The brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus) is a North American species of Neotropical silverside. The brook silverside lives in slow moving rivers and lakes from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River. The brook silverside survives best in clear water with aquatic vegetation. The brook silverside occupies freshwater lakes, ponds, quiet pools and small rivers.

Life history
The brook silverside breeds in the summer from late May to mid-August. Their life span is only one year. During the first year, they have rapid growth, growing up to one millimeter per day. Brook silversides quickly reach a maximum size of approximately eight centimeters.

They reach sexual maturity by the first summer in order to reproduce. Some studies report that brook silversides reproduce by internal fertilization, although this has not been entirely confirmed. When the eggs are produced, they have an attached filament, which allows for the eggs to be deposited on wood, plants and rocks.

Temperature does not affect the sex of fish. After the eggs hatch, they immediately swim away from the shore into deeper water, but still stay just under the surface. They congregate in large schools. The brook silverside migrates throughout its life cycle. No human-induced changes are reported as affecting the life history. Human-induced changes are reported as more strongly affecting populations rather than behaviors.

Current management

Human intervention through species introduction, habitat alteration, pollution, and construction are causing the decline of the brook silverside and other freshwater fishes. Freshwater fishes account for the majority of extinctions in ray-finned fishes. To stabilize and increase populations, no more dams or waterways should be built. Additionally, pollution must be stopped. Agricultural runoff creates turbid waters, which the brook silverside cannot thrive in. Stream sampling occurs through organizations such as USFWS and TVA (locally). This allows for populations to be monitored and stream chemistry to be controlled. Over-fishing and hybridization aren't causing brook silverside populations to decline. Invasive species and habitat destruction have the greatest impact on population decline. Areas are being reserved for the preservation of endemic fish, but more must still be done.

Related pages

 Swordfish
 Sea monster
 Ovalentaria
 Percomorpha
 Labriformes
 Tubemouth
 Leedsichthys

References

 ^ NatureServe (2013). "Labidesthes sicculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T201944A18229117. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T201944A18229117.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
 ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Labidesthes sicculus" in FishBase. October 2015 version.
 ^ a b Jonna, R. (2004): Actinopterygii. NatureServe.
 ^ Marsden, J.E., Langdon, R.W. & Good, S.P. (2000): First occurrence of the brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus) in Lake Champlain, Vermont. Northeastern Naturalist, 7 (3): 248-254.
 ^ a b Powles, P.M. & Sandeman, I.M. (2008): Growth, summer cohort output, and observations on the reproduction of brook silverside, Labidesthes sicculus (Cope) in the Kawartha Lakes, Ontario. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 82 (4): 421-431.
 ^ a b Strongin, K., Taylor, C.M., Roberts, M.E., Neill, W.H. & Gelwick, F. (2011): Food Habits and Dietary Overlap of Two Silversides in the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway: The Invasive Menidia audens Versus the Native Labidesthes sicculus. The American Midland Naturalist, 166 (1): 224-233.
 ^ Morris, J.E. (1982): Distribution and food habits of the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, and the northern brook silverside, Labidesthes sicculus, in Lake Conroe, Texas. Master's Thesis. Texas A&M University. 57 pp.
 ^ Bloom, D.D., Piller, K.R., Lyons, J., Mercado-Silva, N. & Medina-Nava, M. (2009): Systematics and Biogeography of the Silverside Tribe Menidiini (Teleostomi: Atherinopsidae) Based on the Mitochondrial ND2 Gene. Copeia, 2009 (2): 408-417.
 ^ Pratt, K.E., Hargrave, C.W. & Gido, K.B. (2002): Rediscovery of Labidesthes sicculus (Atherinidae) in Lake Texoma (Oklahoma-Texas). The Southwestern Naturalist, 47 (1): 142–147.
 ^ Hubbs, C.L. (1921): An Ecological Study of the Life-History of the Fresh-Water Atherine Fish Labidesthes sicculus. Ecology, 2 (4): 262-276.

Other websites

 Brook silverside on English Wikipedia

Teleosts
Animals of North America
Freshwater fish

Brook silverside


Alan John Sayers  (6 December 1915 – 19 August 2017) was a New Zealand journalist, photographer and athlete who worked for The New Zealand Herald prior to World War II. When the war was over he was invited to join the Auckland Star where he was the first reporter in New Zealand to receive a personal by-line. In 1953 he was an official journalist on the tour of Queen Elizabeth II to the Pacific Islands and New Zealand.

Early life and family
Sayers was born in the Auckland suburb of Royal Oak, the son of Mary and Horace Sayers, a builder. He was educated at Royal Oak Primary School and Auckland Grammar School. His son, Greg Sayers, is an Auckland Councillor.

Sporting career

Athletics

While at Auckland Grammar Sayers competed in the 1934 Melbourne Centenary Inter-Collegiate Games and won a silver medal, becoming the second fastest schoolboy quarter-miler in the British Empire. In 1938, although recovering from a serious car accident, he competed in the British Empire Games in Sydney, winning a bronze medal as part of the men's 440 yards relay team.

Rugby
Sayers won national 440 yards track title in 1937, represented Waikato in rugby union and played rugby league for one season, during which he scored a total of seven tries in a senior game on Carlaw Park, a record yet to be beaten. He coached track athletes, a number of whom won national titles, broke records and represented their country.

Yachting

In the world of yachting he was chairman of both the Auckland P-Class and Starling Associations, the largest youth classes in New Zealand. As patron of the Manly Sailing Club, Whangaparaoa, he was partially responsible for the building of a new waterfront clubhouse including the raising of $70,000 towards its construction. He was also patron of the Hibiscus Coast Waterwise Society.

Military service

At the beginning of World War II Sayers enlisted in the 9th Heavy Artillery Regiment but was seconded into the Royal New Zealand Navy (special branch), where he served as an intelligence officer reporting on enemy activity in the South Pacific. He was a member of the Kings Empire Veterans and the Silverdale RSA.

Later life and death
In August 2011, at the age of 96, he was entrusted by Sir Fred Allen, the only undefeated All Black coach with 37 games undefeated, to write his biography Fred The Needle which became New Zealand's best seller during the week beginning 29 August 2011. He also gave the eulogy at Allen's funeral at the age of 96. In 2014, aged 98, Sayers published his second book Deadline, which received wide publicity in the media, including a segment on the Seven Sharp national TV programme and articles in the NZ Listener, The Rodney Times and other publications. He turned 100 in December 2015 and died in Auckland on 19 August 2017 at the age of 101.

Honours and awards
In the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, Sayers was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to sport and journalism.

As chairman of the Hibiscus Coast Action Committee he won a bylaw outlawing life-threatening nets set amongst swimmers in shallow water along the Arkles Bay foreshore, the only bylaw of its kind in New Zealand. His services to the community have been recognised by an Athletics New Zealand Award, a Kiwi Bank Local Heroes Award, an Age Concern Senior Achievers Award and an Auckland City Council Award. On 6 December 2015 Sayers celebrated his 100th birthday, which was acknowledged by the Auckland Council.

References

1915 births
2017 deaths
New Zealand male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1938 British Empire Games
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
New Zealand journalists
New Zealand biographers
Male biographers
New Zealand autobiographers
Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand rugby union players
Waikato rugby union players
Rugby union wings
Rugby union centres
New Zealand rugby league players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league wingers
New Zealand sports executives and administrators
New Zealand centenarians
People educated at Auckland Grammar School
Men centenarians
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
Medallists at the 1938 British Empire Games

Alan Sayers


Norbert Oscar Gugen (20 January 1910 – 19 March 1992) co-founded the British Sub-Aqua Club, "the largest and most successful diving club in the world", and the partnership E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd., which became Typhoon International, "the world's largest manufacturer of drysuits". Born Norbert Oscar Gugenbichler in Paris with dual Austrian and French citizenship, he was naturalised British as "Manager and Secretary (Toy Manufacturers)" on 29 August 1951.

Early life
Gugen was born in Paris in 1910 to an Austrian father and a French mother. He started as a hotel kitchen hand in Austria, peeling carrots. By the age of 21 he was a hotel director in the south of France. When World War II started, he joined the French Army. After the Germans broke through into France, he destroyed his papers, swam across the mouth of the Loire and boarded the last British destroyer which was evacuating British troops. As he had no papers, he was interned on the Isle of Man, and released at the end of the war. He became a swimming pool attendant, and then managed an American Army Officers' Club. After the Americans left, he became a partner of Eric Skinner, who was selling jigsaw puzzles.

E. T. Skinner & Company Ltd

Gugen's partnership was named E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd after Eric Skinner. The firm traced its origins back to 1948. E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd. traded from premises at 400 Harrow Road, London W9, then from 1955 at 2 Lochaline Street, Hammersmith, London W6. Gugen used his knowledge of languages and business acumen to expand by importing swimming goggles and swimfins from France, as the Dunlop Rubber company, who had made wartime frogmen's fins, had decided that there would be no market for them in peace time. Soon he was selling 300 pairs of fins a week, mainly to Gamages and to Colin McLeod at Lillywhites.

The 1956 and 1966 editions of Skinner's handbook for skin divers served as the company's product catalogues during the 1950s and 1960s. This guide provided basic safety advice and listed the company's full range of underwater swimming products, both imported lines and its own-brand "Typhoon" articles of British design and manufacture. Both editions contained product descriptions of diving masks (the Typhoon Super Star and Blue Star diving masks pictured right appeared in both issues), breathing tubes, swimfins (the Typhoon Clubmaster swimming fins pictured right appeared in both issues, while the Typhoon Speedmaster swimming fins pictured alongside them only appeared in the 1956 edition), dry suits, wetsuits and harpoon guns. The 1966 issue also listed an underwater camera and demand valves.

Typhoon International
In the 1970s, E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd. was renamed Typhoon and a factory was built in Redcar, where the company continues to operate. Typhoon is a manufacturer of dry suits for diving and other water sport, rescue, commercial and military applications, and lifejackets and buoyancy aids.

Patents
During the 1950s and 1960s, E. T. Skinner & Co. Ltd. filed several successful British patent applications:
 GB746764 (published 21 March 1956): Improvements in and relating to Swim-Fins. The patent drawings show the prototype of the Typhoon open-heel Surfmaster fin, which appears in the 1956 Skinner's handbook with the caption: "The Fluted Typhoon Swimfin is covered by British Patent No. 746764."
 GB781597 (published 21 August 1957): Improvements in or relating to Valves for Underwater Breathing Apparatus. The patent drawings show the prototype of the "Typhoon Automatic Valve Assembly" to be fitted as a snorkel tube to a diving mask and featured in the 1956 Skinner's handbook.
 GB842768 (published 27 July 1960): Improved Sealing Means for an Aperture in an Article  Flexible Sheet Material. The patent drawings show the prototype of the "Typhoon Watertight Closure" used to seal the Typhoon one-piece dry suit, which appears in the 1966 Skinner's handbook.
 GB932258 (published 24 July 1963): Improved mask for use in underwater swimming and diving. This patent protects a "cushioned face-mask flange" design providing diving mask wearers with a more comfortable fit.

British Sub-Aqua Club
To form a national diving club, Gugen tried to merge with Harold Penman's Underwater Explorers Club, but the attempt failed over policy differences: Penman insisted that either he, or Gugen, should own the club and control the finances, while Gugen was adamant that it should be run by the members and their elected committee.

Gugen determined that he would need a dedicated and persuasive journalist to cover publicity and public relations. He found the journalist he wanted in Peter Small who had already expressed enormous enthusiasm for science and the sea in articles published in Picture Post, the Daily Herald, New Scientist, the Sunday Times and the News Chronicle. Like Gugen, he had used the aqualung, but only briefly. The two obtained scuba diving training from Trevor Hampton at Warfleet Creek. Gugen had two dives, while Small finished the five-lesson course. In the evenings they worked out BSAC's constitution. The "Sub-Aqua" in its name was likeliest Oscar's idea, as Penman and Hampton had used "Underwater" in their organizations' titles. Jack Atkinson, an ex-RAF flight sergeant, joined them as Training Officer; he soon after took Trevor Hampton's diving course.

Gugen retired from chairing the BSAC in 1958. In the club's magazine Triton, Peter Small paid tribute to Oscar Gugen's service as club chairman: "It is impossible to over-estimate what Oscar Gugen has accomplished for the club. He and I started it over a glass of beer, but it was mainly his inspiration (the Club, not the beer) and it was he, rather than any other single person, who has guided the Club from those humble beginnings to its present position of national, even international, authority." According to an article elsewhere in the same issue, Gugen was subsequently elected president of the BSAC London Branch, which is the original branch No.1 of the British Sub-Aqua Club.

See also
History of British Sub-Aqua Club.

References

English underwater divers
Diving equipment manufacturers
1910 births
1992 deaths
People interned in the Isle of Man during World War II
French Army personnel of World War II

Oscar Gugen


Kleinhovia hospita (guest tree syn. Kleinhovia serrata Blanco, Grewia meyeniana Walp.) is an evergreen, tropical tree native to Indonesia, Malaysia and other parts of tropical Asia and the Pacific. It is monotypic, being the only species in the genus Kleinhovia.

Description
Kleinhovia hospita is an evergreen, bushy tree growing up to 20 m high, with a dense rounded crown and upright pink sprays of flowers and fruits. Leaves are simple and alternate; stipules are ensiform to linear, about 8 mm long; petioles are 2.5–30 cm long; the leaf-blade is ovate to heart-shaped, glabrous on both sides, with the apex pointed. Secondary veins occur in 6-8 pairs, palmately nerved.

The flowers of K. hospita are terminal, in loose panicles protruding from the crown; flowers are about 5 mm wide, coloured pale pink; pedicels are 2–10 mm long; bracteoles are lanceolate, 2–4 mm long, pubescent; gynandrophores are 4–7 mm long, pubescent; there are 5 sepals, linear lanceolate, 6–8 mm long, pink, tomentose; 5 petals, inconspicuous, the upper one being yellow; 15 stamens, monaldelphous, 8–15 mm long, staminal tube broadly campanulate, adanate to gynandrophore, 5-lobed, each lobe having 3 anthers and alternating with staminodes; the anthers are sessile and extrorse; pistil occur with a 5-celled, pilose ovary, one style and a capitate, with a 5-lobed stigma. K. hospita flowers throughout the year.

Fruit production starts early, often in the third year after planting. The fruit of K. hospita are rounded, 5-lobed, thin-walled, membranous capsules, 2–2.5 cm in diameter, loculicidally dehiscent, each locule having 1–2 seeds. The seeds are globose, whitish, warty and exalbuminous. The fruits are more conspicuous than the flowers because of their abundance and size.

Range
Kleinhovia'''s range includes Bangladesh, Christmas Island, Peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam, Hainan, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands, Caroline Islands, Lesser Sunda Islands, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Samoan Islands, and Society Islands.

It has been introduced to the Comoro Islands, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Windward Islands.

 Uses Kleinhovia hospita is used as a traditional medicine in parts of Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea to treat scabies. The bark and leaves used as hairwash for lice, while the juice of the leaves are used as an eyewash. Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Bast fibres are used for making ropes used for tying or for tethering livestock.

The wood of K. hospita shows a pinkish buff and is moderately fine in texture, soft, light, easy to season, work and finish. Its energy value is about 19000 kJ/kg. The leaves and bark contain cyanogenic compounds that are assumed to help to kill ectoparasites such as lice. Extracts of the leaves have shown anti-tumour activity against sarcoma in mice. A number of fatty acids with a cyclopropenylic ring (scopoletin, kaempferol, and quercetin) have been isolated from the leaves.Kleinhovia hospita is used for ornamental purposes: the attractiveness of the pink panicles accounts for its spread as an ornamental.

The tree bark of Kleinhovia hospita has a good potential as a reinforcement for Fiber Reinforced Composite because of its high mechanical strength.

Gallery

Notes

General references
Latiff, A., 1997. Kleinhovia hospita L. in Faridah Hanum, I. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 11''. Auxiliary Plants. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia; url source: Pl@ntUse.

External links

PLANTS Profile for Kleinhovia hospita (guest tree)
Aluka - Entry for Kleinhovia hospita Linn.

Byttnerioideae
Medicinal plants
Trees of China
Trees of Taiwan
Flora of tropical Asia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of the Society Islands
Trees of Fiji
Flora of American Samoa
Flora of Samoa
Malvales of Australia
Monotypic Malvales genera
Malvaceae genera
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Kleinhovia


Capri is an Italian island in the Gulf of Naples.

Capri or CAPRI may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Capri (TV series), an Italian television series
 Capri Records, a short-lived record label based in Texas
 Capri Records (Jazz record label) founded in 1984 and currently active
 The Capris, an Italian-American doo-wop group
 The Capris (Los Angeles group), a 1960s African-American doo-wop group from Los Angeles
 The Capris (Philadelphia group), a group from Philadelphia, formed in 1953
 The Capris, a group that recorded with Doris Browne

Ford Motor Company cars
 Ford Capri, a European-built automobile from 1969 through 1987, sold in the United States as the "Capri"
 Lincoln Capri, a model from the 1950s
 Mercury Capri, a version of the Ford Mustang marketed under the Mercury marque in the United States from 1979 through 1986
 Ford Capri (Australia), an Australian Ford Capri convertible, from 1989 through 1994 and sold in the United States as the Mercury Capri

Business
 Capri (cigarette), a brand manufactured by R.J. Reynolds
 Hotel Capri, a now-closed hotel in Havana, Cuba
 Capri Cinema (Chicago), now defunct
 Capri Holdings formerly Michael Kors Holdings Limited
 Capri Sun, a brand of juice concentration drinks
 Capri Theatre, a cinema in Adelaide, South Australia
 Tiendas Capri, a Puerto Rican chain of discount department stores.

CAPRI
 CAPRI model, the abbreviation for Common Agricultural Policy Regionalised Impact model, a tool for agricultural policy impact assessment
 Caribbean Policy Research Institute (CaPRI), a public policy think tank in Jamaica
 Critical Assessment of Prediction of Interactions, a protein-protein docking structure prediction experiment

Other uses
 Capri (color), a tint of blue
 Capri (horse), thoroughbred racehorse, winner of the 2017 Irish Derby
 Capri (town), the main town of the island
 Capri pants, a style of trousers
 Operation Capri (or Battle of Medenine), a German World War II counteroffensive
 An alternate spelling of Capra, the goat genus

People with the given name
 Capri Anderson (born 1988), American actress
 Capri Cafaro (born 1977), a Democratic member of the Ohio Senate
 Capri Virkkunen (born 1972), Finnish lead singer of Amberian Dawn

See also

 Isle of Capri (disambiguation)
 Cari (disambiguation)
 Carpi (disambiguation)

Capri (disambiguation)


A birth name is the name given to a person upon birth. The term may be applied to the surname, the given name, or the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a birth certificate or birth register may by that fact alone become the person's legal name.

The assumption in the Western world is often that the name from birth (or perhaps from baptism or brit milah) will persist to adulthood in the normal course of affairs—either throughout life or until marriage. Possible changes of a person's name include middle names, diminutive forms, changes relating to parental status (due to one's parents' divorce or adoption by different parents).

Maiden and married names

The French and English-adopted née is the feminine past participle of naître, which means "to be born". Né is the masculine form.

 The term née, having feminine grammatical gender, can be used to denote a woman's surname at birth that has been replaced or changed. In most English-speaking cultures, it is specifically applied to a woman's maiden name after her surname has changed due to marriage.
 The term né, having masculine grammatical gender, can be used to denote a man's surname at birth that has subsequently been replaced or changed. The diacritic marks (the acute accent) are considered significant to its spelling, and ultimately its meaning, but are sometimes omitted.

According to Oxford University's Dictionary of Modern English Usage, the terms are typically placed after the current surname (e.g., "Margaret Thatcher, née Roberts" or "Bill Clinton, né Blythe"). Since they are terms adopted into English (from French), they do not have to be italicized, but they often are.

In Polish tradition, the term  (literally meaning "of the house" in Latin) may be used, with rare exceptions, meaning the same as née.

Notes

References

Birth
Human names

Birth name


The Van Wagenen House is a house in Jersey City, New Jersey. It is also known as the Apple Tree House. It has been part of the National Register of Historic Places since August 16, 2006.

History
The main part of the house was built in the 1740s, and an addition was made to it in the 1820s. A legend states that during the American Revolutionary War, General George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette talked about war strategy under an apple tree in front of the house in 1779.  However, this is probably not true. There used to be an apple orchard and a cider press at the house, which is why it is also called the Apple Tree House.

The house was called one of the most endangered (which means it is at a very high risk of being ruined) historic sites by Preservation New Jersey in 1996. The building really needed to be improved (made better). In 1999 the City of Jersey City bought the house and started to make it better. The city plans to use the house as a museum.

References

National Register of Historic Places
Jersey City, New Jersey
Houses in the United States
Buildings and structures in New Jersey

Van Wagenen House


Autobiography of Red is a verse novel by Anne Carson, published in 1998 and based loosely on the myth of Geryon and the Tenth Labor of Herakles, especially on surviving fragments of the lyric poet Stesichorus' poem Geryoneis.

Summary
Autobiography of Red is the story of a boy named Geryon who, at least in a metaphorical sense, is the Greek monster Geryon.  It is unclear how much of the mythological Geryon's connection to the story's Geryon is literal, and how much is metaphorical. Sexually abused by his older brother, his affectionate mother too weak-willed to protect him, the monstrous young boy finds solace in photography and in a romance with a young man named Herakles.  Herakles leaves his young lover at the peak of Geryon's infatuation; when Geryon comes across Herakles several years later on a trip to Argentina, Herakles' new Peruvian lover Ancash forms the third point of a love triangle.  The novel ends, ambiguously, with Geryon, Ancash, and Herakles stopping outside a bakery near a volcano.

The book also contains Carson's very loose translation of the Geryoneis fragments, using many anachronisms and taking many liberties, and some discussion of both Stesichorus and the Geryon myth, including a fictional interview with "Stesichoros", a veiled reference to Gertrude Stein.

Style

Critic Sam Anderson describes the book as follows:The book is subtitled "A Novel in Verse," but—as usual with Carson—neither "novel" nor "verse" quite seems to apply. It begins as if it were a critical study of the ancient Greek poet Stesichoros, with special emphasis on a few surviving fragments he wrote about a minor character from Greek mythology, Geryon, a winged red monster who lives on a red island herding red cattle. Geryon is most famous as a footnote in the life of Herakles, whose 10th labor was to sail to that island and steal those cattle—in the process of which, almost as an afterthought, he killed Geryon by shooting him in the head with an arrow.

Autobiography of Red purports to be Geryon's autobiography. Carson transposes Geryon's story, however, into the modern world, so that he is suddenly not just a monster but a moody, artsy, gay teenage boy navigating the difficulties of sex and love and identity. His chief tormentor is Herakles, a charismatic ne'er-do-well who ends up breaking Geryon's heart. The book is strange and sweet and funny, and the remoteness of the ancient myth crossed with the familiarity of the modern setting (hockey practice, buses, baby sitters) creates a particularly Carsonian effect: the paradox of distant closeness.

Reception
Autobiography of Red was warmly received by authors and critics, with highly positive reviews from Alice Munro, Michael Ondaatje, Susan Sontag, among others. The book also sold unusually well for literary poetry, with at least 25,000 copies sold by the year 2000, two years after its publication. It was described as "one of the crossover classics of contemporary poetry: poetry that can seduce even people who don't like poetry" and Carson herself as "that rarest of rare things, a bestselling poet."

The book was referenced, alongside Carson's previous work Eros the Bittersweet, in a 2004 episode of The L Word.

References

External links

New York Times Magazine on Anne Carson

1998 Canadian novels
1998 fantasy novels
Canadian fantasy novels
Verse novels
Novels with gay themes
Canadian romance novels
Alfred A. Knopf books
Classical mythology in popular culture
LGBT speculative fiction novels
Canadian LGBT novels
1990s LGBT novels
LGBT poetry
Bildungsromans
Novels set in Buenos Aires
Novels set in Peru
English-language novels
LGBT literature in Canada

Autobiography of Red


Baron Cranworth is a title that has been created twice, both times in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came in 1850 when the lawyer and Liberal politician Sir Robert Rolfe was made Baron Cranworth, of Cranworth in the County of Norfolk. He later served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. This creation became extinct on his death in 1868.

The second creation came in 1899 when Robert Gurdon was created Baron Cranworth, of Letton and Cranworth in the County of Norfolk. He had earlier represented South Norfolk and Mid Norfolk in the House of Commons.  the title is held by his great-grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his grandfather in 1964. He is the son of the Hon. Robert Brampton Gurdon, who was killed in action in Libya in July 1942.

The family seat is Grundisburgh Hall, near Woodbridge, Suffolk.

Barons Cranworth, First creation (1850)
Robert Monsey Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth (1790–1868)

Barons Cranworth, Second creation (1899)
Robert Thornhagh Gurdon, 1st Baron Cranworth (1829–1902)
Bertram Francis Gurdon, 2nd Baron Cranworth (1877–1964)
Philip Bertram Gurdon, 3rd Baron Cranworth (b. 1940)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. Sacha William Robin Gurdon (b. 1970).
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Alec Martin Philip Gurdon (b. 2006)

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

David Beamish's Peerage Page

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1899
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1850
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Cranworth


Eliza Emily Chappell Porter (November 5, 1807 – January 1, 1888) was the first public school teacher in Chicago, at Fort Dearborn. She established normal schools, educated settlers and American Indians at Mackinac Island, aided the wounded during the American Civil War as a member of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, participated in the Underground Railroad, and taught freedmen.

Early years
Porter was born on November 5, 1807, in Geneseo, New York.  She was the youngest daughter of eight children.  Porter's father, Robert Chappell, was supposedly the descendant of "Huguenots banished from France under the Edict of Nantes in 1688, who found refuge, with their persecuted brethren, in England". Robert moved to Franklin County, New York, then to Geneseo, Livingston County, New York. Eliza Chappell was the eighth child born to Robert and Elizabeth Kneeland Chappell. She was described as a "bonny child, plump and fair, with curling auburn hair, and bright grey eyes".

Robert Chappell was widowed shortly after Porter's birth. Burdened with seven young children at home, he sent Porter to live with her niece, Mrs. Bower of Franklin County, New York. Bower wanted to adopt Porter, but Porter insisted on living with the family as a "little cousin". Porter "easily [distanced] her boy cousins in study, she was ambitious to rival them in outdoor sports". By age twelve, Porter returned home; at age fourteen, she joined the Presbyterian church.

Porter boarded with a reverend's family in Rochester, New York, at the age of fifteen, and attended school. By age sixteen, Porter took charge of a neighboring school as a teacher. She eagerly read any books that were available to her. Porter felt it was important to educate toddlers. "I am more and more convinced that parents and those who have the care of children do not regard with sufficient interest the first three years," she wrote in her journal.

Frontier work
Porter was friends with a Mr. and Mrs. Loomis, missionaries from Rochester, who introduced her to Mr. and Mrs. Robert Stuart, who desired a teacher for their family. Stuart was a partner of John Jacob Astor at the American Fur Company in Mackinac Island, Michigan. Porter studied the Infant School system, and departed for Mackinac Island in June 1831.

At the age of 22, she began teaching the Stuart children, as well as other children on the island and at the mission.  Porter struggled with the responsibilities of a new teacher, writing in her journal "my time is not my own". She saw the need for teachers as well as laborers, mechanics, and farmers to populate the frontier.  She made a trip to New York to secure more teachers, and established schools in St. Ignace, Michigan. On June 19, 1832, Porter remarked on her teaching:

Spiritual life
Porter's moral fortitude could best be seen in the list of personal rules she adopted:

1. To rise with or before the sun.
2. To devote one hour to reading, meditation and prayer before leaving my room.
3. Should this precious season ever seem irksome and tasteless to remain until God manifests Himself.
4. To inquire with regard to all my movements: will this be for God's glory?
5. To examine carefully the motives which through each day have influenced my conduct.
6. To endeavor in my intercourse with all to do as I would wish to be done by.
7. To speak evil of no one. To do good to all.
8. To observe one day of each week as a season for private fasting and prayer.

Porter had a serious illness before teaching in Mackinac; many believed it was a miracle that she survived.  Porter credited this miracle to her strong religious beliefs.

Even among all the good Eliza was accomplishing, she was still a product of the prejudices of the time.

23rd [June 1832] on my return from the mission accompanied by one of the sisters I called at some of the Indian lodges. We had a copy of St. John's Gospel and attempted to read to them but such indifference! Oh! When shall all this wandering miserable race believe the report? Soon! For the day of the Lord is at hand.

She also commented on Catholic families on the frontier.

19th [June 1833].  Last week after Miss O's arrival, went to the Point, four miles from Mackinaw to see if a school could be opened there. Never have I witnessed such scenes of wretchedness and want. About one hundred and eighty inhabitants. All Catholics except one or two families.  French and Indian languages alone spoken there. Every man in the settlement a confirmed drunkard.

Black Hawk War
During the Black Hawk War, the spread of cholera terrified the residents of Mackinac Island. On July 7, 1832, Porter wrote:

Mackinaw is now greatly perplexed. Fear and alarm take hold of many. The cause is not the movements of the Indians. We have not had any serious, perhaps I may say any fears from them. ... Three steamboats filed with troops are now on their passage. ... They spent one night in our harbor and left behind them two sick soldiers, whose disease has proved to be the dreaded scourge cholera.

Chicago
Porter arrived in Chicago in June 1833 with the prospects of opening a school by September.  The school was established in a small log house formerly used as a store. There were 25 students; they furnished their own chairs, "but those who were unable to do so had primitive seats supplied them".  There were no desks. Some students paddled their canoes across the Chicago River to and from the school. The only teaching tools Porter had were "maps, a globe, scriptural texts and hymn books, and illustrations of geometry and astronomy".

In 1834, the school was moved into the first Presbyterian Church in Fort Dearborn, on the southwest corner of Lake and Clark Streets. The school was rented from the church for nine dollars a month.  That year, Porter established a normal school for future teachers, located on the future site of LaSalle Street, for 12 girls who lived on the prairie.

Marriage
Porter married Rev. Jeremiah Porter, the youngest child of Dr. William Porter and Charlotte Porter, on June 15, 1835.  Porter and Jeremiah first met on Mackinac Island during discussions about establishing a school.

After the Porters were married, they left Chicago for Farmington, Illinois. They moved to Peoria, Illinois, before settling in Green Bay, Wisconsin, on January 4, 1851; they remained there until 1858. The Porters returned to Chicago when Jeremiah became pastor of Edwards Congregational Church.

Porter was always a thin, frail woman.  She was able to overcome neuralgia and lost most of her teeth, but not her sense of humor.  When Eliza traveled to New York to meet her future in-laws, her mother-in-law remarked "Oh! What can such a poor little hand do?"

Civil War
The Porters were living in Chicago at the outbreak of the American Civil War; they promptly entered the service.  As early as the summer of 1861, Porter visited Cairo, Illinois, organizing hospitals, distributing supplies, escorting volunteers, and seeing to the sick or wounded.  In October 1861, Eliza became the office manager of the Chicago (later Northwestern) U.S. Sanitary Commission, which solicited food, medical dressings, and other supplies for use in frontline military hospitals.

After the Battle of Shiloh in early April 1862, Porter recognized that she would be more useful in the field. In July 1863, she returned to Chicago to act as associate director of the Chicago branch of the Northwest Sanitary Commission with fellow humanitarian Dorothea Dix. Most of 1862 was spent in field hospitals at Ft. Pickering where Jeremiah was stationed.  Following the Battle of Vicksburg, Porter traveled to Chattanooga, Tennessee, where she worked side by side with Mary Ann Bickerdyke. Porter and Bickerdyke directed all manner of volunteer field-hospital work, such as cooking, laundering, distributing relief supplies, and—in emergencies—nursing the wounded.

Porter followed the U.S. Army to the Battle of Atlanta. Jeremiah served as Chaplain in Battery A of the First Illinois Light Artillery at Ft. Pickering. Porter secured nurses from Chicago, and on orders from medical director Dr. Charles McDougal, escorted the nurses to Savannah.   The Porters followed the Union Army through Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia.

Porter worked closely with Bickerdyke distributing supplies and caring for the sick.   Eliza helped treat the wounded in Memphis from the Battle of Vicksburg. After the battle, Porter went through Louisville to Nashville, then on to Alabama, where she assisted Lincoln Clark's wife at Huntsville Prison. She continued her relief work up until Sherman's Campaign.

Activism
Both Porter and Jeremiah were active reformers.  Jeremiah met abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy in Alton, Illinois, for an anti-slavery convention, and Porter educated children and veteran freedmen during and after the Civil War. She established a school in Memphis for African-American children. She participated in founding a school at Shiloh, Tennessee, for former slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation.

In Austin, Texas, Porter established a Sunday school for freed slave children. "She [Eliza] would have a multitude of little black children packed close as their little wriggling bodies would permit. I seem to see her standing before them in that rude room upon that rough floor her beautiful eyes beaming, her whole face illuminated with love while every eye was fastened upon her face as she taught them of God and His laws, of Jesus and His love." She went on to establish a kindergarten for African-American children in a missionary settlement in East Austin, Texas.

Porter and Jeremiah were active in the Underground Railroad. During their stay in Green Bay, Wisconsin, the Porter home was the last stop before slaves crossed into the safety of Canada. She regarded it as a "secret service before the Lord". When a fugitive slave and his three small children arrived at the Porters' doorstep in Green Bay in the middle of the night, Porter suggested housing the family in the church. For four days, the belfry served as a refuge until a sailboat could be procured to carry the passengers to a steamboat bound for Canada.

In addition to her medical assistance, Eliza made appeals to many politicians about obtaining speedier recovery of convalescent soldiers—especially sending those soldiers home to northern hospitals. Porter even appealed to Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C. in 1863:

But it is not for the dead I plead, but for those who still live, and are suffering home and heart sickness in Southern hospitals. We ask that as you are giving furloughs to all veterans who are able and willing to re-enlist from the ranks, you will not forget the sick and wounded veterans, but extend furloughs to them also.... President Lincoln, do you know that the holding of our sick in government hospitals, is doing more in some sections of our country to prevent re-enlistment, and weaken confidence in our government than all other causes combined?

Mexican frontier
After her service in the Civil War ended in October 1865, the Porters went to the "Mexican frontier" in Texas to distribute supplies to U.S. soldiers on behalf of the Sanitary and Christians Commissions. Porter also opened a Protestant school. She taught in the school herself until the autumn of 1866, when Jeremiah became the pastor of the Congregational church in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.  By this time it had been five years since the Porters has settled into a home of their own. In 1868, the Porters returned to schoolwork in Brownsville, Texas, when Jeremiah became pastor of the Presbyterian Church there. In Brownsville, Eliza reopened the coeducational Rio Grande Seminary.  After about a year in Brownsville, they returned to Chicago.

Oklahoma and Wyoming Territory
Jeremiah was appointed Post Chaplain by the U.S. Senate in 1870, and sent to work at Fort Brown, Texas, on the north side of the Rio Grande.  In January 1874, the Porters went to Fort Sill in the Oklahoma Territory, among the Comanche and Kiowa tribes, because Jeremiah was the chaplain for Ulysses S. Grant's command. Porter "taught the children of the garrison in a day school [Rio Grande Female Institute], gathered the laundresses for instruction and made herself the special friend of everyone in need".

Jeremiah was transferred to Ft. Russell, Wyoming, in 1875. By this time, Porter's health started to deteriorate.  After a bout with malaria and pneumonia, her lungs were never the same, making frontier living intolerable.  She spent much time away from her husband, because she couldn't venture out in the cold.  Porter was torn between wanting to be near her sons in Chicago, and avoiding the harsh winters; she found any permanent resting place impractical. She spent summers in Wisconsin or Michigan, and winters in Florida, Texas, or California. Even though her health failed her, she kept busy with correspondence and "read with keen interest".

Death
Porter caught a chill at Christmas in 1887 that developed into pneumonia. She died at the age of 80 on January 1, 1888, in Santa Barbara, California.  Memorial services were held in Chicago on January 17.  People from all walks of life shared recollections of Chappell Porter.

Mary Livermore—a fellow member of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, journalist, and women's-rights advocate—remarked of the "uniform gentleness and untiring diligence that characterized her", noting "What a power she was in the hospitals" and "It seems to me that her biography, like that of our Lord, may be condensed into one phrase, 'she went about doing good'."

Jeremiah remained active, giving lectures to large crowds up until just before his own passing in 1893.

Porter is buried at Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago.

Children
Porter had nine children; six reached adulthood.  Eliza gave birth to her first child at the age of 28, and her last baby boy at 44. When Porter's youngest child was five, she set up an elementary school on their property where all were welcome.  When the children got older, they were sent to boarding school.

Eliza Chappell School
The Eliza Chappell Elementary School, located at 2135 West Foster Avenue in Chicago, was built in 1937 and is named in honor of Porter. The school, formerly known as the Foster and Leavitt site, was named on October 20, 1937, with Elvira Fox as the elected principal.  A plaque was placed in Porter's honor at the southwest corner of State and Wacker Streets, acknowledging the first public school in Chicago in 1833.

References

Bibliography

Sources

 "Pageant to Tell City's Dramatic Story Sept. 16". Chicago Daily Tribune. (1872–1963) September 7, 1934. Proquest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune. (1849–1986), p. 10.
 "Rev. Jeremiah Porter, Chicago's First Moral Crusader". The Chicago Crime Scenes Project. March 31, 2009. June 8, 2009.
 Carol Kramer. "School Name Pays Homage to Early Chicago Teacher". Chicago Tribune. September 16, 1965. Proquest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849–1986), p. N1.
 Charles S. Winslow. Outline History of Chicago Public Schools. August 1, 1939.
 Elizabeth Leonard. Yankee Women: Gender Battles in the Civil War. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994, p. 45.
 Glennette Tilley Turner. "Underground Railroad". The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
 Jane E. Schultz. Women at the Front: Hospital Workers in Civil War America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004, p. 77.
 John L. Rury. "Schools and Education". The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
 Julia Pferdehirt. "History Alive! The Underground Railroad in Wisconsin". Teaching With Stories.com Retrieved June 17, 2009.
 Norman Rozeff. Civilizing "The Frontier - The Porters". Cameron County Historical Commission. April 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
 Robert McHenry. Famous American Women: A Biographical Dictionary From Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Dover, 1983, p. 193.
 Sheila Wolfe. "City's History Can Be Traced at Rosehill". Chicago Daily Tribune. (1872–1963) July 27, 1959. Proquest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849–1986), p. 20.
 Therese Quinn. "An Introduction to CPS: CPS is the Third-Largest School System in the U.S. and the Second-Largest employer in the City". Area Chicago. Retrieved June 8, 2009.

External links
 Eliza Porter, Civil War Nurse And Educator

1807 births
1888 deaths
American Civil War nurses
American women nurses
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Educators from Chicago
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
Underground Railroad people
United States Sanitary Commission people
Schoolteachers from Illinois
19th-century American women educators
19th-century American educators

Eliza Emily Chappell Porter


Melvin Jones (January 13, 1879 – June 1, 1961) was the founder and secretary-treasurer of Lions Clubs International.

He was born in Fort Thomas, Arizona (at that time the Arizona Territory). His father was a captain in the United States Army. In 1886 or 1887, the family moved east when his father was transferred. Melvin Jones settled in Chicago, where he studied at the Union Business and Chaddock colleges of Quincy, Illinois. At age 33 he was the sole owner of his own insurance agency in Chicago and became a member of the local business circle, and was elected secretary shortly thereafter. Melvin Jones was also a Freemason.

After two years, prompted by his personal code – "You can't get very far until you start doing something for somebody else" – Jones proposed that the talents of the circle's members could be better utilized in other areas of community life,  He invited representative from other men's clubs in and around Chicago to a meeting to devise a suitable organization and from that meeting, Jones subsequently integrated his club into an existing initiative that further led to his selection as Secretary of the "International Association of Lions Clubs" later to be named "Lions Clubs International". Jones eventually gave up his insurance agency to work full-time at Lions International Headquarters.

In 1945, Jones represented Lions Clubs International as a consultant at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco.

Memorials
There is a memorial to Melvin Jones, in the form of a fifty-foot spire, in his birthplace of Fort Thomas.

At Lions headquarters in Dhaka there is a mural and portrait of Melvin Jones by Bangladeshi sculptor Mrinal Haque.

There is a Melvin Jones Memorial Grandstand in Burnham Park, Philippines.

There is a Melvin Jones Belvedere (with a view of the Alps on a clear day) at Vignale Monferrato, Piedmont, Italy.

There is a Melvin Jones Memorial on Avenida Capital de España, 28042 Madrid [40.461999, -3.615861], 5 minutes from the Campo de las Naciones tube station on Metro Linea 8. The memorial was erected by the Lions Clubs of Spain Multiple District 116.

There is a street, Rua Melvin Jones, in Lisbon and in 9 other towns across Portugal.

There is a street and a school named after Melvin Jones, in Parana, Argentina.

There is a square, Piazzale Melvin Jones, and bust in Rieti, Italy.

There is a small square, Largo Melvin Jones, in Borgomanero, Italy

The Lions Eye Bank located at San Martino Hospital in Genova is dedicated to Melvin Jones.

In 2017, the United States Mint issued a non-circulating commemorative coin honoring the centennial of the Lions Club; the obverse (heads side) features a depiction of Melvin Jones. The traditional sized silver coin was offered on the United States Mint website (www.usmint.gov) for sale through the end of 2017.

There is a Piazzetta Melvin Jones near to The Arena in Verona

References

1879 births
1961 deaths
American businesspeople
American Freemasons
Lions Clubs International

Melvin Jones (Lions Club)


The Cave of Altxerri (in Spanish "Cueva de Altxerri", and in Basque Altxerriko leizea or Altxerriko koba) is located in the municipality of Aya (Gipuzkoa) in the Basque Country (Spain).

The original grotto preserves rock paintings and engravings which have been dated from the end of the Upper Magdalenian period, within the Upper Paleolithic; the pictures situated in an upper gallery, known as Altxerri B, have been dated in a 2013 study as the oldest stone paintings in Europe, with an estimated age of 39,000 years.

Its artistic style forms part of the so-called Franco-Cantabrian School, characterized by the realism of the figures presented.

Altxerri houses one of the largest sets of rock engravings of the area. It contains around one hundred and twenty engravings of which ninety-two are of animals. The bison is the best-represented animal, with a total of fifty-three engravings. Other animals present in the cave are the reindeer, with six engravings, four deer and goats, three horses and aurochs, two saiga antelope, a wolverine, a fox, a hare and a bird.

It was declared a World Heritage Site in 2008, together with sixteen other caves situated in Northern Spain, as part of the group known as the Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain.

References

Geography of Gipuzkoa
Altxerri
Magdalenian
Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain

Cave of Altxerri


The Abbey of Saint Scholastica, also known as Subiaco Abbey (Italian: Abbazia di Santa Scolastica), is located just outside the town of Subiaco in the Province of Rome, Region of Lazio, Italy; and is still an active Benedictine abbey, territorial abbey, first founded in the 6th century AD by Saint Benedict of Nursia. It was in one of the Subiaco caves (or grotto) that Benedict made his first hermitage. The monastery today gives its name to the Subiaco Congregation, a grouping of monasteries worldwide that makes up part of the Order of Saint Benedict.

St. Scholastica's Abbey today is part of the Subiaco Congregation, a grouping of 64 male Benedictine monasteries on five continents, to which 45 female monasteries also belong, within the larger Benedictine Confederation.

History

In the early 6th century Benedict of Nursia, a man from a well-to-do family who was educated at Rome, retired to a grotto near an ancient Roman Villa in Subiaco, in the mountains of north Latium (Lazio).  His reputation as a spiritual guide quickly drew disciples to him there, including many of his old Roman friends, who also settled in the area.  Over the years, no fewer than thirteen monastic communities arose around Subiaco, including the one that would come to be named for St. Scholastica, Benedict's sister and herself a monastic.  Eventually, seeking greater solitude, Benedict would retire to Monte Cassino, where the same process would be repeated.

In the 9th century, St. Scholastica's Abbey was twice destroyed by the Saracens, in 828-829 and 876–877.  But it was restored, and grew in the tenth century thanks to the patronage and favour of several popes, many of whom were, in fact, Benedictine monks.

As for monastic establishments throughout Europe, the 11th and 12th centuries were a golden age for the abbey, when it boasted vast lands, a large number of monks, and elaborate, ornate liturgy.  With economic power came political power as well.  In the thirteenth century, a sanctuary was erected over the cave where St. Benedict had dwelt, the Sacro Speco or "Holy Cave".

Riches also brought covetousness, and the abbey's prestige brought it enemies.  Long power struggles with the feudal establishment weakened the abbey, and decadence set in when Calixtus III made Juan de Torquemada (uncle of the famous inquisitor) commendatory abbot.  Subsequently, powerful families tied to the papacy controlled it.  Rodrigo Borgia (later the infamous Alexander VI) held the commendatory abbacy in 1467.  The Colonna (1492), Borghese (1608), and Barberini (1633) families would also gain control of its revenues.  Some took their ownership of the abbey seriously and tried to restore it, but most were content to exploit its revenues, sometimes without even ever visiting the monastery.  The spiritual well-being of the monks was rarely a concern.

The tide began to turn in 1753, when Benedict XIV decided to remove commendatory abbots' power over the day-to-day running of their monasteries, leaving them only the spiritual and ecclesiastical dignity.  Yet at the end of the century, when the French occupied the Papal States, the abbey was suppressed. Pius VII restored it as soon as he regained his independence.  In 1915, Benedict XV accorded it the privilege of a territorial abbey.

Description

The monastic community today is made up of nineteen monks living at two sites: most are resident at St. Scholastica's Abbey proper, while a small contingent resides at the Sacro Speco (Holy Cave), the shrine at St. Benedict's hermitage.

St. Scholastica's Abbey
The buildings are arranged around three cloisters.  The oldest (12–13th centuries) is in the cosmatesque style; the second is in the Gothic style, dating to the 14th-15th centuries.  The third is from the late 16th century, in Renaissance style; it was finished in 1689.

The abbey church is a Gothic building with a Romanesque-style campanile, entirely rebuilt in 1771–1776 by Giacomo Quarenghi with a neo-classical style that stands apart from the rest of the abbey's architecture.

St. Benedict's Cave (Sacro Speco)
Located a few kilometers from the abbey proper, the ancient shrine is attached to the side of the mountain, its structure supported by nine high arcades. It can be visited in part by pilgrims and other visitors.

The interior is an extensive complex of small cells, and chapels—including one over St. Benedict's own hermitage, others hewn from the living rock. There are extensive frescoes dating to various periods. The lower church contains works by Roman painters of the mid-13th century, while the upper church has works from the Sienese school (early 14th century) and others from the Umbrian-Marche school (15th century). There is also a large statue of St. Benedict by Antonio Raggi (1657).

Among the frescoes is a representation of Saint Francis of Assisi, the oldest known portrait  of the saint in existence, executed in his lifetime, during the period he spent in retreat at Subiaco (1223–1224). It is noteworthy that Francis is depicted without the stigmata and without a halo.

Territorial status

The canonical status of "abbey nullius", or in modern terminology "territorial abbey", granted to Subiaco by Pope Benedict XV was modified by the Holy See in 2002, in harmony with a recent general policy, applied also in the case of other Benedictine houses, such as the Abbey of Monte Cassino and that of Montevergine. Since 1915, the Abbey of Subiaco had had jurisdiction, in a manner similar to any Catholic diocese, over 29 parishes in the vicinity. The 2002 measures transferred these parishes to a variety of neighbouring dioceses, leaving the abbot, as ordinary, with jurisdiction over the abbey church itself, the Sacro Speco and other Benedictine properties close by. The cathedral church of the Subiaco quasi-diocese remains the abbey church, which is at the same time the parish church solely of the parish where it stands.

References

External links

 Official website
 Subiaco's Monasteries Guide

Benedictine monasteries in Italy

Santa Scolastica
Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy

Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco


Leucangium is a genus of ascomycete fungi. The genus was circumscribed by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1883. Although classified in the Helvellaceae in the past (e.g., in Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th edition, 2008), molecular analysis indicates it is closely related to the genus Fischerula and Imaia, and therefore must be placed in the Morchellaceae. The genus includes two species, Leucangium ophthalmosporum Quél. (the type of the genus) and L. carthusianum (Tul. & C. Tul.) Paol., and both of them produce sequestrate (fully or partly underground) ascoma, globose to ellipsoidal ascus (inamyloid and eight-spored), and dark olive-colored to grayish green, smooth, fusiform ascospores.

References

External links

Morchellaceae
Pezizales genera

Leucangium


William Charles Edmund Newbolt (1844–1930) was an English Anglican priest and theologian.  He was a prominent Tractarian and headed Ely Theological College in Ely, Cambridgeshire, between 1887 and 1890, when he became a canon of St Paul's Cathedral.

Life
Newbolt was born 14 August 1844 in Somerton, a small town in Somerset. His father, also called William, was the rector of the Church of St Michael and All Angels. Newbolt was educated locally and at Uppingham School in Rutland. He then studied at Pembroke College, Oxford, obtaining a third-class degree in literae humaniores (classics) in 1867. He did not formally study for ordination, but spent a further year in Oxford reading before being ordained deacon in 1868 and priest in 1869.

While at Oxford, Newbolt was influenced by the Tractarians, also known as the Oxford Movement, a group aiming to reform the Church of England by asserting its Catholic heritage and its links with the early church.  He followed the teaching of clerics such as Edward Pusey, Henry Liddon and Edward King.  After his ordination, he was a curate in Wantage, Berkshire, in one of the prominent Tractarian parishes of the day.  After marrying in 1870, he became vicar of Dymock, Gloucestershire, on the nomination of Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp, a leading high-church Anglican; in 1877, Beauchamp's further nomination saw him move to Malvern Link, Worcestershire. Like Pusey, Liddon, King, and Beauchamp, Newbolt was to become a member of the Council of Keble College, Oxford, founded in memory of John Keble, a prominent Tractarian; Newbolt served from 1901 until his death.

The Dean of Worcester, Lord Alwyne Compton, became Bishop of Ely in 1886, and in the following year asked Newbolt to become principal of Ely Theological College, which trained clergy in accordance with Tractarian principles.  His time at Ely has been described as "the most important work of his life". In 1890, he succeeded Liddon as a canon of St Paul's Cathedral; he remained there until his death on 12 September 1930 in London. He was a noted preacher and took great care of the spiritual welfare of fellow clergy, publishing a number of books of advice, as well as his memoirs (Years That Are Past, 1921).

His youngest daughter, Sophia Menella Newbolt, married the Scottish organist Charles Macpherson.

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

1844 births
1930 deaths
People educated at Uppingham School
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
Staff of Ely Theological College
19th-century English Anglican priests
20th-century English Anglican priests
19th-century English theologians
People from Somerton, Somerset
20th-century English theologians
English Anglican theologians
Tractarians
English Anglo-Catholics
Anglo-Catholic clergy
Anglo-Catholic theologians
People from Dymock

William Newbolt


The title character in a narrative work is one who is named or referred to in the title of the work. In a performed work such as a play or film, the performer who plays the title character is said to have the title role of the piece. The title of the work might consist solely of the title character's name – such as Michael Collins or Othello – or be a longer phrase or sentence – such as The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Alice in Wonderland, or The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The title character is commonly – but not necessarily – the protagonist of the story. Narrative works routinely do not have a title character, and there is some ambiguity in what qualifies as one.

Examples in various media include Figaro in the opera The Marriage of Figaro, Giselle in the ballet of the same name, the Doctor in the TV series Doctor Who, Dr. Gregory House of the TV series House, Harry Potter in the series of novels and films, Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet in the play Romeo and Juliet, Amos Jones and Andy Brown in the radio and TV dramas Amos 'n' Andy, Mario and Luigi in the game Super Mario Bros., and Naruto Uzumaki in the manga and anime franchise Naruto.

Definitions
There is no formal, prescriptive definition of a title character or title role, but there are general standards accepted by tradition.

The title character need not be literally named in the title, but may be referred to by some other identifying word or phrase, such as Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit, Simba in The Lion King, Aang in Avatar: The Last Airbender, Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland, or more vaguely as in the play An Ideal Husband, which ostensibly refers to the character Sir Robert Chiltern.

A title character is typically fictional, such as Alice in the book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Robinson Crusoe in the book of the same name, or Jean-Luc Picard in the TV series Star Trek: Picard; but can be a non-fictional dramatization, such as Annie Oakley in the musical Annie Get Your Gun, Erin Brockovich in the film of the same name, or Thomas More in the play A Man for All Seasons.

Although it is common for the title character to be the protagonist, it is not unusual for the principal antagonist or a key secondary character to be named in the title instead. Examples of titular antagonists include Sauron in the book and film series The Lord of the Rings, Count Dracula in Bram Stoker's Dracula, or Francisco Scaramanga and Julius No in the James Bond novels and films The Man with the Golden Gun and Dr. No, or "The Big" Lebowski in the film of the same name. The protagonist and antagonist can arguably both be title characters, as in the films Godzilla vs. the Smog Monster or Smokey and the Bandit. In the novel and TV series Shogun, the feudal lord Toranaga is the title character, but the protagonist is John Blackthorne. In the 2003 revival of August Wilson's Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, Whoopi Goldberg had the title role of Ma Rainey, but the lead was Charles S. Dutton as Levee. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Wizard of Oz is the title character, but is a minor supporting character. In the musical Bye Bye Birdie, Conrad Birdie is the title character, while Albert Peterson is the protagonist. In the video game The Legend of Zelda, the title character Princess Zelda is the damsel in distress, and the protagonist is Link. The title character in the 2017 animated film Coco is the protagonist's great-grandmother.

The title character need not be the subject of the title in a strict grammatical sense: Uncle Tom is considered the title character of Uncle Tom's Cabin and Lee Marvin is often described as playing the title character in the film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, as his character (Liberty Valance) is named in the title, even though the grammatical subject of the title is the person who shot him.

The concept of title character may be interpreted to include unseen characters, such as Godot in Waiting for Godot, Rebecca de Winter in the 1938 novel Rebecca, or Jason Bourne in the 2012 film The Bourne Legacy. Status as the title character has been attributed to named objects, such as the bus in the film and musical Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, or the imaginary 6-foot rabbit Harvey in the play and film of the same name.

Titular
The general noun phrase "title character" can be replaced with a descriptive noun or phrase which is then further described using the adjective "titular". For example, the title character of Dracula can be referred to as the book's "titular vampire", the title character of Hamlet is the "titular prince of Denmark", and the title character of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is the "titular wizard".

See also
Leading actor
Supporting actor

References

Acting
Narratology

Title character


Sir Leslie Stephen  (28 November 1832 – 22 February 1904) was an English author, critic, historian, biographer, mountaineer, and an early humanist activist. He was also the father of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell.

Life

Sir Leslie Stephen came from a distinguished intellectual family, and was born at 14 (later renumbered 42) Hyde Park Gate, Kensington in London, the son of Sir James Stephen and (Lady) Jane Catherine (née Venn) Stephen. His father was Colonial Undersecretary of State and a noted abolitionist. He was the fourth of five children, his siblings including James Fitzjames Stephen (1829–1894) and Caroline Emelia Stephen (1834–1909).

His family had belonged to the Clapham Sect, the early 19th century group of mainly evangelical Christian social reformers. At his father's house he saw a good deal of the Macaulays, James Spedding, Sir Henry Taylor and Nassau Senior. Leslie Stephen was educated at Eton College, King's College London and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. (20th wrangler) in 1854 and M.A. in 1857. He was elected a fellow of Trinity Hall in 1854 and became a junior tutor in 1856.

In 1859 he was ordained, but his study of philosophy, together with the religious controversies surrounding the publication of On the Origin of Species (1859) by Charles Darwin, caused him to lose his faith in 1862, and in 1864 he resigned from his positions at Cambridge, and moved to London. He recounted some of his experiences in a chapter in his Life of Fawcett as well as in some less formal Sketches from Cambridge: By a Don (1865). These sketches were reprinted from The Pall Mall Gazette, to the proprietor of which, George Murray Smith, he had been introduced by his brother.

Marriage

(1) Harriet (Minny) Thackeray 1867–1875

The family connections included that of William Makepeace Thackeray. His brother, Fitzjames had been a friend of Thackeray's and assisted in the disposition of his estate when he died in 1863. His sister Caroline met Thackeray's daughters, Anny (1837–1919) and Minny (1840–1875) when they were mutual guests of Julia Margaret Cameron (of whom, see later). This led to an invitation to visit from Leslie Stephen's mother, Lady Stephen, where the sisters met him. They also met at George Murray Smith's house at Hampstead. Minny and Leslie became engaged on 4 December 1866 and married on 19 June 1867.

After the wedding they travelled to the Swiss Alps and Northern Italy, and on return to England lived at the Thackeray sisters' home at 16 Onslow Gardens with Anny, who was a novelist. In the spring of 1868 Minny miscarried but recovered sufficiently for the couple to tour the eastern United States. Minny miscarried again in 1869, but became pregnant again in 1870 and on 7 December gave birth to their daughter, Laura Makepeace Stephen (1870–1945). Laura was premature, weighing three pounds. In March 1873, Thackeray and the Stephens moved to 8 Southwell Gardens. The couple travelled extensively, and by 1875 Minny was pregnant again, but this time was in poor health. On 27 November she developed convulsions, and died the following day of eclampsia.

After Minny's death, Leslie Stephen continued to live with Anny, but they moved to 11 Hyde Park Gate South in 1876, next door to her widowed friend and collaborator, Julia Duckworth. Leslie Stephen and his daughter were also cared for by his sister, the writer Caroline Emelia Stephen, although Leslie described her as "Silly Milly" and her books as "little works". Meanwhile, Anny was falling in love with her younger cousin Richmond Ritchie, to Leslie Stephen's consternation. Ritchie became a constant visitor and they became engaged in May 1877, and were married on 2 August. At the same time Leslie Stephen was seeing more and more of Julia Duckworth.

(2) Julia Duckworth 1878–1895

His second marriage was to Julia Prinsep Duckworth (née Jackson, 1846–1895). Julia had been born in India and after returning to England she became a model for Pre-Raphaelite painters such as Edward Burne-Jones. In 1867 she had married Herbert Duckworth (1833 − 1870) by whom  she had three children prior to his death in 1870.

Leslie Stephen and Julia Duckworth were married on 26 March 1878. They had four children:
 Vanessa (1879–1961), who married Clive Bell
 Thoby (1880–1906)
 Virginia (1882–1941), who married Leonard Woolf
 Adrian (1883–1948)

In May 1895, Julia died of influenza, leaving her husband with four young children aged 11 to 15 (her children by her first marriage being adult by then).

Career

In the 1850s, Stephen and his brother James Fitzjames Stephen were invited by Frederick Denison Maurice to lecture at The Working Men's College. Leslie Stephen became a member of the college's governing College Corporation.

Stephen was an honorary fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and received the honorary degree Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) from the University of Cambridge and from the University of Oxford (November 1901).
While at Cambridge, Stephen became an Anglican clergyman. In 1865, having renounced his religious beliefs, and after a visit to the United States two years earlier, where he had formed lasting friendships with Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., James Russell Lowell and Charles Eliot Norton, he settled in London and became a journalist, eventually editing The Cornhill Magazine in 1871 where R. L. Stevenson, Thomas Hardy, W. E. Norris, Henry James, and James Payn figured among his contributors.

In his spare time, he participated in athletics and mountaineering. He also contributed to the Saturday Review, Fraser, Macmillan, the Fortnightly, and other periodicals. He was already known as a climber, as a contributor to Peaks, Passes and Glaciers (1862), and as one of the earliest presidents of the Alpine Club, when, in 1871, in commemoration of his own first ascents in the Alps, he published The Playground of Europe, which immediately became a mountaineering classic, drawing—together with Whymper's Scrambles Amongst the Alps—successive generations of its readers to the Alps.

During the eleven years of his editorship, in addition to three volumes of critical studies, he made two valuable contributions to philosophical history and theory. The first was The History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (1876 and 1881). This work was generally recognised as an important addition to philosophical literature and led immediately to Stephen's election at the Athenaeum Club in 1877. The second was The Science of Ethics (1882). It was extensively adopted as a textbook on the subject and made him the best-known proponent of evolutionary ethics in late-nineteenth-century Britain.  He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1901.

Stephen also served as the first editor (1885–91) of the Dictionary of National Biography.

He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902.

Humanism

As an adult, Stephen was an agnostic atheist who wrote extensively about his views. In Social Rights and Duties, he explained how he came to lose his faith of his parents: "When I ceased to accept the teaching of my youth, it was not so much a process of giving up beliefs as of discovering that I never really believed." His second wife, Julia, was similarly activist in her writings on agnosticism.

He advocated for more people of this view to claim the label "agnostic" for themselves, eschewing the harder associations of the unadorned term "atheist", reflecting the fact that no one who claims a disbelief in gods does so on the basis of professing absolute knowledge about the universe. He concluded his essay "An Agnostic's Apology" with a reply to religious critics who hold atheists and agnostics in contempt:

Stephen was very involved in the organised humanist movement, even serving multiple terms as President of the West London Ethical Society (part of the Union of Ethical Societies, which became Humanists UK). He gave numerous addresses and lectures to the ethical society during his tenure as president, which are collected at length across multiple volumes of humanist writing. He was an active organiser in the movement, and in one lecture, entitled "The aims of ethical societies", set about the task of defining the broader social purpose which animated the wider Ethical movement at that time.

Mountaineering

Stephen was one of the most prominent figures in the golden age of alpinism (the period between Wills's ascent of the Wetterhorn in 1854 and Whymper's ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865) during which many major alpine peaks saw their first ascents. Joining the Alpine Club in 1857 (the year of its formation), Stephen made the first ascent, usually in the company of his favourite Swiss guide Melchior Anderegg, of the following peaks:
Wildstrubel – 11 September 1858 with T. W. Hinchliff and Melchior Anderegg
Bietschhorn – 13 August 1859 with Anton Siegen, Johann Siegen and Joseph Ebener
Rimpfischhorn – 9 September 1859 with Robert Living, Melchior Anderegg and Johann Zumtaugwald
Alphubel – 9 August 1860 with T. W. Hinchliff, Melchior Anderegg and Peter Perren
Blüemlisalphorn – 27 August 1860 with Robert Living, Melchior Anderegg, F. Ogi, P. Simond and J. K. Stone
Schreckhorn – 16 August 1861 with Ulrich Kaufmann, Christian Michel and Peter Michel
Monte Disgrazia – 23 August 1862 with E. S. Kennedy, Thomas Cox and Melchior Anderegg
Zinalrothorn – 22 August 1864 with Florence Crauford Grove, Jakob Anderegg and Melchior Anderegg
Mont Mallet – 4 September 1871 with G. Loppe, F. A. Wallroth, Melchior Anderegg, Ch. and A. Tournier

He was President of the Alpine Club from 1865 to 1868 and edited the Alpine Journal, 1868–1872.

List of selected publications

 The Poll Degree from a Third Point of View (1863).
 The "Times" on the American War: A Historical Study (1865).
 Sketches from Cambridge (1865).
 The Playground of Europe (1871).
 Essays on Free Thinking and Plain Speaking (1873).
 Hours in a Library (3 vols., 1874–1879).
 The History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (2 vols., 1876).
 Samuel Johnson (1878).
 Swift (1882).
 The Science of Ethics (1882).
 Life of Henry Fawcett (1885).
 An Agnostic's Apology and Other Essays (London: Smith, Elder and Company, 1893).
 Sir Victor Brooke, Sportsman and Naturalist (1894).
 The Life of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, Bart., K.C.S.I. (1895).
 Social Rights and Duties (1896).
 Studies of a Biographer (4 volumes, 1898–1902).
 The English Utilitarians (1900).
 George Eliot (London: Macmillan, 1902).
 English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century (Ford Lectures) (London: Duckworth and Company, 1903, 1904).
 Hobbes (1904).

Death

He died in Kensington and is buried in the eastern section of Highgate Cemetery in the raised section alongside the northern path. His daughter, Virginia Woolf, was badly affected by his death and she was cared for by his sister, Caroline. Woolf
in 1927 created a detailed psychological portrait of him in the fictional character of Mr. Ramsay in her classic novel,
To the Lighthouse, (as well as of her mother as Mrs. Ramsay). (Ref: The Diaries and Letters of Virginia Woolf) His probate is worded: STEPHEN sir Leslie of 22 Hyde Park-gate Middlesex K.C.B. probate London 23 March to George Herbert Duckworth and Gerald de L'Etang Duckworth esquires Effects £15715 6s. 6d.

To honour his memory, his friends held a lecture in 1907 at the University of Cambridge, which has been held bi-annually as the Leslie Stephen Lecture since. His friends endowed that it be held with the specification that it be on "some literary subject, including therein criticism, biography and ethics."

Family tree

For family trees of the Stephens, Thackerays and Jacksons, see Bicknell (1996a) and Bloom and Maynard (1994).

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References

Bibliography

 Harrison, Frederic (1908). "Sir Leslie Stephen." In: Realities and Ideals. London: Macmillan & Co.
 Hutton, Richard Holt (1908). "Mr. Leslie Stephen and the Scepticism of Believers." In: Criticism on Contemporary Thought and Thinkers. London: Macmillan and Co.

  (see also Dictionary of National Biography)
  also Internet archive

Websites

  Family tree

 Virginia Woolf (1922). "To the Lighthouse"

Anne Thackeray Ritchie

External links

 History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century at Internet Archive.
 Obituary
 Leslie Stephen Photograph Album, Mortimer Rare Book Collection, Smith College Special Collections

External images
 Leslie and Harriet Stephen 1867, in
 Julia Prinsep Jackson, c.1856,  in

1832 births
1904 deaths
English mountain climbers
English biographers
Dictionary of National Biography
People educated at Eton College
Stephen-Bell family
English agnostics
English essayists
British women essayists
English humanists
19th-century English historians
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Presidents of the Alpine Club (UK)
Virginia Woolf
Alumni of King's College London
20th-century English biographers
Fellows of the British Academy
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
19th-century English writers
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
British women biographers
20th-century English historians

Leslie Stephen


The Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals (MPAPAI, also MPA) was an American organization of high-profile, politically conservative members of the Hollywood film industry.  It was formed in 1944 for the stated purpose of defending the film industry, and the country as a whole, against what its founders claimed was communist and fascist infiltration.

The organization was described by its opponents as fascist-sympathizing, isolationist, antisemitic, red-baiting, anti-unionist, and supportive of Jim Crow laws. The MPA denied these allegations, with Jewish writer and MPA member Morrie Ryskind writing in defence of his fellow members.

History
When the organization was formed in 1944, the initial, immediate purpose was to assemble a group of well-known show business figures willing to attest, under oath, before Congress to the supposed presence of Communists in their industry. When the House Un-American Activities Committee investigated the motion picture industry, the vast majority of "friendly witnesses" were supplied by the Alliance.

The Alliance officially disbanded in 1975.

Members

Prominent members of the Alliance included Robert Arthur, Martin Berkeley, Ward Bond, Walter Brennan, Roy Brewer, Clarence Brown, Charles Coburn, Gary Cooper, Laraine Day, Cecil B. DeMille, Walt Disney, Irene Dunne, Victor Fleming, John Ford, Clark Gable, Cedric Gibbons, Hedda Hopper, Leo McCarey, James Kevin McGuinness, Adolphe Menjou, Robert Montgomery, George Murphy, Fred Niblo, Dick Powell, Ayn Rand, Ronald Reagan, Ginger Rogers, Morrie Ryskind, Barbara Stanwyck, Norman Taurog, Robert Taylor, King Vidor, Hal B. Wallis, John Wayne, Frank Wead and Sam Wood.

Statement of Principles

Shortly after its formation in 1944, the Alliance issued a "Statement of Principles":

We believe in, and like, the American way of life: the liberty and freedom which generations before us have fought to create and preserve; the freedom to speak, to think, to live, to worship, to work, and to govern ourselves as individuals, as free men; the right to succeed or fail as free men, according to the measure of our ability and our strength.

Believing in these things, we find ourselves in sharp revolt against a rising tide of communism, fascism, and kindred beliefs, that seek by subversive means to undermine and change this way of life; groups that have forfeited their right to exist in this country of ours, because they seek to achieve their change by means other than the vested procedure of the ballot and to deny the right of the majority opinion of the people to rule.

In our special field of motion pictures, we resent the growing impression that this industry is made of, and dominated by, Communists, radicals, and crackpots. We believe that we represent the vast majority of the people who serve this great medium of expression. But unfortunately it has been an unorganized majority. This has been almost inevitable. The very love of freedom, of the rights of the individual, make this great majority reluctant to organize. But now we must, or we shall meanly lose "the last, best hope on earth."

As Americans, we have no new plan to offer. We want no new plan, we want only to defend against its enemies that which is our priceless heritage; that freedom which has given man, in this country, the fullest life and the richest expression the world has ever known; that system which, in the present emergency, has fathered an effort that, more than any other single factor, will make possible the winning of this war.

As members of the motion-picture industry, we must face and accept an especial responsibility. Motion pictures are inescapably one of the world's greatest forces for influencing public thought and opinion, both at home and abroad. In this fact lies solemn obligation. We refuse to permit the effort of Communist, Fascist, and other totalitarian-minded groups to pervert this powerful medium into an instrument for the dissemination of un-American ideas and beliefs. We pledge ourselves to fight, with every means at our organized command, any effort of any group or individual, to divert the loyalty of the screen from the free America that give it birth. And to dedicate our work, in the fullest possible measure, to the presentation of the American scene, its standards and its freedoms, its beliefs and its ideals, as we know them and believe in them.

Ayn Rand pamphlet
In 1947, Ayn Rand wrote a pamphlet for the Alliance, entitled Screen Guide for Americans, based on her personal impressions of the American film industry.  It read, in excerpt:

The purpose of the Communists in Hollywood is not the production of political movies openly advocating Communism. Their purpose is to corrupt our moral premises by corrupting non-political movies — by introducing small, casual bits of propaganda into innocent stories — thus making people absorb the basic principles of Collectivism by indirection and implication.

The principle of free speech requires that we do not use police force to forbid the Communists the expression of their ideas — which means that we do not pass laws forbidding them to speak. But the principle of free speech does not require that we furnish the Communists with the means to preach their ideas, and does not imply that we owe them jobs and support to advocate our own destruction at our own expense.

Rand cited examples of popular and critically acclaimed films that in her view contained hidden Communist or Collectivist messages that had not been recognized as such, even by conservatives.  Examples included The Best Years of Our Lives (because it portrayed businessmen negatively, and suggested that bankers should give veterans collateral-free loans), and A Song to Remember (because it implied without historical evidence that Chopin sacrificed himself for a patriotic cause rather than devoting himself to his music).

See also

 Friends of Abe
 Hollywood Congress of Republicans

References

External links
 MPA's Statement of Principles
 Screen Guide for Americans at the Digital and Multimedia Center of Michigan State University

1944 establishments in the United States
1975 disestablishments in the United States
Anti-communist organizations in the United States
Conservative organizations in the United States
M
Defunct organizations based in Hollywood, Los Angeles
John Wayne
Organizations established in 1944
Organizations disestablished in 1975