Tomasz Mirosław Kuszczak (; born 20 March 1982) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is the current goalkeeping coach of the Poland national team.

Born in Krosno Odrzańskie, Kuszczak previously played for Śląsk Wrocław in Poland, as well as for the German clubs KFC Uerdingen 05 and Hertha BSC, before moving in 2004 to England with West Bromwich Albion. During the summer of 2006 he transferred to Manchester United and in 2012 joined Brighton & Hove Albion, who released him at the end of the 2013–14 season. After spending the latter part of the 2014–15 season with Wolverhampton Wanderers, he signed for Birmingham City in July 2015, playing for the club until his retirement in 2019.

Kuszczak made 14 appearances for the Poland under-21 side and was capped 11 times at senior level. He was a member of the nation's squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Club career

Hertha BSC
Kuszczak was born in Krosno Odrzańskie, Poland. He joined German club Hertha BSC in 2000, spending a year with their reserve team before being promoted to the first team in 2001. He subsequently spent three seasons as the third-choice goalkeeper at the club, behind Gábor Király and Christian Fiedler, and failed to make a single appearance in the Bundesliga. He was out of contract with Hertha when he was signed by West Bromwich Albion manager Gary Megson on 14 July 2004.

West Bromwich Albion
He made his debut for West Brom on 18 September 2004 in a Premier League match against Fulham at The Hawthorns, which ended in a 1–1 draw. He then played in a League Cup match against Colchester United on 21 September 2004, Albion losing 2–1.

Kuszczak had only kept goal in one match in the Premier League before West Brom's game against Manchester United on the penultimate match day of the 2004–05 season, with the Baggies facing a tough relegation battle. He put in a striking performance, having to step in front of the goal after the first choice keeper Russell Hoult was injured in the first half. West Bromwich drew the match 1–1, with Kuszczak remaining unbeaten during his 68 minutes on the pitch. This performance helped Kuszczak earn his first man of the match award in the Premier League. The following week, in the season's last match against Portsmouth, Kuszczak had another impressive game, enabling West Bromwich to win 2–0, and hence stay up in the league.

In 2005–06, Kuszczak was supposed to be the reserve keeper behind Chris Kirkland. With Kirkland injured, Kuszczak kept goal in his first Premier League match of the season on 30 October 2005, but could not prevent Newcastle United from winning 3–0. His performances then improved, allowing him to become the first-choice keeper. This continued despite Kirkland's return from injury. On 15 January 2006, Kuszczak had an impressive game against Wigan Athletic, making a match-winning save late on from Jason Roberts, with West Bromwich winning the game 1–0. The save was voted "Save of the Season" by viewers of BBC TV's Match of the Day programme. Nonetheless, his club were relegated at the end of the season.

Manchester United

On 7 July 2006, it was confirmed by West Bromwich Albion manager Bryan Robson that Manchester United had made a bid of around £2 million for Kuszczak. On 3 August, West Brom rejected a £2.5 million bid for Kuszczak from United, citing that a one-year loan spell for United starlet Giuseppe Rossi would also have to be included along with the cash to result in a deal. On 10 August 2006, Kuszczak joined Manchester United in a deal involving the transfers of England Under-18 goalkeeper Luke Steele and defender Paul McShane to West Brom. When officially announcing the move, United failed to state the terms of the deal, leading to suggestions that it was a merely a loan deal. Chief executive David Gill clarified the situation, stating, "Tomasz will be a Manchester United player for the next four years, he has come to us on loan for the first year, and then will join us permanently in July 2007."

Kuszczak made his debut against Arsenal on 17 September 2006, he conceded an early penalty but did redeem himself by saving the ensuing spot-kick from Gilberto Silva. Despite saving the penalty, Arsenal's Emmanuel Adebayor scored a late goal which gave them a 1–0 win at Old Trafford, which was the club's first defeat of the season. His first start came in a 2–1 away win over Crewe Alexandra in the League Cup on 25 October. He had his name misspelled on the back of his shirt during this game, with it incorrectly reading "Zuszczak". Although Kuszczak did not play enough Premier League games in the 2006–07 season, he received a winners medal by special application to the Premier League.

On 2 July 2007, Manchester United announced that the permanent transfer had been completed, for a fee of £2.125 million. Due to Dutch keeper Edwin van der Sar's continued good form and Ben Foster's knee injury, Kuszczak was named Manchester United's number 2 for the 2007–08 season. During an interview in May 2007 Kuszczak stated that he wanted one day to become the number 1 at Manchester United.

On 8 March 2008, in an FA Cup tie against Portsmouth, Kuszczak replaced the injured Van der Sar at half-time, only to receive a straight red card for a foul on Milan Baroš 30 minutes later. Rio Ferdinand was forced to take over in goal, but failed to save Sulley Muntari's penalty, resulting in United being knocked out of the competition.

In September 2008, Kuszczak signed a two-year extension which would keep him at Old Trafford until 2012. However, after being overlooked in favour of Foster for the 2009 League Cup Final, Kuszczak faced problems in aiming to become United's new first choice after Van der Sar's retirement and expressed discontent with his situation at Manchester United. In 2009, he was said to be considering his long-term future at the club. Kuszczak kept a clean sheet in his first game of the 2009–10 season, a 1–0 home win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup. After Van der Sar suffered an injury, Kuszczak returned to the side for a match against Portsmouth on 28 November. He retained his position in the starting line-up for United's League Cup fifth round match against Tottenham Hotspur, the next league game against West Ham United and the last game of the Champions League group stage against Wolfsburg. Kuszczak kept another clean sheet in United's final game of the decade as they beat Wigan Athletic 5–0 at Old Trafford. However, Van der Sar's return to the team in January 2010 saw him lose his place in the side. He started, however, in the 2010 Football League Cup Final against Aston Villa, which saw him fail to save a penalty in the first minutes of the game, although United went on to win the trophy, after a 2–1 victory.

Kuszczak revealed Alex Ferguson blocked his move to Leeds United on loan. On 3 February 2012, Ferguson confirmed that Kuszczak would be out of contract in the summer and that he would not be signing a new contract with the club. On 21 February, Kuszczak moved on an emergency loan to join Championship side Watford until the end of the season. He stated afterwards that he had joined Watford because he missed being involved on a matchday and wanted to have a chance of being involved in the Euro's in his home country this summer. He started 13 games during his loan spell, missing just one game which was against Middlesbrough on 28 April due to his wife giving birth.

On 1 June 2012 Kuszczak's release from Manchester United was confirmed on the club's website. After leaving Manchester United, Kuszczak made the accusation that Ferguson held his career back – specifically that he was prevented from joining other clubs by inflating his asking price.

Brighton & Hove Albion
On 19 June 2012, Kuszczak joined Brighton & Hove Albion, signing a two-year contract. He revealed that he turned down numerous other clubs to sign for the Seagulls and stated "I spent eight years in the Premier League and that is where I want to be again. I believe I can get there with Brighton because this club is heading in only one direction, and I want to play my part in helping us get there." Kuszczak made a huge impact at the club, earning the Albion player of the month award in early 2013 after several match saving performances. Kuszczak made 84 appearances for Brighton & Hove Albion before being released at the end of the 2013–14 season.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
On 3 November 2014, after a trial with the Championship club, Kuszczak signed a short-term contract with Wolverhampton Wanderers to last until January 2015. This arrangement was then extended until the end of the 2014–15 season. Following an injury to Carl Ikeme, Kuszczak made his Championship debut for Wolves against Reading on 7 February 2015, conceding a goal after 20 seconds.

Birmingham City
On 1 July 2015, Kuszczak signed a two-year contract with another Championship club, Birmingham City. In the eighth minute of stoppage time in the opening match of the season, at home to Reading, Kuszczak saved Orlando Sá's penalty to preserve Birmingham's 2–1 lead. He continued as first-choice goalkeeper throughout the season, and began 2016–17 in post, but was injured in the warm-up before Birmingham's match at Reading on 13 September. His replacement, Adam Legzdins, kept a clean sheet, and kept his place for the next seven matches, even after Kuszczak's return to fitness. Manager Gary Rowett brought Kuszczak back into the side for the local derby against Aston Villa, and he retained the starting spot for the rest of the season as the team narrowly avoided relegation.

He signed a contract for another two years, but new manager Harry Redknapp's first signing was goalkeeper David Stockdale, whom he installed in the starting eleven. After a "solid display" against Derby County in September as replacement for the injured Stockdale, Kuszczak expressed his disappointment at having been "dropped without any chance to get back". He kept his place for two months, despite a groin problem, until Stockdale regained fitness. Kuszczak was given time to recover from the injury, but even then, untried youngster Connal Trueman remained on the bench. During the January 2018 transfer window, there was reported interest from Newcastle United and Derby County, but Redknapp's successor, Steve Cotterill, insisted that he would only leave on Birmingham's terms. When Garry Monk replaced Cotterill in March, Kuszczak returned to the bench, but did not play again, and at the end of the season the Polish press reported that he had been told he could leave. Neither he nor Stockdale were involved with the first-team squad in 2018–19, and Birmingham confirmed in May 2019 that he would leave the club at the end of his contract.

International career
Kuszczak's international debut came on 11 December 2003 against Malta. Poland won the away game 4–0.

Due to his impressive performances for West Bromwich Albion, he was called up to the 23-man Poland national football team for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. However, in a World Cup warm-up match between Poland and Colombia on 30 May 2006, he conceded a goal directly from a long punt by the opposition goalkeeper, Neco Martínez. Kuszczak subsequently ended up as Artur Boruc's back-up during the tournament and did not play.

Kuszczak was named in Poland's squad for UEFA Euro 2008, but was forced to drop out after picking up a back injury and was replaced by Wojciech Kowalewski. A lack of club football at Manchester United had also seen him slide down the pecking order for his country of late, but he was recalled to the squad for the friendly matches against Romania and Canada by new coach Franciszek Smuda, playing in both matches with mixed results.

Kuszczak was called up for the 2014 World Cup qualifiers against Montenegro and Moldova in September 2013, filling in for injured first choice goalkeeper, Wojciech Szczęsny, but remained an unused substitute. Kuszczak was again called up by Fornalik in October, for the friendly game at home to South Africa and the World Cup qualifier against England. He was tipped to start against South Africa but Fornalik opted for Przemysław Tytoń after becoming out of the fold at PSV Eindhoven. This game ended as a 1–0 win for the Poles, he was then an unused substitute in the England game. On the 14th of November, Kuszczak came on at half-time in the international friendly against Uruguay.

Post-playing career
Following retirement, Kuszczak moved back to Poland, where he launched a construction company and graduated college with a degree in sports journalism.

On 20 September 2023, he joined Michał Probierz's staff at the Poland national team as a goalkeeping coach.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Manchester United
Premier League: 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11
Football League Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10
FA Community Shield: 2007, 2008, 2010
UEFA Champions League: 2007–08
FIFA Club World Cup: 2008

Poland U18
 UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 2001

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Krosno Odrzańskie
Polish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Poland men's youth international footballers
Poland men's under-21 international footballers
Poland men's international footballers
Hertha BSC players
Hertha BSC II players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Footballers from Lubusz Voivodeship
UEFA Champions League winning players
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Polish expatriate sportspeople in England

Tomasz Kuszczak


Sugar nips are a large pair of pincers with sharp blades, designed to cut sugar from a block. Before the introduction of granulated and cube sugars in the second half of the 19th century, the domestic consumer purchased sugar in the form of a sugarloaf, or at least a part of one, and pieces were cut from it by hand using sugar nips. Greater leverage and improved safety was provided by heavier sugar nips set in a wooden base for counter- and table-top use.

There was also an all-in-one version; a box that could serve as container for the sugarloaf with built-in pliers and collector drawer for fine-grained residues from the sugar cutting.

See also
 Panela

References

Sugar nips
Food preparation utensils

Sugar nips


Archerfish (also known as archer fish, spinner fish or insect-eater) are small perciform fish. Some live in fresh water. Others live in salt water. They live in lots of places, like India, the Philippines, Australia, and Polynesia.

Archerfish eat insects and other small animals. The archerfish looks for an insect hanging over the water. The archerfish shoots drops of water out of its mouth at the insect. When the drops hit the insect, it falls into the water. Then the archerfish catches (gets) the insect and eats it.

Archerfish can eat insects up to two meters (six feet) away. Adult archerfish almost always hit the insect the first time, but young archerfish must do it many times in order to learn how.

The type species is the banded archerfish, Toxotes jaculatrix. It is also known as the common archerfish or just archerfish. There is the common archerfish, which has a similar common name but is not the type species. The body of the Toxotus chatareus sooty but sometimes silvery or gold. The dorsal side is greenish-brown.

The pectoral fins are clear or "dusky" in color. Pelvic fins may be darker and heavily pigmented.

Other websites
 Archerfish capturing prey
 Guide to the Mangroves of Singapore: Archerfish
 Information and Photos on Archerfish
 Archerfish Can Adjust Their Deadly Shots Based on the Size of the Prey - LiveScience.com

Perciformes

Archerfish


Charlotte Sarah Lawrence (born June 8, 2000) is an American singer-songwriter and model. Her extended play, Young, was released in 2018. One of her singles, "Joke's on You", is featured on the soundtrack of the movie Birds of Prey. She is signed to IMG Models and has appeared in magazines such as Teen Vogue and Harper's Bazaar.

Lawrence was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of actress Christa Miller and television producer Bill Lawrence.

In March 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, Lawrence tested positive for COVID-19.

References

2000 births
Living people
American pop singers
Models from Los Angeles
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles
American child singers
American composers

Charlotte Lawrence


Richard "Richie" Bennis (born 1945) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a centre-forward for the Limerick senior team.

Born in Patrickswell, County Limerick, Bennis first played competitive hurling during his schooling at CBS Sexton Street. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Limerick minor team before later joining the under-21 side. He made his senior debut during the 1965–66 league. Bennis subsequently became a regular member of the starting fifteen and won one All-Ireland medal, two Munster medals and one National Hurling League medal.  He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

As a member of the Munster inter-provincial team on several occasions Bennis won one Railway Cup medal as a non-playing substitute. At club level he is a ten-time championship medallist with Patrickswell.

Bennis's career tally of 9 goals and 106 points ranks him as one of Limerick's top championship scorers of all time.

His brothers, Phil and Peter Bennis, and his nephew, Gary Kirby, also played for Limerick. Kirby is now the manager of the Patrickswell Senior Hurling Team.

Throughout his career Bennis made 19 championship appearances. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1975 championship.

In retirement from playing Bennis became involved in team management and coaching. At club level he has been involved in the management of Camogue Rovers and Patrickswell before taking charge of the Limerick senior team.

Playing career

School

During his secondary schooling in Limerick Bennis was chosen as captain of the Limerick City vocational schools' team. In 1961 he won an All-Ireland medal following a 10–6 to 7–9 defeat of Kilkenny.

Club

In 1965 Patrickswell, with six Bennis brothers on the team, qualified for the final of county championship for the first time ever. A 2–16 to 0-4 trouncing of St. Kieran's gave Bennis his first championship medal.

Patrickswell retained the title in 1966, with Bennis securing a second championship medal following a 5–11 to 3–7 defeat of St. Patrick's.

After failing in their bid for a third successive championship, Patrickswell reached the decider once again in 1969 where the team faced Pallasgreen. A 0–17 to 2–2 victory gave Bennis a third championship medal.

Patrickswell retained the title in 1970 with Bennis collecting a fourth championship medal following a 2–14 to 0-2 trouncing of Kilmallock.

After a period of decline, which involved the losing of three championship decider, Patrickswell returned to the final once again in 1977. Goals were key as a 3–7 to 0–7 defeat of Killeedy gave Bennis a fifth championship medal.

After failing to retain the title Patrickswell bounced back in 1979. Once again goals were vital in a 2–16 to 0–16 victory over Tournafulla, which gave Bennis a sixth championship medal.

In 1982 Patrickswell faced Bruree for the very first time in a county final. The overall craft and experience of Patrickswell, plus some shrewd tactical switches by their mentors, brought a late flurry of scores which finally sounded the death knell for Bruree, as Bennis collected a seventh championship medal following a 0–17 to 0–15 victory.

Patrickswell retained the title in 1983 with Bennis winning an eighth championship medal as Ballybrown were downed by 1–13 to 1–7.

In 1984 Patrickswell secured their own piece of history by capturing a third successive championship title. The 4–13 to 3–5 victory over Cappamore gave Bennis a ninth championship medal.

Four-in-a-row proved beyond Patrickswell, however, Bennis, who was now in his forties, was still a member of the team when the club contest their next final in 1987. A narrow 1–17 to 3–10 defeat of local rivals Ballybrown gave Bennis a tenth and final championship medal.

Inter-county

Bennis first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Limerick minor hurling team in 1963. He was an unused substitute that year when Limerick defeated Tipperary by 4–12 to 5–4 to take the Munster crown. The subsequent All-Ireland decider saw Limerick face a 6–12 to 5–9 defeat by Wexford.

His tenure with the Limerick under-21 hurling team yielded little in terms of success.

Bennis made his senior debut during the 1965-66 league at a time when Limerick hurling was in the doldrums.

Limerick contested five successive league deciders between 1970 and 1974, with success coming in 1971. A narrow 3–12 to 3–11 defeat of old rivals Tipperary, when Bennis scoring a last-second free to win the game, gave him a National Hurling League medal.

In 1973 Limerick faced Tipperary in the provincial decider and a close game developed. The game ended in welter of excitement as, with time almost up and the sides level, a controversial '70 was awarded to Limerick. Bennis, as free-taker, was told by the match referee that it was the last puck of the game and that he must score directly. Some debate followed as to the validity of the score, with Tipperary players and supporters claiming the sliotar had drifted wide, however, the score was give and Bennis collected his first Munster medal following a 6–7 to 2–18 victory. On 2 September 1973 Limerick faced Kilkenny in the subsequent All-Ireland decider, however, the reigning champions had a depleted team due to a combination of injuries and emigration. In spite of this, the game hung in the balance for the first-half, however, eight minutes after the restart Mossie Dowling got a vital goal for Limerick. Shortly after this Bennis spearheaded a rampant Limerick attack which resulted in a 1–21 to 1–14 victory for Limerick. The victory gave Bennis an All-Ireland medal while he was later presented with his an All-Star.

Limerick maintained their provincial dominance in 1974, with Bennis winning a second Munster medal following a 6–14 to 3-9 trouncing of Clare. The subsequent All-Ireland decider on 1 September 1974 was a repeat of the previous year as Kilkenny provided the opposition once again. Limerick stormed to a five-point lead in the first eleven minutes, however, a converted penalty by Eddie Keher, supplemented by further goals from Mick Brennan and Pat Delaney gave Kilkenny a 3–19 to 1–13 victory.

In 1975 Limerick failed in their bid to win a third successive Munster title following a 3–14 to 0–12 defeat by Cork. This defeat brought the curtain down on Bennis's inter-county career.

Inter-provincial

Bennis was also chosen on the Munster inter-provincial team. He was first picked for duty in 1970, however, he remained as a non-playing substitute during Munster's 2–15 to 0–9 defeat of Leinster.

Managerial career

Early experience

Shortly after retiring from club hurling Bennis remained active as a coach at all levels with Patrickswell. He later took charge of junior club Camogue Rovers but enjoyed little success.

Managing Limerick

In June 2006 Bennis was included as part of a four-man interim management team that was appointed in Limerick following Joe McKenna's resignation after a seventeen-point defeat to Clare. He took charge as manager of the team midway through a disastrous championship campaign. Limerick went on to win their subsequent qualifier games before narrowly losing to Cork by 0–19 to 0–19 in the All-Ireland quarter-final. At the end of the season Bennis was appointed Limerick manager on a full-time basis.

In his first full season in charge, Bennis's Limerick enjoyed a remarkable championship campaign and qualified for the All-Ireland decider against Kilkenny on 2 September 2007. The Cats got off to a flying start with Eddie Brennan and Henry Shefflin scoring two goals within the first ten minutes to set the tone. Limerick launched a second-half comeback, however, Kilkenny were too powerful and cruised to a 2–19 to 1–15 victory.

Limerick's 2008 championship campaign ended without a single victory, as defeats by Clare and Offaly resulted in Bennis's side being dumped out of the championship. In a subsequent interview with the Limerick Leader, Bennis criticized the social habits of a group of players whom he says "broke their hearts in training and then went drinking". He revealed how commitment to training was good but "some players let me down". Less than a month after this Bennis failed to have his contract renewed as Limerick manager.

Career statistics

Honours

Player

Patrickswell
Limerick Senior Hurling Championship (10): 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987

Limerick City
All-Ireland Vocational Schools Championship (1): 1961

Limerick
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1):  1973
Munster Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1973, 1974
National Hurling League (1): 1970–71
Munster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 1963 (sub)

Munster
Railway Cup (1): 1970 (sub)

References

1945 births
Living people
Patrickswell hurlers
Limerick inter-county hurlers
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling managers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

Richie Bennis


The Sikh diaspora is the modern Sikh migration from the traditional area of the Punjab region of South Asia. Sikhism is  a religion native to this region. The Sikh diaspora is largely a subset of the Punjabi diaspora.

The diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun after the fall of the Sikh Empire in 1849 and the empire's subsequent annexation into British India. The onset of the Sikh diaspora is represented by Duleep Singh, the last emperor of the Sikhs, who was forced into exile by the British. Starting with this event, the rate of Sikh migration from Punjab has remained high and included a number of international destinations.

Religion
With more than 25 million worldwide, Sikhs are adherents of the fifth-largest religion in the world. The 2011 Indian census reported approximately 20 million Sikhs living in India. Of these, 16 million, or 76% of all Indian Sikhs, live in the northern state of Punjab, where they form 58% of the population. Substantial communities of Sikhs also live in the Indian states and union territories of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Uttarakhand, and Jammu and Kashmir. The states of Maharastra and Bihar are home to the two important Sikh Takht of Hazur Sahib and Patna Sahib, respectively. The Canadian province of British Columbia was home to close to  300,000 Sikhs as of 2011.

Historical migration patterns
The Sikhs as a political entity, distinct from other Indian traditions, can be said to have begun with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh Guru, Arjan Dev, in 1606. Sikh distinction was further enhanced by the 1699 establishment of the Sikh brotherhood, or Khalsa (ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ), by Gobind Singh. This gives the Sikhs, as an organized political grouping, a relatively recent history of around 400 years. Migrations during the era of the gurus were limited to the boundaries of modern-day India and Pakistan, and in particular, restricted to the Sikh tribal heartland of the Punjab region.The development of the Sikh Confederacy and the rise of the Sikh Empire (1716–1849) led to Sikhs migrating to conquered parts of their empire, such as Ladakh and Peshawar. However, these migrations were limited, transitory, and unsustained, depending on the empire's fluctuating boundaries. During the reign of the Sikh Empire, there was a net cultural immigration, with Napoleonic and British influences vying for the 'ear' of the then-Sikh maharajah Ranjit Singh.

Annexation of the Punjab

Sikh migration from Punjab began in earnest in the second half of the 19th century, when the British Raj had successfully completed its annexation of the region. The pivotal action in the British annexation was the lifetime exile of the then-eleven-year-old maharaja, Duleep Singh, making him the first (albeit unwilling) member of the Sikh diaspora.

Although a largely secular figure who did little for the Sikh body politic, Axel (2001) argues that Singh's exile has had a major impact on the Sikh diaspora psyche.  Axel says that Singh is the archetypal "tragic hero" figure in Sikh culture, "a King without a Kingdom, a Sikh separated from his people".

Having annexed the Sikh Empire, the British preferentially recruited Sikhs in the Indian Civil Service and, in particular, the British Indian Army, which led to the migration of Sikhs to different parts of British India and the British Empire. Semiskilled artisans were transported from the Punjab to British East Africa to help in the building of railways, while many Sikhs found themselves in Australia, working as ghans, or cameleers, and as labourers on cane plantations.

20th century
Sikhs made tremendous contributions to Punjab from 1857 to 1947, including founding the city of Rawalpindi. Sikh agricultural and entrepreneurial skills brought prosperity to Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Jhelum, Multan, Sargodha, Gujrat, Ludhiana, Amritsar, and Jullundar. Lahore, the capital of undivided Punjab, had thriving Sikh neighborhoods.

The era of peace and prosperity ended in 1947, with the partition of Punjab between India and Pakistan. Sikh communities were practically wiped out from Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Lyallpur, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sargodha, Sheikhupura, and other districts of West Punjab. The birthplace of Sikhism, Nankana Sahib, was split away in West Punjab. Millions of Sikhs fled to freedom and safety in East Punjab; smaller numbers also fled to Afghanistan.

In the 1960s and beyond, many Sikhs migrated to the UK and North America in search of economic opportunities. Some of the Sikhs who had settled in eastern Africa were expelled by Ugandan leader Idi Amin in 1972. Sikhs are traditionally an agrarian community, and with the pressures of having only a limited amount of land, high birth rates, and the desire to make a better living, male offspring of Sikh farmers were encouraged to migrate to foreign countries, with significant Sikh communities becoming established in the Philippines, Canada, the UK, US, Malaysia, East Africa, Australia, and Thailand.

Khalistan movement

Axel (2001) argues that the Sikh diaspora community, having established themselves in foreign countries, began to fetishize the past and nurture idealized designs for their 'lost and imaginary' Sikh empire. This came to fruition to a certain degree with the establishment of Indian Punjab in 1966 as a Sikh-majority state. However, Tatla (1998) argues that the marginalization and sense of grievance that Indian Sikhs were facing due to Indira Gandhi's heavy-handed tactics were amplified in the Sikh diaspora. Subsequently, the Sikh diaspora, especially in south Vancouver, Canada, and the UK, become willing suppliers of logistical and financial support when the organic agitation for a separate Sikh nation, Khalistan, began in the late 1970s. The actions taken by the Indian government to counter the Sikh separatist movement, via 1984's Operation Blue Star, had a seismic effect on the Sikh diaspora. Axel (2001) argues that the desecration of the Sikhs' holiest shrine, Harimandir Sahib, and the following Sikh pogrom in which thousands of Sikhs were massacred, led to a resurgence in Sikh religiosity and a strengthening of ties with their Sikh brethren in Punjab. Diaspora Sikhs felt betrayed by India, and the events of 1984 defined their Sikhism and underlined a distinct commonality shared with other diaspora Sikhs. Mark Tully describes Operation Blue Star as the Sikhs' 9/11. This was certainly the case for diaspora Sikhs, who in the main could only watch on in horror as the events of 1984 played out on TV.

In 1971, Jagit Singh Chohan, an ex-minister in a short-lived government of Akali dissidents, saw an alignment of like-minded Sikhs.  Chohan placed a half-page advertisement in The New York Times on 12 October 1971, making several claims about Punjab as a Sikh homeland. However, Chohan won little sympathy from ordinary Sikhs.

Tatla summarises the change in Sikh diaspora community leaders post-1984 a being a "painful transition from a self-confident community with haughty discourse, to the self-defensive strategies of a vulnerable minority". Organisations such as the International Sikh Youth Federation, the Babbar Khalsa, and the Council of Khalistan emerged within the diaspora, and these agencies rallied against "Hindu imperialism" or "Indian nationalism" and lobbied to join the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, aligning the Sikh cause with other ethnic groups seeking freedom, citing cases of Jews, Palestinians, Kurds, Balochis, Kashmiris, and Sri Lankan Tamils. Another organization, by the name of Sikhs for Justice, headquartered in New York, which surfaced roughly in 2014, has campaigned for the cause using activities like #BurnTheTricolour.

Axel (2001) argues that the history of the Sikh diaspora, its psyche of grievance, and the violence inflicted on it, means that the notion of the Sikh diaspora as a community today inevitably converges on the notion of Khalistan. In addition to this, Axel points out the "nightmare" scenario facing the Sikh diaspora: the Indian state "demands" the "Unity-in-Diversity" model of rashtriya ekta (national integration), which Axel contends is signified by "the denial of difference through surrender, assimilation and integration".

Sikh identity today

Whilst the rate of Sikh migration from Indian Punjab has remained high, traditional patterns of Sikh migration that favored English-speaking countries, particularly the United Kingdom, have changed in the past decade due to factors such as stricter immigration procedures. Moliner (2006) states that as a consequence of the "fact" that Sikh migration to the UK had "become virtually impossible since the late 1970s", Sikh migration patterns altered to continental Europe. Italy has now emerged as a fast-growing area for Sikh migration, with Reggio Emilia and the province of Vicenza being areas of significant Sikh population clusters. Italian Sikhs are generally involved in the areas of agriculture, agro-processing, machine tools, and horticulture. Canada has maintained a liberal immigration policy, and the Sikh community there is the largest in proportion to the country's population, even above India (2.1% of Canada's population versus 1.7% of India's). The largest North American Sikh community is thought to be located in south Vancouver, British Columbia, and nearby Surrey.

In the post-9/11 era, the Sikh diaspora in Europe and North America stood out as a visible minority often confused with radical Islamic groups because of their turbans. This has included numerous hate crimes targeting Sikhs. France banned turban-wearing Sikh students from publicly funded schools as part of a broader policy originally intended to restrict Muslim headscarves. Western security think tanks have quoted the Air India bombing to justify profiling of Sikh travellers at airports. Countering this train of thought, on 1 October 2017, Canadian politician Jagmeet Singh, a Sikh, was elected leader of the federal New Democratic Party, and on 16 January 2018, Gurbir Grewal became attorney general of New Jersey—the first practicing Sikh in the US to become a state attorney general.

See also
 Sikhism by country

References

Further reading
 "Twice Versus Direct Migrants: East African Sikh Settlers in Britain" by Parminder Bhachu. Pub. by Clark University (7 April 1990).
 "The Sikh Diaspora Search for Statehood" by Darshan Singh Tatla (1998) University of Washington Press.
 "Contesting Khalistan, the Sikh diaspora, and the politics of separatism" /Gunawardena, Therese Suhashini. Jan 2001 Thesis (PhD).  Pub. by University of Texas at Austin, 2001. Available at: http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/6181
 "Relational Embodiments of a Sikh Diaspora" by Anjali Gera Roy Pub. by Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India (2001).  Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20070701185828/http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v7is1/gera.htm.
 "Sikhs at Large: Religion, Culture, and Politics in Global Perspective" by Verne A. Dusenbery (2008) Oxford University Press. ;
 "Sikh Diaspora Philanthropy in Punjab: Global Giving for Local Good" by Verne A. Dusenbery and Darshan S. Tatla, eds. (2009) Oxford University Press.  ;
 "Sikhs in Latin America: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora" by Swarn Singh Kahlon (2012) Manohar Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India.

External links
 The Indian Diaspora, official Government of India website (archived)
 Sikh NRI Online, information pertaining to Sikh non-resident Indians worldwide (archived)
 History of Sikh diaspora in Canada and USA
 Sikh Global Village – Latin America

Indian diaspora by ethnic group
Diaspora
 Diaspora
Punjabi diaspora

Sikh diaspora


Allison Rodgers Schmitt (born June 7, 1990) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in freestyle events. She is a four-time Olympian and a ten-time Olympic medalist.

In her Olympic debut at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Schmitt won a bronze medal as a member of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay.  Four years later, at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, she won a total of five medals, three of them gold, in the 200-meter freestyle (in which she set a new Olympic record), in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, and in the 4×100-meter medley relay (in which a new world record was set); and she also won a silver medal in the 400 meter freestyle, and a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 meter freestyle relay.

At the 2016 Summer Olympics Schmitt won a gold medal in the 4×200 meter freestyle relay and a silver medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay. It was the first Olympics where she served as captain of the US Olympic swim team. Schmitt was the only second-time captain for the US Olympic swim team at the 2020 Summer Olympics. At the 2020 Olympics, Schmitt won a bronze medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay, swimming in the prelims of the race, and a silver medal swimming in the final of the 4x200-meter freestyle relay.

In total, Schmitt has won twenty-five medals in major international competitions: thirteen gold, nine silver, and three bronze spanning the Summer Olympics, the FINA World Championships, the Pan Pacific Championships, and the Pan American Games.  She was a four-time National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) national champion in the 200- and 500-yard freestyle swimming events during college, and was a member of the Georgia Bulldogs team that won the NCAA Division I Women's team title in 2013.

Schmitt was named SwimSwam's Swammy Award-winner for Female Swimmer of the Year in 2012.

Personal life
Schmitt was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1990 to Ralph and Gail Schmitt.  Raised as one of five siblings in what is still her hometown of Canton, Michigan (a suburb of Detroit), she went to Canton Charter Academy for elementary and middle school. Schmitt's father is a financial analyst and her mother is a system project manager.  Schmitt considers her parents to have been the most influential and helpful people in her life. "They are so supportive of my dreams and ambitions," she said in 2008, adding, "they have given me so many opportunities to excel in life and have set a good example for me to follow."

She has an older sister named Kirsten who earned her bachelor's degree from the University of Florida, and her Juris Doctor degree from the School of Law at Washington University in St. Louis.  Her older brother, Derek, swam for the University of Pittsburgh, and is an assistant coach for the Arizona State Sun Devils swim team in Tempe, Arizona.  Schmitt's younger twin sisters, Kari and Sara, played in the USA Hockey national championship games in 2008 and 2009, lettered in varsity both basketball and swimming during their four years in high school, and played hockey at Ohio State University.

She started swimming at age eight, saying she followed her older sister, Kirsten, into it.  "I thought about quitting," Schmitt said, "but stayed one more season and loved it."  Prior to settling on swimming, she said she tried soccer, dance, basketball, volleyball, softball; and though she said she had the equipment for hockey, she decided to swim instead.

From ages 10 through 13, Schmitt swam with the Ann Arbor Swim Club (AASC) in Ann Arbor, Michigan (which, in 2006, merged into Club Wolverine). In an interview during the 2012 Summer Olympics, Josh Morgan, her then-AASC coach, said there was no indication in those years just how fast she would one day become.  He said she started to show real potential, later, in the spring of her junior year in high school when she went to a 2007 Junior National Team competition.  Calling it "her first real breakout swim," he said she went "from pretty fast to really fast," dropping four to five seconds off her 200-meter freestyle short course time of normally around a minute fifty-two seconds, down to around a minute forty-seven, thereby putting Schmitt in what Morgan called "elite company."

Schmitt went to Canton High School in Canton Township, Michigan, from which she graduated in the spring of 2008.  During her senior year, as she continued to swim at what had, by then, become Club Wolverine on the University of Michigan campus in nearby Ann Arbor, she began training alongside Olympian Michael Phelps under the guidance of Phelps's long-time coach, Michigan Wolverines head coach Bob Bowman. Before the Summer Olympics in Beijing, having ended his tenure at University of Michigan, Bowman moved to Baltimore in anticipation of being named the head coach and CEO of the prestigious North Baltimore Aquatic Club the following September. Both Phelps and Schmitt followed, with Schmitt moving to Baltimore just after her spring 2008 high school graduation in order to train full-time with Phelps and Bowman during the weeks leading-up to the 2008 Olympics  (at which Schmitt won her first Olympic medal, a bronze in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay).

After the Summer Olympics, in the fall of 2008, Schmitt moved to Athens to become a freshman at the University of Georgia, majoring in psychology, and minoring in childhood and family development.  She joined coach Jack Bauerle's Georgia Bulldogs swimming and diving team, following her competition in the Summer Olympics under Bauerle, who was the women's swimming head coach. She participated in NCAA competition during her freshman, sophomore and junior years, ultimately becoming a four-time NCAA national champion by winning the 500-yard freestyle in 2009, 2010, and 2011, and the 200-yard freestyle in 2010.  While at college in Athens, Schmitt also became involved in Athens Bulldog Swim Club (ABSC) competitions on the University of Georgia campus.

During her first three years at the university, she trained with Phelps and Bowman in Baltimore only during summers, between semesters. However, in preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, she took the 2011–2012 school year (her senior year) off, and so did not compete with the Bulldogs that year; and, instead, she moved to Baltimore and trained full-time with Bowman and Phelps at the NBAC; which training consisted of at least four hours in the pool and one hour on dry land six days a week.

After the 2012 Summer Olympics, Schmitt returned to the University of Georgia to complete her senior year of college,  She was the recipient of the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of 2012–13. Following her return from London, Schmitt started suffering from depression, finding the increased public attention to be overwhelming. Her anguish led to bad swimming results, leading her to not qualify for various international competitions. After opening up her feelings to Phelps and Bowman in January 2015, Schmitt decided to attend therapy sessions in secret to her family. Once Schmitt's cousin April Bocian committed suicide in May, she opted to reveal herself to her family and also make her emotional issues public, feeling it would help others in the same situation. She has since been training under Bowman at Arizona State University, hoping to get in shape for a possible third Olympic appearance at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Schmitt wrote on the bio form for her USA Swimming organization membership that she enjoys scrapbooking, photography, playing outdoor sports and board games; and that her ultimate way to relax is watching a movie or getting a massage. Whenever she returns home to Canton she likes to visit the local youth swim clubs and high school swim teams, as a role model and mentor by swimming and talking with the young swimmers. "I love motivating these kids when they're just starting to pave their own paths in life," she said.

About it all, Schmitt has said:  "I didn't start swimming competitively until I was 10 and didn't really focus on it until I was 12, yet it's such a huge part of my life and I can't imagine my life without it. It's been an amazing journey, but more than that, it's shaped who I am as a person. The best part is all the friends I have made. I believe that I literally have the best friends anyone could ever imagine hoping for, and I met almost all of them because of swimming. Taking in all the memories with these amazing people, I feel pretty lucky with the paths I have crossed, and the people I have met because of swimming."

Schmitt is a good friend of Michael Phelps.

International swimming career

2008 Summer Olympics

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Schmitt won a bronze medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Natalie Coughlin, Caroline Burckle and Katie Hoff.  Swimming the lead-off leg, Schmitt recorded a split time of 1:57.71 and the American team finished with a time of 7:46.33, an American record.  Schmitt also competed in the 200-meter freestyle, but did not advance past the semifinals, finishing in ninth place with a time of 1:58.01.

2009 World Aquatics Championships
At the 2009 World Championships in Rome, Schmitt competed in three events, the 200-meter and 400-meter freestyle, and the 4×200-meter freestyle relay.  In her first event, the 400-meter freestyle, Schmitt recorded the second best time in the heats with a time of 4:02.80. However, in the final she placed 4th with a time of 4:02.51.  In her second event, the 200-meter freestyle, she won a silver medal finishing behind world record holder Federica Pellegrini by 1.98 seconds.  Schmitt's time of 1:54.96 was good enough for the American record. In the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, she swam the final leg in 1:54.21 as the American team placed second to China.  The final time of 7:42.56 was just behind China's time of 7:42.08, but was good enough for the American record.

2011 World Aquatics Championships
At the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, Schmitt won a gold medal in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay with Missy Franklin, Dagny Knutson, and Katie Hoff, with the team finishing ahead of Australia and China.  As the anchor leg, Schmitt had a 1:56.49 split. Schmitt also competed in the individual 200-meter freestyle and finished sixth in the final (1:56.98).

2012 Summer Olympics

At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska, the U.S. qualifying meet for the 2012 Olympics, Schmitt made the U.S. Olympic team by finishing first in the 200-meter and 400-meter freestyle, and third in the 100-meter freestyle.  In the 200-meter freestyle final, Schmitt broke her own American record of 1:54.96 with a time of 1:54.40.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Schmitt won a total of five medals: three gold, one silver, and one bronze.  In her first event, the 4×100-meter freestyle relay, Schmitt won bronze with Missy Franklin, Jessica Hardy and Lia Neal, with the U.S. team finishing third behind the women's relay teams from Australia and the Netherlands.  Swimming the anchor leg, Schmitt had a split of 53.54 seconds and the team finished with a total time of 3:34.24, an American record.  Schmitt won the first individual Olympic medal of her career, a silver, in the 400-meter freestyle, and in doing so, set the American record for the event.  Her time of 4:01.77 was just 0.32 seconds behind winner Camille Muffat.  In her second and last individual event, the 200-meter freestyle, Schmitt won gold while setting a new Olympic record of 1:53.61, which was also a new American record.  In the race, Schmitt won by a margin of 1.97 seconds over Muffat.  In the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, Schmitt earned her second gold after passing Australian Alicia Coutts and topping the field with a split of 1:54.09 as the anchor leg.  Also on the winning 4×200-meter relay team were Missy Franklin, Dana Vollmer and Shannon Vreeland.  In her final event, the 4×100-meter medley relay, Schmitt won gold with Missy Franklin, Rebecca Soni, and Dana Vollmer.  Swimming the freestyle leg, Schmitt recorded a time of 53.25, and the American team went on to set the world record with a time of 3:52.05, bettering the Chinese-owned record of 3:52.19 set in 2009.

2015 Pan American Games

After missing both the 2013 World Aquatics Championships and the 2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, Schmitt's performance at the 2014 National Championships was enough for the 2015 Pan American Games.  The Pan Am Games in Toronto marked her first international tournament since the 2012 Short-Course World Championship. Schmitt earned the gold in the 200-meter freestyle, and was a member of the teams who won the 4×200-meter freestyle and 4×100-meter medley relays, all with competition records.  She also earned a silver in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay.

2016 Summer Olympics

The 2016 United States Olympic Trials saw Schmitt finishing fourth at the 200m (1:56.72), qualifying her to the relay team. Schmitt became the ninth American female swimmer to appear in three Olympics, and only she and Elizabeth Beisel were members of each team since 2008. She was named one of the captains of the U.S. Olympic Swim Team, alongside Phelps, Beisel, Nathan Adrian, Anthony Ervin, and Cammile Adams. Schmitt earned her seventh Olympic medal by taking part in the qualifying heat of the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay, and during the finals the U.S. team won the silver. Schmitt earned her fourth gold medal, and eighth Olympic medal, by swimming in the finals of the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay with Leah Smith, Maya DiRado, and Katie Ledecky.

2018 Pan Pacific Championships
August 2018, Schmitt won a silver medal as part of the women's 4x200-meter relay at the 2018 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Tokyo, Japan swimming the first leg of the relay in a 1:58.62.

2019 World Aquatics Championships
In July 2019, Schmitt competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea. She won two silver medals, one in the 4x100-meter freestyle relay and one in the 4x200-meter freestyle relay.

2021

2020 United States Olympic Trials
On day three of the 2020 USA Swimming Olympic Trials, the 15th of June 2021, Schmitt swam in the prelims of the 200-meter freestyle, ranking 3rd for all prelims heats with a time of 1:57.84. Later in the same day, Schmitt competed in the semifinals of the same event swimming a 1:57.53, ranking 4th, and advancing to the final. During the finals on day four, she placed 2nd in the 200m freestyle with a 1:56.79, once again securing a spot on the Olympic team. Schmitt's swim qualified her for the 2020 Summer Olympics in both the 200-meter freestyle individual event and 4x200-meter freestyle relay. This was the fourth Olympic Team Schmitt qualified for.

On day five of competition, Schmitt swam in the morning prelims of the 100-meter freestyle finishing with a time of 54.78, ranking 11th, and qualifying for the semifinals. In the semifinals, Schmitt placed 6th swimming a 54.08 and qualifying for the final. She swam a 54.12 in the final, finishing in sixth place, and giving her the potential of swimming on the 4x100-meter freestyle relay at the 2020 Summer Olympics for Team USA.

2020 Summer Olympics

Schmitt was selected to serve as a USA swim team captain at the 2020 Summer Olympics, making it the second time she had been selected to serve as an Olympic team captain and making her the only second-time American swim team captain at the 2020 Olympics.

On day one of competition at the Olympic Games, Schmitt swam in the prelims of the 4x100-meter freestyle relay, helping the relay finish fifth overall and advance to the final. In the final, the relay finished third and Schmitt won a bronze medal for her efforts on the relay in the prelims.

In the prelims of the 200-meter freestyle on July 26, Schmitt qualified in 12th place for the semifinals with her time of 1:57.10. The next day, Schmitt finished tenth overall with a time of 1:56.87 in the semifinals and did not qualify for the final.

On day six of competition, Schmitt swam the first leg of the 4x200-meter freestyle relay in the final of the event and helped the relay set a new Americas record of 7:40.73 and win the silver medal. Schmitt's employment of a slow lead-off tactic, that is purposefully swimming a slower first leg of a relay to motivate the second, third, and fourth swimmers to split faster times than the first swimmer, caught the attention of People magazine who made her one of the headliners in an article published about the race as well as the USA Swimming Foundation who nominated her for a Golden Goggle Award for "Relay Performance of the Year" as part of the relay team.

Personal bests
.

Awards and honors
 2012 Golden Goggle Award, Relay Performance of the Year: 4x100-meter freestyle relay
 2012 SwimSwam Swammy Award, Swimmer of the Year (female)
 2013 Honda Sports Award (Swimming & Diving)
 2015 Golden Goggle Award, Perseverance Award
 2019 Michigan Sports Hall of Fame.
 2021 Golden Goggle Award nominee, Relay Performance of the Year: 4x200-meter freestyle relay

See also

 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists
 List of United States records in swimming
 List of University of Georgia people
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)
 List of world records in swimming
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
American female freestyle swimmers
Georgia Bulldogs women's swimmers
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming
People from Canton, Michigan
Sportspeople from Wayne County, Michigan
Sportspeople from Michigan
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2015 Pan American Games
World record setters in swimming
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
University of Georgia alumni
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
21st-century American women

Allison Schmitt


Günter Eich (; 1 February 1907 – 20 December 1972) was a German lyricist, dramatist, and author. He was born in Lebus, on the Oder River, and educated in Leipzig, Berlin, and Paris.

Life
Eich made his first appearance in print with some poems in the Anthology of the Latest Poetry. His first radio play, written in collaboration with Martin Raschke, was performed in 1929. From 1929 to 1932, Eich lived as a freelance writer in Dresden, Berlin, and on the Baltic coast, writing mainly for the radio. From 1939 to 1945, Eich served in the German army in a signals unit. In 1945 he was held as a war prisoner in an American internment camp, and in 1946 he was released and moved to Geisenhausen in Bavaria. After being held as a prisoner of war, he was one of the founders in 1947 of Gruppe 47, and for poems in his then unpublished Abgelegene Gehöfte, he was one of the first two recipients, in 1950, of its Literature Prize for young writers. In 1953, he married the Jewish Austrian writer Ilse Aichinger. Their son Clemens was born on 22 May 1954, and their daughter Mirjam was born in 1958.

He continued to publish prose, poetry, and radio plays over the rest of his life. Eich died in Salzburg in 1972.

Writing

Weimar era (1929–1932)
Eich was a contributor to Ana Victoria, a literary magazine.  "Die Kolonne" is seen as a reaction against contemporary Modernist literary trends, and rests on three central principles: "the essential timelessness of the inner life, the notion of the genius as representative of his age, and the religious function of art." Eich believed in a fundamental incompatibility between poetry and politics and in his essay, "Bemerkungen über Lyrik", he drew a line between the poet "als Lyriker" and "als Privatmann" which allows poets to be politically active as long as it does not impinge on their work.

Eich is regarded as a literary conservative and his public association with a staunchly critical review of Johannes R. Becher's poem "Der Große Plan" attests to this.  According to Cuomo, "The most fitting overall characterisation of '[Die Kolonne]' would not be liberal or progressive, but conservative." "Die Kolonne" was strongly representative of Eich's own aesthetic and ideological views, and although largely apolitical, it appeared to favor conservative ideology. Despite this apparent conservatism, the journal aimed to separate literature from any political influence.

Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
The majority of Eich's literary output in this period were radio plays, which numbered 160. The most well known of these today is Rebellion in der Goldstadt, which was only recently discovered.  The play was broadcast on 8 May 1940 in an anti-British radio campaign the Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry was waging.  It deals with a South African mine and its workers striking against the poor wages they receive from the overtly capitalist British owner, Lord Pembroke. There is some contention surrounding Eich's complete authorship of the play as there is no broadcast text in his handwriting.

Response to the Machtergreifung
On 1 May 1933 Eich applied for membership in the Nazi Party but was not accepted.

After the war, Eich made many public statements about the role of artists in standing up against oppressive regimes: "If our work cannot be understood as criticism, as opposition and resistance, [...] then we are positive and decorate the slaughterhouse with geraniums." and "Seid unbequem, seid Sand, nicht das Öl im Getriebe der Welt!" which translates as "Be inconvenient, be sand, not oil in the gears of the world!"

These statements, however, stand in stark contrast to his actions during the Nazi era. His radio plays were often tailored to fit the propaganda needs of the Nazi party, extolling the Blut und Boden rural life and denouncing the decadent capitalism of the regime's enemies.  It is believed that Eich had pragmatic reasons for writing all of his radio plays:

Eichs Rundfunktätigkeit beschränkte sich auf den Hörspielbereich und diente dem Broterwerb. [...] Wie viele Hörspiele, Märchenbearbeitungen, Kalenderblätter Eich auch schrieb, niemals hat er damit «Karriere« gemacht.
Eich's broadcasting activity was limited to radio plays and breadwinning. Like many of the radio plays, fairy tale adaptation and calendar pages that Eich also wrote he never tried to 'make a career' out of it.

His collected works were published in four volumes in 1991.

James Dickey opened his 1965 poem "The Firebombing," about a nighttime air raid on the Japanese town of Beppu, with this epigraph from Eich's work:
Denke daran, dass nach den großen Zerstörungen
Jedermann beweisen wird, dass er unschuldig war.

roughly:
Think of this: that after the great destructions
every man will attest that he was innocent.

Literary prizes
Eich received numerous literary prizes after World War II, including one from the literary association of which he was a member, Gruppe 47, in 1950. In 1953, he won the Hörspielpreis der Kriegsblinden for his radio play Die Andere und ich (The Other and I). Eich also won the Georg-Büchner-Preis in 1959 and the Schiller Memorial Prize in 1968.

Notes

External links
Valuable Nail: Selected Poems, trans. Stuart Friebert, David Walker, and David Young,
Oberlin College Press site for Günter Eich
Axel Vieregg: 'The Spanner in the Works' (Review of G. Eich: Angina Days, Princeton 2010), The Berlin Review of Books, 30 March 2011

1907 births
1972 deaths
People from Märkisch-Oderland
Writers from the Province of Brandenburg
German lyricists
German radio writers
Writers from Brandenburg
Trümmerliteratur
Schiller Memorial Prize winners
Georg Büchner Prize winners
20th-century German poets
German male poets
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German male dramatists and playwrights
German-language poets
20th-century German male writers

Günter Eich


This is a list of rivers in the  Philippines:

Luzon
Abra River
Abulog River
Agno River (Pangasinan)
Angat River
Apayao River
Bay River
Bicol River
Cagayan River
Chico River
Ilagan River
Magat River
Pinacanauan River
Siffu River
Mallig River
Calumpang River (Batangas)
Ifugao River
Mangangate River
Marikina River (Metro Manila)
Morong River
Pagsanjan River (Laguna)
Pampanga River
Pangil River (Laguna)
Pansipit River
Parañaque River
Pasig River (Metro Manila)
San Juan River
Taguig River (Metro Manila)
San Juan River
San Cristobal River (Laguna)
Santa Cruz River
Sapang Baho River
Siniloan River
Tarlac River
Tullahan River
Tunasan River
Umiray River
Wawa River

Visayas
Aklan River
Banica River
Hilabangan River
Ilog River
Iloilo River
Jalaur River
Loboc River
Panay River
Silmugi River
Subangdaku River

Mindanao
Agus River
Agusan River
Umayam River
Buayan River
Cagayan River (Cagayan de Oro)
Bubunaoan River
Kalawaig River
Tagite River
Davao River
Salug River
Guagua River
Malungon River
Mindanao River
Pulangi River
Bobonawan River
Tigwa River
Manupali River
Muleta River
Sawaga River
Maradugao River
Kabacan River
Buluan River
Allah River
Tagum River
Libuganon River
Tagoloan River

Philippines

Philippines
Philippines-related lists

List of rivers of the Philippines


Mohammad Yunus Saleem (1912 – 15 January 2004) was an Indian politician, scholar, and lawyer, who was also active in the religious field. He was also a poet who campaigned to make Urdu the second official language. He was also a devout Muslim, who regularly observed Namaz and never missed Roza. The Mohammad Yunus Saleem Memorial Education Trust was established by his son Junaid Abdul Rehman to promote the study of the Quran.

Early life

Born in 1912 in Mahona, district Lucknow, Saleem studied at the Christian Mission College in Lucknow then did his B.A. and L.L.B. at Osmania University in Hyderabad.

Before moving to Hyderabad, Yunus lived in a mosque in Lucknow with his father. When the Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan was in Lucknow on a state visit to see William Malcolm Hailey, home member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General of India, Yunus went to meet the Nizam and offered him a rare manuscript of the Quran. Impressed, the Nizam asked his Prime Minister Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III to nominate him for a scholarship so that he could continue his studies. Yunus went to Hyderabad in anticipation, but never received his scholarship. He decided to remain in Hyderabad anyway and enrolled at the university, funding his studies by tutoring. He was keenly interested in Urdu and had been writing poems from a young age; in Hyderabad he added his pen name Saleem to his name.

As a lawyer during his early career, he worked as an assistant to the advocate Mohammed Wasi at Hyderabad High Court. He used to live in Advocate Mohammed Wasi  house in Urdu Galli, now behind the Ram Krishna theatre in Hyderabad. He later practised at Andhra Pradesh High Court and also in the Supreme court.

Political career

Yunus's political career began in 1967, as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Indian National Congress from the Nalgonda constituency of the Lok Sabha. From 1967-71 he was Minister of Law, Justice, and Waqf, as well as Deputy Minister of Railways. In 1971 he contested the Aligarh constituency but lost. In 1974 he was elected to the Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh.

When the Congress Party split in the late 1970s he was a member of the Parliamentary Board of Congress (Urs) and as the party localized to Maharashtra under Sharad Pawar, he joined Choudhary Charan Singh's Lok Dal. He was the Vice President of Lok Dal and also a member of its parliamentary board.

During the Congress Party's expulsion of V. P. Singh in 1987 and the formation of Jan Morcha, he joined the newly formed party. He played a role in bringing the parties together and in the formation of Janata Dal.

In 1990 he became the Governor of Bihar. In 1991 he again became an MP, from the Katihar constituency.

In 1996 he rejoined Congress and remained a member until his death. He died on 14 January 2004, following a brief illness, in his residence in Delhi. He had two daughters Zeba and Shehla, and his son Junaid Abdul Rehman, who lives in the United States.

Publications

Allah Noorus Samawaat wal Ard "God is the light of the Heavens and the Earth" is a collection and explanation of all verses of the Quran relating to Allah. Allah Noorus Samawat provides an insight into Islam's concept of God, His functions and His attributes.  His preface to the book is semi-autobiographical and can be read here.
Noor ul mubeen is his second book, a collection and explanation of all the verses of the Quran which explains what the Quran says about itself.
He served as the founding member, Trustee and General Secretary of the Aiwan-e-Ghalib Society. He was the Founding member and President of the All India Khusro Society
He has authored a book on Ghalib, titled Lughat-e-Ghalib is a referential thesaurus on the Diwan-e-Ghalib wherein uncommon and difficult words, idioms and phrases have been explained accompanied by illustrations of how the same words have been used by other poets. It has been published by the Khuda Baksh Library, Patna, Bihar.

References

External links

 milligazette.com
 islamicvoice.com

Indian Muslims
1912 births
2004 deaths
Politicians from Lucknow
Governors of Bihar
India MPs 1967–1970
India MPs 1991–1996
Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian lawyers
People from Nalgonda district
Lok Sabha members from Bihar
Osmania University alumni
Indian National Congress politicians
Politicians from Hyderabad, India
Janata Dal politicians

Mohammad Yunus Saleem


Cantabroraphidia is an extinct genus of snakefly in the family Mesoraphidiidae.  The genus is solely known from fossil amber found in Cantabria, northern Spain, dating to the Albian age of the Early Cretaceous Period.  Currently the genus comprises a single species Cantabroraphidia marcanoi.

History and classification
Cantabroraphidia marcanoi is known only from one fossil, the holotype, specimen number ES-07-6, which is housed in the Museo Geominero in Madrid, Spain.  The specimen is composed of an almost entirely complete adult insect of unidentified sex.  Preserved in a transparent mass of amber, the specimen is fixed in association with a large amount of plant debris and one adult dipteran.  Despite the amount of debris obscuring portions of the individual, enough details are present and visible to show the specimen was not from a previously described genus.  The fossil was recovered from outcrops of the Las Peñosas Formation in the Cave of El Soplao near Rábago, part of the Cantabria autonomous community in Northern Spain.  Cantabroraphidia was first studied by group of paleoentomologists led by Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente of the University of Barcelona and including Enrique Peñalver, Xavier Delclòs, and André Nel.  Their 2010 type description of the new genus and species was published in the French journal Annales de la Société Entomologique de France.  The genus name Cantabroraphidia was coined by the researchers as a combination of the snakefly genus Raphidia and "Cantabria" which is in reference the Cantabria autonomous community where the outcrops that produced the fossil are located.  The specific epithet marcanoi is from in honor of Francisco Javier López Marcano as recognition for his efforts to have the El Soplao ambers studied.  Cantabroraphidia marcanoi is one of six described snakefly species found in the Albian deposits of Cantabria, and was the first Raphidiopteran to be described from El Soplao.

Description
The lone specimen of Cantabroraphidia marcanoi is a nearly complete adult.  The hyaline forewings are partially preserved and display brown vein structuring that hosts strong setae.  While partial, the forewings are complete enough to show the full length to be  and a maximum of  in width. The elongated pterostigma is faintly infumate, long and lacks crossveins except for the basal crossvein that closes the cell.  Excluding the prothorax most of the thorax and all of the abdomen were crushed prior to entombment in the liquid sap.  As such very little can be determined about these areas of the insect.  Overall the thorax and abdomen appear to be of similar length as the prothorax and head.  One of the few identifiable characteristics on the top of the prothorax is a small line of spines along the front edge.

References

Raphidioptera
Early Cretaceous insects
Fossil taxa described in 2010
Prehistoric insects of Europe
Natural history of Spain

Cantabroraphidia


In Aztec mythology, Chicomecōātl  "Seven Serpent", was the Aztec goddess of agriculture during the Middle Culture period.  She is sometimes called "goddess of nourishment", a goddess of plenty and the female aspect of maize.

More generally, Chicomecōātl can be described as a deity of food, drink, and human livelihood.

She is regarded as the female counterpart of the maize god Centeōtl, their symbol being an ear of corn. She is occasionally called Xilonen, (meaning doll made of corn), who was married also to Tezcatlipoca.

Significance of Name
Chicomecōātl's name, "Seven Serpent", is thought to be a reference to the duality of the deity.  While she symbolizes the gathering of maize and agricultural prosperity, she also is thought to be harmful to the Aztecs, as she was thought to be of blame during years of poor harvest.

Appearance & Depiction
Her appearance is mostly represented with red ochre on the face, paper headdress on top, water-flowers patterned shirt, and foam sandals on the bottom. She is also described as carrying a sun flower shield.

She is also often appeared with attributes of Chalchiuhtlicue, such as her headdress and the short lines rubbing down her cheeks. Chicomecōātl is usually distinguished by being shown carrying ears of maize.  She is shown in three different forms:

 As a young girl carrying flowers
As a woman who brings death with her embraces
As a mother who uses the sun as a shield

Festivals
She is particularly recognized during Huey Tozoztli, the first of sequence of three festivals held in high season marking the harvest.  During the festival, her priestesses designate seed corn that is to be planted in the coming season.  To appease the deity, as well as to ask for good harvest, priests often engaged in child sacrifice.  Dried seed maize, harvested and retained for the following year, bore the title Chicomecōātl, while maize consumed following harvest season was generally referred to as Cinteotl.

See also
Centeōtl (Aztec god of maize)
Maya maize god

References

Aztec goddesses
Agricultural goddesses
Death goddesses
Solar goddesses
Harvest goddesses

Food goddesses
Food deities
Triple goddesses

Chicomecōātl


AllBusiness.com provides business information and resources for small businesses, those companies with fewer than 500 employees. The company also conducts research to measure the health and direction of the small business sector.

History
AllBusiness was cofounded in 1999 by San Francisco lawyer Richard Harroch, Keith Belling, and Jerry Engel. Harroch served as the company's chairman, Belling as CEO, and Engel as chief financial officer. Within a year, AllBusiness grew to more than 100 employees and the company hired Teymour Boutros-Ghali (a nephew of former UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali) as CEO and Belling moved to the position of President.

Acquisition
AllBusiness was acquired by NBCi, the Internet venture of NBC, a subsidiary of General Electric, in March 2000 for $225 million USD. At the time, it was one of the largest purchases of a dot-com company.  NBCi merged AllBusiness with an independent Internet company, BigVine.com, in November 2000 and the combined entity assumed the name AllBusiness.

The combined AllBusiness entity remained intact through April 2002 until being broken up and sold to various buyers, including Harroch, who bought back the original core assets of AllBusiness at that time.

AllBusiness is one of the few companies that survived the early Internet frenzy, the burst of the dot-com bubble and a slow recovery of the Internet publishing industry. AllBusiness raised $10 million USD in a series B round of venture capital funding in July 2004 (drawing only $5 million) and $12.4 million USD in a series C round of funding in February 2006.

In December 2007, Dun & Bradstreet acquired AllBusiness for $55 million USD. Today AllBusiness.com is part of D&B Digital, a group responsible for the free, advertising-supported Web sites owned by D&B.  The site provides business content including articles, periodicals, videos, blogs and legal forms and agreements.

In January 2012, AllBusiness laid off its staff and Dun and Bradstreet put the domain up for sale. On March 31, 2012, Dun and Bradstreet reported on their form 10-Q that they had sold the AllBusiness.com domain to e-personalfinance.com for $400,000.

References

External links
Official Website
eXp World Holdings
Business Address Info

Small business
Dun & Bradstreet
2007 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in San Francisco
1999 establishments in California
Online companies of the United States
Business services companies established in 1999
Business services companies of the United States

AllBusiness.com


General Sir Campbell Richard Hardy,  (24 May 1906 – 29 July 1984) was a Royal Marines officer who served as Commandant General Royal Marines from 1955 to 1959.

Military career
Educated at Felsted School, Hardy was commissioned into the Royal Marines in 1924 and qualified as Physical Training Officer. He served in the Second World War, being appointed as the first Commanding Officer of 46 Commando from 1943 and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his "gallant and distinguished services while operating with the Army in Normandy" This was followed by the award of a Bar to his DSO for "Courage, example and enthusiasm during commando operations in Northern Europe", before he transferred to the Pacific theatre in 1944 and was appointed to command 3 Commando Brigade in Burma and Hong Kong. On 29 December 1944, 3 Commando Brigade, under Hardy's command, carried out an unopposed landing on the island of Akyab in Burma. Between 22 and 23 January 1945 he led a successful defence against Japanese forces at the Battle of Hill 170. After the battle, the commander of the XV Indian Corps—Lieutenant-General Philip Christison—stated in a special order of the day to 3 Commando Brigade, "The Battle of Kangaw had been the decisive battle of the whole Arakan campaign and that it was won was very largely due to your magnificent defence of Hill 170."

After the war Hardy became Chief Instructor at the School of Combined Operations at Fremington, was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1948, and then served as commander of 3 Commando Brigade again in Malta, Hong Kong and Malaya. He went on to be commander of the Royal Marine Depot, Deal in 1951, was advanced to Commander of the Order of the British Empire in October of that year, made chief of staff of the Royal Marines in 1952 and appointed Commandant General Royal Marines in 1955. He made an unofficial visit to the 45 Commando landing zone at Suez in 1956, was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1957, and retired in 1959.

Retirement
In retirement Hardy became Director of the Coal Utilisation Council. He lived at Bunch Lane House at Bunch Lane in Haslemere.

References

Bibliography

External links
Generals of World War II
Royal Marine Officers 1939–1945

1906 births
1984 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Royal Marines generals
Royal Marines personnel of World War II
People educated at Felsted School

Campbell Hardy


The Deutscher Fußball-Club Prag, commonly known as DFC Prag, was a football club based in Prague. The club was founded on 25 May 1896 by a group of German Jews in Prague, which at the time of its founding was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia in Austria-Hungary. DFC Prag was one of the strongest teams in Europe in the beginning of the 1900s. The team took part in the 1903 German football championship final and became Bohemian champions several times. The club was dissolved in 1939, following the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany. A new DFC Prag was founded on 9 June 2016, in the tradition of the original club.

History

Founding member of the German Football Association

The multi-national character of Austria-Hungary meant that footballers in the monarchy could find themselves playing in the leagues of Germany, Austria, Hungary or Bohemia. It was common for sports clubs to be founded based on the shared ethnicity of their members. DFC Prag was founded on 25 May 1896, by a group of German Jews from the football department of Deutscher Eis- und Ruder-Club Regatta Prag, established in 1891.

When it was formed in 1900, the German Football Association (DFB), actively sought out members among ethnically German clubs from outside of the country. DFC Prag was a founding member of the German association and its president, Dr. Ferdinand Hueppe, became the first president of this new national association.

Contesting Germany's first championship
DFC Prag was a very strong side at the end of the 1800s and early 1900s: they were Bohemian champions in 1896, and played in Germany's first ever national final in 1903, and became again Bohemian champions in 1917.

The story of the team's appearance in the 1903 final is an odd one as they got there without having to play the scheduled playoff match against Karlsruher FV. The opponents received a telegram, supposedly from the DFB, indicating that the game had been rescheduled and consequently did not travel to the appointed match-up. DFC Prag, already waiting in Leipzig for the arrival of Karlsruher FV, were declared the winners by forfeit and advanced to the final, over the loud protests of the opponents. To this day the origin of the telegram is unknown. The second team to advance to the final was VfB Leipzig, and the match was scheduled for 31 May 1903 at the home ground of FC 93 Altona in Hamburg.

The heavily favoured DFC Prag arrived in Hamburg a day in advance and took themselves off on an ill-advised pub crawl the night before the final. Most of the team were students at the Charles University in Prague and took the opportunity to explore Hamburg. And so the team arrived to the final in less than ideal shape. The match was delayed half an hour as officials scrambled to find a football that was in good enough condition to play the match. The Altona club provided a new ball and eleven minutes in DFC Prag scored the first goal. At the end of the half, the score stood at 1–1, but VfB Leipzig then pulled away to emerge as the first German champions with a 7–2 victory. VfB Leipzig later the same year agreed to challenge Karlsruher FV and were again victorious, this time by a 7–3 score.

Play outside of Germany and dissolution
When Germany joined FIFA in 1904, DFC Prag was no longer eligible for play in the country. FIFA also rebuffed attempts to create ethnic German and Slavic football associations within the borders of the fractious Austro-Hungarian Empire, preferring to stay clear of politics. DFC Prag played variously in Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia and remained a strong side until about 1914.  The club sent a number of players to the Austria national team in spite of the club's uncertain status. DFC Prag dominated the Sudeten league in the ethnically German area of Czechoslovakia, and in the period immediately prior to World War II, the club won a pair of amateur championships, in 1931 and 1933.

The rise to power of the Nazis in Germany in the early 1930s led to discrimination against Jews. By 1933, Jewish teams were excluded from general competition and limited to play in separate leagues or tournaments. In 1938, Jewish players and teams were banned outright as discrimination turned to persecution.

With the annexation of the Sudetenland by Germany in 1938, these policies were quickly imposed in the area. DFC Prag, its players and officials, were, despite their mostly Jewish descent, suggested to join the movement of Konrad Henlein, the Sudeten German Party. As players and officials refused, the club was immediately banned as a "Jewish club" after the German seizure of Prague in 1939, and dissolved due to the ban. Already in the years before, the players had felt the hostility from the Nazis, especially during matches against teams from German-dominated Sudetenland.

After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, some Jewish players from DFC Prag fled abroad. Others were arrested by the Nazis and sent to concentration camps, where many of them died. Jewish football players Fritz Taussig, a former long time goalkeeper of DFC Prag, and Egon Reach, also a former player of DFC Prag, were both sent to the Theresienstadt concentration camp and eventually murdered in the Holocaust.

In 1933 German football was re-organized under the Third Reich into sixteen top-flight leagues known as Gauligen. As other countries or regions came under German control, new leagues were formed, such as the Gauliga Ostmark in Austria after the Anschluss and the Gauliga Sudetenland after the seizure of the area from Czechoslovakia.

The remains of DFC Prag and FC Deutscher Sportbrüder Prag were merged in 1940, into a politically acceptable side under the regime, known as Nationalsozialistische Turngemeinde Prag, commonly known as NSTG Prag. The team began play in the 1940–41 Gauliga Sudetenland Group 2, where they won the division and the league championship, leading to participation in the 1941 German football championship and the 1941 German Cup. The next season they particated in the Gauliga Sudetenland-Mitte, where they again won the division, leading to participation in the 1942 German Cup. However, the club voluntarily withdrew from participation in the national championship or further Gauliga play. The team disappeared with the end of World War II.

Refounding
A refounding of the club after World War II would have been hopeless, as a decree by Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš in 1945 forced Germans to leave Czechoslovakia and have their assets confiscated but in July 2016, 77 years after the original German-Jewish club had been dissolved, a new DFC Prag was founded with the aim of establishing a youth department, followed by a senior team in the following years.

Stadium
DFC Prag played its first matches at a sports field on the so-called Königswiese. The Königswiese, which later came to be known as the Kaiserwiese (Císařská louka in Czech), is a man-made island on the Vltava River, in the district of Smíchov in Prague. The sports field was also used by other football teams, and was the site of the first derby between SK Slavia Prague and AC Sparta Prague in 1896.

However, the club was soon to find itself a new home at the underdeveloped Letná area. For this purpose, the club tore up a tent in the southeastern corner of the area and built a sports field, which in addition to a fence also had a covered grandstand. The stadium was named  and came to hold 18,000 spectators. The stadium of SK Slavia Prague, one of the biggest rivals of the DFC Prag, was at the time located in the immediate vicinity.

Stadion Belvedere was situated in the southeast corner of the Letná Park. The stadium was completely demolished in 1939, to make place for the , which was constructed on the site in 1937–1939. The National Agricultural Museum still occupies the site today, with the National Technical Museum situated directly opposite.

Honours
 German Champions
 Runners-up: 1903
 Bohemian Champions: 1896, 1913, 1914
 Regional Champions (de): 1917
 Czechoslovak Amateur Champions: 1931, 1933
 DFVfB Champions in the ČSAF: (10) 1923, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1937

References

Further reading

 Grüne, Hardy (2001). Vereinslexikon. Kassel: AGON Sportverlag

Football clubs in Austria-Hungary
Football clubs in Prague
Football clubs in Germany
Czechoslovak First League clubs
Association football clubs established in 1896
Association football clubs established in 2016
Association football clubs disestablished in 1939
Sports clubs banned by the Nazis
German diaspora in the Czech Republic
German-Jewish diaspora
Jewish Czech history
Jews and Judaism in Prague
German association football clubs outside Germany
Jewish football clubs
1896 establishments in Austria-Hungary
1939 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
2016 establishments in the Czech Republic

DFC Prag


Jens-Ole "Ole" Malmgren (born 16 February 1946) is a Danish composer. Piano lessons from Leif Bülow Nielsen 1967-68. He spent some instructive years with Gruppen for Alternativ Musik prior to doing committee work with Det Unge Tonekunstnerselskab (DUT) and Danish Composers Society for a number of years.
Works for small and greater ensembles, e.g. "Circulations" to Elisabeth Klein first performed 1976. Read more.

List of works (selected)
 1974 "Savoyages" for symphony orchestra in 2 movements
 1976 "Circulations" for piano, dedication Elisabeth Klein
 1980/2018 "Omkring Hamlet", opera in 6 scenes - libretto by the composer after Johs. Sløk's danish translation of "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark" by W. Shakespeare
 2006 "Symphonic Jazz 1 - Traditional" – "Symphonic Jazz 2 - Avantgarde" is planned
 2010 "Helike Athanatos", opera in 6 scenes, libretto by Franz Knappik, idea by Andreas Drekis
 2013 "Der BabelƨTurm" for soprano and chamber ensemble, lyrics by Saadi and Goethe
 2014 "We are all travellers" version for choir a capella, lyrics by Maria Fuchs
 2015 "Lights" for symphony orchestra with piano

References

External links
 Secretariat For Contemporary Music (Danish)
 Danish Composers Society (partly Danish)
 Official Homepage

Danish composers
Male composers

Jens-Ole Malmgren


Tatarstan is an autonomous republic within Russia. The republic is about 800 kilometers (497 miles) east of Moscow. It is between the Volga River and the Kama River (a tributary of the Volga), and extends east to the Ural Mountains. Most of the people are Tatars,

Its capital is Kazan.

Religion

Islam is the faith that most people in Tatarstan follow.

Geography
The republic is in the center of the East European Plain.

Rivers
Major rivers include (Tatar names are given in parentheses):
Belaya River (Ağidel)
Ik River (Iq)
Kama River (Çulman)
Volga River (İdel)
Vyatka River (Noqrat)
Kazanka River

Lakes
Major reservoirs of the republic include (Tatar names are given in parentheses):
Kuybyshev Reservoir (Kuybışev)
Lower Kama Reservoir (Tübän Kama)

The biggest lake is Qaban. The biggest swamp is Kulyagash.

Hills
Bugulma-Belebey Upland
Volga Upland
Vyatskie Uvaly

Natural resources

Major natural resources of Tatarstan include oil, natural gas, gypsum, and more.  It is estimated that the Republic has over one billion tons of oil deposits.

References

Other websites

Autonomous areas
Federal subjects of Russia

Tatarstan


Fan death (Korean: 선풍기 사망설) is a widely-held belief in Korea that leaving an electric fan on overnight will kill a person. However, no people are known to have been killed by this.

Supposed cause of death
The supposed cause of death is often said to be carbon monoxide poisoning, although this is impossible because an electric motor does not create carbon monoxide. Another supposed cause is asphyxiation, which is also impossible because a fan does not remove any air from a room. Hypothermia is also said to be the cause, although it too is impossible because a fan does not lower the temperature of the body enough to cause hypothermia.

References

Other websites
 Fan Death as Popular Culture (t-shirt)

Superstitions
Death

Fan death