How Sleep the Brave, is a 1982 Vietnam war film shot in England. It stars Lawrence Day, Luis Manuel, Thomas M. Polland and Christopher Muncke, and is produced by Lindsay Shonteff and Elizabeth Laurie, written by Bobby Bauer and Jeremy Lee Francis, and directed by Lindsay Shonteff.

Synopsis
During the Vietnam War of Christmas 1969, a group of fresh young American soldiers who arrive at an army camp in Vietnam are sent to patrol in a nearby jungle. Once they have killed a few Viet Cong soldiers and losing a couple of their comrades in the battle, they return to camp. They are now sent on a mission, which is to destroy a Viet Cong village. After they destroy the village, they embark on a hazardous journey through a jungle to board a helicopter and return to camp. But, it's only a matter of who will survive the Viet Cong's gunshots and make it to the helicopter.

External links

1982 films
1980s war films
Films directed by Lindsay Shonteff
Vietnam War films
Films shot in England
British war films
1982 in England
1980s English-language films
1980s British films

How Sleep the Brave


Carl Herbert Smith (1950–2004) was an American computer scientist. He was a pioneer in computational complexity theory and computational learning theory.

Smith was program manager of the National Science Foundation's theoretical computer science program, and editor of  the International Journal of the Foundations of Computer Science, Theoretical Computer Science, and Fundamenta Informaticae. He held professorships at Purdue University and the University of Maryland, College Park. He organized the first conferences on computational learning in the U.S. in the 1980s. He earned a PhD from the State University at Buffalo in 1979, and received Habilitation degree from the University of Latvia in 1993. He was a member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences.

He was the author of the popular textbooks Theory of Computation: A Gentle Introduction and A Recursive Introduction to the Theory of Computation.

American computer scientists
1950 births
2004 deaths
University of Latvia alumni
University at Buffalo alumni

Carl Herbert Smith


The Yale School of Management (also known as Yale SOM) is the graduate business school of Yale University, a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. The school awards the Master of Business Administration (MBA), MBA for Executives (EMBA), Master of Advanced Management (MAM), Master's Degree in Systemic Risk (SR), Master's Degree in Global Business & Society (GBS), Master's Degree in Asset Management (AM), and Ph.D. degrees, as well as joint degrees with nine other graduate programs at Yale University.

The school conducts education and research in leadership, behavioral economics, operations management, marketing, entrepreneurship, organizational behavior, and other areas. The EMBA program offers focused study in healthcare, asset management, or sustainability.

The school also offers semester-long student exchange programs with HEC Paris, IESE, the London School of Economics, the National University of Singapore Business School, and Tsinghua University. Students may also propose a quarter- or semester-long exchange program with any of the 25 other schools of the Global Network for Advanced Management.

History
Beginning in the 1950s, Yale University started to expand coursework offerings in business and organization management. A precursor to the School of Management, the Department of Industrial Administration, grew out of the Labor and Management Center, and conferred the master in industrial administration from 1958 through 1973. Professors Thomas Holmes, Chris Argyris, and David Votaw were instrumental in founding the MIA. In 1971, Yale University received a donation establishing a program in management from Frederick W. Beinecke, PhB 1909. Arriving in 1976, the first class of the two-year program that awarded a master's degree in public and private management (MPPM) attended the campus on Hillhouse Avenue.

Historically known for its strength in studies regarding nonprofits and the public sector, the school's focus began to evolve and changed its name to the Yale School of Management in 1994. Shortly thereafter in 1999, the School began offering a master of business (MBA) degree and discontinued the MPPM degree.

Yale SOM launched an executive MBA program for healthcare professionals in 2005, and in 2006, it introduced its mandatory, team-taught "Integrated Curriculum" for all MBA students.

In 2014, Yale SOM enrolled its first class of students in an expanded MBA for Executives program, offering the Yale MBA integrated core along with advanced study in asset management, healthcare, or sustainability. That same year in January, SOM's new building, Edward P. Evans Hall, opened at 165 Whitney Avenue, one block away from the old campus on Hillhouse Avenue.

Foster and Partners, the firm chaired by Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureate Lord Norman Foster ARCH '62, designed the building with Gruzen Samton stated as the Architect of Record. Edward P. Evans Hall houses technology-enabled classrooms, faculty offices, academic centers, and student and meeting spaces organized around an enclosed courtyard.

Academics

Integrated Curriculum
For the 2006–07 academic year, the school introduced its "Integrated Curriculum", an effort to move away from the typical "siloed" teaching approach to a more cross-disciplinary curriculum.  A multi-year, in-depth case study of the curricular reforms undertaken by Yale SOM demonstrated that while most business school curricular reforms happen at the fringe of the curriculum, mostly as fad, Yale SOM reforms were effective, extensive and substantial (Ashish Jaiswal, 2015).  The  new curriculum is composed of two components: foundational skills classes in a program called "Orientation to Management" that take place during the first semester of the MBA program and a set of classes called "Organizational Perspectives" that take place during the second through fourth quarters of the first academic year and are case- and lecture-focused courses that decompose business components into the perspectives of different stakeholders.

Orientation to Management
The Orientation to Management is the first segment of the curriculum, which introduces students to core concepts and business skills. The constituent courses include Managing Groups and Teams, Global Virtual Teams, Basics of Accounting, Probability Modeling and Statistics, Basics of Economics, Modeling Managerial Decisions, and Introduction to Negotiation.

Organizational Perspectives
Organizational Perspectives is a series of interdisciplinary, team-taught master classes that make up the majority of required MBA courses at SOM. These courses include Employee, Innovator, Operations Engine, Sourcing and Managing Funds, Competitor, Customer, Investor, The Global Macro-economy, and State and Society. The final Organizational Perspectives course, the Executive, focuses on solving a series of case studies involving cross-national or global business challenges and draw on the subject matter taught in the other Organizational Perspectives courses and Orientation to Management skills.

The Organizational Perspectives courses are both in lecture and case format which include cases from multi-media "raw" cases developed by SOM and the Global Network for Advanced Management.

Electives
MBA candidates are able to take electives courses at the School of Management commencing during the second semester of the MBA candidates' first year of instruction and during their entire second year of study. These electives include pedagogy drawing from traditional lecture and case-based instruction as well as includes independent reading and research with professors and instructors.

SOM students are also permitted to enroll in the classes offered by other graduate and professional schools and at Yale University including the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yale Law School, Yale School of Public Health, and undergrad classes at Yale College.

Global Studies Requirement
MBA candidates are required to complete a Global Studies Requirement prior to graduation. This requirement can be fulfilled a number of ways including an International Experience Course, a Global Network Week, a Global Network Course, The Global Social Entrepreneurship Course, the Global Social Enterprise Course, or a term-long international exchange with a partner school.

Admission
Admission requirements for the MBA include an earned four-year bachelor's degree from an accredited U.S. institution or the international equivalent, completion of an online application form and essay, GMAT or GRE score, academic transcripts, two professional recommendations, completion of video questions, a behavioral assessment, and a fee. The behavioral assessment is a forced-choice, multiple-choice online module lasting 20–25 minutes that measures inter- and intra-personal competencies associated with business school success.

During the admissions cycle of 2020-2021, for the class of 2023, the MBA class was composed of 20% under-represented students of color, 49% of the US students are students of color, 9% are first-generation college graduates. Matriculating students represented 38 different countries and 176 different academic institutions with 15% having previously earned a graduate degree. Yale SOM is the fourth most selective MBA program with approximately 10.9 applicants competing for each seat.

* International Students is a metric of "Intentional Passport Holders"

Students represent 47 international countries in the class of 2021 from countries including Armenia, Ghana, Lebanon, Mauritius, and Peru.

Collectively, the class of 2021 speaks 44 languages, with over 69% of the class speaking more than two languages, and 28% of the class speaking more than three languages.

Employment statistics
The class of 2021, median overall compensation was ~$193,000 for the first year out of school. The distribution by employment location follows approximately one-half of the class staying within the Northeast (New York City & Boston), between one-quarter and one-third moving out west (San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle), and the remaining flowing to the Mid-Atlantic / Mountain West / South.

Rankings

Yale is ranked by Poets and Quants in the top ten over the past eight years and has remained in tenth place since 2015.

From 2011 to 2017, applications rose 46%—more than any other peer school, and 2017 alone saw a 12.3% increase in applications. In 2017, total academic quality of its incoming class was second only to Stanford, and total median pay of its alumni exceeded Columbia's, MITs, and U Chicago, despite more students than other peer schools pursuing non-profit work. Yale ranked number one in U.S. News & World Reports 2017 "Best Non-Profit MBA Rankings."

Yale's faculty were rated #1 of all MBA faculty in the Economist survey in 2018.

The 2018 Princeton Review put SOM at #2 for "Best Green MBA," #6 for "Toughest MBA to get into," and #7 for "Best MBA for Consulting" and "Best MBA for Management."

Degrees
The Yale School of Management (SOM) offers a number of postgraduate degrees, including the two-year Master's of Business Administration (MBA), MBA for Executives, Master of Advanced Management (MAM), Masters of Management Studies in Systemic Risk, and several doctorate degrees.

MBA
The MBA a traditional full-time, two-year program that allows students to take a wide array of core courses and electives at the university.

MBA for Executives
The MBA for Executives at SOM during the 2017–18 academic year includes 71 students, 35% of whom are women. Graduates of the MBA for Executives program go through the full MBA-integrated core curriculum. They also take advanced management courses as well as colloquia and advanced courses in one of three areas of focus: healthcare, asset management, or sustainability.

Master of Advanced Management
The Master of Advanced Management (MAM) is a one-year degree program for MBA graduates from international business schools.

Admission to the Master of Advanced Management program is available to MBA students from top international business schools, including those in the Global Network for Advanced Management, who either (1) have recently graduated with an MBA degree or (2) who are enrolled in an MBA program and expect to receive their MBA degree or equivalent before matriculating at Yale.

Yale SOM may admit exceptional students from the Global Network for Advanced Management member schools who have not yet completed their MBA or equivalent degree provided.

The MAM class of 2022 is composed of 55 students from 27 countries and 17 Global Network for Advanced Management schools and is 45% women.

Master of Management Studies in Systemic Risk
The Master of Management Studies in Systemic Risk is a recent degree added to the SOM curriculum, added in the 2017–18 academic school year. The program is a specialized master's degree for early- and mid-career students who are interested in the role of central banking and other major regulatory agencies. The Wall Street Journal has described the program as a "Degree of Danger" as it focuses on training the "next generation of regulators."

Master of Management Studies in Asset Management
The Master of Management Studies in Asset Management is a graduate degree program that targets students as well as working professionals. The degree has been developed in parallel with and also runs in collaboration with the Yale Investments Office. The program is highly rigorous and quant-heavy, with Asset Management students taking on advanced PhD level coursework. Strong computer programming, mathematics, and statistics skills coupled with financial modeling and business-related experiences are needed for success in this program.   The first cohort of 56 students was welcomed in 2021 with an acceptance rate of approximately 2%, making it the most selective out of all Yale University programs.

Doctor of Philosophy
The doctoral program (PhD) at Yale SOM is a full-time, in-residence program intended for students who plan scholarly careers involving research and teaching in management. There are five major tracks for PhD students follow at SOM: Accounting, Finance, Marketing, Operations, and Organizations and Management. The program is structured so that it can be completed in three to five years. The curriculum for the first two years of PhD candidates is composed of 14 courses, which include two core courses, a social science sequence, an empirical methods sequence, a depth requirement, a breadth requirement, and electives. The program is small and admits only a few students each year; there are currently 51 doctoral candidates in the program. All admitted students are given a full stipend for five years if they satisfy the program's requirements.

Joint Degrees
The School's joint-degree programs include the MBA/JD with Yale Law School, MBA/MD with Yale School of Medicine, MBA/PhD with Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, MBA/MEM or MF with Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, MBA/MArch with Yale School of Architecture, MBA/MFA with Yale School of Drama, MBA/MDiv or MBA/MAR with Yale Divinity School, MBA/MPH with Yale School of Public Health, and MBA/MA in Global Affairs with the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs. Approximately 11% of MBA candidates of the class of 2021 are pursuing dual degrees.  Further, in the 2018–2019 academic year, over 1,300 instances of non-SOM students from Yale College and other Graduate and Professional schools registered for SOM classes.

Global Pre-MBA Leadership
The school offers a Global Pre-MBA Leadership Program that introduces recent college undergraduates from cultural backgrounds that are under-represented in graduate management education to the benefits of an MBA degree.

Silver Scholars
Initiated in 2001, it was originally open only to Yale undergraduates and was intended to attract more non-traditional MBA candidates with experience outside business and finance. It has since expanded to consider applications from college seniors around the world. Even so, the program remains small. In 2014, SOM admitted only 15 Silver Scholars.

Despite conventional wisdom that MBA programs require previous work experience, Silver Scholars' job placement and scholarship statistics are at least as good as Yale's traditional MBAs. With an approximately 5% admit rate, the program is more selective than the traditional MBA program at Yale, as well as most other early admission MBA programs, including those at Stanford Graduate School of Business and Harvard Business School.

The School offers the Silver Scholars Program to exceptional college seniors with a "combination of Intelligence, Maturity, and Curiosity, who aim to be leaders in their field." It's been called an "alternative" to deferred admissions policies for undergraduate applicants offered by other top MBA programs. It is distinct in that it is one of a very small number of schools to offer an MBA schedule specifically tailored to recent graduates, and the only one to offer a mid-program internship.

Silver Scholars matriculate immediately from undergrad into the School of Management and participate in a one-year, full-time internship after completing the first year of the Integrated Core Curriculum. Following their internship, Silver Scholars return to campus to complete their second year of MBA coursework. At SOM, that second year has minimal requirements, and students may take courses across all Yale's grad schools. In some circumstances, Silver Scholars receive permission to defer their matriculation as a result of fellowships or other extraordinary circumstances or extend their internships by an additional year.  A total of 17 Silver Scholars matriculated in the fall of 2019.

Community

Student life
Students at the School, like all Yale University students and alumni, are called "Yalies" or "SOMers." They operate more than 40 MBA student clubs. There are career-oriented clubs such as Finance, Private Equity, Investment Management, Technology, Marketing, and Consulting. There are clinic-type clubs, such as Global Social Enterprise and Outreach Nonprofit Consulting, through which students complete pro bono consulting engagements with local and international non-profits. There are also athletic clubs including soccer, frisbee, crew, rugby, skiing, and squash. SOM participates in the coed MBA ice hockey tournaments during winter months. The Yale SOM Cup soccer tournament is held in October and attracts clubs from numerous top business schools. Each November, many students attend the Harvard-Yale football game (known as "The Game"), the location of which alternates each year between New Haven and Cambridge. Yale MBA students, like other members of the Yale graduate student community, frequent Gryphon's Pub, the bar owned and operated by GPSCY (Graduate and Professional Students Center at Yale).

Alumni and student giving
The Yale School of Management raised more than $3.9 million from a record 54.8% alumni in fiscal year 2018, the third straight year of participation of more than 50% of living alumni with an average donation size of $900.

SOM is the business school with the second-highest alumni participation in annual charitable contributions, behind Dartmouth Tuck School of Business at 70+% contribution and ahead of the University of Virginia Darden School of Business at 42% participation according to 2015 statistics.

The graduating MAM, MBA, and Executive MBA classes of 2016 all had a 100% contribution rate towards their class gifts prior to commencement.

Research
The School is home to the following research centers and programs:
The Center for Business and Environment is a collaboration between the Yale School of Management and the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
The Center for Customer Insights
The International Center for Finance
The Chief Executive Leadership Institute
The China India Insights Program
The Program on Entrepreneurship
The Program on Social Enterprise
The Initiative on Leadership and Organization
 The Yale Program on Financial Stability provides research and training regarding risk management in global financial markets. Regular panels are convened with participants including former Secretaries of the Treasury Timothy Geithner and Henry Paulson, and former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke. Typical participants for master classes hosted by the Program on Financial Stability include members from over 20 central banks and several non-central bank organizations including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
The Yale Center Beijing is located in the Chaoyang district of Beijing and supports research and study from each of the University's schools and divisions and serves as a gathering place for alumni from throughout Asia.

Media
Yale Insights is published by Yale SOM, covering a wide range of topics at the intersection of business and society.

Several podcasts are recorded at SOM, the most famous of which being The Design of Business | the Business of Design, hosted by Yale professors Michael Bierut and Jessica Helfand in coordination with a class they teach at SOM.

Finances

Loan Repayment
Graduates who meet income eligibility requirements and who work full-time for government or nonprofit organizations can receive full or partial loan reimbursement for their annual debt repayment on need-based loans. It is the first program of its kind (started in 1986), and "is the most generous loan repayment program among business schools," with over $1.4M in loan forgiveness provided in 2014, and $7.7M from 2010 to 2015.

Endowment

The School's endowment fund was valued at $861 million in 2019, which is the sixth largest endowment of any U.S. business school and third highest endowment per student. Yale University endowment fund manager David Swensen has generated exceptional investment returns over the past two decades.

Prominent faculty

William Drenttel – American Artist and Designer
Jeffrey Garten – former Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade
Gary Gorton – expert in stock and futures markets, banking, and asset pricing; Editor, Review of Economic Studies
Roger G. Ibbotson – Chairman, Chief Investment Officer, and co-founder of Zebra Capital Management, LLC, an equity hedge fund management firm; founder of Ibbotson Associates (a division of Morningstar, Inc.); financial markets expert and co-author of Global Investing
Edward H. Kaplan – operations research specialist; recipient of the Lanchester Prize and the Edelman Award
Ira Millstein – antitrust lawyer with Weil, Gotshal & Manges, proponent of shareholder activism
Barry Nalebuff – game theory specialist; co-founder of Honest Tea, Inc., a fast-growing beverage company
Sharon Oster – competitive strategy authority; author of Modern Competitive Analysis
Stephen Roach – Non-Executive Chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia; former Managing Director and Chief Economist of Morgan Stanley
Robert Shiller – behavioral finance expert; Nobel Prize winner; Chief Economist and co-founder of MacroMarkets, LLC, a financial markets firm; author of Irrational Exuberance, Market Volatility, The New Financial Order: Risk In The 21st Century, and Macro Markets; co-developer of the Case-Shiller index
Jeffrey Sonnenfeld – President and founder, The Chief Executive Leadership Institute
David Swensen (adjunct) – Yale University Chief Investment Officer; manager of US$18 billion university endowment portfolio; developer of the Yale Model of investing; author of Pioneering Portfolio Management
Victor Vroom – pioneer of expectancy theory

Donaldson Fellows Program for alumni
Starting in 2008, the School of Management began recognizing two-year Donaldson Fellows, "graduates whose personal and professional accomplishments embody the school's mission to educate leaders for business and society."

Notable alumni
, there are over 8,692 alumni.

Bradley Abelow – Chief Operating Officer, MF Global, Inc., and 2010-2011 Donaldson Fellow
Beth Axelrod – Head of Human Resources, Airbnb & eBay, and 2014-2015 Donaldson Fellow
Adam Blumenthal – Managing General Partner, Blue Wolf Capital Management, and 2008-2009 Donaldson Fellow
Laszlo Bock – CEO and co-founder, Humu; former Vice President, People Operations, Google, and 2008-2009 Donaldson Fellow
Roger H. Brown – President, Berklee College of Music
Tim Collins (financier) – CEO and founder, Ripplewood Holdings LLC
Curtis Chin – Asia Fellow, Milken Institute, and 2018-2019 Donaldson Fellow
Michael R. Eisenson – CEO, Managing Director, and co-founder, Charlesbank Capital Partners
Donald Gips – United States Ambassador to South Africa
Anne Glover – CEO and co-founder, Amadeus Capital Partners
Seth Goldman (businessman) – CEO and President, Honest Tea; Chairman, Beyond Meat
John D. Howard – CEO, Irving Place Capital (formerly Bear Stearns Merchant Banking)
Mary Ellen Iskenderian – CEO and President, Women's World Banking
Martha N. Johnson – Administrator, United States General Services Administration
Trish Karter – founder, Dancing Deer Baking Co.
Susan Kilsby – chairman of Shire
Ned Lamont – Chairman of Lamont Digital Systems, 89th Governor of Connecticut
Zhang Lei – Founder and Managing Partner, Hillhouse Capital Group, donated $8,888,888 to Yale SOM
Austin Ligon – Co-founder and retired CEO, CarMax
Jane Mendillo – CEO and President, Harvard Management Company
Wendi Deng Murdoch – Director, MySpace China; former VP, News Corporation; wife of Rupert Murdoch
Indra Nooyi – former CEO, PepsiCo, Inc.
Ken Ofori-Atta – Executive Chairman and Co-Founder, Databank Financial Services, Ltd. (Ghana), and 2010-2011 Donaldson Fellow
Ann Olivarius – Chair, McAllister Olivarius, and 2016-2017 Donaldson Fellow
Hilary Pennington – Director of Education, Postsecondary Success, Special Initiatives, U.S. Programs, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and 2010-2011 Donaldson Fellow
Bobby Sager – Philanthropist on whom the title character of NBC TV show The Philanthropist is loosely based
Ashwin Sanghi – Writer Chanakya's Chant The Rozabal Line
John L. Thornton – Professor and Director of Global Leadership, Tsinghua University; Senior Advisor and Former President and Co-COO, Goldman Sachs
Chad Troutwine – CEO and Co-founder, Veritas Prep
Daniel Weiss – CEO, Metropolitan Museum of Art; former President, Haverford College; former President, Lafayette College

See also
Yale Insights, a Yale SOM publication
Economics
Glossary of economics
List of United States business school rankings
List of business schools in the United States
Yale Club of New York City
Yale Corporation
Yale Publishing Course

References

External links

Official site

Yale University buildings
Management
1976 establishments in Connecticut
Business schools in Connecticut
Education in New Haven, Connecticut
Educational institutions established in 1976
Ivy League business schools
Universities and colleges in New Haven County, Connecticut

Yale School of Management


Lieutenant General Sir William Francis Butler  (31 October 18387 June 1910) was an Irish 19th-century British Army officer, writer, and adventurer.

Military career

He was born at Ballyslatteen, Golden, County Tipperary, Ireland, the son of Richard and Ellen Butler. The great famine of 1847 and scenes of suffering and eviction were amongst his earliest recollections. He was educated chiefly by the Jesuits at Tullabeg College.

He entered the army as an ensign of the 69th Foot at Fermoy Barracks in 1858, becoming captain in 1872 and major in 1874. He took part with distinction in the Red River expedition (1870–71) and the Ashanti operations of 1873–74 under Wolseley and received the Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1874.

He married on 11 June 1877 Elizabeth Thompson, an accomplished painter of battle scenes, notably The Roll Call (1874), Quatre Bras (1875), Rorke's Drift (1881), The Camel Corps (1891), and The Dawn of Waterloo (1895).  They had six children. His daughter, Elizabeth Butler, married Lt.-Col. Randolph Albert Fitzhardinge Kingscote (6 Feb 18678 Dec 1940) on 24 July 1903.

He again served with General Wolseley in the Zulu War (as brevet lieutenant colonel), the campaign of Tel-el-Kebir (after which he was made an aide-de-camp to the Queen) and the Sudan in 1884–86, being employed as colonel on the staff 1885 and brigadier-general 1885–86. In the latter year, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He served as brigadier-general on the staff in Egypt until 1892 when he was promoted to major-general and stationed at Aldershot, subsequent to which he was given command of the South-Eastern District in March 1896.

In 1898 he succeeded General William Howley Goodenough as commander-in-chief in South Africa, with the local rank of lieutenant-general. For a short period (December 1898February 1899), during the absence of Sir Alfred Milner in England, he acted as high commissioner, and as such, and subsequently in his military capacity, he expressed views on the subject of the probabilities of war which were not approved by the home government; he was consequently ordered home to command the Western District, and held this post until 1905. He also held the Aldershot Command for a brief period from 1900 to 1901. Sir William Butler was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1900 and continued to serve, finally leaving the King's service in 1905.

In October 1905, having reached the age limit of sixty-seven, he was placed on the retired list. The few years of life which remained to him he spent at Bansha Castle in Ireland, devoted chiefly to the cause of education. He was a frequent lecturer both in Dublin and the provinces on historical, social, and economic questions. Butler was known as a Home Ruler and an admirer of Charles Stewart Parnell. He was a member of the Senate of the National University of Ireland, and a commissioner of the Board of National Education. In June 1906, he was appointed Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and in 1909 he was made a member of the Irish Privy Council. He died at Bansha Castle and was buried at the cemetery of Killaldriffe, a few miles distant and not far from his ancestral home.

He had long been known as a descriptive writer, since his publication of The Great Lone Land (1872), describing the Red River Expedition in suppression of the Red River Rebellion, and subsequent travel across Western Canada for the Government, to report on conditions there.  Other works include biographies of Charles George Gordon (1889) and Sir George Colley (1899). In his biography of Gordon, he wrote the epigram "The nation that will insist upon drawing a broad line of demarcation between the fighting man and the thinking man is liable to find its fighting done by fools and its thinking by cowards.":85 which has since frequently been misattributed to Thucydides.

He had started work on his autobiography a few years before his death but died before it was completed. His youngest daughter, Eileen, Viscountess Gormanston, completed the work and had it published in 1911.  Eileen found among his papers a poem he had written, which began:

Give me but six-foot-three (one inch to spare)
Of Irish earth, and dig it anywhere;
And for my poor soul say an Irish prayer
Above the spot.

Notes

Works

References
William Francis Butler (1872). The Great Lone Land; a Narrative of Travel and Adventure in the North-West of America. London.
 William Francis Butler (1873). The Wild North Land: Being the Story of a Winter Journey, with Dogs, Across Northern North America. London.
 William Francis Butler (1882). Red Cloud, the Solitary Sioux: A Story of the Great Prairie. Roberts Brothers, Boston.
 Lieut.-General The Rt. Hon. Sir W. F. Butler G.C.B. (1911). Sir William Butler. An Autobiography Scribner's Sons, New York.
 Eileen Gormanston; Atkins (1953). A Little Kept. London & New York.
 Edward Alexander McCourt (1967). Remember Butler. The Story of Sir William Butler. Toronto.
 Martin Ryan (2003) William Francis Butler, a life 1838–1910. Dublin.

External links

 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

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1838 births
1910 deaths
Military personnel from County Tipperary
19th-century Anglo-Irish people
19th-century Irish non-fiction writers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
69th Regiment of Foot officers
British Army lieutenant generals
British Army personnel of the Mahdist War
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian War
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War
British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Ashanti War
People of the Red River Rebellion
Governors of the Cape Colony
19th-century Irish biographers
Irish male non-fiction writers
Irish male writers
Male biographers
Irish officers in the British Army
19th-century Irish travel writers
People educated at St Stanislaus College
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Writers from County Tipperary
People from Golden, County Tipperary

William Butler (British Army officer)


ER is an American medical drama television series that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994 to April 2, 2009. Novelist Michael Crichton was the creator of the show.

Overview
The show is about the fictional County General Hospital in Chicago. It showed stories from the emergency room.

ER won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards. It won 116 awards overall, including the Peabody Award. The show was nominated for 124 Emmys.

References

1994 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
1990s medical television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s medical television series
American medical television series
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs

ER (TV series)


Kramers' law is a formula for the spectral distribution of X-rays produced by an electron hitting a solid target. The formula concerns only bremsstrahlung radiation, not the element specific characteristic radiation. It is named after its discoverer, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Anthony Kramers.

The formula for Kramers' law is usually given as the distribution of intensity (photon count)  against the wavelength  of the emitted radiation:

The constant K is proportional to the atomic number of the target element, and  is the minimum wavelength given by the Duane–Hunt law. The maximum intensity is  at .

The intensity described above is a particle flux and not an energy flux as can be seen by the fact that the integral over values from  to  is infinite. However, the
integral of the energy flux is finite.

To obtain a simple expression for the energy flux, first change variables from  (the wavelength) to  (the angular frequency) using  and also using . Now  is that quantity which is integrated over  from 0 to  to get the total number (still infinite) of photons, where :

The energy flux, which we will call  (but which may also be referred to as the "intensity" in conflict with the above name of ) is obtained by multiplying the above  by the energy :

for

for .

It is a linear function that is zero at the maximum energy .

References

Spectroscopy
X-rays

Kramers' law


A Roman legionary was a professional soldier of the Roman army. Legionaries had to be Roman citizens under the age of 45. They were members of a Roman legion. Legionaries went through very tough training. They had to do what they were told or they would be punished badly. Legionaries had to carry lots of heavy equipment when they were marching.

More reading

Military of ancient Rome

Legionary


Thomas Oikonomou (Greek: Θωμάς Οικονόμου, 1864–1927) was a Greek actor and one of the first modern Greek directors.

Biography
Son of the writer Aristeidos Oikonomou, Oikonomou was born in Vienna, Austria in what was then a part of Austrian Empire in 1864 and studied and begun his career as an actor. He arrived in Greece in 1900-1901 and begun as a professor at the Dramatic School what was then Royal Theatre and (after the separation of Angelos Vlahos) as a director. He knew the young Marika Kotopouli who he acted together in an erotic part and became a protagonist of that company. In 1906, he left the Royal Theatre with Marika Kotopouli and worked together at Marika's father's company Dimitris Kotopoulis where he directed and presented the new productions at the Athenian theatre. His luck was crowned by the critics and a loud noise at failed receipts that made Oikonomou in theatrical productions and his works to collapse. From 1918 until 1922, he worked at the Athens Odeum as professor and journalist of the company. Between all students he taught and Dimitris Rontiris. His contribution at the Greek theatre as a director and a hypocrite as well as mainly from the student's spot thought he was fixed. He died in 1927.

References
ΙΜΕ: The New Scene of Konstantinou Hristomanou and the Royal Theatre

Georgiou Michalis, H θεατρική δράση του Θωμά Οικονόμου σε Βιέννη και Γερμανία, σκηνή, τχ. 7 (2015), p. 275-308.https://www.academia.edu/20014832/H_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%98%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC_%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%83%CE%B5_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%87._7_2015_%CF%83%CF%83._275-308

1864 births
1927 deaths
Male actors from Athens
Male actors from Vienna
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary
Immigrants to Greece
Male actors from Austria-Hungary

Thomas Oikonomou


"That Old Black Magic" is a 1942 popular song written by Harold Arlen (music), with the lyrics by Johnny Mercer. They wrote it for the 1942 film Star Spangled Rhythm, when it was sung by Johnny Johnston and danced by Vera Zorina. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1943 but lost out to "You'll Never Know".

It was first recorded by Gordon Jenkins and his Orchestra on July 9, 1942.  Shortly thereafter, on July 26, 1942, Judy Garland recorded her own version, which was released as a single in January 1943 – just after the movie's release on December 30, 1942. Five other recordings (also made in 1942) were released as singles within the next two weeks.

Composition
The song was published in 1942 and has become an often-recorded standard, with versions that include the original single release by Glenn Miller, by the singers Margaret Whiting, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., Mercer himself, and others. Mercer wrote the lyrics with Judy Garland in mind. Garland recorded the song for Decca Records in 1942. Mercer recalled wanting to write a song about magic, and while composing, asking Arlen to write more music so the song could go on longer, but that they still wrote the whole song in about three hours. Billy Daniels recorded the song in 1949 and it became his trademark recording.

Recordings
The Glenn Miller recording was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-1523-A, with "A Pink Cocktail For a Blue Lady" as the B side. The vocals were by Skip Nelson and the Modernaires. Glenn Miller recorded the song on July 15, 1942. The release was Glenn Miller's last number-1 hit. It charted in 1943, spending 14 weeks on the Billboard magazine charts, peaking at position number 1 for the week of May 29.
The Margaret Whiting recording (with the Freddie Slack Orchestra, which got top billing on the label) was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 126. It charted in 1943, spending a week at number 10 on the Billboard chart.
The Sammy Davis Jr. recording was released by Decca Records as catalog number 29541. It charted in 1955 and spent six weeks on the Billboard charts, peaking at position number 16.
The duet recorded by Louis Prima and Keely Smith was released as a single in 1958 on the Capitol label. It reached a peak of 18 on the Billboard Hot 100. This particular version was performed on Sam and Friends by Sam and Kermit the Frog, Sam performing as Prima and Kermit dressing in drag and performing as Smith. This sequence became one of the most well-known episodes of Sam and Friends.
Bobby Rydell had his version released as a single on Cameo in 1961. It reached number 21 on the Hot 100, and number 13 in Canada with co-chart "Don't Be Afraid".
Ann-Margret recorded a version for her 1966 album, Songs from The Swinger (And Other Swingin' Songs) .
Johnny Mathis recorded a disco rendition of this song for his 1979 studio album Mathis Magic.
Bob Dylan recorded a version of the song for his second album of standards, Fallen Angels.

Parodies
As part of his album My Name is Allan, Allan Sherman sang a parody of this song called "That Old Back Scratcher".

Popular culture
Marilyn Monroe famously sang the song in her film Bus Stop (1956). Her character Chérie is singing the song (somewhat out of key) to an audience who is not listening and talking loudly, until Don Murray quiets them all down.
In 1963, Jerry Lewis performed the song as suave hipster Buddy Love in his film The Nutty Professor.
The song appears several times in Star Trek: Voyager. In the episode "The Killing Game", Seven of Nine sings the song in character in a World War II-themed holodeck program, and in the Season Six episode "Virtuoso", The Doctor sings the song along with Harry Kim's band, the Kimtones.

References

1942 songs
1943 singles
Songs with music by Harold Arlen
Songs with lyrics by Johnny Mercer
1955 singles
1958 singles
1961 singles
Sammy Davis Jr. songs
Johnny Mathis songs
Glenn Miller songs
Marilyn Monroe songs
Bobby Rydell songs
Frank Sinatra songs
Margaret Whiting songs
Caterina Valente songs
Songs written for films
Male–female vocal duets
Pop standards
RCA Victor singles

That Old Black Magic


The Kama tank school () was a secret training school for tank commanders operated by the German Reichswehr near Kazan, Soviet Union. It operated from 1929 to 1933. The school was established in order to allow the German military to circumvent the military restrictions on tank research spelled out in the Treaty of Versailles. Apart from Kama, for the same reason Germany also operated the Lipetsk fighter-pilot school (1926–33) and a gas warfare facility, Gas-Testgelände Tomka (1928–31).

Following the Nazi party's rise to power, the school was closed and Germany's Tank Force and Air Force were trained in Germany.

It was codenamed "Kama" from the words Kazan and Malbrandt because the testing grounds were near Kazan and Oberstleutnant Malbrandt was assigned to select the location for testing.

Background
The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28 June 1919, prohibited Germany from operating any form of tank or air force after the country had lost the First World War. Germany had normalised its relations with the Soviet Union in 1922, with the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo.

Initially, Germany was unwilling to break the Treaty of Versailles. This attitude changed however in 1923, when French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr area after Germany defaulted on its payments of war reparations. In December 1926, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement to establish a tank school on Soviet territory. The school was eventually opened in 1929 and served to train approximately 30 German tank specialists.

School operations
After its opening, the school accommodated up to a dozen German officers at a time, training there for up to two years. Apart from training officers, the school served German companies like Krupp, Daimler, and Rheinmetall as a development ground for new tank designs. Technicians worked on the designs that later became the Panzerkampfwagen I and II.

Many of the officers training, instructing or visiting Kama later became high-ranking commanders in the Wehrmacht or its Panzerwaffe, among them Ernst Volckheim, Werner von Blomberg, Walter Model, Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma, Heinz Guderian and Josef Harpe. However claims about training of Guderian are contested: allegedly, he visited Kama only once, as a member of inspection.

It is claimed that a number of Soviet tank officers were also trained there. However from the declassified German and Soviet documents one may conclude that the Soviet officers were mainly observers or assistants.

Closure
In the early 1930s, the political situation for the tank school began to change. The Soviet Union opened itself to the West while Germany attempted a closer approach to France.

In December 1932, Germany achieved being viewed as an equal at the Geneva Conference, making the secret schools somewhat unnecessary. With the rise of the Nazis to power in January 1933, the ideological gap between fascist Germany and the communist Soviet Union became too large and the tank school at Kazan was closed in late 1933.

See also
Lipetsk fighter-pilot school
Tomka gas test site

References

Bibliography
 Samuel W. Mitcham (2000). The Panzer Legions, Stackpole Books. .

Reichswehr
Military history of the Soviet Union
Military history of Germany
1929 establishments in the Soviet Union
Secret military programs
History of Kazan
Germany–Soviet Union relations
Military education and training in the Soviet Union

Kama tank school


Lieutenant-General Forbes Macbean  (1725 – 11 November 1800) was a British Army officer of the Royal Artillery.

Biography
Macbean was born 28 June 1725, the son of the Reverend Alexander MacBean of Inverness and his wife Marjory, daughter of John MacBean, the son of William MacBean of Inverness; although some have cited him as the son of John MacBean Sheriff Clerk of Inverness who was a brother to William MacBean of Faillie in Strathnairn; this is not correct as that man's daughter 'Margaret' was born three years after Rev. Alexander married his wife Marjory. He entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, as a cadet-matross on 16 July 1743, and passed out as a lieutenant-fireworker on 25 March 1745. Three weeks after his appointment in 1745 Macbean marched with the artillery from Ghent, and had command of two guns at the battle of Fontenoy on 30 April 1745. On the news of the Jacobite rising in Scotland, the four companies of artillery of the Duke of Cumberland's army were sent home. Macbean joined Cumberland's army at Lichfield, and served at the siege of Carlisle in December 1745. In the following summer he went back to the Low Countries, and made the campaigns of 1746–48, commanding the battalion of the 19th Regiment of Foot at the battle of Roucoux, and a detachment of two guns at the battle of Val.

In 1755, Macbean was selected to command an artillery detachment in Ireland, but with the adjutancy at Woolwich falling vacant at the same time, he purchased its commission (and the attendant rank of first lieutenant) under the system then in force. While in this office he was promoted to captain-lieutenant on 1 April 1756, and he held it until promoted to captain and the command of a company on 1 January 1759.

In April 1759, he proceeded with his company to Germany, and commanded the heavy brigade of British artillery in the campaigns of 1759–60. At the battle of Minden in August 1759, where his brigade consisted of ten medium 12-pounders manned by two companies, he rendered conspicuous services, for which he received an autograph letter of thanks from Field Marshal Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick and a gratuity of 500 crowns. He was again distinguished at the battle of Warburg on 30 July 1760, and at Fritzlar on 12 February 1761, where he commanded a brigade of eight heavy 12-pounders. On his return home on sick leave soon after, he was recommended to the king by Prince Ferdinand for some special mark of royal favour, which he never received. In 1762 he embarked with his company for service in the Portuguese Campaign under the Count of Lippe, of which he left a manuscript account placed in the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich. Macbean was one of the British officers allowed to return to Portugal, on the prospect of a renewed conflict with Spain the year after. He was appointed a colonel of the Portuguese Army's artillery, and in 1765 Inspector-General of Portuguese artillery, a post he held for four years, receiving a very handsome testimonial from Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Conde d'Oeiras, the Portuguese secretary of state, on his departure.

Macbean commanded a company of artillery in Canada in 1769–73, and at home in 1773–77. In March 1778, he was appointed to command the Royal Artillery in Canada, in succession to Major-General Thomas Phillips, and in 1780, on the prospect of an American invasion, was appointed to the left brigade, consisting of the 31st, 44th, and 84th regiments, covering Sorel, on which, as on various other occasions, his services received the approbation of General Frederick Haldimand. Macbean was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1786, being the second artillery officer to receive that distinction (the first was Thomas Desaguliers). The artillery service was greatly indebted to him for his private notes and memoranda, without which much valuable information relating to the earlier history of the corps would have been lost.

Macbean, a lieutenant-general and colonel-commandant, Royal Invalid Artillery, died at his residence by Woolwich Common on 11 November 1800. His widow died at Greenwich in 1818, aged 88.

A street in central Woolwich is named after him.

Notes

References

1725 births
1800 deaths
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
People from Woolwich
Fellows of the Royal Society
British Army lieutenant generals
Royal Artillery officers
British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745
Portuguese army personnel

Forbes Macbean


Thomas Buell Wells (born July 2, 1945) is an American lawyer who served as a judge of the United States Tax Court.

Wells was born in Akron, Ohio, and received a Bachelor of Science from Miami University of Ohio in 1967. He was a Supply Corps Officer on active duty in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1967–1970, stationed in Morocco and Vietnam, and received a Joint Service Commendation Medal.

After leaving the military, Wells returned to school, earning a J.D. from Emory University Law School in 1973, and a Master of Laws in Taxation from New York University Law School in 1978.

Admitted to practice law in Georgia; member of law firm of Graham and Wells, P.C.; County Attorney for Toombs County, Georgia; City Attorney, Vidalia, Georgia, until 1977; member of law firm of Hurt, Richardson, Garner, Todd and Cadenhead, Atlanta, until 1981; law firm of Shearer and Wells, P.C., until 1986; member of American Bar Association, Section of Taxation; State Bar of Georgia, member of Board of Governors; Board of Editors, Georgia State Bar Journal; member Atlanta Bar Association; Editor of the Atlanta Lawyer; active in various tax organizations, such as Atlanta Tax Forum, presently, Honorary Member; Director, Atlanta Estate Planning Council; Director, North Atlanta Tax Council; American College of Tax Counsel, Honorary Fellow; Emory Law Alumni Association's Distinguished Alumnus Award, 2001; Life Member, National Eagle Scout Association, Eagle Scout, 1960. Member, Metropolitan Club; Chevy Chase Club, Vidalia Kiwanis Club, President, recipient Distinguished President Award.

Wells was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as a judge United States Tax Court on October 13, 1986 for a term ending October 12, 2001. He was reappointed by President George W. Bush on October 10, 2001 for a term ending October 9, 2016. He served as chief judge from September 24, 1997 to November 6, 1997 and from June 1, 2000 to May 31, 2004. He assumed senior status on January 1, 2011, and served until December 31, 2022.

References

1945 births
Living people
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
Emory University alumni
Judges of the United States Tax Court
Miami University alumni
People from Vidalia, Georgia
United States Article I federal judges appointed by George W. Bush
United States Article I federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
United States Navy officers

Thomas B. Wells


thumb|280px|Skyline of Canary Wharf, viewed from the west

London Docklands is the name for the riverfront and former docks in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. It is in east and southeast London and it is part of the boroughs of Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Lewisham, Newham and Greenwich. The docks used to be part of the Port of London.

After the docks closed, the area became derelict and poverty-stricken. The Docklands' regeneration began in the 1980s. The area has been redeveloped for commercial and residential use. The name London Docklands was used for the first time in a government report on redevelopment plans in 1971. The redevelopment created wealth but also led to conflict between the new and old communities in the area.

The docks served the Port of London, once one of the largest ports in the world. The docks and associated buildings (such as warehouses) were largely destroyed by bombing in the early part of the Second World War. Although they were working again by the late 1950s, as cargo ships got larger, that the port began to lose trade. A government decision was taken to build a new large container port on the east coast of England was carried out. That container port is at Felixstowe, and is served mostly by road transport motorways. Finally, the value of property in London made it possible to rebuild the old port areas into high-value property. Canary Wharf is the best-known redevelopment.

References

Docklands

London Docklands


Nasiru Ado Bayero, OFR  (born 2 February 1964) is a Nigerian banker and businessman. He is the current Emir of Bichi, a Nigerian traditional state, Kano State, Nigeria. He ascended the throne from his brother Aminu Ado Bayero who was named as the Emir of Kano, following the deposition of his nephew Muhammad Sanusi II by Governor Abdullahi Umar Ganduje. Prior to his accession, Bayero was the Chiroma of Kano Emirate and district head of Nassarawa during the reign of Muhammad Sanusi II.

Early life

Family
Bayero was born on 2 February 1964 in Kano, to late Ado Bayero who was the longest serving Emir of Kano in the history of Kano. He is the third son of late Ado Bayero and was the first child born at the official residence of Kano Emirate known as Gidan Dabo. His elder siblings include Sanusi Ado Bayero the former Chiroma from 1990 to 2015 which he later succeeded, and Aminu Ado Bayero the 15th Emir of Kano.

Education
Bayero had his primary and secondary school education in Kano, from where he proceeded to University of Maiduguri in Borno State to study Mass Communication in 1987, he is a graduate of Harvard Business School as well as having certificate in German language in 1993.

Career
Bayero had experience working with Continental Merchant Bank Nigeria, he later moved to Coastal Corporation in Houston, Texas and then Hamlet Investment Ltd London. He is the chairman of Enclo Limited, 9 Mobile Nigeria.

Titles and engagement
On 6 May 1994, Bayero was appointed as Tafidan Kano and district head of Waje by his late father the 13th Emir of Kano and later transferred as district head of Nassarawa local government, and then to Tarauni on the same status. He was promoted to Turakin Kano.In 2015, the 14th Emir of Kano Muhammad Sanusi II appointed him as Chiroma of Kano.

Emir of Bichi

Accession
On 9 March 2019, Bayero ascended the throne following his brother Aminu Ado Bayero appointment as the 15th Emir of Kano.

References

External links
Nasir Ado Bayero
Meet Nasiru Ado Bayero

1964 births
Living people
University of Maiduguri alumni
Nigerian Fula people
Nigerian Muslims
Nigerian traditional rulers
Harvard Business School alumni
Nigerian chairpersons of corporations

Nasiru Ado Bayero


The Battle of Othée was fought between the citizens of Liège and a professional army under command of John the Fearless on 23 September 1408. The militia of Liège suffered a heavy defeat.

Cause
In 1390, John of Bavaria, youngest son of Duke Albert I, Duke of Bavaria only aged 17, had become Prince-Bishop of Liège, with the support of Pope Boniface IX. His rule was a disaster. His authoritarian style clashed with the nobles and burghers of the Prince-Bishopric, who had acquired a certain degree of liberty over the years. He had already been expelled several times, when a new conflict in 1408 made him flee to Maastricht. Henry of Horne, Lord of Perwez was proclaimed Mambour and his son Prince-Bishop. John of Bavaria turned for help to his powerful family.

John's brother was William VI of Hainaut and his brother-in-law John the Fearless of Burgundy. Together with William II, Marquis of Namur, they raised an army and marched against the citizens of Liège.

Henri of Horne was aware that his troops were no match for the professional army heading his way, and therefore proposed to leave the city and start a guerilla war from the countryside. This was refused by the hait-droits, the most radical part of the rebels.

The battle

The rebels marched towards the enemy and took up position on a little hill in open field between the villages of Othée, Rutten, and Herstappe. Despite the bravery of the rebels, they were surrounded by the reserve troops of the Duke and cut to pieces. On the orders of the Duke, no mercy was given. Henri of Horne, his son, and most of the nobles were amongst the dead.

Aftermath
John of Bavaria returned from Maastricht and started a brutal repression on the city. The ensuing executions of leading insurgents and their families, including the widow of Henry of Horne, led to John of Bavaria's nickname "the Pitiless." Burgundian influence was extended over the city and over the bishopric of Liège.

References

Sources

External links
 Jean-Louis Kupper, Philippe George, Charles le Téméraire, de la violence et du sacré, éditions du Perron, juin 2007, p. 13.
 La bataille d'Othée
 Si vera est fama
 Medieval II

Battles of the Wars of Liège
1408 in Europe
Conflicts in 1408
Battles of the Middle Ages
Battles involving Burgundy
Battle
Battle

Battle of Othée


Addie Prater Graham (February 5, 1890 - April 1, 1978) was born in 1890 at Gilmore in Wolfe County in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. She was a masterful traditional singer whose life and repertoire reflect both deep tradition and an era of social change in the Appalachian Mountains. She sang ballads which trace back to the British Isles, others composed in America, frolic songs and ditties, and religious songs in the Primitive Baptist tradition. While the Old Baptist belief of her parents forbade the use of musical instruments, she became an accomplished unaccompanied singer in the complex, highly ornamented style of Kentucky's oral tradition.

Addie's repertoire included several extremely uncommon songs, including "We're Stole and Sold From Africa," an anti-slavery song which seems to have originated in the antebellum Abolitionist movement. She also sang a number of songs of African-American origin, many of which she learned from black railroad builders.

Addie married Amos Graham, a native of Wolfe County, and lived for many years in Breathitt County. Eventually the family moved to Cynthiana, where she died on April 1, 1978.

Recordings
Addie's grandson Rich Kirby and folklorist Barbara (Edwards) Kunkle produced an LP of her singing, released in 1978 on Appalshop's June Appal record label. Since then her music has been recorded by Mike Seeger, Alice Gerrard, Ginny Hawker, and John McCutcheon, and others. In 2008 Been A Long Time Traveling was remastered as a CD with eight additional songs.

Online recordings of the following folk songs appear at Digital Library of Appalachia:

"Went Up The Hillside"
"Been a Long Time Traveling Here""--Folk song sung by Addie Graham and recorded by Barbara Kunkle 1975.
"Can't Get A Letter from Home"--Folk song sung by Addie Graham and accompanied by Jean Ritchie and recorded at the Mountain Heritage Festival in Carter County, Kentucky, 1973.
"Little Omie Wise"--Folk song sung by Addie Graham Breathitt County, Kentucky, and recorded by Barbara Kunkle 3-29-75.
"Miller's Will"--Folk song sung by Addie Graham and recorded at the Mountain Heritage Festival in Carter County, Kentucky, 1973.
"Stole and Sold from Africa"--Folk song sung by Addie Graham and accompanied by Jean Ritchie and recorded at the Mountain Heritage Festival in Carter County, Kentucky, 1973.

Sample lyrics
"Stole and Sold from Africa"traditional

We're stole and sold from Africa
Transported to America
Like hogs and sheep we march in drove
To bear the heat, endure the cold.

See how they take us from our wives
Small children from their mother's side
They take us to some foreign land
Make slaves to wait on gentlemen.

We're almost naked, as you see
Almost bare-footed as we be
Suffer the lash, endure the pain
Exposed to snow, both wind and rain.

Oh Lord, have mercy and look down
Upon the race of the African kind
Upon our knees pour out our griefs
And pray to God for some relief.

Style
In addition to the traditional folk and mountain music styles, she was also known for her "Old Regular-style religious songs".  She sang "in a simple, straightforward style, unaccompanied and without excessive embellishment."

Family
Her grandson, Rich Kirby is often on staff at the Cowan Creek Mountain Music School held just outside Whitesburg, Kentucky each summer.  He is retired from the staff at Appalshop.

He first learned traditional music from his grandmother. During the old-time music revival of the 1970s, he performed with John McCutcheon and Tom Bledsoe as "Wry Straw." He can be heard on three June Appal LPs: From Earth to Heaven, They Can't Put It Back, and Hits From Home. He has produced two June Appal Recordings, Lee Sexton's Whoa Mule and his grandmother's Been a Long Time Traveling. Mr Kirby served as presenter at the 2003 Smithsonian Folk Life Festival and has also taught at the Appalachian Family Folk Week, Augusta and the Swannanoa Gathering held at Warren Wilson College just outside Asheville, North Carolina each summer.

References

Further reading
"Anglo-American Ballads and Traditional Song". Journal of American Folklore 96 (1983), pp. 114–116. JSTOR link (subscription required)

1890 births
1978 deaths
Folk musicians from Kentucky
American folk singers
People from Breathitt County, Kentucky
People from Cynthiana, Kentucky
20th-century American singers
Singers from Kentucky
Kentucky women musicians
20th-century American women singers

Addie Graham


Perry Johanson (9 May 1910 in Greeley, Colorado – 15 June 1981 in Seattle) was a Seattle architect and one of the founders of the architectural firm NBBJ.

Johanson enrolled in the architecture program at the University of Washington in 1929 and graduated in 1934 with a B.Arch.  While in school he was particularly influenced by Lionel Pries.

Johanson was initially employed by the Seattle firm Smith & Carroll, but within two years he was a partner in the firm, renamed Smith, Carroll & Johanson; the firm survived until 1951.

In 1943, during World War II, he joined with Floyd Naramore, William J. Bain, and Clifton Brady to form Naramore, Bain, Brady & Johanson (informally known as "The Combine" at the time) to undertake war-related projects such as reinforcing architecture.  This joint venture worked so well that the partners continued it after 1945.  Johanson remained a partner until his death.  Today's NBBJ is the successor firm.

Johanson was one of the architects who joined together about 1950 to create the Hilltop community in Bellevue, Washington, a planned residential community of modern homes on large lots.

In 1950-51, Johanson served as the president of the Washington State AIA Chapter (predecessor to today's AIA Seattle Chapter).  He was named a fellow of the AIA in 1960.

He married sculptor Jean Johanson in 1936. The couple had two children.

References

 Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ed., Shaping Seattle Architecture:  A Historical Guide to the Architects, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1994, page 346;
 "Have We an Indigenous Northwest Architecture? Symposium." Architectural Record, 113 (April 1953), pp. 140–146.
 "Houses for Defense at Bremerton, Wash; Private Architects Prove that a Government Project Can Be Attractive at Low Cost and without Sacrifice of Speed." Architectural Forum, 75 (December 1941), pp. 409–415.
 "New Fellows of the AIA," Journal of the American Institute of Architects, 33 (June 1960), p. 52.
 Obituary, AIA Journal, 70 (September 1981), p. 91.
 Portrait, Architectural Forum, 95 (September 1951), p. 132.
 Portrait, Progressive Architecture, 28 (November 1947), p. 12.
 Portrait, Progressive Architecture, 29 (December 1948), p. 50.
 Portrait, Progressive Architecture, 31 (September 1950), p. 57.
 Portrait, Architectural Forum, 89 (July 1948), p. 20.

1910 births
1981 deaths
Architects from Colorado
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Architects from Seattle
University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni
20th-century American architects

Perry Johanson


Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Further Austria (27 November 1630 – 25 June 1665) was the ruler of Further Austria including Tyrol from 1662 to 1665.

Biography
He was born at Innsbruck, the second son of Leopold V, Archduke of Austria and Claudia de' Medici. He  was appointed as bishop of Augsburg in 1646. In 1653, he became bishop of Gurk and in 1659 bishop of Trent. He was never ordained as a priest or consecrated as a bishop.

In 1662 he was put forth by his cousin Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor as a candidate for Archbishop of Strasbourg.  This included large cash incentives to the cathedral chapter and a promise that Sigismund would be a very hands off ruler.
After the 1662 death of his brother Archduke Ferdinand Charles, he became Archduke of Further Austria, and therefore withdrew from the candidacy for the bishopric.  He was more able than his brother and could have made him a good ruler, but with his early death in 1665 the younger Tyrolean line of the Habsburg house ended. Leopold I, who as the heir male succeeded Sigismund Francis, took direct control over the government of Further Austria and Tyrol.

He married Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach on 3 June 1665 and died in Innsbruck twenty-two days later of an illness.

Ancestors

Male-line family tree

References

Works cited

1630 births
1665 deaths
17th-century archdukes of Austria
Counts of Tyrol
Sigismund Francis of Austria, Archduke
People from Innsbruck
Bishops of Gurk

Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria


Ruy de Moura Belo (27 February 1933, in São João da Ribeira – 8 August 1978 in Queluz) was a Portuguese poet and essayist. He is considered one of the most famous existentialists of the twentieth century in Portuguese-speaking countries. Ruy Belo also worked as a translator.

Born in the small community of São João da Ribeira, near Rio Maior, Ruy Belo began to study law at the University of Coimbra Law in 1952. He finished his law degree in 1956 at the University of Lisbon. He then studied canon law at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas in Rome. Belo earned a doctorate in the same subject soon afterward, with a thesis entitled Ficção Literária e Censura Eclesiástica, regarding German literary fiction and religious censorship. During his stay in Rome, Ruy Belo was also a member of the Catholic organization Opus Dei.

In 1961, Ruy Belo quit Opus Dei, and published his first poetry book, Aquele Grande Rio Eufrates.

After returning to Portugal, Ruy Belo worked as Assistant Director of Department in the Ministry of Education, a function he resigned for political reasons when he was going to be appointed as Director.

In June 2003, a statue of Ruy Belo was erected in the Parque dos Poetas in Oeiras.

Works

Poetry
 Aquele Grande Rio Eufrates (1961)
 O Problema da Habitação – Alguns Aspectos (1962)
 Boca Bilingue (1966)
 Homem de Palavra(s) (1969)
 País Possível (1973)
 Transporte no Tempo (1973)
 A Margem da Alegria (1974)
 Toda a Terra (1976)
 Despeço-me da Terra da Alegria (1978)

Essays
 Poesia Nova (1961)
 Na Senda da Poesia (1969)

Translations
 Piloto de Guerra (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry)
 Cidadela (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry)
 Moravagine (Blaise Cendrars)
 Poemas Escolhidos (Jorge Luis Borges)
 Dona Rosinha a Solteira ou a Linguagem das Flores (Federico García Lorca)

1933 births
1978 deaths
People from Queluz, Portugal
Existentialists
Christian existentialists
Opus Dei members
Portuguese essayists
20th-century Portuguese poets
Portuguese male poets
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Portuguese translators
20th-century translators
Male essayists
20th-century essayists
20th-century male writers
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni

Ruy Belo


UMM (, ) is a Portuguese metal works factory and ex-automobile manufacturer based in Lisbon, Portugal. It was founded in 1977 with the purpose of manufacturing four-wheel drive vehicles for agricultural, industrial and utility applications.

History

The UMM 4x4 design is derived from a prototype created by the French engineering firm called SIMI. SIMI had produced the Cournil, a rugged two seater boxy looking Landrover type of vehicle made with Hotchkiss-JEEP parts with Ferguson Diesel tractor allwheel driven mechanicals itself was originally designed and built by mechanical engineer Bernard Cournil. A civilian model was called the SIMI Entrepreneur 4X4. The Cournil Entrepreneur's building rights were acquired in the 1970s by the Portuguese company União Metalo-Mecânica, part of the Mocar group and were renamed as UMM.

They became known for their durability, especially when in the Paris-Dakar rally the team was able to finish with all the cars that started. Many UMMs are still in use by utilities in Spain, Portugal, Cape Verde (in use by the national army) and France and also by the "Guarda Nacional Republicana" (Portuguese Gendarmerie), fire service and military, although the majority of their customers were private individuals. Around 700 UMMs are still in service in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). They are also popular in France and Angola.

UMM stopped building the UMM Alter II for private customers in 1994, but kept on taking large orders from military and utility services until 1996. Custom orders are no longer accepted. It is suspected that more than 10,000 UMMs were made.

The most famous UMM is probably the one that transported Pope John Paul II in one of his visits to Portugal. It was based on a 1992 five door, long wheelbase chassis from the Alter II. It featured a 40 mm armoured glass box on the rear with a chair for the Pope. It had air conditioning and outside loudspeakers connected to a microphone in the rear. Originally it had the 2.5 litre turbocharged engine, but due to safety impositions the normal 2.5 litre  diesel engine was fitted.

An updated version was announced in 2000, powered by a 2.1 L turbodiesel engine. This engine was less noisy and had more torque at low speed. Several options were available, including air conditioning and GPS. Price was meant to be lower than a Land Rover Defender with similar finishings. However, the company had no capital to invest in its development.

Notable models

 UMM Alter II Turbo Diesel 2500 (110 bhp 1986–1994)
 UMM Alter 2000 CRDI 2500 4WD (2000–2004)

See also

 Cournil
 Auverland
 Portaro
 Paris-Dakar Rally
 Heuliez

External links

 UMM's Official Website
 UMM's Unofficial Portuguese Community Forum
 UMM's Unofficial Portuguese Club
 UMM's Unofficial French Site
 UK UMM forum

Car manufacturers of Portugal
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1977
Portuguese companies established in 1977
Companies based in Lisbon

União Metalo-Mecânica


Jan Blažej Santini Aichel  (3 February 1677 – 7 December 1723) was a Czech architect of Italian descent, whose major works represent the unique Baroque Gothic style - the special combination of the Baroque and Gothic styles.

Biography
He was born on the day of Saint Blaise as the oldest son to a respectable family of a Prague stonemasons Santini Aichel (his grandfather Antonio Aichel moved from Italy to Prague in the 1630s) and was baptized in the St. Vitus Cathedral as Johann Blasius Aichel. He was born with a physical disability – paralysis of a half of his body. This prevented him from a successful follow-up to his father's career. He only served his time of apprenticeship (as did his brother Franz), but he also studied painting from the imperial and royal painter Christian  Schröder.

Around 1696 he started to travel and gain experience. After his journey through Austria he arrived in Rome, where he had the possibility to meet with the work of a radical architect, Francesco Borromini. Borromini's influence is apparent in his predilection for star-shaped forms and complex symbolism. Many of his buildings are airy and elegant, yet he was considered a maverick genius by his contemporaries and exerted little influence on subsequent generations of Bohemian architects. It was in Italy where Santini incorporated into his name his father's name, Santini.

In 1700 Santini started to design independently and to build, which ensured his own income, he then became a member of one craft guild and founded his own construction company.

Santini married Schröder's daughter (Veronica Elisabeth) in 1707. They had four children, but all three sons died from tuberculosis at an early age; the only child left was Anna Veronika (born 1713). Santini's wife died seven years later and he remarried a South Bohemian noblewoman, Antonia Ignatia Chrapická of Mohliškovice whereby Santini was ennobled. Daughter Jana Ludmila and son Jan Ignác Rochus were born from this marriage.

Santini acquired the style of Jean Baptiste Mathey and after his death also finished several works of him. In 1705, he bought Valkounský house (no. 211) in Nerudova street for 3000 gold coins in cash and rebuilt it. Santini became a well-known person, but unfortunately, he died at a fairly young age of 46 and some of his works therefore remained unfinished.

The asteroid 37699 Santini-Aichl is named in his honour.

Works
 Monastery Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist in Sedlec u Kutné Hory (reconstruction, 1703–1708, World Heritage Site)
 Chapel of Saint Anne in Panenské Břežany (1705–1707)
 Pilgrimage Church of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary and Cistercian Provost Office in Mariánská Týnice (1707–1710)
 Convent of the Cistercian Monastery in Plasy (reconstruction, 1711–1723)
 Monastery Church of the Assumption of Virgin Mary, St Wolfgang and St Benedict in Kladruby (1711)
 Monastery Church of the Nativity of Virgin Mary in Želiv (reconstruction, 1714–1720)
 Pilgrimage Church of the Name of Virgin Mary in Křtiny (1718)
 Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk on Zelená hora in Žďár nad Sázavou (1719–1727, World Heritage Site)
 Karlova Koruna Chateau in Chlumec nad Cidlinou (1721–1723)
 Church of Saint Wenceslaus in Zvole (reconstruction)
 Church of Saints Peter and Paul in Horní Bobrová (1714)
 Church of the Visitation of Virgin Mary in Obyčtov
 Church of the Assumption of Virgin Mary in Netín
 Provost Church of St Peter and Paul in Rajhrad (1721)
 Initial architect for the rebuilding of Zbraslav chateau
 Design and constructions of the Kalec chateau
 Reconstruction of Valkounsky House (No.211-III) in Prague - Malá Strana (after 1705)

Gallery

References

2. HORYNA, Mojmír J. B. Santini-Aichel – Život a dílo. Karolinum, Praha 1998, .

3. KALINA, Pavel. In opere gotico unicus: The Hybrid Architecture of Jan Blazej Santini-Aichel and Patterns of Memory in Post-Reformation Bohemia.Praha: UMENI-ART 58.1 (2010): 42-+.

4. YOUNG, Michael. Santini-Aichel'S Design for the Baroque Convent at the Cistercian. New York: Columbia, 1994.

External links

1677 births
1723 deaths
Architects from Prague
Czech Baroque architects
Czech people of Italian descent

Jan Santini Aichel


The Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 1980, or the "Rome Convention", is a measure in private international law or conflict of laws which creates a common choice of law system in contracts within the European Union. The convention determines which law should be used, but does not harmonise the substance (the actual law). It was signed in Rome, Italy on 19 June 1980 and entered into force in 1991.

It has now been replaced by the Rome I Regulation (593/2008) except for in Denmark, which has an opt-out from implementing regulations under the area of freedom, security and justice, and the Overseas countries and territories of European Union member states. In that respect, the convention is applicable in Aruba, the Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands), Faroer (Denmark), Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna and New Caledonia (France). The agreement and regulation were applied by the United Kingdom during its membership of the European Union, and following Brexit it still applies the regulation as part of its domestic law.

Scope of the convention

Under Article 1, the Convention's rules are to apply to all choice of law issues involving contractual obligations and, under Article 10, once selected, the lex causae will govern:
(a) interpretation;
(b) performance but, in relation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective performance, regard shall be had to the lex loci solutionis, i.e. law of the place in which performance takes place;
(c) within the limits of the powers conferred on the forum court by its procedural law, the consequences of breach, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law;
(d) the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and the limitation of actions; and
(e) the consequences of nullity of the contract.
Article 15 excludes the operation of renvoi. In addition, a number of issues with a separate characterisation are excluded, namely:
the status or capacity of natural persons. Article 11 covers the situation where two persons physically present in the same state make a contract, and both parties have capacity under the lex loci contractus. One party cannot invoke incapacity under another law unless the other party was aware of this incapacity at the time the contract was made or was not aware of the incapacity as a result of negligence.
contractual obligations relating to succession and all rights claimed in property in a marriage or family relationship, particularly where the question of the entitlement of any child who is illegitimate is raised.
obligations arising under negotiable instruments including bills of exchange, cheques, and promissory notes and connected to their negotiable character;
arbitration agreements and agreements on the choice of court (see arbitration clauses and forum selection clauses);
questions governed by the law of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organisation or winding up of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate, and the personal liability of officers and members for the obligations of the company or body;
the question whether an agent is able to bind a principal, or an organ to bind a company or body corporate or unincorporate, to a third party;
the constitution of trusts and the relationship between settlors, trustees and beneficiaries (see trusts (conflict));
evidence and procedure save that, under Article 14, the Applicable Law applies to the extent that it contains, in the law of contract, rules which raise presumptions of law or determine the burden of proof. Thus, under Article 14 (2) a contract or an act intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognised by the lex fori or by any of the laws referred to in Article 9 under which that contract or act is formally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be administered by the forum court.
the question of whether a contracts of insurance covers a risk situated in the territories of one of the Member States is determined under the municipal law of the relevant states. This exclusion does not apply to contracts of reinsurance.

The uniform rules

Express selection
Article 3 states the general rule that the parties to a contract have freedom of choice over the applicable law. To exercise this choice either express words may be used or the intention should be demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case.

The law chosen may apply to the whole or only a part of the contract, and the choice is not irrevocable. The parties can at any time agree to change the applicable law and any such variation will not prejudice the formal validity of the agreement nor adversely affect the rights of third parties.

Where all the elements of a contract, at the time of its conclusion, are connected with only one country, Article 3 may not be used to evade the mandatory provisions of that state (Article 3(4)).

To establish a choice demonstrated with reasonable certainty, there must have been a "real choice". That the parties would have chosen a particular law is not sufficient. The court will take into account both the terms of the contract and the circumstances of the case.

The Guiliano-Lagarde Report gives three examples of situations where a real choice may be demonstrated with reasonable certainty:
 Standard form contracts The report gives as an example a Lloyd's policy of marine insurance.
 Jurisdiction and arbitration agreements
 Course of dealing

Implied selection
If there is no express choice, Article 4 provides that the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. If the agreement is severable, two applicable laws may be selected. For these purposes, it is presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the lex loci solutionis, i.e. the law of the place where the contract is to be performed, or the law of the habitual residence of the person who is to perform, or, in the case of a body corporate or unincorporate, where its central administration is located. However, if it is a commercial or professional contract, the applicable law will be the law of the place in which the principal place of business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of business is situated except that there is a rebuttable presumption:
where the subject matter of the agreement is immovable property, the lex situs will apply; and
contracts for the carriage of goods and charter-parties are governed by the law of the place in which, at the time the contract is concluded, the carrier has his principal place of business if that is also the place in which loading or discharge is to occur or the place where the consignor has his or her principal place of business.

Consumer contracts
Article 5 applies to contracts for the supply of goods or services to a consumer for a non-commercial purpose, or to a contract for the provision of credit for that object. Although Article 3 gives the parties a free choice of law, this choice cannot deprive the consumer of any protections available under the mandatory law of the country in which he has his habitual residence if the consumer was responding to advertising material or a specific invitation and makes the agreement in that country, or if the other party or his agent received the consumer's order in that country, or if the contract is for the sale of goods and the consumer travelled from that country to another country and there gave his order, provided that the consumer's journey was arranged by the seller for the purpose of inducing the consumer to buy. For these purposes, Article 7 defines "mandatory rules" as rules that must be applied whatever the Applicable Law. In deciding whether rules are mandatory in the lex fori or a law with which the contract has a close connection, regard shall be had to their nature and purpose and to the consequences of their application or non-application.

If the contract is silent on the choice of law, it will be governed by the law of habitual residence if it is entered into in the circumstances described above. But this Article does not apply to:

(a) a contract of carriage;
(b) a contract for the supply of services where the services are to be supplied to the consumer exclusively in a country other than that in which he has his habitual residence.

The Article does, however, apply to a contract which, for an inclusive price, provides for a combination of travel and accommodation.

Contracts of employment

Under Article 6, no choice of law selection contained in a contract of employment can deprive the employee of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory laws which would be applicable in the absence of that choice. If there is no express selection, an employment contract is governed,

The provisions may only apply for the benefit of the employee.

Material validity
Under Article 8, the material validity of a contract, or of any term in a contract, shall be determined by the law which would govern it under the Convention if the contract or term were valid (i.e. the putative Applicable Law). But, if this would produce an obviously unfair result, a party may rely upon the law of the place of habitual residence to establish that he did not give a free consent.

Formal validity
Under Article 9, a contract concluded between persons who are in the same country is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of either the Applicable Law or the law of the country where it is concluded. A contract concluded between persons who are in different countries is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of either the Applicable Law or the law of one of those countries. Where a contract is concluded by an agent, the country in which the agent acts is the relevant country for the purposes of the earlier tests. But a contract relating to immovable property is always subject to the mandatory provisions of the lex situs.

Transfers of obligation
Article 12 deals with a voluntary assignment or novation. Whether the rights and/or obligations can be transferred, the nature of the relationship between the assignee and the debtor that results from a transfer, the conditions under which the assignment can be invoked against the debtor, and any question whether the debtor's obligations have been discharged, are determined by the Applicable Law of the original agreement. The Applicable Law of the transfer will determine the mutual obligations of assignor and assignee as against the third party, i.e. "the debtor". Article 13 deals with subrogation so that whether a third person may enforce an existing liability owed to a "creditor" by a "debtor" is determined by reference to the law which governs the debtor's duty to satisfy the creditor.

Ordre public
Under Article 16, the forum court may invoke its own public policy as a justification for refusing to apply the lex causae.

Composite or federated states
Under Article 19, where the choice of law rules point to a country with more than one legal system, the Convention selects the most appropriate municipal law (not the choice of law rules of that law given that renvoi is excluded).

Signature, ratification and amendment
The convention was signed by Belgium, Germany, France, Ireland and Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands on 19 June 1980, followed by Denmark and the United Kingdom in 1981, thus covering all members of the European Communities. It entered into force in 1991 for 8 of those countries and one year later for Ireland. During the enlargement of the Communities with Greece (1984), Spain and Portugal (1992) and Sweden, Finland and Austria (1996), and the 10 countries in 2004, treaties were concluded on the extension of the convention to those countries. Those Extension conventions were however not all ratified by the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland and thus which hampered entry into force of the convention between those three countries and the acceding countries. With the accession of Romania and Bulgaria, the council of the European Union was empowered to effect the accession to the treaty, which took place in 2008.

See also
Brussels Regime, regarding jurisdiction.
Rome II Regulation. The analogous EU regulation for torts and delicts arising from non-contractual obligations.

Notes

External links
Text of Convention on EUR-Lex

Treaties of the European Union
Conflict of laws
1980 in Italy
1980s in Rome
Treaties concluded in 1980
Treaties entered into force in 1991
Contract law
Law of obligations
1980 in law
June 1980 events