The Technical University of British Columbia (TechBC) was a special-purpose university in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada, that operated from 1999 until 2002, when it was closed by the British Columbia government. Its students and programs were transferred to Simon Fraser University to become the core of SFU Surrey and the School of Interactive Arts and Technology.

Establishment
The roots of TechBC were in demand from Fraser Valley residents for a full-service university in the region. In 1991, the Fraser Valley University Society was formed to organize public pressure towards this goal. (In light of later events, one of its first actions was to lobby SFU president William Saywell to open a satellite campus in the region.)

The policy of both Social Credit and New Democratic Party (NDP) governments of the day was to grant degree-granting status to the existing post-secondary institutions in the region, today's Kwantlen Polytechnic University and University of the Fraser Valley. By the mid-1990s, however, the ability of these institutions to keep up with rapid population growth was increasingly in question. Of greater concern was the Fraser Valley's abysmally low university participation rate—a rate that contributed to BC's ninth-place standing among Canadian provinces on this factor.

Public opinion polling and the skills-development policies of the Mike Harcourt government led the province to announce, on 2 February 1995, the establishment of a free-standing technical university, to be located on a $100-million campus in Cloverdale. Legislation for the new institution, Technical University of British Columbia Act, was passed in July 1997. Controversially, the Technical University of British Columbia Act did not provide for an academic senate, a standard feature of faculty curriculum control in other universities. This, coupled with news that the new university would operate without tenure, led to a year-long boycott by the Canadian Association of University Teachers.

Academic programs
Although its initial charter suggested TechBC's involvement in a range of applied fields, a pronounced shift under the Glen Clark government led it to pursue specifically high-tech program offerings, in keeping with the economic climate of the times. The institution pursued an "integrated learning" approach, combining heavy use of on-line learning with mixed face-to-face course structures.

All students underwent a common, intensive first-year program called TechOne, which emphasized core artistic, technical, mathematical, and communication skills. Students completing TechOne could continue in any of TechBC's offerings, but the TechOne program was generally not transferable to other institutions—a problem that would plague the university in its student-recruitment efforts.

Three program streams were offered at the university's September 1999 launch. Perhaps the most innovative, Interactive Arts focused on the use of computers and technology in the development of art, design, and "new media". The Information Technology program was conceived as a hybrid of traditional computer engineering and computer science programs. Management and Technology was designed to integrate traditional business curriculum with content specific to the management of high-technology industries and also the technical skills required for work in that field.

In its short life, TechBC managed to recruit some high-calibre talent. The new university scored a major coup when it hired prominent SFU computer scientist Tom Calvert as its vice president, Research and External Relations. Moreover, Professor Alice Mansell, a prominent academic leader and artist, joined TechBC as its first Vice President, Academic. Mansell brought fresh ideas and management into TechBC, reorganizing TechBC's academic leadership into a non-discipline based Academic Planning and Academic Operations. She recruited Professor Hassan Farhangi, an industry and academic veteran as Dean, Academic Operations, and Professor Ron Wakkary, a visionary artist, as Dean, Academic Planning. This innovative academic structure helped TechBC develop a full inter-disciplinary undergraduate program, called TechOne, and deliver components of it as the rest were being built. The success of this efficient and concurrent development was in part attributed to an innovative curriculum development and delivery workflow which Professor Farhangi developed and implemented. Other prominent names who joined TechBC later included Michael Gurstein, Amir Asif, John Bowes, Steve diPaola, Thecla Schiphorst, Michael Dobson, Robert Woodbury and V-chip inventor Tim Collings.

Campus
Although the February 1995 announcement placed TechBC on provincially owned land in Cloverdale, the impracticality of that site from an urban and transportation perspective became readily apparent. The City of Surrey offered a  parcel of land in Whalley, the economic centre of the municipality, leading to a July 1998 announcement that TechBC would receive an urban campus adjacent to Surrey Place Mall instead of the cow pasture previously announced.

Meanwhile, however, the property-development arm of the provincial auto insurer, the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC), had quietly acquired the mall next door. ICBC president and NDP operative Bob Williams approached the provincial government with an ambitious scheme: the construction of a three-storey galleria above the mall and a twenty-storey landmark office tower, designed by Vancouver architect Bing Thom. TechBC would occupy the galleria and tower podium, while ICBC would move its corporate offices to the tower. The scheme was seen not only as revitalization for the depressed urban core of Surrey, but as a way to take the new university's capital costs "off-book," by financing them through ICBC, which would charge an annual rent to the university. Instead of the $100 million in capital costs promised by the government, TechBC was obliged to pay $426,000 a month to ICBC for its campus, an amount totalling over $178 million over the 25-year term after additional charges were included. While many in the university expressed concern over this arrangement, the final decisions—and the ultimate source of virtually all the university's funding—rested in Victoria.

The building project was ultimately a major liability for TechBC. The incoming BC Liberal government of Gordon Campbell used the project to smear the NDP, which it trounced in the 2001 election and which was tarnished by the fast ferry scandal and other megaprojects gone wrong. The university's lease payments also skewed comparisons with other institutions, all of which had pre-existing 'gifted' capital assets and buildings. Delay in completion of the university's permanent facilities, occasioned by the ICBC project, also reduced the rate at which TechBC could take in students, leading to allegations that it was not meeting enrollment targets.

TechBC never occupied its permanent facilities in the "Central City" development. At the time of its closure in 2002, it remained in leased 'betaspace' premises in a former Zellers store at Surrey Place Mall. In 2004, Premier Gordon Campbell announced that SFU would occupy the much-maligned facility after all. SFU moved into the new space in September 2006.

Closure
Upon taking office in 2001, the BC Liberal government initiated a "Core Services Review" designed to identify savings in support of a 10% cut in government expenditures. Almost immediately, incoming Advanced Education Minister Shirley Bond initiated a review of TechBC's future. While TechBC prepared a series of business plans, each more aggressive than the last, deputy minister Gerry Armstrong solicited proposals from other BC post-secondary institutions. Simon Fraser University was the first to express its interest, and ultimately was best able to provide the province with a political "win" in the otherwise politically disastrous closure of the only university in the vote-rich Fraser Valley region.

As ultimately developed, SFU agreed to accept all existing TechBC students, and to operate a Surrey campus on a permanent basis. It continued the Interactive Arts and Information Technology programs on the Surrey site, while the Management and Technology students were streamed into its Faculty of Business at its main campus on the Burnaby Mountain. Although the government later funded expansion plans, the initial agreement involved expansion to only 860 FTEs, a fraction of the 2353 proposed by TechBC in its final business plan.

Despite last-minute rumours that TechBC would merge with Kwantlen University College, the final announcement was made at a televised "Open Cabinet" press conference on 7 February 2002. The government announcement compared TechBC's situation with its 1998 academic plan, ignoring the burden placed on the university with the building project and its delay in providing permanent teaching and research space.

Transition arrangements proceeded quickly, and TechBC officially closed at the end of July 2002, after three waves of layoffs. SFU ultimately hired most of the teaching staff, and some middle-level administrators and support people. SFU Surrey opened in September 2002, initially with essentially the same campus and programs as its predecessor.

References

Trueman, John. "Our Time Will Come Again: Tracing the Story of the Technical University of British Columbia." (2005)
Hendrigan, H. (2017). Neo-liberalism and Institutionalism in the Short Life of TechBC. Historical Studies in Education / Revue d'histoire de l'éducation, 29(2). Retrieved from http://historicalstudiesineducation.ca/index.php/edu_hse-rhe/article/view/4514

External links
Link to original TechBC URL - URL was originally official website for TechBC. Now held and registered by alumni.
TekBC Underground - forum run by TechBC alumni.
TechBC Memory Project - oral history project recounting the experiences of the TechBC community, including students, staff, faculty, and administration.

Defunct universities and colleges in Canada
Education in Surrey, British Columbia
Universities and colleges in Metro Vancouver
Embedded educational institutions


Foreign Letters () is a 2012 Israeli/American drama film based on a true story of the movie's writer and director, Ela Thier.

The movie, which has received  mixed reviews from multiple sources, involves Ellie, a 12-year-old immigrant girl from Israel, and her family after moving into the United States in 1982. At first she experiences all kinds of difficulties, but then she meets Thuy, a Vietnamese refugee her age, bringing a changing point as the movie progresses. Its themes include the immigrant experience, learning English, dealing with prejudice, sharing secrets, opening to other cultures, and creatively handling conflict in friendships.

Based on the filmmaker's own experience, Foreign Letters is a story about prejudice, "poverty, shame, and the power of friendship to heal us".

The film features the music of iconic Israeli musician Chava Alberstein, who was the director's favorite musician when her family immigrated to the US in 1982. The film was the official selection at the Toronto Jewish Film Festival.

Plot

Ellie (Noa Rotstein) has come to the United States from Israel with her father, mother, and little brother in 1982. After her uncle was killed by friendly fire during the 1982 Lebanon War, her parents decided to leave the country in protest. Feeling homesick, Ellie keeps in touch with her best friend in Israel telling her about their new television and shopping in thrift stores. But as time goes on, she gets more and more frustrated about not knowing English.

At school where she is in sixth grade, Ellie takes a special class in order to learn how to speak and write. To push herself even more, she purchases a typewriter so she can practice this new language. At school, a popular girl ridicules her for wearing a pendant with Hebrew letters on it and speaks down to her. So Ellie turns to the only other outsider in her class: Thuy (Dalena Le), a Vietnamese girl who lives in a small apartment with her parents and brothers and sisters - having fled from their homeland after the Vietnam War.

Thuy is shy and reserved; she keeps to herself at school and claims to have a strict father who wants her to study all the time so she can go to college. Ellie is forced to take the lead in their slowly unfolding friendship as they eat lunch together, visit each other's homes, go skating, walk in the forest, and even share the fun of making prank phone calls.

Ellie develops crushes on two boys but it takes a major effort and ritual to get Thuy to say what boy she likes best. To solidify their friendship, Ellie writes a contract. They promise to spend time together every recess and to always call the other back, and since they are best friends forever they agree that when they grow up they will always live next door to each other, or in the same house, if the husbands agree. With such high expectations, Ellie and Thuy's friendship hits a rough patch. Ellie must decide whether to reconnect or not.

Cast
 Noa Rotstein as Ellie
 Dalena Le as Thuy
 Ela Thier as Ellie's mother
 Udi Razzin Ellie's father
 Daphna Thier as Dalia (as Daphne Tier)
 Uri Thier as Grandfather
 Laura Camien as Mrs. Carol
 Virginia Hastings as Ms. Para
 Ali Ruchman as Student

See also

 Cinema of Israel
 Immigration to the United States

References

External links

2012 drama films
2012 films
2010s Hebrew-language films
Israeli independent films
2012 independent films
Israeli drama films

Foreign Letters


There are 33 traditional noble titles in the current nation of Tonga. They all are estate holders. 20 titles were established by Siaosi Tupou I with the constitution of 1875. In 1880 he added 10 more. Tupou II created the titles Lasike in 1894 and Veikune in 1903. Sālote Tupou III made in 1921 the title of Tupoutoʻa. In the beginning it was forbidden for a noble to have more than one title. Later this was made possible.

Some of the great chiefs who missed out on a noble's title (in 1910) were among others: ʻAlipate Mafileʻo of Kolomotuʻa, SA Sipu of Kolomotuʻa,  Iki Lolohea of Haʻapai (but later inherited the Fulivai), Tēvita Tapueluelu of Vavaʻu, SF Tafolo, Tēvita Ula Afuhaʻamango of Vavaʻu, Siosiua Niutupuʻivaha Kaho (but later inherited the Tuʻivakanō).

These unacknowledged chiefs were still lords in the traditional sense. However their influence slowly decreased with each passing generation. Queen Sālote acknowledged this in some of her public speeches by paying respect to the chiefs then a separate respect to the Nobles of the Crown as: «Tapu mo Houʻeiki pea Tapu ki he Kau Nopele ʻa e Fonua».

Nōpele/en


The Walther TP and TPH handguns are extremely compact double-action lightweight semi-automatic pistols in .22 Long Rifle and .25 ACP calibers. Pistols in this size range are sometimes referred to as pocket pistols, or Taschen Pistolen in German (TPH stands for the Taschen Pistole, Hahn, or "pocket pistol, hammer" variant). The TP was produced by Walther from 1961-1971 and the improved TPH has been produced continuously since 1968.  Models have been produced in Germany and (by Interarms) in the US.

Description
The TPH is blow-back operated and does not have a breech locking system. The barrel is fixed to the frame and fits tightly in the slide so that no bushing is needed. The recoil spring is assembled around the barrel and is retained and compressed by the slide such that no bushing is necessary. Unlike the Walther TP, with its open-top slide, the TPH has an enclosed breech with an ejection window. The extractor is an L- shaped piece of steel which is spring supported and positioned in a groove on the right side of the frame beside the striker. Similar to the TP, the ejector is positioned on the left side of the breech block behind the magazine well and the connector runs externally on the right side of the frame, beneath the right grip plate. The one-piece firing pin and the striker spring protrude through the safety arbor and are held in position by it. There is a break-trough on the left side of the slide where the safety lever, which is fixed to the arbor, is positioned. It has a 60-degree turn similar to the late PPK models, with down as the safe position and up as the firing position simultaneously showing a red mark.

Specifications

Gallery

See also
Walther Arms
Walther PPK

External links
Walther USA page on TPH
NRA "Dope Bag" Article

Walther semi-automatic pistols
Semi-automatic pistols of Germany
.22 LR pistols
.25 ACP semi-automatic pistols

Walther TPH


Wipeout is an American reality game show that airs on ABC. Contestants compete in a series of obstacle courses in what is called the "world's largest obstacle course." The series started on June 24, 2008. It is hosted by John Henson and John Anderson; with Vanessa Lachey acting as a "on-location" host.

There are four rounds of gameplay. In the first round, 24 players play in the "qualifier" obstacle course. The 12 players who complete the course in the fastest time move on to the next round. In the second round, 12 players compete in another obstacle course. The first 6 players to complete the obstacle course move on to the third round. The third round is a third obstacle course. Here, the first 3 players to complete the obstacle course move on to the fourth and last round. The fourth round is the "Wipeout Zone." The 3 players left compete in one more obstacle course to complete the course in the fastest time. The player who completes it in the fastest time wins $50,000.

Other websites

Wipeout on the ABC website

American reality television series
Television game shows
2008 American television series debuts
English-language television programs

Wipeout


Gula is a crater on Ganymede. It is a fresh crater with a distinctive central peak.  It is about 40 km (25 miles) in diameter.

A characteristic feature of both Gula and its southern neighbor Achelous, almost identical in size, is the "pedestal" − an outward-facing, relatively gently sloped scarp that terminates the continuous ejecta blanket. Similar features may be seen in ejecta blankets of Martian craters, suggesting impacts into a volatile (ice)-rich target material. Furthermore, both craters appear crisp and feature terraces. Gula has a prominent central peak; Achelous instead may show the remnant of a collapsed central peak or a central pit that is not fully formed. On lower-resolution images taken under higher sun illumination angle, both craters are shown to have extended bright rays, especially Achelous, which demonstrates that these two craters are younger than the respective surrounding landscape.

References

Impact craters on Ganymede (moon)

Gula (crater)


Juliette Gordon Low ( Gordon; October 31, 1860 – January 17, 1927) was the American founder of Girl Scouts of the USA. Inspired by the work of Lord Baden-Powell, founder of Scout Movement, she joined the Girl Guide movement in England, forming her own group of Girl Guides there in 1911.

In 1912 she returned to the States, and the same year established the first U.S. Girl Guide troop in Savannah, Georgia. In 1915, the United States' Girl Guides became known as the Girl Scouts, and Juliette Gordon Low was the first ever leader. She remained active until the time of her death.

Her birthday, October 31, is celebrated each year by the Girl Scouts as "Founder's Day".

Early life
Juliette Magill Kinzie Gordon was born on October 31, 1860, in Savannah, Georgia. She was named after her grandmother, Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie, and nicknamed Daisy, a common sobriquet at the time, by her uncle. She was the second of six children born to William Washington Gordon II, a cotton broker with the firm Tison & Gordon, which was later renamed to W. W. Gordon & Company, and Eleanor "Nellie" Lytle Kinzie, a writer whose family played a role in the founding of Chicago.

When she was six months old, her father joined the Confederate States Army to fight in the American Civil War. In 1864, due to the close proximity of Union troops to Savannah, she moved with her mother and two sisters to Thunderbolt, Georgia. After the Union victory in Savannah the same year, her family received many visits from General William T. Sherman, who was a friend of her uncle. Sherman arranged an escort to take her family to Chicago in March 1865. Upon arriving in Chicago, Gordon Low became sick with brain fever, although she recovered without severe complications. A few months later, after President Andrew Johnson issued the amnesty proclamation, her father reunited with the family to move back to Savannah.

As a young child, she was accident-prone and had numerous injuries and illnesses. In 1866, her mother mentioned in a letter that "Daisy fell out of bed – on her head, as usual...." That same year, she broke two of her fingers so severely that her parents considered having them amputated. She also had frequent earaches and recurring bouts of malaria.

Juliette developed partial hearing loss as a child before becoming deaf in both ears due to an untreated infection and a small grain of rice.

Hobbies
As a child, she spent more time on art and poetry than on school work. In addition to writing and performing plays, she started a newspaper with her cousins, called The Malbone Bouquet, which featured some of her early poetry. She also formed The Helpful Hands Club with her cousins, with the goal of helping others. The members learned to sew and tried to make clothes for the children of Italian immigrants. She was dubbed "Crazy Daisy" by her family and friends, due to her eccentricities. As her cousin Caroline described her, "While you never knew what she would do next, she always did what she made up her mind to do."

Education
Juliette's parents raised her with traditional Southern values, emphasizing the importance of duty, obedience, loyalty, and respect. By the age of 12, she had begun boarding school, attending several different ones during her teen years, including Miss Emmett's School in New Jersey, the Virginia Female Institute, the Edgehill School, and Mesdemoiselles Charbonniers, a French finishing school in New York. While studying at Edgehill, she joined the secret group Theta Tau (based on the sorority of the same name), whose members held meetings and earned badges. In 1880, after finishing boarding school, Juliette took painting lessons in New York, with teachers including Robert Walter Weir, a prominent landscape painter.

Personal life

Marriage
After the death of her sister Alice, in 1880, Juliette relocated to Savannah to take over household duties while her mother grieved. During this period, she met William Mackay Low, the son of a family friend, and they began courting in secret. William left Savannah to study at the University of Oxford, and they didn't meet again until almost three years later, in 1884. Juliette had traveled to Europe in the interim and learned several new skills, including shorthand, bareback riding, and hunting partridge. In late 1885, William proposed marriage.

The Lows' wedding in Savannah on December 21, 1886, coincided with her parents' wedding anniversary. The couple honeymooned at St. Catherines Island near Savannah. Then they leased property in London and Scotland, spending the social season in London and the hunting season in Scotland. They spent much of their first two years of marriage apart, due to her medical problems and his long hunting trips and gambling. The long separations, combined with her inability to bear children strained their relationship.

Juliette Gordon Low often painted, but also learned woodworking and metalworking. She even designed and built iron gates for her home in Warwickshire. As a host, she held parties and events at the house and also received visits from such illustrious guests as her husband's friend Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales and the writer Rudyard Kipling, whose wife was related to her mother. Despite her husband's opposition, she devoted time to charity work, including regular visits to a woman with leprosy; she also fed and cared for the poor in a nearby village, and joined the local nursing association.

Separation
By 1895, Gordon Low was growing increasingly unhappy in her marriage. She rarely spent time alone with her husband, who had grown distant and began having affairs and drinking heavily.

In 1901, Anna Bridges Bateman, the widow of Sir Hugh Alleyne Sacheverell-Bateman, stayed as a guest at the Lows' home in Scotland. Upon discovering her husband's affair with Bateman, Gordon Low left to stay with friends and family. She worried that he planned to divorce her, so she sent him a telegram asking for a year before making any final decisions. Although he didn't initially favor divorce or separation, he wrote Juliette a year later to ask that they live apart permanently, and she agreed.

William soon began withholding money from Juliette unless she agreed to a divorce. After consulting a lawyer, she learned that for a divorce to be granted, she would need to prove adultery and desertion, or adultery and cruelty. In the case of adultery, Bateman would need to be named, which would have social repercussions for all parties involved. This slowed the divorce proceedings.

In late 1902, Gordon Low received money from her husband for the first time in two years. She used it and her savings to rent a house in London. William committed to a support agreement in 1903, which was to award her 2,500 pounds a year, the Low home in Savannah, and stocks and securities. Later that year, she purchased her own home in London, along with the house next door, which she rented out for income.

After her husband had what may have been a stroke, Gordon Low temporarily called off the dissolution of their marriage. She considered it wrong to divorce him when he could not defend himself. The proceedings resumed in January 1905 once his condition improved. William died from a seizure in Wales on June 8, 1905, before the divorce was finalized. After the funeral, it was revealed that he had left almost everything to Bateman, and that he had revoked his 1903 support deal with Juliette. William's sisters contested the will, with the support of Gordon Low, who ultimately received a sum of money, the Low house in Savannah with its surrounding land, and stocks and securities.

Girl Guides
After her husband's death, Gordon Low traveled, took sculpting classes, and did charity work while looking for a project on which focus her time and skills. In May 1911, she met Sir Robert Baden-Powell at a party, and was inspired by the Boy Scouts, a program that he had organized. With 40,000 members throughout Europe and the United States, at the time, it stressed the importance of both military preparedness and having fun, two values she appreciated. Juliette and Baden-Powell became close friends and spent a lot of time together over the next year.

In August 1911, Gordon Low became involved with the Girl Guides, an girl-serving offshoot of the Boy Scouts, headed by Agnes Baden-Powell, Sir Robert Baden Powell's sister. She formed a Girl Guides patrol near her home in Scotland, where she encouraged the members to become self-sufficient by learning how to spin wool and care for livestock. She also taught them knot tying, map reading, knitting, cooking, and first aid, while her friends in the military instructed them in drilling, signaling, and camping. She organized two new Girl Guides patrols in London when she visited for the winter of 1911.

Start of the American Girl Guides
In 1912, Gordon Low and Baden-Powell took a trip to the United States to spread the scouting movement. She hoped to bring it to her hometown, Savannah, to help girls learn practical skills and build character. When she arrived, she called her cousin Nina Pape, a local educator, saying, "I've got something for the girls of Savannah, and all America, and all the world, and we're going to start it tonight." Soon after, in March 1912, Juliette formed the first two American Girl Guides patrols, registering 18 girls.

The early growth of the movement in the United States was due to Gordon Low's extensive social connections and early work to recruit new members and leaders, among them her family and friends. She also advertised in newspapers and magazines. Baden-Powell put her in touch with people interested in Girl Guiding, including Louise Carnegie. After forming the first American troops, Juliette described herself as "deep in Girl Guides," and, by the next year, she had released the first American Girl Guides manual, entitled How Girls Can Help Their Country, based on Scouting for Boys by Robert Baden-Powell and How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire by Agnes Baden-Powell.

Gordon Low established the first headquarters in a remodeled carriage house, behind the Savannah home she had inherited from her husband. The headquarters contained meeting rooms for the local Girl Guide patrols, while the lot outside provided space for marching or signaling drills and sports, including basketball. Edmund Strudwick Nash, who rented the main house from Gordon Low, offered to pay rent on the carriage house as his contribution to the organization, becoming one of the American Girl Guide's first benefactors. Nash's son, Ogden Nash, immortalized "Mrs Low's House" in one of his poems.

Gordon Low traveled along the East Coast, spreading Girl Guiding to other communities, before returning to Savannah to speak with President Taft, who would be visiting her home. She hoped to convince him that his daughter, Helen, should become a patron for the Girl Guides, but was unsuccessful.

American Girl Scouts
Many competing organizations for girls that claimed to be the closest model to Boy Scouting were forming, and Gordon Low believed that gaining support from prominent people would help legitimize her organization as the official sister organization to the Boy Scouts. Her biggest competition was the Camp Fire Girls, which was formed in part by James E. West, the Chief executive of the Boy Scouts of America, and a strong proponent of strict gender roles. In March 1912, Gordon Low wrote to the Camp Fire Girls, inviting them to merge into the Girl Guides, but they declined even after Baden-Powell suggested that they reconsider. West considered many of the Girl Guides activities to be gender-inappropriate, and he was concerned that the public would question the masculinity of the Boy Scouts if the girls participated in similar activities.

Renaming the organization
Although the Girl Guides were growing, the Camp Fire Girls were doing so at a faster rate, so Gordon Low traveled to England to seek counsel from the British Girl Guides. By the time she returned to America, in 1913, she had a plan to spread Girl Guiding nationwide by changing the name from Girl Guides to Girl Scouts, establishing a national headquarters, and recruiting patrons outside of Georgia. Upon returning to Savannah, she learned that the Savannah Girl Guides had already renamed themselves to Girl Scouts because "Scout" reminded them of America's pioneer ancestry. West objected to the name change, saying that it trivialized the name of scout and would cause older Boy Scouts to quit. Baden-Powell supported Gordon Low's use of the term "scout," although he preferred the term "guide" for the British Girl Guides.

In 1913, Gordon Low set up the Girl Scouts national headquarters in Washington, D.C., and hired her friend Edith Johnston as National Executive Secretary. The national headquarters served as the "central information dispenser" for Girl Scouting, as well as the place where girls could purchase their badges and the newly published handbook, How Girls Can Help Their Country.

Gordon Low recruited leaders and members in various states and spoke with every group that she could. Around the same time, she designed and patented the trefoil badge, although West claimed that the trefoil belonged to the Boy Scouts and the Girl Scouts had no right using it. She traveled back to London in the summer, where she met King George V and Queen Mary of Teck, and received the Girl Guide Thanks Badge from Princess Louise for promoting Guiding.

Gordon Low also formed the Honorary Committee of Girl Scouts and elected her family and friends to the committee. By using her connections, she was able to convince Susan Ludlow Parish, Eleanor Roosevelt's godmother, Mina Miller Edison, the wife of Thomas Edison, and Bertha Woodward, the wife of the House of Representatives majority leader, to become patrons. Although she had received support from many patrons, Gordon still funded most Girl Scout expenses herself.

World War I
At the start of World War I, Gordon Low rented Castle Menzies, in Scotland, and let a family of Belgian refugees move in temporarily.

On February 13, 1915, she sailed back to the United States on the . When she arrived, she continued her work for the Girl Scouts. At the time, the organization had 73 patrons and 2,400 registered members. Gordon Low decided to build a stronger central organization for the Girl Scouts by writing a new constitution that formed an executive committee and a National Council. She held the first National Council meeting under the new name, Girl Scouts, Inc. on June 10, 1915, and was elected the organization's founding president.

The Girl Scouts expanded after the United States entered World War I. Gordon Low publicized the Girl Scouts through newspapers, magazines, events, and film. In 1916, she relocated Girl Scout headquarters from Washington, DC, to New York City. The same year, she returned to England to fundraise and open a home for relatives of wounded soldiers, where she volunteered three nights per week. By November, she was back in the United States, continuing her work with the Girl Scouts.

In response to the thrift program, enacted by the United States Food Administration with the goal of teaching women how to conserve food, Girl Scouts in Washington, DC began growing and harvesting their own food and canning perishable goods. Herbert Hoover wrote to Gordon Low, thanking her for the contributions of the Girl Scouts and expressing hope that others would follow suit. She responded by organizing Girl Scouts to help the Red Cross by making surgical dressings and knitting clothing for soldiers. They also picked oakum, swept workrooms, created scrapbooks for wounded soldiers, and made smokeless trench candles for soldiers to heat their food.

By the end of 1917, Gordon Low convinced Lou Henry Hoover to become the Girl Scouts' National Vice President and Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, President Woodrow Wilson's second wife, to become its Honorary President.

Expanding internationally
Following World War I, interest in the Girl Guides began to increase in many different countries. In response, Olave Baden-Powell, the Chief Guide, created the International Council of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts as a way to bring together the different communities of Guides and Scouts across the world. The first meeting took place at the Girl Guide headquarters in London, which Gordon Low attended as the United States representative.

Gordon Low stepped down as the National President of the Girl Scouts in 1920 to devote more of her time to promoting Guiding and Scouting internationally. She attended as many meetings of the International Council as she could, and underwrote the travel of foreign delegates, so that they could also attend. And she assisted Olave Baden-Powell in converting 65 acres of land into a campsite for the Girl Guides. Gordon Low furnished a bungalow near the main house and named it "The Link" to signify the bond between the British Girl Guides and the American Girl Scouts.

While no longer the President, Gordon Low remained an active presence in the organization. She worked on and appeared in The Golden Eaglet, the first Girl Scout movie. At a fundraising campaign in New York during Girl Scout Week, she dropped pamphlets onto a crowd of people from an airplane. On October 31 that same week, the Girl Scouts celebrated the first Founder's Day, a day to honor Gordon Low and her accomplishments. In 1922, the Girl Scout convention took place in Savannah, her hometown. She helped plan and organize the convention by renting an auditorium, arranging for appearances by professional athletes, the mayor, and the school superintendent, and hiring a film company. After the 1922 convention, she began planning Cloudlands, a camping facility in Cloudland, Georgia, designed to train leaders and girls together. Cloudlands was later renamed Camp Juliette Low.

Breast cancer death
Gordon Low developed breast cancer in 1923 but kept it a secret. She caught the flu after an operation to remove the malignant lumps, leaving her bed-ridden until February 1924. When she recovered, she resumed her work with the American Girl Scouts and the International Council. She secretly had two more operations to try to cure her breast cancer, but was informed in 1925 that she had about six months to live. She continued to do work for the Girl Scouts, and even sneaked away during her recovery from surgery to make a speech at the organization's regional conference in Richmond.

Gordon Low traveled to Liverpool, where Dr. William Blair-Bell was developing a treatment for cancer. She tried it, an IV containing a solution of colloidal lead. The treatment was unsuccessful, and she spent her 66th birthday fighting off lead poisoning. She traveled back to the United States to meet with her doctor, who informed her that she did not have much longer to live. She went to the Low home in Savannah, where she spent her last few months. Gordon Low died in Savannah on January 17, 1927, at the age of 66. An honor guard of Girl Scouts escorted her casket to her funeral at Christ Church the next day. 250 Girl Scouts left school early that day to attend her funeral and burial at Laurel Grove Cemetery. Gordon Low was buried in her Girl Scout uniform with a note in her pocket stating "You are not only the first Girl Scout, but the best Girl Scout of them all." Her tombstone read, "Now abideth faith, hope, and love, but the greatest of these is love."

Legacy

In 1948, a postage stamp honoring Gordon Low, Scott catalogue number 974, was issued by the United States. Over 63 million were printed, making it a common issue. At the time, the Post Office had a policy of not honoring civic organizations. It took a joint resolution of Congress, with the approval of President Harry S. Truman, to produce the stamp for her. (The National Postal Museum suggests that it may have helped that Bess Truman was honorary president of the Girl Scouts.)

Gordon Low's home in Savannah is visited by Girl Scouts from all over the world. In 1965, her birthplace was listed as a National Historic Landmark.

Gordon Low also donated a seven-acre park in Savannah, which bears her name. The park (originally part of her family homestead, the remainder of which was developed into the Gordonston neighborhood, which includes a road named Kinzie Avenue after Low's family) has been the center of long-running disputes between Gordonston residents and non-residents as to whether the park was donated to the residents of Gordonston, or to the residents of Savannah at large, even to the point of disagreement over the park's name. The park figures prominently in Karen Kingsbury's 2013 novel The Chance.

In 1979, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

On May 29, 2012, the Girl Scouts' centennial anniversary was commemorated, with Gordon Low receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

She was inducted into the Savannah Women of Vision investiture in 2016.

Camp Juliette Low in Cloudland, Georgia, bears the name of its founder.

Her birthday, October 31, is commemorated by the Girl Scouts each year as Founder's Day.

She was also awarded two patents, a utility patent for a "Liquid Container for Use with Garbage Cans or the Like", Patent 1,124,925, and a design patent, D45234, for the trefoil Girl Scout Badge.

In 1999, the city of Savannah named its ferry service the Savannah Belles Ferry after five of Savannah's notable women, including Juliette Gordon Low.

In 2016, the first official Girl Scout trail honoring Juliette Gordon Low was created by a Girl Scout for her Gold Award project. The trail is located in Westwinds Metropark in Holland, Ohio.

Low will be honored on a U.S. quarter in 2025 as part of the final year of the American Women quarters program.

See also

 Juliette Gordon Low Historic District

Footnotes

References

Further reading

 "Juliette Gordon Low" Biography.com. Retrieved on December 5, 2012.

 National Women's Hall of Fame

External links

 Juliette Gordon Low Birthplace
 Girl Scouts of The USA

 Juliette Gordon Low papers from the Digital Library of Georgia
 Spring, Kelly. "Juliette Gordon Low". National Women's History Museum. 2017.

1860 births
1927 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
People from Savannah, Georgia
American deaf people
Girl Scouts of the USA people
Recipients of the Silver Fish Award
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Scouting pioneers
Organization founders

Juliette Gordon Low


Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly changing the carrier frequency among many frequencies occupying a large spectral band. The changes are controlled by a code known to both transmitter and receiver. FHSS is used to avoid interference, to prevent eavesdropping, and to enable code-division multiple access (CDMA) communications.

The frequency band is divided into smaller sub-bands. Signals rapidly change ("hop") their carrier frequencies among the center frequencies of these sub-bands in a determined order. Interference at a specific frequency will affect the signal only during a short interval.

FHSS offers four main advantages over a fixed-frequency transmission:

 FHSS signals are highly resistant to narrowband interference because the signal hops to a different frequency band.
 Signals are difficult to intercept if the frequency-hopping pattern is not known.
 Jamming is also difficult if the pattern is unknown; the signal can be jammed only for a single hopping period if the spreading sequence is unknown.
 FHSS transmissions can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with minimal mutual interference. FHSS signals add minimal interference to narrowband communications, and vice versa.

Usage

Military
Spread-spectrum signals are highly resistant to deliberate jamming unless the adversary has knowledge of the frequency-hopping pattern. Military radios generate the frequency-hopping pattern under the control of a secret Transmission Security Key (TRANSEC) that the sender and receiver share in advance. This key is generated by devices such as the KY-57 Speech Security Equipment. United States military radios that use frequency hopping include the JTIDS/MIDS family, the HAVE QUICK Aeronautical Mobile communications system, and the SINCGARS Combat Net Radio, Link-16.

Civilian
In the US, since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) amended rules to allow FHSS systems in the unregulated 2.4 GHz band, many consumer devices in that band have employed various FHSS modes. eFCC CFR 47 part 15.247 covers the regulations in the US for  902–928 MHz, 2400–2483.5 MHz, and 5725–5850 MHz bands, and the requirements for frequency hopping.

Some walkie-talkies that employ FHSS technology have been developed for unlicensed use on the 900 MHz band. FHSS technology is also used in many hobby transmitters and receivers used for radio-controlled model cars, airplanes, and drones. A type of multiple access is achieved allowing hundreds of transmitter/receiver pairs to be operated simultaneously on the same band, in contrast to previous FM or AM radio-controlled systems that had limited simultaneous channels.

Technical considerations
The overall bandwidth required for frequency hopping is much wider than that required to transmit the same information using only one carrier frequency. But because transmission occurs only on a small portion of this bandwidth at any given time, the instantaneous interference bandwidth is really the same. While providing no extra protection against wideband thermal noise, the frequency-hopping approach reduces the degradation caused by narrowband interference sources.

One of the challenges of frequency-hopping systems is to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. One approach is to have a guarantee that the transmitter will use all the channels in a fixed period of time. The receiver can then find the transmitter by picking a random channel and listening for valid data on that channel. The transmitter's data is identified by a special sequence of data that is unlikely to occur over the segment of data for this channel, and the segment can also have a checksum for integrity checking and further identification. The transmitter and receiver can use fixed tables of frequency-hopping patterns, so that once synchronized they can maintain communication by following the table.

In the US, FCC part 15 on unlicensed spread spectrum systems in the 902–928 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands permits more power than is allowed for non-spread-spectrum systems. Both FHSS and direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) systems can transmit at 1 watt, a thousandfold increase from the 1 milliwatt limit on non-spread-spectrum systems. The FCC also prescribes a minimum number of frequency channels and a maximum dwell time for each channel.

Origins
In 1899 Guglielmo Marconi experimented with frequency-selective reception in an attempt to minimise interference.

The earliest mentions of frequency hopping in open literature are in US patent 725,605, awarded to Nikola Tesla on March 17, 1903, and in radio pioneer Jonathan Zenneck's book Wireless Telegraphy (German, 1908, English translation McGraw Hill, 1915), although Zenneck writes that Telefunken had already tried it. Nikola Tesla doesn't mention the phrase "frequency hopping" directly, but certainly alludes to it. Entitled Method of Signaling, the patent describes a system that would enable radio communication without any danger of the signals or messages being disturbed, intercepted, interfered with in any way.

The German military made limited use of frequency hopping for communication between fixed command points in World War I to prevent eavesdropping by British forces, who did not have the technology to follow the sequence. Jonathan Zenneck's book Wireless Telegraphy was originally published in German in 1908, but was translated into English in 1915 as the enemy started using frequency hopping on the front line.

A Polish engineer and inventor, Leonard Danilewicz, claimed to have suggested the concept of frequency hopping in 1929 to the Polish General Staff, but it was rejected.

In 1932,  was awarded to Willem Broertjes, named "Method of maintaining secrecy in the transmission of wireless telegraphic messages", which describes a system where "messages are transmitted by means of a group of frequencies... known to the sender and receiver alone, and alternated at will during transmission of the messages".

During World War II, the US Army Signal Corps was inventing a communication system called SIGSALY, which incorporated spread spectrum in a single frequency context. But SIGSALY was a top-secret communications system, so its existence was not known until the 1980s.

In 1942, actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil received  for their "Secret Communications System", an early version of frequency hopping using a piano-roll to switch among 88 frequencies to make radio-guided torpedoes harder for enemies to detect or jam. The U.S. Navy rejected the idea, then seized it as "alien property" in 1942 (Lamarr was Austrian) but filed it away with no record of a working device being produced.

Lamarr's and Antheil's idea may have been rediscovered in the 1950s during patent searches when private companies were independently developing direct-sequence Code Division Multiple Access, a non-frequency-hopping form of spread-spectrum. In 1957, engineers at Sylvania Electronic Systems Division adopted a similar idea, using the recently invented transistor instead of Lamarr's and Antheil's clockwork technology. In 1962, the US Navy utilized Sylvania Electronic Systems Division's work during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

A practical application of frequency hopping was developed by Ray Zinn, co-founder of Micrel Corporation. Zinn developed a method allowing radio devices to operate without the need to synchronize a receiver with a transmitter. Using frequency hopping and sweep modes, Zinn's method is primarily applied in low data rate wireless applications such as utility metering, machine and equipment monitoring and metering, and remote control. In 2006 Zinn received  for his "Wireless device and method using frequency hopping and sweep modes."

Variations
Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH) as used in Bluetooth improves resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence. This sort of adaptive transmission is easier to implement with FHSS than with DSSS.

The key idea behind AFH is to use only the "good" frequencies and avoid the "bad" ones—those experiencing frequency selective fading, those on which a third party is trying to communicate, or those being actively jammed. Therefore, AFH should be complemented by a mechanism for detecting good and bad channels.

But if the radio frequency interference is itself dynamic, then AFH's strategy of "bad channel removal" may not work well. For example, if there are several colocated frequency-hopping networks (as Bluetooth Piconet), they are mutually interfering and AFH's strategy fails to avoid this interference.

The problem of dynamic interference, gradual reduction of available hopping channels and backward compatibility with legacy Bluetooth devices was resolved in version 1.2 of the Bluetooth Standard (2003). Such a situation can often happen in the scenarios that use unlicensed spectrum.

In addition, dynamic radio frequency interference is expected to occur in the scenarios related to cognitive radio, where the networks and the devices should exhibit frequency-agile operation.

Chirp modulation can be seen as a form of frequency-hopping that simply scans through the available frequencies in consecutive order to communicate.

Frequency hopping can be superimposed on other modulations or waveforms to enhance the system performance.

See also
 Dynamic frequency hopping
 List of multiple discoveries
 Maximum length sequence
 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
 Radio frequency sweep

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, .

Multiplexing
Quantized radio modulation modes
Radio frequency propagation
Radio resource management
Military radio systems

ja:スペクトラム拡散#周波数ホッピング

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum


Courtyard with an Arbour (1658–1660) is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch; it is now in a private collection. It was sold in 1992 for almost seven million dollars.

History
This painting by Hooch was first documented by John Smith in 1833, who wrote:47. A View in the Back Court of a House, looking towards a building, which has a lofty arched passage through it, paved with marble, at the end of which are seen a street, and some trees, upon the step of the passage, in front, is seated a child, dressed in a gray frock and yellow skirt, with a dog in her lap ; and under a covering of vine trellis (in a recess, formed by some walls, and the corner of the house), are three men seated at a table, regaling, and a woman standing near them, with a glass of wine in her hand : various objects, among which are a cask and a pot, concur to give picturesque effect to the scene, which is brightly illumined by the appearance of the most perfect daylight. Signed, and dated 1658.
2 ft. 4 in. by 1 ft. 11 in.—G. This excellent picture was formerly in the collection of Mr. Walscott, at Antwerp, and was bought, a few years back, by the present proprietor, at a large price, at Berlin. Now in the collection of Edward Solly, Esq.

Description
Smith updated his entry in his 1842 supplement and wrote:15. A Gentleman taking Wine in the Back Court of a House. See description, No. 47, Vol. IV. ; and for three men, read, " Two men." Sold in the collection of Edward Solly, Esq., 1837, by Messrs. Foster and Son, for 510 gs. Now in the collection of George Byng, Esq. Exhibited in the British Gallery, 1839. A duplicate of the preceding picture, somewhat clearer in tone, and with some trifling variations in the details, was imported from Holland by Mr. Chaplin, in 1839. Formerly in the collection of Mr. Koopman, at Utrecht.

The painting was catalogued over a half-century later by Hofstede de Groot in 1908, who identified "Mr. Walscott, at Antwerp" and wrote:299. COURTYARD WITH AN ARBOUR. Sm. 47, Suppl. 15 ; de G. 53.  The spectator looks upon a house, built of red and yellowish-grey stone. Through it runs a lofty arched passage paved with tiles, giving a view of a canal with trees. On the steps of the archway, in the foreground, sits a little girl, wearing a grey jacket and yellow frock, with a dog on her lap. Beneath a vine-clad arbour, in a recess formed by the wall and the corner of the house, sit two men at a table. One of them wears a black hat and jacket, and grey breeches, red garters, and white stockings ; the other is dressed in brownish grey. In front of the second man stands a woman with a glass of wine in her hand ; she wears a white bodice, a blue petticoat, and, turned up over it, a light purplish-grey skirt. A grey cloak, a black bandolier, and a sword hang on a red window-sill to the left. Various objects, among which are a cask and a pot, add to the picturesque effect of the scene, which is brightly illumined by daylight. The courtyard is paved partly with yellow bricks, partly with grey stone. The whole picture is luminous in tone, but the lights and shadows in the passage are too slightly contrasted. Above the archway is the same inscription as in the London National Gallery picture (291), to which this forms a pendant. Of the five-line inscription only fragments are legible, as follows : (i) . . . ; (2) wy j (3) sa ; (4) w . . . wy ; (5) willen wy . . . 1614. [Compare the inscription in 291.] Signed, on the doorpost in the middle, " P D H 1658 " ; panel (Sm. says canvas), 26 1/2 inches by 22 1/2 inches. Mentioned by Waagen (Supplement, p. 323).
Exhibited at the British Gallery, London, 1839, and at the Royal Academy
Winter Exhibition, London, 1881, No. 101. Sale.
 J. F. Wolschot, Antwerp, September 1, 1817.
 Bought in Berlin, a few years before 1833, by Edward Solly.
 Sale. Edward Solly, London, 1837 G535 : ids.).
 In the collection of George Byng in 1842 (Sm.).

Now in the collection of the Earl of Strafford, Wrotham Park, Enfield.

According to Sm. a replica, somewhat lighter in tone and with some trifling variations in the details, was brought from Holland to England by Chaplin in 1839 ; it had formerly been in the possession of S. A. Koopman, Utrecht. It may probably be identified with the picture belonging to Mr. A. de Rothschild (295)."

According to the 1992 Christie's sale record, tracing the provenance back in time from J. F. Wolschot the painting was formerly in the collection of Joséphine de Beauharnais and it was documented in an inventory of pictures at Château de Malmaison in 1814.

See also
 List of paintings by Pieter de Hooch

References

1650s paintings
Paintings by Pieter de Hooch
Genre paintings

Courtyard with an Arbour


Eh ( or ) or Ay (New Zealand English) is a spoken interjection used in many varieties of English. The oldest Oxford English Dictionary defines eh as an "interjectional interrogative particle often inviting assent to the sentiment expressed." Today, while eh has many different uses, especially within a Canadian context, it is most popularly used in a manner similar in meaning to "Excuse me?", "Please repeat that", or "Huh?". It is also commonly used as an alternative to the question tag "right?", as a method for inciting a reply, as in "Don't you think?", "You agree with me, right?", as in, "It's nice here, eh?" (instead of "It's nice here, right?"). In the Americas, it is most commonly associated with Canada and Canadian English, though it is also common in England, Scotland, and New Zealand. It is also known in some American regions bordering Canada, including the area stretching from northern Wisconsin up to Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Similar interjections exist in many other languages, such as Azerbaijani and Italian.

The spelling of this sound in English is quite different from the common usage of these letters. The vowel is sounded in one of the continental manners (as in French, only missing the apostrophe), and the letter h is used to indicate it is long, as though the origin of the spelling were German.

While evidence suggests that eh initially may have been considered as an onomatopoeic sound, the earliest uses of eh found so far, date back to Early Modern English in 1662, but first mentions of it are found in Middle English.In 1707, it was first used in a play, functioning "to create or confirm agreement." Later, in 1773, its earliest quotation, s.v. "eh" was in a play by Irish playwright Oliver Goldsmith.

It can also convey a lack of strong emotion and a neutral response. For example, if when asked how a movie was one replies with "Eh," this indicates that they didn't find it particularly great or terrible. In this example, eh is used as a way to convey a middle-ground feeling or invite further discussion.

English

United States
"Eh" is also used in situations to describe something bad or mediocre. In which, it is often pronounced with a short "e" sound and the "h" may even be noticeable. Eh also has the same pronunciation as æ.

It is quite prevalent in the New York area to use the term "ey" as a general substitute for such basic greetings, such as "hey" or "hello".

In the Upper Midwest, it is used to end sentences.

Canada

History
The first clear evidence of eh's usage in Canada was in 1836. This was through the writings of Thomas Chandler Haliburton. A Nova-Scotian district judge and comical writer. Eh was first recognized as being a marker of being Canadian in 1959 by Harold B. Allen, when he stated that eh is "so exclusively a Canadian feature that immigration officials use it as an identifying clue." However, despite mainly being perceived as a stereotypical marker of Canadian identity, eh was not recognized initially as a Canadianism in the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (DCHP-1). Chief editor of the DCHP-1, Walter Avis, argued that it should not be included due to its historical use in British English and its frequency in American, Australian, and New Zealand English. However, despite eh's origins, it has become more frequently used in Canada than in the UK and the US, and in a broader variety of contexts. Due to this frequency, it has since been included in the DCHP-2 as a Preservation of British English that is Culturally Significant.

Uses
According to the DCHP-2, there are five main uses of eh with 4 subtypes. The first is used to elicit confirmation (1a).  This can be used in sentences like "So that's what he thinks, eh?" A subtype of this use is to elicit acknowledgement (1b). This applies to the acknowledgment of a fact in contrast to belief or opinion. For example, you could say "I have a new dog, eh?" The second subtype (1c) is to confirm agreement. This is used to increase the chance of acceptance of a suggestion, toning down statements. The fourth, (1d), is used as an exclamative over a shared experience, for example "What a great game, eh?"  The final (1e) is to confirm compliance, like asking "Will you?" The belief is that this tones down a command or request.

The second main use of eh is as an expression of disbelief to express one's surprise over the offered information (2). Use 3 is to elicit repetition, and is referred to as the "Pardon eh." It is used synonymously with "I beg your pardon?" in the sense of asking for a repetition of what was said. The fourth use is a distinctly Canadian use, identified as the narrative eh. It is a rarer form, and is claimed to be found primarily in oral evidence of Canadian origin. The final use of eh is as a metalinguistic commentary to express a link with Canada or rural Canada (5). This form is commentary on the Canadian status of eh and has contributed its share to the registration of eh and commodification of the form in association with Canada. A popular example of its use is in the phrase "How's it goin', eh?"

Due to English and French being Canada's official languages, the popularity of eh's usage in Canada is believed to be influenced by French. The French Canadian hein sounds similar to a nasalized Canadian eh, and the two share similar functions. Due to this, the increased use of eh in Canada may have been influenced by the frequent use of hein in Canadian French.

The term is used most frequently among blue-collar workers, and the most popular form used is for opinions and exclamations. While there is a prevalent stereotype that men use eh more than women, survey results suggest similar use frequencies. Overall, between both men and women, the pardon-eh is used much less than the observation-eh. The most positively viewed usage of eh is the imperative "I know, eh?' form with the exclamation-eh and opinion-eh close behind. The most negatively viewed usage is the anecdotal, narrative-eh. This perception is due to opinions surrounding the speakers of the narrative-eh, who is categorized as uneducated, lower class, rural, and male, akin to the McKenzie brothers from the comedy sketch "Great White North," which first appeared during Second City Television's (SCTV) third season.

Regionally, while usage is similar across the ten provinces, with the use of eh not having changed significantly over the past 25 years, there is some variation. For example, in Quebec, respondents use eh for 'pardon' more than other Canadians. While usage has not changed significantly across Canada, the overall frequency of eh has declined among speakers born in the 1960s or later. This decrease has been prevalent in big cities such as Vancouver and Toronto. Despite this decline, there have been high recognition rates and uptake of the Canadian eh among immigrant populations.

Iconography
Eh has gained such recognition among Canadians that it is used consciously and frequently by newspaper journalists and others in informal articles and reports. Also, eh is attributed freely in reported conversations with all men, including athletes, professors, and politicians, such as Pierre Trudeau.

The prevalence of eh in Canadian iconography is strongly associated with its recognition as part of the Canadian national or regional identity. In print, it is used primarily to signify 'Canadian,' with many websites incorporating eh into their URLs to indicate a Canadian connection. It is also popularly incorporated into Canadian-targeted marketing campaigns, such as when Smarties' Canadian-themed packaging was labelled "SMARTIES eh?"

The usage of eh in Canada is occasionally mocked in the United States, where some view its use as a stereotypical Canadianism. Such stereotypes have been reinforced in popular culture and were famously lampooned in South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut. Singer Don Freed, in his song "Saskatchewan," declares, "What is this 'Eh?'-nonsense? I wouldn't speak like that if I were paid to". There are many merchandise items on the market today that use this phrase, such as T-shirts and coffee mugs.

Future usage
The future of eh in Canada is vague but promising. Three critical factors that will shape the future of this expression include speaker attitudes, the possible replacement of the expressions by young speakers, and new Canadians' adoption of eh. Students account for a large percentage of eh users and continue to contribute to the growing community. Because of this projected increase in the usage of eh, the previous negative connotation surrounding the narrative-eh will most likely dwindle. The future of eh is quite optimistic and there is room for expansion due to the various uses possible. In addition to the popularity amongst students, immigrants are essential to the future of eh. Survey results on immigrant recognition of eh show that immigrants had high rates of recognition for most types of eh, with opinion-eh and exclamation-eh at the top. The data shows that while the usage of eh in immigrant countries is different, it is still common. This shows that even though native speakers still use eh more frequently, the future of eh is still optimistic. Altogether, Canada's link with bilingualism has contributed to eh's common usage, and its recognition amongst immigrants shows that eh will continue to be prevalent in Canadian culture.

New Zealand

While not as commonly lampooned as the Canadian "eh", there are few features that are more eagerly recognized by New Zealanders as a marker of their identity than the tag particle "eh" (commonly spelt as "ay", although this has been contentious). This commonly used and referenced feature of New Zealand English (NZE) is one of great controversy to many communication scholars as it is both a mark of cultural identity and simultaneously a means to parody those of a lower socioeconomic status. The use of "eh" in New Zealand is very common among all demographics, although initially it was frequently linked with two main groups of people, the first being young, working-class, suburban Pākehā women and the second being working-class Māori men. The Pākehā are New Zealanders of British or European descent and Māori are indigenous Polynesians.

A 1994 study by communications scholar Miriam Meyerhoff sought to examine the function of "eh" in New Zealand culture. She hypothesized that "eh" did not function as a clarification device as frequently believed, but instead served as a means of establishing solidarity between individuals of similar ethnic descent. In her research, Meyerhoff analyzed conversations between an interviewer and an interviewee of either Pākehā or Māori descent and calculated the frequency of "eh" in the conversation. In order to yield the most natural speech, Meyerhoff instructed the interviewers to introduce themselves as a "friend of a friend", to their respective interviewees. Her results showed Māori men as the most frequent users of "eh" in their interviews. As Māori are typically of a lower socio-economic status, Meyerhoff proposed that "eh" functioned as a verbal cue that one reciprocated by another individual signified both shared identity and mutual acceptance. Therefore, in the context of Meyerhoff's research, "eh" can be equated as a device to establish and maintain a group identity. This phenomenon sheds light on the continuous scholarly debate questioning if language determines culture or culture determines language.

England, Scotland and Ireland
The usage of the word is widespread throughout much of the UK, particularly in  Eastern Scotland, the north of England, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is normally used to mean "what?". In Scotland, mainly around the Tayside region, "eh" is also used as a shortened term for "yes". For example, "Are you going to the Disco?" "Eh". In Aberdeen and the wider Doric Scots speaking area of Grampian, "eh" is often used to end a sentence, as a continuation or sometimes, inflection is added and it's used as a confirmation, or with different inflection, a question. For example, "I was walking home eh and I saw a badger eh", "It was a big car eh" or "We're going to the co-op eh?".

Rest of the world

"Eh?" used to solicit agreement or confirmation is also heard regularly amongst speakers in Australia, Trinidad and Tobago and the United Kingdom (where it is sometimes spelled "ay" on the assumption that "eh" would rhyme with "heh" or "meh"). In the Caribbean island of Barbados the word "nuh" acts similarly, as does "noh" in Surinamese Dutch and Sranantongo. The usage in New Zealand is similar, and is more common in the North Island. It is also heard in the United States, especially Minnesota, Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (although the Scandinavian-based Yooperism "ya" is more common), Oklahoma, and the New England region. In New England and Oklahoma, it is also used as a general exclamation as in Scotland and the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey.
It is occasionally used to express indifference, in a similar way to "meh".

Since usage of the word "eh" is not as common in the United States as it is in Canada, it is often used by Americans, and indeed Canadians themselves, to parody Canadian English.

The equivalent in South African English is "hey". This usage is also common in Western Canada.

"Eh" is also used in Guernsey English and Jersey English.

"Eh" is very common in the English spoken in the Seychelles.

In Singapore, the use of medium Singlish often includes "eh" as an interjection, but it is not as popularly used as "lah". An example of a sentence that uses "eh" is "Dis guy Singlish damn good eh", meaning "this guy's Singlish is very good".

Similar to Singapore, Malaysia also uses "eh" in Manglish as an interjection. It is also used as an exclamation to express surprise, depending on the length & context of the "eh". It also depends how one sounds uses it as a short "eh" can be a sarcastic shock or a genuine one. Sometimes it can be used as the equivalent as "Oi" when the speaker is being angry to the listener such as "Eh, hello!?" or "Eh, can you not!?". A long "eeeh" can be a disgusted shock, annoyance, or greater surprise. The "eh" usage here is similar to the Japanese usage. It is used by all Malaysians regardless of what language they are using.

Similar terms in other languages
Hè ("heh" ) (not to be confused with hé ("hey" ), an informal greeting and (potentially rude) way of getting someone's attention is an informal yet very common Dutch interjection that can be used as a brief exclamation to indicate confusion or surprise ("huh?"), in a prolonged manner when disappointed or annoyed ("aww"), or at the end of any sentence to form a tag question. The third usage is arguably the most popular. It very closely compares with "Eh" in Canadian English. In the regional dialects of Zealand and West Flanders, the corresponding and frequently used interjection "hé", is in fact pronounced the same as in English (note that the equivalent of Dutch [ɦ] is silent in Zealandic and West Flemish).
Japanese Hé?/え? () is a common exclamation in Japanese and is used to express surprise. It is also used when the listener did not fully understand or hear what the speaker said. It can be lengthened to show greater surprise (e.g. Heeeeee?!). Ne and naa are extremely similar to the Canadian eh, being statement ending particles which solicit or assume agreement, confirmation, or comprehension on the part of the listener.
Portuguese né?, a contraction of não é? meaning "isn't it?", is used to turn a statement in to a question, even if no answer is expected, for emphasis or other objectives.
Hein is used in French and in Portuguese in much the same way as in English.
Hain is used in Mauritian Creole and it can express a variety of ideas. It is generally used in context of a conversation and is generally interpreted very quickly.
Gell/gelle or oder, wa, wat or wahr ("true" or "correct") or nä/ne/net (from nicht, "not") are used in (very) colloquial German to express a positive interrogative at the end of a sentence, much as Eh is used in Canadian English. Statements expressed in Standard German are more commonly phrased in negative terms and outside of colloquial usage the ending interrogative is often nicht wahr, which invites a response of stimmt ("agreed", literally "that's right").
Nietwaar is used in Dutch in the same way as nicht wahr is in German.
Spanish "¿No?", literally translated to English as "no", is often put at the end of a statement to change it into a question and give emphasis. I.e. "Hace buen tiempo, ¿no?" (The weather is nice, isn't it?) Eh is also used as well to emphasize, as in "¡Te vas a caer de la silla, eh!" (You're going to fall, if you keep doing that!) Che also has a similar function.
In Catalan, "eh?" is also commonly used.
Swiss German "Oder" which means "or" in English is commonly used interrogatively as "... or what?" and "gäll/gell" at the end of sentences in German-speaking Switzerland, especially in the Zurich area. It is used more as a matter of conversational convention than for its meaning. The expression "ni" is used in highest allemanic speaking parts, and is used similarly to "net" in German. The term Äh is also used, which is pronounced similarly to eh in English and has the same meaning.
Azerbaijani "", "", """, "" are commonly used as "huh?". Alternatively, "" ("yes?"), and "" ("is it correct?") can be used as "isn't it?".
Pakistani Urdu "ہیں؟" used as "What? say it again".
Egyptian Arabic "ايه؟" () as "What? say it again". It could also mean "What's wrong?" either in a concerned manner or a more aggressive one, depending on the tone used to pose the question. Besides, it could refer to an exclamation.
Levantine Arabic "ايش" or "شو" (Esh, Shoo) as "What?".
Gulf region Arabic "وشو" (wisho) as "What?".
Regional Italian "Neh" is used in regional Northern Italian as spoken in Piedmont, Western Lombardy (Northwestern Italy), and the Ticino (Southern Switzerland), with the meaning of "isn't it true?". It comes from the expression in the local languages (Piedmontese and Lombard) "N'è (mia/pa) vera?", which means, once again, "isn't it true?"

See also
English interjections
Discourse marker
Canadian English

References

Canadian culture
Canadian English
New Zealand culture
Interjections
Interrogative words and phrases
English words
Canadiana

Eh


Hans von Arnim (14 September 1859, Groß Fredenwalde – 26 May 1931, Vienna) was a German-Austrian classical philologist, who specialized in studies of Plato and Aristotle.

He studied classical philology at the University of Greifswald as a pupil of Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf. From 1881 to 1888 he worked as a schoolteacher in Elberfeld and Bonn, then obtained his habilitation in 1888 from the University of Halle. In 1893 he became a full professor at Rostock, then in 1900 was appointed chair of Greek philology at the University of Vienna as a successor to Theodor Gomperz. In 1914 he relocated as a professor to the newly founded University of Frankfurt, and in 1921 returned to the University of Vienna.

He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1919.

Selected works
 Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta. 4 volumes, Leipzig 1903–05, 1924 – Fragments of the ancient Stoics. (Volume IV, 1924 : index, Maximilian Adler).
 Sprachliche Forschungen zur Chronologie der Platonischen Dialoge, 1912 – Linguistic research on the chronology of the Platonic dialogues.
 Platos Jugenddialoge und die Entstehungszeit des Phaidros, 1914 – Plato's "youth dialogues" and the origin of Phaedrus.
 Xenophons Memorabilien und Apologie des Sokrates, 1923 – Xenophon's "Memorabilia" and "Apology" (Socratic dialogues).
 Die drei aristotelischen Ethiken, 1924 – The three Aristotelian ethics.
 Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Politik, 1924 – On the origin of Aristotelian politics.
 Die Entstehung der Gotteslehre des Aristoteles, 1931 – The emergence of Aristotle's doctrine of God.
 Zwölf Tragödien des Euripides, 2 volumes 1931 (edition of 12 tragedies by Euripides).

References

1859 births
1931 deaths
People from Uckermark (district)
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Hans
German classical philologists
University of Greifswald alumni
Academic staff of the University of Rostock
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

Hans von Arnim


František Záviška (November 18, 1879 – April 17, 1945) was a Czechslovak physicist. The major asset of his scientific work is integrated in nine studies on waveguides published between the years 1912 and 1939. They evaluated, on the basis of the Maxwell equations, the effect of radiation by electromagnetic waves in space using conductible and non-conductible cylinders, tubes and their combinations, organized in different ways. The results of Záviška's experiments were groundbreaking, but they were published in Czech journals only and never became known abroad.

In January 1944, the Nazi Gestapo arrested him on suspicion of resistance activities. He was imprisoned first in Prague and Brno, and later in the concentration camps of Mauthausen and Osterode(de). He died April 17, 1945, as a result of exhaustion during a death march from the concentration camp.

Czechoslovak physicists
Physicists from Austria-Hungary
1879 births
1945 deaths
Mauthausen concentration camp survivors

František Záviška


The Ten-Eyed Man (Philip Reardon) is a fictional character in DC Comics. He first appeared in Batman #226 (Nov. 1970) and was created by Frank Robbins, Irv Novick, and Dick Giordano.

Fictional character biography

Pre-Crisis
Philip Reardon served as a soldier in the U.S. Special Forces during the Vietnam War until he was honorably discharged after a grenade fragment hit him between the eyes. He returned to civilian life as a warehouse security guard. One night, he was knocked out by thieves who planted a bomb to blow up the warehouse. When Batman arrived at the scene, Reardon recovered but his vision was blurred. Mistaking Batman for one of the thieves, Reardon battled him. When he recognized Batman, the warehouse exploded and Reardon's retinas were burned, which impacted his war injury and blinded him permanently in both eyes. A brilliant ophthalmologist named Dr. Engstrom tended to Reardon after being brought to him by the crooks where he reconnected Reardon's optic nerves to the sensory cells in his fingertips. In addition to this, Dr. Engstrom granted Reardon's fingers the gift of sight, enabling him to see through them. He blamed Batman for what had happened and took his revenge on him under the identity of the Ten-Eyed Man. As Batman was also affected by the blast, he used black contact lenses to help him out. As the Ten-Eyed Man attacked Batman, Alfred Pennyworth helped Batman by coordinating instructions to him through the microphone in Batman's mask. Upon finding out that the Ten-Eyed Man can see through his hands, Batman used this to his advantage by using his cape to wrap up the Ten-Eyed Man's hands and then knocked him unconscious. After Batman contacted Dr. Engstrom, the Ten-Eyed Man got away.

Waking up one night in his apartment following a nightmare involving Batman attacking him with a flamethrower, the Ten-Eyed Man finds himself unable to see, thinking that Batman blinded him again, only to remember that he had placed gloves on his hands since his "eyes" do not have eyelids. He then goes to apply for a job as an air marshal, which he passes with his talents and starts making plans to have his revenge on Batman. After hijacking an airplane as a way to lure Batman to Vietnam as part of his revenge, the Ten-Eyed Man led Batman on a cat-and-mouse chase in the jungle using traps that were left after the Vietnam War. He tried to blind Batman with a chemical grenade, but Batman placed the Ten-Eyed Man's hands in a mud pool so that he could subdue him and bring him to justice.

When incarcerated at Gotham State Penitentiary, the Ten-Eyed Man was kept in a jail cell, where the correction officers had his hands locked in a special box that kept him blind all day and night because with eyes on his fingers, "escape would be child's play for him", although precisely how this would be the case was not elaborated upon. Because of his indisputably unique abilities, he was employed by persons unknown as the only villain worthy to attack the Man-Bat. He was even provided a supervillain costume to go with his talents. During this fight, the Man-Bat threw a shrub at him where the Ten-Eyed Man hurt his "eyes" when he caught it. After getting some distance from the Ten-Eyed Man, the Man-Bat caught his breath and figured out who the Ten-Eyed Man is. What he does not know is that the Civil Liberties Association had hired the Ten-Eyed Man to attack him. Upon fighting the Ten-Eyed Man, who was preparing to fire a magnesium flare bomb, the Man-Bat forced the Ten-Eyed Man into dropping the bomb enough to emit a blind light that causes the Ten-Eyed Man to be temporarily blinded and fall off the building.

During the Crisis on Infinite Earths storyline, the Ten-Eyed Man was accidentally killed by Anti-Monitor's shadow demons. It was reportedly at the specific request of Marv Wolfman to put him among a list of characters he wanted to kill first.

His only appearance after that was along with other characters who were wiped out by the Crisis that were recreated by the Psycho-Pirate II.

The New 52
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. The Ten-Eyed Man first appears in Batman Eternal as an inmate of Arkham Asylum. He is psychotic, and it is unknown whether or not he can actually see from his hands. He is first encountered by Batwing  and Spectre, who do not see him as a threat. However, he soon kidnaps a girl named Jade, who is under Killer Croc's protection. They learn he is actually an emissary of Deacon Blackfire, who soon abandons him when he becomes seen as a liability to Blackfire's "sacred mission". Jade is rescued and Ten-Eyed Man is taken into police custody, and interrogated by Maggie Sawyer, though he reveals no valuable information.

Detective Comics

The Ten-Eyed Man returns in Detective Comics #1074 (November 2023).

Powers and abilities
The Ten-Eyed Man can see through optic nerves in his fingertips, giving him a complete 360 view and limited periscopic vision. His enhanced vision augments his Special Forces training, making him a superb fighter and marksman.

Alternative versions
In issue #30 of DC's year-long miniseries 52, an entirely new take on the Ten-Eyed Man was introduced. The Ten-Eyed Men of the Empty Quarter are a nomadic tribe that inhabit the "Empty Quarter" of an unspecified Middle Eastern desert (though "the Empty Quarter" is the name of a region in Saudi Arabia) and are dedicated to hunting demons. They wear blindfolds and loose-fitting robes with turbans, and have eyes similar to the original Ten-Eyed Man's tattooed on their fingertips. During the issue, Bruce Wayne wanders the desert in search of them, defeats one of their number in hand-to-hand combat, and asks for them to exorcise his personal demons. When Robin catches up to him, Bruce tells him that they have "cut out all the dark, fearful, paranoid urges that I've allowed to corrupt my life" and that "Batman is gone". Whether there is any connection between this tribe and the villainous Ten-Eyed Man is unknown, but is unlikely since the original villain was removed from continuity. An exiled member of this tribe, lacking a finger, is introduced as a terrorist in Batman #675. He kidnaps Jezebel Jet, and is defeated by Bruce Wayne, who was so unstable at that point that he didn't even change to his Batman uniform. Grant Morrison referred to this character as the Nine-Eyed Man.

In other media
The Ten-Eyed Man appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Robin Atkin Downes. This version possesses eyes on his fingertips.

Bibliography
 Batman #226 (November 1970)
 Batman #231 (May 1971)
 Man-Bat #2 (March 1976)
 Crisis on Infinite Earths #12 (March 1986)
 Who's Who in the DC Universe #23 (January 1987)
 Animal Man #23 (May 1990)
 52 #30 (November 2006)

See also
 List of Batman family enemies

References

External links
 Ten-Eyed Man at DC Appendix

DC Comics supervillains
Fictional Vietnam War veterans
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics military personnel
Characters created by Frank Robbins
Comics characters introduced in 1970
Suicide Squad members

Ten-Eyed Man


Mandy Tam Heung-man (Traditional Chinese: 譚香文; born 8 June 1957) is a Hong Kong politician, tax advisor and newspaper columnist who is currently a member of the Wong Tai Sin District Council, representing Lung Sing. She is also a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, having represented the Accountancy functional constituency. Tam's columns have appeared in the Hong Kong Economic Journal and other publications.

Political career
In the 2003 District Council elections, Tam was elected as a member of the Wong Tai Sin District Council, representing Lung Sing. In the 2004 Legislative Council elections, she was elected as a Legislative Councillor, representing the Accountancy functional constituency. She lost re-election in 2008 to Paul Chan Mo-po. In 2006, Tam was a founding member of the Civic Party, but left the party in June 2009. Tam lost re-election in Lung Sing in 2007 to former district councilor Choi Luk-sing. In the 2011 District Council elections, Tam was elected again after a rematch with Choi in Lung Sing to the Wong Tai Sin District Council. She was re-elected in 2015 and 2019.

Tam has been embroiled in two separate controversies, one with the HKICPA, a professional body whose members are electors of the accountancy functional constituency of the LegCo; the second one was a result of what was perceived to be a politically motivated charge of voting corruption.  In both cases, Tam's conduct was ultimately vindicated by the Court.

Corruption accusations
In October 2010, upon a complaint lodged by Chow Ka-leung a, politician from a rival political party, Tam was charged by the ICAC (Independent Commission Against Corruption) with engaging in corrupt conduct in the 2008 Legislative Council elections for "[offering] an advantage, namely service in the form of a free seminar to other persons as an inducement for them to vote for her at the election."  Tam said the prosecution was politically motivated and maintained that the three free seminars she organized for professional accountants did not constitute a voting inducement. Lawmakers including Audrey Eu and Paul Chan expressed concern over the case.

Tam was fully acquitted of the charge after the trial before magistrate Gary K. Y. Lam on 27 May 2011, who "drew a distinction between inducement to vote for a candidate and inducement to attend an electioneering activity". This distinction was further upheld when the case was heard on appeal in April 2012, with the judge Hon Lam J upholding the acquittal, in view of the point of law that: "It is not enough for an advantage to be offered. It has to be offered as an inducement. And an inducement to do something else is not enough: it has to be an inducement [in this case] to vote for a particular candidate [for the vote bribery charge to be upheld]." The offering of a free CPD talk to an audience of professional accountants was not judged to be of value enough to serve as an inducement to change voting preference; nor was the free nature of the talk itself considered an intention to induce to alter people's voting preferences, although it was found to be an inducement to members to attend a talk they might otherwise not have attended. In the words of the judgment in the Court papers: "The conclusion that the Respondent [Tam] did exploit the CPD talk as an inducement to the electors to attend the tea-gathering (and to hear the speeches of Mrs. Chan and herself) does not necessarily mean that she intended the CPD talk to be an inducement to vote for her... Section 11(1) itself makes it clear that offering an advantage and inducement are two different elements in the offense.  Thus, a finding of advantage does not necessarily lead to a finding of inducement." The Court upheld the acquittal and dismissed the appeal.

2021 LegCo election
Tam ran in the "patriots-only" 2021 Legislative Council election in the newly created Kowloon Central geographic constituency.

Controversies

GST introduction survey
In mid-September 2006, during a period of heated debate on the Hong Kong Government's plan to introduce a GST (General Sales Tax), Tam released the interim results of a survey on public attitudes towards the introduction of the GST, independently conducted by the East Asia Work Based Learning Centre of Middlesex University. After initial reluctance, the survey questionnaires were distributed by the HKICPA, the professional body representing certified public accountants in Hong Kong, alongside an editorial by the President of the Institute stating the body's support for the GST proposal. Only 311 out of circa 26,000 of the territory's accountants responded to the survey; of those who have responded, 62 percent opposed the introduction of a General Sales Tax. In a report of the survey findings, Tam concluded that the majority of respondents opposed a GST, and further suggested that the government should look into other means to broaden its tax base. However, with a response rate of just 1.2 percent, many questioned the validity of the survey findings. In a response letter to the report, the HKICPA expresses doubt on Tam's interpretation of the survey findings.

Dispute with the HKICPA
For nearly 20 years, the HKICPA (Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants) had undertaken a newsletter distribution service on behalf of the sitting Legislative Council member representing the accountancy functional constituency. The newsletter serves as a means for the elected LegCo functional representative to communicate with those who are eligible, or potentially eligible, to vote in the accountancy functional constituency.

On 9 October 2006, the HKICPA issued a letter to all its members notifying them that the Institute had made a decision to stop the distribution of the newsletter to its members on Tam's behalf. The decision was made over concerns that, in the view of HKICPA, Tam had adopted an increasingly political stance on many issues. Although not officially related to the decision, Tam had at the time openly criticised the Institute in two Chinese newspapers in Hong Kong on various matters, including its pro-Government stance on the introduction of the GST, which further deteriorated the already fragile relationship between her and the Institute. In the letter to its members, the HKICPA said it needed to maintain its political independence and distanced itself from Tam's personal viewpoints.

Tam wrote a number of correspondences to HKICPA to discuss the issue, pointing out that as a political representative of the accountancy functional constituency in the Legislative Council, her communications to the members of the accounting profession via the newsletter service were both necessary and necessarily political, as befits the brief of the newsletter itself since its very inception. In addition, Tam would be prepared to pay for the cost of separate mailings to constituency members. The HKICPA replied each time to again reaffirm its initial decision.

Tam then sought judicial review of the HKICPA's decision to stop the newsletter distribution, and claimed the Institute's decision was unlawful on 5 separate grounds. The case was ultimately found in her favour. The Institute was then ordered to resume distribution of the newsletter to the members of the Institute on behalf of Tam as the sitting LegCo functional representative for the accountancy profession.

References

1957 births
Living people
Chinese Christians
Hong Kong Christians
Chinese accountants
Chinese women accountants
Hong Kong accountants
District councillors of Wong Tai Sin District
Civic Party politicians
The Frontier (Hong Kong, 2010) politicians
People Power (Hong Kong) politicians
HK LegCo Members 2004–2008
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2017–2021
21st-century Hong Kong women politicians

Mandy Tam


Thalavoor is a village in Kollam district, Kerala, India.

History

In earlier times, this land was a part of Elayadathu Swarupam, a principality ruled by a branch of the Travancore Royal Family.
Kottarakkara was the capital of Elayadathu Swarupam.

Etymology

Up to 18th century, this land was a part of "Ilayidathu Swaroopam". At that time, most of the leaders (Malayalam: Thalavanmaar) in the Ilayidathu Swaroopam were from this place. They headed various departments of this royal dynasty. Hence this place came to known as "Thalavoor", meaning "Thalavanmaarude Ooru" i.e. "The Place of Leaders".

Geography

Geographical Location
Latitude  : 9°2'40"N

Longitude : 76°49'46"E

Sectors of Land

The land of thalavoor is traditionally divided into six zones.
Pandithitta (North-West Zone of Thalavoor)
Manjakkala (North-East Zone of Thalavoor)
Nadutheri (Central Zone of Thalavoor)
Njarakkadu (South-East Zone of Thalavoor)
Kura (South-West Zone of Thalavoor)
Vadakodu (South-West Zone of Thalavoor)
Aringada (South Zone of Thalavoor)

Politics

Thalavoor, like other parts of India, is governed by different levels of government such as the three tiers of 'Panchayatraj', namely Grama, Block and District and, of course, the state and central governments. The revenue and land administration has the village as the basic unit.

Places of worship

Hindu Temples
Sri Durga Devi Kshetram, Trikkonnamarcodu, Njarakkadu
Sri Mahadeva Kshetram, Saptarshimangalam, Nadutheri
Sree Krishna Kshetram, Nadutheri
Sri Gurisimankavu Dharmashasta Kshetram, Pandithitta
Thrikkara Sree Krishna Swami Kshetram, Kura
Sree Mahadeva Kshetram, Chunakkara, Millumukku, Kura
Sri Vasudevancode Kshetram, Vadacode
Charoor Bhagavathy Temple, Vadacode
Kaduvancode Bhagavathy Temple, Vadacode
Sree Durga Devi Temple, Aringada
Sree Nagaraja Kshetram, Randalumoodu
Sree Atoorkavu Devi Kshetram, Manjakala
Sree Mahalakshmi Temple manjakkala pulimukku
Sree Dharmasastha temple manjakkala
Chundamala malanadakavu, Randalummoodu

Churches

St. George Orthodox Church, Ambalathinnirappu
Shalom IPC Hall,Ambalathinnirappu*
Palakkuzhi Marthoma Church Ambalathinnirappu
Mar Semavoon Destooni Orthodox Church, Manjakkala
Trinity Marthoma Church, Manjakkala
St. Mary's Malankara Catholic Church, Manjakkala
St. George Orthodox Church, Kulamudy
St. Jude Chapel, Santhi Bhavan, Nadutheri
St. George Orthodox Church, Nadutheri
Bethel AG Church, Nadutheri
Marthoma Church, Nadutheri
St. Stephen's Orthodox Church, Pandithitta
Tabor Marthoma Church, Pandithitta
Divya Rekshaka Latin Catholic Church (Romapally), Pandithitta
Brethren Church, Pandithitta
St. Mary's Malankara Catholic Church, pandithitta*C.S.I. Church, Randalummoodu
St. Mary's Orthodox Valiya Palli, Randalummoodu
St. John's Orthodox Church, Vadacodu
St. John's Malankara Catholic Church, Vadacodu

Educational institutions

Government Lower Primary School, Vadacodu
Government Lower Primary School, Kura, Thalavoor
Government Lower Primary School, Njarakkadu, Thalavoor
Government Lower Primary School, Pandithitta
Government Upper Primary School, Nadutheri, Thalavoor
Devi Vilasom Vocational Higher Secondary School and Devi Vilasom High School, Thalavoor
Indira Gandhi Memorial Vocational Higher Secondary School, Manjakkala, Thalavoor
Government W.L.P.S., Pandithitta
Christhuraj I.T.C., Pandithitta
Holy Cross Public School, Pandithitta
Government Welfare LPS, Aruvithara

Hospitals

Government Ayurveda Hospital, Nadutheri, Thalavoor
Primary Health Centre, Thalavoor

Nearby places
Kunnicode-4 km
Pattazhy-6 km
Pathanapuram-8 km
Kottarakkara-8 km
Punalur-12 km

Related pages
Kerala
Kollam district

Other websites

Villages in Kollam District
Map of Pathanapuram Taluk
Thalavoor in the thematic atlas of Kollam District - availability of approach roads
Thalavoor Panchayat - General Information
Outline of Thalavoor Grama Panchayat
Latitude and Longitude of Thalavoor

Villages in Kollam district

Thalavoor


A school uniform  is a standard set of clothes that students wear when they go to some schools. It might have a particular color of trousers or skirt,  a matching shirt and sometimes a jacket or necktie, with matching shoes.

In some countries, like Germany, students can wear whatever they want whenever they want. It's common for many students to be naked around each other causing major erections in older classes. In other countries, like England and India there is usually a standard dress code in school, usually a set of dressing for girls and one for boys. Boys and girls need to wear school uniforms when they go to school. In many countries, such as the United States, some schools require wearing a uniform, and some do not.

Originally, school uniforms were introduced to hide the social differences between students, but uniforms can also help with safety. Using standard uniforms can also save the money needed to buy extra clothes as fashion to impress other people at school. Uniforms are also thought to improve discipline and school spirit.

However, school uniforms can also help with health and safety by having clothes which have been tested to be safer when worn. Some fabrics can cause skin rashes in some people, while a uniform can be made of comfortable fabrics. Also, loose-fitting clothes can get caught in machinery or playground equipment, which limits what activities children can do safely.

There are several types of economic bullying which can be lessened by use of school uniforms. When many students are from families with less money, sometimes students with more money have stood out because they wore newer shoes, where neither shoe was in poor shape. In schools where more students are rich, poorer students have been insulted for the old-style or tattered clothes they wore.

Other websites

Uniforms

School uniform