Clacton-on-Sea, often simply called Clacton,  is a seaside town and resort in the county of Essex, on the east coast of England. It is located on the Tendring Peninsula and is the largest settlement in the Tendring District, with a population of 53,200 (2021). The town is situated around 77 miles north-east of Central London, 40 miles east-north-east of Chelmsford, 58 miles north-east of Southend-on-Sea, 16 miles south-east of Colchester and 16 miles south of Harwich.

The area was historically in the parish of Great Clacton. The development of the seaside resort began in the 1870s and was called Clacton-on-Sea to distinguish it from the older village about  inland. Great Clacton and Clacton-on-Sea were always administered together, forming a single urban district called Clacton between 1895 and 1974. The two settlements gradually merged into a single urban area during the twentieth century.

The town's economy continues to rely significantly on entertainment and day-trip facilities; it is strong in the service sector, with a large retired population. The north-west part of the town has two business/industrial parks. In the wider district, agriculture and occupations connected to the Port of Harwich provide further employment. It lies within the United Kingdom Parliament constituency of Clacton.

Geography
Clacton-on-Sea is located between Jaywick and Holland-on-Sea along the coastline and the original village of Great Clacton, now a suburb, to the north. The relevant local authority is Tendring District Council.

It is at the south-eastern end of the A133. The resort of Frinton-on-Sea is nearby to the north-east.

Amenities

Clacton has a pleasure pier, arcades, a golf course, caravan parks and an airfield. The town and its beaches are still popular with tourists in the summer and there is an annual entertainment programme including the Clacton Carnival, which starts on the second Saturday in August and lasts for a week. Clacton Airshow, an aerial display, takes place on the Thursday and Friday before the August Bank Holiday, with historic and modern aircraft such as the Lancaster, Spitfire, Hurricane, Harrier, Jaguar, Tornado, and helicopters. There are also wing-walkers and the Red Arrows.

Clacton has a shopping area with many of the usual national chains represented, and a Factory Shopping Village in the north of the town.

Clacton has two theatres, the West Cliff Theatre and the Princes Theatre. The West Cliff is one of the last theatres in the country to put on an old-style summer show.

History

Early history

Clacton was a site of the lower Palaeolithic Clactonian industry of flint tool manufacture. The "Clacton Spear", a wooden (yew) spear found at Clacton in 1911 and dated at 450,000 years ago, is the oldest such spear to have been found in Britain.

There is plentiful archaeological evidence of scattered settlement in the area, including Beaker Folk traces at Point Clear to the south and round houses (as cropmarks) near the A133 extension from Weeley to the north. There may have been a pre-Roman (i.e. Celtic) settlement at Gt. Clacton and there were almost certainly scattered farmsteads as the important British Celtic settlement at Colchester was only about  away.  No traces of substantial Roman settlement have been found at Clacton though there are several Roman villa sites nearby (e.g. Alresford, Wivenhoe, Brightlingsea). After the Anglo-Saxon migration and the foundation of the kingdom of Essex, a village called Claccingtun ("the village of Clacc's or Clacca's people") was established. No pre-Norman buildings survive today. The Domesday Book of 1086 records the village as Clachintuna.

Clacton was repeatedly surveyed by the Army in the Napoleonic Wars as a possible invasion beach-head for Napoleon and his Dutch allies. There was a large army and militia camp where Holland-on-Sea now stands. In 1810 five Martello Towers were built to guard the beaches between Colne Point to the south and what is now Holland-on-Sea to the north of the town.

In 1865 railway engineer and land developer Peter Bruff, the steamboat owner William Jackson, and a group of businessmen bought an area of undeveloped farmland adjoining low gravelly cliffs and a firm sand-and-shingle beach lying to the south-east of Great Clacton village, with the intention of establishing a new resort. One of the first facilities they built for the new resort was the pier, which opened in 1871, allowing visitors to travel by ship; the railway would not reach Clacton until 1882. The town of Clacton-on-Sea was laid out rather haphazardly over the next few years; though it has a central 'grand' avenue (originally Electric Parade, now Pier Avenue) the street plan incorporates many previously rural lanes and tracks, such as Wash Lane. Plots and streets were sold off piecemeal to developers and speculators. In 1882 the Great Eastern Railway already serving the well-established resort of Walton-on-the-Naze along the coast, opened a branch line to Clacton-on-Sea railway station from a junction on the existing railway at Thorpe-le-Soken.

Twentieth century
Clacton grew into the largest seaside resort between Southend-on-Sea and Great Yarmouth, with some 10,000 residents by 1914 and approx. 20,000 by 1939. Due to its accessibility from the East End of London and the Essex suburbs, Clacton, like Southend, remained preferentially geared to catering for working-class and lower-middle-class holidaymakers – though it had, and has, its more 'select' areas.

For well over a century Clacton Pier has been an RNLI lifeboat station.

Just before the Second World War the building of Butlin's Holiday Camp boosted its economy, though the Army took it over between then and 1945 for use as an internment, engineer, pioneer and light anti-aircraft artillery training camp.

Four notable incidents occurred in Clacton-on-Sea during World War II. First, very early in the war a German airman bailed out over the town. Procedures for dealing with enemy captives were not yet well-established and he was treated as a celebrity guest for some days, including by the town council, before eventually being handed over to the military . Second, a Luftwaffe Heinkel 111 bomber crashed into the town on 30 April 1940, demolishing several houses in the Vista Road area as one of the magnetic mines on board exploded on impact, killing the crew and two civilians; another mine was defused by experts from the Navy. Third, the Wagstaff Corner area was bombed in May 1941, demolishing some well-known buildings. Finally, a V2 rocket hit in front of the Tower Hotel, injuring dozens of troops inside though without bringing down the structure. Clacton lay beneath the route taken by many of the V1 and V2 bombs aimed at London.

A big role in the town during the pre- and post-war period was played by the Kingsman family, which bought and developed the pier and ran a pleasure-steamer service from London. A summer sea excursion to Calais also ran until the early 1960s. Butlin's reopened the holiday camp after the war. This, along with the expansion of the nearby chalet town of Jaywick, originally a speculative private development of inter-war years, and increasingly capacious caravan sites, all swelled by the movement of retired Londoners into the area, altered the character of the town.

In 1964 the town was in the national news when rival gangs of Mods and Rockers fought on the sea front and several arrests were made. (In mid-60s youth culture, 'Mods' favoured scooters and wore parkas, while 'rockers' rode motorcycles and wore leather and denim. The incident became known locally as 'The Battle of Pier Gap' following a headline in the local paper, the East Essex Gazette). Throughout the 1960s Clacton beach remained a popular summer excursion for residents of Essex and east London and in August was often crammed to capacity in the area around the Pier. The pirate radio ship MV Galaxy, which broadcast Wonderful Radio London, was anchored offshore from 1964 until its forced closure in 1967.

With the advent of cheap flights to Mediterranean resorts in the 1970s, the holiday industry began to decline. Increasingly, hotels' and guest-houses' spare capacity came to be used as 'temporary' accommodation by the local authority to house those on welfare, refugees, migrants and asylum seekers. Pier Ward, in the centre of the town, is one of the poorest in the UK; (nearby Jaywick is often cited as the poorest of all). Since around 1970 several well-known local buildings have been demolished, including the palatial art deco Odeon Cinema (a great loss to both the town and the county); the Warwick Castle Pub; the Waverley Hotel; Barker House, a large home for the learning disabled, and Groom's Crippleage, which housed orphaned handicapped girls from London. Cordy's, a well-known large seafront restaurant has recently been demolished. The site of Butlin's Holiday Camp was redeveloped as a housing estate. The once famously crowded bus station in Jackson Road has become a car park. The Ocean Revue Theatre, where Max Bygraves made one of his first appearances, has closed.

The town expanded substantially in the 1980s, 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, with new housing estates on the rural margins of town, and some brownfield developments. Many residents commute to work in Colchester, Witham, Chelmsford or London. Clacton was in the news when its town centre and seafront areas were struck by an F1/T2 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.

Twenty-first century

Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm, built in the early 2000s some 3 miles offshore, is visible from many places in the flat hinterland of the town.

In common with many English seaside towns, unemployment has remained stubbornly high in Clacton. In 2023, Clacton won a £20 million government levelling-up grant to improve the town centre.

Seaside resort

The modern day Clacton-on-Sea was founded by Peter Bruff in 1871 as a seaside resort. Originally the main means of access was by sea; Steamships operated by the Woolwich Steam Packet Company docked from 1871 at Clacton Pier which opened the same year. The pier now offers an amusement arcade and many other forms of entertainment.

People who wanted to come by road had to go through Great Clacton. In the 1920s, London Road was built to cope with the influx of holidaymakers. Later, in the 1970s, the eastern section of the A120 was opened obviating the need for Clacton visitors to go through Colchester. Today Paddle Steamer Waverley operates from Clacton Pier offering pleasure boat excursions.

Clacton has a Blue Flag beach at Martello Bay (two more are locally at Dovercourt Bay and Brightlingsea). Clacton Seafront Gardens which run along the top of the seafront west of Clacton Pier has also been awarded a Green Flag and includes various sections with formal gardens, memorials and places to sit.

Former Butlins

In 1936, Billy Butlin bought and refurbished the West Clacton Estate, an amusement park to the west of the town. He opened a new amusement park on the site in 1937 and then, a year later on 11 June 1938, opened the second of his holiday camps. This location remained open until 1983 when, due to changing holiday tastes, Butlins decided to close the facility. It was then purchased by former managers of the camp who reopened it as a short-lived theme park, called Atlas Park. The land was then sold and redeveloped with housing.

Governance

There are two tiers of local government covering Clacton, at district and county level: Tendring District Council, which is based at Clacton Town Hall, and Essex County Council, based in Chelmsford.

The ancient parish was called Great Clacton. Until 1891 the parish was administered by its vestry in the same way as most rural areas. As the area became more populous, largely due to the growth of the seaside resort, more urban forms of government were required. The parish of Great Clacton was made a local government district in 1891, governed by a local board. Such local boards were reconstituted as urban district councils in 1894. In 1895 the council changed the name of the urban district from Great Clacton to simply Clacton. The legal name of the parish which covered the same area as the urban district remained Great Clacton, but as an urban parish it had no separate parish council. The neighbouring parish of Little Holland covering Holland-on-Sea was abolished in 1934 and absorbed into Clacton.

Clacton Urban District Council built the Town Hall on Station Road to serve both as its headquarters and as a public hall and theatre for the town, with the theatre now called the Princes Theatre. It is a neo-Georgian building, with a tall portico of composite columns flanked by two-story wings. The architect was Sir Alfred Brumwell Thomas and it was completed in 1931.

Clacton Urban District was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, with the area becoming part of the new Tendring District. No successor parish was created for the former urban district and so it become an unparished area, directly administered by Tendring District Council.

Sport
Clacton has a cricket club and a football team called F.C. Clacton, whose best F.A. Cup performance was the 1st round. The football team play at the Austin Arena with the stand for the supporters being known as the "bus shelter". The name was derived after someone said it looked like a bus shelter. The club then took bus timetables and stuck them on it, to resemble a bus shelter.

The Cricket Club has many grounds around Clacton with one in Holland-on-sea and another where Essex County Cricket Club used to play. Clacton also have a rugby club with teams ranging from under 12s to a first and second team. The first and second teams play in Essex League 1 and train on a Tuesday night at 7 which is held at the rugby club in Valley Road.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East and ITV Anglia.  Television signals are received from the Sudbury and local relay transmitters

Clacton's local radio stations are BBC Essex on 95.3 FM, Heart East on 96.1 FM, Greatest Hits Radio East on 100.2 FM and Actual Radio, a DAB radio station.

Clacton and Frinton Gazette is the town's local newspaper.

Industry
Prior to the foundation of Clacton-on-Sea the chief occupations in the area were farming and small-scale fishing. A steam-powered mill was built in 1867 to replace the local windmill, which was eventually demolished in 1918. Today the town's main industrial area is in the northeast of the town (Gorse Lane Industrial Estate and Oakwood Business Park) which contain a variety of businesses and light industrial units.

Clacton Urban District Council had provided the town with electricity since the early twentieth century from Clacton power station. Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to the British Electricity Authority and later to the Central Electricity Generating Board. Electricity connections to the national grid rendered the small 2.15 megawatt (MW) internal combustion engine power station redundant. It closed in 1966; in its final year of operation it delivered 796 MWh of electricity to the town.

In 2013 Tendring District Council undertook significant work to develop a 10-year Economic Strategy for the district which includes Clacton on Sea.  Now, half-way through this 10-year strategy, the approach has been refreshed to add a greater focus on the populations of Clacton and Jaywick Sands between 2020 and 2024, noting a decline in economic performance of these locations. The strategy focuses specifically on local participation within communities and addressing long term prosperity and also proposes bold action in Clacton town centre, recognising that its future is unlikely to be led by retail. In 2023, Clacton had the highest proportion within the UK of people classed as "economically inactive".

Landmarks

Clacton has comparatively few buildings of architectural interest. In addition to the surviving large seafront hotels, these are:

St John's Church, Great Clacton

The parish church of St John, Great Clacton, is the oldest surviving building in the town; it dates from the early decades of the 12th century, though considerably altered. In the late 16th century the vicar was Eleazer Knox (d. 1591) son of John Knox and Marjory Bowes of Norham. A local legend that smugglers used a tunnel from the coast to the Ship Inn (16th century) opposite the church is discounted by historians. The pub is more than 1.5 km from the sea. The nearby Queens Head inn may be pre-1600.

St James's Church
A large (and actually unfinished) church of 1912-13 between Tower Road and Wash Lane, St James's is a rare southern building by Temple Moore, an architect chiefly associated with the North of England. Somewhat grim on the outside (as Pevsner noted in The Buildings of Essex), the interior is surprisingly light and spare, with different orders of arch on either side of the chancel giving an asymmetrical feel. The building is only a third of its intended size and the original plans included a large tower at the West end. Ordered for Anglo-catholic worship, it is large, without pews and boasts an impressive reredos which finishes in a canopy at the East end.

Clacton railway station

The main station building dates from 1929. A typical neo-Georgian 'late Imperial'-style building, it is notable chiefly for the decorative use of moulded 'fasces' on either side of the main entrance - a rare instance of Fascist symbolism in British civic architecture.

Martello Towers
There are three of these between the Pier and Jaywick Sands to the south; they date from 1809 to 1812. The immensely thick brick walls look circular but are, in fact, rounded triangles, designed to deflect cannon-fire. The tower nearest the pier was, unusually, built within a moat. The name comes from similar fortifications in Mortella, Corsica.

Moot Hall
A real oddity: in Albany Gardens West, near the seafront to the north of the Pier, this house of the 1400s was moved from the village of Hawstead, Suffolk and reconstructed here in 1911 – though considerably modernised and altered – for a London builder named J H Gill.

St. Helena Hospice
The hospice is situated in Jackson Road, in the town centre. It has a curved wood and brick corner design of 2001-2 by the Purcell Miller Tritton architectural partnership.The building has been vacated and is undergoing restoration for other purposes.

Jaywick Sands

A huddle of self-builds and kit-houses were built in the 1920s and '30s in a bleak field dangerously close to the mean sea level. It has been described as resembling "a shanty town", but it also has its admirers who call it "a great place to live."

Jaywick was attractive to workers from the Ford plant in Dagenham, who bought strips of cheap agricultural land for holiday homes. Following the destruction of many east-end homes during the Second World War, they moved there permanently. The area was badly damaged by the floods of 1953, when 35 residents died; most settlements were swept away.

Clacton Pier

Clacton Pier was the first building of the new resort of Clacton-on-Sea; it opened officially on 27 July 1871. It was  in length and  wide. It was built originally as a landing point for goods and passengers, as Clacton was becoming an increasingly popular destination for day trippers.

In 1893, the pier was lengthened to  and entertainment facilities were added. Bought by Ernest Kingsman in 1922, it remained in the ownership of the Kingsman family until 1971. In March 2009, the pier was purchased by the Clacton Pier Company, who installed a  helter-skelter as a new focal point.

Gunfleet Sands offshore wind farm

A 48-turbine wind farm is located  south-east of the Clacton coast. It has been in commercial operation since 2010 and has an overall capacity of 173 MW.

Climate
Clacton has an oceanic climate (Köppen "Cfb"), but with lower precipitation than most of the UK and Western Europe. This makes for pleasantly warm and relatively dry summers (which also enhances the town's popularity as a seaside town), but also fairly chilly winter days. For the 1961–1990 observation period, Clacton averaged 103.7 days with at least 1mm of rain, and just 24.3 air frosts a year- comparable to south west coastal locations.

Demography
Clacton's population increased substantially during the 20th century from 7,456 at the 1901 census to 25,000 in the 1960s, 45,065 in 1991 and reaching over 53,000 by 2001.
Population as 107,237 according to Dataloft Inform, Land Registry, 2011 Census

Education
St Osyth's Teacher Training College occupied several buildings in Clacton, mostly along Marine Parade East, until its amalgamation with the North East Essex Technical College in the late 1970s. The town is served by two secondary schools, Clacton Coastal Academy and Clacton County High School. Adult Community Learning, run by Essex County Council, is situated in St Osyth Road.

Transport

Clacton-on-Sea is located at the terminus of the A133 road, which runs between Clacton and Colchester.

The town is served by Clacton-on-Sea railway station, a terminus of the Sunshine Coast Line which links the town with Colchester; the other terminus is at Walton-on-the-Naze, on a branch from Thorpe-le-Soken. Trains are operated by Greater Anglia and generally run hourly to London Liverpool Street via Colchester and Chelmsford; the full journey takes about 90 minutes.

Local bus routes are operated by Hedingham & Chambers; termini include Colchester, Harwich, Manningtree and Walton-on-the-Naze. First Essex withdrew from serving Clacton in January 2020; Hedingham & Chambers are now the only operator serving the town from Colchester.

National Express operates long-distance coach services to/from London and Liverpool.

Clacton Airfield has been active since its use by the Royal Air Force during World War II. It does not operate scheduled passenger flights.  In the 1990s, the airfield was featured in the BBC Television series Airport.

Conservation
Clacton's environmental qualities draw on several things: proximity to the sea, its evolution as the resort, its attraction as a retirement area, and its business and trade. The conservation and enhancement of Clacton's various environmental qualities depends on assessment, evaluation and management.

Both Tendring District Council and Essex County Council can advise on heritage and historic buildings. The district also advises on wildlife conservation, and on obtaining grants for managing countryside for public enjoyment and appreciation. The county has an archaeological service.

Notable people

The following were all born or have lived in Clacton-on-Sea:
 George Wylie Hutchinson (1852–1942), Canadian painter and leading illustrator, lived in Clacton in retirement
 Arthur Townsend (1883-1937), British long-distance runner, competed in the marathon at the 1912 Summer Olympics
 Flight Lieutenant Edward Pennell DFC (1894–1974), British WWI flying ace and local politician
 Joan Kiddell-Monroe (1908–1972), British author and illustrator of children's books
 Pat Fletcher (1916–1985) golfer, born in Clacton-on-Sea and emigrated to Canada
 Jennifer Worth RN RM (1935–2011) a British nurse and musician
 Mike Everitt (born 1941), English former footballer and manager, over 300 pro games
 Graham Hurley (born 1946), English crime fiction writer
Paul Barber (born 1951), British actor, best known for playing Denzil Tulser in Only Fools and Horses
 Steve Foley an English former professional footballer, made 283 appearances for Colchester United
 Stephen D. Nash (born 1954), English wildlife artist who primarily specialises in primates
 Steve Wright (born 1959), English former professional footballer in over 300 games
 Sade (Helen Folasade Adu, CBE, born 1959), singer, songwriter, model and actress, from the age of 11, lived in Holland-on-Sea, a suburb of Clacton
 Barry Lamb (born 1963), experimental musician, composer
 Beth Goddard (born 1969), British actress
 Paul Banks (born 1978), lead singer of rock band Interpol
 Ian Westlake (born 1983), English footballer, over 300 league and cup games
 Tom Eastman (born 1991), English professional footballer, nearly 400 games for Colchester

Cultural references
On the Easter weekend of 1964, rival youth gangs of Mods and Rockers descended upon Clacton-on-Sea. They created mild havoc by fighting with each other.

The music video for "Always on My Mind" by the Pet Shop Boys was filmed in Clacton, which was also the setting for their film It Couldn't Happen Here. Parts of the 2019 film Yesterday (working title All You Need Is Love) were also filmed in Clacton.

Gallery

See also
 Clactonian Man

Notes

References

 The Clacton Spear. The Natural History Museum. (2012). Retrieved 2012-02-16.

External links

 Tendring District Council

Towns in Essex
Seaside resorts in Essex
Populated coastal places in Essex
Aviation accidents and incidents locations in England
Beaches of Essex
Tendring

Clacton-on-Sea


Kurt Marti (31 January 1921 – Bern, 11 February 2017) was a Swiss theologian and poet. His poetry often has theological and religious aspects to it. He is also known for dialect literature said to have intellectual quality.

Marti attended the Freie Gymnasium in Bern together with Friedrich Dürrenmatt. He then completed two semesters at the law faculty of the University of Bern before deciding to study Protestant theology.

From 1961 to 1983 he was pastor at the Nydeggkirche in Bern. He was involved in the fight against nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, the U.S. intervention in Vietnam and was a co-founder of the development policy organization Berne Declaration and the dissident writers' group Olten, which was dissolved in 2002. After Karl Barth, Dorothee Sölle, whom he had known since the 1960s, had inspired him most theologically.

In 1972, for political reasons, the government council of the canton of Bern refused him a professorship in homiletics at the Protestant theological faculty of the University of Bern, where he had been nominated for election. In 1977, the same university awarded him an honorary doctorate. Since 1983 he worked as a freelance writer. In 2007 his wife Hanni Marti-Morgenthaler died.

In his sermons, essays, poems and aphorisms Marti proved to be an engaged and critical man of letters. Some of his texts were set to music.

References

External links

Swiss male poets
People from Bern
1921 births
2017 deaths
Swiss poets in German
20th-century Swiss poets
20th-century male writers

Kurt Marti


Sir Nicholas Plunkett (1602–1680) was an Anglo-Irish lawyer and politician. He was a younger son of Christopher Plunkett, 9th Baron Killeen and Jane (or Genet) Dillon, daughter of Sir Lucas Dillon: his brother Luke was created Earl of Fingall in 1628. At the age of twenty Plunkett travelled to London to receive training as a lawyer at Gray's Inn in London, and later trained at King's Inn in Dublin. By the 1630s he had established a thriving legal practice: the attempts by Thomas Wentworth, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, to confiscate as much Irish land as possible to the Crown, ensured that his services were in high demand. At this time he also became an MP in the Irish House of Commons, sitting for County Meath.

At the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Plunkett attempted to remain neutral. However, in mid-1642 government troops looted and torched his home in Balrath, County Meath: Plunkett unsurprisingly thereafter gave support to the leaders of the Irish Insurgents. He played a prominent role in the foundation of the Confederation of Kilkenny, sitting as chairman at the first meeting of the Confederate Assembly and was also a member of the Confederate Supreme Council (one of six members representing the province of Leinster). Plunkett was also appointed Muster-Master general.

In 1644 Plunkett was a member of a Confederate delegation sent to negotiate a treaty with King Charles I. The first Ormond Peace was eventually arranged in 1646, but despite Plunkett's efforts, the Catholic Clergy of Ireland rejected the treaty.

Plunkett was a deeply religious man, who impressed the Papal Nuncio, Rinuccini after his arrival in Ireland in late 1645. Even so, Plunkett was a moderate by disposition, and he thus became a leader of the moderate Confederate faction, attempting in 1647 to reconcile the supporters of Ormond and those of Rinuccini. In 1648 he once again took part in a Confederate delegation, this time to Rome, in an attempt to gain further Papal support. The Pope made Plunkett a knight of the Golden Spur, but the mission to Rome was largely a failure.

While he was in Rome a Civil War broke out in the Confederation over the Inchiquin truce of 1648. When Plunkett returned, the clerical faction of the Confederates had lost influence, and so Plunkett became involved in negotiations for a second Ormond Peace, eventually signed in early 1649.

Only six months later the New Model Army launched a full-scale invasion of Ireland, and within a year had conquered large areas of the island. Nicholas' nephew Christopher Plunkett, 2nd Earl of Fingall was killed at the Battle of Rathmines. Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde was appointed leader of the Irish forces in late 1650, replacing the discredited Earl of Ormond. In 1651 Clanricarde sent Plunkett with Geoffrey Browne on a desperate mission to negotiate with Charles IV, the extremely wealthy Duke of Lorraine, but the mission to gain his support was not successful.

After the conquest of Ireland Plunkett had his lands confiscated and was transported to Connacht. His luck changed at the Restoration in 1660, however: the endless disputes between the dispossessed Irish landholders and the planters enabled him to restore his legal practice to its former esteem.

He married Catherine Turner, daughter of William Turner, an Alderman of Dublin; their daughter Jane married Valentine Browne, 1st Viscount Kenmare.

Nicholas Plunkett's brother, Patrick, was also prominent in Confederate politics, becoming Bishop of Ardagh in 1647 largely thanks to the backing of Rinuccini.

References

Sources

1602 births
1680 deaths
Lawyers from County Meath
Politicians from County Meath
People of the Irish Confederate Wars
Irish MPs 1639–1649
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Meath constituencies
Alumni of King's Inns

Nicholas Plunkett


A financial market is a market in which people trade different assets at low trade costs. Some of these include stocks and bonds, natural materials and rare metals, which are known sometimes as commodities.

The word "market" is sometimes used for what is more like exchanges (trading) of stuff, and groups that help the trade in financial commodities, for example a stock trading or commodity trade. This can be a real on land location (such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), London Stock Exchange (LSE)) or an online electric system such as NASDAQ.

Finance

Financial market


Aqtas Lake or Aktashskoye (, ) is a drying salt lake at the Kerch peninsula in the Lenine Raion, Crimea. The lake belongs to the Kerch group of lakes.

Its name means White Mount. Its water supplies it receives from the Black Sea Littoral Artesian Aquifer.

Lake is connected with the North Crimean Canal and through another canal with the Sea of Azov. Around 1980, the lake was intended to serve as a cooling pond for industrial water supply of the Crimean Nuclear Power Station. In the middle of the lake there is an island of Latau. There are also solonchaks. In the vicinity of Aqtas Lake there are the Astani Floodplains and the East Crimean Wind Power Station.

References

Lakes of Ukraine
Lakes of Crimea
Cooling ponds

Aqtas Lake


Permaculture Action Network is an organization that mobilizes concert-goers and festival-attendees to come out to "Permaculture Action Days," one day events where participants take direct action to build permaculture systems in the cities where they live.  Past projects that the Permaculture Action Network has implemented include urban farms, community gardens, public food forests, earthen structures, rainwater catchment systems, greenhouses, and school orchards.

Mission statement

Permaculture Action Network empowers people to take action to create the world they want to see by connecting educators, creators, and organizers with broad and diverse audiences to build a regenerative and just world. From organizing Permaculture Action Days and events to building educational spaces and hosting courses, Permaculture Action Network is committed to pushing community and environmental sustainability to the center of society's cultural narrative.

History

In the Fall of 2014, the collective launched Pushing Through The Pavement: A Permaculture Action Tour with electronic music producer The Polish Ambassador, folk singer Ayla Nereo and hip-hop MC Mr. Lif.  During the six-week tour they brought local organizations on stage and inspired thousands of people to participate in Permaculture Action Days after every single show in over 32 cities across the country.  Cities they visited include San Diego, Seattle, Boston, Orlando, Portland, and New York City.  At each of these Permaculture Action Days they planted public food forests, built community gardens, and completed diverse other projects that connected people to urban farms, ecological common spaces, and one another, often mobilizing up to 400 people at a time.

The tour was such a success the collective went on to organize a dozen more Permaculture Action Days before festivals and after shows in major cities, coordinate Permaculture Action Hubs (educational spaces within larger events), and teach three Permaculture Action Courses on ecological design, community organizing, and social change.  Festivals the organization has worked with include Envision Festival, Lucidity Festival, Symbiosis, Lightning in a Bottle, Summer Camp Music Festival, and Joshua Tree Music Festival.

In 2016, the organization began to work with music group Rising Appalachia to put on Permaculture Action Days at their shows including in New Orleans during Jazz Fest, before their first ever Red Rocks performance, and before their performance at Summer Camp Music Festival.

Permaculture Action Day

Permaculture Action Day is a one-day event that brings together folks from a particular bioregion, neighborhood, school, or cultural audience to create ecological common spaces together – places that help to facilitate the movement towards sustainable living between people and planet. These days both put the hands of its attendees to work directly implementing these systems – such as forest gardens, greenhouses, and rainwater catchment systems – as well as teaching the design process and skills that go into bringing these systems about.  Permaculture Action Days weave in workshops and skill-shares, music, shared meals, and other dynamic activities that build relationships between participants that last beyond the day itself, and lead to many more opportunities for community building and ecological revitalization.

References

External links
 Permaculture Action Network website

Horticultural organizations based in the United States
Permaculture organizations
Organizations with year of establishment missing

Permaculture Action Network


Mitchell Hahn (born 10 May 1981) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played 181 games for the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was the backline coach at the Brisbane Lions from October 2013 to 2016, and will be the NEAFL coach from 2017.

Originally from Brisbane in Queensland, he was chosen in the 1999 National AFL Draft at number 37, a trade the Bulldogs had received from Richmond in exchange for Leon Cameron.  As at the end of the 2005 season was part of the Bulldogs' leadership group.

The 2006 Record describes Hahn as being "immensely strong" with a "bullocking style of play". During a win against the Brisbane Lions at the Gabba in Round 18 2006, he hyperextended and severely injured his left knee upon landing after a running jump and laid on the ground clutching it. The game was held up as he was taken off on a stretcher. The injury forced him to miss the rest of the season and earlier parts of 2007. He was delisted by the Western Bulldogs on 10 November 2010, but was redrafted only through the Rookie Draft only weeks later. He has a son named Levi.

References

 AFL Record 2006 Season Preview, ed.  Michael Lovett, AFL Publishing.

External links

1981 births
Living people
Western Bulldogs players
Zillmere Eagles Australian Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Brisbane

Mitch Hahn


The Pace Grasso Stadium, formerly known as Schreiber Sports Ground, was a stadium in Paola, Malta. It was used mostly for football matches.

History
The site of the stadium was formerly occupied by Tal-Borg Battery, an artillery battery built by Maltese insurgents during the French blockade of 1798–1800. The battery was probably demolished during the early 19th century.

The stadium was built in 1946 by Captain Serafino Xuereb, who at that time was also the president of Hibernians, on land provided by the Governor of Malta of that time, Sir Edmond Schreiber. Fittingly, the stadium was named as Schreiber Sports Ground but eventually it was renamed to Pace Grasso Stadium in remembrance of Harry Grasso and Victor Pace, who were both killed by an explosion caused by fireworks intended to be used for Hibernians' post-FA Trophy celebrations. Hibernians had lost the match to Sliema Wanderers on penalties.

The Schreiber Sports Ground was inaugurated on 12 October 1946 with a match from the Minor League between Mosta Youngsters and Birżebbuġa St. Peter's. In 1959, the proprietor of the stadium, Mr Xuereb, passed on the ownership of the lease to the owners of the Empire Stadium in Gżira for the sum of £9,750. The new owners originally considered the prospect of demolishing the stadium and erect a new one and move to a home-and-away system, with the clubs to the north of Malta based in the Empire Stadium and those to the south based at the redeveloped Schreiber Sports Ground. These plans however never materialised. During the season 1977-78, the lease was terminated and the stadium was taken over by the Government of Malta.

The stadium used to host matches from the lower divisions of the Maltese football league but eventually was replaced by the modern Centenary Stadium in Ta' Qali.

Future
The stadium, which has since fallen in state of disrepair, was subject to a number of proposed developments. Ultimately, on 28 September 2017, the Planning Authority approved the construction of a regional health hub in the area. The project also entails the conversion of part of the Pace Grasso Stadium into temporary parking.

Violence
On 14 May 1967, violence broke out and three matches had to be abandoned.

See also

List of football stadiums in Malta

References

Defunct football venues in Malta
Tarxien

Pace Grasso Stadium


Vera Grabe Loewenherz is a Colombian anthropologist, politician, and former member of the Colombian guerrilla M-19, of which she was also a co-founder. She successfully rejoined society through a peace accord that permitted rebels to disarm and suffer no retaliation from the Government.

Under the banner of the M-19 Democratic Alliance, a political party spin-off of the former armed group, she was elected to Congress, first as Representative of the Chamber, and then as Senator of Colombia. In the Colombian presidential election of 2002 she ran as vice presidential candidate for Luis Eduardo Garzón in the Social and Political Front ticket.

She has worked as a diplomatic attachée on human rights with the Embassy of Colombia in Spain, Director of the NGO Observatorio para la Paz (1998–1999), professor and editor, and peace advocate.

References

1951 births
Living people
People from Bogotá
19th of April Movement members
Colombian women anthropologists
Colombian anthropologists
Colombian political scientists
Colombian women in politics
Colombian people of German descent
Members of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
Members of the Senate of Colombia
Colombian torture victims
Women in war in Colombia
Women in war 1945–1999
Women political scientists

Vera Grabe


Isabella (; 27 January 1216/ 25 January 1217 – 23 January 1252), also Isabel or Zabel, was queen regnant of Armenian Cilicia from 1219 until her death in 1252.

She was proclaimed queen under the regency of Adam of Baghras. After he was assassinated, Constantine of Baberon (of the Hethumid family) was nominated as guardian. At this juncture, Raymond-Roupen, grandson of Roupen III (the elder brother of Isabella's father, King Leo I), attempted to claim the throne of Cilicia for himself, but he was defeated, captured, and executed.

Constantine of Baberon was soon convinced to seek an alliance with Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch, and he arranged a marriage between the young princess and Philip, a son of Bohemond IV. Philip, however, offended the Armenians' sensibilities, and even despoiled the royal palace, sending the royal crown to Antioch; therefore, he was confined in a prison in Sis (now Kozan in Turkey), where he died, presumably poisoned.

The unhappy young Isabella was forced to marry Constantine of Barbaron's son, Hethum. Although for many years she refused to live with him, in the end she relented. The apparent unification in marriage of the two principal dynastic forces of Cilicia (the Roupenids and the Hethumids) ended a century of dynastic and territorial rivalry and brought the Hethumids to the forefront of political dominance in Cilician Armenia.

Early years
Isabella was the only child of King Leo I by his second wife, Sybilla of Cyprus.  She was betrothed to Andrew, the third son of King Andrew II of Hungary in 1218, but the betrothal was later broken in favor of a more advantageous Russian marriage for her bridegroom.

King Leo I died on May, 1219. On his death-bed, he named Isabella as his heir; and released the barons from their oath of allegiance to his great-nephew, Raymond-Roupen. But the claim of his five-year-old daughter was contested by Raymond-Roupen and by John of Brienne.

Isabella emerged as the favourite of the ruling Armenian nobles and thus she was proclaimed queen by acclamation and placed under the regency of Adam of Baghras. But Adam of Baghras was murdered after a few months; and the regency passed to the only remaining influential Armenian house, that of the Hethumian family whose head was Constantine of Barbaron.

John of Brienne's claim was based on his marriage to Leo I's older daughter Rita (Stephanie). Pope Honorius III recognized John of Brienne's claim that his wife or her son should succeed. John of Brienne received the Pope's permission to leave the Crusade and visit Cilician Armenia in February, 1220. But as he prepared to sail for Cilicia his Armenian wife died; and when their small son died a few weeks later, John of Brienne had no further claim on the Armenian throne.

Raymond-Roupen laid claim to the throne by virtue of lineage through his mother Alice, the niece of King Leo I. Moreover, he had long been considered as King Leo I's heir. Raymond-Roupen approached the crusaders at Damietta in 1219 for support in claiming Cilician Armenia, and was able to return in 1221 with some of them and promises from the Papal legate Pelagius. Raymond-Roupen found some Armenian support in and around Tarsus, notably Vahram, the castellan of Corycus. Together they conquered from Tarsus to Adana, but then met reverses and were forced to retire to Tarsus where Raymond-Roupen was captured and ended his days in prison in 1222; his infant daughters retired with their mother to Cyprus. This event left Isabella the sole and largely incontestable heir to her father's throne.

Wife of Philip of Antioch
Cilician Armenia, weakened by wars and in need of strong ally, found a temporary solution in a tie with the Principality of Antioch: the regent suggested that Prince Bohemond IV should send his fourth son, Philip, to marry Isabella, insisting only that the bridegroom should join the separated Armenian Church. Philip agreed to adopt the Armenian faith, communion and customs and to respect the privileges of all nations in Cilician Armenia.

Philip married Isabella at Sis in June 1222 and was accepted as king. The joint rule of Isabella and Philip was brief; Philip's disdain for the Armenian ritual, which he had promised to respect, and his marked favoritism to the Latin barons angered the Armenian nobility. Philip spent as much time as possible in Antioch.

When it was rumored that Philip wanted to give the crown and throne to Antioch, Constantine of Barbaron led a revolt at the end of 1224. Philip and Isabella were seized at Tall Hamdun (today Toprakkale in Turkey) on their way to Antioch and taken back to Sis, where Philip was imprisoned and probably poisoned at the beginning of 1225.

On the death of her husband, Isabella decided to embrace monastic life and fled to Silifke Castle. She sought refuge with the Hospitallers. The latter were unwilling to give her up to Constantine of Barbaron, but feared the powerful regent; they eased their conscience by selling him the fortress with Isabella in it.

Bohemond IV, in anger, was determined on war, although such a conflict had been expressly forbidden by the pope as harmful for all Christendom. Bohemond IV called in as ally the sultan at Iconium, Kai-Qobad I, and ravaged upper Cilicia in 1225. Constantine of Barbaron arranged for the regent of Aleppo, Toghril, to advance on Antioch. When the latter attacked Baghras, Bohemond IV had to return to his own lands.

Wife of Hethum of Barbaron

Isabella was forced into marriage with Constantine of Barbaron's son who was subsequently crowned King Hetum I in Tarsus in June 1226. She is said to have refused to consummate the marriage for several years.

Constantine of Barbaron now thought it wise to reconcile Armenia with the Papacy: loyal messengers were sent in the name of the young couple to the Pope and to the Emperor Frederick II. Although Bohemond IV and later his son, Bohemond V attempted to persuade the Pope to arrange a divorce between Isabella and Hethum, but both he and King Henry I of Cyprus were specifically forbidden by Rome to attack the Armenians.  The marriage was legalized by Rome in 1237.

There is evidence that Isabella shared a degree of royal power, for we learn from several sources that she co-signed with her husband an official deed transferring to the Knights of the Teutonic Order the strategic castle and town of Haronie.

She was buried in the monastery of Trazarg.

Marriages and children
# (1)  25 January 1221 – 24 January 1222: Philip of Antioch (? – Sis, 1225/1226)

# (2)  14 May 1226: Hethum I, king of Cilician Armenia (1215 –  28 October 1270)
Euphemia (? – 1309), the wife of Julian of Sidon (? –  12 January 1275/ 11 January 1276)
Sybilla (? – 1290), the wife of Prince Bohemond VI of Antioch (c. 1237 – May/ 11 July 1275)
Rita (? – ?), the wife of Constantine of Servantikar
Leo II, king of Cilician Armenia ( 24 January 1236/ 23 January 1237 –  6 February 1289)
Thoros (1244 –  24 August 1266)
Isabella (? – c. 1268)
Marie, who married Guy of Ibelin, son of Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus.

Ancestors

Footnotes

Sources

Edwards, Robert W.: The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII; Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 1987, Washington, D.C.;
Engel, Pál (Author) – Pálosfalvi, Tamás (Translator): The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526; I.B. Tauris, 2005, London and New York;
Ghazarian, Jacob G: The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393); Routledge Curzon (Taylor & Francis Group), 2000, Abingdon;

1210s births
1252 deaths
Armenian people of Cypriot descent
Queens regnant in Asia
Hethumid dynasty
13th-century women rulers
Year of birth unknown
Monarchs of the Rubenid dynasty
Armenian princesses
13th-century Armenian people
13th-century Armenian women

Isabella, Queen of Armenia


William Henry Kearns (1794 – 28 December 1846) was an Irish violinist, conductor and composer active mainly in England.

Biography
Kearns was born in Dublin and, like many of his Irish contemporaries, emigrated to England where he settled at least since 1817. Nothing is known about his musical education, but in London he was employed as a violinist in the orchestra of the Covent Garden opera house (principal first violin for the season 1818–9) and as organist at the Verulam Episcopal Chapel, Lambeth. On 16 July 1817 his operetta Bachelor's Wives, or The British at Brussels received its first performance at the English Opera House (EOH) and "enjoyed a substantial run". Kearns did not compose any further operas, but was later employed at the EOH as musical advisor to the directors, Samuel James Arnold and William Hawes. He also conducted noteworthy performances of Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischütz, Louis Spohr's Zemire und Azor and Giacomo Meyerbeer's Robert le diable. Weber's original copy of the overture to Oberon was given to Kearns by William Hawes in 1827 "as a token of regard and friendship". He also didn't give up the violin; among other events he played at the Royal Musical Festival held at Westminster Abbey in 1834.

For George Smart's 1831 adaptation of Spohr's opera, Kearns composed the piano accompaniments, later having the same role for an 1839 London performance of Joseph Haydn's The Seasons and an 1837 performance of August Ferdinand Haeser's oratorio The Triumph of Faith. In 1845, he produced an adaptation of Deh prendi un dolce amplesso from Mozart's La clemenza di Tito, which became The Young Protestant's Hymn ("We won't give up the bible"). Kearns also composed additional wind accompaniments to Handel's Messiah and Israel in Egypt. Together with Henry John Gauntlett, he was co-editor of The Comprehensive Tune Book (London, 1846). Kearns died in London.

Bibliography
 John Parry: An Account of the Royal Musical Festival held in Westminster Abbey 1834 (London, 1834), p. 34.
 Theodore Fenner: Opera in London. Views of the Press, 1785–1830 (Carbondale, Illinois: SIU Press, 1994), p. 378.

References

1794 births
1846 deaths
19th-century Irish classical composers
19th-century Irish male musicians
19th-century Irish conductors (music)
Irish expatriates in the United Kingdom
Irish male classical composers
Irish opera composers
19th-century Irish violinists
Male opera composers
Irish male violinists
Musicians from Dublin (city)

William Henry Kearns


Brigadier Francis Herman Barclay Ingall,  (24 October 1908 – 21 August 1998) was a British Indian Army officer. He was the founding commandant of the Pakistan Military Academy.

Francis Ingall was born on 24 October 1908 in Oxted, Surrey, and was educated at Hurstpierpoint.

In 1927, he joined the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant onto the Unattached List of the British Indian Army on 31 January 1929. After arriving in British India, he was attached to the 2nd battalion of the Essex Regiment on 23 March 1929. On 23 April 1930 he transferred to the Indian Army and joined the 6th Lancers, which had descended from regiments of Bengal Lancers of the Bengal Army. Ingall saw action in the North-West Frontier Province during 1930–31.

He transferred to the Army Remount Department, India on 21 September 1934 and was appointed permanently in early 1938, serving as the Assistant Remount Officer, Sargoda Remount Depot (1934–36). Later he served Shahpur Area (1937–38) and Shahpur Remount Depot (1939–40).

During the Second World War, Ingall was the commandant of the Indian Armoured Corps Officer Training School at Ahmednagar in India. He later rejoined the 6th Lancers and participated in the Italian campaign. He was the second in command and in 1945 temporarily commanded 6th Lancers. During the Italian Campaign, he was Mentioned in Despatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

In 1947, Ingall became the founder Commandant of the Pakistan Military Academy and continued to remain so till 1951. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by the British Government for his vital service to Pakistan by founding Pakistan Military Academy.

He officially retired from the British Indian Army a major on 1 January 1949, but remained on the Special List (Ex-Indian Army) British Army while employed with Pakistan Armed Forces. He ceased to be employed with Pakistan Armed Forces on 18 April 1951 and was appointed honorary brigadier on the same date.

Later he migrated to the United States. In 1982, he was appointed the Honorary Consul General of Pakistan in California, United States. His autobiography The Last of the Bengal Lancers was published in 1988.

He died on 21 August 1998.

References

Notes

Obituary
 Indian Army List (various dates)

1908 births
1998 deaths
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British Indian Army officers
Indian Army personnel of World War II
English emigrants to the United States
People from Oxted
English expatriates in Pakistan

Francis Ingall


Los caprichos (The Caprices) is a set of 80 prints in aquatint and etching created by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya in 1797–1798, and published as an album in 1799. The prints were an artistic experiment: a medium for Goya's condemnation of the universal follies and foolishness in the Spanish society in which he lived. The criticisms are far-ranging and acidic; the images expose the predominance of superstition, the ignorance and inabilities of the various members of the ruling class, pedagogical short-comings, marital mistakes and the decline of rationality. Some of the prints have anticlerical themes. Goya described the series as depicting "the innumerable foibles and follies to be found in any civilized society, and from the common prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, ignorance or self-interest have made usual".

Goya added brief explanations of each image to a manuscript, now in the Museo del Prado, which help explain his often cryptic intentions, as do the titles printed below each image.
Despite the relatively vague language of Goya's captions in the Caprichos, as well as Goya's public announcement that his themes were from the "extravagances and follies common to all society," they were likely interpreted as references to well-known governmental and/or aristocratic figures. As he explained in the announcement, Goya chose subjects "from the multitude of follies and blunders common in every civil society, as well as from the vulgar prejudices and lies authorized by custom, ignorance or interest, those that he has thought most suitable matter for ridicule". Nonetheless, the Caprichos were withdrawn from sale after a brief period of time.

The work was a tour-de-force critique of 18th-century Spain, and humanity in general, from the point of view of the Enlightenment. The informal style, as well as the depiction of contemporary society found in Caprichos, makes them (and Goya himself) a precursor to the modernist movement almost a century later. The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters in particular has attained an iconic status.

Goya's series, and the last group of prints in his series The Disasters of War, which he called "caprichos enfáticos" ("emphatic caprices"), are far from the spirit of light-hearted fantasy the term "caprice" usually suggests in art.

History
Los caprichos were withdrawn from public sale very shortly after their release in 1799, after only 27 copies of the set had been purchased. In 1803, Goya offered the Caprichos''' copper plates and the first edition's unsold sets to King Charles IV in return for a pension for his son.
Later in life, Goya wrote that he had felt it prudent to withdraw the prints from circulation due to the Inquisition.

Subsequently, the set has been very influential, and not only in the visual arts. Its influence can be seen, for example, in:
 Granados' piano suite Goyescas, a work which has entered the standard piano repertory since its 2 parts were premiered in 1911 and 1914 respectively. It includes a number called El amor y la muerte (a title shared with no. 10 of the caprichos)
 Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco's guitar work 24 caprichos de Goya, Op. 195 (1961)

Gallery

See also
List of works by Francisco Goya

Notes

References
 Albert Boime, A Social History of Modern Art. University of Chicago Press, 1991. .
 John J. Ciofalo, "Quixotic Dreams of Reason." The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
 Francisco Goya, Los Caprichos''. New York: Dover Publications, 1969.

Further reading

External links
 Caprichos (PDF in the Arno Schmidt Reference Library)
Translation of the 1799 Advertisement for sale of the series
Pruebas de estado

1799 books
1797 prints
1798 prints
Capric
18th-century etchings
Satirical works
Anti-clerical art

Los caprichos


Thomas Eje (born March 15, 1957) is a Danish actor and entertainer. Considered one of the most popular entertainers in Denmark, he trained at the Odense Conservatory of Music and as an actor at the Aarhus Theatre, and has appeared in musicals and been honored with the Årets Dirch at the annual Danish "Review of Revues", but is best known for his work with comedy trio Linie 3 together with Preben Kristensen and Anders Bircow, as well as for a number of one-man shows. On November 15, 2006 he made his Las Vegas debut at the Suncoast Casino, under the moniker Tom Dane. After four years in Las Vegas he returned to Denmark, and Linie 3 held a successful comeback show followed by a tour.
Eje is accredited for his musical talent, being able to play "an impressive number" of different musical instruments.

Eje is married to the English Artist Katherine Scrivens.

References

External links

Thomas Eje Website

Danish male actors
1957 births
Living people

Thomas Eje


John Kevin Mara ( ; born December 1, 1954) is the president, CEO, and co-owner of the New York Giants.

Early life
Mara was born in New York City and grew up in White Plains, a nearby suburb. He is the eldest son of Ann Mara (née Mumm) and late Giants owner Wellington Mara. Mara graduated from Iona Preparatory School in New Rochelle, graduated from Boston College in 1976 with a Bachelor of Science in marketing, graduating with Cum Laude honors. Mara earned his Juris Doctor degree from Fordham University School of Law in 1979. He specialized in labor and employment law and litigation at two Manhattan firms prior to joining the Giants.

Professional career

New York Giants

Mara joined the Giants in 1991, serving as general counsel and later as executive vice president and chief operating officer until his father's death in 2005, when he assumed the team's presidency. Mara and Tisch were at the forefront of the planning and negotiations for MetLife Stadium, which opened in 2010.

Under John Mara and Steve Tisch, the Giants have won Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI.

Criticism
Despite winning two Super Bowls during his tenure as owner, Mara was criticized in the late 2010s and early 2020s for being too loyal to longtime Giants employees.

In September 2021, he was booed by fans while speaking at Eli Manning's number retirement and Ring of Honor ceremony, and didn't address the crowd that November when the team retired Michael Strahan's number.

Mara was also criticized for keeping Dave Gettleman throughout his four-year tenure, and instead allowing Gettleman to retire at the end of the 2021 season.

Additional work in NFL
Mara has served for 15 years on the NFL Competition Committee, which suggests rule and policy changes to all NFL teams. He is the current chairman of the NFL Management Council Executive Committee. He played an important role in the negotiations for the 2011 and 2020 collective bargaining agreements. Mara, alongside Steve Tisch and Woody Johnson, brought Super Bowl XLVIII to MetLife Stadium in February 2014.

Personal life
Mara is the third generation of his family to own the Giants. His grandfather, Tim, founded the team in 1925. Tim's sons, Wellington and Jack (John's uncle), inherited the team in 1959, when Tim died. Among NFL franchises, only the Chicago Bears (controlled by the Halas-McCaskey family since 1921) have been in the hands of one family longer than the Giants.

He and his wife, Denise W. Mara, have one son, John Jr., and four daughters, Lauren, Courtney, Christine, and Erin.
He is also an uncle to actresses Rooney Mara and Kate Mara.

Mara serves on the board of directors of Saint Vincent's Hospital in Harrison, New York and Boys Hope Girls Hope of New York.

References

External links
New York Giants bio

1954 births
Carroll School of Management alumni
Fordham University School of Law alumni
Living people
Iona Preparatory School alumni
John
National Football League team presidents
New York Giants executives
New York Giants owners
People from White Plains, New York

John Mara


Mark Radice (born November 23, 1957) is an American singer, musician, songwriter, and producer. Since the early 1970s he has worked with a variety of different artists while also achieving success with his own material. He is a multi-instrumentalist and is credited with writing more than 5,500 songs.

Early life
Mark Radice was born in Newark, New Jersey in 1957, and from 1968 to 1982 he lived in nearby Nutley, where he was inducted into the Nutley Hall of Fame in 2019. His father Gene Radice was a well-known recording engineer who worked with Jimi Hendrix, Velvet Underground, Lovin' Spoonful, Janis Ian, the Four Seasons, Cowsills, Mamas & the Papas, The Tokens, Vanilla Fudge, and many more. Mark Radice began writing songs, after teaching himself guitar while listening to Beatles albums, at the age of seven.

Career
In 1964, at age of seven, Radice was signed to RCA Records. His single "Natural Morning" was later covered by Frankie Valli. In 1967 while signed to Decca Records he released "10,000 Year Old Blues", which featured the 20-year-old Steven Tyler. His first full-length self-titled LP was released in 1971 on Paramount Records. The song "Hey, My Love" was later covered by Dion and Mark Holden.

In 1973 Radice was invited by Donovan to move to England, where he would contribute to Donovan's album 7-Tease album and the associated tour. In 1976, Radice released his second solo album Ain't Nothin' But A Party, featuring Brass Construction. The album included the hit single "If You Can't Beat 'Em Join 'Em."

As a writer for EMI Publishing in the 1970s, he collaborated with artists such as Michael Bolton, Eddie Money, Dave Edmunds, Barbra Streisand, Barry Manilow, Johnny Mathis, Helix, Cheap Trick, Aldo Nova, Deodato, Phyllis Hyman, Jetboy, Box of Frogs, Gene Simmons, Shark Island, Jennifer Rush, and The Muppets. In a chance encounter in a Los Angeles hotel lobby, Radice ran into Steven Tyler who asked him to tour with Aerosmith on keyboards and backing vocals. Radice appeared on Aerosmith's 1978 live album Live! Bootleg. In the mid-1980s Radice toured with Cheap Trick and appeared on their album Standing on the Edge. In the 1990s he toured with blues musician Matt "Guitar" Murphy.

Radice was introduced to Jim Henson by Phil Ramone and wrote 50-plus songs for The Muppets franchise over eight years, including for the film Elmo's Christmas Countdown. From 2005 to 2011 Radice wrote 160 songs for Sesame Street, including rearranging the original theme in 2008. Radice was nominated for three Emmy Awards for his work on Sesame Street.

In 2012 he moved to Tennessee where he became involved with the Children's Media Studio and wrote 27 songs, one for each letter of the alphabet plus a "new" alphabet song, for the Sing and Spell Learning Letters project. In 2019, that project became an animated television show currently showing regionally in various test areas. Radice has also been employed DigiTrax Entertainment in Knoxville since 2013. In 2016 Radice released the limited-edition Audio Quicksand compilation spanning his songwriting career.

Solo discography

Albums
Mark Radice (1971)
Ain't Nothin' but a Party (1976)
Intense (1977)
Store in a Cool Dry Place (1993)
Generation Why (2004)
Stay Tuned (2007)
Generation Why (2008)
Sing and Spell Learning Letters (2013)
Audio Quicksand (2016)

Singles

 "Natural morning" / "You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth" (1968)
 "10,000 Year Old Blues" / "Three Cheers (for the Sad Man)" (1968)
 "Richest Man in the World" / "Girl by the Meter" (1969)
 "Save Your Money" / "Wooden Girl" (1972)
 "Your Love is Like Fire" / "Hey My Love" (1972)
 "Hey My Love" / "Your Love is Like Fire" (1972)
 "New Day" / "Take Me to the Park" (1972)
 "If You Can't Beat 'em, Join 'em" / "The Whole Wide World Ain't Nothin' But a Party" (1976)
 "The Answer is You" / "Monkey See Monkey Do" (1976)
 "It's You My Love" / "Love is Free" (1977) United Artists 5C 006-60377

References

External links
Mark Radice on iMDB
Reverbnation
The Longneck Goodbye
WDVX interview
MARK RADICE DISCOGRAPHY
Remembering Mark Radice

1957 births
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
Record producers from New Jersey
American rock keyboardists
Musicians from Newark, New Jersey
People from Nutley, New Jersey
People from Sevierville, Tennessee
Sesame Street music
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Record producers from Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

Mark Radice


Álvaro Mejía Florez (15 May 1940 – 12 January 2021) was a Colombian long-distance runner. He competed in the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games 5,000 meter final. He was born in Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.

Mejía competed in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics in the 10,000 meters and in the 1972 Munich Olympics.

Mejía also won the 1971 Boston Marathon. He won a bronze medal at the 1971 Pan American Games in the 10,000 metres. Mejía won the Saint Silvester Road Race in 1966.

Mejía died on 12 January 2021 in Bogotá, Colombia at the age of 80.

References

1940 births
2021 deaths
Long-distance runners
Colombian Olympians
Sportspeople from Medellín

Álvaro Mejía (athlete)


Albert Henry Loeb (February 18, 1868 – October 27, 1924) was a Chicago attorney and the former vice president and treasurer of Sears, Roebuck and Co. Loeb was the brother of Jacob Loeb, the former president of the Chicago Board of Education and was also the father of convicted murderer Richard Albert Loeb of the infamous Leopold and Loeb.

Early years
Albert Henry Loeb was born to a Jewish family in Rockford, Illinois. Loeb married Anna H. Bohnen on April 26, 1894.  The couple settled in the Kenwood neighborhood on Chicago's south side and had four sons: Allan, Ernest, Richard, and Thomas.  In addition to their Kenwood mansion, Loeb built a summer estate for the family called Loeb Farms in 1918, in Charlevoix, Michigan. Part of the property was purchased from the Loebs in 1962, was renamed Castle VanHaver and hosted an art gallery. It was again sold in 1969 and was renamed Castle Farms.

Career
Loeb did not attend law school.  Rather, he was admitted to the bar by examination in 1889, a common practice at the time. In 1893, Loeb and Sydney Adler founded their law partnership in Chicago, Illinois, which specialized in corporate and real estate law. The firm is now known as Saul Ewing Arnstein & Lehr, LLP.

In 1895, Sears Roebuck and Co. became a client of Loeb & Adler when Aaron Nusbaum and Richard Warren Sears retained the firm to draft reorganization documents, which gave ½ of the stock to Richard Sears and ½ to Rosenwald and Nusbaum and, on September 7, 1895, incorporated the company in Illinois as Sears, Roebuck and Co. of Illinois.  Loeb was given four shares of stock, two from each of the sides, which would enable him to break a tie vote should the occasion arise.  Loeb, remaining with the Firm of Loeb & Adler, became general counsel of the new company. In 1901 Loeb left the practice of law and became the corporate secretary of Sears, Roebuck and Co.  In 1908 Loeb was appointed vice president and treasurer of Sears. Loeb and Julius Rosenwald, the Chairman of Sears, maintained a close relationship throughout their professional lives.  It has been said that Rosenwald never made an important decision without asking Loeb's advice.

Leopold and Loeb murder trial
In 1924, Loeb's second son Richard, and Richard's friend Nathan Leopold, kidnapped and killed Bobby Franks, a 14-year-old neighborhood boy.  Upon his son's arrest, the elder Loeb contacted attorney Charles Lederer, who was a member of Loeb's former law firm and active in Chicago politics.  Lederer, who maintained a personal friendship with the Cook County District Attorney, requested on Loeb's behalf that the D.A. release Richard Loeb, but the request was refused.  The Loeb family considered retaining Lederer and Lederer's law partner (and former U.S. Senator) J. Hamilton Lewis to defend Leopold and Loeb since both were well-known Chicago trial lawyers.  However, the firm declined due to the relationship with the elder Loeb and client Sears, Roebuck and Co.  Instead, the Loeb family retained Clarence Darrow.

Albert Loeb had suffered an initial heart attack a few days before the murder of Bobby Franks and remained in poor health. He accordingly retired to the family's Charlevoix estate and remained there in seclusion during the period of the trial. During his enforced absence Loeb's brother Jacob and eldest son Allan represented the family, attending the court hearings while liaising with Darrow and other involved parties.

The elder Loeb made a partial recovery at Charlevoix and returned to Chicago shortly after the conclusion of the trial. However he died of a second heart attack on October 28, 1924, less than two months after his son Richard was sentenced to life plus ninety-nine years on September 10.

References

1868 births
1924 deaths
Businesspeople from Chicago
Jewish American attorneys
Illinois lawyers
Sears Holdings people
People from Rockford, Illinois
19th-century American lawyers

Albert Henry Loeb


Mecoptera (from the Greek: meco- = "long", -ptera = "wings") are an order of insects with about 550 species in nine families worldwide. Mecoptera are sometimes called scorpionflies after their largest family Panorpidae, in which the males have enlarged genitals that look similar to the stinger of a scorpion. The Bittacidae, or hangingflies, are a prominent family of elongate insects known for their elaborate mating rituals, in which females choose mates based on the quality of gift prey offered by various males.

Insects

Mecoptera


Johannes Engebretsen Belsheim (21 January 1829 – 15 July 1909) was a Norwegian teacher, priest, translator and biographer.

Johannes Belsheim was born  in the village of Thorpegardane at Vang in Oppland. He attended Asker Seminary in Akershus. Belsheim took matriculation in 1858.  He attended Heltberg's school which prepared students for admission exams at the university and in 1861 he took his Degree in Theology. He was a teacher in Grue in Solør from 1856 and at Porsgrunn in Telemark during 1862. He served as rector of Vefsn teacher's college (Vefsn lærerskole) in Nordland during 1863. He was assigned as vicar in Sør-Varanger in 1864 and at Bjelland in Vest-Agder from 1870 to 1875.

As a writer, his topics covered several themes.  He is principally associated with his  studies of Biblical manuscripts, including the Codex Aureus, Codex Gigas, Codex Corbeiensis I, Codex Palatinus, Codex Veronensis, and Codex Claromontanus V. He also wrote a biography of Ivar Aasen.

Works
 Codex aureus, sive quattuor evangelia ante Hieronymum Latine translata (1878)
 Palimpsestus vindobonensis antiqvissimae veteris testamenti: translationis Latinae fragmenta (1885)
 Das Evangelium des Markus, Christiana Videnskabs-Selskabs Forhandlinger 9 (Christiana, 1885).
 Evangelium secundum Matthaeum,  Christiania 1892
 Evangelium palatinum: reliqvias IV Evangeliorum ante Hieronymum latine (1896)
Ivar Aasen. En Levnetsskildring  (1901)
 Codex veronensis; quattuor Euangelia ante Hieronymum latine translata eruta & codice scripto ut videtur saeculo quarto vel quinto in Bibliotheca episcopali veronensi asservato et ex Josephi Blanchini editione principe (Pragae 1904)

References

External links

1829 births
1909 deaths
People from Vang, Oppland
19th-century Norwegian Lutheran clergy
Norwegian translators
Norwegian biographers
Male biographers
Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour
19th-century translators
19th-century Norwegian male writers

Johannes Belsheim


Herbert Rodney "Hub" Perdue (June 7, 1882 – October 31, 1968), also known as The Gallatin Squash was a professional baseball player who played pitcher in the Major Leagues from 1911 to 1915. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Braves. He later managed the Nashville Volunteers in the Southern Association in 1921.

Professional career
Perdue played his first professional season in 1906 with the minor league Vincennes Alices of the Class D Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League. From 1907 to 1910, he pitched for the Class A Nashville Vols of the Southern Association. He led all pitchers in the league with 23 wins in 1909.

He was drafted by the Brooklyn Superbas of the National League from Nashville on September 1, 1910, in the Rule 5 draft. Before the beginning of the 1911 season, Perdue was selected off waivers by the Boston Rustlers. He then played with the Rustlers, later to become the Boston Braves, from 1911 to 1914. After four seasons of play, he accumulated a 37–44 (.457) win–loss record with a 4.03 earned run average (ERA) and struck out 245 batters. In 1912, he and Grover Cleveland Alexander lead the league in fewest home runs allowed, having yielded only eleven.

The Braves traded Perdue to the National League's St. Louis Cardinals for outfielders Ted Cather and Possum Whitted on June 28, 1914. He pitched with the Cardinals for the rest of the 1914 season and in 1915. At the end of two seasons, his record with St. Louis was 14–20 (.412) with a 3.42 ERA and 72 strikeouts. This was Perdue's final stretch in the majors. His career major league record was 51–64 (.443) with a 3.85 ERA and 317 strikeouts.

In 1916, he played with the American Association's Louisville Colonels. He continued with the Colonels in 1917, but also pitched for the Southern Association's Chattanooga Lookouts. The 1918 season was split between the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association and the Southern Association's New Orleans Pelicans. After playing with the Pelicans again in 1919 and 1920, Perdue returned to the Nashville Vols in 1920. He did not play in 1921, but played with the Texas League's Shreveport Gassers and Wichita Falls Spudders in 1922. His final professional season was the 1923 campaign which he spent with the Charlotte Hornets of the South Atlantic League. His career minor league record was 168–129 (.566).

References

External links

Society for American Baseball Research biography

1882 births
1968 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Tennessee
Boston Rustlers players
Boston Braves players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Minor league baseball managers
Vincennes Alices players
Nashville Vols managers
Nashville Vols players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players
Shreveport Gassers players
Wichita Falls Spudders players
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players

Hub Perdue


Raymond Mailloux (May 1, 1918 – July 26, 1995) was a Quebec politician and Cabinet Minister. A member of the Quebec Liberal Party, he was the Member of National Assembly of Quebec (Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1962 to 1968) for the Charlevoix riding from 1962 to 1985.

Born in Baie-Saint-Paul, Quebec, Mailloux worked as a ship captain from the end of his studies at the Quebec Marine Institute (in French) until 1943. He was a manager and worked an insurance company. He was also a member of the Charlevoix Chamber of Commerce in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Prior to his entry at the National Assembly of Quebec, he also served as a municipal councillor in Baie-Saint-Paul.

He was first elected as MLA in Charlevoix in the 1962 elections and re-elected for five other terms until the 1985 elections. He served as the Minister for Roads (1970–1972), Minister of Public Works (1970–1972 and 1973–1975) and Procurement (1973–1975) and Minister of Transports (1973–1976) in the government of Robert Bourassa.

References

External links

1918 births
1995 deaths
People from Baie-Saint-Paul
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
French Quebecers

Raymond Mailloux


Harry Samuels, OBE (1893 – 1976) was a British barrister and political activist.

Born in Liverpool, Samuels was educated at the University of Oxford.  While there, he joined the Fabian Society, and became increasingly active in the organisation, serving on its executive committee, as its local government adviser, and writing numerous books and tracts for the society.

In 1923, Samuels became a barrister, and was soon reviewing legal cases for the Journal of Industrial Welfare.  He joined the Industrial Welfare Society, and by 1930 was lecturing for the organisations.  He became its legal counsel, serving until 1970.  He also had an interest in tenants' rights, and for 25 years he chaired the Islington and East London Rent Tribunal.  He was a member of the Anglo-Jewish Association, B'nai B'rith, and the Board of Deputies.

Samuels stood unsuccessfully for the Labour Party in Sheffield Ecclesall at the 1929 United Kingdom general election, in Fulham East at the 1931 London County Council election, and then in Paddington North at the 1934 London County Council election.

In 1958, Samuels was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

Samuels' children included Michael, who became a historical linguist, and Miriam, an actor.

References

1893 births
1976 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English barristers
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Members of the Fabian Society
Lawyers from Liverpool
20th-century English lawyers

Harry Samuels


A wrecking yard (Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian English), scrapyard (Irish, British and New Zealand English) or junkyard (American English) is the location of a business in dismantling where wrecked or decommissioned vehicles are brought, their usable parts are sold for use in operating vehicles, while the unusable metal parts, known as scrap metal parts, are sold to metal-recycling companies. Other terms include wreck yard, wrecker's yard, salvage yard, breaker's yard, dismantler and scrapheap. In the United Kingdom, car salvage yards are known as car breakers, while motorcycle salvage yards are known as bike breakers. In Australia, they are often referred to as 'Wreckers'.

Types of wreck yards

The most common type of wreck yards are automobile wreck yards, but junkyards for motorcycles, bicycles, trucks, buses, small airplanes and boats or trains exist too.

Scrapyard
A scrapyard is a recycling center that buys and sells scrap metal. Scrapyards are effectively a scrap metal brokerage. Scrapyards typically buy any base metal; for example, iron, steel, stainless steel, brass, copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, and lead would all be found at a modern-day scrapyard. Scrapyards will often buy electronics, appliances, and metal vehicles. Scrapyards will sell their accumulations of metals either to refineries or larger scrap brokers. Metal theft is committed so thieves can sell stolen copper or other stolen valuable metals to scrapyards.

Operation

When an automobile is severely damaged, has malfunctioned beyond repair, or is not worth the repair, the owner may sell it to a junkyard. In some cases, when the car has become disabled in a place where derelict cars are not allowed to be left, the car owner will pay the wrecker to haul the car away. Salvage yards also buy most of the wrecked, derelict, and abandoned vehicles that are sold at auction from police impound storage lots, and often buy vehicles from insurance tow yards as well. The salvage yard offer car removal services, allowing individuals to dispose of their old, non-functional vehicles responsibly, will usually tow the vehicle from the location of its purchase to the yard, but occasionally vehicles are driven in.  At the salvage yard, the automobiles are typically arranged in rows, often stacked on top of one another. Some yards keep inventories in their offices, as to the usable parts in each car, as well as the car's location in the yard. Many yards have computerized inventory systems. About 75% of any given vehicle can be recycled and used for other goods.

In recent years it is becoming increasingly common to use satellite part finder services to contact multiple salvage yards from a single source. In the 20th century, these were call centres that charged a premium rate for calls and compiled a facsimile that was sent to various salvage yards so they could respond directly if the part was in stock. Many of these are now Web-based with requests for parts being e-mailed instantly.

Often parts for which there is high demand are removed from cars and brought to the salvage yard's warehouse. Then a customer who asks for a specific part can obtain it immediately, without having to wait for the salvage yard employees to remove that part. Some salvage yards expect customers to remove the part themselves (known as "self-service yards"), or allow this at a substantially reduced price compared to having the junkyard's staff remove it.  This style of the yard is often referred to as a "You Pull It" yard.

However, it is more common for a customer to call in and inquire whether the specific item they need is available. If the yard has the requested item, the customer is usually instructed to leave a deposit and to come to pick up the part at a later time. The part is usually installed by the customer or agent ("the customer's mechanic"); however, some salvage yards also provide installation services.

The parts usually dismantled from automobiles are generally any that can be resold such as the light assemblies (commonly known as just "lights", e.g. headlights, blinkers, taillights), seats, parts of the exhaust system, mirrors, hubcaps, etc. Late-model vehicles will often have entire halves or portions of the body removed and stored on shelves as inventory. Other major parts such as the engine and transmission are often removed and sold, usually to auto-parts companies that will rebuild the part and resell it with a warranty, or will sell the components as-is in used condition, either with or without warranty. Other, usually very large, junkyards will rebuild and sell such parts themselves. Unbroken windshields and windows may also be removed intact and resold to car owners needing replacements. Some salvage yards will sell damaged or wrecked, but repairable vehicles to amateur car builders, or older vehicles to collectors, who will restore ("rebuild") the car for their own use or entertainment, or sometimes for resale. These people are known as "rebuilders".

Once vehicles in a wrecking yard do not have more usable parts, the hulks are usually sold to a scrap-metal processor, who will usually crush the bodies on-site at the yard's premises using a mobile baling press, shredder, or flattener, with final disposal occurring within a hammer mill which smashes the vehicle remains into fist-sized chunks. These chunks are then sold by multiple tons for further processing and recycling.

Gallery

See also
Historischer Autofriedhof Gürbetal, Swiss wrecking yard which resembles a museum
Vehicle graveyard
Vehicle recycling
Victory Auto Wreckers

Bibliography
 Junkyards, Gearheads and Rust, salvaging the automotive past, David N. Lucsko, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016

References

External links
10 Surprising Junkyard Finds

Recycling industry
Vehicle recycling
Waste collection

Wrecking yard


Theagenes (, floruit 470s–480s) was an Athenian politician.

Biography
A native of Athens, Theagenes belonged to a wealthy and aristocratic family that claimed descent from Miltiades and Plato. He had a wife, Asclepideneia, who was the great-granddaughter of the Neoplatonic philosopher Plutarch of Athens. He also had a son called Hegias.

He was a Roman senator, a patricius and an archon. He was a supporter of the Neoplatonic school of Proclus. After Proclus' death however, Theagenes came into conflict with the school's headmasters, as he used its patronage to increase his own prestige. He was a supporter of Pamprepius when the poet went to Athens, but later they fell out (Theagenes styled himself a philosopher, while Pamprepius' ambition was to become the best philosopher) and Pamprepius was forced to leave the city.

A panegyric dedicated to Theagenes, probably written by Pamprepius, exists.

Notes

Patricii
5th-century Byzantine people
Byzantine Athenians
Late-Roman-era pagans

Theagenes (patrician)


Arthur Boyd Hancock (June 26, 1875 - April 1, 1957) was a breeder of thoroughbred racehorses who established Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky, United States.

Born at Ellerslie Estate in Albemarle County, Virginia, near Charlottesville, Arthur Hancock was a brother to scholar and educator Harris Hancock (1867-1944). Their father, Capt. Richard Johnson Hancock, owned Ellerslie Stud in Albemarle County and Arthur chose to follow in his father's footsteps. Racing in partnership with Major Thomas W. Doswell, Capt. Hancock won the 1884 Preakness Stakes with Knight of Ellerslie.

In 1908, Arthur Hancock married Nancy Tucker Clay of Paris, Kentucky who inherited a family farm property they named Claiborne Farm. Arthur Hancock expanded the Ellerslie Stud to his wife's Kentucky property and eventually transferred the bulk of his operation there. In 1946, Arthur Hancock sold Ellerslie Stud to Robert Schlesinger.

Importing breeding stock from Europe Arthur Hancock made Claiborne Farm an international leader in breeding, sales, and racing. He bred Vigil, the 1923 Preakness Stakes winner. Among his famous sires was Sir Gallahad III purchased from France who was the leading sire in 1930, 1933, 1934, and 1940 and who sired 1930 U.S. Triple Crown winner Gallant Fox. Hancock was part of a 1936 consortium that imported Blenheim from England and in 1944 he purchased Princequillo who became the leading U.S. sire for 1957 and 1958.

During his lifetime, Arthur Hancock was active in various institutions that helped his industry. He served as president of the Thoroughbred Horse Association, was a voting trustee of the Keeneland Association on its establishment in 1936, and was part of the executive of the Kentucky State Racing Commission.

In 2018, Arthur Hancock was posthumously voted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame as one of its esteemed Pillars of the Turf.

In 1945, Hancock suffered a heart attack then two years later, the first of several strokes. As a result, Arthur Jr. took over the running of the business. Arthur Hancock died in 1957.

References

 Hancock family papers at Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University
 University of Kentucky family profile
 Stone Farm official website with brief Hancock family history

Johns Hopkins University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Businesspeople from Kentucky
American racehorse owners and breeders
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
1875 births
1957 deaths
People from Albemarle County, Virginia
Arthur B. Hancock
People from Colonial Heights, Virginia

Arthur B. Hancock


Mark Merklein (born June 28, 1972) is a Bahamas-born former college and professional tennis player. He played for the Bahamas Davis Cup team from 1999–2004.

Merklein was born in Freeport, Bahamas.  He grew up in Coral Springs, Florida, and attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School in nearby Fort Lauderdale.  Playing for the St. Thomas Raiders high school tennis team, he won six Class 3A high school titles – two at No. 2 singles, one at No. 1 singles, and three at No. 1 doubles.

Merklein accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for the Florida Gators men's tennis team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Southeastern Conference (SEC) competition from 1991 to 1994.  As a Gator, he won the NCAA national championship doubles title with partner David Blair in 1993.  The following year, Merklein won the NCAA national championship singles title in 1994 in dominating fashion, losing only one set.  Merklein was a four-time All-American, a three-time All-SEC selection, and the SEC Player of the Year in 1994.  He was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 2005.

Merklein turned professional in 1994, and won four doubles titles during his career. He won matches at all four Majors. On July 7, 1997, he reached his highest singles ranking of world No. 160, and reached his highest doubles ranking on January 12, 2004, when he became world No. 37.

On May 24, 2013, Merklein was hired as the University of Florida men's tennis assistant coach.

Merklein currently resides in Gainesville, Florida.

Grand Slam tournament performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

See also

List of Florida Gators tennis players
List of University of Florida Olympians
List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Bahamian expatriates in the United States
Bahamian male tennis players
Bahamian people of German descent
Florida Gators men's tennis players
Sportspeople from Gainesville, Florida
People from Freeport, Bahamas
Tennis people from Florida
Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players for the Bahamas
St. Thomas Aquinas High School (Florida) alumni

Mark Merklein