Eugene Chen or Chen Youren (; July 2, 1878, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago – 20 May 1944, Shanghai), known in his youth as Eugene Bernard Achan, was a Chinese Trinidadian lawyer who in the 1920s became Chinese foreign minister. He was known for his success in promoting Sun Yat-sen's anti-imperialist foreign policies.

Early Biography

Childhood
Chen was born in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago to ethnic Chinese parents. He was the oldest of Chen Guangquan and Mary Longchallon's three sons. Both parents were Chinese immigrants to Trinidad. Chen's father, Chen Guangquan, was known as Joseph Chen or Achan. He immigrated to the French West Indies where he met his wife, Mary Longchallon (Marie Leong), also a Chinese immigrant. Joseph Chen, as well as the Longchallon family, had been required by the French authorities to accept the Catholic faith as a condition of immigration.

Education
After attending a Catholic school, St Mary's College, Trinidad, Chen qualified as a barrister and became known as one of the most highly skilled solicitors in the islands. The family did not speak Chinese at home; and, since there were no Chinese schools, he also did not learn to read Chinese. It was later said of him that his library was filled with Dickens, Shakespeare, Scott, and legal books, that he "spoke English as a scholar"; "except for his color, neither his living nor his habits were Chinese".

Professional life
After graduating from university, Chen eventually left Trinidad and Tobago to work in London, where he heard Sun Yat-sen speak at a rally against the Manchu government in China. Sun persuaded him to come to China and contribute his legal knowledge to the new Republic in 1912. Chen took the Trans-Siberian Railroad, and shared the journey with Wu Lien-te, a physician born in Malaysia. Learning that Chen had no Chinese name, Wu suggested "Youren" as the equivalent of "Eugene": "Youren" has the meaning of "friend of benevolence", and thus echoed his birth name both in meaning and (especially when pronounced in Teochew - Yujeng) sound.

After Sun was forced to flee to Japan in 1913, Chen remained in Peking, where he began a second career in journalism.  Chen edited the bilingual Peking Gazette 1913–1917, then founded the Shanghai Gazette, the first of what Sun envisioned as a network of newspapers across China. Chen had given up his initial support for Yuan Shikai and became a strong critic of the government, accusing it of "selling China", for which offence he was imprisoned. In 1918, Chen joined Sun in Canton to support the southern government, which he helped to represent at the Paris Peace Conference, where he opposed Japanese and British plans regarding China. In 1922, Chen became Sun's closest adviser on foreign affairs, and developed a leftist stance of anti-imperialist nationalism and support of Sun's alliance with the Soviet Union.

Chen's revolutionary diplomacy
Chen's diplomacy led one historian to call him "arguably China's most important diplomat of the 1920s and instrumental in the rights recovery movement." Chen welcomed Sun's alliance with the USSR, and worked harmoniously with Michael Borodin, the chief Soviet and foreign policy adviser to Sun Yat-Sen on the reorganization of the Nationalist Party at Canton in 1923.  After Sun's death, Chen was elected to the Central Executive Committee of Kuomintang, Nationalist Minister for Foreign affairs at Canton, and Ruler of Hankow, all being achieved in 1926 he was forced to resign in April 1927.  Over the next two years, Chen lodged several protests with the American and UK governments over their concessions in China, as well as negotiating with the British colonial authorities from British Raj over labor strikes.  When Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition appeared on the verge of unifying the country, Chen joined the rival Nationalist government at Wuhan.

In January 1927, the Nationalists forcibly took control over the British concession in Wuhan, and when violent crowds also took the foreign concession at Kiukiang, foreign warships gathered at Shanghai. Chen's negotiations with the British led in February 1927  to the Chen-O'Malley Agreement which provided for a combined British-Chinese administration of the concession. In 1929 the British concession in Wuhan formally came to an end. From then on it was administered by the Chinese authorities as the Third Special Area. While the event as such was comparatively minor, as was the territory involved, this nevertheless constituted both a diplomatic humiliation as well as an ominous precedent for the British government. In March 1927, with the rapidly approaching National Revolutionary Army (NRA) about to reach Nanjing there was an outbreak of violence against foreigners, now known as the Nanjing Incident, and Chiang Kai-shek launched White Terror attacks on Communists in Shanghai. Chen sent Borodin, his sons Percy Chen and Jack Chen, and the American leftist journalist Anna Louise Strong in an automotive convoy across Central Asia to Moscow. He, his daughters Si-lan and Yolanda, Mme. Sun Yat-sen, and the American journalist Rayna Prohme traveled from Shanghai to Vladivostok, and once again by Trans-Siberian Railway to Moscow.

Life working at Moscow from 1928 was far from easy. After an initial warm public reception, Joseph Stalin showed little tolerance for living symbols of the Soviet failure in China. Chen was frustrated at the Russians attempting to establish a leftist Chinese front, and soon left Moscow.  After a period of exile he went to Hong Kong before being appointed foreign minister.  After brief service with governments in China which challenged the Nanking government, Chen was finally expelled from the Kuomintang for serving as foreign minister in the Fukien Rebellion of 1934. He again headed to Europe for refuge at Paris, but returned to Hong Kong. He was taken to Shanghai in the spring of 1942 in hopes of persuading him to support the Japanese puppet government, but he remained loudly critical of that "pack of liars" until his death in May, 1944, at the age of 66.

Personal life
In 1899, Chen married Agatha Alphosin Ganteaume (1878–1926), known as Aisy, a French Creole whose wealthy father owned one of the largest estates in Trinidad. They had eight children, four of whom survived childhood: Percy Chen (1901–1986), a lawyer, worked with his father for many years; Sylvia (Silan) Chen (1905–1996), an internationally known dancer; Yolanda (Yulen) Chen (1913–2006), who stayed in the USSR for the rest of her life and came to prominence as a camerawoman; and Jack Chen (1908–1995), who made an international reputation as a journalistic cartoonist and relief worker. In 1958 Jack married Chen Yuan-tsung. Eugene Chen's great-granddaughter is Yolanda Chen, a retired athlete and daughter of Yevgeniy Chen.

Aisy died of breast cancer in May 1926. Chen and Georgette Chen were married in 1930 and remained together until his death in 1944.

Sources
 Percy Chen, China called Me: My Life Inside the Chinese Revolution. Boston: Little Brown, 1979. 423p. . A memoir by Eugene Chen's son, including accounts of his father's activities in 1920s politics and the automobile caravan from China to Moscow in 1927.
 Yuan-Tsung Chen. Return to the Middle Kingdom: One Family, Three Revolutionaries, and the Birth of Modern China. New York: Union Square Press, 2008. . Google Books A memoir by Jack Chen's wife which intertwines family and national history from the early 1900s to the end of the 20th century.
Si-lan Chen Leyda, Footsteps to History (New York: Dance Horizons, 1984). A memoir by Eugene Chen's daughter of her life in international dance, including study in the Soviet Union.
Reviewed by Renée Renouf at JSTOR
 钱玉莉 (Yuli Qian), 陈友仁传 (Chen Youren Zhuan) (Shijiazhuang: Hebei ren min chu ban she, 1999 ).

Sources
 "Roots and Branches," (website of J. Acham-Chen (Eugene Chen's grandson)
 Colonial Office No. 36535/1927 15 February 1927, including: 1) Copy secret despatch of 20 January from Governor of Trinidad furnishing particulars regarding family of Mr. Ch'en who was for a long time resident in the colony; Minutes (i.e. Notes): "This record does not inspire confidence in Mr. Chen, who I should think will prove to be one of the ephemeral phenomena of Chinese politics";  Very much of an adventurer in type. 2)    "Report,: H.A. Byatt, Governor [Trinidad]; 3) "Note supplied by Mr. H. Noble Hall, one time correspondent of the Times at Washington on the early career and character of Chen in Trinidad"; 3) Cutting from "Far Eastern Times, by W. Sheldon Ridge; "Life Story of Eugene Chen" (furnished by American Legation, July 1927).

References

External links

Trinidad and Tobago people of Chinese descent
Chinese Roman Catholics
People from Meixian District
Trinidad and Tobago Roman Catholics
Foreign Ministers of the Republic of China
Hakka people
Chinese Christians
People of the Northern Expedition
People of the Chinese Civil War
1872 births
1944 deaths
20th-century Trinidad and Tobago lawyers
People from San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
19th-century Trinidad and Tobago lawyers
Secretaries to Sun Yat-sen

Eugene Chen


Demi-soloist can have one of two meanings in the ballet. The first is for a solo rôle normally danced by a member of the corps de ballet. Such rôles are often made in pairs, that is, two corps dancers, dance together, frequently in mirror image.

Such dances are most commonly created for a pair of ballerinas but are occasionally made on (two or more) danseurs. Yet more rare are ballets with dances for one, two or more demi-soloist couples.

At a gala or other deluxe performance a company's soloists or principal dancers might dance demi  rôles.

The second meaning of demi-soloist is that of a rank in a ballet company, the English equivalent being second soloist. Such rank is more common in European companies, but the National Ballet of Canada and Houston Ballet have demi-soloists.

Footnotes

Ballet occupations
Ballet terminology

Demi-soloist


Naama "Nami" Melumad (; born December 5, 1988) is an Israeli-Dutch film and television composer, conductor, flautist, and pianist based in Los Angeles. Melumad is best known for her work on Paramount+'s series, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds and Star Trek: Prodigy  , Marvel's Thor: Love and Thunder, the HBO Max film An American Pickle, the Amazon TV series Absentia, and the virtual reality video game Medal of Honor: Above and Beyond.

Early life and career
Nami was born and raised in Ramat Gan, Israel. She attended Blich High School where she majored in music theory, composition, flute performance, and chemistry. While at school, she began developing an interest in film scoring and also wrote the score for a children's theatre play.  She played classical piano, flute, and guitar.  Upon completing her military service in the Israel Defense Forces, Nami was accepted directly to the sophomore year at the Cross-Disciplinary Composition Division of the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance and earned a Bachelor of Music in composition.  Among her teachers were Ioseb Bardanashvili, Michael Wolpe, and Rafi Kadishzon.  She composed mainly for documentary films, short-form narratives, commercials and stage. Nami moved to Los Angeles in 2014 to attend the graduate program in scoring for motion pictures and television (previously known as SMPTV) at the Thornton School of Music at the University of Southern California.

Nami scored over 130 projects, including feature films, TV series, short films and more. She is the first woman to score an episode in the Star Trek franchise, the Star Trek: Short Treks episode, "Q&A" and won several awards for her work including the Hollywood Music in Media Awards for Passage (2018), Best Short Score at Fimucité (2017) out 908 scores, and The Marshall Hawkins Award-Best Original Score at Idyllwild Festival of Cinema (2018). Her score for Over the Wall earned her a nomination at the XIV Jerry Goldsmith Awards (2019).

She was one of the 12 composers around the world to make the cut for the acclaimed ASCAP 2016 film scoring workshop with composer Richard Bellis.  In October 2016 her score to Mindgame was performed live-to-picture by the Helix Collective Ensemble, at the Ebell Theatre in Los Angeles. In May 2017 her work New Zealand's Guide To Tessering was performed by the Hollywood Chamber Orchestra.  As an orchestrator, she worked on The Little Mermaid and Logic's album Everybody.

In 2019, Nami created original music for the Senior Love Triangle feature film.

Nami is a member of Women in Film (Los Angeles), a board member of the Alliance for Women Film Composers, and a voting member of the Television Academy.

Selected discography
As Composer
 Thor: Love and Thunder (2022) – in collaboration with Michael Giacchino
Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) (TV Series)
The Woman in the House Across the Street from the Girl in the Window (2022) (TV Series)
Far from the Tree (2021)
Star Trek: Prodigy (2021–2022) (TV Series)
 Medal of Honor: Above and Beyond (2020) – (video game) in collaboration with Michael Giacchino
 An American Pickle (2020) – *based on original themes by Michael Giacchino
 Absentia (2019–2020) (TV Series, Amazon/Sony)
 Star Trek: Short Treks: "Q & A" (2019) (TV Episode, CBS/The Secret Hideout)
 Dead End (2019) (TV Series, Kan)
 Senior Love Triangle (2019)
 Before the Dawn (2019)
 Miss Arizona (2018) (Side Gig Productions)
 Subira (2018)
 The Adventures of Thomasina Sawyer (2018)
 Trico Tri Happy Halloween (2018)
 Church & State (Documentary) (2018)
 This Day Forward (2018)
 Passage (Short Film) (2018)
 The Big Nothing (2017) (TV Series, Israel's YES Kidz Channel)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1988 births
Women film score composers
Women television composers
Israeli women composers
Israeli film score composers
Dutch film score composers
Jewish Israeli musicians
Living people
Television composers
People from Ramat Gan
Jewish_women musicians
Jewish_composers
Jewish_women_composers

Nami Melumad


Henry Hudson Park is a small park in the center of Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx in New York City, located at the intersection of Kappock Street and Independence Avenue. The park contains a small overlook above Spuyten Duyvil Creek, named Half Moon overlook after the ship Hudson sailed into the eponymous river.

The park is named after famed English explorer Henry Hudson, who is also the namesake of the nearby Hudson River, Henry Hudson Parkway and Henry Hudson Bridge. In 1906 it was decided to dedicate a monument celebrating the 300th anniversary of Hudson's arrival in what later became Lower New York Bay. The project encountered multiple delays, but in 1909 the city obtained the money, and in 1912 a  Doric column, designed by Walter Cook of Babb, Cook & Welch,  was set in place, but shortly after, funds for the project, which had been raised by subscription, ran out. It was revived by Robert Moses in the late 1930s, and by 1938, the area around the monument had been designated as a park and a   bronze statue of Henry Hudson, sculpted by Karl Bitter and Karl Gruppe, had been placed atop the column.

The park underwent major renovations in 1989 and 1995, mainly due to the efforts of local community activist Paul Cymerman. For his dedication and volunteerism, a small playground area of the park was renamed Paul's Park in 2003, the only New York City park to be named for a living person. After his death in 2004, the local community continued his efforts to keep the park safe and clean.

References
Notes

Sources
 Henry Hudson Park, NYC Parks

External links

Parks in the Bronx
Urban public parks
Robert Moses projects
Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx

Henry Hudson Park


An outburst is the sudden and violent ejection of coal, rock, and gas from a coal face and surrounding strata in an underground coal mine. Outbursts can be a very serious events, possibly even resulting in fatalities.

Effects of outbursts

Outbursts may range in severity from being barely noticeable, to causing the destruction of an entire mining panel, and throwing pieces of machinery weighing tens of tonnes several metres. An outburst at Tahmoor Colliery, in New South Wales, Australia, in June 1985 ejected 350 tonnes of coal and rock and over 3000 cubic metres of gas, killing one miner. An outburst at the nearby South Bulli Colliery in 1991 killed three miners. An outburst at Westcliff Colliery in January 1994 ejected 300 tonnes of coal and rock and killed one miner.

Predisposing factors
Several factors predispose certain coal seams to being outburst-prone. These include:
 Coal seam gas content (measured in m3 per tonne) - generally, for a given coal seam gas composition, the higher the gas content, the higher the risk
 Geological structures, in particular faults, dykes, and mylonite (reddish brown powdered coal) zones
 Coal permeability (the less permeable the coal seam, the more prone to outbursts)
 Coal seam gas composition - for a given coal seam gas content (in m3 per tonne), the seam will be much more susceptible to outbursts if the coal seam gas is predominantly carbon dioxide, as opposed to the case where the coal seam gas is predominantly methane.
 The compressive strength of coal - high-strength coal seams appear to be more prone to outbursts. This may be because low-strength coal tends to deform in and around the face area as mining occurs, resulting in stress relaxation (see below).
 The stress regime at the face - high stress on and around the mining face can close up the cleats and pores in the coal seam. This can result in a steep coal seam gas pressure gradient into the seam, (as opposed to a low stress environment where the coal seam gas drains freely into the face area, resulting in a low seam gas pressure gradient). As mining progresses, this pressure can be violently released, resulting in an outburst.

The statistical results show that the primary factor in coal and gas outbursts is crustal stress (P), followed by sturdiness coefficient (f). The coal seam gas content (W) affect affects coal and gas outbursts as the least important factor.

Outburst management
Outburst management primarily focuses on the prevention of outbursts by pre-draining the gas from coal seams prior to mining. The aim of gas drainage is to lower the gas content of the seam below a certain threshold value, at which time it is considered safe to mine the seam. These threshold values should vary depending on the coal seam and coal measure being mined. Since the introduction of threshold values, not a single fatality due to an outburst has been recorded in Australia.

Gas drainage is achieved by drilling boreholes into the seam in advance of mining. Gas liberated from the seam into the boreholes is transported out of the mine via a pipe range.

Where standard gas drainage techniques are ineffectual, mine operators have a number of options. These may include:
 Remote mining - mining is carried out by remote control.
 Grunching - the sequential drilling, blasting, and loading out of the coal face, as opposed to the conventional mechanised method of mining.
 Induction shotfiring - using a charge (explosive) to test the face and induce an outburst if one is imminent. The explosion would have the effect of fracturing the face and relieving the stress on the face, transferring it deeper into the seam.
 Not mining that part of the seam - (Lives are worth more than coal.)

Mining under "bomb squad" or outburst conditions is no longer considered acceptable, since this method still presents a fatal risk to at least one miner. "Bomb squad" is a special set of operating conditions that used to be adopted when it was anticipated that an outburst could occur. Under "bomb squad" conditions, the following working methods would apply:
 Minimal manning at the face - particularly during the cutting of coal, only one man at a time was allowed at the face (the continuous miner driver)
 Armoured cabins were built on continuous mining machines - these cabins were thought to be able to protect the operator in the event of an outburst. (This was subsequently proven incorrect.)
 Operators wore full-face masks, connected to a compressed air supply. (This was also found ineffectual in preventing fatalities.)

See also
Rock burst

References

Further reading
  • see: $1. Introduction and background.

Coal mining
Mine safety

Outburst (mining)


The Federal Signal 3T22 / 2T22 was a dual tone, mechanical outdoor warning siren made by Federal Signal Corporation (formerly Federal Sign and Signal Corporation) from 1952 through the early 1990s. It has a very recognizable design, having a ten-port rotor (chopper) on the bottom with ten cones (horns) and a 12-port one on top with twelve cones.

History
The Federal Signal 3T22 was originally designed as the 2T22 in 1952 or 1954. The 2T22 had the same number of ports and cones. It could produce two main signals (it could produce more but the other signals were rarely used), hence the name "2T22" (the 2 at front representing the 2 choppers, and the 22 representing the amount of horns). The siren had no solenoids, so it could not perform a "hi-lo" signal. In 1955, Federal designed the 3T22, which was similar, except for its name and that it had solenoids. The 3T22 was superior in design because it could perform the "hi-lo" signal, which is mainly used for fire calls. The 2T22 and 3T22 could produce 113db (measured 100 feet away from the siren). There are four models of this type of siren. the 2T22 A and B and the 3T22 A and B. In the name 3T22, the 3 stands for its three main signals: attack (wail), alert (steady), and hi-lo, and the 22 again stands for the twenty-two cones. The A or B determined whether the motor was three phase or single phase. A 3T22A would be three phase, while a 3T22B would be single phase. The siren was mainly used for air raid warnings during the Cold War era and weather warnings after the war. In the early 1990s, the siren's production was stopped when it was replaced with the newer 2001-SRN, which could reach 126db (also measured 100 feet away), hence the name. Like many other older siren models, these sirens are becoming more uncommon due to their age and because of newer technology.

Design
The 3T22 came in only one port ratio: 10/12. It had ten ports and cones on the bottom and twelve ports and cones on the top. It also had a smaller cone on top to reduce rain and other water-related substances such as snow from getting inside. It had two solenoid boxes, one on top, and one on the bottom. There were also two air intake spots: also one on the top and bottom. The siren had a small stand with three legs so it could be mounted on a pole or roof. The stand could be removed and the siren could be mounted differently.

References

http://civildefensemuseum.com/sirens/manuals/255A152H-2T22-3T22.pdf

External links
 https://federalsignal.com/
 Hear a 2T22 in alert mode
 Hear a 2T22 in attack mode
 Hear a 3T22 in alert mode
 Hear a 3T22 in attack mode
 Hear a 3T22 in hi-lo mode
 2T22 picture
 3T22 picture
 Map of all 2T22s/3T22 locations, current and former

Sirens
Disaster preparedness
Civil defense
Emergency population warning systems

Federal Signal 3T22


Franck Gastambide (; born 31 October 1978) is a French actor, film director, screenwriter and producer. He became famous in 2009 after creating the first web series from Canal+, Kaïra Shopping, which was later shown on television and adapted to the film in 2012. Also between 2009 and 2011, Gastambide made commercials for the Pepsi brand. He played the main role of a policeman in the movie Taxi 5.

Biography
At the age of 13, he became interested in Molossian dogs and took up their training. After receiving a guard's certificate, he worked as a seller in the Leroy Merlin chain, continuing to train the dogs. At the age of 20, he became a recognized expert on dogs of the so-called "dangerous breeds". At age 22, he was involved in filming the film The Crimson Rivers as a trainer of Rottweilers and Pit Bull Terriers. In 2004, participated in the shooting of the movie The Magnificent Four.

On the shooting of the picture The Crimson Rivers Franck became friends with the actor and director Mathieu Kassovitz. With his help, Gastambide met with young directors Kim Chapiron and Romain Gavras, with whom he took his first steps in acting career, taking part in several short films and hip-hop music videos (DJ Mehdi, Mafia K-1 Fry).

In parallel, Gastambide participates in the filming of several dozen films, television films and television shows as a dog trainer. Also Franck, as a cinematographer, helped journalist Mouloud Achour make reports for MTV.

In 2009, he made a mini-series Kaïra Shopping, a satiric take on a television newsreel. The series was shot on a low budget, in a clip-art manner. Thanks to the success on the Internet, the actors of the series Franck Gastambide, Medi Sadoun and Zib Pokti, were invited by Ramzi Bedia to make a cameo in his movie Bacon on the Side. The series was released on the air on Canal+, and then extended for another three seasons.

After that, Frank Gastambide signed a contract with the company Mandarin Cinéma (known for its pictures OSS 117, Brice de Nice, Potiche, The Conquest) for his directorial debut, in which the characters of Kaïra Shopping were supposed to be used. The consent to the shooting in the debut picture of Gastambide was given by such stars as Ramzi Bedia, François Damiens, Eric Cantona, Élie Semoun, Alex Lutz and Alice Belaïdi, rappers Mafia K'1 Fry, Katsuni and Cut Killer. This was the first time when a full-length film was shot based on a web-show.

Distributor of the film, entitled Porn in the Hood, became the company Gaumont, and it premiered at the Cannes Film Festival. The film was released on 11 July 2012, quickly gaining recognition from both critics and the public. The film was watched by more than a million viewers. That allowed it to become the most profitable French film in 2012.

For the picture Porn in the Hood, Gastambide received the Prize for the first best film of the magazine Le Film français along with Ramzi Bedia, Alice Belaidi and the producers Eric and Nicolas Altmayer.

On 22 February 2013 Gastambide, together with Sadoun and Pokti, hosted the ceremony for the French César film awards, presenting prizes for the best sound and the best picture.

After the success of his film Porn in the Hood, Gastambide starred in a number of popular comedies, such as Vive la France, I Kissed a Girl and Good luck, Sam.

The second director's work of Gastambide was the picture Pattaya, narrating about the misadventures of three men on holiday in Thailand. His second film had a much larger budget than the first and a number of famous French comedians such as Gad Elmaleh, Ramzi Bedia, Sabrina Ouazani and Malik Bentalha took part in his shooting.

Gastambide strengthened his reputation by directing the fifth part of the film series Taxi and playing one of the roles in it.

Filmography

Director & writer
2009: Kaïra Shopping (TV Mini-series)
2012: Les Kaïra
2016: Pattaya (also screenplay)
2018: Taxi 5 (also scenario)
2020: Validé (also creator of series) (TV series, 10 episodes)
2023: Medellin

Actor

References

External links

1978 births
21st-century French male actors
People from Melun
Living people
French film directors
French male screenwriters
French screenwriters
French male comedians
Male actors from Paris

Franck Gastambide


Graggle Simpson or Gumbly is a metafictional character purported to be from the American animated sitcom The Simpsons. He is the subject of an internet meme and hoax in which users online satirically claim that the character was a real member of the series' cast of characters (as well as the Simpson family) that had been removed through retroactive continuity. The intent behind the meme is to satirize the Mandela effect and its believers. The character is most commonly portrayed as a yellow, unclothed, alien-like humanoid with a large mouth and three strands of hair, commonly "seen" alongside members of the Simpson family.

Most claims made about Graggle include a backstory regarding the character's existence in the sitcom's lore. Various permutations of the story claim that he was intended to be a self-insert of The Simpsons creator Matt Groening, that he was a much-beloved character among fans, or, alternatively, that he was removed due to poor viewer reception, or that he was added late in the show's run as a way of satirizing the show's perceived decline in quality. A variety of fan works featuring Graggle have been produced, including fan art, edited cover art, screenshots and recordings of episodes of The Simpsons that include Graggle amongst other characters of the cast, and a modification for the 2003 video game The Simpsons: Hit and Run.

Origin
Although the character was expanded upon and hit viral levels of popularity in 2022, the earliest mentions of Graggle, also referred to as "Gumbly", date to 2015, when an anonymous user on the Japanese textboard 2channel added a version of the character referred to as "Nan-j min" to screenshots of The Simpsons, with Nan-j min being a mascot of the site's /livejupiter/ board (nicknamed "Nan-j") at the time. The earliest references to the character in English date from early 2021 on 4chan, in a post that establishes the prior aspect of Graggle being intended as Groening's persona, and also introducing two alternate names, "Yellow Matt" and "Weird Matt". The name "Gumbly" was likely inspired by Gumby, a claymation character who once made a cameo appearance in the seventeenth season episode "The Girl Who Slept Too Little".

References

External links
Graggle Simpson on Know Your Meme
"Who is 'Graggle Simpson'?" fact check on Snopes.com

2015 hoaxes
Internet hoaxes
Internet memes introduced in 2022
The Simpsons
Works based on The Simpsons

Graggle Simpson


The Shmuel-Bukh is a midrashic verse epic written in Yiddish. Composed no later than the second half of the 15th century and widely circulated in manuscript, it was first printed in Augsburg in 1544. Its stanzaic form resembles that of the Nibelungenlied, and its hero is the biblical David. Sol Liptzin characterizes it as the greatest Old Yiddish religious epic. [Liptzin, 1972, 8–9].

Following the example of other European epics, the poem was not simply recited, but sung or chanted to musical accompaniment. Its melody was widely known in Jewish communities. As was the case with other early Yiddish adaptations of biblical narrative, it fuses biblical material, Midrashic legends and rabbinical commentary with medieval traditions of European heroic poetry, thus creating what some romantic scholars deemed an Ashkenazic 'national epic,' comparable to the German 'national epic,' the Nibelungenlied, the French 'national epic,' The Song of Roland, or the English 'national epic,' Beowulf.

Its authorship is a matter of controversy. The next to last stanza of one surviving manuscript says that it was "made" by Moshe Esrim Vearba. No one can be sure whether this "maker" is the author or a copyist, and Esrim Vearba is Hebrew for 24, the number of books of the Hebrew Bible, so the name is almost certainly a pseudonym. Zalman Shazar (president of Israel 1963–1973) believed that it was written by an Ashekenazi rabbi active in Constantinople (now Istanbul) in the second half of the 15th century. [Liptzin, 1972, 8-9]

The work draws on the Hebrew Bible, the midrashic tradition, and Middle High German heroic tales. [Liptzin, 1972, 9]

References
Liptzin, Sol, A History of Yiddish Literature, Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, .

Yiddish-language literature
Epic poems
Yiddish-language folklore
Cultural depictions of David

Shmuel-Bukh


Wilhelm Philippe Schimper (January 12, 1808 – March 20, 1880, in Lichtenberg) was an Alsatian botanist with French, later German citizenship. He was born in Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel, but spent his youth in Offwiller, a village at the foot of the Vosges mountain range in Alsace. He was the father of botanist Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper (1856–1901), and a cousin to naturalist Karl Friedrich Schimper (1803–1867) and botanist Georg Heinrich Wilhelm Schimper (1804–1878).

Life
Following graduation from the University of Strasbourg, he worked as a curator at the Natural History Museum in Strasbourg, becoming director of the museum in 1839. The museum has a bust of Schimper at the top of the stairs.

From 1862 until 1879, he was a professor of geology and natural history at the University of Strasbourg.

Schimper's contributions to biology were primarily in the specialized fields of bryology (study of mosses) and paleobotany (study of plant fossils). He spent considerable time collecting botanical specimens in his travels throughout Europe. Among his writings was the six-volume Bryologia Europaea, an epic work that was published between 1836 and 1855. It was co-written with Philipp Bruch (1781–1847), and it described every species of European moss known at the time.

Schimper also made significant contributions in geology. In 1874 he proposed a new scientific subdivision of geological time. He called the new epoch the "Paleocene Era", of which he based on paleobotanical findings from the Paris Basin.

Honours

Since 1854, he had been a Corresponding Member of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. Schimper was elected as a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1862.
He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1866. He became a Corresponding Member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 1872.

A street bears his name in the Orangerie quarter of Strasbourg.

Writings
 "Bryologia europaea" (Stuttgart, 1836–55, six volumes).
 Monographie des plantes du fossiles grès bigarré de la chaine des Vosges, 1841 – Monograph on fossil plants from the variegated sandstone of the Vosges Mountains.
 Recherches sur les mousses anatomiques et morphologiques, 1850 – Research on the anatomy and morphology of mosses.
 Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des Sphagnum, 1854 – Treatise on the natural history of sphagnum.
 "Synopsis muscorum europaeorum" (1860, second edition in 1876).
 Le terrain de transition des Vosges, 1862 – The changing terrain of Vosges.
 Traité de Paléontologie végétale (1869 to 1874 in two volumes) – Treatise on paleobotany.

Notes

References
 "This article incorporates text based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia".

1808 births
1880 deaths
People from Bas-Rhin
French Protestants
19th-century French botanists
University of Strasbourg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
Alsatian-German people
19th-century German botanists
Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Wilhelm Philippe Schimper


Lungo (Italian for "long") is a coffee beverage made by using an espresso machine to make an Italian-style coffee – short black (a single espresso shot) with more water (generally twice as much), resulting in a larger coffee, a lungo.

A normal serving of espresso takes from 18 to 30 seconds to pull, and fills 25 to 30 millilitres, while a lungo may take up to a minute to pull, and might fill 50 to 70 millilitres. Extraction time of the dose is determined by the variety of coffee beans (usually a blend of Arabica and Robusta), their grind and the pressure of the machine. It is usually brewed using an espresso machine but with two times the amount of water to the same weight of coffee to make a much longer drink.

In French, it is called . The café allongé is popular in the French-Canadian province of Quebec.

Related beverages
A caffè lungo should not be mistaken for a caffè americano (an espresso with hot water added to it) or a long black (hot water with a short black added to it, which is the inverse order to an Americano and done to preserve the crema).

In the lungo, all the water is brewed, and the lungo is generally shorter than an Americano or a long black.

In comparison, the caffè crema is a significantly longer drink, comparable in size to an Americano or long black. (This drink is rare in the English-speaking world.) Like the lungo, it is all brewed water, but is about twice as long as a lungo.

Flavour
As the amount of water is increased or decreased relative to a normal shot, the composition of the shot changes due to the fact that the flavour components of coffee dissolve at varying rates. For this reason, a long or short shot will not contain the same ratio of components that a normal shot contains. Therefore, a ristretto is not simply twice as "strong" as a regular shot, nor is a lungo simply half the strength. Moreover, since espresso is brewed under pressure, a lungo does not have the same taste or composition as coffee produced by other methods, even when made with the same ratio of water and ground coffee.

Brewing
Ristretto, normale, and lungo are relative terms without exact measurements. Nevertheless, a rough guide is a brewing ratio grounds-to-liquid of 1:1 for ristretto, 1:2 for normale, and 1:4 for lungo. Assuming Ristretto is a more concentrated espresso coffee, a ristretto solo is thus 15-20 ml (the foamy crema slightly increases this volume), normale is 30 ml, and lungo is 60 ml. By contrast, a caffè crema will be approximately 180 ml (6 fl oz).

See also

 Americano (coffee) – hot water added to espresso (in that order)
 Caffè crema
 List of coffee beverages
 Long black – espresso added to hot water (in that order); famous in Australia
 Ristretto – half-length extraction; the opposite of a lungo

References

Coffee in Italy
Espresso drinks

Lungo


The return to order (French: retour à l'ordre) was a European art movement that followed the First World War, rejecting the extreme avant-garde art of the years up to 1918 and taking its inspiration from classical art instead. The movement was a reaction to the war. Cubism was partially abandoned even by its co-creator Picasso. Futurism, which had praised machinery, dynamism, violence and war, was rejected by most of its adherents. The return to order was associated with a revival of classicism and realistic painting. Though classicism had underpinned the fabric of most paintings for the short time it existed, traces of modernist ideals were still extant in the works of many artists, most notably Picasso and to a greater degree Georges Braque, who continued to delineate forms within a recognizable framework.

This change of direction was reflected and encouraged by the magazine Valori plastici published in Italian and French from 1918 to 1922.  The term return to order to describe this renewed interest in tradition is said to derive from Le rappel à l'ordre, a book of essays by the poet and artist Jean Cocteau published in 1926.

Notable artists
 Pablo Picasso
 Andre Derain
 Georges Braque
 Salvador Dalí
 Giorgio de Chirico

Gallery

See also

 Corrente di Vita
 Novecento Italiano
 Scuola Romana
 Crystal Cubism

References
 Tate Gallery
 International Herald Tribune

20th century in art
Neoclassical movements

Return to order


"Fermi and Frost" is a science fiction short story by Frederik Pohl, first published in the January 1985 issue of Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine. It won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1986.

Summary
The story opens with an astronomer who is at an airport when a nuclear war begins. Recognized by a fan, he is offered a seat on a plane escaping to Iceland. Though Reykjavík is destroyed by a thermonuclear warhead, the rest of the island is unharmed. The survivors take advantage of Iceland's geology and experience with cold weather to prepare for the nuclear winter that follows. Interwoven into the story is speculation about the Fermi paradox and the perspective on the possibility of alien life given the prospects of nuclear war.

Sources, references, external links, quotations

Short stories by Frederik Pohl
1985 short stories
Hugo Award for Best Short Story winning works
Works originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction
Fermi paradox

Fermi and Frost


Mercedes Chilla López (born January 19, 1980, in Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz) is a javelin thrower from Spain. She has represented Spain at two Summer Olympics (2004 and 2008) and has also competed at the World Championships in Athletics. Chilla is the Spanish record holder for the event, with a best mark of 64.07 metres, and has won medals at the Mediterranean Games and the Ibero-American Championships.

Career
She first reached the international podium at the 2003 Summer Universiade, where she took the bronze medal. She attended her first Olympic competition at the 2004 Athens Games and she was 22nd overall. In 2005, she enjoyed success at the regional level with another javelin bronze at the 2005 Mediterranean Games and she improved on her previous global competition performance with a fifteenth-place finish at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics.

Her 2006 season saw her gain a slew of European honours, starting with a bronze at the 2006 European Cup Winter Throwing and another third-place finish at the 2006 European Cup. She completed a trio of bronze medal performances by reaching the podium at the 2006 European Athletics Championships. She capped off a successful season with a personal best and Spanish record throw of 63.20 metres at the Herculis meeting in August 2006.

She suffered a number of injuries between 2008 and 2010, interrupting her international career, but she still managed ninth place at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and eleventh place at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics. She took the javelin gold at the 2010 Ibero-American Championships in Cádiz, nearing her top form with a winning throw of 62.39 m.  Chilla improved her Spanish record the following week, throwing 64.07 m to win at the Liga de Clubes de División de Honor meeting in Valencia, Spain. This mark made her fifth in the world rankings and demonstrated her potential to return to the podium at the 2010 European Athletics Championships.

Achievements

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Spanish female javelin throwers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Spain
Sportspeople from Jerez de la Frontera
European Athletics Championships medalists
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Spain
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2001 Mediterranean Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Universiade bronze medalists for Spain
Competitors at the 2001 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade

Mercedes Chilla


Peter López Santos (born September 23, 1981) is an American-born citizen who is a Peruvian taekwondo fighter. He is most recognized for being a top international featherweight athlete for the Peruvian Taekwondo Team at present.

Biography
López was born in Irvine, California, in the United States, but aged five his family returned to live in Surquillo (Lima, Peru) for a few years.

It was in Peru that López started his first taekwondo class with his dad, who would later become his coach during the early years of his career as an athlete.

Eventually the family López returned to the U.S, where he began to competeand won 1998 Youth World Champion, Champion in the older category in 2001, bronze medal of the World Cup 2002, silver medal at the 2002 Pan American Championships and bronze medal at the 2003 World Championship, among others.

In 2004, the Peruvian Taekwondo Federation invited López to lead a training course. It was at this time that he decided to represent Peru. Despite this- the "club Elite" based in Texas- continues to support him. "It's like my family," López once said about this club.

According to the Peruvian Olympic Committee, of the 15 athletes who participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, López was the one that had the greatest chance of winning a medal in the 'feather' category (up to 68 kilos). López won his first two matches against Burak Hasan from Australia and  Isah Adam Muhammad from Nigeria before losing the semifinal matches against the American Mark Lopez. He would then dispute the bronze medal match against Servet Tazegül from Turkey where he lost by one point.

In 2011, he competed at the 2011 Pan American Games where he would also represent Peru in the 68 kilos category. He did not advance from the quarterfinals.

Lopez represented Peru at the 2012 London Olympics.

References

1981 births
Living people
Citizens of Peru through descent
Olympic taekwondo practitioners for Peru
Peruvian male taekwondo practitioners
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2007 Pan American Games
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2011 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Irvine, California
Pan American Games silver medalists for Peru
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in taekwondo
American sportspeople of Peruvian descent
South American Games gold medalists for Peru
South American Games medalists in taekwondo
Competitors at the 2010 South American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games

Peter López


Junius Spencer Morgan III (March 15, 1892 – October 19, 1960) was an American banker and a director of the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company.

Early life
Junius Spencer Morgan III was born on March 15, 1892, to Jane Norton Grew and Jack Morgan (1867–1943), who was a banker and the son of J. Pierpont Morgan (1837–1913), the renowned financier. Through his mother, he was a first cousin to Henry Grew Crosby (1898–1929).

He received an A.B. from Harvard University in 1914.

Career
In 1914, after graduating from Harvard, he joined J.P. Morgan & Co., working there until 1917.

On September 15, 1917, he was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve Force and was later promoted to lieutenant during the First World War.  He resigned from the Navy on December 13, 1918.  His naval service enabled him to become a member of the New York Commandery of the Naval Order of the United States.

On December 1, 1941, Morgan was placed on active duty, serving during World War II as he had remained in the Naval Reserve between the wars.  On August 15, 1942, he was promoted to the rank of commander.  He served with the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and rose to the rank of captain by the end of the war.  His brother, Commander Henry S. Morgan, also served with the OSS during the war.

Personal life
On June 15, 1915, he married Louise Converse (b. 1894) in Boston, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Frederick Converse, a noted composer. Together, they had three children:

 John P. Morgan II (c. 1918–2004), who married Claire Ober (1922–2008)
 Louise Morgan, who married Charles R. Hook Jr. (d. 1961). Her stepson, Charles R. Hook III, committed suicide in 1975.
 Ann Morgan, who married Henry Simoneau, in 1957.

Junius Morgan died on October 19, 1960. His wife survived him and later died on December 18, 1974. They are both buried at Cedar Hill Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut), along with his father and grandfather.

Activities and interests
He served as commodore of the New York Yacht Club from 1933 to 1935.  Both his father and grandfather had previously served as commodore of the club.

His family's main residence was the 'Salutation' estate, which is located on Long Island in Glen Cove, New York. This home was built around 1929 for Junius Morgan and his wife. The property is no longer owned by the Morgan family, but it is still in private hands and used as a residence.

This location was used to portray the Larrabee family's mansion in the movie Sabrina. The movie made extensive use of this mansion's interiors during the filming.

See also
Morgan family

References

1892 births
1960 deaths
Morgan family
Harvard University alumni
American bankers
People of the Office of Strategic Services
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy personnel of World War I

Junius Spencer Morgan III


Netto-uyoku or Net uyoku (ネット右翼, Japanese Internet rightists), also called Netouyo (ネトウヨ), is the term used to refer to far-right Japanese neo-nationalists who interact and post almost entirely online. Their mediums are forums and Social media sites. Japanese critic and writer Furuya Tsunehira described them as  "new breed of neo-nationalists who interact almost entirely within their own cyber community, shut off from the rest of society" . Tsunehira. Furuya goes on to explain that on average, these people are around 40 years old, and about three quarters of them are male.  According to Furuya  they are concentrated in major urban areas, particularly the Tokyo-Kanagawa region.

Their average annual income is slightly higher than the median for their age, and most are graduates of four-year universities." This profile is in contrast to European and American ultra-rightist groups who are mostly made up of disaffected low-income and unemployed youth. Furuya further observes that although active on the web, they lack institutional political representation offline, leading to a sense of frustration and a tendency to be more active online and to back the more right-wing elements of the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, especially Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's administration as a substitute for having a party of their own.

References

Japanese activists
Politics of Japan
Nationalists

Netto-uyoku


Sargassum muticum, commonly known as Japanese wireweed or japweed, is a large brown seaweed of the genus Sargassum. It is an invasive seaweed with high growth rate (up to 10 cm per day during spring). It has an efficient dispersion thanks to its floats.

Description
Sargassum muticum is a brown seaweed, normally brown to yellowish with a length up to 10 m. It is an autotroph that uses energy from sunlight. The photosynthesis is facilitated thanks to aerial vesicles which allow the algae to rise to the surface.

Sargassum muticum is composed of two distinct parts: a perennial part, which contains the holdfast and one or more short main axes; and an annual part: the secondary axes, which develop on the main axis, whose growth is unlimited and whose size is variable. There are three types of ramifications: laterals with foliaceous expansions called fronds, laterals with fronds and aerocysts and laterals with fronds, aerocysts and reproductive organs called receptacles. In winter, only the perennial part persists (5 cm). In summer, the lateral part is in maximum development of 2–3 meters to 10 meters.

Reproduction
The mode of reproduction is both sexual and asexual. S. muticum reaches sexual maturity in the summer when gamete production takes place in receptacles. The species is monoecious, i.e. an individual is capable of producing male and female gametes. Its cycle of development is monogenic (i.e. only one generation is present during its life cycle). At the level of fertilization: male gametes are dispersed in seawater while female gametes remain in the receptacle where fertilization takes place). Development is also done at the receptacle and then once at the stage of seedling, the latter is detached for fixation on a new support and form a new individual. This species can also reproduce asexually, but this has never been observed in temperate environments.

Habitat
Sargassum muticum grows from half-tide to infralittoral areas (to a depth of 10 m.). It is fixed on solid substrates like rocks, stones, shells.  It is highly tolerant towards temperature and salinity variations. The optimal temperature is between 17 and 20 °C but it tolerates -9 and 30 °C.

Repartition areas, invasiveness, impacts

Repartition areas

Originally from Japan, it is thought to have gained worldwide distribution through being transported with Japanese oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Sargassum muticum was introduced to the Californian coast in the 1940s and in Europe in the 1970s (The species was first found in the British Isles in the Isle of Wight in 1973). Currently, the alga is widespread from Norway to Portugal along Atlantic coasts. Sargassum muticum has a range stretching from Campbell River, British Columbia to Baja in California. In Europe it extends along the coasts of Great Britain, France, Scandinavia, Baltic Sea, Helgoland, Netherlands, Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula and into the Mediterranean from Italy and the Adriatic. It is recorded from Japan, China and Alaska. Recently, some specimens were found on Moroccan coasts. This illustrates its huge tolerance regarding its environment.  Herbarium specimens are now stored in the Ulster Museum (BEL catalogue numbers: F11241 - F11242; F11182 - F11185).

Invasiveness and impacts

Its proliferation is important especially during the summer, which causes economic and ecological problems.

Ecological: Because of its large size and dense ramifications, S.muticum forms a screen within the water column preventing the penetration of light. It also captures the nutrients in disfavor of other species such as phytoplankton. However, S.muticum also serves as shelter and protection for fish larvae or crustaceans as well as laying support for cuttlefish.

Economic: S.muticum fixes itself to the shells of oysters, creating problems in shellfish farming through increased manual work to eliminate the algae. In addition, it can wrap around the farming structures, requiring additional maintenance. It also gets entangled with the propellers of the boats.

Options for removal

Mechanical removal—however this promotes dissemination of the species and the technique is labor-intensive.

Chemical—the use of herbicides is advised against, because it poses a major risk to the environment and other organisms.

Biological—there are few natural predators. One example is a little copepod that will eat only the unhealthy and damaged parts of S. muticum.

Currently the distribution is stabilized, and only mechanical removal is performed.

Uses
There are some potential uses for Sargassum muticum.

In agriculture, algae are used as sources of nitrate and potash for fertilization. It is also used in aquaculture as feed for juvenile sea cucumbers.

Water treatment: the cell walls of S. muticum contain alginates and fucoidans. The association of both molecules forms a bigger molecule and this one can be a flocculant. This process can be a method to catch organic matter present in sewage. This flocculant, rich in proteins and oligoelements, is easily biodegradable and could be used for fertilizer.

Previous studies have shown that Sargassum muticum is able to carry out the biosorption of heavy metals like cadmium, chlorophenolic compounds, and nickel.

Antifouling: Secondary metabolites produced by marine algae could be an interesting alternative antifouling agent. Previous studies have shown the potential of hydrocarbon and fatty acid compounds in antifouling activities, compounds such as galactolipids and palmitic acid, 1-tetradecene or 1-hexadecene. Moreover, the peak production of antifouling compounds is during the spring.

Antioxidant compounds: Sargassum muticum is rich in antioxidant compounds such as phenolic compounds (cathechins, phlorotannins, quercetins), pigments (fucoxanthin) and vitamins(vitamin C, K, E in the form of alpha-tocophérol and gamma-tocopherol). Applications are possible in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and health fields, thanks to the antioxidant activities of these molecules.

References

External links
 Sargassum muticum (aquatic plant) at Global Invasive Species Database
 Video footage of Japanese Wireweed in the Venice lagoon
 http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=90
 http://habitas.org.uk/invasive/species.asp?item=432707
 http://www.observatoire-biodiversite-bretagne.fr/especes-invasives/Faune-et-flore-marines/Flore-marine/La-sargasse-Sargassum-muticum
 http://www.seaweed.ie/sargassum/index.php

Fucales
Flora of Japan
Marine biota of Asia

Sargassum muticum


Bismuth(V) fluoride, also known as bismuth pentafluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiF5. It has five bismuth-fluorine bonds in it. The bismuth is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuth(V) fluoride is a white crystalline solid. It is an extremely strong oxidizing agent and fluorinating agent, something that adds fluoride ions to other chemicals. It reacts with water to make ozone and oxygen difluoride. It also reacts with iodine and sulfur at room temperature. Above 50°C, it reacts with hydrocarbons like paraffin to make fluorocarbons. At 180°C, it reacts with chlorine to make chlorine monofluoride and with bromine to make bromine trifluoride.

Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with fluorine at a high temperature. It is also made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with chlorine trifluoride.

Uses
It is used as a fluorinating agent.

Related pages
Bismuth(V) oxide
Bismuth(III) chloride
Bismuth(III) oxide

Bismuth compounds
Fluorine compounds

Bismuth(V) fluoride


Sebastian Newbold Coe, Baron Coe  (born 29 September 1956), often referred to as Seb Coe, is a British politician and former track and field athlete. As a middle-distance runner, Coe won four Olympic medals, including  1500 metres gold medals at the Olympic Games in 1980 and 1984. He set nine outdoor and three indoor world records in middle-distance track events – including, in 1979, setting three world records in the space of 41 days – and the world record he set in the 800 metres in 1981 remained unbroken until 1997. Coe's rivalries with fellow Britons Steve Ovett and Steve Cram dominated middle-distance racing for much of the 1980s.

Following Coe's retirement from athletics, he was a Conservative  member of parliament from 1992 to 1997 for Falmouth and Camborne in Cornwall, and became a Life Peer on 16 May 2000.

He headed the successful London 2012 Olympic bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics and became chairman of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. In 2007, he was elected a vice-president of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), and re-elected for another four-year term in 2011. In August 2015, he was elected president of the IAAF.

In 2012, Coe was appointed Pro-Chancellor of Loughborough University where he had been an undergraduate, and he is also a member of the university's governing body. He was one of 24 athletes inducted as inaugural members of the IAAF Hall of Fame. In November 2012, he was appointed chairman of the British Olympic Association. Coe was presented with the Lifetime Achievement award at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in December 2012.

Early life and education
Coe was born on 29 September 1956 at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith, London. His father was athletics coach Peter Coe and his mother, Tina Angela Lal, was of half Indian descent, born to a Punjabi father, Sardari Lal Malhotra, and an English/Irish mother, Vera (née Swan).

When he was less than a year old, Coe and his family moved to Warwickshire, where he later attended Bridgetown Primary School and Hugh Clopton Secondary School in Stratford-upon-Avon. The family then moved to Sheffield where he attended Tapton School, a secondary modern school, at Crosspool which became a comprehensive school while he was there and Abbeydale Grange School. He joined Hallamshire Harriers at the age of 12, and soon became a middle-distance specialist, having been inspired by David Jackson, a geography teacher at Tapton School who had been a cross-country runner. Coe was coached by his own father and represented Loughborough University and later Enfield and Haringey Athletic Club when not competing for his country.

Coe studied Economics and Social History at Loughborough University and won his first major race in 1977—an 800 metres event at the European indoor championships in San Sebastián, Spain. At Loughborough University he met an athletics coach, George Gandy, who developed "revolutionary" conditioning exercises to improve Coe's running.

His mother, Tina Angela Lal, died in London, in 2005, aged 75. His father, Peter Coe, died on 9 August 2008, aged 88, while Coe was visiting Beijing.

Athletics career
 Coe first caught the public's attention on 14 March 1977 when he competed in the 800m at the European Indoor Championships in San Sebastián, front-running the entire race and winning in 1:46.54, just short of the world indoor record. He ran in the Emsley Carr mile on 29 August 1977, outsprinting Filbert Bayi of Tanzania in the home straight and winning in 3:57.7. Eleven days later, on 9 September 1977, he ran the 800m at the Coca-Cola Games at Crystal Palace in a time of 1:44.95, beating Andy Carter's 1:45.12 to claim his first UK national outdoor record.

Coe's 1978 season continued to show his progression in the middle distances, though he raced only sparingly, as in early June he had  suffered a serious ankle injury whilst out on a training run. On 18 August 1978, he ran the 800m at the Ivo Van Damme Memorial meeting in Brussels, where he far outclassed the field and stormed home in a time of 1:44.25, another UK national record.

He first ran against his great rival Steve Ovett in a schools cross country race in 1972. Neither won, nor did either win in their first major encounter, on 31 August 1978, in the 800m at the European Championships in Prague.  Ovett took second, breaking Coe's UK record with a time of 1:44.09, and Coe finished third; the race was won by the East German Olaf Beyer. According to Pat Butcher, Coe's father and coach Peter Coe had encouraged him to run as fast as he could from the start. The early pace was indeed exceptionally fast: Coe ran 200m in 24.3, 400m in 49.32, and 600m in 1:16.2; he then slowed and finished third in 1:44.76. A few weeks later, Coe reclaimed the UK record at Crystal Palace, setting an all-comers' mark of 1:43.97 which ranked him second in the world that year. On 1 October 1978, Coe displayed to the world for the first time his phenomenal natural endurance by winning the Loughrea 4-Mile road race in Ireland in 17:54, defeating the likes of Eamonn Coghlan (who would win the 5000m at the 1983 World Championships) and Mike McLeod (who would be the 1984 Olympic 10,000m silver medalist), and breaking Brendan Foster's course record of 18:05. All this off a season which had been focussed on 800m, with only one race at 1500m or the mile. This was a warning to the world's top milers of what was to happen the following summer.

The next year, 1979, Coe set three world records in 41 days. He set the first two in Oslo, Norway, at 800m (1:42.33) and the mile (3:48.95), then broke the world 1500m record with his 3:32.03 in Zurich, Switzerland, becoming the first person to hold these three records at the same time. He easily won the 800m at the European Cup in Turin in August, covering the last 200m in 24.1, and anchored the British 4 × 400m relay team with the quartet's fastest split, 45.5. He was voted Athlete of the Year by Athletics Weekly and Track and Field News and was ranked number one in the world at 800m and 1500m; no other athlete since has ranked number one at these distances in the same year.

In 1980, Coe broke Rick Wohlhuter's world record for 1000m with a time of 2:13.40. He held all four middle-distance world records—the 800m, 1000m, 1500m, and mile—simultaneously (another unique feat) for one hour until Ovett broke his mile record. In the 1980 Olympics in Moscow, Ovett and Coe each won the other's speciality: Ovett the 800m and Coe the 1500m. Coe took second in the 800m after running what he described as "the worst tactical race of my life", while Ovett took third in the 1500. It was Ovett's first defeat at one mile or 1500m in three years and 45 races. Coe covered the last 400m in 52.2 and the last 100m in 12.1 seconds, the fastest-ever finish in a championship final at this distance.

Coe began 1981 with an indoor world record of 1:46.0 for 800m at Cosford in February. On 10 June, he set a world 800m record in Florence; his 1:41.73 remained unbeaten until August 1997. As of 2022, his time still stands as the UK record and puts him in a tie with Nijel Amos for third-fastest man ever at the distance. A month afterwards he set another world record with 2:12.18 for 1000m, which was to last 19 years and to this day (2022) has only been bettered once. At this time, Coe was more than 1.7 seconds (about 14m) faster than anyone in history at both distances. Between these two record-breaking runs he won the Europa Cup 800m semifinal, running the last 100m in 11.3 (the fastest final 100m ever recorded in a major international race), and achieved a personal best of 3:31.95 at 1500m, despite dreadful pacemaking (he went through 400m in 52.4 and 800m in 1:49.1, the fastest start ever in an international 1500m race at the time) by US 800m runner James Robinson, who passed 400m in 51.5. In August, Coe won the gold medal over 800m at the European Cup final with a blistering last 200m in 24.6 and last 100m in 11.9.  He then bettered the standard for the mile twice, first with 3:48.53 in Zürich and then with 3:47.33 in Brussels, on either side of Ovett's world record in Koblenz (3:48.40). His 3:47.33 remained on the all-time top-10 list until 31 May 2014.

Coe ended the season with gold over 800m at the World Cup in Rome in September with 1:46.16 (and a 12.0 last 100m), and remained undefeated at both 1500m/mile and 800m for the entire season, as he had in 1979. Track & Field News and Athletics Weekly magazines voted Coe Athlete of the Year, an honour he had also won in 1979. Although he had a short season in 1982 because of injuries in June and July, Coe still managed to rank number one in the world in the 800m and to participate in a world-record 4 x 800m relay. Coe, Peter Elliott, Garry Cook and Steve Cram ran a time of 7:03.89, which would remain the world record for 24 years. Coe's leg was the fastest of the day, a solo 1:44.01. Heavily favored for the 800m at the 1982 European Championships in Athletics in Athens, he  unexpectedly finished second; the next day British team doctors revealed that he had been suffering from glandular fever. Coe decided to withdraw from the 1500 metres in those championships.

Coe began 1983 with world indoor records at 800m in Cosford, England (1:44.91, breaking his own 1:46.0 from 1981) and 1000m (2:18.58) in Oslo, but he spent much of that year battling health problems, including a prolonged bout with toxoplasmosis. He missed the inaugural IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The disease was severe, and he spent several months in and out of hospital. He returned to competition in 1984 and was selected at 800m and 1500m for the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, despite having been narrowly beaten by Peter Elliott in the AAA Championships. In the 800m he took silver behind Joaquim Cruz of Brazil, but in the 1500m final—his seventh race in nine days—he took the gold in an Olympic record of 3:32.53. He ran the last 800m of the race in 1:49.8, the last lap in 53.2, and the last 100m in 12.7. He remains the only man to win successive Olympic 1500m titles.

Coe had planned to have a somewhat quiet season in 1985, partly because of the intensity of the previous year's efforts to get himself ready in time for the Olympics, as well as a planned move up to 5000m, which never materialised. He suffered a recurrence of a back problem which had plagued him on and off since 1980; this caused him to miss several weeks of midseason training. He nevertheless managed to run some fast times towards the end of the season, but he lost his mile world record to Cram, who beat him in Oslo. In 1986, Coe won the 800m gold medal at the European Championships in Stuttgart, beating Tom McKean and Cram with a stunning last 200m of 24.8 and 100m of 12.4. It was his only 800m title at an international championship. He took the silver in the 1500m behind Cram, the mile world record holder proving too strong in the homestretch.  He then ran his personal best over 1500m with a 3:29.77 performance in Rieti, Italy, becoming the fourth man in history to break 3:30 at the distance. For the fourth year in his career (1979, 1981, 1982 & 1986), he was ranked No. 1 in the world at 800m, and he was in the top two for 1500m for the fifth time.

Coe sustained a foot injury in 1987 after winning an 800m and running a 4 × 400m leg for his club, Haringey, and was out for the entire season. The following year he was not selected for the British 1988 Olympic Games team after he failed to advance from the heats of the 1500m at the Trials in Birmingham. He had shown good early season form, but he picked up a chest infection after a spell of altitude training. The Daily Mirror ran a campaign and the president of the International Olympic Committee, Juan Antonio Samaranch, unsuccessfully tried to have the rules changed in Coe's favour. It was said that India was willing to include him on its national team on account of his mother's Indian heritage.

Coe had a final good season in 1989, when, in his 33rd year (at age 32), he won the AAA 1500m title, was ranked British number one for both 800m and 1500m, ran the world's second-fastest 800m of the year (1:43.38), and took the silver medal at the World Cup over 1500m. He retired from competitive athletics in early 1990, after having to bow out of the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand with yet another chest infection. He ended his career having run sub-1:44 for 800m in eight different years.

Trinity College's Great Court Run
A scene in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire recreates a race in which competitors  attempt to run round the perimeter of the Great Court at Trinity College, Cambridge in the time it takes the clock to double-strike the hour at midday or midnight. Many have tried to run the  around the court in the 43.6 seconds that it takes to strike 12 o'clock. Known as the Great Court Run, students traditionally attempt to complete the circuit on the evening of the matriculation dinner. The only persons recognised to have actually completed the run in time are David Cecil in 1927 and Sam Dobin in 2007. It was thought that Coe had succeeded when he beat Steve Cram in a charity race in October 1988 in a time of 42.53 seconds. A video of the race, however, apparently shows that Coe was 12 metres short of the finish line when the last chime sounded, so Trinity College never officially accepted his time.

Political career
Coe was elected as Member of Parliament for Falmouth and Camborne in 1992, for the Conservative Party, but lost his seat in the 1997 general election. He returned to politics for a short time as Leader of the Opposition William Hague's chief of staff, having accepted the offer of a Life Peerage on 16 May 2000.

Sports administration career

London 2012 Olympic Games

When London announced its bid to hold the 2012 Olympics, Coe became an ambassador for the effort and a member of the board of the bid company. With the May 2004 resignation of chairman Barbara Cassani, Coe became the chairman for the latter phase of the bid. As Coe was a well-known personality in Olympic sport, it was felt he was better suited to the diplomatic finesse needed to secure the IOC's backing. Coe's presentation at the critical IOC meeting in July 2005 was viewed by commentators as being particularly effective, against tough competition from Paris and Madrid, and the London bid won the IOC's blessing on 6 July.

Coe attended the 2010 Winter Olympics held in Vancouver to see how the city coped with the challenges of hosting. Lord Coe noted the Games had "gradually recovered from its tumultuous start" and queried that he "never thought the British would find rivals in their preoccupation with the weather which is almost elevated to an Olympic event" as he credited VANOC for meeting unforeseen challenges such as the unseasonably warm weather of Cypress Mountain. Coe added "Rarely have I seen a host city so passionate and so ready to embrace the Games".

Coe was instrumental in asking Queen Elizabeth II to star in Happy and Glorious, a short film featuring James Bond, which formed part of the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. The director of the ceremony, Danny Boyle first pitched the idea to Coe, who loved it so much that he took it to Edward Young, Deputy Private Secretary to the Queen. A friend of Coe's from their days of advising William Hague, Young "listened sagely, laughed, and promised to ask the Boss". Coe was subsequently informed that she would love to take part.

FIFA
Coe was appointed the first chairman of FIFA's independent watchdog, the FIFA Ethics Committee. The commission will judge all cases alleging conflicts of interest and breaches of FIFA rules. FIFA president Sepp Blatter made the announcement in Zurich on 15 September 2006 and said: "It is perhaps a surprise but it has been very well received. We have found an outstanding personality in the world of sport, a great personality in the Olympic movement." His appointment makes him one of the most senior Englishmen to work for FIFA.

He stood down from this post to join the English committee that failed to bring the 2018 World Cup to England, with Russia chosen to host instead.

International Association of Athletics Federations
In 2007 Coe was appointed as vice President of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and was reappointed in 2011. When Lamine Diack president of the IAAF announced that he was standing down in 2013 seemed likely to announce Coe as his successor as there had never been an election for the President position. Coe, in November 2014 announced that he would stand for election for this position in 2015. In December 2014, Coe unveiled his manifesto, 'Growing Athletics in a New Age.' On 19 August 2015, in Beijing, he was elected president of IAAF against Sergey Bubka, by 115 votes to 92 votes. On 17 August 2023, in Budapest, he was re-elected unopposed for a third and final term of office as President.

In 2015 Lord Coe's presidency of IAAF created turmoil when major sponsor Adidas terminated a multimillion sponsorship deal four years early.

British Olympic Association
Following the London Olympics, Coe was appointed as Chairman of the British Olympic Association replacing Lord Moynihan.

Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games
Coe has been appointed a member of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games Coordination Commission representing the Association of National Olympic Committees.

International Olympic Committee
On 17 July 2020, Coe was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee.

Other sports
As of 2007, Coe was Patron of the British Dragon Boat Racing Association.

Russian doping scandal
The Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee in 2015 accused Coe of misleading the committee. He was also accused of blocking the release of a report from the University of Tübingen that mentioned the extent of doping.

Personal life
After graduating in 1980, and a few months after his exploits on the track in the 1980–81 seasons, Coe got a job as a research assistant at the Loughborough University of Technology in the department of Physical Education and Sports Science. At this time he shared a semi-detached home with his close friend Steve Mitchell.

In 1990, when resident in Surrey, Coe married Nicky McIrvine, a former Badminton three-day-event champion, with whom he has two sons and two daughters. The marriage ended in divorce in 2002 after twelve years.

In 2003, Coe began a relationship with Carole Annett; the couple wed in 2011. She is the daughter of former England cricket captain M. J. K. Smith.

Coe is a worldwide ambassador for Nike and owns a string of health clubs with a membership of more than 20,000. He is a member of the East India Club, a private gentlemen's club in St James's Square. He has supported London athletic events such as the London 10K of Nike and the British 10K charity race. On 12 February 2010, Coe was the 19th runner on the 106th day of the Vancouver Olympic Torch Relay. Coe's leg was along the Stanley Park Seawall.

In October 2012, Coe was appointed chairman of Chime Communications sports marketing subsidiary, CSM Sport and Entertainment. The company also entered into an 'option agreement' to buy Coe's 93% interest in CLG, the firm which acts as a vehicle for his earnings from speeches and appearances.

Coe is a supporter of Chelsea Football Club. He is also a fan of cricket and jazz, in particular Billie Holiday and Lester Young.

Coe was featured in an episode of the BBC TV series Who Do You Think You Are?, which showed that he is descended from John Astley, the portrait painter, Jamaican sugar farmers and slave owners, George Clarke, Lieutenant Governor of New York Colony, and Edward Hyde of Norbury.

Coe retired from the House of Lords on 31 January 2022.

He is a columnist for The Daily Telegraph.

Coe is colour blind.

Honours
Coe was made an Honorary Doctor of Technology (Hon DTech) by his alma mater, Loughborough University in 1985. In November 2009, he was awarded an honorary degree as Doctor of Science (Hon DSc) from the University of East London. In 2009, he also was awarded an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He also received an honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Sunderland in 2011.

He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1982 New Year Honours and Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1990 New Year Honours. On 16 May 2000, he was created a Life Peer as Baron Coe, of Ranmore in the County of Surrey. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 2006 New Year Honours for services to sport. In the 2013 New Year Honours, Coe was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) for services to the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. He represented the Order at the 2023 Coronation.

He was presented with the first Prince of Asturias Award (Sports category) in 1987. After his work in delivering London 2012 Coe was presented with an Olympic Order. Coe received another lifetime achievement award at the Laureus World Sport Awards.

Coe has also received three separate awards at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year ceremony: The main individual award in 1979, a "Special Gold Award" in 2005 and the "Lifetime Achievement Award" in 2012.

A building at the Nike world headquarters in Beaverton Oregon was named after Sebastian Coe in 2017. Coe is a longtime Nike athlete and was recognised by Nike as a great middle-distance runner. The 'Nike Sebastian Coe building' was designed to emphasise connectivity.

Coe was included in The Sunday Times' "100 Makers of the 21st Century" list. In 2018 he was recognised as a Tourism Australia's Friend of Australia, in conjunction with the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games. In addition in 2018 Coe was awarded an OLY post nominal title from World Olympians Association.

Personal bests

(WR) indicates personal best which was also a World Record when set.

References

External links

 England Athletics Hall of Fame citation
 Parliament & the 2012 London Olympics - UK Parliament Living Heritage

1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Hammersmith
Sportspeople from Sheffield
People from Stratford-upon-Avon
British sportsperson-politicians
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
English male middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
English Olympic medallists
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games competitors for England
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners
European Athletics Championships medalists
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Presidents of the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games
British sports executives and administrators
English autobiographers
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall
UK MPs 1992–1997
English people of Indian descent
Athletes from London
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People in sports awarded knighthoods
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
British International Olympic Committee members
Recipients of the Olympic Order
Recipients of the Paralympic Order
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Alumni of Loughborough University
People educated at Tapton School
European champions for Great Britain
Presidents of World Athletics
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
BBC Sports Personality Lifetime Achievement Award recipients
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014

Sebastian Coe


The Fire Thief was written by Terry Deary and is the first book in The Fire Thief Trilogy. The book is about Prometheus, the Greek Titan who, in Greek mythology, is said to have stolen fire from the gods and given it to humans.

The story tells of Prometheus when he is chained to a rock and about to have his liver ripped out by the Fury, but instead he is freed by the hero Hercules. He grabs the Fury, breaks its neck and runs away after he has been freed from the mountain he was chained to, by his cousin Zeus, the Greek god of lightning and ruler of the sky. Zeus sends him on a quest to find a true human hero. He gives Prometheus a ring because he promised that Prometheus will always be chained to that rock. This means that Zeus can always find him as well. Prometheus travels into the future with a pair of magical wings. He lands in Eden City and is helped by Uncle Edward and young Jim, a pair of robbers. The Fury is bent on revenge and Theus must complete this task while avoiding the Fury, who is supposed to eat his liver every day for eternity. There, Jim and Uncle Edward stay at Storm Inn where they meet January Storm. They came to Eden City to steal riches from the Mucklethrift Manor. They usually put a play on and while they are doing it, Jim goes and steals the riches. When Prometheus came, he was strong so he could help the robbers carry the coffin which they put the stolen goods in. They are successful but Mayor Walter Tweed catches them and demands to get 1/3 of the stolen riches. The Mayor makes a fake deal with Uncle Edward pretending that the police would not catch the robbers, Uncle Edward, and Jim.

The other two books in the series are Flight of the Fire Thief (2006) and The Fire Thief Fights Back (2007).

Poems and rhymes in The Fire Thief
A famous rhyme in the Fire Thief book is chanted by an imaginary mythological character in the book:

"The boy stood on the burning deck, picking his nose like crazy. He rolled them into little balls, and flicked them 'till he felt hazy!"

The rhyme is used by the creatures as a joke to taunt Jim.

2005 British novels
British fantasy novels
Classical mythology in popular culture
Prometheus
Greek and Roman deities in fiction
Macmillan Publishers books

The Fire Thief (novel)


Rancho Encantada (also known as Stonebridge Estates) is a suburban neighborhood in San Diego, California, United States. It is bordered by the City of Poway to the north, the San Diego neighborhood of Scripps Ranch to the west, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar to the south, and unincorporated and undeveloped San Diego County to the east.

Rancho Encantada, like Miramar Ranch North, is often considered a part of Scripps Ranch; it is included in the Scripps Ranch Planning Group, the Scripps Ranch Civic Association (SRCA) and most Scripps Ranch community activities. It includes the following tracts: Calabria, Serenity, Sanctuary, Scripps Preserve, Viscaya, Montoro, Bellasario, Toll Brothers (Viewpoint was to be custom homes; however, the lots were purchased by Toll Brothers and included within that development), Mill Creek, Tiburon, The Warmington Collection, and Astoria. It is the least walkable neighborhood of San Diego.

References

Neighborhoods in San Diego

Rancho Encantada, San Diego


The Calvin cycle (also known as the Benson-Calvin cycle) is the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis.

The cycle is light-independent because it takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight.

The Calvin cycle is named after Melvin C. Calvin, who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for finding it in 1961. Calvin and his colleagues, Andrew Benson and James Bassham, did the work at the University of California, Berkeley.

Context
Using the radioactive carbon-14 isotope as a tracer, Calvin, Andrew Benson and their team mapped the complete route that carbon travels through a plant during photosynthesis. They traced the carbon-14 from soaking up its atmospheric carbon dioxide to its conversion into carbohydrates and other organic compounds. The single-celled algae Chlorulla was used to trace the carbon-14.

The Calvin group showed that sunlight acts on the chlorophyll in a plant to fuel the manufacture of organic compounds, not directly on carbon dioxide as previously believed.

Steps
The steps in the cycle are as follows:

1. Grab: A five-carbon carbon catcher called RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate) catches one molecule of carbon dioxide and forms a six-carbon molecule.

2. Split: the enzyme RuBisCO (with the energy of ATP and NADPH molecules) breaks the six-carbon molecule into two equal parts.

3. Leave: A trio of carbons leave and become sugar. The other trio moves on to the next step.

4. Switch: Using ATP and NADPH, the three carbon molecule is changed into a five carbon molecule.

5. The cycle starts over again.

The product
The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugar phosphate molecules, or 'glucose triose phosphates' (G3P). Each step of the cycle has its own enzyme which speeds up the reaction.

References

Plant physiology
Photosynthesis

fi:Yhteyttäminen#Valoreaktiot ja pimeäreaktiot

Calvin cycle


In particle physics and nuclear physics, the branching fraction (or branching ratio) for a decay is the fraction of particles which decay by an individual decay mode or with respect to the total number of particles which decay. It applies to either the radioactive decay of atoms or the decay of elementary particles. It is equal to the ratio of the partial decay constant to the overall decay constant. Sometimes a partial half-life is given, but this term is misleading; due to competing modes, it is not true that half of the particles will decay through a particular decay mode after its partial half-life. The partial half-life is merely an alternate way to specify the partial decay constant , the two being related through:

For example, for spontaneous decays of 132Cs, 98.1% are ε (electron capture) or β+ (positron) decays, and 1.9% are β− (electron) decays. The partial decay constants can be calculated from the branching fraction and the half-life of 132Cs (6.479 d), they are: 0.10 d−1 (ε + β+) and 0.0020 d−1 (β−). The partial half-lives are 6.60 d (ε + β+) and 341 d (β−). Here the problem with the term partial half-life is evident: after (341+6.60) days almost all the nuclei will have decayed, not only half as one may initially think.

Isotopes with significant branching of decay modes include copper-64, arsenic-74, rhodium-102, indium-112, iodine-126 and holmium-164.

References

External links
 LBNL Isotopes Project
 Particle Data Group (listings for particle physics)
  Nuclear Structure and Decay Data - IAEA  for nuclear decays

Particle physics
Nuclear physics
Radioactivity
Ratios

Branching fraction


Le postillon de Lonjumeau (The Postillion of Lonjumeau) is an opéra-comique in three acts by Adolphe Adam to a French libretto by Adolphe de Leuven and Léon Lévy Brunswick.

The opera has become the most successful of Adam's works, and the one by which (apart from his ballet Giselle and his Christmas carol Cantique de Noël) he is best known outside his native France. The opera is known for the difficult aria "Mes amis, écoutez l'histoire" which has been called a test for tenors because of the demanding high D, or D5, at the end of the aria.

Performance history
The opera was premiered by the Opéra-Comique at the Salle de la Bourse in Paris on 13 October 1836. Performances followed at the St James's Theatre, London on 13 March 1837, and in New Orleans at the Théâtre d'Orléans on 19 April 1838.

Recent productions have been mounted in the Berlin Staatsoper Unter den Linden (from 4 August 2000) and at the Grand Théâtre, Dijon, (from 30 March 2004 under Philippe Cambreling, with Isabelle Poulenard (Madeleine / Madame de Latour). The latter was a co-production of Opéra Paris-Sud and Opéra de Dijon. The work was performed in Paris for the first time in 125 years in a new production at the Opèra Comique in March 2019 with Michael Spyres in the title role, in a production by Michel Fau. Sébastien Rouland conducted, with Florie Valiquette as Madeleine.

Roles

Synopsis

Act 1
Chapelou, the just-wedded postillion, or horse-backed coach-guider (cf. coach-mounted coachman), and his innkeeper wife Madeleine decide to consult a clairvoyant to ensure that their marriage will be joyous. The latter foresees however that it will not go smoothly without indicating exactly what will occur when.

At first alarmed, the couple soon banish anxiety in order to enjoy their wedding night. Days into the marriage the Marquis de Corcy, who is director of the Paris Opera, arrives at the couple's inn and is immediately smitten by Madeleine, but doesn't say anything to her. Later he overhears Chapelou singing his usual song with other guests and is impressed by his voice. He decides to invite the young postillion to join the opera company, but they must leave immediately. Excitedly Chapelou asks his friend Biju to tell Madeleine where he has gone and why. Then he and the Marquis depart leaving Madeleine in shock.

Act 2
Ten years later. Madeleine has come into an inheritance and is known as Madame Latour; Chapelou is an opera star. One evening the Marquis holds a post-performance cast reception to which he has invited Latour. Upon meeting her, Chapelou falls in love, not recognising the wife he abandoned. He proposes, she accepts, and a wedding occurs.

Act 3
The Marquis has informed the police and denounced this apparent bigamy. On the wedding night Madeleine appears in her old peasant clothes and Chapelou now recognises her. She then transforms before his eyes into Latour, the heiress. When the Marquis arrives with the police, she reveals her deception to all: the couple have married twice and vow from that day on to love like good village people. This induces a hearty response from the chorus to provide a stirring finale.

Film
In 1936 the opera was loosely adapted into an Austrian-Swiss comedy film The Postman from Longjumeau directed by Carl Lamac.

Recordings
 17–25 September 1985, Salle Garnier, Monte-Carlo : Thomas Fulton conducting the Orchestre philharmonique de Monte-Carlo, with John Aler (Chapelou / Saint-Phar), François Le Roux (de Corcy), Jean-Philippe Lafont (Biju / Alcindor), June Anderson (Madeleine / Madame de Latour), Daniel Ottewaere (Bourdon), Balvina de Courcelles (Rose). (EMI 557106-2)
DVD:2020, filmed at the Opéra Comique, Paris : Sebastien Rouland conducting the Orchestre de l'Opera de Rouen Normandie and Accentus chorus, with Michael Spyres (Chapelou/Saint-Phar), Florie Valiquette (Madeleine/Madame de Latour),Franck Leguerinel (Le Marquis de Corcy), Laurent Kubla (Biju/Alcindor), Julien Clement (Bourdon), Michel Fau (Rose). Naxos Cat: NBD0112V

References

Sources
 Pougin, Arthur (1880). "Valentino (Henri-Justin-Joseph)", pp. 597–598, in Biographie universelle des musiciens et Bibliographie générale de la musique par F.-J. Fétis. Supplément et complément, vol. 2. Paris: Firmin-Didot. View at Google Books.
 Tamvaco, Jean-Louis (2000). Les Cancans de l'Opéra. Chroniques de l'Académie Royale de Musique et du théâtre, à Paris sous les deux restorations (2 volumes, in French). Paris: CNRS Editions. .

Further reading
 Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 pages,

External links

Operas by Adolphe Adam
French-language operas
Opéras comiques
1836 operas
Operas
Opera world premieres at the Opéra-Comique
Operas adapted into films

Le postillon de Lonjumeau


These are the results of the women's 70 kg (also known as middleweight) competition in judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.  A total of 22 women qualified for this event, limited to jūdōka whose body weight was less than, or equal to, 70 kilograms.  Competition took place in the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre on 20 September.

Competitors

Main bracket
The gold and silver medalists were determined by the final match of the main single-elimination bracket.

Repechage
The losing semifinalists as well as those judoka eliminated in earlier rounds by the four semifinalists of the main bracket advanced to the repechage.  These matches determined the two bronze medalists for the event.

References

External links

W70
Judo at the Summer Olympics Women's Middleweight
Olympics W70
Women's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Judo at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 70 kg


CIH (also known as Chernobyl or Spacefiller) is a Windows 9x computer virus which first appeared in 1998. It was created by Chen Ing-hau, a Chinese student. The name it was given is based on his initials. After the virus is run on April 26, it will start adding random data to files on the hard drive. On some computers it will also corrupt the BIOS. This will leave the computer unable to operate until the hard drive is recovered with data recovery software and the BIOS is manually reflashed. It does not infect Windows NT computers. It resulted in over 1 billion USD worth in damages. In 1999, IBM shipped some of their Aptiva computers with the virus already on the computer. Some games, like Activision's SiN and Electronic Arts' Wing Commander came with the virus.

References

Malware

CIH


The Charlton Street Gang was a New York City street gang and river pirates during the mid-nineteenth century.

The Charlton Street Gang were one of the earliest river pirate gangs. They raided small cargo ships in the North River of New York Harbor during the post-Civil War period of the 1860s. After a time the ocean liners and major shipping vessels around the Manhattan west side dockyards became so well protected that the gang moved upriver.

In 1869, under the leadership of Sadie the Goat, the gang stole a sloop, and soon began raiding merchant ships and homes along the Hudson River, from the Harlem River as far as Poughkeepsie and Albany, New York. Flying the flag of the Jolly Roger, the gang was extremely successful. They became known for kidnapping wealthy men, women and children for ransom. According to newspapers of the period, Sadie the Goat allegedly had forced several male victims to walk the plank. However, after several victims had been murdered by the gang, local Hudson Valley residents formed a vigilante group. After a number of Charlton Street gang members were killed in a series of violent battles, the gang decided to retreat to the New York waterfront, where they returned to street crime. They eventually dissolved by the end of the decade.

See also
Daybreak Boys
Patsy Conroy
Patsy Conroy Gang
Sadie Farrell
George Gastlin (Steamboat Squad)
Hook Gang

References
Sifakis, Carl. Encyclopedia of American Crime, New York, Facts on File Inc., 1982

19th-century American criminals
Former gangs in New York City
American pirates
19th-century pirates

Charlton Street Gang