Patriarch John X ( ; born Hānī Yāzijī ; January 1, 1955) is primate of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All The East.

Life
Hani Yaziji, a Greek Orthodox Syrian Arab Christian was born in Latakia, Syria. His Syrian father, Mounah Yaziji, an Arabic language teacher, was originally from the village of Marmarita in Wadi al-Nasara and his Lebanese mother, Rosa Moussi is from Tripoli, Lebanon. He graduated from Tishreen University with a degree in civil engineering, then he earned a degree in theology in 1978 from the Saint John of Damascus Institute of Theology at the University of Balamand. In 1983, he graduated from the theological faculty of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki with a focus in liturgics.  He also has a degree in Byzantine music from the Conservatory of Byzantine Music of Thessaloniki.

Ordination and episcopacy
He was ordained to the diaconate in 1979 and the priesthood in 1983.

On January 24, 1995, he was consecrated as the vicar bishop of Al-Husn.  After his consecration, Bishop John immediately began to work to revive the patriarchal monastery of St. George in Al-Humayrah, serving as the monastery's abbot from 1995 to 2002.  Through his efforts, the monastery became a center of spiritual and public life in the area.

From 1981 until 2008, he was the instructor of liturgics at the Balamand Seminary.  From 1989 until 1992, and then again from 2001 until 2005, he was also the rector of the seminary.  During his second term as rector, he was also the abbot of the Balamand monastery.

On June 17, 2008, he was chosen as the metropolitan of Western and Central Europe.  He was enthroned by Patriarch Ignatius IV of Antioch. On August 19, 2010, his title was changed to "Metropolitan of Europe".

Patriarchate

On December 17, 2012, twelve days after the death of the previous patriarch, Ignatius IV of Antioch, John Yazigi was elected Patriarch of Antioch.  This was unexpected as Yazigi had only been a member of the Holy Synod for a little under 5 years, having been elected to the Metropolitan See of Western and Central Europe in 2008.  The normal procedure for the election of a Patriarch requires all candidates to have been a member of the Holy Synod for at least 5 years, but reports indicate that the synod agreed to set that rule aside for this election. Patriarch John X arrived in Damascus, Syria on December 20, 2012 for prayers in the Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus, where he also received congratulations from members, civil authorities (including the Minister for Presidential Affairs of the Syrian Arab Republic, Mansour Fadlallah Azzam, on behalf of the President of Syria) and other well-wishers. On Sunday December 23, 2012, the solemn Divine Liturgy of installation and thanksgiving was offered by the newly elected Patriarch.

In his installation sermon, Patriarch John X stressed his rejection of western interference in the Syrian civil war as well as his intention to promote peaceful co-existence with Muslims and other Syrians. The ambassador of the Russian Federation in Damascus, Azmatullah Kulmohammadov, stressed the firm support of Russia for Syrian national unity, national peace and an end to the civil war. The Antiochian Orthodox patriarch in response called upon the entire Syrian people to defend its national unity and to fight instability and insecurity.

On February 10, 2013, John X was formally enthroned as the Metropolitan Bishop of Antioch (the customary see of the Patriarch of Antioch), ceasing to be Metropolitan of Europe.  This occasion marks the commencement of John X's patriarchal reign.  The enthronement took place in the principal church of the See of Antioch, the Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus, as required by tradition.  However, because of the present civil war in Syria the service was necessarily restrained.  A second service of enthronement took place on February 17, 2013 in the Cathedral of St Nicholas, Ashrafieh (one of the oldest Christian districts of Beirut), which was attended by Antiochian Orthodox Christians from all over the world, and especially by the President and Prime Minister of Lebanon, and the Patriarch of the Maronite Catholic Church.  During his sermon, the Patriarch promised that the Antiochian Church would engage in dialogue based on mutual respect.  He also promised to continue the Patriarchate's aid to all families, children and women who are suffering as a result of the conflict.  On working together with the Muslim community, he said, "Muslims are partners in the nation, and our ties with them go beyond coexistence; we share with them the responsibility to build a [better] future and confront dangers".

2018 missile strikes against Syria
In April 2018, John X of Antioch, together with Moran Mor Ignatius Aphrem II and Greek Melkite Patriarch Youssef Absi, issued a strong condemnation of the 2018 missile strikes against Syria. They said the bombing  "were clear violation of the international laws and the UN Charter", and that the "unjust aggression encourages the terrorist organizations and gives them momentum to continue in their terrorism."

References

1955 births
Greek Orthodox Christians from Syria
Greek Orthodox Christians from Lebanon
Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
Syrian archbishops
Syrian Christians
Lebanese Christians
Syrian people of Lebanese descent
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki alumni
Living people
Tishreen University alumni
University of Balamand alumni
21st-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
Syrian Christian clergy
People from Latakia
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class

John X of Antioch


"¡!" (; English: "The people united will never be defeated") is a Chilean protest song, whose music was composed by Sergio Ortega Alvarado and the text written in conjunction with the Quilapayún band. Together with the song "Venceremos", also by Ortega, it is one of the most successful songs of the Nueva canción chilena (New Chilean Song) movement. The theme has a marching rhythm, highlighting its chorus, which is a shout or slogan with only percussion. The song has been used in various protests around the world against either left or right-wing dictatorships, most of which have no direct connection to the Chilean coup or Latin America. The lyrics have been adapted or translated into many languages.

Composition and recording
The title of the song was taken from a speech by Colombian political leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in the 1940s. The phrase was later adopted by Popular Unity protesters during the socialist government of Chilean President Salvador Allende in the early 1970s. According to Sergio Ortega Alvarado, he composed the song after hearing a young man shout the phrase while he was walking home in Santiago in June 1973. The song was recorded for the first time in Chile in 1973 during a massive Quilapayún concert in the Alameda, Santiago, three months before Augusto Pinochet's coup d'état that overthrew Allende and began the period of military dictatorship. Shortly before the concert, Salvador Allende had appointed Sergio Ortega Alvarado as Cultural Ambassador of the Popular Unity government, a position he briefly shared with Víctor Jara, who was assassinated days after the coup.

From then on and during the following years, the song appeared on numerous albums by different bands and singer-songwriters, but mainly by Quilapayún and Inti-Illimani, who had to live in exile throughout the dictatorship period, in France and Italy, respectively, where they continued their musical careers until their return to Chile, after the dictatorship ended more than fifteen years later.

The first official release in which the song appeared was during June 1973, in the live album of various performers Primer festival internacional de la canción popular published by the DICAP label, in which they participated, in addition to Quilapayún closing the album with "El pueblo unido..." and "Las ollitas", other renowned exponents such as Inti-Illimani, César Isella, Isabel Parra, Tito Fernández and Alfredo Zitarrosa.

Versions

Due to its revolutionary theme and its facility to be interpreted in different languages, this song has numerous versions, corresponding to different eras and musical styles.

In 1975, the American pianist Frederic Rzewski composed The People United Will Never Be Defeated!, a set of 36 piano variations on this theme. His album has been reissued numerous times.

In Iran, the melody was used for a revolutionary song with Persian lyrics, entitled "Barpakhiz" (in English "Arise"), with encore "Barpakhiz, az ja kan, banaye kakh-e doshman" ("Arise, Demolish the Foundations of the Enemy's Palace!") by leftist revolutionaries during the Revolution against the monarchy in 1979. The song experienced a revival in popularity with the Iranian Green revolution as a rally and protest song.

In the Philippines, the song was loosely translated by the progressive band Patatag for their song "Awit ng Tagumpay" ("Song of Victory") with its Tagalog encore "Tibayin ang hanay, Gapiin ang Kaaway!" (Strengthen the ranks, destroy the oppressors). It is sung during demonstrations. The Bagong Alyansang Makabayan also used its loosely Tagalog translation of the title as its motto: "Ang tao, ang bayan, ngayon ay lumalaban!"

In 1977, German folk singer Hannes Wader released the song "El pueblo unido" on the live album Hannes Wader singt Arbeiterlieder recorded at a folk festival organized by the German Communist Party newspaper Unsere Zeit. In 1978 the Italian singer and composer Gianfranco Molle released the album "Horo da opozicio" with an Esperanto version of the song translated by Renato Corsetti.

In 1979, "The People United Will Never Be Defeated!" was chanted at the White Night riots after the sentencing of former San Francisco supervisor Dan White in the murders of George Moscone and Harvey Milk. In 1982, American bassist Charlie Haden recorded a version with Carla Bley and the Liberation Music Orchestra on the album Ballad of the Fallen which was voted top jazz album of the year in Downbeat's 1984 critics' poll. In 1983, during the "Resistance March" (Marcha de la resistencia) in Argentina, the song was revived with the lyrics "Ahora! Ahora! Resulta indispensable! Aparición con vida y castigo a los culpables" ("Now! Now! It's essential that they return the disappeared, and that the guilty be punished"). The song was still being sung in the 2000s in Argentina with the disappearance of Julio Lopez.

In 1998 the British electronic music trio Dario G used the phrase in the song "Revolution". In 2002 Russian singer Garik Sukachov used the phrase in his song "Svobodu Andzhele Devis" ("freedom for Angela Davis"). In 2002 the Spanish group Ska-p released the song "Estampida" on their album ¡¡Que Corra La Voz!!. Estampida included lyrics inspired by the Chilean song. In 2003 the group Anti-Flag used the English translation "The people united will never be defeated" as chorus in the song "One People, One Struggle" from the album The Terror State.

In 2004 Ukrainian rap band GreenJolly paraphrased this song to create "Razom nas bahato" ("Together We Are Many") during the first days of Orange Revolution. This song was the Ukraine's entry at the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest. In 2007, during the Greek general elections, the song was used during the main campaign of the left party SYRIZA (Coalition of the Radical Left) and it figured on the party's televised message. In 2008, Thievery Corporation released "El pueblo unido" on the album Radio Retaliation, which is based on this quote. In the protests in Tunis in 2010 and 2011 that led to the ousting of president Ben Ali, protesters chanted on the same rhythm the phrase "الشعب يريد إسقاط النظام" (Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam) which translates to "The people want the regime down". The same phrase was chanted for the first time in Tahrir square in Egypt on 25 January 2011 in what turned into massive protests that lead to the ousting of president Hosni Mubarak. Eventually, the protest slogan became the unofficial slogan of protesters throughout the Arab Spring.

The 2012 Flobots album The Circle in the Squares titular track uses this line in its lyrics. The 2013 song "Control" by Big Sean featuring Kendrick Lamar and Jay Electronica samples the recording by Sergio Ortega and Quilapayún. In 2014, during the Sunflower Student Movement in Taiwan, this song was translated to Chinese as "" by Huáng Sī-nóng and Jiăng Tāo. The 2015 song El Pueblo Unido by Austrian ska-punk band Russkaja uses the line from original song in the chorus.

During the 2019–20 Latin American protests which began from the home of the slogan, it became a resistance motto for protesters in both Chile, Honduras, Argentina, Bolivia, Guatemala, Colombia, Mexico, Ecuador, Paraguay, Nicaragua, Peru, Haiti, El Salvador, Brazil and Venezuela calling to end the corruption of governments and caudillism. In 2022, the rapper Linqua Franqa used the phrase in their song "Wurk". In 2022, Turkish-Kurdish music band Geniş Merdiven ("Wide Staircase") taking its name from Mikis Theodorakis's song "O Antonis" made an adapted translation into Turkish and began to sing it in concerts with an interlude in Spanish.

See also
 Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam
 List of socialist songs

References

External links
 Lyrics and translation of lyrics
 Another English translation
 Basque version

Nueva canción
Spanish-language songs
Protest songs
1973 songs
Political catchphrases
Political songs
Communist songs
Socialist songs

El pueblo unido jamás será vencido


"Looking Out for Number One" is a single by the American singer Laura Branigan. It was to have been the second single from her scheduled first album, which is commonly referred to as Silver Dreams. The album was canceled because of a contract lawsuit with her management and to this day remains unreleased officially. A selection of the tracks from the canceled album, including this single, was later included on a re-release of the Branigan album.

Background
The song was released as a promotional single issued to radio stations as an edited 45RPM EP (with stereo and mono sides) and to clubs as an extended 12-inch 32RPM record. Both song releases are the Midnight mix by Richie Rivera, which uses the same vocal take as the album version but a significantly different and extended version of the background arrangement. The song became a minor club hit in the United States, reaching number 60 on the Club Play Singles chart.

On some versions of the single "Love Me Tonight", another song from the unreleased album, was on the B-side. It is unconfirmed whether the version of "Looking Out for Number One" found on this release of the single, which is extremely difficult to find as opposed to the other two releases, is the album or Midnight mix version of the song. "Looking Out for Number One" and its B-side are two out of four songs from the Silver Dreams album, which had a track listing of nine, to have been officially released by Atlantic Records. The two others are "Fool's Affair", which was recorded and released at the same time by Melissa Manchester in 1980, and a song was written by Branigan called "When" which appeared as the B-side to "I Found Someone" in 1985.

Since the mid-1990s, unauthorized MP3 format copies of the 12" version have been circulated online. The unauthorized MP3 version is not an additional remix or a variant of the song, despite its shorter track length of 5:25. The seven seconds of missing audio are from the very end of the song where it fades out and is nearly inaudible when listening to the actual vinyl record.

Both the 7" and 12" versions of the Midnight mix were later included as bonus tracks on the expanded edition of Branigan, released by Gold Legion in 2014. This was the first time any version of the song has been officially released on an album.

Track listings

Charts

References

1981 songs
1981 singles
Laura Branigan songs
Songs written by Jack Tempchin
Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin
Song recordings produced by Ahmet Ertegun

Looking Out for Number One (Laura Branigan song)


Tittenhurst Park is a Grade II listed early Georgian country house set in   off London Road at Beggar's Bush near Ascot and over the parish border into Sunningdale, both in the English county of Berkshire. It was famously the home of musicians John Lennon and Yoko Ono from the late summer of 1969 until August 1971, and then the home of Ringo Starr and family from 1973 until 1988. Starr sold the property to Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates, in 1989.

Early history

The present house dates back to 1737, although its fronts are largely .

In 1869, the property was owned by Thomas Holloway, philanthropist and founder of two large institutions which he built nearby: Holloway Sanatorium in Virginia Water, Surrey, and Royal Holloway College, now known as Royal Holloway, University of London in Englefield Green. About 1898, the house was purchased by Thomas Hermann Lowinsky, the former general manager of the Hyderabad (Deccan) Co coal mines in India. He was an active member of the Royal Horticultural Society and won their gold medal for his rhododendrons, an outstanding collection of which he built up at Tittenhurst, including one he named 'Mrs Tom Lowinsky'. Amongst Lowinsky's children who grew up at the park was his daughter, Xenia Noelle Field, the prison reformer and horticulturist, and surrealist artist Thomas Esmond Lowinsky.

John Lennon
Lennon purchased the property after the sale of Kenwood in Weybridge, Surrey, his earlier home with first wife Cynthia Lennon, because of its resemblance to Calderstones House in Liverpool, where he had spent time as a child. Lennon bought the house for £150,000 from the estate of Ron Blindell who had purchased it from Peter Cadbury in 1964. The estate included gardens, a Tudor cottage and servants' cottages. He and Ono spent twice the purchase price on renovations, transforming the interior of the house to their liking, commissioning a set of hand-woven Asian rugs, and installing a man-made lake without planning permission which they could see from their bedroom window.

In response to a request from George Harrison, Lennon allowed members of the Radha Krishna Temple to stay on the estate before they could move into their London temple. The devotees, who also recorded with Harrison for Apple Records, lived in the former servants' quarters on the property and assisted with renovations. When their leader, Swami Prabhupada, first visited England in September 1969, he also stayed at Tittenhurst Park at Lennon's invitation. A recording of Prabhupada's philosophical discussion with Lennon, Ono and Harrison, held in the recital hall in the grounds of Tittenhurst Park, was later made available as Lennon '69: Search for Liberation, the first publication in the Vedic Contemporary Library Series. Following this meeting, the recital hall became known as "the Tittenhurst Temple".

The last Beatles photo session took place at Tittenhurst Park on 22 August 1969, and the photos were used for the front and back covers of their Hey Jude album (a collection of single sides) early in 1970. Also during that year, and in the wake of the Beatles' break-up, Lennon engaged Eddie Veale to build his own recording studio, dubbed Ascot Sound Studios, in the estate grounds, where he and Ono recorded much of their 1971 solo albums. The matching cover photos of the couple's twin Plastic Ono Band albums were taken at Tittenhurst by the pair, using an Instamatic camera, and portions of the Imagine film-length video, which included selections from the Fly album, were also filmed in the grounds. The interior was also used as the backdrop for the film that was used to promote the single "Imagine", with Ono seen opening the window shutters as Lennon plays a white grand piano.

During 1970 and 1971, Lennon and Ono began to visit the United States, first for primal therapy at Arthur Janov's Primal Institute in California, then for child custody hearings over Ono's daughter Kyoko Chan Cox, in Houston and New York City. Ono had spent her late teens and twenties living in New York (including Scarsdale and Greenwich Village), and preferred there to England. They rented a Bank Street apartment late in 1970 and, on 31 August 1971, the Lennons moved to New York City permanently. John would never return to England.

Tittenhurst was Grade II listed for its architectural merit in March 1972.

In 2004, Peter Dennison, owner of French furniture firm Moth, offered for sale one of the original lavatory seats from Tittenhurst Park. It was displayed in the window of the Brighton Musical Exchange shop in Trafalgar Street, Brighton. Dennison had bought the seat when his architectural salvage firm was offered furniture by the contractors doing the renovations at Tittenhurst Park. The asking price was £285.

In 2010, the lavatory itself was offered for sale at auction in aid of the Paul McCartney Auditorium at the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts. Lennon told builder John Hancock to keep the ceramic lavatory and "use it as a plant pot" after he had installed a new one. It was stored in a shed at Hancock's home for 40 years until he died. The lot had an estimate of £750–1,000. Also offered for sale was a mono copy of Two Virgins, recorded at Kenwood (estimate £2,500) and Julian Lennon's harmonica, given to Mr Hancock by the musician who asked him to take it home as "Julian was driving him mad with it". Lennon told Mr Hancock he would tell Julian it was lost (estimate £750–1,000).

In December 2015, several additional items from Tittenhurst Park were put up for sale as part of the Ringo Starr & Barbara Bach Auction held by Julien's Auctions. These items were originally owned by John Lennon and Yoko Ono, and were included in the sale of Tittenhurst Park to Ringo Starr in 1973. Items included several carved bust statues depicted on the Hey Jude album cover, a wood refectory table and benches, a stone garden bench, several stained glass panels and a mirror panel with floral and foliate silver overlay.

Ascot Sound Studios
Ascot Sound Studios (ASS) was a recording studio built by John Lennon and Yoko Ono in 1970, on the grounds of Tittenhurst Park.

Lennon built the studio, which featured eight recording tracks on one-inch open-reel tape and a sixteen-channel mixing console, so that he and Ono could record without the inconvenience of having to book studio time at Abbey Road or another location. Lennon recorded much of his 1971 album Imagine at ASS, with Phil Spector and Ono as his co-producers. George Harrison played on several songs, including "How Do You Sleep?", which criticised his and Lennon's former bandmate Paul McCartney. Ringo Starr visited the studio during the recording of the song and was reportedly upset, saying: "That's enough, John." The album sessions were extensively filmed, and the footage appears in both the Imagine: John Lennon documentary and a separate documentary about the making of the album.

Recorded at the same time as Imagine was Ono's album Fly (whose title song was the soundtrack to their film of the same name), and these appear to be the last recordings the couple completed at the studio.

Ringo Starr; Startling Studios
Deciding to stay long-term in the United States, Lennon sold Tittenhurst Park to his former bandmate Ringo Starr, who purchased the property on 18 September 1973. Starr renamed the studio "Startling Studios" and made the facility available for use by other recording artists. Portions of T. Rex's film Born to Boogie were shot there, Judas Priest planned to record their British Steel album at Startling Studios, but found the house itself more suitable, and moved recording equipment there. Judas Priest's live album Unleashed in the East was also mixed and completed there. Def Leppard's 1980 debut album On Through the Night was also recorded there.

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan
In 1988, Starr sold the property for £5 million to Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, former President of the United Arab Emirates and former ruler of Abu Dhabi. Zayed also owned Park Gate House in Ham, south west London, and would buy another property in Berkshire, Ascot Place, the year after his purchase of Tittenhurst. During Zayed's subsequent renovations of Tittenhurst in 1989 and 1990, master recordings and films from Startling Studios and paintings by Lennon on the walls of the house were destroyed, and a  wall was constructed around the perimeter of the property.

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan died on 2 November 2004.

See also
 251 Menlove Avenue, John Lennon boyhood home
 10 Admiral Grove, childhood home of Ringo Starr
 Kenwood, John Lennon home
 The Dakota, John Lennon home

References

Further reading
 Scott Cardinal, Tittenhurst Park: History, Gardens, & Architecture, vol. 1, Campfire Network, 2017
 Scott Cardinal, Tittenhurst Park: John Lennon & Yoko Ono, vol. 2, Campfire Network, 2017
 Scott Cardinal, Tittenhurst Park: Ringo Starr & the Sheikh, vol. 3, Campfire Network, 2017

External links
 Ascot Sound Studios & Ascot Sound Label – official website
 Photoblog for John Lennon at Tittenhurst Park
 Photoblog for Tittenhurst Park Architecture, Gardens, History, Books
 Beatles final photo session – held at Tittenhurst Park in 1969
 IMDb – filming at Tittenhurst Park
 Terra Firma Landscape Architects

Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead
Country houses in Berkshire
Georgian architecture in England
Grade II listed buildings in Berkshire
Grade II listed houses
Houses completed in the 18th century
John Lennon
Yoko Ono
Ringo Starr
Sunninghill and Ascot

Tittenhurst Park


Eubena Nampitjin (July 1, 1921 – March 11, 2013) was an Australian Aboriginal painter. Born on the Canning Stock Route in remote Western Australia, she was the third of six children, and was taught to be a traditional healer by her mother; as a result she became one of the primary law women in the community. At a young age, she married Purungu Tjakata Tjapaltjarri, and had two daughters with him. She remained in the Aboriginal community until 1963, when she moved with the community to Balgo, Western Australia. After remarrying in the 1970s, she began working on a Kukatja dictionary alongside other Australian linguists; the work was published in 1992.

Nampitjin began painting in 1986, and her first works were presented at the Art from the Great Sandy Desert exhibition later that year. After the Warlayirti Artists organization was formed, her husband and daughters painted alongside her. Her work Kinyu, created in 1991, was noted by art historians as "metaphor for the surface of her country", as well as exemplifying a transitional period in which she moved away from a style in which dots were preferred to lines. In 1998, she won the Open Painting prize in the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Award.

Later in life, she returned to her native desert homeland, using that as a motif for her artwork. She continued to paint until her death in 2013.

References

1921 births
2013 deaths
Australian Aboriginal artists
Australian women artists
Artists from Western Australia

Eubena Nampitjin


Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Guillemet (June 30, 1843 in Chantilly (Oise) – May 19, 1918 in Mareuil-sur-Belle (Dordogne)) was a French renowned landscape painter and longtime Jury member of the Salon des Artistes Francais. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.

Biography

Antoine Guillemet born in Chantilly, in the Oise, he studied under Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Achille-François Oudinot (1820-1891), Charles-François Daubigny and Gustave Courbet.

Guillemet showed an early interest in sailing, a pursuit which was actively discouraged by his parents. He briefly studied law, but this too proved to be a false start. It was in 1859, when he received a commission from a local collector to copy Géricault's famous The Raft of the Medusa Musee d'Amiens, that Guillemet's career as an artist was launched.

Two years later, while still only twenty-one, Guillemet was introduced to Corot by Berthe Morisot. Like many of the young artists, Guillemet affectionately called Corot Papa and remained a lifelong admirer of the artist. This meeting led to Guillemet's studying with Corot's pupil Achille Oudinot, and it was through Oudinot, who had property at Auvers-sur-Oise, that Guillemet met Daubigny, Ernest Meissonier, Honoré Daumier, and Antoine-Louis Barye, among others. By 1864 Guillemet had also encountered Édouard Manet, Alfred Stevens, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet, Gustave Courbet, and Paul Cézanne and later, Henri Fantin-Latour, Edgar Degas and Jean-Frédéric Bazille. When Cézanne finally exhibited at the Salon in 1882, his entry described him as 'pupil of Guillemet'. It was Guillemet, in fact, who introduced Manet to Cézanne and who first took Émile Zola to Manet's studio.

Like almost every ambitious young artist Guillemet realized that he needed to make his mark at the Paris Salon, and in 1865 exhibited L'Etang de Bat (Isère). Just as Paris was important as a venue for the artist to exhibit, it also provided subjects for his brush. Ready to produce large works, unlike many of his contemporaries who sought a more immediate effect, he painted several views of the capital, often using the Seine with its bustling traffic as a central motif. At the Salon of 1874 Guillemet's ambitious entry was a nine-foot painting titled Bercy en décembre, which was praised by both critics and the public and which was promptly purchased by the state for the Musée du Luxembourg, then the national museum for contemporary art. This early success may also explain why the artist continued to show at the Salon instead of accepting the invitation of his friends to join them in exhibiting at the Impressionists shows. Guillemet continued to paint coastal scenes in Normandy, but buoyed by his initial success, he returned throughout his career to painting views of Paris, with several more works acquired by the state, encouraged by the consistent praise of his friend, Émile Zola.

In the Exposition Universelle (1889), celebrating the centennial of the French Revolution, Guillemet was represented by seven paintings, including Le Vieux Quai de Bercy and Paris, vue prise de Meudon. In 1891 Guillemet painted a view up the Seine from the sight of these pictures towards the eastern end of the Quai de Bercy titled Le quai de Bercy à Charenton, which was purchased by the Musée de la Ville de Paris, now the Musée Carnavalet and in the same year he produced the present picture, La Seine à Conflans-Charenton. His large-scale works also earned him the description as the 'grand bourgeois' of painting, and Manet's criticism that his style was sometimes "excessive". Nonetheless this series is an astonishing achievement, both a valuable record of the city as it was just before the turn of the century and a brilliant demonstration of the ability of a painter to capture the hustle and bustle of a great city while retaining a sense of light and atmosphere that is true to nature.

Between 1868 and 1869, he posed for Manet's painting The Balcony.

Paintings

Pupils
Guillemet's students included Paul Cézanne and Jules-Alexandre Grün.

References and sources
References

Sources

 Antoine Guillemet File, Documentation du Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
 Album Mariani: portraits, biographies, autographes / par A. Mariani; p. 126 Gallica BnF
 Paul Cézanne; Ambroise Vollard; Gallica BnF
 Dictionnaire universel des contemporains: contenant toutes les personnes notables de la France et des pays étrangers...: ouvrage rédigé et tenu à jour, avec le concours d'écrivains et de savants de tous les pays (Sixième éd. entièrement refondue et considérablement augmentée)/ par G. Vapereau; Gallica BnF
 GUILLEMET; cosmopolitanart.com

External links

 Works Antoine Guillemet in the museums of France; Joconde, culture.gouv.fr
 Works Antoine Guillemet in the museum Orsay, musee-orsay.fr
 Documentation du Musée d'Orsay, Paris; musee-orsay.fr
 Benezit Dictionary of Artists, 2006, site Oxford Index (subscription or library membership required)
 Recueil. Peintres contemporains - 1882, p.17 Gallica BnF
 Antoine Guillemet (1842-1918)  cahiers-naturalistes.com
 L'ensemble unique de la correspondance manuscrite, en grande partie inédite, d'Antoine Guillemet à Émile Zola, écrite entre 1867 et 1901.  camillesourget.com

19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
1843 births
1918 deaths
Landscape artists
French Realist painters
French Impressionist painters
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
19th-century French male artists

Antoine Guillemet


The Battle of Ras Kamboni was a battle in the Somalia War (2006–2009) fought by the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and affiliated militias against Ethiopian and the Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG) forces for control of Ras Kamboni (), a town near the Kenyan border which once served as a training camp for the militant Islamist group Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya.

The battle began on January 5, 2007, when TFG and Ethiopian forces launched their assault. On January 7, 2007, the United States entered the conflict by launching airstrikes using an AC-130 gunship against suspected Al Qaeda members operating within the ranks of the ICU. International concern and controversy arose over  civilian casualties in additional airstrikes around Ras Kamboni and in Afmadow province, and whether these were the result of U.S. actions or Ethiopian aircraft operating in the area. The town finally fell to the TFG and Ethiopian forces on January 12, 2007.

Background
U.S. security concerns in the Horn of Africa, particularly at Ras Kamboni, heightened after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. On December 16, 2001, Paul Wolfowitz said the U.S. was meeting with various Somali and Ethiopian contacts to "observe, survey possible escape routes, possible sanctuaries" for Al Qaeda operatives. On March 2, 2002 a briefing was held in the Pentagon discussing the possible use of Ras Kamboni by terrorist groups, including al-Ittihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI) and Al Qaeda. In December 2002, the U.S. established the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) to monitor developments in the region and to train local militaries in counterterrorism. When Ethiopian troops entered the Somalian conflict in December 2006, a small number of U.S. special forces accompanied them to give military advice and to track suspected al-Qaida fighters.

On December 28, 2006, withdrawal of the ICU to Ras Kamboni was reported as a possibility after the Fall of Mogadishu to Somali TFG and Ethiopian forces.

After their loss at the Battle of Jilib and the Fall of Kismayo on January 1, 2007, ICU fighters split into different groups, with some heading northwest towards Dhobley () and Afmadow, others moving to the remote, hilly areas of Buur Gaabo, and the remainder withdrawing southwest towards the peninsula town of Ras Kamboni.

On January 2, 2007, Ethiopian MiG jets began to patrol over Ras Kamboni but no attacks were reported.  U.S. Marines operating from Lamu, Kenya, were said to be assisting Kenyan forces patrolling the border with Somalia to intercept Islamists.

Unknown gunmen thought to be Somali Islamists fired shots at a Kenyan security helicopter patrolling near the border with Somalia. The helicopter was flying over the southeastern Kenyan border town of Hulugho. The report did not say if the aircraft was damaged but said gunmen fired small arms from the region of Ras Kamboni, the base for the fleeing Islamists.

The United States Fifth Fleet's Carrier Strike Group 8, along with the British-led multinational maritime task force, Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150), based out of Bahrain are patrolling off the Somali coast to prevent terrorists from launching an "attack or to transport personnel, weapons or other material", said Commander Kevin Aandahl. The U.S. ships deployed to the area include the USS Ramage guided missile destroyer, the USS Bunker Hill and USS Anzio guided missile cruisers, the USS Ashland amphibious landing ship and the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower aircraft carrier.

Battle

January 5
On January 5, 2007, TFG Defense Minister Colonel Barre Aden Shirre Hiiraale announced: "Today we will launch a massive assault on the Islamic courts militias. We will use infantry troops and fighter jets... They have dug huge trenches around Ras Kamboni but have only two options: to drown in the sea or to fight and die."

January 6
Fighting continued January 6 in the forests south of Kismayo near the Kenyan border, where it was reported the Islamists were holding out armed with over 100 technicals.

January 8

On January 8, 2007, Col. Hiraale announced TFG and Ethiopian forces were close to entering Ras Kamboni after two days of fierce battles.

Premature reports came of the fall of Ras Kamboni. One was from TFG member Abdirashid Hidig. A second came from a TFG military divisional commander, Abdirisak Afgadud (alternately spelled Abdulrasaq Afgebub): "Our forces accompanied by our Ethiopian friends have totally cracked down on the remnants of the Islamists in the border area." Defense Minister Hiraale corrected and clarified the reports, saying fighting was ongoing. 50 wounded Ethiopian troops were reported evacuated by helicopter.

To the north of Ras Kamboni, elsewhere in Badhadhe province, an Ethiopian force intercepted Islamist forces in the area of the Kenyan border town of Amuma, Garissa district. Seven vehicles were destroyed. A platoon of Kenyan border police were in the area to enforce the border closure. In Afmadow province, Ethiopia launched airstrikes against targets near Afmadow and Dhobley.

Also on January 8, it was reported that an AC-130 gunship belonging to the United States military had attacked a suspected Al-Qaeda operative, along with other Islamist fighters, on Badmadow Island (possibly the island located at ) near Ras Kamboni in southern Somalia the day before (January 7). The aircraft flew out of its base in Djibouti. The U.S. reported 8 - 10 deaths, mostly Somalis, but the identity of the dead or wounded was not yet established. Reports said DNA testing was being done to establish identities but U.S. sources denied that the top al-Qaida targets were among those killed. "The U.S. were trying to kill the al-Qaeda terrorists who carried out the bomb attacks on their embassies in Kenya and Tanzania", Deputy Prime Minister Hussein Aideed told The Associated Press. "They have our full support for the attacks."

The targeted leaders were tracked by the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as they headed south from Mogadishu starting on December 28.  It was also reported the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower had been moved into striking distance.

January 9

On January 9, a second AC-130 strike was reported at Hayo (also Xayo or Hayi, approx. Lat 0º28' N, Long 41º49' E) on the road between the provincial capital of Afmadow and Dhobley (Doble) near the Kenyan border. Later more reports stated that more than 50, mostly Islamist leaders, have died in U.S. air strikes. A strike by two unidentified attack helicopters was also reported hitting near Afmadow (). Somali Defense Ministry personnel stated this was a third U.S. attack, but eyewitness accounts could not establish the nationality of the helicopters. Unconfirmed reports claimed the attacks killed 31 civilians. It was later asserted by a U.S. military official the helicopters may have been Ethiopian Mi-24 Hinds. This would not have been the first case of off-target airstrikes for the Ethiopian attack helicopters. On January 3, they had attacked Harehare village, across the Kenyan border, mistaking it for Islamist positions at the town of Dhobley.

January 10

On January 10, Defense Department spokesman Bryan Whitman identified Somalia as part of the war on terror: "As we pursue the war on terror we will seek out, attempt to identify, locate, capture and if necessary kill terrorists and to thwart their activities." A second planned attack was reportedly called off after losing track of the target.

Also on this day, a pair of reports arose which were covered widely in the media, but later contradicted by U.S. sources.

The first was a report by Somali presidential chief of staff, Abdirizak Hassan, who stated the U.S. airstrikes had killed Al Qaeda member Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, and leaders of the Islamic Courts Union including Abduallahi Moalim Ali (former chief of security for Mogadishu), Abdirahman Janaqow, and a third unidentified person. The bodies had reportedly been recovered by Ethiopian military personnel. This report was refuted the next day by a confidential U.S. source, who said the hunt for the three Al Qaeda members continues, though it was not mentioned whether the other ICU leaders mentioned were alive or dead.

The second report mentioned at least four more AC-130 airstrikes targeted Ras Kamboni. Other sites were also said to have been targeted by U.S. aircraft around southern Somalia. Somali politician Abdirashid Mohamed Hidig toured the area by helicopter and spoke of 50 killed in the attacks. He said additional targets hit include Hayo, Garer, Bankajirow and Badmadowe. Clan elder Haji Farah Qorshel claimed 64 people were killed and 100 wounded around Afmadow in three days of attacks. However, confidential sources denied the additional attacks were made by the U.S.  Ethiopian aircraft are also known to be operating in the combat area.

January 11

On January 11, the American ambassador to Kenya said that the U.S. claimed Al-Qaeda suspect Fazul Abdullah Mohammed was actually still alive and that none of the Al-Qaeda members were killed in the air attack but some members of the ICU were killed. Later in the day, anonymous U.S. sources stated that U.S. forces from the CIA's elite Special Activities Division were on the ground in Somalia targeting and then identifying the persons who had been killed in the gunship attack.

January 12

On January 12, TFG Defense Minister Barre Aden Shirre Hiiraale announced Ras Kamboni had fallen to the Somali government and Ethiopian forces after five days of heavy fighting. Remnants of the Islamist forces were being pursued into the nearby forests and fighting would continue. A small team of U.S. forces investigated the site of the U.S. gunship attack to search for information about the identity and fate of the targeted individuals.

January 17
Theresa Whelan, U.S. deputy assistant secretary of defense for African affairs, in a press conference said she believed the raid killed eight soldiers of Aden Hashi Farah Ayro, head of an Islamist militia. Ayro was believed to have been wounded in the attack and perhaps killed.

See also
Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa
Special Activities Division

References

Conflicts in 2007
2007 in Ethiopia
2007 in Somalia
Battles involving Ethiopia
Battles involving Somalia
Battles involving the United States
Battles involving the United Kingdom
War on terror
January 2007 events in Africa
Battles of the Somalia War (2006–2009)
Battles in 2007
Battles involving the Islamic Courts Union

Battle of Ras Kamboni


For the Ford Fusion sold in Europe, see Ford Fusion (Europe).

The American Ford Fusion is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2005 to 2020 starting with the 2006 model year. It is sold in the Americas. The first generation model was produced from the 2006 to 2012 model years with a facelift in early 2009 as a 2010 model. The second
generation model launched in late 2012 as a 2013 model and was facelifted in Spring 2016 as a 2017 model. Ford discontinued the Fusion in 2020 without a replacement due to more people buying crossovers and SUVs.

Fusion (Americas)
2000s automobiles

Ford Fusion (Americas)


Koi Kei Bakery (; ) is a chain of food souvenir shops based in Macau. The bakery is most famous for its peanut brittle and almond biscuits, but also sells beef jerky, ginger candy, egg rolls, and other pastries and snack products. It has a 74.4% share of the pastry souvenir market in Macau. Koi Kei currently operates 21 stores in Macau, and operates branches in Hong Kong and Singapore.

History

Koi Kei was founded by Leoung Chan-Kuong, an immigrant from Foshan, China, who initially started selling peanut brittle and ginger candy on a pushcart in Macau.  Leoung's new business did not receive much support from his family, so he had to resort to selling his apartment and borrowing from friends to collect the  required to start the business.  In 1997, he purchased and opened Koi Kei's first store. Leoung frequently crossed paths with triad gangsters, who sought to eliminate industry competition by setting fire to his shop. The company began distributing internationally in 2004.

Advertising
In 2007, Hong Kong food critic Chua Lam filmed an advertisement for Koi Kei in Macau. He was filmed holding an almond biscuit, taking a bite, and saying: "Koi Kei almond biscuit, when eaten it has a biscuit flavour. () The ad triggered a viral response online, causing the phrase "when eaten it has a biscuit flavour" () to become synonymous with the Koi Kei brand.

Sponsorships
Since 2010, Koi Kei has sponsored many TVB productions such as Gun Metal Grey and Lord of Shanghai. The 2013 TVB drama Brother's Keeper is based on the story of Koi Kei bakery. Edwin Siu was cast as a character based on Leong Chan-Kuong, the company's founder, and Kristal Tin was cast as Koi Kei's general manager. Edwin Siu has since become a brand ambassador for Koi Kei.

Mainland China trademark issues
In recent years there have been many cases where the Koi Kei trademark was being fraudulently used in Mainland China and other places. Koi Kei has since brought the issue to the Chinese courts. Although the company has been to China for many exhibitions, the company has not expanded into Mainland China. These issues were depicted in the 28th episode of the TVB drama Brother's Keeper.

Around 2008, Koi Kei applied for an international trademark, which failed only in Mainland China because there was another food company in Macau that applied for the "Koi Kei" trademark ahead of Koi Kei Bakery. As the Koi Kei trademark had already been registered in all other countries, the Mainland China trademark holder found it difficult to compete with Koi Kei Bakery. Koi Kei ultimately spent over 1,000,000 to acquire its trademark rights in Mainland China.

References

External links

Bakeries of China
food and drink companies of Macau
1997_establishments_in_Macau

Koi Kei Bakery


Ewen (or Ewan) Cameron may refer to:

People in Scottish Clan Cameron

Ewen MacAllan Cameron, 10th Chief, see Chiefs of Clan Cameron
Ewen 'Beag' Cameron of Lochiel, 14th Chief, see Chiefs of Clan Cameron
Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel (1629–1719), 17th Chief

Politicians
Ewen Hugh Cameron (1831–1915), member for Evelyn in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1874 to 1914
Ewen Cameron (Victorian politician) (1860–1906), member for Portland (1900–1904) and Glenelg (1904–1906) in the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Ewen Paul Cameron (1891–1964), member for East Yarra Province in the Victorian Legislative Council 1948–1964 and Health Minister
Ewen Cameron (Australian politician) (born 1930), former Australian federal MP, member for Indi 1977–1993

Other people
Sir Ewen Cameron, 1st Baronet (1740–1828), of Cameron baronets, of Fassiefern
Ewen Cameron (banker) (1841–1908), Scots-born Chairman of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Ewen Cameron, Baron Cameron of Dillington (born 1949), member of the House of Lords
Ewen Cameron (cricketer) (1921–1997), New Zealand cricketer
Ewen Cameron (presenter) (born 1973), Scottish radio DJ and television presenter
Ewen Cameron (soldier) (1811–1843), Scots-born Texan Army officer
Ewen Donald Cameron (born 1926), Anglican prelate in Australia
Ewen Wallace Cameron (1816–1876), Australian businessman

See also
 Donald Ewen Cameron (1901–1967), Scottish-born psychiatrist
Ewan Cameron (1922–1991), Scottish physician
Ewan Cameron (fl. 2000s), Scottish television critic for the Evening Express
Ewan Cameron (fl. 2000s), Scottish architect and designer of Capel Manor, Kent

Ewen Cameron


Otto Emanuel Olsson (19 December 1879 – 1 September 1964) was a Swedish organist and classical music composer.

Life and career
Olsson, a native of Stockholm, was one of the most renowned organ virtuosos of his time. He studied organ with August Lagergren (1848−1908) and composition with Joseph Dente (1838−1905), both teachers having been employed at the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. Later Olsson himself joined the faculty there, becoming teacher of harmony (1908–24) and then organ (1924–45).  Meanwhile he was also the organist at the Gustaf Vasa Church in Stockholm. He became a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Music in 1915.

Olsson used his strong background in counterpoint, combined with an affinity for French organ music, to develop his late Romantic style of composition. He also had an interest in early music and, though not a Catholic but a Lutheran, used the plainchant techniques of Gregorian chant in his Gregorianska melodier. At times he explored polytonality in his output, an advancement not found in other Swedish compositions of the time. In addition to many fine pieces for the organ, he produced various choral works, the most often performed of which is his setting of the Te Deum, which requires not only chorus but string orchestra, harp, and organ.

As a teacher, Olsson influenced many Swedish musicians (especially church musicians), and he was important in the development of church music in Sweden, which had suffered a long period of decline before 1900. His activities included serving as a member of official committees that supervised the liturgy and hymnology. He also composed Psalm settings for congregational use and wrote two instructional books, on the art of choral singing and psalm singing respectively.

He died in Stockholm in 1964, aged 84.

Works

Choral
Advents och julsånger, for mixed choir and organ (1917)
Advent
Julsång
Gammal julvisa
Davids 121 psalm
Nyårspsalm
Guds Son är fødd (bearbetning af folkvisa)
Det brinner en stjärna i Österland
Jungfru Marias lovsång
Gregorianska melodier (Six Gregorian Melodies), Op. 30 (1910)
Sex latinska hymner (Six Latin Hymns), for a cappella choir, Op. 40 (1919)
Psalmus CXX
Canticum Simeonis
Psalmus CX
Jesu dulcis memoria
Ave Maris Stella
Rex gloriose martyrum
Three Latin Choruses
Jesu corona celsior (for Uppsala Domkyrkas Gosskör)
Auctor beate saeculi
Aeterne Rex altissime
Folksong arrangements and other works for male chorus
Requiem op.13 (1903)

Organ
Miniatyrer, Op. 5 (c.1895-1900)
Five Canons, Op. 18 (1903-1910)
Suite in G, Op. 20
Credo Symphoniacum (1918)
Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Vi lofva dig, o store Gud", Op. 29 ("for white keys", or phrygian mode)
12 orgelstycken över koralmotiv, Op. 36
Organ Sonata in E major, Op. 38
Preludium and fugue in C-sharp minor, Op. 39 (1910)
Variations on "Ave maris stella", Op. 42
5 Trios, Op. 44 (?1911)
Credo symphoniacum, Op. 50 (1925)
Preludium and fugue in F-sharp minor, Op. 52 (1918)
Preludium and fugue in D-sharp minor, Op. 56 (1935)

Orchestra
Symphony in G minor, Op. 11 (1901-1902)
Requiem in G minor, Op. 13 (1903, first performance Stockholm, Nov. 1976)
Te Deum, Op. 25 (1906)

Chamber music
Piano Quintet in A Major, Op. 1
String Quartet, Op. 10
String Quartet No. 2 (1906)
String Quartet No. 3 (1947)

Footnotes

References

External links

 Torvald Torén plays organ works by Otto Olsson

1879 births
1964 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century Swedish musicians
Composers for pipe organ
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music
Royal College of Music, Stockholm alumni
Academic staff of the Royal College of Music, Stockholm
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers

Otto Olsson


B&B was a single series British television children's programme, broadcast in 1992, following the lives of a father and daughter and their struggle to make their newly established bed and breakfast business work.

Produced by Thames Television, the show was originally broadcast on CITV and starred Kevin Whately, better known for his performance as Lewis in Inspector Morse, and the Scottish actress Katy Murphy.

Plot
The series started with Steve Shepherd, played by Whately, being fired from his job in a local architectural firm for disagreeing with his boss' (Ian McNeice) blueprints for a local amusement arcade. Unemployed and with a daughter, Alice, to care for, Shepherd decides to turn his large home into a B&B for financial support. Shepherd's former boss, Horace Gilbert, becomes aware after his dismissal that Shepherd's house lies right in the middle of his proposed development site and that the removal of his former employee and his home is needed to go ahead with construction. Meanwhile, Shepherd's B&B is doing well and one of his guests, Billie Golden, a street busker (played by Katy Murphy), reveals to him that she has no money and cannot pay her bill.  In an attempt to help her, Shepherd offers her continued room and board for an unpaid working position at the B&B.

When Gilbert's legitimate attempts to remove Shepherd from his house fail he moves onto Billie, offering her her dream motorbike in return for flooding the B&B and rendering it uninhabitable. When this backfires, he decides to resort to arson and attempts to burn the property to the ground. However, his secretary finds out what he is planning and realises he has gone too far. She reports him to the police and he is arrested in the act.

External links

1992 television films
1992 films
1990s English-language films
British television films
ITV children's television shows
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows produced by Thames Television

B&B (TV series)


Craig Stockwell (b. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1952) is a visual artist who paints large, colorful, abstract paintings. He served (2013-20) as the Director of the MFA in Visual Arts program at the New Hampshire Institute of Art.

Early life

Originally from Massachusetts, Stockwell began his studies at Dartmouth College and then earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) in Art from the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) in 1975. At RISD Stockwell studied with noted glass artist Dale Chihuly and later went on to work in glass in Minneapolis, in Boulder, Colorado, and in Boston. Stockwell relocated and lived in New York City for many years, before moving to Spain in 1986 and then Keene, New Hampshire, in 1988 where he currently resides with his wife.

Stockwell earned a Master of Education (M.Ed.) degree from Antioch University (1991) and his Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.) degree in Art from the Vermont College of Fine Arts (2000).

Career

In the 1980s Stockwell's conceptually based sculptural installations were exhibited widely in New York including at PS1 (Museum of Modern Art) and in "Sculpture at the Coliseum" a group show of eight sculptors that also included Louise Bourgeois, Mark di Suvero, Jackie Ferrara, Alan Saret, and others. Stockwell's work has been reviewed in The New York Times, The Village Voice, Newsday, The Soho News, and the Boston Globe. He has been interviewed and profiled in publications such as Hyperallergic. He has also written criticism for Brooklyn Rail, Art New England, and other publications.

Stockwell's drawings and paintings have been included in solo exhibitions at the Nielsen Gallery in Boston, the Boston Center for the Arts, Marlboro College, New England College, the Fitchburg Museum, the Southern Vermont Arts Center in Manchester, Vermont, and McGowan Fine Art in Concord, New Hampshire. His work is in the collections of Fidelity Investments, Wellington Management, Alliance Capital, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, where he participated in the 2003 exhibition "Visions and Revisions: Works on Paper 1960 to the Present," curated by Clifford Ackley. He was awarded a New Hampshire Independent Artists Grant in 2001 and a Sharpe-Walentas Fellowship in 2013.

In 2016 Stockwell was one of only 12 artists invited to participate in the DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park's deCordova 2016 New England Biennial.

Stockwell teaches at MassArt (MFA) and Lesley University (MFA). He has taught at Keene State College, Marlboro College, Union Institute and University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts. He was represented by Genovese/Sullivan in Boston. In 2022 he initiated and directed the Social Practice Artist's Residency (Keene, NH). The pilot program featured artist Roz Crews for the month of October. The work produced was, "when no one is there to witness how it feels."

External links

References

1952 births
Living people
Artists from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Rhode Island School of Design alumni
American installation artists
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
Abstract painters

Craig Stockwell


The Liyuan or Pear Garden was the first known royal performing arts and musical academy in China. Founded during the Tang dynasty by Emperor Xuanzong (712–755), it is an example of an early institutional academy of performing arts and music.

The Tang dynasty (618–907) is sometimes known as "The Age of 1000 Entertainments". Emperor Xuanzong (also known as Ming Huang) established schools in the palace city Chang'an (now Xi'an) for performances in music, dancing, and acting. Three hundred musicians and performers were trained annually under the supervision of the emperor, who sometimes joined in the training as well as the performances. The Liyuan/Pear Garden, so named after the pear trees planted inside, was an acting school established to produce a form of drama that was primarily musical, although this suffered from the vicissitudes of the An Lushan Rebellion. Performers were commonly called "Liyuan Disciples/Children of the Pear Garden", and in later dynasties the phrase "Liyuan/Pear Garden" has been used to refer to the world of Chinese opera in general.

In Japan, the Rien refers to the Kabuki society.

See also
Chinese garden
Music Bureau
Kabuki

References

External links
 Pear Garden in Encyclopædia Britannica

Chinese opera
Performing arts education in China
History of education in China
Kabuki

Pear Garden


Kim Conley (born 14 March 1986 in Slough, United Kingdom) is an American track and field athlete, who competes in middle and long distance track events. She finished in third place at the 2012 U.S. Olympic Trials to qualify for the 2012 Olympics in the 5,000 meters, where she finished twelfth in her heat.

She made her second U.S Olympic team in the 5,000m, where she finished 12th in the first round of competition.

High school
Running for Montgomery High School in Santa Rosa, California, Conley was not even the best on her team, that position being held by Sara Bei, the CIF California State Meet Champion at 3200 meters during her freshman year.  By her senior year, she managed to get to the State Meet, qualifying in both the 3,200 meters and the 1600 meters, but foregoing the longer race to try to make the final in the 1,600 meters.  However, she was only the 19th best qualifier, well behind Anne St. Geme (daughter of American Junior 3,000 meters record holder Ceci Hopp).

College
Conley ran track and cross country at UC Davis and was a volunteer assistant coach for the Aggies through 2014. She was the 2004 Division I Independent cross country champion in 17:07 as a freshman, then added her second All Division I Independent honor by placing seventh the following year as a sophomore.

In 2008, Conley helped make program history by becoming the first UC Davis Aggie to qualify for the NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships. She earned All-West Region with her 12th-place showing at the regional, earning her the berth at the national meet. Conley earned all-conference or equivalent honors three times. Conley captured All Big West Conference accolades with a seventh-place showing. Conley was UC Davis' top runner in all 4 meets as a freshman, all 7 meets as a sophomore, all 5 meets as a junior, and every meet as a senior.

Conley's time of 16:17.51 set at the 2008 NCAA Track and Field West Regional in the 5,000 meters stands as a school record and her mark of 4:22.17 in the 1,500 meters currently ranks her No. 2 on UC Davis' all-time ledger. Conley is ninth in the UC Davis outdoor 800 meters (2:10.73) and the UC Davis outdoor 3,000 meters (9:45.85) lists and owns the UC Davis indoor 3,000 meters record with a time of 9:19.16.

2012 USATF Olympic Trials
Conley qualified for the finals of the 5000 metres at the 2012 United States Olympic Trials, but did not have the 'A' standard time meaning that even if she won the trials she would not qualify for the 2012 Olympics.  During the race Julia Lucas pushed the pace, but Lucas faded at the end of the race. Conley passed Lucas in the final meter, where she defeated Lucas by 4/100ths of a second and surpassed the 'A' standard by 21/100ths of a second.

2012 London Olympics
Conley ran 15:14.48 for the semifinals of the Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 5000 metres.

2013 US Outdoor Championships
2013 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships 5000m on 23 June 2013; 4th place; 15:37.80

2013 World Championships
Conley qualified for the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.
IAAF World Championships 5000m final on 17 August 2013 ; 12th place; 15:36.58
IAAF World Championships 5000m prelim on 14 August 2013 ; 5th place; 15:27.35

2014 US Outdoor Championships
After pushing the pace for the last 8 laps, Conley was passed in the last 200 meters by Jordan Hasay.  But Conley came back and outsprinted Hasay in the last 100 meters to win the 10,000 meters title in 32:02.07 on June 26.

2014 Road Racing
Kim Conley placed 2nd in 1:15:41 on October 26, 2014 at Healdsburg Wine Country Half Marathon.

2015 Road Racing
Kim Conley won the USATF 2015 USA Half Marathon Championship in Houston, Texas on Sunday, January 18, 2015.

2016 Rio Games
Kim Conley on December 6, 2015 ran 31:58.54 at Hornet Stadium (Sacramento), Sacramento State University to meet the 2016 Olympic Standard.

She ran 15:09 at the UW Invite 5K for her 5000m olympic standard. On 27 May 2016, Kim ran 15:10.69 5000 m at Prefontaine Classic.

At the U.S. Olympic Trials, she ran 15:10.62, initially securing the 3rd spot for the 5,000m, but ended up with the second spot after Molly Huddle gave up her top spot to focus on the 10,000m.

In the 2016 Olympic Games, Conley finished 12th in the 1st round of the 5,000m in 15:34.39.

2017 US Outdoor Championship

References

Living people
1986 births
American female long-distance runners
American female middle-distance runners
University of California, Davis alumni
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Slough
Sportspeople from Santa Rosa, California
Track and field athletes from California
Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games track and field athletes for the United States
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
21st-century American women

Kim Conley


The waveguide D band is the range of radio frequencies from 110 GHz to 170 GHz in the electromagnetic spectrum, corresponding to the recommended frequency band of operation of the WR6 and WR7 waveguides. These frequencies are equivalent to wavelengths between 2.7 mm and 1.8 mm. The D band is in the EHF range of the radio spectrum.

References

Radio spectrum

D band (waveguide)


The Battle of Francavilla was fought on 20 June 1719 near the city of Francavilla di Sicilia in Sicily, Italy between Spain and Austria as part of the War of the Quadruple Alliance.

Prelude
After the destruction of the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Cape Passaro in August 1718, the invading army of 30,000 men under the Marquis of Lede were isolated on the island of Sicily. In 1718, the Austrians still had most of their troops in the Balkans until the conclusion of the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18 in the Treaty of Passarowitz on 21 July 1718.

A first Austrian attempt to attack the Spanish from Naples had failed, when they were defeated in the Battle of Milazzo on 15 October 1718.
They did succeed to hold a small bridgehead around Milazzo.

By June 1719 the Austrians had moved an experienced army of 24,000 men under the Count de Mercy from the Balkans to the south of Italy, where they were sailed across the Messina Strait by the British fleet.

The Spanish had abandoned the siege of Milazzo and pulled back to a more favorable position around the village of Francavilla di Sicilia, where they were covered by a river and a monastery on a hill.

The battle
On the morning of 22 June, the Austrians attacked the fortified Spanish positions in three columns. The first column attacked the fortified village of Francavilla three times, but was pushed back every time. The second column succeeded in conquering the trenches on the foot of the monastery hill, but were stopped by the second Spanish line. The Count de Mercy was wounded in this phase of the battle. The third column attacked the Spanish left flank, drove them off the San Juan hill, but were themselves pushed back under heavy Spanish fire and had to take cover in a crevice, suffering many casualties including general Holstein, who led the attack.

The Spanish artillery under the Marquis of Villadarias played a crucial role during the battle, causing many casualties and confusion in the Austrian army.

The battle raged until evening, when a counterattack by the Spanish cavalry removed all hopes of an Austrian victory. The Austrians withdrew, leaving 3,100 dead and wounded. The Spanish losses were 2,000 dead and wounded.

Aftermath
The Marquis de Lede didn't pursue the Austrians, giving them the opportunity to recover from this defeat. The Austrians later besieged Messina, which fell after 9 enemy attacks.
The war continued until the peace was signed in the Treaty of The Hague (1720) on 17 February 1720. The Spanish troops had to evacuate Sicily, and were transported back to Spain by the British Navy. The island of Sicily became an Austrian possession.

References

Bibliography
Chandler, David G. The Art of Warfare in the Age of Marlborough. Spellmount Limited, (1990).
BATALLA DE FRANCAVILLA (20 de junio de 1719)

Battles involving Spain
Battles involving Austria
Military history of Sicily
Conflicts in 1719
1719 in Europe
Battles of the War of the Quadruple Alliance
18th century in the Kingdom of Sicily
1719 in Italy

Battle of Francavilla


Speedwell Ironworks was an ironworks in Speedwell Village, on Speedwell Avenue (part of U.S. Route 202), just north of downtown Morristown, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. At this site Alfred Vail and Samuel Morse first demonstrated their electric telegraph.  Speedwell Ironworks also provided most of the machinery for the SS Savannah, the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The site is still open to the public, and has seven buildings on display. The site, now named Historical Speedwell, is a historic site of the Morris County Park Commission.  It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.

History
Situated at a natural gorge of the Whippany River, several hydraulic powered forges existed, predating the establishment of the ironworks by Stephen Vail and two business partners. Vail became sole owner of the works in 1815 and expanded it, producing a variety of agricultural and industrial machinery. The ironworks innovated the first durable iron tire for railroad locomotives in January 1836. With changing industrial trends and a decline in the flow of the Whippany River, the ironworks were shut down in 1873, its equipment being sold to ironworks in Brooklyn and Coatbridge, Scotland. The remains of the Ironworks buildings burned in 1908, and the property is now a public park.

Stephen Vail also bought an adjacent  lot to which he eventually retreated in 1844 for an active retirement. The Vail Homestead or Speedwell Village, as it is sometimes known, is the site of Historic Speedwell, a National Historic Landmark, part of the Morris County Park Commission. The site is set up as an open-air 19th century estate, complete with residential buildings, a granary and two carriage houses. The site is currently open to the public, with 19th century ironworking materials and historical artifacts about communication on exhibit.

Today, the site is maintained as a public park and museum by the Morris County Park Commission. It includes nine buildings furnished to depict life at Speedwell during the early 19th century. The Vail House, a historic house museum restored to 1840s period style, possesses some original family furniture and Vail memorabilia.  The Wheel House houses an operational  overshot waterwheel. The Homestead Carriage House houses an exhibit on the SS Savannah, the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, with an engine built at the Speedwell Ironworks, and an exhibit about the history of the ironworks.  The Ford Cottage is a 19th-century saltbox cottage, the Moses Estey House is an 18th-century Georgian mansion, and the early 19th century L'Hommedieu-Gwinnup House houses changing exhibits and education space. On exhibit in the factory buildings are 19th century ironworking materials and historical artifacts of communication.

Speedwell Village was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974, preserving seven buildings.  The designation was made in recognition of the role the facility and its proprietors the Vails played in the development of the telegraph.

Telegraph
The old factory building on the grounds of the ironworks was constructed by Stephen Vail for hobby purposes upon his retirement. It is the site of the first public demonstration of the Morse electromagnetic telegraph on January 11, 1838. Although Morse and Alfred Vail had conducted most of the research and development in the ironworks facilities, they chose the factory house for demonstration. Without the repeater, the range of the telegraph was limited to two miles (3 km). The inventors had pulled two miles (3 km) of wires inside the factory house for the demonstration. The first public transmission was witnessed by a mostly local crowd.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Morris County, New Jersey
List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
List of museums in New Jersey
Electric Telegraph

References

External links

 American Memory by the Library of Congress
 Traveler's photos of Historic Speedwell
 Some historic photos of the Speedwell Factories and Speedwell Village from The North Jersey History and Genealogy Center/Morristown & Morris Township Public Library
 Morris Tourism Bureau Historic Speedwell
 Morris Parks Official Webpage for Historic Speedwell
 Historic factory building

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
Industrial buildings completed in 1837
Industry museums in New Jersey
Technology museums in New Jersey
Museums in Morris County, New Jersey
Communications in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Morris County, New Jersey
Morristown, New Jersey
Ironworks and steel mills in the United States

Speedwell Ironworks


Labour Zionism is a political ideology that supports Socialism and Zionism at the same time and believes to have one you need the other. It's associated with the kibbutz movement in Israel which was based on Communalism.  Labour Zionism was supported by Israel's first Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and by his successors Moshe Sharett, Levi Eshkol, Yigal Allon, Golda Meir, Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres. The first Prime Minister of Israel who wasn't a Labour Zionist was Menachem Begin, the creator of the Likud Party. Benjamin Netanyahu was known for opposing Labour Zionism when he worked for Ariel Sharon and trying to end Israel's Socialism.

Zionism

Labor Zionism


Le Fils de Gascogne (Gascogne's Son) is a French film directed by Pascal Aubier from a scenario by Patrick Modiano and Pascal Aubier, released on 8 May 1996.

The adventures of Harvey, guide of a group of Georgian singers in Paris, and Dinara their interpreter, are used as a framework to provide a fantastic and nostalgic evocation of the cinema of the 1960s.

Synopsis
Harvey, a timid provincial young man, accommodate a troop of Georgian choristers accompanied by Dinara, their interpreter (a quarter Russian: "my father is Tatar, my mother is half Russian, half Jewish"), and acts as their guide in Paris.

In a restaurant,a customer joins the singers and claims to recognize Harvey as the son of a script writer named Gascogne, who died twenty-five years earlier in an automobile accident. Marco, one of his friends, tries to profit from this situation, made all the easier as Harvey was born from an unknown father. He tries to find the reels of a film which Gascogne made just before his death in order to sell them to a collector.

During this search, he introduces a group of 1960s stars to the two young people, despite the initial scepticism of Harvey and the growing mistrust of Dinara.

Cast
 Grégoire Colin (Harvey)
 Dinara Droukarova (Dinara)
 Jean-Claude Dreyfus (Marco)
 László Szabó (the restaurant client)
 Pascal Bonitzer (Hiblen, the authorised representative)
As themselves
 Yves Afonso
 Anémone
 Stéphane Audran
 Jean Benguigui
 Jean-Claude Brialy
 Claude Chabrol
 Michel Deville
 Stéphane Freiss
 Otar Iosseliani
 Bernadette Lafont
 Valérie Lalonde
 Richard Leacock
 Patrice Leconte
 Macha Méril
 Bulle Ogier
 Marie-France Pisier
 Jean Rouch
 Alexandra Stewart
 Marina Vlady
 etc.

References

External links

French musical comedy-drama films
1996 films
1990s French films

Le Fils de Gascogne


Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (, ; 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power and is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane. He invented the voltaic pile in 1799, and reported the results of his experiments in 1800 in a two-part letter to the president of the Royal Society. With this invention Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. Volta's invention sparked a great amount of scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar experiments, which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry.

Volta also drew admiration from Napoleon Bonaparte for his invention, and was invited to the Institute of France to demonstrate his invention to the members of the institute. Throughout his life, Volta enjoyed a certain amount of closeness with the emperor who conferred upon him numerous honours.

Volta held the chair of experimental physics at the University of Pavia for nearly 40 years and was widely idolised by his students. Despite his professional success, Volta was inclined towards domestic life and this was more apparent in his later years when he tended to live secluded from public life and more for the sake of his family. He died in 1827 from a series of illnesses which began in 1823. The SI unit of electric potential is named the volt in his honour.

Personal life
Volta was born in Como, a town in northern Italy, on 18 February 1745. His father, Filippo Volta, was of noble lineage. His mother, Donna Maddalena, came from the family of the Inzaghis. In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady also from Como, Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons: Zanino, Flaminio, and Luigi.

Career

In 1774, he became a professor of physics at the Royal School in Como. A year later, he improved and popularised the electrophorus, a device that produced static electricity. His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating on the same principle was described in 1762 by the Swedish experimenter Johan Wilcke. In 1777, he travelled through Switzerland, where he befriended H. B. de Saussure.

In the years between 1776 and 1778, Volta studied the chemistry of gases. He researched and discovered methane after reading a paper by Benjamin Franklin of the United States on "flammable air". In November 1776, he found methane in the marshes of Angera on Lake Maggiore, and by 1778 he managed to isolate it. He devised experiments such as the ignition of methane by an electric spark in a closed vessel.

Volta also studied what we now call electrical capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential difference (V) and charge (Q), and discovering that for a given object, they are proportional. This is called Volta's Law of Capacitance, and for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt.

In 1779, he became a professor of experimental physics at the University of Pavia, a chair that he occupied for almost 40 years. Volta's lectures were so crowded with students that the subsequent emperor Joseph II ordered the construction (based on a project by Leopold Pollack) of a new "physical theater", today the "Aula Volta". Furthermore, the emperor granted Volta substantial funding to equip the physics cabinet with instruments, purchased by Volta in England and France. At the University History Museum of the University of Pavia there are 150 of them, used by Alessandro Volta.

Volta and Galvani

Luigi Galvani, an Italian physicist, discovered something he named, "animal electricity" when two different metals were connected in series with a frog's leg and to one another. Volta realised that the frog's leg served as both a conductor of electricity (what we would now call an electrolyte) and as a detector of electricity. He also understood that the frog's legs were irrelevant to the electric current, which was caused by the two differing metals. He replaced the frog's leg with brine-soaked paper, and detected the flow of electricity by other means familiar to him from his previous studies.
In this way he discovered the electrochemical series, and the law that the electromotive force (emf) of a galvanic cell, consisting of a pair of metal electrodes separated by electrolyte, is the difference between their two electrode potentials (thus, two identical electrodes and a common electrolyte give zero net emf). This may be called Volta's Law of the electrochemical series.

In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Galvani, Volta invented the voltaic pile, an early electric battery, which produced a steady electric current. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was zinc and copper. Initially he experimented with individual cells in series, each cell being a wine goblet filled with brine into which the two dissimilar electrodes were dipped. The voltaic pile replaced the goblets with cardboard soaked in brine.

Early battery

In announcing his discovery of the voltaic pile, Volta paid tribute to the influences of William Nicholson, Tiberius Cavallo, and Abraham Bennet.

The battery made by Volta is credited as one of the first electrochemical cells. It consists of two electrodes: one made of zinc, the other of copper. The electrolyte is either sulfuric acid mixed with water or a form of saltwater brine. The electrolyte exists in the form  and . Zinc metal, which is higher in the electrochemical series than both copper and hydrogen, is oxidized to zinc cations (Zn2+) and creates electrons that move to the copper electrode. The positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) capture electrons from the copper electrode, forming bubbles of hydrogen gas, H2. This makes the zinc rod the negative electrode and the copper rod the positive electrode.
Thus, there are two terminals, and an electric current will flow if they are connected. The chemical reactions in this voltaic cell are as follows:

Zinc:

Sulfuric acid:

Copper metal does not react, but rather it functions as a catalyst for the hydrogen-gas formation and an electrode for the electric current. The sulfate anion () does not undergo any chemical reaction either, but migrates to the zinc anode to compensate for the charge of the zinc cations formed there.
However, this cell also has some disadvantages. It is unsafe to handle, since sulfuric acid, even if diluted, can be hazardous. Also, the power of the cell diminishes over time because the hydrogen gas is not released. Instead, it accumulates on the surface of the copper electrode and forms a barrier between the metal and the electrolyte solution.

Last years and retirement

In 1809, Volta became associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. In honour of his work, Volta was made a count by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1810.

Volta retired in 1819 to his estate in Camnago, a frazione of Como, Italy, now named "Camnago Volta" in his honour. He died there on 5 March 1827, just after his 82nd birthday. Volta's remains were buried in Camnago Volta.

Legacy
Volta's legacy is celebrated by the Tempio Voltiano memorial located in the public gardens by the lake. There is also a museum that has been built in his honour, which exhibits some of the equipment that Volta used to conduct experiments. Nearby stands the Villa Olmo, which houses the Voltian Foundation, an organization promoting scientific activities. Volta carried out his experimental studies and produced his first inventions near Como.
In the Old Campus of the University of Pavia there is the classroom (Aula Volta) commissioned by Emperor Joseph II to Leopoldo Pollack in 1787 for the lectures of Alessandro Volta, while in the University History Museum there are many scientific instruments that belonged to Volta and his chair and his blackboard.

His image was depicted on the Italian Lire 10,000 note (1990–1997) along with a sketch of his voltaic pile.

In late 2017, Nvidia announced a new workstation-focused GPU microarchitecture called Volta.

The electric eel species Electrophorus voltai, described in 2019 and the strongest bioelectricity producer in nature, was named after Volta.

Religious beliefs
Volta was raised as a Catholic and for all of his life continued to maintain his belief. Because he was not ordained a clergyman as his family expected, he was sometimes accused of being irreligious and some people have speculated about his possible unbelief, stressing that "he did not join the Church", or that he virtually "ignored the church's call". Nevertheless, he cast out doubts in a declaration of faith in which he said:

I do not understand how anyone can doubt the sincerity and constancy of my attachment to the religion which I profess, the Roman, Catholic and Apostolic religion in which I was born and brought up, and of which I have always made confession, externally and internally. I have, indeed, and only too often, failed in the performance of those good works which are the mark of a Catholic Christian, and I have been guilty of many sins: but through the special mercy of God I have never, as far as I know, wavered in my faith... In this faith I recognise a pure gift of God, a supernatural grace; but I have not neglected those human means which confirm belief, and overthrow the doubts which at times arise. I studied attentively the grounds and basis of religion, the works of apologists and assailants, the reasons for and against, and I can say that the result of such study is to clothe religion with such a degree of probability, even for the merely natural reason, that every spirit unperverted by sin and passion, every naturally noble spirit must love and accept it. May this confession which has been asked from me and which I willingly give, written and subscribed by my own hand, with authority to show it to whomsoever you will, for I am not ashamed of the Gospel, may it produce some good fruit!

Publications

Lesser known collections
 Briefe über thierische elektricität (1900) (Letters about thieric electricity, Available through Worldcat.org libraries, Leipzig, W. Engelmann, publisher)
 Untersuchungen über den Galvanismus, 1796 bis 1800 (Studies on Galvanism, Available through Worldcat.org libraries)
 Del modo di render sensibilissima la più debole elettricità sia naturale, sia artificiale (Of the method of rendering very sensible the weakest natural or artificial electricity By Mr. Alexander Volta, Professor Of Experimental Philosophy In Como, &c. Read at the Royal Society, 14 March 1782, Held in Worldcat libraries)

See also
 Armstrong effect
 Electrophorus
 History of the battery
 History of the internal combustion engine
 Lemon battery
 Mercury beating heart
 Thermoelectric effect
 Volta (lunar crater)
 Volta Prize

References

External links

 Volta and the "Pile"
 Alessandro Volta Google Doodle
 Alessandro Volta
 Count Alessandro Volta
 Alessandro Volta (1745–1827)

 Electrical units history.
 References to Volta in European historic newspapers
 Life of Alessandro Volta: Biography; Inventions; Facts
 Alessandro Volta - Biography, Facts and Pictures
 Alessandro Volta
 Alessandro Volta | Biography, Facts, Battery, & Invention | Britannica
 Alessandro Volta - Magnet Academy

1745 births
1827 deaths
People from Como
19th-century Italian physicists
Battery inventors
Enlightenment scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Independent scientists
History of neuroscience
18th-century Italian inventors
18th-century Italian physicists
Italian Roman Catholics
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People associated with electricity
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Italian scientific instrument makers
Academic staff of the University of Pavia

Alessandro Volta


Louis Didier Jousselin (1 April 1776 – 3 December 1858) was a French engineer. He built a three-kilometre-long bridge in less than three months during the Siege of Hamburg in 1813. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

Biography
Louis Didier Jousselin was born at Blois on 1 April 1776. His father was a lawyer who was also interested in politics. Jousselin was successfully admitted as one of the first students at the École Polytechnique, where he graduated two years later.  After becoming a qualified engineer he was sent to assist with the Northern Canal near Maastricht in May 1808.

Siege of Hamburg

By 1811 the canal had been completed and Jousselin was appointed Chief Engineer for Hamburg; a city that was then under French control. He fortified the town and was recognised for the role he played in securing the city whilst it was under siege by the Russian Army and in containing a population who were not supportive of the French invaders.

Jousselin built a bridge which was useful to those defending the siege.  Marshal Davout needed to get supplies across the River Elbe. His advisors advised that boats were the only solution. Jousselin was summoned and he said he could build a bridge in three months if he was given every material he would ask for. The Marshal agreed to the commitment. The bridge was not only built, but built well within the time that Jousselin had estimated. The bridge was three kilometres long and linked Hamburg over low ground with Harburg. Marshal Devout wrote to his wife in October 1813 assuring her that Hamburg was now impregnable. The bridge was described as beautiful and prodigious. Jousselin was praised as the Marshal could not believe the amount of work that had been achieved.

The bridge was constructed in 1813. Hamburg was particularly important as it was on the supply lines of Napoleon's army. Hamburg was only surrendered when orders came from the French King following the fall of Napoleon.

France
On 24 April 1814, he was sent as Chief engineer to Orléans. He was there on 20  March 1815 when he heard of Napoleon's return from Elba. Jousselin returned to Paris and contacted Marshal Davout. Davout obviously remembered the skillful engineer from their work at Hamburg and recommended him further. Davout wrote to the Emperor, telling him of his Jousselin's exploits. He told Napoleon that he would be a prisoner of war in Siberia with his 40,000 soldiers if it had not been for this engineer.

Jousselin's contribution was recognized and he was made Inspector General of Bridges. However at the end of Napoleon's "Hundred Days", all decrees are recanted and Jousselin returned to Orléans.

The bridge he had built at Hamburg was decommissioned in 1817 as it was not maintained by the Germans. However, in Orléans, Chief Engineer Jousselin built quays around the mouth of the Loire. He is credited with saving the inhabitants of Orléans from the floods of 1846, 1856 and 1867; a street was named in his honour.

He was a deputy at Blois from 1831 to 1834. He continued to work as an engineer and did early work on the Canal latéral à la Loire. Jousselin died at Vienne-en-Val on 3 December 1858.

Legacy
Jousselin was one of the seventy two people whom Gustav Eiffel chose as having made his achievement of building the Eiffel tower possible. He is number 28 in this list. His name is on the side opposite the Grenelle.  A primary school in Vienne-en-Val is named in his honour.

Jousselin's elder brother Alexandre Louis Jousselin, who was also a qualified bridge engineer, outlived him. He was the chief engineer for the Seine-et-Marne region and he built a bridge over the River Seine at Paris. Some called Alexandre Jousselin Scared, as he was sickly and timid, to differentiate him from Louis Didier who they nicknamed, Jousselin Scary. Effectively Jousselin was tall and had an imposing physical stature.

References

French engineers
1776 births
1858 deaths
École Polytechnique alumni
Knights of the Legion of Honour
People from Blois

Louis Didier Jousselin


J.R. Tolkien is a gaff-topsail schooner of Netherlands registry used for passenger cruises on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere in European waters.

Originally named Dierkow, the vessel was built in 1964 as a seagoing diesel-electric tug at the Edgar-André-Werft in Magdeburg, East Germany. As a tug Dierkow was employed in freight transportation under East German registry from the Baltic port of Rostock.

In 1994 Dierkow was acquired by the Van der Rest family for conversion to a topsail schooner with auxiliary propulsion for passenger cruising. Undergoing conversion at Rotterdam between 1995 and 1998, the craft was placed in Netherlands registry at Amsterdam and was renamed J.R. Tolkien in honor of the British author J.R.R. Tolkien.

As a schooner J.R. Tolkien is a topsail-rigged vessel of 139 tons and measures 36m in hull length (41.7m overall) with a beam of 7.8m and draft of 3.2m. Two 32m masts carry a sail area of 628 square meters. Auxiliary propulsion is supplied by a Caterpillar engine of 365 horsepower.

J.R. Tolkien carries a crew of 10 with 20 to 90 passengers on a day sail or up to 32 passengers on weekends or longer cruises. Accommodations include 11 cabins (ten with three berths, one with two berths) with separate shower and WC. The main salon can seat 50 persons for dinner. J.R. Tolkien is operated by Van der Rest Sail Charter, who also operate the barquentine Loth Loriën.

See also
List of schooners
J.R.R. Tolkien
Loth Loriën (barquentine)

Gallery

References

External links

 J.R. Tolkien (photo)
 Van der Rest Sail Charter Website

Schooners of the Netherlands
1964 ships
J. R. R. Tolkien
Ships built in East Germany
Tugboats of Germany
Things named after Tolkien works

J.R. Tolkien (schooner)