Camden is a town in Kent County, Delaware, United States. It is part of the Dover, Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 3,715 in 2020.

History
Camden was established in 1783 as a community originally known as Mifflin's Crossroads. The community of Mifflin's Crossroads was a Quaker settlement laid out by Daniel Mifflin on the Piccadilly tract. The town originally gained some commercial trade through wharves in nearby Forest Landing and Lebanon on the St. Jones River. From these wharves, regular boat service connected the area to Philadelphia and New York City, with local merchants shipping cordwood, staves, grain, and Spanish-oak bark. The Delaware Railroad was built through nearby Wyoming in the 1850s and expanded the market for local farm products, bringing increased prosperity to Camden. The town has numerous historic properties and part of it is designated as the Camden Historic District. In addition, Brecknock, Camden Friends Meetinghouse, Star Hill AME Church, and Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church are all listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places.

On February 22, 1975, a vote was held to merge with the bordering town of Wyoming; the residents of Camden voted 117 to 49 in favor of merging the towns, but the measure failed when Wyoming residents voted against the measure by a similar proportion in reverse: 113 against to 78 in favor. The Wyoming town council had previously opposed a merger attempt in 1967.

Geography
Camden is located at  (39.1134458, –75.5418687).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Because of the small size of this town, and its even smaller neighbor of Wyoming, the U.S. Postal Service has jointly assigned the towns a single ZIP code, 19934, which is designated as the Camden-Wyoming ZIP code.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Camden has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics

As of 2020, its population was 3,715.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,100 people, 835 households, and 573 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 886 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the town was 76.67% White, 18.00% African American, 0.81% Native American, 1.38% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 0.90% from other races, and 2.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.90% of the population.

There were 835 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,097, and the median income for a family was $50,347. Males had a median income of $32,154 versus $25,261 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,113.  About 1.8% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over.

Infrastructure

Transportation

U.S. Route 13 runs north–south through the eastern part of Camden, heading north toward Dover and south toward Salisbury. U.S. Route 13 Alternate passes north–south through the center of Camden on Main Street. Delaware Route 10 runs east–west through Camden on Camden Wyoming Avenue, heading west through rural western Kent County to the Maryland border and east toward Dover Air Force Base. DART First State provides bus service to Camden along Route 104, which runs from the Walmart in Camden north to the Dover Transit Center in Dover and connects to other local bus routes serving the Dover area; Route 117, which runs from the Walmart in Camden south to Harrington; and Route 303, which heads north to Dover and south to Georgetown.

Utilities
Delmarva Power, a subsidiary of Exelon, provides electricity to Camden. Chesapeake Utilities provides natural gas to the town. The Camden-Wyoming Sewer & Water Authority provides sewer and water service to Camden and the neighboring town of Wyoming. Trash and recycling collection in Camden is provided under contract by Republic Services.

Education
Camden is located in the Caesar Rodney School District. It is divided between the boundaries of Nellie Hughes Stokes Elementary School in Camden and W. B. Simpson Elementary School in Wyoming. Students zoned to Stokes and Simpson are zoned to Fred Fifer III Middle School in Camden. Areas east of US 13 zoned to W. Reily Brown Elementary in Dover are on land zoned as commercial. Caesar Rodney High School in Camden is the comprehensive high school for the entire district.

Government
Mayor:
Vice-Mayor:
Councilwoman: Vicki Rohodes
Councilman: Dan Woodall
Councilman Larry Dougherty Sr .
Chief of Police: Marcus Whitney

Town Manager:

Notable people
 Ashley Coleman, Miss Delaware Teen USA 1999, Miss Teen USA 1999 (born and grew up in Camden)
 Eric Buckson, born in Camden and a current Kent County Levy Court Commissioner
 Henry Hayes Lockwood, born in Camden Civil War general
 Charles L. Terry Jr., born in Camden, 65th Governor of Delaware
 R. Thomas Wagner, Jr., State Auditor of Delaware and former Mayor of Camden

References

External links

Official website

Towns in Kent County, Delaware
Towns in Delaware

Camden, Delaware


Jay Battle, ARBS (born 1966) is a Canadian/British sculptor, born in Toronto. Battle now lives and works in Salisbury, England, UK.

Included in his figurative work are the series of new statues he sculpted for the West Front of Salisbury Cathedral which were created between 1998 and 2008. These figures are the largest set of statues from one sculptor to be added to the cathedral's West Front since James Redfern in the 19th century.

His abstract sculpture, Pendant Line, has been shown inside Salisbury Cathedral in the exhibition, 'Liminality', in 2010.

He is represented by Adam Gallery and is an associate of the Royal British Society of Sculptors.

Public works

'Vanishing Point' - Canary Wharf, London
'Standing Divide' – University of Winchester

References

Additional sources
 Charles Baile de Lapierriere (editor). Who's Who in Art: Biographies of Leading Men and Women in the World of Art in Britain Today, Morven Press, .

External links
Official website
Official gallery
Listing on Artsy
Listing on artnet
Canary Wharf Art Trail

1966 births
Living people

Jay Battle


For use with music
Editors designed for use with music typically allow the user to do the following:
 The ability to import and export various audio file formats for editing
 Record audio from one or more inputs and save the recording
 Edit the start time, stop time, and duration of any sound on the audio timeline
 Fading into/out of or in-between audio clips.
 Mix multiple sound sources/tracks, combine them at various volume levels and pan from channel to channel to one or more output tracks
 Apply simple or advanced effects or filters, including compression, expansion, flanging, reverb, audio noise reduction, and equalization to change the audio
 Playback sound (often after being mixed) that can be sent to one or more outputs, such as speakers, additional processors, or a recording medium
 Conversion between different audio file formats, or between different sound quality levels
Typically these tasks can be performed in a manner that is non-linear. Each time the edited audio is played back,  it is reconstructed from the original source and the specified editing steps.

Music software

Audio editing software


Vasaorden is a Swedish royal barge originally constructed in 1774 based on a design by Fredrik Henrik af Chapman. It is used for ceremonies such as state visits and royal weddings.

It is  long and  wide.

After the original barge was destroyed in a fire on 8 August 1921, an exact replica was constructed and launched in 1923.

References

1774 ships
1923 ships
Barges
Vehicles of heads of state
Auxiliary ships of the Swedish Navy
Maritime incidents in 1921

Vasaorden (barge)


Mount Abundance Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead on the Warrego Highway, Bungil near Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from  to 1923. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History
This single storeyed timber homestead was built  for Stephen Spencer, a squatter from New South Wales who arrived in Queensland in 1857.

The Mount Abundance run was taken up in 1847 by Allan MacPherson, a young squatter from New South Wales. MacPherson had come to Queensland seeking new pastures, and had followed the route of Sir Thomas Mitchell into the Mount Abundance area. Mitchell had named Mount Abundance in 1846 during his expedition to find a route from New South Wales to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Following constant conflicts with local Indigenous people, MacPherson decided Mount Abundance was a dangerous place and in late 1849, MacPherson withdrew his sheep from Mount Abundance, leaving it as a cattle station, and returned to England. In 1856 MacPherson briefly visited Australia at which time he disposed of his pastoral interests, including the sale of Mount Abundance to Stephen Spencer.

Spencer and his family are considered to have been the first European family to settle in the area. It is recorded that when they arrived at the station, it was found to be run down, and the buildings damaged by fire. Rough huts provided temporary quarters until Spencer built a new homestead, and Mount Abundance station is described as the focal point for the district during this period. Spencer ran a supply store, and the station formed a depot for European explorers heading into the western districts. A post office was opened at the homestead in September 1861. Augustus Charles Gregory arrived at Mount Abundance in 1862, and selected a locality for the township which become known as Roma, proclaimed in September that year. The post office at Mount Abundance homestead closed at the end of 1863 when the Roma post office opened.

A stone causeway over Bungeworgorai Creek is believed to be contemporary with the development of Mount Abundance; however little is known about the stonework.

The Spencers are recorded as being interested in agriculture and horticulture, growing the first wheat in the district, and experimenting with grape vines, fig, peach and apricot trees.

By late 1868, Spencer was heavily in debt and in 1869 the Government auctioned the freehold of  of land on which the Homestead and other associated buildings of Mount Abundance Station were erected. The land was purchased by Robert Morehead and Matthew Young of Sydney, who represented the Scottish Australian Investment Company. The stock was auctioned early in 1870, and was also bought by Morehead and Young.

The Scottish Australian Investment Company was active in investing in pastoral property in Queensland between 1860-1890. The Company had been founded in Scotland, encouraged by reports from Scottish settlers in Australia, and was established with two main purposes: acquisition of land largely for grazing and agricultural pursuits; and granting loans or advances on property mortgages. Despite this two-fold purpose, in its first twenty years in Australia it was primarily a loan and mortgage company. During the early 1860s through the persistence of Robert Morehead as its Australian manager, the Company entered into pastoral activity and acquired property in Central/Western Queensland (Bowen Downs) and in the Gulf Country. During the 1860s, the Company made a number of loans to Queensland graziers, including Mount Abundance.

An article in 1875 recounted that when the Company took possession of Mount Abundance, the "improvements" consisted of only a wretched homestead, and suggested that Spencer was contented to live in his bark-covered buildings till they were old, and dilapidated. It is possible therefore, although not actually stated in the same article, that the Company may have erected a new homestead on the property in the late 1860s.

By the mid 1870s, Mount Abundance station was described as one of the largest establishments in the Maranoa and considered to be one of the best grazing properties in Western Queensland. The Head Station comprised a Homestead (occupied by the Manager), sub-Manager's residence, office, store, residences for the storekeeper and bookkeeper, men's quarters, workshops, two large receiving stores and  of garden. Stock returns for 1875 indicate that Mount Abundance was run in conjunction with Nive Downs, a property north of Charleville which had also been acquired by the Company. The woolshed to the southwest of the homestead was reputed to be one of the largest in Queensland in the early 1880s. Photographic evidence indicates that the shingle roof of the homestead was clad with iron between 1890 and 1895.

Mount Abundance station was resumed by the Queensland Government in 1923, being regarded as offering the best prospect for successful closer settlement. The main purpose of the resumption was the subdivision of land for the combined raising of wheat and sheep, and to extend agricultural settlement into the western districts. The land was made available for selection in 1927, and the Mount Abundance Homestead block comprising  was selected by Ernest Martyn. Following the death of E Martyn, the property passed to his son PJ Martyn, who died in 1993. The property was further subdivided in the late 1970s, and presently comprises an area of just under . Of the former complex of buildings, only the homestead and quarters to the rear of the building are extant.

Description

Mount Abundance Homestead, consisting of house and attached quarters, is located approximately  west of Roma and  south of the main road to Charleville. It is sited on high ground on the southern bank of Bungeworgorai Creek. The approach is via a stone causeway which crosses the creek.

The main house is a single storey structure of three main rooms facing north with a wide verandah on three sides and services rooms on the south side. Part of the verandah has been closed in creating additional rooms. The north side and the portion of the west side which remain open feature a decorative timber valance. The main roof is a moderately pitched hip which reduces in pitch at the verandah line.

The foundations are a system of load bearing bed logs that support floor joists and tongue and groove timber floors. Damage to the foundations has caused the western end of the house to subside. The wall construction is a timber frame with chamferboards to the external walls. The interior walls and ceilings are constructed from tongue and grooved boards which are finished in a dark stained varnish. Two of the main rooms have masonry fireplaces with brick and stone chimneys. Six sets of French doors open out from the main rooms onto the north side verandah. One of these has been altered to create a window.

The roof is clad in corrugated galvanised iron laid over the original timber shingle roof and cantilevered beyond the earlier roof line. The cantilever section is supported by decorative brackets off the timber verandah posts.

The main house connects via a covered way to a single storeyed structure set on low timber stumps which housed quarters and a kitchen. Located to the south of the house, this building has exposed timber frame construction, timber cladding and a steep corrugated galvanised iron gabled roof with skillion additions.

Little remains of the original fencing but original steps and mounting stones can be seen. Forming the front entrance to the homestead are the original stone gate posts and iron gates. This entrance, which has been relocated, is flanked by large bottle trees.

Heritage listing
Mount Abundance Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Mount Abundance Homestead provides rare surviving evidence of the pastoral development of western Queensland from the 1850s.

The resumption of Mount Abundance during the 1920s, and the subsequent division into smaller farming properties and re-settlement during the 1930s, is important in demonstrating the pattern of land use and occupancy in rural Queensland during the early 20th century.

The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.

Mount Abundance Homestead provides rare surviving evidence of the pastoral development of western Queensland from the 1850s.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.

The place has the potential to provide archaeological evidence of building construction techniques from the mid-19th century and of the formerly extensive pastoral station complex, of which only the homestead and attached quarters are known to be extant.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

The Scottish Australian Investment Company, which played an important role in the development of the pastoral industry in Queensland during the latter part of the 19th century, established the reputation of Mount Abundance as a fine grazing property and the association of this company with the property is of importance.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Maranoa Region
Homesteads in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register

Mount Abundance Homestead


William Nicholas Stone Courtney (16 December 1929 – 22 February 2011) was an Egyptian-born British actor. He was known for his long-running role as Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart in the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who.

Early life
Courtney was born in Cairo, Egypt, the son of a British diplomat father and half-American mother. His paternal grandfather was the journalist William Leonard Courtney.

He was educated in France, Kenya and Egypt. On his maternal side, Courtney was descended from New Zealand politician John Cuff. He did his national service in the British Army, leaving after 18 months as a private, not wanting to pursue a military career. He moved to England to join London's Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. After two years doing repertory theatre in Northampton, he became resident in London in 1961.

Courtney's first television work was in the 1957 series Escape. He made guest appearances in several cult television series, including The Avengers (1962, 1967), The Champions (1968), Randall and Hopkirk (1969) and as a racing driver in Riviera Police (1965), and briefly appeared as a TV panel chairman in the film Take a Girl Like You (1970), hosting a debate between John Bird and John Fortune.

Doctor Who
Director Douglas Camfield originally considered Courtney for the role of Richard the Lionheart in the Doctor Who serial The Crusade (1965), a role that ultimately went to Julian Glover. Camfield made sure to keep Courtney in mind for future casting, however. Courtney made his first appearance in the series when Camfield cast him in the 1965 serial The Daleks' Master Plan, where he played Space Security Agent Bret Vyon opposite William Hartnell as the First Doctor.

Camfield liked Courtney's performance, and when the director was assigned the 1968 serial The Web of Fear, he cast Courtney as Captain Knight. However, when David Langton gave up the role of Colonel Lethbridge-Stewart to work elsewhere, Camfield recast Captain Knight and gave the part to Courtney instead. The Lethbridge-Stewart character returned in the next season in "The Invasion", promoted to the rank of brigadier, and in charge of the British contingent of UNIT. The organisation had been charged with protecting the Earth from alien invasion. Years later actor and writer Ian Marter (who played UNIT medical officer Harry Sullivan alongside Tom Baker) named a Russian military base used in The Invasion, but unnamed on screen, "Nykortny" in his novelisation of the story.

In this recurring role, he appeared semi-regularly in 101 episodes between 1970 and 1975. The character proved popular enough to return in 1983, first in Mawdryn Undead and in the official 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors. Courtney made his final appearance in the 1989 serial Battlefield (although like many other former cast members, he reprised the role for the charity special Dimensions in Time). He appeared with Jean Marsh in both his first and last regular Doctor Who television appearances. Jean Marsh portrayed the character of Sara Kingdom in Courtney's first appearance, The Daleks' Master Plan, playing his character's sister. In Courtney's final appearance on the show, Marsh portrayed the villainous Morgaine in the Arthurian-inspired Battlefield. Marsh also appeared in the earlier story The Crusade for which Courtney had been considered.
Courtney played Lethbridge-Stewart, either on television or in spin-off audio plays, alongside every subsequent Doctor up to and including Paul McGann, as well as substitute First Doctor Richard Hurndall. He did not act in the revived series, although he did so in the spin-off, The Sarah Jane Adventures and appeared in archival footage in Doctor Who proper. While he acted with Tenth Doctor actor David Tennant in the Big Finish audio dramas Sympathy for the Devil and UNIT: The Wasting, Tennant was playing a different character, Colonel Ross Brimmicombe-Wood, on both occasions.

Fifteen years after Dimensions in Time, Courtney returned as Lethbridge-Stewart (now, Sir Alistair), freshly returned from Peru, in Enemy of the Bane, a two-part story in the Doctor Who spin-off The Sarah Jane Adventures aired in December 2008, starring Elisabeth Sladen as Sarah Jane Smith. The Sarah Jane Adventures production team intended that Courtney would reappear in the following year's The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith so that Lethbridge-Stewart would meet the Tenth Doctor, but Courtney was recovering from a stroke and unable to take part.

Following Courtney's 22 February 2011 death, Lethbridge-Stewart was written out as having also died; when the Eleventh Doctor wanted to contact him in "The Wedding of River Song", he was informed that Sir Alistair has died some months earlier at his nursing home. The Brigadier was mentioned several times in the series's golden anniversary episode, "The Day of the Doctor", and quoted once; and, with a prominent close-up of his archival portrait, Courtney is the only individual to appear in all the Doctor Who anniversary stories prior to "The Day of the Doctor".

In a 2008 interview, Courtney criticised the pacing of the new series of Doctor Who, saying: "It's all a bit rushed sometimes. It's a heck of a lot to get in in three quarters of an hour, the whole story. In the old days, it used to be half an hour every Saturday for four Saturdays, or six Saturdays, so it does all seem to be a bit of a rush. In fact, it leaves me rather gasping for breath sometimes." Courtney also commented: "I think people's attention span is more limited than it used to be."

After Doctor Who

Courtney continued to act extensively in theatre and television after his main Doctor Who appearances, guest-starring in television programmes including Whodunnit? in 1977, where he appeared again with Jon Pertwee, Minder (1984), All Creatures Great and Small (1980, episode "Matters of Life And Death"), Only Fools and Horses (1988) and Yes, Prime Minister (1986), and the 1984 television movie To Catch a King. In 1982 he was cast alongside Frankie Howerd in the World War II-set comedy series Then Churchill Said to Me but the series remained untransmitted for over a decade due to the outbreak of the Falklands War. He also had a regular role in the comedy French Fields between 1989 and 1991.

He also appeared in an episode of the long-running BBC TV series The Two Ronnies alongside Ronnie Barker and Ronnie Corbett as the character of 'Captain Dickie Chapman', a fellow prisoner-of-war (POW) in Colditz during World War II, in a sketch based on the original BBC serial, Colditz.

In 1985, Courtney played 'The Narrator' in The Rocky Horror Show. Amanda Redman also starred in the production as Janet. In 1989 he portrayed Temple in the BBC Radio 4 adaption of John Wyndham's Survival. He also appeared briefly in the 1990 film Bullseye!, directed by Michael Winner.

He also appeared in the Big Finish Productions audio drama Earthsearch Mindwarp, based on a James Follett novel, broadcast on the digital radio station BBC 7. Courtney starred as Inspector Lionheart opposite fellow Doctor Who actor Terry Molloy in the audio series The Scarifyers, from Cosmic Hobo Productions. The first two Scarifyers adventures, The Nazad Conspiracy and The Devil of Denge Marsh, were broadcast on BBC 7 in 2007; the third, entitled For King and Country in 2008, and fourth, The Curse of the Black Comet, in 2010. He also appeared in three episodes of Kaldor City as the newscaster Danl Packard. He regularly made personal appearances at science fiction conventions and in 1997 was made the honorary president of the Doctor Who Appreciation Society. Courtney also appeared in BBC Radio 4's five part chilling radio drama "Outbreak of Fear" by R.D. Wingfield in the 1980s (repeated on BBC Radio 4 Extra up to August 2017 in stereo only on TV and online - not DAB).

In 1998, Courtney released his autobiography, titled Five Rounds Rapid! () after a line of dialogue the Brigadier had in the 1971 Doctor Who serial The Dæmons. He recorded his memoirs, subtitled A Soldier in Time for release on CD in 2002 by Big Finish. In 2008 he appeared in the film Incendiary, as the Archbishop of Canterbury, alongside Ewan McGregor.

An updated autobiography, Still Getting Away With It (), was published in 2005, with co-author Michael McManus.

Death
Courtney's death was reported by SFX and The Stage early in the morning of 23 February 2011. Doctor Who audio play producers Big Finish, with whom Courtney had worked on several releases in his continuing role as the Brigadier, confirmed the date of his death as 22 February 2011. The BBC reported that he had "died in London at the age of 81". According to his official website, he died following a brief illness. Doctor Who writer Mark Gatiss called him "a childhood hero and the sweetest of gentlemen". Former Doctor Who co-star Tom Baker also paid tribute, having visited him on the Friday before his death. Baker wrote "We shall miss him terribly" in a newsletter on his website, in which he also indicated that Courtney had been battling cancer for a few months prior to his death.

Filmography

Film

Television

Notes

References

External links

Obituary in The Guardian
Obituary in The Independent
Obituary in The Telegraph
Doctor Who 'Brigadier' Nicholas Courtney dies aged 81, BBC News

1929 births
2011 deaths
Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
British male film actors
British male television actors
British male voice actors
British people of New Zealand descent
Deaths from cancer in England
Male actors from Cairo
Male actors from London
20th-century British Army personnel
20th-century British male actors
21st-century British male actors

Nicholas Courtney


Shearwater is a town on the north coast of Tasmania, Australia. It lies on the Rubicon Rivulet, just off Bass Strait, 19.6 km east of Devonport.

At the 2016 census, Shearwater had a population of 1764. The town grows considerably during the holiday season. It is part of the Municipality of Latrobe. Shearwater is one of many popular holiday resorts along the north coast of Tasmania. In recent years the population has swelled and become one of the fastest-growing areas in the world; mainly due to affordable real estate and large developments in the area, including a shopping centre, the Port Sorell Golf Club, and the Shearwater Resort.

Nearby schools
Portsorell Primary School

Notable people (in order of relevance)
Douglas Hore
Nate How

Towns in Tasmania

Shearwater, Tasmania


The Colorado National Guard Armory, known commonly by locals simply as the Armory, is a landmark in Golden, Colorado. Unusual in its construction, it was at one time the largest cobblestone building in the United States. It was built in 1913 by the Colorado National Guard as an armory, quarters, mess hall and auditorium for the Guard's Company A of Engineers.  When it was completed in 1914, the Company was housed in this building's second and third floors while the first-story garden level was available for rental to the public.  The Armory's original uses included:  Golden's Post Office (northeast first-level storefront); photo shop (northwest first-level storefront); barracks, mess hall, weapons storage and drill hall (second level); auditorium (third level); and map room (tower).  In subsequent years the building served in part or whole as a hotel, offices, industrial bank, and student housing.  During the influenza epidemic of 1918 the building became an emergency hospital for ill patients used by the Red Cross, and in 1933 it became the local headquarters of the Civil Works Administration, the federal depression era agency which created several area improvements. Calvary Episcopal Church is the current property owner.

Today the Armory houses Cafe 13, a local coffeeshop, on the first floor. The second floor is Colorado School of Mines student housing which is administered by the church. The remaining first floor, third floor, and fourth floor tower are home to Connects Workspace, Golden's only coworking space.

Cobblestone Castle

The cornerstone for the building was laid 14 June 1913. Built in 1913 and 1914, partially during the height of the Colorado Coalfield War, a strategic building for "observation" was desired. The Armory was designed by James H. Gow, originally in a design that was meant to be made of brick.  Cost-cutting measures led the Guard to switch the building to a free and plentiful local resource, cobblestone, leading to the building's distinctive and famous appearance. Some 3,300 wagonloads weighing 6,600 tons were hauled by Lawrence W. Billis from Clear Creek to this site, and as it rose some locals predicted it would collapse. Although its cornerstone, at the northeast base corner of the second level, appears out of plumb, this is an optical illusion created by the cobblestone construction.

Reputedly the building may have been inspired by Golden resident Col. Joseph C. Taylor's fondness for the Royal Military Academy buildings at Sandhurst, England.  It may also be inspired by the castle emblem of Company A of Engineers. Taylor's name–along with that of then-Governor Elias Ammons, Adjutant General John Chase, and G.M. Lee–appear engraved on a stone along the building's eastern face.

It was listed in Ripley's Believe It Or Not as the largest cobblestone building in the United States. Actor Gene Hackman is one of its previous owners, according to Jefferson County property records. The historic post office walk-in safe can be visited by the public in its lower level. Its lowest walls are several feet thick, owing to the massive load above them. The Armory was the first of many area buildings of its time constructed primarily in rustic cobblestone, fieldstone and other native stone, a unique local architectural movement that continued into the 1940s.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Colorado

References

Golden Landmarks Association

Infrastructure completed in 1913
Buildings and structures in Golden, Colorado
Colorado School of Mines
Armories on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
University and college dormitories in the United States
Towers in Colorado
Cobblestone architecture
Military installations in Colorado
1913 establishments in Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Colorado

Colorado National Guard Armory


Philip Bryan Wormald (born 4 May 1963) is a former English cricketer. Wormald was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast. He was born in Sutton-in-Ashfield, Nottinghamshire.

Wormald made his debut for Shropshire in the 1987 Minor Counties Championship against the Somerset Second XI. Wormald played Minor counties cricket for Shropshire from 1987 to 1991, which included 32 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 8 MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances. He made his List A debut against Hampshire in the 1988 NatWest Trophy. He made 3 further List A appearances, the last of which came against Leicestershire in the 1991 NatWest Trophy. In his 4 List A matches, he scored 42 runs at an average of 14.00, with a high score of 16. With the ball he took 5 wickets at a bowling average of 31.40, with best figures of 2/85.

References

External links
Philip Wormald at ESPNcricinfo
Philip Wormald at CricketArchive

1963 births
Living people
Cricketers from Sutton-in-Ashfield
English cricketers
Shropshire cricketers

Philip Wormald


The Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company (abbreviated to DISCo) was a pre-nationalisation, private electricity supply company, based in Newcastle upon Tyne in North East England. The company was set up in 1889 by Charles Algernon Parsons. The company built a number of small coal-fired power stations in the west end of Newcastle upon Tyne, initially to supply homes and streets with electric lighting. They also provided power for an electrified tram line in the western part of the city.

DISCo was the first electric supply company in the world to generate electricity using turbo generators, thanks to Parsons' invention of the steam turbine. The company existed until the nationalisation of the UK's electrical supply industry in 1948.

History
Following his invention of the steam turbine in 1884, Charles Algernon Parsons was anxious to move into electricity supply, and so in 1889 he founded up the Newcastle and District Electric Electric Lighting Company. Their distribution area was quickly decided; they were to supply the area of the city to the west of Grainger Street, while the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Electric Supply Company (NESCo), who had also been formed in 1889, were to supply the eastern side of the city. DISCo's distribution area was expanded west to Newburn in 1902, and north to Benwell and Fenham in 1904. They were unable to extend this any further after losing a number of Parliamentary battles with NESCo in the early 1900s.

The first power station the company constructed was at Forth Banks in the city centre in 1890. This was the first power station in the world to generate electricity commercially using steam turbine driven generators. A further power station was constructed in close proximity to the Forth Banks station in 1902, on The Close. Another two stations were built by the company at Lemington, in 1903, and at Newburn, in 1908. All of the stations built by the company used steam turbines built by Parson's turbine building company C. A. Parsons and Company.

Charles Parsons was initially held the title as the company's managing director, until 1902 when he stepped down, but remained with the company as a director, before finally retiring in 1909. The majority of the North East's electric supply companies merged with NESCo in 1932 to form the North Eastern Electric Supply Company (again known as NESCo). However, DISCo was one of only three electric supply companies in the region to not merge into NESCo. DISCo ceased to exist in 1948, becoming part of the North Eastern Electricity Board (NEEB), with the nationalisation of the UK's electrical supply industry.

References

Defunct electric power companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1889
Energy companies disestablished in 1948
British companies established in 1889
1948 disestablishments in England
Privately held companies of the United Kingdom
1889 establishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1948


Robert Barisford Brown Sr. (born February 5, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, rapper, and dancer. Brown, alongside frequent collaborator Teddy Riley, is noted as one of the pioneers of new jack swing: a fusion of hip hop and R&B. Brown started his career in the R&B and pop group New Edition, from its inception in 1978 until his exit from the group in December 1985.

Once he started a solo career, Brown enjoyed commercial and critical success with his second album Don't Be Cruel (1988) which spawned five Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including the number one hit "My Prerogative", and the Grammy Award-winning "Every Little Step". In 1989, Brown contributed two songs to the soundtrack of Ghostbusters II. Brown's next album Bobby (1992) spawned several singles including "Humpin' Around", "Get Away", and "Good Enough". However, despite going 3× Platinum, sales of Bobby did not reach the level of its predecessor. Brown has sold over 50 million copies worldwide. Also in 1992, Brown married the superstar singer Whitney Houston, with whom he later had a daughter named Bobbi Kristina Brown. The couple's drug issues and domestic disputes made them tabloid fodder.

Brown also appeared in the films A Thin Line Between Love and Hate and Two Can Play That Game. He returned to New Edition for a reunion album and tour from 1996 to 1997, and returned with all six members for another stint in 2005. Brown and Houston starred in the 2005 reality show Being Bobby Brown. Houston, who filed for divorce two years later in 2007, died in 2012, followed by the death of their daughter in 2015.

Early life
Brown was born in Boston, Massachusetts, as one of eight children. His mother Carole Elizabeth (born Williams) was a substitute teacher, and his father Herbert James Brown was a construction worker. Brown grew up in Roxbury's Orchard Park Projects. Brown's first taste of being onstage occurred when he was three and one of his childhood idols, James Brown, performed in Boston. This performance sparked a dream of becoming a singer. Brown joined the church choir, where he recognized and developed his singing abilities. Brown's musical influences also include Rick James, Michael Jackson, Marvin Gaye, and Prince.

Music career

New Edition

New Edition was founded in 1981 by 12-year-old Brown and childhood friends Michael Bivins and Ricky Bell. Ralph Tresvant joined the group at the suggestion of Bell who sang with Tresvant as a duo. Brown was also familiar with Tresvant since they were children. In 1982, they became a quintet when their manager Brooke Payne insisted on bringing in his nephew Ronnie DeVoe, to complete the group. After performing in several talent shows in the Boston area in 1979, they signed a deal with fellow Bostonian Arthur Baker's Streetwise Records, who released their debut album Candy Girl. The title track, on which Brown sang co-lead alongside Bell and Tresvant, was a top-20 hit on Billboard's R&B Singles Chart in 1983. Brown's first full lead vocal performance was on the New Edition ballad "Jealous Girl", which was a minor hit when it also charted in 1983. The group became pop sensations with their self-titled second release. The album included the crossover hits "Cool It Now" and "Mr. Telephone Man", which Brown also co-led.

Despite the group's success, however, Brown felt the group was never rightfully paid the money they felt they had earned, later saying, "The most I saw from all the tours and all of the records we sold was $500 and a VCR." Brown also allegedly grew jealous of the attention given to fellow New Edition member Ralph Tresvant, and during some of their tour performances would often step out of his position and perform out of turn, singing and performing seductively, which caused concern within the group's management team. Brown was featured on two more New Edition albums before leaving the group in early 1986. Brown later said he felt that the group's management treated them "like little slaves by people who were only interested in money and power, and not in the welfare of New Edition". Some controversy arose over the way Brown was removed from the group. Some say Brown asked to be let out of New Edition, but a VH-1 Behind the Music documentary on the group claimed Brown was voted out by the group via their management team, with the members—most prominently Tresvant—against the decision.

Solo career
Following his exit from New Edition, Brown signed a contract with his former group's label, MCA (which had earlier promised Brown a solo deal if he had decided to leave New Edition), and also signed with manager Steven Machat, who had also worked with New Edition. The label released his debut album King of Stage in 1986. Brown had a number-one R&B hit with the ballad "Girlfriend", but the album otherwise failed to perform well.

Brown laid low for more than a year while working on his follow-up album. With the help of Machat and MCA representative Louil Silas, Brown began working with some of the top R&B producers and songwriters of the time, including Babyface, Antonio "L.A." Reid and Teddy Riley. The producers helped to compose what became Brown's most successful solo album of his career, Don't Be Cruel. Released in 1988, the album launched five top-ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100, including the number-one single, the self-penned "My Prerogative", which became, along with "Every Little Step" and the title track, signature hits for the performer. After topping both the pop and R&B charts, album sales would eventually reach twelve million copies worldwide, making it the bestselling album of 1989. In February 1990, he won the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for the album's fourth single "Every Little Step". Don't Be Cruel also garnered Brown two American Music Awards, a Soul Train Music Award and a People's Choice Award.

In 1989, Brown contributed two songs to the soundtrack of Ghostbusters II, and he also had a cameo role in the film. The first track on that album, "On Our Own" became another top-ten single for the singer, peaking at number two. The same year, a remix compilation, Dance!...Ya Know It!, was released, and found fans in the United Kingdom. Brown embarked on a 120-day world tour to promote Don't Be Cruel in 1988, with Al B. Sure! opening for him, and New Edition also opening for him on some dates. The tour lasted into the spring of 1991, but not without Brown gaining notoriety for simulating sexual acts onstage, which got him into trouble with local law enforcement. In 1990, Brown performed "Tap into My Heart" at the 1990 MTV Awards, and was set to release the album Mystical Magic, but it was eventually shelved for reasons unknown and wasn't released. In 1990, Brown was featured on the number-one hit "She Ain't Worth It" by Glenn Medeiros, making it his second number 1 hit on the pop chart, and also collaborated with Babyface for the remix of the latter's single "Tender Lover" that same year. In 1991, Brown collaborated with New Edition member Ralph Tresvant on the latter's single "Stone Cold Gentleman", which was a top-five R&B hit.

Brown's next album Bobby was released in 1992. Despite its release during the final days of the New Jack Swing era it was a success, selling more than 3 million copies, and spawning several hit singles including "Humpin' Around", "Get Away", and "Good Enough". He received his second Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance nomination for "Humpin' Around". He received his third American Music Award in January 1993. However, sales of Bobby did not match its predecessor.  Whitney Houston and Brown had recorded a song together, "Something in Common", which was released as a single from the Bobby album.

In 1994, dance producers K-Klass remixed "Two Can Play That Game" from the Bobby album, it would become Brown's biggest single in the UK peaking at No.3 in 1995.

Four years later, he would release his fourth solo album Forever, in 1997.  The album's only single, "Feeling Inside", was not successful.

Prior to the release of Forever, Brown had been in negotiations with rapper Tupac Shakur to sign with Shakur's new label Makaveli Records, or with the proposed label Death Row East. However, Shakur died before that could take place. Leaving MCA following Forever, Brown laid low for several years, appearing as a featured artist in 2001 on two tracks from The Benzino Project, and in 2002 he was featured in a duet with rapper Ja Rule on the song "Thug Lovin'". Brown was signed to Murder Inc. Records, but that label had already begun to dissolve, so Brown's tenure with them was brief. In 2006, Brown appeared adding vocals to Damian Marley's song "Beautiful" on Marley's album, Welcome to Jamrock.

In 2008, Brown planned to release a book titled Bobby Brown: The Truth, the Whole Truth and Nothing But, written by author Derrick Handspike. When controversial comments that Brown made about his ex-wife, Whitney Houston, were leaked to the media, he backed out of the project. Handspike released the book after Houston's death in 2012.

In 2010, Brown was featured in a duet with singer Macy Gray on the song "Real Love" on Gray's album The Sellout. About this project, Gray explained to Essence, "Actually, he came to the studio, since he doesn't live far, and knocked out his recording in two hours. We're friends, and his one-year-old son is my godson. His fiancée is one of my best friends in the whole world. I met Bobby a long time ago, but we really got to know each other through her."

On June 5, 2012, Brown released his fifth album, The Masterpiece, which debuted at number 41 on the Billboard R&B album chart.

On February 14, 2017, Brown performed at the Valentine's Day Music Festival with Keith Sweat, Avant and El DeBarge.

New Edition reunions
Brown made his first reunited appearance with New Edition at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards. Their performance later sparked the recording of Bell Biv DeVoe's "Word to the Mutha!" in 1991 (on which Brown, Ralph Tresvant and later NE member Johnny Gill were included). A fully-fledged reunion occurred with the 1996 release of the album, Home Again. Brown contributed lead vocals on two hit singles, "Hit Me Off" and "You Don't Have to Worry". However, a subsequent 1997 tour to support the album led to problems between Brown and the other New Edition members. Brown later admitted that he was struggling with drug addiction and alcoholism during the tour.

In 2005, at the BET 25th Anniversary Special, Brown again reunited with New Edition. In 2008, Brown, Ralph Tresvant, and Johnny Gill then formed a splinter group, Heads of State, to compete with Bell Biv DeVoe. At the 2009 BET Awards, following the death of the group's idol Michael Jackson, all six of the New Edition members again reunited to perform a medley of Jackson 5 hits in honor of Jackson. This sparked rumors of another full-fledged New Edition reunion, which was confirmed the following year.

Brown and New Edition continue to perform together, including The Culture Tour, which began in early 2022.

Acting and television career
Brown made his acting debut with a cameo appearance in the 1989 film, Ghostbusters II, playing the Mayor's doorman. The following year, he appeared in the HBO kids show, Mother Goose Rock 'n' Rhyme playing all three characters of Three Blind Mice. In 1995, he made another guest appearance in the film, Panther, and had a major role in the Martin Lawrence film, A Thin Line Between Love and Hate. Brown made other guest appearances in the films Two Can Play That Game, Gang of Roses, Nora's Hair Salon and Go for Broke.

In 2005, Brown was in negotiations with the Bravo television network for a reality series entitled Being Bobby Brown. Bravo, however, was not ready to commit to the deal unless Brown's superstar wife Whitney Houston agreed to be part of the cast, which she did. The show then received the greenlight from Bravo and was a massive success in the ratings, with Houston proving so popular on the series that she received as much screen time as the show's name-sake. The series showed Brown and Houston not always in their best moments. The Hollywood Reporter said that the show was "undoubtedly the most disgusting and execrable series ever to ooze its way onto television". Despite the perceived train-wreck nature of the show, it continued Houston's unbroken string of hit motion pictures and television projects, and it gave Bravo its highest ratings ever of any of its ongoing series. The show lasted one season and ended in 2006 after Houston stated she would not appear in season two and Bravo and Brown could not settle on a new deal.

In June 2007, Brown took part in the ITV television series 24 Hours With..., a chat show format as celebrity and interviewer spend an intense 24 hours locked in a room together. The show's host, Jamie Campbell, asked Brown questions about his career and private life, and infamously joked about making "sexual moves" towards the singer. Brown was furious and threatened to beat Campbell up live on air. Brown's later tenures in reality shows included appearances on Real Husbands of Hollywood,  Celebrity Fit Club and Gone Country.

In 2021, Brown competed in season five of The Masked Singer as the wild card contestant "Crab". At one point after performing Rick James's song "Give It to Me Baby", Brown had to be briefly taken to his dressing room when he became overheated and short of breath in his costume. He was later eliminated on Week 7 alongside Tamera Mowry as "Seashell".

In May 2022, Biography: Bobby Brown and Bobby Brown: Every Little Step began airing on A&E. Brown is an executive-producer of both the documentary-style and reality television series about his life.

Personal life
In 1995, Brown was with Steven Sealy when Sealy was targeted in a drive-by shooting. Sealy, Brown's sister's boyfriend, was killed and Brown was unharmed. The shooter, John Tibbs, took a plea agreement in 2001.

Brown's parents, Carole and Herbert Brown, died within a year of each other. Carole died in 2011 and Herbert "Pops" in January 2012, a month before Bobby's former wife Whitney Houston's death.

Marriages
Brown first met Whitney Houston at the Soul Train Music Awards in 1989. They began a close friendship after Houston invited Brown to her birthday party. Their friendship developed into a romance. In 1991, Brown proposed marriage to Houston and the couple married at Houston's estate on July 18, 1992. Their daughter Bobbi Kristina Brown was born in 1993. Houston and Brown later collaborated on the hit single "Something in Common", which included their daughter at the end of the music video.

Throughout their marriage, there were rumors of infidelity on Brown's part, alcohol and drug abuse, and domestic violence. Their personal issues became fodder for talk shows and sketch comedy shows. Some sketch comedy shows portrayed Brown as a has-been who is jealous of his wife's celebrity status. In 2003, Brown was charged with battery after an altercation with Houston.

In 2005, the couple participated in the reality show Being Bobby Brown, which gave a picture of their lives behind the scenes. In September 2006, Houston filed for legal separation and later divorce. Their divorce was finalized on April 24, 2007, with Houston receiving custody of their 14-year-old daughter. In a September 2009 interview with Oprah Winfrey, Houston admitted to sometimes using drugs with Brown, stating that Brown had "laced marijuana with cocaine". Houston also told Winfrey that Brown had been abusive during their marriage and even spat on her on one occasion while drunk.

Following the death of Houston on February 11, 2012, six days after his 43rd birthday, Brown struggled to perform at a New Edition show, shouting "I love you, Whitney" in tears. Brown then excused himself from the stage and New Edition finished the remainder of the show. Brown appeared at Houston's memorial service in New Jersey but was asked to leave by the family's security. In an interview given to The Today Show in May 2012, Brown said security was the reason he and his family left the service; Brown stated that he loved Houston's family and told Matt Lauer that he had spent "14 beautiful years" with Houston as his wife. Along with Clive Davis, Ray J, and others, Brown has been accused of contributing to the singer's death, which he denies.

In 2009, Brown had a son named Cassius with his partner of two years, manager Alicia Etheredge. Brown and Etheredge became engaged in May 2010, when Brown proposed during a performance at the Funk Fest in Jacksonville, Florida. The couple married on June 18, 2012, in Hawaii and have since had two daughters.

Children
Brown has fathered seven children. His eldest, Landon, was born on June 22, 1986, to Melika Williams. He has two children with Kim Ward, whom he met around 1980; daughter La'Princia (born 1989) and son Bobby Brown, Jr. (1991–2020). His and Ward's on-and-off 11-year relationship ended in 1991. At three months pregnant, Ward found out Brown was engaged to Whitney Houston. Houston suffered miscarriages in 1992, 1994, and 1996. His only child with Houston, Bobbi Kristina Brown, was born on March 4, 1993. Brown has three children with Alicia Etheredge: a son born in 2009, and daughters born in 2015 and 2016.

In January 2015, Brown's daughter Bobbi Kristina was found unconscious in her bathtub at her residence in Roswell, Georgia. The 21-year-old was rushed to North Fulton Hospital where she was placed on a ventilator in a medically induced coma to stop the swelling of her brain. It was reported her brain activity was "low". Brown rushed to his daughter's side and released a statement to the press requesting them to respect the family's privacy. She was later transferred to Emory University Hospital. After doctors concluded significant brain function was unlikely to occur, Bobbi Kristina was removed from the ventilator and put in the care of Hospice in Duluth, Georgia. She died there on July 26, 2015, at age 22.

On November 18, 2020, Brown's son Bobby Jr., age 28, was found dead in his home.

Health and drug use
As a child, Brown was diagnosed with ADD and later with bipolar disorder at age 32. Brown said that his drug of choice was marijuana and that he had developed alcoholism at an early age. Brown was doing drugs all his life before he met Whitney Houston  "I never used cocaine until after I met Whitney. Before then, I had experimented with other drugs, but marijuana was my drug of choice," he said. Throughout the 1990s, his drug addiction worsened and at one point he was cooking cocaine and using heroin.

According to former gang member David Collins, Brown was kidnapped by New York street gang the Preacher Crew over a $25,000 drug debt in 1993. Houston paid a $400,000 ransom to the gang who threatened to kill Brown. The incident was never reported to authorities.

Legal issues
Since 1989, Brown has been arrested multiple times for various offenses:
 In September 1990, Brown was charged with disorderly conduct for refusing to leave a restaurant after his brother Tommy was arrested.
 In April 1995, Brown and two friends were charged in the beating of a nightclub patron in Orlando. Police reported that after his arrest, Brown urinated in a police patrol car and scratched four-letter words in the vinyl. The charges were dropped after the victim settled a civil lawsuit against Brown.
 In August 1995, Brown was cited for battery after police said he kicked a hotel security guard who was sent to his room to check out noise complaints.
 In January 1998, Brown was convicted in Florida of two misdemeanors: driving under the influence and causing property damage. The charges stemmed from 1996 when Brown crashed Houston's sports car into a condominium sign. He served five days in jail then was released on probation.
 In June 1998, Brown was arrested on suspicion of sexual battery for allegedly slapping a woman's bottom at the Beverly Hills Hotel. The case was dropped due to insufficient evidence.
 From May to June 2000, Brown spent 26 days in jail after he was arrested by U.S. Customs agents in New Jersey following a trip from the Bahamas. The arrest stemmed from an outstanding warrant for violating probation in his 1996 drunken driving conviction. The warrant had been issued in June 1999, after Brown's probation officer reported that cocaine had been found in his urine test twice.
 In November 2002, Brown was arrested on drug and traffic charges, and later discovered he was wanted on the 1996 warrant.
 In January 2003, Brown served an eight-day sentence in the DeKalb County, Georgia, jail after he pleaded guilty to a 1996 drunken driving charge and a count of speeding.
 In August 2003, Brown was sentenced to 14 days in jail for probation violations stemming from a 1996 drunken driving charge. His sentence was followed by 60 days of house arrest.
 In December 2003, Brown was charged with battery for striking his wife Whitney Houston and threatening to "beat her ass." Police reported that Houston had visible injuries to her face.
 In March 2004, Brown was sentenced to 90 days in jail for owing $63,000 in back child support to Kim Ward. After spending one night in jail, he was released when he paid off the debt.
 In June 2004, Brown received a suspended 90-day prison sentence for missing three consecutive child support payments. The sentence was suspended after six days when Brown made the back payments.
 In February 2007, Brown was sentenced to 30 days in jail for unpaid child support in the amount of $20,000 to Kim Ward. He was released after 3 days when a radio station paid his fees.
 In April 2012, Brown was arrested for drunken driving. He spent time in a "confidential rehabilitation center" as part of his plea deal.
 In October 2012, Brown was arrested for drunken driving. He was ordered to attend at least three Alcoholics Anonymous sessions each week until he reported to the Los Angeles County jail. In February 2013, Brown was sentenced to 55 days in jail and four years of summary probation following his second drunken driving conviction in a year. He was released after serving nine hours and put on electronic monitoring by Los Angeles County Probation.

In popular culture
Brown popularized the Roger Rabbit dance (aka the "backwards" running man), as performed in the music video for his song "Every Little Step" (1989), along with the Gumby-style hi-top fade. Brown has claimed that he taught Michael Jackson how to do the moonwalk.

Brown was spoofed by Aries Spears on MADtv, with Whitney Houston portrayed by Debra Wilson. He was also spoofed by Tracy Morgan and Finesse Mitchell on Saturday Night Live. Brown was portrayed by Arlen Escarpeta in the television film Whitney, by Woody McClain in the 2017 miniseries The New Edition Story and in the 2018 miniseries about his life, The Bobby Brown Story. Brown is also portrayed by Ashton Sanders in the Whitney Houston biopic, Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance with Somebody, that was released Christmas 2022.

In 2022, Brown also claimed he started wearing the "diaper pants" that MC Hammer altered and made famous, on his A&E show Bobby Brown: Every Little Step. However, Brown wore a less sagging variation during some concerts and in music videos, such as "My Prerogative" (1988) and "Every Little Step" (1989).

Discography

Studio albums
 King of Stage (1986)
 Don't Be Cruel (1988)
 Bobby (1992)
 Forever (1997)
 The Masterpiece (2012)

With New Edition
 Candy Girl (1983)
 New Edition (1984)
 All for Love (1985)
 Home Again (1996)

Tours
 Heartbreak Tour (with Al B. Sure! and New Edition) (1988)
 Don't Be Cruel Tour (1988–1991)
 Humpin' Around the World Tour (1992–1993)
 New Edition Reunion Tour (1996)
 Forever Tour (1997–1998)
 Heads of State Tour (2008–2014)
 RBRM Tour (2018)
 The Culture Tour (2022)
 The Legacy Tour (2023)

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 NEW Bobby Brown HD interview April 2010

1969 births
Living people
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
African-American Christians
African-American male dancers
African-American male singers
African-American songwriters
American child singers
American contemporary R&B singers
American dance musicians
American hip hop singers
American male dancers
American male pop singers
American male singers
American male songwriters
American people convicted of drug offenses
American prisoners and detainees
American soul singers
Child pop musicians
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Atlanta
Singers from Boston
MCA Records artists
New Edition members
New jack swing musicians
Participants in American reality television series
People charged with battery
People with bipolar disorder
Songwriters from Massachusetts

Bobby Brown


Henryk Cybulski (1 October 1910 – 12 March 1971) was a Polish resistance leader.

Born in the Volhynian village of Przebraże, he worked as a forester, when in September 1939 the Red Army invaded eastern Poland. Cybulski was forcibly deported by the Soviets to Siberia on 10 February 1940. In the summer of 1940 he managed to escape and, after walking for eight weeks, returned to Volhynia. As he later wrote, his sports experiences in long-distance running were a great help. Upon coming back, he took up several menial jobs, trying to lie low and not to attract attention of Soviet authorities.

In August 1942, Cybulski joined the Home Army. In early spring of 1943, at the beginning of Massacres of Poles in Volhynia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), he became one of the commandants of the Przebraże Defence together with Ludwik Malinowski. Under his leadership, Polish resistance groups reorganised into a 500-man-strong brigade, including a cavalry unit. Przebraże became a fortress, in which up to 25,000 people lived.

Together with his soldiers they fought off Ukrainian attacks on Przebraże and, in the second half of 1943, initiated several raids on Ukrainian nationalist centres, including an attack on UPA's military college in Troscianiec. Cybulski began actively cooperating with Soviet partisan forces present in Volhynia; when the Red Army entered into Volhynia, he joined a Red Army unit, but soon left after learning that the NKVD was going to arrest him.

His after-war whereabouts remain unknown. In 1969 Cybulski issued a book Czerwone noce ("Red nights"), worked out by Henryk Pająk, based on his memoirs, in which he described Ukrainian massacres of Poles in early 1940s Volhynia.

See also
 Przebraże Defence
 Ludwik Malinowski

Sources
 Cybulski H., Czerwone noce. Wyd. 5 zm. Bellona, Warszawa 1990, ss. 375. Opracowanie literackie H. Pająk.
 Władysław Filar, Przebraże bastion polskiej samoobrony na Wołyniu. Bitwy i akcje. Wyd. Rytm, Warszawa 2007, ss. 128. Seria: Biblioteka Armii Krajowej,

1910 births
1971 deaths
Polish resistance members of World War II
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia

Henryk Cybulski


Format Films was an animation studio which was founded by Herbert Klynn in 1959 with Jules Engel as vice president, Bob McIntosh and Joseph Mugnaini, all of whom were animators. It was most active during the 1960s, producing episodes of The Alvin Show and Popeye the Sailor. Klynn shut his studio in 1962 but reopened it by 1965 as Format Productions when Engels left for Europe. The studio made eleven sub-contracted shorts in Warner Bros.' theatrical Road Runner series as well as three Daffy Duck and Speedy Gonzales shorts, and produced The Lone Ranger animated series for CBS in 1966.

Format Productions also created title sequences for several TV series, including I Spy, Honey West, the animated characters on the television variety show Hee Haw, animated various TV commercials, and created film title designs for The Glory Guys and Clambake.

TV series
Popeye the Sailor (King Features Syndicate, Jack Kinney Productions/1960)
The Alvin Show (Bagdasarian Film Corporation/1961–1962)
The Lone Ranger (Jack Wrather Corporation, Lone Ranger Productions/1966–1969) (as Format Productions)

TV Pilot
 The Shrimp (1961)

Theatrical shorts
Tale of Old Wiff (1960)
Icarus Montgolfier Wright (1962) (Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film nominee)
Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies (Warner Bros., DePatie–Freleng Enterprises/1965–1967) (as Format Productions)
Run, Run, Sweet Road Runner (1965) (subcontracted)
Tired and Feathered (1965) (subcontracted)
Boulder Wham! (1965) (subcontracted)
Just Plane Beep (1965) (subcontracted)
Hairied and Hurried (1965) (subcontracted)
Highway Runnery (1965) (subcontracted)
Chaser on the Rocks (1965) (subcontracted)
Shot and Bothered (1966) (subcontracted)
Out and Out Rout (1966) (subcontracted)
The Solid Tin Coyote (1966) (subcontracted)
Clippety Clobbered (1966) (subcontracted)
Quacker Tracker (1967)
The Music Mice-Tro (1967)
The Spy Swatter (1967)

Film and television titles (as Format Productions unless otherwise noted)
Outlaws (1960–1962) (TV) (as Format Films)
I Spy (1965–1968) (TV)
The Glory Guys (1965)
Honey West (1965–1966) (TV)
Clambake (1967)
The Mothers-in-Law (1967–1969) (TV)
Hee Haw (1969) (TV)
Curiosity Shop (1971–1973) (TV)

Further reading

Notes

American animation studios
Film and television title designers
Entertainment companies based in California
Mass media companies disestablished in 1962
Mass media companies established in 1959
Mass media companies established in 1965
Mass media companies disestablished in 1997
Re-established companies

Format Films


Bluford Wilson (November 30, 1841 – July 15, 1924) was a Union Army officer in the Civil War and a government official who served as Solicitor of the United States Treasury.

Early life
Bluford Wilson was born near Shawneetown, Illinois on November 30, 1841. He studied at McKendree College and the University of Michigan Law School before enlisting for the American Civil War.

Military career
Wilson joined the 120th Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He soon received an officer's commission and appointment as regimental adjutant. He later served on several other staffs, including that of the XIII Corps, taking part in numerous battles and campaigns, including Champion Hill, Black River and the Siege of Vicksburg, and the Red River Campaign. He was discharged with the rank of major at the end of the war.

For the rest of his life Wilson was active in the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Legal career
Wilson resumed studying law at the University of Michigan Law School, graduated in 1866, and was admitted to the bar in 1867.

A Republican, Wilson was appointed United States Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois in 1869.

In 1874 Wilson received appointment as Solicitor of the Treasury, which he held until 1876.

Wilson's rise through the ranks of federal appointed office were based in part on his family's relationship with President Ulysses S. Grant. Bluford Wilson's brother Major General James H. Wilson served on Grant's staff and as one of Grant's subordinate commanders during the Civil War.

As Solicitor Wilson played a key role in exposing the Whiskey Ring.  He conducted an investigation into the frauds, reported his findings to his superiors, and attempted through his brother James to warn President Grant.  When Grant moved to protect members of his administration and prevent prosecutions, Wilson resigned.

Later life
After leaving government service Wilson settled in Springfield, Illinois, where he practiced law and became involved in the construction and management of several railroads.

During the Spanish–American War Wilson offered his services; the governor authorized him to raise a regiment and he was commissioned a Colonel in the Illinois militia, but the war ended before his regiment could see active service.

Death and burial
Wilson died in Springfield on July 15, 1924. He was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield.

Family
In 1865 Wilson married Alice Warren Mather of Louisville, Kentucky, and they were the parents of five children. Harry died in infancy. Jessie was the wife of Phillip Barton Warren. Lucy was the wife of Ralph Vance Dickerman. Bluford died during his senior year at Yale University. Arthur graduated from West Point in 1904, attained the rank of Colonel during a career that spanned the years 1904 to 1942, and received the Medal of Honor during the Philippine Insurrection.

References

1841 births
1924 deaths
Lawyers from Springfield, Illinois
McKendree University alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
United States Department of the Treasury officials
Union Army officers
Burials at Oak Ridge Cemetery
People from Shawneetown, Illinois
Illinois Republicans
Anti-crime activists
19th-century American lawyers

Bluford Wilson


A Scare at Bedtime (also known as Podge and Rodge: A Scare at Bedtime) is an Irish television show, produced by Double Z Enterprises and broadcast by RTÉ, featuring the two puppets Podge and Rodge as the hosts of a spooky tales and urban myths comedy show. It ran from November 24, 1997 until January 9, 2006.

A Scare at Bedtime was originally commissioned by RTÉ to fill a ten-minute gap that was left before the 23:00 News due to the short running times of American shows that preceded it. This show took its name from the nightly RTÉ 1 show called A Prayer at Bedtime, which overlaid the text of a Roman Catholic prayer over serene images with choral music playing. A Scare at Bedtime, first aired in 1997, is close to being the polar opposite of this, with extremely adult content, lewd jokes and slightly obscene anecdotes being related by the two puppets and 'Tales of Caution' acted out in live action segments. Podge's origins on The Den is ignored, as the backstory gradually established on A Scare at Bedtime, presents Podge and his identical twin brother Rodge to be both in their sixties, and living in Ballydung Manor, a converted insane asylum for most of that time, with a lunatic nurse that they call "Granny" who practices the dark arts (since she is dating Satan, whom they refer to as the "quare fella" throughout the series) . They were also then given full names also: Padraig Judas O'Leprocy and Rodraig Spartacus O'Leprocy.

Each episode follows the same pattern: Rodge, the dumber of the two, arrives home. Originally the pair would get into bed but in later seasons they sat at the kitchen table. They talk about what Rodge was doing, with Podge usually insulting him. This leads Podge on to telling a story (acted out by live actors) about some people (whose names are usually sexual innuendos, e.g. Chris Peacock, Ulick McGee, Neil Down, Mickey Scratcher and Inspector Bush) who inevitably come to an unpleasant end. Rodge interrupts the story with stupid comments and/or reference to masturbation. It ends with Podge punishing Rodge for no reason.

Podge and Rodge have mimicked Irish folk duo Foster and Allen. The characters are called "Fester and Ailin'" and were seen on An Audience with Podge & Rodge satirically arguing with Foster and Allen, with each claiming the other copied their act. Fester states: "Ailin' here came out of the womb with that accordion on him". Fester and Ailin' also claim that Foster and Allen's song "Bunch of Thyme" was in fact a stolen copy of their original work "Bunch of Lesbians". Fester and Ailin's songs featured in the series included "Tropical Diseases", "The Monkey Song" and "Doing the Wife's Sisters on the Sly" as well as the classic yuletide number "There's a Dead Man Up The Chimney".

The show has run for nine series as of January 2006. The programme has aired in both the UK and Ireland on RTÉ Two, Tara TV, UK Play and the Paramount Comedy Channel. A Scare at Bedtime was nominated in the Best Entertainment Programme category of the Irish Film and Television Awards in both 1999 and 2000. Winning the IFTA for Best Entertainment Programme in 2000.

'A Scare at Bedtime Collection' is an eight disc DVD box set of all nine seasons of 150 episodes (including fifty never for sale before) that was released to coincide with Halloween 2010.

TV specials
Podge & Rodge's Christmas Log: A half-hour Christmas Special featuring clips from the series broadcast on RTÉ 2 in December 2002.

An Audience with Podge & Rodge: An hour long precursor to The Podge and Rodge Show was broadcast on RTÉ 2 on 26 December 2005 with guests Ray D'Arcy and Amanda Brunker. Music from Ding Dong Denny O'Reilly and VT inserts from various Irish personalities including Gerry Ryan, Nell McCafferty, Foster and Allen, PJ Gallagher, Mary Black with their memories and opinions of Podge and Rodge. There were also clips from A Scare at Bedtime. The show was filmed in front of a studio audience of skeletons and one man and his dog.

Awards
Irish Film and Television Academy Awards:
 Best Entertainment Show – 1999 Nomination
 Best Entertainment Show – 2000 WON

Home releases

References

External links

1997 Irish television series debuts
1990s Irish television series
2000s Irish television series
Irish comedy television shows
Irish television shows featuring puppetry
RTÉ original programming
Television series about dysfunctional families

A Scare at Bedtime


The American Film Institute (AFI) is an American nonprofit film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the motion picture arts in the United States. AFI is supported by private funding and public membership fees.

Leadership

The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, and academic communities. The board of trustees is chaired by Kathleen Kennedy and the board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO, film historian Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens Jr. (from the organization's inception in 1967 until 1980) and Jean Picker Firstenberg (from 1980 to 2007).

History
The American Film Institute was founded by a 1965 presidential mandate announced in the Rose Garden of the White House by Lyndon B. Johnson—to establish a national arts organization to preserve the legacy of American film heritage, educate the next generation of filmmakers, and honor the artists and their work. Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation.

The original 22-member Board of Trustees included actor Gregory Peck as chairman and actor Sidney Poitier as vice-chairman, as well as director Francis Ford Coppola, film historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., lobbyist Jack Valenti, and other representatives from the arts and academia.

The institute established a training program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. Also created in the early years were a repertory film exhibition program at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the AFI Catalog of Feature Films — a scholarly source for American film history. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981. The film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school.

AFI moved its presentation of first-run and auteur films from the Kennedy Center to the historic AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center, which hosts the AFI DOCS film festival, making AFI the largest nonprofit film exhibitor in the world. AFI educates audiences and recognizes artistic excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists.

In 2017, then-aspiring filmmaker Ilana Bar-Din Giannini claimed that the AFI expelled her after she accused Dezso Magyar of sexually harassing her in the early 1980s.

List of programs in brief
AFI educational and cultural programs include:
 American Film Institute Awards – an honor celebrating the creative ensembles of the most outstanding motion picture and television programs of the year
 AFI Catalog of Feature Films and AFI Archive – the written history of all feature films during the first 100 years of the art form – accessible free online
 AFI Conservatory – a film school led by master filmmakers in a graduate-level program
 AFI Directing Workshop for Women – a production-based training program committed to increasing the number of women working professionally in screen directing
 AFI Life Achievement Award – a tradition since 1973, a high honor for a career in film
 AFI 100 Years... series –  television events and movie reference lists
 AFI's two film festivals – AFI Fest in Los Angeles and AFI Docs in Washington, D.C., and Silver Spring, Maryland
 AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center – a historic theater with year-round art house, first-run and classic film programming in Silver Spring, Maryland
 American Film – a magazine launched in October 1975 that explores the art of new and historic film classics, now a blog on AFI.com

AFI Conservatory
In 1969, the institute established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone, the Doheny Mansion in Beverly Hills, California. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel, and Paul Schrader. That program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate film school located in the hills above Hollywood, California, providing training in six filmmaking disciplines: cinematography, directing, editing, producing, production design, and screenwriting. Mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year.

In 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer, and screenwriter James L. Brooks (As Good as It Gets, Broadcast News, Terms of Endearment) joined as the artistic director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks' artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a rich legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr., Robert Wise, and Frank Pierson. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years. Jan Schuette took over as dean in 2014 and served until 2017. Film producer Richard Gladstein was dean from 2017 until 2019, when Susan Ruskin was appointed.

Notable alumni
AFI Conservatory's alumni have careers in film, television and on the web. They have been recognized with all of the major industry awards—Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award.

AFI programs

AFI Catalog of Feature Films

The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database. A research tool for film historians, the catalog consists of entries on more than 60,000 feature films and 17,000 short films produced from 1893 to 2011, as well as AFI Awards Outstanding Movies of the Year from 2000 through 2010. Early print copies of this catalog may also be found at local libraries.

AFI Life Achievement Award

AFI Awards

Created in 2000, the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films ("Movies of the Year") and ten outstanding television programs ("TV Programs of the Year"). The awards are a non-competitive acknowledgment of excellence.

The awards are announced in December, and a private luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January.

AFI Maya Deren Award

AFI 100 Years... series
The AFI 100 Years... series, which ran from 1998 to 2008 and created jury-selected lists of America's best movies in categories such as Musicals, Laughs and Thrills, prompted new generations to experience classic American films. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics, and historians. Citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice.

AFI film festivals
AFI operates two film festivals: AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs (formally known as Silverdocs) in Silver Spring, Maryland, and Washington, D.C.

AFI Fest
AFI Fest is the American Film Institute's annual celebration of artistic excellence. It is a showcase for the best festival films of the year and an opportunity for master filmmakers and emerging artists to come together with audiences in the movie capital of the world. It is the only festival of its stature that is free to the public. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognizes AFI Fest as a qualifying festival for the Short Films category for the annual Academy Awards.

The festival has paid tribute to numerous influential filmmakers and artists over the years, including Agnès Varda, Pedro Almodóvar and David Lynch as guest artistic directors, and has screened scores of films that have produced Oscar nominations and wins.

AFI Docs
Held annually in June, AFI Docs (formerly Silverdocs) is a documentary festival in Washington, D.C. The festival attracts over 27,000 documentary enthusiasts.

AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center
The AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center is a moving image exhibition, education and cultural center located in Silver Spring, Maryland. Anchored by the restoration of noted architect John Eberson's historic 1938 Silver Theatre, it features 32,000 square feet of new construction housing two stadium theatres, office and meeting space, and reception and exhibit areas.

The AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center presents film and video programming, augmented by filmmaker interviews, panels, discussions, and musical performances.

The AFI Directing Workshop for Women
The Directing Workshop for Women is a training program committed to educating and mentoring participants in an effort to increase the number of women working professionally in screen directing. In this tuition-free program, each participant is required to complete a short film by the end of the year-long program.

Alumnae of the program include Maya Angelou, Anne Bancroft, Dyan Cannon, Ellen Burstyn, Jennifer Getzinger, Lesli Linka Glatter, Lily Tomlin, Susan Oliver and Nancy Malone.

AFI Directors Series
AFI released a set of hour-long programs reviewing the career of acclaimed directors. The Directors Series content was copyrighted in 1997 by Media Entertainment Inc and The American Film Institute, and the VHS and DVDs were released between 1999 and 2001 on Winstar TV and Video.

Directors featured included:

 John McTiernan (WHE73067)
 Ron Howard (WHE73068)
 Sydney Pollack (WHE73071)
 Norman Jewison (WHE73076)
 Lawrence Kasdan (WHE73088)
 Terry Gilliam (WHE73089)
 Spike Lee (WHE73090)
 Barry Levinson (WHE73093)
 Miloš Forman (WHE73094)
 Martin Scorsese (WHE73098)
 Barbra Streisand (WHE73099)
 David Cronenberg (WHE73101)
 Robert Zemeckis (WHE73131)
 Robert Altman
 John Frankenheimer
 Adrian Lyne
 Garry Marshall
 William Friedkin
 Clint Eastwood
 David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker
 Roger Corman
 Michael Mann
 James Cameron
 Rob Reiner
 Joel Schumacher
 Steven Spielberg
 Wes Craven

See also

 British Film Institute, the British equivalent to AFI

References

External links

American Film Institute on Internet Archive
AFI Los Angeles Film Festival – history and information (archived 17 July 2009)

Arts organizations based in California
Cinema of Southern California
Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles
Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Organizations based in Los Angeles
1967 establishments in California
Educational organizations established in 1967
FIAF-affiliated institutions
Arts organizations established in 1967

American Film Institute


The Fighting Cholitas are a group of female wrestlers who perform in El Alto, Bolivia. The Cholitas are part of a group called the Titans of the Ring, which includes both male and female wrestlers. The Titans perform each Sunday for an audience of hundreds at El Alto's Multifunctional Center. Tickets to the exhibitions cost $1.

The idea of including female wrestlers as a maneuver for publicity came from Juan Mamami, a wrestler and president of the Titans. They routinely attract over a thousand spectators to their bouts in El Alto and several hundred spectators when they travel with the Titans to smaller towns.

Like the general population of El Alto, which consists almost entirely of Aymara and Quechua residents, the Cholitas are indigenous. They wear braided hair, bowler hats and multilayered skirts in the ring.

According to a 2005 New York Times article, the Titans earn about $13 for each bout. Most of the wrestlers have other jobs besides their wrestling careers.

Media
The Cholitas were the subject of an award-winning 2006 short-subject documentary, The Fighting Cholitas. The twenty-minute documentary was directed by Mariam Jobrani and produced by Jobrani, Teresa Deskins and Kenny Krauss. The film received an honorable mention in Short Filmmaking at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival.

In October 2008, the Fighting Cholitas were featured in the third episode of thirteenth season of the American reality series The Amazing Race, in which a contestant from each team was tasked with learning and performing a six-step wrestling routine with a Cholita.

References

External links

Bolivian documentary films
2006 short documentary films
Lucha libre films
Documentary films about women's sports
Sport in Bolivia
Women's professional wrestling films
Professional wrestling documentary films
Professional wrestling-related mass media
Professional wrestling in Bolivia
Women in Bolivia

Fighting Cholitas


13 Monocerotis (13 Mon) is a class A0 Ib (white supergiant) star in the constellation Monoceros. Its apparent magnitude is 4.5 and it is approximately  away.

13 Mon lies within the Monoceros OB1 stellar association, halfway between the Rosette Nebula and NGC 2264, at a distance of about 780 parsecs. It is surrounded by a small reflection nebula listed as Van den Bergh 81 (VdB 81).

13 Monocerotis has been used as a standard star for the A0 Ib spectral class.

Extended photometry of 13 Monocerotis from 1997 to 2000 shows irregular variation of up to 0.04 magnitudes and also a slight trend to become fainter over the period. All the bright A0 - A5 supergiants analysed using Hipparcos satellite data were found to be variable, but 13 Mon was the least variable.

References

Monoceros
A-type supergiants
BD+07 1337
Monocerotis, 13
031216
2385
046300
Reflection nebulae
Suspected variables

13 Monocerotis


Henrique Ribeiro Marques Barbosa (born July 5, 1984) is an international swimmer from Brazil.

Barbosa was born in Belo Horizonte. He has a degree in International relations from the University of California, Berkeley.  Inn 2008 Henrique Barbosa was living in Florida, dedicated solely to swimming. Shared a house with three other swimmers, as a member of "The Race Club", running club created by American Olympic champion Gary Hall Jr. In the Esporte Clube Pinheiros since 2007, he has gone through teams like Flamengo and Minas.

Early years

At 8 years old, he practiced judo and volleyball, besides swimming, and just devoted himself exclusively to swim at age 12. At 15, he won his first podium in Brazil Trophy.

International career

At 18 years old, at the 2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Yokohama, Barbosa finished 5th in the 4×100-metre medley, 9th in the 100-metre breaststroke, and 12th in the 200-metre breaststroke.

In the 2003 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, finishing 35th in the 100-metre breaststroke.  He participated at the 2003 Pan American Games, in Santo Domingo, where he finished 5th in the 100-metre breaststroke.

At the 2004 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), in Indianapolis, Barbosa finished 7th in the 100-metre breaststroke final, 14th in the 50-metre breaststroke, 16th in the 200-metre breaststroke, and helped the Brazilian 4×100-metre medley relay team to reach the finals.

At the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Victoria, where he finished 7th in the 4×100-metre medley, 8th in the 100-metre breaststroke, and 12th in the 200-metre breaststroke.

At the 2007 World Aquatics Championships, in Melbourne, where he finished 25th in the 50-metre breaststroke, 23rd in the 100-metre breaststroke, 33rd in the 200-metre breaststroke  and 9th in the 4×100-metre medley.  At the 2007 Pan American Games, in Rio de Janeiro, Barbosa won two silver medals in the 200-metre breaststroke, and in the 4×100-metre medley, where he broke the South American record with a time of 3:35.81, along with Thiago Pereira, Kaio Almeida and César Cielo. He also finished 4th in the 100-metre breaststroke. In the 100-metre breaststroke semifinal, Henrique broke the South American record, with a time of 1:01.47.

He was at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where he finished 23rd in the 100-metre breaststroke, and 30th in the 200-metre breaststroke.

On May 6, 2009, at the Maria Lenk Aquatic Center, Henrique Barbosa swam the 2nd best time in the history of the 200-metre breaststroke: 2:08.44. On May 9, 2009, he swam the 2nd fastest time in history in the 100-metre breaststroke, 59.12 seconds, lowering the time in the end of the next day to 59.03 seconds. Both world records belonged to Kosuke Kitajima (58.91 seconds in the 100-metre, and 2:07.51 in the 200-metre breaststroke).

Barbosa was at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, in Rome, where he came 8th place in the 100-metre breaststroke, 7th in the 200-metre breaststroke, and 4th place in the 4×100-metre medley with the Brazilian team, in a spectacular race where the top four relay teams broke the world record of the United States from Beijing 2008.

On November 14, 2009, at the FINA World Cup, Barbosa broke the short-course South American record in the 200-metre breaststroke, with a time of 2:04.35.

He was at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Irvine, where he finished 8th in the 200-metre breaststroke, classified 14th in the 100-metre breaststroke, but did not swim the final, and classified 13th in the 50-metre breaststroke, but did not swim the final, too.

He was at the 2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), in Dubai, where he won a bronze medal in the 4×100-metre medley, for having swum the qualifying heats. He also was disqualified in 100-metre breaststroke heats.

In 2011, Barbosa was one of four swimmers from Brazil caught in doping test by the use of the banned substance furosemide. The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) found that Barbosa was not guilty in the case and decided to just keep the warning already stipulated by the CBDA (Brazilian Aquatic Sports Confederation).

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's 200-metre breaststroke, finishing in 19th place overall in the heats, failing to qualify for the semifinals.

References

Brazilian male breaststroke swimmers
1984 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Brazil
Swimmers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games silver medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
South American Games gold medalists for Brazil
South American Games medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 2014 South American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Belo Horizonte
California Golden Bears men's swimmers

Henrique Barbosa


Sony Pictures Animation Inc. is an American animation studio owned by Sony Entertainment's Sony Pictures Entertainment through their Motion Picture Group division and founded on May 9, 2002. The studio's films are distributed worldwide by Sony Pictures Releasing under their Columbia Pictures label, while all direct-to-video releases are released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

The first film produced by the studio, Open Season, was released on September 29, 2006, and their most recent film was Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse on June 2, 2023; their upcoming slate of films includes Fixed and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse on unspecified dates.

History
In 2001, Sony Pictures considered selling off its visual effects facility Sony Pictures Imageworks but after failing to find a suitable buyer, having been impressed with the CGI sequences of Stuart Little 2 and seeing the box office successes of DreamWorks Animation's Shrek and Disney/Pixar's Monsters, Inc., SPI was reconfigured to become an animation studio. Astro Boy, which had been in development at Sony since 1997 as a live-action film, was set to be SPI's first all-CGI film, but never made it to fruition. On May 9, 2002, Sony Pictures Animation was established to develop characters, stories and movies with SPI taking over the digital production while maintaining its visual effects production. Meanwhile, SPI produced two short films, the Academy Award-winning The ChubbChubbs! and Early Bloomer, as a result of testing its strengths and weaknesses in producing all-CGI animation.

On its first anniversary on May 9, 2003, Sony Pictures Animation announced a full slate of animated projects in development: Open Season, an adaptation of a Celtic folk ballad Tam Lin, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Surf's Up, and a feature-length film version of The ChubbChubbs!.

On May 27, 2014, it was announced that Netflix had acquired streaming rights to films produced by Sony Pictures Animation.

On November 3, 2014, the studio collaborated with Frederator Studios' Cartoon Hangover on GO! Cartoons, an incubator series consisting of 12 short films, with at least one short film being developed into a series. The short films were funded by SPA, with the additional goal of attracting new talent for the studio.

In June 2019, Sony Pictures Animation announced that they had launched an "International" division headed by Aron Warner at the 2019 Annecy International Animated Film Festival, with Wish Dragon set to be the division's first film. The same day, they also announced an "Alternative" division aimed at producing adult animated content, headed by Katie Baron and Kevin Noel. In addition to Tartakovsky's films Black Knight and Fixed, the division's TV shows are set to include The Boondocks, a reboot of the original TV series that originally aired on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block from 2005 to 2014; Superbago, a co-production with Stoopid Buddy Stoodios that was originally greenlit as a feature film; and Hungry Ghosts, a series based on the Dark Horse graphic novel by Anthony Bourdain and Joel Rose. They had previously announced their plans to produce adult content at the 2017 Annecy festival.

According to Kristine Belson, president of SPA, the studio produces films on a 1:1 development-to-production ratio, meaning that the studio puts films into development as much as it places films in production, unlike other animation studios.

In April 2021, Disney and Sony Pictures reached a multi-year deal to let Sony's titles (such as films from the Spider-Man, Jumanji, Hotel Transylvania, Ghostbusters franchises, and other films made by Sony Pictures Animation, etc, and anime licensed by Funimation/Crunchyroll like Attack on Titan and Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works) to stream on Hulu and Disney+. A significant number of Sony titles began streaming on Disney+ starting in September 2022. It includes films from 2022 onwards.

Projects
Sony Pictures Animation's first feature film was Open Season, released in September 2006, which became Sony's second-highest-grossing home entertainment film in 2007 and spawned three direct-to-video sequels. Its second feature film, Surf's Up was released in June 2007, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, and won two Annie Awards. SPA's first 3D movie since the IMAX 3D release of Open Season, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, was released in September 2009 and was nominated for four Annie Awards, including Best Animated Feature. The Smurfs (2011) was the studio's first CGI/live-action hybrid. SPA's parent company Sony Pictures had partnered in 2007 with Aardman Animations to finance, co-produce and distribute feature films. Together, they produced two films: Arthur Christmas (2011), and The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists! (2012), the latter which was SPA's first stop-motion film. In 2012, SPA released Hotel Transylvania, which grossed over $350 million worldwide and launched a successful franchise with three sequels and a TV series. Two sequels were released in 2013: The Smurfs 2 and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2.

SPA's latest releases are Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, an animated superhero film based on the Spider-Man comics and featuring the Miles Morales incarnation of the character, The Angry Birds Movie 2, the sequel to the 2016 film The Angry Birds Movie produced by Rovio Animation, The Mitchells vs. the Machines, a robot apocalypse/road trip film written and directed by Michael Rianda and Jeff Rowe while produced by longtime collaborators Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, Wish Dragon, a co-production with Base FX, the musical film, Lin-Manuel Miranda's Vivo, which marks Sony Pictures Animation's first musical film, and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, the sequel to Into the Spider-Verse. SPA has since signed Genndy Tartakovsky to a long-term deal with the studio to develop and direct original films.

Upcoming projects
, the studio is working on projects such as an R-rated comedy from Genndy Tartakovsky titled Fixed and Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse, both of which will be released on unspecified dates. It has as well other projects in development, including an animated Ghostbusters spin-off film; another Tartakovsky project titled Black Knight; a musical comedy K-Pop: Demon Hunters; Tao, a China-set science-fiction adventure film directed by The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part story artist Emily Dean, and Tut, an afro-futuristic coming-of-age story set in ancient Egypt directed by Hair Love creator Matthew A. Cherry.

Process
In a similar fashion to Warner Bros. Pictures Animation and Paramount Animation, the studio outsources their films to other animation companies and visual effects studios, with the majority of their films being animated by sister company Sony Pictures Imageworks. Some films, such as Arthur Christmas and The Pirates! Band of Misfits were acquired by Sony Pictures Animation to be released under their banner while others, such as Goosebumps and Peter Rabbit, were made with no involvement from the studio.

Franchises

Filmography

See also
 Adelaide Productions
 Sony Pictures Imageworks
 Sony Pictures Television Kids
 Screen Gems (1921–1946)
 Sony Pictures Kids Zone
 United Productions of America
 List of Sony theatrical animated feature films
 List of unproduced Sony Pictures Animation projects

Notes

References

External links

2002 establishments in California
American animation studios
American companies established in 2002
Companies based in Culver City, California
Entertainment companies based in California
Film production companies of the United States
Mass media companies established in 2002
Sony Pictures Entertainment
Sony subsidiaries

Sony Pictures Animation