Alex T. Atamanenko (born January 24, 1945) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the House of Commons in 2006, winning the riding of British Columbia Southern Interior for the New Democratic Party in the 2006 federal election, and served in parliament until his retirement at the 2015 federal election. He is also a retired school teacher.

Biography
Atamanenko was born in New Westminster, and was educated at the University of British Columbia and the University of Toronto.  Atamanenko has a bachelor's degree in physical education, a teaching diploma, and a Master of Arts degree in Russian. Atamanenko is a member of the British Columbia Retired Teachers Association. He taught Russian, French and English at a number of schools across Canada and the United States. He also has experience in recreation and physical education with a number of organizations, including the Boys' Clubs of Vancouver, the Canadian Forces Base in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, and for the Coquitlam and New Westminster recreation departments, where he was part-time leader and co-ordinator, as well as for the government of the Yukon as a co-ordinator for the Canada Games (1976–1977) and a recreation consultant (1977–1979). He was also a freelance translator, and is a karate instructor with the Castlegar Karate Club. Other community activities include involvement with the Canadian Youth Hostelling Association in Whitehorse and serving on the Coaching Council of Canada during the 1970s.

He contested the riding of Southern Interior, as it was called then, in the federal election of 2004; he lost narrowly to the incumbent Conservative MP, Jim Gouk.

Atamanenko contested the riding again in the 2006 federal election, which became open when Gouk left federal politics. His candidacy received a significant boost after the Conservative candidate, Derek Zeisman, was disowned by the party after being caught trying to smuggle alcohol across the U.S.–Canada border. Atamanenko won by over 13,000 votes. He was re-elected in the 2008 and 2011 elections, in the latter case gaining 50.9% of valid ballots cast in his riding.

Atamanenko paid homage to NDP leader Jack Layton after his bout with cancer, saying "Jack was the epitome of a trustworthy, honourable politician who inspired many Canadians, regardless of their political allegiance. He cared deeply about our country, and he really gave his life to it. Jack appealed to the best in people. He gave so many young people, who are rightly critical of many aspects of our electoral system, something to believe in, something to hope for in what he was trying to achieve and the vision he shared with so many in our party."

Electoral record

|- bgcolor="white"

|align="left" colspan=2|NDP gain from Conservative
|align="right"|Swing
|align="right"|+15.6
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References

External links

1945 births
Canadian people of Russian descent
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
New Democratic Party MPs
People from New Westminster
University of British Columbia alumni
University of Toronto alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians

Alex Atamanenko


Pāhoa () is a census-designated place (CDP) in the District of Puna in Hawai'i County, Hawai'i, United States. The population was 924 at the 2020 census. The population dropped by 1.8% from 945 in the 2010 census.

Geography and environment
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land.  Soils underlying the Pāhoa area are volcanic in origin, deriving from the currently active Kīlauea Volcano (Earth Metrics Inc., 1986). Kīlauea is one of the Earth's most active volcanoes, with the January 2006 eruption being the longest rift zone eruption in Kīlauea's 200-year recorded history (Volcanology, 2007). The volcanic soils underlying Pāhoa are considered to have been generated by lava flows within the last 125 to 500 years.  For example, the eruption of 1840 is known to have deposited a lava flow within  of Pāhoa. Both Hawaii Route 130 and Hawaii Route 132 enter the town boundaries.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 945 people in 321 households residing in the CDP.  The population density was .  There were 356 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the CDP was 14.92% White, 0.42% African American, 1.48% American Indian & Alaska Native, 43.49% Asian, 12.59% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 26.14% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6.56% of the population.

There were 321 households, out of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them.  The average household size was 2.94.

The age distribution was 22.3% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 12.0% from 25 to 34, 18.1% from 35 to 49, 23.0% from 50 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older.  For every 100 females, there were 105.0 males.  For every 100 males age 18 over there were 95.2 females.

The median income for a household in the CDP at the 2000 census was $33,333, and the median income for a family in 2000 was $43,571. Males had a median income of $26,103 in 2000 versus $23,571 for females. The per capita income for the CDP in 2000 was $13,850.  About 15.7% of families and 18.0% of the population were below the poverty line in 2000, including 28.9% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

Culture
In the Hawaiian language, the word  means dagger or knife. The  held pointing downwards, such as the statue at Pāhoa High and Intermediate School, is a symbol of peace and strength. It is unknown when indigenous Hawaiians settled the area during pre-contact times, but the deep, rich soil and important protected archeological sites in the area suggest a long history of habitation. Legends associated with the Pāhoa area are referenced in Hawaii's ancient oral history in the Pele and Hiiaka Myth.

There are two primary schools in the Pāhoa area, Pāhoa Elementary School and Keonepoko Elementary School, in the Hawaiian Beaches subdivision. There are two secondary schools, Pāhoa High and Intermediate School on Pāhoa Village Road and the Hawaii Academy of Arts and Sciences.

2014 lava flow

In June 2014, a lava flow dubbed the June 27th flow started running from a vent in the Puu Ōō cone in a northeast direction towards the villages of Ka'ohe Homesteads and Pāhoa.

In early September it appeared that the lava flow was en route to the small community of Ka'ohe Homesteads.  Community leaders and state officials began to draw up plans for evacuations and the mayor signed an emergency proclamation as the flow approached to within 0.8 miles, a distance it was expected to cover in approximately a week.  On September 13, a release from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory stated that the flow had begun to shift away from the subdivision as it had interacted with both the cracks and down-dropped blocks within the East Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano and a natural valley that leveled away from Ka'ohe Homesteads.

The lava flow then advanced on Pāhoa.  On October 25, the flow had reached the town's recycling facility, which was closed and temporarily relocated as a result.  The flow was quickly advancing on a nearby cemetery and triggered the first series of evacuations. On November 10, the flow claimed one home.

Officials feared that the lava would cover Hawaii Route 130, the only route in and out of Pāhoa and of the entire lower Puna section of the island.  On October 22, The National Park Service announced  that it would help state and county officials create an emergency route along 8 miles of the buried Chain of Craters Road in order to help Puna residents who would potentially lose access to the rest of Hawaii.  Construction of the Chain of Craters alternate route began by making a path over a wall of lava rock covering the road in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The eruption eventually stopped short of Route 130, and work on the emergency route was called off in November 2014.

2018 eruption
The 2018 lower Puna eruption which featured destructive lava flows resulting in the loss of approximately 700 homes, originated in nearby Leilani Estates.

References

Further reading
 Earth Metrics Inc., C. Michael Hogan, Engineering Report for the Pahoa Main Post Office, Pahoa, Hawaii 96778, published by the U.S. Postal Service, Western Regional Office, San Bruno, California, September 5, 1986

External links

 Pahoa, Hawaii Photographs
 Hawaiian Volcano Observatory-USGS daily flow map
 Hawaii Center for Volcanology (2007)
 Pahoa, Hawaii Profile (2000)

Pahoa
Populated places on Hawaii (island)
Kīlauea

Pahoa, Hawaii


The Royal Canberra Show  is an agricultural show that has been staged annually in Canberra since 1927 by the Royal National Capital Agricultural Society. The show has agriculture at its core, but it has expanded with the addition of rides, competitions and educational facilities. It is said that this is where "city meets country" and "country meets city".

History

The Royal Canberra Show can trace its origins back to the first events organised by the Ginninderra Farmers' Union, which was formed in 1905. At first, it ran sporting events at Ginninderra, including ploughing matches, but in 1909 it held its first annual agricultural show. These shows were discontinued because of the First World War, despite the 1915 event being attended by 1,200 people and raising much-needed funds for the war effort. One of the driving forces, from the days of the Ginninderra Farmers' Union until 1944, was the Ginninderra blacksmith, Harry Curran, father of Babe Curran of Deasland, the district's preeminent wool grower. The Advance Hall and District Association organised a small district show in 1924 and 1925. The show of 1927 is officially recognised by the Royal National Capital Agricultural Society as the "inaugural" Canberra Show. The show continued to grow: the first two-day show was held in 1931, and the 1932 show was opened by Prime Minister J.A. Lyons. After a hiatus in the Second World War, the show resumed with the support of leading sheep breeder Sir Walter Merriman. In 1964, the show moved to its permanent home at the Canberra Showground. The Show was given "Royal" status in 1979.

The number of people who enter their livestock and other agricultural goods into the various competitions has increased, reflecting the significant role the Show plays in the development of the skills and excellence of those who live in the surrounding region, according to the Royal Canberra Show website.

In 2012, the show marked the International Year of the Farmer.

The 2021 Show, scheduled for late February, was cancelled in November 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, the first cancellation since World War 2.

References

External links

Events in Canberra
Canberra
1927 establishments in Australia
Annual events in Australia
Festivals established in 1927
Summer events in Australia

Royal Canberra Show


Johan Vilhelm Snellman (; 12 May 1806 – 4 July 1881) was an influential Fennoman philosopher and Finnish statesman, ennobled in 1866. He was one of the most important 'awakeners' or promoters of Finnish nationalism, alongside Elias Lönnrot and J. L. Runeberg.

Life and career
Snellman was born in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of Kristian Henrik Snellman, a ship's captain. After the Russian conquest of  Finland in 1808–09, and the promising establishment of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, his family moved there in 1813, to the Ostrobothnian coastal town of Kokkola. His mother Maria Magdalena Snellman died there only a year later.

Snellman was educated at the Royal Academy of Turku from 1822, where he studied theology as well as history, Greek, Latin and world literature, as well as a little bit of physics and other natural sciences. While studying at the academy, Snellman also received permanent national romantic influences, but he differed from the romantics in that he was interested in the future and the spiritual activity of nations instead of history.

He settled in Helsinki in 1828 when the university was moved there. In 1835, after academic work amongst followers of Hegel, Snellman was appointed lecturer at the University of Helsinki, where he belonged to the famous circle of Cygnaeus, Lönnrot,  and Runeberg comprising the brightest of their generation. Snellman's lectures quickly became popular with the students, but in November 1838 his lectureship was temporarily recalled after a judicial proceeding that ultimately aimed to establish firm governmental control of new and oppositional thought among the academics.

As a consequence, Snellman exiled himself to Sweden and Germany, more or less voluntarily, from 1839 to 1842. By the time he returned to Helsinki, his popularity had increased further, but the political juncture did not allow the university to employ him. Instead, he took up the position as headmaster for a school in distant Kuopio and published starkly polemical periodicals, including the paper Saima in Swedish, which advocated the duty of the educated classes to take up the language of the then circa 85% majority of Finns, and develop Finnish into a language of the civilized world, useful for academic works, fine arts, state craft, and nation building.

Saima was suppressed by the government in 1846. In 1848–49, Snellman was again rebuffed when applying for the position of professor at Finland's University in Helsinki. After having contemplated a renewed exile in Sweden, this time possibly definitive, Snellman in 1850 gave up the position in Kuopio and moved to Helsinki, where he and his family lived under economically awkward conditions until the death of Emperor Nicholas in 1855. Then it again became possible for Snellman to publish periodical papers on political issues.

He had married Johanna Lovisa Wennberg in 1845, and they had five children before her death in 1857.

In 1856, Snellman was finally appointed professor, which was met with great satisfaction among politically interested Finns. However, Snellman's unparalleled popularity could not remain. He was a generation older than the most active political opposition, and now backed a government which had the brightest expectations for Finland under the rule of Emperor Alexander II. The language strife in Finland, of which he was the chief initiator, contributed also to substantial opposition against him and his views. Finally and not least, his stance against the Polish rebels of the January Uprising of 1863 was seen by many as the ultimate sign of unprincipled ingratiation.

In 1863 Snellman was called to a cabinet post in the Senate of Finland, in effect as Chancellor of the Exchequer, where he became an energetic and valued senator. He accomplished a language decree from the Emperor that would gradually give Finns a position equal to that of the Swedish within the Finnish government. In practical terms it meant the re-establishment of the Parliament, which had remained inhibited since the Russian conquest.

A separate Finnish currency, the Markka, was introduced in 1860, and Snellman managed to tie it to silver instead of to the ruble. The Markka came to be of the utmost value for Finland. Snellman's tenure as Finance Minister would be tainted by the Finnish famine of 1866–1868, aggravated by the government's strict fiscal policy, but Snellman worked to get aid while trying to protect the new currency.

Snellman's inflexibility and high profile position in the political debate would however, together with his old reputation as radical agitator of the 1830s–1840s, accumulate too much resistance and aversion to his person and his policies. In 1868 he was forced to resign from the senate.

For the remainder of his life, he continued to participate in the political debate, and now ennobled he belonged to the Nobles' Chamber of the parliament. Snellman never lost his popularity among his Fennoman followers, but he had become a highly divisive symbol in Finland's political landscape.

Honors

Johan Vilhelm Snellman first appeared on a 1960 coin, commemorating the introduction of the markka denomination in 1860. He was recently selected as the main motif for another commemorative coin, the €10 Johan Vilhelm Snellman commemorative coin, minted in 2006 celebrating the 200th anniversary of his birth. The obverse depicts J.V. Snellman. It also depicts the logo of the Europe Coins Programme. The reverse design features represent the dawn of Finnish culture.

A park in Kuopio called the Snellman Park (Snellmaninpuisto) has been named after J. V. Snellman; it was formerly known as the former location of the Kuopio Market Square. In the middle of the park, a bust of J. V. Snellman sculpted by Johannes Takanen was unveiled on July 3, 1886.

Snellman's birthday on May 12 is dedicated to him and it has become one of Finland's flag days, known as the "Day of Finnish Identity" or the "Finnish Heritage Day".

Works
In 1842 Snellman published his foremost work Läran om staten (Study of the State).

References

External links

 J. V. Snellman in 375 humanists – 12 May 2015. Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.
 J.V. Snellman: Where would Finland be without him? at thisisFINLAND

1806 births
1881 deaths
Politicians from Stockholm
Swedish-speaking Finns
Finnish Party politicians
Finnish senators
Members of the Diet of Finland
Finnish philosophers
19th-century Finnish nobility
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
19th-century Finnish philosophers
19th-century Finnish politicians
University of Turku alumni

Johan Vilhelm Snellman


Gotham Knights is a 2022 action role-playing game developed by WB Games Montréal and published by Warner Bros. Games. Inspired by the Batman: Gotham Knights comic series and based on the DC Comics character Batman and his supporting cast, the game focuses on the characters Nightwing, Batgirl, Robin, and Red Hood as they attempt to restore justice to Gotham City during a period of decline in the immediate aftermath of Batman's death. While investigating the events that led to their mentor's demise, the heroes become embroiled in an ancient conflict between two secret organizations fighting for control of Gotham: the Court of Owls and the League of Shadows.

Gameplay is presented from the third-person perspective with a primary focus on using each playable character's traversal and combat abilities to defeat enemies and explore the environment. Players can freely move around Gotham City, interacting with characters, undertaking missions, and gaining experience points and other resources to level up their characters and equipment. Outside of the story, players are able to complete side missions to unlock additional content and collectible items. A cooperative online multiplayer mode is also included, allowing two players to play through the single-player campaign together while progressing in their own game.

Gotham Knights was released on October 21, 2022, for PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S. Versions for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were also planned, but were ultimately cancelled. The game received mixed reviews from critics,  who deemed it inferior to the Batman: Arkham games, with criticism for its general gameplay design and story, although its co-op mode, emotional depth  and the characterization of the lead characters received praise.

Gameplay
Gotham Knights is an action role-playing game set in an open world Gotham City. The game features four playable characters: Nightwing, Batgirl, Robin, and Red Hood. Each character has their own unique playstyle and abilities, such as Robin being able to teleport via the Justice League's satellite. Players can level up their characters, but enemies will be automatically leveled up as well. They can also use vehicles such as the Batcycle to explore the city. During the daytime, players will occupy the Belfry, which acts as the team's base of operations and allows players to switch characters and prepare for the next mission by managing progression, and upon leaving the Belfry, the game will fast forward to the nighttime.

While the narrative campaign can be played solo, the game also features a two-player cooperative multiplayer mode, wherein the second player can drop in and out at any time without affecting the other one. A separate four-player cooperative mode named "Heroic Assault" was introduced in November 2022. In this mode, players battle enemies across 30 levels in an arena-like environment while completing various objectives.

Synopsis

Setting and characters
The game is set in Gotham City after the deaths of Bruce Wayne / Batman (Michael Antonakos) and Police Commissioner James Gordon, which has resulted in a rise of crime and police corruption. Players assume the role of four of Batman's former protégés—Dick Grayson / Nightwing (Christopher Sean), Barbara Gordon / Batgirl (America Young), Tim Drake / Robin (Sloane Morgan Siegel), and Jason Todd / Red Hood (Stephen Oyoung)—as they attempt to continue his legacy by protecting Gotham upon receiving a pre-recorded message from Batman.

During the game, the Knights come into conflict with several supervillains, primarily the Court of Owls, a secret society dating back to colonial times that seeks to take over Gotham with their legion of assassins called Talons, and the League of Shadows, led by Talia al Ghul (Emily O'Brien) after the death of her father Ra's al Ghul (Navid Negahban). The Knights also have altercations with Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze (Donald Chang), Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn (Kari Wahlgren), Basil Karlo / Clayface (Brian Keane), the Man-Bat Commandos, and Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin (Elias Toufexis). Starro (Mark Meer) makes an appearance in the "Heroic Assault" mode.

Supporting characters include Bruce's former butler Alfred Pennyworth (Gildart Jackson), who provides technical assistance and moral support to the Knights; police captain Renee Montoya (Krizia Bajos), one of the few honest cops left in Gotham; Bruce's uncle and wealthy industrialist Jacob Kane (Tommie Earl Jenkins) and his wife Commissioner Catherine Kane (Liz Burnette); former WayneTech employee-turned-CEO of Foxteca Lucius Fox (Peter Jay Fernandez); Gotham City News anchorwoman Noor Rashid (Zehra Fazal); journalist Arturo Rodriguez (Mateo d'Amato), Gotham City Mayor Brandon Tsai (David Shih); and Jada Thompkins (Keisha Castle-Hughes), daughter of Leslie Thompkins who took up her mother's profession as a doctor after she retired.

Plot
Batman is ambushed in the Batcave by Ra's al Ghul and is mortally wounded. With no way to win, Batman seals himself and Ra's in the Batcave and initiates the self-destruct protocol, killing them both. Batman's death triggers a "Code Black" contingency, which summons Nightwing, Batgirl, Red Hood, and Robin. As his final act, Batman bequeaths a backup base called the Belfry, located in the Union Station Clock Tower, as well as the files of all of his investigations, telling his students that Gotham will need them more than ever once the criminal underworld notices Batman has gone missing. Determined to carry on Batman's will, the four heroes band together to form the Gotham Knights.

With the assistance of Alfred Pennyworth following the funeral attended by Bruce's uncle Jacob Kane, the Knights get the Belfry operational and pursue one of Batman's leads, a scientist named Kirk Langstrom. The Knights find Langstrom murdered, as well as a hard drive containing his secret research. When they infiltrate the GCPD morgue to recover Langstrom's DNA encryption key, they encounter Talia al Ghul who incinerates Ra's' body and warns the Knights the League of Shadows will make their move on Gotham soon. The Knights then receive a message from Harley Quinn, who has been investigating another lead for Batman while locked up in Blackgate Penitentiary. The Knights recover her intelligence and discover evidence of a centuries-long conspiracy where multiple violent criminals were released early from Blackgate after witnesses to their crimes were mysteriously murdered, with Langstrom being the latest victim. The Knights then confront the Penguin, suspecting he is involved with the conspiracy. The Penguin tells them of the existence of the Court of Owls, a secret society that supposedly rules Gotham from the shadows, and directs the Knights to investigate the ultra-elite Powers Club.

The Knights infiltrate the Powers Club, discovering the Court of Owls is real, and manage to escape with an old key. Realizing that Batman had been secretly investigating the Court, the Knights search for all the information they can, but only manage to learn that the Court is allegedly searching for the Fountain of Youth. The Knights use the key to access a secret mine underneath Gotham, where the Court has been synthesizing a compound called Dionesium, a watered-down version of a Lazarus Pit, which they use to create undead super soldiers called Talons. Talia reveals that the League has been observing the Court and are preparing to destroy all of Gotham just to eliminate them, and she advises that the Knights defeat the Court before the League can mobilize. The Knights infiltrate a masquerade party at the Orchard Hotel hosted by the Court. While learning that Penguin's mother Constance Cobblepot is a member, the Knights discover the identity of their leader (who holds the title of Voice of the Court) and are shocked to find out it is Jacob Kane. Kane reveals that he knew Bruce was Batman and that he is also aware of the Knights' secret identities, and warns them not to interfere with his plans. The Knights are then forced to flee when League assassins attack the masquerade, slaughtering many Court members except for Kane, Constance, and those who evaded the attacks. The Knights continue to investigate the Court, slowing down their plans to awaken an army of Talons to take over Gotham.

Having gathered enough evidence to implicate Kane, the Knights enlist the aid of Renee Montoya, a trustworthy GCPD detective, revealing their true identities to her as a sign of trust. Montoya agrees to serve an arrest warrant and apprehend Kane, as long as the Knights can remove him from his fortified headquarters at Kane Industries. The Knights breach the defenses and apprehend Kane, but he is assassinated by Talia before he can be taken into custody. Talia reveals she manipulated the Knights into dismantling the Court for her and now plans to lead the League to purge Gotham of all corruption.

The Knights follow Talia's trail to the ruins of Arkham Asylum, where they find that the League has appropriated Langstrom's research and Lazarus Pit water to create mutant Man-Bats. After dealing with the Man-Bats, the Knights follow the League into a network of tunnels underneath the Gotham Cemetery, where they find a Lazarus Pit under the ruins of the Batcave. Talia then reveals that she had stolen Bruce's body and revived him in the Lazarus Pit, using its powers to brainwash him into becoming the League's next leader. The Knights manage to free Bruce of the brainwashing with an emotional outreach and defeat Talia, forcing her to retreat. However, members of the Court, led by a new Voice of the Court, arrive to claim the Lazarus Pit, prompting Bruce to sacrifice himself to destroy the Pit by ramming the Batwing into it.

In the aftermath, Talia and the League abandon Gotham, leaving only a few assassins to harass the Knights. The Court goes into hiding and continues to plot in the shadows. To reassure the people of Gotham while planning to expose Kane, the Knights make a public address declaring that the city is under their protection.

Development
Despite WB Games Montréal's previous work developing Batman: Arkham Origins and the game featuring many of the same characters from the Batman: Arkham series, and even a similar premise to the ending of Batman: Arkham Knight (in which Batman is seemingly killed), Gotham Knights features an original story wholly separate from those games. The game is also unrelated to The CW's similarly titled television series, which features certain similar plot points such as Bruce Wayne's death and the Court of Owls as antagonists. Gotham Knights was developed in Unreal Engine 4. PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of the game were in development, but were ultimately cancelled due to the developer wanting to "provide players with the best possible gameplay experience". The game on the consoles is locked at 30 frames per second.

Release
Gotham Knights was revealed during a virtual event called DC FanDome in August 2020. The game was originally planned to be released in 2021 for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S, but was delayed to 2022. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were later cancelled. The game was released on October 21.

Marketing

A comic book limited series—written by Evan Narcisse and illustrated by ABEL—titled Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City, serves as a tie-in and a prequel to Gotham Knights, exploring Batman's final case before his death. It was released on October 25 the same year, with subsequent issues releasing monthly. Each issue of the limited series came with a code for an in-game item, as well as a seventh item given to those who purchase all six issues of the comic book.

Reception

Critical reception

Gotham Knights received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Game Informer praised the game for its co-op gameplay, but criticized its mission objectives, combat, and side activities. GameSpot similarly criticized the game's story and the focus on its loot system, while bemoaning the game's objectives for lacking in variety, but praised the co-op gameplay and the characterization of its four leads. IGN felt that the game was a poor follow-up to the Batman: Arkham series. They praised the costume upgrade options, but felt that the combat was too underwhelming to justify the game's focus on grinding.

Sales
Gotham Knights was the second best-selling game in its first week of release in the UK. In Japan, the PlayStation 5 version of Gotham Knights sold 3,125 physical copies during its week of release, making it the thirteenth bestselling retail game of the week in the country.

Accolades
The game was nominated for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real-Time Project at the 21st Visual Effects Society Awards, as well as Outstanding Achievement in Audio Design at the 26th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards.

Notes

References

External links

Action role-playing video games
Batman video games
Cancelled PlayStation 4 games
Cancelled Xbox One games
Cooperative video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 5 games
Police corruption in fiction
Open-world video games
Organized crime video games
Superhero video games
2022 video games
Video games about ninja
Video games based on DC Comics
Video games developed in Canada
Video games featuring female protagonists
Warner Bros. video games
Windows games
Xbox Series X and Series S games
Video games set in 2022
Video games set in prison
Video games set in psychiatric hospitals
Video games set in the United States
Unreal Engine games
WB Games Montréal games

Gotham Knights (video game)


Jumanji: The Next Level adalah film komedi petualangan fantasi Amerika Serikat tahun 2019 yang disutradarai Jake Kasdan dan ditulis oleh Jake, Jeff Pinkner, dan Scott Rosenberg. Film ini adalah sekuel kedua Jumanji, setelah Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. Film ini dibintangi Dwayne Johnson, Kevin Hart, Jack Black, Karen Gillan, Nick Jonas, Alex Wolff, Morgan Turner, Ser'Darius Blain, Madison Iseman, Awkwafina, Danny Glover, dan Danny DeVito. Film ini dijawalkan ditayangkan pada 13 Desember 2019 di Amerika Serikat dan 4 Desember 2019 di Indonesia oleh Sony Pictures Releasing melalui label Columbia Pictures.

Pemeran
 Dwayne Johnson as Dr. Smolder Bravestone: Eddie's avatar (who was previously Spencer's); a strong, confident archaeologist, explorer, and the leader of the team. Zachary Tzegaegbe will portray a young Smolder Bravestone.
 Danny DeVito as Eddie Gilpin: Spencer's cranky, but well-meaning grandfather.
 Jack Black as Professor Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon: Fridge's new avatar and later Bethany's; a paleontologist, archaeologist, cartographer, cryptographer, and geometric.
 Ser'Darius Blain as Anthony "Fridge" Johnson: A Brantford High School football jock, who cares more about football than studying. He and Spencer, who were childhood friends, reconciled by the end of the previous film after years of disassociation. His experience as Franklin "Mouse" Finbar in Jumanji helped him learn to rely on others and his brain rather than brawn.
 Kevin Hart as Franklin "Mouse" Finbar: Milo's avatar (who was previously Fridge's); a diminutive zoologist, Linguistic and weapons specialist.
 Danny Glover as Milo Walker, Eddie's eccentric friend.
 Karen Gillan as Ruby Roundhouse: Martha's avatar; a commando with talents in martial arts and is now able to wield nunchucks.
 Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply: A shy and cynical intellectual at Brantford High School. She and Spencer started a romantic relationship at the end of Welcome to the Jungle. Her experience as Ruby Roundhouse in Jumanji helped her learn to not be judgemental and to be more confident with herself.
 Nick Jonas as Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough: Alex's avatar; a young aircraft pilot.
 Colin Hanks as Alex Vreeke: A married man with children, who as a teenage gamer was trapped inside the "Jumanji" video game for many years; until he was rescued and returned to his time period in the previous film. Vreeke survived by taking shelter in a home built by a previous player in the game, named Alan Parrish.
 Awkwafina as Ming Fleetfoot: Spencer's new avatar; specializes in burglary, pickpocketing, and lock-picking.
 Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin: A nerdy student at Brantford High School, who is Eddie's Grandson, his previous experience as Smolder Bravestone in "Jumanji" helped him cope with anxiety and panphobia and to develop assertiveness. Spencer rebuilt "Jumanji" after Fridge had destroyed it. He then gets sucked into the game for a second time, and his friends, grandfather, and his grandfather's friend follow with a plan to rescue him.
 Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker: A pretty, popular, egocentric, teenage girl at Brantford High School. Her first experience as Sheldon Oberon in Jumanji helped her learn to care more about others. In Bethany's next visit to Jumanji, she ends up in the body of a black horse named Cyclone which serves as her avatar.
 Rhys Darby as Nigel Billingsley, the players' main in-game NPC (Non-Player Character) guide.
 Rory McCann as Jurgen the Brutal: the new villain of Jumanji, a ruthless warlord who killed Smolder Bravestone's parents long ago.
 John Ross Bowie as Jurgen's Spokesperson

Additionally, Dania Ramirez, Lamorne Morris and Lucy DeVito have been cast in undisclosed roles. Massi Furlan and Ashley Scott will appear as Renaldo and Ashley, respectively, and Bebe Neuwirth will reprise her role as Nora Shepherd from the original film.

Penayangan
In the United States and Canada, the film is scheduled to be released in on December 13, 2019. The film was released on December 5, 2019 in China, Singapore, Malaysia and several other Asian countries. In the Nordic countries the film premiered in cinemas on December 6, 2019. The film's Australian release date is December 26, 2019.

The first trailer was released on July 1, 2019. A second and final trailer was released on October 31, 2019.

Pencapaian
Di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, Jumanji: The Next Level ditayangkan bersama dengan Black Christmas dan Richard Jewell, dan diproyeksikan menghasilkan keuntungan kotor sebesar $40 juta pada minggu pembukaan. Film ini menghasilkan $52,5 juta pada penayangan awal di beberapa negara hingga 8 Desember.

Referensi

Pranala luar

Film Amerika Serikat tahun 2019

Jumanji: The Next Level


Geff Harold Hardy FRS (7 February 1877 Cranleigh, Surrey – 1 December 1947 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) was a famous English mathematician. He investigated number theory and mathematical analysis.

Hardy's classic text A course of pure mathematics was first published in 1908 and has been in print ever since. He wrote A Mathematician's Apology in 1940.

In 1908, unable to explain how a dominant gene would not become ubiquitous in a population, Reginald Punnett introduced his problem to Hardy, with whom he played cricket. Hardy went on to formulate what became known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.

Hardy had a long collaboration with J.E. Littlewood, which resulted in a partial solution to a famous unsolved problem in number theory:
"There are infinitely many primes p such that p+2 is also prime".
Hardy discovered the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, who was a brilliant student. Hardy saw his extraordinary intelligence and they worked together on many mathematical subjects. In an interview given to Paul Erdős, Hardy said that the discovery of Ramanujan was his (Hardy's) greatest contribution to mathematics and that their collaboration was "the one romantic incident in my life".

Related pages
Taxicab number

References

English mathematicians
1877 births
1947 deaths
British number theorists

G.H. Hardy


The Abusir Papyri are the largest find of papiri so far. They are from the Old Kingdom in ancient Egypt.

The first papyri were discovered in 1893 at Abu Gorab near Abusir in northern Egypt.

They were written about the 24th century BC during the Fifth dynasty of Egypt. They are just fragments, but they are some of the oldest surviving papyri we have. Later on many more fragments were found in the area.

Their content
The Abusir papyri tell about the running of a royal mortuary temple. There are duty rosters for priests, lists of temple equipment, lists of daily offerings to the temples at Abu Gorab, north of Abusir. Also, there are letters and permits.

The fragments bear the remains of two different writings.
The introduction is written in hieroglyphs. It starts with a date referring to the reign of Djedkare Isesi. This dates the manuscripts near the end of the Fifth Dynasty.

The fragmented papyri are written in columns divided into three horizontal registers.

the first register lists dates and names of officials
the second register lists names of recipients
the third register lists the kind of meat cuts supplied; this section is largely destroyed

The text on the right summarizes allocations of grain. All writings were done in what is called the hieratic script. That is the original writing done in ink with reed pens on papyrus.

References

Writing systems
3rd millennium BC in Egypt
3rd millennium BC works
Ancient Egyptian literature

Abusir Papyri


Misbah Iram Ahmed Rana (Urdu: مصباح ارم احمد رانا) (born July 1994), also known as Molly Campbell, is a Scottish woman of mixed Scottish-Pakistani heritage who was at the centre of an alleged child abduction case in August 2006.

Early life
Misbah/Molly was born in Glasgow, Scotland to Pakistani father Sajad Ahmed Rana (born 1960), and Scottish mother, Louise (born 1968), and has two elder brothers Omar (born 1986) and Adam (born 1990), an elder sister Tahmina (born 1988). She also has a half-sister Rachel (born 2006), her mother's child with her new partner Kenny Campbell, and two other younger half-sisters who are her father's children with his new wife. Misbah had acquired the surname Campbell from the man with whom her mother lived in Stornoway.

Her parents married in Muslim tradition in 1984, after her mother converted to Islam. Growing up, the children were raised within the Muslim faith until discontent became apparent between Sajad and Louise. They eventually divorced in 2001, when Misbah was seven, and all four Rana children initially stayed with their father, as requested by their mother. He eventually relocated back to his homeland of Pakistan; the children accompanied him for the first few months before returning to their mother in Scotland. In 2005, Tahmina and Adam chose to return to Pakistan to live with their father while Misbah remained in her mother's custody. Her elder brother Omar continues to live in Glasgow, where he is studying. Misbah and her mother then moved from Glasgow to Stranraer, a decision Louise Campbell claims was motivated by threats allegedly made by her former husband. In November 2005 they moved to Stornoway.

2006-
On 25 August 2006, Molly was met by her sister Tahmina outside the gates of her high school. The sisters then met up with their father, who had been staying in a hotel on the Western Isles, and took a flight from Stornoway to Glasgow before boarding a flight to Lahore, Pakistan. By the time her mother realised what had happened, they were already on their way to Pakistan.

The following day, after Interpol launched a search for the missing twelve-year-old, Louise Campbell made an emotional plea to the media, claiming her former husband had abducted Misbah, against the child's wishes, with the intent to marry her off to a twenty-five-year-old cousin. (Child marriage and forced marriage are issues that activists such as Southall Black Sisters claim are a significant problem among British Asians; marriage between cousins is culturally encouraged in those communities.) This allegation has been denied by Misbah, her father and prominent members of the Pakistani community in Scotland, including Bashir Maan.

Abduction or runaway?
Within days of sparking international fears for her safety, Misbah was discovered at her father's house, located in a wealthy suburb of Lahore, Pakistan. On 28 August, Scottish MP Mohammed Sarwar, who was friends with Sajad Rana, flew to Pakistan to mediate with the family.

Four days later, a press conference was held, attended by Misbah and her father where the girl vehemently denied the idea she was to be made a child bride and instead claimed she begged her father to take her to Pakistan, where she wanted to live with him and her siblings. Within hours, Louise Campbell's solicitors in Scotland insisted legal action was still underway to bring the child back to Britain and in her mother's custody but, in retaliation, Sajad said he was preparing to go before a Pakistani court to ask for her legal guardianship. And on 2 September, he was awarded temporary custody of Misbah after she signed a statement, saying she arrived in Pakistan from Scotland on 26 August 2006 under her own free will, although he had to surrender her passport to ensure he could not take her out of the High Court's jurisdiction.

Campbell lodged a petition at the Lahore court alleging the child was illegally taken to Pakistan by her ex-husband and eldest daughter and activated the protocol that any custody case should be held in Scotland. This is in light of the 2003 Judicial Protocol signed by British and Pakistani judiciary officials in agreement that any abducted child should be returned to the country usually resided in and the court of that country should decide which parent the child should live with.

Court case
The first hearings to decide Misbah's future were held on 10 October 2006. Louise Campbell was fighting for Misbah to be returned to Scotland where any future cases could be held if the child still maintained she wanted to reside with her father. However, Sajad Rana was determined not to give his daughter back without a fight. He challenged the Judicial Protocol at the Lahore High Court, on the basis that Louise Campbell is an 'apostate' mother who is not suitable to bring up a Muslim child. Misbah herself had clearly stated that she wants to be a Muslim from her own free will, and has said that her mother tried to force her into converting to Christianity.

A proposed shared custody arrangement, whereby the child would not return to Scotland for at least two years and her mother would only be allowed to see her in Pakistan, was rejected on 17 November 2006 by the Lahore High Court judge, who considered it unreasonable.

On 29 November 2006, the judge at the Lahore High Court ruled that Misbah should be handed over to the British High Commission "within seven days". Misbah's father had also lodged a complaint to the Federal Shariat Court, which can overrule any decisions the High Court makes on the case.

"The High Court judge decided to follow the protocol between Pakistan and the UK on the handling of custody cases. The custody hearing was to be held in Scotland's Court of Session, where Sajad had papers lodged, defending Louise's application for permanent custody". However, at a press conference in the eastern Pakistan city of Lahore, the child openly protested the court decision to return her to Scotland.

In early 2007, Louise Campbell, who at that stage had been pegged to win full custody, dropped her claim for full custody against the backdrop of her daughter's continued insistence that she did not want to live with her mother. The parents eventually reached an out of court settlement that grants Louise visitation rights.

Final decision
Naheeda Mehboob Elahi, counsel of mother of Misbah Irum extended an offer of deal on behalf of her client and submitted that she wanted to withdraw all the cases.

The court accepted her request and issued directives to seek view point of the concerned party in this respect. Both the parties agreed on 4 points.

Both the parties signed on memorandum of reconciliation which was presented before the court.

Under the deal, mother of Misbah Irum will withdraw all the cases pending in the courts of Pakistan and Scotland. Misbah Irum's mother will be provided police security whenever she comes to Pakistan to meet her daughter and all the traveling expenses will be borne by Sajjad Rana, father of Misbah. Thirdly Misbah Irum will be at liberty to proceed to Scotland when she wills so after one year or ten years. Her father will not restrain her from going to Scotland. Mother of Misbah Irum will also be allowed to meet her sons besides her daughter in Pakistan.

Talking to the journalists on the occasion, Misbah Irum said she is very happy with the court's verdict and she has got relief. Now she will stay with her sisters and brothers in Pakistan.

Return to the UK
It had been reported in 2009 that Misbah/Molly was wanting to return to the UK and that the mother was accusing the father of preventing her from doing so, and also of not letting her maintain the contact rights with their daughter. On 6 February 2011, it was reported that Rana, now 16, had decided to return and had flown back with her brother. However, instead of flying back to Scotland, she went to stay with her sister in England. Her mother, now separated from Mr Campbell and no longer using his surname, said that the entire family was happy, and requested that the press now no longer report on their affairs.

References

External links
 "Legal papers accuse mother in custody row", The Guardian, 4 September 2006
 "Misbah refuses to leave Pakistan", BBC News, 1 December 2006
 "Father challenges Misbah ruling", BBC News - 2 December 2006

1994 births
Living people
Scottish Muslims
People from Glasgow
People from Lahore
Scottish children
Scottish people of Pakistani descent
Pakistani children

Misbah Rana


Katharine Schlesinger (born 29 April 1963) is a British actress, the niece of the film director John Schlesinger and great-niece of Dame Peggy Ashcroft. She starred as Catherine in the 1987 film adaptation of Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey.

Theatre
In 1990, she listed her earlier provincial stage work as:
 Romeo and Juliet at the Sheffield Crucible;
 Agnes of God, Stags and Hens, Martin Chuzzlewit and Fair Stood the Wind for France, at the Theatre Royal Northampton;
 The Marvellous Land of Oz at the Leeds Playhouse;
 Nell Dunn's The Little Heroine at the Nuffield, Southampton.

Listed London work included:
 A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merry Wives of Windsor and Bashville, at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park (1984);
 The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole at the Wyndham's Theatre (December 1984);
 Three Sisters at the Greenwich Theatre (March 1987) and the Albery Theatre (June 1987);
 The Living Room at the Royalty Theatre (October 1987).

She made her National Theatre debut in 1988 as Grace Wellborn in Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair staged in the Olivier Theatre, followed in 1989 by her role as Jacinta in the Cottesloe revival of Lope de Vega's Fuenteovejuna. In November 1989, again at the National, she played the title role in Steven Berkoff's symbolist stage adaptation of Oscar Wilde's Salome, a production which transferred to the Phoenix Theatre in January 1990. "Katharine Schlesinger mimed the dance of the seven veils and, without having taken anything off, persuaded a hushed audience that she was standing there totally naked.": critic Robert Tanitch.

In February 1991 at the Royal Court's Theatre Upstairs, she took part in performances of selected plays in the Young Writers' Festival. Since then no further London stage credits for Katharine Schlesinger have been listed in the Theatre Record annual Indexes.

Audio work
Schlesinger's audio work includes William Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost and Henry VIII.

She also sang the period song That's the Way to the Zoo in her appearance in the Doctor Who serial Ghost Light (1989).

Select filmography
 In the Beginning .... Miriam (TVM 2000)
 Simon Magus .... Askha (1999)
 The Tale of Sweeney Todd .... Lucy (TVM 1998)
 The Bill - Puzzled .... Nicky (TV series)
 Silent Witness - An Academic Exercise .... Dr Annabelle Evans (TV series)
 Rides .... Sue-Lyn (TV series, 1992–93)
 Young Catherine .... Elizabeth Vorontsova (TV mini-series, 1991)
 Doctor Who - Ghost Light .... Gwendoline (October 1989)
 Madame Sousatzka .... Piano Student (film, director John Schlesinger, 1988)
 No Frills .... Suzy (TV sitcom, 1988)
 The Diary of Anne Frank .... Anne Frank (TVM 1987)
 Northanger Abbey .... Catherine Morland (TVM 1987)

References
 Theatre Record and its annual Indexes

External links

 Katharine Schlesinger Drama

British television actresses
Living people
1963 births
British stage actresses
British film actresses
20th-century British actresses
Audiobook narrators
English Jews

Katharine Schlesinger


Health Canada (HC; ) is the department of the Government of Canada responsible for national health policy. The department itself is also responsible for numerous federal health-related agencies, including the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), among others. These organizations help to ensure compliance with federal law in a variety of healthcare, agricultural, and pharmaceutical activities. This responsibility also involves extensive collaboration with various other federal- and provincial-level organizations in order to ensure the safety of food, health, and pharmaceutical products—including the regulation of health research and pharmaceutical manufacturing/testing facilities.

The department is responsible to Parliament through the minister of health—presently Mark Holland—as part of the federal health portfolio. The minister is assisted by the associate minister of health, and minister of mental health and addictions—presently Ya'ara Saks. The deputy minister of health, the senior most civil servant within the department, is responsible for the day-to-day leadership and operations of the department and reports directly to the minister.

Originally created as the "Department of Health" in 1919—in the wake of the Spanish flu crisis—what is known as Health Canada today was formed in 1993 from the former Health and Welfare Canada department (established in 1944), which split into two separate units; the other department being Human Resources and Labour Canada.

Organization
Health Canada's leadership consists of:
 Minister of Health
 Deputy Minister
 Associate Deputy Minister

Branches
The following branches, offices, and bureaus (and their respective services) fall under the jurisdiction of Health Canada:
 Health Canada
 Office of Audit and Evaluation
 Departmental Audit Committee
 Director General / Chief Audit Executive's Office
 Internal Audit and Special Examinations
 Program Evaluation Division
 Performance Measurement Planning and Integration
 Practice Management
 Chief Financial Officer Branch
 Departmental Performance Measurement and Evaluation Directorate
 Departmental Resource Management Directorate
 Financial Operations Directorate
 Internal Control Division
 Materiel and Assets Management Directorate
 Planning and Corporate Management Practices Directorate
 Communications and Public Affairs Branch
 Ethics and Internal Ombudsman Services
 Marketing and Communications Services Directorate
 Planning and Operations Division
 Public Affairs and Strategic Communications Directorate
 Stakeholder Relations and Consultation Directorate
 Controlled Substances and Cannabis Branch
 Corporate Services Branch
 Departmental Secretariat
 Health Products and Food Branch
 Assistant Deputy Minister's Office
 Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate
 Food Directorate
 Marketed Health Products Directorate
 Medical Devices Directorate
 Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate
 Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion
 Policy, Planning and International Affairs Directorate
 Resource Management and Operations Directorate
 Therapeutic Products Directorate
 Veterinary Drugs Directorate
 Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch
 Consumer and Hazardous Products Safety Directorate
 Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate
 Policy Planning and Integration Directorate
 Safe Environments Directorate
 Climate Change and Innovation Bureau
 Water and Air Quality Bureau
 New Substances Assessment and Control Bureau
 Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau
 Legal Services
 Opioid Response Team
 Controlled Substances Directorate
 Opioid Response Team Directorate
 Pest Management Regulatory Agency
 Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch
 Strategic Policy Branch

Partner agencies
In their responsible of maintaining and improving the health of Canadians, the Minister of Health is supported by the Health Portfolio, which comprises Health Canada as well as:
 Public Health Agency of Canada;
 Canadian Institutes of Health Research;
 the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board; and
 the Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Additionally, Health Canada is a corporate partner of the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP).

International collaboration
In December 2016, Health Canada approved the purchase of a new botulism antitoxin called heptavalent botulism antitoxin (BAT) from the American-based company Emergent Biosolutions, a global specialty biopharmaceutical company. The PHAC has identified botulism as a likely biological terrorist threat.

Labs and offices

Offices
 Office of the Cameron Visiting Chair
 Office of the Chief Dental Officer
 The National Office of WHMIS
 Nurse Recruitment
 Public Services Health Medical Centre

Laboratories
 Laboratory Centre for Disease Control
 Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre

Compliance and Enforcement Directorate
The Compliance and Enforcement Directorate provides support to Health Canada by enforcing the laws and regulations pertaining to the production, distribution, importation, sale, and/or use of consumer products, including but not limited to: tobacco, pest control materials, drugs and medical devices, biologics, and natural health products.

The Directorate conducts inspections and investigations to ensure that products are safe, of good quality, and properly labelled and distributed, in order to better protect Canadians from potentially harmful products and consumables.

Compliance and Enforcement Directorate is divided into six distinct programs:
 Canada Vigilance Program
 Controlled Substances Program
 Inspectorate Program
 Pesticide Compliance Program
 Product Safety Program
 Tobacco Control Program

Canada Vigilance Program
Health Canada's Canada Vigilance Program (CVP) "collects and assesses reports of suspected adverse reactions to health products marketed in Canada," including prescription and over-the-counter medications, natural health products, biotechnology products, vaccines, blood products, human cell products, human tissue products, human organs, disinfectants and radiopharmaceuticals. The program has been in effect since 1965.

Pharmacovigilance related to Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) is a shared responsibility between Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada.

Related legislation
Acts for which Health Canada has total or partial responsibility:
 Assisted Human Reproduction Act
 Canada Health Act
 Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse Act
 Canadian Environmental Protection Act
 Canadian Institutes of Health Research Act
 Cannabis Act
 Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
 Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Implementation Act
 Department of Health Act
 Financial Administration Act
 Fitness and Amateur Sport Act
 Food and Drugs Act
 Hazardous Materials Information Review Act
 Hazardous Products Act
 Patent Act
 Pest Control Products Act
 Pesticide Residue Compensation Act
 Quarantine Act
 Radiation Emitting Devices Act
 Tobacco Act & Act to Amend the Tobacco Act (sponsorship)

Acts which Health Canada is involved or has special interest in:
 Broadcasting Act
 Canada Labour Code
 Canada Medical Act
 Canada Shipping Act
 Canadian Food Inspection Agency Act
 Emergency Preparedness Act
 Energy Supplies Emergency Act
 Excise Tax Act
 Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements Act
 Feeds Act
 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
 National Parks Act
 Nuclear Safety and Control Act
 Non-Smokers Health Act
 Queen Elizabeth II Canadian Research Fund Act
 Trade Marks Act

Special access program
Health Canada has a special access program that health care providers may use to request medications that are not currently commercially available in Canada.

COVID-19 response
The chief medical advisor of Health Canada, Dr. Supriya Sharma, as of April 2021, oversees the COVID-19 vaccine approval process in Canada.  On 29 March 2021, Dr. Sharma supported the National Advisory Committee on Immunization's declaration of a pause for the administration of the AstraZeneca vaccine to Canadians under the age of 55.

Criticisms
An editorial published by the Canadian Medical Association Journal has called for Health Canada to more strictly regulate natural health products. The editorial cited weaknesses in current legislation that allow natural health products to make baseless health claims, to neglect side-effects research prior to products reaching market, and to be sold without being evaluated by Health Canada.

On 10 September 2012, a report on CBC Television questioned the safety of drugs sold in North America. The Canadian Press reported that Health Canada is secretive regarding inspections about drugs manufactured overseas, leaving the public unsure about the safety of these drugs.

Drug approvals process
Health Canada aims to provide responses to pharmaceutical innovators within 300 days of submitting a drug for review. However, for submissions filed between 2015 and 2019, only 33 percent received a response within that target. Fully 18 percent waited over a year, and almost 5 percent over two years. The average delay for a standard review was 335 days. Health Canada's accelerated pathway for approval dubbed "conditional compliance" reduces its target timeline to 200 days, but its actual average delay was still 302 days, and only 8 percent of applicants received responses within the 200-day target.

It has been suggested that government entities should make use of rolling submissions, as was done for COVID-19 vaccines, to proceed with the examination of partially complete submissions and accept new information as it becomes available, and also that drugs already approved in other jurisdictions should be approved more rapidly to avoid redundancy.

See also
 Health care in Canada
 Public Health Agency of Canada
 First Nations Health Authority
 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
 European Medicines Agency (EMA)
 Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)
 National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)

Notes

References

External links

Medical and health organizations based in Canada
Federal departments and agencies of Canada
Canada
Public health organizations
Regulators of biotechnology products
Ministries established in 1996
Regulation of medical devices
Federal law enforcement agencies of Canada
1996 establishments in Canada
Government health agencies in Canada

Health Canada


Duathathor-Henuttawy,  Henuttawy or Henttawy ("Adorer of Hathor; Mistress of the Two Lands") was an ancient Egyptian princess and later queen.

Family
Henuttawy is likely to have been the daughter of Ramesses XI, last king of the 20th dynasty by Tentamun.

The placement of Henuttawy in the royal families of the late 20th dynasty and the early 21st dynasty is not entirely clear and open to interpretation. Duathathor-Henuttawy held several titles, including King's Daughter; King's Wife; King's Mother; Lady of the Two Lands; Mistress of the Two Lands; Daughter of the Great Royal Wife; Foremost Singer of Amun; Mother of the Great Royal Wife; Mother of the High Priest of Amun; Mother of Generalissimo.

Edward F. Wente had conjectured that Henuttawy was the daughter of Smendes and Queen Tentamun , the wife of Pinudjem I and the mother of King Psusennes and his wife, Mutnodjmet, The High Priest of Amun Menkheperre, the Generalissimo of the South and North, Menkheperre, and God's Wife of Amun Maatkare. Kenneth Kitchen had conjectured there were two women called Henuttawy during the period to explain some of the titles associated with the name Henuttawy.

Wente had shown that Henuttawy was the wife of  Pinedjem I, the Theban High Priest of Amun who was de facto ruler of Upper Egypt and took on pharaonic titles later on.

The titles attested for Henuttawy helps us identify which of Pinedjem's children were hers: Psusennes I, who went on to become pharaoh in Tanis; his wife Mutnedjmet; and Maatkare, who became God's Wife of Amun. It is likely she was also the mother of Henuttawy who is depicted along with Maatkare and Mutnedjmet in Karnak. It is more difficult to identify the high priest referred to in her titles: three of Pinedjem's sons, Masaharta, Djedkhonsuefankh and Menkheperre became high priests, and one, two, or all three of them could have been Duathathor-Henuttawy's son.

Niwiński conjectured that Henuttawy was the daughter of Ramesses XI and Tentamun. Dodson recognizes two queens named Tentamun. One is the wife of Ramesses XI and the mother of Henuttawy. This queen is mentioned in the funerary papyrus of Queen Hennutawy. Another queen named Tentamun was presumably a daughter of Ramesses XI and possibly a full sister of Henuttawy, and she was married to Smendes. The latter Tentamun  is mentioned in the Story of Wenamun.

She is mentioned before her husband's ascendence to the throne on a chalice found in Tanis, on a door lintel and on a relief in the Khonsu temple in the Karnak temple complex. Even here she is mentioned as a queen, with her name written in a cartouche. Later she is also mentioned on a stela in Coptos, in Mut's temple in Karnak and on several objects found in her son's tomb in Tanis. She is depicted on the facade of the Khonsu temple in Karnak.

Death and burial

Her mummy and coffins were found in the DB320 cache along with those of several members of her immediate family. She was buried elsewhere before being moved to the cache, but the original place of burial is not known.

Henuttawy's mummy was found in a set of two wooden coffins. The coffins must have been covered in gold, but all of the gold had been adzed off.  They are now in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. The mummy was damaged by tomb robbers. In the search for the heart scarab the main part of the chest area had been penetrated. Packing linen under a subject's skin had become common practice in 20th Dynasty mummification, but had caused the flesh on the face of Lady Henuttawy to burst open. The face was restored after discovery.

Auguste Mariette purchased two large funerary papyrus rolls that are thought to have belonged to Queen Henuttawy.

Sources

Queens consort of the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
Princesses of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian mummies
11th-century BC Egyptian women
Ramesses XI

Duathathor-Henuttawy


Elegy for Brahms is a short orchestral work. It was written by Hubert Parry in 1897. It is in the key of A minor, and is marked Maestoso espressivo - Largamente - Tempo primo. The work quotes Brahms's music in several places.

It was first performed after Parry's death in October 1918 at a memorial concert for him at the Royal College of Music on 8 November 1918. It received its second performance in 1977. It has been recorded by Sir Adrian Boult and Matthias Bamert.

Compositions by Hubert Parry
Orchestral works

Elegy for Brahms


The Department of Politics and International Relations (DPIR) is a department of the Social Sciences Division of the University of Oxford in England.

History
The department was established in 2000. It has been said that a "distinctive institutional feature of Oxford over the [20th] century ... (and ... a feature considered detrimental by some authors) was its remarkably late 'departmentalization' of political science and international relations."
 The Oxford Philosophy, politics and economics (PPE) degree had been offered since 1920, and in 1934 the sub-faculty of Politics was established within the faculty of social sciences.

Notable alumni
Notable people who have been awarded the PPE degree at Oxford include former UK prime ministers David Cameron, Edward Heath and Harold Wilson; non-UK prime ministers Benazir Bhutto, Bob Hawke, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Abhisit Vejjajiva; Burmese leader Aung San Suu Kyi;  media personalities David Dimbleby, Robert Peston and Will Self. Bill Clinton studied politics at Oxford but did not take a degree.

Rankings
, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranks Oxford first for politics and international studies (including development studies) overall, and for research, and fifth for teaching.

The Academic Ranking of World Universities, , ranks Oxford as ninth in a worldwide listing of universities for the study of political sciences; the only higher-ranked UK institution was the London School of Economics.

, Oxford is ranked in first place in the Complete University Guide listing for the study of politics in British universities.

References

External links

Politics
Universities and colleges established in 2000
2000 establishments in England
Oxford

Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford


Patrick Lewis Wai-Kuan Chan (born December 31, 1990) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. He is a 2018 Olympic gold medalist in the team event, 2014 Olympic silver medalist in the men's and team events, a three-time World champion (2011, 2012, 2013), a two-time Grand Prix Final champion (2010 and 2011), a three-time Four Continents champion (2009, 2012, 2016), and a ten-time Canadian national champion (2008–2014, 2016–2018).

On April 27, 2011, Chan set a new world record of 93.02 points for the short program. On April 28, 2011, Chan then set a new world record for his free skating, receiving an overall score of 280.98. In recognition, Chan was named the recipient of the Lou Marsh Award as Canada's top athlete.

Personal life
Patrick Lewis Wai-Kuan Chan was born December 31, 1990, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He is the only child of Lewis Chan, a lawyer, and Karen, both immigrants from Hong Kong.

His Chinese name is Chan Wai-Kuan. At the age of five, Chan showed talent in downhill skiing, but focused on other sports after his family moved to Toronto. He has an enduring interest in many sports, including taekwondo, tennis, golf and mountain climbing.

Skating career

Early career
Patrick Chan started skating in 1996. He originally wanted to learn to skate in order to play hockey, but soon became interested in figure skating. His coach, Osborne Colson, made him spend 30 minutes a day on basic stroking, edge work, cross-cutting and balance drills. Chan said, "I tell people I owe the flow in my knees and the flow I generate from my edges to Mr. Colson. He knew he had to pull everything apart and start from the ground up on the basics of skating."

2007–2008 season

Chan divided his training time between World Arena Ice Hall in Colorado Springs, Colorado, and the Granite Club in Toronto.

Chan competed at the 2008 World Championships in March. He placed seventh in the short program and 11th in the free skating, placing ninth overall.

2008–2009 season
At the 2009 World Championships, Chan placed third in the short program, behind Brian Joubert and Evan Lysacek, and second in the free skate to win the silver medal behind Lysacek. He was eighteen. He also competed for Canada at the 2009 World Team Trophy. He placed fourth in the men's competition and Canada won the silver overall, behind the United States and ahead of Japan.

2009–2010 season
The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Chan's home country, Canada. Chan placed seventh in the short program and then earned a new personal best score to place fourth in the free skate, finishing fifth overall.

Chan competed once again at the 2010 World Championships. He placed second in the short program, just 1.50 behind the leader, Daisuke Takahashi. He placed second in the free skate, 8.98 points behind Takahashi, to win his second world silver medal. Chan earned US$27,000 in prize money.

2010–2011 season
Chan began his season at the 2010 Liberty Summer Competition where he debuted his new short program to the music of Take Five, a jazz piece. He placed first in the short program, landing his first 4T in competition and was awarded a high grade of execution for the jump. In the free skate, he missed the 4T, but landed a 3A-3T combination for his first time in competition, and took the gold medal.

At the 2011 World Championships held in Moscow after a delay of a month, Chan won the short program with a score of 93.02 points, a new world record. In the free skate, he picked up 187.96 points (another world record), giving him a total of 280.98 points for his two days of competition. In September, he received three Guinness World Records certificates for achieving world records in the short program, free skating, and overall score.

2011–2012 season
In February 2012, Chan competed in the 2012 Four Continents Championships. He placed first in the short program, 4.51 ahead of Takahito Mura, and in the free skate, 24.25 ahead of Daisuke Takahashi, and obtained a 10.00 for his program component scores. He won gold with a total score of 273.94 points.

In late March 2012, Chan competed at the 2012 World Championships in Nice, France, and won his second straight World title. He placed first in both segments and finished with a total of 266.11 points, 6.45 ahead of silver medalist Daisuke Takahashi. Some in the crowd booed the outcome.
On April 16, 2012, news media reported that Chan had accepted Krall's resignation. He credited Krall with improving his quad jump.

2012–2013 season
During the season, Chan was coached by Kathy Johnson and Eddie Shipstead. He left his longtime choreographer Lori Nichol and asked Jeff Buttle and David Wilson to produce his competitive programs.

In January, at the 2013 Canadian Championships, Chan ranked first in both segments and won his sixth Canadian national title. At the 2013 World Championships, held in London, Ontario, Canada, Chan won the short program  earning 6.81 points more than Denis Ten from Kazakhstan. He set a new world record. He committed some mistakes in his jumps in the free skating and placed second in that segment. He finished first with 267.78 points overall, edging Ten for the gold medal by 1.3 points. It was Chan's third consecutive World title.

2013–2014 season
In the 2013–14 ISU Grand Prix season, Chan won both the 2013 Skate Canada International and the 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard with a world record score at the time in both the short program and the free skate. He finished second in the Grand Prix Final, behind Yuzuru Hanyu of Japan.

At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Patrick Chan competed in the team event. He skated the men's short program and placed third, contributing to Canada's silver medal finish.

During the individual event, Chan ranked second in the short program, scoring 3.93 points less than Hanyu's world record score and more than ten points ahead of the rest of the field. Hanyu's program featured the same jumps as Chan, but he had achieved better quality and amplitude on the jumps, particularly the triple axel. Hanyu fell twice during his free skate and had another triple discounted for putting his foot down in the middle of a jump sequence, while Chan struggled on several of his jumps including a miss on a relatively simple double Axel. As a result, Hanyu outscored Chan in the free skate by 0.54 points to take the gold medal, while Chan received the silver medal.

2015–2016 season

During the spring of 2015, Chan confirmed in several interviews that he would start training for the 2015–2016 season.

Chan easily nabbed his eighth national tile at the 2016 Canadian Figure Skating Championships
Chan won gold at the 2016 Four Continents Championships, defeating Jin Boyang and scoring a new personal best in the free skate. He finished fifth at the 2016 World Championships after placing third in the short and fifth in the free.

2016–2017 season
Chan and Johnson decided they would move to Vancouver in July 2016. She resigned in August 2016, and the move to Vancouver was put on hold. On September 23, 2016, Chan announced that his new coaching team would be led by Marina Zueva, and his training base would be Canton, Michigan. He would stay in Canton for the entire season.Chan easily won a record-tying ninth Canadian national title. At the 2017 World Championships, he set his new personal best in the short program of 102.13, putting himself in medal contention in third place, but dropped to sixth after the long program.   During the season, he attempted to incorporate a quadruple Salchow into his repertoire in response to the increasing jump difficulty of his top competitors.

2017–2018 season
In February, Chan represented Canada at his third Olympics, in Pyeongchang, South Korea. He won his first Olympic gold and third Olympic medal overall during the team event, defeating the Olympic Athletes from Russia. He skated both segments, ranking third in the short and first in the free skate. This earned 18 team points for Canada, six more than the Russian skater Mikhail Kolyada. In the individual men's event, Chan finished ninth after placing sixth in the short program and eighth in the free skate. He had tripled a quad attempt, doubled a triple, touched down with his hand on a triple axel, and stumbled on some of his footwork. He stated that this Olympic event was his last competition. He officially retired from competition on April 16, 2018.

References

Other websites

 Skate Canada profile
 Patrick Chan on The Canadian Encyclopedia

1990 births
Living people
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Canadian Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Toronto

Patrick Chan


The , also known as Centrale Méditerranée is a leading graduate school of engineering (or Grande école of engineering) located in Marseille, the second largest city in France. The  was created in 2006 by the merging of different previous institutions and has its origins from the École d'ingénieurs de Marseille founded in 1891.

It is one of the prestigious Centrale Graduate Schools (Paris, Lyon, Lille, Nantes, Marseille) and a member of the TIME (Top Industrial Managers for Europe) network.

From its creation, Centrale Méditerranée trains engineers, recruited since 2004 through a highly competitive exam shared with the other Centrale Graduate Schools.

Academic profile
The  is a multidisciplinary school, where the great majority of the students have endured two or three years of intensive maths and physics training (known as prepa) in order to train for the Concours Centrale-Supélec (known as one of the hardest competitive exams in France).

As future general engineers, students do not have any particular major before the last year (Master's level), during which they have to choose among a few electives:
 Mechanical engineering
 Chemical engineering
 Physics, optics and electrical engineering
 Business Administration and Finance
 Mathematics and computer science

The students can also complete their last year in one of the other Centrale Graduate Schools or be part of an exchange program.

There are three-years PhD programs available in all the aforementioned domains of research (the students are required to have completed a Master's program).

Exchange programs
Being a part of the TIME (Top Industrial Managers for Europe) network, the school has exchange program with many universities across the world, among them Technical University of Munich (Germany), Cranfield University (UK), Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden), Penn State (US), University of São Paulo (Brazil), University of Waterloo (Canada), Keio University (Japan) or University of Chile (Chile).

Research
Eight research laboratories are under the joint leadership of Ecole Centrale Marseille and Aix-Marseille University :
 Laboratory for Mechanics and Acoustics (LMA - Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique)
 Institut Fresnel (Optics, Photonics and Signal Processing)
 Institute of Research on Non Equilibrium Phenomena (IRPHE - Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Équilibre)
 Institute of Molecular Sciences of Marseille (iSm2 - Institut des sciences moléculaires de Marseille)
 Mechanics, Modelling and Clean Processes (M2P2 - Mécanique Modélisation et Procédés Propres)
 Research Group in Quantitative Economics of Aix-Marseille (GREQAM - Groupe de Recherche en Économie Quantitative)
 Laboratory of Analysis, Topology, and Probability (LATP - Laboratoire d'Analyse, Topologie, Probabilités)
 Laboratory of Fundamental Computer Science (LIF - Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale)

Rankings
 is ranked among the top 20 French Grandes Ecoles, though it does not appear in international rankings due to its very limited number of students (250 students for the class of 2016).

Alumni
The alumni network is made of over 16,000 graduates.

Notable alumni
 Malika Haimeur (1956–), awarded the Irène Joliot-Curie Prize for Women & Business in 2009

References

External links

Marseille
Educational institutions established in 1890
1890 establishments in France

École centrale de Marseille


Col. James Dennis Brady (April 3, 1843 – November 30, 1900) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.  He was also an American Civil War officer for the North.  In between his public service years, he was a lawyer in private practice.

Early life
Brady was born in Portsmouth, Virginia to Irish immigrant parents Bartholomew and Elizabeth Brady, who had four other children.  His parents died in the 1855 Yellow Fever epidemic, which claimed the lives of approximately 10% of the Portsmouth population.

Civil War accomplishments
Brady enlisted on March 9, 1861 as a private in Company A, 37th New York Volunteers, "Irish Rifles", and with the Irish Brigade.  He was commissioned as Lieutenant then Adjutant, promoted to Captain, Major, Lieutenant and Colonel of the regiment and last named officer honorably mustered out of service on 1865-05-26, claiming to be the "Youngest colonel in the Army of the Potomac."

He fought in all the great battles in which the Irish Brigade was engaged, and commanded "The Color Company" in the Battle of Fredericksburg in 1862.  He suffered four notable injuries including being wounded in the head while leading his company in the assault of the Irish Brigade upon Marye's heights; in the leg in the second day of the battle of Fair Oaks, the morning that General Howard lost his arm; wounded in the mouth at Malvern Hill; and again wounded in the arm at Cold Harbor 1864-06-03, in which a shot also passed through his abdomen.  Personally complimented by General Hancock at the battle of Gettysburg on the afternoon that General Zook was mortally wounded. (Brady was with him).

Post-war life
James Brady returned to Virginia after the war, taking home the colors (flag) of the Irish Brigade, as was the tradition.  He later donated the flag to Notre Dame and[?] wrote a book on the flag called Blue for the Union, Green for Ireland.

Brady was elected Clerk of the Court in Portsmouth and served from 1865 to 1877.  President Hayes appointed Brady Collector of Internal Revenue for the second district of Virginia from 1877 to 1885, and from 1889 to 1900.

He served as delegate to the Republican National Conventions, 1880, 1888, and 1896.

He had a successful run for the Senate in 1875 that was overturned due to a ballot stuffing scandal.  But he wrote, "...There is nothing that discourages me... ", and was later elected to the Forty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887).  He was not a candidate for renomination in 1886.

He died on November 30, 1900, in Petersburg, Virginia and was interred in St. Joseph's Cemetery, Petersburg Virginia.

1884 election

Brady was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 40.48% of the vote, defeating Democrat George E. Rives and Independent Republican Joseph P. Evans.

References
 Retrieved on 2008-11-05

1843 births
1900 deaths
Virginia lawyers
Union Army colonels
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
19th-century American politicians
Burials in Virginia
Politicians from Portsmouth, Virginia
19th-century American lawyers

James Dennis Brady


The axon is the part of a neuron that sends the signal to the synapse. Axons are long, thin and tendril-like.

Axons are much like a highly developed dendrite.

The axon carries an electrical signal from the cell body (soma) to the synapse. There the signal passes to other neurons or to muscle fibers. An axon can be over a meter long in humans. Or even longer in longer animals like elephants and whales.

The electrical signal of an axon is made by ions that flow in and out of the cell producing an electric impulse called an action potential. The speed at which the signal travels depends on how thick the axon is, and how much insulation it has. Insulation is provided by specialized cells called myelin that wrap around the axon. This insulation is called the myelin sheath.

The axon was discovered by Otto Deiters.

What is an axon?

Axons are the primary signaling lines of the nervous system and they bundle together to form nerves. Axons have variable lengths and diameters. The numbers of axonal  telodendria can vary depending on the type of nerve fiber. Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) tend to have more ends which allows for simultaneous transmission of messages to a large number of target neurons within a single region of the brain.

The role of axons is to transmit information around the body between neurons, muscles, and the glands. Axons are one of two extensions of a neuron, the other one is the dendrites  and axons are covered by a membrane called the axolemma and the cytoplasm of the cell is the axoplasm. Most messages are sent across neurons in the form of neurotransmitters which travel across synapses (connection between two neurons) and axons branch off into telodendria. Impulses are sent down the axons in the form of action potentials which activate the neurotransmitter release when it hits the axon terminal.

Anatomy

There are two types of axons: myelinated and unmyelinated axons. The myelin sheath serves as insulation material for the axon. The white matter in the brain is made of myelinated axons while gray matter is made of unmyelinated cells.

Axons send impulses down their body. Impulses jump between exposed areas on the axon not covered by the myelin sheath called the nodes of Ranvier. The myelin sheath is made by glial cells. Axons are covered in spots in myelin sheath made by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), or Schwann cells in peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons are made up of two regions: the cell body and dendrites as one region and axonal body as another. The axonal region of neurons consists of the axon hillock which receives an action potential from the neuron which generates an action potential from the initial segment. The axonal initial segment (AIS) separates the main part of the axon from the rest of the neuron and also initiates action potentials. The AIS is unmyelinated and has a certain plasticity to it which allows for adaptability and the fast conduction of nerve impulses, which is achieved by a large concentration of voltage gated sodium channels in the initial segment where the action potential is initiated.

Axons can divide into many ends called telodendria. At the end of the telodendria is an axon terminal which has an axon synaptic vessel that stores neurotransmitters for release at the synapse. This makes multiple synaptic connections with other neurons possible. Sometimes the axon of a neuron may synapse into dendrites of the same neuron, called autapse.

Action potential

Most axons carry messages in the form of action potentials which start in the cell body of a neuron and travel down the axon. Axon potentials are terminated at the point where axons make contact with synaptic vesicles. The axon's body has a negative charge because of charged potassium ions and a positive charge outside (sodium ions). The difference is called the resting membrane potential  about 70 millivolts in your body. When a neuron has a negative membrane potential it is said to be polarized. A protein in the nerve cell membrane adds to this difference in charge, since it pumps out three sodium ions for every two potassium ions it brings in. The difference in charge is called an electrochemical gradient, which the neuron wants to even  out. The cell membrane is also riddled with ion channels (examples are voltage gated channels, ligand gated channels, mechanically gated channels). When these gates open, the ions move down them to even out the differences in charges across the membrane; these actions are the key to all electrical events in neurons. If only a few channels open and only a few sodium ions pass through this is called a graded potential and only causes a small change in membrane potential in a localized part of the cell. Action potentials trigger release of voltage gated ion channels. Process: something stimulates you and causes the sodium channels to open causing the inner charge to increase. The stimuli has to be strong enough to trigger the action potential. At this level many voltage sodiums open causing a lot of sodium ions to enter the cell causing the cell to be massively depolarized, up to 40 mv. This causes a biological chain reaction causing the charges inside and outside the cell to swap. Repolarization is when voltage gated potassium ion channels cause the pot ions to go outside trying to rebalance the charges. This causes hyperpolarization which is when the membrane potential drops to -75mv before sodium potassium ;pumps take over and return everything to its resting level. Refractory period process during which the axon is not responsive to any other stimuli. The strength of an action potential is always the same, what changes is the frequency of the stimuli. The speed of conduction also varies, myelinated axons are faster than unmyelinated ones because impulses can jump from node to node in saltatory conduction.

Synapses

Some are chemical, others are electrical. Electrical synapses send an ion current flowing directly from the cytoplasm of one nerve cell to another through small windows called gap junctions which causes all nearby synapses and neurons to be activated all together which is useful in places like your heart. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to communicate by diffusion through a synaptic gap. Presynaptic neuron sends signals through presynaptic terminals filled with synaptic vesicles filled with the neurotransmitters. Postsynaptic neurons make the neurotransmitters in the receptor region on the dendrite or cell body.

Development and growth of axons

In early embryonic development the neural tube differentiates into immature neurons which migrate to a final location and an axon grows from each immature neuron in response to chemical stimuli. During the development of the CNS, axons grow from their tip via a growth cone which has a broad sheet-like extension called a lamellipodium. This enables axons to navigate through their environment so they can meet with other axonal synapses and form connections which will become the entire circuitry of the nervous system.

Clinical significance

The dysfunction of axons in the nervous system is one of the leading causes of neurological disorders that affect central and peripheral neurons. Crushing an axon can lead to its death which can also take place in many neurodegenerative diseases especially when axonal transport is impaired. Demyelination of neurons (when axons lose their protective sheath)  causes many disorders, as does dysmyelination (abnormal formation of myelin sheath).

References

Anatomy of the nervous system

Axon


The French overseas collectivities (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM) are first-order administrative divisions of France, like the French regions, but have a semi-autonomous status. The COMs include some former French overseas colonies and other French overseas entities with a particular status, all of which became COMs by constitutional reform on 28 March 2003. The COMs differ from overseas regions and overseas departments, which have the same status as metropolitan France but are located outside Europe.
As integral parts of France, overseas collectivities are represented in the National Assembly, Senate and Economic and Social Council. Though some are outside the European Union, all can vote to elect members of the European Parliament (MEPs). (All of France became one multi-member EU constituency in 2019.) The Pacific COMs use the CFP franc, a currency pegged to the euro, whereas the Atlantic COMs use the euro itself.
As of 31 March 2011, there were five COMs:

 French Polynesia became a COM in 2003. Its statutory law of 27 February 2004 gives it the designation of overseas country inside the Republic (, or POM), but without legal modification of its status. French Polynesia has a great degree of autonomy, two symbolic manifestations of which are the title of the President of French Polynesia (Le président de la Polynésie française) and its additional designation as a pays d'outre-mer. Legislature: Assembly of French Polynesia since 2004.
 Saint Barthélemy, an island in the Lesser Antilles. St. Barthelemy was separated from the overseas department of Guadeloupe in 2007. It has a territorial council and executive council, and with separation ceased to be part of the  European Union.
 Saint Martin, the northern part of the island of Saint Martin in the Lesser Antilles. St. Martin was separated from the overseas department of Guadeloupe in 2007. It has a territorial council and executive council, and with separation remained a part of the European Union.
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon, a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. It has a territorial council. It is the last remaining part of New France to be under French rule.
 Wallis and Futuna, three small islands in the Pacific Ocean has a high administrator and territorial assembly.
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands, On 5 July 2019, the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as the "French Austral Lands and Seas" because of their pristine wilderness, biodiversity, and enormous bird colonies.

Former COMs and overseas territories
 Mayotte was a COM from 1976 until 31 March 2011, when it became an overseas department.
 Réunion was a COM from 1976 until 31 March 2011, when it became an overseas department.
 New Caledonia was classified as an overseas territory beginning in 1946, but as a result of the 1998 Nouméa Accord, it gained a special status (statut particulier or statut original) in 1999. A New Caledonian citizenship was established, and a gradual transfer of power from the French state to New Caledonia itself was begun, to last from fifteen to twenty years.

Table of overseas collectivities and sui generis collectivity

See also
 2009 Mahoran status referendum
 Administrative divisions of France
 Overseas country of France (Outre-mer)
 Overseas departments and regions of France
 Overseas France
 Overseas Territories of France (European Parliament constituency)
 Overseas territory
 Special member state territories and the European Union

References

External links
 COM – Overseas communities at the far ends of the world – Official French website
 Official website
 Past and current developments of France's overseas administrative divisions like collectivités d'outre-mer

Overseas collectivity


Erik Tambuyzer (born 1949) is a Belgian bio-engineer and businessman. He is Chairman of the Board of the Flemish Center for Medical Innovation (CMI).

Education
Tambuyzer holds a doctoral degree in bio-industrial sciences from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, (Leuven, Belgium).

Career
Having started his professional career at Baxter Healthcare (Baxter-Travenol in Europe) in 1977, Tambuyzer pursued his career six years later at Innovi NV (Brussels, Belgium), a technology management and consultancy company. He also worked as a consultant on biotechnology for minister-president Gaston Geens of the Flemish government. In 1985 he made the business plan and co-founded, together with Hugo Van Heuverswyn, the healthcare biotech company Innogenetics NV (Ghent, Belgium), of which he was General Manager until 1992, at which time he joined Genzyme. He was Senior Vice President Corporate Affairs for Genzyme Europe and International, and a member of the European Management Committee of Genzyme Corporation until 2010, when he joined the Flemish Center for Medical Innovation (CMI).

Tambuyzer is a founding Board member and past Chairman of EuropaBio, the European Association for Bioindustries, and founder of the Ethics Working Group of this Association, as well as the Chair of the joint EBE/EFPIA-EuropaBio Orphan medicines Task Force.  He is also Vice-Chair of EPPOSI, the European Platform for Patients' Organizations, Science & Industry. He published on policies regarding orphan medicines and advanced therapies in Europe and internationally, on the European Clinical Trial Directive, and on the impact of biotechnology on healthcare systems.

Sources
 Global biotech speakers
 Europe's researchers ready for entrepreneurism

Flemish businesspeople
Living people
KU Leuven alumni
1949 births
Technology company founders
Biotechnologists

Erik Tambuyzer


The ball-tailed cat (Felis caudaglobosa) is a fearsome critter of North American folklore most commonly described as having similar traits to that of a mountain lion, except with an exceedingly long tail to which there is affixed a solid, bulbous mass for striking its prey. Tales of ball-tailed cats were common among woodsmen during the turn of the 20th century and many variations exist; two of the more prominent variants are the digmaul and the sliver cat. The latter is distinguishable for not only having a smooth-sided ball for knocking wayfarers unconscious, but in addition a spiked-side for piercing and grappling its victims.

References

Fearsome critters
Mythological felines
Cat folklore

Ball-tailed cat