Victor Sen Young (born Victor Cheung Young or
Sen Yew Cheung; October 18, 1915 – body discovered November 9, 1980) was an American character actor, best known for playing Jimmy Chan in the Charlie Chan films and Hop Sing in the western series Bonanza. He was born in San Francisco, California to Gum Yung Sen and his first wife, both immigrants from China.

When his mother died during the flu epidemic of 1919, his father placed Victor and his younger sister, Rosemary, in a children's shelter, and returned to his homeland to seek another wife. He returned in 1922 with his new wife, Lovi Shee, once again forming a household with his two children.

Career
Sen Yung made his first significant acting debut in the 1938 film Charlie Chan in Honolulu, as the Chinese detective's "number two son", Jimmy Chan. In this movie, Sidney Toler replaced the recently deceased Warner Oland as Charlie Chan and Sen Yung replaced Oland's "number one son" Lee, who had been played by Keye Luke. Luke left the series in 1938, leading to the need for a "number two son". Sen Yung played Jimmy Chan in 11 Charlie Chan films between 1938 and 1942. Sen Yung played the character of Jimmy Chan very much as Luke played Lee Chan, namely as the bumbling, Americanized son who constantly hinders his father's work. The cultural clash between Chan père, a Chinese immigrant whose values were fundamentally those of China as expressed in his amusing pseudo-Confucian aphorisms vs. his well meaning, but inept Americanized sons gave the series much of its appeal, together with the fact that for all of Charlie Chan's putdowns of his sons there was a genuine paternal love and warmth being expressed.

Moonlighting from the popular Chan series, Sen Yung won critical acclaim playing the nuanced role of Ong Chi Seng, a young attorney assisting Howard Joyce (played by James Stephenson), defending Leslie Crosbie (played by Bette Davis), accused of murder in the classic Warner Bros. film noir melodrama, The Letter (1940), directed by William Wyler. In common with other Chinese-American actors, Sen Yung was cast in Japanese parts during World War II, such as his role as the treacherous Japanese-American Joe Totsuiko in the 1942 Humphrey Bogart film Across the Pacific.

During World War II he joined the U.S. Army Air Forces just as his erstwhile co-star Sidney Toler was set to revive the dormant Charlie Chan series at Monogram Pictures. According to author James L. Neibaur, Sen Yung's military obligations forced him to decline rejoining the series immediately, but Monogram gave him a standing invitation to work there when his tour of duty was up. He was temporarily replaced in the Charlie Chan series by Benson Fong, who played "number three son" Tommy Chan (and once by Keye Luke's real-life brother, Edwin Luke, as "number four son" Eddie Chan). Sen Yung's military service included work in training films at the First Motion Picture Unit and a role in the Army Air Forces' play and film Winged Victory.

In 1946 Sen Yung resumed his Hollywood career at Monogram, now billed as Victor Sen Young and reunited with Sidney Toler. Toler's health was failing; Monogram was conserving Toler's waning energy, limiting his scenes and giving him long rest periods during filming. To relieve the burden on Toler, Monogram entrusted much of the action to Victor Sen Young; he and either Mantan Moreland or Willie Best shared much of the footage in Toler's final three films, Dangerous Money, Shadows Over Chinatown, and The Trap. The addition of Moreland as Chan's black chauffeur, Birmingham Brown, reflected the fact that by this time the Chan pictures had a significant following among black Americans, who liked a film series that for once did not feature a white hero. Moreland's popularity in the Chan pictures was so great that he was booked for a nationwide vaudeville tour, forcing him to be replaced in Dangerous Money by Willie Best.

Following Toler's death in 1947, Victor Sen Young appeared in five of the remaining six Charlie Chan features. His character "Jimmy" was renamed "Tommy" (author Scott MacGillivray contends that "Jimmy" was so closely associated with Sidney Toler that audiences would miss seeing Toler opposite him, resulting in Monogram making the change).

Victor Sen Young continued to work in motion pictures and television, in roles ranging from featured players (affable or earnest Asian characters) to bit roles (clerks, houseboys, waiters, etc.). He was cast as the compassionate Chinese restaurant owner "Quong Kee" in Tombstone, Arizona, in the 1957 episode, "Quong Kee", of the syndicated television anthology series Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story, an aging Quong Kee recalls how in 1881 he brought together the Bostonians Art Gresham (Walter Kelley) and his mother (played by Mary Newton) with the saloon musician Ann Bailey (Eugenia Paul), who after a topsy-turvy romance became Mrs. Art Gresham.

Arguably even more than for his work in the Charlie Chan films, Victor Sen Yung is well remembered as "Hop Sing," the irascible cook and general factotum on the iconic television series Bonanza, appearing in 107 episodes between 1959 and 1973.
Bonanza series creator David Dortort told the Archive of American Television that the "Hop Sing" character generated massive fandom - "Victor was just absolutely delightful. He loved the part; he loved doing it. In fact, he began to develop fans, to the extent that I wrote him in as the featured part in a number of shows."

In Bachelor Father (1957-62), Victor Sen Yung had a recurring role as the scheming "Uncle Charlie", a character that Asian rights activist Guy Aoki commends as "a slick, Americanized character. I thought it was great that way back in the '50s, audiences saw a Chinese American who acted just like anyone else."

In the early 1970s, Sen Yung had a recurring role in seven episodes of the tv series Kung Fu, which starred David Carradine as a Shaolin monk, also in the Old West.

Sen Yung was also an accomplished and talented chef. He frequently appeared on cooking programs, and authored The Great Wok Cookbook in 1974.

Plane hijacking
In 1972, Sen Young was on Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 710, which was hijacked. The FBI stormed the plane, and in the ensuing gunfire Sen Young was shot in the lower back. He and another wounded passenger survived, but a third passenger and the two hijackers were killed.

In 1975, he appeared on Garry Moore's To Tell The Truth and related the events of the hijacking. With Sen Young dressed in a sportcoat and flanked by two dissimilar imposters, none of the four panelists chose him as the character actor.

Death and legacy

Victor Sen Young died in his North Hollywood home in 1980, aged 65. The actor, who ran a small mail-order Chinese pottery business, was creating clayware and curing the items with an oven, and died of natural gas poisoning from a gas leak. His body was found November 9, but he had reportedly been dead at least ten days, from possibly around October 31.

Some reports suggested that he was murdered, but police ultimately ruled the death accidental. The eulogy at his funeral was given by fellow Bonanza actor Pernell Roberts, who also paid the funeral expenses.

The Victor Sen Young memorial scholarship is awarded each year by the Chinese Alumni Association of the University of California, Berkeley, where Sen Young majored in animal husbandry.

Selected filmography

The Good Earth (1937) .... Chinese peasant boy (uncredited)
Double or Nothing (1937) .... Minor Role (uncredited)
Thank You, Mr. Moto (1937) .... Onlooker with Street Acrobats / Chinese Elevator Operator (uncredited)
International Settlement (1938) .... Bellboy / Onlooker in Street (uncredited)
Mr. Moto Takes a Chance (1938) .... Khmer soldier (uncredited)
Shadows Over Shanghai (1938) .... Wang (as Victor Young)
Charlie Chan in Honolulu (1938) .... James Chan (as Sen Yung)
Torchy Blane in Chinatown (1939) .... Chinese Entertainer with Sword (uncredited)
Charlie Chan in Reno (1939) .... James Chan (as Sen Yung)
Charlie Chan at Treasure Island (1939) .... Jimmy Chan (as Sen Yung)
20,000 Men a Year (1939) .... Harold Chong
Barricade (1939) .... Minor Role (uncredited)
Escape to Paradise (1939) .... (uncredited)
Charlie Chan in Panama (1940) .... Jimmy Chan (as Sen Yung)
Charlie Chan's Murder Cruise (1940) .... Jimmy Chan (as Sen Yung)
Charlie Chan at the Wax Museum (1940) .... Jimmy Chan (as Sen Yung)
The Letter (1940) .... Ong Chi Seng (as Sen Yung)
Murder Over New York (1940) .... Jimmy Chan (as Sen Yung)
Dead Men Tell (1941) .... Jimmy Chan (as Sen Yung)
They Met in Bombay (1941) .... Gin Long (uncredited)
Charlie Chan in Rio (1941) .... Jimmy Chan (as Sen Yung)
A Yank on the Burma Road (1942) .... Wing (as Sen Yung)
Castle in the Desert (1942) .... Jimmy Chan (as Sen Yung)
Secret Agent of Japan (1942) .... Fu Yen (as Sen Yung)
Moontide (1942) .... Takeo (as Sen Yung)
The Mad Martindales (1942) .... Jefferson Gow
Little Tokyo, U.S.A. (1942) .... Okono
Across the Pacific (1942) .... Joe Totsuiko (as Sen Yung)
Manila Calling (1942) .... Armando
China (1943) .... Lin Wei-third brother (as Sen Yung)
Night Plane from Chungking (1943) .... Captain Po (as Sen Yung)
Lost Angel (1943) .... Chinese Man (uncredited)
Winged Victory (1944) .... Lee Chang (uncredited)
Betrayal from the East (1945) .... Omaya (as Sen Young)
Shadows Over Chinatown (1946) .... Jimmy Chan (as Victor Sen Young)
G.I. War Brides (1946) .... Chinese Waiter (uncredited)
Dangerous Money (1946) .... Jimmy Chan (as Victor Sen Young)
Dangerous Millions (1946) .... Lin Chow (as Victor Sen Young)
The Trap (1946) .... Jimmy Chan (as Victor Sen Young)
Web of Danger (1947) .... Sam
The Crimson Key (1947) .... Wing, houseboy
The Flame (1947) .... Chang (as Victor Sen Young)
The Chinese Ring (1947) .... Tommy Chan (as Victor Sen Young)
Intrigue (1947) .... Western Union clerk (uncredited)
To the Ends of the Earth (1947) .... Chinese pilot (uncredited)
Docks of New Orleans (1948) .... Tommy Chan (as Victor Sen Young)
Half Past Midnight (1948) .... Sam, hotel porter
Shanghai Chest (1948) .... Tommy Chan (as Victor Sen Young)
The Golden Eye (1948) .... Tommy Chan (as Victor Sen Young)
Rogues Regiment (1948) .... Rickshaw boy (uncredited)
The Feathered Serpent (1948) .... Tommy Chan (as Victor Sen Young)
State Department: File 649 (1949) .... Johnny Han
Boston Blackie's Chinese Venture (1949) .... Movie Theatre Ticket Taker (uncredited)
Tuna Clipper (1949) .... Oriental dock worker
The Sickle or the Cross (1949) .... Major
Red Light (1949) .... Vincent, Houseboy (uncredited)
Oh, You Beautiful Doll (1949) .... Houseboy (uncredited)
Chinatown at Midnight (1949) .... Hotel proprietor
And Baby Makes Three (1949) .... Lem Kee (uncredited)
Key to the City (1950) .... Chinese MC at the Blue Duck (uncredited)
A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950) .... Long Time
The Breaking Point (1950) .... Mr. Sing
Woman on the Run (1950) .... Sammy Chung
Grounds for Marriage (1951) .... Oscar, Chris' valet
The Groom Wore Spurs (1951) .... Ignacio
Secrets of Monte Carlo (1951) .... Chinese clerk (uncredited)
Peking Express (1951) .... Chinese captain (uncredited)
The Law and the Lady (1951) .... Chinese Manager (uncredited)
Valley of Fire (1951) .... Laundryman Ching Moon (uncredited)
Hong Kong (1952) .... Mr. Howe (uncredited)
The Sniper (1952) .... Tom (uncredited)
Cripple Creek (1952) .... Chinese interpreter (uncredited)
Target Hong Kong (1953) .... Johnny Wing (uncredited)
The Blue Gardenia (1953) .... Waiter (uncredited)
Forbidden (1953) .... Allan Chung
Trader Tom of the China Seas (1954) .... Wang
Jubilee Trail (1954) .... Mickey-Chinese man (uncredited)
The Shanghai Story (1954) .... Sun Lee
Port of Hell (1954) .... Detonation Ship Radioman
Jump Into Hell (1955) .... Lt. Thatch (uncredited)
Soldier of Fortune (1955) .... Goldie - Hotel Waiter (uncredited)
The Left Hand of God (1955) .... John Wong
Blood Alley (1955) .... Cpl. Wang (uncredited)
The Rawhide Years (1955) .... Chang, steward (uncredited)
Flight to Hong Kong (1956) .... Airline Ticket Clerk (uncredited)
Accused of Murder (1956) .... Hank-Bayliss' houseboy (uncredited)
Men in War (1957) .... North Korean prisoner / sniper
She Demons (1958) .... Sammy Ching
Jet Attack (1958) .... Capt. Chon
The Hunters (1958) .... Korean farmer
The Saga of Hemp Brown (1958) .... Chang - Bartender (uncredited)
Flower Drum Song (1961) .... Frankie Wing
Confessions of an Opium Eater (1962) .... Wing Young
A Flea in Her Ear (1968) .... Oke Saki
The Hawaiians (1970) .... Chun Fat (uncredited)
The Killer Elite (1975) .... Wei Chi
The Man with Bogart's Face (1980) .... Mr. Wing (final film role)

Television

Terry and the Pirates 2 episodes (Oriental in "Little Mandarin") (Taiwan in "The Randall Affair") (1953)
Adventures of Superman 1 episode (Harry Wong in "The Riddle of the Chinese Jade") (1953)
Chevron Theatre 1 episode (Yin Yun in "Black Lead") (1953)
Waterfront 1 episode (Cecil Imai in "Fog Bound") (1954)
Biff Baker, U.S.A. 1 episode (Yin Yun in "Black Lead") (1954)
Stories of the Century 1 episode (Chang (uncredited) in "Black Bart") (1954)
Your Favorite Story 1 episode ("The Man Trap") (1954)
Captain Midnight 1 episode (Ling in "The Lost Moon") (1954)
Medic 1 episode (Dr. Nagano in "Flash of Darkness") (1955) as Victor Sen-Yung
The Star and the Story 1 episode (Peng in "The Back to Beyond") (1955)Crusader 1 episode (Lu Chen in "A Little Friend") (1956)The Lone Ranger (ABC) 1 episode (Lee Po in "The Letter Bride") (1956) as Victor Sen YoungCrossroads 1 episode (Sam Lu in "Big Sombrero") (1957)Richard Diamond, Private Detective 1 episode (Magan in "Chinese Honeymoon") (1958)Navy Log 1 episode (Red Officer in "One Grand Marine") (1958)Broken Arrow 1 episode (Ling Tang in "Courage of Ling Tang") (1958)Death Valley Days 1 episode (Quon Lee in "Quon Lee") (1958)Mike Hammer 1 episode ("The Last Aloha") (1959)Yancy Derringer 1 episode (Hon Lee in "The Quiet Firecracker") (1959)Man Without a Gun 1 episode (Ho Wang in "Daughter of the Dragon") (1959)Bronco 1 episode (Mr. Fong in "Game at the Beacon Club") (1959)Shotgun Slade 1 episode (Willy Sing - Tong man in "Sudden Death") (1960)Thriller 1 episode (Bartender in "The Twisted Image") (1960)Checkmate 1 episode (Han in "Terror From the East") (1961)Hong Kong 2 episodes (Yang in "Blind Bargain") (1960) (Tung Poy in "Nightcry") (1961)The Rifleman 1 episode (Wang Chi in "The Queue") (1961)Perry Mason (CBS) 2 episodes (Mickey Fong in "The Case of the Garrulous Gambler") (1959) (Sheng in "The Case of the Malicious Mariner") (1961) Bachelor Father 6 episodes (Cousin Charlie Fong/Lee) (1960–1961)The Jack Benny Program 1 episode (Chinese cafeteria employee in "Jack Goes to Cafeteria") (1961)Follow the Sun 1 episode (Wong in "Annie Beeler's Place") (1962)Ensign O'Toole 1 episode (Shopkeeper in "Operation Kowana") (1962)Hawaiian Eye 3 episodes (Archibald Chu Sin in "Secret of the Second Door") (1959) (Al in "Vanessa Vanishes") (1960) (Sam in "Blow Low, Blow Blue") (1963)Mickey 1 episode (Fu Chu man in "The Way the Fortune Cookie Crumbles") (1964)Kraft Suspense Theatre 1 episode (Captain Fong in "Jungle of Fear") (1965)Mister Ed 1 episode (Waiter in "Coldfinger") (1965)The Man From U.N.C.L.E. 1 episode (Servant in "The Abominable Snowman Affair") (1966)The F.B.I. 2 episodes (Joseph Sakanishi in "The Hiding Place") (1966) (Mayor Eto in "The Death Wind") (1966)Gomer Pyle, USMC 1 episode (Businessman in "You Bet Your Won Ton") (1967)I Spy 2 episodes (Li Wing in "Weight of the World") (1965) (Han in "Pinwheel") (1968)The Wild Wild West 1 episode (Baron Kyosai in "The Night of the Camera" (1968)Hawaii Five-O 1 episode (Dr. Leo Kuh in "Face of the Dragon") (1969)Here's Lucy 2 episodes (Waiter in "Lucy's Birthday") (1968) (Murphy in "Lucy and the Generation Gap") (1969)Get Smart 2 episodes (Yamasaki in "A Tale of Two Tails") (1968) (Abe Fu Yung in "I Am Curiously Yellow") (1970)Night Gallery 1 episode (Joseph the butler in "Rare Objects") (1972)Bonanza 106 episodes Hop Sing (1959–1973)The Paul Lynde Show 1 episode (Mr. Fong in "Back Talk") (1973) The Red Pony (TV movie) (Mr. Sing/Carni man/Mr.Green) (1973)Kung Fu 7 episodes (1972–1974)Police Woman 1 episode (Ah Choy in "Nothing Left to Lose") (1975) Barbary Coast 1 episode (Soong in "Guns for a Queen") (1975)Isis 1 episode (Mr. Chen in "Year of the Dragon") (1976)How the West Was Won'' 1 episode (Hospital attendant in "China Girl") (1979)

References

Books

External links

1915 births
1980 deaths
Hijacking survivors
American male film actors
20th-century American male actors
American male actors of Chinese descent
American male television actors
Accidental deaths in California
Deaths from asphyxiation
Male actors from San Francisco
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
American shooting survivors

Victor Sen Yung


James, Jimmy or Jim Kelly may refer to:

Crime and law
James Kelly (pirate) (died 1701), English pirate
James Kelly (crimper), 19th-century American criminal
James McGirr Kelly (1928–2005), U.S. federal judge
James Kelly (Irish Army officer) (1929–2003), cleared of attempting to import arms for the IRA in 1970
James Kelly (murderer) (1860–1929), English murderer and Jack the Ripper suspect
Jimmy Kelly (saloon keeper) (fl. 1900–1914), organizer and underworld figure in New York

Entertainment
James E. Kelly (artist) (1855–1933), American sculptor and illustrator
James F. Kelly, American actor
James Kelly (artist) (1913–2003), American painter
James Martin Kelly (born 1954), American actor and writer
James Patrick Kelly (born 1951), American writer
James Paul Kelly (1911-1972), American politician and Missouri state senator
Jim Kelly (martial artist) (1946–2013), karate champion and martial arts film star
Jim Kelly (author) (born 1957), British crime writer and journalist
Jimmy Kelly (singer) (born 1971), Irish-American singer and musician
James Kelly, member of Irish metal group Altar of Plagues
James Kelly (fiddler) (born 1957), Irish fiddler, member of folk group Patrick Street

Politics

United States
James Kelly (U.S. representative) (1760–1819), for the Federalist Party, Pennsylvania, 1805–1809
James K. Kelly (1819–1903), U.S. senator for Oregon (1871–1877)
James C. Kelly (1857-1947), American politician and farmer from Minnesota
James W. Kelly Jr. (1908–1990), mayor of East Orange, New Jersey
James H. Kelly (1919–1984), American politician
James A. Kelly Jr. (1926–2013), member of Massachusetts House of Representatives and Senate
James A. Kelly (born 1936), Assistant U.S. Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, 2001–2005
James B. Kelly III (born 1941), Pennsylvania politician
James M. Kelly (Boston politician) (1940–2007), Boston City Council member
Jim Kelly (Kansas politician) (born 1947), member of the Kansas House of Representatives
James M. Kelly (Maryland politician) (born 1960)

Elsewhere
James Whyte Kelly (1855–1938), New Zealand politician
James Kelly (Fianna Fáil politician), Irish Fianna Fáil politician
James Kelly (Repeal Association politician) (1808–1875), Irish Repeal Association politician
James Kelly (Scottish politician) (born 1963), member of the Scottish Parliament
James Kelly, MP for the Irish constituency of Limerick City, 1844–1847
James Francis Kelly, Ontario MPP for Muskoka—Ontario, 1934–1945

Sports

Association football
James Kelly (footballer, born 1865) (1865–1932), Scottish football player (Renton FC, Celtic FC, national team) and administrator
James Kelly (Lincoln City footballer) (fl. 1892–93), Scottish footballer (Lincoln City FC)
James Kelly (soccer) (c. 1920s), U.S. soccer player
Jimmy Kelly (footballer, born 1907) (1907–1984), English professional footballer
Jimmy Kelly (footballer, born 1911) (1911–1970), Irish international footballer
Jimmy Kelly (footballer, born 1931) (1931–2003), English footballer active in the 1950s and 1960s
Jimmy Kelly (footballer, born 1933), Scottish footballer active in the 1950s
Jimmy Kelly (footballer, born 1954), Northern Irish footballer active in England and North America in the 1970s and 1980s
Jimmy Kelly (footballer, born 1957), English footballer for Manchester United and NASL teams
Jimmy Kelly (footballer, born 1973), English footballer for Wrexham and Wolverhampton Wanderers
Jimmy Kelly (Northern Ireland footballer) (fl. 1920s), Northern Irish footballer

American football
Jim Kelly (born 1960), American football Hall of Fame quarterback
Jimmy Kelly (American football), NFL player
Jim Kelly (tight end, born 1942), American football player
Jim Kelly (tight end, born 1951), American football player

Other sports
Jim Kelly (baseball) (1884–1961), American
Jimmy Kelly (Mooncoin hurler) (1884–1966), Irish hurler
Jimmy Kelly (Carrickshock hurler) (1916–1985), Irish hurler
Jim Kelly (coach) (1893–1972), American basketball, football, and track and field coach
Jim Kelly (Australian cricketer) (1867–1938), wicket-keeper
Jim Kelly (New Zealand cricketer) (1928–1995), Wellington representative cricketer in 1951
Jim Kelly (boxer) (1912–?), Northern Irish boxer of the 1920s, '30s and '40s
Jimmy Kelly (boxer, born 1992), Irish boxer
Jim Kelly (martial artist) (1946–2013), karate champion and martial arts film star
James Kelly (Australian footballer) (born 1983), Australian rules footballer
Jim Kelly (sportscaster), American sportscaster
James Kelly (basketball) (born 1993), American basketball player

Other
James Kelly (Australian explorer) (1791–1859), Australian mariner and explorer
James Kelly (journalist) (1809–1895), founder of Chicago Tribune
James Kelly (bishop) (1832–1907), Anglican bishop of Newfoundland and Scotland
James Kelly (priest) (1877–1939), New Zealand Catholic priest and editor
James W. Kelly (1913–1989), U.S. Navy admiral
James Kelly (historian) (born 1959), professor of Irish history
James M. Kelly (astronaut) (born 1964), NASA astronaut on Space Shuttle missions
James Graves Kelly (1843–1923), officer in the British Indian Army
James Gordon Kelly, professor of psychology
James Johnson Kelly (1928–2018), Tuskegee Airman
James P. Kelly, CEO of United Parcel Service, 1997–2001
Jim Kelly, managing editor of Time magazine (2001–2005)

See also
James Kelley (disambiguation)
James Edward Kelly (disambiguation)
James Fitzmaurice-Kelly (1858–1923), British writer on Spanish literature
Jim Kelly Peak, a mountain in British Columbia, Canada

James Kelly


His Woman is a 1931 American pre-Code romance drama film directed by Edward Sloman and starring Gary Cooper and Claudette Colbert. Based on the novel His Woman by Dale Collins, the story is about a tough sea captain who discovers a baby aboard his freighter and hires a tramp, masquerading as a missionary's daughter, to care for the infant on their passage to New York.

It is a remake of the 1928 film Sal of Singapore. The 1931 film was 52nd box-office rank by the year.

Plot
While docked in a Caribbean port aboard a third-rate freighter, Captain Sam Whalan (Gary Cooper) gets involved in a drunken brawl in a seedy tavern. Returning to the ship, Sam discovers that a baby boy, rescued from a drifting Navy boat, has been left for an unnamed sailor aboard his ship. Deciding to adopt the child himself, Sam advertises for a "mother" and soon hires Sally Clark (Claudette Colbert) as the child's nanny in exchange for her passage to New York. Sally tells him she is the daughter of a recently deceased missionary. Unknown to Sam, Sally is actually a dance hall girl dressed to appear virtuous and proper.

During the voyage, Sally takes loving care of the child while Sam protects her from the lusty sailors on board. One night, the first mate, Gatson (Averell Harris), recognizes Sally from a dance hall and tries to blackmail her into sleeping with him. Sally struggles to reject his advances, and Sam comes to her rescue. In the ensuing struggle, Gatson falls overboard. Unable to locate him in the dense fog, he is assumed dead. By the time they arrive in New York, Sam and Sally have fallen in love and intend to marry. The Department of Commerce, however, calls Sam to testify in an investigation of the Gatson incident, and he is soon arrested.

Sam and Sally are surprised to learn that Gatson survived, was picked up by a cruise ship, and is now pressing charges against Sam for assault and attempted murder. In the course of the investigation, in order to clear Sam of the charges, Sally is forced to reveal her sordid past as a dance hall girl. Shocked and disappointed by the revelation, Sam tells Sally to leave the ship, and decides to put the baby up for adoption, despite Sally's sincere protests. After sending his assistant Aloysius (Hamtree Harrington) to deliver Sally's luggage, Sam goes off drinking with Gatson.

Later that night, a vengeful Sam brings Gatson to Sally's apartment to insult her. When she learns from another sailor that the baby was left out in the rain and is now sick, she immediately comes to care for the infant with the help of a doctor. Sam postpones his next sailing mission until the child's fever breaks and he begins to recover. By the time the baby is well and the ship pulls up anchor, Sam and Sally have made amends and renew their plans to marry.

Cast
 Gary Cooper as Captain Sam Whalan
 Claudette Colbert as Sally Clark
 Averell Harris as Mate Gatson
 Richard Spiro as Sammy
 Douglass Dumbrille as Alisandroe
 Raquel Davidovich as Maria Estella
 Hamtree Harrington as Aloysius
 Sidney Easton as Mark
 Joan Blair as Gertrude
 Charlotte Wynters as Flo
 Herschel Mayall as Mrs. Morrisey
 Joseph Calleia as The Agent
 Lon Haschal as Captain of Schooner
 Harry Davenport as Customs Inspector
 John T. Doyle as Doctor

Production
His Woman was filmed at Paramount-Publix New York Studios in Astoria, Long Island.

References

External links

1931 films
American black-and-white films
1931 romantic drama films
Paramount Pictures films
Films based on Australian novels
Films directed by Edward Sloman
American romantic drama films
Remakes of American films
Sound film remakes of silent films
Seafaring films
1930s American films

His Woman


Ernest Thompson Willows (1886–1926) was a pioneer Welsh aviator and airship builder. He became the first person in the United Kingdom to hold a pilots certificate for an airship when the Royal Aero Club awarded him Airship Pilots Certificate No. 1.

Willows was born in Cardiff, Wales on 11 July 1886. He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol, entering the school in 1896 and leaving  in 1901 aged 15 to train as a dentist.

He built his first airship, the Willows No. 1, in 1905 when he was 19. It was first flown  from East Moors, Cardiff on 5 August 1905, the flight lasting 85 minutes. This was soon followed by an improved Willows No. 2, in which he landed outside Cardiff City Hall on 4 June 1910. No. 2 was re-built as No. 3 which he named the City of Cardiff before he flew it from London to Paris in 1910. This was the first airship crossing of the English Channel at night and the first from England to France. The journey was not without incident, including dropping the maps over the side during the night, and problems with the envelope caused the airship to land at Corbehem near Douai at two o'clock in the morning. With the help of the local French aviator Louis Breguet the airship was repaired and arrived at Paris on 28 December 1910. He celebrated New Year's Eve with a flight around the Eiffel Tower.

Willows moved to Birmingham to build his next airship, the Willows No. 4. First flown in 1912, it was sold to the Admiralty for £1,050 and it became His Majesty's Naval Airship No. 2.

With the money from the Navy Willows established a spherical gas balloon school at Welsh Harp, Hendon near London, although this did not stop him building Willows No. 5 in 1913, a four-seater airship designed to give joy rides over London.

During the first world war Willows built kite or barrage balloons in  Cardiff. After the war he continued with ballooning but on 3 August 1926 he died in a balloon accident at Hoo Park, Kempston, Bedford instantly, together with a passenger. Three other passengers died later that day either in hospital or on their way to it making 5 deaths in all

There is a school named Willows High School built on his old airfield to remember him. There is also a pub called The Ernest Willows which is situated not far from the school.

References
 Phil Carradine (2010) Ernest Willows, Welsh Aviation Pioneer from BBC Blogs.

Bedfordshire Police account https://www.flickr.com/photos/bedfordshirepolice/7372169822/
Local newspaper https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk Search for Kempston Hoo balloon accident

1886 births
1926 deaths
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
British balloonists
Engineers from Cardiff
People educated at Clifton College
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1926
Welsh aviators

Ernest Willows


Martin Charles Reddington (22 November 1919 – 1 March 2015), better known as Tony Reddin, was an Irish hurler who played as a goalkeeper for the Galway and Tipperary senior teams.

Born in Mullagh, County Galway, Reddin first played competitive hurling at juvenile levels with his club. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Galway minor team before later joining the junior team. He made his senior debut during the 1941 championship. Reddin later joined the Tipperary team during the 1947–48 league and went on to play a key part for almost decade. During that time he won three All-Ireland medals, three Munster medals and five National Hurling League medals.

As a member of the Connacht and Munster inter-provincial teams on a number of occasions, Reddin won five Railway Cup medals. At club level he played with Mullagh in Galway and Lorrha in Tipperary.

Throughout his career Reddin made a combined total of 26 championship appearances. His retirement came during a tour of the United States in October 1957.

In retirement from playing Reddin became involved in team management and coaching. As trainer of the St Rynagh's team, he guided them to two Leinster titles and ten Offaly titles.

Reddin has been repeatedly voted onto teams made up of the sport's greats, including as goalkeeper on the Hurling Team of the Century in 1984 and the Hurling Team of the Millennium in 2000.

At the time of his death in 2015 Reddin was the oldest living senior All-Ireland medal winner, a mantle he had held since the death of Tommy Cooke in 2014.

Playing career

Club

Reddin began his club hurling career as a juvenile with Mullagh in 1933. It was a successful debut season as he finished the year with an East Board championship medal. Reddin was wing forward on the same team the following year, before moving to centre-forward when he joined the Mullagh junior team in 1938.

In 1939 Reddin was first picked as a goalkeeper. The following year he made his senior championship debut and held his position as first-choice 'keeper for a number of years without success.

A move to Tipperary at the end of the decade saw Reddin join the Lorrha. Success was immediate with the club qualifying for a north championship decider in 1948. Borrisokane provided the opposition, however, an outstanding display of goalkeeping by Reddin secured a 5–4 to 2–4 victory.

Eight years elapsed before Lorrha enjoyed success again. A narrow 0–18 to 4–8 victory gave Reddin a second north championship medal.

Inter-county

Beginnings

Reddin first played at inter-county level as a member of the Galway minor team, however, he enjoyed little success in this grade before joining the Galway junior team in 1940. He won a Connacht medal that year following a 6–5 to 1–4 defeat of Roscommon. On 25 August 1940 Reddin was between the posts as Galway faced Cork in the All-Ireland decider. A narrow 3–3 to 3–1 defeat was the result on that occasion.

After progressing onto the Galway senior team, Reddin was second-choice goalkeeper to Seánie Duggan for much of the decade. In 1946, he played at full-forward for Galway in the Monaghan Cup against Tipperary in London and later that year was sub goalie when the westerners lost to Cork in the All-Ireland semi-final.

As Reddin approached his thirtieth birthday, a realisation that he would never supplant Duggan from the Galway 'keeper's position, together with some impressive club championship performances led to him joining the Tipperary senior team in 1948.

Three-in-a-row

Reddin immediately became a regular member of the starting fifteen, and won his first National Hurling League medal in 1949 following a 3–5 to 3–3 defeat of Cork in the decider. On 29 May 1949 Reddin made his senior championship debut in a 3–10 apiece Munster quarter-final draw with Cork. Tipperary triumphed in the replay and later qualified for a Munster decider with Limerick following a semi-final defeat of Clare. After trailing at the interval, Tipp eventually triumphed by 1–16 to 2–10, giving Reddin his first Munster medal. On 4 September 1949 Tipperary and Laois faced off in the All-Ireland decider. In a one-sided affair Tipp opened with a Paddy Kenny goal before Jimmy Kennedy added two more goals in the second half. At full-time Tipperary won by 3–11 to 0–3 and Reddin won his first All-Ireland medal.

Tipperary qualified for a second Munster decider in 1950, with Cork providing the opposition once again. In one of the toughest games of his career, Reddin came in for some unwanted treatment from some Cork supporters behind his goal. After a ten-minute stoppage to clear some of the 55,000 crowd who had invaded the field, Reddin's goalmouth area quickly became surrounded. Bottles, cans, sods and even an overcoat were thrown at him while he was also barracked and pushed during the closing stages. Tipperary eventually won the game by 2–17 to 3–11, however, in spite of collecting a second Munster medal, it took several hours before Reddin could leave the field due to an angry Cork crowd. He later lined out in his second successive All-Ireland final on 3 September 1950, with age-old rivals Kilkenny providing the opposition. In a dull affair, Tipp looked to be heading for victory when Seán Kenny scored a goal to put the team four points ahead with just one minute left to play. Kilkenny fought back and a Jimmy Kelly goal from the puck-out reduced the deficit to just one point again. As "the Cats" were about to launch one final attack, the referee blew the whistle and Tipperary had won by 1–9 to 1–8. Reddin had secured his second All-Ireland medal. He rounded off the year by winning a second National League medal following a 1–12 to 3–4 defeat of New York.

Tipperary's dominance of the provincial championship continued in 1951, with Reddin lining out against Cork in a third successive Munster decider. Cork's Christy Ring gave one of his best displays, however, the Tipperary full-back line of John Doyle, Tony Brennan and Mickey "the Rattler" Byrne also gave a defiant performance. A 2–11 to 2–9 victory gave Reddin a third Munster medal. The subsequent All-Ireland decider against Wexford on 2 September 1951 provided Tipperary with the chance to secure a hat-trick of championship titles for the first time in over half a century. Nicky Rackard, Wexford's goal-scoring machine, was nullified by Reddin in goal, while Séamus Bannon, Tim Ryan and Paddy Kenny scored key goals which powered Tipp to a 7–7 to 3–9 victory. It was Reddin's third All-Ireland medal.

Reddin won a third National League medal in 1952, as New York were bested on a 6–14 to 2–5 score line. The dream of a fourth successive All-Ireland triumph came to an end when Cork defeated Tipperary in the provincial decider.

Decline

Tipperary went into a period of decline following this, as Cork and Wexford had a stranglehold on the All-Ireland crown. In spite of this, Doyle added two more National League medals to his collection following defeats of Kilkenny in 1954 and Wexford in 1955.

Remembered for his wonderful anticipation, sharp reflexes and his vision, Reddin suffered from deafness and associated speech limitations throughout his career. In 1950 his ability to hear and speak improved when he got his first hearing-aid during a trip to New York with the Tipperary hurlers. In 1957 he visited New York again where he got a smaller hearing-aid. The hearing-aids helped Reddin as a goalkeeper, however, by the mid-1950s his career was coming to a close. Shortly after winning his sixth National League title in 1957, albeit as a substitute, Reddin retired from inter-county hurling.

Inter-provincial

In 1950 Reddin was in goals as the Munster inter-provincial team faced their age-old rivals Leinster in the championship decider. A narrow 0–9 to 1–3 gave him a first Railway Cup medal. It was the first of four-in-a-row for Munster, as subsequent defeats of Leinster (1951 and 1953) and Connacht (1952) brought Reddin's winners' medal tally to four.

Five-in-a-row proved beyond Munster, however, the team bounced back in 1955. A 6–8 to 3–4 defeat of Connacht gave Reddin a fifth and final Railway Cup medal.

Coaching career

After moving to Banagher, Reddin continued to work as a hurley maker while he also became involved in coaching. In 1965 he was trainer of the St Rynagh's senior hurling team that contested only their second championship decider ever. A 2–12 to 1–9 defeat of Coolderry gave St Rynagh's the title. He won thirteen championship medals, all but one of which was won on the field of play. Further success followed in 1966 as St. Rynagh's retained the Seán Robbins Cup following a defeat of Drumcullen.

Two years later in 1968 the Reddin-trained St Rynagh's team added a third championship. The 1–12 to 3–4 defeat of Coolderry was the first of three championship titles in succession for St Rynagh's, as Kinnitty were accounted for in the following two deciders. In 1970 Reddin's side collected the Leinster title following a 4–10 to 2–9 defeat of Rathnure. St Rynagh's later faced Roscrea in the inaugural All-Ireland final; however, the Offaly side were defeated by 4–5 to 2–5.

Four county championships in a row proved beyond St Rynagh's; however, the club bounced back in 1972. A defeat of Kinnitty in the county decider kick-started a run of success that yielded a record-breaking five championships in succession. As well as this, Reddin's adopted side collected a second Leinster medal in 1972 as St Rynagh's narrowly defeated old rivals Rathnure by 5–5 to 2–13.

Recognition

Almost thirty years after his retirement from playing, Reddin received the ultimate honour during the GAA's centenary year in 1984 when he was chosen goalkeeper on the Hurling Team of the Century. He retained that position sixteen years later on the Hurling Team of the Millennium in 2000, while he was also named on special Munster and Tipperary all-time teams.

Following his death in 2015, Tipperary County Board chairman Michael Bourke said: "The name of Tony Reddin will go down in hurling folklore as one of hurling's legends. His achievements list high among the greats not only of his own era, but also of those of modern times. However, his goalkeeping genius which inspired many is as vibrant today, not alone to Tipperary people, but all Gaels in general as we recall the greatness of his unique talent."

Brendan Cummins, one of Reddin's successors as Tipperary custodian, described him as "[the] greatest hurling goalie of all time."

Personal life

Martin Charles Reddington was born in Mullagh, County Galway on 15 November 1919. His family, although having the surname Reddington, were always known as the Reddins, with Martin being referred to by his nickname of Thaudy. This nickname eventually evolved to Tony.

Reddin grew up on the family farm and was educated at the local national school. He learned his hurling skills on the family farm. When ploughing the fields he would carry a hurley and ball, striking the ball into the air and trapping it on the stick on its way down. To sharpen his reflexes he would practice against a rough stone wall from close distance, catching the sliotar as it rebounded in different directions. Times were tough, however, in post-war Ireland. He tried in vain to make a living on a small holding of land also being farmed by his brother and the rest of their family, so at the age of twenty-eight he made the decision to leave. England was booming, however, the Mullagh man had a great love for the game of hurling and when he got the offer of a job on a farm in Lorrha in Tipperary he took it.

In 1956 Reddin married Maura Smyth from Rathcabbin and the couple had nine children; Catherine, Eamon, Jacinta, Majella, Collette, Dermot, Brenda, Noelle and Cathal. Four years later a job with Bord na Móna led to a move to Banagher where he lived for the rest of his life.

Reddin died on 1 March 2015 at the age of 95 following a short illness.

Honours

Player

Mullagh
East Board Juvenile Hurling Championship (1): 1933

Lorrha
North Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1948, 1956

Galway
Connacht Junior Hurling Championship (1): 1940

Tipperary
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1949, 1950, 1951
Munster Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1949, 1950, 1951
National Hurling League (5): 1948–49, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1956–57 (sub)

Munster
Railway Cup (5): 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955

Trainer

St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (2): 1970, 1972
Offaly Senior Club Hurling Championship (10): 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976,

Individual

Honours
GAA Hurling Team of the Millennium: Goalkeeper
GAA Hurling Team of the Century: Goalkeeper
Munster Hurling Team of the Century: Goalkeeper
Tipperary Team of the Century: Goalkeeper
GAA Hall of Fame Inductee: 2013
The 125 greatest stars of the GAA: No. 25

References

1919 births
2015 deaths
Bord na Móna people
Mullagh hurlers
Lorrha-Dorrha hurlers
Tipperary inter-county hurlers
Galway inter-county hurlers
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
Connacht inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling goalkeepers
Hurling managers
Hurling selectors
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Gaelic games players from County Galway

Tony Reddin


Mladen Srbinović (Sušica near Gostivar, 29 November 1925 — Belgrade, 12 May 2009) was a Serbian painter, member of the Arts and Sciences academies of Serbia and Macedonia and professor of Belgrade University.

Biography
Mladen Srbinović was born in 1925 in the village of Sušica near Gostivar in a local Serb family. Srbinovićs moved to Belgrade in 1930 where Mladen finished primary school and high school. He continued his studies at the Art Academy (1947–51) finishing his post-graduate studies in 1953. In the same year he became assistant professor at the Academy, later on becoming a professor and teaching until 1988.

His first exhibited his paintings in 1948 and had a solo exhibition in 1952. Later in his career he represented Yugoslavia on many exhibitions abroad. He is one of the founders of the "December Group" (1955). He published two  "graphic maps" inspired by the verses of Lorka. Parallel with his painting and graphic art from 1960 Srbinović started working on mosaics and tapestries which predominated in the later part of his life. During his career he won many prestigious awards including Oktobarska nagrada (twice, 1958 and 1974) and Sedmojulska nagrada (1984).

In 1980s Srbinović got engaged in politics. He was one of the members of the Committee for the Defense of Freedom of Thought and Expression created by writer Dobrica Ćosić in 1984. Srbinović was also among the founders of the Democratic Party (although he left it soon afterwards) and a member of a crown council of prince Aleksandar of Serbia. In the period in which the regime of Slobodan Milošević was in power (1989-2000), he denounced all official awards.

Works
His famous mosaics adorn Palace "Serbia" in Belgrade (1962), Town Museum of Sarajevo (1966), Municipal Council in Kruševac (1971 and 1988), medical center in Gamzigradska Banja spa (1975), Church of St Nicholas in Ruma (1985), Investbanka in Belgrade (1989), Monastery of Žiča (1993) etc. He also made stained glass windows of the grand hall of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

References

 Preminuo Mladen Srbinović, Politika 13 May 2009 http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Kultura/Preminuo-Mladen-Srbinovic.lt.html
 http://www.galerijamamuzic.org.rs/index.php/autori/8-autori/31-mladen-srbinovic

1925 births
2009 deaths
People from Gostivar Municipality
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
20th-century Serbian painters
Burials at Belgrade New Cemetery
Serbian male painters
20th-century Serbian male artists

Mladen Srbinović


Explo '72 was an evangelistic conference sponsored by Campus Crusade for Christ, planned and directed by Paul Eshleman. Explo '72 has been called the most visible event of the 1970s Jesus movement, and came to be associated with the same, even though its primary attendees were not directly involved in that movement.

It was held in various locations in Dallas, Texas from June 12 to June 17, 1972, with a nightly gathering in the Cotton Bowl. Its goal was to gather 100,000 high school and college students together to train them in personal evangelism, with a vision toward world evangelism, and to encourage attendees to seek some form of Christian service career.

Background
Attendance at the daytime conference was estimated at 80,000, with about 95% from a white background, fewer than 3000 black attendees, and an international representation of 75 countries. Most of these were middle class high school and college students.

The daily schedule included evangelism classes and seminars in the daytime, with hands-on exercises in the afternoon. Nightly events at Cotton Bowl features bands, well known preachers, and pro players from various sporting teams.

Billy Graham spoke on six occasions during the event including the final event which was a public, eight-hour-long, Christian music festival on Saturday, June 17, 1972. Dubbed "The Christian Woodstock", the event drew an estimated attendance between 100,000 and 200,000. Newsweek described the crowds as being "militant Christians." Featured artists were Love Song, Larry Norman, Randy Matthews, The Archers, Andrae Crouch and the Disciples, Children of the Day, Johnny Cash, and Kris Kristofferson.  The festival was held on a huge open swath of land just north of downtown Dallas that had been cleared for construction of the Woodall Rodgers Freeway.  The excavation for this highway linking Interstate 35 and US75 would forever obliterate the festival site.  Portions of this event were recorded and released on the 1972 album Jesus Sound Explosion.  Included on the album were performances by artists as diverse as Johnny Cash, Andrae Crouch and The Disciples, Willa Dorsey, The Speer Family, and Armageddon Experience.

Many conservative Christian groups were critical of Explo '72 for its ecumenical involvement with both Protestant and Roman Catholic ministries, and for its use of rock music. The event attracted Jesus movement fringe groups, including the Children of God and the Christian World Liberation Front.

Impact
The long-term impact of Explo '72 is difficult to measure. The most obvious and lasting effect was the influence of Jesus music, which would later be more commonly called Contemporary Christian Music. At least one critic credits the event with spawning the entire Christian music industry.

David Hill Scott, writing for the May, 2005, edition of Christianity Today, documented the effects Explo '72 had on Pope John Paul II.  As a cardinal in Poland, the future Pope was heavily influenced toward evangelistic efforts by Joe Losiak, a Polish American student who had attended Explo '72 and introduced its concepts to Roman Catholic officials in Poland.

References

Excerpts from various magazines commenting on the event
Love Song's remembrances of the event

Extended resources

Jesus movement
Evangelical Christian conferences
Christian music festivals
Christian festivals in the United States

Explo '72


The 1967 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was a Gaelic football match played at Croke Park on 24 September 1967 to determine the winners of the 1967 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the 81st season of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champions of the four provinces of Ireland. The final was contested by Cork of Munster and Meath of Leinster, with Meath winning by 1-9 to 0-9.

The All-Ireland final between Cork and Meath was a unique occasion, as it was the first-ever championship meeting between the two teams. Cork were appearing in their first final in over a decade, while Meath were lining out in their second successive All-Ireland decider.

The first half was a dour, tense affair riddled with mistakes. Cork surged ahead into a three-point lead, while Meath only registered one point in the first half after being held scoreless for 27 minutes.

In the second half, Meath were a transformed team. In his Irish Times column, Paddy Downey wrote: "Their second half transformation was so unexpected that it seems incredible. Nevertheless, it was a rally which for grit and guts and spirit surpassed anything I have seen in a final." Six minutes after the restart, Terry Kearns slipped unnoticed behind the Cork backline to punch Matt Kerrigan's centre to the net from 5 yards out. Inexperience cost Cork. Their last-minute goal chance was pulled back because Con O'Sullivan's short free to Flor Hayes was deemed too short by the referee.

Meath's All-Ireland victory was their first since 1954. The win gave them their third All-Ireland title over all and put them joint eighth on the all-time roll of honour along with Mayo, Louth and Cork.

Peter McDermott of Meath, also known as "the man in the cap" and a winner of All-Ireland medals with the team in 1949 and 1954, was coach of the 1967-winning team.

Cork's All-Ireland defeat was their third since their last All-Ireland victory in 1945. They previously lost All-Ireland finals in 1956 and 1957.

Meath subsequently toured Australia for some early examples of international rules football. Meath played five Australian state sides and won them all, producing a combined score of 26-43 to 3-29.

Match

Details

References

All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, 1967
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Finals
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship finals
Cork county football team matches
Meath county football team matches


Michael Reid (15 May 1944 - 13 January 2023) was a Christian evangelist in Essex, England.  Also known as Bishop Michael Reid, he was the founder of the Peniel Pentecostal Church (aka Michael Reid Ministries), and ran high-profile advertisements in the press promoting the church.

Biography

Reid had been described in the press as a "Mercedes-driving former policeman" who "made millions by selling insurance policies to the faithful", and advertised miracle healings  although a 1999 investigation by the Advertising Standards Authority was unable to substantiate the claims.

Advertisements in the press usually described him as "Bishop Michael Reid" in the International Communion of Charismatic Churches. He was no longer associated with this group, but he continued to use this title on social media sites.

Reid was the author and co-author of several books and a founder member of the Christian Congress for Traditional Values (CCTV) to monitor challenges to family life and traditional belief in the UK. He was also a figure in the organisation's campaign challenging the BBC over its decision to screen Jerry Springer - The Opera on television.

In April 2008, Reid admitted to an extramarital sexual relationship and resigned from the leadership of Peniel Pentecostal Church.

He died on 13 January 2023.

References

External links
Reid's website

1944 births
Faith healers
Religious scandals
Television evangelists
English evangelicals
2023 deaths

Michael Reid (evangelist)


Eric Matthias Roberts (18 February 1914 – 29 March 1997) was a Bishop of St David's during the last quarter of the 20th century.

Educated  at Friars School, Bangor and St Edmund Hall, Oxford he was ordained in 1939. After a curacy at Penmaenmawr, he was Sub-Warden of St. Michael's College, Llandaff and then Vicar of Port Talbot. After this he was the incumbent at Roath and then Archdeacon of Margam until his appointment to the episcopate in 1971. He retired in 1981.

References

1914 births
1997 deaths
People educated at Friars School, Bangor
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Deans of Bangor
Archdeacons of Margam
Bishops of St Davids
20th-century bishops of the Church in Wales

Eric Roberts (bishop)


K. Thamboosamy Pillay (Tamil: தம்புசாமி பிள்ளை) was a prominent Malaysian of Tamil origin during the pre-independence years. He was considered the leader of the Tamil community. He was a wealthy businessman, tin miner, moneylender and government contractor.

Thamboosamy was one of the founders and one of the original Trustees of Victoria Institution as well as the founder of the Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur.

Background
Born in Singapore in 1850, K. Thamboosamy Pillay received his early education at Raffles Institution. He sailed to Klang in 1875 with James Guthrie Davidson, when the latter was appointed Malaya's first British Resident. Prior to that, he had been a clerk in the legal firm in which Davidson was a partner.

He was later transferred to  the Treasury where he eventually became chief clerk and acted as State Treasurer on a few occasions. He was sent to India by the Malayan Government to bring over the first batch of Indian immigrants for the Railway and Public Works. Thamboosamy resigned from Government service in the 1880s and, going into partnership with towkay Loke Yew, managed the New Tin Mining Company in Rawang. They were the first to use electric pumps for mining in Malaya.

A Justice of Peace and member of the prestigious KL Sanitary Board, Thamboosamy was the acknowledged leader of the Tamil community. His other business interests included coffee planting, real estate and construction. He constructed part of the main road from Kuala Lumpur to Kuala Kubu. He was a member of both the Selangor Club and the Turf Club and owned several horses.

Thamboosamy died in 1902 in Singapore, where he had gone to attend a meeting at the Singapore Turf Club.

Contributions
A Justice of Peace and member of the prestigious KL Sanitary Board, Thamboosamy was the acknowledged leader of the Indian community in Malaya, especially in Kuala Lumpur.

Thamboosamy was one of the founders and one of the original Trustees of Victoria Institution. One of the sports houses in VI is named after him. His son, K. T. Ganapathy Pillay, was a Victorian and served as the second President of the VIOBA.

Religion
The Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur was founded by Thamboosamy in 1873 and was initially used as a private shrine by the Pillai family. The family threw open the temple doors to the public in the late 1920s and eventually handed the management of the temple over to a board of trustees.

This is the oldest functioning Hindu temple in Malaysia. It is also reputed to be the richest in the country. The Temple was originally sited somewhere near the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station. It shifted to its present location along Jalan Tun H.S. Lee (next to KL's Chinatown) in 1885.

He was also said to have discovered Batu Caves, with its vel-shaped entrance, and was inspired to start a Hindu temple in devotion to Lord Muruga.

So great was Thamboosamy's philanthropic spirit, that he donated money to whoever needed it, regardless of race or religion. He contributed a sizeable amount of money to the building fund of St. Mary's Cathedral, Kuala Lumpur in 1893, despite being a Hindu.

Awards and recognition
A street in the Chow Kit district and a Tamil primary school in Sentul are also named in his memory.

References

 Kuala Lumpur - Sri Mahamariamman Temple

1850 births
1902 deaths
Businesspeople from British Malaya
Tamil businesspeople
Businesspeople of Indian descent
Malaysian Hindus

K. Thamboosamy Pillay


The Chola dynasty () was a Tamil dynasty in southern India. At its height, it ruled over an expansive maritime empire known as the Chola empire. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka of the Maurya empire. The Chola empire was at its peak and achieved imperialism under the Medieval Cholas in the mid-9th century CE. As one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam, along with the Chera and Pandya, the dynasty continued to govern over varying territories until the 13th century CE.

The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. They ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 13th century. They unified peninsular India south of the Tungabhadra River, and held the territory as one state for three centuries between 907 and 1215 CE. Under Rajaraja I and his successors Rajendra I, Rajadhiraja I, Rajendra II, Virarajendra, and Kulothunga Chola I, the empire became a military, economic and cultural powerhouse in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Origins
There is very little written evidence for the Cholas prior to the 7th century CE. The main sources of information about the early Cholas are ancient Tamil literature of the Sangam Period, oral traditions, religious texts, temple and copperplate inscriptions. Later medieval Cholas also claimed a long and ancient lineage. The Cholas are mentioned in Ashokan Edicts (inscribed 273 BCE–232 BCE) as one of the Mauryan empire's neighbors to the South (Ashoka Major Rock Edict No.13), who, thought not subject to Ashoka, were on friendly terms with him. There are also brief references to the Chola country and its towns, ports and commerce in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Periplus Maris Erythraei), and in the slightly later work of the geographer Ptolemy. Mahavamsa, a Buddhist text written down during the 5th century CE, recounts a number of conflicts between the inhabitants of Sri Lanka and Cholas in the 1st century BCE.

A commonly held view is that Chola is, like Chera and Pandya, the name of the ruling family or clan of immemorial antiquity. The annotator Parimelazhagar said: "The charity of people with ancient lineage (such as the Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras) are forever generous in spite of their reduced means". Other names in common use for the Cholas are Choda, Killi (கிள்ளி), Valavan (வளவன்), Sembiyan (செம்பியன்) and Cenni. Killi perhaps comes from the Tamil kil (கிள்) meaning dig or cleave and conveys the idea of a digger or a worker of the land. This word often forms an integral part of early Chola names like Nedunkilli, Nalankilli and so on, but almost drops out of use in later times. Valavan is most probably connected with "valam" (வளம்) – fertility and means owner or ruler of a fertile country. Sembiyan is generally taken to mean a descendant of Shibi – a legendary hero whose self-sacrifice in saving a dove from the pursuit of a falcon figures among the early Chola legends and forms the subject matter of the Sibi Jataka among the Jataka stories of Buddhism. In Tamil lexicon Chola means Soazhi or Saei denoting a newly formed kingdom, in the lines of Pandya or the old country. Cenni in Tamil means Head.

History
The history of the Cholas falls into four periods: the Early Cholas of the Sangam literature, the interregnum between the fall of the Sangam Cholas and the rise of the Imperial medieval Cholas under Vijayalaya (c. 848), the dynasty of Vijayalaya, and finally the Later Chola dynasty of Kulothunga Chola I from the third quarter of the 11th century.

Early Cholas

The earliest Chola kings for whom there is tangible evidence are mentioned in the Sangam literature. Scholars generally agree that this literature belongs to the late centuries before the common era and the early centuries of the common era. The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled, and at present a connected account of the history of the period cannot be derived. It records the names of the kings and the princes, and of the poets who extolled them.

The Sangam literature also records legends about mythical Chola kings. These myths speak of the Chola king Kantaman, a supposed contemporary of the sage Agastya, whose devotion brought the river Kaveri into existence. Two names are prominent among those Chola kings who feature in Sangam literature: Karikala and Kocengannan. There are no sure means of settling the order of succession, of fixing their relations with one another and with many other princelings of around the same period. Urayur (now a part of Thiruchirapalli) was their oldest capital. Kaveripattinam also served as an early Chola capital. The Mahavamsa mentions that a Chola prince known as Ellalan, invaded the Rajarata kingdom of Sri Lanka and conquered it in 235 BCE with the help of a Mysore army.

Interregnum

There is not much information about the transition period of around three centuries from the end of the Sangam age (c. 300) to that in which the Pandyas and Pallavas dominated the Tamil country. An obscure dynasty, the Kalabhras invaded Tamil country, displaced the existing kingdoms and ruled during that time. They were displaced by the Pallava dynasty and the Pandyan dynasty in the 6th century. Little is known of the fate of the Cholas during the succeeding three centuries until the accession of Vijayalaya in the second quarter of the 9th century. As per inscriptions found in and around Thanjavur, the kingdom was ruled by Mutharaiyars / Muthurajas for three centuries. Their reign was ended by Vijayalaya chola who captured Thanjavur from Ilango Mutharaiyar between 848 and 851 CE.

Epigraphy and literature provide few glimpses of the transformations that came over this line of kings during this long interval. It is certain that when the power of the Cholas fell to its lowest ebb and that of the Pandyas and Pallavas rose to the north and south of them, this dynasty was compelled to seek refuge and patronage under their more successful rivals. The Cholas continued to rule over a diminished territory in the neighbourhood of Uraiyur, but only in a minor capacity. In spite of their reduced powers, the Pandyas and Pallavas accepted Chola princesses in marriage, possibly out of regard for their reputation. Numerous Pallava inscriptions of this period mention their having fought rulers of the Chola country. Despite this loss in influence and power, it is unlikely that the Cholas lost total grip of the territory around Uraiyur, their old capital, as Vijayalaya, when he rose to prominence hailed from that area.

Around the 7th century, a Chola kingdom flourished in present-day Andhra Pradesh. These Telugu Cholas traced their descent to the early Sangam Cholas. However, it is not known if they had any relation to the early Cholas. It is possible that a branch of the Tamil Cholas migrated north during the time of the Pallavas to establish a kingdom of their own, away from the dominating influences of the Pandyas and Pallavas. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, who spent several months in Kanchipuram during 639–640 writes about the "kingdom of Culi-ya", in an apparent reference to these Telugu Cholas.

Imperial Cholas

The Chola Empire was founded by Vijayalaya in 848 CE.

The Chola dynasty was at the peak of its influence and power during the 11th Century  Through their leadership and vision, Chola kings expanded their territory and influence. The second Chola King, Aditya I,  defeated the Pallava dynasty Pandyan dynasty Parantaka I also defeated the Rashtrakuta dynasty in the battle of Vallala.

Rajaraja  I and Rajendra I would expand the dynasty to its imperial state, creating an influential empire in the Bay of Bengal. The Brihadeeswarar Temple was also built in this era.

Rajendra  I conquered Odisha and Pala dynasty of Bengal and reached the Ganges river in north India. Rajendra Chola I built a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram to celebrate his victories in northern India. Rajendra Chola I successfully invaded the Srivijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia which led to the decline of the empire there. He also completed the conquest of the Rajarata kingdom of Sri Lanka and sent Three diplomatic missions were sent to China in 1016, 1033, and 1077.

The Western Chalukya empire under Satyashraya and Someshvara I tried to wriggle out of Chola domination from time to time, primarily due to the Chola influence in the Vengi kingdom. The Western Chalukyas mounted several unsuccessful attempts to engage the Chola emperors in war, and except for a brief occupation of Vengi territories between 1118 and 1126 and made an alliance with Prince Vikramaditya VI. Cholas always successfully controlled the Chalukyas in the western Deccan by defeating them in war and levying tribute on them. With the occupation of Dharwar in North Central Karnataka by the Hoysalas under Vishnuvardhana, where he based himself with his son Narasimha I in-charge at the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra around 1149, and with the Kalachuris occupying the Chalukyan capital for over 35 years from around 1150–1151, the Chalukya kingdom was already starting to dissolve.

The Cholas under Kulothunga Chola III collaborated to the herald the dissolution of the Chalukyas by aiding Hoysalas under Veera Ballala II, the son-in-law of the Chola monarch, and defeated the Western Chalukyas in a series of wars with Someshvara IV between 1185 and 1190. The last Chalukya king's territories did not even include the erstwhile Chalukyan capitals Badami, Manyakheta or Kalyani. That was the final dissolution of Chalukyan power though the Chalukyas existed only in name since 1135–1140. But the Cholas remained stable until 1215, were absorbed by the Pandyan empire and ceased to exist by 1279.

On the other hand, from 1150 CE to 1280 CE, Pandya became the staunchest opponents of the Cholas and tried to win independence for their traditional territories. Thus, this period saw constant warfare between the Cholas and the Pandyas. Besides, Cholas regularly fought with the Eastern Gangas of Kalinga. Moreover, under Chola's protection, Veng remained largely independent. Cholas also dominated the entire eastern coast with their feudatories, the Telugu Cholas, Velananti Cholas, Renandu Cholas, etc.. These feudatories always aided the Cholas in their successful campaigns against the Chalukyas and levying tribute on the Kannada kingdoms. Furthermore, Cholar fought constantly with the Sinhala kings from the Rohana kingdom of Sri Lanka, who repeatedly attempted to overthrow the Chola occupation of Rajarata and unify the island. But until the later Chola king Kulottunga I, the Cholas had firm control over the area. In one such instance, the Chola king, Rajadhiraja Chola II, was able to defeat the Sinhalese, aided by their traditional ally, a confederation of five Pandya princes, and kept the control of Rajarata under Cholar rule. His successor, the last great Chola monarch Kulottunga Chola III reinforced the hold of the Chola territories by quelling further rebellions and disturbances in the Rajarata area of Sri Lanka and Madurai. He also defeated Hoysala generals fought under Veera Ballala II at Karuvur. Furthermore, he also continued holding on to traditional territories in Tamil country, Eastern Gangavadi, Draksharama, Vengi, and Kalinga. However, after defeating Veera Ballala II, Kulottunga Chola III entered into a marital alliance with him through Ballala's marriage to a Chola princess, which improved the Kulottunga Chola III relationship with Hoysalas.

Overseas conquests

During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the Chola armies invaded Sri Lanka, the Maldives and parts of Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand of the Srivijaya Empire in the 11th century. Rajaraja Chola I launched several naval campaigns that resulted in the capture of Sri Lanka, Maldives and the Malabar Coast. In 1025, Rajendra Chola launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya and against the Burmese kingdom of Pegu. A Chola inscription states that he captured or plundered 14 places, which have been identified with Palembang, Tambralinga and Kedah among others. A second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola, who conquered Kedah in Malaysia of Srivijaya in the late 11th century. Chola invasion ultimately failed to install direct administration over Srivijaya, since the invasion was short and only meant to plunder the wealth of Srivijaya. However, this invasion gravely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms. Although the invasion was not followed by direct Cholan occupation and the region was unchanged geographically, there were huge consequences in trade. Tamil traders encroached on the Srivijayan realm traditionally controlled by Malay traders and the Tamil guilds' influence increased on the Malay Peninsula and north coast of Sumatra.

Later Cholas (1070–1279)

Marital and political alliances between the Eastern Chalukyas began during the reign of Rajaraja following his invasion of Vengi. Rajaraja Chola's daughter married Chalukya prince Vimaladitya and Rajendra Chola's daughter Ammanga Devi was married to the Eastern Chalukya prince Rajaraja Narendra. Virarajendra Chola's son, Athirajendra Chola, was assassinated in a civil disturbance in 1070, and Kulothunga Chola I, the son of Ammanga Devi and Rajaraja Narendra, ascended the Chola throne. Thus began the Later Chola dynasty.

The Later Chola dynasty was led by capable rulers such as Kulothunga Chola I, his son Vikrama Chola, other successors like Rajaraja Chola II, Rajadhiraja Chola II, and Kulothunga Chola III, who conquered Kalinga, Ilam, and Kataha. However, the rule of the later Cholas between 1218, starting with Rajaraja Chola II, to the last emperor Rajendra Chola III was not as strong as those of the emperors between 850 and 1215. Around 1118, they lost control of Vengi to the Western Chalukya and Gangavadi (southern Mysore districts) to the Hoysala Empire. However, these were only temporary setbacks, because immediately following the accession of king Vikrama Chola, the son and successor of Kulothunga Chola I, the Cholas lost no time in recovering the province of Vengi by defeating Chalukya Someshvara III and also recovering Gangavadi from the Hoysalas. The Chola empire, though not as strong as between 850 and 1150, was still largely territorially intact under Rajaraja Chola II (1146–1175) a fact attested by the construction and completion of the third grand Chola architectural marvel, the chariot-shaped Airavatesvara Temple at Dharasuram on the outskirts of modern Kumbakonam. Chola administration and territorial integrity until the rule of Kulothunga Chola III was stable and very prosperous up to 1215, but during his rule itself, the decline of the Chola power started following his defeat by Maravarman Sundara Pandiyan II in 1215–16. Subsequently, the Cholas also lost control of the island of Lanka and were driven out by the revival of Sinhala power.

In continuation of the decline, also marked by the resurgence of the Pandyan dynasty as the most powerful rulers in South India, a lack of a controlling central administration in its erstwhile-Pandyan territories prompted a number of claimants to the Pandya throne to cause a civil war in which the Sinhalas and the Cholas were involved by proxy. Details of the Pandyan civil war and the role played by the Cholas and Sinhalas, are present in the Mahavamsa as well as the Pallavarayanpettai Inscriptions.

Decline
The setbacks suffered during the final years of Kulothunga I left a somewhat diminished empire. Kulothunga's successors Vikrama Chola (1118–1135 CE) and Kulothunga Chola II (1133–1150 CE) were capable and compassionate leaders who took care not to involve their subjects in unnecessary and unwinnable wars. Rajaraja II (1146–1173 CE), Rajadhiraja II (1166–1178 CE) and Kulothunga Chola III (1178–1218 CE) took active roles in the politics of the emerging revival of the Pandyas. Meanwhile, the Chola succession was getting murkier and murkier with disputes and intrigues during the periods of Rajadhiraja II and Kulothunga III.

The Cholas under Kulothunga Chola III collaborated to the herald the dissolution of the Chalukyas by aiding Hoysalas under Veera Ballala II, the son-in-law of the Chola monarch, and defeated the Western Chalukyas in a series of wars with Someshvara IV between 1185 and 1190. The last Chalukya king's territories did not even include the erstwhile Chalukyan capitals Badami, Manyakheta or Kalyani. That was the final dissolution of Chalukyan power though the Chalukyas existed only in name since 1135–1140. But the Cholas remained stable until 1215, were absorbed by the Pandyan empire and ceased to exist by 1279.

His successor, the last great Chola monarch Kulottunga Chola III reinforced the hold of the Chola territories by quelling further rebellions and disturbances in the Rajarata area of Sri Lanka and Madurai. He also defeated Hoysala generals fought under Veera Ballala II at Karuvur.  Eastern Gangavadi, Draksharama, Vengi, and Kalinga. However, after defeating Veera Ballala II, Kulottunga Chola III entered into a marital alliance with him through Ballala's marriage to a Chola princess, which improved the Kulottunga Chola III relationship with Hoysalas.

Administration and society

Chola territory

According to Tamil tradition, the Chola country comprised the region that includes the modern-day Tiruchirapalli District, Tiruvarur District, Nagapattinam District, Ariyalur District, Perambalur district, Pudukkottai district, Thanjavur District in Tamil Nadu and Karaikal District. The river Kaveri and its tributaries dominate this landscape of generally flat country that gradually slopes towards the sea, unbroken by major hills or valleys. The river, which is also known as the Ponni (Golden) river, had a special place in the culture of Cholas. The annual floods in the Kaveri marked an occasion for celebration, known as Adiperukku, in which the whole nation took part.

Kaveripoompattinam on the coast near the Kaveri delta was a major port town. Ptolemy knew of this, which he called Khaberis, and the other port town of Nagappattinam as the most important centres of Cholas. These two towns became hubs of trade and commerce and attracted many religious faiths, including Buddhism. Roman ships found their way into these ports. Roman coins dating from the early centuries of the common era have been found near the Kaveri delta.

The other major towns were Thanjavur, Uraiyur and Kudanthai, now known as Kumbakonam. After Rajendra Chola moved his capital to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Thanjavur lost its importance.

Cultural contributions

Under the Cholas, the Tamil country reached new heights of excellence in art, religion, music and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.

The Chola conquest of Kadaram (Kedah) and Srivijaya, and their continued commercial contacts with the Chinese Empire, enabled them to influence the local cultures. Examples of the Hindu cultural influence found today throughout Southeast Asia owe much to the legacy of the Cholas. For example, the great temple complex at Prambanan in Indonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture.

According to the Malay chronicle Sejarah Melayu, the rulers of the Malacca sultanate claimed to be descendants of the kings of the Chola empire. Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia today as many princes there have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, one such being Raja Chulan, the Raja of Perak.

Literature

The Imperial Chola era was the golden age of Tamil culture, marked by the importance of literature. Chola records cite many works, including the Rajarajesvara Natakam, Viranukkaviyam and Kannivana Puranam.

The revival of Hinduism from its nadir during the Kalabhras spurred the construction of numerous temples and these in turn generated Shaiva and Vaishnava devotional literature. Jain and Buddhist authors flourished as well, although in fewer numbers than in previous centuries. Jivaka-chintamani by Tirutakkatevar and Sulamani by Tolamoli are among notable works by non-Hindu authors. The grammarian Buddhamitra wrote a text on Tamil grammar called Virasoliyam. Commentaries were written on the great text Tolkāppiyam which deals with grammar but which also mentions ethics of warfare. Periapuranam was another remarkable literary piece of this period. This work is in a sense a national epic of the Tamil people because it treats of the lives of the saints who lived in all parts of Tamil Nadu and belonged to all classes of society, men and women, high and low, educated and uneducated.

Kamban flourished during the reign of Kulothunga III. Jayamkondar's Kalingattuparani, draws a clear boundary between history and fictitious conventions. The Tamil poet Ottakuttan was a contemporary of Kulothunga I and served at the courts of three of Kulothunga's successors.

Nannul is a Chola era work on Tamil grammar. It discusses all five branches of grammar and, according to Berthold Spuler, is still relevant today and is one of the most distinguished normative grammars of literary Tamil.

The Telugu Choda period was in particular significant for the development of Telugu literature under the patronage of the rulers. It was the age in which the great Telugu poets Tikkana, Ketana, Marana and Somana enriched the literature with their contributions. Tikkana Somayaji wrote Nirvachanottara Ramayanamu and Andhra Mahabharatamu. Abhinava Dandi Ketana wrote Dasakumaracharitramu, Vijnaneswaramu and Andhra Bhashabhushanamu. Marana wrote Markandeya Purana in Telugu. Somana wrote Basava Purana. Tikkana is one of the kavitrayam who translated Mahabharata into Telugu language.

Of the devotional literature, the arrangement of the Shaivite canon into eleven books was the work of Nambi Andar Nambi, who lived close to the end of the 10th century. However, relatively few Vaishnavite works were composed during the Later Chola period, possibly because of the rulers' apparent animosity towards them.

Religion

In general, Cholas were followers of Hinduism. They were not swayed by the rise of Buddhism and Jainism as were the kings of the Pallava and Pandya dynasties. Kocengannan, an Early Chola, was celebrated in both Sangam literature and in the Shaivite canon as a Hindu saint.

In popular culture

The Chola dynasty has inspired many Tamil authors. The most important work of this genre is the popular Ponniyin Selvan (The son of Ponni), a historical novel in Tamil written by Kalki Krishnamurthy. Written in five volumes, this narrates the story of Rajaraja Chola, dealing with the events leading up to the ascension of Uttama Chola to the Chola throne. Kalki had used the confusion in the succession to the Chola throne after the demise of Parantaka Chola II. The book was serialised in the Tamil periodical Kalki during the mid-1950s. The serialisation lasted for nearly five years and every week its publication was awaited with great interest.

Kalki's earlier historical romance, Parthiban Kanavu, deals with the fortunes of the imaginary Chola prince Vikraman, who was supposed to have lived as a feudatory of the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I during the 7th century. The period of the story lies within the interregnum during which the Cholas were in decline before Vijayalaya Chola revived their fortunes. Parthiban Kanavu was also serialised in the Kalki weekly during the early 1950s.

Sandilyan, another popular Tamil novelist, wrote Kadal Pura in the 1960s. It was serialised in the Tamil weekly Kumudam. Kadal Pura is set during the period when Kulothunga Chola I was in exile from the Vengi kingdom after he was denied the throne. It speculates the whereabouts of Kulothunga during this period. Sandilyan's earlier work, Yavana Rani, written in the early 1960s, is based on the life of Karikala Chola. More recently, Balakumaran wrote the novel Udaiyar, which is based on the circumstances surrounding Rajaraja Chola's construction of the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur.

There were stage productions based on the life of Rajaraja Chola during the 1950s and in 1973 Sivaji Ganesan acted in a screen adaptation of a play titled Rajaraja Cholan. The Cholas are featured in the History of the World board game, produced by Avalon Hill.

The Cholas were the subject of the 2010 Tamil-language film Aayirathil Oruvan, the 2022 film Ponniyin Selvan: I and the 2023 film ''Ponniyin Selvan: II. The 2022 and 2023 movies were based on the novel of the same name.

See also
Chola Empire
Telugu Cholas of Andhra
Chodagangas of Kalinga
Nidugal Cholas of Karnataka
Rajahnate of Cebu
Rajahnate of Sanmalan
 History of Tamil Nadu
 Karungalakudi
 List of Tamil monarchs
 Tamil inscriptions in Malaysia
 Mutharaiyar dynasty

References

Notes

Citations

General sources

External links

 UNESCO World Heritage sites – Chola temples
 Art of Cholas
 Chola coins of Sri Lanka

1279 disestablishments in Asia
1st-millennium BC establishments in India
Coromandel Coast
Dynasties of India
Empires and kingdoms of India
Hindu dynasties
History of Thanjavur
States and territories disestablished in 1279
States and territories established in the 4th century BC
Tamil monarchs
Solar dynasty

Chola dynasty


"Sweet Afton" is a lyrical poem describing the Afton Water in Ayrshire, Scotland. It was written by Robert Burns in 1791 and set to music by Jonathan E. Spilman in 1837, under the title Flow gently, sweet Afton. This poem was originally published by Burns in the Scots Musical Museum as a song, still sung today as published (see external links below).

"Sweet Afton" contains a number of monosyllables, which contribute to a gentle, soothing rhythm.  It can be seen as a hymn for peace.  The poem is in the metre 11 - 11 - 11- 11. The University of South Carolina uses this song as the melody for their alma mater, "We Hail Thee Carolina".

The song is sung by Mary Bennett (played by Marsha Hunt) in the 1940 version of Pride and Prejudice.  It is also mentioned in Chapter IX of MacKinlay Kantor's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Andersonville (1955). In the Andy Griffith Show episode "Mayberry Goes Hollywood" (1961) a citizen of Mayberry sings "Sweet Afton" to serenade a visiting Hollywood film producer.

In the town of New Cumnock in East Ayrshire there is a bridge across Afton Water on the A76 upon which there is a plaque commemorating Robert Burns and his poem.

The Afton of New Cumnock gives its name to the Glen of Afton, which has connections with William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, Mary Queen of Scots (1568), and Robert Burns. The Wallace seal attached to the Lubeck Letter of 1297 gives substance to the theory that Wallace's father was from Kyle Regis (this area) and a rock formation "up the glen" is named Castle William, supposedly after the Scottish patriot's fortification.

References

External links

Digitised copy of Afton water in James Johnson's Scots Musical Museum, printed between 1787 and 1803, from National Library of Scotland. JPEG, PDF, XML versions.

Poetry by Robert Burns
Scots-language works
1791 poems
1791 in Scotland
Songs based on poems

Sweet Afton