Hipólito José da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonça (August 13, 1774 – September 11, 1823) was a Brazilian journalist and diplomat considered to be the "father of Brazilian press".

He is the patron of the 17th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

Life
Costa was born in Colônia do Sacramento, now part of Uruguay, to alferes Félix da Costa Furtado de Mendonça and Ana Josefa Pereira. His brother was José Saturnino da Costa Pereira, who would be a senator of the Empire of Brazil and commander of the Brazilian Army. Although they had converted to Christianity, his family, the da Costas, came from a long line of Sephardic Jews who were active in Portugal, England and the West Indies.

In 1777, the family moved to Pelotas, in Rio Grande do Sul, where Costa would spend his adolescence, until he was sent to the University of Coimbra in 1798, where he graduated in Law, Philosophy and Mathematics.

Recently graduated, he was sent on diplomatic missions to the United States and Mexico by then-Portuguese prime minister Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho. He would live in the U.S. for two years, more precisely in Philadelphia, where he became a Freemason. He wrote an account of his trip to Philadelphia, named Diário de Minha Viagem para a Filadélfia, but it would be only published in 1955.

Two years after his trip to the U.S. he returned to Brazil, where he would receive another mission, this time for England, in 1802. However, three or four years later, when he returned to Brazil, he was arrested by the Portuguese Inquisition, by order of Pina Manique, since he was accused of spreading Masonic ideas through Europe. However, he was able to escape prison and fled to Spain, disguised as a lackey. From Spain, he returned to England, where he received protection of Prince Augustus Frederick. Da Costa continued his masonic activities in England, having joined two masonic lodges under the auspices of the Premier Grand Lodge of England; the Lodge of the Nine Muses (1807) and then the Lodge of Antiquity (1808).

Settling down in the city of London, he then founded what would be the first Brazilian journal: the Correio Braziliense, which ran from 1808 to 1823. Through this journal, Costa would spread Liberal ideas. However, the Portuguese ambassador in London, Bernardo José de Abrantes e Castro, Count of Funchal, was an extreme combatant of Costa's journal, and would create one of himself, entitled O Investigador Português em Inglaterra (The Portuguese Investigator in England), which ran from 1811 to 1819. Many other journals which fought the Correio Braziliense were created.

Costa died in 1823, without knowing that he was proclaimed consul of Brazil in England. He was buried in the church of Saint Mary the Virgin, in Hurley, Berkshire, but in 2001 his remains were brought to Brazil, and can now be found at the Museu da Imprensa Nacional.

He was also famous for translating into Portuguese works by Benjamin Thompson and Benjamin Smith Barton.

Honors
The Museu de Comunicação Social Hipólito José da Costa, in Porto Alegre, is named after him.

References

External links
 Hipólito da Costa's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters

1774 births
1823 deaths
Brazilian journalists
Brazilian diplomats
Brazilian translators
Brazilian emigrants to the United States
Patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
English–Portuguese translators
Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England
Catholicism and Freemasonry
18th-century Brazilian writers
19th-century Brazilian writers
Brazilian Freemasons
19th-century Brazilian male writers

Hipólito da Costa


Swami Vivekananda represented India and Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893).
India Celebrates National youth day on birth anniversary of the Great Swami.
This was the first World's Parliament of Religions, and it was held from 11 to 27 September 1893. Delegates from all over the world joined this Parliament. In 2012 a three-day world conference was organized to commemorate 150th birth anniversary of Vivekananda.

Background

Journey to the west
With funds collected by his Madras disciples, the kings of Mysore, Ramnad, Khetri, diwans and other followers, Narendra left Bombay for Chicago on 31 May 1893 with the name "Vivekananda" which was suggested by Ajit Singh of Khetri. The name "Vivekananda" meant "the bliss of discerning wisdom".

Vivekananda began his journey to America from Bombay, India on 31 May 1893, on the ship named peninsula His journey to America took him to China, Japan and Canada. At Canton (Guangzhou) he saw some Buddhist monasteries. Then he visited Japan. First he went to Nagasaki. He saw three more big cities and then reached Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo, and then he reached Yokohama. He started his journey to Canada in a ship named RMS Empress of India from Yokohama.

 Meeting with Jamsetji Tata
In the journey from Yokohama to Canada on the ship Empress, Vivekananda accidentally met Jamsetji Tata who was also going to Chicago. Tata, a businessman who made his initial fortune in the opium trade with China and started one of the first textile mills in India, was going to Chicago to get new business ideas. In this accidental meeting on the Empress'', Vivekananda inspired Tata to set up a research and educational institution in India. They also discussed a plan to start a steel factory in India.

He reached Vancouver on 25 July. From Vancouver (of Canada) he travelled to Chicago by train and arrived there on Sunday, 30 July 1893.

Journey to Boston
After reaching Chicago, Vivekananda learned no one could attend the Parliament as delegate without credential or bona fide. He did not have one at that moment and felt utterly disappointed. He also learned the Parliament would not open until first week of September. But Vivekananda did not give up his hope. To cut his expenditure, he decided to go to Boston, which was less costly than Chicago.

Meeting with John Henry Wright
At Boston, Vivekananda met Professor John Henry Wright of Harvard University. Professor Wright invited Vivekananda to give a lecture at the university. After being acquainted with Vivekananda's knowledge, wisdom and excellence, Professor Wright insisted him to represent Hinduism at the Parliament of World's Religions. Vivekananda himself later wrote– "He urged upon me the necessity of going to the Parliament of Religions, which he thought would give an introduction to the nation". When Wright learned that Vivekananda was not officially accredited and did not have any credential to join the Parliament, he told Vivekananda– "To ask for your credentials is like asking the sun to state its right to shine in the heavens."

At the World's Parliament of Religions

Response to Welcome (11 September 1893)
The World's Parliament of Religions started on 11 September 1893 at the Permanent Memorial Art Palace (also identified as the World's Congress Auxiliary Building), now the Art Institute of Chicago, as part of the World's Columbian Exposition. Vivekananda gave his first lecture on that day. Towards the afternoon his turn came, after so much of procrastination. Though initially nervous, he bowed to Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of learning, and he felt he got new energy in his body; he felt someone or something else had occupied his body– "The Soul of India, the echo of the Rishis, the voice of Ramakrishna, the mouthpiece of the resurgent Time spirit". Then began his speech with salutation, "Sisters and brothers of America!".

Why we disagree (15 September 1893)

In this speech, Vivekananda tried to explain the reason of disagreement between each other and different sects and religions. He told a story of a frog, which is popularly known as (koop mandook). And in the story he told, a frog used to live in a well. It was born there and brought up there, and it used to think his well was the biggest water land of the world. One day, a frog from a sea came to that well. When the frog from the sea told the frog of the well that the sea is much bigger than that well, the frog of the well did not believe it and drove the frog of the sea away from his well. Vivekananda concluded– "That has been the difficulty all the while. I am a Hindu. I am sitting in my own little well and thinking that the whole world is my little well. The Christian sits in his little well and thinks the whole world is his well. The Muslim sits in his little well and thinks that is the whole world."

Paper on Hinduism (19 September 1893)

Vivekananda gave a short introduction of Hinduism and spoke on "The meaning of the Hindu religion". He also talked about the 3 oldest religions of the world, namely Hinduism, Zoroastrianism and Judaism and their survival and the emergence of Christianity. He then went ahead and shared his knowledge of the Vedanta philosophy, the concept of god, soul and body in Hinduism.

Religion not the Crying need of India (20 September 1893)

In this brief address, Vivekananda made a "little criticism" and told, religion was not the most important need of Indians at that moment. He regretted for sending of Christian missionaries and trying to save the souls of Indians, although poverty had been a much more important issue at that time. He then told, his aim was to join the Chicago Parliament of Religions and to seek aid for his impoverished people.

Buddhism, the Fulfillment of Hinduism (26 September 1893)

In this speech, Vivekananda talked on Buddhism. He talked about origin of Buddhism, relation between Buddhism and Brahmanism, Buddhism and Vedas. He concluded, "Hinduism cannot live without Buddhism, nor Buddhism without Hinduism." and showed how Buddhism is the fulfillment to Hinduism.

Address at the Final Session (27 September 1893)

This was Vivekananda's final address at the Parliament of World's religion. In his last speech, he told that the Parliament had become an accomplished fact. He thanked the "noble souls" for organizing the Parliament which he felt "proved to the world that holiness, purity and charity are not the exclusive possessions of any church in the world, and that every system has produced men and women of the most exalted character". He finished his speech with appeal "Help and not Fight," "Assimilation and not Destruction," "Harmony and Peace and not Dissension.".

Impact

Parliament of the World's Religions (2012)
In 2012, a three-day world conference was organised by the Institute of World Religions (of the Washington Kali Temple), Burtonsville, Maryland, in association with the Council for A Parliament of World Religions, Chicago, Illinois to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Vivekananda.

See also
 Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda

References

External links

 Addresses at The Parliament of Religions at Archive.org
Addresses at The Parliament of Religions (The Complete Works of Swami) at Wikisource

Swami Vivekananda
1893 in Illinois

Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions


The Captives is a 1724 tragedy by the British writer John Gay. The action takes place in the ancient Median Empire, following the fashion in many tragedies of the era to have oriental settings. It concerns a plot against the King, which involves his wife and two royal Persian captives.

It was staged at the Drury Lane Theatre and starred the leading actors Robert Wilks as Phraortes, Anne Oldfield as Captive, Barton Booth as Sophernes, John Mills as Hydarnes, Mary Porter as Astarbe, Charles Williams as Araxes and Roger Bridgewater as Orbasius. It enjoyed a solid run of seven performances, but the rival Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre put on a series of popular hits such as The Recruiting Officer, The Drummer and The Double Dealer against it.

George, Prince of Wales and his wife Princess Caroline attended a performance of the play.

References

Bibliography
 Burling, William J. A Checklist of New Plays and Entertainments on the London Stage, 1700-1737. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1992.
 Dugaw, Dianne. "Deep Play": John Gay and the Invention of Modernity. University of Delaware Press, 2001.
 Winton, Calhoun. John Gay and the London Theatre. University Press of Kentucky,  2014.

1724 plays
West End plays
Plays by John Gay
Tragedy plays

The Captives (1724 play)


The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة,  al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) was an Islamist terrorist organization based in Algeria. It wanted to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. The GIA adopted violent tactics in 1992 after the military government did not recognise the victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in the first round of elections held in December 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front was the largest Islamic opposition party at the time.

Between 1992 and 1998 the GIA led a violent campaign. They killed many civilians. Sometimes they wiped out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others). After announcing its campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in 1993, the GIA killed more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group used assassinations and bombings, including car bombs. It is known to have favored kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. The GIA was considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Algeria, France and the United States. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, the UK, Italy and the United States.

History of Algeria
Islamic terrorism

Armed Islamic Group


The City of Kwinana in Perth, Western Australia was originally established as the Kwinana Road District with an Act of Parliament, the Kwinana Road District Act 1953. Section 4 of the Act stated that "there shall not be a duly elected Road Board for the Kwinana Road District but the Governor may, by Order in Council, appoint a fit and proper person having a comprehensive knowledge and experience of local government matters to be Commissioner of the district." Harry Lester McGuigan, secretary of the Belmont Park Road Board, was appointed Commissioner for five years from 15 February 1954. This term was later extended by two years.

On 2 February 1961, the Act was repealed, and elections were held on 11 February 1961, at which the first Road Board Chairman was elected. On 1 July 1961, the Road District became a Shire with a president and councillors, and on 28 May 1977, the Shire of Kwinana became the Town of Kwinana, with a mayor and councillors. On 17 September 2012, it became a City.

Kwinana Road District

Shire of Kwinana

Town of Kwinana

City of Kwinana

References

Lists of local government leaders in Western Australia
City of Kwinana

List of mayors of Kwinana


see Hermann Muller (disambig) for others with similar names

Heinrich Ludwig Hermann Müller (1829–1883) was a German botanist who provided important evidence for Darwin's theory of evolution.

Müller was an early investigator of coevolution.p27 He was the author in 1873 of Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten, a book translated at the suggestion of Darwin in 1883 as The fertilisation of flowers. He and Darwin corresponded—36 letters between the two, or from Darwin concerning Müller, are recorded. Darwin cited him extensively in The Descent of Man for his information about the behavior of bees.

Hermann was the brother of Fritz Müller,p29 the German doctor who lived in the Amazon and researched its natural history. The work of both brothers was well known to Darwin.

This author is usually abbreviated H.Müll. when citing a botanical name.

References

Other websites
Darwin's preface to the English translation of The fertilisation of flowers

1829 births
1883 deaths
German botanists

Hermann Müller


Ice age could mean:

Ice age, a period of lower temperatures, resulting in an expansion of ice sheets and glaciers
Pleistocene, the last ice age, from 1.81 million to 11,550 years before the present
Wisconsin glaciation, refers to the world's last glaciations of the last ice age, from about 72,000 to 11,550 years before the present
Ice Age (movie), a computer-animated movie released in 2002
Ice Age: The Meltdown, the sequel released in 2006
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, the second sequel released in 2009
Ice Age: Continental Drift, the third sequel released in 2012
Ice Age: Collision Course, the fourth sequel released in 2016
Ice Age Entertainment, a record label
Ice Age, an expansion set released in 1995 for the collectible card game, Magic: The Gathering

Ice age (disambiguation)


Jassic () is an extinct dialect of the Ossetian language once spoken in Hungary, named after the Jasz people, a nomadic tribe that settled in Hungary in the 13th century.

History
The Jasz (Jassic) people came to Hungary together with the Cumans, chased by the Mongols. They were admitted by the Hungarian king Béla IV, hoping that they would assist in fighting against a Mongol-Tatar invasion. But shortly after their entry, the relationship worsened dramatically between the Hungarian nobility and the Cumanian-Jassic tribes and they left the country. After the end of the Mongol-Tatar occupation they returned and were settled in the central part of the Hungarian Plain.

Initially, their main occupation was animal husbandry. During the next two centuries they were assimilated into the Hungarian population and their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, and Jászfényszaru) still bear their name. The historical, ethnographical and geographical region of Jászság, as well as of the modern Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County, are among the many place names linked to them. The name of the city of Iași in Romania may also derive from the name of the people.

The only literary record of the Jassic language was found in the 1950s in the Hungarian National Széchényi Library. It is a one-page glossary containing 34 words mainly related to products of agriculture (types of grain, cattle, etc.) probably compiled for fiscal or mercantile purposes. The glossary was interpreted with the help of Ossetian analogues from the Digor dialect. (Németh 1959)

See also
Jasz (Jassic) people

References

 Németh, J. 1959. "Eine Wörterliste der Jassen, der ungarländischen Alanen." Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur, und Kunst, Jahrgang 1958, Nr. 4. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
 Kim, Ronald. "On the Historical Phonology of Ossetic." Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 123, No. 1. (Jan.-Mar.,2003), pp. 43–72.

Eastern Iranian languages
13th century in Hungary
Extinct languages of Europe
Languages extinct in the 15th century

Jassic dialect


Tunç Hamarat (born December 1, 1946) is a Turkish chess player living in Austria and the sixteenth ICCF World Champion, 1999–2004.

Born in Istanbul, Hamarat attended the Austrian St. Georgs-Kolleg high school in Istanbul, and then graduated in Physics from the Middle East Technical University (ODTÜ) in Ankara. In 1972, he moved to Vienna, Austria for his Master's degree in Physics Engineering at the Vienna University of Technology there. In 1976, he went temporarily back to İzmir, Turkey for military service. Since 1972 he has been living in Austria and has been an Austrian citizen since 1994. Recently, he is working for a telecommunication company in Vienna.

During the sixteenth ICCF World Championship, he had amassed an unassailable 11 points out of 15 games with one game remaining. Hamarat was deadly on the black side of the Sicilian Sveshnikov, beating former CC World Champion Horst Rittner of Germany and Greek International Master Spyros Kofidis with it. At one time, Hamarat was supposed not to have lost a single game as White in over 40 years. However, this retroactively ceased to be the case, as correspondence chess games date from their year of initiation, and Hamarat eventually lost games playing with the white pieces against Edgar Prang (started in 2001) and Hans Marcus Elwert (started in 2002), though he apparently resigned these only after he became World Champion in January 2004. In 'over-the-board' chess, he played in the finals of the Turkish championships three times. In Vienna, he played in the top league. But since 1963 his main interest has been correspondence chess, "because I am a perfectionist", he says. In 1997, he earned the title of International Grandmaster of Correspondence Chess.

Hamarat also plays backgammon professionally. He is one of the top players in Austria. He won several titles in international backgammon tournaments. Besides, he is also an expert in jazz music, and acts as a jazz DJ in Vienna.

The Austrian mail authority issued a personified postage stamp with his picture in his honor. The Wiener Zeitung, an important newspaper, named him as the 'Viennese of the month'.

External links

1946 births
Living people
World Correspondence Chess Champions
Correspondence chess grandmasters
Austrian people of Turkish descent
Turkish chess players
Austrian chess players
Turkish backgammon players
Middle East Technical University alumni
TU Wien alumni
Sportspeople from Istanbul
St. George's Austrian High School alumni
Turkish emigrants to Austria

Tunç Hamarat


Bernard Charreyre (born Perpignan, 27 January 1950) is a French rugby union coach and a former footballer.

He won the title of French Junior Championship at USA Perpignan, in 1969. He would play most of his career at Asptt Paris, where he stayed 14 years.

He coached French Students (1996) and won the Students World Cup in South Africa. He also was the coach of France U-19 (from 1999 until 2001) and won the U-19 World Cup in 2000 in France. He was later assigned as head coach of Romania after they had been smashed 134-0 by England at Twickenham in November 2001.

In January 2002 Charreyre took over. He was nicknamed the Little Napoleon. That year they won the European Nations Cup and qualified for the 2003 Rugby World Cup finals, where they suffered in their tough pool with defeats at the hands of Australia (90-8), Argentina (50-3) and Ireland (45-17). Romania won the last game against Namibia (37-7) but Bernard Charreyre took the decision to leave the Romanian team at the end of the competition.

External links

1950 births
Living people
French rugby union players
French rugby union coaches
French expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Romania national rugby union team coaches
Chile national rugby union team coaches

Bernard Charreyre


The Volnovakha bus attack was an attack on a highway checkpoint near the village of Buhas outside of the Volnovakha municipality in the Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine on 13 January 2015. It resulted in the deaths of 12 passengers of an intercity bus and injuries to 18 others in the area. The attack was the largest single loss of life since the signing of the Minsk Protocol in September 2014, which attempted to halt the War in Donbass. The incident has been labeled an "act of terror" by both the Ukrainian authorities as well as the rebels.

Initially, separatists took responsibility for this incident, which they thought was a successful destruction of the Ukrainian roadblock. After the information about civilian bus hit the news, they denied having "even technical possibilities" to shell that area. OSCE Special Monitoring Mission inspecting the place of incident assessed from its study of five craters that they were caused by "rockets fired from a north-north-eastern direction".

The checkpoint named "Buhas" is located on the H20 highway at the intersection with another road accessing the city of Volnovakha. Beside Buhas and Volnovakha, there also is a village of Blyzhnie.

Attack

On 13 January, a bus was carrying civilians moving northward to Donetsk from the village of Zlatoustivka (Zlatoustovka) and passing a small city of Volnovakha on the Donetsk-Mariupol road (H20 highway). Approaching the zone controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic, the bus stopped at the checkpoint for passport control. Soon thereafter the checkpoint was fired upon, with multiple rockets landing next to the line of vehicles, including the bus. Shrapnel from a round tore through and completely disabled the bus, while killing and injuring several passengers. Ten people perished on site, while two more died soon after being brought to the hospital in Volnovakha.

The Ukrainian government's official version states that pro-Russian militants tried to shell positions near the Buhas checkpoint, which is  from the city of Donetsk. Donetsk Prosecutor's Office reported that militants fired more than 40 shells at the highway despite knowing the fact that it had been used only by civilians. An official of the Donetsk Oblast Interior Ministry said, "It was a direct hit on an intercity bus".

According to the head of the main command center of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Bohdan Bondar, the attack was launched from the center of Dokuchaievsk (city surrounded by the Volnovakha Raion), which is less than  away, as a provocation. When the attack happened, "there were reporters of local and Russian TV channels… who came there to film how our troops would return fire on the center of the city". The Ukrainian military labelled the incident a "provocation." Despite this, Ukrainian forces did not return fire.

The Donetsk People's Republic denied any involvement and said that the attack might have been staged by Ukrainian Army. Andrei Purgin, a Donetsk Republic party politician, said that "We don't have the capability to shell this checkpoint either from the side of Telmanove or Yelenivka. The Ukrainian side has to figure out what has happened deep in its territory. It's very far from the contact line". Denis Pushilin, another DPR leader, said that nearest rebel artillery was 50 km away, too far to reach the attack site. At the same time, NewsFront published a video of some militant leader boasting about a successful attack on Hranitne from Telmanove. The attack on Hranitne resulted in death of a 2-year-old child.

An OSCE report confirmed that a Grad rocket from north-northeast had struck the bus, and said that DPR forces, the Russian Armed Forces, and the Ukrainian Armed Forces would conduct a joint investigation into the incident. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko blamed the attack on separatist insurgents, and declared a day of national mourning.

Legal
On 17 January 2017 Ukraine's Ministry of Foreign Affairs filed a suit with the International Court of Justice, accusing the Russian Federation of "acts of terrorism, discrimination, and unlawful aggression" against Ukraine. The attack on Volnovakha was cited by Ukraine as an example of Russia supporting illegal armed groups engaged in terrorist activities.

Reactions

 Ukraine – President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko said the attack  "chilled the heart", and blamed rebel forces for the attack. He said "These deaths are on the conscience of the DPR and LPR gangs and on those who stand behind them". He compared the Charlie Hebdo shooting with events in Volnovakha and called the world to unite in the fight against terrorism. Additionally, he posted on Facebook an image of a bullet-riddled bus above the caption "je suis Volnovakha" while others carried signs in peaceful protest. At the same time Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine made a statement stressing that the tragedy couldn't have been a coincidence, but was intentionally committed by the terrorist groups supported by the Russian Federation, and called the world to resolutely condemn this terrible terrorist act as well as all their crimes against humanity. Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk and the head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate Patriarch Filaret in their statements called the international community to recognise DPR and LPR as terrorist organizations. After that Verkhovna Rada asked for the same. January 15 was declared as the Day of Mourning for the people murdered by terrorists. State officials paid a tribute to the perished by a minute of silence. On Sunday January 18, hundreds peacefully marched in Odesa and in Kyiv near Independence Square carrying Je Suis Volnovakha and Я Волноваха placards.

 European Union – European External Action Service made a statement, in which expressed condolences to the families of those who died. They underlined the need for strict observation of the ceasefire. "A lasting ceasefire remains key to the success of the current efforts to reach a sustainable political solution, based on respect for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity". On January 15 Members of the European Parliament strongly condemned Russia's "aggressive and expansionist policy" and "the acts of terrorism and criminal behaviour committed by the separatists and other irregular forces in Eastern Ukraine". They supported the policy of sanctions, which should stay in place until Russia changes its aggressive policy in Ukraine, respects the ceasefire, withdraws its troops, stops supporting separatists, exchanges all prisoners and restores Ukraine's control over its whole territory, including Crimea, and called to broaden the range of sanctions in the event of further Russian actions destabilising Ukraine. The European Parliament noted that since the Council lifted the arms embargo on Ukraine on 16 July, there are "no objections" to EU countries supplying defensive arms to Ukraine, and suggested that the EU consider helping Ukraine to enhance its defence capabilities. Also they asked the Commission to develop a communication strategy to counter the Russian propaganda campaign, paying attention to its "information war", the EU to deliver "more substantial technical assistance" to help Ukraine to implement reforms and to do more to help tackle its humanitarian crisis, including Crimea.

 Russia – Russian Foreign Ministry's envoy for human rights, democracy and the supremacy of law Konstantin Dolgov said that shelling of a passenger bus in eastern Ukraine undermines efforts to reach a peace settlement of the Ukrainian crisis. "Kyiv continues to blatantly violate human rights", he underlined. Moscow "demands an impartial investigation of this crime... and punishment of those responsible". The Russian officials offered their condolences to the families and friends of the victims.

 Belarus – Belarusian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed their deepest condolences to the families and friends of the victims. "This tragic incident once again proves the need for an immediate ceasefire as provided by the Minsk arrangements. We are calling for immediate resuming the work of the Trilateral Contact Group to make urgent decisions in order to resolve the situation in the region and prevent new victims on the territory of our brotherly nation", The Ministry stated.

See also

 Casualties of the Ukrainian crisis
 January 2015 Mariupol rocket attack
 List of equipment used by separatist forces of the war in Donbass
 Stepan Chubenko
 Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak, Ukrainian politician murdered by pro-Russian militants
 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
 Izolyatsia prison
 February 2015 Kramatorsk rocket attack
 Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk
 Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack
 Donetsk "Donetskhirmash" bus station attack

References

External links
 Ukraine War ~ One more video from Volnovakha bus attack. Press TV News at YouTube.
 Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 18:00 (Kyiv time), 16 January 2015.  website. Kyiv 17 January 2015.

2015 murders in Ukraine
21st-century mass murder in Europe
Articles containing video clips
Attacks in Ukraine in 2015
Disasters in Donetsk Oblast
Donetsk People's Republic
Explosions in 2015
Explosions in Ukraine
History of Donetsk Oblast
January 2015 crimes in Europe
Mass murder in 2015
Mass murder in Ukraine
Murder in Donetsk Oblast
Terrorist incidents in Donetsk Oblast
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 2015
Terrorist incidents in Ukraine in the 2010s
Terrorist incidents on buses in Europe
Ukrainian war casualties
Russian war crimes in Ukraine
War in Donbas
Russo-Ukrainian War crimes
Bus bombings in Europe

Volnovakha bus attack


An aerogram, aerogramme, aérogramme, air letter or airletter is a thin lightweight piece of foldable and gummed paper for writing a letter for transit via airmail, in which the letter and envelope are one and the same. Most postal administrations forbid enclosures in these light letters, which are usually sent abroad at a preferential rate.  Printed warnings existed to say that an enclosure would cause the mail to go at the higher letter rate.

The use of the term aerogramme was officially endorsed at the 1952 Universal Postal Union Postal Union Congress in Brussels.  Thereafter, the term air  letter quickly faded from use.

Most aerograms have an imprinted stamp indicating the prepayment of postage.  As such, this meets the definition of being postal stationery. However, some countries such as New Zealand, Zimbabwe and Ireland, sell unstamped aerograms. Unstamped aerograms are referred to as formular aerograms and can be issued by either postal authorities or by private companies. Senders are required to write their name and address on the reverse.

History

Lieutenant Colonel R. E. Evans first saw the air letter form in Iraq, whilst touring the Commands after his arrival in the Middle East theatre.  It had been introduced into the Iraqi postal service in 1933 by the then Inspector General of Posts and Telegraphs, Major Douglas William Gumbley CBE DSO Royal Engineers. The original form, on thin paper sized 124 mm x 99 mm, greyish in colour, with bluelined framing and with the designation legend on the front. It had an embossed effigy of Faisal I of Iraq and was printed by Bradbury Wilkinson.

The aerogram was largely popularized by its use during the Second World War (1939–45). Lieutenant Colonel R. E. Evans, Royal Engineers, Assistant Director Army Postal Service Middle East Force (MEF), proposed that a lightweight self-sealing letter card that weighed only 1/10 oz (2.8 g) be adopted by the British Army for air mail purposes. He recommended its use to Anthony Eden, the Secretary of State for War during his visit to the Middle East, in late 1940. By January the following year, General Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, the Commander-in-Chief, MEF was told by Eden that "Your Assistant Director Army Postal Services may forthwith introduce an Air Mail Letter Card Service for the Middle East. Use British stamps from all countries, including Egypt.".

On 1 March 1941, the air mail service between the Middle East and the UK was started, using a combination of British Overseas Airways flying boats and military transport. The private nature of the air letter ensured its popularity among its users and that popularity, with its lightness, brought about its continued use as the civilian air letter (aerogramme) and the British military "bluey". (see British Forces Post Office for further information). The aerogramme cost 6d to send anywhere in the world from 1943 to 1966, increasing to 9d until the decimalisation of British currency in 1971, then increasing gradually to 45p (decimal), 18 times the introductory price, in 2006.

On 29 April 1947, the US introduced a 10 cent Air Letter Sheet.  The same imprinted stamp with the propeller plane was used until updated with a jet airliner image in 1958. The US issued a total of 25 aerograms until 1999. The production of United States aerograms has ceased. Linn's Stamp News in late 2006 reported that the United States Postal Service had announced as the supply of aerograms on hand at post offices were exhausted the stock would not be replenished. It quotes David Failor, Postal Service executive director of stamp services as explaining, "Demand for these has been next to nothing for the past five years."

With the decline in postal communication, aerograms have been withdrawn by various postal services. Royal Mail in the United Kingdom discontinued the aerogram in 2012. Japan Post Holdings announced its aerogram service would end on September 30, 2023.  they were still provided by Australia Post.

Historically, as the aerogram was the least expensive form of international postal communication, users often went to extreme lengths to make best use of the space available including writing in different colours, in different directions, and printing on the sheets minimising font size and margins.

See also
Lettercard
Letter sheet
V-mail

References

Further reading
 Godinas, Francois.  = World's air mail catalogue of aerograms (air letter sheets) and air post stationery. Esneux: François Godinas, 1966 2 vols.
 Jennings, Peter. Aerogrammes. Chippenham: Picton Publishing, 1973  93p.
 Kessler, F.W. Kessler's Catalogue of Aerograms. New York: Aerogram Catalogue Publishing Co., 1961-69 3 vols.

External links

Letter Post Manual (Universal Postal Union, Berne, 1985). Sets out U.P.U. regulations applicable to aerogrammes.
Royal Engineers Museum Army Postal Services (1939–45) – origins of Aerogram (Wayback Machine archive)
Aerogramme Society website A comprehensive source on aerogram related topics. (archived)
Cuban aerograms Illustrations of all mint and used Cuban aerograms.
 Collection of aerogrammes

Airmail
Postal stationery
Philatelic terminology

Aerogram


Widow inheritance (also known as bride inheritance) is a cultural and social practice whereby a widow is required to marry a male relative of her late husband, often his brother. The practice is more commonly referred as a levirate marriage, examples of which can be found in ancient and biblical times.

The practice was instituted as a means for the widow to have someone to support her and her children financially and to keep her late husband's wealth within the family bloodline. When the preactice was initiated, women were responsible for the house chores, and men were the providers. If a woman lost her husband, she would, therefore, have no one to provide for the remaining family. Because her in-laws would not want someone outside of the family's blood line to inherit her late husband's estate, she was required to marry within the family.

In different cultures, that can have various forms and functions that serve in relative proportions as a social protection for and control over the widow and her children. She may have the right to require her late husband's extended family to provide her with a new man, or she may conversely have the obligation to accept the man put forward by the family with no real prospect of turning him down if her birth family does not accept her back into its home.

The custom is sometimes justified on the basis that it ensures that the wealth does not leave the patrilineal family. It is also sometimes justified as a protection for the widow and her children. The practice has existed in varied cultures and historical periods and is a current custom in several Sub-Saharan Africa nations and ethnic groups.

Judaism

A form of widow inheritance is part of Mosaic law in which it is known as levirate marriage (see yibbum). A feature of that practice is that the dead husband's brother is must marry his dead brother's widow. That applies, however, only if the widow (and consequently the deceased husband) has no children. However, there are mechanisms whereby either party may avoid such a marriage.

Afghanistan
In Pashtun communities, the code known as Pashtunwali requires a widow to marry her dead husband's brother or cousin regardless of her will. The code also requires her children to be treated as children of the new husband. The Taliban campaigned against the practice as being against shariah law.

Widowhood in Sub-Saharan Africa
The circumstances of widows in Sub-Saharan African nations are complicated by both economic challenges and traditional social expectations. As of 2015, over 9 million widows face extreme poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. In many nations, policy contributes to the inability of widows to acquire economic independence after the death of their husbands. A widow may need to abide by widow inheritance traditions and remain with the husband's family, often requiring her to marry the husband's brother, to ensure that she remains in possession of property.

Widow inheritance traditions are particularly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the rest of the continent, and such traditions are reported across many nations in the region. Widows face a lack of legal rights to family property because of gender-discriminatory legal systems. They are unlikely to have the resources to use legal systems as a means of fighting traditional power structures. There are many formal and informal rules concerning the inheritance of property, particularly land for rural women, that inhibit stable economic conditions. Those limitations cause widows to be coerced into inheritance traditions as a means of maintaining stability for their families. These widow inheritance traditions often include "cleansing" rituals, depending on the traditional culture of a given region.

In many Sub-Saharan regions, such as within the Ovambo culture of Namibia, formal and informal structures of gender inequality force widows to sacrifice their independence for inheritance traditions within the late husband's family or externally. Widow inheritance often emerges to combat property loss and social rejection and to forced remarriage to a brother of the deceased husband is a common widow inheritance tradition that many traditional cultures promote.

Many modern legal systems in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as in Tanzania, have attempted to combat the customary law that enforces structures of inheritance and disinheritance. However, poor application and enforcement of the modern legal systems ensures that customary law remains the default in countries such as Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Premature widowhood
Widow inheritance traditions are exacerbated by the prevalence of premature widowhood across Sub-Saharan Africa, such as in Igbo people in Nigeria. Premature widowhood is linked to severe consequences of poverty, as there are intergenerational implications of young women with dependent children facing widowhood. Women who were dependent on their husbands as their source of income face major challenges if they become widows, as there are many places like Kenya in Sub-Saharan Africa in which women's paid employment is scarce, low paid and often socially unacceptable. In many regions, female financial independence is difficult to achieve, and a single woman  is also socially unacceptable. A severe lack of state welfare provisions, such as healthcare, childcare systems and education, encourage widows to find other modes of financial stability. Those factors greatly contribute to the perseverance of widow inheritance traditions.

Disinheritance practices
Widows are motivated to remarry and partake in widow inheritance traditions because of disinheritance practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. Disinheritance occurs when widows are dispossessed by their late husband's family, which can take the form of losing control of family land, outright eviction, abandonment of familial relations and (in more dire conditions) confiscation of the children by the late husband's family. Rural Sub-Saharan African women face a level of disinheritance that is higher than in any other global region. Sub-Saharan widows, particularly in Kenya and Nigeria, experience a higher prevalence of eviction risk by relatives. Disinheritance and property theft have been reported by both rural and urban Nigerian widows. The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada depicts a common situation in the following summation of expert evidence provided to them:

The disinheritance of widows has been coined as "grabbing" across Sub-Saharan Africa. The term "grabbing" refers to the immediate actions of eviction and property theft, and those customs are often enabled and bolstered by legal systems. For example, in Eswatini, widows are not given any rights to property in the eyes of the law. These grabbing traditions are prevalent in Angola, Botswana, RotC, DRC, Eswatini, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Widow inheritance and re-marriage becomes a necessary "safety net" for widows that do not have other options to maintain livelihood.

Forms
Widow inheritance can take many different modes: forced remarriage to a brother of the deceased husband, returning to the widow's parents' home or a more exploitive inheritance to professional traveling widow inheritors. The prevalence of each form varies between sub-Saharan regions and across ethnic groups, and patterns of kinship and inheritance patterns cannot be ascribed uniformly because of stark differences in ethnic traditions. For example, in Kenya, for the Nandi, it is infrequent for a widow to participate in levirate marriage, but for the Luo, widow inheritance is a cultural requirement.

Inheritance is often distinct from marriage, as "cleansing" practices often are a prerequisite for a widow after the death of her husband. Widows are then inherited by a man, often her late-husband's brother, after she has been "cleansed", or ritually purified. This tradition is enforced in the Luo in Kenya, as a woman must engage in sexual intercourse without a condom to achieve purity before she can remarry. Many men have commercialized and exploited the practice by becoming professional widow inheritors, as many in-law relatives of widows are less inclined to perform the "cleansing" practices themselves for fear of contracting HIV from the widow. It is becoming common in Kenya for professional widow-inheritors to receive compensation for completing inheritance practices. Professional inheritors travel to different communities to inherit widows for financial gain, and often coerce widows to comply with sexual rituals in exchange for providing support.

Many widows enter an inheritance contract for companionship and social, economic, and emotional support, and widow inheritance for these purposes is generally long-term and monogamous. Widow inheritance for the purpose of executing a sexual ritual or "cleansing" is generally short-term and often involves more inheritors.

"Cleansing" practices
"Cleansing" is a form of ritual purification rites being culturally prescribed for women after the death of her husband and often involvig forced sexual intercourse with a male "inheritor" of the widow. The practice has not been systematically outlawed across Sub-Saharan Africa but rather is encouraged in many rural communities such as the Luo in Kenya and Tanzania and the Igbo in Nigeria. Cleansing occurs since it is believed to free the widow from a supernatural connection to her dead husband's spirit. It is very common for such "cleansing" procedures to be the only choice that widows have in the wake of their husband's death, as without a proper cleansing, the widow and her family will be socially rejected. The rituals are frequently traumatic violations in which widows may be forced to drink the water in which their dead husband's body was washed and are coerced into sex with a relative or inheritor.

In extreme circumstances, widows may be required to "have sex with their husband's dead body" to complete a cleansing ritual. Theoe traditions are rooted in spiritual fears of contamination, and have been reported in a number of countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. The superstitions of "evil spirits" inhabiting widows before "cleansing" are norms in many communities, and widows are often not permitted to work or interact with those outside their families until the cleansing is executed. Women who violate those norms may face severe social stigma and repercussions in their community.

Widow inheritance relationships centre on "cleansing" the widow after the death of her husband, as well as fulfilling the goal of furthering the late husband's lineage. Sexual intercourse can function as a means of "cleansing" by bearing children for the husband's family, sexual companionship and other sexual rituals that are associated with widows. A widow is often required to engage in ritual sex during the establishment of homes and during food production seasons, often to protect the widow or her family members.

Legislation
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) was adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly and has been ratified by 189 states, including the African nations except Somalia (where the widow-inheritance custom, known as , is practiced) and Sudan. CEDAW includes a provision on Widow inheritance that asserts that "State Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations and in particular shall ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women: the same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, enjoyment and disposition of property." Although CEDAW broadly rejects widow inheritance in the eyes of the law, informal practice and more localized law has not followed that international guidance.

Although many African nations practice widow inheritance without explicit legalization, Zambia's custom of widow inheritance was explicitly legalised by the 1929 Brother's Widow's Marriage Act regardless of consent by the deceased husband's family. In Tanzania, widows are given equal rights to inheritance under the constitution, but customary law overrules the nation's legislation, especially in rural areas. Customary law requires widow inheritance practices although Tanzania largely condemns inheritance in national rhetoric. Although inheritance of a widow by the husband's family and disinheritance practices of eviction are illegal in Namibia, the practices continue because of the country's fragile legal system. Namibia has seen legislation changes in the past decades to account for women's rights after the death of her husband, especially in the proposal of the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002.

Some African nations have enacted legislation in the past two decades to combat the social justice concerns of widowhood. The Criminal Code Amendment Act of Ghana criminalized subjecting a woman to widowhood rites, and those who violate this act are guilty of misdemeanors in the eyes of the law. In Nigeria, in Enugu State, the Prohibition of the Infringement of a Widow's and a Widower's Fundamental Rights Law of 2001, outlawed compelling a widow or widower to vacate the matrimonial home and gave widows options other than inheritance practices after the death of their husbands.

HIV/AIDS related concerns

Widow inheritance traditions dramatically increase the risk of infection with HIV and other sexually-transmitted diseases, such as Hepatitis B, for the widow and the widow inheritor. As the HIV/AIDS epidemic began in the 1970s, the practice of widow inheritance evolved in response to the increased risk. Primarily, premature widowhood increased prevalence dramatically as many men died of HIV/AIDS. Secondarily, brothers of the widow's late husband were more reluctant to partake in "cleansing" rituals due to the high mortality rate of the disease. Many of these young widows suffered from HIV/AIDS themselves, and professional widow-inheritance emerged as a response to the growing demand for widow-inheritance traditions to continue despite the new risks. Although professional widow-inheritance began as a response to the HIV/AIDS crisis, it also contributes to the transmission of HIV/AIDS as professional inheritors move from village to village performing "cleansing" rituals. Additionally, it is frequent that using a condom during a sexual rite is considered to break the custom of inheritance, and condoms are largely avoided in inheritance relationships.

In many circumstances, such as for Luo in Kenya, if a widow refuses inheritance from a professional widow inheritor, frequently out of fear of HIV/AIDS, she is often forced off her husband's land. HIV/AIDS concerns are further exacerbated in those conditions, as widows are often pushed into sex work to make a living as employment prospects for both women and widows can be difficult.

The practice of "cleansing" is recognised as a serious concern for the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and there is a link between widow inheritance, property rights and the spread of the disease. Professional inheritance and "cleansing" traditions have been linked to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Kenya, and in many African countries, including Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, Ghana, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo and Nigeria, Widow inheritance is commonly viewed as contributing to the rapid spread of HIV.

Widows are often expected to fulfill various sexual rituals within her community, as is common in the Luo community, such as sexual intercourse during the establishment of a home, during agricultural cycles, or during funeral or marriage ceremonies. If a widow has not been inherited by her brother-in-law but is rather a professional widow-inheritor, her risk of contracting HIV increases as she must find a partner to engage with in the ritual. Many widows are aware of the greater risk for HIV that they face by engaging in "cleansing" and inheritance rituals, but the pressure of cultural expectations and ensuring livelihood needs are met complicates their ability to avoid contracting the disease.

Attempts to modify the law in many Sub-Saharan African nations have been in response to the HIV/AIDS concerns of the widow-inheritance practice, rather than concerns regarding the emotional trauma of inheritance "cleansing". However, modifications to formal law are often ineffective without informal implementations of changes to traditional practices. Health officials in Malawi unsuccessfully banned widow "cleansing" but persuaded some traditional leaders to encourage condom usage and punish cleansers who force women into unprotected sex. In Zambia, the AIDS Care and Prevention Department at Chikankata Hospital found success in encouraging alternative ritualistic methods of "cleansing" that do not involve sexual practices, and the chiefs in the Chikankata District area eventually outlawed ritual cleansing by sexual intercourse in the 1990s.

Effects on widows' children
Premature widowhood results in a higher number of widows with dependent children, and the children of widows are often faced with dire experiences as a result of the socioeconomic consequences of widow inheritance. When a widow is faced with disinheritance practices, the consequences of the loss of income after the husband's death extend to the children. The lack of welfare provisions for the family, especially healthcare, childcare, and education, have severe impacts on the wellbeing and development of children. In extreme scenarios, disinheritance and "grabbing" can also involve the confiscation of children by the husband's family. If a widow is disinherited or homeless after the death of her husband, she faces risks of acute malnutrition, rape, prostitution, debilitating and fatal diseases, and exposure to adverse weather conditions.  Those risks extend to widows' children if they remain with their mother post-disinheritance, and those hazards are compounded with loss of education and the risk of child labour.

When widows are inherited, it often has the purpose of keeping the property of the husband and the husband's male children inside the family. In many remarriages and widow inheritance traditions that involve the husband's brother, he will require sexual relations to produce children in the name of the dead husband, and the widow remains living with her children apart from the husband's brother, who often remains living with his own wife and children. In those scenarios and others that involve professional widow inheritors, children grow up with the absence of a father figure, and these can be damaging to mental health and development.

The stigma that surround widows before and after "cleansing" and widow inheritance extend to the children as well. Children are often ostracized from their peers when their mother is a widow, such as in the Luo in Kenya, are not allowed to circulate within the community before "cleansing" has occurred.

See also
 Widow conservation

Notes

References

Further reading

Widow inheritance


Written in My Own Heart's Blood is the eighth book in the Outlander series of novels by Diana Gabaldon. Centered on time travelling 20th century doctor Claire Randall and her 18th century Scottish Highlander warrior husband Jamie Fraser, the books contain elements of historical fiction, romance, adventure and fantasy.

Published on June 10, 2014, Written in My Own Heart's Blood continues the love story of Claire and Jamie as well as the story arcs of multiple characters from the previous novel, An Echo in the Bone.

Gabaldon announced the novel's title in September 2011.

Plot summary
The British evacuation of Philadelphia and the ensuing Battle of Monmouth are the major events from the book based on real history.

Claire marries John Grey for protection after Jamie is presumed lost at sea. John and Jamie fight when the details are revealed. John's stepson William is angry at finding out he's Jamie's biological son. Jamie's nephew Ian marries Rachel Hunter and her brother Denzell weds John's niece Dorothea in the same ceremony. The Hunters are Quakers and their service with the Continental Army even as noncombatants gets them ostracized by other Quakers.

Claire is wounded at Monmouth and Jamie resigns from the Continental Army to remain by her side. After spending time in Savannah, they return to Fraser's Ridge, their farm settlement in North Carolina.

The printshop and home of Jamie's adopted son Fergus burns down. Fergus's son Henri-Christian dies trying to escape the flames.

In the 20th century, Jamie and Claire's grandson Jeremiah is kidnapped. Their son-in-law Roger meets Jamie's father and his own when time traveling to find Jeremiah. After the boy is recovered, his family joins the Frasers in the 18th century.

Characters
Claire Elizabeth Beauchamp Randall Fraser - Main character around whom the series revolves. Nurse/Physician. Born in 1918 and married in the 20th century to professor/historian Frank Randall, Claire falls through the standing stones at Craigh na Dun in Scotland at Beltane (1 May) while on a second honeymoon with Frank in 1946, and finds herself in the 18th century Scotland Highlands in 1743. She is forced to marry James Alexander Malcolm MacKenzie Fraser (Jamie), with whom she eventually falls in love. Mother of Faith (stillborn, 18th century) and Brianna, adoptive mother of Fergus, and mother-in-law to Marsali. Returned through the stones to 20th century in 1746 to protect her and Jamie's unborn child (who is then born in Boston in the 20th century). Twenty years later, after Frank Randall has died, Claire discovers (through Roger's research) that Jamie probably didn't die at Culloden, and she returns through the standing stones to 1766 to search for him.

James Alexander Malcolm MacKenzie Fraser - Laird of Lallybroch (Scotland) and Fraser's Ridge, North Carolina. Former inmate of Ardsmuir Prison. Eighteenth century husband of Claire, whom he affectionately calls "Sassenach". Father of Faith (stillborn - mother: Claire), Brianna (mother: Claire), adoptive father to Fergus (with Claire), biological father of William Ransom (mother: Geneva Dunsany), ex-stepfather to Marsali and Joan (mother: ex-wife Laoghaire), .

Lord John William Grey - Retired veteran of the Rising of 1745 and Seven Years' War. The former governor of Ardsmuir Prison. Jamie and Claire's long time friend. Stepfather of William Ransom, brother to Harold Grey, Duke of Pardloe, and uncle to Benjamin, Henry, Adam, and Dorothea Grey.

Lt. Lord William Ransom - The 9th Earl of Ellsmere, stepson of Lord John Grey, and the illegitimate son of James Fraser and Geneva Dunsany. Cousin to the children of Hal Grey, Duke of Pardloe, as well as the children of Jenny and Ian Murray.

Ian Murray ("Young" or equivalent like the Gaelic "Og" used to distinguish from his father of the same name) - Jenny and Ian Murray's son, Jamie and Claire's nephew, and Fergus', Brianna's and William's cousin. Adopted into the Mohawk, but returned to the Ridge with Rollo, his half-wolf dog.

Brianna Ellen MacKenzie - Jamie and Claire's daughter born in 20th century Boston and raised by Claire and Frank Randall. Arrives in the 18th century in 1769. She marries Roger and they have two children: a son, Jeremiah, known as "Jemmy" and a daughter, Amanda Claire Hope MacKenzie (Mandy).

Roger MacKenzie - One-time Oxford professor and historian, folksinger, minister and Gaelic teacher. Twentieth century descendant of Geillis Duncan and Dougal MacKenzie, great-nephew and adopted son of Rev. Reginald Wakefield (Outlander), and Jamie and Claire's son-in-law. Arrives in the 18th century in 1769. Married to Brianna and father of Jemmy and Mandy. The family lives at present-day Lallybroch, the Fraser family home.

Jeremiah Alexander Ian Fraser MacKenzie - Roger and Brianna's son, born in 18th century colonial North Carolina, who like his parents, granny Claire and sister Amanda, can time travel.

Fergus Claudel Fraser - Printer, one-time French pickpocket and spy. Jamie and Claire's adopted son. First appears in Dragonfly in Amber. Married to Marsali and father to Germaine, Joan, Félicite, and Henri-Christian.

Marsali Fraser - Laoghaire's daughter, Jamie's stepdaughter and daughter-in-law, and Claire's daughter-in-law. First appears in Voyager. Married to Fergus and mother to Germain, Joan, Félicité, and Henri-Christian.

Henri-Christian Fraser - Fergus and Marsali's youngest son, a little person.

Janet "Jenny" Fraser Murray - The one time Lady of Lallybroch, 18th century, married to Ian Murray Sr. Older sister of James Fraser and mother of Jamie, Maggie, Katherine, Michael, Janet, and Ian.

Denys Randall-Isaacs - The son of Alex Randall, putative son of Jonathan "Black Jack" Randall, and ancestor of Frank Randall, Claire Fraser's 20th century husband.

Perseverance "Percy" Wainwright Beauchamp - English spy married into a French noble family.  One-time lover (and later, stepbrother) of Lord John Grey.

Dr. Denzell Hunter - Quaker physician serving in the Revolutionary American Army.

Rachel Hunter - Quaker nurse assisting her brother serving in the Revolutionary American Army. Love interest of Young Ian Murray.

Rob Cameron - Colleague of Brianna's at the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board

References

External links

2014 American novels
2014 fantasy novels
Outlander (franchise)
Hispanic and Latino American novels
Novels about time travel
Novels set in Scotland
Novels set in the 1770s
Novels set in the 18th century
Novels set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Novels set in North Carolina
Novels set in the American colonial era
Delacorte Press books

Written in My Own Heart's Blood


Mexican sex comedies (generally known as Ficheras film or Sexicomedias) are films within the comedy film genre of the Mexican cinema industry, though in a class of their own. The storylines typically revolve around themes of sexploitation and "Mexploitation". They are mostly recognized as low-quality films with fairly low budgets. The genre peaked in popularity in the 1970s and 1980s. Although the films had sexually suggestive plots and used numerous comedic innuendos and double entendres, they were not overtly explicit, and were never considered to be pornographic. Furthermore, it was not uncommon for the male characters in these films to comedically fail in their attempts to win over, or have sex with, the female characters. When a man was successful in wooing a woman, the performances were deliberately over-exaggerated and pantomime-like, aiming to generate laughter more than arousal. The genre is similar to, and possibly influenced by, Italian erotic comedies. The popular term "ficheras films" came from the film Las ficheras, produced and released in 1975, which told the stories and experiences of many dancing women who entertained men at nightclubs.

The settings and plots of these films tended to be simple, usually dealing with the sexual escapades of working-class Mexicans. The male leads were often construction workers, bricklayers, truck drivers or even unemployed petty scammers, while the female leads were often nightclub dancers, waitresses or prostitutes in small brothels. Other female lead roles included unfaithful wives, women with a busy sex life, or "everyday" women. The films were not generally appropriate for children, and frequently received classification as being unsuitable for minors under the age of 18.

Some of the films of this Mexican genre included El rey de las ficheras, La pulquería, Muñecas de medianoche, Bellas de noche, and Entre ficheras anda el diablo.

The best-known Mexican and international actors and actresses who were known to have participated in ficheras films were:
 Sasha Montenegro
 Angélica Chaín
 Andrés García
 Mauricio Garcés
 Lina Santos
 Lyn May
 Marcia Bell
 Leticia Perdigón
 Carmen Salinas
 Alfonso Zayas
 Jorge Rivero
 Alberto Rojas "El caballo"
 Rafael Inclán
 Roberto Ibañez
 Leopoldo García Peláez Benítez Polo Polo
 Antonio Raxel
 Raúl Padilla "El Choforo"
 Miguel M. Delgado
 Luis de Alba
 René Ruíz "Tun Tun"
 Pedro Weber "Chattanooga"
 César Bono
 Eduardo de la Peña "Lalo el Mimo"
 Rossy Mendoza
 Alfonso Zayas

See also
 Commedia sexy all'italiana
 Sex comedy
 Cinema of Mexico
 Mexican LGBT+ cinema

References

Sexploitation films
Comedy films by genre
Erotic films by genre

1970s in film
1980s in film

Mexican sex comedy


Jan Heintze (born 17 August 1963) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a left-sided defensive midfielder and defender. He ended his career in the Netherlands with PSV Eindhoven, where he was a part of the PSV team which won the 1988 European Cup. He played 86 matches for the Denmark national team in the course of 15 years, playing four international tournaments with the team, which he captained in his last two years before he retired in 2003.

Club career
Born in Tårnby, he started playing for his hometown club Tårnby Boldklub. He had a short spell in the youth team of Københavns boldklub (KB) alongside future national team player Michael Laudrup, but Heintze quickly moved on to play for the senior side of Kastrup Boldklub in January 1981, then in the top-flight Danish 1st Division. However, the team was relegated, and though he had offers from foreign clubs, the 17-year-old Heintze stayed at Kastrup, on orders of his mother.

He was bought by PSV in 1982 as a left winger, in which position he had been most successful in his first years at Kastrup Boldklub. Once at PSV, he was re-schooled as a defender, using his aggressiveness to charge up and down the sideline, and following a first season of few matches, he commanded the left back position in his second year, and made it his own. He won six Dutch Eredivisie league titles and a European Cup with the club, which at times counted three other Danes, Frank Arnesen, Søren Lerby and Ivan Nielsen, before the club hired coach Aad de Mos, who did not want him in the team. Heintze went to Germany to play for Bundesliga relegation battlers Bayer Uerdingen in 1994, and when the team was relegated in 1996, he went on to Bayer Leverkusen under coach Christoph Daum, with whom he finished in the Bundesliga top-three for three years in a row. Heintze returned to finish his career at PSV in 1999, with his old team mate Eric Gerets the head coach. Approaching 40, Heintze was looking to help the young Wilfred Bouma into the team as new left back, while using his experience to provide stability in the defense. He won another three Dutch championship titles before retiring in 2003.

International career
Heintze made his Denmark debut on 29 April 1987 in a Euro 1988 qualifying match, a 1–0 win over Finland, and he played all three matches at the final Euro 1988 tournament, though Denmark lost them all. At the final qualification match for the Euro 1992 against Yugoslavia on 1 May 1991, Heintze's then club, PSV, wanted him to stay home to play an important match for PSV, but he decided to travel with the Denmark team. Once at the Denmark camp, Heintze learned that national coach Richard Møller Nielsen did not intend to start with him in the game, and after consulting PSV, who still wanted him to play, Heintze decided to go back to the Netherlands, without the knowledge of Møller Nielsen. Back in Eindhoven, Heintze found out he wasn't eligible for the PSV match since he had been written off to play for Denmark. Heintze would see the PSV game from the sideline, and as a punishment for leaving the national team, he received a one-year ban from the national team by Møller Nielsen. As the ban expired before the Euro 1992, Heintze was once more called up, but an injury kept him from re-entering the team. Thus, he missed Denmark's later victory in Euro 1992, following Yugoslavia's exclusion from the tournament due to the Yugoslav wars. He played a further four matches under Møller Nielsen, before his national team career went on hiatus.

When Denmark hired new coach Bo Johansson in 1996, Heintze was once more called up for Denmark, and he played in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000 tournaments. Following the international retirement of Peter Schmeichel in April 2001, Heintze captained his country at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, under new Denmark coach Morten Olsen. At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan, Heintze was suffering in the heat, and after being substituted after the second match of the tournament, Heintze watched the last two games from the bench, before Denmark was eliminated. He ended his national career following the competition, 38 years of age, though he continued to play another season for PSV.

In a Euro 2000 qualifying match against Belarus on 5 June 1999 he scored a memorable goal, directly from a corner kick.

Personal life
Jan Heintze lived in the Netherlands, in Nuenen.

Honours
PSV Eindhoven
 Eredivisie (9): 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03
 KNVB Cup: 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90
 Johan Cruijff-schaal: 1992, 2000, 2001
 European Cup: 1987–88

Biography
Jan Heintze, "Tyve år på toppen" (Twenty years at the top), Denmark, 2002,

References

External links

 Career stats at beijen.net

1963 births
Living people
Danish men's footballers
Denmark men's international footballers
Denmark men's under-21 international footballers
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
KFC Uerdingen 05 players
PSV Eindhoven players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
Bundesliga players
Eredivisie players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
People from Tårnby Municipality
Men's association football defenders
AB Tårnby players
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Danish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Footballers from the Capital Region of Denmark

Jan Heintze


Châteauneuf-du-Pape is a French wine, an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) located around the village of Châteauneuf-du-Pape in the Rhône wine region in southeastern France. It is one of the most renowned appellations of the southern part in the Rhône Valley, and its vineyards are located around Châteauneuf-du-Pape and in neighboring villages, Bédarrides, Courthézon and Sorgues, between Avignon and Orange. They cover slightly more than 3,200 hectares or  and produce over 110,000 hectolitres of wine a year, more wine made in this one area of the southern Rhône than in all of the northern Rhône.

History

Châteauneuf-du-Pape literally translates to "The Pope's new castle" and, indeed, the history of this appellation is firmly entwined with papal history. In 1309, Pope Clement V, former Archbishop of Bordeaux, relocated the papacy to the town of Avignon. Clement V and subsequent "Avignon Popes" were said to be great lovers of Burgundy wines and did much to promote them during the 70-year Avignon Papacy.

At the time, wine-growing around the town of Avignon was anything but illustrious. While the Avignon Papacy did much to advance the reputation of Burgundy wines, they also promoted viticulture of the surrounding area, more specifically the area  north of Avignon close to the banks of the Rhône. Prior to the Avignon Papacy, viticulture of that area had been initiated and maintained by the Bishops of Avignon but largely for local consumption.

John XXII, who succeeded Clement V, in addition to Burgundy wine, regularly drank wine from the vineyards to the north and did much to improve viticultural practices there. Under John XXII, the wines of this area came to be known as "Vin du Pape", this term later becoming "Châteauneuf-du-Pape". John XXII also built the castle which is the symbol of the appellation.

In the 18th century, the wines were shipped under the name vin d'Avignon.

Records from the early 19th century mention wines of the name Châteauneuf-du-Pape-Calcernier which seems to have been a lighter-style wine than the Châteauneuf-du-Pape of today. They seem to have increased in reputation within France until phylloxera hit in the early 1870's which was earlier than most other French wine regions were affected. Prior to World War I, the bulk of Châteauneuf-du-Pape was sold to Burgundy as vin de médecine to be added to Burgundy wine to boost the strength and alcohol levels.

Early AOC regulations

In the early 20th century, Châteauneuf-du-Pape was plagued by wine fraud; various rules for the production of Châteauneuf-du-Pape, drawn up and promulgated in 1923, were the first Appellation Contrôlée rules in France and provided the prototype for subsequent AOC rules. The original AOC rules allowed ten varieties, were amended to thirteen in 1936  and eighteen in 2009. Baron Pierre le Roy of Château Fortia was the principal architect of these regulations which set the minimum alcohol level of the wines and set limits on yields as well as which types of grapes could be grown in which areas.

Another of the baron's requirements was that no vineyards were to be planted on land that was not arid enough to support plantings of both lavender and thyme.

In 1954, there was a media sensation as local stories claimed that "flying cigars", or UFOs similar to flying saucers, had been spotted above Châteauneuf-du-Pape and that aliens were interested in their wine. Local politicians, said to be sensing an opportunity to promote the region's wines, passed a law banning flying cigars from entering their airspace or landing on their territory, a law which remains in effect to this day.<ref>F. Prial "WINE; "Identified Flying Object" The New York Times Jan 4, 1987</ref> The legend has become lore among wine aficionados, and the wine Cigare Volant (French for "flying cigar"), in production since 1984, is named after the tale.

 Climate and geography
The appellation stretches from the eastern bank of the Rhône near Orange in the north-west to Sorgues near Avignon in the south-east. The altitude reaches 120 meters at its highest, in the northern part of the appellation. It covers 3200 hectares of land with at least three distinct types of soil or terroirs. In the north and north-east the famous galets roulés, round rocks or pebbles, cover the clay soil. The rocks are famous for retaining the heat from the plentiful sun, some 2800 hours a year, releasing it at night, ripening the grapes faster than in the eastern part of the appellation, where the soil is mostly sand, or the south, where the soil is more gritty. The powerful mistral wind carries away the moisture, intensifying the dry climate.

 Terroir
The characteristic terroir of Châteauneuf-du-Pape comes from a layer of stones called Galets roulés ("pebbles"). The rocks are typically quartzite and remnants of Alpine glaciers that have been smoothed over millennia by the Rhône. The stone retains heat during the day and releases it at night which can have an effect of hastening the ripening of grapes. The stones can also serve as a protective layer to help retain moisture in the soil during the dry summer months. Some of the most prestigious vineyards in the area, like Château Rayas, have more traditional looking vineyards without the galets. These are most often vineyards located on south-facing slopes where the night-time radiated heat from the stones would be detrimental to the vines and cause overripening of the grapes.

La Crau
La Crau is one of Châteauneuf-du-Pape's most famous lieux-dits vineyards. The vineyard is owned primarily by Domaine du Vieux Télégraphe, one of the most classic Châteauneufs, but also producer Henri Bonneau maintains a firm position here. The vineyard is very rich in the aforementioned galets roulés, while Domaine du Vieux Lazaret with its over 100 hectares owned by Vignobles Jérôme Quiot is the largest.

Wine

Châteauneuf-du-Pape can be either red or white wine, but the large majority of the wines produced are red. The appellation rules did not until recently allow production of rosé.

The wines have traditionally been packaged in distinctive heavy dark wine bottles embossed with papal regalia and insignia. However, in recent times a number of producers have dropped the full papal seal in favour of a more generic icon, while still retaining the same heavy glassware.

Grape varieties

Châteauneuf-du-Pape traditionally has had thirteen grape varieties, but the 2009 version of the AOC rules changed that list to eighteen varieties, since blanc (white), rose (pink) and noir (black) versions of some grapes are now explicitly listed as separate varieties. Also in the previous version of the appellation rules, Grenache and Picpoul were associated with different pruning regulations in their noir and blanc versions, bringing the number of varieties previously mentioned from thirteen to fifteen.INAO: Appellation rules for Châteauneuf-du-Pape last updated March 28, 1993  (superseded by the 2009 version)

Red varieties allowed are Cinsault, Counoise, Grenache noir, Mourvèdre, Muscardin, Piquepoul noir, Syrah, Terret noir, and Vaccarèse (Brun Argenté). White and pink varieties are Bourboulenc, Clairette blanche, Clairette rose, Grenache blanc, Grenache gris, Picardan, Piquepoul blanc, Piquepoul gris, and Roussanne. (The varieties not specifically mentioned before 2009 are Clairette rose, Grenache gris and Piquepoul gris.)

Both red and white varieties are allowed in both red and white Châteauneuf-du-Pape. There are no restrictions as to the proportion of grape varieties to be used, and unlike the case with other appellations, the allowed grape varieties are not differentiated into principal varieties and accessory varieties. Thus, it is theoretically possible to produce varietal Châteauneuf-du-Pape from any of the eighteen allowed varieties. In reality, most Châteauneuf-du-Pape wines are blends dominated by Grenache. Only one of every 16 bottles produced in the region contains white wine.

With 72% of the total vineyard surface in 2004, Grenache noir is very dominant, followed by Syrah at 10.5% and Mourvèdre at 7%, both of which have expanded in recent decades. Cinsaut, Clairette, Grenache blanc, Roussanne and Bourboulenc each cover 1-2.5%, and the remaining seven varieties each account for 0.5% or less.

It is common to grow the vines as gobelets and this is the only vine training system allowed for the first four red varieties. Yields are restricted to two tons per acre.

Red wines

In most red Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Grenache noir is the most common variety, although some producers use a higher proportion of Mourvèdre. Grenache produces a sweet juice that can have almost a jam-like consistency when very ripe. Syrah is typically blended to provide color and spice, while Mourvèdre can add elegance and structure to the wine. Some estates produce varietal (100%) Grenache noir, while a few producers insist on using at least a token amount of all thirteen originally permitted varieties in their blend. One of the only estates to grow all these varieties and use them consistently in a blend is Château de Beaucastel.

Châteauneuf-du-Pape red wines are often described as earthy with gamey flavors that have hints of tar and leather. The wines are considered tough and tannic in their youth but maintain their rich spiciness as they age. The wines often exhibit aromas of dried herbs common in Provence under the name of garrigue. Châteauneuf-du-Pape dominated by Mourvèdre tend to be higher in tannin and requiring longer cellaring before being approachable.

White wines
White Châteauneuf-du-Pape is produced by excluding the red varieties and only using the six permitted white varieties. The white varieties account for 7 percent of total plantings according to 2004 statistics, and a portion of the whites grapes are blended into red wines, which means that white wine production only accounts for around 5 percent of the total. In white Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Grenache blanc and Roussanne provides fruitiness and fatness to the blend while Bourboulenc, Clairette and Picpoul add acidity, floral and mineral notes. The style of these wines range from lean and minerally to oily and rich with a variety of aromas and flavor notes—including almond, star fruit, anise, fennel, honeysuckle and peach. A single varietal, Roussanne, that is matured in an oak aging barrel, is also made by some estates. Most whites are made to be drunk young. Some white Châteauneuf-du-Pape are meant to age and tend to develop exotic aromas and scents of orange peels after 7–8 years.

Winemaking styles

Châteauneuf-du-Pape wines are often high in alcohol, typically 14-15.5%, and must be minimum 12.5% under the appellation rules with no chaptalization allowed. Winemaking in the region tends to focus on balancing the high sugar levels in the grape with the tannins and phenols that are common in red Châteauneuf-du-Pape. Following harvest, the grape clusters are rarely destemmed prior to fermentation. The fermentation temperatures are kept high, with the skins being frequently pumped over and punched down for the benefit of tannin levels and color extraction to achieve the characteristic dark Châteauneuf color. Beginning in the 1970s, market tendencies to prefer lighter, fruitier wines that can be drunk sooner have prompted some estates to experiment with carbonic maceration. Low yields are considered critical to the success of Châteauneuf-du-Pape with the principal grape varieties tending to make thin and bland wine when produced in higher quantities. The AOC requirements limit yields to 368 gallons per acre, which is nearly half the yields allowed in Bordeaux.

The common technique of using small barrel oak is not widely used in the Châteauneuf-du-Pape area, partly due to the fact that the principal grape Grenache is prone to oxidation in the porous wooden barrels. Instead, Grenache is vinified in large cement tanks, while the other grape varieties are made in large old barrels called foudres'' that do not impart the same "oaky" characteristics as the smaller oak barrels.

References

External links
 Site des Vins d'AOC Côtes du Rhône
 Chateauneuf.com Main website of boutique shop in Châteauneuf du Pape that stocks wine from most of the local producers
 chateauneuf.dk  Non commercial website with information about producers of Châteauneuf du Pape

Rhône wine AOCs

de:Châteauneuf-du-Pape#Der Wein

Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC


Adriaen Hendriksz Verboom (1627 – 1673), was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter.

Biography
He was born in Rotterdam, and was the older brother and teacher of Willem Hendricksz Verboom. He worked in Haarlem from 1650 and in Amsterdam from 1661 and is known for Italianate landscapes in the manner of Jacob van Ruisdael.
He seems to have spent a long period in Amsterdam, where his works appeared in inventories and after his wife died in 1667 he returned to Rotterdam, where he later died.

He was documented as a good draughtsman who painted tiles and made etchings, as well as paintings. The Rijksmuseum has several of his drawings and etchings. The Teylers Museum has a book of engravings by Johannes Groensveld after Verboom's drawings.

References

Adriaen Hendriksz Verboom on Artnet

1627 births
1673 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Rotterdam

Adriaen Hendriksz Verboom


Mid-Canada Line Site 070 Kempis was a part of the Mid-Canada Line air defence network.  During the late 1950s, the Mid-Canada Line (MCL) was developed as a secondary line of detection in case enemy aircraft penetrated the Distant Early Warning Line. This consisted of approximately 90 unmanned sites and eight Sector Control Stations located along the 55th parallel. Each site sent out a radio beam to its neighbouring site. If an aircraft interrupted the beam, an intruder alarm would sound.

Mount Kempis (near CFS Ramore) was chosen as a relay station for signals coming in from the Sector Control Site at RCAF Station Winisk. The signals would be sent to Mount Kempis via a Tropospheric scatter system and then they would forward the signals via a land-line to the RCC at RCAF North Bay. This required the installation of a large parabolic antenna to receive the signals.

MCL Site 070 ceased operations as a troposcatter repeater in April 1965 when the Mid-Canada Line was no longer economically feasible or required due to improvements in technology.

The site was remediated in 2009 and any evidence that the site ever existed has been removed.  Only a plaque commemorating the team who cleaned up the site remains.

References

Royal Canadian Air Force
Radar networks
Cold War military history of Canada

Mid-Canada Line Site 070 Kempis


Stef Dawson is an Australian actress. She portrayed Annie Cresta in The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and Part 2. She also made a cameo appearance in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire.

Personal life
Dawson was born in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory and attended the Canberra Girls' Grammar School, Radford College, and Screenwise Film & TV School. She also studied theatre and opera at the University of Wollongong.

Career
Dawson performed in many plays at Short and Sweet in Sydney from 2007 to 2009. She made her first short film role as the lead in Chocolates. Later, she landed the lead role as the title character in the short film Ophelia and also, received a role in The Consulate as Sarah Rael. She landed a role in All Saints as Tully McIntyre; where she made her television debut in the episode, "The Blink of an Eye". Dawson made another television appearance in Out of Blue as a guest role, and in Swift and Shift Couriers as Kylie Brown  in the episode "The Polar Bear Suit". Dawson then landed her first lead in an Australian feature film playing Leah Thompson, in Wrath. Dawson made a film appearance in Foxfur as Pearlwing.

Dawson portrayed Annie Cresta in The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2. She also made a brief appearance in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. Dawson next appeared in the microbudget film Creedmoria, which premiered at the 2016 Cinequest Film Festival in San Jose, California.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Living people
Actresses from Canberra
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
University of Wollongong alumni
1988 births

Stef Dawson


The Accelerator Test Facility (KEK-ATF) is a test accelerator in the KEK laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. It is a test bed for production of the beam for the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) linear electron-positron collider. Its main goal is to create the super-low-emittance beam which is needed for the ILC.

References

Particle accelerators

Accelerator Test Facility (Japan)


Köthen was a district (Kreis) in the middle of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts were (from north clockwise) Anhalt-Zerbst, Schönebeck, Anhalt-Zerbst, the district-free city Dessau, Bitterfeld, Saalkreis and Bernburg.

History

In 1603 the principality of Anhalt-Köthen was created, when the principality of Anhalt was split in five parts. In 1665 it merged with Anhalt-Plötzkau, and in 1807 it became a duchy. 1847 it was divided between Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Bernburg, and in 1853 it was merged with Anhalt-Dessau to form the Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen.

When in 1863 the various parts of Anhalt were reunited, the district was created. At first the district Dessau-Köthen did cover the area surrounding the two district-free cities Dessau and Köthen. In 1950 the city of Köthen was added to the district, and it was renamed after its capital.  As result of the district reform of 2007, the area was merged into the new district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld with the city of Köthen as its capital.

Geography
The district is located in the Magdeburger Börde, with soft hills from the moraines from the last ice age. The river Elbe forms part of the northern boundary of the district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

See also
 Principality of Anhalt-Köthen

External links
  (German)

History of Anhalt
1863 establishments in Europe
2007 disestablishments in Germany

Köthen (district)


Jack Le Brocq (born 7 July 1992) is an Australian professional racing driver. He currently competes in the Repco Supercars Championship, and drives the No. 34 Holden Commodore ZB for Matt Stone Racing. So far, Le Brocq's career highlights include winning the Australian Formula Ford Championship and recording multiple race wins and top 3 championship places in the Dunlop Super2 Series.

Racing career
Le Brocq won the 2012 Australian Formula Ford Championship, which led to a contract with Erebus Motorsport's driver academy. He would race for the team in the 2013 Australian GT Championship, winning 2 rounds and finishing 9th in the championship.

Super2 Series
Le Brocq made his debut in the Dunlop Series with Image Racing in a Ford FG Falcon in 2014. He joined MW Motorsport in 2015 and finished 3rd in the championship. In 2016 Le Brocq joined Prodrive Racing Australia in the No. 5 Ford FG X Falcon. After recording 7 race wins, he finished the championship in 2nd place, behind teammate Garry Jacobson. He then moved back to MW Motorsport in 2017 to drive the No. 28 Nissan Altima L33. Le Brocq would win 3 races and finish 3rd in the championship.

Supercars Championship
Le Brocq made his debut in the Supercars Championship at the 2015 Sandown 500 alongside Ash Walsh in the No. 4 Erebus Motorsport Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG. They finished the race in 19th. The pair then had a DNF at the Bathurst 1000 after the car hit the wall at the cutting. They would again finish in 19th place for the first race at the Gold Coast 600. They were disqualified from the second race.

In 2016, Le Brocq would co-drive with Cameron Waters in No. 6 Ford FG X Falcon for Prodrive Racing Australia. They retired from the 2016 Sandown 500 because of engine issues. At the Bathurst 1000 the pair stayed out of trouble to finish the race in 4th place. At the Gold Coast 600 the retired from the first race after an accident and finished the second race in 14th place.

Le Brocq made his solo Supercars debut at the 2017 Darwin Triple Crown as a wildcard entry, racing with his Super2 team MW Motorsport in the No. 28 Nissan Altima L33. He finished the first race in 19th place before finishing in 22nd for the second race. He also raced at the Ipswich SuperSprint, finishing race 1 in 19th and retiring from race 2. For the Pirtek Enduro Cup he moved to Nissan Motorsport to drive alongside Todd Kelly in the No. 7 Nissan Altima L33. The best finish they recorded was a 7th place at the Bathurst 1000.

In 2018, Le Brocq will make his debut as a full-time driver in the Supercars Championship with Tekno Autosports in the No. 19 Holden ZB Commodore.

Career results

Supercars Championship results

Complete Bathurst 1000 results

References

External links

1992 births
Formula Ford drivers
Living people
Supercars Championship drivers
Nismo drivers
Kelly Racing drivers
Matt Stone Racing drivers
Racing drivers from Melbourne
Racing drivers from Victoria (state)
V8 Utes drivers

Jack Le Brocq


James B. Lynch (died 12 March 1954) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician, who served for 16 years as a Teachta Dála (TD) before being elected as a Senator for three years.

A physician and surgeon before entering politics, Lynch was elected to Dáil Éireann on his first attempt, at the 1932 general election, when he stood as a Fianna Fáil candidate in the 7-seat Dublin South constituency. He was the last candidate to be elected, and took his seat in the 7th Dáil.

He was returned at the 1933 general election, but did not contest the 1937 general election. He stood again at the 1938 general election and was re-elected. He retained his seat at the next two general elections, but when constituency boundaries were revised at the 1948 general election, he stood in the neighbouring Dublin South-Central but was not elected. He stood again in Dublin South-Central at the 1951 general election, but lost again.

He then stood at the 1951 election to Seanad Éireann, winning won a seat on the Cultural and Educational Panel in the 7th Seanad, where he served until his death in March 1954. His widow Celia Lynch was a TD for Dublin South-Central from 1954 to 1977.

See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

Year of birth missing
1954 deaths
Fianna Fáil TDs
Members of the 7th Dáil
Members of the 8th Dáil
Members of the 10th Dáil
Members of the 11th Dáil
Members of the 12th Dáil
Members of the 7th Seanad
Spouses of Irish politicians
Fianna Fáil senators
People educated at C.B.C. Monkstown
Medical doctors from Dublin (city)
Cultural and Educational Panel senators

James B. Lynch


Roger Martin (born  1943), also known as Rusty, served as the 14th president of Randolph-Macon College, an independent liberal arts college located in Ashland, Virginia, from July 1997 until January 2006.Today, he is president of Academic Collaborations Inc., a higher education consulting firm. He also serves as executive director of the British Schools and Universities Foundation  in New York City.

Education
Martin attended Denison University  in Granville, Ohio before graduating from Drew University  in Madison, New Jersey. He then received a B.D. from Yale Divinity School  and the D.Phil. from Oxford University  where he was a member of Lincoln College .

Achievements and Honors

Martin has spent his entire adult life in higher education, serving institutions like Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute  and New York University  before going on to Middlebury College where he was assistant professor of history and assistant to the President from 1976 to 1980. From 1980 to 1986, he was Associate Dean of the Divinity School at Harvard University and Lecturer on British Church History. Then, for the next twenty years, he served as president and professor of history at two liberal arts colleges, Moravian College in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania from 1986 to 1997 and Randolph-Macon College in Ashland, Virginia from 1997 to 2006.

Martin is author of Racing Odysseus:  A College President Becomes a Freshman Again (University of California Press: 2008) which tells the story of his six-month sabbatical at St. John's College , the Great Books School, in Annapolis, Maryland, in 2004 where he enrolled as a 61-year-old freshman.  At St. John's he read Homer, Plato, Aeschylus, and Herodotus, and went out for crew, racing at the Head of the Occoquan with eight teenagers.

He is also the author of Off to College: A Guide for Parents (University of Chicago Press: 2015) which provides the parents of first-year college students with a comprehensive view of what their children will experience after leaving high school and home for college, and Brave Noises: Journal of a First-year College President  (Amazon.com: 2015) which tells of the author's first year as a college president including how he got the job.

Dr. Martin is the recipient of honorary doctorates from Lehigh University , Moravian College, Drew University, Randolph-Macon College, and Morningside College.

External links
UC Press Website
Roger Martin's Blog
Academic Collaboration, Inc. Website
British Schools and Universities Foundation Website

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
New York University faculty
Middlebury College faculty
1943 births
Living people
Denison University alumni
Drew University alumni
Yale University alumni
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
Harvard Divinity School faculty
Randolph–Macon College faculty
School board members in New York (state)

Roger H. Martin


Mayotte elects on territorial level a legislature. The Departmental Council (Conseil Départemental) - before March 2015 known as the General Council (Conseil Général) - has 19 members, elected for a three-year term in single seat constituencies.
Mayotte has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.

See also
Electoral calendar
Electoral system

Elections in Mayotte


Daniel Marius Morar (born August 15, 1966) is a Romanian jurist, who was Chief Prosecutor of the Romanian National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA), the agency responsible for investigating, preventing and prosecuting corruption-related offenses. The National Anticorruption Directorate under Morar's leadership is credited as one of the pivotal actors in Romania's anti-corruption fight. Since 2013 he has been a supreme judge on Romania's Constitutional Court.

Biography

Since September 2001, he has indicted nine deputies, three Secretaries of State and former Prime Minister Adrian Năstase.

As Chief of the National Anticorruption Directorate, he started re-opening files that had been previously closed by the former DNA management. The Năstase case was one of those. Morar's policy is to work on all the "shadow zones" that led the European Commission to label the fight against the corruption as one of the conditions Romania had to fulfill in order to accede to the European Union. While important steps have been made in this direction, the clearance of the old corruption and bribery involved personnel is compulsory.

External links
  Daniel Morar's profile on the National Anticorruption Directorate website

1966 births
Living people
Romanian prosecutors
Anti-corruption activists

Daniel Morar