Lucy Etheldred Broadwood (9 August 1858 – 22 August 1929) was an English folksong collector and researcher, and great-granddaughter of John Broadwood, founder of the piano manufacturers Broadwood and Sons. As one of the founder members of the Folk-Song Society and Editor of the Folk-Song Journal, she was one of the main influences of the British folk revival of that period. She was an accomplished singer, composer, piano accompanist, and amateur poet. She was much sought after as a song and choral singing adjudicator at music festivals throughout England, and was also one of the four main organisers of the Leith Hill Music Festival in Surrey from its commencement in 1904 until her death in 1929.

Life and work

Early life and family
She was born at 2am on 9 August 1858, at the Pavilion, the summer residence that her father rented at Melrose in Scotland, the daughter of the piano manufacturer  (1811–1893) (eldest son of James Shudi Broadwood) and his wife Juliana Maria née Birch, and great granddaughter of John Broadwood, the founder of Broadwood and Sons, piano manufacturers.  She was the youngest of eleven children (two boys and nine girls). Henry's mother was of Scottish descent and from her he had learnt the ballad "The wee little croodin' doo", which he would sing to the young Lucy.  She recalled later: "The first musical impression that I ever remember came from this song, sung by my father as I sat astride his knee when little more than two years old and in our Tweedale home."

For a number of years the family maintained a home in London, where the Broadwood piano manufacturing factory was situated. In 1864, however, following the death of Lucy's uncle the Rev. John Broadwood (17981864) the family moved to Lyne House, in the parish of Capel in Surrey, just across the county border from the Sussex village of Rusper.

Sussex Songs
John Broadwood, her uncle, had been responsible in 1847 for self-publishing what is now recognised as the first true collection of English folk songs (comprising both words and music as collected from "rustics" in Surrey and Sussex). Other works had appeared before, but none married actual words and music as collected together. The work, which is more commonly known today by the shortened title Old English Songs, comprised a small number of songs which Broadwood had personally collected and noted down, and which were provided with arrangements by W.A. Dusart, an organist from Worthing, a few years before publication.

Broadwood was inspired by his example when she learnt of it around 1870 (several years after his death). She was aware of Harriet Mason who had published gathered folk songs in 1877. These examples did not lead immediately to emulation; but in 1890 a revised edition of Broadwood's collection was published by Leonard and Co, with new arrangements by Herbert F. Birch Reynardson, Broadwood's cousin, under the title of Sussex Songs. It was produced with her assistance, and also contained an additional sixteen songs that she had collected. (It now appears that at least one of these was collected by her father, Henry Fowler Broadwood.) The publication sold for 2/6d. It is notable that, although Broadwood had worked on it, her name is not credited in its contents.

English County Songs and English Traditional Carols and Songs
She was also heavily involved in the early music movement, and in editing Purcell works, and was a member of the Purcell Society. Through this association she became acquainted with, and was also distantly related, by the marriage of one of her cousins, to J.A. Fuller Maitland (1856–1936), a music critic for The Times at that time, and musician. Her friendship and collaboration with him lasted for the rest of her life. As a result of her work on Sussex Songs she was invited to collaborate with him on preparation of what was to become one of a number of influential folksong publications in the late 1880s/early 1890s. This was English County Songs, and this time Broadwood was fully credited as joint editor of the work. The song arrangements were provided by both herself and Fuller Maitland. The book was published to much acclaim in the summer of 1893, and is a milestone in English folksong studies.  In the words of Ralph Vaughan Williams: "This may be said to be the starting point of the modern folk song movement".  Shortly after the book's publication, her father died and she and her mother moved to a flat in London in 1894. Following her mother's death, Broadwood continued to live in a succession of London flats until her death in 1929.

In 1906, she contributed an appendix entitled "English Airs and Motifs in Jamaica" to the book Jamaican Song and Story by Walter Jekyll. Her other principal publication was English Traditional Carols and Songs which was published in 1908. On this occasion all of the song arrangements were her own, and all of the songs had been collected by her. (In the previous publication, English County Songs the majority of songs were actually gleaned from earlier publications, or had been submitted to the editors by other collectors). An important source was the Horsham shoemaker Henry Burstow, from whom she had collected many songs, the first on 2 May 1892.

Folk-Song Society
As a result of the success of a number of folksong publications (including English County Songs) in the late 1880s and early 1890s, moves were made to found the Folk-Song Society, and at its inaugural meeting in 1898, Broadwood was elected to the committee, together with Fuller Maitland. Contralto, composer, and festival organizer Mary Augusta Wakefield was another early member. In 1904 she became the Honorary Secretary, following the illness and subsequent death of her predecessor in the post, Kate Lee, and her diary records that she held a meeting with Cecil Sharp and Ralph Vaughan Williams to plan for the resurrection of the Society and "fan its dying embers". Their work was evidently successful as the Society continued in existence until its amalgamation with the English Folk Dance Society in 1932, which gave rise to the English Folk Dance and Song Society, which exists to this day. Broadwood also took on the mantle of Editor of the Folk-Song Journal at this time. Although her Secretaryship of the Society was to last for only a short while, she retained her post as editor of the Journal (with the exception of a very short period of relinquishment) until her resignation from the work in 1926. Her work as Editor, and her research scholarship were recognised internationally, and, in his subsequent obituary of her, Vaughan Williams (amongst others) noted that it was principally her work which had ensured the existence and revival of the Society.

During her song collecting career Broadwood collected songs from many areas – for example, from her home area of Surrey/Sussex; from Hertfordshire (where members of her family lived); from Arisaig in summer 1906 and again in summer 1907, when, inspired by Percy Grainger, she used a phonograph to collect Gaelic songs; from Peebles in 1907; from Lincolnshire (where she collected jointly with Grainger in 1906); and from Devon (where she undertook a collecting trip with Sabine Baring-Gould in 1893).

In 1929 she was elected President of the Society, but was only to hold this position for less than 12 months, as she died unexpectedly and suddenly on 22 August 1929 at the age of 71 in Dropmore, Kent, where she was visiting relatives in order to attend an arts festival in Canterbury.

Other activities
In addition to her work as a folksong collector and researcher, Broadwood was also a performer who gave many recitals from the concert platform of both classical works, and folksongs; an accomplished accompanist, working with both professional singers and amateurs;and a composer in her own right, having had a number of works published in her early 20s, as well as acting as an editor for works by Purcell, and as translator of works by Bach and Schütz. She was also a poet (although perhaps not a particularly notable one).

Legacy
She was buried in the churchyard at Rusper, and the family commissioned an alabaster plaque from Thomas Clapperton, which is situated on the wall just inside the entrance door of the church.  On 1 May each year, the Broadwood Morris men, named after her, dance inside the church, and hang a wreath on the plaque in her honour.

To celebrate the deposit of Lucy Broadwood's diaries in January 2000, archivists at Surrey History Centre prepared an exhibition of her songs, diaries and papers which aimed to reveal some of the many facets of her life and personality in her own words and those of her friends.

Notes

References
E. Bassin, 'Lucy Broadwood, 1858–1929: Her Contribution to the Collection and Study of Gaelic Traditional Song', Scottish Studies 9 (1965), 145–52.
K. Campbell, 'Lucy Broadwood and John Potts: A Collecting Episode in the Scottish Borders', Folk Music Journal 9.2 (2007), 219–25.
D. de Val, 'The Transformed Village: Lucy Broadwood and Folksong', in Music and British Culture, 1785–1914, Essays in honour of Cyril Ehrlich, ed. C. Bashford and Leanne Langley (Oxford: OUP, 2000)
D. de Val, 'Broadwood, Lucy Etheldred (1858–1929)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: OUP, 2004, online ed. 2007)

E. D. Gregory, 'Before the Folk-Song Society: Lucy Broadwood and English Folk Song, 1884-97', Folk Music Journal 9.3 (2008), 372-414.
E. D. Gregory, 'Towards a Biography of Lucy Broadwood (1858-1929): Problems and Perspectives', Athabasca University: AUSpace  92.927.G1297 (2011).
C. Mould, 'Broadwood, Henry Fowler (1811–1893)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: OUP, 2004, online ed. 2008)
J. Simpson and S. Roud, A Dictionary of English Folklore, (Oxford: OUP, 2000), 35.
R. Vaughan Williams, "Lucy Broadwood, 1858–1929", Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society 5.3 (1948), 136–8, reprinted in D. Manning (ed.), Vaughan Williams on Music, (Oxford: OUP, 2008), 257–60.

External links
Exploring Surrey's Past page on Lucy Broadwood
Tradsong entry, PDF file
Folksong arrangement by Broadwood at the Mutopia project
Listen to Gaelic recordings made by Lucy Broadwood and Farquhar MacRae  (click on 'Scotland' for a list)

1858 births
1929 deaths
English folk-song collectors
English women songwriters
English women non-fiction writers
People from Melrose, Scottish Borders
British folklorists
British women folklorists
People from Mole Valley (district)
British musicologists
19th-century musicologists

Lucy Broadwood


A heist is a robbery or burglary, especially from an institution such as a bank or museum.

Heist may also refer to:

Places
Heist, Germany, a municipality in Schleswig-Holstein
Heist-aan-Zee, West Flanders, Belgium
Heist-op-den-Berg, Antwerp, Belgium

People
Al Heist (1927–2006), Major League Baseball outfielder
George Heist (1886–1920), immunologist
Hans-Joachim Heist (born 1949), German actor and comedian
Monique van Heist (born 1972), Rotterdam-based Dutch fashion designer
Heist., botanical standard author abbreviation for Lorenz Heister

Film
The Heist (1970 film), a French-Italian crime drama
The Heist, aka Dollar$, a 1971 comedy directed by Richard Brooks
The Heist (1976 film), a Mexican crime film
The Heist, aka The Squeeze, a 1977 thriller directed by Michael Apted
The Heist (1989 film), a made-for-TV thriller starring Pierce Brosnan
Heist (2001 film), directed by David Mamet
The Heist (2001 film), directed by Kurt Voss
The Heist (2008 film), directed by Campbell Cooley
The Maiden Heist, a 2009 film starring Morgan Freeman, released as The Heist in the UK
Heist: Who Stole the American Dream?, a 2011 documentary
Heist (2015 film), directed by Scott Mann

Television
Heist (2008 film), a British TV comedy-drama
Heist (2006 TV series), American TV series
Heist (2021 TV series), an American Netflix true crime documentary series
The Heist (Derren Brown special) a 2006 reality program
The Heist (TV series), a 2018-2020 British reality competition

Episodes
 "The Heist" (American Dragon: Jake Long)
 "The Heist" (Chowder)
 "The Heist" (MacGyver)
 "The Heist" (The Outer Limits)
 "The Heist", 2015 episode of It's Not Crazy, It's Sports directed by Errol Morris

Games
Heist (video game), a planned video game canceled in 2010
Payday: The Heist, a 2011 video game focused on various robberies

Music
¡Heist!, a 2008 EP by The Lights Out
The Heist (album), a hip-hop album by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
"Heist", a song by Lindsey Stirling from the album Shatter Me
"Heist", a song by Ben Folds from the movie Over the Hedge

Other uses
The Heist (Silva novel), 2014, in the Gabriel Allon series
K.S.K. Heist, a professional football club from Heist-op-den-Berg, Belgium

See also
Heist film, a subgenre of crime film based on planning and executing a significant robbery

Heist


In thermodynamics, a quasi-static process (also known as a quasi-equilibrium process.the Latin quasi, meaning 'as if'), is a thermodynamic process that happens slowly enough for the system to remain in internal physical (but not necessarily chemical) thermodynamic equilibrium. An example of this is quasi-static expansion of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas, where the volume of the system changes so slowly that the pressure remains uniform throughout the system at each instant of time during the process. Such an idealized process is a succession of physical equilibrium states, characterized by infinite slowness.

Only in a quasi-static thermodynamic process we can exactly define intensive quantities (such as pressure, temperature, specific volume, specific entropy) of the system at every instant during the whole process; otherwise, since no internal equilibrium is established, different parts of the system would have different values of these quantities, so a single value per quantity may not be sufficient to represent the whole system. In other words, when an equation for a change in a state function contains P or T, it implies a quasi-static process.

Relation to reversible process

While all reversible processes are quasi-static, most authors do not require a general quasi-static process to maintain equilibrium between system and surroundings and avoid dissipation, which are defining characteristics of a reversible process. For example, quasi-static compression of a system by a piston subject to friction is irreversible; although the system is always in internal thermal equilibrium, the friction ensures the generation of dissipative entropy, which goes against the definition of reversibility. Any engineer would remember to include friction when calculating the dissipative entropy generation.

An example of a quasi-static process that is not idealizable as reversible is slow heat transfer between two bodies on two finitely different temperatures, where the heat transfer rate is controlled by a poorly conductive partition between the two bodies. In this case, no matter how slowly the process takes place, the state of the composite system consisting of the two bodies is far from equilibrium, since thermal equilibrium for this composite system requires that the two bodies be at the same temperature. Nevertheless, the entropy change for each body can be calculated using the Clausius equality for reversible heat transfer.

PV-work in various quasi-static processes

 Constant pressure: Isobaric processes,
 Constant volume: Isochoric processes,
 Constant temperature: Isothermal processes,  where  (pressure) varies with  (volume) via , so
 Polytropic processes,

See also
 Entropy
 Reversible process (thermodynamics)

References

 Thermodynamic processes
 Statistical mechanics

Quasistatic process


Vijay Kumar Chopra (born 31 January 1932, in Lahore) is the chief executive officer and editor in chief of the Punjab Kesari print news organisation. He is involved in social welfare work and has received a Padma Shri award (Literature & Education : 1990). In August 2009, he was elected by the Chairman of the Press Trust of India.

Family
Chopra is a member of the Khatri clan of Punjabi origin and a follower of the Swami Dayanand (or Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement). He is the second child of Lala Jagat Narain and Shanti Devi. Lala Jagat Narain was killed in September 1981 by Khalistan supporters in Punjab, while his brother Romesh Chander was killed by Khalistan Supporters in Jalandhar in May 1984. Chopra has two sons, who both work in the family business.

Education
In 1955, Chopra graduated from Doaba College, Jalandhar.  In 1967, Chopra trained in the field of printing technology in Leipzig, Germany. In 1972, he underwent further training in the Thompson Foundation Newspaper Management Course in the United Kingdom.

Career
Chopra is the chief editor and CEO of Punjab Kesari Group, a newspaper organisation. He publishes three vernacular papers: the Punjab Kesari (in Hindi); the Jagbani (in Punjabi); and the Hind Samachar (in Urdu). The Punjab Kesari Group has eight locations: Jalandhar, Patiala, Ambala, Palampur, Ludhiana, Panipat, Hisar, Jammu, and Mohali.

Honours
 The "Tama Patra". A recognition by the government for suffering during the National Movement for Independence. (Imprisonment for one year at age 15).
 1990. The Padma Shri. The fourth highest civilian award given by the president.
 1990. "FIE Award". Given by the "FIE Foundation". (For eminence in journalism).
 1990. "F.F.I. Award". Given by the "Foundation of Freedom of Information", New Delhi. (For eminence in Journalism).
 1991. "Munshi Premchand Award". After the Hindi-Urdu writer. (For fearless and impartial journalism).
 1994. "Sant Namdev Award". Given by the "Vande Matram Sanghatana" social organization, in Pune. (For safeguarding the unity & integrity of the nation through fearless journalism).
 1994. "Saraswati Award". Given by the "Haryana Accredited Press Reporters Union" (Haryana Union of Journalists, HUJ) in Kurukshetra.
 1997. Entry in the Limca book of records. (Writer of the longest travelogue).
 "Punjab Ratan award." Given by the "Punjab Writers' Forum" in Patiala.
 2005. "President's Print Award" given at "PRINT 05" trade show in Chicago, USA.
 2006. "Rashtriya Ekta Samman" by National Unity Conference, New Delhi.
 2007 "Suryadatta Life Time Achievement Award" given by the Suryadatta group of institutes in Pune. (For fearless journalism).
 "Samaj Rattan award." Given by the Punjab Gayatri Foundation & Shri Gayatri Jan Kalyan Samiti, Ludhiana. (For religious, cultural and social activities).
 2007 "Maulana Mohd. Ali Jauhar Award". Given by Maulana Mohd of the Ali Jauhar Academy, Delhi. (For journalism)
 2007 "Bhagat Munshi Ram." Personality of the year. Given by the N.T.A.S. Patiala.
 "Guru Padam Jain Memorial Welfare Award."
 "Dr. D. R. Garg Memorial National Integration Award." Given by the Himotkarsh Sahitya, Sanskriti Avem Jan Kalyan Parishad (Regd.) in Una. (A social welfare organisation).
 "Bhagat Munshi Ram National Integration Award." Given by the National Theatre Arts Society, Patiala. (For journalism).
 "Manvadhikar Shiromani Award." Given by the Global Human Rights Council (R&C), 3234, Sector 44-D, Chandigandra

Curriculum Vitae
 All India federation of master printers. President (2004) and member of executive committee.
 Press trust of India. Chairman. (2001 and 2009).
 The India newspaper society. President (2000) and member of executive committee.
 Press Council of India (PCI), New Delhi. Member.
 The Indian Newspaper Society (I.N.S.). President and member of executive committee.
 Syndicate and senate, Punjab University, Chandigarh. Member.
 Punjab Urdu Academy, Patiala. Member.
 Syndicate and senate, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. Member.
 Editors' guild of India. Member.
 Organising committee first Indo-Pak Punjab Games. Member. (2005).
 Urdu Press. Committee of the national council for promotion of Urdu language. Member.
 State advisory board for the department of languages, Patiala. Member.
 Punjab legal services authority. Member.
 Pushpa Gujral science city. Member.
 Shri Baba Harballabh Sangeet Mahasabha. Member.
 North India Printers Association. Foundation president.
 Jalandhar printers' association. President.
 R.B. Sewak Ram Maternity Hospital. Trustee.
 K. L. Saigal Memorial Trust. Trustee.
 Rajan Memorial Trust, Jalandhar. Trustee.
 Jalandhar district cricket association. Patron.
 Shri Ram Navmi Utsav Committee, Jalandhar. President.
 Jalandhar Senior Citizen Council (Regd.), Jalandhar, Chief patron.
 Local managing committee, D.A.V. College, Jalandhar. Member.
 Local managing committee, D.A.V. Institute of Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation, Jalandhar.
 Local managing committee, Dayanand Ayurvedic College, Jalandhar. Member.
 Himotkarsh and Lala Jagat Narain Girls College Shiksha Samiti (Regd.), Una. Patron.
 National committee for commemoration of the ter-centenary of the Guru-Ta-Gaddi celebrations, Nanded. (2008).
 Punjab Gowshalla Mahasangh (Regd.), Gowshalla, Sangrur. Chief Patron.
 Amritsar Sewa Samiti (Regd.), Amritsar, Khuh Suniarian, Amritsar. Patron.
 Akhil Bhartiya Valmiki Shakti Dal (Regd.), Delhi. Chief patron.
 "Shaheed Parivar Fund". This fund has raised over INR 111.6 million for dependants of victims of terrorism. Over 99 functions have been held. 7,667 families have benefited from UTI certificates to a value of INR .
Other donations.

References

PM releases postage stamp on Freedom fighter Lala Jagat Narain Ji on 9 Sept 2013

PM releases postage stamp on Freedom fighter Lala Jagat Narain Chopra ji, the founder of Punjab Kesari
Group, at 7 Race Course Road, New Delhi.

As a token of respect The P.M of India Manmohan singh released a postage stamp on the Freedom fighter Lala Jagat Narain Ji on 09-Sept-2013
Punjab kesari
Zee News
Times of India
IBN live
Economic Times

External links
  "All about newspapers".
  "Shaheed Parivar Fund".

1932 births
Living people
Indian newspaper editors
People from Lahore
People from Jalandhar
Indian publishers (people)
Arya Samajis
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education

Vijay Kumar Chopra


Webster "City Late" Lichaba (born 6 October 1954) is a retired South African football (soccer) midfielder who played for Orlando Pirates, Atlanta Chiefs and Jomo Cosmos.

Youth career
Born in Mzimhlophe, he lived a street away from Ryder Mofokeng. He played for White City Lucky Brothers with Mofokeng.

Orlando Pirates
When he was signed from Mzimhlophe Callies at age 19, he became a teammate of Jomo Sono. He captained them and won three league titles with Pirates.

Atlanta Chiefs
When he moved to America in 1980 the chairman was Ted Turner, the founder of CNN. He nearly earned 100 appearances for Chiefs. He also appeared in a handful of indoor matches for the Chiefs at that time

Jomo Cosmos
Lichaba was brought back to his home country by his retired former teammate Jomo Sono who had acquired a team. In the 1986 season, he set the record for the most starts in a season, 46. That feat was also achieved by Helman Mkhalele in 1993. He retired at the age of 37.

After Retirement
In 2001, he became an assistant coach at Supersport United and their team manager in 2003 onwards. He is also the junior academy's scout.

Personal life
He is married to Buyi Radebe-Lichaba. He is the father of 4 girls, Nthabiseng, Neo, Tlholo as well as South African award winning singer, Lira.

References

1954 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
South African men's soccer players
South African expatriate men's soccer players
Soccer players from Soweto
Atlanta Chiefs players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
South African expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Jomo Cosmos F.C. players
Orlando Pirates F.C. players
South African soccer managers

Webster Lichaba


Andrei Severny (Russian: Андрей Северный; born September 1, 1977) is a contemporary filmmaker, screenwriter, photographer and visual artist. Severny's films include Buried Seeds, Inside Risk: Shadows of Medellin, Gravitation: Variation in Time and Space, Condition, Teaching to See, Disparaît, v and Tom on Mars.

Biography
Andrei Severny was born in 1977 in Moscow, Russia and spent his early childhood years in Egypt. He is a grandson of Andrei Severny, the Soviet astronomer. He moved to New York in 2004.

Photography
Severny's earliest published work was a series of atmospheric urban stills in Monitor magazine from 2000 to 2005. During this period his work was also exhibited in Moscow. His photographs have been published in Vogue, Elle, The Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal.

Films

Severny's films juxtapose poetry with technology, architecture and landscape. In 2005, his short films Tom on Mars and Disparaît, v, screened at festivals in London, New York City, Barcelona, Milan, Kolkata, and Avignon.

In 2007 Severny began a collaboration with Edward Tufte, an expert on information design and data visualization, on a series of films on art and science. As part of this collaboration in 2012 Severny made a documentary film Teaching to See about teaching and design of Inge Druckrey, which includes visual insights from her colleague Kris Holmes and former students.

Filmmaker Amir Naderi was the producer and co-editor of Severny's feature film Condition, which tells the story of a doctor and patient escaping a catastrophe looking for salvation in nature and sound. The film premiered at the 29th Torino Film Festival in 2011, where it received a special mention by the Gandhi Glasses Award along with Werner Herzog's Into The Abyss.

In 2013 Severny works on a documentary based on the calligraphy of Kris Holmes and the research of her husband Charles Bigelow. This film studies different cultural aspects of writing and explores its relationship to rhythm and motion in music and dance.

In 2013 Severny also started to develop a feature-length sci-fi film called Zona del Silencio: a story about a journalist who gets involved in a series of mysterious events that parallel with his dangerous love affair – to be shot in Spanish on location in Mexico.

In 2015 Severny collaborated with ballerina Diana Vishneva creating an art film Gravitation: Variation in Time and Space. Black and white experimental film premiered at the Marfa Film Festival are received international awards.

In 2016 Severny co-directed and edited an interactive documentary Inside Risk: Shadows of Medellin, based on a true story of kidnapping that took place in Colombia in 1986.

In 2017 Severny is working on a feature-length documentary Buried Seeds, based on a life journey of chef Vikas Khanna. The film had a first screening at the Venice Film Festival in September 2017.

Art installations

At least as far back as 2007, Severny began experimenting with video sequences of light and water. From these, he developed a series of video installations called Minamo, meaning water surface or face of the water in Japanese. Abstract, colorful water surfaces slowly move in the dark. Minamo was first shown in 2009 at the Webster Hall in New York on 39 plasma screens. In 2010 Minamo was part of Nuit Blanche New York. In summer 2011 it was presented at SET Gallery and in October 2011 at the New York Aquarium as part of Art On Brighton exhibition.

In 2009 he began work on a reflection on the life and music of atonal pioneer Arnold Schoenberg.  The multiscreen rear-projection installation shows vivid, fast moving images generated by video feedback of pointing a camera into a screen, creating an infinite loop of mostly abstract images. The work, Intravertigo, was shown outdoors on three screens as part of Nuit Blanche New York 2011.

PlayGround

Severny also curates an art salon, PlayGround, that he founded in 2009, selecting some of the most creative professionals who show their work on a large screen or perform live. His guests have included Doug Fitch, Paul Lewis, Miru Kim, Asa Mader, Tristan Perich, Niloufar Talebi, Aurélia Thiérrée, Malika Zarra, Clarina Bezzola, Vicky Colombet, Edouard Getaz and Ji Lee.

Filmography
2017 – Buried Seeds
2016 – Inside Risk: Shadows of Medellin, co-directed with Edouard Getaz
2015 – Gravitation: Variation in Time and Space
2012 – Teaching to See
2011 – Condition
2005 – Disparaît, v
2005 – Tom on Mars

Exhibitions
2016 – Demolden Gallery, Saragossa, Spain
2013 – IFP Media Center, New York City
2011 – Nuit Blanche, New York City
2011 – SET Gallery, New York City
2011 – New York Aquarium, New York City
2010 – Nuit Blanche, New York City

References

External links
Andrei Severny's website

1977 births
Living people
Writers from Moscow
Russian film directors
Russian screenwriters
Russian male screenwriters
Russian photographers

Andrei Severny (filmmaker)


In enzymology, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate  ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate 5-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include diphosphoinositide kinase, PIP kinase, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, and type I PIP kinase.  This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.

Structural studies

As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .

References

EC 2.7.1
Enzymes of known structure


Dumhal is a dance performed in the Indian territory of Jammu and Kashmir by the Watal tribe. Only the men folk of the wattal are privileged to perform this dance, on specific occasions and at set locations. Generally, this dance is performed with wearing long, colourful robes and tall, conical caps, studded with beads and shells.

The dancers sing in chorus. Drums are used to assist the music. The performers move in a ritual manner and dig a banner into the ground on set occasions. Usually, the dance begins with men dancing around this banner.

References

Culture of Jammu and Kashmir
Indian folk dances

Dumhal


The Best Horror of the Year: Volume Six () is a horror fiction anthology edited by Ellen Datlow that was published on June 3, 2014. It is the sixth in The Best Horror of the Year series.

Contents
The book includes the following 24 works of short fiction, all first published in 2013:

Stephen Bacon: "Apports"
Dale Bailey: "Mr. Splitfoot"
Nathan Ballingrud: "The Good Husband"
Nina Allan: "The Tiger"
Lynda E. Rucker: "The House on Cobb Street"
K.J. Kabza: "The Soul in the Bell Jar"
Steve Toase: "Call Out"
Robert Shearman: "That Tiny Flutter of the Heart I Used to Call Love"
Ray Cluley: "Bones of Crow"
Jeannine Hall Gailey: "Introduction to the Body in Fairy Tales"
Conrad Williams: "The Fox"
Simon Clark: "The Tin House"
Simon Strantzas: "Stemming the Tide"
Priya Sharma: "The Anatomist's Mnemonic"
Steve Rasnic Tem: "The Monster Makers"
Kim Newman: "The Only Ending We Have"
Derek Künsken: "The Dog's Paw"
Lee Thomas: "Fine in the Fire"
Jane Jakeman: "Majorlena"
Tim Casson: "The Withering"
Neil Gaiman: "Down to a Sunless Sea"
Laird Barron: "Jaws of Saturn"
Linda Nagata: "Halfway Home"
Brian Hodge: "The Same Deep Waters as You"

References

External links

2014 anthologies
Horror anthologies
Night Shade Books books

The Best Horror of the Year: Volume Six


Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist is an unfinished c. 1521 oil on panel painting by Rosso Fiorentino, produced early in his stay in Volterra. The work is now in the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore.

History and description
The devotional altarpiece, unfinished, is usually referred to the early 1520s, at the beginning of the stay in Volterra, due to the close connection with the Villamagna Altarpiece. It shows the Madonna holding the Child standing on a green cushion, placed near the lower edge of the table, while on the left St. Joseph and St. John the Baptist turn towards the Savior, with a very accentuated rotation. The impulse of the Child embracing his mother recalls the Madonna of the Harpies by Andrea del Sarto (1517). The presence of Donatellesque stylistic features have been related to a possible frequentation of Jacopo Sannazzaro in a hypothetical Neapolitan trip of those years.

Typical of the artist are the watery eyes, the restless contour line, the lively and dynamic brushstroke, the tapering of some anatomical details, such as the elegant hand of the Virgin.

References

Paintings of the Madonna and Child
Paintings in the Walters Art Museum
1521 paintings
Unfinished paintings
Paintings by Rosso Fiorentino

Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist (Rosso Fiorentino)


Lincoln-Way Community High School District 210 is a school district in the southwest suburbs of Chicago. Created in 1951, the district serves the communities of New Lenox, Frankfort, Mokena, Manhattan, and small portions of Tinley Park, Orland Park and Homer Glen. The three schools comprising the district are Lincoln-Way Central High School, Lincoln-Way East High School, and Lincoln-Way West High School. A fourth high school, Lincoln-Way North High School, was closed at the end of the 2015–2016 school year as part of a deficit reduction plan. Lincoln-Way Central and Lincoln-Way West are located in New Lenox, Lincoln-Way East is located in Frankfort and Lincoln-Way North is in Frankfort Square. District 210 offices are located at Lincoln-Way Central.

History

Each year the Lincoln-Way district continues to grow, gaining an average of 250 students per annum.  Both Lincoln-Way Central and Lincoln-Way East are built to accommodate 3,750 students.  While Lincoln-Way North and Lincoln-Way West are built to accommodate 2,500 students. During the 2007-2008 school year, Lincoln-Way East had over 4,100 students: causing massive overcrowding issues in classrooms and hallways.

On March 21, 2006, voters approved - by 20% - a proposal to build 2 new schools in the next three years.  Lincoln-Way North opened to Freshmen, Sophomores, and Juniors in 2008.  North is located in Frankfort at the corner of Vollmer Road and Harlem, serving Frankfort Square, parts of Mokena and Tinley Park.  The mascot is the Lincoln-Way North Phoenix.  Their colors are Vegas gold and black.  Lincoln-Way West opened to the same classes in 2009 in New Lenox at Illinois Highway and Gougar Road. Their mascot is the Lincoln-Way West Warriors, with their new colors being orange and black.

All four Lincoln-Way High Schools are intended to have equal high-quality facilities to include: 2-6 lane, 25-yard swimming pools , state-of-the-art auditoriums, field houses, turf football fields, indoor and outdoor running tracks, large gymnasiums, lighted baseball and softball fields, as well as many other amenities. Lincoln-Way North and Lincoln-Way West are identical in design and amenities, however, each has a slightly different configuration.    Both schools have 103 classrooms.  Additionally, The Lincoln-Way North Auditorium is home to the Illinois Philharmonic Orchestra: the auditorium was built with the orchestra in mind and is fully soundproof with many other great features.

On August 13, 2015, the Lincoln-Way Community board of education voted to close Lincoln-Way North following slower than average growth and citing budget concerns. Lincoln-Way North was closed at the end of the 2015-2016 school year.  The consolidated three-school district now comprises Lincoln-Way Central and Lincoln-Way West in New Lenox and Lincoln-Way East in Frankfort.

Prairie State Achievement Exam

In 2008 the Lincoln-Way High Schools placed in the top 6% of high schools for the Prairie State Achievement Exam (PSAE). Lincoln-Way East ranked 33 and Lincoln-Way Central ranked 44 out of the 654 public high schools in the state. Both are in the top 50 in the State of Illinois on the PSAE test, according to statistics in the Chicago Tribune. The PSAE measures the achievement of junior students relative to the Illinois Learning Standards. The two-day PSAE exam consists of the ACT, Work Keys and ISBE-developed tests. Lincoln-Way High School District 210 is also the lowest per pupil in operating cost in the six county Chicago metropolitan area. In 2007 the district schools were ranked in the top 9% of high schools in the State of Illinois. Lincoln-Way East and Lincoln-Way Central rank number one and two for the Will County schools.

References

External links
 Lincoln-Way Community High School District #210 website
 Lincoln-Way Central High School website
 Lincoln-Way East High School website
 Lincoln-Way North High School website
 Lincoln-Way West High School website
 Slowik: Lincoln-Way North closed 3 years ago. Could its facilities help end 5 a.m. practice for some student-athletes?

School districts in Will County, Illinois
1951 establishments in Illinois
School districts established in 1951


The Trusted Email Open Standard (TEOS) is an anti-spam technique proposed by the ePrivacy Group in 2003 at the Federal Trade Commission Anti-Spam Summit.

Edited by Stephen Cobb, CISSP, the 35-page white paper describing the standard was downloaded more than 30,000 times between publication in April 2003 and the end of that year. Many elements of TEOS later appeared in the letter that Microsoft CEO Bill Gates submitted to U.S. Senate Commerce Committee hearings on anti-spam legislation. The letter outlined Microsoft's position on how the spam crisis should be handled.

At its most basic level, TEOS proposes a framework of trusted identity for email senders based on secure, fast, lightweight signatures in email headers, optimized with DNS-based systems for flexibility and ease of implementation. TEOS also provides a common-language framework for making trusted assertions about the content of each individual message. ISPs and email recipients can rely on these assertions to manage their email.

References

External links
 ePrivacy Group's TEOS white paper

Spam filtering

Trusted Email Open Standard


Tinker Bell is a direct-to-video computer-animated fantasy film series produced by DisneyToon Studios as part of the Disney Fairies franchise after producing a number of direct-to-video Winnie the Pooh films. Voices of Mae Whitman, Lucy Liu, Raven-Symoné, America Ferrera, Kristin Chenoweth and Pamela Adlon are featured in the films. Six feature films and one TV special were produced: Tinker Bell, Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure, Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue, Secret of the Wings, Pixie Hollow Games (the special), The Pirate Fairy, and Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast. The series is a spin-off of and prequel to Peter Pan.

Films

Tinker Bell (2008)

Tinker Bell (Mae Whitman) is born from the first laugh of a baby and is brought by the winds to Pixie Hollow (which is part of the island of Never Land). She learns that her talent is to be one of the tinkers, the fairies who make and fix things. Two other tinker fairies, Bobble (Rob Paulsen) and Clank (Jeff Bennett) teach her their craft and tell her about the fairies who visit the mainland to bring each season. Tink is thrilled and can't wait to go to the mainland for spring.

While out working, she meets a water fairy named Silvermist (Lucy Liu); a garden fairy named Rosetta (Kristin Chenoweth); a light fairy named Iridessa (Raven-Symoné), and an animal fairy named Fawn (America Ferrera). After meeting them, she notices an ill-tempered fast-flying fairy named Vidia (Pamela Adlon), who immediately dislikes her because of her unusually strong talent. Vidia challenges her to prove she'll be able to go to the mainland, and Tink creates several inventions out of Lost Things (to which some other fairies see as junk) that she found on the beach, which she shows to the Minister of Spring (Steve Valentine). But Tinker Bell soon learns from Queen Clarion (Anjelica Huston) that only nature-talent fairies visit the mainland.

Desperate to help change the seasons in the mainland, Tink tries her hand at nature skills—making dewdrops with Silvermist, lighting fireflies with Iridessa, and trying with Fawn to teach baby birds to fly but she fails miserably at all of these when she gets attacked by a hawk. Meanwhile, Bobble and Clank cover for Tink when questioned by Fairy Mary (Jane Horrocks), the tinker fairy overseer. When Tinker Bell returns, she tries to explain, but Mary simply responds that she knows, and expresses her disappointment with Tink's actions.

On the beach, Tinker Bell finds parts of a music box and figures out how to put them together. Iridessa, Fawn, Silvermist, and Rosetta witness her doing this, then tell her that she was tinkering and that she should be proud of her talent—if this is what she's good at, the mainland shouldn't matter. But Tinker Bell still wants to go to the mainland. She asks Rosetta if she'll still teach her to be a garden fairy, but Rosetta says that tinkering is Tinker Bell's natural talent.

As a last resort, Tinker Bell asks Vidia for help in becoming a garden fairy. Vidia craftily tells her that capturing the sprinting thistles would prove her worth. However, once she sees Tink making progress, she lets the captured thistles loose, and in attempting to recapture them, Tink destroys all the preparations for spring. After seeing the destruction she caused, Tink decides to run, but after talking with the dust-keeper Terence (Jesse McCartney) about how important his job is, she realizes the importance of a tinker.

Tinker Bell redeems herself by using Lost Things to invent machines that quicken the process of doing tedious tasks, such as decorating flowers, painting bugs, planting seeds, etc. This allows the other fairies to get back on schedule, thus saving the arrival of spring. Vidia is punished for prompting her to cause the chaos, and Queen Clarion allows Tink to join the nature-talent fairies when they bring spring to the mainland. Tinker Bell is given the task of delivering the music box to its original owner (shown to be Wendy Darling). After, she goes with her friends across the continent while the narrator ends by saying that when lost toys are found or a broken clock starts to work, "it all means that one very special fairy might be near."

Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure (2009)

Friendly fairy Tinker Bell (Mae Whitman) means well but often gets into trouble. All the same, Pixie Hollow has entrusted her with making sure their magical moonstone keeps their pixie dust in plentiful supply. But tragedy strikes when Tinker Bell fumbles this important task—accidentally breaking the moonstone. In order to get it back into one piece, Tinker Bell will have to find an enchanted mirror and accept a little assistance from pestering pixie Terence (Jesse McCartney).

Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010)

Years before meeting Wendy and the Lost Boys, Tinker Bell (Mae Whitman) met Lizzy (Lauren Mote), a little girl with a steadfast belief in the power of pixie dust and the magic land of fairies. During the fairies' summer visit to the flowering meadows of England, two very different worlds unite for the first time and Tink develops a special bond with a curious child in need of a friend. As her fellow fairies Iridessa (Raven-Symoné), Silvermist (Lucy Liu), Rosetta (Kristin Chenoweth), Fawn (Angela Bartys), and Vidia (Pamela Adlon) launch a daring rescue, Tinker Bell takes a huge risk, putting her own safety and the future of all fairykind in jeopardy.

Tinker Bell and the Secret of the Wings (2012)

Secret of the Wings (originally titled Tinker Bell and the Mysterious Winter Woods) was released on DVD on October 23, 2012. Tinker Bell (Mae Whitman) crosses over to the forbidden area in Winter Woods, where it is always winter. While there her wings begin to sparkle so she sets off on a quest to discover why. She is overjoyed to learn that her wings sparkled because she was close to her sister, Periwinkle (Lucy Hale). They were born when a baby's laugh split in two. They visit for a few hours before Tinker Bell is told she has to leave. Determined to help her sister visit Pixie Hollow, she crafts a contraption that grates snow to keep Peri cold during her visit. The device malfunctions badly, causing a freeze to slowly envelop Pixie Hollow.

Tinker Bell flies to Winter Woods to get Periwinkle and her friends to help save Pixie Hollow. They realize that frost protects the trees in Winter Woods from the cold, so the winter fairies all work together to frost the trees of Pixie Hollow to save them from the accelerating freeze. They learn, however, that when Tink crashed in Winter Woods she tore her wing, and broken wings can't be repaired. But when Tink and Peri come together their wings again sparkle, and they learn that identical wings can heal each other, so they restore Tink's broken wing. They also discover that winter fairies can frost the wings of warm-weather fairies, keeping them from breaking in the cold, thus allowing them to visit their friends in Winter Woods.

Tinker Bell and the Pirate Fairy (2014)

Another feature-length film, titled The Pirate Fairy, (originally titled Quest for the Queen) was released on April 1, 2014. The film was originally scheduled for Fall 2013, but another DisneyToon Studios film, Planes, took its place. A trailer for the film was released on the Secret of the Wings Blu-ray and DVD on October 23, 2012. It was directed by the Secret of the Wings director, Peggy Holmes. The film introduced new characters, Zarina, voiced by Christina Hendricks, and James aka Captain Hook, voiced by Tom Hiddleston. Carlos Ponce also voiced one of the characters in the film.

When a misunderstood dust-keeper fairy named Zarina steals Pixie Hollow's all-important Blue Pixie Dust and flies away to join forces with the pirates of Skull Rock, Tinker Bell and her fairy friends must embark on the adventure of a lifetime to return it to its rightful place. However, in the midst of their pursuit of Zarina, Tink's world is turned upside down. She and her friends find that their respective talents have been switched and they have to race against time to retrieve the Blue Pixie Dust and return home to save Pixie Hollow.

Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2015)

Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast was released in cinemas in selected markets from March 2015, and was released direct-to-video in the United States on March 3, 2015. It was directed by Steve Loter and produced by Makul Wigert. Composer Joel McNeely returned to the film. Mae Whitman, Lucy Liu, Raven-Symoné, Megan Hilty, Pamela Adlon and Anjelica Huston reprise their roles of Tinker Bell, Silvermist, Iridessa, Rosetta, Vidia and Queen Clarion. Ginnifer Goodwin replaces Angela Bartys as the voice of Fawn in this film. Rosario Dawson and Olivia Holt join the cast as new characters Nyx and Morgan, respectively.

When Fawn meets a legendary creature, the Neverbeast, she befriends the creature in no time. But when she learns that the creature could be part of a terrible event, she will have to trust her instincts in order to save her new friend and all of Pixie Hollow.

Unreleased films

Scrapped first film
The early draft for the first Tinker Bell film, alternatively titled Tinker Bell and the Ring of Belief in unreleased promotional material, designed Tinker Bell and her friends traveling to the mainland to restore children's belief in fairies. In addition, the film would also show how Tinker Bell met Peter Pan and encountered a young girl from an orphanage in London. Captain Hook, the pirates, and the Lost Boys were also planned to be featured in the film as key factors. Trailers of the original film were included in several Disney DVD releases, with the initial release date being 2007. Due to budget constraints and the film being deemed  "virtually unwatchable", the script underwent many rewrites and 90% of the completed prototype film is scrapped. The film ended up being delayed to 2008 with an entirely new storyline.

Tinker Academy
In addition to Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast, Disney also had plans for a seventh film. The title of the film was Tinker Bell: Tinker Academy, and the story would've centered around Tinker Bell going to the titular school and meeting a new group of fairies called City Tinkers, with the most prominent one being a fairy named Ember. In April 2014, The Hollywood Reporter stated that the film was canceled due to story problems.

Tink Meets Peter
On August 28, 2022, Stephen Anderson stated on Twitter about working on an eighth Tinker Bell film in late 2014/early 2015. The working title of the film was "Tink Meets Peter". It was intended to be the final installment in the Tinker Bell film series and a direct prequel to Walt Disney's 1953 film, Peter Pan. The storyline would show how Peter came to Neverland, the genesis of Peter and Tink's relationship, how Peter cut off Hook's hand, etc. The film was under production during the time home video marketing was plummeting and was cancelled after DisneyToon Studios' closure on June 28, 2018.

Live-action film
In 2015, it was announced that Tink, a live-action film, with Reese Witherspoon playing Tinker Bell and Victoria Strouse writing the script, was in development. In 2020, the development on the project was in question following the casting of Yara Shahidi as Tinker Bell in Peter Pan & Wendy. In 2021, the project re-entered development as a part of Gary Marsh's overall deal with Disney. Witherspoon is still attached to the project as a producer and Maria Melnik (Escape Room) was hired to rewrite the script.

Short films

Pixie Hollow Games (2011)

Originally planned to feature the entire ensemble cast of the earlier films in Olympic-style games spanning the four seasons, presumably due to the original plot vetoed by the producers, the story was scaled back into a shorter scenario focusing primarily on Rosetta (Megan Hilty, replacing Kristin Chenoweth) and a new fairy character, Chloe (Brenda Song). They are teamed up against Rosetta's will representing the "garden fairies" in a competition in which they hope to unseat the undefeated "storm fairies". They overcome their differences and Rosetta's fear of getting dirty, to emerge victorious at the end of the games.

Pixie Hollow Bake Off (2013)

A six-minute short film, titled Pixie Hollow Bake Off, aired in the United Kingdom on October 20, 2013, on Disney Channel. Lisa Faulkner provided a voice for a baking fairy named Gelata.

The short was released in the United States as a bonus DVD in a Walmart-exclusive edition of The Pirate Fairy on Blu-ray Disc, but with Giada De Laurentiis as the voice of Gelata. In July 2014 the short was made available on the digital movie service Disney Movies Anywhere.

Theme songs

Reception

Critical reception

Commercial performance
According to The Hollywood Reporter, the first four full-length films (Tinker Bell, Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure, Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue, and Secret of the Wings) were made for $30 million to $35 million.

Recurring characters

 Tinker Bell (voiced by Mae Whitman) is a talented tinker fairy and Peter Pan's closest friend and sidekick. Prior to meeting Peter, Tinker Bell was born in the fairyland, Pixie Hollow in Neverland, and has many adventures with her fairy friends. In Secret of the Wings, Tinker Bell learns she has a sister named Periwinkle.
 Rosetta (voiced by Kristin Chenoweth from 2008 to 2010, and Megan Hilty from 2011 to 2015) is a garden fairy and speaks with a Southern accent.
 Fawn (voiced by America Ferrera in 2008, Angela Bartys from 2009 to 2014, and Ginnifer Goodwin in 2015) is an animal fairy and is of Latin descent.
 Iridessa (voiced by Raven-Symoné) is a light fairy and is of African descent.
 Silvermist (voiced by Lucy Liu) is a water fairy and is of East-Asian descent.
 Vidia (voiced by Pamela Adlon) is a fast-flying fairy. She was originally Tinker Bell's rival, but later reformed and is now friends with her.
 Clank (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a tinker sparrow man and Bobble's best friend.
 Bobble (voiced by Rob Paulsen) is a tinker sparrow man and Clank's best friend.
 Terence (voiced by Jesse McCartney) is a dust-keeper sparrow man and Tinker Bell's best friend. He has romantic feelings for Tink, but she is oblivious to this.

Crew

See also

 FernGully: The Last Rainforest
 FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue
 Epic
 Arrietty

References

External links

Film series introduced in 2008
Disney direct-to-video animated films
DisneyToon Studios animated films
Computer-animated films
Peter Pan (franchise)
Disney film series
Films about fairies and sprites

Tinker Bell (film series)


Jeremy Dale Roberts (16 May 1934 – 11 July 2017) was an English composer and teacher. After early contact with Ralph Vaughan Williams and Gerald Finzi, Dale Roberts studied with William Alwyn and Priaulx Rainier at the Royal Academy of Music, London.  He retired as Head of Composition at the Royal College of Music, London in 1999, and was a Visiting Professor of Composition at the University of Iowa for the 1999-2000 academic year.

His compositions have been performed at the Edinburgh and Aldeburgh Festivals, the Venice Biennale, the Diorama de Geneve, and the festivals of Avignon and Paris.  They include
the cello concerto Deathwatch, written for Rohan de Saram;
Tombeau for Stephen Kovacevich;
Croquis for string trio, written for members of the Arditti Quartet (BBC commission);
In the Same Space, nine poems of Constantin Cavafy, written for Stephen Varcoe;
Lines of Life, lyric episodes for ensemble, written for Lontano (BBC commission);
Casidas y Sonetos — del amor oscuro, for solo guitar (Arts Council commission) for Charles Ramierez;
Hamadryad for alto flute, viola and guitar;
Stelae, a work for gamelan;
Nightpiece for soprano and two bass viols;
Tristia for violin and piano, written for Peter Sheppard Skaerved and Aaron Shorr.

His compositions received attention in the context of a 70th-birthday portrait concert given at the Purcell Room in London by the ensemble Lontano in 2004, the release of an associated CD by the same group in early 2005, and most recently by the long-awaited release of a complete commercial recording of Croquis by NMC Recordings. One writer has described his style as 'a kind of ascetically sumptuous exoticism', and has further characterised Dale Roberts' music in terms of:

the miniature form and associated possibilities of extended structuring;
reference to artists and works in other art-forms (in particular sculpture and painting);
the occasional use of quotation from other composers' music (albeit in the context of a rather 'pure' modernist idiolect); and
a fondness for unusual instrumentations.

A review of the CD recording of Croquis noted: "Dale Roberts's miniatures are brilliantly able to condense a familiar image, such as the reel or the fugue, and accumulate into a substantial, 54-minute statement."

References

External links

1934 births
2017 deaths
English composers
Academics of the Royal College of Music
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Musicians from Gloucestershire
University of Iowa faculty
Choral composers
English male classical composers
Male classical composers
20th-century British composers
21st-century British composers
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians
People from Minchinhampton

Jeremy Dale Roberts


David Gribble is an Australian cinematographer and director of photography based in New South Wales. He has also worked in the United States, filming TV movies and other works.

In 2010 he was nominated for an American Society of Cinematographers Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography, category Motion Picture/Miniseries Television, for his filming of Jesse Stone: No Remorse (2010), made for American TV.

Filmography
As cinematographer, unless otherwise noted:
Private Collection (1972)
The Man from Hong Kong (1975) (camera operator)
Paradise (1975) (TV film) (director of photography)
Polly My Love (1975) (TV film)
The F.J. Holden (1977)
The Best of Friends (1981)
Monkey Grip (1982)
Running on Empty (1982)
Fast Talking (1984)
Love Is Never Silent (1985) (Hallmark Hall of Fame)
Adam: His Song Continues (1986) (TV film)
American Harvest (1987) (TV film)
High Tide (1987) (additional director of photography)
Off Limits (1988)
Tap (1989)
Cadillac Man (1990) (director of photography)
Fires Within (1991) (director of photography)
Nowhere to Run (1993) (director of photography)
The Quest (1996)
Chill Factor (1999)
The 13th Warrior (1999) (additional camera operator, additional director of photography)
Crooked Earth (2001)
Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004) (TV film)
The World's Fastest Indian (2005)
Jesse Stone: Night Passage (2006) (TV film)
Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise (2006) (TV film)
Jesse Stone: No Remorse (2010) (TV film)
Talking with Dog (in production)

References

External links

Australian cinematographers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

David Gribble


The Lusatian League (; ; ) was a historical alliance of six towns in the Bohemian (1346–1635), later Saxon (1635–1815) region of Upper Lusatia, that existed from 1346 until 1815. The member towns were Bautzen (), Görlitz (), Kamenz (), Lauban (), Löbau () and Zittau (). Five of the towns are located in present-day Germany, while Lubań and Zgorzelec (split from Görlitz after World War II) are within Poland.

Founding
In order to protect peace and order in Upper Lusatia, the six towns of Bautzen, Görlitz, Kamenz, Lauban, Löbau, and Zittau joined into a contract of protection on 21st August 1346. In its beginnings, the pact was chiefly intended to protect against knights-errant and other wandering warriors. Over the next centuries, the city union would influence the history of Upper Lusatia significantly, lasting longer than any other city union in Germany. The union of the cities caused a considerable increase in their political influence and visibility. It is possible that the founding of the union was helped by the Bohemian king Charles IV of Luxembourg, then ruler of the Holy Roman Empire as King of the Romans, as a counterbalance to the power of the landed gentry.

Status of cities within the league

Unlike other civil arrangements in Upper Lusatia at the time, there was no dominant town in the league, although before the 12th century the town of Bautzen served as the ancestral seat of the Milceni, an ancient West Slavic tribe. Even though Bautzen served as the administrative center and was often called the capital of the league and Görlitz was for several centuries both the most populous and the economically strongest town, the differences between the individual towns were never so large that one town dominated the league outright. Even so, there was a nominal division of the league's six towns into "large towns", which were Bautzen, Görlitz, and Zittau, and "small towns", which included the other three towns of Kamenz, Lauban and Löbau. Still, in principle, all six towns within the league had equal standing.

Even so, there were internal conflicts within the league. Because Bautzen served as the administrative center and capital of the league, it had the first voice in the local council, as well as several other rights and privileges. Bautzen reserved signatory power for the league concerning legal documents, and reserved the right to open all of the league's official mail. Bautzen's other special privilege as administrative center was that it was the seat of the king's representative to the league, combining military, administrative, and royal power within the town. This caused conflicts with Görlitz, especially as Görlitz had quickly and unequivocally established itself as the economic center of the league. Görlitz achieved this position of economic superiority by being more easily reached by local traffic, and exploited the advantages it gained. As time went on, Görlitz exercised more and more power within the league, even as Bautzen remained the league's administrative center.

Meanwhile, in the beginning years of the league, Zittau also hosted a representative of the king, in addition to Bautzen. The city lost its representative in 1412. However, the power granted by hosting a royal representative made the town quite wealthy, so much so that at times, Zittau was the second wealthiest town in the league, pushing Bautzen down into third place within the league. The other three towns, Löbau, Lauban, and Kamenz were economically weaker, and therefore less interested in their place within the league. When there was conflict within the cities of the league, Kamenz sided more often with Bautzen, and Lauban with Görlitz, in accordance to their geographical locations. Löbau was the weakest city in terms of military or economic power, but it laid in the middle of the region, and conciliatory councils between Bautzen and Görlitz were often held there.

Nicknames
Because the cities remained united, despite economic competition with each other, this allowed the league to last a long time. Despite this, there were naturally still times of disagreement and discord within the league. In these times of disagreement, the cities had nicknames for each other's residents. The residents of Görlitz were referred to as "hat-turners," people from Zittau were called "cow-pushers," people from Bautzen were named "cat-snatchers," residents of Kamenz were called "snifflers," Lauban residents were labeled "onion-eaters," and the denizens of Löbau were named "cabbage-painters."

However, not all inter-town communication was negative. The towns had positive reputations as well. People from Zittau were referred to as educated, people from Görlitz were known to be honest, people from Bautzen were called well-meaning, Lauban residents were known for being industrious, and Löbau residents enjoyed a reputation for being good with money.

History
The height of the league's power and influence occurred in its first 200 years of existence. In this time period, the league was the most powerful political force in Upper Lusatia, and was able to outstrip the local gentry in terms of power. In 1547, the fallout of the Schmalkald War, when the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I fought against the Protestant Schmalkaldic League, weakened the Lusatian League considerably. The league of six towns sided with Schmalkald because as city leagues, they shared the same form of government. The emperor punished the league of six towns severely for this. Indeed, even though the towns were able to again consolidate their position, their political power was never as strong again.

Legal System
Primarily, the legal system in the league was in the hands of the king's representative to Upper Lusatia. He led a court named the "Voigtsding." There the gentry, farmers, and townspeople all appeared, although clergy were exempt to proceedings there. As time progressed, the league managed to have certain aspects of the legal system split. This was first accomplished by establishing a separate court for townspeople, and eventually a court for farmers within each municipal area. Knights and gentry could be tried in municipal courts as well. The courts also heard cases involving crimes which took place on country routes outside of the cities.

Breakup of the league
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Lusatia was partitioned. Görlitz and Lauban were ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia, ending the six town league after almost 500 years of existence. The remaining four cities remained in a "four-city league," but this ended in 1868.

Second Founding
On June 21, 1991, the 770-year anniversary of the founding of Löbau, the league was revived. However, there were now seven cities, as the eastern part of Görlitz, on the east side of the Neisse River, became the stand-alone Polish city of Zgorzelec. The league no longer has any political power to speak of, and functions largely as a tourism promotion board.

References

1346 establishments in Europe
1815 disestablishments in Europe
History of Saxony
History of Silesia
Bautzen
Görlitz
Kamenz
Löbau
Lubań
Zittau
Upper Lusatia

Lusatian League


Østerbro Stadium is a combined football and athletics stadium in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is the home of the football clubs Boldklubben af 1893 and BK Skjold and it is also the home stadium of the athletics clubs Københavns Idræts Forening and Sparta. It has a capacity of approximately 4,400. The stadium is currently being renovated, to meet the demands from the Danish Football Association. The field will be made both longer and wider and a new track will be laid for track and field. The stadium was used for the 2009 World Outgames.

References

External links
 Østerbro Stadion Nordic Stadiums

Boldklubben af 1893
Athletics (track and field) venues in Denmark
Football venues in Denmark
Football venues in the Øresund Region
Multi-purpose stadiums in Denmark
Sports venues in Copenhagen

Østerbro Stadium


Jean Luc Joseph Marie "Jean-Luc" Dehaene (; 7 August 1940 – 15 May 2014) was a Belgian politician who served as the prime minister of Belgium from 1992 until 1999. During his political career, he was nicknamed "The Plumber" and "The Minesweeper" for his ability to negotiate political deadlocks. A member of the Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams (CD&V) party and its antecedents, Dehaene gained his first ministerial appointment in 1981. Dehaene's first government (1992–1995) included both Christian and Social Democrats and presided over the creation of a new constitution, effectively transforming Belgium into a federal state. His second government (1995–1999) coincided with a number of crises in Belgium including the Dutroux scandal. The Dioxin Affair, occurring shortly before the 1999 election, led to a swing against the major parties and Dehaene's government fell. Following his final term as Prime Minister he was active in both Belgian and European politics. He was also on UEFA's financial fair play regulatory body and managed Dexia Bank during the financial crisis. He was the last prime minister of King Baudouin's reign.

Early life and political career
Dehaene was born on 7 August 1940 in Montpellier, France, when his parents were fleeing the advance of the German army into Belgium and France. During his studies at the Université de Namur and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, he was a member of the Olivaint Conference of Belgium. He got into politics through the  (General Christian Workers' Union; ACW), a trade union which was closely linked to the Christelijke Volkspartij (Christian People's Party; CVP).

Dehaene's long-time wife Celie Verbeke is a native of Illinois in the United States but both her paternal and maternal grandparents were Belgian immigrants. Since she was raised by her parents in Dutch and speaks without a foreign accent, the Belgian public remained unaware of her American background for a long time.

Dehaene was a keen football fan, and viewed it as an important part of Belgian national identity. He was a supporter of Club Brugge K.V. In 1981, he became Minister of Social Affairs and Institutional Reform, until 1988, when he became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Communications and Institutional Reform.

Prime Minister of Belgium

Dehaene I (1992–95)

In 1992, after both Guy Verhofstadt and Melchior Wathelet had failed, Dehaene managed to form a governing coalition of Christian Democrats and Social Democrats. This became one of Belgium's most important governments, because it successfully transformed Belgium into a federal state in 1993. In March 1993, Dehaene offered the King the resignation of his government, because of diverging views on how to handle the public finances. However, within a week the differences were put aside.

After the death of King Baudouin on 31 July 1993, Dehaene's government exercised the royal function until Prince Albert was sworn in as King Albert II nine days later.

In 1994, Dehaene ordered the unilateral withdrawal of Belgian troops from Rwanda following the massacre of a number of Belgian peacekeepers, thus lifting the last barrier to the genocide of Tutsis. During questions from the Belgian parliamentary commission into this decision he repeatedly acknowledged no regrets about the decision. He was the leading candidate to replace Jacques Delors as President of the European Commission, but British Prime Minister John Major vetoed the appointment. The Luxembourg Prime Minister Jacques Santer was appointed as a compromise candidate instead.

Dehaene II (1995–99)

Dehaene's second government was also composed of Christian Democrats and Social Democrats. Despite the fact that the government was marked by a number of political crises and scandals, most notably the Dutroux affair, it managed to serve the entire legislature. During this period, for his work toward a unified Europe, Dehaene received the Vision for Europe Award in 1996. Dehaene led Belgium into the Euro, and in preparation for joining the Eurozone, the Dehaene government was forced to make some sharp and unpopular economic reforms. Some weeks before the 1999 elections the dioxin affair erupted, and both governing parties lost much of their support. He was replaced by a new government, led by Flemish liberal Guy Verhofstadt.

After 1999

Later political career
Between 2000 and 2007, he sat as Burgemeester (mayor) of Vilvoorde. At the request of his party, the CD&V, he was once again put up as a candidate during the 2003 elections, but this was clearly not with the intention of becoming Prime Minister as he was placed as the last person on the party list (Lijstduwer). In June 2004 and again in June 2009, Jean-Luc Dehaene was elected to the European Parliament for the CD&V within the center-right European People's Party (EPP) group. In 2003, he was awarded the Vlerick Award.

Between 2006 and 2007, Dehaene served as member of the Amato Group, a group of high-level European politicians unofficially working on rewriting the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe into what became known as the Treaty of Lisbon following its rejection by French and Dutch voters. After the Belgian elections of 2007, Dehaene was appointed as mediator in the process to form a new government. He was also called in to assist in the negotiations around the Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde partition.

UEFA Financial Fair Play

Dehaene also served as the chief enforcer of the football association, UEFA's, Financial Fair Play (FFP). In 2011, he was involved in an investigation of Manchester City F.C. over sponsorship irregularities.

Dexia
Dehaene, who had previously been director of InBev, became chairman of Dexia Bank, a Belgian-French bank, in October 2008. With the bank in difficulty owing to the financial crisis, he was asked to lead the company through the difficult period which he described as "mission impossible". Owing to his extensive political background, it was thought that he could cope with the negative public perception Dexia had acquired through the financial crisis. His political connections helped Dexia's bad bank to secure funding guarantees of up to €90 billion, provided primarily by the Belgian government. In 2012, Dexia Belgium became Belfius.

Death
On 15 May 2014, Dehaene died after a fall while holidaying in Quimper in France. He had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer earlier the same year and was not seeking reelection as an MEP in the 2014 elections for health reasons. He was 73 years old.

In the aftermath of his death, he received tributes from the incumbent Belgian Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo who described him as an "exceptional statesman". Tributes were also made by Guy Verhofstadt, President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz and President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso.

His body lay in state in Vilvoorde's town hall and the retired King Albert II and the Flemish Minister-President Kris Peeters both visited Vilvoorde to pay their respects.

Honours
: Minister of State, by Royal Decree.
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown.
: Grand Cross in the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.
: Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay.

Publications
Sleutels voor morgen, Esopus, Hasselt, 1995, 111 p.
Sporen naar 2000, Icarus, Antwerp, 1999, 173 p.
Er is nog leven na de 16, Van Halewyck, Leuven, 2002, 208 p.
De Europese Uitdaging: van uitbreiding tot integratie, Van Halewyck, Leuven, 2004, 237 p.

References

External links

Jean-Luc Dehaene est mort à l'âge de 73 ans at La Dernière Heure
IN BEELD. Oud-premier Jean-Luc Dehaene in zestien beelden at De Standaard
 Jean-Luc Dehaene in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures
 Archives of Jean-Luc Dehaene in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures

1940 births
2014 deaths
Belgian Ministers of State
Christian Democratic and Flemish MEPs
Christian Democratic and Flemish politicians
MEPs for Belgium 1999–2004
MEPs for Belgium 2009–2014
Prime Ministers of Belgium

Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Université de Namur alumni
KU Leuven alumni
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in France
Belgian Roman Catholics
Recipients of the Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay

Jean-Luc Dehaene


The Welsh Professional Championship was a professional snooker tournament which was open only for Welsh players. It was the first of the four home countries to revive its national professional championship on a regular basis.

History
The championship was first played in 1922, but it was more than 50 years before Ray Reardon and Doug Mountjoy met, in 1977, for an 'unofficial' Welsh Professional title. Reardon won that encounter 12–8. Even though the event was sponsored by William Hill it wasn't a success and wasn't held again until 1980.

The Ebbw Vale Leisure Centre staged the first official revived championship in 1980 and would host the championship until 1984. The event was sponsored by cider producers H. P. Bulmer, using their Woodpecker brand from 1980 until 1983 and their Strongbow brand in 1984. In 1985 and 1986 the event was held at the Abertillery Leisure Centre. The sponsorship was taken over by BCE for 1985 and Zetters for 1986. The event moved to the Newport Centre in 1985 and remained there until 1991. In the last five years the event had three different sponsors: Matchroom in 1987, Senator Windows between 1988 and 1990, and Regal in 1991.

After the 1991 event Regal withdraw their sponsorship and began to sponsor the Welsh Open – a new ranking event at the same venue, and the Welsh Professional Championship event hasn't been held since then.

Winners

References

Snooker non-ranking competitions
Snooker competitions in Wales
Sport in Newport, Wales
Recurring sporting events established in 1980
Recurring events disestablished in 1991
1980 establishments in Wales
1991 disestablishments in Wales
Defunct snooker competitions
Defunct sports competitions in Wales

Welsh Professional Championship


Xynotyri is an unpasteurized whey cheese from Greece made from sheep's milk or goat's milk, with a hard and flaky consistency, a pungent aroma and a yogurt-like sweet and sour taste. "Xynotyri" means "sour cheese" in Greek. Traditionally, the cheese is drained and cured in reed baskets or allowed to mature in bags made of animal skin. Cow's milk is not utilized in the production.

Xynotyri cheese can be consumed either as fresh cheese or after being ripened with the use of naturally dominating microflora during a 3-month maturing period. The Lactobacillus strains in Xynotyri have antibacterial effects that kill Salmonella pathogens, a finding that is of special interest for producers of health-giving cheeses according to researchers at the French Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale.

See also
List of cheeses

References

Greek cheeses
Sheep's-milk cheeses
Goat's-milk cheeses

Xynotyro


In manufacturing engineering, a product layout refers to a production system where the work stations and equipment are located along the line of production, as with assembly lines.

Usually, work units are moved along  line (not necessarily a geometric line, but a set of interconnected work stations) by a conveyor. Work is done in small amounts at each of the work stations on the line. To use the product layout, the total work to be performed must be dividable into small tasks that can be assigned to each of the workstations.

Because the work stations each do small amounts of work, the stations utilize specific techniques and equipment tailored to the individual job they are assigned.  This can lead to a higher production rate.

See also
Process layout

References
Mikell P. Groover (2007). Work Systems: The Methods, Measurement & Management of Work. Prentice Hall.

Industrial engineering
Production and manufacturing

Product layout


Just Dance is a video game series made by Ubisoft. Just Dance was named after a song sung by Lady Gaga. The first Just Dance was released in 2009 in North America, Europe, and Australia.

Gameplay
Just Dance is a motion-based video game. One to four people can play it. Players dance along to a song, and follow the dances on screen as if they were looking in a mirror. Players get more points when they follow the dance moves more closely. Starting in Just Dance 2, players get stars for every 2000 points they get. In each song, there are also moves called Gold Moves. If a player does a Gold Move correctly, they get a lot of points. If they do a Gold Move incorrectly, they do not get any points. At the end of the song, whoever has the most points is the winner.

Main series
There are 15 games in the main Just Dance series.

Just Dance
This is the first game in the series. It was released on November 17, 2009. It has songs by MC Hammer, The Beach Boys, Iggy Pop, Baha Men, Spice Girls, Gorillaz, and others.

Just Dance 2
Just Dance 2 was released on October 12, 2010. The second installment was the first and only installment to date with up-to 8-player sessions. It has songs by Kesha, Outkast, The Pussycat Dolls, Wham!, Avril Lavigne, Mika, Rihanna, and others.

Just Dance 3
Just Dance 3 released on October 7, 2011. The third installment was revealed at Ubisoft E3 conference, on June 6, 2011. It was the first installment of the Just Dance series on Xbox 360 (with Kinect support), and PlayStation 3 (with PlayStation Move support). It has songs by Jessie J, Katy Perry, Gwen Stefani, a-ha, Robin Sparkles, Lenny Kravitz, The Black Eyed Peas, and others.

Just Dance 4
Just Dance 4 released on October 9, 2012. It is the 4th game in the series. It is the first installment of the Just Dance series for Wii U. It has songs by Carly Rae Jepsen, P!nk, The B-52's, Rihanna, Flo Rida, and others.

Just Dance 2014
Just Dance 2014 released October 8, 2013. It is the 5th game in the series. It was the first Just Dance game to be released on Xbox One and PlayStation 4 and it has songs by Lady Gaga, Nicki Minaj, PSY, One Direction, Chris Brown, Ariana Grande, ABBA, George Michael, Ricky Martin, and others.

Just Dance 2015
Just Dance 2015 released October 21, 2014. It is the 6th game in the series. It has songs by Pharrell Williams, John Newman, Katy Perry, Iggy Azalea, Maroon 5, and others.

Just Dance 2016
Just Dance 2016 released October 20, 2015. It is the 7th game in the series. It has songs by Calvin Harris, David Guetta, Meghan Trainor, Britney Spears, Mark Ronson, Shakira, Kelly Clarkson, Demi Lovato, and others.

Just Dance 2017
Just Dance 2017 released October 25, 2016. It is the 8th game in the series. It has songs by Justin Bieber, Queen, DNCE, and others. It was the first game in the series that was released on Steam and Nintendo Switch.

Just Dance 2018
Just Dance 2018 released October 24, 2017. It is the 9th game in the series. It has songs by Bebe Rexha, Bruno Mars, Ariana Grande, Big Freedia, Shakira, Clean Bandit, Dua Lipa, Tomska, Luis Fonsi, Selena Gomez, and others.

Just Dance 2019
Just Dance 2019 released October 23, 2018. It is the 10th game in the series. It has songs by Bruno Mars, BIGBANG, BLACKPINK, Sean Paul, J Balvin, Camila Cabello, Daddy Yankee, and others.

Just Dance 2020
Just Dance 2020 released November 5, 2019. It is the 11th game in the series. It has songs by Ariana Grande, Billie Eilish, Ed Sheeran, 2NE1, Panic! at the Disco, Khalid, and others.

Just Dance 2021
Just Dance 2021 released November 12, 2020. It is the 12th game in the series. It has songs by Dua Lipa, TWICE, Lady Gaga, Ariana Grande, Eminem, NCT 127, BLACKPINK, Selena Gomez, and others. It was the first released on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S.

Just Dance 2022
Just Dance 2022 released November 4, 2021. It is the 13th game in the series. It has songs by Todrick Hall, Anuel AA, Imagine Dragons, Ciara, Meghan Trainor, Camila Cabello, Olivia Rodrigo, Bella Poarch, Pabllo Vittar, and others.

Just Dance 2023 Edition
Just Dance 2023 is a new gen 14th game in the Just Dance series. It include tracks by Taylor Swift, Ava Max, Lady Gaga, and others. It released on November 22, 2022. This will be the last mainline Just Dance game, and won't be released on Xbox One or Playstation 4 for the first time since Just Dance 3.

Just Dance 2024 Edition
Just Dance 2024 is a new gen 15th game in the Just Dance series.

Japanese Series

Just Dance Wii
This is the first Japanese version of Just Dance. It was developed by Ubisoft Paris and edited by Nintendo. It was released on 13 October 2011. It was made only for the Wii. It has 16 J-pop songs, 11 songs from Just Dance and Just Dance 2 and one song that is unlockable by playing all of the others. The songs of EXILE, Kara, Koda Kumi and others are included.

Just Dance Wii 2
This is the second Japanese version of Just Dance. It was developed by Ubisoft Paris and edited by Nintendo. It was announced by Nintendo directly and released on 26 July 2012. It was made only for the Wii. It has 20 J-pop songs and 15 songs from Just Dance 2 and Just Dance 3. The songs of EXILE, Kara, Speed, Da Pump, T-ara, DJ OZMA, 2PM, Happiness, Max, and Ms. Ooja are included.

Just Dance Wii U
This is the third Japanese version of Just Dance. It was developed by Ubisoft Paris and edited by Nintendo. It was announced by Nintendo directly and released on 3 April 2014. It was made only for the Wii U. It has 20 J-pop songs and 15 songs from Just Dance 4 and Just Dance 2014. The songs of SKE48, AKB48, BIGBANG, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu, and Momoiro Clover Z.

Other series
There are some other kinds of Just Dance series. One is a Disney edition, that was named Just Dance: Disney Party. There are two versions of the series. The first one was released on 23 October 2012 and then the second one was released on 20 October 2015. They include some Disney film music and songs sung in Disney Channel series on television. Others are the Experience Series. One of the Experience Series is Michael Jackson: The Experience. It was released on 23 November 2010, and it contains 26 famous songs sung by Michael Jackson. And the rest are the Kids Series named Just Dance Kids. There are three games in this series. The first was released on 9 November 2010, the second was released on 25 October 2011 and the third was released on 22 October 2013.

References

2009 video games
Video game series
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 5 games
Wii games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games

Just Dance (video game series)


The Saur Revolution or Sowr Revolution (; ), also known as the April Revolution or the April Coup, was staged on 27–28 April 1978 (, ) by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and overthrew Afghan president Mohammed Daoud Khan, who had himself taken power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état and established an autocratic one-party system in the country. Daoud and most of his family were executed at the Arg in the capital city of Kabul by PDPA-affiliated military officers, after which his supporters were also purged and killed. The successful PDPA uprising resulted in the creation of a socialist Afghan government that was closely aligned with the Soviet Union, with Nur Muhammad Taraki serving as the PDPA's General Secretary of the Revolutionary Council.  or  is the Dari-language name for the second month of the Solar Hijri calendar, during which the events took place.

The uprising was ordered by PDPA member Hafizullah Amin, who would become a significant figure in the revolutionary Afghan government. At a press conference in New York in June 1978, Amin claimed that the event was not a coup d'état, but rather a "popular revolution" carried out by the "will of the people" against Daoud's government. The Saur Revolution involved heavy fighting throughout Afghanistan and resulted in the deaths of as many as 2,000 military personnel and civilians combined; it remains a significant event in Afghanistan's history as it marked the beginning of decades of continuous conflict in the country.

Background
With the support and assistance of minority political party the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), Mohammed Daoud Khan had taken power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état by overthrowing the monarchy ruled by his first cousin, King Mohammed Zahir Shah, and had established the first Republic of Afghanistan.

President Daoud was convinced that closer ties and military support from the Soviet Union would allow Afghanistan to take control of Pashtun lands in northwest Pakistan. However, Daoud, who was ostensibly committed to a policy of non-alignment, became uneasy over Soviet attempts to dictate Afghanistan's foreign policy, and relations between the two countries deteriorated.

Under the secular government of Daoud, factionalism and rivalry developed in the PDPA, with two main factions being the Parcham and Khalq factions. On 17 April 1978, a prominent member of the Parcham, Mir Akbar Khyber, was murdered. Although the government issued a statement deploring the assassination and claiming Gulbuddin Hekmatyar responsible. Nur Mohammad Taraki of the PDPA charged that the government was responsible, a belief that was shared by much of the Kabul intelligentsia. PDPA leaders apparently feared that Daoud was planning to eliminate them.

During the funeral ceremonies for Khyber a protest against the government occurred, and shortly thereafter most of the leaders of PDPA, including Babrak Karmal, were arrested. Hafizullah Amin was put under house arrest, which gave him a chance to order an uprising, one that had been slowly coalescing for more than two years. Amin, without having the authority, instructed the Khalqist army officers to overthrow the government.

The revolution

Preliminary steps for the coup came in April, when a tank commander under Daoud warned of intelligence suggesting an attack on Kabul in the near future, specifically April 27. On the commander's recommendation, tanks were positioned around the Arg, the national palace. On the 27th, the tanks turned their guns on the palace. The tank commander who made the request had, in secret, defected to the Khalq beforehand.

According to an eyewitness, the first signs of the impending coup in Kabul, at about noon on 27 April, were reports of a tank column headed toward the city, smoke of unknown origin near the Ministry of Defense, and armed men, some in military uniform, guarding Ariana Circle, a major intersection. The first shots heard were near the Ministry of Interior in the downtown Shahr-e Naw section of Kabul, where a company of policemen apparently confronted an advancing tank column. From there the fighting spread to other areas of the city. Later that afternoon, the first fighter planes, Sukhoi Su-7s, came in low and fired rockets at the national palace in the center of the city. In early evening, an announcement was broadcast on government-owned Radio Afghanistan that the Khalq were overthrowing the Daoud government. The use of the word Khalq, and its traditional association with the communists in Afghanistan, made clear that the PDPA was leading the coup, and also that the rebels had captured the radio station.

The aerial attacks on the palace intensified about midnight as six Su-7s made repeated rocket attacks, lighting up the city. The next morning, 28 April, Kabul was mostly quiet, although the sound of gunfire could still be heard on the southern side of the city. As the people of Kabul ventured out of their homes they realized that the rebels were in complete control of the city and learned that President Daoud Khan and his brother Naim had been killed early that morning. A group of soldiers had surrounded the heavily damaged palace and demanded their surrender. Instead, Daoud and Naim, pistols in hand, charged out of the palace at the soldiers, and were shot and killed. In addition, the Defense Minister of Daoud's cabinet Ghulam Haidar Rasuli, Interior Minister Abdul Qadir Nuristani, and Vice President Sayyid Abdullah were also killed.

The coup marked the end of power of the Barakzai dynasty after 152 years.

Speculation of foreign involvement
There was speculation that the Soviet Union was behind the coup, but no convincing evidence to support this ever appeared. Soviet military advisors in Kabul had been informed about the coup several hours before it began, but (based on the current state of knowledge as of 2021) they were not involved in the planning and the Soviet leadership was surprised by the events. According to Deputy Foreign Minister Georgy Korniyenko, the Soviet leadership was informed about the coup through a statement by the Reuters news agency. The Soviet news agency TASS used the term "military coup" in its report, which would most likely have been called a "popular revolution" if the Soviets stood behind the coup. Political scientist William Maley has noted that while the Soviets were not directly involved, rising tensions with Daoud may have prompted them to refrain from taking steps to prevent an Afghan communist coup.

State Department analysts told U.S. President Jimmy Carter that direct Soviet involvement in the coup was unlikely: "Although they had probably become somewhat disillusioned with President Daoud, we do not think they would have tried to take over this important non-aligned country."

Government after the revolution

The revolution was initially welcomed by many people in Kabul, who were dissatisfied with the Daoud government. Before the civilian government was established, Afghan National Army Air Corps colonel Abdul Qadir and the PDPA Revolutionary Council led the country for three days from 27 April 1978. Eventually a civilian government under the leadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki of the Khalq faction was formed. In Kabul, the initial cabinet appeared to be carefully constructed to alternate ranking positions between Khalqists and Parchamites. Taraki (a Khalqist) was Prime Minister, Karmal (a Parchamite) was senior Deputy Prime Minister, and Hafizullah Amin (a Khalqist) was foreign minister. The unity between Khalq and Parcham was only brief: Amin and General Mohammad Aslam Watanjar conveyed in a meeting that the revolution was the work of Khalq and that Parcham had no part of it. Taraki and Amin in early July relieved most of the Parchamites from their government positions. Karmal was sent abroad as Ambassador to Czechoslovakia. In August 1978, Taraki and Amin claimed to have uncovered a plot and executed or imprisoned several cabinet members, even imprisoning General Abdul Qadir, the military leader of the Saur Revolution until the Soviet invasion and subsequent change in leadership in late 1979. In September 1979, it was Taraki's turn to become a victim of the Revolution, as Amin overthrew and executed him.

The government once in power, as the PDPA had said before, publicly denied that it was communist.

However, in private conversations, Taraki told the Soviet ambassador Alexander Puzanov that Afghanistan would follow Marxism–Leninism. The Soviet Union was the PDPA's model for modernizing Afghanistan and Taraki and Karmal were Soviet agents since the 1950s. The PDPA's party constitution leaked in 1978 explicitly mentioned Marxism–Leninism as the future of Afghanistan and by the end of 1978, Amin declared the Saur revolution as the "continuation of [the] Great October Revolution", leaving no doubts about the PDPA's orientation.

At first the new government had a moderate approach and reforms were not strongly felt; however from late October the PDPA launched drastic reforms that struck the socioeconomic tribal structure of rural Afghanistan. In a "disastrous symbolic move", it changed the national flag from the traditional black, red and Islamic green color to a near-copy of the red flag of the Soviet Union, a provocative affront to the people of the conservative country. It prohibited usury, without having in place any alternative for peasants who relied on the traditional, if exploitative, credit system in the countryside. That led to an agricultural crisis and a fall in agricultural production. Such reforms were abruptly introduced and enforced, without preliminary pilots. Land reform was criticized by one journalist as "confiscating land in a haphazard manner that enraged everyone, benefited no one, and reduced food production," and the "first instance of organized, nationwide repression in Afghanistan's modern history."

The PDPA, an advocate of equal rights for women, declared the equality of the sexes. The PDPA made a number of statements on women's rights, declaring equality of the sexes and introduced women to political life. A prominent example was Anahita Ratebzad, who was a major Marxist–Leninist leader and a member of the Revolutionary Council. Ratebzad wrote the famous May 28, 1978 New Kabul Times editorial, which declared: "Privileges which women, by right, must have are equal education, job security, health services, and free time to rear a healthy generation for building the future of the country ... Educating and enlightening women is now the subject of close government attention." Women were already guaranteed freedoms under the 1964 Constitution, but the PDPA went further by declaring full equality.

Oppression of anti-revolutionaries
The revolution also introduced severe repression of a kind previously unknown in Afghanistan. According to journalist and CNAS member Robert D. Kaplan, while Afghanistan had historically been extremely poor and underdeveloped, it "had never known very much political repression" until 1978. Political scientist Barnett Rubin wrote, "Khalq used mass arrests, torture, and secret executions on a scale Afghanistan had not seen since the time of Abdul Rahman Khan, and probably not even then".

Kaplan states that it was the Saur Revolution and its harsh land reform program, rather than the December 1979 Soviet invasion "as most people in the West suppose", that "ignited" the mujahidin revolt against the Kabul authorities and prompted the refugee exodus to Pakistan. According to scholar Gilles Dorronsoro, it was the violence of the state rather than its reforms that caused the uprisings.

Royal family
Alongside the killing of most of Daoud's family during the coup, other members of the former Barakzai dynasty were jailed. All royal property were seized, members were deprived of Afghan citizenship, and the flow of money to the exiled King Mohammed Zahir Shah and his wife Humaira Begum in Italy were halted.

The Khalqists compiled a list of royal people to be executed after the coup. Prince Ali Abdul Seraj, a great-grandson of the 19th century emir Abdur Rahman Khan, was on the list and managed to flee Afghanistan with his wife and child while disguised as a hippie, joining a bus full of British and Australian hashish smokers.

Legacy

After a few months, the Khalqist regime pushed hard for socialist reforms and was brutal in its repression of opposition, arresting many without charge. The regime alienated a wide variety of people, including tribal and clan leaders, Islamists, Maoists, Western-educated teachers, and traditional religious leaders, all becoming victims of the Khalqists. Discontent fomented amongst the people of Afghanistan, and the first anti-government revolts began in Kunar Province, in October 1978. With regime brutality only increasing, and several uprisings the following year (most notably that in Herat) leaving most provinces in the country under guerilla control, troops from the USSR entered Afghanistan in December, citing the Brezhnev Doctrine as basis for their intervention. Insurgent groups fought Soviet troops and the PDPA government for more than nine years until the final withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989. Instability continued in Afghanistan, with war still continuing to plague the entire country for more than four decades after the revolution.

In 1991, PDPA member Babrak Karmal, who headed the Parcham faction and served as president after the invasion, denounced the Saur Revolution:

It was the greatest crime against the people of Afghanistan. Parcham's leaders were against armed actions because the country was not ready for a revolution... I knew that people would not support us if we decided to keep power without such support."

See also

 Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur, a newspaper named after the Saur Revolution
 Afghanistan-Soviet Union relations

References

External links
 Surviving the 1978 Revolution in Afghanistan, a personal account of American Larry Clinton Thompson's experiences in the Saur Revolution
 How I escaped from jail in Afghanistan by Ismail Sloan, another personal account of an American who traveled to Afghanistan to rescue assets shortly after the revolution and during Daud Khan's short-lived government

1978 in Afghanistan
Conflicts in 1978
Communism in Afghanistan
Communist revolutions
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
1978
Afghanistan
April 1978 events in Asia
20th-century revolutions
Military coups in Afghanistan

Saur Revolution