Eleventh Hour is a double album by English guitarist, composer and improvisor Fred Frith. It comprises five long pieces composed by Frith between 1990 and 2001, and was performed by the Arditti Quartet (strings) with Uwe Dierksen (trombone), William Winant (electric guitars) and Frith (electric guitars), in Germany and the United States in 2003 and 2004. Frith only plays on the second CD of this album.

Description
With the exception of "Stick Figures", the Arditti Quartet, under the direction of Frith, performed on all the pieces, and were recorded at Il Bagno in Steinfurt, Germany in June 2003.

"Lelekovice", for a string quartet, also called "String Quartet #1", was written in 1990 for Iva Bittová, Lelekovice being the name of the village near Brno in the Czech Republic where Bittová lives. It was first performed in July 1991 by the Edison Quartet at the Nieuwe Musiek Festival, in Middelburg, the Netherlands, and was used by the United States choreographer Amanda Miller in her dance piece, My Father's Vertigo in 1991. A recording was made in December 1992 by the Violet Wires String Quartet in London, which was released on Frith's 1994 album, Quartets. The recording on this album was made by the Arditti Quartet in 2003.

"Tense Serenity", for a string trio and trombone, was written in 1997 and was performed here by the Arditti Quartet as a trio (without Graeme Jennings on violin) and Uwe Dierksen on trombone.

"Allegory" and "Fell", both for string quartet and electric guitar, were composed in 2001, and were performed here by the Arditti Quartet in June 2003 in Germany. Frith's electric guitar was recorded later in March 2004 in Germany and added to the mix.

"Stick Figures", for six guitars and two players, was composed in 1990 and performed by Frith and William Winant in the United States in May 2004. They multi-tracked prepared electric guitars to create layers of guitar sounds.

Reception

A review in All About Jazz said this of the album: "Eleventh Hour documents Frith's continued growth as a composer in the new music arena, and for all its juxtaposition of light and dark, it remains totally compelling and strangely beautiful." Another review at All About Jazz said that "Frith continues to beguile and surprise".

Andrew Lindemann Malone, writing for Jazz Times, commented: "the line separating music that intoxicates listeners with its mysterious stillness from music that bores listeners to tears with its complete lack of musical incident is perilously thin, and composer Fred Frith spends some time on both sides of that border on Eleventh Hour."

Track listing
Disc 1
"Lelekovice (String Quartet #1, for Iva Bittová)" (Frith)
"Part I" – 1:48
"Part II" – 4:42
"Part III" – 0:49
"Part IV" – 3:18
"Part V" – 2:07
"Part VI" – 4:45
"Part VII" – 5:44
"Part VIII" – 1:04
"Part XI" – 4:02
"Tense Serenity (string trio and trombone)" (Frith)
"Part I" – 11:23
"Part II" – 9:00
"Part III" – 4:58
"Part VI" – 3:58
"Part V" – 2:13
Disc 2
"Allegory (string quartet and electric guitar, for Irvine Arditti)" (Frith)
"Part I" – 3:51
"Part II" – 7:00
"Part III" – 4:03
"Stick Figures (6 guitars and 2 players)" (Frith) – 17:28
"Fell (string quartet and electric guitar)" (Frith) – 11:55

Personnel
Arditti Quartet (disc 1, track 1; disc 2, tracks 1,3)
Irvine Arditti –  violin
Graeme Jennings –  violin
Ralf Ehlers –  viola
Rohan de Saram –  cello
Arditti Trio (disc 1, track 2)
Irvine Arditti –  violin
Ralf Ehlers –  viola
Rohan de Saram –  cello
Uwe Dierksen –  trombone (disc 1, track 2)
William Winant –  electric guitars (disc 2, track 2)
Fred Frith –  electric guitars (disc 2, tracks 1–3)

Sound
Disc 1, tracks 1,2 and disc 2, tracks 1,3 recorded at Il Bagno, Steinfurt, Germany, June 2003
Disc 2, tracks 1,3, guitar recorded at Erich Thienhaus Institut Hochschule fur Musik, Detmold, Germany, March 2004
Disc 2, track 2 recorded at Guerrilla Recordings, Oakland, United States, May 2004
Engineered by Christoph Terbuyken, Marcel Babazadeh and Myles Boisen

References

External links

2005 albums
Fred Frith albums
Winter & Winter Records albums
Albums produced by Fred Frith

Eleventh Hour (Fred Frith album)


Charles Lewis Bowman (1890 – May 31, 1971) was an American architect.

Born in New York City December 9, 1890 but raised in Mount Vernon, New York he graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York with both his Bachelors (Class of 1912) and master's degree in architecture. Per a notice in The New York Times of the accomplishment, he was the first recipient of a fellowship in architecture awarded at Cornell as a standout student with several undergraduate awards.

His mother was a descendant of Col. Fielding Lewis and Betty Washington, the only sister of President George Washington.

His daughter Jean (1917–1994) would later found in 1980 the American Academy of Equine Art and be noted sporting artist.

Post graduation
Lewis would work for the prestigious firm of McKim, Mead and White in New York City as a draftsman during the summers of 1911 - 1913. He briefly joined the firm after graduation but left relatively shortly thereafter. He took a position with Mount Vernon based real estate and construction firm Gramatan Homes.

In 1918, after having establish good rapport with some of the best craftsmen in Westchester County, he established his own private firm.

A notable example from 1920 is the home for Frederick K. Shaff, Chairman of Combustion Engineering Super Heating in the Elm Rock estates section of Bronxville.

He was a listed member of The American Institute of Architects (AIA) 1932-1958

Private practice
His firm's output was confined to the Northeastern section of the United States. During its lifespan an ever greater concentration of works were within the affluent community of Bronxville, New York. Within Bronxville works were even more pronounced in an elite section known as Lawrence Park. Bowman enjoyed a career of successful output until his last work in 1962.

His first solo works were completed in Mount Vernon, New York. Bowman went on to construct nine homes in Pelham, New York.  Bowman's firm expanded to design homes in Westchester County, including Bronxville, Eastchester, New Rochelle and Scarsdale, and in more distant communities including Long Island, Reading, Pennsylvania, Englewood, New Jersey, Short Hills, New Jersey, Greenwich, Connecticut, and The Plains, Virginia.  Many of Bowman's homes, including the Ohrstrom home, were constructed by the firm of Cuzzi Brothers & Singer, also of Mount Vernon, NY.

For client George Lewis Ohrstrom he designed "Old Mill Farm"" and following the divorce, remarriage and relocation of Mr. Ohrstrom to The Plains, Virginia he would design part of his "Whitewood" estate there. "Old Mill Farm" would be acquired by actor / director Mel Gibson in 1994 for a reported $9.25 million. The  farm would be listed for sale in July 2007 at $39,500,000 through Sotheby's Realty. It eventually sold in April 2010 for just under $24 million.

While often referred to by critics of the day as "Stockbroker Tudor" for their new money appeal, the homes have today become highly sought after residences owing to the high quality building materials, fine design, careful positioning of the homes on often generous lots and the large but not overwhelming size. Rarely were homes built over .

Bowman left his most concentrated mark as an architect upon the community of Bronxville, designing 53 homes, all but one of which survive today. Their styles vary from Georgian, Cotswold, and Tudor, to Normandy and Mediterranean. He was perhaps in his prime when he worked from English architectural roots with Jacobean designs displaying steep slate roofs, rich with stone or brickwork, timbering, leaded glass windows and clustered chimneys.

He designed for Robert and Dorothy (who went by the nickname of "Dickie") Roebling a three-story  stone Norman style manor house on  just outside Princeton, New Jersey in Lawrence Township. The home begun shortly after Bob and Dickie were married in 1925 would be completed in 1928. Robert was heir of the famed construction family, John A. Roebling's Sons Co, best known for building the Brooklyn Bridge. Known as Landfall the highly attractive manor house with its steep roofs, tall turrets and walled cobblestone court is extant today on .

Awards
The Greenwich Board of Trade awarded him a medal in 1931 for his outstanding design of "Old Mill Farm" in Greenwich, Connecticut. Commissioned by equestrian sportsman and financier George Lewis Ohrstrom the  estate with the Elizabethan stone manor house and stable complex plus numerous outbuildings was all designed by Bowman.

The "Old Mill Farm" was exhibited at the Architectural League of New York in 1932 and was featured in several architectural publications - including the Architectural Record - of the day.

Decline
Bowman was impacted in the late 1920s by an assistant, Robert Scannell, who struck out on his own taking several clients with him. The Great Depression resulted in him having to sell his home and have his family live in his studio. Later the changing tastes post World War II further impacted his fortune as the market for Tudor mansion was nonexistent.

He lived in an apartment from the mid-1960s until the time of his death in 1971.

References and sources
References

Sources
 New York Times May 19, 1912 "C.L. Bowman Receives $500 to Continue Studies in Architecture"
 Cornell University Collection Number: 3807 "Charles Lewis Bowman Photographs And Drawings"
 Village of Bronxville "Prominent Village Architects"
 The Great Estates; Greenwich, Connecticut, 1880-1930 [Phoenix Publishing, 1986]
 Sotheby International Realty's listing for 'Old Mill Farm' Greenwich, CT (July 2007)
 History of the Roebling Family
 Artist Jean Bowman
 Obituary Bronxville Review Press and Reporter June 10 1971

1890 births
1971 deaths
Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning alumni
Lewis family
People from Mount Vernon, New York
Architects from New York City

Charles Lewis Bowman


Bernhard Nebel, born on 6 May 1956, is a German artificial intelligence scientist. He is a full professor at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg where he holds the chair for foundations of artificial intelligence.

Bernhard Nebel received his Diploma degree from the University of Hamburg in 1980 and his Doctorate from the Saarland University in 1989. His thesis advisor was Wolfgang Wahlster.

Between 1982 and 1993 he worked on different AI projects at the University of Hamburg, the Technical University of Berlin, ISI/USC, IBM Germany, and the German Research Center for AI (DFKI). From 1993 to 1996 he held an associate professor position (C3) at the University of Ulm. Since 1996 he is full professor at Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.

Among other professional services, he served as the Program Co-chair for the 3rd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'92), as the Program Co-chair for the 18th German Annual Conference on AI (KI'94), as the General Chair of the 21st German Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI'97), and as the Program Chair for the 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'01). In 2001, Bernhard Nebel was elected as an ECCAI fellow.

Throughout his entire career, Bernhard Nebel has made substantial contributions to the foundations of Artificial Intelligence, to automated planning and scheduling, and to the RoboCup initiative. Bernhard Nebel is (co-)author and (co-)editor of 9 books and proceedings, as well as author and co-author of more than 100 refereed papers in scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings. His  CS Freiburg RoboCup team became world champion in the RoboCup mid-size league in 1998, 2000, and 2001. Bernhard Nebel and his group have also developed the first autonomous table football system. Bernhard Nebel is a fellow of the European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence.  In 2009, he was elected to be a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In 2010, he became a fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence.

External links
 Bernhard Nebel's home page
 Bernhard Nebel's research group
 Web Page of the CS Freiburg RoboCup team
 Web Page of the autonomous table football system KiRo
 Report on Bernhard Nebel in the German Magazine Spiegel Online

German computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
German roboticists
1956 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
University of Hamburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ulm

Bernhard Nebel


GemStone IV is a multiplayer text-based online role-playing video game (often known as a MUD) produced by Simutronics. Players control characters in a high fantasy game world named "Elanthia". The first playable version of the game was known as GemStone ][ and was launched in April 1988 on GEnie. It was one of the first MMORPGs and is one of the longest running online games still active. Access to the game is subscription-based (monthly fee) through its website, with three additional subscriptions levels available, "Premium", "Platinum" and "Shattered", in addition to a free-to-play model introduced in early March 2015.

Technical information

GemStone IV is a text-based game built on Simutronics' proprietary engine, the IFE (Interactive Fiction Engine). This engine is capable of changing nearly any aspect of the game on the fly which allows updates without the necessity for downtime. Due to the use of the IFE, GemStone is rarely taken offline, giving a 24-hour uptime cycle aside from the occasional game crash.

The GemStone interface is simply a text stream, and the game can be played with a Telnet interface after authentication. There are several official interfaces to the game, as well as several unofficial ones. The oldest interface for Windows is called the "Wizard Front End" and offers several useful features such as status readouts, macros, and limited scripting abilities. The Wizard has since been superseded with the "StormFront" Front End introduced in 2003, which itself has been rebranded as "Wrayth" in 2022. Wrayth offers several additional extensions to the game, including a "point and click" interface that allows one to click on text within the game and bring up action menus applicable to that portion of text. The Java FE and a browser-based version named "eScape" are less popular alternatives. A Wizard (similar to the Windows version) also exists for Macintosh Classic, while a Front End named "Avalon" is available for Mac OS X. No official Linux client exists.

History
GemStone was first demonstrated to GEnie in 1987 before Simutronics was officially incorporated. It was only used as a demonstration model and was never available to the general subscribers. GemStone ][ was released in April 1988 to GEnie customers. However, GemStone ][ was very short-lived, and GemStone III went into open beta testing in December 1989, officially launching on February 1, 1990. The transition from "][" to "III" maintained significant portions of the environment, but not all, and character records were not maintained over the transition, requiring all players to begin anew. GemStone III evolved into GemStone IV in November 2003, but the game world and character records were maintained over the transition. GemStone III was promoted on GEnie by promising players the opportunity to receive real-life versions of gems found in-game, something that persisted for many years.

GemStone originally operated with a license to use the Rolemaster game mechanics and Shadow World environment from Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE). In 1995, Simutronics and ICE agreed to let the business relationship expire, necessitating the removal of all ICE intellectual property from GemStone. Many of the game changes were simply renaming ICE names, such as changing the world name from Kulthea to Elanthia, and renaming the deities while keeping their previous characteristics.

Game mechanics were greatly changed with the de-ICEing (as the period is colloquially named), which required every game character to undergo significant changes. Character racial and class choices were also changed, making any direct translation between the two systems difficult. The end result was that every character was required to "re-roll" their character with the option to change race and skills, but maintaining their old experience level, class, and equipment.

GemStone became available on AOL in September, 1995, just after the de-ICEing process. It had already become available on CompuServe and Prodigy before that. When AOL switched to flat-rate pricing, GemStone did over 1.4 million customer-hours in a single month and was attracting 2,000-2,500 simultaneous players. Simutronics launched a web portal in 1997, and started phasing customers off of the online services and onto the web interface, although it would take several years before the last of the online service portals were closed.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in 1991 stated that Gemstone III was a good example of the best and worst aspects of online play. The reviewer liked the game's community aspect and well-written prose, but criticized the poor parser, "surprisingly empty" game environment and—given the per-minute charge—lack of a free tutorial, and concluded that "the present incarnation of on-line games doesn't quite work for him". In a follow-up 1993 review, the reviewer weote that his sojourn in Kulthea was a rewarding experience. He reported receiving help from both built-in commands and other characters and the ability and opportunity for his bard character to sing. The reviewer concluded that "at last, I know why" the game was so popular. In 1997 Next Generation named it as number seven on their "Top 10 Online Game Picks". At its peak (1996), GemStone III had over 2,000 simultaneous users and 1 million play hours per month, large numbers for its era.

In 2020 and 2021, GemStone III inspired retrospectives by Elizabeth Landau in Wired and Gizmodo. She noted its ability to facilitate human communication and its similar nature to later MMORPGs and social media.

 1998 Finalist, "Online Game of the Year", Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences
 December 1996, AOL Members' Choice Award

GemStone IV - Shattered
In May 2010, GemStone IV - Shattered was released by Simutronics. It allows unrestricted player-vs-player combat and has no policy against automated play.

References

External links
 GemStone IV website

MUD games
1988 video games
Video games developed in the United States
Simutronics games

GemStone IV


Cape Muzon is a cape located in the Alexander Archipelago of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the southernmost point of Dall Island and the headland marking the northwestern extremity of the Dixon Entrance. The boundary line separating Alaska from Canada runs very close to Cape Muzon, although according to the Alaska Boundary Treaty Cape Muzon is defined precisely as the western end of the so-called A-B Line, part of the Canada–United States border.

The name comes from Jacinto Caamaño, who named it Cabo de Muñoz in 1792. George Vancouver adopted Caamaño's place names and apparently transposed two letters, making Muzon. In 1787 George Dixon called it Cape Pitt. It has been known by other names such as Cape Irving, Kaigani, Caiganee, and Kygane. Its native name was published in Russian as Mys Kaygany by Captain Tebenkov in 1852. During the maritime fur trade era the trading site known as "Kaigani" was located close to Cape Muzon.

See also
 List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States
 Alaska boundary dispute

References

Canada–United States border
Canada–United States border disputes
Muzon
Landforms of Prince of Wales–Hyder Census Area, Alaska

Cape Muzon


Arnan "Sini" Azaryahu (26 June 1917 – 26 November 2008) was a long-time political insider within the Israeli government, where he served as a trusted aide and confidant to Minister Yisrael Galili, a close ally and advisor to Israeli prime minister Golda Meir.

Biography
Arnan "Sini" Azaryahu was an officer in the general staff of the Palmach, a leader in the Kibbutz Hameuchad movement, and later a senior aide and confidant to Minister Yisrael Galili.

Sini was born in 1917 in Haifa to Sarah and Yosef Azaryahu, teachers and Zionists who were among the founders of Tel Aviv. In 1941, Sini was recruited by the Palmach, a Mandate-era Jewish fighting force. He was cultural and education officer just two years later, a position that he held until the Palmach's dissolution in 1949. Sini also served as Galili's adjutant officer while he was head of the national headquarters of the Haganah, a Jewish defense organization during the British Mandate that became the backbone of the Israeli Defense Force after independence. He held the same position under General Yigal Allon along the southern front of the War of 1948. After independence, Sini joined the secretariat of the Hakibbutz Hameuchad, a part of the Kibbutz Movement associated with the Achdut Ha'Avodah party. He became an envoy to the United States in this capacity in the late 1950s.

Though Sini was not a member of the narrow group around Prime Minister Ben Gurion that had given birth to the nuclear project, his close relationship with many top Israeli security officials, especially Munya Mardor and Galili, gave him an inside look at some key junctions in Israel's nuclear history. In 1962 Sini prepared a memo for Galili for the first closed-door Israeli top-level strategic conference on the nuclear program that Ben Gurion conducted. The compromise policy that Ben Gurion ultimately adopted in the wake of that conference may have planted the seeds of Israel's nuclear opacity policy. Sini also often discussed nuclear issues in meetings with officials, such as his conversations with Munya Mardor, the director of RAFAEL, after the Six-Day War, and with Galili before and after the Yom Kippur War of 1973.

After the Likud party gained power in 1977, Sini left his role in the government. Two years later, he founded the Galilee Center in Yad Tabenkin, which focused on security issues. Sini died in November 2008.

Bibliography
Cohen, Avner. "The Avner Cohen Collection." Arnan "Sini" Azaryahu. The Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, 3 Oct. 2013. Web. 05 Nov. 2013. .

References

External links
 Interview with Arnan "Sini" Azaryahu by Avner Cohen at The Nuclear Proliferation International History Project.

1917 births
2008 deaths
Nuclear history

Arnan Azaryahu


Covered with Ants is the sixth album by the Huntington Beach, California punk rock band Guttermouth, released in 2001 by Epitaph Records. It was the band's first album for Epitaph, having ended their contract with Nitro Records the previous year. The album continued the band's style of fast, abrasive punk rock with tongue-in-cheek humor and sarcastic lyrics, but found them experimenting with instruments they had not used before such as organ, banjo, and fiddle. A music video was filmed for the song "She's Got the Look." Covered With Ants would be the band's last recording with founding member James Nunn, and after his departure their music would take a different direction on 2002's Gusto.

Track listing
All songs written by Guttermouth
"That's Life" – 3:01
"Can I Borrow Some Ambition?" – 2:18
"Secure Horizons" – 2:50
"She's Got the Look" – 2:41
"Looking Good is All That Matters" – 2:11
"I'm Destroying the World" – 1:59
"Chug-a-Lug Night" – 3:38
"What You Like About Me" – 3:04
"I Won't See You in the Pit" – 1:09
"Black Enforcers" – 2:11
"Cram it Up Your Ass" – 6:36

In popular culture
A clean version of "I'm Destroying the World" was featured in the soundtrack for Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3.

Personnel
Mark Adkins - vocals
Scott Sheldon - guitar
Eric "Derek" Davis - guitar
James "The Captain" Nunn - bass guitar
William Tyler "Ty" Smith - drums
Chris Colonnier - organ on "Cram it Up Your Ass"
Brantley Kearns - fiddle
Sascha Lazor (Mad Caddies) - banjo

Production
Jim Goodwin - recording, producer
Scott Sheldon - producer
Eric Davis - producer
Eddie Schreyer - mastering
Art and layout by Steve Rapp - art, layout design

References

Guttermouth albums
Epitaph Records albums
2001 albums

Covered with Ants


Charles Baker (1809 – August 3, 1891), also known as Henry Baker, was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Biography

Born in 1809 in the Georgetown area of Washington, D.C., Baker was living in New York City when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a quarter gunner on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he was among the crew of a small boat sent from Metacomet to rescue survivors of the , which had been sunk by a naval mine (then known as "torpedoes"). Despite intense fire, the boat crew was able to pull ten Tecumseh men from the water. For this action, Baker was awarded the Medal of Honor a year and a half later, on January 15, 1866. Baker's first name is given in some records as "Henry", and his medal is inscribed with that name. Five other members of the boat crew also received the Medal of Honor: Seaman James Avery, Ordinary Seaman John C. Donnelly, Captain of the Forecastle John Harris, Seaman Henry Johnson, and Landsman Daniel Noble.

Baker's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Served on board the U.S.S. Metacomet. As a member of the boat's crew which went to the rescue of the U.S. monitor Tecumseh when that vessel was struck by a torpedo in passing the enemy forts in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864, Q.G. Baker braved the enemy fire which was said by the admiral [ David Farragut ] to be "one of the most galling" he had ever seen, and aided in rescuing from death 10 of the crew of the Tecumseh, eliciting the admiration of both friend and foe.

Baker died on August 3, 1891, at age 80 or 81 and was buried at Mount Moriah Cemetery in lot 296 of the Naval Plot.

See also

List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A-F

References

1809 births
1891 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials at Mount Moriah Cemetery (Philadelphia)
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
People of Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
Union Navy sailors
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients

Charles Baker (Medal of Honor)


Peter Huybers (born 1974) is an American climate scientist, and Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University, in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences.

Life and work
Peter Huybers received a B.S. in physics in 1996 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, and a Ph.D. in climate chemistry and physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2004.  He was a NOAA Postdoctoral Fellow in Climate and Global Change in the Geology and Geophysics Department at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 2004 to 2006.

Huybers has multiple research interests related to climate science.  First, Huybers is investigating the long-term climate cycles.  He has advanced the hypothesis that a 41,000 year period of change connected to the Earth's tilt on its axis is dominant during the past 800,000 years, and that every second or third of these cycles produce a major deglaciation event. This deglaciation also appears to trigger changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, perhaps in part coming from radically increased volcanic activity during deglaciation.  Second, he is studying annual temperature variations.  Finally, Huybers is developing models to estimate historic temperatures based on the limited evidence available to us.

Huybers has published in Science, Nature, Geophysical Research Letters, Quaternary Science Reviews, Paleoceanography, Climate of the Past and the Journal of Physical Oceanography.

After completing West Point, his military career included leading a tank platoon as part of peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and testing technologies to reduce friendly fire at the Mounted Warfare Testbed at Fort Knox, Kentucky.  Huybers is married to Downing Lu, a military physician assigned to the pediatric intensive care unit at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

Awards
He is the recipient of multiple awards, including a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 2009, a Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering in 2009, the AGU James B. Macelwane Medal in 2009, a Harvard University Center for the Environment Fellowship in 2005, the MIT Carl-Gustaf Rossby Prize in 2004, and a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship in 2001.

References

External links
Peter Huybers: 'Ice ages are the outstanding mystery in Earth sciences'

1974 births
Living people
American climatologists
United States Military Academy alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Harvard University faculty
MacArthur Fellows

Peter Huybers


The Gardens at Elm Bank, home of Massachusetts Horticultural Society, occupies  of Elm Bank Reservation, a  recreational area of woodlands, fields, and former estate property on the Charles River managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. The estate's entrance is located at 900 Washington Street (Route 16), Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States, with the major portion of the grounds located in the neighboring town of Dover. In 1987, the entire site was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Elm Bank.

History

Property records date back to 1732 when Thomas Fuller owned the tract on land then known as the Natick Plain. The property earned the sobriquet Elm Bank after Colonel John Jones acquired the land in 1740 and planted elm trees along the riverside. After being occupied by families named Loring, Broad, and Otis, the property was sold for $10,000 in 1874 to Benjamin Pierce Cheney, a founder of a delivery company that became American Express. At the time of Cheney's death in 1895, the property contained over 200 acres (80 hectares), and passed to his eldest daughter Alice in 1905. In 1907, Alice and her husband, Dr. William Hewson Baltzell, engaged the architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings to design a Neo-Georgian manor house. They also commissioned the Olmsted Brothers firm, the most prominent landscape designers of the era, for the estate's site planning and to design new gardens and improve existing ones. In the 1940s, the property became a seminary housing a group of Stigmatine Fathers, who constructed a school building and ran a summer camp in the 1960s and 1970s. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts purchased the property in the mid 1970s. It then served as the home of the Quinobin Regional Technical School.

In 1996, an effort was successfully undertaken by Dr. John C. Peterson, President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society to secure a new educational and garden site for Mass Hort in the suburbs of Boston, a long time dream of the organization. Peterson undertook intense studies and collaborative investigations with various agencies of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, including the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) to develop a project plan and business plan that would justify and enable Mass Hort to secure a long term lease for the Horticultural Society. Due to the efforts of Dr. John C. Peterson, support was gained from the MDC, Department of Environmental Management, the Secretary of the Environment and the Governors office to propose legislation that would shortly thereafter be enacted into law by the State Legislature to authorize a land lease of 36 acres of the Elm Bank Reservation / formally the Cheney Estate to The Massachusetts Horticultural Society for a term of 100 years.

The Horticultural Society, under Peterson's direction, then undertook a multi-year design and planning effort working with a world renown botanical and garden landscape architect from the Netherlands, Pieter van Loon, President of Eurolandscapes in Morekapella, The Netherlands. John Peterson and Pieter van Loon collaboratively develop a site Master Plan for The Elm Bank Horticulture Center gardens and facilities. This Master Plan and vision for the future facility components, established and solidified the Mass Hort Society site as a garden and educational program site based facility for the first time in its 125+ year history.  Next, significant fund raising efforts were launched and donations and grants were secured, under the direction of Peterson and Chief Fundraising Officer, Kathleen Sharkey, that enabled the Mass Hort organization to commence with significant site development and improvement projects. Historic gardens and building renovations were completed, educational gardens and plant growing facilities were constructed, and educational and operational building facilities were developed to accommodate Master Gardener training programs, as well as educational programs and events for Society members as well as the general public.

The Society, under the direction of its President, Dr. John C. Peterson, cultivated and solidified collaborations with a wide range of Plant Societies, Garden Clubs and commercial horticulture firms to expand upon the scope and character of the Elm Bank Horticulture Center features, gardens, programs and facilities. These advancements and improvements strengthened the role of the Massachusetts Horticulture Society as a key site and leading entity that provided educational and information and training programs to plant enthusiasts throughout Massachusetts and the New England Region.  The new gardens, office, educational program, event and meeting space solidified the Massachusetts Horticulture Society as a year-round powerhouse in the public horticulture, display, demonstration and educational and horticultural information centers in the New England Region.  As the overall site and individual garden spaces matured and grew in significance, the society began to charge non-member visitors an entrance fee in 2010,. The gardens' maintenance is supported through entrance fees, special events, and private usages such as garden weddings.

Gardens
The distinct gardens featured at Elm Bank include:

Weezie's Garden for Children
A series of small spiraling gardens, each giving visitors the opportunity to plant, water or interact in some way with the garden's elements. Children's classes are held throughout the spring, summer and fall in this special garden.

Mass Hort Trial Garden

A cooperative effort between the University of Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Flower Growers' Association and Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Breeding companies from all over the world contribute Annuals for viewing by amateur and professional Gardeners. This garden also tests unreleased varieties competing for All-America Selections awards, displays previous winners, and grows hundreds of cultivars submitted for evaluation by commercial plant breeders.

Italianate Garden
Restoration of the 1926 Italianate Garden was based on the original plans from the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, together with a numbered plant list - and even receipts - for the original trees and flowers planted in the garden.

Display Gardens
The Noanett Garden Club, the New England Chapter of the Herb Society of America, and the American Rhododendron Society maintain collaborative demonstration and display gardens at Elm Bank. The Day Lily Society installed a garden in 2004.

See also

 List of botanical gardens in the United States
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
 Hunnewell Estates Historic District
 Arnold Arboretum

References

External links
Massachusetts Horticultural Society
Elm Bank Reservation Department of Conservation and Recreation

Botanical gardens in Massachusetts
Gardens in Massachusetts
Dover, Massachusetts
Wellesley, Massachusetts
State parks of Massachusetts
Protected areas of Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Historic districts in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Landforms of Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Houses in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Protected areas established in 1987
1987 establishments in Massachusetts

Elm Bank Horticulture Center


Bernhard Meyer (January 21, 1885 – February 6, 1974) born in Hematite, Missouri, was a baseball outfielder for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1913), Baltimore Terrapins (1914–15), Buffalo Blues (1915) and Philadelphia Phillies (1925).

In four seasons he played in 310 major league games and had 1,041 at bats, 146 runs, 276 hits, 29 doubles, 17 triples, 7 home runs, 84 RBIs, 46 stolen bases, 158 walks, .265 batting average, .365 on-base percentage, .346 slugging percentage, 360 total bases and 31 sacrifice hits.

After retiring as a player, he worked as a coach for the Philadelphia Phillies under manager Art Fletcher. He served as a non-playing captain in 1924. He coached with the Detroit Tigers under manager Bucky Harris. He developed a reputation for his loudness as a coach for Detroit and was the subject of an article in The Sporting Life in 1929. He managed the Grand Rapids Chicks in 1945.

He died in Festus, Missouri, at the age of 89.

References

Sources

1885 births
1974 deaths
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League managers
Baltimore Terrapins players
Baseball players from Missouri
Brooklyn Superbas players
Buffalo Blues players
Chicago White Sox scouts
Detroit Tigers coaches
Major League Baseball right fielders
Mobile Sea Gulls players
Newark Indians players
Philadelphia Phillies coaches
Philadelphia Phillies players
People from Jefferson County, Missouri
Seattle Siwashes players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Miami Indians players
Hutchinson Salt Packers players

Benny Meyer


The monarchy of Thailand refers to the constitutional monarchy of the Kingdom of Thailand (formerly Siam). The king of Thailand; , historically, king of Siam; ) is the head of state and head of the ruling Royal House of Chakri.

Although the current Chakri Dynasty was created in 1782, the existence of the institution of monarchy in Thailand is traditionally considered to have its roots from the founding of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238, with a brief interregnum from the death of Ekkathat to the accession of Taksin in the 18th century. The institution was transformed into a constitutional monarchy in 1932 after the bloodless Siamese Revolution of 1932. The monarchy's official ceremonial residence is the Grand Palace in Bangkok, while the private residence has been at the Dusit Palace.
The king of Thailand is head of State, head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, adherent of Buddhism and upholder of religions.

History

Origin

The current concept of Thai kingship evolved through 800 years of absolute rule. The first king of a unified Thailand was the founder of the Kingdom of Sukhothai, King Sri Indraditya, in 1238. The idea of this early kingship is said to be based on two concepts derived from Hinduism and Theravada Buddhist beliefs. The first concept is based on the ancient Indian Khattiya (, or warrior-ruler, in which the king derives his powers from military might. The second is based on the Buddhist concept of Dhammaraja (, Buddhism having been introduced to Thailand around the 6th century CE. The idea of the Dhammaraja (or kingship under Dharma) is that the king should rule his people in accordance with Dharma and the teachings of the Buddha.

These ideas were briefly replaced in 1279, when King Ramkhamhaeng came to the throne. Ramkhamhaeng departed from tradition and created instead a concept of "paternal rule" (, in which the king governs his people as a father would govern his children. This idea is reinforced in the title and name of the king, as he is still known today, Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng ( meaning 'Father Ruler Ramkhamhaeng'. This lasted briefly. By the end of the kingdom, the two old concepts returned as symbolized by the change in the style of the kings: "Pho" was changed to "Phaya" or Lord.

Kings of Ayutthaya

The Kingdom of Sukhothai was supplanted by the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, which was founded in 1351 by King Ramathibodhi I. During the Ayutthayan period, the idea of kingship changed. Due to ancient Khmer tradition in the region, the Hindu concept of kingship was applied to the status of the leader. Brahmins took charge in the royal coronation. The king was treated as a reincarnation of Hindu gods. Ayutthaya historical documents show the official titles of the kings in great variation: Indra, Shiva and Vishnu, or Rama. Seemingly, Rama was the most popular, as in "Ramathibodhi". However, Buddhist influence was also evident, as many times the king's title and "unofficial" name "Dhammaraja", an abbreviation of the Buddhist Dharmaraja. The two former concepts were re-established, with a third, older concept taking hold. This concept was called "Devaraja" ( (or "divine king"), which was an idea borrowed by the Khmer Empire from the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of Java, especially the idea of a scholar class based on Hindu Brahmins. The concept centered on the idea that the king was an incarnation (avatar) of the god Vishnu and that he was a Bodhisattva (enlightened one), therefore basing his power on his religious power, his moral power, and his purity of blood.

The king, portrayed by state interests as a semi-divine figure, then became—through a rigid cultural implementation—an object of worship and veneration to his people. From then on the monarchy was largely removed from the people and continued under a system of absolute rule. Living in palaces designed after Mount Meru ("home of the gods" in Hinduism), the kings turned themselves into a "Chakravartin", where the king became an absolute and universal lord of his realm. Kings demanded that the universe be envisioned as revolving around them, and expressed their powers through elaborate rituals and ceremonies. For four centuries these kings ruled Ayutthaya, presiding over some of the greatest period of cultural, economic, and military growth in Thai History.

Sakdina and Rachasap

The Kings of Ayutthaya created many institutions to support their rule. Whereas feudalism developed in the European Middle Ages, Ayutthayan King Trailokanat in the 15th century instituted sakdina, a system of social hierarchy which ranked the king's subjects according to the amount of land they were entitled to, according to their rank and position.

Rachasap is required by court etiquette as an honorific register consisting of a special vocabulary used exclusively for addressing the king, or for talking about royalty.

Royal authority
The king was chief administrator, chief legislator, and chief judge, with all laws, orders, verdict and punishments theoretically originating from his person. The king's sovereignty was reflected in the titles "Lord of the Land" ( Phra Chao Phaen Din) and "Lord of Life" ( Chao Chiwit). The king's powers and titles were seen by foreign observers as proof that the king was an absolute monarch in the European sense. However, in Siamese tradition the duty and responsibility of the king was seen as developed from the ancient Indian theories of royal authority, which resemble Enlightened Absolutism, although the emphasis is not on rationality but on Dhamma. This was disrupted in 1767, when Thai digests of the dhammasāt () were lost when a Burmese army under the Alaungpaya Dynasty invaded, sacked and burned the city of Ayutthaya.

Kingdom restored
An interlude filled by a short civil war was ended when Taksin restored the country under what has been called the Thonburi Kingdom. Kingship during the Thonburi period saw the adoption of the 'personal kingship' system that was previously administered under Naresuan (but abandoned after his death). Taksin treated the concept of kingship by abandoning the shroud of mysticism usually adopted by many Ayutthayan monarchs; he often revealed himself to the common folk by partaking in public activities and traditional festivities. He did little to emphasize his new capital, Thonburi, as the spiritual successor to Ayutthaya. He also emphasized the building of moats and defensive walls in Thonburi.

Chakri kings

In 1782, Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke ascended the throne and moved the capital from the Thonburi side to the Bangkok side of the Chao Phraya River. There he established the House of Chakri, the current ruling dynasty of Thailand. (This first reign was later designated as that of Rama I in the list of Rama Kings of Thailand.) He also established the office of Supreme Patriarch as the head of the Sangha, the order of Buddhist monks.

During the Rattanakosin period the Chakri kings tried to continue the concepts of Ayutthayan kingship once again emphasizing the connection between the sovereign and his subjects. On the other hand, they continued to not relinquish any authority of the throne. Kings Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) and Nangklao (Rama III) created a semblance of a modern administration by creating a supreme council and appointing chief officers to help with the running of the government.

Mongkut (Rama IV) marked a significant break in tradition when he spent the first 27 years of his adult life as a Buddhist monk during which time he became proficient in the English language, before ascending the throne. As king, he continued the appointment of officers to his supreme council, the most notable being Somdet Chao Phraya Prayurawongse and Si Suriyawongse, both of whom acted as Chief Ministers for King Mongkut (and the latter as regent, from the king's death in 1868 until 1873.)

Chulalongkorn (Rama V) ascended the throne as a minor at age 15 in 1868, and as King of Siam on 16 November 1873. As a prince, he had been tutored in Western traditions by the governess, Anna Leonowens. Intent on reforming the monarchy along Western lines, during his minority he traveled extensively to observe western administrative methods. He transformed the monarchy along Western lines of an "enlightened ruler". He abolished the practice of prostration in front of the monarch, and repealed many laws concerning the relationship between the monarch and his people, while continuing many of the ancient aspects and rituals of the old kingship. In 1874, he created a privy council copied from the European tradition, to help him rule his Kingdom. During his reign Siam was pressured to relinquish control of its old tributaries of Laos and northern Malaya to Western powers, Siam itself narrowly avoided being colonized. In 1905, 37 years after his coronation, Chulalongkorn ended slavery with the Slave Abolition Act. In 1867 slaves accounted for one-third of the Siamese population.

His son, Vajiravudh (Rama VI), ascended to the throne in 1910 and continued his father's zeal for reform to bring the monarchy into the 20th century. The perceived slow pace of reform resulted in the Palace Revolt of 1912. In 1914, Vajiravudh determined that the act providing for invoking martial law, first promulgated by his father in 1907, was not consistent with modern laws of war, nor convenient for the preservation of the security of the state, so it was amended to a more modern form that, with minor amendments, continued in force through subsequent changes in government.

Prajadhipok (Rama VII) succeeded his brother in 1925. The Eton and Sandhurst educated monarch created a council similar to a cabinet, where the most important government officials could meet to decide state affairs. This advisory and legislative council, styled the Supreme Council of State of Siam (Thai: อภิรัฐมนตรีสภา) was founded on 28 November 1925 and existed until 1932.

Constitutional monarchy

In June 1932, a group of foreign-educated students and military men called "the promoters" carried out a bloodless revolution, seized power and demanded that King Prajadhipok grant the people of Siam a constitution. The king agreed and in December 1932 the people were granted a constitution, ending 150 years of absolute Chakri rule. From then on the role of the monarch was relegated to that of a symbolic head of state. His powers from then on were exercised by a prime minister and the national assembly.

In 1935 Prajadhipok (Rama VII) abdicated the throne, following disagreements with the government. He lived in exile in the United Kingdom until his death in 1941. The king was replaced by his young nephew Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII). The new king was 10 years old and was living abroad in Switzerland. A council of regents was appointed in his place. During this period the roles and powers of the king were entirely usurped by the fascist government of Plaek Phibunsongkhram, who changed the name of the kingdom from Siam to Thailand, and aligned it on the side of the Axis powers in the Pacific theatre of World War II. By the end of the war Phibunsongkhram was removed and the young king returned. The Free Thai movement provided resistance to foreign occupation during the war and helped rehabilitate Thailand after the war.

After Rama VIII's sudden death from a bullet wound in 1946, Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), aged 19 years old, became the new monarch. In establishing his rule, the king was aided by the efforts of the US government, who used the monarchy as a bulwark against communist gains in Southeast Asia.

King Bhumibol was the world's longest reigning monarch at the time of his death in October 2016. He died on 13 October 2016 at the age of 88.

The monarchy in the 21st century

Since 2000, the role of the Thai monarchy has been increasingly challenged by scholars, students, media, observers and traditionalists, and as pro-democracy interests began to express their speech. Many deemed that a series of laws and measures relating to lèse majesté in Thailand are hindrances to freedom of expression. Dozens of arrests, hundreds of criminal investigations and multiple imprisonments have been made based on these laws. King Bhumibol Adulyadej's speech in his 2005 national birthday broadcast could be interpreted that he welcomed criticism.

The lèse-majesté law is part of Thailand's Criminal Code and has been described as "world's harshest lèse majesté law" and "possibly the strictest criminal-defamation law anywhere". Political scientist Giles Ungpakorn noted that "the lèse-majesté laws are not really designed to protect the institution of the monarchy. In the past, the laws have been used to protect governments and to shield military coups from lawful criticism. This whole [royal] image is created to bolster a conservative elite well beyond the walls of the palace." Thai activist and magazine editor Somyot Prueksakasemsuk, who was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment for lèse-majesté in 2013, is a designated prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International.

The king is assisted in his work and duties by the Private Secretary to the King of Thailand and the Privy Council of Thailand, in consultation with the head of the cabinet, the Prime Minister. In accordance with the constitution the king is no longer the originator of all laws in the kingdom; that prerogative is entrusted to the National Assembly of Thailand. All bills passed by the legislature, however, require his royal assent to become law. The monarchy's household and finances are managed by the Bureau of the Royal Household and the Crown Property Bureau respectively, these agencies are not considered part of the Thai government and all personnel are appointed by the king.

The junta which took power in 2014 has been aggressive in jailing critics of the monarchy. In 2015, it spent US$540 million, more than the budget of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on a promotional campaign called "Worship, protect and uphold the monarchy." The campaign includes television commercials, seminars in schools and prisons, singing contests, and competitions to write stories and films praising the king. "This is not propaganda," Prayut Chan-o-cha, the leader of the junta, said. "The youth must be educated on what the king has done."

In its fiscal year (FY) 2016 budget, the ruling military government has increased its expenditure for "upholding, protecting and preserving the monarchy" to 18 billion baht (US$514 million), an increase of 28 per cent for this budget line item since 2014 when it took power. Budget allocations to support the monarchy in FY2020 amount to 29.728 billion baht, or 0.93% of the total budget.

Timeline of monarchs

Royal regalia

The present set of royal regalia of Thailand (Khrueang Raja Kakudhabhand,  and the royal utensils was created mostly during the reign of King Rama I and Rama IV, after the previous set was lost during the sack of Ayutthaya by the Burmese in 1767. The regalia is used mainly during the coronation ceremony of the king at the beginning of every reign. The regalia is presently on display in the Museum of the Grand Palace in Bangkok.

 Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella (Phra Maha Swetachatra; พระมหาเศวตฉัตร)- the most important regalia. Currently there are seven, distributed at various palaces.
 Great Crown of Victory (Phra Maha Phijay Mongkut; พระมหาพิชัยมงกุฎ)- official headgear.
 Sword of Victory (Phra Saengkharga Jay Sri; พระแสงขรรค์ชัยศรี)- found at Tonlé Sap in 1784, the sword represents military power.
 Royal Staff (Dharn Phra Korn; ธารพระกร)- symbol of justice
 Royal Fan and Flywhisk (Walawijani; วาลวีชนี)- Royal fan made of gold and the royal flywhisk made from the tail of a white elephant.
 Royal Slippers (Chalong Phra Bada; ฉลองพระบาท)- official footwear made of gold

The Thai royal utensils (Phra Khattiya Rajuprapoke; พระขัตติยราชูปโภค) are also for the personal use of the monarch, comprising:

 the Betel nut set
 the water urn
 the libation vessel
 the receptacle.

These unique objects are always placed on either side of the king's throne or his seat during royal ceremonies.

Other symbols of kingship
Royal White Elephant- usually one to represent each reign, the current one resides at Dusit Zoo; the king also has 10 others.
Royal Garuda- Emblem of the king and of Thailand
Royal Standard of Thailand- Official standard of the king
Royal Flags- Personal flags of the king and royal family
Sansoen Phra Barami - The royal anthem
Traditional Band of the Royal Family of Thailand - Marching band using traditional Thai musical instruments, they usually accompany the royal family and perform at ceremonies where a member of the royal family presides.

Royal ceremonies

The king and other members of his family carry out many royal ceremonies per year, some dating from the 13th century.

Royal coronation ceremony
Royal Barge Procession
The Changing of the Robes of the Emerald Buddha
Trooping the Colours and Armed Forces Pledge of Loyalty
Military Colours Consecration and Pledge Taking Ceremony
Oath of Allegiance Ceremony
Speech from the Throne to the National Assembly of Thailand
Royal Funeral Ceremony

Royal orders and decorations

The king is sovereign of several Royal Orders and Decorations, the prerogative to appoint and remove any persons from these orders are at the king's discretion. However, sometimes recommendations are made by the Cabinet of Thailand and the Prime Minister. There are twelve Royal Orders and some of these have separate classes.
The Most Auspicious Order of the Rajamitrabhorn: Established on 11 June 1962 by King Rama IX to be bestowed upon foreign heads of state.
The Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri: Established in 1882 by King Rama V of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) to commemorate the Bangkok Centennial.
The Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems: Established in 1851 by King Rama IV of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand). The order is bestowed upon the members of the Thai royal family and distinguished high-ranking officials who have given service to the kingdom and who are Buddhist.
The Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao: Established on 16 November 1873 by King Rama V of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) to commemorate the 90th Jubilee of the Chakri Dynasty, and bears his name.
The Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit: Established on 1 August 1911 by King Rama VI of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) to reward personal service to the sovereign.
The Honourable Order of Rama: Established on 22 July 1918 (B.E. 2461) by King Rama VI of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand), to be bestowed onto those who have rendered special military services either in peace or in wartime.
The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant: Established in 1861 by King Rama IV of the Kingdom of Siam. Along with the Order of the Crown of Thailand, it is regularly awarded to government officials for each five years of service, making it Thailand's most-awarded order.
The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand: Established in 1869 by King Rama V of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) for Thais, the royal family, governmental employees, and foreign dignitaries for their outstanding services to the Kingdom of Thailand.
The Most Admirable Order of the Direkgunabhorn: Established by King Rama IX on 22 July 1991 (B.E.2534) to be bestowed upon those who have rendered devotional services to the Kingdom of Thailand.
The Vallabhabhorn Order: Established on 22 March 1919 (B.E. 2461) by King Rama VI of The Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand).
The Order of Ramkeerati: Established on 26 November 1987 (B.E. 2530) by King Rama IX of Thailand to be bestowed onto those who have rendered constant service and support to Boy Scout activities for at least five consecutive years.
The Vajira Mala Order: Established on 28 May 1911 (B.E. 2454) by King Rama VI of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand).

See also
 List of honours of Thailand awarded to heads of state and royalty
 List of honours of the Thai Royal Family by country
 Network monarchy
 Sacred king
 King's Cup Sepaktakraw World Championship

Notes

References

Bibliography

 The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (2007) – Wikisource.
 Aryan, Gothan (15 – 16 September 2004), Thai Monarchy, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Retrieved on 5 July 2006, presented in Kathmandu, Nepal.
 Kullada Kesboonchoo Mead, The Rise and Decline of Thai Absolutism, RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.

External links

Websites
  of the Thai monarchy

E-books

Government of Thailand
Monarchs in Southeast Asia
Kingdoms
Heads of state of Thailand

Monarchy of Thailand


Pangasinan, officially the Province of Pangasinan (, ; ; ), is a coastal province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region of Luzon. Its capital is Lingayen. Pangasinan is in the western area of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea. It has a total land area of . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 3,163,190. The official number of registered voters in Pangasinan is 1,651,814. The western portion of the province is part of the homeland of the Sambal people, while the central and eastern portions are the homeland of the Pangasinan people. Due to ethnic migration, the Ilocano people settled in the province.

Pangasinan is the name of the province, the people and the spoken language. Indigenous Pangasinan speakers are estimated to number at least 2 million. The Pangasinan language, which is official in the province, is one of the officially recognized regional languages in the Philippines. In Pangasinan there were several ethnic groups that enriched the cultural fabric of the province. Almost all of the people are Pangasinans and the rest are descendants of Bolinao and Ilocano that settled the eastern and western parts of the province. Pangasinan is spoken as a second-language by many of the ethnic minorities in Pangasinan. The secondary ethnic groups are the Bolinao-speaking Zambals, and Ilocanos.

Popular tourist attractions in Pangasinan include the Hundred Islands National Park in Alaminos the white-sand beaches of Bolinao and Dasol. Dagupan is known for its Bangus Festival ("Milkfish Festival"). Pangasinan is also known for its mangoes and ceramic oven-baked Calasiao puto ("native rice cake"). Pangasinan occupies a strategic geo-political position in the central plain of Luzon. Pangasinan has been described as the gateway to northern Luzon.

Etymology
The name Pangasinan means "place of salt" or "place of salt-making"; it is derived from the prefix pang-, meaning "for", the root word asin, meaning "salt", and suffix -an, signifying "location". The Spanish form of the province's name, Pangasinán, remains predominant, albeit without diacritics and so does its pronunciation: . The province is a major producer of salt in the Philippines. Its major products include bagoong ("shrimp-paste") and alamang ("salted-krill").

History

Early history

Pangasinan, like the rest of the Philippine islands, was settled by Austronesian peoples by sea during the Austronesian expansion. They established settlements along the Lingayen Gulf and was part of the ancient Austronesian trade routes to India, China, and Japan, since at least the 8th century AD. The primary industry along the coastal areas was salt-making, which is the origin of the name "Pangasinan" ("place of salt-making"). The interior lands were called "Caboloan" ("place of bolo bamboos"), referring to the abundance of bolo bamboo (Gigantochloa levis).

Pangasinan is identified with "Feng-chia-hsi-lan" which appears in Ming Dynasty Chinese records. They are believed to have sent emissaries to China with symbolic "tributes" from 1403 to 1405, which was required to establish trade relations.

In the sixteenth-century Pangasinan was called the "Port of Japan" by the Spanish. The locals wore native apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks. Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments. They blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners which were likened to that of animals. They used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households. Japanese-style gunpowder weapons were encountered in naval battles in the area. In exchange for these goods traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves but also deerskins, civet and other local products. Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south.

Pangasinans were also described as a warlike people who were known for their resistance to Spanish conquest. Bishop Domingo Salazar described Pangasinans as the fiercest and cruelest in the land. They were untouched by Christianity but like Christians they used vintage wine in small quantities for sacramental practices. The church bragged that they, not the Spanish military, won the northern part of the Philippines for Spain. The church was strict with adulterers with the punishment being death for both parties. Pangasinans were known to take defeated Sambal, (Aeta) and Negrito warriors to sell as slaves to Chinese traders.

Christianity
In 1324, Odoric of Pordenone, a Franciscan missionary from Friuli, Italy, is believed by some to have celebrated a Catholic Mass and baptized natives at Bolinao. In July 2007, memorial markers were set up in Bolinao to commemorate Odoric's journey based on a publication by Luigi Malamocco. The 1324 mass would have predated the mass held in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan which is generally regarded as the first mass in the Philippines by some 197 years. However, historian William Henry Scott concluded after examining Oderic's writings about his travels that he likely never set foot on Philippine soil and if he did there is no reason to think that he celebrated mass.

Spanish colonial era
On April 27, 1565, the Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in the Philippine islands with about 500 soldiers and established a Spanish settlement. On May 24, 1570, the Spanish forces defeated Rajah Sulayman and other rulers of Manila and later declared Manila as the new capital of the Spanish East Indies. After securing Manila the Spanish forces continued to conquer the rest of the island of Luzon including Pangasinan.

Provincia de Pangasinán
In 1571, the Spanish conquest of Pangasinan began with an expedition by the Spanish conquistador Martín de Goiti who came from the Spanish settlement in Manila through Pampanga. About a year later another Spanish conquistador, Juan de Salcedo, sailed to Lingayen Gulf and landed at the mouth of the Agno River. Limahong, a Chinese pirate, fled to Pangasinan after his fleet was driven away from Manila in 1574. Limahong failed to establish a colony in Pangasinan, as an army led by Juan de Salcedo chased him out of Pangasinan after a seven-month siege.

Pangasinan as a province dates back to an administrative and judicial district, with Lingayen as the capital, as early as 1580 but its territorial boundaries were first delineated in 1611. Lingayen has remained the capital of the province except for a brief period during the revolutionary Era when San Carlos served as temporary administrative headquarters and during the slightly longer Japanese Occupation when Dagupan was the capital.

The province of Pangasinan was formerly classified as an alcaldía mayor de término or first class civil province during the Spanish regime and has remained a first class-A province up to the present day. Its territorial jurisdiction once included most of the entire province of Zambales and portions of what are now Tarlac and La Union provinces.

Rebellion against the Spanish rule

Malong liberation
Andres Malong, a native chief of the town of Binalatongan (now named San Carlos City), liberated the province from Spanish rule in December 1660. The people of Pangasinan proclaimed Andres Malong Ari na Pangasinan ("King of Pangasinan"). Pangasinan armies attempted to liberate the neighboring provinces of Pampanga and Ilocos, but were repelled by a Spanish-led coalition of loyalist tribal warriors and mercenaries. In February 1661, the newly independent Kingdom of Pangasinan fell to the Captaincy General of the Philippines.

Palaris liberation
On November 3, 1762, the people of Pangasinan proclaimed independence from Spain after a rebellion led by Juan de la Cruz Palaris. The Pangasinan revolt was sparked by news that Manila had fallen to the British on October 6, 1762. The Traité de Paris ended the Seven Years' War between Britain, France and Spain on March 1, 1763. On January 16, 1765, Juan de la Cruz Palaris was captured and Pangasinan independence was lost again.

Philippine revolution

The Katipunan, a nationalist secret society, was founded on July 7, 1892, with the aim of uniting the peoples of the Philippines in the fight for independence and religious freedom. The Philippine Revolution began on August 26, 1896, and was led by the leader of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio. On November 18, 1897, a Katipunan council was formed in western Pangasinan with Presidente Generalisimo Roman Manalang and General Mauro Ortiz. General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence on June 12, 1898. Dagupan, the major commercial center of Pangasinan, was surrounded by Katipunan forces on July 18, 1898. The Battle of Dagupan lasted from July 18 to 23 of that year with the surrender of 1,500 Spanish soldiers under Commander Federico J. Ceballos and Governor Joaquin de Orengochea.

The Battle of Dagupan was fought by local Katipuneros under the command of General Francisco Makabulos and the last remnants of the once mighty Spanish Army under General Francisco Ceballos.  Three local heroes fought in the five-day battle, Don Daniel Maramba of Santa Barbara, Don Vicente Prado of San Jacinto and Don Juan Quezada of Dagupan. Their armies amassed in Dagupan making a last stand at the brick-walled Catholic Church.

Maramba led the liberation of the town of Santa Barbara on March 7, 1898, following a signal for simultaneous attack from Makabulos. Hearing that Santa Barbara fell to the rebels Spanish forces in Dagupan attempted to retake the town but were repelled by Maramba's forces. After the setback the Spanish decided to concentrate their forces in Lingayen in order to protect the provincial capital. This allowed Maramba to expand his operations to include Malasiqui, Urdaneta and Mapandan which he defeated in succession. He then defeated the town of Mangaldan before proceeding to the last Spanish garrison in Dagupan. On March 7, 1898, rebels under the command of Prado and Quesada attacked convents in the province of Zambales which now constitute western Pangasinan.

Attacked and brought under Filipino control were Alaminos, Agno, Anda, Alos, Bani, Balincaguin, Bolinao, Dasol, Eguia and Potot. The revolt then spread to Labrador, Sual, Salasa and many other towns in the west. The towns of Sual, Labrador, Lingayen, Salasa and Bayambang were occupied first by the forces of Prado and Quesada before they attacked Dagupan.

On April 17, 1898, General Makabulos appointed Prado to politico-military governor of Pangasinan with Quesada as his second in command. In May 1898 General Emilio Aguinaldo returned from his exile in Hong Kong following the signing of the Pact of Biac-na-Bato in December 1897. Aguinaldo's return gave renewed the flames of the revolution. On June 3, 1898, General Makabulos entered Tarlac.

So successful were the Katipunan in their many pitched battles against Spanish forces that on June 30, 1898, Spanish authorities decided to evacuate all forces to Dagupan for a last stand against the rebels. They were ordered to go to Dagupan were all civilian and military personnel, including members of the volunteer locales of towns not yet in rebel hands. Those who heeded this order were the volunteer forces of Mangaldan, San Jacinto, Pozorrubio, Manaoag, and Villasis. Among the items brought to Dagupan was the image of the Most Holy Rosary of the Virgin of Manaoag which was the patron saint of Pangasinan.

The siege began when the forces of Maramba and Prado converged in Dagupan on July 18, 1898. The arrival of General Makabulos strengthened the rebel forces until the Spanish, holed up inside the Catholic Church, waved the flag of surrender five days later. The poorly armed Filipino rebels were no match for the Spanish and loyal Filipino soldiers holed inside the Church.  The tempo of battle changed when the attackers under the command of Don Vicente Prado devised a crude means of protection to shield them from Spanish fire while advancing. They used trunks of bananas bundled up in sawali which enabled them to move upon the Church.

American invasion era

Northern Zambales ceded to Pangasinan
On November 30, 1903, several municipalities from northern Zambales including Agno, Alaminos, Anda, Bani, Bolinao, Burgos, Dasol, Infanta and Mabini were ceded to Pangasinan by the American colonial government. These municipalities were a part of the homeland of the Sambal people who wanted to remain within the Zambales province. This 1903 colonial decision has yet to be reverted.

Pangasinan and other parts of the Spanish East Indies were ceded to the Americans after the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War. During the Philippine–American War Lieutenant Col. José Torres Bugallón of Salasa fought together with Gen. Antonio Luna to defend the First Philippine Republic against American colonization in Northern Luzon. Bugallon was killed in battle on February 5, 1899. The First Philippine Republic was abolished in 1901. In 1907 the Philippine Assembly was established and for the first time five residents of Pangasinan were elected as its district representatives. In 1921, Mauro Navarro, representing Pangasinan in the Philippine Assembly, sponsored a law to rename the town of Salasa to Bugallon in  honor of General Bugallon.

Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated as the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with collaboration from the United States of America on November 15, 1935.

The 21st Infantry Division were stationed in Pangasinan during the pre-World War II era. Anti-Japanese Imperial military operations included the fall of Bataan and Corregidor along with aiding the USAFFE ground force from January to May 1942 and the Japanese Insurgencies and Allied Liberation in Pangasinan from 1942 to 1945.

Philippine independence
After the declaration of Independence on July 4, 1946, Eugenio Perez, a Liberal Party congressman representing the fourth district of Pangasinan, was elected Speaker of the lower Legislative House. He led the House until 1953 when the Nacionalista Party became the dominant party.

Pangasinan, which is historically and geographically part of the Central Luzon Region, is made politically part of the Ilocos Region (Region I) in the gerrymandering of the Philippines by Ferdinand Marcos, despite the fact that Pangasinan has its distinct primary language, which is Pangasinan. The political classification of Pangasinan as part of the Ilocos Region has generated confusion among some Filipinos. The residents of Pangasinan are Ilocanos even though Ilocanos constitute a minority in the province. Pangasinan is an ethnic group with a distinct language and culture. Its economy is larger than the Ilocano provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and La Union and its population is more than 50 percent of the population of Region 1.

In February 1986 Vice Chief of Staff General Fidel V. Ramos, head of the Philippine Integrated National Police and a native of Pangasinan, became an instrumental figure in the EDSA people power revolution which deposed President Ferdinand Marcos.

After the downfall of Marcos all local government unit executives were ordered by President Corazon Aquino to vacate their posts. Some local executives were ordered to return to their seats as in the case of Mayor Ludovico Espinosa of Dasol who claimed to have joined UNIDO during the height of the EDSA Revolution. Fidel Ramos was appointed as AFP Chief of Staff and later as Defense Secretary replacing Juan Ponce Enrile. Oscar Orbos, a congressman from Bani, was appointed by Aquino to head the Department of Transportation and Communications and later to Executive Secretary.

On May 11, 1992, Fidel V. Ramos ran for President. He became the first Pangasinense President of the Philippines. Under his leadership, the Philippines recovered from the oil and power crisis of 1991. His influence sparked the economic growth of Pangasinan when it hosted the 1995 Palarong Pambansa (Philippine National Games).

Jose de Venecia, who represented the same district as Eugenio Perez, was the second Pangasinense to become Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1992. He was reelected again in 1995. De Venecia was selected by the Ramos' administration party Lakas NUCD to be its presidential candidate in 1998. De Venecia ran but lost to Vice President Joseph Estrada. Oscar Orbos ran for vice president but lost to Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, whose mother, former First Lady Evangelina Macaraeg-Macapagal, hails from Binalonan.

Arroyo ascended to the presidency after the second EDSA Revolution when President Joseph Estrada was overthrown.

Contemporary
In May 2004 actor-turned-politician Fernando Poe, Jr. of San Carlos City ran for president against incumbent Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. The Pangasinan vote was split by the two presidential candidates, both with Pangasinan roots. Arroyo was elected president but her victory was tainted by charges of electoral fraud and vote-buying.

Geography

Physical
Pangasinan is located in the west central area of Luzon in the Philippines. It is bordered by La Union to the north, Benguet and Nueva Vizcaya to the northeast, Nueva Ecija to the southeast, and Zambales and Tarlac to the south. To the west of Pangasinan is the South China Sea. The province also encloses Lingayen Gulf.

The province has a land area of . It is  north of Manila,  south of Baguio,  north of Subic International Airport and Seaport, and  north of Clark International Airport. At the coast of Alaminos, the Hundred islands have become a famous tourist spot.

The terrain of the province, as part of the Central Luzon plains, is typically flat, with a few parts being hilly and/or mountainous. The northeastern municipalities of San Manuel, San Nicolas, Natividad, San Quintin and Umingan have hilly to mountainous areas at the tip of the Cordillera mountains. The Zambales mountains extend to the province's western towns of Labrador, Mabini, Bugallon, Aguilar, Mangatarem, Dasol, and Infanta forming the mountainous portions of those towns.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported several inactive volcanoes in the province: Amorong, Balungao, Cabaluyan, Cahelietan, Candong, and Malabobo. PHIVOLCS reported no active or potentially active volcanoes in Pangasinan. A caldera-like landform is located between the towns of Malasiqui and Villasis with a center at about 15° 55′ N and 120° 30′ E near the Cabaruan Hills.

Several rivers traverse the province. The longest is the Agno River which originates in the Cordillera Mountains of Benguet and eventually terminates at Lingayen Gulf. Other major rivers include the Bued River, Angalacan River, Sinocalan River, Patalan River and the Cayanga River.

Administrative divisions

The province of Pangasinan is subdivided into 44 municipalities, 4 cities, and 1,364 barangay (which means "village" or "community"). There are six congressional districts in the province.

The capital of the province is Lingayen. In ancient times, the capital of Pangasinan was Binalatongan, now San Carlos. During Japanese occupation, Dagupan was made a wartime capital.

Independent city
 Dagupan

Component cities
Alaminos
San Carlos
Urdaneta

Municipalities

Agno
Aguilar
Alcala
Anda
Asingan
Balungao
Bani
Basista
Bautista
Bayambang
Binalonan
Binmaley
Bolinao
Bugallon
Burgos
Calasiao
Dasol
Infanta
Labrador
Laoac
Lingayen
Mabini
Malasiqui
Manaoag
Mangaldan
Mangatarem
Mapandan
Natividad
Pozorrubio
Rosales
San Fabian
San Jacinto
San Manuel
San Nicolas
San Quintin
Santa Barbara
Santa Maria
Santo Tomas
Sison
Sual
Tayug
Umingan
Urbiztondo
Villasis

Barangays
Pangasinan has 1,364 barangays comprising its 44 municipalities and 4 cities, ranking the province at 3rd with the most barangays in a Philippine province, only behind the Visayan provinces of Leyte and Iloilo.

Longos Amangonan Parac‑Parac Fabrica is the longest named barangay in the Philippines.  It is situated in the municipality of San Fabian, Pangasinan. The most populous barangay in the province is Bonuan Gueset in Dagupan with a population of 22,042 as of 2010. If cities are excluded, Poblacion in the municipality of Lingayen has the highest population at 12,642. Iton in Bayambang has the lowest with only 99 as of the 2010 census.

Demographics

Population

The population of Pangasinan in the 2020 census was 3,163,190 people, with a density of .

The Pangasinan people (Totoon Pangasinan) are called Pangasinan or the Hispanicized name Pangasinense, or simply taga-Pangasinan, which means "native of Pangasinan". Pangasinan people were known as traders, businesspeople, farmers and fishers. Pangasinan is the third most-populated province in the Philippines. The estimated population of the indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language in the province of Pangasinan is almost 2 million and is projected to double in about 30 years. According to the 2000 census 47 percent of the population are native Pangasinan and 44 percent are Ilocano settlers. Indigenous Sambal people predominate in the westernmost municipalities of Bolinao and Anda. The Pangasinan people are closely related to the Austronesian-speaking peoples of the Philippines as well as Indonesia and Malaysia.

Languages

The Pangasinan language is an agglutinative language. It belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian language family and is the primary language of the province of Pangasinan, as well as northern Tarlac and southwestern La Union. The Pangasinan language is similar to the other Malayo-Polynesian languages of the Philippines, as well as Indonesia and Malaysia. It is closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet, located northwest of Pangasinan. The Pangasinan language along with Ibaloi are classified under the Pangasinic group of languages. The other Pangasinic languages are:
 Karao
 Iwaak
 Keley-I
 I-Kallahan
 Ibaloi
 Tinoc
 Kayapa

Aside from their native language, many educated Pangasinans are highly proficient in Ilocano, English and Tagalog. Pangasinan is mostly spoken in the central part of the province in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th districts, and is the second language in other parts of Pangasinan. Ilocano is widely spoken in the westernmost and easternmost parts of Pangasinan in the 1st, 5th and 6th districts, and is the second language in other parts of Pangasinan. Ilocanos and Pangasinans speak Ilocano with a Pangasinan accent, as descendants of Ilocanos from first generation who lived within Pangasinan population learned Pangasinan language. Not all of Pangasinans speak Ilocano, as Pangasinan was part of Central Luzon before it was transferred to Ilocos Region. Bolinao, a Sambalic language is widely spoken in the western tip of the province in the towns of Bolinao and Anda.

Languages not native in Pangasinan (aside from Ilocano) are spoken by other minority ethnic groups, such as Kapampangan, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Maranao and Cordilleran languages to varying degrees by their respective ethnic communities within the province.

Religion
The dominant religion in Pangasinan is Roman Catholicism with 80% affiliation in the population. The Aglipayan Church comes in second with 10% of the population. Other religious denominations are divided with other Christian groups such as Members Church of God International. Iglesia Ni Cristo has 5 Ecclesiastical Districts (Rosales, Urdaneta, San Carlos, Lingayen and Alaminos). Each town has already locale chapels and has 4% adherence in the province. Baptist, Methodist, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses and Seventh-day Adventist. Few are strict believers and continue to practice their indigenous anito beliefs and rituals, like most of the people of the Philippines.

Spanish and American missionaries introduced Christianity to Pangasinan. Prior to the Spanish conquest in 1571, the predominant religion of the people of Pangasinan was similar to the indigenous religion of the highland Igorot or the inhabitants of the Cordillera Administrative Region on the island of Luzon, who mostly retained their indigenous culture and religion. A translation of the New Testament (excluding Revelation) in the Pangasinan language by Fr. Nicolas Manrique Alonzo Lallave, a Spanish Dominican friar assigned in Urdaneta, was the first ever translation of a complete portion of the Bible in a Philippine language. Pangasinan was also influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam to a lesser extent before the introduction of Christianity. Some Pangasinense people have reverted to their indigenous religion of worshiping Ama Kaoley or Ama-Gaolay, while the Sambal people of the west have reverted to their indigenous religion worshiping Malayari.

Economy

The province's economy is mainly agricultural due to its vast fertile plains. More than 44 percent of its agricultural area is devoted to crop production. Aside from being one of the Philippine's rice granaries, Pangasinan is also a major producer of coconut, mango and eggplant. Pangasinan is the richest province in the Ilocos Region.

Energy
The 1200 megawatt Sual coal-fired power plant and 345 megawatt San Roque multi-purpose dam in the municipalities of Sual and San Manuel, respectively, are the primary sources of energy in the province.

Marine
Pangasinan is a major fish supplier in Luzon and a major producer of salt in the Philippines. It has extensive fishponds mostly for raising bangus or "milkfish" along the coasts of Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea. Pangasinan's aquaculture includes oyster and sea urchin farms.

Salt is also a major industry. In salt evaporation ponds seawater is mixed with sodium bicarbonate until the water evaporates and the salt remains. This is their ancient tradition inspired from Egypt.

Agriculture
The major crops in Pangasinan are rice, mangoes, corn, and sugar cane. Pangasinan has a land area of 536,819 hectares, and 44 percent of the total land area of Pangasinan is devoted to agricultural production.

Financial
Pangasinan has 593 banking and financing institutions.

Health and education
There are thousands of public schools and hundreds of private schools across the province for primary and secondary education. Many Pangasinans go to Metro Manila, Baguio, and the United States for tertiary and higher education.

Pangasinan has 51 hospitals and clinics and 68 rural health units (as of July 2002). Although some residents go to other parts of the Philippines, Metro Manila, Europe and the United States for extensive medical tests and treatment, almost all Pangasinans go to the major medical centers in the cities of Dagupan, San Carlos and Urdaneta.

Culture
The culture of Pangasinan is a blend of the indigenous Malayo-Polynesian and western Hispanic culture with some Indian and Chinese influences as well as American influences. Pangasinan is westernized yet retains a strong native Austronesian background.

The main centers of Pangasinan culture are Dagupan, Lingayen, Manaoag, Calasiao and San Carlos City.

Government

The incumbent governor of Pangasinan is Ramon Guico III along with Vice Governor Mark Lambino, son of Cagayan Economic Zone Authority (CEZA) and Presidential Adviser for Northern Luzon Raul Lambino. Among prominent figures who served as Governor of Pangasinan include Francisco Duque Jr., former Secretary of Department of Health (Philippines), Conrado Estrella, former secretary of Department of Agrarian Reform, Tito Primicias, Vicente Millora, Daniel Maramba, Oscar Orbos, Victor Agbayani and Amado Espino Jr.

Here are the other newly elected officials beginning June 30, 2022:

District Representatives
 1st District: Arthur Celeste
 2nd District: Mark Cojuangco
 3rd District: Rachel Arenas
 4th District: Christopher de Venecia
 5th District: Ramon Guico Jr.
 6th District: Marlyn Primicias-Agabas

Provincial Board Members
 1st District: Napoleon Fontelera Jr. and Apolonia Bacay
 2nd District: Philip Theodore Cruz and Haidee Pacheco
 3rd District: Shiela Baniqued and Vici Ventenilla
 4th District: Marinor de Guzman and Jerry Rosario
 5th District: Chinky Perez-Tababa and Louie Sison
 6th District: Noel Bince and Salvador Perez Jr.
 Liga ng mga Barangay Provincial President: TBA
 PCL Pangasinan President: TBA
 Sangguniang Kabataan Provincial President: TBA

Notable people

Notable people either born or residing in Pangasinan include:

 José Torres Bugallón, Filipino military officer who fought during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War, from Bugallon (named after him, it was previously named Salasa).
 Carmen Velasquez, National Scientist of the Philippines for Parasitology, from Bayambang.
 Perla Santos-Ocampo, National Scientist of the Philippines for Pediatrics, from Dagupan.
 Francisco Sionil José, National Artist of the Philippines for Literature, from Rosales.
 Victorio Edades, National Artist of the Philippines for Visual Arts– Painting, from Dagupan.
 Salvador Bernal, National Artist of the Philippines for Theater and Design, from Dagupan.
 President Fidel V. Ramos, who was born in Lingayen and hails from Asingan.
 Narciso Ramos, a journalist, lawyer, assemblyman and ambassador, and one of the founding fathers of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), born in Asingan.
 Manuel Moran, 7th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, who was born in Binalonan.
 Jhosep Lopez, 190th Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, born in Umingan
 Senator Geronima Tomelden-Pecson, the first female senator of the Philippines, was a native of Lingayen.
 Senator Pedro María Sison, delegate to the Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1935, from Urdaneta.
 Senator Cipriano Primicias Sr., from Alcala
 Senator Leticia Ramos-Shahani (Senator of the Philippines, 1987–1998), born in Lingayen and hails from Asingan.
 Senator Ambrosio Padilla, vice-president of the Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986, born in Lingayen.
 Senator Rene Cayetano (Senator of the Philippines, 1998–2003), from San Carlos City.
 Speaker Eugenio Perez, 8th Speaker of the House of Representatives (Philippines) from Pangasinan, born in Basista.
 Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr., 17th Speaker of the House of Representatives (Philippines), born in Dagupan.
 Conrado Estrella III, House Representative for the Abono Partylist, former 6th District Representative of Pangasinan (1987-1995; 2001-2010)
 Deputy Speaker Rose Marie Arenas noted socialite and philanthropist
Maria Rachel Arenas former Movie and Television Review and Classification Board  Chairman and first woman representative of Pangasinan
 Eva Macapagal, First Lady of the Philippines in 1961–1965 and mother of Former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, from Binalonan.
 Jacqueline Aquino Siapno, a professor from Dagupan, former interim first lady of East Timor.
 Gabriel C. Singson, the former governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, from Lingayen.
 Hermogenes Esperon Jr., Former AFP Chief of Staff and current adviser of National Security Council (Philippines), born in Asingan.
 Arturo Lomibao, 11th Chief of the Philippine National Police, from  Mangaldan
 Edward Soriano, retired United States lieutenant general and is the highest-ranking Filipino American officer to have served in the United States military, and the first promoted to a general officer., from Alcala
 Romeo de la Cruz, former Solicitor General of the Philippines from Urdaneta City.
 Thomas Orbos, current undersecretary of Department of Transportation (Philippines), brother of former Governor Oscar Orbos, natives from the town of Bani.
 Oscar Orbos, a native of Bani, a former governor and TV host.
 Carlos Bulosan, author of America Is in the Heart, from Binalonan.
 Larry Itliong,  Filipino-American labor organizer, from San Nicholas.
 Ermin Garcia, journalist and newspaper publisher, from San Fabian
 Julius Babao, ABS-CBN news anchor, TV/Radio host, born in Dagupan.
 Cheryl Cosim, TV5 news anchor, TV/Radio host is from Dagupan.
 Maki Pulido, GMA news anchor, hails from Anda.
 Carmen Rosales, Filipina actress and World War II guerilla fighter, born in Rosales.
 Fernando Poe Sr., former action star, from San Carlos City.
 Barbara Perez, veteran actress, born in Urdaneta City.
 Lolita Rodriguez, actress, born in Urdaneta City.
 Gloria Romero, a veteran actress, hails from Mabini.
 Nova Villa, GMA veteran actress, from Mangatarem
 Mitoy Yonting, first winner of The Voice of the Philippines, lead singer Draybers., from Calasiao.
 Papa Jack, TV Radio Broadcaster and DJ, from Alcala.
 Mocha Uson, Assistant Secretary of Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO), born in Dagupan.
 Jhong Hilario, ABS-CBN comedian host , dancer and actor, born in Asingan.
 Jane Oineza, ABS-CBN Teen Actress from Bani.
 Danny Ildefonso, two-time PBA Season MVP, five-time Best Player of the Conference, three-time Finals MVP, All-Star Game MVP, Rookie of the Year, Comeback Player of the Year, eight-time PBA Champion and one of the 40 Greatest Players in PBA History, from Urdaneta City.
 Marc Pingris, two-time Finals MVP, three-time Defensive Player of the Year, All-Star Game MVP, Most Improved Player, eight-time PBA Champion and one of the 40 Greatest Players in PBA History, from Pozorrubio
 Marlou Aquino, Rookie of the Year, Best Player of the Conference, Defensive Player of the Year, three-time PBA Champion and one of the 40 Greatest Players in PBA History, from Santa Barbara.
 Hajji Alejandro, Filipino singer
Rachel Alejandro, opm singer and actress, from Alaminos.
Lordy Tugade, Finals MVP and PBA Champion, from Alaminos.
Niña Jose, ABS-CBN actress, politician, mayor of Bayambang, from Bayambang.
Leo Soriano, former bishop of the United Methodist Church in the Philippines from 2000 to 2012, from Binalonan

See also

Pangasinan literature
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan
Roman Catholic Diocese of Alaminos
Roman Catholic Diocese of Urdaneta

References

Bibliography
  Agoncillo, Teodoro A. History of the Filipino People.  (Quezon City:  Garotech Publishing, Eighth Edition, 1990).
  Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. Pangasinan, 1572–1800. (Quezon City:  University of the Philippines Press, 1974; New Day Publishers, 1975).
  Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. Pangasinan, 1801–1900:  The Beginnings of Modernization.  (Cellar Book Shop, April 1991).
  Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. Pangasinan, 1901–1986:  A Political, Socioeconomic, and Cultural History.  (Cellar Book Shop, April 1991).
  Cortes, Rosario Mendoza. The Filipino Saga:  History as Social Change.  (Quezon City:  New Day Publishers, 2000).
  Craig, Austin. "Lineage Life and Labors of Jose Rizal". (Manila: Philippine Education Company, 1913).
  Mafiles, Victoria Veloria; Nava, Erlinda Tomelden.  The English Translations of Pangasinan Folk Literature.  (Dagupan, Philippines:  Five Ed Printing Press, 2004).
  Quintos, Felipe Quintos. Sipi Awaray Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolucion Filipina). (Lingayen, Pangasinan:  Gumawid Press, 1926).
  Samson-Nelmida, Perla.  Pangasinan Folk Literature,  A Doctoral Dissertation.  (University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City:  May 1982).

External links

 Official Tourism Website of Pangasinan
 Official Website of the Provincial Government of Pangasinan
 Provincial Profile at the National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines
 Local Governance Performance Management System
 Pangasinan Wikipedia
 Salt production in Pangasinan
 Philippine Standard Geographic Code
 Philippine Census Information

Provinces of the Philippines
Provinces of the Ilocos Region
States and territories established in 1611
1611 establishments in the Philippines

Pangasinan


Russell G. Mawby (February 23, 1928 – October 20, 2017) was an American academic and philanthropist who served as chairman emeritus of the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. He led the W.K. Kellogg Foundation for 25 years, during which he was credited for creativity in programming by providing opportunities for youth and leadership in the field.

Early life and philanthropy
Mawby was born in Kent County, Michigan in 1928 and grew up on a fruit farm.

Education and career
Mawby attended Michigan State University and graduated with a baccalaureate degree in horticulture and was a member of Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity. In 1951 he completed his Master's degree in Agricultural Economics from Purdue University, and in 1959 he received his doctorate, also in Agricultural Economics, from Michigan State University.

He served on the faculties of both institutions once he completed his degrees and later became a professor and assistant director of the Cooperative Extension Service responsible for 4-H Clubs and youth programming throughout Michigan.

In December 1964, upon the completion of his doctorate degree, Mawby joined the staff of the W.K. Kellogg Foundation as director of the Division of Agriculture. In that position, he developed the Michigan Agricultural Leadership Program, which became a model for the national rural leadership movement. Just three years later he was promoted to vice president and in 1970 became the president and chief executive officer.

The Kellogg Foundation became the national leader in providing support and funding for innovative programs in a number of fields including adult continuing education, access to primary health care, and the development of leadership, especially through the Kellogg National Fellowship Program. Additionally, he spearheaded projects throughout the United States of America, Europe, and Latin America. Upon Mawby's retirement in 1995, he served as a foundation trustee until 2000 and served as an honorary trustee until 2017.

Leadership positions
Director of the Division of Agriculture- The W.K. Kellogg Foundation, December 1964- August 1967
Vice President of Programs- The W.K. Kellogg Foundation, January 1966- December 1967
Vice President- The W.K. Kellogg Foundation, December 1967- May 1970
President and Chief Executive Officer- The W.K. Kellogg Foundation, May 1970- July 1995
Chairman Emeritus- The W.K. Kellogg Foundation, August 1995 – October 2017
Member of the Board of Trustees- The W.K. Kellogg Foundation, December 1967- December 2000
Honorary Trustee- The W.K. Kellogg Foundation, December 2000- December 2003, January 2007– October 2017

Dr. Russell G. Mawby Fellowship in Philanthropic Studies
In 2007, the Mawby Fellowship was established at the Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy at Grand Valley State University (GVSU), located in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

The fellowship is an interdisciplinary project that pairs one GVSU faculty member with two undergraduate students on a research topic focusing on the intersection between any field of academic study and/or the theory and/or practice of philanthropy. This ongoing fellowship program honors Mawby's lifelong devotion to nurturing, mentoring, and opening doors of opportunity for youth worldwide, as well as his quarter century of leadership in the world of philanthropy as the CEO of the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.

Russell G. Mawby collection
In 2007, Mawby made a gift of his personal papers to the Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy at Grand Valley.  This archive documents the accomplishments of a central leader in the statewide and national philanthropic fields during a pivotal time in their history, beginning with the run-up to the Tax Reform Act of 1969, covering its turbulent aftermath, continuing with the increasing diversification of philanthropy during the 1980s, the massive growth in giving caused by the tech boom of the 1990s and carrying forward to the present day.

The Mawby Collection is the signature holding of the Johnson Center Philanthropy Archives and is available to researchers online and at the Seidman House.  Russell G. Mawby finding aid lists in detail the materials in the collection. Speeches and field notes are accessible online in the digital collection.

Publications
Mawby, along with James Richmond, authored a book detailing his life throughout his childhood into his retirement on all of his philanthropic work. Russell G. Mawby: Recollections of a Man Whose Epitaph Would Say 'He Cared' was written in 2006.

References

External links
The W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy
The Johnson Center Philanthropy Archives Digital Collection
Russell Mawby Collection, Johnson Center Philanthropy Archives at Grand Valley State University Special Collections
Russell Mawby Collection finding aid (PDF)
Historical Philanthropy Timeline
Tribute honoring the life and legacy of Dr. Russell Mawby,
Obituary

1928 births
2017 deaths
Michigan State University alumni
Purdue University College of Agriculture alumni
People from Kent County, Michigan
Place of death missing
20th-century American philanthropists

Russell Mawby