Jakobín, or The Jacobin in English, is an operatic pastoral comedy in three acts by Antonín Dvořák, his Opus 84 (B. 159). Its Czech libretto by Marie Červinková-Riegrová employs characters from Alois Jirásek's story At the Ducal Court but in a plot of her devising. The opera's first performance took place on 9 February 1889 at the National Theatre in Prague with Adolf Čech conducting; it was however revised by both librettist (in 1894) and composer (in 1897) and premiered again, under Čech, on 19 June 1898, with notable adjustments to the last act, in the version that has since been standard.

Evaluation
Dvořák felt great affection for the subject, as the central character is a music teacher and he had in mind his former teacher Antonín Liehmann, whose daughter Terinka's name is taken by one of the main characters. John Clapham has briefly discussed the presence of Czech musical style in Jakobín. H. C. Colles has described this opera as "the most subtle and intimate of his peasant operas", and noted "how clearly its scenes are drawn from life".

Roles

Synopsis
Place: a small country town in Bohemia
Time: 1793

Act 1

Bohuš has returned to his home-town, incognito, with his wife Julie. His mother is dead and his father, the Count, has disowned him and has become a recluse. Meanwhile, the Count's Burgrave pays court to the schoolmaster Benda's daughter, Terinka, who is, however, in love with Jiří. The Burgrave is suspicious of Bohuš and Julie, especially as they have come from Paris, where the Count's son is said to be allied with the Jacobins. To everyone's surprise, the Count himself now appears, confirming that he no longer regards Bohuš as his son, and that his heir will be his nephew Adolf. Adolf and the Burgrave rejoice, while Bohuš and Julie, hidden among the crowd, are horrified at the turn that events have taken.

Act 2

In the school, Benda rehearses a chorus of children and townsfolk, together with Terinka and Jiří as soloists, in a cantata which will celebrate Adolf's new position. After the rehearsal, Terinka and Jiří declare their love, but Benda returns and announces that his daughter must marry the Burgrave. An argument develops, but suddenly the people return, alarmed at the rumour that sinister Jacobins have arrived in the town. The townsfolk run away in terror as Bohuš and Julie arrive to ask Benda if he can accommodate them for a few days. He is inclined to refuse, but when they reveal that they are Czechs who have sustained themselves in foreign countries through singing the songs of their native land, he, Terinka and Jiří are overcome with emotion and are happy to shelter them. The Burgrave comes to woo Terinka, but she rejects him. When Jiří defies him, the Burgrave threatens to force him into the army, but suddenly Adolf enters, wanting to find out if the "Jacobin" (Bohuš) has been arrested. The Burgrave prevaricates, but Bohuš himself arrives and reveals who he is. He and Adolf quarrel, and Adolf orders Bohuš's arrest.

Act 3

At the castle, Jiří tries to see the Count to tell him that his son has been imprisoned, but is himself arrested at the behest of Adolf and the Burgrave. Lotinka admits Julie and Benda, and goes to fetch the Count. Julie hides, and Benda tries to prepare the old man for a reconciliation with Bohuš. The Count, however, is still angry with his son for marrying and leaving Bohemia and for his alleged Jacobin sympathies. Benda departs, and the Count laments his lonely life and wonders whether he has, after all, misjudged his son. Offstage, Julie sings a song that the late Countess used to sing to Bohuš when he was a child, and the Count, recognising it and overcome with emotion, asks Julie where she learnt it. Once he discovers that it was his son who taught it to her, his anger returns, but Julie is able to convince him that Bohuš, far from being a Jacobin, supported the Girondins and had been condemned to death by the Jacobins. She now reveals that Bohuš is in prison and that she is his wife, but the celebrations are about to start, and she leaves.

The children and townsfolk rejoice, and the Count announces that he will present his successor to them. Adolf is overjoyed, but the Count first enquires of him and the Burgrave whether there are any prisoners that he can pardon as part of the festivities. They reluctantly admit that there are, and Bohuš and Jiří are summoned. The Burgrave realises that the game is up as the Count denounces the scheming Adolf and embraces Bohuš and Julie. Bohuš praises the loyalty of Jiří and Terinka, and the Count joins their hands. Benda gives them his blessing, and the opera ends with a minuet, a polka and a chorus praising the Count and his new-found happiness with his son and his family.

Recordings
1943 — Hamburger Archiv Für Gesangskunst, sung in German: Josef Becker, Hans-Jürgen Demitz, Gabriele Maria Ronge, Jörn W. Wilsing, Josef Hopferwieser, Richard Kogel, Wolf Appel; Symphonisches Orchester Berlin; Fritz Weisse, conductor
c. 1950 — Hamburger Archiv Für Gesangskunst PN 30474, in German: Artur Kern, Robert Granzer, Mirjana Irosch, Rudolf Katzböck, Adolf Dallapozza, Jolanta Radek; Orchester der Wiener Volksoper; Ivan Parik (conductor)
1952 — Archipel P 2013, in German: Walter Berry, Andreas Agrelli, Trude Arthold, Franz Fuchs, Leo Heppe, Waldemar Kmentt, Fritz Uhl, Gisela Rathauscher, Susanne Naidic; Tonkünstlerchor, Großes Wiener Rundfunkorchester; Kurt Tenner, conductor
1972 — Supraphon 11 2190-2 612, in the original Czech: Karel Průša, Karel Berman, Ivana Mixová, Vilém Přibyl, Beno Blachut, Václav Zítek, René Tuček, Daniela Šounová-Brouková, Marcela Machotková; Kühn mixed choir; Kantilena Children's Chorus; Brno Philharmonic Orchestra; Jiří Pinkas, conductor
2001 — Fonè  024 2SACD, in Czech: Valentin Pivovarov, Markus Werba, Alessandro Grato, Tatiana Monogarova; National Philharmonic Orchestra of Belarus, Wexford Festival Opera Chorus; Alexandre Voloschuk, conductor
2003 — Orfeo 641 043, in Czech: Mark Holland, Marcin Bronikowski, Christoph Stephinger, Andrea Danková, Peter Mikuláš, Michal Lehotský, Eberhard Francesco Lorenz, Lívia Ághová, Mechthild Georg; Prague Chamber Choir, WDR Rundfunkchor Köln, WDR Sinfonieorchester Köln; Gerd Albrecht, conductor
2023 — OperaVision, filmed in Brno, in Czech: Vykopalová, Kaňková, Levíček, Briscein, Hoza, Szendiuch; conducted by Klecker

References
Notes

External links
Information on a comprehensive Dvořák site
Upcoming performances from Operabase.com

Operas by Antonín Dvořák
Operas
1889 operas
Czech-language operas

The Jacobin


Guy Homer Harding (born December 7, 1925) was an American politician in the state of South Dakota. He was a member of the South Dakota State Senate from 1971 to 1988. Throughout his state senate term, he represented the 19th, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th districts. He was also Treasurer of South Dakota from 1991 to 1995. Harding, a Republican, is a veteran of World War II and Korean War, serving in the US Army. He reached the rank of brigadier general and was later Assistant Adjutant General of South Dakota. He is an alumnus of the University of South Dakota and was a car dealer. Harding is also a past president of the Pierre Chamber of Commerce and former member of the Pierre School Board.

References

Living people
South Dakota Republicans
1925 births
People from Pierre, South Dakota
University of South Dakota alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army personnel of the Korean War

G. Homer Harding


Pavol Pavlis (born 12 January 1961 in Bratislava) is a Slovak politician affiliated with the Direction - Social Democracy (SMER-SD) party.  His political career dates from 2006 with an alternate work in the Slovak legislature and in the state administration of the Slovak Republic.

Pavol Pavlis graduated at the Bilíkova Gymnasium in 1980, and in the same year he enrolled in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava with specialization in Automated Systems of Technological Process Management [1]. During his undergraduate studies he took an internship at the Academy of Sciences in Moscow. He started the professional career at the Research Institute of Computer Sciences based in Žilina in 1984 where he was a researcher and Head of the Department. Subsequently, he worked for SLUVIS, foreign trade company, as Chief Executive Officer - Specialist. Since 1992 he had been engaged in business activities, mainly at Port Service Bratislava, Ltd.  as Director of Company. Between 2003 and 2006 he was a member of the Supervisory Board of the National Property Fund of the Slovak Republic.

Political career

Parliamentary Term 2006 - 2010

Pavol Pavlis was nominated for the 15th position on the SMER-SD candidate list in the 2006 Parliamentary Elections [8] In the National Council of the Slovak Republic (the NR SR) he worked in the Committee on Economic Policy [1], and in the National Security Authority Oversight Special Committee as verifier.

Parliamentary Term 2010 - 2012

In the elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic in March 2010 he was nominated to 27th candidate position for the SMER-SD.[9] He was engaged in the NR SR  Committee for Agriculture and Environment [1]

Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic 2012 - 2015

During the Second Cabinet of Robert Fico he served as State Secretary at the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic, and of 2014 as Minister of Economy of the Slovak Republic. At the same time he was a Member of the Board at the Export-Import Bank of the Slovak Republic.

Parliamentary Term 2012 - 2016

After leaving the position of Minister of Economy of the Slovak Republic he served as the Member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic  within the 6th Parliamentary Term, to which position he was elected as the 25th candidate for the SMER-SD in 2012.

Parliamentary Term 2016 - 2020

In the elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic  in March 2016, he stood as the 32nd candidate for the SMER-SD.[9] He worked in the NR SR Committee for Economic Affairs.

Office for Standardization, Metrology and Testing SR 2016–Present

On 1 October 2016, the Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic appointed Pavol Pavlis as the President of the Slovak Office of Standards Metrology and Testing.

References

External links
http://www.vlada.gov.sk/vlada-sr-od-04-04-2012-do-23-03-2016/
http://www.unms.sk/?president_of_the_sosmt

living people
1961 births
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava alumni
Direction – Social Democracy politicians
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2006-2010
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2010-2012
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2012-2016
Members of the National Council (Slovakia) 2016–2020
Politicians from Bratislava

Pavol Pavlis


MT9 is a digital audio file format developed by Korea's Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI). The format is currently being promoted by Audizen under the commercial name of Music 2.0.

MT9 allows listeners to adjust the volume for each channel – such as guitar, drums, bass and vocals - muting or amplifying their favourite parts. This feature would also likely be used by artists, who could more easily create remixes from existing songs, and this could create intellectual property conflicts.

The format was supposedly presented to the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) in its 84th meeting in Archamps, France, in April 2008, and voted as a candidate for a new international standard for digital audio, being scheduled to be further discussed by the MPEG during its 85th meeting in Hanover, Germany, in July 2008.
However, the press releases of both meetings make no mention of this.

Samsung and LG both showed interest in equipping their mobile phones with an MT9 player and their first commercial products are likely to debut early 2009, according to Audizen's CEO Ham Seung-chul.

References

Computer file formats

MT9


Canelo Ranger Station, also known as Canelo Work Station, is a historic ranger station in the Coronado National Forest, within Santa Cruz County of southern Arizona.  It is located in the ghost town of Canelo, within a small valley between the Canelo Hills on the west and the northern Huachuca Mountains on the east.

It was built by the United States Forest Service (USFS) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the early-1930s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 for its American Craftsman and Bungalow style  architecture. The listing includes five contributing buildings on a  property, designed by USFS architects in Bungalow/Craftsman style.

History
Construction of the Canelo Ranger Station began in November 1932, before the establishment of the CCC, which was responsible for building and improving many of Arizona's ranger stations and park sites during the Depression era.

Work was first started on a new adobe house for the rangers by Forest Service workers. During excavations for the construction of the basement, workers unearthed a redwood coffin containing the remains of local pioneer Captain Joe Parks. Parks had settled in the Canelo area in 1882. After the coffin's removal, concrete was poured to form the basement, which was finished in early December 1932, when work ceased for the winter.

On June 16, 1933, it was reported that the construction of the Canelo Ranger Station complex was finished with the completion of a small adobe barn, made from scrap materials salvaged from an older ranger station house. In addition to the residence and barn, a new office building, a three-bay garage and a small pumphouse along nearby Turkey Creek were also constructed, all of adobe brick. The office is identical in plan to the Patagonia and Lowell Ranger Station offices, but instead of a flat adobe roof common to desert settings, it features a wooden gabled roof, meant to fit in with the surrounding woodland environment.

Not long after the establishment of the Canelo Ranger Station, the CCC arrived and was put to work building the stone retaining walls around the office and residence, improving the roads, landscaping, and building corrals.

National Register of Historic Places listing
The station is considered to be a good representation of a USFS administrative complex from the Depression era, and is also significant for its association with the expansion of the USFS from a custodial superintendence role to active resource management, which continues to the present day. The retaining walls are still intact, along with most of the rest of the station, which has changed very little over the years.  Although a few additions and other minor modifications have been made, the overall appearance of the station remains very much like it did when it was first built in the 1930s.

Contributing buildings
The following are the contributing buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

 Office: Bungalow/Craftsman style adobe building with two entrances, two offices and a bathroom
 Residence: Bungalow/Craftsman style adobe building with two bedrooms, a bathroom, living room, kitchen, dining room and basement
 Garage: Long adobe building with a wooden gabled roof, one entrance and three bays
 Barn: Small adobe building with a wooden gabled roof, next to horse corral
 Pumphouse: Small adobe building with a wooden gabled roof, now used for storage

See also

 Canelo School
 Lowell Ranger Station
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Cruz County, Arizona

Gallery

References

External links

United States Forest Service ranger stations
Coronado National Forest
Buildings and structures in Santa Cruz County, Arizona
Government buildings in Arizona
Government buildings completed in 1933
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Cruz County, Arizona
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
1932 establishments in Arizona
Civilian Conservation Corps in Arizona
American Craftsman architecture in Arizona
Bungalow architecture in Arizona

Canelo Ranger Station


The Carina nebula (NGC 3372 or the Great Nebula in Carina, the Eta Carina nebula) is a large, bright nebula. It is around 7,500 light years from Earth and has over 14,000 stars. It appears in the constellation of Carina in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way. The Carina nebula was discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1751 from the Cape of Good Hope. The French astronomer had made an astronomical expedition to record objects in the southern sky.

From the description in WP Commons:
"Trumpler 16 is an open cluster that contains the massive luminous blue variable Eta Carinae, one of the brightest stars in the galaxy. It is possibly as much as 120 times the mass of the Sun, and emits the light of 4,000,000 Suns. Eta Carinae is nearing the end of its life, and is surrounded by a huge nebula, cast off by numerous eruptions of the star over the last several centuries. It is expected to explode into a supernova at any time. Trumpler 14 (annotated) contains the huge double star HD 93129 A/B. The young O3 class star HD 93129 A is one of the brightest stars in the galaxy that is still on the main sequence, and with a luminosity equivalent to 3,000,000 Suns. It is very nearly as bright as Eta Carinae, but this is not obvious in the photo due to obscuring nebulosities".

References

Nebulae

Carina nebula


Amanda Nicole Ventrice (born September 12, 1985), better known by her stage name Mandy Ventrice, is an American recording artist, songwriter, and vocal producer.

Born in the Bay Area, Mandy Ventrice began her music career at a very early age; writing her first song at the age of seven, and completing her first CD independently by the age of thirteen. Soon after, Ventrice joined a female pop group based out of Boston, called Poetry In Motion. In 2002, the pop group dispersed and Mandy launched new solo efforts, working with the likes of Shep Goodman & Kenny Gioia, Aaron Accetta, Carl Sturken & Evan Rogers, and Sam Hollander.

After moving to New York in 2004, Mandy began performing with rock trio, Lights Resolve; touring with The Used, Shiny Toy Guns, and Panic! at the Disco; and performing at major music festivals, including The Bamboozle and CMJ.

In 2010, she released her first dance/pop single with American house DJ and multi-platinum recording artist Ian Carey. After the song and video's massive exposure, reaching over 1.6 million views on YouTube, she released a single with one of Germany's top DJ duos, Michael Mind Project. The single charted on top 40 radio and the DJ dance charts in Europe. In the midst of her overseas success, Mandy moved back to California and worked with hip-hop producer Just Blaze on a new track for Eminem's highly anticipated studio album, Recovery. She performed the lead vocal on the track's hook, but the song wasn't completed in time for the official release of the album in June 2010. Less than one month later, Mandy performed sample vocals on a Kanye West production for Rick Ross' single, "Live Fast Die Young," off Ross' fourth studio album, Teflon Don. She also performed background vocals for R&B legend Charlie Wilson on his number one single, "You Are," and on the massively successful Watch The Throne album with Jay-Z and Kanye West.

In January 2013, Mandy moved to Los Angeles to focus more on her career in songwriting. She began co-writing with some of the industry's top writers and producers such as, Julia Michaels, Chris Sernel, Breyan Isaac, and Kevin Kadish. She has songs featured in major motion pictures such as Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa, and prime time television shows such as ABC's The Mindy Project, as well as MTV's Teen Mom and Jersey Shore. In December 2013, she inked her first major publishing deal with Atlantic Records and Warner/Chappell Music.

Mandy currently lives in the Bay Area, where she continues to write for major and independent artists, as well as for the TV/film industry.

Collaborations

Songwriting discography

References

External links
 Official Website
 Official Youtube Page

1985 births
American women singer-songwriters
American women pop singers
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters

Mandy Ventrice


The 2014 Carlisle City Council election took place on 22 May 2014 to elect members of Carlisle District Council in Cumbria, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was:
Labour 29
Conservative 19
Liberal Democrats 2
Independent 2

Background
17 seats were contested in 2014 and four sitting councillors stood down at the election from Castle, Denton Holme, Harraby and Wetheral wards.

Election result
Labour gained one seat from the Liberal Democrats to win 9 of the 17 seats contested. The Labour gain came in Castle ward and took Labour to 29 councillors, while the Liberal Democrats dropped to 2 seats on the council after failing to win any seats in 2014. The Conservatives also gained a seat in Dalston from independent Bryan Craig and thus won 7 seats in 2014 to have 19 councillors overall. There did remain two independent councillors however, as independent Rob Betton retained his seat in Botcherby. Meanwhile, the UK Independence Party failed to win any seats, but did come second in 10 of the 17 seats contested. Overall turnout at the election was 34.2%.

Ward results

By-elections between 2014 and 2015
A by-election was held in Castle ward on 11 September 2014 after the death of Labour councillor Willie Whalen. The seat was held for Labour by Alan Taylor with a 152-vote majority over Conservative Robert Currie.

References

2014 English local elections
2014
2010s in Cumbria

2014 Carlisle City Council election


Michael Haugen Jr. (born December 29, 1966) is a professional ten-pin bowler residing in Carefree, Arizona. He is a member of the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA), having joined in 1994. He has won five PBA Tour titles overall, including a major title at the 2008 PBA Tournament of Champions. He also owns a major title on the PBA50 Tour, after winning the 2017 PBA Senior U.S. Open. Haugen is right-handed.

Career
Haugen first joined the PBA in 1994, competing as a Regional pro. He bowled in selected PBA Tour events in the 1996 and 1997 seasons, before becoming a full-time bowler on tour in the 1998 season. He has a unique power-stroker style, with the starting position having the ball held low, and a final "plant step," meaning he does not slide to the foul line. He was named the PBA West Region Player of the Year in 1997. In the 2002–03 U.S. Open, he finished runner-up to Walter Ray Williams, Jr.

Early in the 2007–08 PBA season, he won the Lake County Indiana Classic in Merrillville, Indiana over Wes Malott. In doing so, he won his first tournament in 200 attempts and qualified for the Tournament of Champions. Later that season, he became the second bowler in history to win his first PBA title and the Tournament of Champions major in the same season, joining Joe Joseph who accomplished the feat in 1962. In the Tournament of Champions, as the number 1 seed, he completed a stunning comeback by defeating Chris Barnes in the final by one pin, after trailing by 53 pins in the sixth frame. A finger injury cut his season short as he was forced to miss the final seven events of the year, but he did manage to bowl in the Motel 6 "Roll to Riches" event in April 2008. His earnings in the 2007–08 season eclipsed $100,000 for the first time in his career.

Injuries again curtailed his 2008–09 season, as he was only able to compete in seven events.  But he returned to start the 2009–10 season and made the TV finals for the PBA Viper Championship at the World Series of Bowling. He won his third PBA title at the Mark Roth Classic in Allen Park, Michigan on January 26, 2013.

Haugen won his fourth PBA title on November 2, 2014 in the Scorpion Championship at the World Series of Bowling in Las Vegas, Nevada. His fifth title was earned at the 2016 PBA Xtra Frame Gene Carter's Pro Shop Classic in Middletown, DE.

While still competing in selected events on the regular PBA Tour, Haugen also joined the PBA50 Tour (formerly PBA Senior Tour) in the 2017 season. He won his first PBA50 Tour title in a major tournament: the Suncoast PBA Senior U.S. Open held on June 16, 2017 in Las Vegas, NV. He was named 2017 PBA50 Tour Rookie of the Year.

Haugen won his second PBA50 Tour title on May 8, 2018 at the PBA50 Johnny Petraglia BVL Open, defeating Hall of Famer Walter Ray Williams Jr. in the final match. In July 2018, Haugen won his third PBA50 title at the River City Extreme Open. He was named PBA50 Player of the Year for 2018, locking up the points-based award with two tournaments remaining on the schedule. Haugen was the only player with two victories on the season, and also added two second-place and two third-place finishes. Haugen became the fourth PBA50 bowler to win both Rookie of the Year and Player of the Year awards in the same or consecutive years. Tom Baker and Norm Duke won both awards in the same year, while Mark Roth won the awards in consecutive years, like Haugen.

Through the end of the 2017 season, he had rolled 33 perfect 300 games in PBA events. He has accumulated over $830,000 in career PBA Tour earnings. In addition to his national tour victories, Haugen has won 23 PBA Regional Tour titles and two PBA50 Regional Tour titles.

PBA Titles
Major tournaments are in bold type.

PBA Tour
 2007  Lake County Indiana Classic (Merrillville, IN)
 2008 PBA Tournament of Champions (Las Vegas, NV)
 2013 Mark Roth Classic (Allen Park, MI)
 2014 PBA Scorpion Championship (Las Vegas, NV)
 2016 PBA Xtra Frame Gene Carter's Pro Shop Classic (Middletown, DE)

PBA50 Tour
 2017 Suncoast PBA Senior U.S. Open (Las Vegas, NV)
 2018 PBA50 Johnny Petraglia BVL Open (Farmingdale, NY)
 2018 PBA50 River City Extreme Open (Monticello, MN)

Awards
 1997 PBA West Region Player of the Year
 2017 PBA50 Rookie of the Year
 2018 PBA50 Player of the Year

Personal
He resides in Carefree, Arizona, and enjoys golfing and going to dance clubs. After qualifying for the TV finals at the 2014 PBA Scorpion Championship, Haugen told ESPN broadcasters he would propose on-air to longtime girlfriend Phuong Truong, only if he won the tournament. He made good on his promise during his post-tournament interview after his victory, and Truong joyously accepted.

References

1966 births
Living people
People from Carefree, Arizona
Sportspeople from Maricopa County, Arizona
American ten-pin bowling players

Michael Haugen Jr.


The Kwisi are a seashore-fishing and hunter-gatherer people of southwest Angola that physically seem to be a remnant of an indigenous population—along with the Kwadi, the Cimba, and the Damara—that are unlike either the San (Bushmen) or the Bantu. Culturally they have been strongly influenced by the Kuvale, and speak the Kuvale dialect of Herero. There may, however, have been a few elderly speakers of an unattested Kwisi language ( Kwisi, Mbundyu, Kwandu) in the 1960s.

References

Ethnic groups in Namibia
Stone Age Africa
Hunter-gatherers of Africa

Kwisi people


Graham Andrew Crawford (born 16 October 1967) is a former English cricketer.  Crawford was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break.  He was born in Windlesham, Surrey.

Crawford represented the Surrey Cricket Board in 2 List A cricket matches against Norfolk and Cheshire in the 1999 NatWest Trophy.  In his 2 List A matches, he scored 71 runs at a batting average of 35.50, with a high score of 41.  With the ball he took 2 wickets at a bowling average of 15.50, with best figures of 2/31.

References

External links
Graham Crawford at Cricinfo
Graham Crawford at CricketArchive

1967 births
Living people
People from Windlesham
English cricketers
Surrey Cricket Board cricketers
Cricketers from Surrey

Graham Crawford


My Head & My Heart is a Dance/Pop song by Ava Max, released on November 19, 2020. It is from her debut album, Heaven & Hell. The song samples ATC's 2000 debut single Around the World (La La La La La). Commercially, the song reached the top 10 in 10 countries.

Pop songs
2020 songs
Ava Max songs

My Head & My Heart


Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. They relay radio waves between different places. Most are in synchronous orbit. Direct-broadcast satellites transmit many television channels.

Satellite based communication systems can be used for voice and data transmission in remote and underserved locations such as ships at sea. Satellite internet access is internet access provided through satellites. Satellite based systems can be used for providing high quality broadband internet connection to businesses.

Herman Potočnik (writing as 'Herman Noordung') was the first to propose that space stations use radio to communicate with Earth. In October 1945 Arthur C. Clarke published an article titled "Extraterrestrial relays" in the British magazine Wireless World. The article described artificial satellites in geostationary orbits to relay radio signals. So, Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the communications satellite.

Primitive communication satellites were tested in the early 1960s. Geosynchronous satellites became inpotant in the 1970s.

Types of Satellite Orbits
There are 4 main satellite orbits.

 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) - Between 160 km to 2,000 km from Earth surface and completes one orbit in 90 - 120 minutes
 Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) - 36000 km from Earth
 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) - Between LEO and GEO orbits
 Elliptical

Revisit Time
The time taken by the satellite to visit sex the same point on earth again is called the revisit time. Revisit time can be reduced by combining data from multiple satellites.

Other uses of Communication Satellites
In addition to transmitting data, Modern satellites have;

 Optical sensors to capture photographs
 Radar sensors to accurately measure height
 Atmospheric sensors to detect gas levels in air
 To detect damage from Natural disasters

References

Telecommunications
Satellites

Communications satellite


Odd Olsen Ingerø (born 22 September 1950) is a Norwegian civil servant and former Governor of Svalbard.

He was born in Skjeberg. In 2005, he was appointed director of the National Criminal Investigation Service. He was the Governor of Svalbard between 2001 and 2005. He was succeeded by Sven Ole Fagernæs, and was preceded by Morten Ruud. Before this he was chief of police in Sør-Varanger and Fredrikstad. He has also been a deputy judge.

He became governor for a second term on 16 September 2009, succeeding Per Sefland, who held the post from 2005 to 2009.

References

1950 births
Living people
Norwegian civil servants
Norwegian jurists
Norwegian police chiefs
Governors of Svalbard

Odd Olsen Ingerø


Mosaic is a 2007 American animated superhero film about a new character created by Stan Lee. It features the voice of Anna Paquin as Maggie Nelson and with supporting roles done by Kirby Morrow, Cam Clarke, Garry Chalk, Ron Halder, and Nicole Oliver. It was released under the Stan Lee Presents banner, which is a series of direct-to-DVD animated films distributed by POW! Entertainment with Anchor Bay Entertainment. The story was by Stan Lee, with the script by former X-Men writer Scott Lobdell.

Mosaic was released on DVD on  January 9, 2007, and had its television premiere on March 10, 2007, on Cartoon Network.

Plot
Aspiring young actress Maggie Nelson (Anna Paquin), who lives in New York City with her father, an Interpol agent, gains chameleon-like powers one night after she gets unknowingly caught between a severe electrical storm and a magic rune her father had brought home to study after it was found at the scene of a murder at a New York City museum. Her powers are from a secret and ancient race known as the Chameliel, who are able to hide in plain sight due to their shape shifting abilities, and she is told all about the Chameliel after meeting a young Chameliel named Mosaic (Kirby Morrow). The murder victim at the museum was a Chameliel who was killed by another Chameliel named Maniken, who is stealing some of the powerful Chameliel stones hidden around the world to use them to gain the alchemical powers of his dead wife Facade, and ruling the world. After Maniken kidnaps her father, Maggie becomes determined to help Mosaic to fight Maniken.

The two go from New York City, to the catacombs of Rome, to a large radio dish at the north magnetic pole, trying to stop Maniken, as he plans to sacrifice Maggie's father as part of a ceremony to use the Chameliel stones to transfer to Maniken the powers of his wife from her body and rule the Earth like a god. As Maniken prepares to begin the ceremony on the radio dish, Maggie uses her shape-shifting abilities with her acting skills to fool Maniken into believing she is his dead wife come back to life, to distract him from noticing Mosaic is planting explosives that destroy everything on the radio dish and render the ceremony impossible, and getting her father to safety. During the battle against Maniken, it is revealed that Mosaic is Maniken and Facade's son who volunteered to the rest of the Chameliel to go after his father and stop him. Maniken is defeated when Mosaic willingly sends both of them tumbling into an icy gorge, sacrificing himself to stop his father forever. Maggie then sneaks onto the Interpol copter her father is taken aboard, where she overhears him vowing to destroy all Chameliel.

Upon returning home, she plans to continue acting and agrees to her father's request to continue her studies, but at the same time, acknowledging her powers as the piece of the rest of the Chameliel within her, she vows to search for the remaining Chameliel stones and use their power for good, and honor Mosaic and the rest of the Chameliel by becoming the new Mosaic.

Cast
 Anna Paquin as Maggie Nelson/Mosaic
 Kirby Morrow as Morrow (Mosaic)
 Kathleen Barr as Facade and Mrs. Nottenmyer
 Garry Chalk as Nathan Nelson
 Cam Clarke as Stephan
 Ron Halder as Manikin and an Italian captain
 Stan Lee as Stanley the security guard
 Scott McNeil as Mr. Bullwraith and a landlord
 Nicole Oliver as Agent Newell
 Jim Ward as a tour guide and a belligerent detective

Maggie's powers
Maggie's powers include shapeshifting, superhuman strength, the ability to cling to surfaces allowing for scaling walls and ceilings (much like Spider-Man), seeing the DNA of other creatures (which is how she can compare humans to apes), regeneration, infrared vision, camouflage, invisibility and the ability to mimic voices as well as a gift for understanding the Chameliel language (it is never explained if this ability shows that she can understand other languages or speak them but it makes sense). Strangely, when Maggie becomes invisible, her outline gives off the appearance that she is completely naked, even though she is in fact wearing clothes. Why her clothes are not outlined when her body is invisible is never made clear.

Reception

References

External links

 Mosaic at Rotten Tomatoes

2007 films
2007 animated films
2000s animated superhero films
American children's animated science fiction films
American children's animated superhero films
Film superheroes
Films with screenplays by Stan Lee
2000s American animated films
Films about invisibility
Toonami
Animated films about shapeshifting
Films directed by Roy Allen Smith
Animated films set in New York City
Animated films set in Rome
Animated films set in the Arctic
Films about actors
2000s English-language films

Mosaic (film)


The Ente () was the world's first full-sized rocket-powered  aircraft. It was designed by Alexander Lippisch as a sailplane and first flown under power on June 11, 1928, piloted by Fritz Stamer as part of the Opel-RAK rocket program led by Fritz von Opel and Max Valier.

During the late 1920s von Opel had made a variety of demonstrations involving rocket-powered vehicles for the Opel company. He was assisted by the pyrotechnics manufacturer Friedrich Sander and the rocketry advocate Max Valier. In March 1928 the three men visited the Wasserkuppe, a mountain which had become the center of German gliding to investigate the possibility of fitting rockets to an aircraft. There they encountered some of Lippisch's revolutionary gliders, which because of their tail-less designs seemed suitable for adapting to rocket propulsion. Lippisch was able to demonstrate how models of his aircraft would fly with small rockets installed in them. In June von Opel, Sander, and Valier returned and bought one of his aircraft, the Ente, a canard design.

Two black powder rockets were installed, to be electrically fired by a switch in the cockpit. A counterweight system was also devised and placed under the cockpit floor which would automatically adjust the aircraft's center of gravity as the fuel of the rockets was consumed. The rockets were intended to be fired one after the other, to provide continuous thrust for as long as possible, and each had a burn time of around 30 seconds. Fritz Stamer, who had long been a test pilot for Lippisch's designs was selected to fly the aircraft. After one false start, the aircraft took off and flew a 1,500 metre (4,900 ft) circuit of the Wasserkuppe's landing strip.

On the second flight, the team decided to try firing both rockets together for increased thrust over a shorter period.  However, rather than burning properly one of the rockets exploded, punching holes in both wings and setting the aircraft alight. Stamer was nevertheless able to bring it down from a height of around 20 metres (65 ft) before hastily abandoning the Ente, which was burned beyond any hope of repair.

The Opel RAK.1 was developed as the successor to the "Ente", and was demonstrated successfully to the public in September 1929 with Fritz von Opel as pilot.

Specifications (RRG Raketen-Ente)

References

1920s German experimental aircraft
Glider aircraft
Rocket-powered aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Canard aircraft
Lippisch aircraft
High-wing aircraft

Lippisch Ente


"So What" is the first single from Field Mob's third album, Light Poles and Pine Trees, featuring multi-platinum recording artist Ciara, who performs the chorus and the bridge. The single peaked at #10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it Field Mob's first Top 10 single and Ciara's sixth.

The first two lines from the first verse (I'm a slut, I'm a hoe, I'm a freak, I got a different girl everyday of the week) are taken from the chorus rapped by The Notorious B.I.G. from Lil' Kim's 1997 single "Crush on You."

Music video
At the beginning of the music video Jazze Pha is standing in front of a car giving the introduction. The shot then switches over to Ciara who is reclining on a banister of a house, and sings the chorus. Smoke's girlfriend confront him about all of the horrible things she's heard about him. Smoke tries convince her that it's all a lie in his rap, but eventually she went back to her friends.

The shot changes to Ciara, who is shopping for clothes at a mini mall and see two "haters" gossiping about Shawn Jay. Shawn Jay's girlfriend is in a dressing room and overhears all of this nonsense. Soon as the chorus stats playing towards the end she quickly pulls the curtains away and stares at the two "haters". She then confronts Shawn Jay about what the two "haters" were talking about. He denies it all through his rap, but she eventually left the store.

Then there comes a shot with Ciara singing the chorus in an urban neighborhood setting. Jazze Pha then comes in to introduce Ciara's part in the bridge. She sings and dances to it, and while doing that both Smoke and Shawn Jay's girlfriends come to the basketball game in which they are watching. They make up, and hug each other, and Smoke and Shawn Jay had gotten them both a gift: a puppy and a necklace. The song then fades out and we see a shot of Smoke and Shawn Jay dancing in the same urban neighborhood setting that Ciara was singing in at the beginning of the video.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2006 singles
Ciara songs
Field Mob songs
Song recordings produced by Jazze Pha
2006 songs

So What (Field Mob song)


Rangaraya Medical College is a Government Medical College in Andhra Pradesh. It was established in 1958 and is in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is affiliated to Dr. YSR University of Health Sciences

History
Dr. Datla Satyanarayana Raju and Dr. M. V. Krishna Rao founded and registered the Medical Education Society on 16 April 1958.

Mullapudi Harishchandra Prasad of Sri Mullapudi Venkata Rayudu Memorial Educational Trust of Tanuku offered a donation of ₹5 lakh. The college was named after his late brother-in-law Sri. Pendyala Ranga Rao, zamindar of Dommeru. He became the vice president of the society. Sri Kotamarthi Venkanna gifted 6.5 acres of land, now called Kotamarthi Park on which stands the present men's hostels. Sri Draksharama Choultry Trust gave a donation of ₹50,000 towards construction of a lecture hall.

Rao Venkata Kumara Mahipati Surya Rau, the Maharaja of Pithapuram, leased the palatial orphanage buildings (now the Main Campus) to house the Medical College. Two lecture halls and a dissection hall were constructed.

The Rangaraya Medical College was inaugurated on 17 November 1958 by Sri. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. One hundred students were admitted in the first year. Their teaching work for first MBBS was initiated on 15 August 1958 by Dr. V. S. Krishna, vice chancellor of Andhra University.

Sri Draksharama Choultry Trust represented by the Pydah family gave a donation of ₹50,000 with which a lecture hall was constructed. Many other people contributed smaller donations amounting to about ₹2.5 lakhs.

The Government General Hospital would serve as the teaching hospital. Within 21/2 months two lecture halls and a dissection hall were constructed and ready for occupation. The formal inauguration of the Rangaraya Medical College was done on 17 November 1958 by Sri. N. Sanjeeva Reddy, the then chief minister of Andhra Pradesh. The paraclinical departments, the central library, and two more lecture galleries were constructed opposite to the hospital. The hospital began to see expansion in the late 1960s and 1970s.

In the year 1977 the Government of Andhra Pradesh took over the privately managed RMC. In 1981 Rangaraya Medical College became a full-fledged Government Medical College.

More recently the college and hospital have seen numerous changes. Two exam halls capable of accommodating almost 400 people were constructed in 2002. A new lecture gallery for the Department of physiology was constructed behind the exam halls.

The volleyball and basketball court were renovated with flood lights. New tennis courts were constructed and are being used to provide tennis coaching by the East Godavari District Tennis Association. The badminton court flooring was renovated.

During the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the college the auditorium was renovated with air-conditioning and new sound system facilities — making it one-of-a-kind among the auditoriums of its sister colleges in the state. A medical exhibition was organised by students and staff after almost 25 years which attracted huge crowds from the beginning to the end of the event. During the golden jubilee celebrations the RMCANA (Rangaraya Medical College Alumni Association of North America) helped construct a new digital library with internet facilities and free access to world-renowned medical journals.

Sports and cultural festivals were conducted involving colleges around the state, the most recent one being "NEXUS" conducted in 2010.

A statue of Hippocrates (the father of medicine) was erected near the entrance of college which gives a new identity to the college on the map of Kakinada. More recently a clock tower was constructed in front of the auditorium.

The Government General Hospital that serves as the teaching hospital has seen considerable change. A new casualty block was constructed to manage the increasing flow of patients. Several superspecialty departments are being created and their offices are being constructed in the renovated 2nd floor of the main OP building.

A new hostel for internees was constructed as superspecialty departments were being housed in the old internees hostel at the OP Building. New blocks for Antenatal wards and Pre-op gynecology wards were constructed adjacent to the existing Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics departments. New buildings were constructed to house the ENT, Ophthalmology and Psychiatry departments and their respective Operation Theaters. An ART (Anti Retroviral Therapy) center which caters to the special needs of patients affected with the HIV virus was moved to a new building. It is one of the largest of its kind in India based on the patient volume served giving it a vital role in  affecting the epidemiology of HIV in India.

Neonatology course was added by MCI in 2012 making it the first medical college in Andhra Pradesh and eighth in the India to provide D.M. Neonatology

Academics
The courses offered in the college are:
 M.B.B.S.
 M.D.
 M.S.
 D.M. Neonatology
 M.Ch [neuro surgery, plastic surgery]

Departments
Here is the list of departments in the college and Hospital campuses combined.
 Anaesthesiology
 Anatomy
 Physiology
 Biochemistry
 Pathology
 Pharmacology
 Microbiology
 Forensic Medicine
 Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
 Ophthalmology
 Social and Preventive Medicine
 General Medicine
 Cardiology
 Neurology
 Dermatology and Venereal Diseases
 General Surgery
 Neurosurgery
 Pediatric Surgery
 Orthopedics
 Obstetrics and Gynecology
 Pediatrics
 Neonatology
 Psychiatry
 Radio-diagnosis
 Plastic Surgery
 Pulmonary medicine

Emblem
The emblem of Rangaraya medical College is similar to some extent to the emblem of Andhra University. It consists of two snakes surrounding a lake with a lotus flower and two lotus buds on either sides of the flower during sunrise. This denotes the peace and calm which prevail when a physician cures a patient. Above the sunrise is an inscription in Sanskrit in Devanagari script and below is the same inscription in Telugu script: "Sarve Santu Niramaya" meaning "Freedom from Death and Illness." (This inscription is also the motto of the Indian Army Medical Corps.)

References

External links

 http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/rangaraya-medical-college-725.php
 https://www.edufever.com/rangaraya-medical-college-kakinada/
 http://dme.ap.nic.in/dme_medcolleges.html
 http://www.aponline.gov.in/.../Medical_SciencesColleges.doc
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120309172914/http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=16&org=90&category=about

Medical colleges in Andhra Pradesh
Universities and colleges in Kakinada district
Universities and colleges established in 1958
1958 establishments in Andhra Pradesh

Rangaraya Medical College


Adrien Stoutenburg (December 1, 1916 – April 14, 1982) was an American poet and a prolific writer of juvenile literature. Her poetry collection Heroes, Advise Us was the 1964 Lamont Poetry Selection.

Life
Stoutenburg was born in Darfur, Minnesota. Following her father's death in 1918, she was raised by her paternal grandmother in Hanley Falls, Minnesota. She finished high school in Minneapolis, and attended the Minneapolis School of Art from 1936 to 1938.

She then worked as a librarian and in other capacities near Richfield, Minnesota. In 1943, she published her first book of children's fiction, The Model Airplane Mystery. Stoutenburg later wrote, "After publishing in many magazines, I seriously settled down to writing books in 1951. She had published four books of children's fiction by 1956, when she moved to California to become an editor at Parnassus Press, a publisher of children's literature. She held the position at Parnassus Press until 1958. Over her career, Stoutenburg published about forty books of juvenile fiction and non-fiction. Several of the works were co-authored with Laura Nelson Baker, with whom Stoutenburg lived, in Lagunitas, California. Stoutenburg also published under the pseudonyms Barbie Arden, Lace Kendall, and Nelson Minier (the latter jointly with Baker, e.g. The Lady in the jungle). At least five of Stoutenburg's books were Junior Literary Guild selections. Only one of her works, American Tall Tales, is currently in print; upon its publication in 1966, the New York Times included it on a listing of recommended volumes for children, summarizing it as "Eight tales, tough, sentimental, and bold, about American's folk heroes ...".

Stoutenburg's first volume of poetry, Heroes, Advise Us, was the 1964 Lamont Poetry Selection of the Academy of American Poets; each year, this award honored and supported one poet's first published book. Her second collection, A Short History of the Fur Trade, won a California Book Award (silver) for 1969, and was a close competitor for the Pulitzer Prize. Her third collection, Greenwich Mean Time, was published in 1979. James Dickey has written of her poetry, "If I were to characterize the tone of voice, I would call it that of sensitive outrage, quivering, powerful, and delicate. Delicate: therefore powerful..."

Stoutenburg died of cancer in 1982 in Santa Barbara, California. At Stoutenburg's request, David R. Slavitt subsequently edited and published a selection of her poetry. The volume, Land of Superior Mirages, includes a number of poems that had been unpublished at her death. In his review, Robert von Hallberg wrote, "Adrien Stoutenburg's poems deserve much more attention than they have received." Some of Stoutenburg's papers, and also those of Laura Nelson Baker, are archived at the University of Minnesota Children's Literature Research Collection.  Papers relating to Stoutenburg's career as a poet are housed at The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.

Stoutenburg's poems were selected for nine volumes of the annual Borestone Mountain Poetry Awards, and have been included in several more recent anthologies. One common selection is her poem "Cicada", originally published in 1957 in The New Yorker.

Works

Poetry collections
1964 "The Things That Are". Reilly & Lee, (Chicago).  (Illustrated by Robert Lostutter)
1964 Heroes, Advise Us. Scribner (New York, NY).
1969 A Short History of the Fur Trade. Houghton (Boston, MA).
1979 Greenwich Mean Time. University of Utah Press (Salt Lake City, UT). .
1986 Land of Superior Mirages: New and Selected Poems. David R. Slavitt, editor; James Dickey, introduction. Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore, MD). .

Young-adult fiction
1954 The Silver Trap
1958 Honeymoon
1959 Four on the Road
1960 Good Bye, Cinderella (Westminster)
1964 Walk Into the Wind
1971 Out There ("The first major novel of ecological nightmare", from the cover)

Children's fiction and poetry
1943 The Model Airplane Mystery (Doubleday Doran)
1951 Timber Line Treasure (Westminster)
1955 Stranger on the Bay (Westminster)
1956 River Duel (Westminster)
1957 In This Corner (Westminster)
1957 Snowshoe Thompson (with Laura Baker Nelson; illustrated by Victor De Pauw) (Scribner)
1961 The Blue-Eyed Convertible (Westminster)
1961  (Lace Kendall, pseud.; illustrated by Sam Savitt)
1962 Window on the Sea (Westminster)
1962  (Lace Kendall, pseud.; illustrated by Douglas Howland)
1963 A Time For Dreaming (Westminster)
1963 The Mud Ponies: Based on a Pawnee Indian Myth (Lace Kendall, pseud.; illustrated by Eugene Fern) (Coward-McCann, New York)
1964 The Things That Are (poetry; illustrated by Robert Lostutter)
1965 Rain Boat (Lace Kendall, pseud.; John Kaufmann, illustrator; Coward-McCann). Stoutenburg called it "One of my favorite books".
1966 American Tall Tales (Richard M. Powers, illustrator) (Puffin, 1976; ).
1966 The Crocodile's Mouth: Folk-song Stories (Glen Rounds, illustrator) (Viking)
1968 American Tall-Tale Animals (Glen Rounds, illustrator; Viking)
1969 Fee, Fi, Fo, Fum: Friendly and Funny Giants (Rocco Negri, illustrator) (Viking, 1969; )
1971 Haran's Journey (Laszlo Kubinyi, illustrator; Dial)
1971 A Cat Is (poetry; photographs by Sy Katzoff) (Franklin Watts, New York; )
1972 The Giant Who Sucked His Thumb (illustrated by Shyam Varma) (Deutsch, London)
1978 Where To Now, Blue? (Four Winds Press; )

Non-fiction
1958 Wild Animals of the Far West (Ruth Robbins, illustrator; Parnassus Press)
1958 Wild Treasure, The Story of David Douglas (with Laura Nelson Baker)
1959 Scannon: Dog with Lewis and Clark (with Laura Nelson Baker)
1960  (under the pseudonym Lace Kendall)
1961 Beloved Botanist: The Story of Carl Linnaeus (with Laura Nelson Baker)
1961  (under the pseudonym Nelson Minier)
1963 Dear, Dear Livy: The Story of Mark Twain's Wife (with Laura Nelson Baker)
1963  (under the pseudonym Lace Kendall)
1965 Explorer of the Unconscious: Sigmund Freud
1966  (under the pseudonym Lace Kendall)
1967 A Vanishing Thunder: Extinct and Threatened American Birds
1968 Animals at Bay: Rare and Rescued American Wildlife
1968  (under the pseudonym Lace Kendall)
1968 Listen, America: A Life of Walt Whitman (with Laura Nelson Baker; Scribner's)
1971

References

External links
  Biography of Stoutenburg, and links to some of her poems and other writings.

  1943–1986
 Laura Nelson Baker at LC Authorities, with 27 records 1943–1971 (including 2 "from old catalog")

1916 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American poets
American children's writers
American women poets
People from Watonwan County, Minnesota
Writers from Minnesota
American women children's writers
Poets from Minnesota
20th-century American women writers

Adrien Stoutenburg


Deniliquin Council was a local government area in the Riverina region of south-western New South Wales, Australia.  At the date of its abolition, Deniliquin Council was the last rural local government area in New South Wales left consisting only of a rural town.

Deniliquin Council was proclaimed as the Municipality of Deniliquin on 16 December 1868.

Amalgamation
A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the Deniliquin Council merge with the Conargo Shire to form a new council with an area of  and support a population of approximately 9,000. On 12 March 2016, Deniliquin Council was abolished and, along with the former Conargo Shire, the area incorporated into the new Edward River Council.

Council

Composition and election method
The last election was due to be held on 8 September 2012. However, only seven candidates, being the below, nominated for election. There being no additional candidates, the election was uncontested. The makeup of the council is as follows:

The last Council, elected in 2012, in order of election, is:

References

Former local government areas of New South Wales
Deniliquin
1868 establishments in Australia
2016 disestablishments in Australia

Deniliquin Council


The Enarei, singular Enaree, were Scythian androgynous/effeminate priests and shamanistic soothsayers who played an important role in the Scythian religion.

Name
The English name  is derived from the Ancient Greek name recorded by Herodotus of Halicarnassus as  (), itself derived from the Scythian term , meaning "unmanly." The term  was itself composed of the elements , meaning "non-," and , which was derived from , meaning "man."

The name Anarya was more accurately represented in Ancient Greek by Pseudo-Hippocrates as  ().

Religious role
The Anarya were affiliated to an orgiastic cult of the goddess Artimpasa and of the Scythians' ancestral Snake-Legged Goddess in their forms strongly influenced by Near Eastern fertility goddesses, and the rites of the Anarya thus combined indigenous Scythian religious practices of a shamanistic nature, which were themselves related to those of indigenous Siberian peoples, as well as ones imported from Levantine religions.

Rituals
The Anarya may have used cannabis in their rituals, including both those of a communal and those of a funerary or psychopompic nature, thus being among the earliest spiritual practitioners to have used cannabis to achieve altered states of consciousness, implying that an ancient connection existed between gender non-conforming spiritual practitioners and the use of mind-altering substances.

The Anarya may also have participated in Scythian funeral rituals, which included shamanic practises, and after the burial of the deceased, ritually cleansed themselves with the vapour of cannabis, which is attested archaeologically in Saka tombs from Siberia, which contained tripods, braziers, pelts, and charcoal containing remains of cannabis leaves and fruits, with one of the Pazyryk burials containing a pot, inside of which were cannabis fruits, as well as a copper censer used to burn cannabis.

Divination
The Anarya also acted as seers and performed a particular form of divination which used the inner bark of the linden tree, unlike the methods of traditional Scythian soothsayers which used willow withies. The method of divination of the Anarya consisted of cutting the inner linden bark into three pieces, and plaiting and unplaiting these pieces around their fingers to obtain answers.

The Anarya were especially consulted when the king of the Scythians was ill, which was itself believed by the Scythians to be caused by a false oath being sworn upon the king's hearth. Once the Anarya had identified the suspect who had sworn the false oath, the said suspect would claim to be innocent. If the Anarya maintained the accusation, six more soothsayers were consulted, and if they upheld the original accusation, the suspect was executed by being beheaded. If the additional soothsayers declared the suspect was innocent, the process of consulting more soothsayers was repeated.

If the soothsayers all found the accused to be guilty, the culprit was executed through beheading, and his property was divided among the Anarya who had found him guilty.

If the larger number of soothsayers still declared the suspect to be innocent, the initial accusers were executed by being put into an oxen-pulled wagon filled with brushwood which was set on fire was made to be pulled by the oxen, who eventually also burned along with the wagon and the disgraced soothsayers; the sons of these Anarya were also all killed, but their daughters were spared.

Regalia
The Anarya may have worn additional regalia such as drums used in shamanic rituals and antlered headdresses similar to those found in Saka horse burials and those worn in more recent times by Siberian shamans.

Sceptres capped with ornate pole tops, which have been discovered throughout the steppe from Mongolia to the Great Hungarian Plain were also used by the Anarya as symbols of authority: these pole tops often included rattles, and the oldest of these date from the 8th century BC, are from Tuva and the Minusinsk Basin, and are topped by a stag or ibex standing with its feet together as if perched on a rocky eminence. The more recent pole tops are more elaborate in design, such as one found in the , which is in the shape of a goddess with her hands on her hips, and another one from the same kurgan in the shape of a griffin in a frame from which two bells hang, and a third from that same kurgan which splits into three branches each topped by a bird of prey holding a bell in its beak. The rattling and tinkling of the sceptres' bells invited the audience to the impending rites.

Androgyny
The Anarya belonged to the most powerful Scythian aristocracy. They were born male, but wore women's clothing, performed women's jobs, spoke like women, and were believed by the Scythians to be inherently different from other males and that their androgyny was of divine origin; according to indigenous Scythian shamanic traditions, the Anarya were considered "transformed" shamans who changed their sex, which characterised them as being the most powerful shamans, due to which they inspired fear and were thus accordingly given special respect in Scythian society, and the Scythians ascribed their androgyny to a "female disease" causing sexual impotency.

Artimpasa and the Snake-Legged Goddess to whom the Anarya were affiliated were themselves androgynous goddesses: Artimpasa was believed to have the power to turn men into women; while the Snake-Legged Goddess was often represented with a beard.

Central Asian origins
The traditions of "gender-crossing shamanism," whereby men obtain the power of prophecy and of becoming religious figures possessed by spirits by abandoning their masculinity, have been preserved until recent times by indigenous Siberians.

The Greek Pseudo-Hippocrates later incorrectly ascribed the androgyny of the Anarya to the Scythians' practise of riding horses and wearing trousers.

West Asian influences
During the 7th century BC, the Scythians expanded into West Asia, during which time the Scythian religion was influenced by the religions of the peoples of the Fertile Crescent. The Scythians believed that the androgyny of the Anarya originated during this period from a curse by the goddess Artimpasa to the perpetrators of the sack of the temple in Ascalon of the goddess Astarte, who was herself an androgynous vegetation-fertility goddess who was believed to have the ability to change men into women and women into men, and whom the Scythians identified with their own goddess Artimpasa; this curse was hereditary and was inherited by the descendants of the perpetrators of the sack. The transvestite androgyny of the Anarya was thus also typical of the cult of the Levantine celestial ʿAštart.

The Anarya combined the traits of both the "transformed" shaman of the steppe peoples and the gender non-conforming priests of the West Asian Great Goddess, such as the Kelabim of ʿAštart, the Galli of Kubeleya, and the Megabyzoi or Megabyxoi of Ephesian Artemis.

Heredity
Given the hereditary nature of the Anarya and the belief that the curse of Astarte affected the looters of her shrine at Ascalon as well as their descendants, the Anarya appear to have lived their early lives as men, with their transvestite transformation happening late in their lives after they found out that they were no longer able to have sexual intercourse.

Purported Sexuality
It is unknown whether the Anarya practised ritual castration or merely refrained from heterosexual intercourse, although they were not celibate, and the writings of Pseudo-Hippocrates concerning them suggest that they may have also played the receptive role during anal intercourse with men.

See also
Gala (priests)
Galli
Hijra

References

Sources

Further reading

 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine (1999). "Priestesses, Enarees, and Other Statuses Among Indo-Iranian Peoples." In: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference: Los Angeles, May 21-23, 1998. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series number 32, edited by Karlene Jones-Bley, Martin E. Huld, Angela Della Volpe, and Miriam Robbins Dexter, 231-259. Washington, D.C.: Institute or the Study of Man.
  Accessed 21 Jan. 2023.
 "The Hippocratic Airs, Waters, Places on Cross-Dressing Eunuchs: "Natural" yet also "Divine"". In: Lieber, Elinor. Sex and Difference in Ancient Greece and Rome. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003. pp. 351-369.
 "Scythian Priests and Siberian Shamans". In: Lincoln, Bruce. Apples and Oranges: Explorations In, On, and With Comparison. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. pp. 96-110. .

Scythian religion
Religious occupations
Priests
Third gender
Transgender topics and religion
Ancient LGBT history

Enaree


The Puppet Masters is a 1994 American science fiction horror film, adapted by Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio and David S. Goyer from Robert A. Heinlein's 1951 novel of the same title, in which a trio of American government agents attempts to thwart a covert invasion of Earth by mind-controlling alien parasites. The film was directed by Stuart Orme and stars Donald Sutherland, Eric Thal, Keith David, Julie Warner and Andrew Robinson.

Plot

When a flying saucer reportedly lands in rural Iowa, Andrew Nivens (who runs a secret branch of the Central Intelligence Agency tasked with investigating extraterrestrial activity) sends two agents from their local office to investigate the crash site.  After the two agents disappear shortly after their arrival, Andrew now goes in person, accompanied by agents Sam Nivens (his son) and Jarvis, as well as Dr. Mary Sefton, a NASA specialist. At the crash site, now staged as a phony tourist attraction, they encounter people who appear to display no emotions. To test this theory when meeting with a local television station manager, Mary partially opens her blouse but gets no reaction from the  manager who ignores her attempts to seduce him. Suspecting that the man is not who he appears to be, Sam attempts to take him into custody however a brutal fight takes place in the man's office, killing the manager. The team then locates an alien, that looks like a slug, attached to the man's back. The team manages to capture the alien and after a chase where multiple infected town citizens attempt to stop them, they successfully return to their plane.

The slugs soon spread steadily from the infected town and during a staff meeting where the team discusses the situation, Sam notices that Jarvis has stopped chain-smoking. Suspecting that he may have been infected, Sam and the team attempt to restrain Jarvis and after a brief chase, they locate the unconscious Jarvis who no longer has an alien on his back. Andrew and the team conduct a search of their office building and after being unable to locate the alien, Andrew orders all of his staff (at gunpoint) including Sam to remove their shirts. At this time, Andrew's personal secretary refuses to remove her shirt and attempts to flee the building. Agents, including Sam, pursue her, and after a brutal one-on-one fight, Andrew and Alex Holland (Sam's best friend and leader of the agency SWAT team) locate Sam and the now-dead secretary in the office's kitchen. Sam tells his father that the alien had gotten away but unbeknownst to them, the alien had infected Sam. Shortly after Sam is infected, Jarvis kills himself after being unable to cope with the withdrawal from being infected and the removal of the alien.

The now infected Sam goes to Jarvis's apartment and with the help of the unsuspecting apartment manager, Greenberg, opens crates of parasites that Jarvis had shipped to himself.  Sam infects Greenberg (who removes his glasses) and then it's learned that the parasites communicate with each other by touching each other with tentacles. Along with communicating telepathically, the aliens have the ability to correct any ailment affecting the host (Jarvis's chain-smoking and Greenberg needing glasses.) Sam and Greenberg then go to a convention center where the president of the United States is going to conduct a meeting. They then infect the Agent in Charge of the President's Secret Service Detail. The President arrives however he is saved from his now infected security detail by a tactical team of uninfected agents working for Andrew and Holland.  After a brief chase, Sam is captured by his father however Greenberg leaves with all of the knowledge passed to him by all of the people (including Sam and the infected Secret Service agents)  who had been infected. Back in the office, Andrew, Mary, Holland, and Dr. Graves (the lead medical researcher for the team) interrogate the infected Sam. At that time they learn that the aliens have complete control over their hosts, including killing them and bringing them back to life. Andrew threatens the alien by subjecting Sam to electric shocks where they then learn that electric shocks briefly break the alien's control, at the expense of injuring the host. The alien tells Andrew that it will kill Sam to prove its power and when it stops his heart, Mary conducts massive electrical shocks to Sam, causing the alien to leave his body, after believing that Sam is no longer a viable host. The team is able to resuscitate Sam however he begins to suffer the same withdrawal that affected Jarvis. After suffering significant withdrawal, Mary comforts Sam and they begin a personal relationship.

Andrew recommends to the President that the US military be sent in to clear out the aliens however the aliens by now have infected the entire area, members of local law enforcement and members of the Iowa National Guard.  The aliens are able to reproduce asexually by division and soon the army sent to eradicate the aliens are infected. At the same time, Sam and Mary are back at Sam's apartment discussing the events of the day and after Sam changes clothes after the events of the day, Mary attempts to seduce him. Sam then discovers that Mary had been infected by an alien, that had infected Sam's cat, to gain entry into his apartment.  After informing Sam that the aliens now know everything that they know, and any attempts to harm the alien would harm Mary, the now infected Mary makes a seemingly impossible jump from Sam's third-floor apartment and flees in a car driven by Greenberg.

Back at the office, Sam, Alex, and Andrew watch as two chimpanzees that had been infected for research purposes infect another chimpanzee against its will. The third chimpanzee then types a message to Sam on a computer asking him if he remembers it, thus confirming that all of the aliens share the collective knowledge of the entire group. Sam and Alex theorize as to how the aliens are able to expand so quickly and realize that they are using a large river to move the hive. Sam and Alex then parachute into Des Moines, Iowa, which has now been fully infected. Once there Sam enters the hive using a transmitter that Graves created, that mimics the communication frequency used by the aliens. Once inside, Sam realizes that he still receives telepathic messages from the alien that had infected him which nearly causes him to allow himself to be infected again however he breaks free from the message and opens fire on infected citizens, who have discovered that he is not infected.  Sam manages to find Mary and after nearly killing her to remove the alien from her back, she informs him that they need to retrieve a child that had been kept in isolation from the infected townspeople. During this time, Alex entered the hive to help his partner escape. As Sam and Mary are retrieving the child, Alex comes under heavy fire from infected soldiers and townspeople, falling into the pool where the aliens reproduce. After Sam and Mary retrieve the child and are retreating to the extraction point, the now infected Alex confronts them, after tracking his partner through location beacons that both were wearing.  After a brutal fight, Alex (through sheer will) manages to briefly break the mental hold the alien has over him and tells Sam to leave him.  Sam refuses to leave his friend and begs for him to fight the alien's control however the alien takes control of him once again and attempts to infect Sam again. At that point, Mary shoots and kills Alex when it appears he is defeating Sam. Sam, Mary, and the child make it to the extraction point where they are picked up and flown back to base.

Back at base, the team learns that the child suffered from encephalitis in the past, and that apparently was the reason a slug couldn't possess him.The team tests the theory by infecting an alien with the encephalitis virus, which causes the alien to explode and die.  Biological warfare is adopted and seemingly all parasites die, freeing their victims. During a later inspection of a hive, debris falls on Andrew, which allows a previously undiscovered last alien to infect him.  Sam realizes that his father was infected when Andrew was able to walk normally when he had previously needed to use a cane due to a significant leg injury. Sam pursues his infected father, who had now commandeered a helicopter. After a brutal fight on a helicopter, Sam shoots his father, causing the alien to leave the now useless Andrew.  The alien then attempts to leave the helicopter however it gets chopped up in the helicopter's tail rotor, thus getting killed. Now back on the ground, Andrew confirms that that was the last alien and that he is aware of how much Sam loves him and how Sam and Mary feel about each other. As Andrew is being treated for his injuries, Sam remarks to Mary that now she knows everything about him but he now has to learn about her. Mary tells him that he has a lifetime to get to know her.

Cast
 Donald Sutherland as Andrew Nivens
 Eric Thal as Sam Nivens
 Julie Warner as Mary Sefton
 Keith David as Alex Holland
 Will Patton as Dr. Graves
 Richard Belzer as Jarvis
 Tom Mason as President Douglas
 Gerry Bamman as Viscott
 Yaphet Kotto as Ressler
 Sam Anderson as Culbertson
 Marshall Bell as General Morgan
 Bruce Jarchow as Barnes

Production
The film was a passion project for executive producer Michael Engelberg, who had shepherded the project through development since the mid 80s with the help of his longtime friend Michael Eisner. In order to help with the production, producer Ralph Winter was hired due to his experience on special effects heavy sci-fi films such as the Star Trek film series and Disney had not done a science fiction film of this type under Eisner's stewardship. British television director Stuart Orme was offered the opportunity to direct, and as Orme had wanted to direct a science fiction project with no such opportunities in the UK, Orme accepted.

Screenplay
The screenplay went through a number of rewrites due to differences between the writers, Terry Rossio and Ted Elliott, who wanted to remain faithful to Heinlein's story, and executives at Disney who wanted an adaptation that they could sell. As a result, the final script leaves out some elements of the novel, while portions of the movie follow the basic plot. Further rewrites were motivated by cost saving measures such as the replacement of the novel's futuristic setting with a contemporary one, and attempts to distance the film from the various derivative works such as adaptations of The Body Snatchers.

Reception

References

External links

1994 films
1994 science fiction films
1994 horror films
1994 thriller films
1990s monster movies
1990s science fiction horror films
American science fiction horror films
American monster movies
American thriller films
American science fiction war films
American supernatural horror films
Alien invasions in films
Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Robert A. Heinlein
Films produced by Ralph Winter
Films set in Iowa
Films scored by Colin Towns
Hollywood Pictures films
Films with screenplays by David S. Goyer
Films with screenplays by Ted Elliott
Films with screenplays by Terry Rossio
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

The Puppet Masters (film)


(Summary of arithmetic, geometry, proportions and proportionality) is a book on mathematics written by Luca Pacioli and first published in 1494. It contains a comprehensive summary of Renaissance mathematics, including practical arithmetic, basic algebra, basic geometry and accounting, written for use as a textbook and reference work.

Written in vernacular Italian, the Summa is the first printed work on algebra, and it contains the first published description of the double-entry bookkeeping system. It set a new standard for writing and argumentation about algebra, and its impact upon the subsequent development and standardization of professional accounting methods was so great that Pacioli is sometimes referred to as the "father of accounting".

Contents
The Summa de arithmetica as originally printed consists of ten chapters on a series of mathematical topics, collectively covering essentially all of Renaissance mathematics. The first seven chapters form a summary of arithmetic in 222 pages. The eighth chapter explains contemporary algebra in 78 pages. The ninth chapter discusses various topics relevant to business and trade, including barter, bills of exchange, weights and measures and bookkeeping, in 150 pages. The tenth and final chapter describes practical geometry (including basic trigonometry) in 151 pages.

The book's mathematical content draws heavily on the traditions of the abacus schools of contemporary northern Italy, where the children of merchants and the middle class studied arithmetic on the model established by Fibonacci's Liber Abaci. The emphasis of this tradition was on facility with computation, using the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, developed through exposure to numerous example problems and case studies drawn principally from business and trade. Pacioli's work likewise teaches through examples, but it also develops arguments for the validity of its solutions through reference to general principles, axioms and logical proof. In this way the Summa begins to reintegrate the logical methods of classical Greek geometry into the medieval discipline of algebra.

Bookkeeping and finance
Within the chapter on business, a section entitled  (Details of calculation and recording) describes the accounting methods then in use among northern-Italian merchants, including double-entry bookkeeping, trial balances, balance sheets and various other tools still employed by professional accountants. The business chapter also introduces the rule of 72 for predicting an investment's future value, anticipating the development of the logarithm by more than century. These techniques did not originate with Pacioli, who merely recorded and explained the established best practices of contemporary businesspeople in his region.

Plagiarism controversy
Pacioli explicitly states in the Summa that he contributed no original mathematical content to the work, but he also does not specifically attribute any of the material to other sources. Subsequent scholarship has found that much of the work's coverage of geometry is taken almost exactly from Piero della Francesca's Trattato d'abaco, one of the algebra sections is based on the Trattato di Fioretti of Antonio de Mazzinghi, and a portion of the business chapter is copied from a manuscript by Giorgio Chiarini. This sort of appropriation has led some historians (notably including sixteenth-century biographer Giorgio Vasari) to accuse Pacioli of plagiarism in the Summa (and other works). Many of the problems and techniques included in the book are quite directly taken from these earlier works, but the Summa generally adds original logical arguments to justify the validity of the methods.

History

Summa de arithmetica was composed over a period of decades through Pacioli's work as a professor of mathematics, and was probably intended as a textbook and reference work for students of mathematics and business, especially among the mercantile middle class of northern Italy. It was written in vernacular Italian (rather than Latin), reflecting its target audience and its purpose as a teaching text. The work was dedicated to Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, a patron of the arts whom Pacioli had met in Rome some years earlier.

It was originally published in Venice in 1494 by Paganino Paganini, with an identical second edition printed in 1523 in Toscolano. About a thousand copies were originally printed, of which roughly 120 are still extant. In June 2019 an intact first edition sold at auction for .

Impact and legacy
While the Summa contained little or no original mathematical work by Pacioli, it was the most comprehensive mathematical text ever published at the time. Its thoroughness and clarity (and the lack of any other similar work available in print) generated strong and steady sales to the European merchants who were the text's intended audience. The reputation the Summa earned Pacioli as a mathematician and intellectual inspired Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, to invite him to serve as a mathematical lecturer in the ducal court, where Pacioli befriended and collaborated with Leonardo da Vinci.

The Summa represents the first published description of many accounting techniques, including double-entry bookkeeping. Some of the same methods were described in other manuscripts predating the Summa (such as the 1458 Della mercatura e del mercante perfetto by Benedetto Cotrugli), but none was published before Pacioli's work, and none achieved the same wide influence. The work's role in standardizing and disseminating professional bookkeeping methods has earned Pacioli a reputation as the "father of accounting".

The book also marks the beginning of a movement in sixteenth-century algebra toward the use of logical argumentation and theorems in the study of algebra, following the model of classical Greek geometry established by Euclid. It is thought to be the first printed work on algebra, and it includes the first printed example of a set of plus and minus signs that were to become standard in Italian Renaissance mathematics: 'p' with a tilde above (p̄) for "plus" and 'm' with a tilde (m̄) for minus. Pacioli's (incorrect) assertion in the Summa that there was no general solution to cubic equations helped to popularize the problem among contemporary mathematicians, contributing to its subsequent solution by Niccolò Tartaglia.

Commemoration

In 1994 Italy issued a 750-lira postage stamp honoring the 500th anniversary of the Summas publication, depicting Pacioli surrounded by mathematical and geometric implements. The image on the stamp was inspired by the Portrait of Luca Pacioli and contains many of the same elements.

See also
 De divina proportione, another influential mathematical work by Pacioli
 List of most expensive books and manuscripts

References

External links

 Full text (1523 edition) on Google Books
 Digitised edition of Particularis de computis et scripturis (First (1494) edition)
 English translation of Particularis de computis et scripturis (1994)

Mathematics textbooks
1494 books
Medieval literature
History of mathematics
History of accounting
History of business
Accounting books

Summa de arithmetica


Minder on the Orient Express is a comedy/thriller television film made in 1985 as a spin-off from the successful television series Minder. It was first broadcast on Christmas Day 1985, as the highlight of that year's ITV Christmas schedule.

Plot
When Nikki South (Amanda Pays) inherits the contents of a bank strongbox left by her father shortly before his death in 1975, former gangland boss Jack South, she realises that the contents form a clue to the number of a Swiss bank account used to stash her father's ill-gotten gains - an idea possibly derived from the money supposedly left in a secret account by Diana Dors.

Nikki is waylaid on her way to her birthday party. The masked attackers try to wrestle the clues, kept in an envelope, from her, but she is rescued by Terry McCann (Dennis Waterman), who is working as a temporary doorman at the club where the party is to be held. She later thanks him by presenting him with two return tickets for the Orient Express to Venice. Terry, not realising Nikki has an ulterior motive for inviting him, plans to take Annie, his current girlfriend who also works at the club, with him.

Nikki plans to travel to Switzerland with her boyfriend Mark (James Coombes) on the same train to claim the contents. But others have their eyes on the potential windfall, especially several former associates of her father. They include a bent bank manager (Maurice Denham), a hitman (Adam Faith) and the widow of a former associate (Honor Blackman).

Arthur Daley (George Cole) is on the run. He's been a reluctant witness to a protection racket attack and Detective Sergeant Rycott (Peter Childs) is trying to serve a subpoena on him to testify in court against violent gangster, Brian "Brain Damage" Gammidge. Arthur persuades Terry's girlfriend that Terry's (non-existent) wife and children have arrived unexpectedly, and when she angrily dumps him, Arthur turns up at the railway station and brazenly persuades a furious Terry to take him along, thus evading the subpoena.

As they travel towards Folkestone, Nikki enlists Terry's help again, as the former associates try to get the envelope off her. They also discover that Arthur's other nemesis, Detective Sergeant Chisholm (Patrick Malahide), is also travelling on the train, having been seconded to Interpol alongside Interpol agent Sergeant Francois LeBlanc (Ralph Bates) to observe the various 'faces'.

As the train travels through night-time France, matters eventually come to a head and a free-for-all scrap ensues. Even Chisholm joins in the fight, upholding the honour of the police in the face of an easy-going and slightly drunk French detective. As the train comes to a halt following the pulling of the emergency cord, Arthur, Terry and Nikki get off the train, to be joined by Chisholm.

Nikki and Terry complete the cracking of the code to the bank account number (players' shirt numbers from the 1971 Arsenal F.C. FA Cup match), but following a fight with two of the villains on a local French train, the partial Swiss Bank account number is lost. So there's no pot of gold for anyone and the protagonists return to Fulham Broadway.

Supporting cast
Both George Cole and Johnny Goodman (Executive in Charge of Production) have stated that this is 'probably' their favourite episode of the whole series, and certainly the most fun to make as it had such a diverse supporting cast. Joining the regular cast of Dennis Waterman, George Cole, Glynn Edwards, Patrick Malahide and Peter Childs were a number of high-profile supporting actors. These included:

 Hammer Horror, Poldark and Dear John star Ralph Bates as Interpol detective Francois LeBlanc
Canadian film actor Robert Beatty as The Judge, an American tourist who consistently mistakes Arthur for a waiter
 Avengers and Goldfinger star Honor Blackman as the widow of one of Jack South's henchmen
1960s pop star, film actor and Budgie star Adam Faith as hitman James Crane
Versatile TV and Raiders of the Lost Ark actor Ronald Lacey as Harry Ridler, who used to 'sit on' Jack South's robbery proceeds until "the dust settled"
1970s British sex-comedy actress Linda Hayden as Terry's girlfriend, Annie
Veteran TV and radio actor Maurice Denham as Meredith Gascoigne, another of Jack South's cronies
First Among Equals and Bridget Jones actor James Faulkner as gangster Ted Moore, another South associate
TV and film actress Amanda Pays as Nikki South, Jack South's daughter and sole heiress to his fortune.
Actress Alexandra Avery plays young Nikki South.
 Howards' Way actor and former Milk Tray Man James Coombes as the son of one of South's henchmen
Musician and comedian Tony Hawks in an uncredited cameo.

References

External links

1980s comedy thriller films
1985 television films
1985 films
Films based on television series
British thriller television films
Minder (TV series) episodes
Films set on the Orient Express
British comedy thriller films
1980s British films
British comedy television films
1980s English-language films

Minder on the Orient Express


Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111 (1933), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court on the difference between business and personal expenses and the difference between ordinary business deductions and capital expenses. It is one of the most important income tax law cases.

Background
Thomas Welch and his father owned a grain brokerage business in Minnesota, which went bankrupt in 1922. Welch later reopened a business. He chose to repay his discharged debts. He then tried to deduct the repayments as business expenses, but the Commissioner ruled that these payments were not deductible from income as ordinary and necessary expenses in the course of business.

Opinion of the Court
Benjamin N. Cardozo, delivering the Court's opinion, held that the expenses were too personal, were too bizarre to be ordinary, and were capital. He did not consider them "ordinary and necessary business expenses" and, therefore, not deductible under Section 162 of the Internal Revenue Code.

This case is frequently cited for its dictum describing the meaning of the term "necessary" in Section 162 as requiring that expenses merely be "appropriate and helpful [in] the development of the [taxpayer's] business." Cardozo submits that determining what constitutes a necessary expense can be enormously difficult: "life in all its fullness must supply the answer to the riddle."

The court also considered the question of whether Welch's expenses were current expenses or investments which should have been capitalized. Although the case was eventually decided on other grounds, the idea that the expenses should have increased the basis of the business as capital expenses, with no immediate deduction but the potential for depreciation losses over time may also have influenced the court.

See also
Tax Deductions in the United States
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 290

Further reading

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court
United States taxation and revenue case law
1933 in United States case law

Welch v. Helvering


Enclosed C or circled Latin C (Ⓒ or ⓒ) is a typographical symbol.  As one of many enclosed alphanumerics, the symbol is a "C" within a circle.

Encodings
The symbols are encoded by Unicode in the block Latin-1 supplement as  and .

Uses
Some Chiyoda Kogaku (aka Chiyoko) cameras of the 1947 to 1949 era featured a blue ⓒ symbol as part of the lens designation like in "ⓒ Super Rokkor", e.g. on the Minolta 35 or the Minolta Memo. It was used to indicate a (single) coated optics rather than any copyright. Similar engravings can be found also on lenses of other manufacturers, e.g. some Olympus Zuiko lenses carry a red-colored "Zuiko C." designation indicating coated optics.

This symbol was widely used by the Cruver manufacturing company on their plastic recognition models that were produced during World War II.

See also
 Copyright symbol ()
 Copyleft symbol ()

References

Typographical symbols

Enclosed C


Forever Young is an American reality television series that premiered on TV Land on April 3, 2013 from Ashton Kutcher and Jason Goldberg's Katalyst (Punk'd, True Beauty), and 3 Ball Productions headed by executive producers J. D. Roth and Todd A. Nelson (The Biggest Loser, MasterChef).

Premise
This reality series puts ten people in a house, where they live together with cameras capturing their every move. The twist is that the housemates are split into two groups – juniors and seniors – based on their age. The juniors are all under the age of 30 and the seniors are over 70. They are assigned various tasks meant to help them overcome the generation gap and form bonds. Through the challenges, which include teaching the seniors how to play beer pong and showing the juniors how to use a paper map, the groups hope to surmount their differences and become friends.

Episodes

References

2010s American reality television series
2013 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
English-language television shows
TV Land original programming

Forever Young (American TV series)


The Mercedes-Benz W120 and Mercedes-Benz W121 are technically similar inline-four cylinder sedans made by Daimler-Benz. The W120 was first introduced by Mercedes-Benz in 1953. Powered initially by the company's existing 1.8 liter M136 engine, it was sold as the Mercedes-Benz 180 through 1962. From 1954, Mercedes-Benz also offered the W120 with a diesel engine as the Mercedes-Benz 180 D. The Mercedes-Benz W121 was introduced as the Mercedes-Benz 190 in 1956, powered by a 1.9 liter M121 engine. From 1958, the W121 was also offered with an OM621 engine, sold as the Mercedes-Benz 190 D through 1961.

The W120 was nicknamed the Ponton (along with other Mercedes models) after its introduction, because it employed ponton, or pontoon styling, a prominent styling trend that unified a car's previously articulated hood, body, fenders and running boards into a singular envelope.

Together with the longer wheelbase and more luxurious 2.2-liter inline-six cylinder W128 model 220, they constituted 80 percent of Mercedes-Benz' car production between 1953 and 1959.

The W120 was the first predecessor to the medium size Mercedes-Benz E-Class sedan line.

History
The base, four-cylinder 180/190 and the W105 six-cylinder 219 Ponton models looked very similar in appearance, from the rear doors forward, to the more luxury W128 and W180 stretched wheelbase six-cylinder 220a and 220 S(E) models. From behind, one could not easily differentiate even the top-of-the-line 220SE (E for 'Einspritzung', or fuel injection) from a base 180 model, but the longer bonnet (and wheelbase), and chrome touches identified it as an upscale, six-cylinder model.

The 1951 to 1957 Mercedes-Benz 300 W186 Adenauer company flagship used a much larger frame and body, and was an entirely different car.

The 180 and 190 four-cylinders were widely used as German taxis. Only these shorter Pontons featured low-wattage parking clearance lights at front bumper top rear. A simple left-right toggle above and to the left of the driver's knee selected which side would illuminate, so as not to needlessly run down the battery in winter, no small concern when restarting diesels. Heater air intakes were on both sides of the radiator grille only on the W120/W121.

The form and body of the car changed little during its production run. However, in 1957, a year after the introduction of the 190 saloon, the 180's  M136 engine, which had originally been designed for the Mercedes-Benz 170 Sb, was replaced with a downtuned version of the 190's M 121. The same year, the Mercedes star atop the faux external radiator cap was made spring-loaded to give when bumped: reports at the time indicated that this was either to pander to the requirements of certain export markets, notably Switzerland, or to reduce the risk of pedestrian injury in the event of an accident. By 1959, the star was spring-retained on a ball base.

A related roadster variant, the R121, better known as the 190SL, was produced from 1955 to 1963.

At the 1959 Frankfurt Motor Show, in time for the 1960 US model year, a slightly wider grille and slimmer taillights were introduced. The same wider grille was carried forward to the car's (in other respects) more flamboyantly styled successors, when the Pontons were replaced by the W110 "Fintail" models during 1961.

At the time, Studebaker-Packard had an agreement with Mercedes-Benz to distribute their cars in the US market. A prototype was built based on the W120 with Packard-styled headlights similar to those fitted on the Packard Patrician. This prototype was called the W122 but it never reached the production state; This was likely because the W120 platform that the prototype was based on was reaching the end of its life cycle, while the compact luxury sector was not that developed in the US market yet.

Technical description

The Mercedes-Benz W120 and W121 are four-door saloons with a longitudinal front engine, and rear-wheel drive. Rolling chassis with either two or four doors were also available from the factory. The cars have a self-supporting body, the so-called "Ponton" body. The wheelbase measures 2650 mm, which is slightly less than the larger "Ponton" saloons' 2750 mm. In front, the W 120 and W 121 have independent double-wishbone suspension, in rear, they have either a double-joint swing axle (until September 1955), or a single-joint swing axle (from September 1955). Both front and rear wheels are coil-sprung; the front axle is fitted with a torsion-type anti-sway bar, and the rear wheels have additional hydraulic shock absorbers. Daimler-Benz installed a recirculating ball steering system and a hydraulic drum braking system in the 120- and 121-series.

Mercedes-Benz built the W120 with all of their then-present four-cylinder engines: the M136 and M121 Otto (spark ignition) engines, and the OM636 and OM621 Diesel (compression ignition) engines, with most W120 and W121 cars powered by either of the Diesel engines. The torque is sent from the engine to the rear wheels through a dry single-disc clutch and a synchronised, four-speed constant-mesh gearbox. The shift lever is a rather small lever mounted on the steering column.

Models

References

External links

the W120 Ponton presented by Mercedes-Benz Classic Center USA

W120
W120
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans
Roadsters
1960s cars
Cars introduced in 1953
Limousines

Mercedes-Benz W120/W121


Isaac Kobina Donkor Abban  (1933 – 21 April 2001) was the Chief Justice of Ghana between 1995 and 2001. He was the ninth person to hold this position since Ghana became an independent nation.

Early life and education
Abban was born in 1933 at Agona Nkum in the Central Region. He had his secondary education at Mfantsipim School from 1948 to 1951. He left for the United Kingdom to study law at the University of Nottingham.

Career
Abban was called to the English bar on 24 June 1958. He returned to Ghana in 1959 and entered private practice until he was called to the bench of the High Court in May 1970.

Electoral Commissioner
Justice Abban was called to the Ghanaian bar on 18 April 1959. While a High Court Judge, he was appointed the electoral commissioner and supervised the controversial  'Union Government (UNIGOV)' referendum on 30 March 1978 during the Supreme Military Council (SMC) era. At a point during the referendum, he went into hiding in fear of his life from the military authorities. This was because he opposed the attempts to rig the UNIGOV referendum by the military SMC government. His successor Justice Kinsgley Nyinah supervised the 1979 election that saw Dr Limann win to become president of Ghana.

Chief Justice
Abban left for Seychelles where he served as the Chief Justice from 1990 to 1993. On his return to Ghana, he rejoined the Judicial Service of Ghana and was appointed to the Supreme Court of Ghana. On 22 February 1995, he was appointed Chief Justice by the President, Jerry Rawlings.

Death
Justice Abban was due to retire on 1 May 2001, for health reasons. He died a few days before that on 21 April 2001 in Accra, Ghana at the age of 67.

See also
Chief Justice of Ghana
List of judges of the Supreme Court of Ghana
Supreme Court of Ghana
Judiciary of Ghana
Electoral Commission of Ghana

Notes

External links
Picture of Justice I.K. Abban

20th-century Ghanaian lawyers
2001 deaths
1933 births
Chief justices of Seychelles
Ghanaian judges on the courts of Seychelles
Ghanaian Methodists
Mfantsipim School alumni
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Justices of the Supreme Court of Ghana
People from Central Region (Ghana)
Electoral commissioners of Ghana

Isaac Kobina Abban