Twente Airport  is located  outside of Enschede in Overijssel, Netherlands. It has one runway (05/23), though two of the current taxiways and platforms have been used as runways (Platform A, former runway 11/29 and Platform C, former runway 16/34). The airport is currently uncontrolled and closed for scheduled passenger flights and military operations. A local flying club uses the airport for their activities. The airfield has also been approved for limited use by business charter operators and aircraft scrapping, storage and maintenance.

History

Twente Airport was opened July 1931 by the mayor of Enschede, Edo Bergsma. KLM started a scheduled flight to Amsterdam in 1932, which was suspended in 1939. During World War II the German Luftwaffe took over the airport and made it a military airbase, renaming it Fliegerhorst Twente. In April 1945 allied troops reoccupied the airport renaming it to B 106/Twente and transferred ownership to the Dutch armed forces. A minor typo in the deed misspelled the airport name as Airbase Twenthe, with an added 'h'.

Royal Air Force units included: 2 Squadron between 18 April and 30 May 1945, 3 Squadron between 14 and 16 September 1945, 4 Squadron between 17 April and 30 May 1945, 33 Squadron between 14 and 16 September 1945, 41 Squadron between 8 and 16 April 1945, 56 Squadron between 14 and 16 September 1945, 66 Squadron between 18 and 30 April 1945, 127 Squadron between 18 and 30 April 1945, 130 Squadron between 7 and 17 April 1945, 137 Squadron between 11 and 14 April 1945, 181 Squadron between 11 and 13 April 1945, 182 Squadron between 11 and 13 April 1945, 219 Squadron between 8 June and 14 August 1945, 247 Squadron between 12 and 13 April 1945, 264 Squadron between 6 June and 25 August 1945, 268 Squadron between 18 April and 30 May 1945, 322 Squadron between 18 and 30 April 1945, 331 Squadron between 18 and 22 April 1945, 332 Squadron between 18 and 22 April 1945, 349 Squadron between 19 and 30 April 1945, 350 Squadron between 7 and 16 April 1945, 409 Squadron between 11 June and 1 July 1945 & 485 Squadron between 19 and 29 April 1945

After World War II the airport became a "joint use airport", with both civil and military use. The military stationed both fighter and trainer aircraft at the base. Aircraft based at Twente since the Second World War include the Gloster Meteor, Lockheed T-33, Fokker S.14 Machtrainer, Hawker Hunter, North American F-86K Sabre, Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, Northrop NF-5 and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon.

For civil operations the airport was renamed to Enschede Airport Twente and ran by the privately held company Enschede Airport Twente BV.

On 7 December 2007 military use of the airport ceased. As of 1 January 2008 the airport has been closed for civil aviation as well, pending governmental agreement on the future of the airport. On 16 June 2010 the province of Overijssel agreed on a spatial plan including an airport.

On 1 December 2010 the ownership of the airport grounds was transferred to the Twente region and the city of Enschede. Though it was attempted to find a party interested in operating the airport commercially, it was announced on 4 December 2012 that despite three parties showing interest in this proposal, none of them made a bid to operate it. In March 2013, the military briefly re-opened the airport for military use as part of exercise Cerberus Guard.

In March 2014 the government proposed that the airport could re-open for General Aviation users in 2015, and commercial traffic in 2016. Movements would be limited to 22.000 a year under the proposal primarily for noise abatement. However, in June 2014 both the provincial government and the city of Enschede abandoned the plan to re-open the airport for commercial traffic. The future of the airport remained uncertain. In August 2015 it was announced that Belgian aircraft recycling firm Aeronextlife intended to start using the airport to scrap aircraft. As part of the plan, Aeronextlife would become responsible for the costs of certain vital services required for airport operation, such as a fire fighting presence during aircraft operations.

Approval was granted, and flights to Twente Airport resumed on 1 May 2016 with the landing of a Cessna Citation Sovereign coming from Doncaster Sheffield Airport, which departed for Aosta later that day. Besides the arrival of aircraft for scrapping, additional traffic allowed at the airport include cargo aircraft to transport airplane parts, business charter aircraft of a number of operators that requested permission to use the airfield, a limited number of smaller general aviation aircraft and gliders.

In November 2016 it was announced Aircraft End-of-Life Solutions (AELS) was taking over the permit for the dismantling of aircraft from Aeronextlife. AELS already conducted such activity at Woensdrecht Air Base, however, they are limited in the size of the aircraft they can dismantle at Woensdrecht. The first aircraft to be scrapped was HB-JMK, an Airbus A340-300 formerly operated by Swiss International Air Lines, which arrived on 27 April 2017. Since then, aircraft from KLM, Air France and other airlines have also been flown to Twente for scrapping.

In June and July 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic economic downturn, six Lufthansa Boeing 747-400 aircraft arrived at Twente Airport for storage. In October 2020 Lufthansa decided to remove three of the aircraft for scrapping in California but it was discovered that, while local environmental regulations permitted the arrival of large aircraft it did not permit them to take-off again.  After negotiation a limited exemption from the regulation was agreed and Lufthansa planned to fly the aircraft out, over a period of time, with the last aircraft to leave before July 2021.

On 18 April 2021, the airport was the site of the NN Mission Marathon won by Eliud Kipchoge in 2:04.30. The race was originally scheduled for April 11 in Hamburg but postponed because of Covid-19 restrictions before being relocated to ENS.

Besides the storage and scrapping of aircraft, the airport also worked to establish themselves as an aviation technology hub under the name Technology Base. As an example of this, in September and October of 2021, the airport was used as part of a research project to explore changes to how aircraft approach airports in order to reduce noise and emissions. After several aircraft previously operated by Alitalia were flown to the airport by their owner Nordic Aviation Capital, the company responsible for their maintenance, Direct Maintenance, decided to start aircraft maintenance operations at the airport and started renting office and hangar space in October of 2021.

Airlines and destinations
Currently there are no scheduled flights from and to Twente Airport. Historical destinations include charter flights to Las Palmas, Antalya, Palma de Mallorca, Faro and Heraklion.

Access
Twente Airport is not accessible to the public. The former passenger terminal is still accessible by car via the nearby A1 motorway, exit 33. The car park is adjacent to the terminal and free of charge.

There are no public transport links to Twente Airport.

References

External links

 Airliners.net - photos taken at Enschede Airport Twente
 - Website Vliegclub Twente

Airports in Overijssel
Buildings and structures in Enschede

Enschede Airport Twente


Venlo is a city in Limburg in the very east of the Netherlands. It has about 100,000 inhabitants and lives mainly on one-day-trip-tourism from neighbouring Germany and logistics. It used to be a city of the Hanseatic League.

Since 2010, Arcen en Velden became a part of the municipality of Venlo.

Venlo


The Saito Kinen Orchestra is an orchestra formed annually during the Saito Kinen Festival Matsumoto, which is held every August and September in Matsumoto city, Nagano, Japan. The orchestra is managed by the Saito Kinen Foundation.

History
In September 1984, under the leadership of Seiji Ozawa and Kazuyoshi Akiyama, a group of Japanese musicians from all over the world gathered together in Japan to perform a series of concerts in commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the death of Hideo Saito—co-founder of the Toho Gakuen School of Music and mentor to those conductors and musicians. The series of memorial concerts performed in Tokyo and Osaka became the beginning of the career of the Saito Kinen Orchestra.

In the beginning of the orchestra's establishment, its members would consist of Saito's former students who agreed with Ozawa and Akiyama that they should assemble in Japan for the memorial concerts. At first they performed without payment.

In 1987 the Orchestra made its first tour of Europe in Vienna, Berlin, Frankfurt, Paris, and London. Between 1989 and 1991, it toured in Europe and America. In 1990 the orchestra was invited to the Salzburg Festival.

In May 1992, the Saito Kinen Foundation was established. In September of the same year, the Saito Kinen Festival Matsumoto was held for the first time. As well as activities for the annual Festival such as performing symphonies, operas and vocal compositions, and holding musician tutorials, the orchestra has also performed concerts in Tokyo.

Since the Saito Kinen Orchestra is an orchestra formed annually, there are no regular members. It originally consisted of Saito's former students and the graduates from the Toho Gakuen School of Music. However, as the original members age, the orchestra has been adding new members, among them Ozawa's former students and friends.

In 2008, the Orchestra was voted the world's 19th greatest orchestra by a panel of critics assembled by Gramophone Magazine, a UK-based leading classical music magazine.

Recordings
The orchestra has recorded symphonies by Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky and Mahler. Its other recordings are of Stravinsky's Oedipus rex, and the St Matthew Passion and Mass in B minor by J.S. Bach. Those recordings are done for Philips Records and Sony Music.

Music directors
The current and former directors are:
 Seiji Ozawa (General Director), Kazuyoshi Akiyama, Taijiro Iimori, Tatsuya Shimono

Orchestra musicians
A list of the current and former players:
 Flute: Shigenori Kudo, Sébastian Jacot, Jacques Zoon, Kazuhiro Iwasa, Kazuo Tokito
 Oboe: Fumiaki Miyamoto, Philippe Tondre, Katsuya Watanabe, Björn Vestre
 Bassoon: Dag Jensen, Malte Refardt
 French horn: Nobuyuki Mizuno, Radek Baborák
 Timpani: Vic Firth, Don Liuzzi, Rainer Seegers
 Percussion: Koji Fukamachi, Satoshi Takeshima, Mika Takehara, Sawako Yasue
 Harp: Naoko Yoshino, Risako Hayakawa
 Violin: Tōru Yasunaga, Yasushi Toyoshima, Tatsuya Yabe, Takumi Komoriya, Masuko Ushioda, Syoko Aki, Machie Oguri, Tadashi Hori, Kyoko Shikata, Jennifer Gilbert, Hiroyuki Yamaguchi,
 Viola: Mazumi Tanamura, Nobuko Imai, Naoko Shimizu, Tomomi Shinozaki, Yoshiko Kawamoto, Manabu Suzuki, Kota Nagahara, Machiko Shimada, Masaya Soshi
 Cello: Tsuyoshi Tsutsumi, Kenichiro Yasuda, Ko Iwasaki, Nobuo Furukawa, Yo Kigoshi, Sumiko Kurata, Ole Akahoshi
 Double bass: Yasunori Kawahara, Hiroshi Ikematsu, Akihiro Adachi, Shigeru Ishikawa, Akira Akahoshi, Rainer Zepperitz

References

External links
 Official website of Saito Kinen Festival Matsumoto

Musical groups established in 1984
1984 establishments in Japan
Culture in Nagano Prefecture
Japanese orchestras
Japanese musical groups

Saito Kinen Orchestra


The Young Sound Forum of Central Europe (Junges Klangforum Mitte Europa) is a European youth orchestra consisting of young German, Polish and Czech musicians.

Goals
The aim of the Young Sound Forum of Central Europe is the rejuvenation of the once so precious and rich cultural landscape of Central Europe by promoting and reclaiming its wrongfully lost musical treasures. In addition to the classic concert repertoire, the Young Sound Forum of Central Europe has equally dedicated itself to fostering contemporary music through commissioned compositions as well as performing rarely played pieces by composers ostracized and persecuted by the National Socialist regime from 1933 to 1945.

History
The Young Sound Forum of Central Europe was founded in 2002 by the German conductor Christoph Altstaedt. The orchestra initially consisted of former members of the Bundesjugendorchester (the German National Youth Orchestra). Following a co-operative project with Czech musicians in the former concentration camp of Terezin (Theresienstadt) in 2003, the idea of a tri-national orchestra including Polish musicians was born in 2004. The patrons of the orchestra are Richard von Weizsäcker, Václav Havel and Lech Wałęsa.

In its first five years of existence the Young Sound Forum of Central Europe has been equally recognised for its musical excellence and unique repertoire as well as for its contributions to understanding and reconciliation in Europe between Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany. The Young Sound Forum of Central Europe received the Praemium Imperiale "Grant For Young Artists" 2004, the Marion Doenhoff Award 2005 and the European Youth Orchestra Prize 2006.

The musical director of the Young Sound Forum of Central Europe is its founding conductor Christoph Altstaedt, a Tanglewood Music Festival conducting fellow in 2008. Guest conductors of the orchestra have included Sebastian Weigle, Muhai Tang and Krzysztof Penderecki. The Young Sound Forum of Central Europe has 2-3 European concert tours annually and toured Japan in 2005.

External links
 Official Homepage of the Young Sound Forum of Central Europe

See also
 List of youth orchestras

European youth orchestras
Musical groups established in 2002

Junges Klangforum Mitte Europa


Foster Child, also known as John John, is a Filipino indie pregnancy drama film produced by Seiko Films, which stars Cherry Pie Picache as a temporary foster parent to an abandoned child. The film is directed by Brillante Mendoza.

Foster Child is Brillante Mendoza's fourth feature film, following Manoro (2006). Mendoza is the fourth Filipino director whose work was screened in the Directors' Fortnight of the Cannes film fest.

Plot
Thelma (Cherry Pie Picache), together with her husband Dado (Dan Alvaro) and teenage sons Gerald (Alwyn Uytingco) and Yuri (Jiro Manio), are an urban poor family hired by a local foster care facility to provide temporary home and care to abandoned babies pending the latter's formal adoption. The inevitable separation is heart-rending for the foster family.

Thelma's foster child John-John (Kier Segismundo) is to be turned over to his adoptive American parents. Every moment with the 3-year-old John-John becomes more precious as Thelma goes through the day fulfilling her motherly duties for the last time—bathing John-John, feeding him, and bringing him to school where the boy participates in a school presentation.

Cast
 Cherry Pie Picache as Thelma
 Kier Segundo as John-John
 Eugene Domingo as Bianca
 Jiro Manio as Yuri
 Alwyn Uytingco as Gerald
 Dan Alvaro as Dado

Accolades

28th Durban International Film Festival
 Best Actress: Cherry Pie Picache

6th Gawad Tanglaw Awards
 Best Film: Seiko Films
 Best Story: Ralston Jover
 Best Actress: Cherry Pie Picache
 Best Supporting Actress: Eugene Domingo
 Best Directors: Dante Mendoza

18th Annual Circle Citation (YCC)
 Best Film: Seiko Films
 Best Screenplay: Ralston Jover

5th ENPRESS Golden Screen Awards
 Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role (Drama): Cherry Pie Picache

10th Gawad Pasado Awards
 Pinakapasadong Pelikula: Foster Child
 Pinkapasadong Istorya: Ralston Jover
 Natatanging Bituin ng Pelikulang Pilipino sa Taong 2007: Cherry Pie Picache
 Natatanging Direktor ng Pelikulang Pilipino sa Taong 2007: Dante "Brillante" Mendoza

31st Gawad Urian Awards
 Best Actress: Cherry Pie Picache

56th FAMAS Awards
 Best Child Actor: Keir Segismundo

2nd Gawad Genio Awards
 Best Film: Seiko Films
 Best Film Actress: Cherry Pie Picache
 Best Film Child Performer: Keir Segismundo
 Best Film Screenwriter: Ralston Jover
 Best Film Story: Ralston Jover
 International-Excellence Awardee: Cherry Pie Picache
 Outstanding Genio Awardee: Seiko Films

17th Brisbane International Film Festival
 NETPAC Award

References

External links

2007 films
Philippine drama films
Philippine independent films
Philippine children's films
Films directed by Brillante Mendoza
Seiko Films films
2000s pregnancy films
2007 independent films
2000s children's drama films
Philippine pregnancy films

Foster Child (2007 film)


para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine (also known as PMMA, Red Mitsubishi), chemically known as methyl-MA, 4-methoxy-N-methylamphetamine, 4-MMA) or (4-PMDA, as listed to its original physical name) is a stimulant and psychedelic drug closely related to the amphetamine-class serotonergic drug para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA). PMMA is the 4-methoxy analog of methamphetamine. Little is known about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of PMMA; because of its structural similarity to PMA, which has known toxicity in humans, it is thought to have considerable potential to cause harmful side effects or death in overdose. In the early 2010s, a number of deaths in users of the drug MDMA were linked to misrepresented tablets and capsules of PMMA.

Its effects in humans are reputedly similar to those of PMA, but slightly more empathogenic in nature. It has a reduced tendency to produce severe hyperthermia at low dosages, but at higher dosages side effects and risk of death become similar to those of PMA.

The synthesis and effects of PMMA were described by American experimental chemist Alexander Shulgin in his book PiHKAL, where it is referred to by the name "methyl-MA", as the N-methylated form of 4-MA (PMA). Shulgin reported that PMMA produces an increase in blood pressure and in heart rate, at doses above 100 mg, but causes no psychoactive effects at these levels.

Recreational use

PMMA has been found in tablets and capsules of the MDMA sold as "ecstasy". A number of deaths have been attributed to tablets sold as ecstasy that contained other substances, such as PMMA's structural analog, PMA. Death can occur when an ecstasy user believes they are consuming recreational doses of MDMA, when they are in fact consuming a lethal dose of another substance with similar effects. PMA is of particular concern because it not only causes a release of serotonin but also acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI); if it is used in combination with MDMA or another MDMA-like substance, serotonin syndrome can result.

PMMA can be detected with reagent testing kits.

Deaths

In January 2011, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation reported that Norway had seen 12 deaths related to PMMA over the course of six months. In March 2011, Dutch media reported that there had been four deaths in the province of Limburg since November 2010. In April 2011, Icelandic media reported the death of a young woman that may have been connected to PMMA.

In 2011, four deaths were recorded in Scotland as a result of ecstasy tablets which also contained PMMA.

In January 2012, a number of ecstasy-related deaths in Canada in the previous year were linked to PMMA overdoses.  In the single year, approximately 45 exposures occurred, resulting in 21 deaths.  Cases were centred primarily in Calgary and Vancouver.

In September 2012, the deaths of two men in County Cork, Ireland, have been linked to PMMA overdoses. In the same month, the death of a man in Queensland, Australia was attributed to PMMA.

In June 2013 a PMMA-related death occurred in the Dutch city of 's-Hertogenbosch.
Two months later, In August 2013, another possibly PMMA-related death occurred in the nearby town of Sliedrecht.

In January 2015 in the UK four people died, suspected of taking ecstasy containing PMMA. In the same month, in Sweden, another man died from ecstasy laced with PMMA.

In May 2015 a young woman died in Dublin, Ireland, after taking what is suspected to be PMMA.

In April 2016 four young Argentines and one Uruguayan died during a massive rave called "Time Warp" in Buenos Aires and five more were hospitalized. PMMA was found in their bodies.

Legal status

United States
On June 25, 2021 the DEA finalized a rule placing PMMA on the Controlled Substance Act federal Schedule as a Schedule I substance effective July 26, 2021.

United Kingdom
PMMA is controlled as a Schedule 1, Class A drug in the UK.

See also

 para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA)
 2-Methoxymethamphetamine (Methoxyphenamine)
 3-Methoxymethamphetamine (MMMA)
 4-Fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA)
 4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA)
 4-Methoxymethcathinone (bk-PMMA)
 Venlafaxine

References

External links
 Methyl-MA entry in PiHKAL
 Methyl-MA entry in PiHKAL • info
 Dutch article by TRIMBOS institute from 31-03-2011
 Icelandic arictle by Mbl news(Mbl.is) from 30-04-2011

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Phenol ethers
Designer drugs
Serotonin releasing agents
Methamphetamines

Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine


Bells  are a suit in playing cards of the Swiss-suited and German-suited cards. Unlike the other German suits, this suit was not adapted by French card makers. In its place, there was initially a suit of red crescents until the suit of Diamonds was added to the French pack (known as tiles in France). The suit is usually known in German as Schellen, but is sometimes abbreviated to Schell. Cards are referred to as in a French deck e.g. the "9 of Bells", but in German as "Schellen 9", or the "Unter of Bells" (Schellunter or Schell-Unter).

Bells are the lowest suit in Skat, Schafkopf and Doppelkopf, but the second highest in Préférence.

The 7 of Bells (Schellen 7) or, in South Tyrol the 6 of Bells (Belle, Weli) is the second highest trump card in the game of Watten.

The gallery below shows a suit of Bells from a German suited pack of 32 cards, plus the Weli or 6 of Bells which is used in some games as an 'honour' card. The main pack is of the Saxonian pattern:

References

Card suits

Bells (suit)


The Teatro Donizetti is an opera house in Bergamo, Italy. Built in the 1780s using a design by architect Giovanni Francesco Lucchini, the theatre was originally referred to as either the Teatro Nuovo or Teatro di Fiera. The first opera to be mounted at the theatre, Giuseppe Sarti's Medonte, re di Epiro, was in 1784 while the opera house was still under construction. The official opening of the house, under the name the Teatro Riccardi, did not occur until 24 August 1791 with a production of Pietro Metastasio's Didone abbandonata set to music by multiple composers, including Ferdinando Bertoni, Giacomo Rampini, Johann Gottlieb Naumann, Giuseppe Gazzaniga, and Giovanni Paisiello.

In 1797 the original theatre was destroyed by a fire, possibly by arson. Lucchini was contracted again to design a new structure to replace the old one and the new house opened on 30 June 1800. The structure uses a horseshoe shape with three tiers of boxes and two galleries.

In 1897 the name of the theatre was changed to the Teatro Gaetano Donizetti (now shortened to Teatro Donizetti) on the occasion of the centenary of the composer's birth. Donizetti was born in Bergamo's Borgo Canale quarter and his first opera, Il Pigmalione (composed 1816), was given its world premiere at the theatre on 13 October 1960.

Adjacent to the theater is a park with the Monument to Donizetti.

External links

Opera houses in Italy
Music venues completed in 1800
Teatro Donizetti
Theatres in Lombardy
Teatro Donizetti
Theatres completed in 1791
Theatres completed in 1800
Music venues completed in 1791
Gaetano Donizetti
18th-century architecture in Italy

Teatro Donizetti


A condom is a thin cover that is put on a man's penis and used during sexual intercourse. It can also be used during oral sex, anal sex and masturbation. It is normally made of latex. Condoms are a form of birth control, they can prevent a pregnancy. They can also prevent the spread of certain  sexually transmitted infections, such as  gonorrhea, syphilis, or HIV.  Another name for a condom is prophylactic sheath, or simply a prophylactic.

In 2009, most condoms were made of latex. For people with latex allergy, plastic condoms are available.

The first condoms were made of tissue paper. Later models were made of the intestines of animals, such as sheep. Such condoms can still be found sometimes. Certain people prefer sheepskin condoms over latex ones, because sheepskin condoms can transfer body warmth better. However they do not prevent diseases as effectively as latex condoms.

Condoms are popular for several reasons. They are inexpensive and can be bought without a prescription by either a man or a woman. They can be bought at many locations, and they are easy to use (once the couple learns how.) They have no health-related side effects for either the man or the woman, and they are one of the few types of birth control that also reduce the spread of infections.  If the couple decides to have a baby, they can stop using condoms at any time and begin trying to get pregnant with no delay.

But condoms have some disadvantages. During sex, the couple must stop to put on the condom just before beginning intercourse, which interrupts and distracts them at an exciting time. Condoms reduce the physical feelings of intercourse, especially for the man, who cannot feel the heat and sensation of the woman's vagina as much. Condoms can also reduce the emotional closeness the man and woman feel during intercourse because there is something between them. Condoms are less effective than many other types of birth control, and if a couple is in a steady relationship and are having sex very often, condoms can become more expensive to use. For these reasons, once a man and woman are in a steady relationship and are sure they are free of infection, the woman often begins to use birth control pills or some other highly effective contraceptive, after which the couple stops using condoms.

Overview
Condoms are rolled up when they are packaged, and are meant to be rolled over an erect penis.  They are most commonly made of latex, but are available in other materials.  Condoms normally have an expiration date on them.  Condoms weaken after this date, and may not work properly. Condoms are also not designed to be used more than once.

It is important to know how to use a condom before using one. If a mistake is made, the condom may not work. This happens a lot. When using a condom for the first time, it could help to try using it alone to get familiar with condoms without any danger.

If a man using a condom has anal sex with a woman and then wants to have vaginal sex, he should remove the condom, sanitize his hands, and then put on a new condom. Otherwise, the woman could get an infection in her vagina.

Nowadays women also can use condoms. Like male condoms, they increase protection for partners from pregnancy and STD's. Female condoms look like a sheath with a flexible ring on both sides of this sheath. With these rings the condom is attached to the vagina. It covers the vagina and cervix to prevent sperm from getting inside the woman's uterus. It is necessary to know that female and male condoms should not be used at the same time. In this case, both condoms may rub against each other, and this will result in failure.

The oldest condoms ever found were from the 1640s. They were made from animal and fish intestines.

Condoms are sometimes used during masturbation. Males who are circumcised sometimes use lubricated condoms to create a feeling similar to what uncircumcised males experience when sliding their foreskin back and forth on their penis. Male-female sexual partners sometimes use condoms if they perform mutual masturbation as an alternative to sexual intercourse, or during foreplay, to avoid the risk of semen getting on fingers and then into the vagina where it could cause pregnancy. Condoms can also be used during oral and anal sex to reduce the risk of infections.

Effectiveness

In preventing pregnancy

There are two ways to see how effective condoms are.  They are method effectiveness, where how many couples that use the condom every time they have sex do not get pregnant; and actual effectiveness, where the number of people that use condoms either correctly or incorrectly and do not get pregnant are looked at. Most studies show results of effectiveness over a year.

The method failure rate of condoms is 2% per year.  The actual failure rate is different in different places, and the rates can be anywhere between 10 and 18% per year.

In preventing sexually transmitted infections

According to a 2001 study by the National Institutes of Health, correct and consistent condom use:
 Reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission by approximately 85%.
 Reduces the risk of gonorrhea for men by approximately 71%.

Other sexually-transmitted infections may be affected as well, but they could not draw definite conclusions from the research they were working with.  In particular, these include STIs associated with ulcerative lesions that may be present on body surfaces where the condom does not cover, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes simplex (HSV), chancroid, and syphilis.  If contact is made with uncovered lesions, transmission of these STIs may still occur despite appropriate condom use.  Additionally, the absence of visible lesions or symptoms cannot be used to decide whether caution is needed.

An article in The American Journal of Gynecologic Health showed that "all women who correctly and consistently used Reality® were protected from trichomonas vaginalis" (referring to a particular brand of female condom).

Causes of failure
The most common reason for a condom failing is that the user has not put it on properly.  A condom can also fail because it has been damaged, because the latex has weakened, or because it has come off the penis during sexual intercourse.  Something else that can cause a condom to not work, as it should, is sabotage. This can be when one of the partners wants a baby, but the other one does not. Usually they pierce a condom with a sharp object, making the condom useless. Some people see it as not ethical, because one of the two sex partners does it without the other one's knowledge. There are websites that show how to do it, if the woman wants a baby, but the man does not.

One method of testing condoms for microscopic holes involves placing the condom being tested over one conducting form with another on the other side of the condom. If the condom does not prevent an electric current from flowing between the two conducting forms, it fails the test. Holes in condoms are unlikely if proper handling conditions (see below) are followed.

Body piercings, particularly genital piercings, can sometimes damage a condom. Still, use of a condom is recommended, especially when piercings are new and there is a greater chance of infection because the holes (wounds) are still healing.

Arguments against condom use

Arguments by religious communities
Several religious communities (like Catholic Christians, Muslims, and some Protestant Christians) see problems if condoms are used:
 They say there is a difference in having sex for making babies, and having sex for fun (to make the relationship between the partners stronger).
 They say that using a condom to prevent a pregnancy is bad. Rather than using a condom, natural methods should be used to prevent pregnancy. Such methods include choosing the time of the month carefully. (This does not stop sexually transmitted diseases)
 Other communities are not as strict, and only look at the result. They leave it to those involved to choose the correct means.
 Some people say the use of condoms is against Nature (unnatural).

History
In 16th-century Italy, anatomist and physician Gabriele Falloppio wrote a treatise on syphilis. The earliest documented strain of syphilis first appeared in Europe in a 1490s outbreak. It caused severe symptoms and many people died within a few months of contracting the disease. Falloppio's treatise is the earliest uncontested description of condom use: it describes linen sheaths soaked in a chemical solution which are allowed to dry before use. The cloths he described were sized to cover the glans of the penis, and were held on with a ribbon. Falloppio claimed that an experimental trial of the linen sheath demonstrated protection against syphilis.

After this, the use of penis coverings to protect from disease is described in many different kinds of  literature throughout Europe. The first hint that condoms were used for birth control, rather than disease prevention, is the 1605 theological publication De iustitia et iure (On justice and law) by Catholic theologian Leonardus Lessius, who condemned them as immoral. In 1666, the English Birth Rate Commission attributed a recent downward fertility rate to use of "condons". This is the first documented use of that word or any similar spelling. Other early spellings include "condam" and "quondam", from which the Italian derivation guantone has been suggested, from guanto, "a glove".

References

 Boston Women's Health Book Collective, 2005. Our Bodies, Ourselves: A New Edition for a New Era. New York: Touchstone.
 MacPhail, Catherine and Campbell, Catherine (2001 Jun). "I think condoms are good but, aai, I hate those things: condom use among adolescents and young people in a Southern African township." Social Science and Medicine. 2001, 52(11): 1613-1627.
 Kulczycki, Andrzej. "The Sociocultural context of condom use within marriage in rural Lebanon". Studies in Family Planning 35.4 (Dec 2004): 246(15).
 Crossley, Michele L. (2004). "Making sense of 'barebacking': Gay men's Narratives, unsafe sex and the 'resistance habitus'". British Journal of Social Psychology, 43: 225-244.
 Watt, Emily (2005 April 24). "Older Adults Shy Away from Safe Sex Advice". The Sunday Star-Times (Auckland, New Zealand).
 Semple, S.J., Patterson, T.L., & Grant, I. (2004). "Determinants of condom use stage of change among heterosexually-identified methamphetamine users". AIDS & Behavior, 8(4): 391-400.

Other websites

 University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo  - Explains how to correctly use condoms along with information on the advantages, disadvantages, and effectiveness.
 Planned Parenthood of America — Provides information and training for all forms of birth control from their website and locations across the U.S.
 Condom Research from FHI - Family Health International's topic page on condoms.
 Fact sheet on condoms and sexually transmitted diseases - from the US Center for Disease Control in PDF form. Requires AdobeReader.

Contraception

Condom


is a Japanese manga series by Atsuko Takakura serialized in the seinen manga magazine Evening, published by Kodansha. A Japanese television drama adaptation aired on Fuji Television  channels. The manga did not sell well until the television series began.

Working at a department store, Megumi Aoyagi (wall woman) is a career woman who is popular at her workplace. However, she carries an inferiority complex with regard to her flat chest. One day, a well endowed, well proportioned lady known as Marie Mariya (mountain woman) appears before her. In the middle of the episode, these two characters found friendship in each other.

Marie Mariya (mountain woman), although found strange by her co-workers for her big appetite and cheerful personality, Marie has an extraordinary way to pacify and please a dissatisfied customer. While Megumi Aoyagi (wall woman), saves the day with her smarts in making the sale.

With breasts and personalities at opposites of each other, despite the rivalry that emerged between the two, but,  the multitudes of difficulties that lie in their paths won't get them down as they cheerfully and diligently go about their work and love life.

Live-action television series
The live action series starring Kyoko Fukada as Marie Mariya and Misaki Ito as Megumi Aoyagi started airing on Fuji TV on July 5, 2007, and ran for 12 episodes.

External links

2005 manga
Seinen manga
Japanese drama television series
2007 Japanese television series debuts
2007 Japanese television series endings
Fuji TV dramas

Yama Onna Kabe Onna


Joseph Luther Kelly (March 4, 1867 – April 14, 1925) was a Virginia lawyer and judge who served twice on the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia.  He was elected as the president of the court in his first tenure.

Biography
Kelly was born in Marion,  Smyth County, Virginia, the son of Judge John
A. and Martha (Peck) Kelly.  John A. Kelly was a lawyer and
judge of the 16th judicial circuit of Virginia for twenty-five from 1870 to 1895. Martha Peck, daughter of John and Elizabeth Peck, was from Giles county, Virginia.

Joseph L. Kelly's primary education was received in the local schools. In 1881, he entered Emory and Henry College, receiving the Bachelor of Arts degree in 1886 and the Master of Arts degree shortly thereafter.  He entered the University of Virginia Law School in 1887 and received the LL. B. degree in 1889.  He later received (June 19, 1923) an honorary degree, Doctor of Laws, from Washington and Lee University.

After graduation, he began law practice at Gate City, Scott County, Virginia, in association with Rufus A. Ayers, a former Attorney General of Virginia.  They both moved to Big Stone Gap a few years later and continued to practice together until 1895, when Judge Kelly entered into partnership with Joshua Fry Bullitt, Jr.  In 1898, he moved to Bristol and the firm maintained offices in both Bristol and Big Stone Gap.

Appointed to the Corporation Court of Bristol, in 1909, Judge Kelly held this position until September 1914, when he was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia.  He assumed his duties on that court in January 1914, and was elected president of the court in January 1920.  He served until January 31, 1924.  At that time, he resigned from the court and returned to practice, opening an office in Lynchburg.

When Judge Frederick W. Sims died in February 1925, Judge Kelly was named to the Supreme Court again.  He sat with the court during the March term, 1925 but died shortly thereafter in an accident in his home at Bristol, Virginia.

Kelly was a trustee of Emory and Henry College, a democrat, a Methodist and a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity. He was a member of the Westmoreland and University clubs of Richmond.

On July 29, 1896, he married Mary Eloise Hull, of Marion, Virginia. Their children were: Edith Graham, Kathleen Hull, Mary Bane, Sarah Eloise — and Joseph L. Kelly, Jr (August 27, 1912-April 16, 1999), who also attended the University of Virginia Law School and later practiced law in Norfolk, Virginia.

References

Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia
Virginia lawyers
People from Marion, Virginia
1867 births
1925 deaths
Emory and Henry College alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Accidental deaths in Virginia
Virginia Democrats
19th-century American lawyers

Joseph L. Kelly


Lingotto is the name of a district of Turin, Italy, as well as the name of the Lingotto building in Via Nizza. It once housed a car factory built by Italian automotive company Fiat and today houses the administrative headquarters of the manufacturer and a multipurpose centre projected by architect Renzo Piano.

History

Construction of the building started in 1916 and it was inaugurated in 1923. The design by the young architect Giacomo Matté-Trucco, was unusual in that it had five floors, with raw materials going in at the ground floor, and cars built on a line that went up through the building. Finished cars emerged at rooftop level to go onto the 1.5km long test track. The construction was carried out by the company of G A Porcheddu.  It was the largest car factory in the world at that time. For its time, the Lingotto building was avant-garde, influential and impressive—Le Corbusier called it "one of the most impressive sights in industry", and "a guideline for town planning". 80 different models of car were produced there in its lifetime, including the Fiat Topolino of 1936.

By the late 1970s, the factory had become obsolete — having been superseded by the larger and more advanced Fiat Mirafiori factory — and a decision was made to finally close it in 1982. The closure of the plant led to much public debate about its future, and how to recover from industrial decline in general. An architectural competition was held, which was eventually awarded to Renzo Piano, who envisioned an exciting public space for the city. The old factory was restored into a modern complex, with concert halls, theatre, a convention centre, shopping arcades and a hotel. The eastern portion of the building is the headquarters of the Automotive Engineering faculty of the Polytechnic University of Turin. The work was completed in 1989. The track was retained, and can still be visited today on the top floor of the shopping mall and hotel.

Similar rooftop tests tracks exist, including; at Imperia in Nessonvaux in Belgium, and Palacio Chrysler in Buenos Aires, Argentina. From 1928 to 1958, Imperia had a track over 1 km long which was built partially on top of the factory.

Lingotto public transport
Torino Lingotto railway station is served by a number of regional train lines, as well as the Turin Metro (Lingotto M1).  It is a central hub, located close to Turin's hospitals (such as CTO Hospital (Turin)), parks (Castello Valentino) and the Lingotto shopping district.

The Lingotto M1 metro station was officially opened on March 6, 2011, connecting Lingotto with Porta Nuova M1 and other destinations.

In popular culture

The Lingotto building is featured extensively in the Alberto Lattuada film Mafioso (1962).

The original Lingotto rooftop test track features briefly in the getaway sequence in the film The Italian Job (1969).

Lingotto is the site of the Oval Lingotto, the speed skating venue for the 2006 Winter Olympics.

The building is also featured in the fourth episode of the 20th season of The Amazing Race, originally aired in the United States on March 11, 2012.

The building and test track was featured on the first episode of James May's Cars of the People.

References

External links

 Photos of Oval Lingotto
 Great Buildings Entry
 Google Earth view of Lingotto
 About the project of Lingotto Exhibition Center

Lingotto Building
Districts of Turin
Fiat Group factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Italy

Lingotto


Co-parenting is an enterprise undertaken by parents who together take on the socialization, care, and upbringing of children for whom they share equal responsibility.   The co-parent relationship differs from an intimate relationship between adults in that it focuses solely on the child. The equivalent term in evolutionary biology is bi-parental care, where parental investment is provided by both the mother and father.

The original meaning of co-parenting was mostly related to nuclear families. However, since the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, the principle that a child has to continue to maintain a strong relationship with both parents, even if separated, has become a more recognized right. Thus, the concept of co-parenting was extended to divorced and separated parents and to parents who have never lived together as well.

Married and cohabitation parents
Children benefit from more co-parenting, but the amount of co-parenting varies between couples. Bryndl Hohmann-Marriott has found that the level of collaborative co-parenting was higher among unmarried cohabitation parents and among those who married in response to pregnancy, compared to married couples that became pregnant during a marriage.

In a shared earning/shared parenting marriage, child care is divided equally or approximately equally between the two parents. In a parenting marriage, the parents live and raise their children together in a purpose-based marriage without physical intimacy or expectation to share mutual romantic love.

Separated parents

Post-separation co-parenting describes a situation where two parents work together to raise a child after they are divorced, separated, or never having lived together. Advocates for co-parenting oppose the habit to grant custody of a child exclusively to a single parent and promote shared parenting as a protection of the right of children to continue to receive care and love from all parents. Epidemiological studies have shown that joint custody and other arrangements where children have greater access to both parents lead to better physical, mental and health outcomes for children.

Elective co-parenting
Elective co-parenting, also referred to as parenting partnerships or partnered parenting, may be used as a choice by individuals seeking to have children but who do not wish to enter into a conventional relationship. This phenomenon has been a common practice for gay men and lesbian women in the past, but has become recently more common among heterosexual men and women.

Co-parenting by more than two adults

Subject to the laws of their nation of residence, more than two adults may enter into a formal agreement to care for a child together even though only two of them may be granted official legal custody in most countries.
The Netherlands is considering a new law making it legal for up to four co-parents to be granted official custody. In one case, a family of four parents consisting of a gay and a lesbian couple care for their child based on a formal agreement.

Co-parenting in global perspective
This principle of co-parenting was established in Italy at the beginning of the 21st century by the Associations of Separated Parents that for years has been fighting against a culture, a social mindset, and a legislative and legal system that is discriminating among genders in the conflicts between former partners, especially when children are involved. Such associations are in fact also committed to solving several problems related to separations and divorces, such as international child abductions, parental alienation syndrome, and equal rights between genders in judicial separations and divorces.

The principle of co-parenting (Italian: Principio di bigenitorialità) states that a child has always and in any case the right to maintain a stable relationship with both parents, even if they are separated or divorced, unless there is a recognized need to separate him/her from one or both parents.

Such a right is based on the concept that to be a parent is a commitment that an adult takes with respect to his/her children, not to the other parent so that it can not and must not be influenced by any kind of separation among parents.

According to article 30 of the Italian Constitution, to be a parent is both a right and a duty. As a right, it cannot be constrained by an action of a third party, even if it would be the other parent; as a duty, it is not possible to abdicate it as well as it is not possible to abdicate any decreed right.

There are some very specific issues in this type of co-parenting that make being a parent or a child difficult. Organizing the child's life and activities, making sure that children receive consistent types and styles of discipline, and making sure that both parents are made aware of the issues in a child's life. Most of the time if a child is in trouble in one parent's house for serious wrongdoing at either home or school, their ensuing punishment could potentially follow them to the other parent's house.

See also
 Allomothering in humans
 Family
 Fosterage
 Joint custody
 Shared earning/shared parenting marriage
 Shared parenting
 Cohabitation

References

Child custody
Children's rights
Gender equality
Parenting

Coparenting


Wong is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and portrayed by Benedict Wong. In the franchise, Wong is depicted as Dr. Stephen Strange's friend and fellow sorcerer, being a member of the Masters of the Mystic Arts. He is also granted the position of Sorcerer Supreme, succeeding the Ancient One.

, Wong has appeared in six films, as well as in the Disney+ television series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022). Alternate versions of Wong also appear in the animated series What If...? (2021).

Concept and creation
The character is depicted in Marvel Comics as Doctor Strange's Asian, "tea-making manservant", a racial stereotype that Doctor Strange (2016) director Scott Derrickson did not want in the film, and so the character was not included in the film's script. After the non-Asian actress Tilda Swinton was cast as the other significant Asian character from the Doctor Strange comics, the Ancient One (who was rewritten as having "Celtic" ancestry), Derrickson felt obligated to find a way to include Wong in the film. The character as he ultimately appears is "completely subverted as a character and reworked into something that didn't fall into any of the stereotypes of the comics", which Derrickson was pleased gave an Asian character "a strong presence in the movie". Benedict Wong was also pleased with the changes made to the character, and described him as "a drill sergeant to Kamar-Taj" rather than a manservant. He does not practice martial arts in the film, avoiding another racial stereotype. Derrickson added that Wong would have "a strong presence" in the MCU moving forward.

Appearances

Benedict Wong portrays Wong in the MCU films Doctor Strange (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), and Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), and in the Disney+ series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022). The actor was excited "to be sat at a table of Asian excellence" amongst the cast of Shang-Chi. He also voiced an alternate version of Wong in the What If...? episode "What If... Doctor Strange Lost His Heart Instead of His Hands?", while another version of the character has a silent appearance in "What If... Zombies?!".

Fictional character biography

Mentor to Strange and resurrection

Prior to 2016, Wong becomes Kamar-Taj's librarian after the previous one was beheaded by Kaecilius. In 2016, he meets Dr. Stephen Strange while on the latter's journey to fix his hands, listening to the songs of Beyoncé after hearing Strange mention her. A few months later in 2017, he is killed while defending the Hong Kong Sanctum, but is revived by Strange using the Time Stone. After defeating Kaecilius and Dormammu, Strange takes residence in the New York Sanctum and continues his studies with Wong.

Infinity War and becoming Sorcerer Supreme

In 2018, Wong and Strange witness Bruce Banner crash-land into the Sanctum and learn about the coming threat. Wong then informs Banner and Tony Stark about the history of the Infinity Stones. Shortly, Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian arrive in the city and battle Wong, Strange, and Stark, with Wong defeating Obsidian by sending him through a portal. With Strange kidnapped by Maw, Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum. Wong later survives the Blip and becomes the next Sorcerer Supreme by default.

In 2023, Wong is called in by a restored Strange to get the other sorcerers, the restored Avengers, Guardians of the Galaxy, the Ravagers, and the armies of Wakanda and Asgard to defeat an alternate Thanos' army at the destroyed Avengers Compound. Shortly after, Wong attends Stark's funeral.

Fighting Abomination and meeting Shang-Chi

In 2024, in order to train as Sorcerer Supreme, Wong facilitates Emil Blonsky's prison escape and battles him in an underground fight club while in his Abomination form by creating a portal through which Blonsky punches himself. Wong offers asylum at Kamar-Taj, but Blonsky decides to return to prison.

Later, Wong appears before Shang-Chi and Katy in a San Francisco restaurant and has them accompany him to Kamar-Taj, where he calls Banner and Carol Danvers via holographic projection. They learn that the Ten Rings are sending out a beacon to a location unknown. Afterward, Wong joins Shang-Chi and Katy to sing karaoke at a nightclub.

Vacation to Kamar-Taj

Later that year, Wong encounters Peter Parker, who came to the Sanctum to consult with Strange about making the world forget Quentin Beck's public revelation of his identity as Spider-Man. Strange proposes a memory spell, which Wong cautions to be dangerous, but does not stop Strange as Wong concedes that Parker had suffered a lot. Wong leaves for Kamar-Taj, not wishing in being involved further.

Fighting the Scarlet Witch

Short time later, Wong arrives to assist Strange in a fight against an inter-dimensional creature. The two eventually kill the creature while saving a girl, who introduces herself as America Chavez. Chavez explains she can travel through the multiverse and other creatures are after her power. Chavez takes Wong and Strange to the corpse of an alternate version of Strange who was killed by another creature, with Wong taking her to Kamar-Taj.

Wong is met by Strange who tells him about his visit with Wanda Maximoff and learns she has been corrupted by the Darkhold. Wong then informs them about the history of the Scarlet Witch. Maximoff soon arrives and attacks Kamar-Taj, killing many sorcerers. During the attack, Chavez's powers are triggered and she and Strange escape in a portal, leaving Wong behind in Maximoff's captivity. Maximoff begins to conduct a Darkhold spell known as "dream walking", to find a version of herself with her kids across the multiverse and take over her body. After Sara, a sorceress, sacrifices herself to destroy the Darkhold and break the dream-walk, Maximoff forces Wong to lead her to Mount Wundagore, the source of the Darkhold's power and the location of a shrine to the Scarlet Witch, allowing her to reestablish the dream-walk.

Wong, after having been thrown off the cliff, manages to get back up and witness a dream-walking Strange, who dream-walked into the corpse of his deceased counterpart. Together they try and stop Maximoff, but she overpowers them. However, once Maximoff is released from the corruption, she tells Wong and Chavez to go and decides to destroy the Darkhold in all universes. Wong then oversees the reconstruction of Kamar-Taj.

Legal problems

In 2025, Wong meets with lawyer Jennifer Walters, who is representing Blonsky for parole, after footage of the fight between the pair was leaked and released. Wong confirms he broke Blonsky out of prison and attends his parole hearing as a witness; he departs after a parole board member states he committed a crime by facilitating a prisoner escape.

Later, Wong finds out about magician Donny Blaze who was misusing the magic he learned at Mystic Castle after Madisynn King accidentally ended up in Kamar-Taj where she spoiled an episode of The Sopranos for him. Jennifer Walters is enlisted as his lawyer where he told her that Blaze was expelled from Kamar-Taj for unethical power use by bringing beer kegs and a fraternity brother to Kamar-Taj. This leads to Walters and lead a cease and desist case against Blaze and Mystic Castle's owner Cornelius P. Willows. Madisynn was used as a witness to corroborate Wong's claim. Judge Hanna states that she will take a week to render her verdict as Madisynn leaves with Wong and Walters while spoiling another episode of The Sopranos. During his next show, Blaze accidentally summons a swarm of demons into his magic show, causing Walters and Wong to help. Before Walters has Wong banish the final demon, she uses it to intimidate Blaze and Willows to follow the cease and desist order which they reluctantly do. In the mid-credits, Wong and Madisynn later watch This Is Us together.

When Blonsky is sent back to prison, Wong again breaks him out and allows him to move into Kamar-Taj.

Alternate versions

Alternate versions of Wong are seen in the Disney+ animated series What If...?, with Benedict Wong returning to voice the character.

Doctor Strange Supreme

In an alternate 2016, Wong opposes Doctor Strange Supreme's several attempts to save his girlfriend, Dr. Christine Palmer. Despite these efforts, Supreme's universe-destroying paradox occurs, consuming Wong. After the timeline is split, an earlier Wong and Strange attempt to stop Supreme, only to be consumed again.

Zombie outbreak

In an alternate 2018, zombified versions of Wong, Strange, and Tony Stark devour and infect Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian. They attempt to eat Bruce Banner, but they are killed by Wasp while Banner is saved by Spider-Man.

Reception
Wong is seen as a "fan-favorite" character by some journalists. Talia Franks of Nerdist named Wong one of the "breakout characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe in the past few years," asserting, "Wong's development throughout the films and shows has been enjoyable to watch as we peel back the ways in which there is more than meets the eye. In an ensemble franchise such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe, it is difficult to give time to any one character. Supporting characters like Wong do not always get the time they deserve, with their attributes instead sprinkled throughout everywhere they appear." Shania Russell of /Film asserted, "Wong is truly a vibe. He's the ideal superhero, with exactly the attitude we want our superpowered beings to have. He takes his job very seriously — whether it's safeguarding the world against dark sorcerers or gathering the Avengers to take down Thanos. But that doesn't mean there's no time for fun." Brandon Zachary of CBR.com described Wong as a "skillful but relatable figure in the MCU," saying, "He's got enough power to hold his own in a fight but isn't so powerful that he can solve everything on his own. He serves as a friendly face the heroes can rely on for support or a joke, and can help bind the more unique corners of the film closer together."

Benedict Wong's portrayal of Wong was praised by several critics. Tara Bennett of Syfy wrote, "So much of Wong's success as a character is because of the skills of actor Benedict Wong. Because he's a comedian and dramatic actor of equal strength, Benedict has proven himself to be exceptionally resourceful to the writers and directors of the MCU." Myles Hughes of Looper said, "Benedict Wong's take on the character has become one of the standouts of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. He's entered into the same realm as Clark Gregg, Hayley Atwell, Kat Dennings or Randall Park — crossing franchises, mixing with various heroes, always a welcome face no matter how short the screentime. "

Accolades

See also
 Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe

References

External links

 Wong on Marvel.com

Chinese superheroes
Avengers (film series)
Doctor Strange (film series)
Fictional characters with dimensional travel abilities
Fictional genocide survivors
Fictional immigrants to the United States
Fictional characters from the 21st century
Fictional wizards
Film characters introduced in 2016
Male characters in film
Male characters in television
Marvel Cinematic Universe characters
Marvel Comics characters who can teleport
Marvel Comics characters who use magic
Marvel Comics male superheroes

Wong (Marvel Cinematic Universe)


The Four Musketeers (also known as The Four Musketeers (The Revenge of Milady)) is a 1974 British swashbuckler film that serves as a sequel to the 1973 film The Three Musketeers, and covers the second half of Dumas' 1844 novel The Three Musketeers.

Fifteen years after completion of The Four Musketeers, much of the cast and crew reassembled to film The Return of the Musketeers (1989), loosely based on Dumas' Twenty Years After (1845).

Plot
During the Anglo-French War (1627–29), which involved suppression of the Protestant rebels of La Rochelle, Cardinal Richelieu continues the machinations he began in The Three Musketeers by ordering the Count de Rochefort to kidnap Constance Bonacieux, dressmaker to Queen Anne of France. The evil Milady de Winter, who wants revenge on junior musketeer d'Artagnan, seduces him to keep him occupied. He soon discovers her true nature, however, and also that she was once married to his fellow musketeer Athos, who had supposedly killed her after discovering that she was a branded criminal.

The trio of musketeers — Athos, Porthos, and Aramis — rescue Constance from imprisonment in Rochefort's abode of Saint Cloud and take her to safety in the convent of Armentières. De Winter sends d'Artagnan poisoned wine and a note intended to trick him into thinking that the trio have been imprisoned for drunkenness. On his way to bail them out, d'Artagnan is attacked by Rochefort and his men. The trio join the fight, and Rochefort flees. One of his men is captured and tortured for information, revealing that Richelieu is going to the Dovecote Inn near La Rochelle, but then drinks the poisoned wine and dies, revealing de Winter's trap. The trio then proceed to the inn where they spy on Richelieu. The Cardinal orders de Winter to threaten the Duke of Buckingham with exposure of his affair with the Queen, to discourage him from sending a relief force to aid the rebels; she is to kill the Duke if he does not comply. In return, de Winter asks for a warrant, so she can kill d'Artagnan and Constance. Richelieu reluctantly signs one, wording it in a way that leaves no evidence against himself: "By my order and for the good of the state, the bearer has done what has been done."

After revealing himself to de Winter, Athos takes the death warrant from her and later tells d'Artagnan of the plot. D'Artagnan sends his servant Planchet to warn the Duke. In England, de Winter asks Buckingham not to help the rebels, but he refuses. De Winter tries to assassinate him, but she is captured. Buckingham has his servant John Felton lock her away in the Tower of London, but she seduces Felton and convinces him that Buckingham is his enemy. Felton helps her to escape and return to France, then murders Buckingham before Planchet can warn him. Soon after, La Rochelle surrenders.

Rochefort and de Winter are still intent on killing d'Artagnan and Constance. With a force of guards, they occupy the convent at Armentières and battle all four musketeers when they arrive. While Rochefort and his men hold the musketeers at bay, de Winter strangles Constance. Athos captures de Winter; D'Artagnan duels Rochefort and apparently kills him with a lunge through the chest (though it is revealed in the sequel The Return of the Musketeers that he actually survived the wound). The four musketeers sentence de Winter to death by beheading, and they hire an executioner to carry out the punishment. Afterward, they are arrested by the Cardinal's guards.

Richelieu charges d'Artagnan with murder for killing a valuable servant of the State, but d'Artagnan shows him the signed death warrant which, due to its ambiguous phrasing, appears to authorize d'Artagnan's actions. Defeated and quite impressed at d'Artagnan's achievement, the Cardinal offers him a commission for either him or one of his three friends to become an officer. Athos, Porthos, and Aramis all reject it, and d'Artagnan is promoted to Lieutenant of the Musketeers.

Cast
 Michael York as d'Artagnan
 Oliver Reed as Athos
 Frank Finlay as Porthos
 Richard Chamberlain as Aramis
 Jean-Pierre Cassel as  Louis XIII
 Geraldine Chaplin as Anne of Austria
 Charlton Heston as Cardinal Richelieu
 Faye Dunaway as Milady de Winter
 Christopher Lee as the Count De Rochefort
 Simon Ward as the Duke of Buckingham
 Raquel Welch as Constance Bonacieux
 Roy Kinnear as Planchet
 Michael Gothard as Felton
 Sybil Danning as Eugenie
 Nicole Calfan as Kitty

Production
During production on The Three Musketeers, the producers realized that the project was so lengthy that they would not be able to complete it as initially intended — as a roadshow epic with intermission — and still achieve their announced release date. The decision was therefore made to split the project into two films, and thus the two halves were released as The Three Musketeers and The Four Musketeers some six months apart. Most of the actors were incensed that their work on the long shoot was used to make an entirely separate film, while they were only being paid for the work of one.  Lawsuits were filed on behalf of those contributing to the film  to gain the salaries and benefits associated with a second film that was not mentioned in the original contracts. All SAG actors' contracts now have what is known as the "Salkind clause", which stipulates how many films are being made.

Reception and awards
The film received mostly positive reviews.

It was also nominated at the 48th Academy Awards for Best Costumes (Yvonne Blake and Ron Talsky).

References

External links

1974 films
1970s historical adventure films
British historical adventure films
British swashbuckler films
Films based on The Three Musketeers
Films directed by Richard Lester
Films shot in Madrid
Films scored by Lalo Schifrin
Films set in France
Films set in Paris
Films set in La Rochelle
Films set in London
Films set in Hampshire
Films with screenplays by George MacDonald Fraser
Cultural depictions of Cardinal Richelieu
Cultural depictions of Louis XIII
Films shot in Almería
Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios
Films produced by Pierre Spengler
1970s English-language films
1970s British films

The Four Musketeers (1974 film)


The Maine () is a river, a tributary of the Loire,  long, in the Maine-et-Loire département in France.

It is formed by the confluence of the Mayenne and Sarthe rivers north of Angers. It flows through this city and joins the Loire southwest of Angers.

The river's name is derived from the ancient Meodena, and is unrelated to Maine, the province.

References

Rivers of France

Rivers of Maine-et-Loire
Rivers of Pays de la Loire

Maine (river)


The Shannon switching game is a connection game for two players, invented by American mathematician and electrical engineer Claude Shannon, the "father of information theory" some time before 1951.  Two players take turns coloring the edges of an arbitrary graph. One player has the goal of connecting two distinguished vertices by a path of edges of their color. The other player aims to prevent this by using their color instead (or, equivalently, by erasing edges).  The game is commonly played on a rectangular grid; this special case of the game was independently invented by American mathematician David Gale in the late 1950s and is known as Gale or Bridg-It.

Rules

The game is played on a finite graph with two special nodes, A and B. Each edge of the graph can be either colored or removed. The two players are called Short and Cut, and alternate moves. On Cut's turn, Cut deletes from the graph a non-colored edge of their choice. On Short's turn, Short colors any edge still in the graph.  If Cut manages to turn the graph into one where A and B are no longer connected, Cut wins. If Short manages to create a colored path from A to B, Short wins. The game always terminates after a finite number of moves, and one of the two players has to win. Either Short, Cut, or the player moving first is guaranteed the existence of a winning strategy on any given graph.

The Short and Cut games are a duality; that is, the game can be restated so that both players have the same goal: to secure a certain edge set with distinguished edge e. Short tries to secure the edge set that with e makes up a circuit, while Cut tries to secure an edge set that with e makes up a cutset, the minimal set of edges that connect two subgraphs.

Variants

Versions of the Shannon switching game played on a directed graph and an oriented matroid have been described for theoretical purposes; but no corresponding commercial games have been published.

Gale

In this game invented by American mathematician David Gale and described in Martin Gardner's column in Scientific American Oct. 1958, two grids of differently-colored dots are overlaid at an offset. One player links orthogonally adjacent dots on one grid, and the other player uses the other. One player attempts to link the top of their grid to the bottom, while the other tries to link their left side to the right.  The game is equivalent to the Shannon switching game played on a rectangular grid.  No draw can result; the first player can always win with correct play.

A commercial board game implementing the scheme was marketed in 1960 by Hassenfeld Brothers under the name Bridg-It. The game consisted of a plastic board with two interleaved 5x6 rectangular grids of pedestals (one set yellow, the other red), two sets of 20 each red and yellow plastic bridges, and matching pegs to mount them on.  Players alternate placing a bridge across any two adjacent pedestals of matching color until one player connects the two opposite sides of the board marked in the player's color.  A variant of the game is described in the instructions: each player gets a limited number of bridges, say 10.  If neither player has won when all the bridges are placed, a player in his turn, may reposition one of his bridges until a winner results.  The game is long out of production.

An electronic implementation of the Game of Gale is available in the Ludii Games Portal.

Relationship to other games
The Shannon switching game can be seen as a special case of a Maker-Breaker game, in which the winning patterns for the Maker are connecting paths.

A weakly-related connection game Hex is played on a grid of hexagons, and has 6-connectivity. Generalized Hex is played on a graph, just like the Shannon game, but instead of coloring the edges, in Hex the players color the vertices. These games have completely different structure and properties.

Another connectivity game played with paper and pencil on a rectangular array of dots (or graph paper) is the children's game of "dots and boxes".  Players alternate drawing in a vertical or horizontal line connecting any two adjacent dots.  When a line completes a square, the player initials the square.  After all the lines have been filled in, the player who has taken the most squares is the winner.

An extension of Gale, called Qua, is played by three players on a 3D game board cube composed of a grid of N3 cells. N is an odd number equal to the number of cells along the edges of the game board cube. The initial Qua Cube game board layout and rules are described at its Board Game Geek entry.

Computational complexity

An explicit solution for the undirected switching game was found in 1964 for any such game using matroid theory. Short should aim for a position in which there exists a set of vertices  including the two distinguished vertices, as well as two disjoint subsets of the remaining unchosen edges supported on , such that either of the two subsets (together with already chosen edges) would connect all vertices in . If Short can make a move that results in a position with this property, then Short can win regardless of what the other player does; otherwise, Cut can win.

Unlike some other connection games, which can be PSPACE hard, optimal moves for the undirected switching game can be found in polynomial time per move. After removing from the graph the edges chosen by Cut, and contracting the edges chosen by Short, the resulting graph is a minor of the starting graph. The problem of testing for the existence of two disjoint trees, each connecting the distinguished vertices, can be represented as a matroid partitioning problem, which can be solved in polynomial time. Alternatively, it is possible to solve the same problem using network flow algorithms.

See also
TwixT, a different and harder connection game on the square grid

References

External links

 Graph Game, a Java implementation of the Shannon switching game

Positional games
Paper-and-pencil games
Abstract strategy games
Connection games
Claude Shannon

Shannon switching game


Anne Murray Archibald is a Canadian astronomer known for her observations of pulsars and as one of the developers of SciPy, a scientific programming library for the Python programming language.

Education and career
Archibald did her undergraduate studies in mathematics at the University of Waterloo, including internships involving computer graphics and the image analysis of radar data. After doing a master's degree in pure mathematics at McGill University, she became a doctoral student of astrophysicist Victoria Kaspi at McGill, and won both the Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Doctoral Dissertation Award in Astrophysics of the American Physical Society and the J.S. Plaskett Medal of the Canadian Astronomical Society for her 2013 doctoral dissertation, The End of Accretion: The X-ray Binary/Millisecond Pulsar Transition Object PSR J1023+0038.

After postdoctoral research at ASTRON and then at the Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, both in the Netherlands and supported by a Veni fellowship of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, she was a senior lecturer at Newcastle University from 2019 to 2023.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Canadian astronomers
Women astronomers
University of Waterloo alumni
McGill University Faculty of Science alumni
Academics of Newcastle University

Anne Archibald


Gopalasamudram Narayanan Ramachandran, or G.N. Ramachandran, FRS (8 October 1922 – 7 April 2001) was an Indian physicist who was known for his work that led to his creation of the Ramachandran plot for understanding peptide structure. He was the first to propose a triple-helical model for the structure of collagen. He subsequently went on to make other major contributions in biology and physics.

Early life and education
Ramachandran was born in the town of Ernakulam, Kingdom of Cochin, India to a Tamil Brahmin family. He completed his BSc honours in Physics from St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli in 1939. He joined the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 1942 in the Electrical Engineering Department. Quickly realising his interest in physics, he switched to the Department of Physics to complete his master's and doctoral thesis under the supervision of Nobel laureate Sir C. V. Raman. In 1942, he received a master's degree in physics from Madras University with his thesis submitted from Bangalore (he did not attend any Madras college at that time). He subsequently received his D.Sc. degree in 1947. Here he mostly studied crystal physics and crystal optics. During his studies he created an X-ray focusing mirror for the X-ray microscope. The resulting field of crystal topography is used extensively in studies involving crystal growth and solid-state reactivity.

Ramachandran then spent two years (1947–1949) at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, where he earned his PhD for 'studies on X-ray diffuse scattering and its application to determination of elastic constants' under the direction of Professor William Alfred Wooster, popularly known as W.A. Wooster, a leading crystallography expert in the world.

Research works
After completing his PhD, he returned to the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India in 1949 as an assistant professor of physics. In 1952, he moved to Madras University as professor and head of the Department of Physics where he continued his work on crystal physics. His interest, however, shifted to the structure of biological macromolecules. Using X-ray diffraction Ramachandran along with Gopinath Kartha proposed and published the triple helical structure of collagen in 1954 in the journal Nature, drawing worldwide scientific attention to the "Madras group".

At Madras University, Professor Ramachandran was the favourite of the famous vice-chancellor and celebrated doctor and medical scientist, Sir Arcot Laksmanaswamy Mudaliar. Wanting to tackle problems at a more fundamental level, Ramachandran decided to use this information to examine the various polypeptide conformations then known and also to develop a good 'yardstick' that could be used for examining and assessing any structure in general, but peptides in particular. The result which emerged from these calculations in 1962, – now commonly known as the Ramachandran plot – was published in the Journal of Molecular Biology in 1963 and has become an essential tool in the field of protein conformation. When it was first calculated, crystal structures had barely been obtained for any protein. From the mid-1960s onward, Ramachandran studied many topics relating to the conformation of peptides including types of β-turns, conformation of prolyl residues, cis-peptide units, occurrence and need for non-planarity of the peptides, NMR coupling constants, peptides containing L and D residues and many others.

He was awarded the prestigious Jawarharlal Nehru Fellowship in 1968 for research on Protein and Polypeptide Conformation; he was one of its first recipients. Ramachandran can be credited for bringing together into the one field of molecular biophysics the then disparate fields of X-ray crystallography, peptide synthesis, NMR and other optical studies, and physico-chemical experimentation. In 1970, he founded the Molecular Biophysics Unit at the Indian Institute of Science which was later known as the Centre of Advanced Study in Biophysics.

Ramachandran and A.V. Lakshminarayanan developed convolution-backprojection algorithms which greatly improved the quality and practicality of results obtainable by x-ray tomography. Compared to previously used methods, their algorithms considerably reduced computer processing time for image reconstruction, as well as providing more numerically accurate images. As a result, commercial manufacturers of x-ray tomographic scanners started building systems capable of reconstructing high resolution images that were almost photographically perfect. In 1971, they published their research in PNAS.

In 1981, Ramachandran became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.

Notable awards that Ramachandran received include the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for Physics in India (1961) and the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London. In 1999, the International Union of Crystallography honoured him with the Ewald Prize for his 'outstanding contributions to crystallography'. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize as well for his fundamental contributions in protein structure and function.

Later years
Ramachandran was devastated by the death of his wife Rajalakshmi in 1998 and his health gradually deteriorated. During the last few years of his life, he suffered a stroke and was affected by Parkinson's disease. Ramachandran died in 2001 at age 78.

Legacy
Each year, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) awards the "G N Ramachandran Gold Medal for Excellence in Biological Sciences & Technology" in his memory for work in Biological Sciences & Technology.

Further reading

References

External links
 G. N. Ramachandran – A Jewel in the Crown of the Indian Science

1922 births
2001 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Indian biophysicists
20th-century Indian physicists
Tamil scientists
University of Madras alumni
People from British India
St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni
Scientists from Kochi
Scientists from Kerala
Indian Institute of Science alumni
TWAS fellows
Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows
20th-century Indian biologists
Founding members of the World Cultural Council
Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom

G. N. Ramachandran


George McClellan (December 22, 1796 – May 9, 1847) was a 19th-century American surgeon. He is best known for founding the Jefferson Medical College and the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, and his pioneering work in surgery, including writing a widely used textbook.

Life and work
McClellan was born on December 22, 1796, in Woodstock, Connecticut, the son of Eunice (Eldredge) and James McClellan. His family was of Scottish and English ancestry. His great-grandfather fought on the Jacobite side in the Battle of Culloden, the last pitched battle in Britain, before immigrating to Worcester, Massachusetts. George McClellan's grandfather, Samuel McClellan was a brigadier general in the American Revolutionary War. Through his father, he was also a descendant of Plymouth, Massachusetts Governor William Bradford.

Throughout his life, George McClellan was known for his personality, having a mix of positive and negative traits. He had a good memory for names and faces of virtually everyone he met. One former student recalled a brief meeting with the doctor and then being recognized even one year later, stating, "the moment we entered Doctor McClellan's office, he recognized and named each one of us, although he had seen us only once before, a year back, and only a very short time." However, Darrach wrote, "McClellan had his peculiarities." He often came across as disrespectful and even insubordinate and spoke in a "rapid incoherent manner." It has been noted that he routinely perturbed individuals above him in title. Nonetheless, some people just accepted this as something that came with his "surgical zeal."

McClellan's famous family includes his wife, Elizabeth (Brinton), two sons, John Hill Brinton McClellan, who was a physician, and the other, General George Brinton McClellan, who was a major general during the American Civil War. His grandson, George McClellan (1849–1913) became the Chair of Anatomy at Jefferson Medical College and authored the famous medical text, Regional Anatomy.

George McClellan died early in the morning on May 9, 1847, from exsanguination due to an ulcerated lesion below the sigmoid flexure of the colon.  He was interred at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.

Career
McClellan entered into the sophomore class at Yale at the age of sixteen and excelled in mathematics and published natural sciences articles in the American Journal of Science. In 1815, at age 18, he obtained his baccalaureate degree. He then took up the study of medicine, first with Thomas Hubbard of Pomfret, Connecticut, later Professor of Surgery of the Medical College of New Haven, with whom he remained one year. In 1817, he went to Philadelphia to attend medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and to become the private pupil of John Syng Dorsey, Professor of Materia Medica, receiving his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1819.

Founder of medical schools
George McClellan gave a series of private anatomy lectures before deciding to found a new medical school. Many unsuccessful requests had already been made for a new medical school in Philadelphia so he and others had the idea to couple it with Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. With this in mind, the group made a request to the Legislature of Pennsylvania in 1824, and in 1825, received a charter for what was to become Jefferson Medical College. With the "highly regarded" University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine already being in Philadelphia, it was considered "professional heresy" to open a second school, but McClellan thought that opening a second medical school would just lead to more students going to Philadelphia to study medicine. Because of this, physicians at that time noted that he had to choose instructors "greatly inferior in talent to himself" and it was not a sure thing that the school would survive. The Jefferson Medical College opened in 1826, in Philadelphia, and in 1836 had an entering class of 360 medical students nonetheless and McClellan lectured in surgery. In 1838, Jefferson College separated from Jefferson Medical College, and all instructors, including McClellan, were vacated and the trustees hired all new individuals to teach. This change, unrelated to McClellan's leaving, led the school came to be considered a "legitimate" medical school.

For his next project, McClellan opened The Medical Department of Pennsylvania College with Samuel Colhoun, William Rush, and Samuel George Morton in Philadelphia, giving the first course of lectures in November 1839. Due to monetary circumstances, the four men resigned their professorships in 1843. In 1858, the school planned to merge with the Philadelphia College of Medicine, but that school closed the next year in 1859. 1861 saw the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College close due to unpaid bills and low enrollment secondary to the American Civil War. Nonetheless, his extended medical education system (referring to more years spent in school than the standard 2 to 3 at the time) became widely accepted and spread among schools.

As a teacher
Even before founding Jefferson Medical College, McClellan was regarded as a great teacher, with his colleague, William Darrach, stating, "[a] teacher so qualified will attract pupils." He had added an anatomy and surgery teaching room next to his office and lectured nightly to students of his medical classes.

Before, and while at Jefferson, McClellan had a successful lectureship in surgery until 1838 when Jefferson College separated from Jefferson Medical College and the teaching positions were all vacated. He then went on to teach at the new school he co-founded.

As a surgeon
McClellan was an accomplished and famous surgeon, leading to Samuel George Morton summing up what many of his contemporaries thought of him in a memorandum from March 8, 1845:

The day before yesterday I was present at an operation performed by Dr. George McClellan, on a gentleman from Virginia. It consisted in the removal of the whole of the parotid gland in a scirrhous and much enlarged state, from the left side of the face. Nothing could exceed the combined coolness and skill manifested by Dr. M. throughout this terrible operation, which he has now performed for the eleventh time, and hitherto with remarkable success. On this occasion, however, he was doomed to disappointment, for the patient died last night, about thirty-six hours after the operation. McClellan sent for me in the evening, to see the dying man with him, and we met in the chamber of death between ten and eleven o'clock. I had sometimes heard McClellan spoken of as a heartless surgeon, devoid of feeling or sympathy for those who came under his knife; but I can solemnly aver that I have seldom witnessed more unaffected sorrow than he manifested on this occasion. He walked the room incessantly, and repeatedly clasped my hands in his, while he expressed, in emphatic language, the feelings that preyed upon his mind. He moreover assured me, that he seldom performed one of his severer operations without first asking the blessing of God on his undertaking; and that days and nights of painful anxiety, often preceded those great professional efforts which have justly placed his name on the pinnacle of surgical fame. The gurgling respiration of the unfortunate patient announced the near approach of death, and I withdrew, full of sympathy for the agonized emotions of my friend.

His name became widespread and he was known to have performed more surgeries than any other during his lifetime. His fame led him to operate on patients from the United States, but he also attracted patients from Europe, the West Indies, and South America, especially for operations in ophthalmic surgery. McClellan was one of the first surgeons to perform a lens extraction, and was the first American to perform many operations, including removal of the parotid gland.

Expertise led to his contributing to the American Medical Review and Journal, editing textbooks, and writing a widely used surgery textbook, The Principles and Practice of Surgery. The book was left as a manuscript in 1847, but was edited by his son John H. B. McClellan and published the following year.

References

External links

A Brief History of Thomas Jefferson University
Grave

1796 births
1847 deaths
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
Physicians from Philadelphia
People from Woodstock, Connecticut
Thomas Jefferson University
Yale College alumni
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
American surgeons
University and college founders
19th-century American physicians
McClellan family
19th-century surgeons

George McClellan (physician)


Giuseppe Antonio Vincenzo Aldrovandini (also Gioseffo, Giuseppe Maria, Aldovrandini, Aldrovandin, Aldrovandon, Altrobrandino,  8 June 1671 – 9 February 1707) was an Italian Baroque composer.

Aldovrandini was born and died in Bologna.  He is credited with writing over twenty operas and oratorios, including the 1696 opera Dafni, as well as many other instrumental compositions and arias. His other operas include L'Incoronazione di Dario, La Semiramide, Cesare in Alessandria and others. Aldrovandini composed a Magnificat in C major and a Sonata in C major.

References

External links

Italian male classical composers
Italian Baroque composers
1671 births
1707 deaths

Giuseppe Aldrovandini


Gruyere is a town in Victoria, Australia, 43 km north-east from Melbourne's central business district, located within the Shire of Yarra Ranges local government area. Gruyere recorded a population of 966 at the 2021 census.

The suburb is often referred to as the "Toorak of the Yarra Valley" (Sir Peter Taylor of Lyndhurst) as it is the choice location for wealthier retirees. Gruyere has a strong farming / agricultural roots with many local farmers with a variety of products such as apples, pears and cattle.

The town is named for a variety of cheese , as the area's history is in the dairy industry. Cahillton Post Office first opened on 20 August 1892. It was renamed Gruyere in 1950 and closed in 1960.

Many argue that the name of the area and subsequently, the town, is actually "Warramate", in reference to the Warramate Hills.

It is a small town area on Killara Road contains a recreation reserve, community hall, primary school and CFA fire station. Several wineries are located within Gruyere.

References

Towns in Victoria (state)
Wine regions of Victoria (state)
Yarra Valley
Yarra Ranges Shire

Gruyere, Victoria


Andranomavo is a town and commune () in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Soalala, which is a part of Boeny Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 27,000 in 2001 commune census.

Andranomavo is served by a local airport. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 90% of the population of the commune are farmers.  The most important crops are rice and raffia palm, while other important agricultural products are sugarcane and cassava.  Services provide employment for 10% of the population.

References and notes

Populated places in Boeny

Andranomavo


Fame – The Musical is a musical. Jose Fernandez wrote the book. Jacques Levy wrote the lyrics. Steve Margoshes wrote the music. The musical is based on Fame, a 1980 movie.

The musical premiered in 1980 in Miami, Florida. It opened on the West End in 1995. It played Off-Broadway between 2003 and 2004. The story tells of students in a high school for the performing arts.

Other websites
 Extensive information from the MTI website
 Information from StageAgent.com
 Historical production information
 Information on UK productions
 Information on NL productions
 Information on NL (language) productions
 'I'm Gonna Live Forever' - a new version from Fame Forever

Musicals based on movies
West End musicals
1980s musicals
1980 works

Fame (musical)


Gérard Filion,  (August 18, 1909 – March 26, 2005) was a Canadian businessman and journalist.

Born in L'Isle-Verte, Quebec, the youngest of 17 children, he received a Bachelor of Arts from Université Laval in 1931 and a diploma in 1934 from École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal. From 1935 until 1947 he worked for the l'Union catholique des cultivateurs, a group representing farmers. From 1947 until 1963 he was the publisher of Le Devoir, a French-language newspaper published in Montreal. He was one of the most vocal critics of Maurice Duplessis's government.

He was Mayor of Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville from 1960-1968.

In 1970 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 1989 he was made a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

He was married to Françoise Servêtre and had nine children.

Born in L'Isle-Verte, Quebec, Gérard Filion's journalism career began when he was 26. Working for the Terre de Chez Nous, a paper run by the Catholic Union of Farmers, Filion became a lifelong ally of many Quebec unions.

In 1947 he began publishing Le Devoir and used the paper to rise to the unions' defence against Maurice Duplessis, the province's Premier. Duplessis was the leader of Quebec's conservative Union Nationale government and Filion became one of his fiercest opponents. Decades later, Filion credited Duplessis as being a boon to his career. Without having the Premier as an opponent, Filion doubted he ever would have published such excellent work during his time with Le Devoir.

After Duplessis' death in 1959, Filion continued pushing to modernize Quebec. A member of many Crown commissions, he worked with the group that took control of French-Canadian schools away from the Catholic Church. Because of this work, he is considered a key player in Quebec's Quiet Revolution.

In 1970, he became a Companion of the Order of Canada. He died in 2005.

He was inducted into the Canadian News Hall of Fame in 1966.

References

1909 births
2005 deaths
Businesspeople from Quebec
Canadian newspaper publishers (people)
Companions of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Université Laval alumni
People from Bas-Saint-Laurent
People from Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville
Mayors of places in Quebec
Le Devoir people

Gérard Filion


The Peace of Riga, or The Treaty of Riga (Polish:Traktat Ryski), was signed in Riga on March 18 1921 by the Second Polish Republic, Soviet Russia, and Soviet Ukraine and ended the Polish-Soviet War.

The borders between Poland and Russia that were changed by the treaty stayed the same until World War II, when the Soviets took eastern Poland. That was finalized by the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference.

World War I
World War I changed the imperial borders of Europe. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, Russia gave up Poland at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. After the war ended by Germany losing. Poland was recreated after over 100 years of being divided by three countries.

Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War gave Poland the chance to regain the land that had been controlled by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth but was taken by Russia in the 18th century. Meanwhile, the Soviet leaders wanted to attack Poland to respond to the leader of Poland, Józef Piłsudski, who had moved into Ukraine. The Soviets saw Poland as a land bridge to Western Europe, which they could cross to expand communism to the West. That started the Polish-Soviet War. A grear victory for Poland happened at the Battle of Warsaw. Both sides were now tired and wanted to end the war. Other victories by Poland placed it under pressure by the League of Nations, which also wanted to end the war after it had taken a lot of land.

Negotiations
Peace talks started in Minsk on August 17, 1920, but since the Poles' counterattack had moved closer, the negotiations moved to Riga and continued on September 21. The Soviets suggested two solutions, one on 21 September and a second on 28 September. The Poles suggested another solution on October 2. Three days later, the Soviets suggested a change to the offer to the Poles, who accepted it. An end to the war was signed on 12 October, and the war actually ended on 18 October 1920. The leading negotiators were, Jan Dąbski from Poland and Adolph Joffe from Soviet Russia. The Soviets did not let the anti-communist Ukrainian leaders be in the negotiations.

The Soviets' military problems made them give up much of the land that they wanted. However, to many other people, it looked as if Poland had lost the war.

Most of the Polish negotiators were members of the National Democrats, who were Piłsudski's political enemies. They did not want more than a third of the people living in Poland to be ethnic non-Polish and so they agreed to get less land than they could have gotten although many Poles would be left on the Soviet side of the border. The Soviets had been willing to give up even Minsk.

History of Poland
Treaties of Russia
20th-century treaties

Peace of Riga