Over the last five decades there have been various plans for the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, a United States Marine Corps base located within the urban area of Ginowan City (pop. 93,661) in Okinawa, Japan. The current proposal for a new site in Henoko Bay, Nago, has faced opposition from Okinawans and the local government who wish for the new base to be located off the island altogether.

In October 2015, following a temporary halt after negotiations with the government of Okinawa Prefecture, the Japanese central government began work to build the base in Henoko Bay. The issue was taken to court by both parties in November and December. After a tentative court-mediated settlement in March 2016, the national government sued Okinawa governor Takeshi Onaga in July, and obtained a High Court ruling in September determining that it was illegal for Onaga to revoke his predecessor's permission for landfill work at the new site. The Supreme Court of Japan indicated in December 2016 that it would let this judgment stand, opening a door for the relocation work to proceed, and in September 2023, ordered the Okinawan government to approve the central government's plan for construction.

General controversy

Okinawa prefecture constitutes 0.6% of Japan's land surface, yet as of 2006, 75% of all USFJ bases were located on Okinawa, and U.S. military bases occupied 18% of the main island.

There is local opposition in Okinawa to the construction of a new base; more than 76 percent of the population having expressed their opposition to a relocation in Henoko.

History

Henoko Bay plan

Plan secretly formulated in 1960s
Declassified reports indicate the plan to build new runways at Henoko Bay was secretly formulated in the 1960s during the U.S. military occupation and administration of the islands.  Building an expanded base at Henoko has been called the "only solution" to resolving the issues at Futenma.  The U.S. military had originally proposed constructing "an offshore landfill facility with two 3,000-meter runways, a large military port and an integrated ammunition bunker capable of storing nuclear weapons."

A separate 260-page report revealed the master plan for U.S. Navy facilities of the base expansion that was submitted by an American company under contract to the Navy in 1966.

The report states that the U.S. government "should continue to emphasize to the government of Japan that Japan's security is in large part dependent on the maintenance of a substantial U.S. military posture."

The base expansion plan was abandoned for a few reasons. One was local opposition and criticism over the seizure of civilian-owned land. Also, as the Vietnam War was ending, the US drawdown in forces reduced the need for the base and constrained budgetary resources.

1996–1997
In December 1996, as part of the Defense Policy Review Initiative (DPRI), the Japanese and U.S. governments decided that the Futenma base should be relocated to an off-shore location in the Oura Bay of Henoko (Ourawan in Japanese; often called Henoko Bay), in Nago, a relatively less populated area of the northern part of the island, 'in order to reduce military impact to the populated communities of southern Okinawa'.

This was and remains a controversial decision, since the projected site involved construction on a coral reef and seagrass beds inhabited by the dugong, an endangered marine mammal protected under Japanese law and U.S. law. The environmental impact extends beyond the coral reef and seagrass beds, with there expected to be waste dumping, the disruption of fisheries, and an overall decrease in biological diversity. In October 2015, The Japan Times mentioned that 'two members of a governmental panel monitoring the environmental impact of the Futenma base relocation within Okinawa Prefecture (had) admitted to accepting donations from contractors involved.'

In a non-binding referendum conducted in December 1997, the majority of Nago residents voted against the Henoko relocation plan. However, a few days later on December 24, Nago Mayor Tetsuya Higa ignored the referendum results and accepted the relocation plan, resigned, and moved to Tokyo. The next year Tateo Kishimoto was elected mayor of Nago and tried to find compromises regarding the relocation. So did his successor Yoshikazu Shimabukuro, at a time when the Prefecture Governor, Masahide Ota, was opposed to the Henoko relocation. The next mayor too, Susumu Inamine, was opposed to it and he was elected twice with a high margin on an anti-base agenda.

Camp Schwab plan (2005–2006)
On 26 October 2005, the governments of the United States and Japan agreed to move the relocation site for Futenma from the reef area off Henoko to the interior and coastal portions of the existing Marine base at Camp Schwab, just a few hundred meters away from the previously-planned offshore facility. One of the cited reasons for the change was to reduce the engineering challenge associated with building a runway on reefs in deep water: experts estimate that rather than the 15-plus years required to construct a new airbase at the previous reef location, the Camp Schwab plan will enable Futenma to be relocated sooner. These plans were also accelerated when a CH-53D Sea Stallion transport helicopter experienced mechanical issues and  of Okinawa International University in August 2004: all three crew members were injured but there were no civilian injuries.
The mayor of Nago, which hosts Camp Schwab, formally agreed to accept the relocation when he signed an agreement with Defense Minister Nukaga on 8 April 2006. Mayor Shimabukuro was later joined by all five of the major mayors of northern Okinawa. Although some all-Okinawa public opinion polls indicated that majority of Okinawans wish the based moved out of the prefecture entirely, all 12 elected mayors of northern Okinawa publicly accepted the new relocation plan, exposing a range of conflicting opinions among Okinawans: those who maintain that military facilities and associated public works infrastructure benefit the island's economy, environmentalists, and those who either object or are critical to the U.S. military presence on ideological grounds or on rooted sentiments.

The relocation plans again gained national attention in 2009 when the Democratic Party of Japan included a promise to move Futenma off the island in its manifesto. After winning the election, Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama found the promise hard to honor and resigned after only eight months in office when it was confirmed that the base would not move off Okinawa. At one point in 2009, Osaka Prefecture governor Toru Hashimoto even publicly proposed moving the base's functions to Osaka's Kansai International Airport (which is on an artificial island), remarking that "the burden [of bases on Okinawa] should be spread more evenly throughout Japan."

Susumu Inamine, the mayor of Nago city elected on 24 January 2010, and reelected again on 19 January 2013, is against the Henoko relocation plan and argued for the relocation of Futenma outside of Okinawa. The local assembly of Nago voted against the relocation plan, and the prefectural assembly of Okinawa also formally asked the prime minister to move the base out of the prefecture. On 17 May 2010, the anniversary of the reversion of Okinawa to Japan, an estimated 17,000 Okinawans encircled the base in protest. This was the fifth time such an action took place.

Guam and Okinawa plan (2011–2012)
In 2011, the chairman and ranking member of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services called for an alternative plan where Futenma aircraft would move to Kadena Air Base while the current aircraft at Kadena would move to Andersen Air Force Base. However, US and Japan governments remained with the relocation plan as previously agreed and the fate of Futenma remained unresolved through early 2012, with the U.S. insisting that the Marine Corps' aviation elements be kept on the island while the Okinawa Prefectural government and Nago City government would like the base moved off the island. The US alleged that the aviation elements should be in close proximity to the ground and logistics elements of the Marine Air Ground Task Force, and the Japanese government of the time maintained the plan to keep the replacement airbase within Okinawa.

The US and Japan delinked the relocation of Futenma from plans to decrease the number of Marines stationed on Okinawa under a troop redeployment agreement in April 2012. Under the terms of the new U.S.-Japan agreement, 5,000 U.S. Marines were to be relocated to Guam and 4,000 U.S. Marines to other Pacific locations such as Hawaii or Australia, while some 10,000 Marines would remain on Okinawa. No timetable for the Marines redeployment was announced, but the Washington Post reported that U.S. Marines would leave Futenma as soon as suitable facilities on Guam and elsewhere would be ready. The relocation move was expected to cost 8.6 billion US Dollars and included a $3.1 billion cash commitment from Japan for the move to Guam as well as for developing joint training ranges on Guam and on Tinian and Pagan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

During this period, the US began to deploy Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey tilt rotor aircraft to Futenma in 2012, allowing the Marines (and the MV-22B Osprey aircraft) from Okinawa to train all along the length of Japan and around the entire Asia-Pacific region, with the Osprey's greatly increased speed, lift capabilities and range.

"Okinawa Consolidation Plan" (2013–2015)
In April 2013, the United States and Japan released an "Okinawa Consolidation Plan," which detailed more general positions of the 1996 DPRI and 2006 SACO plans, specifying 2,500 acres of land to be returned Japan. This included returning the entirety of MCAS Futenma by "Japanese Fiscal Year 2022 or later" once the "replacement facilities in Okinawa are provided." As part of the original DPRI plan, Futenma's KC-130J 'Super Hercules' refueling transport squadron moved to MCAS Iwakuni on mainland Japan in July 2014. The plan also included, as in previous plans, moving Marine Corps airfield facilities to Camp Schwab at Henoko. The proposed location within Camp Schwab is insulated from potential protesters, unlike the previous proposed location in Henoko Bay where local civilians were able to enter the survey area.

In December 2013, Okinawa Governor Hirokazu Nakaima approved a landfill proposal by the Japanese government to permit construction of new military facilities in Henoko, a move praised by the US. The decision came two days after Tokyo earmarked 348 billion yen for Okinawa's economic development and despite earlier campaign promises by Nakaima to move the base outside of the prefecture all together. Over 2,000 citizens responded immediately with a protest in front of the prefectural administration building, with around 1,000 forcing their way into the building to stage a sit-in. The head of the Nago municipal assembly responded that "what the governor has done is unforgivable. Residents who are opposed will surely resort to the use of force, such as blocking roads to stop this from happening." The Okinawa prefectural assembly adopted a resolution by a 24–21 vote calling for Nakaima's resignation, stating that he broke an election promise by agreeing to the move.

Susumu Inamine, Mayor of Nago, where the new facility is to be built, opposed the plan, while Mayor Atsushi Sakima, of Ginowan where the current facility is located, supported the plan. Nago held a mayoral election in January 2014, in which Inamine's main rival, former Vice Mayor Bunshin Suematsu, supported the plan as "a significant step toward reducing the dangers posed by Futenma." Inamine won the election and subsequently vowed to block any landfill plans in the city, but the national government said it would continue with the plan and that the authority to approve the plan rested at the time with the governor of Okinawa.

Takeshi Onaga, running on an anti-base platform, won the November 2014 gubernatorial elections in Okinawa promising to veto any landfill work needed for the new base to be built. In March 2015, Onaga ordered a suspension of work on the new base, and in August 2015 the Japanese government agreed to halt construction activities temporarily while talks with Okinawan officials continued.

Recent development

The Japanese central government began work on October 29, 2015 to build the base in the Henoko coastal area of Nago, to replace the Futenma Air Station, despite strong opposition among Okinawans and political and legal action initiated by Governor Takeshi Onaga, who insisted the relocation was 'extremely unjust'.

In November 2014 Takeshi Onaga, who had run for election on an anti-base platform, was elected Governor of Okinawa. His predecessor and main opponent in the gubernatorial race, Hirokazu Nakaima, had previously opposed the relocation plans himself too; but 11 months before the 2014 election, Nakaima approved a landfill permit allowing the relocation plans to progress, two days after Tokyo earmarked 348 billion yen for Okinawa's economic development.

On July 15, 2015's daily press briefing at the White House, US Navy Admiral John Kirby said in regards to opposition: "Construction of the facility is the meaningful result of many years of sustained work between the United States and Japan, and our understanding is that construction's going to continue. This is something we've talked at length about with the Government of Japan. Certainly I've seen the reports and understand some of the angst by people in Okinawa, but nothing's changed about our approach or our policies with respect to that facility. We have, through many different fora, consistently talked about the importance of this relocation and the degrees to which it helps strengthen our alliance with Japan."

The opposition to the relocation has received notable support outside of Okinawa, including those of animation film maker Hayao Miyazaki, who will help 'a fund set up to oppose the relocation', of Nobel Prize winner Kenzaburo Oe and of musician Ryuichi Sakamoto. The latter, whose October 2015 single is a charity work in favor of the Henoko Fund, is "a critic of the national security legislation enacted (in September 2015) (and) said the issue of the heavy U.S. military presence on Okinawa and the contentious security laws share the same root."

In November 2015, George Washington University professor Mike Mochizuki explained that "an option of setting up a helicopter base at Marine Corps Camp Schwab in Nago could be considered instead of the current plan to build runways in the camp that would extend offshore" "The option was included in a 1996 report by the Special Action Committee on Okinawa between the two countries.", noted the Japan Times.

Greenpeace too gathered signatures of people from 164 countries, in a call for the relocation to be stopped and the coral reef and dugong habitat preserved.

In November 2015, the Asahi Shimbun called Japanese Government  agenda on the matter an 'obsession'.

"Japanese officials in the ruling and opposition parties had in the past suggested Kyushu and Hokkaido as alternatives to Henoko." In November 2015 a group of 'traditionally anti-base activist' citizens from Kansai called for Futenma's replacement airstrip to be built in Osaka, in "hope to lighten Okinawa's base-hosting burden and prevent an escalation of violence."

In December 2015, a group of 70 American personalities, including  the filmmaker Oliver Stone, criticized the U.S. Ambassador  to Japan, Caroline Kennedy, for the support she expressed to the contentious U.S.-Japan relocation plan.

In June 2016, massive protests took place after the rape and murder of an Okinawan woman by an American base staff member: "The incidents seem certain to complicate efforts to relocate a Marine air base at Okinawa, to a less densely populated part of the island. Onaga and a majority of Okinawa residents want the base moved off the island.", commented USA Today.

On 14 December 2018, landfill on a controversial new U.S. military runway that will one day facilitate the relocation and closure of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma began in Okinawa following years of protests and legal challenges. Okinawa Gov. Denny Tamaki showed his resolve to counter Tokyo's efforts to press ahead with a controversial U.S. military base relocation project in the prefecture. It was "intolerable" that the Japanese government started dumping soil into the landfill off the Henoko coastal district in Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, as part of the relocation project, Tamaki said at a protest rally held in Henoko. "It's an outrage committed by the state."

On 4 September 2023, the Supreme Court of Japan (最高裁判所, Saikō-Saibansho, called 最高裁 Saikō-Sai for short) ordered the government of Okinawa Prefecture to approve the Government of Japan's plan despite protests by locals. The ruling upheld a High Court ruling in March that the central government's plan and its instruction for Okinawa's approval are valid.

See also

References

Sources

External links
Reasons Why the Issue of the Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma Is Not Resolved(PDF)
Brochure: Okinawa Prefectural Government Washington DC Office

Installations of the U.S. Department of Defense in Japan
United States Armed Forces in Okinawa Prefecture
United States Marine Corps air stations
Ecology
Marine conservation
Controversies in Japan
Politics of Okinawa
Buildings and structures in Okinawa Prefecture
Okinawa, Okinawa
History of Okinawa Prefecture


Jasper Jacks is a fictional character from General Hospital, an American soap opera on the ABC network. He has been portrayed off-and-on by actor Ingo Rademacher since 1996. The role was temporarily played by Gideon Emery during Rademacher's absence in January 2008. The character gained popularity due to a love triangle between him and supercouple Sonny Corinthos and Brenda Barrett. When Brenda left the show, the love triangle continued on with Sonny and Carly Benson.

Casting and character creation
The role of Jasper "Jax" Jacks was originated by German-born Australian actor Ingo Rademacher, who debuted in the role on January 31, 1996. In April 2000, Rademacher announced his decision to not sign a new contract with the series, and would vacate the role of Jasper. On his departure, Rademacher said in a statement, "I haven't really built up my resumé. I think [daytime] was a good move. And especially being on General Hospital, the best daytime show, I think. But there are other things I'd like to do." Following his departure, the actor signed onto the NBC primetime series Titans. In April 2001, it was rumored that Rademacher would make his way back to General Hospital, despite being interested in the role of "Colin" on the NBC Daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives, a potential love interest of the character Jennifer Horton (Melissa Reeves). That month, further speculation led many to believe that Rademacher would return to his daytime home following the cancellation of Titans and his rumored deal with Days of our Lives failing to provide any truth. It was later confirmed that Rademacher was to return to the series in June 2001. He returned on-screen July 30, 2001.

In September 2004, following his being quoted as being "burned out", Rademacher was rumored to be making an exit from his daytime home once again, however the rumors turned out to be false. In May 2011, it was announced that Rademacher had been fired from the series following a noticeable decline in Jasper's airtime on the series. Rademacher last aired in July 2011, before returning in August in what he stated was expected to be the first of many guest appearances on the series.

In November 2011, it was announced by ABC that Rademacher would make another scheduled guest appearance on the series, this time lasting three weeks. Rademacher returned on December 30, 2011, and left the series once again on January 23, 2012.

In August 2012, following the surprising return of Jerry Jacks (Sebastian Roché), it was announced that Rademacher would once again make a return to the series in the role of Jasper Jacks. Rademacher made his on-screen return on August 23, 2012. He finished his guest series the following month, making his final appearance on September 26, 2012.

Rademacher, along with co-star Vanessa Marcil, was invited back for the show's 50th anniversary. An official announcement was made on March 5, 2013. He appeared back on-screen on April 1, 2013. On June 2, 2016, TVLine broke news that Rademacher would return to the soap under recurring capacity; he was expected to first appear on July 29, but due to preemptions, Rademacher returned on August 1 and departed weeks later on August 16. Rademacher returned yet again from November 10 to 28, 2016. In March 2017, Frank Valentini confirmed that Rademacher would, again, reprise his portrayal as Jasper Jacks. He returned from April 3–24, 2017.

On February 14, 2019, Rademacher announced in a video shared on social media that he would return as Jax; he made his first re-appearance during the May 7, 2019, episode. On November 8, 2021, following increased speculation, it was announced Rademacher was let go from the soap; his last air-date was November 22, 2021.

Storylines

1990s
Jasper "Jax" Jacks arrives in Port Charles, New York, at the behest of Lois Cerullo (Rena Sofer) to help her get her company back from Edward Quartermaine. Despite Lois's happy marriage to Ned Ashton (Wally Kurth), Jax pursues her romantically. To keep Jax occupied, Lois introduces him to her best friend Brenda Barrett (Vanessa Marcil), who uses Jax to make her mobster ex-boyfriend Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard) jealous. Despite her love for Sonny, Brenda develops feelings for Jax, and the two eventually wed on his private yacht. When the two decide to renew their vows, Sonny interrupts the ceremony by bringing in Jax's former wife, Miranda Jamison (Leslie Horan), who revealed her death had been faked to hide scars she suffered in the explosion. Jax ultimately decides to move on with Brenda, who has become engaged to Sonny. Brenda, who has been battling an addiction to pain killers, is left at the altar by Sonny in an attempt to protect her from the dangers of mafia life, and Jax helps her recover from her eventual breakdown. The two become engaged yet again, though Brenda appears to die when her mother drives her over a cliff.

2000s
Jax learns that his father and brother Jerry Jacks (played by Julian Stone at the time) started the family empire with mafia money, and they lose all of their wealth. After gambling in Monte Carlo, Jax begins to rebuild his fortune and also meets fashion designer Chloe Morgan (Tava Smiley). Chloe is in danger of losing her design company, and must be happily married to retain the seed money her eccentric uncle left her. She plans to marry a now divorced Ned in Las Vegas, and when Chloe's aunt Gertrude objects, Jax marries his best friend and Ned's love interest Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn) to help cover the ruse. Though Chloe eventually loses her company, she and Jax grow closer. Eventually they fall in love and Jax buys her company back. Chloe is severely injured when Helena Cassadine (Constance Towers) runs her over in an attempt to kill Alexis. Chloe develops psychic visions tied to Helena, and Stefan Cassadine (Stephen Nichols) intends to use these to help destroy his devious mother, Helena. Stefan shows Jax a woman who looks just like Brenda, and Jax leaves Port Charles in search of his former love.

While searching for Brenda, Jax meets Kristina Cassadine (Jaime Ray Newman) and he realizes that she is Alexis's sister and reunites them. Chloe refuses his advances when she learns he left her to pursue Brenda. Stavros Cassadine (Robert Kelker-Kelly) murders Chloe, who has become involved with Stefan, leaving Jax heartbroken. Returning to corporate raiding, Jax teams up with Skye Chandler Quartermaine (Robin Christopher) and her brother  (Billy Warlock) to take over ELQ, their family company, and to destroy Sonny. Jax also goes into business with Carly Corinthos (played by Tamara Braun at the time), Sonny's wife, to open a nightclub in an attempt to free her from the mafia lifestyle. Despite initially disliking Skye, Jax becomes attracted to her, and she in turn plays the damsel in distress to lure him to her. They are both concerned when A.J. becomes involved with Sonny's sister Courtney Matthews (Alicia Leigh Willis). The two briefly split when Jax learns that Skye had been working with Edward behind his back, but they are able to overcome this obstacle and marry.

The night of his wedding to Skye, Jax is shocked to see a very much alive Brenda in his cottage. Brenda explains that she faked her death, fearing that she suffered from the same fatal mental illness as her mother and that she had been taken in by arms dealer Luis Alcazar (Ted King). When she attempts to leave Luis, he shoots Jax, leaving him paralyzed. Depressed over his condition, Jax pushes Skye away and pretends to be in love with Brenda still. Skye learns that Brenda is not dying, and when Jax discovers that she is keeping this information from Brenda, he ends their marriage. Overjoyed, he tells Brenda the truth, and the two become engaged again. Skye begins drinking again and also starts an affair with Luis. When Luis is murdered, Skye implicates Brenda and mobster Jason Morgan (Steve Burton), forcing Brenda and Jason to marry so they cannot be forced to testify against each other. Initially found guilty, Brenda is cleared of the charges when it is revealed that Alexis killed Luis, who was responsible for the death of Kristina, in order to protect her newborn daughter. Once her marriage to Jason is annulled, Brenda and Jax prepare to wed, though Jax leaves her at the altar when he learns that she kissed Sonny the day of their wedding. Brenda leaves town, and Skye again pursues Jax. Unable to recapture their past love, Skye begs him to impregnate her, but Jax chooses to leave town again.

In 2003, Jax returns to town in pursuit of a set of five cards called the Dead Man's Hand, allegedly held by Wild Bill Hickok the night he was killed. Jax's father had them for most of his life, and believed them to be responsible for his success. Upon losing them, his father lost the will to live. As Jax searches, he meets a grifter named Sam McCall (Kelly Monaco) who is also searching for the cards. Initially at odds, the two become attracted to each other while simultaneously sabotaging each other's quest. After they become lovers, Sam steals the cards from Jax. He is unable to return them to his father in time to prevent his death, and blames Sam. After some more adventures, they eventually break up and Sam becomes involved with his enemy Sonny Corinthos.  Jax reconnects with Sam when he briefly suspects he is the father of her unborn child, but the connection ends when Jax learns that his enemy Sonny is actually the father.

Jax begins to flirt with Sonny's sister Courtney, and the two make a ten million dollar bet that she won't be able to resist his sexual advances. Courtney wins the bet, but the two fall in love. Courtney and Jax marry, but learn that Courtney cannot conceive a child. They decide to use Elizabeth Webber (Rebecca Herbst) as a surrogate, though Courtney regrets this as Jax begins neglecting her in favor of Elizabeth and their child. Courtney in turn begins a friendship with Nikolas Cassadine (Tyler Christopher) that turns into an affair. Courtney becomes pregnant, and Jax changes the paternity test to say that he is the father. Courtney gives birth to a son and dies shortly afterwards. Carly (now portrayed by Laura Wright), begins to help Jax raise his son, and the two begin dating. Carly discovers that Jax is not the father, but keeps quiet to protect the baby from the Cassadines. Carly's longtime nemesis, Dr. Robin Scorpio (Kimberly McCullough), learns the truth and reveals it to Nikolas, Jax is then forced to give him the baby who Nikolas names Spencer Cassadine.

Jax and Carly continue their relationship, and eventually become engaged. Their wedding is delayed several times, and Jax is forced to leave town to help his wayward brother Jerry. When Sonny shoots mobster Lorenzo Alcazar (Ted King), Carly marries him to avoid testifying about witnessing the act. After she and Sonny are held hostage at the Metro Court Hotel by the mysterious Mr. Craig, they sleep together and Jax finds out. Jax resolves to fight for Carly, and though initially torn, Carly chooses a life with Jax. Carly and Sonny divorce, and Jax and Carly finally marry. When they return from their honeymoon, Jax learns that Mr. Craig is actually his brother Jerry (now portrayed by Sebastian Roché) who has had plastic surgery. Jerry tricks Jax to go out of town, but his plan backfires when Jax is kidnapped by Jerry's former lover Irina. She rapes Jax twice, though he is able to escape and return to his life with Carly.

Jax begins a new business venture with fashion editor Kate Howard (played by Megan Ward at the time), who Carly immediately dislikes. Jax learns that Kate is actually Connie Falconeri, Sonny's high school girlfriend, and she begins dating Sonny. Carly's son Michael (Dylan Cash), wanting to protect his family, purchases a gun and accidentally shoots Kate. He runs away, leaving Carly, Jax, and Sonny fearful that he has been kidnapped by Anthony Zacchara (Bruce Weitz), a new mafia boss in Port Charles. Meanwhile, Carly and Jax learn she is pregnant. Michael returns to town, but he and Carly are injured in an explosion. Ric Lansing (Rick Hearst) rescues Carly, who suffers from hypothermia. In the hospital, Anthony's daughter Claudia Zacchara (Sarah Joy Brown) threatens Carly in an attempt to protect her brother Johnny Zacchara (Brandon Barash) from Sonny. The stress causes Carly to lose her baby.

Claudia, teamed with Jerry, orders Ian Devlin to kill Sonny but the bullet accidentally hits Michael, leaving him in a permanent coma. On the way to bring Michael to a long-term care facility, Carly and Sonny sleep together, the same night that Kate and Jax, feeling shut out of their partner's lives, share a kiss during a business trip. The two split when Jax learns that Carly slept with Sonny and begin divorce proceedings. Still in love with each other, Jax and Carly reconcile yet again. Sonny marries Claudia in order to take over her family's organization after Kate is shot.

Carly decides to host a gala at General Hospital to raise money for research to help Michael and other children suffering brain injuries. Jax returns from a business meeting to discover Carly and the others have been quarantined due to a biotoxin that has been released in the hospital. When a fire begins engulfing the hospital, Jax is able to make several rescue flights. Carly escapes via stairwell, and the two reunite and renew their wedding vows.

Jerry fakes his death, and begins sending DVDs to Claudia that reveal her role in Michael's shooting. Carly discovers that she is pregnant, and that the pregnancy is extremely high risk. Jax learns the truth about Claudia's misdeeds, and is stunned when Jerry is revealed to be alive. Michael (now portrayed by Drew Garrett) wakes up after an experimental surgery, but faces anger issues and attitude towards his mother.

Sonny learns that Claudia planned the shooting, and Claudia reveals that Jax knew about it and kept it secret from both Carly and Sonny. Claudia then kidnaps a pregnant Carly, who goes into labor and gives birth to daughter Josslyn. Claudia attempts to kidnap the baby, but is bludgeoned to death by Michael. Later, Carly and Jax take the baby home, but Carly, outraged that Jax had known that Claudia and Jerry were behind Michael's shooting all along, throws him out of the house.

2010s
Sonny is put on trial for Claudia's murder, and Jax helps the police build their case by hiring a cutthroat prosecutor and ensuring the police have enough evidence to hold up in trial. However, Michael's guilt is eventually revealed, and, disgusted by the cover-up of everybody, the judge sentences Michael to five years in prison to teach them a lesson. Jax feels guilty for this, feeling like he's no better than Sonny. Michael is eventually released conditionally, but the events start taking its toll on Carly and Jax's marriage. When Brenda returns to town, Jax confides in her about his worries that Sonny will hurt Josslyn or Morgan one day. Meanwhile, Jerry returns to town, on a mission to kidnap Brenda on behalf of a criminal called The Balkan. Though Jax tries to stop him, Brenda ends up getting kidnapped and poisoned by the Balkan after marrying Sonny. Eventually, she is rescued, and Jerry is presumed dead after being shot by the Balkan.

Jax is worried about Josslyn one night, and brings her to the hospital, where he and Carly find out Josslyn has kidney cancer. While Jax tries to find alternative methods for cures other than chemotherapy, Carly finds out Elizabeth's son, Jake Spencer, was hit by a car and is brain-dead. Elizabeth and Lucky agree to donate one of Jake's kidney's to Josslyn, and she recovers. Carly and Jax file for a divorce, and get into a heated custody battle for Josslyn. Jax wants full custody of his daughter, believing Sonny poses a threat if Carly has any association with him. He goes to great lengths to secure custody, even paying off a court-appointed mediator to throw the case his way. However, Sonny finds out, and has the mediator set Jax up on assault charges, resulting in the judge giving Carly full custody. He leaves town soon after, but comes back to steal his daughter. He later changes his mind and gives Josslyn back, but when he tries to leave town, Sonny sabotages his plane, angry that Brenda left him after he framed Jax. Jax's plane crashes, and he is presumed dead. However, he manages to sneak out, and gets Skye to help him skip town. He overhears Carly say that she wants to cut Sonny out of her life, and leaves knowing Josslyn is safe with Carly.

Jax is seen sporadically by Michael and Carly until he shows up in Port Charles when Carly contacts him after Josslyn is hospitalized with a strange illness. Jax comes back in time to see Josslyn recover and find out Jerry has poisoned the Port Charles water supply in order to gain a ransom. He inoculates Josslyn against the poison, and tries to keep Jax away by having him detained at the airport. Jax, though, finds his way to Port Charles, and helps pay the ransom Jerry demands in order to get the cure. Jax tries to detain Jerry, but he is presumed dead in an explosion. Jax gets cured, and leaves town. He comes back for the Nurses' Ball being held in honor of Robin, and lets Carly know their divorce was never finalized. He reveals he's now engaged to Brenda, but Carly believes Brenda is still holding onto Sonny. Carly hands Jax their divorce papers, but also lets him know Brenda went to see Sonny, though Brenda claimed she didn't. Brenda later admits to Jax that she was wondering if she still had a chance with Sonny, and Jax broke off their engagement and left town.

Jax returns in late 2016 for Morgan's funeral and again in early 2017 to tell Josslyn that his mother died.

See also
 Supercouple

References

External links
Jasper Jacks @ ABC.com
Jasper "Jax" Jacks on General Hospital - Soaps.com

General Hospital characters
Fictional businesspeople
Fictional characters from Alaska
Fictional Australian people
Television characters introduced in 1996
Male characters in television
Fictional characters incorrectly presumed dead

Jasper Jacks


The Reacting Gas Dynamics Laboratory (RGD) is a research facility at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The RGD researches methods for deriving high-efficiency, low-carbon energy from hydrocarbon sources or hybridized with concentrated solar thermal energy through thermochemical conversion and combustion. The RGD receives funding from a number of sources both public and private.  These include the U.S. Department of Energy, the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, BP, ENEL, Bosch GmbH, and the Ford Motor Company.  The lab also is in collaborations with the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, and Masdar in Abu Dhabi, as well as other departments and faculty within MIT.

Specifically, the lab develops, validates and applies simulation techniques, from the submicron scale to full system scale, to engineer low-CO2 energy systems.  Examples of the simulation work include studies of thermoacoustic instability and multiphysics multiscale simulations of entrained flow gasification.  These simulations are supported by high-performance computing systems and high-resolution optical diagnostics.  The long-term goals of the lab include innovation in clean combustion for propulsion and power, gasification for power and biofuel production, and oxy-combustion and electrochemical/thermochemical conversion in ion transport membrane reactors and high-temperature fuel cells.

The chief faculty director of the laboratory is Prof. Ahmed Ghoniem of MIT's Mechanical Engineering Department.

References

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Research institutes in Massachusetts
Engineering research institutes

Reacting Gas Dynamics Laboratory


A tremulant (from Latin: tremulus, "trembling"; , , ) is a device on a pipe organ which varies the wind supply to the pipes of one or more divisions (or, in some cases, the whole organ). This causes their amplitude and pitch to fluctuate, producing a tremolo and vibrato effect. A large organ may have several tremulants, affecting different ranks (sets) of pipes. Many tremulants are variable, allowing for the speed and depth of tremolo to be controlled by the organist. The tremulant has been a part of organ building for many centuries, dating back to Italian organs of the sixteenth century.

The tremulant should not be confused with the celeste, which consists of two distinct ranks of pipes, one tuned slightly sharp or flat from the other, producing an undulating effect when they are used together.

Construction

The simplest kind of tremulant is a weighted electric motor affixed to the top of the reservoir for the division. When activated, the spinning of the motor causes the reservoir to shake, altering the wind pressure. This type of tremolo appeared first in the twentieth century, when the electric motor became available.

The tremblant fort (French: "strong tremulant") allows an escape route for some of the wind in the wind trunk. The loss of wind creates the tremulant effect.

The tremblant doux (French: "sweet tremulant") was illustrated by Dom Bédos de Celles in his monumental L'art du facteur d'orgues. It consists of a spring-loaded flap that is mounted inside the wind trunk of a division. When the tremulant is engaged, the flap drops into the wind trunk and bounces as the wind passes by it. The spring allows the flap to rebound repeatedly back into the wind supply, which creates the undulation. Both the tremblant fort and the tremblant doux were commonly seen on German organs of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Austin Organs, Inc. builds a proprietary kind of tremulant for its Universal Windchest. The Austin tremulant consists of a large blade that spans the length of the windchest above the pipes. When the tremulant is activated, the blade turns on its longitudinal axis, disturbing the air over the sounding pipes and creating a tremulant effect. It does not affect the air pressure of the pipes. Normal tremulants cause pipes to go out of tune quicker.

References

External links

Multi media
 The tremulant of the Taylor and Boody organ for The First Presbyterian Church in Pittsford, New York
  [Sound] "Very quiet and effective."
  [Mechanism] "The tremulant  copied from memory from the one in the Paul Fritts organ at Notre Dame University. This tremulant gets its wind directly from a valve on the main bifurcation windline, through a 1" copper tube about 6" long. It is almost identical to the one in the organ in Marquand Chapel, Yale University."

Pipe organ components
Organ stops

Tremulant


The Stock Exchange Palace () is a historical building in Porto, Portugal. The palace was built in the 19th century by the city's Commercial Association () in Neoclassical style. It is located in the Infante D. Henrique Square in the historical centre of Porto, designated World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

History
The Palácio da Bolsa is located beside the St Francis Church of Porto, which was once part of the St Francis Convent, founded in the 13th century. In 1832, during the Liberal Wars, a fire destroyed the cloisters of the convent, sparing the church. In 1841, Queen Mary II donated the convent ruins to the merchants of the city, who decided to use the spot to build the seat of the Commercial Association.

Building work began in 1842 following the plans of Porto architect Joaquim da Costa Lima Júnior, who designed a Neoclassical palace of Palladian influence, inspired by previous structures built in the city. Most of the palace was finished by 1850, but the decoration of the interior was only completed in 1910 and involved several different artists.

The Palácio da Bolsa has been classified as a National Monument since 1982.

Art and architecture
The first architect of the Palácio was Joaquim da Costa Lima Júnior, who was in charge of the project from 1840 until 1860. He was responsible for the general design of the building, inspired by the Neopalladian architecture that was in fashion in Porto since the late 18th century, expressed in buildings like the Hospital of St Anthony (by English architect John Carr), the English Factory (by another Englishman, John Whitehead) and several projects by Portuguese architect Carlos Amarante.

The general structure of the Palácio was completed by 1850, but several architectural details were later entrusted to architects Gustavo Adolfo Gonçalves e Sousa (author of the stairway and the Arab Room), Tomás Augusto Soler (metallic dome of the courtyard) and Joel da Silva Pereira (Tribunal Room), among others.

The interior of the Palace, only finished in 1910, was magnificently decorated by several artists. The central courtyard (Nations' Courtyard - Pátio das Nações) is covered by a large metallic, octagonal dome with glass panels, designed by Tomás Soler and built after 1880. The lower part of the dome is decorated with the painted coats-of-arms of Portugal and the countries with which Portugal had commercial relations in the 19th century. To the back of the courtyard, a sumptuous stairway, built in 1868 by Gonçalves e Sousa, leads to the upper storeys and is adorned with busts by celebrated sculptors António Soares dos Reis and António Teixeira Lopes. The ceiling frescoes were painted by António Ramalho.

Several rooms of the Palace - Tribunal Room, Assembly Room, Golden Room - display furniture by José Marques da Silva, allegoric paintings by José Maria Veloso Salgado and João Marques de Oliveira, sculptures by Teixeira Lopes and many other works of art. The highlight of the Palace is, however, the Arab Room, built between 1862 and 1880 by Gonçalves e Sousa. The room is decorated in the exotic Moorish Revival style, fashionable in the 19th century, and is used as reception hall for personalities and heads of state visiting Porto.

See also
 List of National Monuments in Portugal

References

External links

Palácio da Bolsa official website

Buildings and structures completed in 1850
Bolsa
Tourist attractions in Porto
Museums in Porto
Historic house museums in Portugal
National monuments in Porto District

Palácio da Bolsa


Theodicy of Disprivilege refers to the belief of the promise that salvation may be granted as a reward for earthly poverty. It can be one of many reason that explain the large numbers of lower class people who join religious sects   or partake in mainstream religious practice, e.g attend church, temple or mosque. This idea was promoted mainly by Max Weber but is common amongst many sociologists who go to explain the growth of sect membership.

References

Sociology

Theodicy of disprivilege


A wedding wishing well is a fancy donation box that gained popularity among bridal couples of certain countries (with one survey done in 2004 on Australia allegedly stating that up to 60% of weddings had them), who have often lived together before marrying, or who have been previously married, and do not need any of the traditional wedding gifts. They are also sometimes found at showers to collect monetary gifts for the guests of honor, as well as wedding wishes or marriage quotes, poems and messages of congratulations. Wishing wells at bridal showers are popular in the NYC/NJ area. Most people bring small gifts, such as spatulas or pot holders, to place in the wishing well. Wishing well gifts are in addition to gifts bought from the bride's registry.

References

Wedding objects

Wishing well (wedding)


The Rider on the White Horse (German: Der Schimmelreiter) is a novella by German writer Theodor Storm. It is his last complete work, first published in 1888, the year of his death. The novella is Storm's best remembered and most widely read work, and considered by many to be his masterpiece.

It has been translated into English under titles The Dykemaster, The Dikegrave, and the most literal, The Rider on the White Horse ("Schimmel" being the German word for a gray or white horse).

Characters
 Hauke Haien - the main character, based on mathematician and astronomer Hans Momsen
 Elke Haien (née Volkerts) - the old dykemaster's daughter and Hauke's wife
 Wienke Haien - Hauke and Elke's mentally challenged daughter
 Tede Volkerts -  Elke's father, and dykemaster prior to Hauke
 Ole Peters - the old dykemaster's senior hand and Hauke's rival
 The Schoolmaster - a man from the town who tells the story to the narrator a hundred years later

Plot summary
The novella tells the story of Hauke Haien, related to the narrator by a schoolmaster in a small town in Northern Frisia. Hauke is the son of a farmer and licensed surveyor and does his best to learn his father's trade. He even learns Dutch so he can read a Dutch print of Euclid's work on mathematics and geometry. Over time he becomes very familiar with the dykes along the local coast and begins to wonder if it would not be better to make them flatter on the sea side so as to reduce their windage during floods.

When local Deichgraf Tede Volkerts fires one of his hands, Hauke applies for the job and is accepted. He soon becomes a great help for Volkerts, which makes Ole Peters, the senior hand, dislike him. Tensions rise even more when Hauke begins to show interest in the Deichgraf's daughter, Elke. Hauke even proposes marriage, but she wants to wait.

After the unexpected deaths of both Hauke's and Elke's fathers, the people of the village must choose a new Deichgraf. Hauke is actually already doing the work, but does not hold the necessary lands required for the position. However, Elke announces that they are engaged, and that he will soon hold her family's lands as well. With the traditionalists satisfied, Hauke becomes the new Deichgraf. However, the people soon start talking about his white horse, which they believe is a resurrected skeleton that used to be visible on a small island, but is now gone.

Meanwhile Hauke begins to implement the changes to the form of the dykes that he has envisaged since childhood. However, during a storm surge several years later, the older dykes break and Hauke has to witness Elke and their daughter, Wienke, being swept away by the water. In agony, he drives his white horse into the sea, yelling, "Lord, take me, spare the others!"

The novella ends with the schoolmaster recounting that after the flood the mysterious horse skeleton was once again seen lying on the small island off the coast. Hauke Haien's dyke still stands and has saved many lives in the hundred years since its creator's tragic demise. And the older ones in the village say that, on stormy nights, a ghostly rider on a white horse can sometimes be seen patrolling the dyke.

Reception
Thomas Mann called it a "tremendous tale, with which Storm took his conception of the novella, as epic sister of drama, to unprecedented heights". Michael Dirda says that it is arguably the greatest 19th century German novella.

Adaptations

 Der Schimmelreiter, a 1934 German film directed by Hans Deppe
 Der Schimmelreiter, a 1978 West German film directed by Alfred Weidenmann
  or Jeździec na siwym koniu, a 1984 East German-Polish film directed by
 Der Schimmelreiter, an opera by Wilfried Hiller, first performed in Kiel in 1998.

Editions
The Rider on the White Horse and Selected Stories. Translated by James Wright, New York Review of Books Classics, 2009. Reprinted from Signet's Classics, 1964.
The Dykemaster, translated by Denis Jackson, 1996.
The Rider on the White Horse, translated by Margarete Münsterberg, Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction, Vol XV, 1917. Pg. 179
The Rider on the White Horse, translated by Muriel Almon, The German Classics of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Vol. 11,  1914. Pg. 225

References

External links

German novels adapted into films
1888 German novels
German Gothic novels
Novellas by Theodor Storm
Novels set in Germany
North Frisia
NYRB Classics

The Rider on the White Horse


Albina Mayorova (born 16 May 1977), née Albina Gennadyevna Ivanova (), is a Russian long-distance runner who competes in marathon races. She has a personal best of 2:23:52 hours for the distance. Since her marathon debut in 2001, she has won international races in Dubai, Nagano, Singapore and Nagoya. She has also had top four finishes at the Chicago, London and Honolulu Marathons.

She represented Russia in the marathon at the 2004 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2006 European Athletics Championships. She was the 2005 Russian champion in cross country running and also competed for Russia at the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She competed in the marathon at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.

Career
Born in the rural town of Erenary in Alikovsky District in the west of Russia, she enlisted in the Russian Army and began competing in long-distance events for Cheboksary (the regional capital). Her first major performances in the marathon came in 2001. On her debut at the Moscow Marathon she finished in third place and later that year she ran a personal best of 2:34:46 hours at the Siberian International Marathon in Omsk, taking second place behind Irina Safarova. Mayorova claimed her first victory over the distance at the Dubai Marathon in January 2002 and she improved her best time to 2:33:31 hours. Her first international appearance followed at the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Dublin and her 28th-place finish helped the Russian women to fourth place in the short race rankings.

At the Columbus Marathon in the United States she came second and dipped under two and a half hours with her time of 2:29:58. She returned to the marathon in Omsk and had her second win of the year, before going on to improve her best by five seconds in a runner-up performance at the Honolulu Marathon. She competed principally in American races the following year: she ran a time of 2:30:57 to finished sixth at the Boston Marathon in April and won the Fifth Third River Bank Run 25K a month later. She had the best run of her career at the Chicago Marathon in October, improving her best by over four minutes to claim fourth place with her time of 2:25:35 hours. She returned to Honolulu at the end of the year and finished third on that occasion.

In 2004, she had a fourth-place finish at the London Marathon and her time of 2:27:25 led to her inclusion in the Russian Olympic marathon squad. She won the Lilac Bloomsday Run and Bay to Breakers 12K races in May that year. On her Olympic debut at the age of 27, Mayorova was some twenty minutes slower than her London outing and managed only fortieth place overall. She had better performances on the American circuit later that year, taking fifth in Chicago and third in Honolulu. She won the Russian long race national title in cross country running at the start of 2005 then won at the Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon that April. She finished second to Colleen De Reuck at the River Bank Run 25K, Her form dipped at the end of the year as she was eleventh in Chicago and ranked seventh at the Las Vegas Marathon.

Her 2006 season began well with a second consecutive win at the Nagano Marathon, where she recorded a season's best time of 2:28:52 hours. She was chosen for the Russian team at the 2006 European Athletics Championships, but again did not perform well in championship competition as she was 24th out of 29 finishers, although she was part of the silver medal-winning team in the European Marathon Cup. She made her fourth career appearance at the Honolulu Marathon and came fifth. She took a break from athletics from the 2007 season onwards. She married Evgeniy Mayorov, a former runner, and changed her competitive name from Albina Ivanova to Mayorova. She also had her first child. She returned to competition in 2009 and competed in three marathons that year: she was seventh on her comeback at the Rome Marathon (running a time of 2:30:21 hours), was fourth at the San Diego Marathon, and won her first race in three years at the Singapore Marathon (where she ran a quick second half of the race to record the second fastest ever time on the course).

In 2010, she ran her fastest time since 2004 with a run of 2:28:06 hours at the Toronto Marathon, but she finished seventh overall in a high calibre field. She was also tenth place at the 2010 Boston Marathon. She came sixth at the 2011 San Diego Marathon and was fifth in her first appearance at the Istanbul Marathon. Mayorova improved her seven-year-old personal best at the Nagoya Women's Marathon, taking the title with a time of 2:23:52 hours. This earned her a place at the 2012 London Olympics and she reached the top ten, finishing ninth with a time of 2:25:38 hours.

Mayorova began the next year with a fourth-place finish at the 2013 Tokyo Marathon. She was lower down the order at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics marathon, coming 21st overall in her first outing at the tournament. Her best race that year came at the Yokohama Women's Marathon, where she took victory in a time of 2:25:55.

In April 2017, she was disqualified for four years for doping use.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
People from Alikovsky District
Russian female long-distance runners
Russian female marathon runners
Olympic athletes for Russia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Doping cases in athletics
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Sportspeople from Chuvashia
20th-century Russian women
21st-century Russian women

Albina Mayorova


Song Ho-young (born April 20, 1954) is a South Korean radiologist. He studied at the Chonbuk National University (March 1973 – February 1975) and now works at the Asan Medical Center. He is the founder of the Society of Gastrointestinal Intervention (SGI).

Education
He received an undergraduate degree from the College of Liberal Art sand Science Chonbuk National University in 1973, followed by an MD from the College of Medicine - Chonbuk National University in 1975. He then did an internship and a radiology residency at the Chonbuk National University Hospital. In 1982 he received an M.S.from the Graduate School of Chonbuk National University; in 1987, he received a Ph.D. from that university.

Academic and professional career
From 1986 to 1993 Song was on the faculty ofc Chonbuk National University Medical School, rising in rank from Instructor to Associate Professor. From 1993 to the present he has been a member of the faculty of Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine, rising in rank from Associate Professor to Professor; he has served as the Chairman, Department of Radiology.

He has been a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo  M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, the University of Pennsylvania, Oregon Health Sciences University, Louisiana State University Medical School, University of Lund, Sweden, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Caceres, Spain, and  Osaka City University.

From 1996 to 2000 he was Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Korean Interventional Radiological Society.

Society memberships and offices
Korean Radiological Society (1983–present)
Korean Society of Medical Ultrasound (1983–present) Korean Society of Cardiovascular Interventional Radiology (1994–present)
Korean Bronchoesophagological Society (2002–present)
Korean Society of Medical Biochemistry and Melecular Biology (1998–present)
Radiological Society of NorthAmerica (1989–present)
Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) (1999–present)
Korean Institute of Medicine (May 2004 – present)
Society of Interventional Radiology, US (2006–present)
Society of Gastrointestinal Intervention, (2007–present); President, 2010-2011

Notable awards
Outstanding Korean in 1996, President Kim Young-sam appointments (December 13, 1996)
The 2008 Most Distinguished Scientist Award, from President Lee Myung-bak (April 21, 2008)
Honorary Membership of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) (March 6, 2009)
Honorary Membership of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), (November 30, 2009)

References

^ Radiology 268(1):281-7 (2013)
^ Ann Thorac Surg 94(6):1862-8 (2012)
^ Qual Life Res 21(8):1451-7 (2012)
^ Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 69(3):655-63 (2012)
^ Radiology. 261(3):969-75 (2011)

External links

1954 births
South Korean radiologists
Living people
People from Seoul
20th-century South Korean physicians
21st-century South Korean physicians

Song Ho-young


Strand was an island on the west coast of Nordfriesland in Schleswig, which was a fiefdom of the Danish crown. The area now belongs to Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany.

Coastlines along the Dutch-German-Danish coasts were significantly changed during and by a huge storm tide, the Saint Marcellus' flood – also referred to as the Grote Mandrenke – that occurred on 16 January 1362. Many villages and towns were lost. The outlines of Strand changed significantly, nowadays legendary Rungholt reportedly being amongst the now sunken places. The island of Südfall was separated from the mainland.

In 1634 the Burchardi flood finally split Strand island into Nordstrand, Pellworm and Nordstrandischmoor.

References

External links
Google Earth map of the area now

North Frisian Islands
Former islands of Denmark

Strand (island)


The Booth Homestead, also called the Booth Home Place, is located at 8433 Wheeling Township Road in Guernsey County, Ohio, United States.  Named a historic site in 1979, it was built for one of the area's largest landowners.

While young, James Booth emigrated from England to Coshocton County, where he settled in the vicinity of Newcomerstown.  In 1843, aged eighteen, Booth arranged for the construction of the present house; he may have done the work himself, or he may simply have paid for the labor of others.  Booth's design mixed traditional building styles with influences from the popular Greek Revival style of architecture.  Shaped like the letter "L", the house possesses a facade divided into five bays, of which the middle contains the main entrance.

James Booth was among Guernsey County's leading landowners; at his peak, he was possessed of more than .  Upon Booth's death, his heirs shared his property between themselves at  apiece, with his son Milton Booth inheriting the homestead. He managed the property until his premature death in 1907, when it passed to his sister Mary Jane and her husband Jasper Little. Several years later the property came into the possession of Frank Booth, a grandson of James Booth. It remained in his hands until his death in the 1970s, when it passed out of the family.

In 1979, the Booth Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture.  Critical to this designation was its design's employment of both classical motifs and the vernacular architecture of the area.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Guernsey County, Ohio
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Houses completed in 1849
Houses in Guernsey County, Ohio
1849 establishments in Ohio

Booth Homestead


Pierre Chaunu (; 17 August 1923 – 22 October 2009) was a French historian. His specialty was Latin American history; he also studied French social and religious history of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. A leading figure in French quantitative history as the founder of "serial history", he was professor emeritus at Paris IV-Sorbonne, a member of the Institut de France, and a commander of the Légion d'Honneur. A convert to Protestantism from Roman Catholicism, he defended his far-right views most notably in a longtime column in Le Figaro and on Radio Courtoisie.

Biography
A native of Belleville-sur-Meuse, "on the outskirts of the battle of Verdun" in his own words, and raised by his uncle and aunt, Pierre René Chaunu was deeply scarred by his own family tragedies, which explained the reasons for his conservatism. This conservatism led him to join the far-right Cercle national Jeanne-d'Arc, an organisation affiliated to the National Front of Jean-Marie Le Pen. Despite this membership in an openly far-right organisation, he nonetheless self-identified as a right-wing Gaullist throughout his life.

Pierre Chaunu taught in the lycée of Bar-le-Duc in 1947, where he was a professor of history. He was admitted to the École des hautes études hispaniques in 1948 and stayed in Madrid and Seville until 1951. Strongly influenced by Fernand Braudel, who was his mentor, and the Annales School (where he was secretary to Lucien Febvre), Chaunu defended his dissertation on Séville et l'Atlantique in 1954. Nonetheless, Braudel denied him entry into the sixth section of the École practique des hautes études.

He was professor at the lycée at Vanves (1951–1956), part-time lecturer at the faculté des lettres in Paris (1956), researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), elected member of CNRS after 1957 and of the Comité consultant des universités, and in 1959 chargé d'enseignement (assistant professor). In 1960, Chaunu became maitre de conferences (associate professor) in 1960 and full professor in 1962 at the University of Caen Lower Normandy, where he founded the Centre de recherche d'histoire quantitative in 1966. He was named professor of modern history at Paris-Sorbonne University in 1970.

Beginning in 1976, he was a member of the Conseil économique et social's section for the adaptation of research technique and for economic information, and from 1980 he was a member of the historical section of the Conseil scientifique of CNRS. In 1982, he was elected as a member of the historical and geographical section of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. He became a member of the Haut conseil a l'intégration (High Council on Immigration) in 1994. From 1988 to 1990, he was president of the Fédération nationale des syndicats autonomes de l'enseighment supérieur.

Until 2005, he directed the weekly broadcast of "Les Mardis de la mémoire" on Radio Courtoisie. From the early 1980s he had a column in "Le Figaro." Pierre Chaunu converted to Protestantism as an adult (having previously been a Roman Catholic). He was a lay preacher in the temple at Courseulles-sur-Mer (Reformed Church of France) and a committee member of the Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Français. He was also the father of six children, including the illustrator and cartoonist Emmanuel Chaunu (born in 1966). He was a commander of the Légion d'honneur.

Death
Chaunu died at Caen on 22 October 2009, aged 86.

Works
The central thesis of several of his works, including "La Peste blanche", is that the contemporary West is committing suicide because of demographic decline and low birth rate; hence the subtitle, "How can the suicide of the West be avoided?" In evoking the word "plague", the historian very explicitly recalled the terrible epidemic that decimated the European population in the fourteenth century. He equally echoed the study of Latin America that made his reputation: South America experienced a steep drop in population at the arrival of the Spanish. From 80 million, the population went to 10 million in the span of half a century. (This claim has provoked very significant controversy; see e.g., Henige, who argues that the population at the relevant dates is essentially unknowable.) Thus, according to Chaunu, the demographic index became a prime indicator to understand the rise and fall of civilizations. The historian maintained that population growth could reverse itself rapidly, to the point of resulting in the phenomena of near-disappearance of some peoples.

Influence
Chaunu had an important impact on historiography, whether with regard to quantitative history, his studies of Latin America, or the social and religious history of France during the Ancien Régime.

Publications

Books
 Histoire de l'Amérique latine, Paris, PUF, "Que sais-je?", 1949. Réédition en 2009.
 Séville et l'Atlantique (1504–1650), Paris, SEVPEN, 12 volumes, 1955–1960. (Prix de Loubat, 1962).
 Les Philippines et le Pacifique des Ibériques, Paris, SEVPEN, 2 volumes, 1960–1966.
 L'Amérique et les Amériques de la préhistoire à nos jours, Paris, Armand Colin, 1964.
 La Civilisation de l'Europe classique, Paris, Arthaud, 1966.
 L'Expansion européenne du XIIIe et XVe siècles, Paris, PUF, 1969. (English translation European expansion in the later Middle Ages, Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing.)
 Conquête et exploitation des nouveaux mondes, Paris, PUF, 1969.
 La Civilisation de l'Europe des Lumières, Paris, Arthaud, 1971.
 L'Espagne de Charles Quint, Paris, SEDES, 2 volumes, 1973.
 Démographie historique et système de civilisation, Rome, EFR, 1974.
 Histoire, science sociale, Paris, SEDES, 1974.
 Le Temps des Réformes, Paris, Fayard, 1975.
 De l'histoire à la prospective, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1975.
 Les Amériques, XVIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, Armand Colin, 1976.
 La peste blanche (with Georges Suffert), Paris, Gallimard, 1976.
 Séville et l'Amérique aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, Paris, Flammarion, 1977.
 La Mort à Paris (XVIe et XVIIe siècles, Paris, Fayard, 1978.
 Histoire quantitative, histoire sérielle, Paris, Armand Colin, 1978.
 Le sursis, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1978
 La France ridée, Paris, Pluriel, 1979
 Un futur sans avenir, Histoire et population, Calmann-Lévy,1979
 Histoire et imagination. La transition, Paris, PUF, 1980.
 Église, culture et société. Réforme et Contre-Réforme (1517–1620), Paris, SEDES, 1980.
 Histoire et décadence, Paris, Perrin, 1981. (Grand Prix Goubert, 1982)
 La France, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1982.
 Pour l'histoire, Paris, Perrin, 1984.
 L'Aventure de la Réforme. Le monde de Jean Calvin, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1986. (English translation, The Reformation, Gloucester, Sutton.)
 Apologie par l'histoire, Paris, Œil, 1988.
 Le Grand Déclassement, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1989.
 Reflets et miroir de l'histoire, Economica, Paris, 1990
 Histoire économique et sociale de la France. Tome 1, 1450-1660, (with Ernest Labrousse) PUF, "Quadrige", 1993.
 Colomb ou la logique de l'imprévisible, Paris, F. Bourin, 1993.
 Baptême de Clovis, baptême de la France, (in collaboration), Paris, Balland, 1996.
 Le Basculement religieux de Paris au XVIIIe siècle, (in collaboration), Paris, Fayard, 1998.
 Charles Quint, (with Michèle Escamilla), Paris, Fayard, 2000.
 La femme et Dieu, (with Jacques Renard), Paris, Fayard, 2001
 Essai de prospective démographique, (with Huguette Chaunu and Jacques Renard), Paris, Fayard, 2003
 Des curés aux entrepreneurs: la Vendée au XXe siècle, Centre Vendéen de Recherches Historiques, 2004.
 Le livre noir de la Révolution française, Cerf, 2008

Article
 La philosophie et l'histoire, (with Roger Arnaldez) in Jean-François Mattéi, Le Discours philosophique, volume IV of the Encyclopédie philosophique universelle, Paris, PUF, 1998.

Endnotes

External links
 Le legs monumental de Pierre Chaunu à l'Histoire
 Portrait of Pierre Chaunu on herodote.net, février 2007
 " Surpopulation de la planète : Les chiffres donnés par l'ONU sont-ils truqués ? ", 6 octobre 1999
 C.R.H.Q, Centre de Recherche d'Histoire Quantitative

References
Obituary in French

1923 births
2009 deaths
People from Meuse (department)
French Calvinist and Reformed Christians
French Protestants
Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism
Historians of France
Economic historians
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
20th-century French historians
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Le Figaro people

Pierre Chaunu


Animal Jam is a beloved American children's puppet TV series that made its debut on the small screen on February 15, 2003, captivating the hearts of young viewers everywhere. This enchanting show was a collaborative masterpiece, brought to life through the combined efforts of industry giants like The Jim Henson Company, HiT Entertainment, and Discovery Kids.

From its very first episode, Animal Jam embarked on a remarkable journey, captivating young audiences with its imaginative storytelling and endearing puppet characters. Set against the backdrop of a vibrant and lively world, the show seamlessly blended entertainment with education, offering a unique and engaging experience for children.

Each episode of Animal Jam was a delightful exploration of the animal kingdom, where viewers were invited to join in on thrilling adventures, guided by a lovable cast of puppet characters. The captivating blend of puppetry, animation, and live-action segments created a visually captivating and educational experience, making it a cherished part of many children's television memories.

The show's partnership between The Jim Henson Company, known for its unparalleled expertise in puppetry and character design, HiT Entertainment's commitment to quality children's content, and the platform provided by Discovery Kids resulted in a series that left an indelible mark on the world of children's entertainment.

Animal Jam's legacy continues to endure, not only as a testament to the magic of puppetry and storytelling but also as a cherished piece of American television history, reminding us of the power of creativity and imagination in fostering learning and wonder in the hearts of children.

2000s children's television series
2003 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings

Animal Jam (TV series)


Jumacao a.k.a. Jumaca (born c. 1480s) was the Taíno Cacique (Chief) of the area in Puerto Rico named after him (now spelled Humacao).

Before and after the arrival of the Conquistadors
The Taínos, who lived in Puerto Rico long before the arrival of the Spaniards, were an organized and peaceful people.  The only problems they had were occasionally with the cannibals of the Carib tribes.  The Cacique was the head of the tribe and the governor of his region. They reported to the "Supreme Cacique", who during Jumacao's time was the Cacique Agueybana.  When the Spaniards arrived, Agueybana received Juan Ponce de León with open arms. This extended friendship was soon to end because the Conquistadores started to enslave the Taínos and to destroy their way of life.

Taíno revolt

According to the "Chronicles of the Indias", which are kept in Seville, Spain, in February 1511, Agueybana's brother Güeybaná, better known as Agüeybaná II (The Brave), Urayoan, the Cacique of Añasco and some of their men drowned the Spanish soldier Diego Salcedo.  They watched over Salcedo's body to see if he came back to life.  When he did not, the Taínos realized that the Spaniards were not gods after all.

When the news spread among the Taínos, they started a rebellion and attacked some Spanish settlements. After Ponce de León's troops killed the Cacique Agueybana II, the Spanish Government reached an agreement and signed a peace treaty. However, the Spaniards in the island did not respect the treaty and continued to enslave and destroy many of the Taíno villages.

The Cacique Jumacao was the first Cacique to learn how to read and write in Spanish. He proved this by writing a letter to King Charles I of Spain, complaining that the appointed governor of the island was not honoring the peace treaty and that he and the other Caciques had virtually become prisoners of the governor.  He also stated that he was responsible of his own acts.  The King was moved by the letter and ordered the governor to honor the terms of the treaty.

The government, however, paid no attention to the King's request and continued to abuse the Taínos.  Jumacao, together with the help of the Cacique Daguao (Cacique of Naguabo), attacked Spanish settlements and burned down the City of Santiago (founded in 1513), which was located close to the Daguao (now Santiago) River, killing all of its inhabitants.  According to the testimony of Ignacio Martinez, the sole survivor of the "Santiago incident", the Caciques and their tribes hid in the Sierras (mountains) of Luquillo. Jumacao was never heard from again.

Legacy
There is a statue of the Cacique in the city of Humacao.  In 1975 the city of Humacao honored the Cacique Jumacao by including a crown within its Municipal Coat of Arms, which represents the royalty of the Cacique.  The City of Humacao also presents the "Cacique Jumacao Award" to the best industries in regard to its recycling programs.

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
Agüeybaná
Agüeybaná II
 List of Taínos
 Arasibo
 Hayuya
 Orocobix
 Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center

References

External links
Puerto Rico History

1480 births
16th-century deaths
Taíno leaders
Year of death missing
16th-century monarchs in North America
16th-century indigenous people of the Americas
Puerto Rican people of Taíno descent

Jumacao


A religious symbol is a symbol that is used to represent a religion. These include a star and crescent for Islam, a cross for Christianity, and the Star of David for Judaism. Religious symbols have been used by the military in many countries, including the United States military chaplain symbols.

Symbols

Religious symbol


Hiram Milliken Hiller Jr. (March 8, 1867 – August 8, 1921) was an American physician, medical missionary, explorer, and ethnographer. He traveled in Oceania and in South, Southeast, and East Asia, returning with archeological, cultural, zoological, and botanical specimens and data for museums, lectures and publications. His notes and collections provide valuable information about those regions and their people from the late 19th century. In later life, he was involved in the study of polio during the epidemics that hit the United States in the early 20th century.

Family and early life
He was born on March 8, 1867, near Kahoka, Missouri, to Colonel Hiram Milliken Hiller Sr. (1834–1895) and the former Sarah Fulton Bell (1837–1915), who were both from Pennsylvania. He was the third of their six children who survived to adulthood. The elder Hiller, a Civil War veteran and lawyer, was a prominent citizen of Clark County, Missouri, and was instrumental in the success of Kahoka until his death in a railroad accident. His house in Kahoka is a registered historic landmark.

The younger Hiller attended Parsons College in Iowa, earning his B.S. in 1887. He moved to Philadelphia to attend medical school at the University of Pennsylvania. While there, he met several other men of similar interests, including William Henry Furness III (1867–1920, the son of Shakespearean scholar Horace Howard Furness and nephew of architect Frank Furness), and Alfred Craven Harrison Jr. (1869–1925, nephew of Charles Custis Harrison, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania from 1894 to 1911). Hiller graduated in 1891 and served his residency at the University of Pennsylvania Hospital and at nearby Blockley Hospital.  He traveled in Europe (1893–1894) and spent time in Boston, where he earned money for later adventures while studying at Harvard.  Edward S. Morse, a Harvard zoologist, was giving lectures about Japan, then a subject of great fascination in the West, throughout Boston; Hiller appears to have been inspired by these.

Expeditions

Hiller, Furness, and Harrison embarked on a series of expeditions to East and Southeast Asia and Oceania. The three did not always travel together, and the records of their travels are fragmentary in places.  Their first two voyages are the best-documented; the last voyage the worst.

First expedition (1895–1896)
In October 1895, Hiller, Furness, and Harrison left the United States, using their own money to search for the fabled Dayak headhunters of Borneo to collect ethnological specimens for the new University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. On their way to the South Seas, they stopped at Yokohama, Amami, and Okinawa, among other places in Japan, arriving in Borneo after seven months of travel from the United States. They spent four months traveling and collecting in Borneo, although they did not always travel together. After leaving Borneo, they traveled to Singapore, Saigon, and China before returning to Japan, the Republic of Hawaii, and the United States. Hiller arrived in Kahoka on December 4, 1896.

Second expedition (1897–1898)
Five months later (May 1897), they were off to Borneo again. Traveling by way of Japan, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Saigon, they returned to Singapore and used it as a base for a number of expeditions into such places as Kalimantan, Sarawak, British Malaya, and Tambak before returning the way they came. They returned in August or September 1898.

Third expedition (1899–1900)
Unlike their other expeditions, the third was an eastward journey. They sailed for England on June 14, 1899, traveling from London to Paris and Marseilles before boarding the Ernest Simon for Asia. The voyage took them through the Suez Canal and to Djibouti before arriving in Colombo, Ceylon. They traveled in Ceylon, India, Burma, and Australia before sailing for Hawaii (recently annexed by the United States) and Vancouver, circling the world before returning home in May 1900.

Fourth expedition (1901)
Their last voyage may have been somewhat restricted by the realities of life (the three were all over 30 by this point). Leaving Philadelphia in February 1901, they traveled to New Orleans and San Francisco before sailing for Honolulu and Yokohama aboard the Sir Coptic. They extensively toured Japan, particularly Hokkaido. Hiller met Jenichiro Oyabe, a Japanese man who had been educated as a missionary at Yale University and Howard University. Oyabe served as a translator and a guide for a side-expedition to the Ainu people, and consequently Hiller amassed a large collection of the objects of Ainu daily life before proceeding to the East Indies. While in the East Indies, he would collect the holotype of the Sumatran slow loris, which was named after him as Nycticebus hilleri. Once Hiller returned home, he stayed in contact with Oyabe, who wrote him friendly letters encouraging him to "tell the world about my beloved Ainu people."

Later life
Hiller married Blanche Hays, of Bellefonte, Pennsylvania.  The wilds of the jungle were no place for a civilized woman; his exploring days were over.  Hiller managed a sugar plantation in Cuba for "a wealthy friend" (Harrison's father was a sugar manufacturer, and Harrison entered his father's business in 1902) from 1902 to about 1907 in order to make money to bankroll his return to Philadelphia and the establishment of a medical practice.

The Hillers settled in Rose Tree, at the north edge of Media, Pennsylvania.  Hiller founded a clinic in nearby Chester for poor workers in the factories there.  While there, he encountered a devastating outbreak of a disease that spread rapidly and paralyzed its victims, especially children.  A few physicians in other towns were experiencing similar outbreaks.  They communicated, shared experiences, and realized not only that they were dealing with the same disease ("infantile paralysis"), but that it was a form of polio, which apparently had taken a more damaging, virulent, epidemic form. The Hillers had two daughters, Margaret Linn and Virginia ("Ginny").

Death
Hiller died on August 8, 1921, in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, possibly from complications from polio.  He is buried in Union Cemetery in Bellefonte. His widow moved with her daughters to Lower Merion, Pennsylvania, closer to Philadelphia, where she lived until her death in 1944.

Collections
Thanks in significant part to Hiller, the Penn Museum's collection of Ainu artifacts is one of the largest in any museum. The Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture (FRPAC) borrowed a sizable portion of the Penn Museum's collection to display in the Ainu Craft Exhibition 2008 at the Niigata Prefectural Museum of History in Nagaoka City, Japan.  The Penn Museum also holds 57 artifacts and 3 diaries Furness and Hiller brought back from Amami and Okinawa, and the university library has additional materials.

References

Bibliography
Hiram Milliken Hiller, "Wild mountain tribes of Borneo", Harper's, May 1901, pp. 935–944. Accessed 2018.04.24.
Alison Miner, The Ainu People and an Early Anthropological Friendship Across an Ocean, PennMuseumArchives, February 28, 2009. Accessed 2010.06.20.
Finding Aid, Furness, Harrison and Hiller expedition records, 1060, University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Accessed 2010.06.19.
Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, ''The Pennsylvania Medical Journal'', Volume 21, pp. 395, 705 (1918).
Fuji Takayasu, Provenance of Okinawan Artifacts in the United States (日本語), ''American View'', Winter 2008.  U.S. Embassy, Tokyo.  Accessed 2010.06.19.
Western Historical Manuscript Collection - Columbia, Hiller Family Papers, 1785-1993 (3856), State Historical Society of Missouri.  Accessed 2010.06.19.

External links and further information
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
William W. Fitzhugh and Chisato O. Dubreuil, eds. ''Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People''.  University of Washington Press, 2001 (includes a part on such early scholars of Ainu culture as Hiram Hiller and Jenichiro Oyabe—particularly Chapter 21).
Adria H. Katz, Borneo to Philadelphia--The Furness-Hiller-Harrison Collections Expedition, Vol. 30, Number 1 (Spring 1988).
Pezzati, Alex, "Borneo and beyond: the adventures of Furness, Harrison, and Hiller", Expedition (), 2001 (Abstract: An overview is presented on the travels of Henry Furness III, Alfred C. Harrison Jr., and Hiram M. Hiller, to collect artifacts and specimens for the University of Pennsylvania during the turn of last century. Although their primary destination was Borneo, they also voyaged to China, Japan, India, Thailand and Russia).

1867 births
1921 deaths
People from Kahoka, Missouri
Physicians from Philadelphia
American explorers
Anthropologists of the Ainu
Medical missionaries
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
20th-century American physicians
Burials at Union Cemetery (Bellefonte, Pennsylvania)

Hiram M. Hiller Jr.


The Columna Maenia was an honorary column erected in the comitium of the Roman Republic by Gaius Maenius in 338 BC for his victory over the Latins at the Battle of Antium. Gaius Maenius also adorned the Rostra, with the naval rams (rostra in Latin) of six ships from the Antiate fleet confiscated by Rome. The column was beside the Rostra and the Graecostasis. Some historians believe the column to be from the atrium of Gaius Maenius's home which was sold to Cato and Flaccus as mentioned by Pseudo-Asconius (Caec. 50).

The column was used as part of an elaborate timing device which determined the final hour of the day when the sun was viewed from the Curia Hostilia passing the column, moving towards the Carcer. Pliny states that the accensus consulum announced the supremam horam, the time when the sun had moved downward from the Columna Maenia to the Carcer. This was done from the same location as the call for midday, the Curia. The column was south of the place of observation or on a line which passed from the Rostra and Graecostasis.

Various petty criminals were bound to the column as a form of public punishment.

References

Roman Forum
Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Rome
Rome R. X Campitelli

Columna Maenia


Louis-Armand-Constantin de Rohan, Chevalier de Rohan and Prince de Montbazon, (6 April 1732 – 27 July 1794) was a French naval officer of the eighteenth century.

Life
Louis-Armand-Constantin was the fifth of seven children of Hercule Mériadec, Duc de Montbazon and Louise Gabrielle Julie de Rohan-Soubise, daughter of Hercule Mériadec, Prince de Rohan, head of the cadet branch of the House of Rohan. Louis-Armand-Constantin was a member of the senior branch of the House of Rohan, a powerful French family which claimed descent from the sovereign Dukes of Brittany, in right of which it held the rank of prince étranger at the French court.

Rohan joined the French Navy and was the captain of Raisonnable  at the action of 29 April 1758, at which his ship was captured in the Bay of Biscay by HMS Dorsetshire  during the Seven Years' War. In 1764, after the war, he was promoted to Chef d'escadre and in 1766 was appointed governor of Leeward Islands. In 1768 he was engaged in quelling a revolt by the French colonists in Saint-Domingue. In 1770 de Rohan was promoted to Navy Lieutenant General and the following year married Louise Rosalie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, daughter of François Victor Le Tonnelier de Breteuil. He was an active Freemason.

At the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, Rohan was promoted to vice-admiral in the Levant Fleet, based at Toulon, but his actions at Saint-Domingue in 1768 and 1769 had attracted controversy and he was repeatedly refused colonial and command postings. Following the French Revolution of 1789, towards which he was openly hostile, he left the Navy, and in 1794, after refusing to prove his allegiance to the French Republic he was condemned by a Revolutionary Tribunal and executed in Paris by guillotine on 27 July.

References

1732 births
1794 deaths
French Navy admirals
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
Louis-Armand Constantin
Governors of Saint-Domingue

Louis-Armand-Constantin de Rohan


Eben Samuel Johnson (8 February 1866 – 9 February 1939) was an English-American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1916.

Birth and family
Born in Warwickshire, England, he was a son of William and Catharine (née Sidwell) Johnson.  His father was an English Methodist preacher.  Bishop Johnson was also descended from one of John Wesley's helpers.  Eben married Sarah Tilsley, with whom he had children Samuel D., Arthur H., and Dorothea.

Early career and education
Eben took a teacher training course in England.  He also attended the University of Oxford.  He taught school in London for a time.  He also engaged in newspaper work from 1885–89.

Eben then emigrated to the United States of America, where he earned both the A.B. and the A.M. degrees from Morningside College.  Syracuse University later awarded him an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree.

He became a Freemason at an unknown date, and was later admitted to Kane Lodge No. 377, Ida Grove, Iowa on 13 December 1907; he resigned from this lodge on 14 October 1910 and joined instead the Landmark Lodge No. 103, Sioux City, Iowa on 12 December 1910.

Ordained ministry
The Rev. Eben Samuel Johnson preached on an English circuit at the age of sixteen. In America he entered the Northwest Iowa Annual Conference in 1889. As a pastor he served the following appointments: Danbury, Wall Lake, Mapleton, Sac City, Webster City, and Rock Rapids. He then was appointed Superintendent of the Ida Grove District. In 1909 he was appointed pastor of the First Methodist Church, Sioux City, where his address was 514 7th St., Sioux City.

He served his annual conference as the secretary, then the chairman of the examining board; as the president of the Conference Board of Education; and as a member of M.E. General Conferences, 1904–16. He served as general conference journal secretary for a time, as well. He also was a trustee of Morningside College.

During the Spanish–American War, the Rev. Johnson served as a chaplain in the 52nd Iowa Infantry Regiment, U.S. Volunteers. He also served in the 56th Regiment of the Iowa National Guard, first with the rank of captain, then major.

Episcopal ministry
The Rev. Eben Samuel Johnson was elected first in 1916 as a missionary bishop of the M.E. Church for Africa. In 1920 he was elected a bishop.

Bishop Johnson died at the Veterans' Hospital in Portland, Oregon.  He was buried in Riverview Abbey in Portland.

Selected writings
"Emigration", Oxford degree thesis, in the Methodist Bishops' Collection at Southern Methodist University.
"Stenographic Report Lectures" of R. L. Ottley, Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology, Oxford, 1906, and of W. Lock, Dean Ireland Professor of Exegesis, Oxford, 1906. also in the Methodist Bishops' Collection at Southern Methodist University.
"General Conference Reports and Writings", also in the Methodist Bishops' Collection at Southern Methodist University.

See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References

 Leete, Frederick DeLand,  Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
 "JOHNSON, Rev. Eben Samuel, D.D." in Who's Who in American Methodism, Carl F. Price, Compiler and Editor, New York:  E.B. Treat & Co., 1916, p. 112.

Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
1866 births
1939 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Schoolteachers from Warwickshire
English emigrants to the United States
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Army officers
Methodist missionary bishops
Morningside University alumni
20th-century Methodist bishops
British emigrants to the United States
English Methodist ministers
Spanish–American War chaplains
United States Army chaplains
19th-century English Methodist ministers
20th-century English Methodist ministers

Eben Samuel Johnson