The Barrière River (also spelled Barriere River) is a tributary of the North Thompson River, one of the main tributaries of the Fraser River, in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It flows through the Shuswap Highland region north of Kamloops. Its name in Secwepemctsín is St́yelltsecwétkwe.

Name origin
In 1828 Hudson's Bay Company fur trader Archibald McDonald named the mouth of the river barrière because rocks there were an impediment to navigation. Another possibility is that the name relates to fish traps placed across the river by the Secwepemc people.

Course
The Barrière River originates near Vavenby Mountain in the Shuswap Highland, south of Vavenby. It flows south into Saskum Lake, then continues south for some distance. It turns west and is joined by Fennell Creek. Bear Creek joins from the north just before the Barrière River empties into North Barrière Lake. Vermelin Creek and Harper Creek empty into the lake from the north. The Barrière River flows from the west end of the lake, turning south as numerous tributaries join, such as Birk Creek, Mack Creek, Slate Creek, and Sprague Creek.

The East Barrière River then joins from the east and the Barrière River turns to flow west. The East Barrière River originates near the north end of Adams Lake and flows generally east, through East Barrière Lake before joining the main Barrière River.

After its confluence with the East Barrière the main Barrière River flows west and southwest, between Barrière Mountain on the south and Mount Borthwick and Garrison Mountain on the north. It is joined by Leonie Creek just north of the town of Barriere. The river flows through the town and by the Simpcw North Thompson Indian Band "Barriere River 3A" Indian reserve before emptying into the North Thompson River.

History
The Barrière River is part of the traditional lands of the Simpcw people, or "People of the North Thompson River", a division of the Secwepemc people.

In the early 19th century the Barrière River was often difficult to cross by fur traders travelling the Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail between Alexandria and Kamloops. The trail ran along the east bank of the North Thompson River and required crossing the Barrière River.

See also
 List of tributaries of the Fraser River

References

Thompson Country
Tributaries of the Fraser River
Rivers of British Columbia
Kamloops Division Yale Land District

Barrière River (North Thompson River tributary)


Ex Libris: The New York Public Library is a 2017 American documentary film about the New York Public Library (NYPL), directed by Frederick Wiseman. It was screened in the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival where it won the FIPRESCI Award.

Synopsis
The documentary explores the role of the NYPL as an egalitarian network of exploration, exchange and learning. There are no central characters, just a series of vignettes depicting everything from poetry to robot building. The library has 92 locations and serves each area differently according to its needs.

It includes well-known speakers such as Richard Dawkins, Patti Smith and Elvis Costello and anonymous library users throughout its foyers, annexes and meeting rooms.

The administrators who lead the library explore their challenges in serving such a diverse set of needs and Wiseman contrasts this with the diverse patrons of the library, including laptop users, researchers and the homeless.

Reception
Ex Libris received unanimous critical acclaim from critics. Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 91 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Film critic Manohla Dargis of the New York Times said, that Ex Libris is "one of the greatest movies of Mr. Wiseman's extraordinary career". Ksenia Rozhdestvenskaya from Kommersant noted that Wiseman made a film "about ways of knowing the world", it's "a film about benevolent curiosity that resists aggressive ignorance".

References

Further reading

External links

2017 films
2017 documentary films
2010s English-language films
American documentary films
New York Public Library
Documentary films about New York City
Films set in libraries
Films directed by Frederick Wiseman
2010s American films

Ex Libris: The New York Public Library


Cephaloflexa is a genus of land planarians from Brazil.

Description
The genus Cephaloflexa is characterized by the presence of a cephalic retractor muscle not associated with cephalic glands. Due to this muscle, the head in species of  Cephaloflexa is rolled upwards or backwards similarly to Choeradoplana. The main external feature to distinguish Cephaloflexa from Choeradoplana is the presence of two "cushions" on the ventral side of the head of the latter.
The copulatory apparatus of Cephaloflexa lacks a permanent penis papilla.

Etymology
The name Cephaloflexa comes from the Greek word κεφαλή (head) and the Latin word flexus (bending).

Species
There are three described species in the genus Cephaloflexa:
Cephaloflexa araucariana Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet, 2003
Cephaloflexa bergi (Graff, 1899)
Cephaloflexa nataliae (Froehlich, 1959)

References

Geoplanidae
Rhabditophora genera

Cephaloflexa


1-Keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (THP-1), or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthren-1-one, is a synthetic steroid-like compound which was reported to be the first synthetic estrogen, or the first synthetic compound identified with estrogenic activity. It was first synthesized in 1933 by Cook et al. and was tested due to its similarity to the presumed chemical structure of estrone. Upon reassessment many decades later, the compound was found to bind only weakly to the estrogen receptors, and, unexpectedly, did not actually have functional activity as an estrogen or antiestrogen in vitro or in vivo. It did, however, show some androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in vitro.

See also
 Estrin

References

Ketones
Phenanthrenes
Synthetic estrogens
Substances discovered in the 1930s

1-Keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene


Terrorist attacks were carried out on two No. 18 buses on Jaffa Road in Jerusalem, in 1996. Hamas suicide bombers killed 45 people in the attacks, which were masterminded by Mohammed Deif, using explosives prepared by Adnan Awul. These two bombings, within a few days of each other, occurred during a Hamas offensive launched after the killing of Yahya Ayyash, which also included the French Hill neighborhood attack, a suicide bombing in Ashkelon, and a terrorist attack near Dizengoff Center in Tel Aviv.

First bombing
On the morning of February 25, 1996, a suicide bomber blew himself up on a No.18 bus traveling down Jaffa Road near the Jerusalem Central Bus Station. 17 civilians and 9 Israeli soldiers were killed and 48, mostly civilians, injured.

In 2014 journalist Mike Kelly published The Bus on Jaffa Road; A Story of Middle East Terrorism and the Search for Justice.  Kirkus Reviews praised it as, "a spiral of horror and reckoning".

According to Kelly, Yassir Arafat was aware of these planned bombings.

Attack planner

Hamas operative Hassan Salameh was captured by Israel in Hebron in May, 1996.  Israel, which has only once imposed a death penalty, sentenced Salameh to 46 consecutive life sentences for directing 3 mass-casualty attacks. Salameh, a devout Muslim, has continued to maintain that he acted in a righteous manner in bombing civilian buses, saying, "I believe what I did is a legitimate right my religion and all of the world gave me..." in 1997, and in an interview almost 2 decades later. According to Mike Kelly, Salameh was trained in Iran.

Second bombing
On the morning of March 3, 1996, a suicide bomber boarded another No. 18 bus, detonating an explosive belt that killed 16 civilians and three Israeli soldiers and wounded 7.

Legal action
The families of United States victims Matthew Eisenfeld and Sarah Duker sued Iran for backing the attack, and won a US$327 million judgment in 2000. The Clinton Administration then blocked the families' efforts to seize certain Iranian assets in the United States. As of 2006 collection efforts continue through legal process. The families, together with the family of another United States citizen killed in the same attack, now seek as much as US$900 million from Iran. In 2006 an Italian court domesticated the US court ruling, and temporarily froze Iranian assets. The plaintiffs have stated that they intend to pursue Iran through other European Union courts.

Gallery

See also
List of Hamas suicide attacks
Palestinian political violence

References

External links
Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (Sept 1993)

Suicide bombings in 1996
Islamic terrorist incidents in 1996
February 1996 events in Asia
February 1996 crimes
March 1996 events in Asia
March 1996 crimes
Hamas suicide bombings of buses
Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem
Mass murder in 1996
People convicted on terrorism charges
Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem in the 1990s

Jaffa Road bus bombings


The British Cartographic Society (BCS) is an association of individuals and organisations dedicated to exploring and developing the world of maps. It is a registered charity. Membership includes national mapping agencies, publishers, designers, academics, researchers, map curators, individual cartographers, GIS specialists and ordinary members of the public with an interest in maps.

The BCS is regarded as one of the world's leading cartographic societies and its main publication, The Cartographic Journal, is recognised internationally. Membership of the Society can be useful for making contacts and keeping up with developments.

Objectives
The BCS promotes all aspects of cartography to a wide range of potential users. The BCS is affiliated to the International Cartographic Association and represents the UK internationally. BCS members play an active part in the development of mapping throughout the world.

The Society has Memoranda of Understanding with several other organisations active in fields related to cartography.

Membership
Membership of the Society can be useful for making contacts and keeping up with developments. The Society offers membership in various categories:
Fellow
Full
Student
Affiliate
Corporate
Small Corporate
Educational
From time to time the society confers Honorary Fellowship status on those who have, in its view, rendered distinguished service to the Society.

History
In the years following World War 2, good mapping was clearly needed to underpin postwar recovery. In many countries, existing societies relating to geography provided the channels to assist with these efforts. In the UK, it became clear that a more focused approach would be helpful.

On 28 September 1963 at a formal meeting chaired by Brigadier D.E.O. Thackwell (then Vice President of the ICA), the formation of the Cartographic Society was proposed. With further contributions from the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, the aims of the new Society were agreed and Brigadier Thackwell was elected as the first president.

Since then, the Society has become firmly established both nationally and internationally and has developed to meet the challenges of new technology such as GIS and the internet. It remains at the forefront of changes in cartography and in the wider data visualisation sector.

Initiatives and Events
The Society holds not-for-profit events open to the public and any interested parties to help raise the profile of cartography in the UK and to facilitate the exchange of information and ideas amongst members of the Society and others. These initiatives also aim to advance cartographic education and encourage research.

The Society's flagship event is its annual conference (Symposium) which brings together members and those working in the industry to network and discuss good practice and developments in the field.

Geoviz
In 2021, as a successor to its Better Mapping programme, the Society launched GeoViz – a new programme of activity that supports and nurtures cartography, map making and geographic data visualisation. It is designed to provide useful and informative content through a range of online material, events and more. The Better Mapping initiative was a series of seminars that ran throughout the UK between 2006 and 2019 and aimed to provide technical know-how to those just starting to create their own maps from the vast array of available spatial data and to get the best (cartographically) from general-purpose tools.

Online Events
During the national lockdowns imposed during the Covid pandemic, the Society increased the amount of online provision, both with the availability of static material on its website and also through webinars and other online fora.

Restless Earth
The Society supports cartographic education through its Restless Earth programme which brings awareness of mapping into schools through an interactive problem-solving workshop based on natural hazards as featured in the National Curriculum, currently the Japanese earthquake and tsunami of 2011.

Special Interest Groups
Throughout its existence, the Society has included many special interest groups focussing on particular elements of the cartographic spectrum. As of 2021, the following are active:
Historical Military Mapping Group (HMMG):
Map Curators' Group (MCG)

Awards
One of the aims of the Society is to encourage better mapping by providing prizes and awards to individuals or companies who have shown excellence in this field. The annual BCS awards includes categories such as:

The Stanfords Award for printed mapping
The Avenza Award for electronic mapping
The John C. Bartholomew Award for thematic mapping
The Ordnance Survey Award for excellence in the application of Ordnance Survey data
The BCS Award for the best overall entry as judged from the above four categories
The Henry Johns Award for the best paper published in The Cartographic Journal
The Ian Mumford Award for excellence in cartographic research undertaken by a student

Additionally, from time to time the Society awards its Medal for a distinguished contribution to cartography.

Previously, the Esri UK New Mapmaker Award (formerly the National Geographic Award) was awarded, for excellence in scholarship or cartographic work, to those starting out in cartographic or associated industries.

New Mapmaker Award Winners:
2001: Laura Stewart, University of Edinburgh Can Geographical Information Systems be used to Propose Areas for Storage of Floodwater?
2002: Edward Merritt, Oxford Brookes University An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Paraline Diagrams for Mapping the Urban Environment
2003: Esme Farewell, Oxford Brookes University Cambridge for Children
2004: Donna Watkin, Oxford Brookes University Modern cartographic methods as a key to understanding land use in Drayton St Leonards: 1793–2003
2005: Shannon Brassard, Centre of Geographic Sciences, Nova Scotia Community College, CanadaPrince Albert: Celebrating 100 Years
2006: Paul A Light, COGS, Canada National Parks & Historic Sites of Western Newfoundland and Labrador
2007: Alexander Kent, Canterbury Christ Church University An Analysis of the Cartographic Language of European State Topographic Maps: Aesthetics, Style, and Identity
2008: Wesley Jones, NSCC Centre of Geographic Sciences, Canada Dry Belt, Settlement and Abandonment of Southeast Alberta and Southwest Saskatchewan, 1908 to 1926
2009: Christoph Hoesli, Institute of Geography at the University of Bern, Switzerland Southern Sudan Topographic Base Map Series: Map Sheet E – Eastern Equatorial
2010: Michael Graves, Kingston University Road to the World Cup South Africa 2010
2011: Mike Wilburn, University of Oregon, USA Mount Rainier: A Climber's Paradise

Publications
In order to further its aims, the Society publishes books and periodicals:

Cartography – an introduction (a practical guide to making better maps)
A Celebration of 50 years of the British Cartographic Society (published by the Society to mark its 50th anniversary in 2013)
The Cartographic Journal – the official peer-reviewed periodical of the Society and one of the most widely respected journals in this field
Maplines – the Society's popular magazine, free to all members, and containing news, views and short articles about maps and mapmaking
Cartographiti – the newsletter of the Map Curators' Group

Resources

The Society makes several online directories available, allowing both Corporate Members and freelance cartographers to publicise their work. These include:

Map Curators Toolbox – an online resource supported by the Map Curators' Group
Directory of UK Map Collections – an online resource detailing major map collections in the UK

See also
 Geographical Association
 Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society
 Royal Geographical Society
 International Cartographic Association
 International Map Industry Association

References

External links

Geography of the United Kingdom
Visualization (graphics)
Geographic information systems organizations
Cartography organizations
Geographic societies
Learned societies of the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1963
Organisations based in Somerset
Charities based in Derbyshire
1963 establishments in the United Kingdom

British Cartographic Society


The Laser Clay Shooting System (レーザークレー射撃システム) is a light gun shooting simulation game created by Nintendo in 1973. The game consisted of an overhead projector which displayed moving targets behind a background; players would fire at the targets with a rifle, in which a mechanism of reflections would determine whether or not the "laser shot" from the rifle hit the target.

The concept behind the Laser Clay Shooting System came from Hiroshi Yamauchi, while Gunpei Yokoi was behind the development of the system. It was released in deserted bowling alleys in Japan in 1973; upon release, it was a commercial success. However, the success of the system quickly evaporated as a result of the 1973 oil crisis and the ensuing recession in Japan, which left Nintendo  billion in debt and on the verge of bankruptcy. In 1974, Yamauchi, in an attempt to revive Nintendo, released a smaller, cheaper version of the Laser Clay Shooting System, titled "Mini Laser Clay". Deployed mostly in arcades, players shoot moving targets, provided by a 16mm film projector, at an arcade cabinet. This system featured several games and achieved significant success for Nintendo throughout the mid to late 1970s, which helped the company out of its financial situation.

The laser shooting idea was subsequently taken up by other manufacturers. The principle of a laser gun, which fires beams of light at a reflective target, inspired pigeon clay shooting simulators, where the pigeon clays are replaced with reflective flying disks. The product of this type was an analogue system developed by UK company Lasersport. In the early 2020s, a digital laser clay shooting system was developed by SLR Games, also a UK manufacturer.

Overview
The Laser Clay Shooting System was a shooting simulation that were present in many former bowling alleys in Japan. In the simulation, players fire their laser rifles at moving targets produced by an overhead projector. A series of reflections determines whether or not the target was hit by the "laser shot"; when a hit is registered, the projector displays a picture of a destroyed target.

The Laser Clay Shooting System was redesigned in 1974 and was renamed "Mini Laser Clay". This game would be displayed in arcades as opposed to bowling alleys. Mini Laser Clay consisted of two shooting ranges in which up to four players could play simultaneously. Players would pay  to shoot ten clay pigeons with two shots per pigeon; players would "pull" each clay pigeon by stepping on a button near their feet. High scores would earn players tokens which could be exchanged for prizes. Cheaper models of Mini Laser Clay featured single players who would shoot targets, projected by a 16mm film, at an arcade cabinet with a revolver.

History
The idea for the Laser Clay Shooting System Game started in 1971, when Hiroshi Yamauchi read a newspaper article about shooting (also referred to as "Ball Trap") competitions. He then asked his assistant Gunpei Yokoi about the possibility of using their current product, the "Opto-Electronic Gun SP", for shooting simulations. Days after Yamauchi's request, Yokoi asked Yamauchi to buy him a rifle for the purposes of designing an "electronic Ball Trap simulation" by using the rifle as a prototype. Assisting in the development were Masayuki Uemura and Genyo Takeda. The project was approved in 1971 and was dubbed the "Laser Clay Shooting System".

Yamauchi wanted to see shooting simulations developed in deserted bowling alleys in Japan; bowling in Japan was a 1960s fad which was replaced by karaoke by the end of that decade. The first Laser Clay Shooting System was unveiled to the public in early 1973, despite technical setbacks which were fixed in extremis on the same day it was unveiled. Nintendo proceeded to buy out deserted bowling alleys in various strategic locations, in which they were fitted with the simulation system. Costing between  and  million to install, each system included overhead projectors which displayed airborne targets behind a mountainous or forest landscape, and a mechanism that consisted of reflections which detected whether or not the "laser shot" hit the flying target on the projector.

Yamauchi was successful in the first few weeks of operation, as his "test locations" were running at capacity. In February 1973, with imminent success of the Laser Clay Shooting System, Yamauchi established a new Nintendo subsidiary, Nintendo Leisure System Co., Ltd., to handle the maintenance and orders of the system. He then continued to buy out more former bowling alleys and fitted them with Laser Clay Shooting Systems, and the subsidiary had many pre-orders for them. As a result, the factories dedicated to building these systems were running at capacity around the clock in order to meet public demand. Advertising for the Laser Clay Shooting System featured Japanese actor and martial artist Sonny Chiba.

However, in October, OPEC dramatically raised the price in oil, which would eventually trigger the 1973 oil crisis. As a result, the Japanese economy, which imported over 98% of their requirements for oil, was forced to scale back on all unnecessary amenities in anticipation of an imminent recession. As a result, Nintendo received cancellation requests of the Laser Clay Shooting System from its clients, and, in less than a year, nearly all of its orders were cancelled. Having invested billions of Yen in their product, Nintendo's profits were cut in half, and they found themselves  billion (or $64 million) in debt, in which Yamauchi would spend 7 years paying off.  Yamauchi would cancel his "electronic Ball Trap" project as a result, and Nintendo's future was uncertain. What kept Nintendo (and Yamauchi) going was that they were listed on the stock market, and Nintendo still had to answer to shareholders, some of whom continued their support of the floundering company.

In 1974, as Laser Clay had still maintained some popularity in Japan, Yamauchi redesigned the Laser Clay Shooting System into a smaller and cheaper version, and dubbed it "Mini Laser Clay". This redesigned system was intended for arcades. Yamauchi pitched to professionals: "With such a machine in your arcade venue, you will undoubtedly draw the attention of the whole neighbourhood". Since orders from arcades were low, Nintendo needed cheaper methods to make the product. As a result, Yokoi came up with the idea of using 16mm projectors and video; this allowed the system to be sold in the form of arcade cabinets. In 1974, Wild Gunman, the first game of its kind, was released. Alongside Wild Gunman, Nintendo designed an adult version of the game titled Fascination; instead of cowboys, the game featured a Swedish woman in an evening dress who would dance around on the projection. Then, when the women struck a pose, players would shoot off key parts of her clothing until she was completely nude. However, the game was never released to the general public.

While the Mini Laser Clay system started slow, Nintendo eventually garnered sufficient sales, and they continued to sell the system to more arcades. In 1976, Shooting Trainer was released on this system, attracting many international players; this was followed by New Shooting Trainer in 1978. Other games released for the Mini Laser Clay system included Sky Hawk (1976), Battle Shark (1977), and Test Driver (1977). Wild Gunman and Shooting Trainer were distributed in North America by Sega in 1976.

Some sources say that Duck Hunt (1976) was part of the Laser Clay Shooting System, while others say that it was part of the "Nintendo Beam Gun Series" – a separate project to bring shooting simulations into the home. According to Gizmodo, it was part of a revamping of the Laser Clay Shooting System.

Reception
In Japan, several Laser Clay games were among the highest-grossing arcade games of 1976 in Japan, with Sky Hawk, Mini Laser Clay and Wild Gunman being the fourth, fifth and sixth highest electro-mechanical games (EM games), respectively (below Namco's F-1, TOGO's Mogura Taiji and Sega's Group Skill Diga). The following year, Shooting Trainer and Laser Clay were the sixth and seventh highest-grossing arcade EM games of 1977, respectively, and among the year's top three shooters (below Namco's Shoot Away).

In North America, Wild Gunman was one of the most popular arcade machines at the AMOA 1976 show. The following year, Shooting Trainer was the 17th highest-grossing arcade game of 1977 in the United States, according to Play Meter, and the third highest electro-mechanical game on the list (below Namco's F-1 and Allied Leisure's Daytona 500).

See also
 Light gun shooter

Notes

References

Arcade games
Electronic games
Light gun games
Nintendo games
Nintendo arcade games
Light guns

Laser Clay Shooting System


A Schnellzug is an express train in German-speaking countries, where it refers to trains that do not stop at all stations along a line. In Germany and Austria it is also referred to colloquially as a D-Zug, a short form of Durchgangszug ("through train"), and express train services were often given numbers preceded by the letter D. The similar term, snälltåg, was used in Sweden until January 1980.

On the railway networks operated by the Deutsche Bahn (DB), the Austrian Federal Railway (ÖBB) and the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) today, express trains are divided into categories such as Eurocity, Intercity, Interregio etc. The DB still occasionally runs D-Zug services in night trains (D-Nacht), especially those to its eastern European neighbours, and as relief trains. Museum services running on DB routes are also given D-Zug numbers. ÖBB runs D-Züge on main routes from/to Vienna on weekends and during rush hours.

Rail transport in Germany

Schnellzug


Siwe-Palar-Khuppak was the Sukkalmah (ruler) of Elam from around 1778 to 1745 B.C.E.

Around 1767 B.C.E, Siwe-Palar-Khuppak formed a coalition with Zimri-Lim of Mari and Hammurabi of Babylon. He led this coalition against Eshnunna, conquering it and imposed direct rule from his sukkal Kudu-zulush in Susa. This coalition turned against him as he attempted to expand his power into Babylon. Hammurabi, allied with Zimri-Lim, expelled the Elamite's forces from Eshnunna One of his generals was Kunnam of Elam who appears in many letters found at Mari.

In a clay tablet, Siwe-Palar-Khuppak refers to himself as "Governor of Elam" and "Enlarger of the Empire". It is speculated that the tablet was made after Siwe-Palar-Khuppak's defeat by Hammurabi's coalition, and that the title "Enlarger of the Empire" refers to conquests made to west in modern Iran to offset his defeat. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that a twelfth-century document lists Siwe-Palar-Khuppak as one of Elam's great men.

References

Elamite kings
Sukkalmah Dynasty

Siwe-Palar-Khuppak


Henri Valois was also the name of Henry III of France
Henri Valois, sometimes called Henricus Valesianus, was a medieval scholar. He was born in 1606 and died in 1676. His family belonged to nobility, and was established in Bayeux and Lisieux. He studied with the Jesuits in Verdun, and later in Paris. He also studied law in Bourges. To make his father happy, he lived as a lawyer in Paris for 7 years, even though he preferred to study. Today, he is known for the church history of Eusebius which he translated in 1660, and other translations of classical texts and fragments. Among these are the works of Constantine VII, which he identified and translated, Ammianus Marcellinus, and a history of Pope Constantine. He translated and published histories of Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen, Athanasius of Alexandria, as well texts of the First Council of Nicaea,Theodoret, Evagrius Scholasticus, Philostorgius, Theodorus Lector. He also published two texts from anonymous authors, known as Anonymus Valesianus today.

His translations were later used for translations of these texts into French.

1606 births
1676 deaths
French scientists
French translators

Henri Valois


Kirk Herman Schulz (born May 11, 1963) is an American educator, currently serving as the 11th president of Washington State University, a position he began on June 13, 2016. Prior to serving at Washington State, Schulz was the 13th president of Kansas State University.

Biography
Schulz was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, but raised in Norfolk, Virginia. He graduated in 1981 from Norfolk Christian High School. Schulz attended Old Dominion University for three years before transferring to Virginia Tech in 1984. He received his Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Virginia Tech in 1986 and his doctorate in 1991. Schulz first worked as an assistant professor of chemical engineering at the University of North Dakota. In 1995, he became assistant professor of chemical engineering at Michigan Tech and promoted to associate professor in 1998. Schulz also became chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering there in the same year.

He accepted a position at Mississippi State University in 2001, becoming director of the Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, where he held the Earnest W. Deavenport Jr. endowed chair. Schulz became Dean of Engineering of the James Worth Bagley College of Engineering and the first Earnest W. and Mary Ann Deavenport Jr. endowed chair in 2005. Two years later, Schulz was Interim Vice President for Research and Economic Development, a position which became permanent for him later in the year.

On February 11, 2009, the Kansas Board of Regents announced that Schulz was selected as the thirteenth president of Kansas State University. On March 25, 2016, the Washington State University Board of Regents announced that Schulz was selected as the 11th president of Washington State University, which he began in June 2016.

Personal life
Schulz is married to Noel Schulz, who was the associate dean for research and graduate programs in the Kansas State University College of Engineering and the Paslay professor of electrical and computer engineering. They have two sons, Tim and Andrew.

Professional affiliations
Schulz is a member of the ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) and an active member of AIChE, ASEE, and ABET. He was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2007 and a Fellow of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) in 2008.

References

External links
 Washington State University – profile

1963 births
Living people
Presidents of Washington State University
Presidents of Kansas State University
Virginia Tech alumni
Mississippi State University faculty
Fellows of the American Society for Engineering Education
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Kirk Schulz


An F-test is any statistical test in which the test statistic has an F-distribution under the null hypothesis. It is most often used when comparing statistical models that have been fitted to a data set, in order to identify the model that best fits the population from which the data were sampled. Exact "F-tests" mainly arise when the models have been fitted to the data using least squares. The name was coined by George W. Snedecor, in honour of Ronald Fisher. Fisher initially developed the statistic as the variance ratio in the 1920s.

Common examples

Common examples of the use of F-tests include the study of the following cases:
 The hypothesis that the means of a given set of normally distributed populations, all having the same standard deviation, are equal.  This is perhaps the best-known F-test, and plays an important role in the analysis of variance (ANOVA).
 The hypothesis that a proposed regression model fits the data well.  See Lack-of-fit sum of squares.
 The hypothesis that a data set in a regression analysis follows the simpler of two proposed linear models that are nested within each other.
In addition, some statistical procedures, such as Scheffé's method for multiple comparisons adjustment in linear models, also use F-tests.

F-test of the equality of two variances

The F-test is sensitive to non-normality. In the analysis of variance (ANOVA), alternative tests include Levene's test, Bartlett's test, and the Brown–Forsythe test. However, when any of these tests are conducted to test the underlying assumption of homoscedasticity (i.e. homogeneity of variance), as a preliminary step to testing for mean effects, there is an increase in the experiment-wise Type I error rate.

Formula and calculation
Most F-tests arise by considering a decomposition of the variability in a collection of data in terms of sums of squares.  The test statistic in an F-test is the ratio of two scaled sums of squares reflecting different sources of variability. These sums of squares are constructed so that the statistic tends to be greater when the null hypothesis is not true. In order for the statistic to follow the F-distribution under the null hypothesis, the sums of squares should be statistically independent, and each should follow a scaled χ²-distribution. The latter condition is guaranteed if the data values are independent and normally distributed with a common variance.

Multiple-comparison ANOVA problems
The F-test in one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to assess whether the expected values of a quantitative variable within several pre-defined groups differ from each other. For example, suppose that a medical trial compares four treatments.  The ANOVA F-test can be used to assess whether any of the treatments are on average superior, or inferior, to the others versus the null hypothesis that all four treatments yield the same mean response.  This is an example of an "omnibus" test, meaning that a single test is performed to detect any of several possible differences.  Alternatively, we could carry out pairwise tests among the treatments (for instance, in the medical trial example with four treatments we could carry out six tests among pairs of treatments).  The advantage of the ANOVA F-test is that we do not need to pre-specify which treatments are to be compared, and we do not need to adjust for making multiple comparisons.  The disadvantage of the ANOVA F-test is that if we reject the null hypothesis, we do not know which treatments can be said to be significantly different from the others, nor, if the F-test is performed at level α, can we state that the treatment pair with the greatest mean difference is significantly different at level α.

The formula for the one-way ANOVA F-test statistic is

or

The "explained variance", or "between-group variability" is

where  denotes the sample mean in the i-th group,  is the number of observations in the i-th group,  denotes the overall mean of the data, and  denotes the number of groups.

The "unexplained variance", or "within-group variability" is

where  is the jth observation in the ith out of  groups and  is the overall sample size.  This F-statistic follows the F-distribution with degrees of freedom  and  under the null hypothesis.  The statistic will be large if the between-group variability is large relative to the within-group variability, which is unlikely to happen if the population means of the groups all have the same value.

Note that when there are only two groups for the one-way ANOVA F-test, where t is the Student's  statistic.

Regression problems

Consider two models, 1 and 2, where model 1 is 'nested' within model 2.  Model 1 is the restricted model, and model 2 is the unrestricted one.  That is, model 1 has p1 parameters, and model 2 has p2 parameters, where p1 < p2, and for any choice of parameters in model 1, the same regression curve can be achieved by some choice of the parameters of model 2.

One common context in this regard is that of deciding whether a model fits the data significantly better than does a naive model, in which the only explanatory term is the intercept term, so that all predicted values for the dependent variable are set equal to that variable's sample mean. The naive model is the restricted model, since the coefficients of all potential explanatory variables are restricted to equal zero.

Another common context is deciding whether there is a structural break in the data: here the restricted model uses all data in one regression, while the unrestricted model uses separate regressions for two different subsets of the data. This use of the F-test is known as the Chow test.

The model with more parameters will always be able to fit the data at least as well as the model with fewer parameters.  Thus typically model 2 will give a better (i.e. lower error) fit to the data than model 1.  But one often wants to determine whether model 2 gives a significantly better fit to the data.  One approach to this problem is to use an F-test.

If there are n data points to estimate parameters of both models from, then one can calculate the F statistic, given by

where RSSi is the residual sum of squares of model i. If the regression model has been calculated with weights, then replace RSSi with χ2, the weighted sum of squared residuals.  Under the null hypothesis that model 2 does not provide a significantly better fit than model 1, F will have an F distribution, with (p2−p1, n−p2) degrees of freedom.  The null hypothesis is rejected if the F calculated from the data is greater than the critical value of the F-distribution for some desired false-rejection probability (e.g. 0.05). Since F is a monotone function of the likelihood ratio statistic, the F-test is a likelihood ratio test.

See also
Goodness of fit

References

Further reading

External links
 Table of F-test critical values
 Free calculator for F-testing
 The F-test for Linear Regression
  by Mark Thoma

Analysis of variance
Statistical ratios
Statistical tests

F-test


Lance Peter Sijan (April 13, 1942 – January 22, 1968) was a United States Air Force officer and fighter pilot. On March 4, 1976, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor, the United States' highest military award, for his selflessness and courage in the face of lethal danger.

Early life and military career
Lance Peter Sijan, also known by his Serbian name Lazar Šijan (), was born to Sylvester and Jane Sijan on April 13, 1942, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, who owned a restaurant, was an ethnic Serb, his parents emigrated from Serbia during World War I; his mother was an Irish-American. Lance was the eldest of three children. Sijan graduated from Bay View High School in 1960. Immediately after his graduation he attended the Naval Academy Preparatory School at the United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, Maryland. After completion of the program, he gained an appointment to the United States Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs, Colorado. He played on the academy's football team for three years, but quit the team in his final year to concentrate on his studies. Graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in Humanities in 1965, he was awarded a second lieutenant's commission and began Undergraduate Pilot Training. After its completion, he was assigned to the 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 366th Fighter Wing, stationed at Da Nang Air Base, South Vietnam. He flew as a pilot and systems officer in an F-4 Phantom.

Last mission
On the night of November 9, 1967, for his 52nd combat mission, Sijan and pilot Lieutenant Colonel John Armstrong were tasked with a bombing mission to Ban Laboy ford in Laos. As they rolled in on their target to release their ordnance, their F-4C (AF Ser. No. 64-0751) was engulfed in a ball of fire due to the bomb fuses malfunctioning and causing a premature detonation on their release. Sijan managed to eject from the aircraft, and although likely rendered unconscious in the ejection, his parachute landed him on a rocky limestone karst ridge adjacent to the target.

From the night of 9/10 November to the morning of 11 November, no electronic or radio signals were heard from either Sijan or Armstrong.  However, early on the morning of 11 November, Sijan made radio contact with a Misty FAC F-100F aircraft that was flying over his crash site.  For the duration of that day, the USAF launched a massive effort to locate his position, and 'soften up' the numerous enemy air defences in his area.  At dusk, the SAR forces were finally able to position a CH-3 Jolly Green Giant helicopter near Sijan's position.  During this overall rescue operation, over 20 aircraft were damaged by anti-aircraft fire, and many had to return to base.  One A-1H aircraft was shot down, though its pilot was soon rescued by a SAR helicopter on station.  Sijan, refusing to put other airmen in danger, insisted on trying to crawl to a jungle penetrator lowered by the helicopter, and he opposed the helicopter's Para-Jumper (PJ) coming down to find and rescue him. The helicopter crew could not see him in the heavy jungle, and strangely, they did not deploy the PJ to find and rescue Sijan.  After the Jolly Green hovered for 33 minutes, and upon hearing no further radio transmissions from Sijan, the on-scene SAR commander (flying in an A-1H Skyraider aircraft) suspected a trap, and thus ordered the Jolly Green and the entire SAR armada to withdraw.  Search efforts continued the very next morning, but they were called off when no further radio contact was made with Sijan.  He was then listed in a MIA casualty status.

During his violent ejection and very rough parachute landing on the karst ridge, Sijan had suffered a fractured skull, a mangled right hand, and a compound fracture of the left leg. He was without food, with very little water, and no survival kit; nevertheless, he evaded enemy forces for 46 days.  During this entire period, Sijan was only able to move by sliding on his buttocks and back along the rocky limestone ridge and later along the jungle floor.  After managing to move several thousand feet, Sijan crawled onto a truck road along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, where he was finally captured by the North Vietnamese on Christmas Day, 1967.  Very emaciated and in poor health, Sijan was imprisoned in an NVA camp. Soon thereafter, he managed to incapacitate a guard and escape into the jungle, but was recaptured several hours later.

Sijan was transported to a holding compound in Vinh, North Vietnam, where he was placed in the care of two other recently captured POWs, Air Force Major Robert R. Craner and Air Force Captain Guy Gruters. Although in terrific pain from his severe wounds and brutal beatings and torture from his captors, Sijan had not disclosed any information other than what the Geneva Convention guidelines allowed (name, date of birth, service, rank, and service number). Suffering terribly from exhaustion, malnutrition, and disease, he was soon transported to Hanoi, under the attentive care of both Craner and Gruters.  However, in his weakened state, he contracted pneumonia and died in Hỏa Lò Prison (better known as the "Hanoi Hilton") on January 22, 1968.

First Lieutenant Sijan was promoted posthumously to captain on June 13, 1968. His remains were repatriated on March 13, 1974, and were positively identified on April 22, 1974. He was buried with military honors in Arlington Park Cemetery in Milwaukee. His former cellmate, Colonel Craner, recommended him for the Medal of Honor, with supporting testimony provided by his other fellow cellmate, Captain Gruters. Sijan received the Medal of Honor posthumously in 1976, with his parents (Sylvester and Jane Sijan) receiving it on his behalf on March 4, 1976, from President Gerald R. Ford.

Military awards
Sijan's military decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to
SIJAN, LANCE P.
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Air Force, 4th Allied POW Wing, Pilot of an F-4C aircraft. Place and Date: North Vietnam, 9 November 1967. Entered service at: Milwaukee, Wis. Born: 13 April 1942, Milwaukee, Wis.

Citation:

Other honors

Sijan's heroism and courage brought him numerous honors. The United States Air Force created the Lance P. Sijan Award, recognizing individuals who have demonstrated the highest qualities of leadership in their jobs and in their lives.  It has become one of the U.S. Air Force's most prestigious awards.

Because Sijan was the first graduate of the United States Air Force Academy to receive the Medal of Honor, a cadet dormitory, Sijan Hall, was named after him. The dormitory was dedicated on Memorial Day, 1976.

Sijan's high school in Milwaukee set up a scholarship in his honor, presented each year to the student who best exemplifies Lance Sijan's examples of leadership and courage. A nearby park, Sijan Playfield, is dedicated to him, and Milwaukee's Serbian community honors him with a memorial on the grounds of St. Sava Serbian Orthodox Cathedral.

An F-4 Phantom jet fighter on display in front of the 440th Tactical Airlift Wing at Milwaukee's Mitchell Airport is painted using the color scheme of the one he flew.

Sijan was named as the class exemplar at the United States Air Force Academy for the Class of 2002.

In June 2006, before the 440th Airlift Wing was relocated to Pope AFB in North Carolina, there were calls to move the F-4 Phantom jet fighter display from Mitchell International Airport to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on the Lake Michigan lake front. However, the display was finally moved on February 28, 2017, to another more visible location at Mitchell International Airport. It was re-dedicated at this location on May 26, 2017.

Sijan is a member of the DeMolay International Hall of Fame.

Mountain Home AFB in Idaho named Sijan St. in his honor. A major road at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska, is also named for him.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
Lance P. Sijan Award

References

External links

"Serb a hero in America", Evening News, Marko Lopušina, 28 Jun 2010

1942 births
1968 deaths
United States Air Force Medal of Honor recipients
American people of Irish descent
American people of Serbian descent
American torture victims
American people who died in prison custody
Military personnel from Milwaukee
Shot-down aviators
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force officers
Vietnam War prisoners of war
Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Deaths from pneumonia in Vietnam
United States Air Force personnel killed in the Vietnam War
Military personnel missing in action
Prisoners who died in Vietnamese detention

Lance Sijan


Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa is a mythical monkey-ancestor of the Tibetan people. With King Gesar and Avalokiteśvara, of whom he is an incarnation, he is one of the most important figures in Tibetan culture. Pha means "father", Trelgen "old monkey" and Changchup Sempa refers to the bodhisattva (Changchub meaning "enlightenment" and Sempa meaning "intention").

Birth of the first Tibetans

A very popular Tibetan creation myth holds that in the beginning the world was covered by water, which evaporated little by little, leaving room for animal life. To the flooded land of Tibet came a monkey that had withdrawn there to immerse himself in meditation and to follow a life of asceticism and chastity. He settled on Mount Gongori. One day, while he sat in meditation, a female demon came to seduce him. Tradition has it that she was the manifestation of the bodhisattva Tara (Jetsun Dolma in Tibetan), a symbol of compassion and protector of merchants and travelers. She threatened that if he refused to sleep with her she would visit a demon and conceive a multitude of small monsters that would destroy all living creatures. The wise monkey yielded and requested Avalokiteśvara's authorization to marry her. Avalokiteśvara blessed the monkey and the female demon, and a few months later six small monkeys were born of their union. The monkey let his six children grow up in the forest, but three years later he discovered that they had become five hundred. The fruits of the forest were no longer sufficient to feed them, and the five hundred monkeys beseeched their father to help them find food. Not knowing what to do, he went again to ask help from the god of compassion. Then Avalokiteśvara went on the mount Meru, or Sumeru (believed to correspond to today's Mount Kailash), a sacred place for Buddhists, Hindus, Jains and Bönpo. Some say that at the top of the mountain he gathered a handful of barley, others that he extracted five cereals from his own body to offer to the monkey father. Then the monkey father learned agriculture and, after a good harvest, could finally feed all his children. As they fed on the cereals, the monkeys gradually lost their hair and their tails. They also started to use bone and stone implements, then made clothes and built houses, forming a civilization from which the Tibetan people descended.

Another version

Another account says that, seeing the world peopled by demons, Avalokiteśvara the bodhisattva of compassion took pity on the Earth, incarnated himself as a monkey and mated with an ogress of the rock. From this union were born six monkeys, which represent the six principal clans of the Tibetan people.

References

Bibliography

SEGARRA André, Du Singe au Signe ou la figure du Trickster à travers les deux principaux personages du  Rāmāyaṇa et du Xīyóu jì : Hanuman et Sun Wukong, mémoire de littérature sous la direction de Valérie Deshoulières, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, 2007.

External links
  (in Chinese)
  (in English)

See also

 History of Tibet
 Hanuman
 Sun Wukong

Tibetan Buddhist mythology
Tibetan culture
Tibetan legendary creatures

Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa


The Black garden ant (Lasius niger), also known as the Common black ant, Common house ant or Tramp ant, is a formicine ant. It is a species of the subgenus Lasius, which is found across Eurasia and in some parts of South America, Southeast Asia and Australasia. The European species is now  split into two species; L. niger, which are found in open areas; and L. platythorax, which is found in forests .

The ants build nests underground, commonly under stones, but also in rotten wood, or under roots. The nests can have up to 40,000 workers, but the average size is 4,000–7,000 ants. The colony has a single queen which can live up to 15 years, and it has been claimed that some have lived for 30 years. In the early stages of a colony there can two or three queens in the nest. They will tolerate each other until the first workers come, then it is most likely they will fight until one queen remains. In tests in laboratories, worker ants have lived at least four years.

Appearance
The worker ants are dark glossy black, and 3–5 mm long. The queens are 9 mm long, glossy black color, and with slight brown stripes on her abdomen. After a queen mates, she removes her wings and eats her wing muscles as food over the winter. The male ants are 3.5–4.5 mm long and are only produced by queens for mating. They have a dark glossy body, which is a different shape from the workers, and look like a wasp. They have delicate wings which stand out from the rest of the body.

Mating flights

Ants mate while flying. The mating (or nuptial) flights of Lasius niger usually take place from June to September. In North America flights happen during the autumn, but in Europe they take place during the hot summer months of July and August. Flights can contain thousands of winged males and females. When the queen has mated, she will land and look for a suitable place to dig a tunnel. The males generally only live for a day or two after the mating flights.

Nests
The queen ant removes her wings to dig. When she has dug a tunnel, she blocks the entrance and then digs a small chamber to lay her eggs. The eggs hatch after 8–10 weeks. The queen does not leave the nest to look for food until eggs have hatched, and the larvae have grown into ants. She survives on the protein from eating her own wings.

Egg to ant

The black garden ant, like other ants, has four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The eggs are tiny, white, kidney-shaped, with a smooth sticky surface. This helps them to be carried in a group instead of one by one. After hatching the larvae look like tiny maggots. They need to be fed by the queen (or workers in the case of an established colony) if they are to mature. As they grow, they shed their skin, doing so usually three times in total. With each molt, the larvae grow hooked hairs which allow them to be carried in groups. At the last molt they are too big to be carried as part of a group and so are carried individually. When it is big enough, it spins a cocoon around itself. To help, the queen (or workers) may bury the larva so that it can spin its cocoon undisturbed. When the process of metamorphosis is complete the worker ant comes out of the cocoon. It is completely white but it only takes one hour to turn black.

A new colony
The first worker ants are very small. Later generations of ants grow much bigger. The new worker ants begin make the nest bigger. They take care of the queen and her eggs. They open the entrance to the nest and begin to look for food above ground. They need to gather food quickly to support future growth and to feed the starved queen. The queen will have lost around 50% of her body weight. The queen will lay more eggs, which is her only task in the colony. The later generations of worker ants will be bigger, stronger and more aggressive because there is more food for them while they are growing. Instead of only having the queens to look after them, they have a team of foraging and nursing workers. Provided workers are able to find food, the colony will see an exponential rise in population. After several years, when colony is well established, the queen will lay eggs that will become new queens and males. Black ants often make large nests with with tunnels connecting the different sections.

Eating habits
The black garden ants eat nectar, small insects such as codling moth larvae, and fruit. The ants can 'milk' aphids, cockroaches and beetles.

References

Ants

Black garden ant


Daniel Pitt O'Brien (August 31, 1900 – November 29, 1957) was Secretary of State of West Virginia 1948–1957.

O'Brien was born at Buckhannon, Upshur County, West Virginia. His father was judge and politician William S. O'Brien and his mother Emma (White) O'Brien.

After military service during World War I, he studied at West Virginia Wesleyan College and graduated with a B.S. He worked as a high school teacher and athletic coach 1925–33 and as Chief Clerk in the office of the Secretary of State of West Virginia 1933–48, excepting service in the armed forces during World War II. In 1942, he married Mildred Elizabeth Smith and they had a daughter, Patricia.

O'Brien sought the Democratic nomination to succeed his father as Secretary of State and won the primary election in May 1948, but his father died August 10, which led to his appointment by Governor Clarence Meadows to fill the unexpired term. On November 2, 1948, he was elected Secretary of State for a full term. He was reelected in 1952 and 1956, but did not complete his last term, since he suffered from sudden death November 29, 1957, just as his father before him.

References

Secretaries of State of West Virginia
People from Buckhannon, West Virginia
West Virginia Wesleyan College alumni
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Military personnel from West Virginia
West Virginia Democrats
1900 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American politicians

Daniel Pitt O'Brien


Skyland is a neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is next to Good Hope Road to the northeast, Alabama Avenue to the southeast, and Fort Stanton Park to the south and west. It is a part of the area called Anacostia.

The District government wants to rebuild the  Skyland Shopping Center at Alabama Avenue and Naylor Road, SE in Ward 7 into a mixed-used town center. Local residents asked the District government for help in the 1980s, because the current buildings were falling apart and many stores were empty.  The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development decided in 2005 that the District government could not use federal money to buy Skyland because of past mistakes.

The District is working with the Rappaport Cos. and the William S. Smith Cos. on a new plan for Skyland. They want to build  of retail space. They hope that the new buildings will be filled with  high-quality, national stores and locally-owned shops and restaurants. Torti Gallas & Partners are architects who are drawing the new plans. The new buildings will cost $260 million. On May 25, 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray told Wal-Mart officials that he would not allow them to build four other new stores in the District of Columbia unless Wal-Mart also opened a store in Skyland. However, Safeway holds the exclusive right to sell groceries in the development, which may block a Wal-Mart at Skyland.

The project will also include 420 to 470 units of housing. About 80 percent of the housing units will be owned by the people who live there and 20 percent will be rented.

People are fighting the plan in court. The land owners do not want to sell their land to Rappaport and Smith. The District wants to force the current owners to sell (eminent domain).

Rappaport and Smith filed a Planned Unit Development (PUD) application with the Zoning Commission in 2008.  The DC Council approved a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) package to loan money for the new buildings. In July 2010, the District's zoning commission approved the plan for the new buildings. Building will start in 2012. The new buildings are expected to open in 2014.

Skyland is a part of the Good Hope neighborhood.  Hillcrest to the east and Naylor Gardens to the southeast of the Good Hope neighborhood.

References

Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.

Skyland, Washington, D.C.


The up tack or falsum (⊥, \bot in LaTeX, U+22A5 in Unicode) is a constant symbol used to represent:

 The truth value 'false', or a logical constant denoting a proposition in logic that is always false (often called "falsum" or "absurdum").
 The bottom element in wheel theory and lattice theory, which also represents absurdum when used for logical semantics
 The bottom type in type theory, which is the bottom element in the subtype relation. This may coincide with the empty type, which represents absurdum under the Curry–Howard correspondence
 The "undefined value" in quantum physics interpretations that reject counterfactual definiteness, as in (r0,⊥)
as well as
 Mixed radix decoding in the APL programming language

The glyph of the up tack appears as an upside-down tee symbol, and as such is sometimes called eet (the word "tee" in reverse). Tee plays a complementary or dual role in many of these theories.

The similar-looking perpendicular symbol (⟂, \perp in LaTeX, U+27C2 in Unicode) is a binary relation symbol used to represent:

 Perpendicularity of lines in geometry
 Orthogonality in linear algebra
 Independence of random variables in probability theory
 Coprimality in number theory

The double tack up symbol (⫫, U+2AEB in Unicode) is a binary relation symbol used to represent:

 Conditional independence of random variables in probability theory

See also
Alternative plus sign
 Contradiction
 List of mathematical symbols
 Tee (symbol) (⊤)

Notes

Mathematical notation
Mathematical symbols
Logic symbols

Up tack


Walter "Wal" Hannington (1896–1966) was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain and National Organiser of the National Unemployed Workers' Movement, from its formation in 1921 to its end in 1939, when he became National Organiser of the Amalgamated Engineering Union.

Biography

Early years

Walter Hannington, best known by his nickname "Wal," was born on 17 June 1896 in Camden Town, London. His father was a bricklayer with a large family. He himself was apprenticed to a toolmaker at 14 and joined the Toolmakers' Society during the First World War. He married his wife Winnie in 1917. He joined the British Socialist Party during this period and became a member of the Amalgamated Toolmakers' London committee. He went over to the Amalgamated Engineering Union in the 1920 merger.

Political career

In 1920 Hannington became a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. From the time of its formation in 1921 until its dissolution in 1939 Hannington was the head of the National Unemployed Workers' Movement, an offshoot of the CPGB.

Hannington was a delegate to the founding conference of the National Minority Movement (NMM) in August 1924. The National Minority Movement, headed by Harry Pollitt, was a pressure group formed by the CPGB to work within the established trade union movement. With only one or two exceptions, the members of the Executive Committee of the NMM were members of the Communist Party. Wal Hannington was one of the inner circle of the executive which controlled the organization, working as a full-time leader of the section dedicated to the metal workers.

In 1925 Hannington was one of 12 members of the Communist Party convicted at the Old Bailey under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 and one of the five defendants sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment.

In 1936 he wrote a book about his experiences as leader of the NUWM, Unemployed Struggles 1919–1936: My Life and Struggles Amongst the Unemployed.  He includes accounts of his numerous prison terms, and claims that the government had him and other members of the NUWM under surveillance.

In 1937 his book The Problem of the Distressed Areas was published by Victor Gollancz with a preface by Professor Harold Laski.

In 1939 Hannington became National Organiser of the Amalgamated Engineering Union.

Death and legacy

Wal Hannington died on 17 November 1966 at the age of 70.

Footnotes

Publications by Wal Hannington

 The Insurgents in London: A Brief History of the Great National Hunger March of the Unemployed on London ... October 17th, 1922 ... until the End of February, 1923 ... under the Auspices of the National Unemployed Workers Committee Movement. n.c. [London]: n.p. [National Unemployed Workers' Committee Movement], n.d. [1923].
 What's Wrong in the Engineering Industry: Being an Analysis of the Present State of Industry and of the Unions, and an Answer to the Question: Can the Demands of the Unions Be Met?" Introduction by Harry Pollitt. London: National Minority Movement, n.d. [c. 1927].
 The March of the Miners: How We Smashed the Opposition. London: National Unemployed Workers' Committee Movement, 1927.
 Our March Against the Starvation Government. London: National Unemployed Workers' Committee Movement, 1928.
 The Story of the National Hunger March. London: National Unemployed Workers' Committee Movement, n.d. [1929].
 Our Case for the Unemployed Charter: Contains Also a Report on How the Labour Government Used Police Against Our Deputation. London: National Unemployed Workers' Movement, n.d. [1929].
 How to Get Unemployment Benefit: A Practical Guide for Unemployed Workers. With E. Lewellyn. London: National Unemployed Workers' Committee Movement, n.d. [c. 1930].
 Crimes Against the Unemployed: An Exposure of the TUC Scab Scheme and the Crimes Committed Against the Unemployed by the TUC General Council. London: National Unemployed Workers' Movement, n.d. [c. 1933].
 The New Unemployment Bill: What it Means. London: National Unemployed Workers' Movement, n.d. [c. 1933].
 An Exposure of the Unemployed Social Service Schemes. London: National Unemployed Workers' Movement, n.d. [1934].
 Work for Wages, Not Slave Camps: Positive Proposals for Reducing Unemployment. London: National Unemployed Workers' Movement, n.d. [c. 1934].
 Unemployed Struggles, 1919–1936: My Life and Struggles Amongst the Unemployed. London: Lawrence and Wishart, n.d. [1936].
 The Problem of Distressed Areas. London: Victor Gollancz, 1937.
 A Short History of the Unemployed. London: Victor Gollancz, 1938.
 Fascist Danger and the Unemployed. London: National Unemployed Workers' Movement, 1939.
 Black Coffins and the Unemployed. London: Fact, 1939.
 Ten Lean Years: An Examination of the Record of the National Government in the Field of Unemployment. London: Victor Gollancz, 1940.
 Industrial History in Wartime: Including a Record of the Shop Stewards' Movement. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1941.
 The Rights of Engineers. London: Victor Gollancz, 1944.
 Tom Mann 1856–1941: A Short Biography. Coventry: Coventry Tom Mann Memorial Trades and Labour Hall Fund Committee, n.d. [c. 1947].
 The New Hungary as We Saw It. With Jim Gardner. London: Hungarian News and Information Service, 1949.
 Never On Our Knees. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1967.
 Mr. Chairman! A Short Guide to the Conduct and Procedure of Meetings. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1978.

1896 births
1966 deaths
British Socialist Party members
Communist Party of Great Britain members
British trade unionists
People from Camden Town
Place of death missing

Wal Hannington


The Tarnished Eye is a 2004 crime novel by American writer Judith Guest, based on the Robison family murders that occurred in June 1968 in Good Hart, Michigan and the murders committed by John Norman Collins in the Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti areas of Michigan in the late 1960s. In an interview with Metro Times, Guest explained why she chose to write a fictionalized account of these two murder cases: "I'm very interested in people's motivations, why they do the things they do, why go to such extremes as if that's the only solution to their problem. Those two crimes laid awake in my mind for a long time, and, about five years ago, I decided to write about them, but write a novel."

References

External links
The Tarnished Eye at Judith Guest's website.

2004 American novels
American crime novels

The Tarnished Eye


1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula PhP(CH)PPh. The compound is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents.  It is slightly air-sensitive, degrading in air to the phosphine oxide. It is classified as a diphosphine ligand in coordination chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.

The diphosphine can be prepared by the reaction of lithium diphenylphosphide and 1,3-dichloropropane (Ph = CH):
 2 PhPLi  + Cl(CH)Cl   →   PhP(CH)PPh  +  2 LiCl

However, it can be synthesised via a much more controllable (and cheaper) route, via metal-halogen exchange and then metathesis:
Br(CH)Br + 2 BuLi → Li(CH)Li + 2 BuBr
Li(CH)Li + 2 PCl → ClP(CH)PCl + 2 LiCl
ClP(CH)PCl + 4 PhLi → PhP(CH)PPh + 4 LiCl

Coordination chemistry and use as co-catalyst
The diphosphine serves as a bidentate ligand forming six-membered CPM chelate ring with a natural bite angle of 91°.  For example, the complex dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel is prepared by combining equimolar portions of the ligand and nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate.  This nickel complex serves as a catalyst for the Kumada coupling reaction. Dppp is also used as a ligand for palladium(II) catalysts to co-polymerize carbon monoxide and ethylene to give polyketones. Dppp can sometimes be used in palladium-catalyzed arylation under Heck reaction conditions to control regioselectivity.

References

Diphosphines
Phenyl compounds

1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane


Telipinu (or Telepinu) Proclamation is a Hittite edict, written during the reign of King Telipinu, c. 1525-1500 BCE. The text is classified as CTH 19 in the Catalogue of Hittite Texts.

The edict is significant because it made possible to reconstruct a succession of Hittite Kings. It also recounts some important events like Mursili I's conquest of Babylon of which no other Hittite document exists. Little more than the names of the successors of Telipinu is known for a period of about 80 years.

Van Seter argues that the edict is a legal, rather than a historical text, laying out rules for royal succession in the Hittite Kingdom. Lawson criticizes this approach by saying that a quasi-legal text may also be a historical one. Mario Liverani observes that the edict should be interpreted carefully, for it is a lot more useful in understanding the situation at the time it was written than in reconstructing the past history.

References

External links
Telipinu Proclamation

16th-century BC literature
Edicts
Hittite texts
First Babylonian Empire

Telepinu Proclamation


The French-made Fusil de chasse (fu-zi dee chā-se), originally meant "gun of the hunt", was a light smoothbore flintlock musket designed for hunting. They were an elegant flintlock with a distinctive "cow's foot" shape to the buttstock that softened recoil. This La Peid stock shape is typical of long guns made at Tulle. The Fusil de Chasse was made at the Tulle (France) arms factory. The fusils were very similar to the Charleville musket, also made at Tulle. Fusils were typically lighter and shorter than the Charleville muskets. The name fusil is phonetically pronounced "fusee" in English." The French name Fusil is a corruption of the Italian fucile meaning flint. Both the French and the British had versions of the officer's fusil. The British fucils were based on the Brown Bess musket. Also from the name fusil comes the term fusilier. A very similar but cheaper version was the fusil de traite (trade gun). The officer's fusil is fitted for a sling and the stock is  shorter than the barrel in order to fit a socket bayonet. The officer's fusil was much better made. But there is some confusion between the two versions. At 20 gauge (.62 caliber) the fusil was also used as a fowling gun (early predecessor of the shotgun). Fusils were a common musket in 18th century Colonial America and were used by Americans during the American Revolution.

History

Fusil de chasse
In France, the manufacturing of arms got its start as a large industry in Saint-Étienne in about 1535. The first armory was set up in 1669. By 1646, arms manufacturing had started up at Tulle nearby. In 1690 an armory was set up there as well. The flintlock was adopted by France for her armies in 1630. Both Tulle and Saint-Étienne furnished flintlocks for the French troops in America. The typical musket in 1690 was about  long and had a barrel of about . Until about 1718, captains were responsible to make sure each soldier had a working firearm, but other than that the captain allowed his soldiers to choose which musket they would use. Often, that meant there was no standard musket in use in a company let alone an army. This was a common failing of all armies of the time. That changed with the Model 1717 fusil which standardized the muskets and ammunition used by the French army. It was longer than the British muskets of the time giving French troops an advantage. At  and with a barrel of  it allowed troops to fire from three ranks at the same time. With the bayonet, it had the advantage of being longer. The combination of a longer barrel and a front sight to aim the weapon also made it slightly more accurate than British muskets. A few improvements were made with the M1728 model but it was otherwise the same musket. More improvements were made in 1746 when the wood ramrod was replaced with a metal one. The French muskets shot 18 bullets to the pound which translates to .69 caliber. A fourth model was issued in 1754 with a shorter lighter version for officers. The officers model weighed about  and was  in length. All officers, including generals, carried an officer's model fusil. These were used during the French and Indian War and many were used by Americans during the American Revolution.

The fusil de chasse was designed for hunting. Generally the muskets made at Tull were defined by models, but some hunting fusils were made to order. Differences were based on their intended purpose and market. In 1695 and 1696 contracts for muskets from the Tulle factory each called for "five hunting muskets for the Indian Chiefs". These models would later be called a Fusil fin (chief's grade musket). These muskets were to be caliber 28 balls to the pound (approximately .56 caliber),  long, "well filed and well polished with fine mountings and a flat lock". These gifts to Indian chiefs were elegant hunting muskets.

Fusil de traite
In New France, the Indians allied to the French carried French fusils. These were either Fusils de chasse or de traite. At the Battle of the Monongahela, British General Edward Braddock led his troops directly into an ambush by native american and French troops in July of 1755. Braddock was killed, no doubt, by a .62 caliber ball fired from a French fusil. The smoothbore Tulle musket was carried by most, if not all, the Indians who attacked Braddock at the Monongahela River. Native warriors took very good care of their muskets and strongly preferred the French fusils over guns made elsewhere. Although the fusil de traite was designed as a less-expensive trade gun, many Indians knew the difference and preferred the fusil de chasse. While there were a number of different models of fusils sent to the Americas, the light musket de chasse was designed for those who hunted for a living. So many were needed that the factory at Saint-Étienne had to handle the extra demand. Most of these were shipped to New France where trading was the main activity between Native Americans and the French. Both varieties were made with either iron or brass fittings and most were .62 caliber. Both were marked "Tulle" (earlier spelling was "Tvlle") on the lock plate. This makes archaeological finds harder to tell apart over two centuries later. Many of the reproductions made today are marked "Tulle".

Cost
The various flintlocks produced at Tulle had the following costs in 1750:
 Fusil de Chasse (ordinary) - 15 to 20 livre. In 1997 US dollars, that would be between $30 and $40.
 Fusil de fin (chief's grade) - 25 to 40 livre. In 1997 dollars, $50 to $80.
 Fusil de traite (ordinary) - 9 to 15 livre. About $18 to $30 in 1997.
 Fusil de militarie (grenidier or ordinary) - 20 to 30 livre. About $40 to $60 US dollars in 1997.

References

Other websites

Firearms
Tulle

Fusil de chasse


Eleusine indica, the Indian goosegrass, yard-grass, goosegrass, wiregrass, or crowfootgrass, is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is a small annual grass distributed throughout the warmer areas of the world to about 50 degrees latitude. It is an invasive species in some areas.

Eleusine indica is closely related to Eleusine coracana (finger millet or African finger millet), and the diploid E. indica is likely an ancestor of the allotetraploid E. coracana.

Seeds of E. indica are edible and are sometimes used as a famine food, but yields are low.  It is an important weed of cultivated crops, lawns, and golf courses.  It thrives in disturbed areas with compacted soils in full sun.  Both tillage and herbicides are used in its control.  This low-growing grass is capable of setting seed even when closely mown.  Some populations have evolved resistance to certain herbicides, including glyphosate.

Eleusine indica performs C4 photosynthesis and therefore can grow in hot climates and in the hotter months of the temperate zone.  Its seeds germinate later in spring than most other temperate zone weeds, such as crabgrasses.  Though usually considered an annual, it may survive for more than a year in climates not subject to frost.

References

External links

 Jepson Manual Treatment
 Grass Manual Treatment
 Photo gallery
 weedipedia.net

Chloridoideae
Grasses of Africa
Grasses of Asia

Eleusine indica


Alexandra Najarro (born June 3, 1993) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. She placed 13th at the 2012 Four Continents Championships.

Personal life
Najarro was born on June 3, 1993, in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. Fluent in English and French, she also speaks Polish and Spanish, the mother tongues of her parents.

Career
Najarro began skating at age five at the Mississauga Figure Skating Club with her mother Eva as her coach. She appeared in the small role of Snowplow Sam in the 2005 Disney movie Ice Princess.

Najarro won the 2008 Canadian national novice title and began appearing on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series the following season.

Najarro placed fourth at the 2011 and 2012 Canadian Championships. She was selected to represent Canada at the 2012 Four Continents Championships in Colorado Springs, Colorado; she placed 14th in the short program, 12th in the free skate, and 13th overall.

Najarro did not compete in the 2012–13 season. She placed sixth at the 2014 Canadian Championships.

Programs

Competitive highlights
JGP: Junior Grand Prix

References

External links

1993 births
Canadian female single skaters
Living people
Sportspeople from Richmond Hill, Ontario

Alexandra Najarro


Vincent Norman Colbert (born December 20, 1945) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who appeared in 95 total games, 74 as a relief pitcher, for the Cleveland Indians from 1970 to 1972. Born in Washington, D.C., he threw and batted right-handed, and was listed as  tall and .

Colbert is a member of the Class of 1968 at East Carolina University, where he was the first African-American to receive an athletic scholarship and starred in both baseball and basketball. He was selected by Cleveland in the 11th round of the 1968 Major League Baseball Draft, and in his first pro campaign posted a 10–2 won–lost record and 1.95 earned run average, with 99 strikeouts in 97 innings pitched, in the Class A Western Carolinas League. He made his MLB debut with the Indians in the middle of his third pro season in May 1970, getting into 23 games as a rookie, all of them in relief.

Colbert's only full major-league season came in 1971. Pitching for a last-place Indians team that lost 102 games, he posted a 7–6 record with two saves and a 3.97 ERA in 50 appearances. He was one of only three Cleveland pitchers to have a winning record that season. However, 1972 saw Colbert's performance fall to a 1–7 (4.58) record in 22 appearances. His lone victory, in a starting assignment June 15 against the California Angels at Anaheim Stadium, was a complete game shutout, a five-hit, 1–0 triumph. It was Colbert's last big-league win and only shutout. He spent part of the season at Triple-A Portland, where also struggled. He was traded to the Texas Rangers in November and then reacquired by the Indians in March 1973. But he never again appeared in the major leagues.

For his career, Colbert won nine games, lost 14, and posted four saves and three career complete games, with an earned run average of 4.57. In 248⅓ innings pitched, he allowed 251 hits and 125 bases on balls, and struck out 127. He retired from pro ball in 1974 and was elected to the East Carolina University Athletics Hall of Fame in 2009.

References

External links

1945 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from Washington, D.C.
Broncos de Reynosa players
Cleveland Indians players
East Carolina Pirates baseball players
East Carolina University alumni
Florida Instructional League Indians players
Leones de Yucatán players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Sportspeople from Spokane County, Washington
Portland Beavers players
Reno Silver Sox players
Rock Hill Indians players
San Antonio Brewers players
Tigres de Aragua players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Waterbury Indians players
Wichita Aeros players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Vince Colbert


Hartz Mountains National Park is located in the south of Tasmania, Australia. It is one of 19 Tasmanian National Parks, and in 1989 it was included in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, in recognition of its natural and cultural values. The Hartz Mountains were named after the Harz mountain range in Germany.

Geography and geology
Most of the park is over 600 metres above sea level, with altitudes ranging from 160 m at the Picton River to 1,255 m at Hartz Peak. The backbone of rock in the park is dolerite, while the southern areas at lower altitudes are constituted from sedimentary rocks formed from sediments deposited by marine, glacial and freshwater sources between 355 and 180 million years ago. The relief has been modified over time by several ice ages, forming cirques, horn peaks, aretes and glacial troughs.

Flora and fauna

The varied vegetation includes wet eucalypt forests, mixed forests dominated by stringybark (Eucalyptus obliqua), rainforests, sub-alpine and alpine forests. The rainforest communities are dominated by myrtle (Nothofagus cunninghamii), sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum), leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida) and native laurel (Anopterus glandulosus). The sub-alpine forests are dominated by three eucalypt types: snow gum (Eucalyptus coccifera), varnished gum (E. vernicosa), Australia's smallest eucalypt, and yellow gum (E. subcrenulata). Much of the understorey is made of heath plants, including the Tasmanian waratah (Telopea truncata).

Most mammals in the park are nocturnal, and include Bennett's wallabies, Tasmanian pademelons, brushtail possums, echidnas and platypus.
Among amphibians outstanding is the moss froglet which was discovered at Hartz Mountains in 1992. Some of the common birds in the park include the eastern spinebill, green rosella, forest raven and several honeyeaters.

Human history
The area of the park was once inhabited by the Mellukerdee aboriginal people. The first Europeans came to the area in the 19th century in search of Huon pine timber.

In the 1840s early settlers including the Geeves family founded the township of Geeveston, and laid the first track to the Hartz Mountains. As a result, the area became one of Tasmania's earliest popular bushwalking destinations. The increasing popularity of the area for recreation led to it being declared a scenic reserve in 1939. In 1951 it was proclaimed to a national park, and in 1989 it was included in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area.

See also

 List of national parks of Tasmania

References

External links

Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service

National parks of Tasmania
Protected areas established in 1939
Southern Tasmania
1939 establishments in Australia
Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area

Hartz Mountains National Park


Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 19 in D major, Perger 11, Sherman 19, MH 198, was written in Salzburg in 1774.

Scored for flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns (featured prominently in the Andante second movement), and strings, in four movements:

Allegro
Andante, in D minor
Minuet and Trio (the latter in D minor)
Presto assai

Of the symphonies with Minuets, this is one of the few to have a minor key trio (another is Symphony No. 5).

References

 A. Delarte, "A Quick Overview Of The Instrumental Music Of Michael Haydn" Bob's Poetry Magazine November 2006: 20 PDF
 Charles H. Sherman and T. Donley Thomas, Johann Michael Haydn (1737 - 1806), a chronological thematic catalogue of his works. Stuyvesant, New York: Pendragon Press (1993)
 C. Sherman, "Johann Michael Haydn" in The Symphony: Salzburg, Part 2 London: Garland Publishing (1982): lxviii

Symphony 19
1774 compositions
Compositions in D major

Symphony No. 19 (Michael Haydn)


Rust and Bone is a collection of short stories by Canadian author Craig Davidson, first published in 2005 by Viking Canada. Four of the short stories were published in the Canadian literary magazines Event, Prairie Fire and The Fiddlehead before being collected in a single work. The 2012 film Rust and Bone was adapted from one of the stories.

Short stories
Rust and Bone includes eight short stories. Although most of the stories stand alone, a few are loosely connected. James Paris, the main character of "A Mean Utility", also appears in "On Sleepless Roads". "On Sleepless Roads" makes reference to an event that took place in "Rocket Ride".

"Rust and Bone" – A 37-year-old chicano boxer raised in a U.S. border town recounts the life that led him towards boxing.
"The Rifleman" – In St. Catharines an abusive alcoholic lives vicariously through his teenage son who he believes is a basketball prodigy.
"A Mean Utility" – A Toronto couple with difficulty conceiving a child raise and train pitbulls to fight in an illegal dogfighting ring.
"Rocket Ride" – An orca whale trainer in Niagara Falls sustains a life-threatening injury in the middle of one of his performances and struggles to deal with the aftermath.
"On Sleepless Roads" – A night in the life of a repo man whose wife is suffering from Bradykinesia.
"Friction" – A sex addict finds solace working in the porn industry after his life and marriage fall apart.
"Life in the Flesh" – After accidentally killing an opponent during a fight, a Canadian boxer moves to Thailand and trains problematic rookies there.
"The Apprentice's Guide to Modern Magic" – Two siblings in their 30s take a road trip across Southern Ontario to track down the magician father who abandoned them 25 years before.

Adaptations
French director Jacques Audiard adapted Rust and Bone into a film in 2012. The adaptation stars Matthias Schoenaerts and Marion Cotillard. The script merged two unconnected short stories, "Rust and Bone" and "Rocket Ride", and moved the setting from Canada to France. Additionally, the principal character of "Rocket Ride" was changed to a woman.

References

Canadian short story collections
2005 short story collections
Short stories adapted into films

Rust and Bone (short story collection)


Digby George "Dig" Richards (12 September 194017 February 1983) was an Australian rock and roll singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, musical theatre actor and television presenter, active during the late 1950s and early 1960s as lead singer with the R'Jays. Richards was the first Australian rock and roll artist to record a 12" LP record in Australia, with the self-titled album Dig Richards, released in November 1959. From 1971 he performed as a solo country music artist. According to the Kent Music Report he had four Top 30 national hit singles, "(My) Little Lover" / "Quarrels (Are a Sad Sad Thing)" (September 1960), "A Little Piece of Peace" (June 1971), "People Call Me Country" / "The Dancer" (February 1972), and "Do the Spunky Monkey" (June 1974). On 17 February 1983 Digby Richards died of pancreatic cancer, aged 42. He was survived by his wife, Sue and two children.

Biography
Digby George Richards was born on 12 September 1940 in the rural central western New South Wales town of Dunedoo. His father, Gordon Forrest Richards, was a rural-based policeman, and his mother was Mona, (née Dennis). His younger brother is Douglas Ryman Richards (born ca. 1944). Gordon was later an oyster farmer in Narooma. Richards attended Narooma Central and Moruya High schools, where he completed his Leaving Certificate. At the age of 17 he travelled to Sydney to work in a large department store.

In August 1958, during a chance meeting at the Nock and Kirbys record bar with already established R'Jays band foundation members, drummer Barry Lewis and guitarist Jon Hayton, Richards was offered the spot, untested, as The R'Jays lead singer. This meeting was fortuitous for all, as the band had already booked a venue for a dance night in two weeks time and unfortunately their then singer had turned out to be somewhat average and had departed the scene. Band practice with Richards started the very next night, he did not disappoint.

The R'Jays played their first dance in August 1958 at Castlecraig Community Hall, with a line-up of Richards, Jon Hayton on lead guitar,  Barry Lewis on drums, Ken Conyard on rhythm guitar, Peter Marris on saxophone, and Roger Palfreyman on tea chest bass. They auditioned with Festival Records in 1959 and were the third rock and roll act to be signed to a recording contract; the previous two were Johnny O'Keefe, and Col Joye and the Joy Boys.

During an impromptu chat at channel 9 between TV presenter Brian Henderson and R'Jays band members Barry Lewis and Roger Palfreyman, Henderson took a chance and invited the R'Jays to perform live on "Australian Bandstand". Just one week later, the R'Jays became the first band in Australia to play live on a TV pop music show, Bandstand, and became one of the regular performers. They were also regulars on rival TV show, Six O'Clock Rock. From August 1959 they were the house band on music TV show, Teen Time, which ran on Sydney's ATN-7 until about 1962. In mid-October 1959 they were due to support United States singer, Fabian, on his tour of Australia. However, Richards was hospitalised after a car accident and was unable to tour for months.

By July 1959 the band had become "Dig Richards and the R'Jays". They released their first single, "I Wanna Love You", which was written by Richards' 15-year-old brother, Douglas. It peaked at No. 8 on the local radio station, 2UE's Top 40 records chart. By that time the line-up was Richards, Hayton, and Lewis with Jay Boogie on piano and Peter Baker on electric bass. The group's second single, "I'm Through", also written by Doug, followed in September and reached the Top 40.

Richards became the first Australian rock and roll artist to record a 12" LP record when Dig Richards was released in November 1959. Johnny O'Keefe - Johnny's Golden Album album art
Johnny O'Keefe And The Dee Jays - Johnny's Golden Album
3 versions	Festival Records		1958Australian Women's Weeklys entertainment reporter, Ainslie Baker, felt it had "tunes nicely judged to show off the paces of this young rocker". Richards was backed on most tracks by the R'Jays but on four tracks he used The New Notes. In January 1960 Richards supported a tour by US rocker, Billy "Crash" Craddock, promoted by Lee Gordon. Also that month Richards and the R'Jays issued a single, "(Real Gone) Annie Laurie", on Festival Records' label, Rex. Leon Isackson replaced Lewis on drums in 1959. The group, with Richards, issued three further singles on Rex. In September 1960 they supported visiting US singer-actor, Ricky Nelson. Richards' second solo album, Bad Boy, appeared in November. In the studio, for different tracks, he was backed by the R'Jays, The Crescents, or The Graduates. Richards also released solo singles, "You Gotta Love Me" in December 1960, and "Alice (In Wonderland)", which reached No. 33 in June 1961.

After 1962 Richards became a solo performer and taught himself to play guitar. In August he released an extended play, Dig Richards Gets out of the Groove, with guitar supplied by Douglas. Also that month he formed a commercial venture, All Star Promotions, with fellow pop artists Rob E. G. and Johnny Devlin, which ran teenage dance venues. Richards then undertook two review show tours with Ted Quig to "gain more experience in stage work and comedy sketches". His next single, "Raincoat in the River", reached No. 19 in October 1962. He had a four-week tour of rural areas working as a comedy singing duo with Clarence "Buster" Noble, where "One of the things he taught me was facial expression". In December Richards took the lead role in the musical theatre production of Melody Fair at the Elizabethan Theatre, Sydney. He followed with singing and dancing lessons.

In May 1963 he issued another single, "The Love Express", which Baker noted had "a perky girl chorus, train sounds, and the come-hither note in Dig's voice make [it] a train not to be missed, and there's plenty of intimate appeal in the other song ["The Whole Wide World"] – which Dig wrote himself". It was followed in December with "Comin' Down". In December he had a role, Dig the Beatnik, in Once Upon a Surfie, a surf musical farce at the Palace Theatre, Sydney. Also in the musical were Bryan Davies, Rob E. G., Jay Justin, Lucky Starr and Jacki Weaver.

Richards' next four singles for Festival were "Come on and Dance with Me" (May 1964), "Mary from the Dairy" (December), "Puff (The Tragic Wagon)" (June 1965) and "I was Yesterday's Hero, Today I'm a Broken Hearted Clown". From October 1964 to January 1965 Richards compered a weekly children's TV general knowledge quiz show, Ampol Stamp Quiz, with co-host and fellow pop singer Little Pattie. He then worked on the club circuit and in 1966 he toured South East Asia and performed for Australian troops in Vietnam. During 1970 he relocated to the United Kingdom to work the club circuit there.

He returned to Australia in 1971 and, as Digby Richards, continued performing and recording with a mainly country style. That year his next album, Harlequin, appeared on RCA. It provided four singles, "A Little Piece of Peace" (June 1971) No. 28, "Just Loving You" (September), "People Call Me Country" (February 1972) No. 24, and "Dirty River" (May). In 1973 he travelled to Los Angeles where he recorded his next album, Digby Richards (February 1974). Four singles were issued from the album, "If I Could Write a Love Song" (December 1973), "New York City (Send My Baby Home)" (No. 35, April 1974), "Do the Spunky Monkey" (No. 21, June) and "Be My Day" (September).

Richards next album, Collection (1975) provided three singles, "Mr Hard Times" (January 1975), "Little Suzuki" (May) and a re-recorded version of "Raincoat in the River" (August). By 1977 Richards had relocated to the UK again. His 1978 album, Whiskey Sundown, appeared in December and from late that year into the next year he toured Europe as the support act for Dolly Parton, including shows in London. His next album, The Thing is ...?, appeared in January 1981 and was followed by If You Could Read My Mind in December the following year. On 17 February 1983 Digby Richards died of pancreatic cancer, aged 42.

Personal life
In mid-October 1959 Richards was seriously injured in a car accident on the approaches to Sydney Harbour Bridge. He was hospitalised for three weeks with a dislocated hip, and received 15 stitches to his face. In November that year doctors were "pleased with [his] progress ... with no more than a two-inch facial scar".

On 10 July 1964 Richards married telephonist Susan Margaret Clark (born c. 1943). They had started dating after his car accident. By January 1975 the couple had two children, Tim and Jenny. In April 1982 he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and on 17 February 1983 aged 42.

Discography

Albums
 Dig Richards (Festival, 1959)
 Bad Boy (Rex/Festival, 1960)
 Harlequin (RCA, 1971)
 Digby Richards (RCA, 1974)- AUS #28
 Collection (RCA, 1975)
 The Best of Digby Richards (compilation, RCA, 1977)
 Whiskey Sundown (RCA, 1978)
 The Thing is . . . ? (RCA, 1981)
 If You Could Read My Mind (EMI, 1982)
 Rock and Roll I Gave You All the Best Years of My Life (compilation, Starcall/Festival, 1984)
 Jive After Five: The Festival File Volume Two (compilation, Festival, 1988)

Extended plays
 Dig Richards Sings Ain't She Sweet (Rex/Festival, 1960)
 At the Melbourne Town Hall (Rex/Festival, 1960)
 Dig's Big 4 (Rex/Festival, 1960)
 You Gotta Love Me (Festival, 1961)
 Dig Richards Gets out of the Groove (Festival, August 1962)
 Raincoat in the River (Festival, 1962)
 The Love Express (Festival, 1963)
 Alison–Digby (Split EP two tracks by Alison McCallum; two tracks, "A Little Piece of Peace" and "People Call Me Country", by Richards; February 1972)

Singles

Awards

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016.
 (wins only)
|-
| 1982
| Digby Richards
| Country Male of the Year
|

References

General

  Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.
Specific

External links

 Photos:
 "Dig Richards" photo in The Australian Women's Weekly, 23 December 1959, archived by National Library of Australia
 "Digby Richards, Central Coast Leagues Club, Gosford, September 1975" photo, Gostalgia: local history from Gosford Library

1940 births
1983 deaths
Male actors from New South Wales
Australian country singers
Australian pop singers
Australian television presenters
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Musicians from New South Wales
Deaths from cancer in New South Wales
20th-century Australian male actors
Australian rock guitarists
20th-century guitarists
20th-century Australian male singers
Australian male guitarists

Dig Richards


In oceanography wind fetch, also known as fetch length or simply fetch, is the length of water over which a given wind has blown without obstruction. Fetch is used in geography and meteorology and its effects are usually associated with sea state and when it reaches shore it is the main factor that creates storm surge which leads to coastal erosion and flooding. It also plays a large part in longshore drift.

Fetch length, along with the wind speed (wind strength), and duration, determines the size (sea state) of waves produced. If the wind direction is constant, the longer the fetch and the greater the wind speed, the more wind energy is transferred to the water surface and the larger the resulting sea state will be.  Sea state will increase over time until local energy dissipation balances energy transfer to the water from the wind and a fully developed sea results.

See also
 Gale
 Sea state
 Ocean surface wave
 Storm surge

References

Coastal geography
Oceanography

Wind fetch