Dorothy Kingsley (October 14, 1909 – September 26, 1997) was an American screenwriter, who worked extensively in film, radio, and television.

Biography
Born in New York City, Kingsley was the daughter of newspaperman and press agent Walter J. Kingsley, and silent film actress Alma Hanlon. Following their divorce, Hanlon remarried to director Louis Myll. They lived at Bayside, Queens for two years, and later moved with Dorothy to the affluent suburb of Grosse Pointe, Michigan.

Kingsley also had an unsuccessful first marriage. As a young divorced mother of three, while recuperating from a severe case of the measles, she listened to all the radio programs and began to think that she could write better material than she was hearing.  She went to Los Angeles to visit a friend and made the rounds of numerous agents with material she had written for various radio stars such as Jack Benny. Her youthful appearance worked against her, but she finally found an agent who would take a chance on her.  Kingsley went home and packed up her children, but on her return to Los Angeles she found that the agent had gone out of business.

Radio
While Kingsley unsuccessfully  made the rounds of agents, she happened to meet Constance Bennett socially.  Bennett thought that Kingsley's material was better than her current supply, and used a couple of her gags on her radio program.  Despite the size of the program's writing staff, Kingsley began supplying material gags under the table for $75 a week, but eventually the representative who was paying her for the material left and she was again unemployed. Kingsley answered a newspaper ad to write gags for Edgar Bergen, and as a result she was chosen from 400 entries for a one-month trial period at $50 a week.  The Edgar Bergen show became one of the top-rated programs and Kingsley stayed with them for several years.

MGM
It was while she was with the Bergen radio show that Kingsley started submitting scripts to studios. Arthur Freed at MGM thought she had promise and wanted to put her under contract at double what Bergen was paying. Bergen was notorious for underpaying his talent and when he found out she was dismissed. Her first assignment was a production rewrite on Girl Crazy, a Mickey Rooney/Judy Garland musical. The current writer was otherwise occupied, so Freed asked her to go down to the set and just do a little work.  Kingsley soon developed the ability to fix an ailing script during production, and while she was working on Girl Crazy, producer Jack Cummings was having a lot of trouble with Bathing Beauty and asked her to fix that as well. Many people had already worked on the ailing script whose musical numbers had been shot and had no story. It was the first picture for Esther Williams and became a big hit.

Kingsley often worked without credit; and though hers was usually a co-credit, she normally worked alone, before or after the other screenwriters had finished up. Kingsley wrote many of the great MGM musicals such as Kiss Me Kate, as well as a number of scripts for Debbie Reynolds and three quarters of all the Esther Williams pictures. The grand spectacle pictures were very popular during the war years, when people desperately wanted escapist entertainment. In 1948, Kingsley and fellow screenwriter Dorothy Cooper wrote A Date with Judy (film), which was a pivotal film for Elizabeth Taylor, who, after playing frail juvenile roles, was given the part of a manipulative modern flirt who saw a school campus as merely husband-hunting grounds.

Kingsley, a devout Catholic, wrote the baseball picture Angels in the Outfield, President Eisenhower's favorite picture, which featured the Pittsburgh Pirates. He ran it so many times that the staff said, "Please, Mr. President, not again."

She was the last of the writers to work on the script for Stanley Donen's Seven Brides for Seven Brothers after  Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich. Their original script was based on the short story The Sobbin' Women by Stephen Vincent Benét, but the script wasn't coming out right. From Kingsley: "Stanley Donen called me in and I looked at the script and said, 'The big trouble in the original short story is that the Howard Keel character is the one that tries to get all of these boys married off, and that's not right. The girl has nothing to do, and she's got to be the one to engineer all this stuff.' That was changed around and seemed to please everyone, and we went from there."

After she had been at MGM a while, Kingsley acquired the reputation as a fixer in construction. She would regularly be called down to the set to fix pictures on the fly when the original writers were no longer on the scene to be consulted. The studio kept her working all the time and her contract was continually being extended.

Sinatra
Columbia was set to produce Pal Joey, which was a perfect vehicle for Frank Sinatra; however, Sinatra and Columbia executive Harry Cohn had been feuding for years and didn't speak to each other.  Kingsley and Lillian Burns, the assistant to Harry Cohn, did a synopsis of the film written with Sinatra in mind and had it sent to Sinatra without Cohn's involvement. Sinatra agreed to do the picture and Cohn committed without ever seeing the script.  Sinatra was so pleased with what Kingsley had done with Pal Joey,  he committed to Can-Can without a script.

Later life and death
In 1969, she was instrumental in creating  the Bracken's World series for television, based on the behind-the-scenes activities at the fictitious Century Studios in Hollywood.

Kingsley and her second husband, William Durney, left Hollywood for Carmel, California, where they started the Durney Vineyard brand winery. They were among the earliest vintners in the Carmel Valley Wine region when they planted their original vineyards in 1968, with the first wines being produced in 1976.

Dorothy Kingsley died of heart failure in 1997 in Monterey, California. She is buried in San Carlos Cemetery in Monterey, California

Filmography
Look Who's Laughing (1941, material for Edgar Bergen)
Here We Go Again (1942, material: Edgar Bergen)
Girl Crazy (1943, contributing writer, uncredited
Best Foot Forward (1943, contributing writer, uncredited)
Bathing Beauty (1944, screenplay)
Broadway Rhythm (1944, screenplay)
Easy to Wed (1946, adaptation)
A Date with Judy (1948, writer)
On an Island with You (1948, writer)
Neptune's Daughter (1949, writer)
Two Weeks with Love (1950, screenplay)
The Skipper Surprised His Wife (1950, writer)
Angels in the Outfield (1951, screenplay)
Texas Carnival (1951, screenplay, story)
It's a Big Country (1951, segment 7)
When in Rome (1952, writer)
Kiss Me Kate (1953, screenplay)
Small Town Girl (1953, screenplay)
Dangerous When Wet (1953, writer)
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954, writer)
Jupiter's Darling (1955, writer)
Pal Joey (1957, screenplay)
Don't Go Near the Water (1957, writer)
Green Mansions (1959, writer)
Pepe (1960, writer)
Can-Can (1960, writer)
Half a Sixpence (1967, adaptation)
Valley of the Dolls (1967, screenplay)
Debbie Reynolds and the Sound of Children (1969, writer)
Bracken's World episode "The Stunt" (1969, writer)
Bracken's World episode "Fade-In" (1969, writer)

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1909 births
1997 deaths
American women screenwriters
Screenwriters from New York City
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American screenwriters

Dorothy Kingsley


Mary Plantation House is located on the Mary Plantation, downriver from Braithwaite, in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana.  It was begun in 1795 and expanded to its current form in 1820.

History
Situated on the east bank of the Mississippi River, the building is the oldest house in Plaquemines Parish.  Although the early history of the location is uncertain, according to one architectural historian a house was built on the site in about 1795. It was significantly enlarged in the 1820s, and it went through a number of owners.

Eric Knobloch, a Tulane University botanist, and his wife bought the property in 1946, restored it, and opened it for tours.  The plantation house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1983.  After the Knobloch couple's deaths, their heirs sold the house in 2003.

The Mary Plantation House was put up for auction in 2012 and sold for $770,000 (~$ in ).

See also
List of plantations in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places listings in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana

References

External links

 Historic American Buildings Survey, 1995, Forty pages - drawings

Plantation houses in Louisiana
Houses in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
Houses completed in 1820
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana

Mary Plantation House


God Bless Our Homeland Ghana It is the national anthem of Ghana. The anthem was originally written and composed by Philip Gbehoe and adopted in 1957.

words
The current lyric that has been in use since the 1970s was written by student Michael Kwame Gbordzoe under a national competition and is associated with Ghana's National Pledge.

Anthem clips
First stanza God bless our homeland Ghana And make our nation great and strong, Bold to defend forever The cause of Freedom and of Right; Fill our hearts with true humility, Make us cherish fearless honesty, And help us to resist oppressors' rule

With all our will and might for evermore. Second stanza Hail to thy name, O Ghana, To thee we make our solemn vow: Steadfast to build together A nation strong in Unity; With our gifts of mind and strength of arm, Whether night or day, in the midst of storm, In every need, whate'er the call may be,

To serve thee, Ghana, now and evermore. Third stanza Raise high the flag of Ghana and one with Africa advance; Black star of hope and honour To all who thirst for liberty; Where the banner of Ghana freely flies, May the way to freedom truly lie; Arise, arise, O sons of Ghana land,

References

Ghana
national

God Bless Our Homeland Ghana


Walter Benjamin Lantz (April 27, 1899 – March 22, 1994) was an American cartoonist, animator, producer and director best known for founding Walter Lantz Productions and creating Woody Woodpecker.

Biography

Early years and start in animation

Lantz was born in New Rochelle, New York, to Italian immigrant parents Francesco Paolo Lantz (formerly Lanza) from Castiglione, Cosentino, Italy and Maria Gervasi (changed to Jarvis to avoid prejudice) from Calitri. Walter's father ran a grocery. His mother, Maria, died while giving birth to Walter's younger brother, Michael Lantz. Walter's father, Francesco, soon  became physically incapacitated leaving Walter to run the grocery store at a young age.  According to Joe Adamson's biography The Walter Lantz Story, Lantz's father was given his new surname by an immigration official who anglicized it. Walter Lantz was always interested in art, completing a mail-order drawing class at age 12. He was inspired when he saw Winsor McCay's animated short "Gertie the Dinosaur".

While working as an auto mechanic, Lantz got his first break. Wealthy customer Fred Kafka liked his drawings on the garage's bulletin board and financed Lantz's studies at the Art Students League of New York. Kafka also helped him land a job as a copy boy at the New York American, owned by William Randolph Hearst. Lantz worked at the newspaper and attended art school at night.

By the age of 16, Lantz was working in the animation department of International Film Service studio under director Gregory La Cava. Lantz then worked at the John R. Bray Studios on the Jerry on the Job series. In 1924, Lantz directed, animated and even starred in his first cartoon series "Dinky Doodle", which included the popular fairy tale animated shorts Cinderella (1925) and Little Red Riding Hood (1925). Lantz soon replaced George "Vernon" Stallings as head of production at Bray in 1924. At the urging of his friend Robert G. Vignola, Lantz moved to Hollywood, California, after Bray switched to a publicity film studio in 1927, where he attempted to set up his own cartoon studio with Pinto Colvig, but their sound cartoons never got produced. In the meantime, he worked briefly for director Frank Capra and was a gag writer for Mack Sennett comedies. He also resorted to odd jobs, one of them being a chauffeur.

The Oswald era
In 1928, Lantz was hired by Charles B. Mintz as director on the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoon series for Universal Pictures. Earlier that year, Mintz and his brother-in-law George Winkler had succeeded in getting several animators from the Walt Disney Studio to work for their own studio instead. Universal president Carl Laemmle grew dissatisfied with the Mintz-Winkler product and fired them, deciding instead to produce the Oswalds on the Universal lot. While schmoozing with Laemmle, Lantz wagered that if he could beat Laemmle in a game of poker, the character would be his. As fate would have it, Lantz won the bet and Oswald was now his character.

Lantz inherited many of his initial staff, including animator Tom Palmer and musician Bert Fiske from the Winkler studio, but importantly he chose fellow New York animator Bill Nolan to help develop the series. Nolan's previous credentials included inventing the panorama background and developing a new, streamlined "Felix the Cat". Nolan was (and still is) best known for perfecting the "rubber hose" style of animation. In September 1929, Lantz released his first cartoon, "Race Riot".

The character went to Lantz's operation in 1933.

By 1935, he parted company with Nolan. Lantz became an independent producer, supplying cartoons to Universal instead of merely overseeing the animation department. By 1940, he was negotiating ownership for the characters with whom he had been working.

The Woody Woodpecker era
When Oswald had worn out his welcome, Lantz needed a new character. Meany, Miny and Moe (three ne'er-do-well chimps), Baby-Face Mouse, Snuffy Skunk, Doxie (a comic dachshund), and Jock and Jill (monkeys that resembled Warner Brothers' Bosko) were some personalities Lantz and his staff came up with. One character, Andy Panda, stood out and soon became Lantz's headline star for the 1939–1940 production season.

The woodpecker himself, Woody Woodpecker, made his first appearance in an Andy Panda short entitled Knock Knock on November 25, 1940. Less than a year later on August 29, 1941, Lantz married actress Grace Stafford in Reno, Nevada (he was previously married to and had a child with Doris Hollister). According to Lantz himself, he came up with the character during his honeymoon at a ranch nearby. He and Stafford kept hearing a woodpecker incessantly pecking on their roof. Grace suggested that Walter used the bird for inspiration as a cartoon character. Taking her advice, though a bit skeptical, Lantz created the brash woodpecker character, similar to the early Daffy Duck. Woody Woodpecker became an instant hit and got his own series during 1941.

Lantz claimed that Alex Lovy created the original design for Woody, although many animators at the studio agreed that Ben Hardaway, who liked screwball characters (with him creating the preliminary version of Bugs Bunny), drew the original design. Hardaway showed a prototype drawing of Woody to Blanc, asking what he thought of it, to which he jokingly responded "Ugliest damn thing I ever saw".

Mel Blanc supplied Woody's voice for the first three cartoons. When Blanc accepted a full-time contract with Warner Bros., he was replaced as Woody's voice by Danny Webb, who would only voice the character in Pantry Panic before Webb himself was replaced by Kent Rogers.  After Rogers went into the service due to World War II, Dick Nelson voiced Woody in 1943's Ration Bored before gagman Ben Hardaway, the man who was the main force behind Knock Knock, became the bird's voice the following year, starting with The Barber of Seville. Despite this, Blanc's distinctive laugh was still used throughout the cartoons until 1951.

In 1948, the Lantz studio created a hit Academy Award-nominated song titled "The Woody Woodpecker Song", featuring Blanc's laugh. The song was featured in the film Wet Blanket Policy. Mel Blanc sued Lantz for half a million dollars, claiming that Lantz had used his voice in later cartoons without permission. The judge ruled for Lantz, saying that Blanc had failed to copyright his voice or his contributions. Though Lantz won the case, he paid Blanc in an out-of-court settlement when Blanc filed an appeal, and Lantz began searching for a new voice for Woody Woodpecker.

In 1950, Lantz held anonymous auditions. Grace, Lantz's wife, offered to do Woody's voice, but Lantz turned her down because Woody was a male character. Not discouraged in the least, Grace made her own anonymous audition tape and submitted it to the studio. Not knowing who was behind the voice, Lantz chose Grace's voice for Woody Woodpecker. Grace supplied Woody's voice until the end of production in 1972 and also performed in non-Woody cartoons. At first, Grace voiced Woody without screen credit, thinking that it would disappoint viewers both young and old to know that Woody Woodpecker was voiced by a woman. However, she soon began to enjoy being known as the voice of Woody Woodpecker and, starting with 1958's Misguided Missile, her name was credited on the screen. Her version of Woody was cuter and friendlier than the manic Woody of the 1940s, and Lantz's artists redesigned the character to suit the new personality. Grace also recorded her own version of Woody's trademark laugh, which was used in the shorts from 1950's Puny Express onward, but Mel Blanc's voice would still be heard saying "Guess who!?" in the opening titles.

Lantz's harmonious relationship with Universal, the studio releasing his cartoons, was jarred when new ownership transformed the company into Universal-International and ended many of Universal's company policies. The new management insisted on owning licensing and merchandising rights to Lantz's characters. Lantz refused and withdrew from the parent company by the end of 1947, releasing 12 cartoons independently through United Artists in 1948 and into the beginning of 1949. Financial difficulties forced Lantz to shut down his studio in 1949. Universal-International re-released Lantz's UA cartoons (and several earlier ones) during the shutdown and eventually came to terms with Lantz, who resumed production in 1951.

New directors, new styles
Director Tex Avery had developed a wacky, fast-paced style in his cartoons for Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Walter Lantz persuaded him to join the Lantz studio, where he directed four cartoons in 1954–55: Crazy Mixed Up Pup, Sh-h-h-h-h-h, and the Chilly Willy cartoons I'm Cold and The Legend of Rockabye Point. Avery's wild approach to cartoon gags influenced the Lantz staff and temporarily revitalized the Lantz cartoons; The Legend of Rockabye Point and Crazy Mixed Up Pup were nominated for Academy Awards.

Since the early 1950s, Walter Lantz had been working faster and cheaper, no longer using the lush, artistic backgrounds and stylings that had distinguished his 1940s work. Lantz, forced to economize, could no longer afford Avery. A salary dispute resulted in Avery leaving the studio, effectively ending Avery's career in theatrical animation. Avery left three new Chilly Willy storyboards behind; these were later made into cartoons by director Alex Lovy.

Lovy left in 1959 to join the Hanna-Barbera TV-cartoon company. While the animation departments of other studios like Paramount and Terrytoons were being entrusted to younger creative directors, Walter Lantz preferred established, veteran directors of the 1930s and '40s. Lantz replaced Lovy with Disney director Jack Hannah. Hannah brought his own sense of humor to the studio, but soon became disillusioned by the Lantz studio's lower standards: "Walter Lantz himself is one of the nicest, sweetest guys. He was great to pick up talent already developed. The only trouble is, once you've been at Disney's, it was just a job. The people you worked with were second-rate [compared to Disney's], and no extra effort was expected. I wasn't used to that. So as a result, I just got bored there." Another industry veteran, Sid Marcus, replaced Hannah in 1962.

Later career
Walter Lantz brought his old theatrical cartoons to network television in 1957, with The Woody Woodpecker Show (1957-58). Each half-hour program featured new live-action segments with Lantz himself, hosting the show and demonstrating the animation process. The series, originally telecast on ABC, was later syndicated to local stations until 1966. The Woody Woodpecker Show returned to NBC's Saturday-morning schedule in 1970, minus the live-action appearances by Lantz, and again in 1976.

Lantz entertained the troops during the Vietnam War and visited hospitalized veterans. Walter Lantz was a good friend of special-effects animator George Pal.

By the late 1960s, other movie studios had discontinued their animation departments, leaving Lantz as one of two producers still making cartoons for theaters (the other was DePatie-Freleng Enterprises). Lantz finally closed his studio's doors for good in 1972, because by then, he explained, it was economically impossible to continue producing them and stay in business as rising inflation had strained his profits, and Universal serviced the remaining demand with reissues of his older cartoons.

In retirement, Lantz continued to manage his properties by licensing them to media. He continued to draw and paint, selling his paintings of Woody Woodpecker rapidly. On top of that, he worked with Little League and other youth groups in his area. In 1982, Lantz donated 17 artifacts to the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, among them a wooden model of Woody Woodpecker from the cartoon character's debut in 1940. The Lantzes also made time to visit hospitals and other institutions where Walter would draw Woody and Grace would do the Woody laugh for patients.

During the 1980s and 1990s, Lantz served on the advisory board of the National Student Film Institute.

In 1990, Woody Woodpecker was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1993, Lantz established a $10,000 scholarship and prize for animators in his name at California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, Santa Clarita.

Lantz died at St. Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California from heart failure on March 22, 1994, at age 94.

Characters
Some characters in the Walter Lantz cartoons (both cartoons and comics) are Oswald the Lucky Rabbit (formerly), Andy Panda, The Beary Family, Maggie & Sam, Maw and Paw, Space Mouse, Woody Woodpecker, Inspector Willoughby, Homer Pigeon, Chilly Willy, Lil' Eightball, Charlie Chicken, Cartune, Wally Walrus, and many more.

Awards
 In 1959, Lantz was honored by the Los Angeles City Council as "one of America's most outstanding animated film cartoonists".
 In 1970, Lantz received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
 In 1973, the international animation society, ASIFA/Hollywood, presented him with its Annie Award.
 In 1979, he was given a special Academy Award "for bringing joy and laughter to every part of the world through his unique animated motion pictures", being the second animator to receive this award (the first was Walt Disney, who received it three times, while Chuck Jones was in 1995 the third to receive the merit).
 In 1986, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

See also
 The Golden Age of American animation
 The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal (1985) (produced and directed by Arnold Leibovit) – a documentary about George Pal in which Lantz appeared as himself.
 Walter Lantz Productions

References

Further reading
 The Walter Lantz Story with Woody Woodpecker and Friends by Joe Adamson (1985)

External links
 Walter Lantz Productions Collection..1940–1960. UCLA. Performing Arts Special Collections.
 The Walter Lantz Cartune Encyclopedia
 Walter Lantz at Don Markstein's Toonopedia
 The Walter Lantz Studio at Don Markstein's Toonopedia
 Walter Lantz biography on Lambiek

1899 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American artists
Academy Honorary Award recipients
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
American animators
American cartoonists
American film directors
American film producers
American people of Italian descent
Animators from New York (state)
Annie Award winners
Artists from New Rochelle, New York
Bray Productions people
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Film directors from New York (state)
Film producers from New York (state)
People from Greater Los Angeles
People from New Rochelle, New York
Walter Lantz Productions people

Walter Lantz


A human video is a form of theater combining music, Modern Dance and drama, along with interpretive dance, American Sign Language, pantomime, and classic mime. A human video consists of a song or medley played over loudspeakers while actors use rhythmic physical movement (gestures and other movements of the limbs and body) to communicate emotions to a given audience.

The performance is presented in a form similar to a music video. It presents a story that illuminates a particular artistic intent through spatial relationships, meaningful gestures, and artistic movement.

The story told within the video can be either implicit in the words of the song or a story written independently of the original artist's meaning.

Just as more "traditional" forms of theater can be situated on different types of stages, so too can these dramatic acts. This particular form of drama can perform the same text in many different venues without disrupting its meaning. Because it typically has no set and limited costumes, it can be performed in nearly any location.

Props are sometimes used, but are forbidden in some competitive venues. In this instance, props are restricted in an effort to force creativity—because in the ideal Human Video, all actors on stage should be used to represent objects like crosses, thrones, trees or giants. Actors movements demonstrate a story and the theme of the song being played.

In the United States, one example of how human videos have permeated the culture is the inclusion of human videos in Fine Arts Festivals and church ministry groups (Assemblies of God, Pentecostal Holiness Church, Church of God, etc.) in a variety of Protestant denominations. The Fine Arts Festival in the Assemblies of God denomination is the largest and most intense of all competitions and categories. Churches spend many months and countless hours practicing in order to receive recognition at the National Fine Arts Festival.

One compelling example of Human Video creativity can be found in Solo Human Video Performed at NFAF. The talented artist invented a move, popularly known as 'The Wheelchair Walk' in Human Video circles.

History
The name "human video" was coined by Randy Phillips. He is reported to have performed the first "human video" in a chapel service at Central Bible College, with several elements used from the then quite popular Deaf Ministry Team. It was used more formally in the early 1990s at Phoenix First Assembly of God led by Pastor Tommy Barnett.

Although elements of the form have existed in theatre for centuries and no one can actually claim to have invented it, Mr. Phillips began to use it as a ministry tool first at church services and then for outreach and missions with the help of Pastor Lloyd Ziegler and the ministry training program called Master's Commission.

Human Video Example

Solo Human Video Performed at NFAF

Human Video Performed at a Church

Human Video Using Sticks

Human Video performed at a Christian Event

Human Videos Website

Human Videos

Performing arts

Human video


Charles Richard Harington was a Canadian zoologist born in Calgary in May 1933.

He died in Ottawa, Canada, in September 2021.

After working for geophysical companies in Alberta, and for the Arctic Institute of North America in Ottawa, he spent a year on northern Ellesmere Island during the International Geophysical Year, 1957–58, and came full circle in the summer of 2008 by carrying out field work on Ellesmere Island during the International Polar Year. From 1960-65, he worked as a Canadian Wildlife Service biologist, specializing in polar bear and muskox research.

In 1965, he was appointed Curator of Quaternary Zoology with the National Museums of Canada and was Chief of the Paleobiology Division (1982–91). He carried out detailed studies of the ice age animals of the Yukon, concentrating his work on the unglaciated country near Dawson and Old Crow; and on Pliocene vertebrates and environments of Ellesmere Island where he spent 10 field seasons between 1992 and 2008 leading a team collecting fossils from a unique four-million-year-old vertebrate site (the Beaver Pond site) near the head of Strathcona Fiord. His interests include: the ice age vertebrates of Canada, Alaska and Greenland; the evolution and distribution of arctic and alpine mammals; and climatic change in Canada during the ice age. He has written or contributed over 300 scientific papers, publications and reports.

References

1933 births
Living people
Massey Medal recipients
Officers of the Order of Canada
Canadian zoologists

Charles Richard Harington


Thomas Trotter (1760 – 1832) was a Scottish naval physician and author who was a leading medical reformer in the Royal Navy and an ardent critic of the slave trade. Trotter was born in Melrose, Roxburghshire, and studied medicine under Alexander Monro (secundus) in Edinburgh. His major work, the Medicina Nautica, was published in 1802 and provides a detailed examination of the state of naval medicine during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Trotter was a champion of vaccinations for naval medical staff, and as the Navy's Physician of the Fleet he required that all naval surgeons and assistants be inoculated against smallpox. Influenced by his career in the Royal Navy, Trotter was also a key figure in the development of modern theories of alcohol addiction, describing habitual alcohol consumption as a 'disease of the mind'. After an extensive naval career, Trotter retired to private practice in 1802 and died in 1832.

Life
Trotter was born in Roxburghshire in 1760. He enlisted in the Royal Navy at the age of nineteen and, despite a lack of medical training, was assigned the rank of surgeon's mate aboard the 74-gun ship of the line . Britain was then at war against the Dutch, French and Spanish, and Trotter saw active service during the Battle of Dogger Bank in 1781, and in the lifting of the Great Siege of Gibraltar in 1782. He was discharged from the Navy in 1783, at the conclusion of the wars.

Unemployed and without family or political connections, Trotter elected to sign on as surgeon aboard a Guineaman, or slaving ship, engaged in the transportation of slaves from Africa to the Caribbean. He later considered this to be the lowest point of his life, and his exposure to the misery of the slaves converted him to the anti-slavery cause. An outbreak of scurvy on board also fixed his attention on the disease.

Trotter pursued medical studies in Edinburgh, and graduated M.D. in 1788. During the Spanish armament of 1790, he was appointed by Vice-admiral Robert Roddam, to be surgeon of his flagship HMS Royal William, and in 1793 was surgeon of HMS Vengeance for a voyage to the West Indies and back. In December he was appointed second physician to the Royal Hospital at Haslar, near Portsmouth, and in April 1794 was nominated by Lord Howe physician to the Channel fleet. In this capacity he served through the campaigns of 1794 and 1795, was present in the battle of 1 June 1794, appears to have been with Cornwallis on 16–17 June 1795, and to have joined the fleet under Lord Bridport very shortly after the action of 23 June. When going on board one of the ships to visit a wounded officer, he was accidentally ruptured, and rendered incapable of further service at sea.

Trotter was granted a pension; he settled in private practice at Newcastle, which he gave up, but continued to write, mostly on professional subjects. He died at Newcastle on 5 September 1832. He was twice married.

Publications
At the age of 16 Trotter wrote verses which were published in Walter Ruddiman's Edinburgh Magazine in 1777 and 1778. His M.D. dissertation was De Ebrietate ejusque effectibus in corpus humanum, published in English as An Essay, medical, philosophical, and chemical, on Drunkenness, and its Effects on the Human Body (1804; 4th edit. 1812). In England, while in private medical practice at Wooler in Northumberland, he wrote up his notes on scurvy to order, and published them as Observations on the Scurvy (1786; 2nd edit., much enlarged, 1792). Treatment for scurvy had been demonstrated by James Lind in his Treatise of 1754; Trotter corroborated Lind's thesis by extensive observations. In 1795, through Sir Gilbert Blane, the Admiralty endorsed the general use of lemon juice.

Other works were:
 A Review of the Medical Department in the British Navy, with a Method of Reform proposed, 1790.
 Medical and Chemical Essays, containing additional Observations on Scurvy ... 1795; 2nd edit. 1796.
 Medicina Nautica: an Essay on the Diseases of Seamen, vol. i. 1797; vol. ii. 1799; vol. iii. 1803.
 Suspiria Oceani: a Monody on the death of Richard, Earl Howe, 1800.
 An essay, medical, philosophical, and chemical, on drunkenness, and its effects on the human body, 1804.
 A Proposal for destroying the Fire and Choak Damps of Coal Mines ... 1805. This work brought two controversial replies, from Henry Dewar and "A Friend to Rational Schemes of Improvement".
 A Second Address to the Owners and Agents of Coal Mines on destroying the Fire and Choak Damp, 1806.
 A View of the Nervous Temperament; being a Practical Treatise on Nervous, Bilious, Stomach, and Liver Complaints 1807; 2nd edit. 1808.
 The Noble Foundling, or the Hermit of the Tweed: a Tragedy, 1812.
 A practicable Plan for Manning the Royal Navy ... without Impressment. Addressed to Admiral Lord Viscount Exmouth, 1819.
 Sea Weeds: Poems written on various occasions, chiefly during a naval life, 1829.

Trotter contributed also to the European Magazine, Medical Journal and other periodicals.

References

Bibliography

External links
WorldCat page

Attribution

1760 births
1832 deaths
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
18th-century Scottish writers
19th-century Scottish writers
People from Melrose, Scottish Borders
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish abolitionists
Scottish medical writers
Scottish sailors
Royal Navy Medical Service officers
People from Wooler

Thomas Trotter (physician)


Michael Birkin (born 1958) is an English global marketing executive, notable for his role in developing the concept of brand valuation as well as for his involvement in global marketing operations. He began his career at Interbrand in 1987, later working at Omnicom Group and Acer Inc. He founded his own marketing services company, Red Peak Group, in 2010. He currently serves as CEO of kyu, the strategic operating unit of Hakuhodo DY Holdings.

Background
Michael Birkin was born in England in 1958. Birkin's father, Sir Derek Birkin, was CEO of Rio Tinto Zinc, a mining company. After attending Marlborough College, where he now serves as a member of council, Birkin went on to study law at University College London. He was a nationally-ranked squash player and played on the Junior England Squad.

In his spare time, Birkin pursues an interest in Renaissance art from the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries.

Career

Early career
In his early career, Birkin was trained as an accountant, working for PricewaterhouseCoopers from 1981 to 1984. Later, he took a role as PA and protégé to Sir Mark Weinberg, chairman of Hambro Life Assurance, now Zurich Insurance Group. While handling the project to change the name of Hambro Life (to Allied Dunbar) he met John Murphy, the founder of Novamark and Interbrand who consulted on the project.

Interbrand
In 1987, Birkin joined executive chairman Murphy at the new Interbrand Group, where he began as group chief executive. He held this role at Interbrand from 1987 to 1995, during which time he took a leading role in developing the concept of brand valuation and became well known as an expert in the field. He was a contributor for the book Understanding Brands, published in 1991.

Under the leadership of Murphy and Birkin, Interbrand grew from an international company with 25 employees to a global marketing consultancy.

Omnicom
In December 1993, Omnicom Group's Diversified Agency Services (DAS) acquired Interbrand, and Birkin joined Omnicom. At Omnicom, he quickly rose up through the organisation, becoming European managing director of DAS in 1995, followed by international president of DAS in 1997, and worldwide president of DAS in 1999. In 2005, Birkin took on the role of president and CEO of Asia Pacific for Omnicom. His role in Asia was focused on helping Omnicom's agencies capitalise on potential opportunities in the region. In particular, he worked to promote Omnicom's services within Asia, which was the company's fastest-growing market in 2005.

Birkin's final roles at Omnicom were vice-chairman of Omnicom Group and CEO of Omnicom Asia-Pacific, which he held simultaneously. In 2009, he stepped down from both roles.

Red Peak Group and RPMC
Upon leaving Omnicom, Birkin acquired a 70% stake in RPMC, taking a majority position in the company. He then launched Red Peak Group, a global marketing services firm, in February 2010. RMPC became part of Red Peak Group, which also comprises Red Peak Branding.

Initially, Birkin fulfilled the role of chief strategist of Red Peak Group in addition to leading the company. He currently serves as chairman of Red Peak Group.

Acer
Birkin was hired as Taiwan-based Acer Inc.'s chief marketing officer in 2012. This was Birkin's first client-side position, helping the company shift its focus from manufacturing to marketing. Specifically, he joined the company to build Acer's marketing and brand building capabilities with the goal of using consumer insights to drive product development. While holding the role he retained his position as chairman of Red Peak. Birkin left Acer in May 2014.

kyu
In 2014, Birkin's Red Peak Group was acquired by advertising and marketing company Hakuhodo DY Holdings (ja), the second largest advertising company in Japan. Advertising Age ranks Hakuhodo DY Holdings among the world's top ten agency companies. Following the acquisition in 2014, Birkin was named CEO of kyu, a new endeavour Hakuhodo DY Holdings called a strategic operating group. In kyu's first year, Birkin acquired American company Digital Kitchen and Montreal's Sid Lee to form a global group of creative agencies with several specialisations. To date the kyu collective includes ATÖYLE, BEworks, BIMM, C2, Digital Kitchen, Gehl, Ghost Note, Godfrey Dadich Partners, Haigo, IDEO, Kepler Group, Lexington, Napkyn, Public Digital, RedPeak, Rich Talent Group, Sid Lee, SYPartners, SYLVAIN, Upstatement, and Yard.

References

British businesspeople
1958 births
Corporate executives
Alumni of University College London
Acer Inc.
People educated at Marlborough College
Living people

Michael Birkin (executive)


The Thorn Birds is a 1977 novel by Australian author Colleen McCullough. Set primarily on Drogheda—a fictional sheep station in the Australian Outback named after Drogheda, Ireland—the story focuses on the Cleary family and spans 1915 to 1969. The novel is the best-selling book in Australian history, and has sold over 33 million copies worldwide.

The novel was also adapted into an eponymous television miniseries; during its 27–30 March 1983 run, it became the United States' second-highest rated miniseries of all time, behind Roots. Subsequently, a 1996 miniseries entitled The Thorn Birds: The Missing Years filled in a gap of 19 years in the middle of the novel. It was criticized for inconsistencies with the original series.

The novel was also adapted into a musical in 2009, The Thorn Birds Musical. In 2022, The Thorn Birds was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

Plot
The story begins in New Zealand on 8 December 1915, the fourth birthday of Meghann "Meggie" Cleary, who is the only daughter of Padraic ("Paddy"), an Irish farm labourer, and Fiona ("Fee"), his wife. Meggie is a beautiful child with curly red-gold hair, but receives little coddling and must struggle to hold her own in the family, which includes five older brothers at the time. Her favourite brother is the eldest, Frank, a rebellious young man who is unwillingly preparing himself for the blacksmith's trade. He is much shorter than his other brothers, but very strong. Unlike the other Clearys, he has black hair and eyes, believed to be inherited from his Maori great-great-grandmother.

Paddy has a wealthy sister, Mary Carson, a widow who lives in New South Wales, Australia, on Drogheda, an enormous sheep station. One day, Paddy receives an offer from Mary of a job on her estate, so in 1921, the whole Cleary family moves from New Zealand to Australia.

In Drogheda, the family meets Ralph de Bricassart, a young, capable, and ambitious priest. As punishment for insulting a bishop, he has been relegated to a remote parish in the town of Gillanbone, near Drogheda. Ralph has befriended Mary Carson, hoping a hefty bequest from her to the Catholic Church might liberate him from his exile. Ralph is "a beautiful man", and Mary goes to great lengths to tempt him to break his vows. Ralph shrugs off her attentions and ploys, and continues his visits. He cares for all of the Clearys and particularly cherishes forlorn little Meggie.

Frank's relationship with his father, Paddy, has never been peaceful. The two vie for Fee's attention. Frank resents the many pregnancies Paddy has caused her to endure. Fee, now in her 40s, reveals she is again pregnant; the two men quarrel violently, and Paddy tells Frank he is not his biological son. Fee, the daughter of a prominent New Zealand citizen, is revealed to have had an affair with a married politician. The result, Frank, was already 18 months old when Fee married Paddy. Because he resembles her lost love, Frank has always been Fee's favourite child. After the argument with Paddy, Frank runs away to become a prizefighter. Fee gives birth to twin boys, James and Patrick (Jims and Patsy), but shows little interest in them. Shortly afterward, Meggie's beloved little brother, Hal, dies.

With Frank gone and Hal dead, Meggie clings to Ralph de Bricassart, who has been her constant mentor and friend. As she grows into womanhood, some begin to question their close relationship, including Ralph and Meggie themselves. Mary Carson, motivated by jealousy mingled with Machiavellian cruelty, devises a plan to separate Ralph from Meggie by tempting him with a high place in the church hierarchy. Although her will of record leaves the bulk of her estate to Paddy, she quietly writes a new one, making the Roman Catholic Church the main beneficiary and Ralph the executor.

In the new will, the true magnitude of Mary's wealth is finally revealed. Drogheda is not the centre of her fortune as Ralph and Paddy have long believed, but is merely a hobby, a diversion from her true financial interests. Mary's wealth is derived from a vast multinational financial empire worth over 13 million pounds (about A$200 million in modern terms). The sheer size of Mary's bequest will guarantee Ralph's rapid rise in the church. She also makes sure that after she dies, only Ralph, at first, will know of the new will – forcing him to choose between Meggie and his own ambition. She also provides for her disinherited brother, promising  all his grandchildren and him a home on Drogheda as long as any of them lives.

At Mary's 75th birthday party, Ralph goes to great lengths to avoid Meggie, now 17 and dressed in a beautiful rose-pink evening gown. Later, he explains to Meggie that others might not see his attention as innocent. Mary dies later that night, and Ralph learns of the new will. He sees at once the subtle genius of Mary's plan, and although he weeps and calls her "a disgusting old spider", he takes the new will to her lawyer without delay. The lawyer, scandalised, urges Ralph to destroy the will, but to no avail. The bequest of 13 million pounds works its expected magic and Ralph soon leaves for Sydney to begin his rapid advance in the church.

Before he leaves, Meggie confesses her love for him and they share a passionate kiss, but Ralph pulls away because of his duties as a priest, and begs Meggie to find a suitable partner.

The Clearys learn that Frank has been convicted of murder after killing someone in a fight. Frank spends three decades in prison.

More tragedy follows: Paddy dies in a lightning fire, and son Stu is killed by a wild boar shortly after finding his father's body. Meanwhile, Ralph, unaware of Paddy and Stu's deaths, is on his way back to Drogheda after hearing of the fire. He suffers minor injuries when his plane bogs in the mud. As Meggie tends his wounds, their passion is reignited, but again Ralph rebuffs Meggie, and he remains at Drogheda only long enough to conduct the funerals.

Three years later, a sheep shearer named Luke O'Neill begins to court Meggie. Although his motives are more mercenary than romantic, she marries him because he looks a little bit like Ralph, and also because Luke is not Catholic and she wants little to do with religion – her own way of getting back at Ralph. She soon realises her mistake. After a brief honeymoon, Luke, a skinflint who regards women as sex objects and prefers the company of men, finds Meggie a live-in job with a kindly couple, the Muellers, and leaves to join a gang of itinerant sugarcane cutters in North Queensland. Before he leaves, he appropriates all Meggie's savings and arranges to have her wages paid directly to him. He tells her he is saving money to buy a homestead; however, he quickly becomes obsessed with the competitive toil of cutting cane and has no real intention of giving it up. Hoping to change Luke's ambition and settle him down, Meggie deliberately thwarts his usual contraception and bears Luke a red-haired daughter, Justine. The new baby, however, makes little impression on Luke.

Father Ralph visits Meggie during her difficult labour. He has come to say goodbye, as he is leaving Australia for Rome. He sees Meggie's unhappiness and pities her. Justine proves to be a fractious baby, so the Muellers send Meggie to an isolated island resort for a rest. Father Ralph returns to Australia, learns of Meggie's whereabouts from Anne Mueller, and joins her for several days. There, at last, the lovers consummate their passion, and Ralph realises that despite his ambition to be the perfect priest, his desire for Meggie makes him a man like other men. He returns to the church, and Meggie, now pregnant with Ralph's child, decides to separate from Luke. She sleeps one last time with Luke to ensure that her child's paternity will not be questioned, then tells Luke what she really thinks of him and returns to Drogheda, leaving him to his cane-cutting.

Back home, she gives birth to a beautiful boy whom she names Dane. Fee, who has had experience in such matters, notices Dane's resemblance to Ralph as soon as he is born. The relationship between Meggie and Fee takes a turn for the better. Justine grows into an independent, keenly intelligent girl who loves her brother dearly; however, she has little use for anyone else and calmly rebuffs Meggie's overtures of motherly affection. None of Meggie's other surviving brothers ever marry, and Drogheda gradually becomes a place filled with old people.

Ralph visits Drogheda after a long absence, and meets Dane for the first time; although he finds himself strangely drawn to the boy, he fails to recognize that they are father and son. The long-imprisoned Frank is also finally paroled at this time, thanks to Ralph's intercession, and returns to Drogheda a broken man. Dane grows up and decides, to Meggie's dismay, to become a priest. Fee tells Meggie that what she stole from God she must now give back. Justine, meanwhile, decides to become an actress and leaves Australia to seek her career in England. Ralph, now a cardinal, becomes a mentor to Dane, but is still blind to the fact that the young man is his own son. Dane is also unaware of their true relationship. Ralph takes great care of him, and because of their resemblance, people mistake them for uncle and nephew. Ralph and Dane encourage the rumour.

Justine and her brother remain close, although he is often shocked at her sexual adventures and free-wheeling lifestyle. She befriends Rainer Hartheim, a German politician who is a great friend of both Dane and Ralph's, and who falls deeply in love with her. Their friendship becomes the most important thing in her life and is on the verge of becoming something more when tragedy strikes.

Dane, who has just become a priest, is vacationing in Greece. While there, he goes swimming one day and drowns while attempting to rescue two women from a dangerous current. Meggie reveals before Dane's funeral that Dane is Ralph's son. Ralph dies in Meggie's arms after the funeral.

Justine breaks off all communications with Rainer and falls into a depressed, hum-drum existence. Eventually, they renew their acquaintance on strictly platonic terms, until Rainer visits Drogheda alone to urge Meggie to help him pursue Justine's hand in marriage. Justine, now the sole surviving grandchild of Fee and Paddy Cleary, finally accepts her true feelings for Rainer, and they marry.

Thornbird myth
The book's title refers to the mythical "thornbird" that searches for thorn trees from the day it is hatched. When it finds the perfect thorn tree, it impales itself on a thorn and sings the most beautiful song ever heard as it dies. The myth alludes to the Parable of the Sower in the Synoptic Gospels and chapter 9 of the Gospel of Thomas.

In the front matter of the book, the myth is set out:

No sources have been found for this myth prior to the appearance of the book, although since then, it has been described in various nonscholarly sources as "an old Celtic legend".

A different myth associates the European goldfinch with the title "Thornbird", recounting that a goldfinch plucked a thorn out of Christ's crown of thorns and blood splashed onto its feathers. The bird is said to feature in several paintings of children destined for the church.

List of characters
 Meghann "Meggie" Cleary – The central character, she is the only daughter in a large family of sons. The novel takes her from early childhood to old age.
 Father Ralph de Bricassart – Meggie's true love, he is a handsome, ambitious Irish Catholic priest.
 Padraic "Paddy" Cleary – Meggie's father, a kind and simple Irish labourer
 Fiona "Fee" Armstrong Cleary – Paddy's wife and Meggie's mother, she is an aristocratic woman who bore a child out of wedlock before marrying Paddy Cleary.
 Francis "Frank" Armstrong Cleary – Meggie's eldest brother, Fee's out-of-wedlock first son, Paddy's stepson, he is a favourite of both Meggie and Fee. He becomes a prizefighter.
 Mary Elizabeth Cleary Carson – Paddy's immensely wealthy older sister, Father Ralph's benefactor, owner of Drogheda
 Luke O'Neill – Meggie's husband and the father of Justine
 Dane O'Neill – Son of Meggie and Ralph, who drowns in Greece at the age of 26
 Justine O'Neill – Daughter of Meggie and Luke, an intelligent, independent girl
 Luddie and Anne Mueller – Meggie's employers during her marriage to Luke, they become lifelong friends.
 Bob, Jack, and Hughie Cleary – Three of Meggie's older brothers, they all resemble Paddy and live out their days, unmarried, on Drogheda.
 Stuart "Stu" Cleary – A quiet, kindly boy, he resembles his mother. Of Meggie's five older brothers, he is the closest to her in age.
 Harold "Hal" Cleary – Meggie's cherished baby brother, he dies when he is four years old.
 James and Patrick "Jims and Patsy" Cleary – Twin boys, they are Meggie's youngest brothers.
 Rainer "Rain" Moerling Hartheim – Friend of Ralph's and eventually Dane's, he is a member of the West German Parliament and eventual husband of Justine.
 Archbishop (later Cardinal) Vittorio di Contini-Verchese – Ralph's mentor, friend to Rainer and Dane

In popular culture
The Thorn Birds played a recurring role as a joke element in the TV show Late Night with Seth Meyers. During the COVID pandemic, as he taped the show from his home, the book appeared on a side table.  On different camera cuts, the book will appear again with adjusted titles, sometimes many at a time.

Former NFL offensive tackle D'Brickashaw Ferguson is named after The Thorn Birds character Father Ralph de Bricassart.

References

External links
 Photos of the first edition of The Thorn Birds
 The Thorn Birds on ABC, 1983, TV Show, tvguide.com

1977 Australian novels
Australian novels adapted into television shows
Australian outback
Australian romance novels
Catholicism in fiction
Family saga novels
Harper & Row books
Love stories
Novels by Colleen McCullough
Novels set in the 20th century

The Thorn Birds


"The Night Before Larry Was Stretched" is an Irish execution ballad written in the Newgate cant.

History
The song is in The Festival of Anacreon, with tune direction "To the hundreds of Drury I write." It is also listed in Colm Ó Lochlainn's Irish Street Ballads and Frank Harte's Songs of Dublin.

Donagh MacDonagh gives the following sleeve note 'One of a group of Execution Songs written in Newgate Cant or Slang Style in the 1780s, others being The Kilmainham Minuet, Luke Caffrey's Ghost and Larry's Ghost in which, as promised in the seventh stanza of the present ballad, Larry comes "in a sheet to sweet Molly"!' The Newgate Cant or Slang Style is not unique to Dublin and all the cant and slang is to be found in Partridge's A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937). Nubbing cheat or Nubbin chit is cant for the gallows, while Darkmans is cant for night. Joyce, working out of Thomas Dekker's The Gul's Hornbook and The Belman of London (1608), wrote:

White thy fambles, red thy gan
And thy quarrons dainty is.
Couch a hogshead with me then.
In the Darkmans clip and kiss.

Writing in "Three Centuries of Canting Songs and Slang Rhymes (1536-1896)" (published 1896), John S Farmer asserted that neither the song's date nor its author were definitely known. He gave 1816 as an approximate date, and wrote "According to the best authorities, Will Maher, a shoemaker of Waterford, wrote the song. Dr. Robert Burrowes, Dean of St. Finbar's Cork, to whom it has been so often attributed, certainly did not." In Ballads from the Pubs of Ireland, p. 29, James N Healy attributes the song to a William Maher (Hurlfoot Bill), but doesn't note when Maher lived. However, the song is attributed to a 'Curren' in The Universal Songster, 1828, this possibly being the witty barrister John Philpot Curran or JW Curren.

Text
The Newgate cant in which the song was written was a colloquial slang of 18th-century Dublin, similar to the thieves' cant still used in London (an example of the London use is seen in the 1998 film Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels). This is only one of a group of execution songs written in Newgate Cant or slang style somewhere around 1780, others being The Kilmainham Minuet, Luke Caffrey's Ghost and Larry's Ghost, which, as promised in the seventh verse, "comes in a sheet to sweet Molly".

A French translation of the song called La mort de Socrate was written by Francis Sylvester Mahony, better known as "Father Prout" for Fraser's Magazine, and is also collected in Musa Pedestris, Three Centuries of Canting Songs and Slang Rhymes [1536―1896], collected and annotated by John S Farmer.

Melody

The tune is not an Irish one, but stems from the first line of an English song, The Bowman Prigg's Farewell. The British Union-Catalogue of Early Music (BUCEM) lists four single sheet copies with music, all tentatively dated c 1740, and there is another copy in the Julian Marshal collection at Harvard. However, the tune To the Hundreds of Drury I write is in the ballad opera The Devil of a Duke, 1732, Air No 4 Bowman Prig is mentioned in song No 22 of the ballad opera The Fashionable Lady, 1730, but this may not be a reference to the song. "Bowman Prigg" is a cant term for a pick-purse.

The melody and first verse of To the Hundreds of Drury I Write are in John Barry Talley's Secular Music in Colonial Annapolis, 1988. The Night Before Larry Was Stretched is just possibly a reworking of, or may at least have been inspired by To the Hundreds of Drury.

Recordings
The song provides the narrative basis for the film O'Donoghue's Opera, filmed in 1965 with members of The Dubliners; "The Night Before Larry was Stretched" was performed by Johnny Moynihan.
The song was recorded by Frank Harte for the album Dublin Street Songs (1967). As in this recording, the last line of each verse is often performed spoken for effect.
Elvis Costello recorded the song for 1996's Common Ground – Voices of Modern Irish Music.
Recorded by The Wolfe Tones for Irish to the Core (CD-S-52033).

See also
 List of Irish ballads
 List of songs about Dublin

References

External links
 O'Donaghue's Opera – A film based around the song

Folk ballads
Irish songs
Irish folk songs
Traditional ballads

The Night Before Larry Was Stretched


The "tourist guy" was an internet phenomenon that featured a photograph of a tourist on the observation deck of the World Trade Center digitally altered to show a plane about to hit the tower in the background during the September 11 attacks. The photo went viral in the days after the attacks as many manipulated pictures spread online. The man in the photograph was identified as Hungarian Péter Guzli, who took the photo in 1997. Guzli said he edited the photo as a joke for his friends and did not intend for it to spread across the internet.

He is also called numerous other names, including the "accidental tourist" (a reference to the novel and film The Accidental Tourist), "Waldo" (a reference to Where's Waldo?), the "WTC Guy", and the "tourist of death".

Origin
Shortly after 9/11, an image surfaced on the internet, purportedly from a camera found in the debris of the World Trade Center. The image showed a man, dressed in a wool cap, heavy jacket, and backpack, standing on the observation deck of the World Trade Center. Below him, a jet plane can be seen flying towards the building. Because of its closeness and low altitude, it seems certain to collide with the tower. The picture purported to be one taken mere moments before the attacks on the World Trade Center began.

Inconsistencies
Hoaxapedia from Museum of Hoaxes' online encyclopedia listed some of the inconsistencies that ultimately confirmed that the photograph was a hoax. These include:

 The temperature in New York City on September 11, 2001 was pleasant. It was  the morning of the attacks, yet the man in the photo was wearing heavy clothing consistent with winter weather.
 The man would have been standing on the South Tower, which had an observation deck, yet the North Tower, without such a deck, was the first to be hit. It is unlikely that anyone would be posing for a photo after the North Tower was hit.
Within seconds of the first impact, the South Tower's rooftop was engulfed by smoke from the North Tower, which was directed southeast by prevailing winds from the northwest. Not only would this have prevented the man from standing on the observation deck for any length of time, but the forgery depicts the observation deck as being clear of smoke and debris.
 United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower from the south. However, it is evident from the fact that Midtown Manhattan is in the background behind the man that the plane in this photo is approaching from the north, consistent with American Airlines Flight 11. The plane in the picture clearly displays the American Airlines livery on its nose.
 Both planes that were flown into the towers were Boeing 767s, whereas a Boeing 757 is shown in this photo.
 The plane likely would have been blurred in the photo due to its high speed before impact.
 United Airlines Flight 175 crashed when it was tilted. Here it is seen going forward, like Flight 11.
 The photographer was not likely to proceed with taking the picture after seeing the airplane about to crash into the building.
 If the photo was taken on a digital camera, the camera would not have likely survived such a fall.
 The observation deck on the South Tower normally opened at 9:30 a.m. but Flight 175 struck the south tower at 9:02:59 a.m.
 The white balance of the two photographs is far off. If the plane were part of the photograph, it would appear more yellow. This can be confirmed by comparison with the deck rail at the bottom of the photograph; the plane had nearly the same tint as the deck, while in the photo the two parts show obviously different color.
 The image's timestamp appears to have been added during post editing with a paint program, rather than one created by an actual camera.
 Shadows of certain items are not cast correctly in the photo. This proves that the image was edited, as certain objects in the image do not cast shadows corresponding to the same light sources in the picture.

Later appearances

The picture became a widely known example of an internet meme. As its fame spread, other people started to use the same tourist for other pictures. They included the tourist present at the sinking of the RMS Titanic, at the John F. Kennedy assassination, the destruction of Air France Flight 4590 and at the Hindenburg disaster. In one version, the aircraft has been replaced with a Melbourne tram. Other pictures show him present at disastrous events in movies, like the destruction of the White House in Independence Day, Godzilla demolishing Tokyo, or as the bus driver in Speed. There are also pictures of him together with people from other famous digitally manipulated pictures, such as Bert from Sesame Street or a man holding a huge cat. There even appeared a picture of the Yalta conference where Stalin is replaced by the man with the cat, with the tourist and Bert in the background.

Identity
The first person who claimed to be the tourist was the Brazilian businessman José Roberto Penteado. When Penteado started to get media attention, including an offer to be in a Volkswagen commercial, a 25-year-old Hungarian man, Péter Guzli, came forward as the real tourist. Guzli says, however, that he does not want publicity and did not originally release his last name.

Guzli took the photo on November 28, 1997, and was also responsible for the initial edit. He said he edited the image for a few friends, not realizing it would spread so quickly across the Internet. He first provided the original undoctored photo and several other photos from the same series as proof to a Hungarian newspaper. Later on, the show Wired News examined the evidence and confirmed that Guzli was the real tourist guy.

References

External links
Tourist Guy on Snopes
WTC Tourist AKA | Waldo History & Gallery
GreaterThings.com
TouristOfDeath.com
Original Aircraft Photo

Internet memes
September 11 attacks
Internet humor
Hungarian photographers
Urban legends
Color photographs
Internet hoaxes
Photography forgeries
2001 hoaxes
Photographs of the United States
2001 works
2001 in art
2000s photographs

Tourist guy


is a 1951 Japanese film directed by Ishirō Honda, his first feature film. The story is based on Umi no haien (). It is about a pearl divers and is filmed in a semi-documentary style. The film was produced and distributed by Toho Co., Ltd in Japan on August 3, 1951.

Plot
Young ama diver Noe (Yukiko Shimazki) falls in love with the town's new lighthouse attendant/school teacher Nishida (Ryō Ikebe), who recently moved in from Tokyo. Nishida's outsider ways inspire Noe to abandon her unwanted arranged marriage and hard life of diving. The couple's love is scorn by the locals and the two are split apart by Riu (Yuriko Hamada), a former ama diver, who returns from Tokyo after 2 years. Noe's parents forbid her from seeing Nishida and Riu seduces Nishida in her absence, spreading rumors that Noe is pregnant with his bastard child. The two women try to settle their score by diving to retrieve the legendary Dai nichi ido pearl, said to bring about true love, however, the locals fear it is cursed and should be left undisturbed. Riu finds the pearl but her hand gets stuck between rocks and drowns. Noe nearly drowns trying to save Riu. Believing her responsible for Riu's death, the villagers demonize Noe, who is guilt-ridden and haunted by the voice of Riu calling from the sea. The film ends with Noe advancing the sea, following Riu's haunting cries.

Cast
 Yukiko Shimazaki as Noe
 Ryō Ikebe as Nishida
 Yuriko Hamada as Riu
 Sachio Sakai as Yanagiya
 Takashi Shimura as lighthouse keeper

Themes
In their biography of Honda, film historians Steve Ryfle and Ed Godziszewski note that the film features characters that challenge the status quo, noting that Nishida's arrival triggers conflicts paralleling "Japan's universal post-war identity crisis", stating, "old traditions versus modern thinking; doubts about arranged marriage and feudalistic customs; a generational gulf between conservative adults and liberated youths; the emergence of assertive, independent-minded women; pastoral virtue versus urban decay." They also note that Noe and Riu, who dream of being liberated, end up paying with their lives.

Production
The project was inspired by Honda's experiences filming Ise-Shima and was suggested by Honda's friend Sojiro Motoki, one of Japan's leading film producers at the time. Honda left with Akira Kurosawa to an inn at Atami for a writing retreat. Honda and Motoki chose to adapt Katsuro Yamada's prize winning novella Ruins of the Sea as the basis for the film.

Toho gave Honda three months to scout locations and conduct research on the Ise-Shima area due to the post-strike slowdown. Honda became a familiar face with the locals and was granted access not usually given to tourists.

The film is notable for being the first Japanese feature film to feature underwater photography. Cinematographer Tadashi Iimura placed a portable camera onto a metallic body that acted as a special waterproof device. With it under his arms, he dove into the water from a pontoon. Iimura also had two professional divers to assist with the camera. Honda and his assistant director would watch from the boat using glass scopes and Honda would direct Iimura by writing on Kent paper and having a diver send the message to Iimura.

Release & Reception
The film was released on August 3, 1951 and received favorable reviews. Many praising its underwater scenes, technical aspects, and Honda's promising directing.

References

Bibliography

External links

1951 films
Films directed by Ishirō Honda
Films set in Shima
Toho films
Japanese black-and-white films

Aoi Shinju


Mark Curry is an American rock musician and singer-songwriter. He is best known for his single "Sorry About the Weather", a number 20 hit on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart in 1992.

He formed his first band, Crystal Sphere, with Larry Beilby "White Boy Larry," Fernando Barrios, Ricky Rutherford and Aaron "El Hefe" Abeyta, who would later join NOFX. The band was formed in the 1980s while Curry attended Sacramento City College. One of Crystal Sphere's earliest followers, "Gumdroplou" (gumdrop Lou), became their first manager, booking gigs at pubs in downtown Davis, California, and even at the Davis airport for skydivers.

In the early 1990s Crystal Sphere moved to Los Angeles, California. Although "Gumdroplou" came with them, and was roommates with El Hefe for some time, they replaced him as manager with Desi Benjamin, who began setting up showcases for the band who got Mark Curry signed after a bidding war to Virgin Records and Virgin Publishing.

In 1992 Mark Curry went solo, separating from Crystal Sphere to sign with record label Virgin Records and Virgin Publishing. In the mid-1990s he collaborated briefly with noted jazz flutist Rebecca "Becky" Prichard.

Mark Curry wrote the song "Perfect Government" which appears as a cover version on NOFX's 1994 album Punk in Drublic.

Discography
It's Only Time (1992)
Let the Wretched Come Home (1994)
Down in My Alley [with Tenpin Trio] (1997)
Find a Friend [EP] (1999)
Dozen Lies [with El Hefe] (2004)
Front Street (2008)
"Sorry About the Weather" (cd single 4 tracks) (1992)

References

American punk rock musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Mark Curry (rock musician)


Sir Charles Dormer of Wing, 3rd Baronet, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon, 2nd Viscount Ascott, 3rd Baron Dormer of Winge (25 October 1632 – 29 November 1709) was an English peer. On his father's death at the First Battle of Newbury, on 20 September 1643, he succeeded to his father's titles, at just 10 years of age. His mother had died in June, a few months earlier. He married twice, had four children, but his only son predeceased him and so when he died in 1709 the earldom and the viscountcy became extinct. The baronetcy and barony were inherited by Rowland Dormer, 4th Baron Dormer, a grandson of the second son of the 1st Baron Dormer.

Early life
Baptised in St Benet's in London, he was the son of Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon and Lady Anna Sophia Herbert, daughter of Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke. Dormer was educated at the University of Oxford, where he graduated Master of Arts in 1648.

In 1643, on his father's death at the First Battle of Newbury, he succeeded to his father's titles and became Hereditary Chief Avenor and Keeper of the King's Hawks. His mother had died a few months earlier.

Career
Carnarvon was witty, hospitable and extravagant; Samuel Pepys records his saying that God provides timber so that men may pay their debts. He rarely spoke on public affairs, but his intervention in the House of Lords debate on the impeachment of the Earl of Danby in December 1678 was crucial. In a speech of great wit and humour, he drew examples going back over a century to show that managing the impeachment of another public figure was virtually a guarantee of being impeached oneself and cheerfully urged his fellow peers to "mark the man who first dares to run down Lord Danby and see what becomes of him". The Lords then voted not to commit Danby to prison until he had been heard in his own defence.

He was a friend of the future Queen Anne, and was one of the few who remained loyal to her after her violent quarrel with William III and Mary II, which in 1692 led to her banishment from Court. When Anne was reconciled with William after Mary's death in 1694, Carnarvon noted with cynicism the large crowds at her house, and said he hoped she would remember the time when none of them called on her.

Marriage and family

Dormer was married twice. Firstly to Hon. Elizabeth Capel, daughter of the 1st Baron Capel and Elizabeth Morrison around 1653. They had 3 daughters and 1 son:
Lady Anna Sophia Dormer
Lady Elizabeth Dormer married Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield
Charles Dormer, Viscount Ascott, born 25 June 1652, died before 1673. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, Oxford, England, on 22 April 1664. He graduated from Merton College, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, on 8 September 1665 with a Master of Arts (M.A.).
Lady Isabella Dormer, born 27 August 1663, married Charles Coote, 3rd Earl of Mountrath and had issue

Secondly, he was married to Lady Mary Bertie (1655–1709), daughter of 2nd Earl of Lindsey and his second wife Bridget Wray, Baroness Norris, with whom he had no issue.

Death and legacy
He died in Ascott House and was buried in Wing in Buckinghamshire. With his death, the earldom and the viscountcy became extinct, while the baronetcy and barony were inherited by Rowland Dormer, a grandson of the second son of the 1st Baron Dormer.

After his death, his estate passed to his daughters Elizabeth and Isabella.

References

|-

1632 births
1709 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
2nd Earl of Carnarvon

Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon


A macula is a spot on the retina of the human eye.

Macula may also refer to:

Science and medicine
 Macula (archaeology), a feature visible on an aerial photograph but with no identifiable function
 Macula (planetary geology), a dark area on the surface of a planet or moon
 Macula of saccule, in the human ear
 Macula of utricle, in the human ear
 Macula adhaerens, a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion
 Macula densa, a group of cells in the kidney that stain darker histologically

Species
 Astylopsis macula, a beetle of family Cerambycidae
 Gibberula macula, a sea snail of family Cystiscidae
 Goniotorna macula, a moth of family Tortricidae
 Ortalotrypeta macula, a fruit fly of family Tephritidae
 Schrankia macula, a moth of family Erebidae
 Ulotrichopus macula, a moth of family Erebidae

Other uses
 Macula (footballer) (born 1968), Brazilian footballer
 A mortal sin in Catholicism

Macula (disambiguation)


Lamarckism (also called Lamarckian evolution) is a wrong hypothesis regarding evolution. Evolution tries to explain how species change over time. Today, the only widely accepted theory of evolution is that developed from the ideas of Charles Darwin.

Lamarckism is named after Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. He based his ideas, to some extent, on those of Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles Darwin. Lamarckism says that individuals do not only pass on the things they received from their parents, but also some things they experienced during their lifetime. As an example, he cited giraffes. Giraffes, which have long necks, must have evolved from ancestors with much shorter necks. His idea was that adults needed to stretch their neck to reach leaves from high branches. Therefore, he thought, the children inherited longer necks. This idea is called the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Although Darwin did not entirely break with these ideas, his characteristic idea of natural selection relates to the individuals's relative survival and success in reproduction. Better adapted forms leave, on average, more offspring. This changes the proportion of alleles in the population.

Gregor Mendel discovered some basic rules of heredity. These rules of Mendelian inheritance contradict Lamarck's hypotheses entirely, but are consistent with natural selection. This explains why Lamarck's ideas are no longer regarded as a sound explanation of evolution. Where Lamarck and Darwin do agree is that evolution did take place.

Lamarck's theory

The identification of "Lamarckism" with the inheritance of acquired characteristics alone is regarded by some as an over-simplification, rehashed in textbooks repeatedly. Stephen Jay Gould wrote that late 19th century evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics – inheritance of acquired characters – to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself". He argued that "the restriction of Lamarckism to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system". Gould advocated defining "Lamarckism" more broadly, in line with Lamarck's overall evolutionary theory.

However, as scientist historians such as Michael Ghiselin and Stephen Jay Gould have pointed out, none of these views were original to Lamarck. On the contrary, Lamarck's contribution was a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution. He saw evolution as comprising two processes;

 Le pouvoir de la vie (a complexifying force) – in which the natural, alchemical movements of fluids would etch out organs from tissues, leading to ever more complex construction regardless of the organ's use or disuse. This would drive organisms from simple to complex forms.
 L'influence des circonstances (an adaptive force) – in which the use and disuse of characters led organisms to become more adapted to their environment. This would take organisms sideways off the path from simple to complex, specialising them for their environment.

In essence, a change in the environment brings about a change in needs (besoins), resulting in a change in behavior, bringing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time — and thus the gradual transmutation (change) of the species.

The modern point of view is that neither of his two 'forces' exists; Lamarck can be credited with the first fully worked-out account of evolution. However, his ideas of how it came about are entirely mistaken.

References

Evolution

Lamarckism


Lowest of the Low or Lowest of the Low: the Turkish worker in West Germany is the English translation of German journalist Günter Wallraff's book Ganz unten ("At the very bottom"), originally published in Germany in 1985. The book describes his undercover experiment as a Turkish migrant worker in West Germany over the span of two years.

Overview

Wallraff assumes the identity of a Turkish man named Ali Sigirlioğlu. Wallraff opts to disguise himself for his experiment. He alters his appearance by wearing contact lenses and a wig to make himself appear younger, and additionally adopts what he considers to be a stereotypical cartoon accent and affect.

Wallraff publishes an ad in a newspaper as Ali Sigirlioğlu, stating his willingness to work any job, including hard labor. He takes on various jobs as an unqualified worker, including work as a farmhand, a McDonald's fast food worker, and as a worker in a Thyssen steel factory. Wallraff concludes his undercover experiment after two years as a result of the physical strain and health problems the various jobs caused him.

Conclusions and observations
Wallraff's conclusions from his experiment reflect the xenophobic treatment and exploitation he faced while playing the role of a young Turkish migrant worker. He underlines the risks he experiences, such as a employers lacking protective equipment for workers, poor work environments and the low wages offered to migrant workers. Wallraff also notes how the laborers are treated like disposable tools and not people. He also included some reports from other people who worked in nuclear fuel manufacturing.

He recounts the social isolation he faced as a Turkish man, describing various incidents where individuals would insult, berate or threaten him without provocation.

Reception
The book was very successful upon publication, with more than four million copies being sold within the original German run, and being translated into 30 languages and distributed in several countries. It became Germany's largest literary post-World War II success.

The publication of Wallraff's book increased the European public's interest in the mistreatment and social isolation of foreign workers. There were also investigations into illegal employment agencies as a result.

In an effort to help foreigners, Günter Wallraff created "Ausländersolidarität" ("Solidarity with Foreigners"), a fund to assist newcomers in Germany.

References

1985 non-fiction books
German non-fiction books
Undercover journalists

Lowest of the Low (book)


John (Johnnie) White (died 2007) was a high-ranking staff officer of the Official Irish Republican Army (Official IRA) in Derry, Northern Ireland and later Adjutant General of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). He was a key figure in Derry in the early years of the Troubles, and played a prominent role in the events surrounding the creation and defence of Free Derry.

External links
Johnny White - An Appreciation (Indymedia)

2007 deaths
Irish National Liberation Army members
Irish republicans
Official Irish Republican Army members
Year of birth missing

Johnnie White


The Tongeren Group is a lithostratigraphic unit (a sequence of rock strata) in the subsurface of Belgium. It consists of shallow marine, epicontinental and/or continental clays and sands from the late Eocene to early Oligocene epochs (between 37 and 30 million years old).

The Belgian Tongeren Group correlates with the Dutch Tongeren Formation. The name was introduced by André Hubert Dumont in 1849.

Subdivision
The Tongeren Group is subdivided into three formations. From top to bottom these are:
the Borgloon Formation, lagunal or fluvial shell rich sand and clay;
the Sint Huibrechts-Hern Formation, marine shell bearing sand and clay;
the Zelzate Formation, shallow marine glauconiferous sand with thin clay layers.

Stratigraphic relations
In northwest Belgium the Tongeren Group (represented in that area mostly by the Zelzate Formation) is stratigraphically lying on top of the Maldegem Formation (middle Eocene clay and sand). This formation is lacking in the east of the country, where the Tongeren Group is found directly on top of rocks with older ages, like the Landen Group.

The Tongeren Group is usually overlain by deposits of the late Oligocene Rupel Group.

References

Dumont, A.; 1849: Rapport sur la Carte géologique du Royaume, Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique 16 (2ième partie), p. 370.
Laga, P.; Louwye, S. & Geets, S. (eds.); 2001: Paleogene and Neogene lithostratigraphic units (Belgium), Geologica Belgica 4(1-2), p. 135-152

Geologic groups of Europe
Geologic formations of Belgium
Lithostratigraphy of Belgium
Eocene Series of Europe
Oligocene Series of Europe

Tongeren Group


In boxing, the term flyweight is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A flyweight is a boxer weighing above 49 kg (108 lb) and up to 52 kg (112 lb). Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size. Most divisions only separate each other by few lbs.

Professional boxing
The flyweight division was the last of boxing's eight traditional weight classes. Before 1909, anyone below featherweight was considered a bantamweight. In 1911, the organization that eventually became the British Boxing Board of Control held a match that crowned Sid Smith as the first flyweight champion of the world. Jimmy Wilde, who reigned from 1914 to 1923, was the first boxer recognized both in Britain and the United States as a flyweight champion.

Other notable flyweights include Pancho Villa, Walter McGowan, Pascual Pérez, Pone Kingpetch, Fighting Harada, Masao Ohba, Chartchai Chionoi, Efren Torres, Erbito Salavarria, Miguel Canto, Dave McAuley, Charlie Magri, Gabriel Bernal, Santos Laciar, Sot Chitalada, Yong-Kang Kim, Yuri Arbachakov, Danny Romero, Mark "Too Sharp" Johnson, Manny Pacquiao, Jorge Arce, Vic Darchinyan, Nonito Donaire and Pongsaklek Wonjongkam.

References

Boxing

Flyweight


The Entitled is a 2011 Canadian hostage suspense film directed by Aaron Woodley. The film was released directly to DVD and Video on Demand. The Entitled is about three unemployed youngsters with anti social inclinations and bleak future, who kidnap the kids of three rich dads for ransom.

Plot

Paul Dynan (Kevin Zegers) and his mother Marsha Dynan (Nola Augustson) are unemployed. At school, two students Jenna (Tatiana Maslany) and Dean (Devon Bostick) are aware they are two of a kind, possessing malevolence towards the world around them. Paul, enamoring Jenna and befriending Dean, comes up with a plan to kidnap three kids of wealthy families for ransom.

The scene shifts to a lake house where two men, Clifford Jones (Stephen McHattie) and  Richard Nader (Ray Liotta) and a butler (Anthony Ulc) await a third man, and each of their kids. Elsewhere Jenna and Dean abduct the three kids Jeff (John Bregar),  Nick (Dustin Milligan) and Hailey (Laura Vandervoort) and bring them to a house. Paul reappears after other arrangements, calls Clifford's house and demands 1 million dollars from each father to be wired to an offshore bank account. Scared, Clifford pays right away and advises Richard to do the same. Richard's transaction does not go through as his agent tells him he does not have enough money. Bob has not yet come and they are unable to reach him.

The kids are locked, blindfolded and tied in a basement. Paul is shown to light a cigarette while telling Jenna to keep watch. Dean, wanting to derive some fun for himself with victims, is disappointed when he's not assigned. Paul calls the fathers and learns that the one million dollars will not be coming from Bob, who has not yet arrived to receive the message. Aware that Paul has decided to kill the rich kids regardless of whether the ransom is paid or not, antisocial Jenna gets carried away and shoots Bob's son, Jeff. Overhearing the shooting, the fathers learn Jeff is dead. Paul agrees to two million dollars and warns that if the money does not make it to the account he will kill the remaining two. When Bob (Victor Garber) does arrive, the fathers try not to tell him Jeff is dead for fear of jeopardizing their own children's lives, but are somewhat conspicuous in their efforts. Bob sends his one million dollars only to later learn that he paid instead for Nick.  Paul, unhappy with Jenna, tells his co-conspirators that his intention was not to shoot their hostages but to blow up the house. Meanwhile, Nick and Hailey, distraught by Jeff's death and that his body lies beside them, manage to free themselves. Nick, recognizing the location as his father's home, decides they should break for Rick's house, which is nearby. The kidnappers discover the escape. Paul tells Jenna and Dean to find the kids, but only kill them if money is not received. Dean catches the kids in the woods and holds them at gun point. When the money comes in, Paul re-transfers it, calls the fathers and instructs them to stay put. He then calls Dean and tells him to let the kids go and rendezvous at the gas station as he has the money. Dean, upset about not being allowed to inflict damage, shoots Nick, loses his balance and falls over, discovering that the gun Paul gave him is loaded with blanks. The kids escape.

Jenna tracks the kids to the gas station. In self-defense and anger, Nick strangles Jenna. Nick and Hailey again escape and make it to Rick's house. Dean arrives at the gas station to find Jenna lifeless on the ground. Paul leaves the house, taking one of three beer bottles from the house. He confronts Dean and reveals that he has framed Jenna and Dean as obvious antisocial suspects.  Paul kills Dean, makes it look like suicide, and goes to Rick's house. Paul is the Butler's son and he plays the victim of a struggle. While awaiting the police, Paul lights a match that illuminates Hailey's face.  She is curious, but when the police arrive and question everyone, Paul is not a suspect. Hailey and Nick have never heard Paul's voice as a kidnapper. Paul leaves with his dad, watching the lights and police cordoning off the gas station.

Cast
 Kevin Zegers as Paul Dynan
 Victor Garber as Bob Vincent
 Laura Vandervoort as Hailey Jones, daughter of Clifford Jones
 Dustin Milligan as Nick Nader, son of Richard Nader
 Devon Bostick as Dean Taylor
 Ray Liotta as Richard Nader
 Stephen McHattie as Clifford Jones
 Tatiana Maslany as Jenna
 Anthony Ulc as Frank
 John Bregar as Jeff Vincent, son of Bob Vincent
 Nola Augustson as Marsha Dynan
 Jim Codrington as Detective

Production and reception
The film was shot mostly in Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The film was nominated for a Directors Guild of Canada Craft award in 2012.

References

External links

2011 films
2010s thriller films
English-language Canadian films
Canadian independent films
Films directed by Aaron Woodley
Films shot in Greater Sudbury
Canadian thriller films
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films

The Entitled


The DoD Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP) is a deprecated United States Department of Defense (DoD) process meant to ensure companies and organizations applied risk management to information systems (IS).  DIACAP defined a DoD-wide formal and standard set of activities, general tasks and a management structure process for the certification and accreditation (C&A) of a DoD IS which maintained the information assurance (IA) posture throughout the system's life cycle.

As of May 2015, the DIACAP was replaced by the "Risk Management Framework (RMF) for DoD Information Technology (IT)".  Although re-accreditations via DIACAP continued through late 2016, systems that had not yet started accreditation by May 2015 were required to transition to the RMF processes.    The DoD RMF aligns with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Risk Management Framework (RMF).

History
DIACAP resulted from an NSA directed shift in underlying security approaches. An interim version of the DIACAP was signed July 6, 2006, and superseded the interim DITSCAP guidance.  The final version is called Department of Defense Instruction 8510.01, and was signed on March 12, 2014 (previous version was November 28, 2007).

DODI 8500.01 Cybersecurity
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/850001_2014.pdf,

DODI 8510.01 Risk Management Framework (RMF) for DoD Information Technology (IT)
https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/i8510_01.pdf

DIACAP differed from DITSCAP in several ways—in particular, in its embrace of the idea of information assurance controls (defined in DoDD 8500.1 and DoDI 8500.2) as the primary set of security requirements for all automated information systems (AISs).  Applicable IA Controls were assigned based on the system's mission assurance category (MAC) and confidentiality level (CL).

Process
 System Identification Profile
 DIACAP Implementation Plan
 Validation
 Certification Determination
 DIACAP Scorecard
 POA&M
 Authorization to Operate Decision
 Residual Risk Acceptance

See also

 Risk Management Framework - successor to DIACAP

References

 DIACAP Guidance at the DoD Information Assurance Support Environment
 DIACAP Knowledge Service (requires DoD PKI certificate)
 DIACAP Control Indexer
 Full list of DIACAP Phases with instructions at GovITwiki.
 DPT. Of Defense Instruction 8510.01: DoD Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process
 Department of Defense Directive 8500.1: Information Assurance (IA)
 Department of Defense Instruction 8500.2:  Information Assurance (IA) Implementation

External links
 DoD Approved 8570 Baseline Certifications

Computer security accreditations
Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Program

Department of Defense Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process


The Battle of Doire Leathan took place on 14 September 1590 at Doire Leathan (English: Derrylahan), a townland and hamlet located between Kilcar and Carrick in south-western County Donegal in Ulster, Ireland. Derrylahan is on the eastern shores of Teelin Bay, being just across from the village of Teelin. The battle was part of the ongoing succession dispute for the leadership of the Gaelic lordship of O'Donnell. A combined force of Irish clans and Scottish Redshank mercenaries hired by Iníon Dubh (pronounced 'In-neen Doo') defeated and killed Sir Domhnall Ó Domhnaill (Sir Donnell O'Donnell). The Tanist of Tír Conaill, Sir Domhnall's younger half-brother and Iníon Dubh's son, Red Hugh O'Donnell, was still imprisoned in Dublin Castle, but later rose following a subsequent escape to lead Clan O'Donnell and was a prominent figure during the Nine Years War.

According to the Annals of the Four Masters, "The son of O'Donnell, i.e. Donnell, the son of Hugh, son of Manus, son of Hugh Duv, son of Hugh Roe, son of Niall Garv, son of Turlough of the Wine, attempted to depose his father, after he had grown weak and feeble from age, and after his other son had been imprisoned in Dublin; so that Donnell brought under his power and jurisdiction that part of Tirconnell from the mountain westwards, i.e. from Bearnas to the River Drowes; and also the people of Boylagh and Tir-Boghaine. It was a cause of great anguish and sickness of mind to Ineenduv, the daughter of James Mac Donnell, that Donnell should make such an attempt, lest he might attain the chieftainship of Tirconnell in preference to her son, Hugh Roe, who was confined in Dublin, and who she hoped would become chief, whatever time God might permit him to return from his captivity; and she, therefore, assembled all the Kinel-Connell who were obedient to her husband, namely, O'Doherty, with his forces; Mac Sweeny-na dTuath (Owen Oge), with his forces; and Mac Sweeny Fanad, with his forces; with a great number of Scots along with them. After Donnell O'Donnell had received intelligence that this muster had been made to oppose him, he assembled his forces to meet them. These were they who rose up to assist him on this occasion: Mac Sweeny Banagh (Donough, the son of Mulmurry); a party of the Clann-Sweeny of Munster, under the conduct of the three sons of Owen, the son of Mulmurry, son of Donough, son of Turlough, and their forces; and O'Boyle (Teige Oge, the son of Teige, son of Turlough), with all his forces, assembled. The place where the son of O'Donnell happened to be stationed along with these chieftains was Doire-leathan at the extremity of Tir-Boghaine, to the west of Gleann Choluim Cille. The other party did not halt until they came to them to that place; and a battle ensued between them, which was fiercely fought on both sides. The Scots discharged a shower of arrows from their elastic bows, by which they pierced and wounded great numbers, and, among the rest, the son of O'Donnell himself, who, being unable to display prowess or defend himself, was slain at Doire-leathan, on one side of the harbour of Telinn, on the 14th of September. Seldom before that time had his enemies triumphed over him; and the party by whom he was slain had not been by any means his enemies until they encountered on this occasion; and although this Donnell was not the rightful heir of his father, it would have been no disgrace to Tirconnell to have elected him as its chief, had he been permitted to attain to that dignity. In this conflict were slain along with Donnell the three sons of Owen, son of Mulmurry, son of Donough above mentioned, together with two hundred others, around Donnell."<ref> [https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T100005F/index.html The Annals of the Four Masters, 1590] </ref>

References

Bibliography
 Morgan, Hiram. Tyrone's Rebellion''. Boydell Press, 1999.

1590 in Ireland
Battles involving Gaelic Irish tribes
Doire Leathan
History of County Donegal
O'Donnell dynasty

Battle of Doire Leathan


Gaston Gallimard (; 18 January 1881 – 25 December 1975) was a French publisher.

He founded La Nouvelle Revue Française in 1908, together with André Gide and Jean Schlumberger.
In 1911 the trio established La Nouvelle Revue Française. In 1919, he created his own publishing house, named Librairie Gallimard, though he continued to work closely with the NRF. Éditions Gallimard is one of the leading French publishing houses.

In  World War II during the German occupation of Paris a "round-table" of French and German intellectuals met at the Georges V Hotel including Gallimard, the writers Ernst Jünger, Paul Morand, Jean Cocteau, and Henry Millon de Montherlant and the legal scholar Carl Schmitt.

Gallimard, in October 1932, founded the Marianne (magazine: 1932-40).

Works

Texts by Gaston Gallimard
 Friedrich Hebbel, Judith, five-act tragedy translated from German by Gaston Gallimard & Pierre de Lanux. Paris, Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue française, 1911.
 « Il a inventé des auteurs, un public », En souvenir de René Julliard, Paris, René Julliard, 1963, .

Correspondences
 Jean Paulhan / Gaston Gallimard, Correspondance, edition established, presented and annotated by Laurence Brisset, Gallimard, 2011.
 Marcel Proust / Gaston Gallimard, Correspondance, edition, presented and annotated by Pascal Fouché, Paris, Gallimard, 1989.
 Jacques Rivière / Gaston Gallimard, Correspondance 1911-1924, edition, presented and annotated by Pierre-Edmond Robert in collaboration with Alain Rivière, Paris, 1881

Bibliography
 Pierre Assouline, Gaston Gallimard : Un demi-siècle d'édition française, Balland, 1984, Folio, 2006
 Catalogue Gallimard. 1911-2011, 1711 p.
 Gallimard. Un siècle d'édition, Bibliothèque nationale de France/Gallimard, 2011
 , Gallimard. Un éditeur à l'œuvre, Gallimard, 2011, series "Découvertes Gallimard" #569

References

External links
 Gaston Gallimard on Babelio
 Gaston Gallimard on Encyclopædia Britannica
 Gallimard: 100 years in publishing on The Guardian (26 March 2011)

1881 births
1975 deaths
Businesspeople from Paris
French book publishers (people)
Lycée Condorcet alumni
Nouvelle Revue Française editors
Gaston

Gaston Gallimard


Abraham Stouffer (January 8, 1781 – October 27, 1851) is  the founder of the town of Stouffville, Ontario.

Background and early years in the United States, 1781-1804
Abraham Stouffer was born January 8, 1781, near Chambersburg, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to Abraham Stauffer (1747–1809) and Barbara Hershey (1750–1795). Abraham was a descendant of Christian Stauffer (1579–1671), a fugitive "obstinate" Anabaptist (Mennonite) preacher in Switzerland.

Immigration to Upper Canada, and the founding "Stoufferville", 1803-1805
In October 1804, Abraham Stouffer emigrated to Upper Canada from Pennsylvania with his wife's family, the Reesors. Their entourage of five Conestoga wagons reached Markham Township after a six-week journey. The information on Stouffer's Affirmation of Allegiance states: "farmer, hazel eyes, brown hair, six feet one inch high, born in Pennsylvania, 28 years old, a Menonist." Abraham and his wife Elizabeth initially settled north of Cedar Grove on the Little Rouge River, but soon acquired 400 acres of land on the Markham-Whitchurch Township Line. In 1805, Stouffer purchased Lots 1 and 2, Concession 9, on the Whitchurch side of the township line, and soon after he acquired lot 35 on the Markham side. Stouffer, who had learned milling from his father, built a saw and a grist mills on Duffin's Creek (near what is today Mill and Main Streets), and a village soon developed around the mills. The settlement became known as "Stoufferville".

Leading figure in Stouffville
Abraham Stouffer was a leading figure in the larger community. In 1825, he became a director of the Farmers' Storehouse Company, an enterprise of millers formed to counter the power of the York merchants. In 1832, when a post office was established, the name of the village was shortened from "Stoufferville" to Stouffville. Stouffer was also one of the first trustees of the Altona Mennonite Meeting House.

Death
Abraham Stouffer died October 27, 1851, and is buried at the Altona Mennonite Meeting House

Stouffer family coat of arms, and the Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville
Today, the coat of arms of the Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville includes a star and chalice which come from the Stouffer family (Swiss) coat of arms.

References

1781 births
1851 deaths
American emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Whitchurch-Stouffville
Canadian Mennonites
Canadian farmers
Canadian people of Swiss descent
People from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Immigrants to Upper Canada

Abraham Stouffer