Knowle West is a neighbourhood situated on a low plateau in the south of Bristol, England, about 2 miles (3 km) from the centre of the city. Historically in Somerset, most of the area is coterminous with the Filwood ward of Bristol City Council, although a small part of the estate lies within Knowle ward to the east. To the west are Bishopsworth and Hartcliffe. To the north are Bedminster and Windmill Hill and to the south Whitchurch Park and Hengrove. In 2008 the population was estimated to be 11,787. The area is approximately .

There is evidence of late Iron Age and Roman settlements in the area. At the time of the Domesday Book, Knowle was a rural area assessed at a taxable value of two geld units. Knowle West remained rural in character until the 1930s, when a council housing estate was developed to provide homes for people displaced by slum clearance in the centre of the city.

Famous former residents include the musician Tricky, the England rugby player Ellis Genge, the boxer Dixie Brown and late 1950s rock and roll band the Eagles. There are two schools and two churches in Knowle West, as well as a number of open spaces, community centre,no clubs and no shopping facilities at Filwood Broadway except a news agent, a cafe and a chemist. Community organisations include the Knowle West Media Centre, the Residents' Planning Group and the Knowle West Health Association. There are no major employers in Knowle West and very little local enterprises it has no infrastructure but have larger businesses on nearby trading estates. The closure of the Imperial Tobacco factory at nearby Hartcliffe in 1990 caused a large number of job losses. Just under a third of the residents are classed as economically inactive and the area is the most economically deprived in Bristol.

History

There is evidence of late Iron Age and Roman settlement at Inns Court and Filwood Park, which lie within Knowle West. In 1086, the area that is now Knowle West was assessed by the Domesday survey as part of Knowle in the hundred of Hartcliffe. The survey shows Knowle as being under the lordship of Eadnoth the Constable who had 30 holdings in Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Wiltshire before the Norman conquest. After the conquest, Knowle became part of the holdings of Osbern Giffard, who was lord, or tenant in chief, of holdings throughout Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Wiltshire and Somerset. The Domesday Book shows Knowle as having eleven households, three ploughlands, one cob (small horse), eight cattle, twenty five pigs, a meadow of , pasture of  and a woodland area of  by . For taxation purposes, the whole was assessed at two geld units. Filwood Park, in the southern part of the area was part of the parish of Whitchurch until incorporated into Bristol in 1930. In Anglo-Saxon times Filwood Chase was part of the royal hunting estate known as Kingswood Forest, which encompassed a large area around Bristol.

Inns Court and Filwood farms have medieval origins. The surviving parts of Inns Court, originally Inyn's Court, are now part of the former Holy Cross Inns Court Vicarage and the staircase turret is now a Grade II* listed building. The building is in the process of repair and is on the "at risk" register. An isolation hospital was built at Nover's Hill in 1892, eventually superseded by a new hospital at Ham Green, near Pill, which opened in 1927. The site is now occupied by the Knowle DGE (DGE standing for Discovery, Guidance and Enjoyment) Special School. In the 1920s, the area was still rural in nature, mostly agricultural and allotment land, including Filwood Farm, Inns Court Farm and Hengrove House. The old field boundaries influenced the subsequent development.

Knowle West was built in the 1930s as a council housing estate. It was constructed on garden city principles, with large gardens and "an abundance of fresh air and daylight." The aim of the development was to provide new homes for those who needed to be relocated as a result of clearance of inner-city slums in Bristol and "to provide healthier living conditions for large families on low incomes.

A new wave of development commenced in the 1960s at Inns Court, occasioned by the need for more homes following the further clearance of inner city areas which had been devastated by the Bristol Blitz. Prefabricated homes, which had been erected since World War II at Filwood Park were demolished in the 1960s. Subsequently, new homes were built on the Radburn principles. "Common features were grouped houses arranged around a cul-de sac street layout thus the street layout broke away from the conventional street grid pattern", but this style of development is now considered to be a failure, due to the lack of "a safe and well-overlooked environment." The layout of housing built around short cul-de-sacs "has resulted in a physical environment that contributes to isolation rather than facilitating community interaction", according to a 2009 city council report on the area. By 2008, around 45 per cent of the 4,475 homes were owner occupied. Plans were announced in 2010 for demolition of 1,000 homes in Inns Court. Local residents were opposed to this, and following their campaign, the council withdrew the plans and met with residents to discuss plans for redeveloping Filwood Broadway with new shops and a supermarket.

Location
Modern Knowle West has an area of approximately , located on a plateau about  above sea level, south of the centre of Bristol, between the districts of Knowle on the east, Whitchurch Park and Hengrove to the south, Hartcliffe and Bishopsworth to the west and Bedminster and Windmill Hill to the north. There is steeply sloping land to the north and west, which together with Pigeonhouse Brook, a tributary of the River Malago, creates a natural barrier to adjacent areas. The underlying bedrock is of the Lias Group, a mixture of mudstones, marine limestones, sandstones and clays. The Bedminster Great coal seam lies some  below the area, but it is considered unlikely that coal was mined underneath Knowle West.

The local council Filwood ward is roughly coterminous with Knowle West, but two small areas of the estate lie in the neighbouring Knowle ward. Definitions of the area of Knowle West vary, with some residents in the eastern fringes preferring to identify with Knowle.

Notable residents
The boxer Dixie Brown lived in Knowle West from the 1930s until the 1950s and was a regular at the Venture Inn, a public house in Melvin Square. He was frequently visited by black American troops during World War II.

The Eagles were a rock and roll band who formed in the late 1950s at the Eagle House youth club and featured in the 1962 film Some People.

The musician Tricky was a member of the Wild Bunch sound system and a contributor to Massive Attack's first two albums. Born in 1968, Tricky grew up in Knowle West in the 1970s and 1980s and was educated at Merrywood School. He named his 2008 album Knowle West Boy, in tribute to the area's influence on him and his music.

The England International rugby player Ellis Genge grew up on the estate.

Amenities

Education
There are three primary schools in Knowle West; Greenfield Primary School, Oasis Academy Connaught, and the School of Christ the King. In addition there is Knowle DGE Special School (formerly the Florence Brown Community Special School), which serves pupils of all ages who have learning difficulties or social and emotional behaviour difficulties. There is also a nursery, Knowle West Children's Centre.·  Secondary school students are educated in adjacent areas, following the closure of Merrywood School in 2000, after a critical report by Ofsted in 1997. The nearest secondary schools are Oasis Academy John Williams in Hengrove, St Bernadette Catholic Secondary School in Whitchurch, Bridge Learning Campus in Hartcliffe and Bedminster Down Secondary School. Ongoing adult education is provided at the Park Centre and nearby Bedminster and Marksbury Road libraries.

Health
There is a National Health Service walk-in centre for treating minor injuries on the Knowle West Health Park site. Doctors may be consulted at the adjacent GP walk-in centre and there are general practitioner (GP) led health centres nearby in Knowle, Bedminster and Hartcliffe. Dentistry is provided at practices in Bishopsworth, Knowle and Bedminster. The nearest hospital is Bristol Royal Infirmary in Bristol city centre. South Bristol Community Hospital in nearby Hengrove opened in March 2012.

Community activities

There are a number of community activities, including a community website, knowlewest.co.uk, showing the latest events and news in the area. A community newsletter called The Knowledge is produced by Community in Partnership (CIP), facilitated by the Knowle West Media Centre. The Knowle West Future planning forum was established in 2013 to work on a regeneration plan, based on the positive attributes of the estate.

The Knowle West Media Centre won a Queen's Award for Services in the Community in 2006 and the Knowle West Health Association won a Queen's Award for Voluntary Service in 2010.

Community enterprises include Re:work, who run construction, gardening, and furniture renovation projects, including their store on Filwood Broadway. They work with volunteers and support young people in skills development. Knowle West Health Park includes a GP service, a healthy living centre (which includes a studio with activities such as keep fit and dance activities), children's park, outdoor sports facilities, and a one-mile walk. Nearby nature walks include the Northern Slopes, including Novers Common, Glyn Vale/Kingswear and Wedmore Vale.

Local amenities include The Park Opportunity Centre, which offers a number of courses and programmes.  The area has local shopping facilities, cafés and community centres and youth clubs such as Filwood Community Centre, Eagle House, Broadplain House, Novers Park,The Mede and KWMC (Knowle West Media Centre).

Churches

Churches include Christ the King (Roman Catholic), built in 1952; Destiny Knowles Pentecostal Church (Pentecostal); St Barnabas (Church of England), built in 1938; Holy Cross (Church of God of Prophecy); and the Salvation Army.

Transport
Knowle West is served by four council supported bus services, which connect the area to Totterdown, Broadmead, Hotwells, Bedminster and Brislington. In addition First West of England run two services, which connect with Withywood, the city centre and Hengrove. The nearest railway station is at Parson Street in Bedminster.

Journey times from Knowle West to the city centre have been identified as hampering employment opportunities for residents and proposals for a Greater Bristol Bus Network and a rapid transit scheme have noted the need to provide better connectivity for the area. A journey from Filwood Park to the city centre takes around 50 minutes and from Inns Court to Broadmead takes over 30 minutes. Proposed extensions to the A4174 ring road, which would pass along the southern part of Knowle West, have been claimed to reduce delays across the Greater Bristol area by 6%, and lead to a 9% increase in public transport use. The plans were approved by the Department for Transport in December 2011.

Demographics
The population estimate for Filwood ward, as of 2008, was 11,787. There were 3,007 under 15 years old and 1,651 were of pensionable age. 7,316 were Christian, 2,925 had no religion and there were small numbers of Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh residents. 96.2 per cent were described as white and 3.8 per cent as being of black minority ethnicity.

Even in 2011, the Filwood ward was still an area with a relatively small amount of ethnic minorities, with 85.8 per cent of the 12,267 residents being White British.

Employment
There are a number of small community enterprises in the area, but most of those in work need to drive to other parts of Bristol. The Bristol City Council Baseline Briefing notes that employment opportunities for those without a car are limited There is a retail park on the former Imperial Tobacco factory site in Hartcliffe, which has plans for further development. In addition, South Bristol Business Park was built on the former Filwood playing fields in the early 21st century. It was reported that 2,300 residents had local employment in 2008 and 3,264 were classed as economically inactive; that is to say they were not employed and not actively seeking employment. 71 per cent of jobs were in service industries. 213 residents were claiming unemployment benefits.

Deprivation
Six out of eight areas in Knowle West are ranked as being economically deprived. The closure of the Imperial Tobacco factory at nearby Hartcliffe in 1990 meant the loss of 5,000 jobs and an estimated further 20,000 jobs in service and supporting industries throughout South Bristol. A House of Commons report noted that this had a seriously negative effect on the area as many people in Knowle West and neighbouring areas lost the opportunity for "manual and semi-skilled employment". The Independent in 1995 noted high drug use and associated crime and reported on the establishment of Knowle West Against Drugs, led by local parents concerned about these problems. In 2006, BBC News said "Knowle West has more than its share of social problems.  The highest number of kids in care of any council ward in Bristol.  The lowest number of young people with any qualifications (under half).  A major petty crime problem, drug addiction, and add to that people are fed up with bad housing." Shawnie, a 2006 novel by social worker Ed Trewavas, written from the point of view of a 13-year-old girl living in Knowle West, documents some of the deprivation he encountered in his work. One of the novel's characters "describes Knowle West ... as a 'shit hole' populated by 'yokels, cider-heads, junkies, dole-scammers, slappers and failed wide boys, all interbreeding and nicking their cruddy possessions off of each other in some giant, dismal rota.'"

The Guardian in 2007 reported "Fed up with the media's view of their community as a hub for drug use, crime and antisocial behaviour, the residents of one of Britain's most notorious housing estates decided to fight back." The article noted that projects such as Knowle West Media were having a positive impact, "Those kids coming out of the media centre aren't the criminals and layabouts everyone expects from Knowle West; they're film-makers, photographers and designers." According to police statistics the levels of crime and anti-social behaviour (ASB) in Knowle West are above average for England and Wales, with 241 crimes and ASB incidents reported in June 2011. A 2007 report for the Community Foundation Network, looking at the work of voluntary sector groups, found that three-quarters of the super output areas in Filwood ward are amongst the 10% most deprived in England. The report also found a strong sense of community within the area with "a history of community activity".

Politics
Since 2015, the two Bristol City councillors for Filwood ward have been Labour Party members. The MP for the Bristol South constituency, since 2015, is Karin Smyth, of the Labour Party. Prior to that, the constituency was represented from 1987 by Dawn Primarolo, now the Right Honourable the Baroness Primarolo. Prior to Brexit in 2020, Filwood was represented in the European Parliament by the six MEPs of the South West England constituency.

Environment

Open spaces include Glyn Vale Open Space, part of the Northern Slopes; Filwood Playing Fields and Filwood Park; Airport Road Open Space; Inns Court Open Space, which all are proposed Sites of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI), with areas of grassland, scrub and broad-leaved woodland. There are also three children's playgrounds and a few small open spaces, mostly grassed areas between buildings or at road junctions. There are  of natural open space and  of what is described by the city council as "informal open space", such as wide road verges, roundabouts and playing fields, in Knowle West. The average number of bird species per garden is two and 41 per cent of residents reported frogs in gardens or allotments. Proposals for development of open spaces were made in 2009 by Bristol City Council and opposed by residents. On the Northern Slopes, tree species recorded include hazel, blackthorn, alder, and hawthorn; bird life includes robins, blackbirds, chiffchaffs, house sparrows, starlings, and thrushes; wildflowers include cowslips, primroses, agrinomy, and knapweed; and mammals include rabbits and foxes as well as pipistrelle and noctule bats.

See also
 Knowle Bristol

Notes

References

Works cited

External links

City council Filwood Ward Map

Areas of Bristol
Radburn design housing estates
Places formerly in Somerset

Knowle West


Manuel Xavier Rodríguez Erdoíza (; February 27, 1785 – May 26, 1818) was a Chilean lawyer and guerrilla leader, considered one of the founders of independent Chile. Rodríguez was of Basque descent.

Early life
He was born on 27 February 1785 and was the son of Carlos Rodríguez de Herrera y Zeballos (1760-1822), a customs officer from Spain, and María Loreto de Erdoiza y Aguirre (1755-1822), who was a young lady aristocrat from Peru.

Rodríguez entered the esteemed Carolino College where he was a classmate of José Miguel Carrera.  He went on to study law at the Royal University of San Felipe, and subsequently became a lawyer in 1807.

The "Patria Vieja" (Old Fatherland) (1810–1814)

On 18 September 1810,  in the absence of the Spanish monarch, a national government (Primera Junta Nacional de Gobierno) was formed from which the struggle for Chilean Independence sprang.

In May 1811, he was appointed attorney for Santiago de Chile. His attitude towards the independence cause remained moderate until his old friend José Miguel Carrera, a passionate revolutionary, arrived from Spain.

Later in 1811, Rodríguez was elected parliamentary representative for Talca on 4 September, appointed Secretary of War on 15 November and conscripted into the army on 2 December with the rank of captain.

In 1813, the friendship between Rodríguez and Carrera (who by this time had seized control of the Chilean government) had begun to cool. Rodríguez and his brothers were detained and charged with conspiracy against Carrera. They were sentenced to one year's exile on Juan Fernández island; however, Rodríguez was able to procure a document that impeded the completion of this sentence.

Carrera and Rodríguez renewed their friendship in 1814. The government junta presided over by Carrera was replaced by a new one led by Colonel Francisco de la Lastra, criticized profusely by Rodríguez in the Monitor Araucano newspaper. When the Carrera brothers were removed from command, José Miguel was concealed by Rodríguez. After recovering control of the government, Carrera formed a new junta in which Rodríguez was appointed Secretary. However, Spanish forces led by General Mariano Osorio advanced from the south towards Santiago. After the Disaster of Rancagua, the Spanish took back control of Chile and Rodríguez, along with many other patriots, fled to Mendoza, Argentina.

The Reconquest (1814–1817)

José de San Martín, Governor of Cuyo, welcomed the Chilean exiles with open arms and organized a "Liberation Army" with Chileans and Argentinians included.

San Martín saw in Rodríguez the ideal spy since he was very shrewd and skilled for this position, and furthermore, his humble origins allowed him to easily pass for a commoner. He began creating disguises and communications systems—often carrying out his duties disguised as a monk, farmer, street merchant, domestic servant or even as a woman.

He was the most-wanted man during the rule of the Spanish Governor of Chile, Casimiro Marcó del Pont. His assaults on Melipilla and San Fernando were an important part of San Martín's strategy to divert attention away from the "Liberating Army" that entered Chile and triumphed at the Battle of Chacabuco.

The "Patria Nueva" (New Fatherland) (1817–1818)

After the victory at Chacabuco, the Chilean commander Bernardo O'Higgins ordered the arrest of Rodríguez who managed to escape capture and was hidden until San Martín was able to intervene on his behalf and conferred on him the rank of lieutenant colonel. After the surprise attack by the Spanish forces at the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada, Rodríguez was instrumental in maintaining calm in Santiago amid false rumors of the death of O'Higgins. It was during this event that he uttered his most famous quote Aún tenemos patria, ciudadanos (We still have a fatherland, citizens).

After the events at Cancha Rayada, Rodríguez and other Carrera supporters organised a regiment called the Hussars of Death (Húsares de la Muerte). The characteristic symbol of this organisation was a white skull over a black background, symbolising their will to die in battle rather than allowing the enemy to win. However, this regiment was not considered for the battle of Maipú and was later dissolved by Bernardo O'Higgins (he and San Martín both opposed the Carrera brothers) .

Assassination
Rodríguez was killed on 26 May 1818 in Til-Til by soldiers the "Cazadores de los Andes" battalion commanded by Antonio Navarro, after being imprisoned by order of O'Higgins. His execution was extrajudicial, and it is widely attributed to the head of the government.

Rodriguez's body was mutilated and abandoned in a trench, but a group of local peasants found it and recognized Rodríguez, burying him secretly under the La Merced Chapel's altar in Til-Til with the help of the local priest. This was a sample of the affection the people had for Manuel Rodríguez, as well as the fear and contempt for the government of O'Higgins.

By the end of the 20th century, Rodríguez's body was moved to the General Cemetery of Santiago. It is believed today, however (after some research not yet finished), that the moved remains were not really Rodríguez's, but those of an older unknown soldier wearing the Husares de la Muerte uniform (although at the time of his assassination, Rodríguez was not wearing his legendary uniform), and that Rodríguez's body might still be buried in Til-Til's La Merced Chapel.

In popular culture

 In the 2007 historical fiction TV series Héroes, Manuel Rodríguez is played by popular actor Benjamín Vicuña.
 The outlawed Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR), was a left-wing guerrilla group has fought against the Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship during the 80's.
 In the historical movie El Húsar de la Muerte, Manuel Rodríguez is played by Pedro Sienna.
 Victor Jara dedicated the Song "El Aparecido (Hijo de la Rebeldia)" / "The Appeared (Son of rebellion)" to Manuel Rodriguez
 "Húsar", a 2011 romanticized and dramatized version of the Chilean War of Independence through the eyes of Rodríguez, is a very popular soap opera in Chile.
 El "Húsar de la Muerte", a theater play by the artistic group La Patogallina, is inspired by the historical movie of the same name by Pedro Sienna.

References

1785 births
1818 deaths
Chilean Ministers of the Interior
Foreign ministers of Chile
Chilean Ministers of Defense
Chilean Ministers of Finance
Chilean colonels
Chilean people of Basque descent
People of the Chilean War of Independence
Chilean people of Peruvian descent
Chilean Army officers
Politicians from Santiago
Extrajudicial killings
Assassinated Chilean politicians
1810s assassinated politicians

Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza


The raids of Visayas took place in 1599 and 1600. The allied Moro fleets of Mindanao and Sulu conducted two raids on the Spanish-held islands of Visayas.

Background
After the unsuccessful Mindanao expedition in 1596, Juan Ronquillo was sent to Mindanao to lead the Spanish camp. He engaged in battles against the Mindanaons, who had allied with the Ternateans, and managed to defeat the Moro army. Encouraged by this victory, the council of war instructed Juan to inflict as much damage as possible. However, Juan disagreed and refused to abandon his camp.

Around the same time, Sulu had already submitted to the Spanish in 1598, and 30 soldiers were sent there for supplies. One of the Mindanao chiefs, the brother-in-law of the Sulu sultan, attacked and killed 13 Spanish soldiers. In response, an expedition of 600 men led by Juan Pacheco was launched to punish the Sulus, but they were repelled, resulting in a loss of 30 soldiers, including Pacheco.

In 1599, news arrived that English ships had been sighted in Java and Ternate, with 400 men on board. The Spanish council of war decided to withdraw their fort in La Caldera to prevent the English from capturing it. However, the Spanish governor, Francisco de Tello de Guzmán, held a council to discuss the fate of the fort. Despite the audience advising against withdrawal, the governor ordered the garrison of La Caldera to burn the fort and retreat.

Raid of 1599
After the Spanish had withdrawn from Mindanao, in July 1599, the Mindanao Moros assembled a fleet of 50 Caracoas carrying 3,000 men armed with arquebuses, swords, and shields. They set sail towards the Oton and Panay islands, passing the Negros islands and arrived at Panay river. Five leagues away from the chief settlement, where the Alcalde mayor and some Spanish were residing, they landed and proceeded to sack the settlement.

Houses and churches were burned, and numerous native Christians, including men, women, and children, were taken captive. The attackers pursued their victims more than 10 leagues up the river, destroying all the crops in the process. Additionally, the Spanish vessels on the river were set on fire, and the Moros departed with captured goods and prisoners, including 800 individuals.

Similar raids were carried out on other islands and towns they encountered, such as Cebu and Negros. Afterward, the Moros returned to Mindanao with their spoils, consisting of goods, gold, and captives.

Raid of 1600
The Mindanao and Sulu forces returned with a formidable fleet of 70 well-equipped ships and 4,000 men. Led by the same commanders and some Sulu Chiefs, their objective was to capture and sack the Spanish town of Arevalo, which was under the governance of Captain Juan Garcia de Sierra, the Alcalde Mayor of the province.

Upon receiving news of the advancing Moro fleet, Captain Juan Garcia de Sierra gathered the Spanish residents in the town, secured the area, and repaired the wooden fort. Alongside 70 men, Juan awaited the enemy's arrival.

The Moros landed near the settlement with a force of 1,500 men and advanced towards the town. The Spanish forces divided into troops, launched a counterattack, and opened fire on the enemy, forcing them to retreat. This successful defense caused confusion among the Moro ranks. As a result, the Moros suffered heavy losses and decided to halt at Guimaras before eventually returning to Mindanao.

Aftermath
The attack by the Mindanao Moros inflicted significant damage on the Visayas islands. The Spanish authorities kept the natives subjugated, paying tributes, and disarmed. The Spanish neither protected them from the Moros nor allowed them to defend themselves. As a result, many natives revolted, seeking refuge in the mountains and refusing to return to their homes. However, the Spanish managed to appease them with promises and gifts.

While Manila regretted the injuries caused by the Moro raids, they were ill-equipped to prevent future attacks due to a lack of ships and other resources. The Moro raids on the Visayas islands escalated to the point where they were expected to reach Manila itself, plundering and devastating the area. This prompted an expedition in 1602 that ended in failure.

See also
Spanish occupation of Jolo (1638)
Spanish–Moro conflict
Mindanao expedition
Jolo expedition (1630)
Jolo expedition (1602)

Sources

References

Battles involving Spain
History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
Military history of the Philippines
Moro people
1599 in military history
1600 in military history
1599 in the Philippines
1600 in the Philippines

Raid of Visayas


Federico Acuña Araújo is a Paraguayan politician. He briefly served as Interior Minister under President Fernando Lugo in 2011, from 17 June to 25 August. He had previously been Chief of the National Police from 19 August 2008 to 24 November 2008.

Biography
He was born in San Pedro del Paraná. In 2009, he was accused by former Interior Minister Rafael Filizzola of turning a blind eye to corruption during his tenure as Police Chief.

References

Living people
Interior Ministers of Paraguay
People from Itapúa Department
Year of birth missing (living people)

Federico Acuña (politician)


The Gates River is a short river in the Lillooet Country of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada.  Approximately 14.5 km in length, it flows generally northeast from the outlet of Birken Lake (aka Gates Lake or Summit Lake) to its mouth at the head of Anderson Lake.  Its main tributaries are Haylmore Creek, from the southeast, and Blackwater Creek, from the northwest, which originates near the head of Birkenhead Lake.  Augmented by the waters of McGillivray Creek, Lost Valley Creek and others, its flow becomes the Seton River from the foot of Anderson Lake onwards.

The communities of the river's valley are known collectively as the Gates Valley and include Birken, Gates, Devine and D'Arcy (also known by its St'at'imcets language name Nequatque).  The valley was part of the route of the Douglas Road and is the eastern half of the section of that route known as the Long Portage or Pemberton Pass.

See also
List of British Columbia rivers

References

Rivers of the Pacific Ranges
Lillooet Country

Gates River


John Latham (27 June 1740 – 4 February 1837) was an English physician, naturalist and author. His main works were A General Synopsis of Birds (1781–1801) and General History of Birds (1821–1828). He was able to examine specimens of Australian birds which reached England in the last twenty years of the 18th century, and was responsible for providing English names for many of them. He named some of Australia's most famous birds, including the emu, sulphur-crested cockatoo, wedge-tailed eagle, superb lyrebird, Australian magpie, magpie-lark and pheasant coucal. He was also the first to describe the hyacinth macaw. Latham has been called the "grandfather" of Australian ornithology.

Biography
John Latham was born on 27 June 1740 at Eltham in northwest Kent. He was the eldest son of John Latham (died 1788), a surgeon, and his mother, who was a descendant of the Sothebys, in Yorkshire.

He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and then studied anatomy under William Hunter and completed his medical education in London hospitals. In 1763 at the age of 23 he began working as a physician in the village of Darenth, near Dartford in Kent. In the same year he married Ann Porter. They had four children of whom a son John (1769-1822) and a daughter Ann (1772-1835) survived childhood.

Latham retired from his medical practice aged 56 in 1796 and moved to live near his son at Romsey  in Hampshire. His wife died in 1798 and Latham remarried the same year to Ann Delamott. His son who had invested in a series of inns became heavily indebted and was declared bankrupt in 1817. Latham lost much of his wealth in supporting his son. In 1819 Latham sold his house in Romsey and moved with his wife to live with his daughter's family in Winchester. His second wife died in 1821 and then in the following year his son committed suicide.

Latham died aged 96 in Winchester on 4 February 1837 and was buried in Romsey Abbey.

Contribution to ornithology

A General Synopsis of Birds was Latham's first ornithological work and contained 106 illustrations by the author. It described many new species which Latham had discovered in various museums and collections. In this work, like Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, he did not attach importance to the names of the species which he described. Later, Latham realised that only the use of the Linnean binomial system would give him the honour of originating the species' scientific names. Thus he published in 1790, a Index Ornithologicus where he specified a binomial name for all the species which he had previously described. However, it was too late, as Johann Friedrich Gmelin had already published his own version of Linnaeus' Systema Naturæ in which he gave a scientific name to Latham's species; taking into account the rules of nomenclature, Gmelin has priority. Nevertheless, there are around eighty bird species for which Latham's 1790 publication is cited as the authority. These include the emu, the black swan, the hyacinth macaw, the sulphur-crested cockatoo, and the noisy friarbird.

A supplement to the Index Ornithologicus containing additional scientific names was published as Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae with the year of 1801 on the title page. Although there is circumstantial evidence that the supplement was not available until 1802, for the purposes of zoological nomenclature the evidence for a later publication date has not been deemed sufficient to justify changing the year.

Working from drawings, Latham appears to have had difficulty in distinguishing the different species and some he described more than once under different names. In his Supplementum Indicis Ornithologici he described the Australian noisy miner four times: as the chattering bee-eater (Merops garrulus), the black-headed grakle (Gracula melanocephala), the hooded bee-eater (Merops cucullatus), and the white-fronted bee-eater (Merops albifrons). This has caused some confusion in the ornithological literature as to the correct scientific name. Latham's 1801 Latin supplement is the authority for around seventy species of birds, almost all of which occur only in Australasia. They include the Pacific gull, the barking owl, the noisy miner, the Australian magpie and the magpie-lark.

Beginning in 1821, when Latham was in his eighties, he published an expanded version in eleven volumes of his earlier work with the title A General History of Birds. The ornithologist Alfred Newton later wrote in Encyclopædia Britannica that: "his defect as a compiler, which had manifest itself before, rather increased with age, and the consequences were not happy."

Latham maintained a regular correspondence with Thomas Pennant, Joseph Banks, Ashton Lever and others. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1775, and also took part in the creation of the Linnean Society. In 1812, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Works

References

Further reading

External links

English ornithologists
English taxonomists
1740 births
1837 deaths
British bird artists
English illustrators
Scientific illustrators
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
People from Dartford
18th-century British scientists
18th-century British zoologists
19th-century British zoologists
English naturalists
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
19th-century British biologists
Burials at Romsey Abbey
People from Eltham

John Latham (ornithologist)


Captain Thomas James (1593–1635) was a Welsh sea captain, notable as a navigator and explorer, who set out to discover the Northwest Passage, the hoped for ocean route around the top of North America to Asia.

James left Bristol in May 1631 on Henrietta Maria, took a month to pass Hudson Strait, was blocked by ice from going north, went west, met Luke Foxe on 29 July, reached land near Churchill, Manitoba on 11 August, went southeast to the entrance of James Bay at Cape Henrietta Maria (which James named after the wife of King Charles I), went down the west shore of James Bay and in October chose Charlton Island as a wintering post. On 29 November the ship was deliberately sunk to keep her from being swept away or crushed by ice. The ship was refloated in June. He left of 1 July 1632, took 3 weeks to exit James Bay, worked his way north through ice, reached the mouth of Hudson Strait, went north into Foxe Channel only to 65°30', turned back and reached Bristol on 22 October in a vessel that was barely seaworthy.

He named the southern coast of Hudson Bay the "New Principality of South Wales", after his native land. James' harrowing experiences during his voyage, in which he repeatedly came close to death in the ice of the Arctic Ocean, are recounted in his published account of the voyage, The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captaine Thomas James, published in 1633.

Some critics have opined that Samuel Taylor Coleridge's work The Rime of the Ancient Mariner was inspired by James' experience in the Arctic.

Contemporary accounts

References

External links

Internet Archive .pdf of The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captaine Thomas James, First Edition
Google Books scan of The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captain Thomas James, in "The Voyages of Captain Luke Foxe and Captain Thomas James"

Welsh explorers
Explorers of the Arctic
1593 births
1635 deaths

Thomas James (sea captain)


Mygale is a crime sci-fi thriller novel by Thierry Jonquet, first published in France by Editions Gallimard in 1984, and then in the United States in 2003 by City Lights. Its English translation was also published by Serpent's Tail in the United Kingdom and North America in 2005 as Tarantula, and it has also been released under the title The Skin I Live In, the title of Pedro Almodóvar's film of the same name, which was inspired by the novel.

Plot
Richard Lafargue is a renowned plastic surgeon keeping a young woman, "Eve", locked against her will in his villa. Alex Barny, a wanted fugitive after robbing a bank, decides to change the look of his face in order to avoid capture. He contacts Lafargue about the procedure and arranges to meet at his home.

Another story surrounding a young man named Vincent Moreau is also told via first person narrative. After raping Lafargue's daughter (resulting in her mental and emotional deterioration), Vincent is captured and imprisoned by the plastic surgeon. At first, Vincent doesn't know the identity of his captor, but discovers it after suffering a series of brutal and twisted acts of torture.

Eventually, it is revealed that "Eve" is actually Vincent. As both an act of revenge and an attempt to replace the daughter that was destroyed, Lafargue performs a sex change operation on the imprisoned Vincent, and forces him to live as his wife. Throughout the story, Vincent struggles with the horror of what was done to him and the erasure of his own identity. He maintains fragments of his personality, and seems to despise Lafargue at times.

In the final sequence, Alex arrives at Lafargue's home, but meets Vincent, transformed as Eve. Vincent instantly recognizes Alex as his former criminal accomplice, who was also present during the rape of Lafargue's daughter. During an altercation, Lafargue shoots and kills Alex in front of Vincent. Vincent appears to have given up on holding on to his former identity and desire to escape when he submits to becoming Eve and helps Lafargue cover up the incident.

Reception
The cover of the US release has a blurb from a review from The Washington Post, calling the book, "An unholy collaboration between Sade and Sartre, with occasional comic interventions by that honorary Frenchman Jerry Lewis."

Film
Mygale also inspired the 2011 film The Skin I Live In.

References

1984 French novels
French crime novels
French science fiction novels
Feminist novels
Thriller novels
French novels adapted into films
Éditions Gallimard books
LGBT-related controversies in literature
LGBT-related controversies in France
Magic realism novels
Serpent's Tail books

Tarantula (novel)


Hermann Günther Grassmann (, ; 15 April 1809 – 26 September 1877) was a German polymath known in his day as a linguist and now also as a mathematician. He was also a physicist, general scholar, and publisher. His mathematical work was little noted until he was in his sixties. His work preceded and exceeded the concept which is now known as a vector space. He introduced the Grassmannian, the space which parameterizes all k-dimensional linear subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space V.

Biography
Hermann Grassmann was the third of 12 children of Justus Günter Grassmann, an ordained minister who taught mathematics and physics at the Stettin Gymnasium, where Hermann was educated.

Grassmann was an undistinguished student until he obtained a high mark on the examinations for admission to Prussian universities. Beginning in 1827, he studied theology at the University of Berlin, also taking classes in classical languages, philosophy, and literature. He does not appear to have taken courses in mathematics or physics.

Although lacking university training in mathematics, it was the field that most interested him when he returned to Stettin in 1830 after completing his studies in Berlin. After a year of preparation, he sat the examinations needed to teach mathematics in a gymnasium, but achieved a result good enough to allow him to teach only at the lower levels. Around this time, he made his first significant mathematical discoveries, ones that led him to the important ideas he set out in his 1844 paper Die lineale Ausdehnungslehre, ein neuer Zweig der Mathematik, here referred to as A1, later revised in 1862 as Die Ausdehnungslehre: Vollständig und in strenger Form bearbeitet, here referred to as A2.

In 1834 Grassmann began teaching mathematics at the Gewerbeschule in Berlin. A year later, he returned to Stettin to teach mathematics, physics, German, Latin, and religious studies at a new school, the Otto Schule. Over the next four years, Grassmann passed examinations enabling him to teach mathematics, physics, chemistry, and mineralogy at all secondary school levels.

In 1847, he was made an "Oberlehrer" or head teacher. In 1852, he was appointed to his late father's position at the Stettin Gymnasium, thereby acquiring the title of Professor. In 1847, he asked the Prussian Ministry of Education to be considered for a university position, whereupon that Ministry asked Ernst Kummer for his opinion of Grassmann. Kummer wrote back saying that Grassmann's 1846 prize essay (see below) contained "commendably good material expressed in a deficient form." Kummer's report ended any chance that Grassmann might obtain a university post. This episode proved the norm; time and again, leading figures of Grassmann's day failed to recognize the value of his mathematics.

Starting during the political turmoil in Germany, 1848–49, Hermann and his brother Robert published a Stettin newspaper, Deutsche Wochenschrift für Staat, Kirche und Volksleben, calling for German unification under a constitutional monarchy. (This eventuated in 1871.) After writing a series of articles on constitutional law, Hermann parted company with the newspaper, finding himself increasingly at odds with its political direction.

Grassmann had eleven children, seven of whom reached adulthood. A son, Hermann Ernst Grassmann, became a professor of mathematics at the University of Giessen.

Mathematician
One of the many examinations for which Grassmann sat required that he submit an essay on the theory of the tides. In 1840, he did so, taking the basic theory from Laplace's Traité de mécanique céleste and from Lagrange's Mécanique analytique, but expositing this theory making use of the vector methods he had been mulling over since 1832. This essay, first published in the Collected Works of 1894–1911, contains the first known appearance of what is now called linear algebra and the notion of a vector space. He went on to develop those methods in his Die lineale Ausdehnungslehre, ein neuer Zweig der Mathematik (A1) and its later revision Die Ausdehnungslehre: Vollständig und in strenger Form bearbeitet (A2).

In 1844, Grassmann published his masterpiece (A1) commonly referred to as the Ausdehnungslehre, which translates as "theory of extension" or "theory of extensive magnitudes". Since A1 proposed a new foundation for all of mathematics, the work began with quite general definitions of a philosophical nature. Grassmann then showed that once geometry is put into the algebraic form he advocated, the number three has no privileged role as the number of spatial dimensions; the number of possible dimensions is in fact unbounded.

Fearnley-Sander describes Grassmann's foundation of linear algebra  as follows:

Following an idea of Grassmann's father, A1 also defined the exterior product, also called "combinatorial product" (in German: kombinatorisches Produkt or äußeres Produkt "outer product"), the key operation of an algebra now called exterior algebra. (One should keep in mind that in Grassmann's day, the only axiomatic theory was Euclidean geometry, and the general notion of an abstract algebra had yet to be defined.) In 1878, William Kingdon Clifford joined this exterior algebra to William Rowan Hamilton's quaternions by replacing Grassmann's rule epep = 0 by the rule epep = 1. (For quaternions, we have the rule i2 = j2 = k2 = −1.) For more details, see Exterior algebra.

A1 was a revolutionary text, too far ahead of its time to be appreciated. When Grassmann submitted it to apply for a professorship in 1847, the ministry asked Ernst Kummer for a report. Kummer assured that there were good ideas in it, but found the exposition deficient and advised against giving Grassmann a university position. Over the next 10-odd years, Grassmann wrote a variety of work applying his theory of extension, including his 1845 Neue Theorie der Elektrodynamik and several papers on algebraic curves and surfaces, in the hope that these applications would lead others to take his theory seriously.

In 1846, Möbius invited Grassmann to enter a competition to solve a problem first proposed by Leibniz: to devise a geometric calculus devoid of coordinates and metric properties (what Leibniz termed analysis situs). Grassmann's Geometrische Analyse geknüpft an die von Leibniz erfundene geometrische Charakteristik, was the winning entry (also the only entry). Möbius, as one of the judges, criticized the way Grassmann introduced abstract notions without giving the reader any intuition as to why those notions were of value.

In 1853, Grassmann published a theory of how colors mix; his theory's four color laws are still taught, as Grassmann's laws. Grassmann's work on this subject was inconsistent with that of Helmholtz. Grassmann also wrote on crystallography, electromagnetism, and mechanics.

In 1861, Grassmann laid the groundwork for Peano's axiomatization of arithmetic in his Lehrbuch der Arithmetik. In 1862, Grassmann published a thoroughly rewritten second edition of A1, hoping to earn belated recognition for his theory of extension, and containing the definitive exposition of his linear algebra. The result, Die Ausdehnungslehre: Vollständig und in strenger Form bearbeitet (A2), fared no better than A1, even though A2 manner of exposition anticipates the textbooks of the 20th century.

Response
In the 1840s, mathematicians were generally unprepared to understand Grassmann's ideas. In the 1860s and 1870s various mathematicians came to ideas similar to that of Grassmann's, but Grassmann himself was not interested in mathematics anymore.

Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant developed a vector calculus similar to that of Grassmann, which he published in 1845. He then entered into a dispute with Grassmann about which of the two had thought of the ideas first. Grassmann had published his results in 1844, but Saint-Venant claimed that he had first developed these ideas in 1832.

One of the first mathematicians to appreciate Grassmann's ideas during his lifetime was Hermann Hankel, whose 1867 Theorie der complexen Zahlensysteme.

In 1872 Victor Schlegel published the first part of his System der Raumlehre, which used Grassmann's approach to derive ancient and modern results in plane geometry. Felix Klein wrote a negative review of Schlegel's book citing its incompleteness and lack of perspective on Grassmann. Schlegel followed in 1875 with a second part of his System according to Grassmann, this time developing higher-dimensional geometry. Meanwhile, Klein was advancing his Erlangen program, which also expanded the scope of geometry.

Comprehension of Grassmann awaited the concept of vector spaces, which then could express the multilinear algebra of his extension theory.  To establish the priority of Grassmann over Hamilton, Josiah Willard Gibbs urged Grassmann's heirs to have the 1840 essay on tides published.  A. N. Whitehead's first monograph, the Universal Algebra (1898), included the first systematic exposition in English of the theory of extension and the exterior algebra. With the rise of differential geometry the exterior algebra was applied to differential forms.

In 1995 Lloyd C. Kannenberg published an English translation of The Ausdehnungslehre and Other works. For an introduction to the role of Grassmann's work in contemporary mathematical physics see The Road to Reality by Roger Penrose.

Linguist
Grassmann's mathematical ideas began to spread only towards the end of his life. Thirty years after the publication of A1 the publisher wrote to Grassmann: "Your book Die Ausdehnungslehre has been out of print for some time. Since your work hardly sold at all, roughly 600 copies were used in 1864 as waste paper and the remaining few odd copies have now been sold out, with the exception of the one copy in our library." Disappointed by the reception of his work in mathematical circles, Grassmann lost his contacts with mathematicians as well as his interest in geometry. The last years of his life he turned to historical linguistics and the study of Sanskrit. He wrote books on German grammar, collected folk songs, and learned Sanskrit. He wrote a 2,000-page dictionary and a translation of the Rigveda (more than 1,000 pages). In modern studies of the Rigveda, Grassmann's work is often cited. In 1955 a third edition of his dictionary was issued.

Grassmann also noticed and presented a phonological rule that exists in both Sanskrit and Greek. In his honor, this phonological rule is known as Grassmann's law. His discovery was revolutionary for historical linguistics at the time, as it challenged the widespread notion of Sanskrit as an older predecessor to other Indo-European languages. This was a widespread assumption due to Sanskrit's more agglutinative structure, which languages like Latin and Greek were thought to have passed through to reach their more "modern" synthetic structure. However, Grassman's work proved that, in at least one phonological pattern, German was indeed "older" (i.e., less synthetic) than Sanskrit. This meant that genealogical and typological classifications of languages were at last correctly separated in linguistics, allowing significant progress for later linguists.

These philological accomplishments were honored during his lifetime. He was elected to the American Oriental Society and in 1876 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Tübingen.

Publications
 A1:

 A2:
1862. Die Ausdehnungslehre. Vollständig und in strenger Form begründet.. Berlin: Enslin.
 English translation, 2000, by Lloyd Kannenberg, Extension Theory, American Mathematical Society ,
 1873. Wörterbuch zum Rig-Veda. Leipzig: Brockhaus.
 1876–1877. Rig-Veda. Leipzig: Brockhaus. Translation in two vols., vol. 1 published 1876, vol. 2 published 1877.
 1894–1911. Gesammelte mathematische und physikalische Werke, in 3 vols. Friedrich Engel ed. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. Reprinted 1972, New York: Johnson.

See also
Ampère's force law
Bra–ket notation (Grassmann was its precursor)
Geometric algebra
Multilinear algebra
List of things named after Hermann Grassmann

Citations

References

Note: Extensive online bibliography, revealing substantial contemporary interest in Grassmann's life and work. References each chapter in Schubring.

External links

 The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive:

 Abstract Linear Spaces. Discusses the role of Grassmann and other 19th century figures in the invention of linear algebra and vector spaces.
 Fearnley-Sander's home page.
 Grassmann Bicentennial Conference (1809 – 1877), September 16 – 19, 2009  Potsdam / Szczecin (DE / PL): From Past to Future: Grassmann's Work in Context
 "The Grassmann method in projective geometry" – A compilation of English translations of three notes by Cesare Burali-Forti on the application of Grassmann's exterior algebra to projective geometry
 C. Burali-Forti, "Introduction to Differential Geometry, following the method of H. Grassmann" (English translation of book by an early disciple of Grassmann)
 "Mechanics, according to the principles of the theory of extension" – An English translation of one Grassmann's papers on the applications of exterior algebra

1809 births
1877 deaths
Scientists from Szczecin
19th-century German mathematicians
Linear algebraists
Linguists from Germany
19th-century German physicists
People from the Province of Pomerania
Color scientists
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Translators from Sanskrit
19th-century German translators
Mathematicians from the Kingdom of Prussia

Hermann Grassmann


Bonobo is an obsolete component framework for the GNOME free desktop environment. Bonobo is designed to create reusable software components and compound documents. Through its development history it resembles Microsoft's OLE technology and is GNOME's equivalent of KDE's KParts.

Bonobo was developed as a solution to the problems and requirements of the free software community in the development of complex applications. Bonobo is based on the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) or its GNOME implementation ORBit. Through Bonobo the functions of one application can be integrated into another: for example, Gnumeric spreadsheet tables can be directly embedded into AbiWord text document by including Gnumeric as Bonobo component.

Available components are:
Gnumeric spreadsheet
ggv PostScript viewer
Xpdf PDF viewer
gill SVG viewer

History
Inspired by Microsoft's OLE, Bonobo was originally developed by Ximian for compound documents. Bonobo was included for the first time in Gnome 1.2 in May 2000. As of GNOME 2.4 Bonobo is officially considered obsolete, and developers are advised to switch to alternatives such as D-Bus or the GIO component of GLib instead. D-Bus replaced Bonobo as part of the Ridley project. Final results should be released in GTK+ 3.0. Bonobo and ORBit libraries were removed from GNOME in version 2.22.

References

External links
 Bonobo  Bonobo site at Gnome
 The Art of Writing a Bonobo Control

Inter-process communication
Application programming interfaces
GNOME obsolete

Bonobo (GNOME)


Guy Martel is a French spree killer who killed seven people and wounded at least five others in several towns and villages in the departments Ille-et-Vilaine and Cotes-du-Nord on June 19, 1985, before he was arrested.

Life
Guy Martel was born in Paris in 1944 during the Nazi occupation of France. His father Victor was a member of the garde mobile, and he had three sisters. Martel earned a degree in mathematics and chemistry, joined the military and was sent to Costa Rica, where he taught in San José. He rarely spoke about his time there, but related that he had seen horrible things and had to perform the duties of someone of higher rank who had been killed. In 1969 Martel had been taken hostage by guerrilleros for three weeks; he was flown back to France. upon his release. From then on Martel complained about being ill, saying he had caught a virus and suffered from intestinal and spinal pain.

Martel accepted a position as a natural sciences teacher at Henri Matisse college in Issy-les-Moulineaux. However, in 1972, after less than two years, he was forced to quit due to a nervous disorder and was put on a long term disability leave. Afterwards he had briefly sent to mental institutions three times – once in Paris, and twice in Brittany – and was accorded a degree of disability of 80%. In 1975, Martel was granted a disability pension and moved in with his parents in Baguer-Morvan. When his mother died from a heart attack in 1976, his condition began to deteriorate and he saw hostility everywhere. Due to a growing discord between him and his father, Martel decided to live alone and bought a house in Dol-de-Bretagne in 1979.

In Dol-de-Bretagne, Martel rarely left his home except to lie in his garden or to play tennis at a local sports hall. He also ate lunch every day at a home for elderly people. Besides his father; his uncle Charles; and his physician, a Dr Launay, Martel had no visitors and consequently was known as "monsieur tout seul" (Mr. All Alone) throughout the village. Martel generally was quickly fatigued and complained a lot about noise, especially those made by children, whom he called loud and annoying. One day, when a child pressed Martel's doorbell and ran away, he came out angrily, shouting: "If you do that again, I will kill you!"

Shooting
On May 19, at about 10 a.m. Martel and his father had an apparent argument during a visit. After his father had left Martel's house, Martel took his .22 caliber rifle with scope, put them in the trunk of his car along with a box of cartridges, and drove to the house of his father in Baguer-Morvan. Finding that his father was not yet home, Martel drove back to Dol-de-Bretagne, where he arrived at approximately 11 a.m. at the home of his uncle, 64-year-old Charles Martel, who was picking cherries. Martel first had a normal conversation with him, but eventually returned to his car, retrieved his rifle and shot Charles three times, wounding him. He also shot at, but missed, one of his cousins.

Martel then drove to the retirement home, where he entered the kitchen. When the cook, Mrs. Lozac'h, explained that it was not yet time to eat, he replied that he would come back later ("Je reviendrai tout à l'heure.") and shot at her, grazing her head. Martel left again and proceeded to Dr. Launay's office. There he entered the office of Launay's colleague, Michel Lhommelet, and killed him with four shots to the back as he was examining a child. He next stopped at the sports hall; entered the office of the manager, a Mrs. Le Maréchal; and shot her dead. Martel then drove back to Baguer-Morvan and found his father just arriving at his house. Martel killed him by shooting him several times. Reports of the loose gunman had spread in Dol-de-Bretagne by this time, while police began their search operation.

Martel made his way to Rocher-Aoustin, near Combourg, where he killed another uncle, Joseph Weber, with a shot from his rifle. In La Chapelle-aux-Filtzméens, Martel shot at the brothers Jean and Eugène Chaussonnière, killing the former and seriously wounding the latter. In Saint-Domineuc, Pierre Bourtourault was shot dead when gathering hay at the roadside. In Quebriac, Martel killed 33-year-old Danièle Pomard, whose body was found at 13:35 by garbage collectors.

Near Trévérien, Martel shot and wounded 29-year-old André Rehault on his tractor. He was eventually spotted by a police helicopter and drove into Cotes-du-Nord. On his way, Martel wounded 34-year-old Daniel Lebreton, who was eating lunch in his truck near Saint-Judoce, and 40-year-old Bernard Prechoux in Saint-Juvat. Martel afterwards fired at three other persons before finally being stopped by police in Saint-André-des-Eaux at around 14:00. He stepped out of his car, hands raised and yelling: "Don't shoot! I am sick!" ("Ne tirez pas! Je suis malade!") and was arrested.

Being asked about the reason for the shooting, Martel explained that at first he had business with his family and a few others, but upon realizing that it was easy to shoot people, he simply continued. ("Au début, je n'avais affaire qu'à ma famille et à quelques autres personnes... Après, j'ai réalisé que c'était facile de tirer. Alors, j'ai continué.")

Victims
Pierre Bourtourault, 74
Jean Chaussonnière, 60
Mrs. Le Maréchal
Michel Lhommelet, 34
Victor Martel, 65, father of Guy Martel
Danièle Pomard, 33
Joseph Weber, 65, uncle of Guy Martel

See also
Christian Dornier
Eric Borel
Nanterre massacre

References

1940s births
1985 in France
1985 mass shootings in Europe
French spree killers
Living people
Mass murder in 1985
Massacres in France
Patricides
People from Ille-et-Vilaine

Guy Martel


The Michigan Public Transit Association (MPTA) is a non-profit statewide association incorporated in 1977 under Section 501(c)6 of the Internal Revenue Code. First organized in 1974, the membership ranges from the largest urban public transit system providers in Michigan to a majority of the smaller rural demand-response systems. Geographically, MPTA membership is distributed throughout the state, from southeast Michigan to the westernmost point of the Upper Peninsula.

MPTA offices have been located in East Lansing since October, 1999, close to Michigan State University and nearby the State Capitol. Much of MPTA's advocacy involves working closely with Michigan's Executive and Legislative branches and the Michigan Department of Transportation.

Transportation in Michigan
Non-profit organizations based in Michigan

Michigan Public Transit Association


Pine Bush is a locality in the Southland region of New Zealand's South Island.

It is situated near the eastern bank of the lower Mataura River.  From 1899 until 1966, the Tokanui Branch railway passed just south of Pine Bush, with a station in neighbouring Titiroa.  Other nearby settlements include Waimahaka to the south, Glenham and Mataura Island to the north, and across the Mataura, Gorge Road to the west.

References

Populated places in Southland, New Zealand

Pine Bush, New Zealand


Case-ready meat, retail-ready meat, or pre-packaged meat refers to fresh meat that is processed and packaged at a central facility and delivered to the store ready to be put directly into the meat case.

Background
Traditionally, most meat was shipped as primal cuts from the slaughterhouse to the butcher.  Meat was then cut to commonly used cuts and packaged at the store or was custom cut for consumers.

Case-ready meat is cut and packaged at central regional facilities and sent to retail stores ready for placement in refrigerated display cases.  Local butchering, cutting, trimming, and overwrapping the meat at retail stores is greatly reduced.

Advantages of the centralized master-packager preparation include: efficiency of centralized operations, tight quality control, close control of sanitization, specialized packaging, etc.

Packaging

Centralized cutting  and processing of meats has the potential of  reducing the shelf life of the cuts.  Specialized packaging is needed to regain and even extend that shelf life.

Packaging includes tray, absorbent pad, specialty plastic films, etc.
Oxygen scavengers and modified atmosphere packaging are used to keep the products visually appealing and consumer safe.

Distribution
Control of temperature during the distribution cold chain is critical to meat quality and safety.

See also
 Food industry
 Food science
Vacuum packaging
Skin pack

References

Further reading
 Robertson, G. L. (2013). "Food Packaging: Principles & Practice". CRC Press.
 Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,

Meat
Packaging
Retail packaging

Case-ready meat


The Spectrum Center is an office at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor that is dedicated to providing education, outreach, and advocacy for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and allied (LGBTQA) community. Since the organizations' creation in 1971, the Spectrum Center's mission statement has been to "enrich the campus experience and develop students as individuals and as members of the LGBTQA community." The organization achieves this through student-centered education, outreach, advocacy and support.

History
Initially, on March 17, 1970, following the creation of the Detroit Gay Liberation Movement a few weeks earlier, both students and members of the larger community came together to initiate the University of Michigan chapter of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF), seeking to battle stereotypes of gay people, fighting homophobic prejudice, and invalidating the mental illness model of homosexuality.

After increased pressure from both the GLF and Michigan students, the University established a one-room office in September 1971, provided funding for 2 quarter-time positions to be filled by a lesbian and gay male and a small budget, to deal with gay and lesbian issues on campus. Jim Toy and Cindy Gair, a leader of the Radical Lesbians an offshoot of GLF, were hired to fill the available positions, titled Human Sexuality Advocates, at the University of Michigan's "Human Sexuality Office" (HSO). This achievement was monumental, in that it was officially the first staff office for queer students in an institution of higher learning in the United States.
Following the establishment of the office, Jim and Cindy set up a system of peer-advisors to speak with the counseling office and aid in training them how to best counsel lesbian and gay individuals. By early 1973, the office had formed its first Speakers' Bureau, which consisted of gay and lesbian students and members from the community, and worked with other student groups, in order to educate students concerning gay and lesbian issues. By 1972, the office had made one class presentation; today the Spectrum Center provides eighty or more workshops to classes and seminars each year.

In January 1977, the advocacy positions were upgraded to half-time positions and then again in 1987, when they received full-time appointments; both changes were primarily the result of advocacy for the office by students, staff, faculty, and religious leaders from the campus and Ann Arbor communities. During the 1980s, the University of Michigan administration finally agreed to allow identity terms in the office name and the Office of Human Sexuality became the University of Michigan "Lesbian & Gay Male Programs Office". In addition, the 1980s brought about increased outreach and services to bisexual people and people of color in support of their concerns.

In 1994, the University administration reduced the two positions to one position, with positions for support staff being added over the years. During this time, Jim Toy stepped down and Ronnie Sanlo was hired as Interim Director. Within a month, Ronnie conducted a CAS assessment for the office. As a vision for the office was being developed, the office added bisexuality to the title to acknowledge inclusion of more sexual minorities at the University, thus becoming the "Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual Programs Office". In 1995, the office began to learn more about transgender issues and began to include these issues in office education programs. In addition, the office expanded the speakers bureau to include allies, founded Lavender Graduation, and expanded the title of the office to include transgender individuals, becoming the "UM Office of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Affairs".

In 1997, the central goals for the office were to increase transgender inclusion and education concerning transgender issues, increase education on campus in general, making the education coordinator position a full-time job and increased inclusion for students of color. During that period of time Frederic MacDonald-Dennis held the Interim Director position and continued the development and expansion of various programs. Thanks to MacDonald's work, the University created a gender-identity working group that focused on gaps in services for transgender individuals, made recommendations for inclusion, and began to examine the current climate on campus for LGBT people. In addition, Transforum was established by students as a group for alumni, students, & faculty of the University of Michigan that provides discussion, support, and resources and is committed to advancing the equal rights, health care access, and safety of transgender people. During this time, there was an increase in the number of participants, speaking engagements and training in the speakers bureau, as well as the development of Color Splash, an event for LGBT people of color and a Coming Out Group.

In 2005, the office developed the Ally Training Program, which educates people how to be better allies to the LGBT community. In the fall of that year, Jackie Simpson took over as office Director and began the process to change the office's name to a more inclusive name: the "Spectrum Center".

In 2011, the Spectrum Center celebrated this important milestone in its history. In February, the University of Michigan hosted the annual MBLGTACC conference- the largest queer college conference in the country. And in November, the Spectrum Center hosted an "alumni weekend", in which past and present students and friends of the Spectrum Center gathered together to celebrate the past and plan for the future.

In recent years, the office has collaborated with University Housing to help them develop a gender-neutral housing policy. In addition, the office is supporting efforts by students for increased inclusion of gender-identity and an amendment to include "gender identity" and "gender expression" in the University bylaws. The office continues to focus on concerns for civil rights, addressing concerns and the inclusion of students on campus and looks forward to continued progress and transformation of the office towards the betterment of the LGBT student's college and life experience.

Programs

Education & Training
In March 2005, the University of Michigan joined more than 140 other colleges and universities by implementing an Ally Training Program through the Spectrum Center.  Ally Program participants attend a one-day, six-hour training designed to strengthen their ability to serve as allies to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer students, staff, and faculty at the University of Michigan. Spectrum also has a Speakers Bureau program where speakers share their experiences and growth, thereby promoting knowledge, compassion, and understanding about LGBTQ identities, issues and concerns.

Support
Spectrum Center runs two coming out programs: GPS, and closed coming out groups. The GPS Program provides students with Guidance to helpful information and resources, Perspective of a fellow student who has experience with coming out, and Support for coming out. Coming out groups are closed and confidential ten-week discussion and support groups which help participants explore a variety of coming-out issues. Spectrum also offers three support groups relating to gender identity: Partners of transfolk, Gender Explorers, and Mgender.

Outreach
Spectrum Center holds many events throughout the year to celebrate and recognize National Coming Out Day, Transgender Day of Remembrance, Celebrate Bisexuality Day, and Pride week. Spectrum also organizes an annual "Lavender Graduation" which recognizes queer and allied graduates of the University of Michigan.

See also

LGBT history in Michigan
List of LGBT rights organizations
University of Michigan
List of LGBT community centers in the United States
LGBT student centers

References

External links
 Spectrum Center at University of Michigan
 Queer @ the University of Michigan blog

University of Michigan
LGBT history in Michigan
1971 establishments in Michigan
LGBT community centers in the United States
LGBT in Michigan
Student activity centers in the United States
1971 in LGBT history
Organizations established in 1971

Spectrum Center (community center)


Glynn () is a small village and civil parish in the Mid and East Antrim Borough Council area of County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies a short distance south of Larne, on the shore of Larne Lough. As of the 2011 census, the Glynn ward had a population of 2,027 people.

History
St. Patrick is said to have built the Church of Gluaire around 435 A.D. Within the town limits, the remnants of a historic stone church can still be found. The county of Antrim was once divided into the districts of North Clandeboye and Glynns (Glynnes). The region was a vicarage in the Diocese of Connor and the ecclesiastical province of Armagh, and it was a gift from Marquess of Donegall.

The village is then mentioned in a grant from King James I to Arthur Lord Chichester, Baron of Belfast, of his estates in Antrim, Down and Carrickfergus. This grant was dated 20 November 1620. In a later grant from King Charles II to Edward, Viscount Chichester, Glynn was mentioned as being part of the territory of Magheramorne.

In 1597, Sir John Chichester, governor of Carrickfergus, was beheaded by James MacSorley MacDonnell at a site on the eastern edge of the village. MacSorley MacDonnell and his men had made a feint on Carrickfergus town. They were then pursued to the glen of Altrackyn, some five miles (8 km) from Glynn. Chichester was captured and his men were nearly cut to pieces. Later in the day, Chichester was beheaded by MacSorley MacDonnell on a stone. A 'standing stone' still stands to this day, approximately one mile east of the village.

The lime factory and Ballylig were purchased by Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers (now Blue Circle) in the early 20th century, and a large cement plant was erected near the quay. The factory grew to be a substantial employer in the surrounding area.

In the 1930s, Glynn was seen on the 'big screen' in the movie The Luck Of The Irish. A number of local people were employed as extras in the film, which starred Hollywood actor Richard Hayward.

From the 1930s Glynn saw expansion with many of the thatched cottages being replaced by modern family housing. The first phase was approximately 100 houses and bungalows at Glenvale Park, built in the 1950s. Then, in the late 1960s, eighteen houses were built at Glenside. These were followed by more houses and bungalows at Hawthorne Grove in the 1970s. All these properties were built by the government for renting. Further housing developments have taken place in the 1980s at Glenavon and in the 1990s at Craiganboy. The latter two developments were built privately for sale. It is estimated that there are now approximately 350 occupied dwelling houses in Glynn (April 2004).

In 2006, there were a number of new housing developments in Glynn in which several bungalows were built on the Glenburn Road and adjacent the Jubilee park behind Hawthorne Grove estate.

Places of interest
Out in Larne Lough lies Swan Island. There are actually two small islands, one of which is a bird sanctuary. The larger of the two islands measures approximately fifty yards in length by fifteen yards in width. It is covered in grass, shingle and sand. The smaller of the two islands can only be seen at low tide. The larger island was previously called Pigeon Island and then Duck Island. It was let in the early 19th century for one guinea per annum to burn kelp.

According to records from the 19th century, the larger Swan Isle was said to contain the bodies of the crew of some foreign ships who died of some plague, while the ships were laid under quarantine in Larne Lough, and would not be permitted to enter the harbour. The smaller island was supposed to be where the bodies of the dead sailors were burnt before burial on the larger island.

Swan Island and the lough shore at Glynn is now visited by ornithologists and birdwatchers - who come to see birds like swans, gulls, terns, oystercatchers and sandpipers.

Landowners
In the 18th and 19th centuries the 'proprietors' within the wider parish were John Irving Esquire, M.P., who lived at Ballylig House, Magheramorne. John Irving owned lime kilns and wharfs at Magheramore and extensive lands and property in the area. His agent, Thomas Maxwell Esquire, J.P., lived in a plain but modern house, overlooking Larne Lough, approximately one mile north of Glynn. Ballylig House still stands and was better known a few years ago as Magheramorne House Hotel. More recently however, the house has been the Ireland Head Office for Forever Living Products (Ireland) Ltd. The former house of Thomas Maxwell also still stands and is privately owned.

Within Glynn village, Randall William Johnston Esquire was the owner of mills, public buildings, houses and land. Johnston was a descendant of an officer in King William's army. Miss McClaverty rented  of land and the houses from Johnston and lived nearby.

Transport
Glynn lies on a suburban rail route from Belfast to Larne. It is served by Northern Ireland Railways trains on the Larne Line. Glynn railway station opened on 1 January 1864 and was closed for goods traffic in 1933. There is also a bus service between the village and Larne.

Larne, which is one of Northern Ireland's major sea ports, is a short drive from Glynn and Larne Harbour railway station is nearby. P&O Ferries, to and from Larne, regularly travel to Cairnryan in Scotland.

Tourism
Glynn lies within the Mid and East Antrim Borough Council area. Tourist facilities locally are provided by Mid and East Antrim Borough Council.

Education
There is a small primary school in the village. It stands approximately 200 metres from the former school building (an old village landmark—reappropriated for bungalow housing). The school comprises two main classrooms and an assembly hall situated within the main building. Additional classroom space has been provided by way of two external mobile classrooms pending an extension project. At present there are around 70 children in attendance; ranging from ages four to eleven. Extracurricular activities undertaken at the school include football, rugby, hockey, dance, and choir.

2011 census
Glynn is classified as a village by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 1,000 and 2,250 people). As of the 2011 census there were 2,027 people living in the Glynn ward. Of these:
20.03% were aged under 16 and 16.28% were aged 65 and over
50.81% of the population were male and 49.19% were female
7.45% were from a Catholic background and 84.66% were from a Protestant background
3.04% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed.

See also
List of civil parishes of County Antrim

References

External links
Glynn Village website (glynnvillage.co.uk) (archived 2005)

Villages in County Antrim
Civil parishes of County Antrim

Glynn, County Antrim


Carol Saboya (March 10, 1975) is a Brazilian jazz singer. She is the daughter of composer Antônio Adolfo.

Life
Saboya first participated in the compact cassette A menina e a TV by Miéle at the age of eight. Other appearances followed on albums by musicians Erasmo Carlos and Ângela Ro Ro. Beside this she participated in the musical Verde que te quero ver. She studied singing in the United States and around this time was credited on Sérgio Mendes' Brasileiro. Back in Brazil she collaborated with pianist Joyce Collin and Aldir Blanc, recording the song "Carta de pedra at Canecã". Saboya released her debut album, Dança da voz, in 1998. The album was produced by Almir Chediak and brought her that year the Sharp Award for Best Brazilian New Female Vocalist. In 1999 she and guitarist Nelson Faria backed Tom Jobim on his Janelas abertas. After recording her second album, Sessão Passatempo, in 2000, Saboya performed at the Brazilian Music Festival. Her next albums were Presente (2003) and Antonio Adolfo e Carol Saboya ao vivo/live (2007), the latter recorded in Festival Miami. She covered songs by Mário Sève on her 2008 album Chão aberto and collaborated with Adolfo on his Lá e Cá, which fuses Brazilian and American standards by Jobim, Cole Porter and other artists. In 2012 her Belezas – The Music of Ivan Lins and Milton Nascimento was released for the first time in the US. The album was produced and arranged by Adolfo. The bilingual recording was sung in Portuguese and English. Comprising songs by Ivan Lins and Milton Nascimento, Belezas features acoustic and electric guitarist Claudio Spiewak, bassist Jorge Helder, drummer and percussionist Rafael Barata, soprano and tenor saxophonist Dave Liebman, and harmonicist Hendrik Meurkens.

Awards
Best Brazilian New Female Vocalist – Sharp Award – 1998
Tabaiba de Oro – Spain Brazilian International Press Award – 2007

References

External links
Official website
Carol Saboya on AllMusic

Brazilian jazz singers
1975 births
Living people
21st-century Brazilian singers

Carol Saboya


Hen Comb is a fell in the west of the English Lake District. One of the Loweswater Fells it lies to the south of Loweswater lake and Loweswater village. Although of only moderate height, its ascent can be difficult as it is largely surrounded by bogs.

Topography
The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Hen Comb and the other Loweswater Fells form the extremity of the northern arm.

The Loweswater Fells have been compared to the digits of a hand, radiating out south westward from the "palm" centred on Loweswater village. From the west these are Burnbank Fell, Blake Fell, Gavel Fell, Hen Comb and Mellbreak, the "thumb".

Hen Comb is a linear ridge, beginning in the fields of the Loweswater valley and climbing away southwards. The initial ascent is crowned by the subsidiary top of Little Dodd (1,187 ft), before the ridge flattens out for a quarter of a mile. Beyond is the final climb to the rounded dome of the summit, which has steep slopes on all sides. There is a connecting depression on the south west flank which leads to Floutern Cop, an outlier of Gavel Fell.

Hen Comb has no direct topographical link with Mellbreak to the east, the two parallel ridges being separated by the wet valley of Mosedale. The head of Mosedale curves westward around the summit of Hen Comb, its source being at Floutern Tarn. This long slender pool has a grim quality in most conditions, being sandwiched between Floutern Crag and an embankment of giant boulders. Great Borne and Starling Dodd rise to the south. The western boundary of the fell is formed by Whiteoak Beck which, like Mosedale Beck, joins the outflow of Loweswater. Across the valley are Gavel Fell and Blake Fell, while its marshy source at Whiteoak Moss lies just below Floutern Cop.

Geology
The rocks of Hen Comb are of the Kirkstile Formation, laminated mudstone and siltstone, often associated with the Skiddaw group.

Whiteoak Mine operated on the north western slopes, lead being won from a series of workings between 1864 and 1891. The pit for a 40 ft waterwheel can still be seen. Mosedale Mine on the eastern flanks was a less successful trial, also for lead. There are also the remains of an iron mine near the outlet of Floutern Tarn, worked patchily through the 1860s.

Summit
A cairn atop the grassy dome marks the summit, from which a respectable view can be seen. The Buttermere valley is a highpoint with the Grasmoor range beyond. Both arms of the Western Fells are also seen to good effect.

Ascents
The obvious line is from Loweswater village, ascending Mosedale. An early crossing of the river (wide, no bridge) allows Little Dodd to be climbed. Further travel through the swamps of Mosedale or Whiteoak Moss can lead more directly to the summit, but rarely dryshod. Not for nothing does Wainwright remark on Hen Comb as "rising...between side valleys that carry streams down from a wide upland morass, a desolate tract of marshland and bog encircling the extremity of the fell like a moat, out of which rise the summit slopes as an island from the sea."

References

Fells of the Lake District
Loweswater (village)

Hen Comb


The Greater Western Sydney Giants (nicknamed the GWS Giants or just the Giants) is an Australian Rules Football club. It plays in the Australian Football League. The club was founded in 2009. It is based in Greater Western Sydney.

Club song
Well there's a big, big sound
From the West of the town
It's the sound of the mighty Giants!

You feel the ground a-shaking!
The other teams are quaking
In their boots before the Giants!

We take the longest strides
And the highest leap
We're stronger than the rest.

We're the Greater Western Sydney Giants
We're the biggest and the best.

And we will never surrender
We'll fight until the end
We're greater than the rest.

Related pages
 Australian rules football in New South Wales

Australian rules football clubs
Sports in Sydney
Australian Football League
2009 establishments in Australia

Greater Western Sydney Giants


Chembukadavu is a village situated near to Thiruvambady and Kodanchery  in Kozhikode district of Kerala. Thusharagiri Falls is near to here.  The Chembukadavu Dam project I in Kozhikode, North Kerala, India is the first of the string of 14 small hydroelectric projects undertaken by the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB), in collaboration with Hang Tso International Centre in China.It is located about 50 km east of Kozhikode in the foothills of Western ghats

In the first phase, the 2.7 MW mini hydroelectric project is expected to yield 6.59 million units. Without using a reservoir, the water in the Chaliya river is channeled through a weir, tanks, and pipes to a powerhouse to generate electricity. The first four out of the 14, Chembukadavu I, Chembukadavu II, Urumi I and Urumi II will be commissioned by the end the year,. Chemukadavu I and Chembukadavu II have warranted an investment of Rs 11.38 crore and Rs 12.72 crore and are envisaged to yield 6.59 million units and 9.03 million units respectively.

UNIDO
UNIDO's setting up of its regional small hydroelectric power base in Thiruvananthapuram has enhanced Kerala's investment potential in the cost-effective small hydroelectric power. The contribution of the UNIDO's southern hub will primarily be in planning and in facilitating soft loans for mini hydel power projects.

Transportation
Chembukadavu village connects to other parts of India through Calicut city on the west and Thamarassery town on the east.  National highway No.66 passes through Kozhikode and the northern stretch connects to Mangalore, Goa and Mumbai.  The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum.  The eastern National Highway No.54 going through Adivaram connects to Kalpetta, Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest airports are at Kannur and Kozhikode.  The nearest railway station is at Kozhikode.

See also
Chembukkadavu 2 Weir

References

Thamarassery area
Hydroelectric power stations in Kerala
Proposed electric power infrastructure in India

Chembukadavu


The Sokolsky Opening, also known as the Orangutan and the  Polish Opening, is an uncommon chess opening that begins with the move:

1. b4

According to various databases, out of the twenty possible first moves from White, the move 1.b4 ranks ninth in popularity. It is considered an irregular opening, so it is classified under the A00 code in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings.

Origins
One of the earliest opening plays of b4 was by Bernhard Fleissig playing against Carl Schlechter in 1893, although Fleissig was handily defeated in just 18 moves. Nikolai Bugaev defeated former world champion Wilhelm Steinitz with it in a simul exhibition game, and later published an analysis of the opening in 1903 in a Russian magazine article.  Savielly Tartakower defeated Richard Réti using b4 in a match in 1919 when both were top-level players, and Reti himself defeated Abraham Speijer in Scheveningen 1923 using the opening.

The most famous use came in a game between Tartakower and Géza Maróczy at the New York 1924 chess tournament on March 21, 1924.  The name "The Orangutan" originates from that game: the players visited the Bronx Zoo the previous day, where Tartakower consulted an orangutan named Susan.  She somehow indicated, Tartakower insisted, that he should open with b4.  Also, Tartakower was impressed with the climbing skills of the orangutan, and thought that the "climb" of the b-pawn was similar.  In that particular game, Tartakower came out of the opening with a decent position, but the game was ultimately drawn.

The opening received sporadic play in the decades that followed.  Tartakower had more success in 1926 when he used it against Edgard Colle for a victory. One of the largest proponents was the Soviet player Alexei Pavlovich Sokolsky (1908–1969), who often used it in high-level play.  Sokolsky wrote a monograph on the opening in 1963, Debyut 1 b2–b4, which would lead to the opening being called the "Sokolsky Opening".  Sokolsky's work defended the viability of the opening even at the highest levels of professional play.

The final term, and the one used in contemporary books and chess websites such as Chess.com and Lichess, is the Polish Opening.  This is by analogy to the Polish Defense (1. d4 b5), where Black is who advances their Queen's Knight pawn two spaces.

Notable later usage
In general, the opening is not popular at the top level.  Alexander Alekhine, who played in the same 1924 New York tournament as Tartakower and the Orangutan game, wrote that the problem is that it reveals White's intentions before White knows what Black's intentions are.  That said, it still sees sporadic use among top level grandmasters.  Boris Spassky used it against Vasily Smyslov in a 1960 match, albeit having to settle for a draw.  In May 2021, world champion Magnus Carlsen essayed the opening against GMs Hikaru Nakamura and Wesley So in the online FTX Crypto Cup rapid tournament.

Details

The opening is largely based upon tactics on the  or the f6- and g7-squares. Black can respond in a variety of ways: For example, a common response is for Black to make a claim on the , which White's first move ignores, with 1...e5 (it is normal for White to ignore the attack on the b-pawn and play 2.Bb2, where 2...d6, 2...f6, and 2...Bxb4 are all playable), 1...d5 (possibly followed by 2.Bb2 Qd6, attacking b4 and supporting ...e7–e5), or 1...f5. Less ambitious moves like 1...Nf6, 1...c6 (called the Outflank Variation, preparing ...Qb6 or ...a5), and 1...e6 are also reasonable. Rarer attempts have been made with 1...a5 or 1...c5. Black's reply 1...e6 is usually followed by ...d5, ...Nf6 and an eventual ...c5. After 1...a5 White will most likely play 2.b5 and take advantage of Black's queenside weakness. Black's 1...c5 is much sharper and more aggressive and is normally used to avoid theory. After the capture Black will generally place pressure on the c5-square and will develop an attack against White's weak queenside structure at the cost of an inferior central position.

Named variations
 1…b5 (Symmetrical Variation)
 2.a4 (Queen's Knight's Gambit)
 1...c5 (Birmingham Gambit)
 1...c6 (Outflank Variation)
 1...c6 2.Bb2 a5 3.b5 cxb5 4.e4 (Schuhler Gambit)
 1...d5 2.Bb2 c6 3.a4 (Myers Variation)
 1...d5 2.Bb2 Qd6 3.a3 e5 4.Nf3 e4 5.Nd4 Nf6 6.c4! dxc4 7.e3 Be7 8.Bxc4 O-O 9.Nc3 (German Defense)
 1...e5 2.a3 (Bugayev Attack)
 1...e5 2.Bb2 c5 (Wolferts Gambit)
 1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 (Tartakower Gambit)
 1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 4.Bc4 Nc6 5.f4 Qe7 6.f5 g6 (Brinckmann Variation)
 1...Na6 (Bucker Defense Kingsley Variation)
 1...Nc6 (Grigorian Variation)
 1...Nf6 2.Bb2 g6 3.g4 (Polish Spike)
 1...Nh6 (Karniewski Variation)

See also
 List of chess openings
 List of chess openings named after people

References

Bibliography

Konikowski, Jerzy; Soszynski, Marek: The Sokolsky Opening 1.b4 in Theory & Practice. Russell Enterprises, Milford USA 2009,

External links

 1. b4 variations and games by Marek Trokenheim (Marek's 1.b4 Encyclopaedia)
 "The Chess Moves 1 b4 and 1...b5" by Edward Winter
 Sokolsky a web site dedicated to the Sokolsky opening

Chess openings
1924 in chess
1963 in chess

Sokolsky Opening


Leymah Roberta Gbowee (died 1 February 1972) is a Liberian peace activist. In 2011 she won the Nobel Peace Prize with Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and Tawakel Karman. This made Gbowee the second African woman to win the prize. Her book Might Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer, and Sex Changed a Nation at War was published in 2011. She also doesn't realize she needs to go to the gym, SHE FAT.

Early life
Gbowee was born in central Liberia. She was living with her parents and sisters in Monrovia when the First Liberian Civil War started in 1989. Gbowee was 17 and planning to study medicine. The war made things unsafe for Gbowee and her family. Gbowee moved to Ghana and lived as a refugee there. She later fled back to Liberia.

Personal life
Gbowee has eight children.

References

Other websites
Official website

1972 births
Living people
Liberian people
Nonviolence advocates
Nobel Peace Prize winners

Leymah Gbowee


The ECB Premier Leagues are a series of regional cricket leagues organised by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) that form the top tier of club cricket in England and Wales. The ECB published "Raising the Standard" in 1997, the ECB Management Board Blueprint for the Future Playing Structure of cricket. This introduced the concept of ECB Premier Leagues, designed to raise the playing standard of the top tier of club cricket and to bridge the gap between recreational cricket and the First Class game. A national network of Premier Leagues was established, with funding from the ECB. The Leagues have to meet the published ECB assessment criteria and they receive accreditation on an annual basis.

Premier Leagues are expected to establish links to other leagues in order to allow ambitious clubs to aspire to Premier League status over time. Many were based on existing leagues although some new Regional Premier Leagues were created. The ECB decided that overseas players are allowed to play in this top tier of club cricket provided that there is only one overseas player in any Premier League club team, which mirrors the arrangements for overseas players in the club cricket structures in countries such as Australia and South Africa.

The Premier League clubs must show a strong commitment to junior cricket and the assessment criteria explicitly require strong junior sections that can provide cricket coaching and matches for the next generation of cricketers. There is also an increased emphasis on practice and the development of skills for the adult players in Premier League clubs.

Current ECB Premier Leagues

 Birmingham and District Premier League
 Bradford Premier League
 Cheshire County Cricket League
 Cornwall Cricket League
 Derbyshire County Cricket League
 Devon Cricket League
 Dorset Cricket League (from 2024)
 East Anglian Premier Cricket League
 Essex Cricket League
 Greater Manchester Cricket League
 Hertfordshire Cricket League
 Home Counties Premier Cricket League
 Kent Cricket League
 Lancashire Cricket League
 Leicestershire and Rutland Cricket League
 Lincolnshire Premier League

 Liverpool and District Cricket Competition
 Middlesex County Cricket League
 North East Premier League
 North Staffordshire and South Cheshire League
 North Wales Cricket League
 North Yorkshire and South Durham Cricket League
 Northamptonshire Cricket League
 Northern Premier Cricket League
 Nottinghamshire Cricket Board Premier League
 South Wales Premier Cricket League
 Southern Premier Cricket League
 Surrey Championship
 Sussex Cricket League
 West of England Premier League
 Yorkshire Premier League North
 Yorkshire Cricket Southern Premier League

Former ECB Premier League
 Yorkshire ECB County Premier League – dissolved after 2015 season and replaced by Yorkshire Premier League North and Yorkshire South Premier League, since renamed Yorkshire Cricket Southern Premier League

See also
England and Wales Cricket Board
List of English and Welsh cricket league clubs

External links
 ECB Premier Leagues
ECB Premier Leagues

English domestic cricket competitions

ECB Premier Leagues


Bob Weaver (November 20, 1928 – June 17, 2006) was one of the United States's first TV weathermen.

Biography

Weaver was born in New York City. He moved to Florida to attend the University of Miami. Shortly after graduating, he was hired by WTVJ, becoming Miami's first TV weatherman; he would become a fixture at the station, holding the job for 54 years, from 1949 until his retirement in 2003. He was known as "Weaver the Weatherman."

Besides weather, Weaver also read commercials and station identifications, filled in on sports updates, and did other odd jobs at the station.

In 1988, Weaver helped found the Florida Youth Orchestra.

At the time of his death, Weaver was married to his second wife, Myra, with whom he had two sons, Jason and Shane. He had another son, Robert, from his first marriage as well as two daughters, Syndie and Lisa. He also had 3 grandchildren, Angie, Ryan and Danielle and 2 great-grandchildren, Logan and Calla.

Bob Weaver died of cancer in Miami, Florida, aged 77.

References

External links
 Miami Herald, "Bob Weaver: funny style, sunny spirit" June 19 2006

1928 births
2006 deaths
American television journalists
People from Miami
Weather presenters
Deaths from cancer in Florida
American male journalists
Journalists from New York City

Bob Weaver (weatherman)


The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) is a scientific endeavour to produce a collection of mouse embryonic stem cell lines that together lack every gene in the genome, and then to distribute the cells to scientific researchers to create knockout mice to study. Many of the targeted alleles are designed so that they can generate both complete and conditional gene knockout mice.
The IKMC was initiated on March 15, 2007, at a meeting in Brussels. By 2011, Nature reported that approximately 17,000 different genes have already been disabled by the consortium, "leaving only around 3,000 more to go".

The consortium encompasses four major, high-throughput gene-targeted mutagenesis programs: the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored Knockout Mouse Program (KOMP) and state-funded Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine (TIGM) in the U.S., the North American Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis (NorCOMM) Program in Canada, and the European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis (EUCOMM) Programme in Europe. The first of its annual meetings of members and funders, hosted by the country of its rotating chair, was held at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland, in the United States for 2007–2008, with Toronto, Canada, hosting for 2008–2009.

References

External links
International Knockout Mouse Consortium
Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) Repository
North American Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis (NorCOMM) Program
European Union Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis (EUCOMM) Programme
Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine (TIGM)

Biological databases
Genetically modified organisms

International Knockout Mouse Consortium