Simon Coveney (born 16 June 1972) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment since December 2022 and Deputy leader of Fine Gael since 2017. He previously served as Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Defence from 2020 to 2022. He has served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork South-Central constituency since 1998. He previously served as Tánaiste from 2017 to 2020, Minister for Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government from 2016 to 2017 and Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine from 2011 to 2016. He also served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the South constituency from 2004 to 2007.

He was elected to Dáil Éireann in a by-election in 1998, following the death of his father Hugh Coveney.

After the formation of the coalition government in March 2011, Coveney was appointed Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine. Following a cabinet reshuffle in July 2014, which saw him also take over the position of Minister for Defence. On the formation of a Fine Gael minority government in May 2016, he was appointed Minister for Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government. In June 2017, after Leo Varadkar succeeded Enda Kenny as Taoiseach, Coveney was appointed as Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade and Deputy leader of Fine Gael. He was appointed Tánaiste (deputy prime minister) in November 2017, following the resignation of Frances Fitzgerald. As part of the new government formed following the 2020 general election, Coveney was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs and Defence in the new cabinet.

Early life
Coveney was born in Cork in 1972 to Hugh Coveney and Pauline Coveney. He has 5 brothers and 1 sister. His father was a chartered quantity surveyor and later a TD, and also a member of one of the famous merchant families in the city. His uncle was Archbishop Patrick Coveney. Simon was educated locally in Cork, before later attending Clongowes Wood College, County Kildare. He was expelled from the college in Transition Year but ultimately was invited back to complete his full six years there. He repeated his Leaving Certificate in Bruce College in Cork. Coveney subsequently attended University College Cork and Gurteen Agricultural College, before completing a BSc in Agriculture and Land Management from Royal Agricultural College, Gloucestershire. In 1997/8, he led the "Sail Chernobyl Project" which involved sailing a boat 30,000 miles around the world and raising €650,000 for charity. He spent several years working as an agriculture adviser and farm manager.

Political career

Early years in Dáil Éireann: 1998–2004
Coveney was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael candidate for Cork South-Central in a by-election, caused by the death of his father in 1998. In spite of being a strong supporter of party leader John Bruton, he remained on the backbenches for a number of years.

In 2001, discipline in the parliamentary party broke down and Coveney came out against Bruton in a leadership heave. His loss of support was a surprise and encouraged others to vote against Bruton. The subsequent leadership contest was won by Michael Noonan and a new front bench was put in place.

After an initial period on the backbenches, Coveney was promoted to the Front Bench by Michael Noonan, as deputy chief whip.

Coveney was re-elected at the 2002 general election, in what turned out to be a disaster for Fine Gael. The party lost twenty-three seats and some of its most important party figures. Noonan was replaced as party leader by Enda Kenny, who promoted Coveney to the position of Spokesperson on Communications, Marine and Natural Resources, in his new front bench.

Member of the European Parliament: 2004–2007
Coveney was elected to the European Parliament for the South constituency at the 2004 European Parliament election. During his three years as an MEP, Coveney held the position of human rights co-ordinator for the largest political group in the European Parliament, the European People's Party, and twice authored the Parliament's Annual Report on Human Rights in the world. He spearheaded the Stop the Traffic campaign at the European Parliament. He was a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee and the Delegation for Relations with the United States and a substitute on the Human Rights Subcommittee, Fisheries Committee, Internal Market and Consumer Protection Committee and the Delegation for Relations with Iran.

Return to the Dáil: 2007–2011
Coveney returned to Ireland to contest the 2007 general election. He was successful in being returned to the Dáil, as a result, he stepped down as a Member of the European Parliament. He was replaced in the European Parliament by Colm Burke.

Fine Gael won back many of the seats that the party had lost five years earlier; however, they still fell short of forming a coalition government with the Labour Party. Coveney returned to the party's front bench as Spokesperson on Communications, Energy and Natural Resources.

In June 2010, Coveney and a number of other front bench Spokespersons stated that they had no confidence in their party leader, Enda Kenny. A subsequent confidence motion in the leader was won by Kenny. Coveney was re-appointed to the front bench as Spokesperson on Transport.

Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine: 2011–2016
On 9 March 2011, Coveney was appointed Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine in the new Fine Gael-Labour Party coalition government.

He attended his first meeting of EU Agriculture Ministers, in Brussels on 17 March 2011.

Coveney provoked controversy when, in September 2011, he flew to Algeria, on the government jet at a cost of more than €26,000 to the Irish taxpayer when there were flights available for €16,331. While there, Coveney cut a ribbon at the opening of a supermarket in Oran.

In May 2014, Coveney attended a meeting of the Bilderberg Group, in Copenhagen.

Minister for Defence: 2014–2016

On 11 July 2014, Coveney was also appointed as Minister for Defence, in a cabinet reshuffle, following the resignation of Eamon Gilmore as Tánaiste. He took over from Taoiseach Enda Kenny, who was the acting Minister for Defence, following Alan Shatter's resignation from cabinet, in May 2014. As Minister for Defence, Coveney launched the White Paper on Defence in August 2015.

On 17 June 2015, Coveney questioned the judgment of an experienced Air Corps pilot who refused to fly him to Cork, because of predicted fog. In email correspondence between Department of Defence officials, the Air Corps is described as being "very unhappy" about the incident and indicating that they had never received such a call in 25 years."

In January 2017 it emerged that a number of Air Corps whistleblowers had attempted to contact Coveney while he was Defence Minister over their concerns about the adverse health impacts of chemicals used to service the force's aircraft. The whistleblowers had complained about being unable to speak to Coveney about the issue, however Coveney claimed he was "not aware of there being any problem with hearing from, or talking to, or understanding the concerns that whistleblowers may have".

The Irish Examiner subsequently published a series of text messages between one of the whistleblowers and then-Chief Whip Regina Doherty sent in January 2016. Doherty forwarded a text message onto one of the whistleblowers that she said came from Coveney, in which he said he would call this whistleblower the next day. The call never took place.

Speaking in the Dáil on the revelations, Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin described the Government handling of the whistleblowers' complaints as "a scandal".

Minister for Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government: 2016–17
On 6 May 2016, Coveney was appointed the new Minister for Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government, with Taoiseach Enda Kenny taking over the Defence portfolio and Fine Gael TD Michael Creed becoming the new Minister for Agriculture.

Fine Gael leadership election: 2017
On 2 June 2017, Coveney lost the 2017 Fine Gael leadership election to Leo Varadkar, despite gaining the support of 65% of party members (party members only had 25% of the vote in Fine Gael's electoral college). The winner was expected to succeed Enda Kenny as Taoiseach. On 13 June 2017, it was announced that he would be the deputy leader of the party.

Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade: 2017–2022

Varadkar named Coveney as the new Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, with special responsibilities for Brexit. Coveney replaced Charles Flanagan, who became Minister for Justice and Equality. It was understood Coveney heavily lobbied Varadkar for the role as he wanted a large role on Brexit. In his capacity as Minister, he has also been co-chairing the European People's Party (EPP) Justice and Home Affairs Ministers Meeting since 2018, alongside Esteban González Pons.

According to Lawrence Franklin of the Gatestone Institute, within the Irish government, Coveney opposes the Control of Economic Activity (Occupied Territories) Bill to ban goods produced in Israeli settlements. He has expressed concern that the bill might contravene EU trade law.

In July 2020, he was re-appointed as Minister for Foreign Affairs. The Trade part of the portfolio was transferred to another government department.

On 25 March 2022, Coveney was giving a speech in Belfast when he forced to leave the stage, following the discovery of a "suspect device" in a hjacked van in the carpark. Coveney had been speaking following a meeting with the John and Pat Hume Foundation.

Coveney and Ireland's ambassador to Ukraine Thérèse Healy visited Ukraine on 13 April 2022 where Coveney met his counterparts, Ukraine foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba and defence minister Oleksii Reznikov, in Kyiv  and visited the site of the Bucha massacre the following day. Coveney travelled via Poland and was the first foreign minister on the UN Security Council to visit Ukraine since the Russian invasion began in February. He was also accompanied by a political adviser and a protection team.

On 20 May 2022, Coveney took over from Luigi Di Maio as chairman of the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers. He served in this role until November 2022.

Tánaiste
On 30 November 2017, Leo Varadkar named Coveney as the new Tánaiste, replacing Frances Fitzgerald.

Brexit negotiations

On 27 January 2019, Coveney in an interview with Andrew Marr, said the Irish backstop in the Brexit withdrawal agreement will not be changed. He said the backstop was already a pragmatic compromise between the United Kingdom and the European Union to avoid infrastructure on the Irish border, that there was no sensible legally-sound alternative to the backstop, and that the European Parliament would not ratify a Brexit withdrawal agreement without the backstop in it.

COVID-19 pandemic
As Minister for Foreign Affairs, Coveney headed up the response to the COVID-19 pandemic on behalf of the government of Ireland. On 10 March 2020, he upgraded travel advice recommending that Irish citizens do not travel to Italy. He added that people should think carefully about unnecessary public gatherings and urged the public to play their part and help themselves by following advice and doing practical things like sneezing and washing hands properly.

Katherine Zappone controversy

In July 2021, Coveney found himself embroiled in a political scandal relating to the appointment of former Fine Gael Minister Katherine Zappone as a special envoy to the UN. During a cabinet meeting of the coalition government, Coveney proposed Zappone for the role without having previously discussed the matter with Taoiseach Micheál Martin. Martin expressed concerns about the appointment but ultimately allowed it. Subsequently, it emerged that Coveney had not advertised or offered the role to anyone but Zappone, and that in the run-up to the appointment, Zappone had hosted an event at the Merrion Hotel in breach of COVID-19 regulations for many members of the political establishment, including Tánaiste Leo Varadkar. In response, many opposition parties accused the appointment as being a product of cronyism. As a result of the controversy, Zappone later declined to take up the role. In September, Coveney admitted that he had deleted texts from his phone in relation to the Zappone affair. Coveney gave a number of reasons for deleting the texts, including that he had deleted them for more storage space, and for security reasons as his phone had previously been "hacked". Coveney's explanations were criticised by many members of the Dáil, including by members of government coalition members Fianna Fáil. Senator Catherine Ardagh of Fianna Fáil stated it "beggars belief that important text messages related to work matters would be deleted" while Fianna Fáil TD James Lawless said "Modern phones have ample storage without having to frequently delete. I would also question to what extent is there an obligation on those subject to Freedom of Information to retain such information".

On 15 September, upon the return of Dáil Éireann from a summer recess, a motion of no confidence was brought forward by Sinn Féin against Coveney as a direct result of the Zappone appointment and his subsequent handling of the affair in the aftermath of the details becoming public. Coveney survived the motion 92 votes to 59, with the support of the government parties, while Independent TDs generally sided with the government on the vote as well.

Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment: 2022–present
On 17 December 2022, Coveney was appointed Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment after Leo Varadkar's appointment as Taoiseach.

Personal life
Coveney married his long-time girlfriend Ruth Furney, an IDA Ireland employee, in July 2008. They have three daughters and live in Carrigaline in Cork.

See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

External links

Simon Coveney's page on the Fine Gael website
Coveney authored reports on Human Rights in the World

1972 births
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
Alumni of University College Cork
Fine Gael MEPs
Fine Gael TDs
21st-century Irish farmers
Living people
Members of the 28th Dáil
Members of the 29th Dáil
Members of the 30th Dáil
Members of the 31st Dáil
Members of the 32nd Dáil
Members of the 33rd Dáil
MEPs for the Republic of Ireland 2004–2009
Ministers for Agriculture (Ireland)
Ministers for Defence (Ireland)
People educated at Clongowes Wood College
Politicians from County Cork
Ministers for Foreign Affairs (Ireland)
Tánaistí
People educated at Presentation Brothers College, Cork
Ministers for Enterprise, Trade and Employment
People from Carrigaline

Simon Coveney


David Robin Charles Trendell (17 August 1964, in Tavistock, Devon, England – 28 October 2014) was the English organist, lecturer and Director of Music at King's College London. He specialised in the music of William Byrd.

Education
Trendell was a chorister at Norwich Cathedral before being offered a choral scholarship to King's College, Cambridge and an organ scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford. He chose the latter.

Career
Trendell began his career as assistant organist at Winchester College. In 1989, he moved to Oxford and was appointed Organist at University Church of St Mary the Virgin and thereafter was Tutor at St Hugh's, St Hilda's and Oriel colleges. He arrived at King's College London in 1992 as Director of Chapel Choir and lecturer in Music and remained there until his death in October 2014. While at King's, he was credited in bringing to prominence the chapel choir. The choir regularly broadcast with BBC Radio 3 for evensong. Beyond college life, he was also director of music at St Bartholomew-the-Great, Smithfield and later Director of Music at St Mary's, Bourne Street, London.

Recordings

2000 - Missa Corona Spinea - John Taverner, Choir of King's College London directed by David Trendell, Sanctuary Gaudeamus
2002 - Missa Simile est regnum caelorum, Missa O rex gloriae and Lamentations - Alonso Lobo, Choir of King's College London directed by David Trendell on Sanctuary Gaudeamus
2005 - Sebastian de Vivanco. Missa Crux Fidelis. Motets, Choir of King's College London directed by David Trendell, Sanctuary Gaudeamus
2010 - Philippe Rogier. Missa Ego sum qui sum. Motets - Philippe Rogier, Choir of King's College London, directed by David Trendell, Hyperion Records
2012 - Missa In Lectulo Meo, Missa Christus Resurgens, Miserere, Motets - Gregorio Allegri, Choir of King's College London, directed by David Trendell, Delphian Records
 2013 - Deutsche Motette - German Romantic Choral Music from Schubert to Strauss, Choirs of Gonville & Caius College and King's College London, directed by Geoffrey Webber and David Trendell, Delphian Records
 2014 - Messe de Requiem - Alfred Desenclos, Choir of King's College London, directed by David Trendell, Delphian Records

References

External links
 Obituary, Daily Telegraph
 King's College London profile

1964 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Musicians from Tavistock
English classical organists
British male organists
Cathedral organists
English choral conductors
British male conductors (music)
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
Male classical organists

David Trendell


Jean-Martin Fortier (born 1978) is a Québécois farmer, author, educator and advocate for ecological, human-scale, and economically viable sustainable agriculture.

He is the founder, with his wife, Maude-Hélène Desroches, of Les Jardins de la Grelinette, a certified organic market garden in Saint-Armand, Quebec.  The farm has become internationally known for achieving profitability and productivity using biologically intensive cropping systems.  The low-tech, high-yield methods of production employed on the micro-farm form the basis of Fortier's book, The Market Gardener: A Successful Grower's Handbook for Small-Scale Organic Farming.

An educational film called The Market Gardener's Toolkit, in which Fortier describes the tools and techniques used on his farm, was released in 2016.

Biography
Fortier met his wife and farming partner while both were studying at McGill University's School of Environment.  After graduating in 2001, Fortier and Desroches spent time working on organic farms in the United States and Mexico.  They farmed 0.2 acre of rented land before settling on their own farm in Saint-Armand, Quebec in 2004.

Fortier's first book, The Market Gardener, was first published in French in 2012.  He has published articles about his work in Canadian Organic Grower, La Terre de Chez Nous and Growing for Market.  Fortier has worked with the Montreal-based non-profit Équiterre to promote the development of community-supported agriculture, and with the Vancouver-based Young Agrarians network to encourage and educate young entrants into sustainable agriculture.

Fortier is enthusiastic about the development of appropriate technology for small-scale farming and serves as a tool and equipment advisor for Johnny's Selected Seeds and Dubois Agrinovation.

Les Jardins de la Grelinette
Les Jardins de la Grelinette was named after the grelinette, or broadfork, a gardening tool that for Fortier is "emblematic of manual, ecological, and effective organic gardening." 1.5 of the farm's 10 acres are kept in biologically intensive production.  The farm produces variety of organic vegetables, as well as some herbs and fruits. The farm direct markets its products at the Knowlton and St.-Lambert farmers' markets in Montreal, to restaurants and stores, and through 140 community-supported agriculture (CSA) shares.  In the farm's fourth season, when sales first topped $100,000, the business won a farming competition prize for its outstanding economic performance.  The farm now grosses about $140,000 in sales in a typical year.  Fortier and Desroches employ paid staff and host interns. Since 2015, Desroches has been running the farm on her own, reaching ever higher profit margins.  They also host on-farm events and tours to help promote sustainable farming.

Production methods
Fortier maximizes yields on a minimum area of land through a "biologically intensive" cropping system.  Conventional 4-wheel tractors are eschewed in favor of hand tools and efficient small-scale equipment such as walk-behind tractors.  Since hand tools are used for cultivation, rows of crops do not need to be spaced according to the dimensions of a tractor and cultivating implements, allowing for intensive spacing.  Multiple successions of plantings in a year contribute to a high ratio of yield/area.  Minimizing the growing area needed increases the efficiency of the farm in terms of labor (e.g. time needed to cultivate) and materials (e.g. irrigation lines, row cover).  Efficiency is also achieved through the standardization of the size of growing spaces - the farm consists of 10 plots containing 16 beds, each bed is 30 inches wide and 100 feet long.  This standardization facilitates crop rotation, production planning, calculation of soil amendments, and use of materials such as irrigation lines and row covers.

The Market Gardener
The Market Gardener was first published in French in 2012 as Le Jardinier-Maraîcher by Éditions Écosociété. The book is illustrated by Marie Bilodeau.

In 2013, charitable organization FarmStart launched an online fundraising campaign to support the English translation of the book.  The English translation by Scott Irving was published in early 2014 by New Society Publishers.  The translation includes a foreword by Severine von Tscharner Fleming of the American non-profit network the Greenhorns and the National Young Farmers Coalition.

The book is designed to serve as a practical handbook for small-scale farming.  It details Fortier's production methods and business practices, and includes information on topics such as market garden design, small-scale equipment, soil management, seeding, weed management, insect and disease management, crop planning, and marketing.

Promotion
Fortier has promoted the French language version of the book through speaking tours in Quebec, France and Belgium.

The English language edition is being promoted under the banner of the "Six Figure Farming Tour," sometimes referred to as the "Rock Star Farmer Tour," which focuses on promoting farming as a means of earning a comfortable living. The tour has been carried out in cooperation with young farmer and sustainable agriculture non-profits and projects, including Young Agrarians, FarmStart, National Young Farmers Coalition, Acorn, Friends of Family Farmers, Missouri Young Farmers Coalition, and others.

Reception
The Market Gardener has sold more than 100,000 copies.  The book has received very positive reviews; it has been complimented as practical, accessible and comprehensive. Reviewers have noted that the book's emphasis on the business aspects of market gardening sets it apart from similar publications.

The book has drawn favorable comparison to farmer Eliot Coleman's influential 1989 book The New Organic Grower.  Coleman, who himself reviewed the book, has stated, "Jean-Martin's book is very well done and should be of great use to market growers everywhere. Exchange of ideas and information is so important because when we pass ideas on, the next person gets to start where we got to and take the ideas to another level."

In July 2016, Éditions Écosociété announced on its Facebook page that the book's rights had been purchased to be translated into German by publisher Löwenzahn Verlag, in Dutch by Uitgeverij Jan van Arkel and in Polish by Fundacja Źródła Życia.

Ferme des Quatre-Temps
In the fall of 2015, Fortier was recruited by André Desmarais, deputy chairman, President and Co-Chief Executive Officer of Power Corporation and son of Paul Desmarais Sr, to design and operate a model farm, La Ferme des Quatre-Temps, on a 167 acres property in Hemmingford, Quebec.  The mission of the farm is to demonstrate how diversified small-scale farms, using regenerative and economically efficient agricultural practices, can produce a higher nutritional quality of food and more profitable farms than conventional agriculture.

The farm consists of four acres of vegetable production; sixty acres of animal grazing rotation including beef, pigs and chickens, ten acres of fruit orchards, a culinary laboratory for processing and creating original products, and a large greenhouse to produce vegetables throughout the year.  The principles of permaculture were applied to ensure ecosystem balance: flowers were planted, ponds were dug to accommodate frogs and birdhouses were built to naturally control the proliferation of pests. Ten bee hives have also been installed on the property to promote pollination and mobile chicken coops allow hens to roam from one pasture to another to feed on the worms in manure from cows.

Books by Fortier

References

External links

 The Market Gardener Website
 The Market Gardener's Masterclass Website
 Les Jardins de la Grelinette Website (french)
 Podcast: A Model for Profitable Micro-Farming, Peak Prosperity, Mar 29, 2014
 Podcast: Jean-Martin Fortier, Greenhorns Radio, Mar 18, 2014
 Video: Organic Farming in Your Backyard, Morning News Montreal, Feb 13, 2014
 Podcast: Jean-Martin Fortier on Being Awesome at Market Gardening, The Ruminant Podcast, Jan 12, 2014
 Interview: Agrariannaire # 2 With Jean-Martin Fortier, Young Agrarians, Dec 19, 2013
 Podcast: Grow Better, Not Bigger.  The Market Gardener - Producing $140,000 on 1.5 Acres, Permaculture Voices, PVP051
 Video: Jean-Martin on Starting to Farm
 Video: Market Gardener, CTV Morning Live

1978 births
20th-century Canadian farmers
Living people
McGill University Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences alumni
Organic farmers

Jean-Martin Fortier


Antoine de Margerie (17 November 1941, Cusset – 9 February 2005), was an abstract painter from a family of French diplomats.

Formation
Following a childhood in Paris and the Auvergne, Antoine de Margerie lived with his parents in a number of diplomatic postings, in Madrid, Washington, Rome and Berlin.  In 1953, he joined his grandfather André Lefebvre de La Boulaye, another diplomat, in Paris.  At the Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzaque, he obtained his bacalaureat.  Art is already part of his background because an uncle, Paul de Laboulaye (1902–1961) is a painter who encourages the adolescent Antoine in his interest.  One of the artists whose paintings hang in the family apartments is Pierre Bonnard.  Another family member, Paul-Antoine, known as Paul de la Boulaye (1849–1926), had also been a painter.  Antoine de Margerie felt drawn to the vocation, causing his parents worry.  In order to reassure them, de Margerie takes up medical studies, as well as pursuing a humanities degree and taking courses at the École du Louvre and the Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie at the Sorbonne.  In 1964 he made the difficult decision to take up painting exclusively.  In 1964 he married Anne Guillet, whom he met at the École du Louvre, and they subsequently have two daughters, Constance and Isabelle.  They lived in Paris until 1991, when he buys a house in Sandihac in the Gard and spends half the year there.  He died in Paris in 2005.

Geometric Abstraction
Antoine de Margerie started painting in his childhood.  At 12, he handled his brushwork with skill.  Initially figurative, this figuration quickly becomes stylised with carefully delineated contours and bold colours. Increasingly exuberant, his manner became freer, almost joyful.  In his thirties, de Margorie shifted to abstraction, an inspired geometry (as with Mondrian or Malevitch) replacing his youthful lyricism.  The painted curve becomes progressively more absent from his design, to be replaced by the signal language of constructivism.  Controlled and planned, the work is a cerebral exercise.  The impulsive impetus all but disappears, to be replaced by a 'rigorous obstinacy' that nevertheless reveals a highly motivated artist.

Work and its reception
 According to Antoine de Margerie:
'Pastels, watercolours, paintings or engravings, the same applies: constructed elements, a limited range of motifs and not more than one per canvas!  Like others I began figuratively, but in my landscapes it was the edge of fields and the horizon that attracted me.  In still life, it was the table rather than what was on it and in interiors, doors, walls and cupboards.  It's probably how I slipped into abstraction.  One area of research in painting led to another, and so on.'

 According to Jacques Bouzerand:
' The spirit dominates matter in de Margerie's painting.  The brain masters impulses from the heart and the body.  Reflecting on and analysing space precedes any gesture of the paintbrush, which remains discreet because it is but a servant of the painted.  In the 'battle of line and colour' as theorised by Yves Klein, de Margerie has not gone just for colour, he has accepted rule by the line.

 According to Anne Tronche, the artist's biographer:
'Everything concurs towards a slow but supple rhythm, as if by the use of abstraction. the treatment undergone by the painting is that of a living organism with its own logic.  The artist imagines subtle monochromes, or perhaps breaks up a monochrome tendency with the disequilibrium created by a striking colour contrast.

 According to Guy Lanoe, President of the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles from 1995 to 2004:
'Painter and engraver, de Margerie starts with a spatial geometry using long lines or curves.  These delimit flat planes, where blacks and greys dominate, zones of silence where emotion seems absent.  This is the result of a constant emptying out, revisited time and again, an anxious and unremitting questioning.  But this rigour and precision does not result in those all too perfect prescriptions which freeze discourse.  In the middle of muted tones, reds, blues and oranges make their appearance and thereby announce the blossoming of colour'.

 According to Jacques Tournier, writer:
'I discover a conscious, carefully directed work which continues without fail to the last, luminous canvases.  What strikes me most, if I flip rapidly through the book, is how the coloured line evolves (most evidently in the last pages) towards a luminous red, before slowly darkening to sombre, black canvases; then lightening again to transparent, almost secretive whites in all their splendour'.

Salon des Réalités Nouvelles
In 1972, de Margerie joined the committee of the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles.  In the nineties he became a member of the administration, occupying the post of treasurer.  Declining the post of president in succession to Jacques Busse, he retained his treasurer's position.  Antoine de Margerie's work appeared in 25 solo exhibitions and many group shows such as the Venice Biennale, the Salon de Mai and the Salons Comparisons.  His work is in public and private collections in France and internationally.

Selected individual exhibitions
1964: Galerie du Quai aux fleurs (Paris)
1967: Galerie Zuniini (Paris)
1969: Musée de Nantes (France)
1971: Galerie Le Soleil dans la tête (Paris)
1992 Galerie La Hune-Brenner (Paris)
2010 Galerie Gimpel & Müller (Paris) (www.gimpel-muller.com)
2010 Galerie Olivier Nouvellet, Paris
2013 Light Years, alerie Gimpel et Müller, Paris
2015 Sensitive horizons, musée Estrine, Saint-Rémy-de-Provence

Public collections
 Musée national d'art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
 Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris
 Bibliothèque nationale de France, cabinet des estampes, Paris
 Musée de Saint-Omer, France
 Maisons de la culture: Le Havre; Grenoble; Dunkerque..., France
 Satoru Sato Art Museum, Tomé, Japan.

Bibliography
 Cahier VII, Centre Gildas-Fardel, Musée de Nantes, France, 1970.
 Jean-Clarence Lambert : " Chromos " Amsterdam, Netherland, 1972
 Gilles Plazy : "L'angle et la courbe"  Le Quotidien de Paris, France, March 1977
 Biennale de Venise, Pavillon de la France, Catalogue, éditions Jacques Damase, France 1980
 Gérald Gassiot-Talabot :  "Margerie", Opus International, France, 1980.
 Annick Pély-Audan :  "Margerie, vivre lla peinture, vivre l'ascèse" Paris, 1987
 Salon des Réalités Nouvelles, Guy Lano¨: "Antoine de Margerie ", Catalogue, Paris, 2005
 "Antoine de Margerie; peintures et gravures " par Anne Tronche, Éditions du Regard, Paris, 2010.

External links
 http://www.realitesnouvelles.org/historique/hommages/margerie.php
 http://monoeilsurlart.blog4ever.com/blog/lire-article-350977-1918864-antoine_de_margerie__apres_mondrian.html

1941 births
2005 deaths
People from Cusset
Artists from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
21st-century French painters
21st-century French male artists
École du Louvre alumni

Antoine de Margerie


David Peter Pekoske (born May 5, 1955) is an American government official and retired U.S. Coast Guard vice admiral who has served as the seventh administrator of the Transportation Security Administration in the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) since 2017. He served as the acting deputy secretary of Homeland Security from April to November 2019 and again from January to June 2021. From January 20, 2021 to February 2, 2021 he served as acting secretary of homeland security, during the Senate confirmation of Alejandro Mayorkas. Pekoske retired with 33 years of active military service in 2010 as the 26th vice commandant of the Coast Guard.

Early life and education

Pekoske was born in Meriden, Connecticut. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree in ocean engineering from the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut. He is a 1989 graduate of the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University with a Master of Public Administration degree. Pekoske graduated from the MIT Sloan School of Management with an MBA in 1997.

Career
Pekoske served as a member of the United States Coast Guard Academy Board of Trustees from 2006 to 2008.

His 33-year career included a variety of operational and staff assignments and command of six Coast Guard operational units. He served on the west, gulf and east coasts of the United States and on the Great Lakes. Pekoske's operational expertise was in the operations ashore community. His staff expertise is in strategic planning, program analysis and budget development.

Pekoske served Executive Assistant to the Commandant from 2001 to 2004. From 1999 to 2001, he commanded Coast Guard Group/Marine Safety Office (now Sector) Long Island Sound, based in New Haven, Connecticut.

Flag assignments
Vice Admiral Pekoske served as Commander, Pacific Area/Coast Guard Defense Forces West in Alameda, California. He oversaw the operation of units performing missions in marine safety, maritime mobility, protection of natural resources, maritime security, homeland security and national defense in an Area of Operations encompassing over  throughout the Pacific Basin and Far East. Prior to that, he was the Assistant Commandant for Operations at Coast Guard Headquarters. From 2004 to 2006 he was Commander of the First Coast Guard District/Maritime Defense Command One headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.

Vice-commandant
Vice Admiral Pekoske served as vice commandant of the United States Coast Guard from August 7, 2009 to May 24, 2010. As second in command to Admiral Thad Allen and COO, Pekoske executed the commandant's strategic intent, managed internal organizational governance and served as the component acquisition executive.

TSA administrator
On June 5, 2017, President Donald Trump announced that he had nominated Pekoske as the seventh Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration.

On August 3, 2017, Pekoske was confirmed by the United States Senate as the next TSA administrator. On August 10, 2017, he was sworn in as TSA's seventh administrator. On May 6, 2022, Pekoske was nominated to a second five-year term by President Joe Biden. On September 15, 2022, Pekoske was confirmed by the Senate by a 77-18 vote. In the interim, Pekoske reverted to an acting status.

Acting deputy secretary of homeland security

On April 11, 2019, Pekoske was designated as the senior official performing the duties of the deputy secretary by Acting Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security Kevin McAleenan, making him the acting deputy secretary of the Department of Homeland Security. Pekoske remained the TSA Administrator, but day-to-day operations of TSA were overseen by TSA's acting deputy administrator, Patricia Cogswell.

On November 13, 2019, with the appointment of Ken Cuccinelli as Acting Deputy Secretary, Pekoske returned to his duties as TSA Administrator.

Following Alejandro Mayorkas' confirmation and swearing in as secretary, Pekoske served a second time as acting deputy secretary until the confirmation of the permanent deputy secretary, John Tien.

Acting secretary of homeland security
From January 20, 2021 to February 2, 2021, Pekoske was appointed acting secretary of homeland security by President Joe Biden, during the Senate confirmation of Alejandro Mayorkas to the role. While he served as acting secretary, the senior official performing the duties of TSA administrator was Darby LaJoye, TSA's executive assistant administrator for security operations.

Awards
His personal decorations include, among others, two awards of the Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal, Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal (2), the Legion of Merit (2), the Meritorious Service Medal (5), the Coast Guard Commendation Medal (2), the Coast Guard Achievement Medal (4) and the Commandant's Letter of Commendation Ribbon.

References

External links

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1955 births
Biden administration cabinet members
Living people
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Recipients of the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Transportation Security Administration officials
Trump administration personnel
Biden administration personnel
United States Coast Guard admirals
Vice Commandants of the United States Coast Guard
People from Meriden, Connecticut
Military personnel from Connecticut

David Pekoske


Sigurd Anderson (January 22, 1904December 21, 1990) was the 19th Governor of South Dakota.  Anderson, a Republican from Webster, South Dakota, served in that office from 1951 to 1955.

Early life and education
Anderson was born at Frolands Verk, a rural community near Arendal, in the county of Aust-Agder, Norway and came to the United States at age three with his family to settle in Lincoln County, South Dakota. Sigurd became a United States citizen at age eight, when his father became a naturalized citizen. Anderson graduated from the Canton Lutheran Normal, in Canton, South Dakota, and enrolled at South Dakota State College. During his first school year, Anderson suffered from scarlet fever, which prevented his return to college the following fall. In order to secure funds to continue his education, Anderson worked as a farm hand and taught rural school at Kruger #1 school house in Kingsbury County. In 1928, Anderson enrolled at the University of South Dakota, and graduated in 1931 with cum laude honors and a B.A. degree and went on to earn his LL.B degree from University of South Dakota School of Law. In 1937, he married Vivian Walz of Vermillion and began practicing law in Webster. Their daughter, Kristin Karen, was born during Anderson's administration.

Career
Anderson twice served as Day County state's attorney and as an assistant attorney general in the state capital, Pierre.  Before he was elected governor he served two terms as South Dakota Attorney General, 1947–1951.

1946 Attorney General election
On July 9, 1946, at the Republican convention, Anderson defeated I.R. Erickson of Vermillion; Anderson received 72,220 votes to 68,695 votes for Erickson.

In the general election, Anderson defeated Democrat Albert F. Ulmer by a count of 106,502 votes to 50,480 votes.

1948 Attorney General election

In 1948, Anderson was re-nominated without opposition at the Republican convention in Pierre.

In the general election, Anderson was re-elected as Attorney General by defeating D.C. Walsh by a 137,370 to 99,724 vote margin.

Gubernatorial administration

Anderson's re-election in 1952 marked the first time a candidate for South Dakota governor received more than 200,000 votes in a general election.  This was not accomplished again until Mike Rounds' reelection in 2006, over fifty years later.  It was during Anderson's administration that the Legislative Research Council was established.  It was also during this time that the state had a debt-free status—the first time in 40 years.

After his service as governor, he served as a commissioner on the Federal Trade Commission.

In 1964, Anderson once again announced his candidacy for governor, but lost the GOP gubernatorial primary to Nils Boe, who won the general election.  Boe appointed Anderson to fill a vacancy as a circuit judge, from which position Anderson retired in 1975.

Death and legacy
Anderson died on December 21, 1990, and was interred in Webster Cemetery, Webster, South Dakota.

He received dozens of professional and political honors and was a member of numerous organizations. He was a member of the Lutheran Church, Masonic Lodge and affiliated bodies, Phi Beta Kappa fraternity, Delta Theta Phi fraternity, Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity, Veterans of Foreign Wars and many others. The Sigurd Anderson airport in Webster, South Dakota is named in his honor.

See also
List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States

References

External links

National Governors Association

1904 births
1990 deaths
Politicians from Arendal
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
American Lutherans
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
South Dakota Attorneys General
District attorneys in South Dakota
People from Lincoln County, South Dakota
People from Webster, South Dakota
University of South Dakota School of Law alumni
University of South Dakota alumni
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Lutherans

Sigurd Anderson


Hans Herzog (28 October 18192 February 1894) was a Swiss army officer, and was elected Switzerland's General during the Franco-Prussian War.

Born in Aarau, he became an artillery lieutenant in 1840, and then spent six years in travelling (visiting England among other countries), before he became a partner in his father's business in 1846. In 1847 he saw his first active service (as artillery captain) in the short Swiss Sonderbund war.

In 1860 he abandoned mercantile pursuits for a purely military career, becoming colonel and inspector-general of the Swiss artillery. In 1870 he was commander-in-chief of the Swiss army, which guarded the Swiss border, in the Jura, during the Franco-German War, and in February 1871, as such, concluded the Convention of Verrières with General Clinchant for the disarming and the interning of the remains of Bourbaki's army, when it took refuge in Switzerland.

In 1875, he became the commander-in-chief of the Swiss artillery, which he did much to reorganize, helping also in the reorganization of the other branches of the Swiss army. He died in 1894 in his native town of Aarau.

Memorials
"General Hans Herzog" (1915) by Hermann Haller, equestrian relief above portal, Aarau

Herzogstrasse in Bern, General Herzog-Strasse in Lenzburg, General-Herzog-Haus in Aarau and Thun are named for him.

References

External links

1819 births
1894 deaths
People from Aarau
Swiss generals

Hans Herzog


Second Sight is a 1989 American science fiction black comedy film from Warner Bros. starring John Larroquette, Bronson Pinchot, Stuart Pankin, and Bess Armstrong. In the film, a paranormal detective (Larroquette), a psychic (Pinchot), and a nun (Armstrong) search the streets of Boston, Massachusetts for a missing person who has allegedly been kidnapped.

Although scripted by Patricia Resnick (who previously co-wrote 9 to 5) and Oscar-winner Tom Schulman (who won for Dead Poets Society), the film was a critical and commercial failure; it garnered mostly-negative reviews, and earned only $5.3 million at the United States box office.

Production
Second Sight was being produced around the time of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, which led to problems with both the script and the cast. Filming was completed in Boston, Massachusetts. Bronson Pinchot spent about three months meeting with psychics to research for the part, largely with one who was retained by writer Patricia Resnick as a technical advisor for the film. Pinchot said he found that most of them were very straightforward, intelligent and normal people, unlike the quirky and weird character he planned to play; Pinchot said the research was nevertheless helpful in determining how to play the part differently than actual psychics. Pinchot was directed to other psychics by actress Shirley MacLaine, who is well known for her beliefs in new age spirituality and reincarnation; a photo of MacLaine was hung in the bedroom wall of Pinchot's character as an homage. In the middle one of his research sessions, Pinchot collapsed, which doctors said was due to exhaustion but the film's psychic technical advisor believed was due to his response to the extra-sensory perception and hypnosis he had been exposed to over a long period of time.

One psychic Pinchot talked to would randomly begin speaking in tongues repeatedly during conversations, which the psychic said was the result of a spiritual sensation he could not explain; Pinchot said the encounter was helpful in establishing his character. During one scene in the movie, Pinchot is in the office of a man who is in another location and has to urinate, and as a result Pinchot's psychic character begins squirming as if he has to use the bathroom. Pinchot said this scene was inspired by a visit he had with a psychic who used to get drunk whenever she was near somebody who was drunk at a party. The character wears slippers throughout the movie because when Pinchot met psychic Peter Hurkos during his research, they went out to lunch and Hurkos wore sandals because he forgot to put on his shoes.

The Aretha Franklin song "Freeway of Love" plays during a chase scene in the middle of the film.

Reception
The film was not successful commercially or critically. It made only $5.3 million at the United States box office, $2.16 million of which were earned during the opening weekend.

Second Sight received mostly negative reviews. Hal Hinson of The Washington Post said it appeared the film "looks as if it was shot on an everything-must-go, discount basis", and that Pinchot's character "is utterly lacking in either charm or wit". Hinson said the dialogue and direction style were terrible and that Larroquette was rehashing his character from the television comedy series, Night Court. The New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin said Joel Zwick's direction "is so outstandingly maladroit (that) it squelches any possible humor". Maslin also said the film featured too many car chases and had such a pacing of such "artificial liveliness from beginning to end" that "there's nothing in the last reel to distinguish it from the first".

Availability

The film was released on VHS in 1990. Some 20 years later, in 2010, Second Sight was released on DVD as a MOD title from the Warner Archive Collection, marking its first release in said format.

Cast
 John Larroquette as Wilbur Wills
 Bronson Pinchot as Bobby McGee
 Bess Armstrong as Kate / Sister Elizabeth
 Stuart Pankin as Dr. Preston Pickett
 John Schuck as Lieutenant "Noogie" Manoogian
 James Tolkan as Captain Coolidge
 Will Le Bow as FBI Agent Alman
 Christine Estabrook as Priscilla Pickett
 Leonard Jackson as Brian, Doorman At Hampshire House
 Marisol Massey as Maria Soledad
 William Prince as Cardinal O'Hara
 Dominic Chianese as Father Dominic
 Michael Lombard as Bishop O'Linn
 Adam LeFevre as Mike
 Ron Taylor as Carl
 Andrew Mutnick as Elmore
 Lucy Johnson as Stripper
 Michelle Fortune as Stripper

References

External links

Moria.co.nz review

1989 films
1989 comedy films
1989 directorial debut films
1980s science fiction comedy films
American comedy mystery films
American science fiction comedy films
1980s comedy mystery films
1980s English-language films
Films about missing people
Films directed by Joel Zwick
Films scored by John Morris
Films set in Boston
Films shot in Boston
Films with screenplays by Patricia Resnick
Warner Bros. films
1980s American films

Second Sight (film)


The Hammersmith Apollo, currently called the Eventim Apollo for sponsorship reasons, and formerly known as the Hammersmith Odeon, is a live entertainment performance venue, originally built as a cinema called the Gaumont Palace. Located in Hammersmith, London, it is an art deco Grade II* listed building.

The venue has hosted numerous concerts by major stars, including the Beatles, Queen, The Rolling Stones, David Bowie, Iron Maiden, Bruce Springsteen, Bob Marley, Ella Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington amongst many others.

History
Designed by Robert Cromie, who also renovated the Prince of Wales Theatre, in the Art Deco style, it opened in 1932 as the Gaumont Palace,  with a seating capacity of nearly 3,500 people, being renamed the Hammersmith Odeon in 1962. It has had a string of names and owners, most recently AEG Live and Eventim UK. It became a Grade II listed building in 1990. The venue was later refurbished and renamed Labatt's Apollo following a sponsorship deal with Labatt Brewing Company (1993 or 1994).

In 2002, the venue was again renamed, this time to Carling Apollo after Carling brewery struck a deal with the owners, US-based Clear Channel Entertainment, now iHeartMedia, inc. The event was marked by rock band AC/DC playing a one-off concert. All 5,000 tickets sold out in 4 minutes. In 2003, the stalls seats were made removable and now some concerts have full seating whilst others have standing-only in the stalls. In the latter format, the venue can accommodate around 5,000 people. The venue's listing was upgraded to Grade II* status in 2005. In 2006, the venue reverted to its former name, the Hammersmith Apollo. In 2007, the original 1932 Compton pipe organ, still present from the building's days as a cinema, was restored. The building was then bought by the MAMA Group.

On 14 January 2009, a placing announcement by HMV Group revealed that by selling additional shares, the company would raise money to fund a joint venture with the MAMA Group, to run eleven live music venues across the United Kingdom, including the Hammersmith Apollo. As a result, the venue was named HMV Apollo from 2009 until 2012. Other venues purchased include The Forum in London's Kentish Town, the Birmingham Institute and Aberdeen's Moshulu. The venue was sold by HMV Group in May 2012 to AEG Live and CTS Eventim. In 2013, the venue was closed for an extensive refurbishment which was carried out by architect Foster Wilson. The venue reopened as the Eventim Apollo on 7 September 2013, with a concert performance by Selena Gomez.

The Compton pipe organ

The original 1932 Compton pipe organ remains installed at the Apollo and was fully restored to playing condition in 2007. It has a four-manual console which rises through the stage on a new lift and about 1,200 organ pipes housed in large chambers above the front stalls ceiling. Having fallen into disrepair, the organ was disconnected in the 1990s and the console removed from the building. At the insistence of English Heritage and the local council, however, it was reinstated and the entire organ restored. At a launch party, on 25 July 2007, an invited audience and media representatives witnessed a recital by Richard Hills.

In popular culture

Many bands have released live albums, videos or DVDs of concerts held at the Apollo, such as Queen, Black Sabbath, Rush, DIO,
Hawkwind, Iron Maiden, Celtic Frost, Kings of Leon, Tears for Fears, Bananarama,  Dire Straits, Frank Zappa, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, David Bowie, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Europe, Erasure, Spear of Destiny, Motörhead, and Robbie Williams. In September 1979 Gary Numan recorded his Touring Principle show at the venue.
Kate Bush released a video and record EP of her concerts at the Odeon from her first tour in 1979. Duran Duran recorded at the Hammersmith Odeon on 16 November 1982 and released Live at Hammersmith '82!. Depeche Mode made one of its first concert videos for a Danish television at the Hammersmith on 25 October 1982. Dire Straits played the final two concerts of their eight-month long Love Over Gold Tour at the Odeon on 22–23 July 1983, and the resulting album Alchemy: Dire Straits Live was released the following year.

Kylie Minogue performed a one-off concert in the venue in 2003 and released a DVD of the performance in 2004. Minogue also performed the last show of her Anti Tour in the venue on 3 April 2012. Girls Aloud released a DVD of their concert at the Apollo in 2005. A DVD of a Bruce Springsteen concert held there in 1975 was released as part of the Born to Run 30th Anniversary Edition package; later the CD Hammersmith Odeon London '75 was released. Melodic death metal band In Flames also released a DVD that featured footage of a December 2004 performance there. Comedian and actor Eddie Izzard's show Glorious was also released as a DVD. Rush recorded their 1978 performance and later included it in their three-disc set, Different Stages. American musician Tori Amos released a series of six live albums in 2005 known as The Original Bootlegs, one of which was recorded at the Apollo. Photographs of The Who outside the Hammersmith Odeon appear on their 1973 album Quadrophenia. Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour performed three nights at the venue in April 1984 which was documented on the David Gilmour Live 1984 concert film. These shows are of note as Roy Harper guested on "Short and Sweet" and Gilmour's Pink Floyd bandmate Nick Mason played drums on "Comfortably Numb". In 1984 the London-based band Iron Maiden recorded side 4 of their double live album 'Live After Death' at the venue. Iron Maiden's affection for the Hammersmith Odeon previously resulted in the filming of a 1982 performance which was subsequently released as Beast over Hammersmith.

Other acts have made music videos featuring clips from performances at the Apollo; Kelly Clarkson made a special version of her "Breakaway" video using clips from her concert at the Apollo in 2006.

The Hammersmith Apollo is seen in the American romantic comedy film Just My Luck where McFly perform. In the movie, the venue stands-in for the Hard Rock Café. It is also the location in The Football Factory where the Chelsea fans board the bus for Liverpool. It is mentioned in the poem "Glam Rock: The Poem" by the poet Robert Archambeau. The exterior of the (then) Gaumont Palace was used as the "Grand" cinema in the 1957 British film The Smallest Show on Earth.

Noteworthy performances

1950s
 On 25 March 1958, Buddy Holly performed two shows at the venue. After the first show, a scuffle with Joe B Mauldin knocked the caps off Holly's two front teeth; Holly repaired the damage with chewing gum and performed the second show with the gum spread over his front teeth. These were his last shows in the United Kingdom.

1960s
 In the early 1960s, many American acts performed at the Odeon, including Tony Bennett, Count Basie, Ella Fitzgerald with Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong and Woody Herman and the Herd. In 1966, Johnny Cash performed at the venue.
 In late 1964 and early 1965, The Beatles played 38 shows over 21 nights. Special guests on the bill included Elkie Brooks and the original Yardbirds, featuring Eric Clapton.

1970s
 The photo booklet that forms part of The Who's Quadrophenia album features pictures of the venue (particularly within the centre spread;) the photos of the main character (Jimmy) waiting, kneeling beside his GS Scooter outside the venue as the members of the band take their groupies to a limo were taken during a photo shoot.
 On 28 October 1972, the "Giants of Jazz", a group consisting of jazz musicians Dizzy Gillespie, Kai Winding, Sonny Stitt, Thelonious Monk, Al McKibbon and Art Blakey – played two concerts at the Hammersmith at 6:30 and 9:30 P.M.
 In July 1973, David Bowie performed his final concert as Ziggy Stardust at the venue. The concert was filmed by American documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, who intercut scenes of fans outside the venue, Bowie in the dressing room, with the concert footage. The film was not released until 1979, and is now available on DVD as Ziggy Stardust & The Spiders From Mars.
 In December 1974, Elton John played a televised Christmas concert for the BBC's Old Grey Whistle Test.
 In November and December 1975, Queen performed several shows at the Hammersmith Odeon during the A Night at the Opera Tour. The show of 24 December was broadcast by the BBC and released in 2015 on CD, Vinyl and DVD/Blu-ray as A Night at the Odeon – Hammersmith 1975.
 On 15–16 May 1976, KISS made their first UK appearances, supported by UK rockers Stray; tickets sold out in 2 hours for their two-night stay.
 Genesis featured in a 6-night run, 09-14 June 1976, making the UK debut of their "A Trick of the Tail" tour. This was the band's first post-Peter Gabriel album and tour, with Phil Collins stepping out from behind his drum kit to front the vocals. Bill Bruford, formerly of YES, stepped in on drums for this tour before giving way to Chester Thompson on subsequent tours.
 In 1976, much of Thin Lizzy's live album Live and Dangerous was recorded at the Hammersmith on the Johnny The Fox Tour. Again in 1981, Lynott and his gang appeared in the venue for the recording of the BBC's In Concert. The disc are released as a part of the Box Set At The BBC, in 2011. Some of this tracks also appeared in the deluxe editions of Chinatown and Thunder and Lightning. Finally, the double live album Life/Live was recorded in the venue in 1981 and 1983, with the participation of guitarists Eric Bell, Brian Robertson and Gary Moore. The guitarist Snowy White participated on three tracks recorded in 1981 in the same venue.
 The progressive rock band Camel recorded some tracks in 1976 for the release of a future live album. The album was released in 1978, and is called A Live Record. The entire concert was released and made part of the deluxe edition of Moonmadness. The same concert was broadcast by the BBC and released in DVD format. The DVD was called Moondances.
 In November 1977, The Tubes played 10 shows and recorded the live double album What Do You Want from Live at the Hammersmith. The album was released in February 1978.
 In 1978, Black Sabbath, with Ozzy Osbourne still a member, held concerts celebrating 10 years of career in the venue. The opening band was Van Halen. The concert was recorded and released on video and later on DVD, with the name Never Say Die: A Decade of Black Sabbath. In 30–31 December 1981, the band now with Dio recorded their concerts at this venue. The gig was released on disc and vinyl in 2007, and later as part of the Deluxe edition of Mob Rules. In 1994 the show in Apollo was recorded and released one year later titled Cross Purposes Live.
 On 24 February 1978, Sweet played their first concert at Hammersmith Odeon. It was to be their last British show featuring singer Brian Connolly.
 On 20 February 1978, Rush recorded 11 tracks from their "A Farewell to Kings" tour, including tracks from all of their first five albums. These tracks were not released at the time. They were included as a bonus disc on their 10 November 1998 release of Different Stages Live which included recordings from both their 1994 Counterparts and 1997 Test for Echo tours.
 Whitesnake recorded tracks for their live album Live...in the Heart of the City on 23 November 1978. The album also included tracks that were later recorded (also at the Hammersmith Odeon) on 23 and 24 June 1980. Years later, David Coverdale and this gang appears in Hammersmith for the recorded of Live... In the Still of the Night album and DVD set.
 The albums 461 Ocean Boulevard and Slowhand of the guitarist Eric Clapton were reissued in double CD deluxe format accompanied with a live album recorded at the venue, depicting tours of 1974 and 1976.
 Frank Zappa also recorded parts of his 1979 album, Sheik Yerbouti, at the venue.  Zappa's triple album Hammersmith Odeon was released posthumously in 2010 by the Zappa Family Trust.
 Kate Bush also performed the same year, and released a live video and record EP of her 1979 concerts.
 On 13–15 December 1979, Cliff Richard played at the Hammersmith Odeon during the Rock'n'Roll Juvenile Tour.
 In December 1979, Queen, The Clash, Elvis Costello, The Who, The Pretenders and Paul McCartney and Wings and many more artists played several nights. The Hammersmith Odeon hosted the four-night Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, a benefit concert to raise money for Cambodian victims of the dictator Pol Pot, of which Queen played the first night. Paul McCartney and Kurt Waldheim organised the event.
 The Police played three shows at Hammersmith Odeon in late 1979 promoting their Reggatta de Blanc album (1979-09-22, 1979-09-23 and 1979-12-18).

1980s
 In 1980, the rock band UFO, without Michael Schenker, recorded the BBC programme In Concert. In 1981, they again played in the venue for the same programme. These two discs are in the UFO on Air: At the BBC, released in 2013.
 In May 1980, the English/Australian instrumental band Sky played two nights (19th & 20th) at the Hammersmith Odeon during the tour of their popular Sky 2 album. The concert was filmed and later broadcast (in two parts) on BBC TV's "Rhythm on Two" on 24 & 31 July 1980. The concert is now available on DVD. The venue's Compton organ was played briefly by keyboardist Francis Monkman for their encore of the Toccata.
 British heavy metal group, Iron Maiden, played at Hammersmith Odeon 24 times between 1980 - 2005. In 1980, Iron Maiden played two consecutive nights opening for Judas Priest. In 1981 the band played here their a very first headline show with French band Trust as the support act. Iron Maiden show from 1982 was recorded and published as the Beast over Hammersmith double live CD being a part of Eddie's Archive box released in 2002. The clips from that night were used as a part of 12 Wasted Years (1987) documentary and The History of Iron Maiden – Part 1: The Early Days DVD released in 2004. Between 1983 and 1988, the band played multiple sold out nights, including six shows in 1986 as a part of Somewhere on Tour 1986/87. The fourth side of double live album Live After Death was recorded during the four nights played by the band as a part of World Slavery Tour. In 1990, Iron Maiden played here their first show in London with a new member, guitarist Janick Gers.
 Miles Davis played in 1982 with his Jazz fusion band. The concert was released some years later in DVD.
 Def Leppard recorded the videos of Let It Go, High & Dry (Saturday Night), and Bringing on the Heartbreak at the venue.
 In December 1985, Hawkwind filmed a concert from their Chronicle of the Black Sword tour. The recordings were subsequently released as the Live Chronicles album and The Chronicle of the Black Sword video.
 In 1983, Dire Straits recorded the concerts for a future release. Finished launching in 1984 the double album Alchemy and a video with the same name. The video was remastered and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2009, in its full version.
 The black metal band Venom released a double album in 1985 called Eine Kleine Nachtmusik. One of the discs was recorded in the venue. The band was banned in 1984 because they ruined the ceiling of the theatre with a show of fireworks (during the track Countess Bathory). The show was recorded and released on video in 1984 with the name Seven Dates to Hell, with opening by the young Metallica. The following year, the band recorded the concert at this venue for a television special, named Live from London. Both shows were released on DVD during the 2000s.
 In 1980, Blondie performed one of their most famous shows. Robert Fripp joined them on guitar, and their live cover of "Heroes" (which was later used as a B-Side) was recorded there. In addition, some more live tracks recorded were later used as bonus tracks on the 2001 rerelease of the Eat to the Beat album.
 On 20 September 1980, Randy Rhoads performed one of his first shows, with new musical soulmate Ozzy Osbourne, on the Blizzard of Ozz Tour, they returned on 26 October.
 In 1982, Duran Duran performed during promotion for their Rio album. The concert was filmed and released as Live at Hammersmith '82! in 2009, as a CD-DVD combo pack.
 On 25 October 1982, Depeche Mode performed there as part of their A Broken Frame Tour. The concert was filmed and parts were released as Live at Hammersmith Odeon London in 2006, as a DVD included in the remastered album, A Broken Frame.
 In 1982, Elton John performed a series of concerts with his reunited "Classic" band, promoting his albums The Fox and Jump Up!. A concert on Christmas Eve featured a medley of Christmas carols and a rare live duet of "Don't Go Breaking My Heart" with Kiki Dee.
 In 1982, Japan played a six-night residency from 17 to 22 November. These were the band's final performances in the UK and the final night's performance was recorded and then released in 1983 on VHS and audio as Oil on Canvas.
 In 1983, Marillion performed the final date of their tour supporting their debut album, Script for a Jester's Tear. This also marked the final performance with drummer Mick Pointer. The performance was filmed and released as Recital of the Script.
 In 1984, Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour performed three shows at the venue on his About Face solo tour, which was documented on the concert video David Gilmour Live 1984.
 On 21 September 1986, Metallica performed at the Odeon during their Master of Puppets Tour. This is one of the band's last performances with bassist Cliff Burton, who was killed in a bus crash, six days later and also featured guitarist John Marshall as James Hetfield was recovering from a skateboard accident. This performance formed the basis for the Hammersmith Apollo's appearance in video game Guitar Hero: Metallica in 2009, complete with Master of Puppets-themed stage.
 Between 15 and 20 December 1986, the Norwegian band a-ha held 6 concerts at the Hammersmith Odeon.
 At the start of the seminal Public Enemy album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back, they are heard addressing the Hammersmith Odeon crowd at a concert there in 1987. Due to trouble outside the venue before and after the show, the Hammersmith Odeon refused to host any rap groups for several years afterwards.
 On 10 July 1987, the first Soviet rock musicians ever to perform in Britain Autograph and Dialogue at Russian Rock Gala during Capital Music Festival.
 On 23 February 1987, Europe performed at Hammersmith Odeon in part of The Final Countdown World Tour. The performance was filmed and released as Europe : The Final Countdown World Tour 1987 (Live in Hammersmith Odeon)

1990s
 During the early 1990s, the venue played host to stage productions such as Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat.
 In summer of 1992, Erasure played 8 consecutive nights at the Hammersmith Odeon on the opening of their "Phantasmagorical Entertainment Tour".
 Megadeth Recorded their Performance on 30 September 1992, for a Concert DVD in support for their album Countdown to Extinction
 Dio Recorded their previously unreleased "Live in London-Hammersmith Apollo 1993" Performance on 12 December 1993, a Blu-ray Disc released in 2014 in support for their then recent album Strange Highways.
 Musical theatre star Michael Ball has performed at the Hammersmith Apollo on nine occasions—each time selling out. His concerts in December 1993 and 1994, were recorded by BBC Radio 2. He also recorded his 2003, 2007 and 2013 concerts for DVD release.
 Black Sabbath recorded their Cross Purposes Live album/video, with singer Tony Martin, on Wednesday 13 April 1994.
 In July 1995, Riverdance made its UK debut at the Apollo, selling out its initial four-week run and returning in the fall for another 19 weeks, breaking box office records in the process.
 In November 1997, Scottish comedian Billy Connolly performed five sold out nights.
 On 14 July 1998, Doctor Dolittle, a musical by Leslie Bricusse (based on his 1967 film and the Hugh Lofting children's books) made its world premiere starring Phillip Schofield. The production closed on 26 June 1999.
On 14 December 1999, Blast! a new musical based on American Drum and Bugle Corps premiered at the Hamersmith Apollo. A PBS special of the London production aired on 5 August 2000.

2000s
 In October 2002, Prince played 3 nights of his 'One Nite Alone... Tour'.
 On 21 October 2003, rock band AC/DC performed at the Apollo. The event sold out online in just four minutes. The lead singer Brian Johnson was suffering from a lung infection on the night of the gig.
 On 15 November 2003, Kylie Minogue launched her studio album Body Language with a press conference and a one-off show entitled Money Can't Buy, no tickets were offered for sale publicly and only invited guests and competition winners attended the show.
 In 2004, the venue was part of the Carling Live 24 event, which saw Feeder play their only date of that year. The venue also spawned the BBC television series Live at the Apollo, originally titled Jack Dee Live at the Apollo
 On 15 November 2004 Europe filmed their performance called Live From The Dark
 On 2 September 2005, Iron Maiden performed a special fund raising sold-out show during their Eddie Rips Up the World Tour for former drummer Clive Burr, who was suffering from multiple sclerosis.
 On 25 November 2006, Video Games Live presented the first ever UK video game concert at the Hammersmith Apollo as part of their 2006 World Tour. A parody of the Hammersmith Odeon was made for Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, called Ye Olde Royal Odeon. The game Guitar Hero: Metallica features the real Hammersmith Apollo as a playable venue.
On 18 and 19 December, comedy rock duo Tenacious D performed on their Pick of Destiny Tour, Neil Hamburger opened on both dates.
 On 19 June 2007, OMD filmed their Architecture & Morality and more comeback-tour in this theatre.
 In September 2008, comedian Michael McIntyre performed shows around theatres in the UK and his filmed performance at the Hammersmith Apollo became the best selling debut comedy DVD of all time.
 In March 2009, SpongeBob SquarePants: The Musical (The Sponge Who Could Fly) premiered at the Apollo.
 On 11 July 2009, Thunder played their last concert in a sold out Hammersmith Apollo, as being the last stop on their 20 Years & Out tour. The show was also filmed and recorded for a last Thunder live DVD.
 On 29 November 2009, British Christian rock band Delirious? played their farewell concert at the venue. The show was sold out and was recorded for a live album and DVD.
 On 15 December 2009, the Apollo hosted the UK premiere of It Might Get Loud, a documentary film that covers the careers of guitarists The Edge, Jimmy Page, and Jack White. Page was the only star of the film to attend the UK premiere.

2010s

 On 8 April 2010, The Infidel, a comedy film directed by David Baddiel and starring Omid Djalili, was premiered. The organ was played by Richard Hills as the audience arrived and in the interval. This was the first film premiere at the Apollo for more than 20 years.
 On 4 May 2010, the Italian songwriter Vasco Rossi, had a sold-out concert during his "Tour Europe indoor". The whole concert was recorded and issued on 22 June under the name Vasco London Instant Live 4 May 2010.
 On 14–18 July 2010, American magicians and comedians Penn & Teller performed, their first UK performance in more than 16 years.
 Bob Dylan performed three concerts, ending his 2011 Never Ending Tour with Mark Knopfler. These three dates brings to total of Dylan performances at the venue to twenty-four. He performed there six times in 1990, eight times in 1991, six times in 1993, once in 2003 and three times in 2011.
 On 26 May 2012, Judas Priest performed the last show of their Epitaph World Tour, and it was filmed for later DVD release.
 On 21 December 2012, Brian Cox and Robin Ince hosted a show containing performances by scientists, comedians, actors and other apocalypse sceptics for a show to coincide with the predicted Mayan apocalypse entitled "The End of the World Show".
 On 24–26 February 2013, Kanye West played three shows as a part of a small European tour which tested a new setup which featured surround vision visuals. The shows featured West wearing a white sci-fi straitjacket, a glittering, skin-tight crystal bondage mask obscuring his face. The theme of the shows centered on icy, glacial environmental visuals.
 On 15–16 March 2013, the original line-up of Status Quo played two sold-out shows on their Reunion Tour, after being apart for 32 years. These concerts were released on CD.
 On 19–20 May 2013, Lana Del Rey played two sold-out shows during her Paradise Tour, performing her biggest hits, including her new single, Young and Beautiful.
 On 7 September 2013, Selena Gomez opened the newly renovated theatre on her Stars Dance Tour, the only performance in the UK for the tour. The date also commissioned the venue's new name, Eventim Apollo.
 From August to October 2014, Kate Bush undertook a 22 date residency called Before the Dawn at the Apollo. These performances were her first live shows in nearly 35 years.
 On 3 February 2015, the venue was chosen by the EBU/BBC as host for the Eurovision Song Contest's 60-year celebration event, presented by Graham Norton and Petra Mede, and televised across Europe and Australia via the Eurovision network. Conchita Wurst, Loreen and Natasha St-Pier were the first confirmed acts. The event took place on 31 March 2015.
 On 20 and 21 September 2015, British singer Morrissey performed what he dubbed his 'last UK shows ever' at the venue.
 On 6 December 2016, the venue hosted the Royal Variety Performance which was later televised by ITV.
 On 27 January 2017, the venue hosted Eurovision: You Decide, the UK's national selection show for the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 and aired live on BBC Two.
 On 17 March 2017, St Patrick's Day, Devin Townsend made a complete play through of the album Ocean Machine, twenty years after its first release; supported by Leprous and Tesseract.
On 17 February 2018, Cumbrian indie band Wild Beasts played their final "farewell" show dubbed "End Come Too Soon".
 In April 2018, it was confirmed that the venue would host the live shows of Britain's Got Talent that year. The live shows returned to the venue in 2019 and again in 2022.
 On 17 June 2018, Monsta X had The Connect World Tour in London.
 On 16 July 2018, the film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was premiered.

2020s
 On 17 February 2020, Eric Clapton performed a tribute concert to former Cream and Blind Faith bandmate Ginger Baker who had died the previous year. His special guests included Roger Waters, Nile Rodgers, Ronnie Wood, Kenney Jones and Blind Faith bandmate Steve Winwood. The performance included Cream songs not performed since the 60s and a near complete performance of the Blind Faith album.
 On 21–22 February 2020, progressive metal band Dream Theater played two concerts to promote their fourteenth album Distance over Time, also recording both concerts that were later released as Distant Memories – Live in London live DVD.
 On 6–7 July 2022,  Olivia Rodrigo performed two sold out shows as part of her Sour Tour.
 On 9 July 2022, the 90th anniversary Gang Show special is performed here.
 On 3 October 2022, comedian Louis C.K. performed at the Hammersmith Apollo, his first show in the UK since the controversy surrounding his sexual misconduct in 2017.
 On 27 April 2023, pop star Maisie Peters performed to her largest audience for a headline show to that date.

See also
 Live at the Apollo (TV series)

References

External links

 Flickr photo set of the Apollo organ

Music venues in London
Theatres in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Art Deco architecture in London
Former cinemas in London
Apollo
Music venues completed in 1932
Theatres completed in 1932
20th-century architecture in the United Kingdom
1932 establishments in England

Hammersmith Apollo


Robert Leon Phillips, known as Bob Phillips (born June 23, 1951), is an American television journalist best known for his long-running program Texas Country Reporter. In 2005, Phillips was inducted into the Silver Circle of the Lone Star Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, the association that gives the Emmy Awards; the honor is extended to professionals who have spent at least 25 years of their career in television in Texas and have made significant contributions to their industry and their communities.

Phillips was born in Dallas, Texas, where he graduated in 1969 from  Bryan Adams High School. He grew up in the hotel industry with a mother whose speciality was helping hotels to establish their housekeeping staff; in a 2006 interview, Phillips stated that his first paying job was assisting the executive chef at the Dallas Hilton Hotel, adding, "I found out real fast that washing dishes was not what I wanted to do." He attended Southern Methodist University, graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1973 and a Master of Liberal Arts degree in 1977. Phillips has been an adjunct professor at Amberton University since 1987 and teaches communications courses.

An admirer of CBS broadcast journalist Charles Kuralt, Phillips chose the same field. He began working at local CBS affiliate KDFW-TV as a dispatcher his first year in college, started learning to use a TV camera, and within three months was reassigned as a photographer. He got his break in March 1970 when he was sent to shoot a film about a possible drowning, and no reporter was available to interview the youths involved, who had survived; after preparing the equipment, Phillips stepped in front of the camera to report the story while the camera ran itself, a procedure commonly known in broadcasting as "a one man band" that became his regular mode of operations. Phillips also travelled extensively with The Dallas Cowboys NFL team during the 1970s, shooting on the sidelines at the team's games.

Initially focusing on political and sports coverage, the novice reporter pursued his goal of filming feature stories for inclusion on local broadcasts. Instead, the management decided to package his features in a separate half-hour weekend program, and 4 Country Reporter debuted in 1972. In 1986, he left Channel 4, renamed the show Texas Country Reporter, and began producing and syndicating it through his own company, Phillips Productions; the show aired in all 22 broadcast markets in Texas, including rival station WFAA, which renamed the show 8 Country Reporter, and eventually was added to stations in neighboring Louisiana.

During this time, Dairy Queen was one of the show's sponsors, which allowed Phillips to be the chain's spokesperson in its ads when promoting food items at its Texas-based restaurants. When RFD-TV launched in December 2000, Texas Country Reporter was one of its featured programs. RFD introduced the program to audiences around the nation. Phillips has been closely involved in the development of the channel since he was approached about adding his show to its lineup. Today, Phillips' show is available in more than 60-million homes nationwide via RFD-TV and Phillips' Texas broadcast network.

As an extension of his many years in broadcast journalism, Phillips has authored several books — mostly on Texas travel and cuisine. He has been a professor of communications at Amberton University for more than 25 years. In 2007, Phillips married KFDM-TV anchor Kelli Lee (now Phillips), who joined him as co-host of Texas Country Reporter in September 2015. They currently reside in Dallas.

References

American television journalists
Bryan Adams High School alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
1951 births
Living people
Journalists from Dallas
People from Beaumont, Texas
People from Bandera County, Texas
American non-fiction writers
American male journalists

Bob Phillips


The Endeavor Award is an award celebrating the contributions on the public benefit of flying.

The award was established in 2014 by producer and pilot Mark Wolper. The presenter's at the California Science Center for 2015 are Ben Affleck and Scott Terry.

2014
Veterans Airlift Command
Wings Flights of Hope
Patient Airlift Services
2015
Clay Lacy
Ben Affleck, Scott Terry - Global Flight Relief

See also

 List of aviation awards

References

Aviation awards

Endeavor Award


The Jingpo (Jinghpaw) people () are an ethnic group who are the largest subgroup of the Kachin peoples. The greater name for all the Kachin peoples in their own Jingpo language is the Jinghpaw. Other endonyms include Zaiwa, Lechi, Lisu, Maru, Hkahku,

The Kachin people are an ethnic affinity of several tribal groups, known for their fierce independence, disciplined fighting skills, complex clan inter-relations, craftsmanship, herbal healing and jungle survival skills. Other neighbouring residents of Kachin State include the Shans (Thai/Lao related), the Lisus, the Rawangs, and the Bamar, the latter forming the largest ethnic group in Burma. In China, the Jingpo form one of the 55 ethnic minorities, where they numbered 147,828 people in the 2010 census.

Distribution
They are largely inhabit the Kachin Hills in northern Myanmar's Kachin State and neighbouring Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of China.

There is also a significant Jingpo community in northeastern India's Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, as well as in Taiwan. They mostly live in Myanmar, the Kachin are called the Jingpo in China () and Singpho in Indiathe terms are considered synonymous.

Scope
There are three different definitions of Jingpo people. The Jinghpo ethnic group refers to those who speak Jingpo as their sole mother tongue and is adopted by the Burmese government as one of the 135 officially recognized ethnic groups in Myanmar. The Jingpo Nation or Jinghpo Pongyong includes all speakers of Zaiwa cluster of Northern Burmish languages, who also speak Jingpo as their secondary language. This definition is adopted by the Chinese government as one of the 56 officially recognized nations of China. The Jingpo Confederation or Jinghpo Wunpong emerged in twentieth century includes also those living in Kachin Hills but previously interacted with Jingpo speakers to a limited scope. This definition is adopted the Burmese government as one of the 8 "major national ethnic races" of Myanmar.

In Myanmar
The Kachins claim that the term Kachin is not from their language. Therefore, many of the Kachins only want to use the term "Jinghpaw Wunpawng" to mean all the Kachins ethnics while "Jinghpaw" is also used not only to mean one of the Kachin tribe "Jinghpaw", but also to include all the Kachins.
Two different categorisation schemes complicate the terms Jingpo and Kachin, which also operate as political geography terms of British origin.

In one form of categorisation, a variety of different linguistic groups with overlapping territories and integrated social structures are described as a single people: the Jingpo or Kachin. In another form of categorisation, the native speakers of each language in the area are treated as distinct ethnic groups. Both schemes treat the Shan people who live in the same or contiguous areas as ethnically distinct. Jingpo people have frequently defied the Western expectation of lineage-based ethnicity by culturally "becoming Shans" (Leach 1965).

Just recently the Burmese Government announced to make family records of all the citizens by categorising each people who speak different dialects. As a result, many ethnics become confused what to choose to be named on their IDs. So are the Kachins. Kachins are divided and fighting over the name Kachin or Jinghpaw Wunpawng even though there are clear and vivid evidence that they all are from the same background with the closest identities. Despite the fact that all syntax, grammar, phonology, morphology, schools of thought, traditions, culture are all the same, while pronunciation, spellings, alphabets differ (which is nature for different tribes from the same ethnic), Kachins are divided and debating on the term Kachin and Jinghpaw Wunpawng.

Jingpo

Jingpo proper (spelled Jinghpaw in Jinghpaw) is spoken by 1,500,000 people in Burma and by 150,000 people in China. It is classified as Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Kachin–Luic. Jingpo proper is also understood by many speakers of Zaiwa. The standard Jingpo language taught in China is based on the dialect of Enkun (in Yingjiang – west-northwest part of Dehong Prefecture).

There are around 100–200 Jingpo people who live in Taiwan: they can be found in Taipei, Kaohsiung, Pingtung, Taitung, and other cities. They are the descendants of 52 tribespeople who were members of the Yunnan People's Anti-Communist Volunteer Army who fled to Taiwan after the defeat of the Kuomintang in Mainland China. Every October, they host performances where they dance in traditional costumes. There is also a "Jingpo Taiwanese Friendship Association".

Zaiwa

Zaiwa (also spelled Tsaiwa; called Atsi in Jingpo proper, Zǎiwǎyǔ (载瓦语) in Chinese, and Zi in Burmese) is spoken by approximately 80,000 people in China and 30,000 people in Burma. It is classified as Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Yi-Burman, and Northern Burmic. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, a written language based on the dialect of the village of Longzhun (in Xishan district in Luxi county) and using the Latin alphabet was created and officially introduced in 1957.

Religion
Jingpo folk religion worships various gods as well as the spirits of their ancestors. The ancestor of all the Jingpo, who is worshipped as a spirit or god, is held to be named Madai. Jingpo Animists believe that spirits reside everywhere, from the sun to the animals, and that these spirits bring good or bad luck. For the Jingpo, all living creatures are believed to have souls. Rituals are carried out for protection in almost all daily activities, from planting of crops to warfare.

The majority of Singphos in India follow Theravāda Buddhism. Christianity is also one of the religions among the Jingpo. Around 90% of the Jingpo people in Myanmar follow Christianity, while the remaining 10% are Animists or Theravada Buddhist.

Culture
Traditional Jingpo dwellings are usually two stories and built out of wood and bamboo. The houses are of oval form; the first floor serves as a storage and stable while the second is utilised for living quarters. Women often dress in black jackets with silver decorations. They also wear wool skirts made in bright colours. The men often wear white and black pants, covering their heads with turbans: the youths with white turbans and the adults with black turbans.

History
The Jingpo ancestors lived on the Tibetan plateau and migrated gradually towards the south. At their arrival to the present province of Yunnan, the Jingpo were referred to as Xunchuanman. The Jingpo are likely related to the neighbouring Qiang and Miao people.

The Jinghpo polity in  Upper Myanmar seems to be referred to as Cha-shan in the Chinese chronicle Ming Shilu. In the text, the polity is said to extend from Nmai River in today's Kachin state, Myanmar, to the east in Lu-shui county in Yunnan.

During the 15th and 16th centuries the Jingpo continued migrating to their present territory. During the 17th century, the Jinphos were involved in trade exchange between the Ahom kingdom and China in the form of ivory, copper and silver.  They have received diverse names along the centuries: Echang, Zhexie, and Yeren, the latter name which was used in China from the Yuan dynasty to the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. During the British colonial period, some tribes were well integrated into the state while others operated with a large degree of autonomy. Kachin people, including those organised as the Kachin Levies provided assistance to British units fighting the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II.

Following the end of World War II and Burma's independence from Britain, long standing ethnic conflicts between frontier peoples such as the Kachin people and the Burman-dominated central government resurfaced. The first uprising occurred in 1949. The uprisings escalated following the declaration of Buddhism (which is not practised by the Kachin people) as a national religion in 1961. However, Kachin people fought both for and against the government during most of the ethnic conflicts. Kachin soldiers once formed a core part of the Burmese armed forces and many stayed loyal after the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) with its military wing, the Kachin Independent Army (KIA) was formed in 1961. After Ne Win's coup in 1962, there were fewer opportunities in the Burma Army for Kachin people. Much of Kachin State outside of the cities and larger towns was for many years KIO administered.

The KIO formed alliances with other ethnic groups resisting the Burmese occupation, and later despite its non-communist stance along with China informally supported the Communist Party of Burma (CPB), which held strategically sensitive parts of the country vis à vis the Kachin positions. The KIO continued to fight when Ne Win's dictatorship was succeeded by another incarnation of the military junta in 1988 called the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). However, with a gradual withdrawal of Chinese support, in 1989 the Communist Party of Burma soon disintegrated into warlord led groups that negotiated ceasefire deals with the junta. This led to the KIO being surrounded by organisations effectively aligned with the SPDC. It was squeezed by redeployed battalions of the rearmed and ever growing Burma Army, and constantly urged to make peace by a civilian population suffering from years of warfare. In 1994 the KIO chose to enter into a ceasefire with the junta.

The ceasefire delivered neither security nor prosperity to the Kachin. With the end of hostilities the Burma Army presence has increased considerably, along with allegations of atrocities against the civilian population, including forced labour and rape.

High demand from China is currently encouraging logging-based deforestation in the Kachin region of Burma.  Increasingly impoverished, some Jingpo women and children are drawn into the sex trade in Thailand, China and Yangon (KWAT 2005).

Migration
The Jinghpaws, or The Jinghpaw Wunpawngs, have been forced to migrate to Malaysia and Thailand. The civil war between KIA and the Burmese Army caused Kachins to leave their motherland and seek asylum in Thailand and Malaysia. Since both Thailand nor Malaysia are not signatories to the 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention, these two countries are just a second place for the Kachin refugees and they have to go to third countries such as the USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and other EU countries through UNHCR's resettlement program. Since there are too many refugees in Malaysia to process their resettlement process, refugees normally have to wait for five to seven years to be resettled. Most of the Kachin refugees are in IDP camps and some are in Malaysia.

Singpho people

The Singpho is the name for the Jingpo in India. They live in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in the district of Lohit and Changlang and in Assam inhabits in the district of Tinsukia and scattered in some other district like Sivasagar, Jorhat and Golaghat. Comprising a population of at least 7,900 in India, they live in the villages, namely Bordumsa, Miao, Innao, N-hpum, Namgo, Ketetong, Pangna, Phup, N-htem, Mungong, Kumchai, Pangsun, Hasak, Katha, Bisa, Dibong, Duwarmara, Namo and Namsai, etc. They speak the Singpho dialect of the Jingpo language. They have the status of Scheduled Tribe.

The Singphos are divided into a number of clans, known as Gams, each under a chief. The principal Gams include the Bessa, Duffa, Luttao, Luttora, Tesari, Mirip, Lophae, Lutong and Magrong. The Singpho are also divided into four classes, namely Shangai, Myung, Lubrung and Mirip.

Religion
While the Singphos in India are predominantly Theravāda Buddhists, the Jinghpaws in Kachin, Myanmar is 99% Christian. Before the arrival of Buddhism, animism was widely followed; in this community in India, all the ancestors of the Singpho or Jinghpaws worshiped spirits or gods, such as a well-known spirit named Madai. Singpho Animists believe that spirits reside everywhere, from the sun to the animals, and that these spirits bring good or bad luck. For the Singpho, all living creatures are believed to have souls. Rituals are carried out for protection in almost all daily activities, from the planting of crops to warfare.

Lifestyle
Unlike most hill-people, shifting cultivation (jhum) is not as widely practiced, although tea is widely planted. When British attempts to introduce Chinese tea plants for cultivation in Assam were unsuccessful, they discovered that the Singpho people cultivated tea. By hybridizing the Singpho and Chinese strains, and using Chinese tea cultivation techniques, the basis for large-scale tea cultivation in Assam was laid. The Singpho produce their tea by plucking the tender leaves and drying them in the sun and exposing them to the night dew for three days and nights. The leaves are then placed in the hollow tube of bamboo, and the cylinder will be exposed to the smoke of the fire. In this way, their tea can be kept for years without losing its flavor. The Singpho also depended on yams and other edible tubers as their staple food.

They are the earliest people to have used tea in India, but there is no substantial documentation of the history of tea drinking in the Indian subcontinent for the pre-colonial period. One can only speculate that tea leaves were widely used in ancient India since the plant is native to some parts of India. The Singpho tribe and the Khamti tribe, inhabitants of the regions where the Camellia sinensis plant grew native, have been consuming tea since the 12th century. It is also possible that tea may have been used under another name. Frederick R. Dannaway, in the essay "Tea As Soma", argues that tea was perhaps better known as "Soma" in Indian mythology.

Dress
The Singpho made shields from buffalo hide, many of them can be as long as four feet. They also have helmets are made from either buffalo hide or rattan-work, and vanished black and decorated with the boar's tusks. Most men tie their hair in a large knot on the crown of the head. The women dress their hair gathered into a broad knot on the crown of the head, fastening it by silver bodkins, chains and tassels, which is similar to the architecture of the modern skyscrapers. The maidens tie their tresses into a roll and keep it tied just above the nape.
Singpho dwellings are usually two stories and built out of wood and bamboo. The houses are of oval form; the first floor serves as a storage and stable while the second is utilized for living quarters. Women often dress in black jackets with silver decorations during festival known as Munao Poi. This dress are one of the most beautiful and attractive dress in Northeast India. They also wear wool skirts made in bright red colors. The men often wear a white shirt with colorful Lungi, covering their heads with turbans.

Notes

References

Sources

 E. R. Leach, Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure (Boston: Beacon, 1965 [1954]).
 Kachin Women's Association Thailand (KWAT), Driven Away: Trafficking of Kachin women on the China-Burma border (Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2005).
 Fredrich Kahrl, Horst Weyerhaeuser, and Su Yufang, Navigating the Border: An Analysis of the China–Myanmar Timber Trade . Forest Trends, World Agroforestry Centre, 2004.
 Global Witness A Choice for China: Ending the destruction of Burma's frontier forests, 2005.
 Liú Lù, Jǐngpōzú yǔyán jiǎnzhì – Jǐngpōyǔ 刘璐景颇族语言简志——景颇语 (Introduction to a language of the Jingpo nationality – Jingpo; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1984).
 Xú Xījiān 徐悉艰, Xú Guìzhēn 徐桂珍, Jǐngpōzú yǔyán jiǎnzhì – Zǎiwǎyǔ 景颇族语言简志——载瓦语 (Introduction to a language of the Jingpo nationality – Tsaiva; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1984).
 All Kachin Students and Youth Union (AKSYU), Kachin Development Networking Group(KDNG), Valley of Darkness; 2007
 Valley of Darkness: Gold Mining and Militarization in Burma's Hugawng Valley (Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2007)
 Bradley, David. (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas. Canberra: Australian National University Press. ; OCLC 37646449
 Prandey, B. B. Pandey and D. K. Duarah. (1991). Myths and Beliefs on Creation of Universe Among the Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. Itanagar, Arunāchal Pradesh (India): Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. ; OCLC 50424420

External links

 Kachin National Organisation
 Jinghpaw Land "Jingpo Dadi"
 The Jingpo ethnic minority (Chinese government site)
 Jingphaw/Kachin
 The Kachin Post
 Kachin Radio
 KIO News in English
 Information on the Kachins with a short introduction to the language
 News in Jingphaw and Burmese
 Kachin Bible
 All Kachin Students & Youth Union (AKSYU)
 Kachin National Organization
 The Kachin of Burma
 Singpho: Victims of India
 Art and crafts of the Singpho
 Ethnologue profile
 Christianity Overwhelming Buddhism in India's North-East

Ethnic groups in Myanmar
Ethnic groups officially recognized by China
Refugees in Malaysia
Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh
Tribes of Assam
Social groups of Assam
Ethnic groups in Northeast India
Ethnic groups in South Asia
Ethnic groups in India
Ethnic groups in Assam

Jingpo people