Genieo Innovation is an Israeli company, specializing in unwanted software which includes advertising and user tracking software, commonly referred to as a potentially unwanted program, adware, privacy-invasive software, grayware, or malware. They are best known for Genieo, an application of this type. They also own and operate InstallMac which distributes additional 'optional' search modifying software with other applications. In 2014, Genieo Innovation was acquired for $34 million by Somoto, another company which "bundles legitimate applications with offers for additional third party applications that may be unwanted by the user". This sector of the Israeli software industry is frequently referred to as Download Valley.

History

Genieo Innovation was founded in April 2008 by Sol Tzvi and Jacob Tenenboem.

The first version of Genieo was released in September 2009, and the beta version was launched at the Demo2010 conference in March 2010.

Genieo's website has been down and it is suspected that it has changed its name to InKeepr.

Overview

The software installs itself onto computers and makes it almost impossible for users to remove it. It hijacks the user's browser and tracks browser usage with the intention of mining information. Users complain that it acts like a virus and they need to run special programs to remove it.

Malware issues
Genieo is listed as malware in Apple Inc.'s XProtect anti-malware service, which built in to all Macintosh computers running Mac OS X Snow Leopard or later.

In May 2013, a malicious installer, distributed by Genieo partner Softonic, was found by security software company Intego. The installer masquerades as a necessary update to Adobe Flash Player and attempts to install Genieo.app without user interaction. Dynamic libraries are added to the Safari browser, which intercept searches intended for Bing and Google.

Other versions of Genieo for Mac have also been offered as 'codecs' required for video playback. Testing carried out on Genieo for Mac in June 2013 found that it left active software behind even after using the supplied uninstaller, which required detailed manual removal.

In November 2013, another fake application installer was reported to include Genieo adware.

In January 2014, Sophos added Genieo for Mac to their threat list; in the category Viruses and Spyware : Trojan horse (computing) : Adware
.

As of November 2014,  Genieo for Mac is flagged by Intego (mentioned above) and, according to an analysis at VirusTotal, by 25 (out of 55 surveyed) anti-malware solutions, including Ad-Aware, Avast!, Bitdefender, Comodo, Dr. Web, ESET, Fortinet, F-Secure, Kaspersky, Trend Micro Housecall, Sophos and Symantec

In July 2014, Genieo was acquired for $34 million by Somoto, another company which "bundles legitimate applications with offers for additional third party applications that may be unwanted by the user."

In August 2015, malware researchers discovered a Genieo installer which acquired access to the Mac keychain, by an automated click on "allow", when the permission dialog for the keychain was displayed. The code was in a Safari browser extension added by Genieo, and was also contained, but not immediately used, in earlier versions of the installer.

Genieo case became the impetus for the rapid emergence of similar adware: Only Search, MacShop Ads, MacVX, etc.

See also
Spyware
Personalization
Adaptive hypermedia
Behavioral targeting

References

Software companies of Israel
Adware
Online advertising
MacOS malware
Spyware companies

Genieo


Osage is a ghost town in northwestern Colorado County in the U.S. state of Texas. The one-time settlement was situated on Harvey Creek near the junction of County Roads 205 and 208 a few miles to the northeast of Weimar. At the time of the American Civil War, the community was substantial enough to provide a company of soldiers to a Texas regiment in the Confederate States Army. A notable school flourished in Osage starting in the 1870s, but in that decade the railroad was built through Weimar instead. By 1900 the local commercial establishments had moved to Weimar and the town faded out of existence. In 2013 the area was sparsely settled.

Geography
The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) places the Osage Cemetery at  which is near the intersection of County Roads 205 and 208 in Colorado County. This location is  northeast of the center of Weimar via FM 155 and County Roads 202, 204, 201 and 208. The Colorado River flows a few miles to the north and east. The only other landmarks in the area are the Old Osage Cemetery a few hundred yards to the northeast of the Osage Cemetery and the Adkins Cemetery on County Road 201.

History
The first Anglo-American settlers in the region were Tom Hubbard and his family, who came from Mississippi in 1851. They began farming along Harvey Creek which formed part of a land grant to Henry Austin, cousin of Stephen F. Austin. A major influx of Scotch-Irish and English immigrants from Laurel, Mississippi arrived in a 36-wagon caravan in 1855. After building homes and bringing in the first harvest the following year, their leader Dr. Samuel D. McLeary named the community Osage after the Osage Orange trees found in the area. In the early part of the Civil War, Osage and other area communities supplied the men who formed Company A of the 5th Texas Cavalry Regiment. In 1862 the town boasted a blacksmith, cotton gin, a number of well-built homes, several stores and a Confederate States of America post office. E. B. Carruth opened a school at Osage in 1874 and it soon became locally famous, drawing students from a 100-mile radius who boarded with area families. However, the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railroad was built west from Columbus and the new town of Weimar was established on the railroad in 1873. Between that year and 1900, every business abandoned Osage and moved approximately  southwest to Weimar. By the 1980s only a few scattered farms and ranches remained in the area. One source dubs Osage a ghost town.

References

Populated places in Colorado County, Texas
Ghost towns in Central Texas

Osage, Colorado County, Texas


Andrew Paul Sandoval is an American, best known as a Grammy Award nominated reissuer and compiler and engineer of historical albums, containing popular music from the rock era. Additionally, Sandoval has ongoing careers as author, DJ, journalist, songwriter and professional musician. Born in Santa Monica, California, his career in music began in 1986 as the editor and publisher of a fanzine called New Breed, a project that blossomed into work as a reissue director for such labels as Rhino and PolyGram. His writing has appeared in the form of liner notes to record and CD releases, as well as in articles featured in The Hollywood Reporter and Shindig!

Career
In December 1989, Sandoval performed his first live show as a solo musician and began professionally recording his music soon after (though his first record release did not appear until 1995). His last performances as a musician took place in Spain during a 2010 tour.

On September 11, 2006, Sandoval added DJ to his list of credits when he launched a weekly radio show called Come To The Sunshine on Luxuriamusic.com, which is broadcast live from Los Angeles every Monday from 3 to 5 p.m. (Pacific Time Zone).  A website chronicling the show was launched during the program's second series. On May 28, 2017, Come To The Sunshine moved from Luxuriamusic.com to WFMU's Rock & Soul Ichiban.

On December 1, 2010, Sandoval received his first Grammy nomination as a compiler and engineer for the Rhino release Where the Action Is! Los Angeles Nuggets 1965–1968.

Under the moniker Andrew, Sandoval has issued four albums (From Me to You, Happy to Be Here, What's It All About and A Beautiful Story) and two EPs (Happily Ever After and Million Dollar Movie). In 2006, Spanish label Hanky Panky issued a compilation of his recordings past and present titled  33: The Best of Andrew. His first officially released recording was featured on 1994's tribute compilation Sing Hollies in Reverse (which showcased various artists covering songs originally recorded by UK group the Hollies). Sandoval's songs have also been heard in the DVD versions of such television series as Dawson's Creek and Party Of Five.

The cast of musicians performing on Sandoval's albums include Ric Menck of Velvet Crush, David Nolte, Tom Dawes of the Cyrkle, Matt Cooker, Jim Laspesa, Carrie Bartsch, Kristian Hoffman, Dennis Diken of the Smithereens, Dave Amels, Probyn Gregory, Nelson Bragg, Steve Stanley, David Jenkins and Dan Schwartz. The producer/engineer of nearly all Sandoval's recordings is Brian Kehew.

Sandoval has also recorded and toured with Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee Dave Davies (of The Kinks). His work with Davies is included on the collections Unfinished Business, Rock Bottom, and  Kinked. Other artists that Sandoval has performed or recorded with include P.F. Sloan, Jackie DeShannon, Danny Hutton, Keith Allison, Kristian Hoffman, Dennis Diken with Bell Sound, Jigsaw Seen, The Wonderful World Of Joey, Patrick Campbell-Lyons and Abby Travis.

Reissue work
As a reissue compiler, Sandoval has worked on releases by such artists as the Beach Boys, Bee Gees, the Kinks, the Monkees, the Band, Elvis Costello, Big Star, Chris Bell, Jan & Dean, the Cyrkle, Left Banke, Love, Pretty Things, Elton John, the Troggs, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, P.F. Sloan, the Everly Brothers, Manfred Mann, Three Dog Night, the Zombies, Gene Clark, Tom Jones, the Grass Roots, Roger McGuinn, the Hollies, Blues Magoos, the Beau Brummels, Gary Lewis & the Playboys, Herman's Hermits, Dion DiMucci, the Turtles, Tommy James & the Shondells, Harry Nilsson and the Easybeats.

His compilations Come to the Sunshine: Soft Pop Nuggets from the WEA Vaults and Hallucinations: Psychedelic Pop Nuggets from the WEA Vaults were released by Rhino Handmade in 2004. A more extensive Nuggets collection compiled and annotated by Sandoval, Where the Action Is! Los Angeles Nuggets 1965–1968 (a 4-disc boxset), was released by Rhino on September 22, 2009. The set was nominated for a Grammy Award on December 1, 2010, as best historical album.

Author
Sandoval wrote the 2005 book The Monkees: The Day-by-Day Story of the 60s TV Pop Sensation. Mojo magazine said this work was, "...The only Monkees book you need…Essential reading and a poignant primer in how the template was set for today's shooting stars…as close as you'll get to the official word…an engaging document of one of the '60s most important phenomena."

His second official book, The Bee Gees Day-By-Day Story: 1945–1972 () was published in June 2012.

References

External links

 Andrew Sandoval web page

American radio DJs
Songwriters from California
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American audio engineers
American multi-instrumentalists
American male pop singers
Mastering engineers
American writers
American male songwriters

Andrew Sandoval


Kathie Lee Gifford (born August 16, 1953) is an American talk show host, singer and actress. She is best known for hosting Live with Regis and Kathie Lee from 1985-2000 with Regis Philbin. She later co-hosted the fourth hour of NBC's Today show. She has received 11 Daytime Emmy nominations. She won her first Daytime Emmy in 2010 as part of the cast in The Today Show.

Before she hosted talk shows, Gifford's first television appearance was Tom Kennedy's singer/sidekick on Name That Tune, from 1974 to 1978.

She has also appeared in television advertisements for Carnival Cruise Lines since 1984.

Early life
Kathie Lee Gifford was born in Paris, France. Her birth name is Kathryn Lee Epstein. She is the daughter of Joan (née Cuttell; January 20, 1930 – September 12, 2017), a singer, and Aaron Epstein (March 19, 1924 – November 19, 2002), a musician and former U.S. Navy officer. Aaron Epstein was stationed with his family in France when Gifford was born. Gifford grew up in Bowie, Maryland, and attended Bowie High School. When she was in high school, Gifford was a singer in a folk group, "Pennsylvania Next Right," which performed frequently at school assemblies. As a senior in high school she dated and went to the prom with Michael Bray. After her graduation in high school, Gifford attended Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In Oral Roberts University she studied drama and music.

Gifford's paternal grandfather was of Russian Jewish descent and her paternal grandmother was of Native American ancestry. Her mother was a relative of Rudyard Kipling. She was of French Canadian, English and German descent and was raised in a snake handler family. After seeing the Billy Graham produced film, The Restless Ones at age 12, Gifford became a born-again Christian. She told Larry King, "I was raised with many Jewish traditions and raised to be very grateful for my Jewish heritage." Her brother, Rev. David Paul Epstein, is an evangelical Baptist preacher and pastor of Calvary Baptist Church in New York City.

The 1970s
Gifford represented Maryland in America's Junior Miss Pageant in 1970.

During one summer in the early 1970s, she was a live-in secretary/babysitter for Anita Bryant at her home in Miami. Gifford's career took off in the 1970s (during her first marriage to Christian composer, arranger, producer and publisher Paul Johnson) as a vocalist on the game show Name That Tune with Tom Kennedy (she performed the "sing a tune" segment as Kathie Lee Johnson). In 1978, she joined the cast of the short-lived Hee Haw spinoff, Hee Haw Honeys.

Live with Regis and Kathie Lee
After she was divorced from Johnson in 1983, Gifford met sports commentator Frank Gifford (born August 16, 1930) during an episode of ABC's Good Morning America; they both married in 1986.  By that time she was several months into her most famous television role, as a full-time morning talk show personality. On June 24, 1985, she replaced Ann Abernathy as co-host of The Morning Show on WABC-TV with Regis Philbin. The program went into national broadcast in 1988 as Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee, and Gifford became well-known across the country. In the 1990s, millions of morning-TV viewers watched her descriptions of life at home with her husband and their two children. She appeared as a spokesperson for Slim Fast diet shakes after her son, Cody, was born. She also was a celebrity of Carnival Cruises in the late 1980s and early 1990s, singing "If my friends could see me now!" Gifford left Live with Regis and Kathie Lee on 2000 after 15 years to focus on spending time with family and continue her singing career.

1996 sweatshop controversy
In 1996 the National Labor Committee, a human rights group, reported that sweatshop labor was being used to make clothes for the Kathie Lee line, sold at Walmart. The group reported that a worker in Honduras smuggled a piece of clothing out of the factory, which had a Kathie Lee label on it. One of the workers, Wendy Diaz, came to the United States to testify about the conditions under which she worked. Diaz commented, "I wish I could talk to [Kathie Lee]. If she's good, she will help us."

Labor activist, Charles Kernaghan, spoke on media. He accused Gifford of being responsible for the sweatshop management activity. Gifford addressed Kernaghan's allegations on the air during Live, explaining that she was not involved with hands-on project management in factories.

Gifford later contacted Federal authorities to investigate the issue and worked with U.S. Federal legislative and executive branch agencies to support and enact laws to protect children against sweat shop conditions. She met with President Bill Clinton at the White House in order to support of the government's initiatives to counter international sweatshop abuses.

Today
On March 31, 2008, NBC announced that Gifford was to join its morning show, Today, as co-host of the fourth hour, alongside Hoda Kotb. This marked her return to morning television; in many markets, she now airs directly after her old show, now called Live! with Kelly and Michael. Because the fourth hour of Today airs live at 10:00am ET, and Live! with Kelly and Michael airs live at 9:00am ET, Gifford's hour does not compete directly with her former show in most markets. Kotb and Gifford replaced Ann Curry and Natalie Morales.

She started hosting Today on April 7, 2008 with Hoda Kotb.

References

1953 births
Living people
American television presenters
Singers from Paris
Actors from Maryland
Emmy Award winners
Actors from Paris

Kathie Lee Gifford


"The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius" is an essay by George Orwell expressing his opinions on the situation in wartime Britain. The title alludes to the heraldic supporters appearing in the full royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The essay was first published on 19 February 1941 as the first volume of a series edited by T. R. Fyvel and Orwell, in the Searchlight Books published by Secker & Warburg. Orwell's wife Eileen Blair described the theme of the essay as "how to be a socialist while Tory."

It expressed his opinion that the outdated British class system was hampering the war effort and that to defeat Nazi Germany, Britain needed a socialist revolution. Therefore, Orwell argued, being a socialist and a patriot were no longer antithetical, but complementary. As a result, "The Lion and the Unicorn" became an emblem of the revolution which would create a new kind of socialism, a democratic "English Socialism" in contrast to the oppressing Soviet totalitarian communism and also a new form of Britishness, a socialist one liberated from empire and the decadent old ruling classes. Orwell specified that the revolutionary regime might keep on the royal family as a national symbol but would sweep away the rest of the British aristocracy.

The first part of the essay, "England Your England", is often considered an essay in itself. With the introductory sentence "As I write, highly civilized human beings are flying overhead, trying to kill me.", the content sheds some light on the process which eventually led Orwell to the writing of his famous dystopia Nineteen Eighty-Four. The text is also influenced partly by his other experiences in the Spanish Civil War, which he published his memoirs of in "Homage to Catalonia". His beliefs molded there of the dangers of totalitarianism and his conviction for democratic socialism to defeat fascism and Soviet communism are evident in all of his future novels such as Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm but are expressed here without allegory.

The second part is entitled "Shopkeepers at War", and the third is "The English Revolution".

In 1993, British Prime Minister John Major famously alluded to the essay in a speech on Europe by stating, "Fifty years from now Britain will still be the country of long shadows on county grounds, warm beer, invincible green suburbs, dog lovers and pools fillers and – as George Orwell said – 'old maids bicycling to Holy Communion through the morning mist'."

See also
Bibliography of George Orwell

References

External links

The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius

1941 essays
Essays by George Orwell
Works about socialism
Works about communism


Masanhappo-gu (; Hanja: 馬山合浦區; Masanhappo District), formerly known as Happo, is a district in the City of Changwon, South Korea.

History
In the late 19th century, the town was considered "one of the finest harbours in east Asia, though still only a fishing-village."

In October 1898, the Japanese, who were aiming at the control of Korea and were planning to build a railroad with its starting point at nearby Busan, began buying up land in the town; Colonel Tamura Iyozo, who was centrally involved, said the following June that "if Russia gets her hands on Masampo, Japan must become useless." In May 1899 the town became a treaty port, and the Russian navy tried to buy land for its use, only to discover that the Japanese had already acquired some of the parcels they needed. The following November, there was an ugly confrontation between Russian and Japanese seamen, and by February 1900 there was a rumor that the Russians were demanding a lease of land for military-naval use: "A large Russian squadron including the battleships Rossiya, Donskoi, and Rurik sailed from Port Arthur and weighed anchor at Masampo threateningly." The Japanese cabinet insisted that Russia not acquire any site that commanded the harbors of Koje Island, and Japan placed its fleet on a war footing.  The tension was lessened by a secret agreement between Russia and Japan later that year, and the war scare was finally ended with the coming of the Boxer disturbances in June.

See also
 Changwon
 Masan

References

External links

Districts of Changwon

Masanhappo-gu


A gas heater is a space heater used to heat a room or outdoor area by burning natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane.

Indoor household gas heaters can be broadly categorized in one of two ways: flued or non-flued, or vented and unvented.

History
The first gas heater made use of the same principles as the Bunsen burner. Beginning in 1881, the burner's flame was used to heat a structure made of asbestos, a design patented by Sigismund Leoni, a British engineer. Later, fire clay replaced the asbestos because it is easier to mold. Modern gas heaters still work this way, although they now use other refractory materials.

Function
The gas heater is able to warm up a whole room by first allowing the flame to heat the air locally, then it disperses throughout the air by convection. Today the same principle applies with outdoor patio heaters or "mushroom heaters" which act as giant Bunsen burners.

Modern gas heaters have been further developed to include units that utilize radiant heat technology, rather than the principles of the Bunsen burner. This form of technology does not spread via convection, but rather, is absorbed by people and objects in its path. This form of heating is useful for outdoor heating, where it is more economical than using a standard air heating system.

Flued heaters

Flued heaters are permanently installed wherever they are placed. The flue, if properly installed with the correct overall height, size, and orientation should extract all of the heater emissions. A correctly operating flued gas heater is typically safe for use.

Non-flued heaters

Non-flued heaters – also known as unvented heaters, vent-free heaters, or flueless fires, may be either permanently installed or portable, and sometimes incorporate a catalytic converter. Non-flued heaters can be risky if appropriate safety procedures are not followed. There must be adequate ventilation, they must be kept clean, and they should always be switched off before sleeping. If operating correctly, the main emissions of a non-flued gas heater are water vapour, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

Operation
Home gas heating controls cycle using a mechanical or electronic thermostat.  Gas flow is actuated with a valve. Ignition is by an electric filament or pilot light. Flames heat a radiator in the air duct but outside the flue, convection or a fan may distribute the heat.

See also
 Gasoline heater
 Kerosene heater
 Fireplace

References

External links

Burners
Heaters
Heater

ja:ガスストーブ

Gas heater


The Bowes Museum is an art gallery in the town of Barnard Castle, in County Durham in northern England. It was built to designs by Jules Pellechet and John Edward Watson to house the art collection of John Bowes and his wife Joséphine Benoîte Coffin-Chevallier, and opened in 1892.

It contains paintings by El Greco, Francisco Goya, Canaletto, Jean-Honoré Fragonard and François Boucher, together with items of decorative art, ceramics, textiles, tapestries, clocks and costumes, and objects of local historical interest. Some early works of Émile Gallé were commissioned by Coffin-Chevallier. There is an eighteenth-century Silver Swan automaton, which periodically preens itself, looks round and appears to catch and swallow a fish.

History
The Bowes Museum was purpose-built as a public art gallery for John Bowes and his wife Joséphine Benoîte Coffin-Chevallier, Countess of Montalbo, who both died before it opened in 1892. Bowes was the son of John Bowes, the 10th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, although he did not inherit the title as he was deemed illegitimate under Scottish law. His grandmother was Mary Bowes, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne.

It was designed with the collaboration of two architects, the French architect Jules Pellechet and John Edward Watson of Newcastle. The building is richly modelled, with large windows, engaged columns, projecting bays, and mansard roofs typical of the French Second Empire, set within landscaped gardens. An account in 1901 described it as "... some 500 feet in length by 50 feet high, and is designed in the French style of the First Empire. Its contents are priceless, consisting of unique Napoleon relics, splendid picture galleries, a collection of old china, not to be matched anywhere else in the world, jewels of incredible beauty and value; and, indeed, a wonderful and rare collection of art objects of every kind."

Among those with less favourable opinions was Nikolaus Pevsner, who considered it to be "... big, bold and incongruous, looking exactly like the town hall of a major provincial town in France. In scale it is just as gloriously inappropriate for the town to which it belongs (and to which it gives some international fame) as in style".

Construction on the building began in 1869; Bowes and his wife left an endowment and 800 paintings.  Their collection of European fine and decorative arts amounted to 15,000 pieces.

A major redevelopment of the Bowes Museum began in 2005. To date, improvements have been made to visitor facilities (shop, cafe and toilets); galleries (new Fashion & Textile gallery, Silver gallery and English Interiors gallery); and study/learning facilities. The three art galleries, on the second floor of the museum, were updated at the same time.

The museum holds temporary exhibitions, and has shown works by Monet, Raphael, Turner, Sisley, Gallé, William Morris, and Toulouse-Lautrec.

The BBC announced in 2013 that a Portrait of Olivia Porter was a previously unknown Anthony van Dyck painting. It had been found in the Bowes Museum storeroom by art historian Dr. Bendor Grosvenor  who had observed it on-line at the Your Paintings web site. The painting itself was covered in layers of varnish and dirt, and had not been renovated. It was originally thought to be a copy, and valued at between £3,000 to £5,000. Christopher Brown, director of the Ashmolean Museum, confirmed it was a van Dyck after it had been restored.

Further reading
 Charles E. Hardy – John Bowes and the Bowes Museum (1970, reprinted 1982)
 Caroline Chapman – John and Josephine: The Creation of The Bowes Museum (2010)
 Lindsay Macnaughton – Staging and Collecting French History: John and Joséphine Bowes, c.1845-1885 (2021) Durham University PhD Thesis
 Judith Phillips – National Identity, Gender, Social Status and Cultural Aspirations in Mid-Nineteenth Century England and France: Joséphine Bowes (1825-1874), Collector and Museum Creator (2020)
 Simon Spier – Creating The Bowes Museum, c.1858-1917: Private Collecting and the Art Market in the Public Art Museum (2021) University of Leeds PhD Thesis

References

External links

 Paintings  from the Bowes Museum on VADS
 Information from the 24 Hour Museum
 The Bowes Museum at Google Cultural Institute

Art museums and galleries in County Durham
Museums in County Durham
Decorative arts museums in England
Second Empire architecture
Grade I listed buildings in County Durham
Former private collections in the United Kingdom
Fashion museums in the United Kingdom
Art museums established in 1892
1892 establishments in England
Barnard Castle

Bowes Museum


The Columbia Non-neutral Torus (CNT) is a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma Physics Laboratory designed by Thomas Sunn Pedersen with the aid of Wayne Reiersen and Fred Dahlgren of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory to conduct the first investigation of non-neutral plasmas confined on magnetic surfaces. The experiment, which began operation in November 2004, is funded by the National Science Foundation and the United States Department of Energy in the form of a Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) award.

Technical design

CNT, which is housed in a cylindrical vacuum chamber made of 316 stainless steel, measures 60 inches in diameter and stands 75 inches tall.  The empty chamber is capable of reaching a pressure of 2x10−10 Torr.

CNT is unique in its simple geometry.  Magnetic surfaces are created using only four electromagnetic coils – two interlocking coils inside the chamber, and two poloidal field coils outside the chamber.  The two interlocking coils have a radius of .405m, and the angle between them can be manually selected to be 64°, 78°, or 88°, allowing for different shear and rotational transform values, and magnetic surface configuration.  The poloidal field coils have a radius of 1.08 m.  The coils are powered by a 200 kW power supply and are capable of producing magnetic fields of 0.01–0.2T.  The configuration of CNT creates a very low aspect ratio of 1.9, the lowest of any stellarator built.

Research
Thomas Sunn Pedersen is the principal investigator of CNT, which studies several areas of theoretical and experimental non-neutral plasma physics.  These include the equilibrium of non-neutral plasmas, transport and confinement, and ion-related instabilities. The CNT theory program is run by Pedersen and Prof. Allen Boozer, also at Columbia University.

First studies on CNT showed the successful creation of magnetic
surfaces with the simple four coil design.  At sufficiently low neutral pressures and sufficiently high magnetic field strengths, the plasmas are essentially pure electron plasmas and are macroscopically stable with confinement times of up to 20 ms. Transport is driven by collisions with neutrals as well as E x B drift along insulating
rods inserted into the plasma. At higher neutral pressures (10−7 Torr and above), an ion related instability is observed, with a frequency in the 10–50 kHz range, and a poloidal mode number m = 1.

The CNT group installed a conducting boundary in August 2007 to study its effects on confinement times, and to allow measurements in the absence of internal rods.  Future plans for CNT include the study of electron-positron plasmas confined on magnetic surfaces and further studies of partly neutralized plasmas.

References

External links
 CNT homepage
 CNT publications at Columbia University Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science

Fusion power
Plasma physics facilities
Stellarators

Columbia Non-neutral Torus


Aller Retour New York is a novel by American writer Henry Miller, published in 1935 by Obelisk Press in Paris, France.

Published after his breakthrough book Tropic of Cancer, Aller Retour New York takes the form of a long letter from Miller to his friend Alfred Perlès in Paris.  In the book Miller describes his experiences on a trip back to New York City, his birthplace, in pursuit of his sometime lover Anaïs Nin, who had left Paris for New York in the company of psychoanalyst Otto Rank.   When Nin returned to Paris after a few months, Miller did so as well, with this book as his record of the visit.

Literary critic Shaun O'Connell describes the book as "a litany of [Miller's] disenchantment with America," and Miller's view of New York as "the symbolic center of American corruption."  Miller paints an unpleasant picture of a New York that, in Miller's eyes, is distinctly inferior to Paris.  The book contains many negative comments about women and New York's many ethnic groups, especially Jews, leading to concerns that the book was antisemitic.  In his preface to a later French translation, Miller noted that he had modified some of the book's "harsh, seemingly unjustified references to the Jews", which he explained as a function of his "extravagant and reckless" youthful prose.  On the other hand, in a 1971 letter to his publisher, Miller rejected any charges of antisemitic content, although he also suggested delaying any reprint of the book while it "might rightly or wrongly create a bad impression".

The book went out of print after 1945, but was reprinted by New Directions Publishing in 1991 (and in a 1993 paperback edition).  A critic for the British newspaper The Independent commented on the book's "blustering misogyny" and "racial swipes of the kind common to much pre-war American literature" but also observed that it had "some arresting moments." Writing for Entertainment Weekly, critic Margot Mifflin described the book as a "springboard" for Miller's 1939 novel Tropic of Capricorn, "an uproarious critique of America" presaging Miller's 1945 book The Air-Conditioned Nightmare, and "a central document of Miller's picaresque life."  Critic Gerald Stern found the book, and its bigotry, to be "an attack on any kind of social action, even on hope", in which Miller "seems actually to hate everything, or really not to love anything" except a few people he meets.

References

External links
 Listing for Aller Retour New York at Amazon.com.

1935 American novels
Picaresque novels
Novels by Henry Miller
Obelisk Press books

Aller Retour New York


Kudamurutti River a distributary of the Kaveri, is one of the five sacred rivers that flows in Thiruvaiyaru in the Thanjavur District of the state of Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. Kudamurutti River branches off from the Kaveri River at Tiruchirapalli. The ancient name of this river was Kaduvaai which was mentioned in Tevaram, Tamil Saivite devotional poetry. The river is related to the famous saint Sri Narayana Teertha who is believed to have attained enlightenment here. As it is believed to be a sacred river, River Kudamurutti is the Theertham of Tiruvalampozhil Temple. There are many Temples located beside the river namely, Vishahareswara Temple, Kalyana Varadharaja Perumal Temple.
At the end of the Kudamuruti river at Kaveri, there located a famous temple of goddess AYYALAMAN

References

Rivers of Tamil Nadu
Tributaries of the Kaveri River

Kudamurutti River


The color line, also known as the color barrier, in American baseball stopped players of black African descent from playing Major League Baseball and its affiliated Minor Leagues until 1947 (with a few notable exceptions in the 19th century before the line was firmly established). Racial segregation in professional baseball was sometimes called a gentlemen's agreement. This means an understanding, as there was no written policy at the highest level of organized baseball, the major leagues. There was minor league's vote in 1887 against allowing new contracts with black players within its league. It sent a powerful message that eventually led to blacks not being allowed to play at all.

African Americans created the Negro leagues starting in 1887. In these leagues, African American baseball teams played against each other.

The color line was broken for good when Jackie Robinson signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers organization for the 1946 season.

Origins

The beginning of segregation followed the baseball season of 1867. On October 16, the Pennsylvania State Convention of Baseball in Harrisburg denied admission to the "colored" Pythian Baseball Club.

References

Other websites
 Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Playing for Keeps: Philadelphia's Pythian Base Ball Club.

African-American history
History of baseball

Baseball color line


An airfoil (in American English, or aerofoil in British English) is the shape of a wing, or blade of a propeller, the blade of a ship's screw or the shape of a sail as seen in cross-section. When moving through a fluid it will provide lift and drag. Lift is not only up, it may be in other directions depending on what it is used for. The airfoil has a rounded leading edge (front edge of the wing) to make the airfoil more insensitive to the angle of attack.

Fluid mechanics
Aerospace engineering

Airfoil


CFLR-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 90.1 MHz (FM) in La Romaine, Quebec. The station broadcasts a community radio format with programming in both French and Innu. The station received CRTC approval in 1992.

CFLR was also the informal call sign of CKLU in Sudbury, Ontario when it broadcast only on cable FM. When that station became officially licensed as an FM radio station in 1996, it adopted its current call sign since the CFLR call sign was already in use in La Romaine.

References

External links
CFLR-FM history - Canadian Communications Foundation

Flr
Flr
Radio stations established in 1992
1992 establishments in Quebec
Innu culture

CFLR-FM


The Budd RB-1 Conestoga was a twin-engine, stainless steel cargo aircraft designed for the United States Navy during World War II by the Budd Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although it did not see service in a combat theater, it pioneered design innovations in American cargo aircraft, later incorporated in modern military cargo airlifters.

Design and development
World War II created a great demand for military transport aircraft in the United States. Because of initial fears of a shortage of aluminum, the War Department explored the use of other materials for aircraft construction. Budd, the developer of the shotweld technique for welding stainless steel and a manufacturer of stainless steel railroad cars, automobile, bus, and truck bodies, hired an aeronautical engineering staff and worked with the U. S. Navy to develop a new twin-engine transport aircraft constructed primarily of stainless steel.  The U.S. Navy accepted the proposal for the new aircraft, and placed an order for 200, to be designated RB-1. The U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) followed with an order for 600, designated C-93.

The Conestoga was a twin-engine high-wing monoplane with tricycle landing gear. The elevated flight deck was contained in a distinctive, almost hemispherical nose section. Its two  Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92 air cooled 14-cylinder, twin-row, radial engines, the same engines fitted to the C-47, drove three-bladed Hamilton Standard Hydromatic constant-speed, full-feathering propellers and powered a 24-volt electrical system.  While the fuselage was thin-gauge stainless steel, only a portion of the wing was made of the metal; the trailing section of the wing and all control surfaces were fabric-covered.

Innovations

The RB-1/C-93 was radical for its day, introducing many of the features now standard in military transports. The flight deck could accommodate three crew members, pilot and copilot side-by-side, the navigator behind them. Stairs connected the flight deck to the cargo area, which was  long with an unobstructed cross-section of 8 × 8 feet (2.4m) throughout its length. Cargo loading and unloading could be accomplished in two ways: through 40 × 60 inch (102 × 152 cm) doors on both sides of the fuselage or by an electrically operated 10 × 8 foot (3.0 × 2.4 m) ramp at the aft end of the cargo area under the upswept tail, a similar development to what had been initially fitted to the Germans' own Ju 90 four-engined transport aircraft as their Trapoklappe ramp in 1939. The RB-1's loading ramp, accessed by manually operated clamshell doors, along with the tricycle landing gear, meant cargo could be loaded/unloaded at truck-bed height. A manually operated two-ton (1814 kg) hoist for unloading trucks and a one-ton winch for pulling cargo up the ramp were also provided in the cargo area. The aircraft could accommodate:
 24 paratroopers, or
 24 stretchers and 16 sitting wounded, or
 9,600 pounds of cargo, or
 a 1½ ton truck, or
 The largest ambulance in use by the U.S. military.

Operational history
The prototype first flew from the Budd Red Lion Factory Airfield in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 31 October 1943, piloted by Guy Miller. The prototype had a takeoff run when empty of just , and could carry a maximum payload of  with a takeoff run of . However, the aircraft demonstrated greater than expected fuel consumption; the range with a standard payload was only ,  with a maximum payload. Three prototype aircraft: NX37097, NX41810, and NC45354 were built; one was used for testing radio equipment, while the other two were used for flight test evaluations. During testing, a few aircraft had difficulty with the simultaneous deployment of the right and left landing gear. With the same engines as the C-47, but  heavier (empty), the aircraft was relatively underpowered; it was reportedly said that, for an aircraft built by a railroad car company, it indeed handled like one.

At the Budd factory and airfield in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, there were construction delays due to cost overruns and problems with stainless steel fabrication. By late 1943, aluminum production had been increased with the construction of new processing facilities, and other more conventional cargo aircraft (such as the Curtiss C-46 Commando and the Douglas C-47 Skytrain) were being produced in large numbers. This caused the Army to cancel its order for the C-93 and the Navy to reduce its RB-1 order from 200 to 25, of which 17 were delivered in March 1944.

On 13 April 1944, during a Naval Air Training Command (NATC) evaluation flight of RB-1 prototype U.S. Navy NX37097 at Patuxent River NAS, Maryland, the aircraft crashed, killing one of the crew. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair and written off, but the pilot reported that the stainless steel construction of the aircraft contributed to saving his life.

Production RB-1 aircraft never entered squadron service with the Navy, but a few were briefly used by Naval Air Stations as utility aircraft. With only 17 aircraft in inventory, the RB-1 was not feasible to maintain on the active list, and it was retired from U.S. Navy service in early 1945. The extant RB-1s were then transferred to the War Assets Administration (WAA) to be sold as war surplus. In 1945, the WAA sold 12 Conestogas to the National Skyway Freight Corp for $28,642 each (equivalent to $ in  dollars) at a time when new C-47s were selling for approximately $100,000 each (equivalent to $ million in  dollars). The new company, founded by members of the AVG Flying Tigers immediately sold four RB-1 aircraft to other buyers, which paid for the entire WAA contract.

The seven remaining National Skyways aircraft were used to transport a variety of cargo, shipping fruit and furniture from its base in Long Beach, California.  Pilots reported that the Budd transports were temperamental; in particular, exhaust stacks kept falling off and causing engine fires. There were three more crashes of Conestogas while in service with National Skyway Freight, one each in Virginia, New Mexico, and Michigan.  The crash in Virginia was a belly landing at a country club brought on by fuel exhaustion following weather-related problems. The Albuquerque, New Mexico crash was due to a downdraft during a snow storm,  from Albuquerque.<Widow of Lawrence Molloy Feemster, Ruth Mae (Feemster) Hill & preserved newspaper clippings> Pilot and copilot were killed when they were thrown through the windshield and the aircraft skidded over them; the flight engineer survived.

In 1947, the U.S. Army (and later the U.S. Air Force) gave National Skyway Freight a large contract for trans-Pacific freight, for which it leased military aircraft. The company changed its name to Flying Tiger and replaced the RB-1s with C-47s for its U.S. freight routes; the RB-1s were sold off to other buyers. One of these aircraft, a prototype RB-1, "NC45354" was sold to the Tucker Motor Company to transport its demonstration 1948 Tucker Sedan to auto shows around the U.S.; it was reportedly later abandoned at an airfield in Oakland, California after repeated mechanical troubles.

Brazil

The V.A.S.D. (Viação Aérea Santos Dumont) was born on January 18, 1944. He started with the purchase of two Catalinas and a Budd Conestoga, both former Rubber development Corporation. Budd RB.1 Conestoga had the PP-SDC "Tio Sam" enrollment. It was damaged in an emergency landing at Campo dos Afonsos on 04.01.1947, landing with one train collected, declared unrecoverable and there scrapped.

Surviving aircraft

A single unrestored Budd RB-1 is on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.

Specifications (RB-1)

See also
 Fleetwings BT-12 Sophomore also a stainless steel design
 Curtiss-Wright C-76 Caravan
 List of aircraft of World War II
 List of military aircraft of the United States
 List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Bridgeman, Leonard. "The Budd Conestoga." Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. .
 Merriam, Ray. U. S. Warplanes of World War II. Bennington Vermont: Merriam Press, 2000. .

External links

 Flying Tiger Line
 General Aviation News editorial
 Pacific Aviation
 A Story of the Budd RB-1 Conestoga

R1B
1940s United States military transport aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

Budd RB Conestoga


Archie Bruce "Beak" Weston (June 9, 1895 – April 1981) was an American football player who was a quarterback for the University of Michigan in 1917 and a halfback in 1919.  He was selected as a first-team All-American in 1917 by Chicago Tribune sports editor Walter Eckersall.

Youth in Michigan's Upper Peninsula
Weston was born in Alpena, Michigan to Frank and Jane Weston . He was raised in Sault Ste. Marie, and was a star player on Sault Ste. Marie High School's 1913 state championship football team. The Sault Ste. Marie "Blue Devils" were a football powerhouse with Weston. In a 1972 interview with his home town newspaper, Weston recalled the 1913 championship team: "We were an awful bunch of roughnecks – there was no football team in the state tougher than we were that year. We blasted all of them and loved doing it." Weston was asked about a 1913 newspaper report that he had been tackled by an irate woman during a 24–7 win over Alpena. He recalled the incident:

The game was played there, and the fans hated us. We were too rough to suit them. I was running around the left end toward the Alpena side of the field. There was nobody near me as I ran the end, and all of a sudden, this woman dives from the sideline and drops me for no gain. Well, I was so surprised I couldn't get up at first.

Playing for the University of  Michigan

All-American in 1917
Weston began the 1917 college football season as a second substitute quarterback for Fielding H. Yost's University of Michigan football team. Cliff Sparks started the first two games as Michigan's quarterback, with Lowell Genebach as his substitute. Sparks was injured in the second game of the season, and Yost gave Weston the start against Mount Union College. Weston seized the opportunity and put on an offensive display that attracted national attention. On the second play of the game, Weston "straight-armed and dodged the entire Mount Union team, running sixty-five yards for a touchdown." Weston scored a total of five touchdowns in the first two quarters and led the Wolverines to a 69–0 win over Mount Union. Following the game, one newspaper called him a "sensation" under the headline: "Yost Discovers Star Performer."

Weston celebrated his first day of play on a Michigan varsity team by tearing up the enemy so fast that  had to quit giving himself the ball -- he made so many gains that he was wearing out his team making them keep up with him.

An Iowa newspaper also took note of Weston's debut:

Weston brought his rating up from that of a second substitute quarterback to that of the star of Yost's men. He played an unrivaled game despite his handicap of weighing only 143 pounds. He is the lightest and fastest man on the team.

Weston won the starting quarterback position and led the Wolverines in the next six games, outscoring their opponents by a combined score of 234 to 3. After his first three starts, Weston faced a major test against a strong Nebraska team. In a profile of the Wolverines published the week before the game, The Lincoln Daily Star focused on Weston: "Weston is continuing to improve at the quarterback. Work seems to agree with him; he has put on three pounds of weight since he became famous two weeks ago, being no longer the lightest man on the squad."  Leading the Wolverines to a 20–0 win over Nebraska, his reputation continued to grow.

The Wolverines followed the shutout of Nebraska with a 69–0 win over Kalamazoo and a 42–0 win over eastern power Cornell. Weston gained over 300 yards on the ground against Kalamazoo and Cornell, making him a favorite for All-American honors.  In the game against Cornell, Weston also intercepted a pass in the first quarter and returned it 80 yards for the first of his three touchdowns.  The Syracuse Herald described Weston's interception return: "After Cornell's backs were held they tried a forward pass, Pendleton chucking the leather into Weston's hands.  The little 'Eel' grabbed the spheroid and dashed down the field with it seventy-five yards for a touchdown."  His performance against Cornell also included runs of 45, 35, and 25 yards,  leading sportswriters to note his "remarkable skill as an open field runner."   The Associated Press reported on Weston's performance against Cornell as follows:Weston, Michigan's little quarterback, made most of Michigan's gains and his wonderful open field running kept the crowd on edge. ... Quarterback Weston, the smallest field general Michigan has ever had, played a game that will live long in Michigan history. ... Every touchdown that Michigan made was directly  or indirectly the result of Weston's magnificent gains."

After conquering Cornell at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor, the undefeated Michigan team traveled east to Philadelphia to play Penn. News of Weston's skills had spread to the East Coast. However, it was reported after the game that "the football fans of the East who gathered at Philadelphia for the Penn-Michigan game to get a glimpse of Weston, the Michigan quarterback, who is touted as a greater player than the famous Willie Heston, were treated to a disappointment." During the first half of play, Weston got into a fistfight with Penn halfback Strauss, and both players were ejected from the game.  The Associated Press reported that the ejection of Weston was a serious loss and that the Michigan team "did not play with sustained power" after Weston's departure. His replacement at quarterback, Genebach, fumbled a punt, allowing Penn to recover the ball at the ten-yard-line in the third quarter. Penn won the game 16–0, and one eastern sports editor noted, "Weston, it appears, would make a better battler than a football star."

Weston's difficulties continued when it was announced two days before the season's final game that he would be barred from participation for his poor academic performance.

After starting the season with eight wins and no losses, the Wolverines finished the years with losses in the final two games, both without Weston. This led sports columnist Grantland Rice to compare Weston to Ty Cobb:

Detroit's Tigers can get along without Ty Cobb as easily as Michigan can get along without Weston. Michigan with Weston could beat Nebraska 20 to 0. Michigan, minus Weston, was soft and woolly picking. A good quarterback is more to be chosen than great riches, or than tackles, halfbacks or ends.

Weston's loss of academic eligibility caused most All-American and All-Western selectors to overlook him. One newspaper wrote, "It is certain that Weston of Michigan, had he not been declared ineligible, would have been the easy pick for the honor."  The one major All-American selector who chose Weston as his first-team All-American quarterback was Walter Eckersall of the Chicago Tribune.  Eckersall was the referee for the Michigan-Cornell game, where he had been an up-close witness to Weston's performance.  Another reporter credited Weston with being the "backbone" of Michigan's offense.

Weston was one of the sensations of the west this year.  Flashing to recognition from the scrub eleven, he proved the backbone of Michigan's offense and is expected to be the Wolverines' field general next year.

Military service in 1918
The United States entered World War I before the 1917 college football season began. Weston enlisted in the U.S. Army, and during the 1917 season had already been commissioned a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers.  He was granted leave to play by the Army during autumn 1917, but in December 1917 he announced he hoped to be called to active duty.  By April 1918, newspapers reported a majority of members of Michigan's 1917 football team, including Weston, were on active duty in the military.  Weston was assigned to Chanute Aviation Field in Rantoul, Illinois, where he was quarterback and captain of the Chanute Field football team.  However, Weston and two others were dismissed from the Army in October 1918 "following an incident in Decatur, in which the automobile in which he was riding was painted yellow because of alleged violation of the gasless Sunday order."

Switch to halfback in 1919
After the war, Weston returned to the Michigan football team. He started all seven of Michigan's games in 1917 as a halfback (five as left halfback and two as right halfback), and Cliff Sparks took over as quarterback.  The 1919 Michigan team finished with a disappointing 3–4 record and a 7th-place finish in the Western Conference.

Later years
Following his university days, Weston moved to Connecticut, where he married and raised a family.  He remained active, speaking to the Sault Ste. Marie football team, attending Michigan football games, and traveling between Michigan and his home in Waterbury, Connecticut.

Archie Weston died in Waterbury in April 1981, at the age of 85. He was survived by his wife, Lena.

See also
 1917 College Football All-America Team

References

1895 births
1981 deaths
American football halfbacks
American football quarterbacks
Michigan Wolverines football players
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army officers
People from Alpena, Michigan
People from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
Players of American football from Waterbury, Connecticut
Players of American football from Michigan
Military personnel from Michigan

Archie Weston


The Game is the name of a mind game. The goal is not to think about The Game itself. If someone thinks about The Game, they lose. If someone loses, they must tell someone or announce that they "lost The Game."

The first known reference of The Game appeared in 1990, though no one is sure how it started, and it will never end. It has lasted for about 30 years and accumulated millions of "players" around the world.

A similar game was played by Leo Tolstoy in 1840. The media has reported on The Game in many countries and has guessed the number of players to be in the millions.

Rules

 If you don't know about the game you're not in the game. A person cannot choose to stop playing.
 You can't talk about the game to those not in the game. It takes 2 people in the game to put a new person in the game.
 Once you are told "you lost the game," you are out for 30 mins.
 You can only get someone out by directly telling them they lost the game or "forward message" through someone else in the game.
 Parents of less than 3 children are not allowed to participate in the game

You can never truly win The Game. Anyone who overhears someone announce "I just lost The Game" or "You just lost The Game" also loses The Game. After losing you just start playing again.

Cognition
Games
Internet memes

The Game (mind game)


Ali Bongo Ondimba (born Alain-Bernard Bongo; 9 February 1959), also known as Ali Bongo and Ali Ben Bongo, is a Gabonese former politician who was the third president of Gabon from 2009 to 2023. He is a member of the Gabonese Democratic Party. He is the son of Omar Bongo, who was president of Gabon from 1967 until his death in 2009. During his father's presidency, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1989 to 1991, represented Bongoville as a deputy in the National Assembly from 1991 to 1999, and was the Minister of Defense from 1999 to 2009. After his father's death, he won the 2009 Gabonese presidential election. He was reelected in 2016, in elections marred by numerous irregularities, arrests, human rights violations, and post-election protests and violence.

On 30 August 2023, following the results of the Gabonese general election, the military ousted him from the presidency in a coup d'état due to lack of transparency in the election process and established a junta called the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions.

Early life and career

Birth
Ali Bongo was born Alain-Bernard Bongo in Brazzaville, as the son of Albert-Bernard Bongo (later Omar Bongo Ondimba) and Josephine Kama (later Patience Dabany). His mother was 18 years old at the time of his birth. He was conceived 18 months before their marriage and there have been rumors of his being Bongo's adopted son, a claim that he dismisses. Alain-Bernard changed his name to Ali when he and his father converted to Islam in 1973 and, in 2003, they both adopted the Obamba patronymic "Ondimba" in memory of Omar's father, Basile Ondimba.

Education and music career
Bongo was educated at a private school in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, and then studied law at the Sorbonne. In 2018, he received an honorary doctorate of law degree from Wuhan University in China. In 1977, as Alain Bongo, he released a funk album, A Brand New Man, produced by Charles Bobbit.

Early political career
After graduating from his law course, he entered politics, joining the Gabonese Democratic Party (, abbreviated PDG) in 1981; he was elected to the PDG Central Committee at the party's Third Extraordinary Congress in March 1983. Subsequently, he was his father's Personal Representative to the PDG and in that capacity he entered the PDG Political Bureau in 1984. He was then elected to the Political Bureau at an ordinary party congress in September 1986.

Bongo held the post of High Personal Representative of the President of the Republic from 1987 to 1989. In 1989, his father appointed him to the government as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, replacing Martin Bongo. He was considered a reformist within the ruling PDG in the early 1990s. In the 1990 parliamentary election (the first election after the introduction of multiparty politics), he was elected to the National Assembly as a PDG candidate in Haut-Ogooué Province. After two years as Foreign Minister, a 1991 constitutional amendment setting a minimum age of 35 for ministers resulted in his departure from the government.

Following his departure from the government, Bongo took up his seat as a Deputy in the National Assembly in 1991. In February 1992, he organized a visit by American pop singer Michael Jackson to Gabon.

Bongo became President of the Higher Council of Islamic Affairs of Gabon (Conseil supérieur des affaires islamiques du Gabon, CSAIG) in 1996. Prior to the December 1996 parliamentary election, a supporter of Defense Minister Idriss Ngari challenged Bongo for the PDG nomination to his parliamentary seat, but Bongo was successful in winning the nomination and retaining the seat. In surviving that challenge, he benefited from the assistance of his maternal uncle Jean-Boniface Assélé, one of his key political allies. After over seven years as a Deputy, Bongo was appointed to the government as Minister of National Defense on 25 January 1999.

In the December 2001 parliamentary election, Bongo was elected to the National Assembly as a PDG candidate in Haut-Ogooué Province. At the PDG's Eighth Ordinary Congress in July 2003, he was elected as a vice-president of the PDG. During the 2005 presidential election, he worked on his father's re-election campaign as Coordinator-General of Youth. Following that election, he was promoted to the rank of Minister of State on 21 January 2006, while retaining the defense portfolio.

Bongo was re-elected to the National Assembly in the December 2006 parliamentary election as a PDG candidate in Haut-Ogooué Province. He retained his post as Minister of State for National Defense after that election, although he was subsequently reduced to the rank of ordinary Minister on 28 December 2007. At the PDG's Ninth Ordinary Congress in September 2008, he was re-elected as a vice-president of the PDG.

Election and presidency

Omar Bongo died at a Spanish hospital on 8 June 2009. Ali Bongo appeared on television that night to call "for calm and serenity of heart and reverence to preserve the unity and peace so dear to our late father". Having been appointed to key positions by his father, it was widely considered likely that he would emerge as his father's successor following the latter's death in June 2009. Some press reports predicted a power struggle, however, suggesting that a "fierce rivalry" existed between Bongo and his sister Pascaline, who was Director of the Presidential Cabinet. The degree of support for Ali Bongo within the PDG leadership was also questioned in the press, and it was argued that many Gabonese "see him as a spoilt child, born in Congo-Brazzaville, brought up in France, hardly able to speak indigenous languages and with the appearance of a hip hop star".

Bongo was one of ten candidates who submitted applications to become the PDG's candidate in the early presidential election, scheduled for 30 August 2009. PDG Deputy Secretary-General  announced on 16 July that the party leadership had chosen Bongo by consensus as the PDG candidate, although this decision still needed to be formally confirmed at a party congress. An extraordinary PDG congress accordingly designated Bongo as the party's candidate on 19 July. On that occasion, he thanked delegates for their choice, saying he was "aware of the legitimate concerns" of the people; he vowed to battle corruption and "redistribute the proceeds of economic growth" as president.

Despite standing as a presidential candidate, Bongo was retained as Minister of Defense in the government appointed on 22 July 2009. Rogombé urged calm and called for the candidates to be "worthy" of the votes they would receive. The opposition strongly protested Bongo's continued inclusion in the government. After Interim President Rose Francine Rogombé said that Bongo would be replaced so that all candidates would be on an equal footing for the election, Interior Minister  was appointed to take over from Bongo as Minister of Defense in an interim capacity when the election campaign officially began on 15 August 2009.

A few days after the election on 30 August 2009, it was announced that he had won the election with 42% of the vote, and that result was promptly confirmed by the Constitutional Court. The opposition rejected the official results, and riots broke out in Gabon's second largest city, Port-Gentil. In response to allegations of fraud, the Constitutional Court conducted a recount before again declaring Bongo the winner with 41.79% of the vote on 12 October 2009; he was then sworn in as president on 16 October. Various African presidents were present for the ceremony. Bongo expressed a commitment to justice and the fight against corruption at the ceremony and said that fast action was needed to "give back confidence and promote the emergence of new hope". He also alluded to his father's governing philosophy of preserving stability through regional, tribal, and political balance in the allocation of power, while also stressing that "excellence, competence and work" were even more important than "geographical and political considerations". Later in the day, he announced the reappointment of Paul Biyoghe Mba as Prime Minister; he made the announcement personally "to underline the importance of this moment". According to Bongo, Biyoghe Mba had the necessary experience and managerial competence "to lead us through the next stage", and he said work would start "immediately".

The composition of Biyoghe Mba's new government was announced on 17 October; it was reduced to only 30 ministers, thereby fulfilling Bongo's campaign promise to reduce the size of the government and thereby reduce expenses. The government was also mostly composed of new faces, including many technocrats, although a few key ministers, such as Paul Toungui (Foreign Minister),  (Interior Minister), and Laure Olga Gondjout (Communications Minister), retained their posts.

On 9 June 2011, Ali Bongo and Barack Obama met at the White House.

In 2012, clashes between the supporters of opposition figure André Mba Obame and police occurred in Libreville.

On 17 August 2015, Bongo announced that he planned to donate everything he inherited from his father to the young people of Gabon, in the form of "a foundation for the youth and education". Explaining his decision, he said that "we are all heirs of Omar Bongo Ondimba" and that "no Gabonese must be left by the side of the road".

Gabon's economy continues to be based on a rent strategy, being entirely devoted to the production and export of natural resources. Many difficulties persist in addition: unemployment rate around 30% of the active population in 2016, expeditious arrests during student or union demonstrations (numerous since January 2016), deterioration of access to health care, deficiency of public services, recurrent electricity cuts. More than half of the population is below the poverty line.

On 24 October 2018, Bongo was hospitalized in Riyadh for an undisclosed illness. On 29 November 2018 Bongo was transferred to a military hospital in Rabat to continue recovery. On 9 December 2018 it was reported by Gabon's Vice President Moussavou that Bongo had a stroke in Riyadh and has since left the hospital in Rabat and is currently recovering at a private residence in Rabat. From 24 October 2018 to 1 January 2019, Bongo was not seen in public, leading to rampant speculation about the possibility that he may have died or otherwise become incapacitated. On 1 January 2019, Bongo gave his first public address via a video posted to social media since falling ill in October 2018 quashing rumors of his death. Despite this, many anti-Bongo activists living abroad questioned the legitimacy of the video with some claiming that the man giving the address was not Bongo, but a body double. In August 2019, Bongo made his first public appearance since his stroke. He has appeared in public using a wheelchair on several occasions since his stroke.

On 7 January 2019, soldiers in Gabon launched a coup d'etat attempt. The coup attempt failed, and the government successfully re-asserted control. The coup may not have actually happened though, as has been reported by critics, and could have been used as a tactic by the government to gain support.

As a result of Bongo's medically induced absence from politics, Gabon has witnessed the proliferation of official corruption targeting foreign-owned businesses.

In early January 2020, the Senate and National Assembly passed a constitutional reform that would allow the president to appoint one-third of senators in place of elections, among other changes.

In October 2021, Bongo was named in the Pandora Papers leak as having controlled two shell companies in the British Virgin Islands.

2023 election and overthrow

In January 2018, both houses of the bicameral Gabonese parliament voted in favor of creating a two-round electoral ballot system, which would replace the single-round, first-past-the-post system used for previous presidential and parliamentary elections in the country. This was later reversed in April 2023, nearly five months prior to the Gabonese general elections, following political consultations in February. Other changes agreed to by the Gabonese government include five-year terms for all elected officials in the country, as well as the abolition of re-election limits.

Roughly one month before the elections, which were scheduled to be held on 26 August, the Gabonese Center for Elections announced a last-minute change to the ballot system that requires voters to support a parliamentary candidate from the same party as their preferred presidential candidate. The leading opposition candidate, Albert Ondo Ossa, is an independent, thereby making it impossible for Gabonese voters to simultaneously vote for him and a parliamentary representative of the multi-party Alternance 2023 opposition coalition, which chose Ossa as their joint candidate.

Foreign media outlets and independent observers were reportedly prevented from entering Gabon on the day of the election. Delays were reported at several polling stations, with people waiting in line for hours before getting the chance to cast their ballots. In the evening after voting took place, the Gabonese government restricted internet access and media broadcasts from French news outlets, and a curfew was imposed.

Just two hours before the polls closed, Ondo Ossa denounced "fraud orchestrated by the Bongo camp". He had already claimed victory and urged Bongo to facilitate a peaceful transfer of power based on his own purported vote count. The official election results were announced in the middle of the night on state television without prior notice. The country was placed under curfew and internet access was cut off throughout the nation, measures implemented by the government to prevent the spread of "false news" and potential violence.

In the early morning of 30 August, Bongo's re-election was declared by the Gabonese electoral commission with 64.27% of the vote. Minutes later, the military seized the Presidential Palace in Libreville and around a dozen military personnel announced the end of Bongo's regime, with a military spokesperson claiming to be speaking on behalf of a "Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions", citing his "irresponsible, unpredictable governance" that had led to "a continuous degradation of social cohesion, risking pushing the country into chaos." They also announced the annulment of the recent election, the dissolution of state institutions, and the closure of the country's borders. Among the officers seen during the announcement were army colonels and members of the Republican Guard.

The junta later announced the arrest and home detention of Bongo and his eldest son and adviser Noureddin Bongo Valentin, adding that the two were with family and doctors. Also arrested by the junta were several of Bongo's presidential aides. The junta said that they were facing charges that included treason, embezzlement, corruption, falsifying the president's signature and drug-trafficking. Despite his detention, Bongo released a video on social media in which he appeared distressed while pleading for help in English, calling on his friends and supporters both in Gabon and around the world to "raise their voice" and "make noise" in response to the coup.

Brice Oligui, his cousin and commander of the Republican Guard, was later installed as interim president by the military junta. A week after the coup, Oligui authorized Bongo's release on medical grounds, saying that he was free to leave the country for treatment. Following his release, Bongo moved to his private residence in Libreville.

Family
Ali Bongo married his first wife, the French-born Sylvia Valentin, in 1989; she is the daughter of Édouard Valentin, CEO of the Omnium gabonais d'assurances et de réassurances (OGAR) insurance company. Édouard Valentin's wife Evelyne works in the secretariat of the presidency, and Édouard is Chargé des affaires sociales at the Gabonese Employers Confederation (Confédération patronale gabonaise, CPG). In 1994 Ali Bongo married his second wife, American , from Los Angeles, California; at the time of Ali Bongo's election as president, Inge Bongo was living on food stamps in California; she filed for divorce in 2015.

He has four children—one daughter, Malika Bongo Ondimba, and three sons, Noureddin Bongo Valentin, Jalil Bongo Ondimba and Bilal Bongo—whom he and Sylvia adopted in 2002.

References

External links

 Official site of Ali Bongo
 2004 photograph of Ali Bongo (People's Daily)
 GABON: Who will succeed Omar Bongo?, IRIN News, 11 February 2005

|-

1959 births
Living people
Presidents of Gabon
Defence ministers of Gabon
Foreign ministers of Gabon
Gabonese Democratic Party politicians
Bongo family
Gabonese lawyers
People named in the Pandora Papers
Leaders ousted by a coup
Children of presidents
20th-century Gabonese politicians
21st-century Gabonese politicians
Gabonese expatriates in France
Pantheon-Sorbonne University alumni
Lawyers with disabilities
Politicians with disabilities
Wheelchair users
Teke people
Gabonese Muslims
Converts to Islam
People from Brazzaville
Gabonese politicians

Ali Bongo


Oh Boy is a 2012 German tragicomedy film directit bi Jan-Ole Gerster. It is in black-an-white. It is the director's debut film, an thesis project for the German Film an Televeesion Academy in Berlin. In 2014, the film wis released in the US unner the title A Coffee in Berlin.

Cast
 Tom Schilling - Niko Fischer
 Marc Hosemann - Matze
 Friederike Kempter - Julika Hoffmann
 Justus von Dohnányi - Karl Speckenbach
 Katharina Schüttler - Elli
 Arnd Klawitter - Phillip Rauch
 Martin Brambach - Jörg
 Steffen Jürgens - Ralf
 Michael Gwisdek - Friedrich

Plot
The film chronicles ane day an ane nicht in the life o Niko, a young man who haes droppit oot o varsity an doesna hae a job. He drifts aimlessly throu contemporar Berlin while encounterin a range o characters alang the wey.

The movie begins wi Niko an his girlfriend breakin up. He is muivin boxes intae a new apairtment, reminiscin bi leukin throu auld photos, an then checks his mail. He opens a offeecial letter an realizes that he is late for a appointment. The appointment is wi a psychologist, as Niko wis caucht drivin unner the influence. It's in this interview that we learn that the protagonist haes droppit oot o law schuil. The psychologist messes aroond wi Niko bi askin him misleadin questions an ultimately decides tae no gie him back his license, as he deems thare is too great o chance o relapse.

Iverything seems tae be goin wrong for Niko: when he goes tae buy a coffee, he doesna hae enough chynge tae pay for it. Efter giein wha little money he haes tae a sleepin beggar, the ATM eats his card so he trees tae take the money back but a passerbi spots him appearin tae steal frae the hameless. Efter heidin back hame, Niko trees tae caw his faither tae help him wi his bank card situation. Then Niko's lanely neebour brings him a hoose wairmin gift an invites hissel intae the apairtment. The man stairts talkin aboot his personal problems an begins cryin, while Niko awkwardly trees tae console this stranger.

Niko an his friend Matze heid tae a pub for lunch. Here Niko reconnects wi his umwhile classmate namit Julika, who haes become a avant-garde actress (efter bein ower-wicht an ridiculed in grade schuil). She invites baith Niko an Matze tae a play that she is performin in later that nicht. The boys go tae a movie set, whaur Matze's friend is the main actor. They hang oot in his trailer, an Matze asks whether he micht be able tae play a smaw role in the film. While on the set, Niko's faither caws; Niko lees an says that he's in the librar - we can gather that Niko hasna tauld his faither that he's droppit oot o varsity an invites him tae play gowf later that day.

Efterwairds, Niko goes tae a bar, in a bar he meets a mysterious man, who tells him that he haes been awa for 60 years an how as a smaw bairn he haed witnessed the smashin o the windaes o the shop that is nou a bar. Efter leavin the bar he collapses on the sidewalk. Niko accompanies him tae the hospital, whaur the man dees.

A runnin gag is that Niko trees tae buy coffee, but each time it is no available because it costs mair nor he haes wi him, acause o a breuken machine, the wrong time o the day, etc. Feenally the next fore-nuin he haes a coffee.

Awairds

References

Freemit airtins

German films
Films set in Berlin

Oh Boy (2012 film)


Nira-senbei are a type of rice cracker made in Japan. Its name means "chive crackers" because they are made of baked buckwheat flour mixed with chives. They are local cuisine that have been eaten since the end of the Edo period in Nagano Prefecture. Nira-senbei are a popular snack in Suzaka, near Nagano city.

Japanese food

Nirasenbei


The Arklow Maritime Museum opened in 1976 in the old technical school on Saint Marys Road in Arklow, County Wicklow. Its original purpose was to celebrate the town's rich seafaring heritage, described by the late maritime historian John de Courcy Ireland in a letter to the museum as "Ireland's Most Maritime Town". In 2009, the museum moved to its current location at the Bridgewater Shopping Centre.

History

Establishment
As of the early 20th century, many families in Arklow had some connection with the sea, whether it was fishing, coasting or deep-sea sailing. While many houses had souvenirs or artefacts relating to these activities, by the 1970s, such items were being discarded. Aware that this would see Arklow's maritime heritage disappear, a group of people got together to save what they could for future generations. A one-off exhibition was held in the Marlborough Hall on St Mary's Road around 1970 or 1971.

On 17 and 18 March 1973, a second Maritime Exhibition was held. This time the venue was St. Kevin's Christian Brothers' School on Coolgreaney Road. The entire upper floor space was filled with a display even larger than the first exhibition. The organising committee also compiled a newsletter containing articles about:

Arklow fishermen who were contracted by the Congested Districts Board for Ireland to go to the Aran Islands and other locations on the west coast to teach the people there how to establish and maintain a commercial fishery
The first Arklow man torpedoed in World War II
Ships and memories
The names of Arklow men on the Tower Hill Memorial in London
Arklow schooner DE WADDEN
Life on the Arklow Lightship
Arklow's connection with the RMS Lusitania disaster

Also included was a letter from Don Patterson of the Institute of Irish Studies in Queen's University, Belfast. Committee secretary had written to Arthur Reynolds, editor of the newspaper Irish Skipper, asking him to mention the exhibition which Reynolds did in the March issue.  Don Patterson was quick to send what information he had that he felt would help the committee establish a permanent museum, with the Arklow Schooner DE WADDEN as its centre-point. Obtaining the DE WADDEN would have proven to be impossible for a variety of reasons, the finance involved being too large.

At the same time, public meetings were held and soon offers of items on loan or permanent donation were being made to the committee. After securing a permanent structure to house the exhibits it had collected in the form of a prefabricated shelter donated by the ESB, Arklow Maritime Museum officially opened on 20 February 1976.

Collection
Arklow Maritime Museum has now collected over two thousand exhibits. Some of its most popular items include:
A display on the Kynoch munitions factory, which employed several thousand people at the height of production and suffered an explosion that killed seventeen people on 21 September 1917
A section on the RNLI, Arklow was the site of the first lifeboat station in Ireland to be opened under the RNLI banner
A display on the RMS Lusitania, whose survivors were rescued by Arklow fishermen. Artifacts on display include various medals and a lady's shoe.
A scale model of various ships including the Asgard II, which was built in Arklow and sank in the Bay of Biscay in 2008
Various ships models, equipment and paintings

Irish ships built in Arklow
The following is a list of ships built in Arklow, or have a major Arklow connection, that have a display and/or a further source of information in the Arklow Maritime Museum:

 Asgard II
 Cymric, schooner
 Gypsy Moth III, sailed by Sir Francis Chichester and winner of the first single-handed transatlantic yacht race, which had been founded by 'Blondie' Hasler
 James Postlethwaite
 Mary B Mitchell, schooner
 MV Murell
 MV Tyrronall

References

External links

 Arklow Maritime Museum on Discover Ireland
 News article on the museum

1976 establishments in Ireland
Museums in Ireland
History museums in the Republic of Ireland
Maritime history of Ireland
Museums established in 1976
Maritime museums in the Republic of Ireland

Arklow Maritime Museum


Monte Zappi (also called Monte Gennaro or Pizzo di Monte Gennaro) is a peak in the Monti Lucretili, in  Lazio, central Italy. It has an elevation of  and is the highest peak visible from Rome looking westwards. It is located in the province of Rome, in the communal territories of Palombara Sabina and San Polo dei Cavalieri.

History

It is likely identifiable with the Lucretili Mons mentioned by Horace as visible from his Sabine farm, and probably identical with the Mons Lucretius mentioned in the Liber Pontificalis, which speaks of possessio in territorio Sabinensi quae cognominatur ad duas casas sub monte Lucretio in the time of Constantine. The name ad duas casas is supposed to survive in the chapel of the Madonna della Casa near Rocca Giovane, and the Mons Lucretilis is generally (and rightly) identified with Monte Gennaro, a limestone peak  high, which forms a prominent feature in the view northeast of Rome. Excavations on the supposed site of Horace's farm were begun in September 1909.

References

Zappi

Monte Zappi


Alessandro Bonvicino (also Buonvicino) (possibly 22 December 1554), more commonly known as Moretto, or in Italian Il Moretto da Brescia (the Moor of Brescia), was an Italian Renaissance painter from Brescia, where he also mostly worked.  His dated works span the period from 1524 to 1554, but he was already described as a master in 1516.  He was mainly a painter of altarpieces that tend towards sedateness, mostly for churches in and around Brescia, but also in Bergamo, Milan, Verona, and Asola; many remain in the churches they were painted for. Most are on canvas, but a number even of large ones are on wood panel. Only a handful of drawings survive.

He also painted a few portraits, but these are more influential.  A full-length Portrait of a Man in the National Gallery, London, dated 1526, seems to be the earliest Italian independent portrait at full length, all the more unexpected as the subject, though clearly a wealthy nobleman, shows no sign of being from a princely ruling family.  This format, and the background of an exterior largely closed off by a column the man leans on, was taken up by his main assistant Giovanni Battista Moroni, who painted mainly portraits and was one of the most important portraitists of the mid-16th century.

He was a prominent and pious citizen of the small city of Brescia, belonging to at least two of the most prominent confraternities.

Biography
He was born at Rovato, in Brescian territory, and studied first under Fioravante Ferramola. Others state he trained with Vincenzo Foppa. His brothers Pietro and Jacopo were also painters. He may have been apprenticed to Titian in Venice and modelled his earlier portrait-painting on the Venetian style. On the other hand, the style also resembles that of Giorgione or late Bellini. He conceived a great enthusiasm for Raphael, though he never travelled to Rome; on the other hand, his classical serenity resembles that shown by Leonardo and his followers in Lombardy such as Bramantino. He may have consulted with his contemporary Girolamo Savoldo.
Moretto excelled more in sedate altarpieces than in narrative action, and more in oil painting than in fresco, although he painted fine frescoes depicting the idle daughters of Count Martinengo in one of the palaces near Brescia. In 1521, he worked with Girolamo Romanino in the Cappella del Sacramento in the Old Cathedral of Brescia, where Moretto completed a Last Supper, Elijah in the Desert, and a Fall of Manna. He was active during 1522–1524 in Padua.

He painted alongside Lorenzo Lotto at Santa Maria Maggiore in Bergamo. In Brescia, he completed a Five Virgin Martyrs and his masterpiece, the Assumption of the Madonna for the church of San Clemente; a Coronation of the Madonna with four saints () for the church of Santi Nazaro e Celso; and a St Joseph for Santa Maria delle Grazie. Another work, with two small children depicted, is his canvas of St Nicholas of Bari presenting two children to Virgin (1539) originally painted for the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli, but now in the Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo. He collaborated with Floriano Ferramola in the decoration of the dome of Brescia Cathedral.

In the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna is a St Justina (once ascribed to Il Pordenone); in the Staedel Museum, Frankfurt, the Madonna Enthroned between Sts. Anthony and Sebastian; in the Berlin Museum, a colossal Adoration of the Shepherds, and a large votive picture (one of the master's best) of the Madonna and Child, with infant angels and other figures above the clouds, and below, amid a rich landscape, two priests; in the National Gallery, Central London, is a St Bernardino and Other Saints.
Throughout his career his works display an internal oscillation between the traditions of Venetian painting and the Central Italian schools. Simultaneously he looked at the form and colour of Venetian artists such as Titian and Palma the Elder whilst his classicising, sweet intensity earned him the name "Raphael of Brescia". Though there is some uncertainty regarding his studio, he took on a number of pupils, the most important of whom was the portraitist Giovanni Battista Moroni. He also influenced Callisto Piazza.

Il Moretto was stated to have been a man of great personal piety, preparing himself by prayer and fasting for any great act of sacred art, such as the painting of the Virgin-mother.

Public collections
Moretto is represented in the following collections: National Gallery, London; Metropolitan Museum, New York; Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; Staedel Museum, Frankfurt; Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice; Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo, Brescia (Annunciation); Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, Milan; National Gallery of Art, Washington; Louvre, Paris; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, amongst others.

Further works

Works
Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saint James the Great and Saint Jerome (1517)
Christ with the Cross (1518)
The Dead Christ Adored by Saint Jerome and Saint Dorothy (1520–1521)
Holy Cross Standard (1520–1521)
Standard of Our Lady of Mercy (1520–1522)
Salvation Triptych (1521–1524 or 1527–1528)
Our Lady of Mount Carmel ()
Assumption of the Virgin (1524–1526)
Orzinuovi Altarpiece (1525–1530)
Portrait of a Man (1526)
Lament over the Dead Christ (1526–1530)
Sant'Eufemia Altarpiece (1526–1530)
Supper at Emmaus ()
Madonna and Child with Saint Roch and Saint Sebastian ()
Assumption Altarpiece (1529–1530)
St Anthony of Padua with Two Saints (1530)
Saint Anthony Abbot (1530–1534)
St Justina of Padua with a Donor ()
Madonna and Child with Saint Martin and Saint Catherine ()
Massacre of the Innocents (1531–1532)
Coronation of the Virgin Altarpiece ()
The Deaf-Mute Filippo Viotti's Vision of the Virgin Mary ()
Annunciation (1535–1540)
The Assassination of Saint Peter Martyr (1535–1540)
Portrait of a Gentleman with a Letter (1535–1540)
Chiesa di San Giovanni Evangelista Organ Case ()
Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints (1536–1537)
Rovelli Altarpiece (1539)
Adoration of the Shepherds with Saints Nazarius and Celsus (1540)
Salomé (1540)
Madonna and Child with Saints (Verona, 1540)
Pralboino Altarpiece (1540–1545)
Christ in Glory with Saint Peter and Saint Paul ()
Christ with the Eucharist and Saints Cosmas and Damian ()
Madonna and Child with Four Doctors of the Church ()
Madonna and Child with Saints (London, )
Madonna and Child with an Angel ()
Christ with Moses and Solomon (1541–1542)
Portrait of Fortunato Martinengo Cesaresco (1542)
Luzzago Altarpiece (1542)
Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine ()
Pentecost (1543–1544)Madonna and Child with Four Saints ()Supper in the House of Simon the Pharisee (1544)Portrait of an Ecclesiastic ()Christ with the Eucharist and Saints Bartholomew and Roch ()Christ and the Angel ()

References

Sources

Hartt, Frederick, History of Italian Renaissance Art'', (2nd edn.)1987, Thames & Hudson (US Harry N Abrams),

Further reading

Painters of reality: the legacy of Leonardo and Caravaggio in Lombardy, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Brescia (see index)

1498 births
1554 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Brescia
Italian Renaissance painters

Moretto da Brescia


P.M. Sreenivasan (1919-1983), who adopted the name Silpi, was a Tamil illustrator, best known for his detailed renditions of Tamil architecture and sculpture in Ananda Vikatan magazine.

Life and career
Sreenivasan studied art at the Madras School of Art, later the Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai, where he excelled in pen and ink line sketches.

At Ananda Vikatan, Sreenivasan used to cover political and social events, portraying them in his drawings. He was mentored by the magazine's senior artist Mali, who gave him the name Silpi (sculptor), on observing the artist's skill in rendering temple buildings and temple sculpture. A deeply religious person, Silpi developed his skill into a unique specialization over his twenty-two years with Ananda Vikatan.  From 1947 to 1960, his drawings of temples of South India appeared every week in Ananda Vikatan under the title Thennattu Selvangal (Treasures of South India).

He was working in Ananda vikatan from 1945 to 1967 as Artist. After leaving Ananda Vikatan, Silpi did illustrations for Bhavan's Journal, Kalai Magal, Thinamani Kathir, Amuthasurabhi, etc. He was a mentor to the illustrator Padmavasan.

Silpi toured temples in every nook and cranny of South India. His drawings of temple sculpture were sketched on location at night, after the devotees had finished their darshan. For his followers, he provided the rare opportunity to view the innermost sanctums of temples. Every detail of the deity's ornaments was rendered accurately. Devotees kept his drawings in their prayer rooms to worship their gods and goddesses.

References

External links
Illustrations by Silpi at Indian Heritage
Silpi's Corner, by S. Gokul (illustrations collected at Tamil history site)

Indian illustrators
Tamil artists
1919 births
1983 deaths
Artists from Chennai
Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai alumni
Pseudonymous artists
Indian male artists

Silpi