Meriden is a veelage an ceevil pairish in the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull, Wast Midlands, Ingland. It is locatit atween Solihull an the ceety o Coventry, an is approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) frae Birmingham Internaitional Airport.

The ceety o Meriden, Connecticut (near the centre o that state) is namit efter the veelage.

History an amenities

Till 1974 Meriden wis pairt o Warwickshire. The surroondin kintraside, kent as the Meriden Gap, forms a green belt atween the twa urban auries o Birmingham an Coventry. It gies its name tae the Meriden parliamentary constituency, which covers the Meriden Gap.

The A45 bypass opened in 1958.

In the Unitit Kingdom Census 2001 the population o the Meriden pairish wis 2,734.

It is possibly the steid o an Iron Age field seestem.

The pairish kirk is dedicatit tae Saunt Lawrence an wis apparently foondit bi Lady Godiva. It haes a Norman chancel wi gargoyles on its ruif an a gowden weathercock.

Here the Heart of England Way lang-distance path wends its wey an brings the Staffordshire Heathlands thegither wi the Cotswolds an Forest o Arden.

Meriden is an aw hame tae a memorial tae aw the cyclists who dee'd in the First Warld War. An annual event, at which thoosans o cyclists pey thair respects tae thair fawen colleagues an commemorate thir daiths, is held in the veelage. The memorial wis unveiled on 21 Mey 1921, in the presence o ower 20,000 cyclists.

Some moatit fermsteads an several timber-framed biggins can be seen in the veelage.

Triumph Motorcycles

Frae 1941, Meriden uised tae be hame tae the lairge Triumph Motorcycles production plant, whose Priory Street factory in Coventry wis airlier destroyed bi the Luftwaffe durin Warld War II.

As documentit in the beuk, Forty Summers Ago, the factory wis visitit bi Steve McQueen, Bud Ekins an the rest o the 1964 USA International Six Day Trials team tae collect thair specially prepared Triumphs. Richard Gere, in an interview promotin his 2002 film Chicago, an aa claimed tae hae picked up his Triumph motorcycle frae the factory (misidentifyin it's location), too, albeit in the mid-1970s whilst tourin wi the Grease stage production.

In 1973, Triumph wirkers blockadit the factory frae the new awners, NVT, tae prevent closur. The govrenment loaned the subsequent Meriden Workers Co-Operative money tae buy the factory an later tae mercat the Triumph motorcycles thay produced. Tradin later as Triumph Motorcycles (Meriden) Ltd., the co-operative eventually closed in the early-1983, the factory bein demolished the follaein year. The new company, Triumph Motorcycles Ltd which wis established in 1984, an muivit tae Hinckley, Leicestershire in 1988.

A hoosin estate haes been biggit on the steid o the Triumph motorcycle factory at Meriden. Road names on the estate include Triumph motorcycle model names sic as Bonneville Close an Daytona Drive. A plaque commemoratin the steid's umwhile uise staunds ootside Bonneville Close.

Traditional Centre o Ingland

The veelage haes claimed tae be at the vera centre o England, an a 500-year-auld (some soorces say 200-year-auld) saundstane pillar-shaped monument tae that effect staunds in the veelage green. This medieval veelage cross is a grade II leetit airtifact.

In 2002 the Ordnance Survey defined the Geographical Centre of England tae be on Lindley Hall Farm, approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) north at Fenny Drayton, Leicestershire.

In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Kirk Flatts ferm, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) north, at Coton in the Elms, Derbyshire, as the furthest pynt frae the sea in Great Breetain.

References

Freemit airtins

Cyclists' memorial
The Heart of England Way Association

Meriden Festival 2007 Website
www.geograph.co.uk photos of Meriden and surrounding area
British Pathé video reel, featuring Meriden in 1943

Veelages in the Wast Midlands (coonty)
Solihull

Meriden, Wast Midlands


European Korfball Championship or European Korfball A-Championship is a korfball competition for European national teams organized by the International Korfball Federation. It was played every four years from 1998 until 2014 and then moved to a tournament every two years, starting from 2016. The number of participated teams has varied between 8 and 16. The Netherlands national korfball team has won each edition.

History
From 2005 until 2013, the IKF organized the Korfball European Bowl for nations which had failed to qualify for the European Korfball Championship. In these tournaments it was possible to win places for the next European Korfball Championships and sometimes also IKF World Korfball Championships. The tournament was abolished in 2013 as the number of teams in the European Korfball Championship had risen to 16, however the IKF decided to bring this number down again to 8 by 2018 and to create a European Korfball B-Championship similar to the European Bowl but with a promotion/relegation system to be put into place between both championships. These B-Championships will first be held in 2018.

Results

Debut of teams

Medals summary

See also
International Korfball Federation
European Korfball B-Championship
Korfball European Bowl

External links
International Korfball Federation

Korfball competitions
Korfball in Europe
European championships

European Korfball Championship


The Walter Baronetcy, of Saresden in the County of Oxford, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 16 August 1641 for William Walter, previously Member of Parliament for Weobly. The third Baronet sat as member of parliament for Appleby and Oxford. The title became extinct on the death of the fourth Baronet in 1731.

Walter baronets, of Saresden (1641)
Sir William Walter, 1st Baronet (c. 1604–1675)
Sir William Walter, 2nd Baronet (c. 1635–1694)
Sir John Walter, 3rd Baronet (c. 1674–1722)
Sir Robert Walter, 4th Baronet (1680–1731)

References

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England

Walter baronets


Hamilton is a city in and the county seat of Butler County, Ohio, United States. Located  north of Cincinnati, Hamilton is the second largest city in the Greater Cincinnati area and the 10th largest city in Ohio. The population was 63,399 at the 2020 census.  Most of the city is served by the Hamilton City School District.

Hamilton has three designated National Historic Districts: Dayton Lane, German Village, and Rossville. The industrial city is seeking to revitalize through the arts; it declared itself the "City of Sculpture" in 2000. Its initiative has attracted many sculpture installations to the city, which founded the Pyramid Hill Sculpture Park.

History

Fort Hamilton

Hamilton originated as Fort Hamilton, named to honor Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. The fort was constructed in September through October 1791 by General Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory.  The fort was the first of several built north from Fort Washington into Indian territory. The fort was built to serve as a supply station for the troops of St. Clair during his campaign in the Northwest Indian War. Later it was used by General "Mad" Anthony Wayne. The fort was located  upstream from the mouth of the Great Miami River where the river is shallow during normal flow and easily forded by men, animals and wagons on its gravelly bottom.  In 1792 the fort was enlarged with a stable area by General Wayne.  The fort was abandoned in 1796 after the signing of the Treaty of Greenville.

Settlement and growth
A settlement grew up around Fort Hamilton and was platted as Fairfield in 1794. By 1800, Hamilton was becoming an agricultural and regional trading town. The town was platted, government was seated, and the town named by 1803.

Hamilton was first incorporated by act of the Ohio General Assembly in 1810, but lost its status in 1815 for failure to hold elections. It was reincorporated in 1827 with Rossville, the community across the Great Miami River in St. Clair Township. The two places severed their connection in 1831 only to be rejoined in 1854. Designated the county seat, this became a city in 1857. On March 14, 1867, Hamilton withdrew from the townships of Fairfield and St. Clair to form a "paper township", but the city government is dominant.

On the afternoon of September 17, 1859, Abraham Lincoln arrived at the Hamilton Station (the station is on the city's Historic Preservation list). He gave a campaign speech in support of his fellow Republican, William Dennison, who was running for Ohio governor. Lincoln's speech concentrated on popular sovereignty. He began: "This beautiful and far-famed Miami Valley is the garden spot of the world." It was during this campaign that the relatively unknown Lincoln was first mentioned as a possible presidential contender.

Hamilton Hydraulic
The Hamilton Hydraulic, also called the Hamilton & Rossville Hydraulic, was a system devised to supply water power to shops and mills; it spurred one of Hamilton's greatest periods of industrial and population growth (1840–1860). Specially built canals and natural reservoirs brought water from the Great Miami River north of Hamilton into the town as a source of power for future industries.

The hydraulic began about four miles north of Hamilton on the river, where a dam was built to divert water into the system. Nearby, two reservoirs stored water for the hydraulic, whose main canal continued south along North Fifth Street to present Market Street. There it took a sharp west turn to the river at the present intersection of Market Street and North Monument Avenue, between the former Hamilton Municipal Building and the present Courtyard by Marriott. The first water passed through the system in January 1845. As the water flowed through the canal, it turned millstones in the hydraulic. The project had been a risky one because there were no shops along its course to use the power when the company was organized in 1842. The gamble paid off. Several small industries were built on the hydraulic in the 1840s. One was the Beckett Paper Co.

The hydraulic remained a principal source of power for Hamilton industries through the 1870s when stationary steam engines became practical and affordable. Later, most of the hydraulic canal was covered and/or filled. The hydraulic attracted auto manufacturer Henry Ford to Hamilton after World War I, when he sought a site for a tractor factory. Ford built a plant—which soon converted to producing auto parts—at the north end of North Fifth Street so it could take advantage of power provided by a branch of the hydraulic.

Industrialization

By the mid-19th century, Hamilton had developed as a significant manufacturing city. Its early products were often machines and equipment used to process the region's farm produce, such as steam engines, hay cutters, reapers and threshers. Other production included machine tools, house hardware, saws for mills, paper, paper making machinery, carriages, guns, whiskey, beer, woolen goods, and myriad and diverse output made from metal, grain, and cloth.

By the early 20th century, the town was a heavy-manufacturing center for vaults and safes, machine tools, cans for vegetables, paper, paper making machinery, locomotives, frogs and switches for railroads, steam engines, diesel engines, foundry products, printing presses, and automobile parts. During the two world wars, its factories manufactured war materiel, Liberty ship engines, and gun lathes. Manufacturers used coke to feed furnaces. Its by-product, gas, fueled street lights. The Great Miami River valley, in which Hamilton was located, had become an industrial giant.

The county courthouse, constructed between 1885 and 1889, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its monumental architecture. The city has three historic districts: Dayton Lane, German Village and Rossville. Like Cincinnati, Hamilton attracted many German and Italian immigrants from the mid-19th century on, whose influence was expressed in culture, food and architecture. Hamilton also had a Jewish community; with increased immigration by Eastern European Jews, they founded Beth Israel Synagogue in 1901 as an Orthodox alternative to Hamilton's Reform synagogue. It had been founded by German Jews in the 1880s, when nearby Cincinnati was a center of Reform Judaism in the United States. At the time around 250 Jewish families lived in Hamilton.

1913 flood

Geographic and geological evidence shows that floods have occurred throughout the valley since prehistoric times. Since European-American settlement, diaries, anecdotes, folk tales, letters, and official records have provided documentation of relatively common severe floods in 1814, 1828, 1832, 1847, 1866, 1883, 1897, 1898, and 1907.

In March 1913, the greatest flood occurred. Heavy rain fell over the entire watershed, and the ground was frozen, as well as saturated from previous lighter rains. This resulted in a high rate of run-off from the rain: an estimated 90% flowed directly into the streams, creeks, and rivers. Between  of rain fell over five days, March 25 to 29, 1913. An amount equivalent to about 30 days' discharge of water over Niagara Falls flowed through the Miami Valley during the ensuing flood. In the Great Miami River Valley, 360 persons died, about 200 of whom were from Hamilton. Some drowned, some were washed away and never found, others died from various diseases and complications, and some committed suicide because of severe losses. Damage in the valley was calculated at $100 million, the equivalent of $2 billion in 21st-century value. The flood waters were so powerful that within two hours they destroyed all four of Hamilton's bridges: Black Street, High-Main Street, Columbia, and the railroad bridge.

In Hamilton, the flood waters rose with unexpected and frightening suddenness, reaching over three to eight feet in depth in downtown, and up to eighteen feet in the North End, along Fifth Street and through South Hamilton Crossing. The waters spread from D Street on the west to what is now Erie Highway on the east. The waters' rise was so swift that many people were trapped in the upper floors of businesses and houses. In some cases, people had to escape to their attics, and then break through the roof as the waters rose even higher. Temperatures hovered near freezing. The water current varied, but in constricted locations it raced at more than twenty miles per hour. The dead people, more than 1,000 drowned horses, other livestock, and pets, and sewage tainted the water. Nearly one-third of the population was left homeless and displaced: 10,000 of the 35,000 residents of Hamilton. Thousands of houses were destroyed by the flood; afterward, many that were too damaged to repair had to be demolished by city workers.

Following the disastrous 1913 flood in the Great Miami River Valley, residents realized that the only way to prevent future flooding was to deal with protection on a watershed basis. Citizens from all the major cities in the valley, Piqua, Troy, Dayton, Carlisle, Franklin, Miamisburg, Middletown, and Hamilton, gathered together to find a solution and worked with legislative representatives to draft enabling legislation to create the Miami Conservancy District. It was passed by the state and signed into law by Governor James Cox. Although challenged several times in the courts, the laws withstood those attacks. The law and District have also withstood the tests of time. By 1915, the District hired an engineering staff, which developed plans for valley-long channel improvements, levees, and storage basins to temporarily retain excessive rains. The system was designed to withstand rains and flows that would be up to 40% greater than those of 1913. Waters have been retained more than 1,000 times, thereby preventing flooding. Construction began in 1915 and was completed in 1923. The Miami Conservancy District was the first of its kind in the nation and has been an example of flood control protection. It is unique for having been developed, built, and supported financially just by those who benefit. The Miami Conservancy District is financially supported by an assessment on each property that was affected by the 1913 waters, related to the present value of the property because it is not at risk of flooding. All the other areas within the District are assessed because they benefit by reducing or eliminating danger to infrastructure, commerce, and transportation.

20th century to present

In the 1920s, many Chicago gangsters established second homes in Hamilton. This gave Hamilton the nickname "Little Chicago". Some of these men appeared to have invested in what became an active district of gambling and prostitution. During World War II, the military declared the entire city off-limits to its enlisted personnel because of its numerous gambling and prostitution establishments. Madame Freeze's and the long row of prostitution houses along Wood Street (now called Pershing Avenue) were notorious among soldiers. Factories in Hamilton converted their operations to support the war effort, manufacturing military supplies, such as tank turrets, Liberty ship and submarine engines, and machined and stamped metal parts.

With the 1950s came the construction of the new interstate highway I-75, part of a nationwide system and one which bypassed the city. A decision made to reduce traffic through the city resulted in cutting it off from the newest transportation network, and businesses were drawn to areas outside with access to the highway. Until 1999, when the Butler County Veterans Highway was built, Hamilton was the second-largest city in the United States without direct interstate access.

In the late 20th century, industrial restructuring in heavy manufacturing resulted in widespread loss of jobs in older industrial cities, as operations were merged, relocated, and finally moved offshore. Like other Rust Belt cities in the northern tier, Hamilton has struggled to develop a new economy after such wide-scale changes, but it has retained more of its population than many such cities. In addition, since the late 20th century it has attracted new immigrants, primarily Hispanics from Mexico and Latin America.

On March 30, 1975, Easter Sunday, James Ruppert murdered 11 family members in his mother's house at 635 Minor Avenue in Hamilton, in what is referred to as the "Easter Sunday Massacre". The murders shocked the town of Hamilton and the entire country. This was the deadliest shooting inside a private residence in American history.

On May 28, 1986, as part of a plan to increase publicity about Hamilton and aid in city revitalization, the City Council voted 5–1 in favor of adding an exclamation point to the city's name, similarly to the popular musical Oklahoma!.  Thus, Hamilton officially became Hamilton!  While at the time used extensively in the city's documents, letterheads, business cards and on local signage, the United States Board on Geographic Names did not include the exclamation point; nor did Rand McNally maps. The exclamation point is generally no longer used. It is not in use on the Hamilton municipal website.

In 2009, the city won the Berkeley Springs International Water Tasting Awards for best-tasting municipal water for the United States; and in 2010, a gold medal for the best in the world.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Demographics

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 63,399 people and 27,392 households residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 74.6% White, 9.9% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 6.1% from other races, and 7.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.0% of the population.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 62,477 people, 24,658 households, and 15,489 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 27,878 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 84.0% White, 8.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.6% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.4% of the population.

There were 24,658 households, of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.3% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.06.

The median age in the city was 35.3 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.6% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 60,690 people, 24,188 households, and 15,867 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 25,913 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 88.94% White, 7.55% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.46% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.58% of the population.

There were 24,188 households, out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the city the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,365, and the median income for a family was $41,936. Males had a median income of $32,646 versus $23,850 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,493. About 10.6% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.

Culture

Library system
The Lane Public Library is located in an architecturally significant building in the heart of Hamilton's Historic German Village. Built in 1866 by local philanthropist Robert Clark Lane, the library building has since been improved by six separate renovations and expansion projects. Lane donated the first collection of materials to the library, approximately 3,000 books. Today, the collection numbers over 123,000.  It has a local history room, which also has materials related to genealogy. The library also features the Lane Libraries Community Technology Center, located on the ground floor of the historic Robinson-Schwenn Building at 10 Journal Square in downtown Hamilton.

Sports
Hamilton was home to minor league baseball in 1884, 1889, 1911 and 1913, as the Hamilton Mechanics played as members of the Ohio State League.

The Hamilton Joes are a collegiate summer baseball team that competes in the Great Lakes Summer Collegiate League, which is one of eight leagues formed under the National Alliance of College Summer Baseball. The club was named after Cincinnati Reds baseball player and broadcaster Joe Nuxhall. The Joes inaugural season was in 2009. They won the GLSCL championship in 2010 and 2016. There have been 40 former Joes drafted or signed into professional baseball.

West Side Little League of Hamilton has been to the Little League World Series contested in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania, in , , , , and . In 2021, they won the Tom Seaver bracket and advanced to the championship game, where they lost to a team from Taylor, Michigan. West Side Little League has also won the state championship 19 times since 1988 in the majors division.

Government

Hamilton City Council consists of seven members who are elected in non-partisan elections at staggered intervals and serve four-year terms. They elect a mayor within the council, and together select and appoint a professional city manager to operate the city. Operating as the legislative branch of the city, the Council provides policy direction to the City Manager. The judge of the municipal court is also an elected official. The City Manager operates as chief executive officer, directing a workforce of more than 675 permanent employees and a $400+ million budget. The city also maintains a Public Safety Director for the city, responsible for police protection, staffed by more than 110 full-time professionals, and fire protection, staffed by more than 110 full-time fire fighters.

The current mayor of Hamilton is Patrick Moeller and the city manager is Joshua Smith.

The city's council-manager government was established in 1926, based then on election by proportional representation with a single transferable vote. This system was developed to try to meet the rapidly changing needs of cities with their growing immigrant populations. "The PR STV ballot allows voters to rank order their choices in either at-large or multimember district elections. With each ballot ultimately counting toward the election of one candidate, voters' preferences can be transferred to second or subsequent choices if their most preferred candidate is already elected or has no chance of election, thus maximizing the proportion of effective votes and permitting minorities to win their share of seats."

Hamilton was one of several major Ohio cities that adopted the single transferable vote form of elections in the early 20th century; Ashtabula was the first in 1915. This system was considered more progressive than plurality voting, with winner take all, and the at-large election system found in some cities, which also benefited the majority and generally succeeded in preventing minorities from gaining office. Use of single transferable vote resulted in more minorities, including women, being able to enter politics and attain positions on city councils which they likely otherwise would not have gained in at-large voting.  Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a significant minority is that representing 5% or more of the population.

The success of single transferable vote nationally led to a political backlash from bosses and parties that lost power. In Hamilton, opponents mounted numerous campaigns to repeal the charter, finally succeeding after four failed referendums in 12 years. Since the city of Hamilton returned to plurality voting, the African-American minority has less frequently been able to win seats on the council. In 2015, however, city council members include two women (white) and an African-American man; other members are white males.

Education
Hamilton is served by the Hamilton City School District, which operates Hamilton High School. The district has underway a major $200 million capital program including construction of eight elementary schools, a freshman school, two completely renovated middle schools, and an upgraded high school with two new gyms, a new media center, six new classrooms and a new cafeteria. In 2002, President George W. Bush visited Hamilton and signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law at Hamilton High School.

The Talawanda City School District and Talawanda High School in Oxford, Ohio serves a small portion of the city. The Ross Local School District and Ross High School operate outside the city proper, serving a small portion of the city and surrounding rural area.

Father Stephen T. Badin High School, a private Catholic high school of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, and several Catholic elementary schools (St. Ann Catholic School, St. Peter in Chains School, St. Joseph Consolidated School, Sacred Heart of Jesus School and Queen of Peace School), serve the city and surrounding area. Richard Allen Schools, a charter school system, has a campus in Hamilton: Richard Allen Academy.

Miami University, based in Oxford, Ohio, has a regional campus in the city. Miami University Hamilton opened in 1968 and now has more than 5,000 students.

Transportation

Hamilton station is currently unused. It previously serviced passenger trains to Detroit (until 1971), Chicago, Washington and New York City (until 2005).

The Butler County Regional Transit Authority provides bus service in the city with connections to Middletown, Oxford, as well as Springdale, where riders can transfer to the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority, which serves greater Cincinnati.

Notable people

 Denicos Allen, linebacker for Michigan State University
 William Allen (1827-1881), United States Congressman
 Jim Blount, newspaper editor
 Leroy "Sugarfoot" Bonner, guitarist (Ohio Players)
 Frank Clair, former Canadian Football League coach
 Ray Combs (1956-1996), comedian and second host of Family Feud
 Aaron Cook, professional baseball player
 Sheehan Donoghue, Wisconsin assemblyman
 Robert Dove, Parliamentarian of the U.S. Senate
 Greg Dulli, musician
 Byron Elliott, Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
 Warren Gard (1873-1929), United States congressman, lawyer
 Kevin Grevey, professional basketball player
 Ronald Hamilton, opera singer
 Jon Hoke, secondary coach for the Atlanta Falcons
 William Dean Howells, author
 Fannie Hurst, author
 Steven Ittel, organometallic chemist
 David Klarich, politician from Missouri
 Eric Lange, actor (Lost, Victorious)
 Mark Lewis, professional baseball player
 Joshua L. Liebman, rabbi
 John Martinkovic, NFL player
 Robert McCloskey (1914-2003), author and illustrator of children's books
 Patrick McCollum, nationally recognized naturalist, conservationist
 Kevin McGuff, women's college basketball coach at Ohio State University
 Steve Morse, guitarist
 William Pitt Murray, Minnesota politician and lawyer
 Pamela Myers, actress
 Jane Nelson, Texas state senator
 Joe Nuxhall, professional baseball player
 Adam Pankey, NFL Offensive Tackle
 Patricia Parris, voice actress
 Mark Peck, New Zealand member of Parliament
 Nan Phelps, artist
 Floyd "Breezy" Reid, American football running back
 Frederick Rentschler, aircraft engine designer, aviation engineer, and industrialist
 Charles Richter, seismologist and creator of Richter scale
 Glen Edward Rogers, American serial killer
 Bonnie Rotten, pornographic actress
 James Ruppert, mass murderer
 George A. Sanderson, 13th Secretary of the United States Senate
 Paul Sarringhaus, NFL player
 David Shaw, musician
 Simon Stepaniak, NFL player
 Van Stephenson, musician
 John Cleves Symmes Jr., soldier, philosopher
 Pat Tabler, professional baseball player and broadcaster
 Jim Tracy, professional baseball player and manager
 Roger Troutman, singer, songwriter
 Scott Walker, musician, singer, member of the Walker Brothers
 Brad Warner, zen priest and author
 Andrew R. Wheeler, lawyer and Acting Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 Jane Delaplaine Wilson, author, daughter of Joshua Deleplane, one of the pioneer settlers of Ohio
 Jimmy Wynn, MLB player

Notes

References

Sources
 Jim Blount. The 1900s: 100 Years In the History of Butler County, Ohio. Hamilton, Ohio: Past Present Press, 2000.
 Butler County Engineer's Office. Butler County Official Transportation Map, 2003. Fairfield Township, Butler County, Ohio: The Office, 2003.
 "Butler County Transit", Cincinnati-Transit website

External links

 City website

Cities in Ohio
Cities in Butler County, Ohio
1791 establishments in the United States
Populated places established in 1791

Hamilton, Ohio


Statsmodels is a Python package that allows users to explore data, estimate statistical models, and perform statistical tests. An extensive list of descriptive statistics, statistical tests, plotting functions, and result statistics are available for different types of data and each estimator. It complements SciPy's stats module.

Statsmodels is part of the Python scientific stack that is oriented towards data analysis, data science and statistics. Statsmodels is built on top of the numerical libraries NumPy and SciPy, integrates with Pandas for data handling, and uses Patsy for an R-like formula interface. Graphical functions are based on the Matplotlib library. Statsmodels provides the statistical backend for other Python libraries. Statsmodels is free software released under the Modified BSD (3-clause) license.

References

Free statistical software
Python (programming language) scientific libraries

Statsmodels


Luther Judson Williams (October 18, 1856 – October 21, 1921) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia from January 1, 1909, to December 31, 1920.

Williams worked on farms and as a school teacher from 1876 to 1887, spending some time (1879–80) taking classes at West Virginia University. In 1887 he moved his family to Charlottesville, Virginia, attended the University of Virginia School of Law, and obtained a Virginia law licence. In 1888 he moved back to Greenbrier County, West Virginia and opened a practice in Lewisburg.

He was elected president of the West Virginia Bar Association in 1899. In 1901 he was appointed to a state tax commission and assisted in a revision of state tax law. In 1903 he was appointed to the board of regents of West Virginia University, a post he held until he was elected to the West Virginia Supreme Court in 1908.

Williams was a Republican, a Methodist, and a thirty-second degree Mason.

Family
The Williams family were among the first European settlers in Greenbrier County; his grandfather John Williams was a large landowner, controlling as much as 200,000 acres. His uncle George Washington Williams served two terms in the West Virginia legislature and his brother, Howard E. Williams, served as Commissioner of Agriculture.
L. Judson Williams himself was the second son of Albert and Nancy (Donnally) Williams, born near Williamsburg, West Virginia. He married three times: to Minnie J. Patterson (died 1892) in 1883; to Mary (Dice) Leonard (d. 1906) in 1894; and then to Harriet Peck. Williams and his first wife had two sons, Russell and Forest, and a daughter, Florence. Forest, born 1892, was a member of the 6th Marine Regiment and died of wounds received on July 19, 1918, during a bloody attack on German lines. Russell became a businessman in Kansas City, Missouri.

References

1856 births
1921 deaths
20th-century American judges
People from Lewisburg, West Virginia
Place of birth missing
Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
West Virginia Republicans
West Virginia University alumni
West Virginia University regents

L. Judson Williams


Manuel Carneiro de Sousa Bandeira Filho (April 19, 1886 – October 13, 1968) was a Brazilian poet, literary critic, and translator, who wrote over 20 books of poetry and prose.

Life and career
Bandeira was born in Recife, Pernambuco. In 1904, he found out that he suffered from tuberculosis, which encouraged him to move from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, because of Rio's tropical beach weather. In 1922, after an extended stay in Europe where Bandeira met many prominent authors and painters, he contributed poems of political and social criticism to the Modernist Movement in São Paulo. Bandeira began to publish his most important works in 1924. He became a respected Brazilian author and wrote for several newspapers and magazines. He also taught  Hispanic Literature in Rio de Janeiro. Bandeira began to translate into Portuguese canonical plays of world literature in 1956, something he continued to do until his last days. He died in Rio de Janeiro.

Bandeira's poems have a unique delicacy and beauty. Recurrent themes that can be found in his works are: the love of women, his childhood in the Northeast city of Recife, friends, and health problems. His delicate health affected his poetry, and many  Many of his poems depict the limits of the human body.

He is one of Brazil's most admired and inspiring poets until today. In fact, the "rhythm bandeiriano" deserves in-depth studies of essayists. Manuel Bandeira has a simple and direct style, but does not share the hardness of poets like João Cabral de Melo Neto, also Pernambucano. Indeed, in an analysis of the works of Manuel Bandeira and Joao Cabral de Melo Neto, one sees that, unlike the latter, who aims to purge the lyricism of his work, Bandeira was the most lyrical of poets. His work addresses universal themes and everyday concerns, sometimes with an approach of "poem-a-joke", dealing with forms and inspiration that academic tradition considers vulgar.

In addition, his vast knowledge of literature was used to speak about everyday topics, sometimes using forms taken from classical and medieval traditions. In his debut work (that had very short circulation) there are rigid poetic compositions, rich rhymes and sonnets in perfect measure. In his later work we find as the rondo compositions and ballads. His poetry, far from being a little sweet song of melancholy, is deeply concerned with a drama combining his personal history and conflicts stylistic lived by the poets of his time. Cinza das Horas—Ash from the Hours presents a great view: the hurt, the sadness, resentment, framed by the morbid style of late symbolism.

Carnival, a book that came soon after Cinza das Horas opens with the unpredictable: the evocation of the Bacchic and satanic carnival, but it ends in the middle of melancholy. This hesitation between jubilation and joint pain will be figurative in several dimensions. Instead, happiness appears in poems like "I'm off to Passargada," where the question is dreamy evocation of an imaginary country, the Pays de Cocagne, where every desire, especially erotic, is satisfied. Passargada is not elsewhere, but an intangible place, a locus of spiritual amenus. In Bandeira, the object of desire is veiled. Adopting the trope of the Portuguese "saudade", Pasargada and many other poems are similar in a nostalgic remembrance of Bandeira's childhood, street life, as well as the everyday world of provincial Brazilian cities of the early 20th century.

The intangible is also feminine and erotic. Torn between a sheer idealism of friendly and platonic unions and a voluptuous carnality, Manuel Bandeira is, in many of his poems, a poet of guilt. The pleasure is not accomplished by the satisfaction of desire, but it is the excitement of loss that satisfies the desire. In Dissolute Rhythm, eroticism, so morbid in the first two books, is longing, it is the dissolution of a liquid element, as it is the case of wet nights in Loneliness.

Bibliography

A Literature professor, he was elected to the Brazilian Letters Academy where he was the third occupant of the 24th Chair whose patron was Júlio Ribeiro. His election took place on August 29, 1940, succeeding Luís Guimarães and he was formally introduced by academician Ribeiro Couto on November 30, 1940.

He died at the age of 82, on October 18, 1968, in Botafogo (a borough of Rio de Janeiro). His funeral took place at the grand hall of the Brazilian Letters Academy and he was buried at the St. John the Baptist (Port. São João Batista) Cemetery.

Example

 CONSOADA

 Quando a Indesejada das gentes chegar
 (Não sei se dura ou caroável),
 Talvez eu tenha medo.
 Talvez sorria, ou diga:
 - Alô, iniludível!
 O meu dia foi bom, pode a noite descer.
 (A noite com seus sortilégios.)
 Encontrará lavrado o campo, a casa limpa,
 A mesa posta,
 Com cada coisa em seu lugar.

 Manuel Bandeira

 Translation:

 Special dinner (*)

 When the undesirable of the people comes,
 (I don't know if tough or gentle)
 Maybe I will be scared.
 Maybe I will smile, or say:
 - Hello, uncheatable!
 My day was good, the night can fall.
 (The night with its maledictions.)
 It will find the field plowed, the house cleaned,
 the table ready,
 With everything in its place.

 (*) "Consoada" translated as "Special dinner" is the traditional Portuguese
 dinner in the night before Christmas Day.

Poetry

 Alumbramentos, 1960
 Antologia Poética
 Berimbau e Outros Poemas, 1986
 Carnaval, 1919
 50 Poemas Escolhidos pelo Autor, 1955
 A Cinza das Horas, 1917
 A Cinza das Horas, Carnaval e O Ritmo Dissoluto, 1994
 Estrela da Manhã, 1936
 Estrela da Tarde, 1959
 Estrela da Vida Inteira. Poesias Reunidas, 1966
 This Earth, That Sky: Poems (English translation of Estrela da vida inteira), 1989
 Libertinagem, 1930
 Libertinagem. Estrela da Manhã. Edição crítica, 1998
 Mafuá do Malungo. Jogos Onomásticos e Outros Versos de Circunstância 1948.
 O Melhor Soneto de Manuel Bandeira, 1955
 Os Melhores Poemas de Manuel Bandeira Selected and edited by Francisco de Assis Barbosa, 1984
 A Morte, 1965. (special edition)
 Opus 10, 1952
 Pasárgada, 1959
 Um Poema de Manuel Bandeira, 1956
 Poemas de Manuel Bandeira com Motivos Religiosos, 1985
 Poesia  Selected by Alceu Amoroso Lima, 197
 Poesia e Prosa, 1958
 Poesias, 192
 Poesias Completas, 1940
 Poesias Escolhidas, 1937
 Seleta em Prosa e Verso Selected and edited by Emanuel de Morais, 1971

References

Further reading
Bocskay, Stephen. "Coreografias Móveis: José Asunción Silva, Poeta Pré Modernista Brasileiro?" in A poesia na era da internacionalização dos saberes: A produção, a crítica, a tradução e o ensino da poesia no contexto contemporâneo. Eds. Lúcia Outeiro Fernandes and Paulo Andrade. Araraquara: UNESP (2016): 77-89.

External links

Manuel Bandeira
 Academia Brasileira de Letras profile of Manuel Bandeira
Manuel Bandeira recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division's audio literary archive on August 12, 1953.

1886 births
1968 deaths
Brazilian male poets
University of São Paulo alumni
20th-century Brazilian poets
People from Recife
20th-century Brazilian male writers
Members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters

Manuel Bandeira


Des O'Hagan (29 March 1934 – 5 May 2015) was a prominent member of the Workers' Party and was a founding member of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association.

O'Hagan was born in Belfast in 1934 and became active in republican revolutionary politics in the city from an early age. His grandfather, Michael McKeown, had been head of the Docker's Union in Belfast, and had participated in the 1907 Belfast Dock strike alongside Jim Larkin. His mother was a devout Catholic but a firm supporter of the Second Spanish Republic and a rabid anti-Francoist. Her family lived besides James Connolly while he resided in Belfast and her father had been his associate.

In 1947 At age 13 he joined Na Fianna Eireann, the youth wing of the Irish Republican Army, and by 15 he lied about his age in order to enter into the IRA proper.  However, he was later expelled from the IRA after joining the Northern Irish civil service, a job which required swearing an oath of loyalty to the British monarchy. He subsequently joined Saor Uladh, an IRA splinter organisation. He was imprisoned in Crumlin Road jail in his native Belfast from 1956 to 1960 for attempting to rescue a Republican from police custody while being treated at Mater Infirmorum Hospital.

On his release from imprisonment, O'Hagan was enrolled in the London School of Economics from where he graduated in 1964.  He subsequently returned to Belfast and was appointed to the post of Senior Lecturer in Sociology in Stranmillis College of Teacher Education, now known as Stranmillis University College. Between his time in London and the growing influence of left-wing members of the IRA/Sinn Féin such as Cathal Goulding, Tomás MacGiolla and Seán Garland, O'Hagan became a committed Communist.

In 1967 O'Hagan was one of the founding members of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) and played an important role in organising many of the campaign's major demonstrations and in the development of NICRA into a serious political machine which forced the British government of the time to make major political concessions.

Des O'Hagan was one of a large number of Republicans who were arrested and interned without trial in August 1971.  He quickly began documenting the ill-treatment of prisoners by the British authorities and had these articles smuggled out of the Long Kesh internment camp.  They were soon serialised by the Irish Times newspaper as Letters from Long Kesh.  His articles played a significant role in exposing the torture and ill-treatment of prisoners at the camp and drawing international attention to them.  The "Letters from Long Kesh" were finally published in book form, by Citizen Press,  in September 2012 to mark the 40th anniversary of their serialisation.

On his release from internment, O'Hagan became once again involved in the official republican movement and played an important role of its development into the Workers' Party. He was for a time editor of The Irish People and served on the party's Central Executive Committee for many years during which he was chairman of the party's education committee. He also contested a number of elections on behalf of the Workers' Party in the South Down constituency.

By the 1970s he had adopted the nickname "The Divil" (a Northern Irish pronunciation of "The Devil") after he was denounced at the pulpit by Canon Murray of St Peter's Catholic Cathedral for his Communist outlook.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union left-wing parties and movements across the West rapidly shifted away from hardline positions. Splits were common and the Worker's Party was not unaffected, seeing a major split occur when a major faction of the party left to form Democratic Left, a Democratic socialist party as opposed to the Marxist-Leninist stance of the Worker's Party. O'Hagan remained a hardliner and viewed the split as a "Betrayal", and desperately tried to hold the fragments of the Worker's Party together as it dwindled. He lashed out the emergence of New Labour in the United Kingdom, which saw the Labour Party move away from Socialist policies towards a version of Social Democracy.

Des O'Hagan died on 5 May 2015, aged 81.

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Communists from Northern Ireland
Irish Marxists
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
Irish republicans interned without trial
Official Irish Republican Army members
Politicians from Belfast
Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
Workers' Party (Ireland) politicians

Des O'Hagan


This article discusses the background and reasons that contributed to the outbreak of the Syrian revolution. What began as large-scale peaceful protests in March 2011 as part of the 2010–11 Arab Spring protests that reverberated across the Arab World, eventually escalated into a civil war following the brutal crackdown by Assad regime's security apparatus.

The Ba'athist government in Syria was constructed by General Hafez al-Assad, who came to power through a coup in 1970 and purged the Arab Socialist Ba'ath party of rivals led by Salah Jadid. The regime structure consisted of three parts: a powerful Ba'ath party organization which has extensive control over the Syrian society, a formidable security apparatus - consisting of secret police, Ba'athist paramilitaries and Syrian military establishment - glued to the party's Central Command, in addition to upper-class Alawite elites who are loyal to the Assad dynasty. Hafez al-Assad's dictatorship lasted for three decades; characterized by extensive socio-political repression, censorship, human rights abuses, and systematic mass violence unleashed on civilian populations through brutal tactics such as massacres, forced disappearances and torture. After Hafez al-Assad's death in 2000, his son Bashar al-Assad became the President and inherited the totalitarian system of Ba'athist Syria.

While Bashar al-Assad continued to strongly espouse the socialist doctrines of Ba'athism; he started to gear Syria towards a socialist market economy by loosening Ba'ath party's grip on the economy and opening up private sectors. Syrian economy was largely supported by oil exports, which enabled to fund various industries, including agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. At the onset of the Arab Spring protests and eruption of Syrian revolution in 2011, Syria's economic situation was considered dire, with rising inflation, high unemployment rates, corruption and the socio-political atmosphere was characterized by heavy repression. These were a direct consequence of economic liberalization of 2000s; which skyrocketed socio-economic inequalities, increased corruption and cronyism of party oligarchs; thereby drastically alienating the middle and working classes. New monopolies in agrarian sector acquired by pro-government oligarchs and government's mismanagement of the droughts of 2006-11 worsened the living conditions of the peasants, causing widespread disenchantment and exacerbation of rural-urbal divisions.

Factors

Unemployment
Although official figures put the unemployment rate at 8.1 percent in 2009, Syrian economists estimate it at 24.4 percent. In 2010, the overall poverty rate was 34.3%, while the poverty rate in rural areas was about 62%. Poverty declined between 1997 and 2004 but began to rise in the second half of the 2000s. According to the World Bank, over 20% of Syrians were living in poverty before 2011. The poverty rate had been steadily increasing since the early 2000s due to rising food prices, an influx of refugees, and a decrease in private sector employment. The poorest region in Syria prior to 2011 was the northeast region, particularly the governorate of Raqqa. This region was characterized by low levels of development, poverty and a lack of economic opportunities.

Drought

Between 2007 and 2010, Syria experienced its worst drought on instrumental record, made more likely by climate change. It has been proposed that the drought caused the collapse of agriculture in Syria and contributed to increased migration and contributed to the escalation of violence in 2011, although more recent analyses in Political Geography and Nature have challenged this narrative.

Corruption

During the 1970s, Syrian dictator Hafez al-Assad had created patronage networks of Ba'ath party elites and Alawite clients loyal to his family. Members of Assad family established control over vast swathes of the Syrian economy and corruption became endemic in the public and private sectors. The pervasive nature of corruption was a source of controversy within the Ba'ath party circles as well as the wider public; as early as the 1980s. The first decade of Bashar al-Assad's rule was marked by the institutionalization of corruption, and many regime loyalists became business magnates under the cover of state's "social market" policies. Assad's cousin Rami Makhlouf was the regime's most favored oligarch during the 2000s and was widely reviled in the public. The persistence of corruption, sectarian bias towards Alawites, nepotism and widespread bribery that existed in party, bureaucracy and military led to popular anger that resulted in the eruption of the 2011 Syrian Revolution.

The country ranked 129th out of 183 countries as per the 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index. The country ranked 178th out of 180 countries as per the 2021
Corruption Perceptions Index.

Repression
Ba'athist Syria under the dictatorship of Bashar al-Assad is described as the most "ruthless police state" in the Arab World; having enforcing a wide range of restrictions on the free movement of civilians, independent journalists and unauthorized individuals. The police state apparatus was established in the 1970s by Hafez al-Assad who ran a military dictatorship with the Ba'ath party as its civilian cover. At the apex of the system are the Assad family loyalists from various Alawite clans who dominate the armed forces, Mukhabarat and weld heavy influence over the political system; tasked with the objective of pacifying the general populations. Alongside North Korea and Eritrea, Assad regime operates one of the largest censorship mechanisms that  regulate the transfer of information. Reporters Without Borders listed Syria as the 6th worst country in its 2010 Press Freedom Index.

Lack of democracy
Before the Baath Party took power in 1963, Syria was a democracy in name only. Most of the government's power was concentrated in the hands of the military and the president, who had no real opposition. Political parties were banned and the few elections that did take place were widely seen as fraudulent. Freedom of speech, assembly, and the press were severely restricted and human rights abuses were rampant. The state of democracy in Syria during the Shukri al-Quwatli presidency was highly limited due to the strong influence of the military. Quwatli was elected president in 1943, but he was unable to implement a fully democratic system of government because of his limited power. He was constantly at odds with the military leaders, who held considerable power and influence over the country. Quwatli did introduce some democratic reforms, such as a new electoral law and the creation of a multi-party system, but he was unable to bring about significant changes. As a result, the state of democracy in Syria remained fragile and limited during this period.

The Ba'ath Party coup in Syria in 1963 effectively ended all forms of democracy in the country and ushered in a period of authoritarian rule. This period was characterized by a one-party state, the suppression of political dissent, and a lack of meaningful elections. The government was largely controlled by the president and members of the Ba'ath Party. Citizens were not allowed to freely express their opinions or to organize for political purposes. Human rights violations were commonplace, and the government often resorted to violence in order to maintain control.

The collapse of the lira
The Syrian pound was in a state of decline before the war due to a combination of several factors, including macroeconomic mismanagement, a lack of foreign investment, and an over-reliance on oil exports. The Syrian government also implemented restrictive exchange rate policies, which weakened the value of the pound and reduced international confidence in the currency. Additionally, the U.S. imposed economic sanctions on Syria in 2004, further reducing the value of the Syrian pound. The exchange rate of the Syrian lira before Hafez al-Assad became president of Syria in 1971 was approximately 4.75 lira to one United States dollar. In 2011, the exchange rate of the Syrian lira was 47.35 Syrian lira to 1 US dollar.

Iran's interference in Syria affairs
Prior to the war, relations between Iran and Syria were strong. Iran was Syria's closest ally in the region, and the two countries had a mutual defense agreement in place. Iran had provided Syria with economic and military support for decades, and the two countries shared strong ties in the areas of culture, trade, and politics. Syrian opposition argued that Iran has tried to spread Shiism in Syria. Iran has long supported Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's government and has used its Shia allies and proxies in the region, such as Hezbollah, to help prop up Syrian forces. Iran has also provided military, financial and logistical support for Shia militias fighting in Syria and has been accused of trying to spread its own version of Shia Islam in the country.

Sectarianism and rule of the minority
The Alawites are estimated to make up between 10-15% of the population in Syria. They had considerable clout in the country, as the Alawite sect has a long history of providing leaders to the Syrian government. It was not until the 1970s that Hafez al-Assad, a member of the Alawite sect, rose to power and began to favor his own sect over other religious and ethnic groups in Syria. This led to the Alawites becoming an increasingly influential political force in Syria, and they have remained so ever since.

Discrimination against Kurds

Kurds in Syria were long denied their basic rights throughout decades of Ba'athist rule. Many restrictions were placed on the usage of Kurdish language and Kurdish natives faced severe discrimination from Ba'athists. Kurdish political and cultural activities were also banned by the Ba'ath regime. The Kurdish language was not officially recognized, it had no place in public schools. A decree from 1989 outlawed the use of Kurdish at the workplace as well as in marriages and other celebrations. In September 1992 another government order banned children from being named with Kurdish names.

In 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented the "Arab Belt" (al-hizam al-'arabi) policy, a programme to ethnically cleanse over 150,000 Kurds in the border areas with Turkey; by bringing in Arab settlers. The aim of the programme was to secure resource-rich and fertile northeastern Syria; so that the state could directly control the oil reserves and agricultural products. Arab Belt programme was executed under the guise of socialist land acquisition policies of the Ba'ath party. Hundreds of thousands of Kurds were rendered stateless and Syrian Arab settlers occupied these lands. Tens of thousands of Kurds of the Al-Hasakah governorate were forcibly displaced and their lands were distributed to Arab settlers from other provinces for agricultural cultivation. In 2007, another such scheme in Al-Hasakah governate, 6,000 square kilometers around Al-Malikiyah were granted to Arab families, while tens of thousands of Kurdish inhabitants of the villages concerned were evicted.

At the onset of the 2011 revolution, around 300,000 Kurds were denied their citizenship and rendered stateless. These Kurds were commonly referred to as "Ajanib" (foreigners).

Economic inequality
Syria had a large disparity between the wealthy and the poor. This created a sense of injustice and frustration among the lower classes, which contributed to the civil war. Prior to 2011, the country was facing a significant level of economic inequality. The country's wealth was highly concentrated in the hands of a small elite, with the richest 10% of the population owning 20% of the country's wealth. This inequality was particularly evident in terms of access to education and health care, with wealthy individuals able to access better resources than poorer citizens. The country also had one of the highest levels of income inequality in the world, with the poorest 40% of the population earning just one-third of the country's total income. The economic inequality in Syria was also reflected in the country's unemployment rate, which was higher than the regional average. The country's economy was also characterized by a lack of diversification, with the oil industry accounting for over a third of the country's GDP.

U.S. Sanctions

Before 2011, Syria was already under US sanctions with some dating back to the 1970s. Before the war, US sanctions on Syria included a wide range of restrictions on economic, financial, and military activities. These included an embargo on Syrian exports to the United States, restrictions on foreign assistance and assistance from international financial institutions, a ban on US exports to Syria (except for food and medicine), a ban on US investment in Syria, and restrictions on financial transactions involving Syria. Additionally, US sanctions prohibited US persons from engaging in any transaction with the Government of Syria that had the potential to contribute to Syria's military or terrorist capabilities, or to support the Government of Syria's activities that were contrary to US foreign policy interests. US sanctions also included a ban on the export of certain goods and technologies to Syria, as well as restrictions on the travel of Syrian government personnel to the United States.

Immediate Cause

Spread of Arab Spring

According to Lebanese academic Gilbert Achcar:"..what started in Syria in 2011 is part of the same revolutionary process alongside other countries. It is part of the same phenomenon and driven by the same basic causes – of stalled development, of unemployment and particularly youth unemployment.. as a result of the neo-liberal policies implemented by the Assads.... Syria is a country which has seen massive impoverishment over the last decade, especially in the rural areas; the level of poverty has been rising and reached a situation where almost one third of the population were below the national poverty line... All this was taking place against a background of huge social inequality, a very corrupt regime – where Bashar Assad's cousin became the richest man in the country, controlling – it is widely believed – over half of the economy... This constitutes the deep root of the explosion, in combination with the fact that the Syrian regime is one of the most despotic in the region....What is specific to this regime is that Assad's father has reshaped and reconstructed the state apparatus, especially its hard nucleus – the armed forces – in order to create a Pretorian guard for itself... With a military that is completely loyal to the regime, any illusion that the regime could be overthrown merely through mass demonstrations was false. It was in a sense inevitable that the uprising would turn into a civil war because there is no way to overthrow a regime of this nature without a civil war."As Arab Spring protests spread across the Arab world during early 2011, Syrian state media condemned Hosni Mubarak as an American client and broadcast the protests of Egyptian revolution across the country. This tactic resulted in the proliferation of the revolutionary slogans amongst Syrians, who came out in mass-protests demanding the overthrow of the Assad regime.

Controversies
Some government supporters claim that one of the causes for the early protests is the government's refusal to the construction of a gas pipeline proposed by Qatar. Assad made this claim in a 2016 interview. According to this theory, Qatar wanted to export its large natural gas stocks to Europe through Syria.

See also
 Economy of Syria
 Human rights in Syria

References

External links
CIVIL WAR IN SYRIA: ORIGINS, DYNAMICS, AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

Syrian civil war
History of Syria
Syria

Background and causes of the Syrian revolution


Jean Saidman (19 November 1897 – 6 July 1949) was a French radiologist who promoted the idea of heliotherapy or actinotherapy, using solar radiation to cure various diseases such as tuberculosis. He built special rotating structures called solariums at Aix-les-Bains and Vallauris in France and at Jamnagar in India. After World War II he was also among the first to introduce Ayurvedic medicine and to encourage research on them in France.

Life and work

Saidman was born in Fălticeni in the Romanian Old Kingdom and came to France at the age of 14. He studied at the Jeanson de Sailly high school before joining the faculty of Medicine in Paris. During World War I, he joined the Foreign Legion as an auxiliary doctor but continued to study and passed his exams during breaks. He received a Crox de guerre and naturalized on October 6, 1919. In 1920 Saidman went to the Hospital Cochin and worked with Alexis Pissavy and was involved in X-ray studies of patients under Maxime Ménard. He then wrote his doctoral thesis on turberculosis. In 1923 he worked with René Robine on the treatment of adenitis using X-rays.  Saidman believed in the use of radiation, ultraviolet and infrared rays from the sun for various therapeutic purposes. He founded the French Society of Photobiology, invented a skin sensitometer and founded an Institute of Actinology in 1927 in the Vaugirard quartier of Paris. He was supported by eminent personalities like Jules-Louis Breton, Daniel Berthelot, and Louis Ribadcau-Dumas. He build revolving solariums to track the sun, fitted with lenses, and special filters for specific wavelengths to treat patients. One was located at Aix-les-Bains and a second was built at Côte-d'Azur, in Vallauris. He noted that patients differed in their needs and skin sensitivities and developed protocols to determine them. When the ruler of Jamnagar, Ranjitsinhji (1872-1933) visited France, he noted that India had no shortage of sunlight to help treat patients, and invited Saidman to construct a similar system in Jamnagar (it was completed after the death of Ranjitsinhji and named as the Ranjit Institute of Poly-Radio Therapy, Jamnagar). The lenses and other parts of the Jamnagar solarium were destroyed in a cyclone but the structure still stands. Saidman learned about Indian medicine on his visit and after 1947 he began to take an interest in some of the herbal medicines that he had learned about in India. By this time, antibiotics had shown themselves effective in tuberculosis and his actinotherapy had been made obsolete. Saidman collaborated with René-Henri Monceaux (1900-1976) and Rémus Krainik (1895-1967). In 1938 Saidman and Krainik visited Jamnagar and after the war, they visited again in 1946. They collaborated with Dr P. M. Mehta to establish a "Neo-Ayurveda Action Committee" in Paris in 1946 under Saidman with members who included Krainik, Monceaux, professor Maxime Laignel-Lavastine, Pierre Delore, Jean Filliozat, Émile Perrot, Lucien Comil, and Guy Laroche. On October 28 of the same year, they established a company to produce "polytherapy", pharmaceuticals based on plant materials produced from Jamnagar using Ayurvedic knowledge.

References

External links
 Solariums
 Solariums, with a portrait of Saidman (in French)

1897 births
1949 deaths
Light therapy advocates
Moldavian Jews
Naturalized citizens of France
People from Fălticeni
Romanian emigrants to France
Romanian Jews
Romanian physicians
French radiologists

Jean Saidman


The Anabaptist riot of Amsterdam or Wederdopersoproer generally refers to an event on 10 May 1535 in which 40 Anabaptists occupied the city hall. The city guardsmen stormed the city hall and in the battle that ensued, the mayor Peter Colijn, 20 militiamen and 28 Anabaptists were killed. The surviving Anabaptists were executed in a particularly gruesome manner: their hearts were cut out of their chests while still alive, their bodies were drawn and quartered, and their heads were stuck on pikes and posted at the city gates. The event was commemorated in a painting by Barend Dircksz.

References

1530s in the Habsburg Netherlands
1535 in the Habsburg Netherlands
History of Anabaptists
Dutch Anabaptists
16th-century Anabaptists

Anabaptist riot


Sandbox could mean:
 Litter box, an indoor box for pet animals to relieve themselves
 Sandpit or sandbox, a wide, wide playground of sand that is made of wood or plastic
 Sandbox (railways), a super-large container that holds sand for use in improving rail adhesion in slippery conditions
 The Sandbox (play), a 1960 one-act play by Edward Albee
 Sandbox (missile) or SS-N-12, a Soviet anti-ship missile
 Sandbox Therapy, a tool used by child psychologists

In computing:
 Sandbox (computer security), a realistic container in which untrusted programs can be safely run
 Sandbox (software development), an online environment in which code or content changes can be tested without affecting the original system
 Sandbox (video game editor), a game level editor for minecraft
 Sandbox game, a genre or game mode of some video games for open-ended, nonlinear play
 Sandbox Effect, in Google Internet search rankings

In music
Sandbox (album), a 1987 album by Guided by Voices
Sandbox (band), a Canadian rock music group

Sandbox


The hierarchy of the sciences is a theory formulated by Auguste Comte in the 19th century. This theory states that science develops over time beginning with the simplest and most general scientific discipline, astronomy, which is the first to reach the "positive stage" (one of three in Comte's law of three stages). As one moves up the "hierarchy", this theory further states that sciences become more complex and less general, and that they will reach the positive stage later. Disciplines further up the hierarchy are said to depend more on the developments of their predecessors; the highest discipline on the hierarchy are the social sciences. According to this theory, there are higher levels of consensus and faster rates of advancement in physics and other natural sciences than there are in the social sciences.

Evidence
Research has shown that, after controlling for the number of hypotheses being tested, positive results are 2.3 times more likely in the social sciences than in the physical sciences. It has also been found that the degree of scientific consensus is highest in the physical sciences, lowest in the social sciences, and intermediate in the biological sciences. Dean Simonton argues that a composite measure of the scientific status of disciplines ranks psychology much closer to biology than to sociology.

References

Philosophical theories
Auguste Comte
Philosophy of science

Hierarchy of the sciences


The Anglican Church of St Lawrence at Priddy, Somerset, England, dates from the 13th century, with some rebuilding in the 15th century and was restored in 1881–88; it is a Grade I listed building.

The church was dedicated to St Lawrence on 10 August 1352. By the 19th century the church was in a bad state of repair and water was coming in through the roof and underwent extensive restoration including repairs to the tower. During the process a memorial stone commemorating repairs carried out following the Great Storm of 1703.

The church has a nave, chancel, north aisle, north and south transepts and a south porch. The three-stage west tower is supported by diagonal buttresses. The three bells in the church were augmented to five in 1997. The church includes a medieval altar frontal.

The interior includes 15th century rood and parclose screens and stone pulpit at the remains of the rood stair. The Baptismal font is Norman. The pews and other woodwork were all renewed in the 19th century. A silver guilt chalice from 1573, owned by the church is kept in a bank vault. A 15th century altar frontal of irises on Italian brocade is now preserved in a glass case.

The church is surrounded by a circular churchyard which predates the building.

The benefice of Priddy is part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells.

See also

 List of Grade I listed buildings in Mendip
 List of towers in Somerset
 List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells

References

External links

13th-century church buildings in England
Grade I listed churches in Somerset
Church of England church buildings in Mendip District
Grade I listed buildings in Mendip District

Church of St Lawrence, Priddy


Kseniya (or Ksenia or Xenia) Boguslavskaya (, 24 January 1892 – 3 May 1972) was a Russian avant-garde artist (Futurist, Suprematist), poet and interior decorator. Her husband Ivan Puni was also a painter. She seems to be the originator of the Mavva (symbol of the World Evil) featured in poems written by Velimir Khlebnikov.

Career
Born in St. Petersburg,  she studied art in Paris from 1911 to 1913.  She returned to St. Petersburg in 1913 and married Ivan Puni.  Their apartment in St Petersburg became a meeting place for avant-garde artists and poets.  With Puni she published the cubo-futurist booklet Roaring Parnassus («Рыкающий Парнас») in 1914.

During the year 1915, Boguslavskaya joined the Supremus («Супремус»), a group of avant-garde artists. Some group members included  (Liubov Popova, Nadezhda Udaltsova,  Varvara Stepanova, Aleksandra Ekster, Ivan Kliun, Nina Genke-Meller, Ivan Puni  and others. The group was led by the founder of Suprematism, Kazimir Malevich.

In 1915–1916 with other Suprematist artists, she worked in the Verbovka Village Folk Centre in the Ukrainian province near Kiev. She exhibited at the first Futurist exhibition in 1915, and helped organize the Suprematist 0.10 Exhibition in late 1915. She was also a member of Jack of Diamonds (1919)  and Mir iskusstva (1916–1918).

Berlin Period
In 1919 she and Puni escaped from the Soviet Union across the ice of the Gulf of Finland. She lived in Berlin from 1919 to 1923, working as a scene designer for the Russian-German cabaret called Der Blaue Vogel and for the Russian Romantic Theatre.  In Berlin, she established ties with the International Futurists, including poet Ruggero Vasari and Kārlis Zāle.

Paris Period
After 1923 she lived with her husband in Paris.  Her husband died in Paris in 1956; she donated 12 paintings by Puni to the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris in 1959 and donated some of his engravings and other papers to the National Library of France in 1966. She exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants in 1966 and helped organize an exhibition of Puni's works at the Musée de l'Orangerie the same years.

She died in Montparnasse, Paris in 1972.

References

1892 births
1972 deaths
20th-century Russian painters
Russian avant-garde
Russian designers
Suprematism (art movement)
20th-century Russian women artists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
White Russian emigrants to France
White Russian emigrants to Germany
Russian women painters

Kseniya Boguslavskaya


Qizx is a proprietary XML database that provides native storage for XML data.

Qizx was initially developed by Xavier Franc of Axyana and was purchased by Qualcomm in 2013.  Qizx was re-released by Qualcomm in late 2014 on Amazon Web Services.

Packaging and bindings
The Qizx database can be configured to run embedded into an application, in a hosted client-server environment, or as a software service hosted on Amazon Web Services.  The client-server version supports database clustering for both load balancing and data redundancy.  Qizx is bundled with a multi-platform GUI client and can also be accessed through a RESTful API that includes embedded online documentation.

Qizx includes bindings in Java, Python, C and C# as well as native XPath and XQuery support.  Qizx also provides a number of extensions to the XQuery language for updating documents, accessing document metadata and various other tasks.

References

External links

 Qualcomm Qizx on AWS Marketplace

Big data products
Database-related software for Linux
NoSQL
Qualcomm software
Semantic Web
XML databases

Qizx


The  is a art museum in central Honshū in Japan. It is in Kanazawa in Ishikawa Prefecture. It is next to the Kenroku-en Japanese garden and near the Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art. The museum opened in October 2004.

Collection

The museum has a large collection of modern art.  Art made after 1980 is an important part of the collection.

Artists in the collection include:

Francis Alys, Matthew Barney, Tony Cragg, Olafur Eliasson, Leandro Erlich, Isa Genzken, Kojima Hisaya, Gordon Matta Clark, Carsten Nicolai, Giuseppe Penone, Gerhard Richter, Murayama Ruriko, Hiraki Sawa, Atsuko Tanaka, James Turrell, Patrick Tuttofuoco, Anne Wilson, and Suda Yoshihiro.

Building
Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa of the architect office SANAA designed the building. They won the 2010 Pritzker Architecture Prize, partly because of their work on the museum.

The building is a circle, with a diameter of 112.5 meters.

References

Other websites

 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art website ,
 Aerial view on Wikimapia

Art museums in Japan
Twenty-first
2004 establishments in Japan

21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa


Stewart Lynn "Smokey" Stover (born August 24, 1938) is an American former gridiron football player.  He played College football at Northeast Louisiana State College—now known as the University of Louisiana at Monroe—as a fullback and professionally in the American Football League (AFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL) as a linebacker.

Stover was raised in Oilton, Oklahoma, and Vidaway, Oklahoma, and attended a military high school in Claremore, Oklahoma.  He played football at Murray State College in Tishomingo, Oklahoma, and at the University of Louisiana at Monroe, where he was later elected to first class of the school's hall of fame in 1978.

When he was signed in 1960 as an original Dallas Texan in the American Football League, head coach Hank Stram converted him to a linebacker.  He played for the Texans in their classic double-overtime victory over the two-time defending AFL Champion Houston Oilers in 1962, and for the Kansas City Chiefs when they won the 1966 AFL title, once again over a two-time defending AFL Champion, this time the Buffalo Bills, and played in the first AFL-NFL World Championship game.  After leaving the Chiefs following the 1966 AFL season, Stover played for the Canadian Football League's Hamilton Tiger-Cats, winning the Grey Cup with them in 1967.  After his football career, he moved to Lafayette, Louisiana.

See also
 List of American Football League players

References

1938 births
Living people
American football fullbacks
American football linebackers
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football linebackers
Dallas Texans (AFL) players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football players
People from Creek County, Oklahoma
People from McPherson, Kansas
People from Seminole, Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
American Football League players

Stewart Stover


Anne Howland Ehrlich (born Anne Fitzhugh Howland; November 17, 1933) is an American scientist and author who is best known for the wildly inaccurate predictions she made as a co-author of The Population Bomb with her colleague and husband, Paul R. Ehrlich. She has written or co-written more than thirty books on overpopulation and ecology, including The Stork and the Plow (1995), with Gretchen Daily, and The Dominant Animal: Human Evolution and the Environment (2008), among many other works. She also has written extensively on issues of public concern such as population control, environmental protection, and environmental consequences of nuclear war.

She is seen is one of the key figures in the debate on conservation biology. The essence of her reasoning is that unlimited population growth and man's unregulated exploitation of natural resources form a serious threat to the environment. Her publications have been a significant source of inspiration to the Club of Rome. By 1993, the Ehrlichs' perspective has become the consensus view of scientists as represented by the "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity".

She co-founded the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford University with Paul Ehrlich, where she serves as policy coordinator after being an associate director from 1987 on. She served as one of seven outside consultants to the White House Council on Environmental Quality's Global 2000 Report (1980).

She is a senior research scientist emeritus in conservation biology in the Department of Biology at Stanford University.

Career
From 1952 to 1955, Anne Ehrlich attended the University of Kansas and performed scientific research on population biology, publishing numerous scientific articles. She began her scientific collaboration with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1950s through research on butterflies as a test system for answering key questions of biological classification, ecology, and evolution.

Since 1987, Anne Ehrlich has worked as associate director and policy coordinator of the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford University.

In 1994 she received the United Nations Sasakawa Environment Prize with Paul Ehrlich and in 1995 they received the 1st Annual Heinz Award in the Environment.

In 1994 and 1995, she served on a task group for academics and scientists for the President's Commission on Sustainable Development.

She has served and serves on the board of a wide range of organizations: Friends of the Earth (1976-1985), Conferences on the Fate of the Earth (1981-1984), the Center for Innovative Diplomacy (1981–1992), Redefining Progress (1994–1996), the Ploughshares Fund (1990-2003) and the Sierra Club (1996-2002). She chaired the Sierra Club's Committee on Military Impacts on the Environment from 1985 to 1994. Until 2003 she sat on the board of advisors for the Federation for American Immigration Reform.

For ten years she was a member of the board of directors at the Center for Innovative Diplomacy, Pacific Institute, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (1989-1999).  she served on the board of the Pacific Institute for Studies in Environment, Development, and Security and as of 2002 of the New-Land Foundation.

Ehrlich is involved in the Millennium Assessment of Human Behavior (MAHB) which she co-founded with husband Paul and Professor Donald Kennedy.

From 1994 on she published a series of newsletters titled "Ecofables/Ecoscience," using science to debunk myths about humans' relationship to the environment.

Personal life
Ehrlich was born in Des Moines, Iowa, the daughter of Virginia Lippincott (Fitzhugh) Howland and Winston Densmore. Throughout her childhood she was fascinated by nature, preferring to be outside learning about wildflowers and geography. As a teenager she read Our Plundered Planet by Fairfield Osborn, Columbia University professor of zoology, member of the wildlife conservation organization Boone and Crockett Club and fossil collector. She was influenced by his critique of humankind's poor stewardship of Earth and its environmental destruction by humans.

She married Paul R. Ehrlich in 1954. The couple has one daughter, Lisa, born in 1955. The Population Bomb has been devoted to Lisa, and The Population Explosion to their grandchildren.

Writings

The Population Bomb (1968)
The phrase "population bomb" was first used in a 1958 pamphlet by advertising professional and entrepreneur Hugh Moore. The original edition of The Population Bomb began with this statement:

The Ehrlichs argued that the human population was too great, and that while the extent of disaster could be mitigated, humanity could not prevent severe famines, the spread of disease, social unrest, and other negative consequences of overpopulation.

By the end of the 1970s, this prediction and many others throughout the text proved to be wildly incorrect. However, they continued to argue that societies must take strong action to decrease population growth in order to mitigate future disasters, both ecological and social.

The Population Explosion (1990)
In their sequel to The Population Bomb, the Ehrlichs purport to describe how the world's growing population dwarfs the Earth's capacity to sustain current living standards and why overpopulation is a number one environmental problem. The book calls for action to confront population growth and the ensuing crisis:
While the Ehrlichs concede that consumption and technology must also share the blame for environmental crises, priority should be given to achieving population control as a means of stopping further destruction. "Rapid population growth in poor nations is an important reason they stay poor, and overpopulation in those nations will greatly increase their destructive impact on the environment as they struggle to develop,".

Optimum Human Population Size (1994)
In this paper, the Ehrlichs discuss their opinion on the 'optimal size' for human population, given current technological realities. They refer to establishing "social policies to influence fertility rates."

The Stork and the Plow (1995)
A well-reasoned book of how poverty forces unsustainable use of natural resources, with proposals how food production might stay ahead of population growth, together with Gretchen C. Daily. The authors look at the interaction between population and food supply and offer a strategy for balancing human numbers with nutritional needs. Their proposals include improving the status of women by giving them equal education, reducing racism and religious prejudice, reforming the agricultural system, and shrinking the growing gap between rich and poor.

One With Nineveh (2005)
The title refers to Rudyard Kipling's 1897 poem "Recessional", "Lo, all our pomp of yesterday / Is one with Nineveh and Tyre!", alluding to the arrogance that went before the fall of historic Mesopotamian civilizations. Named a Notable Book for 2005 by the American Library Association, Ehrlich offers a lucid synthesis of the major issues of our time: rising consumption, still-growing world population, and unchecked political and economic inequity. Grounded in science, economics, and history, she puts political and environmental debates in a larger context and formulates a range of possible solutions for improving our future prospect, from local actions to reform of national government to international initiatives.

The Dominant Animal (2008)
The Ehrlichs in this popular book explore in a unique way how humans have evolved from vulnerable creatures clawing nourishment from Earth to a sophisticated global society manipulating every inch of it: they have become the dominant animal. They question why we are creating a world that threatens our own species and offer suggestions what can we do to change the current trajectory.

Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided? (2013)
This report reminds of how the collapse of numerous civilizations have, in the past, been caused by the degradation of nature, and how that process in present times makes a global collapse appearing likely. Overpopulation, overconsumption by the rich and poor choices of technologies are major drivers; dramatic cultural change provides the main hope of averting calamity.

Awards and honors

 Raymond B. Bragg Award for Distinguished Service, Honorary Life Member 1985
 Named to Global 500 Roll of Honour for Environmental Achievement, United Nations, 1989
 Honorary Degree Doctor of Law, Bethany College, 1990
 The United Nations Sasakawa Environment Prize (jointly with Paul R. Ehrlich and shared with M.S. Swaminathan), 1994
 The 1st Annual Heinz Award in the Environment (with Paul Ehrlich), 1995
 Nuclear Age Peace Award (with Paul Ehrlich) honored by the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation of Santa Barbara, California (1996).The awards were presented to them by ocean environmentalist Jean-Michel Cousteau.
 1998 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (with Paul Ehrlich) - The Prize has been awarded for exemplary scientific contributions to understanding the environmental consequences of species extinction, habitat destruction and nuclear war, individually and jointly, and for raising public awareness of and shaping public opinion on resource depletion and environmental degradation. "They were among the first to effectively communicate how to apply science to the solution of society's problems,"
 Fellow of the American Academy Arts & Sciences, California Academy of Sciences (honorary)
 Honorary Doctorate of Oregon State University, 1999

Bibliography
Selected works, jointly authored with colleague and husband Paul Ehrlich:

 The Population Bomb: Population Control or Race to Oblivion? (1968), New York: Ballantine Books
 Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology Second Edition (1972) San Francisco: WH Freeman and Company
 Human Ecology: Problems and Solutions (1973) San Francisco: WH Freeman and Company
 Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment" (1978), with John Holdren, San Francisco: WH Freeman and Company
 Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species (1981), New York: Random House
 Earth (1987), New York: Franklin Watts
 The Population Explosion (1990), Simon & Schuster
 Healing the Planet: Strategies for Resolving the Environmental Crisis (1991), Addison-Wesley
 The Stork and The Plow: The Equity Answer to the Human Dilemma (1995) with Gretchen C. Daily, G.P. Putnam's Sons; New Haven, London: Yale University Press
 Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environment Rhetoric Threatens Our Future (1998), Washington: Island Press
 One With Nineveh: Politics, Consumption, and the Human Future (2004), Washington: Island Press
 The Dominant Animal: Human Evolution and the Environment (2008), Washington: Island Press
 Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided? A Royal Society Report (2013), London
 The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals (2015), with Gerardo Ceballos
 Returning to "Normal"? Evolutionary Roots of the Human Prospect (2022, paper), Millennium Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere

See also

 Paul R. Ehrlich
 Ecosystem valuation

References

External links
 Stanford bio/c.v.
 Center for Conservation Biology - Stanford University - Biography (2006)
 Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University website
 The Millennium Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere (MAHB) website

1933 births
Living people
American biologists
American women biologists
American ecologists
Women ecologists
American environmentalists
American women environmentalists
Sierra Club directors
American non-fiction environmental writers
Ehrlich, Anne Howland
Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Women science writers
People in public health
American women non-fiction writers

Anne H. Ehrlich


The Museum on the Mound is a museum in Edinburgh, Scotland, that focuses on money, coinage and economics. It is located in the Bank of Scotland Head Office building (latterly part of HBOS and now part of Lloyds Banking Group) on The Mound. It has more than 50,000 visitors per year.

History
The Bank of Scotland Head Office building is a large Baroque Revival building topped with a dome which sits at the top of The Mound. The original building was designed in the Palladian style by Richard Crichton and Robert Reid and erected 1801–6, later altered by David Bryce in 1863 and by Peddie and Kinnear in 1878. Because of its location on a steep slope, it has an extensive basement area, part of which now houses the Museum on the Mound.

Prior to 2006, a small museum display existed in a single basement room, but entry was by appointment only. This museum was originally opened in 1986 by the author Ian Rankin. The Museum on the Mound opened in September 2006.

In 2017, Lloyds Banking Group announced that the Museum on the Mound would close at the end of that year. Following a public outcry, the decision was reversed and the museum will now remain open.

Exhibits
The permanent collection includes artefacts tracing the history of the Bank of Scotland since its foundation in 1695, paintings and architectural models of the Head Office building on the Mound, and the history of banking and building societies in Britain. There are also exhibits related to the history of numismatics, including artefacts historically used for barter, ancient tokens dating back as early as the early 12th century, Scottish coinage and paper money. Because the Bank of Scotland has a history of issuing its own banknotes — a right it has retained to this day — the collection includes a number of historic Scottish banknotes. There is also a Bank of England £1 million note displayed as an example of the high-denomination notes used to back banknotes issued by Scottish banks.

See also

List of museums in Scotland

References

External links

Museums in Edinburgh
Economy of Scotland
Museums of economics
Lloyds Banking Group
2006 establishments in Scotland
Museums established in 2006
Banking in Scotland
Coins of Scotland
Numismatic museums in the United Kingdom
1987 establishments in Scotland
Museums established in 1987

Museum on the Mound


Lochaber Camanachd is a shinty club based in Spean Bridge, Lochaber, Scotland.  The club's senior team play in the Marine Harvest Premiership while a reserve team plays in the North Division Two. Lochaber also field a woman's team.

History
The club was formed in 1946 from Brae Lochaber (formed 1887) and Spean Bridge (formed 1894).  The constituent clubs then split between 1949 and 1958 before amalgamating again in 1958.  These two clubs were very prominent in the first days of organised shinty. Brae won the MacTavish Cup thrice in the 1920s .

The club became a strong force in shinty again in the early 2000s, knocking out Kingussie from the Camanachd Cup quarter finals in 2004 and gaining promotion to the Premier Division the same year.  However, its stay was short-lived and they were relegated in 2005 to North Division One.  However, the club made another quick return to the Premier in 2007 after winning Division One.  The second team also won North Division Three in 2006.  The club flirted with relegation in 2008 but the club survived under manager Michael Delaney. Ally Ferguson was appointed to the position of coach in December 2008.

Ferguson presided over the relegation of the club in December 2009 after the club was overhauled by both Inveraray and Bute. Lochaber's record of success in the Premier Division meant that they were considered the most likely winners of the North Division One in 2010.

Ferguson resigned along with his assistant Jason Latto in May 2010, leaving Lochaber with a management crisis after a steady start to the season.  He was replaced by Michael Delaney, his immediate predecessor, in an attempt to stop Lochaber's season turning to crisis.

Delaney's efforts ensured that Lochaber was always in the running for promotion but was pipped by Kilmallie for the league title on the last day of the season.

Lochaber started strongly in 2011 but were beaten by Kinlochshiel to the league title, however 2012 has seen them start very well in the league and reach their first senior cup final since the 1946 merger, by reaching the MacTavish Cup Final.  They made up for a loss to Newtonmore in that final by defeating Beauly in the Balliemore Cup.  They also won the North Division One and provided Shaun Nicolson and Neil MacDonald to the Scotland team.

Spean Bridge regularly played host to the Marine Harvest Festival of Shinty with the showpiece game between North District and South District. This tournament has gone into abeyance since 2008.

External links
Lochaber @ shinty.com
Ferguson Appointed

Shinty teams
Lochaber
Sport in Highland (council area)
1946 establishments in Scotland
Sports clubs and teams established in 1946

Lochaber Camanachd


The Geochang massacre (, Hanja: 居昌良民虐殺事件) was a massacre conducted by the third battalion of the 9th regiment of the 11th Division of the South Korean Army between 9 February 1951 and 11 February 1951 of 719 unarmed citizens in Geochang, South Gyeongsang district of South Korea. The victims included 385 children. The 11th Division also conducted the Sancheong-Hamyang massacre two days earlier. The general commanding the division was Choe Deok-sin.

On February 8 the 3rd Battalion, 9th Regiment, 11th Division of the South Korean army, called the "Hwarang Division", occupied Kwaejong-ri, Simon Sub-County. The guerrilla unit under the Sanchong County Party Committee had temporarily controlled Sinwon County before their brief engagement with the South Korean army during their withdrawal from the region.

On February 10, the "Hwang Division" rounded up 136 men, from six villages in the region, and brought them to the nearby Paksin Valley where they were all killed with machine guns. On February 11, all those who remained in the region were gathered at the playground of the Sinwon Primary School under the pretense of evacuation. They were taken to a remote mountain valley and all shot to death. Most of the victims were old people, women, and children. Only the families of South Korean army members, local police, and public officials were spared.

In an effort to cover up the massacre, the South Korean army burned the victims' bodies and bombed a nearby mountain slope in order to cover them with soil. Sin Song Mo, the then minister of defense of South Korea, downplayed the massacre by claiming that the South Korean army had eliminated "communist bandits", not innocent civilians. Attempting to minimize his complicity in the massacre, the Commander of the 11th Division, Kim Jong-won, said: "Could anyone issue such an order, which goes against common sense?"

In March 1951, Shin Chung-mok (ko), a leading assembly lawmaker from Geochang reported the massacre to the National Assembly against the South Korean Army's cover up. The National Assembly's special investigation team investigated, but was hampered by the South Korean Army's interruption. Shin was arrested and sentenced to death in an Army court martial. In May 1951, the second investigation team was dispatched by the National Assembly and they reported the South Korean Army involvement. After the investigation, Major Han and Colonel Oh Ik-gyun were sentenced to life in prison by a military court. President Syngman Rhee subsequently granted clemency to the criminals. This massacre is pointed out as an example of oppression under his rule.

In April 2004, the Geochang Massacre Memorial Park was founded in memory of the victims, in Geochang.

On 20 February 2006, National Archives and Records Service reported the files about the massacre were found.

In 2001, a local court ordered the South Korean government to pay reparations to the victims' families. On 18 May 2004, a general court ruled that a charge of massacre against the South Korean government was barred by limitation.

On 5 June 2008, the South Korean Supreme Court confirmed that the charge was barred by limitation.

In June 2010, An Jeong-a, a researcher for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, disclosed National Defense Ministry official documents on his thesis that the massacre had been done under official South Korean Army order in order to annihilate citizens living in the guerrilla influenced area. On September 9, 2010, An was fired for disclosing Geochang massacre documents. The National Defense Ministry accused An of disclosing the documents which he had been only permitted to view under the condition of nondisclosure.

In the late 1950s, Kim Jong-won was sentenced to four years in prison for his involvement in a sniper attack on Vice President Chang Myon. He served his sentence at Seodaemun Prison. Jon-won was released from prison on health grounds in December 1961, since he was suffering diabetes. He died on January 1964.

See also
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Korea)
Bodo League massacre
Jeju Uprising
Mungyeong massacre
List of massacres in South Korea

References

External links
 거창양민학살사건의 법적 해결 ― 관련법의 개정방안을 중심으로 Inseop Han SNU Center for Public Interest & Human Rights

Massacres in South Korea
Political repression in South Korea
History of South Gyeongsang Province
Korean War crimes
Massacres committed by South Korea
War crimes in South Korea
Military scandals
Massacres in 1951
1951 in South Korea
Political and cultural purges
Classified documents
Anti-communism in South Korea
February 1951 events in Asia
1951 murders in South Korea
Events that led to courts-martial

Geochang massacre