scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature.

Biography
In the early 1820s he worked as a banker in the House of Rothschild, in Paris. There he met Thomas Hodgkin, who treated him for tuberculosis.

After studying for four years at Copenhagen University, under the Danish philologist Rasmus Christian Rask, Thorpe returned to England in 1830. In a few years he established a reputation as an Anglo-Saxon scholar.

In recognition of unremunerative work, Thorpe was granted a civil list pension of £160 in 1835, and on 17 June 1841 this was increased to £200 per annum. He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Munich, and of the Society of Netherlandish Literature at Leyden He died at Chiswick in July 1870.

Bibliography

In 1830 Thorpe brought out at Copenhagen an English version of Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar (a second edition of this appeared at London). That same year he moved to London with his new wife Mary Otte and her daughter Elise Otté. Thorpe educated and oppressed his step daughter and she had a troubled relationship and unattributed partnership with him throughout his life.

In 1832 he published at London Cædmon's Metrical Paraphrase of Parts of the Holy Scriptures in Anglo-Saxon; with an English Translation, Notes, and a Verbal Index, which was well reviewed. It was followed in 1834 by the Anglo-Saxon Version of the Story of Apollonius of Tyre and by Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, a textbook which was adopted at Oxford by Robert Meadows White. The Analecta was used, with Vernon's Anglo-Saxon Guide, for 40 years.

In 1835 Thorpe published Libri Psalmorum Versio antiqua Latina and then Ancient Laws and Institutes of England (1840). Two more volumes were published by Thorpe in 1842, The Holy Gospels in Anglo-Saxon and Codex Exoniensis, a Collection of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, with English Translation and Notes, an edition of the poems in the Exeter Book with English translation. Next came, for the Ælfric Society, The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church,' with an English version, published in ten parts between 1843 and 1846.

In 1834 Thorpe had begun a translation of Johann Martin Lappenberg's works on old English history, but was deterred. By 1842 he had started another version, with alterations, corrections, and notes of his own; it was published in two volumes in 1845 as A History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings. It was followed eventually by a version of Lappenberg's History of England under the Norman Kings (1857). Thorpe's two-volume edition of Florence of Worcester was issued in 1848–49.

For the publisher Edward Lumley Thorpe produced Northern Mythology (1851) with notes and illustrations. It was followed in 1853 by  Yule Tide Stories which appeared in Bohn's Antiquarian Library. For the same library he translated in 1854 Pauli's Life of Alfred the Great, with Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of Orosius. In 1855 appeared Thorpe's Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf, with parallel prose translation, notes, glossary, and indexes. He had planned this work as early as 1830, and his text was collated with the Cottonian MS before John Mitchell Kemble's; the scorched edges of the manuscript suffered further shortly afterwards.

In 1861 Thorpe edited for the Rolls Series of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, according to the several Authorities. In the first volume are printed synoptically the Corpus Christi, Cambridge, the Bodleian, and the various Cottonian texts, with facsimiles and notes, while in volume two appeared the translation. Four years later, through the support of Joseph Mayer of Liverpool, Thorpe was able to publish his supplement to Kemble's Codex Diplomaticus ævi Saxonici.<ref>Diplomatarium Anglicum Ævi Saxonici: a Collection of English Charters (605–1066), containing Miscellaneous Charters, Wills, Guilds, Manumissions, and Aquittances, with a translation of the Anglo-Saxon' (London).</ref> His final work, done for Trübner in 1866, was a translation of the Elder Edda''.

References

Attribution

External links

Analecta Anglo-Saxonica (1868)
Brief entry on Thorpe in Notes and Queries, 1898

1782 births
1870 deaths
University of Copenhagen alumni
Anglo-Saxon studies scholars
Historians of the British Isles
British textbook writers
19th-century English historians
English translators
Germanic studies scholars
Translators from Old English
Translators from Old Norse
Writers on Germanic paganism
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Translators of the Poetic Edda
19th-century British translators

Benjamin Thorpe


A hearth (har-th) is a brick or stone lined fireplace or oven that is used for cooking and heating. Historically, the hearth was the center of the home, as it provided heat for the house. Its Latin name is focus. That is why "focus" is used for many kinds of central point.

In more modern times, the hearth may be section of the fireplace that can be seen. This often includes tiles around the base of the fireplace and the floor.

References

Home

Hearth


Israel Gutierrez (born June 26, 1977) is a sports reporter for ESPN. Before joining the staff at ESPN, he worked for the Miami Herald as well as The Palm Beach Post.

Gutierrez has covered the Miami Heat for both newspapers. A South Florida native and University of Florida graduate, he also has covered the Florida Marlins. Gutierrez is of Dominican descent.

Early years
While attending the University of Florida in Gainesville, Gutierrez was a staff writer for the student newspaper Independent Florida Alligator. Prior to that, he attended North Miami Senior High.

Career
Gutierrez has appeared as a sports commentator on ESPN2's ESPN First Take as part of 1st and 10 with Jay Crawford and Skip Bayless.

On March 1, 2004, he debuted on Around the Horn. The following day he recorded his first win against Kevin Blackistone. As of July 2008, he has become a recurring panelist on the show. He did not appear for over two years before making his return on August 1, 2012, picking up a gold medal in the Around the Horn Summer Games by defeating Max Kellerman.

In November 2008, Gutierrez began appearing on ESPN's The Sports Reporters and was a regular panelist until the show's demise. His work at the Miami Herald continues to receive national attention, including regular mentions on USsportspages.com.

He was a regular guest host on the Dan LeBatard Show and Highly Questionable, as well as other ESPN radio shows. Gutierrez also co-hosted on the radio show Izzy and Spain with ESPN reporter Sarah Spain.

References

External links
 Miami Herald columnists
 Controversial Duke/Coach K column from 3-30-10 Miami Herald

American columnists
University of Florida alumni
Living people
1977 births
ESPN people
Miami Herald people
National Basketball Association broadcasters
American LGBT journalists
American gay writers

Israel Gutierrez


HMS Cressy was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 7 March 1810 at Frindsbury.

Service

On 24 December 1811 Cressy was off the west coast of Jutland, Denmark, under command by commander Charles Dudley Pater and in the company of , under Rear-admiral Robert Carthew Reynolds, and , when an extratropical cyclone and heavy seas came up. St George was jury-rigged and so Captain Atkins of Defence refused to leave her without the Admiral's permission. As a result, both were wrecked near Ringkøbing. Cressy did not ask for permission and so avoided wrecking.

Both St George and Defence lost almost all their crews, including the Admiral. Most of the bodies that came ashore were buried in the sand dunes of Thorsminde, which have been known ever since as "Dead Mens Dunes".

Shortly after the outbreak of the War of 1812, on 12 August, Cressy shared in the seizure of several American vessels: Cuba, Caliban, Edward, Galen, Halcyon, and Cygnet.

On 11 February 1813m  ran down and sank Wargrave. Cressy rescued Wargraves crew. Wargrave, Ostler, master, was on a voyage from Dublin to Surinam.

Fate
She was broken up in 1832.

Notes

Citations

References

Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
Vengeur-class ships of the line
Ships built on the River Medway
1810 ships

HMS Cressy (1810)


The Taurach Railway () is a  narrow-gauge museum railway in the Austrian state of Salzburg.

History

The Taurach Railway uses the section of the Murtalbahn from Tamsweg to Mauterndorf, which was closed for economic reasons in 1981 after heavy damage to a bridge. The section was revived as a museum railway by Club 760, which is an association formed for that purpose. Club 760 leased the line on 1 April 1982 and from 1983 to 1987 volunteers and members worked on restoring it. The Taurachbahn was opened on 9 July 1988 and operates as a museum railway weekends every summer.

The route

The line begins at Mauterndorf station and runs along the  through  stop to Mariapfarr station. From there the route goes through Lintsching stop to St. Andrä Andlwirt, which is the terminus for passenger traffic. The Taurachbahn continues a further two kilometers to meet the Murtalbahn at Tamsweg. On this section is a branchline, which gives an easier grade. Tamsweg station is not used for regular tourist traffic because of the fees demanded by Steiermarkbahn und Bus for it; however special trains do go through to Mauterndorf through Tamsweg from the Murtalbahn on specific occasions. Also this section is used for the mutual change by vehicles.

Infrastructure

The major station on the railway is Mauterndorf, where there is a boiler house and workshop, and also a wagon-works constructed in 1999 with the assistance of a European Union grant. After  passing through Mariapfarr the line crosses the Taurach, and Lignitzbach rivers, and then local highway L248.  After St. Andrä-Andlwirt the railway crosses the Göriachbach river, local highway L222, and then finally the Lessachbach river.

The railway crossings on the federal highway at Mariapfarr station and the local highway at Lintsching stop are secured by barriers, which must be closed and opened by the train crew by hand. There are many crossings at local dirt roads, which are secured by speed limits, St Andrews crosses and/or stop boards.

Rolling stock
Steam locomotives 298,56, 699,01, StLB 6 are used to operate the railway, and in 2004 locomotive 12 from a salt mine railway was obtained. Diesel locomotives 2091,03 and SKGLB D40 are also used, as well as three smaller diesel locomotives and a hand trolley for work trips. Several historic railway carriages are used for passenger traffic. In the goods yard are a number of goods wagons, several of which are used for maintenance on the railway.

Operation

The railway operates on Saturday and Sunday afternoons from the middle of June to in the middle of September, in the mornings in July and August and on Friday afternoons from middle of July to the middle of August. The railway is operated completely by those voluntary members from Club 760.

References

760 mm gauge railways in Austria
Heritage railways in Austria
Railway companies of Austria
Museums in Salzburg (state)
Railway museums in Austria
Articles containing video clips

Taurach Railway


The Churchland or Church is a cultivar of the European pear (Pyrus communis), it was developed in New Rochelle, New York in northeastern United States. It is believed to have originated as a seedling raised by one of the early Huguenot settlers of the village in the late 17th century. The original tree stood on land which was owned by the Trinity St. Paul's Church of New Rochelle, hence the naming of the fruit "Church". The fruit was so luscious that it was universally liked and, by grafting, the tree soon had extensive propagation throughout the country. An early account of the tree appeared in the proceedings of the American Pomological Society in 1856.

During its early years, New Rochelle was well known for the propagation of trees and shrubbery. The Huguenot settlers were especially skilled in the development of fruits and flowers. The 'Parsonage' and 'Huntington' pear varieties are also native to the community, as well as the 'Lawton Blackberry', the first widely cultivated blackberry in the country.

Characteristic features
The 'Church' Pear is of medium size, approximately 2 to 3 inches in length by 2 1/3 inches wide, and is largest in the middle and tapers both ways. The skin is greenish-yellow in color, russet-ed at the base and crown, with occasionally russet markings on other portions of the exterior. The stem is approximately 1 and three eighths inches long and of a cinnamon color. Its flesh is fine in texture and buttery, and it has a mild flavor. It commences ripening about the middle of July, and continues till the end of September.

References

History of New York (state)
History of New Rochelle, New York
Pear cultivars

Churchland pear


Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications standard defined by the American National Standards Institute and ITU-T (formerly CCITT) for digital transmission of multiple types of traffic. ATM was developed to meet the needs of the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network as defined in the late 1980s, and designed to integrate telecommunication networks. It can handle both traditional high-throughput data traffic and real-time, low-latency content such as telephony (voice) and video. ATM provides functionality that uses features of circuit switching and packet switching networks by using asynchronous time-division multiplexing.

In the OSI reference model data link layer (layer 2), the basic transfer units are called frames. In ATM these frames are of a fixed length (53 octets) called cells. This differs from approaches such as Internet Protocol (IP) (OSI layer 3) or Ethernet (also layer 2) that use variable-sized packets or frames. ATM uses a connection-oriented model in which a virtual circuit must be established between two endpoints before the data exchange begins. These virtual circuits may be either permanent (dedicated connections that are usually preconfigured by the service provider), or switched (set up on a per-call basis using signaling and disconnected when the call is terminated).

The ATM network reference model approximately maps to the three lowest layers of the OSI model: physical layer, data link layer, and network layer. ATM is a core protocol used in the synchronous optical networking and synchronous digital hierarchy (SONET/SDH) backbone of the public switched telephone network and in the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) but has largely been superseded in favor of next-generation networks based on IP technology. Wireless and mobile ATM never established a significant foothold.

Protocol architecture
To minimize queuing delay and packet delay variation (PDV), all ATM cells are the same small size. Reduction of PDV is particularly important when carrying voice traffic, because the conversion of digitized voice into an analog audio signal is an inherently real-time process. The decoder needs an evenly spaced stream of data items.

At the time of the design of ATM, 155 Mbit/s synchronous digital hierarchy with 135 Mbit/s payload was considered a fast optical network link, and many plesiochronous digital hierarchy links in the digital network were considerably slower, ranging from 1.544 to 45 Mbit/s in the US, and 2 to 34 Mbit/s in Europe.

At 155 Mbit/s, a typical full-length 1,500 byte Ethernet frame would take 77.42 µs to transmit. On a lower-speed 1.544 Mbit/s T1 line, the same packet would take up to 7.8 milliseconds. A queuing delay induced by several such data packets might exceed the figure of 7.8 ms several times over. This was considered unacceptable for speech traffic.

The design of ATM aimed for a low-jitter network interface. Cells were introduced to provide short queuing delays while continuing to support datagram traffic. ATM broke up all packets, data, and voice streams into 48-byte chunks, adding a 5-byte routing header to each one so that they could be reassembled later. The choice of 48 bytes was political rather than technical. When the CCITT (now ITU-T) was standardizing ATM, parties from the United States wanted a 64-byte payload because this was felt to be a good compromise between larger payloads optimized for data transmission and shorter payloads optimized for real-time applications like voice. Parties from Europe wanted 32-byte payloads because the small size (and therefore short transmission times) improve performance for voice applications. Most of the European parties eventually came around to the arguments made by the Americans, but France and a few others held out for a shorter cell length. With 32 bytes, France would have been able to implement an ATM-based voice network with calls from one end of France to the other requiring no echo cancellation. 48 bytes (plus 5 header bytes = 53) was chosen as a compromise between the two sides. 5-byte headers were chosen because it was thought that 10% of the payload was the maximum price to pay for routing information. ATM multiplexed these 53-byte cells instead of packets which reduced worst-case cell contention jitter by a factor of almost 30, reducing the need for echo cancellers.

Cell structure
An ATM cell consists of a 5-byte header and a 48-byte payload. ATM defines two different cell formats: user–network interface (UNI) and network–network interface (NNI). Most ATM links use UNI cell format.

GFC
The generic flow control (GFC) field is a 4-bit field that was originally added to support the connection of ATM networks to shared access networks such as a distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) ring. The GFC field was designed to give the User-Network Interface (UNI) 4 bits in which to negotiate multiplexing and flow control among the cells of various ATM connections. However, the use and exact values of the GFC field have not been standardized, and the field is always set to 0000.
VPI
Virtual path identifier (8 bits UNI, or 12 bits NNI)
VCI
Virtual channel identifier (16 bits)
PT
Payload type (3 bits)
Bit 3 (msbit): Network management cell.  If 0, user data cell and the following apply:
Bit 2: Explicit forward congestion indication (EFCI); 1 = network congestion experienced
Bit 1 (lsbit): ATM user-to-user (AAU) bit.  Used by AAL5 to indicate packet boundaries.
CLP
Cell loss priority (1-bit)
HEC
Header error control (8-bit CRC, polynomial = X8 + X2 + X + 1)

ATM uses the PT field to designate various special kinds of cells for operations, administration and management (OAM) purposes, and to delineate packet boundaries in some ATM adaptation layers (AAL).  If the most significant bit (MSB) of the PT field is 0, this is a user data cell, and the other two bits are used to indicate network congestion and as a general-purpose header bit available for ATM adaptation layers. If the MSB is 1, this is a management cell, and the other two bits indicate the type: network management segment, network management end-to-end, resource management, and reserved for future use.

Several ATM link protocols use the HEC field to drive a CRC-based framing algorithm, which allows locating the ATM cells with no overhead beyond what is otherwise needed for header protection. The 8-bit CRC is used to correct single-bit header errors and detect multi-bit header errors. When multi-bit header errors are detected, the current and subsequent cells are dropped until a cell with no header errors is found.

A UNI cell reserves the GFC field for a local flow control and sub-multiplexing system between users. This was intended to allow several terminals to share a single network connection in the same way that two ISDN phones can share a single basic rate ISDN connection. All four GFC bits must be zero by default.

The NNI cell format replicates the UNI format almost exactly, except that the 4-bit GFC field is re-allocated to the VPI field, extending the VPI to 12 bits. Thus, a single NNI ATM interconnection is capable of addressing almost 212 VPs of up to almost 216 VCs each.

Service types
ATM supports different types of services via AALs. Standardized AALs include AAL1, AAL2, and AAL5, and the rarely used AAL3 and AAL4. AAL1 is used for constant bit rate (CBR) services and circuit emulation. Synchronization is also maintained at AAL1. AAL2 through AAL4 are used for variable bitrate (VBR) services, and AAL5 for data. Which AAL is in use for a given cell is not encoded in the cell. Instead, it is negotiated by or configured at the endpoints on a per-virtual-connection basis.

Following the initial design of ATM, networks have become much faster. A 1500 byte (12000-bit) full-size Ethernet frame takes only 1.2 µs to transmit on a 10 Gbit/s network, reducing the motivation for small cells to reduce jitter due to contention. The increased link speeds by themselves do not eliminate jitter due to queuing.

ATM provides a useful ability to carry multiple logical circuits on a single physical or virtual medium, although other techniques exist, such as Multi-link PPP, Ethernet VLANs, VxLAN, MPLS, and multi-protocol support over SONET.

Virtual circuits
An ATM network must establish a connection before two parties can send cells to each other. This is called a virtual circuit (VC). It can be a permanent virtual circuit (PVC), which is created administratively on the end points, or a switched virtual circuit (SVC), which is created as needed by the communicating parties. SVC creation is managed by signaling, in which the requesting party indicates the address of the receiving party, the type of service requested, and whatever traffic parameters may be applicable to the selected service. Call admission is then performed by the network to confirm that the requested resources are available and that a route exists for the connection.

Motivation
ATM operates as a channel-based transport layer, using VCs. This is encompassed in the concept of the virtual paths (VP) and virtual channels. Every ATM cell has an 8- or 12-bit virtual path identifier (VPI) and 16-bit virtual channel identifier (VCI) pair defined in its header. The VCI, together with the VPI, is used to identify the next destination of a cell as it passes through a series of ATM switches on its way to its destination. The length of the VPI varies according to whether the cell is sent on a user-network interface (at the edge of the network), or if it is sent on a network-network interface (inside the network).

As these cells traverse an ATM network, switching takes place by changing the VPI/VCI values (label swapping). Although the VPI/VCI values are not necessarily consistent from one end of the connection to the other, the concept of a circuit is consistent (unlike IP, where any given packet could get to its destination by a different route than the others). ATM switches use the VPI/VCI fields to identify the virtual channel link (VCL) of the next network that a cell needs to transit on its way to its final destination. The function of the VCI is similar to that of the data link connection identifier (DLCI) in Frame Relay and the logical channel number and logical channel group number in X.25.

Another advantage of the use of virtual circuits comes with the ability to use them as a multiplexing layer, allowing different services (such as voice, Frame Relay, IP). The VPI is useful for reducing the switching table of some virtual circuits which have common paths.

Types
ATM can build virtual circuits and virtual paths either statically or dynamically. Static circuits (permanent virtual circuits or PVCs) or paths (permanent virtual paths or PVPs) require that the circuit is composed of a series of segments, one for each pair of interfaces through which it passes.

PVPs and PVCs, though conceptually simple, require significant effort in large networks. They also do not support the re-routing of service in the event of a failure. Dynamically built PVPs (soft PVPs or SPVPs) and PVCs (soft PVCs or SPVCs), in contrast, are built by specifying the characteristics of the circuit (the service contract) and the two endpoints.

ATM networks create and remove switched virtual circuits (SVCs) on demand when requested by an end station. One application for SVCs is to carry individual telephone calls when a network of telephone switches are interconnected using ATM. SVCs were also used in attempts to replace local area networks with ATM.

Routing
Most ATM networks supporting SPVPs, SPVCs, and SVCs use the Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) protocol to share topology information between switches and select a route through a network. PNNI is a link-state routing protocol like OSPF and IS-IS. PNNI also includes a very powerful route summarization mechanism to allow construction of very large networks, as well as a call admission control (CAC) algorithm which determines the availability of sufficient bandwidth on a proposed route through a network in order to satisfy the service requirements of a VC or VP.

Traffic engineering
Another key ATM concept involves the traffic contract. When an ATM circuit is set up each switch on the circuit is informed of the traffic class of the connection. ATM traffic contracts form part of the mechanism by which quality of service (QoS) is ensured. There are four basic types (and several variants) which each have a set of parameters describing the connection.
 CBR  Constant bit rate: a Peak Cell Rate (PCR) is specified, which is constant.
 VBR  Variable bit rate: an average or Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR) is specified, which can peak at a certain level, a PCR, for a maximum interval before being problematic.
 ABR  Available bit rate: a minimum guaranteed rate is specified.
 UBR  Unspecified bit rate: traffic is allocated to all remaining transmission capacity.

VBR has real-time and non-real-time variants, and serves for bursty traffic. Non-real-time is sometimes abbreviated to vbr-nrt. Most traffic classes also introduce the concept of cell-delay variation tolerance (CDVT), which defines the clumping of cells in time.

Traffic policing
To maintain network performance, networks may apply traffic policing to virtual circuits to limit them to their traffic contracts at the entry points to the network, i.e. the user–network interfaces (UNIs) and network-to-network interfaces (NNIs): usage/network parameter control (UPC and NPC). The reference model given by the ITU-T and ATM Forum for UPC and NPC is the generic cell rate algorithm (GCRA), which is a version of the leaky bucket algorithm. CBR traffic will normally be policed to a PCR and CDVt alone, whereas VBR traffic will normally be policed using a dual leaky bucket controller to a PCR and CDVt and an SCR and Maximum Burst Size (MBS). The MBS will normally be the packet (SAR-SDU) size for the VBR VC in cells.

If the traffic on a virtual circuit is exceeding its traffic contract, as determined by the GCRA, the network can either drop the cells or mark the Cell Loss Priority (CLP) bit (to identify a cell as potentially redundant). Basic policing works on a cell by cell basis, but this is sub-optimal for encapsulated packet traffic (as discarding a single cell will invalidate the whole packet). As a result, schemes such as partial packet discard (PPD) and early packet discard (EPD) have been created that will discard a whole series of cells until the next packet starts. This reduces the number of useless cells in the network, saving bandwidth for full packets. EPD and PPD work with AAL5 connections as they use the end of packet marker: the ATM user-to-ATM user (AUU) indication bit in the payload-type field of the header, which is set in the last cell of a SAR-SDU.

Traffic shaping
Traffic shaping usually takes place in the network interface card (NIC) in user equipment, and attempts to ensure that the cell flow on a VC will meet its traffic contract, i.e. cells will not be dropped or reduced in priority at the UNI. Since the reference model given for traffic policing in the network is the GCRA, this algorithm is normally used for shaping as well, and single and dual leaky bucket implementations may be used as appropriate.

Reference model
The ATM network reference model approximately maps to the three lowest layers of the OSI reference model. It specifies the following layers:
At the physical network level, ATM specifies a layer that is equivalent to the OSI physical layer.
The ATM layer 2 roughly corresponds to the OSI data link layer.
The OSI network layer is implemented as the ATM adaptation layer (AAL).

Deployment

ATM became popular with telephone companies and many computer makers in the 1990s. However, even by the end of the decade, the better price/performance of Internet Protocol-based products was competing with ATM technology for integrating real-time and bursty network traffic. Companies such as FORE Systems focused on ATM products, while other large vendors such as Cisco Systems provided ATM as an option. After the burst of the dot-com bubble, some still predicted that "ATM is going to dominate". However, in 2005 the ATM Forum, which had been the trade organization promoting the technology, merged with groups promoting other technologies, and eventually became the Broadband Forum.

Wireless or mobile ATM
Wireless ATM, or mobile ATM, consists of an ATM core network with a wireless access network. ATM cells are transmitted from base stations to mobile terminals. Mobility functions are performed at an ATM switch in the core network, known as "crossover switch", which is similar to the MSC (mobile switching center) of GSM networks. The advantage of wireless ATM is its high bandwidth and high speed handoffs done at layer 2. In the early 1990s, Bell Labs and NEC research labs worked actively in this field. Andy Hopper from the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory also worked in this area. There was a wireless ATM forum formed to standardize the technology behind wireless ATM networks. The forum was supported by several telecommunication companies, including NEC, Fujitsu and AT&T. Mobile ATM aimed to provide high speed multimedia communications technology, capable of delivering broadband mobile communications beyond that of GSM and WLANs.

See also
 VoATM
 ATM25

Notes

References

 ATM Cell formats- Cisco Systems

External links

 ATM Info and resources
 ATM ChipWeb - Chip and NIC database
 A tutorial from Juniper web site
 ATM Tutorial

ITU-T recommendations
Link protocols
Networking standards

Asynchronous Transfer Mode


Edge can mean:
In geometry, an edge is where two surfaces meet.
In graph theory, an edge is a connection between two nodes (or vertices)
In geology, it describes an escarpment
It can stand for Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution. This is a way to make mobile phones transmit data faster than with GSM
Microsoft Edge, an internet browser.
The Edge (born 1961), Irish musician, member of U2
Edge (wrestler) (born 1973), ring name of Canadian professional wrestler Adam Copeland.

Basic English 850 words

Edge


Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley, 1st Baronet (2 March 1734 – 29 November 1808) was a senior and highly experienced British Royal Navy officer of the eighteenth century, who served with distinction at numerous actions of the Seven Years' War, American Revolutionary War and French Revolutionary Wars. In his youth he was renowned as an efficient and able frigate officer and in later life became a highly respected squadron commander in the Channel Fleet. It was during the latter service when he was awarded his baronetcy after losing a leg at the Glorious First of June, aged 60.

Early career
Thomas Pasley was born in 1734 to James Pasley (1695–1773), of Craig, Dumfries and his wife Magdalene, daughter of Robert Elliott, of Middlehomehill, Roxburghshire. Thomas was the fifth of the eleven Pasley children, a family of minor landowners in the village of Craig, near Langholm, Dumfriesshire. He was the brother of Gilbert Pasley (1733–1781), Surgeon-General of Madras, and Margaret, mother of Sir John Malcolm. Gilbert's daughter, Eliza, married Sir Robert Campbell (1771–1858) 1st Bt., of Carrick Buoy, County Donegal, a director of the East India Company and a commissioner for the lieutenancy of London.

Thomas entered the Royal Navy in 1751 aged 16, and served as a midshipman aboard the sixth-rate frigate HMS Garland. Pasley's first captain was Maurice Suckling, who commanded him in the sloop HMS Weazel off Jamaica. Pasley later moved to the ship of the line HMS Dreadnought under Robert Digby, who was impressed enough with the young officer to bring him along when Digby was transferred to HMS Bideford in 1757.

Seven Years' War

On Bideford, Pasley served as temporary lieutenant on a bullion convoy operation from the West Indies to Britain. As the Seven Years' War had broken out the year before, the mission to carry £3,000 across the Atlantic was dangerous, but Bideford crossed safely and Pasley personally escorted the gold to London, being officially promoted to lieutenant shortly afterwards. Pasley continued to serve with Digby after his promotion, joining the ship of the line HMS Dunkirk on the Siege of Rochefort, when a British combined naval and land force failed disastrously to capture the strategic French port.

Pasley took his first solo command later in the year with the small fireship HMS Roman Emperor, but he soon requested service on a bigger ship, joining his cousin John Elliot, who was captain of the frigate HMS Hussar. In November, Elliot used his small ship to destroy the 50-gun French fourth-rate Alcyon, and in early 1758 he captured the French privateer Vengeance. The two officers later moved to the larger frigate HMS Aeolus and in 1759 captured the corvette Mignonne from within Brest Roads.

In 1760, Aeolus was blown off course during blockade duties off France and put in to reprovision at Kinsale. There Elliot heard a rumour of a French invasion force landing at Carrickfergus and put to sea in the hope of intercepting the enemy squadron. Aeolus was joined by HMS Brilliant and HMS Pallas and the three frigates attacked the French squadron under François Thurot off the Isle of Man. In a sharp encounter, all three French ships were lost, Pasley leading the charge aboard Thurot's flagship Marischal de Belle Isle which captured the vessel and during which Thurot was killed. Pasley became first lieutenant as a result of this action and spent the remained of the war on Aeolus in the English Channel and subsequently off the Spanish coast on commerce raiding activities. The action of 28 February was depicted in a painting by Liverpool marine artist, Richard Wright.

In 1762, with the war coming to a close, Pasley was made commander and given the small ship HMS Albany with which to convoy merchant ships across the Irish Sea. At the pace in 1763 he retained this duty in the 8-gun HMS Ranger and was also employed in seizing smugglers between the islands. In 1769, Pasley joined HMS Weazel which was tasked with transporting structural engineers to the Guinea coast. Arriving in the worst of the wet season, Weazel soon became infested with malaria and all four engineers and the majority of the crew succumbed and died in a short period. So depleted was Weazel's crew that Pasley was forced to impress sailors from West African merchant ships in order to return to Britain safely.

American Revolutionary War
After briefly serving on HMS Pomona in 1771, Pasley was promoted to post captain and took command of HMS Seahorse in the West Indies. In 1772 he returned to Britain on half-pay and married Mary Heywood, daughter of the chief justice of the Isle of Man. The marriage was a love match and the couple had two daughters. Pasley remained on half-pay until the American Revolutionary War in 1776, when he was given command of the post-ship HMS Glasgow.

Pasley's first duty was escorting a convoy to the West Indies, which he did swiftly and successfully, his wife being presented with plate in reward for his services. He remained on the Jamaica station for the next two years, capturing numerous enemy ships and making a substantial amount in prize money. He returned in 1778 and was placed in command of the half finished HMS Sybil, which was launched in 1779. In her he cruised off Cape St Vincent and later guided a convoy to Newfoundland and a second one back safely. In 1780 he sailed for the Cape of Good Hope and brought back all the documentation and several survivors from Captain James Cook's expedition to the Pacific, including Nathaniel Portlock.

For these services, Pasley was given the 50-gun HMS Jupiter and in her served in several squadrons and actions, fighting the French at the Battle of Porto Praya under George Johnstone and capturing a Dutch squadron at the Battle of Saldanha Bay (1781). On both occasions Pasley was directly responsible for destroying or capturing numerous enemy war vessels and merchant ships. In 1782 he convoyed Admiral Hugh Pigot to the West Indies and then cruised off Havana, destroying seven merchants from a convoy and then driving off two Spanish ships of the line when they tried to intervene. At the war's conclusion in 1783, Jupiter was paid off and Pasley returned to half-pay.

French Revolutionary Wars
In 1788, Pasley's wife died and he rejoined the service as commander in chief at the Medway. Pasley served in HMS Vengeance and HMS Bellerophon until in 1794 at the start of the French Revolutionary Wars, he was made rear-admiral. Remaining in Bellerophon, Pasley commanded the van squadron of the British fleet during the Atlantic campaign of May 1794 and led the action on 28 May. Further engaged on 29 May, Pasley was seriously wounded in the general action of the Glorious First of June when Lord Howe's fleet defeated Villaret de Joyeuse's French. Pasley's leg was torn off by cannon shot and he retired below early in the action. his life being saved by emergency surgery.

Pasley did not serve in a seagoing capacity again, but was rewarded with promotion, over £1,500 worth of gifts, a baronetcy and numerous other awards. He was later promoted again, and became Commander-in-Chief, The Nore in 1798. In March 1799 he became Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, but his age and wound prevented active service and he retired in 1801 as a full admiral. Pasley died in 1808 at his estate near Winchester of dropsy. Although he had no male heirs, his baronetcy and estate were passed by special provision to his grandson Thomas Sabine Pasley, later an admiral in his own right.

References

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1734 births
1808 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British amputees
Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War
Deaths from edema
People from Langholm

Sir Thomas Pasley, 1st Baronet