PrairieTek was a hard drive manufacturer located in Longmont, Colorado in the late 1980s and early 1990s.  It was founded by Terry Johnson in 1985. It manufactured 5 and 10 megabyte "ruggedized" miniature hard drives for the laptop computer market.

Its PrairieTek 220 was the first  hard drive, a potentially profitable move, but by the time the drive entered into mass production, its storage capacity was already low for the market.  "PrairieTek's single disk 40MB model, potentially a
cost-effective competitive product, was...late to market."

Unlike many manufacturers of the time, PrairieTek did not rest the drive heads on the disks, but instead used reverse EMF (ElectroMagnetic Force) to park the drives on a spreader bar.  At the time all manufacturers parked heads on the platters in an out of the way place. When the platters spun up, with the increasingly smooth surface of the platter, the heads had a tendency to stick to the surface (sticktion) which resulted in ripping them off the arms. This dynamic loading of the heads avoided the problem and was a carry over from a previous design used in 8 inch removable drives.

The company first went into the black in September 1990, at which point co-founder Steve Volk and the core group of engineers resigned to found Intégral Peripherals, to develop 1.8" drives.

The company failed within a year of Volk leaving. The first round of layoffs started in February 1991, all production activity ceased at the end of June - and the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in September 1991.

The bidding war for PrairieTek's patent portfolio in 1992 rose to the then astounding price of $18M, paid by Conner Peripherals and Alps Electric - PrairieTek's patent #4,933,785 in particular was sought after.

References

1985 establishments in Colorado
1991 disestablishments in Colorado
American companies established in 1985
American companies disestablished in 1991
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1991
Computer companies established in 1985
Computer companies disestablished in 1991
Computer storage companies
Defunct companies based in Colorado
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Electronics companies established in 1985
Electronics companies disestablished in 1991
Technology companies established in 1985
Technology companies disestablished in 1991

PrairieTek


Lester B. Williams (June 24, 1920 – November 13, 1990) was an American Texas blues and electric blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He is best known for his song "Winter Time Blues" and "I Can't Lose with the Stuff I Use". His main influence was T-Bone Walker.

Williams released several singles in the 1950s. His recording career lasted from 1949 to 1956, but he remained a stalwart of the Houston blues circuit for decades.

Life and career
Williams was born in Groveton, Texas. When he was a young boy his family relocated to Houston. After serving in World War II, Williams sang at Houston's Eldorado Ballroom, but quit and enrolled at the New England Conservatory in Boston, Massachusetts, to study piano and voice. He did not graduate, and he returned to Houston, where he taught himself to play the guitar and started to write songs. Walker's influence inspired Williams, who said to himself, "I could learn to play guitar and pull in some of that money that T-Bone made". Having formed his own group in 1949, he wrote "Winter Time Blues", which came from his own experience when his wife and daughter traveled to Los Angeles for the summer, leaving him to contemplate the winter alone. The song included the lyric "Winter without your baby, you might as well be dead".

He signed a recording contract with Macy's Recordings, and Steve Poncio produced "Winter Time Blues" which was a regional hit. His next few releases did not fare well commercially and, by 1951, Williams had moved to Specialty Records. His first disc for them was his biggest success, "I Can't Lose with the Stuff I Use" (1952). His notability rose to the extent that he appeared in February 1953 at Carnegie Hall, in New York, on a bill that included Dinah Washington, Billy Eckstine and Nat King Cole.  The song "I Can't Lose with the Stuff I Use" was covered a decade later by B.B. King.

His success was short-lived, as subsequent releases did not sell well. By 1954, Williams was performing regularly on the Houston radio station KLVL, and he began a constant touring regime across the South. Additional singles were released by Duke and by Imperial, the latter in 1956.

For the ensuing decades, Williams continued to perform around Houston and beyond. He undertook a tour of Europe in 1986.

Williams died in November 1990, in Houston, at the age of 70.

Discography

Compilation albums

See also
List of electric blues musicians
List of Texas blues musicians

References

1920 births
1990 deaths
American blues singers
American blues guitarists
American rhythm and blues bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American rhythm and blues guitarists
American rhythm and blues singers
Songwriters from Texas
Electric blues musicians
Texas blues musicians
20th-century American singers
20th-century American bass guitarists
Guitarists from Texas
People from Groveton, Texas
20th-century American male singers
American male songwriters

Lester Williams (musician)


Green Vehicles Inc. was a manufacturer of electric cars that operated in California from 2008 to 2011. Their best-known product was the Triac, a three-wheeled car that never entered production.

History

Green Vehicles was co-founded by Ehab Youssef and Mike Ryan in the wake of a failed ZAP! dealership originally in Los Gatos, California. Disappointment in the state of the battery electric vehicle industry at the time led the small company to take on the ambitious goal of making the world's most sustainably made, energy efficient freeway commuter.

In 2008, the company changed course, abandoning its manufacturing base in China for an  facility in Salinas, California in order to make changes to manufacturing operations more consistent with the principles on which the company was founded. Green Vehicles recently applied to the state of California and received supplemental funds to implement Design for Manufacturability and Design for Environment changes before increasing commercial production volumes of the Triac 2.0.

Technology
VEDA (Vehicle, Efficiency & Data Assistant)- an advanced IT system incorporating a proprietary BMS, data logging, motor controller access and navigation that has been introduced by the company. The company has held details close to its chest, but has said that the system will be part of the commercial Triac2.0.

Motor
The Triac freeway commuter uses a three phase 30 kW Permanent Magnet motor, and has a top speed of 80 MPH and a range of 100 Miles.

Battery
The Triac uses a 144V lithium-ion battery pack

Models
Triac - freeway commuter
Moose - electric minivan

Current
The Triac is a lithium-ion powered three-wheeled street legal car. Under most state laws, three-wheeled cars are classified as motorcycles. The first commercial deliveries started in November, 2009 as part of an Early Adopters program.

The company claims that the freeway commuter's design for reducing energy consumption, superior battery solution, and higher efficiency drivetrain offer commuters the most environmentally friendly means for meeting their daily transportation needs. Although Green Vehicles has not publicly released the name of their battery supplier, they have confirmed that they are headquartered in California.

On July 30, 2010, Green Vehicles was awarded a grant for over $2,050,000 by the California Energy Commission to assist the company's efforts to scale up manufacturing operations in Salinas, California.

On July 18, 2011, Green Vehicles announced it had ceased operations, citing a lack of capital. Virtually all of its funding had come from state and local government grants.

References

External links
 Green Vehicles Inc. website
 Youtube.com: Green Vehicles Inc. Overview
Youtube.com: Triac video
KQED Radio "California Report- A Tale of Two California Carmakers"
Youtube.com: Los Angeles Radio Interview: Mike Ryan
 Detroit Auto Show Gizmag: "Mike Ryan"
 San Jose Mercury News: Green Vehicles Inc.

Battery electric vehicle manufacturers
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in California
Companies based in Monterey County, California
Salinas, California
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2008
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2011
2008 establishments in California
2011 disestablishments in California
Electric vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in California

Green Vehicles


Kıvanç Haznedaroğlu (born 1 January 1981) is a Turkish chess Grandmaster and a FIDE trainer. As of the July 2013 FIDE rating list, he is ranked among active players number 1,798 in the world and number twelve in Turkey. He earned the title of Grandmaster (GM) on 18 October 2009. He studied Hydrogeology at Hacettepe University in Ankara.

Chess career
Haznedaroğlu was born on 1 January 1981 in Ankara as the youngest of three boys. At the age of five or six, he got interested in chess playing as his uncle, a mathematics teacher, was training Kıvanç's older brothers. His father introduced then Kıvanç in chess. Already in 1987, he became champion in the national intra primary school tournament. He repeated his first place in the 1989-90 Turkish championship. During his high school years, he became always Turkish champion in his age category. His first international experience was at 1999 Balkan Chess Championship in Varna, Bulgaria. Even though he won his first game against an International Master from Yugoslavia, he lost the following games and had to realize that there was a remarkable level difference between the Turkish and foreign chess players. In 2003, he became Turkish champion.

The turning point for him came when he took part at the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004 held in Tripoli, Libya. He played against Russian Vladimir Malakhov, lost with ½ to 1½. He was very happy to get ½ points from a high-level chess player. In 2008, he participated at the 38th Chess Olympiad held in Dresden, Germany, where he reached a score of 6½/9 by winning against Stuart Conquest (ENG), Sami Laouini (TUN), Luis Pan Zhang (PAN), Rinat Jumabayev (KAZ), Mohamed Amine Haddouche (ALG), Roger I. Nokes (NZL) and tying with Viesturs Meijers (LAT) but losing to Jakob Vang Glud (DEN) and Niclas Huschenbeth (GER).

After winning the third game at Izmir Chess Open in August 2009, he qualified for the Grand Master title.

Achievements
Turkish Chess Championship
 2003 – champion
 2006 – 4th place

References

External links
Kivanc Haznedaroglu  at Chess Games

Living people
1981 births
Sportspeople from Ankara
Turkish chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chess grandmasters
Hacettepe University alumni

Kıvanç Haznedaroğlu


Trichotillomania (TTM), also known as hair-pulling disorder or compulsive hair pulling, is a mental disorder characterized by a long-term urge that results in the pulling out of one's own hair. A brief positive feeling may occur as hair is removed. Efforts to stop pulling hair typically fail. Hair removal may occur anywhere; however, the head and around the eyes are most common. The hair pulling is to such a degree that it results in distress and hair loss can be seen.

As of 2023, the specific cause or causes of trichotillomania are unclear; Trichotillomania is probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disorder may run in families. It occurs more commonly in those with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Episodes of pulling may be triggered by anxiety. People usually acknowledge that they pull their hair, and broken hairs may be seen on examination. Other conditions that may present similarly include body dysmorphic disorder; however, in that condition people remove hair to try to improve what they see as a problem in how they look.

Treatment is typically with cognitive behavioral therapy. The medication clomipramine may also be helpful, as will keeping fingernails clipped. Trichotillomania is estimated to affect one to four percent of people. Trichotillomania most commonly begins in childhood or adolescence. Women are affected about 10 times more often than men. The name was created by François Henri Hallopeau in 1889, from the Greek ;  (meaning 'hair'), along with ;  (meaning 'to pull'), and ; mania (meaning 'madness').

Signs and symptoms
Trichotillomania is usually confined to one or two sites, but can involve multiple sites. The scalp is the most common pulling site, followed by the eyebrows, eyelashes, face, arms, and legs. Some less common areas include the pubic area, underarms, beard, and chest. The classic presentation is the "Friar Tuck" form of vertex and crown alopecia. Children are less likely to pull from areas other than the scalp.

People with trichotillomania often pull only one hair at a time and these hair-pulling episodes can last for hours at a time. Some individuals may experience more satisfaction after pulling an anagen phase hair with the gel-like inner root sheath still surrounding the base of the hair. Trichotillomania can go into remission-like states where the individual may not experience the urge to "pull" for days, weeks, months, or even years.

Individuals with trichotillomania exhibit hair of differing lengths; some are broken hairs with blunt ends, some new growth with tapered ends, some broken mid-shaft, or some uneven stubble. Scaling on the scalp is not present, overall hair density is normal, and a hair pull test is negative (the hair does not pull out easily). Hair is often pulled out leaving an unusual shape. Individuals with trichotillomania may be secretive or shameful of the hair pulling behavior.

An additional psychological effect can be low self-esteem, often associated with being shunned by peers and the fear of socializing, due to appearance and negative attention they may receive. Some people with trichotillomania wear hats, wigs, false eyelashes, eyebrow pencil, or style their hair in an effort to avoid such attention. There seems to be a strong stress-related component. In low-stress environments, some exhibit no symptoms (known as "pulling") whatsoever. This "pulling" often resumes upon leaving this environment. Some individuals with trichotillomania may feel they are the only person with this problem due to low rates of reporting.

For some people, trichotillomania is a mild problem, merely a frustration. But for many, embarrassment about hair pulling causes isolation and results in a great deal of emotional distress, placing them at risk for a co-occurring psychiatric disorder, such as a mood or anxiety disorder. Hair pulling can lead to tension and strained relationships with family members and friends. Family members may need professional help in coping with this problem.

Other medical complications include infection, permanent loss of hair, repetitive stress injury, carpal tunnel syndrome, and gastrointestinal obstruction as a result of trichophagia. In trichophagia, people with trichotillomania also ingest the hair that they pull; in extreme (and rare) cases this can lead to a hair ball (trichobezoar). Rapunzel syndrome, an extreme form of trichobezoar in which the "tail" of the hair ball extends into the intestines, can be fatal if misdiagnosed.

Environment is a large factor which affects hair pulling. Sedentary activities such as being in a relaxed environment are conducive to hair pulling. A common example of a sedentary activity promoting hair pulling is lying in a bed while trying to rest or fall asleep. An extreme example of automatic trichotillomania is found when some patients have been observed to pull their hair out while asleep. This is called sleep-isolated trichotillomania.

Causes
Anxiety, depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder are more frequently encountered in people with trichotillomania. Trichotillomania has a high overlap with post traumatic stress disorder, and some cases of trichotillomania may be triggered by stress. Another school of thought emphasizes hair pulling as addictive or negatively reinforcing, as it is associated with rising tension beforehand and relief afterward. A neurocognitive model — the notion that the basal ganglia play a role in habit formation and that the frontal lobes are critical for normally suppressing or inhibiting such habits — sees trichotillomania as a habit disorder.

In several MRI studies, it has been found that people with trichotillomania have more gray matter on average than those who do not have the disorder. One study found that individuals with trichotillomania have decreased cerebellar volume on average, which suggests some differences between OCD and trichotillomania. An fMRI study reported decreased activation in the basal ganglia, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in people with trichotillomania. Abnormalities in the caudate nucleus are noted in OCD, but there is no evidence to support that these abnormalities can also be linked to trichotillomania.

It is likely that a combination of multiple genes confers vulnerability to trichotillomania. Mutations in the SLITRK1, 5HT2A, and SAPAP3 genes have been associated with trichotillomania. In addition, HOXB8 knockout mice display pathological grooming behavior similar to trichotillomania, although associations between trichotillomania and the HOXB8 gene have not been demonstrated in humans.

Diagnosis
Patients may be ashamed or actively attempt to disguise their symptoms. This can make diagnosis difficult as symptoms are not always immediately obvious, or have been deliberately hidden to avoid disclosure. If the patient admits to hair pulling, diagnosis is not difficult; if patients deny hair pulling, a differential diagnosis must be pursued. The differential diagnosis will include evaluation for alopecia areata, iron deficiency, hypothyroidism, tinea capitis, traction alopecia, alopecia mucinosa, thallium poisoning, and loose anagen syndrome. In trichotillomania, a hair pull test is negative.

A biopsy can be performed and may be helpful; it reveals traumatized hair follicles with perifollicular hemorrhage, fragmented hair in the dermis, empty follicles, and deformed hair shafts. Multiple catagen hairs are typically seen. An alternative technique to biopsy, particularly for children, is to shave a part of the involved area and observe for regrowth of normal hairs.

Diagnostic criteria from the DSM-5 provides the following criteria for trichotillomania:

 Criterion A: Recurrent pulling of hair that must result in loss of hair.
 Criterion B: There must be evidence that the person has attempted to stop hair-pulled behavior.
 Criterion C: General medical conditions and other disorders that may results in hair pulling must first be ruled out, and TTM can only be diagnosed if the behavior is not in response to another disorder. Examples include delusions, or body dysmorphic disorders.

Classification
Trichotillomania is defined as a self-induced and recurrent loss of hair. It includes the criterion of an increasing sense of tension before pulling the hair and gratification or relief when pulling the hair. However, some people with trichotillomania do not endorse the inclusion of "rising tension and subsequent pleasure, gratification, or relief" as part of the criteria because many individuals with trichotillomania may not realize they are pulling their hair, and patients presenting for diagnosis may deny the criteria for tension prior to hair pulling or a sense of gratification after hair is pulled.

Trichotillomania may lie on the obsessive-compulsive spectrum, also encompassing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), nail biting (onychophagia) and skin picking (dermatillomania), tic disorders and eating disorders. These conditions may share clinical features, genetic contributions, and possibly treatment response; however, differences between trichotillomania and OCD are present in symptoms, neural function and cognitive profile. In the sense that it is associated with irresistible urges to perform unwanted repetitive behavior, trichotillomania is akin to some of these conditions, and rates of trichotillomania among relatives of OCD patients is higher than expected by chance. However, differences between the disorder and OCD have been noted, including: differing peak ages at onset, rates of comorbidity, gender differences, and neural dysfunction and cognitive profile. When it occurs in early childhood, it can be regarded as a distinct clinical entity.

Because trichotillomania can be present in multiple age groups, it is helpful in terms of prognosis and treatment to approach three distinct subgroups by age: preschool age children, preadolescents to young adults, and adults.

In preschool age children, trichotillomania is considered benign. For these children, hair-pulling is considered either a means of exploration or something done subconsciously, similar to nail-biting and thumb-sucking, and almost never continues into further ages.

The most common age of onset of trichotillomania is between ages 9 and 13. In this age range, trichotillomania is usually chronic, and continues into adulthood. Trichotillomania that begins in adulthood most commonly arises from underlying psychiatric causes.

Trichotillomania is often not a focused act, but rather hair pulling occurs in a "trance-like" state; hence, trichotillomania is subdivided into "automatic" versus "focused" hair pulling. Children are more often in the automatic, or unconscious, subtype and may not consciously remember pulling their hair. Other individuals may have focused, or conscious, rituals associated with hair pulling, including seeking specific types of hairs to pull, pulling until the hair feels "just right", or pulling in response to a specific sensation. Knowledge of the subtype is helpful in determining treatment strategies.

Treatment
Treatment is based on a person's age. Most pre-school age children outgrow the condition if it is managed conservatively. In young adults, establishing the diagnosis and raising awareness of the condition is an important reassurance for the family and patient. Non-pharmacological interventions, including behavior modification programs, may be considered; referrals to psychologists or psychiatrists may be considered when other interventions fail. When trichotillomania begins in adulthood, it is often associated with other mental disorders, and referral to a psychologist or psychiatrist for evaluation or treatment is considered best. The hair pulling may resolve when other conditions are treated.

Psychotherapy
Habit reversal training (HRT) has the highest rate of success in treating trichotillomania. HRT has also been shown to be a successful adjunct to medication as a way to treat trichotillomania. With HRT, the individual is trained to learn to recognize their impulse to pull and also teach them to redirect this impulse. In comparisons of behavioral versus pharmacologic treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy (including HRT) have shown significant improvement over medication alone. It has also proven effective in treating children. Biofeedback, cognitive-behavioral methods, and hypnosis may improve symptoms. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is also demonstrating promise in trichotillomania treatment. A systematic review from 2012 found tentative evidence for "movement decoupling".

Medication
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any medications for trichotillomania treatment.

However, some medications have been used to treat trichotillomania, with mixed results. Treatment with clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, was shown in a small double-blind study to improve symptoms, but results of other studies on clomipramine for treating trichotillomania have been inconsistent. Naltrexone may be a viable treatment. Fluoxetine and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have limited usefulness in treating trichotillomania, and can often have significant side effects. Behavioral therapy has proven more effective when compared to fluoxetine. There is little research on the effectiveness of behavioral therapy combined with medication and robust evidence from high-quality studies is lacking. Acetylcysteine treatment stemmed from an understanding of glutamate's role in regulation of impulse control.

Different medications, depending on the individual, may increase hair pulling.

Devices
Technology can be used to augment habit reversal training or behavioral therapy. Several mobile apps exist to help log behavior and focus on treatment strategies. There are also wearable devices that track the position of a user's hands. They produce sound or vibrating notifications so that users can track rates of these events over time.

Prognosis
When it occurs in early childhood (before five years of age), the condition is typically self-limiting and intervention is not required. In adults, the onset of trichotillomania may be secondary to underlying psychiatric disturbances, and symptoms are generally more long-term.

Secondary infections may occur due to picking and scratching, but other complications are rare. Individuals with trichotillomania often find that support groups are helpful in living with and overcoming the disorder.

Epidemiology
Although no broad-based population epidemiologic studies had been conducted as of 2009, the lifetime prevalence of trichotillomania is estimated to be between 0.6% and 4.0% of the overall population. With a 1% prevalence rate, 2.5 million people in the U.S. may have trichotillomania at some time during their lifetimes.

Trichotillomania is diagnosed in all age groups; onset is more common during preadolescence and young adulthood, with mean age of onset between 9 and 13 years of age, and a notable peak at 12–13. Among preschool children the genders are equally represented; there appears to be a female predominance among preadolescents to young adults, with between 70% and 93% of patients being female. Among adults, females typically outnumber males by 3 to 1.

"Automatic" pulling occurs in approximately three-quarters of adult patients with trichotillomania.

History
Hair pulling was first mentioned by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., was first described in modern literature in 1885, and the term trichotillomania was coined by the French dermatologist François Henri Hallopeau in 1889.

In 1987, trichotillomania was recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, third edition-revised (DSM-III-R).

Society and culture

Support groups and internet sites can provide recommended educational material and help persons with trichotillomania in maintaining a positive attitude and overcoming the fear of being alone with the disorder.

Media
A documentary film exploring trichotillomania, Bad Hair Life, was the 2003 winner of the International Health & Medical Media Award for best film in psychiatry and the winner of the 2004 Superfest Film Festival Merit Award.

Trichster is a 2016 documentary that follows seven individuals living with trichotillomania, as they navigate the complicated emotions surrounding the disorder, and the effect it has on their daily lives.

Fiction
The trichotillomania of a prominent character is a key plot element in the 1999 novel Whatever Love Means by David Baddiel.

Ashley Barret, a character portrayed by Colby Minifie in the superhero fiction series The Boys, is shown suffering from it.

Music
On the 2017 album, 20s a Difficult Age by Marcus Orelias, there is a song called "Trichotillomania".

See also
 Feather-plucking
 Noncicatricial alopecia
 Psychogenic alopecia, a form of baldness that is caused by excessive grooming in cats
 Self-harm

References

Body-focused repetitive behavior
Conditions of the skin appendages
Hair diseases
Hair removal
Human hair
Mania
Neurocutaneous conditions
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate

Trichotillomania


Castilleja kerryana is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It is commonly known as Kerry's Indian paintbrush or Kerry's paintbrush. It was formally described in 2013 and so far it is known only from a small population in the state of Montana, in the Northwestern United States.

The first collection of this plant was tentatively identified as a specimen of Castilleja crista-galli, and it is also similar to C. fraterna and C. pulchella. It differs from the latter two in its color and in the shape of its stem and flower corolla.

Description
Castilleja kerryana is a perennial herb growing from a woody caudex and yellowish root system. It may have several flowering stems as well as several shorter vegetative stems. They may be decumbent at the bases and grow upright toward the tips. They are greenish, reddish, or purplish, hairy in texture, and up to 18 centimeters long. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped, often cleft into lobes, green or purple-tinged in color, and up to 7 centimeters long.

The inflorescence is a dense spike up to 7 centimeters long and spreading up to 8 wide. The calyx and bracts of the flowers are colored "red, scarlet, crimson, red-orange, coral, salmon, salmon-pink, red-magenta, and violet-magenta, to very occasionally yellowish." The lobed, pointed bracts are up to 3 centimeters long, and the flowers may extend past them. The sepals are brightly pigmented. The flower corolla is up to 5 centimeters long, tubular, beaked, and pouched. The stigma protrudes. The fruit is a capsule nearly a centimeter long.

Distribution and habitat
This plant is known only from the Scapegoat Wilderness, in the Flathead Range of the Rocky Mountains in northern Montana. It has been found only in Cambrian limestone substrates. It grows in thin, rocky soils in krummholz and fellfield habitat. It also grows in moist to dry, gravelly slopes and ridges, scree, and talus. It occurs at 8,000 to 9,000 feet elevation. Its habitat is threatened by climate change, grazing, recreation, and invasive species.

Ecology
Castilleja kerryana often grows alongside Dryas octopetala, and it is suspected that it is hemiparasitic on it, as many Castilleja tap the roots of various other species.

Other plants occurring in the habitat include Carex rupestris, Carex scirpoidea, Kobresia myosuroides, Abies lasiocarpa, Salix vestita, Arenaria rossii, Silene acaulis, Aquilegia jonesii, Caltha leptosepala, Cardamine rupicola, Draba lonchocarpa, Physaria didymocarpa, Smelowskia calycina, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Polygonum viviparum, Potentilla glaucophylla, Hedysarum sulphurescens, Oxytropis sericea, Androsace lehmaniana, Phlox pulvinata, Eritrichium nanum, Besseya wyomingensis, Pedicularis bracteosa, Pedicularis contorta, Pedicularis groenlandica, Antennaria alpina, Antennaria aromatica, Oreostemma alpigenum, Erigeron lackschewitzii, and Senecio canus.

This plant is named for the daughter and sister of the author, both named Kerry.

References

External links
Snow, N. and E. Byron. Flower discovery: New type of paintbrush found in Scapegoat Wilderness. Helena Independent Record May 2, 2013.

kerryana
Flora of Montana
Flora of the Rocky Mountains
Endemic flora of the United States
Lewis and Clark County, Montana
Plants described in 2013

Castilleja kerryana


A disassembler is a computer program that translates machine language into assembly language—the inverse operation to that of an assembler. Disassembly, the output of a disassembler, is often formatted for human-readability rather than suitability for input to an assembler, making it principally a reverse-engineering tool. Common uses of disassemblers include analyzing high-level programing language compilers output and their optimizations, recovering source code of a program whose original source was lost, malware analysis, modifying software (such as ROM hacking), and software cracking.

A disassembler differs from a decompiler, which targets a high-level language rather than an assembly language.

Assembly language source code generally permits the use of constants and programmer comments. These are usually removed from the assembled machine code by the assembler. If so, a disassembler operating on the machine code would produce disassembly lacking these constants and comments; the disassembled output becomes more difficult for a human to interpret than the original annotated source code. Some disassemblers provide a built-in code commenting feature where the generated output gets enriched with comments regarding called API functions or parameters of called functions. Some disassemblers make use of the symbolic debugging information present in object files such as ELF. For example, IDA allows the human user to make up mnemonic symbols for values or regions of code in an interactive session: human insight applied to the disassembly process often parallels human creativity in the code writing process.

Challenges
Writing a disassembler which produces code which, when assembled, produces exactly the original binary is possible; however, there are often differences. This poses demands on the expressivity of the assembler. For example, an x86 assembler takes an arbitrary choice between two binary codes for something as simple as MOV AX,BX. If the original code uses the other choice, the original code simply cannot be reproduced at any given point in time. However, even when a fully correct disassembly is produced, problems remain if the program requires modification. For example, the same machine language jump instruction can be generated by assembly code to jump to a specified location (for example, to execute specific code), or to jump a specified number of bytes (for example, to skip over an unwanted branch). A disassembler cannot know what is intended, and may use either syntax to generate a disassembly which reproduces the original binary. However, if a programmer wants to add instructions between the jump instruction and its destination, it is necessary to understand the program's operation to determine whether the jump should be absolute or relative, i.e., whether its destination should remain at a fixed location, or be moved so as to skip both the original and added instructions.

Another challenge is that it is not always possible to identify which parts of the binary correspond to executable code, and which correspond to data. While common executable formats like ELF and PE divide the binary into executable and data sections, other formats such as flat binaries do not, so any given location in the binary may contain either executable instructions or non-executable data, making it difficult to decide whether it should be disassembled as instructions or left as data. Since CPUs generally allow dynamic jumps computed at runtime, it is not always possible to identify all possible locations in the binary that may be jumped to and therefore contain instructions.

On computer architectures with variable-width instructions, such as in many complex instruction set computer (CISC) architectures, more than one disassembly may be valid.

Disassemblers do not handle code that varies during execution.

Encryption may be used on some computer programs, particularly as part of Digital Rights Management to thwart reverse engineering and cracking. This poses an additional challenge to disassembly as the code must be decrypted before being disassembled.

Examples of disassemblers
A disassembler may be stand-alone or interactive. A stand-alone disassembler, when executed, generates an assembly language file which can be examined; an interactive one shows the effect of any change the user makes immediately. For example, the disassembler may initially not know that a section of the program is actually code, and treat it as data; if the user specifies that it is code, the resulting disassembled code is shown immediately, allowing the user to examine it and take further action during the same run.

Any interactive debugger will include some way of viewing the disassembly of the program being debugged. Often, the same disassembly tool will be packaged as a standalone disassembler distributed along with the debugger. For example, objdump, part of GNU Binutils, is related to the interactive debugger gdb.

 Binary Ninja
 DEBUG
 Interactive Disassembler (IDA)
 Ghidra
 Hiew
 Hopper Disassembler
 PE Explorer Disassembler
 Netwide Disassembler (Ndisasm), companion to the Netwide Assembler (NASM).
 OLIVER (CICS interactive test/debug) includes disassemblers for Assembler, COBOL, and PL/1
 OllyDbg is a 32-bit assembler level analysing debugger
 Radare2
 SIMON (batch interactive test/debug) includes disassemblers for Assembler, COBOL, and PL/1
 Sourcer, a commenting 16-bit/32-bit disassembler for DOS, OS/2 and Windows by V Communications in the 1990s

Disassemblers and emulators
A dynamic disassembler can be incorporated into the output of an emulator or hypervisor to 'trace out', line-by-line, the real time execution of any executed machine instructions. In this case, as well as lines containing the disassembled machine code, the register(s) and/or data change(s) (or any other changes of "state", such as condition codes) that each individual instruction causes can be shown alongside or beneath the disassembled instruction. This provides extremely powerful debugging information for ultimate problem resolution, although the size of the resultant output can sometimes be quite large, especially if active for an entire program's execution. OLIVER provided these features from the early 1970s as part of its CICS debugging product offering and is now to be found incorporated into the XPEDITER product from Compuware.

Length disassembler
A length disassembler, also known as length disassembler engine (LDE), is a tool that, given a sequence of bytes (instructions), outputs the number of bytes taken by the parsed instruction. Notable open source projects for the x86 architecture include ldisasm, Tiny x86 Length Disassembler and Extended Length Disassembler Engine for x86-64.

See also
 Control-flow graph
 Data-flow analysis
 Decompiler

References

Further reading

External links

 List of x86 disassemblers in Wikibooks
 Transformation Wiki on disassembly
 Boomerang A general, open source, retargetable decompiler of machine code programs

 Online Disassembler, a free online disassembler of arms, mips, ppc, and x86 code

Debugging
Reverse engineering

Disassembler


The Piatt Castles are two historic houses near West Liberty in Logan County, Ohio. The houses were built by brothers Donn and Abram S. Piatt in the 1860s and 1870s, designed in a Gothic style. The houses are located  and  east of West Liberty. In 1982, the castles were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The houses were both operated as historic house museums, both still owned by the Piatt family, from 1912 to 2019. Mac-O-Chee, built by Donn Piatt, was sold in October of that year to local residents, to support the continued restoration of the Mac-A-Cheek estate. Mac-A-Cheek remains open to public tours.

Piatt family

The Piatt family descended from France as French Huguenots who wished to escape religious persecution in a Catholic nation. Upon moving to the United States, the family took root in the colony of New Jersey, where the grandfather of Abram and Donn, Jacob Piatt, offered support to the country in the American Revolutionary War. As reward for his deeds, the newly founded government gave Jacob land in Kentucky, where he built his home.

While Jacob was a farmer and his son Benjamin was a lawyer, the family was also involved in flat boat trading up and down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers as well as real estate. By 1828, Benjamin had moved his family to Logan County, Ohio. It was here that he built a log cabin for his family. At the time of their move to Logan County, Donn was 9 years old and Abram was 7.

Castles
Mac-O-Chee (the home built by Donn, and designed by John L. Smithmeyer) and Mac-A-Cheek (built by Abram) were begun in 1864. Mac-A-Cheek was completed in 1871, and Mac-O-Chee was completed in 1879. The homes were built only about 3/4 of mile apart from each other. Abram's home was built slightly smaller, but is more secluded and set away from the road. Donn's home is larger and sits closer to the road. Both homes have three stories and towers, boast painted ceilings, and have intricate woodwork. An 1880 county history speaks of Mac-O-Chee existing in a state of "almost baronial splendor". The two sat close to the Shawnee village of Mackachack, where Simon Kenton was forced to run the gauntlet after being captured by the Indians.

Sale of Mac-O-Chee
It was announced on July 26, 2019, that the Piatt Family would auction off Mac-O-Chee. The family cited renovation and maintenance costs of maintaining both properties for their decision. On October 19, 2019, Mac-O-Chee Castle, along with its farmhouse and land, was sold at auction to brothers Ryan and Jason Cole of West Liberty, Ohio for $561,000 ($510,000 with closing costs). The Coles also bought most of the estate's antique items, large and small, for approximately $30,000. The Piatt family plans to restore their remaining castle, Mac-A-Cheek, by using funds from the auction.

Public tours
Tours began in 1912 at Mac-A-Cheek four years after the death of Abram. When William McCoy Piatt (the fourth son of Abram) inherited the home, he had already amassed a large collection of artifacts and objects of interest. After commissioning a custom cabinet to display his collection, William opened his home to visitors who wished to view his curiosity cabinet. Thus the family entered into the tourist business, though it was a minor industry compared to the farm and grist mill located on the property.

Touring continued with the family living in the home until 1985, when the family moved out of their home. Tours of Mac-A-Cheek are still offered to the public. The Piatt family still owns and manages the museum at Mac-A-Cheek, a popular site for weddings, receptions and other events.

References

Bibliography
Bridges, Peter. "Donn Piatt: Diplomat and Gadfly." In American Diplomacy at http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2007/0103/life/bridges_piatt.html.
Riley, James Whitcomb. "Donn Piatt of Mac-o-chee." Complete Poetical Works of James Whitcomb Riley (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 321.

External links

Museums in Logan County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Logan County, Ohio
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Gothic Revival architecture in Ohio
Houses completed in 1871
Houses completed in 1879
Historic house museums in Ohio
Houses in Logan County, Ohio
1871 establishments in Ohio

Piatt Castles


Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (March 1541, in Almeirim – 28 November 1576, in Évora) was a Portuguese infante (prince), son of Duarte of Portugal, 4th Duke of Guimarães and his wife, Isabel of Braganza. He served as Constable of the Kingdom, the highest military authority in the Portuguese Empire, second only to the monarch.

Early life

Through his father, he was a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal; through his mother, he was a grandson of James, 4th Duke of Braganza.

He was born posthumously and he inherited his father's titles and estates: the Dukedom of Guimarães. He was one of the most influential nobles during the reigns of Kings John III and Sebastian.

Political career
As member of the State Council he voted, in 1569, for the marriage of King Sebastian to Margaret of Valois (who later became Henry IV's first wife) and, in 1574, he escorted King Sebastian in his first trip to Tangiers, in north Africa.

In 1557, when King John III died, Duarte was one of the three legitimate surviving male descendants of King Manuel I of Portugal (together with King Sebastian and Cardinal-Infante Henry).

Personal life
King Sebastian was jealous of this and several times showed disrespect for Duarte's rank. When the King didn't invite Duarte to a royal bullfight, in Xabregas (Lisbon), Duarte was quite upset and, finally, he retired to Évora where, some months later, he died single and without issue.

Duarte had two sisters, both married to remarkable Renaissance princes:
Infanta Maria of Guimarães (1538–1577), also known as Maria de Portugal, married to the Italian prince Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza;
Infanta Catherine of Guimarães (1540–1614), also known as Catarina de Portugal, married to the Portuguese prince John, 6th Duke of Braganza.

Once she was married to a Portuguese, Infanta Catherine of Guimarães inherited her brother estates and rights to the Dukedom of Guimarães. During the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis, Catherine and her husband, John I of Braganza, were important claimants to the Portuguese throne.

Ancestry

See also
Duke of Guimarães
List of Portuguese Dukedoms

References

External links
 Genealogy of Infante Duarte II, 5th Duke of Guimarães, in Portuguese

Bibliography
"Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, page 651. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

Portuguese infantes
House of Aviz
1541 births
1576 deaths
105
16th-century Portuguese people
Constables of Portugal
People from Almeirim

Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1541–1576)


Heinz Berggruen (January 6, 1914 – February 23, 2007) was a German-born American art dealer and collector who sold 165 works of art to the German federal government to form the core of the Berggruen Museum in Berlin, Germany. He was the father of John, Olivier and Nicolas Berggruen.

Early life and education
Berggruen was born in Wilmersdorf, Berlin to assimilated Jewish parents: Ludwig Berggruen, a businessman who owned an office supply business before the war, and Antonie (née Zadek). He attended the Goethe-Gymnasium in Wilmersdorf and graduated from the Friedrich-Wilhelms (now Humboldt) University in 1932, where he read literature. After 1933, he continued his studies at the universities of Grenoble and Toulouse.

Career
He contributed free-lance articles to the Frankfurter Zeitung, the forerunner of today's Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. He got around the restrictions on Jewish contributors by submitting his pieces through a colleague and signing them with his initials, H. B., rather than his full, Jewish-sounding surname. He fled Germany in 1936.

Immigration to the United States
Berggruen immigrated to the United States in 1936 and studied German literature at University of California, Berkeley. After working as an art critic for the San Francisco Chronicle, in 1939 he became an "assistant to the director" at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. There, he helped to prepare an exhibition about the Mexican painter Diego Rivera. Later, in New York in 1940, he met Frida Kahlo with whom he had a short love affair. That same year he says that he bought his first picture for $100 while honeymooning in Chicago. It was a watercolour by Paul Klee, and he bought it from a Jewish refugee in need of money. While living in California, Berggruen was a student of the painter David Park.

After the Second World War Berggruen returned to Europe as member of the U.S. Army and worked briefly on the American-sponsored paper Heute in Munich (located in the same building where the novelist Erich Kästner worked). He then moved to Paris, where he worked in the fine arts division of UNESCO, run by his former boss at the San Francisco museum, Grace Morley. Within a few years, he opened a small bookshop on the Île Saint-Louis, specializing in illustrated books and later lithographs. During this time he became acquainted with Tristan Tzara, who introduced him to Pablo Picasso in Paris. He soon became an important dealer in Picasso prints, as well as in second-hand Picasso paintings. His renowned art collection, which he valued at $450 million in 2001, included 165 works by 20th-century masters such as Braque, Matisse, Klee, and Giacometti, with a unique group of 85 works by Picasso.

In 1977, Berggruen published Douglas Cooper's catalogue raisonné of Juan Gris. He finally resigned as director of the Paris gallery in 1980 in order to devote himself to collecting and dealing. In 1988, he donated 90 Klee works to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, although he later expressed fear that his donation would go unnoticed in the museum's own vast collections. That same year, he exhibited his collection at the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire in Geneva. In 1990, he lent a good part of his collection to the National Gallery in London, where he exhibited works—including Seurat's landmark painting Les Poseuses (1886)—until 2001. In 1995, the German government lent him an apartment in Berlin and gave him an art museum opposite the Charlottenburg Palace. The collection, then comprising 118 works, opened to the public in 1997. At the time, then German culture minister Ulrich Roloff-Momin described it as "the most meaningful art transfer in Berlin's post-war history."  In 2000, he finally sold the art collection to the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation: the collection of 165 works (including 85 Picassos), which Berggruen valued at €750m,  was purchased by the PCHF at about a quarter of that value. It additionally includes over sixty works by Paul Klee, and twenty by Matisse.
For his achievements, Berggruen was named a Commandeur of the Legion of Honour by the French government, received the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1999, and was named an honorary citizen of Berlin. He additionally received the Jewish Museum Berlin's Award for Understanding and Tolerance in 2005, and was bestowed an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Adelphi University in 1993. In 2008, a Berlin school was named the Heinz-Berggruen-Gymnasium in his honor. An honorary trustee of the Metropolitan Museum, he additionally served on the board of the Berlin Philharmonic.

In 2016, Berggruen's Klee collection was exhibited in its entirety to inaugurate the Met Breuer, and traveled to the National Gallery of Canada in 2018.

Personal life
Berggruen was married twice and had four children. Berggruen, who until his death maintained homes in Paris, Gstaad, and Berlin (and in Geneva and New York before that), was quoted as saying "I am neither French nor German, I am European. I'd very much like to think there was a European nationality, but I think I may be dreaming." Through his mother, Antonie Zadek, Berggruen was a cousin of the opera singer Hilde Zadek (1917–2019).

In 1939, Berggruen married the American Lillian Zellerbach. They divorced in 1945. They had two children:
John Berggruen, owner of the Berggruen Gallery in San Francisco and active in the Bay Area art scene since 1970;
Helen Berggruen, a San Francisco-based artist.
In 1960, he married the German actress Bettina Moissi, a Catholic of Albanian and German descent. They had two children:
Olivier Berggruen, art historian and curator;
Nicolas Berggruen, a financier and art collector.

Death
Berggruen died at the American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 23 February 2007. At his own wish he was buried in the forest cemetery in Waldfriedhof Dahlem, in Berlin. His funeral was attended by German chancellor Angela Merkel, and then-president Horst Köhler, among others.

References

External links

1914 births
2007 deaths
Businesspeople from Berlin
German art collectors
20th-century art collectors
German art dealers
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Berggruen family
United States Army personnel of World War II
Art collectors from Paris

Heinz Berggruen


The Sault Star is a Canadian broadsheet daily newspaper based in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. It is owned by Postmedia.

In 2015, the newspaper had a daily paid circulation of 7,577 weekdays and 7,763 on Saturdays. Its total circulation including print and digital was 7,850 on weekdays and 8,469 on Saturdays. Its print circulation is delivered within the Sault Ste. Marie area and Algoma District.

Pre-press facilities are in Barrie with Sault Ste. Marie facilities closed in 2009.

History
The Sault Star was founded by two brothers, John Edward Gardiner (Jack) and James W. Curran who purchased the Sault Courier, which had begun publishing around 1895, from lawyer (and later jurist) Moses McFadden and his brother Uriah in 1901. James Curran had already established a career in the newspaper industry when he arrived in the city in July 1901, having been city editor of the Toronto Empire and news editor of the Montreal Herald.

The Currans published the first edition of The Sault Star, then a weekly, on August 31, 1901 from a small frame building on East Street in the city's downtown using a hand-operated flat-bed printing press that had earlier printed one of Winnipeg's first newspapers. The weekly was published and distributed on Thursdays.

The first edition of the Sault Daily Star was published on March 16, 1912 and sold for two cents a copy with a total circulation of less than 2,000. The new paper promised readers more current news than they might read in Toronto-based papers delivered by rail. Relying on a special wire run and operated by the CPR Telegraph Company, the Currans boasted that "The Sault Daily Star will give the news just one day ahead of the Toronto papers. It will print Monday's news on Monday and deliver the paper to all of Algoma on Monday."

Among the first stories covered by the new daily in 1912 was the news that Sault Ste. Marie would be incorporated as a city later that year.  The newspaper in 1917 reported the use of "trick or treat," ten years earlier than the 1927 example of the phrase that the Oxford English Dictionary reports as its earliest use.

In 1905, James Curran replaced the second-hand equipment with new modern presses of the day and moved the-then The Sault Weekly Star to a two-story building at 374 Queen Street East in the city's downtown. That location was expanded three times to meet larger circulation of the Weekly Star and the daily that followed. In 1951, the much larger staff operation of the Sault Daily Star moved across the street to a new building at 369 Queen Street East which was expanded further in 1958.

Curran remained the paper's publisher and owner until 1941. From that year until 1975 the newspaper was led by his son Robert L. Curran as Publisher, his son John A. Curran as Managing Editor, daughters Nan Rajnovich as Women's Page Editor, and Catharine McAdam, as well as numerous grandchildren.

Family ownership of the Star ended in 1975 when Curran sold the paper to Southam Press Ltd. The new publisher dropped "Daily" from the name that year. Four years later, the paper moved from its Queen Street location to a new 30,000 square foot, $1.4 million facility at 145 Old Garden River Road in the city's north-east.

The Star was acquired by Hollinger International in 1996 and by Osprey Media in 2002. In 2007, both Osprey and the Star were acquired by Sun Media. Postmedia acquired Sun Media and its papers including the Star in 2015.

In May 2014, printing of the Sault Star was moved to the facilities of the North Bay Nugget, resulting in the loss of 23 jobs in the press and mailing room. As a result, print copies of the paper would be produced in 437 km to the east and delivered daily to retailers and subscribers. The press was removed from the Star's headquarters in June 2017.

As part of its strategy to raise capital across its newspaper holdings by divesting of its real estate, in May 2017 Postmedia sold the Sault Star's headquarters at 145 Old Garden River Road to DiTommaso Investments for an undisclosed sum. The Star's 18 employees will continue to operate from a portion of the building. The new owner intends to make improvements to the building and its 5.7 acre property in order to lease space to other commercial or retail tenants beginning in 2018.

Former staff
 E. Paul Wilson, publisher 1988–1992
 Bob Richardson, publisher 1992–1999

See also
 The Evening News – newspaper for Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
 List of newspapers in Canada

References

External links

Mass media in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Postmedia Network publications
Publications with year of establishment missing
1912 establishments in Ontario
Newspapers established in 1912
Daily newspapers published in Ontario

The Sault Star


Anubias afzelii is a plant in the Araceae family. It was first described for science in 1857 by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. That description was based on material collected in Sierra Leone by Adam Afzelius. Schott named the species after him. The genus Anubias was described at the same time. Only A. afzellii belonged to it. This is therefore the type species of the genus. A. afzelii was the first species of this genus known to science.

Where it grows
The plant is found in West Africa: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Mali.

Description
The plant's leave blades are elongated (long and thin) and leathery. They can be up to  long and  wide. The leaf stems are generally shorter than the blade. The leaves are set on a creeping and rooting rhizome. It is  thick. The spathe is  long (sometimes up to 9 cm long). It has a  long peduncle. The spadix is  long (sometimes up to 12 cm long). It is a little bit longer than the spathe. Therefore, the tip of the spadix sticks a little bit out of the spathe. The upper part of the spadix is covered with male flowers. Their 5-6 stamens are fused. The anthers (also called thecae) are on the sides. The lower part of the spadix is covered with female flowers. These are reduced to the ovary and stigma.

Ecology
The plant grows in wet, shady places. It flowers from the end of March to July. It fruits from April to September. The plant grows above water, but can sometimes be completely under water.

Growing conditions
This plant grows best when only partly under water and when not crowded by other plants. It is most suited for the paludarium. It can also be used in larger aquariums, where it grows very slowly. It does not need much light. It prefers a temperature range of 22-26 °C. It can be propagated by dividing the rhizome. Propagation by seed is also easy.

References

Anubias

Anubias afzelii


The Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary was a special event also happening in Nintendo games. To remember the Super Mario Series created in 1985, Nintendo made a special Nintendo Direct and released many Super Mario related products. These products include:

 Super Mario Bros. 35 (a special edition of Super Mario Bros., which lets 35 people play a battle royale to be the last standing.)
 Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury (The Nintendo Switch remaster of the Wii U game)
 Mario Kart LIVE: Home Circuit (an RC toy required installment in the long-lasting series)
 Super Mario 3D All Stars (Contains remastered ports of Mario 64, Sunshine, & Galaxy 1)
 A Nintendo Game & Watch with a special Super Mario Bros. Theme (Featuring Mario Bros. 1 & The Lost Levels)
 Toys/Clothing/Shoes at The Nintendo Store
 Special Super Mario themed events happening in Splatoon 2, [[Super Smash Bros. (series)|Super Smash Bros.]] Ultimate, Animal Crossing: New Horizons'', Mario Kart Tour, etc.

Mario
1985

Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary


The Emergency Alert System (EAS) is a national warning system in the United States put into place on January 1, 1997 (approved by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in November 1994).

It pops up on your TV, radio, or phone for example if a tornado comes it will be on the news, radio, or phone and when it is over the National Weather Service will send you another alert when you can come out. The most serious alert that can be given out over the EAS is an Emergency Action Notification or a Presidential Alert. When an EAN is issued, a voice will say the following whilst watching TV or listening to the radio; "We interrupt our programming. This is a national emergency." After the alert tone, the text to speech or a real human voice will give instructions on the emergency and provide instructions on what to do to stay safe, or if the world is coming to an end due to warfare or a global pandemic. There also may be additional messages given out from a representative of the President. An Emergency Action Termination message will be issued when the threat is over. Additionally, there will be a nationwide test of the EAS that takes place in the US once a year along with a new presidential alert system that works very similar to weather warnings that are issued on a cell phone.

Outside US
Emergency Alert Systems are also used worldwide in countries like Japan, Canada, Australia and New Zealand and is ready to alert citizens on world ending events such as a nuclear war, a new global threat etc.

Most recently, the United Kingdom government have been trialing mobile phone alerts with a service called Emergency Alerts that uses a similar sound to the WEA from the US which is the original attention signal used for the US Emergency Alert signaling a pattern.

References

Emergency services

Emergency Alert System


Colonel Remy Van Lierde,  (14 August 1915 – 8 June 1990) was a Belgian pilot and fighter ace who served in the aviation branch of the Belgian Army and the British Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War, shooting down six enemy aircraft and 44 V-1 flying bombs, and achieving the RAF rank of squadron leader. Returning to the Belgian Air Force in 1946, Van Lierde was made Deputy Chief of Staff to the Minister of Defense in 1954. In 1958 he became one of the first Belgians to break the sound barrier while test flying a Hawker Hunter at Dunsfold Aerodrome in England. He went on to hold several important commands before retiring in 1968.

Early life
Van Lierde was born in Overboelare, Belgium, on 14 August 1915.

Early career and outbreak of war
Van Lierde entered the Aviation Militaire Belge ("Belgian Military Aviation", the predecessor of the Belgian Air Force) on 16 September 1935. He first trained as an observer, but began pilot training on 1 May 1937, qualifying in April 1938. He was assigned to the 3rd Squadron, 1st Aviation Regiment. The 3rd Squadron where Remy Van Lierde served at that time was located at Goetsenhoven, in the centre of Belgium.

With the rank of sergeant, Van Lierde made several reconnaissance flights during the German invasion in an antiquated Fairey Fox III biplane. He was shot down by flak on 16 May 1940, was wounded and captured. Van Lierde was staying in hospital during two weeks and could not take part in the further fighting because on 28 May Belgium surrendered.

In September 1940, after recovering from his injuries, Van Lierde left Belgium, crossed occupied France, and entered neutral Spain. He was arrested for illegally crossing the border, and was confined in various Spanish prisons, including the notorious concentration camp at Miranda de Ebro. Nevertheless, he eventually escaped, and reached England on 22 July 1941.

Career in the Royal Air Force
After the standard interrogation by MI5 at the London Reception Centre, Van Lierde joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve on 5 September 1941. He spent three months at No. 57 Operational Training Unit at RAF Hawarden, before being assigned to No. 609 Squadron on 6 January 1942 with the rank of pilot officer. This squadron, which had been organized before the war and took part in the Battle of Britain, was entirely staffed by foreign pilots, many Belgians being among them. On 2 June 1942 Van Lierde damaged a Dornier Do 217 bomber over Skegness while flying a Spitfire Mk.Vb. He was promoted to flying officer in 1942.

Van Lierde claimed his first victory while flying a Typhoon Ib on 20 January 1943 when he shot down a Bf 109-G fighter during a raid on the south coast. On 26 March he shot down a Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft while en route to an attack on the German air base at Chièvres. This was witnessed by local inhabitants, including Van Lierde's wife, who surprised her husband after the war by showing him pieces of wreckage from the aircraft at the bottom of his garden. On 14 May 1943 he was the first person to drop bombs from a Typhoon, and shot down a He 111 bomber on his return journey. He downed another Bf 109 on 30 July, and on 5 October he shot down a Junkers Ju 88 heavy fighter and destroyed another aircraft on the ground. His last victory, a Messerschmitt Bf 110 bomber was claimed on 30 November, bringing his score to 6 kills and 1 destroyed on the ground. By the end of 1943 he was the seventh highest scoring Belgian flying ace of the war.

Van Lierde was promoted to flight lieutenant in September 1943 and, on 22 December, was posted to the Central Gunnery School at RAF Sutton Bridge, Lincolnshire, returning to RAF Manston on 7 February 1944. On 27 April, he was posted to No. 3 Squadron, flying the Tempest Mk.V, before taking command of No. 164 Squadron on 20 August with the rank of squadron leader, tasked with combating the V-1 offensive. He was credited with shooting down or destroying 44 flying bombs solo, with another 9 shared, making him the second highest-scoring "doodlebug" killer.

Van Lierde then led his squadron into Europe during the western campaign. From May 1945 Van Lierde served in 84 Group Support Unit, and as a Belgian Liaison Officer at Second Tactical Air Force Headquarters.

Post-war service
In August 1945 Van Lierde was given command of No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron, an RAF formation of Belgian pilots flying the Spitfire that was eventually transferred to the Belgian Air Force in October 1946.

Commissioned into the Belgian Air Force as a major in June 1946, Van Lierde took command of the 1st Fighter Wing (formed from No. 350 and 349 Squadrons) at Beauvechain Air Base. From October 1947 to November 1950 he was head of the Office of Group Operations, and also studied at the RAF Staff College in 1948. He was appointed Detachment Commander at Chièvres Air Base, and then on 1 December 1950 as commander of the 7th Fighter Wing. In 1953 he was appointed to the Operations Group of Chiefs of Staff. Van Lierde was appointed aide to the former King Leopold III in September 1953.

In November 1958, with Captain Yves Bodart, Van Lierde travelled to England to test fly a Hawker Hunter at Dunsfold Aerodrome, becoming one of the first Belgian pilots to break the sound barrier.

Lieutenant Colonel Van Lierde was made Deputy Chief of Staff to the Minister of Defense in 1954. In 1959, as full colonel, he commanded the air base at Kamina in the Belgian Congo. After the Belgian Congo became independent on 30 June 1960, Van Lierde returned to Belgium and became the Chief of Operations of the Chiefs of Staff and had several other appointments before his retirement in 1968.

Van Lierde died at Lessines on 8 June 1990.

Alleged encounter with a giant snake

On an episode of Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World entitled "Dragons, Dinosaurs and Giant Snakes", Van Lierde claims that in 1959 he encountered a giant snake in the Katanga region of the Belgian Congo while returning to Kamina Air Base from a mission by helicopter. He claims to have then turned around and made several passes over the snake to allow another person on board to photograph the creature.

Van Lierde describes the snake as being close to  in length, with a circumference of . He claims it was a dark shade of brown and green with a white coloured belly. He claimed the snake's head was  long and  wide, and that the jaws were of a triangular shape.

Van Lierde claims that as he flew lower for a closer inspection, the snake rose up approximately , giving the impression it would have attacked the helicopter if it had been within striking range.

See also
 List of World War II aces from Belgium

References

Further reading
 Peter Celis & Cynrik De Decker, Mony Van Lierde, Flying Pencil (2008)

1915 births
1990 deaths
Belgian World War II flying aces
Shot-down aviators
Belgian prisoners of war in World War II
Belgian people imprisoned abroad
Belgian expatriates in Spain
Escapees from Spanish detention
Belgian escapees
Belgian Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Belgian people in the United Kingdom during World War II
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Royal Air Force officers
People from Geraardsbergen
Flemish soldiers
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Belgian Air Component airmen

Remy Van Lierde


The ALCO DL-202-2 and DL-203-2 diesel-electric locomotive (known informally as the Black Maria) was an experimental freight locomotive produced by ALCO of Schenectady, New York. The primary diesel builders Alco, Baldwin and EMD pushed the War Production Board (WPB) for more opportunities to build more diesels. The Transportation Equipment Division of the WPB announced a production schedule on December 10, 1943, that allowed Alco to build one 4500 horsepower experimental diesel locomotive. This experimental diesel locomotive was to be built in the fourth quarter of 1944.  The two A units were built in January 1945 and the B unit at a later date in 1945. The two A units were put on test at Building No. 37 at Schenectady to work out problems with the connecting rods and  turbocharger in the Alco 241 engine, developed by both McIntosh and Seymour and ALCo. The total production run included 2 cab DL202-2 A units, and a single DL203-2 B (cabless booster) unit.  The locomotives were powered by a V12 ALCO 241 diesel engine, rated at . The units were released for test in September 1945.  The locomotive could attain a top speed of  (Freight) and  (Passenger).
With the B-B wheel arrangement and carbody construction, equipment layout and electrical gear these experimental units were the immediate predecessors of the FA units to come in early 1946. Outwardly, the bodies strongly resembled those on the DL-109, some of which were still under construction at Schenectady in early 1945.

The three units were numbered 1500A, B, C and were tested on the New York Central Railroad, the Delaware and Hudson Railroad, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, and the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad,
among others. As no orders materialized for such units, and no railroad bought the demonstrators, the set was scrapped in Schenectady New York September 1947.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Pre-FA (Black Maria) by W. A. Cuisinier (Preston Cook) Extra 2200 South Issue #34 pp. 17–18 includes line drawings and equipment layouts by Cuisinier.

  Chapter VII ALCO and World War II pp. 221–230.

External links
 A picture of The Black Maria in service
 Drawings of both the "A" and "B" units, plus additional information about them
 http://alcoworld.railfan.net/arf.htm

ALCO locomotives
B-B locomotives
Experimental locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1945
Locomotives with cabless variants
Passenger locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Streamlined diesel locomotives

ALCO DL-202


Scott William Kenneth Ellis (born 3 October 1975) is a former English cricketer who played county cricket for Worcestershire in the late 1990s.

After a number of games for Worcestershire's Second XI in the previous two seasons, Ellis made his only appearance for the England Under-19 team in April 1995, in a minor match against Somerset's second team, which contained Andrew Caddick and Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer). In a huge 309-run win, Ellis acquitted himself well with the bat, making 45 and 25 not out, but a match bowling analysis of 16-4-81-0 was considerably worse than that of his bowling team-mates, and he never again played for an England team at any level.

In June 1995 Ellis made his first-class debut, for Combined Universities against the West Indians. Although the tourists' first-innings 637/5 declared ensured that there was no chance of a win for the students (in fact the game was drawn) Ellis took 5–59 in the second innings, which remained the only five-wicket haul of his career. His first victim in first-class cricket was Stuart Williams.

After one game for British Universities in the 1996 Benson & Hedges Cup, Ellis made his senior Worcestershire debut against Glamorgan in the NatWest Trophy in late June. He was not much of a success, his seven overs bringing only two tail-end wickets for the cost of 34 runs, but two days later he was given a County Championship debut against Yorkshire and took three wickets in the game, including those of Michael Vaughan and Michael Bevan. Ellis retained his place in the side until the end of the season, but was expensive, his 14 first-class wickets coming at 49.00, though he did a little better in one-day cricket.

Ellis played no first-team cricket the following summer, and was diagnosed with three stress fractures in his back at the end of the season. In 1998 he was selected only twice. His only wicket that season, and indeed his last for Worcestershire, was that of Oxford University's Joseph Parker. At the end of 1998 he left the county and played in the Minor Counties Championship (and once in the NatWest Trophy) for Shropshire, as well as making appearances for the Second XIs of both Middlesex, taking nine wickets in a game against Warwickshire, and Nottinghamshire. In 2001 he played two C&G Trophy games for the Worcestershire Cricket Board XI, his last List A wicket coming when he dismissed Steven Knox of Cumberland.

External links

1975 births
Living people
English cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
Shropshire cricketers
Worcestershire Cricket Board cricketers
British Universities cricketers
Place of birth missing (living people)

Scott Ellis (cricketer)


John W. Downey (October 5, 1927 – December 18, 2004) was a contemporary classical composer, conductor, pianist and educator.  His works have been performed extensively in Western and Eastern Europe, South America, Australia, Africa, the Middle East, Israel, Asia, Mexico and Canada, as well as throughout the United States.

Biography
A native of Chicago, Downey earned a Bachelor of Music degree from DePaul University and a Master of Music from the Chicago Musical College of Roosevelt University, while working at night as a jazz pianist. Downey was later awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study with his mentors Honegger, Milhaud and Boulanger in Paris where he earned a Prix de Composition from the Paris Conservatoire National de Musique and a Ph.D. (Docteur ès lettres) from the University of Paris-Sorbonne.  Given the honorable title of "Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" for his scholarly achievements, Downey was knighted by the French government in 1980.

Downey inspired students of music, composition and theory at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee for 35 years, before retiring in 1998 as Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Music.  He was Founder and Director of the Wisconsin Contemporary Music Forum as well as Director of Theory for Milwaukee Youth Symphony Orchestra.

Downey has said, "I teach because I truly believe that I have an obligation to pass on to future generations the knowledge which I have been privileged to attain." A full-length biography was published by the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Press in 2005

Downey has been the recipient of many prestigious honors and commissions, some of which are from the National Endowment for the Arts, Ford Foundation, ASCAP, Copley Foundation, Millay Colony, Moebius Foundation, MacDowell Colony, Hartt School of Music, Rutgers University, Butler University, University of Wisconsin, Bennington College, Lawrence University, Fine Arts Quartet, Woodwind Arts Quartet, Milwaukee Symphony, Wisconsin Arts Board, Milwaukee Youth Symphony Orchestra, MacDowell Club of Milwaukee and Wisconsin String Academy.  His recording Agort was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 1973.  In 1990, the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters bestowed upon Downey the Walter Heinrichsen Award.  He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.

Among the numerous composers with whom Downey had the opportunity to work are Copland, Alexander Tcherepnin, Rieti, Sessions, Messiaen and Krenek.   Lukas Foss, Zdenek Macal, Margery Deutsch, Izler Solomon and Pierre-Michel Le Conte are just some of the conductors who have performed his music. Many individual performers have commissioned works from Downey including George Sopkin, Erie Mills, Geoffrey Simon, Yolanda Marculescu, Jeffrey Peterson, Stanley DeRusha, Daniel Neesley, Harvey Phillips, Stephen Basson, Robert Thompson, Gary Karr and Tom Stacey.

Author of La Musique populaire dans l'œuvre de Bela Bartok, Downey is listed in Who's Who in America, the International Who's Who in Music, Dictionary of International Biography, Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, and the New Grove Dictionary of American Music.

Downey often collaborated with his wife of 48 years, Irusha Downey, a linguist, translator, pianist and poet who preceded him in death in 2000.  Her poem A Dolphin, set to music by Downey, is one of his most frequently performed compositions.  She also performed Adagio Lyrico for two pianos with Downey (the first title of this composition was "Adagio pour les morts" and it is dedicated to Downey's brother Jimmie, who died in 1944).

Downey's compositions have been recorded on the Orion, Composers' Recordings, Gasparo, Cala, Heritage and Chandos record labels.

John Downey died on December 18, 2004 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Works

Adagio Lyrico for Two Pianos (1953)
Chant to Michaelangelo (1958)
Octet for Winds (1958)
Eastlake Terrace for Piano (1959)
Pyramids for Piano (1961)
String Quartet No. 1 (1962)
Sonata for Violin, Cello and Piano (1966)
Jingalodeon (1968)
Agort for Woodwind Quintet (1971)
Almost 12 for Chamber Orchestra (1971)
Symphonic Modules Five for Orchestra (1972)
What if? for SATB Chorus, Brass Octet and Percussion (1973)
A Dolphin for Tenor and Chamber Ensemble (1974)
String Quartet No. 2 (1976)
High Clouds and Soft Rain for 24 Flutes (1977)
Lydian Suite for Cello (1978)
The Edge of Space / Fantasy for Bassoon and Orchestra (1978)
Silhouette for Double Bass (1980)
Duo for Oboe and Harpsichord (1981)
Portrait No. 3 for Flute and Piano (1984)
Prayer for Violin, Viola and Cello (1984)
Declamations (1985)
Concerto for Double Bass and Orchestra (1987)
Recombinance for Contrabass and Piano (1989)
Call for Freedom for Symphonic Winds (1990)
Fanfare for Freedom for Winds and 2 Harps (1991)
Ode to Freedom for Orchestra (1993)
For Those Who Suffered (Yad Vashem - An Impression) (1994)
Ode to Freedom for Wind Ensemble (1995)
Soliloquy for English Horn (1996)

References

External links
John Downey's page at Theodore Presser Company
Interview with John Downey, June 8, 1987
JohnDowneyMusic.com

1927 births
2004 deaths
DePaul University alumni
Roosevelt University alumni
University of Paris alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
American male composers
American male conductors (music)
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American composers
American male pianists
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
American expatriates in France
Fulbright alumni

John W. Downey


Adian Yuryevich Pitkeev (; born 16 May 1998) is a Russian former figure skater. The 2015 Russian national bronze medalist, he has won one medal on the Grand Prix series and two on the ISU Challenger Series. On the junior level, he is the 2014 World Junior silver medalist, the 2013–14 JGP Final silver medalist, and the 2013 European Youth Olympic champion.

Personal life
Adian  Pitkeev was born on 16 May 1998 in Moscow.

Career
After watching Alexei Yagudin at the 2002 Olympics, Pitkeev expressed interest in skating to his mother, who brought him to an ice rink. Olga Volobueva coached him until 2009. He then joined Eteri Tutberidze's group at Olympic School No. 37.

2012–13 season
Pitkeev debuted internationally in the 2012–13 season, placing sixth in the United States and eighth in Slovenia on the Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series. At the Russian Nationals, he was 15th in his senior-level debut and then fourth behind Alexander Petrov on the junior level. He won the gold medal at the 2013 European Youth Olympic Festival.

2013–14 season
In the 2013–14 season, Pitkeev won the silver medal in Riga, Latvia, and then gold in Gdańsk, Poland competing on the 2013 JGP series. He qualified for his first Junior Grand Prix Final and won the silver medal in Fukuoka, Japan. At the Russian Championships, Pitkeev placed fifth in his second appearance on the senior level and then won the junior title, finishing 1.88 points ahead of Petrov. At the 2014 World Junior Championships, Pitkeev won the silver medal after placing seventh in the short and second in the free skate.

2014–15 season
Pitkeev began the 2014–15 season with a bronze medal at the 2014  Lombardia Trophy, an ISU Challenger Series (CS) event and his first senior international. He finished sixth at both of his Grand Prix assignments, the 2014 Skate America and 2014 Trophée Éric Bompard. Having won the bronze medal at the Russian Nationals, he was selected to compete at the 2015 European Championships and finished 7th. Returning to junior competition, he placed 5th overall, just ahead of teammate Alexander Petrov, at the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, Estonia.

2015–16 season
Pitkeev started the 2015–16 season on the Challenger Series, placing fourth at the 2015 Ondrej Nepela Trophy. A recipient of two Grand Prix invitations, he placed 5th at the 2015 Skate America before winning his first GP medal, silver, at the 2015 Rostelecom Cup. In December, he was awarded the bronze medal at a CS event, the 2015 Golden Spin of Zagreb, behind Adam Rippon of the United States. Later that month, he placed 3rd in the short, 11th in the free, and 9th overall at the 2016 Russian Championships. He competed with a back injury at the Russian nationals and had to take painkillers. He later underwent treatment in Germany, the United States, and Russia.

In March 2016, Pitkeev left his longtime coaches, Eteri Tutberidze and Sergei Dudakov, to train at CSKA Moscow under Elena Buianova.

Later career
On 13 September, Pitkeev withdrew from both of his 2016–17 Grand Prix assignments, the Trophée de France and NHK Trophy, due to his back injury. In December, Buianova said that he was continuing treatment and had not yet returned to the ice.

In late June, Pitkeev announced his retirement from singles skating due to chronic back injuries and that he would switch to ice dance. It was later announced that he teamed up with Alisa Lozko and that the team would be coached by Elena Ilinykh. They never competed together.

In a 2017 interview, Pitkeev said that a slight congenital spinal deformity may have contributed to his back problems.

Programs

Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

Detailed results

References

External links

1998 births
Russian male single skaters
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Living people
Figure skaters from Moscow

Adian Pitkeev


Richard Shawn Slocum (born February 21, 1965) is an American football coach who was the special teams coach for the  Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) and most recently was the associate head coach, special teams coordinator and outside linebackers coach at Arizona State University.

Early life and college career
Born in Monticello, Arkansas, Slocum graduated from Bryan High School in Bryan, Texas in 1983 and attended Texas A&M University, where he played football as a linebacker and was a member of the 12th Man Kickoff Team under coach Jackie Sherrill. Slocum earned one letter with the team in 1984. He graduated with a B.S. in construction management in 1987 from the Texas A&M College of Architecture.

Coaching career
Slocum started his coaching career as a volunteer assistant at Texas A&M, under his father R. C. Slocum. In 1990, Shawn served as a graduate assistant at the University of Pittsburgh, coaching the defense. He returned to coaching at Texas A&M, coaching tight ends, linebackers, and special teams from 1991 to 1997. From 1991 to 1993, Slocum helped the Aggies win three straight Southwest Conference championships. During the years 1994–97, he coached two all-Americans, Shane Lechler and Lombardi Award winner Dat Nguyen, who both went on to play for the NFL. During his seven-season coaching tenure at A&M, he assisted the Aggies to five bowl games, including four Cotton Bowl Classic appearances. The Aggie team record was 94-28-2 from 1991 to 1997. The 94 wins were the sixth in the country and also the greatest wins by any Texas Division I school in any decade. From 1998 to 1999, Slocum coached at the University of Southern California, where he coached Butkus Award winner Chris Claiborne, Zeke Moreno, and Markus Steele. He returned to A&M again and coached the Secondary and special teams from 2000 to 2002. In 2005, he became assistant head coach and linebacker coach at Ole Miss, where he coached star linebacker Patrick Willis.

On February 6, 2006, Slocum joined the Packers, becoming the assistant special teams coach. He got promoted to special teams coordinator on January 14, 2009.

The Dallas Morning News ranked the Packers special teams units 29th in 2010 and 31st in 2011.

The Packers' special teams units were ranked 12th in 2012 and 20th in 2013 by the Dallas Morning News.

On January 30, 2015, the Packers fired Slocum.

On March 2, 2015, Slocum joined Todd Graham's coaching staff at Arizona State University as associate head coach, special teams coordinator, and outside linebackers coach.

On January 9, 2018, Slocum was retained as Sun Devils special teams coordinator and associate head coach.

Personal life
His father R. C. Slocum was head coach for Texas A&M from 1989 to 2002 and is the winningest coach in Texas A&M football history. R. C. Slocum was a tight end at McNeese State when Shawn was born. Shawn Slocum has been an assistant coach at Texas A&M under R. C. Slocum.

Shawn Slocum is currently married to the former Michelle Biehl and has four children (daughters, Tayler, Jordyn, Haley and son Jaxon).

References

External links

Packers' bio

1965 births
Green Bay Packers coaches
Living people
Texas A&M Aggies football players
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches
USC Trojans football coaches
People from Bryan, Texas
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
Coaches of American football from Louisiana
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Ole Miss Rebels football coaches
Players of American football from Texas
Players of American football from Lake Charles, Louisiana
American football linebackers
People from Monticello, Arkansas
Arizona State Sun Devils football coaches

Shawn Slocum


The 4th Cannes Film Festival was held from 3 to 20 April 1951. The previous year, no festival had been held because of financial reasons. In 1951, the festival took place in April instead of September to avoid direct competition with the Venice Film Festival.

As in the previous two festivals, the entire jury was made up of French persons. The Grand Prix of the Festival went to two different films, Miss Julie by Alf Sjöberg and Miracle in Milan by Vittorio De Sica.

The festival honoured Michèle Morgan, Jean Marais and Jean Cocteau with the Victoire du cinéma français award.

Jury

The following people were appointed as the Jury for the feature and short films.
André Maurois (author) Jury President
Suzanne Bidault-Borel (politician)
Louis Chauvet (journalist)
Evrard de Rouvre
Guy Desson (MP official)
Jacques Ibert (composer)
Gaby Morlay (actress)
Georges Raguis (union official)
René Jeanne (critic)
Carlo Rim (director)
Louis Touchagues
Paul Vialar (author)
Substitute members
Alexandre Kamenka
Paul Verneyras (MP official)
Paul Weill (lawyer)
Short films
Marcel De Hubsch
Marcel Ichac
Fred Orain
Jesn Thevenot (journalist)

Feature film competition
The following feature films competed for the Grand Prix:

All About Eve by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Bright Victory by Mark Robson
The Browning Version by Anthony Asquith
Caiçara by Adolfo Celi
Dance of Fire (La Danza del fuego) by Daniel Tinayre
The Deadly Dreams (Die tödlichen Träume) by Paul Martin
The Devil Is a Woman (Doña Diabla) by Tito Davison
Dream of a Cossack (Kavalier zolotoy zvezdy) by Yuli Raizman
Edward and Caroline (Édouard et Caroline) by Jacques Becker
The Falling Star (Der Fallende Stern) by Harald Braun
The Forbidden Christ (Il Cristo proibito) by Curzio Malaparte
Four in a Jeep (Die Vier im Jeep) by Leopold Lindtberg
The Honesty of the Lock (La honradez de la cerradura) by Luis Escobar
Los Isleros by Lucas Demare
Juliette, or Key of Dreams (Juliette ou La clef des songes) by Marcel Carné
Különös házasság by Márton Keleti
The Last Mission (Teleftaia apostoli) by Nikos Tsiforos
The Marihuana Story (Marihuana) by León Klimovsky
Miracle in Milan (Miracolo a Milano) by Vittorio De Sica
Mirror of Holland (Spiegel van Holland) by Bert Haanstra
Miss Julie (Fröken Julie) by Alf Sjöberg
Mussorgsky (Musorgskiy) by Grigori Roshal
The New China (Osvobozhdyonnyy kitay) by Sergei Gerasimov
Los Olvidados by Luis Buñuel
Paris Vice Squad (Identité judiciaire) by Hervé Bromberger
Path of Hope (Il Cammino della speranza) by Pietro Germi
A Place in the Sun by George Stevens
Reckless (Balarrasa) by José Antonio Nieves Conde
Rumbo by Ramón Torrado
Side Street Story (Napoli milionaria) by Eduardo De Filippo
The Sin of Harold Diddlebock by Preston Sturges
The Tales of Hoffmann by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger

The Trap (Past) by Martin Frič
Unvanquished City (Robinson warszawski) by Jerzy Zarzycki
La Virgen gitana by Ramón Torrado
The Yacht Isabel Arrived This Afternoon (La Balandra Isabel llegó esta tarde) by Carlos Hugo Christensen and Luis Guillermo Villegas Blanco

Short films
The following short films competed for the Grand Prix du court métrage:

 Así es Madrid directed by Joaquín Soriano
 Azerbaidjan Soviètique directed by F. Kissiliov and M. Dadachev
 Bali, eiland der Goden directed by N. Drakulić
 Bim directed by Albert Lamorisse
 Carnet de plongée directed by Jacques-Yves Cousteau
 Chasse à courre au Pôle Nord directed by Nils Rasmussen
 Colette directed by Yannick Bellon
 Der gelbe Dom directed by Eugen Schuhmacher
 Der goldene Brunnen directed by H. Walter Kolm-Veltee
 Der zee ontrukt directed by Herman van der Horst
 En Sevilla hay una fiesta directed by Joaquín Soriano
 Esthonie Soviètique by V. Tomber and I. Guidine
 Ett hörn i norr directed by Arne Sucksdorff
 Family Portrait directed by Humphrey Jennings
 Festival Time directed by Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani
 French Canada: 1534-1848 directed by Bernard Devlin
 Histoire d'un Facoun Royal directed by István Homoki Nagy
 Homme des oasis directed by Georges Régnier
 Inondations directed by Al Stark and Morten Parker
 L'Algérie humaine directed by Jean-Charles Carlus
 L'autre Moisson directed by René Lucot
 L'Empire directed by Alberto Ancillotti
 L'Eruption de l'Etna directed by Domenico Paolella
 La vie due riz directed by Jinkichi Ohta
 La Voie Est-Ouest directed by K. Gordon Murray
 Lettonie Soviètique directed by F. Kissiliov
 Magnetism directed by John Durst
 New Pioneers directed by Baruch Dienar
 Notre-Dame de Luxembourg directed by Florent Antony
 Oton Joupantchitch by France Kosmač
 The Private Life of a Silk Worm directed by Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani
 Rajasthan N° 1 directed by Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani
 River of Steel directed by Peter Sachs
 Schwarze Gesellen directed by Prof. Walter Hege
 Soutyeska by Pierre Maihrovski
 Suite du de danses Berbères directed by Serge Debecque
 Turay directed by Enrico Gras
 Ukraine en Fleurs directed by Mikhail Slutsky
 Vertigo directed by Eusebio Fernández Ardavín

Awards

The following films and people received the 1951 awards:
Feature Films
Grand Prix:
Miss Julie by Alf Sjöberg
Miracle in Milan by Vittorio De Sica
Jury Special Prize: All About Eve by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Best Director: Luis Buñuel for Los Olvidados
Best Actress: Bette Davis for All About Eve
Best Actor: Michael Redgrave for The Browning Version
Best Screenplay: Terence Rattigan for The Browning Version
Best Music: Joseph Kosma for Juliette ou La clef des songes
Best Cinematography: José María Beltrán for La Balandra Isabel llegó esta tarde
Best Art Direction: Abram Veksler for Musorgskiy
Special Award: The Tales of Hoffmann by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger
Short Films
Prix Spécial du Jury
La Voie Est-Ouest by K. Gordon Murray
Ukraine en Fleurs by Mikhail Slutsky
Lettonie Soviètique by F. Kissiliov
Azerbaidjan Soviètique by F. Kissiliov and M. Dadachev
Esthonie Soviètique by V. Tomber and I. Guidine
Grand Prix du Festival International du Film pour le Meilleur Film Scientifique:
L'Eruption de l'Etna by Domenico Paolella

References

Media
Institut National de l'Audiovisuel: List of award-winners at the 1951 Cannes Festival (commentary in French)
INA: Awarding of the "Victoire du cinéma français" awards at the opening of the 1951 Festival (commentary in French)

External links
1951 Cannes Film Festival (web.archive)
Official website Retrospective 1951
Cannes Film Festival Awards for 1951 at Internet Movie Database

Cannes Film Festival, 1951
Cannes Film Festival, 1951
Cannes Film Festival

1951 Cannes Film Festival


Sophie Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel (16 July 1678, Kassel – 30 May 1749, Bützow) was a princess of Hesse-Kassel and by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg.

Life
Sophie Charlotte was a daughter of Count Charles of Hesse-Kassel (1654 to 1730) from his marriage to Maria Amalia of Courland (1653 to 1711), daughter of Duke Jacob Kettler of Kurland.

She married on 2 January 1704 in Kassel Duke Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1675–1713).  They had no children.  Frederick William probably suffered from a sexually transmitted disease.

After the death of the Duke in 1713, Sophie Charlotte lived at Bützow Castle.  She was a member of the Reformed, and in the predominantly Lutheran Mecklenburg, she patron of the French Reformed Church.  She founded the German Reformed Church in Bützow.

Sophie Charlotte also visited her brother, Frederick I of Sweden. She was present in Sweden during her brother's visit to Hesse in July–November 1731 to support his spouse Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden, who served as regent in his absence.

References

 Christian Roeth: history of Hesse, p. 322

External links
 Froufrou.de
 Reformiert.de
 PDF file, 43 kB

Sophie Charlotte
1678 births
1749 deaths
Duchesses in Germany
Daughters of monarchs

Sophie Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel


Oraea was the name of a sea port near the modern-day city of Ormara, Balochistan province of Pakistan, important in the Hellenistic era in Indian Ocean trade.  It is mentioned briefly in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea:

"Beyond the Ommanitic region there is a country also of the Parsidae, of another Kingdom, and the bay of Gedrosia [Casson: "Gulf of Terabdoi"], from the middle of which a cape juts out into the bay. Here there is a river affording an entrance for ships, with a little market-town at the mouth, called Oraea and back from the place an in-land city, distant a seven days' journey from the sea, in which also is the King's court; it is called ... (probably Rhambacia) [Casson notes the name was inadvertently admitted in the manuscript]. This country yields much wheat, wine, rice and dates; but along the coast there is nothing but bdellium." Periplus, Chap. 38

See also
 Makran
 Gedrosia
 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

References

External links
 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

History of Balochistan
Former populated places in Pakistan
Populated places along the Silk Road
Gwadar District
Ormara

Oraea


Sierra Madre Boulevard is a  long road connecting five suburbs of Pasadena, California; Arcadia, Sierra Madre, Hastings Ranch, East Pasadena, and San Marino.

For the most part, it is a winding road divided by a grassy median, but the part between Pasadena and Arcadia is a two-lane road.

It was built around the Pacific Electric Sierra Madre interurban railway line. The smaller and older portion of the road was originally Central Avenue in Sierra Madre, built some time in the 1860s or 1870s. The road forms a "┌" shape, starting at Elevado Avenue in Arcadia heading west and ends at Huntington Drive in San Marino. At Huntington Drive the road continues south as San Marino Ave, ending at Clary Ave, near S. Del Mar Ave.

The section of Sierra Madre Boulevard between Washington Boulevard and Sierra Madre Villa Avenue is the end of the Tournament of Roses Parade. Floats are display the day after the Roses Parade on Sierra Madre Boulevard. Much of the boulevard in Pasadena has large grass median strip area between the lanes, that was part of the Pacific Electric street car in the past.

Notable on the Boulevard
 Santa Anita Ave, Arcadia
Sierra Madre Pioneer Cemetery
Baldwin Ave, Sierra Madre
Jailhouse Inn, Sierra Madre
Old North Church of Sierra Madre Congregational Church
Sierra Madre Memorial Park
Sierra Madre Police Department
Sierra Madre City Hall and Fire Department
Sierra Madre City Library
Michillinda Ave (Sierra Madre- Pasadena City line)
La Salle High School, Pasadena
Church of the Nazarene
 Field Elementary School, Pasadena
San Gabriel Valley Council, now part of the Greater Los Angeles Area Council, Pasadena
 New York Drive (north) - Sierra Madre Villa Ave (south)
Eaton Canyon Golf course, Pasadena
Washington Boulevard
Pasadena High School
Victory Park, Pasadena
Orange Grove Boulevard, Pasadena
Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena
Interstate 210, Pasadena - L Line Metro rail
Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena
E. Del Mar Blvd.  (Pasadena - San Marino City line)
E. California Blvd.
Huntington Drive, San Marino

References

Pacific Electric org  Central - Sierra Madre Boulevard
Pasadena Heritage Org Running with History - Mile 23: Sierra Madre Line
USC Digital Library, View of Pacific Electric car 401 at the intersection of Baldwin Avenue and Sierra Madre Boulevard in Sierra Madre, 1908
Pacific Electric Sierra Madre Line, by the Electric Railway Historic Association of Southern California.

Streets in the San Gabriel Valley
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Streets in Pasadena, California
Arcadia, California
San Marino, California
Sierra Madre, California
Boulevards in the United States

Sierra Madre Boulevard