Königsberger Klopse (), also known as Soßklopse are a German specialty of meatballs in a creamy white sauce with capers.

Name
The dish is named for the former German city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), and is one of the highlights of historical East Prussian cuisine. In the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the dish was officially called Kochklopse ("boiled meatballs") to avoid any reference to its namesake city, which in the aftermath of World War II had been annexed by the Soviet Union. The city's German inhabitants had been expelled, and the city had been repopulated with Russians and other Soviet citizens and renamed after Mikhail Kalinin, a close ally of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet leadership. Königsberger Klopse were  jokingly referred to as Revanchistenklopse.
Königsberger Klopse are still a popular dish in present-day Germany.
In 2022, it was featured on CNN as one of the best German dishes.

Preparation
The meatballs are made from very finely minced veal, though less expensive beef or pork is often substituted, along with onions, eggs, a few (white) bread crumbs, and spices, chiefly white pepper. The traditional recipe uses anchovy. If  herring is substituted, the dish is called Rostocker Klopse. If both anchovy and herring are omitted, it may be generically called Soßklopse (sauced meatballs).

The meatballs are carefully simmered in salt water, and the resulting broth is mixed with roux, cream, and egg yolk to which capers are added. A simpler version of the recipe thickens the sauce with flour or starch only, omitting the egg yolk. A refined version uses only egg yolk as a thickener. Capers are an essential ingredient in all these versions.

The dish is traditionally served with beetroot and boiled potatoes or, less often, with rice.

See also
 East Prussian dishes
 List of meatball dishes

References

East Prussian cuisine
German cuisine
Klopse
Meatballs
Anchovy dishes

Königsberger Klopse


Satyrium esculi, the false ilex hairstreak, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1804.

Distribution
The false ilex hairstreak lives throughout North Africa (Morocco to Tunisia) and the Iberian Peninsula (with the exception of Galicia, where its food plants are absent). It is also found on the Balearic Islands and in southern France from the Pyrenees to the Cote d'Azur, extending into Liguria in Italy.

Description in Seitz
ab. esculi Hbn.[ of Satyrium ilicis ] (73b) (Fig. 559/560) is a small form with rather long tail and unicolorous upperside (there being only a small red spot at the anal angle); on the underside the row of bars of the forewmg is indistinct and the brownish yellow submarginal spots of the hindwing are but slightly prominent; Portugal, Spain and South France; according to the size of the discal patch of the forewing some transitional specimens have been provided with names (ilicioides, macidata), such as probably occur wherever ilicis is found. The yellow patch is apparently most strongly developed in North Africa.

Food plants

The larvae feed on sclerophyllous oaks of woodland and maquis: holm oak and kermes oak.

See also
Satyrium ilicis, the ilex hairstreak

External links
 Lepiforum e. V.

Satyrium (butterfly)
Butterflies of Europe
Butterflies of Africa
Butterflies described in 1804
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner

Satyrium esculi


Ian Samuel White (born 20 December 1935) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a half-back for Leicester City and Southampton in the 1950s and 1960s. His career started in his home city of Glasgow with Celtic, where he failed to break through into the first team, before moving to England to join Leicester City in 1958, followed by five years at Southampton, before dropping down to non-league football.

Football career
White was born in Glasgow and played his youth football with Port Glasgow Hibs before joining Scottish Junior club St Anthony's in 1954, followed by a move to fellow Junior club Petershill in 1955. Having played as a junior international for Scotland, he signed for Celtic in April 1956.

He failed to make Celtic's first team in his two years at Celtic Park and in May 1958, he moved to England to join Leicester City of the Football League First Division. He had to wait until 7 November 1959 before he made his first-team debut when he took the place of Johnny Newman at right-half for the match against Sheffield Wednesday, which was won 2–0. White retained his place until mid-February, when he was replaced by Frank McLintock. Over the next few seasons, White was in-and-out of the side, with few opportunities to establish himself in the side resulting in a move to the south coast in the summer of 1962, having made a total of 54 appearances for the "Foxes".

He was transferred to Southampton of the Second Division for a fee of £15,000 in June 1962, where he was re-united with Tony Knapp who had played alongside him at centre-half at Leicester City until a transfer to Southampton in August 1961.

White made his debut for the "Saints" in the opening match of the 1962–63 season at right-half with Knapp at centre-half, a 2–1 defeat at Scunthorpe United. White played in eight of the first ten matches of the season, before losing out to Ken Wimshurst, although he did play three further matches, on the left, in April. In the next season, he and Wimshurst both had long runs at No.4, with White also making 11 appearances further forward at inside-left as manager Ted Bates attempted to build a side to gain promotion. In the event, the Saints finished fifth, their highest position since 1950, having scored 100 goals, yet conceding 73.

In the next two seasons, White made only occasional appearances, including the final ten matches of the 1965–66 season, when Southampton finished as runners-up to Manchester United to gain promotion to the First Division for the first time.

In Southampton's first season in the top flight, White played in the first five matches, before again losing his place to Wimshurst, after which he made only three further appearances for the Saints. Following the signing of fellow-Scotsman Hugh Fisher in March 1967, White was released in the summer of 1967.

Future career
After leaving Southampton, White spent a season with Hillingdon Borough in the Southern League, before a broken ankle ended his full-time playing career. He then joined Portals Athletic as player-manager becoming general manager in 1973, before a spell as manager at Swaythling Athletic.

White settled in the Southampton area, initially running a sports shop in Totton, before setting up a graphic design business in Romsey.

Honours
Southampton
Football League Second Division runners-up:  1965–66

References

External links
Career details

1935 births
Living people
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
English Football League players
Men's association football wing halves
St Anthony's F.C. players
Petershill F.C. players
Celtic F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Hillingdon Borough F.C. players
Portals Athletic F.C. players
Eastleigh F.C. managers
Scottish football managers
Scottish Junior Football Association players

Ian White (footballer)


The  Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project  was the first closed-circuit television network in aiding elementary school teaching by the use of television. The project took place in Washington County, Maryland, and started in September 1956.

History
The person in charge of the project was William M. Brish, who was the Superintendent of Schools for Washington County. The motivation for the project was that the county school system did not have enough teachers with sufficient training. Two large institutions, the Ford Foundation's Fund for the Advancement of Education and the Electronic Industries Association, sponsored the project and gave almost $1,500,000 () during the course of the project. This included $200,000 per year given by the Fund and the donation of $300,000 worth of equipment from a number of manufacturers via the Association.  The project was distinct from other early efforts at educational television that relied upon broadcast stations.

The project had national visibility; The Austin American  newspaper in Texas referred to it as a "pioneering" effort. Several reports on the project, during and after its duration, were prepared for the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers and presented in that society's journals and at its conferences.

The first year of the project saw eight elementary schools, with some 6,000 students, using the television system. Then during the second year, seven more were added. From its first year in use, Brish considered the project a success; however, he emphasized that it was not a replacement of traditional methods, telling a teachers' conference that "Television is not a teaching process. It does not replace the teacher or the book."

The project that had started in 1956 progressed to provide simultaneous telecasting to some 19,000 elementary students in the 45 county schools by 1962. As described by a member of the Board of Education of Washington County as part of a series on education television published in 1962 by the Bangor Daily News in Maine (where a debate on the merits of educational television was taking place), the television production facilities that the county used were the equal of those possessed by many commercial television stations.

There were about twenty-five school lessons broadcast daily through the private closed-circuit network.  A large variety of subjects were taught over television, from remedial reading and arithmetic to art and music to advanced mathematics, biology, and chemistry. The teachers who gave the presentations in the television studio were drawn from the full set of classroom teachers in the county, and they coordinated instruction with what would be going on in the classroom.

Equipment
The initial system served eight elementary schools with 6,000 total students.  There were forty-five public schools in Washington County altogether, and by the time the project concluded in 1961, all of them were connected to the closed-circuit system. The people who ran the technical aspects of the telecasts and operated the television cameras were generally students from local junior colleges.

Demise
Use of educational television continued on even after the initial six-year period of the project was concluded. Subsequently, the county changed its way of doing audiovisual education, by switching from a closed-circuit cable system to the use of video tape recordings that would be shown in every participating school.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
  Washington County Closed-Circuit Television Project: Statement of William M. Brish before Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, April 24, 1958

Public television in the United States
Distance education in the United States
Education in Washington County, Maryland
1956 establishments in Maryland


Charles Hobson (25 February 1845 – 28 October 1923) was a British trade unionist.

Born in Sheffield, Hobson completed an apprenticeship in metalworking, and worked until the 1890s with Britannia metal at Atkin Brothers.  In 1866, he joined the Britannia Metal Workers' Union and, after a few years, became its delegate to Sheffield Trades Council.

By the mid-1880s, Hobson was one of the more prominent trade unionists in Sheffield.  He was the secretary of a committee investigating products falsely claiming to be made in Sheffield.  In 1887, he was elected as secretary of the trades council, in which role he increased its membership, gaining affiliations from more engineering unions.  In 1895, he enthusiastically led the council into the Industrial Union of Employers and Employed, although this did not get widespread support from trade unions, and soon collapsed.

Hobson was a supporter of the Labour Electoral Association, and the Sheffield Labour Association, which supported working men as Liberal-Labour candidates.  He was elected to Sheffield Town Council in 1887, representing St George's ward, and also to the Sheffield School Board in 1893, and the Board of Guardians in 1894.  He was proposed as a candidate for the 1894 Sheffield Attercliffe by-election, although this was opposed by much of the Liberal Party, who did not want a worker as a candidate.  This experience increased support for the new Independent Labour Party (ILP), with which Hobson had some sympathy, although he never joined, instead retaining membership of the Liberal group on the council.

Hobson also attended the Trades Union Congress (TUC), and he was elected to serve on its Parliamentary Committee in 1900 and 1901.

During the 1890s, Hobson became wealthier, setting up first a greengrocers' shop, then a brick making firm, and finally dealing in property.  However, his business partner, Warrington Slater, was declared bankrupt in 1903.  During proceedings, it emerged that Hobson had been involved in corrupt dealings: while a member of the city's Health Committee, he had received a £100 commission from Slater after the committee had bought some land owned by Slater.  Hobson refused to resign, but Arnold Muir Wilson, a Conservative Party councillor, brought a prosecution against him, and he was sentenced to three months in prison.

Following his imprisonment, Hobson resigned all his positions, but he retained significant public sympathy.  On release, he again became involved with the trades council, and arranged a deal between its rival Liberal-Labour and Independent Labour Party supporters.  However, this soon broke down, and in 1908 the council split, with Hobson re-elected as president of the Lib-Lab version of the council.

Hobson was injured when he was hit by a motor vehicle in 1916, and his health did not fully recover.  He resigned his trades council post in 1917, although he continued to write newspaper articles, arguing that strikes should be avoided.

References

1845 births
1923 deaths
Liberal-Labour (UK) politicians
Members of the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress
Councillors in Sheffield
Trade unionists from Sheffield

Charles Hobson (trade unionist)


Bobby Darin Sings Ray Charles is an album by American singer Bobby Darin, released in 1962. It reached number 96 on the Billboard 200 and remained there for 11 weeks.

Background
Darin recorded the album as a tribute to Ray Charles. His version of "What'd I Say" was a Grammy nomination for Best Rhythm and Blues Recording. Guest soloists included Nino Tempo, Plas Johnson and Darlene Love. Darin once said, "I'm proud to say that I was on the Ray Charles bandwagon when it was just a baby carriage. In fact, two singers—Fats Domino and Ray Charles—opened up my ears to a whole new world, different from anything I'd heard until then. They both became major influences when I realized these are the roots."

The album was reissued on CD in 2004.

Reception

In his Allmusic review, critic JT Griffith wrote "In addition to the rocking "What'd I Say," standouts include the swinging testament to love, "I Got a Woman," "Ain't That Love," and "Hallelujah I Love Her So."... A listener can debate if these covers are as good as the originals (could they be?) but not the authenticity that jumps off the turntable."

Track listing
All songs by Ray Charles unless otherwise noted.
"What'd I Say" – 4:08
"I Got a Woman" (Charles, Renald Richard) – 6:34
"Tell All the World About You" (Charles, Percy Mayfield) – 1:54
"Tell Me How Do You Feel" – 2:50
"My Bonnie" – 2:33
"The Right Time" (Lew Herman) – 3:28
"Hallelujah I Love Her So" – 2:51
"Leave My Woman Alone" – 3:16
"Ain't That Love" – 2:57
"Drown in My Own Tears" (Henry Glover) – 3:23
"That's Enough" – 2:23

Personnel
Bobby Darin – vocals
Nino Tempo, Plas Johnson – saxophone
Darlene Love – vocals (on "The Right Time")
The Blossoms – backing vocals
Jimmie Haskell – arrangements

References

1962 albums
Bobby Darin albums
Atco Records albums
Albums arranged by Jimmie Haskell
Albums produced by Ahmet Ertegun

Bobby Darin Sings Ray Charles


William Alfred Littledale Fletcher, DSO (25 August 1869 – 14 February 1919) was both a successful English oarsman and coach, and soldier.

Fletcher was born at Holly Bank, Green Lane, Wavertree, near Liverpool, the eldest son of Alfred Fletcher, a Director of the London and North-Western Railway. He was educated at Cheam School and Eton. He went up to Christ Church, Oxford where he rowed to win the Ladies' Challenge Plate and the Thames Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 1889.  In 1890 he stroked the Oxford Eight in the Boat Race to end a Cambridge run of four victories. He rowed in the 1891, 1892 and 1893 Boat Races. With Vivian Nickalls he won the Silver Goblets at Henley in 1892 and 1893 and both the Pairs and the Fours at Oxford. He rowed in winning Leander Club crews at Henley. He was a member of the Oxford Varsity Water Polo team and was on the Committee of Vincent's Club.

Having access to considerable private wealth, Fletcher became a rowing coach. He had learned a technique at Oxford comprising a combination of swing and slide, together with a lightning entry, and he taught it to the Cambridge crews in 1898 and 1899, which led to the creation of a magnificent Cambridge crew in 1900. He missed coaching for the 1901 Boat Race as he was serving in the South African War.  On return from South Africa he coached both the Oxford varsity crew and that of his old college, Christ Church, to great success and acclaim, reaching the peak of his fame as a coach. He afterwards coached many Oxford and House crews.

Fletcher was also a big game hunter and explorer. He went hunting and exploring in Siberia, Kenya, and Tibet.

He became part of the patriotic volunteer movement at the beginning of 1900, joining the 32nd Company Imperial Yeomanry on 7 February 1900.  The Company was raised in Lancashire by the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry Cavalry and The Lancashire Hussars.  He was appointed Lieutenant and served with the 2nd Battalion Imperial Yeomanry in South Africa.  On return home he relinquished his commission and was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant in the Army from 10 July 1901.  He had proved to be a very successful officer and was Mentioned in Despatches (MID) twice.  First on 7 May 1901 for valuable services rendered in connection with operations, and second on 10 September 1901 for special and meritorious service in South Africa.  He was made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 27 September 1901.

He enlisted again on the outbreak of the Great War, joining the Territorial Force Reserve as a captain on 23 September 1914.  He was appointed adjutant of the 6th (Rifle) Battalion The King's (Liverpool Regiment) on 10 November 1914; a position he held until 27 April 1915.  On 6 August 1915 he was promoted temporary lieutenant-colonel and appointed commanding officer of the 2nd/6th Battalion, which was in training.  It deployed to France on 14 February 1917, and he was one of the 457 casualties suffered by the battalion during the second mustard gas attack of the war, at Armentières on 29 July 1917.  He had recovered sufficiently to return to duty on 11 September 1917.  His successful command was recognized on 1 January 1918  when, as a captain (temporary lieutenant-colonel) he was appointed brevet major for distinguished service in the field.  On 2 May 1918 the French honoured his service by the award of the Légion d'honneur, Croix de Chevalier.

"On the 23rd of July [1918], to everyone's regret, Lieutenant-Colonel W A L Fletcher proceeded to England, broken in health."

He became acting chairman of the Henley Regatta, putting forward a motion which was carried unanimously, to hold a scaled-down Regatta in the following summer.  However, he never saw it to fruition, dying in the 1918 flu pandemic from broncho-pneumonia which caught hold in his gas-weakened lungs.  He is buried in a family grave in St Nicholas Church-yard Halewood.

See also

List of Oxford University Boat Race crews

References

1869 births
1919 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English male rowers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
People educated at Cheam School
British military personnel killed in World War I
Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic in England
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Deaths from bronchopneumonia

William Fletcher (rower)


A historic site or heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with official historic status. A historic site may be any building, landscape, site or structure that is of local, regional, national, or global significance. Usually this also means the site must be at least 50 years or older.

Classification, records and conservation
The conservation of historical heritage depends on the legislation of local governing bodies. In some, a national authority is responsible for the management of all classified sites, while in others regional entities are in charge.

According to civil law expert Estefanía Hernández Torres, whose doctoral thesis deals with historical heritage and property registration, "the protection of historical heritage is one of the main concerns of civilized societies. The assets that make up the cultural legacy are deserving of protection as they constitute a way of accessing culture".  However, according to Hernández, protection can be complicated, especially in the case of property purchase or transfer since its protected status is sometimes unknown to its new owners.

The registries prepared by the different governments and international organizations (such as UNESCO or the European Union) are usually developed within the framework of very detailed legislation, which contemplates the relations between public authorities, conservation entities (institutional or private), the owners of the properties (in the cases of private property) and citizen collaboration. Beyond the historical and factual data, there are also observations on the historical, cultural or artistic significance of the site, in addition to the cost for its use and preservation.

Many historical sites can still be used by their owners (ex: homes, hotels, museums), even with the conditions from the site's overseeing body. Many times, these conditions are part of the purchase or rental contract, and their fulfillment is essential to be able to keep the property. One such condition may be periodic control visits by the corresponding conservation entity. In other cases, when it comes to private property in the possession of an individual prior to its classification, the conservation and rehabilitation tasks, or at least their financing, fall to public authorities and conservation entities. In almost all cases, reform and renovation works on the property (both internal and external) that are not part of the rehabilitation and recovery of historical elements are strictly prohibited.

Social and tourist functions
Historical heritage has important social significance and function. House museums are common, being former homes of famous people (artists, pioneers, soldiers, politicians, businessmen, etc.) who have exerted a great influence on local, national or international history and folklore. These houses are usually preserved in their original state (when the people in question still lived in them), preserving their furniture, belongings, decorative elements and work tools. Some examples are the Salvador Dalí House Museum in Portlligat, Spain, the Freud museum houses in various European cities, or the Ben-Yehuda House in Jerusalem, Israel.

According to Joaquin Saúl García, Professor of Geography at the University of Castilla-La Mancha in Spain, "in recent years, cultural heritage has become the foundation of a tourist trend — cultural tourism — that, despite its long history documented in the well-known travel books from the 18th and 19th centuries, it wasn't until the end of the 20th century that it appeared as a way of traveling where the objective is knowledge of culture and diversity ...". García affirms that the relationship between heritage and tourism is currently very close, which contributes a great extent to the conservation of historical sites through revenue and in sustainable development.

Historic sites and heritage sites are often maintained for members of the public to be able to visit, with some offering tours or running visitors' centers. Historic buildings and spaces also often include a map with a description of the place for visitor orientation.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites
A World Heritage Site is a historic site with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

As of June 2023, a total of 1,157 World Heritage Sites (900 cultural, 218 natural, and 39 mixed properties) exist across 167 countries.

World Heritage Sites often attract large amounts of visitors. The most visited sites are the Forbidden City, China, with 14 million annual visitors, Gulangyu, China, with 12.4 million annual visitors, and the Great Smoky Mountains, United States, with 11 million annual visitors.

Preservation in the United States

In the United States, the National Register of Historic Places keeps track of over 90,000 sites of significance. Roughly three percent, or about 2,600, are formally recognized as National Historic Landmarks (NHLs), with New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania featuring the most NHLs.

The U.S. National Park Service runs historic site preservation under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Each state government has a State Historic Preservation Office to oversee NHL upkeep and review applications for new ones. In addition, all sites must first be approved by the National Park Service and its special advisory board, as well as the Secretary of the Interior, before being officially registered.

Preservation in other regions
About 179 countries have a system of registering historic sites, whether for notation, preservation, or both. In addition, some regions such as Europe and the Caribbean have historic registries spanning multiple countries.

See also

Cultural property
Heritage centre
List of heritage registers
Memory space (social science)
National heritage site
World Heritage Site
National Historic Site of Canada
Listed building (United Kingdom)
National Historic Sites (United States)
Revolutionary Sites (North Korea)

References

Further reading

Types of museums

Historic site


Hans-Friedrich Blunck (3 September 1888 –  24 April 1961) was a German jurist and a writer. In the time of the Third Reich, he occupied various positions in Nazi cultural institutions.

Life
A schoolteacher's son, Blunck was born  in Altona near Hamburg and studied law at the University of Kiel and the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg. At the latter university Blunck earned his PhD in 1912 with the dissertation Die Anefangsklage. Eine rechtsgeschichtliche Studie.

He was called into the forces in the First World War and served as an officer. Between 1920 and 1928, he worked as a government adviser, and from 1925 until 1928 as a syndic at the University of Hamburg.

Blunck lived from 1919 to 1924 in the Vierbergen district of Ahrensburg and later lived in Hoisdorf. In 1931, Blunck moved to his estate "Mölenhoff" in Grebin near Plön.

Between 1920 and 1940, Blunck published many novels and narratives, which are regarded in modern times as an attempt to establish the way to National Socialism. Blunck was especially interested in Nordic themes and Hanseatic history, which he framed with an emphasis on nationalistic aspects and the "völkisch" body of thought. His work includes conflicts with the Germanic pantheon, Norse sagas, fairy tales, ghost stories and Low Saxon poetry.

After Adolf Hitler and the Nazis seized power, Blunck was chosen on 7 June 1933 to be the second chairman of the Section for Poetry of the Prussian Academy of the Arts; the first chairman was Hanns Johst. Blunck had before this taken up one of the posts left open after all Jewish members had been excluded.

In 1933, Blunck was ordered to take the post of the first President of the Reich Literature Chamber (Reichsschrifttumskammer), whose job was to further the control and Gleichschaltung of literary production and distribution. Blunck signed the "vow of most faithful allegiance" to Adolf Hitler in the same year. However, by October 1935, he was removed from this position at Hans Hinkel's instigation. Unlike his successor Johst, Blunck was not yet a member of the NSDAP (Nazi Party) and spoke out against persecution of Jews who served in World War I. Blunck was named foreign representative of the Reich Literature Chamber and Honorary "Chairman by Seniority."

In 1936, Blunck founded the "Foundation of German Works Abroad" ("Stiftung Deutsches Auslandswerk"), whose goal was to propagate a positive picture of the Third Reich abroad. He joined the Nazi party in 1937.

Blunck became a member of the "Eutiner Dichterkreis", one of the most ardent Nazi poet societies in the Third Reich, whose patron was Hinrich Lohse (other members were Gunnar Gunnarsson, Helene Voigt-Diederichs, and Gustav Frenssen). Blunck was first president, and then from 1940 forward, he served as honorary president of the foundation, which in consultation with Reich ministries and NSDAP organizations coordinated foreign-based German companies' activities.

In 1952, Blunck published his memoirs under the title Unwegsame Zeiten ("Pathless Times"). He died on 24 April 1961.

Quotations

Literature
 Jürgen Blunck: Bibliographie Hans Friedrich Blunck. Mit einem Anhang: Schriften von und über Barthold Blunck. Hamburg: Ges. zur Förderung d. Werkes von Hans Friedrich Blunck e. V. 1981. (= Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft zur Förderung des Werkes von Hans Friedrich Blunck; 1981)
 W. Scott Hoerle: Hans Friedrich Blunck. Poet and Nazi collaborator. 1888-1961. Oxford u.a.: Peter Lang. 2003. (= Studies in modern German literature; 97)
 Christian Jenssen: Hans Friedrich Blunck. Leben und Werk. Berlin: Buch- und Tiefdr.-Ges., Abt. Buchverl. 1935.
 Kai-Uwe Scholz: Chamäleon oder Die vielen Gesichter des Hans-Friedrich Blunck. Anpassungsstratregien eines prominenten NS-Kulturfunktionärs vor und nach 1945. In: Ludwig Fischer (Hrsg.): Dann waren die Sieger da. Studien zur literarischen Kultur in Hamburg 1945-1950. Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz. 1999.(= Schriftenreihe der Hamburgischen Kulturstiftung; 7)

References

External links

 Hans Friedrich Blunck - Brief biography, legacy and publications

1888 births
1961 deaths
People from Altona, Hamburg
Writers from Hamburg
Jurists from Hamburg
Academic staff of the Prussian Academy of Arts
German male writers
German Army personnel of World War I

Hans-Friedrich Blunck


Lise Marie Jeanette de Baissac MBE CdeG (11 May 1905 – 29 March 2004), code names Odile and Marguerite, was a Mauritian agent in the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) organization in France during World War II. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in countries occupied by the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany. SOE agents allied themselves with resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England.

De Baissac was one of the first SOE female agents to be parachuted into occupied France in September 1942.  During her two missions to France she often worked with her brother Claude who headed the Scientist network of SOE. The couple was most useful shortly before and after the D-Day invasion of France by the allies. The de Baissacs armed and organized French Resistance forces to hinder the German response to the invasion and to assist the allies. Lise de Baissac had frequent encounters with German soldiers in the heavily militarized region in which she worked, but she eluded capture. She was awarded several gallantry awards after the war.

Early life
The only daughter among three children, Lise de Baissac was born in British Mauritius. Her father was Marie Louis Marc de Boucherville Baissac (1878–1945) and her mother was Marie Louise Jeanette Dupont. Her family were large landowners in Mauritius, but British subjects as all Mauritians then were. The family moved to Paris in 1919. When she was 17 years old she met her future husband, Gustave Villameur, a penniless artist. Her mother disapproved of the romance and sent de Baissac to Italy. Returning to Paris, de Baissac worked in an office although employment was unusual for an upper-class young woman at the time.

In 1940 Paris was occupied by the Germans. Her older brother, Jean de Baissac, joined the British Army. Lise and her younger brother, Claude, travelled to the Dordogne region in southern France in an attempt to reach England. She obtained help with travel arrangements to England from the American Consulate and crossed into Spain and went to Lisbon, where she and her brother waited for five months for permission to travel to Gibraltar and on to the UK. The pair arrived in Scotland in 1941 and she made her way to London. Through her family's ties with the wife of Gomer Berry, 1st Viscount Kemsley, she got a job at the Daily Sketch. Her brother Claude was recruited by the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Because of their proficiency in both English and French, Mauritians were often recruited as agents in France by the SOE. Fourteen would serve with the SOE during World War II.

Special Operations Executive
As soon as the SOE began recruiting women, de Baissac applied to join. She was interviewed by Selwyn Jepson, and accepted for training in May 1942. She was described as "a mature woman of thirty-seven, small, slight, with black hair, light eyes, and a confident manner."  She had the family characteristic of being "difficult but dedicated." Female SOE agents were trained as couriers or wireless operators and worked for male "organisers," but de Baissac was identified as having the ability to head her own network.

Her training took place at Beaulieu, Hampshire, where she trained with the second group of women recruited by the SOE including Mary Herbert, Odette Sansom and Jacqueline Nearne. She was commissioned in the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry in July 1942. The commandant at Beaulieu wrote that De Baissac was "quite imperturbable and would remain cool and collected in any situation... [s]he was very much ahead of her fellow students."

First mission

On the night of 25 September 1942 (the night after their parachute drop was aborted due to the signals in the drop zone being incorrect), de Baissac ("Odile") and Andrée Borrel ("Denise") became the first female SOE agents to be parachuted into occupied France (Yvonne Rudellat had arrived by boat two months earlier). On the eve of her departure, she was taken for dinner by Colonel Maurice Buckmaster and seen off from RAF Tempsford in a Whitley bomber. Borrel was the first to drop, with de Baissac following in quick succession, landing in the village of Bois Renard near the town of Mer. They were met by Resistance leader Pierre Culioli. Borrel departed for Paris to work for the Prosper network of Francis Suttill. De Baissac went to Poitiers.

De Baissac's role was as a courier and liaison officer for her brother Claude's Scientist network in Bordeaux, communicating with the Prosper (or Physician) network in Paris and with the Bricklayer network of fellow Mauritian France Antelme in Tours. Her mission was "to form a new circuit and to provide a centre where agents could go with complete security for material help and information on local details" and to organise the pick-up of arms drops from the UK to assist the French resistance.  Her one-woman network was called "Artist."  De Baissac used a number of code names (including "Odile", "Irene", "Marguerite" and "Adele"). Her cover story was that she was a poor widow from Paris, Madame Irene Brisse, seeking refuge from the tension of life and avoiding the food shortages of the capital. She moved into an apartment on a busy street near the Gestapo headquarters in Poitiers and often exchanged greetings with the Gestapo chief, Herr Grabowski.

De Baissac preferred the lonely life of working alone in Poitiers, making local contacts and recruiting resisters but avoiding the company of other SOE agents except when she chose to visit them on business in Paris or Bordeaux. She rarely saw her brother and she turned down an offer by SOE to send her a wireless operator, Gilbert Norman.

De Baissac reproduced in Poitiers what Virginia Hall had created in Lyon. During the 11 months she lived in Poitiers, she received and briefed 13 newly arrived SOE agents and organized departures of agents, resistance leaders, and others traveling clandestinely to England.  She played the role of an amateur archaeologist which gave her the pretext of bicycling around the country to search for ancient monuments while, in fact, identifying possible parachute drop-zones and landing areas for RAF's 138 and 161 squadrons. She collected air-dropped CLE Canisters containing weapons and supplies and transported them to safe houses. She also built a resistance network of her own, recruiting a number of "helpers" including a teen-age girl who traveled with her as a cover for her activities. To communicate with London, as she had no wireless operator, she had to travel to Paris or Bordeaux where her brother Claude was organising sabotage missions and gathering information on ship and submarine movements.  In June 1943, many members of the Prosper network were arrested by the Germans and her Artist network was also penetrated by the Gestapo, thereby increasing her risk of capture. On the night of 16/17 August 1943 Claude and Lise de Baissac and SOE deputy head Nicholas Bodington, were flown back to England by Lysander.  Roger Landes, the Scientist network's wireless operator, was furious that de Baissac had taken his sister with him to England, but not de Baissac's pregnant lover and fellow SOE agent Mary Herbert who remained behind.

De Baissac was then sent to RAF Ringway where she was conducting officer (mentor) to two new agents, Yvonne Baseden and Violette Szabo. During their training, de Baissac broke her leg in a parachute jump.

Second mission
De Baissac's return to France was delayed until her broken leg healed. Not being able to parachute, she returned to France in a Lysander, landing in a farm field near Villers-les-Ormes on the night of 9/10 April 1944.  She went to work as a courier for the Pimiento network, headed by Anthony Brooks, in Toulouse under the new codename Marguerite.  However, de Baissac, ambitious for greater things, was given only trivial tasks. Her aristocratic demeanor was incompatible with the trade unionists and socialists who worked with Pimiento. She said darkly that the network was controlled by "someone in Switzerland", rather than SOE in London. By mutual consent, she left Pimiento to join her brother Claude, who had returned to France in February 1944, and the reborn Scientist network he headed which was now working in southern Normandy and adjacent areas. (Unknown to de Baissac and the French Resistance, Normandy would be the landing site of allied forces in the D-Day invasion of France on 6 June 1944.)

De Baissac was her brother's courier, bicycling  or more daily to deliver messages and attempting to restrain the now armed and impatient maquis (resistance fighters) from premature attacks on the Germans and the infrastructure which supported them. The job of Scientist was to reconnoiter possible large open areas where invading airborne troops could land and hold and to receive air-drops of weapons and supplies for the resistance.

De Baissac based herself in the village of Saint-Aubin-du-Désert, about  south of where British troops would land near Caen on D-Day. Still masquerading as a poor Paris widow, she rented the second floor of a house, consisting of two rooms with a mattress on the floor that served as a bed. On 5 June 1944 she was in Paris recruiting fighters for the resistance. That evening she heard the BBC broadcast the code phrase meaning that the allied invasion of France was imminent. Immediately she bicycled back to her network, traveling more than  in three days, passing through large formations of the German army and sleeping in ditches.

Arriving at her base near Normandy, de Baissac gathered information on German dispositions and passed it to the Allies. According to de Baissac, on one occasion, "the Germans arrived and threw me out of my room. I arrived to take my clothes and found they had opened up the parachute I had made into a sleeping bag and were sitting on it. Fortunately they had no idea what it was." On another occasion she shared a schoolhouse with German army officers, they working in the front room while she worked in a smaller room at the back. De Baissac's lofty aplomb served her well as she resisted successfully several attempts by German soldiers to confiscate her bicycle.  On one occasion, de Baissac, accompanying a group of maquis, engaged in a firefight with a German patrol, reporting that they killed several Germans.

The two months after the Normandy invasion were frantic for the Scientist network. At night they gathered canisters full of weapons for the resistance fighters and impeded the arrival of German reinforcements by setting land mines or tyre busters in the roads. During the daytime de Baissac bicycled from place to place with an inexperienced wireless operator, Phyllis Latour, helping her with the communications necessary for arranging weapon drops and providing intelligence to the allied forces, now only a few miles distant.

On 25 July, the American army launched Operation Cobra which forced the German army to retreat rapidly from the Scientist area of operation.  On 13 August, the de Baissacs linked up with a lead unit of U.S. soldiers. Dressed in long-unworn British military uniforms, they stood in front of the mayor's office in a provincial town and greeted the arriving American soldiers. A few days later the de Baissacs were flown to England, their mission concluded.

Hunting for Mary Herbert
In September 1944, the de Baissacs were back in France, now liberated from German occupation, as part of the Judex mission which aimed to locate lost and captured SOE agents and the French people who had worked with them. Claude was the father of a daughter, Claudine, born December 1943 to Mary Herbert, but he and SOE had lost contact with her. The de Baissac's traced Herbert from Bordeaux to Poitiers. They found her and her daughter in a house near Poitiers. The de Baissacs returned to England with them. Claude married Herbert, but it was apparently a marriage only of propriety as the couple did not live together.

Post-war
After World War II, de Baissac worked for BBC. In 1950, age 45, she married Gustave Villameur, her teenage sweetheart, who had become a successful artist and interior decorator living in Marseille; they had no children. Her husband died in 1978 and afterwards "she lived alone in a magnificent apartment overlooking the old port" of Marseille.
The Guardian obituary described her as a "grande dame of the old school: fiercely independent, courageous, elegant and modest." She died on 29 March 2004 in Marseille, aged 98.

In an interview, de Baissac said that "the loneliness of a secret life" was her strongest emotion and that "cold-blooded efficiency for long weary months" was needed more than heroism. In 2008, her life was recaptured in the highly fictionalised French film Female Agents (Les Femmes de l'ombre).

Recognition

Honours
France: Knight of the Légion d'honneur (LH), Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (CG) with palm ;
UK: Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), September 1945.
Citations
One British officer declared: "The role she played in aiding the maquis and the resistance in France will never be over-praised and she did much to enable to maquis and resistance's preparations before the American breakthrough in Mayenne."
Her SOE dossier states "[S]he was the inspiring-force for the groups in the Orne, and through her initiatives she inflicted heavy losses on the Germans thanks to anti-tyre devices scattered on the roads near Saint-Aubin-du-Désert, Saint-Mars-du-Désert, and even as far as Laval, Le Mans and Rennes. She also took part in armed attacks on enemy columns."

References

Citations

Bibliography

  Documents Atkins' post-war search for missing SOE agents including Borrel.
  Focus on the four female SOE agents (Borrel, Leigh, Olschanezky and Rowden) executed in the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp.

  Overview of the 39 female SOE agents.

Further reading

External links
 Article on Lise de Baissac at Spartacus Educational
Times of London obituary
Daily Telegraph obituary

1905 births
2004 deaths
Mauritian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Mauritian military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Mauritian women
British Special Operations Executive personnel
British women in World War II
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Mauritian people of French descent
People from Moka District

Lise de Baissac


In algebraic geometry, the Néron–Severi group of a variety is
the group of divisors modulo algebraic equivalence; in other words it is the group of components of the Picard scheme of a variety. Its rank is called the Picard number.  It is named after Francesco Severi and André Néron.

Definition
In the cases of most importance to classical algebraic geometry, for a complete variety V that is non-singular, the connected component of the Picard scheme is an abelian variety written

Pic0(V).

The quotient

Pic(V)/Pic0(V)

is an abelian group NS(V), called the Néron–Severi group of V. This is a finitely-generated abelian group by the Néron–Severi theorem, which was proved by Severi over the complex numbers and by Néron over more general fields.

In other words, the Picard group fits into an exact sequence

The fact that the rank is finite is Francesco Severi's theorem of the base; the rank is the Picard number of V, often denoted ρ(V). The elements of finite order are called Severi divisors, and form a finite group which is a birational invariant and whose order is called the Severi number. Geometrically NS(V) describes the algebraic equivalence classes of divisors on V; that is, using a stronger, non-linear equivalence relation in place of linear equivalence of divisors, the classification becomes amenable to discrete invariants. Algebraic equivalence is closely related to numerical equivalence, an essentially topological classification by intersection numbers.

First Chern class and integral valued 2-cocycles
The exponential sheaf sequence

gives rise to a long exact sequence featuring

The first arrow is the first Chern class on the Picard group

and the Neron-Severi group can be identified with its image.
Equivalently, by exactness, the Neron-Severi group is the kernel of the second arrow

In the complex case, the Neron-Severi group is therefore the group of 2-cocycles whose Poincaré dual is represented by a complex hypersurface, that is, a Weil divisor.

For complex tori
Complex tori are special because they have multiple equivalent definitions of the Neron-Severi group. One definition uses its complex structure for the definitionpg 30. For a complex torus , where  is a complex vector space of dimension  and  is a lattice of rank  embedding in , the first Chern class  makes it possible to identify the Neron-Severi group with the group of Hermitian forms  on  such thatNote that  is an alternating integral form on the lattice .

See also

 Complex torus

References

A. Néron,   Problèmes arithmétiques et géometriques attachée à la notion de rang d'une courbe algébrique dans un corps  Bull. Soc. Math. France, 80  (1952)  pp. 101–166
A. Néron,   La théorie de la base pour les diviseurs sur les variétés algébriques, Coll. Géom. Alg. Liège, G. Thone  (1952)  pp. 119–126
 F. Severi,   La base per le varietà algebriche di dimensione qualunque contenute in una data e la teoria generale delle corrispondénze fra i punti di due superficie algebriche  Mem. Accad. Ital., 5  (1934)  pp. 239–283

Algebraic geometry

Néron–Severi group


Borgo Val di Taro, usually referred to as Borgotaro, (Parmigiano: ; locally ) is a town and comune in Emilia, Italy, in the Province of Parma,  from the city of Parma.

Borgo Val di Taro is an important centre for cattle husbandry in Emilia and it is one of the zones where Parmigiano-Reggiano is produced.

The area is well known for its Boletus edulis (porcini) mushrooms, and several boletes that grow there have IGP (English: PGI) status.

James Gandolfini Sr., father of Italian-American actor James Gandolfini Jr., was born in Borgo Val di Taro.

Main sights

Not far from the town is the small church of S. Antonio del Viennese, a 13th-century structure in brick. The city hall (palazzo comunale), in the Lombard Gothic style, is a work of the 14th century.

Tourism and gastronomic tours are important factors of the modern economy. The town is a member of the Cittaslow (slow city) movement.

Frazioni
Banca, Barca, Barzana di Sotto, Baselica, Belforte, Bissaio, Boceto, Bozzi, Brattesini, Brunelli, Ca' Valesi, Cafaraccia, Capitelli, Caprendino, Case Maroni, Case Scodellino, Case Vighen, Casembola, Casoni, Cavanna, Cianica, Corriago, Costadasi, Frasso, Galla, Ghiare, Giacopazzi, Grifola, Il Mulino, Il Poggio, Laghina, Lavacchielli, Le Spiagge, Magrano, Meda, Monticelli, Ostia Parmense, Poggio, Pontolo, Porcigatone, Pozzo, Roccamurata, Rovinaglia, San Martino, San Pietro, San Vincenzo, Testanello, Tiedoli, Tombone, Valdena, Valleto

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities
Borgo Val di Taro is twinned with:

References

Official site

Cittaslow

Borgo Val di Taro


Errol Taggart (July 15, 1895 – August 30, 1940) was a Canadian film director and film editor who worked in Hollywood during the 1920s and 1930s. He was the editor of four movies directed by Tod Browning and starring Lon Chaney: The Unknown (uncredited) with Joan Crawford, The Road to Mandalay, The Blackbird, and the lost film London After Midnight (uncredited). He also edited Browning's film Drifting featuring Wallace Beery and Anna May Wong in supporting roles, and was Browning's first assistant director on Freaks (uncredited) featuring Olga Baclanova and a cast of actual carnival sideshow freaks. Taggart also directed seven films, including Sinner Take All, Song of the City, and The Women Men Marry.

Taggart died on August 30, 1940, at the age of 45 in Los Angeles, California.

Selected filmography
 After Business Hours (1925)

External links

1895 births
1940 deaths
Film directors from Ottawa
Canadian film editors

Errol Taggart


The M59/M85 is a Yugoslav combat helmet which was produced between 1958–59 and 1985. They were commonly used in the Yugoslav Wars.

Specifications

M59

The helmet's shape was inspired by the Spanish M34 helmet, sharing very similar profiles, with cut down edges. The liner is a copy of the American M1 helmet's webbing system. The webbing is attached to the helmet with rectangular retention washers. The original models had red stars stenciled on them. Repurposed M59 helmets often incorporated Yugoslavian decals/stickers in order to match the current belligerent.

M85
The M85 Is a modernization of the M59 design, trimming down the rear of the helmet's skirt to make it more comfortable to lie prone, and utilizes a slightly modified liner using clips to keep the leather sweatband in place. In 1989, a Kevlar version of the M85 was introduced (designated as M89). The shape of these helmets is identical to the steel M85, though much thicker and with external rivets to mount the lining. They would be issued alongside M59s and M85s until they were able to be mass produced.

References

External links
 Yugoslavia M59/85 at brendonshelmets.weebly.com

Combat helmets of Yugoslavia
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s

M59/85


Benign symmetric lipomatosis is an adult-onset skin condition characterized by extensive symmetric fat deposits in the head, neck, and shoulder girdle area. The fat deposited around the front of the neck is known as Madelung's collar or horse collar. Fat deposited on the back of the neck between the shoulder blades is known as a dorsocervical fat pad or buffalo hump. Benjamin Brodie described the condition in 1846. The German surgeon Otto Wilhelm Madelung was the first to give a detailed description of the disorder in 1888, followed by Launois and Bensaude in 1898.

This condition is rare, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 25,000 in Italy. Older research found that it affects males up to 15 - 30 times more frequently than females; however, more recent studies have found a higher prevalence among women than men (1:2.5) and so further epidemiological studies are needed. It predominantly affects those of the Mediterranean and European populations, although rare cases have been documented outside of those populations.

Large fat deposits around the neck, and more rarely in the tongue, may negatively affect breathing, swallowing, and speaking. Orbital involvement is very rare, with proptosis (bulging of the eye) and persistent bilateral lumps on the eyelids.

Comorbidities frequently involve the endocrine systems, with hypercholesterinemia and hypothyroidism being the most common. Other comorbidities include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and gout. In individuals with alcohol use disorder, there is also alcohol-related cirrhosis of the liver. There have also been reports of peripheral neuropathy, ragged red fibres in muscle cells (suggesting mitochondrial myopathy), sudden cardiac death, and neurological involvement, although it is unknown whether these are due to prolonged alcohol use disorder.

Cosmetic disfigurement due to the fat deposition in the cervicothoracic region results in a "pseudoathletic appearance," resembling the Italian statue Warrior of Capestrano and carvings of Queen of Punt (Egypt). The symmetrical fat deposits are made of unencapsulated lipomas, which distinguishes it from typical lipomatosis which has encapsulated lipomas that are not usually symmetrical.

Cause
The cause of the disease remains unknown, but its incidence strongly correlates with alcohol use disorder (over 90% of cases); in such cases, abstinence from alcohol prevents disease progression. Defects in the adrenergic-stimulated lipolysis and accumulation of embryological brown fat have also been reported.

Types
Earlier, the disease was classified by G. Enzi and others into two types:

 Type I: neck (Madelung's collar/horse collar), shoulders, supraclavicular triangle, and proximal upper limbs.
 Type II: abdomen and thighs.

In 1991, Donhauser classified the disease into four types, which subsequently became a commonly accepted classification:

 Type I (Madelung's collar/horse collar): neck, upper back, shoulder girdle, and upper arms.
 Type II (pseudoathletic type): shoulder girdle, deltoid region, upper arms, and thorax.
 Type III (gynecoid type): lower body, especially the thighs and medial side of the knees.
 Type IV (abdominal type): abdomen.

In 2018, a new classification was proposed, as most of the patients in the largest German study of that time did not reliably fit into the Donhauser classification system. Schiltz and others at the University Hospital Regensburg proposed the disease to be classified into five types:

 Type I (Upper body)
 Ia: neck.
 Ib: neck, shoulder girdle, and upper arms.
 Ic: neck, shoulder girdle, upper arms, and trunk.
 Type II (Lower body): hips, buttocks, and thighs.
 Type III (Upper and lower body): general distribution, without involvement of head, forearms, and calves.

Treatment
Traditionally the treatment is mainly surgical, consisting of the removal of the lipomas (lipectomy), although recent study has proposed liposuction and phosphatidylcholine injection as possible alternatives.

Society
The appearance of people with the disease is depicted in:
Carvings of Queen of Punt (Egypt), as noted above
The Italian statue The Warrior of Capestrano, as noted above
Donna Leon's crime novel, Beastly Things (2012), wherein the protagonist investigates the murder of a man who had the condition, which Brunetti learns has a high incidence in Italy

See also
 Lipomatosis
 List of skin conditions
 Madelung's deformity

References

External links

Conditions of the subcutaneous fat
Rare diseases

Benign symmetric lipomatosis


Famous Players Limited Partnership was a Canadian-based subsidiary of Cineplex Entertainment. As an independent company, it existed as a film exhibitor and cable television service provider. Famous Players operated numerous movie theatre locations in Canada from British Columbia to Newfoundland and Labrador. The company was owned by Viacom Canada but was sold to Cineplex Galaxy LP (now Cineplex Entertainment) in 2005.

The Famous Players brand name and its sub-banners continued to be used in the majority of its theatres until 2022 when Cineplex phased out the name in favour of the "Cineplex Cinemas" banner, although the SilverCity name continues to be used. Prior to its retirement, Famous Players operated its theatres under its traditional namesake, SilverCity, Paramount, Coliseum, and Colossus brands.

History

Beginnings
Famous Players Canadian Corporation dates back to the early days of Famous Players Film Company (later Paramount Pictures), founded in 1912, as its earliest predecessor, though that company did not have any operations in Canada until 1920, when it bought Nathan Nathanson's Paramount Theatre chain, which Nathanson had established four years earlier. Nathanson, along with being the 5th richest person in the world, became the first president of the resulting entity, Famous Players Canadian Corporation Limited. In 1923, Famous Players bought out rival Allen Theatres, acquiring many buildings in the process. The Famous Players Theatres chain was always strongly linked with Paramount, and was a wholly owned subsidiary of Paramount Communications at the time that firm was acquired by Viacom in 1994. Some of the most high-profile and popular theatres in the Famous Players chain were the Imperial and the Uptown in Toronto, and the Capitol, Orpheum, Stanley, and Strand in Vancouver.

Originally began with 13 theatres located in Ontario and British Columbia, the company quickly expanded its holdings to 100 by the end of 1926. Until the 1950s, the company continued to build its operations in the movie theatre sector.

In 1952, however, Famous Players began to invest in the new technology. First, the company purchased the rights to a coinbox system that connected to television sets. A year later, it purchased its first broadcasting assets, CKCO-TV in Kitchener, Ontario and CFCM-TV in Quebec City.

At the end of the 1950s, the company acquired the first of many cable TV companies it would come to own, thus adding control over the distribution of its TV product. As the industry grew, starting in the mid-1960s, so did the assets of Famous Players in this segment. In 1971, the company sold off the majority of its shareholdings in its movie theatre and other non-TV-related entertainment holdings to Gulf + Western Canada and subsequently changed its name to Canadian Cablesystems Limited, reflecting the new focus of its operations. Canadian Cablesystems was the owner and operator of Metro Cable, which served parts of Metro Toronto, as well as a minority shareholder in several other cable companies, until it was purchased by Rogers Cablesystems Ltd. in 1978.

Most famously, Famous Players Theatres allowed the lease on a property containing the entrance of one of its flagship Toronto locations, the Imperial Six, to lapse in 1986. Cineplex immediately took over the lease, denying Famous Players Theatres access to the portion of the property that they already owned outright. Famous Players eventually sold its property to Cineplex Odeon Cinemas, on the condition it never again be used to show filmed entertainment.  Cineplex's live-theatre division renovated the theatre; renamed the Pantages Theatre, it hosted The Phantom of the Opera for ten years.  The theatre was renamed the Canon in 2001 and then again in 2011 as the Ed Mirvish Theatre, which it is currently known, in honour of the popular businessman and ironically Mr. Drabinsky's main competitor in live theatre in Toronto.

Growth and challenges
Famous Players expanded throughout the 1990s.

In 1993 Barbara Turnbull made a complaint with the Ontario Human Rights Commission over lack of accessibility in cinemas operated by Famous Players; in 2001 the commission ruled in her favor, however two cinemas were closed instead of made fully accessible.

Under chairman John Bailey, Famous Players re-built its infrastructure from 1996 to 2003 with new "megaplex" theatre brands featuring stadium seating, such as SilverCity and Coliseum, with food courts and video games. Around that time, AMC Theatres entered the Canadian market, and most of the traditional ties between the existing chains and the major studios began to unwind, putting all three chains in full-on competition in several major markets.

The company once operated a number of drive-in theatres, but most have been closed and replaced with modern theatres. Until 2004, it operated theatres in the Maritimes, none of which were branded-concept theatres; these were sold to the region's dominant exhibitor, Empire Theatres.

Sale to Cineplex Galaxy and aftermath
In February 2005, Viacom announced the sale of Famous Players for $400 million. Cineplex Galaxy, controlled by Onex Corporation acquired Famous Players from Viacom for $500 million (about US$397 million) in June 2005, with the deal being completed on July 22. To satisfy antitrust concerns, on August 22, 2005, the group announced the sale of 27 locations in Ontario and western Canada to Empire Theatres. Cineplex re-acquired the former Famous Players locations in Atlantic Canada that were owned by Empire when it began to shut down operations in 2013.

In December 2019, UK-based Cineworld plans to acquire the now renamed Cineplex Entertainment which will see the former 47 Famous Players theatres into the fold. The sale will make Cineworld the largest cinema chain in North America with the ownership of Regal Cinemas. The company stated that Cineplex's operations were to be integrated with Regal and that it planned to reach $120 million in cost efficiencies and revenue synergies including the adoption of a subscription service scheme similar to Regal and Cineworld.

The deal between Cineworld and Cineplex Entertainment fell through due to breaches in agreement and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020.

As of January 2023, only three theatres in Lasalle, Prince George and Prince Rupert remain open under the Famous Players brand. However, the corporate entity, Famous Players LP, remains nominally active as a subsidiary of Cineplex.

Assets

Famous Players theatres
At its peak, Famous Players operated 101 theatres in 2003 with 882 screens. In 2011, a total of 10 locations used the Famous Players brand. Most of these have since closed, or they were rebranded by Cineplex.

Famous Players Pickering Town Centre opened in 1989 at the Pickering Town Centre and was renovated in 1998. It featured traditional movie screens and a small Cinescape arcade. It closed in 2018 and was replaced by Cineplex Cinemas Pickering and VIP at the same shopping centre, occupying some of the space of the former Target. This new Cineplex location features an UltraAVX theatre, an Xscape Entertainment Centre with party rooms, and a VIP Cinemas licensed lounge.

Famous Players Canada Square Cinemas opened in 1985 and was the last theatre operating in Ontario under the brand, located at the intersection of Yonge and Eglinton. The multiplex opened as a Cineplex Odeon and was a local favourite for its retro feel and independent film showings. It was acquired by Famous Players in 2001 due to expansion limitations at the company's nearby SilverCity Yonge and Eglinton. In 2005, Cineplex acquired both theatres, with the SilverCity location being its main focus. The SilverCity is now known as Cineplex Cinemas Yonge-Eglinton and VIP, and the Famous Players closed on October 24, 2021.

Famous Players Kildonan Place Cinemas opened in 1989 and was the last theatre operating in Manitoba under the brand. It featured six traditional movie screens and a small Cineplex arcade. It closed on December 5, 2022, with Cineplex Junxion Kildonan Place replacing this location at the same shopping centre on December 8, 2022. The latter is the first Cineplex Junxion location to open in Canada.

Other theatres

Prior to merging with Cineplex, Famous Players operated five theatre brands: Famous Players, SilverCity (), Coliseum (), Colossus and Paramount. Of these, Cineplex only preserved the first two brands, which amount to 20 locations as of 2019. The Coliseum and Colossus theatres sold to Cineplex were renamed to Cineplex Cinemas, though the unique features of the original brands were preserved. Similarly, Paramount theatres now use the Scotiabank Theatre brand since 2007.

In addition, Landmark Cinemas also acquired many of the Famous Players theatres that were formerly operated by Empire Theatres.

Many theatres had served Pepsi products in addition to popcorn with restaurants such as Burger King, New York Fries, Wetzel's Pretzels, Taco Bell, TCBY, Baskin Robbins and Starbucks. Those were heavily replaced by Coca-Cola and Outtakes with some theatres retaining Starbucks.

Television stations
CKCO-TV – Kitchener, Ontario
CFCM-TV – Quebec City, Quebec

See also
List of Cineplex Entertainment movie theatres
Paramount Canada's Wonderland, an amusement park owned by Paramount from 1993 to 2006
Paramount Theatre (Edmonton), originally owned by Famous Players Theatres
Blockbuster LLC, also owned by Viacom

Notes

References

Further reading
 Cineplex Galaxy buying Famous Players movie chain from Viacom for $500 million – CBC News

External links
 Famous Players Theatres website (redirects to the Cineplex website)
 List of FP theatres (incomplete)

1920 establishments in Ontario
Movie theatre chains in Canada
Movie theatre chains in the United States
Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada
Companies based in Toronto
Entertainment companies of Canada
Entertainment companies established in 1920
Mass media companies established in 1920
Communications in Ontario
Former Viacom subsidiaries
Cineplex Entertainment
Canadian companies established in 1920
Gulf and Western Industries

fr:Famous Players

Famous Players


The Derbent Lighthouse is the southernmost lighthouse in Russia, located in the city of Derbent, a city in the Russian Republic of Dagestan. It is in the center of the city, on the fortress wall between the parks named after Sergei Kirov and Nizami Ganjavi and about half a kilometer from the coastline. The lighthouse is included in the list of protected monuments of Russia and is included in the historical list of UNESCO.

History
Derbent as a seaport has been known since very ancient times, but the ancient authors never mentioned the existence of such an important attribute of the port as a lighthouse in Derbent.
For the first time, Russian ships appeared in the area of the Derbent fortress in the 60s of the 16th century, when Russian troops made a number of campaigns on the western coast of the Caspian Sea.

In an effort to strengthen Russia's influence on the Caspian Sea, to establish the Baltic-Caspian waterway to expand trade relations between Europe and the East, Peter the Great organized the Persian campaign of the Russian fleet in 1722–1723, as a result of which Derbent and Baku with the lands adjacent to them were annexed to Russia (Russian-Persian treaty of September 12, 1723)

After the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828, Russia received the exclusive right to have a military fleet on the Caspian Sea, and Russian and Persian merchant ships to sail freely in all directions.

Only in the middle of the 18th century, with the development of sea freight traffic, the opening of regular flights of postal and passenger steamers in the Caspian Sea with a call to the Derbent port, it became necessary to build a lighthouse in Derbent.

The port began to develop rapidly. Wanting to further intensify trade with Persia, Field Marshal General Prince M. S. Vorontsov, governor of the Caucasus, ordered in 1850 to take measures to ensure the safety of ships sailing along the western coast of the Caspian Sea and, in particular, to build a lighthouse in the port of Derbent. Work on the construction of the lighthouse began in 1851.

In 1853, the construction of the lighthouse designed by Captain Savinichev was completed. On January 16, 1853, the lighthouse was handed over to the assistant overseer of the quarantine and customs post. The lighthouse began to light up from May 1, 1853, from evening to dawn.

References

Notes

External links
 Derbent lighthouse

Lighthouses in Russia
Lighthouses completed in the 19th century
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Dagestan
History of Derbent
Cultural heritage monuments in Derbent

Derbent Lighthouse


Robert "Bobby" Smith (born March 29, 1951) is a retired U.S. soccer defender who spent nine years in the North American Soccer League and one in the League of Ireland and the Major Indoor Soccer League.  He also earned eighteen caps with the United States men's national soccer team and is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame.

Youth
Smith grew up in Trenton, New Jersey and attended Steinert High School in Hamilton Township, New Jersey.  After high school, he attended Rider University in Lawrenceville, New Jersey from 1969 through 1972.  While at Rider, he played four seasons on the men's soccer team.  He holds the college record for most goals in a season (18) and career (46).  In 1997, Rider University inducted Smith into its Hall of Fame.

Professional
The Philadelphia Atoms, a North American Soccer League (NASL) expansion franchise, drafted Smith in the second round of the 1973 College Draft. That year, Smith took home second team All Star honors as the Atoms ran to the NASL championship title.  They set a record that season for allowing only 14 goals.  Smith returned each of the next two seasons, but the Atoms were unable to replicate their first-year success.  Smith, on the other hand, continued to be recognized as one of the league's top defenders.  In 1974, he was an All Star honorable mention (third team) and in 1975, he became the first native-born U.S. player in the NASL to earn first team All Star recognition.  Part of the reason for his success in 1975 came from a loan spell with League of Ireland First Division club, Dundalk during the 1974-1975 NASL off-season.

In 1976, the Atoms sold Smith, and teammate Bob Rigby, to the New York Cosmos for $100,000.  The move came as part of the condition put on the Cosmos when they signed Pelé.  Pelé insisted the Cosmos surround him with good supporting teammates and the Cosmos went shopping.  Smith spent three seasons with the Cosmos, winning two more NASL championships with them and earning second team All Star honors in 1976. However, by his third season with the team, the influx of big-name international players saw Smith's playing time drop to an all-time low of nine games.  At the end of the 1978 season, the Cosmos sent Smith to the San Diego Sockers.  In 1979, he was named an honorable mention All Star, his fifth time on an All Star list.  However, at the end of the season, the Sockers sent him to the Philadelphia Fury for the 1980 season.  The Atoms had folded while Smith was with the Cosmos and the Fury was a new expansion franchise in Philadelphia.

Smith spent only one season with the Fury, but his time with the team led to his also playing for the Philadelphia Fever of Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) during the 1980-1981 indoor season.  The Fever had already played a season, but coach George O'Neill—hoping to draw on seasoned pros the way defending champions New York Arrows had—remade the team with NASL veterans and drew on several Fury players, including Smith and teammate Bob Rigby.  Despite the presence of Smith and other Fury players, the Fever performed poorly and soon vanished from the American soccer scene.  Smith then moved to the Montreal Manic of one last season in the NASL.  He retired at the end of the 1981 season.

National team
Smith earned 18 caps with the U.S. national team.  His first appearance came in an August 12, 1973 victory over Poland.  Smith became a regular on the team, seeing time in the rest of the U.S. games that year, as well as all of its games in 1974 and half the 1975 games.  In 1976, he saw time in several games, the last being a 3–0 loss to Canada in a playoff in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, which eliminated the U.S. from qualification for the 1978 FIFA World Cup.  Smith would not play for the national team until 1980 when he played in his last game, a 1–1 tie with Portugal on October 7.

Post-playing career
After retiring from playing professionally, Smith returned to New Jersey where he has coached youth soccer. He is the former owner of Smitty Kicks. He currently runs the Bob Smith Soccer Academy in Robbinsville Township, New Jersey. He resides in Hamilton Square, New Jersey. Smith was selected as the Grand Marshal for the 2008 Trenton St. Patrick's Day Parade.

In 2007, he was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame.

References

External links
 National Soccer Hall of Fame profile
 NASL All Star teams
 NASL/MISL stats

1951 births
Living people
American expatriate men's soccer players
American expatriate sportspeople in Canada
American expatriate sportspeople in Ireland
American soccer coaches
Soccer players from Trenton, New Jersey
Steinert High School alumni
United States men's international soccer players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Philadelphia Atoms players
New York Cosmos (1970–1985) players
Philadelphia Fury (1978–1980) players
San Diego Sockers (1978–1996) players
Montreal Manic players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Philadelphia Fever (MISL) players
Dundalk F.C. players
League of Ireland players
Rider Broncs men's soccer players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Expatriate men's association footballers in the Republic of Ireland
People from Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey
Soccer players from Mercer County, New Jersey
American men's soccer players
National Soccer Hall of Fame members
Men's association football defenders

Bobby Smith (American soccer)


Nicole Kubes (born August 22, 1986) is an American athlete and judoka currently living in Fort Worth, TX. Beginning her training in Judo at age 7 with her sister Bridgette, Nicole became one of the youngest members of the United States 2004 Summer Olympics Team  in 2004 at age 17. Brigette was later prevented from continuing her training due to a car accident, but Nicole progressed to 9th place in Athens, and also received several national awards including her bronze medal at the 2004 National Championships, a bronze medal at the 2004 Titan Games, a 5th-place finish at the Pan American Championships in Buenos Aires Argentina, and being named a 2003 and 2006 National Champion. She attended Texas Christian University in order to be continue training with her long-time coach Tommy Dyer; after graduation, she began to work as a police officer for Fort Worth.

References

American female judoka
1986 births
Living people
Judoka at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka for the United States
21st-century American women

Nicole Kubes


Erik van Dillen (born February 21, 1951) is an American retired tennis player who played over 25 Grand Slam championships at Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open.

Tennis career
Born in San Mateo, California, van Dillen first played tennis aged six years old. During his junior career, he won both the singles and doubles competitions at the "USTA Boys 16 & 18 National Championships" in Kalamazoo, Michigan, as well as winning other national titles in the 12- and 14-year-old divisions. In total, he won 12 U.S. junior titles and is the only player ever to win singles and doubles titles in all four age groups: 12, 14, 16, and 18. (Source USTA Yearbooks).

Van Dillen first played on the men's circuit in 1967 when he appeared at the U.S. Championships for the first time. In 1968, he had his first big win when he beat his future doubles partner and then American No. 1 Charlie Pasarell at the U.S. national tournament at Boston in five sets when only 17. He was ranked in the top 20 of the U.S. from 1968 to 1970 and the top 10 from 1971 to 1973.

In 1973, he won his biggest tournament beating Frew McMillan in Nottingham. In 1974, van Dillen had his best Grand Slam singles year reaching the last 16 at the French Open where he narrowly lost to eventual champion Björn Borg in five sets. At Wimbledon, he also reached the last 16, defeating Guillermo Vilas on the way. He repeated the last 16 appearance in Paris in 1975.

In 1978, van Dillen had a very strong grass-court season in England; he qualified at Nottingham and reached the last 16, and also won the doubles with Dick Stockton. At Wimbledon, he again qualified and then had the greatest win of his career defeating John McEnroe in five sets in the first round.

Van Dillen's last full year on the circuit was 1981 when he won two doubles titles and reached the semifinals of the Volvo International in North Conway with Roscoe Tanner. He also reached the semifinals in singles at Newport, Rhode Island.

He completed his career in 1982 by qualifying at his last singles event the prestigious Alan King Classic in Las Vegas and shortly after reached the final of the WCT Invitation event at Forest Hills in doubles with Dick Stockton.

Van Dillen played in the Wimbledon veterans doubles for a number of years and also played in a veterans event at Indian Wells.

Between 1960 and 1981, he beat six of the then-top players: John McEnroe, Stan Smith, Arthur Ashe, Jimmy Connors, Guillermo Vilas, and Ilie Năstase. At his peak, he was ranked 36th in the world in singles, and 35th in doubles.

After tennis
Erik earned a degree in finance from the University of Southern California and an MBA from San Francisco State University. He joined IMG, a sports marketing agency. While at IMG, Erik worked with Joe Montana, Martina Navratilova, Arnold Palmer, Kristi Yamaguchi and Chris Evert and helped to build a number of sport and lifestyle events including the WTA Bank of the West Tennis Classic (formerly the Virginia Slims of Oakland), the US Open of Surfing (a 10-day sports and lifestyle exhibition), the Transamerica Seniors Golf Championship and the Escape from Alcatraz Triathlon.

After the death of Mark McCormack in 2003, Erik left the company to create van Dillen Partners, a sports and lifestyle marketing agency. The agency works with professional sports and media associations; such as the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), Women's Tennis Association (WTA), Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP), Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP), Stanford University Athletics, ESPN, NBC Sports, Fox Sports Net, ABC Sports and CBS Sports.

Career finals

Doubles (13 wins, 10 losses)

References

External links

American male tennis players
American people of Dutch descent
Sportspeople from San Mateo, California
Tennis people from California
USC Trojans men's tennis players
1951 births
Living people

Erik van Dillen


Moses Fletcher (c.1564–1620/1) was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620 and was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.

Fletcher was born in Sandwich in England.  He married Mary Evans in 1589 and had 10 children.  Fletcher worked as a blacksmith.

Fletcher did not want to be a member of the Church of England.  He did not follow some of the Church rules and told others that he did not believe in the teachings of the Church. On June 12, 1609, Moses Fletcher, along with the wife of future Mayflower passenger James Chilton and several other persons were excommunicated from the church for the illegal burial of a child.

Fletcher became a Separatist.  This religion was illegal in England.  He and his family left England with the Chilton family and moved to Leiden in Netherlands.  His wife Mary died and he married Sarah, a widow from Leiden.

On the Mayflower

Fletcher came on the Mayflower without his family.

The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, they spotted land.  The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land 21 November at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.  They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.

Plymouth Colony
Fletcher died in the winter of 1620–1621 in the general sickness.

Fletcher was buried in the Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth. His name is on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb.

References

1564 births
1621 deaths
Mayflower passengers
People from Kent
People buried in Cole's Hill

Moses Fletcher


The Flora family (adj. Florian; ; also known as Ariadne family) is a prominent family of stony asteroids located in the inner region of the asteroid belt. It is one of the largest families with more than 13,000 known members, or approximately 3.5% of all main-belt asteroids.

The origin and properties of this family are relatively poorly understood. It is a very broad family which gradually fades into the surrounding background population. While the largest members, 8 Flora and 43 Ariadne, are located near the edge, there are several distinct groupings within the family, possibly created by later, secondary collisions. Due to this complex internal structure and the poorly defined boundaries, the Flora family has also been described as an asteroid clan. Only few interlopers have been identified. This family may be the source of the impactor that formed the Chicxulub crater, the likely culprit in the extinction of the dinosaurs.

Characteristics

The largest member is 8 Flora, which measures 140 km in diameter and comprises about 80% of the total family mass. Nevertheless, the parent body was almost certainly disrupted by the impact/s that formed the family, and Flora is probably a gravitational aggregate of most of the pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%). Because of the family's poorly defined boundaries, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, it has also been called the "Ariadne family", when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappalà, 1995). The remaining family members are fairly small, below 30 km in diameter.

A noticeable fraction of the parent body has been lost from the family since the original impact, presumably due to later processes such as secondary collisions. For example, it has been estimated that Flora contains only about 57% of the parent body's mass (Tanga 1999), but about 80% of the mass in the present family.

The Flora family is very broad and gradually fades into the background population (which is particularly dense in this part of space) in such a way that its boundaries are very poorly defined. There are also several non-uniformities or lobes within the family, one cause of which may have been later secondary collisions between family members. Hence, it is a classical example of a so-called asteroid clan. Curiously, the largest members, 8 Flora and 43 Ariadne, are located near the edge of the family. The reason for this unusual mass distribution within the family is unknown at present.

951 Gaspra, a medium-sized core family member, was visited by the Galileo spacecraft on its way to Jupiter, and is one of the most extensively studied asteroids. Studies of Gaspra suggests that the family's age is of the order of 200 million years (indicated by the crater density), and that the parent body was at least partially differentiated (indicated by the high abundance of olivine) (Veverka 1994).

The Flora family members are considered good candidates for being the parent bodies of the L chondrite meteorites (Nesvorny 2002), which contribute about 38% of all meteorites impacting of the Earth. This theory is supported by the family's location close to the unstable zone of the ν6 secular resonance, and because the spectral properties of family members are consistent with being the parent bodies of this meteorite type.

The Flora family was one of the five original Hirayama families that were first identified. It has a high number of early discovered members both because S-type asteroids tend to have high albedo, and because it is the closest major asteroid grouping to Earth.

Location and size
A HCM numerical analysis by Vincenzo Zappalà in 1995 determined a large group of 'core' family members, whose proper orbital elements lie in the approximate ranges

The boundaries of the family are, however, very indistinct. At the present epoch, the range of osculating orbital elements of these core members is

Zappalà's 1995 analysis found 604 core members, and 1027 in a wider group. A search of a recent proper element database (AstDys)for 96944 minor planets in 2005 yielded 7438 objects lying within the rectangular-shaped region defined by the first table above. However, this also includes parts of the Vesta and Nysa families in the corners so that a more likely membership estimate is 4000–5000 objects (by eye). This means that the Flora family represents 4–5% of all main belt asteroids.

Interlopers

Because of the high background density of asteroids in this part of space, one might expect that a great number of interlopers (asteroids unrelated to the collision that formed the family) would be present. However, few have been identified. This is because interlopers are hard to distinguish from family members because the family is of the same spectral type (S) that dominates the inner main belt overall. The few interlopers that have been identified are all small (Florczak et al. 1998, and also by inspection of the PDS asteroid taxonomy data set for non S-type members.) They include 298 Baptistina, 422 Berolina, 2093 Genichesk, 2259 Sofievka (the largest, with a 21 km diameter), 2952 Lilliputia, 453 Tea, 3533 Toyota, 3850 Peltier, 3875 Staehle, 4278 Harvey, 4396 Gressmann, and 4750 Mukai.

References

 Zappalà, Vincenzo; Bendjoya, Philippe; Cellino, Alberto; Farinella, Paolo; and Froeschlé, Claude; Asteroid Families: Search of a 12,487-Asteroid Sample Using Two Different Clustering Techniques, Icarus, Volume 116, Issue 2 (August 1995), pages 291–314
 Florczak, M., et al.; A Visible Spectroscopic Survey of the Flora Clan, Icarus Vol. 133, p. 233 (1998).
 PDS asteroid taxonomy data set
 Bus, Schelte J.; and Binzel, Richard P.; Phase II of the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey, Icarus Vol. 158, p. 106 (2002). Data set online here.
 Nesvorný, D., et al.; The Flora Family: A Case of the Dynamically Dispersed Collisional Swarm?, Icarus, Vol. 157, p. 155 (2002).
 AstDys site. Proper elements for 96944 numbered minor planets.
 Tanga, P., et al.; On the Size Distribution of Asteroid Families: The Role of Geometry, Icarus, Vol. 141, p. 65 (1999).
 Veverka, J., et al.; Galileo's Encounter with 951 Gaspra: Overview, Icarus, Vol. 107, p. 2 (1994).

Asteroid groups and families

Flora family