Vézelay Abbey () is a Benedictine and Cluniac monastery in Vézelay in the east-central French department of Yonne.  It was constructed between 1120 and 1150. The Benedictine abbey church, now the Basilica of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine (Saint Mary Magdalene), with its complex program of imagery in sculpted capitals and portals, is one of the great masterpieces of Burgundian Romanesque art and architecture. Sacked by the Huguenots in 1569,  the building suffered neglect in the 17th and the 18th centuries  and some further damage during the period of the French Revolution.

The church and hill at Vézelay were added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979 because of their importance in medieval Christianity and outstanding architecture.

Relics of Mary Magdalene can be seen inside the Basilica.

History
The Benedictine abbey of Vézelay was founded, as many abbeys were, on land that had been a late Roman villa, of Vercellus (Vercelle becoming Vézelay). The villa had passed into the hands of the Carolingians and devolved to a Carolingian count, Girart, of Roussillon. The two convents he founded there were looted and dispersed by Moorish raiding parties in the 8th century, and a hilltop convent was burnt by Norman raiders. In the 9th century, the abbey was refounded under the guidance of Badilo, who became an affiliate of the reformed Benedictine order of Cluny. Vézelay also stood at the beginning of one of the four major routes through France for pilgrims going to Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, in the north-western corner of Spain.

About 1050 the monks of Vézelay began to claim to hold the relics of Mary Magdalene, brought, they said, from the Holy Land either by their 9th-century founder-saint, Badilo, or by envoys despatched by him. A little later a monk of Vézelay declared that he had detected in a crypt at St-Maximin in Provence, carved on an empty sarcophagus, a representation of the Unction at Bethany, when Jesus' head was anointed by Mary of Bethany, who was assumed in the Middle Ages to be Mary Magdalene. The monks of Vézelay pronounced this to be Mary Magdalene's tomb, from which her relics had been translated to their abbey. Freed captives then brought their chains as votive objects to the abbey, and it was the newly elected Abbot Geoffroy in 1037 who had the ironwork melted down and reforged as wrought iron railings surrounding the Magdalene's altar. Thus the erection of one of the finest examples of Romanesque architecture which followed was made possible by pilgrims to the declared relics and these tactile examples demonstrating the efficacy of prayers. Mary Magdalene is the prototype of the penitent, and Vézelay has remained an important place of pilgrimage for the Catholic faithful, though the actual claimed relics were torched by Huguenots in the 16th century.

To accommodate the influx of pilgrims a new abbey church was begun, dedicated on April 21, 1104, but the expense of building so increased the tax burden on the abbey's lands that the peasants rose up and killed the abbot. The crush of pilgrims was such that an extended narthex (an enclosed porch) was built, inaugurated by Pope Innocent II in 1132, to help accommodate the pilgrim throng.

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux preached at Vézelay in favor of a second crusade at Easter 1146, in front of King Louis VII. Richard I of England and Philip II of France met there and spent three months at the Abbey in 1190 before leaving for the Third Crusade. Thomas Becket, in exile, chose Vézelay for his Whitsunday sermon in 1166, announcing the excommunication of the main supporters of his English King, Henry II, and threatening the King with excommunication too. The nave, which had been burnt once, with great loss of life, burned again in 1165, after which it was rebuilt in its present form.

The abbey's self-assured monastic community was prepared to defend its liberties and privileges against all comers: the bishops of Autun, who challenged its claims to exemption; the counts of Nevers, who claimed jurisdiction in their court and rights of hospitality at Vézelay; the abbey of Cluny, which had reformed its rule and sought to maintain control of the abbot within its hierarchy; the townsmen of Vézelay, who demanded a modicum of communal self-government.

The beginning of Vézelay's decline coincided with the well-publicized discovery in 1279 of the body of Mary Magdalene at Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume in Provence, given regal patronage by Charles II, the Angevin king of Sicily. When Charles erected a Dominican convent at La Sainte-Baume, the shrine was found intact, with an explanatory inscription stating why the relics had been hidden. The local Dominican friars compiled an account of miracles that these relics had wrought. This discovery undermined Vézelay's position as the principal shrine of the Magdalene in Europe.

After the Revolution, Vézelay stood in danger of collapse. In 1834 the newly appointed French inspector of historical monuments, Prosper Mérimée (more familiar as the author of Carmen), warned that it was about to collapse, and on his recommendation the young architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was appointed to supervise a massive and successful restoration, undertaken in several stages between 1840 and 1861, during which his team replaced a great deal of the weathered and vandalized sculpture. The flying buttresses that support the nave are his.

Interpretation of the tympanum
The tympanum of the central portal of the Madeleine de Vézelay is different from its counterparts across Europe.  From the beginning, its tympanum was specifically designed to function as a spiritual defense of the Crusades and to portray a Christian allegory to the Crusaders' mission.  When compared to contemporary churches such as St. Lazare d'Autun and St. Pierre de Moissac, the distinctiveness of Vézelay becomes apparent.

The art historian George Zarnecki wrote, "To most people the term Romanesque sculpture brings to mind a large church portal, dominated by a tympanum carved with an apocalyptic vision, usually the Last Judgment." This is true in most cases, but Vézelay is an exception. In a 1944 article, Adolf Katzenellenbogen interpreted Vézelay's tympanum as referring to the First Crusade and depicting the Pentecostal mission of the Apostles.

Thirty years before the Vézelay tympanum was carved, Pope Urban II planned on announcing his call for a crusade at La Madeleine. In 1095, Urban altered his plans and preached for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont, but Vézelay remained a central figure in the history of the crusades.  The tympanum was completed in 1130.  Fifteen years after its completion, Bernard of Clairvaux chose Vézelay as the place from which he would call for a Second Crusade. Vézelay was even the staging point for the Third Crusade. It is there that King Richard the Lionheart of England and King Philip Augustus of France met and joined their armies for a combined western invasion of the holy land. It is appropriate, therefore, that Vézelay's portal reflect its place in the history of the crusades.

Lintel

The lintel of the Vézelay portal portrays the "ungodly" people of the world. It is a depiction of the first Pentecostal Mission to spread the word of God to all the people of the world. The figures in the tympanum who have not received the Word of God are depicted as not fully human. Some are shown with pig snouts, others are misshapen, and several are depicted as dwarves. One pygmy in particular is depicted as mounting a horse with the assistance of a ladder.  On the far right, there is a man with elephantine ears, while in the center we see a man covered in feathers.  The architects and artisans depicted the unbelievers as physically grotesque in order to provide a visual image of what they saw as the non-believers' moral turpitude. This is a direct reflection of Western perceptions of foreigners such as the Moors, who were being specifically targeted by the Crusaders.  Even Pope Urban II, in his call for a crusade, helped promote this ethnocentric perception of the Turks by calling on westerners to, "exterminate this vile race." Most Westerners had absolutely no idea what the Turks and Muslims looked like, and they assumed that an absence of Christianity must coincide with repulsive physical attributes.  It has also been argued that the disbelievers were carved as deformed monsters in an effort to dehumanize them.  By dehumanizing their enemies in art, the Crusaders' mission to capture the holy land and convert or kill the Muslims was glorified and sanctified.  The Vézelay lintel is, therefore, a political statement as well as a religious one.

Comparison with other contemporary portals
Vézelay's political motivation becomes all the more apparent when compared with contemporary portal designs from other churches around France.  The Vézelay lintel is distinct, but some comparisons can be made between it and other Romanesque portal sculptures of the time.  Vézelay's lintel is comparable to the St. Lazare lintel in Autun in that both show humans who have sinned.  While the Vézelay lintel is devoted to the depiction of "heathens," the Autun lintel shows the damned souls on Judgment Day. The similarity between both lintels is due in large part to the fact that the same master artisan, Master Gislebertus, was the primary architect on both sites. "Gislebertus ... began his career at Cluny, then worked on the original west facade at Vézelay, and c. 1120 moved to Autun." In addition, the two tympana are similar in that they follow the tradition of placing the exaggerated Christ in the center of the image.  Here is where the similarity stops, however.  Autun is more traditional and typical of the Romanesque portal carvings.  It depicts the Second Coming, which is a popular and typical depiction in Romanesque art.  Frightful images of demons abound.  The goals of the two different tympana are reflected in their design; Autun is designed to frighten people back to church while Vézelay is designed as a political statement to support the crusades.

Lower compartments

The lower four compartments of the Vézelay tympanum show the nations that had already received the Gospels.  They include the Byzantines, Armenians, and Ethiopians.  The inclusion of the Byzantines is particularly important because it was the Byzantines who initially requested a Crusade to the holy land.  The Byzantines had lost Jerusalem to the Seljuk Turks through warfare, and they were eager to seek western military support to reclaim that territory.

The characters in the lower Vézelay compartments are regal and well proportioned.  They are a direct contrast to their "heathen" counterparts in the lintel.  They are human as opposed to monstrous.  In the eyes of the designers, they had received God's grace and are thus pictured as fully human in every detail.  These compartments can, therefore, can be seen as an allegory for the crusading nations.  The Crusader armies were made up of many different nationalities bound only by faith in the same God. Nations that had previously warred with one another were suddenly united for a common goal.  The lower tympanum compartments are an expression of this newfound solidarity.

Upper compartments
While the lower four compartments represent the Christian nations, the upper four compartments are a representation of the second mission of the Apostles.  According to the Bible, "many wonders and signs were done by the apostles." These wonders included the healing of the sick and the casting out of demons and devils.  These acts are represented in the upper four compartments of the Vézelay tympanum.  In one compartment, a pair of lepers is shown with looks of astonishment as they compare limbs that have been miraculously healed. The demons are analogous to the non-Christians inhabiting the holy land.  In reference to the Turkish take-over of the holy lands, Pope Urban said, "What a disgrace that a race so despicable, degenerate, and enslaved by demons should thus overcome a people endowed with faith in Almighty God!" It is not difficult to see the parallel between the Apostles' mission of casting out demons, and the designer's view of the crusaders' mission of casting out "a race ... enslaved by demons."  It is further evidence of the Vézelay portal's peculiar political motives.

Central portal

The central portion of the Vézelay tympanum continues this process of politicizing religion.  The central tympanum shows a benevolent Christ conveying his message to the Apostles, who flank him on either side.  This Christ is distinct in Romanesque architecture.  He is a stark contrast to the angry Christ of the St. Pierre de Moissac tympanum.  The Moissac Christ is a forbidding figure that sits upon the throne of judgment.  It is another example of the typical Romanesque Christ.  His face is without caring or emotion. He holds the scrolls containing the deeds of mankind, and he stands ready to execute punishment on the damned. The Vézelay Christ, however, is pictured contraposto with arms wide.  He is delivering a message, not exacting punishment.  The Vézelay tympanum is remarkable because it is so different.  The Vézelay Christ is sending the Crusaders out—he is not judging them.  Indeed, the Crusaders were guaranteed remission of all sins if they participated in the Crusades.  A forbidding Christ placed upon the throne of judgment would have been out of place at Vézelay.  That is why the traditional Romanesque Christ, with its angry stare, was replaced at Vézelay by a kind and welcoming Christ with arms wide open.

Since 1920 it has carried the title basilica.

Alignment with the sun
In 1976, after more than eight centuries, Hugues Delautre, one of the Franciscan fathers previously in charge of servicing the Vézelay sanctuary, discovered that not only the orientation axis of La Madeleine, but also its internal structure, were determined according to the position of the earth relative to the sun. Every year, just before the feast day of Saint John the Baptist, the astronomical dimensions of this church are revealed: When the sun reaches its highest point of the year, at local noon on the summer solstice, the light coming through the southern clerestory windows casts a series of luminous spots precisely along the longitudinal center of the nave floor.

To understand the meaning of this objective sign, Father Hugues Delautre refers to the 12th-century  texts (Suger, Peter the Venerable, Honorius of Autun) that inhabit the monument with the symbolic mentality of that time, for which sense reveals itself from sensitive signs through the anagogical method (literally ascent towards the uncreated), and where one's gaze is invited to go beyond the reality of the sign to reach the invisible, i.e. God and his mystery. Letting himself be progressively informed by the Vézelay light, he so concludes:

Has not the builder, fascinated by the beauty of the universe which he recognises as the work of God, erected this vestibule to Heaven in imitation of God who created with order, measure and beauty? He could say as Solomon did when he constructed the Temple in Jerusalem exactly according to God's instructions: Thou hast given command to build a temple on Thy holy mountain.. a copy of the holy tent which Thou didst prepare from the beginning (Wisdom 9:8). The nave is the expression of the romanesque man's admiring submission to the divine plan testified to by all creation.  The heavens declare the glory of God and the firmament sheweth His handywork ().

See also
 Commons:Great Romanesque tympanums in France

Notes

External links

 Jerusalem monastic community Vézelay - present state
 Maison du visiteur, Vezelay
 Vézelay page on the site Bourgogne Romane
 Gallery of detailed images

12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France
Benedictine monasteries in France
Cluniac monasteries in France
Romanesque architecture in Burgundy
World Heritage Sites in France
Buildings and structures in Yonne
Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
Landmarks in France
Basilica churches in France
Romanesque architecture in France
Churches in Yonne
Mary Magdalene
Solar alignment

Vézelay Abbey


Edward Simms (10 February 1800 - 15 January 1893) was an English organist and composer.

Background

He was the son of Edward Simms and born at Oldswinford, Worcestershire. He studied organ from an early age with his uncles at Stourbridge, and when ten assisted his uncle James Simms at Bromsgrove Parish Church. He went to London in 1810, and studied under Thomas Adams, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner.

In Coventry he established the Coventry Choral Society around 1836. He had many pupils of distinction, including the novelist George Eliot, and it is to him that reference is made in Middlemarch, as the teacher of Rosamond Vincy. He composed numerous pieces, but published very little.

He died in Coventry on 15 January 1893.

Appointments

Organist of Wombourne Parish Church, Wolverhampton 1813
Organist of Holy Trinity Church, Coventry 1821 – 1822
Organist in Birmingham 1822 – 1825
Organist of St John the Baptist Church, Coventry 1825 – 1828
Organist of St. Michael's Church, Coventry 1828 - 1886

Compositions

He composed numerous pieces, but not many were published.

References

1800 births
1893 deaths
English organists
British male organists
English composers
19th-century British composers
19th-century English musicians
19th-century British male musicians
19th-century organists

Edward Simms


Trout Bog Lake, also known as Bog 12-15, is a small bog lake in Vilas County, Wisconsin. It is located near the south basin of the much larger Trout Lake. The lake is entirely surrounded by vegetation, except for a logging road that provides access to it. Being a bog, the pH is extremely low; on average it is 4.8.

Limnology and Trout Bog

Trout Bog Lake is one of seven lakes studied at the North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER) site. The lake also houses a sensor buoy, which feeds data to the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON).

Fish species
Very few fish species call Trout Bog home. The most common species by far in the lake is the central mudminnow. Bluegill and black bullhead have also been recorded.

Notes

Lakes of Wisconsin
Lakes of Vilas County, Wisconsin

Trout Bog Lake (Vilas County, Wisconsin)


In economics, different kinds of manufacturing and services are broken down into groups called industries. The word comes from a Latin word meaning "working diligently at a task". There are many different industries, like mining, farming and logging. The industrial revolution made new industries.

An industry produces goods or services which are of a common set of qualities and which are indistinguishable (called homogeneous, in economics). It uses standardised processes for production, mass production and divison of labor.

History

Slavery

Slavery, which is forcing people to make goods and services, has happened since ancient times throughout the world as a way to have low-cost production. It usually produces goods for which profit depends on economies of scale.  International law has declared slavery illegal.

Industrial Revolution

The industrial revolution (from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century) saw the development and popularization of using machines to make goods instead of using hands. The industrial revolution played a role in the abolition of slavery in Europe and in North America.

References

Basic English 850 words

Industry


Mandholi is a small town of about 1500 people in eastern Rajasthan. It is 5 km from Neem ka thana township and about 90 km from Jaipur. It is famous for Battle of Maonda and Mandholi

History
Mandholi was part of Virat Janpad, and was ruled by tribal Meena rulers since antiquity, they were forced out of power by Jat rulers who were defeated by Tanwar Rajputs - Lakhaji Tanwar and Sangaji Tanwar, about 1567 A.D. Mandholi was part of state of Patan Torawati. This seat of power were elder house of Patan rulers. In mid eighteenth century the Battle of Maonda and Mandholi was fought in the plains surrounding villages of Maonda and Mandholi between Rajput forces of Jaipur-Amer and Jat forces of Bharatpur. About 25000 people lost their lives in this battle.

Mandholi Fort
The old fort at Mandholi is located exactly North of Jaipur's Nahargarh fort and on a good day, is visible with naked eye. In old days it was used as a fire warning structure also. The fort was held by Tanwar Rajputs since the 16th century but before that it belonged to Jats (Jakhar) and before that Meena rulers of the area held the Mandholi fort.

Structure
The fort is a three story structure with 4 gumbaj (circular pillars), the underground room is safest and used for storage, the main floor had 5 rooms with circular pillars in 4 directions to cover any enemy attack. The top floor was for observation and additional provisions and people.

Hindal's attack on Amarsar Shekhawati
Humayun's brother was sent to curb the Shekhawats of the area who refused Mughal suzerainty, the Torawati forces joined the Shekhawati forces and a battle was fought in this area.

Battle of Maonda and Mandholi
The last action witnessed by this fort was the battle of Maonda and Mandholi where the Jaipur state forces were pitched against the Jat rulers of Bharatpur. The Thakur of Maonda village was the fort authority in this battle.

Bheruji Temple
The Mandholi fort like most other forts in the area has a temple dedicated to the deity Bhairav (Bheruji).Up until a decade back goat sacrifice was a common sight at this fort.

Durga Mata Temple
There is a temple for Durga Maa on the rocky mountain in the village. People are often seen hiking on mountain for adrenaline rush and to visit the temple.

Gopalji Temple
Dedicated to Lord Krishna

Sita Ramji Temple
Dedicated to Lord Ram and Sitaji

Udoji ki Baori
A step well in typical style seen across Rajasthan, situated in the lathati or bottom area of the hill. It was renovated recently and converted as a water park.

Sati maata
Sati maata temple is situated next to the step well. Dedicated to Sati maata of Jakhar clan.

Notable people
Tanwar Rajvansh Ka Itihas

 Sati Maata - sacrificed herself to preserve the Jakhar progeny.
 Thakur Lakha Singh and Thakur Sangram singh - won the mandholi fort from Jat rulers.
 Thakur prahlad Singh Tanwar - a prominent educationist of the Torawati area.

Affinity
Affiliated to erstwhile kingdom of PATAN Torawati.

Torawati Map

References

Villages in Sikar district

Mandholi


The Gorgas–Manly Historic District is a historic district that includes  and eight buildings on the campus of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.  The buildings represent the university campus as it existed from the establishment of the institution through to the late 19th century.  Two buildings included in the district, Gorgas House and the Little Round House, are among only seven structures to have survived the burning of the campus by the Union Army, under the command of Brigadier General John T. Croxton, on April 4, 1865.  The other survivors were the President's Mansion and the Old Observatory, plus a few faculty residences.

Woods Hall was the first building constructed following the American Civil War.  The remaining five buildings, Clark, Manly, Garland, Tuomey and Barnard Halls, represent campus construction during the economic recovery that followed the end of the Reconstruction era.

The construction of Manly, Clark, Garland, and other buildings was financed by the sale of a large portion of  of land given by the United States Congress to the University as repayment "for the fiery ruin brought by Federal troops in 1865."

The district

Gorgas House

An example of the Greek Revival style, the Gorgas House was the first building built on the campus of the university.  Designed by William Nichols, designer of the original campus and Tuscaloosa's Old Alabama State Capitol, it was completed in 1829, prior to the opening of the campus.  The main facade, minus the portico, reflects the continuing influence of the Federal style.  Initially used as a guest house for visitors and professors and as a dining hall for students, it was converted to use as a faculty residence in 1847.  The house gained its current name from Josiah Gorgas, the eighth University of Alabama president.  Ill health forced him to resign as president and the trustees allowed the Gorgas family to move into the house, which also contained the campus post office and student hospital. The building was dedicated as a memorial to the family in 1944 by the Alabama legislature, and then became one of the University of Alabama museums now known as the Gorgas House Museum upon the death of the last two surviving Gorgas children in 1953.

Little Round House

This small octagonal building with crenelations originally served as the guard house of the university.
It was completed in 1860 and reflected the conversion of the university into a military campus.  The conversion occurred on February 23, 1860, by an act of the Alabama legislature.  As tensions between North and South escalated, the request for the transition came from the university president of the time, Landon Garland.  Ironically, the Little Round House, despite its military associations, was one of the few structures that remained after Federal troops burned the campus.  When the university reopened its doors in 1871 the building was used as a physician's office.  A few years later, while in a deteriorated condition, the building was considered for demolition.  It was saved by the university trustees and converted into a records repository.  It became known as Jasons Shrine during the 1930s, while being used by the Jasons, a men's honor society.  1990 saw the structure converted into a memorial for all of the honor societies.

Woods Hall

Woods Hall was the first new building on campus following the Civil War.  Constructed from 1867 to 1868, the four-story brick structure was built with a Gothic Revival arcade on the ground floor, end facades in the Gothic Revival style with a crenelated roof, and cast iron galleries on the central upper floors.  Initially known simply as "the barracks," it was used as a dormitory.  It also had a dining hall and classrooms on the ground floor. It remained a dormitory until 1961, when it was converted for use by the Department of Art and Art History.

The area between Woods Hall on the one side and Garland, Clark, and Manly on the other side is known as Woods Quad.

Clark Hall
Built in 1884, the Gothic Revival-style Clark Hall was constructed on the site of the old Lyceum, destroyed during the Civil War. Clark was originally designed as an all-purpose building with a library, reading rooms, chapel, and a large public meeting room, which served as "the great public hall of the University." By 1910 the building was beginning to deteriorate and the brick walls were near collapse by the late 1940s, due to the heavy roof. The hall was saved by the erection of an interior steel frame within the building, preserving it for future generations. The building was restored again in the 1980s. It was named for Willis G. Clark, a university trustee.

Clark Hall contains the main office space for the College of Arts and Sciences, as well as a dance studio (currently overseen by Cornelius Carter).

Manly Hall

Manly Hall is a -story Gothic Revival structure in red brick.  Similar in design to Clark Hall, it was finished in 1885.  Originally built as a dormitory, it now houses the Department of Religious Studies, the Department of Women's Studies, offices of the English department, and the office of the literary magazine Black Warrior Review. It was named in honor of Basil Manly, the second university president.

Garland Hall
The three-story Garland Hall is another Gothic Revival–style building on campus, built in 1887 to house a dormitory and the first incarnation of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. It is the "counterpart" of Manly Hall, and today houses the Sarah Moody Gallery of Art.

Tuomey Hall
The -story Tuomey Hall, now known as the Blount Undergraduate Initiative Tuomey Academic House, was completed in 1889.  Built as a laboratory for the Department of Chemistry, it was named in honor of Michael Tuomey, state geologist and professor.  Toumey Hall was previously the home of Army ROTC at the University of Alabama.

Barnard Hall
The -story Barnard Hall, now known as Oliver-Barnard Hall, was completed in 1889. Built as a laboratory and gymnasium, it now houses offices and classrooms for the College of Arts and Sciences.  It was named for scientist and professor, Frederick A. P. Barnard.  It was rededicated as Oliver-Barnard Hall in 2000 in honor of John T. Oliver Jr., trustee emeritus. Barnard Hall was previously the home of Air Force ROTC at the University of Alabama.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama

References

External links

 Gorgas House - official site

Federal architecture in Alabama
Greek Revival architecture in Alabama
Gothic Revival architecture in Alabama
University of Alabama
William Nichols buildings
National Register of Historic Places in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama
Buildings and structures in Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Historic districts in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama
Historic American Buildings Survey in Alabama
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
1971 establishments in Alabama
Tourist attractions in Tuscaloosa, Alabama

Gorgas–Manly Historic District


The East African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus), is a cheetah population in East Africa. It lives in grasslands and savannas of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and Somalia. The cheetah inhabits mainly the Serengeti ecosystem, including Maasai Mara, and the Tsavo landscape.

A cheetah from British East Africa was described by the American zoologist Edmund Heller in 1913. He proposed the trinomen Felis jubatus raineyi as a distinct subspecies. It also was recognized as several other distinct subspecies, such as A. j. ngorongorensis and A.  j. velox. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed A. j. raineyi to A. j. jubatus.

In 2007, the total number of cheetahs in East Africa were estimated at 1,960 to 2,572 adults and independent adolescents. East African cheetahs form the second-largest population after the Southern African cheetah. In 2007, there were between 569 and 1,007 cheetahs in Tanzania, between 710 and 793 cheetahs in Kenya, between 40 and 295 cheetahs in Uganda and approximately 200 left in Somalia. Kenya is the main stronghold for the East African cheetah, with the largest population of 800 to 1,200 adults in the country since 2015. In 2016, it was estimated that more than 1,000 individuals are resident in the Serengeti/Maasai Mara ecosystem of Tanzania and Kenya.

Formerly widespread in East Africa, the East African cheetah lost a high percent of ranges and has gone extinct in three countries; the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (the North Kivu province and the South Kivu province), Rwanda and Burundi.

Taxonomy
In the 19th and 20th centuries, several cheetah type specimens from East Africa were described and proposed as subspecies:
The Scottish zoologist Andrew Smith proposed the scientific name Felis fearsoni in 1834 for a specimen from the northeast of the Natalia Republic. The name was also spelled fearoni, fearonii or even fearonis by Leopold Fitzinger in 1869. Therefore, A. j. fearsoni was never accepted as a scientific name or a synonym.
In 1913, the American zoologist Edmund Heller described a cheetah under the trinomen Acinonyx jubatus raineyi, which had been shot by the American hunter Paul J. Rainey at the Ulu Station of Kapiti Plains in Kenya in 1911. The East African cheetah, also known as Rainey's cheetah was named in honor of Rainey.
 Heller also proposed the scientific name Acinonyx jubatus velox for a cheetah shot by Kermit Roosevelt in June 1909 in the Loita Plains, near Narok in British East Africa. He called it African highland cheetah. The skin is darker in color and has large black spots, which are more numerous than in raineyi'''s, and has the largest body size among cheetah zoological specimen.
 In 1913, the German zoologist Max Hilzheimer proposed the name "Acinonyx jubatus ngorongorensis" for a type specimen from the Ngorongoro area in Tanzania.

Other naturalists and zoologists also described cheetahs from other parts of East Africa that were all considered synonyms of A. j. raineyi.

In 2005, the authors of Mammal Species of the World recognized A. j. raineyi and A. j. velox as valid taxa, and considered A. j. ngorongorensis synonymous with A. j. raineyi.

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed A. j. raineyi and A. j. velox to A. j. jubatus, thus recognizing only one subspecies in Southeastern and Southern Africa.

Evolutionary history
The earliest African cheetah fossils from the early Pleistocene have been found in the lower beds of the Olduvai Gorge site in northern Tanzania.

Not much was known about the East African cheetah's evolutionary story, although at first, the East and Southern African cheetahs were thought to be identical as the genetic distance between the two subspecies is low. In the 1990s, it appeared from a DNA research that the East African cheetah is a separate subspecies differing from the Southern African cheetah.

In early 2011, results of phylogeographic genetic analysis on cheetah subspecies revealed more about the distinctiveness and significant differences between cheetah subspecies, revealing the connection between the East and Southern African populations. The mitochondrial DNA data shows that the East African cheetah had no common haplotype with the Southern African cheetah, although one haplotype consisting cheetah populations from Tanzania and Kenya clustered with Southern African cheetah. It was suggested that a population in East Africa might be derived from a relatively recent re-colonization events. The mtDNA study reveals that the divergence between the two populations occurred between 28,000 and 36,000 years ago.

Physical characteristics

East African cheetahs measure around  in head-and-body length and weigh between . The males are usually larger than females. Measurements on wild cheetahs in Tanzania were taken, and they can measure  in length and weigh . The largest have been recorded in Kenya. Depth of skull and length of mandible are significantly larger in males.

It is the second-palest after the Northwest African cheetah. East African cheetahs have a white-yellowish coat to a tannish coat. Their fur is usually shorter and leaner, and some can have a thick coarse fur on the belly. It has many round black spots, some can be found on the chests and neck, except on its white underside. The spots merge toward the end of the tail to form four to fourteen dark rings followed by a white tuft at the tip of the tail. Its tear marks run from the corner of the eyes to the mouth which reduces the glare of sunlight in its eyes, which is relatively thick. It also has a slighter build than other African cheetahs.

There have been reports about cheetahs of other color variations, such as melanism and ticked. A black (melanistic) cheetah was sighted in the Trans-Nzoia District of Kenya in 1925. A ticked (spotless) cheetah was shot in Tanzania in 1921, it had only a few very small spots on the neck and back.

Distribution and habitat

In East Africa, cheetahs primarily live on scrub forests, grasslands, savannahs, open fields, steppes and arid environments where preys are available, in which are suitable to be the cheetahs' main hunting grounds. A few can also be found at lakeshores and coastal areas, including mountain ranges. The cheetahs of Amboseli National Park also live in arid deserts of Nyiri.

The cheetah's range has the highest density mostly in between northern Tanzania and southern Kenya. The largest populations are mostly found at the Serengeti National Park, the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kora National Park and the Ngorongoro Crater from Tanzania and Kenya, as there were between 569 and 1,007 cheetahs in Tanzania and between 710 and 793 individuals in Kenya. In 2015, it is estimated that between 800 and 1,200 adult cheetahs reside in Kenya, making the country the main stronghold for the vulnerable species in East Africa. There are rare sightings of cheetahs at the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and in the Katavi National Park from southwest Tanzania.

Populations were estimated at around 40 to 295 cheetahs in Uganda as of 2007. Cheetahs are resident in Kidepo Valley National Park in northern Uganda. It is estimated that only 20 individuals live in Kidepo since 2014.

Former ranges
The East African cheetah has lost most of its historical range, such as in the North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in Virunga National Park. It might share borders with the Northeast African cheetah in Northeast Africa. It is regionally extinct in Rwanda and Burundi.

Ecology and behavior

Reproduction and life cycle

Male cheetahs are sociable and often live in a group of other males called coalitions. In the Serengeti, it was found that 41% of the adult males were solitary, 40% lived in pairs and 19% lived in trios. Male cheetahs are territorial, and establish their territories by marking their territories by urinating on trees or logs.

The female cheetah's home ranges can be very large and a territory including several females' ranges is impossible to defend. Instead, males choose the points at which several of the females' home ranges overlap, creating a much smaller space, which can be properly defended against intruders while maximizing the chance of reproduction. Coalitions will try their best to maintain territories to find females with whom they will mate. The size of the territory also depends on the available resources; depending on the habitat, the size of a male's territory can vary greatly from .

Female cheetahs can reproduce at 13 to 16 months of age with an average age of sexual maturity between 21 and 22 months.  Cheetah cub births mostly occurs during January to August in East Africa after 90 to 95 days of gestation.

Hunting and diet

Cheetahs are diurnal animals (active mainly during the day), whereas the stronger apex predators, such as hyenas, African leopards and lions are nocturnal (active mainly at night). Hunting is the major activity throughout the day; peaks are observed during dawn and dusk indicating crepuscular tendencies. Groups rest in grassy clearings after dusk, though males and juveniles often roam around at night.

In Kenya, cheetahs of the Masai Mara hunt after sunset to escape the high temperatures of the day. In the Serengeti, they hunt when the lions and hyenas are inactive. A study in Nairobi National Park showed that the success of cheetah hunt depends on the species, age, sex, and habitat of the prey, and the size of the hunting herd or the efficiency of the hunting individual.

It usually eats medium-sized or large mammalian herbivores, such as antelopes. It preys on impala, Grant's gazelle, gerenuk, wildebeest, waterbuck, hare and guineafowl. It even feeds on other large mammals, such as plains zebras and ostriches on few occasions. Its favorite prey is the Thomson's gazelle. The gazelle is found mostly in savannas, grasslands and open fields of the Serengeti ecosystem of Tanzania and the Masai Mara ecosystem of Kenya, where the cheetah can chase and catch its prey at full speed.

In Somalia, cheetahs feed on Soemmerring's gazelles. Historically, Speke's gazelles fell prey to the cheetahs, which were formerly the main prey of the cheetahs in semi-deserts and grass steppes of the Horn of Africa. It suffers from population decline and habitat degradation.

Enemies and competitors
Cheetahs are threatened and outranked by larger predators in their area, as they are known to be unable to defend themselves against these predators. In the Serengeti ecosystem, they are highly threatened by East African lions,Denis-Hoot, 198. as they can kill cheetahs, cause high-rate cheetah cub mortality, also steal their food.

Other predators such as African leopards, East African wild dogs and hyenas also threaten the cheetahs. Spotted and striped hyenas frequently scavenges from the cheetah kills, and the cheetahs would surrender their meals to the incoming hyenas without a fight.

Coalitions of male adult cheetahs can chase predators away. Even a single cheetah are also known to chase jackals and African golden wolves away from their territory or their food.

Threats
The cheetah is threatened by poaching, habitat loss and fragmentation. Cheetahs in the Serengeti and the Maasai Mara are affected by infectious disease, although it does not represent a major threat to the free-roaming cheetahs of East Africa.

Conservation

The cheetah species is listed on Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), Appendix I of CMS (Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals) and is protected under national legislation throughout most of its extant and some of its former range.

Despite the numerous reserves and national parks for the cheetah, its population still is in decline. There are various conservation projects in order to save the cheetah from extinction, such as the Mara-Meru Cheetah Project, the Serengeti Cheetah Project, Action for Cheetahs in Kenya and the Tanzania Cheetah Conservation Programme.

There are no known East African cheetahs in captivity. Whipsnade Zoo features displays that inform visitors about ZSL's cheetah conservation project in Tanzania. Despite the conservation project is involved on East Africa, the captive cheetahs of the zoo are actually Northeast African cheetahs.

In popular culture

 The book The Cheetahs by Alan Caillou tells the story about an Ethiopian family raising a pair of cheetah cubs named Taitu and Amro. A 1989 film released by Disney called Cheetah is loosely based on the book, where the cheetah is a female named Duma (the Swahili word for cheetah) and is adopted by an American family.
 The book How It Was with Dooms tells the true story of a family raising an orphaned cub named Duma in Kenya. The film Duma (2005) was loosely based on this book.
 Similarly, Roger Hunt successfully tames a cheetah from the Tsavo East National Park in Willard Price's Safari Adventure, after rescuing it from an elephant pit trap. The cheetah soon befriends a German shepherd dog called Zulu.
 André Mercier's Our Friend Yambo (1961) is a curious biography of a cheetah from Kenya adopted by a French couple and brought to live in Paris. It is seen as a French answer to Born Free (1960), whose author, Joy Adamson, produced a cheetah biography of her own, The Spotted Sphinx (1969).
 Disney's 2011 movie African Cats'' is about cheetahs and lions in Maasai Mara.

Gallery

See also
 Asiatic cheetah
 Ruaha National Park

References

External links

 Species portrait Acinonyx jubatus; IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group
 Cheetah Conservation Fund
 Southern and Eastern African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus)

Acinonyx
Mammals described in 1913
Mammals of Kenya
Mammals of Somalia
Mammals of Tanzania
Mammals of Uganda

East African cheetah


Mentzelia densa is a species of flowering plant in the Loasaceae known by the common names Royal Gorge blazingstar and Royal Gorge stickleaf. It is endemic to Colorado in the United States, where it occurs in the Arkansas River Valley in Fremont and Chaffee Counties.

This plant is a biennial herb or perennial subshrub generally growing no more than 30 centimeters tall. Its hairy white stems curve upward, forming a ball shape. It can form tumbleweeds. The narrow leaves are hairy. The flowers have pointed bright yellow petals and are about 2 centimeters wide. They open in the afternoon. The toothed fruit is up to 2 centimeters long by 1 centimeter wide. The fruit can cling to animals' fur.

This plant grows in pinyon-juniper woodland and open shrubland. It may be a dominant plant at disturbed sites, such as washes. The soil is rocky, gravelly, or sandy. Associated plants include Pinus edulis, Juniperus monosperma, Juniperus scopulorum, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Cercocarpus montanus, Artemisia tridentata, Eriogonum jamesii, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Oryzopsis micrantha, Mentzelia multiflora var. leucopetala, Bouteloua gracilis, Rhus trilobata, Heterotheca villosa, Cylindropuntia imbricata, and Opuntia phaeacantha.

There are about 15 occurrences of this plant, but some have not been seen recently. The plant is threatened by recreational activities in the Arkansas River Valley.

References

densa
Flora of Colorado
Endemic flora of the United States
Endangered flora of the United States
Taxa named by Edward Lee Greene

Mentzelia densa


Ursuline College is a private Roman Catholic liberal arts college in Pepper Pike, Ohio. It was founded in 1871 by the Ursuline Sisters of Cleveland and was one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States and the first Catholic women's college in Ohio.

Academics
Ursuline College offers a diverse spectrum of undergraduate and graduate studies, including 30 undergraduate, 9 graduate, and 10 degree-completion programs. In 2016, Ursuline had a total student population of 1,175, with 59% undergraduate and 41% graduate students. While the traditional undergraduate programs remain women-focused, all of the programs welcome both women and men.

Location

The campus is situated approximately  east of Cleveland and  northeast of Akron. Ursuline's campus features 5 educational buildings, including the Sister Diana Stano Athletic Center, the Parker Hannifin Center for the Creative Healing Arts & Sciences, and the Bishop Anthony M. Pilla Center. There are three residence halls: Murphy, Grace, and Smith. Murphy and Grace are traditional 2-person dorms and Smith is made up of 4-person suites.

Athletics

Ursuline College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division II. The Arrows are a member of the Great Midwest Athletic Conference (G-MAC), but used to be a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics' now-defunct American Mideast Conference (AMeC) until the 2011–12 season. Women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

List of presidents

 Diana Stano, -2015
 Christine De Vinne, 2015-2024

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Ursuline colleges and universities
Universities and colleges in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Women's universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1871
1871 establishments in Ohio
Catholic universities and colleges in Ohio
Great Midwest Athletic Conference schools
Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland
History of women in Ohio

Ursuline College


A tree view is a graphical widget (graphical control element) within a graphical user interface (GUI) in which users can navigate and interact intuitively with concise, hierarchical data presented as nodes in a tree-like format. It can also be called an outline view.

Appearance
A tree view is usually a vertical list of nodes arranged in a tree-like structure. Each node represents a single data item, displayed as an indented line of text or a rectangular box. The indentation (and sometimes a line drawn between nodes) is used to indicate levels of hierarchy. Every treeview has a root node from which all nodes descend. Below the root node and indented to the right are its child nodes. Each node has exactly one parent node and can have zero or more child nodes. If a node (other than the root node) has a child or children, it is called a branch node. If it has no child, then it is a leaf node. This creates a hierarchical tree-like structure, with branches and subbranches emerging downward and rightwards. The nodes can be differentiated by different colors, icons and fonts to represent the nested relationship between parent nodes and child nodes. An item can be expanded to reveal subitems, if any exist, and collapsed to hide subitems.

Features

Interactivity
Tree view allows users to interact with hierarchical data in a variety of ways, such as :
 expanding and collapsing nodes to reveal or to hide their child nodes and thus navigate through the tree structure according to one's needs.
 search and filter nodes based on specific criteria such as date.
 renaming or deleting using context menus.
 copying and moving (dragging and dropping) nodes to other sections of the tree to rearrange them.
 opening a node in a separate window.

Customizability
Tree views can be customized for visual appeal and efficiency in the following ways:
 Input methods : Tree views can be customized to support various input methods such as mouse, keyboard, and touch input so that users can interact using their preferred method. Users can use their mouse to click on a node to select it, move their mouse to drag and then release the mouse button to drop nodes to rearrange them. They can also use keyboard shortcuts to navigate and interact with the tree.
 Look and feel : Developers (and sometimes users) can tailor the look and feel of tree views as well to match specific visual requirements of certain applications. Icons, fonts and colors used to display nodes, animations and effects to represent node expansion and collapse, and custom behaviors for drag and drop actions can be implemented. The context menu options can be customized for an application so that users can only perform specific actions on nodes.
 Accessibility : tree views can offer accessibility features for users with disabilities.

Advantages
Tree views offer the following advantages :
 They display hierarchical data in a concise and easy-to-follow format, so that users can easily walk through and interact with the data.
 They are customizable, so their appearance and behavior can be tailored to meet specific requirements of an application.
 They are interactive and allow the use of different input methods.
 They are flexible and potent navigational tools which can be used in a variety of applications (such as file managers)

Disadvantages
 If the nested or hierarchical relationship of items is not to be emphasized, then tree view would not be the optimal choice. A regular list would be more appropriate.
 For large amounts of data or deeply nested hierarchies, tree views can become visually disorderly and difficult to navigate, leading to inefficiency and productivity loss because users would spend more time walking through the structure than working with the data.
 They are more complex and thus more difficult to maintain than simpler structures like lists and tables.
 For the developers, customization options with animations and complex behaviors can increase time spent on implementation and debugging.

Application
Tree views are used in situations where hierarchical data needs to be displayed and navigated in a graphical interface. For example, they have been used in:
 file managers to display the hierarchical structure of directories and files residing in a computer file system so that users can navigate the directory tree and open, close and manage their files more efficiently.
 email clients to display the hierarchical structure of email folders and messages, helping users to view and reply to email messages, and manage their inbox.
 organizational charts to display the hierarchical structure of an organization's employees and departments.
 network topologies
 programming frameworks for building graphical applications.
 XML documents to present hierarchical data.
 outliner applications (as extended tree view), where each node consists of editable text.

See also
 Directory (file systems) - an example of application of tree views
 File manager
 Genealogy software

References

External links
 Treeview in pure HTML+CSS
 Tree view widget in the GTK+ API
 Tree view control in the Win32 API (MSDN)
 Yahoo! UI Library y
 Extended TreeView for .NET WinForms
 TreeView Control in ASP.NET 2.0
 Interview with Henk Hagedoorn, developer of first tree-view PIM

Graphical control elements

Tree view


Tortang talong, also known as eggplant omelette, is an omelette or  fritter from Filipino cuisine  made by pan-frying grilled whole eggplants dipped in an egg mixture. It is a popular breakfast and lunch meal in the Philippines. A common variant of tortang talong is rellenong talong, which is stuffed with meat, seafood, and/or vegetables.

Etymology
The name tortang talong means "eggplant omelette"; from a suffixed form of torta ("omelette" or "flat cake"), and talong (eggplant). The name is sometimes shortened to tortalong.

Description
The basic tortang talong recipe involves first grilling the whole eggplant until the flesh is soft and the skin becomes charred and almost black. This can be done in a charcoal grill, a baking pan, or over a direct flame while wrapped in aluminum foil (like on a gas stove). The grilling gives the eggplant a characteristic smoky flavor. The charred skin is then peeled off, although the stalk is retained. The flesh is mashed flat with a fork and dipped into a beaten egg mixture seasoned with a salt and spices to taste. The eggplant is then pan-fried until the outside is golden brown and crispy, while the core remains soft and creamy.

The most common varieties of eggplants in the Philippines are the long and slender purple kind. When larger and rounder eggplant varieties are used, the eggplant may need to be halved or quartered (with the stalk still attached) so they can be grilled more evenly.

Tortang talong is most commonly eaten for breakfast or lunch. It is served on white rice, sometimes accompanied with a dipping sauce (like soy sauce, vinegar, banana ketchup, etc.) or additional seasoning (like black pepper, calamansi, or chilis). It can also be served as a side dish to meat dishes.

Variations
A notable variant of tortang talong is rellenong talong (also spelled relyenong talong; from Spanish relleno, "stuffed"), commonly anglicized as "stuffed eggplant omelette". This version is cooked in the same way as the regular version, except that the omelette also includes various stuffings of pre-cooked meat (like minced beef or pork or longganisa), seafood, and/or vegetables.

In some versions, the eggplant is not grilled, but is instead boiled, resulting in a softer version that lacks the characteristic smoky flavor of the original dish. Non-traditional restaurant variants may also remove the stalk and puree the eggplant before mixing it with the omelette.

The basic tortang talong recipe as well as rellenong talong stuffed with vegetables are considered vegetarian. A vegan version can also be made using squash, flour, and tofu as an egg substitute.

See also

Kulawo
Tortang carne norte
Tortang kalabasa
Tortang sardinas
Poqui poqui
Ukoy
Bistek
Tocino

References

External links

Eggplant dishes
Omelettes
Filipino cuisine
Breakfast dishes
Egg dishes
Fried foods
Fritters

Tortang talong


Philip Upchurch (born July 19, 1941) is an American jazz and blues guitarist and bassist.

Career
Upchurch started his career working with the Kool Gents, the Dells, and the Spaniels, before going on to work with Curtis Mayfield, Otis Rush, and Jimmy Reed. (His association with Kool Gents member Dee Clark would continue, including playing guitar on Clark's 1961 solo hit "Raindrops".) He then returned to Chicago to play and record with Woody Herman, Stan Getz, Groove Holmes, B.B. King, and Dizzy Gillespie.

In 1961, his record "You Can't Sit Down" by the Philip Upchurch Combo, sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. "You Can't Sit Down, Part 2" peaked at No. 29 on the Billboard charts in the US. And he released his first album. In the 1960s he toured with Oscar Brown, appearing on the 1965 live album, Mr. Oscar Brown, Jr. Goes to Washington. In the mid-1960s he was house guitarist of Chess Records and he played with The Dells, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters and Gene Chandler. He also played with John Lee Hooker, Grover Washington, Jr. and Cannonball Adderley. Upchurch was part of a group called The Soulful Strings during the 1960s, prior to working with the Rotary Connection on Chess's Cadet label.

In the 1970s, he worked with Donny Hathaway, Harvey Mason, Ramsey Lewis, Quincy Jones and led his own quartet with Tennyson Stephens. He met Bob Krasnow and Tommy LiPuma, the founders of Blue Thumb Records, and he released Darkness Darkness. Upchurch played on Donny Hathaway's "This Christmas" and "The Ghetto". He also played guitar on Hathaway's Live album (1972). In the mid 1970s and 1980s, he performed with George Benson, Mose Allison, Gary Burton, Lenny Breau, Joe Williams, Chaka Khan, Natalie Cole, Carmen McRae, Cat Stevens, David Sanborn, and Michael Jackson. In the 1990s he worked with Jimmy Smith and Jack McDuff.

Discography

As leader
 You Can't Sit Down, Part Two (Boyd/United Artists #UAL-3162 mono and #UAS-6162 stereo, 1961)
 The Big Hit Dances: The Twist... (United Artists #UAL-3175 mono and #UAS-6175 stereo, 1962)
 Feeling Blue: The Phil Upchurch Guitar Sound (Milestone #9010; OJC #1100, 1967)
 Upchurch (Cadet/Chess #LPS-826, 1969) with Donny Hathaway on piano.
 The Way I Feel (Cadet/Chess/GRT #LPS-840, 1970)
 Darkness Darkness (Blue Thumb #BTS-6005, 1972)
 Lovin' Feeling (Blue Thumb #BTS-59, 1973)
 Upchurch/Tennyson with Tennyson Stephens (Kudu/CTI #KU-22, 1975)
 Phil Upchurch (Marlin/TK Records #MAR-2209, 1978) produced by John Tropea and George Benson.
 Free & Easy (JAM [Jazz America Marketing] #007, 1981)
 Revelation (JAM #011, 1982)
 Name of the Game (JAM #018, 1983)
 Companions (JAM #021, 1984) issued as Paladin/Virgin #PAL-4 for UK market.
 Phil Upchurch Presents L.A. Jazz Quintet (Pro Arte/Intersound #631, 1986) with Brandon Fields, Bobby Lyle, Brian Bromberg, Harvey Mason.
 Dolphin Dance (Sound Service #6177, 1987)
 Midnite Blue (Electric Bird/King [Japan] #KICJ-53, 1991) compilation of JAM material.
 All I Want (Ichiban #ICH-1127, 1991)
 Whatever Happened To The Blues (Ridgetop/Bean Bag/Go Jazz #55566; Go Jazz #6006, 1991) issued as Go Jazz #VBR-2066 for Germany market.
 Love Is Strange (Ridgetop/Bean Bag/Go Jazz #55552; Go Jazz #6014, 1995)
 Rhapsody & Blues (Go Jazz #6035, 1999)
 Tell the Truth! (Evidence #22222, 2001) produced by Carla Olson.
 Impressions Of Curtis Mayfield by Jazz Soul Seven (BFM Jazz/Varese Sarabande #62413, 2012) produced by Brian Brinkerhoff; co-produced and arranged by Phil Upchurch; featuring Terri Lyne Carrington, Russ Ferrante, Master Henry Gibson, Bob Hurst, Wallace Roney, Phil Upchurch, Ernie Watts. ["The album I'm most proud of", Phil Upchurch 2012].

With the Soulful Strings
 Paint It Black (Cadet/Chess #LPS-776, 1966)
 Groovin' with the Soulful Strings (Cadet/Chess #LPS-796, 1967)
 Another Exposure (Cadet/Chess #LPS-805, 1968)
 The Magic of Christmas (Cadet/Chess #LPS-814, 1968)
 Back by Demand: The Soulful Strings in Concert (Cadet/Chess #LPS-820, 1969)
 String Fever (Cadet/Chess #LPS-834, 1969)
 Play Gamble-Huff (Cadet/Chess/GRT #LPS-846, 1971)
 The Best of the Soulful Strings (Cadet/Chess/GRT #2CA-50022, 1972) compilation/2-LP set

As sideman
With Mose Allison
 Middle Class White Boy (Elektra Musician, 1982)

With Anita Baker
 Christmas Fantasy (Blue Note, 2005)

With George Benson
 Bad Benson (CTI, 1974)
 Good King Bad (CTI, 1975)
 Breezin' (Warner Bros., 1976)
 In Flight (Warner Bros., 1977)
 Livin' Inside Your Love (Warner Bros., 1979)

With Oscar Brown Jr.
 Mr. Oscar Brown Jr. Goes to Washington (Fontana, 1965)

With Peabo Bryson and Natalie Cole
 We're the Best of Friends (Capitol, 1979)

With Dee Clark
 Raindrops (Vee Jay, 1961)
 With Natalie Cole Unpredictable (Capitol, 1977)
 I Love You So (Capitol, 1979)
 Holly & Ivy (Elektra, 1994)With Bob Dylan Christmas in the Heart (Columbia, 2009)With Sheena Easton No Strings (MCA, 1993)With Stan Getz What the World Needs Now: Stan Getz Plays Burt Bacharach and Hal David (Verve, 1968)With Dizzy Gillespie The Real Thing (Perception, 1969)With Donny Hathaway Everything Is Everything (Atco, 1970)
 Donny Hathaway (Atco, 1971)
 Live (Atco, 1972)
 Extension of a Man (Atco, 1973)With Red Holloway Standing Room Only (Chiaroscuro, 2000)With Howlin' Wolf The Howlin' Wolf Album (Cadet Concept, 1969)
 The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions (Chess, 1971) with Eric Clapton, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Steve Winwood, Ringo Starr, and others...With Michael Jackson Off the Wall (Epic, 1979)With Chaka Khan Chaka (Warner Bros., 1978)
 Naughty (Warner Bros., 1980)With Hubert Laws The Chicago Theme (CTI, 1974)With Ramsey Lewis Them Changes (Cadet/GRT, 1970)With Jack McDuff The Natural Thing (Cadet, 1968)
 The Heatin' System (Cadet/GRT, 1971)
 Magnetic Feel (Cadet/GRT, 1975)
 Kisses (Sugar Hill, 1981)With Carmen McRae Fine and Mellow: Live at Birdland West (Concord, 1987)With Jimmy Reed Soulin' (BluesWay, 1967)
 Big Boss Man (BluesWay, 1968)
 Down in Virginia (BluesWay, 1969)With Minnie Riperton Come to My Garden (GRT, 1970; Janus, 1974)
 Minnie (Capitol, 1979)With Rotary Connection Rotary Connection (Cadet Concept, 1968)With Ben Sidran Don't Let Go (Blue Thumb, 1974)With Jimmy Smith Stay Loose (Verve, 1968)
 Prime Time (Milestone, 1989)
 Sum Serious Blues (Milestone, 1993)
 Dot Com Blues (Blue Thumb, 2000)
 Black Cat (Castle Pie, 2001)With Muddy Waters' Electric Mud (Cadet Concept, 1968)
 After The Rain'' (Cadet Concept, 1969)

References

External links
 Phil Upchurch official site
Phil Upchurch Interview at NAMM Oral History Library (2015)

1941 births
Living people
American rhythm and blues bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American rhythm and blues guitarists
American jazz bass guitarists
American jazz guitarists
Jazz-blues guitarists
American session musicians
Milestone Records artists
Guitarists from Chicago
20th-century American bass guitarists
Jazz musicians from Illinois
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Blue Thumb Records artists
CTI Records artists
African-American jazz guitarists

Phil Upchurch


Averbode Abbey is a Premonstratensian abbey situated in Averbode, in the municipality Scherpenheuvel-Zichem (Flemish Brabant), in the Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels in Belgium.
It was founded about 1134, suppressed in 1797, and reestablished in 1834. Throughout the 20th century the abbey press was a leading children's publisher in Belgium. The church's building is a peculiar synthesis of Baroque and Gothic, with Renaissance ornament details, dominating the monastery complex. The whole structure was built of iron sandstone from Langdorp and white sandstone from Gobertange between 1664 and 1672, after a design by the Antwerp architect Jan Van den Eynde II.

History

1134–1800
Averbode Abbey was founded about 1134–1135 by Arnold II, Count of Loon. With land donations from the Abbey of Sint-Truiden, the lords of Aarschot and Diest, and some years later Godfrey III of Leuven, the abbey was situated right on the border of the County of Loon and the Duchy of Brabant. The first canons and abbot Andreas came from the Sint-Michielsabdij in Antwerp, founded in 1124.

The abbey started rather small but grew over the centuries, until it was some 5500 ha in the seventeenth century, including farms, fields, woodland, mills, heath, and local chapels. The abbey also provided the priests for 27 parishes. The first abbey church was inaugurated in 1194, and soon after the nuns, who until then resided in Averbode as well, moved to Keizerbos, where it stayed until it disappeared in 1796.

The gatehouse, built at the end of the 14th century, is the oldest remaining building. The church and part of the abbey was destroyed by a fire after a lightning strike on 25 October 1499.

The abbey went through a prosperous period in the first half of the 16th century, under Abbot Gerard vander Schaeft. The church was rebuilt and richly decorated. Unrest and plundering troops made it necessary to flee the abbey four times in this period. Political and religious instability in the latter half of the century, with the Beeldenstorm, made the canons flee the abbey again in 1578 to the refuge of Diest. The death of 12 monks in 1579 because of the bubonic plague reduced the abbey to only 28 monks in 1584. They returned to Averbode only in 1604. The seventeenth century saw a return to strength of the abbey, with 80 monks by 1670.

At the end of the 18th century, in 1789, the Brabantse Omwenteling started a period of great political turmoil, with the French and the Austrians fighting for control over Brabant. Travelling troops heavily damaged the abbey. After the French disbanded most abbeys on 1 September 1796, the canons of Averbode were evicted on 14 February 1797. Most parts of the library and the archive, including the sumptuous Mosan masterpiece, the Evangeliary of Averbode, were brought to safety beforehand, and the abbot and some canons fled across the Rhine. In 1802, brother Ignatius Carleer bought the abbey and some monks were able to return. The church was used as parish church for . Because of financial problems, most of the church treasure had to be sold. Meanwhile, the library and archive were seized by the government and transferred to the University of Liège and the Royal Archives of Belgium in Brussels.

1834–1918
The abbey was reestablished on 14 December 1834, with the 12 surviving monks of 1796. Averbode also served as the novitiate for the abbeys of Postel,
Grimbergen and Tongerlo. By 1840, there were again 23 people connected to the abbey, a figure which slowly rose to 31 in 1850 and 43 in 1868, of which only 19 actually stayed in the abbey. Most of the others where parish priests.

In 1877, the abbey founded a "Broederschap van O.-L.-Vrouw van het Heilig Hart" ("Brotherhood of Mother of the Sacred Heart"), linked with the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Issoudun. This brotherhood would give a new élan to the abbey and define its status and works until today. Membership soared, with 60,000 in 1879 and 100,000 in 1883, reaching 400,000 by 1894. In 1881, a first press was bought to print the magazines and leaflets for the Brotherhood. In the meantime, the judicial status of the abbey was still unclear, and in 1887 the abbey was sold to the Countess of Merode, and most of the ground to her father. In the years before World War I, the abbey prospered and grew through the Brotherhood and the printing activities, with some of its magazines printed in more than 100,000 copies. The abbey was now the largest employer of the region, and built social houses for its employees in 1899 and created a cooperative dairy in 1907 and a bank in 1911.

The abbey was at the time a motor of the village life, with also a school, a library and a thespian society.  It was the center of Marian-centred pilgrimages, which attracted many visitors and benefited the local shops and bars.

In 1896, the abbey first started with missionary work, when two canons left for Pirapora,  Brazil, where they started a school which also served as the seminary until 1949. Another school was started in Jaguarão in 1901, which was moved to Jaú in 1915. The college in Petropolis came under the leadership of Averbode in 1909 as well. A second mission started in 1903 in Denmark, where the abbey founded the parish of Vejle, with a new Catholic school and from 1913 on a hospital.

1921 onwards

In 1921, the abbey was able to buy back its buildings and grounds from the family de Merode. The year before, the "Eucharistische Kruistocht" ("Eucharistic Crusade") was founded, a movement to bring the faithful more in line with the Church and its doctrines, in line with the teachings of Pope Pius X. The priest Edward Poppe, although not a member of the abbey, was the leading force behind the Crusade until his death in 1924 at the age of 34. New youth magazines were created as a means of spreading the Crusade amongst the youth, who were the main target of the movement. These would become the second main branch of the printing activities, together with the purely religious publications.

In the early 1930s, the abbey came into financial problems due to the high costs of new buildings for the abbey and machinery for the publishing company. A reorganisation, which made the publishing company a separate company owned by the abbey instead of an integral part of the abbey, and a strict financial control helped the abbey to pay off the debts over the next decade. On the other hand, the abbey flourished now more than ever.  Because of the success of the Brotherhood, the Crusade and the missions, and the population explosion in Belgium, the numbers of canons increased to 230 by 1937.

The central buildings of the abbey, apart from the church, burned down almost to the ground on 29 December 1942. In 1945, a school in Brasschaat which was run by the abbey was hit by a V-1 flying bomb, killing a canon and three priests. The abbey reached its greatest population in 1959 with 242 people, 88 of which resided in the abbey. The others were divided over the missions, schools, dependencies and parishes maintained or serviced by Averbode. In the same year, a second Sint-Michielscollege was founded in Schoten, complementary to the one in Brasschaat. In Brazil, a new parish in Piracicaba was started, and an abbey was founded in Salto in 1963.

The general decline of Catholicism in Western Europe and especially in Flanders started to affect the abbey of Averbode as well though.  The work on the new abbey in Brazil was stopped and the college of Jaú was closed down. The schools in Brasschaat and Schoten saw the canons leave as well, but they continued to exist. The publishing activities also were more and more led by laymen, and the printing activities were sold in 1996. In 2011, the abbey housed 78 canons, of which 45 lived and worked in the abbey.

Abbey church

Between 1664 and 1672, a new church was built, after a design by the Flemish architect Jan van den Eynde II.  Almost all the buildings were rebuilt during this century. Van den Eynde was awarded the commission in 1664, after Lucas Faydherbe's plans were rejected.  The first stone was laid on 31 July 1664. The ground-plan of this Baroque church combines a centralized cruciform space to the west for the laity with a deep choir, which was necessary for Norbertine choral services. The treatment of space is more emphatic here than in other Norbertine abbey churches, on account of the happy combination of a radial plan with a very long and axially accentuated choir. The design combined Gothic structural forms, such as ribbed vaults, with Renaissance ornamental details. The church is considered a peculiar synthesis of Baroque and Gothic. No dome was built over the central section because in January 1668 one of the major piers collapsed. Because two other pillars collapsed after that, the fourth pillar also had to be pulled down. Works restarted with more solid material and the building was roofed over by the end of 1670. The community inaugurated the new abbey church on 11 July 1672, the feast of St. Norbert. The solemn consecration was not celebrated until 19 June 1681. Van den Eynde also produced the church's sculptures.

Present day
In 2010, the courtyard was redesigned to include a reflecting pool.

The abbey has a long tradition of the sustainable production of food and drink. Old service buildings were repurposed to house a abbeycafé with a brewery, a bakery and an abbey shop. The Abbey Cafe features a variety of products, including the house bear, Momentum, which is brewed on the premises. The Abbey Shop stocks products ranging from books to regional produce, including bread baked on site. The Abbey also has a dairy farm.

Zonneland is a Belgian Dutch-language youth magazine published by Averbode since 1920. A French version called is called Tremplin.

Mitred Prelates and Abbots

Abbots since the French Revolution
 Gregorius Thiels.
 Norbertus Dierckx.
 Sulptitius de Sespes.
 Frederic Mahieu.
 Leopold Nelo, first mitred Abbot of Averbode.
 Gummarus Crets (1887 tot 1942), general Abbot, papal prelate.
 Emmanuel Gisquière
 Koenraad Stappers
 Ulrik Geniets
 Jos Wouters

See also
 Postel Abbey

Notes

External links

 Averbode Abbey official website

Christian monasteries in Flemish Brabant
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Premonstratensian monasteries in Belgium
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1672
Religious organizations established in the 1130s
1672 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1130s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
12th-century establishments in Belgium

Averbode Abbey


Bernard Matthew Cassidy VC (17 August 1892 – 28 March 1918) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Cassidy was 25 years old, and a second lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers, British Army during the First World War at the German spring offensive when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 28 March 1918 at Arras, France, at a time when the flank of the division was in danger, Second Lieutenant Cassidy was in command of the left company of his battalion. He had been given orders to hold on to the position at all costs and he carried out this instruction to the letter. Although the enemy came in overwhelming numbers he continued to rally and encourage his men, under terrific bombardment until the company was eventually surrounded and he was killed.

He is remembered on the Arras Memorial. Cassidy has a street named after him in Canning Town in London called Bernard Cassidy Street. His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London.

References

Bibliography
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

External links

1892 births
1918 deaths
People from Camden Town
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
British military personnel killed in World War I
Lancashire Fusiliers officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Irish Guards soldiers
English people of Irish descent
Military personnel from London

Bernard Matthew Cassidy


Peter Ghyczy (born 1 December 1940 in Budapest) (died 10 March 2022 in Netherlands) is a German designer of Hungarian origin, who lived in the Netherlands.

Biography

Peter Ghyczy, child of a widespread aristocratic family, grew up in Buda, a fine district of Budapest. After the invasion of the Red Army 1945, in which his father was killed, he was sent to the family's property Vásárosnameny in the Puszta plains, where he also visited the village school. In 1947 he was brought to Belgium by the International Red Cross for one year, where he learned French.

After the family was expropriated of their estate, he returned to his mother in Budapest, where he finished primary school. From 1954 on he attended the Benedictine Secondary School in Pannonhalma connected to a famous monastery. 1956, after the crushing of the Hungarian uprising against the communist regime, he fled with his mother and brother via Vienna to Bonn.

In 1960 he attained his "Abitur" (A level)  and started to study architecture at the Technical University of Aachen specializing on constructional engineering. Beginning in 1961 he assisted professor Rudolf Steinbach, a renowned German architect, and later worked at the institute of plastic research. In between he took jobs in Paris and at a Unesco project in Kalabsha, Egypt, which was saving antique ruins from a reservoir. 1967 he graduated as an architect in Aachen with a thesis on unconventional school buildings.

From 1968 to 1972 he lived in Lemförde in the South of Lower Saxony.  In 1969 he became a German citizen. Peter Ghyczy is married and father of four. He lived in Beesel near the river of Maas at the eastern border of the Netherlands until his death on March 10th 2022.

Work as a designer

Peter Ghyczy is one of several designers in the 20th century who were also immigrants – among them Henry van de Velde, Marcel Breuer, Hans Gugelot, Peter Maly – and had a major impact on German and international design. In 1968 he took a leading position at the company Elastogran in Lemförde in southern Lower Saxony, where he was responsible for the development of products made from polyurethane. Owner of the company Gottfried Reuter, former chemist at Bayer in Leverkusen, was an expert in the field of polyurethane production, for which he held several patents. In the 1960s he formed a company group (with a turnover of a few hundred million Deutschmarks based on these patents).

Between 1968 and 1972 Peter Ghyczy developed many innovative designs, which identified him as one of the most productive designers of these years. In 1970 the Design-Center in Lemförde was inaugurated, built according to Ghyczy's design, made completely from polyurethane and being the first of its kind. It was one of the early German design studios, whose close cooperation between product design and technical development was unheard of in the plastics industry until then. This design studio gave birth to many novel, modular components, such as shelters, facade elements but most notably various types of furniture, among them chairs, shell chairs, sectional sofas, tables, shelves and plastic door fronts for offices and kitchens.

Licenses were given to well-known companies,  among others Drabert, "die Vereinigten Werkstätten", Vitra (at the time still named Fehlbaum GmbH), and Beylarian in the USA. Of all these only one model came to fame: das Gartenei from 1968, the first hinged armchair. The Design-Center was closed as early as 1972 and later demolished. Reuter sold his company to BASF and - more or less secretly - his polyurethane technology to the GDR, which was given the Gartenei along with it. This led to the fact that a chemical plant in Senftenberg produced it in unknown quantities. After the fall of the "iron curtain" it made a reappearance as "Senftenberger Ei" - often falsely seen as an East German design - in the art scene of the late 90s, where it turned into a highly desired collector's item, Peter Ghyczy now produces his own re-edition.

In 1972 he founded Ghyczy + Co Design in Viersen and presented his first furniture collection. It was based on casting techniques which he transferred from plastics to metal. He patented many of his developments, especially for his innovative method clamping glass and metal together. He used this technique for a new type of "frameless" table, which has often been copied and which he used as a basis for an entire product line. Finally the also patented "frameless" shelf R03 came around which has long made its way - as plagiarism - into many furniture stores.

Peter Ghyczy designed numerous lamps, for example the series MegaWatt and the table lamp MW 17, a curved, balanced tabular steel Rohr; another "frameless" construction - an idea, which resembles a famous piece in design history, the  "legless" "Freischwinger" presented by Mart Stam and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in 1927. Peter Ghyczy often used cast metal parts. This methode derives from his early experiences with plastic castings.

In 1974 Peter Ghyczy moved his company Ghyczy Selection to the Netherlands. In 1985 it moved to Swalmen, where it remains until today.

External links

 Ghyczy official website
 Museum Victoria and Albert

1940 births
Living people
Hungarian emigrants to Germany
German furniture designers
Peter
German expatriates in the Netherlands

Peter Ghyczy


Adventure fiction is a type of fiction in which an adventure forms the main storyline. The adventure is usually an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger. Author Malins describes adventure fiction as the story "of the hero—individual or group—overcoming obstacles and dangers and accomplishing some important and moral mission." The characters in an adventure fiction are highly sympathetic. They are also ones the reader can easily relate to. There has to be a conflict to overcome and a clever villain to stop.

The hero
A key part of many adventure fictions is the hero. In most stories the hero has to succeed. At the same time the hero may be the least interesting character in the story. The hero is often timid, submissive and easily pushed around. The hero may be a superhero, a spy, a detective or even an antihero. But the hero manages to meet the challenge. All great adventure heroes seem to find the ability to beat their enemies or win over hostile environments.

Sometimes the villain wins. In Edgar Allan Poe's story The Cask of Amontillado, the villain is the narrator of the story. Sometimes the villain wins only to be confronted again in a sequel.

The genre
In many adventure fictions, the adventure takes place in foreign lands or exotic places. One of the earliest adventure fiction writers was Daniel Defoe. His stories of Robinson Crusoe and Captain Singleton helped set the standards for the adventure fiction genre. Another British author Sir Walter Scott built on the formula. He combined history with adventure fiction. His historical romance novels Waverley, Rob Roy and Ivanhoe were classic adventures. They helped the reader understand the hero and gave him a code of chivalry. French author Alexandre Dumas wrote The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo and Man in the Iron Mask. These were very popular in Europe and America. His stories had strong elements of revenge and forgiveness. James Fenimore Cooper in his adventure stories The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans and The Pathfinder were set in exotic new world locations. But Cooper changed the aristocratic hero into one who was noble even though not born into the nobility.

References

Other websites
 The 200 Greatest Adventure Novels of All Time
 Popular Adventure Fiction Books

Fiction genres

Adventure fiction


Hasmukh Thakordas Parekh (10 March 1911 – 18 November 1994) was an Indian financial entrepreneur, writer and philanthropist. He played a role in the development of Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India, now ICICI Bank, founded the Housing Development Finance Corporation, and in 1992 was awarded the Padma Bhushan for his contribution to the finance industry in India. The London School of Economics also conferred on him an honorary fellowship.

Biography
Hasmukh Thakordas Parekh was born to a Jain family in Surat, Gujarat. During his early life he lived in a chawl with his father, Thakurdas, and had to juggle a part-time job and studies with the London School of Economics. He subsequently worked as a lecturer at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, for three years, and later began his financial career with the stock broking firm Harkisandass Lukhmidass. He joined ICICI as Deputy general manager in 1956, became chairman and managing director in 1972. He retired in 1976 and was Chairman of ICICI's Board until 1978.

At 66, when he had already received many honours and was stepping down from ICICI, he started a new institution, the Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC), the first of its kind for housing finance in India. On meeting the then Secretary of Finance, Dr Manmohan Singh, the latter told him that HDFC was an unknown venture and that no one knew if it would "click" with the Indian people, but Hasmukh Thakordas Parekh had by then already obtained promises of funding from overseas investors, and he was enthusiastic about the project. H.T. Parekh Library (IFMR) is an archive and reference library. It is used by Institute's faculty members, researchers, staff, students as well as outsiders for their academic and research requirements.

References

1994 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry
Businesspeople from Gujarat
People from Surat
1911 births
HDFC Group
Indian Jains

Hasmukhbhai Parekh


Leinier Domínguez Pérez (born September 23, 1983 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban chess Grandmaster.

He won the Cuban Chess Championship in 2002, 2003, 2006, and 2012.

During the 2004 FIDE World Chess Championship he reached the quarter finals, losing to Teimour Radjabov in the tie-break.

His best tournament result was Barcelona 2006, where he scored 8/9 and finished first, ahead of Vassily Ivanchuk, with a performance rating of 2932.

In 2008, he won the CPA chess tournament and the 43rd Capablanca in Memoriam tournament. In the same year he tied for first with Evgeny Alekseev (but lost to him in tie-break) at Biel (6.5/10), ahead of Magnus Carlsen.

On November 8, 2008 he won the World Blitz Championship 2008, held at Almaty in Kazakhstan, with 11.5 points out of 15, ahead of Vassily Ivanchuk, Peter Svidler, Alexander Grischuk and many other top grandmasters.

In June 2013 he won the FIDE Grand Prix in Thessaloniki as a clear first in a field of twelve elite players, among them Fabiano Caruana, Veselin Topalov and Alexander Grischuk.

References

1983 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Cuban sportspeople
People from Havana

Leinier Domínguez


Baron St Helens is a title that has been created three times, once in the Peerage of Ireland and twice in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

History

The first two creations were both in favour of the same person, but are now extinct. The first creation came in the Peerage of Ireland on 26 January 1791 when the Chief Secretary for Ireland Alleyne Fitzherbert was created Baron St Helens. On 31 July 1801 he was further honoured when he was created Baron St Helens, of St Helens on the Isle of Wight in the County of Southampton, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, allowing him to sit in the House of Lords. On his death in 1839, both baronies became extinct. Lord St Helens was the son of William Fitzherbert, Member of Parliament for Derby, and a younger brother of Sir William Fitzherbert, 1st Baronet.

The third creation came on 31 December 1964 when the Conservative politician Michael Hughes-Young was created  Baron St Helens, of St Helens in the County Palatine of Lancaster. He had earlier represented Wandsworth Central in the House of Commons. It was one of the last hereditary baronies ever created in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.  the title is held by his son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1980. Henry George Young, father of the first Baron, was a Brigadier-General in the British Army.

Barons St Helens, First and second creations (1791/1801 - 1839)
Alleyne Fitzherbert, 1st Baron St Helens (1753–1839)

Barons St Helens, Third creation (1964 - present)
Michael Henry Colin Hughes-Young, 1st Baron St Helens (1912–1980)
Richard Francis Hughes-Young, 2nd Baron St Helens (born 1945)
The heir apparent, and only heir to the title, is his son, The Hon. Henry Thomas Hughes-Young (born 7 Mar 1986)

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

David Beamish's Peerage Page

Extinct baronies in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1791
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1801
Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1964
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron St Helens


Rodolfo Olgiati (Lugano, 30 June 1905 – Bern, 31 May 1986) was a Swiss schoolteacher and educationist.

Olgiati studied in Chur and Bern. He studied mathematics and physics at the ETH Zurich. He met Leonhard Ragaz. From 1929 to 1932, he was a teacher at the Odenwaldschule in Heppenheim. In 1933, he worked at Faithfull's home for educators in England. From 1934 to 1935, he worked for Fritz Wartenweiler in the youth courses. In 1935 he became secretary of the Service Civil International. During the Spanish Civil War, in February 1937, he worked for the rescue of vulnerable children and founded the Swiss Working Group for Spanish Children (SAS) with Fritz Wartenweiler and Regina Kägi-Fuchsmann.

In Spain, he met Irma Schneider, who, as a former teacher at the Swiss school in Barcelona, ran the canteen for pregnant women in Madrid.
In January 1940, he helped bring together 17 organizations under the umbrella organization of the Swiss Working Group for Children Affected by War (SAK).

In January 1942, Children's Aid, were founded by the Swiss Red Cross and the SAK in order to be able to extend children's aid to the whole of Europe. From 1942 to 1943, Olgiati was a central secretary. He resigned at the end of 1943 and the SAK was dissolved in 1944.

From late 1944 to 1948, he was the manager of Swiss donation, and from 1948 Swiss European Aid (SEH). He started aid for Germany. From 1949 to 1970, he was a member of the International Red Cross ICRC in Geneva. In 1958, he led the East Swiss Evangelical Home of Wartensee. He founded the Swiss Aid Organization for Non-European Areas (SHAG) with Regina Kägi-Fuchsmann.

Works
 Nicht in Spanien hat's begonnen, Herbert Lang, Bern 1944
 Ernst Wetter und Rodolfo Olgiati: Tätigkeitsbericht Die Schweizer Spende 1944–1948, 1949.
 Werkplätze einer Zukunft, Herbert Lang, Peter Lang Verlag Bern, Frankfurt/M. 1975. ISBN 3-261-01444-X.

References

1905 births
1986 deaths
Swiss activists
Swiss teachers
People from Lugano

Rodolfo Olgiati


The Pons Probi (Bridge of Probus) was a bridge over the River Tiber in Ancient Rome, just south of Porta Trigemina.

The Pons Probi connected the Aventine Hill to the Trastevere. The Roman bridge was probably built during the reign of the Emperor Probus (276–282 AD). Possibly it was built because of the grain reforms of Aurelian, Probus's predecessor, which necessitated a number of aqueduct-powered water mills in this area, and a bridge to transport the grain from these across the Tiber. Note it was part of the Aurelian wall and it was located right in front of the Porta Portuensis.

In 374 there was a heavy flood of the Tiber, and it is likely that the flood inflicted considerable damage on the bridge. Between 381 and 387 the bridge was renovated or completely rebuilt under the Emperors Theodosius I and Valentinian II. In the Middle Ages the bridge became known as the Pons Novus ("New Bridge") and Pons Marmoreus Theodosii.

The bridge was rebuilt again in the 11th century and later partially destroyed. The remains were completely demolished in 1484 by order of Pope Sixtus IV. Remains of the bridge's ancient piers were visible until the 1870s at low water level in the Tiber. The piers of the Pons Probis were finally removed in 1878.

See also
 List of Roman bridges

References

External links
 Pons Probi on The Tiber River, Tiber Bridges, and Tiber Island in Rome
 Taylor, Rabun Tiber River Bridges and the Development of the Ancient City of Rome

Bridges in Rome
Roman bridges in Italy
Bridges completed in the 3rd century
Demolished bridges
Probus

Pons Probi


"The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law" (German: "Philosophische Manifest der historischen Rechtsschule") is a manuscript written by German political philosopher Karl Marx in 1842. It was first published in the Supplement to the Rheinische Zeitung No. 221, August 9, 1842. The chapter about marriage was cut by the censor in the original publication. The complete article was first published in MECW 1927.

References

External links
The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law, German text

1842 documents
Books by Karl Marx
Books in political philosophy
Communist books
Manifestos


Beverlee McKinsey (August 9, 1935 – May 2, 2008) was an American actress. She is best known for her roles in television soap operas. She played Iris Carrington on Another World and the soap opera Texas. She also played Alexandra Spaulding on Guiding Light.

Career
McKinsey was born in McAlester, Oklahoma Aug. 9, 1935. In 1956 she graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a bachelor's degree. She was an actress for over 30 years. She began acting in New York theater. McKinsey was an understudy for the Neil Simon play "Barefoot in The Park". In the 1960s she performed the lead role several times. She played opposite Robert Redford. She played the role of Honey in the 1964 London production of "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" by Edward Albee. In the late 1960s McKinsey moved to Hollywood. She made guest appearances in several television series. These included "Mannix," "The Virginian" and "Hawaii Five-O." She also played supporting roles in feature films such as "Bronco Billy" with Clint Eastwood.

McKinsey played Iris Carrington on "Another World," broadcast on NBC From 1970 to 1979. She played the same role in 1980 and 1981 on the NBC spinoff "Texas". From 1984 to 1992 she played Alexandra Spaulding on CBS's "Guiding Light". In 1992 she decided she wanted to quit acting. She had an "out" clause in her contract making it legal to leave the show. In 1994 she returned to acting briefly as Myrna Slaughter on ABC's "General Hospital".

McKinsey died due to complications of a kidney transplant at age 72 in Santa Maria, California.

Awards
Between 1977 and 1980, McKinsey was nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards for outstanding lead actress. All four were for her role as Iris on Another World.

References

Other websites

American television actors
Actors from Oklahoma
People from McAlester, Oklahoma
1935 births
2008 deaths

Beverlee McKinsey


Ahaseurus was a King of Persia from the Book of Esther.  He is normally identified with Xerxes I in modern translations but it is actually debated which king he was with older traditions saying that he was Artaxerxes I.

Role in the Book of Esther
Ahaseurus asks for his wife Queen Vashti to come to his feast with her crown on but she refuses so Ahaseurus's advisor Memuchan tells him to make a law that every man is his wifes master and that he get rid of Vashti. Ahaseurus does but he wants to get a new wife and ends up marrying Esther who chooses not to tell him that she is Jewish because Mordechai told her it would be dangerout if anyone knew. Esther then warned Ahaseurus that his servants Bigtan and Teresh were trying to poison him so Ahaseurus had them executed. Esther told Ahaseurus that Mordechai was the one who told her about the plan.  Ahaseurus made Haman his advisor and gave him the power to make his own laws as if he were the king. When Esther came to Ahaseurus without an invitation, a crime punishable by death, Ahaseurus let her and gave her the feast she asked for with Haman there too. Then Ahaseurus remembered that he did nothing to reward Mordechai for saving him so he had Haman take him on a horse across the city saying "this shall be done for the man whom the king wishes to honour". At the second feast, Esther told Ahaseurus that she was a Jew and that Haman wanted to kill her and her people.  While Ahaseurus's servant Charbonnah told Ahaseurus that Haman was planning to kill Mordechai. So Ahaseurus had Haman hanged on the gallows Haman had built to kill Mordechai and gave Mordechai Haman's job. Moredechai and Esther asked Ahaseurus to cancel the law Haman had made and Ahaseurus told them that he couldn't so he instead gave Mordechai the same power he had given Haman so Mordechai could give the Jews the right of self-defence so that they could use violence to fight back against and kill their enemies on the day Haman had chosen for the Jews to die. So after the Jews won, the Jews started to celebrate their victory with a holiday called Purim.

Old Testament people

Ahaseurus


Sanjaajamtsyn Altantuyaa (; born March 6, 1976) is a Mongolian former swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. Altantuyaa competed for Mongolia in the women's 100 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She received a ticket from FINA, under a Universality program, in an entry time of 1:04.00. She challenged seven other swimmers in heat one, including 15-year-olds Maria Awori of Kenya Nathalie Lee Baw of Mauritius. Diving in with the slowest reaction of 1.13 seconds, Altantuyaa fought her way from behind the pack to save a seventh spot over Tajikistan's Katerina Izmaylova by almost nine seconds in 1:10.22. Altantuyaa failed to advance into the semifinals, as she placed fifty-third overall in the prelims.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Mongolian female swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Mongolia
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Mongolian female freestyle swimmers
Sportspeople from Ulaanbaatar

Sanjaajamtsyn Altantuyaa