Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software, and other content available to the public for sale or for free. Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, comic books, newspapers, and magazines. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include digital publishing such as ebooks, digital magazines, websites, social media, music, and video game publishing.

The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as News Corp, Pearson, Penguin Random House, and Thomson Reuters, to major retail brands and thousands of small independent publishers. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing, and academic and scientific publishing. Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society, and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy, or public interest objectives. This can include annual reports, research reports, market research, policy briefings, and technical reports. Self-publishing has become very common.

"Publisher" can refer to a publishing company or organization, or to an individual who leads a publishing company, imprint, periodical, or newspaper.

Stages of publishing
The publishing process covering most magazine, journal, and book publishers includes: (Different stages are applicable to different types of publisher)

Types of publishers

Newspaper publishing
Newspapers or news websites are publications of current reports, articles, and features written by journalists and are available for free, available for free with a premium edition, or paid for, either individually or on a subscription. They are filled with photographs or other media and normally subsidized with advertising. They can have local, national, and international news or feature a particular industry. They can charge premium prices when they have the expertise and exclusive knowledge. They are intended to act in the public interest, hold people and businesses to account, and promote freedom of information and expression. Editors manage the tone-of-voice of their publication; for example, negative versus positive articles can affect the reader's perspective.

Journal publishing
A journal is an academic or technical publication also available in digital formats, containing articles written by researchers, professors, and experts. These publications are specific in a particular field and often push the boundaries of human knowledge. They normally have peer review processes before publishing to test the validity and quality of the content.

Magazine publishing
A magazine is a periodical published at regular intervals with creative layouts, photography, and illustrations that cover a particular subject or interest. They are available in print or digital formats and can be purchased on apps/websites like Readly or accessed for free on apps/websites like Issuu.

Book publishing
The global book publishing industry consists of books that are categorized into either fiction or non-fiction and print, ebook, or audiobook. The market for books is huge with around 1.5 billion people speaking English, with translation services easily accessible to access the rest. The best content gets sold as TV and film rights. Self-publishing makes publishing accessible to everyone either with small print-run digital printing or online self-publishing platforms. E-reader screen technology continues to improve with increased contrast and resolution making them more comfortable to read. Each book has a registered ISBN number to identify it.

Directory publishing
Directories are searchable indexed data containing businesses, products, and services. These were in the past printed but are now mostly online. Directories are now available as searchable lists, on a map, as a sector-specific portal, as a review site (expert or consumer), or as a comparison site. Although the businesses may not consider themselves as publishers, the way the data is displayed is published.

Textbook publishing
A textbook is an educational book or an ebook containing knowledge about a particular subject that is used by people studying certain subjects. Textbook publishing continues to be needed due to the global need for education. Textbooks from major publishers are being integrated with learning platforms for expert knowledge and access to a library of books with digital content. A university press is an academic publisher run by a university. Oxford University Press is the largest in the world and specializes in research, education, and English language teaching internationally.

Catalog Publishing
A Catalog (or Catalogue) is a visual directory or list of a large range of products that you can browse and buy from a particular company. In printed form, this is usually in the format of a soft-back book or directory. Smaller visual catalogs can be known as brochures. With the internet, they have evolved into searchable databases of products known under the term e-commerce. Interactive catalogs and brochures like IKEA and Avon allow the customer to browse a full range if they have not decided on their purchase. Responsive web and app design will allow further integration between interactive catalog visuals and searchable product databases.

Web publishing
All the world's knowledge up to recently has been put in books. For accessibility and global reach, this content can be repurposed to the web. The British Library, for example, holds more than 170 million items, with 3 million new additions each year. With consent, content can be published online through ebooks, audiobooks, CMS based websites, online learning platforms, videos, or mobile apps. Online, writers and copy editors are known as content writers and content editors, although their roles vary from their print-based alternatives.

Advertising
Advertising can provide income or a subsidized income for publishers. If there is a return on investment (ROI) from the advertising, the publisher can make exponentially more money by increasing the spending. An ROI of up to £10 per £1 invested is possible, as seen in the John Lewis & Partners Christmas campaigns. Likewise, any cost savings that harm the customer/consumer experience can affect a brand in the long term. Multichannel marketing can be more cost-effective at creating an immersive experience that can not be replicated with one channel. For example, think about a shop that has a small or no margin compared to a website, if you consider the shop as marketing spend, it is very cost-effective marketing, the shop is a huge billboard, you have a browsing experience that enables consumers to make purchasing decisions, they get to feel the brand, it has a presence in the community and creates jobs. Also, using social media publishing to advertise has a good return on investment if you can create trending high-quality content that reflects positively on the brand.

Tie-in publishing

Film, television, radio, and advertisements publish information to their audiences. Computer games, streaming apps, and social media publish content in new and various ways that can keep audiences more engaged. Marketing of a major film such as Star Wars is an example of tie-in publishing and can include a spin-off book, a graphic novel, a soundtrack album, a computer game, models, toys, social media posts, and promotional publications. Examples of tie-in publishing based on books are the Harry Potter and James Bond franchises.

Book publishing sub-divisions

There are four major types of publishers in book publishing:
 Commercial publishers are more rigid and selective as to which books they publish. If accepted, authors pay no costs to publish in exchange for selling rights to their work. They receive in-house editing, design, printing, marketing and distribution services and are paid royalties on sales.
 Self-publishers: Authors use self-publishing houses to publish their books and retain full rights to their works. Self-publishing houses are more open than traditional ones, allowing emerging and established authors to publish their work. A number of modern or self-publishing houses offer enhanced services (e.g. editing, design) and authors may choose which one to use. Authors shoulder pre-publishing expenses and in return retain all the rights to their works, keep total control, and are paid royalties on sales.
 Vanity presses portray themselves as traditional publishers but are, in fact, just a self-publishing service. Unlike genuine self-publishing services, the author is often obliged to use some or all of their additional services, and the press will often take rights to the work as part of their contract.
 Hybrid publishers operate with a different revenue model than traditional publishing, while keeping the rest of the practices of publishing the same. There have been attempts to bridge this gap using hybrid models. No one model has been fully proven at this stage.

In 2013, Penguin (owned by Pearson) and Random House (owned by Bertelsmann) merged, narrowing the industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media. The merger created the largest consumer book publisher globally, with a global market share of more than 25 percent. Approximately 60% of English-language books are produced through the "Big Five" publishing houses: Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, and Macmillan. In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that if it had gone through, would have made the largest publishing company in the world. On November 2, 2021, the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit (U.S. v. Bertelsmann SE & CO. KGaA, et al.) to block the merger on antitrust grounds, and on October 31, 2022, the D.C. District Court ruled in favour of the Department of Justice, filing a permanent injunction on the merger.

Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do. Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a distributor who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.

The advent of the Internet has provided a way of book distribution without needing physical printing, delivery, or storage. The process of preparing a book for ebook publication is the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing; Ebook publication also allows some costs like the discount given to retailers (normally around 45%) to be eliminated.

Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g., Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/Black Library (Warhammer) and Wizards of the Coast (Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, etc.). The BBC has its own publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as Doctor Who. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.

Recent developments
Accessible publishing uses the digitization of books to mark up books into XML and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to customers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety of larger print sizes, specialized print formats for dyslexia, eye tracking problems and macular degeneration, as well as Braille, DAISY, audiobooks, and ebooks.

Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimize environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.

A further development is the growth of online publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from which anyone can download and read.

An increasing number of authors are using niche marketing online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.

Standardization
Refer to the ISO divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.

Legal issues

Publication is the distribution of copies or content to the public.  The Berne Convention requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which is initially always the author.  In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."

Privishing
Privishing (private publishing, but not to be confused with self-publishing) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising, or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public. The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship, or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

History

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, and became more practical upon the introduction of printing. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the development of books.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng made movable type of earthenware , but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant Choe Yun-ui, who lived during the Goryeo Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234–1250 AD.

Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets, and images that were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."

Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The history of modern newspaper publishing started in Germany in 1609, with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

Missionaries brought printing presses to sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-18th century.

Historically, publishing has been handled by publishers, although some authors self-published. The establishment of the World Wide Web in 1989 soon propelled the website into a dominant medium of publishing. Wikis and Blogs soon developed, followed by online books, online newspapers, and online magazines, while also facilitating the technological convergence of commercial and self-published content, as well as the convergence of publishing and producing into online production through the development of multimedia content.

A U.S.-based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that the publishing industry in the US in general is overwhelmingly represented by straight, able-bodied, white females. Salon described the situation as "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world". A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no statistical significant change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey four years earlier. Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, there was the least amount of diversity in higher-level editorial positions.

See also

References

External links

 International Publishers' organisation
 Printing and publishing – Law Insider

Mass media industry

Publishing


Liliana Tellini (19 January 1925 - 15 June 1971) was an Italian actress and voice actress.

Life and career
Born in Florence as  Liliana Polledri she was the daughter of a Swiss father and a Venetian mother. She enrolled at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome, graduating in 1949. After taking part to the Mario Costa's short film Breve storia, Tellini made her film debut in Géza von Radványi's ensemble drama film Women Without Names. Tellini was also active on stage, radio and television, until her retirement in the late fifties.

She was married to the director and screenwriter Piero Tellini.

Selected filmography
 Women Without Names (1950)
 Il nido di Falasco (1950)
 Terra senza tempo (1950)
 The Sky Is Red (1950)
 Operation Mitra (1951)
 A Tale of Five Cities (1951)
 Palace Hotel (1952)
 The Merchant of Venice (1953)

References

External links

Italian film actresses
Actresses from Florence
1925 births
1971 deaths
Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia alumni
Italian voice actresses
20th-century Italian actresses
People from Florence

Liliana Tellini


Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (Italian: Dinamismo di un cane al guinzaglio), sometimes called Dog on a Leash or Leash in Motion, is a 1912 oil painting by Italian Futurist painter Giacomo Balla. It was influenced by the artist's fascination with chronophotographic studies of animals in motion. It is considered one of his best-known works, and one of the most important works in Futurism, though it received mixed critical reviews. The painting has been in the collection of the Albright–Knox Art Gallery since 1984.

Description and context
The painting depicts a dachshund on a leash and the feet of a lady walking it, both in rapid motion as indicated by the blurring and multiplication of their parts.

Chronophotographic studies of animals in motion, created by scientist Étienne-Jules Marey beginning in the 1880s, led to the introduction in painting of techniques to show motion, such as blurring, multiplication, and superimposition of body parts—perhaps in an effort to imitate these mechanical images. Such multiplication can be seen in Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, painted the same year as Balla's painting.

Balla's interest in capturing a single moment in a series of planes was inspired by his fascination with chronophotography. In later, more abstract works created during World War I, Balla used planes of color to suggest movement.

The decomposition of movement into moments in time which Balla created in Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash likely inspired the photodynamic technique of Futurist photographer Anton Giulio Bragaglia.

Provenance
The painting was exhibited in the Galerie Der Sturm's Autumn Salon in Berlin from September to December 1913, accompanied by a photograph of the scene. It was sold by the artist in 1938 to the industrialist Anson Conger Goodyear. Upon his death in 1964, Goodyear bequeathed the painting jointly to his son, George F. Goodyear, with a life interest, and to the Albright–Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. The gallery acquired the painting in December 1984.

Critical responses
In 1943, artist Cornelia Geer LeBoutillier criticized the painting, comparing it unfavorably with Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase (a work with which it is often compared) and Picasso's Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, calling Balla's work "more crude, less mature, almost childish indeed ... Balla takes himself and his dog so seriously, so studiedly, that it is doubtful that any pleasure has ever come out of it anywhere; certainly no movement has." Writing in 1947, critic Henry R. Hope called Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash "a cliché of modern art". Writer Geoffrey Wagner declared Balla's painting to be anathema to the Vorticist aesthetic of British painter Wyndham Lewis, who criticized Futurism for its "romantic excess" and dynamism. However, S. I. Hayakawa credited Balla's "classic" for its introduction of the time dimension in its representation of its subject.

In 2009, art critic Tom Lubbock declared the painting "one of the most striking" chronophotography-inspired works, pointing to several features which create a comical effect: the "abrupt close-up" on a trivial subject—a "twee prim sausage dog"—which might have been a single detail in an Impressionist street scene; the bathetic juxtaposition of the word dynamism, "with its connotations of heroism, of the mighty modern machine world" against that subject; the cropping of the owner at the knee, giving a dog's view (and anticipating Tom and Jerry cartoons); and the apparently frenetic motion of the dog's limbs and tail coupled with the stillness of its body, suggesting little forward progress. Lubbock describes Balla's motion effects as "creating new sensations and new phenomena", and evoking the motion of shuffling cards and the embodiment of ghosts.

In 2014, art critic Robert C. Morgan declared Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, along with Gino Severini's paintings Blue Dancer and Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin, to be "probably the most elegant and accurate works ever painted in the Futurist tradition." He credits these works with "moving status into kinesis, stillness into motion, and thus giving life to culture, bringing it back from the bucolic ornaments of the 19th century."

Influence outside art
A 2002 research paper on machine vision by computer scientists Roman Goldenberg, Ron Kimmel, Ehud Rivlin, and Michael Rudzsky used Futurism's techniques of motion, as embodied by Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, to illustrate the mathematical representation of periodic motion using a small number of eigenshapes.

See also
List of works by Giacomo Balla

References

Works by Giacomo Balla
Futurist paintings
1912 paintings
Animal paintings
Dogs in art
Paintings in the Buffalo AKG Art Museum

Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash


Alfred Earnshaw (7 August 1814 – 8 March 1895) was an English cricketer. Earnshaw's batting style is unknown. He was born at Bloomsbury, Middlesex.

Earnshaw made his first-class debut for the Surrey Club against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's in 1846. The following year he made his debut for Surrey against the Marylebone Cricket Club. He made three further first-class appearances for Surrey in 1847, playing twice against Kent and one further match against the Marylebone Cricket Club. Earnshaw made a total of five appearances in first-class cricket, scoring a total of 62 at an average of 6.20, with a high score of 15.

He died at Bromley, Kent on 8 March 1895. His son George Earnshaw also played first-class cricket.

References

External links

1814 births
1895 deaths
People from Bloomsbury
Cricketers from the London Borough of Camden
English cricketers
Surrey Club cricketers
Surrey cricketers

Alfred Earnshaw


Evdokimos Tsolakidis (; born 1962) is a Greek
actor, director, playwright, drama teacher, founder and artistic director of the Theater of Changes. In April 2010, he was elected member of the board of the Greek Center of the International Theater Institute where he is listed as Member and Stage Director.

Education
He graduated from the high school of Ambelokipi in Thessaloniki. He studied at the Medical School of the University of Rome. He was awarded the diploma of the Drama School of the National Theater of Northern Greece with honors. He continued his studies in drama, acting and directing in New York City (HB Studio) funded by the U.S.A. Government (Fulbright Foundation). While in NYC he attended classes as an auditor at the Actors Studio.
In 2013 he graduated from the Greek Open University BA (Humanitarian Studies, European Culture).
In 2016 he got his master's degree from the Open University of Cyprus MA (Theatre Studies: Acting-Directing).

Acting career
He has worked as an actor in many troupes, including the State Theater of Northern Greece, the National Theatre of Greece, the Spyros Evangelatos Auditorium, the Regional Theater of Crete and Thrace, the troupes Karezi-Kazakos, Aliki Vougiouklaki, George Kimoulis, Xenia Kalogeropoulou etc. He took part in film and television productions and directed plays in Greece and abroad.

Teaching career
He is the founder and the Artistic Director of Theater of Changes (founded in 1998) where he directs plays and teaches to this day. Theater of Changes hosts each year about a thousand of students being taught by actors, directors and other artists. At the same time, Evdokimos Tsolakidis teaches systematically in Rome (International Acting School, Cinecitta) and in London (Giles Foreman Lecting Studio) as well as in Stockholm (Kulturama), in Istanbul ( Müjdat Gsezen Art Academy, SAFKM), in Tbilisi (Marjansvilli Theater), in New York City (Theaterlab), in Paris (Ecole de Théatre de Paris, TRIXTER), in Amsterdam (Easylaughs group), in Kathmandu (Dabali Theater), in Izmir (Tiyatro Terminal) as well as in different parts of Greece. .
He has participated at International Theater Festivals (Romania, Iran, Switzerland and Mexico) and has taught at the Theater Department of the Universities of Alexandria in Egypt, Tehran in Iran, Ciudad del Carmen in Mexico. He was chairman of the jury of the International Theater Festival in Agadir (Morocco 2001).
During summer 2016 he stayed in Santa Barbara, California teaching at the local university (UCSB) and directing Euripides' "Helen" together with his other two shows "Tonight we Improvise" and "Walking and Falling".

International Festival of Making Theater
Every year since 2005, he has organized ''In.F.o.Ma.T. (International Festival of Making Theater), an international meeting of theater makers from around the world.

Publications
He has published the following books: "Acting without teacher" by KOAN editions, "Improvisation in Theater" by EXANDAS editions and the plays Athens - Moscow and Nothing by Dodoni editions.
Athens - Moscow has been translated into Iranian by Sakineh Arabnejad, and published by Afraz editions and was staged in Tehran, directed by Katayun Feiz-Marandi.
Both plays have been staged in Zurich, directed by Anna Tsihli, "Nothing" has been translated in Turkish by Kemal Basar, has been published along with the magazine "Yeni Tiyatro" in March 2011 and has been staged in Istanbul in 2010 and in Izmir in 2010).

References

1962 births
Living people
Greek male stage actors
20th-century Greek dramatists and playwrights
Actors from Thessaloniki
21st-century Greek dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Thessaloniki

Evdokimos Tsolakidis


Kissaway Trail are a three-piece indie rock band from Odense, Denmark.

History
The four members of Kissaway Trail (Søren, Thomas, Hasse and Rune) originally recorded together under the name 'Isles', and did a self-released album called "We have decided not to die" in 2005. Since then, an additional guitarist, Daniel, while Thomas started to sing alongside Søren making the distinctive two lead-vocal sound that they have today. Various tracks from this early period of the band's history can still be downloaded from Danish music websites. The band's musical existence very nearly ended when Søren lost his love for music after his father was killed under tragic circumstances. However, he made his own decision to start performing and recording again, and Kissaway Trail started to create their debut album.

Their material is released in Europe (aside from Scandinavia) and Japan by Bella Union, Etch n Sketch in Australia and New Zealand, and Playground Music in Scandinavia. On their breakthrough album local producer Niels Høg helped them in the studio.

The title of their song 61 relates to the number of days a band member had to wait to hear if their family member had a terminal illness. The member involved is kept under wraps for very personal reasons; some fans believe it is Hasse, the drummer, because he has a tattoo of the number '61' on his chest.

In the Autumn of 2007, Kissaway Trail acted as the main support for Editors on their UK and European tours, alongside Ra Ra Riot in the UK and The Boxer Rebellion in Europe.

The band have cited influences to their music include The Beach Boys, Grandaddy, Daniel Johnston, Placebo and Sonic Youth, amongst others. Their sound has also been compared to that of the Polyphonic Spree and Canadian band Arcade Fire.

The band have been known for their live performances, which have included songs from 'The Kissaway Trail', as well as b-sides such as 'Romeo And Romeo' and 'La Mia'. They have also performed at the Wireless, Latitude and SXSW festivals in 2007, and the Montreaux Jazz Festival in 2008, where they supported Interpol and The National, and Lollapalooza in 2010.

Current activities
In 2009 the band teamed up with Heineken Music Ireland to perform two live free gigs in Dublin and at the Cork Opera House on December 9 and December 10.

The band planned to release their new album entitled Sleep Mountain in March 2010. They have a new single from the upcoming album. The single "SDP" can be downloaded for free on the band's Facebook. In March and April 2010 the band played in North America in opening support of Australian band The Temper Trap.

In December 2011 Kissaway Trail announced that their former bassist Rune Pedersen and guitarist Daniel Skjoldmose will leave the band but they will continue playing as a trio. According to their Facebook they are currently in New York working on their new album, of which a first single will previously be released in January.

On May 14, 2013, Yep Roc Records announced that Kissaway Trail's forthcoming album "Breach" would be released on August 20, 2013.

Members
Current
 Thomas Fagerlund – vocals, guitar,  synth
 Søren Corneliussen – vocals, guitar,  synth
 Hasse Mydtskov – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Former
 Daniel Skjoldmose – guitar,(2006–2012)
 Rune Pedersen – bass, backing vocals (2005–2012)

Discography

Albums and EPs
 Into the Ocean and Rise Again (EP, October 2006)
 The Kissaway Trail (LP, January 2007)
 Sleep Mountain (LP, March 2010)
 Nørrebro (Life Is a B-Side) (EP, May 2013)
 Breach (LP, August 2013)

Singles
 "La La Song" (2007)
 "61" (2007)
 "Smother + Evil = Hurt" (April 2007, re-release February 2008)
 "SDP" (2010)
 "Beat Your Heartbeat" (July 2010)
 "New Lipstick" (2010)
 "Nørrebro" (March 2013)
 "The Springsteen Implosion" (2013)
 " Sarah Jevo" (2013)

References

External links

Danish indie rock groups
Bella Union artists
Yep Roc Records artists
People from Odense

The Kissaway Trail


The Cincinnati Reds, also known as the Cincinnati Red Stockings, were a professional baseball team based in Cincinnati, Ohio that played from 1875–1879. The club predated the National League of which it became a charter member.

History

John Joyce, who was an organizer of the Red Stockings club dismantled in 1870, reformed the club through a new company in 1875. Two players from the 1870 season returned as part of a new professional nine which played local amateur clubs. Joyce then sold the Reds to wealthy Cincinnati meat packer Josiah "Si" Keck during the winter. When the National League was formed on February 2, 1876 at the Grand Central Hotel in New York City, eight cities were selected to compete in the new major league: St. Louis, Hartford, Louisville, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Boston and Keck's Cincinnati club.

The Reds played at Avenue Grounds. They were managed by player/manager Charlie Gould, and outfielder Charley Jones led the Cincinnati offense with 4 home runs and 38 runs batted in. The 1876 team finished a dismal 9–56, last in the new eight-team National League; its winning percentage was the lowest in major-league history until the 1899 Cleveland Spiders surpassed it with a 20-134 record (.130). In 1877, helmed by the managing trio of Lip Pike, Bob Addy, and Jack Manning, the Reds finished 6th in the National League. Pike, the second baseman, led the team with 4 home runs and rookie pitcher Bobby Mitchell led the team with 41 strikeouts.

In the 1878 season, player/manager Cal McVey piloted Cincinnati to second place in the league. Charley Jones led the team with 3 homers and Will White led the team with 169 strikeouts. Sharing the managing duties, catcher Deacon White and McVey managed the team to 5th place. Starting pitcher Will White hurled 232 strikeouts. Baseball Hall of Fame member King Kelly played on the 1878 and '79 Reds.

Following the 1879 season, the club was disbanded. Justus Thorner, owner of the semi-professional Cincinnati Stars, purchased a new National League franchise and moved his club into the vacant spot left by the Reds. However, a new Reds franchise debuted in 1881, and has continued to play since.

Year-by-year records

Baseball Hall of Famers

References

External links
Team index page at Retro Sheet
Team index page at Baseball Reference

Cincinnati Reds
Defunct Major League Baseball teams
Defunct baseball teams in Ohio
Baseball teams disestablished in 1879
Baseball teams established in 1876

Cincinnati Reds (1876–1879)


From 1929 to 1931,  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer  produced a series of nine short comedy films called All Barkie Dogville Comedies, sometimes known as the "barkies" (in a parody of "talkies"). The actors in these films were trained dogs, dressed up to parody the performers in contemporary films. The dogs' dialogues in these early sound films were dubbed by actors and voice artists including Pete Smith.

The films were directed by Zion Myers and conceived and co-directed by Jules White. Both Myers and White later worked on The Three Stooges comedies.

Series titles
1929
College Hounds.....parody of college football films, such as MGM's Brown of Harvard (1926), featuring "Red Mange" (Red Grange)
Hot Dog.....parody of courtroom dramas, such as MGM's Madame X (1929), featuring "Clara Bone" (Clara Bow)

1930
Who Killed Rover? AKA The Dogville Murder Case.....parody of Philo Vance whodunits (here "Phido Vance"), such as Paramount's The Canary Murder Case (1929)
The Dogway Melody.....parody of all talking, all singing, all dancing early musicals, specifically MGM's The Broadway Melody (1929)
So Quiet on the Canine Front.....parody of World War I films, specifically Universal's All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)
The Big Dog House.....parody of prison films, specifically MGM's The Big House (1930)

1931
Love-Tails of Morocco.....parody of Foreign Legion films, such as Paramount's Morocco (1930)
The Two Barks Brothers.....parody of "brothers on the opposite side of the law" films, specifically MGM's Gentleman's Fate (1931)
Trader Hound.....parody of jungle adventure films, specifically MGM's Trader Horn (1931)

Home video
The complete series of Dogville Comedies has been released on DVD by Warner Bros. as part of its Warner Archive Collection.

References

American film series
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer short films
American comedy short films

Dogville Comedies


Tie Ban Shen Shu (in Simplified: 铁板神数; Traditional: 鐵板神數; Pinyin: Tiě Bǎn Shén Shù = iron plate spiritual numerology) is an ancient form of divination from China, which is still in use in Mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore and the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia. Tie ban shen shu is regarded as among the most accurate and most difficult methods of personal fortune divination. Tie Ban is as well regarded as the collective Three Arts or Three Styles (三式 sān shì), Qi Men Dun Jia, Da Liu Ren and Tai Yi Shen Shu, China's highest metaphysical arts.

History
Tie Ban Shen Shu is associated with Shao Yong, the metaphysician of the Northern Song dynasty, as he is often credited as author of the 12,000 lines of texts used in Tie Ban Shen Shu divination. Those texts were regarded highly enough by Qing Dynasty scholars as to have been included in the Qing Dynasty archive, the Four Treasures Siku Quanshu 四库全书 collection.

Chinese legend holds that at any one time, there are only five people in the world who have mastered the art of Tie Ban Shen Shu. If a new master of Tie Ban happens along, this means that an older one has already passed on.

Chinese legend also holds that learning Tie Ban is problematic, as the literary sources are deliberately obscured to prevent novices from easily gaining this precious knowledge.

Technique
Tie Ban Shen Shu contains 12,000 individual texts, which are applied to each individual divination, through a series of twelve different procedures. The procedures for arriving at the correct texts are based on the Four Pillars (Ba Zi), which include the ten Heavenly Stems and twelve Earth Branches, numerology, the 64 hexagrams of the I Ching and the Six Familial Relationships of Chinese metaphysics. Tie Ban's emphasis on the specific quarter-hour (fifteen-minute segment) of birth ensures the relatively high degree of accuracy, in comparison with other divination methods. When the time of birth was not recorded, it could be calculated based on information from the parents, siblings and life experience, down to the quarter-hour period.

For example, text number 3253 states, "Of ten siblings, nine of them will be aristocrats."

The different texts are accumulated through the various calculation methods, and then combined to make a complete reading which covers the lifetime of an individual.

See also
Chinese astrology
Chinese astronomy
Chinese classical texts
Da Liu Ren
Feng shui
Hexagrams
I Ching & I Ching divination
Jiaobei & Poe divination
Kau Cim
Kimon Tonkou – Japanese name for Qi Men Dun Jia.
Shaobing Song
Siku Quanshu
Tai Yi Shen Shu
Tui bei tu
Tung Shing

References

Literature
"Tie ban shen shu yu ce xue", by Jian Quan, published by Zhong Guo Guo Ji Guang Bo Yin Xiang Chu Ban she, 2006 /C51.03
source documents from the Qing Imperial Archive, the Siku Quanshu (四库全书) or Four Treasures collection.
"Tie Ban Shen Shu Explained" by Jack Sweeney 2009

External links
 Tie Ban Shen Shu website of Jack Sweeney.
Das Orakel der Eisenplatte (Tie Ban Shen Shu) am Beispiel von Albert Einstein
Ironplate Divination Adolf Hitler 20.4.1889

Chinese books of divination
Chinese culture
Divination
Taoist divination
I Ching

Tieban shenshu


Nada, which means "nothing" in Spanish, is the first novel of Spanish author Carmen Laforet, published in 1945.

Plot
The novel is set in post Spanish Civil War Barcelona. The novel is narrated by its main character, Andrea, an orphan, who has fond memories of her well off family in Barcelona, and has been raised in a convent in provincial Spain.

The government has awarded Andrea a scholarship and a subsistence stipend so that she can attend university. She travels to Barcelona to the home of her grandmother, only to find it filthy and falling apart. Her frail, devoutly Catholic grandmother seems unaware of her miserable surroundings. Also living in the crumbling house is a strict, controlling aunt Angustias, a roguish, but musically talented uncle, Roman, another uncle, Juan, who abuses his beautiful wife Gloria. The whole group regularly comes to blows throughout Andrea's stay, and Angustias eventually escapes by entering a convent.

At the university, Andrea befriends a rich girl, Ena, who begins a strange relationship with Andrea's Uncle Roman. She pretends to care for him, but is really taking revenge for his poor treatment of her mother years before.

Roman becomes involved in the black market, but Gloria reports him to the authorities. He commits suicide, in fear of arrest by the Francoist police.

Ena and her family move to Madrid, and soon send for Andrea to join them.  Ena's father offers to give her a job and subsidize her further education. In the final part of the novel, Andrea is picked up by the family's fancy car and she leaves behind her unpleasant life on Aribau Street in Barcelona.

Reception
Nada was published in 1945 when LaForet was 23 and created a "sensation" in Barcelona when it came out. Nada won Laforet the first Premio Nadal literary prize in Spain.

This book passed the censorship of the Francoist State and so it ignores the harshness of the government at the time. Since the Francoist State was suppressing the Catalan language and Catalan culture in Barcelona, the novel hardly mentions either. However, the book became very popular when it finally cleared Franco's censors. It is considered to be an important contribution to the school of Existentialist literature of post-Civil War Spain.

In 2007 an English translation of Nada by Edith Grossman was published.

Fernández-Lamarque and Fernández-Babineaux see metatextual references with Little Red Riding Hood and gender inversion in the novel depicting Andrea and Ena as androgynous beings.

References

1945 novels
Existentialist novels
Novels set in Barcelona
20th-century Spanish novels
Spanish novels adapted into films

Nada (novel)


Robert Holgate (1481/1482 – 1555) was Bishop of Llandaff from 1537 and then Archbishop of York (from 1545 to 1554). He recognised Henry VIII as head of the Church of England.

Although a protege of Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, Holgate had a career in the Gilbertine Order of which he became master.  He was briefly Prior of Watton until the priory was dissolved in 1539. Most of the Gilbertine houses were lesser establishments which should have been dissolved under the Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535 (only four out of twenty-six houses had revenues over £200 a year). However, Holgate is credited with using his influence to save them for a few years. For example, Malton Priory, one of the lesser Gilbertine houses, was the last of them to surrender in December 1539, whereas Sempringham Priory, worth more than £200 a year, surrendered in 1538.

Holgate was consecrated as Bishop of Llandaff on 25 March 1537. He translated to York on 16 January 1545. At York in 1546, he founded a school, now called Archbishop Holgate's School.

He was President of the Council of the North from 1538.

In 1550 Holgate married Barbara Wentworth, who was about 25 at the time. This might, however have been a second wedding to make it fully legal, and Holgate and Wentworth might have first married in late 1547 with Roger Tongue officiating. In 1551 Anthony Norman claimed that he was already married to Barbara Wentworth, but the courts decided that their marriage when she was about seven had not been a binding legal transaction. Robert and Barbara remained married until 1553, when shortly after Mary I of England came to the throne. She imprisoned Holgate on various charges, with his being a married cleric being central to these. In 1554 Holgate renounced his marriage claiming he had only entered it to avoid suspicion as a papist. In January 1555 Holgate was released from prison, but he was not restored to priestly office.  He died later that year.

In 1558 a Robert Holgate from Yorkshire entered the University of Cambridge.  He may have been a son of Holgate, since there are some claims he had two children by Barbara, but there is no conclusive evidence on the matter.

References
This article contains public domain text from William Page's Houses of the Gilbertine order: The priory of Sempringham, A History of the County of Lincoln: Volume 2 (1906)

External links
Archbishop Holgate's School
H.L. Parish, 'Holgate, Robert (1481/2–1555)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 5 June 2007

Archbishops of York
Bishops of Llandaff
16th-century Welsh Anglican bishops
1480s births
1555 deaths
Gilbertine Order

Robert Holgate


A passport is a travel document that says that the person who owns it is a citizen of the country on the passport. A passport asks that the person carrying it be allowed to enter and pass through other countries. They also allow a person to re-enter their country. Passports are given by national governments.

Passports usually have a person's picture, signature, date of birth, nationality and country of birth. Many countries are now issuing passports with biometric properties. This helps confirm that the person carrying a passport is the real owner. These countries have passports that use biometrics: Malaysia, Australia, Greece, Israel, New Zealand, Japan, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Singapore, Thailand, India and the Republic of Korea .Many more countries are switching over to biometric passports because it can easily confirm the authenticity of the holder's identity. Passports are used so a stamp can be placed in it to prove that the identity of the holder has been confirmed with the immigration officials in the country of travel.

In 1920, the International Conference on Passports, Customs Formalities and Through Tickets made a law that said passports must be issued in French and at least one other language. Now, many countries issue passports in English and the language(s) of the issuing country.

References
 Lloyd, Martin (2003). The Passport: The History of Man's Most Travelled Document.  Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. .
 Salter, Mark B. (2003). "Rights of Passage: The Passport in International Relations." Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
 Torpey, John (2000). "The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship, and the State." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Travel
Identification documents

Passport


In the terminology of quantum field theory, a ghost, ghost field, ghost particle, or gauge ghost is an unphysical state in a gauge theory. Ghosts are necessary to keep gauge invariance in theories where the local fields exceed a number of physical degrees of freedom.

If a given theory is self-consistent by the introduction of ghosts, these states are labeled "good". Good ghosts are virtual particles that are introduced for regularization, like Faddeev–Popov ghosts. Otherwise, "bad" ghosts admit undesired non-virtual states in a theory, like Pauli–Villars ghosts that introduce particles with negative kinetic energy.

An example of the need of ghost fields is the photon, which is usually described by a four component vector potential , even if light has only two allowed polarizations in the vacuum. To remove the unphysical degrees of freedom, it is necessary to enforce some restrictions; one way to do this reduction is to introduce some ghost field in the theory. While it is not always necessary to add ghosts to quantize the electromagnetic field, ghost fields are strictly needed when dealing with non-Abelian Yang–Mills theory extensions to the Standard Model.

A field with a negative ghost number (the number of ghosts excitations in the field) is called an anti-ghost.

Good ghosts

Faddeev–Popov ghosts

Faddeev–Popov ghosts are extraneous anticommuting fields which are introduced to maintain the consistency of the path integral formulation. They are named after Ludvig Faddeev and Victor Popov.

Goldstone bosons
Goldstone bosons are sometimes referred to as ghosts. Mainly, when speaking about the vanishing bosons of the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the electroweak symmetry through the Higgs mechanism. These good ghosts are artifacts of gauge fixing. The longitudinal polarization components of the W and Z bosons correspond to the Goldstone bosons of the spontaneously broken part of the electroweak symmetry SU(2)⊗U(1), which, however, are not observable. Because this symmetry is gauged, the three would-be Goldstone bosons, or ghosts, are "eaten" by the three gauge bosons (W± and Z) corresponding to the three broken generators; this gives these three gauge bosons a mass, and the associated necessary third polarization degree of freedom.

Bad ghosts
"Bad ghosts" represent another, more general meaning of the word "ghost" in theoretical physics: states of negative norm, or fields with the wrong sign of the kinetic term, such as Pauli–Villars ghosts, whose existence allows the probabilities to be negative thus violating unitarity.

Ghost particles could obtain the symmetry or break it in gauge fields. The "good ghost" particles actually obtain the symmetry by unchanging the "gauge fixing Lagrangian" in a gauge transformation, while bad ghost particles break the symmetry by bringing in the non-abelian G-matrix which does change the symmetry, and this was the main reason to introduce the gauge covariant and contravariant derivatives.

Ghost condensate

A ghost condensate is a speculative proposal in which a ghost, an excitation of a field with a wrong sign of the kinetic term, acquires a vacuum expectation value. This phenomenon breaks Lorentz invariance spontaneously. Around the new vacuum state, all excitations have a positive norm, and therefore the probabilities are positive definite.

We have a real scalar field φ with the following action

where a and b are positive constants and

using the sign convention in the (+, −, −, −) metric signature.

The theories of ghost condensate predict specific non-Gaussianities of the cosmic microwave background. These theories have been proposed by Nima Arkani-Hamed, Markus Luty, and others.

Unfortunately, this theory allows for superluminal propagation of information in some cases and has no lower bound on its energy. This model doesn't admit a Hamiltonian formulation (the Legendre transform is multi-valued because the momentum function isn't convex) because it is acausal. Quantizing this theory leads to problems.

Landau ghost

The Landau pole is sometimes referred as the Landau ghost. Named after Lev Landau, this ghost is an inconsistency in the renormalization procedure in which there is no asymptotic freedom at large energy scales.

See also
No-ghost theorem, related to bad ghosts
BRST quantization, scheme to deal with ghosts

References

External links

Quantum field theory

Ghost (physics)


New Christian (; ; ; ) was a socio-religious designation and legal distinction in the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire. The term was used from the 15th century onwards primarily to describe the descendants of the Sephardic Jews and Moors baptised into the Catholic Church following the Alhambra Decree. The Alhambra Decree of 1492, also known as the Edict of Expulsion, was an anti-Jewish law made by the Catholic Monarchs upon the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula. It required Jews to convert to Catholicism or be expelled from Spain. Most of the history of the "New Christians" refers to the Jewish converts, who were generally known as Conversos (or in a more derogatory fashion Marranos) while the Muslim converts were known as Moriscos.

Because the conversions were achieved in part through coercion and also with the threat of expulsion, especially when it came to the Jews, the Inquisitions and Iberian monarchs suspected a number of the "New Christians" of  being Crypto-Jews. Subsequently, the Spanish Inquisition and then the Portuguese Inquisition was created to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and to investigate allegations of heresy. This became a political issue in Spain and Portugal itself and their respective empires abroad, particularly in Spanish America, Portuguese America, and the Caribbean. Sometimes "New Christians" travelled to territories controlled by Protestant enemies of Spain, such as the Dutch Empire, the early English Empire, or Huguenot-influenced areas of France such as Bordeaux, and openly practiced Judaism, which furthered suspicion of Jewish crypsis. Nevertheless, a significant number of those "New Christians" of converso ancestry were deemed by Spanish society as sincerely Catholic and they still managed to attain prominence, whether religious (St. John of the Cross, St. Teresa of Ávila, St. John of Ávila, St. Joseph of Anchieta, Tomás de Torquemada, Diego Laynez, Francisco de Vitoria, Francisco Suárez and others) or political (Juan de Oñate, Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva, Hernán Pérez de Quesada, Luis de Santángel and others).

According to António José Saraiva, a Portuguese literature teacher and historian, "The reality of the dichotomy between Old and New Christian only existed in the Inquisitorial taxonomy. The religious or ethnic definition of the New Christians was, in the last analysis, merely formal and bureaucratic. Also, the label of the New Christian can be based on rumors originating from dubious genealogies, slander and intrigue." By law, the category of New Christians included recent converts and their known baptized descendants with any fraction New Christian blood up to the third generation, the fourth generation being exempted. In Phillip II's reign, it included any person with any fraction of New Christian blood "from time immemorial". In Portugal, in 1772, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal decreed an end to the legal distinction between New Christians and Old Christians.

New Christian as a legal category
Although the category of New Christian is meaningless in Christian theology and ecclesiology, it was introduced by the Old Christians who claimed that "pure unmixed" Christian bloodlines distinguish them as a unique group, separated from ethnic Jews and Iberian Muslims.

The Old Christians wanted to legally and socially distinguish themselves from the conversos (converts to Christianity) whom they considered being tainted by their non-Spanish bloodlines-even though the overwhelming majority of Spain's Muslims were also of indigenous Iberian stock, descendants of native Iberians who earlier converted to Islam under Muslim rule.

In practice, for New Christians of Jewish origin, the concept of New Christian was a legal mechanism and manifestation of racial antisemitism rather than Judaism as a religion. For those of Moorish origin, it was a manifestation of racial anti-Berberism and/or anti-Arabism. Portuguese New Christians were alleged to have been partners with an English factor in Italy in a notable 17th century marine insurance swindle.

Cleanliness of blood and related concepts

The related Spanish development of an ideology of limpieza de sangre ("cleanliness of blood") also excluded New Christians from society — universities, emigration to the New World, many professions — regardless of their sincerity as converts.

Other derogatory terms applied to each of the converting groups included marranos (i.e. "pigs") for New Christians of Jewish origin, and moriscos (a term which carried pejorative connotations) for New Christians of Andalusian origin.

Discrimination and persecution

Aside from social stigma and ostracism, the consequences of legal or social categorization as a New Christian included restrictions of civil and political rights, abuses of those already-limited civil rights, social and sometimes legal restrictions on whom one could marry (anti-miscegenation laws), social restrictions on where one could live, legal restrictions of entry into the professions and the clergy, legal restrictions and prohibition of immigration to and settlement in the newly colonized Spanish territories in the Americas, deportation from the colonies.

In addition to the above restrictions and discrimination endured by New Christians, the Spanish Crown and Church authorities also subjected New Christians to persecution, prosecution, and capital punishment for actual or alleged practice of the family's former religion.

After the Alhambra Decree of the expulsion of the Jewish population from Spain in 1492 and a similar Portuguese decree in 1497, the remaining Jewish population in Iberia became officially Christian by default. The New Christians, especially those of Jewish origin, were always under suspicion of being judaizantes ("judaizers"), that is, apostatizing from the Christian religion and being active crypto-Jews.

Emigration

Jewish "New Christian" emigration

Despite the discrimination and legal restrictions, many Jewish-origin New Christians found ways of circumventing these restrictions for emigration and settlement in the Iberian colonies of the New World by falsifying or buying "cleanliness of blood" documentation or attaining perjured affidavits attesting to untainted Old Christian pedigrees. The descendants of these, who could not return to Judaism, became the modern-day Christian-professing Sephardic Bnei Anusim of Latin America (it is only in the modern era that a nascent community, the Neo-Western Sephardim, is currently returning to Judaism from among this population).

Also as a result of the unceasing trials and persecutions by the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisition, other Jewish-origin New Christians opted to migrate out of the Iberian Peninsula in a continuous flow between the 1600s to 1800s towards Amsterdam, and also London, whereupon in their new tolerant environment of refuge outside the Iberian cultural sphere they eventually returned to Judaism. The descendants of these became the Spanish and Portuguese Jews (also known more ambiguously in the Netherlands as Spanish and Portuguese Jews, among other names elsewhere).

Muslim "New Christian" emigration
Although Iberian Muslims were protected in the treaty signed at the fall of Granada, and the New Christian descendants of former Muslims weren't expelled until over a century later, even so, in the meantime, different waves of Iberian Muslims and New Christians of Moorish origin left and settled across North Africa and the Ottoman Empire.

History of New Christian conversions

Spain

Throughout the Middle Ages, Sephardim (Iberian Jews) and Moors (Iberian Muslims) sometimes converted to Christianity, usually as the result of coercion: physical, economic, and social pressures.

In the 14th century, there was increasing pressure, especially against the Jews, that culminated in the riots of 1391 in Seville and other cities in which many Jews were massacred. These riots destroyed the Aljamas (Jewish quarters) of the cities and sparked many conversions, a trend that continued throughout the 15th century.

Over a hundred thousand of Spain's Jews converted to Catholicism as a result of pogroms in 1391.  Those remaining practicing Jews were expelled by the Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella in the Alhambra Decree in 1492, following the Catholic Reconquest of Spain. As a result of the Alhambra Decree and persecution in prior years, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled. Following the Catholic Reconquest of Spain, 200,000 of the 500,000 Muslims had been converted to Christianity. There is no universally agreed figure of Morisco population, but Christiane Stallaert put the number at around one million Moriscos (New Christians and their descendants) at the beginning of the 16th century.

Portugal

Introductory Note by Professor António José Saraiva

The reading of this subject at a glance refers immediately to the understanding: "The only reality of the dichotomy between Old and New Christian only existed in the Inquisitorial taxonomy. The religious or ethnic definition of the new Christians was, in the last analysis, merely formal and bureaucratic. Also, the label of the New Christian can be based on rumors originating from dubious genealogies, slander, and intrigue. "In the book" Account of the Cruelties exercised by the inquisition in Portugal, 1708, "the author writes that" the New Christian label is based in mere presumptions, padded and swollen with inventions and lies. " The latter, being a book that does not identify the author is not properly accepted, but that of its analysis provides "logic" with descriptions that in their evaluation correspond, interconnect, hidden missing facts, in the form that the Inquisition reported the procedures.

Several Roman Emperors persecuted Christians as anti-Romanesque (see the story of St. Sebastian). In 313, Emperor Constantine was converted to Christianity and would become the official religion of the Empire. Jews existed in the Iberian Peninsula from before Christianity, brought in from Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.

In 409, they invaded the Iberian Peninsula several barbarian tribes, Germanic Swabi, Vandals, Alans following the Visigoths that were allies of the Romans, establishing the Hispano-Visigothic Kingdom. The Visigothic Kings were Aryans. The First German-Roman Emperor would become Alaric II, who initiates persecutions to Jews, passing by the Council of Toledo in 633, and in the 6th council applies the "Placitum" that distinguished or guarded the converted Jews to Christianity, until the 6º degree of kinship or consanguinity until the invasion of the Moors in 711. The reconquest was then given and persecutions continued, modifying some characteristics until in the reign of John II (1425-1454) they would reach Peace. At the end of the fifteenth century, he would return to Spain.

Inquisition
The governments of Spain and Portugal created the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and the Portuguese Inquisition, including the Goa Inquisition, in 1536 as a way of dealing with social tensions, supposedly justified by the need to fight heresy. Communities believed correctly that many New Christians were secretly practising their former religions to any extent possible, becoming crypto-Jews and crypto-Muslims.

See also
New Christian (disambiguation)
Converso
Crypto-Judaism
 Limpieza de sangre
Marrano
 Old Christian
 Sephardic Bnei Anusim
the Black Propaganda against Portugal and Spain

References

Further reading

Böhm, Günter. "Crypto-Jews and New Christians in Colonial Peru and Chile." In The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800, edited by Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, 203–212. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.
Costigan, Lúcia Helena. Through Cracks in the Wall: Modern Inquisitions and New Christian Letrados in the Iberian Atlantic World. Leiden: Brill, 2010.

Novinsky, Anita. "A Historical Bias: The New Christian Collaboration with the Dutch Invaders of Brazil (17th Century)." In Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Jewish Studies, II.141-154. Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies, 1972.
Novinsky, Anita. "Some Theoretical Considerations about the New Christian Problem," in The Sepharadi and Oriental Jewish Heritage Studies, ed. Issachar Ben-Ami. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1982

Pulido Serrano, Juan Ignacio. "Plural Identities: The Portuguese New Christians." Jewish History 25 (2011): 129–151.
Quiroz, Alfonso W. "The Expropriation of Portuguese New Christians in Spanish America, 1635-1649." Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv 11 (1985): 407–465.
Rivkin, Ellis. "How Jewish Were the New Christians?," in Hispania Judaica: Studies on the History, Language, and Literature of the Jews in the Hispanic World, vol. 1: History, eds. Josep M. Solà-Solé, Samuel G. Armistead, and Joseph H. Silverman. Barcelona: Puvil-Editor, 1980.
Rowland, Robert. "New Christian, Marrano, Jew." In The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800, edited by Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, 125–148. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.
Salomon, H.P. Portrait of a New Christian: Fernão Álvares Melo (1569-1632). Paris: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1982
Uchmany, Eva Alexandra. "The Participation of New Christians and Crypto-Jews in the Conquest, Colonization, and Trade of Spanish America, 1521-1660." In The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800, edited by Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, 186–202. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.

External links
 Christians and Old Christians in Portugal, written by António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches, in 1748, in Portuguese
 A history of the Marranos, by Cecil Roth
 Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 1, by Antonio Baião, in Portuguese
 Dramatic episodes of the Portuguese Inquisition, volume 2, by Antonio Baião, in Portuguese
 Trial of Gabriel de Granada by the Inquisition in Mexico, 1642–1645, according to Cecil Roth, 'it gives a remarkably graphic impression of a typical Inquisitional case'
 A history of the Marranos, by Cecil Roth

14th-century Christianity
15th-century Christianity
Crypto-Judaism
History of the conversos
Islam in Spain
Islam in Portugal
Jews and Judaism in Portugal
Jews and Judaism in Spain
Sephardi Jews topics
Spanish Inquisition
Latin American caste system
Spanish people of Jewish descent

New Christian


InterSystems Corporation is a privately held vendor of software systems and technology for high-performance database management, rapid application development, integration, and healthcare information systems. The vendor's products include InterSystems IRIS Data Platform, Caché Database Management System, the InterSystems Ensemble integration platform, the HealthShare healthcare informatics platform and TrakCare healthcare information system, which is sold outside the United States.

InterSystems is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company's revenue was $727 million in 2019.

History

InterSystems was founded in 1978 by Phillip T. (Terry) Ragon, its current CEO. The firm was one of the vendors of M-technology (aka MUMPS) systems, with a product called ISM-11 (an DSM-11 clone) for the DEC PDP-11 . Over the years, it acquired several other MUMPS implementations: DTM from Data Tree (1993); DSM from Digital (1995); and MSM from Micronetics (1998); making InterSystems the dominant M technology vendor.

The firm eventually started combining features from these products into one they called OpenM, then consolidated the technologies into a product, Caché, in 1997. At that time they stopped new development for all of their legacy M-based products (although the company still supports existing customers). They launched Ensemble, an integration platform, in 2003 and HealthShare, a scalable health informatics platform, in 2006. In 2007, InterSystems purchased TrakHealth, an Australian vendor of TrakCare, a modular healthcare information system based on InterSystems technology. In May 2011, the firm launched Globals as a free database based on the multi-dimensional array storage technology used in Caché. In September 2011, InterSystems purchased Siemens Health Services (SHS) France from its parent company, Siemens.  In September 2017, InterSystems announced InterSystems IRIS Data Platform, which, the company said, combines database management capabilities together with interoperability and analytics, as well as technologies such as sharding for performance.

Products

The company's products include the following:

 InterSystems IRIS data platform, a hybrid multi-model database management system for real-time transactions and analytics that is available as a private or public fully managed cloud platform.
 InterSystems IRIS for Health, a data platform that supports healthcare messaging protocols such as FHIR, HL7, and IHE.
 HealthShare, a healthcare informatics platform that supports the creation of and secure access to unified care records.
 TrakCare, a web-based healthcare information system, available outside the U.S.
 InterSystems Caché, a multi-model database management systems and application server. A MUMPS Server with SQL-Overlay and featured developer tools
 InterSystems Ensemble, a rapid integration and application development platform.
In 2020, InterSystems was named a Visionary in Gartner's Magic Quadrant for cloud database management systems for its InterSystems IRIS technology.

Customers
Epic Systems, a privately held health records vendor, is the company's largest customer and has been using InterSystems technology for more than 40 years. Epic originally built its electronic medical records software on InterSystems Caché but used InterSystems IRIS data platform as the foundation of a new release of its software launched in 2020. As of 2022, Epic EMR software held the records of 78% of all U.S. patients and 3% of patients globally.

In July 2020, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs launched a HealthShare-based platform called InterSystems Veterans Data Integration and Federation Enterprise Platform (VDIF EP) for developing longitudinal patient records. VDIF EP enables care providers both within and outside the Veterans Health Administration to access veterans' patient records. The VA has used VDIF EP for tracking COVID-19 infections among veterans and VA medical personnel and for managing resource deployment across 172 VA medical centers and more than 1,000 outpatient clinics.

Other major InterSystems customers include Credit Suisse, whose trading platform uses InterSystems Caché; the European Space Agency, which used InterSystems Caché for its Gaia mission to create a 3D map of the Milky Way; Mass General Brigham, which built its electronic health records system using InterSystems Caché and Ensemble; and the national health services of England, Scotland, and Wales, which use TrakCare for sharing patient health information and e-prescribing. 3M, BNY Mellon, Canon, Franklin Templeton, HSBC, MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company, Olympus, Ricoh, SPAR, and TD Ameritrade also use InterSystems software.

Microsoft dispute

On August 14, 2008, the Boston Globe reported that InterSystems was filing a lawsuit against Microsoft Corporation, another tenant in its Cambridge, Mass., headquarters, seeking to prevent Microsoft from expanding in the building. InterSystems also filed a lawsuit against building owner Equity Office Partners, a subsidiary of the Blackstone Group, "contending that it conspired with Microsoft to lease space that InterSystems had rights to, and sought to drive up rents in the process".

In 2010, CEO Terry Ragon led a coalition in Cambridge called Save Our Skyline to protest a city zoning change that would have allowed more signs on top of commercial buildings, partly in response to Microsoft's desire to put a sign on top of their shared building.

Both disputes were eventually settled, and Microsoft and InterSystems agreed to both put low signs only in front of the building at street level.

References

External links
 InterSystems website

Software companies based in Massachusetts
Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Privately held companies based in Massachusetts
Relational database management systems
Object-oriented database management systems
Proprietary software
Electronic health record software companies
Software companies of the United States

InterSystems


Phantom cats, also known as alien big cats (ABCs), are large felids which allegedly appear in regions outside their indigenous range. Sightings, tracks, and predation have been reported in a number of countries including Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, India, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. When confirmed, they are typically explained as exotic pets or escapees from private zoos.

Australia

Sightings of exotic big cats in Australia began more than 100 years ago. The New South Wales State Government reported in 2003 that "more likely than not" there was a number of exotic big cats living deep in the bushlands near Sydney.

Blue Mountains panther

The Blue Mountains panther is a phantom cat reported in sightings in the Blue Mountains area, west of Sydney for over a century. Speculation about the Blue Mountains panther includes the theory that it descended from either circus or zoo escapees, or is a descendant of a military mascot.

Video footage showing a large black cat near Lithgow was examined by a group of seven zoo, museum, parks, and agriculture staff, who concluded that it was a large domestic cat (2–3 times normal size) based partly on its morphology and partly on the behaviour of a nearby normal-sized domestic cat.

Gippsland phantom cat
In the Gippsland region of southeastern Victoria, American World War II airmen brought cougars with them as mascots and allegedly released them in the Australian bush.

Grampians puma
A study by Deakin University concluded that the existence of big cats in the Grampian Mountains area could not be definitively demonstrated based on available evidence. The evidence was strong enough, however, for the author to believe the probability of big cats in the area is "beyond reasonable doubt".

Sunshine Coast big cats
There have been some claims that big cats have stalked the hinterland of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, since early in the 19th century. These claims have been met with skepticism.

Tantanoola tiger
The region around Tantanoola, a town in the southeast of South Australia, was supposed to have been the stalking ground of "Tantanoola tiger" during the late 19th century. On 25 August 1895, an animal believed to be the Tantanoola tiger was shot by Tom Donovian and identified as an Assyrian wolf; although no such species appears to exist. It was stuffed and remains on display in the Tantanoola Hotel.

China
The blue, or Maltese, tiger, the former name taken from the common color terminology for domestic cats, is a purported color morph of the South China tiger, with sightings in Myanmar, China, and the Korean Peninsula. It is speculated that while the color morph may have theoretically existed, the severe historical bottlenecking of tiger populations makes it unlikely for the genotype to remain in extant populations.

Denmark
In 1995, a big cat usually described as a lion (but sometimes as a lynx) was dubbed the "beast of Funen" by numerous eyewitnesses. There was an earlier big cat sighting from 1982 in southern Jutland.

Finland
A supposed lion moved around Ruokolahti near the Finnish-Russian border in June–August 1992. There were multiple sightings. Tracks were identified by a government biologist as a big feline not native to Finland. The biologist was given police powers to capture or shoot the lion by the Ministry of the Interior. Border guards participated in the hunt. The last reported sightings were in Russia and there were reports that the lion was seen by Finnish border guards and that lion tracks were found in the raked sand field used by Russian border guards to detect crossings. The lion was never captured and the incidents have never been explained. One possible explanation could have been a railway accident of a circus train in Russia, from which some animals escaped.

Great Britain

Since the 1960s, there have been many alleged sightings of big cats across Great Britain. A 15-month survey conducted in 2003–2004 by the British Big Cats Society gave the following regional breakdown, based on 2,052 sightings: South West 21%, South East 16%, East Anglia 12%, Scotland 11%, and West Midlands 9%. Since 1903, a number of exotic cats, all of which are thought to have escaped from captivity, have been killed or captured.

India

The pogeyan is a large grey feline known to local people living in the Western Ghats, India. Its name is derived from the local dialect, and means 'cat that comes and goes like the mist'.

Luxembourg
In 2009, a black panther was allegedly spotted in the industrial area of Bommelscheuer near Bascharage. When police came, the panther was gone. In the following couple of days, the panther was spotted all over the country. For a while it was alleged that a panther had escaped a nearby zoo (Amnéville), but the zoo later denied that any panther was missing. A couple of days after the Bascharage incident, it also was mentioned that although the police did not find a panther, they did find an unusually large house cat.

The Netherlands
In 2005, a black cougar was allegedly spotted on several occasions in a wildlife preserve, but the animal, nicknamed Winnie, was later identified as an unusually large crossbreed between a domestic cat and a wildcat.

New Zealand

Since the late 1990s, big cat sightings have been reported in widely separated parts of New Zealand, in both the North and South Islands.  There have been several unverified panther sightings in Mid-Canterbury near Ashburton and in the nearby foothills of the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, but searches conducted there in 2003 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry found no corroborating physical evidence.

United States
Phantom cat sightings in the United States should not be confused with sightings of jaguars in their native range in the states of Arizona and New Mexico (while early records of North American jaguars show much wider distribution as far as Monterey), or cougars being sighted recolonizing the extirpated eastern cougar's former range in the Northeastern United States and expanding their range eastward.

Connecticut
In 1939, a panther-like creature called the "glawackus" was sighted in Glastonbury, Connecticut. It became a national sensation, and sporadic sightings of it across Connecticut continued into the 1960s.

Delaware
There have been reported sightings of what is believed to be a mountain lion in the northern Delaware forests since the late 1990s. The Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife believes there may be more than one mountain lion in Delaware and that they originate from animals released from captivity.

Hawaii
In December 2002, sightings of a big cat increased in numbers in the Kula (upcountry) area, and the Division of Forestry and Wildlife requested the help of big cat wildlife biologists William van Pelt and Stan Cunningham of the Arizona Game and Fish Department. Van Pelt and Cunningham believed that the cat was probably a large feline, such as a leopard, jaguar, or cougar. It may have been illegally brought into Hawaii as a pet and released or allowed to wander in the wild. No big cat was detected by traps, infrared cameras, or professional trackers. A fur sample was obtained in 2003, but DNA analysis was inconclusive. The state's hunt for the cat was suspended in late November 2003, after three weeks without sightings. Utah State University professor and wildlife biologist Robert Schmidt expressed strong doubts about the cat's existence, likening it to the Loch Ness monster.

Illinois
In the Shawnee National Forest of Alexander County, there have been encounters of large black panthers reported sporadically since the 1860s.

Massachusetts
MassWildlife has confirmed two cases of a mountain lion's presence in Massachusetts. There have been numerous other reports of sightings, as well as alleged photographs, but these remain unconfirmed by state wildlife officials.

North Carolina
Black panthers and other large non-indigenous cats have been sighted for many years in the vicinity of Oriental, North Carolina. Accounts from locals and visitors alike have been documented in the local papers.

Explanations for Europe's Phantom Cats

In Europe, escaped exotic wildcats have been caught both dead and alive by people of Great Britain. DNA testing also helped in the process of finding out what the animal/s could be, proving them to actually be exotic wildcats. In the 1900s, circus owner Mary Chipperfield allegedly released her pet mountain lions into the Moorlands of Great Britain after her circus shut down. A while later, people released their exotic animals into the woods after a ban on large exotic predators took place. People have taken pictures, killed and have even captured the animals alive. Exotic wildcat species who have been caught in Great Britain include:
Cougar
Canada lynx
Eurasian lynx
Ocelot
Serval
Caracal
Jungle cat
Clouded leopard
Another confirmed explanation is that the phantom cats are actually large stray or hybrid cats since some stray cats hybridize with the native Scottish Wildcat and the hybrids are larger than a purebred cat. The Scottish Kellas Cat is the result of hybridization of both domestic and wildcats, and a now mounted specimen matches the description of the British Black Cats: a large, robust body with black fur and small ears.

See also
British Big Cats
Black panther
European Wildcat

References

External links
 Australian Big Cats
 British Big Cats Society

Mythological felines

Phantom cat


Chylow Parker (July 19, 1969 – February 13, 2018), known by the stage name Chyskillz, was an American record producer, beatmaker, DJ, hardcore rapper, and a member of multi-platinum hardcore rap group Onyx.

Chyskillz was discovered by the late great hip hop legend Jam Master Jay of Run-D.M.C. who signed Onyx on his label JMJ Records. Onyx's debut album Bacdafucup, produced by Chyskillz, helped the group to become a nominee for "Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop New Artist" on American Music Awards and won "Best Rap Album" on Soul Train Music Awards.

During his career, Chylow Parker has worked with well-known artists such as Large Professor, Onyx, Run-D.M.C., Biohazard, Queen, Ice Cube, Shaquille O'Neal, LL Cool J, Public Enemy and many others. Many songs were re-mixed, re-mastered and re-released after 1997.

Five albums produced by Chyskillz, were certified as gold by the RIAA: Public Enemy Greatest Misses, Onyx Bacdafucup, Run-D.M.C. Down With The King, Shaquille O'Neal Shaq-Fu: Da Return and LL Cool J Mr. Smith. Two of them were certified as platinum: Onyx Bacdafucup and LL Cool J Mr. Smith.

Early life
Chylow Parker was born in Manhattan, New York City, New York. At the age of 4 he and his family moved to Jamaica, Queens, New York. At the age of 10, Chyskillz and his family moved to Flushing, Queens. That's where he met Large Professor, Neek The Exotic and Mic Geronimo. Royal Flush used to live on the other side of the building he grew up in. 10-years-old, Chyskillz touched a pair of Technics turntables for the first time. At that moment he knew what he wanted to do with his life.

In the 80's Chyskillz and Large Professor were a members of b-boy crew "Stay Fresh Crew". Chylow could do "Flare (acrobatic move)", "Airflare" and "Headspin". Chylow was a good graffiti writer, bombing the "I.S. 237" (Rachel Carson Intermediate School 237) roofs, you could see his tags "CHY" on Main Street (Flushing, Queens). Chylow also was a good BMX biker, rocking "Miami hoppers" before anyone else on Colden Playground (Flushing, Queens).

Career

Jam Master Jay
Chyskillz started his music career deejaying for Large Professor, the founding member of Main Source. Chyskillz working on a recording studio as an engineer and producer on Neek The Exotic's project. One day he met Fredro Starr, who saw him deejaying. Fredro liked his beats, so he gave him his phone number. Onyx's manager, Jeff Harris, called him and invited him to Jam Master Jay's studio. When Chyskillz got with Jam Master Jay his first professional credit was the remix he did for Fam-Lee – "Runs in the Fam-Lee".

Onyx
Queens, New York City M.C. Neek The Exotic introduced DJ Chyskillz to the group Onyx in 1991. In Brian Coleman's book Check the Technique Fredro described how Onyx met their new producer:"...We met Chyskillz on Jamaica Avenue one day. We was buying weed at the weed spot and Chy was chasing my truck down the street, yelling, 'I got beats!' His stuff back then was jazzy, on some Tribe Called Quest shit, but it was hot. I knew he could put beats together right away. We brought him into our zone and made him do some grimy shit."

When Chyskillz met Fredro and Sticky they were already signed to Def Jam. The group was called Onyx and consisted of Fredro Starr, Sticky Fingaz, Suave (a.k.a. Sonny Seeza) and Big DS. When Chyskillz first got with Onyx, they already have another producer, but their stuff was a little bit more commercial and friendly. Chyskillz let Fredro hear some beats and it started from there. Chyskillz began making beats for Onyx and the collaboration just worked. The first song that Chyskillz ever did for Onyx was "Nigga Bridges". He did one song for them and Russell Simmons heard it and give Onyx an EP deal for 6 songs. But they did 10 songs on a budget of 6 songs, so Russell Simmons give them an album deal.

Chyskillz and Jam Master Jay co-produced the hip-hop group Onyx's multi-platinum selling debut album called Bacdafucup. The album is described as having a "tense, wired edge that amplifies the vividness of the threatening lyrics. Sonically, it has a hardcore East Coast/New York City cast, full of throbbing bass and screeching siren-like effects".

Chyskillz drew notice for his work on hit songs like "Throw Ya Gunz" and "Slam" by Jam Master Jay of Run-DMC. Onyx's hit song Slam, which Chyskillz co-produced with Jam Master Jay, was included in music writer Bruce Pollock's Rock Song Index: The 7500 Most Important Songs for the Rock and Roll Era. It also made the Billboard Hot 100.

Chyskillz left Onyx in the summer of 1993 cause they don't need him like a producer record. So Chyskillz signed with Wasteland Records.

In May 2003 Chyskillz founded his own label "719 Music Inc.".

Musical style
In an interview with NPR, hip hop artist and record producer Large Professor described working with Chyskillz on one of his first demos:
"...that's the style of production that we were doing at that time, where he would cut up "Synthetic Substitution" breakbeat on one tape. And you had the two and three tape decks, and he would put the tape in there. And then he would play that tape and overdub some bass lines."

Last Year
In the last year of his life, Chyskillz actively traveled by plane, now and then visiting the cities of Dallas (Texas), Atlanta (Georgia), New York and Miramar (Florida). In all the cities he had friends and there he found new clients – rap artists, for whom he produced music. On the Facebook he uploaded videos he shot at the airport, marked "Where in the world is Chyskillz now" so that his friends would try to guess the city in which the producer is located, leaving comments under the post. And in the video he used to say: "It's about catch a flight, I'll might be in your city".

Death
On July 5, 2017, Chyskillz was involved in a car accident and had surgery in October on his shoulder and was scheduled to possibly have back surgery soon. He was in a lot of pain and not working so much. He was in Queens, New York. On February 10, 2018 he was suffering a bad cold for two weeks and went to the hospital and they informed him that he had the flu, should never have gone to the studio and should have been resting. On February 12, Fredro and Sticky flew to New York. Fredro picked him up in Queens to go to the studio to do some remixing for the shows. Chyskillz was so pleased with this, he certainly agreed. After the session he came home late that evening around 2am. The next morning his family discovered him. Doctors say he suffered a heart attack. Next week he had to go to Miami, and then to Dallas for work. He just finished work on the project with De La Soul.

Discography

Albums
With Onyx

 1993: Bacdafucup

Solo albums
 2014–2017: LP (unreleased)

Production
1991: Fam-Lee – "Runs in the Fam-Lee (It's The Fam-Lee Remix)" (from "Runs in the Fam-Lee (Vinyl Single)") – Remixed by Jam Master Jay & Chy-Skills
1992: Fam-Lee – "You're The One For Me (Hip-Hop Mix)" (from "You're The One For Me (Vinyl Single)") – X-Tra Flavor by Chy Skills
1992: Public Enemy – "Louder Than A Bomb (JMJ Telephone Tap Groove)" (from compilation album "Greatest Misses") – Remixing
1992: Bo$$ – "Livin' Loc'd" (from "Born Gangstaz") – Producer
1992: Onyx – "United States Ghetto (The U.S.G.)" – Producer
1992: Onyx – "Wake Up Dead, Nigga" (Throw Ya Gunz) (feat. Tek-9) – Version 1 (with different chorus at the beginning) – Producer
1992: Onyx – "Wake Up Dead, Nigga" (Throw Ya Gunz) (feat. Tek-9) – Version 2 – Producer
1993: Onyx – "Bacdafucup", "Bichasniguz", "Throw Ya Gunz", "Here 'N' Now", "Bus Dat Ass", "Da Mad Face Invasion", "Blac Vagina Finda", "Da Bounca Nigga", "Nigga Bridges" (co-producer), "Onyx Is Here", "Slam", "Stik 'N' Muve" (co-producer), "Bichasbootleguz", "Shifftee", "Phat ('N' All Dat)", "Getdafucout" (from "Bacdafucup") – Instrumentation, musician, producer
1993: Run-D.M.C. – "Three Little Indians", "Get Open" (from "Down with the King") – Producer
1993: Biohazard & Onyx – "Judgment Night" (from "Judgment Night (soundtrack)") – Producer
1993: Rumpletilskinz – "Mad M.F.'s" (from "What Is a Rumpletilskin?") – Mixing, producer
1993: Class A Felony – "I'm Not The Herb You're Lookin' 4 (CHY Skillz Remix)" (from "I'm Not The Herb You're Lookin' 4 (Vinyl Single)") – Remixing
1994: Kwazz E. Modoe – "Live The Life" (from Kwazz E. Modoe's demo tape) – Producer
1994: Queen – "Another One Bites The Dust" (Chyskillz Remix) (feat. Ice Cube, Hi-C (rapper) & Chyskillz) (from compilation album "BASIC Queen Bootlegs") – Remixing
1994: Shaquille O'Neal – "(So U Wanna Be) Hardcore", "Freaky Flow" (from "Shaq-Fu: Da Return") – Producer
1994: Sister Machine Gun – "Nothing (Chyskillz Re-Mix)" (from "Nothing (CD Single)") – Remixing
1995: Mic Geronimo – "Man of My Own" (from "The Natural") – Producer
1995: LL Cool J – "Mr. Smith" (from "Mr. Smith") – Producer
1996: Royal Flush – "Iced Down Medallions" (feat. Noreaga) (Chyskillz Remix) (from Various Artists – "Heartbeat" – Chill Factor Remixes) – Producer
1997: Royal Flush – "International Currency" (from "Ghetto Millionaire") – Producer
1997: Royal Flush – "Shines" (from "Ghetto Millionaire") – Mixing
1997: Royal Flush – "Family Problems" (from "Ghetto Millionaire") – Mixing
1997 – 2014: Producing of various hip-hop artists not subscribed to the top labels
2009: Skotadistes – "100 Mad Gang (Slam Again)" (feat. Fredro Starr) – Producer
2014: Sticky Fingaz – "I Don't Give A Shit" / "Ebenezer Scrooge" (feat. N.O.R.E.) – Producer

References

External links

1969 births
2018 deaths
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
American hip hop DJs
Musicians from New York (state)
East Coast hip hop musicians
Musicians from Jamaica, Queens
American hip hop record producers
Rappers from New York City
Rappers from Manhattan
African-American record producers
Record producers from New York (state)
Musicians from Flushing, Queens
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

Chyskillz


Dai Francis (23 February 1928 – 27 November 2003) was a Welsh singer, best known for his performances with the Black and White Minstrels.

Francis was born in Glynneath, Glamorgan, the son of a music hall entertainer. Dai himself began performing at the age of ten, "blacking up" to sing Dixieland-style numbers. He left school at fourteen to work for the National Coal Board.

During National Service with the RAF in 1946-49, where he served alongside Barry Took, Francis played in a forces band. He later began touring as an entertainer and married fellow performer Elsie Monks in 1952. They had one daughter. In 1954, Francis joined the George Mitchell Singers, and was one of the first soloists to appear in The Black and White Minstrel Show when it made its television debut in 1958. Francis generally appeared at the beginning of the show to announce, "It's the Black and White Minstrel Show", in character as Al Jolson. Together with Tony Mercer and John Boulter, he fronted the troupe in most of the shows until it was taken off the air in 1978. He also appeared in most of their stage shows.

He died 27 November 2003 in Sussex aged 75.

References

External links

1928 births
2003 deaths
Blackface minstrel performers
20th-century Welsh male singers

Dai Francis (singer)


Vice Admiral Johan Retief  was the Chief of the South African Navy from 2000 to 2005.

Retief was born on 20 March 1946 in Cape Town, matriculating at Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck in Cape Town.

Career
He attended the South African Military Academy after completing his Citizen Force training and graduated with a Bachelor of Military Science degree in 1967 and was judged the Best Student in that year.

He was appointed an Anti-Submarine Warfare Officer and was selected to attend the Torpedo and Anti-Submarine course at HMS Vernon in Portsmouth, United Kingdom.

He joined the Strike Craft Flotilla, initially as training officer at the inception of the project in 1975. He was the Commissioning Captain of  and attended the Naval Command and Staff Course in 1981. After completing a year as Staff Officer Surface Warfare, he was appointed Director Naval Operations in 1985. After attending the Joint Staff
Course in 1988 he served as Senior Staff Officer Research at the Intelligence Division and then as Military Secretary to the Minister of Defence General Magnus Malan and Ministers Roelf Meyer and Gene Louw.

He was promoted to rear admiral and appointed as Chief of Naval Operations with effect from 1 January 1993 until 30 April 1996, after which he served as Inspector-General of the South African National Defence Force.

He was promoted to vice admiral and appointed Chief of the South African Navy on 1 November 2000.

Awards and decorations

Adm Retief was awarded the following:

See also
 List of South African military chiefs
 South African Navy

Notes

References

South African admirals
Afrikaner people
1946 births
Living people
Military personnel from Cape Town
Chiefs of the South African Navy
Alumni of Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck

Johan Retief


Mitsou Ronat (1946 – 8 July 1984) was a French poet,  linguist and specialist of literary theory.

As member of the committee of the journal Action poétique with Henri Deluy, Martine Broda, Jacques Roubaud and Elisabeth Roudinesco, she expressed critical views of Tel Quel and criticizes the use of linguistics made by Julia Kristeva

In 1967 she joined the collective Change, founded by Jean-Pierre Faye, where she advocated for a diffusion of Noam Chomsky's ideas, and the use of this type of linguistics in the analysis of literature.

She was also a member of the Polivanov circle, where she met several linguists and poets among which were Jacques Roubaud, Jean-Claude Milner, Jacqueline Guéron and Pierre Lusson. She published a number of papers which tend to show that Chomsky's notion of constraint can be extended to the study of literature.

A specialist on Stéphane Mallarmé and James Joyce, she criticized the analysis of Joyce developed by Philippe Sollers.

In 1980 she published (with Tibor Papp) a provocative edition of his poem "Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard".

Very close to Ann Banfield and Sige-Yuki Kuroda, Ronat obtained her Ph.D. in 1974.

She was a co-founder, with Pierre Pica and others, of the French Association des Sciences du Langage, she was the author of a dialogue with Noam Chomsky, and of several linguistics papers.

In the last part of her life, Mitsou Ronat became especially interested in the interface between language and prosody.

She was the author of several poems where she analyzed the relationship between language and vision. She died on 8 July 1984, in a car accident.

References

Bibliography
Ronat, Mitsou (1984), Focus, Intonation, Grammaire, Thèse d'état, unpublished, Paris, 255 pages.

Ronat, Mitsou (1975), La langue manifeste, Littérature et théories du langage, Action Poétique, Paris.

External links
Ronat, Mitsou, Bibliography of Mitsou Ronat, in Formes, Hommage à Mitsou Ronat, Recherches linguistiques de Vincennes, 14/15 (Pierre Pica ed)
Ronat, Mitsou, Profile on PhilPapers
Ronat, Mitsou, Profile on the French open access paper repository HAL

Linguists from France
Literary theorists
1946 births
1984 deaths
20th-century French poets
20th-century linguists

Mitsou Ronat


The Oppo Find X is the 2018 flagship smartphone from the Oppo Find series and was launched on 19 June 2018 in Paris by Oppo. The Find X features a different design from traditional smartphones, as it has a mechanic pop-up camera. The phone has a screen to body ratio of 87%, the thinnest bezels in the market when it launched, and is considered the first "all screen" smartphone to be released.

Specifications

Hardware
It is powered by Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 processor, 8 GB of RAM, 256 GB of storage and operates on Android 8.1 (Oreo) which is Color OS customised. The pop up contains both the 25 MP front camera and dual 16 + 20 MP rear cameras. It also has a 3,730 mAh battery and is powered by VOOC fast wired charging. The Lamborghini edition of the phone comes with 512 GB storage and supports SuperVOOC fast wired charging which can charge from 0 to 100% in 35 minutes. According to Oppo, Find X will be its first phone to have global LTE compatibility which is crucial for the company to enter the European and North American market, the phone supports no fingerprint scanner to unlock the device and instead relies on facial recognition known as O-Face, which is done by the pop up taking as little as 0.5 s to pop up and unlock the phone. It is the first phone to feature an entirely virtualized (software-driven) proximity sensor, as there was no space on the front face to include such a physical sensor.

The selfie camera has 3D Smart Selfie Capture that can simulate various lighting effects for portrait lighting and it has an 3D OMoji feature while the dual rear camera can recognize 800 scenes in 20 scenarios (Food, Pets, Snow, etc.).

Software
Oppo Find X ships with Android 8.1 Oreo.

See also
 Oppo phones

References

Android (operating system) devices
Mobile phones introduced in 2018
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Discontinued flagship smartphones
Oppo smartphones

Oppo Find X