Bhagwatikumar Sharma (31 May 1934 – 5 September 2018) was an Indian author and journalist who wrote in Gujarati.  Born in Surat and educated in languages, he edited a daily for several years. He wrote novels, short stories, poetry, essays and criticism. He received Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak in 1984 and Sahitya Akademi Award in 1988.

Biography
Sharma was born in Surat on 31 May 1934 in Shrimali Brahmin family of Hargovind and Heeraben. His family was a native of Ahmedabad. His father was a pandit of Samveda. He completed the secondary school education in 1950 and left studies. He later completed his B. A. in Gujarati and English languages in 1968.

He wrote his first poem, on the event of Mahatma Gandhi's death, on 31 January 1948. In 1951, his two sonnets were published for the first time in Gujaratmitra, a daily published from Surat. In 1953, he recited his poem for the first time in the poet meet. He joined the editing department of Gujarat Mitra in 1955. He served as the trustee of Kavi Narmad Yugavart Trust and vice-president of Narmad Sahityasabha, Surat. He also served as president of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad from 2009 to 2011.

He married Jyotiben in 1953. She died in 2009.

Sharma died on 5 September 2018 in Surat.

Works
His novels include Aarti ane Angara (1957), Man Nahi Mane (1962), Rikta (1968), Vyaktamadhya (1970), Samaydvip (1974), Urdhvamool (1981), Asuryalok (1987), Dwar Nahi Khule, Premyatra, Viti Jashe Aa Rat?, Padchhaya Sang Preet (1963), Na Kinaro, Na Mazdhar (1965), Hridaysharan, Nirvikalp (2006). Samaydvip deals with old Brahmin culture and modern sensibility. His short story collections include Deep Se Deep Jale (1959), Hridaydaan (1960), Ratrani, Chhinnabhinna (1967), Mahek Mali Gai, Tamane Ful Didhanu Yaad Nathi (1970), Kai Yaad Nathi (1974), Vyarth Kakko, Chhal Barakhadi (1979), Akathya (1994), Mangalya Kathao (2001) and Adabeed (1985). His selected stories are published as Bhagavatikumarni Shresth Vartao (1987). His collections of essays are Shabdateet (1980), Bistantu (1988), Hriday Sarasa (1995), Dandiya Dool (2005), Jadabatod (2006), Spandan. Supda Saf is collection of humorous essays while America Avje (1996) is his travelogue.

He worked in different genres of poetry such as Ghazal, Geet, Sonnet etc. Sambhav (Ghazal collection), his first anthology, was published in 1974, followed by Chhando Chhe Pandada Jenan (1987), Nakhdarpan (1995), Jhalhal (1995), Adhi Aksharnu Chomasu (2002), Ujaagaro (2004), Ek Kagal Harivarne (2003), Gazalayan (2009) and Atmasaat (2010). Atmasaat is a collection of 72 sonnets dedicated to his wife, Jyoti, after her death. He has written biography, Saral Shatriji. He translated Sat Yugoslav Varta (1978), Ashadno Ek Divas (1979) and Alok Parva (1995). He edited Swasoshwas on the occasion of seventieth anniversary of Gani Dahiwala. His poems are also compiled as Tamara Vina Saanj Duske Chadhi Chhe (2003) by Suresh Dalal, Shabdanu Saat Bhavnu Lenu Chhe (2009) and Gazalni Paalakhi (2009) by Ravindra Parekh and Kavyakalash by Bharati Dalal.

He has written his autobiography Surat Muj Ghayal Bhoomi.

Recognition
He received Kumar Chandrak in 1977 and Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak in 1984. He also received Sahitya Akademi Award in 1988 for his novel Asuryalok. He was conferred the Doctor of Literature (D.Litt.) by Veer Narmad South Gujarat University in 1999. He received Kalapi Award in 2003. In 2011, he received the Harindra Dave Memorial Award for journalism and Vali Gujarati Gazal Award for his contribution to literature. He also received Nachiketa award in 1999, Nandshankar Mehta Chandrak in 1998 for Akathya, Swami Sachchidanand Sanman in 2003, Darshak Award. He received Narsinh Mehta Award in 2009. In 2017, Gujarat Sahitya Akademi awarded him Sahityaratna Award.

See also
 List of Gujarati-language writers

References

External links

Bhagwatikumar Sharma : Padchhaaya Sang Preet : Documentary film

1934 births
2018 deaths
Indian male journalists
Gujarati-language writers
People from Surat district
Writers from Gujarat
Modernist writers
Indian male poets
Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati

Bhagwatikumar Sharma


Edgar Frederick Marie Justin, Baron Michiels van Verduynen (2 December 1885 – 13 May 1952) was a Dutch politician.

Michiels van Verduynen was born in The Hague. He was a wealthy businessman, distinguished diplomat and conservative Catholic. He was a special envoy of the Dutch government to Czechoslovakia between 1920 and 1923. He became ambassador in London in 1939, shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War. When the Dutch government went into exile in London, he joined as a minister without portfolio.

He married in The Hague on 24 November 1917 with Henriette Elisabeth Jochems (1882–1968). The marriage was childless and he died in London in 1952.

Decorations
 Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1922
 Commander in the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1946
 Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1949
 Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia), 1924

References
  Parlement.com

1885 births
1952 deaths
Ambassadors of the Netherlands to the United Kingdom
Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
Dutch nobility
Dutch Roman Catholics
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Leiden University alumni
Ministers without portfolio of the Netherlands
Diplomats from The Hague
Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
Businesspeople from The Hague

Edgar Michiels van Verduynen


A secret identity is a person's cryptonym, incognito, cover and/or alter ego which is not known to the general populace, most often used in fiction. Brought into popular culture by the Scarlet Pimpernel in 1903, the concept was widespread in pulp heroes and is particularly prevalent in the American comic book genre, and is a trope of the masquerade.

In American comic books, a character typically has dual identities, one overt and one covert. The false or public identity''' being known to the general public as the "superhero persona" and the other being the secret identity. The private or secret identity is typically the superhero's legal name, true identity, and/or "civilian persona" when they are not actively assuming the superhero persona. It is kept hidden from their enemies and the general public to protect themselves from legal ramifications, pressure, or public scrutiny, as well as to protect their friends and loved ones from harm secondary to their actions as superheroes.

Example
Bruce Wayne's "playboy billionaire" is portrayed in all media as his "mask", or false identity, while his Batman persona is his "face", or true identify.
Clark maintains three separate identities: the reporter Clark Kent and the superhero Superman identities each allows different means of helping people. These identities are kept separate from his Smallville farmer identity, in order to protect his family's privacy.

Occasionally, this trope is inverted. Examples of this are:
Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man (2008), where the film ends with the lead character declaring to the world "I am Iron Man"Spider-Man: No Way Home'' (2021), where it ends with Peter Parker's civilian persona being permanently erased from the memory of the entire world, as a result of a spell by Doctor Strange.

See also
Alter ego
Incarnation
Operational cover

References

External links
Who's wearing the mask
The Many, Many People Who Know Batman's "Secret" Identity
No More Secret Identities: The Trouble With Alter Egos

Fictional elements introduced in 1903
Adventure fiction
Code names
English phrases
Espionage
Pseudonyms
Secrecy
Superhero fiction themes

Secret identity


Forestville station is a former train station located off 171 Central Street in the Forestville village of Bristol, Connecticut.  It was built in 1881 by the New York and New England Railroad, and was a key element of the prosperity of the village, benefiting from many daily passenger rail stops.  Service to the area ended in 1960.  The station, now repurposed to other uses, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 1978 as Forestville Passenger Station.

Description and history

Forestville station is located in the heart of Forestville village, on the west side of Central Street, between the former railroad right-of-way it served and the Pequabuck River.  It is a small single-story wood frame structure, with a bracketed cornice and a hipped roof topped by a louvered cupola with finial.  A platform shelter extends east from the station, supported by square posts with angle brackets.  The building originally had a two-story tower, which was lost to fire in 1900.  Its footprint is now occupied by a slightly projecting section that historically acted as a vestibule.

The station was built in 1881 by the New York and New England Railroad on a railroad line originally owned by the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad.  Local lore says that the building was prefabricated and delivered to the site by the railroad.  If this method was used, it was the only instance in which the railroad employed this construction method.  The station was served at the outset by 13 trains per day, greatly enhancing the village's economic prosperity.  Service to the station was discontinued in 1960.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut

References

External links

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Queen Anne architecture in Connecticut
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1881
Railway stations in Hartford County, Connecticut
Former New York and New England Railroad stations
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
1881 establishments in Connecticut
Former railway stations in Connecticut

Forestville station


Bhodesar Mosque is located in Tharparkar District, Sindh, Pakistan. The white marble mosque of Bhodesar is built in a style that was highly influenced by the architecture of nearby Jain temples. The mosque was built in 1505 CE by the Sultan Mahmud Begada of Gujarat. The mosque features a central dome very similar to domes found on the nearby Jain temples,  resting upon a square shaped edifice measuring 9.2 metres on each side. Pillars at the mosque also reflect Jain architecture, while decorative elements along the roofline were also inspired by Jain temples.

References

Tharparkar District
Mosques in Sindh
15th-century mosques

Bhodesar Mosque


Nocturnal transportation is an all-encompassing name for public transportation that operates during the night.  Nocturnal transport is operated by governments and municipalities, and operates mainly in large cities.  Nocturnal transport is divided into two main types: urban nocturnal transport and inter-urban nocturnal transport.  Urban night traffic is less common, and has flourished mainly in recent years.  Transportation lines, which include mainly trams and buses, are usually marked with different numbers than usual, and their routes are also different, stopping at fewer stations.  By contrast, inter-city night transport is very common, as many prefer to travel by train, for example, during the night, and arrive at their destination the next morning.

Bus transport

Night service (public transport)


Adelges is a genus of insects which feed on conifers. Excepting galls formed by the spruce gall midge, galls are caused by aphid-like insects of the superfamily Phylloxeroidea (family Adelgidae) commonly known as the spruce gall adelgids. They have complex life cycles, some species feeding exclusively on spruce, others feeding on spruce and an alternate conifer. However, galls characteristic of each species are formed only on spruce. Six generations are usually needed to complete the 2-year cycle, and in the case of species having an alternate host, winged adults about 2 mm long are formed only in the generations that move from one host to the other.

The spruce gall adelgid (Adelges lariciatus Patch) occurs in alternate years on spruce and larch from Alberta to the Maritimes and in adjacent parts of the United States. The pale spruce gall adelgid (Adelges strobilobius Kaltenbach) has a similar range but prefers black spruce or red spruce to white spruce.

Species include:
 Adelges abietis (Pineapple gall adelgid)
 Adelges cooleyi (Gall adelgid)
 Adelges piceae (Balsam woolly adelgid)
 Adelges tsugae (Hemlock woolly adelgid)

References

 Bugguide.net. Genus Adelges

Adelgidae
Sternorrhyncha genera

Adelges


In biology, a cline, or 'ecocline', describes a series of connected populations in a species. These populations show a continuous gradient of traits and genetics.  The term was coined by the English evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley in 1938. He defined a cline as a species whose members fall into a series of sub-species with continuous change in characters over a geographical area.

Introduction
Clines consist of forms of a species that show gradual phenotypic and/or genetic differences over a geographical area.

The reason for these differences is that the environment is somewhat different in different parts of the range. Populations become adapted to the situation in their areas, but this adaptation is limited by gene flow between neighbouring sub-species.

Genetically, clines result from the change of allele frequencies within the gene pool of the species in question.

References

Evolutionary biology
Classical genetics

Cline


Jasper Aerents (born 18 December 1992) is a Belgian swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events.

Career
He won two bronze medals, as a member of the Belgian swimming team, in the 4×50 m freestyle relay at the 2011 European Short Course Swimming Championships in Szczecin, Poland, and at the 2012 European Short Course Swimming Championships in Chartres, France. He also captured a silver medal in the 50 m freestyle at the 2010 European Junior Swimming Championships in Helsinki, Finland by a quarter of a second (0.25) behind Ukraine's Andriy Hovorov, in a personal best of 22.79. Aerents is a member of Regal Swimming Club () in Belgium, and is coached and trained by Rik Valcke.

Aerents qualified for two swimming events at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, by clearing a FINA B-standard entry time of 22.42 (50 m freestyle) from the Nancy Long Course Invitational in Nancy, France. He also teamed up with Dieter Dekoninck, Emmanuel Vanluchene, and Pieter Timmers in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay. Swimming the second leg, Aerents recorded a split of 48.34, but the Belgian team rounded out the finale to last place in 3:14.40. In the 50 m freestyle, Aerents topped the fifth heat by 0.21 of a second ahead of China's Shi Yang in 22.43, just a 0.01-second deficit from his entry time and personal best. Aerents failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed twenty-second out of 58 swimmers in the preliminaries.

References

External links
NBC Olympics Profile

1992 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Belgium
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Belgian male freestyle swimmers
Sportspeople from Ghent
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
21st-century Belgian people

Jasper Aerents


Fairfield Plantation, also known as the Lynch House is a plantation about  east of McClellanville in Charleston County, South Carolina. It is adjacent to the Wedge Plantation and just north of Harrietta Plantation. The plantation house was built around 1730. It is located just off US Highway 17 near the Santee River. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on September 18, 1975.

History

The house at Fairfield Plantation is believed to have been built by the Lynch family around 1730. In 1758, Jacob Motte, son of Jacob Motte who was provincial treasurer, and his wife Rebecca Brewton Motte obtained the house. Their daughters, Elizabeth and Frances, both married Thomas Pinckney in succession and the house was left to Pinckney. Pinckney then left the house to his son, Thomas Pinckney Jr who in turn left it to his nephew, Captain Thomas Pinckney. The plantation has remained in the Pinckney family for over 200 years.

Architecture

This is a Georgian style, clapboard house on a raised basement. It has central porches on the south and north elevations. Each is pedimented and supported by six Doric columns. Two columns are engaged. The south porch on the landside is supported by brick columns. The riverside north porch has brick arch supports. The porches were probably in the late 18th century. The house has a hip roof and two cross-shaped interior chimneys.

The house originally had four rooms on the main floor and two rooms on the second floor. The latter rooms were facing the river. After Jacob Motte acquired the house, the second floor was squared out by adding two additional rooms. The main floor is taller than the second floor. There is a horizontal band on the exterior that separates the top floor from the main floor.

The south facade has a pair of nine over nine lights on each side of the door. The second floor has six over six lights above each of the first floor windows. In the second story, there are pairs of six over six lights to the left and right of the porch gable.

The east and west elevations each have three four over four lights on the first floor with shorter six over six lights above on the second floor. In the late 19th century bay windows were added, though they were subsequently removed toward the end of the 20th century. The second floor has a six over six light on each side of the porch roof just inside of the bay windows. There is small nine light window over the north door.

The first floor has four rooms. The larger of the front rooms has the central front entrance. The smaller room on the left is connected to the large room by a single door. The two rear rooms are the same size. They are divided by the central hall with staircase. The front rooms have barrel-vaulted fireplaces with high mantels on their back walls. The left hand rear room has had small bathroom added at a later period. The floor plan of the basement is the same as the first floor. The upper floor has four rooms with small fireplaces.

Additional pictures are available.

References

External links

Historic American Buildings Survey in South Carolina
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Georgian architecture in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1730
Houses in Charleston County, South Carolina
Plantation houses in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston County, South Carolina
1730 establishments in South Carolina

Fairfield Plantation (Charleston County, South Carolina)


Loxstedt is the name of a railway station on the Bremerhaven-Bremen line in northwestern Germany. The station is situated in the town of Loxstedt, in the Cuxhaven district of Lower Saxony.

The station was opened in 1847 as part of the Bremen to Wulsdorf railway line. On 10 March 1862, the station building was inaugurated, featuring two flats for the stationmaster and signalmen as well as a freight shed and several outbuildings.
In the early 20th century, the station saw some long-distance trains to destinations as far away as Berlin and Hanover. In 1966, the railway line was electrified, freight service was stopped in 1975 and the old station building as well as the signal box Lsf stood empty until they were torn down shortly before Christmas 1978.

The station today
Since 2010, Bremen S-Bahn trains from Bremerhaven to Twistringen call at the station. It features a park and ride facility and a bus stop. Park and ride facilities were added after the municipality bought the site of the former station building from Deutsche Bahn AG in 1996. Since October 2014, platforms are being raised from a height of 38 cm to 76 cm to allow step-free access to the Alstom Coradia Continental multiple units calling at the station. Access to the platforms is currently provided by a level crossing on the southern side of the station.

Loxstedt is an example for a category 6 railway station (the second lowest category in Germany)

References

Buildings and structures in Cuxhaven (district)
Railway stations in Lower Saxony
Bremen S-Bahn
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1847

Loxstedt station


Mark Andrew Ronan (born 1947) is Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Honorary Professor of Mathematics at University College London. He has lived and taught in: Germany (at the University of Braunschweig and the Free University of Berlin); in England, where from 1989 to 1992 he was Mason Professor of Mathematics at the University of Birmingham; and America at the University of Illinois at Chicago, where his teaching included courses on ancient literature from Mesopotamia, and on the history of the calendar, as well as mathematics.

In addition to his research papers, Ronan's popular account of the quest to discover and classify all the finite building blocks for symmetry (the finite simple groups) was published in 2006. In 2008 it formed the basis for a series of BBC radio broadcasts. In his research work he is an expert on the theory of buildings, with a standard text on the subject, now being reissued in paperback. Apart from his professional work, he has acted in many operas at the Lyric Opera of Chicago, danced in the Nutcracker, and maintains a blog on opera, ballet and theatre reviews.

Bibliography
Lectures on Buildings, original edition, Academic Press 1989; paperback edition, updated and revised, University of Chicago Press 2009.

Symmetry and the Monster, Oxford University Press 2006.

References

External links
Mark Ronan's Homepage
Mark Ronan's Theatre Reviews

20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Group theorists
Academics of University College London
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
Living people
Academic staff of the Technical University of Braunschweig
1947 births

Mark Ronan


Adolf Wilhelm August Sandberger (19 December 1864 in Würzburg – 14 January 1943 in Munich) was a German musicologist and composer, with a particular interest in 16th-century music. He founded the School of Musicology at the University of Munich, where he worked as a professor of musicology from 1904 to his retirement in 1930. In addition to his academic work, Sandberger composed two operas, several choruses and some chamber and instrumental music. His Violin Sonata, Op, 10 (1892) was dedicated to Benno Walter.

He was the son of Karl Ludwig Fridolin von Sandberger.

References

External links

1864 births
1943 deaths
19th-century German musicologists
20th-century German musicologists
19th-century German composers
20th-century German composers
Beethoven scholars
Musicians from Würzburg

Adolf Sandberger


A loan agreement (also known as a lending agreement) is a contract between a borrower and a lender which regulates the mutual promises made by each party. There are many types of loan agreements, including "facilities agreements," "revolvers," "term loans," "working capital loans."  Loan agreements are documented via a compilation of the various mutual promises made by the involved parties.

Prior to entering into a commercial loan agreement, the "borrower" first makes representations about his affairs surrounding his character, creditworthiness, cashflow, and any collateral that he may have available to pledge as security for a loan. These representations are taken into consideration and the lender then determines under what conditions (terms), if any, they are prepared to advance money.

Loan agreements, like any contract, reflect an "offer," the "acceptance of the offer," "consideration," and can only involve situations that are "legal" (a term loan agreement involving heroin drug sales is not "legal").  Loan agreements are documented via their commitment letters, agreements that reflect the understandings reached between the involved parties, a promissory note, and a collateral agreement (such as a mortgage or a personal guarantee).   Loan agreements offered by regulated banks are different from those that are offered by finance companies in that banks receive a "banking charter" granted as a privilege and involving the "public trust."

Loan agreements are usually in written form, but there is no legal reason why a loan agreement cannot be a purely oral contract (although oral agreements are more difficult to enforce).

Types

For commercial banks and large finance companies, "loan agreements" are usually not categorized although "loan portfolios" are often broadly characterized into "personal" and "commercial" loans while the "commercial" category is then subdivided into "industrial" and "commercial real estate" loans. "Industrial" loans are those that depend on the cashflow and creditworthiness of the company and the widgets or service that it sells.  "Commercial real estate" loans are those that repay loans but that depend on the rental revenues paid by tenants who lease space, usually for extended times.  More granular categorizations of loan portfolios exist but these are always variations around the larger themes.

The loan agreements originated by commercial banks, savings banks, finance companies, insurance organizations, and investment banks are very different from each other and all feed a different purpose.  "Commercial banks" and "Savings banks," because they accept deposits and benefit from FDIC insurance, generate loans that incorporate the concepts of the "public trust."  Prior to interstate banking, that "public trust" was easily measured by State bank regulators who could see how local deposits were used to fund the working capital needs of local industry and businesses, and the benefits associated with those organization's employment.  "Insurance" organizations, who collect premiums for providing either life or property/casualty coverage, created their own types of loan agreements.  "Banks" and "Insurance" organizations' loan agreements and documentation standards evolved from their individual cultures and were governed by policies that somehow addressed each organizations liabilities (In the case of "banks," the liquidity needs of their depositors; in the case of insurance organizations, the liquidity needs associated with their expected "claims" payments).

"Investment banks" create loan agreements that cater to the needs of the investors whose funds they attempt to attract; "investors" are always sophisticated and accredited organizations not subject to bank regulatory supervision and the need to cater to the public trust.  Investment banking activities are supervised by the SEC and their main focus is on whether the correct or proper disclosures are made to the parties who provide the funds.

Types of Loans:
 bilateral loans
 syndicated loans (a syndicated loan is one that is provided by a group of lenders and is structured, arranged, and administered by one or several commercial banks or investment banks known as lead arrangers).

Categorizing loan agreements by type of facility usually results in two primary categories:
 term loans, which are repaid in set installments over the term, or
 revolving loans (or overdrafts) where up to a maximum amount can be withdrawn at any time, and interest is paid from month to month on the drawn amount.

Within these two categories though, there are various subdivisions such as interest-only loans, and balloon payment loans.  It is also possible to subcategorize on whether the loan is a secured loan or an unsecured loan, and whether the rate of interest is fixed or floating.

Promise to  Repay

Forms of loan agreements vary tremendously from industry to industry, country to country, but characteristically a professionally drafted commercial loan agreement will incorporate the following terms:

 Parties to contracts with their addresses
 Definitions or interpretation provisions
 Facility and purpose
 Conditions precedent to utilization
 Repayment provisions
 Prepayment and cancellation provisions
 Interest and interest periods
 Provisions dealing with gross-up in relation to any withholding imposed
 Payments provisions
 Representations of the borrower
 Representations of the lender
 Covenants of the borrower
 Events of default
 Remedies in the event of default
 Provisions for penalties and liquidated damages
 For syndicated loans, provisions relating to the facility agent and security agent and voting of the lenders
 Formulae for calculations
 Provisions for fees of the lenders
 Provisions for expenses
 Securitization provisions
 Amendments and waivers provisions
 Covenants relating to changes in parties
 Set-off clause
 Severability clause
 Counterparts clause
 Addresses for notices
 Language provisions
 Choice of law clause
 Forum selection clause
 Appointment of a process agent

See also
 Debt
 Cleanup clause
 Cov-lite
 Gross-up clause

References

Footnotes

Citations

Contract law
Credit
Loans

Loan agreement


Tel Te'omim () is a community settlement in the Beit She'an valley in northern Israel. Located about 6 km south of Beit She'an, just east of Highway 90, it falls under the jurisdiction of Valley of Springs Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

History
The village was founded in 1982 as an expansion of the three other moshavim in its vicinity: Revaya, Rehov, and Sde Trumot. Together these four settlements are combined in the "Bikurah" bloc.  The population of Tel Te'omim is mostly composed of people who originally lived in the original three moshavim.

The name "Tel Te'omim", which means "twin hills" or the "hill of twins", is associated with a pair of nearby hills of archaeological interest.

References

Community settlements
Populated places established in 1982
Populated places in Northern District (Israel)
1982 establishments in Israel

Tel Te'omim


William M. Hines (September 11, 1916 – February 28, 2005) was an American journalist. According to his Washington Post obituary, he was considered "the godfather of NASA space reporting."

He attended Guilford College but left for a job at the Chattanooga Times. He served as a first lieutenant in the United States Army during World War II. He worked briefly in The Pentagon's information office before joining the
Washington Star as a reporter and later becoming Sunday editor.

His critical coverage of the Apollo 1 fire in 1967 led to reforms at NASA.
His Washington reporting landed him on the master list of Nixon political opponents.

He left the Star in 1968 for the Chicago Daily News and later became Washington bureau chief of the Chicago Sun-Times. He retired from the Sun-Times in 1989.

References

Lamb, Yvonne Shinhoster (March 6, 2005). Longtime NASA Reporter William M. Hines, 88, Dies. Washington Post

1916 births
2005 deaths
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Guilford College alumni

William Hines (journalist)


Moira Kelly (born March 6, 1968) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Kate Moseley in the 1992 film The Cutting Edge as well as single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama One Tree Hill. She is also known for playing the role of Donna Hayward in Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, replacing Lara Flynn Boyle in the prequel to the 1990 TV series Twin Peaks. Other roles include Dorothy Day in Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story, White House media consultant Mandy Hampton in the first season of The West Wing, and the voice of Simba's love interest Nala in The Lion King and its direct-to-video sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride and The Lion King 1½. She also played Hetty Kelly and Oona O'Neill in Chaplin.

Early life
Moira Kelly was born in Queens, New York on March 6, 1968. She is the daughter of trained concert violinist, Peter and nurse, Anne who are Irish immigrants. Kelly is the third of six children and was raised in Ronkonkoma, New York. She was brought up as a Catholic. Kelly attended Connetquot Senior High School in Bohemia, Long Island, graduating in the class of 1986. Later, she attended Marymount Manhattan College.

In her youth, Kelly was cast in a small role in her high school's 1984 production of Annie. Due to illness, the girl playing Miss Hannigan was replaced, causing a series of cast changes leading to her choice of career. A devout Catholic, Kelly had to decide between acting and her childhood ambition of becoming a nun.

Career
Kelly made her professional acting debut in the fact-based made-for-TV movie Love, Lies and Murder, playing teenager Cinnamon Brown, who was coerced by her father into killing his wife and her stepmother, Linda Brown. She was originally going to have a starring role as Polly Pry in Trey Parker and Matt Stone's Cannibal! The Musical, but Kelly was convinced not to do so by her agent out of concerns it could potentially ruin her career, and was ultimately replaced with Toddy Walters, though she was still credited in the end credits under her initials "M.K." as "the Dropout". She went on to have small roles in the films The Boy Who Cried Bitch, Hi-Life, and Billy Bathgate before being cast as Donna Hayward in Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me. For that film, she went home and got permission from her priest because of an explicit sex scene. In the same year, she starred opposite D. B. Sweeney in the romantic comedy The Cutting Edge and played two roles opposite Robert Downey Jr. in Chaplin. According to a TV Guide interview, before taking on her role in Daybreak, Kelly once again asked her priest for advice: "Being a Catholic, I wondered if it would be against my religion to play a girl who has premarital sex." The priest told her "it was okay, as long as my artistic intentions were true and I wasn't doing it for the notoriety or the money."

She has since appeared in the films With Honors, Little Odessa, The Tie That Binds, and Dangerous Beauty, amongst others, and provided the adult voice of Nala in Disney's The Lion King, The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, and The Lion King 1½. In her independent film career, Kelly had the starring role of activist Dorothy Day in Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story and starred alongside Glenn Close in The Safety of Objects. She played Helen Keller in the made-for-TV movie Monday After the Miracle, which broadcast on November 15, 1998, on CBS.

Kelly starred in the CBS drama To Have & to Hold opposite Jason Beghe before playing Mandy Hampton in the first season of The West Wing. In 2003, Kelly began playing single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama One Tree Hill. She also directed two episodes of the series: "Resolve" (2007) and "I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me" (2006). In the fifth season, she ceased to be a regular cast member, but made guest appearances in the 100th episode and the sixth-season finale. She has made guest appearances in television shows such as Heroes, Law & Order, and Numb3rs. Kelly has also appeared in the films Remember the Daze, A Smile as Big as the Moon, Taken Back: Finding Haley, and Girl in the Bunker.

Personal life
On August 5, 2000, Kelly married Steve Hewitt, a Texas businessman.  They have two children, a daughter Ella and a son Eamon. Kelly previously maintained a residence in Wilmington, North Carolina, for eleven years. They currently reside in Flower Mound, Texas.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

As a director

References

External links

 "The Lion Queen": An Interview with Moira Kelly by Aaron Wallace at UltimateDisney.com

Living people
American film actresses
American people of Irish descent
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Marymount Manhattan College alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Queens, New York
People from Ronkonkoma, New York
Catholics from New York (state)
Disney people
1968 births

Moira Kelly


Dwight Lamar Bush Sr. (born February 4, 1957) is an American businessman who was the United States Ambassador to Morocco from 2014 to 2017.

Early life and education

Bush was born in East St. Louis, Illinois.  One of five siblings, he has credited his parents for "[making] sure that their children could fully participate in the American Dream."

He attended Cornell University, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in government in 1979 and was a member of the Quill and Dagger society.  He has credited Cornell's noted history professor Walter LaFeber, among others at the university, for sparking his interest in world affairs.  He said in 2016, "I show up at Cornell and start to meet scholars. ... If I had not had the Cornell experience, it's highly unlikely I'd be where I am today."

Business career
Upon leaving college, Bush took a position with Chase Manhattan Bank, where he worked for the next fifteen years.   There he worked in corporate banking with an emphasis by choice on matters involving international scope; his assignments took him to Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia.  He also worked in corporate finance and project finance roles in New York and in Washington, D.C., eventually rising to being managing director in the Project Finance Group.

In 1994, Bush left Chase Manhattan and became vice president of corporate development at Sallie Mae, where he stayed until 1997.  Over the next decade he held a variety of positions, including as a principal at Stuart Mill Capital, vice president and chief financial officer at SatoTravel Holdings, and vice chairman at Enhanced Capital Partners.   He became the founder of D. L. Bush & Associates, a Washington-based firm that does financial and business consulting.  During 2006–2008 he served as president and CEO of Urban Trust Bank, an affiliate of RLJ Companies that intended to become a new model of urban-based community retail banking.

Bush has worked with a number of educational and research institutions, including Cornell University, Xavier University of Louisiana, and the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, as well as philanthropic organizations such as the GAVI Alliance and its financing arm The Vaccine Fund.

Bush is married to Antoinette Cook Bush, with whom he has two children. She is a communications law specialist who is executive vice president and global head of government affairs for News Corp.  A cousin of Valerie Jarrett, a close aide to President Barack Obama, and a step-daughter of Vernon Jordan, a long-time influential figure, Antoinette Cook Bush has well-developed social and business ties in Washington.

Dwight Bush is himself a longtime member of the Democratic Party and over the years has personally contributed over $130,000 to Democratic politicians and organizations.  On a few occasions he has also given money to Republican Party politicians.  Bush became a successful bundler for the Barack Obama 2012 presidential re-election campaign.  In that effort he raised more than $500,000 for the campaign.

U.S. Ambassador to Morocco

Bush was nominated for the position of United States Ambassador to Morocco on August 1, 2013, by President Obama, to fill the spot relinquished by the previous ambassador Samuel L. Kaplan.
Bush testified regarding his nomination before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on September 24, 2013.  At the time some fifty ambassadorial appointments were being held up for long delays before confirmation, due to frictions between Obama and the Republican-controlled Senate.  Finally on March 13, 2014, Bush's appointment was confirmed by voice vote.  He assumed the position of ambassador later that month.

In the role, Bush has sought to continue the positive nature that has long characterized Morocco–United States relations.  In a January 2016 interview, Bush said he was optimistic about the future of Morocco, because of its open business climate and due to it being a "moderate, progressive Islamic state ... [that] from a political perspective ... has been ahead of many others in the region."

See also
Ambassadors of the United States

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
African-American bankers
American bankers
African-American business executives
American business executives
African-American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to Morocco
Cornell University alumni
Illinois Democrats
JPMorgan Chase people
People from East St. Louis, Illinois
Washington, D.C., Democrats
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

Dwight L. Bush Sr.


Mette Cecilie Newth (born 31 January 1942) is a Norwegian illustrator, author of children's literature, and organizer. She received the Norwegian Critics Prize for Best children's book.

Personal life
Mette Newth was born in Oslo as the daughter of journalist, crime writer and revue writer Fridtjof Knutsen and his wife Alfhild Gundersen (known as the crime writer Lalli Knutsen, and under the pseudonym Lalli Løvland). She married writer Philip Newth in 1963. The couple settled at Rykkinn in Bærum, and had the son Eirik Newth, an author.

Career
Mette Newth is educated as a ceramicist from the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry and has studied sculpture at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts. She made her literary debut in 1969 with the picture book Den lille vikingen. Her breakthrough as illustrator came with Lille Skrekk from 1975, about a lizard child. Her book Skomakerdokka from 1977 was inspired by Alf Prøysen's stories. She has illustrated books for deaf children, using sign language. Her book Nora og ordene from 1979, about a deaf girl, uses both text and sign language. In cooperation with her husband Philip she made the picture book Ballsprett (1980) for mentally deficient children. She received the Norwegian Critics Prize for Best children's book in 1985 for the children's book Soldreperen, together with her husband and co-writer Philip Newth. Her youth's novel Bortførelsen from 1987 (translated by Steven T. Murray and Tiina Nunnally as The Abduction) received international recognition and was translated into 14 different languages. The novel treats the colonialization of Greenland in the 17th century, and includes elements from Inuit myths and legends. Her book Erobringen from 1988 is also about the Inuit. Among the picture books she has made in cooperation with the writer Paal-Helge Haugen are Vårfuglen from 1989, Gjennom steinen from 1990, and Eldsalamanderen from 1994. In 1995 she received the critics' prize for the second time, for the children's book Det mørke lyset. This novel treats the situation of the lepers in Norway in the early 19th century. She chaired the organization Norwegian Writers for Children () for two periods, from 1977 to 1979 and from 1981 to 1982. She was the rector of the Oslo National Academy of the Arts from 1999 to 2002.

References

1942 births
Living people
Norwegian children's writers
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature winners
Oslo National Academy of the Arts alumni
Academic staff of the Oslo National Academy of the Arts
Rectors of universities and colleges in Norway
Writers from Oslo
Writers from Bærum
Norwegian ceramists
Norwegian women ceramists
Norwegian women academics
Norwegian women children's writers
Women heads of universities and colleges

Mette Newth


Myrmecodia is a genus of epiphytic myrmecophytes (mər′mek•ə'fīt; literally "ant-plant"), native to Southeast Asia and present in Indochina, Malaysia, the Southwest Pacific, the Philippines, and extending south to Fiji and Cape York in Queensland, Australia. It is one of five ant-plant genera in the family Rubiaceae, the others being Anthorrhiza, Hydnophytum, Myrmephytum, and Squamellaria.

Myrmecophytes, or ant plants, live in a mutualistic association with a colony of ants. These plants possess structural adaptations that provide ants with food and/or shelter. Myrmecodia are also classified as epiphytes. The term epiphytic derives from the Greek epi- (meaning 'upon') and phyton (meaning 'plant'). Epiphytic plants are sometimes called "air plants" because they do not root in soil. An epiphyte is a plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant and derives its nutrition and water supply from the air and debris found in its immediate environment. Epiphytes are a non-parasitic type of plant and differ from parasitic organisms in that this type of plant only relies on its host for physical support and does not necessarily have a negative effect on the host plant.

Structure and evolutionary adaptation
Amongst the array of Myrmecodia plants and myrmecolphilious epiphytes, a vast diversity exists with plants that all have similar evolutionary adaptions. Structures such as modified rhizomes, stems, and leaves, which have evolved to naturally produce systems of tunnels and caverns within its various modified organs. In the case of Rubiaceous tuberous antplants such as Myrmecodia plants, which rank highest in number and diversity among the antplants, all have very large, tuberous, modified stems containing many chambers. This adaptation is to house colonies of arboreal ants, which live within the readymade chambers naturally grown by the plant.

The tuber begins its growth with the swelling of the seedling hypocotyl. Later, the cavities are formed when cork-generating meristems arise in the inner parenchymatous tissue forming a cork-like wall, cutting off carious shaped and sized enclosures. The contents of these then die and dry off, leaving the chambers empty. Future ant inhabitants may clean out remnants of dead tissue but do not primarily excavate—this has been shown by the existence of chambers in plants to which ants never had access. It has been found that ants are not required for Myrmecodia to form the caudex, or tuberous inner chambers—they exist naturally in Myrmecodia with or without a population of ants.

Cavities are found to be randomly but normally distributed within tubers, with no observable pattern or structure. Cavities are connected to the outer surface of the plant by small holes, which are naturally occurring and not created by ants. Hollow, smooth-walled tunnels form within the caudex with external entrance holes, providing an above-ground home for ant colonies. These holes function both as ventilation for both the plant's living tissues as well as the ants, and serve as passageways in and out of the plant. Myrmecodia species from the family Rubiaceae have the most highly specialized inner chambers, divided into smooth-walled chambers, which are used by ants for nurseries, and rough-walled chambers, used for waste disposal, insect prey remains, and bodies of dead ants from the colony. The caverns with smooth walls have no observable nutrition uptake ability through their walls. Rough-walled chambers, on the other hand, are able to absorb nutrients. In an experiment done with india ink and water, the mixture was placed in both smooth and rough-walled chambers. The mixture was absorbed readily through the protrusions in the rough-walled chamber, but even after sitting on the smooth-walled chamber surface for 20 hours, no absorption was observed. The protrusions that make the walls rough are inward facing modified root structures that make nutritional uptake through the plant's rough-walled chambers possible.

The cavities are also a measure of fitness—a plant with more cavity area means that it has a lighter tuber. This is advantageous because in most cases, although the plants are grown in situ, the tubers become too heavy and fall off of the tree they germinate on, eventually dying on the ground. This suggests that there is a strong selection against heavy or massive tubers.

From the alveoli emerge small white flowers which can self-pollinate to yield a bright orange, fleshy berry filled with up to six small seeds. Seed dispersal is by birds, that often deposit droppings on the branches and trunks of trees they land on. In this they resemble various parasitic plants such as the mistletoes in families such as Loranthaceae, Santalaceae, and Misodendraceae, but Myrmecodia species are unrelated to the true parasites, being in the coffee and gardenia family Rubiaceae.

Myrmecodia plants produce small, juicy fruits from their one or two leaves and flowers per plant. Seeds will be dispersed following the ingestion and passing of the seed as waste product by a bird, or more commonly, ants will remove the seeds from the fruit by chewing on the fruit. If a bird does get to the seed first, the ants will retrieve the seeds from the ground below, return the seeds to the nesting spot, and plant them on their substrate to continue growing their colony with more housing. The seeds are hardy—able to withstand passage through a gut, desiccation for multiple months, and germinate upon wetting.

Nutrients
Myrmecodia plants grow in tree branches and on trunks. In nature, Myrmecodia tubers often grow hanging downward on bare branches without significant amounts of substrate, and thus depend upon symbiosis for most nutriment. The plants store food and water in a greyish brown caudex that swells and grows spines over time. The thick, unbranched stems are covered in clypeoli and alveoli which also grow spines and are densely filled with dry bracts.

They form a symbiotic relationship with ants and fungi; Philidris cordata (formally Iridomyrmex cordatus) is believed to be the most common ant found occupying Myrmecodia species. Ant plants provide habitats for ant colonies high up into the forest canopy, protecting them from the elements, and in exchange, the nutrients from the ants and the debris left by the ants be absorbed in the plant's chambers. The plant in addition is protected, to some extent, from predation, especially by grazing invertebrates such as slugs. These plants also have a built in defense against climbing animals; even a slight tap or brush against the outside of an inhabited plant causes ants to come spilling out. Most species of ants that live within Myrmecodia species have no sting however, but the rush of ants combined with many small bites is enough to startle and warn any potential predator. The most important contribution the ants make to the plants they inhabit is not protection, but feeding the plant itself.

The organic material that the ants contribute to the plant falls into three categories; nest building material (material such as leaves, bark, or other plant matter), ant-created products (such as waste, dead enemies, or the bodies of dead ants), and the final category is food that the ants themselves consume. All of these waste products stored within the rough-walled chambers begin to decompose when moisture is present, and are then broken down by microbial activity and the nutrients are then taken up by intrusive adventitious roots or absorbed through wall linings (rough-walls with root "bumps" lining the chambers). When scientists have examined the contents of the debris chambers, it appears as if the insect parts were placed in the chambers for their nutritional purpose to the plant. For example, disproportionately large numbers of ant heads, containing the most nutritionally dense parts of the ant, are found in large numbers within these chambers.

This symbiosis allows the plants to effectively gather nutrients (via the ants) from a much larger area than the roots ever could cover. The ants operate as a mobile feeding system for the plant which act as an "auxiliary extensive, mobile root system for the plants" that bring it concentrated organic matter high in nutrients.

Species
The following list of 27 species is based on The Plant List.

Myrmecodia alata Becc.
Myrmecodia albertisii Becc.
Myrmecodia angustifolia Valeton
Myrmecodia archboldiana Merr. & L.M.Perry
Myrmecodia aureospina Huxley & Jebb
Myrmecodia beccarii Hook.f.
Myrmecodia brassii Merr. & L.M.Perry
Myrmecodia erinacea Becc.
Myrmecodia ferox Huxley & Jebb
Myrmecodia gracilispina Huxley & Jebb
Myrmecodia horrida Huxley & Jebb
Myrmecodia jobiensis Becc.
Myrmecodia kutubuensis Huxley & Jebb
Myrmecodia lamii Merr. & L.M.Perry
Myrmecodia longifolia Valeton
Myrmecodia longissima Valeton
Myrmecodia melanacantha Huxley & Jebb
Myrmecodia oblongata Valeton
Myrmecodia oksapminensis Huxley & Jebb
Myrmecodia paradoxa Huxley & Jebb
Myrmecodia pendens Merr. & L.M.Perry
Myrmecodia platyrea Becc.
Myrmecodia platytyrea Becc.
Myrmecodia pteroaspida Huxley & Jebb
Myrmecodia schlechteri Valeton
Myrmecodia sterrophylla Merr. & L.M.Perry
Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack

Notes

External links

Rubiaceae genera
Myrmecophytes
Epiphytes
Psychotrieae

Myrmecodia


An airstair is a set of steps built into an aircraft so that passengers may board and alight the aircraft. The stairs are often built into a clamshell-style door on the aircraft. Airstairs eliminate the need for passengers to use a mobile stairway or jetway to board or exit the aircraft, providing more independence from ground services. Some of the earliest aircraft to feature airstairs were the Martin 2-0-2 and Martin 4-0-4. Some models of the Douglas DC-3 were also retrofitted with airstairs. As airport infrastructure has developed, the need for airstairs has decreased, as jetways or mobile stairways are often available.

Wide-body aircraft rarely employ airstairs, as the doors are significantly higher above the ground than narrow-body aircraft. One notable exception is the Lockheed L-1011, the only wide-body aircraft to feature full-height airstairs. The only other wide-bodies with airstairs, the VC-25 and the Ilyushin Il-86, have airstairs contained in the cargo hold, with steps inside the cabin to access these stairs.

Some aircraft, like the Boeing 727 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9, were designed to improve ground services, with passengers deplaning from the front as the aircraft is serviced from the rear, enabling quicker turnarounds.

Airstairs are also used as a security measure, for example on aircraft carrying the President of the United States, allowing the aircraft to be boarded by VIPs at any time - with or without the cooperation of ground services.

Design
Ventral airstairs are featured on most tail-engined airliners, such as the Boeing 727, the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, MD-80 and MD-90, the BAC 1-11, and the Yakovlev Yak-40/Yak-42 series, and are incorporated as ramps which lower from the fuselage. The Ilyushin Il-86 has three airstairs on the port side.

The most common type of airstair is found in most business aircraft, regional jets, and other small airliners, which is a stair built into the inside of the main passenger door, which is lowered to the outside. Aircraft such as the Fokker F-28 series and the VFW-Fokker 614 made this design popular. The stairs are actually part of the door rather than an attached stair. This design is efficient and because the aircraft which use it sit low to the ground, the design can stay simple and not add complexity or weight, one of the biggest problems with airstair assemblies.  The design has also been used with a single-length set of extension stairs on aircraft such as the cargo compartment of the widebody Ilyushin Il-86 (the primary entrance to the aircraft for passengers), Boeing VC-25, and the belly lounges of three Lockheed L-1011s.

Another widespread type of airstair is used for forward doors.  The stair folds and stows under the floor of the door and is deployed from the fuselage immediately below the forward door.  This type of airstair is found on many short-range aircraft such as Boeing 737s, DC-9s, and some Airbus A320 series aircraft. The mechanism is also quite heavy; as a result, many airlines have removed this system to reduce aircraft weight.

A unique airstair design was used for the aft doors of 737 Combi aircraft, which consisted of a clamshell door which dropped down to open much like a business aircraft, but then had stairs which were stored trifold in the curve of the door, which would unfold to the ground.  This system was very cumbersome, was very susceptible to damage, and thus has been removed by many of its users.

The most unusual airstair design was found on the Lockheed L-1011, which was a full-height airstair that was stored in a cargo compartment and allowed access from the right aft passenger door to the ground.  This design was ultimately so large and heavy, and it took up valuable cargo space, that it was rarely used.

One version of on-board folding airstairs were designed by Winters Aircraft Engineering Company over 30 years ago. Dow Aero is the current STC holder, as listed on the FAA's Dynamic Regulatory System. Dow Aero acquired the STC's for the Boeing 727, 737, 747,757, 767, and L-1011 from Airweld Incorporated.

STC's have been previously issued to subsequent manufacturers including Kaiser Aerospace, WAPCO, and Advanced Aerospace. On-Board Folding Airstairs can be found in use on many U.S., Foreign Military, and Government Aircraft, including the Boeing E4B as well as VIP aircraft around the world. The On-Board Folding Airstairs is a multi-section (3, 4, or 5 segment) airstair that can be installed at either the forward, center, or aft doors. When retracted/closed, the airstair sits on a track and is typically stowed in a closet either Forward, Aft, or Transverse.

As a parachuting exit

A rear, ventral, airstair can be used as a safe means of parachuting from an airliner that is equipped with one. This was attempted on 24 November 1971 by an unknown hijacker, widely known as D. B. Cooper, who jumped from a Boeing 727 along with US$200,000 in ransom money.
However, it is unknown if he survived the jump. Subsequently, a number of individuals carried out copycat hijackings against Boeing 727s and safely parachuted to the ground, although all were apprehended by the authorities. To prevent this, Boeing 727s were ordered to be fitted with a simple device known as a Cooper vane that prevented the ventral airstair from being opened in flight.

The rear airstair of a DC-9 has been used to allow for recreational skydiving operations.

During the 2012 Boeing 727 crash experiment, a flight crew took off in the Boeing 727 that was to be crashed and flew it to a pre-selected desert site before safely parachuting from the airstair, as the Mexican government required that the plane be flown by a human crew for part of the experiment, especially as the aircraft's route to the crash site passed over populated areas. The 727 was then deliberately flown into the ground under remote control.

See also
 Jet bridge
 Evacuation slide

References

External links

 Period photographs of commercial airliners with lowered airstairs, from the Ed Coates collection:
 Douglas DC-3 of Southwest Airways (second photograph on the page)
 Martin 2-0-2, Martin 4-0-4 of Pacific Air Lines
 The Airstair of Yakovlev Yak-42D Airliners.net

Aircraft components
Stairways
Vertical transport devices

Airstair


The Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden is a sculpture garden located at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH) in Houston, Texas, United States. Designed by artist and landscape architect Isamu Noguchi, the garden consists of 25 works of the MFAH, including sculptures by Henri Matisse, Alexander Calder, David Smith, Frank Stella, and Louise Bourgeois. There are also sculptures created specifically for the site, including Ellsworth Kelly's Houston Triptych and Tony Cragg's New Forms. The garden also features works by local Texas artists, including Joseph Havel's Exhaling Pearls, Jim Love's Can Johnny Come Out and Play?, and Linda Ridgway's The Dance.

History

In 1969, The Brown Foundation, Inc provided the funds to purchase two city blocks making it feasible for the MFAH to construct a formal sculpture garden. The garden was designed by New York-based artist and landscape architect Isamu Noguchi. In 1978, Houston City Council motion number 78-986 declared the museum to be named The Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden in recognition of Hugh Roy Cullen and Lillie Cullen's contributions to the city's art and medical communities. Construction of the garden began on February 6, 1984, and the garden officially opened to the public on April 5, 1986.

Works

 Antoine Bourdelle, Adam (1889)
 Louise Bourgeois, Quarantania I
 Alexander Calder, The Crab (1962)
 Anthony Caro, Argentine (1968)
 Pietro Consagra, Conversation with the Wind (1962)
 Tony Cragg, New Forms
 Raymond Duchamp-Villon, The Large Horse (1914)
 Lucio Fontana, Concetto Spaziale, Natura, no. 18 and Concetto Spaziale, Natura, no. 28
 Alberto Giacometti, Large Standing Woman I
 DeWitt Godfrey, Untitled (1989)
 Joseph Havel, Exhaling Pearls (1993)
 Bryan Hunt, Arch Falls (1981)
 Bryan Hunt, Big Twist (1978)
 Ellsworth Kelly, Houston Triptych (1986)
 Jim Love, Can Johnny Come Out and Play?
 Aristide Maillol, Flora, Nude
 Marino Marini, The Pilgrim
 Henri Matisse, The Back Series (Back I, Back II, Back III, Back IV)
 Joan Miró, Bird
 Mimmo Paladino, The Sound of Night
 Linda Ridgway, The Dance (2000)
 Auguste Rodin, Cybele
 Auguste Rodin, The Spirit of Eternal Repose (1898–1899)
 Auguste Rodin, The Walking Man
 Joel Shapiro, Untitled (1990)
 David Smith, Two Circle Sentinel (1961)
 Frank Stella, Decanter (1987)
 William Tucker, Gymnast II (1985)
 Eduardo Ramírez Villamizar, Recuerdo de Machu Picchu 3 (Las terrazas) (1984)

References

External links

 The Lillie and Hugh Roy Cullen Sculpture Garden

1986 establishments in Texas
Art museums established in 1986
Art museums and galleries in Texas
Decorative arts museums in the United States
Museums in Houston
Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in the United States


A code point, codepoint or code position is a unique position in a quantized n-dimensional space that has been assigned a semantic meaning.

In other words, a code point is a particular position in a table, where the position has been assigned a meaning. The table has discrete positions (1, 2, 3, 4, but not fractions) and may be one dimensional (a column), two dimensional (like cells in a spreadsheet), three dimensional (sheets in a workbook), etc... in any number of dimensions.

Code points are used in a multitude of formal information processing and telecommunication standards. For example ITU-T Recommendation T.35 contains a set of country codes for telecommunications equipment (originally fax machines) which allow equipment to indicate its country of manufacture or operation. In T.35, Argentina is represented by the code point 0x07, Canada by 0x20, Gambia by 0x41, etc.

In character encoding
Code points are commonly used in character encoding, where a code point is a numerical value that maps to a specific character. In character encoding code points usually represent a single grapheme—usually a letter, digit, punctuation mark, or whitespace—but sometimes represent symbols, control characters, or formatting. The set of all possible code points within a given encoding/character set make up that encoding's codespace.

For example, the character encoding scheme ASCII comprises 128 code points in the range 0hex to 7Fhex, Extended ASCII comprises 256 code points in the range 0hex to FFhex, and Unicode comprises  code points in the range 0hex to 10FFFFhex. The Unicode code space is divided into seventeen planes (the basic multilingual plane, and 16 supplementary planes), each with  (= 216) code points. Thus the total size of the Unicode code space is 17 ×  = .

In Unicode
For Unicode, the particular sequence of bits is called a code unit – for the UCS-4 encoding, any code point is encoded as 4-byte (octet) binary numbers, while in the UTF-8 encoding, different code points are encoded as sequences from one to four bytes long, forming a self-synchronizing code. See comparison of Unicode encodings for details.
Code points are normally assigned to abstract characters. An abstract character is not a graphical glyph but a unit of textual data. However, code points may also be left reserved for future assignment (most of the Unicode code space is unassigned), or given other designated functions.

The distinction between a code point and the corresponding abstract character is not pronounced in Unicode but is evident for many other encoding schemes, where numerous code pages may exist for a single code space.

History
The concept of a code point dates to the earliest standards for digital information processing and digital telecommunications.

In Unicode, code points are part of Unicode's solution to a difficult conundrum faced by character encoding developers in the 1980s. If they added more bits per character to accommodate larger character sets, that design decision would also constitute an unacceptable waste of then-scarce computing resources for Latin script users (who constituted the vast majority of computer users at the time), since those extra bits would always be zeroed out for such users. The code point avoids this problem by breaking the old idea of a direct one-to-one correspondence between characters and particular sequences of bits.

See also
 Combining character
 Replacement character
 Text-based (computing)
 Unicode collation algorithm

References

External links
 Codepoints.net, a site dedicated to all things characters, letters and Unicode

Character encoding

Code point


Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (February 14, 1869 – November 15, 1959) was a Scottish physicist and meteorologist. His invention of the cloud chamber made him win the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Biography
Wilson was born to John Wilson and Annie Clerk Harper in the parish of Glencorse, Midlothian. After his father's death in 1873, his family moved to Manchester. He studied biology at Owen's College to become a doctor. He then joined Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge to study Physics and Chemistry.

Wilson later became interested in meteorology, and in 1893 he began to study clouds and their properties. He worked at the observatory on Ben Nevis mountain to observe cloud formation. He then tried to replicate this effect at smaller scale in his laboratory in Cambridge, by causing moist air to expand in a sealed container. He then experimented with creating cloud trails in containers by ions and radiation. He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the cloud chamber.

Personal life
Wilson married Jessie Fraser in 1908. They had four children. He died on November 15, 1959 near Edinburgh.

Awards and Honors

 Member of the Royal Society in 1900
 Hughes Medal of 1911
 Hopkins Prize, Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1920
 Gunning Prize, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1921
 Royal Medal of the Royal Society of London, 1922
 Howard N. Potts Medal 1925
 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics
 The Franklin Medal of 1929
 Copley Medal 1935.
 The Wilson crater on the Moon is named after him, jointly with Alexander Wilson and Ralph Elmer Wilson.
 The Wilson Cloud, a dense cloud that forms during a large explosion (e.g. a nuclear weapon explosion) is named after him.
 The Wilson Society, an association of natural scientists at Sidney Sussex College, is named after him.
 Charles Thomson Rees Wilson's personal archive is maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS)

Other websites

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Charles Thomson Rees Wilson


The Threshing Floor (Spanish - La trilla) is an oil sketch by Francisco Goya. He painted it in the 1780s as a small-scale sketch for a tapestry cartoon entitled Summer, part of a set of designs for tapestries for the Royal Palace of El Pardo, specifically the rooms of the Prince of Asturias (the future Charles IV) and his wife Maria Luisa.

The sketches for the tapestries were presented for royal approval prior to the preparation of the cartoons, but rather than entering the royal collection, La trilla remained in the artist's possession until he sold it and several other works to his patrons the Duke and Duchess of Osuna. They remained in the ducal palace at Alameda de Osuna until their sale to R. Trauman at auction in 1896. They were bought between 1925 and 1927 by the collector José Lázaro Galdiano and remain in the Lázaro Galdiano Museum.

See also
List of works by Francisco Goya

References

External links

1786 paintings
Paintings by Francisco Goya
Paintings in the Lázaro Galdiano Museum
Tapestry cartoons

The Threshing Floor


In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.

It is not well defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins. A gas may be cryogenic if it can be liquefied at or below .

The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology considers cryogenics as involving temperatures below . The normal boiling points of helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and normal air are below −180 °C.

The Freon refrigerants, hydrocarbons, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above −180 °C.

Discovery of superconducting materials has raised interest in reliable, low cost methods of producing high temperature cryogenic refrigeration. The term "high temperature cryogenic" means temperatures from above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, , up to .

Cryogenicists use the Kelvin or Rankine temperature scale, both of which measure from absolute zero, rather than more usual scales such as Celsius which measures from the freezing point of water at sea level or Fahrenheit with its zero at an arbitrary temperature.

Uses
Magnetic resonance imaging is an important machine for hospital diagnosis. It shows internal damage to soft tissues, and is very important in brain surgery.
Nuclear magnetic resonance is used for the physical and chemical properties of atoms.
Rocket cryongenic fuel is used as a propellant.
Cryogenics create the temperatures needed to store or transport large amounts of food without it deteriorating.
Many physical experiments need cryogenic temperatures.
Underground cables transmitting electricity are made much more efficient if they are cooled to cryogenic temperatures.

Relatede pages

Cryogenic proof test at Space X

References

Cryogenics


Marie of Brittany (18 February 1391 – 18 December 1446) was the Countess of Perche and Lady of La-Guerche from 1396 until 1414, and the Countess of Alençon from 1404 until 1414.  In 1414, Marie's titles became Duchess of Alençon, Countess of Perche, Lady of La-Guerche, when Charles VI of France raised her husband John's county of Alençon to a duchy.   After the death of her husband in 1415, Marie retained the title of Lady of La-Guerche when her son, John II took the titles of Duke of Alençon and Count of Perche. Marie was the link between the House of Montfort of the duchy of Brittany and the ducal House of Valois-Alençon.

Childhood
Marie of Brittany was born to John IV, Duke of Brittany, and Joan of Navarre on 18 February 1391 in Nantes. She was the fourth child of nine, and the second child to survive to adulthood.  In the first four years of her life, Marie was offered as a possible wife for Henry Bolingbroke, the future King Henry IV of England, or for his son, the future Henry V, but negotiations fell through when her father instead married her to John I d'Alençon in 1396.  Instead, after the death of John IV of Brittany, Marie's mother Joan would marry Henry IV of England.

Marriage
On 26 June 1396, John IV of Brittany signed a contract with Pierre of Alençon and Perche which wedded Marie of Brittany to John of Perche, Pierre's son.   The wedding was celebrated in July of that year at Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, Ille-et-Vilaine, near Fougères.  Marie's dowry was to be 100,000 francs, but her father never paid the entire amount, creating tension between the duchies of Brittany and Alençon in later years. In 1404, John succeeded his father as the Count of Alençon and Perche.

Marie and her husband John had five children:
Pierre (4 October 1407 – 16 March 1408)
John II of Alençon (2 March 1409 – 1476).
Jeanne (17 September 1412 – 17 October 1420), buried at Bourgueil Abbey in Anjou in 1420.
Marie (died, age 2)
Charlotte (15 December 1413 – 24 March 1435), nun, died in 1435, and was buried in the Church of Our Lady at Lamballe in Brittany

In January 1414, Charles VI of France raised the county of Alençon to a duchy, and made Marie's husband, John, the first duke of Alençon.

Marie's husband died at the Battle of Agincourt, where he fought alongside the King of France.

Later life
After the death of her husband in 1415, Marie was forced to flee Normandy, where she had been living prior to the Battle of Agincourt.  Her son, John, became John II of Alençon and was captured at the Battle of Verneuil in 1424. He paid for his freedom from the English in 1427, and became well known as a strong partisan of Joan of Arc.

Marie died on 18 December 1446.  It is unknown where she was buried, despite the fact that all of her children's burial places are known.  At her death, Marie was simply Marie of Brittany, Lady of La Guerche.

In context
Much like Gisela of Aquitaine, Mahout of Artois, and her own great-niece Margaret of Brittany, Marie was both literate and the owner of at least a Book of Hours.

See also
Alençon
Argentan
Hundred Years War

Notes

References
Anselme de Sainte-Marie. Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la Maison Royale de France: le tout dressé sur les titres originaux. Amsterdam: Chatelain, 1713.
Bell, Susan Groag. "Medieval Women Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Ambassadors of Culture".  Signs 7, no. 4 (1982): 742–768.  (accessed August 26, 2014).
Cagny, Perceval de, and Henri Morganvillé. Chroniques de Perceval de Cagny, publiée pour la première fois pour la Société de l'histoire de France. Paris, France: Renouard, H. Laurens, successeur, 1902.  .
Jones, Michael. "The Finances of John IV, Duke of Brittany, 1364–1399". In The creation of Brittany: a late medieval state, 239–262. London: Hambledon Press, 1988.
Jones, Michael. Ducal Brittany, 1364–1399: Relations with England and France During the Reign of Duke John IV. London, UK: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Tierney, John. "New Year's Day". In The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York, NY: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. . (accessed December 7, 2014).

Counts of Perche
1391 births
1446 deaths
Montfort of Brittany

Marie of Brittany, Lady of La Guerche