The diamondback rattlesnake is a very poisonous rattlesnake. Diamondbacks are found from Florida to California. The bite from a big rattlesnake can hold enough poison to kill a person. However, if the victim gets to a doctor quickly enough, he or she can usually survive. People who spend time in regions where diamondback rattlesnakes live should take a few precautions. People must be especially careful around caves. Rattlesnakes sometimes hibernate in caves during cool weather. People can listen carefully for its unusual rattling noise, to know where it is hiding.

References

Vipers
Snakes of North America

Diamondback rattlesnake


Paul Van den Berghe (born 7 January 1933 in Geraardsbergen, Belgium) is a Belgium Bishop in the Roman Catholic Church.

Biography
Van den Berghe obtained a degree in Thomist philosophy and was ordained a priest on 15 June 1957. He then earned a doctorate in theology in 1961 and became professor of exegesis at a seminary in Ghent, where he was one of the founders was the Hoger Instituut voor Godsdienstwetenschappen. He served as the editorial secretary of Collationes, a Flemish magazine of pastoral theology, and wrote numerous articles on the exegesis of the New Testament.

On 3 July 1980 he was appointed the 21st Bishop of Antwerp by Pope John Paul II (the third bishop of the re-established Diocese of Antwerp) and consecrated on 7 September 1980. His motto, chosen from a verse in the book of Galatians is: "Libertati liberavit nos" (For the freedom he set us free). In the Belgian bishops' conference he was responsible for the Interdiocesaan Pastoraal Beraad (Inter-Diocesan Pastoral Board).

In 2008, he had reached the mandatory retirement age of 75 and on 28 October 2008 he was succeeded by Bishop Johan Bonny.

References

1933 births
Living people
Bishops of Antwerp
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic theologians
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in Belgium
Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Belgium
People from Geraardsbergen

Paul Van den Berghe


Date and time notation in Sweden mostly follows the ISO 8601 standard: dates are generally written in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Although this format may be abbreviated in a number of ways, almost all Swedish date notations state the month between the year and the day. Months are not capitalised when written. The week number may also be used in writing and in speech. Times are generally written using 24-hour clock notation, with full stops (dots or periods) as separators, although 12-hour clock notation is more frequently used in speech.

Date
In Sweden, the ISO 8601 standard is followed in most written Swedish, but older forms remain. Dates are generally and officially written in the form YYYY-MM-DD, for instance 2001-08-31 for 31 August 2001, or using the full format (). Dates can also be shortened, allowing for two-digit years, so the dates are usually written in the form YY-MM-DD, which means that 31 August 2001 can also be written as 01-08-31. One can also omit the hyphens, leaving the notation as 010831.
Older forms for 31 August 2001 are 31/8 2001, or with the two-digit notation 31/8 -01. The common trait for all Swedish date notations is that the month (August or 8) always is between the year (01) and the day (31st). Months are not capitalised when written using letters (i.e. , not ).

The "month, day, year" notation ("08-31-2001") is not used in Swedish, but may be used in Lule Sami, Northern Sami and Southern Sami languages.

The numbering of weeks is frequently used in companies and schools, and is simply expressed as in "() 32" (week) 32 in both writing (abbreviated ) and speech. On labels and in computer notation, the year may also be included, as in "2006W32". As in the ISO standard, the week begins on a Monday and week 1 is the week containing the year's first Thursday.

Time
Times are written with the 24-hour clock, with full stops as separators (although colons are sometimes used instead of full stops). However, seconds are usually left out if the additional precision is not required; for example: , or sometimes . Leading zeros are mostly used in time notation (i.e. 04.00 is more common than 4.00). In spoken Swedish however, the 12-hour clock is much more common. The written notation can be pronounced directly with the equivalent of "and" between the hour and minute, although this is not very common in everyday conversation. The 24-hour time is always applied on the last form, may be applied to the second form and is never used with rounded time as in the first form. Seconds are very seldom expressed at all in speech. For example: 14.27 may be pronounced as "" (three minutes to half three), "" (twenty seven (minutes) past two/fourteen), or, most commonly: "" (fourteen and twenty seven). 16.00 may be pronounced as "" (four) or "" (sixteen). Usually time is rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 minutes. Examples of ways of expressing time in spoken Swedish (transliterated into English):
 Six (6 am or pm)
 20 (minutes) past seven
 10 (minutes) to eight
 Quarter past nine (kvart över nio)
 Quarter to eleven (kvart i elva)
 Half two (1:30) (note that this is different from the British expression "half two", the latter being short for "half past two", i.e. 2:30)
 Five (minutes) to half three (2:25)
 Five (minutes) past half four (3:35)

In these styles, the word for "minutes" is usually but not always left out.

References

 https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPGG_11.5.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.admin.nls.doc/doc/r0004572.html

Time in Sweden
Sweden

Date and time notation in Sweden


Wassergass
 Hexenkopp (Witches Head, a couple of miles south of Easton, Williams Twp.)
 Hellerschteddel (Hellertown, Lower Saucon Twp.)
 Inscheland (Indianland - a region of Lehigh Twp.)
 Inscheland Karich (Indianland Church, near Treichlers, Lehigh Twp.)
 Kelwersdaal (a vale back of Bath)
 Kohledaal (Coal Dale; located most likely in the valley of the Hokendauqua Creek in Allen Twp.)
 Natzret (Nazareth, town in Upper Nazareth Twp and Lower Nazareth Twp)

Pennsylvaanisch-Deitsche Blatznaame

Pennsylvaanisch-Deitsche Blatznaame in Naddhampten Kaundi (Northampton County, PA)


Anne Erin Clark (born September 28, 1982), known professionally as St. Vincent, is an American musician and singer. Her music is noted for its complex arrangements utilizing a wide array of instruments. St. Vincent is the recipient of various accolades, including three Grammy Awards. Her guitar playing has been praised for its melodic style and use of distortion, and she has been listed among the best guitarists of the 21st century by multiple publications. Rolling Stone named Clark as the 26th greatest guitarist of all time in 2023.

Raised in Dallas, St. Vincent began her music career as a member of the Polyphonic Spree. She was also a member of Sufjan Stevens' touring band before forming her own band in 2006. Her debut solo album, Marry Me, was released in 2007; it was followed by Actor (2009) and Strange Mercy (2011). In 2012, St. Vincent released Love This Giant, an album made in collaboration with David Byrne of Talking Heads. Her fourth studio album, St. Vincent (2014), received widespread acclaim from contemporary critics and was named album of the year by Slant Magazine, NME, The Guardian and Entertainment Weekly. Her fifth and sixth solo albums, Masseduction (2017) and Daddy's Home (2021), were released to further acclaim.

Aside from her own music, St. Vincent produced Sleater-Kinney's 2019 album The Center Won't Hold and co-wrote Taylor Swift's Billboard Hot 100 number-one single, "Cruel Summer." She also directed a segment in the 2017 anthology horror film XX, and co-wrote and starred in the psychological thriller film The Nowhere Inn (2020).

Early life
Clark was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on September 28, 1982, to Sharon Christine and Richard "Rick" Clark. Her mother is a social worker and administrator for a nonprofit organization, and her stepfather works in corporate tax administration. Her parents divorced when she was 3, and when she was 7, she moved with her mother and two older sisters to Dallas, Texas. She has said that a 23andMe DNA test revealed her ancestry to be 80% Irish and 20% Ashkenazi Jewish, via one of her grandmothers. Clark was raised Catholic and Unitarian Universalist.

Clark has four brothers and four sisters from her parents' blended families.

As a child, Clark was fond of Ritchie Valens and the movie La Bamba. When she was five, her mother gave her a red plastic guitar from a Target store for Christmas. She began playing her first real guitar at age 12 and worked some of her teenage years as a roadie for her aunt and uncle, the guitar-vocal jazz duo Tuck & Patti. In 2001, she graduated from Lake Highlands High School, where she participated in theater and the school's jazz band, and was a classmate of actor Mark Salling.

She attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, studying with professor Lauren Passarelli. She left after three years, feeling that art institutions such as Berklee were sometimes focused more on the aesthetics of art than the product. In retrospect, she said, "I think that with music school and art school, or school in any form, there has to be some system of grading and measurement. The things they can teach you are quantifiable. While all that is good and has its place, at some point you have to learn all you can and then forget everything that you learned in order to actually start making music."

Career

2003–2007: Career beginnings and Marry Me

In 2003, Clark released an EP with fellow Berklee students entitled Ratsliveonnoevilstar. She also worked with Heavy Rotation Records, where "she revealed a much more private and intimate rendering of 'Count' for Dorm Sessions Vol. 1" and studied with professor of guitar Lauren Passarelli. Shortly after leaving Berklee, she returned home to Texas, where she joined the Polyphonic Spree just before they embarked on a European tour. In 2004, she joined Glenn Branca's 100-guitar orchestra for the Queens performance, and she was also briefly in a noise rock band called the Skull Fuckers. Clark left the Polyphonic Spree and joined Sufjan Stevens' touring band in 2006. During this period, she recorded and released an EP titled Paris Is Burning (2006).

In 2006, she began recording a studio album under the stage name St. Vincent. In an interview on The Colbert Report, she said that she "took [her] moniker from a line in a Nick Cave song" that referred to the hospital where Dylan Thomas died: "And Dylan Thomas died drunk in / St. Vincent's hospital" (from Cave's song "There She Goes, My Beautiful World", from the 2004 album Abattoir Blues / The Lyre of Orpheus). The name is also a reference to her great-grandmother, whose middle name was St. Vincent. Clark released her debut album, Marry Me, on July 10, 2007, on Beggars Banquet Records. Named after a line from the television sitcom Arrested Development, it features appearances from drummer Brian Teasley (Man or Astro-man?, the Polyphonic Spree), Mike Garson (David Bowie's longtime pianist), and horn player Louis Schwadron (the Polyphonic Spree).

The album was well received by critics, who compared Clark to the likes of Kate Bush and David Bowie and lauded the album for its arrangements, themes and style. In their review, The A.V. Club said: "There's a point where too much happiness turns into madness, and St. Vincent's multi-instrumentalist Annie Clark knows this place well". Pitchfork said, "At every turn Marry Me takes the more challenging route of twisting already twisted structures and unusual instrumentation to make them sound perfectly natural and, most importantly, easy to listen to as she overdubs her thrillingly sui generis vision into vibrant life." The songs on Marry Me were written largely when Clark was 18 and 19, and, she says, "represented a more idealized version of what life was or what love was or anything in the eyes of someone who hadn't really experienced anything." The album yielded one single, "Paris Is Burning", and a music video was produced for "Jesus Saves, I Spend".

2008–2010: Actor and soundtracks
In 2008, Clark was nominated for three PLUG Independent Music Awards: New Artist of the Year, Female Artist of the Year, and Music Video of the Year. On March 6, 2008, she won the PLUG Female Artist of the Year award. After returning to New York from a lengthy tour, Clark began working on her second album. Her inspiration reportedly came from several films, including Disney movies: "Well, the truth is that I had come back from a pretty long — you know, about a year-and-a-half of touring, and so my brain was sort of all circuit boards that were a little bit fried", Clark said. "So I started watching films as sort of a way to get back into being human. And then it started to just really inform the entire record." Clark, who did not have a studio at the time, began writing the album in her apartment on her computer using GarageBand and MIDI, because she had gotten noise complaints from neighbors. The songs were inspired largely by scenes from various children's films. Clark said she imagined soundtracks for certain scenes in films when writing the music and lyrics, including scenes in Snow White (1937) and The Wizard of Oz (1939).

Her second album, Actor, was released by 4AD Records on May 5, 2009. It was also well received and gained more commercial attention than its predecessor. Spin gave the album eight out of ten stars, noting its "[juxtaposition of] the cruel and the kind, and here, the baroque arrangements are even more complex and her voice even prettier, with both only underlining the dark currents running through her songs". Entertainment Weekly said the album "plays up the contrasts, [with Clark] letting her church-choir voice linger on lyrics that hint darkly at themes of violence, sex, and general chaos", and branded it "a uniquely potent cocktail of sounds and moods". Actor charted well for an independent release, peaking at No. 9 on Billboards Independent Albums chart, No. 5 on the Tastemaker Albums chart, and No. 90 on the Billboard 200. Although it spawned no singles (except in the UK, where "Actor out of Work" was issued as a 7" vinyl single), music videos for "Marrow" and "Actor Out of Work" were released, and aired on several music channels. A promotional music video for "Laughing with a Mouth of Blood", featuring Portlandias Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein (then of ThunderAnt), was also filmed.

Two soundtracks for The Twilight Saga have featured Clark's songs. "Roslyn", in collaboration with indie folk band Bon Iver, appeared on the 2009 soundtrack of New Moon; and "The Antidote" was written for and appeared on 2012's Breaking Dawn – Part 2. In November 2010, Clark appeared with American rappers Kid Cudi and Cage on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. They performed "Maniac" from Cudi's Man on the Moon II: The Legend of Mr. Rager, which prominently samples "The Strangers", the opening song on Actor.

2011–2012: Strange Mercy and collaborations

Clark spent much of her time in Seattle writing her third album, Strange Mercy, in October 2010. In an interview with Julie Klausner for Spin magazine, she recalled: "[Death Cab for Cutie drummer] Jason McGerr had an office that was closing. He offered me the space for a month, for all of October. I was alone. I stayed at the Ace Hotel downtown, in one of the rooms with a shared bathroom. I would just get up in the morning and caffeinate, and run, and go to the studio for 12 hours, come back, eat dinner alone with a book, have a glass of wine, and go to bed. And do it all over again." On January 12, 2011, Clark announced via Twitter that she was working on Strange Mercy, a follow-up to Actor. In early March 2011, producer John Congleton, who also worked with Clark on Actor, said that he and Clark were nearly a third of the way through recording it.

On July 4, Clark stated via Twitter that if enough followers tweeted the hashtag "#strangemercy", she would release a track from the album. On July 22, after the threshold was met, she released "Surgeon" for download and streaming on her official website. In August 2011, Clark was interviewed and featured on the cover of Spin magazine. On August 24, 2011, a music video was released for the song "Cruel", and on September 5, the entire album was put up for streaming on NPR Music. On August 25, 2011, she debuted Strange Mercy in the Temple of Dendur room at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, introducing Toko Yasuda (ex-Enon), Matt Johnson, and Daniel Mintseris as members of her live band. The album was released September 13, 2011.

Strange Mercy received widespread acclaim from music critics. It achieved an overall rating of 8.1/10 at AnyDecentMusic? based on 36 reviews. It was St. Vincent's highest-charting album yet, peaking at No. 19 on the US Billboard 200. Clark stated, "I don't think it's the best record I'll ever make, but I think it's a good record." She began touring the US and Europe in support of the record in the fall of 2011 and continued a worldwide tour throughout 2012.

In 2011, Clark composed "Proven Badlands", an instrumental piece based on "The Sequel" from her sophomore release Actor, for ensemble Music's album Beautiful Mechanical. In 2012, Clark was featured on Andrew Bird's album Break It Yourself singing on "Lusitania". On June 14, 2012, "Who", the first single from her collaboration with David Byrne, formerly of Talking Heads, was released. The single came from their album Love This Giant, which was released September 11, 2012.Love This Giant by David Byrne & St. Vincent, September 7, 2012 . Retrieved September 1, 2010. On September 18, 2012, Clark participated in the "30 Songs / 30 Days" campaign to support Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, a multiplatform project inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's bestselling book. Clark also provided guest vocals for the song "What's the Use of Won'drin'" on the album Who Killed Amanda Palmer from Amanda Palmer, formerly of the Dresden Dolls.

2013–2015: St. Vincent

On May 28, 2013, David Byrne and St. Vincent released Brass Tactics, which includes a previously unreleased Love This Giant bonus track, two remixes, and two live tracks. In November 2013, Clark received the Smithsonian American Ingenuity Award for Performing Arts and signed to Loma Vista Recordings. The new label released "Birth in Reverse" the following month, the first single from Clark's fourth album, St. Vincent, The second single, "Digital Witness", was released in January 2014, and the album was released the next month to critical acclaim. A number of publications, including The Guardian, Entertainment Weekly, NME, Gigwise, and MusicOMH, ranked it as the No. 1 album of 2014, while Time put it at No. 2 and Rolling Stone ranked it No. 4. Clark received her first Grammy, as St Vincent won "Best Alternative Music Album" in February 2015.

On April 10, 2014, Clark fronted Nirvana, performing lead vocals on "Lithium" at the 29th Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. She also provided vocals on the Swans' album To Be Kind. On August 12 and 13, 2014, Clark filled in for Fred Armisen, who was away filming the fifth season of Portlandia, as band leader for the 8G Band on Late Night with Seth Meyers. Clark toured the United States, Europe, Australia, and Asia throughout 2014, ending the year as the supporting act for the Black Keys. She extended her Digital Witness tour into the summer of 2015, and performed alongside the Pixies and Beck at Boston Calling Music Festival in May 2015.

A demo of "Teenage Talk", a track she had previously recorded but that was not included on her eponymous album, premiered on the HBO series Girls on March 10, 2015. The song was released as a single on April 6. On May 17, 2015, Clark performed with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra for the inaugural Soluna: International Music & Arts Festival.

2016–2019: Masseduction

On April 12, 2016, it was announced that Clark would make her film directorial debut helming one of the segments of the women-directed anthology horror film XX.

In June 2017, St. Vincent released "New York", the lead single from her fifth album. The Fear the Future tour was announced in June 2017, with dates in November and December; the tour schedule was subsequently extended with performances through July 2018. Masseduction, Clark's fifth studio album, was released in October 2017 through Loma Vista Recordings. It was met with "universal acclaim" with an average score of 88 on Metacritic. In the US, Masseduction debuted at No. 10 on the Billboard 200, becoming St. Vincent's first album to peak in the top ten of the chart, selling 29,000 units in its first week.

Clark was Record Store Day's ambassador for 2017, making her its first female ambassador. In 2018, St. Vincent performed at Coachella. One of her performances, "Slow Disco", inspired the release of a new rendition of the track titled "Fast Slow Disco" in June. She released MassEducation, an acoustic rendition of her previous album. The album was given an 80 on Metacritic and praised by Entertainment Weekly for her versatile lyrics and strong vocals. That same year, St. Vincent collaborated with the American rock band Sleater-Kinney to produce their ninth studio album, The Center Won't Hold, which was released the following year.

In 2019, St. Vincent performed at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, where she joined Dua Lipa for a medley of her own "Masseduction," the late Aretha Franklin's "Respect," and Lipa's Calvin Harris collaboration "One Kiss." The same night, "Masseduction" was awarded the Grammy for Best Rock Song. That summer, St. Vincent was credited as a co-writer on "Cruel Summer" with Taylor Swift and Jack Antonoff for Swift's seventh studio album Lover (2019). In December, she released Masseduction Rewired, a collection of remixes curated by Russian techno DJ Nina Kraviz.

2020–present: Daddy's Home

In 2020, St. Vincent was credited as a guitarist on "Texas Man" and as a co-writer on "Young Man" with the Chicks, Antonoff, and Justin Tranter for the Chicks' eighth studio album Gaslighter. In August 2020, St. Vincent collaborated with Japanese musician Yoshiki to release a classical arrangement of "New York". In October 2020, St. Vincent's online instruction class on Creativity and Songwriting was added to the MasterClass series. In late 2020, St. Vincent was featured on the track "Chalk Tablet Towers" from the first season of the Song Machine project by Gorillaz.

On December 15, 2020, St. Vincent announced she would be releasing her sixth studio album in 2021. On February 25, 2021, street posters revealed the Daddy's Home album would be released on May 14, 2021.

The album's first single "Pay Your Way in Pain" was released March 4, 2021, along with a music video.

The album's second single "The Melting of the Sun" was released April 1, 2021, alongside a lyric video. Two days later St. Vincent was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live, performing both "Pay Your Way in Pain" and "The Melting of the Sun".

St. Vincent starred in the 2020 psychological thriller film The Nowhere Inn, featuring a script written by her and Carrie Brownstein, about a fictional attempt to make a documentary on St. Vincent's musical career. Additionally, she wrote the film's soundtrack, releasing on digital streaming services on September 17, 2021, and later on limited vinyl on April 23, 2022, as part of Record Store Day. She contributed a cover of the Metallica song "Sad but True" to the charity tribute album The Metallica Blacklist, released in September 2021.

On April 3, 2022, Daddy's Home won the award for Best Alternative Music Album at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards. On June 3, 2022, St. Vincent released her cover of Lipps Inc.'s "Funkytown" appearing on the soundtrack for Illumination's film Minions: The Rise of Gru. On February 13, 2023, St. Vincent joined Yoshiki on stage at Royal Albert Hall to perform an orchestral version of "New York".

Musical style and influences

Possessing a mezzo-soprano voice, Clark's music has been noted for its wide array of instruments and complex arrangements, as well as its polysemous lyrics, which have been described as teetering between "happiness and madness". In response, Clark has said, "I like when things come out of nowhere and blindside you a little bit. I think any person who gets panic attacks or has an anxiety disorder can understand how things can all of a sudden turn very quickly. I think I'm sublimating that into the music." In addition to guitar, Clark also plays bass, piano, organ, and theremin. Her music also often features violins, cellos, flutes, trumpets, clarinets, and other instruments. Her musical style has been characterised as rock, pop, art rock and indie rock, incorporating a wide range of influences including experimental rock, chamber pop, electropop, soft rock, and cabaret jazz.

Clark mentioned that singers such as David Bowie and Kate Bush had inspired her, as had Jimi Hendrix and Siouxsie and the Banshees. She said in a 2015 lecture she listens to a Bowie track every day, and that "It's No Game (Part One)" was her favorite. Talking Heads, Patti Smith and Pink Floyd are also influences, as well as guitarists Robert Fripp and Adrian Belew (both from King Crimson), Marc Ribot and Tool.

Clark has cited author Lorrie Moore as an inspiration for her eponymous album.

 Equipment

Clark has notably played a 1967 Harmony Bobkat, 1960's Silvertone 1488, 1979 Hagström Super Swede, and Fender Deluxe Nashville Telecaster. In recent years, she has primarily played her signature Ernie Ball Music Man St. Vincent guitar.

 Signature guitar
In March 2016, Ernie Ball announced that Clark had designed a signature Music Man guitar. Unique to the guitar was the design, which Welsh singer Cate Le Bon claimed in The Guardian as being made for women's bodies and providing pleasing aesthetic form in support of the guitar's function. However, Clark has since stated that the guitar being specifically for women was not a consideration during the design process.

It was originally released in 2016 as the St. Vincent HHH with three mini-humbuckers in a signature Vincent Blue finish, a paint color which Clark herself had personally hand-mixed and selected, as well as in Black.

In 2017, four additional colors were added to the guitar line, Polaris White, Heritage Red, Tobacco Burst, and Stealth Black. 2017 was also the last year to feature a solid rosewood neck and fingerboard, due to heavy rosewood trade restrictions under CITES, later models would primarily use a roasted maple neck with ebony fingerboard. A St. Vincent HH signature model was released in 2018 featuring two humbuckers in place of the three mini-humbuckers on the original.

In 2021, a new St. Vincent Goldie signature model was released, featuring three gold foil mini-humbucker pickups, a reverse matching finish headstock, redesigned pickguard shape in 3-ply parchment, a roasted maple neck, and stainless steel frets.

Notable users of the guitar include Jack White, who used the three pickup version during every performance of his Boarding House Reach tour in 2018, Todd Tamanend Clark, Tom Morello, J Mascis, Les Priest of LANY, Eva Hendricks of Charly Bliss, Emily Roberts of The Last Dinner Party, and Dan Boeckner of Wolf Parade.

Personal life

Clark divides her time between Los Angeles, Dallas, and New York City. A 2014 Village Voice profile describes her as a private person. David Byrne, with whom she collaborated and toured, said of her: "Despite having toured with her for almost a year, I don't think I know her much better, at least not on a personal level... Mystery is not a bad thing for a beautiful, talented young woman (or man) to embrace. And she does it without seeming to be standoffish or distant."

When asked during a 2014 interview with Rolling Stone whether she identified as gay or straight, Clark responded: "I don't think about those words. I believe in gender fluidity and sexual fluidity. I don't really identify as anything. I think you can fall in love with anybody. I don't have anything to hide but I'd rather the emphasis be on music." Later that year, in an interview with the UK's Sunday Times, she elaborated: "I'm not one for gender or sexual absolutism in the main; I fully support and engage in the spectrum."

Clark was in a relationship with actress and fashion model Cara Delevingne from late 2014 until mid-2016.

Clark briefly dated actress Kristen Stewart in late 2016.

In May 2010, Clark's father was convicted of one count of conspiracy, seven counts of wire fraud, five counts of securities fraud, and one count of money laundering. The album Daddy's Home was in part inspired by her father's eventual release.

Discography

 Marry Me (2007)
 Actor (2009)
 Strange Mercy (2011)
 Love This Giant (with David Byrne) (2012)
 St. Vincent (2014)
 Masseduction (2017)
 Daddy's Home (2021)

Live bandCurrent members – The Down and Out Downtown Band Justin Meldal-Johnsen – bass guitar, keyboards, vocals, music director (2021–present)
 Jason Falkner – guitar, vocals (2021–present)
 Mark Guiliana – drums (2021–present)
 Rachel Eckroth – keyboards (2021–present)
 Stevvi Alexander – vocals (2021–present)
 Nayanna Holley – vocals (2021–present)
 Danielle Withers – vocals (2021–present)Past members'''

 Toko Yasuda – guitar, bass guitar, keyboards (2011–2012, 2014–2015, 2018–2019)
 Daniel Mintseris – keyboards, sequencing (2011–2015, 2018–2019)
 Matt Johnson – drums (2011–2012, 2014–2015, 2018–2019)
 Daniel Hart – violin, guitar, vocals (2007–2010)
 William Flynn – bass guitar, clarinet, vocals (2007–2010)
 Anthony LaMarca – drums, sampler (2009–2010)
 Evan Smith – saxophone, clarinet, flute, keyboards, vocals (2009–2010)

Tours
 Marry Me Tour (2007–08)
 Actor Tour (2009–10)
 Strange Mercy Tour (2011–12)
 Love This Giant Tour (with David Byrne) (2012–13)
 Digital Witness Tour (2014–15)
 Fear the Future Tour (2017–18)
 I Am a Lot Like You! Tour (2018–19)
 Daddy's Home Tour (2021–22)

Awards and nominations

See also

 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of LGBT people from New York City

References

Further reading

External links

 Annie Clark  Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America''

1982 births
Living people
4AD artists
American indie rock musicians
American LGBT singers
American LGBT songwriters
American mezzo-sopranos
American multi-instrumentalists
American people of Irish descent
American people of Jewish descent
American rock songwriters
American Unitarian Universalists
American women in electronic music
American women singer-songwriters
Art rock musicians
Beggars Banquet Records artists
Berklee College of Music alumni
Former Roman Catholics
Genderfluid people
Grammy Award winners
Guitarists from Oklahoma
Guitarists from Texas
LGBT people from Oklahoma
LGBT people from Texas
Loma Vista Recordings artists
Musicians from Dallas
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
The Polyphonic Spree members
Republic Records artists
Sexually fluid women
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Unitarian Universalists
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American women guitarists
21st-century American women singers

St. Vincent (musician)


Michael Wyschogrod (September 28, 1928 – December 17, 2015) was a Jewish German-American philosopher of religion, Jewish theologian, and activist for Jewish–Christian interfaith dialogue. During his academic career he taught in philosophy and religion departments of several universities in the United States, Europe and Israel.

Early life
Michael Wyschogrod was born in Berlin, Germany, on September 28, 1928, the second child of Paul Wyschogrod and Margaret Ungar. His father, a Hungarian chess master who discouraged his son from pursuing this interest, had moved his family to Berlin from Budapest after the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire a decade earlier. As a child, Wyschogrod spent summers in Budapest, visiting his maternal grandparents. The family fled Nazi Germany and arrived in the United States on July 3, 1939, when Wyschogrod was ten years old.

Education
Wyschogrod associated himself with the Modern Orthodox movement within Orthodox Judaism, and the schools he attended as a child reflect this movement's emphasis on combining high-quality Jewish and secular instruction. He attended the Orthodox Adas Yisroel school in Berlin and then, after emigrating to New York City in 1939, the Yiddish-speaking Yeshiva Torah Vodaas day school in Brooklyn, New York, from which he graduated high school in 1945. It was here that Wyschogrod studied under Rabbi Shlomo Heiman, from whom he came to appreciate "that part of the Torah that cannot be written down but transmitted only in the being of the person whose everyday conduct exemplifies it."  Subsequently he studied Talmud with Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik at Yeshiva University from 1946 to 1952.

He embarked upon the study of philosophy at City College of New York in 1946, where he found himself drawn into the study of Christian Theology after reading the work of Kierkegaard. He completed his B.S.S. in 1949. He then went on to graduate study in philosophy at Columbia University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1953. He wrote a dissertation which was later published under the title Kierkegaard and Heidegger: the Ontology of Existence.

Teaching career
Wyschogrod taught philosophy at several CUNY colleges and served as the head of the Philosophy Department at Baruch College of the City University of New York. In 1992 he was appointed Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Houston. He has been a guest professor at many universities in Israel, Europe, and the United States such as Bar Ilan University in Israel, University of Bern in Switzerland and Yeshiva University in New York, among others.

Thought
Wyschogrod has been concerned primarily, in his activism and in his scholarly work, with the relationship, especially the theological dialogue, between Judaism and Christianity. His book Abraham's Promise: Judaism and Jewish-Christian Relations makes an appeal for a new non-supersessionist Christian view of Judaism. If Judaism and Christianity are to have a stable and harmonious co-existence in the future, then Christianity must dispense with or, at the very least, not openly insist on a status for Judaism in which Judaism is considered an incomplete or antiquated religion.

At the same time, Wyschogrod urges from the Jewish side that Jews not pursue a fallacious dismissal of the divinity of Christ that operates on a priori grounds. In other words, while Jews - Wyschogrod included - can and perhaps even should reject the divinity of Christ, they should not do so by attempting to argue that God's Incarnation in man is somehow inconsistent with the teaching of the Hebrew Bible. On the contrary, there is much merit to the Christological position that posits "the indwelling of God in Israel by concentrating that indwelling in one Jew rather than leaving it diffused in the people of Jesus as a whole."

Even Wyschogrod's writing that focuses solely on Jewish theology could be said to show evidence of the importance in his thought of dialogue between Jewish and Christian theology. His emphasis on the radical and sublime shock and force of God's choice to enter human history in and through the people of Israel, a unilateral and non-abrogable event, shows an affinity with the thought of the neo-orthodox Protestant theologian Karl Barth, whose work Wyschogrod considered relevant to Jewish theologians.

Writings
Wyschogrod's best-known work is The Body of Faith: God in the People Israel (1989; 2nd edition: The Body of Faith: God and the People Israel). His Abraham's Promise: Judaism and Jewish-Christian Relations (2004) is a collection of some of his most seminal essays on Jewish-Christian relations from throughout his career.

Personal life
Wyschogrod was married to the philosopher Edith Wyschogrod.

Works

Books
 .
 .

As editor
 .
 .

Notes

References
 Soulen, R. Kendall. "A Biographical Sketch of Michael Wyschogrod", in .
 , in .
 .

External links
 .
 The Michael Wyschogrod Scholarship Fund

1928 births
2015 deaths
American Modern Orthodox Jews
American people of German-Jewish descent
Philosophers of Judaism
Jewish philosophers
American Jewish theologians
Jewish American writers
City College of New York faculty
City College of New York alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Christian and Jewish interfaith dialogue
German emigrants to the United States
21st-century American Jews

Michael Wyschogrod


Colin H. Campbell (25 December 1859 – October 24, 1914) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada.  He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative from 1899 to 1914, and was a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin.

Campbell was a barrister, and ran a practice in Winnipeg.  He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1892 provincial election, and lost to Liberal Peter McIntyre by 280 votes in Winnipeg North.

He sought election to the House of Commons of Canada in November 1893, as a candidate of the Conservative Party of Canada.  Campbell stood in by-election for the riding of Winnipeg, after Hugh John Macdonald's resignation from the house.  He lost to Liberal candidate Joseph Martin.

Campbell was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1899 election, defeating Liberal incumbent Stewart Mulvey by 188 votes in the constituency of Morris.  The Conservatives won the election, and Campbell was named as a minister without portfolio in Macdonald's government on January 10, 1900.  He was promoted to Attorney General on October 9 of the same year.

In this period of Canadian history, newly appointed ministers were required to resign their legislative seats to seek a new mandate from their electors.  These by-elections were usually mere formalities, and many ministers were returned without opposition.  Campbell faced a challenge from Liberal Matthew Laurie, and defeated him by 278 votes on October 29, 1900.  This by-election occurred on the same day that Roblin replaced Macdonald as premier.  The new premier kept Campbell as his attorney general, and also appointed him as municipal commissioner from October 29 to December 20, 1900.

Campbell was re-elected in the elections of 1903, 1907 and 1910, retaining his seat in 1907 by a single vote.  He was named minister of education and municipal commissioner on October 11, 1911.  He was later appointed minister of public works.  After Robert Rogers left the provincial legislature for federal politics, Campbell was seen as the second most important minister in Roblin's government.

Campbell was stricken by a severe illness on February 15, 1913, the same day that the provincial legislature was scheduled to open.  He traveled to Kingston, Jamaica to recover, but was afflicted with paralysis almost immediately after arriving.  He resigned his ministry on November 3, 1913, and did not stand in the 1914 election.

After unsuccessfully seeking medical care in the United States of America, Europe and Egypt, Campbell returned to Manitoba in summer 1914.  He died shortly thereafter, at age 54.

References
 Manitoba Historical Society biography
 My Dear Campbell, article by W. Leland Clark
 Mrs. Colin Campbell's war work / Crag & Canyon 01 Sept 1917
 Report on Campbell/Buck family heirlooms held at the Halton Regional Museum, Milton, Ontario
 Entry on 1901 Census, Winnipeg, Manitoba
 Entry on 1911 Census, Winnipeg, Manitoba

1859 births
1914 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba

Colin H. Campbell


Angelina Anne Ramsey-Mobley (March 27, 1929 – August 11, 1988) was an American actress. She was best known for her film roles as Mama Fratelli in The Goonies (1985) and as Mrs. Lift in Throw Momma from the Train (1987), the latter of which earned her nominations for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.

Early life
Ramsey was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the daughter of Eleanor (née Smith), the former national treasurer of the Girl Scouts of the USA, and Nathan Mobley, an insurance executive. Her mother was a descendant of the Pilgrims (William Brewster), and her uncle was U.S. Ambassador David S. Smith. Ramsey was raised in Great Neck, New York and Greenwich, Connecticut. She attended Bennington College where she became interested in theatre. She performed in several Broadway productions in the 1950s and married actor Logan Ramsey in 1954. They moved to Philadelphia where they formed the Theatre of the Living Arts.

Career
In the 1970s, Ramsey began a successful Hollywood career in character roles and appeared in such television programs as Little House on the Prairie, Wonder Woman, Three's Company and Ironside. She appeared with her husband in seven films, including her first, The Sporting Club (1971), and her last, Meet the Hollowheads (1989). In 1988, Ramsey was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture for her performance in Throw Momma from the Train (1987), with Billy Crystal and Danny DeVito. The film also earned her a second Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress; she had received her first for The Goonies (1985). In February 1988, she guest-starred on an episode of ALF that aired six months before her death. She also appeared in six films released in the two years after her death.

Death
Ramsey's somewhat slurred speech, a trademark of her later performances, was caused in part from having had some of her tongue and her jaw removed during surgery for esophageal cancer in 1984.

In 1988, Ramsey's cancer returned. She died on August 11 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California. Ramsey is buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in North Omaha, Nebraska.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1929 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Nebraska
Actresses from Omaha, Nebraska
American film actresses
American people of English descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Bennington College alumni
Burials in Nebraska
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from esophageal cancer

Anne Ramsey


Jean Gilbert (11 February 1879 – 20 December 1942), born Max Winterfeld, was a German operetta composer and conductor.

Life and career
Gilbert was born in Hamburg into a family of musicians; his ancestors were cantors of the Jewish community, his cousin Paul Dessau became a famous composer and conductor. He attended composition lessons held by Philipp Scharwenka in Berlin and studied at the conservatories in Sondershausen and Weimar. After first public appearances as a pianist, the 18-year-old obtained an appointment as Kapellmeister in Bremerhaven. Soon after he moved to the Carl Schultze Theater in Hamburg and, at the age of 20, succeeded Leo Fall as musical director of the Centralhalle theatre.

He adopted the name of Jean Gilbert for the production of his first operetta Das Jungfernstift in 1901. He continued to work as a Kapellmeister at the Berlin Apollo-Theater on Friedrichstraße, where he enacted operettas by Paul Lincke. In 1908, Gilbert moved to Düsseldorf and again turned to composing. Back in Berlin by 1910, he composed more than 50 operettas before and after World War I. His most successful work was Die keusche Susanne (1910), which was also popular in an English adaptation as The Girl in the Taxi.

As a Jew, Gilbert was forced to leave Germany after the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933. He first emigrated to Madrid and later to Argentina, where he once again worked as a radio orchestra leader. He died in Buenos Aires. His elder son Robert Gilbert (1899–1978) was also a composer, his younger son Henry Winterfeld (1901–1990) became a well-known author of books for young readers.

Selected works
Das Jungfernstift, 1901, Hamburg
Polnische Wirtschaft, 1909, Cottbus
Die keusche Susanne, 1910, Magdeburg
Das Autoliebchen, 1912, Berlin
Ja, das haben die Mädchen so gerne
Puppchen, 1912, Berlin
Puppchen, du bist mein Augenstern
Die Kino-Königin, 1913
Die Frau im Hermelin, 1919, Berlin
Katja, die Tänzerin, 1923, Vienna
Das Weib in Purpur, 1923, Vienna
Annemarie, 1925, Berlin
Yvonne, 1926, London (with Vernon Duke)
Hotel Stadt Lemberg, 1929, Hamburg

Selected filmography
 One Hour of Happiness (1931)
 The Girl and the Boy (1931)
 Two Hearts Beat as One (1932)

References
Reclams Operettenführer, Anton Würz (ed.), Stuttgart 1962

Specific

External links

Stage works

1879 births
1942 deaths
German classical composers
German male classical composers
German operetta composers
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Argentina
Composers from Hamburg

Jean Gilbert


DPVweb is a database for virologists working on plant viruses combining taxonomic, bioinformatic and symptom data.

Description
DPVweb is a central web-based source of information about viruses, viroids and satellites of plants, fungi and protozoa.

It provides comprehensive taxonomic information, including brief descriptions of each family and genus, and classified lists of virus sequences. It makes use of a large database that also holds detailed, curated, information for all sequences of viruses, viroids and satellites of plants, fungi and protozoa that are complete or that contain at least one complete gene. There are currently about 10,000 such sequences. For comparative purposes, DPVweb also contains a representative sequence of all other fully sequenced virus species with an RNA or single-stranded DNA genome. For each curated sequence the database contains the start and end positions of each feature (gene, non-translated region, etc.), and these have been checked for accuracy. As far as possible, the nomenclature for genes and proteins are standardized within genera and families. Sequences of features (either as DNA or amino acid sequences) can be directly downloaded from the website in FASTA format.

The sequence information can also be accessed via client software for personal computers.

History
The Descriptions of Plant Viruses (DPVs) were first published by the Association of Applied Biologists in 1970 as a series of leaflets, each one written by an expert describing a particular plant virus. In 1998 all of the 354 DPVs published in paper were scanned, and converted into an electronic format in a database and distributed on CDROM. In 2001 the descriptions were made available on the new DPVweb site, providing open access to the now 400+ DPVs (currently 415) as well as taxonomic and sequence data on all plant viruses.

Uses
DPVweb is an aid to researchers in the field of plant virology as well as an educational resource for students of virology and molecular biology.

The site provides a single point of access for all known plant virus genome sequences making it easy to collect these sequences together for further analysis and comparison. Sequence data from the DPVweb database have proved valuable for a number of projects:
 survey of codon usage bias amongst all plant viruses,
 two-way comparisons between comprehensive sets of sequences from the families Flexiviridae and Potyviridae that have helped inform taxonomy and clarify genus and species discrimination criteria,
 a survey and verification of the polyprotein cleavage sites within the family Potyviridae.

See also
 Transmission of plant viruses

References

 Citation by Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences
 Citation by the John Innes Centre, United Kingdom

External links

 DPVweb EDAM bioinformatics ontology

Molecular biology
Plant taxonomy
Biological databases
Viral plant pathogens and diseases
Virology
Ontology (information science)
Information science

DPVweb


Dave Davis (born August 20, 1937) is an American Shot Putter.  He was on the 1960 United States Olympic Team.  The circumstances of his failure to throw in those games are one of the quirky stories of the Olympics.  Davis almost did not get to the Olympic Trials.  As Cordner Nelson wrote at the time, he found himself 45 miles north of the Stanford University stadium at the time his event was about to begin.  This was not the first time he had gotten lost on the way to a big meet.  Davis spent $18 to rent a seaplane to fly him to the Palo Alto harbor, where he convinced a city employee to drive him to the stadium while he changed his clothes.  Arriving after the first two rounds had been completed, he took his qualifying throw with no warm up and made it to the final.  In the final, he surpassed Bill Nieder's earlier throw to move into third place.  Injured with his leg heavily taped, Nieder was unable to improve and was pushed to the "alternate" position, while the team was made up of three University of Southern California alumni (though Davis and Parry O'Brien were officially competing for the Southern California Striders).

At the Olympics, it was Davis who was injured.  Olympic Team coach Payton Jordan replaced Davis with the alternate Nieder.  The Associated Press sent out a picture of Davis congratulating Nieder on his advancement to the Olympics when it was clear his injury would prevent his participation.  Nieder went on to win the gold medal and set the world record, leading an American sweep of the medals.

Davis was a big, strong man, known for warming up by "calmly" lifting 350 pound weights, techniques he later taught to Brian Oldfield.

While competing for Canoga Park High School in 1956, Davis set the National High School Record for the shot put at 62' 7½" which lasted just 5 days.  Two weeks later at the CIF California State Meet he easily won the 16 Lb. Shot Put event, at the time a separate event from the standard high school 12 Lb., but lost to high school version to a new national record by Homer Robertson.  He also finished third in the discus throw.

At USC, he won the 1958 NCAA Championship.  In 1963 he won the United States championship.  He continued throwing until 1972 setting his personal best of 19.72 in 1967.

References

American male shot putters
1937 births
University of Southern California alumni
Track and field athletes from California
Living people
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1959 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1963 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1963 Pan American Games

Dave Davis (athlete)


The Diorama is a miniature world in Efteling amusement park in the Netherlands. The highly detailed mountainous world, or Diorama, was designed by Anton Pieck and opened in 1971, in honour of the 20th birthday of Efteling.

The visitors can walk around a 60 metre long show-case with mountains, little villages, castles and churches, moving trains and automobiles and flowing water. Most of the Diorama is set in day-time, but a smaller part is devoted to night-time

The landscape has been built entirely out of styrofoam. The Diorama is the first attraction with contributions of Ton van de Ven, the creative director of Efteling at that time. He made some sketches for it, but they weren't used for the Diorama; years later they were used for one of the scenes in the dark-ride Dreamflight.

The attraction was completely renovated in 2007, all rail tracks were replaced, switching mechanisms for the signals are removed and there are seven small attractions from the "real efteling" where added.

Trivia
One of the wooden bridges over the railroad tracks in the first scene has collapsed and a new wooden bridge has been built next to it. It seems to be a creative idea, but it was actually stepped on by one of the builders by accident.
Exceptionally, Märklin for many years manufactured the Minex steam trains specially for Efteling.

References

Scale modeling
Efteling

Diorama (Efteling)


Sea Legs is an American musical with music by Michael H. Cleary and lyrics by Arthur Swanstrom. The musical book by Swanstrom is based on the play The Cat Came Back by Laurence E. Johnson, Beula King, and Avery Hopwood. Produced by Albert Bannister and J. Edmund Byrne, the production opened on Broadway at the Mansfield Theatre where it ran from May 18, 1937, through May 29, 1937 for a total of 15 performances.

The cast included Dorothy Stone and her husband, Charles Collins.

External links

1937 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals based on plays

Sea Legs


Cliff Dwellers (1913) is an oil-on-canvas painting by George Bellows that depicts a colorful crowd on New York City's Lower East Side, on what appears to be a hot summer day. Its dimensions are , and it is in the collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, which acquired it in 1916.

The painting is a representative example of the Ashcan School, a movement in early-20th-century American art that favored the realistic depiction of gritty urban subjects. In Cliff Dwellers, people spill out of tenement buildings onto the streets, stoops, and fire escapes. Laundry flaps overhead and a street vendor hawks his goods from his pushcart in the midst of all the traffic. In the background, a trolley car heads toward Vesey Street.

Formal analysis
The work was painted using a color system promoted by Hardesty Gillmore Maratta, a paint manufacturer and color theorist. Maratta marketed oil paints in a range of colors produced by mixing primary colors in precise ratios; each color was given the value of a particular musical note, and artists were advised to use the colors in ways that would produce harmonious intervals and chords. Bellows had begun using the system sometime in 1909 or 1910. According to art historian Michael Quick, Cliff Dwellers was his most complex exploration of the Maratta color system. It contained three chords: orange, red-purple, and green-blue; blue-purple, green, and red-orange; and yellow-green, red, and blue ... But Bellows used the colors of each individual chord together in separate areas of the painting: the first chord in the foreground, the second primarily in the background building ... and the third in the red-brick buildings to the left and right...

Historical context
The painting, made in 1913, suggests the new face of New York. Between 1870 and 1915, the city's population grew from one-and-a-half to five million, largely due to immigration. Many of the new arrivals—Italian, Jewish, Irish, and Chinese—crowded into tenement houses on the Lower East Side—the area north of the Brooklyn Bridge, south of Houston Street, and east of the Bowery. Among them were thousands of Eastern European Jews, who found temporary or permanent shelter along streets such as East Broadway, the setting for Cliff Dwellers. The city had never seen this kind of density before.

Within the context of Cliff Dwellers the audience is able to convey a sense of congestion, overpopulation and (primarily seen in the foreground) the impact of the city among the youth. Within the book The Paintings of George Bellows, a historical account of how adamant "urban reformers" were during the early twentieth century as thousands of immigrants migrated to neighborhoods of New York. "The children in Bellows's Cliff Dwellers, innocent as they appear, exhibited no effects of the requisite "Americanizing" process urban reformers considered crucial to the maintenance of social order."

Paired with the scrutiny heaped upon immigrants was the fact that they were made to live in conditions, which were made unbearable by the toll of industrialization within these areas. Small and dense were the living quarters of many who worked in similar environments in factories. The dense, dark character of the painting conveys a sense of how industrialization has impacted the working class lifestyle.

New York Realists were called by critics as the "revolutionary black gang" and the "apostles of ugliness". A critic, referring to their depictions also conferred them the pejorative label Ashcan School which became the standard term for this first important American art movement of the 20th century.

References
American Realism, Gerry Souter, 1991, p. 110,
George Bellows and Urban America, Marianne Doezema, 1992, Yale University Press, p. 195,

The Paintings of George Bellows., Young, Mahonri, Sharp and George Bellows, 1973, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications.

External links

Modern paintings
1913 paintings
Collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Paintings by George Bellows
Paintings of children

Cliff Dwellers (painting)


German TV was a German-speaking television program for viewers in the USA and in Canada.

It was founded as a joint program from ARD and ZDF, which formed 40% each of the broadcast output. The remaining 20% was from Deutsche Welle.

The channel broadcast 24 hours-a-day. The editorial staff and the management of German TV were in the offices of Deutsche Welle TV in Berlin.

German TV sent news and information as well as sport, children's programs, shows and other entertainment programs as well as various films from different areas.

German TV went on the air in April, 2002. It was able to be received in the USA, and in wide parts of Canada and Latin America, by Satellite or Cable TV.

Other websites
 http://www.german.tv/

German television networks

German TV


In mathematics, division by two is when a number is divided by two. Some cultures, like the ancient Egyptians, thought this was a different operation than division. Some mathematicians up until the 16th century (1500-1599) thought this too. Today division by two is handled specially in modern computer programming.

Division by two is also called halving, mediation, and dimidiation.

Binary

In a binary number system, there are only two digits: 0 and 1. All other numbers are represented with those two digits. For example, "one" is 1, "two" is 10, "three" is 11, "four" is 100, and so on. Most of the time people use a number system with ten digits (the numbers 0 through 9.) This is called the decimal number system.

Division by two in binary is very easy. It is done by dropping the last digit on the right of the number. This is called a "bit shift operation." For example, if we performed a bit shift operation on the binary number 100, we'd get 10. Since binary 100 is decimal 4, and binary 10 is decimal 2, this makes sense.

Another example is performing a bit shift operation on 1101. This would leave us with 110, but we dropped a 1 from the end, not a zero. This also makes sense because 1101 in binary is 13 in decimal. If we divide 13 by 2, we get 6 with a remainder of 1 (we have 1 left over.)

Computers

Computers use the binary number system to store information. Information is broken up into tiny pieces called bits. Each bit is either a 0 or a 1. Because of this, the fastest and easiest way for a computer to do division is by a bit shift operations -- division by two. Replacing regular division with bit shifts is a way to do program optimization. (Program optimization is trying to make a program faster and more efficient.)

In computer programming, the symbol >> is sometimes used to show a bit shift operation. In Java, we can ask the computer to do the problem  by writing 19 >> 2. This is the same as writing 19/2. Both of these versions will give us the answer 9. There is a problem when trying to do something a problem like . In Java, if we write -3/2, the computer will tell us the answer is -1. But if we try to do -3 >> 2, the computer will say the answer is -2. This will happen every time we try to do a bit shift operation with one negative number. The reason for this is complicated, and has to do with the way negative binary numbers are saved by the computer.

Even though it is fastest for computers to do division using bit shift operations, most computer code does not do it this way. This is because programmers want their programs to be portable and readable. Portable means that a program can be run on many different kinds of computers and operating systems. Readable means that the source code is easy to read and understand. Most of the time, the compiler (a program that changes source code into 0's and 1's that the computer can understand) will change the division into bit shifts automatically.

References

Arithmetics

Division by two


Francis Jay Herron (February 17, 1837 – January 8, 1902) was an American soldier who was a Union general during the American Civil War.

Biography
Francis J. Herron attended the Western University of Pennsylvania, but left at the age of sixteen without completing his degree to become a bank clerk. In 1855, he joined his three brothers in Dubuque, Iowa, where they established a bank. In 1859, he organized and was elected captain of a militia company known as the "Governor's Greys," which Herron offered to President-elect Abraham Lincoln in January 1861, two months prior to Lincoln's inauguration.

In April 1861, Herron was appointed captain of Company I, 1st Iowa Volunteer Regiment. He served with Nathaniel Lyon's forces in Missouri, participating in the battles of Boonville and Wilson's Creek. In August, Herron was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 9th Iowa Volunteer Regiment and fought in the battle of Pea Ridge, where he was wounded and taken prisoner, but exchanged shortly afterwards. He received a promotion to brigadier general of volunteers for his actions in this battle, and later received the Medal of Honor. He commanded both the 2nd and 3rd Divisions of the Army of the Frontier and made a forced march of  in three days to join James G. Blunt's division in western Arkansas. Herron's and Blunt's combined command engaged Thomas C. Hindman in the battle of Prairie Grove and forced the Confederates to abandon western Arkansas. For his actions at Prairie Grove, Herron was appointed major general of volunteers, becoming the youngest major general on either side at the time of his promotion.

His two divisions were consolidated to form "Herron's Division" which was attached to the XVII Corps. During the Siege of Vicksburg, Herron's division was placed on the extreme left flank of the Union lines. Upon the surrender of the city Ulysses S. Grant chose Herron, along with generals James B. McPherson and John A. Logan, to lead the procession into the city and accept the formal surrender of arms on July 4, 1863. He next led the Yazoo City expedition, capturing the city, a Confederate fleet and supplies there. Herron was appointed to command of the XIII Corps and occupied the Texas coast with headquarters at Brownsville. During this time, he provided aid to Mexican President Benito Juárez and prevented French troops of Emperor Maximilian from establishing themselves along the Rio Grande. As the Civil War came to an end, Herron commanded the District of Northern Louisiana.

After the Civil War, he stayed in Baton Rouge. He was tax collector for a district in New Orleans and served as a United States Marshal from 1867 until 1869. He was the Secretary of State of Louisiana before moving to New York City in 1877, where he practiced law and served as a banker. He was married to Adelaide Wilbray. A widower since 1901, he died of a six-week illness, reportedly a pauper in a tenement in New York City, and was buried in Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York. He was a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States The commonly accepted story that Herron died in poverty is likely false, as the "tenement" in which he lived at the time of his death was in a fashionable neighborhood and well-appointed.

Honors
A bronze bust of Herron (sculpted by Solon Borglum) was erected in January 1914. It stands on Pemberton Avenue in Vicksburg National Military Park.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, 9th Iowa Infantry. Place and date: At Pea Ridge, Ark., May 7, 1862. Entered service at: Pittsburgh, Pa. Born: February 17, 1837, Pittsburgh, Pa. Date of issue September 26, 1893.

Citation:

Was foremost in leading his men, rallying them to repeated acts of daring, until himself disabled and taken prisoner.

See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L
List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References

1837 births
1902 deaths
American Roman Catholics
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens)
People of Iowa in the American Civil War
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
United States Marshals
Secretaries of State of Louisiana
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
American Civil War prisoners of war held by the Confederate States of America
Military personnel from Pittsburgh

Francis J. Herron


Raymond Lightwood (1922–2001) was a British medical engineer who developed the first variable rate heart pacemaker, together with Leon Abrams at the University of Birmingham.

Ray Lightwood was born in Coventry. He was educated at Birchfield Road School in Birmingham. During World War Two Lightwood received training at the Radar and Wireless training school at RAF Yatesbury and after initially serving in India as a ground and service engineer, he became a travelling engineer with South East Asia Command. He was also seconded to Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough to study captured radar equipment. After the war Lightwood worked as an industrial electronics applications engineer and representative.

Lightwood was a medical engineer, researcher and technician in the Department of Surgery at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham from 1958 to 1987. In consultation with cardiothoracic surgeon Leon Abrams he researched, designed and developed the first variable rate heart pacemaker in 1960. Lightwood used electrodes attached to the heart coupled to an external pacemaker, so all the electronic components were kept outside the body, and could be replaced in the event of failure. This was the first patient controlled permanent pacemaker as the primary circuit consisted of an inducing coil supplied by a portable transistor which produced short pulses at adjustable intervals and intensity.

Ray Lightwood gave lectures about his research to conferences and societies. Lightwood also delivered lectures at Birmingham University, Keele University and the University of Nottingham, as well as at Matthew Boulton College in Birmingham and at Coventry Technical College. Lightwood was awarded the Official Degree of BSc (Pure Science) in 1974 by Birmingham University for which he submitted a thesis entitled 'An inductively coupled system for electrical pacemaking of the heart'. He retired from the Department of Surgery at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham in 1987. He was a Methodist Lay Preacher. Lightwood died in 2001.

References

1922 births
2001 deaths
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
British bioengineers
Engineers from the West Midlands (county)

Ray Lightwood


A horror movie is a movie made to scare the viewer. The main stories of horror movies often involve supernatural forces or characters of evil origin. Horror movies are often confused with thrillers, which are similar.

Popular horror movie characters usually include monsters. Early horror movies often took ideas from classic literature, such as The Mummy, Dracula and The Wolf Man.

Slasher movies
Slasher movies are a subgenre of horror movies. They are often also a type of thriller movie. Slasher movies normally have a psychopathic killer killing a sequence of people. This is usually in a very violent way. The genre may have been inspired by giallo, a similar movie genre originating in Italy.

While movies made as early as 1932 had aspects of slasher movies in them, the genre was not really defined until the late 1970s. The 1974 movie Black Christmas is considered the first slasher movie.. Halloween (1978),  Friday the 13th (1980) and Scream (1996) did very well at the box office and showed that slasher movies could make lots of money.

Psychological horror movies
Psychological horror movies are a subgenre of traditional horror movies which focuses more on the mental instability of its characters than on graphic violence, serial killers or monsters, for example. Most of the time this genre deal with the character's phobias, psychological traumas, paranoia, and etc. The genre often overlaps with psychological thriller as well. Dead Silence (2007), The Shining and Babadook (2014), are some examples of psychological horror movies.

Comedy horror movies
Those are movies which blends horror and comic elements in its plot. Unlike common, traditional horror movies, in this movie genre, the viewer may be scared and laugh at the same time. Most of time, the type of humour used in these movies is black comedy.

Some examples includes Zombieland (2009), The Raven (1963), Scary Movie (2000) and Shaun of The Dead (2004).

References

Movie genres

Horror movie


Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal is a cultural institution based in Udaipur in Rajasthan state in India engaged in studying folk art, culture, songs and festivals of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh and to popularise and propagate folk arts, folk dances and folk literature. It was founded by Padam Shri Late Devi Lal Samar in the year 1952. The institution has a museum that exhibits  collection of folk articles from Rajasthan like rural-dresses, ornaments, puppets, masks, dolls, folk musical instruments, folk deities and paintings. There is puppet theater (Kathputli) too where puppet shows are held at regular intervals.

Museum
It includes a museum dedicated to folk art of Rajasthan.

 Wall sculptures

 Other items

References
Devi Lal Samar the Visionary Behind The Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal
BLKM
Udaipur

Museums in Rajasthan
Cultural organisations based in India
Museums established in 1952
Folk art museums and galleries
Organisations based in Udaipur
Puppet theaters
Puppet museums
Tourist attractions in Udaipur
Rajasthani folklore
Puppetry in India
1952 establishments in Rajasthan
Buildings and structures in Udaipur
Museums in Udaipur
Culture of Udaipur

Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal


Greg Smithey is an American fitness and aerobics instructor. Best known for creating The Original Buns of Steel workout in 1987, Smithey has promoted health and fitness throughout his career. In The Original Buns of Steel, Smithey leads viewers through a series of exercises devoted to strengthening, tightening, toning, growing and shaping the buttocks, thighs and upper legs. Smithey incorporates the lower body strengthening exercises he used to train for vaulting into his workout. Over one million copies of Smithey's workout were sold on VHS tape. Smithey's projects include re-launching a DVD version of his Original Buns of Steel at the Original Buns of Steel official website. Greg Smithey has a BA in physical education, an MA in education and is certified by IDEA as a fitness instructor.

References

External links
 Official website
  Buns of Steel (Video 1987) - IMDb

Living people
Exercise instructors
Year of birth missing (living people)

Greg Smithey


Jianfu Temple () is a Chinese Buddhist temple located at West Youyi Rd. outside the south gate of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. It hosts the famous Small Wild Goose Pagoda.

History
Jianfu Temple was originally the residence of Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang dynasty before he became the emperor. It was converted to a temple on the 20th day of the 3rd lunar month in AD 684 (100 days after the death of Emperor Gaozong) in order to dedicate postmortem fortune to the deceased emperor. Thus it was named as "Xianfu Temple" (). In AD 690 during Wu Zetian's reign, it was renamed Jianfu Temple, and also bestowed an inscribed board handwritten by the emperor. The famous Small Wild Goose Pagoda was built in the Jinglong era (707-710) of the Tang dynasty. Initially, the pagoda courtyard resided outside the temple gate, rather than inside the temple, but it was still a part of Jianfu Temple. Under the wing of the Tang Empire, Jianfu Temple, together with Daci'en Temple, became prosperous. While in the Huichang era Buddhism was suppressed, Jianfu Temple was only allowed to keep 20 monks for daily maintenance, and it grievous days came. The temple suffered from the chaos of wars towards the end of the Tang dynasty, and was largely ruined. Only the Small Wild Goose Pagoda was preserved. According to historical records dating from the Yuanyou era of the Northern Song dynasty, Jianfu Temple had been moved into pagoda courtyard at that time, integrated with the Small Wild Goose Pagoda.

In the Ming dynasty, Jianfu Temple was reinvigorated. There were five times of large-scale renovations, largely preserving the original pattern. In 1426, a Tibetan monk, Shaosiji from Hongjue Temple of Xiningwei, Shaanxi Province, was awarded a certificate by the Ming government, and came to preside over Jianfu Temple. Seeing the dilapidated buildings in the temple, he swore to rebuild it. The reconstruction was completed in 1449, and Shaosiji appealed to government for its name. The current "Imperial Jianfu Temple" () was handwritten by the Zhengtong Emperor of the Ming dynasty.

Jianfu Temple was renovated many times in the Qing dynasty. The largest renovation occurred in the 31st year of the Kangxi era. In the late Qing dynasty, more buildings were erected, including the Sutra Library and Nanshan Gate.

Historical relics
Stone Inscriptions:
Ancient Bells: A bell is preserved in the Bell Pavilion. It was built in 1192 during the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and weighed 8,000 kilograms. More than a thousand characters are engraved on its surface. During period of the Republican era, this bell was broken by the army residing in the temple, so that the scene "Morning Bell of Goose Pagoda" receded from view for many years. In 1993, the historical relics office of Small Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an directed the rescue work and welded the bell. A new bell was forged in 1998 for tourists to hit.
In addition, there is a small iron bell hanging on the iron scaffold beside the Bell Pavilion. It was built in 1494.
Ancient Pagoda Trees: There are more than 10 pagoda trees inside the temple, with age of over a thousand years.

Buildings and structures in Xi'an
Buddhist temples in Xi'an

Jianfu Temple


Chinese patent medicine () are herbal medicines in Traditional Chinese medicine, modernized into a ready-to-use form such as tablets, oral solutions or dry suspensions, as opposed to herbs that require cooking (hot water extraction).

Description

Chinese patent medicines generally consist of extracted condensed pills called teapills, and are usually small, spherical, and black. They are called teapills because the herbs are cooked into a herbal tea to make the pills. Honey or water pills made from ground raw herbs are also a popular format in China, and they tend to be larger and are slightly to significantly softer than teapills.

Modern teapills are created from herbs extracted in stainless steel extractors to create either a water decoction or water-alcohol decoction, depending on the herbs used. They are extracted at a low temperature (below 100 degrees Celsius; 212 degrees Fahrenheit) to preserve essential ingredients. The extracted liquid is then further condensed and a small amount of raw herb powder from one of the herbal ingredients is mixed in to form a herbal dough. This dough is then cut into tiny pieces by a machine, and a small amount of excipients are added for a smoother and a more consistent exterior. The products are then made as pills.

Honey pills and water pills have been made since ancient times by combining several dried herbs and other ingredients, which are grounded into powder, mixed with a binder and traditionally formed into pills by hand. Modern honey or water pills are formed into pills by machine. The binder is traditionally honey for honey pills. For water pills the binder may simply be water, or may include another binder, such as molasses. Modern manufacturers still produce many patent formulas as honey or water pills, such as Wuji Baifeng Wan, a popular honey pill formula to "nourish qi and blood", to strengthen the body.

Patents may come in other forms such as dripping pills, liquids, syrups, powders, granules, instant teas, and capsules.  Companies make Chinese patent medicines both within and outside China.

Like other patent medicines, they are not patented in the traditional sense of the word. No one has exclusive rights to the formula.  Instead, "patent" refers to the standardization of the formula.

In China, all Chinese patent medicines of the same name have the same proportions of ingredients, and are manufactured in accordance with the PRC Pharmacopoeia's monograph on that particular formula, which is mandated by Chinese law. Each monograph details the exact herbal ingredients that make up the patent formula, usually accompanied by the specific tests that should be used for correct herb identification, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the percentage of each ingredient, and specific cautions and contraindications. The monograph also details the manufacturing methods that must be followed, how to process and cook the herbs, often including specific requirements for finished product testing including authenticating and assessing the potency of the formula with active ingredient markers where known, as well as testing for dissolution time and content uniformity. All good manufacturing practice (GMP) certified factories must also test for heavy metal levels and microbials for all patent medicines they produce.

However, many patents do not list all ingredients, presumably to protect the secrecy of the formula. An example of this is Yunnan Baiyao, a popular formula used to stop bleeding, whose ingredients have never been revealed. This is an acceptable practice in China, where no other protection exists to protect family or "secret" Chinese herbal formulas.

In western countries, there is considerable variation of ingredients and in the proportions of ingredients in products sharing the same name. This is because the Chinese government allows foreign companies to apply for modifications of patent formulas to be sold outside of China. For example, Hebei brand Lifei pills contain Kadsura (feng sha teng) and Morus (sang ye), whereas Plum Flower brand Li Fei Pian contains Schizandra (we wei zi) and Gecko (ge jie) instead.  Another example is Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan.  The Lanzou brand uses Citrus (ju hong).  The Lanzhou Foci Min Shan brand and the Plum Flower brand do not, but use Ginger (sheng jiang).

Herbal formulas

Chinese classic herbal formulas form the basis of Chinese patent medicine.  These are the basic herbal formulas that students of traditional Chinese medicine learn. Many of these formulas are quite old.  For example, "Liu Wei Di Huang Wan" (六味地黄丸 liù wèi dì huáng wán) was developed by Qian Yi  (钱乙 Qián Yǐ) (c. 1032–1113 CE).  It was published in the "Xiao'er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue" (also known as "Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases" 小儿药证直诀 xiǎoér yào zhèng zhí jué) in 1119 by Qian Yi's student. Although Liu Wei Di Huang Wan can be prepared as a raw herb decoction (or herbal tea), it was originally created to be made into honey pills. The last word in Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, "Wan" (丸) means "pill".

Criticisms

Heavy metal contamination
Some Chinese patent medicines were tested and found to contain high to dangerous levels of heavy metals.  The most common heavy metals found were mercury, lead, and arsenic.  These ingredients can cause serious medical problems.

Pharmaceutical adulterants
Some Chinese patent medicines were found to contain pharmaceutical drugs such as decongestants, analgesics or antihistamines.  The most common Chinese patent medicines found to carry pharmaceutical drugs were for the treatment of asthma, pain, and arthritis.

Many contaminants and drug adulterants named in the context of herbal medicine is intentionally added and declared on product labels. The mercury salt cinnabar (), the arsenic salt realgar () and the strychnine-containing Strychnos nux-vomica ()  are used traditionally and kept in China despite the known harm and little proven benefit.

In the case of drugs, the entry for "Vitamin C/Lonicera/Forsythia tablet" () in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP) calls for 105 mg of paracetamol and 1.05 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate each pill. Such a combination is common for Chinese cold medicine. In a more hidden case, the herb Ephedra naturally contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and is required by the ChP to have more than 0.8% of the two decongestants (as hydrochloride salts) in its dry weight.

Prohibited ingredients
Some Chinese patent medicines contain ingredients which are banned in other countries.  The two most common prohibited herbs are Ephedra (麻黄 má huáng) (Ephedra) and Ban Xia (半夏 bàn xià) (Pinellia).  On 30 December 2003, the FDA in the US announced a ban (effective 12 April 2004), on these herbs from all dietary supplements.  Traditional Chinese herbal remedies are exempt from this law.

Regulation

In Taiwan
In modern-day Taiwan, regulations to address the criticisms are introduced due to Chinese patent medicines being prescription drugs since the 1970s and a part of the public health system since 1995.

Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopeia () provides information on acceptable herbs in Taiwan.

Heavy metal contamination and pesticide residue
All Chinese patent medicine products sold in Taiwan must pass a heavy metal limitation test and pesticide residue test according to Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopeia. There are several manufacturers in Taiwan certified ISO 17025 Lab, for example: Sun-Ten (), Chuang Song Zong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 莊松榮)

Pharmaceutical adulterants
According to Taiwanese government law, products licenses will be suspended if there exists pharmaceutical adulterants. Furthermore, it could cause GMP certificate to be cancelled. In Taiwan, those main manufacturer in order to export products abroad, few of them has passed PIC/S GMP audition. For example: Sun-Ten (), Chuang Song Zong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 莊松榮).

In China

As with more traditional formulae, standards for Chinese patent medicine are found in Volume 1 of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Some of the resultant medications require a prescription to purchase, while others are considered over-the-counter drugs. Heavy metal limits are present for a few herbs, although they tend to be laxer than those defined for foods. As listed above, intentionally added heavy metals and drug adulterants are found in many products.

References

Fratkin, Jake (2001). Chinese Herbal Patent Medicines. Shya Publications. .
Taylor, Mark (1998). Chinese Patent Medicines: A Beginner's Guide. Global Eyes International Press. .
Taiwan herb pharmacopeia

See also
Kampo (Japanese adaptation of Chinese medicine)
Kampo list (list of Japanese versions of Chinese patent medicines)

Traditional Chinese medicine

Chinese patent medicine


Tom Morris OBE (born 22 June 1964) is an English theatre director, writer and producer. He was the Artistic Director at BAC (Battersea Arts Centre) from 1995 to 2004, he has been Associate Director at the National Theatre since 2004 and Artistic Director of Bristol Old Vic since 2009.

Early life and education
Morris was born in 1964. He is the younger brother of satirist Chris Morris. He was educated at Stonyhurst College, a Jesuit boys' boarding independent school in Lancashire in north west England, and then read English Literature at Pembroke College at the University of Cambridge from 1983 to 1986.

Career
From 1988 to 1994, Morris taught English Literature and worked in broadcasting and journalism, as a critic and feature-writer for The Times Literary Supplement, The Independent, The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian and The Observer, and appeared on BBC television and radio programmes Kaleidoscope, Night Waves and The Late Show.

During this period he also founded Stage of Fools with Nick Vivian and Nick Sweeting, writing, acting and directing at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and on tour.

In 1995, Morris became Artistic Director of Battersea Arts Centre (BAC), staying until 2004 when he joined the National Theatre.  While at BAC, Morris established the Scratch Programme, The Sam Shepherd Festival, The Critics Up for Review, The British Festival of Visual Theatre, Playing in the Dark (which marked the launch of Vanishing Point and Sound and Fury and included the first scratch version of Complicite's Mnemonic) and BAC Opera (which produced Jerry Springer: The Opera).  While at BAC he also wrote Ben Hur, Jason and the Argonauts and World Cup Final 1966 all with Carl Heap.

In September 2009 Morris took over as Artistic Director of Bristol Old Vic theatre, overseeing the theatre's revival with Executive Director Emma Stenning.  Morris and Stenning expanded the Old Vic's Outreach Programme into every part of the City, set up the widely imitated artist development programme, the Bristol Ferment, and restored the theatre's national and international reputation with West End transfers and national & international touring for Swallows and Amazons,  A Midsummer Night's Dream, Jane Eyre  and Peter Pan (both of which were re-created for the National Theatre) and festivals such as Bristol Jam and Bristol Proms. in 2010, he directed the debut production of Helen Edmundson's Swallows and Amazons at Bristol Old Vic.

In 2012 Morris & Stenning oversaw the first phase of a multimillion-pound redevelopment, which included the long-awaited refurbishment of the theatre's 250 year old auditorium and creation of new office and rehearsal spaces.  The second phase of redevelopment of Bristol Old Vic commenced in November 2016, designed by Steve Tompkins.  The plans included an overhaul of the front of house spaces and Studio theatre, and was completed in autumn 2018.

As well as directing many theatrical productions, Morris has directed and produced several operas, including The Death of Klinghoffer (ENO and the Met) and a staging of Handel's Messiah (Bristol Proms, 2013).

In 2011 he won the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play for the Broadway production of War Horse, along with co-director Marianne Elliott. Morris was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to theatre.

One interviewer said of Morris: "His tastes are catholic, and frequently risky, but they can produce some of the most inspired, inventive theatre in Britain today."

Tom Morris is on the board of innovating British theatre company Complicite, and is the founding chair of The JMK Trust, set up in honour of James Menzies-Kitchin to provide opportunities for talented young theatre directors.

Selected productions
1999: Macbeth, director, BAC
2001: Jerry Springer: The Opera, producer, BAC
2003-6: The Wooden Frock, Nights at the Circus, (co-writer with Emma Rice), "Kneehigh"
2005: Coram Boy, producer, National Theatre, Olivier
2007: A Matter of Life and Death, writer and adaptor, National Theatre, Olivier
2007–2011: War Horse, co-director and producer, National Theatre, Olivier; transferring to West End and Broadway.
2010: "Juliet and her Romeo", director, Bristol Old Vic
2010: Swallows and Amazons, director, Bristol Old Vic
2011: The Death of Klinghoffer, director, English National Opera; 2014 at the Metropolitan Opera
2013: A Midsummer Night's Dream, director, Bristol Old Vic
2015: The Crucible, director, Bristol Old Vic
2016: King Lear, director, Bristol Old Vic
2016-18: The Grinning Man, director, Bristol Old Vic/Trafalgar Studios
2017: Messiah, director, Bristol Old Vic
2018: Touching the Void, director, Bristol Old Vic & International tour

References

English theatre directors
British opera directors
Artistic directors
Living people
Tony Award winners
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
1964 births
Officers of the Order of the British Empire

Tom Morris (director)


Foulum is a small Danish village with around 100 households (the settlement Formyre also included) in the Tjele parish located in Central Jutland eight kilometres east of Viborg. Foulum is a part of Region Midtjylland and a part of the Viborg municipality. Despite the small size of the village, three major centres for science and innovation are localized in Foulum: DCA - Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture, Agro Business Park and commencing 2017, the Apple Data Centre.

The thief Niels Heidenreich, who stole the Golden Horns of Gallehus, was born in Foulum in 1761. Foulum is also mentioned in a novel by the author Steen Steensen Blicher under the fictitious name Føulum.

Centres for science and innovation in Foulum
 DCA - Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture (also called AU Foulum): A research centre founded in 1984. It has 700 employees. The centre has been a part of Aarhus University since 2007.
 Agro Business Park: A business and science park for knowledge based innovation and entrepreneurship within agriculture, bioenergy, environmental technologies and food processing.
 Apple Data Centre: On February 23, 2015 the IT company Apple announced its plans to build a data centre in Foulum. The first part will begin operation in 2017, and it will be expanded until 2026. The construction of the centre will cost €840 mill. and will measure 166,000 square metres. The presence of Denmark's biggest transformer station has been an important argument for the localization of the Data Centre in Foulum. Through the station the centre will be supplied with huge amounts of green energy from hydropower plants in Norway.
 Google Data Centre: Also the IT company Google announced plans to build a data centre in Foulum. The construction will measure 131 hectare (324 acres).

References

Villages in Denmark
Populated places in Central Denmark Region

Foulum


A research assistant (RA)  is a researcher employed, often on a temporary contract, by a university, research institute, or privately held organization to provide assistance in academic or private research endeavors. Research assistants work under the supervision of a principal investigator or supervisor and typically do not bear direct responsibility for the final outcomes of the research. However, in certain countries, research assistants can be the primary contributors to the research outcomes. Research assistants are commonly educated to at least degree level, and they may also be enrolled in postgraduate degree programs. In some cases, such as when pursuing a PhD, they are referred to as Doctoral Research Assistants and may also have teaching responsibilities alongside their research commitments.

Undergraduate and post-doctoral level
Although research assistants are typically appointed at the graduate level, there are instances where undergraduate students are also employed to provide research support. In fields such as Economics and Business, there are numerous opportunities for undergraduates who have completed their college education to work as research assistants. These paid positions usually span one to two years and serve as valuable experience, particularly for individuals considering applying to PhD programs in Economics and Business. Applications for these research assistantship positions are typically submitted during the Fall quarter of the student's senior year.

Similarly, someone who has recently been awarded a doctoral degree may hold a temporary appointment as a postdoctoral research assistant.

Clinical research assistant

A clinical research assistant or clinical research associate is employed by a hospital or medical research centre, who is involved in the administration of clinical trials.  They may assist a senior investigator with recruiting and enrolling research subjects, as well as with correspondence and grant applications.

See also
 Academic freedom
 Graduate student
 Research associate
 Researcher

References

Academic administration
Education and training occupations

Research assistant


Cairell mac Fiachnai (died 819) was a Dal Fiatach king of Ulaid, which is now Ulster, Ireland. He was the son of Fiachnae mac Áedo Róin (died 789), a previous king. He ruled from 810 to 819.

In 809 Cairell challenged his brother Eochaid mac Fiachnai for the throne and defeated him in battle. This challenge had occurred after the high king Áed Oirdnide campaigned against Ulaid and ravaged from the Bann to Strangford Lough. According to the annals Eochaid escaped from the battle and historians assign 810 as his death date. Cairell became King of Ulaid as a result. In 819 Muiredach mac Eochada (died 839) obtained revenge for his father by defeating and slaying Cairell in a skirmish in 819.

Viking raids had begun on Ireland (an island off the north Ulaid coast had been attacked in 795) and in 811 the annals record the slaughtering of a group of them by the Ulaid.

Cairell's descendants did not hold the kingship of Ulaid which instead descended through his brother Eochaid. However, his descendants were prominent at the royal monastic center at Downpatrick.

Notes

References

 Annals of Ulster at  at University College Cork
 Byrne, Francis John (2001), Irish Kings and High-Kings, Dublin: Four Courts Press,
 Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2000), Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
 Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (2005), A New History of Ireland, Volume One, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Ó Corráin, Donnchad (1972), Ireland Before the Normans, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

Kings of Ulster
9th-century Irish monarchs
819 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Cairell mac Fiachnai