"Spirit Folk" is the 137th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager airing on the UPN network. It is the 17th episode of the sixth season. Set in the science fiction universe of Star Trek, the titular USS Voyager spacecraft  is stranded on the other side of the Galaxy as Earth and the United Federation of Planets. In this installment, the crew go on an adventure in the holodeck, but things go wrong.

Some of the music in this episode by Jay Chattaway was nominated for an Emmy.

Plot
The crew continues to enjoy the Fair Haven holodeck program. After Lt. Tom Paris's suggestion, the holoprogram is set to run continuously, but over time, the strain put on the holotechnology begins to cause problems. The hologram characters gradually realise that the visitors can change their world at will (normally, holograms' programming makes them oblivious to non-in-world aspects). Frightened, the villagers begin to suspect that the crew are spirit folk that have come to destroy Fair Haven. Captain Janeway manages to elude her companion, Michael the barkeeper, but nevertheless asks Tom and Ensign Harry Kim to figure out the problem with the Fair Haven program. The two establish that the subroutines that make holograms unaware of anything outside their program have malfunctioned due to prolonged operation. When Tom and Harry enter the program to repair it, they are captured and held hostage by the holograms, who try to make Tom and Harry spill secrets about the spirit folks. The Doctor, in the role of the village priest, enters the holodeck using his mobile emitter to avoid being influenced by the damaged holoprogram. However the emitter is confiscated and he is held captive with Tom and Harry. Michael, determined to find "Katie" (Janeway), puts the emitter on. Janeway, thinking that it is the Doctor, orders him transported to the bridge. Janeway can no longer deceive Michael. She explains that her crew are on a spaceship and on a long journey. They enjoy the occasional visit to peaceful Fair Haven. They afterwards reenter the holodeck and convince the other characters that the crew has no hostile intentions.

Continuity
This story arc is begun in Season Six episode of Fair Haven, the first Voyager episode featuring the town.

Reception
Some of the music in this episode, by composer Jay Chattaway, was nominated for an Emmy award.

In 2016, it was suggested viewing for Saint Patrick's Day due to its Irish content.

Den of Geek in 2016 made ranking of all 23 episodes written by Bryan Fuller for Star Trek up to that time, and placed this episode very last, remarking ""Spirit Folk" was pretty much just another episode where the holodeck malfunctions".

In 2017, this episode was rated the 10th worst episode of the Star Trek franchise up to that time, by Screen Rant. In 2018, CBR included this episode on a ranking of episodes of Star Trek, they stated were "So Bad They Must Be Seen" and noted it had not been received well by audiences.

In July 2019, ScreenRant ranked "Spirit Folk" as one of the top five worst of the series, noting that by this point the idea of self-aware holograms may have lost its freshness. In 2020, they went on to rank this episode as the sixth worst episode of Star Trek: Voyager, based on an IMDb rating of 6.3 out of 10 at that time.

In 2020, The Digital Fix said that "Fair Haven and its sequel Spirit Folk are perhaps the worst episodes of the seven year run" and remarking that Spirit Folk "is just as painful to watch". However, they did note it received an Emmy nomination for its music.

Releases
This episode was released as part of a season 6 DVD boxset on December 7, 2004.

References

External links

Star Trek: Voyager (season 6) episodes
2000 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Bryan Fuller
Holography in television
Films scored by Jay Chattaway
Television episodes directed by David Livingston

Spirit Folk (Star Trek: Voyager)


Lords Point is a small private village on the Atlantic Coast in the town of Stonington, Connecticut, established in 1909. Lords Point has over 200 houses and summer cottages, with an average summer population of 800 people.

There are six beaches in Lords Point: Open Way, Tim's Beach, Boulder Beach, Hopkins Beach, Pebble Beach, and Trestle Beach. There are two docks: Boulder and Langworthy. These are limited to Lords Point residents and guests only.

Facilities at the Point include a basketball court, a bocce area, a tennis court, a soccer field, and a Community House which hosts various summer activities, including Bingo, teen parties, art programs, an annual talent show, and athletic classes.

References

2. Lord's Point: Just A Little History, by Beverly Dodd. http://www.thewesterlysun.com/news/stonington/9189427-154/new-lords-point-book-captures-timelessness-of-community.html

External links
Google Map
Lord's Point history page

Stonington, Connecticut
Villages in Connecticut
Populated coastal places in Connecticut

Lords Point, Connecticut


Hemp or industrial hemp is a strain of the Cannabis sativa plant grown specifically for the industrial uses of its derived products.

Hemp may also refer to:

Plants
 Cannabis, a genus of plants
 Cannabis (drug), the use of several species of Cannabis (C. sativa, C. indica, C. ruderalis) as drugs, including marijuana and hashish
 Cannabis cultivation, cultivation of the plants to produce drugs
 Boehmeria cylindrica, bog hemp, native to the Americas
 Crotalaria juncea, also known as "brown hemp", "Indian hemp", "Madras Hemp"
 Jute (genus Corchorus), particularly:
Corchorus olitorius, the primary source of jute fibre
 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), also known as "Ambari hemp" and "Deccan hemp"
 Manila hemp (Musa textilis), also known as abacá
 Phormium tenax, New Zealand hemp
 Roselle (plant) (Hibiscus sabdariffa), known as "Roselle hemp"
 Sisal (Agave sisalana), known also as "sisal hemp"

Industrial and home products
 Hemp hurds, hemp wood, the inner portion of the hemp stalk separated from the fiber
 Hemp jewelry, made from hemp cord, rope, or thread
 Hemp juice, a non-psychoactive drink cold-pressed from cannabis leaves and flowers
 Hemp milk, plant milk made from cannabis seeds
 Hemp oil, extracted from cannabis seeds
 Hemp protein, the protein content of hemp seeds

Entertainment and media
 Hemp for Victory, 1942 USDA film encouraging farmers to grow cannabis hemp for the WWII war effort
 Hemp Museum Gallery, a cannabis culture museum located in Spain
 Moscow Hemp Fest, an annual cannabis festival held in Idaho
 Planet Hemp, a Brazilian rap rock musical group

Organizations
 European Industrial Hemp Association, a consortium of the hemp-processing industry
 Hemp Industries Association, a non-profit trade group representing hemp companies, researchers and supporters
 HEMP Party, "Help End Marijuana Prohibition," an Australian cannabis rights political party
 International Hemp Building Association, an organization of hemp manufacturers

Other uses
Hemp, Georgia, a community in the United States
Hemp (surname), people with the name
"Hemp", a song by Living Colour from the album Stain, 1993
Hemp rights, legal protections for marijuana consumers
High-altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (H.E.M.P.), a high-altitude nuclear electromagnetic pulse bomb
Old Hemp (1893-1901), a stud dog

See also
 Cannabis (disambiguation)
 Dagga (disambiguation)
 Ganja (disambiguation)
 Hemp in Kentucky
 Marijuana (disambiguation)
 List of hemp products
 List of names for hemp

Hemp (disambiguation)


Soma Records was an American record label, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and owned by wholesale record distributor Amos Heilicher.  The Soma name was "Amos" spelled backwards.  Heilicher, along with his brother Danny, was also in the jukebox and wholesale record distribution businesses, and owned the Musicland chain of retail music stores.

History
Started in 1954, Soma began mainly recording polka music, old-time country and western, and jazz groups.  Its first hit was Bobby Vee's 1959 "Suzie Baby", which was a regional smash before Liberty Records bought the master and issued it nationally.

Among the hits released by Soma were "Mule Skinner Blues" by The Fendermen (purchased from Wisconsin's Cuca label), "Liar, Liar" by The Castaways, "Run, Run, Run" by The Gestures and "Surfin' Bird" by The Trashmen.  The last record was distributed by Soma, but recorded on the Garrett Records label - George Garrett was an engineer who ran the recording/mixing console on many Soma recordings at their Kay Bank Studios.  Soma/Kay Bank recorded many local and regional rock groups during the 1960s, including The Accents, Gregory Dee and The Avanties, The Underbeats, and The Del Counts, as well as distributing other smaller labels (such as Garrett, Bangar, Golden Ring and Studio City). Country singer Dave Dudley's first album, containing his biggest hit "Six Days on the Road", was released on Golden Ring Records in 1963, and distributed by Soma until Mercury Records bought the rights.

Heilicher had some ownership in the local Kay Bank Studios, where most of Soma's recordings were made.

Soma continued releasing recordings until 1967, when the co-owned record distributing company was merged into Pickwick Records. The Heilicher brothers exited the recorded music business in 1977.

Amos Heilicher died of pneumonia in August 2011, aged 90.

References

External links
Kay Bank logo
1962 Soma LP

American record labels
American independent record labels
Defunct record labels of the United States
Record labels established in 1957
Record labels disestablished in 1967
Independent record labels based in Minnesota

Soma Records (U.S. label)


Andries or Andreas van Cuijk (ca. 1070 – 23 June 1139) was a bishop of Utrecht from 1128 to 1139.

Andries descended from a well-known family from the Sticht, the name for the central lands of the Bishopric of Utrecht. Andries was the second son of Herman of Malsen and Irmgard of Namur.

He was the first bishop of Utrecht since the Concordat of Worms in 1122, where the Investiture Controversy between the emperor and the pope over the right to appoint bishops was decided in favour of the pope. Andries was naturally allied to the papal party.

In 1133, Andries became involved in a war with Dirk VI, Count of Holland, who was supported by the city of Utrecht and several servants of the bishop. Dirk was granted the Gaue of Westergo and Oostergo by Conrad III of Germany. These lands had previously been confiscated by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor from Andries' predecessor, bishop Burchard.

1139 deaths
12th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Prince-Bishops of Utrecht
Year of birth uncertain

Andreas van Cuijk


The 186th (Kent) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Chatham, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Kent County, Ontario. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th Reserve Battalion on April 7, 1917. The 186th (Kent) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. Smith Neil.

The 186th Battalion is perpetuated by The Essex and Kent Scottish.

References

Sources
Meek, John F. Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, Ont.: The Author, 1971.

Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force
Essex and Kent Scottish

186th (Kent) Battalion, CEF


A master is a judge of limited jurisdiction in the superior courts of England and Wales and in numerous other jurisdictions based on the common law tradition. A master's jurisdiction is generally confined to civil proceedings and is a subset of that of a superior court judge or justice.  Masters are typically involved in hearing specialized types of trials, case management, and in some jurisdictions dispute resolution or adjudication of specific issues referred by judges.

Besides the courts of England and Wales, masters may be found in the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, several Caribbean countries and a number of Canadian provinces. Several state courts in the United States utilize masters or similar officers and also make extensive use of special masters.  In some jurisdictions such as the Federal Court in Canada the office of Prothonotary is similar to that of the master.

In some countries, the office of master has been renamed to Associate Judge.  To date, this has occurred in several Australian States, in New Zealand and in the Canadian province of Ontario.

England and Wales

In England and Wales a master is a judge in the Chancery and King's Bench Divisions of the High Court exercising jurisdiction in civil matters.  When the master presides over a matter within her or his jurisdiction, the decision of the master has the same effect as a decision of a Justice of the High Court within the division of the court to which the master is appointed. The role of a master in the High Court of Justice of England and Wales is concerned primarily with trial and case management of High Court civil claims in London excluding committals to prison, judicial review and criminal cases. There are masters in the King's Bench Division, Chancery Division and the Senior Courts Costs Office (Taxing Masters/Costs Judges) and their roles differ slightly.

Such a person is addressed in court as Judge. In all other forms of correspondence, they should be addressed as 'Master Smith' whether the master is male or female.  A similar type of master exists in the Court system of Northern Ireland, in several Canadian and Australian jurisdictions as well as in other countries whose court system is based on that of England.

The office of master is of ancient origins dating from at least the 12th century, though masters in Chancery were abolished in the 19th century and a new office of Chancery Master was recreated later. There are masters in the Chancery and King's Bench Divisions of the High Court of Justice and the Senior Courts Costs Office of the High Court. The Senior Master of the King's Bench Division also bears the title of King's Remembrancer which is the oldest continuous judicial office in England.

In the Inns of Court, the members of the governing body are known as "Masters of the Bench" or, more commonly, "benchers". In the context of the functions they perform in that capacity (but not otherwise) they will be known as, for example, "Master Smith" (whether they are male or female).  This will be so even if in other contexts they use a higher title:  hence, a High Court Judge who is a Master of the Bench will be known in his or her Inn as "Master Smith", in private life as Sir John Smith, and on the bench as Mr Justice Smith; likewise a law lord will be known in the inn as "Master Woolf" even if he is privately and professionally known by the peerage title of "Lord Woolf".

Hong Kong

The High Court's Registrar, Senior Deputy Registrars and Deputy Registrars serve as Masters of the High Court in civil cases in the court's Court of First Instance.

Republic of Ireland
Under the Court Officers Act 1926, the Master of the High Court and taxing masters are not judges but rather "quasi-judicial office holders".

Canada
In Canada the structure of the court system is primarily a provincial responsibility pursuant to s. 92 (14) of the Constitution Act, 1867 and the superior courts of the provinces have different names.  Masters are found in the Supreme Court of British Columbia, Court of King's Bench of Alberta, and the Court of King's Bench of Manitoba. There are part-time taxing masters in the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador. There is a similar office of prothonotary in the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island and in the Federal Court. In September 2021, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice changed the title of "case management master" to "associate judge".

The jurisdiction of a Master is fixed by provincial statute and the rules of court. Masters are appointed by the provincial government. As a result, while Masters sit in a superior court, they do not have the "inherent jurisdiction" of the judges of those courts, who are appointed by the federal government and whose authority is derived from the Constitution of Canada and the Crown. Their jurisdiction is usually limited to procedural and Interlocutory matters heard in chambers. Consequently, though of the superior court, Masters are concurrently subordinate to the judges of that court insofar as application of judicial precedent is concerned. Masters commonly also sit as Registrars in Bankruptcy.

In the Federal Court of Canada, a judicial officer with much the same powers as a Master was formerly called a Prothonotary, but is now called Associate Judge.

Traditionally a Master is referred to as "Master Smith" or, in court, as "Master". In some jurisdictions, Masters or associate judges are now referred to as "your honour".

Masters and Prothonotaries are independent judicial officers although they do not have the full level of security of tenure afforded to federally appointed judges.

In Alberta, British Columbia and Manitoba, masters have the same terms of appointment as provincial judges.  This was formerly the case in Ontario as well but after the High Court of Justice and District Courts were merged, in 1986 a new office of Case Management Master was created.

In Ontario, associate judges have all of the authority of traditional masters as well as additional jurisdiction to manage actions and engage in dispute resolution processes. They are appointed by Order in Council and can only be removed for cause by the Chief Justice following a formal disciplinary process.

In Ontario the distinction between "chambers" and "court" has been abolished. When associate judges preside they sit as the court and their function is to perform tasks that would otherwise fall to superior court judges.  Besides the jurisdiction to hear most interlocutory motions in civil matters, associate judges in Ontario also preside at status hearings, case conferences and pre-trials. They frequently act as referees to hear trials in construction lien matters, mortgage references or issues referred by judges. Associate judges also provide dispute resolution services and sit as Registrars in Bankruptcy.

New Zealand
In the High Court of New Zealand, Associate Judges perform the same role as Masters in the High Court of Justice in England and Wales.  They were previously referred to as Masters, however the title was changed on 20 May 2004, and all existing Masters were renamed Associate Judges.

Fiji

The Masters are the junior judges on the High Court of Fiji.

See also
 Special master
 Registrar (law)

References

Legal procedure
Judiciary of England and Wales
Judiciary of Canada
Legal professions

Master (judiciary)


The iMedicor Web portal, which went live on October 10, 2007, is online personal health data exchange and secure messaging portal for physician collaboration, community and referrals. iMedicor reached its 32,000th physician registration on December 12, 2007. It has been discussed in such journals as Healthcare Informatics, Advance for Health Information Professionals, Virtual Medical Worlds, and Highway Hypodermics among others and received positive review by the Internet journal Medgadget.

The portal's HIPAA-compliant technology and ability to enable health providers to exchange medical record data, documentation and images distinguish it from chat-room-style portals for the medical community. The launch of iMedicor's portal coincides with the entrance of Microsoft's Healthvault and Google Health into the personal health record space.

Some of iMedicor's partner associations include the Association of Black Cardiologists (ABC), the American Society for Hypertension (ASH), and the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Association (HCA).

References

iMedicor Announces Agreement With eRx Network - Thursday, December 06, 2007; Posted: 09:00 AM
        January 14, 2008, 09:06 AM Eastern Time - American Society of Hypertension Partners with iMedicor - Online Medical Portal Tapped to Help Expand Hypertension Initiative

External links
iMedicor
Vemics Inc.

American medical websites
Telemedicine

IMedicor


Luna: Moon Rising is a 2019 science fiction novel by British author Ian McDonald. The sequel to Luna: Wolf Moon (2017), it continues that book's story of the fallen Corta family, whose remaining members struggle for survival and revenge in the aftermath of their destruction at the hands of their enemies on the Moon. Moon Rising was released on 19 March 2019.

Setting
In the future, a near feudal colony has risen up around the industrialisation of the Moon, and though technology keeps the deadly natural environment at bay, the four basic essentials of life—air, water, carbon and data—come at a price. Tiny "chibs" placed in the eye to meter usage of these Four Elementals serve as a constant reminder of this. Everyone also has a "familiar": a personalized, holographic avatar that hovers over one shoulder and serves as an interface with the Moon's network, other familiars, and even one's physical surroundings. There is only contract law and no criminal law, and everything from marriage to divorce to murder is infinitely negotiable; the culture of the Moon's elite features polysexual and polyamorous relationships accented with cocktails, designer drugs, and 3D printed vintage couture. Under contracts granted by the Lunar Development Corporation (LDC), the Moon has been controlled by five families: the Australian Mackenzies dominate mineral extraction, the Asamoahs of Ghana control a vast underground agricultural industry, the Russian Vorontsovs run the transportation systems, the Suns of China are masters of technology, and the upstart Brazilian Cortas mine helium-3 to power Earth's fusion reactors. In Luna: New Moon, the Suns manipulate the Mackenzies and the Cortas to reignite their long-simmering rivalry; the Corta empire is destroyed, and its members killed or scattered. In Luna: Wolf Moon, the Mackenzies begin turning on each other, and Lucas Corta initiates a plan to pit the four remaining families against each other and seize control of the Moon himself.

Plot
Transporting a comatose Lucasinho to his father in Meridian, Luna and the Sisters of the Lords of Now are attacked by a Mackenzie Metals security team bent on abducting Lucasinho in his medical pod. They are fought off by Santinho foot-soldiers from João de Deus, but Luna's fleeing spacecraft is downed by chain-gun fire, leaving Luna, Madrinha Elis, and Lucasinho the only survivors. Lucas, having overtaken the Moon with his terrestrial allies, is now the Eagle of the Moon. Lousika tells Lucas that the Asamoahs cannot heal Lucasinho's brain damage, but suggests that the University of Farside can, on the opposite side of the Moon. Lucas's bid in the Court of Clavius for custody of Lucasinho is opposed by his ex-wife Amanda, who is acting on behalf of the Suns. They are both thwarted by Ariel, who outmaneuvers them and has Luna declared Lucasinho's guardian. Biocyberneticists at the university give Ariel the power to walk again using a spinal device.

Alexia, Lucas's Iron Hand, goes into the impoverished upper levels of Meridian and helps the people there build an intricate but illegal system for water collection and filtration. Using the name Lê, she takes their leader, who calls himself "Jack of Blades", as her lover. She soon realizes, however, that he is the exiled Denny Mackenzie, who murdered Lucas's brother Carlinhos, and whose grandfather Alexia herself was responsible for killing. Alexia flees the situation for a meeting with the Vorontsovs and their terrestrial allies, who outline the Lunar Bourse, their plan for converting the Moon into an automated energy resource for Earth. Duncan stresses to the Vorontsovs that the remaining Dragon families must work together against the terrestrials. Gender-neutral economist Vidhya Rao, initially a supporter of the Bourse project, begins to become disillusioned with the business model, and learns the plan involves a complete depopulation of the Moon. The Three August Sages are the AI aspects of a quantum computer which makes startlingly accurate predictions of the future, created for Whitacre Goddard by the Suns. Vidhya is the only human with whom the Sages will communicate, but when e learns that the depopulation effort will utilize deadly plagues, the Three August Sages and Whitacre Goddard attempt to assassinate er. Vidhya is aided in er escape by Madam Sun, an avatar of Lady Sun that exists in the system thanks to a backdoor. Vidhya seeks Ariel's help convincing Lucas to break ties with the terrestrials and oppose the Bourse, but Ariel wants no part of it.

On Earth, Marina is struggling to overcome the Moon's adverse effects to her body, and witnesses first-hand the distrust and hatred the terrestrials have for Moon people. She decides to go back to the Moon, but the Defence Intelligence Agency tries to make her return contingent on her being their spy. Marina's sister Kessie lends her the money she needs for the ticket, and Marina secretly travels to a launch facility in Canada so she can depart before the DIA is able to do anything to stop her.

The Suns accelerate the activation of their Sun Ring, a huge band of solar energy collectors that spans the circumference of the Moon, to undercut the terrestrials by securing a significant share of the Earth's energy market. Duncan and his entourage are killed in the destruction of the Suns' Pavilion of Eternal Light, presumably orchestrated by his absent brother Bryce. Darius and Denny each claim Mackenzie Metals for their own, and a battle between Denny's new Mackenzie jackaroos and Darius's Sun soldiers ends in Denny's victory. Bryce threatens Analiese's family if she does not thwart Wagner and hand over Robson. She complies, but the thugs who take Robson kill her anyway. Wagner seeks help from Lucas, who conspires to assassinate Bryce. Alexia brings Robson's friend Haider to visit him, and Haider slips Robson a set of poisoned needles. Bryce summons Robson with the intent of having sex with the boy, but Robson kills him with the needles, and Lucas retakes João de Deus from the Mackenzies. Ariel serves Lucas with a formal challenge to trial by combat to settle Lucasinho's case. Lucas, in turn, serves a challenge to Amanda. Lucas's champion, or zashitnik, is renowned knife-fighter Mariano Gabriel Demaria, who easily defeats the zashitnik of the Suns, and Amanda's claim is dismissed. Ariel, a lawyer with no combat skills, surprises everyone by stepping in for her own zashitnik. As Ariel hoped, Lucas does the same to keep Mariano from eviscerating his sister. The Cortas break their knives on the fighting floor and move to negotiate. Ariel offers Lucas custody of Lucasinho in exchange for Ariel replacing him as Eagle of the Moon. Lucas agrees, and gives Ariel the codes to control the terrestrials' new combat bots, which he acquired by way of a deal with Amanda.

The Corta entourage, fleeing on a ship with Nik Vorontsov, are pursued by older combat bots immune to Ariel's codes. Luna's ghazi escort Dakota and Ariel's zashitnik Rosario don sasuits and neutralize two dangerous bots sabotaging the ship from out on the hull. Later, Lucas asks Ariel why she wanted to be the Eagle, and she tells him about Vidhya's warning. Ariel has all the terrestrial representatives on the Moon brought to Boa Vista as leverage in her negotiations with Earth. She abolishes the Four Elementals, making air, water, carbon, and data free for everyone on the Moon.

Characters

 Lucas Corta, the Corta family's eldest surviving member, now the Eagle of the Moon
 Lucasinho Corta, Lucas's son and heir
 Wagner Corta, Lucas's youngest and only surviving brother
 Ariel Corta, Lucas's sister, a lawyer in the Court of Clavius
 Robson Corta, orphaned son of Rafa Corta and Rachel Mackenzie
 Lousika Asamoah, Rafa Corta's second wife
 Luna Corta, Lousika's young daughter by Rafa
 Alexia Corta, Lucas's cousin from Earth who serves as his Iron Hand
 Duncan Mackenzie, CEO of Mackenzie Metals
 Denny Mackenzie, son of Duncan and Apollonaire, exiled from the Mackenzie family
 Bryce Mackenzie, Duncan's brother and Head of Finance of Mackenzie Metals
 Darius Mackenzie, Duncan's young half brother, the son of Robert Mackenzie and Jade Sun
 Cixi, Lady Sun, the Dowager of Taiyang, matriarch of the Sun family
 Marina Calzaghe, Ariel's former bodyguard
 Vidhya Rao, a gender-neutral economist, consultant to Whitacre Goddard bank and member of the Pavilion of the White Hare
 Abena Asamoah, Lucasinho's former lover, now legal assistant to Ariel
 Analiese Mackenzie, Wagner's lover
 Mariano Gabriel Demaria, the greatest knife-fighter on the Moon and the director of the School of Seven Bells
 Dakota Kaur Mackenzie: a warrior/scholar, or ghazi, of the Faculty of Biocybernetics at the University of Farside
 Rosario Salgado O'Hanlon de Tsiolkovski, a failed ghazi, and zashitnik to Ariel Corta

Publication
The third novel in a trilogy, Luna: Moon Rising was preceded by Luna: New Moon in 2015, and Luna: Wolf Moon in 2017. The first two chapters were excerpted by Tor.com in January 2019.

Luna: Moon Rising was released in the US by Tor Books on 19 March 2019.

Reception
Publishers Weekly praised McDonald's worldbuilding and characterization, but noted that readers not familiar with the previous novels in the series may "have difficulty mastering the intricacies of the setting and story". Liz Bourke of Tor.com agreed that it would be more difficult to read the novel out of sequence, but wrote that "McDonald's worldbuilding is sharp and glittering, with particular attention to culture".

Awards and nominations
Luna: Moon Rising  was nominated for the 2020 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.

References

2019 British novels
2019 science fiction novels
2019 LGBT-related literary works
2010s LGBT novels
British LGBT novels
British science fiction novels
Victor Gollancz Ltd books
LGBT speculative fiction novels
Novels by Ian McDonald
Novels set in the future
Novels set on the Moon
Novels with gay themes
Polyamory in fiction
Tor Books books

Luna: Moon Rising


In the United States, the silent service code is a way for a diner to communicate to waitstaff during a meal to indicate whether the diner is finished with their plate. This is intended to prevent situations where the server might remove a plate of food and utensils prematurely.

The code is almost always taught during business dining etiquette classes.

Signals
To indicate they have finished with their plate, a diner places their napkin to the left of their plate and places their utensils together at the "4-o'clock" position on their plate. It is applicable to most types of table service: without waitstaff, the host or hosts may find it informative in judging when to clear away a course or the meal.

Utensils crossed on a plate signify that a diner is still eating. If a diner must leave during a course, placing their napkin on their chair indicates they are not finished.

See also
 Eating utensil etiquette
 Nonverbal communication

References

Etiquette
Nonverbal communication
Serving and dining

Silent service code


A retained surgical instrument is any item inadvertently left behind in a patient's body in the course of surgery. There are few books about it and it is thought to be underreported.   As a preventable medical error, it occurs more frequently than "wrong site" surgery. The consequences of retained surgical tools include injury, repeated surgery, excess monetary cost, loss of hospital credibility and in some cases the death of the patient.

Mistakes and consequences
In any given typical surgery, an estimated 250–300 surgical tools are used.  The number significantly increases to 600 when a larger surgery is performed, thus increasing the chance of the surgeon losing an instrument.

Types of forgotten instruments

There are many different types of tools that have been left behind during a surgery.    Common instruments are needles, knife blades, safety pins, scalpels, clamps, scissors, sponges, towels, and electrosurgical adapters.  Also retained are tweezers, forceps, suction tips and tubes, scopes, ultrasound tissue disruptors, asepto bulbs, cryotomes and cutting laser guides, and measuring devices.  The single most common left behind object is a sponge.

Frequency
The estimate of how often this type of mistake happens is unclear.  According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, it is anywhere between 1 in 100 to 1 in 5000.  However a study done in 2008 reported to the Annals of Surgery that mistakes in tool and sponge counts happened in 12.5% of surgeries.   Additionally, the Patient Safety Monitor Alert, announced in 2003 that 1,500 tools were stitched into patients each year.   Khaled Sakhel, part of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Eastern Virginia Medical School, reported that it is expected to occur at least once "in every 1,000–1,500"  stomach surgeries.
An exact count of how often this happens would be impossible to calculate.  The Joint Commission on Accreditation for Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) stated that "unintentionally retained foreign bod(ies) without major permanent loss of function"  (qtd. in Gibbs) are not required to be reported.  Nurses have been discouraged against reporting all errors because of the threat of malpractice and liability issues.   Estimates are "undoubtedly low."

Gossypiboma
Gossypiboma is the official name for a retained sponge/towel after surgery.  This word comes from the Latin word for cotton, gossypium, combined with the Swahili word for place of concealment, boma. It is also commonly referred to as textilioma.  This word combines textile, meaning cloth, and the suffix –oma, which means growth or tumor.

A case of gossypiboma can be subtle and may not be discovered until months or even years after the surgery has been performed.  In rare cases, a situation can be so severe that it is noticed immediately.  Some of the ways gossypiboma can present itself are as a mass in the body or as a bowel tumor.  Immediately after surgery, a case of gossypiboma can commonly be mistaken for an abscess, especially when it is near a passage between organs (a "fistula"). In those cases where a sponge isn't discovered until much later, it may be impossible to tell the difference between gossypiboma and an "intra-abdominal abscess". This is because both cause air bubbles and "calcification of the cavity wall." Gossypiboma is difficult to diagnose due to vague, inconsistent symptoms and images from x-rays that provide no solid evidence and unclear results.  Because it is difficult to diagnose, emphasis has been put on the prevention of the mistake.  The following techniques have been put into practice to prevent gossypiboma.

Radiopaque marking: Before operation, sponges can be soaked through with "radio-opaque marker".  This allows a sponge to be easily seen on plain radiographs.  When the markers are noticed, it can be assumed that it is revealing a retained sponge.  A.P. Zbar, Surgical Directorate at Oldchurch and Harold Wood Hospitals stated "the diagnosis is easily made by plain abdominal radiography, when a radio-opaque marker is seen".  This method is flawed in that it doesn't work if the sponges have broken into smaller pieces over time.
Ultrasonography- Gossypiboma can be recognized with ultrasonography by "the presence of brightly echogenic wavy structures in a cystic mass showing posterior acoustic shadowing that changes in parallel with the direction of the ultrasound beam" according to Zbar  and associates.
Computerized Tomography (CT)- A surgical sponge on a CT will show air bubbles on soft tissue masses.  The flaw with this technique is that gossypibomas are easily confused with abscesses.

Consequences
Dangers of a tool or sponge left behind range anywhere from harmless to life-threatening. Surgical tools left in the body can puncture vital organs and blood vessels, causing internal bleeding. Sponges can fester inside a body, growing increasingly dangerous over time. Additional operations may be necessary, which can be costly and also take the surgical table away from other patients with more urgent needs. Michael Blum said "The incidents observed…took an average of 13 minutes to resolve, a time lapse which can significantly impact the flow of a busy emergency or perioperative department." Another danger is a sponge can be misdiagnosed, resulting in an unnecessary extreme surgery. A radical surgery can be avoided by considering the possibility of a retained sponge or tool.

Contributing factors
Many studies have taken place to pinpoint the causes of tools being forgotten in hopes that they may be avoided in the future. It has been thought that the amount of blood lost in a surgery or the changing of nurses during the surgery would influence the risk of losing something, but studies do not support this. Human factors such as exhaustion, lack of tools necessary to aid in producing an accurate count, and a chaotic environment all have been seen to increase the risk of forgetting a tool.  These factors cannot be controlled and surgeons must learn to mitigate them.

Inaccurate counts are a main reason why tools can be left behind.  Many cases of a retained instrument originally reported a correct sponge count when the patient was released.  An inaccurate count can occur when nurses are deprived of sleep, when the operation is particularly difficult, long, and mentally draining, when the operation is an emergency, or when there are unforeseen changes in the procedure.

An increased amount of chaos and distractions lead to a higher risk of a surgeon forgetting a tool.  Mark Hulse from North Shore Medical Center said the following about surgery;  "It's a process that's definitely subject to interruption and can be prone to errors. You're doing a hundred other things at the same time, and as much as you try to keep your attention on it [sponge counts] if the surgeon needs something, it's easy to get distracted." Some aspects of surgery that can add to chaos are performing unforeseen changes in the procedure and undergoing emergency surgery.   Consequently, the emergency room is the place most likely to make mistakes.

Studies have shown having a high body mass index increases risk.   Boston researchers found that a one-point increase in BMI related to a higher risk by 10%. The researchers suggest that "they [surgeons] chalk it up to more room in a patient in which to lose things."

Retained Surgical Instruments and Unretrieved Device Fragments (UDF)

In 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a Public Health Notification advising on serious adverse events arising from fragments of medical devices left behind after surgical procedures, known as unretrieved device fragments (UDFs). The FDA's Centre for Devices and Radiological Health receives around 1000 adverse event reports each year relating to UDFs. One major source of UDFs is from the failure of surgical instruments.

There are many risks from UDFs. The FDA states:
"The adverse events reported include local tissue reaction, infection, perforation and obstruction of blood vessels, and death. Contributing factors may include biocompatibility of the device materials, location of the fragment, potential migration of the fragment, and patient anatomy. During MRI procedures, magnetic fields may cause metallic fragments to migrate, and radiofrequency fields may cause them to heat, causing internal tissue damage and/or burns"

Preventing incidents
Improvement in lowering the number of mistakes likely depends upon improving the surgical system, and not in individual scapegoating. According to the Institute of Medicine, "the problem is not bad people; the problem is that the system needs to be made safer."

In order to improve the system and reduce the number of accidents, some hospitals require four counts of sponges and instruments.  The first count happens when the instruments are being set up and the sponges unwrapped.  The next count is required right before surgery begins, another count as closure begins, and finally a count during skin closure.  This is a general guideline and there are different count methods according to different hospitals.

While careful counting could prevent some mistakes, counting carries its own risks. Sometimes the patient must be worked on immediately, leaving no time to count the instruments to be used beforehand. Another risk of counting after is having to leave the patient under anesthesia longer. In addition, counting may not be entirely beneficial as counting is prone to human error and the majority of the cases of gossypiboma and other retained tools happen under a reported correct count.  Dr. Atul A. Gawande, a surgeon, said in an article published in The New England Journal of Medicine that "even though you're following procedures, the priority is the patient, not the procedures."

A new technique that is developing is similar to the Bar Code Medication Administration. The University of California at San Francisco and North Shore Medical Center have installed a "bar coded sponge management system", reasoning that technological error is smaller than human error. Each surgical instrument has a bar code placed on it and nurses pass the items through a hand scanner. The bar code allows each sponge to be identified, resulting in little to no room for error. UCSF reported in April 2008 to have not had "any unintended retained gauze or sponges" since the installation of the system in April 2007.

References

Medical error
Surgery

Retained surgical instruments


The Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) was an active DoD Research Program from 1994 to 2015.  It was housed within the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (NII) and it focused upon (1) improving both the state of the art and the state of the practice of command and control (C2) and
(2) enhancing DoD's understanding of the national security implications of the Information Age. It provides "Out of the Box" thinking and explores ways to help DoD take full advantage of Information Age opportunities. The CCRP served as a bridge between the operational and technical communities and enhanced the body of knowledge and research infrastructure needed for future progress.

Dr. David S. Alberts, served as both the Director of Research for OASD(C3I), OASD(NII) / DoD CIO and the Director, DoD CCRP throughout the program's existence

In 2015, a non-profit entity, the International Command and Control Institute IC2I) assumed responsibility for the annual International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium as well as the task of maintaining on-line access to the body of literature created by the CCRP.  The IC2I website can be found at:  www.internationalc2institute.org

Purpose
The CCRP pursued a broad program of research and analysis in command and control (C2) theory, doctrine, applications, systems, the implications of emerging technology, and C2 experimentation. It also developed new concepts for C2 in joint, combined, and coalition operations in the context of both traditional and non-traditional missions (OOTW). Additionally, the CCRP supported professional military education in the areas of C2, Information Superiority, network-centric operations, and related technologies. To complement its own program of research, the CCRP provided a clearinghouse and archive for other C2 research, published books and monographs, and sponsored workshops and symposia.

The CCRP program served to bridge among the operational, technical, analytical, and educational communities. It focused on emerging requirements and mission areas where new concepts were needed. Combined and coalition operations constituted one of these areas. The evolution of Mission Capability Packages (MCPs) was the CCRP's approach to transforming new and promising concepts into real operational capabilities through the judicious blending of new C2 technologies and the essential elements of all related capabilities needed to field C2 mission capabilities.

Conferences and Events

The CCRP sponsored a number of events each year. These symposia, workshops, and special meetings brought together the brightest and most innovative minds of the military, government, industry, and academia to share ideas, explore new concepts, and understand the implications of emerging technologies. They were designed to encourage the coalescence of a knowledgeable and energized command, control, and transformation community that would be better able to meet the national security challenges of the 21st century. The challenges that were of interest to the DoD CCRP included not only those associated with warfighting but also the challenges of stabilization, homeland defense, peacekeeping, and the full range of disaster relief and humanitarian missions.

The largest CCRP events were the (International) Command and Control Research and Technology Symposia or (I)CCRTS. These events were held in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.

At each event, the attendees presented hundreds of technical papers on diverse subjects related to command and control. Recurring subjects included Experimentation, Modeling and Simulation, Cognitive and Social Domain issues, Architectures, Metrics, Information Operations, New Technologies, Networks and Networking, Lessons Learned, Coalition Interoperability, and the Future of C2.

FACT

The CCRP also sponsored the Focus, Agility, and Convergence Team (FACT). FACT was a forum for bringing practitioners, theorists, and analysts together to explore and develop new approaches to achieving the agility, focus and convergence needed to successfully prepare for and participate in complex endeavors across the spectrum of crisis to conflict.

International C2 Journal

The International C2 Journal was an internationally directed and peer reviewed publication that presented articles written by authors from all over the world in many diverse fields of Command and Control such as systems, human factors, experimentation, and operations. The journal featured special issues addressing a single topic or theme. The journal was headed by David S. Alberts, serving as chairman of the editorial board.

References

External links
   new home of The Command and Control Research Program Website
 The DOD Office for Networking and Information Integration
 The DOD Office for Force Transformation

United States Department of Defense agencies
Command and control
Research
Academic journals published by the United States government
Command and control in the United States Department of Defense

Command and Control Research Program


Combat loading is a special type of unit loading of ships so that embarked forces will have immediately needed weapons, ammunition and supplies stowed in such a way that unloading of equipment will be concurrent with the force personnel and available for immediate combat during an amphibious landing. It gives primary consideration to the ease and sequence with which troops, equipment, and supplies can be unloaded ready for combat, rather than to the efficient use of cargo space as in convoy loading where forces and equipment would be joined in rear or secure areas. The art and science of combat loading were developed in World War II, and contributed greatly to the success of Allied amphibious campaigns. While combat loading usually took place in forward bases, the Western Task Force for the landings in North Africa was combat loaded at the Army's Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation which was called on again for the Sicily force.

Joint exercises in 1941 resulted in a decision that the Navy would be responsible for providing the transports for joint operations against enemy resistance. As the war progressed specialized types of ships were developed for the United States Navy, generally termed combat loaders, and specifically designated APA (transport, attack), and AKA (cargo ship, attack). Army doctrine, after some discussion as to whether the port commander or force commander should be responsible, settled on the commander of the landing force being responsible for combat loading Army forces. Combat loading for Army in the Pacific was organized under the Army Port and Service Command as directed by force commanders. Navy attack cargo ships were assigned a specially-trained Marine Corps officer called the "transport quartermaster" or "combat cargo officer" to oversee their proper combat loading.

When a ship is combat loaded, each item must be stored so it can be unloaded at a time and in a sequence that will most effectively support the planned activities ashore. Whenever possible, the loading scheme must also provide flexibility to accommodate changes in the tactical plan, and to allow access to cargo that is required to meet emergency calls for equipment or supplies.

Methods
There are three basic methods of arranging items in a cargo hold:

 Horizontally  Where a single item or class of items—say, rifle ammunition—is stored in a layer that fills the hold from side to side and front to rear. This allows maximum access to the item once it is uncovered.

 Vertically  Where like items are stored in columns that go from the top of the hold on down, so that several types of items are available during any stage of emptying the hold. This means that if four different items, such as food, water, medical supplies, and ammunition, are stored in a single hold, each of these supplies would be accessible without first unloading a layer of another one.

 In blocks  Where assortments of various types of items are made up and loaded together. With this system, a balanced proportion of the entire cargo can be unloaded without disturbing the rest of the cargo.

Combat loading normally requires the use of each of these methods, with the vertical and block method predominating.

References

Bibliography

Water transport

Combat loading


Amtrak (AMTK, AMTZ) is a passenger train company in the United States.  It uses many different types of trains to carry people between more than 500 cities. The United States Government owns and created this company. Originally started on May 1st, 1971 as the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (NRPC), any railroad operating intercity passenger service could contract with the NRPC, and join it.

When Amtrak was first formed, they received no railroad tracks, nor any right-of-way as of its formation. All railroad services were continuations of previous services.

Amtrak


Operation Sea Lion () was the plan to invade the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during World War II. However, Germany first had to control the sky and sea of the English Channel before a land invasion.

With the German Navy weakened during the German invasion of Norway and the Luftwaffe defeated at the Battle of Britain, the operation was put off on 17 September 1940 and so never happened.

Most historians believe that the German plans would have had little chance of success.

References

World War II

Operation Sea Lion


Ernest John 'Snowy' Martin (3 June 1903 – 7 September 1996) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton and Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1920s.

Recruited from Carlton District, Martin was a wingman and could only manage to play four games in three years at Carlton. He spent the 1926 and 1927 seasons with Coburg in the VFA and participated in back to back premierships. His performances in 1927 made him the first Coburg player to win a Recorder Cup.

Martin had another VFL stint in 1928, this time at Essendon, but struggled with a knee injury in his two seasons and eventually returned to Coburg.

References

Ernie Martin's playing statistics from The VFA Project
Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1903 births
1996 deaths
Carlton Football Club players
Essendon Football Club players
Coburg Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)

Ernie Martin


The Svetitskhoveli Cathedral (, svet'icxovlis sak'atedro t'adzari; literally the Cathedral of the Living Pillar) is an Orthodox Christian cathedral located in the historic town of Mtskheta, Georgia, to the northwest of the Georgian capital Tbilisi. A masterpiece of the Early and High Middle Ages, Svetitskhoveli is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. It is currently the second largest church building in Georgia, after the Holy Trinity Cathedral.

Known as the burial site of the claimed Christ's mantle, Svetitskhoveli has long been one of the principal Georgian Orthodox churches and is among the most venerated places of worship in the region. Throughout the centuries, the cathedral served as the burial place for kings. The present cross-in-square structure was completed between 1010 and 1029 by the medieval Georgian architect Arsukisdze, although the site itself dates back to the early fourth century. The exterior archature of the cathedral is a well-preserved example of typical decorations of the 11th century.

Svetitskhoveli is considered an endangered cultural landmark; it has survived a variety of adversities, and many of its priceless frescoes have been lost due to being whitewashed by the Russian Imperial authorities. It is considered one of the four Great Cathedrals of the Georgian Orthodox world.

History

Early history

The original church was built in 4th century AD during the reign of Mirian III of Kartli (Iberia). Saint Nino is said to have chosen the confluence of the Mtkvari (Kura) and Aragvi rivers as the place of the first Georgian church.

According to Georgian hagiography, in the 1st century AD a Georgian Jew from Mtskheta named Elias was in Jerusalem when Jesus was crucified. Elias bought Jesus' robe from a Roman soldier at Golgotha and brought it back to Georgia. Returning to his native city, he was met by his sister Sidonia who, upon touching the Robe, immediately died from the emotions generated by the sacred object. The Robe could not be removed from her dead hands, so she was buried with it. The place where Sidonia is buried with the Robe is preserved in the cathedral. Later, from her grave grew an enormous cedar tree. Ordering the cedar be chopped down to build the church, St. Nino had seven columns made from it for the foundation. The seventh column, however, had supernatural properties and rose by itself into the air. It returned to earth after St. Nino prayed the whole night. It was further said that from the seventh column flowed a sacred liquid that cured people of all diseases.

In Georgian sveti means "pillar" and tskhoveli means "life-giving" or "living", hence the name of the cathedral. An icon portraying this event can be seen on the third column on the left-hand from the entrance. Reproduced widely throughout Georgia, it shows Sidonia's corpse at the root of a cedar tree stump, with an angel lifting the column towards heaven. Saint Nino is in the foreground: King Mirian and his wife, Queen Nana, are to the right and left. Georgia officially adopted Christianity as its state religion in 337.

Medieval and modern
Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, originally built in the 4th century, has been damaged several times during history, notably by the invasions of Arabs, Persians and Timurids, and latterly during Russian subjugation and the Soviet period. The building has also been damaged by earthquakes.

The present Svetitskhoveli Cathedral was built between 1010 and 1029 by the architect Arsukidze, at the invitation of the Catholicos Melchizedek I of Georgia. The king of Georgia at that time was Giorgi I (George I).

A notable reconstruction was carried out at the end of 14th century after it was destroyed by Tamerlane. The next large renovation came in the beginning of 15th, when the current dome was built, being subsequently renovated again in the middle of 17th century.

During the restoration of 1970-71 which was presided over by Vakhtang Tsintsadze, the base of the basilica built in the late 5th century by King Vakhtang Gorgasali after St. Nino's original church was found. During the early years of Georgian church building, the basilica was the dominant type of the Georgian church architecture before the crossed-dome style emerged.

The cathedral is surrounded by a defensive wall, built of stone and brick during the reign of King Erekle II (Heraclius) in 1787.

In the beginning of 1830s the cathedral was visited by the Russian Emperor. In connection with this, the portal galleries, surrounding the church from the north, west and south, which had been in unsatisfactory condition, were demolished.

Archaeological expeditions in 1963 found the 11th century house of the Patriarch at the southern part of the wall. Inside the church yard, the remains of the two-story palace of Patriarch Anton II were found.

Architecture

The cathedral is set on a flat lowland, amidst the old town of Mtskheta as its most significant construction, visible from nearly every spot.

The base of the three-storey basilica, supposed to have been built by Vakhtang Gorgasali after St.Nino's original church, was found by archaeologists during the restoration of 1970–71. Its remnants can be seen in the western and southeastern parts, as well as under the pillars below the floor. The remnants of an even older wooden church were found inside in the southern arm of the cross.

The architecture of the present Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, which dates from around 1020, is based on the cross-dome style of church architecture, which emerged in Georgia in the early Middle Ages and became the principal style after the political unification of Georgia by Bagrat III (978-1014). The characteristic of this style is that the dome is placed across all four sides of the church. There was originally a more harmonic three-step silhouette, with portals from the south, west and north. The northern and southern portals were demolished in the 1830s. The current entrance to the cathedral is from the west.

The structure of the church is intended to ensure good acoustics. Large windows on the dome and walls give a significant amount of light. In its plan the church is a cross with shorter transverse and longer longitudinal arms. The east end has an apse. The dome of Svetitskhoveli was reconstructed several times over the centuries to keep the church in good condition. The current dome is from the 15th century with its upper part reconstructed in the 17th century, when it lost its original size and was reduced in height.

The basic stone used for the cathedral is a sandy yellow with trimmings, while around the apse window a red stone is used. The green stone used in the drum of the cupola is from the 17th century.

The church facades are richly decorated. The curved blind arcading throughout is unaltered from the 11th century. The arches genuinely ascend or descend according to height of the corresponding part of the facade, creating an impression of constant movement. Two high and deep niches of the eastern facade are in clear contrast with surrounding illuminated walls. Each window is surrounded by ornamental stripe and stylised peacock tail-like decorations. Similar decorations are found in the upper parts of the eastern niches. A writing above the windows of eastern facade tell that the church was built by katolikos Melchisedek. Above it, two low-reliefs, an eagle with open wings and a lion under it, are set to the south from the three more recent accessory windows under the roof.

A large window occupies most of the western top side of the church. The decoration shows the Ascension of Jesus, with Christ sitting on the throne and two angels at the both sides. This triangle-shaped decoration fits harmoniously with triangle of the cornice and an arch below it. The original sculpture on the wall has not survived, but was restored several times, most recently in the 19th century.

The architect Arsukidze

A legend surrounds a relief sculpture on the external northern wall.  This shows a right arm and hand holding an L-square - symbol of the stonemason – with an inscription reads:
An inscription on the east façade further attests to the fact that Arsukidze did not live to see his masterpiece finished (in 1029):
{{cquote|
This holy church was built by the hand of Thy wretched servant, Arsukidze.May your soul rest in peace, O Master.}}
Konstantine Gamsakhurdia's novel The Hand of the Great Master relates the legend, for which there is no documentary evidence, that a priest who had also been 's patron and teacher was so jealous of 's success that he used his influence with the king to have the architect's right hand cut off. According to the novel, King George was also jealous of  over his lover, the beautiful Shorena.

Icons and frescoes

The cathedral interior walls were once fully adorned with medieval frescoes, but many of them did not survive. In the 1830s, when Emperor Nicholas I was scheduled to visit Mskheta, Russian authorities razed the galleries and whitewashed timeless frescoes as part of an effort to give the cathedral a "tidier look"; in the end the Czar never even came. Today, after much careful restoration, some frescoes survive, including a 13th-century depiction of the "Beast of the Apocalypse" and figures of the Zodiac.

The walls are decorated with many Christian Orthodox icons,  most of which are not original (the originals being in the national museums of Georgia). The decoration of the church stonework also features carved grapes (as in many churches of Georgia), reflecting the country's ancient wine-making traditions. The large figure of Jesus at the altar was painted by Russian artist in the 19th century. The majority of the icons here date to the 20th century. Some are copies of older icons and frescoes from other churches throughout Georgia.

Two bulls' heads on the east façade, remnants of the 5th-century church, attest to the folk influence on Christian iconography in that early period.

Baptismal font
On the right side from the entrance of the cathedral is a stone baptismal font dating from the 4th century. It is thought to have been used for the baptism of King Mirian and Queen Nana. Immediately behind the font is a reproduction of the relief of Arsukidze's right hand and bevel found on the north facade.

Symbolic copy of the Chapel of Holy Sepulchre

On the south side there is a small stone church built into the cathedral. This is a symbolic copy of the Chapel of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Built between the end of the 13th and the beginning the 14th centuries, it was erected here to mark Svetitskhoveli as the second most sacred place in the world (after the church of Jerusalem), thanks to Christ's robe. In front of this stone chapel, the most westerly structure aligned with the columns between the aisle and the nave marks Sidonia's grave. Remains of the original life-giving pillar are also here. It was built in the 17th century. Scenes of the lives of King Mirian and Queen Nana, and portraits of the first Christian Byzantine Emperor, Constantine I, and his mother Helena, were painted by G. Gulzhavarashvili at that time. Traces of the foundations of the 4th-century church have been found here.

Throne of Catholicos-Patriarch
The second structure aligned with the columns of the southern aisle was also built in the 17th century as the throne of Catholicos Diasamidze. It no longer serves this function, as current tradition requires a throne for the Georgian patriarch to be in the centre of the church.

Burials in the cathedral

Svetitskhoveli was not only the site of the coronation of the Georgian kings but also served as their burial place. Ten are known to have been buried here, although only six tombs have been found, all before the altar. The tomb of King Vakhtang Gorgasali can be found in the central part of the cathedral and identified by the small candle fortress standing before it. King Erekle II's tomb is identifiable by the sword and shield upon it. His son, George XII was the last king of Georgia and his marble tomb is next to his father's. Also in front of the altar are tombs of David VI, George VIII, Luarsab I and various members of the Bagrationi royal family including Tamar, the first wife of George XI, whose epitaph dating from 1684 is written both in Georgian (Asomtavruli) and Arabic script.

 Other burials
Domentius IV of Georgia

Other constructions

The cathedral stands in the middle of the large yard, surrounded by high walls with towers, dating back to 18th century. The top storie was designed for military purposes and has gun emplacements. The entrance to the cathedral from the wall is located to the west. The wall has eight towers: six cylindrical and two square. The remnants of a palace and the 11th century two-stories tower above the gate are found in the southwestern part of the yard. The tower is faced by stones, with archature and two bull heads on the west facade, and has a passage with volt on the ground floor. A writing tells that the tower was built by katolikos Melchisedek.

 Threats
A 2010 UNESCO report has found that structural issues threaten the overall stability of the cathedral.

 Images

 Notes

 References

 Abashidze, Irakli. Ed. Georgian Encyclopedia. Vol. IX. Tbilisi, Georgia: 1985.
 Amiranashvili, Shalva. History of Georgian Art. Khelovneba: Tbilisi, Georgia: 1961.
 Grigol Khantsteli. Chronicles of Georgia.
 Закарая, П. (1983) Памятники Восточной Грузии. Искусство, Москва, 376 с. (In Russian)
 Rosen, Roger. Georgia: A Sovereign Country of the Caucasus.'' Odyssey Publications: Hong Kong, 1999.

 Натроев А. Мцхет и его собор Свэти-Цховели. Историко-археологическое описание. 1900

External links

 Location of Svetitskhoveli Cathedral on the city map of Mtskheta
 Lonely Planet Guide
 Max Planck Institute
 UNESCO site

Georgian Orthodox cathedrals in Georgia (country)
Eastern Orthodox church buildings in Georgia (country)
11th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Georgian Orthodox churches in Mtskheta
Tourist attractions in Mtskheta-Mtianeti
World Heritage Sites in Georgia (country)
Burial sites of the House of Mukhrani

Svetitskhoveli Cathedral


Ceres River Bluff Regional Park is a regional park in Ceres, California in the United States. It covers   along the Tuolumne River adjacent to Modesto. It is part of the City of Ceres park system.

Geography
The Ceres River Bluff Regional Park consists of two geographically different sections. The upper terrace runs parallel to Hatch Ave consists of soccer fields, walking paths, children play grounds, and parking areas. The lower terrace lies near the Tuolumne River, is currently undergoing restoration to a natural riparian habitat as it had previously been used as a walnut orchard.

The Upper Terrace

The Upper Terrace,, contains several sport facilities consisting of six soccer fields, two softball fields, one basketball court, and two volleyball courts. The 2015 remodel also improved other amenities including a group picnic area, a children's play area, snack bar area, and restrooms.

The Lower Terrace
The Lower Terrance currently is undergoing restoration to a natural riverside riparian zone.  It consists of bike/hiking trails, river access, and picnic tables. The lower section of the park runs along the Tuolumne River.  There is a small inland pond that is a popular fishing spot. Prior to its purchase, the lower park housed a walnut orchard. Several rows of Walnut trees are still located on the lower terrace.

Sports complex

Several soccer associations utilize the park for league play. Originally the park was considered too small to host large tournaments; however, the 2015 park expansion served to increase the number of available fields and to allow Ceres to compete with neighboring towns for tournament hosting.

References

Parks in Stanislaus County, California
Ceres, California

Ceres River Bluff Regional Park


Don John (1835–1857) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1838. In a racing career which lasted from May 1837 until April 1839 he ran ten times and won nine races, although three of his victories were walkovers when no rival appeared to oppose him. He was one of the leading British two-year-olds of 1837, when his three wins included the Champagne Stakes at Doncaster Racecourse. In the following year he returned to Doncaster where he recorded an emphatic win in the St Leger and then defeated a strong field of older horses in the Doncaster Cup. In the following year he was campaigned at Newmarket where he was beaten for the first time by Grey Momus in the Port Stakes. After one more win he suffered serious leg injuries which ended his racing career. He was retired to stud where he became a successful breeding stallion.

Background
Don John was a bay horse standing 15 hands three inches high with a white sock on his left hind leg. He was bred by Mr Garforth and sold as a foal for 140 guineas to Robert Ridsdale and at Ridsdale's dispersal sale in 1836, the yearling was bought by George Stanhope, 6th Earl of Chesterfield. Lord Chesterfield, however, was listed as the colt's breeder in the General Stud Book, and the exact relationship between Chesterfield's racing interests and those of the Ridsdale brothers was somewhat unclear. Lord Chesterfield sent Don John into training with John Scott who trained forty classic winners at his base at Whitewall stables, Malton, North Yorkshire. The colt was ridden in most of his important races by the trainer's younger brother, Bill Scott.

He was the ninth of thirteen foals produced by Mr Garforth's unnamed Comus mare, whose other progeny included the Northumberland Plate winner Hetman Platoff. He was probably sired by Waverley, although the Comus mare had previously been covered by the stallion Tramp in the year of his conception. Waverley won several major races in Yorkshire including Gold Cups at Newcastle and Pontefract. Apart from Don John, the best of his offspring was The Saddler, a colt that won the Doncaster Cup and was beaten a short-head by Chorister when favourite for the 1831 St Leger.

Racing career

1837: two-year-old season
Until 1913, there was no requirement for British racehorses to have official names, and the horse who later became known as Don John began his racing career as Lord Chesterfield's b. c. by Tramp, or Waverley, out of Sharpset's dam. The colt made his first appearance in The Two yrs old Stakes at York Racecourse on 31 May 1837. He started the 5/2 third favourite in a field of six and won from the Duke of Cleveland's colt Alzira.

The colt did not race again until the St Leger meeting at Doncaster in autumn. On 18 September, he started favourite at odds of 6/4 for the Champagne Stakes over the second half of the St Leger course. The still unnamed colt took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by two lengths from five opponents, winning a prize of 750 sovereigns. As part of the race's conditions, Lord Chesterfield was obliged to present six dozen bottles of champagne to the Doncaster Racing Club. Eleven days later, the now officially named Don John appeared at the Heaton Park Racecourse in Manchester. Ridden by Nat Flatman, he won the local Claret Stakes, beating George Osbaldeston's The Fairy Queen over six furlongs.

1838: three-year-old season

On his three-year-old debut, Don John was sent from Yorkshire to Newmarket for a one-mile sweepstakes at the Craven meeting in April. The trip proved lucrative but uninformative as the colt was allowed to walkover for the 700 sovereign prize when his three rivals were withdrawn by their owners.

Don John had never been entered in The Derby and was off the course for five months before returning at Doncaster in September. A field of seven runners, the smallest for thirty-six years, assembled for the Great St Leger Stakes and Don John was made 13/8 favourite ahead of the Derby runner-up Ion. Ridden as usual by Bill Scott, Don John took the lead shortly after the start, quickly took a three length advantage and set a "killing" pace. His rivals were effectively beaten by half way and the favourite won by at least five lengths from Ion, who was in turn six lengths clear of Lanercost in third. The New Sporting Magazine commented that "never was a St. Leger won so easy or so gallantly before". His victory was enthusiastically received the large crowd, and became even more popular when Lord Chesterfield held "open house" at the nearby Salutation Inn, providing free food and drink to anyone who joined the celebration.

Two days later the St Leger winner was matched against older horse in the four-mile Gold Cup, a race in which he was partnered by Flatman as Scott was unable to ride at the specified weight of seven stones. His meeting with the outstanding racemare Bee's-wing created much interest, although there was some disappointment that the leading Irish horse Harkaway failed to appear. Don John tracked Bee's-wing until the final furlong when he took the lead, quickly went clear and won easily from the mare, with The Doctor third and Melbourne last of the four runners. Later the same afternoon, Don John walked over for the Gascoigne Stakes over the St Leger course and distance. Don John again ended his season at Heaton Park in late September where he walked over for the local version of the "St Leger Stakes". During this period, many racecourse, including York and Newmarket named races after the Doncaster classic, leading the original to use the prefix "Great" to distinguish it from its imitators.

1839: four-year-old season
Don John was undefeated in eight races when he appeared at Newmarket for the Port Stakes over two miles on 5 April 1839. He started 2/5 favourite for the race but was beaten by Lord George Bentinck's colt Grey Momus winner of the previous seasons 2000 Guineas and Ascot Gold Cup. At Newmarket's First Spring meeting later that month Don John was ridden by Harry Edwards to win an 1,800 sovereign sweepstakes from three opponents over the four-mile Beacon Course. Shortly after this contest the colt's legs "gave way" and he never raced again, being retired to stud at the end of the year.

Stud record
Don John began his career as a breeding stallion at Tickhill Castle Farm in Yorkshire at fee of fifteen guineas with a "guinea to the groom". By 1843 he was standing at the same fee at Bretby Park, Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, where he remained for several years, with the price of his services increasing to 20 guineas a mare by 1848. He later moved to George Tattersall's stud at Willesden Paddocks, Kilburn, where he was standing at fifteen guineas in 1853. Don John was sold to Dr. A.B.T. Merritt and exported to Richmond, Virginia in June 1855. In November 1855, Don John won second prize at the Virginia State Fair in the Thoroughbred stallion category, losing to Red Eye by Boston. Don John died in 1857.

Don John's only classic winner was Lady Evelyn, the winner of the Oaks Stakes in 1849, but he sired many other good winners including Mrs Taft (Cesarewitch) and The Ban (St James's Palace Stakes). His most influential son was Iago, who sired Bonnie Scotland, twice leading sire in North America. A more important long-term influence on the Thoroughbred was Don John's daughter Maid of Masham, a top-class racemare who became an outstanding broodmare. As the founder of Family 9-e she was the direct female-line ancestor of numerous major winners throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: her descendants include Cyllene, Friar Rock, Corrida, Galcador, Haafhd, Snow Chief, High-Rise, Zafonic, Daylami, Dalakhani and Dubawi.

Pedigree

Don John was inbred 3 × 4 × 4 to Sir Peter Teazle, meaning that the stallion, appears once in the third and twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree. He was also inbred 4 × 4 to Highflyer.

References

1835 racehorse births
1857 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 2-c
St Leger winners

Don John (horse)


Essays and Reviews, edited by John William Parker, published in March 1860, is a broad-church volume of seven essays on Christianity. The topics covered the biblical research of the German critics, the evidence for Christianity, religious thought in England, and the cosmology of Genesis.

Essays and Reviews was a popular book title in the 19th century: there are many similar books available, but none made the same impact.

Background
Each essay was authored independently by one of six Church of England churchmen and one layman. There was no overall editorial policy and each contributor chose his own theme. The six church essayists were: Frederick Temple, who later became Archbishop of Canterbury; Rowland Williams, then tutor at Cambridge and later Professor and Vice-Principal of St David's University College, Lampeter; Baden Powell, clergyman and Professor of Geometry at Oxford; Henry Bristow Wilson, fellow of St John's College, Oxford; Mark Pattison, tutor at Lincoln College, Oxford; and Benjamin Jowett, Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford (later Master) and Regius Professor of Greek, Oxford University.  The layman was Charles Wycliffe Goodwin, former fellow of St Catharine's College, Cambridge, Egyptologist, barrister and, later, Assistant Judge of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan.

Significance
The book was important because of its date and its authors. Appearing four months after Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, it summed up a three-quarter-century-long challenge to biblical history by the higher critics and to biblical prehistory by scientists working in the new fields of geology and biology. Baden Powell restated his argument that God is a lawgiver, miracles break the lawful edicts issued at the creation, therefore belief in miracles is atheistic, and wrote of "Mr Darwin's masterly volume" that the Origin of Species "must soon bring about an entire revolution in opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature."

"Outwardly, the conflict ended inconclusively, with the acquittal of Williams and Wilson by the courts and the condemnation of
the volume by the clergy in Convocation. At a deeper level, it marked the exhaustion both of the Broad Church and of Anglican orthodoxy and the commencement of an era of religious doubt."

Seven articles

 The Education of the World by Frederick Temple—"a warmed-over sermon urging the free study of the Bible"
 Bunsen's Biblical Researches by Rowland Williams—"denying the predictive character of Old Testament prophecies"
 On the Study of the Evidences of Christianity by Baden Powell—"flatly denied the possibility of miracles"
 Séances Historiques de Genève. The National Church by Henry Bristow Wilson—"gave the widest possible latitude to the Thirty-nine Articles and questioned the eternity of damnation"
 On the Mosaic Cosmogony by C. W. Goodwin—"a critique of the attempted 'Harmonies' between Genesis and geology"
 Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, 1688-1750 by Mark Pattison—"a learned and cold study of the evidential theologians of the eighteenth century"
 On the Interpretation of Scripture by Benjamin Jowett—"in which he urged that the Bible be read 'like any other book' and made an impassioned plea for freedom of scholarship"

"On the interpretation of scripture"

The essay "On the interpretation of scripture" was contributed by Benjamin Jowett. When asked to contribute, Jowett saw the opportunity to challenge traditionalists. He was a rationalist and insisted that the Bible ought to be treated as scholars treated classical texts. Jowett was a proponent of progressive revelation in which the later books  were seen to be closer to the ultimate revelation of God as seen in Jesus Christ as revealed in the Gospels. The epistles and other New Testament writings were seen to look back.

The implications of Jowett's essay and his other writings that revelation was ongoing and that scripture was always subject to reinterpretation as each generation encountered them were the target of his traditionalist foes. Jowett felt he was being slandered for his honesty concerning his beliefs, but he suffered no actual penalty other than an infamously low salary at Christ Church, Oxford. However, in 1863 Jowett was brought before the vice-chancellor's court for teaching contrary to the doctrines of the Church of England; the case was eventually dropped.

Reception

Hardly known outside academic theological circles today, Essays sold 22,000 copies in two years, more than Origin sold in its first twenty years. It sparked five years of increasingly polarized debate with books and pamphlets furiously contesting the issues.

A review by Frederic Harrison published in the Westminster Review in October 1860 had the probably undesired effect of stimulating the attack on the book. Harrison saw the essays as neither religious nor rational which was a double blow to the seven who saw the essays as promoting rational religion.

In January 1861, an anonymous review was published in the Quarterly Review. The author was later revealed as Samuel Wilberforce, the Bishop of Oxford. The Quarterly review was followed up by a letter to The Times co-signed by the Archbishop of Canterbury and 25 bishops which threatened the theologians with the ecclesiastical courts. Darwin quoted a proverb: "A bench of bishops is the devil's flower garden", and joined others including the eminent geologist Charles Lyell, and the mathematician and Queen's printer William Spottiswoode,  in signing a counter-letter supporting Essays and Reviews for trying to "establish religious teachings on a firmer and broader foundation".

On the subject Lewis Carroll wrote, "Let E = Essays, and R = Reviews: then the locus of (E + R), referred to multilinear coordinates, will be found to be a superficies (i.e., a locus possessing length and breadth, but no depth)."

Repercussions

Despite this alignment of pro-evolution scientists and Unitarians with liberal churchmen, Williams and Wilson were charged with heresy in the Court of Arches. They were found guilty on some of the counts by the Dean of Arches, Stephen Lushington, but appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Judicial Committee comprised secular judges sitting with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York and the Bishop of London. In 1864 it overturned the convictions, with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York dissenting in part (though the Bishop of London concurred in the decision). It was said that the Privy Council had "dismissed hell with costs". One hundred and thirty-seven thousand laity signed a letter of thanks to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York for voting against the Committee, and a declaration in favour of biblical inspiration and eternal torments was drawn up at Oxford and circulated to the 24,800 clergy, being signed by eleven thousand of them. Wilberforce went to the Convocation of Canterbury and in June obtained "synodical condemnation" of Essays and Reviews.

Today the essay topics and conclusions may seem innocuous, but at the time, the essays were described by their opponents as heretical, and the essayists were called "The Seven Against Christ."....

See also

 Anglicanism
 Church of England
 Liberal Christianity

Notes

References

 Published anonymously.

 Also available from Google-books.
 Published anonymously.

Further reading

1860 books
Anglicanism
History of the Church of England
Books about religion and science

Essays and Reviews


The University of Leipzig Medical Center () is one of the oldest university hospitals in Germany. With 1,450 beds and over 6,000 workers (including the medical faculty) in 29 clinics and polyclinics, eight institutes and seven departments, it is the largest hospital in Leipzig, Saxony.

Locations

Most of the facilities at the University Hospital are located on their own premises southeast of the city center in the Zentrum-Südost district - the Medical Quarter or Clinic Quarter on Liebigstrasse. The boundaries are Johannisallee, Sternwartenstrasse, Nürnberger Strasse and Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse. The clinics can be reached by local public transport operated by LVB and by S-Bahn from the Bayerischer Bahnhof, Ostplatz and Johannisallee stops. Other locations include Semmelweisstrasse and Härtelstrasse.

History
The medical faculty of the Leipzig University was founded in 1415, a few years after the university itself was founded in 1409. As at all European universities, medical knowledge was initially disseminated in a purely theoretical manner. The first step towards modern, scientifically based medicine was taken in 1704 with the establishment of the first anatomical theater (Theatrum anatomicum) by Johann Christian Schamberg. In 1799 the "Institute for Clinical Education" was founded in the Jakobshospital, where patient examinations, surgical demonstrations and dissection exercises took place for the first time. Johann Christian August Heinroth was appointed to the world's first chair for "psychological therapy" (psychiatry) in 1811. The current main location of the medical faculty in Liebigstrasse was founded in 1871 by Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich and Carl Thiersch as the "St. Jakob Municipal Hospital". In 1889 the landmark of the medical district was opened with the "Red House". In the period from approx. 1880 to the Second World War, medicine experienced its greatest heyday at the University of Leipzig. With researchers like Paul Flechsig, Carl Ludwig and Wilhelm His, Leipzig was one of the world's leading centres of scientific teaching and research. In 1891 Otto Heubner founded the University Children's Clinic. Large parts of the medical district were destroyed during World War II. The first post-war building was opened in 1956 with the Institute for Anatomy; all other institutes were gradually rebuilt. In 1953 the St. Jakob Hospital was transferred to the university. The department for inpatient psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine, founded in 1953, was one of the first in Germany. Almost all clinics and institutes have been built or completely renovated since 1990. The hospital, which founded the first clinic for cardiovascular surgery in Europe in 1961, no longer has its own cardiac surgery department, as the private heart center in Leipzig in the Probstheida district has been a university clinic since 1994, according to a contract between the State of Saxony and Rhön-Klinikum AG. Up to the opening of the Center for Conservative Medicine in November 2008, around 350 million euros had been invested in the Liebigstrasse location. By around mid-2009, all departments moved from the old ward block to the new clinic buildings.

The hospital building built in 1983 was demolished in 2013, and new buildings will later be built on the area.

Medical treatment
It is a maximum care hospital. It has 1,350 fully inpatient and 101 part inpatient beds. In 2018, 374,020 outpatients and 56,591 inpatients were treated. The turnover in 2018 was 457 million euros. The hospital has several certified treatment units: the largest stroke unit in Saxony (12 beds), a colon cancer center  and one of the first skin cancer centers in Germany.   The José Carreras Transplant Unit at the Department of Hematology and Internal Oncology is one of the best-known funding beneficiaries of the German José Carreras Leukemia Foundation .

Research
The main research areas of the University Hospital are neurosciences, endocrinology, immunology, molecular oncology and psychosocial medicine. There are collaborations with a number of local research institutes such as the Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Neurosciences, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ and Bio City Leipzig.

Blood bank
In 1962 the district institute for blood donation and transfusion was founded, which in 1991 merged with the university blood donation service to form today's institute for transfusion medicine. The blood bank brand was introduced in 2002 to differentiate the institute from other blood donation services. With currently 92 employees, it has two branches in Grünau and Paunsdorf in addition to the institute's location in the clinic district (center) and an acceptance point in the north (Gohlis Park). There are also around 160 external appointments in the region every year. As the largest university facility for transfusion medicine in Germany, the blood bank collects 55,000 whole blood donations, 12,000 plasma donations and 5,400 platelet donations every year.

Organ donation scandal
At the beginning of January 2013 it became known that there had been irregularities in the allocation of donor organs in 2010 and 2011 at the hospital. The investigative commission of the German Medical Association and the internal auditing department of the hospital found that the health status of at least 37 of 54 patients had been deliberately shown worse in the context of liver transplants, so that they could be assigned a replacement organ more quickly. In the course of the investigation, the chief physician of transplant surgery and two senior physicians were given leave of absence for the time being.  In July 2015, after the investigation was completed, the Leipzig public prosecutor brought charges against the two senior physicians, as they allegedly manipulated patient files in 2010 and 2011. The preliminary investigation against the clinic's chief physician was discontinued without any conditions; no involvement was proven.

References

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Leipzig
Hospitals

University of Leipzig Medical Center


Shosse Entuziastov () is a Moscow Metro station on the Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line. It is located between Aviamotornaya and Perovo stations.

The station is named after the Entuziastov Highway, under which it is located. The design theme of the station is the struggle for freedom during Russia's history. Shosse Entuziastov station is decorated in various colours and shades of marble, with colours ranging from dark grey to yellow. Sculptures and pictures relating to revolutionary subjects adorn the walls. On the western end of the central hall there is a large sculpture — "Flame of Freedom" — designed by A. Kuznetsov.

Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1979
Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Shosse Entuziastov (Moscow Metro)


The Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities is an honorary lecture series established in 1972 by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).  According to the NEH, the Lecture is "the highest honor the federal government confers for distinguished intellectual achievement in the humanities."

History of the Jefferson Lecture
The Jefferson Lecturer is selected each year by the National Council on the Humanities, the 26-member citizen advisory board of the NEH.   The honoree delivers a lecture in Washington, D.C., generally in conjunction with the spring meeting of the council, and receives an honorarium of $10,000.  The stated purpose of the honor is to recognize "an individual who has made significant scholarly contributions in the humanities and who has the ability to communicate the knowledge and wisdom of the humanities in a broadly appealing way."

The first Jefferson Lecturer, in 1972, was Lionel Trilling.  He spoke on "Mind in the Modern World." Among other things, Trilling suggested that humanism had become the basis for social improvement, rather than science and the scientific method as has been predicted by Thomas Jefferson, the Lectures' namesake.  Ten years later, Gerald Holton, the first scientist invited to deliver the lecture, drew attention for responding to Trilling, proposing that Jefferson's vision of science as a force for social improvement was still viable, opining that there had been a "relocation of the center of gravity" of scientific inquiry toward solving society's important problems,  and cautioning that science education had to be improved dramatically or only a small "technological elite" would be equipped to take part in self-government.

The selection of the 2000 Jefferson Lecturer led to a spate of controversy.  The initial selection was President Bill Clinton.  William R. Ferris, chairman of the NEH, said that his intent was to establish a new tradition for every president to deliver a Jefferson Lecture during his or her presidency, and that this was consistent with the NEH's broader effort to increase public awareness of the humanities.  However, some scholars and political opponents objected that the choice of Clinton represented an inappropriate and unprecedented politicization of the NEH. The heads of the American Council of Learned Societies and the National Humanities Alliance expressed concerns about introducing political considerations into the selection, while William J. Bennett, a conservative Republican and former chairman of the NEH under President Ronald Reagan, charged that the proposal was an example of how Clinton had "corrupted all of those around him."  In the wake of the controversy, President Clinton declined the honor; a White House spokesperson said the President "didn't want the work of the National Endowment for the Humanities to be called into question."

Ultimately the 2000 honor went to historian James M. McPherson, whose lecture turned out to be very popular. Subsequently, the NEH revised the criteria for the award to place more emphasis on speaking skills and public appeal.

The next Jefferson Lecture, by playwright Arthur Miller, again led to attacks from conservatives such as Jay Nordlinger, who called it "a disgrace," and George Will, who did not like the political content of Miller's lecture and argued that Miller was not legitimately a "scholar."

Recent Jefferson Lecturers have included journalist/author Tom Wolfe; Straussian conservative political philosopher Harvey Mansfield; and novelist John Updike, who, in a nod to the NEH's Picturing America arts initiative, devoted his 2008 lecture to the subject of American art.  In his 2009 lecture, bioethicist and self-described "humanist" Leon Kass expressed his view that science has become separated from its humanistic origins, and the humanities have lost their connection to metaphysical and theological concerns.

In 2013 the NEH went in a different direction, selecting film director Martin Scorsese.  He was the first filmmaker chosen for the honor, and he spoke on "the evolution of his films, the art of storytelling, and the inspiration he draws from the humanities".  In 2014 the Jefferson Lecturer was author Walter Isaacson, and the 2015 honoree was playwright and actress Anna Deavere Smith.  As part of the NEH's celebration of its fiftieth anniversary in 2016, it selected documentarian Ken Burns to deliver the lecture.  The 2017 lecturer was University of Chicago philosophy and law professor Martha Nussbaum, who delivered her lecture, entitled "Powerlessness and the Politics of Blame", on May 1, 2017.

Publications based on Jefferson Lectures
A number of the Jefferson Lectures have led to books, including Holton's The Advancement of Science, and Its Burdens, John Hope Franklin's Racial Equality in America,  Henry Louis Gates' The Trials of Phillis Wheatley and Jaroslav Pelikan's The Vindication of Tradition. Updike's 2008 lecture was included in his posthumous 2012 collection Always Looking.

Bernard Lewis' 1990 lecture on "Western Civilization: A View from the East" was revised and reprinted in The Atlantic Monthly under the title "The Roots of Muslim Rage". According to one source, Lewis' lecture (and the subsequent article) first introduced the term "Islamic fundamentalism" to North America.

List of Jefferson Lecturers
The following table lists the Jefferson Lecturers and the titles of their lectures.

References

External links

Lecture series
American awards
Humanities awards
Recurring events established in 1972
1972 establishments in Washington, D.C.
National Endowment for the Humanities
Humanities education

Jefferson Lecture