Jonathan Dwight Jones (born July 19, 1987) is an American professional mixed martial artist currently signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he is the current UFC Heavyweight Champion. A professional competitor since 2008, he is a former two-time UFC Light Heavyweight Champion, holding the title from March 2011 to April 2015 and from December 2018 to August 2020. Jones also held the interim UFC Light Heavyweight Championship in 2016. As of March 7, 2023, he is #1 in the UFC men's pound-for-pound rankings.

Jones became the youngest champion in UFC history with his title victory over Maurício Rua at age 23. He holds many UFC records in the light heavyweight division, including the most title defenses, most wins, and longest win streak. During much of his championship reign, Jones has been widely considered to be the best pound-for-pound fighter in the world. Never stopped nor outscored during his career, Jones's only professional loss is a controversial disqualification against Matt Hamill; a result that Hamill and UFC President Dana White dispute.

Between 2015 and 2017, Jones was involved in several controversies and lost his title three times as a result of disciplinary action. He was first stripped of his title and removed from the official rankings by the UFC in 2015 after he was arrested on felony hit-and-run charges. His subsequent returns to the UFC in 2016 and 2017 saw him emerge victorious in title bouts against Ovince Saint Preux and Daniel Cormier, but were both cut short by Jones testing positive for banned substances and receiving further suspensions, with the latter reversed to a 'no contest'. After his 2017 suspension was lifted, Jones reclaimed the championship in 2018 by defeating Alexander Gustafsson. He voluntarily vacated the title in 2020 amid a pay dispute with White and cited intent to move up to heavyweight. In 2023, after over three years off, Jones returned and won the UFC Heavyweight Championship after defeating Ciryl Gane. Jones is widely regarded as one of the greatest mixed martial artists in history - an opinion that is also seconded by UFC President Dana White.

Early life
Jones was born on July 19, 1987, in Rochester, New York. His father Arthur is a pastor at Mount Sinai Church of God in Christ in Binghamton, New York. Arthur discouraged Jon's fighting career, "I wanted him to preach. I tried to discourage him from being a fighter. I told him you don't want to do that. You can do other things. Be a pastor." Jon's mother, Camille, died in 2017 at the age of 55, after a long battle with diabetes.

Jon was one of four children. His older brother, Arthur, is a former American football defensive lineman who played for the Baltimore Ravens, Indianapolis Colts and Washington Redskins, while his younger brother, Chandler, last played as an outside linebacker for the Las Vegas Raiders. His older sister, Carmen, died of a brain tumor before her 18th birthday.

Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Before beginning his MMA career, Jones was a stand-out high school wrestler and state champion at Union-Endicott High School in Endicott, New York. He also played football as a defensive lineman; due to his slight frame, his coach nicknamed him "Bones". Jones won a NJCAA wrestling national championship at Iowa Central Community College. After transferring to Morrisville State College to study Criminal Justice, he dropped out of college to begin his MMA career.

Jones made his professional MMA debut in April 2008. He amassed an undefeated record of 6–0 over a period of three months, finishing all of his opponents. In his last bout before signing with the UFC, Jones defeated Moyses Gabin at BCX 5 for the USKBA Light Heavyweight Championship. He won the fight via TKO in the second round.

Ultimate Fighting Championship

Debut and rise to contender status
Jones made his UFC debut against André Gusmão at UFC 87 on August 9, 2008. Jones had accepted the deal on two weeks' notice as a late replacement for Tomasz Drwal. Jones won via unanimous decision (30–27, 29–28, and 30–27), using takedowns and unorthodox striking, such as spinning elbows and a spinning back kick.

In his second UFC match, Jones took on veteran Stephan Bonnar at UFC 94 on January 31, 2009. Jones secured multiple takedowns on Bonnar, even suplexing him to the mat, and connecting with a back elbow that hurt Bonnar badly. He appeared fatigued in the third round but won the fight by unanimous decision.

Jones's third fight was against Jake O'Brien at UFC 100 on July 11, 2009. Jones controlled the majority of the match and eventually secured a modified guillotine choke, causing O'Brien to tap out. In September 2009, Jones was rewarded for his victories by signing a new, four-fight contract with the UFC.

On December 5, 2009, Jones fought fellow light heavyweight prospect Matt Hamill at The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights Finale. Jones used his wrestling to dominate Hamill, dislocating Hamill's shoulder with a takedown, and battering him with strikes. However, Jones would be disqualified for the use of illegal 12–6 elbows. The Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts prohibited downward elbow strikes, and Jones was initially only penalized a point from the round. However, Hamill was unable to continue due to his dislocated shoulder. Consequently, the replay simulation was reviewed, and showed that Jones's elbows further damaged Hamill's already bloody and lacerated nose. This marked the first time that Nevada has used its recently enacted instant replay rule, in which the referee's decision was supported by the commission, which utilized a slow-motion replay to review the elbows. UFC president Dana White was aggrieved that referee Steve Mazagatti ruled the bout as a loss for Jones, saying that it should have been a no contest. In 2019, White said he was still attempting to have the result overturned to a no contest by the Nevada State Athletic Commission.

Jones fought Brandon Vera on March 21, 2010, at UFC Live: Vera vs. Jones. He won the fight by TKO after an elbow to Vera's face followed up with various punches in the first round. The elbow delivered to stop the fight also broke Vera's face in three places. Jones also won the "Knockout of the Night" award.

Jones defeated former IFL Light Heavyweight Champion Vladimir Matyushenko by TKO with elbows in 1:52 of the first round on August 1, 2010, at UFC Live: Jones vs. Matyushenko. Dana White promised Jones a "huge step-up in the competition", if he managed to defeat Matyushenko. Following the match with Matyushenko, White said, "Vladimir Matyushenko is a guy who I have a lot of respect for and I didn't think it was going to happen that easy. Jones is the real deal and he just catapulted himself tonight into the top eight in the world. Tonight solidified it. ... He's got to keep his head together, stay focused and keep doing all the right things in training. He's smart, good looking and bad-ass. He's going to make a lot of money—this kid is going to do very well."

After defeating Matyushenko, Jones stated that he wanted a "top-three opponent" for his next fight. Jones mentioned in an interview with Inside MMA that he would be facing the winner of Antônio Rogério Nogueira vs. Ryan Bader. Reports that Jones had previously been offered a match with Nogueira, but turned it down, turned out to be false. In the Inside MMA interview, Jones also stated that he had been informed by Dana White and Lorenzo Fertitta that if he finished his next two fights, he would likely receive a title shot.

White soon confirmed that Jones would face the undefeated Ultimate Fighter winner Ryan Bader, on February 5, 2011, at UFC 126. Jones handed Bader his first professional loss by defeating him via submission due to a guillotine choke in the second round after dominating Bader in the first round. Jones was awarded the "Submission of the Night" bonus.

Light Heavyweight Champion
Immediately after the bout with Bader, it was revealed that title contender and Jones's training partner Rashad Evans had sustained a knee injury in training, and would not be able to compete in his scheduled match with UFC light heavyweight champion Maurício "Shogun" Rua. Jones was told by Joe Rogan in the post-fight interview that he would replace Evans in the fight for the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship. On March 19, 2011, at UFC 128, Jones defeated Rua by TKO at 2:37 of Round 3, becoming the youngest ever UFC champion. After an early flying knee that badly hurt the champion, Shogun was dominated throughout the three rounds. A body shot and knee to the head dropped the champion to his knees, causing the referee to step in and halt the match.

Jones's first title defense was expected to be on August 6, 2011, at UFC 133 against Rashad Evans, his former friend and teammate, but Jones was sidelined with a hand injury. It was initially announced that the hand injury would require surgery, but Jones opted for rest and rehabilitation without surgery after further consultations with doctors. Jones's injury was originally thought to keep him out of action until late 2011, but he instead made his first title defense against Quinton Jackson on September 24, 2011, at UFC 135. Jones defeated Jackson via rear naked choke submission at 1:14 in the 4th round. In the process, he became the first UFC fighter to submit Jackson. In 2012, Jones said that this was his favorite fight up to that point.

Jones vs. Evans was in the works for a second time, and a bout was targeted for December 10, 2011, at UFC 140. However, a lingering thumb injury cost another title opportunity for Evans, and Jones instead faced Lyoto Machida at the same event.
Despite getting rocked in the first round by Machida, Jones successfully defended the light heavyweight title at UFC 140, stopping Machida at 4:26 of the second round via guillotine choke technical submission, which caused Machida to collapse unconscious along the cage. This was the first submission loss in Machida's career.

Jones finally faced his arch rival and former teammate Rashad Evans on April 21, 2012, at UFC 145, and won via unanimous decision (49–46, 49–46, and 50–45). During the UFC 145 post fight press conference, Dana White confirmed that Jones's next opponent would be Dan Henderson. The Jones-Henderson fight was expected to take place at UFC 151, but Henderson pulled out of the bout due to injuries. Jones then refused a late replacement fight with Chael Sonnen after his coach Greg Jackson told him with three training days left, it would be pretty difficult to prepare. UFC 151 was then subsequently cancelled. It was later reported that Henderson was injured three weeks prior to the announcement, but kept the injury under wraps as he was still hoping to compete. However, he had to withdraw following a final sparring session to evaluate his condition.

Jones decision to decline the fight against Sonnen was criticized. In the 19-year history of the UFC, it was the first card to ever be canceled. UFC president Dana White went on record saying, "this is one of the most selfish, disgusting decisions that doesn't just affect you. This is affecting 16 other lives, their families, kids are going back to school. The list goes on and on of all the things, the money that was spent for fighters to train and the list goes on and on. Like I said, I don't think this is going to make Jon Jones popular with the fans, sponsors, cable distributors, television network executives or other fighters."

A rematch with Lyoto Machida was then announced for September 22, 2012, at UFC 152. Lyoto Machida, who was not contacted prior to the announcement, rejected the fight due to the lack of time to train before the bout. Jones, instead, defended the championship against Vitor Belfort on September 22, 2012, at UFC 152. Jones opened as a massive favorite (13-to-1) coming into the bout.  Despite almost being submitted via armbar in round one, Jones successfully defended the belt against Belfort via Americana submission in round four, and equaled Chuck Liddell's number of title defenses. Jones also won a $65,000 Submission of the Night bonus for his finish of Belfort.

Jones was chosen to coach opposite Chael Sonnen on Season 17 of the Ultimate Fighter. With a bout between the coaches taking place on April 27, 2013, at UFC 159.
Jones displayed a lack of interest in the bout and actively downplayed the contest, making it clear that he did not believe Sonnen was a fit contender. In an interview, Sonnen did his best to garner interest in the bout, but Jones gave him the "silent treatment", and refused to make eye contact. Jones made quick work of his challenger, finishing Sonnen via TKO in the first round. However, he broke the phalanx (big toe) on his left foot during the fight. With the win, Jones tied Tito Ortiz for having most consecutive title defenses in UFC light heavyweight history.

Jones faced Alexander Gustafsson on September 21, 2013, at UFC 165. Jones was badly cut above the eye during the first round, but he won the back-and-forth fight via unanimous decision (48–47, 48–47, and 49–46). After the match, Jones said Gustafsson gave him the toughest fight of his career, and both were sent to the hospital for their injuries. Both men suffered lacerations and facial swelling, but were released from the hospital with no broken bones or serious injuries. The bout earned both fighters the Fight of the Night bonus award. The match received numerous positive reviews: "an epic battle", "instant-classic", "Fight of the Year", "Greatest light heavyweight title fight of all-time", "one of the greatest fights in UFC history". On March 8, 2020, it was announced that the fight will be inducted to UFC Hall of Fame's Fight Wing on July 9.

Jones was expected to take on Glover Teixeira on February 1, 2014, at UFC 169. However, on October 7, UFC President Dana White stated that the announcement for this fight on that card was premature and that Jones and Teixeira would face each other on a different card. On November 13, 2013, it was announced that Jones would fight Teixeira at UFC 170, scheduled for February 22, 2014; however, the next day it was announced that the match had been removed from the card. On December 4, 2013, it was announced that Jones and Teixeira would face each other at UFC 171 on March 15, 2014, in Dallas, Texas; however, the fight was moved again. Jones and Teixeira finally fought on April 26, 2014, at UFC 172.
Jones won the bout via unanimous decision (50–45, 50–45, and 50–45).

On April 27, 2014, UFC President Dana White confirmed that Jones would next have a rematch against Gustafsson, and stated the possibility of the match taking place in a stadium in Sweden on pay-per-view. On May 24, 2014, it was indicated that the rematch would take place in Las Vegas on August 30, 2014, at UFC 177. The statement, and the time and venue, was not official, however, because Gustafsson was the only one who still had agreed to accept the match. On June 2, the fight was still on hold, and White explained the situation as "Jones doesn't want to fight Gustafsson", and instead expressed his preference for fighting Daniel Cormier.

On June 5, 2014, the UFC confirmed that the Jones vs. Gustafsson rematch would take place on September 27, 2014, at UFC 178. However, Gustafsson had to pull out of the match due to a torn meniscus. Jones was then expected to take on replacement Daniel Cormier at UFC 178. On August 12, 2014, it was announced that Jones had sustained a leg injury in training, causing him to withdraw. The bout was rescheduled, and eventually took place on January 3, 2015, at UFC 182. Jones won the fight by unanimous decision (49–46, 49–46, and 49–46). He also became the first person to take Cormier down, scoring three takedowns in total. The win also earned Jones his fourth Fight of the Night bonus award. It was later revealed that Jones had failed a drug test one month prior to the event, as he tested positive for cocaine. (see below in #Controversies)

First suspension and return
Jones was expected to defend his title against Anthony Johnson on May 23, 2015, at UFC 187. However, on April 28, Jones was stripped of the belt and suspended from the UFC indefinitely in connection with a hit-and-run incident where he crashed into a pregnant woman then fled the scene on foot. Cormier, who lost against Jones at UFC 182 in January 2015, replaced him and went on to defeat Anthony Johnson to take the vacant UFC Light Heavyweight Championship.

On October 23, 2015, the UFC announced that Jones had been reinstated to the active roster, nearly six months after his suspension was announced. A rematch with Cormier was expected to take place on April 23, 2016, at UFC 197. However, Cormier pulled out of the fight on April 1, citing a foot injury, and was replaced by Ovince Saint Preux. Jones defeated Saint Preux by unanimous decision (50–44, 50–45, and 50–45).

Second suspension and return
The rematch with Cormier was rescheduled and expected to take place on July 9, 2016, at UFC 200. However, on July 6, 2016, Jones was removed from the bout by USADA on June 16 after a potential doping violation. On November 7, 2016, it was announced that Jones had been suspended for one year by USADA, retroactive to July 7. Two days later, it was announced that Jones had been stripped of his interim title, making him the first fighter in UFC history to be stripped of a title twice. On December 15, Jones was also suspended by the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC) for one year.

While on the sidelines, Jones fought retired MMA veteran Dan Henderson in a grappling match for the Submission Underground 2 tournament on December 14, 2016. After an even start, Jones eventually submitted Henderson with an arm-triangle choke six minutes into the bout. Following the fight, Jones expressed interest in competing against Chael Sonnen.

Third suspension and return
The rematch with Daniel Cormier took place on July 29, 2017, at UFC 214 at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. Jones won the fight and re-captured the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship via knockout in the third round. After the fight, Jones was awarded a Performance of the Night bonus. After the fight, Jones praised Cormier as a "model champion", while recognizing his own personal failings. He then challenged Brock Lesnar to a fight.

On August 22, it was announced that Jones had been flagged for a potential doping violation by USADA, stemming from his sample that was collected after weigh-ins July 28. He tested positive for Turinabol, an anabolic steroid. Jones was placed on a provisional suspension as a result. On September 13, USADA confirmed that both the "A" and "B" sample of Jones's tested positive for Turinabol. As a result, the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC) officially overturned the result of the fight to a no contest. Subsequently, UFC President Dana White made the decision to strip him of the Light Heavyweight championship, and return it to Daniel Cormier.

In September 2018, it was announced by USADA that Jones would serve a suspension of 15 months. From a potential suspension of 48 months USADA applied a reduction of 30 months for Jones's co-operation in identifying other anti-doping offences, and a further 3 months was applied by arbitrators McLaren in relation to Jones's degree of fault.

Second UFC Light Heavyweight Championship reign
On October 10, 2018, it was announced that Jones would return at UFC 232 on December 29, 2018, in a rematch with Alexander Gustafsson for the vacant UFC Light Heavyweight Championship. Jones defeated Gustafsson by technical knockout in the third round to win the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship.

In the first defense of his second championship reign, Jones faced Anthony Smith on March 2, 2019, in the main event at UFC 235. Jones dominated the fight, but was deducted two points in the fourth round after landing an illegal knee to Smith's head. He won the fight via unanimous decision with 48–44 on all three judges' scorecards.

Jones faced Thiago Santos on July 6, 2019, in the main event at UFC 239. He won the back-and-forth match via split decision (48–47, 47–48, and 48–47), defending his title for the second time.

Jones faced Dominick Reyes on February 8, 2020, in the main event of UFC 247. Jones won the fight via controversial unanimous decision (48–47, 48–47, and 49–46). 14 of 21 media outlets scored the contest for Reyes, while only 7 scored it for Jones. With this win, Jones set the new record for most wins in UFC title fight history with 14 wins.

Disagreement with the UFC and move to heavyweight
After conflict with UFC President Dana White over pay in May 2020, Jones said he had vacated the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship. Jones was targeting a fight with heavyweight contender Francis Ngannou and according to White wanted "Deontay Wilder money", referring to Wilder's reported $25–30 million earnings in his rematch with Tyson Fury held in February 2020. On August 15, 2020, Jones announced on social media that he would be relinquishing the Light Heavyweight Championship, as well expressing his desire to move up to heavyweight.

Heavyweight Champion
After over three years removed from his last bout, Jones faced Ciryl Gane for the vacant UFC Heavyweight Championship on March 4, 2023, at UFC 285. He won the bout and earned the title via a guillotine choke submission in the first round. After the fight, Jones earned the Performance of the Night bonus award.

Jones was scheduled to defend his title against former heavyweight champion Stipe Miocic on November 11, 2023, at UFC 295. However, Jones was forced to pull out due to injury after tearing a pectoral tendon.

Training

Jones has trained with Team BombSquad out of Cortland, New York, then briefly with the Tristar Gym in Montreal, Canada and most recently at Jackson's MMA in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He also trained as a power-lifter during his suspension from the UFC.

Fighting style

Jones stands out by his high adaptability and flawless technique in the cage and has been described as "one of the most dynamic, innovative, and constantly evolving fighters in the history of MMA" and "perhaps the greatest martial artist ever to step into an octagon". Jones capitalizes on his great range and defensive wrestling to land blows in a creative, unorthodox style.

He employs a diverse kicking technique, favoring front kicks to the body and head, roundhouse kicks to the legs and upper body, and his most known technique, the "oblique kick", a controversial move that targets his opponent's knee. The oblique kick was a technique popularized by Bruce Lee, whom Jones cited as an inspiration. Jones also excels in the clinch, where he is skilled at controlling his opponent's arms and scoring elbow and knee strikes. On the ground, he has excellent positional control and an ability to find openings for punches and elbow strikes.

Personal life
In an interview with Joe Rogan on December 1, 2016, Jones stated that he has four daughters (aged 9, 8, 6 and 3). On February 23, 2022, Jones announced via Twitter that his fiancée Jessie had left him around two months prior. The two have since reconciled, and Jessie accompanied Jones into the cage after he won the heavyweight title at UFC 285 on March 4, 2023.

Jones is a Christian.

Jones claimed that he was sexually assaulted as a child.

On March 19, 2011, Jones was en route to Great Falls Historic Park in Paterson, New Jersey, where he planned to meditate several hours ahead of his fight against Maurício "Shogun" Rua at UFC 128. He was accompanied by his coaches Mike Winkeljohn and Greg Jackson. As their driver prepared to drop them off, Jones observed an elderly couple screaming for help. The woman informed Winkeljohn that a man had smashed her car window and had run off with her GPS. Jones, along with his two coaches, chased after the robber, caught and tripped him, and held him down until the police arrived.

On August 8, 2012, Jones became the first mixed martial artist to be sponsored by Nike on an international scale. He is also the first MMA fighter to have his own shoe line, and the first MMA fighter to represent Gatorade and MuscleTech in the Octagon. On December 16, 2014, Jones announced that he had signed a sponsorship deal with Reebok. However, on April 29, 2015, Reebok terminated their sponsorship following Jones's involvement in a hit-and-run incident. A day later, Jones also lost his sponsorship with MuscleTech.

Controversies

Eye pokes
Jones has been criticized for repeatedly poking his opponents in the eyes. In response to the criticism, Jones released a video on Instagram in April 2014 in which he mocked fans by simulating crying and saying "Jones put his finger in his eye. Dirtiest fighter in MMA." After backlash towards the post, Jones deleted it from his account.

When asked about the controversy, UFC president Dana White stated, "we've got to stop that stuff. The openings of the hands and putting the hands on the face are something bad, but it happens with guys who have reach. They do that a lot." White clarified his position in another interview, saying, "It's not just taller fighters. Jones has that range and he can do it, but lots of guys do it because that's how you block punches. So you keep your hands open and you slap punches down. Then guys are rushing in and you're doing whatever, and guys get poked in the eyes." White also noted that in the fight against Glover Teixeira, after Jones was warned about the behavior, he was more careful to avoid any eye pokes throughout the rest of the match, a move he claimed Jones "would not [be] credited for" from detractors.

Jones later said in an interview, "I realize that I do it. I realize the criticism that I got from it. It's not on purpose. If you watch my fights, it's me extending my arm in a reactionary way. I do put a hand on people's foreheads to maintain distance. That's what you saw [against] Teixeira, but to say I am purposely poking people in the eye, it's just inaccurate."

Daniel Cormier altercation
During a promotional event for UFC 178, on August 4, 2014, Jones and Daniel Cormier briefly scuffled during an on-stage staredown, initiated by Jones pressing his forehead against Cormier's forehead, prompting Cormier to shove Jones by the throat, to which Jones responded by throwing a punch. Both fighters were restrained by coaches and event organizers. UFC chief legal officer Kirk Hendrick said "there are going to be ramifications". In addition, the Nevada State Athletic Commission requested a video copy of the altercation. On September 23, 2014, Jones was fined $50,000 and was ordered to undergo 40 hours of community service by the Nevada Athletic Commission. During the disciplinary hearing, Jones claimed to have lost a six-figure endorsement deal with Nike, but later admitted to fabricating the statement.

Hit-and-run conviction
On April 27, 2015, Albuquerque, New Mexico, police stated that Jones was sought in connection with a hit and run early the previous morning. Jones was alleged to have run a red light and crashed his rental car in a collision involving two other vehicles. Jones allegedly fled the scene of the crash on foot, leaving an injured pregnant woman behind in another vehicle. The incident was witnessed by an off-duty police officer who identified the suspect as an African-American man, wearing a white shirt and dark pants, whom he believed to be Jones. According to witnesses, the man described as Jones then returned to the scene to grab cash from the vehicle before fleeing again. Paperwork found in the rental car was under the name of "Jonathan Jones". Inside the silver Buick SUV, law enforcement found a pipe with marijuana inside of it. Though initially wanted for questioning that could have resulted in a simple misdemeanor, Jones's charges were elevated to a felony on April 27 for injuring a person and purposely leaving the scene of an accident.

An arrest warrant was issued against Jones, and surrender arrangements were made between law enforcement and Jones's lawyers. That evening, Jones turned himself in to the Albuquerque Police Department. Later that evening, he posted bail of $2,500 and left the Bernalillo County Metro Detention Center. He made a court appearance on April 28 and did not enter a plea. The judge lifted any travel restrictions, and Jones was allowed to remain free, as long as he remained in contact with his lawyer, and followed certain conditions. With a pending UFC fight still in his contract, UFC President Dana White and Zuffa owner Lorenzo Fertitta traveled to New Mexico from Las Vegas to meet with Jones in person. That same day, the UFC stripped Jones of the title, removed him from official rankings, and suspended him indefinitely. In a statement released that day, the UFC announced that Jones was stripped from his belt for violating the Athlete Code of Conduct Policy.

Jones apologized to his fans on Twitter by saying, "Got a lot of soul searching to do. Sorry to everyone I've let down." On September 29, 2015, he pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and was subsequently sentenced to up to 18 months of supervised probation. He was authorized to travel for work-related purposes. Jones met all of the conditions, which included 72 separate appearances for charity or youth outreach, avoiding a felony charge on his criminal record. In an interview in December 2016, Jones admitted he had run from the scene of the accident and had not checked on the occupant of the other vehicle.

Domestic violence arrest
In the early hours of September 24, 2021, a day after Jones was inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame for his fight with Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 165, police were called to the Caesars Palace resort hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada, responding to a domestic incident. According to a police report obtained by news site MMA Fighting, a 9-1-1 call was made by a hotel security guard when Jones's youngest daughter requested help, claiming there was a domestic incident between Jones and his fiancée, Jessie Moses. Cops arrived in minutes, cutting Jones off as he was attempting to flee the scene. Officers detained Jones and began to investigate the situation. While officers detained Jones, others went to the room to further investigate and get Moses's side of the story. When they arrived to the room, they observed her with blood on her face and clothing, and with a bump on her lip, consistent with someone who had been struck. Moses stated that Jones had left the hotel to go out with friends while Moses and their children went to sleep, and that when Jones returned, he was belligerent, became agitated, and pulled her hair. She claims that the hair pulling was the extent of the physicality between the two, and claimed that the blood on her face and clothing was from chapped lips. She also declined a temporary protective order against Jones. Police stated that while he was being detained, a belligerent Jones headbutted the hood of the patrol vehicle, leaving a dent, they claimed Jones had made threats and challenged the arresting officers to a fight, and that Jones had said he could break free from the handcuffs. No attempts at a fight were followed through on, however, and Jones was placed under arrest peacefully after the investigation concluded. He was taken to the Clark County jail where he was charged with one count of domestic battery, a misdemeanor, and one count of tampering with a police vehicle, a felony. His bail was set at $16,000. Jones posted bail approximately twelve hours after his arrest and was due to be arraigned in court on October 26. Four days after his arrest, Jones posted an Instagram video of himself lifting weights, with the caption saying "I have way too much trauma to consume alcohol, my brain simply can't handle it anymore. I will leave alcohol in my past forever." Three weeks after the arrest, Jones was banned from entering Jackson Wink MMA gym by his coach, Mike Winkeljohn, where Jones had been training since 2009. On December 16, it was revealed that the domestic battery charge against Jones was dropped. As for the felony tampering with a police vehicle charge, Jones pleaded no contest and was ordered to pay $750 in restitution, attend anger management therapy, and was given a court order to stay out of any and all legal trouble.

Other legal troubles
In the early morning of May 19, 2012, Jones drove his Bentley Continental GT into a pole in Binghamton, New York. Jones was arrested for driving under the influence (DWI) and was bailed out by his mother. He pleaded guilty to DUI charges and was order to pay a $1,000 fine, install ignition interlocks on all of his vehicles, complete a victims impact class, and had his driver's license suspended for six months.

On July 21, 2019, it was reported that Jones had been charged with battery for an alleged incident in April 2019 involving a cocktail waitress at a strip club in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The waitress claimed that Jones slapped her, put her in a choke hold and kissed her on the neck, and touched her after she had asked him to stop. The bench trial of the case was held on September 26, 2019, where Jones pleaded no contest to the charges and received a 90-day deferred sentence whereby he must avoid arrest, not violate the law, consume no alcohol or drugs and not return to the scene. He was also ordered to pay court fees during his unsupervised probation period, as per the court document.

Jones was arrested in the early morning of March 26, 2020, in Albuquerque. According to police reports, an Albuquerque PD officer heard what sounded to be a gunshot and, upon further investigation, observed a black Jeep with Jones in the driver's seat. After noticing signs of intoxication, the responding officer administered a field sobriety test, which Jones failed. Jones was also given a breathalyzer test and registered a BAC more than twice the legal limit. Police then searched Jones's vehicle while arresting him for DWI and found a partially empty bottle of Recuerdo Mezcal as well as a black handgun underneath the driver's seat. Jones was arrested on the scene and taken to the Bernalillo County jail. Altogether, Jones was charged with aggravated DWI, negligent use of a firearm, possession of an open container, and driving with no proof of insurance. On March 31, it was announced that Jones had pleaded guilty to the DWI charge, after accepting a plea deal in which the other charges would be dropped. He was sentenced to four days' house arrest, one year of supervised probation, a minimum of 90 days of outpatient therapy, and he must complete 48 hours of community service.

Failed drug tests

UFC 182
On January 6, 2015, it was announced that Jones failed a drug test prior to UFC 182. He tested positive for benzoylecgonine, the primary metabolite of cocaine. Because benzoylecgonine is not banned out-of-competition by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the NSAC could not halt Jones from participating during UFC 182. He was randomly tested on December 3, 2014, and results came back on December 23. A week after his first test, Jones was tested again. He passed the second test, which meant that the cocaine metabolite was out of his system before the fight. When the news was made public, Jones went into rehab for one night. He was fined $25,000 on January 17 for violating the UFC's Athlete Code of Conduct policy. On January 19, 2015, Jones was interviewed for the first time since the failed drug test and said: "...I'm not a cocaine addict by any means or not even a frequent user. I just made a really dumb decision and got caught with my pants down in this whole situation."

Prior to his UFC 182 bout with Cormier, Jones's testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio was considered by some experts to be alarmingly low. Victor Conte, a former steroid distributor, who founded and led the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO), said of Jones's test "these (levels) are highly suspicious for Jon Jones, in my opinion. This is the reason that sophisticated anti-doping officials do target testing. So based on what we see here, my opinion is Jon Jones should be on a very short leash and should be random tested here until they sort out why he has these anomalies." This resulted in several journalists imploring the NSAC to utilize CIR (Carbon Isotope Ratio) testing on Jones's samples. "Luckily, this is a situation where speculation could quickly be ended. Jon Jones's drug test samples still exist and a simple Carbon Isotope Ratio test could be conducted to find the result. Put simply, a CIR test would be able to determine if the testosterone in Jones's system was synthetic or natural," Brent Brookhouse of Bloody Elbow wrote. However, according to NSAC executive director Bob Bennett, Jones's test samples had already undergone CIR testing by the same WADA-accredited lab which had reported his T/E ratios, noting that all CIR results came back clean. Additionally, he said there were three different types of tests done during each of the random tests: urine, blood testing for human growth hormone and a blood passport test. "The only negative was testing positive for cocaine metabolites," Bennett said.

UFC 200
On July 8, 2016, a urine sample from Jones tested positive for two banned substances, clomiphene, an anti-estrogen substance, and letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, prior to his scheduled championship bout with Cormier at UFC 200. The violation was from an "A" sample collection on June 16, with subsequent testing of the B sample confirming the doping. Both drugs, which are on the World Anti-Doping Agency banned substances list, are described as "hormone and metabolic modulators", which are not allowed to be used in or out of competition. As a result, Jones had to withdraw from the event, and was replaced by former middleweight champion Anderson Silva. Throughout the ordeal, Jones maintained his innocence, claiming that he was the victim of a contaminated product that he believed to be Cialis, which was later independently obtained, tested and found to be contaminated by the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). On November 7, 2016, it was announced that Jones was issued a one-year suspension by USADA following his arbitration hearing, though the panel concluded that Jones did not take the banned substances intentionally, and was not a drug cheat.

UFC 214
On August 22, 2017, it was announced that Jones was flagged for a potential doping violation by USADA, stemming from his test sample that was collected on July 28, one day before his rematch against Cormier at UFC 214. He tested positive for Turinabol, an anabolic steroid, and was placed on a provisional suspension as a result of the positive drug test. On September 13, the CSAC announced that it had overturned the result of the fight with Cormier from a KO victory for Jones to a 'no contest', after both Jones's A and B samples tested positive for Turinabol. Jones was also stripped of the title for a third time, and it was then returned to Cormier.

Jones stated that he did not knowingly take any prohibited substances, with his team believing Jones consumed tainted substances. Jones potentially faced up to a 4-year suspension if found guilty, but on September 18 he was handed a 15-month suspension by USADA, retroactive to July 28, plus three months community service. Thirty months were deducted from the four-year suspension because Jones provided "substantial assistance" to USADA. "Substantial assistance" refers to an athlete informing an anti-doping agency about a doping violation by another athlete. USADA said it reduced the suspension by a further three months after a hearing with an independent arbitrator, Richard McLaren, on September 15. Travis Tygart, CEO of USADA, said in a statement: "The independent arbitrator found that Jon Jones was not intentionally cheating in this case, and while we thought 18 months was the appropriate sanction given the other circumstances of the case, we respect the arbitrator's decision and believe that justice was served. This case is another strong reminder that athletes need to be extremely cautious about the products and supplements they use to ensure they are free of prohibited substances."

UFC 232
Jones became eligible to fight again on October 28, 2018, and was scheduled to fight against Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 232 in Las Vegas on December 29. However, after further inconsistencies arose with his drug test on December 23, he was not granted a license to compete in Nevada, so the event was moved to Los Angeles. In order to receive a license from CSAC, Jones had to enroll into the VADA (Voluntary Anti-Doping Association) testing program, thus making him the first UFC fighter to be signed to both USADA and VADA testing programs simultaneously. Drug tests administered at UFC 232 found an ultra trace amount of turinabol, which doctors attributed to a long-term "pulsing effect" of the M3 metabolite detected in 2017. CSAC did not take disciplinary action against Jones as the medical experts stated that there was no evidence that Jones had re-administered a banned substance and no performance-enhancing benefits were gained.

Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
UFC Heavyweight Championship (One time, current)
UFC Light Heavyweight Championship (Two times)
Eleven successful title defenses (Overall)
Eight successful title defenses (First reign)
Three successful title defenses (Second reign)
Interim UFC Light Heavyweight Championship (One time)
Longest Light Heavyweight champion reign in UFC history (1,501 days)
Most successful title defenses in the UFC Light Heavyweight division history (11)
Tied (Demetrious Johnson) for most successful title defenses in UFC history (11)
Most consecutive title defenses in the UFC Light Heavyweight division history (8)
Fourth most consecutive title defenses in UFC history (8)
Most wins in UFC title fights (15)
 Tied (Demetrious Johnson) for most submissions in UFC title fights (4)
Most wins in UFC Light Heavyweight title fights (14)
 Tied (Demetrious Johnson) for third most finishes in UFC title fights (7)
Most UFC Light Heavyweight title fights (15)
Youngest fighter to win a UFC championship (23 years, 242 days)
 Eighth multi-divisional champion in UFC history
Longest unbeaten streak in UFC history (19)
Most consecutive wins in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (13)

Most wins in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (20)
Most decision wins in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (10)
Most unanimous decision wins in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (9)
Longest total fight time in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (5:40:15)
Most significant strikes landed in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (1463)
Most total strikes landed in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (1835)
Highest takedown defense percentage in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (95.0%)
 Tied (Dustin Poirier, Rafael dos Anjos, Neil Magny & Max Holloway) for sixth most wins in UFC history (21)
 Tied (Demetrious Johnson, Georges St-Pierre, Max Holloway, Khabib Nurmagomedov & Islam Makhachev) for third longest win streak in UFC history (13)
Third most finishes in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (10)
Tied (Ovince Saint Preux & Misha Cirkunov) for third most submissions in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (5)
Tied (Mauricio Rua & Ovince Saint Preux) for third most Post-Fight bonuses in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (8)
Second longest average fight time in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (15:28)
Fourth most takedowns landed in UFC Light Heavyweight division history (42)
Fight of the Night (Four times) vs. Quinton Jackson, Lyoto Machida, Alexander Gustafsson and Daniel Cormier
Knockout of the Night (One time) vs. Brandon Vera
Submission of the Night (Two times) vs. Ryan Bader and Vitor Belfort
Performance of the Night (Two times) vs. Daniel Cormier and Ciryl Gane
UFC Hall of Fame (Fight Wing) vs. Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 165
United States Kickboxing Association
USKBA Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Sherdog
2009 Breakthrough Fighter of the Year
2010 All-Violence 1st Team
2011 All-Violence 1st Team
2011 Beatdown of the Year for win over Maurício Rua
2011 Fighter of the Year
2012 All-Violence 1st Team
2013 All-Violence 1st Team
2013 Fight of the Year (vs Alexander Gustafsson) (UFC 165)
Mixed Martial Arts Hall of Fame
World MMA Awards
2010 Breakthrough Fighter of the Year
2011 Fighter of the Year
2012 Fighter of the Year
2013 Fight of the Year vs. Alexander Gustafsson at UFC 165
CombatPress.com
2018 Biggest Story of the Year (Jon Jones and the Move of UFC 232)
MMA Fighting
2013 Fight of the Year (vs Alexander Gustafsson) (UFC 165)
MMAInsider.net
2013 Fight of the Year (vs Alexander Gustafsson) (UFC 165)
FoxSports.com
2013 Fight of the Year (vs Alexander Gustafsson) (UFC 165)
Yahoo! Sports
2013 Fight of the Year (vs. Alexander Gustafsson) (UFC 165)
MMAWeekly.com
2013 Fight of the Year (vs. Alexander Gustafsson) (UFC 165)
2018 Comeback Fighter of the Year
MMAjunkie.com
2013 Fight of the Year (vs. Alexander Gustafsson) (UFC 165)
2015 January Fight of the Month vs. Daniel Cormier
ESPN
2011 Fighter of the Year
2013 Fight of the Year (vs. Alexander Gustafsson) (UFC 165)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
2014 Feud of the Year vs. Daniel Cormier
2011 Most Outstanding Fighter
Spike Guys' Choice Awards
2011 Most Dangerous Man
FIGHT! Magazine
2009 Newcomer of the Year
ESPY Award
2023 Best MMA Fighter

Amateur wrestling
National Junior College Athletic Association
NJCAA 197 lb National Championship out of Iowa Central Community College (2006)
NJCAA All-American out of Iowa Central Community College (2006)
National High School Coaches Association
NHSCA Senior All-American (2005)
New York State Public High School Athletic Association
NYSPHSAA Division I State Championship out of Union-Endicott High School (2005)
USA Wrestling
Northeast Junior Greco-Roman Regional Championship (2004)

Mixed martial arts record

|-
|Win
|align=center|27–1 (1)
|Ciryl Gane
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|UFC 285
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:04
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 26–1 (1)
| Dominick Reyes
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 247
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Houston, Texas, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 25–1 (1)
| Thiago Santos
| Decision (split)
| UFC 239
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 24–1 (1)
| Anthony Smith
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 235
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 23–1 (1)
| Alexander Gustafsson
| KO (punches)
| UFC 232
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 2:02
| Inglewood, California, United States
|
|-
| NC
| align=center|
| Daniel Cormier
| NC (overturned by CSAC)
| UFC 214
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:01
| Anaheim, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|22–1
|Ovince Saint Preux
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 197
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|21–1
|Daniel Cormier
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 182
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|20–1
|Glover Teixeira
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 172
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Baltimore, Maryland, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|19–1
|Alexander Gustafsson
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 165
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|18–1
|Chael Sonnen
|TKO (elbows and punches)
|UFC 159
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:33
|Newark, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
|align=center|17–1
|Vitor Belfort
|Submission (keylock)
|UFC 152
|
|align=center|4
|align=center|0:54
|Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|16–1
|Rashad Evans
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 145
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Atlanta, Georgia, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|15–1
|Lyoto Machida
|Technical Submission (guillotine choke)
|UFC 140
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:26
|Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|14–1
|Quinton Jackson
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|UFC 135
|
|align=center|4
|align=center|1:14
|Denver, Colorado, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|13–1
|Maurício Rua
|TKO (punches and knees)
|UFC 128
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:37
|Newark, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|12–1
|Ryan Bader
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|UFC 126
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:20
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–1
|Vladimir Matyushenko
|TKO (elbows)
|UFC Live: Jones vs. Matyushenko
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:52
|San Diego, California, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–1
|Brandon Vera
|TKO (elbows and punches)
|UFC Live: Vera vs. Jones
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:19
|Broomfield, Colorado, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|9–1
|Matt Hamill
|DQ (illegal elbows)
||The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights Finale
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:14
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–0
|Jake O'Brien
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|UFC 100
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:43
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–0
|Stephan Bonnar
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 94
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|7–0
|André Gusmão
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 87
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|6–0
|Moyses Gabin
|TKO (punches)
|Battle Cage Xtreme 5
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:58
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5–0
|Parker Porter
|KO (punch)
|World Championship Fighting 3
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:36
|Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|4–0
|Ryan Verrett
|TKO (punches)
|United States Fight League: War in the Woods 3
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:14
|Ledyard, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|3–0
|Anthony Pina
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|ICE Fighter
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:15
|Worcester, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2–0
|Carlos Eduardo
|KO (punches)
|Battle Cage Xtreme 4
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|0:24
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1–0
|Brad Bernard
|TKO (punches)
|Full Force Productions: Untamed 20
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:32
|Boxborough, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-

Grappling record

Pay-per-view bouts

See also
List of current UFC fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
List of UFC champions
List of UFC bonus award recipients
UFC Rankings

References

External links

|-

|-

|-

1987 births
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people
Living people
African-American Christians
African-American mixed martial artists
American male mixed martial artists
American Muay Thai practitioners
American male sport wrestlers
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Greco-Roman wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Gaidojutsu
Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Mixed martial artists from New York (state)
American sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in mixed martial arts
Submission grapplers
Sportspeople from Rochester, New York
Ultimate Fighting Championship champions
People from Endicott, New York
Morrisville State College alumni
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters

Jon Jones


Louis Eichborn (1812 – 9 May 1882) was a banker and a strong amateur chess player who played a series of casual games against Adolf Anderssen who was among the best players in the world in the 1850s. Almost all of his known games are wins against Anderssen, found in Eichborn's papers after his death.

Based on the results of these games, an argument can be made for Eichborn being the best chess player ever, although this is highly unlikely to be an accurate evaluation.

Life
Eichborn was born and lived in Breslau, Germany (now called Wrocław, Poland). As a wealthy banker and keen chess player, Eichborn found time to regularly play the best players in Breslau, most notably Adolf Anderssen.

The best chess player ever?
It appears that Eichborn recorded his best games against Anderssen (most of which were wins for Eichborn) in a notebook which was found after his death. The games were published in the book Adolf Anderssen, der Altmeister Schachspielkunst, by Gottschall in 1912.

About 15 other Eichborn's games with other opponents, for example Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa whom he also beat, were published by Deutsche Schachzeitung during his lifetime.

Chessgames.com records 34 games between Eichborn and Anderssen, the results of which were as follows:

1851-2: 9 wins, 1 draw, no losses
1853:   9 wins, no draws, 1 loss
1854-5: 6 wins, no draws, 1 loss
1857-9: 6 wins, no draws no losses
Total: 31 wins, 1 draw, 2 losses

Other sources record 29 Eichborn wins with two incomplete games.

If these results represented all of the games played between the two opponents, such a record against a player who was amongst the best in the world (amongst other victories, Anderssen won the first international chess tournament, held in London in 1851) is unprecedented. Although ratings were not calculated for players in the 1850s, it is possible (for example using a system similar to Chessmetrics) to calculate what Eichborn's rating would have been on the basis of these games. Comparing this calculation against that of other players through history leads to the conclusion that Eichborn is the best chess player of all time. For example, whilst Garry Kasparov's best rating was 2851, and Bobby Fischer's was 2785, Eichborn's performance against Anderssen would have given him a rating of almost 3000.

However, these calculations are highly unlikely to be accurate, particularly because it is not known how many games in total he lost against Anderssen – it is speculated that there may have been many. It is also unclear whether these games were played at odds – based on Anderssen's play in the surviving games, it has been suggested that any drawn game counted as a win for Eichborn.
Realistically, the lack of known games played by Eichborn makes it difficult to assess his playing strength, although it is clear from his surviving games that he was a strong player.

See also
Comparison of top chess players throughout history

References

German chess players
1812 births
1882 deaths
19th-century chess players

Louis Eichborn


The Item, formerly known as The Sumter Daily Item and The Daily Item, is an independent morning newspaper published in Sumter, South Carolina, five days a week (Tuesday to Friday), with a "Weekend Edition" delivered on Saturday mornings, by Osteen Publishing Company. It has a circulation of approximately 20,000.

History
The paper, then called The Sumter Daily Item, was first published on October 15, 1894, by Hubert Graham Osteen. It previously had been operated as The Watchman and Southron (a merger of Sumter Watchman and True Southron). It was South Carolina's first small-town newspaper. Osteen served as the paper's editor and publisher until his retirement in 1946.

In 2008, the paper changed its Monday edition to a tabloid format before abandoning the Monday edition altogether. However, the paper's website is updated each Monday, with news and obituaries.

The paper covers Sumter, Lee and Clarendon counties, with a dedicated bureau located in Manning which publishes a weekly section, "The Clarendon Sun," each Tuesday. Lakeside, magazine covering the Sumter, Clarendon, Orangeburg, Berkeley and Calhoun County areas of Lake Marion is also published six times a year.

Staff

Newsroom

CONTENT TEAM:
News Editor Rhonda Barrick
Features Editor Ivy Moore
Sports Editor Dennis Brunson
Senior Staff Writer Bruce Mills
Staff Writer Adrienne Sarvis
Staff Writer Jim Hilley
Sports Writer Justin Driggers
Archivist Sammy Way
Newsclerk/Librarian Sandra Holbert

See also
Sumter News

References

External links
 The Item website

Newspapers published in South Carolina
Sumter, South Carolina
Newspapers established in 1894
1894 establishments in South Carolina

The Item


Carlos Cosías is a Spanish operatic tenor born in Barcelona, Spain.

Cosías studied music and piano in the Conservatori Superior de Música del Liceu in Barcelona.  He specialised in singing, studying with Jaume Francisco Puig and Eduard Giménez, and working with his regular accompanist, Marco Evangelisti.

His repertoire includes works such as Verdi's Requiem and La bohème, and leading roles in bel canto operas  such as Il giovedi grasso, Don Pasquale, L'elisir d'amore, Anna Bolena and Lucia di Lammermoor, which he sang at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona and in Cagliari (Italy). He has also performed in La vida breve, Macbeth, Cançó d'amor i de guerra, Il matrimonio segreto, Gianni Schicchi (Teatro Arriaga, Bilbao), Juana de Arco en la hoguera (Granada Festival), La bohème (Nice and Teatro Campoamor, Oviedo), La traviata (Teatro Gayarre, Pamplona and Gran Teatre del Liceu) and Rigoletto (in Korea). In the sacred music repertoire he has performed as a soloist in Rossini's Petite Messe Solennelle and Mozart's Coronation Mass.

Amongst his performances in the 2008/2009 season  were role debuts as the Duke of Mantua in Rigoletto at the Croatian National Theater, and as Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni at the Teatre de La Farándula in Sabadell.

Awards
 Manuel Ausensi Singing  Competition in Barcelona (1998)
 Plácido Domingo-Pepita Embil Prize for the Best Zarzuela Singer at Operalia, The World Opera Competition (1998)
 Second place at the International Competition Francesc Viñas
 The Best Singer of Donizetti and Best Spanish Singer at the International Competition Francesc Viñas

References

External links
 Official web site

Living people
Opera singers from Catalonia
Spanish operatic tenors
Conservatori Superior de Música del Liceu alumni
Operalia, The World Opera Competition prize-winners
Singers from Barcelona
Year of birth missing (living people)

Carlos Cosías


Adam Hughes (born August 2, 1982) is an American poet.

Published works
Hughes has published two full-length poetry collections, both from NYQ Books (a division of the New York Quarterly).

Petrichor (2010) was his debut collection.
In it, Hughes dealt with family, God, the miraculous and the mundane. Uttering the Holy (2012) built on many of the same themes as Petrichor. Hughes' work has been nominated for a Pushcart Prize, and critics have praised his poetry for being lyrical, for showing a joy in language, and experimental in word usage.

Personal life
Hughes was born and raised in Lancaster, Ohio. He lives there with his wife and daughter. He has worked as a pastor, a program director for individuals with disabilities, a bereavement coordinator for a hospice, and in drug and alcohol prevention.

References

External links
Hughes' author page at NYQ Books
Hughes' directory page at Poets & Writers

1982 births
American male poets
Poets from Ohio
Living people
21st-century American poets
21st-century American male writers

Adam Hughes (poet)


Aurora is a town in Taylor County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 386 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.2 square miles (88.6 km2), all of it land.

History
In the mid-summer of 1847, a crew working for the U.S. government surveyed a six-mile (10 km) square which approximates the current boundaries of Aurora. In December 1854, another crew marked all the section corners in the township, walking through the woods and swamps, measuring them with a chain and a compass. When done, the deputy surveyor filed this general description:
This Township contains a few swamps some of considerable extent they are all unfit for cultivation. The River Enters the Town Near the NE Corner of section 24 and flows in a WSWesterly course with a Gentle current except a few Riffles where the current becomes Rapid. The soil is principally 2d rate. This Township is covered with timber The greater portion of which is Hemlock Y Birch Elm and Sugar. A number of small streams rise in this Township and flow in a SWesterly course toward its west boundary. The swamp except Alder are covered with moss(?). There is no improvements on this Township.

An 1880 map of the area shows a "winter road" entering what would become Aurora from Chippewa County and loosely paralleling the Yellow River on the north side. This tote road extended through the wilderness all the way to what would become Westboro. It was used to ferry supplies to equip logging camps for the winter logging season. During this phase the loggers focused on cutting white pine - the most valuable tree - floating the logs down the Yellow in spring log drives.

A map from around 1900 shows about ten homesteads in that southwest corner of the township near the river - half with Scandinavian names. It shows some sort of road entering from Chippewa County and following the course of modern Polley Lane and River Road for a few miles. The map shows no settlers in the rest of the township, and no one at Gilman yet. Most of the land is held by lumber companies, with Chippewa Lumber and Boom and Northwestern Lumber Co holding the largest portions.

In 1902 and 1903 the Stanley, Merrill and Phillips Railway built its road up the east side of what would become Aurora, creating a station at Gilman. Around 1905 the J.S. Owen Company built a line for the Wisconsin Central heading northwest across the town for Ladysmith and Superior - now the Canadian National.

The 1911 plat map of the six mile square that would become Aurora shows the railroads in place. By this time the road that would become Polley Lane extends the full width of the six-mile square, and the road that would become River Road reaches across the river to the south edge of the town. Some sort of road follows the course of modern highway 64 west out of Gilman, with a branch heading north up the course of modern Gilman Road toward Hannibal. The road following 64 west goes only three miles, then tees north and south at modern Elder Road. The cluster of settlers in the SW corner has expanded somewhat, and a schoolhouse is marked where Polley Lane and River Road meet. The map also shows a few settlers on the east end, outside Gilman. Most of the land in the township is still owned by lumber companies, with the North Western Lumber Co. holding the majority. A few small chunks are held by Nye Lusk & Hudson, the local mill in Polley. Some smaller parcels are held by land companies: Faas Land Co. and American Immigration Co. Settlers and farming were beginning to encroach on logging.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 386 people, 134 households, and 108 families residing in the town. The population density was 11.3 people per square mile (4.4/km2). There were 154 housing units at an average density of 4.5 per square mile (1.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.19% White, 0.26% Native American, 0.52% Asian, and 1.04% from two or more races.

There were 134 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.6% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.4% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.1% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 21.5% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $30,417, and the median income for a family was $34,583. Males had a median income of $29,500 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,374. About 17.5% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.1% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.

References

Towns in Taylor County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Aurora, Taylor County, Wisconsin


Michel "Mike" Lachance (born December 16, 1950 in St. Augustin, Quebec) is a retired harness racing driver. Widely recognized as among the best drivers of all time, his outstanding career began in 1967 in Quebec City. At retirement, he had won 10,253 races and purses totalling $187,710,149. He has been inducted into both the United States and Canadian Harness Racing Halls of Fame.

National Driving Championships and Triple Crown win
The holder of leading driver titles at major racetracks in Canada and the United States, Lachance began driving harness horses as a young boy and in 1967 began driving professionally at age seventeen in Quebec City, Quebec. He went on to win driving championships at Blue Bonnets Raceway in Montreal, Quebec. His success in Canada led to a move to the major tracks in the New York City area in 1982. In 1984 he became the first driver to win 200 races in a single year at both Roosevelt and Yonkers Raceway. In 1988 Lachance made the Meadowlands Racetrack his base. At the mecca of American harness racing he would rank in the top five drivers for fifteen straight seasons.

Lachance was the U.S. National Champion in wins for four straight years from 1984 to 1987. In 1986 he set a new North American record with 770 wins. On July 14, 1995, he set a new record for most wins on a single race card with eight. Among his many major career wins were five in the prestigious Little Brown Jug, four Hambletonian Stakes and three North America Cup races. In 1997 he won the Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers with Western Dreamer, the only gelding of any breed to ever win a Triple Crown.

Post driving career
Retired from driving, Lachance and his wife Micheline live on their rural farm property in Millstone Township, New Jersey. Still involved as an owner of Standardbred racers, his sons Patrick and Martin have careers in harness racing.

References

1950 births
Living people
Canadian harness racing drivers
American harness racing drivers
Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductees
United States Harness Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Quebec
People from Millstone Township, New Jersey

Michel Lachance (harness racing)


My Father, the Actor (German: Mein Vater, der Schauspieler) is a 1956 West German drama film directed by Robert Siodmak and starring O.W. Fischer, Hilde Krahl and Susanne von Almassy. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Otto Erdmann and Wilhelm Vorwerg. It was shot at the Spandau Studios and on location in West Berlin. It premiered at the Marmorhaus in the city.

Cast
 O.W. Fischer as Wolfgang Ohlsen
 Hilde Krahl as Christine Behrendt
 Oliver Grimm as Michael
 Susanne von Almassy as Gerda Eissler
 Erica Beer as Olympia Renée
 Hilde Körber as Souffleuse
 Peter Capell as Robert Fleming
 Siegfried Lowitz as Ruehl, Agent
 Siegfried Schürenberg as Gustav, Intendant
 Arno Paulsen as Herr Behmer
 Helmuth Rudolph as Helmer
 Lori Leux as Mady
 Hermine Sterler as Frl. Dr. Mahlke
 Erich Dunskus as Gastwirt vom Goethe-Eck
 Evi Kent as Die Naive

References

Bibliography
 Deborah Lazaroff Alpi. Robert Siodmak: A Biography, with Critical Analyses of His Films Noirs and a Filmography of All His Works. McFarland,1998.

External links

1956 films
1956 drama films
German drama films
West German films
1930s German-language films
Films directed by Robert Siodmak
Films shot at Spandau Studios
1950s German films
1930s German films
German black-and-white films

My Father, the Actor


Wynick/Tuck Gallery is a privately owned contemporary art gallery based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is owned and operated by Lynne Wynick and David Tuck. Founded in 1968 as Aggregation Gallery, the gallery presented a wide program of over 500 exhibitions over 45 years. In 2012, Wynick/Tuck Gallery restructured to focus on private sales and art services, such as appraisals, and as of 2016, is only open by appointment. The gallery continues to occasionally hold open houses.

Artists
Major artists represented by Wynick/Tuck Gallery during its history include Monica Tap, Lawrence Weiner, Janice Gurney, Dyan Marie, William Kurelek, Doris McCarthy, Gerald Ferguson and Greg Curnoe.

As of 2016, Wynick/Tuck Gallery continues to represent Ted Rettig along with the estates of Doris McCarthy and Greg Curnoe. Additionally, the gallery's website lists many works for sale by previously represented artists and more, such as David Bierk, John Hall, Mary Pratt, and Michael Snow. Wynick/Tuck Gallery also lists art available from its Aggregation Gallery collection, including works by George Hawken, Norval Morrisseau, and Joshim Kakegamic.

History

Aggregation Gallery
Wynick/Tuck Gallery started in 1968 as Aggregation Gallery and was originally run by a cooperative of 4 art students and artists. Art student John McDonald and artist, Roman Kowal soon left the business, leaving the gallery in the sole charge of Lynne Wynick and David Tuck. At the time, it was one of only a few galleries exclusively showing contemporary Canadian artists and possibly the first in a downtown warehouse location. The gallery maintained a space at 71 Jarvis Street by also operating a framing business. The gallery supported young artists and maintained an extensive exhibition program, eventually moving into two progressively larger gallery spaces over a 14-year period. Wynick states that she and Tuck initially intended to remain practicing artists while running the gallery, but eventually decided to focus entirely on the gallery. In 1972, Aggregation Gallery moved to 82 Front Street East, a former 4500-square-foot warehouse previously occupied by Fred's Fruits just west of the St. Lawrence Market.  As the local St Lawrence neighbourhood revitalized, Tuck supported and worked on a number of committees to stop the destruction of historic buildings, particularly the South St. Lawrence Market building.

80 Spadina
In the early 1980s, David Tuck and Lynne Wynick, along with fellow art dealer Olga Korper, decided to move to the mostly-industrial King and Spadina area which was being abandoned by the garment industry. In October 1982, Tuck and Wynick opened at 80 Spadina Avenue as Wynick/Tuck Gallery with a large show of work by Canadian realist painter John Hall. Globe and Mail critic Lisa Bowen lauded the new 6000-square-foot space in an article comparing the new energy of King and Spadina area galleries to the slickness of Yorkville area galleries. By the end of the 1980s the area, as a whole, had evolved into an arts community, with most industrial buildings converted into offices, galleries and fashion outlets.

Starting during the mid-1980s, Wynick/Tuck Gallery participated in a number of high-profile international art fairs, including Art Cologne in 1986 and Art Chicago six times where they received a positive response to the quality of Canadian artists.

Along with solo shows for specific artists, Wynick and Tuck organized thematic exhibitions combining works from many artists, including their ongoing "Informal Ideas" exhibition program. Representing senior and mid-career artists along with establishing young artists created a mix of artistic ideas. Wynick curated a number of highly regarded exhibitions, bringing together artists such as Lawrence Weiner, Gerald Ferguson, Greg Curnoe, and Mandario Merz, which helped open up new ways of presenting artists in a commercial gallery setting.

401 Richmond
In 2001 Wynick/Tuck Gallery moved to the large former industrial building at 401 Richmond Street West, which was being developed by the community minded Margie Zeidler in a similar way to the development of 80 Spadina. Wynick and Tuck renovated a new space at 401 that combined the best of their previous spaces, particularly the combination of a larger space with smaller spaces for more intimate viewing and a ground floor location. At 401 Richmond Wynick/Tuck Gallery continued its exhibition program, of which it maintains an archive on its website. The gallery also provided its space, staff and expertise to the Casey House Art Auction, for 13 consecutive years, and to the University of Toronto's fundraiser for their new public gallery space in Scarborough.

Restructuring
In 2012, Wynick and Tuck announced that they would be closing their large public space to focus on private art sales and appraisals. The gallery continues to operate out of small space in 401 Richmond. It represents a few artists and resells work from many previously represented artists, much of which is listed on the gallery's website.

Art community participation

During the years, both Wynick and Tuck served on various boards. Tuck worked from 1973 to 1996 on the board of Art Dealers Association of Canada when it was involved in the development of critical government policies for the visual arts and artists. He also was a member of the Community Relations Committee at the Art Gallery of Ontario. Wynick served for five years on the Canadian Cultural Property and Review Board, during a time of growth and transition as the Cultural Property Act became widely used. She worked closely with the arts community to insure any changes and decisions were beneficial to the arts community. Wynick also served on the board of the Power Plant Art Gallery from its inception as the Art Gallery at Harbourfront through to the first years in its present location. She helped the gallery remain connected to the community while developing an international profile.

References

External links

Wynick/Tuck Gallery exhibition archive

Art museums and galleries in Ontario
Art galleries established in 1968
Museums in Toronto
1968 establishments in Ontario

Wynick/Tuck Gallery


The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment (Ukie) is a non-profit trade association for the video game industry in the United Kingdom (UK). Ukie was founded in 1989 as the European Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), then changed to Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA) in 2002, and to its current name in 2010.

History
The association was founded in 1989, though then named as the European Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA). Around 2002, the organisation changed its name to Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association, reflecting that their primary concerns were video game development on the United Kingdom islands and not mainland Europe.

In March 2010, members of the ELSPA voted to rename the association as Ukie, reflecting "the evolving and expanding nature of the industry, which the association exists to represent, and to encompass the new areas of activity that will be undertaken". The name was fully changed by September 2010.

In 2011, Ukie proposed a merger with The Independent Game Developers' Association (TIGA), a UK trade association for video game developers, to consolidate the two organisations under one trade body to represent the entire UK games industry. However TIGA's board rejected the proposal. TIGA's stance remained unchanged when a merger proposal was raised once again in 2013.

Activities
Ukie's primary goal is to represent the UK's video game industry, and as of December 2017, represented over 395 video game companies worldwide. The association provides strategy and advice for developers and publishers, collects and publishes retail date for UK video game sales, and lobbies and meets with members of the government to help establish policy related to video games.

One of its more notable activities was to help petition the UK government to use the Pan European Game Information (PEGI) rating system rather than the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC). Prior to 2012, video games were exempted from being required to be rated by BBFC, unless they contained sexual content, nudity, or violence, though developers and publishers could voluntarily submit their works for review. Works that exceeded certain ratings could not be legally sold to minors. The ELSPA worked with the Video Standards Council (VSC), a government organization that was created to form a code of practice for how to inform consumers about content ratings in games and other video formats. ELSPA had recommended that as an industry standard, any game not needing classification by BBFC to be otherwise classified under the PEGI system, with the VSC helping to determine appropriating ratings.

In March 2008, Tanya Byron published a report commissioned by Prime Minister Gordon Brown, colloquially called the Byron Review, describing potentially harmful effects of video games on children, a debate over how to better label video games arose, and recommended that parents need to be given more information than the BBFC's rating alone. ELSPA along with other concerned groups believed that the BBFC lacked the clarity needed for video game ratings; current CEO Mike Rawlinson also said that the BBFC ratings were developed for linear content, while PEGI's were better reflective of interactive content such as video games. In 2008, ELSPA started a large push to getting PEGI as the approved system, while in the interim petitioning the BBFC to color-code its ratings labels to approach the same color-coding used by PEGI. The UK Parliament passed the Digital Economy Act 2010 into law, and required by July 2012 to transfer the rating of video games from BBFC to the VSC (outside of games that contain strong pornographic content) and officially adapting the PEGI rating system, along with legal enforcement of selling mature titles to minors. The associate continued to work with the VSC to help establish how the PEGI rating should be displayed on packaging and other materials, and provide awareness to consumers and parents of the new change.

Ukie has campaigned and lobbied for the availability of tax relief for the UK games sector for many years. In 2012, they offered recommendations to the government consultations based on responses and opinions from over 200 video games companies in the country. A tax incentive scheme was scheduled to be included in the March 2010 United Kingdom budget by the outgoing Labour government, however it was not finalised and introduced until 2014 when the European Commission approved the decision. The tax relief scheme allows video games developers and companies to claim back up to 20% of their production costs if the project meets certain conditions, resulting in an estimated £188 million per year for the UK games industry. In 2017, the European Commission granted an extension to the scheme for another six years until 2023.

In December 2023, Ukie submitted oral evidence to the House of Commons about the benefits the Video Game Tax Relief had brought to the UK video game sector over the eight years it had been in place. In January of that year, Ukie CEO Dr Jo Twist OBE called on the UK games industry to submit their thoughts on VGTR as part of a community survey to be submitted as part of the government's consultation.

See also
 The Entertainment Software Association, a similar organisation for the North American video game markets.

References

External links

Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Trade associations based in the United Kingdom
Video game organizations
Organizations established in 1989
Video game trade associations


Animal Jam is a virtual world made by WildWorks and the National Geographic Society. Many of the players in Animal Jam are children and teenagers. According to the WildWorks website, the game has about 160 million players. Animal Jam is one of the fastest growing children's games in the world.  The game is free to play, but to be able to receive all the things Animal Jam has to offer, a membership needs to be purchased online or through a store-purchased gift card.

In Animal Jam, players enjoy many fun events, like playing games, making friends, and decorating their dens and animals. They also learn facts about science, especially in the field of zoology, the study of animals. Animal Jam takes place in a world called Jamaa, and each player is known in the game as a Jammer.

References

Other websites
Official website

Online games

Animal Jam


Madavoorpara is a major tourist attraction at Kaattayikonam in the Thiruvananthapuram city, the state capital of Kerala. It is a lesser-known destination in the city and one of the hang out places for the people nearby, known for its rock-cut Shiva Temple and the Bamboo Bridge. It stands 1800 feet above sea level and holds various archaeological and historical significances. The highest point gives a beautiful view of Thiruvananthapuram city along with the Arabian Sea and it was opened for visitors on 20th October 2016.

History of Rock-Cut Temple
Madavoorpara Shiva Temple, the most important attribute of the view point, dates back to the 9th century CE and is known for its architecture, as it was carved from a single rock. It is in the lowest part of the viewpoint. The cave temple is open from 6am to 10 am and from 5pm to pm everyday, maintaining its rituals and religious festivities regularly. It is also one of the rarest rock-cut temples in the state. On the pillars of the temple, an ancient Malayalam script, named Vattezhuthu had been inscribed which was used ages ago which is a rare sight. The main deity of the temple is Lord Shiva.

The View Point

Bamboo Bridge
The Bamboo Bridge is one of the finest facilities that is stretched at a length of 100m. It provides the scenic beauty from the hill-top and is often used as a pathway to the topmost part of the rock. A lot of bamboo huts are established for the visitors to take rest and enjoy the venue. There is also an open stage built for future ventures including programmes, exhibitions and many more literary and cultural events. The bridge provides the finest experience of walking by foot especially during rainy seasons, when the water droplets are scattered on the bamboo and it makes it soothing for the visitors to walk along.

Children's Park
It also has a park that gives enough space for the children to spend their cheerful time. It is another major attraction for the families to get together which also has a canteen nearby.

Dedication
The preserved monument was opened to the city on 20th October, 2016 by Pinarayi Vijayan, Chief Minister of Kerala. Tourism Minister of Kerala, Kadakampally Surendran inaugurated the development project on January 18th, 2018 that would help Madavoorpara to find its spot in the best tourist places in the world. Uralungal Labor Cooperative Society is entrusted with the implementation of the project at a cost of Rs. 7 crore.

Future of viewpoint
The latest features to be included in the coming years include:
1. Amphitheatre
2. Floating Cottages
3. Water fountains
4. cafeteria
5. More seating facilities including stone pavements and benches
6. Amenity center
7. Green huts

Location and access
Madavoorpara is in Kaattayikonam, near Pothencode town in Thiruvananthapuram. Sreekaryam-Pothencode road is the easy way to travel to the tourist destination where the closest railway station is situated 17km away. The nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport about 20km away via NH 66 and Kazhakkoottam- Kilimaanoor road.

References

Kerala
Parks in India

Madavoorpara


Krystyna Rokiczana (died after 1365) was the third wife of Casimir III the Great, of Poland. Since she was the King's third wife in morganatic marriage, she was not a queen consort.

Life
Krystyna is mentioned in several historical sources, including the Spominki o Ciołkach ("Mentions about the Ciołek noble family", 1518), she is also mentioned in documents regarding the annulment of Casimir's loveless marriage to Adelaide of Hesse. Krystyna was the widow of Mikuláš (Mikulasz) Rokiczan, a merchant from Prague. When her husband died, Krystyna inherited a large fortune. Krystyna became a lady-in-waiting at the court of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia.

In May 1356 Casimir III came to Prague, where he met Christina and they possibly became engaged. The marriage was concluded shortly afterwards in Krakow. The marriage is believed not to have lasted long; Jan Długosz reported that Krystyna was dismissed from the king shortly after the marriage after the discovery of concealed defects, Christina was suffering from hair loss and scabies, it is possible, however, that the relationship lasted a bit longer, an investigation found that Christina was still alive in 1365 and was living in Poland. Casimir married for a fourth and final time to Hedwig of Sagan in 1365. This marriage was considered bigamous, with Adelaide still alive and Christina possibly still alive. Casimir and Hedwig had four daughters, they were all considered illegitimate until Casimir had them legitimised. Casimir and Krystyna had no children.

The marriage between Casimir and Krystyna was particularly beneficial for the House of Anjou; children that could have come from the marriage of Casimir and Christina would be considered illegitimate and even if they were legitimised, their legitimacy would still be in question due to Krystyna's low station. Without sons, Casimir had to give the throne to his sister, Elisabeth of Poland and her son, Louis I of Hungary.

It is unknown when Krystyna died.

Krystyna in literature
Krystyna plays a major role in the novel King of the peasants (1884), by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. The book is about the history of marriage. Krystyna portrayed as wealthy due to her inheritance from her first husband, well educated, her first husband was a much older man, and her appearance was characterized as the following: snow white complexion, brown hair and eyes, facial features that are strangely beautiful and dignified, she rarely smiled, and when forced to speak through her coral lips, her eyes rarely said anything about her internal emotions.

Bibliography
Jerzy Wyrozumski, Rokiczana Krystyna, In: Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Volume XXXI, 1989
Jerzy Wyrozumski, Kazimierz Wielki, Ossolineum, Wroclaw 1982

References

Piast dynasty
Casimir III the Great
14th-century Polish women
14th-century Polish people
Polish ladies-in-waiting
Date of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown
Date of death unknown
Morganatic spouses

Krystyna Rokiczana


Ghali, gali, or gale are a type of galley-like ships from the Nusantara archipelago. This type of ship only appeared after the 1530s. Before the appearance of this type of ship, several native galley-like ships already existed in the archipelago, some with outriggers. The design of ghali is the result of the impact made by Mediterranean shipbuilding techniques on native shipbuilding, introduced particularly by Arabs, Persians, Ottoman Turks, and Portuguese. The terms may also refer to Mediterranean vessels built by local people, or native vessels with Mediterranean influence.

Etymology
The word ghali and its variation come from the Portuguese word galé, which means galley. The reason for the addition of the letter h is because it is written in Malay texts using jawi script, with an initial ghain (غ) as in ghurab.

History and description
There are several types of vessels using similar names in the archipelago, but the description and construction of each vessel aren't necessarily the same.

Malacca

The Malay epic Hikayat Hang Tuah mentioned a Malaccan royal galley (ghali kenaikan raja) called Mendam Berahi (Malay for "Suppressed Passion"). It was 60 gaz (180 ft or 54.9 m) long and 6 depa (36 ft or 11 m) wide. It was armed with 7 meriam (native cannon).

However, Mendam Berahi was actually a fictional ship, because it was only mentioned in the fictional literature Hikayat Hang Tuah, and no other Malay manuscripts mentioned its existence. Although HHT's story is set in the Malacca sultanate (1400–1511), it reflects events that occurred in the Johor sultanate in the 17th century, more specifically in Johor's golden age in the 1640s to 1670s. The main character, Hang Tuah, is a fictional character, but the story is based on the true story of Admiral Abd al-Jamil from Johor. Contemporary Portuguese records indicate that galleys appeared in the regional fleets during the late 1530s, before that the mainstay of the Malay fleet was the lancaran. It was not until the 1560s that the ghali became more widespread, mostly used by Acehnese people, not Malays. The word "ghali" itself is a loanword from the Portuguese language, so the existence of ghali during the heyday of the Malacca sultanate is an anachronism.

The Malays prefer to use shallow draught, oared longships similar to the galley, such as lancaran, penjajap, and kelulus for their war fleet. This is very different from the Javanese who prefer long-range, deep-draught round ships such as jong and malangbang. The reason for this difference is that the Malays operated their ships in riverine water, sheltered straits zone, and archipelagic environment, while the Javanese are often active in the open and high sea. After contact with Iberian people, both the Javanese and Malay fleets began to use the ghurab and ghali more frequently.

Eastern Indonesia

In eastern Indonesia, a type of vessel called galé (lit. galley) was adapted by the Spanish and the Portuguese for use in the Philippines and eastern Indonesia. The vessel narrowed considerably fore and aft. The length is 7 or 8 times its width. They have a deck that extends the length of the boat and was propelled by long oars. Fighting men is situated in a dedicated deck, and shields were placed along the whole length of the galley to protect the rowers and the soldiers.

Aceh

The Sultanate of Aceh is famous for the use of Ottoman-derived galleys. Aceh's term for galley is ghali, which is derived from the Portuguese word galé, not from the Turkish term for it (Kadırga). The Acehnese in the 1568 siege of Portuguese Malacca used 4 large galleys of about 40–50 meters long each with 190 rowers in 24 banks. They were armed with 12 large camelos (3 at each bow side, 4 at the stern), 1 basilisk (bow-mounted), 12 falcons, and 40 swivel guns. By then cannons, firearms, and other war materials had come annually from Jeddah, and the Turks also sent military experts, galleys experts, and technicians. The average Acehnese galley in the second half of the 16th century would have been about 50 meters long and had two masts that were equipped with square sails and topsails, not lateen sails like those of Portuguese galleys. It would have been propelled by 24 oars on each side, carrying about 200 men aboard, and armed with about 20 cannons (2 or 3 large ones at the bow, with the rest being swivel guns).

In the 1575 siege, Aceh used 40 two-masted galleys with Turkish captains carrying 200–300 soldiers of Turk, Arab, Deccanis, and Aceh origins. The state galleys (ghorab istana) of Aceh, Daya, and Pedir were said to carry 10 meriam, 50 lela, and 120 cecorong (excluding the istinggar). The smaller galley carried 5 meriam, 20 lela, and 50 cecorong. Western and native sources mention that Aceh had 100–120 galleys at any time (excluding the smaller fusta and galiot), spread from Daya (west coast) to Pedir (east coast). One galley captured by the Portuguese in 1629 during Iskandar Muda's reign is very large, and it was reported there were a total of 47 of them. She reached 100 m in length and 17 m in width, had 3 masts with square sails and topsails, was propelled by 35 oars on each side, and was able to carry 700 men. It is armed with 98 guns: 18 large cannons (five 55-pounders at the bow, one 25-pounder at the stern, the rest were 17 and 18-pounders), 80 falcons, and many swivel guns. The ship is called "Espanto do Mundo" (terror of the universe), which is probably a translation from Cakradonya (Cakra Dunia). The Portuguese reported that it was bigger than anything ever built in the Christian world and the height of its castle could compete with the height of galleons.

Java

Two Dutch engravings from 1598 and 1601 depicted galley from Banten and Madura. They had two and one masts, respectively. The major difference from Mediterranean galleys, this galley had raised fighting platform called "balai" in which the soldier stood, a feature common in warships of the region. Javanese galleys and galley-like vessels are built according to instruction from Turks living in Banten.

Sulawesi

The Sultanate of Gowa of the mid-17th century had galle' (or galé) 40 m long and 6 m breadth, carrying 200–400 men. Other galle' of the kingdom varied between 23 and 35 m in length. The ships were used by the king of Gowa to conduct voyages and sea trade between islands in the archipelago, both in the west (Malacca, Riau, Mempawah, Kalimantan) and in the east (Banda, Timor, Flores, Bima, Ternate, and North Australia).

Karaeng Matoaja, government director of Gowa and prince of Tallo, among other things, had nine galleys, which he had built in the year in which Buton was conquered (1626). The ships are called galé. Their dimensions are 20  (36.6 m) long and 3  (5.5 m) wide. They had three rudders: Two Indonesian rudders on either side of the stern, and a European axial rudder. It is not strange that Makassar had galleys in the 17th century. Gowa has maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese since 1528.

This kind of ship is usually owned by the rich people and kings of Makassar. For inter-island trading, Makassarean gale ships were considered the most powerful ship, and therefore used by Makassar and Malayan noblemen to transport spices from the Moluccas. The usage of the gale improved the maritime trading in Gowa, as well as other ports in South Sulawesi, since the 16th century.

See also

 Lancaran, the backbone of the Malay fleet before Mediterranean influence came
 Jong, a large sailing ship from Nusantara
 Penjajap
 Ghurab
 Kelulus, Javanese rowing ship

Notes

References

Ship types
Sailing ships
Human-powered watercraft
Indonesian inventions
Sailboat types
Two-masted ships
Indigenous boats
Warships
Naval ships
Merchant ships

Ghali (ship)


Jean-Jacques-Joseph Debillemont (12 December 1824, Dijon – 14 February 1879, Paris), was a 19th-century French musician, both a composer, music critic, and conductor who devoted himself mainly to incidental music (operettas and ballets).

Biography
Having learned the violin at age nine in his hometown, he moved to the capital aged fifteen to join the Conservatoire de Paris. He then continued his training by joining the orchestra of the Opéra-comique and followed lessons of musical composition with Leborne Carafa and thanks to a grant from the General Council of the Côte d'Or.

He founded a chamber music quartet with violinist Jules Mercier (died 1868) and played his first compositions in Dijon (le Renégat, 1849, le Bandolero, 1850, Feu mon oncle, opéra bouffe, 1851, le Joujou) before giving his first works in Paris. His many works include C'était moi, operetta in 1860, Astaroth opéra comique in 1861, la Vipérine operetta in 1866,  Napoléon devant les peuples, cantata in 1867, Grand Duc de Matapa opéra bouffe in 1868, le Pantalon de Casimir, one-act operetta in 1873, Le Miroir magique, féerie-ballet in 3 acts, in 1876.

His works, especially his opéras comiques, had some success. François-Joseph Fétis said about the premiere of the Grand-duc de Matapa, 16 November 1868 at the Théâtre des Menus-plaisirs: "the music of Mr. Debillemont pleasantly caresses the ear. It is cheerful, as befits an opéra comique score, but never stops being fine and distinguished". But his compositions sometimes encounter reluctance as that of Felix Clement in his Dictionnaire des opéras, supplément, 1872 à propos La Revanche de Candaule, opéra comique in one act presented in 1869: "Everything is grotesque in this little work. [...] The music offered nothing salient."

Alongside his composing activity, around 1865, Debillemont headed the orchestra of the Société des Beaux-Arts, before directing the orchestra of the Opéra Comique at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin. He was also responsible for music critic columns in various newspapers such as L'élu du peuple in Dijon or la Revue et gazette des théâtres in Paris.

Jean-Jacques Debillemont also participated in various theater projects such as stage adaptations of works by Jules Verne like Le Tour du monde en 80 jours, play in 5 acts and one prologue (15 tableaux) premiered in Paris at the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin, 7 November 1874, text by MM. Adolphe d'Ennery and Jules Verne, or Les Enfants du capitaine Grant in 1879.

References

External links
 Jean-Jacques Debillemont on IMSLP
 Jean-Jacques Debillement on data.bnf.fr

French operetta composers
French conductors (music)
French male conductors (music)
Musicians from Dijon
1824 births
1879 deaths
19th-century French male musicians

Jean-Jacques-Joseph Debillemont