The 1998 World Youth Games was the first international multi-sport event of its kind. More than 7,500 young athletes representing 140 countries of the world participated in this event. The Games took place in Moscow, Russia from July 11 to 19, 1998.

Ceremony

The opening ceremony was held in the Luzhniki Stadium (Стадион "Лужники"). It included 32 International Olympic Committee (IOC) members, 43 National Olympic Committee (NOC) presidents, Boris Yeltsin – then current President of the Russian Federation, Yuri Luzhkov – mayor of Moscow, with the presence of 80,000 spectators. One of the most emotional moments of the ceremony was the arrival of the Olympic flame, after traveling through 13 regions of the Russian Federation. Another spectacular moment was when 2 Russian cosmonauts greeted all the spectators directly from Orbital Station Mir. The mayor of Moscow and the IOC President addressed the spectators, and Boris Yeltsin declared the World Youth Games opened.

Participants and sports
More than 7,500 young athletes under 17 years of age representing 140 countries competed in a variety of sports that included basketball, football, volleyball, handball, tennis and table tennis, track and field athletics, swimming, synchronized swimming, gymnastics and modern rhythmic gymnastics, fencing, judo and Greco-Roman wrestling.

Objective
The main objectives of the first World Youth Games were to involve the young participants in the Olympic movement and promote the Olympic spirit of friendship and mutual understanding among peoples, preparing their psychological and aptitude conditions for international starts and also selecting young talents for the participation in future Olympic Games.

Beginning from 2010, the Youth Olympic Games were to be held every four years in staggered summer and winter events complementing the Olympic Games, thus rendering the World Youth Games obsolete.

Mascot
The motto of the World Youth Games was "the open world for childhood" and its mascot was Mishka (Мишка)  – the Russian Bear that was also the mascot of the XXII Summer Olympic Games in Moscow 1980.

Initiation
On November 27, 1995, a small government delegation from Moscow visited the headquarters of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne, Switzerland in order to rally support for the organization of a major international youth competition under IOC patronage in the Russian capital. Moscow's delegation argued that the city had a strong experience of staging sport events. The IOC granted its patronage to the "World Youth Games" and an agreement was signed in April 1997 between the IOC, the city of Moscow and the Russian Olympic Committee, setting out the event.

Nations

Infrastructure
After the agreement was signed, Moscow started its infrastructure preparations. It undertook 2 major projects. The first was the renovation of the Luzhniki Sports Arena, which was completed in September, 1997 at Moscow's 850th anniversary. The stadium was built in 1955, and in 1980 it became the heart of the XXII Summer Olympic Games. The other major project was the construction of the Olympic village. This contraction was placed under the control of the city administration and it was based on the plan of the 1980 Olympic Village. The Village constituted of five 19-to-25 story buildings, a complex-sport gymnasium, a cycling track and a massive cafeteria. In addition, its landscape included artificial hills and a lake. Later, this complex-building became one of the most prestigious residential areas in the city.

See also
Youth Olympic Games

References

World Youth Games, 1998
Sports competitions in Moscow
W
International sports competitions hosted by Russia
1998 in Moscow
Multi-sport events in Russia
World Youth Games
July 1998 sports events in Russia

1998 World Youth Games


The New York Jets are an American football team. They are a part of the National Football League abbreviation (NFL). Even though they are called the New York Jets they play in New Jersey. They hail from the same stadium as the New York Giants. They have many fans in New York and New Jersey. The New York Jets started playing in 1960. They have only won one championship.

The Jets were originally called the New York Titans. They played their games in the Polo Grounds. When they moved to Shea Stadium in 1964, they were called the Jets. That was a more modern-sounding name, and it also rhymed with "New York Mets", the other team that played its games at Shea. The New York Jets have won only one super bowl in 1969 , this victory was guaranteed by their QB, Joe Namath,  in the media in the weeks leading up to the game.

References

Other websites
Official Site

New York Jets
National Football League teams

New York Jets


HMS Vautour was 16-gun brig-sloop of the British Royal Navy. The navy captured her from the French on the stocks in 1809 and commissioned her in 1810. She foundered in October 1813.

Origin and capture
Vautour was a  of 16 guns, one of 32 built between 1804 and 1814. The French Navy had ordered her construction in 1806 and her keel was laid down in October 1806.

Vautour was taken on the stocks on 16 August 1809, at Flushing (Vlissingen's dock-yard slip) during the unsuccessful British Walcheren expedition of August 1809 to seal The River Scheldt and Antwerp. Vautour described in 1812 as "the only remaining trophy in our Navy of the expedition to the Scheldt."

Career
Vautour arrived at Chatham for finishing on 20 November 1809. She was hauled onto Chatham slipway on 4 May 1810, and relaunched on 15 September 1810. Because there was already a  in service, the Navy retained her French name.

Commander John Parish commissioned Vautour in July 1810. Commander Paul Lawless replaced Parish in 1811. Lawless had distinguished himself at the Scheld as captain of the bomb vessel .

On 19 December 1810, Vautour was cruising off La Hogue, Northern France, in company of , in strong winds. Satellite foundered during the night. In the morning Vautour picked up her empty boats and some deck spars, but no other vestige was found.

Between 1811 and 1812, Vautour was based at Portsmouth. From there she patrolled and escorted convoys in the Channel.

At some point in early 1812, the Reverend George Cuthbert sued Lawless for "a gross assault". Once the facts of the case had been established, Cuthbert did not pursue the case further, even though the circumstances of the case would not admit of a proffered apology.

On 5 September 1812, Vautour sailed from Portsmouth chasing the 16-gun sloop , which had left three days earlier, to request her land her army money cargo at Lisbon, instead of Oporto. Vautour arrived Oporto on the 13th, but too late, so turned back, arriving Lisbon on the 17th. Vautour had a crew of 105; Captain Lawless (who was a 1st Lieutenant); 2nd Lieutenant Soper, 4 midshipmen; Her armament was fourteen 24-pound guns & 2 long nines; from Journal of army Lieutenant Larpent. Larpent wrote, "Vautour", 'a fast-sailing brig' was also known as 'Vauteur' (her French name) and 'Vulture' (a sloop called HMS Vuture was already in The Navy). Larpent shared the Captain's windowless 10 by 12 foot cabin; the Admiralty paid him £21 for the transport "of Deputy Judge Advocate Larpent to Lisbon".

On 14 November 1812, Vautour recaptured the brig Margaret.

The same day, Vautour and , Lieutenant Augustus Baldwin, recaptured the brig Peace.

On 22 January 1813 Vautour sailed for the Leeward Islands, with the West India convoy. There she joined the Jamaica station.

Fate
Vautour disappeared in the English Channel in October 1813 with the loss of Lawless and his entire crew. Her loss is possibly related to the wreck that month of an unknown sloop at Portreath on the coast of Cornwall. The Admiralty did not officially pay her off until August 1814. The Archeological Data Service has a website on the loss that allocates the location to Pentreath.

Notes

Citations

References

External links

1809 ships
Captured ships
Brigs of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in 1813
Missing ships
Warships lost with all hands

HMS Vautour (1810)


The Nexus Trilogy is a postcyberpunk thriller novel trilogy written by American author Ramez Naam and published between 2012-2015. The novel series follows the protagonist Kaden Lane, a scientist who works on an experimental nano-drug, Nexus, which allows the brain to be programmed and networked, connecting human minds together. As he pursues his work, he becomes entangled in government and corporate intrigue. The story takes place in the year 2040.

Nexus tied for Best Novel in the 2014 Prometheus Awards given out by the Libertarian Futurist Society. It was also shortlisted for the 2014 Arthur C. Clarke award. Nexus was published in 2012. Its sequel, Crux, was published in 2013. The third volume of the trilogy, Apex, was published in 2014, and won the 2015 Philip K. Dick Award. The film rights to Nexus were purchased by Paramount in 2013.

Plot summary

Nexus

Samantha Cataranes (Sam), an agent for the Emerging Risks Directorate (ERD) of the United States government, arrives undercover at a party looking for Kaden Lane. Kaden is there testing Nexus 5, an illegal, experimental nano-drug for direct input and output of brain signals. Sam talks with Kaden about his work and he invites her to be a part of a Nexus 5 study. Sam goes to the study and meets Kaden's close friends and colleagues: Rangan Shankari, Ilya Alexander, and Watson Cole (Wats). Sam takes Nexus 5, connecting her mind with the others, and they discover who she is and Kade uses Nexus to knock her out. When Sam awakes she threatens the group with prison, and promises a pardon in exchange for Kade's help. Wats escapes before the ERD extracts the group. The ERD describe a mission to spy on Su-Yong Shu, a brilliant Chinese neuroscientist who is implicated in murder and brain control coercion. Kade agrees to work with the ERD and hands over Nexus 5. Kade and the group are sent to retrieve the Nexus 5 data, and on the way, they install a backdoor into the Nexus 5 operating system.

Sam is required to have permanent integration with Nexus 5, despite her disagreement with Warren Becker, the Enforcement Division Deputy Director at the ERD. Kade and Sam, now with the pseudonym of Robyn Rodriguez, travel to Bangkok for a conference that Kade is invited to by Shu. Wats follows in hopes of setting Kade free and spreading Nexus 5 to the general public. At registration, Kade hears an inspiring talk from Somdet Phra Ananda, discussing a Nexus-like topic, and meets Narong, a PhD student. Narong invites Kade to a student mixer the following night. After returning to the hotel Kade finds a secret note left by Wats, informing him of the possibility of escape, if needed. Kade recognizes that he needs to stay and attempts to notify Wats, who never receives the message.

At the opening night reception Sam discovers Narong is a known associate of Suk Prat-Nung, a nephew of Thanom Prat-Nung, a Thai Drug Dealer. Sam decides it is important to continue to track Narong in hopes of catching the Thai drug ring leaders. Kade finds Shu and is invited for lunch the following day, later changed to a dinner as she meets first with Ananda. Kade also discovers that Professor Ananda is under the influence of Nexus. After returning to the hotel, Sam reviews tapes from the day and discovers the interaction between Ananda and Kade and that Ananda also followed Kade home. Sam also discovers that a note has been passed to Kade, however she does not know that it was from Wats. Kade meets with Shu for dinner where she reaches into his mind to discover what he knows. Kade fights back and employs a mantra to rearrange his memories. Shu reverses the effect and discovers that Kade is working with the ERD. Kade discovers that Shu is the first mind uploaded to a computer system. She is trans-human and attempts to convince Kade to join her in fighting humans. Kade asks for time to think about her proposal. She creates false memories so that Sam and the ERD will not discover their true conversation.

Kade and Sam attend the student mixer to meet with Narong. He invites them to an after party in another area. On the way they go to Sukchai, an underground black market for everything trans-human. Kade realizes that legalizing these products would protect people, while Sam struggles with what is right. At the after party, Kade and Sam are invited to a Synchronicity party with Narong to try Nexus and another drug, Empathek. While leaving the party Sam and Kade are attacked. Sam defeats the attackers and calls for backup. The ERD backup arrives and extracts them. Sam confronts Kade about the interaction with Ananda, which Kade denies and arranges his memories to cover it up. The following day, Kade is approached by Shu at the conference. He recounts the previous nights events and Shu denies it was her people. Shu again tries to convince Kade that he should join the trans-humans. Kade takes a call from Ilya that reminds him that technology in the hands of only the elite is dangerous. Kade talks privately with Ananda. Ananda describes Buddhism as a democracy and how technology and knowledge must be shared.

Meanwhile, Wats discovers that Suk Prat-Nung set up the ambush on Kade and Sam. He also discovers a plot to ambush them again during their Synchronicity party and sends an email to Kade to warn him. Sam sees the email and notifies ERD to be available in case of an ambush. At the Synchronicity party, Sam and Kade take Nexus and Empathek. They both use their mantras to change their memories. Sam, believing she is now Robyn Rodriguez, talks with Mai, a young girl that was born with Nexus abilities. Mai unlocks Sam's true memories and contributes to a great change inside Sam. Sam, overwhelmed by her sudden realization of the power of these drugs and released from her horrible past, talks with Kade. She releases his true memories and recounts her dark past. They both fall asleep. Upon waking they find Thanom Prat-Nung and his guards in the room. Narong, under the influence of Nexus 5 and the ERD, draws a gun on Thanom. Narong is killed by Thanom's guards and the ERD sends three team of men into the building, opening fire despite Sam's warnings of civilians. Mai and the other members of the party are killed. Sam kills several ERD agents. Kade fights the ERD soldiers. Wats joins the fight and is killed. The ERD detonate explosions in the skulls of the soldiers. Sam and Kade escape.

Suk Prat-Nung still alive, with a few of his men, continues to fight Sam and Kade. Kade is captured while Sam defeats some of Suk's men. Kade uses Nexus 5 to control the actions of his captor, Suk, to escape. Suk is killed. Feng, Shu's driver and a super soldier clone, rescues Kade and Sam, bringing them to a monastery. Sam and Kade spend some time recovering at the monastery while the ERD searches for them. An ERD recon spider robot discovers Sam and Kade's location, and the ERD sends a team to retrieve them. On their way to the monastery, Shu and Feng discover the ERD helicopters going to the monastery. They alert the monastery. Kade decides to mass distribute the Nexus 5 instructions. The ERD capture Kade, placing him on a helicopter. Sam forces her way onto the helicopter, along with Feng. Shu takes control of the helicopter with her mind and forces it to return to the monastery. Two Thai fighter jets destroy the helicopters just as Kade, Sam, and Feng leap into a nearby lake.

After returning to the monastery, the ERD recon spider robots shoots a neuro toxin at Kade and Shu. Feng cuts Kades right arm off to prevent the spreading of the toxin. Shu is killed. Nexus 5 is spread around the world, despite the efforts of government forces. Warren Becker, the ERD Deputy Director, commits suicide. Kade uses gecko genes to grow back his arm.

Crux
Six months after the upload of the construction plan of the Nexus, a nano drug, which allows the brain to be programmed and networked, connecting human minds together, the world faces terrorism and massive abuse of the new technology. The Liberation Front, a terror cell secretly created and headed by the US-American government, spread terror in the name of posthumanism, to prevent people from using the new technology and bring up an atmosphere of two 'n' eight to take drastic measures against Nexus.

In the meantime, our protagonist Kade and his new friend, clone warrior Feng, are fleeing from the CIA, which want see them both killed. On the elopement Kade is trying to stem the misuse of the nano drug to prevent a war between posthumans and humans. He has a code to the Nexus system that he can use to hack it.

The secret services are very interested in the code. Ilya Alexander dies as prisoner because she didn't give the code to her turnkeys. Rangan Shankari can escape.

Su-Yong Shu died in Nexus and now lives on as a computer intelligence and prisoner on a server belonging to the Chinese government. Ling Shu, her daughter, tries to help her mother escape. At the end of the book, the mother uses Ling Shus Nexus system to hack her brain and take over the body of her daughter.

In Thailand, Samantha Cataranes helps in a protectory.

Apex

Previous
A new nano cyber drug called Nexus is released in the year 2040. It connects human minds and allows the brain to be programmed. The protagonist Kaden Lane works on the illegal drug and is suddenly entangled in government intrigue. The nanomedicine is the breakthrough to posthumanism which governments and corporations fear and try to stop. Su-Yong Shu, a brilliant Chinese neuroscientist, with a mind uploaded to the network, tries to start a posthuman revolution. Soon Kaden Lane, who is summoned to spy on her, becomes her ally. The US American government hunts both and at the end Su-Yong Shu's physical body dies while her mind is isolated in a Chinese data center. Kaden Lane flees with his friends and makes the nano drugs available for all of humanity. As a result global unrest spreads with terrorists using the nano drug for assassination and governments trying to assassinate Nexus users. Meanwhile, Su-Yong Shu is nearly killed by the Chinese government by cutting off power to the data center. In the end she is rescued by her daughter.

Apex
The United States and China in particular and the Earth in general are aroused by disturbances. Unrest and riots spread with Nexus-upgraded protesters and police. Su-Yong Shu, the former dead neuroscientist who stole her daughter's body by downloading herself into it, tries to take over all electronic systems and with them the entire world, recreating it to fit her imagination. The posthumans are called Apex, the climax, and reinstatement of humankind.

Film adaptions
The film rights to the novel series were purchased by Paramount in 2013.

Futurism themes
The novel is heavily based in, and extends concepts in the author Ramez Naam's 2007 non-fiction work More Than Human: Embracing the promise of biological enhancement, in which the author argues for a technology like the fictional drug Nexus.

Genetic enhancements
The genetic enhancements to boost strength, speed, and stamina, as described in Nexus, are likely already possible, argued so by Ramez Naam.

Operating system backdoor
The Nexus backdoor that is created by Kade and Rangan in the novel is based on the Karger and Schell Multics backdoor, implemented experimentally by Ken Thompson, co-inventor of the Unix operating system.

See also
Neural dust

References

Postcyberpunk novels
Novels by Ramez Naam
2012 American novels
2013 American novels
2015 American novels
2010s science fiction novels
Malware in fiction
Novels about genetic engineering
Novels about telepathy
Novels about drugs
Smart drugs in fiction
Fiction about memory erasure and alteration
Fiction about mind control
Nanotechnology in fiction
Augmented reality in fiction
Transhumanist books
Novels about consciousness
Brain–computer interfacing in fiction
Novels about artificial intelligence
Angry Robot books

The Nexus Trilogy


First order logic is a type of logic which is used in certain branches of mathematics and philosophy. First order logic enables the definition of a syntax which is independent of the mathematical or logical terms.

In first order logic, reasoning can be done from two points of view: either using syntax alone, or including semantic terms. First order logic is different from propositional logic: In first order logic, there are quantifiers, called for all (written as ) and there is at least one (written as ). Negation, conjunction, inclusive disjunction, exclusive disjunction and implication are all defined the same way as in propositional logic. Because of that, first order logic can be thought of as an extension of propositional logic.

The completeness of first order logic, the result which asserts the equivalence between valid formulas and formal theorems, is established by Gödel. Together with Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, first order logic is the foundation of many branches of modern mathematics.

Related pages

 Gödel's incompleteness theorems
 Propositional logic
 Predicate logic

References

Logic

First order logic


Lorraine Wild (born 1953,  Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian-born American graphic designer, writer, art historian, and teacher. She is an AIGA Medalist and principal of Green Dragon Office, a design firm that focuses on collaborative work with artists, architects, curators, editors and publishers. Wild is based in Los Angeles, California.

Early life and education
In 1973, Wild entered the Cranbrook Academy of Art program which was, at the time, under the leadership of Michael and Katherine McCoy. In 1975, she received her B.F.A. degree in Graphic Design.

Two years later, she moved to New York to work for Vignelli Associates from 1977 to 1978. During this time, she was researching the history of American graphic design post World War II. This personal interest of research led her to further studying at Yale University where she earned an M.F.A. degree in 1982. While at Yale University, she designed Perspecta 19, which was Yale's architectural journal. Along with Perspecta 19, she also designed the Chamber Works and Theatrum Mundi portfolios for the architect Daniel Libeskind, and the book of architect John Hejduk entitled Mask of Medusa in 1985. Her work on the designs of these books helped launch her fast-growing reputation for thoughtful and distinctive design in books on architecture, art, and design. Her MFA thesis entitled "Trends in American Graphic Design: 1930-1955" was recognized as an important contribution to design scholarship and led to many commissions for essays. From here on, her reputation continued to soar and her work earned national recognition.

Design career in the 1980s
While teaching in the University of Houston's architecture school during the early 1980s, Wild wrote the influential essay "More Than A Few Questions about Graphic Design Education" (1983), first published in The Design Journal. In the article, she gives a provocative analysis which became the driving force for recharacterizing graphic design education in the United States. This led to her being hired as graphic design program director at the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia in 1985. During her time as director, she developed and implemented a new model for graphic design education that emphasized the process of conveying meaning through experimental, conceptual, and formal development. The program challenged modernist graphic design methodology by encouraging students to use personal and emotional experiences to their work. In 1988, Liz McQuiston selected Lorraine Wild as one of forty-three women in six countries whose work is innovative or has had significant impact in their chosen fields of design. The other American graphic designers included Jacqueline Casey, Muriel Cooper, June Fraser, April Greiman, Katherine McCoy. She continued to stay on the Cal Arts faculty after she stepped down as program director in 1991.

Design career in the 1990s
From 1991 to 1998, she served as project tutor at the Jan van Eyck Akademie in Maastricht, Netherlands. Lorraine Wild was one of the founders of the design office ReVerb, which was the recipient of the 1995 Chrysler Award for Innovation in Design. She left ReVerb in 1996 to start her own company- Lorraine Wild Design. As a side project, she partnered with Roman Alonso and Lisa Eisner in 1999 to establish Greybull Press. Greybull Press was an imprint specializing in the publication of photographic archives and collections that were considered potentially influential to tastemakers. Lorraine Wild Design was later renamed the Green Dragon Office in 2004. The Green Dragon Office focused on collaborations with architects, artists, curators, and publishers in the United States and abroad and has designed catalogs for exhibitions at museums including MOCA, UCLA's Hammer Museum, the Getty Center, and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. In 1998, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art held the exhibition "Lorraine Wild: Selections from the Permanent Collection," a display of work that the museum regards as their collection of significant design produced in California. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Wild sporadically contributed to Emigre, publishing a variety of critical essays such as the influential "That was Then, and This is Now: But What is Next?".

Design career in the millennium
In 2005, she became a regular contributor to Design Observer, the leading website on design commentary and criticism. She has also served on the National Board of the AIGA and on the design advisory board for the international Design Conference at Aspen, Colorado. She loves the works of designers W.A. Dwiggins, who reinvented American typography by bringing arts-and-crafts values to design for machine production; Alvin Lustig, an architect, printer, educator, who refused to specialize; Imre Reiner, an anti-Modernist typographer in Switzerland who rebelled against "objectivity"; Sister Corita Kent, a Southern California nun and printmaker who, in the 1960s, seized upon the idea of using the language of pop culture to speak to her local audience about spirituality, subverting, and appropriating to communicate; and Edward Fella, who mutated out of "commercial art" by working on problems only as he defined them and his commitment to anti-mastery.

"Her thoroughly informed and deeply sympathetic understanding of the nature of art and design has brought her commissions for monographs on artists and architects as far-ranging as Mike Kelley and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, as well as books and exhibition catalogues for institutions such as Whitney Museum of American Art, Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, The Getty Museum, UCLA's Hammer Museum, and the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montréal." Her visual work has been formed around a passion for typographic detail and formal invention and analysis.

On September 14, 2010, she wrote a very informative and critical article in the Design Observatory Group website entitled "The Black Rule". According to Wild, the Black Rule is "intimately connected to a typographic grid, and the paper it's printed on." The color black symbolizes importance and, in the case of The Black Rule, formality. The Black Rule also defines the dimensions of a piece of paper and separates the hierarchy of heads and subheads. The text that is used for The Black Rule is, commonly, Helvetica. This is evident in our every day life whether we notice it or not is the question. The most noticeable signs of The Black Rule is on subway signs or on U.S. Park Service maps. Wild was not the founder or inventor of The Black Rule. Massimo Vignelli is credited for discovering The Black Rule. This became his own brand although it was not typical, at the time, for designers to have a certain icon to represent his or her own work. Vignelli's most popular works is designing the American Airlines logo and the iconic New York City Subway maps.

Awards
Lorraine Wild was one of forty-three women in six countries whose work was selected by Liz McQuiston as innovative or had significant impact in their chosen fields of design. She was one of three finalists for the 2001 Communication Award of the National Design Awards sponsored by the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum. She was awarded a gold medal by the New York Art Director's Club for the design of Height of Fashion. She has received a great number of awards from prestigious organizations such as the American Center for Design, the American Institute of Graphic Arts' (AIGA) highly selective "50 Best Books of the Year," the American Institute of Architects and the American Association of University Publishers. Her writing has appeared in many periodicals and books that include Émigré, ID, Print, Graphic Design in America, Cranbrook Design: The New Discourse, Lift & Separate, Looking Closer, and The Education of a GraphicDesigner.

Wild was the recipient of a 2006 AIGA medal. The medal of AIGA—the most distinguished in the field—is awarded to individuals in recognition of their exceptional achievements, services or other contributions to the field of design and visual communication.

Current
She is currently the principal of Green Dragon Office in Los Angeles, a design firm that focuses on collaborative work with artists, architects, curators, editors and publishers which has been active since 1996; she is also the creative director of design at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Wild continues to be associated with the design program at the California Institute of the Arts. She is also a partner (along with Kristine McKenna and Donna Wingate) in Foggy Notion Books. Past collaborations include a partnership with Louise Sandhaus and Rick Valicenti in Wild LuV, and a co-editorship with Roman Alonso and Lisa Eisher in Greybull Press of Los Angeles. She is married to John Kaliski, AIA, principal of the Los Angeles architectural and urban planning firm John Kaliski, architects.

See also
 List of AIGA medalists

References

Sources
 Head to Hand: Reading the Book Designs of Lorraine Wild, by Andrew Blauvelt, Emigre 45: Untitled, edited by Rudy Vanderlans, Winter 1998.
 Eye, No. 36, Vol. 9, edited by John L. Walters, Quantum Publishing, London, Summer 2000.

External links
 Green Dragon Office website.

AIGA medalists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
American graphic designers
American women graphic designers
Canadian graphic designers
Canadian women graphic designers
Cranbrook Academy of Art alumni
Yale School of Art alumni
Living people
1953 births

Lorraine Wild


Nabta Playa was once a large endorheic basin in the Nubian Desert, located approximately 800 kilometers south of modern-day Cairo or about 100 kilometers west of Abu Simbel in southern Egypt, 22.51° north, 30.73° east. Today the region is characterized by numerous archaeological sites. The Nabta Playa archaeological site, one of the earliest of the Egyptian Neolithic Period, is dated to circa 7500 BC.

Early history
Although today the western Egyptian desert is totally dry, this was not always the case. There is good evidence that there were several humid periods in the past (when up to 500 mm of rain would fall per year), the most recent one during the last interglacial and early last glaciation periods which stretched between 130,000 and 70,000 years ago. During this time, the area was a savanna and supported numerous animals such as extinct buffalo and large giraffes, varieties of antelope and gazelle. Beginning around the 10th millennium BC, this region of the Nubian Desert began to receive more rainfall, filling a lake. Early people may have been attracted to the region due to the source of water.

Archaeological findings indicate the presence of small seasonal camps in the region dating to the 9th–8th millennia BC. Fred Wendorf, the site's discoverer, and ethno-linguist Christopher Ehret have suggested that the people who occupied this region at that time may have been early pastoralists, or like the Saami practiced semi-pastoralism. This is disputed by other sources as the cattle remains found at Nabta have been shown to be morphologically wild in several studies, and hunter-gatherers at the nearby Saharan site of Uan Afada in Libya were penning wild Barbary sheep, an animal that was never domesticated. According to Michael Brass (2018) early cattle remains from Nabta Playa were wild hunted aurochs, whilst domesticated cattle were introduced to northeast Africa in the late 7th millennium BC, originating from cattle domesticated in the Euphrates valley.

Larger settlements began to appear at Nabta Playa by the 7th millennium BC, relying on deep wells for sources of water. Small huts were constructed in straight rows. Sustenance included wild plants, such as legumes, millets, sorghum, tubers, and fruit. Around 6800 BC they began to make pottery locally. In the late 7th millennium BC goats and sheep, apparently imported from Western Asia, appear. Many large hearths also appear.

Early pottery from the Nabta Playa-Bir Kiseiba area has characteristics unlike pottery from surrounding regions. This is followed by pottery with characteristics found only in the Western Desert. Later pottery from c. 5500 BC (Al Jerar phase) has similarities with pottery from the Sudanese region. Pottery decorations included complex patterns of impressions applied with a comb in a rocking motion.

Analysis of the remains of three individuals from Nabta Playa by Joel D. Irish (2001), reported in "Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara", based on osteological and dental data suggested a mainly sub-Saharan African affinity and origin (with sub-Saharan tendencies most commonly detected), but also possible North African tendencies, concluding that, "Henneberg et al. suggest that the Nabta Playa people may have been most similar to Negroes from south of the Sahara. The present qualitative dental comparison tentatively supports this conclusion." An analysis of 30 skeletons from the nearby cemetery of Gebel Ramlah found them to be "biologically heterogeneous, with features reminiscent of both North and sub-Saharan Africans." Some researchers, including Christopher Ehret, have suggested a Nilo-Saharan linguistic affinity for the Nabta people.

Organisation

Archaeological discoveries reveal that these New Stone Age peoples seem to have lived more organized lives than their contemporaries nearer to and in the Nile Valley. The people of Nabta Playa had rough stone built villages, arranged in planned designs, with deep wells that held water year-round.

Findings also indicate that the region was occupied only seasonally, most likely only in the summer, when the local lake had adequate water for grazing cattle. Comparative research suggests the indigenous inhabitants may have a significantly more advanced knowledge of astronomy than previously thought possible.

Religious ties to ancient Egypt
By the 6th millennium BC, evidence of a prehistoric religion or cult appears. From 5500 BC the Late Neolithic period began, with "a new group that had a complex social system expressed in a degree of organisation and control not previously seen." These new people were responsible for sacrificial cattle burials in clay-lined and roofed chambers covered by rough stone tumuli.

It has been suggested that the associated cattle cult indicated in Nabta Playa marks an early evolution of Ancient Egypt's Hathor cult. For example, Hathor was worshipped as a nighttime protector in desert regions (see Serabit el-Khadim). To directly quote professors Wendorf and Schild:

Rough megalithic stone structures buried underground are also found in Nabta Playa, one of which included evidence of what Wendorf described as perhaps "the oldest known sculpture in Egypt."

Astronomical observation

In the 5th millennium BC these peoples fashioned what may be among the world's earliest known archeoastronomical devices (roughly contemporary to the Goseck circle in Germany and the Mnajdra megalithic temple complex in Malta). These include alignments of stones that may have indicated the rising of certain stars and a "calendar circle" that indicates the approximate direction of summer solstice sunrise. "Calendar circle" may be a misnomer as the spaces between the pairs of stones in the gates are a bit too wide, and the distances between the gates are too short for accurate calendar measurements." An inventory of Egyptian archaeoastronomical sites for the UNESCO World Heritage Convention evaluated Nabta Playa as having "hypothetical solar and stellar alignments."

Claims for early alignments and star maps
Astrophysicist Thomas G. Brophy suggests the hypothesis that the southerly line of three stones inside the Calendar Circle represented the three stars of Orion's Belt and the other three stones inside the calendar circle represented the shoulders and head stars of Orion as they appeared in the sky. These correspondences were for two dates – circa 4800 BC and at precessional opposition – representing how the sky "moves" long term. Brophy proposes that the circle was constructed and used circa the later date, and the dual date representation was a conceptual representation of the motion of the sky over a precession cycle.

Near the Calendar Circle, which is made of smaller stones, there are alignments of large megalithic stones. The southerly lines of these megaliths, Brophy argues, aligned to the same stars as represented in the Calendar Circle, all at the same epoch, circa 6270 BC. Brophy argues that the Calendar Circle correlation with Orion's belt occurred between 6400 BC and 4900 BC, matching radio-carbon dates of some campfires in the area.

Recent research
A 2007 article by a team of University of Colorado archaeoastronomers and archaeologists (Malville, Schild, Wendorf and Brenmer, three of whom had been involved in the original discovery of the site and its astronomical alignment) responded to the work of Brophy and Rosen, in particular their claims for an alignment with Sirius in 6088 BC and other alignments which they dated to 6270 BC, saying that these dates "are about 1500 years earlier than our best estimates for the Terminal Neolithic and the construction of megalithic structures" at Nabta Playa.

The Sirius alignment in question was originally proposed by Wendorf and Malville, for one of the most prominent alignments of megaliths labelled the "C-line", which they said aligned to the rising of Sirius circa 4820 BC. Brophy and Rosen stated in 2005 that megalith orientations and star positions reported by Wendorf and Malville were in error, noting that "Given these corrected data, we see that Sirius actually aligned with the C-line circa 6000 BC. We estimate that 6088 BC Sirius had a declination of -36.51 degrees, for a rising azimuth exactly on the C-line average". However, according to Malville, Schild et al. (2007) the dates proposed by Brophy are inconsistent with the archaeological evidence, and "inference in archaeoastronomy must always be guided and informed by archaeology, especially when substantial field work has been performed in the region". They also concluded that, on closer inspection, the C-line of megaliths "consists of stones resting on the sides and tops of dunes and may not represent an original set of aligned stele".

They also criticised suggestions made by Brophy in his 2002 book The Origin Map that there was a representation of the Milky Way as it was in 17,500 BC and maps of Orion at 16,500 BC, saying "These extremely early dates as well as the proposition that the nomads had contact with extraterrestrial life are inconsistent with the archaeological record.

They propose that the area was first used as what they call a "regional ceremonial centre" around 6100 BC to 5600 BC with people coming from various locations to gather on the dunes surrounding the playa where there is archaeological evidence for gatherings that involved large numbers of cattle bones, as cattle were normally only killed on important occasions. Around 5500 BC a new, more organised group began to use the site, burying cattle in clay-lined chambers and building other tumuli. Around 4800 BC a stone circle was constructed, with narrow slabs approximately aligned with the summer solstice, near the beginning of the rainy season.

More complex structures followed during a megalith period the researchers dated to between about 4500 BC to 3600 BC. Using their original measurements, complemented by satellite imagery and GPS measurements by Brophy and Rosen, they confirmed possible alignments with Sirius, Arcturus, Alpha Centauri, and the Belt of Orion. They suggest that there are three pieces of evidence suggesting astronomical observations by the herdsmen using the site, which may have functioned as a necropolis. "The repetitive orientation of megaliths, stele, human burials and cattle burials reveals a very early symbolic connection to the north." Secondly, there is the orientation of the cromlech mentioned above. The third piece of evidence is the fifth millennium alignments of stele to bright stars.

They conclude their report by writing that "The symbolism embedded in the archaeological record of Nabta Playa in the Fifth Millennium BC is very basic, focussed on issues of major practical importance to the nomads: cattle, water, death, earth, sun and stars."

In 2011, Maciej Jórdeczka, Halina Królik, Mirosław Masojć and Romuald Schild, a team of archaeologists, excavated a series of Holocene pottery from Nabta Playa which represented the earliest phase of ceramic production in the Saharan region and were described as "relatively sophisticated bowls decorated with a toothed wheel". Also, they argued that the pottery from the region had an important role in shaping the cultural development of the Eastern Sahara during the early Holocene period. The authors concluded that it is "likely that the Early Holocene colonisers of the southern Western Desert, the El Adam hunter-gatherer-cattle keepers, came to the south-eastern fringes of the Sahara from the Nile Valley" and shared an "almost identical" output of technology with the Arkinian culture in Lower Nubia.

Relative chronology

See also

Prehistoric Egypt
List of archaeoastronomical sites by country
Bir Kiseiba

Notes

External links

Article in Scientific American
Article in Nature
 Ancient Astronomy in Africa
 Megalithic Astronomy at the Ceremonial Center of Nabta Playa

Megalithic monuments in the Middle East
Archaeoastronomy
Archaeological sites in Egypt
Kingdom of Kush
Egyptian calendar
Prehistoric Egypt
8th-millennium BC establishments

Nabta Playa


Eduardo Álvarez (born 28 August 1950) is a Venezuelan former tennis player.

Álvarez, who was born in Caracas, made his only appearance for the Venezuela Davis Cup team in a 1966 American Zone quarter-final tie against the Caribbean/West Indies. He was called upon in the doubles and teamed up with Isaías Pimentel to beat the Jamaican pairing of Lance Lumsden and Richard Russell in five sets.

At the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games in San Juan, Álvarez won a bronze medal for Venezuela in the mixed doubles event, partnering Beatriz Raytler.

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Venezuelan male tennis players
Competitors at the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in tennis
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Venezuela
Tennis players from Caracas
20th-century Venezuelan people
21st-century Venezuelan people

Eduardo Álvarez (tennis)


Just home and love the words are small
            four little letters unto each;
             And yet you will not find in all
            the wide and gracious range of speech
            tow more so tenderly complete
            when angles talk in Heaven above,
            I am sure they have no words more sweet
               than home and love.
             just home and love ;its hard to guess
             which of the tow ere best to gain;
             home without love is vittrness;
              love without home is often pain.
             No each alone will seldom do;
              somehow thy travel hand and glove
           if you win on you must have tow,
              both home and love.
           and if you have both, well think i am sure
           you ought to sing the whole day long;
          it does not matter if you are poor
           with these to make divine your song.
          And so i praisefully repeat,
         when angles talk in heaven above,
         there are no words more simply sweet
          Than home and love.

Gndhar meher


Musette is the French word for small bellows played bagpipes. Some composers liked to use a drone (especially one in fifths) to make it sound like bagpipes or other folk instruments. Johann Sebastian Bach, François Couperin and other Baroque composers often called such pieces "Musette". Sometimes they did this in orchestral music: Joseph Haydn used a drone in the last part of his Symphony No. 104 to accompany a folk tune.

Other websites

Bagpipes

Musette


In immunology, the Arthus reaction is a kind of local allergic reaction, when antibodies react to a chemical or protein in a person's blood, and have the antibodies get stuck in the walls of blood vessels in organs such as the heart, in joints, and kidneys.

History
The Arthus reaction was discovered by Nicolas Maurice Arthus in 1903. Arthus repeatedly injected ingredients of horse blood under the skin of rabbits. After four injections, he found that there was swelling and that the mixture was absorbed slowly.  Further injections eventually led to dying of cells.

Arthus reactions have been infrequently reported after diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccinations. They are rare and can cause pain, swelling, bleeding, and occasionally death of tissue within 4–12 hours after the vaccine is given.

Related pages
 Serum sickness

References

Immunology

Arthus reaction


The 2012 USA-Brazil Challenge was to be a curling challenge taking place from January 27 to 29 at the Bemidji Curling Club in Bemidji, Minnesota. The challenge round would have determined which nation would qualify to the last Americas Zone spot at the 2012 Capital One World Men's Curling Championship in Basel, Switzerland.

On January 10, the Brazilian team announced that they had withdrawn their challenge to the USA. The Brazilian Ice Sports Federation said in a statement, "It is with great regret that we have to withdraw from the America's Challenge. As a result of recently losing our team coach, the team feels they are not playing well enough to constitute a proper and fit challenge to Team USA for the last remaining place at the 2012 World Men's Championship."

Background
The World Curling Federation allots two spots at the World Men's Curling Championship to the Americas Zone, which are normally taken by Canada and the United States. However, the World Curling Federation allows for other member nations in the Americas Zone (i.e. Brazil) to challenge Canada and/or the United States for berths to the World Championships. As Canada is the defending champion at the World Championships, Canada receive an automatic berth to the 2012 World Championships. Thus, Brazil is allowed to challenge the United States for a berth to the 2012 World Championships. This is Brazil's third challenge of the United States, after challenges in 2009 and 2010 proved to be unsuccessful.

The Brazilian team was training at the Lennoxville Curling Club in Quebec in preparation for the challenge.

Teams
The teams that were scheduled to compete are listed as follows:

*The positions for the Brazilian team were to be announced.

References

USA-Brazil Challenge
Brazil Challenge
Curling in Minnesota

2012 USA-Brazil Challenge


Amateur Gardening was a British weekly magazine dedicated to gardening. It included news, advice, feature articles, and celebrity columns and interviews. The final edition was published on 14 October 2023.

History and the early years
Amateur Gardening was founded in London in May 1884 by Shirley Hibberd, who edited it until 1887. At the time of the magazine's closure, it was oldest UK amateur gardening weekly magazine, and was Britain's bestseller in that category in 2013. The magazine was published once a week. Its editorial offices were in Farnborough, Hampshire.

At the time of the magazine's launch in 1884 there had been several other notable gardening magazines in circulation, including the Gardeners' Chronicle and Gardens Illustrated, but these were tailored more to the professional gardener. Amateur Gardening is considered the first paper designed specifically for the amateur.

The founders were two brothers, W. H. and L. Collingridge, who also produced other periodicals of the time, including the well-known City Press.

The first issue of Amateur Gardening consisted of 16 pages, 12 of which were devoted to editorial matter. The first editor, Shirley Hibberd, was a botanist and an academic authority on gardening. He included in the magazine articles which were thought by many to be too technical. He remained the editor for only two years.

The man who really established Amateur Gardening was T. W. Sanders, who remained editor for 40 years. Sanders knew exactly what the new generation of amateur gardeners wanted, and his style of editing attracted a wide audience. Before the First World War, a circulation of 100,000 copies per week had been achieved, although this fell off considerably during the war. Not until the mid-1920s did the circulation rise to a healthy level again.

Sanders also wrote a large number of books, most notably Sanders' Encyclopaedia of Gardening. This was the "bible" for several generations of gardeners and is consulted even today.

In 1926, the magazine suffered a severe blow when Sanders died. The assistant editor, A. J. Macself, was able to take over as editor and steer the magazine through another 20 years of what was probably the most turbulent period in its history.

In 1934 Macself presided over the title's 50th birthday party, celebrating in grand style with a dinner for more than 300 people in the New Connaught Rooms in London's Mayfair. The guest list included Lord Aberconway, the then President of the Royal Horticultural Society, Sir Austen Chamberlain (a former Chancellor of the Exchequer) and Lord Riddell (a director of the Collingridge publishing firm, and a personal friend of former Prime Minister David Lloyd George).

In June 1940 the magazine left its offices in the City and moved to the Country Life Building in Covent Garden.

Macself was a member of the original Hardy Plant Society and a renowned expert in ferns. Arguably he was even more prolific as a writer than Sanders. Between 1933 and 1939 he launched a series of gift books, as well as an annual and a calendar, besides writing numerous ordinary gardening books.

He carried on editing through World War II, even though paper restrictions had dramatically limited the size of the magazine. During this period Amateur Gardening put its full weight behind the national Dig for Victory campaign, which encouraged everyone to grow their own fruits and vegetables to combat the wartime shortages.

Boom
When Macself retired in 1946, he was succeeded by Arthur Hellyer, hitherto the assistant editor. Hellyer had joined the magazine in 1929, and was charming, knowledgeable and hardworking. He retired in 1967. During his years as editor he also contributed weekly to the Financial Times and regularly to Country Life and many other publications – and he wrote innumerable books.

Hellyer took over at a great time on the magazine's history. Paper restrictions were lifted during the 1950s and 1960s, and the magazine enjoyed a boom, the like of which had never been seen before or since. Circulation rose to a staggering 300,000 copies per week, and issues regularly contained some 124 pages. Remarkably, by 1967 when Hellyer retired, the magazine had been in business for 83 years, but had only had four editors.

For the first hundred years of the magazine's life it seemed to be the norm that when an editor stopped, his role was taken over by the assistant editor. This happened again when Hellyer retired, as his assistant, Anthony Huxley, took on the role. He was the son of the writer Julian Huxley, and a nephew of the philosopher and writer Aldous Huxley, who wrote Brave New World in 1932. Anthony was also the great-grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley, a renowned biologist who defended Darwin's theory of evolution when it was receiving considerable criticism.

Huxley was a keen and knowledgeable plantsman, and although he was supportive of amateurs generally, he was more interested in botanical integrity and ecology, particularly in the cultivation of house plants. He introduced the use of bottle gardens to the UK, and in 1956 exhibited the first ever bottle garden at the Chelsea Flower Show. He was editor for just four years; in 1971 he left to devote his time to book writing and freelance journalism.

The post of editor was taken over by assistant editor Peter Wood, who had been a student at the RHS garden at Wisley in the early 1950s, and had come to Amateur Gardening straight after his diploma course finished. He started off in the department helping to answer the thousands of readers' queries that arrived by post each year. During his editorship, Wood steered the magazine through the technological revolution (the introduction of computers) and the turbulent periods of industrial unrest in the 1970s. There were several times when Amateur Gardening was printed with blank white pages, when the printers refused to deal with pages that had been written by, or contained pictures from people who were not members of specific trade unions.

Wood also presided over the magazine's centenary celebrations in 1984. With garden designer Roger Sweetinburgh, he drew up the plans for a Victorian garden at the Chelsea Flower Show – and won a Gold Medal for it. There was also a centenary lunch at RHS Wisley Garden, with a ceremonial tree-planting. It was a much lower-key event than the 50th birthday celebrations, but this was the recession-hit Thatcher era. Budgets for big parties were tighter.

In 1979, Wood was instrumental in moving the magazine out of London, to Poole in Dorset.

Recent years
Wood retired from the magazine in 1985, and was replaced by Jack Kendall, a journalist who worked on Practical Householder (a sister magazine to Amateur Gardening). He was not an experienced gardener, but was a good organiser and writer. Shortly after he started, Kendall was diagnosed with terminal cancer, and he died just 10 months later.

For much of the time Kendall was being treated for cancer, the magazine's deputy, Graham Clarke, had been acting editor, and upon Kendall's death he was appointed editor. Clarke had been born into horticulture as his father had been a Superintendent (today known as a Manager) of Regent's Park in the centre of London. For all of Clarke's childhood he had lived in a lodge within the Queen Mary Rose Garden. When a teenager, he and his family moved to Hyde Park, London's most famous open space. After completing school he studied horticulture at the Royal Horticultural Society's Wisley Garden in Surrey. Theory and practical qualifications lead him to a year working in the garden at Buckingham Palace, following by a stint working in the commercial glasshouse nursery for the Central Royal Parks. In 1976 he moved into journalism, joining Amateur Gardening as a trainee sub-editor. He rose through the ranks, and took over as editor in 1986.

During Clarke's 11-year tenure as editor, he also launched a monthly version of Amateur Gardening (which was called Your Garden), and Clarke became group editor (over this and The Gardener, another monthly magazine which had been bought from one of the companies that had suffered under the hands of publisher Robert Maxwell).

In 1997 Clarke took on a more business-oriented role at the magazine. The National Amateur Gardening Show, which was held annually between 1996 and 2008, was an idea conceived by Clarke, along with the magazine's then marketing manager Robyn Perrin. The Show was a partnership with the Royal Bath and West Showground, Shepton Mallet, and was held annually in September. After the magazine withdrew from the Show in 2008, it continued for a further four years and was held for the last time in 2012.

In 1997, to mark the forthcoming Millennium, Clarke launched the Allotments 2000 campaign, which called for – and achieved – a Parliamentary Inquiry into the future of allotment gardening. Clarke and deputy editor Adrian Bishop both gave evidence at the Inquiry into the current state of allotments in the UK. The Allotments 2000 campaign later won Clarke and Bishop the Campaign of the Year award from the Periodical Publishers Association (PPA).

When Clarke moved from the editor's chair in 1997, the editorship passed on to Bishop. He had been a journalist for local newspapers, and under his leadership Amateur Gardening enjoyed tighter news coverage of gardening matters, and a more celebrity-based style. In 2001 he was promoted simultaneously to editor-in-chief and publisher, which lead the way for the current deputy editor to move up, and Tim Rumball took over the reins.
Under Rumball the magazine overtook many of its long-standing rivals, and consolidated its position as the leading general gardening magazine on the news stands. As editor he has been a guest a number of times on BBC's Gardeners' Question Time, and has appeared on TV many times. He instigated (and presented) the first Amateur Gardening DVD.

In 2017 the parent company, Time Inc (UK) Ltd, decided to move the magazine from its south coast-based office in Poole, to the company's headquarters at Farnborough in Hampshire. At the same time, Rumball decided it was time to retire. He was replaced by Garry Coward-Williams, who had been Rumball's Group Editor. Coward-Williams had been steering much of the editorial content and presentation for several years, and now as Editor he is able to mould the magazine so that it can compete effectively in a difficult market (for all printed magazines, owing to online content being readily available).

List of editors
The list of editors since the magazine's launch are as follows: Shirley Hibberd (1884–1886), T. W. Sanders (1886–1926), A. J. Macself (1926–1946), Arthur Hellyer (1946–1967), Anthony Huxley (1967–1971), Peter Wood (1971–1985), Jack Kendall (1985–1986), Graham Clarke (1986–1997), Adrian Bishop (1997–2001), Tim Rumball (2001–2017) and Garry Coward-Williams (since 2017). Notable writers for the magazine have included Alan Titchmarsh, who also served as deputy editor, Monty Don, Charlie Dimmock, Bob Flowerdew, Anne Swithinbank, Percy Thrower and Peter Seabrook. The cottage gardener Margery Fish was a columnist for the magazine in the 1950s.

Owners of the Amateur Gardening brand
In the 1930s the original owners of Amateur Gardening, the Collingridge company, sold the business to the larger Newnes and Pearson publishing group. In the 1960s, this company merged with Odhams, a publisher famous for its newspapers and magazines. Eventually, The Mirror Group acquired Odhams, which resulted in one large company with many dozens of magazines under its belt. It relaunched itself as the International Publishing Corporation, better known as IPC. In 2013 the IPC name disappeared when its owner, US-based Time Inc, renamed it Time Inc (UK) Ltd.

In 2018, Time Inc (UK) Ltd became TI Media.

In 2020, Future plc became the owner of Amateur Gardening after the acquisition of TI Media was completed.

Closure
In September 2023, it was announced that the magazine was to permanently cease publication.  The last edition was 14 October 2023.  Future plc, the magazine's owner, blamed rising costs such as print costs and the free packet of seeds attached to every front cover along with decreasing advertising revenue for the decision to permanently close the magazine, reasons which were again cited in the final editorial by Garry Coward-Williams, the magazine's 11th and final editor.

See also
List of horticultural magazines

References

1884 establishments in the United Kingdom
Horticultural magazines published in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London
Magazines established in 1884

Amateur Gardening (magazine)


Marian Roalfe Cox (1860–1916) was an English folklorist who pioneered studies in Morphology for the fairy tale Cinderella.

In 1893, after being commissioned by the Folklore Society of Britain, she produced Cinderella: Three Hundred and Forty-Five Variants of Cinderella, Catskin and, Cap O' Rushes, Abstracted and Tabulated with a Discussion of Medieval Analogues and Notes, a seminal work in the study of Cinderella, introduced by Andrew Lang.  Prior to anthologization and folklore indices, she identified five broad types:
A – Ill-treated heroine. Recognition by means of a shoe.  Among the examples included: Cinderella, Katie Woodencloak, Finette Cendron, The Sharp Grey Sheep, Fair, Brown and Trembling, Aschenputtel, Rushen Coatie, and The Wonderful Birch.  It corresponds to Aarne-Thompson type 510A.
 B – Unnatural father. Heroine flight. Among the examples included: Catskin, Donkeyskin, The King who Wished to Marry His Daughter, Allerleirauh. It corresponds to Aarne-Thompson type 510B.
C – King Lear judgment. Outcast heroine.  Among the examples included:  Cap O' Rushes, The Goose-Girl at the Well. Includes tales later classified as ATU 923, "Love Like Salt".
D – Indeterminate Among the examples included: One-Eye, Two-Eyes, and Three-Eyes (which she listed as approximating "Cinderella"), The Bear (which she listed as approximating "Catskin") and Tattercoats (which approximated neither)
E – Hero Tales (Masculine Cinderella.) Among the examples included: The Little Bull-Calf, The Glass Mountain.

She also wrote An Introduction to Folk-Lore.

References

Further reading

External links

 Text of Cinderella: Three Hundred and Forty-Five Variants of Cinderella, Catskin and, Cap O' Rushes, Abstracted and Tabulated with a Discussion of Medieval Analogues and Notes
Burne, Charlotte S. "Obituary: Marian Emily Roalfe Cox" Folk-Lore. Volume 27, 1916. pp. 434–435.

English folklorists
British women folklorists
1860 births
1916 deaths

Marian Roalfe Cox


Ann Lowdon Call (1945–2007) was a horsewoman and was the 2005 AQHA Select World Champion in Pleasure Driving. She was inducted into the National Cowgirl Hall of Fame in 2005.

Biography
Call was born to Robert and Maria Lowdon in Chicago, Illinois, on May 30, 1945.  She wasn't born in Texas but often said she got there as quickly as she could.  She graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a major in physical education and Spanish.  In 1971 she earned a master's degree in guidance and counseling from Brigham Young University. She married Rodger L. Call in 1970.  They had two children, Katri and Rob.

Call began showing Palominos with her family in 1985, and she won the High Point Amateur Award at the Palomino World Championships in 1986.  She began to show American Quarter Horses in the late 1980s.  Call had been diagnosed with juvenile diabetes as a child, and in the 1990s she lost both of her legs to the disease.  However, she continued to show Quarter Horses in pleasure driving.  Call won the AQHA Reserve Champion Pleasure Driving award almost every year between 1998 and her death in 2007, and she was awarded the Select World Championship in 2005 and 2006, as well as being the Reserve High Point Pleasure Driving Amateur in 2006.

She died July 3, 2007, from complications of diabetes.

References

1945 births
2007 deaths
Sportspeople from Chicago
Brigham Young University alumni
Sportspeople from Fort Worth, Texas
University of Texas at Austin College of Education alumni
Call, Ann Lo
Call, Ann Lowdon
Deaths from diabetes
Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees

Ann Lowdon Call


Sampiero Corso (, born Sampiero da Bastelica; 1498 – 17 January 1567) was a Corsican soldier, father of the Marshal of France Alphonse d'Ornano.

Early career
Born in Bastelica as a common man (although his mother was of the lower nobility), he became a condottiero mercenary at age 14, serving Giovanni de' Medici, then Pope Clement VII, and, in 1530, Ippolito de' Medici.

As of 1535, Sampiero's career was tied to the French House of Valois. He fought successfully for King Francis I, alongside the Chevalier de Bayard, in the Italian Wars; in 1547, he acquired the rank of colonel of the mercenary Corsican troops, and, in accordance with usage, became known by his moniker (indicative of his place of origin). The renown ensured his large fortune, and he married the noblewoman Vannina d'Ornano (he was 49, she was just 15).

First Corsican expedition

Sampiero's expertise became most important as France tried to gain the advantage over Habsburg Spain by occupying the strategically located Corsica (also striking the Republic of Genoa, Spain's ally and overlord of the island). Henry II appointed Sampiero leader of a military expedition in the area.

With French and Ottoman support, he landed on the shores of Corsica in 1553, and managed to summon a revolt against the Genoese, defeating the troops of Andrea Doria on several occasions. However, the French became preoccupied by the ties established between the new English Queen Mary Tudor and Emperor Charles V. Sampiero was recalled in 1555, and a five-year armistice was signed the next year between France and Genoa, in Vaucelles. Genoa reoccupied Calvi and Bastia, but the rest of the island remained French - under the rule of Giordano Orsini (Jourdan des Ursins, a member of the Orsini family).

After the French defeat in the battle of St. Quentin of the Habsburg-Valois War (1557), and with the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis (1559), Corsica was relinquished to Genoa. Although the French negotiators had attempted to keep hold of the island, it was returned to ensure possession of Calais, Metz, Toul, and Verdun.

Later life
Sampiero Corso became governor of Aix-en-Provence in 1560, then was appointed French envoy to the Porte. While in Istanbul, he left his wife and children in the mansion he owned in Marseille; the young woman was corrupted by a Genoese spy who had become tutor of their children, Michelangelo Ombrone, and sold off Sampiero's assets before embarking for Genoa. Sampiero was warned, and had the vessel intercepted. He judged his wife on the spot, found her guilty and gave her three days to prepare for her fate. On the day of her execution, she asked to be strangled by Sampiero rather than fall victim to an executioner. A modern legend holds this to have been partial inspiration for William Shakespeare's Othello.

Backed by Catherine de' Medici, Sampiero returned to Corsica in 1564, leading a group of Corsicans and Gascon mercenaries. Although initially victorious in several skirmishes, he was soon left without French support, as well as faced with the indifference of the population and the suspicion of the Corsican nobility (dominant families fled to Genoa). The Ornano family placed 2,000 ducats on his head, while Genoa offered 4,000.

He was ambushed and decapitated by rival Corsican mercenaries - a group which included three of his wife's cousins. His head was exposed in Ajaccio.

In culture
The Corsican condottiero is the main character in the opera Sampiero Corso by Marseilles-born Henri Tomasi, who was of Corsican descent.

Further reading

1498 births
1567 deaths
People from Corse-du-Sud
Corsican nationalists
16th-century condottieri
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
Assassinated French politicians
Deaths by decapitation
Murder in 1567
16th-century assassinated politicians

Sampiero Corso


Ellen Brooks (born February 3, 1946) is an American photographer. She began her career on the West Coast, and is associated with the Los Angeles-based art community of the late 1960s and '70s. In 1982 she moved to New York, where her practice has since been based. Her work is known for its boundary-pushing forays into sculpture, and for her use of screens and image altering pro-filmic photographic processes. She has shown at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, and the Centre Pompidou, and has worked in the permanent collections of the MOMA, the Whitney, the National Museum of American Art, the Getty Museum, and others.

Biography

Early works
Ellen Brooks was born in Los Angeles, California.  She received both her bachelor's degree and her master's degree in Fine Arts from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1968 and 1971 respectively. Her early works dealt primarily with human figures, notably Beach Piece, an early work in which she employed the photographic medium to address issues of alienation versus bodily presence in space.  The work, which featured larger-than-lifesize nude figures in various poses of recline, was installed on Venice Beach, from which the figures appeared to half-emerge from the sand. During her graduate studies she constructed a series of flats [Flats 1–5]  which were shown at the Museum of Modern Art in the 1970 exhibition Photography Into Sculpture.  The flats addressed similar issues of scale to Beach Piece from the opposite direction, incorporating the viewer's vantage point from above to obfuscate the objects' situation in space.

Following her MFA she moved to San Francisco, where her use of the photograph continued a progression of investigations of scale and installation. Her next major work, Adolescent Piece, also used nude bodies. The work would subsequently be refabricated and reinstalled in several different forms at different scales over the next four decades, at University of Las Vegas, San Francisco Art Institute, and at the Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art. Its most recent iteration, at MOCA in 2011, employed the original process of 1976, using Xerox transfers from photographic contact sheets. This installation "constituted a 'fourth generation' of the photographs," according to the artist. "The first generation was the negative; the second, the eight-by-10-inch contact sheet, the third, the machine copy of the contact sheet onto wax paper, and the fourth, the images glued onto the gallery walls." The work garnered significant attention during several of its stagings, due to the relative unguardedness of its young, unclothed subjects, all between the ages of ten and fifteen.

Tableaux
In the late 70s and into the 1980s, Brooks worked on an extended series called Tableaux. Like the earlier flats, the Tableaux used the reduced scale of maquettes to stage film still-esque scenes of domestic interiors and dilemmas, often incorporating disarray or ambiguous circumstances within their three walls. Created using miniature figures and other ephemera from the everyday world, these were meant to recall both the rote "stock" characters of soap opera, and domestic dramas constructed from real life accounts and from magazines. The scenes were photographed and subsequently sized up once again. The series was shown at Barbara Gladstone Gallery in 1982, and a selection of the works was also included in the 1983 Whitney Biennial.

In 1985, Brooks installed light boxes of photo transparencies as a site-specific window display at the New Museum of Contemporary Art's then-location on Broadway. Using highly staged iconography appropriated from various cultural intersections of art and commerce, the display's location was meant to address the work's position to commercial interests, both metaphorically and in terms of its physical siting.

Screen Pieces
Beginning in the late 1980s, Brooks began to translate her interest in appropriated and generic imagery to a literal process, incorporating ever-increasing levels of distance from the source material. The artist employed a black foam-based material she would refer to as a screen, which compressed and flattened visual information. Placed between the camera and the subject, itself taken from advertising print, calendars and other reproductions, the screen acted as an additional point of interception between the initial object and its image.

Current Projects
More recently Brooks has expanded her sculptural practice out from maquettes into large-scale sculptural reconstitutions of photo-based printed fabrics, creating a series of optically charged large-format abstract photographs. The sculptures serve as source material for, and exist peripherally to the final photographs.

She served on the faculty of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in the Photography Department from 1985 to 2008, and has taught at the Cooper Union, the School of Visual Arts, and the Rhode Island School of Design among others. She was a recipient of the National Endowment for the Arts grant twice, in 1979 and 1991, and served on the final NEA panel for photography, shortly before the collapse of the Association's funding and subsequent dismantling of many of its programs.

In 2011, she was included in two retrospective exhibitions: for LA MOCA's Under the Big Black Sun exhibition as part of the Pacific Standard Time citywide initiative, and in Photography into Sculpture at Cherry and Martin Gallery. She lives and works in New York.

Collections (selected list)
 Museum of Modern Art, New York
 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
 Getty Museum of Art, Malibu, California
 Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California
 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, California
 National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C.
 Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Ohio
 University of California at Los Angeles, California
 Albright-Knox Museum, Buffalo, New York
 Museo d' Arte Contemporaneo, Mexico City, Mexico
 Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, Germany
 City of Paris
 National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
 Musee d'Art Contemporain of Montreal, Ontario, Canada
 Southeast Banking Corporation, Coral Gables, Florida
 Capitol Group Corporation (commissioned project) New York
 Allan Goldring, New York City, New York
 Standard Oil
 Merrill Lynch
 Goldman Sachs Corporation
 Progressive Corporation
 Fred Alger Corporation
 Pitney Bowes Corporation
 U.S. Trust
 Willis Corroon Corporation
 Polaroid Corporation

References

 ArtNet - Ellen Brooks
 Smithsonian American Art Museum - Ellen Brooks
 The Artists - Ellen Brooks
 MutualArt - Ellen Brooks

External links
 Ellen Brooks Official Website
 the Big Black Sun: California Art 1974-1981"
 Interview with Leslie Tonkonow
 Ellen Brooks: Vintage Photographs from the 70s

Tisch School of the Arts faculty
UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture alumni
1946 births
Living people
20th-century American women photographers
20th-century American photographers

Ellen Brooks


Verticordia rennieana is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with small, narrow, warty leaves and pink and silvery-white flowers in spring and summer.

Description
Verticordia rennieana is an openly branched shrub which grows to a height of  and  wide. Its new growth is whitish and the leaves are linear,  long and prominently warty.

The flowers are scented and arranged in small groups near the ends of the branches, each flower on a stalk  long. The floral cup is hemispherical in shape, about  long, with large green appendages forming a thick collar around the hypanthium. The sepals are pink and silvery-white,  long with 7 to 10 feathery lobes. The petals are spreading, pink to purple  long, oval to almost round with a smooth edge. There are only 5 fertile stamens with groups of 3 staminodes between the stamens. The style is about  long, thick, straight and hairy. Flowering time is from October to January.

Taxonomy and naming
Verticordia rennieana was first formally described by Ferdinand von Mueller and Ralph Tate in 1896 from a specimen collected by Richard Helms and the description was published in Transactions and proceedings and report, Royal Society of South Australia. The specific epithet (rennieana) honours Edward Henry Rennie.

In his review of the genus in 1991, Alex George placed this species in subgenus Eperephes, section Integripetala along with V. helmsii, V. interioris, V. mirabilis and V. picta.

Distribution and habitat
This verticordia is found in a broad area between Perenjori and Southern Cross where it grows in sand, sometimes with gravel or loam, often with other species of verticordia in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie and Yalgoo biogeographic regions.

Conservation
 Verticordia rennieana is classified as "Not Threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Use in horticulture
Although this verticordia is rarely grown in gardens it is described as "a beautiful small shrub ... with honey-perfumed flowers". It is propagated from cuttings and requires a sunny position in well-drained soil.

References

rennieana
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1896
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller

Verticordia rennieana


WBIR-TV (channel 10) is a television station in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with NBC. Owned by Tegna Inc., the station maintains studios on Bill Williams Avenue in Knoxville's Belle Morris section, and its transmitter is located on Sharp's Ridge in North Knoxville.

History
WBIR-TV signed on the air on August 12, 1956, as a CBS affiliate, taking that affiliation away from WTVK (channel 26, now WVLT-TV on channel 8). During the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. WBIR-TV was originally owned by a consortium headed by J. Lindsay Nunn and his son, Gilmore Nunn, owners of WBIR radio (1240 AM, now WIFA; and FM 103.5, now WIMZ-FM). The station's call letters come from Jesse W. "Jay" Birdwell, who founded WBIR radio in 1941; Birdwell sold the AM radio station to the Nunns in 1944. The Nunns shared ownership with WBIR general manager John P. Hart; Knoxville residents Robert and Martha Ashe, and the Taft family of Cincinnati. In October 1959 the Tafts' broadcast subsidiary, Radio Cincinnati, Inc. (later known as Taft Broadcasting), purchased the remaining 70 percent of the WBIR stations outright from the other parties.

In January 1961, Radio Cincinnati, Inc. sold WBIR-AM-FM-TV to the News-Piedmont Company of Greenville, South Carolina, owner of WFBC-AM-FM-TV in its home city. In 1967, News-Piedmont merged with Southern Broadcasting to form the Southeastern Broadcasting Corporation. Soon afterward, Southeastern sold off most of its radio stations (including WBIR-AM-FM), purchased four more television stations and changed its name to Multimedia, Inc. WBIR shared flagship status with WFBC-TV (now WYFF).

On September 10, 1988, WBIR became an NBC affiliate, swapping affiliations with WTVK; this marked CBS' return to its original affiliate in Knoxville. At the time, NBC was the top-rated network while CBS was in third place near the midpoint of the Laurence Tisch period of that network's history. NBC was more than willing to make the switch, since WTVK had been one of its weakest affiliates while WBIR was a solid runner-up to WATE-TV; WTVK would move to VHF channel 8 not too long afterwards on December 8 and become WKXT-TV. With the switch, channel 10 became the last major commercial station in Knoxville to change affiliations. The switch also made channel 10 the third station in Knoxville to carry NBC; the network had previously aired on WATE from 1953 to 1979 before moving to WTVK in 1979. Multimedia merged with Gannett in 1995.

For a time in the 1980s, WBIR was seen on several ten-watt translators across East Tennessee and Virginia. One of them, W04BM, was licensed to LaFollette, Tennessee, and operated on channel 4.

In 2008, WBIR-TV debuted new graphics and news music. On June 1, 2011, WBIR-TV and Fox affiliate WTNZ-TV, for whom WBIR-TV was producing a 10 p.m. newscast, debuted a new high-definition news set and weather studio and a full makeover of branding. However, WBIR-TV retained their logo by adding the HD symbol to the right of the logo.

Around the first week of October 2012, Gannett entered a dispute against Dish Network regarding compensation fees and Dish's AutoHop commercial-skip feature on its Hopper digital video recorders. Gannett ordered that Dish discontinue AutoHop on the account that it is affecting advertising revenues for WBIR. Gannett threatened to pull WBIR from Dish should the skirmish continue beyond October 7 and Dish and Gannett fail to reach an agreement (WTNZ was not involved in the dispute, as the station is owned by Raycom Media, rather than by Gannett, which continues to produce its newscasts via WBIR). The two parties eventually reached an agreement after extending the deadline for a few hours.

On June 29, 2015, the Gannett Company split in two, with one side specializing in print media and the other side specializing in broadcast and digital media. WBIR was retained by the latter company, named Tegna.

Programming

Local programming

The Heartland Series

The Heartland Series, hosted by Bill Landry, was a popular documentary series produced by WBIR from 1984 until 2009. It was conceived in 1984 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. It continued to celebrate the people and the land of the entire Appalachian region, presenting re-enactments of historic events and feature stories about regional culture. In February 2009, WBIR announced that it would suspend production of the series in September 2009, but would continue to show the hundreds of episodes already produced "for as long as the viewers like them." The last episode was taped at the Museum of Appalachia in Norris on August 8, 2009, before an audience estimated at 10,000 people, one of the largest crowds in the museum's history.

During its 25-year history, The Heartland Series received several awards, including four Emmy Awards. U.S. embassies around the world keep tapes of The Heartland Series broadcasts as an information resource on life in Appalachia.

Our Stories
In 2006, WBIR celebrated its 50th anniversary with a special report on some of the past stories captured on the station for the past 50 years. These reports were called "Our Stories" and included retrospectives on events such as U.S. Presidents visiting Knoxville and East Tennessee, major crimes and even the 25th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair.

Friends Across the Mountains Telethon
WBIR co-produces a yearly telethon with Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned Asheville, North Carolina ABC affiliate WLOS, benefiting Friends of the Smokies and Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The proceeds from the telethon help support critical programs and projects in the park. It is co-hosted by WBIR Anchor Emeritus Bill Williams and WLOS anchor Larry Blunt.

News operation
Prior to September 15, 2008, WBIR-TV aired LIVE at Five at 5 p.m. on weekdays. The program focused on community events and celebrity interviews. In 2008, the show was moved to 4 p.m. and was temporarily renamed LIVE at Five at Four with WBIR asking for viewers' opinions on a new name. The quirky temporary name, however, was embraced by viewers and LIVE at Five at Four remained the brand for the 4 p.m. program for the next decade and a half. In 2010, LIVE at Five at Four debuted new graphics to better reflect programming shown on the newscast. The final version of graphics on LIVE at Five at Four debut the week of December 4, 2017, as part of WBIR's revamp and update. On July 3, 2023, after 15 years of LIVE at Five at Four and nearly three decades of the "LIVE at Five" umbrella-moniker, the 4 p.m. broadcast became 10 About Town. The format of highlighting local community events and personalities remained the same during the title transitioning of LIVE at Five at Four to 10 About Town.

Until late March 2011, WBIR-TV produced a 10 p.m. newscast for CW affiliate WBXX-TV. On March 28, WBIR-TV began producing a nightly 10 p.m. newscast for Fox affiliate WTNZ (channel 43). WBIR also begin producing a weekday morning news show at 7 a.m. that begin in June 2012 for that station. Both stations' newscasts began airing in high definition on June 1, 2011, making WBIR and WTNZ the second and third stations in Knoxville to make the upgrade.

On October 28, 2013, WBIR expanded its noon newscast from 25 minutes to a full hour.

WBIR also has a 24-hour news channel called "10 News 2", that simulcasts and rebroadcasts their newscasts. As of 2023, this channel is still available but only on Comcast Xfinity cable channel 21 in Knoxville.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

The national NBC Weather Plus network is defunct as of December 1, 2008, and was revamped as an affiliate of NBC Plus, utilizing the same graphics as Weather Plus (and is now a computer-updated loop of regional satellite/radar images, current temperatures, and daily forecasts) and without the national on-camera meteorologist segments (though the local OCM segments remained). In late 2011, it was replaced with The Local AccuWeather Channel, branded as "10 Weather Now". On October 8, 2012, it was replaced with MeTV.  In early 2015, WBIR added a third digital channel (channel 10.3), which currently broadcasts the Justice Network.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WBIR-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 31 to VHF channel 10.

References

External links

NBC network affiliates
MeTV affiliates
True Crime Network affiliates
Quest (American TV network) affiliates
Twist (TV network) affiliates
Comet (TV network) affiliates
Tegna Inc.
Television channels and stations established in 1956
BIR-TV
Taft Broadcasting
1956 establishments in Tennessee
Former Gannett subsidiaries

WBIR-TV


James K. Okubo (May 30, 1920 – January 29, 1967) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
Okubo was born in Anacortes, Washington.  His parents were Japanese immigrant parents. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

The Okubo family was interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California; and then they were moved to the camp at Hart Mountain in Wyoming.

Soldier
Okubo joined the US Army in May 1943.

Okubo volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in October 1944, Okubo  was awarded the Army's third-highest decoration, the Silver Star.  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the Silver Star during World War II.  Okubo's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Okubo's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944. many times, he exposed himself to intense fire to treat and evacuate wounded men.

The words of Okubo's citation explain:
Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 28 and 29 October and 4 November 1944, in the Foret Domaniale de Champ, near Biffontaine, eastern France. On 28 October, under strong enemy fire coming from behind mine fields and roadblocks, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo, a medic, crawled 150 yards to within 40 yards of the enemy lines. Two grenades were thrown at him while he left his last covered position to carry back wounded comrades. Under constant barrages of enemy small arms and machine gun fire, he treated 17 men on 28 October and 8 more men on 29 October. On 4 November, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo ran 75 yards under grazing machine gun fire and, while exposed to hostile fire directed at him, evacuated and treated a seriously wounded crewman from a burning tank, who otherwise would have died. Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

Namesake
Okubo is the namesake of the Okubo Family Health Clinic at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington.

The Okubo Barracks at the Fort Sam Houston in Texas are named after the Nisei soldier.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov

1920 births
1967 deaths
Military people from Washington (state)
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II

James Okubo


Pecadora ("Sinner") is a telenovela produced in Miami, Florida by Venevision Productions, LLC.

It began airing on November 9, 2009, via TC Televisión in Ecuador at 22:00. It was released in Venezuela on August 25, 2010 at 3pm by the original channel Venevision. Univision began airing the telenovela on May 3, 2010 at the 12pm/11c timeslot. It has since aired in Colombia, Canada, Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala and Bulgaria.

Pecadora is a remake of Como en el Cine and is written by the original writer, Verónica Suárez.  In turn Como en el Cine is apparently a spin-off of a movie entitled "Coyote Ugly" wherein dancers danced on a bar counter.

Eduardo Capetillo, Litzy Dominguez, and Marjorie de Sousa are the main stars alongside Daniel Elbittar, Maritza Bustamante, Ariel López Padilla, Silvana Arias, and others.

Plot
The plot sort of inches along slowly with a multitude of repetitive  discussions by various characters about what some plan to do and about what has already happened, along with flash-backs.  Much time is spent filming girls dancing on the bar with the audience reactions.

To the eyes of the world, Luz María is a successful psychologist who makes enough money to take care of her family and to pay for a luxurious boarding school education for her younger sister, though the story did not develop the psychology practice to any significant extent.  The audience sees Luz fake being a psychologist only briefly.  In reality, Luz María makes her living as a dancer in a nightclub, though really most of the time it is other girls the audience sees dancing and not Luz María.  Although she did study psychology at university, she was forced to leave school at the death of her father, and she left it in charge of her brothers.  The story line about Luz María is weakly developed (her role being almost a MacGuffin role) while the role of the antagonist, Samantha, is much developed.

Ashamed to admit her true occupation, Luz María has arranged things to deceive everyone, maintaining a low profile and keeping few close friends. But when she meets Bruno, her secret becomes a heavy load that threatens to destroy her happiness.

Bruno, an honest industrialist who belongs to a prominent family, thinks that he has fallen in love not only with the perfect woman, but besides that, due to her academic preparation, she can help him deal with the trauma generated by the disappearance of his twin brother many years ago. What he never imagines is the surprise he will receive related to that ideal woman that he thinks he has found. The writer or production did not choose to give many scenes of Luz doing psychotherapy (like having Bruno on a couch).

Samantha, Bruno's former fiancée, jealous and bitter because he broke off their relationship when he met Luz María, conspires with her malicious father, Genaro, and with Bruno's mother Angela -who wasted the fortune she inherited from her husband and who wants to see Bruno married to Samantha- to do everything possible to separate Luz María and Bruno. After submitting Luz María to countless humiliations, they manage to discover her true job, and cruelly they reveal the secret to Bruno, making her sound deceitful... and sinful.

From that moment, Luz María must fight the hardest battle of her life: to convince Bruno that she is not the calculating gold-digger he thinks she is, and that her love is true.

To complicate things even more, Bruno's twin brother -whom everyone thinks is dead- appears in Luz María's life as a regular at the nightclub, and he also falls in love with her. Bernardo (Bernie), who remembers neither his past nor his true last name, only knows and loves her as "Lucecita" the dancer.  The story of the twin brother becomes a story within the story as the mafia is out to kill Bernie.  The twin brother is much more vivacious than Bruno, who is rather straight.

Despite the above, what really becomes the story (for a while) is the story of Samantha, who gets in a struggle over a gun with another woman, who is shot and dies.  The disposal of the body and legal fall out over the death of that woman takes over the story for a while.  In the end, Samantha replaces Luz María as the star dancer and singer in the bar, and Samantha becomes a sympathetic character at the end.  While Luz María never is shown singing a song through without interruption or bar hub-bub obscuring her song, Samantha gets to sing a beautiful song at the end of the story, song sung without interruption.

The story is told with a number of stock, well-used, telenovela conventions like unknown/mistaken parentage, two brothers after one woman, twins played by one actor (twins who look exactly alike), rich evil novia with whom the male protagonist fornicates, older ally of the evil rich novia, characters who lie most of the way through the story, fake wedding, and the end of the telenovela with a wedding.

Cast
Litzy - Luz María Mendoza, protagonist,
Eduardo Capetillo - Bruno Alcocer/Bernie Alcocer, protagonist,
Marjorie de Sousa - Samantha Sabater, antagonist/protagonist, daughter of Muneca and Genaro
Daniel Elbittar - Ricky Perez
Maritza Bustamante - Barbie
Paulo Quevedo - El Mechas
Lina Santos - Muñeca / Fernanda
Ariel López Padilla - Gregorio antagonist.
Roberto Vander - Calletano
Sergio Kleiner - Don Genaro Sabater antagonist.
Héctor Soberón - Carlos
Lianneth Borrego - Reyna, friend of Luz Maria
Karina Mora - Genoveva Anderson
Jaider Villa - Alan Tejeiro, Supporting character
Brenda Require - Romina, sister of Bruno and Bernie
Paloma Marquez - Dulce, friend of Luz Maria
Julio Capote  - Elalio
Juan Troya - Inspector Tulio Hernandez
Julieta Rosen
Carlos Yustes - Pancho
Rafael Mercadente - Andres
Susana Pérez - Angela Alcocer, antagonist.
Silvana Arias - Violeta, sister of Luz Maria
Jessica Cerezo - Rosy
Enrique Sapene - Fernando
Paola Pedroza - Lola
Victoria Del Rosa - Vanesa, friend of Samantha
Mariane Lovera - Liliana
Monique Abbadie- Juana
Eduardo Antonio - Chocolate
Kevin Aponte
Anna Sobero - Lupe
Roxana Montenegro - Luisa
Diana Osorio -Andrea
Sandra Martínez
Adrian Mas - dr. Alfonso Sallaberry
German Barrios - Inspector Rebollar
Ramon Morell
Gerardo Riveron - Gomez
Guadalupe Hernandez - Cesar
Adriana Oliveros - Monica
Rudy Pavon
Ana Vina - director Veselina
Mari Monge - Rosa
Miguel Angel Cuello - policeman
Anay Reyes
Adita Riera
Jorge Luis Garcia - Leopoldo Notario

References

External links

2009 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
2009 Venezuelan television series debuts
2010 Venezuelan television series endings
2009 telenovelas
Spanish-language American telenovelas
Television shows filmed in Miami
Television shows set in Miami
Venevisión telenovelas
Univision telenovelas
American television series based on Mexican television series

Pecadora (TV series)


Tian Huaijian () (b. 802) was a general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who, in his childhood, briefly served as the ruler of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), which had been held by his family for generations.  The soldiers soon overthrew him and replaced him with his distant relative Tian Xing, and he was delivered to the Tang capital Chang'an.

Background
Tian Huaijian was born in 802, during the reign of Emperor Dezong. Prior to his birth, his family had held Weibo Circuit for generations, ruling it in a de facto independent manner from the imperial regime, with his great-grandfather Tian Chengsi, Tian Chengsi's nephew Tian Yue, Tian Huaijian's grandfather Tian Xu, and father Tian Ji'an successively serving as the military governors (Jiedushi) of Weibo. His mother was Tian Ji'an's wife Lady Yuan, a daughter of the general Yuan Yi (). He had least three brothers – Tian Huaili (), Tian Huaixun (), and Tian Huairang (), with the Old Book of Tang implying that he was older than his brothers and the New Book of Tang implying that he was younger than his brothers.

In 812, Tian Ji'an fell ill, and it was said that in his illness, he killed his subordinates at will, and the headquarters fell into chaos. Lady Yuan summoned the officers and had them support Tian Huaijian as deputy military governor, acting as military governor. Tian Ji'an was moved out of the headquarters into a separate residence, and he died a month later, on September 21, 812.

Brief reign of Weibo
After Tian Ji'an's death, one of the officers who had been supported by the soldiers, Tian Xing – a son of Tian Chengsi's cousin Tian Tingjie () – was recalled from his post to serve as the commander of the army. Meanwhile, because of Tian Huaijian's youth, the servant Jiang Shize () came to be making the key decisions, and Jiang made movements that were based on his own likes and dislikes, causing the soldiers to be disgruntled. Further, the reigning Emperor Xianzong (Emperor Dezong's grandson) was withholding the official commission for Tian Huaijian, hoping to cause a mutiny at Weibo. One morning, when Tian Xing was set to enter the headquarters to meet Tian Huaijian, the soldiers surrounding him  bowed to him, asking him to be active military governor. Tian Xing agreed on condition that the soldiers would not harm Tian Huaijian and would be willing to submit to imperial orders, and the soldiers agreed. Tian Xing then executed Jiang and his associates and moved Tian Huaijian out of the headquarters. (While the date of this mutiny was not recorded in historical sources, the mutiny was reported to Emperor Xianzong by the imperial eunuch stationed at Weibo on November 17, 812.)

Aftermath
Tian Xing buried Tian Ji'an, and then delivered Tian Huaijian to the Tang capital Chang'an.  Emperor Xianzong gave Tian Huaijian a general title, gave him a mansion at Chang'an, and granted a generous stipend of grain.  No further historical references were made to Tian Huaijian, and it is not known when he died.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 141.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 210.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 238, 239.

802 births
9th-century deaths
Tang dynasty generals from Hebei
Politicians from Handan

Tian Huaijian