Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (; 1623 – 16 December 1673) was a prolific English philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction writer and playwright. In her lifetime she produced more than 12 original literary works, many of which became well known due to her high social status. This high social status allowed Margaret to meet and converse with some of the most important and influential minds of her time.

Background
Born Margaret Lucas to Sir Thomas Lucas (1573–1625) and Elizabeth Leighton (died 1647), she was the youngest child of the family. She had four sisters and three brothers, the royalists Sir John Lucas, Sir Thomas Lucas and Sir Charles Lucas, who owned the manor of St John's Abbey, Colchester. As a teenager, she became an attendant on Queen Henrietta Maria and travelled with her into exile in France, living for a time at the court of the young King Louis XIV. She became the second wife of William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1645.

Her husband, then-marquess William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, was a Royalist commander in Northern England during the First English Civil War and in 1644 went into self-imposed exile in France. Margaret accompanied him and remained abroad until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.

Writings
Cavendish, as a poet, philosopher, writer of prose romances, essayist and playwright, published under her own name at a time when most women writers remained anonymous. Her topics included gender, power, manners, scientific method and philosophy. Her utopian romance The Blazing World is one of the earliest examples of science fiction. She was unusual in her time for publishing extensively in natural philosophy and early modern science, producing over a dozen original works; with her revised works the total came to 21. She often would have her portrait engraved on the covers of her different works so that people would know that she was solely responsible for the creation of whatever she wrote and then published in some way or another.

Cavendish has been championed and criticised as a unique, ground-breaking woman writer. She rejected the Aristotelianism and mechanical philosophy of the 17th century, preferring a vitalist model. In May 1667, she became the first woman to attend a meeting at the Royal Society of London, criticising and engaging with members and philosophers such as Robert Boyle. She has been claimed as an early opponent of animal testing.

Cavendish's publications brought her fame and helped to disprove the contemporary belief that women were inherently inferior to men. Cavendish used them to advocate women's education: women were capable of learning and benefiting from education, and she insisted her own works would have been better still if, like her brothers, she had been able to attend school.

Early years

Childhood

Cavendish's father, Thomas Lucas, was exiled after a duel that led to the death of "one Mr. Brooks", but pardoned by King James. He returned to England in 1603. As the youngest of eight, Cavendish recorded spending a lot of time with her siblings. She had no formal education, but had access to libraries and tutors, although she hinted that the children paid little heed to tutors, who were "rather for formality than benefit". Cavendish began putting ideas down on paper at an early age, although it was poorly accepted for women to display such intelligence at the time and she kept her efforts in the privacy of her home. The family had significant means and Cavendish stated that her widowed mother chose to keep her family in a condition "not much lower" than when her father was alive; the children had access to "honest pleasures and harmless delights". Her mother had little to no male help.

Lady-in-waiting
When Queen Henrietta Maria was in Oxford, Cavendish never gained permission from her mother to become a lady-in-waiting. She accompanied the Queen into exile in France, away from her family for the first time. She notes that while she was confident in the company of her siblings, amongst strangers she became bashful, being afraid she might speak or act inappropriately without her siblings' guidance, while anxious to be well received and well liked. She spoke only when necessary and so came to be regarded as a fool, which Cavendish stated that she preferred to being seen as wanton or rude.

Regretting that she had left home to be a lady-in-waiting, Cavendish informed her mother that she wanted to leave the court, but her mother persuaded her not to disgrace herself by leaving and provided her with funds that Cavendish noted quite exceeded the normal means of a courtier. She remained a lady-in-waiting for two more years before marrying William Cavendish, then still Marquess of Newcastle.

Marriage to the Marquess
Cavendish noted that her husband liked her bashfulness; he was the only man she was ever in love with, not for his title, wealth or power, but for merit, justice, gratitude, duty and fidelity. She saw these as attributes that held people together even in misfortune, and in their case helped them to endure suffering for their political allegiance. Cavendish had no children, despite efforts by her physician to help her conceive. Her husband had five surviving children from a previous marriage, two of whom, Jane and Elizabeth, wrote a comic play, The Concealed Fancies.

Cavendish later wrote a biography of her husband: The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendish. In her dedication, Cavendish recalls a time when rumours surrounded the authorship of her works: that her husband wrote them. Cavendish notes that her husband defended her from these, but admits to a creative relationship, even as her writing tutor, for writing "fashions an image of a husband and wife who rely on each other in the public realm of print."

Personal life

Financial problems
A few years after her marriage, she and her husband's brother, Sir Charles Cavendish, returned to England. Cavendish had heard that her husband's estate, sequestrated due to his being a royalist delinquent, would be sold and that she as his wife could hope to benefit from the sale. In the event she received no benefit. She noted that while many women petitioned for funds, she herself only did so once, and being denied decided such efforts were not worth the trouble. After a year and a half she left England to be with her husband again.

Character and health
Cavendish stated in A True Relation of My Birth, Breeding, and Life that her bashful nature, which she described as "melancholia", made her "repent my going from home to see the World abroad." It manifested itself in reluctance to discuss her work in public, but this she satirised in her writing. Cavendish defined and sought self-cures for the physical manifestations of her melancholia, which included "chill paleness", inability to speak, and erratic gestures.

Religious beliefs
Cavendish's views on God and religion remained ambiguous. Her writings show her as a Christian, but she did not often address the matter. In her Physical Opinions, she explicitly stated her belief in the existence of God – "Pray account me not an Atheist, but believe as I do in God Almighty," – but sought to split philosophy from theology and so avoid debating God's actions in many of her philosophical works.

Her theological temerity was unusual at a time when much women's writing was built around religion. Although Cavendish acknowledged God's existence, she held "that natural reason cannot perceive or have an idea of an immaterial being." So "when we name God, we name an Inexpressible, and Incomprehensible Being."

Fashion and fame

Cavendish in her memoir explained her enjoyment in reinventing herself through fashion. She said she aimed at uniqueness in dress, thoughts and behaviour, and disliked wearing the same fashions as other women. She also made her desire for fame public. Several passages remark on her virtuous character: while acknowledging goodness in others, she thought it acceptable to hope to better them and even achieve everlasting fame.

She expected to be criticised for deciding to write a memoir, but retorted that it was written for herself, not for delight, to give later generations a true account of her lineage and life. She noted that others, such as Caesar and Ovid, had done the same.

Death
She died in London, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 7 January 1674. Her husband arranged for a monument, by the sculptor Grinling Gibbons, to be erected in the north transept of the abbey. The epitaph reads: "Her name was Margaret Lucas youngest daughter of Lord Lucas, earl of Colchester, a noble family, for all the brothers were valiant, and all the sisters virtuous". All the Brothers Were Valiant became the title of a novel and number of film adaptations in the early 20th century.

Major works

Poems and Fancies (1653)
Poems and Fancies encompasses poems, epistles and some prose on topics that include natural philosophy, atoms, nature personified, macro/microcosms, other worlds, death, battle, hunting, love, honour and fame. Her poems at times take a dialogue form between such pairs as earth and darkness, an oak and a tree-cutter, melancholy and mirth, and peace and war. As noted by Mistress Toppe, formerly Elizabeth Chaplain and Cavendish's maid, Cavendish's writings took the form of poetical fiction, moral instruction, philosophical opinion, dialogue, discourses and poetical romances. Poems and Fancies included The Animal Parliament, a prose piece consisting largely of speeches and letters. The collection concludes with her thoughts on her writing and an advertisement for one of her future publications.

Authorial intent
Cavendish concluded the collection by stating she was aware that she did not write elegantly and that her phrasing and placement of words could be criticised. She said she had difficulty creating rhymes that could communicate her intended meaning. In short, Cavendish stated that she strove for meaning at the expense of elegance, her aim being to communicate ideas. She also noted that she expected her work to be criticised for not being useful, but she wrote not to instruct her readers in the arts, sciences or divinity, but to pass her time, asserting that she made better use of her time than many others. Cavendish returned to these points in her epistles and poems.

Epistle dedicatory
Cavendish, like authors such as Aphra Behn and William Wordsworth, stated her intended audience, writing purpose and philosophy in prefaces, prologues, epilogues and epistles. Her several epistle dedications for Poems and Fancies often sought to justify writing at a time when women writers were not encouraged and in terms of her subject choice. She instructed readers in how to read and respond to her poetry, most often by inviting praise from supporters and requesting silence from those unaffected by her work. Cavendish commonly used the epistles to admit and excuse potential weaknesses in her writing. They were directed at specific audiences and varied accordingly.

Mental spinning
Looking at several of the epistles in Poems and Fancies, her dedication to Sir Charles Cavendish, her brother in law, compares writing poetry to spinning and calls poetry mental spinning – it was commonly thought to be more appropriate for women to spin than to write, but she herself was better at writing. This is one of several occasions when Cavendish calls attention to stereotypical gender roles and expands on her reasons for not following them. As here, Cavendish often employed metaphors to describe her writing in terms of stereotypical feminine tasks or interests, such as spinning, fashion and motherhood. While criticising her own work, she said it would seem better if Sir Charles Cavendish looked favourably on it. Cavendish often appealed to readers for applause: if it were well received it would be somewhat improved. She ends by complimenting Charles's charity and generosity.

The pursuit of fame
In her epistle to noble and worthy ladies and in many others, Cavendish plainly expresses her desire for fame. She was not concerned that the best people should like her writing, as long as many people did. She justified this by linking fame to noise and noise to great numbers of people. Cavendish often assumed a defensive position, here justified by asserting that she expected critiques from males and females not only of her writing, but of her practice of writing itself. Cavendish argued that women who busy themselves writing will not act ineptly or gossip. Though she expected criticism from females, she calls for female support in gaining honour and reputation. She ends by stating that if she fails, she will see herself as martyred for the cause of women.

Defence of writing and fame
In her epistle to Mistress Toppe, Cavendish states a desire for fame as her main reason for writing. Again she asks for acceptance of her writing as a digression from accepted gender norms. While she often brings in metaphors of domestic or stereotypical feminine activities, here she tries to excuse her desire for fame by distancing her ambition from what is feminine: her ambition is a quest for glory, perfection and praise, which she states is not effeminate. Even while writing and pursuing fame she remained modest and honourable and does nothing to dishonour her family. Cavendish attributed her confidence, as a type of censor, to her belief that there is no evil, only innocence in her desire for fame. As to her writing without permission, Cavendish excuses herself by stating it is easier to get a pardon after the fact than to obtain leave beforehand. She places writing over gossip, as a common and negative female activity. She credits her books as tangible examples of her contemplation and contrasts her self-proclaimed harmless ideas with wild ideas that might lead to indiscreet actions.

Cavendish explored writing closet dramas in her exile. She became one of the best-known women playwrights through her interest in philosophical nature.
This epistle is followed by a response from Mistress Toppe, praising Cavendish and her skill in poetical fiction, moral instruction, philosophical opinion, dialogue, discourses and poetical romances.

Language, knowledge and error
Cavendish included a prefatory letter to natural philosophers. She knew no language but English, and even her English was somewhat limited, since she was familiar only with "that which is most usually spoke." In other words, she downplayed her knowledge of the technical vocabulary used by natural philosophers, and thereby her knowledge of opinions and discourses that preceded her own. She then dismissed errors she might make as trivial, asserting that she did not mean her text to be taken as truth. She wrote simply to pass time and expected her work to be read for the same end. This epistle also explained her writing in verse: poets were thought to write fiction and that fiction was aligned with pastime, not truth. So verse might be expected to contain errors. Cavendish lamented that her work was not more entertaining and advised readers to skip any part they did not like.

Writing to pass the time
Her epistle states that with no children and at that time no estate, she has a lot of spare time, which she fills by writing, not housekeeping. Food husbandry in poetry was well-ordered fancy composed of fine language, proper phrases and significant words. Cavendish excused errors that might be found in her work as due to youth and inexperience, for she wrote only to distract herself from hardships of her husband's and her own. Comparing her book to a child, she said that it was innocent, young, well-behaved, bashful and sensitive. Readers should blame her, not the book, if they did not like it. If, however, the book was well liked, she made it clear that she expected fame.

Instruction on comprehension and judgement
In her epistle to the poets, Cavendish notes that as women seldom wrote, her writing may be ridiculed, as the strange and unusual seem fantastical, the fantastical seems odd, and the odd seems ridiculous. She requests that her work be judged by reason, not prejudice. She then excuses weaknesses in her poetry by stating that she writes only to escape melancholy thoughts and fill idle time. She employs a food/feasting metaphor: her poems are not ripe, but applause and praise will make them pass as a "general feast" to those of vulgar taste who take quantity over quality. As was typical in her writing, applause is welcomed and criticism censored, as she advises those who dislike her poetry to keep silent. Hers are poems of fancy and so require study. She recommends that as one with a troubled conscience ought to look to a minister for guidance. Likewise a reader will ask a poet for help in understanding her poems. Attempting again to guide readers to a positive reception of her book, Cavendish distinguishes poets (able judges of poetry) from rhymers (faulty judges of poetry) and advises people not to call her book nonsense or poorly constructed out of their own ignorance and malice. Returning again to her desire for fame, Cavendish notes that if judged by an honest poet, who would not be envious, her work would receive applause.

Cavendish asks the reader to read her fancies (poems) slowly, paying heed to each word, for each is a fancy itself. She warns that if readers lose their place or skip lines, they will miss the meaning of the entire work.

Poems: excuses and instructions
Cavendish followed some epistles with poems on how they came to be published and how they should be received. The proximity of the poems to the epistles and their similarity in subject and tone, suggests that they may be interpreted as Cavendish's own point of view.

The poem The Poetresses sic hasty Resolution, like many of Cavendish's epistles, contains excuses for errors that may be found in the poet's work and begs for praise. The poet states that self-love influences her judgement of her own poetry, which she finds she likes so much that she is moved to continue writing in hope of fame. She claims to write without thought of how her work would be received by critics. She then recalls how she was visited by Reason, who advised her to stop writing. Reason said her writing was a waste of time, that her work would not be well received and she should not have her work printed, so that the printer would not lose money. Reason also stated that there were already too many books and she should burn what she had written to spare the world from more. The poet noted her own angry response: she sent her book to press before she could be persuaded otherwise. In hindsight, however, she regretted doing so: she felt ashamed by her writing and told the reader to pity her and wipe away her tears with praise.

In The Poetresses Petition, she compares a negative reception to her books with their death. If the books suffer such a death (i. e. criticism), she requests silence and that they be forgotten, without alteration or inscriptions, and left undisturbed unless new merit is found. Again Cavendish sought to censor criticism and promote fame by instructing that only positive criticism should be voiced.

In An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book, she compares it to a child and the book/child and author/parent to birds. The book is like a baby bird just going out on its own. The author, like a parent bird, is unsure whether the book/baby bird will be safe and chirrups an attempt to protect it.

Nature's Pictures drawn by Fancy's Pencil to the Life (1656)
This is viewed as "Cavendish's most ambitious attempt to combine modes and genres." It includes short prose romances – "The Contract" and "Assaulted and Pursued Chastity" – and several prefatory addresses to the reader. The stories concern "the advantageous production of woman as spectacle" and "repeatedly [feminise] the aristocratic and chivalric trope (or figure) of the fair unknown."

A True Relation of my Birth, Breeding, and Life (1656)
Cavendish published this autobiographical memoir as an addendum to Natures Pictures Drawn by Fancies Pencil to the Life, in 1656. She wrote it at the age of 33, which has been discussed by literary critics. One critic sees Cavendish's autobiography as a way to gain credibility and a marketable image that would undercut a socially improper public image. Cavendish wrote her autobiography in response to what people were saying of her in her lifetime. It relates Cavendish's lineage, social status, fortune, upbringing, education and marriage, describes her pastimes and manners, and offers an account of her personality and ambition, including thoughts on her bashfulness, contemplative nature and writing. She also shares her views on gender (appropriate behaviour and activity), politics (Parliamentarians v. Royalists) and class (proper behaviour of servants).

The memoir details the lives of her family, including a short account of her brother Charles Lucas, one of the best Civil War Cavalier cavalry commanders, executed by the Parliamentarians for treason in the Second English Civil War. She goes on to address the economic and personal hardships that she and her family faced from the war and their political allegiance, such as loss of estates and bereavements.

CCXI Sociable Letters (1664)
Published in 1664 by William Wilson, CCXI Sociable Letters (1664) is a collection of letters, written as if composed by real women. The organisation is similar to that of The World's Olio (1655). The topics are as varied as the forms and length of the letters. They cover marriage, war, politics, medicine, science, English and classical literature, and miscellaneous matters like gambling and religious extremism. Some letters seem to point to characters as actual people – Thomas Hobbes may appear in letter 173 and C. R. stand for King Charles II, – and some are addressed to real people with whom Cavendish often communicated, but most are fictional, leading to a surprisingly vibrant, ongoing conversation and observation of contemporary life.

Observations upon Experimental Philosophy (1666)

Cavendish's natural philosophy
Eileen O'Neill provides an overview of Cavendish's natural philosophy and its critical reception in her introduction to Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. She describes Cavendish's natural philosophy as rejecting Aristotelianism and mechanical philosophy and favouring Stoic doctrines: while women rarely wrote about natural philosophy in the 17th century, Cavendish published six books on the subject. O'Neill points out that Cavendish herself was not formally educated in natural philosophy, though William Cavendish and his brother Charles shared an interest in the subject and supported her interest and study in the area. She may also have been influenced by social encounters with philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes. O'Neill believes Hobbes (who had instructed Charles in philosophy) had marked influence on Cavendish's natural philosophy, making her one of the few 17th-century supporters of Hobbes' materialist philosophy, which argued that incorporeal souls did not exist in nature. Beginning in the 1660s, Cavendish began to study the work of her contemporaries more seriously. O'Neill suggests that such study was meant to enable Cavendish to argue her own points better by contrast with those of other natural philosophers.

O'Neill notes that Cavendish's natural philosophy and her writing in general were criticised by many contemporaries and by more recent readers, such as Pepys, Henry More and Virginia Woolf. Cavendish's work has also received positive criticism and been lauded by many for tackling typically male-dominated subjects such as natural philosophy. Letters and poems of praise by her husband were included in several of her published works.

Writing as an honourable disease
Cavendish in her preface to Observations upon Experimental Philosophy states that she expects readers to say that her practice of writing prolifically is a disease. If so, Cavendish stated, many others, including Aristotle, Cicero, Homer and St Augustine, have suffered the same disease. It was an honour for someone of great ambition (as she often identified herself) to share the disease of such wise and eloquent men. In these, as in her other writings, she asserts that she writes for herself and that her writing is a harmless pastime when compared with those of many other women. She contradicts herself, however, by adding that she writes for delight, which she had denied in her previous work. Also somewhat contradictory is her intention of continuing to write even if she has no readers, which belies her desire for fame. Ultimately, Cavendish excuses her criticism of and engagement with the theories of other natural philosophers as a necessary step in the search for truth.

Learning versus wit
In her epistle to the reader, Cavendish writes that woman's wit may equal that of man, and women may be able to learn as easily as men. She argues that wit is natural, whereas learning is artificial, and in her time, men have more chance of educating themselves than women.

Cavendish remarks on her own experience reading philosophical works: many such works have challenged her understanding with their frequently difficult words and expressions. Thus Cavendish advises writers of philosophy to use language appropriate to less expert readers. She defends this by stating that philosophical terms should ease communication of thoughts. She believes that successful communication is possible in all languages and accuses those who complicate communication (particularly English writers) of aiming for esteem from those who admire writing simply because they do not understand it, without considering that it may be nonsense. In her own work, Cavendish states, she chooses not to use difficult terms, although she adds that she understands such terms. Her stated reason is that she desires her work to be accessible to people regardless of their education. Her aim is to communicate her ideas clearly. She requests that any errors that may be found in her work be overlooked and readers remain focused on her main ideas. Here, as in many epistles, she instructs readers on how to approach her work and requests them to read it fully and withhold criticism until they have done so.

The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World (1666)

Cavendish's prose tale was published in 1666 and again in 1668, each time with Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.

As many such as Silvia Bowerbank and Sara Mendelson have noted, this early version of science fiction critiques and explores such issues as science, gender and power. It also views relations between imagination and reason and philosophy and fiction. Cavendish writes herself into the book, which details a fictional, quite separate new world and its empress. She remarks in her epilogue that she is the empress, adding that in much the same way as there was a Charles the First, she would be seen as Margaret the First.

Plays in 1662 and 1668
Two volumes of Cavendish's dramatic works were printed. Plays (1662), printed by A. Warren (London) includes:
Loves Adventures
The Several Wits
Youths Glory, and Deaths Banquet
The Lady Contemplation
Wits Cabal
The Unnatural Tragedy
The Public Wooing
The Matrimonial Trouble
Nature's Three Daughters, Beauty, Love and Wit
The Religious
The Comical Hash
Bell in Campo
A Comedy of the Apocryphal Ladies
The Female Academy

Plays, Never Before Printed (1668) was published by Anne Maxwell (London):
The Sociable Companions, or the Female Wits
The Presence
Scenes (edited from The Presence)
The Bridals
The Convent of Pleasure
A Piece of a Play

Other works
Cavendish also published collections of Philosophical Letters (1664), orations, as in her collection entitled Orations (1662). Many of her works address such issues as natural philosophy, gender, power and manners. Cavendish's plays were never acted in her lifetime, but a number, including The Convent of Pleasure (1668) have been staged since. Several of Cavendish's works have epistles, prefaces, prologues and epilogues in which she discusses her work, philosophy and ambition, while instructing the reader on how to read and respond to her writing. Her work has been alternately criticised and championed from its original publication to the present day.

Critical reception
Cavendish was an unorthodox and daring intellectual who received positive and negative commentary from her contemporaries. Negative comments can be found by the Royal Society member Samuel Pepys who once wrote of her as "a mad, conceited, ridiculous woman" though he was eager to read her work. Dorothy Osborne reflected in one published letter, after reading a book by the Duchess, that she was "sure there are soberer people in Bedlam." She also had numerous admirers, Constantijn Huygens, Mildmay Fane, Earl of Westmorland, John Dryden, Kenelm Digby, Henry More were among them. Joseph Glanvill and Walter Charleton corresponded with her and engaged with philosophy and science. After her death, her husband William Cavendish compiled a book of admiring letters, poems, and epitaphs by numerous people. In the nineteenth century Charles Lamb enjoyed her Sociable Letters and so much admired her biography of her husband that he called it a jewel "for which no casket is rich enough." James Fitzmaurice argues "Cavendish was viewed sympathetically by the English Romantic poets".

Margaret Cavendish was the first person to develop an original theory of atomism in Britain. She was also the first female to be invited to attend a session of the Royal Society. One member, John Evelyn, saw in Cavendish "a mighty pretender to learning, poetry, and philosophy". Yet her knowledge was recognised by some, such as the protofeminist Bathsua Makin: "The present Dutchess of New-Castle, by her own Genius, rather than any timely Instruction, over-tops many grave Gown-Men." She saw her exemplifying what women could become through education. New manuscript evidence also suggests she was read and taken seriously by at least some early Royal Society members, such as its secretary, Nehemiah Grew.

Cavendish was mostly lost to obscurity in the early twentieth century. Not until Virginia Woolf's The Common Reader (1925) did discourse rediscover the Duchess. Woolf remarked that:   the vast bulk of the Duchess is leavened by a vein of authentic fire. One cannot help following the lure of her erratic and lovable personality as it meanders and twinkles through page after page. There is something noble and Quixotic and high-spirited, as well as crack-brained and bird-witted, about her. Her simplicity is so open; her intelligence so active.       Margaret Cavendish began to generate intense scholarly interest in the 1980s, when rediscovered and analysed from a modern feminist perspective. Since then there have been many book-length critical studies of her. She has also gained fame as one of the first science-fiction writers, with her novel The Blazing World. Her self inserted as a character named Margaret Cavendish in The Blazing World is said to be among the earliest examples of the modern Mary Sue trope. More recently, her plays have been examined in performance studies, for blurring the lines between performance and literature, challenging gender identities and upsetting gender norms. Further analysis on Cavendish appears here.

This new interest has engendered media projects. The film, The Blazing World (2021) is loosely inspired by Cavendish's science fiction story. Siri Hustvedt's The Blazing World (2014), which was also loosely inspired by Cavendish, won The Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction and was long listed for the Booker Prize.  Margaret the First by Danielle Dutton dramatises her "with lucid precision and sharp cuts through narrative time", as a new approach to "imagining the life of a historical woman".] As the digital humanities grow, several projects have begun archiving Cavendish. The International Margaret Cavendish Society was set up as "a means of communication between scholars worldwide", to increase awareness of Cavendish's scholarly presence as a hub for newsletters, contacts and links to Cavendish's works. Likewise the Digital Cavendish Project works to make Cavendish's writing accessible and readable for people across the web and "highlight digital research, image archives, scholarly projects, and teaching materials". On 26 January 2018, the Digital Cavendish Twitter account announced that its next goal was to compile the Complete Works of Margaret Cavendish.

See also
List of animal rights advocates

References

Sources

Modern Editions of Works by Margaret Cavendish
Bell in Campo and The Sociable Companions. Ed. Alexandra G. Bennett. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2002.
Grounds of Natural Philosophy. Ed. Anne Thell. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2020.
Margaret Cavendish: Essential Writings. Ed. David Cunning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Margaret Cavendish: Political Writings. Ed. Susan James. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. Ed. Eileen O'Neill. New York: Cambridge UP, 2001.
Observations upon Experimental Philosophy, abridged. Ed. Gwendolyn Marshall. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2016.
Paper Bodies: A Margaret Cavendish Reader. Eds. Sylvia Bowerbank and Sara Mendelson. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2000.
Philosophical Letters, abridged. Ed. Deborah Boyle. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2021.
Poems and Fancies, with the Animal Parliament. Ed. Brandie Siegfried. Iter Press, 2018.
 Sociable Letters. Ed. James Fitzmaurice. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2004.
The Description of a New World Called The Blazing World And Other Writings. Ed. Kate Lilley. London: William Pickering, 1992.
The Convent of Pleasure and Other Plays. Ed. Anne Shaver. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1999.

Books
Lisa Walters and Brandie Siegfried, eds. Margaret Cavendish: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
Lisa Hopkins and Tom Rutter. A Companion to the Cavendishes. ARC Humanities Press, 2020.
David Cunning, Cavendish. Routledge, 2015.
Lisa Sarasohn, The Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish: Reason and Fancy during the Scientific Revolution. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
Lara A. Dodds. The Literary Invention of Margaret Cavendish. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 2013.
Anna Battigelli, Margaret Cavendish and the Exiles of the Mind.  Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998
Lisa T. Sarasohn and Brandie R. Siegfried, eds. God and Nature in the Thought of Margaret Cavendish. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Deborah Boyle, The Well-Ordered Universe: The Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Lisa Walters, Margaret Cavendish: Gender, Science and Politics. TOC Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Kate Whitaker, Mad Madge: Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Royalist, Writer and Romantic. London: Chatto and Windus, 2003 Mad Madge : the extraordinary life of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, the first woman to live by her pen
Stephen Clucas, ed., A Princely Brave Woman: Essays on Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003
Line Cottegnies and Nancy Weitz, eds., Authorial Conquests: Essays on Genre in the Writings of Margaret Cavendish. Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003
Douglas Grant, Margaret the First: A Biography of Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle 1623–1673. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1957
Kathleen Jones, Margaret Cavendish: A Glorious Fame. The life of the Duchess of Newcastle. London: Bloomsbury: , 1988
Emma L. E. Rees, Margaret Cavendish: Gender, Genre, Exile. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2004

Articles
N. N. W. Akkerman and M. Corporaal (2004), "Mad Science Beyond Flattery: The Correspondence of Margaret Cavendish and Constantijn Huygens", Early Modern Literary Studies
Siri Hustvedt. "Afterword: Margaret Cavendish: A Grandmother for Twenty-first Century Philosophy of Science". Margaret Cavendish: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Eds. Lisa Walters and Brandie R. Siegfried. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 274-288.
Mihoko Suzuki, "Animals and the political in Lucy Hutchinson and Margaret Cavendish". The Seventeenth Century. 30.2 (2015): 229-247.
Mihoko Suzuki, "Thinking Beings and Animate Matter: Margaret Cavendish's Challenge to the Early Modern Order of Things". In Challenging Women's Agency and Activism in Early Modernity. Edited by Merry Wiesner-Hanks. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. 183-206
Justin Begley, "'The Minde is Matter Moved': Nehemiah Grew on Margaret Cavendish", Intellectual History Review 27, No. 4 (May 2017): 493–514
Karen Detlefsen, "Atomism, Monism, and Causation in the Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish". Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, Vol. III, 199–240. Ed. Daniel Garber and Steven Nadler. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006
Karen Detlefsen, "Margaret Cavendish and Thomas Hobbes on Reason, Freedom, and Women".  In Feminist Interpretations of Thomas Hobbes, 149–168. Ed. Nancy J. Hirschmann and Joanne H. Wright. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012
Karen Detlefsen, "Margaret Cavendish on the Relation between God and World".  Philosophy Compass 4, no. 3 (2009): 421–438
Karen Detlefsen, "Reason and Freedom: Margaret Cavendish on the Order and Disorder of Nature". Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 89, No. 2 (2007): 157–191
Lara Dodds, "Margaret Cavendish's Domestic Experiment". Genre and Women's Life Writing in Early Modern England. Ed. Michelle M. Dowd and Julie A. Eckerele. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007. 151–168.
Deborah Boyle. "Informed by 'Sense and Reason': Margaret Cavendish's Theorizing about Perception". The Senses and the History of Philosophy, ed. Brian R. Glenney and Filipe Pereira da Silva. Routledge, 2019.
Brandie R. Siegfried and Lisa Walters. "A New Science for a New World: Margaret Cavendish on the Question of Poverty". 1650-1850: Ideas, aesthetics, and inquiries in the early modern era. Eds. Betty Joseph, Elizabeth Sauer, and Kevin L. Cope. Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press, 21-36.
Hilda L. Smith. "'A General War Amongst the Men ... But None Amongst the Women': Political Differences Between Margaret and William Cavendish." Politics and the Political Imagination in Later Stuart Britain: Essays Presented to Lois Green Schwoerer (1997): 143-60.
Sara Heller Mendelson, "Margaret Cavendish and the Nature of Infinity". Margaret Cavendish: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Eds. Lisa Walters and Brandie Siegfried. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
Jeffrey Masten, "Material Cavendish: Paper, Performance, 'Sociable Virginity'". Modern Language Quarterly 65.1 (2004): 49–68
Elspeth Graham, "Intersubjectivity, Intertextuality, and Form in the Self-Writings of Margaret Cavendish". Genre and Women's Life Writing in Early Modern England. Edited by Michelle M. Dowd and Julie A. Eckerele. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007. 131–150
Susan James, "The Philosophical Innovations of Margaret Cavendish". British Journal for the History of Philosophy, Vol. 7, no. 2 (1999): 219–244
Kegl, Rosemary. "'The World I Have Made': Margaret Cavendish, Feminism, and the Blazing World", Feminist Readings of Early Modern Culture: Emerging Subjects. Edited by Valerie Traub, M. Lindsay Kaplan, and Dympna Callaghan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 119–141
James Fitzmaurice, "Fancy and the Family: Self-characterizations of Margaret Cavendish". Huntington Library Quarterly 53.3 (1990): 198–209
James Fitzmaurice, "Margaret Cavendish on Her Own Writing: Evidence from Revision and Handmade Correction." PBSA 85.3 (1991): 297–308
Gertrude Townshend Mayer, "Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle". Women of Letters Vol. 1. London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1894
Bronwen Price, "Feminine Modes of Knowing and Scientific Inquiry: Margaret Cavendish's Poetry as Case Study". Women and Literature in Britain, 1500–1700. Ed. Helen Wilcox. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 117–142
Diana Solomon, "Laugh, or Forever Hold Your Peace: Comic Crowd Control in Margaret Cavendish's Dramatic Prologues and Epilogues". Women and Comedy: History, Theory, Practice. Ed. Peter Dickinson, Anne Higgins, Paul Matthew St. Pierre, Diana Solomon and Sean Zwagerman. Lanham, MD: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 2014. 55–64
Anne M. Thell, "Meet the hottest early-modern philosopher. No, that's not an oxymoron. Margaret Cavendish's brilliant writing was largely neglected in the 1600s, but it's more relevant than ever. Here's where to start with her work", The Washington Post, June 27, 2023
Special issue on Margaret Cavendish, In-between: Essays & Studies in Literary Criticism, Vol. 9, 2000
Special Issue on Margaret Cavendish, Women's Writing, Vol. 4, No.3, 1997
Jo Wallwork, "Disruptive Behaviour in the Making of Science: Cavendish and the Community of Seventeenth-Century Science". Early Modern Englishwomen Testing Ideas. Ed. Jo Wallwork and Paul Salzman. Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. 41–54
Clara H. Whitemore, "Margaret Cavendish". Woman's Word in English Fiction: From the Restoration to the Mid-Victorian Period. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910
Virginia Woolf, "The Duchess of Newcastle, The Common Reader". The Essays of Virginia Woolf, Volume IV, 1925–1928. Edited by Andrew McNeillie. London: Hogarth Press, 1994. 81–90

Further reading
Diana G. Barnes, "Epistolary Restoration: Margaret Cavendish's Letters". Epistolary Community in Print, 1580–1664. Surrey: Ashgate, 2013. 137–196
Anna Battigelli, Margaret Cavendish and the Exiles of the Mind. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
Alexandra G. Bennett, "'Yes, and': Margaret Cavendish, the Passions and Hermaphrodite Agency." Early Modern Englishwomen Testing Ideas. Ed. Jo Wallwork and Paul Salzman. Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. 75–88
Rebecca D'Monte, "Mirroring Female Power: Separatist Spaces in the Plays of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle". Female Communities 1600–1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities. Ed. Rebecca D'Monte and Nicole Pohl. New York: MacMillan, 2000. 93–110
Jane Donawerth, "The Politics of Renaissance Rhetorical Theory by Women". Political Rhetoric, Power, and Renaissance Women. Ed. C. Levin and P. A. Sullivan. Albany: SUNY Press, 1995. 257–272
Margaret J. M. Ezell Writing Women's Literary History. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996
Alison Findlay, Gweno Williams and Stephanie J. Hodgson-Wright, "'The Play is ready to be Acted': Women and dramatic production, 1570–1670". Women's Writing 6.1 (1999): 129–148
Amy Greenstadt, "Margaret's Beard". Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal 5 (2010): 171–182
Theodora A. Jankowski, "Pure Resistance: Queer(y)ing Virginity in William Shakespeare's Measure for Measure and Margaret Cavendish's The Convent of Pleasure." Shakespeare Studies 26 (1998): 1–30
Katherine R. Kellett, "Performance, Performativity, and Identity in Margaret Cavendish's The Convent of Pleasure". SEL 48.2 (2008): 419–442
Kate Lilley, "Blazing Worlds: Seventeenth-Century Women's Utopian Writing". Women's Texts and Histories 1575–1760. Eds. Clare Brant and Diane Purkiss. London: Routledge, 1992. 102–133
Jeffrey Masten, Textual Intercourse: Collaboration, Authorship and Sexualities in Renaissance Drama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997
Vimala Pasupathi, "New Model Armies: Re-contextualizing The Camp in Margaret Cavendish's Bell in Campo". ELH 78 (2011): 657–685
Kamille Stone Stanton, "'An Amazonian Heroickess': The Military Leadership of Queen Henrietta Maria in Margaret Cavendish's "Bell in Campo" (1662)" Early Theatre 10.2 (2007): 71–86
Ryan Stark, "Margaret Cavendish and Composition Style." Rhetoric Review 17 (1999): 264–81
Christine Mason Sutherland, "Aspiring to the Rhetorical Tradition: A Study of Margaret Cavendish", in Listening to Their Voices, ed. M. Wertheimer, 255–71. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1997
Christine Mason Sutherland, "Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle". The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 281: British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660, Second Series, 36–47. Detroit: Gale, 2003
Sophie Tomlinson, "'My Brain the Stage': Margaret Cavendish and the Fantasy of Female Performance". Women's Texts and Histories 1575–1760. Ed. Clare Brant and Diane Purkiss. London: Routledge, 1992. 134–163
Valerie Traub, The Renaissance of Lesbianism in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002
Marion Wynne-Davies, '"Fornication in My Owne Defence': Rape, Theft and Assault Discourses in Margaret Cavendish's The Sociable Companion". Expanding the Canon of Early Modern Women's Writing. Ed. Paul Salzman. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. 14–48

External links

Digital Cavendish: A Scholarly Collaboration
Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673), Project Vox
Cunning, David, "Margaret Lucas Cavendish", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The International Margaret Cavendish Society

Essays by Margaret Cavendish at Quotidiana.org
Biography of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, with links to online catalogues, on the website of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham
Cavendish plays online
Margaret Cavendish: bibliographical and biographical references. - Center for the History of Women Philosophers and Scientists

1623 births
1673 deaths
17th-century English women writers
17th-century English writers
17th-century English novelists
17th-century English philosophers
17th-century English scientists
17th-century women scientists
People associated with animal welfare and rights
Margaret Cavendish
Margaret
Newcastle
English women philosophers
English essayists
English philosophers
English dramatists and playwrights
English science fiction writers
English women poets
English women dramatists and playwrights
Rhetoricians
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
British women essayists
Household of Henrietta Maria
People from Colchester
People from Essex
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Wives of knights


The kulintang a kayo (literally, "wooden kulintang") is a Philippine xylophone of the Maguindanaon people with eight tuned slabs strung horizontally atop a padded wooden antangan (rack). Made of hand-carved soft wood such as bayug (genus Pterospermum) or more likely tamnag (genus unknown), the kulintang a kayo is rarely found except in Maguindanaon households which have a strong kulintang musical heritage.  Traditionally, this homemade instrument was used for self-entertainment purposes inside the house, so that beginning musicians could practice kulintang pieces before performing them on the full-sized metal kulintang sets.   Only recently have these instruments been used as part of a wooden kulintang ensemble. This ancient instrument is considered to have existed in the Philippines before the importation of metal gongs from China and therefore is considered a precursor to the present-day kulintang.

References

External links
Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines - An online textbook about Southern Pilipino Kulintang Music with an extensive section devoted to the Philippine xylophone, the kulintang a kayo.

Kulintang
Philippine musical instruments
Keyboard percussion instruments
Stick percussion idiophones
Pitched percussion instruments
Culture of Maguindanao del Norte
Culture of Maguindanao del Sur

Kulintang a kayo


Carol Thomas  (; born 5 June 1955) is an English former footballer who played predominantly as a right-back; she is known for her 43-year club career and 9-year captaincy of the England women's national football team, during which she became the first women's international footballer to reach 50 caps.

She played club football for a variety of teams around the north of England and was the second captain of England in the modern era, taking over from Sheila Parker in 1976. Thomas became captain at the age of 20 and held that position until her retirement with a then-record 56 caps in 1985. She remained England's longest continuous-serving captain before being overtaken by Faye White in 2011; she was also the most successful captain of the England women's national team in terms of tournament successes until international titles were won under Leah Williamson.

With her longstanding dedication to both international and grassroots football, she is recognised as one of the largely unsung pioneers of the modern women's game.

Early and personal life
Carol McCune was born on 5 June 1955 in Kingston upon Hull in the East Riding of Yorkshire to Percy George "Mac" and Audrey McCune. Her father was an amateur footballer who had been a founding member of Air Street United, a small local team; he, her uncles, and her older brother Michael, inspired her love of football. She recalls kicking a ball around with them until she was eleven, being inspired by England winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup to play more seriously.

She married Alan Thomas in July 1979; they skipped a honeymoon to fly out to Italy with the England squad shortly thereafter, for Carol Thomas to take part in that year's unofficial European Championship. Alan played for and managed Aldbrough United in the East Riding County League, and some Sunday league football, saying he always knew Thomas would be much more successful in the sport than him. They have two children, Andrew and Mark. Thomas had retired to start a family, not expecting to return to football.

Club career
Thomas played in her first competitive game in September 1966, when she was 11; that summer her family had moved house to be closer to her father's work, with one of their new neighbours playing for BOCM Ladies (British Oil and Cake Mills). Thomas joined this team as a traditional right winger. Women's football was still banned in England at the time, as it would be until 1971, with leagues contested by teams supported by companies being "the lifeblood". Thomas reflected that, though she believed she showed good skills for a child, the team may well have initially taken her on to make up numbers. She impressed while playing for BOCM; national football administrator Flo Bilton was involved with the league and asked Thomas to join the local team she coached for Reckitt, Reckitts Ladies.

She then joined Reckitts' local rivals, Hull Brewery Ladies (Hull Brewery), "after a couple of seasons"; she stayed with the team, which played in the Hull Women's League, for many years. With Hull Brewery, where she played in a variety of positions, gaining experience across the pitch, she found more recognition and her career took off. She earned a regular spot in the Hull and District representative team as a teenager, and was called to both the Northern England and England teams in 1974. In the same year, to support herself, she took a job as a clerk at Northern Dairies; the company did not have a football team, but she played netball for them. They also gave her paid leave when she was playing for England, something unusual for the time, with many of her teammates having to take holidays.

Standing out in football, Thomas refused offers of professionalism from teams in Italy and New Zealand in order to maintain the strict amateur status enforced by the Women's Football Association (which operated the national team) at that time. Still, she sought out better football: she was a guest player for Tottenham Hotspur on a tour to Switzerland, and spent a year at Preston Ladies (in Lancashire), but travel was an issue. When Thomas returned to playing in Yorkshire, with several seasons at CP Doncaster Ladies, she also had the opportunity to train with the men's Hull City A.F.C. youth team. In 1981, she was playing for both Doncaster and Reckitts again. She then initially retired in 1985 while playing for Rowntrees F.C. Ladies (Rowntree's), having taken them through the rounds of the Women's FA Cup.

International career
Bilton introduced Thomas to more opportunities in football. In 1974, when Thomas was establishing herself in the Northern England team, she was invited to the first all-women coaching course held at the then-national footballing centre, Lilleshall. Thomas, along with four others, gained her FA Preliminary Badge to be the first female qualified coaches in England. The course was being run by the England women's manager, Tom Tranter, and Thomas' performances on it impressed him, resulting in her being asked to trial for England. At the trials, she impressed in her position as a winger.

She then made her first international appearance in November 1974, for a 2–0 win over France at Plough Lane; Tranter substituted her on in the second half to play at right back, a position she had never played before. She made two substitute appearances before becoming the first choice right back. For the 1976 Pony Home Internationals, Sheila Parker, the first England women's captain, was not in the squad; Tranter made Thomas, with six caps, captain, shortly before her 21st birthday (to become one of England's youngest captains). England won the tournament. Thomas retained her captaincy under Tranter's successor Martin Reagan and became an ever-present until September 1985; she recalls that she missed only one England match between her first call-up and retirement, a 1985 match against Wales that took place on the Isle of Man, with most of the squad's Northern players unable to go "due to logistical and financial restraints".

During her time as captain, she saw the England women's team play at a Football League First Division ground for the first time (in 1978, to a then-record crowd of 5,471) and play outside of Europe for the first time (for the 1981 Mundialito in Japan). The team's record under Thomas saw them reach at least the semi-finals in all seven tournaments in which they competed, winning two: the 1976 Pony Home Championship and the 1985 Mundialito. They were runners-up in the 1984 UEFA Women's Championship, the first official European final that any England team had reached; it was played over two legs, each a 1–0 victory for the home side, with England losing 3–4 on penalties at a muddy Kenilworth Road. This loss was said to spur Thomas on to the best period of her career in leading England to the Mundialito victory the following year. With the success of the 1985 Mundialito, and having successfully led her England team in three consecutive match victories in 1987 UEFA Women's Championship qualifying, Thomas retired from international football later in 1985 at the age of 30 to have her first child. She was pregnant before her retirement, and was known to joke that her eldest child was the only man to play a women's international game. Sue Law took over as England's right back while Debbie Bampton inherited the captaincy.

Thomas was the 22nd player to represent the Lionesses, and was given this as her legacy number by the FA in 2022, in honour of the 50th anniversary of the women's team. In total, she won 56 caps in an 11-year England career, serving as captain for up to 51 of those matches. In March 1985, England beat Scotland 4–0 at Deepdale in Preston and Thomas was presented with her 50th cap by Tom Finney after the game.

International tournaments

* Played in the first three winning group games before retiring.

Later life and career
In 1993, Thomas came out of retirement to help establish local club AFC Preston; initially helping out and coaching the team, she quickly found herself wanting to play again, joining the club regularly. When the East Riding County FA created its first women's representative team in 1995, Thomas was asked to work with the coaching staff and, though aged 40, captain the side. She continued playing for both teams until 2002, taking a break but being drawn back into football two years later when asked to help set-up Brandesburton Ladies. She retired from Brandesburton at the age of 54 in 2009, at which point she was a midfielder, stopping playing after 43 years. In her later playing career, she had contributed further to grassroots football in supporting youth clubs in the rural north of England.

A keen walker, following her retirement she took up hiking challenges, as well as inspiring her grandchildren to take part in football. By 2015 she had completed all 214 Wainwrights, undertaken the National Three Peaks Challenge, and completed the Coast to Coast Walk. Her hiking led to mountain treks, involving passes at above 18,000 ft in the Andes, Himalayas and Atlas Mountains, which in turn led to an interest in high-altitude communities and her support for people in Nepal following the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

Settling in Aldbrough, Thomas was a school lunchtime supervisor until 2001, and then delivered post until 2013. She now runs a Twitter account dedicated to English women's football before the Women's Super League, and is the ambassador for Hull City Ladies F.C.

Recognition and popular culture
By the late 1970s her achievements were being acknowledged outside the game: in 1978 and 1979 she made appearances on the sports show Superstars, and in 1984 she was interviewed on national breakfast television (the first women's player to be so) after the 1984 Euro final defeat. In 1985 she was awarded the Sports Council Sports Award. Her 1984 Euro runner-up medal is on display at the National Football Museum. Thomas' record achievement as the first women's footballer to reach 50 international caps was given an entry in the Guinness World Records book in 1986, making her the first female footballer with an entry in it. The five-a-side trophy contested by England women's players in training camps at St George's Park is named after Thomas; a 1979 Hull-area girls' five-a-side trophy was also named after her.

In 2019, Thomas reflected that the Football Association, which began administering the England women's team in 1992, seemed to her to act like there was no team before their involvement, which she felt was erasing the team's achievements of her era. She saw greater recognition come as women's football grew in popularity in the 2020s: in November 2021 she was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame; in April 2022, a plaque was unveiled in her honour in Hull at the East Riding County FA building; and in June 2022 she was awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to association football and charity. Though well-recognised during her time as England captain, she said that she received the most media attention when the team won the UEFA Women's Euro 2022. In January 2023 she received the Freedom of the City of Hull.

Notes

References

1955 births
Living people
Footballers from Kingston upon Hull
English women's footballers
Women's association football defenders
Fylde Ladies F.C. players
England women's international footballers
Recipients of the British Empire Medal

Carol Thomas


The Ottoman Empire, kent offeecially as Sublime Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkis: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye, Modren Turkis: Yüce Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) wis an empire that lastit frae 1299 tae 1923.

At the hicht o its pouer, in the saxteent an seiventeent centuries, the empire spanned three continents, controlling the feck o Sootheastren Europe, Wastren Asie an North Africae The Ottoman Empire conteened 29 provinces an numerous vassal states, some o which wur later absorbed intae the empire, while ithers wur grantit various teeps o autonomy in the course o centuries. The empire temporarily gained authority ower distant owerseas lands forby, throu declarations o allegiance tae the Ottoman Sultan an Caliph, lik the declaration bi the Sultan o Aceh in 1565; or throu the temporar acquisitions o islands in the Atlantic Ocean, lik Lanzarote in 1585.

The empire wis at the centre o interactions atween the Eastern an Wastren warlds for sax centuries. Wi Constantinople as its caipital ceety, an vast control o lands aroond the eastren Mediterranean throu the reign o Suleiman the Magneeficent (ruled 1520 tae 1566), the Ottoman Empire wis, in mony respeckkts, an Islamic successor tae the Eastren Roman (Byzantine) Empire.

The Ottoman Empire came tae an end, as a regime unner an imperial monarchy, on November 1, Mehmed VI deportit frae Constantinople on November 17. It formally endit, as a de jure state, on Julie 24, 1923, unner the Treaty o Lausanne. Wi the Treaty of Lausanne (signed on Julie 24, 1923) the new Turkis State (still nae a Republic, whilk wis proclaimed later on October 29, 1923) heidquartered in Ankara wis internaitionally recognised as the successor tae the Sublime Ottoman State. It wis succeedit bi the Republic o Turkey whilk wis offeecially proclaimed on October 29, 1923.

The empire wis forby kent in Inglis as the Osmanic Empire, the Osmanian Empire or the Ottoman State. Mony contemporaries referred tae it as the Turkis Empire or simply Turkey (see the ither names o the Ottoman State).

References

Umwhile Turkic kintras
1299 establishments
States an territories established in 1299
States an territories disestablished in 1922
States an territories disestablished in 1923
Umwhile kintras in the Middle East
Umwhile kintras in the Balkans
Umwhile kintras in Africae

Ottoman Empire


Tree of Freedom is a children's historical novel by Rebecca Caudill. It is a pioneer story set in Kentucky at the time of the American Revolutionary War. The novel, illustrated by Dorothy Morse, was first published in 1949 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1950.

Plot summary
The novel tells the story of the Venable family, Jonathan, Bertha, and their five children, who in 1780 walk from North Carolina to Kentucky to homestead on 400 acres. There they build a cabin, plant crops, and raise livestock; 13-year-old Stephanie grows an apple tree which she calls her "tree of freedom". They are dismayed to discover that there is a rival claim to their land made by a British sympathizer. As the war comes closer, Indian raids increase, Jonathan becomes a courier for the Governor of Virginia, and Stephanie's older brother Noel joins an expedition against the Indians with George Rogers Clark.

References

1949 American novels
Children's historical novels
American children's novels
Newbery Honor-winning works
Novels set during the American Revolutionary War
Novels set in Appalachia
Novels set in Kentucky
Fiction set in 1780
Novels set in the 1780s
Viking Press books
1949 children's books
Children's books about plants
Children's books set in Kentucky
Children's books set in the 18th century

Tree of Freedom


St Margaret's Church (dedicated to St Margaret of Antioch) is a nineteenth-century Church in Wales parish church in the suburb of Roath, Cardiff, Wales. It includes the mausoleum of the Marquises of Bute.

History
A church dedicated to St Margaret existed in Roath since the medieval period. It was a small Perpendicular style building with a bell-turret at the western end.  In 1800 a mausoleum was added, for the Marquises of Bute. The church was completely demolished in 1868 to make way for a new replacement.

The new church was completed, with a cruciform plan in a Decorated Gothic style. The plan had been designed by Alexander Roos, architect to the Butes. The above ground church was designed by architect John Prichard and financed by John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, who dismissed Roos when he came of age in 1868. A wide variety of coloured bricks and coloured stone was used to decorate the internal walls, in red, blue, white, grey-green and pink. The church tower (without the spire envisaged by Prichard) was designed later by John Coates Carter and completed in 1926.

The glasswork of the church's east window was destroyed in a bomb-blast during the Second World War. The present glass, dating from 1952, depicts the Ascension of Jesus, flanked by the patron saints of the four daughter churches: St Edward's, St Anne's, St Agnes's and St Philip's. Of these churches, only St Edward's still holds a daughter position. St Agnes's closed in 1966 and St Anne's in 2015. St Philip is still an operational church, but is no longer in the parish after the boundaries were adjusted in the late 20th century.

The church was designated a Grade I listed building in 1975.

Bute mausoleum
An ornate north aisle chapel was added to the church between 1881 and 1886, as the new mausoleum for the Bute family tombs. Seven large sarcophagi in red granite, were added to contain the remains of the members of the Bute family who had been interred in the previous church. The original stone memorial plaques were included in the new tombs.

Those interred in the sarcophagi are:
 Charlotte Jane Windsor, Marchioness of Bute (1746–1800) – first wife of the first Marquess.
 John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute (1744–1814)
 Frances Coutts, Dowager Marchioness of Bute (1773–1832) – second wife of the first Marquess.
 John Stuart, Lord Mount Stuart (1767–1794)
 Gertrude Amelia Stuart (died 1809) – widow of Lord Henry Stuart.
 Lord Henry Stuart (1777–1809) – a son of the first Marquess and Charlotte.
 Elizabeth Penelope Stuart (1819–1822) – daughter of Lord James Stuart.

Daughter Churches
St Margaret's now has only one daughter church, this being the nearby St Edward's on Blenheim Road. It formerly had several others:
St Francis, Splott, opened in 1894, stood on Singleton Street and was built primarily to serve the workers of the copper, steel and ironworks of the East Moors area. It closed in 1969.

St Agnes, Roath, opened in 1886, served the area south of Broadway. It was later transferred to the Parish of St German's. Its altar is now in St Mary's Butetown. It closed in 1966, though the name survives as a chapel in St German's, where its war memorial, is now located.

St Anne's, Roath opened in 1887. It closed in 2015.

St Philip's, Tremorfa was founded in 1930 to serve what was then a new council estate. It was originally a hall, which was replaced in 1937 by a tin tabernacle which had itself formerly been St Joseph's, Gabalfa and St Alban's, Splott, both of which had been replaced by permanent buildings. It was replaced by a permanent building in 1966. It was separated from the Parish of Roath in the late 20th century and has been partnered with St Mark's, Gabalfa since 2004.

Gallery

References

External links
 St Margaret's Church, Roath Parish

Roath
Rebuilt church buildings in Wales
Roath, St Margaret
Roath, St Margaret
Roath
John Prichard buildings

St Margaret's Church, Roath


Preservation may mean:
The common meaning is: keeping and maintaining to make sure that the object is protected against decay and will be (nearly) the same in future.

Special meanings are:
Art conservation and restoration, the retention of antiquities for museums or exhibition, also called "Art preservation"
Case preservation, in computer storage
Environmental preservation, the active maintenance and advocacy of the protection of the natural environment
Digital preservation, the management of digital information over time
Film preservation, rescuing aging film stock and preserving recorded images
National Film Preservation Board
Food preservation
Historic preservation, the theory and practice of creatively maintaining the historic built environment

Self preservation, part of an animal's fundamental instinct which demands that the organism survive

Preservation


ABC News is the news division of the American television network ABC. Its flagship program is the daily evening newscast ABC World News Tonight with David Muir; other programs include morning news-talk show Good Morning America, Nightline, Primetime, and 20/20, and Sunday morning political affairs program This Week with George Stephanopoulos.

In addition to the division's television programs, ABC News has radio and digital outlets, including ABC News Radio and ABC News Live, plus various podcasts hosted by ABC News personalities.

History

Early years
ABC began in 1943 as the NBC Blue Network, a radio network that was spun off from NBC, as ordered by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1942. The reason for the order was to expand competition in radio broadcasting in the United States, specifically news and political broadcasting, and broaden the projected points of view. Only a few companies, such as NBC and CBS, dominated the radio market. NBC conducted the split voluntarily in case its appeal of the ruling was denied, and it was forced to split its two networks into separate companies.

Regular television news broadcasts on ABC began soon after the network signed on its initial owned-and-operated television station (WJZ-TV, now WABC-TV) and production center in New York City in August 1948. Broadcasts continued as the ABC network expanded nationwide. Until the early 1970s, ABC News programs and ABC in general consistently ranked third in viewership behind CBS and NBC news programs. ABC had fewer affiliate stations and a weaker prime-time programming slate to support the network's news operations compared to the two larger networks, each of which had established their radio news operations during the 1930s.

Roone Arledge
By the 1970s, the network had effectively turned around, with its prime-time entertainment programs achieving more substantial ratings and drawing in higher advertising revenue and profits for ABC overall. With the appointment of the president of ABC Sports, Roone Arledge as president of ABC News in 1977, ABC invested the resources to make it a significant source of news content. Arledge, known for experimenting with the broadcast "model", created many of ABC News' most popular and enduring programs, including 20/20, World News Tonight, This Week, Nightline, and Primetime Live. ABC News' longtime slogan, "More Americans get their news from ABC News than from any other source." (introduced in the late 1980s), was a claim referring to the number of people who watch, listen to and read ABC News content on television, radio and (eventually) the Internet, and not necessarily to the telecasts alone.

In June 1998, ABC News (which owned an 80% stake in the service), Nine Network and ITN sold their respective interests in Worldwide Television News to the Associated Press. Additionally, ABC News signed a multi-year content deal with AP for its affiliate video service, Associated Press Television News (APTV), while providing material from ABC's news video service, ABC News One, to APTV.

20/20 scandal
Scandal erupted in 1985 over a decision by Arledge, president of ABC News and Sports, to kill a 13-minute report about Marilyn Monroe, possibly due to his close ties to Ethel Kennedy. 20/20 drew criticism from the program's co-anchors, Hugh Downs and Barbara Walters, and the executive producer, Av Westin. Arledge said that he had killed the piece because it was "gossip-column stuff" and "does not live up to its billing." Downs, however, took issue with Arledge's judgment. "I am upset about the way it was handled," he said in an interview. "I honestly believe that this is more carefully documented than anything any network did during Watergate. I lament the fact that the decision reflects badly on people I respect and it reflects badly on me and the broadcast."  Additionally, Westin said: "I don't anticipate not putting it on the air. The journalism is solid. Everything in there has two sources. We are documenting that there was a relationship between Bobby and Marilyn and Jack and Marilyn. A variety of eyewitnesses attest to that on camera." Two other aspects of the unaired report, according to an ABC staff member who has seen it, are eyewitness accounts of wiretapping of Monroe's home by Jimmy Hoffa, the teamster leader, that reveal meetings between her and the Kennedy brothers, and accounts of a visit to Monroe by Robert F. Kennedy on the day of her death. Fred Otash, a detective who said he was the chief wiretapper, is interviewed on camera, and ABC staff members said three other wiretappers corroborated his account. In addition, several people not in the book say on camera that Monroe kept diaries with references to meetings with the Kennedy brothers, according to a staff member who has seen the report. "It set out to be a piece which would demonstrate that because of alleged relations between Robert Kennedy and John F. Kennedy and Monroe, the presidency was compromised because organized crime was involved," he said. "Based on what has been uncovered so far, there was no evidence."  Arledge's decision to kill the broadcast resulted in the subsequent decision of Geraldo Rivera to leave ABC entirely. Rivera was a 20/20 correspondent but did not work on that story. He had been publicly critical of Arledge's decision. Arledge, a champion and defender of Rivera, said he thought the story needed more work. The story probed purported affairs between actress Marilyn Monroe, President John F. Kennedy, and his brother Robert F. Kennedy.

Modern era
On August 7, 2014, ABC announced that it would relaunch its radio network division, ABC Radio, on January 1, 2015. The change occurred following the announcement that Cumulus would replace its ABC News radio service with Westwood One News (via CNN). On September 20, 2019, ABC Radio was renamed as ABC Audio as the network has evolved to offer a podcast portfolio and other forms of on-demand and linear content.

In April 2018, it was announced that FiveThirtyEight would be transferred to ABC News from ESPN, Inc., majority owned by The Walt Disney Company. On September 10, 2018, ABC News launched a second attempt to extend its Good Morning America brand into the afternoon with GMA3: What You Need To Know. In May 2019, ABC News Live, an news focused steaming channel, was launched on Roku. Following a reorganization of ABC's parent company, The Walt Disney Company which created the Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International segment in March 2018, ABC News Digital and Live Streaming, including ABC News Live and FiveThirtyEight, were transferred to the new segment.

In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of 38 news organizations, ABC News was ranked the second most trusted news organization by Americans, behind The Wall Street Journal.

Programming

Current ABC News programs
 ABC World News Tonight (1978–present)
 20/20 (1978–present)
 America This Morning (1982–present)
 Good Morning America (1975–present)
 Good Morning America Weekend (1993–present)
 GMA3: What You Need To Know (2018–present)
 Nightline (1980–present)
 Tamron Hall (2019–present)
 The View (1997–present)
 This Week (1981–present)
 World News Now (1992–present)

Former ABC News programs

Newscast programs
 After the Deadlines (1951–1952)
 Issues and Answers (1969–1981)
 ABC News Weekend Report (1970s–1991)
 AM America (1975)
 Business World (1987–1990)
 Good Afternoon America (2012)
 The Health Show (1987–89)
 Turning Point (1994–1999)
 World News This Morning (1982–2006)

Newsmagazines
 Open Hearing (1957–1958)
 Our World (1986–1987)
 20/20 Downtown (1999–2001)
 Closeup
 Day One (1993–1995)
 Our World (1986–1987)
 Primetime (1989–2012)
 Primetime Thursday (2000–2002)
 Turning Point (1994–1999)
 I-Caught (2007)

Public affairs
 College News Conference (1952–1960)
 Answers for Americans (1953–1954)
 Issues and Answers (1960–1981)

Digital programs
 The Debrief (2018–2019)
 The Briefing Room (2018–2019)
 10% Happier (video broadcast of 10% Happier podcast) (2015–2017)
 Real Biz with Rebecca Jarvis (2014–2017)

Other programs
 Discovery (1962–1963)
 Make a Wish (1971–1976)
 Animals, Animals, Animals (1976–1981)
 Biography (1987–2005)
 Peter Jennings Reporting (1990–2005)
 Intimate Portrait (1994–2005) (co-production with Gay Rosenthal Productions)
 The Century: America's Time (1999)
 ABC 2000 Today (1999–2000)
 Medical Mysteries (2006–2008)
 NASCAR in Primetime (2007)
 What Would You Do? (formerly Primetime: What Would You Do?) (2008–2020)
 Popcorn with Peter Traves (2009–present)
 The Generic Detective (2020)
 The Con (2020–present) (co-production with The Intellectual Property Corporation)
 Wild Crimes (2021)
 City of Angels | City of Death (2021) (co-production with Highway 41 Productions)
 Let the World See (2022)
 Have You Seen This Man? (2022)
 Keeper of the Ashes: The Oklahoma Girl Scout Murders (2022)
 Mormon No More (2022)
 The Murders Before the Marathon (2022) (co-production with Anonymous Content and Story Syndicate)
 Where Is Private Dulaney? (2022–present) (co-production with Show of Force and Versus Pictures)
 Death in the Dorms (2023)
 Web of Death (2023)

Other services

ABC News Radio

ABC News Radio is the radio service of ABC Audio, a division of the ABC News. Formerly known as ABC Radio News, ABC News Radio feeds through Skyview Networks with newscasts on the hour to its affiliates. ABC News Radio is the largest commercial radio news organization in the US.

ABCNews.com
ABCNews.com launched on May 15, 1997, by ABC News Internet Ventures, a joint venture between Starwave and ABC formed in April 1997. Starwave had owned and operated ESPNet SportsZone (later known as ESPN.com) since 1995, which licensed the ESPN brand and video clips from ABC's corporate sister ESPN Inc. Disney wanted more control of their Internet properties, which meant ABCNews.com was operated as a joint venture with ABC News having editorial control. Disney had also bought a minority stake in Starwave before the launch of ABCNews.com and would later buy the company outright.

The website initially had a dedicated staff of about 30. In addition to articles, it featured short video clips and audio from the start, delivered using RealAudio and RealVideo technology. Some content was also available via America Online. In 2011, ABC News and Yahoo News announced a strategic partnership to share ABC's online reporting on Yahoo's website; the deal expanded in 2015 to include the Disney/ABC Television Group.

In 2018, ABC News, and Good Morning America specifically, ended the hosting partnership with Yahoo, instead opting to continue separate web presences.

ABC News Live

ABC News Live is a 24/7 streaming video news channel for breaking news, live events, newscasts and longer-form reports and documentaries operated by ABC News since 2018, The channel is available through Roku, Hulu, YouTube TV, Sling TV, Pluto TV, Xumo, FuboTV and the news division's other streaming platforms. The service is under the direction of Justin Dial, Vice President of Streaming Content, Seniboye Tienabeso, Executive Director of ABC News Live, Chandra Zeikel, Executive Producer, David T Hatcher, Executive Producer & Eric Ortega, Executive Producer.

This unit is producing:
 ABC News Live First, a daily 4 hour live morning show anchored by Diane Macedo from 9:00am–1:00pm (Eastern Time)
 ABC News Live, a daily 3 hour and 2 hour afternoon show (Eastern Time) anchored by Kyra Phillips from 1:00–4:00pm, and anchored by Kayna Whitworth from 5:00–7:00pm
 ABC News Live Prime, a nightly 90 minute news programmed anchored by Linsey Davis starting at 7:00pm (Eastern Time) (February 2020-)
 GMA3: What You Need To Know, a weekday, hour-long daytime news program on ABC. It premiered in March 2020 as Pandemic: What You Need To Know, as a temporary replacement for its talk show Strahan, Sara and Keke to cover the onset of the Coronavirus pandemic in the United States. It has since replaced indefinitely. The program is currently anchored by Eva Pilgrim, DeMarco Morgan and joined by ABC News chief medical correspondent Jennifer Ashton.

Former

Satellite News Channel

Satellite News Channel was a joint venture between ABC News and Group W that launched on June 21, 1982, as a satellite-delivered cable television network. SNC used footage from ABC News and seven Washington, D.C.-based crews and stories from other overseas networks to provide a rotating newscast every 20 minutes. However, this channel had difficulty getting clearance from cable systems, so ABC News and Group W decided to sell it to its competitor, CNN (a subsidiary of Time Warner's Turner Broadcasting System). CNN ceased Satellite News Channel's operations on October 27, 1983. SNC was either replaced by CNN or CNN2 on most cable systems.

ABC News Now
ABC News Now was a 24-hour cable news network that launched on July 26, 2004, as a digital subchannel by ABC News, being the company's second attempt in the 24-hour cable news world after Satellite News Channel. It was offered via digital television, broadband and streaming video at ABCNews.com and on mobile phones. It delivered breaking news, headline news each half hour, and a wide range of entertainment and lifestyle programming. The channel was available in the United States and Europe. Its Talk Back feature allowed viewers to voice their input by submitting videos and personal thoughts on controversial issues and current topics. It was shut down as a digital subchannel after its experimental phase ended with the Presidential inauguration in 2005. ABC News Now was replaced on cable providers with Fusion on October 28, 2013.

Fusion

Fusion was a digital cable and satellite network owned and operated by Fusion Media Group, LLC, which was a joint venture between ABC News and Univision Communications. ABC and Univision formally announced their launch on May 2, 2012. Launched on October 28, 2013, Fusion features a mix of traditional news and investigative programs along with satirical content aimed at English-speaking Hispanic and Latino American adults between the ages of 18 and 34. The network replaced ABC News Now, a mainly streaming service of ABC News content. In December 2015, it was reported that Disney was in talks to sell its stake in Fusion to Univision. The split was complete on April 21, 2016; Univision alone would continue to operate Fusion until December 31, 2021, when it shut down the network.

Personnel

Current television anchors, correspondents, and reporters
New York (Main Headquarters)
 Mona Kosar Abdi –  Correspondent (2019–present)
 Dan Abrams – Chief Legal Analyst (2011–present)
 Rhiannon Ally – Co-Anchor, World News Now and America This Morning; Correspondent (2022–present)
 Jennifer Ashton – Co-Anchor, GMA3: What You Need to Know (2023–present); Chief Health & Medical Editor and Chief Medical Correspondent (2012–present)
 Trevor Ault – Correspondent (2019–present)
 Jim Avila – Senior National Correspondent (2000–present)
 Joy Behar – Co-Host, The View (1997–2013, 2015–present)
 Gio Benitez – Co-Anchor, Good Morning America: Weekend Edition (2023–present); Transportation Correspondent (2013–present)
 Juju Chang – Co-Anchor, Nightline (1996–present)
 Alexis Christoforous – Business Correspondent (2022–present)
 Linsey Davis  – Anchor, ABC News Live Prime; Anchor, World News Tonight Sunday (2007–present)
 Derricke Dennis – Staff Correspondent (2019–present)
 Andrew Dymburt – Co-Anchor, World News Now and America This Morning; Correspondent (2020–present)
 Andrea Fujii – Part-Time Correspondent, World News Now and America This Morning (2019–present)
 Will Ganss – Multi-Platform Reporter (2019–present)
 Whoopi Goldberg – Co-Host, The View (2007–present)
 Alyssa Farah Griffin – Co-Host, The View (2022–present)
 Sara Haines – Co-Host, The View; Correspondent (2013–present)
 Sunny Hostin – Co-Host, The View; Senior Legal Correspondent (2016–present)
 Rebecca Jarvis – Chief Business, Technology, and Economics Correspondent (2013–present)
 Whit Johnson – Co-Anchor, Good Morning America: Weekend Edition; Anchor, World News Tonight Saturday (2018–present)
 Zachary Kiesch – Correspondent (2018–present)
 CeFaan Kim – Correspondent/ Correspondent, WABC-TV
 Phil Lipof –  Correspondent (2021–present)
 Diane Macedo – Anchor, ABC News Live Update; Correspondent (2016–present)
 Rob Marciano – Weather Anchor, World News Tonight; Senior Meteorologist (2014–present)
 DeMarco Morgan - Co-Anchor, GMA3: What You Need to Know (2023–present); Correspondent (2022–present)
 David Muir – Anchor and Managing Editor, World News Tonight (2016–present); Co-Anchor, 20/20 (2011–present)
 Ana Navarro – Co-Host, The View (2022–present); Political Commentator (2014–present)
 Danny New – Multi-Platform Reporter (2023–present)
 Janai Norman – Co-Anchor, Good Morning America: Weekend Edition (2022–present); Correspondent (2011–present)
 Eva Pilgrim – Co-Anchor, GMA3: What You Need to Know (2023–present); Correspondent (2015–present)
 Byron Pitts – Co-Anchor, Nightline; Chief National Correspondent (2013–present)
 John Quiñones – Anchor, What Would You Do? (1982–present)
 Stephanie Ramos – Correspondent (2015–present)
 Will Reeve – Correspondent (2018–present)
 Erielle Reshef – Correspondent (2017–present)
 Deborah Roberts – Contributing Anchor, 20/20; Senior National Affairs Correspondent (1995–present)
 Robin Roberts – Co-Anchor, Good Morning America (2005–present); Anchor, The Year (2002–present)
 Reena Roy – Multi-Platform Reporter (2020–present)
 Diane Sawyer – Co-Anchor, Good Morning America (1999–2009); Anchor (1989–2014)
 Lara Spencer – Co-Anchor, Good Morning America (1999–2004; 2011–present)
 George Stephanopoulos – Co-Anchor, Good Morning America (2009–present); Anchor, This Week (1999–present)
 Michael Strahan – Co-Anchor, Good Morning America (2014–present)
 Megan Tevrizian – Part-Time Correspondent
 Somara Theodore – Weather Anchor, Good Morning America: Weekend Edition; Meteorologist (2023–present)
 Bob Woodruff – Military Correspondent (1996–present)
 Ginger Zee – Weather Anchor, Good Morning America (2013–present) and World News Tonight; Chief Meteorologist (2011–present)

Washington, D.C.
 Faith Abubey – Multi-Platform Reporter (2020–present)
 Mary Bruce – Senior White House Correspondent (2006–present)
 John Donvan – Washington Correspondent (1982–1985; 1988–present)
 Devin Dwyer – Senior Washington Correspondent (2007–present)
 Ike Ejiochi – Multi-Platform Reporter (2021–present)
 Justin Finch – Multi-Platform Reporter (2022–present)
 Averi Harper – Deputy Political Director
 Jonathan Karl – Co-Anchor, This Week; Chief Washington Correspondent (2003–present)
 Rick Klein – Political Director
 Lionel Moise – Multi-Platform Reporter (2021–present)
 Terry Moran – Anchor, ABC News Live Update; Senior National Correspondent (1997–present)
 Kenneth Moton – Correspondent (2015–present)
 Em Nguyen – Multi-Platform Reporter (2021–present)
 MaryAlice Parks – White House Correspondent (2013–present)
 Kyra Phillips – Anchor, ABC News Live First; Correspondent (2018–present)
 Alex Presha – Correspondent (2020–present)
 Martha Raddatz – Co-Anchor, This Week; Chief Global Affairs Correspondent (1999–present)
 Elizabeth Schulze – Multi-Platform Reporter (2020–present)
 Rachel Scott – Senior Congressional Correspondent (2016–present)
 Pierre Thomas – Chief Justice Correspondent (2000–present)
 Karen Travers – White House Correspondent
 Lindsay Watts – Multi-Platform Reporter (2023–present)
 Jen Newman – Producer, ABC's Start Here

Atlanta
 Elwyn Lopez – Corresponsdent (2020–present)
 Steve Osunsami – Senior National Correspondent (1997–present)

Chicago
 Alex Perez – Correspondent (2012–present)

Dallas
 Marcus Moore – Correspondent (2017–present)
 Kevin Reece – Reporter for WFAA and Correspondent
 Mireya Villarreal - Correspondent

Los Angeles
 Melissa Adan – Correspondent (2023–present)
 Will Carr – Correspondent (2018–present)
 Matt Gutman – Chief National Correspondent (2008–present)
 Morgan Norwood – Multiplatform Reporter (2021–present)
 Zohreen Shah – Multiplatform Reporter
 Kayna Whitworth – Los Angeles-based Correspondent (2015–present)

London
 Tom Soufi Burridge – Foreign Correspondent (2022–present)
 Lama Hasan – Foreign Correspondent
 James Longman – Foreign Correspondent (2017–present)
 Julia Macfarlane – Multiplatform Reporter
 Ian Pannell – Chief Foreign Correspondent (2017–present)
 Maggie Rulli – Foreign Correspondent (2016–present)

Miami
 Victor Oquendo – Correspondent (2017–present)
Paris
 Ines de La Cuetara – Multi-platform Reporter

San Francisco
 Becky Worley – Consumer Correspondent; Technology Contributor (2005–present)

Current ABC News Radio personnel
 Michelle Franzen – Midday Anchor
 Aaron Katersky – Correspondent (2004–present)
 Brad Mielke – Correspondent, ABC News Radio; Host, Start Here podcast
 Jason Nathanson – Entertainment Correspondent, ABC News Radio (2011–present)
 Cheri Preston – New York-based Anchor/ Correspondent, ABC News Radio
 Mark Remillard – New York-based Correspondent, ABC News Radio
 Tom Rivers – London-based Foreign Correspondent, ABC News Radio
 Jim Ryan – Dallas-based Correspondent, ABC News Radio
 Alex Stone – Los Angeles-based and Phoenix-based Correspondent, ABC News Radio (2004–present)

Contributors

 Chris Connelly – Contributor, Good Morning America and 20/20 (2001–present)
 Darrell Blocker, the "Spy Whisperer" – Contributor (2019–present)
 Howard Bragman – Contributor (2010–present)
 Chris Christie – Contributor (2018–present)
 Nate Silver – Special Correspondent; Founder and Editor-in-Chief of FiveThirtyEight
 Darien Sutton – Medical Contributor (2020–present)

Former
('†' symbol indicates person deceased)

 Sharyn Alfonsi (2008–2012; now at CBS News)
 Christiane Amanpour (2010–2012; now at CNN)
 Jack Anderson (1975–1984)†
 Roone Arledge (1977–1998)†
 Thalia Assuras
 Ashleigh Banfield (1991–1993; now at NewsNation)
 Adrienne Bankert (now at NewsNation)
 Rona Barrett (1975–1980)
 Martin Bashir (2005–2010; later at MSNBC; now at BBC News)
 Willow Bay (1994–1998; later at CNN, MSNBC & NBC News; now Dean at USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism in Los Angeles)
 Steve Bell (1967–1986)†
 Jules Bergman (1953–1987)†
 John Berman (now at CNN)
 Richard E. Besser (2009–2017)
 Bill Beutel (1962–1975)†
 Charles Bierbauer
 Deirdre Bolton (2020–2023; now at Prosek Partners News in New York City)
 Erma Bombeck (1975–1986)†
 Abbie Boudreau
 Donna Brazile
 David Brinkley (1981–1996)†
 David Brooks
 Aaron Brown (1992–2001; later at CNN)
 Hal Bruno (1978–1999)†
 Chris Bury (1982–2007)
 Andrea Canning (2004–2012; now at NBC News, correspondent for Dateline NBC)
 Marysol Castro (2004–2010; later at CBS News; then at ESPN; now PA announcer for New York Mets baseball at Citi Field)
 David Chalian (now at CNN)
 Sam Champion (2006–2013; later at The Weather Channel; now at WABC-TV in New York City)
 Rebecca Chase†
 Sylvia Chase†
 Leo Cherne†
 Julia Child†
 Liz Cho (now at WABC-TV in New York City)
 Spencer Christian (1986–1998; now at KGO-TV in San Francisco)
 Connie Chung (1998–2001; later at CNN; later at MSNBC)
 Ron Claiborne (1986–2018)
 Bob Clark†
 John Coleman†
 Ron Cochran†
 Pat Collins (later at WWOR-TV; now retired)
 Ann Compton (retired)
 Bertha Coombs
 Anderson Cooper (now at CNN)
 Nancy Cordes (now at CBS News)
 Dan Cordtz (1974–1989)†
 Katie Couric (2011–2014)
 Catherine Crier
 Mort Crim (late 1960s–early 1970s) later at WDIV-TV in Detroit; retired from journalism
 Chris Cuomo (early 2000s–2009)
 Don Dahler (1999–2001, later at WCBS-TV in New York City, now at CBS News)
 John Daly (1953–1960)†
 Morton Dean (1988–2002) retired
 Arnold Diaz (1995–2003) later at WCBS-TV and WNYW in New York City, now at WPIX in New York City
 Greg Dobbs
 Sam Donaldson (1967–2013) retired
 Linda Douglass
 Matthew Dowd
 Bill Downs (1963–1978)†
 Hugh Downs (1978–1999)†
 Nancy Dussault
 Stephanie Edwards
 Linda Ellerbee
 Josh Elliott (later at CBSN)
 Paula Faris
 Gillian Findlay
 Lisa Fletcher (now at WJLA-TV in Washington, D.C.)
 Jami Floyd (1998–2005) correspondent, co-anchor, Law and Justice Correspondent, Chief Consumer Correspondent
 Jack Ford (1999–2002; now at CBS News as chief legal analyst)
 Marshall Frady†
 Pauline Frederick†
 Ray Gandolf†
 Charles Gibson (1975–2009; now retired from journalism)
 Kendis Gibson (now at WFOR-TV in Miami)
 Richard Gizbert (now at Al Jazeera English)
 Don Goddard†
 Bianna Golodryga — later at Yahoo! News; now jointly on CBS News and CNN
 Marci Gonzalez  (2013–2021; now at KCAL-TV in Los Angeles)
 Jeff Greenfield
 Bill Greenwood†
 Roger Grimsby†
 David Hartman
 Dan Harris (2000–2021)
 Kaylee Hartung (now at NBC News)
 Elisabeth Hasselbeck (2003-2013; now at Fox & Friends)
 Sandy Hill
 Brandi Hitt (now at KABC-TV in Los Angeles)
 John Hockenberry (now host of the public-radio newscast The Takeaway)
 T. J. Holmes (2014–2023)
 Lisa Howard†
 Quincy Howe†
 Brit Hume (now at Fox News)
 Bob Jamieson
 Linzie Janis – Correspondent (2013–2018)
 Tom Jarriel (retired)
 Peter Jennings (1964–2005)†
 Timothy Johnson
 Jackie Judd
 Larry Kane
 Herb Kaplow†
 Neal Karlinsky (now at Amazon)
 David Kerley
 Jim Kincaid†
 Dana King (retired)
 Christianne Klein
 Dan Kloeffler
 Jeffrey Kofman
 Ted Koppel (1966–2005; now at CBS News Sunday Morning)
 Robert Krulwich (now at NPR, also co-host of Radiolab)
 Bill Lawrence†
 Elisabeth Leamy (now contributor for The Dr. Oz Show)
 Mark Litke (1978-2008; now freelance)
 Lisa Ling (1999-2002; now at CBS News Sunday Morning)
 Tom Llamas (2014-2021; now at NBC News)
 Joan Lunden
 Lauren Lyster
 Catherine Mackin†
 John MacVane†
 Sheila MacVicar
 Miguel Marquez
 Michel Martin (now at NPR, weekend host of All Things Considered)
 Rachel Martin (now at NPR, co-host of Morning Edition)
 Terry McCarthy (journalist) (now CEO at the American Society of Cinematographers)
 Cynthia McFadden (now at NBC News)
 Lisa McRee (now in Los Angeles news)
 John McWethy†
 Antonio Mora
 Edward P. Morgan†
 Geoff Morrell
 Ben Mulroney
 Vinita Nair
 Heather Nauert (later Spokesperson for the United States Department of State during the Trump administration)
 Amna Nawaz (now with PBS NewsHour)
 Rob Nelson (now at NewsNation in Chicago)
 Kevin Newman (now at CTV News)
 Reena Ninan (now at CBS News)
 Michele Norris (now at NPR)
 Bill O'Reilly
 Ryan Owens
 Jesse Palmer
 Keke Palmer
 Tara Palmeri (now at Politico)
 Perri Peltz
 Tony Perkins (1999–2005; now at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C.)
 Indra Petersons (now at NBC News)
 Stone Phillips
 Steven Portnoy
 Morgan Radford (now at NBC News)
 Vic Ratner
 Harry Reasoner†
 Dean Reynolds
 Frank Reynolds†
 Bill Ritter (now at WABC-TV in New York City)
 Geraldo Rivera (now at Fox News)
 Tanya Rivero (now at CBS News)
 Amy Robach (2012–2023)
 Cokie Roberts†
 Max Robinson (1978–1983; later at WMAQ-TV in Chicago)†
 Brian Rooney (1988–2011)
 Judd Rose†
 Brian Ross
 Louis Rukeyser†
 Pierre Salinger†
 Clayton Sandell
 Marlene Sanders†
 Forrest Sawyer
 Dick Schaap†
 Jay Schadler
 John Scali†
 Mara Schiavocampo
 Nick Schifrin
 David Schoumacher
 John Schriffen
 Mike Schneider (now at NJTV)
 Jim Sciutto (now at CNN)
 Martin Seemungal (now at PBS)
 Barry Serafin
 Sunlen Serfaty (now at CNN)
 Lara Setrakian
 Bill Shadel†
 Bernard Shaw†
 Sherri Shepherd (2007–2014; now at Sherri)
 Lynn Sherr
 Claire Shipman
 Lewis Shollenberger†
 Joel Siegel†
 Carole Simpson
 Howard K. Smith†
 Rachel Smith
 Kate Snow (2004–2010; now at NBC News)
 Nancy Snyderman
 Hari Sreenivasan
 Betsy Stark
 Alison Stewart
 Bill Stewart†
 John Stossel
 Kathleen Sullivan
 Stephanie Sy
 John Cameron Swayze†
 Jake Tapper (now at CNN)
 Richard Threlkeld†
 Jeffrey Toobin (now at CNN)
 Lem Tucker†
 Garrick Utley†
 Sander Vanocur†
 Elizabeth Vargas (1996–2018, now at NewsNation)
 Cecilia Vega (2011–2023, now at CBS News, Correspondent of 60 minutes)
 Meredith Vieira (1994–2006; now at 25 Words or Less)
 Chris Wallace (now at CNN)
 Clarissa Ward (now at CNN)
 Barbara Walters†
 Bill Weir (now at CNN)
 David Wright
 John Yang (now correspondent; PBS NewsHour)
 Jessica Yellin
 Bob Young†
 Paula Zahn (now at Investigation Discovery)
 Jeff Zeleny (now at CNN)
 Dave Zinczenko (now nutrition and wellness editor at NBC's TODAY)

In Australia, Sky News Australia airs daily broadcasts of ABC World News Tonight (at 10:30 a.m.) and Nightline (at 1:30 a.m.) as well as weekly airings of 20/20 (on Wednesdays at 1:30 p.m., with an extended version at 2:00 p.m. on Sundays) and occasionally Primetime (at 1:30 p.m. on Thursdays, with extended edition at 2:00 p.m. on Saturdays). Coincidentally, that country's public broadcasting, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, operates its unrelated news division that is also named ABC News. The U.S. ABC News maintains a content-sharing agreement with the Nine Network, which also broadcasts GMA domestically in the early morning before its own breakfast program.

In New Zealand, ABC World News was broadcast daily at 5:10 p.m. and again at 11:35 p.m. As with the BBC in the U.K., TVNZ 7 (owned by Television New Zealand) aired the program commercial-free until the channel ceased operations on June 30, 2012.

References

External links

 "This Week" - Top Stories

American Broadcasting Company
Television news in the United States

ABC News


A capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It is made of several protein subunits. The observable 3-dimensional subunits are called 'capsomeres'. The capsid encloses the nucleic acid of the virus.

Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures.  The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while the helical shape is cylindrical.  The capsid faces may consist of one or more proteins. For example, the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid has faces consisting of three proteins called VP1–3.

Viral envelopes
Most viruses (e.g. influenza and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protein capsids. This means the capsid is coated with a lipid membrane.

The envelope is got by the capsid from an intracellular membrane in the virus' host; such as the inner nuclear membrane, the golgi membrane, or the cell's outer membrane.

The envelope may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane This allows the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.

References

Viruses
Proteins

Capsid