Tauriel is a fictional character from Peter Jackson's three-part feature movie adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit. The character does not appear in the original book by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, but was created by Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh for two of the movies. Tauriel is a Woodland Elf, and is the leader of the Elven guard. Her name means "forest daughter" in the Elvish language. She is played by actress Evangeline Lilly, who appeared as Kate Austen on the TV show Lost.

Appearances
Tauriel first appears in the second part of the trilogy, The Desolation of Smaug, which was released December 13, 2013. Before it was decided to have three films instead of two, Tauriel was described as having a more important role in what was then the final film, The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, which was originally going to be released in 2013. However, when the filmmakers decided to make the series into a trilogy, that part of the story became the third part of the trilogy, which would be released in December 2014.

In The Desolation of Smaug, the hobbit Bilbo Baggins, and thirteen dwarves, are traveling to Lonely Mountain, and pass through the black forest of Mirkwood, where they are captured by giant spiders. The spiders are then attacked by the Wood Elves, led by Legolas and Tauriel. Tauriel saves Kíli by killing a spider that was attacking him, but the Elves take the dwarves as prisoners for trespassing on their land. During the dwarves' imprisonment, Tauriel forms a bond with Kíli. It is later mentioned that Tauriel is a talented warrior and for this reason, was made leader of the Mirkwood border guards. Legolas, the son of Mirkwood's Elven king Thranduil, is shown to be attracted to her, and she used to be attracted to him too, but because she is a lowly Silvan Elf, she does not believe herself worthy of him, and similarly, Thranduil does not consider her to be a proper match for his son.

As the dwarves escape with Bilbo's help, the Elves' home is attacked by orcs. Tauriel again uses her skills to save Kíli, but Kíli is struck in the leg with an orc's arrow. This arrow is poisoned, and the wound it created will slowly kill Kíli. Thranduil learns that an evil entity has returned and is amassing great power in the south, and seals off his kingdom, but before he does this, Tauriel goes after the dwarves by herself. Legolas follows, and tries to convince her to return, but when she refuses, saying that the Elves are part of Middle Earth and that they must fight in the upcoming war, Legolas joins her pursuit.

After getting weapons and supplies at Laketown, the dwarves leave for the Lonely Mountain, but leave Kíli behind because of his injury, and Fili, Bofur and Oin stay behind to be with him. By the time Tauriel and Legolas reach Laketown, the dwarves are being attacked by orcs. They defeat the invaders, and Tauriel uses her knowledge of herbs to heal Kíli's wound, saving his life once again, after which they admit that they have developed a bond with one another.

Creation and casting
In 1937 J. R. R. Tolkien published the fantasy novel The Hobbit, which is about a group of 15 people: a Hobbit named Bilbo Baggins, a wizard named Gandalf and thirteen dwarves. This group goes searching for a treasure guarded by the dragon, Smaug. During the story, the group are captured by the Silvan Elves. During the Battle of Five Armies at the end of the story, the group of 15 travelers join with the Elves to fight an army of goblins and wargs.

Although Tauriel does not appear in this story, she was created by Peter Jackson and his wife and producing partner Fran Walsh for the movie. They did this in order to expand the world of the elves of Mirkwood Forest, and to bring another female to the cast, since it is mostly males. The character is a Silvan Elf, which means she is of a much lower place in Elf society than the elves that had been seen in The Lord of the Rings film series, like Arwen, Galadriel, Elrond, and Legolas. A Woodland Elf, her name has been translated as "Daughter of Mirkwood".

In June 2011 Peter Jackson announced that actress Evangeline Lilly, who played Kate Austen in the ABC drama Lost, was cast in the role. Lilly, had been a fan of Tolkien's books since she was 13, but was nervous about how Tolkien fans would react to  a character that did not appear in Tolkien's books. She stated that creating the character for the adaptation was the right thing to do, saying, "I believe she is authentic, because Tolkien refers to The Woodland Elves, he just doesn't talk about who they are specifically… [Peter and Fran] know that world so well. They're not going to create a character that is not true to Tolkien's world." Despite this, some fans were unhappy with the creation of her character after the first trailer for the film was released on June 12, 2013.

As head of the Elven guard, Lilly says that Tauriel is "slightly reckless and totally ruthless and doesn't hesitate to kill." Lilly also says Tauriel is a nonconformist (someone who refuses to follow established customs), and that because of her relative youth among Elves, she can be reckless in the decisions she makes, tending to rebel against the established social order of the Elves. Lilly explains, "She's only 600 years old, she's just a baby. So she's a bit more impulsive, and she's a bit more immature. I think she's more easily romanticized by a lot of things." However, she also has a "softer side", and her character's story has her falling in love with another character. Although she and Legolas are close, childhood friends, the romance is not with him. According to Lilly, Legolas' father, the Elven king Thranduil, is fond of Tauriel, and "sees something very special in her". Lilly told the filmmakers that she would only play the character if they promised that her character would not be part of a love triangle. However, when she was called back into production to shoot new scenes after it was decided to split the story into three films instead of two, she was told that a love triangle would indeed be added to the story.

To look like Tauriel in the films, she wore a red wig with knee-length hair, fake ears that are three times larger than the ones Orlando Bloom wore as Legolas (though Lilly felt that the long hair would take attention away from the ears). Instead of wearing the complex formal gowns that female Elf noblewomen were seen wearing in previous films, Tauriel wears Elven military garb, which is better-suited to her job as a border guard and soldier. The is an expert in a variety of weapons, but she usually uses a bow and two daggers, the same weapons Legolas uses. Lilly had a stunt coach help her film the action scenes. Although Lilly asked to do the character's wirework herself, because she had experience doing her own stunts on Lost, that work was performed by a stunt double. Lilly also had a language coach teacher her how to speak the Elvish language.

Filming of Tauriel's scenes began in September 2011 in New Zealand, and was expected to last a year. Lilly said that she enjoyed the calm atmosphere of the set, and the familiar experience of filming with a cast of mostly men, which reminded her of working on Lost and The Hurt Locker. However, she said that the experience of having had her first baby in May 2011 made some parts of filming the fighting scenes harder than she expected, saying, "Recovering from labor is like recovering from a full-body injury, and I didn't realize to what extent that was true until I started training for elf fighting. My hips don't move like they used to move, my back doesn't move like it used to move, my shoulders are sore every day. But it's fun."

Other Tauriel products
Tauriel is part of the toy Lego set No. 79001, which is called Escape from Mirkwood Spiders. Her minifigures comes with those of Legolas and the Dwarves Fíli and Kíli.

Cultural effects
For her performance as Tauriel, Evangeline Lilly was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress, the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie, the Empire Award for Best Supporting Actress, and the 2014 Kids' Choice Awards.

The band The Esgaroth Three poked fun at fans' reaction to Tauriel's appearance in the films, and to other changes made by Peter Jackson to the story, with the song and video "Who the 'ell is Tauriel?".

References

Other websites

Tauriel at the Tolkien Gateway
"Dish Of Salt: Evangeline Lilly Dishes On Filming 'The Hobbit'". (Video of Evangeline Lilly speaking Elvish) Access Hollywood. October 2011

Fictional characters introduced in 2013
Characters in The Hobbit
The Hobbit (movie series)

Tauriel


Mother Earth was an American anarchist journal that described itself as "A Monthly Magazine Devoted to Social Science and Literature". Founded in early 1906 and initially edited by Emma Goldman, an activist in the United States, it published articles by contemporary activists and writers in Europe as well as the US, in addition to essays by historic figures.

History
Emma Goldman, a noted political activist in the United States, was the first editor of this magazine, which she founded in early 1906. She wanted an alternative means to reach people, as she was tired of her rounds of cross-country speaking tours. Alexander Berkman, another well-known anarchist and longtime friend, took over as editor in 1907, a year after he was released from prison. He served in this role to 1915. It published longer articles by American and European writers and activists on a variety of anarchist topics, including the labor movement, education, literature and the arts, state and government control, and women's emancipation, and sexual freedom. It was an early supporter of birth control. Its subscribers and supporters formed a virtual "who's who" of the radical left in the United States in the years prior to 1920. One of its traveling sellers was a friend of Goldman and Mother Earth circles, Eva Kotchever, who founded later the famous speakeasy Eve's Hangout in New York.

In 1917, Mother Earth began to call for opposition to US entry into the Great War and, specifically, for men to refuse to register for the military draft or submit to conscription. On June 15, 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act. The law set punishments for acts of interference in US foreign policy and espionage. The Act authorized stiff fines and prison terms of up to 20 years for anyone who obstructed the military draft or encouraged "disloyalty" to the U.S. government. After Goldman and Berkman continued to advocate against conscription, Goldman's offices at Mother Earth were thoroughly searched by Department of Justice agents, and they seized volumes of files and detailed subscription lists from Mother Earth, along with Berkman's journal The Blast.

A US Justice Department press release said:

A wagon load of anarchist records and propaganda material was seized, and included in the lot is what is believed to be a complete registry of anarchy's friends in the United States. A splendidly kept card index was found, which the Federal agents believe will greatly simplify their task of identifying persons mentioned in the various record books and papers. The subscription lists of Mother Earth and The Blast, which contain 10,000 names, were also seized.

Mother Earth remained in monthly circulation until August 1917. Berkman and Goldman were found guilty of violating the Espionage Act because they encouraged men to resist the draft. The court had revoked Goldman's citizenship after that of her husband, Kershner, had been revoked. Along with 258 others, Goldman and Berkman were deported to the Soviet Union on a single ship in 1919.

Contributors
The following is a partial list of contemporary contributors whose essays or poems were published in Mother Earth:

The following is a partial list of contributors of cover art:

 Jules-Félix Grandjouan
 Manuel Komroff
 Robert Minor
 Man Ray
 Adolf Wolff

References

External links

Anarchist periodicals published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Defunct political magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Emma Goldman
Magazines established in 1906
Magazines disestablished in 1917
Magazines published in New York City
1906 establishments in the United States

Mother Earth (magazine)


Emanuelle in Bangkok (Italian: Emanuelle nera - Orient Reportage, also known as Black Emanuelle 2 and Black Emanuelle Goes East) is an Italian sexploitation film from 1976 starring Laura Gemser and Gabriele Tinti and directed by Joe D'Amato. It is the second in a series of films featuring the investigative journalist Emanuelle (played by Gemser).

Emanuelle in Bangkok is considered a genuine sequel to the 1975 film Black Emanuelle (which was not directed by D'Amato, but by Bitto Albertini), whereas Albertini's own Black Emanuelle 2 (1976) is a sequel only by name, with a different Emanuelle character played by a different actress.

Plot

Photojournalist Emanuelle and her friend, archaeologist Roberto, travel to Bangkok, where she hopes to shoot photos of the Thai king for her New York magazine and interview him. She meets Prince Sanit, the king's brother, who shows her his country and introduces her to the secrets of ancient oriental massage. Emanuelle becomes friends with her masseuse Gee.

The two women and Roberto later meet the American couple Jimmy and Frances. Together, photographed by Emanuelle, they move through the exotic city and consume an opium pipe in the palace of the prince in the evening. The next day, Emanuelle watches an animal fight between a snake and a mongoose and later receives the news that Prince Sanit has arranged a meeting between her and the king's former first lover, who now lives in a mountain temple. Roberto meanwhile leaves for excavations in Casablanca.

When Emanuelle returns to the hotel, she finds her room ransacked. Camera, pictures and passport were stolen. Seeking help, she rushes to the palace of the Prince, where she is raped by a group of mercenaries in the service of the king. It turns out that Prince Sanit had tried to overthrow the king and is now in jail. Emanuelle is advised to leave the country because of her relationship with the prince. Without a passport, this is not possible at first, but she can seduce an official at the airport and get him to issue her a visa. There she also meets Frances again, who broke up with her husband. They fly together to Delhi, and Emanuelle continues alone from there to Casablanca.

Once there, she befriends Debra, the daughter of US Consul David, and tells them what has happened to her. Then she visits Roberto in the excavation camp and meets, to her surprise, Roberto's fiancé: his English colleague Janett. That does not stop her from joining them in their tent. The next morning, the three go on a tour of the desert, where their car breaks down and they meet a horde of mounted Tuareg nomads. The two women decide to ride with them rather than wait and leave Roberto alone. In the nomad camp, they dance for, and have sex with, the nomads.

Once again united with Roberto, Emanuelle gets back her camera from David in Casablanca, who had it retrieved from Bangkok. There follows a time when she is torn between her feelings for Roberto and Debra. Roberto, who hates lesbians, asks her decide between him and her, but Emanuelle remains undecided. They split up, and Robert leaves. When Emanuelle finally gets her passport again, she decides to fly to Paris on behalf of her magazine, leaving Debra alone, heartbroken.

Production
In contrast to Albertini, the director of the first film, D'Amato integrates elements inspired by mondo filmmaking techniques into the series such as traditional cultural dancing, Thai boxing, cockfighting, and a mongoose and a snake fighting while trapped together in a glass tank". The film thus contains in its uncut form several scenes of animal cruelty, as well as some very explicit, albeit softcore sexual situations.

Cast
 Laura Gemser as Emanuelle
 Gabriele Tinti as Roberto
 Ely Galleani as Frances
 Ivan Rassimov as Prince Sanit
 Venantino Venantini as David
 Giacomo Rossi Stuart as Jimmy (as Giacomo Rossi-Stuart)
 Chris Avram as Thomas Quizet
 Koike Mahoco as Gee, Asian Masseuse
 Gaby Bourgois
 Debra Berger as Debra

See also
 List of Italian films of 1976

References

External links

1976 films
Films directed by Joe D'Amato
Blaxploitation films
Italian sexploitation films
1970s Italian-language films
Italian LGBT-related films
Lesbian-related films
Films set in Thailand
Films set in Morocco
Emanuelle
Films scored by Nico Fidenco
Cockfighting in film
1970s Italian films
1970s French films

Emanuelle in Bangkok


In Greek mythology, Proteus ( ; )  was an ancient Egyptian king who was associated with the island of Pharos, his residence in Homer's Odyssey. Virgil, however, instead of Pharos, mentions the island of Carpathos, between Crete and Rhodes. This Greek island is the closest to Pharos geographically.

Etymology
'Proteus' may be based on one of the titles of the Egyptian king, pꜣ-rwtj, signifying the "high doors" (cf. Sublime Porte) of the temple.

Proteus also seems to have been associated with Thrace, and legends portray him as coming from Thrace to Egypt, or as going from Egypt to Thrace.

There's also some sort of association of Proteus with the island of Lemnos, close to Thrace.

Mythology

Alternate story of Helen
Herodotus invoked Proteus in his telling of the story of Helen of Troy. In Book II of The History, the story is told of how Proteus rose to the throne of Egypt out of Memphis, succeeding Pheron as king. He was later succeeded by Rhampsinitus (Ramesses III, as he was known by the Egyptians).  When Paris stole Helen from Sparta, winds blew him off his intended course and he found himself in Egypt.  Upon their arrival, Paris and his servants discovered a temple, in which the slaves realized it would be profitable for them to take refuge. Thus, they deserted Paris, informing the authorities of his numerous wrongdoings. Word of Paris' crimes reached Proteus, who then requested Paris be brought forth for inquiry. Proteus asked Paris for the details of his journey, ultimately concluding that despite his anger and Paris' terrible actions, he cannot kill a man who is a stranger from another land. Instead of death as Paris' punishment, Proteus took Helen from Paris and seized the treasure stolen from Menelaus, intending to return both Helen and the treasure to Menelaus, to whom they were rightfully due. Proteus then urged Paris to leave Egypt.

Herodotus also makes references to Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, claiming Homer must have been aware of this version of events despite using the more common story.

Tragedy by Euripides
Another take on this story is presented in the tragedy Helen by Euripides.  In Euripides' version, Hera had Helen taken to Egypt by Hermes, and she created a phantom replacement of Helen which Paris takes to Troy.  The play takes place when Menelaus arrives at Egypt after the war. Here Proteus had safeguarded Helen throughout the Trojan War, but is dead before the play begins.  It opens with Helen visiting his tomb.  According to Euripides, Proteus was married to the Nereid Psamathe, had a son Theoclymenos, and a daughter Theonoe who was a gifted seer. Theoclymenos became the new king of Egypt after Proteus and had intentions of marrying Helen.

Proteus in The Odyssey
In the tale which Menelaus recites to Telemachus, Menelaus mentions being stranded on the island called Pharos. It is here after 20 days that he is approached by the goddess Eidothea, daughter of Proteus, the first minister of Poseidon. In this meeting she asks why Menelaus willingly stays on the island, to which he replies "Whichever of the divinities you are, let me tell you that I am not here of my own free will, I seem to have angered a god but which one I do not know, tell me now since gods are all knowing to whom I have displeased". Eidothea explains that it was Proteus who keeps him ashore. She hatches a plan which allows Menelaus to escape from the island, which includes the ambush of Proteus - who is described as being able to change his shape into various animals, plants, and substances.

Proteus in Plato's dialogues
Proteus is briefly mentioned in several of Plato's dialogues. In the dialogue Euthydemus, Proteus is referred to by Socrates as an Egyptian wizard who can wear different external images. Socrates uses the story of Proteus to illustrate that just as he was able to deceive others by changing himself into different images, so can persons be deceptive in speech.  The same analogy is repeated in the dialogue Ion.

Notes

References

 Euripides, Euripides II: The Cyclops and Heracles, Iphigenia in Tauris, Helen (The Complete Greek Tragedies) (Vol 4), University Of Chicago Press; 1 edition (April 15, 2002). .
 Herodotus, The Histories with an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 1920. . Online version at the Topos Text Project. Greek text available at Perseus Digital Library.
 Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. . Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Vergil. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.

Kings of Egypt in Herodotus
Kings of Egypt in Greek mythology
Kings in Greek mythology
People of the Trojan War
Egyptian characters in Greek mythology

pt:Proteu (mitologia)

Proteus of Egypt


In mathematics, a group extension is a general means of describing a group in terms of a particular normal subgroup and quotient group.  If  and  are two groups, then  is an extension of  by  if there is a short exact sequence

If  is an extension of  by , then  is a group,  is a normal subgroup of  and the quotient group  is isomorphic to the group .  Group extensions arise in the context of the extension problem, where the groups  and  are known and the properties of  are to be determined. Note that the phrasing " is an extension of  by " is also used by some.

Since any finite group  possesses a maximal normal subgroup  with simple factor group , all finite groups may be constructed as a series of extensions with finite simple groups. This fact was a motivation for completing the classification of finite simple groups.

An extension is called a central extension if the subgroup  lies in the center of .

Extensions in general

One extension, the direct product, is immediately obvious.  If one requires  and  to be abelian groups, then the set of isomorphism classes of extensions of  by a given (abelian) group  is in fact a group, which is isomorphic to

cf. the Ext functor.  Several other general classes of extensions are known but no theory exists that treats all the possible extensions at one time. Group extension is usually described as a hard problem; it is termed the extension problem.

To consider some examples, if , then  is an extension of both  and . More generally, if  is a semidirect product of  and , written as , then  is an extension of  by , so such products as the wreath product provide further examples of extensions.

Extension problem

The question of what groups  are extensions of  by  is called the extension problem, and has been studied heavily since the late nineteenth century. As to its motivation, consider that the composition series of a finite group is a finite sequence of subgroups , where each  is an extension of  by some simple group. The classification of finite simple groups gives us a complete list of finite simple groups; so the solution to the extension problem would give us enough information to construct and classify all finite groups in general.

Classifying extensions

Solving the extension problem amounts to classifying all extensions of H by K; or more practically, by expressing all such extensions in terms of mathematical objects that are easier to understand and compute.  In general, this problem is very hard, and all the most useful results classify extensions that satisfy some additional condition.

It is important to know when two extensions are equivalent or congruent. We say that the extensions

and

are equivalent (or congruent) if there exists a group isomorphism  making commutative the diagram of Figure 1.
In fact it is sufficient to have a group homomorphism; due to the assumed commutativity of the diagram, the map  is forced to be an isomorphism by the short five lemma.

Warning

It may happen that the extensions  and  are inequivalent but G and G are isomorphic as groups. For instance, there are  inequivalent extensions of the Klein four-group by , but there are, up to group isomorphism, only four groups of order  containing a normal subgroup of order   with quotient group isomorphic to the Klein four-group.

Trivial extensions
A trivial extension is an extension

that is equivalent to the extension

where the left and right arrows are respectively the inclusion and the projection of each factor of .

Classifying split extensions

A split extension is an extension

with a homomorphism  such that going from H to G by s and then back to H by the quotient map of the short exact sequence induces the identity map on H i.e., .  In this situation, it is usually said that s splits the above exact sequence.

Split extensions are very easy to classify, because an extension is split if and only if the group G is a semidirect product of K and H. Semidirect products themselves are easy to classify, because they are in one-to-one correspondence with homomorphisms from , where Aut(K) is the automorphism group of K.  For a full discussion of why this is true, see semidirect product.

Warning on terminology

In general in mathematics, an extension of a structure K is usually regarded as a structure L of which K is a substructure. See for example field extension. However, in group theory the opposite terminology has crept in, partly because of the notation , which reads easily as extensions of Q by N, and the focus is on the group Q.

A paper of Ronald Brown and Timothy Porter on Otto Schreier's theory of nonabelian extensions uses the terminology that an extension of K gives a larger structure.

Central extension
A central extension''' of a group G is a short exact sequence of groups

such that A is included in , the center of the group E.  The set of isomorphism classes of central extensions of G by A is in one-to-one correspondence with the cohomology group .

Examples of central extensions can be constructed by taking any group G and any abelian group A, and setting E to be . This kind of split example corresponds to the element 0 in  under the above correspondence. Another split example is given for a normal subgroup A with E set to the semidirect product . More serious examples are found in the theory of projective representations, in cases where the projective representation cannot be lifted to an ordinary linear representation.

In the case of finite perfect groups, there is a universal perfect central extension.

Similarly, the central extension of a Lie algebra  is an exact sequence

such that  is in the center of .

There is a general theory of central extensions in Maltsev varieties.

Generalization to general extensions

There is a similar classification of all extensions of G by A in terms of homomorphisms from , a tedious but explicitly checkable existence condition involving  and the cohomology group .

Lie groups

In Lie group theory, central extensions arise in connection with algebraic topology. Roughly speaking, central extensions of Lie groups by discrete groups are the same as covering groups. More precisely, a connected covering space  of a connected Lie group  is naturally a central extension of , in such a way that the projection

is a group homomorphism, and surjective. (The group structure on  depends on the choice of an identity element mapping to the identity in .) For example, when  is the universal cover of , the kernel of π is the fundamental group of , which is known to be abelian (see H-space). Conversely, given a Lie group  and a discrete central subgroup , the quotient  is a Lie group and  is a covering space of it.

More generally, when the groups ,  and  occurring in a central extension are Lie groups, and the maps between them are homomorphisms of Lie groups, then if the Lie algebra of  is , that of  is , and that of  is , then  is a central Lie algebra extension of  by .   In the terminology of theoretical physics, generators of  are called central charges.  These generators are in the center of ; by Noether's theorem, generators of symmetry groups correspond to conserved quantities, referred to as charges.

The basic examples of central extensions as covering groups are:
 the spin groups, which double cover the special orthogonal groups, which (in even dimension) doubly cover the projective orthogonal group.
 the metaplectic groups, which double cover the symplectic groups.
The case of  involves a fundamental group that is infinite cyclic. Here the central extension involved is well known in modular form theory, in the case of forms of weight . A projective representation that corresponds is the Weil representation, constructed from the Fourier transform, in this case on the real line. Metaplectic groups also occur in quantum mechanics.

See also
Lie algebra extension
Virasoro algebra
HNN extension
Group contraction
Extension of a topological group

References

 R.L. Taylor, Covering  groups  of  non  connected topological  groups, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 5 (1954), 753–768.
 R. Brown and O. Mucuk, Covering groups of non-connected topological  groups revisited, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society'', vol. 115 (1994), 97–110.

Group theory

Group extension


Lordswood is a district in Hampshire, England. It is situated in the northern quarter of greater Southampton bordering the areas of Lordshill, Chilworth, Aldermoor and Bassett.

History of Lordswood

According to the Anglo-Saxon Charter of 956 Aldermoor, Lordswood, Lordshill and Coxford are all within the ancient boundary of the Manor of Millbrook and were farmland within the county of Hampshire, until the 20th century when it was absorbed into Southampton.

Landscape
The main feature is the gentle valley carved by Holly Brook. It is quite high ground in relation to sea level (45m) at the top of Hollybrook Cemetery.

Housing
The type of housing found in Lordswood is fairly large, owner-occupied detached residences such as Bassett Avenue. There is, however, a small area of fairly new council flats in the Dunkirk Road area.

Transport
The A35 Winchester Road, Southampton Ring Road is in the south-east corner. Lordswood Road is a throughroute from the northern suburbs to the West. Lord's Hill Way is a distributor road for the Lord's Hill estate, built in the 1970s.

References

Areas of Southampton

Lordswood, Southampton


Destiny is a 2014 historical fiction novel written by Don Brown.  It is the prequel to Browns Navy Justice Series, perhaps considered to be Brown's signature literary series. Although the novel was the first novel written in the series, it was also the most recently released. Set in World War II, the novel's protagonist is Walter Brewer, the grandfather of Navy Justice Series hero, JAG Officer Lieutenant Zack Brewer. The storyline climaxes in and around the events surrounding the Battle of Normandy. Although the novel was penned in 2003, it was released in 2014, according to Brown, making it the last in the series to be released sequentially, but the first written, chronologically.

References

2014 American novels
Novels set during World War II
Fiction set in 1944
Operation Overlord
Novels set in Normandy

Destiny (Brown novel)


Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales, published in 1991, is a collection of short stories for children by the author of the Redwall series, Brian Jacques.

Plot
The collection is made up of seven short stories.

The Fate of Thomas P. Kanne
Mr. Bausin, caretaker of the Middlechester Museum, is constantly erasing graffiti by a mysterious and persistent graffiti artist, the "Phantom Snake". Schoolboy Thomas P. Kanne, who uses the anagram "Phantom Snake" for his name, is constantly surreptitiously adding his signature to everything he can. In need of a challenge, he decides to target the new Egypt exhibit of the Middlechester Museum, the one part he has not previously defaced. Despite Thomas inexplicably feeling that Mr. Bausin is watching him as he leaves the signatures, nothing happens until the museum closes before Jamie leaves and finds himself lost inside, being slowly chased by Mr. Bausin until he runs into the Egypt exhibit and is mummified alive.

Jamie and the Vampires
Jamie is tricked by his friends into accepting a dare: sit by the grave of a suspected vampire for ten minutes at midnight. He sneaks out and while he waits, he starts preparing to trick his friends in return, applying makeup to make it look like he has been bitten by a vampire. As he waits for them to come after him, a young vampire comes out of the tomb. As the vampire prepares to drink from his neck, the vampire's mother comes out and begins berating him, much like Jamie's own mother does. Jamie flees, and his friends find him later.

Allie Alma
Alma hates her name and prefers to go by Allie, insisting that everyone at school calls her that instead. While working with the Neighborhood Volunteer Help Junior Branch, however, she goes by Alma. She has a habit of stealing emotionally valuable trinkets from the elderly people that she helps and convincing them that they lost them, and the objects will turn up where they least expect them to. While she is helping an old Austrian neighbour, Mrs. Struben, with her groceries, Alma asks about a little handmade egg. Mrs. Struben tells her the story of her family during the second world war, especially about the Christmas when her uncle gave her the egg, which he had made for her, and about how her cousin Helga wanted the egg for herself. When their family was bombed in an air raid, they ran from where they were staying. Mrs. Struben dropped the egg, and Helga ran to get it, and was trapped inside the building. She was found dead the next day, but not dead from the bombing—she had died of shock. After Mrs. Struben finishes the story, Allie steals the egg. After she finishes helping Mrs. Struben with her groceries and convinces her that the egg will turn up somewhere else, she goes home with the egg. She is found the next day dead of shock.

The Lies of Henry Mawdsley
Henry Mawdsley is renowned for his lies and tall tales. As he is making up a lie on his way to school to explain his tardiness, he meets a strange old man who offers to make a deal with him. Henry asks him to make it so that everyone believes whatever lies he tells for a week, after which the man will take possession of his soul. After he signs the contract, hidden from the strange man by a cloud of smoke at his own insistance, he arrives late to school. His lies grow increasingly more elaborate and Henry quickly becomes frustrated with how easy it is to get away with anything he wants. When the end of the week comes, the strange man reveals himself as the devil and starts to claim Henry's soul. The angel Gabriel intervenes and releases him from his contract with the devil by illegitimizing Henry's signature, revealing that it is neither Henry's name nor written in his blood, as it should have been.

Bridgey
Bridgey lives with her alcoholic uncle, doing the chores on his farm and cooking for him. She takes special care of the ducks and the mysterious creature in the pond, the Grimblett. One day, when her uncle is on the market, Bridgey accidentally drops her uncle's honey pot in the pond. She spends the rest of the day terrified that he will beat her, and forgets to put the ducks in the pen. When he discovers the loss in the morning, he storms outside. Bridgey's ducks trip her uncle and he falls into the pond, where he is eaten by the Grimblett.

The Sad History of Gilly Bodkin
Peasant boy Gilly Bodkin is set on getting to taste a sugar stick. He is certain that it is even sweeter than an apple, hard as it is to believe. The family that owns the land that his family lives on, the Manfields, drive by in their horse-drawn carriage regularly, the three daughters in the back fighting about different sweatmeats. One day, Gilly runs beside the cart and asks for a sweetmeat. One of the girls, arguing with her sister, throws a sweetmeat out of the carriage and onto the road. When Gilly tries to get it, he is killed by the horse. His ghost haunts the road until it is rarely used. Many years later, the descendants of the Manfield family come to visit their ancestral home. Gilly asks their daughter for a sugar stick and finds that he can touch it. He tastes it, finds it too sweet, and his ghost fades to rest.

R.S.B. Limited
When Jonathan starts attending the school that his great-grandfather used to go to, he is quickly set on by a group of three bullies. They call themselves R.S.B. Limited and tell him that if he purchases their 'insurance' they will protect him from any threats—including themsleves. Jonathan is unable to pay, and so they force him to smudge his face with dirt several times a day. As Jonathan is trying to settle into the school and make friends, he starts seeing a boy that looks very like himself, but no matter how hard he tries, Jonathan cannot meet him face to face. One day, when Jonathan is sick, his lookalike leaves a note for the bullies offering to pay their insurance, and the days before that, if they will meet him at the school after dark. When the bullies arrive, the lookalike comes and ages suddenly into Jonathan's great-grandfather, terrifying the bullies so badly that they are unable to return to the school afterwards.

Publication History

 First published in the UK by Hutchinson in 1991
 First published in the US by Philomel in 1991
 Audiobook narrated by Brian Jacques released 2010

Reception
Publishers Weekly said of the book that "Jacques's collection of original ghost stories features 'the requisite apparitions, vampires and satanic incarnations, all spun with a distinctly English flair'."

References

1991 short story collections
1991 children's books
Children's short story collections
British short story collections
Horror short story collections
Hutchinson (publisher) books

Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales


Jack Shakely was the President Emeritus of the California Community Foundation, having served as its president from 1980 to January 2004. According to a 2002 article in the Los Angeles Business Journal, he was earning $240,000 annually as head of the non-profit foundation.

He currently serves as chairman of the Center for Philanthropy and Public Policy at the University of Southern California.

In 2005, Jack Shakely joined the board of the Valley Performing Arts Center spearheaded by Cal State Northridge. He also sits on the board of directors of the Lamp Community, an organization that aims to help mentally ill homeless citizens, and Operation USA, an international relief agency, www.opusa.org

In August 2007, Shakely started a blog that appears to be aimed a getting feedback on his recent book on the American Civil War, specifically in regards to Indian Territory.

Shakely is the former chair of the Los Angeles Native American Indian Commission. A fourth-generation Oklahoman of Creek descent, he is the author of The Confederate War Bonnet,, a historical novel of the Civil War in Indian Territory.

External links
 Jack Shakely's page at the Center of Philanthropy and Public Policy.
 Official website of the California Community Foundation.

Notes and references

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academics from Oklahoma
American nonprofit executives
Muscogee people
University of Southern California people
21st-century Native American writers

Jack Shakely


Bu Luotuo or Baeuqloxdoh  (Zhuang: Baeuqloxdoh, , ) is the supreme god and the creator in Zhuang mythology and Moism of Zhuang people. He is associated with the creation of world and the make of the rule.

In many literature of Zhuang mythology, Baeuqloxdoh is one of three kings (the ruler of the three aspects of the world):

 Gyaj (God of thunder, the ruler of the heaven),
 Ngweg (Dragon king, the ruler of the water),
 and Baeuqloxdoh  (the ruler of human world), sometimes including the tiger (the ruler of the forest).

He lives in the cave of a mountain with his wife, goddess Moloxgyap, and in every ceremony of Moism, the flamen have to call them for help.

Chinese gods
Zhuang people

Bu Luotuo


The Committee on Education, Culture, Tourism and Human Resources is one of the ten permanent committees of the Pan-African Parliament. It deals with issues relating to education, cultural issues, tourism and human resources.

Functions of the committee:

 Consider strategies and programmes for the improvement of the lives of African peoples.
 Consider issues relating to regional and international cooperation in strategic planning and implementation of social development and health policies and programs.

Chairperson of the Committee is Hon William F. Shija from (Tanzania).

Deputy Chairperson of the Committee is the Hon Maidagi Allambeye from (Niger).

Rapporteur of the Committee is the Hon Draoui Mohamed (Algeria).

See also
 Cultural resources management

Education, Culture, Tourism and Human Resources

Committee on Education, Culture, Tourism, and Human Resources


Frederick W. Schmidt (born June 20, 1953) is an American theologian and Episcopal priest. He is a senior scholar and the inaugural holder of the Rueben P. Job Chair in Spiritual Formation at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. He serves as vice rector of Church of the Good Shepherd in Brentwood, Tennessee, and he blogs at Patheos.

Schmidt studied at Asbury University (B.A., 1975), Asbury Theological Seminary (M.Div., 1978), and the University of Oxford (D. Phil., 1996), where he worked under the supervision of George B. Caird, Robert Morgan, and E.P. Sanders. He was a teaching fellow in New Testament Greek at Asbury Theological Seminary from 1978 to 1980. He served as an instructor in New Testament studies for the Theology Faculty at Oxford University and tutor at Keble College, Oxford, in 1986. He taught at Messiah College, Grantham, Pennsylvania, from 1987 to 1994. He was dean of St. George's College, Jerusalem, and residentiary canon of St. George's Cathedral from 1994 to 1995; a fellow of the American Council on Education and special assistant to the president and provost of La Salle University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1995 to 1996; canon educator, director of programs in spirituality and religious education, and acting program director at Washington National Cathedral from 1997 to 2000; and director of spiritual formation and Anglican studies as well associate professor of Christian spirituality at Perkins School of Theology. Schmidt served as the Rueben P. Job Chair in Spiritual Formation at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary in Evanston, Illinois, from 2012 to 2020.

He was previously a minister in the United Methodist Church before being ordained as a priest in the Episcopal Church in 1993 in the Diocese of Central Pennsylvania. He served as an assisting priest at St. Andrews, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (1993-1994); All Saints, Hershey, Pennsylvania (1995-1996); as a transition consultant at St. Luke's, Dallas, Texas, (2003-2004); as a teaching associate at Church of the Incarnation (2004-2008); as an assisting priest at St. Barnabas Episcopal Church in Glen Ellyn, Illinois (2016-2019); and assumed his responsibilities as vice rector at Good Shepherd, Brentwood, Tennessee, in 2020. He also served on the Board of Examining Chaplains for the Episcopal Church from 2003 to 2015.

In addition to his work in the church and the academy, Schmidt has maintained an active interest in patient safety and the ethical issues associated with human trials. He served as a member of the Institutional Review Board of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, at the National Institutes of Health (1998-2000); as a member of the Data Safety Monitoring Board for Stroke Prevention in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia (2000-2004); as a member of the Pulmonary Data and Safety Monitoring Board (2000-2014); and as a patient safety consultant on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Allergan, Inc., from 2006 to 2016.

Schmidt has written A Still Small Voice: Women, Ordination and the Church (Syracuse University Press, 1998), The Changing Face of God (Morehouse, 2000), When Suffering Persists (Morehouse, 2001; Italian translation: Sofferenza, All ricerca di una riposta.  Torino: Claudiana, 2004), What God Wants for Your Life (Harper, 2005), Conversations with Scripture: Revelation (Morehouse, 2005), Conversations with Scripture: Luke (Morehouse, 2009), and The Dave Test: A Raw Look at Real Life in Hard Times (Abingdon Press, 2013). He contributed multiple entries to The Anchor Bible Dictionary (Doubleday, 1992) and an article on theological education in Canonical Theism, edited by William J. Abraham, Natalie Van Kirk and Jason Vickers (Eerdmans, 2008). He was the editor of The Changing Face of God (Morehouse, 2000) and series editor of Conversations with Scripture (Morehouse). He has written multiple articles, which appear in the Scottish Journal of Theology, Feminist Theology, The Heythrop Journal, Congregations, Ministry Matters, Journal for Preachers, Time, Presence, and The American Baptist Quarterly, among others. He has written over 500 articles at Patheos and still others as a guest writer on other sites.

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
American theologians
Asbury University alumni
Asbury Theological Seminary alumni
Asbury Theological Seminary faculty
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Southern Methodist University faculty
American United Methodist clergy
American Episcopal priests
Bible commentators

Frederick W. Schmidt


Milestones, also referred as The Milestones (per the Eurovision official web site), were an Austrian rock band, active between 1968 and 1975.  They are known for their participation in the 1972 Eurovision Song Contest.

1968-1972
The band's original line up was Beatrix Neundlinger, Günter Grosslercher, Robert Unterweger and Rudi Tinsobin. Their first self-titled album was released in 1970.  In 1972, Unterweger and Tinsobin left the band and were replaced by Norbert Niedermeyer and Christian Kolonovits.

Eurovision Song Contest
In 1972, Milestones were selected internally by broadcaster ORF as the Austrian representatives for the 17th Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Falter im Wind" ("Butterfly In the Wind"), which was a very contemporary and atypical song for Eurovision at the time.  At the contest, held in Edinburgh on 25 March, "Falter im Wind" proved unexpectedly popular with the jurors, finishing in fifth place of 18 entries.  It remains one of Austria's most successful Eurovision entries, as only four songs have placed higher.

1973-1975
The band's second album, Emigration, was released in 1973.  They split up in 1975;  Neundlinger and Grosslercher joined the group Schmetterlinge, with which they would make another Eurovision appearance in 1977, while Niedermeyer became a member of Springtime who became Austria's Eurovision entrants in 1978. Kolonovits moved into music production.

Discography

Singles
1969: "Einmal"
1970: "An diesem Freitag"
1971: "Paul"
1971: "20 Uhr 02"
1972: "Falter im Wind"
1973: "Apfelbaum"
1974: "Schade"

Albums
1970: Milestones
1973: Emigration

References

External links
 Milestones Information pages (German)
 Official Eurovision Song Contest site, history by year, 1972

Austrian rock music groups
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Austria
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1972

Milestones (Austrian band)


Richard Coeur de Lion: An historical romance is a 1786 semi-opera with an English text by John Burgoyne set to music by Thomas Linley the Elder. It was first staged at Drury Lane Theatre in October 1786. It was a translation of Michel-Jean Sedaine's opera Richard Coeur-de-lion about the life of the English Monarch Richard I with the ending significantly changed. The work was a major success and ran for 43 performances and was revived seven times before the end of the century. By contrast a rival version staged at the Covent Garden Theatre at the same time was a failure.

References

Bibliography
 Fenner, Theodore. Opera in London: Views of the Press, 1785-1830. Southern Illinois University Press, 1994.
 Thomson, Peter. The Cambridge Introduction to English Theatre, 1660-1900. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
 Nicoll, Allardyce. A History of English Drama 1660-1900. Volume III: Late Eighteenth Century Drama. Cambridge University Press, 1952.

External links
Text in the National Library of Australia, accessed 11 February 2011

Plays by John Burgoyne
1786 plays
Cultural depictions of Richard I of England
Compositions by Thomas Linley the elder
Biographical plays about English royalty

Richard Coeur de Lion (play)


Vault 7 is a series of documents that WikiLeaks began to release on 7 March 2017, that detail activities and capabilities of the United States Central Intelligence Agency to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare. The files, dated from 2013–2016, include details on the agency's software capabilities, such as the ability to compromise smart TVs, web browsers (including Firefox, Google Chrome, and Microsoft Edge), and the operating systems of most smartphones (including Apple's iOS and Google's Android), as well as other operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.

2017 in the United States

Vault 7


Abdication is the act of resigning from an office (official job), especially from being the leader of a country. The word is normally used for kings and queens who decide to give up their position which brings an end to a reign.  The term is also used for popes.

A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation.

King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom is an example of a king who abdicated.

Select list of abdications
 Caedwalla of Wessex, 688
 Ine of Wessex, 726
 Pope Benedict IX, 1048
 Stephen II of Hungary, 1131
 Pope Celestine V, 1294
 Richard II of England, 1399
 Pope Gregory XII, 1415.
 Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, 1444-1445
 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1556
 Christina of Sweden, 1654
 James II of England, 1688
 Philip V of Spain, 1724
 Ahmed III, Sultan of Turkey, 1730
 Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 1814 and 1815
 Charles X of France, 1830
 Pedro I of Brazil, 1831
 Miguel of Portugal, 1834
 Louis Philippe I of France, 1848
 Fredrik Kaarle I of Finland, 1918
Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, 1936
 Pope Benedict XVI, 2013.
 Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, 2013
 King Albert II of Belgium, 2013
 King Juan Carlos I of Spain, 2014
 Emperor Akihito  of Japan, 2019

References

Monarchy
Politics

Abdication


Churches Beyond Borders is an ecumenical grouping of Anglicans and Lutherans in North America. It includes The Episcopal Church (domestic dioceses and provinces), the Anglican Church of Canada, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (outside of the Bahamas), and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada. Through the heads of communion in each member church, the group issues regular statements on the Doctrine of Discovery, climate change, racial reconciliation, gender justice, and other matters. It builds on the Canadian 2001 Waterloo Declaration and the 1999-2000 American document Called to Common Mission as an expression of full communion among Anglicans and Lutherans in North America.

See also

 Anglican Communion and ecumenism
 Porvoo Communion

External links
Memorandum of Mutual Recognition of Relations of Full Communion between the Churches of Called to Common Mission (The Episcopal Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America) and the Churches of Called to Full Communion: The Waterloo Declaration (The Anglican Church of Canada and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada) (2018)
ELCA, Episcopalian, Anglican, ELCIC leaders commend call to discipleship (June 7, 2019)
Churches Beyond Borders—Advent Call to Address Racism and White Supremacy (November 30, 2020)
Churches Beyond Borders issue statement for the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (March 17, 2021)
Churches Beyond Borders calls for education, solidarity around Doctrine of Discovery (September 23, 2021)
Churches Beyond Borders: Joint Devotions 2021 (November 3, 2021)

Protestant ecumenism
Episcopal Church (United States)
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Anglican ecumenism

Churches Beyond Borders


William Edward Bloomfield Starkweather (1879 - 1969) was a painter, teacher, and writer, known for impressionist landscape paintings and book illustrations. He is also known for his research and writings on other painters, and was at one time considered "one of the greatest authorities on Goya".

Early life
The details of Starkweather's early childhood remain unclear. Records show that he was born William Edward Bloomfield in Edinburgh, Scotland on May 16, 1879, but the artist found evidence that he was actually born on May 10, 1876, in Belfast, Ireland. He immigrated to the United States with his mother in 1884. His mother died shortly afterwards, and he was adopted by John and Hannah Starkweather of New Haven, Connecticut.

Education
After graduating from Hillhouse High School in New Haven, Connecticut, Starkweather studied at the Art Students' League in New York, where he studied with John Henry Twachtman, a member of the group of American Impressionists known as "the Ten". It was most likely during this period that Starkweather developed his interest in light and color integral to his career. In November 1899, he began his studies at the Académie Colarossi in Paris. Starkweather was heavily influenced by the color and brush work of Spanish painter Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida, whose work he saw at the Exposition Universelle.

Maturity

Upon return to New York in 1901, Starkweather supported himself by illustrating books and teaching at a private boys' school. During this time, he was also saving for a trip to Spain. Starkweather illustrated books for four New York publishing houses: F.M. Buckles and Company, Grosset and Dunlap, The Macmillan Company, and, most prolifically, R.F. Feno and Company.

Two years later, he arrived in Seville, Spain, contacted Sorolla, and asked to be taken on as a student. Starkweather spent three years with the Spanish master before embarking on a three-year independent study in Italy, then returning to New York as a practicing artist. In 1909, Sorolla came to New York to attend the opening of an exhibition of his work, organized by the Hispanic Society of America. Starkweather lectured and published extensively on Spanish art and his teacher's work, and became an assistant curator at the Hispanic Society. Continuing to paint throughout his time with the Hispanic Society, Starkweather was able to mount his first solo exhibition in 1914 at the Folsom Galleries in New York. In 1918, he began a 28-year teaching career in the art schools of New York. By 1921, Starkweather had switched from oil painting to watercolor, a transition that garnered critical acclaim and afforded him three solo exhibitions in New York's Fifteen Gallery. He also became a member of the American Water Color Society.  As Starkweather grew older, he expressed concern over the disposal of his work after his death. Thus, in 1954, he donated eight of his paintings to the Hickory Museum of Art.  Starkweather's work ranges from interior scenes to landscapes and portraiture, and often revolves around the symbolic identity of an artist.

References

External links

American Impressionist painters
1879 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Académie Colarossi alumni
20th-century American male artists

William Starkweather


The Godfrey M. Bockius House (better known locally as the Bockius - Orr House) is an  Italianate—Victorian style house in a historic district

in Watsonville, California. It was built in 1870  by Judge Godfrey M. Bockius, and was inhabited later by descendant Frank F. Orr, former editor of the Register-Pajaronian. Today the historical district contains the house itself, headquarters of the Pajaro Valley Historical Association and on the National Register of Historic Places, along with the Volck Museum and Alzora Snyder Archive.

Godfrey M. Bockius
Judge Bockius was one of the prominent early leaders in the development of agriculture in the Pajaro Valley and in city government and commerce in the City of Watsonville. He was a judge in Santa Cruz County, California from 1858 to 1862. In 1868, Watsonville was incorporated and Judge Bockius served as Chairman of the first Board of Trustees of the city. In 1871, he was elected to the California State Assembly.

Frank F. Orr
Frank Orr, the last of four generations to inhabit the house, was editor of the Register Pajaronian newspaper which won a 1956 Pulitzer Prize in Public Service for his and others investigative reporting into a corrupt County District Attorney's involvement in gambling. The Alzora Snyder Archive includes numerous formerly classified photos from Mr. Orr's collection gathered during his service as Director of Still Picture Operations  in the US Army Signal Corps during World War II, where he obtained the rank of captain.

References

External links

History of Santa Cruz County, California
History of the Monterey Bay Area
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Santa Cruz County, California
Houses in Santa Cruz County, California
Italianate architecture in California
Victorian architecture in California
Museums in Santa Cruz County, California
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Cruz County, California

Godfrey M. Bockius House


As Palestras de Hibbert são uma série anual de palestras não sectárias sobre questões teológicas. Eles são patrocinadas pela Hibbert Trust, que foi fundada em 1847 pelo Unitarista Robert Hibbert com o objetivo de defender "o exercício irrestrito do julgamento privado em questões religiosas". Nos últimos anos, as palestras foram transmitidas pela BBC .

Conferencistas (lista incompleta)

1878-1894 (primeira série)

 1878 Max Müller On the Religions of India (inaugural)
 1879 Peter le Page Renouf The Religion of the Egyptians
 1880 Ernest Renan Lectures on the Influence of the Institutions, Thought And Culture of Rome on Christianity And the Development of the Catholic Church
 1881 T. W. Rhys Davids Indian Buddhism
 1882 Abraham Kuenen National Religions and Universal Religion
 1883 Charles Beard The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge
 1884 Albert Reville The Native Religions of Mexico and Peru
 1885 Otto Pfleiderer The Influence of the Apostle Paul on the Development of Christianity
 1886 John Rhys Lectures on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by Celtic heathendom
 1887 Archibald Sayce Babylonian Religion
 1888 Edwin Hatch Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages Upon the Christian Church
 1891 Eugene, Count Goblet D'Alviella Lectures on the Origin and Growth of the Concept of God, as Illustrated by Anthropology and History
 1892 Claude Montefiore The Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews
 1893 Charles Barnes Upton Lectures on the bases of religious belief
 1894 James Drummond Via, Veritas, Vita; Christianity in its most simple and intelligible form

1900-1949

 1906 Franz Cumont (on Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism)
 1908 William James A Pluralistic Universe
 1911 Lewis Richard Farnell The Higher Aspects of Greek Religion
 1912 James Hope Moulton Early Zoroastrianism
 1913 Josiah Royce The Problem of Christianity, online edition (volume one)
 1913 David Samuel Margoliouth The Early Development of Mohammedanism
 1914 Herbert A. Giles Confucianism and Its Rivals
 1916 Louis de La Vallée-Poussin The Way to Nirvána: Ancient Buddhism as a Discipline of Salvation
 1916 Philip H. Wicksteed The reactions between dogma & philosophy illustrated from the works of S. Thomas Aquinas
 1919 Joseph Estlin Carpenter Theism in Medieval India
 1920 William Ralph Inge "The State, Visible and Invisible"
 1921 James Moffatt The Approach to the New Testament
 1922 Lawrence Pearsall Jacks Religious Perplexities
 1923 Felix Adler The Reconstruction of the Spiritual Ideal
 1924 Lawrence Pearsall Jacks Human consciousness towards God
 1925 Francis Greenwood Peabody
 1929 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan An Idealist View of Life
 1930 Rabindranath Tagore The Religion of Man
 1931 George Dawes Hicks The Philosophical Bases of Theism
 1932 Robert Seymour Conway Ancient Italy and Modern Religion
 1933 Lawrence Pearsall Jacks The Revolt Against Mechanism
 1934 Albert Schweitzer Religion in Modern Civilization
 1936 William Ernest Hocking Living Religions and a World Faith
 1937 Gilbert Murray Liberality and Civilisation

1950-1999

 1959 Basil Willey Darwin And Butler: Two Versions of Evolution
 1963 James Luther Adams
 1964 Geoffrey Nuttall, Roger Thomas, Roy Drummond Whitehorn, Harry Lismer Short, The Beginnings of Nonconformity
 1965 Frederick Hadaway Hilliard Christianity in education
 1977 Jonathon Porritt, Bringing Religion Down to Earth
 1979 Rustum Roy Experimenting with Truth
 1989 Bede Griffiths, Christianity in the Light of the East

2000-

 2003 James L. Cox Religion without God: Methodological Agnosticism and the Future of Religious Studies
 2005 Karen Armstrong and Khalid Hameed Spirituality and global citizenship

Notas

Educação religiosa
Unitarismo

Hibbert Lectures


Helena Ivanovna Roerich (;  (Шапошникова);  – 5 October 1955) was a Russian theosophist, writer, and public figure. In the early 20th century, she created, in cooperation with the Teachers of the East, a philosophic teaching of Living Ethics ("Agni Yoga").<ref name="s2"><ya-tr-span data-index="224-0" data-value="Roerich (born Shaposhnikova) / Helena Ivanovna / New philosophical encyclopedia. " data-translation="Ro Рерих (род. Шапошникова) / Елена Ивановна / Новая философская энциклопедия. " data-type="trSpan">Ro Рерих (род. Шапошникова) / Елена Ивановна / Новая философская энциклопедия. </ya-tr-span><ya-tr-span data-index="224-1" data-value="— Moscow, «Misl» publishing, 2000. " data-translation="- М.: Издательство "Misl", 2000. " data-type="trSpan">- М.: Издательство "Misl", 2000. </ya-tr-span><ya-tr-span data-index="224-2" data-value="— V. 1–4." data-translation="- V. 1-4." data-type="trSpan">- V. 1-4.</ya-tr-span>
Living Ethics / Russian philosophy: Dictionary / Edited by M. Maslin. — Moscow, «TERRA—Knizhnii klub, Respublika» publishing, 1999. — 656 P.
Living Ethics / «Russian philosophy. Short encyclopaedia» — Moscow, «Nauka» publishing, 1995. — 624 P.
Roerich Helena Ivanovna / Short philosophical dictionary / Edited by A.P. Alexeev. — Second edition, revised and supplemented. — Moscow, TK Velby, Prospekt publishing. — 2004.
Roerich Helena Ivanovna / Big biographic encyclopedia.
From Resolution of International public and scientific conference «Cosmic ideology is a new thinking of the 21st century»</ref> She was an organizer and participant of cultural activity in the U.S., conducted under the guidance of her husband, Nicholas Roerich. Along with her husband, she took part in expeditions of hard-to-reach and little-investigated regions of Central Asia. She was an Honorary President-Founder of the Institute of Himalayan Studies "Urusvati" in India and co-author of the idea of the International Treaty for Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historical Monuments (Roerich Pact). She translated two volumes of the Secret Doctrine of H. P. Blavatsky, and selected Mahatma's Letters (Cup of the East), from English to Russian.

Early life
Roerich was born in the family of Ivan Ivanovich Shaposhnikov, a well-known Saint-Petersburg architect.

Her mother Ekaterina Vassilievna Shaposhnikova  belonged to an ancient Golenischev-Kutuzov family, which originated from Novgorod at the end of the 13th century. Significant members of this family included field marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Golenischev-Kutuzov, a well-known poet of the end of 19th century; Arsenii Arkadievich Golenischev-Kutuzov, composer; and Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky.

Roerich grew up and was educated in the rich cultural traditions of her family. From childhood she was inquisitive, and independent. She showed talents in a number of areas, playing piano, and by the age of seven reading and writing in three languages./ From a very young age, she started reading artistic, historical, spiritual and philosophic books.

In 1895, Roerich graduated from Mariinsky Gymnasium in Saint Petersburg with a "gold medal", a special award for excellence in study. Though the education she received there was of a great quality, Roerich often studied additionally on her own. She learned painting, knew Russian and European literature well, studied the history of religion and philosophy, and took great interest in the works of the Indian philosophers Ramakrishna, Vivekananda, and Rabindranath Tagore, whose great-niece, Devika Rani Choudhuri, would later marry her son, Svetoslav.

After finishing her education at gymnasium, she entered the Saint Petersburg private school of music, headed by the pianist I.A. Borovka. He was a noted figure in Petersburg's musical culture of the time, and personally mentored Roerich.

After graduating, which was aimed mainly towards revealing the most gifted candidates who should receive higher music education, Roerich intended to continue her education in the Saint Petersburg conservatoire, but her relatives banned this, worried that she would be interested by the revolutionary ideas found in the student environment. Thus, Roerich continued her education at home, where she perfected her grasp of foreign languages, and read many things.

Marriage and family

Roerich and her mother often spent the summer at Bologoye in the Novgorod region, with her aunt E.V. Putyatina, at the estate of her husband, Prince P.A. Putyatin. In 1899, at Bologoye, she met the painter and archeologist Nicholas Konstantinovich Roerich. They fell in love, and in spite of her relatives' opposition, in 1901, she and Nicholas were married in Saint Petersburg.

In 2001, at the place in Bologoye where they first met, a memorial named "Monument of love" was established. It contains a quotation from N. Roerich's essay "The University": "I met Lada, my partner in life and inspirer, at Bologoye, at Prince P.A. Putyatin's estate. Joy!". This was a strong alliance of two loving people united by deep mutual feelings and common views.<ref name="s6"><ya-tr-span data-index="225-0" data-value="H.I. Roerich's biography at the website of Charitable Foundation named after H.I. Roerich." data-translation="биография Н.И. Рериха на сайте благотворительного фонда им. Н. И. Рериха." data-type="trSpan">биография Н.И. Рериха на сайте благотворительного фонда им. Н. И. Рериха.</ya-tr-span></ref> N. Roerich wrote about their marriage in his declining years: "We passed amicably any obstacles. And the obstacles turned into possibilities. I devoted my books: 'To Helena, my wife, friend, partner and inspirer'". Many of Roerich's paintings were a result of their common creativity. He called her "She who leads" in his books, and asserted that on many his canvases, two signatures should be written: his own, and hers. "We created together, and not without reason it was said that the works must have two names, women's and men's.

The couple had two children. In August 1902, their eldest son George was born. Later, he became a world-renowned scientist and orientalist. Their younger son, Svetoslav, was born in October 1904. He became a painter.

Roerich supported all of her husband's initiatives, and went deeply into all his fields of study. In 1903 and 1904, they traveled together through forty old Russian cities to find sources of national history and culture. During these travels, Roerich took expert photographs of churches, architecture monuments, paintings, and ornaments. She also mastered the art of restoration and, together with Nicholas Konstantinovich, recovered some the masterpieces of great artists such as Rubens, Breughel, Van Dijck, and Belgian artist Bernard van Orley, that had been hidden by later paint layers. She also displayed her artistic intuition by collecting works of art and antiquities. Roerich built a beautiful family collection, composed of more than 300 works, which they later had transferred to the Hermitage Museum. Roerich also knew archeology. Together with her husband, she often left for excavations in the regions of Novgorod and Tver, taking part in the work.

Her husband and sons thought highly of her, revering her as the spiritual leader and keeper of the family's foundations. In 1916, because of a serious lung disease, following the doctor's insistence, she and the Roerich family moved to Finland (Serdobol), to the seashore of Lake Ladoga. In 1918, Finland declared its independence and closed the Russian border. In 1919, the family moved to England where they  made their home in London.

Here, in 1920, Roerich, in collaboration with a group of anonymous Eastern thinkers and philosophers, which in accordance with Indian's spiritual tradition were named "The Great Teachers" (Mahatmas), began to work for the Living Ethics group, teaching Agni Yoga.

Travels
In 1920, N. Roerich was invite to tour the United States with an exhibition of his paintings. Thus, the family moved to New York City. Here, the cultural activity was organized under N. Roerich's leadership in partnership with his wife. The culmination of this was the foundation in America of the Nicholas Roerich Museum, the Master Institute of United Arts, the International Painters Association "Cor Ardens" (Flaming Hearts), and the International Art Centre "Corona Mundi" ("Crown of the World").

In December 1923, the family moved to India. This country had always been of great interest to the Roerichs. Adoration of India and its spiritual culture was not unusual among some Russian intellectuals of the time, feeling that their moral searches coincided with Indian spiritual tradition.

From 1924 to 1928, H. Roerich took part in a Central Asian expedition organized by N. K. Roerich, that traveled through hard-to-reach and little-investigated regions of India, China, Russia-Altai, Mongolia and Tibet. During the expedition, they researched topics such as history, archeology, ethnography, history of philosophy, arts and religions, and geography. Previously unknown mountain peaks and passes were mapped, rare manuscripts were found, and rich linguistic materials were collected. Special attention was paid to revealing the historical unity of cultures of various peoples. The expedition was carried out in very difficult conditions. Roerich shared all hardships of the travel with the others: hard passages, robber attacks, and obstacles created by English officials that nearly resulted in death of the expedition. In April 1925. when N. Roerich's expedition stayed in Gulmarg, Helena Roerich began to translate an extensive selection from Blavatsky's Mahatma's Letters from English to Russian, which she published in London in 1923. She also wrote a book named Chalice of the East, which was published that year under the pen name "Iskander Khanum".

Roerich's manuscript "Foundations of Buddhism" was published in 1926, at Urga (now Ulan-Bator), where her expedition was staying at the time. In this book, the fundamental philosophical notions of Buddha's teaching were interpreted. The book also spoke about the moral basis of this teaching and helped spark interest in Buddhism in the West.

In 1927, one of the Living Ethics books (Community) was published in the same place in Mongolia. After finishing of Central Asian expedition, the Roerichs remained in India, in Kullu valley Himachal Pradesh. There, in 1928, they founded an Institute of Himalayan Studies "Urusvati" (this means "Light of Morning Star" in Sanskrit). It was planned as an institute for complex study of Asian regions which exerted influence on the development of world culture. Among the tasks of Urusvati was the complex study of the psychic and physiological features of a human. Roerich became an Honorary President-Founder of the institute and actively took part in organizing its work. Being a subtle art connoisseur and deep philosopher, she knew well the scientific problems of the institute, and often directed the researches as an experienced scientist. The main task of Roerich's activity was in studying the ancient philosophic thought of the East.<ref><ya-tr-span data-index="226-0" data-value="Museum named after N.K. Roerich. " data-translation="музей имени Н.К. Рериха. " data-type="trSpan">музей имени Н.К. Рериха. </ya-tr-span><ya-tr-span data-index="226-1" data-value="Museum guide. " data-translation="Музей гид. " data-type="trSpan">Музей гид. </ya-tr-span><ya-tr-span data-index="226-2" data-value="— Moscow, International Centre of the Roerichs, Master-Bank, 2006. " data-translation="- Москва, Международный Центр Рерихов, Мастер-банк, 2006. " data-type="trSpan">- Москва, Международный Центр Рерихов, Мастер-банк, 2006. </ya-tr-span><ya-tr-span data-index="226-3" data-value="— P.283." data-translation="- P. 283." data-type="trSpan">- P. 283.</ya-tr-span></ref>

Helena Roerich had dreamed that a city of knowledge would rise in Kullu valley, which would become an international scientific centre. Later Urusvati became a large international institute that united well-known scientists from many countries. J. Bose, R. Tagore, A. Einstein, R. Millikan, L. de Broglie, R. Magoffin, S. Gedin, S.I. Metalnikov, N.I. Vavilov et al. had collaborated with it.

In Kullu, Roerich continued her work on Living Ethics, the main work of her life. In 1929, her work "Cryptograms of the East" ("On Eastern Crossroads") was published in Paris in Russian under the pen name Josephine Saint Hilaire. This work contains apocryphal legends and parables from the lives of great devotees and teachers of mankind: Buddha, Christ, Apollonius of Tyana, Akbar the Great, Russian saintSergius of Radonezh. Roerich devoted a special essay "The Banner of St. Sergius of Radonezh" to an image of the Savior and Defender of Russian land. In this essay she joined knowledge of history and theology with deep and reverent love of the hermit. The essay was included in the book "Banner of St. Sergius of Radonezh", published under the pen name N. Yarovskaya in 1934.

Later life
In the first half of the 1930s, Roerich translated two volumes of H.P. Blavatsky's fundamental work The Secret Doctrine from English to Russian.

A special place in Roerich's creativity belongs to her epistolary heritage. She corresponded with more than 140 persons over several continents. Among Roerich's correspondents were friends, followers, cultural workers and political figures. In her letters, Roerich answered numerous questions, explained the most complex philosophical and scientific problems, and the foundations of the Living Ethics. She wrote about the great Laws of the Cosmos, the meaning of human life, the importance of culture for human evolution, and the Great Teachers.

In 1940, a two-volume edition of Letters of Helena Roerich was published in Riga. A complete set of Roerich's letters is published by the International Centre of the Roerichs, where her epistolary heritage is kept. It was transferred to ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition software) by S.N. Roerich in 1990.

During N.K. Roerich's Manchurian expedition, she had corresponded with international organizations and coordinated activity to support the Roerich Pact, an international agreement for protection of artistic and scientific institutions and historical monuments. As a result of this work, the Roerich Pact was signed on 15 April 1935 by heads of 22 countries.

In January 1948, after her husband's death, Roerich, together with her elder son, moved to Delhi and then to Khandala, Bombay, where they  waited for a steam ship from Russia with their entrance visas. But Russia denied their visas. They made their home in Kalimpong in West Bengal, though she continued to hope to return to Russia. Unfortunately, her numerous applications were ignored.

Death
Roerich died on 5 October 1955. In the place of her cremation the lamas raised a white stupa on which the following epitaph was carved: "Helena Roerich, the wife of Nicholas Roerich, thinker and writer, old friend of India".

Legacy

Minor planet

On 15 October 1969 a minor planet of Solar System was discovered by astronomers of Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Nikolai Stepanovich and Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh. This planet was named in honor of Roerichs family. It was numbered 4426.

Other
On 6 July 1978 group of alpinists renamed a pass between the peaks "Roerich" and Belukha "Urusvati" in honor of Helena Roerich.

On 9 October 1999, during jubilee celebrations devoted to 125th anniversary of N. K. Roerich's birthday and the 120th anniversary of her birthday, a monument was established near the entrance of the International Centre of the Roerichs. This monument is a sculpture of Nicholas Konstantonovich and Helena Roerich.

In 1999, the International Centre of the Roerichs instituted a jubilee medal "Helena Roerich" dedicated to the 120th anniversary of H. I. Roerich.

In April 2003, the college of arts named after Roerich began to work in the building of the "Urusvati" Institute (India).

In 2005, the Helena Roerich Museum was opened in a retired two-storeyed mansion known as "Crookety House" in Kalimpong. Here Roerich worked during the last years of her life. Opening of the museum was timed to the 50th anniversary of her death.

A public library named after Roerich was founded in the Altaic village of Ust-Koksa. In 2007, the library held nearly 75 thousand publications. More than 1600 persons have used its service. From 2003, the library has been a member of the Russian Library Association and collective member of international library association IFLA.

A charitable foundation named after her was created in 2001 in Moscow to finance programs dedicated to popularising Roerich's heritage and the development of cultural activities. The foundation furthers activity in the field of education, science, culture, art, and enlightenment. One of the directions of the foundation's activity is the revelation of young talents in various fields of art and helping them to protect and develop their creative abilities. An international award named after Roerich was instituted by the foundation bearing her name, to encourage scientific research connected to her scientific and philosophic heritage.

N. Roerich's paintings dedicated to Roerich
Holder of the world (She who carries a stone) (see image)
She who leads (see image)
From beyond (see image)
Agni Yoga (see image)

Works

 Leaves of Morya's Garden II
 New Era Community
 Agni Yoga
 Infinity I
 Infinity II
 Hierarchy
 Heart
 Fiery World I
 Fiery World II
 Fiery World III
 Aum
 Brotherhood
 Supermundane I
 Supermundane II
 Supermundane III
 Supermundane IV
 Letters of Helena Roerich, Vol. I-IX
 On Eastern Crossroads
 Foundations of Buddhism
Three key
Theory and Practice of Agny-yoga
Light from the East
The banner of St. Sergius of Radonezh

See also

 Roerichism
 Yuli Mikhailovich Vorontsov — President of International Centre of the Roerichs (Moscow)
Alice A.Bailey
Annie Besant
Benjamin Creme

References

 32. http://irmtkullu.com/the-roerich-family/helena-roerich/

External links

 International Centre of the Roerichs
 Helena Ivanovna Roerich
 Works of Helena Roerich
 Roerich-movement in Internet
 Nicholas Roerich Museum (New York)
 International Roerich Memorial Trust (India)
 Helena Roerich: Living Ethics and the Teaching for a New Epoch A biography and translation of selected compositions from the Russian by Daniel H. Shubin

1879 births
1954 deaths
Writers from Saint Petersburg
People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
Russian explorers
Emigrants from the Russian Empire
Immigrants to India
Helena
Roerichism
English–Russian translators
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Russian women writers
Russian women philosophers
Female explorers
20th-century women writers
20th-century Russian translators
20th-century Russian philosophers
Women mystics

Helena Roerich


The South Australian Railways E class was a class of  steam locomotives acquired to work passenger and goods train services on the South Australian Railways broad gauge system.

History
In January 1862, Slaughter Gruning & Co, Bristol delivered two  locomotives to the Melbourne and Essendon Railway Company. Only one was required, so the second was sold to the South Australian Railways in April 1862 entering service numbered 10. It was joined by the other locomotive in January 1865 numbered 13. A third example was delivered by the Avonside Engine Company, Bristol in September 1865 and numbered 14.

In 1878, a further three that had been made redundant by a gauge conversion project were purchased from the Canterbury Provincial Railways of New Zealand. All were aboard the ship Hyderabad which ran aground on Waitarere Beach between Otaki and Foxton on 24 June 1878. They eventually arrived at Port Adelaide on other ships. The first entered traffic in April 1880.

In September 1881, No. 13 was converted to a tender locomotive for use on the Kapunda to Adelaide line. A seventh was built in 1882 by the Adelaide Locomotive Works using parts from other locomotives. Number 13 was the first withdrawn in September 1896, with the last, 49 and 51, withdrawn in April 1929.

Class list

References

Further reading
"The E-Class Tank Engines of South Australia" Australian Railway Society Bulletin issue 373 November 1968 pages 375-380

External links

Avonside locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1862
E
2-4-0 locomotives
Broad gauge locomotives in Australia
Scrapped locomotives

South Australian Railways E class


Kwi is a Liberian term used to connote Westernization, adherence to Christianity (versus indigenous religions), a Westernized first name and surname, literacy through a Western-style education, and adherence to a cash economy instead of a subsistence economy, regardless of an individual's ethnic origin. However, it has historically denoted strong adherence to Americo-Liberian cultural norms, although one need not identify as ethnically Americo-Liberian in order to be kwi.

Etymology

The term kwi has roots in the Kpelle word kwi-nuu (foreigner or civilized person). The Kpelle tribal members defined kwi as a person who spoke fluent English and wore Western attire. They also associated kwi status with Monrovia, Liberia's capital city, which they referred to kwi-taa (foreigner town or civilized town).

The Kru tribe also used the term kwi to identify the Americo-Liberian settlers - many of whom were mulattoes - and it was the same word that Krus used to describe whites.

Evolution of the term

The term was first used in the 1800s by indigenous Africans to identify Americo-Liberian settlers and any other foreigners as outsiders not indigenous to the area. However, the term was adopted by Americo-Liberians as a synonym for civilized. Indigenous Africans later adopted the new definition as a result of missionary education and labor migration along Liberia's coast.

Before the Liberian Civil War, the most important feature of Liberian social stratification was civilization, with kwi status as the determining factor.

Kwi status was defined by Americo-Liberians by family background, education, church membership (particularly in a mainstream Protestant denomination), and other social relationships. Kwi status became a prerequisite for a favored position among the Americo-Liberian elite, where indigenous Africans were often sponsored by Americo-Liberian families to acquire kwi status and advance in Liberian society.

Religious usage
In a religious context, the term kwi connotes a style of worship of a particular Christian church which is marked by formality and decorum. Services in churches considered to be non-kwi have more outward spiritualist expression, with dancing and even street processions in colorful costumes as key elements. Non-kwi churches also have self-proclaimed prophets who interpret dreams and visions, and prioritize a direct experience with the Holy Spirit. Liberia's educated elite have historically regarded the apostolic churches as churches of the uneducated and thus non-kwi.

References

Culture of Liberia
Social history of Liberia
Religion in Liberia

Kwi (Liberia)


"Space Pilot 3000" is a 1999 episode of Futurama season 1 and the series premiere.

Plot
Philip J. Fry became disappointed that he still delivers pizza as of December 31st, 1999. He was supposed to deliver pizza and beer to someone named I.C. Weiner at the cryogenic lab. He believed it was a prank call and accidentally got in a cryopod. He stayed in there until it opened on December 31st, 2999. Fry realized that he woke up on the future. He met a one eyed woman named Leela who did a DNA test on him that he has a living descendent named Professor Hubert Farnsworth. Fry was given a career assignment to be a delivery boy, to his frustration. He ran away and checked out the streets of New New York. Fry saw what he believed is a phone booth and met a robot named Bender. They went inside and Fry learned it was a Suicide Booth that kills people who don't want to live. Fry and Bender avoided the weapons and left the Suicide Booth. They went to a bar. Bender explained to Fry that he's a suicidal drinker and wants to go to another booth. Fry wants Bender to stay with him. They went to the Head Museum, a museum of celebrities' living heads including Leonard Nimoy. Leela spotted the two and Bender accidentally broke the presidential head jars, specifically Richard Nixon. At a hidden room, Bender was told to bend girders so he and Fry can escape Leela. They went to the sewers, home of the ruins of Old New York. Leela came to the two and quit her job as a police officer. The three go to Planet Express and meet Professor Farnsworth. They are hunted down by the police and Richard Nixon's head. The four took off on the spaceship as the new year begins. Farnsworth decided to hire the three for Planet Express, to Fry's joy.

Reception
The pilot had great ratings and many thought it was a great start for Futurama.

1999 television episodes
Futurama episodes
Television episodes written by David X. Cohen

Space Pilot 3000


The Castle of Graines is a castle in Val d'Ayas, located near the village with the same name in the municipality of Brusson, Aosta Valley, northern Italy.

It occupies the summit of a rocky spur which commands Brusson and most of the Val d'Ayas. In medieval times, it communicated through flag or mirror messages with the nearby Bonot Tower and the Villa Castle in Challand-Saint-Victor.

According to a legend, a large treasure lies buried under the castle.

History
The fief of Graines is documented since 515, when King Sigismund of Burgundy donated it to the newly formed Abbey of St. Maurice. The castle was perhaps built in the 11th century by its monks, who  built the Romanesque chapel which is still visible in the interior.

In 1263 the abbey sold the fief to Godefroi of Challant, a faithful vassal of the House of Savoy, whose family held the castle until the 18th century. The castle was a stronghold of Catherine of Challant in her struggle for the family's inheritance. When the Challant disappeared in the 19th century, the castle was bought by Passerin d'Entrèves family, who later sold it to the commune of Brusson. The castle was restored in the early 20th century by Alfredo d'Andrade and Giuseppe Giacosa.

Description
The castle had the typical layout of Aosta Valley early medieval castles.  It had  an irregular line of walls measuring c. 80 x 50 m, which housed a series of structures such as the large donjon (square tower) and a small chapel, the only ones remaining now.

The donjon is square in plan, with a   side of more than 5.5 m. It was the castle's keep and the  residence of the castellan or the lord. The entrance was at some five metres from the ground, and could be accessed only by a ladder which could be removed during sieges. A wing was later added to enlarge the tower.

The Romanesque chapel, dedicated to St. Martin, has a single nave with a length of eight metres, ending in a semicircular apse. The ceiling had crumbled down.

References

External links
Page at Aosta Valley official website (multilingual)
Le château de Graines à Brusson
Short story of the village and photo gallery

Castles in Aosta Valley
Brusson, Aosta Valley
Tourist attractions in Aosta Valley

Graines Castle


Marinus is a male given name, derived from Latin marinus meaning "marine; of or pertaining to the sea". It is used in the Netherlands as a given name, though most people use a short form in daily life, like Marijn, Mario, René, Rien, Rini, Riny, or Rinus.  It may refer to:

Ancient
Marinus of Tyre (70–130), Hellenized geographer, cartographer and mathematician
Julius Marinus (fl. 3rd century), father of Phillip the Arab
Marinus of Caesarea (died 262), Roman soldier and Christian martyr and saint
Saint Marinus (died 366), founder of San Marino
Marinus of Thrace (died c.420), Arian Archbishop of Constantinople
Marinus of Neapolis (born c.440), Neoplatonist philosopher
Marinus (praetorian prefect) (fl. 498-519), Byzantine official and admiral
Pope Marinus
Pope Marinus I (died 884)
Pope Marinus II (died 946)
Marinus, Duke of Gaeta
Marinus I of Gaeta (died 866), Italian duke
Marinus II of Gaeta (died 984), Italian duke
Marinus, Duke of Naples
Marinus I of Naples (died 928), Italian duke
Marinus II of Naples (died 992), Italian duke
Marinus Sebastus of Amalfi, 11th-century Italian duke

Latinized names of Renaissance people
Marinus Sanutus the Elder (Marino Sanuto; c. 1260 – 1338), Venetian statesman and geographer
Marinus Barletius (Marin Barleti; c.1455–1512), Albanian historian
Marinus Sanutus the Younger (Marino Sanuto; 1466–1536), Venetian historian
Marinus Ghetaldus (1568–1626), Ragusan mathematician and physicist
Marinus Bizzius (1570–1624), Venetian patrician in Dalmatia and archbishop

Academics
Marinus Anton Donk (1908–1972), Dutch mycologist
Marinus H. "Rien" van IJzendoorn (born 1952), Dutch professor of child and family studies
Marinus A. "Rien" Kaashoek (born 1937), Dutch mathematician
 Marinus F. "Frans" Kaashoek  (born 1965), Dutch computer scientist
Marinus Vertregt (1897–1973), Dutch astronomer
Arts
Marinus Andersen 1895–1985), Danish architect
Marinus F.J. "Marijn" Backer (born 1956), Dutch columnist, teacher, poet and writer
Marinus Boezem (born 1934), Dutch sculptor and conceptual artist
Marinus "Rinus" Gerritsen (born 1946), Dutch rock bass guitarist
Marinus Robyn van der Goes (1599–1639), Flemish engraver
Marinus Jan Granpré Molière (1883–1972), Dutch architect
Marinus Heijnes (1888–1963), Dutch impressionist painter
Marinus de Jong (1891–1984), Dutch-born Belgian composer and pianist
Marinus Adrianus Koekkoek (1807–1868), Dutch landscape painter
Marinus Adrianus Koekkoek (II) (1873–1944), Dutch landscape and animal painter
Marinus Harm "Rien" Poortvliet (1932–1995), Dutch draughtsman and painter
Marinus van Reymerswaele (c.1490–c.1546), Dutch painter
Marinus Snoeren (1919–1982), Dutch cellist
Marinus Vreugde (1880-1957), Dutch sculptor and graphic artist
Government, military, religion
Marinus Canning (1829–1911), Australian banker and politician
Marinus van der Goes van Naters (1900–2005), Dutch nobleman and Labour politician
Marinus Theodoor "Rene" Hidding (born 1953), Dutch-born Australian politician
Marinus Kok (1916–1982), Dutch Old Catholic archbishop
Marinus Larsen (1849–?), Danish-born American Mormon leader
Marinus W.J.M. "Rinus" Peijnenburg (1928–1979), Dutch politician, minister without portfolio
Marinus Bernardus Rost van Tonningen (1852–1927), Dutch Army general in the Dutch East Indies
Marinus Willett (1740–1830), American soldier and political leader
Sports
Marinus Antonius "Mario Been (born 1963), Dutch football player and manager
Marinus "Rinus" Bennaars (born 1931), Dutch footballer
Marinus "Rinus" van den Berge (1900–1972), Dutch sprinter
Marinus Bester (born 1969), German footballer
Marinus Dijkhuizen (born 1972), Dutch football player and manager
Marinus "Rinus" Israël ((born 1942), Dutch footballer
Marinus Kraus (born 1991), German ski jumper
Marinus J.H. "Rinus" Michels (1928–2005), Dutch football player and coach, FIFA "Coach of the Century"
Marinus C. "Rinus" Paul (born 1941), Dutch cyclist
Marinus A.J. "René" Pijnen (born 1946), Dutch cyclist
Marinus van Rekum (1884–1955), Dutch tug of war competitor
Marinus Sørensen (1898–1962), Danish sprinter
Marinus Govert "Marijn" Sterk (born 1987), Dutch footballer
Marinus Valentijn (1900–1991), Dutch road bicycle racer
Marinus "Rini" Wagtmans (born 1946),  Dutch road bicycle racer
Marinus Wanewar (born 1997), Indonesian footballer
Marinus "Mario" Westbroek (born 1961), Dutch sprinter
Other
Marinus van Dam (1929–1997), Dutch confectionery maker
Marinus Damen (1905-1985), Dutch co-founder of the Damen Shipyards Group
Marinus van der Lubbe (1909–1934), Dutch council communist, accused of setting the Reichstag fire
Marinus "Rien" den Oudsten (1890–1964), Dutch founder coach building company
 (1902–1944), Dutch World War II Resistance fighter

See also
Marinus (disambiguation)
Rinus

References

Masculine given names
Latin masculine given names
Ancient Roman nomina
Dutch masculine given names

de:Marinus
fr:Marinus
hu:Marinusz
pl:Marinos
zh:馬里努斯

Marinus (given name)


TILEPro64 is a VLIW ISA multicore processor (Tile processor) manufactured by Tilera.  It consists of a cache-coherent mesh network of 64 "tiles", where each tile houses a general purpose processor, cache, and a non-blocking router, which the tile uses to communicate with the other tiles on the processor.

The short-pipeline, in-order, three-issue cores implement a VLIW instruction set.  Each core has a register file and three functional units: two integer arithmetic logic units and a load-store unit. Each of the cores ("tile") has its own L1 and L2 caches plus an overall virtual L3 cache which is an aggregate of all the L2 caches. A core is able to run a full operating system on its own or multiple cores can be used to run a symmetrical multi-processing operating system.

TILEPro64 has four DDR2 controllers at up to 800MT/s, two 10-gigabit Ethernet XAUI interfaces, two four-lane PCIe interfaces, and a "flexible" input/output interface, which can be software-configured to handle a number of protocols.  The processor is fabricated using a 90 nm process and runs at speeds of 600 to 866 MHz.

According to the company, Tilera targets the chip at networking equipment, digital video, and wireless infrastructure markets where the demands for computing processing are high.  More recently, Tilera has positioned this processor in the cloud computing space with an 8-processor (512-core) 2U server built by Quanta Computer.

TILEPro was supported by the Linux kernel from version 2.6.36 to version 4.16.

Technology

Various sources have stated the specifications of processors in the TILEPro family:
 64 RISC processor cores
 16 KB L1 instruction and 8 KB L1 data cache per core
 64 KB L2 cache per core
 4MB L3 cache is achieved through the sharing of other tiles L2 caches with hardware-managed coherency
 90 nm manufacturing process at TSMC
 4 integrated memory controllers supporting DDR2 SDRAM at up to 800MT/s
 supports up to 64GB of attached DDR2 memory
 Integrated high-speed I/O
 Two 4-lane PCI Express Gen1 interfaces, with root or endpoint capability
 Two 10Gbit/s Ethernet XAUI interfaces
 Two 10/100/1000 Mbit/s Ethernet RGMII interfaces
 Power consumption in the range of 19 - 23 Watts

The TILEPro family incorporates a number of enhancements over Tilera's first generation TILE64 family:
 "Distributed Dynamic Cache" (DDC) system that uses a separate mesh network to manage cache-coherency
 "TileDirect" I/O enables direct transfer of network data coherently into the processor caches
 Double the L1 instruction cache (from 8KB to 16KB), double the L2 associativity
 Memory "striping" on the DDR2 interfaces to balance the loading
 Instruction set enhancements for multimedia, unaligned data access, offset load/store instructions and memory access hints

The networking software company 6WIND provides high-performance packet processing software for the TILEPro64 platform.

References

External links
Tilera Website
https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/09/23/tilera_cpu_upgrade/

Manycore processors
Very long instruction word computing
Computer-related introductions in 2008

TILEPro64