Jessica Ann Sierra (born November 11, 1985) is an American former singer and was the tenth-place finalist on the fourth season of American Idol. She was the third finalist eliminated, on March 30, 2005. Sierra released her single Enough in October 2010, from her shelved debut album Rebound.

Career
Sierra was a contestant on Star Search before auditioning for American Idol. She first auditioned for Idol in the second season, but was rejected.

Sierra auditioned in Orlando for the fourth season of American Idol.  She was eliminated on March 30, during 1990s music week after she sang LeAnn Rimes's "On the Side of Angels", surprising some fans since Simon Cowell had previously stated that she was one of the strongest female vocalists in the competition.

American Idol performances

Post Idol
After American Idol, Jessica Sierra performed all over the world. She sang at many concerts and private events, including a private event in Kazakhstan. Jessica did concerts for charities such as the Special Olympics, and performed at numerous corporate events including shows sponsored by Kelloggs and Edy's Ice Cream. In July 2006 Jessica visited U.S. soldiers in Iraq and Kuwait, performing six shows for an Independence Day celebration including a July 4 show in Baghdad.

In 2006, Jessica was featured in OK! Magazine and appeared on TV Guide Channel's program Idol Tonight.

2006–2008: First record deal, "Unbroken" and Celebrity Rehab
In late 2006, Jessica recorded a song, "Unbroken", for a Toys "R" Us Exclusive CD that came with the purchase of a Sony CD player. It was released as a single in early 2007 on iTunes.

On January 8, 2008, Verge Management released Sierra's Deepest Secret EP on iTunes, Amazon.com,  and Rhapsody. On March 14, 2008, Sierra's Deepest Secret EP was made available in CD format via her official website: http://www.jessicasierra.com/. On March 15, 2008, Jessica's video for her single "Unbroken" was released. "Unbroken" is the song that Jessica sang on VH1 Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew.

Sierra exited Verge records shortly after Celebrity Rehab, and signed with a new record label for her upcoming debut album. "Unbroken" was the only single released with Verge.

Sierra has since been clean and sober for 18 months, and thanks Dr. Drew Pinsky for saving her life.

2010–2012: new label, release of Rebound
In 2010, Sierra signed with a new record label called Elite B Records and released her new single "Enough" and released the music video online in October 2010, but it did not chart. Her debut album Rebound was due to be released in December 2010. In January 2011, after her album was not released she stated that it had been pushed back for a 2011 release to finish some songs. The album was never released.

Personal life
As of 2011, Sierra was a resident of Vacaville, California. She is a mother of two sons named Kayden Cash and Sebastian Evans.

Stalking incident
A 59-year-old man from California was arrested on January 17, 2006 at the home of Sierra's grandmother. Tampa police reported that Daniel Young left at least 40 voice mail messages telling Sierra that he loved her and was willing to go to jail for her. Sierra was a spokesperson for the United States Department of Justice's National Stalking Resource Center, and was featured in a national campaign to promote awareness of the risks of and remedies for stalking; Diane Stuart, Director of the Office on Violence Against Women, United States Department of Justice, worked with Sierra on this project.

The incident was recalled by Sierra on Investigation Discovery's Stalked: Someone's Watching.

Substance abuse and legal issues
On April 29, 2007, Sierra was arrested at a Tampa bar after throwing a glass at a fellow bar patron. During her booking, cocaine was found in her purse; she subsequently was charged with assault and possession of cocaine. Prior to her plea and sentencing on these charges, Sierra participated in a VH1 rehab reality show run by Dr. Drew Pinsky of Loveline called Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew.  The television series, featuring Sierra and eight other celebrities, was filmed during the summer of 2007 and premiered on VH1 on January 10, 2008.

On November 19, 2007, after regular filming on Celebrity Rehab had ended but before the series aired, Sierra pleaded no contest in a Tampa courtroom to the assault and cocaine possession charges. and was sentenced to 12 months' probation. Less than 2 weeks later, on December 1, Sierra was arrested again at a Tampa bar, this time for disorderly intoxication (misdemeanor), resisting arrest without violence (misdemeanor), and violation of her probation. The police report of the incident stated that Sierra was out of control, offered a sexual favor to one of the arresting officers, and vomited in the police car. On January 7, 2008, after spending 39 days in jail without benefit of bond, she was sentenced to time served plus 12 months in rehab at the Pasadena Recovery Center, the same California rehab center where Celebrity Rehab took place, and three additional years of probation. The judge's sentence followed a plea to the court on her behalf from Drew Pinsky, where he stated that while the treatment she received while on the show was not adequate considering her level of addiction, he felt that she would have a better chance of recovery if she participated in a year-long treatment program. As part of her probation terms, instead of a possible ten-year prison stint, Sierra was also prevented from getting within 100 yards of a camera or microphone, a restriction that kept her from participating in the reunion episode of Celebrity Rehab 1 as well as in update interviews for American Idol Season 4's Rewind episodes.

In March 2009, Pinsky stated in interviews and on his Twitter account that he had recently presented Sierra with her one year of sobriety celebration cake and that she was "a new woman". He also noted on his VH1 blog that court-mandated treatment had saved her life.

On April 15, 2009, a Florida judge lifted the media ban restriction on Sierra. It was noted in court that she had tested clean and sober for about a year and a half. On April 29, two years to the date after her initial 2007 arrest, Sierra credited Dr. Drew Pinsky with saving her life in a taped interview.

That same year, Sierra and other alumni of Celebrity Rehab appeared as panel speakers to a new group of addicts at the Pasadena Recovery Center, marking 18 months of sobriety for her.  Her appearance was aired in the third season episode "Triggers".

Discography

Studio albums
2011: Rebound (shelved)

Singles
2007: "Unbroken"
2010: "Enough"

EPs
2008: Deepest Secret

Music videos
2007: "Unbroken"
2010: "Enough"

References

External links

Celebrity Rehab
Jessica's Unbroken Music Video

1985 births
21st-century American singers
American child singers
American Idol participants
Living people
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
21st-century American women singers

Jessica Sierra


Arthur Basil Cottle  (17 March 1917 – 13 May 1994) was a British grammarian, historian and archaeologist. He lived most of his life in Bristol.

Early life and education
Cottle was born in Cardiff on 17 March 1917. He was the younger son of Arthur Bertram Cottle (1881–1964), a clerk, and Cecile Mary Bennett, a schoolmistress. He attended Howard Gardens Secondary School in Cardiff, where his precocious talents came to the notice of Evan Frederic Morgan, 2nd Viscount Tredegar (1893–1949), Welsh poet, author, occultist and convert to Roman Catholicism, who gave Cottle the use of the extensive library at Tredegar House. A prolonged and severe bout of rheumatic fever in his early teens permanently affected his eyesight and he subsequently completely lost sight in his right eye. Notwithstanding this disadvantage, Cottle went on to the University of Wales, where he obtained a double first in English and Latin, and a second in Greek, his favourite subject. Whilst there he became a protege of Dr Victor Erle Nash-Williams (1897–1955), Keeper of the Department of Archaeology at the National Museum of Wales, and lecturer in archaeology from whom he developed a lifelong interest in Roman and early Celtic Christianity and epigraphy. Cottle was encouraged by Nash-Williams to become a museum curator but he eventually trained as a schoolmaster, gaining a first in education at Cardiff, and taught at Cowbridge Grammar School.

Second World War
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Cottle was judged to be medically unfit for active service and instead became a private in the Royal Pioneer Corps, stationed at Huyton. Whilst serving there, in May 1941, he witnessed the Liverpool Custom House burn down in a German air raid. Later, he was transferred to the Royal Army Educational Corps and rose to the rank of Sergeant-Major. In 1942 he was billeted with the Iredale family in Workington while attached to a coastal regiment of the Royal Artillery during his attachment with the AEC. Here he forged a life-long friendship with the two Iredale sisters, one of whom Hilda Queenie, published a volume on Thomas Traherne in 1935 and deepened Cottle's knowledge and appreciation of the work of the Welsh metaphysical poet, Henry Vaughan, "the Silurist". Both Traherne and Vaughan became favourite poets of Cottle's. He later taught generations of Bristol students to appreciate their works.

Eventually Cottle received a commission and was transferred to Bletchley Park in 1943, where he read decoded Enigma messages. In 1945 he was transferred to the Albanian section of the Foreign Office during the civil war between the Zoggists and the Communists. Whilst there, he compiled an Albanian language Grammar and Syntax for use by the Foreign Office. Amongst those who were transferred to his staff was the Bristol-educated linguist, Stuart Edward Mann (1905–1986), who had traveled to Albania in the 1930s, subsequently wrote a historical grammar of Albanian. Mann had a rich fund of anecdotes about the country in general, and of King Zog and his sisters in particular, whose English tutor he had been, and which Cottle frequently and dramatically recounted.

Academic career
In 1946, Cottle took a position as an assistant lecturer in the department of English in the University of Bristol. In 1962, he became a senior lecturer, and in 1976 a reader in mediaeval studies. He taught courses on the Greek lyric, for Professor H. D. F. Kitto, F.B.A. (1897–1982), on pre-Norman Irish art and architecture, the Anglo-Saxons, Middle English, Names, and on the Bristol Romantics. Cottle was an expert on the writings of the Accrington poet Janie Whittaker (1877–1933), and the Welsh Nonconformist minister, the Revd Henry Maurice (1634–1682), an Independent, who had formerly held the living of Church Stretton, and whose journal for the year of Indulgence, 1672, belonged to him.

He described himself as a Welshman, an amateur herald, and an Anglican, and he was immensely proud of his Welsh roots. This led him to bequeath his extensive library to St Woolos Cathedral, Newport, where his remains are buried.

His students at Bristol included the novelist Deborah Moggach, and the Middle English scholar, Thomas Lingen Burton, emeritus professor of English at the University of Adelaide.

Cottle's life-long interest in archaeology led to his involvement in the excavation of Keynsham Abbey by the Bristol Folk House. He became the president of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society and was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London.

A fourth generation Primitive Methodist, the grandson and great-grandson of local preachers, he was confirmed into the Church in Wales in 1942 and thereafter became an active and forceful supporter of the liturgy of the Established Church, the Book of Common Prayer, the 39 Articles, and the Authorized Version of the Bible. Successively churchwarden of four Bristol churches – St. Mary Redcliffe; St. Paul's (the centre of the Anglican Chaplaincy to the university); St. George's, Brandon Hill; and latterly Christ Church with St Ewen, Broad Street – he was an active member of the Bristol Diocesan Advisory Committee for the Care of Churches. He befriended numerous clergy and ordinands in the diocese, and through his roles as Sub Warden, successively at Wills Hall (1947–1948), and from 1948 to 1972 at Burwalls, he was an influential figure in the lives of many generations of undergraduates.

Following his retirement in 1982 he remained active as a lecturer and reviewer, and in 1987 a group of his former colleagues and students celebrated his contribution to the study of Middle English by presenting him with a festschrift, Medieval Literature and Antiquities: Studies in Honour of Basil Cottle, edited by Myra Stokes and T.L. Burton.

His extensive private and academic papers are held in the Special Collections of the University of Bristol,  class mark GB 3 DM 1582

Works
The Life of a University (by Basil Cottle and J W Sherborne – J. W. Arrowsmith for The University of Bristol, 1951, 1957)
St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (Mardon, Son & Hall, Bristol, 1957)
The Life (1770–1853), Writings and Literary Relationships of Joseph Cottle of Bristol (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Bristol, 1958)
City of Bristol'' one of three articles in ''Bristol: A Booklet to Commemorate the Seventy-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry (J W Arrowsmith for the Chemical Industry, 1960)
Thomas Chatterton (Historical Association – Bristol Branch, 1963)
The Penguin Dictionary of Surnames (Penguin, 1967)
The Triumph of English 1350–1400 (History and Literature Series – Blandford Press, 1969)
The Plight of English (Arlington House, 1975)
Robert Southey (Historical Association – Bristol Branch, 1980)
Names (Thames & Hudson, 1983)
The Language of Literature: English Grammar in Action (Macmillan, 1985)
Joseph Cottle of Bristol (Historical Association – Bristol Branch, 1987)
Medieval Literature and Antiquities: Studies in Honour of Basil Cottle edited by Myra F. K. Stokes & T. L. Burton (D S Brewer, 1987)
All the Cathedrals of France, edited by Nicholas A. Lee (Unicorn Press, 2002)
"Joseph Cottle and the Romantics: The Life of a Bristol Publisher", edited by Myra F. K. Stokes (Bristol, Redcliffe Press, 2008)
A Grand Gossip: the Bletchley Park Diary of Basil Cottle 1943–1945, edited by James and Judith Hodsdon (Hobnob Press, 2017)

References

1917 births
1994 deaths
Writers from Cardiff
Alumni of the University of Wales
Royal Pioneer Corps soldiers
British Army personnel of World War II
Society of Antiquaries of London
Welsh archaeologists
20th-century Welsh historians
20th-century Welsh writers
Linguists from Wales
British cryptographers
Royal Army Educational Corps soldiers
Academics of the University of Bristol
Bletchley Park people

Basil Cottle


Gaia Trafikk was the largest public transportation provider in Bergen and Os, Norway until it merged with HSD forming Tide.

Gaia was formed by the 1998 merger of Pan Trafikk, the bus company serving northern and southern Bergen, and Bergen Sporvei, the company serving Bergen's inner city. The route network covered most of Bergen, but the western suburbs were serviced by Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap (HSD). This resulted in a fixed fleet between the yellow buses of Bergen Sporvei and the red buses of Pan Trafikk being operated by the same company, and coordinated, making a more user-friendly bus system. The largest owners of Gaia was Bergen City Council (43.6%), HSB (7.9%), Yrkestrafikkforbundet (7.3%) and Os City Council (7.3%).

Among the fleet of about 300 buses are 8 trolleybuses (two of them are dual-mode buses), making Bergen the only city in north-west Europe to have them. Gaia fleet also contained 36 natural gas buses.

Gaia Trafikk is merged with HSD forming the company Tide. The general assembly at HSD approved the merger on 29 June 2006, while the approval at Gaia came on 17 July 2006. The new company is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. Both British Arriva and the Norwegian Nettbuss had announced a wish to buy Gaia, indicating a price around NOK 400 million.

References

Companies based in Bergen
Defunct bus companies of Norway
Trolleybus transport in Norway
Bus companies of Vestland
Transport companies established in 1998
Transport companies disestablished in 2006
1998 establishments in Norway
2006 disestablishments in Norway

Gaia Trafikk


Nightmare is a 1981 American psychological slasher film written and directed by Romano Scavolini, and starring Baird Stafford and Sharon Smith. Its plot follows a deranged man who, after undergoing an experimental medical procedure, is released from a New York City psychiatric hospital and embarks on a road trip to Florida with the intent of murdering his ex-wife and child.

Scavolini, an Italian director who had previously worked making hardcore pornography films, developed the idea for Nightmare after reading newspaper articles about psychiatric patients who had been administered powerful drugs that altered their behavior. He completed the film's screenplay over a two-week period while vacationing in Cocoa Beach, Florida, where he chose to set the majority of the film. The film was shot on location in Florida and New York City in late 1980.

Released by 21st Century Film Corporation in the fall of 1981, Nightmare was met by significant criticism for its graphic violence and sexuality: The Motion Picture Association of America granted it an X rating, and it was later banned in the United Kingdom (where it was released under the alternate title Nightmares in a Damaged Brain) and prosecuted for obscenity as a "video nasty". Three executives for the film's British distribution company faced legal action for releasing the film in its original cut, violating the ruling of  the British Board of Film Classification, which mandated that approximately 48 seconds of footage be excised before the film could be screened for the public. In 1984, all three executives were found guilty, two of them sentenced to 18 and 9 months imprisonment, respectively.

The film also garnered controversy for claiming in its press material that Tom Savini had provided the film's special effects, which Savini vehemently denied.

Plot
George Tatum has been incarcerated in a psychiatric institution in New York City for many years after sexually mutilating and murdering a family in Brooklyn. Diagnosed with a variety of disorders, including schizophrenia, amnesia, and epilepsy, George undergoes an experimental procedure during his incarceration that "reprograms" his brain, reforming him into an upstanding citizen. However, he remains plagued by hazy nightmares of a violent incident from his childhood. Upon his release, George visits a peep show in Times Square, which triggers flashbacks to his father's murder.

The following day, George obtains a car and leaves New York, heading south to the Florida home of his ex-wife, Susan Temper, their daughters Kim and Tammy, and their mischievous young son, C.J., who frequently plays twisted pranks that disturb both her and babysitter Kathy. His car breaks down en route in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, leaving him stranded overnight. There, he follows a woman home from a local bar, and brutally slashes her to death. Back in New York, George's psychiatrists discover he has fled the city, and begin tracking his movements.

Meanwhile, in Florida, Susan is carrying on a relationship with her boyfriend, Bob Rosen, and struggles with her responsibilities as a single mother. Her house begins receiving numerous disturbing phone calls, which no one realizes are in fact being made by George. One night while Susan is out, Kathy receives multiple calls, which unnerve her. C.J. begins claiming he is being followed by a strange manhis father George, unbeknownst to himbut Susan dismisses it as another of his pranks. Later, George murders Tony, a classmate of C.J., and a teenage girl named Candy in an abandoned house during a game of hide-and-seek.

The following day, Kathy agrees to babysit the children while Susan attends a party. During the night, George infiltrates the house and murders Kathy and her boyfriend with a rock pick. After donning one of C.J.'s Halloween masks, an old man, George pursues the children, who have barricaded themselves in the upstairs bedrooms. C.J. obtains a revolver from his mother's dresser and uses it to shoot George a total of 8 times.

During his dying moments, George has a full recollection of his childhood, including a memory of catching his father engaging in sadomasochistic sex acts with another woman, during which he brutally murdered them both with a felling axe. Susan returns home to find police at her house removing George's body, whom Susan hysterically identifies as her husband. C.J., sitting in a police car, winks into the camera knowingly.

Cast

Production

Development
Scavolini was inspired to write the screenplay for the film after reading articles in Time and Newsweek concerning psychiatric patients who had been administered powerful drugs that altered their behavior. He wrote the screenplay while visiting friends in Cocoa Beach, Florida, over a period of 15 days. Scavolini recalled: "[I was] trying to tell a story and not just hit the stomach of the viewers. To hit the spectator's stomach, you need to tell a story that has its roots in reality, not in fantasy. The massacre of the father and mother by the young Tatum is not the explosion of a mental disorder but flows from the inability of him to "understand" that his parents love to have sex through sadomasochistic practices...In my film there is no hope, because the real and final message is that we are all at the mercy of our demons."

The film was also influenced by Scavolini's earlier work in hardcore pornography, which could explain the amount of extraneous nudity and the bare context behind the bloodletting that the film contains.

Filming
Nightmare marked the first and only film produced by the independent Goldmine Productions. Principal photography took place in Cocoa Beach, Florida, with additional photography in New York City. According to producer and actor William Milling, the primary shoot in Florida occurred over a twelve-day period, where the cast and crew worked for at least 12 hours per day. Milling stated that the film's production budget was approximately $250,000.

Special effects
One review published on the film's opening day opined that "the bloodshed has been rendered with loving attention to detail." Tom Savini receives a credit for providing special effects on the film, though during its release he would vehemently deny involvement. According to director Scavolini, artists Daryll Ferrucci, Ed French, Johane Hansen, and Robin Stevens were responsible for prosthetic effects, crafting the dummies used as corpses in the film; they receive credit as "special effects makeup artist" and "special effects makeup assistant." This work was completed in New York City, according to Scavolini. On set, however, Scavolini claims that Savini was present and oversaw the directing of all master special effects sequences, including the beheading scene of George's mother and father. Scavolini stated it was "incontrovertible" that Savini contributed to the film, and added: "I never understood why [he] has denied having worked on the set," though he suggested it may have been a result of a salary disagreement between Savini and Goldmine Productions. Actor Baird Stafford confirmed Savini's presence on the set in an interview produced for the film's Blu-ray and DVD release. Photographs of Savini on the film set also corroborate his presence there.

Cleve Hall, a then-inexperienced local artist, managed the crew of the film's special effects at the Florida locations. Hall's recollection of Savini's connection to the picture was that the filmmakers had initially wanted Savini to oversee all of the special effects; Savini, however, recommended his friend Ed French for the project, but French opted not to sign on.

Release
Prior to receiving distribution through 21st Century Film Corporation, Warner Bros. and Universal Pictures screened the film, expressing potential interest, but only agreed to purchase it for distribution contingent on the film's gore sequences being significantly truncated. Scavolini refused, as he felt "the strongest scenes had to remain uncut because the film should be a scandalous event." 21st Century Film Corporation purchased the film for distribution, though it was released with an X rating in 117 New York theaters on October 23, 1981. During its first week of screening in New York City, some theater locations stayed open 24 hours a day to show the film all day and night as a marketing gimmick. It opened in regional markets the following month, premiering in Louisville, Kentucky on November 27, 1981, before releasing in Los Angeles in April 1982.

Censorship

In the United Kingdom, Nightmare was labeled a "video nasty" and prosecuted for violation of the Obscene Publications Act 1959; of the 72 films named "video nasties," it was the only title to receive prosecution for obscenity. In October 1982, a judge ordered that 212 videocassettes of the film obtained during raids in London and Leeds be destroyed.

In February 1984, David Hamilton-Grant, Malcolm Fancey, and Roger Morley—each executives of the film's British distribution company—were arrested and faced prosecution for releasing the film in a cut unauthorized by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), which included 48 seconds of footage that the BBFC had not approved. Hamilton-Grant and Fancey were sentenced to 18 and 9 months imprisonment, respectively, while Morley received a fine of £250. Hamilton-Grant's prison sentence was ultimately reduced to 6 months. Two film critics testified during the trial, one of them Derek Malcolm, defending the film's artistic merit. Malcolm expressed disappointment over the ruling against the distributors, calling it an "extraordinary decision."

The film remained banned in the United Kingdom until 2001, when an edited version was released.

Critical response
Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film an unfavorable review, noting: "Though everything else about Nightmare is amateurish, and though its surprises are dependably unsurprising, the bloodshed has been rendered with a loving attention to detail. Garotting, slicing, puncturing and chopping are filmed at close range and accompanied by gurgling sounds. Mr. Scavolini, who does nothing here to advance this currently fashionable art form, also favors the trick whereby an ostensible scare turns out to be a practical joke." Bill Carlton of the New York Daily News also lambasted the film, granting it a 0-star rating and criticizing its violence, declaring: "This is the most repulsive, offensive, degrading, gory, depraved and horrifying movie ever made." Stephen Hunter of the The Baltimore Sun described it as "wretchedly filmed" and deemed it a "garish atrocity, a new low in the cinema of depravity."

The Los Angeles Timess Linda Gross compared the film to Taxi Driver (1976) and Halloween (1978), and described it as a "gruesome and vicious movie." Dale Schneck of The Morning Call praised the film for its performances and suspense, summarizing it as "gory, gut-wrenching, nihilistic filmmaking. It is sure to cause some sleepless nights for moviegoers whose most frightening nightmare is the recall of this outrageous new film."

TV Guide was critical of the film, noting: "Given its earnest claims to Freudian psychological complexity, this pretentious gorefest (recipient of a self-imposed X rating) would be laughable if it weren't so repulsive."

Home media
Nightmare was released on VHS in the United States in 1982 by Planet Video. The government action brought against the film in the United Kingdom led to a black market for it in the mid-late 1980s, where the cost of video copies reached .

Seattle-based home media distributor Code Red released a two-disc 30th Anniversary special edition DVD in 2011, which was reissued as a 35th Anniversary edition in 2015. A limited edition Blu-ray was also issued by Code Red in 2014. In May 2018, Kino Lorber announced a reissue of the Blu-ray in conjunction with Code Red scheduled for a July 17, 2018 release, but it did not materialize.

In 2023, Severin Films announced a 3-disc 4K UHD edition, with a 99-minute cut of the film sourced from U.S. and European internegatives. In addition to special features like an interview with Tom Savini, who was erroneously credited as special effects director, the release contained a full-length documentary: Damaged: The Very British Obscenity of David Hamilton-Grant.

Legacy
A clip from Nightmare was featured prominently in the 2021 British psychological horror film Censor, which is centered around the video nasty controversy in the United Kingdom.

References

Sources

External links

1981 films
1981 horror films
1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1980s road movies
1980s slasher films
21st Century Film Corporation films
American exploitation films
American road movies
American serial killer films
American slasher films
American splatter films
Filicide in fiction
Films about child death
Films about children
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about nightmares
Films about psychiatry
Films about schizophrenia
Films about single parent families
Films about stalking
Films set in Florida
Films set in New York City
Films set in South Carolina
Films shot in Florida
Films shot in New York City
Obscenity controversies in film
Patricide in fiction
Video nasties

Nightmare (1981 film)


Seth Norman (born April 6, 1934) is a judge, former state representative, and former airman. He served on the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1962 to 1964. Since 1990, he has been a Judge of Division IV of the Criminal Court for Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee. As a judge, he founded the first and only court-operated residential drug court in the United States. He is a Democrat.

Early life
Norman was born in Nashville to John Edward (Jack) Norman and Carrie Laura Sneed Norman.  He graduated from Duncan Preparatory School for Boys in 1951, enrolling that September at Vanderbilt University. He voluntarily withdrew from Vanderbilt in September 1952 to enter military service.

Military service
Norman entered the United States Air Force on January 5, 1953, and attended basic training at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas before assignment to Keesler Field, Biloxi, Mississippi for electronics school.  Norman applied for flight training in June 1953.  He was assigned to the Aviation Cadet Training Pre-flight Program at Lackland Air Force Base in July, and then to Basic Observer Navigation training at Harlingen Air Force Base in Texas in September. He undertook Advanced Navigation Training at James Connolly Air Force Base, Waco, Texas in July, 1954; he then completed training and commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in November 1954.  In January 1955 Norman was assigned to the 581st Air Resupply Squadron at Kadena Air Force Base, Okinawa, specifically as a navigator on a B-29 crew, though he also flew C-47, C-119, C-118, B-26, C-54 and SA-16's.  He was then reassigned to Brookley Air Force Base in Mobile, Alabama in July 1956, where he was a navigator on the C-124.

Norman was released from active duty in September 1957.  He then joined the Tennessee Air National Guard and remained there for six years.

Politics
In 1960 Norman was elected President of Davidson County Young Democrats.  He was elected in August 1962 to the Tennessee House of Representatives, and in 1964 and 1968 won election to the Tennessee Democratic Executive Committee, where he served for four years as Secretary.  In 1968 he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention; he served also on the Democratic National Platform Committee.

Legal career
Norman returned to Vanderbilt in 1957.  He entered the Nashville School of Law in September 1958, graduating in June 1962, and received his license to practice law in Tennessee.  He entered the private practice of law with his father and brother.

In 1990 Norman was elected Judge of Division IV of the Criminal Court for Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee.  He was re-elected to the position in 1998 and again in 2006 without opposition.

Norman founded the Davidson County Drug Court, a long-term residential treatment program for non-violent felony offenders, over which he presides alongside his responsibilities as a criminal court judge. The program was the first court-operated residential drug court in the United States.

As of January 2009, Norman serves on the Governor's Criminal Justice Committee and the Safe & Drug Free Schools and Communities Advisory Committee for the United States Department of Education.  He is the founder and former chairman of the Nashville Drug Court Support Foundation. He has written many articles on drug courts and his drug court has been cited in many national publications.

References

External links
 Photographs from the Governor's Criminal Justice Committee
 Nashville Drug Court Support Foundation

1934 births
Tennessee state court judges
Living people
Lawyers from Nashville, Tennessee

Seth Walker Norman


Norman is a town in Montgomery County, Arkansas, United States. It was known as Womble until 1925. The population was 303 at the 2020 census, down from 378 in 2010.

Geography
The community is in southern Montgomery County at the intersection of Arkansas highways 8 and 27. It is  south of Mount Ida, the county seat, and  northwest of Glenwood. Norman is situated on the northeast bank of the Caddo River (which defines the town's southwestern city limits) and is surrounded by the Ouachita National Forest.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of ,  of which , or 1.23%, are water.

Norman is part of a local region that was formerly known as Womble. The west end of the town is unofficially known as Middlebuster and was in the past known as "Poor Horse".

There is a Caddo Native American burial ground on the southern end of town.  It was discovered by city officials, led by then-mayor Duane Cox, who protected it with a wooden fence. Recently, descendants of the Caddo added to the site a footpath and benches as well as plaques containing historical information regarding the living habits of Native Americans.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 423 people, 190 households, and 117 families residing in the town.  The population density was 140.8/km (364.8/mi2).  There were 224 housing units at an average density of 74.6/km (193.2/mi2).  The racial makeup of the town was 94.56% White, 1.42% Native American, 0.95% Asian, 0.95% from other races, and 2.13% from two or more races.  2.84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 190 households, out of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.2 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $20,481, and the median income for a family was $25,417. Males had a median income of $28,250 versus $16,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,807.  About 21.0% of families and 29.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.8% of those under age 18 and 22.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Public education for elementary and secondary school students is provided by the Caddo Hills School District, which leads to graduation from Caddo Hills High School.

The Norman School District merged into the Caddo Gap one in 1971.

Attractions
 Crystal Springs Dam
 Crystal Springs Camp Shelter

Transportation
 Arkansas Highway 8
 Arkansas Highway 27

Gallery

References

Towns in Montgomery County, Arkansas
Towns in Arkansas

Norman, Arkansas


James J. Leisenring is a retired member of both the International Accounting Standards Board, based in London, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB), based in Norwalk, Connecticut.

Biography
He was director of research and director of international activities of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and was the first chairman of FASB's Emerging Issues Task Force.  Also he has served as chairman of the Auditing Standards Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

He was one of three individuals inducted into the Accounting Hall of Fame in 2003.

Leisenring holds degrees from Albion College and Western Michigan University.

References
Biography at International Accounting Standards Board
Biography at OSU's Accounting Hall of Fame.

Living people
International Accounting Standards Board members
American accountants
Financial Accounting Standards Board members
Year of birth missing (living people)

James J. Leisenring


A taxi (taxicab or cab in the United States) is a car, or other vehicle which is used for public transport. People use them to get to where they want to go. This means  there are no stops in between where they get on and where they get off. Many big cities have taxis.

In most other types of public transport, such as a bus, tram, or train, the rider does not get to choose the locations where they want to get picked up or dropped off. These vehicles often take certain roads or follow a very specific route.  Because of this, they usually do not stop exactly where people want to go.

Riding a taxi is a lot like having your own car, but you don't drive it. You only tell the taxi driver where you want to go and he or she will take you there. How much you pay for the ride, in most cases, depends on how far you are going from where you get on. It is common for the price for a taxi ride to be more expensive than other forms of transport.

History

The first taxi-type system started in Paris and London in the early 17th century. These were carts pulled by (carriages) and could be hired. The monarchies that ruled these cities controlled the rules. In the 19th century, Hansom cabs were mostly used because of their higher level of safety.

Taximeter
The 1891 invention by German Wilhelm Bruhn of the taximeter helped establish the modern taxi. The first modern meter-equipped taxicab was the Daimler Victoria, built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897. The first motorized taxi company began operating in Stuttgart the same year.

The term taximeter is an adaptation of the French word 'taximètre', and the German word 'taxameter'. It means measuring a tax or fee.

Related pages
 Automobile
 Cabriolet
 Auto–rickshaw

References

Automobiles
Public transport

Taxi


Gads Hill Place in Higham, Kent, sometimes spelt Gadshill Place and Gad's Hill Place, was the country home of Charles Dickens, the most successful British author of the Victorian era. Today the building is the independent Gad's Hill School.

The house was built in 1780 for a former Mayor of Rochester, Thomas Stephens, opposite the present Sir John Falstaff Public House. Gad's Hill is where Falstaff commits the robbery that begins Shakespeare's Henriad trilogy (Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2 and Henry V).

Dickens
Charles Dickens first saw the mansion when he was 9 years old in 1821, when his father John Dickens told Charles that if he worked hard enough, one day he would own it or just such a house. As a boy, Dickens would often walk from Chatham to Gads Hill Place as he wished to see it again and again as an image of his possible future.  Dickens was later to write, " I used to look at it as a wonderful Mansion (which God knows it is not) when I was a very odd little child with the first faint shadows of all my books in my head - I suppose." Thirty-five years later, after Dickens had risen to fame and wealth, he discovered that the house was for sale and bought it for £1790 (circa £246,636 as of 2023) in March 1856 from fellow writer Eliza Lynn (later known as novelist Mrs. Eliza Lynn Linton). Initially Dickens bought the house as an investment, intending to let it, but changed his mind and used it instead as a country retreat, moving into the house in June 1857.

Dickens had bookshelves installed in his study at Gads Hill Place, some of which contained dummy books the titles of which he invented to reflect his own prejudices and opinions, including Hansard's Guide to Refreshing Sleep, History of a Short Chancery Suit in twenty-one volumes, Socrates on Wedlock, King Henry the Eighth's Evidences of Christianity, and the series The Wisdom of Our Ancestors: I Ignorance, II Superstition, III The Block, IV The Stake, V The Rack, VI Dirt, and VII Disease. Alongside these was placed a very narrow dummy volume entitled The Virtues of Our Ancestors.

Dickens was visited at Gads Hill Place in 1857 by Danish author and poet Hans Christian Andersen, who was invited for two weeks but who stayed for five. Other guests included Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Charles Allston Collins, Wilkie Collins, Marcus Stone, H.F. Chorley, Percy Fitzgerald, John Leech, Alexander William Kinglake, William Powell Frith and Charles Fechter.

In 1864 Fechter gave Dickens a prefabricated two-storey Swiss chalet as a Christmas present. Dickens had it assembled on land he owned on the opposite side of the Rochester High Road. Later, he had a brick-lined tunnel dug between the house's front lawn and the chalet. During the spring and summer months, Dickens worked on many of his later works in his study on the top floor of this Swiss chalet, including A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, Our Mutual Friend and the unfinished The Mystery of Edwin Drood. The chalet has been preserved and was moved to Eastgate House in Rochester High Street, Rochester, as a memorial to the writer.

The house remained Dickens's country home until his death in 1870, dying as he did of a stroke on a couch in the dining room there. Much of the contents of the house were auctioned after his death.

Later history
Gads Hill Place was bought by Charles Dickens, Jr. after his father's death, but he was forced to give it up in 1879 because of his own ill-health and financial difficulties. The house was bought in 1890 by the Hon. Francis Law Latham, the then Advocate-General of Bombay. In 1924 the house became Gad's Hill School, which it remains today.

As of 2013, the school was moving into purpose-built buildings in the grounds of the house, and there was a plan to open the house as a museum.

In June 2008 the house was shown in the Channel 4 TV docudrama Dickens' Secret Lover, presented by actor Charles Dance, on Dickens's affair with the actress Ellen Ternan during the last 13 years of his life.

Gads Hill Place is a Grade I listed building.

References

External links
The Gads Hill Appeal
Gads Hill Visitors Centre, BBC News 2008
Gads Hill Place on Discover Gravesham
Description of Gads Hill Place from c. 1900

Country houses in Kent
Charles Dickens
Gravesham
Grade I listed houses in Kent

Gads Hill Place


In medicine, family history means information on medical disorders the direct blood relatives of a patient may have had. Many healthcare professionals look at the information on family medical problems, such as autism, diabetes, mental illness, autoimmune diseases, cancer.

Many medical conditions are carried only by the female line, including X-linked conditions. Others are carried by the male line, including Y-linked conditions.

References

Health problems
Family

Family history (medicine)


Bardsey Island () is a small island  off the coast of Wales. Bardsey is  wide,  long and  in area. The north east rises steeply from the sea to a height of  at Mynydd Enlli. The western end is low and flat farmland. On the south, the island narrows to a peninsula with a lighthouse.  It is the fourth-largest island in Wales.

Bardsey has several names, including the "Island of 20,000 saints". In Welsh the name means "The Island in the Currents". In English the name means the "Island of the Bards", or possibly the "Island of Barda", a Viking chieftain.

The island has been an important religious site. In AD 516, Saint Cadfan built a monastery on Bardsey. In medieval times many pilgrims visited the island, and by 1212 the monastery was part of the Augustinian Canons Regular.  In 1537 Henry VIII closed the monastery and had the buildings pulled down, but pilgrims still visit the island.

Bardsey Island is famous for its wildlife and rugged scenery. A bird observatory was set up in 1953 as the island is on important migration routes. It is a nesting place for Manx shearwaters and choughs. It also has rare plants, and habitats undisturbed by modern farming practices. It is a good place to see grey seals, dolphins and porpoises.

The spirituality and sacredness of the island, its relative remoteness, and its legendary claim to be the burial site of King Arthur, have given it a special place in the cultural life of Wales. It has attracted artists, writers and musicians to its shores. It has inspired award winning literature.

Geology
The island is formed from rocks of the late Precambrian Gwna Group, part of the Monian Supergroup. The rocks are a mélange, often called Gwna Mélange, which have an unusual mix of clasts of all sizes up to 100m across. These are also very varied types, including both sedimentary and igneous rocks. Blocks of sheared granite in the melange can be seen in the northwestern coastal cliffs of the island. In other places there are clasts of quartzite, limestone, sandstone, mudstone, jasper and basalt. The deposit is an olistostrome, a very large underwater landslide possibly caused by an earthquake some time after 614 million years ago.

A dolerite dyke of Ordovician age can be seen in the melange at Trwyn y Gorlech in the north. There is an olivine dolerite dyke of Tertiary age at Cafn Enlli in the southeast. Further dykes can be seen in the cliffs at Ogof y Gaseg and at Ogof Hir.

A thin spread of glacial till stretches across the centre of the island. This was left behind by the Devensian Irish Sea Icesheet. There is a small patch of blown sand at Porth Solfach on the west coast and a landslip at Briw Cerrig at the foot of the cliffs on the east coast.

History

People lived on the island in Neolithic times, and traces of their hut circles remain. During the 5th century the island became a place of refuge for Christians and a small Celtic monastery existed. In 516 Saint Cadfan arrived from Brittany and directed the building of St Mary's Abbey. In medieval times three pilgrimages to Bardsey Island were said to be equal to one visit to Rome. In 1188 the abbey was still a Celtic institution, but by 1212 it belonged to the Augustinians. Many people still walk to Aberdaron and Uwchmynydd each year in the footsteps of the saints. Only ruins of the old abbey's 13th-century bell tower remain. A Celtic cross in the ruins commemorates the 20,000 saints claimed to be buried on the island.

Saint Deiniol, the bishop of Bangor, was buried on the island in 584. Saint Dyfrig was also buried on Bardsey Island, although in 1120 his remains were moved to Llandaff.

The Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act of 1536, on the orders of Henry VIII, resulted in St Mary's Abbey being closed and its buildings pulled down in 1537. The choir stalls, two screens and the bells were moved to Llanengan, where the parish church was then being built.

For many years Bardsey Island formed part of the Newborough Estate. Between 1870 and 1875 the island's farms were rebuilt. A small limestone quarry was opened, and a lime kiln set up. Carreg and Plas Bach are separate buildings, but the remaining eight were built as semi-detached houses, each pair with outbuildings set around a shared yard. The buildings are Grade II listed. In 2008, Cadw gave £15,000 to help with some repairs. Only one of the original croglofft cottages, Carreg Bach, is still standing. Given the choice of a harbour or a new church, in 1875 the islanders asked for a place of worship; a Methodist chapel was built.

The island had a population of 132 in 1881; by 1961 it had fallen to 17. The island's small school, opened in a former chapel in 1919, closed in 1953. By 2003 the population was down to 4.

Bardsey Island Trust () bought the island in 1979. It was given money by the Church in Wales and many Welsh academics and public figures. The trust gets its money from membership subscriptions, grants and donations. It wants to protect the wildlife, buildings and archaeological sites of the island. It also promotes its artistic and cultural life, and wants people to visit as a place of natural beauty and pilgrimage. In 2000, the trust advertised for someone to run the  sheep farm on the island. They had 1,100 applications. The farm is now run by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; and the land is managed to keep the natural habitat. Oats, turnips and swedes are grown; goats, ducks, geese and chickens kept; and there is a mixed flock of sheep and Welsh black cattle.

Bardsey apple
An old and twisted apple tree was found growing by the side of Plas Bach. It is believed to be all that is left of an orchard planted by the monks who lived there a thousand years ago. In 1998, experts on British apples said this tree was the only example of the Bardsey Apple (). The tree has been propagated by grafting and is available commercially.

Bardsey Lighthouse

Bardsey Lighthouse stands on the south end of the island and guides vessels passing through St George's Channel and the Irish Sea. It is the only square lighthouse looked after by Trinity House.

Lt. Thomas Evans R.N., asked for a light on the island in 1816. In 1821 Trinity House built the lighthouse at a cost of £5,470 12s 6d with another £2,950 16s 7d for the lantern.

Joseph Nelson was the engineer and builder. He had served under Daniel Alexander, a Trinity House architect, whose influence can be seen on parts of the design including the heavy weathered string-course near the base and the blocked and hooded directional-light window.  Joseph Nelson is linked to the design of at least 15 lighthouses, mostly in the Bristol Channel.

The Lighthouse is built of ashlar limestone and is not plastered. It is painted in red and white bands on the outside. The Lighthouse tower is 30 m (98 ft) high and is unusual because it is square, not round. Unlike many other lighthouses, it has kept its original gallery railings, which are of iron and bellied (i.e. curved out in width at their crowns) towards the top. The present lantern, fitted in 1856, did not need the original railings to be taken down.

The walls are 1.2 m (4 ft) thick at the base and 0.9 m (3 ft) at the top.
At first, the light had reflectors but changed to a dioptric (refracting) mechanism in 1838. The present lantern of 1856 is a 4.27 m (14 ft) wide chamfered octagon and the light is fixed, instead of revolving. The present revolving apparatus was put in place in 1873. It gives a group of five flashes, at first with an oil-lamp, but changed to electric in 1973.

The Lighthouse is unusual in lacking any sort of harbour. As it is on an established migratory route, the tower has many bird casualties. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and Trinity House have tried to help the problem by providing perches on the lantern top and flood-lighting the tower, but this does not seem to have helped.

In 1987 the Lighthouse was changed to automatic operation, and is now checked by the Trinity House Depot at Harwich. A local person does regular maintenance.

Y Storws, also known as The Boathouse, was built a few years before the lighthouse, near the landing place at Y Cafn.

Wildlife

The island was made a National Nature Reserve in 1986, and is part of Glannau Aberdaron ac Ynys Enlli Special Protection Area (). It is now a favourite bird-watching location, on the migration routes of thousands of birds. Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory (), founded in 1953, nets and rings 8,000 birds each year to study their migration patterns.

The island was made a Site of Special Scientific Interest because of its maritime life. This includes internationally rare lichens; bryophyte, plants, bird species; and intertidal communities. Nationally important flowering plants include sharp rush, rock sea lavender, small adder's tongue, western clover, and the rare purple loosestrife. Two nationally rare heathland lichens are found on the slopes of Mynydd Enlli: the ciliate strap lichen and golden hair lichen; and there are over 350 lichen species in total. The leafcutter bee, which cuts neat, rounded circles in rose leaves, used to seal the entrance to its nest, is native.

Thousands of birds pass through each year on their way to their breeding or wintering grounds. Chiffchaffs, goldcrests and wheatears are usually the first to pass through, followed by sedge warblers and willow warblers, whitethroats and spotted flycatchers.

About 30 species of bird regularly nest on the island, including ravens, little owls, oystercatchers and the rare chough. Hundreds of sea birds, including razorbills, guillemots, fulmars and kittiwakes, spend the summer nesting on the island's eastern cliffs. There are no land predators such as rats or foxes on the island. On a dark moonless night an eerie cackling can be heard across the island as 7,000 pairs of Manx shearwaters, 3.5 per cent of the British population, come ashore to lay and incubate their eggs in abandoned rabbit warrens or newly dug burrows.

The island is one of the best places in Gwynedd to see grey seals. In mid summer over 200 can be seen, lying in the sun on the rocks or swimming in the sea. About 15 pups are born each autumn. Their sharp teeth and strong jaws are perfect for breaking the shells of lobsters and crabs which live in the waters. It is also possible to see bottlenose and Risso's dolphins, and porpoises. The currents around the island carry food-rich water. The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society has been carrying out surveys since 1999 to find out which areas are important for feeding and nursing calves.

The seas around the island are rich in marine life. There are forests of strap seaweed; in the rock pools are sea anemones, crabs and small fish; and in deeper waters, the rocks are covered by sponges and sea squirts. The yellow star anemone, found offshore, is more common to the Mediterranean.

Culture
It was tradition for the island to elect the "King of Bardsey" (Welsh:Brenin Enlli). From 1826 he was crowned by Baron Newborough or his representative. The crown is now kept at Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool, although calls have been made for it to return to Gwynedd. The first known King was John Williams. His son, John Williams II, the third of the recorded kings, was deposed in 1900, and asked to leave the island as he had become an alcoholic. At the start of World War I, the last king, Love Pritchard, offered himself and the men of Bardsey Island for military service. He was refused as he was considered too old at the age of 71. Pritchard was angry and declared the island a neutral power.  In 1925 Pritchard left the island for the mainland, to seek an easier way of life, but died the following year.

Yorkshire born poet Christine Evans lives half the year on Bardsey Island, spending the winters at Uwchmynydd.  She moved to Pwllheli as a teacher, and married into a Bardsey Island farming family. While on maternity leave in 1976, she started writing poems, and her first book was published seven years later. Cometary Phrases was Welsh Book of the Year 1989 and she was the winner of the first Roland Mathias Prize in 2005.

Edgar Ewart Pritchard, an amateur movie-maker from Brownhills, produced "The Island in the Current", a colour movie of life on Bardsey Island, in 1953. A copy is held by the National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales.

Opera singer Bryn Terfel, a patron of the Bardsey Island Trust, has performed in the island's chapel. Llio Rhydderch recorded Enlli in 2002, an album inspired by the spiritual feelings from a pilgrimage.

Dilys Cadwaladr, the former school teacher on the island, in 1953 became the first woman to win the Crown at the National Eisteddfod, for her long poem Y Llen. Artist Brenda Chamberlain won the Gold Medal for Art at the Eisteddfod on two occasions: in 1951 for Girl with Siamese Cat, and in 1953 with The Christin Children. Some of the murals she painted can still be seen on the walls of Carreg, where she lived from 1947 to 1962. Wildlife artist Kim Atkinson, whose work has been widely shown in Wales and England, lived on the island as a child, and came back to live there in the 1980s.

Since 1999, Bardsey Island Trust has had an Artist in Residence who spends several weeks on the island producing work which is later shown on the mainland. A Welsh literary residence was created in 2002; singer-songwriter Fflur Dafydd spent six weeks working on a collection of poetry and prose. Her play Hugo was inspired by her stay, and she has produced two novels, Atyniad (), which won the prose medal at the 2006 Eisteddfod; and Twenty Thousand Saints, winner of the Oxfam Hay Prize, which tells how the women of the island, starved of men, turn to each other.

In 2009 Cowbois Rhos Botwnnog became the first electric rock group to play on the island, as part of S4C's "Bandit" series.

Transport
There is a ferry services to Bardsey Island from Porth Meudwy and Pwllheli.

At times, the wind and the fierce sea currents make sailing between the island and the mainland impossible. Sometimes boats are unable to reach or leave Bardsey Island for weeks. In 2000, 17 visitors had to stay for two weeks when strong winds prevented a boats from reaching the island.

References

Other websites

 Bardsey Island Trust
 Geograph : Photographs of Bardsey Island

Islands of the United Kingdom
Geography of Wales

Bardsey Island


Peter Mark Andrew Phillips (born 15 November 1977)  is a member of the British royal family. He is a businessman and the elder child and only son of Princess Anne, and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. He is the eldest grandchild of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and nephew of King Charles III. He is 18th in the line of succession to the British throne.

Early life
Peter Phillips was born in 15 November 1977 at St Mary's Hospital in London, He is the eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was christened on 22 December 1977 by the Archbishop of Canterbury Donald Coggan in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace, He is godparents were his maternal uncle, the Prince of Wales, Geoffrey Tiarks, Captain Hamish Lochore, Lady Cecil Cameron of Lochiel and Jane Holderness-Roddam.

Phillips has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née Phillips; born 1981), and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Wade (née Tonkin; born 1985), the daughter of Mark Phillips and his former mistress Heather Tonkin; and Stephanie Phillips (born 1997), the daughter from his father's second marriage to Sandy Pflueger.

Phillips went to Port Regis Prep School in Shaftesbury, Dorset before following some of his family by attending Gordonstoun School in Moray, Scotland. Whilst at Gordonstoun, he was chosen to be head boy. During his gap year, he went to Sydney, Australia and worked for Sports Entertainment Limited (SEL), a company he would later return to; he also worked for Jackie Stewart's Formula One racing team during that time.

Phillips married to Autumn Kelly at Windsor Castle, in 2008, They were divorced in 2020.

Philips has two children, Savannah Phillips and Isla Phillips. They were born at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucester.

Phillips holds no royal title or style and is currently 15th in the line of succession to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms.

References

1977 births
Living people
Royalty from London
House of Windsor
Alumni of the University of Exeter

Peter Phillips


Woolergerberleng is a small Aboriginal community, located proximate to Kununurra in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, within the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley.

Woolergerberleng, also known as Hollow Springs, was established in the 1980s. The initial dwellings were self-made shelters and not connected to reticulated power and water. Living conditions were modest, however residents enjoyed the space away from town life offered by the new camp. Ruins from the initial camp site still remain.

Native title
The Miriuwung Gajerrong people are signatories to the Ord Final Agreement, a broad package of measures which implements a platform for future partnerships between the Miriuwung Gajerrong people, WA State Government, industry and developers for the benefit of the wider community and the East Kimberley region.

Governance
At a broader governance level, Yawoorroong Miriuwung Gajerrong Yirrgeb Noong Dawang Aboriginal Corporation (MG Corp) acts in trust on behalf of all MG native title holders to ensure compliance with its obligations under the Ord Final Agreement including those relating to community living areas.

MG Corp was incorporated under the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 in 2006 and its constitution was subsequently amended in 2008.

Although membership to MG Corp is limited to native title holders, MG Corp is not a native title prescribed body corporate. However MG Corp has the authority to assist MG peoples in relation to planning, management and use of traditional lands.

Town planning
Woolergerberleng Layout Plan No.1 has been prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 Aboriginal Settlements. Layout Plan No.1 was endorsed by the community on 16 November 2010 and the Western Australian Planning Commission on 29 September 2010. The Layout Plan map-set and background report can be viewed at Planning Western Australia's website.

References

Towns in Western Australia
Aboriginal communities in Kimberley (Western Australia)

Wollergerberleng Community


The Great Southern and Western Railway (GS&WR) Class 47 consisted of twenty  locomotives designed by Alexander McDonnell and introduced from 1883.  They were intended for branch lines around Cork and for Dublin—Kildare and Dublin-Kilkenny services.

Class 47 was preceded by four members of class 28 introduced from about 1879, these having a slightly longer wheelbase.  Only one of class 28 remaining into GSR service when it was renumbered 40 and included in GSR Class 47. This was the 100th locomotive built under the Alexander McDonnell period and was temporarily numbered 100 when new.

Model
There is a detailed O Gauge model of engine 47 in the Fry model railway collection.

References

0-4-4BT locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1883
Steam locomotives of Ireland
Scrapped locomotives

GS&WR Class 47


Minoru Kawawada (born 16 January 1952) is a Japanese master of Shotokan karate.
He has won the JKA's version of the world championships for both kata and kumite, and has also won the JKA All-Japan Championships for kata on 2 occasions.
He is currently the Vice General Manager of the Japan Karate Association Technical Division, and an instructor at their headquarters dojo, as well as the famous Hoitsugan dojo founded by Masatoshi Nakayama.

Biography

Minoru Kawawada was born in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan on 16 January 1952. He studied at Takushoku University. His karate training began during his 1st year of high school.

Competition
Minoru Kawawada has had considerable success in karate competition.

Major Tournament Success
30th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1987)  - Tournament Grand Champion; 1st Place Kata; 3rd Place Kumite
29th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1986) - 1st Place Kata
1st Shoto World Cup Karate Championship Tournament (Tokyo, 1985) - 1st Place Kumite; 1st Place Kata
28th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1985) - 3rd Place Kumite

References

1952 births
Japanese male karateka
Karate coaches
Shotokan practitioners
Sportspeople from Ibaraki Prefecture
Takushoku University alumni
Living people
20th-century Japanese people

Minoru Kawawada


John Dalton (1766–1844) was a scientist who pioneered modern atomic theory.

John Dalton  may also refer to:

John Dalton (American football) (1889–1919), American football player for Navy
John Dalton (architect) (1927–2007), Australian architect
John Dalton (author), American author
John Dalton (bishop) (c. 1821–1869), Roman Catholic bishop
John Dalton (divine) (1814–1874), Catholic divine and translator from Latin, Spanish, and German
John Dalton (musician) (born 1943), former member of the Kinks
John Dalton (soldier) (died 1981), British Army general and father of Richard Dalton
John Call Dalton (1825–1889), American physiologist
John Howard Dalton (born 1941), US Secretary of the Navy
John M. Dalton (1900–1972), Governor of Missouri
John N. Dalton (1931–1986), Governor of Virginia from 1978 to 1982
John Neale Dalton (1839–1931), Royal chaplain and tutor
John Dalton (MP) (1610–1679), English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1659 and 1679
John Dalton (hurler) (born 1985), Irish hurler
John Dalton (poet) (1709–1763), English cleric and poet
John Dalton (priest), Anglican priest in Ireland

See also
John D'Alton (1882–1963) Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Armagh
John D'Alton (historian) (1792–1867), Irish lawyer and genealogist
John D'Alton (engineer) (1829–1904), Australian engineer
Jon Dalton (born 1974), former Survivor contestant
Jack Dalton (disambiguation)

John Dalton (disambiguation)


Saarloq is a settlement in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland. Its population was 21 in 2020. It is located on a small island with the same name off the Labrador Sea coast, at the mouth of the Qaqortoq Fjord, west of Alluitsup Paa and 20 km south of Qaqortoq.

The settlement is the southernmost of the three settlements—along Eqalugaarsuit and Qassimiut—that made up the former Qaqortoq municipality. The settlements are presently governed by a joint settlement council.

On 1 January 2009 the settlement became part of the Kujalleq municipality, when the Narsaq, Qaqortoq, and Nanortalik municipalities ceased to exist.

Transport

The village is served by the Saarloq Heliport. Air Greenland district helicopters link the settlement with Nanortalik, and further to Qaqortoq and Narsarsuaq.

Infrastructure and communications
The settlement has its own church, and a school—Atuarfik Saarloq, Greenlandic for "school of Saarloq"—with 5 to 6 pupils.

There are no cars in the settlement, and there is no heliport; weekly helicopter connections land on a tundra plain. Further transportation is by sea. Internet and phone communications are provided by the Home Rule government.

Drinking water is provided by desalination of the sea water. The settlement has three 1,100 liter fresh water tanks for this purpose.

Population
Most towns and settlements in southern Greenland exhibit negative growth patterns over the last two decades, with many settlements rapidly depopulating. The population of Saarloq has decreased nearly a half relative to the 1990 levels, by nearly a third relative to the 2000 levels. If the trend continues much further, the settlement is likely to close in the future.

References

Populated places in Greenland

Saarloq