Milan Šufflay (8 November 1879 – 19 February 1931) was a Croatian historian and politician. He was one of the founders of Albanology and the author of the first Croatian science fiction novel. As a Croatian nationalist, he was persecuted in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and his murder subsequently caused an internationally publicized affair.

Early life
Šufflay was born into a lower noble family (hence pl., plemeniti, "noble", equivalent of von) in Lepoglava, in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia to Augustin Šufflay (1847–190?), a teacher, and Franciska Welle von Vorstern (1847–1910), a German Hungarian from Osijek. The family coat of arms was included in Der Adel von Kroatien und Slavonien (1899) as "Sufflay de Otrussevcz". Their original surname was Sufflei or Schufflei, and their estate was Otruševec.

He attended a comprehensive high school in Zagreb and studied history at the University of Zagreb. He received a Ph.D. in 1901 from the same university with the thesis Croatia and the Last Endeavor of the Eastern Empire Under the Scepter of Three Komnenos (1075–1180). He was a brilliant student both in high school and at the university. Already during his studies, he spoke French, German, Italian, English, all the Slavic languages, as well as Latin, old Greek, and middle Greek. Later in life, he learned modern Greek, Albanian, Hebrew, and Sanskrit. Tadija Smičiklas considered Šufflay his most gifted student and took him as his assistant when editing Codex Diplomaticus of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Šufflay became a historian of the Balkans and was convinced that the history of the Croats can only be researched properly from that perspective. This conviction clashed with the prevailing opinion of Croatian historians that the Croats were representatives of the West, as opposed to the Balkans. Ignoring the proposal of the university senate, Ban Pavao Rauch appointed him a university professor in Zagreb in 1908. However, when Nikola Tomašić, his distant cousin and enemy, became a Ban in 1910, Šufflay had to leave the university. No longer exempt from military duty as a university professor, he was drafted in early 1915 but was soon released because of illness. He wrote his most important works during this period.

Politics

In the new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, he was arrested for high treason and charged with spying for a foreign power together with Ivo Pilar, another Croatian historian. Their defense lawyer was Ante Pavelić, at the time a leader of the Party of Rights and an associate of Šufflay. Šufflay was sentenced to three years and six months in prison. The reaction to the sentence was stronger abroad than in Croatia, as scientific colleagues from numerous countries tried to obtain his release but without success. He did his time in the Sremska Mitrovica prison. After serving over half of his sentence, he was released from prison in 1922 and he returned to his scientific work.

In 1924, Šufflay wrote his first science fiction novel, On the Pacific in 2255, which is considered the first Croatian science fiction novel.

In 1924, Šufflay became a member of the leadership of the Pure Party of Rights, a rightwing Croatian political party inspired by the work of Josip Frank, a fervent nationalist.  One of the most important characteristics of the Frank's followers was their anti-Serb position. The party had reportedly not managed to win more than a few seats in the 300-strong legislative.

In 1928, when Stjepan Radić was assassinated in the Yugoslav parliament, a year before king Alexander I would establish his dictatorship, Šufflay wrote Hrvatska u svijetlu svjetske historije i politike (Croatia in the Light of World History and Politics). He wrote that the Croatian people was suffering under the Yugoslav dictatorship and that it had to free itself. He claimed that the border between Western and the Eastern Civilisations lay on the Drina river, the "destined borderline on the Drina river on which the mighty Roman Empire snapped into two... a border both spiritual and cultural".

The Croatian people have passed through the Roman-Western retort, while the Serbian people passed through the Byzantine-Turkish. Therefore the psyche of the two peoples is essentially different, even if the languages are similar. Unification of the two peoples would mean neutralization and careful constraining. To centralize here would mean to make Croatia a guinea pig for vivisection experiments. It is my thesis that the Croatian nation, as a citizen of the great empire of the western civilization, has the right to raise its voice against any oppression.
Those who know history know that the Yugoslav idea has no dynamics. It is nothing compared to the mighty Croatian idea. In Croatia, the Yugoslav idea is a shallow wreckage under which the Croatian national volcano boils; only a subtle push is necessary to make it erupt.
To me personally, as a philosopher and an open-minded Croat, it is the same whether I sit shackled at the court or a penitentiary, or whether I get out into the false freedom hiding the larger dungeon in which – thank God, only temporarily! – the Croatian nation is suffering!

Šufflay's idea about the delineation on the Drina river would later influence Greater Croatian irredentism.

In 1928, he was appointed a professor at the University of Budapest, but he could not take the job because he did not hold a passport.

On the request of the Albanian government and the Academy of Sciences in Vienna, he continued the work of Jireček and Thalloczy, editing the 3rd book of Codex albanicus, an archival collection. In 1931, he finally obtained a passport and travelled to Albania to sign a contract to work on Acta Albaniae.

Murder

Members of the regime organisation, Young Yugoslavia, under royal protection, ambushed him at his doorstep in Zagreb and broke his skull with a hammer, killing him. Then, they broke into his apartment and took the manuscript of the third book of Codex albanicus. There was never any investigation about the criminals. The authorities denied any knowledge of the assailants and banned activities related to Šufflay's funeral.

Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann sent a letter to the International League for Human Rights in Paris appealing to the global cultural public to protest against the murder of Milan Šufflay appealing for protection of Croatian people from the oppression of Yugoslavian regime.
The appeal was addressed to the Paris-based Ligue des droits de l'homme (Human Rights League) and made the front page of the New York Times on 6 May 1931.
It accused the king of complicity in the crime.

In June 1940, in the Banovina of Croatia, a trial was organized for Šufflay's murder.

The murderers were the police agents Belošević and Zwerger, who fled to Belgrade. All later attempts of the Banovina of Croatia to have them extradited were fruitless.

Works

 Hrvatska i zadnja pregnuća istočne imperije pod žezlom triju Komnena (Croatia and the Last Efforts of the Eastern Empire under Three Comnenuses, 1901)
 Die Dalmatinische Privaturkunde (Dalmatian Private Deeds, 1904)

 Kostadin Balšić (1392–1401): historijski roman u 3 dijela (Kostadin Balšić: A Historical Novel in Three Parts, 1920)
 Srbi i Arbanasi (Serbs and Albanians, 1925)
 Na Pacifiku god. 2255.: metagenetički roman u četiri knjige (On the Pacific in 2255: A Metagenetic Novel in Four Books, first printed as a book in 1998)
 Hrvatska u svijetlu svjetske historije i politike : dvanaest eseja (Croatia in the Light of World History and Politics: Twelve Essays, 1928, reprinted in 1999)
 Hrvati u sredovječnom svjetskom viru (Croats in the Global Medieval Upheaval, 1931)
 Izabrani eseji, prikazi i članci (Selected Essays, Criticisms and Articles, 1999)
 Izabrani eseji, rasprave, prikazi, članci i korespondencija (Selected Essays, Discussions, Criticisms, Articles and Correspondence, 1999)
 Izabrani politički spisi (Selected Political Works, published by Stoljeća hrvatske književnosti, 2000)

References

Sources

External links

 New York Times article about the death of Šufflay
 Einstein/Mann appeal

1879 births
1931 deaths
People from Lepoglava
Anti-Serbian sentiment
Catholicism and far-right politics
People from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
20th-century Croatian historians
Croatian people of German descent
Croatian people of Hungarian descent
Croatian science fiction writers
Albanologists
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb alumni
People convicted of treason against Yugoslavia
Croatian prisoners and detainees
Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
People murdered in Croatia
Assassinated Croatian politicians
People murdered in Yugoslavia
Prisoners and detainees of Yugoslavia
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Assassinated Yugoslav people
1930s assassinated politicians

Milan Šufflay


Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP)/L'Association canadienne pour la prevention du suicide (ACPS) was established in 1985.  It is a non-governmental organization which brings attention to the problem of suicide in Canada and advocates for services, research, education and other supports in the area of suicide prevention and bereavement, across diverse Canadian cultures. CASP presents an annual conference which provides opportunities for networking and the exchange of ideas and information related to suicide prevention, intervention and postvention.

History

The origins of the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) can be traced to an International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) meeting in Ottawa in 1979. This was the first major suicide prevention event in Canada, and sparked talks about setting up a national organization. Primarily through the efforts of Jim Brown of Winnipeg and Diane Syer of Toronto, CASP was incorporated in 1985; however, because Syer left Canada for the United States and Brown chose another area of study, CASP ceased to function by 1986.

In 1987, Marcia Krawll, Brian Mishara, Linda Rosenfeld, Bob Sims, Bryan Tanney and Antoon Leenaars met in Lake Louise, Alberta, and later in Quebec to bring back CASP. A five-year plan was developed focusing on the following initiatives: building membership; networking and communication; developing conferences; addressing suicide among First Nations and Inuit Canadians; promoting research and improving operational structures.

CASP was formally re-established by Leenaars at a June 1988 meeting in Montreal hosted by Suicide Action, Montreal. Leenaars was named president; the first office of CASP was in his home in Windsor, Ontario. Later, the Suicide Information and Education Centre (SIEC) in Calgary served as the headquarters of CASP for its early years. In 1989, CASP's first regional conference was held in Toronto, chaired by Isaac Sakinofsky.

The first CASP national conference in 1990 was called "Lifting the silence" and was held in Vancouver, British Columbia. It was chaired by Krawll, Rosenfeld and Tanney. The keynote was delivered by American suicidology pioneer Edwin S. Shneidman. About 500 people, mostly caregivers, clinicians and researchers, attended.

This is a list of CASP annual conferences and their respective host cities:

1988 – Montreal
1989 – Toronto
1990 – Vancouver
1991 – Moncton, New Brunswick
1992 – Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
1993 – Montreal, Quebec
1994 – Iqaluit, Northwest Territories
1995 – Banff, Alberta
1996 – Toronto, Ontario
1997 – Thunder Bay, Ontario
1998 – Winnipeg, Manitoba
1999 – Halifax, Nova Scotia
2000 – Vancouver, British Columbia
2001 – St. John's Newfoundland
2002 – Fredericton, New Brunswick
2003 – Iqaluit, Nunavut
2004 – Edmonton, Alberta
2005 – Ottawa, Ontario
2006 – Toronto, Ontario
2007 – Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
2008 – Quebec City, Quebec
2009 – Brandon, Manitoba
2010 – Halifax, Nova Scotia
2011 – Vancouver, British Columbia
2012 – Niagara Falls, Ontario
2013 – Winnipeg, Manitoba
2014 – Virtual/Online conference
2015 – Montreal, Quebec (coincided with IASP conference)
2016 – Iqaluit, Nunavut
2017 – Toronto, Ontario
2018 – St. John's, Newfoundland
2019 – Edmonton, Alberta
2020 - Virtual
2022 - Montreal, Quebec

Advocacy
Advocacy efforts undertaken by CASP since 1988 have included encouraging the federal government to research suicide and suicide prevention, health promotion, and national suicide prevention efforts.

In 2004, CASP published The CASP Blueprint for a Canadian National Suicide Prevention Strategy; a second edition was published in 2009. It was essentially a call to the federal government to create a national strategy for suicide prevention. A national strategy has still not been created, although a national framework was issued in 2013; the CASP document has become the blueprint for suicide prevention initiatives throughout Canada.

Today
The offices of CASP are located in Canmore, Alberta. The organization continues to gather and provide information about suicide prevention in Canada, and provides a directory list of non profit support services.

References

External links
Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention official website
Mental Health Commission of Canada

Mental health organizations in Canada


Joe Simpson (born 4 May 1984) is an English figurative painter based in London. His work is influenced by cinematography to create frozen scenes detached from a wider context. His work has been shown internationally, including in the National Portrait Gallery, The Royal Albert Hall, House of Commons, Air Gallery, The Hospital (Covent Gardens) and Manchester Art Gallery.

In 2009 Simpson's first major exhibition 'Almost There' launched.  Simpson collaborated with twelve bands and solo artists (including The Miserable Rich, Nizlopi, The Voluntary Butler Scheme, New Cassettes and Jose Vanders) to create a series of paintings that have an accompanying original soundtrack. Each painting had a song written specifically for that piece, inspired by the scene and composed to complement the mood of the image. The paintings were exhibited with headphones beside them, so that you could simultaneously listen to the music and view the image. The visual and audio components come together to create one new piece of art.

In 2011 Simpson produced a series of portraits of famous musicians, with subject including Brandon Flowers, Mark Ronson, Ezra Koenig (Vampire Weekend), Maxi Jazz (Faithless), Paloma Faith, Matt Berninger (The National), Sam Beam (Iron & Wine) and Jamie Cullum. The exhibition launched in a pop up in Soho and then was displayed as a solo exhibition at The Royal Albert Hall.  Simpson's portrait of Maxi Jazz (Faithless) was shortlisted for the BP Portrait Award and exhibited at The National Portrait Gallery.

His next major series of paintings was titled 'Across America' and depicted scenes from the artist's trip in the United States.  The paintings were exhibited at Reuben Colley Fine Arts in Birmingham in 2013.

Since 2014 Simpson has been working on a new project entitled 'Act', where he is painting a series of British actors in their dream role.  He is asking each actor, 'what role have you always wanted to play but have never got the chance?' and then he creates a narrative painting depicting them playing that part. These roles may be from scripts that never got made, or characters from novels or plays that they would love to play, or any other interpretations of the question. So far he has painted Paddy Considine, Warwick Davis, Michael Sheen, Olivia Colman, Eleanor Tomlinson and Matt Lucas for the series.

References

External links
Joe Simpson Official Website
NME - Joe Simpson's Paintings of Rock Stars
Pitchfork Review 'Ezra Koenig, Matt Berninger, Sam Beam Immortalized in Oil Paintings' 2011
Paste Magazine 'Artist Creates Oil Paintings of Iron & Wine, The National, Vampire Weekend' 2011
Topman Contribute - Musician Portraits by Joe Simpson

Under The Radar 'Popular Musicians and Songwriters Become Oil Paintings' 2011
BBC Manchester Feature 2009

1984 births
Living people
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists

Joe Simpson (artist)


Clara Mae Ward (April 21, 1924 – January 16, 1973) was an American gospel singer who achieved great artistic and commercial success during the 1940s and 1950s, as leader of the Famous Ward Singers. A gifted singer and arranger, Ward adopted the lead-switching style, previously used primarily by male gospel quartets, creating opportunities for spontaneous improvisation and vamping by each member of the group, while giving virtuoso singers such as Marion Williams the opportunity to perform the lead vocal in songs such as "Surely, God Is Able" (among the first million-selling gospel hits), "How I Got Over" and "Packin' Up".

Career

Ward's mother, Gertrude Mae Ward (née Murphy; 1901–1981), founded the Ward Singers in 1931 as a family group, then called, variously, the Consecrated Gospel Singers or the Ward Trio, consisting of herself, her youngest daughter Clara, and her elder daughter, Willarene Mae ("Willa," 1920-2012). Ward recorded her first solo song in 1940, and continued accompanying the Ward Gospel Trio, thereafter.

1931–1952: The Ward Singers
The Ward Singers began touring nationally in 1943, following a memorable appearance at the National Baptist Convention held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, earlier that year. Henrietta Waddy joined the group in 1947. The group's performance style, such as the mimed packing of suitcases as part of the song "Packin' Up", condemned by some gospel music purists as "clowning", was wildly popular with their audiences.

The addition of Marion Williams brought to the group a powerful singer with a preternaturally broad range, able to reach the highest registers of the soprano range without losing either purity or volume, with the added ability to descend "growling low notes" in the style of a country preacher. Williams' singing style helped make the group nationally popular when they began recording in 1948.

In 1949, the Ward Singers toured from Philadelphia to California in their new Cadillac, appeared on national television programs, and recorded for the Miltone Record Company of Los Angeles. The Miltone recordings were purchased in a multi-artist package by Gotham Record Company, which had moved to Philadelphia. Gotham's Irv Ballen recorded some new Ward material, including "Surely God Is Able", and some of the Ward Singers' Gotham recordings were transferred to Savoy Record Company in Newark, New Jersey to settle a contract dispute. When Savoy began contracting with the Ward Singers for new recordings in the 1950s, they were primarily recorded and engineered in Bergen County, New Jersey by Rudy Van Gelder.

In 1950, Clara Ward and the Ward Singers of Philadelphia made their first Carnegie Hall appearance on a gospel program titled Negro Music Festival, produced by gospel music pioneer, Joe Bostic, sharing the stage with Mahalia Jackson, appearing at the famed venue for Bostic's program in 1952, as well.

Gertrude Ward created a booking agency for gospel acts, sponsored tours under the name "the Ward Gospel Cavalcade", established a publishing house for gospel music, and wrote an instructional manual for churches, detailing how to promote gospel programs. Gertrude created and managed a second group, "the Clara Ward Specials", to accompany the Ward Singers. Although as musical director of the Ward franchise, Clara was willing to share the spotlight with her talented co-singers, she and her mother were allegedly reticent about sharing the group's financial rewards with other members, as well.

According to Willa Ward's biography of Clara Ward, with the exception of Gertrude and Clara, Willa and other members of the group were grossly underpaid. In addition, their meager earnings were further reduced as Gertrude and Clara provided the group's housing and charged them for it. Accordingly, stars such as Marion Williams and Frances Steadman not only had to accept second billing and lesser pay for their work, but pay their employers rent out of their earnings.

Williams left the group in 1958, when her demand for a raise and reimbursement for hotel expenses was rejected. She was followed shortly thereafter by the rest of the group — Henrietta Waddy, Esther Ford, Frances Steadman and Kitty Parham — who formed a new group, "the Stars of Faith". Their departure marked the end of the glory days for the Ward Singers, who later alienated much of their churchgoing audience by performing in Las Vegas, nightclubs, and other secular venues in the 1960s.  By this time, gospel singer Albertina Walker formed her group, the Caravans, in 1952, following the advice of her mentor Mahalia Jackson, and their group began to grow in popularity.

In 1963, Clara Ward was the second gospel singer to sing gospel songs on Broadway in Langston Hughes' play Tambourines to Glory(the first being her former group members, which were known as the Stars of Faith, which starred Langston Hughes in the first Gospel stage play and first play that featured an all black cast to be produced on Broadway, The Black Nativity.) She was also the play's musical director.

1953–1972: The Clara Ward Singers
Ward was the first gospel singer to sing with a 100-piece symphony orchestra in the 1960s. The Clara Ward Singers  recorded an album together on the Verve label, V-5019, The Heart, the Faith, the Soul of Clara Ward, and the Ward Singers performed their music live in Philadelphia with the city's Symphony and the Golden Voices Ensemble. Ward sang backup for pop artists with her sister Willa's background group, most notably on Dee Dee Sharp's hit, "Mashed Potato Time", which reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962.

In 1969, Ward recorded an album for Capitol Records, Soul and Inspiration, consisting of pop songs from Broadway plays, Hollywood movies and the Jimmy Radcliffe song of hope "If You Wanna Change the World". The album was later reissued on the Capitol's budget Pickwick label minus one track. In the same year, she recorded an album in Copenhagen, Denmark on the Philips label, Walk A Mile In My Shoes, which included the pop title song, other pop songs (such as "California Dreaming") and a few gospel songs.

Ward also recorded an album for MGM/Verve, Hang Your Tears Out To Dry, which included country and Western, blues/folk, pop and an arrangement of the Beatles' hit song, "Help". Her 1972 album Uplifting on United Artists, produced by Nikolas Venet and Sam Alexander, included an interpretation of Bill Wither's pop hit "Lean On Me" and a rearrangement of the Soul Stirrer's 1950's recording of "Thank You, Jesus". Also in 1972 Ward, because she was under exclusive contract to United Artists at this time, provided vocals for a Canned Heat's album The New Age, on the ballad "Lookin' For My Rainbow"; it was released on that album and as a single 45 rpm record.

In 1968, the Clara Ward Singers toured Vietnam at the request of the U.S. State Department and the U.S.O. It was a popular war-time tour supported by recorded radio broadcasts of the Ward Singers on U.S. Armed Forces Radio. The Ward Singers narrowly missed death when their hotel in Vietnam was bombed and several guests died. Ward was invited back to Vietnam by U.S.O. in 1969 for several more months. These war-time tours were filmed and all the Ward Singers were given special certificates of recognition by the U.S. Army.

Ward co-starred in the Hollywood movie A Time to Sing, starring Hank Williams, Jr., and Shelley Fabares, Ed Begley. She was cast as a waitress in a Nashville cafeteria who inspires a young singer, played by Williams, to pursue his dream of becoming a country recording artist. There are also several scenes of the Clara Ward Singers performing gospel songs in the film. This movie was released by MGM in 1968 and Clara's picture appears on lobby cards and other movie advertisements.

Other movie appearances include Its Your Thing, starring the Isley Brothers, and Spree, also known as Night Time In Las Vegas. The Clara Ward Singers toured in Australia, Japan, Europe, Indonesia, and Thailand during the late-1960s through the early-1970s. They had a one-day TV special in London, England. They were in constant demand on American television programs and appeared on The Mike Douglas Show over a dozen times. They appeared on Oral Roberts' Country Roads TV special, later released as a soundtrack album. Clara continued to perform at her mother's church, the Miracle Temple of Faith for All People in Los Angeles, California, as well as at Victory Baptist Church. Her mother, Gertrude Ward, also had a popular religious radio program in the Los Angeles market.

Health, death, and legacy
Ward collapsed while performing at the Castaways Lounge in Miami Beach, Florida in May 1966. Ward suffered a series of strokes prior to her death. The first occurred in August 1967 which was listed as "massive". Two more strokes followed: one listed as "minor" during a recording session at her home in December 1972; another on January 9, 1973, which left Ward in a coma.

Ward died on January 16, 1973 at age 48 as a result of the strokes. Aretha Franklin and Rev. C. L. Franklin sang at her funeral in Philadelphia; Marion Williams sang at her second memorial service held days later in Los Angeles.

Clara Ward is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

In 1977, Ward was honored posthumously at the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York City and her surviving sister, Willa, accepted the award in her honor.

In July 1998, in recognition of her status, the United States Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp with her image. The stamp can still be purchased with a CD and other gospel singers' stamps online.

Discography
 Soul & Inspiration, Digital download released by Stateside Records
Clara Ward and Her Gospel Singers at the Village Gate (1963)  Vanguard VRS-9135 (m) VSD-2151 (s)

References

Further reading
Boyer, Horace Clarence, How Sweet the Sound: The Golden Age of Gospel Elliott and Clark, 1995, .
Heilbut, Tony The Gospel Sound: Good News and Bad Times Limelight Editions, 1997, .
Salvatore, Nick, Singing in a Strange Land: C. L. Franklin, the Black Church, and the Transformation of America, Little Brown, 2005, Hardcover .
Ward-Royster, Willa, How I Got Over: Clara Ward and the World-Famous Ward Singers, Temple University Press, 1997, Paper
Interview with Willa Ward, Philadelphia Inquirer, July 2, 2006,
Zolten, Jerry, Great God A'Mighty! The Dixie Hummingbirds: Celebrating the Rise of Soul Gospel Music Oxford University Press, 2003, .

1924 births
1973 deaths
American gospel singers
Singers from Philadelphia
Bisexual singers
Savoy Records artists
Duke Records artists
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century African-American women singers

Clara Ward


Thomas Pigot (Pigott, Piggott) (1657–1686) was an English cleric, academic and Fellow of the Royal Society. He is known for work in acoustics, and as a committee member for the Society's universal language project.

Life
He was born in Brindle, Lancashire. He graduated B.A. (1676) at Wadham College, Oxford, becoming Fellow there in 1677, and graduating M.A. in 1678. He was presented to the living of Yarnton in 1681, and was appointed chaplain by James Butler, Earl of Ossory. He died in Ossory's house.

Works
Pigot as an undergraduate did research work on acoustics: it revealed the way in which the vibrating string could have stationary nodes. The discoveries (1674) may have been jointly made, with William Noble of Merton College, and the project is thought by some to have been supervised by John Wallis; in any case Wallis wrote up the results for publication (1677). It followed on from earlier work of Francis North, written up in his essay also published in 1677. The nodal points and the related discoveries on sympathetic resonance and the harmonic series were incorporated in the textbook by Wallis, De algebra, in 1693. The resulting theory did not, however, amount to an account of overtones in the modern sense: the connection between vibration in "aliquot parts", and the higher harmonics, was not clarified in this period. Research was taken further by Joseph Sauveur.

Pigot was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1679, and took part in the committee discussions on linguistics. He may have been involved in these debates already by 1678, on John Aubrey's account. John Wilkins, an influential figure in the Society's founding, had died in 1672, and the project of his An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language (1668) was a legacy taken up by Fellows. Debate had started in earnest in 1676, over whether the taxonomic scheme of Wilkins for a universal language could be implemented effectively; committee members included Aubrey, Robert Hooke, Francis Lodwick, John Ray, and Andrew Paschall. Pigot was one of those who remained sceptical about progress on a universal language. But he took part in testing its potential, for example when he joined Paschall and Richard Towneley in making translations of the design by Hooke of a watch mechanism, back from Hooke's "real character" version.

Pigot reported an Oxford earthquake of 1683 in the Philosophical Transactions.

Notes

1657 births
1686 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
English scientists
Fellows of Wadham College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from the Borough of Chorley

Thomas Pigot


Phacelia ramosissima is a species of phacelia known by the common name branching phacelia. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to California and the Southwestern United States, where it can be found in many types of habitat.

It is variable in appearance, and there are many intergrading varieties. In general it is a spreading or sprawling prostrate or upright perennial herb which may approach 1.5 meters (4.5 feet) in stem length. It is branched, hairless to densely hairy, and sometimes glandular. The leaves are 4 to 20 centimeters long and most are divided into several toothed or lobed leaflets. The inflorescence is a one-sided curving or coiling cyme of funnel- or bell-shaped flowers. Each flower is under a centimeter long and white to lavender in color with protruding stamens.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

ramosissima
Flora of California
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora of the West Coast of the United States
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Plants described in 1830
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Phacelia ramosissima


Malus transitoria, the cut-leaf crabapple, is a species of flowering plant in the crabapple genus Malus of the family Rosaceae, native to China.

The Latin transitoria means "short-lived". The name "cut-leaf" refers to the shape of the leaves.

Description

Malus transitoria is a deciduous tree growing to  tall by  wide. The deeply divided leaves turn yellow in autumn.

It produces abundant white flowers, and small yellow fruits 8 mm in diameter.

Varieties
Varieties include:
Malus transitoria var. centralasiatica
Malus transitoria var. glabrescens
Malus transitoria var. transitoria

Uses
Malus transitoria is cultivated as an ornamental tree, for its elegant shape, abundant white blossoms, and yellow fruits. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

It is also used as rootstock for other apples.

References

transitoria
Crabapples
Endemic flora of China
Garden plants of Asia
Ornamental trees

Malus transitoria


is located on the border of Gujō, Gifu Prefecture, and Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, and rises to a height of . There are two triangulation stations at the top of the mountain. Mount Haku can be seen from the north. Bessan Shrine (別山神社 Bessan Jinja) is a short distance from the peak. This area is part of Hakusan National Park. (Note: there is also a Mt. Bessan in located in Toyama Prefecture.)

History
Mount Haku has been climbed for religious purposes for centuries. One popular hiking route from the Gifu Prefecture side of the mountains to Mount Haku's peak runs through Mount Bessan. Mount Bessan, whose name means "Separate Mountain," received its name because it is slightly separated from the south side of Mount Haku. To the south of Mount Bessan is a small flat area called the Bessan Plain (別山平 Bessan Hira) and Lake Mitarashi (御手洗池 Mitarashi Ike). Near the lake are the ruins for the Bessan Room (別山室 Bessan-ya), which was used as a rest house for those making the pilgrimage up the mountain.

Geography
Though Mount Haku, the main peak in the Ryōhaku Mountains, was created by an active stratovolcano, Mount Bessan is made up of sedimentary rock. On the southern face of the mountain is a rock wall called the Taihei Wall (太平壁 Taihei-kabe). Near the peak of the mountain is the tree line made up of Siberian Dwarf Pines. In the beginning of summer, alpine plants like anemones. A wider variety of plants can be seen at lower levels, but the surrounding area is part of Japan's snow country, so it is covered by snow for more than half of the year.

References

See also

 Hakusan National Park
 Ryōhaku Mountains

Mountains of Gifu Prefecture
Mountains of Ishikawa Prefecture
Mountains of Japan
Japan Alps

Mount Bessan


tail is a program available on Unix, Unix-like systems, FreeDOS and MSX-DOS used to display the tail end of a text file or piped data.

Implementations
The version of tail bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Taylor, and Jim Meyering. The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities. The FreeDOS version was developed by M. Aitchison. A tail command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2.

CCZE is tail-like while displaying its output in color.

pctail is similar to CCZE. It is a colorized tail programmed in Python which tails and colorizes syslog output.

Inotail is a deprecated implementation of inotify kernel interface. The early implementation of tail polled every second to see if new data can be displayed, as tail implemented inotifiy kernel interface Inotail become deprecated and it is not longer maintained. Inotail used the Linux kernel's inotify-interface introduced in version 2.6.13 in August 2005 so that it only checks for new data when there really is some.

MultiTail not only displays logfiles in colors, it can also merge, filter, scrollback and split a terminal window into subwindows.  It is more or less a combination of tail, sed, watch, CCZE/pctail, grep, diff, Beeper and others.

Syntax
The command-syntax is:

 tail [options] <filename>

By default,  will output the last 10 lines of its input to the standard output. With command line options, the amount of output and the units (lines, blocks or bytes) may be changed.

In the following example only the last line of the reports is output:
$ tail -n1 report-13*
==> report-1301 <==
Total tons output for month of January '13 was 523

==> report-1302 <==
Total tons output for month of February '13 was 272

==> report-1303 <==
Total tons output for month of March '13 was 623
This example outputs the last 4 characters of the reports, silently suppressing the filenames. Notice that the count includes the newline character at the end of each line and so the output does not include a leading space one might expect.
$ tail --silent -c4 report*
523
272
623
This example shows all lines of report from the second line onwards:

 tail -n +2 report

Using an older syntax (still used in older version of Sun Solaris as the -n option is not supported), the last 20 lines and the last 50 bytes of filename can be shown with the following command:

 tail -20 filename
 tail -50c filename

However this syntax is now obsolete and does not conform with the POSIX 1003.1-2001 standard. Even if still supported in current versions, when used with other options (like -f, see below), these switches could not work at all.

As with all Unix commands, use man pages on the running system for specific options and actions.

File monitoring
 has two special command line option  and  (follow) that allows a file to be monitored. Instead of just displaying the last few lines and exiting,  displays the lines and then monitors the file. As new lines are added to the file by another process,  updates the display. This is particularly useful for monitoring log files. Ancient versions of tail poll the file every second by default but tail from the GNU coreutils as of version 7.5 support the inotify infrastructure introduced in Linux kernel version 2.6.13 in August 2005 which only check the file when is notified of changes by the kernel.

The following command will display the last 10 lines of messages and append new lines to the display as new lines are added to messages:

 tail -f /var/adm/messages

To keep following the log even when it is recreated, renamed, or removed as part of log rotation, at least BSD and GNU implementations provide a  option which is useful in cases when the user is following a log file that rotates.
 tail -F /var/adm/messages

To interrupt  while it is monitoring, break-in with Ctrl+C. This command can be run "in the background" with , see job control.

If the user has a command's result to monitor, the watch command can be used.

There is a GNU Emacs mode that emulates the functionality of , called .

See also
head (Unix)
less (Unix)
List of Unix commands

References

External links

 GNU Project documentation for tail

Unix SUS2008 utilities
Unix text processing utilities
Plan 9 commands
Inferno (operating system) commands
IBM i Qshell commands

Tail (Unix)


Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949 is  an International Labour Organization Convention for migrant workers.

It was established in 1949, with the preamble stating:
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the revision of the Migration for Employment Convention, 1939,...

And the Article 1 states that: Each Member of the International Labour Organisation for which this Convention is in force undertakes to make available on request to the International Labour Office and to each Member,
a) information on national policies, law and regulations relating to emigration and immigration.
b) information on special provisions concerning migration for employment and the conditions of work and livelihood of migrants for employment.
c) information concerning general agreement and special arrangements on these questions concluded by the Member.

The convention was followed up by Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 and United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

Modification

The principles contained in the convention are a revision of ILO Convention C66, Migration for Employment Convention, 1939, which was not ratified by any countries and never came into force.

Ratifications
As of 2021, the convention has been ratified by 53 states. Former parties to the statute include Yugoslavia and Zanzibar.

External links
Text.
Ratifications.

Migrant workers
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1949
Treaties entered into force in 1952
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belgium
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Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
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Treaties of the Comoros
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Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Grenada
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Guyana
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Treaties of Kenya
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Treaties of the Netherlands
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Treaties of the Philippines
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Slovenia
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Treaties of Francoist Spain
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Treaties of Tanzania
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Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation
Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
Treaties extended to British Honduras
Treaties extended to the Bechuanaland Protectorate
Treaties extended to the Colony of North Borneo
Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to British Cyprus
Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to British Guiana
Treaties extended to Jersey
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Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to British Mauritius
Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Treaties extended to Tanganyika (territory)
Treaties extended to the Uganda Protectorate
Treaties extended to Northern Rhodesia
Treaties extended to the Sultanate of Zanzibar
1949 in labor relations


Frederick Orpen Bower FRSE FRS (4 November 1855 – 11 April 1948) was an English botanist.  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1891. He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Linnean Society in 1909 and the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society in 1938.  He was president of the British Association in 1929–1930.

Life
Bower was born in Ripon in Yorkshire the son of Abraham Bower and Cornelia Morris, sister of the eminent botanist, Francis Orpen Morris. He was educated at Repton School in Derbyshire before studying at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA in 1877.

In 1880, he acquired a position as assistant lecturer in botany at University College, London under Thomas Huxley. In 1882, he moved to South Kensington as a full Lecturer in botany. During this period he spent time at Kew Gardens studying with Dukinfield Henry Scott. In 1885, he was awarded the chair in botany at the University of Glasgow, and was a professor there until 1925.

Bower never married. When he retired he returned to Ripon, and died there in April 1948.

Memberships
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1886)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1891)
Fellow of the Royal Society of Belgium
Fellow of the Academy of Science of Munich
Fellow of the Royal Danish Society

Honours and awards
He was elected president of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh for 1893–95.
He served as vice president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1910 to 1916 and president from 1919 to 1924, receiving the Neill Prize in 1925.

Publications
Practical Botany for Beginners (1894)
The Origin of a Land Flora (1908)
Plant Life of Land (1911)
The Ferns 3 vols. (1923–28)
Plants and Man (1925)
Size and Form in Plants (1930)
Primitive Land Plants (1935)
Sixty Years of Botany in Britain, 1875-1935 (1938)

Archives
The archives for Frederick Orpen Bower are maintained by the  Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS).

References

External links

 NAHSTE: Papers of Frederick Orpen Bower at www.nahste.ac.uk

1855 births
1948 deaths
British botanists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Royal Medal winners
Presidents of the British Science Association
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

Frederick Orpen Bower


Verulamium was an ancient town in Roman Britain. It was in the southwest of the modern city of St Albans in Hertfordshire.

Much of the Roman city is unexcavated, with the modern city built over it. The ancient Watling Street passed through Verulamium, which was one of the most important towns in Roman Britain. Much of the site and its environs is now a scheduled ancient monument.

Before the Romans, it was a settlement of the Catuvellauni tribe, which  called it Verlamion. It was among the first places in Britain recorded by name.

Verulamium was burnt to the ground and its people slaughtered by Boudica of the Iceni in AD 61. A black ash layer has been found, confirming the Roman written record. The town was rebuilt, and grew to about  by the early 3rd century. It was defended by a deep ditch and wall.

It is the location of the martyrdom of the first British martyr saint, St Alban, who was a Roman patrician converted to Christianity.

Verulamium had a Roman Forum, a basilica and a Roman theatre. Much was damaged by fires in AD 155 and AD 250. The town was rebuilt in stone rather than timber at least twice over the next 150 years. Occupation by the Romans ended between 400 and 450.

There are a few remains of the Roman city visible, such as parts of the city walls, a hypocaust (heating system) still in place under a mosaic floor. Remains of the theatre are on land belonging to the Earl of Verulam. More remains are under the nearby agricultural land, and have never been excavated.

References

Hertfordshire
Roman buildings and structures

Verulamium


The National Transport Museum (; Natsionalen Muzey na Transporta) in Ruse, Bulgaria, is situated on the bank of the Danube, in the country's first railway station, built in 1866.

The museum
Exhibits are laid out both inside and outside the old station. Among the exhibits outside the building are more than ten steam engines, including the oldest steam engine preserved in the country (a class P 3/3 z, built in England in 1868, and various railroad carriages, including the personal carriages of the Kings Ferdinand of Bulgaria and Boris III of Bulgaria, as well as the carriage of the Turkish sultan of 1866.

 the museum is underfunded, the heritage engines and railcars are stored in the open air without almost any maintenance, and the humid air from the nearby Danube accelerates significantly their decay.

The museum was named the National Museum of Railway Transport and Communications on 26 June 1996, commemorating the 100th anniversary of railroads in Bulgaria, and the building was declared a historical landmark. The museum's exhibits have been used in the films Capitan Petko Voivoda (), Records of Bulgarian Uprisings (), and the Russian-Bulgarian production Turkish Gambit.

The old railway station
The construction of the old Rousse Railway Station was commenced in 1863 and completed three years later. The station is situated in the (then) outskirts of Rousse, near the high bank of the Danube, opposite to Giurgiu. It is not functioning now.

Building the railway station was the beginning of a larger project – the Rousse-Varna railway, executed under English, French, and Austria-Hungarian pressure. The new railway was intended to shorten journeys from London to Istanbul by five or six days. Its architectural and constructive plans were provided by the Birkleck brothers (; English spelling uncertain). A water tower, a supportive river wall, and a couple of other facilities were built nearby, using white limestone from nearby villages. In 1866 the station's construction was completed, and it had a waiting room, a room for the station manager, one for the clerk in charge, and some other premises.

The exploitation administration, headquartered in London, occupied the building shortly after its opening. Most of the clerks and the supporting staff were Bulgarians. Georgi Tsonchev was the supervisor general of the railway to Varna. Ilarion Dragostinov, Ivan Vedar, and Radi Ivanov worked there as telegraph operators; Georgi Ikonomov was a shunter operator. The railway station developed massive passenger and cargo activity for its time, partly due to the neighbouring harbour.

After opening the Rousse-Tarnovo railway in 1900 with its first station Rousse South, the old station was renamed Rousse East, and remained functional until the launching of a classification yard in June 1954, when it was transformed into (a part of the) National Transport Museum.

Gallery

External links
 Museum website

See also
 Orient Express
 Varna Railway Station
 List of museums in Bulgaria

Sources
 The Utro () newspaper, 21 July 2006, p. 4

Buildings and structures in Ruse, Bulgaria
Transport
Transport museums in Bulgaria
Museums in Ruse Province
Bulgaria

National Transport Museum, Bulgaria


Nicholas deBelleville "Nick" Katzenbach (January 17, 1922 –  May 8, 2012) was an American lawyer. He was the United States Attorney General during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. He was Attorney General from February 1965 through October 1966.

Other websites

Oral History Interviews with Nicholas Katzenbach, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
Artículo en español del diario "El País", 26 de mayo de 2012, "Nicholas Katzenbach, crucial político en la sombra"

1922 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Lawyers from Philadelphia
American military personnel of World War II
Episcopalians
Politicians from Philadelphia
Princeton University alumni
United States Attorneys General
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Yale University alumni
United States Deputy Attorneys General

Nicholas Katzenbach


Grant David Yeats (1773–1836) was an English-American physician and medical writer.

Life
Born in Florida, he was the son of David Yeats, a physician who was the Secretary of the East Florida Colony in Florida. He matriculated from Hertford College, Oxford, on 21 January 1790, graduating B.A. on 15 October 1793, M.A. on 25 May 1796, M.B. on 4 May 1797. He was incorporated M.B. at Dublin in 1807, and graduated M.D. from Trinity College, Oxford, on 7 June 1814. He spent two winter sessions in Edinburgh and one in London, and then practised at Bedford, where he assisted in the establishment of the Bedford general infirmary, and at a later period of the lunatic asylum near the town. He was nominated physician to each of these institutions. While at Bedford he acquired the friendship of Samuel Whitbread and of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford.

On the Duke of Bedford's nomination to the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland, Yeats accompanied him to Dublin in March 1806 as his private physician. While at Dublin he was instrumental in establishing the Dublin Humane Society, and was made a member of Trinity College, Dublin. On the duke's return to England in 1807 he resumed his position at Bedford, where he later served as mayor. About 1814 he moved to London, where he was admitted a candidate of the Royal College of Physicians on 30 September 1814, and a fellow on 30 September 1815. He was Gulstonian lecturer in 1817, censor in 1818, and Croonian lecturer around 1826 (speaking against the stethoscope).

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 1 July 1819, and died at Tunbridge Wells on 14 November 1836. He married a daughter of Patrick Colquhoun.

Works
Yeats's major work, Observations on the Claims of the Moderns to some Discoveries in Chemistry and Physiology (London), was published in 1798, after he had settled at Bedford. In it he called attention to the experiments of John Mayow, whose merits Thomas Beddoes had discovered two years before. It was uncritical but helped rescue his achievements from oblivion.

Yeats was the author of:

 'An Address on the Nature and Efficacy of the Cowpox in preventing the Smallpox,' London, 1803
 'A Statement of the Early Symptoms which lead to Water on the Brain, London, 1815; 2nd edit., London, 1833.
 'A Biographical Sketch of the Life and Writings of Patrick Colquhoun,' London, 1815.

He also published many papers in 'Annals of Medicine,' the 'Medical and Physical Journal' and 'Medical Transactions.'

References

Attribution

1773 births
1836 deaths
18th-century English medical doctors
19th-century English medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford

Grant David Yeats


John Sheppard may refer to:

Law and politics
 John Calhoun Sheppard (1850–1931), American politician, Governor of South Carolina
 John Levi Sheppard (1852–1902), American lawyer, judge, and legislator, U.S. Representative for Texas
 John Morris Sheppard (1875–1941), U.S. Representative and Senator for Texas
 John Albert Sheppard (1875–?), Canadian educator, farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan
 John Sheppard (Australian politician) (born 1952), Australian politician

Military
 John Sheppard (North Carolina) (c.1750–c.1790), American Revolutionary War soldier and commander of the North Carolina militia
 John Sheppard (VC) (1817–1884), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
 John Sheppard (British Army soldier) (1915–2015)

Sports
 John Sheppard (cricketer) (1824–1882), English cricketer
 John Sheppard (baseball) (fl. 1870s), American baseball player
 Johnny Sheppard (1902–1969), Canadian ice hockey forward

Other
 John Sheppard (composer) (–1558), English singer and composer
 John Sheppard (writer) (1785–1879), English lay religious author
 John Augustine Sheppard (1849–1925), Irish American clergyman
 Sir John Tresidder Sheppard (1881–1968), British classicist
 John Sheppard (car designer) (1922–2015), British car designer
 John Sheppard, member of English band Acoustic Alchemy

Fiction
 John Sheppard (Stargate), fictional character from Stargate Atlantis

See also
 John Shepard III (1886–1950), American radio executive and merchant, owner of the Shepard Department Store in Boston, MA
 Jack Sheppard (1702–1724), English criminal
 Jack Sheppard (cave diver) (1909–2001), cave diving pioneer in the United Kingdom
 Commander Shepard, playable character from Mass Effect; default name is John Shepard
 John Shepherd (disambiguation)

John Sheppard


Ottilie Wildermuth (; née Rooschüz; 22 February 1817 in Rottenburg am Neckar – 12 July 1877 in Tübingen) was a German writer, particularly notable for her children's books.

Life
Ottilie Rooschüz was the daughter of Gottlob Christian Rooschüz (1785–1847), a Kriminalrat (and from 1819 an Oberamtsrichter) from Marbach am Neckar, and his wife Leonore (1796–1874, née Scholl). She showed a strong thirst for knowledge early in life and wrote her own stories and poems. In summer 1833 she was allowed to spend six months studying in Stuttgart. In 1843, aged 26, she married the 36-year-old philologist Wilhelm David Wildermuth (1807–1885). After time as a private tutor in France and England, Wilhelm Wildermuth then moved to be a professor of modern languages in the Lyzeum (now the Gymnasium) in Tübingen. Ottilie formed the women of Tübingen into a salon, which she belonged to herself for 34 years until her death. From the very beginning the young couple were friends with Ludwig Uhland and his wife, the poet Karl Mayer's family, Klüpfl-Schwab and later several university professors. Her varied education also allowed Ottilie to participate in her husband's work - like him, she taught English. They had five children between 1844 and 1856, with three, Agnes, Adelheid, and Hermann, surviving to adulthood.

In 1847 she sent her first story Die alte Jungfer to the Morgenblatt. Once this had been accepted for publication, she wrote more stories, short stories, novels, biographies, family books, children's history books and idyllic accounts of Protestant Swabian life, in whose circles she moved. Her stories met a public taste and she was printed in the widely read family periodicals such as Daheim and Die Gartenlaube, which made her known to other contemporary writers. In 1870, she founded the children's magazine Jugendgarten, later continued by her daughters Agnes Willms and Adelheid Wildermuth. In 1871, Ottilie Wildermuth received the great gold medal for Art and Science in Württemberg. In her fiftieth year her health was strongly attacked by a nervous disorder, and in July 1877, aged 60, she died of a stroke. She is buried in the Stadtfriedhof in Tübingen, with a monument dedicated to her on the Tübinger  Neckarinsel

Works

 Bilder und Geschichten aus dem schwäbischen Leben, 1852
 Neue Bilder und Geschichten aus Schwaben, 1854
 Aus der Kinderwelt, 1854
 Aus dem Frauenleben, 1855
 Erzählungen und Märchen, 1856
 Die Heimath der Frau, 1859
 Im Tageslichte. Bilder aus der Wirklichkeit, 1861
 Aus Schloß und Hütte, 1861
 Lebensräthsel, gelöste und ungelöste, 1863
 Perlen aus dem Sande, 1867
 Zur Dämmerstunde, 1871
 Aus Nord und Süd, 1874
 Ottilie Wildermuths Werke. 4 volumes. Stuttgart: Krabbe 1862
 Eine seltsame Schule - Bärbeles Weihnachten, c. 1900

Bibliography

 Ottilie Wildermuth's Leben. Nach ihren eigenen Aufzeichnungen zusammengestellt und ergänzt von Agnes Willms und Adelheid Wildermuth. Kröner, Stuttgart 1888
 Maria Pfadt: Ottilie Wildermuth. Profile ihrer Kinder- und Jugendliteratur. Dissertation, PH Ludwigsburg 1994
 Rosemarie Wildermuth (Bearb.): Ottilie Wildermuth 1817-1877. Ausstellungskatalog. (= Marbacher Magazin; 37/1986). Schiller-Nationalmuseum Marbach, Marbach am Neckar 1986
 Rosemarie Wildermuth (Hrsg.): "Verehrte Freundin! Wo sind Sie?" Justinus Kerners Briefwechsel mit Ottilie Wildermuth 1853-1862. Mit einem Vorwort von Bernhard Zeller. Lithos, Stuttgart 1996,
 Vera Vollmer: Baden-Württembergische Portraits, Frauengestalten aus fünf Jahrhunderten (Hrsg. von Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann). Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1999, , S. 122–127.

External links
  Works by Ottilie Wildermuth on Wikisource
  Works on and by Ottilie Wildermuth in the Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
  Books on and by Ottilie Wildermuth in the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
  Works by Ottilie Wildmuth on Zeno.org
  Works by Ottilie Wildmuth in Projekt Gutenberg-DE

  Aus der Kinderwelt (picture files), Second digital version
  Über Ottilie Wildermuth

1817 births
1877 deaths
People from Rottenburg am Neckar
German children's writers
German women children's writers
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
19th-century German women writers
19th-century German writers

Ottilie Wildermuth


"Water's Edge" is a song by Seven Mary Three and the second single released from their second album, American Standard. It was originally included on their independently released debut album, Churn, in 1994. The single was released in 1996 and became one of the band's most popular songs, reaching #7 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks.

Overview
The original five-minute version of "Water's Edge" was condensed and became the opening track to 1995's American Standard. It didn't manage to replicate the success of the band's chart-topping debut single, "Cumbersome," but nevertheless charted well and continues to receive radio play. When Seven Mary Three opened for 3 Doors Down on a 2003 tour, the latter group claimed to have covered "Water's Edge" among other 7M3 songs during their early days.

"Water's Edge" details the story behind a bloated corpse being found in a river or creek; it has been said to be inspired by the 1986 film River's Edge, but this is not well confirmed.  Other accounts indicate that the song is based on a book that Jason Ross read while in college at William and Mary.  The song's narrator admits that he witnessed a woman being tossed in the water to drown. He recalls seeing her just before a van of people drove up and subdued the woman, but notes that he cannot confess his witnessing the crime out of fear of their power. Musically, "Water's Edge" relies on a soft verse, heavy chorus style. Muted guitar chords and harmonics between verses also offer a delicate side to this dark, aggressive song. During the bridge, the narrator furiously ridicules himself for not intervening with the incident.

Music video
Thomas Mignone, who would later become known for his heavy metal music videos, directed the symbolic "Water's Edge" video. All band performance and story concept footage was shot in the woods and at a creekside building during winter. The video focuses on a young boy walking through the woods and spotting a suspicious man. The boy opens a tent to see strange hand puppets cavorting amongst one another. This is intertwined with footage of people in large costumes similar to the puppets who are harassing a woman outside. A man is also shown observing through a window in the building before removing a floor cover and heading below. The boy closes the tent and runs away as the video ends.

Track listings
 "Water's Edge"
 "Shelf Life"
 "Lame" (Acoustic/Electric)
 "Cumbersome" (Acoustic Version)

Chart positions

References

1996 singles
1995 songs
1990s ballads
Rock ballads
Seven Mary Three songs
Songs about death

fi:Water's Edge
sv:Water's Edge

Water's Edge


Joycelyn Tetteh (born 10 January 1988) is a Member of Parliament of the National Democratic Congress party for the North Dayi Constituency. She is one of the 36 female parliamentarian of the seventh parliament of the fourth republic of Ghana. Jocelyn is also currently the ambassador for human trafficking in Ghana.

Early life and education
Tetteh was born in Tsyome-Sabadu, Volta Region.
She studied Law and BEd in Management Studies at the University of Cape Coast.

Politics
In 2016, she contested and won the NDC parliamentary seat for the North Dayi Constituency in the Volta Region.

2016 election
Tetteh first contested the North Day constituency parliamentary seat on the ticket of National Democratic Congress during the 2016 Ghanian general election and won the election with 12, 948 votes representing 78.53% of the total votes. She was elected over Wogbe Kpikpitse of IND, Samuel Kwesi  Anomah of New Patriotic Party, Christopher Wise Siale of Convention People's Party and Christopher N.A Dotse of NDP.  They obtained 2, 946 votes, 457 votes, 66 votes and 57 votes respectively. These is equivalent to 17.89%, 2.83%, 0.40% and 0.35% of the total votes respectively.

2020 election
Tetteh was re- elected as a member of parliament for North Dayi (Ghana parliament constituency) in the Volta Region on the ticket of National Democratic Congress during the 2020 Ghanian general election. She was elected with 14, 424 votes representing 76.11% of the total votes. She won the election over Kudjoh Edmund Attah of New Patriotic Party who polled 4, 455 votes which is equivalent to 23.51% and the parliamentary candidate for L.P.G Atteh Kingsely had 72 votes representing 0.38% of the total votes.

Honour
She was honored in August 2019 by the Chiefs and people of the North Dayi Constituency and conferred on her the title; Mama Edzeame.

Personal life
She is single and a Christian.

References

1988 births
Living people
University of Cape Coast alumni
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
21st-century Ghanaian women politicians
Politicians from Volta Region
Women members of the Parliament of Ghana
Ghanaian MPs 2017–2021
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025

Joycelyn Tetteh


Celsius (more precisely, a degree Celsius), sometimes called centigrade, is a unit of measurement used in many countries to measure temperature. This unit was created by Anders Celsius (1701–1744), a Swedish astronomer.

0 degrees (°) Celsius is the melting point of pure water at sea level (normal pressure).
100° Celsius is the boiling point of water at normal pressure.  (Water boils at a lower temperature at higher altitudes).

1 °C is therefore one hundredth (the 100th part) of that difference.

Since 1948, this unit has been called "Celsius". "Centigrade" was the name of the unit before the change; "centi" meaning 1/100, and "grade" being a scale.

The other much less used measurement of temperature is the Fahrenheit scale. The Celsius scale, based on multiples of ten, is used with SI, or metric measurements.

History
In 1742, Anders Celsius made a "reversed" version of the modern Celsius temperature scale. In this scale, zero was the boiling point of water and 100 was the melting point of ice. In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, he wrote about his experiments. He showed that the melting point of ice was basically unaffected by air pressure.  Ice would turn into water at the same temperature, whether it was at sea level or on a mountain.  This was not the case for the boiling point of water.  It would boil easier with less pressure (on a mountain). He decided that zero on his temperature scale (water's boiling point) would be set at the standard barometric pressure at  sea level.  This pressure is known as one atmosphere.  In 1954, Resolution 4 of the 10th CGPM  (the General Conference on Weights and Measures) set what exactly is one standard atmosphere ().

In 1744, the year Anders Celsius died, the famous Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) used a reversed version of Celsius's scale when he bought his first thermometer. This had a scale where zero represented the melting point of ice and 100 represented water's boiling point, similar to what we use it today.  His custom-made "Linnaeus thermometer", to use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, then Sweden's leading maker of scientific instruments. Ekstöm's workshop was in the basement of the Stockholm observatory. As often happened in this age before modern communications, many physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are given credit with independently making the same measurement scale; among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop), who Linnaeus had also talked to; Christin of Lyons; Daniel Ekström, the instrument maker; and Mårten Strömer (1707–1770) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius.

The first known document reporting temperatures in this modern "forward" Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis, dated 16 December 1745, that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his, Samuel Nauclér.  In it, Linnaeus reported the temperatures inside the orangery at the Botanical Garden of Uppsala University:

...since the caldarium (the hot part of the greenhouse) by the angle of the windows, merely from the rays of the sun, obtains such heat that the thermometer often reaches 30 degrees, although the keen gardener usually takes care not to let it rise to more than 20 to 25 degrees, and in winter not under 15 degrees...

For the next 204 years, the scientific and thermometry communities worldwide called this scale the "centigrade scale". Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported as "degrees" or "degrees centigrade". The symbol for temperature values on this scale was °C (in several formats over the years). Because the name "centigrade" was also the Spanish and French language name for a unit of angular measurement (one-hundredth of a right angle) and had a similar meaning in other languages, the term "centesimal degree" was used when very precise, clear language was required for international communication, such as by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). The 9th CGPM (General Conference on Weights and Measures) and the CIPM (International Committee for Weights and Measures) officially decided to use "degree Celsius" (symbol: °C) in 1948.

There were three reasons for the decision in 1948 to use the word Celsius:
 All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them - Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Réaumur and Rankine.
 The symbol °C that for centuries had been used in association with the name centigrade could continue to be used, but now meant Celsius.  (Linnaeus had an important part of the modern scale, but Celsius first developed it).
 The new name meant that centigrade could again mean only the French-language name for the unit of angular measurement.

It would take nearly two decades however, for school textbooks to change from centigrade to Celsius, and many people today still use the old name.

Examples
 On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°.
 Room temperature is about 20 °C.
 Absolute zero (the coldest possible temperature) is -273.15 °C.
 Winters in Antarctica can be between -80 and -90 °C.
 A human's body temperature is usually 36.6 °C.

Temperature conversions
 To make a temperature in degrees Celsius into kelvins a person must add 273.15. For example, 0 degrees Celsius, which is the temperature at which water freezes, is 273.15 kelvins.
 To make a temperature in kelvins into degrees Celsius a person must subtract 273.15. For example, 310 K is the same temperature as 36.85 °C, which is about the temperature of a human body.
 To make a temperature in degrees Celsius into degrees Fahrenheit a person must multiply it by 9/5 and add 32: F = (9/5)C + 32.
 To make a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Celsius a person must subtract 32 and multiply the result by 5/9: C = (F - 32) * 5/9.

References

Units of temperature

Celsius


Fang Xiping (; born October 1958) is a former Chinese politician who spent most of his career in Anhui province. Between 2013 and 2014 he served as the Party Secretary of Huainan; in 2014, he was put on trial for corruption and eventually expelled from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Although Fang is an atheist and a member of the CCP, he was said to have believed in feng shui.

Early life and education
Fang was born and raised in Nanjing, Jiangsu. He took part in rural manual labour between 1976 and 1978 as a sent-down youth; he graduated from Anhui Agricultural University in September 1982, majoring in agronomy, he obtained a Master of Business Economics degree from Fudan University.

Career
He got involved in politics in September 1982 and joined the CCP in August 1982. From March 1987 to January 1988, he served as the Party Secretary of Dingyuan County.

Beginning in 1988, he served in several posts in Anhui Provincial Bureau of Land Management, including section chief, division head, and station agent. In November 1996, he became the deputy party secretary and county governor of Shucheng County, rising to Party Secretary in 1998.

In March 2000, he was appointed as deputy mayor of Lu'an, then he served as the deputy party secretary (February 2005 – February 2006). Fang then served as the deputy party secretary and mayor of Chizhou between February 2006 to April 2011.

In April 2011, he was appointed the party secretary and director of the Department of Commerce for the provincial government, he remained in that position until February 2013, when he was transferred to Huainan as the party secretary, replacing Yang Zhenchao.

Downfall
On August 17, 2014, it was announced that Fang Xiping was undergoing investigation by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection for "serious violations of laws and regulations".

On July 24, 2015, at the conclusion of the CCDI investigation, Fang was expelled from the CCP. He was accused of soliciting and taking bribes personally and through his family, and "maintaining mistress[es]". On October 18, he was indicted on suspicion of accepting bribes and abusing of power. On December 17, he stood trial at the Intermediate People's Court of Ma'anshan.

On July 22, 2016, he was sentenced to twelve years and six months and fined 3.25 million yuan.  On August 23, his brother, Fang Dongping (), former director of the Internal Affairs and Judicial Work Committee of the Standing Committee of Hefei Municipal People's Congress, was sentenced to twelve years and fined 3.55 million yuan.

References

1958 births
Living people
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Politicians from Nanjing
Political office-holders in Anhui
Anhui Agricultural University alumni
Fudan University alumni
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangsu
Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
Chinese politicians convicted of corruption

Fang Xiping


Worker and Kolkhoz Woman () is a sculpture of two figures with a sickle and a hammer raised over their heads. The concept and compositional design belong to the architect Boris Iofan. It is 24.5 metres (78 feet) high, made from stainless steel by Vera Mukhina for the 1937 World's Fair in Paris, and subsequently moved to Moscow. The sculpture is an example of socialist realism in an Art Deco aesthetic. The worker holds aloft a hammer and the kolkhoz woman a sickle to form the hammer and sickle symbol.

History

The sculpture was originally created to crown the Soviet pavilion of the 1937 World's Fair.  The organisers had placed the Soviet and German pavilions facing each other across the main pedestrian boulevard at the Trocadéro on the north bank of the Seine.

Mukhina was inspired by her study of the classical Harmodius and Aristogeiton, the Winged Victory of Samothrace and La Marseillaise, François Rude's sculptural group for the Arc de Triomphe, to bring a monumental composition of socialist realist confidence to the heart of Paris. The symbolism of the two figures striding from West to East, as determined by the layout of the pavilion, was also not lost on the spectators.

Mukhina said that her sculpture was intended "to continue the idea inherent in the building, and this sculpture was to be an inseparable part of the whole structure", but after the fair, the Rabochiy i Kolkhoznitsa was relocated to Moscow where it was placed just outside the All-Russia Exhibition Centre.

In 1941, the sculpture earned Mukhina one of the initial batch of Stalin Prizes.

The sculpture was removed for restoration in autumn of 2003 during the city's Expo 2010 bid.The plan during this process was that the sculpture could be back at their place in 2005,who what not happening due two factors: one was that the city lost the bidding process to Shanghai,and a many financial problems and re-installation was delayed.

At the end of 2009 the monument returned to its place at VDNKh after 6 years of restorations. The revealing of the restored monument was held on the evening of December 4, 2009, accompanied by fireworks and a light show. The restored statue uses a new pavilion as pedestal, increasing its total height from 34.5 metres (the old pedestal was 10 metres tall) to 60 metres (the new pavilion is 34.5 metres tall plus the 24.5 metres of the statue itself).

Manufacturing and installation

The main structure of the monument was made at The Moscow factory of aggregate machine tools and automatic lines (called "Stankoagregat"), while the smaller components of the outer covering were created at the pilot plant of the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking, overseen by Professor Pyotr Nikolayevich Lvov. He suggested using stainless chrome-nickel steel for the sculpture, despite initial doubts from Vera Mukhina and the rest of the team. The main reason steel was chosen over bronze and copper was because it had a better ability to reflect light. The goal was for the monument to shine brighter than the eagle on the German pavilion and the Eiffel Tower. Lvov invented resistance spot welding, a technique that was used to skin airplanes since the 1930s. Instead of using the traditional riveting method, the decision was made to use this technology for assembling the sculpture.

At the start of the project, the workers had four plaster models to use, with the tallest one being 95 cm. They assembled the monument in the factory courtyard using a crane that was 35 meters high with a 15-meter boom. The templates for the plating parts were made of wood, and the carpenters used 15 cm thick boards. The molded parts were then shaped from inside the monument. People involved in the project remembered these details: "Working in February was particularly challenging due to the cold weather and strong winds. The only respite from the wind was inside the frame or "under the skirt of the Kolkhoznitsa". To keep warm, we relied on a fire that was built in a cauldron dug into the ground. Additionally, we had to manually weld the sheathing sheets".

A different approach was needed to create the hands and heads of the sculpture. Instead of using wooden templates, clay was used to fill in the damaged wooden blanks for the heads, which were then molded with steel. The creation of the scarf posed challenges, as it was a large and heavy piece that needed to be supported without external help. During the creation of this artwork, factory director S. P. Tambovtsev criticized Mukhina for causing delays with numerous revisions and claimed that the scarf she had designed could potentially damage the sculpture during windy weather. Tambovtsev even stated that Lev Trotsky, who was considered an "enemy of the people", could be seen in certain angles of the frame. However, his complaints were ignored, and engineers B.A. Dzerzhkovich and A.A. Prikhozhan managed to create a truss to support the scarf, allowing it to appear as if it was floating behind two figures.

During this time period, the sculpture was created and it was supported by a heavy frame weighing 63 tons. The outer shells of the sculpture, made from thin sheets of 0.5 mm steel, only weighed 12 tons. The entire process took three and a half months. Once the sculpture was assembled, it was visited by a government commission led by Kliment Voroshilov, the People's Commissar of Defense. Later that evening, Joseph Stalin, the leader of the USSR, inspected the finished monument. Shortly after, the sculpture was dismantled for transportation to Paris.

Renovation

In 2003, plans were made to restore the monument, and it was supposed to be finished by 2005. The Moscow government provided a budget of 35 million rubles for the dismantling process, including 5 million US dollars for scaffolding to meet safety regulations. However, the project was put on hold due to suspected embezzlement, and it was not resumed until 2007 after several inspections.

On December 31, 2008, the government announced a new tender for the restoration with a maximum contract amount of 2.395 billion rubles. The only company to participate and win the tender that same day was SK Strategia, a subsidiary of Inteko owned by Yelena Baturina, the wife of former Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov. The contract amount was increased to 2.905 billion rubles. Finally, the restoration was completed in November 2009.

The sculpture project was led by Vadim Tserkovnikov and the materials were made by the Vladimir Kucherenko Central Research Institute of Steel Structures. The casting and installation were done at the Energomash plant in Belgorod. The Melnikov Central Research Institute of Steel Structures worked on new calculations and designs for the frame, as the original documentation was not available and the new materials have different properties. The employees at the All-Russian Institute Of Aviation Materials (VIAM), under the leadership of E.N. Kablov, developed coatings and materials that are highly resistant to corrosion in order to restore the sculpture.

The sculpture was taken apart into 40 pieces and each piece was photographed to assess the level of damage caused by corrosion. Only 10% of the pieces needed to be replaced completely, while the rest could be restored. Additionally, the welding points were examined through radiography, with over one million points being checked. The sculpture had design flaws that made it not airtight, resulting in moisture buildup and pigeons nesting inside.

The second step in the reconstruction process involved cleaning the sculpture. The contaminants, particularly in the scarf and skirt areas, had accumulated over 70 years and resembled stalactites. Technobior developed a highly toxic and fluid substance to dissolve these contaminants and fully clean the surface. VIAM created an anti-corrosion paste specifically for the restoration of this sculpture, which won an award at an international exhibition. This paste can be applied at any angle, prevents spreading, enhances adhesion, and increases resistance to environmental damage. A ton of paste was used to treat the sculpture parts, and an additional protective compound was applied on top.

Under Tserkovnikov's guidance, a new triple frame was calculated and designed for the monument. This frame is divided into a load-bearing frame, an intermediate frame, and a structural frame that connects the shell and load-bearing frame. As a result of the reconstruction, the weight of the support increased by 2.5 times to account for the load of hurricane wind. The total weight of the monument now stands at 200 tons. The sculpture was placed on the pavilion, following the general design of Iofan's original project from 1937. The length of the building is 66 meters, and the original coat of arms created for the exhibition in 1937 is installed on the facade.

The monument was installed on November 28, 2009, using a specialized crane from Finland, of which there are only three in existence. The official unveiling of the monument occurred on December 4, 2009.

The total cost of dismantling, storing, and restoring the sculpture was 2.9 billion rubles. However, experts believe that this amount is at least twice as high as it should be. Vadim Tserkovnikov mentioned in an interview that the actual restoration expenses were much lower compared to the additional costs, such as constructing a 60-meter high scaffolding and hiring a crane from Finland, which cost several tens of millions of rubles.

Use in media

In Soviet cinema, the sculpture was chosen in 1947 to serve as the logo for the film studio Mosfilm. It can be seen in the opening credits of the film Red Heat, as well as many of the Russian films released by the Mosfilm studio itself.

A giant moving reproduction of the statue was featured in the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, symbolizing post-World War II Soviet society, particularly in Moscow.

See also

Socialist realism
List of tallest statues

References

Sources

Statues in Russia
Monuments and memorials in Moscow
Colossal statues in Russia
Outdoor sculptures in Russia
Steel sculptures in Russia
Socialist realism
1937 sculptures
Relocated buildings and structures
World's fair sculptures
Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne
Monuments and memorials built in the Soviet Union
Sculptures in the Soviet Union
Mosfilm
Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy
Sculptures of women in Russia
Sculptures of men in Russia
Art Deco sculptures and memorials
Stainless steel sculptures
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Moscow
France–Soviet Union relations
Sculptures of women in the Soviet Union
Sculptures of men in the Soviet Union

Worker and Kolkhoz Woman


Boris M. Gombač (born 15 September 1945) is a Slovene historian from Italy.

He was born to a middle class Slovene family in Trieste, Italy. He studied history at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia (then part of former Yugoslavia). Between 1975 and 1984, he worked as a researcher at the Institute for the History of Workers' Movement in Ljubljana, now known as the Institute of Contemporary History. Between 1984 and 1994, he served as director of the National Museum of Slovenia. Since 1995, he is a researcher at the Scientific Research Centre of the University of Primorska.

During the difficult process of Slovenia's secession from Yugoslavia, he was active in civil society organizations that worked for the protection and eventual return of Slovenian conscripts drafted in the Yugoslav People's Army.

He wrote about the history of Trieste and the Julian March in the 19th and 20th century, especially the history of the workers' movement and the Italian historiography of Trieste. He was member of the Slovenian-Italian Cultural-Historical Commission, established by the governments of the two countries to shed light on the historical relationship between the two peoples from 1880 to 1954.

He is the father of historian and sociologist Jure Gombač.

Major works
Trst-Trieste, dve imeni, ena identiteta. Sprehod čez historiografijo o Trstu 1719-1980. ("Trst-Trieste, Two Names, One Identity. An Overview of Historiography on Trieste between 1719 and 1980). Ljubljana - Trieste, 1993.
Slovenija, Italija : od preziranja do priznanja ("Slovenia-Italy: From Scorn to Recognition"). Ljubljana, 1996.
Na drugi strani. Odbor staršev za varstvo in vrnitev slovenskih vojakov leta 1991 ("On the Other Side. The Parental Committee for the Protection and Return of Slovenian Soldiers in 1991"). Ljubljana, 2005.

References

See also
Jože Pirjevec
Marta Verginella

20th-century Slovenian historians
Historiographers
University of Ljubljana alumni
Writers from Trieste
Italian Slovenes
1945 births
Living people
21st-century Slovenian historians

Boris M. Gombač


Jaime Laredo (born June 7, 1941) is a violinist and conductor.  He was the conductor and Music Director of the Vermont Symphony Orchestra, and he began his musical career when he was five years old.

Laredo was born in Cochabamba, Bolivia. In 1948, he came to North America and took lessons from Antonio de Grassi. He also studied with Frank Houser before moving to Cleveland, Ohio, to study under Josef Gingold in 1953. He studied with Ivan Galamian at the Curtis Institute of Music until his graduation. From 1960 to 1974 he was married to the pianist Ruth Laredo. Laredo is currently a professor at the renowned Cleveland Institute of Music.  He served as artistic advisor for the Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra and guest conducted the orchestra on April 18, 2009, in a program featuring his wife, the cellist Sharon Robinson. He was scheduled to again conduct the orchestra for two programs during the 2009–10 season.  Laredo and Robinson were also featured soloists in a special concert conducted by Andrew Constantine, who became the Philharmonic's music director in July 2009.

His Carnegie Hall recital in October 1960 was much praised, and helped to launch his career. The next year, he played at Royal Albert Hall in London.  Afterwards, he has played with many major European and American orchestras, including the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic, the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, The Children's Orchestra Society and the Syracuse Symphony Orchestra.

He also plays viola, and has recorded piano quartets with Isaac Stern, Yo-Yo Ma, and Emanuel Ax. In addition, he collaborated with pianist Glenn Gould.  He is the violinist of the Kalichstein-Laredo-Robinson Trio, along with pianist Joseph Kalichstein and cellist Sharon Robinson.  He has been the conductor of the Vermont Symphony Orchestra since 1999.

The Cleveland Institute of Music announced the appointment of Laredo and wife Sharon Robinson to the string faculty in 2012.

Competitions, prizes, and awards
 Queen Elisabeth of Belgium Competition (1959)
 Deutsche Schallplatten Prize
 Gramophone Award
 Several Emmy Award nominations
Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance:
Emanuel Ax, Jaime Laredo, Yo-Yo Ma & Isaac Stern for Brahms: Piano Quartets (Op. 25 and 26) (1992)

Discography
Judith Blegen & Frederica von Stade: Songs, Arias & Duets, with the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, Columbia, 1975
Vivaldi, The Four Seasons, with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, IMP Classics, 1985
Vivaldi, Great String Concertos, with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, IMP Classics, 1985
Bach, Great String Concertos, with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, IMP Classics, 1986
Mendelssohn-Bruch, Violin Concertos, with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, IMP Classics, 1987
Beethoven, Violin Concerto and Violin Romances, with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, IMP Classics, 1987

Sources
 Bernas, Richard. 2001. "Laredo, Jaime". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. New York: Grove's Dictionaries.

1941 births
American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Bolivian classical violinists
American male violinists
American male conductors (music)
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Bolivian emigrants to the United States
Jacobs School of Music faculty
Violin pedagogues
Living people
Bolivian classical musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Indiana
People from Cochabamba
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition
Cleveland Institute of Music faculty
Musicians from Shaker Heights, Ohio
Classical musicians from Ohio
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American violinists

Jaime Laredo


Fureai kippu (Japanese: ふれあい切符 lit. "caring relationship ticket") is a Japanese sectoral currency created in 1995 by the Sawayaka Welfare Foundation so that people could earn credits helping seniors in their community.

The basic unit of account is an hour of service to an elderly person. Sometimes seniors help each other and earn the credits, other times family members in other communities earn credits and transfer them to their parents who live elsewhere. For example, an elderly woman who no longer has a driver's license; if you shop for her, you get credit for that, based on the kind of service and the number of hours. These credits accumulate- users may keep them for when they become sick or elderly themselves, then use the credits in exchange for services. Alternatively, the users may transfer credits to someone else.

A surprising part of the project has been that the elderly tend to prefer the services provided by people paid in Fureai Kippu over those paid in yen. This may be due to the personal connection. When they surveyed the elderly, it was clear they preferred the people who worked for Fureai Kippu over the people who worked for yen because of the nature of the relationship. To convert this community service to yen would seem to dilute the community ethic.

There are two clearinghouses that send the credits from one side of Japan to the other.

Further reading
Marketplace Revolution - from Concentrated Wealth to Community Capital,  David LePage, Buy Social Canada, 2020.

See also

 Demurrage (currency)
 Fureai
 Local exchange trading system

References

Local currencies

Fureai kippu