Man's Search for Meaning is a 1946 book by Viktor Frankl chronicling his experiences as a prisoner in Nazi concentration camps during World War II, and describing his psychotherapeutic method, which involved identifying a purpose to each person's life through one of three ways: the completion of tasks, caring for another person, or finding meaning by facing suffering with dignity.

Frankl observed that among the fellow inmates in the concentration camp, those who survived were able to connect with a purpose in life to feel positive about, and then immersed themselves in imagining that purpose such as conversing with an (imagined) loved one. According to Frankl, the way a prisoner imagined the future affected his longevity.

The book intends to answer the question "How was everyday life in a concentration camp reflected in the mind of the average prisoner?" Part One constitutes Frankl's analysis of his experiences in the concentration camps, while Part Two introduces his ideas of meaning and his theory called logotherapy.

According to a survey conducted by the Book-of-the-Month Club and the Library of Congress, Man's Search for Meaning belongs to a list of "the ten most influential books in the United States." At the time of the author's death in 1997, the book had sold over 10 million copies and had been translated into 24 languages.

Editions
The book's original title is
Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager ("A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp").
Later German editions prefixed the title with Trotzdem Ja zum Leben Sagen ("Nevertheless Say Yes to Life"), taken from a line in Das Buchenwaldlied, a song written by Friedrich Löhner-Beda while an inmate at Buchenwald.
The title of the first English-language translation was From Death-Camp to Existentialism. The book's common full English title is Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy, although this subtitle is often not printed on the cover of modern editions.

Experiences in a concentration camp

Frankl identifies three psychological reactions experienced by all inmates to one degree or another:
 shock during the initial admission phase to the camp,
 apathy after becoming accustomed to camp existence, in which the inmate values only that which helps himself and his friends survive, and
 reactions of depersonalization, moral deformity, bitterness, and disillusionment if he survives and is liberated.

Frankl concludes that the meaning of life is found in every moment of living; life never ceases to have meaning, even in suffering and death. In a group therapy session during a mass fast inflicted on the camp's inmates trying to protect an anonymous fellow inmate from fatal retribution by authorities, Frankl offered the thought that for everyone in a dire condition there is someone looking down, a friend, family member, or even God, who would expect not to be disappointed. Frankl concludes from his experience that a prisoner's psychological reactions are not solely the result of the conditions of his life, but also from the freedom of choice he always has even in severe suffering. The inner hold a prisoner has on his spiritual self relies on having a hope in the future, and that once a prisoner loses that hope, he is doomed.

Frankl also concludes that there are only two races of men, decent men and indecent. No society is free of either of them, and thus there were "decent" Nazi guards and "indecent" prisoners, most notably the kapo who would torture and abuse their fellow prisoners for personal gain.

His concluding passage in Part One describes the psychological reaction of the inmates to their liberation, which he separates into three stages. The first is depersonalization—a period of readjustment in which a prisoner gradually returns to the world. Initially, the liberated prisoners are so numb that they are unable to understand what freedom means or to emotionally respond to it. Part of them believes that it is an illusion or a dream that will be taken away from them. In their first foray outside their former prison, the prisoners realized that they could not comprehend pleasure. Flowers and the reality of the freedom they had dreamed about for years were all surreal, unable to be grasped in their depersonalization.

The body is the first element to break out of this stage, responding by big appetites of eating and wanting more sleeping. Only after the partial replenishing of the body is the mind finally able to respond, as "feeling suddenly broke through the strange fetters which had restrained it" (p. 111).

This begins the second stage, in which there is a danger of deformation. As the intense pressure on the mind is released, mental health can be endangered. Frankl uses the analogy of a diver suddenly released from his pressure chamber. He recounts the story of a friend who became immediately obsessed with dispensing the same violence in judgment of his abusers that they had inflicted on him.

Upon returning home, the prisoners had to struggle with two fundamental experiences that could damage their mental health: bitterness and disillusionment. The last stage is bitterness at the lack of responsiveness of the world outside—a "superficiality and lack of feeling... so disgusting that one finally felt like creeping into a hole and neither hearing nor seeing human beings any more" (p. 113). Worse was disillusionment, the discovery that suffering does not end, that the longed-for happiness will not come. This was the experience of those who—like Frankl—returned home to discover that no one awaited them. The hope that had sustained them throughout their time in the concentration camp was now gone. Frankl cites this experience as the most difficult to overcome.

As time passed, however, the prisoner's experience in a concentration camp became nothing but a remembered nightmare. What is more, he comes to believe that he has nothing left to fear "except his God" (p. 115).

Logotherapy: Man's Will To Meaning
The central idea behind Man's Search to Meaning, as described throughout Part I of the book and extending to an academic discussion in Part II, titled "Logotherapy" is the idea of "Man's Will to Meaning" being the central and overarching goal of each person's life.

Reception

In a 1991 survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book of the Month Club, Man's Search for Meaning was named one of the 10 most influential books in the US. At the time of Frankl's death in 1997, the book had sold over 10 million copies and had been translated into 24 languages. As of 2022 the book has sold 16 million copies and been printed in 52 languages.

Gordon Allport, who wrote a preface to the book, described it as a "gem of dramatic narrative" which "provides a compelling introduction to the most significant psychological movement of our day". Sarah Bakewell describes it as "an incredibly powerful and moving example of what existentialist thought can actually be for in real life" while Mary Fulbrook praises "the way [Frankl] explores the importance of meaning in life as the key to survival."

However, aspects of the book have garnered criticism.  One of Frankl's main ideas in the book is that a positive attitude made one better equipped for surviving the camps. Richard Middleton-Kaplan has said that this implies, whether intentionally or unintentionally, that those who died had given up and that this paved the way for the idea of the Jews going like sheep to the slaughter. Holocaust analyst Lawrence L. Langer criticises Frankl's promotion of logotherapy and says the book has a  problematic subtext. He also accuses Frankl of having a tone of self-aggrandizement and a general inhumane sense of studying-detachment towards victims of the Holocaust.

In his book Faith in Freedom, psychiatrist Thomas Szasz states that Frankl's survivor testimony was written to misdirect, and betrays instead an intent of a transparent effort to conceal Frankl's actions and his collaboration with the Nazis, and that, in the assessment of Raul Hilberg, the founder of Holocaust Studies, Frankl's historical account is a deception akin to Binjamin Wilkomirski's infamous memoirs, which were translated into nine languages before being exposed as fraudulent in Hilberg's 1996 Politics of Memory.  Szasz's criticism of Frankl is not universally embraced.  Similarly, Hilberg's allegations have been rebutted by several reviewers.

See also

 Existential anxiety
 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
 Statue of Responsibility – proposed in the book to complement the Statue of Liberty
 Life Is Beautiful (1997), film on how a positive attitude can be maintained in the worst of circumstances, including a concentration camp

References

External links

 Viktor Frankl: Why believe in others TED talk
 Commentary on Man's Search For Meaning by personal development scholar Tom Butler-Bowdon  (50 Self-Help Classics, 2003. )
 Viktor Frankl at Ninety: An Interview
 Man's Search for Meaning book cover

 There's More To Life Than Being Happy in The Atlantic, discussion of Man's Search For Meaning. 2013.

Personal accounts of the Holocaust
Holocaust literature
Existentialist books
1946 non-fiction books
Psychology books
Logotherapy
Literary autobiographies
Books about meaning of life
Beacon Press books

Man's Search for Meaning


Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, and limestone composed mostly of calcite has numerous uses.

Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C, and vaterite is even less stable.

Etymology
Calcite is derived from the German , a term from the 19th century that came from the Latin word for lime,  (genitive ) with the suffix -ite used to name minerals. It is thus a doublet of the word chalk.

When applied by archaeologists and stone trade professionals, the term alabaster is used not just as in geology and mineralogy, where it is reserved for a variety of gypsum; but also for a similar-looking, translucent variety of fine-grained banded deposit of calcite.

Unit cell and Miller indices

In publications, two different sets of Miller indices are used to describe directions in hexagonal and rhombohedral crystals, including calcite crystals: three Miller indices  in the  directions, or four Bravais-Miller indices  in the  directions, where  is redundant but useful in visualizing permutation symmetries.

To add to the complications, there are also two definitions of unit cell for calcite. One, an older "morphological" unit cell, was inferred by measuring angles between faces of crystals, typically with a goniometer, and looking for the smallest numbers that fit. Later, a "structural" unit cell was determined using X-ray crystallography. The morphological unit cell is rhombohedral, having approximate dimensions  and , while the structural unit cell is hexagonal (i.e. a rhombic prism), having approximate dimensions  and . For the same orientation,  must be multiplied by 4 to convert from morphological to structural units. As an example, calcite cleavage is given as "perfect on {1 0  1}" in morphological coordinates and "perfect on {1 0  4}" in structural units. In  indices, these are {1 0 1} and {1 0 4}, respectively. Twinning, cleavage and crystal forms are often given in morphological units.

Properties
The diagnostic properties of calcite include a defining Mohs hardness of 3, a specific gravity of 2.71 and, in crystalline varieties, a vitreous luster. Color is white or none, though shades of gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged with impurities.

Crystal habits
Calcite has numerous habits, representing combinations of over 1000 crystallographic forms.  Most common are scalenohedra, with faces in the hexagonal {2 1 1} directions (morphological unit cell) or {2 1 4} directions (structural unit cell); and rhombohedral, with faces in the {1 0 1} or {1 0 4} directions (the most common cleavage plane). Habits include acute to obtuse rhombohedra, tabular habits, prisms, or various scalenohedra. Calcite exhibits several twinning types that add to the observed habits. It may occur as fibrous, granular, lamellar, or compact. A fibrous, efflorescent habit is known as lublinite. Cleavage is usually in three directions parallel to the rhombohedron form. Its fracture is conchoidal, but difficult to obtain.

Scalenohedral faces are chiral and come in pairs with mirror-image symmetry; their growth can be influenced by interaction with chiral biomolecules such as L- and D-amino acids. Rhombohedral faces are not chiral.

Optical

Calcite is transparent to opaque and may occasionally show phosphorescence or fluorescence. A transparent variety called "Iceland spar" is used for optical purposes. Acute scalenohedral crystals are sometimes referred to as "dogtooth spar" while the rhombohedral form is sometimes referred to as "nailhead spar". The rhombohedral form may also have been the "sunstone" whose use by Viking navigators is mentioned in the Icelandic Sagas.

Single calcite crystals display an optical property called birefringence (double refraction). This strong birefringence causes objects viewed through a clear piece of calcite to appear doubled. The birefringent effect (using calcite) was first described by the Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669. At a wavelength of about 590 nm, calcite has ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of 1.658 and 1.486, respectively. Between 190 and 1700 nm, the ordinary refractive index varies roughly between 1.9 and 1.5, while the extraordinary refractive index varies between 1.6 and 1.4.

Thermoluminescence

Calcite has thermoluminescent properties mainly due to manganese divalent (). An experiment was conducted by adding activators such as ions of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Pb, and Bi to the calcite samples to observe if they emitted heat or light. The results showed that adding ions (, , , , , , , , ) did not react.  However, a reaction occurred when both manganese and lead ions were present in calcite.  By changing the temperature and observing the glow curve peaks, it was found that and acted as activators in the calcite lattice, but  was much less efficient than .

Measuring mineral thermoluminescence experiments usually use x-rays or gamma-rays to activate the sample and record the changes in glowing curves at a temperature of 700-7500K. Mineral thermoluminescence can form various glow curves of crystals under different conditions, such as temperature changes, because impurity ions or other crystal defects present in minerals supply luminescence centers and trapping levels. Observing these curve changes also can help infer geological correlation and age determination.

Chemical
Calcite, like most carbonates, dissolves in acids by the following reaction

The carbon dioxide released by this reaction produces a characteristic effervescence when a calcite sample is treated with an acid.

Due to its acidity, carbon dioxide has a slight solubilizing effect on calcite. The overall reaction is

If the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide drops, the reaction reverses to precipitate calcite. As a result, calcite can be either dissolved by groundwater or precipitated by groundwater, depending on such factors as the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. When conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement rock grains together and can fill fractures.  When conditions are right for dissolution, the removal of calcite can dramatically increase the porosity and permeability of the rock, and if it continues for a long period of time, may result in the formation of caves. Continued dissolution of calcium carbonate-rich formations can lead to the expansion and eventual collapse of cave systems, resulting in various forms of karst topography.

Calcite exhibits an unusual characteristic called retrograde solubility: it is less soluble in water as the temperature increases. Calcite is also more soluble at higher pressures.

Pure calcite has the composition . However, the calcite in limestone often contains a few percent of magnesium. Calcite in limestone is divided into low-magnesium and high-magnesium calcite, with the dividing line placed at a composition of 4% magnesium. High-magnesium calcite retains the calcite mineral structure, which is distinct from that of dolomite, . Calcite can also contain small quantities of iron and manganese. Manganese may be responsible for the fluorescence of impure calcite, as may traces of organic compounds.

Distribution
Calcite is found all over the world, and its leading global distribution is as follows:

The United States

Calcite is found in many different areas in the United States. One of the best examples is the Calcite Quarry in Michigan. The Calcite Quarry is the largest carbonate mine in the world and has been in use for more than 85 years. Large quantities of calcite can be mined from these sizeable open pit mines.

Canada

Calcite can also be found throughout Canada, such as in Thorold Quarry and Madawaska Mine, Ontario, Canada.

Mexico

Abundant calcite is mined in the Santa Eulalia mining district, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Iceland

Large quantities of calcite in Iceland are concentrated in the Helgustadir mine. The mine was once the primary mining location of "Iceland spar." However, it currently serves as a nature reserve, and calcite mining will not be allowed.

England

Calcite is found in parts of England, such as Alston Moor, Egremont, and Frizington, Cumbria.

Germany

St. Andreasberg, Harz Mountains, and Freiberg, Saxony can find calcite.

Use and applications

Ancient Egyptians carved many items out of calcite, relating it to their goddess Bast, whose name contributed to the term alabaster because of the close association. Many other cultures have used the material for similar carved objects and applications.

A transparent variety of calcite known as Iceland spar may have been used by Vikings for navigating on cloudy days. A very pure crystal of calcite can split a beam of sunlight into dual images, as the polarized light deviates slightly from the main beam. By observing the sky through the crystal and then rotating it so that the two images are of equal brightness, the rings of polarized light that surround the sun can be seen even under overcast skies. Identifying the sun's location would give seafarers a reference point for navigating on their lengthy sea voyages.

In World War II, high-grade optical calcite was used for gun sights, specifically in bomb sights and anti-aircraft weaponry. It was used as a polarizer (in Nicol prisms) before the invention of Polaroid plates and still finds use in optical instruments. Also, experiments have been conducted to use calcite for a cloak of invisibility.

Microbiologically precipitated calcite has a wide range of applications, such as soil remediation, soil stabilization and concrete repair. It also can be used for tailings management and is designed to promote sustainable development in the mining industry.

Calcite can help synthesize precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) (mainly used in the paper industry) and increase carbonation. Furthermore, due to its particular crystal habit, such as rhombohedron, hexagonal prism, etc., it promotes the production of PCC with specific shapes and particle sizes.

Calcite, obtained from an 80 kg sample of Carrara marble, is used as the IAEA-603 isotopic standard in mass spectrometry for the calibration of δ18O and δ13C.

Calcite can be formed naturally or synthesized. However, artificial calcite is the preferred material to be used as a scaffold in bone tissue engineering due to its controllable and repeatable properties.

Calcite can be used to alleviate water pollution caused by the excessive growth of cyanobacteria. Lakes and rivers can lead to cyanobacteria blooms due to eutrophication, which pollutes water resources. Phosphorus (P) is the leading cause of excessive growth of cyanobacteria. As an active capping material, calcite can help reduce P release from sediments into the water, thus inhibiting cyanobacteria overgrowth.

Natural occurrence
Calcite is a common constituent of sedimentary rocks, limestone in particular, much of which is formed from the shells of dead marine organisms.  Approximately 10% of sedimentary rock is limestone. It is the primary mineral in metamorphic marble. It also occurs in deposits from hot springs as a vein mineral; in caverns as stalactites and stalagmites; and in volcanic or mantle-derived rocks such as carbonatites, kimberlites, or rarely in peridotites.

Calcite is often the primary constituent of the shells of marine organisms, such as plankton (such as coccoliths and planktic foraminifera), the hard parts of red algae, some sponges, brachiopods, echinoderms, some serpulids, most bryozoa, and parts of the shells of some bivalves (such as oysters and rudists). Calcite is found in spectacular form in the Snowy River Cave of New Mexico as mentioned above, where microorganisms are credited with natural formations. Trilobites, which became extinct a quarter billion years ago, had unique compound eyes that used clear calcite crystals to form the lenses. It also forms a substantial part of birds' eggshells, and the δC of the diet is reflected in the δC of the calcite of the shell.

The largest documented single crystal of calcite originated from Iceland, measured  and  and weighed about 250 tons. Classic samples have been produced at Madawaska Mine, near Bancroft, Ontario.

Bedding parallel veins of fibrous calcite, often referred to in quarrying parlance as beef, occur in dark organic rich mudstones and shales, these veins are formed by increasing fluid pressure during diagenesis.

Formation processes
Calcite formation can proceed by several pathways, from the classical terrace ledge kink model to the crystallization of poorly ordered precursor phases like amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) via an Ostwald ripening process, or via the agglomeration of nanocrystals.

The crystallization of ACC can occur in two stages. First, the ACC nanoparticles rapidly dehydrate and crystallize to form individual particles of vaterite. Second, the vaterite transforms to calcite via a dissolution and reprecipitation mechanism, with the reaction rate controlled by the surface area of a calcite crystal. The second stage of the reaction is approximately 10 times slower.

However, crystallization of calcite has been observed to be dependent on the starting pH and concentration of magnesium in solution. A neutral starting pH during mixing promotes the direct transformation of ACC into calcite without a vaterite intermediate. But when ACC forms in a solution with a basic initial pH, the transformation to calcite occurs via metastable vaterite, following the pathway outlined above. Magnesium has a noteworthy effect on both the stability of ACC and its transformation to crystalline CaCO3, resulting in the formation of calcite directly from ACC, as this ion destabilizes the structure of vaterite.

Epitaxial overgrowths of calcite precipitated on weathered cleavage surfaces have morphologies that vary with the type of weathering the substrate experienced: growth on physically weathered surfaces has a shingled morphology due to Volmer-Weber growth, growth on chemically weathered surfaces has  characteristics of Stranski-Krastanov growth, and growth on pristine cleavage surfaces has characteristics of Frank - van der Merwe growth. These differences are apparently due to the influence of surface roughness on layer coalescence dynamics.

Calcite may form in the subsurface in response to microorganism activity, such as sulfate-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane, where methane is oxidized and sulfate is reduced, leading to precipitation of calcite and pyrite from the produced bicarbonate and sulfide. These processes can be traced by the specific carbon isotope composition of the calcites, which are extremely depleted in the 13C isotope, by as much as −125 per mil PDB (δ13C).

In Earth history
Calcite seas existed in Earth's history when the primary inorganic precipitate of calcium carbonate in marine waters was low-magnesium calcite (lmc), as opposed to the aragonite and high-magnesium calcite (hmc) precipitated today.  Calcite seas alternated with aragonite seas over the Phanerozoic, being most prominent in the Ordovician and Jurassic periods.  Lineages evolved to use whichever morph of calcium carbonate was favourable in the ocean at the time they became mineralised, and retained this mineralogy for the remainder of their evolutionary history. Petrographic evidence for these calcite sea conditions consists of calcitic ooids, lmc cements, hardgrounds, and rapid early seafloor aragonite dissolution. The evolution of marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells may have been affected by the calcite and aragonite sea cycle.

Calcite is one of the minerals that has been shown to catalyze an important biological reaction, the formose reaction, and may have had a role in the origin of life. Interaction of its chiral surfaces (see Form) with aspartic acid molecules results in a slight bias in chirality; this is one possible mechanism for the origin of homochirality in living cells.

Climate change

Climate change is exacerbating ocean acidification, which may lead to lower natural calcite production. The oceans absorb large amounts of  from fossil fuels emission into the air. The total amount of artificial  absorbed by the oceans is calculated to be 118 ± 19 Gt C. If a large amount of  dissolves in the sea, it will cause the acidity of the seawater to increase, thereby affecting the pH value of the ocean. Calcifying organisms in the sea, such as molluscs foraminifera, crustaceans, echinoderms and corals, are susceptible to pH changes.  Meanwhile, these calcifying organisms are also an essential source of calcite. As ocean acidification causes pH to drop, carbonate ion concentrations will decline, potentially reducing natural calcite production.

Gallery

See also

Carbonate rock
Ikaite, CaCO3·6H2O
List of minerals
Lysocline
Manganoan calcite, (Ca,Mn)CO3
Monohydrocalcite, CaCO3·H2O
Nitratine
Ocean acidification
Ulexite

References

Further reading

Calcium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Limestone
Optical materials
Transparent materials
Calcite group
Cave minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 167
Evaporite
Luminescent minerals
Polymorphism (materials science)
Bastet

Calcite


Martin Berteau (2 February 1691  in Valenciennes – 23 January 1771 in Angers) was a French classical cellist, cello teacher, and composer. He is widely regarded as the founder of the French school of cello playing.

Life
Descriptions of Berteau's life are often unreliable and exaggerated. As a result, little is certain about his life. He probably studied viola da gamba in Germany with the Bohemian Kozecz. F.-J. Fétis, who wrote a Biographie universelle des musiciens (1835-1844), said that Berteau made his debut on the cello in 1739 at the Concert Spirituel, playing his own concerto. However, his name is not mentioned in any media of the time, and neither his concerto nor sketches of it have been found. The only reference of his name was made by Jean-Jacques Rousseau who mentioned having heard Berteau perform in Paris in 1753.

Works
With the exception of a few cello sonatas, much of Berteau's work has been lost. For many decades Berteau's well known Cello Sonata in G major, Op. 25 was credited to the Italian composer Giovanni Battista Sammartini.

Teaching
Among his students were Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XV); The Valencian brothers Jean-Baptiste Janson (1742-1804) and Louis Auguste Joseph (1749-1815); Joseph Rey (1738-1811); Jean-Pierre Duport, known as "l'Aîné" (1741-1818), or Joseph Tillière, "ordinary cellist of the Royal Academy of Music", author of a "Méthode pour le cello" published in 1764, François Cupis de Renoussard, cellist and composer, and Jean-Baptiste Bréval (1753-1823), most certainly his last student.

References

External links

French classical cellists
French Baroque composers
French male composers
1691 births
1771 deaths
People from Valenciennes
18th-century French composers
18th-century French male musicians

Martin Berteau


An emulsifier is an additive which helps two liquids mix. For example, water and oil separate in a glass, but adding an emulsifier will help the liquids mix together. Some examples of emulsifiers are egg yolks and mustard. An emulsifier consists of a water-loving hydrophilic head and an oil-loving hydrophobic tail. The hydrophilic head is directed to the aqueous phase and the hydrophobic tail to the oil phase. The emulsifier positions itself at the oil/water or air/water interface and, by reducing the surface tension, has a stabilising effect on the emulsion.

Operation
Emulsifiers belong to the surfactants, usually with a grease-loving (lipophilic) and a water-loving (hydrophilic) part, which can nest around boundary layers between aqueous and greasy parts. Grease and water repel each other, making an emulsion without emulsifier easily fall apart. An emulsifier prevents this rejection because it projects the water-loving side towards the water and the fat-loving side towards the fat. The extent to which the hydrophilic or lipophilic character dominates is represented by the HLB value of the surfactant (HLB = Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance). A high HLB value (10 to 18) indicates a hydrophilic substance suitable for emulsifying fats or oils in water. Substances with a low HLB (3 to 8) are lipophilic and suitable for water-in-oil emulsions.

Emulgators are used in cosmetics for example in creams and bath oils. A cream consists largely of an emulsion of fat in water or of water in fat, while a bath oil often contains an emulsifier to partially distribute the oil in the water. Without an emulsifier, the oil would float on the water. Examples of emulsifiers used in cosmetic products are glyceryl monostearate, Polysorbate 20, accasia, tragacanth agar, and pectin.

Emulsifiers are often used in food technology, for example to keep products moist or greasy (such as cakes and bread) or to mix fat-soluble substances with water, such as margarine.

An example of an emulsifier in food is lecithin. Lecithin is in egg yolk and is used for example in making mayonnaise. It ensures a good connection between fats and vinegar. In european food, various E-numbers are used in the series from E400 to E499.

References

Physical chemistry

Emulsifier


Diana Barrymore (March 3, 1921 – January 25, 1960) was an American stage and movie actress. She was the stepdaughter of Dolores Costello. She was the aunt of the actress Drew Barrymore. She played Leslie Stafford in the movie Nightmare (1942). She played Anne Partridge in Eagle Squadron.

Diana Barrymore was born in New York City. She died there from an overdose of sleeping pills and alcohol.

American stage actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
1921 births
1960 deaths

Diana Barrymore


The Cato House was built in 1858 for Lewis Llewellen Cato in Eufaula, Alabama. Cato was an attorney and a prominent secessionist. The one-story frame house was built by slave labor. The front of the house features a broad porch with a central pediment over the double front doors. A central hall leads to a dining room in the center of the house, flanked by parlors and the master bedroom. Another dining room and a bedroom are to the rear. The attic in the shallow-pitched pyramidal roof is surmounted by a small pavilion, itself surrounded by a small porch.

The Cato House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 1971.

Background
The house was built on land bought from the Creek Indians and has been owned by the Cato family for the greater part of its existence. The first house owner, Lewis Llewellen Cato came to Barbour County, Alabama in 1837. He was a native of Hancock County, Georgia, and was a prominent citizen of Barbour during his life. He devoted himself assiduously to the law and became an able attorney, of very sound opinions. From 1861 to 1865, he represented the county in the senate with credit to his constituents and to himself. He died December 4, 1868.

The house is reputed to be the setting of the most influential secessionist meetings held in Alabama from 1858 to 1860. Here, a group of lawyers and politicians, including Alpheus Baker, Edward C. Bullock, Henry D. Clayton, John Gill Shorter, and James L. Pugh, among others, and known as the Eufaula Regency, assembled throughout the decade and gave strength to the effort of spawning the Southern Rights Clubs which flourished under the tutelage of William Lowndes Yancey.
Lewis Llewellen Cato, an attorney, known in Alabama as "the great secessionist" was Yancey's friend and a prominent member of the Eufaula Regency.

The Cato Home  was the scene of a great celebration when Alabama seceded from the Union. Lewy Dorman in his Party Politics in Alabama from 1850 through 1860 (1995) states, "The most advanced step looking toward secession came from the fire-eaters of Southeast Alabama under the leadership of the Eufaula Regency. It was composed of a strong Southern rights group, principally lawyers from Eufaula." He continues, "They were the most consistent secessionists in the State."

After the death of Lewis L. Cato, the house was sold to E. B. Young. In 1905, Dr. Julius Cato, a son of Lewis L. bought the house, and Miss Annie Cato, a granddaughter of Lewis L. lived there until 1997. The house is currently owned by Jeff Thorne.

The Cato House is one of the featured attractions of the so-called Eufaula Pilgrimage, an annual tour of the historically and architecturally significant houses organized by the Eufaula Heritage Association.

References

External links

 Cato-Thorne House website

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Houses completed in 1858
Barbour County, Alabama
Historic American Buildings Survey in Alabama
National Register of Historic Places in Barbour County, Alabama

Cato House


High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is a computer memory interface for 3D-stacked synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) initially from Samsung, AMD and SK Hynix. It is used in conjunction with high-performance graphics accelerators, network devices, high-performance datacenter AI ASICs, as on-package cache in CPUs and on-package RAM in upcoming CPUs, and FPGAs and in some supercomputers (such as the NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA and Fujitsu A64FX). The first HBM memory chip was produced by SK Hynix in 2013, and the first devices to use HBM were the AMD Fiji GPUs in 2015.

High Bandwidth Memory was adopted by JEDEC as an industry standard in October 2013. The second generation, HBM2, was accepted by JEDEC in January 2016.

Technology
HBM achieves higher bandwidth while using less power in a substantially smaller form factor than DDR4 or GDDR5. This is achieved by stacking up to eight DRAM dies and an optional base die which can include buffer circuitry and test logic. The stack is often connected to the memory controller on a GPU or CPU through a substrate, such as a silicon interposer. Alternatively, the memory die could be stacked directly on the CPU or GPU chip. Within the stack the die are vertically interconnected by through-silicon vias (TSVs) and microbumps. The HBM technology is similar in principle but incompatible with the Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) interface developed by Micron Technology.

HBM memory bus is very wide in comparison to other DRAM memories such as DDR4 or GDDR5. An HBM stack of four DRAM dies (4Hi) has two 128bit channels per die for a total of 8 channels and a width of 1024 bits in total. A graphics card/GPU with four 4Hi HBM stacks would therefore have a memory bus with a width of 4096 bits. In comparison, the bus width of GDDR memories is 32 bits, with 16 channels for a graphics card with a 512bit memory interface. HBM supports up to 4 GB per package.

The larger number of connections to the memory, relative to DDR4 or GDDR5, required a new method of connecting the HBM memory to the GPU (or other processor). AMD and Nvidia have both used purpose-built silicon chips, called interposers, to connect the memory and GPU. This interposer has the added advantage of requiring the memory and processor to be physically close, decreasing memory paths. However, as semiconductor device fabrication is significantly more expensive than printed circuit board manufacture, this adds cost to the final product.

Interface
The HBM DRAM is tightly coupled to the host compute die with a distributed interface. The interface is divided into independent channels. The channels are completely independent of one another and are not necessarily synchronous to each other. The HBM DRAM uses a wide-interface architecture to achieve high-speed, low-power operation. The HBM DRAM uses a 500 MHz differential clock CK_t / CK_c (where the suffix "_t" denotes the "true", or "positive", component of the differential pair, and "_c" stands for the "complementary" one). Commands are registered at the rising edge of CK_t, CK_c. Each channel interface maintains a 128bit data bus operating at double data rate (DDR). HBM supports transfer rates of 1 GT/s per pin (transferring 1 bit), yielding an overall package bandwidth of 128 GB/s.

HBM2
The second generation of High Bandwidth Memory, HBM2, also specifies up to eight dies per stack and doubles pin transfer rates up to 2 GT/s. Retaining 1024bit wide access, HBM2 is able to reach 256 GB/s memory bandwidth per package. The HBM2 spec allows up to 8 GB per package. HBM2 is predicted to be especially useful for performance-sensitive consumer applications such as virtual reality.

On January 19, 2016, Samsung announced early mass production of HBM2, at up to 8 GB per stack. SK Hynix also announced availability of 4 GB stacks in August 2016.

HBM2E
In late 2018, JEDEC announced an update to the HBM2 specification, providing for increased bandwidth and capacities. Up to 307 GB/s per stack (2.5 Tbit/s effective data rate) is now supported in the official specification, though products operating at this speed had already been available. Additionally, the update added support for 12Hi stacks (12 dies) making capacities of up to 24 GB per stack possible.

On March 20, 2019, Samsung announced their Flashbolt HBM2E, featuring eight dies per stack, a transfer rate of 3.2 GT/s, providing a total of 16 GB and 410 GB/s per stack.

August 12, 2019, SK Hynix announced their HBM2E, featuring eight dies per stack, a transfer rate of 3.6 GT/s, providing a total of 16 GB and 460 GB/s per stack. On 2 July 2020, SK Hynix announced that mass production has begun.

HBM3
In late 2020, Micron unveiled that the HBM2E standard would be updated and alongside that they unveiled the next standard known as HBMnext (later renamed to HBM3). This was to be a big generational leap from HBM2 and the replacement to HBM2E. This new VRAM would have come to the market in the Q4 of 2022. This would likely introduce a new architecture as the naming suggests.

While the architecture might be overhauled, leaks point toward the performance to be similar to that of the updated HBM2E standard. This RAM is likely to be used mostly in data center GPUs.

In mid 2021, SK Hynix unveiled some specifications of the HBM3 standard, with 5.2Gbit/s I/O speeds and bandwidth of 665GB/s per package, as well as up to 16-high 2.5D and 3D solutions.

On 20 October 2021, before the JEDEC standard for HBM3 was finalised, SK Hynix was the first memory vendor to announce that it has finished development of HBM3 memory devices. According to SK Hynix, the memory would run as fast as 6.4Gbps/pin, double the data rate of JEDEC-standard HBM2E, which formally tops out at 3.2Gbps/pin, or 78% faster than SK Hynix's own 3.6Gbps/pin HBM2E. The devices support a data transfer rate of 6.4 Gbit/s and therefore a single HBM3 stack may provide a bandwidth of up to 819 GB/s. The basic bus widths for HBM3 remain unchanged, with a single stack of memory being 1024-bits wide. SK Hynix would offer their memory in two capacities: 16GB and 24GB, aligning with 8-Hi and 12-Hi stacks respectively. The stacks consist of 8 or 12 16Gb DRAMs that are each 30 μm thick and interconnected using Through Silicon Vias (TSVs).

According to Ryan Smith of AnandTech, the SK Hynix first generation HBM3 memory has the same density as their latest-generation HBM2E memory, meaning that device vendors looking to increase their total memory capacities for their next-generation parts would need to use memory with 12 dies/layers, up from the 8 layer stacks they typically used until then.
According to Anton Shilov of Tom's Hardware, high-performance compute GPUs or FPGAs typically use four or six HBM stacks, so with SK Hynix's HBM3 24GB stacks they would accordingly get 3.2 TB/s or 4.9 TB/s of memory bandwidth. He also noted that SK Hynix's HBM3 chips are square, not rectangular like HBM2 and HBM2E chips. According to Chris Mellor of The Register, with JEDEC not yet having developed its HBM3 standard, might mean that SK Hynix would need to retrofit its design to a future and faster one.

JEDEC officially announced the HBM3 standard on January 27, 2022. The number of memory channels was doubled from 8 channels of 128 bits with HBM2e to 16 channels of 64 bits with HBM3. Therefore, the total number of data pins of the interface is still 1024.

In June 2022, SK hynix announced they started mass production of industry's first HBM3 memory to be used with Nvidia's H100 GPU expected to ship in Q3 2022. The memory will provide H100 with "up to 819 GB/s" of memory bandwidth.

In August 2022, Nvidia announced that its "Hopper" H100 GPU will ship with five active HBM3 sites (out of six on board) offering 80 GB of RAM and 3 TB/s of memory bandwidth (16 GB and 600 GB/s per site).

HBM3E
On 30 May 2023, SK Hynix unveiled its HBM3E memory with 8Gbps/pin data processing speed (25% faster than HBM3), which is to enter production in the first half of 2024. At 8 GT/s with 1024-bit bus, its bandwidth per stack is increased from 819.2GB/s as in HBM3 to 1 TB/s.

On 26 July 2023, Micron announced its HBM3E memory with 9.2Gbps/pin data processing speed (50% faster than HBM3). Micron HBM3E memory is a high-performance HBM that uses 1β DRAM process technology and advanced packaging to achieve the highest performance, capacity and power efficiency in the industry. It can store 24GB per 8-high cube and allows data transfer at 1.2TB/s. There will be a 12-high cube with 36GB capacity in 2024.

In August 2023, Nvidia announced a new version of their GH200 Grace Hopper superchip that utilizes 141 GB (144 GiB physical) of HBM3e over a 6144-bit bus providing 50% higher memory bandwidth and 75% higher memory capacity over the HBM3 version.

In May 2023, Samsung announced HBM3P with up to 7.2Gbps which will be in production in 2024.

On October 20 2023, Samsung announced their HBM3E "Shinebolt" with up to 9.8Gbps memory.

HBM-PIM
In February 2021, Samsung announced the development of HBM with processing-in-memory (PIM). This new memory brings AI computing capabilities inside the memory, to increase the large-scale processing of data. A DRAM-optimised AI engine is placed inside each memory bank to enable parallel processing and minimise data movement. Samsung claims this will deliver twice the system performance and reduce energy consumption by more than 70%, while not requiring any hardware or software changes to the rest of the system.

History

Background
Die-stacked memory was initially commercialized in the flash memory industry. Toshiba introduced a NAND flash memory chip with eight stacked dies in April 2007, followed by Hynix Semiconductor introducing a NAND flash chip with 24 stacked dies in September 2007.

3D-stacked random-access memory (RAM) using through-silicon via (TSV) technology was commercialized by Elpida Memory, which developed the first 8GB DRAM chip (stacked with four DDR3 SDRAM dies) in September 2009, and released it in June 2011. In 2011, SK Hynix introduced 16GB DDR3 memory (40nm class) using TSV technology, Samsung Electronics introduced 3D-stacked 32GB DDR3 (30nm class) based on TSV in September, and then Samsung and Micron Technology announced TSV-based Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) technology in October.

JEDEC first released the JESD229 standard for Wide IO memory, the predecessor of HBM featuring four 128 bit channels with single data rate clocking, in December 2011 after several years of work. The first HBM standard JESD235 followed in October 2013.

Development

The development of High Bandwidth Memory began at AMD in 2008 to solve the problem of ever-increasing power usage and form factor of computer memory. Over the next several years, AMD developed procedures to solve die-stacking problems with a team led by Senior AMD Fellow Bryan Black. To help AMD realize their vision of HBM, they enlisted partners from the memory industry, particularly Korean company SK Hynix, which had prior experience with 3D-stacked memory, as well as partners from the interposer industry (Taiwanese company UMC) and packaging industry (Amkor Technology and ASE).

The development of HBM was completed in 2013, when SK Hynix built the first HBM memory chip. HBM was adopted as industry standard JESD235 by JEDEC in October 2013, following a proposal by AMD and SK Hynix in 2010. High volume manufacturing began at a Hynix facility in Icheon, South Korea, in 2015.

The first GPU utilizing HBM was the AMD Fiji which was released in June 2015 powering the AMD Radeon R9 Fury X.

In January 2016, Samsung Electronics began early mass production of HBM2. The same month, HBM2 was accepted by JEDEC as standard JESD235a. The first GPU chip utilizing HBM2 is the Nvidia Tesla P100 which was officially announced in April 2016.

In June 2016, Intel released a family of Xeon Phi processors with 8 stacks of HCDRAM, Micron's version of HBM.
At Hot Chips in August 2016, both Samsung and Hynix announced a new generation HBM memory technologies. Both companies announced high performance products expected to have increased density, increased bandwidth, and lower power consumption. Samsung also announced a lower-cost version of HBM under development targeting mass markets. Removing the buffer die and decreasing the number of TSVs lowers cost, though at the expense of a decreased overall bandwidth (200 GB/s).

Nvidia announced Nvidia Hopper GH100 GPU, the world's first GPU utilizing HBM3 on March 22, 2022.

See also
 Stacked DRAM
 eDRAM
 Chip stack multi-chip module
 Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC): stacked memory standard from Micron Technology (2011)

References

External links
 High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) DRAM (JESD235), JEDEC, October 2013

  HBM vs HBM2 vs GDDR5 vs GDDR5X Memory Comparison

Computer memory
AMD technologies
SDRAM
American inventions
South Korean inventions
Taiwanese inventions

High Bandwidth Memory


Gonionota persistis is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1914. It is found in Peru.

The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are light yellowish, suffusedly streaked with crimson red on all veins and with a slender crimson-fuscous streak along the costa throughout, continued around the termen to the tornus, the anterior half of the costa more broadly suffused with light fuscous and with a thick streak of light fuscous suffusion from three-fifths of the costa to one-fourth of the dorsum. The discal stigmata are small and dark fuscous and there is a rather curved waved light fuscous transverse line at three-fourths, as well as a similar crimson-red subterminal line. The hindwings are whitish yellowish, yellower along the termen.

References

Moths described in 1914
Gonionota

Gonionota persistis


Lokshahir Ram Joshi (People's Poet Ram Joshi) also called Matawala Shair Ram Joshi in Hindi, is a 1947 Marathi biopic film of the poet Ram Joshi, written by G. D. Madgulkar, directed by Baburao Painter and co-directed by V. Shantaram.  Shantaram had given the direction to Painter but had to complete the film when Painter fell ill during production. Produced under the Rajkamal Kalamandir banner, it is also referred to as Lok Shahir Ramjoshi. The story  writer was G.D. Madgulkar, who is cited as the "first specialist film writer" in Marathi cinema. This film was his first "full-fledged writing assignment", wherein he wrote the story, screenplay, dialogue and lyrics. It was also his debut as a screenplay writer. The film starred Jayaram Shiledar as Ram Joshi and Hansa Wadkar as Baya. The rest of the cast included Shakuntala Paranjpye, Parashuram, Sudha Apte and G. D. Madgulkar.

The film, termed as the "Classic Marathi Tamasha musical" was a biopic of the poet, Kirtan, and lavani performer Ram Joshi  (1758-1812), set in the Peshwa period.

Plot
Ram Joshi is a Brahmin poet, who through his love of poetry and dance starts associating with the tamasha artists. He falls in love with the tamasha dancer Baya (Hansa Wadkar). The artists are of low-caste, and Joshi's interacting with them brings censure and he is outlawed by the other members of his caste. The film follows his descent into alcoholism and his redemption from it through poetry.

Cast

Marathi
 Jayaram Shiledar as Ram Joshi
 Hansa Wadkar as Baya
 Shakuntala Paranjpye
 Parashuram
 G. D. Madgulkar
 Sudha Apte
 Samant
 Gundopant Walavalkar
 Jayaram Desai
 Kanase
 Sawalram
 Vaidya
 Abhyankar

Hindi
 Manmohan Krishan
 Hansa Wadkar
 Shakuntala Paranjpye
 Sudha Apte
 Jairam Desai

Review and Box Office
Lokshahir Ram Joshi in Marathi Cinema became one of the "biggest post-war successes", starting the trend for the "tamasha genre" films. One of the reasons cited for the  success of the film in both Marathi and Hindi,  were the songs written by Madgulkar. He went on to work for other major Marathi  film-makers like Raja Paranjpye, Ram Gabale, Datta Dharmadhikari and Anant Mane. V. Shantaram later used him as a story writer for Do Aankhen Barah Haath (1957). The film made use of the "vibrant lavnis" and "sawaal-jawabs" (musical question and answers), which is stated to have become a "trend-setter". As cited by Narwekar and Kul, the music and dances "enthralled" the audiences.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Vasant Desai, with lyrics by the poet Ram Joshi and Madgulkar.

Song List

Remakes
A Telugu and Tamil version, produced by Vasireddy Narayana Rao and directed by P. Pullaiah was made in 1957 called Jayabheri. The Telugu version won the 1959 Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Telugu

References

External links

Songs Audio at Sounds of Sonawade-Vasant Desai

1940s Marathi-language films
1947 films
1940s Hindi-language films
Indian black-and-white films
Films directed by V. Shantaram
Films scored by Vasant Desai
1940s multilingual films
Indian multilingual films

Lokshahir Ram Joshi


The State Farm Research and Development Center opened in January 2005 at the University of Illinois' Research Park. State Farm has been involved in academic programming, student assistance and research at U of I for over 35 years, but this facility allows for of college interns working on projects to benefit the company as a whole, while students get to apply what they learn in class to business problems.

Departments and Majors
The Research & Development Center (RDC) is located about  from State Farm's Corporate Headquarters making it easy to communicate back and forth on projects. This location allows State Farm associates to interact with the campus community and provide real-world education opportunities to students. The RDC houses three main departments or areas. The Actuary works with pricing insurance, Systems works with information technology, and Strategic Resources department works with corporate research functions.  There are also interns working in the MAGNet program.

The Research & Development Center hires University of Illinois students for fall, spring, and summer internships from a variety of majors and backgrounds. The RDC started with 16 interns and four full-time staff members, but has expanded to house up to 70 interns and 14 full-time staff. Some of the majors that have been employed at the RDC are Actuarial Science, Statistics, Computer Science, Accountancy, Engineering, Mathematics, Finance, Economics, Media Studies, Communication, Advertising, Marketing, Business Administration, Urban Planning, Political Science, and Psychology. The RDC paid internship runs part-time around 10–15 hours/week during the fall and spring semesters, and full-time in the summer.

Expansion
In 2006, the Research and Development Center facility doubled in size, to nearly . 2007 saw more growth as the Center for Consumer Feedback opened adding another .

In January 2007, State Farm was announced as a Private Sector Partner for the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) located at U of I. Interns began working Research Center internships located at NCSA the following summer and continue on today.

In the fall of 2009 the Research & Development Center underwent a major expansion adding over .

MAGNet
Students have an opportunity to apply analytical skills to State Farm business issues through MAGNet, short for the Modeling and Analytic Graduate Network. Students in MAGNet are expected to enroll in a new master's curriculum created via a relationship between State Farm and the U of I's Statistics Department. MAGNet is similar to a 50% graduate assistantship as students work at the Research & Development Center 20 hours per week during academic semesters and receive a pay rate similar to that of graduate assistants at the university. Students are also offered tuition assistance while working in MAGNet. Those staying on in the summer will work full time and receive higher pay. Interested students apply in the fall of their senior year and begin work the summer before their graduate program begins.

Center for Consumer Feedback
Another portion of the Research & Development Center is the Center for Consumer Feedback (CCF). This part of the Research & Development Center mostly hires students or community members on a part-time basis and not as part of an internship.  The center collects consumer research via phone and online surveys. Hiring processes for the CCF are conducted through Spherion.

Name Change
In the second half of 2009 the State Farm Research Center officially changed its name to the State Farm Research and Development Center. The addition of "and Development" came about from a natural evolution in the work being done at the center. When founded in 2005, most interns produced whitepapers based on Internet and other types of research. However, by 2009 Research Center interns were also frequently involved in developing application prototypes. The focus had shifted from pure research activities to research and development.

Recognition
Computerworld selected State Farm as one of the top 100 workplaces for information technology (IT) professionals in its 2008 rankings. Research completed at the Research & Development Center is cited as one of the major reasons to work there.

This year's rankings were based on a comprehensive questionnaire regarding company offerings in categories such as benefits, diversity, career development, training, and retention. In addition to this year's company portion of the survey, Computerworld randomly surveyed employees to collect data on employee satisfaction with management, benefits, workplace culture, compensation, and job duties.

This is the second year in a row State Farm has been named in these rankings.

References

External links
 State Farm Research Center
 State Farm
 State Farm Bank
 Research Park at the University of Illinois

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign centers and institutes
State Farm
2005 establishments in Illinois


Robert Louis Behnken (; born July 28, 1970) is a NASA astronaut, engineer, and former Chief of the Astronaut Office. Behnken was selected as an astronaut by NASA in 2000 and is a veteran of two space shuttle flights. A native of Missouri, Behnken flew STS-123 in March 2008 and STS-130 in February 2010, logging more than 708 hours in space, and more than 37 hours during six spacewalks. Behnken most recently served as Joint Operations Commander on the first crewed flight of the SpaceX Crew Dragon, the Demo-2 mission, which landed August 2, 2020. He also served as Flight Engineer on the International Space Station for Expedition 63.

Personal Life
Behnken was born in St. Ann, Missouri on July 28, 1970. After graduating from Pattonville High School in Maryland Heights, Missouri, he attended Washington University in St. Louis where he majored in mechanical engineering and physics and was a member of the Air Force Reserve Officers' Training Corps. He then went to California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, California for graduate school, where he earned master's and doctorate degrees in mechanical engineering.

After graduate school, Behnken was commissioned for active duty with the Air Force and was based at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida where he worked as a developmental engineer and technical manager for new weapons systems.

Next, Behnken went to the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base. He was assigned to the F-22 Combined Test Force and served as the lead flight test engineer for the fourth F-22, a stealth tactical fighter aircraft that flies at speeds of up to 1,500 mph (2,414 kilometers per hour). Behnken has flown more than 1,500 flight hours and piloted more than 25 different types of aircraft.

He is married to fellow astronaut K. Megan McArthur. Together, they have one child.

NASA Career
Colonel Behnken was selected by NASA in July 2000, and following the completion of astronaut candidate training was assigned to support launch and landing activities at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida.  Since then, within the Astronaut Office, he served in the Exploration branch, as Chief of the Space Station Operations Branch, and between July 2012 and July 2015 as NASA's Chief Astronaut.  As Chief Astronaut, he was responsible for flight assignments, mission preparation, and on-orbit support of international space station crews as well as organizing astronaut office support for future launch vehicles.

Colonel Behnken trained as an international space station crew member following the loss of Columbia and as a mission specialist for STS-400 the launch-on-need rescue flight for the last Hubble servicing mission.  He flew STS-123 in March 2008 and STS-130 in February 2010, logging more than 708 hours in space, and performing more than 37 hours in six spacewalks.  Colonel Behnken is currently assigned to the cadre of astronauts that will train and fly the initial test flights of the Boeing CST-100 or Space X Dragon commercially built spacecraft.

STS-123 Endeavour (March 11 to March 26, 2008) was a night launch/landing and the 25th International Space Station assembly mission.  Endeavour's crew delivered the first component of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Kibo Laboratory and the final element of the station's Mobile Servicing System, the Canadian-built Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator, known as Dextre.  Colonel Behnken served a flight deck Mission Specialist for ascent and entry, performed three spacewalks, and operated both the station robotic arm and the Dextre robot.  The mission was accomplished in 250 orbits of the Earth, traveling 6,577,857 statute miles in 15 days, 18 hours, 10 minutes and 54 seconds.

STS-130 Endeavour (February 8 to February 21, 2010) was a night launch/landing and the 32nd International Space Station assembly mission.  Endeavour's crew delivered and outfitted Node 3 (the station's habitation module) and the Cupola (the station's seven window Earth facing observation portal).  Colonel Behnken served as a Mission Specialist, operated the space station robotic arm, served as the spacewalking lead and performed three spacewalks.  The mission was accomplished in 217 orbits of the Earth, traveling 5,738,991 statute miles in 13 days, 18 hours, 6 minutes and 24 seconds.

Behnken served as Joint Operations Commander on the first crewed flight of the SpaceX Crew Dragon, the Demo-2 mission, launching May 20 and landing in Pensacola, Florida on August 2, 2020. He also served as Flight Engineer on the International Space Station for Expedition 63. Behnken contributed to more than 110 hours of time to supporting the orbiting laboratory's investigations. He participated in a number of scientific experiments, spacewalks and public engagement events during his 62 days aboard station. Behnken helped work on numerous sample switch outs for the Electrolysis Measurement (EM) experiment, as well as contributing images to the Crew Earth Observations (CEO) study.  While on board, Behnken conducted four spacewalks and is now tied for most spacewalks by an American astronaut with Michael Lopez-Alegria, Peggy Whitson, and Chris Cassidy, each of whom has completed 10 spacewalks.

Awards/Honors
Outstanding Mechanical Engineering Senior, Washington University (1992); National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow (1993 to 1996); United States Air Force Meritorious Service, Defense Meritorious Service and Defense Superior Service Medals; NASA Space Flight Medal (2008, 2010); NASA Exceptional Service Medal (2011), Washington University Young Alumni Achievement Award (2009); Distinguished Alumni Award (2013).

References

1970 births
Living people
American astronauts
Engineers from Missouri
Scientists from St. Louis, Missouri

Bob Behnken


Margaret Henderson Floyd (1932 – 18 October 1997) was Professor of Architectural History at Tufts University.  She was an expert on Boston architecture.  Her writing includes several titles on the work of late 19th-century American architects including Henry Hobson Richardson, and Longfellow, Alden and Harlow.

Biography
Margaret Henderson Floyd was a graduate of Wellesley College, the University of New Mexico, and Boston University, where she received her Ph.D. in 1975. She taught for many years at Tufts where she was Professor of American Art and Architectural History.

Over the years, she developed detailed knowledge of the architecture of the Boston area and she became deeply involved in historic preservation and often provided expert testimony in an effort to save older buildings from demolition.  She played a key role in the preservation of the Robert Treat Paine Estate in Waltham; she was one of four founding members of Friends of Longfellow House formed to support Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site.

Floyd was a contributor to the ongoing reassessment of the "standard narrative" of nineteenth-century American architectural history.  Her work on Longfellow, Alden and Harlow argued for a broader appreciation of the wide influence of the architect Henry Hobson Richardson.  Her final book, a biographical monograph on Richardson was published after her death from cancer.

In her memory, the Department of Art and Architectural History at Tufts established the Floyd Lecture Series in 1999 and the Architectural Studies Prize in 2005.

Books

Writings by Margaret Henderson Floyd include the following books (in chronological order):

 Bunting, Bainbridge, completed and edited by Margaret Henderson Floyd, Harvard: An Architectural History, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA 1985.
 Floyd, Margaret Henderson, editor, Architectural Education and Boston: Centennial Publication of the Boston Architectural Center, 1889-1989, Boston Architectural Center, Boston 1989. ,
 Floyd, Margaret Henderson, Architecture after Richardson: Regionalism before Modernism--Longfellow, Alden, and Harlow in Boston and Pittsburgh, University of Chicago Press with Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Chicago and Pittsburgh 1994.
 Floyd, Margaret Henderson, Henry Hobson Richardson: A Genius for Architecture, Monacelli, New York 1997.

See also

 Women in the art history field

References

1932 births
1997 deaths
American art historians
American architectural historians
American architecture writers
American women academics
Wellesley College alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
Boston University alumni
Writers from Boston
Deaths from cancer
20th-century American historians
American women historians
20th-century American biographers
American women biographers
Women art historians
20th-century American women writers

Margaret Henderson Floyd


The Cross-City Bridge (Polish: Most średnicowy) is a rail bridge over the Vistula River in Warsaw, north of the Poniatowski Bridge. It forms a part of the Warsaw Cross-City Line and was originally built between 1921 and 1931 to connect the (now defunct) Warszawa Główna railway station and what is now the Warszawa Wschodnia railway station.

History and description

The bridge was designed by Aleksander Pstrokoński. Construction began in 1921 and extended more than 10 years because of a financial crisis, effecting the Polish Building Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Budowlane). Foundations were pneumatically positioned with a metal structure above the pillars. The bridge consisted of four spans of over 90 m, with high arches.

On 13 September 1944, the bridge was blown up by retreating German troops.

Between 1945 and 1949 the bridge was rebuilt in a considerably modified form, with smaller pillars and different design methodology, and was opened to rail traffic on June 23, 1949.

A twin bridge was built in the 1960s shortly before the start of the construction of the Warszawa Centralna railway station.

Currently, the bridge gives the impression of being monolithic, although it actually consists of two independent platforms supported on a common pillars. The four rail tracks link the main railway stations in Warsaw. The two tracks on the north side are designed for long-distance traffic, while the other two are usually used by commuter trains.

The bridge has five spans and length of 445 m.

Bibliography
 Encyklopedia Warszawy (1994 ) (in Polish).

Bridges in Warsaw
Bridges completed in 1931
Railway bridges in Poland

Cross-City Bridge


Olga Vsevolodovna Ivinskaya (; June 16, 1912, Tambov – September 8, 1995, Moscow) was a Soviet poet and writer. She is best-known as friend and lover of Nobel Prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak during the last 13 years of his life and the inspiration for the character of Lara in his novel Doctor Zhivago (1957).

Early life
Ivinskaya, of German-Polish descent, was born in Tambov to a provincial high school teacher. In 1915, the family moved to Moscow. After graduating from the Editorial Workers Institute in Moscow in 1936, she worked as an editor at various literary magazines. She was an admirer of Pasternak since her adolescence, attending literary gatherings to listen to his poetry. She married twice: the first time to Ivan Emelianov in 1936, who hanged himself in 1939, having one daughter, Irina Emelianova; the second time in 1941 to Alexander Vinogradov (later killed in the war), producing one son, Dmitry Vinogradov.

Relationship with Pasternak
She met Boris Pasternak in October 1946, in the editorial office of Novy Mir, where she was in charge of the new authors department. She was romantically involved with him until his death, although he refused to leave his wife. Early in 1948, he asked her to leave Novy Mir, as her position there was getting more difficult because of their relationship. She took up a role as his secretary instead.

Ivinskaya collaborated closely with Pasternak on translating poetry from foreign languages into Russian. While she was translating the Bengali language poet Rabindranath Tagore, Pasternak advised her, to "1) bring out the theme of the poem, its subject matter, as clearly as possible; 2) tighten up the fluid, non-European form by rhyming internally, not at the end of the lines; 3) use loose, irregular meters, mostly ternary ones. You may allow yourself to use assonances." Later, while collaborating with him on a translation of the Czech language poet Vítězslav Nezval, Pasternak told Ivinskaya, "Use the literal translation only for the meaning, but do not borrow words as they stand from it: they are absurd and not always comprehensible. Don't translate everything, only what you can manage, and by this means try to make the translation more precise than the original—an absolute necessity in the case of such a confused, slipshod piece of work."

Pasternak acknowledged Ivinskaya as the inspiration for Doctor Zhivago'''s heroine Lara. Many poems by Yuri Zhivago in the novel were addressed by Pasternak to Ivinskaya.

In October 1949, Ivinskaya was arrested as "an accomplice to the spy" and in July 1950 was sentenced by the Special Council of the NKVD to five years in the Gulag. That was seen as an attempt to press Pasternak to give up writings critical of the Soviet system. In a 1958 letter to a friend in West Germany, Pasternak wrote, "She was put in jail on my account, as the person considered by the secret police to be closest to me, and they hoped that by means of a grueling interrogation and threats they could extract enough evidence from her to put me on trial. I owe my life and the fact that they did not touch me in those years to her heroism and endurance."

At that time of her arrest, Ivinskaya was pregnant by Pasternak and miscarried. She was released in 1953 after Stalin's death. Doctor Zhivago was published in Italy in 1957 by Feltrinelli, with Ivinskaya conducting all negotiations on Pasternak's behalf.

Ivinskaya was one of nine "prisoners of conscience" featured in Persecution 1961, a book by Peter Benenson that helped launch Amnesty International. In it, Benenson lauded her for refusing to cooperate with authorities and for willingly suffering to protect Pasternak. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the opening of Soviet archives, some sources suggested that, like most torture victims, she had been induced to cooperate with the KGB. - New York Times mentions "Moskovsky Komsomolets" as a source.

Final years
After Pasternak's death in 1960, Ivinskaya was arrested for the second time, with her daughter, Irina Emelianova. She was accused of being Pasternak's link with Western publishers in dealing in hard currency for Doctor Zhivago. The Soviet government quietly released them, Irina after one year, in 1962, and Ivinskaya in 1964. She served four years of an eight-year sentence, apparently to punish her for the relationship. In 1978, her memoirs were published in Paris in Russian and were translated in English under the title A Captive of Time''.

Ivinskaya was rehabilitated only under Gorbachev in 1988. All of Pasternak's letters to her and other manuscripts and documents had been seized by the KGB during her last arrest. She spent several years in litigation trying to regain them. However, those were blocked by his daughter-in-law, Natalya. The Supreme Court of Russia ended up ruling against her on the ground that "there was no proof of ownership" and "papers should remain in the state archive". She died in 1995 from cancer. A reporter on NTV compared Ivinskaya's role to that of other famous muses for Russian writers: "As Pushkin would not be complete without Anna Kern, and Yesenin would be nothing without Isadora Duncan, so Pasternak would not be Pasternak without Olga Ivinskaya, who was his inspiration for 'Doctor Zhivago.' ". Her daughter, Irina Emelianova, who emigrated to France in 1985, published a book of memories of her mother's affair with Pasternak.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
, poem by Pasternak about his love, performed as song by Larisa Novoseltseva

Gulag detainees
Soviet magazine editors
Translators from Bengali
Translators from Czech
Translators to Russian
Soviet women poets
Soviet translators
Deaths from cancer in Russia
1912 births
1995 deaths
Soviet poets
Women magazine editors
Soviet people of German descent
Soviet people of Polish descent
People from Tambov
Dubravlag detainees

Olga Ivinskaya


A shared library or shared object is a file that is intended to be shared by executable files and further shared object files. Modules used by a program are loaded from individual shared objects into memory at load time or runtime, rather than being copied by a linker when it creates a single monolithic executable file for the program.

Shared libraries can be statically linked during compile-time, meaning that references to the library modules are resolved and the modules are allocated memory when the executable file is created. But often linking of shared libraries is postponed until they are loaded.

Most modern operating systems can have shared library files of the same format as the executable files. This offers two main advantages: first, it requires making only one loader for both of them, rather than two (having the single loader is considered well worth its added complexity). Secondly, it allows the executables also to be used as shared libraries, if they have a symbol table. Typical combined executable and shared library formats are ELF and Mach-O (both in Unix) and PE (Windows).

In some older environments such as 16-bit Windows or MPE for the HP 3000, only stack-based data (local) was allowed in shared-library code, or other significant restrictions were placed on shared-library code.

Memory sharing

Library code may be shared in memory by multiple processes, and on disk. If virtual memory is used, processes would execute the same physical page of RAM that is mapped into the different address spaces of the processes. This has advantages. For instance, on the OpenStep system, applications were often only a few hundred kilobytes in size and loaded quickly; most of their code was located in libraries that had already been loaded for other purposes by the operating system.

Programs can accomplish RAM sharing by using position-independent code, as in Unix, which leads to a complex but flexible architecture, or by using common virtual addresses, as in Windows and OS/2. These systems ensure, by various means, like pre-mapping the address space and reserving slots for each shared library, that code has a high probability of being shared. A third alternative is single-level store, as used by the IBM System/38 and its successors. This allows position-dependent code, but places no significant restrictions on where code can be placed or how it can be shared.

In some cases, different versions of shared libraries can cause problems, especially when libraries of different versions have the same file name, and different applications installed on a system each require a specific version. Such a scenario is known as DLL hell, named after the Windows and OS/2 DLL file. Most modern operating systems after 2001 have clean-up methods to eliminate such situations or use application-specific "private" libraries.

Dynamic linking

Dynamic linking or late binding is linking performed while a program is being loaded (load time) or executed (runtime), rather than when the executable file is created. A dynamically linked library (dynamic-link library, or DLL, under Windows and OS/2; shareable image under OpenVMS; dynamic shared object, or DSO, under Unix-like systems) is a library intended for dynamic linking. Only a minimal amount of work is done by the linker when the executable file is created; it only records what library routines the program needs and the index names or numbers of the routines in the library. The majority of the work of linking is done at the time the application is loaded (load time) or during execution (runtime). Usually, the necessary linking program, called a "dynamic linker" or "linking loader", is actually part of the underlying operating system. (However, it is possible, and not exceedingly difficult, to write a program that uses dynamic linking and includes its own dynamic linker, even for an operating system that itself provides no support for dynamic linking.)

Programmers originally developed dynamic linking in the Multics operating system, starting in 1964, and the MTS (Michigan Terminal System), built in the late 1960s.

Optimizations
Since shared libraries on most systems do not change often, systems can compute a likely load address for each shared library on the system before it is needed and store that information in the libraries and executables. If every shared library that is loaded has undergone this process, then each will load at its predetermined address, which speeds up the process of dynamic linking. This optimization is known as prebinding or prelinking on macOS and Linux, respectively. IBM z/VM uses a similar technique, called "Discontinuous Saved Segments" (DCSS). Disadvantages of this technique include the time required to precompute these addresses every time the shared libraries change, the inability to use address space layout randomization, and the requirement of sufficient virtual address space for use (a problem that will be alleviated by the adoption of 64-bit architectures, at least for the time being).

Locating libraries at runtime
Loaders for shared libraries vary widely in functionality. Some depend on the executable storing explicit paths to the libraries. Any change to the library naming or layout of the file system will cause these systems to fail. More commonly, only the name of the library (and not the path) is stored in the executable, with the operating system supplying a method to find the library on disk, based on some algorithm.

If a shared library that an executable depends on is deleted, moved, or renamed, or if an incompatible version of the library is copied to a place that is earlier in the search, the executable would fail to load. This is called dependency hell, existing on many platforms. The (infamous) Windows variant is commonly known as DLL hell. This problem cannot occur if each version of each library is uniquely identified and each program references libraries only by their full unique identifiers. The "DLL hell" problems with earlier Windows versions arose from using only the names of libraries, which were not guaranteed to be unique, to resolve dynamic links in programs. (To avoid "DLL hell", later versions of Windows rely largely on options for programs to install private DLLs—essentially a partial retreat from the use of shared libraries—along with mechanisms to prevent replacement of shared system DLLs with earlier versions of them.)

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows checks the registry to determine the proper place to load DLLs that implement COM objects, but for other DLLs it will check the directories in a defined order. First, Windows checks the directory where it loaded the program (private DLL); any directories set by calling the SetDllDirectory() function; the System32, System, and Windows directories; then the current working directory; and finally the directories specified by the PATH environment variable. Applications written for the .NET Framework (since 2002), also check the Global Assembly Cache as the primary store of shared dll files to remove the issue of DLL hell.

OpenStep
OpenStep used a more flexible system, collecting a list of libraries from a number of known locations (similar to the PATH concept) when the system first starts. Moving libraries around causes no problems at all, although users incur a time cost when first starting the system.

Unix-like systems
Most Unix-like systems have a "search path" specifying file-system directories in which to look for dynamic libraries. Some systems specify the default path in a configuration file, others hard-code it into the dynamic loader. Some executable file formats can specify additional directories in which to search for libraries for a particular program. This can usually be overridden with an environment variable, although it is disabled for setuid and setgid programs, so that a user can't force such a program to run arbitrary code with root permissions. Developers of libraries are encouraged to place their dynamic libraries in places in the default search path. On the downside, this can make installation of new libraries problematic, and these "known" locations quickly become home to an increasing number of library files, making management more complex.

Dynamic loading

Dynamic loading, a subset of dynamic linking, involves a dynamically linked library loading and unloading at runtime on request. Such a request may be made implicitly or explicitly. Implicit requests are made when a compiler or static linker adds library references that include file paths or simply file names. Explicit requests are made when applications make direct calls to an operating system's API.

Most operating systems that support dynamically linked libraries also support dynamically loading such libraries via a run-time linker API. For instance, Microsoft Windows uses the API functions LoadLibrary, LoadLibraryEx, FreeLibrary and GetProcAddress with Microsoft Dynamic Link Libraries; POSIX-based systems, including most UNIX and UNIX-like systems, use dlopen, dlclose and dlsym. Some development systems automate this process.

Notes

Further reading
 How To Write Shared Libraries by Ulrich Drepper (with much background info)

References

Computer libraries
Operating system technology

Shared library


Deantoni Parks (born November 2, 1977) is an American now-wave/avant-garde/experimental musician. He is the co-founder, co-producer and drummer of the New York band KUDU along with artist Sylvia Black, and one half of the TV/Film scoring duo We Are Dark Angels alongside Nicci Kasper, also a member of KUDU. Parks was a member of progressive rock band the Mars Volta and (together with Kasper) a member of the alternative rock act Bosnian Rainbows.

Based in Atlanta, Georgia, Parks is the founder of Tech Art Fair, Technoself Immersive, the record label Humani Machina (via Alpha Pup distributed by Virgin/UMG), and private online school, Technoself School of Philosophy (since 2020).  Parks has participated as faculty for Stanford Jazz Workshop and Berklee College of Music also performing workshops and clinics at Cooper Union, Georgia Tech, and Virginia Tech.

Biography
Deantoni was born and raised in Newnan, Georgia. His family's musical preferences leaned towards funk, Southern soul and gospel and with their full support he began playing drums when he was two years old. He was put in the national spotlight before the age of five as a result of his practice and performance with the Newnan High School band. Xernona Clayton from The Xernona Clayton Show broadcast on WAGA-TV in Atlanta interviewed him for a national broadcast segment that aired in 1982.

He later explored jazz as a teen with Delbert Felix and chose to enroll at Berklee College of Music, where study with Lenny Nelson and exposure to Photek, Squarepusher, and Hidden Agenda turned his focus to the mechanistic beats of electronic music.

KUDU
In 1998, while living in Boston, Deantoni drafted the Now Wave Manifesto. It was these beliefs that provided the foundation for the core song structures that ultimately led to the recording of the KUDU demo. He founded KUDU with his then girlfriend  Sylvia Gordon, Nicci Kasper.

KUDU was performing Photek, Roni Size and Cujo covers at venues (name specific venues or shows with select acts) around Boston. Due to Deantoni's ability to play these hyper/punk/virtuosic rhythms live, KUDU inspired and influenced many American drummers  and live drum and bass acts from 2000 forward. Bill Laswell, Vernon Reid (Living Colour) and Jojo Mayer, were all seen at early KUDU shows after the band relocated to New York City in 2000.

Kudu released their self-titled debut on Velour Recordings, a New York-based label, in 2001. The band eventually agreed to terms with Nublu Records and in 2006 the label released their Death of the Party album. NuBlu also released Back for More: A Remix Collection. The album featured a cherry-picked selection of unreleased tracks, B-sides, rare recordings and remixes by Armand Van Helden, Tommie Sunshine, Sinden, Drop the Lime, King Britt, Curtis Vodka, Hess Is More, LingLing and others.

Between summer 2006 and the fall of 2007 they performed at the Roskilde Festival held south of Roskilde in Denmark, Delta Tejo Festival in Portugal and Transmusicales held annually in Rennes, Brittany, France.

Their last public performance was opening for Me'shell Ndegeocello at the Highline Ballroom in the fall of 2009.

Despite KUDU's early success the group has not released an album since 2008's Back for More. Nicci Kasper, Sylvia Gordon and Deantoni have all continued to write and produce tracks for other artists including John Cale and Me'shell Ndegeocello. In early 2009 Deantoni and Nick Kasper began collaborating as the writing duo, We Are Dark Angels.

Omar Rodriguez-Lopez Group / The Mars Volta / Bosnian Rainbows
Parks briefly joined The Mars Volta in September 2006, following the departure of Blake Fleming. Touring with the band for two months, Parks was subsequently replaced by Thomas Pridgen. Regarding his exit from the band, Parks stated, "I was already working heavily with John Cale at the time, and also KUDU. And, to be honest, at the time, I was just more loyal to them, obviously. And, you know, [The Mars Volta] were looking for drummers too. I was just there to fill-in, or whatever. I mean I clicked really, really well with Omar and I always remember that so I never blocked out the idea of working with them again. It was just that time, it was a weird time for me to join then so that's why it didn't happen."

Deantoni joined the Omar Rodriguez-Lopez Group on their autumn 2010 tour across Japan, the US and Russia. He has also recorded on many of Omar's albums since 2008's release Old Money, for which his contribution had been recorded when Deantoni first joined The Mars Volta in 2006. He rejoined The Mars Volta in late 2010 and stayed until their dissolution after 2012's Noctourniquet.  During this timeframe he was also working on music with TMV members Cedric Bixler-Zavala and Juan Alderete on their respective projects, although all are yet to see release besides Deantoni making appearances on Big Sir records.

Together with Rodriguez-Lopez, singer Teri Gender Bender of Le Butcherettes and his KUDU/Dark Angels bandmate Kasper, Parks formed a new band called Bosnian Rainbows in 2012. Their first full-length, self-titled album was released on June 25, 2013.

Teaching
Deantoni's work as an instructor at Stanford Jazz Workshop, and Berklee College of Music since '98 led to him to creating Technoself School of Philosophy in 2020 operating privately as an online school via Discord.

Discography
Solo Work
 Touch But Don't Look (2012) on Sargent House/Rodriguez-Lopez Productions
 Technoself (Leaving/Stones Throw; 2015)
 WALLY (2016)
 Deanthoven (2016)
 Look This (2016) as WE ARE DARK ANGELS
 ELEVENELEVEN (2017)
 Dog Eat Dog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2017)
 Homo Deus (Leaving/Stones Throw; 2018)
 Augusta (Humani Machina Records, Alpha Pup Records) 2019
 Westwave (2019)
 Silver Cord (Humani Machina Records, Alpha Pup Records) 2020
Session Recordings
Flying Lotus - You're Dead! (2014)
Flying Lotus - Flamagra (2019)

Collaborations
 Last Night – Moby (2008) – contribution to an LP
 The Biggest Piano In Town - Grand Pianoramax on ObliqSound (2008), Leo Tardin - keyboards, Deantoni Parks - drums, Adam Deitch - drums, Mike Ladd - vocals, Celena Glenn - vocals, Invincible - vocals, Spleen - vocals

With Astroid Power-Up!
 Google Plex (2003) - LP

With Gray
 1979 (Unreleased) - LP
 Shades of... - (2019)

With KUDU
 Kudu (2001) - LP
 Death of the Party (2006) - LP
 Back for More: A Remix Collection (2008) - LP

With John Cale
 Circus Live (2007)
 Extra Playful (2011)
 Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood (2012)
 MFANS (2016)
 Mercy (2023)

With Meshell Ndegeocello
 The Article 3 (2006)
 The World Has Made Me the Man of My Dreams (2007)
 Devil's Halo (2009)
 Weather (2011)
 Pour une Âme Souveraine: A Dedication to Nina Simone (2012)

With Omar Rodríguez-López
Old Money (2008)
Solar Gambling (2009)
Dōitashimashite (2010) - Omar Rodriguez Lopez Group live release
Un Escorpión Perfumado (2010)
Noctourniquet (2012) - The Mars Volta's 6th LP
Saber, Querer, Osar y Callar (2012)
Bosnian Rainbows Live At Clouds Hill (2012)
Unicorn Skeleton Mask (2013)
¿Sólo Extraño? (2013)
Bosnian Rainbows (2013) - self-titled debut
A Raw Youth (2015) - Le Butcherettes's 3rd LP
Sworn Virgins (2016)
Blind Worms Pious Swine (2016)
El Bien Y Mal Nos Une (2016)
Cell Phone Bikini (2016)
Zapopan (2016)
Nom de Guerre Cabal (2016)
Some Need It Lonely (2016)
A Lovejoy (2016)
Roman Lips (2017)
Zen Thrills (2017)
Chocolate Tumor Hormone Parade (2017) - Omar Rodriguez Lopez Group live release
Azul, Mis Dientes (2017)
Gorilla Preacher Cartel (2017)
Killing Tingled Lifting Retreats (2017)
Solid State Mercenaries (2017)
Doom Patrol (2017)
TBA - Bosnian Rainbows' 2nd LP

With Juan Alderete
Before Gardens After Gardens (2012) - Big Sir's 3rd LP
Digital Gardens (2014) - Big Sir's 4th LP
TBA - Vato Negro's 2nd LP

Filmography
Feature films

Deantoni is composer as WE ARE DARK ANGELS alongside Nicci Kasper on Dog Eat Dog (2016). Dog Eat Dog is directed by Paul Schrader (Taxi Driver, Mishima) and stars Nicolas Cage and Willem Dafoe. Based on the Edward Bunker novel of the same name. Deantoni Parks & Nicci Kasper as WE ARE DARK ANGELS scored the last scene of Director Paul Schrader's First Reformed. Lustmord Aka Brian Williams scored the rest of the film.

Deantoni was featured as an actor and drummer in Mark Ruffalo's directorial debut Sympathy for Delicious along with Juliette Lewis, Laura Linney, Orlando Bloom and Mark Ruffalo. He also performed on the title track for the movie with The Mars Volta's Cedric Bixler and Omar Rodriguez-Lopez. Deantoni appeared on the soundtrack of the Tamra Davis documentary, The Radiant Child, with Michael Holman and Jean-Michel Basquiat band, Gray.

Short films

While touring the globe between 1998 and 2009, Deantoni collected hours and hours of video footage. In 2009, he compiled this footage and edited it with photographs from these travels to create a series of ten videos. These ten videos encompass the whole of the DaDa YaYa video series. These short films, all of which are three to ten minutes in length will be produced as Sound Art/Installation/Performance Art pieces. The entire series consists of ten installations (one for each film) and a retrospective, where all of the films will be screened in their entirety. The event series will be produced and marketed by his audio/visual communications agency.

Music videos

 Playing House  (2005) for KUDU
 Bar Star kudu - bar star (2006) for KUDU
 Boom Boom Kudu Boom Boom (2006) for KUDU

Collaborations

 In 2007, Deantoni played drums for a WORLD'S END music video titled "Sialagogue"  featuring Japanese super model Rila Fukushima, directed by Bruno Levy, a New York-based artist known for his video scratching. Bruno, considered a pioneer in the VJ space, and his current project partner, Blake Shaw, have formed SWEATSHOPPE, together with Deantoni they are developing large-scale event proposals that will be marketed by his audio/visual communications agency under the WORLD'S END event series.
 Deantoni co-wrote the music for the song "Party In My Pants" with Doron Braunshtein A/K/A Apollo Braun. The song appears in the 2008's film Religulous, directed by Larry Charles.
 Played drums for two songs on the 2017 album Drunk, by Thundercat. "Jethro" & "Where I'm Going"

Band history
Astroid Power-up!
Kudu
The Mars Volta
Omar Rodríguez-López
Bosnian Rainbows
John Cale
Meshell Ndegeocello
Moby
Lenny Kravitz
Alice Smith
Cody Chesnutt
Gray --Basquiat's Industrial Noise Band--*
Sade
Marc Ribot
Vato Negro
We Are Dark Angels (With Nicci Kasper)
World's End

References

External links
Solo Myspace
Astroid Power-up! Myspace
Kudu Myspace
WORLD'S END "Sialagogue" music video
April 2010 Modern Drummer Interview
April 2010 Times Herald Interview
 SIGHT/SOUND/RHYTHM interview 2012

1977 births
Living people
African-American drummers
African-American rock musicians
American new wave musicians
American avant-garde musicians
American rock drummers
Alternative rock drummers
American experimental musicians
African-American male actors
American male actors
African-American film directors
African-American record producers
People from Newnan, Georgia
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Record producers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Berklee College of Music alumni
The Mars Volta members
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Film directors from Georgia (U.S. state)
21st-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Bosnian Rainbows members
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians

Deantoni Parks


The 1804 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 2 and December 5, 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.

During this election, South Carolina cast 10 electoral votes for Democratic Republican incumbent Thomas Jefferson.

References

South Carolina
1804
1804 South Carolina elections