Rhodes (, Ródos ) is the principal city and a former municipality on the island of Rhodes in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It has a population of approximately 50,000 inhabitants (near 90,000 in its metropolitan area). Rhodes has been famous since antiquity as the site of Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The citadel of Rhodes, built by the Hospitalliers, is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Europe. The Medieval city is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Today, the city of Rhodes is an important Greek urban center and popular international tourist destination.

History

The island of Rhodes is at a crossroads between Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. This has given the city and the island many different identities, cultures, architectures, and languages over its long history. Its position in major sea routes has given Rhodes a very rich history. The island has been inhabited since about 4000 BC (Neolithic Period).

Classical period
The city of Rhodes was formed by the cities of Ialyssos, Kamiros and Lindos in 408 BC, and prospered for three centuries during its Golden Age, when sea trade, skilled shipbuilders, and open-minded politicians of the city kept it prosperous until Roman times. The Colossus of Rhodes, one of the original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World was built by Chares of Lindos between 304 and 293 BC, which took 12 years and was completed in 282 BC. The statue represented their sun god Helios, and is believed to have stood near the harbour entrance. The ancient city had a well-constructed sewage system as well as a water supply network as designed by Hippodamus. A strong earthquake hit Rhodes about 226 BC, badly damaging the city and toppling the Colossus.

Roman period
In 164 BC, Rhodes came under Roman control. It was able to keep its beauty and develop into a leading center of learning for arts and science. The Romans took from the Rhodians their maritime law and applied it to their shipping. Many traces of the Roman period still exist throughout the city and give an insight into the level of civilization at the time. According to Acts 21:1, the Apostle Paul stopped at Rhodes near the end of his third missionary journey.

Byzantine period
In medieval times, Rhodes was an important Byzantine trading post, as also a crossroads for ships sailing between Constantinople and Alexandria. In the early years of the divided Roman Empire, the Isaurians, a mountain tribe from Cilicia, invaded the island and burned the city. In the 7th century AD it was captured by the Arabs. The latter were the ones who removed the scattered pieces of the Colossus from the port and moved them to Syria where they destroyed them to make coins. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the native noble Leo Gabalas took control of the island, but after his death and succession by his brother John, the island was briefly occupied by the Genoese before being returned to the Emperor of Nicaea, though ushering in a new, but short-lived, Byzantine period.

Knights' period
The Knights Hospitallers captured and established their headquarters on Rhodes when they left Cyprus after the persecution of the Knights Templar in 1307. Pope Clement V confirmed the Hospitallers possession of the island in 1309. The Knights remained on the island for the next two centuries.

In 1444, the Mamluk fleet led by Aynal Gecut laid siege to Rhodes, but the Knights, aided by the Burgundian naval commander Geoffroy de Thoisy, beat off the Muslim attack.

After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Empire began a rapid expansion, and in 1480 Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror sent an invasion force to Rhodes commanded by Mesih Pasha. In this first Ottoman Siege of Rhodes, the defenders repelled Turkish attacks from both landward and seaward sides and the invaders left the island in defeat. The defeat halted a concurrent invasion of the Italian peninsula by Ottoman forces and prevented possible Muslim incursion and control of Western Europe.

After the Ottoman defeat in 1480, the Knights Grand Master, Pierre d'Aubusson, oversaw the strengthening of the cities over the next few decades. By the time of his death in 1521, Rhodes possessed among the strongest fortifications of any Christian bastion in the world. The Knights continued naval attacks launched from Rhodes on Muslim merchants until 1522, when the newly enthroned Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent led a second Ottoman Siege of Rhodes in 1522.

The vastly outnumbered Knights made a spirited defense of the city and inflicted heavy casualties upon the Ottoman besiegers. In December 1522, the Knights and Suleiman came to terms and the Knights were allowed to leave the city with all the wealth they could carry, and in return there would be no retribution upon the inhabitants of the city and they would be allowed to continue to freely practice Christianity. On January 1, 1523 the Knights departed from the island, leaving it to Ottoman control.

Ottoman period

In the Ottoman era, new buildings were constructed: mosques, public baths and mansions for the new patrons. The Greeks were forced to abandon the fortified city and move to new suburbs outside its walls. The city maintained its main economic function as a market for the agricultural products of the interior of the island and the surrounding small islands.

After the establishment of their sovereignty on the island, the Ottoman Turks converted most of the churches into mosques and transformed the major houses into private mansions or public buildings. This transformation was a long-term process that aimed to adapt the buildings to the Ottoman way of living. The Knights period façades with their sculptured decorations, the arched gates and hewn stone walls were enriched with the random character of the Ottoman architecture adapted to the local climate and culture. Ιn this process most of the architectural features of the existing buildings were preserved. The most characteristic additions were the baths (usually in the back of the buildings) and the enclosed wooden balconies on the façades over the narrow streets. In this way most of the buildings of the Hospitaliers' period in the Medieval Town were well preserved. The result was a mixture of oriental architecture with imposing western architectural remains and more recent buildings, which were characteristic of the local architecture of the time.

An interesting example of Ottoman architecture is the building of the Hafiz Ahmed Agha Library.

Ιn the 19th century, the city was the capital of the Eyalet of the Archipelago, but the decline of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the general neglect of the town and its buildings, which further deteriorated due to the strong earthquakes that often plague the area.

In 1856, a gunpowder magazine under the old Church of Saint John – possibly stored there since the siege of 1522 – was struck by lightning, causing a massive explosion that killed many people, destroyed the church, and destroyed much of the Grand Master's Palace.

Italian period
In 1912 Italian troops took the island over with the rest of the Dodecanese Islands, and established an Italian possession known as Italian Islands of the Aegean in 1923.
The architect Florestano Di Fausto can be considered the father of Italian Rhodes. He, in agreement with governor Mario Lago, was author of the city plan of 1923, choosing to respect almost totally the walled town, only demolishing the houses that were built on and around the city walls during the Ottoman era. He also turned the Jewish and Ottoman cemeteries into a green zone surrounding the Medieval Town. At the same time, he designed the new Italian Rhodes in the zone of the Mandraki, planning a Garden City, and building along the main sea promenade the main edifices, as the Market, the Cathedral of Saint John of the Knights, the Palace of the governor. All these building were designed in an eclectic style, mixing Ottoman, Venetian, Renaissance and local elements. The Italians preserved what was left from the Knights' period, and destroyed all Ottoman buildings. They also reconstructed the Grand Master's Palace. Furthermore, an Institute for the study of the History and Culture of the region was established, and major infrastructure work was done to modernize Rhodes.

World War II and postwar period

During World War II, Allied bombing raids which targeted the old city of Rhodes in 1944 destroyed a significant portion of the city. One of the first decrees of the Greek government designated those areas as reserved for future excavations and a number of edifices as safeguarded buildings. In July 1944, the Nazi authorities ordered the deportation of over 1,700 Jews of Rhodes including men, women, and children, of whom 1,200 were murdered at Auschwitz.

In 1957, a new city plan was approved by a decree and in 1960 the entire medieval town was designated as a protected monument by the Ministry of Culture. In 1961 and 1963 new decrees were issued concerning the new city plan. They provided for the widening of existing streets and the opening of new ones. However, these were not implemented in the old city due to the resistance of the Archaeological Service. In 1988, the old town of Rhodes was designated as a World Heritage City by UNESCO.

Government
Rhodes City is the capital of the island of Rhodes which since 2011 became a single municipality and of the Rhodes regional unit. It was the capital of the former Dodecanese Prefecture and currently hosts many offices and services of the South Aegean region.

As an administration centre, the city also hosts numerous offices and services such as:
 Dodecanese Police Headquarters
 Rhodes Fire Department
 Dodecanese Courthouse
 Dodecanese Port Police/Coastguard
 95 ADTE (Hellenic Army Division Headquarters)
 Rhodes Public Tax Office
 Rhodes Urban Planning Office
 Rhodes Land Registry Office
 Rhodes Hellenic Post Office headquarters
 Rhodes Municipal Water & Sewage Company
 Dodecanese Chamber of Commerce
 Rhodes Manpower Office (OAED)
 Rhodes Social Security Institute (IKA)
 Public Power Corporation (DEI)

Main sights
The city is home to numerous landmarks. Some of them date back to antiquity and most of the others remain from the Hospitaller period.
 Grand Master's Palace (15th century)
 Street of the Knights
 Holy Trinity church
 La Juderia, including the Kahal Shalom Synagogue
 Acropolis of Rhodes
 Mehmet Aga Mosque
 Mosque of Suleiman the Magnificent
 Medieval walls, created in the mid-14th century on a previous line and remade after the Ottoman siege of 1480 and the earthquake of the following year. In 1522 Suleiman entered the city from the gate of St. Anastasius
 Gothic buildings in the historical upper town.
 Recently, the Byzantine harbor was excavated, discovering unique medieval shipwrecks.
 St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral, Rhodes
 Panagia tou Kastrou

Geography
The city of Rhodes is situated in the north-east tip of the island and forms a triangle from north to south. The municipal unit has an area of 19.481 km2. It is the smallest municipal unit of the island in terms of land area and the largest in population. It borders the Aegean Sea to the north, the east and the west and with the municipalities of Ialysos and Kallithea in the south.

Climate
In Köppen climate classification, it is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). According to the data of the meteorological station of the Municipal Port Fund of South Dodecanese, which is located in the Port of Rhodes, the city registers an average annual temperature of 20.7°C.

Demographics

The city has an official permanent population of 49,541 in 2011 census but its estimated that some 65–70.000 reside permanently within city limits. During summer population reaches 100.000 due to some 25–30.000 hotel beds operating within city limits as well numerous seasonal workers that migrate from rest of Greece due to high unemployment mostly in peninsular parts of the country.

Education
State facilities by category:
 Primary Education: 21 primary schools
 Secondary Education: 7 high schools and 7 lyceums
 Higher Education: Some departments of the Aegean University, Higher and Lower Tourism Schools and some private institutes
The last years two private schools were also established and offer classes from primary to lyceum education with one located within city limits, Rodion Paideia.
The Music School of Rhodes is located just outside Rhodes, in Koskinou village.

Health
Rhodes state general hospital is located in the southwestern district of Agioi Apostoloi. Erected less than 20 years ago, it is a modern facility with many departments as well the base for EKAV ambulances serving the city and island's northern part. Hospital is also equipped with a helicopter landing zone being able to accept urgent cases via airlifts from the rest Dodecanese islands.

A private hospital, Euromedica, also operates just off city limits, in Koskinou western edge. Numerous private medical facilities also operate within city while many private doctors keep their clinics in and around city centre.

Transportation

Air
Both the city and the island of Rhodes are served by Diagoras International Airport, situated  south west of the city. It is connected to all other major Greek airports and to Cyprus throughout the year.  During tourism season, international flights connect the island with numerous European cities and with Israel, Egypt and Lebanon.

Sea
The city hosts 3 major ports that each serve a different purpose. Kolona serves intra-Dodecanese traffic, Central serves cruise ships and international traffic and Akandia domestic as well cargo traffic.

Ferries connect daily the island with several nearby islands within the Dodecanese Islands, as well as with the Cycladic Islands and the Greek mainland (Pireaus) while twice weekly a ferry goes to Heraklion, Crete. There are also frequently routes to opposing Turkish coast towns such as Marmaris and Fethiye. Rhodes is also a popular port of call for cruise itineraries, especially in the summer months.

City also hosts two marinas, a municipal one in downtown Mandraki and a private one next to Akandia port.

Surface
The city's public transit system is served by municipal bus company RODA (blue and/or white buses) and consists of a bus network which connects city centre to districts but also connects the city to outlying resorts and towns (Faliraki in the east and Ixia, Ialysos, Tholos in the west) as well Rhodes International Airport. The city centre is also the point of departure for KTEL buses (orange buses) that serve island's east coast suburban routes. There is a proposal for KTEL buses to relocate in available space next to Akandia port but its still unknown if and when this will happen.

Taxis are widely available in the city and usually can be found in designated taxi ranks or via phone call. It is normal during high season rush hours to queue in ranks due to increased demand.

Plans for a 16 km tram network consisting of 2 lines and 13 stations were presented years ago but since then nothing further emerged probably due to lack of funds.

City's road network is mostly old consisting mainly of narrow and one way streets and major arteries can't really cope with increased traffic making congestion unavoidable especially rush hours. Parking especially around city centre and during market hours as well summer season is extremely difficult due to lack of free spaces although it is monitored by the municipality imposing a fee. The municipality is currently redeveloping certain free areas near the centre to parking lots which are expected to lower traffic burden. A ring road also exists but it is unfinished connecting currently Rhodes Port to Rhodes-Kallithea Avenue. City is also the starting point of 3 of island's 5 main avenues connecting it with Faliraki through Rhodes-Kallithea Avenue, Lindos through Rhodes-Lindos Avenue and west coast (Ialysos, Airport, Tholos, Kamiros) through Rhodes-Kamiros Avenue.

Media

Television and radio
Most major nationwide television stations broadcast in the city. There are also five local television stations and a number of local and national radio stations.

Newspapers
There are two daily newspapers issued that deal with both the city and the whole region. Moreover, there are few others with specific themes.
 I Rodiaki ΡΟΔΙΑΚΗ - Καθημερινή Πρωινή Εφημερίδα (translated "The Rhodian", daily exc. Mondays)
 I Dimokratiki Δημοκρατική της Ρόδου (translated "The Democrat", daily exc. Mondays)

Sports
The city after a long dark period of almost 15 years is reviving in many team sports. Football and basketball are the most popular but a wide variety is also in development during the last years with the most noticeable in rugby.

Football
The city has two major football teams; Diagoras GS and AS Rodos after a long period are back in national level and competed in Greek National Second Division (Football League) during 2017–18 season with the latter being relegated to local league. Rest of the city-based teams compete in the local Amateur Divisions and include teams that once competed in national level such as ARS Rodiakos and DANS Dorieas.

Basketball
For the last 15 years, basketball has been represented at national level by Kolossos Rodou BC, which has competed in National A1 Ethniki since 2007. Other teams, either active or defunct, are AS Diagoras Rhodes with notable presence some years ago in national lower-level leagues C and B, Rodion Athlisis, Galazia Akadimia and now defunct ASK Ibiskos, DANS Dorieas and AS Rodos. City also hosts AS Dodekanisos, the pride of the Aegean that competes and stars in the national basketball league for handicapped people.

Volleyball
Rodion Athlisis competes successfully during the last years in A2 Ethniki Volleyball and lost promotion to top tier A1 Ethniki Volleyball for 2 consecutive seasons (2017 and 2018) in playoff games. Rest of city based teams compete in local level.

Other
A variety of other sports is also available and in development in the city. In rugby the recently formed Colossoi of Rhodes reached the top league finals for the second time in a row. The Nautical Club of Rhodes and Ygros Stivos of Rhodes have water polo teams in low level national divisions; the Rhodian Tennis Club play tennis and ping-pong in its privately owned facilities; AS Diagoras Rhodes have competitive teams in cycling and in track and field athletics. Finally, jiu jitsu, karate, tae-kwon-do and other Eastern oriented sports are available with local teams that enjoy sporadic national success.

Sports venues
The city has three major sports venues; the Rhodes Municipal Stadium and the Kallipateira National Athletic Center serve all outdoor activities while the Municipal Indoor Hall of "Venetokleio" serves indoor sports. Agioi Apostoloi municipal stadium serves solely football while privately owned indoor sports arenas are held by Diagoras and Rodion Athlisis clubs with the latter owning and operating also a 25-m indoor swimming pool as well.

International relations

Consulates
The city of Rhodes is also home to many foreign consulates.

Twin towns — sister cities

Rhodes is twinned with:

 Ávila, Spain
 New Braunfels, United States
 Conches-en-Ouche, France
 Gotland, Sweden
 Limassol, Cyprus
 Perth, Australia
 Pisa, Italy
 Puebla, Mexico
 Rhode Island, United States
 Roses, Spain
 Valletta, Malta
 Yalta, Ukraine

Notable people

Ancient
 Diagoras of Rhodes
 Apollonius of Rhodes, poet
 Dinocrates, architect
 Hieronymus of Rhodes, philosopher
 Panaetius, philosopher

Modern
 Panagiotis Rodios, military officer, fighter during the Greek War of Independence
 Reşit Galip, Turkish politician
 Oreste Lionello, Italian actor
 Giorgos Skartados, football player
 Niki Xanthou, Greek athlete

Gallery

References

External links

 Municipality of Rhodes
 Church of Rhodes

Greek prefectural capitals
Cities in ancient Greece
Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece
Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands
Fortified settlements
Port cities of the Aegean Sea
Populated places in Rhodes
Greek city-states

Rhodes (city)


Walter Kenneth Wesbrook (June 6, 1898, Detroit, Michigan – January 22, 1991, Los Angeles, California) was an American tennis player and coach.

In 1923, he reached the doubles final at the U.S. Clay Court championship with John Hennessey before falling to brothers Howard and Robert Kinsey of San Francisco, 6–4, 13–11, 6–3. Later that year, he won the Western Lawn Tennis Association championship over George Lott, 6–1, 9–7, 7–5.

Wesbrook played and coached collegiate Tennis at the University of Michigan. As a player, he won the Big Ten singles titles in 1919 and 1920, and the Big Ten doubles title with Nicholas Bartz in 1919. He also competed in the pole vault and long jump for the Michigan Wolveriens track team. He could pole vault 12 feet and long jump 23 feet. By 1921, he was the tennis coach at Michigan, and went 8–3 in his one season there.

At the Cincinnati Masters tournament, Wesbrook reached the singles and doubles finals in 1920. He lost the singles title in four tough sets to Hennessey, and, with partner Kenneth Simmons, he lost the doubles final to the team of Hennessey and Fritz Bastian in five sets: 3–6, 4–6, 6–2, 7–5, 2–6.

After his playing career, Wesbrook moved to California and became a teacher and tennis coach at the Polytechnic School in Pasadena, California. He also competed in the Senior Olympics and holds numerous national track and field records for the 75–79 and 80–84 age groups. He was also the Tennis Professional at the famous Huntington Hotel in Pasadena.

External links
 University of Michigan Men's Tennis History page
"1923 Clay Court championships", TIME magazine, July 23, 1923
 TIME article on 1923 Western Lawn Tennis Association championships
 Big Ten tennis champions, 1910-2004 (PDF file)
 Senior Olympics records for people over 70
 Oak Tree Times (Polytechnic School newsletter) reference

1898 births
1991 deaths
American male tennis players
American tennis coaches
Schoolteachers from California
Senior Olympic competitors
Michigan Wolverines men's tennis players
Sportspeople from Detroit
Sportspeople from Pasadena, California
Tennis people from Michigan
Professional tennis players before the Open Era
Michigan Wolverines men's tennis coaches
20th-century American educators

Walter Wesbrook


Wärtsilä Marine (; ) was a Finnish shipbuilding company.

The company was created in 1987 in order to improve shipbuilding productivity by combining the Wärtsilä and Valmet yards under the same organisation. The yards were located in Helsinki and Turku. The company fell in a scandalous bankruptcy in 1989.

The operation was continued after under name Masa-Yards.

Background
During the 1970s and 1980s the European shipbuilding suffered of a too high capacity and unhealthy competition. The Asian shipbuilders had grown fast and taken over a large part of the market. Combination of increasing salary costs and price dumping lead to an untenable situation for many European shipbuilders. Swedish shipbuilders had faced difficulties already in the 1970s and the yards had been kept alive through massive subsidies.

Due to Soviet exports, the Finnish shipbuilders were working in a fairly good level until the 1980s. The five-year-plan of 1981–1985 guaranteed the vital basic load for the Finnish yards, but the plan of 1986–1990 meant the end of the golden era for the Soviet export. The Soviets negotiated very low prices for the few ships included in the plan, and the ordered quantity remained even much lower. The ships made for Soviet Union had been included in the bilateral agreement between the two countries and it was getting out of balance, as the Soviet export to Finland reduced drastically. In order to maintain the employment in its shipyards the Finnish government decided to deliver the ships to Soviet Union for credit.

Foundation of Wärtsilä Marine
In 1986 the two main shipbuilders of Finland, Wärtsilä and Valmet, agreed about putting together their shipbuilding business units and close the least competitive ones, which meant the Valmet yards. As a part of the reorganisation Wärtsilä separated its diesel engine building operations in Turku and Vaasa from the shipbuilding organisation to a separate business unit, Wärtsilä Diesel Oy. The ownership of the new shipbuilding company was shared so that 30% went for Valmet and 70% for Wärtsilä. Wärtsilä's paper machine industry was moved to Valmet as a payment. At the beginning the state gave a FIM 700 million tax relief.

The number of employees had been gradually reduced by the 1980s. The Perno shipyard in Turku offered an early retirement for personnel of aged 56 years and over.

The new company was started officially at the beginning of 1987. The name of the company was Wärtsilä Meriteollisuus Oy in Finnish, Wärtsilä Marinindustri Ab in Swedish and internationally was used name Wärtsilä Marine. The manager was Pekka Laine.

Martin Saarikangas, the manager of Wärtsilä Helsinki Shipyard, was against the merger; he did not believe in the future of the Soviet trade and Saarikangas had worked hard to get projects from west in order to reduce Wärtsilä's dependency on Soviet exports. Only about 25% of Wärtsilä's sales went to Soviet Union, whereas Valmet yards were virtually entirely dependent on Soviet exports. Instead of merger, Saarikangas suggested reorganising of Wärtsilä yards to be able to cope in the market. But the top management, however, did not share Saarikangas's views, and despite being appointed the Vice President of Wärtsilä Marine, he was relocated to United States.

New orders
At very first Laine made a new agreement with the Soviet Sudoimport about moving partly of a project with nine ships from Valmet yards to Wärtsilä Perno shipyard. Two of the ships were started at Valmet Laivateollisuus yard in Turku and one at Vuosaari shipyard in Helsinki; the yards were planned to be closed after handing over of the ships. Wärtsilä Marine got an order of  cruise ship from Carnival Cruise Lines (CCL). The contract included an option for two sister ships and the ships were planned to be built in Wärtsilä Helsinki yard. Still in January, Marine got another order from Norwegian company Kloster Cruise A/S for a  cruise ship; the delivery was scheduled for November 1988. In the following month the Swedish Rederi Ab Slite ordered a  cruiseferry for route between Finland and Sweden; also this contract included an option for a sister ship, which was signed in the following July. Also CCL used its option for the two additional  cruiseferries in the following September. A new order followed in October, when Effoa ordered a  cruise ferry for Helsinki – Stockholm -route, including an option for a sister ship, which was ordered in March 1988.

Weaknesses
The suddenly grown order book put Wärtsilä Marine at the front of new challenges, and the company's structural weaknesses came out.

The capital of the company was FIM 1.5 billion in total. The share of Wärtsilä was FIM 1.05 billion and Valmet held FIM 450 million. However, the capital consisted 90% of fixed property, such as the real estate and equipment, and just FIM 150 million in cash.

The second problem came from Soviet-ordered ships which were inherited from Valmet; the calculations showed in 1987 that these ships would cause losses of FIM 200–400 million. This was partly explained by mistakes in calculations, but partly also a conscious choice made in name of employment.

The third problem came from the cruise ships ordered by CCL; it turned out that also their construction costs were calculated wrong. It is not known if the reason was a consciously miscalculation, or were the costs of the demanding ships underestimated. The state had guaranteed the projects up to FIM 600 million of losses. However, it is notable that CCL would have most likely got the ships for cheaper from a subsidised yard somewhere else in Europe, but CCL selected Wärtsilä due to its good reputation as a cruise ship builder.

The fourth problem came from lack of employees. Wärtsilä, and later Wärtsilä Marine, had reduced the personnel heavily in 1985–1988. The company had to use subcontractors for high costs. The lack of employees caused strikes in particular in Perno yard.

Disclosure of financial troubles
During its first operating year, 1987, Wärtsilä Marine made FIM 205 million of losses, which was expected.

The truth about the Valmet contract with Soviet Union started to come out during 1988. Despite of the losses, Wärtsilä Marine did its utmost to be able to deliver the ordered craft to Soviet Union, because it wanted to maintain the long-term business partnership. The Valmet Laivateollisuus yard in Turku was closed and the work was moved to Rauma-Repola and Hollming yards, where the work was performed as subcontracting and high costs. More losses came from Monterey project, which included converting an old American freight ship into cruise ship in the old Wärtsilä Turku shipyard.

In the same year Pekka Laine left his position in Wärtsilä Marine and moved to the parent Wärtsilä. Kari Airaksinen became the new manager of Marine. The result of the year collapsed down to FIM 638 million of losses and Wärtsilä Marine's situation started to look alarming. In the annual report of Wärtsilä Corporation this was formulated: "the Marine division is at the front of increasing changes".

Rescue efforts
The general manager of Wärtsilä Corporation Tor Stolpe resigned at the end of 1988 and Pekka Laine was appointed to his place from beginning of 1989. Laine started frantically pondering a way to save the corporation from the Wärtsilä Marine's losses which were then estimated already one billion Finnish markka. Saarikangas was called back to Finland from the US and reinstalled the head of Helsinki Shipyard; he directly set up a team to start an urgent reorganisation programme. But the time was running out.

The media reported at the beginning of August that Wärtsilä Marine is on the verge of bankruptcy and it could be only saved by urgent support by the state. The owners were not able to support the shipbuilder any more.  The state was not willing to help; Bror Wahlroos from the ministry of trade and industry declared that the state refuses becoming owner of Marine.

However, on 10 August the state and Wärtsilä Marine announced a financing plan, in which also two Finnish banks were involved, for carrying out the unfinished shipbuilding projects. Wärtsilä sold 51% of Wärtsilä Marine to Yhdyspankki, Oy Pomi Trading Ab, Wärtsilä pension fund and Wärtsilä pension foundation.; the total price of the shares was four Finnish markka.  After this the ownership of Wärtsilä Corporation had fallen under 19% and therefore it did not have to treat it as subsidiary in the financial statements.

Bankruptcy
On 12 October the board of Marine suggested setting the company into bankruptcy in a general meeting that should be held on 2 November. The current losses were estimated FIM 1.6 billion. In the same day the workers of Perno shipyard were striking and demanding for 10% salary increase.

The board of Wärtsilä Marine was called urgently for a meeting on 23 October 1989. The company cash reserve was out. The company operated by weekly FIM 60 million bills of exchange. The board decided to declare the company into bankruptcy, which came into force at 3:30 pm in the same day.

Events after the collapse
At the very moment of bankruptcy declaration Saarikangas gave his famous speech to the workers of Helsinki Shipyard. The yard workers and subcontractors, who had suddenly lost their livelihood, were shocked from the news. Saarikangas ended his speech assuring that the bankruptcy will not mean the end of the shipbuilding, if the workers will be ready to continue it on new terms.

Directly after his speech Saarikangas called Ted Arison, the American owner of Carnival Cruise Lines, which had three cruise ships on Wärtsilä Marine's order book. Arison arrived in Finland just eleven hours after; this was followed by a number of meetings and negotiations with creditors and other parties. Just four days after Saarikangas set up a new company, Helsinki New Shipyard. The financial basis for finalising the unfinished ships was ensured by a letter of intent signed by Arison. Turku yard was restarted in the same manner, under name Turku New Shipyard. Both yards were organised under new company Masa-Yards on 9 November; name Masa comes from Martin Saarikangas's initials.

Saarikangas has told afterwards that restarting of the yards would not have been possible without the help of Ted Arison.

Aftermath
Saarikangas found the bankruptcy unnecessary, claiming it was just based on shortage of liquidity, as the company was about to receive a payment for Cinderella and a couple of months after CCL would have given 80% payment for cruise ship Fantasy. On the other hand, he thinks that the bankruptcy was, although theoretically avoidable, still the easiest way to restructure the company; Saarikangas hired back almost all the blue collar workers but just two-thirds of the white collars.

Affected vessels

Helsinki shipyard

Perno shipyard

Sources

References

Shipbuilding companies of Finland
Marine
Valmet
Ships built in Turku
Shipyards of Finland
Manufacturing companies established in 1987
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1989
1989 disestablishments in Finland
Defunct manufacturing companies of Finland
Finnish companies established in 1987

Wärtsilä Marine


Tom Wisdom (born 18 February 1973) is an English actor of theatre, film, and television. His performing roles include Astinos in the film 300 and the Archangel Michael in the television series Dominion.

Career
On television, Wisdom played Tom Ferguson in the long-running soap Coronation Street (1999–2000), Ivor Claire in the Evelyn Waugh adaptation Sword of Honour (2001), Stephen Clarke in the thriller Suspicion (2003) and Marco Bailey in Sky One's airline drama Mile High (2003–04). Other television work includes Harry Enfield's Brand Spanking New Show, Children of the New Forest, Wycliffe and Blackhearts in Battersea. In early 2010, Wisdom starred in an episode of Agatha Christie's Poirot. He had a one-episode guest role in NBC's Hannibal as Antony Dimmond in 2015. Wisdom also starred as the archangel Michael in SyFy Channel's Dominion, which began airing in June 2014 and was renewed for a second (and final) season which concluded on 1 October 2015.

Wisdom's notable known roles in theatre include Journey's End (UK tour, 2005) as Stanhope and Guy Bennett in Julian Mitchell's Another Country (Arts Theatre, 2000). Wisdom created and subsequently played the role of Steven Carter in Patrick Wilde's 1994 play What's Wrong With Angry?.

Wisdom's films include his role as Ryan in Hey Mr DJ (2003), Astinos in 300 (2007), and as 'Midnight' Mark in the 2009 film The Boat That Rocked. Other film roles were in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008), The Lightkeepers (2010), Romeo and Juliet (2013), and as Douglas Talbot in Soulmate (2013).

Filmography

References

External links

1973 births
Alumni of the Academy Drama School
English male film actors
English male television actors
Living people
People from Swindon

Tom Wisdom


Idol or Idols may refer to:

Religion and philosophy
 Cult image, a neutral term for a man-made object that is worshipped or venerated for the deity, spirit or demon that it embodies or represents
 Murti, a point of focus for devotion or meditation in Hindu and Buddhist religion (not always man-made)
 Idol (philosophy), one of several concepts developed by various philosophers

Arts and entertainment
 In pop music entertainment, an idol refers to an entertainer, generally from their teens to mid-20s, whose image and attractiveness are marketed to maintain a close relationship and financial loyalty with fans
Chinese idol, a younger entertainer active in the Chinese entertainment industry
Japanese idol, a younger entertainer active in the Japanese entertainment industry
 AV idol, a Japanese adult video star
 Junior idol, a Japanese entertainer generally under the age of 15
 Net idol, a Japanese entertainer mostly known as an Internet personality
Korean idol, a younger entertainer active in the South Korean entertainment industry
Taiwanese idol, a younger entertainer active in the Taiwanese entertainment industry
Teen idol
Matinée idol, an adored film or theater star

Works
 "Idol" (Amanda Ghost song), from the album Ghost Stories
 "Idol" (BTS song), from the album Love Yourself: Answer
 "Idol" (Yoasobi song)
 Idol (film), a South Korean film
 "Idol", an episode of the television series Power Rangers: SPD
 Idols (film), a 1943 Spanish film
 Idol (franchise), a reality television singing competition franchise
 Pop Idol, the original series in the United Kingdom
 American Idol, in the United States
 Asian Idol
 Australian Idol
 Bangladeshi Idol
 Canadian Idol
 Deutschland sucht den Superstar, in Germany
 Idol (Norwegian TV series)
 Idol Puerto Rico
 Idol (Swedish TV series)
 Ídolos (Brazilian TV series)
 Ídolos (Portuguese TV series)
 Idols (Danish TV series)
 Idols (Dutch TV series)
 Idols (Finnish TV series)
 Idols South Africa
 Idols (West African TV series)
 Indian Idol
 Indonesian Idol
 Kurd Idol, in Iraqi Kurdistan
 Nepal Idol AP1 TV
 New Zealand Idol (2004-2006)
 Nouvelle Star, in France
 Pakistan Idol
 Singapore Idol
 1DOL, a Philippine TV musical
 The iDol (film), a Japanese comedy movie
 The Idol (TV series), an American drama television series

People
 Idol (surname), people with this surname
 Lodi (wrestler), also known as Idol
 Raffy Tulfo, Filipino senator and broadcast journalist, also known as "Idol"
 The Idols, a professional wrestling tag team consisting of "Vicious" Verne Siebert and Rocky Dellesera who had wrestled for All Star Wrestling

Other uses
 Idol Records, a record label
 MYLIP, also known as IDOL "Inducible Degrader of the LDL receptor"
 Illinois Department of Labor (IDOL)
 IDOL, HP Autonomy's flagship search platform

See also

 Golden idol (disambiguation)
 Idolatry, the worship of idols
 Idoli, a Serbian new wave band from the early 1980s
 Idolo, Jubert Doctor a.k.a. matinee idol
 Ideal (disambiguation)
 Idle (disambiguation)
 Idyl (disambiguation)
 The Idol (disambiguation)

Idol


Empress Myeongseong (25 September 1851 – 20 August 1895), also known as Empress Min, was the official wife of King Gojong. Emperor Gojong was the twenty-sixth king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. In 1902, she was given the honorary name of Hyoja Wonseong Jeonghwa Hapcheon Honggong Seongdeok Myeongseong Taehwanghu (Hangul: 효자원성정화합천홍공성덕명성태황후, Hanja: 孝慈元聖正化合天洪功誠德明成太皇后). It is usually shortened to Myeongseong Hwanghu (Hangul: 명성황후, Hanja: 明成皇后).

The Japanese felt that she was being politically unhelpful to them. After China was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War, Queen Min tried to get help from Russia instead. She wanted to stop Japanese influence from spreading in Joseon, where it was getting stronger.

In the early morning of October 8, 1895, men who said that they were commanded by Miura Gorō went into Gyeongbok Palace. When they went into the Queen's Quarters (Okhoru), they killed three women whom they thought were Empress Myeongseong. When they proved that one of the women was Queen Min, they burned her body in a forest in front of the Okhoru.

In South Korea, people have recently begun showing interest in Queen Min. Novels and musicals have been made about her.

Early life
Empress Myeongseong (Min Jayoung) was born at 1851, as the daughter of Min Chirok in the province of Gyeonggi. She lost her father when she was eight, and grew in a scanty livelihood. Because the Heungseon Daewongun who was the father of King Gojong and the most powerful politician in that period, wanted the queen who had no political ambition or close relatives who would influence the queen, she was chosen as the queen of the Gojong by the recommendation of Yeoheung Budaebuin who was the mother of the King.

As a new queen
At first, she was not wecomed in the palace. Her husband already had a concubine, and no one helped her in palace. But she decided to confront with her father-in-law Heungseon Daewongun, because of the heir problem. She started to be active in politics, and made her relatives royal officers. The queen finally forced the Heungseon Daewongun to retire by arguing that Gojong, now twenty-two, should govern in his own right and banished the concubine. However, her policies about foreign countries made complaints from commons, and eventually the army rebelled against her, and for the Heungseon Daewongun to be restored. She evacuated from the palace, and returned by depending on Chinese army.

References

1851 births
1895 deaths
Empresses consort

Empress Myeongseong


Francis Paul Wilson (born May 17, 1946, in Jersey City, New Jersey) is an American medical doctor and author of horror, adventure, medical thrillers, science fiction, and other genres of literary fiction. His books include the Repairman Jack novels—including Ground Zero, The Tomb, and Fatal Error—the Adversary cycle—including The Keep—and a young adult series featuring the teenage Jack. Wilson has won the Prometheus Award, the Bram Stoker Award, the Inkpot Award from the San Diego ComiCon, and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Horror Writers of America, among other honors. He lives in Wall, New Jersey.

Career
Wilson made his first sales in 1970 to Analog while still in medical school (graduating in 1973), and continued to write science fiction throughout the seventies. His debut novel was Healer (1976). In 1981, he ventured into the horror genre with the international bestseller The Keep, which was adapted into a film in 1983. In the 1990s, he moved from science fiction and horror to medical thrillers and interactive scripting for Disney Interactive and other multimedia companies. He, along with Matthew J. Costello, created and scripted FTL Newsfeed, which ran daily on the Sci-Fi Channel from 1992 to 1996.

Among Wilson's best-known characters is the anti-hero Repairman Jack, an urban mercenary introduced in the 1984 New York Times bestseller The Tomb. Unwilling to start a series character at the time, Wilson refused to write a second Repairman Jack novel until Legacies in 1998. Since then he has written one per year along with side trips into vampire fiction (the retro Midnight Mass), science fiction (Sims), and even a New Age thriller (The Fifth Harmonic). Current books sales are around six million.

Throughout his writing – especially in his earlier science fiction works (most notably An Enemy of the State) – Wilson has included explicitly libertarian political philosophy which extends to his "Repairman Jack" series. He won the first Prometheus Award in 1979 for his novel Wheels Within Wheels and another in 2004 for Sims. The Libertarian Futurist Society has also honored Wilson with their Hall of Fame Award for Healer (in 1990) and An Enemy of the State (in 1991). In 2015 he received the third special Prometheus Award for Lifetime Achievement; the previous two recipients were Poul Anderson and Vernor Vinge. In 2021, his "Lipidleggin'" won the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award.

Wilson is a noted fan of H. P. Lovecraft.

Why? Because HPL is special to me. Donald A. Wollheim is to blame. He started me on Lovecraft. It was 1959. I was just a kid, a mere thirteen years old when he slipped me my first fix. I was a good kid up till then, reading Ace Doubles and clean, wholesome science fiction stories by the likes of Heinlein, E. E. Smith, Poul Anderson, Fred Pohl, and the rest. But he brought me down with one anthology. He knew what he was doing. He called it The Macabre Reader and slapped this lurid neato cool Ed Emshwiller cover on it. I couldn't resist. I bought it. I read it. And that was it. The beginning of my end.

In answer to a claim that Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings was an influence on The Keep, Wilson responded:

First off, I'm not a fan of LOtR – I struggled through it once as a teen (skimming a lot) and never looked back. ... The influences on The Keep were Ludlum, R. E. Howard, and Lovecraft.

Like other American science fiction writers directly or indirectly influenced by Campbell's view of the genre as a literature of ideas, Wilson makes use of his work to explore trends and technologies speculatively as they manifest. A prominent example is his novel An Enemy of the State (published in 1980), which was written during the 1970s, an era that saw stagflation develop in the U.S. economy. Throughout the book, Wilson runs chapter headings quoting from economic works such as Fiat Money Inflation in France and KYFHO, a kind of anarchic philosophy that he invented as model for a perfect society. The protagonist La Nague was born on Tolive, where the philosophy led to a government described in detail in "The Healer".

The Keep was later made into a movie and there is much talk of a Repairman Jack film based on one of Wilson's novels.

Hate to say it (being a devout believer in Murphy's law), but The Tomb looks like it's on its way to being filmed this year. Last October, after seven years of development, numerous options, five screenwriters, and eight scripts, Beacon Films (Air Force One, Thirteen Days, Spy Game, etc.) finally bought film rights. Disney/Touchstone/Buena Vista will be partnering and distributing the film here and abroad. The film will be called Repairman Jack (the idea is to make him a franchise character).

His short stories "Foet", "Traps", and "Lipidleggin'" were filmed as short films and collected on the DVD OTHERS: The Tales of F. Paul Wilson.

His short story "Pelts" was adapted into the season 2 episode of Masters of Horror titled "Pelts".

Short stories "Definitive Therapy" (published in "The Further Adventures of the Joker") and "Hunters" (published in "Soft and others") were adapted as short films.

In January 2012, Wilson began writing for the tech web site Byte, mostly in the persona of Repairman Jack.

Wilson has been a resident of Wall Township, New Jersey. He is a practicing physician as a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine.

Novels

The Adversary Cycle

 The Keep (1981),
 The Tomb (1984),  (re-released in 2004 under its original title, Rakoshi, by Borderlands Press)
 The Touch (1986),
 Reborn (1990),  (revised edition in 2009)
 Reprisal (1991),  (revised edition in 2011)
 Nightworld (1992),  (revised edition in 2012)
 Signalz (2020) (a prelude to Nightworld)

Repairman Jack

 "Fix" (novella) (with J.A. Konrath and Ann Voss Peterson)
 The Tomb (1984),  (re-released in 2004 under its original title, Rakoshi, by Borderlands Press)
 "A Day in the Life" (short story) (1989) (available in The Barrens and Others and Quick Fixes- Tales of Repairman Jack)
 "The Last Rakosh" (1990) (later incorporated into All The Rage, then in 2006 as revised hardcover and paperback editions; also available in Quick Fixes- Tales of Repairman Jack)
 "The Long Way Home" (short story; available in Quick Fixes- Tales of Repairman Jack) (1992)
 "Home Repairs" (short story) (1996) (later incorporated into Conspiracies; also available in Quick Fixes- Tales of Repairman Jack)
 "The Wringer" (short story) (1996) (later incorporated into Fatal Error; also available in Quick Fixes- Tales of Repairman Jack)
 Legacies (1998),
 Conspiracies (1999),
 All The Rage (2000),
 Hosts (2001),
 The Haunted Air (2002),
 Gateways (2003),
 Crisscross (2004),
 Infernal (2005),
 Harbingers (2006),
 "Interlude at Duane's" (short story) (2006) (available in the James Patterson–edited anthology Thriller, Aftershock and Others, and in Quick Fixes- Tales of Repairman Jack)
 "Infernal Night" (short story) (with Heather Graham) (available in FaceOff, and also independently published)
 Bloodline (2007),
 "Do-Gooder" (short short) (2007) (a 200-copy limited one-sheet "short short"; available in Quick Fixes- Tales of Repairman Jack)
 By The Sword (2008),
 Ground Zero (2009),
 "Recalled" (short story) (2009) (available in Richard Matheson tribute book He is Legend as a crossover with Matheson's "The Distributor"; also available in Quick Fixes- Tales of Repairman Jack)
 Fatal Error (2010),
 The Dark at the End (2011),
 Quick Fixes- Tales of Repairman Jack (contains "A Day in the Life", "The Last Rakosh", "Home Repairs", "The Long Way Home", "The Wringer", "Interlude at Duane's", "Do-Gooder", "Recalled", "and "Piney Power") (2011),
  The heavily revised (2012) version of Nightworld is styled as "a Repairman Jack novel" and marks the end of the RJ and Adversary cycles.
 "Santa Jack: (short story) (2013) (excerpted from Legacies)
 The Last Christmas (2019, an interlude that takes place between Ground Zero and Fatal Error.

Young Repairman Jack
 Secret Histories (young adult novel) (2008)
 Secret Circles (young adult novel) (2010)
 Secret Vengeance (young adult novel) (2011)

Early Repairman Jack
 Cold City (2012)
 Dark City (2013)
 Fear City (2014)

LaNague Federation
 Healer (1976),  (reprinted in 2005, includes "To Fill the Sea and Air" )
 Wheels Within Wheels (1978),  (revised/reprinted in 2005, includes "Higher Centers" and "The Man with the Anteater" )
 An Enemy of the State (1980),  (reprinted in 2005, includes "Lipidleggin'" and "Ratman" )
 Dydeetown World (1989),
 The Tery (1990),  (revised in 2006, )
The LaNague Chronicles (1992),  (includes An Enemy of the State, Wheels Within Wheels and Healer)
The Complete LaNague (2013) (includes "Lipidleggin'", An Enemy of the State, Dydeetown World, The Tery, "To Fill the Sea and Air", "The Man with the Anteater", "Higher Centers", Wheels Within Wheels, "Ratman", and Healer)

Nocturnia Chronicles
 Definitely Not Kansas (2015) (with Thomas F. Monteleone)
 Family Secrets (2016) (with Thomas F. Monteleone)
 The Silent Ones (2018) (with Thomas F. Monteleone)

The ICE Sequence
  Panacea (2016)
  The God Gene (2018)
 The Void Protocol (2019)

Other books
 Demonsong (1970s), (prehistory) free download: http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/23892
 Black Wind (1988),
 Soft and Others (1989),  (short story collection)
 Sibs (1991),  [US] aka Sister Night (1993)  [UK]
 Freak Show (1992),  (contributor and editor)
 The Select (1993),
 Implant (1995) (writing as Colin Andrews),
 Virgin (1996) (writing as Mary Elizabeth Murphy),
 Mirage (1996),  (with Matthew J. Costello)
 Deep as the Marrow (1997) (writing as Colin Andrews),
 Nightkill (1997),  (with Steven Spruill) (some editions show "Steve Lyon")
 Masque (1998),  (with Matthew J. Costello) (note: ebook release has been retitled DNA Wars, )
 The Barrens and Others (1998),  (short story collection)
 The Fifth Harmonic (2003),
 Sims (2003),
 Artifact (2003),  (with Kevin J. Anderson, Janet Berlinger and Matthew J. Costello)
 The Christmas Thingy (2004),  (children's story illustrated by Alan M. Clark)
 Midnight Mass (2004),
 The Peabody-Ozymandias Traveling Circus & Oddity Emporium (2007)
 Aftershock and Others (2009), (short story collection)
 The Proteus Cure (2013) (with Tracy L. Carbone)
 Wayward Pines: The Widow Lindley (Novella)
 A Necessary End (2014) (with Sarah Pinborough)
 Wardenclyffe (2018)
 Secret Stories: Tales from the Secret History (2019) (short story collection)
 Double Threat (2021)
 Rx Murder (2021) (writing as Nina Abbott)
 Rx Mayham (2022) (as Nina Abbott)

References

External links

 Official Repairman Jack site

 F. Paul Wilson at Tor Books

 A fan-created Wiki

Interviews
 Interview with Free Talk Live
 Interview on wotmania.com
 Interview at World Horror Convention 2011
 Interview with Rodger Nichols (2018) The God Gene

Film version of The Keep
 The Keep – Includes interviews with F. Paul Wilson, Michael Mann and Enki Bilal, creator of the visual given to "Molasar," the film version of The Keep's villain.
 The alternative endings  of the movie.
 A comical —Parody page about the movie adaptation of The Keep

20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American short story writers
American horror writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
American primary care physicians
American science fiction writers
Inkpot Award winners
Living people
Novelists from New Jersey
People from Wall Township, New Jersey
Weird fiction writers
Writers from Jersey City, New Jersey
Xavier High School (New York City) alumni
1946 births

F. Paul Wilson


Ganache ( or ; ) is a glaze, icing, sauce, or filling for pastries, made from chocolate and cream.

Preparation

Ganache is a chocolate preparation, normally made by heating equal parts by weight of cream and chopped chocolate, warming the cream first, then pouring it over the chocolate. The mixture is then typically left to rest for a short period (between 3 and 10 minutes generally, dependent on volume) before it is stirred or blended until smooth, with liqueurs or extracts added if desired. The resting period allows the hot cream to increase the temperature of the bowl and its contents. If one were to blend immediately this would introduce air reducing the temperature and preventing the chocolate from melting consistently. Butter is generally added to give the ganache a shiny appearance and smooth texture.

Adding corn syrup also gives it a shiny color and is used to sweeten the ganache without the crystallization side effect that comes from other sugars. Depending on the kind of chocolate used, for what purpose the ganache is intended, and the temperature at which it will be served, the ratio of chocolate to cream is varied to obtain the desired consistency. Typically, two parts chocolate to one part cream are used for filling cakes or as a base for making chocolate truffles, while one to one is commonly used as a glaze. If using white chocolate, a ratio of 3 parts chocolate to 1 part cream is standard.  Heavy whipping cream is generally preferred, to make a creamier, thicker ganache.  This pairs well with dark chocolate between 60 and 82%. If the chocolate should seize while being mixed with the warm cream, adding tablespoon by tablespoon of hot water to the mixture can remedy the problem.

Cooled ganache can be whipped to increase volume and spread as icing to cover a cake.  It becomes thicker as it cools.  Ganache is also poured into a mold or terrine while warm, and allowed to set or cool.  Once cool, it can be removed from the mold and sliced similarly to pâté.

History
It is said that ganache was originally invented in the 1850s in France during an accident in which water was poured over chocolate. Ganache or crème ganache was originally a kind of chocolate truffle introduced by the Paris playwright-turned-confectioner Paul Siraudin, and first documented in 1869. Siraudin named the sweet after a popular Vaudeville comedy debuted in that year by his contemporary Victorien Sardou called Les Ganaches ("The Chumps").

Gallery

See also

 Enrobing — a chocolate coating process
 Chocolate tempering

References

External links

Chocolate
Food ingredients
French cuisine
Articles containing video clips

Ganache


Homer protein homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOMER2 gene.

This gene encodes a member of the homer family of dendritic proteins. Members of this family regulate group 1 metabotrophic glutamate receptor function. The encoded protein may be involved in cell growth. Four transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.

Interactions
HOMER2 has been shown to interact with RYR1.

See also
 HOMER1
 HOMER3

References

Further reading

HOMER2


Schinia psamathea is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known from east-central Georgia southwestward to the Panhandle of Florida, southeastern Alabama, and southwestern Mississippi. It seems to prefer sandy soils either in dune type habitats or near sandy beaches.

It is unique within the genus in having a simple forewing pattern that consists of only a slightly sinuate, dark-brown postmedial line and a solid-colored hindwing.

The length of the forewings is 12.6–14.2 mm for males and 12.6–13.8 mm for females. Adults are active in the mid- to late afternoon and are attracted to light. They nectar on several different flowers and the flight is similar to other day-flying Schinia, being very fast and darting. Adults fly between 7 September and the end of October, being most abundant in mid-October.

The larvae possibly feed on Chrysoma pauciflosculosa.

Etymology
The specific epithet comes from the Greek noun, psamathos, for sand of the seashore. It is plural referring to the type of habitat that this species inhabits.

External links
A new species of Schinia Hübner from the southeastern United States (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Heliothinae)

Schinia
Moths of North America
Moths described in 2010

Schinia psamathea


ADR, formally the Agreement of 30 September 1957 concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road is a 1957 United Nations treaty that governs transnational transport of hazardous materials. "ADR" is derived from the French name for the treaty: Accord relatif au transport international des marchandises Dangereuses par Route). Until 31 December 2020, the treaty was fully named European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road. However, as the word "European" might have given the impression that the treaty was only open for accession to European states, an amendment was decided in the end of 2019.

Concluded in Geneva on 30 September 1957 under the aegis of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, it entered into force on 29 January 1968. The agreement was modified (article 14, paragraph 3) in New York City on 21 August 1975, though these changes only took effect on 19 April 1985. A new amended ADR 2011 entered into force on 1 January 2011. Annexes A and B have been regularly amended and updated since the entry into force of ADR. Consequently, to the amendments for entry into force on 1 January 2015 (until June 2017), a revised consolidated version has been published as document ECE/TRANS/242, Vol. I and II.  Every two years the regulations are updated with the latest version applicable being the ADR 2023.

As of 2022, 54 states are party to ADR.

Contents

The agreement itself is brief and simple, and its most important article is article 2. This article states that with the exception of certain exceptionally dangerous materials, hazardous materials may in general be transported internationally in wheeled vehicles, provided that two sets of conditions be met:
 Annex A regulates the merchandise involved, notably their packaging and labels.
 Annex B regulates the construction, equipment, and use of vehicles for the transport of hazardous materials.

The appendices consist of nine chapters, with the following contents

 General provisions: terminology, general requirements
 Classification: classification of dangerous goods (CDG)
 Dangerous Goods List sorted by UN number, with references to specific requirements set in chapters 3 to 9; special provisions and exemptions related to dangerous goods packed in limited quantities
 Packaging and tank provisions
 Consignment procedures, labeling, and marking of containers and vehicles.
 Construction and testing of packagings, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs), large packagings, and tanks
 Conditions of carriage, loading, unloading, and handling
 Vehicle crews, equipment, operation, and documentation
 Construction and approval of vehicles

Hazard classes
The classes of dangerous goods according to ADR are the following:

Class 1 Explosive substances and articles
Class 2 Gases, including compressed, liquified, and dissolved under pressure gases and vapors
 Flammable gases (e.g. butane, propane, acetylene)
 Non-flammable and non-toxic, likely to cause asphyxiation (e.g. nitrogen, CO2) or oxidisers (e.g. oxygen)
 Toxic (e.g. chlorine, phosgene)
Class 3 Flammable liquids
Class 4.1 Flammable solids, self-reactive substances, and solid desensitized explosives
Class 4.2 Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
Class 4.3 Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases
Class 5.1 Oxidizing substances
Class 5.2 Organic peroxides
Class 6.1 Toxic substances
Class 6.2 Infectious substances
Class 7 Radioactive material
Class 8 Corrosive substances
Class 9 Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles

Each entry in the different classes has been assigned a 4 digit UN number. It is not usually possible to deduce the hazard class of a substance from its UN number: they have to be looked up in a table. An exception to this are Class 1 substances whose UN number will always begin with a 0. See List of UN numbers.

Tunnel classifications

The ADR Secretariat has defined a classification system for major tunnels in Europe. "The categorization [is] based on the assumption that in tunnels there are three major dangers [that] may cause numerous victims or serious damage to the tunnel structure." It is the responsibility of each national authority to categorize its tunnels accordingly. The classes ranges from A (least restrictive), to E (most restrictive). , in the United Kingdom for example, the least restrictive was the tunnel carrying the A299 to the Port of Ramsgate, while the most restrictive were several tunnels in East London, including the Limehouse Link tunnel, the Rotherhithe Tunnel, the Blackwall Tunnel and the East India Dock Link Tunnel.

ADR pictograms
ADR pictograms for chemical hazards are based on GHS Transport pictograms and Non-GHS transport pictograms

See also

Dangerous goods
European hazard symbols
Hazchem – a system used in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand for marking dangerous goods
ATEX directive – two EU directives governing permitted equipment in explosive environments

References
Notes

ADR 2023 https://unece.org/info/Transport/Dangerous-Goods/pub/373077
Sources
 on the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe website

External links

UN Model regulations ("Orange book") 2019
How to assign a UN Number and proper shipping name
ADR Book - Dangerous Goods by Road

Safety codes
1957 in Switzerland
Chemical safety
Transport treaties
Treaties concluded in 1957
Treaties entered into force in 1968
1957 in transport
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Andorra
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Belarus
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of East Germany
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Liechtenstein
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of San Marino
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Yugoslavia
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe treaties
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Greenland

ADR (treaty)


Otto Adolf Eichmann (19 March 1906 in Solingen – 31 May 1962 in Ramla) was a German SS officer (he had the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer, comparable with lieutenant colonel). He died at the age of 56 on 1st June 1962 in Ramla Israel .

Eichmann was an important person of Nazi Germany during the Third Reich. As head of a subdivision of the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, Referat IV B4) he was the architect of The Holocaust who organized the death camps, like the Auschwitz concentration camp, that were used to kill 11 million people during World War 2.

After the war he escaped and in 1960 was discovered to be living in Argentina. The Israeli secret service, the Mossad, kidnapped him and took him back to Israel. Eichmann was put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity. He was found guilty on 11 December 1961, and executed by hanging in Ramla. His body was cremated in an unusually hot furnace, and the ashes were scattered in the sea.  Eichmann is one of the few people to ever be executed by Israel.

The trial of Adolf Eichmann was broadcast on radio in Israel, and millions of people around the world watched it on television. This was the first time that victims of the Holocaust talked openly about what had happened. This was an event that helped bring together and unify the many people who had come to live in the new nation of Israel.

Early life and career
He was born in Solingen,Germany on 19 March 1906 he later moved to Linz in Austria-Hungary in 1913 . He joined the Nazi Party/NSDAP on 1 April 1932 in the Austrian Branch of the NSDAP . He also joined the SS which was lead by Heinrich Himmler and deputy head Reinhard Heydrich . In 1941 when Heydrich created the Nazi Genocide known as the  Holocaust where he organised the Holocaust Trains from 1941-1945 during WW2 (1939-1945) in Poland by sending the Holocaust victims to Auschwitz concentration camp between 1942 and 1945 in Eastern Europe .

References

1906 births
1962 deaths
German colonels
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
Kidnapped people
Mossad
Nazi leaders
People executed by hanging
People from Solingen
RSHA people
SS officers

Adolf Eichmann


"Candle in the Wind 1997", also known as "Goodbye England's Rose" and "Candle in the Wind '97", is a song by English musician Elton John and songwriter Bernie Taupin, a re-written and re-recorded version of their 1973 song "Candle in the Wind". It was released on 13 September 1997 as a tribute single to Diana, Princess of Wales, with the global proceeds from the song going towards Diana's charities. In many countries, it was pressed as a double A-side with "Something About the Way You Look Tonight". It was produced by Sir George Martin.

After being released, "Candle in the Wind 1997" entered at number one in the UK Singles Chart, John's fourth UK number-one single, and became the best-selling single in UK chart history. In October it became John's ninth (and final) US number-one single, where it topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 14 weeks (and John's final top 40 hit as a solo artist), and is the best-selling single in Billboard history; it was the first single certified Diamond in the US. The song also topped the German Singles Chart for seven weeks, the Australian Singles Chart for six weeks, and many other music charts around the world. According to the Guinness Book of Records, "Candle in the Wind 1997" is the second highest-selling physical single of all time (behind Bing Crosby's "White Christmas" from 1942), and is the highest-selling single since charts began in the 1950s.

The 1997 version won John the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 40th Grammy Awards ceremony in 1998. At the 1998 Brit Awards the song was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Single. The lyrics of the earlier version of "Candle in the Wind", also written by Taupin, were a tribute to Marilyn Monroe. The opening lines of the 1973 version, "Goodbye Norma Jean / though I never knew you at all", were adapted to "Goodbye England's rose / May you ever grow in our hearts". Most of the lyrics were adapted to suit the circumstances of Diana's life and death.

Background
On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died in a car crash in Paris, France. The news shocked John, as he and the Princess were very good friends. A month earlier, he had also lost another good friend, fashion designer Gianni Versace. Pictures depicting Diana appearing to console a distraught John at Versace's funeral were featured prominently in news coverage throughout the world.

To cope with the grief, John wanted to pay a tribute to Diana. In his autobiography, Me, John says he had a phone call from Richard Branson who said that many of those writing in the book of condolence at St James's Palace were quoting the lyrics of "Candle in the Wind". Branson asked John if he would rewrite the lyrics and sing them at the funeral. John believed that Branson had been contacted by the Spencer family. John contacted his songwriting partner Bernie Taupin, asking him to revise the lyrics of their 1973 song "Candle in the Wind" to honour her. George Martin was contacted to help produce the song, and added a string quartet (Peter Manning, Keith Pascoe, Levine Andrade, and Andrew Shulman), and woodwind (Pippa Davies, flute and oboe) to help balance the recording. It was recorded at Townhouse Studios in West London, immediately following the funeral.

John publicly performed "Candle in the Wind 1997" only once, at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Westminster Abbey on 6 September 1997. He continues to sing the original version of the song at his concerts but has repeatedly turned down requests to perform the revised version, even for the memorial Concert for Diana in July 2007, having vowed never to perform it again unless asked by Diana's sons. The song has never been released (or re-released) on any of his other albums or compilations, not even his 1997 album The Big Picture, nor the 1997 Diana, Princess of Wales: Tribute album (an official 2-CD release sanctioned by Diana's family that included other artists such as Barbra Streisand, Eric Clapton, Paul McCartney, Queen, Celine Dion, and Rod Stewart). The song was included on Diana, Princess of Wales: The BBC Recording of the Funeral Service. The soundtrack was released on 30 September 1997.

Chart performance
"Candle in the Wind 1997" became the fastest-selling single in the UK, selling 658,000 copies on its first day of release and over 1.5 million in its first week. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart the day after its release on 13 September 1997, staying at number one for five weeks and becoming the best-selling song in the UK, overtaking the 13-year-old record held by Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?"  It has been certified as the best-selling single of all time in the UK, and has sold 4.94 million copies in the UK as of September 2017.

The chart success in the US was similar. Released on 23 September 1997, "Candle in the Wind 1997" debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, with first week sales at 3.5 million copies. The single stayed at the top for the Hot 100 for 14 consecutive weeks (until 17 January 1998), a record for a male solo artist. At first, Billboard listed "Candle in the Wind 1997" before "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" on its sales charts, but once airplay points for "Candle" had fallen below "Something" on 1 November 1997, the latter song took first position as per new chart rules regarding double A-side releases that took effect in March 1997. The single has sold 8,839,000 physical copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan. Billboard ranked it as the number-one song for 1997 despite being on the chart for only eight weeks in the chart year, and it was the only number-one debut to top the Year-End Hot 100 until Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You" in 2017. It was on the chart for 35 more weeks, making it the number-eight song of 1998 and one of only five songs in the history of the chart to be ranked on the top ten of two separate Hot 100-year-end charts, along with Chubby Checker's "The Twist", LeAnn Rimes' "How Do I Live",  The Chainsmokers' "Closer" and The Weeknd's "Blinding Lights". The best-selling single in Billboard history, and the only single ever certified Diamond in the United States at the time, the single shipped over 11 million copies in the US. The solo number-one single broke Elton John's "Kiki jinx". After five number-one solo hits in America in the 1970s, John hit number one in a duet with Kiki Dee with 1976's "Don't Go Breaking My Heart". From then until "Candle in the Wind 1997", John did not record a number-one single by himself and only had two chart toppers altogether, collaborating with other artists. "Candle in the Wind 1997" was also the only number-one song in the year-end to be number one the year after. (1997 year-end, and it was number one for the first two weeks of 1998.)

On the Canadian Singles Chart, "Candle in the Wind 1997" / "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" spent three years in the top 20, with 45 non-consecutive weeks at the top spot.   However, the song's unusual chart performance in Canada has also been explained as a structural factor, due to the relative lack of CD singles available for sale in Canadian stores. On Canada's RPM Top Singles chart, neither song made it to the top spot, with "Candle" reaching number 14 and "Something" peaking at number 13 and spending a much longer amount of time in the top 20. In Germany, the song is the 8th best selling pop hymn ever. Having spent six weeks at number one on the ARIA Charts, "Candle in the Wind 1997" is one of the all-time best-selling singles in Australia, being certified 14 times platinum with 56 weeks in the Top 100. According to Musiikkituottajat, the Finnish music industry federation, "Candle in the Wind 1997" is the best-selling single of all time in Finland, with quintuple-platinum sales of over 54,000 copies to date.

"Candle in the wind" had 150,000 preorders in Netherlands, 2 million in Germany and 250,000 in France.

It is estimated that at the peak of sales, almost six copies of the single were sold per second. In the UK, the single grabbed the number one slot on the first day of its release, with more than 650,000 copies sold in 24 hours, becoming the fastest-selling record of all time in the UK charts. All artist and composer royalties and record company profits were donated to Diana's charities via the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund.

All time sales ranking
The song has sold over 33 million copies worldwide. Some have pointed out, the sales (of over 30 million) were "shipped"; achieved in about 37 days.

"Candle in the Wind 1997" is either the best-selling or the second best-selling single worldwide of all time. The confusion and debate on whether John's record is or is not the best-selling single in the world is due to a lack of information on sales for the record's main contender for the number-one spot, Bing Crosby's recording of "White Christmas," because Crosby's recording was released before the advent of the modern-day US and UK singles charts. However, after careful research, Guinness World Records in 2007 concluded that, worldwide, Crosby's recording of "White Christmas" has, in their estimation, sold at least 50 million copies, and that John's recording of "Candle in the Wind" has sold 33 million, making Crosby's recording the best-selling single of all time. However, an update in the 2009 edition of the book decided to further help settle the controversy amicably by naming both John's and Crosby's songs to be "winners" by stating that John's recording is the "best-selling single since UK and US singles charts began in the 1950s," while maintaining that "the best-selling single of all time was released before the first pop charts," and that this distinction belongs to "White Christmas," which it says "was listed as the world's best-selling single in the first-ever Guinness Book of Records (published in 1955) and – remarkably – still retains the title more than 50 years later."

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications and sales

Cover versions
In 1997 La Bouche covered "Candle in the Wind 1997" as a bonus track on their album A Moment of Love.

See also
 Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund
 List of best-selling singles
 List of best-selling singles in Australia
 List of best-selling singles in Canada
 List of best-selling singles in Finland
 List of best-selling singles in France
 List of best-selling singles in Germany
 List of best-selling singles in Japan
 List of best-selling singles in Spain
 List of best-selling singles in the United Kingdom
 List of best-selling singles in the United States
 List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 1997

References

1997 songs
1997 singles
1990s ballads
Elton John songs
A&M Records singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Canadian Singles Chart number-one singles
Charity singles
Double A-side singles
Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Memorials to Diana, Princess of Wales
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Austria
Number-one singles in Denmark
Number-one singles in Finland
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Hungary
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Norway
Number-one singles in Scotland
Number-one singles in Spain
Number-one singles in Sweden
Number-one singles in Switzerland
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Pop ballads
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Songs about princesses
Commemoration songs
Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin
Songs with music by Elton John
The Rocket Record Company singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
Ultratop 50 Singles (Wallonia) number-one singles

Candle in the Wind 1997


Bruce Basso joined the Mario L. Basso Agency founded by his father in 1970. Under his leadership, the firm grew to become one of the more prominent agencies in the Bay Area of San Francisco, California. In 1990, the Mario L. Basso Agency merged with Albuger de Grosz to form ABD Insurance & Financial, the 14th largest insurance brokerage in the United States.

Early life
Born in San Francisco, Basso was raised in San Mateo. He served in the US Navy during Vietnam and earned a bachelor's degree in business from San Francisco State University soon thereafter in 1972. Basso has since attended continuous executive programs from the Wharton School of Business, Stanford University, and the University of California at Berkeley.

Public service
Basso is a member of various boards and committees, including various Insurance Carrier President's Advisory Councils; the Board of Directors World Broker Federation, Washington, D.C.; the Board of Directors of Copaprose/Latin America; Board of Directors, Council of Insurance Agents & Brokers of Washington DC; the California Department of Insurance Advisory Board; and the Executive Committee of the World Broker Network. Basso also serves as current National Board Chairman of The Insurance Industry Charitable Foundation.

Acquisition by Wells Fargo
In 2007, ABD Insurance & Financial was acquired by Wells Fargo Bank, through the acquisition of Greater Bay Bancorp.

In July 2008, Basso was appointed Co-President of Wells Fargo's Global Broker Network, LLC. The network has 10,000 insurance and risk management professionals serving customers from 330 offices across 70 countries, and provides insurance brokerage services in 115 countries.

Personal life
Basso currently resides in Atherton, California with his wife and two children.

References

San Francisco State University alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Stanford University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from San Mateo, California
People from Atherton, California

Bruce Basso


John Henry Robinson Molson (June 5, 1826 – May 28, 1897) was a Canadian entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was an owner of Molson Brewery and president of Molson Bank.

Born June 5, 1826 to Thomas Molson (1791–1863) and Martha Molson (1795–1848) at Kingston, Upper Canada, "Jackey", as he was affectionately known, was educated in Montreal public schools. Inheriting the Molson Brewery in 1847 under the terms of his grandfather's will, he became associated with its management. In 1852 he entered into partnership with his father to conduct their separately owned brewing and distilling enterprises. Operations were continued after 1863 by John H.R. Molson and other brothers. On the retirement of John Thomas Molson in 1866, distilling was abandoned but the brewery continued under John H.R. Molson and Adam Skaife. In 1879 Molson was made a director of Molson Bank and was forthwith elected vice-president, and later president, 1889-97. Other interests included the Montreal Street Railway, the City and District Bank and the Scottish Life Assurance Co. He was a life governor of the Montreal General Hospital, a generous benefactor of McGill University and a founder of the Verdun Protestant Hospital for the Insane.

In 1873 John was wed to Louisa Goddard Frothingham (1827–1910), daughter of hardware entrepreneur, John Frothingham. John & Louisa had no children. John died in 1897 at Montreal from nephritis. In 1897, there were no crematoriums in Canada. John's body was sent to Boston for cremation. His ashes were later placed in the Molson family vault at Mount Royal Cemetery. In his will, John left $10,000 to Mount Royal Cemetery with his instructions: "For the erection and workings of a crematory furnace for the cremation of the dead."

References

External links
Memorial at Find A Grave

1826 births
1897 deaths
Businesspeople from Ontario
People from Kingston, Ontario
John Henry Robinson Molson
19th-century American businesspeople

John Henry Robinson Molson


Notocelia rosaecolana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the Palearctic realm, where it has been recorded from China (Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, and Gansu), Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Iran, Central Asia, Russia and Europe.

The wingspan is 15–20 mm. The moth closely resembles Notocelia trimaculana and Notocelia roborana. The forewings are dilated, the costa is moderately and evenly arched and the fold does not reach the middle. The ground colour is white. The costa is strigulated with dark fuscous. The basal patch is dark fuscous, its edge rather rounded, followed by some grey marks towards costa and dorsum. The lower half of the central fascia is fuscous spotted with black, preceded by a grey mark. The ocellus is edged with leaden-metallic, enclosing three or four black dots. There are some brown or ferruginous and leaden-metallic streaks towards the apex. The hindwings are light grey. The larva is purplish-brown, beneath whitish ; head brown ; plate of
2 black :

Adults are on wing from late May to August in western Europe.

The larvae feed on various roses, including Rosa multiflora, Rosa davurica and Rosa rugosa.

References

External links
 waarneming.nl
 Lepidoptera of Belgium
 Notocelia rosaecolana at UK Moths

Moths described in 1875
Eucosmini
Moths of Japan
Tortricidae of Europe
Insects of Iceland

Notocelia rosaecolana


The Davies–Bouldin index (DBI), introduced by David L. Davies and Donald W. Bouldin in 1979, is a metric for evaluating clustering algorithms. This is an internal evaluation scheme, where the validation of how well the clustering has been done is made using quantities and features inherent to the dataset. This has a drawback that a good value reported by this method does not imply the best information retrieval.

Preliminaries
Given n dimensional points, let Ci be a cluster of data points. Let Xj be an n-dimensional feature vector assigned to cluster Ci.

Here  is the centroid of Ci and Ti is the size of the cluster i.   is the qth root of the qth moment of the points in cluster i about the mean. If  then  is the average distance between the feature vectors in cluster i and the centroid of the cluster. Usually the value of p is 2, which makes the distance a Euclidean distance function. Many other distance metrics can be used, in the case of manifolds and higher dimensional data, where the euclidean distance may not be the best measure for determining the clusters. It is important to note that this distance metric has to match with the metric used in the clustering scheme itself for meaningful results.

  is a measure of separation between cluster  and cluster .

  is the kth element of , and there are n such elements in A for it is an n dimensional centroid.

Here k indexes the features of the data, and this is essentially the Euclidean distance between the centers of clusters i and j when p equals 2.

Definition

Let Ri,j be a measure of how good the clustering scheme is. This measure, by definition has to account for Mi,j the separation between the ith and the jth cluster, which ideally has to be as large as possible, and Si, the within cluster scatter for cluster i, which has to be as low as possible. Hence the Davies–Bouldin index is defined as the ratio of Si and Mi,j such that these properties are conserved:

  .
  .
  When  and  then .
  When  and  then .
With this formulation, the lower the value, the better the separation of the clusters and the 'tightness' inside the clusters.

A solution that satisfies these properties is:

This is used to define Di:

If N is the number of clusters:

DB is called the Davies–Bouldin index. This is dependent both on the data as well as the algorithm. Di chooses the worst-case scenario, and this value is equal to Ri,j for the most similar cluster to cluster i. There could be many variations to this formulation, like choosing the average of the cluster similarity, weighted average and so on.

Explanation
Lower index values indicate a better clustering result. The index is improved (lowered) by increased separation between clusters and decreased variation within clusters.

These conditions constrain the index so defined to be symmetric and non-negative. Due to the way it is defined, as a function of the ratio of the within cluster scatter, to the between cluster separation, a lower value will mean that the clustering is better. It happens to be the average similarity between each cluster and its most similar one, averaged over all the clusters, where the similarity is defined as Si above. This affirms the idea that no cluster has to be similar to another, and hence the best clustering scheme essentially minimizes the Davies–Bouldin index. This index thus defined is an average over all the i clusters, and hence a good measure of deciding how many clusters actually exists in the data is to plot it against the number of clusters it is calculated over. The number i for which this value is the lowest is a good measure of the number of clusters the data could be ideally classified into. This has applications in deciding the value of k in the kmeans algorithm, where the value of k is not known apriori.

Soft version of Davies-Bouldin index
Recently, the Davies–Bouldin index has been extended to the domain of soft clustering categories. This extension is based on the category clustering approach according to the framework of fuzzy logic. The starting point for this new version of the validation index is the result of a given soft clustering algorithm (e.g. fuzzy c-means), shaped with the computed clustering partitions and membership values associating the elements with the clusters. In the soft domain, each element of the system belongs to every classes, given the membership values. Therefore, this soft version of the Davies–Bouldin index is able to take into account, in addition to standard validation measures such as compactness and separation of clusters, the degree to which elements belong to classes.

Implementations

The SOM toolbox contains a MATLAB implementation. A MATLAB implementation is also available via the MATLAB Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, using the "evalclusters" command.

A Java implementation is found in ELKI, and can be compared to many other clustering quality indexes.

See also
 Silhouette (clustering)
 Dunn index

Notes and references

Clustering criteria

Davies–Bouldin index


Hart-Rouge are a Canadian folk music group, consisting of siblings Paul Campagne, Michelle Campagne, and Suzanne Campagne.

The three previously recorded and performed with several other family members as Folle Avoine, and formed Hart-Rouge with another sibling, Annette Campagne, when that band ended. Annette left the band in the mid-1990s.

The band perform traditional folk songs and original material in both English and French. They have also recorded some material in Canadian First Nations languages.

Their sister Carmen Campagne also continued a career in music, performing independently as a children's entertainer. Their father, Émile Campagne, has also released 2 albums of traditional folk songs.

Originally from Willow Bunch, Saskatchewan, the Campagne family are among the most notable Fransaskois personalities in Canada. Hart-Rouge was the original name of their hometown.

The band is currently based in Montreal.

Discography
Albums
 Hart-Rouge (1988)
 Inconditionnel (1990)
 Le dernier mois de l'année (1992)
 Blue Blue Windows (1993)
 La fabrique (1994)
 Bonsoir Québec (1995)
 Beaupré's Home (1997)
 Nouvelle-France (1998)
 Une histoire de famille (1998)
 J'ai fait un rêve (2001)

Contributing artist
 Keith Hunter and the Witness for Christ Gospel Choir (1995)
 The Rough Guide to the Music of Canada (2005)

References

Musical groups with year of establishment missing
Musical groups from Saskatchewan
Canadian folk music groups
Family musical groups
Red House Records artists

Hart-Rouge


Unmeaht (on Nīƿenglisce hātte "disability") is brād ƿord þe is fram þǣre Ƿorulde Hǣlðe Þēodnesse in Nīƿenglisce þus tōmearcod: "Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person's body and features of the society in which he or she lives.'"Þes traht is aƿended fornēan þus: "'Unmeaht' is brād ƿordgemeare, begangende ƿanunge, gemǣtgunga macunge, and dǣlnimunge gehaftunga. Ƿanung is ƿōh līchāmlices ƿeorces oþþe timberes; gemǣtung macunge is earfoþ on gelǣstunge ǣrendes oþþe macunge þe is gefēred fram menn; ac dǣlnimunge gehaftung is ƿōh þe is gefēred fram menn on steallum līfes.Þæs is unmeaht manigfeald þing, þe ēoƿaþ efenƿeorc betƿeox þǣm mearcum menn līces and þǣm mearcum þæs drohtaðes þǣm þe man ƿunie.'"'''''

Þēah þe hit ƿordlīce mǣnþ ǣnig þing on þǣm þe mann nis cræftig, hit is oftost gebrocen tō ƿorde tācnende ungeƿunelica oþþe ungecyndelica unmeahta.

Fruman

Līc
Unmeaht

Unmeaht


Bophuthatswana began issuing its own postal orders shortly after gaining independence from South Africa in 1977. As Bophuthatswana did not have its own banknotes (because its currency was the Rand), postal orders are the closest things to banknotes Bophuthatswana ever had. The last day of issue was 26 April 1994.

Some Bophuthatswanan postal order forms bear issue dates of 27 April 1994 and later, but these are classified as remainder issues, as Bophuthatswana was reincorporated into South Africa.

Postal orders on hand when Bophuthatswana reincorporated into South Africa are classified into two series:
The Interim Series
Post-readmission Series

Remainder issues
Bophuthatswana Remainder Issue postal orders of the Interim Series were issued from 27 April 1994 until 31 May 1994. The Post-reincorporation Series were issued from 1 June 1994, when South Africa's return to the British Commonwealth took effect. The Remainder Issue postal orders of all four Bantustans (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda) interest postal order collectors, as they have become difficult to find, similar to those issued prior to reincorporation of the Bantustans into South Africa.

Currencies of South Africa
Bophuthatswama
Bophuthatswana
Postal system of South Africa

Postal orders of Bophuthatswana


Ron Somers, an American businessman, is the former president of the U.S.-India Business Council. He played a lead role in coordinating the passage of the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement and is widely regarded as a prominent figure in U.S.-India relations. He is founder and CEO of India First Group, LLC, an international strategic advisory firm.

Education
Somers holds an M.A. from the Bread Loaf Graduate School, where he studied at Lincoln College, Oxford University, and an Honors B.A. from Middlebury College in Vermont. A distinguished high school scholar/athlete, Somers graduated with academic honors in 1972 from Oxford Hills High School, Norway, Maine.

Professional life
Somers has over 30 years of experience in major infrastructure development in the United States and Asia—starting in the oil and gas industry on the drilling rigs of West Texas, transitioning to hydroelectric and IPP development, and then onwards to senior management for international companies of upstream, midstream, and downstream energy and power assets.

After graduating from Middlebury College, Somers worked as a roughneck on the oil rigs of Midland, Texas, where he came to know future President of the United States George W. Bush. The young Bush helped Somers to get his first real career break as a landman. He soon moved to California, where he supported in 1981 the development of the first privately owned, commercial-sized run-of-river hydroelectric project in the western United States—the Bailey Creek Ranch Project, followed by the Montgomery Creek Hydroelectric Project—both of which are considered 'model' environmental projects even today. Somers maintains a 33% stake in Montgomery Creek Associates, a private limited partnership that has independently owned and operated clean, renewable energy assets in the western United States since 1985. After serving as Chairman of the Small Power Producers' Association of California, Somers was recruited by the U.S. Agency for International Development to live in India as Resident Adviser from 1992 onwards to supervise the India Private Power Initiative, supporting India's Union Ministry of Power to attract private investment into India's power sector. During this period, Somers traveled extensively to most Indian states, becoming an expert on India's emerging energy sector. With the support of U.S. Ambassador Frank G. Wisner, this specialized knowledge of India enabled Somers to brief U.S. Energy Secretary Hazel R. O'Leary and Commerce Secretary Ron Brown (U.S. politician) when these U.S. Cabinet officials made their historic, maiden visits to India.

The U.S- based, international energy development company, Cogentrix Energy, hired Somers in 1994 to pioneer the development of the $1 billion, 1000 MW Mangalore Thermal Power Project in Karnataka, India. Thereafter, Somers was hired in 1999 as Unocal Corporation's Country Head in India. In this capacity he was responsible for securing potential customers and forming strategic alliances in India for the proposed Bangladesh to India Natural Gas Pipeline. Concurrently, Somers was extremely active in India's upstream oil & gas industry through Unocal's 26% shareholding in Hindustan Oil Exploration Company. During his tenure, Unocal in India partnered with reputable business houses and esteemed public sector enterprises to develop the proposed 3 million ton Ennore LNG Import Terminal in Tamil Nadu, the 350 MW gas-fired Gautami Power Project in Andhra Pradesh and the 700 MW combined-cycle Bidadi Project in Karnataka. In 2004, Somers was recruited to head up the U.S.-India Business Council in Washington, D.C.

During his time at the U.S.-India Business Council, Somers served as the council's president, establishing strategy, leading policy initiatives and advocacy efforts, and was responsible for the council's budgetary planning and communication with Capitol Hill and the Government of India. Under Somers' leadership, the Council grew to become the largest bilateral business association in the United States. Somers left USIBC in April, 2014 to start his own strategic consulting firm.

Somers played a lead role in securing passage of the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. He was aided by his knowledge of language and politics in India, which gave him credibility in the efforts to support passage. He also secured the support of relevant corporations, such as General Electric, Ford, Boeing, and Westinghouse. He has served on the Board of Directors of Hindustan Oil Exploration Company (HOEC), India's first private sector oil & gas exploration company, and on the Board of Directors of the U.S. Educational Foundation in India – which oversees the Fulbright and Humphrey Scholarships for India.

Honors
 Member of the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels

References

Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
1954 births
Living people

Ron Somers


Oscar Faber  (5 July 1886 – 7 May 1956) was a British structural engineer. He was influential in the development of the use of reinforced concrete in the United Kingdom. Because many engineers were not certain of the material, Faber pioneered simple deflection tests, which enabled him to develop his theory of 'Plastic yield in concrete', and to calculate shear in reinforced concrete beams.

Faber was born in London, the son of the Danish Commissioner of Agriculture in London. His work for Trollope & Colls on  non-magnetic mine casings during the First World War earned him the OBE in the 1918 Birthday Honours.

He set up as an independent consultant at the age of 35 in 1921, with £2000 capital, in Finsbury Circus, City of London. The firm comprised 2 engineers, an office junior and a typist. This was to grow to become Oscar Faber and Partners.

Notable projects include the Bank of England, the House of Commons, Africa House and India House in London. He co-authored the book, Reinforced Concrete Design, with P.G. Bowie, which became a standard work. Faber's work on rebuilding the House of Commons won him a CBE in 1951. He also worked on the Snow Hill, Bath, re-development scheme - 11-storey block of 56 maisonettes opened by Alderman Sam Day in March 1958 - in association with architects Snailum, Huggins and Lefevre.

Faber was president of the Institution of Structural Engineers between 1935 and 1936. The Institution named an award after him, the Oscar Faber Medal, one of which was presented to Fazlur Khan in 1973.

Faber's company Oscar Faber & Partners eventually merged with G Maunsell & Partners to become Faber Maunsell. In 2009, Faber Maunsell was rebranded AECOM.

References

1886 births
1956 deaths
Presidents of the Institution of Structural Engineers
English people of Danish descent
British structural engineers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire

Oscar Faber