The Spanish language employs a wide range of swear words that vary between Spanish speaking nations and in regions and subcultures of each nation. Idiomatic expressions, particularly profanity, are not always directly translatable into other languages, and so most of the English translations offered in this article are very rough and most likely do not reflect the full meaning of the expression they intend to translate.

Overview
In Spanish, as in most languages, swear words tend to come from semantic domains considered taboo, such as human excretions, sexuality, and religion, and swearing serves several functions in discourse.

Spanish insults are often of a sexual nature, taking the form of implying a lack of sexual decency if the insulted person is a woman (e.g. puta, "whore", perra "bitch") or implying a supposed lack of masculinity if the insulted person is male (e.g.  "faggot",  "male prostitute"). A particularly forceful Spanish insult is any mention of someone else's mother, including also in its strongest form (e.g.  "fuck your whore of a mother!", in which "me cago" out of context means "I shit", but in this sentence it expresses disregard).

Emphatic exclamations, not aimed to insult but to express strong emotion, often include words for sexual relations (e.g.  "fuck!", ¡chingados! "fuckers!") or to excretions or sexual organs (¡mierda! "shit!", ¡coño! "pussy!"). Sexual taboo words that describe a masculine sexuality may be used in a positive sense (e.g.  "male goat",  "rooster",  "pig").

References to sexual acts
The following words are indicative of a variety of sexual acts, especially sexual intercourse and masturbation, though mostly limited to specific geographic regions.

Chingar
chingar—originating from the Basque verb txingartu, meaning "to burn with coal" or from Caló (Spanish Romani) word čingarár, meaning "to fight". In the work La Chingada, it was famously applied to La Malinche, the mistress of Hernán Cortés.

Chingado/da
The word is derived from "chingar" which means "to fuck", which came from the Romani language word for "fight" used by the Gitanos. This word has many meanings in the Spanish language, most limited to Mexico:

 Adjective for damage (e.g. "Este niño se subió a la bicicleta y ahora su rodilla está chingada" – "This kid rode his bike and now his knee is fucked up/fucking damaged.")
 Noun for a bad place to go (e.g. "¡Ya me tienes harto! ¡Vete a la chingada!" – "I'm done with you! Go fuck yourself!/Get the fuck out of here!")
 Interjection (e.g. "¿Se sacó todas bien el tonto? ¡Ah, chingado!" – "Did the dumb guy get all the questions right? Oh, fuck!")
 Adjective for awful (e.g. "Este restaurante está de la chingada" – "This restaurant is fucking awful.")

These words are often used in the following contexts:

  (idiom, adjective) "Son/daughter of a fucker!"
  (interjection) = "Motherfucker!"
  (noun) = "Go fuck yourself!" or "Get the fuck out of here!"

Chingón/a
Like , the word comes from . When used to describe a person, it describes someone who can "chingar" others; in other words, "better" or even "the best".

Follar
follar (used particularly in Spain and to a lesser extent in Cuba, but rarely found elsewhere) literally means "to blow air with the bellows" and probably refers to panting during sex.

Joder
The verb  is a harsh way of saying "to bother" and its English equivalent is "fuck". It can literally mean "to fuck somebody" e.g.  ("last night Juan and his girlfriend fucked"), or it can mean "to annoy", "to ruin", etc.  (don't annoy/bother me), or  (you've fucked it up). It can be used as an adjective, like the English "fucking" () and is often used as a light interjection:  ("Fuck! I've forgotten my coat").

Alternative ways of referring to sexual intercourse include:  (Argentina, Spain),  (Argentina, Mexico),  (Central America),  (Argentina, Chile and Colombia),  (Cuba), ,  (Argentina),  (Peru) and  (Uruguay).

Remojar el cochayuyo
Remojar el cochayuyo (to soak the cochayuyo)—used in Chile The expression alludes to the cochayuyo algae that is harvested on Chile's coast. The algae is preserved by sun-drying. To be used for cooking, it then needs to be softened by soaking in water.

Coger
"Coger" can be confused with the verb "to take" but in the majority of Latin America is used to talk about taking someone sexually.

References to the male genitalia

Cojón
 (plural ) is slang for "testicle" and may be used as a synonym for "guts" or  what it takes", hence making it equivalent to English balls or bollocks.

A common expression in Spain is anything to the effect of ' ("does whatever comes out of their balls"), meaning "does whatever the fuck they want". Variations are sale de los huevos, , etc. A common Basque aphorism is  ("we Bilbao natives are born wherever the fuck we want").

Sometimes, to denote obnoxious or overbearing behavior from someone else, idiom  ("to touch someone else's balls") comes to play. For instance:  ("Come on, give me that and stop bothering me.") It can sometimes be an understatement: A principios de los treinta, los nazis ya empezaban a tocar los cojones (meaning, roughly, "At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazis were already being an annoyance.").

It is also frequent to derive other words, such as adjectival form  (), indicating admiration. A famous Navarran brand of asparagus has this name.

 also denotes courageous behavior or character. Acts of courage or bravery are expressed by using the word . For example,  ("it takes cojones to do that").

It is sometimes used, at least in Spain, as a suffix, complement or termination to a word or name in order to confer it a derisive or overbearing quality. For instance:  ("That fucking guy Marcos"),  ("Give me the fucking suitcase why don't you!") However, it is more common to use "de cojones" as a superlative, as in  ("He's short as hell" or "He's short as fuck").

The phrases  or  mean "I don't give a fuck about". In alternative variations one would raise the number, usually to three: .

 alone can also be used much like the four-word exclamations, though less usually; it is frequently a giveaway for native Catalan speakers when they speak Spanish, as  is used much more profusely in situations akin to those for "fuck" or "shit".

 () stands for idleness or laziness. The fact that this is not a well-known expression in the United States may have been the excuse, according to some sources, for the April 2011 dismissal of a Princeton Spanish senior lecturer, with tragic consequences. In Chile, this term is unused; the preferred expression is  ().

Carajo
 () is used in Spain in reference to the penis. In Latin America (except Chile), it is a commonly used generic interjection similar to "fuck!" "shit!" or "damn it!" in English. For example:  ("We're gonna die, fuck!") or a far away place, likened to hell: .

In Argentina, the term "Vamos Carajo" was used in Quilmes advertising in advance of the 2014 FIFA World Cup as a statement or cheer that an Argentine supporter would use to urge their team to victory.

The diminutive  is used in Colombia, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela to refer to (usually annoying) children, or to scold someone for acting immaturely, e.g., No actúes como un carajito ("Don't act like a little dick!").

Caray is a mild minced oath for this word. Ay caray could be translated "Dang it" or "Darn it!" The word caracho is also considered mild like caray.

The connotation of "far away place" is supposedly based on the name of the Cargados Carajos, which belong to Mauritius. Nationalistic chants commonly use the phrase: , ¡Viva el Ecuador, carajo!, and ¡Viva el Perú, carajo!

It is said that the term  originated during the Moorish invasion in Spain. The Moors were described as —or "garlic-face"/"garlic-shaped face"—which was later contracted to carajo. In some other parts, cipote can also be used.

Bicho
 () is one of the most commonly used references to the penis in Puerto Rico. It is similar to the much less commonly used word . In most other regions it is a non-vulgar reference to an insect or several species of small animals.

In the Caribbean coast of Colombia  is used to reference the anus or the bottom. In Venezuela, it can be used as an interjection. In El Salvador, it is commonly used as the slang equivalent of "kids". In Nicaragua, and some parts of Costa Rica,  is used to reference the vagina. In Spain, Dominican Republic, Mexico and many other Spanish speaking countries it refers to people (both male and female) who are a negative influence on others, often used as  ("bad bug"). When applied to children, it can mean one who is misbehaving.

Huevos/Pelotas/Bolas/Albóndigas/Peras

 (),  and  (both literally meaning 'balls'),  (), and  () all refer to testicles in a profane manner. They are equivalent to  in many situations. In Mexico, the word is not used in a potentially ambiguous situation; instead, one may use the inoffensive  ().

Sometimes the words  ('egg-washer') or  ('egg-licker') are used in the same context as 'brown-noser' (meaning ambitious and self-effacing) in English.

Highly offensive Dominican insults involving this term are  ('egg-sucker') and  ('huge egg-sucker').  is also used in Venezuela where it is considered less offensive.

 and  () is used in Chile, Ecuador, and Peru in reference to objects ( may translate to "What an annoyance!"). Shortened forms  or even  and  are usually intended to be less offensive. Many expressions using  in other countries are used in Chile with  replacing the former word. There's also a local expression:  (), meaning "How much of a fool do you think I am?".

 a corruption of , meaning 'yolk', refers to the glans. The word  is functionally similar to .

 can have another meaning when it comes to nudity.  means 'to walk about stark naked'.

Oversized testicles as a marker of complacency
  (): One whose testicles are so large, they have a large scrotum which prevents them from working.
  ()/ (/ () is a strong personal reference in many Latin American countries. At times it can be used as an ironic term of endearment, especially in Argentina, the same way as dude or "dawg" in North America (much like güey in Mexico), comparably with Greek . For example, in Chile one would understand a sentence like  as "Fuck! That guy is an asshole, dude."

In Mexico,  is a pejorative term usually translated as 'slacker'. In Mexico, Panama and El Salvador, it can be loosely translated as 'couch potato'. One may also say , meaning "I'm feeling lazy." In Colombia, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela,  is the preferred form. In Venezuela, it is pronounced more like  or often . In Chile and Peru, the preferred form to use is  (often shortened to  or ) and . In Panama,  is the popular form, and a good example of the clipping of consonants (and sometimes vowels) in informal Spanish.

In Argentina  can be used by young people as a culturally appropriated term of endearment ( = how are you doing, pal?), but it can also mean 'slacker', 'idiot', 'ignorant', etc. In Chile, Peru and the Quito region of Ecuador,  is a phrase commonly used among youth meaning "Don't even think about it" or "Not a chance". In Mexico,  () translates as "Have some balls". For example, one can hear a Mexican say  which means "Don't run away, have some balls".

Verga

 (—a part of a ship's mast that holds the sails) occurs in a number of Romance languages, including Portuguese and Italian.

In Colombia, Panama and Venezuela it can be used as a vulgar generic filler, as well as a boastful self-reference (similar to the English "That shit" or "I'm the shit"). For example,  () means "I'm very good at it!", and  () means "I'm the best that there is!". However, in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, the word is commonly used instead of vaina

In Mexico it refers to the penis; "Te voy a meter la verga" means "I'm going to insert my penis in you"; referring to somebody else, "Le metió la verga" or "se la metió" means "he fucked her/him" which may be the literal meaning, or more likely, it means that in a business, he got away with what he wanted for little money. It also have another meanings and derivative terms, for example: "Soy la verga" ("I am the best one"); "Me fué de la verga" (roughly "something bad happened to me"); "Me vale verga" ("I don't care"); "Vergueé" ("I ruined it", "I failed"); "Me verguearon" ("They defeated me"); "Me pusieron una verguiza" ("They scolded me", "They beat me"); "Vergón" ("cocky", "cool", "sexy"); "Está de la verga" ("That's ugly/bad" but also "That's very cool", "That's awesome") etc.

A common expression in Mexico is ¡Vete a la verga!, meaning "Get the fuck out of here!" In Mexico this can be used to mean difficult or impossible: ¡Está de la verga!, "This is very difficult!"

In Guatemala, it also refers to a state of drunkenness as in ¡Está bien a verga!, meaning "He's drunk as Hell!" or "He's shit-faced!". In El Salvador it can also be used with an ironically positive connotation as in ¡Se ve bien vergón! or ¡Está bien vergón!, which means "It looks great!"

In Colombia, Honduras and Panama the expression no vale (ni) verga is used as a vulgar form of no vale la pena, meaning "it's not worth it".

In Nicaragua, the expression "¡A la verga!" means "Screw it!" which is used in Honduras also.

In the United States, the variant "a la verga" or "a la vé" for short, is very common in northern New Mexico, and is used frequently as an exclamatory expletive.

Other terms denoting male genitalia

Chilean Spanish has a variety of alternative names and euphemisms for the penis. These range from inoffensive, such as pito (lit. "whistle"), diuca (after a small bird), through vulgar (pichula, pico) and euphemistic (cabeza de bombero (lit. "firefighter's head"), dedo sin uña ("nail-less finger")) to markedly euphemistic and humorous ("taladro de carne" (lit. "meat drill"), "cíclope llorón" (lit. "crying cyclops"), "chacal de las zorras" (lit. "cunt jackal", in the sense of the jackal being a relentless predator), et cetera).

Something similar happens in Argentina. From the classic "pito" or "pirulín" (a cone-shaped lollipop), which are innocent and even used by children, you can go all the way to the most vulgar ways as "pija", "verga" (lit. "yardarm"), "choto/chota" (after "chotar" which means "to suck"), "porongo/poronga" (a "gourd", which is also used to craft "mates"), "banana", "salchicha/chorizo" (two kind of sausages), "pedazo" (lit. "piece"), "garcha" (also used as the verb garchar, which means "to fuck" or something of extremely bad quality), "palanca de cambios" (gear stick), "joystick", "bombilla de cuero" (lit. "leathery bombilla". Bombillas are used for drinking mate by sucking into them), etc. Among young people, almost every word can be turned into meaning "dick" if said effusive and with connotation: -"¿Me pasás el encendedor?" -"¡Acá tengo un encendedor para vos!" (-"Can you give me the lighter?" -"I have a lighter for you right here!").

In the Caribbean coast of Colombia, "mondá" (from mondada, the peeled one) is used as a variant for verga. Other words include picha, pinga, yarda, yaya, cañafístula, guasamayeta, animaleja, copa, cotopla, gamba, palo, trola, tubo and pipí, the latter being innocent and mostly used to refer to a child's penis.

References to the female genitalia

Concha / Chucha / Chocha

Concha (lit.: "mollusk shell" or "inner ear") is an offensive word for a woman's vulva or vagina (i.e. something akin to English cunt) in Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Mexico. In the rest of Latin America and Spain however, the word is only used with its literal meaning. In such regions, it is commonly heard in the phrase ¡(La) concha (de) tu madre! ("The cunt of your mother"), which may be used as an expression of surprise or grief, or as a highly disrespectful insult. The contracted term conchatumadre/conchetumadre is common and extremely offensive in Chile, Bolivia and Peru as well.

In Mexico concha, which is used in its literal meaning, is also a type of sweet bread, round conch-shaped and covered in sugar, as well as having the aforementioned meaning and is offensive when used in said context. In Spain, Puerto Rico, Cuba and Mexico, "Concha" is a common name for females (corruption of Concepción). Also in Puerto Rico there is a popular hotel called La Concha Resort (The Seashell). Key West, Florida also has a famous hotel named La Concha. Concha can also mean a seashell-a conch.

Chucha/¡Chuchamadre! and ¡Chucha de tu madre! are Panamanian, Chilean, Ecuadorian, Peruvian or southern Colombian equivalents. Random examples and expressions: Vení, oleme la chucha ("Come and sniff my pussy"), ¡Ándate a la chucha! (roughly "Fuck off").

Chocha (or chocho, usually used in Spain) employed term for "pussy" predominantly in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Colombia (chocho), Spain, Mexico, Venezuela, and Dominican Republic. In the Spanish province of Albacete is also used choto (var. chotera, chotaco) in the same sense. The word is a homonym as it is also synonymous with "senile" when used as "He/she is chocho/chocha". In Chile, the word is used to mean "happy", and is used for old people; for example, the sentence "La abuelita quedó chocha con el regalo que le dí" means "Granny was happy with the gift I gave her".

In Venezuela, chocha is also a type of round seed or a particular type of bird.

The name of the Latin American restaurant Chimi-Changa originated as a minced oath of chocha.

Coño
Coño (from the Latin cunnus) is a vulgar word for a woman's vulva or vagina. It is frequently translated as "cunt" but is considered much less offensive (it is much more common to hear the word coño on Spanish television than the word cunt on British television, for example).

In Puerto Rico, Spain, Venezuela, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Panama it is amongst the most popular of curse words. The word is frequently used as an interjection, expressing surprise, anger or frustration. It is also common to use the expression ¿Pero qué coño? to mean "What the fuck?"

Its usage was so common among Spaniards and Spanish-Filipino mestizos living in the Philippines that konyo became a Tagalog word for upper-class people.

In Ecuador and Chile it means stingy, tight-fisted, although in the latter country the variation coñete is becoming more common.

Panocha
In Colombia, Mexico and the Philippines, panocha (or panoche) refers generally to sweet breads or cakes, or, more specifically, to a raw, coarse form of sugar produced there. It is also a fudge made with brown sugar, butter, cream or milk, and nuts (penuche). In New Mexico it means a sprouted-wheat pudding. In the southwestern United States outside of Northern New Mexico (and in northern Mexico and some places in Cuba), however, it often refers to the female genitalia. Use of this word has been known to cause embarrassment among Hispanos of New Mexico when speaking with Mexicans from Mexico.

The word is a combination of penuche and panoja meaning "ear of corn", from the Latin panicula (from whence comes the English word "panicle"—pyramidal, loosely branched flower cluster).

Cuca
Cuca (short for cucaracha, lit.: "cockroach") is used in Honduras, Guatemala, Panama, Venezuela, southeastern México and Colombia. Slightly milder than coño, and is almost inoffensive in the Dominican Republic.

In the Dominican Republic it is a common term for a parrot.

In Chile it is criminal slang for paddy wagon. In general, it is used to refer to something considered scary.

It is also an inoffensive word for penis that many children use in Spain. It also has a slightly archaic use in Spain.

In Latin America it may describe a congenial, outgoing person with a gift for flattery ("Julia is very cuca") or ("Eddie is so cuco; look at all the friends he has.").

In Nicaragua and in the Canary Islands, it is used as slang for "penis."

It is often the diminutive of the name María del Refugio.

In Cuba, it is also used as a term for a charley horse.

Polla
Polla (lit.: "female pollo", i.e.: chicken or hen) is used in Spain, Nicaragua, El Salvador and to a lesser extent in Puerto Rico. It is also used to mean a (young) female (similar to "chick"). Some years ago, in Costa Rica, the term jupa de pollo ("head of a chicken") was popular slang for "penis". The term todo el jupa de pollo was a popular way to say "the whole shebang", "the full Monty" or "it's complete now".

In Spain, to say that something, especially a situation or an arrangement, is la polla is to have a high opinion of it. Esto es la polla. El hotel está al lado de la playa y además es muy barato means "This is fucking great. The hotel is close to the beach and it's cheap, too."

In Spain it also means penis. Common expression in Spain is anything to the effect of hace lo que le sale de la polla ("does whatever comes out of his penis"), meaning "does whatever the fuck he/she wants". It can be used as a vulgar generic filler, as well as a boastful self-reference (similar to the English "That shit" or "I'm the shit"). For example, ¡Soy la polla! (lit.: "I'm the hen!") means "I'm very good at it!"

References to the female breasts
Although less used as profanity, some words for the bust can also be used derogatorily or humorously. Among them, some noteworthy are peras (i.e. pears), perolas (i.e. pearls), mingas, tatas, tetas, tetamen, tetitas, tetazas, tetorras, tetotas, tetarracas, tetuzas, tetacas, teturras, tetungas, tetillas, bufas, bufarras, bufarracas, bufoncias, bakugans, mamelungas, mamelones, domingas, bubalongas, babungas, pechugas, peritas, mamellas, tetolas, gemelas, pechamen, melones or chichis.

References to the buttocks

Culo
Culo is the most commonly used Spanish word for "ass." In Spain, it is mild to inoffensive, and usually the only common way to talk about the buttocks and anus area in a colloquial context. It is also used, even formally, for the bottom part of many things (e.g. el culo del vaso = the bottom of the (drinking) glass, etc.) There's an even milder diminutive, culete, that is only used with little children or for humoristic effect, if ever. Another diminutive, culín, can also be used with very little children but is more often heard to refer to a small amount of a drink served in a glass or cup (ponme un culín de whisky, por favor = please serve me a little bit of whiskey).

In El Salvador and Honduras, culero ("one who uses the culo") refers to a gay man, while in Mexico it refers to an unjust, unkind, aggressive or insensitive person likened to the connotation provided by the word asshole but usually more offensive.

Vete a tomar por el culo ("Go and take it in the ass") is an expression used in Spain, it is like Vete a la mierda but more offensive. Me parto el culo ("I break my ass") is used to express laughter. It can also mean to do excessive work, usually accompanied by a verb that indicates the work, e.g. Me parto el culo barriendo ("I work my ass off brooming").

In Chile and Peru, culo is considered offensive (as it sounds very much like culear); poto is used instead.

In Argentina culo or culito are almost innocent words, though they can also be considered vulgar depending on the context. Expressions like en el culo del mundo (lit. "in the ass of the world"), en la loma del culo (lit. "In the ass hill"), which mean "too far away" or cara de culo (lit. "ass face", used to describe an unpleasant face expression) are regularly used.

In Panama culo is used to construct slang terms and phrases which range from slightly inappropriate to offensive but commonly used regardless. Cara de culo (ass face) refers to an unattractive person especially when the person in question has a round face with protruding cheeks. Culo del mundo (asshole of the world) and casa del culo (ass house) mean far away e.g. Vivo por casa del culo/en el culo del mundo (lit. "I live by ass house/in the asshole of the world"). Culear means to have sexual intercourse—the same as fuck in its literal meaning— but does not imply anal sex.

Culito (little ass) is used by a penetrative partner to refer to a receptive partner in a sexual context; it is also used to refer to the buttocks in an inappropriate but affectionate way. Culo de botella (bottle ass) refers to thick eyeglasses. ¡Ponte placa en el culo! (put a license plate on your ass!) is a phrase yelled by motorists at pedestrians who are standing or walking in the middle of the road, particularly in heavy traffic. Recular means to go on reverse while estacionarse/parquearse de recula means to reverse park. Culillo means fear while culilloso/a refers to someone who gets scared easily. Hablar hasta por el culo (To talk out of the ass)—a local, impolite variant of the well-known phrase Hablar hasta por los codos (to talk through the elbows)—refers to someone who talks a lot; this variant is used to refer to a person in a negative way (as in "He/she won't shut up") while Hablar hasta por los codos does not necessarily imply annoyance.

Fundillo/Fundío
Fundillo/Fundío—heard in Mexico and the southwestern United States as an obscene term specifically for the human anus. It carries about the same weight as the American usages of the words "(someone's) asshole" or "the crack of (someone's) ass." Fundío refers literally to the anus and is not used as a personal insult. For example, ¡Métetelo en fundío! (or in Mexico, Métetelo por el fundillo) is an expression of reproach. ("Shove it up your ass!") The variant fondillo is also found in Puerto Rico and Cuba. In the Dominican Republic, the milder term fullín and the very offensive cieso may also be used.

Ojete
Ojete (lit.: "eyelet")—refers to the anus in some countries, and also is used to mean "asshole": Se portó para el ojete conmigo ("He was a really bad person with me", or "He was an asshole to me"). A popular obscene graffito in Mexico among schoolchildren is OGT; when the letters are pronounced in Spanish, they sound like ojete. In Argentina and Uruguay, "ojete" and also its synonyms culo and orto can all be used to mean "good luck": "¡Qué ojete tiene ese tipo!" (He's such a lucky guy!), "Ganó de puro ojete!" (He won just because he was so terribly lucky).

Orto
Orto (a euphemism for "recto", that is rectum, from Greek ortho-, as both rectum and ortho- mean "straight". Although due to its lower class origin it is also believed (and more likely) to be the vesre form of roto, which means "broken", for "culo roto".)—in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, refers to buttocks (as either an object of appreciation or disgust): "Qué tremendo orto tiene esa mina" (in praise of a woman's buttocks), "Qué cara de orto" ("What an ugly/bitter/moody face"); or luck—either good or bad. "Me fue para el orto" and "Me fue como el orto." mean "I had an awfully bad luck on that". "Tiene un orto que no se puede creer" may mean "He/She is incredibly lucky" but can also be an appraisal of a someone's derrier, depending on context.

Other references to one's backside
 cola
 de pedo ("by farting")—another Argentinean expression meaning "fortunate." For example: Lo adiviné de pedo ("I was lucky enough to guess it").
 al pedo ("in a farty fashion")—used in Argentina for "wasting time." E.G.: Estás muy al pedo ("You are doing absolutely nothing").
 qué pedo — Informal greeting among youngsters in Mexico: "¡qué pedo!". It is also used as an interjection to express an spontaneous reaction to something, E.G: "Qué pedo contigo", "Qué pedo con la vida". "Qué pex" is a common variation of this phrase.
 en pedo ("in a fart")—which means "drunk" in Argentina.
 en una nube de pedos ("inside a fart cloud")—also in Argentina, meaning not concerned about whatever happens around you, outside your cloud.
 a los (santos) pedos (like (holy) farts)—means "extremely fast" in Argentina. It came into being due to a mispronunciation of Emil Zátopek's surname as "Satospé". Corre a lo Satospé ("He runs like Zátopek"). "A lo Satospé" then turned in "a los santos pé...", and finally in "a los (santos) pedos").
 al peo ("in a farty fashion")—used in Chile to express something done poorly or in a careless manner.
 nalga (butt cheek).
 poto – used in Chile and Peru for buttocks or anus.
 roto/rota (lit.: "broken")—specifically refers to the anus.

References to scatological acts

Cagar
Cagar, just as in Portuguese, is a verb meaning "to shit." It also means to screw (something) up, e.g. ¡Te cagaste los pantalones! ("You shit your pants!"). Particularly in Spain and Cuba, there are a number of commonly used interjections incorporating this verb, many of which refer to defecating on something sacred, e.g. Me cago en Dios ("I shit on God"), Me cago en la Virgen ("I shit on the Virgin"), Me cago en la hostia ("I shit on the communion host"), "Me cago en el coño de tu madre" (Lit: I shit in your mother's cunt) is the strongest offense among Cubans. In Cuba, to soften the word in social gatherings, the "g" is substituted by the "s". See below.

In Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Argentina, Cuba, Chile and Panama it also means to make a big mistake or damage something i.e. fuck something up, e.g.: La cagaste (lit.: "you shat on it") or "Nos van a cagar." ("They're going to fuck us"). In Argentina and Chile, it can also mean "you screwed" or "scolded" somebody (e.g.: Te cagaste a ese cabrón, "You took a shit on that guy"). In Colombia and Panama "la cagada" ("the shit") refers to something or someone that makes everything else go wrong or the one detail that is wrong about something (and is thus the complete opposite of the American slang the shit); e.g., Ese man es la cagada ("That dude is the shit" i.e. a fuck up/fucks everything up), La cagada aqui es el tranque ("The traffic jams are shit here" i.e. are fucked up, fuck this place/everything up).

In Mexico City it may be used ironically to refer to a fortunate outcome: Te cagaste ("You really shat on yourself") or an unfortunate outcome such as Estás cagado meaning "you're fucked".

In Chile and Cuba, cagado ("full of shit") means "stingy" or "miserly". It can also mean "depressed" in some contexts ("Está cagado porque la polola lo pateó." translates as "He's depressed because his girlfriend dumped him.").

Also, in Chile it can also have a more neutral connotation. La cagó ("shat it") can be used to agree on a previous statement ("Chilean Spanish makes no sense", "Sí, la cagó")

Mierda
Mierda is a noun meaning "shit." However, phrases such as Vete a la mierda (literally: "Go to (the) shit") would translate as "Go fuck yourself."

In Cuba, comemierda (shit-eater) refers to a clueless idiot, someone absurdly pretentious, or someone out of touch with his or her surroundings. Ex. "que comemierderia" (how stupid), "comerán mierda?" (are they stupid or what?) or "vamos a prestar atención y dejar de comer mierda" (Let's pay attention and stop goofing off). It is also used in both countries to describe someone who is "stuffy" and unnecessarily formal. In Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic comemierda refers solely to a snobbish person, while in Panama it refers to someone who is both snobbish and mean and/or hypocritical.

In Peru, irse a la mierda means "to be drunk as Hell." In Mexico, Cuba, Chile and also in Peru estar hecho mierda means to be very exhausted.

In northern Mexico and the southwestern United States (particularly California), the phrase mierda de toro(s) (literally "shit from bull(s)") is used often as a Spanish translation of bullshit in response to what is seen by the Spanish speaker as perceived nonsense.

It is also used generally to describe anything that is vexing or unpleasant, such as tiempo de mierda ("shitty weather") or auto de mierda ("piece-of-shit car"). A less common use is as a translation of the British profanity "bugger". The euphemisms miércoles (Wednesday) and eme (the letter m) are sometimes used as minced oaths.

Caca is a mild word used mostly by children, loosely comparable to the English "poop" or "doo-doo." Comecaca is functionally similar to comemierdas.

Pedorrez (bullshit) is slang to characterize a stupid, stupid action or idea, especially lacking in energy, relevance, and depth.

Mojón A term originally meaning a little marker of the name of the street or a particular place in a road, it later went into general use to refer to a turd and thus became a synonym for shit; it is used freely as a substitute. In Cuba, the term "comemojones" is frequently used instead of "comemierda"; "Es un mojón." ("He's a piece of shit.") is also commonly used in said country.

Homosexual slurs

() and its derivative words  and  are words used for referring to a man as a gay, or for criticizing someone for doing something that, according to stereotypes, only a gay person would do ( was originally the diminutive of the very common female name María del Carmen, a usage that has been lost). The suffix  is often added to nouns to intensify their meaning.

In Spain, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, the word has a stronger meaning with a very negative emphasis; akin to "faggot" or "poof" in the English language. In Argentina, Peru, Chile, and Mexico maricón or marica is especially used to denote a "chicken" (coward). In Chile, maricón also means "irrationally sadistic".

Some examples of the uses of this word are:

 Eres una marica. ("You are a faggot.")
 Mano, eres tremendamente maricón. ("Bro, you are so gay!"; here maricón is used as an adjective)
 Yo sí soy maricón, ¿y qué? ("I am certainly gay—so what?")
 No seas maricón. ("Don't chicken out", "Don't be a pussy.", "Don't be an asshole.")
 ¡Qué maricón de mierda, ¿eh?! ("He's such a damn faggot, right?!")
 Devuelve la mamadera al bebé, que lo haces llorar. ¡No seas maricón! ("Give the baby back his bottle, because now you've made him cry. Don't be cruel!")

Two important exceptions are Colombia and Venezuela;  in Colombia, marica is used as a slang term of affection among male friends or as a general exclamation (¡Ay, marica! being equivalent to "Aw, man!" or "Dude!" in English).
, whereas in Venezuela marico is used as the masculine form with marica being feminine.  In Colombia marica can also mean 'naive' or 'dull' you can hear sentences like "No, marica, ese marica si es mucho marica tan marica, marica", (Hey dude, that guy is such a fool faggot, boy) This often causes confusion or unintended offense among Spanish-speaking first-time visitors to Colombia. Maricón, however, remains an insulting and profane term for homosexuals in Colombia as well. A similar case is seen in Venezuela, where the word marico is an insult; however, the word is widely used among Venezuelans as "dude" or "man." For example, "¿qué pasó, marico?" would mean "what's up, dude?" The word carries at least a third meaning in Venezuela because it often is used to show that someone is being very funny. For instance, after hearing a joke or funny comment from your friend, you laugh and say "haha sí eres marico haha" which would be equivalent to "haha you crack me up man."

Derivatives of marica/maricón:

 maricona—used in southern Spain to refer to a drag queen, in an often humorous manner. Elsewhere, maricona refers to a lesbian. In Cuba it is used in a friendly manner among gays.
 mariquita (diminiuitive of marica)—means a wimp or sissy in Spain. For example, ¡Eres una mariquita!, means "You're a pussy!" It also means ladybug. In Cuba, however, the term refers both to a dish of fried plantains and to being gay.
 marimacha (combination of maricon and macha)—an insult common in Peru, Chile and Cuba, usually referring to lesbians or to women trying to do something seen as a males-only activity. It is considered offensive as mari prolongs the original insult macha. In Colombia, Macha is the feminine form of macho and thus refers to a tomboy (it is not really an insult, but more of a derogatory way to describe a masculine/unlady-like girl).

 maricueca (combination of maricon and cueca (female cueco, see below))—used in Chile
 mariconzón (combination of maricón and colizón) In Cuba, a slang term of affection among gays.
 mariposa (lit.: "butterfly")—used as a minced oath. The word mariposón ("big ol' butterfly") may also be used.

Manflor
Manflor (combination of the English loanword "man" and the word flor meaning "flower") and its variant manflora (a play on manflor using the word flora) are used in Mexico and in the US to refer, usually pejoratively, to a lesbian. (In Eastern Guatemala, the variation mamplor is used.) It is used in very much the same way as the English word "dyke." For example: Oye, güey, no toques a esa chica; todos ya saben que es manflora. ("Hey, dude, don't hit on that girl; everyone knows she's a dyke."). It can be used as an ironic term of endearment between friends, especially within the gay and lesbian communities.

Other homosexual expressions

Many terms offensive to homosexuals imply spreading, e.g.: the use of wings to fly.

 bámbaro—used in the south of Colombia
 bugarrón/bufarrón/bujarrón/bujarra—used in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Spain. In Cuba, the expression "bugarrón y bugarra" refers to a "macho" man having sex with men. It is originated from French bougre and it is also cognate to "bugger" in English.
 cacorro—used in Colombia for denoting the active partner (the "top" during anal intercourse) in a gay relationship.
 cueco—used in Panama
 cundango—used in the Dominican Republic and Cuba. In Cuba, cundango refers specifically to a male sex partner ("Tommy has been Robert's cundango for years"). It may mean "effeminate" or "sensitive" with a negative connotation
 cochón—used in Nicaragua
 cola (lit.: "tail")
 desviado (lit.: "deviant")
 fresa (lit.: "strawberry")—used in Mexico to mean "fag" and can also refer to people who are preppy or yuppy. For example, pinche fresa means "fucking fag."
 fran (lit.:"fran")-used to mean "gay".
 hueco (lit.: "hole", "hollow")—used in Guatemala. In Chile, depending on context, it can mean either "homosexual" or "vapid."
 invertido (lit.: "inverted"). A term ubiquitously used in old times to avoid the strong word "maricón". It was the official word used by the regime of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco in Spain, and sometimes still used in Cuba.
 joto (see below)
 loca (lit.: "crazy woman")—used in Puerto Rico and Cuba (where "loquita" and "loquísima" are commonly used as well). Although normally derogatory, this term is also used as a culturally appropriated term of endearment among male and female homosexuals. In Chile is used to refer to a flamboyant or very feminine gay man.
 macha (feminine form of macho)—refers to a "dyke". In Costa Rica, however, macho or macha is not derogatory but common slang for caucasoid, or similar to "blondie."
 mamapinga (lit. "cock-sucker"). Extensively used in Cuba.
 mamaverga/mamavergas (lit.: "cock-sucker").
 maraco—used in Chile, only against male homosexuals; see maraca below.
 maraca—used in Chile, only against female homosexuals; see maraco above.
 mayate-used by Mexicans and Mexican-Americans to denote someone who is gay, or overtly flamboyant (lit. an iridescent beetle).
 mostacero (lit: "mustardman")—used derogatively in Peru, referring to the active partner in a gay relationship, as he covers his penis in feces (mostaza or "mustard") when sexually-penetrating his passive partner.
 muerdealmohadas (lit.: "pillow-biter")—used in Peru. In Spain, it denotes the passive partner of a gay relationship.
 pargo (lit.: "porgy" or "red snapper")—used in Venezuela and Cuba, to mean "gay" or "flamboyant". This, as well as other fish in the grouper genera ("cherna" in Spanish) are used in Cuba as well.
 pájaro (lit.: "bird")—used in the Dominican Republic and Cuba; in the latter country, the feminine forms "pájara" and "pajaruca" are also used. In each case, the use is either affectionate or derogatory, depending on context.
 parchita  (lit.:"passion fruit")-used derogatively in Venezuela, for someone who is gay.
 partido (or partí'o (lit:"broken one"; also "political party")—used derogatively in Cuba.
 pato (lit.: "duck")—used in Puerto Rico, Panama, Cuba and Venezuela. This word is probably related to the Latin pathus meaning "sexually receptive". In Cuba, by extension, other palmipedes's names are used to denote gayness: "oca" (greylag goose, "cisne" (swan), "ganso" (goose) and even "gaviota" (seagull). Also used in Colombia.
 pirobo/a—used in Colombia for denoting the passive partner in a gay relationship. However, much as 'marica', is often used to refer to someone. As in 'Vea ese pirobo' ('Look at that dude')
 playo ("flat")—used in Costa Rica.
 plumífero (lit. "feathered (bird)"). Common derogative use in Cuba.
 puto (see "puta" below) — a term that has caused controversy in fan chants during Mexican national team soccer matches.
 raro/rarito (lit.: "weird").
 soplanucas (lit.: "nape-blower")—used in Spain for denoting the active partner in a gay relationship.
 tortillera (lit.: "a female who makes tortillas")—one of the most common insults to lesbians. Lesbian sex is often referred to as tortillear or hacer tortilla ("to make a tortilla").
 torta (lit.: cake)—it has the same meaning as tortillera, referring to a lesbian woman.
 parcha/parchita (corruption of "parga", a female pargo)
 sucia (lit.: "dirty woman")—used as an ironic term of endearment among male homosexuals.
 traba—short of trabuco used in Argentina.
 trolo—used in Argentina.
 trucha (lit.: "trout")
trabuco—used in Peru and Argentina, referring to a transgender woman.
 tragaleche (lit.: "milk-swallower," with "milk" as a metaphor for 'semen').
 tragasables (lit.: "sword-swallower").
 Other terms: afeminado, chivo, colizón, comilón, fleto, homo, homogay (combination of the English loanwords "homo" and "gay"), julandrón, julai (shortened form of julandrón), plon, plumón, puñal, rosquete, sarasa, roscón, et cetera.
 In Cuba, bombero (firefighter), capitán (captain), general (general) and other military (male) grades showing masculinity are used as slurs against lesbians, painting them with an un-feminine, dykelike appearance.

With Spanish being a grammatically-gendered language, one's sexuality can be challenged with a gender-inappropriate adjective, much as in English one might refer to a flamboyant man or a transgender man as her. Some words referring to a male homosexual end in an "a" but have the masculine article "el"—a deliberate grammatical violation. For example, although maricona refers to females, it may also be used as a compounded offensive remark towards a homosexual male, and vice versa.

Attacks against one's character

means literally a senile person, from the verb .

(according to the Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española, ), according to the Chicano poet José Antonio Burciaga, "basically describes someone who is stupid or does something stupid." Burciaga said that the word is often used while not in polite conversation. It may be translated as "dumbass" or "asshole" in many situations, though it carries an extra implication of willful incompetence or innocent gullibility that is ripe for others to exploit. The less extreme meaning, which is used in most Spanish-speaking countries, translates more or less as "jackass". The term, however, has highly offensive connotations in Puerto Rico. An older usage was in reference to a man who is in denial about being cheated (for example, by his wife).

Burciaga said that pendejo "is probably the least offensive" of the various Spanish profanity words beginning with "p" but that calling someone a pendejo is "stronger" than calling someone estúpido. Burciaga said, "Among friends it can be taken lightly, but for others it is better to be angry enough to back it up."

In Mexico, pendejo most commonly refers to a "fool", "idiot", or "asshole". In Mexico, there are many proverbs that refer to pendejos.

In Peru, it means a person who is opportunistic in an immoral or deceptively persuasive manner (usually involving sexual gain and promiscuity but not limited to it), and if used referring to a female (ella es pendeja), it means she is promiscuous (or perhaps a swindler). There the word pendejada and a whole family of related words have meanings that stem from these.

In South America, pendejo is also a vulgar, yet inoffensive, word for children. It also signifies a person with a disorderly or irregular life. In Argentina, pendejo (or pendeja for females) is a pejorative way of saying pibe. The word, in Chile, Colombia, and El Salvador, can refer to a cocaine dealer, or it can refer to a "fool".

In Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, it has different meanings depending on the situation. It can range from ¡Te cogieron de pendejo! ("You were swindled!") to ¡Qué tipa pendeja! ("What a dumbass!" as when a strange woman behaves offensively and then suddenly leaves). In Mexico and some countries in Central America, especially El Salvador, una pendejada/pendeja is used to describe something incredibly stupid that someone has done.

In many regions, especially in Cuba, pendejo also means "coward" (with a stronger connotation), as in ¡No huyas, pendejo! ("Don't run away, chicken-shit!") or No seas pendejo! ("Don't be such a coward!").

In South America, it refers to a person regarded with an obnoxiously determined advancement of one's own personality, wishes, or views (a "smartass").

In Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, pendejo or pendeja refers to a child, usually with a negative connotation, like that of immaturity or a "brat". Also in Argentina, since pendejo literally means "pubic hair", it usually refers to someone of little to no social value.

In Peru, however, it does not necessarily have a negative connotation and can just refer to someone who is clever and street-smart.

In the Philippines, it is usually used to refer to a man whose wife or partner is cheating on him (i.e. a cuckold).

In North Sulawesi, Indonesia, pendo (a derivative of pendejo) is used as profanity but with the majority of the population not knowing its meaning. The word was adopted during the colonial era when Spanish and Portuguese merchants sailed to this northern tip of Indonesia for spices.

In the American film Idiocracy, Joe Bauers's idiot lawyer is named Frito Pendejo.

Burciaga says that the Yiddish word putz "means the same thing" as pendejo.

Cabrón
Cabrón (lit.: "big goat" or "stubborn goat"), in the primitive sense of the word, is an adult male goat (cabra for an adult female goat) and is not offensive in Spain. It is also used as an insult, based on an old usage similar to that of pendejo, namely, to imply that the subject is stubborn or in denial about being cheated on, hence the man has "horns" like a goat (extremely insulting).

The word is offensive in Mexico, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, as it means "asshole" and other insults in English. The seven-note musical flourish known as "Shave and a Haircut (Two Bits)", commonly played on car horns, is associated with the seven-syllable phrase ¡Chinga tu madre, cabrón! (Go fuck your mother, asshole!). Playing the jingle on a car horn can result in a hefty fine for traffic violation if done in the presence of police or road rage if aimed at another driver or a pedestrian. In Mexico, "cabrón" refers to a man whose wife cheats on him without protest from him, or even with his encouragement.

The expression ¡Ah cabrón! is used sometimes when one is shocked/surprised by something. Among close friends, the term is often inoffensive; however, it is not a word to be used casually with strangers.

As an adjective, it is equivalent to "tough" as in "It is tough" (Está cabrón).

To some extent, it can also be used with an ironically positive connotation meaning "great", "amazing", "phenomenal", or "badass". Such expressions would be said as ¡Estás cabrón! or ¡Yo soy cabrón!. The word is quite flexibly used in Puerto Rico, and it can even have completely opposite meanings depending on the context. Best friends call each other cabrón in a friendly manner, while it may also be used in an offensive manner. One might say Está cabrón to describe something as very good or very bad depending on the circumstance.

In Panama, it is used as an adjective to mean something/someone very annoying (who pisses you off). The verb cabrear can mean "to piss off (someone)". This verb form is also used in Chile.

In Peru, cabro is a reference to a homosexual, hence cabrón is a superlative form ("big faggot"/"flaming faggot").

The term cabrón also means a handler of prostitutes, comparable to "pimp" in English. The most common way to refer to a pimp in Spanish is by using the term chulo as a noun. In some countries, chulo can be used as an adjective somewhat equivalent to "cool" (Ese hombre es un chulo = "That man is a pimp" versus Ese libro es chulo = "That book is cool"). The word chula is a completely benign reference to an adorable female or feminine object, as in "¡Ay, que chula!". In Chile, however, "chulo" and "chula" always mean "vulgar".

Gilipollas
Gilipollas (and rarely gilipolla) is a term used mostly in Spain and lacking an exact translation to English; the most frequent equivalents when translated in books, films, and other media are "jerk", "jackass", "douchebag", "asshole", or "buffoon" (in English), con (in French), and boludo or pendejo.

The canonical definition of a gilipollas is a person whose behavior, speech, outlook or general demeanor is inconsistent with the actual or potential consequences of their own intellectual inadequacy. Paragons of this taxon include stupid people unaware of their own stupidity or unwilling to accept the consequences thereof, people with an ostensible lack of self-criticism, people unable to realize their own limitations, people who engage in repeated self-defeating behavior, and even a category which is seldom captured in languages other than European Spanish—to wit, people characterized by self-aware idiocy or incompetence, with this self-awareness occasionally stressed to the point of (presumably futile) complacency.

By extension, its use in daily life is dedicated to any of the following types of people:

 stupidity in its own right, to the point of eliciting animosity, whether faked or real, in whoever uses the word;
 any character flaw (e.g., obnoxiousness, impertinence, general unpleasantness, blatantly unjustified arrogance or obliqueness and even neurotic or passive-aggressive behavior) deemed irritating and even a catalyst for potentially detrimental situations; or
 a person displaying any combination of the two above qualities.

Occasionally it may be used for people who appear to be unpleasant or stupid (without necessarily being either) out of extreme social ineptitude.

When selecting a word denoting low intelligence, most Spanish speakers have three options:

 using a merely descriptive term, or one which, although insulting, can be used as a mild or at times even affectionate form of teasing: tonto ("silly"), burro (lit.: "donkey"), etc.
 using a more explicitly insulting expression, although one which still does not qualify as a real profanity: imbécil, idiota, estúpido.
 one which delves into profanity. Gilipollas and capullo would correspond to such case.

The etymology of the word itself immediately confirms its genuinely Peninsular Spanish origins and preponderance, as opposed to other profanities perhaps more linked to Latin America: it is the combination of the Caló jili, usually translated as "candid", "silly" or "idiot", and a word which according to different sources is either polla (listed above) or a colloquial evolution thereto of the Latin pulla (bladder).

Perhaps due to the alternative origins of the latter part of the word, there has been some controversy concerning its status as a real profanity, although its clear phonetic evocation of the word polla leaves little room for doubt, at least in its common daily use. It is due to this that attempts at a euphemism have at times become popular, as is the case with gilipuertas (puerta standing for door). Recently, similar phrases have appeared, especially in Spain, although most of them (such as soplapollas, "cock-blower") delve much further into plain profanity.

A usual derivation of the word gilipollas into an adjective form (or a false adjectival participle) is agilipollado/agilipollada. For example: … está agilipollado/a would mean "… is behaving like a gilipollas." Regardless of whether or not such condition or irreversible, the verb estar is always used, as opposed to ser. Another Spanish construction with similar rationale is atontado, derived from tonto ("silly").

A noun form of the word is gilipollez, meaning "stupidity" or "nonsense."

Capullo
Capullo (lit: "cocoon" or "flower bud", also slang for glans penis) is nearly always interchangeable with that of gilipollas. The main difference between the two of them is that while a gilipollas normally behaves as he does out of sheer stupidity, a capullo normally acts like one by applying certain amount of evil intentions to his acts. While one can act like a gilipollas without being one, in the capullo instance that is not possible. A near-exact English translation is wanker. In English to be means at the same time both the permanent/ fundamental characteristics and the non-permanent/ circumstantial ones of anything, in Spanish to be separates into two distinct verbs: ser and estar which respectively reflect the aforementioned characteristics. So, to say about anyone that es un gilipollas means that he is stupid/ annoying permanently, while to say está agilipollado reflects both his present state and the fact that it could change at any time to a non agilipollado one. This is not true for a capullo: if someone thinks about someone else that he is a capullo, he thinks so permanently, because the degree of evil he sees in the capullo's actions tends to be thought of as a permanent characteristic, inherent to the capullos personality. So the correspondent verb ser would be used: es un capullo, and the estar verb would never be used.

Whenever used as an affectionate or heavily informal form of teasing rather than as an insult, though, capullo is used a bit more often. This may be because someone who does not have an intention to offend will resort to a lower amount of syllables, hence rendering the expression less coarse and ill-sounding. Therefore, expressions such as venga ya, no seas ___ ("come on, don't be silly") would use capullo more frequently than gilipollas.

Buey/Huey/Güey/Wey/We/Way

Buey/Huey/Güey/Wey/We is a common term in Mexico, coming from the word buey that literally means "ox" or "steer." It means "stupid" or a "cheated husband/boyfriend/cuckold."

It can be used as a less offensive substitute for cabrón when used among close friends. Mexican teenagers and young Chicano men use this word routinely in referring to one another, similar to "dude" in English. Vato is the older Mexican word for this.

JotoJoto (lit.: the "jack" or a "knave" in a Western deck of cards) is used in Mexico and the southwestern United States, usually pejoratively, in reference to an over-sexed male. Arguably more offensive than maricón, joto usually refers to a man who is indifferent to pertinent matters, or who is a "loser", with perhaps a hinted accusation of closeted homosexuality. For example, a gay man in Mexico might derisively refer to himself as a maricón, but probably not as a joto. Recently the use of joto in Mexico has changed, and is being embraced by the gay community, mainly as an adjective: Es una película muy jota ("It's a very gay movie"). Not to be confused with the word jota, which refers to a traditional Spanish, Mexican or Argentine parlor dance.

MadreMadre, (mother) depending on its usage (for example: madrear—"to beat" or hasta la madre—"full"), is an insult to one's mother. This dishonors her, and the reputation of the family. It can be profane in Mexico. Chinga tu madre ("Fuck your mother") is considered to be extremely offensive. Tu madre Culo ("Your mother's ass") combines two spanish profanity words, Madre and Culo (see above), to create an offensive jab at one's mother or mother in-law.

Madre could be used to reference objects, like ¡Qué poca madre! ("That's terrible!") and Este madre no funciona ("This shit doesn't work"). It can also be used with an ironically positive connotation, as in ¡Está de poca/puta madre! ("It's fucking awesome!").Madrazo, in Colombia, refers to insults in general, and "echar madrazos" means "to insult/curse somebody out."

PinchePinche has different meanings, depending on geographic location.

In Spain the word is not offensive and it mostly refers to a kitchen scullion, who acts as an assistant to chefs and is assigned to menial kitchen tasks such as preparing ingredients and utensils, as well as dishwashing. It is seldom used as an insult, as in pinche güey ("loser"), or to describe an object of poor quality, está muy pinche ("It really sucks"), but only to a lesser extent. Many restaurants in Spain have the name "El Pinche", to the great amusement of Mexican and Chicano tourists.

In Mexico, the saying can range anywhere from semi-inappropriate to very offensive depending on tone and context. Furthermore, it is often equivalent to the English terms "damn", "freakin'", "bloody" or "fuckin'", as in estos pinches aguacates están podridos… ("These damn avocados are rotten…"); Pinche Mario ya no ha venido… ("Freakin' Mario hasn't come yet"); or ¿¡Quieres callarte la pinche boca!? ("Would you like to shut your fuckin' mouth?"), but most likely should be translated to the euphemism "frickin'" in most situations. Therefore, it can be said in front of adults, but possibly not children, depending on one's moral compass. Sometimes pinchudo(a) is said instead. It also refers to a mean-spirited person or someone who is stingy: "Él es muy pinche." ("He is very stingy.")..

In Chile, pinche isn't vulgar, and it refers to the people involved in an informal romantic relationship with each other. The verbal form pinchar can be translated as "kissing" or "make out". Pinchar also means "to ping" (the act of calling someone and then hanging up with the intent of having them call back).

In Puerto Rico pinche simply refers to a hairpin, while pincho has the same meaning in Dominican Spanish.

PutaPuta literally means whore, and can be extended to any woman who is sexually promiscuous. This word is common to all other Romance languages (it is puta also in Portuguese and Catalan, pute/putain in French, puttana in Italian, and so on) and almost certainly comes from the Vulgar Latin putta (from puttus, alteration of putus "boy"), although the Royal Spanish Academy lists its origins as "uncertain" (unlike other dictionaries, such as the María Moliner, which state putta as its origin). It is a derogatory way to refer to a prostitute, while the formal Spanish word for a prostitute is prostituta. It is used similarly to the English word bitch.

Racial and ethnic derogatives
 word endings such as aco. arro, azo, ito or (in Spain) ata are used to confer a falsely augmentative or diminutive, usually derogative quality to different racial and cultural denominations: e.g. negrata or negraco (and, with a more condescending and less aggressive demeanor, negrito) are the usual Spanish translations for a black person. Moraco would be the translation for "raghead" or "camel jockey".
 Sudaca, in spite of its etymology (sudamericano, "South American"), is a derogative term used in Spain for all Latin Americans, South American or Central American in origin. In Mexico, the term is solely used to refer to people from South America.
 Frijolero is the most commonly used Spanish word for beaner and is particularly offensive when used by a non-Mexican person towards a Mexican in the southwestern United States.
 Gabacho, in Spain, is used as a derisive term for French people—and, by extension, any French-speaking individual. Among Latin American speakers, however, it is meant as a usually offensive term for white people or people born in the United States no matter the race of the people.
 Similarly, Musiu—A (somewhat outdated) word used in parts of Colombia and Venezuela, used to denote a white foreigner. Stems from the contemporary pronunciation of the French word "Monsieur". Is now generally superseded among younger Venezuelans by the term below.
 Argentuzo, argentucho an offensive term used in Chile and some Latin American countries to refer to an Argentine.
 Brazuca, used in Argentina to refer to Brazilians.
 Bolita, an offensive term used in Argentina to refer to Bolivians.
 Cabecita negra (lit.: little black head), used before as a very offensive and racist insult against Peronists, but it is used in Argentina to refer their border country, like Paraguay, Peru and bolivia; since they were mainly workers during Peronism's rise.
 Chilote – this is actually the demonym for the people of the Chiloé archipielago in Chile. However, in Argentina it is used as synecdoche, referring to all Chileans.
 Cholo, was used in reference to people of actual or perceived mestizo or indigenous background. Not always offensive. In Chile it is used to refer to a Peruvian. In Peru it is used to refer to someone from the more purely indigenous population or someone who looks very indigenous. When used in the more mixed coastal areas to describe someone, it can be slightly more offensive depending on the way it is said or the context. In Mexico and the United States the term is usually used to refer to a Chicano gang member.
 Coño, offensive word used to denote a Spaniard or the Castillan dialect in Chile.
 Ignorante outdated offense used by Chileans, Colombians, Mexicans and Paraguayans to describe Argentines. The word "argentino" (Argentine) is an anagram for "ignorante" (ignorant) in Spanish.
 Kurepí used by Paraguayans to describe Argentines. Literally translated from Guarani meaning pig skin.
 Mayate (lit: June bug) is a very offensive term used in Mexico and primarily by Mexican-Americans to describe a black person or an African-American.
 Mono (lit:monkey) used in reference to Ecuadorians in Peru
 Gallina (lit:chicken; coward) Used in Ecuador to describe Peruvians.
 Pachuco refers to a subculture of Chicanos and Mexican-Americans, associated with zoot suits, street gangs, nightlife, and flamboyant public behavior.
 Paragua (lit.: umbrella), used in Argentina to refer Paraguayans.
 Pinacate (lit.: dung beetle)-mostly used by Mexicans or Mexican-Americans referring to dark-skinned or black individuals, similar to English "blackie".
 Gachupín is used in Mexico and Central American countries for Spaniards established in those countries.
 Gallego (lit.: Galician)-mostly used in Latin America as synecdoche, referring to all Spaniards. Not always offensive.

 Gringo – generally used in most Spanish-Speaking countries in America. It denotes a person from the United States, or, by extension, from any English-speaking country or even anyone with a Northern-European phenotype.
 Panchito is used in Spain for Latin Americans with an Amerindian appearance. It's used mostly as a derogatory term.
 Payoponi is a Caló word widely used in Spain referred to native looking Central and South-Americans. It is composed by payo (lit. non-Romani person) and poni (lit. pony, due to their average height).
 llanta (lit.: tire)-a general prison slang used by Mexicans or Mexican-Americans referring to very dark skinned individuals.
 Prieto Used to describe dark people.
 Roto, used in Peru, Bolivia and Argentina to refer to Chileans.
 Yorugua, mild word used in Argentina to refer to Uruguayans. (Uruguayo in vesre).
 Japo used in reference to people of Japanese ancestry, similar to Jap; used mostly in Spain. In Rioplatense Spanish slang, the word used is Ponja, which is vesre for Japón (Japan).
 Moro (lit.: Moor) used in Spain in reference to people of Maghrebi, Arab or Middle Eastern ancestry; also used to describe Muslims in general.
 Polaco (lit.: Pole) used in Spain in reference to Catalan people. Its origin is unclear.
 Maqueto (Basque: Maketo), used in the Basque Country in reference to Spanish immigrants and descendants of Spanish immigrants with origins outside the Basque Country.
 Charnego (Catalan: Xarnego), used in Catalonia in reference to Spanish immigrants and descendants of Spanish immigrants with origins outside Catalonia.
 Tano (from Napolitano: Neapolitan). Used in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay as a synecdoche, to refer to an Italian. Not offensive, at this time.
 Turco (lit.: Turkish) used in Chile and Argentina for people of Arab ancestry. Originated due to the Ottoman nationality that early Palestinian, Lebanese and Syrian immigrants had on their passports
 Pirata (lit.:Pirate). Used in Argentina to refer to English people.
 Paqui (lit.: Paki), Used to describe people of Subcontinental Asian heritage. Supposedly inoffensive, but not used by native Spaniards in front of people they are slurring. Therefore, used as a racist epithet.
 Yanacona  a term used by modern Mapuche as an insult for Mapuches considered to be subservient to non-indigenous Chileans, 'sellout'.
 Yanqui (lit.: Yankee), Used in Argentina and other places in Latin America to refer to an American. Sometimes, but not always, derogatory. Usually used to distinguish an American from a foreigner of a culturally similar country such as Canada or the UK.
 Saltamuros (lit.: wall jumper), jokingly insult used by USA and some Latin American countries, like Guatemala and Chile to refer Mexicans who enter to US illegally, making allusion to the border wall.
 Surumato Used in New Mexico to refer to Mexicans, particularly Mexican Immigrants.
 Veneco Used in all Latin American countries to refer to Venezuelans.

Other terms

 chucha—used in parts of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru in reference to offensive body odor.
 so—used to imply "such a …" but not always capable of direct translation in English. For example: "¡Cállate, so puta!" ("Shut up, you bitch!")
 vaina (lit.: "sheath or pod"; cf. Lat. vagina)—in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico and Venezuela it is a commonly used generic filler. For example: Esta vaina se dañó ("This thing broke down").

 It can also be used in phrases to denote any strong emotion. For example: ¡Vea la vaina!, can mean "Isn't that something!" (expressing discontent or surprise). Esa vaina quedó muy bien (lit.: "That vaina came up really well") would translate to "It turned out really well" (expressing rejoice or happiness) and … y toda esa vaina would translate to "… and all that crap".
 In the Dominican Republic it is commonly used in combination with other profanities to express anger or discontent. For example: "¡Qué maldita vaina, coñazo!" meaning "Fuck, that's bullshit!" or "¡Vaina'el diablo coño!" which translates as "Damn, (this) thing (is) of the devil!" but would be used to refer to a situation as "fucking shit".

In the Spanish region of La Mancha, the formation of neologisms is very common to refer with humoristic sense to a certain way of being some people, by the union of two terms, usually a verb and a noun. E.g., capaliendres (lit. (person) who geld nits, "miser, niggard"), (d)esgarracolchas (lit. (person) who rends quilts, "awkward", "untrustworthy"), pisacristos''' (lit. (person) who tramples Christs''—"blasphemous person"), and much more.

See also

 Albur
 La Malinche
 Latin profanity
 List of Puerto Rican slang words and phrases
 Profanity filter

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Spanish profanity


Giuseppe Mercalli (21 May 1850 – 19 March 1914) was an Italian volcanologist and Catholic priest. He is known best for the Mercalli intensity scale for measuring earthquake intensity.

Biography

Born in Milan, Mercalli was ordained a Roman Catholic priest and soon became a professor of Natural Sciences at the seminary of Milan. The Italian government appointed him a professor at Domodossola, followed by a job at Reggio di Calabria. He was professor of geology at the University of Catania during the late 1880s and finally was given a job at Naples University. He was also director of the Vesuvius Observatory until the time of his death.

Giuseppe Mercalli also observed eruptions of the volcanoes Stromboli and Vulcano in the Aeolian Islands. His descriptions of these eruptions became the basis for two indices of the Volcanic Explosivity Index: 1 – Strombolian eruption, and 2 – Vulcanian eruption. He also photographed Vesuvius immediately after its eruption in 1906.

In 1914, Mercalli burnt to death under suspicious circumstances, allegedly after knocking over a paraffin lamp in his bedroom. He is thought to have been working through the night, as he often did (he once was found working at 11 a.m. when he had set an examination, upon hearing which he replied, "It surely can't be daylight yet!"), when the fatal accident occurred. His body was found, carbonized, by his bed, holding a blanket which he apparently attempted to use to fend off the flames. The authorities, however, stated a few days later that the professor was quite possibly murdered by strangling and soaked in petrol and burned to conceal the crime because they determined that some money (now worth about $1,400) was missing from the professor's apartment.

Intensity scales

Mercalli devised two earthquake intensity scales, both modifications of the Rossi–Forel scale. The first, now largely forgotten, had six degrees whereas the Rossi–Forel scale had ten. The second, now known as the Mercalli intensity scale, had ten degrees, and elaborated the descriptions in the Rossi–Forel scale.

The Mercalli intensity scale is, in modified form, still used. Unlike the Richter magnitude scale, which measures the energy released by an earthquake, the Mercalli intensity scale measures the effects of an earthquake on structures and people. It is poorly suited for measuring earthquakes in sparsely populated areas but useful for comparing damage done by various tremors and historical earthquakes, and for earthquake engineering. The scale currently in use assigns indices ranging from I ("Not felt, except by a few under favorable conditions"), to XII ("Damage total; objects thrown into the air").

Italian physicist Adolfo Cancani expanded the ten-degree Mercalli scale with the addition of two degrees at the more intense of the scale: XI (catastrophe) and XII (enormous catastrophe). This was later modified by the German geophysicist August Heinrich Sieberg and became known as the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) scale. This was modified again and published in English by Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931 as the Mercalli–Wood–Neumann (MWN) scale. It was later improved by Charles Richter, developer of the Richter scale.

References

External links

1850 births
1914 deaths
Clergy from Milan
19th-century Italian geologists
Seismologists
Italian volcanologists
Earthquake engineering
Catholic clergy scientists
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Scientists from Milan
20th-century Italian geologists

Giuseppe Mercalli


Cévennes National Park () is a French national park located in Southern France, in the mountainous area of Cévennes.

Created in 1970, the park has its administrative seat in Florac at Florac Castle. It is located mainly in the departments of Lozère and Gard; it also covers some parts of Ardèche and Aveyron, therefore stretching across a record number of departments for a national park. The Aven Armand cave is located in the park. In 2011, the Park was made a part of The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Geography

The park includes several mountains and plateaus, including: Mont Lozère, Mont Aigoual, Causse Méjean, France. Mont Lozère is the highest peak in the area, reaching 1,699 metres.

History
The Cévennes country is rich of history, with a strong cultural identity, being at the heart of Camisard revolt, which followed the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (the Edict of Fontainebleau), after which Protestants were actively prosecuted. Numerous testimonies of Camisard war in the Cévennes abund in towns and villages of the Cévennes National Park. A permanent exhibition devoted to the memory of Camisards has been elaborated at the old temple of Le Rouve (commune of Saint-André-de-Lancize).

Points of interest
 Arboretum de Cazebonne
 Aven Armand

See also
 List of national parks of France
 Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879) by Robert Louis Stevenson
 Flora of the Massif central

External links
 Official Site (English, French) https://web.archive.org/web/20040211160840/http://www.bsi.fr/pnc/ (in French)
 Regordane Info - The independent portal for The Regordane Way or St Gilles Trail. The Regordane Way crosses The Cévennes (in English and French)

References

National parks of France
Biosphere reserves of France
Geography of Ardèche
Geography of Aveyron
Geography of Gard
Geography of Lozère
Protected areas established in 1970
Tourist attractions in Occitania (administrative region)
Tourist attractions in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Tourist attractions in Aveyron
Tourist attractions in Gard
Tourist attractions in Lozère
Tourist attractions in Ardèche

Cévennes National Park


Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure which is used to look at the inside of a person's airway's. It can be used to see the inside of the trachea, and the bronchi and bronchioles within the lungs. There are three types of bronchoscopy: rigid, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and CT virtual bronchoscopy (CTVB).

Rigid bronchoscopy
Rigid bronchoscopy is a straight rigid tube used to see into the trachea and proximal bronchi. It is usually done in an operating room under general anesthesia. It is usually used when there is a blockage in either the trachea or the primary bronchi. The diameter of the tube is large enough to insert instruments to remove obstructions.

Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy
During the procedure, a thin, flexible fiberoptic tube called a bronchoscope. is passed through the nose or mouth nose into the airways. The bronchoscope has a light and a camera which lets the doctor see into the airway.

CT virtual bronchoscopy
This technique uses data from multiple CT scans to create a three dimensional (3D) image. This allows doctors to see what is going on without having to operate.

References

Medical procedures
Respiratory system

Bronchoscopy


Pic Gaspard (3,883 m) is a mountain in the French Alps, one of the tallest in the Massif des Écrins. It was named in honor of the celebrated L'Oisans guide Pierre Gaspard, conqueror of La Meije on 16 August 1877 in the company of Emmanuel Boileau de Castelnau.

Pic Gaspard was climbed for the first time in 1878 by Henry Duhamel, along with Pierre Gaspard and his eldest son, and Christophe Roderon, by a route that has become the normal one. Subsequently, several routes were opened including the south-southeast arête conquered by Lucien Devies and Giusto Gervasutti in 1935, and that of the north face defeated by Albert Tobey and Louis Berger in 1948.

Pic Gaspard has the record for being subject of the longest photographed line of sight anywhere in the world. On 16 July 2016, photographer Marc Bret captured its image from the summit of Pic de Finestrelles, 443km away.

References

Alpine three-thousanders
Mountains of Hautes-Alpes
Mountains of the Alps

Pic Gaspard


Gary Conklin is an independent American filmmaker based in Los Angeles, California.

Conklin works predominantly in the documentary genre.  His films focus on cultural icons of the 20th century.  Subjects have included the late American writer and composer Paul Bowles, in Paul Bowles in Morocco, which is as much about the North African country as it is about Bowles; Gore Vidal while running for U.S. Senate in 1982; the American painter Edward Ruscha, and the Mexican painter Rufino Tamayo.

Conklin produced and directed Memories of Berlin: The Twilight of Weimar Culture. The film features interviews with Christopher Isherwood, Louise Brooks, and Arthur Koestler, among others, discussing the culturally significant period of the 1920s in Berlin, during the Weimar Republic. He also has produced and directed a documentary about English literary society during the period after World War I until World War II, which includes Stephen Spender, Anthony Powell, Harold Acton, James Lees-Milne, Peter Quennell, Christopher Isherwood, and Diana Mosley.  Conklin also made Notes from Under the Volcano about John Huston's making of the film Under the Volcano.

Filmography
As Producer & Director:
Paul Bowles in Morocco (1970)
Rufino Tamayo: The Sources of his Art (1972)
Memories of Berlin: The Twilight of Weimar Culture (1976)
L.A. Suggested by the Art of Ed Ruscha (1981)
Gore Vidal: The Man Who Said No (1983)
Notes from Under the Volcano (1984)
A Question of Class (1992)
Veracruz, El Espíritu Jarocho (1998)

External links

American film directors
American documentary filmmakers
American male film actors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Gary Conklin


The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970 (Act No. 26 of 1970; subsequently renamed the Black States Citizenship Act, 1970 and the National States Citizenship Act, 1970) was a denaturalization law passed during the apartheid era of South Africa that allocated various tribes/nations of black South Africans as citizens of their traditional black tribal "homelands," or Bantustans.

Content of the Act
The following is a brief description of the sections of the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970:

Definitions and interpretation
Section 1
Defines the explanations of keywords in the Act.
Section 2.1
Defines that there is a citizenship for every homeland or self-governing territory.
Section 2.2
Defines that every Black person in the Republic, if not already classified to a homeland or self-governing territory, shall be a citizen of one of these homelands or self-governing territory.
Section 2.3
Defines that a person classified to a particular homeland or self-governing territory has the right to vote there.
Section 2.4
Defines that even though a person is a citizen of a particular homeland or self-governing territory, they were still a citizen of the Republic in relation to international law.
Section 2.5
Defines that duties, obligation or responsibilities of a person classified to a homeland or self-governing territory are not relieved of except what is described by the Act.
Section 3
Defines the citizenship procedures of a Black person is currently in a homeland or self-governing territory.
Section 4
Defines the loss of citizenship of one homeland or self-governing territory if they become a citizen of another.
Section 5
Defines that a Black people in a homeland or self-governing territory shall be entitled to a citizenship certificate.
Section 6
Defines that the certificate would be issued to any Black person who is a citizen of a homeland or self-governing territory, a provisional certificate issue if a full certificate can't be issued immediately and that requirements be made known by whatever means to Black people in the Republic
Section 7
Defines the forms, photographs, and information required to be issued a certificate as well as what homeland or self-governing territory they belonged too.
Section 8
Defines the need for two photographs for certificate to be issued, one of which would remain with the records officer.
Section 9
Defines the rights of a Black person to object to the Minster's officer if he believes his citizenship has been misclassified as could a territories authority to a Black person's classification. The Ministers officer's final decision was binding except if it was appealed to a Minister and was changed.
Section 10.1
Defines the penalties, fines, or imprisonment for using someone else's certificate as one's own; not keeping it safe from others; forges or alters it; having a forgery or alteration; prints or produces a document; issues a document without authority; incorrect records information and make false statements.
Section 10.2
Defines the rights, after conviction of person for offence under section 10(1)(b and d), to confiscate the instruments uses to forge and reproduce a document or citizenship certificate, except in the case where the owner of those instruments did not know what they were being used for.
Section 10.3
Defines what sections of Criminal Procedures Act applies to confiscations detailed in section 10(2)(b).
Section 11.1
Defines the power of the State President to make regulations that are required by the Act, including the issuance of certificates, taking of fingerprints, issuing duplicate certificates, fees payable and transmission of records to the Black Reference Bureau, provisional certificate or documents, size of photographs and anything else to obtain the objectives of the Act
Section 11.2
Defines that the powers conferred in section 11(1)(h) are not limited by the other paragraphs of this section
Section 11.3
Defines that different regulations may made from one Black population group, etc, to the next.
Section 11.4
Defines the penalties, fines or imprisonment for contravening or failing to comply with the said regulations
Section 12
Defines the amendment of section 13(1) of the Population Registration Act 30 of 1950 with the text of this section.
Section 13
Defines the amendment of section 14(1) of the Population Registration Act 30 of 1950 with the text of this section, rights, and duties of a peace officer to have a person furnish them with their full name and address.
Section 14
Defines that section 7 of the Bantu Authorities Act 68 of 1951 be amended with the removal and addition of the word "and" at the end of (f) and (g) and the addition of a new section (h), which defines the ability to issue certificates of citizenship.
Section 15
Defines that section 11 of the Bantu (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act 67 of 1952 be substituted with the text of this section, which defines the establishment of a Bantu Reference Bureau.
Section 16
Defines that section 8 of the Transkei Constitution Act 48 of 1963 be substituted with the text of this section, defining the loss of citizenship if the citizen of the Transkei becomes a citizen of another country or Homeland.
Section 17
Defines the name of the Act.

Repealed
The act was repealed on 27 April 1994 by the Interim Constitution of South Africa.

See also
 Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act
 History of South African Nationality

References

External links
 African History: Apartheid Legislation in South Africa

1970 in South African law
Apartheid laws in South Africa
1970 in international relations

Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970


The Abyss is a recording studio in Pärlby outside Ludvika, Sweden. It is owned and operated by record producer and musician Peter Tägtgren.

Recordings
The following list consists of releases recorded, produced or mixed by Peter Tägtgren at The Abyss studios (meaning Studio A run by Peter himself)

Recording studios in Sweden

The Abyss (recording studio)


The Festival Western de Saint-Tite is a major annual event held in September, in Saint-Tite, Quebec, Canada.

Voted "Best Outdoor Rodeo in North America" since 1999, Saint-Tite's festival, now in its 52nd edition, attracts around 600,000 visitors every year.

It developed from a rodeo inaugurated in 1967 to promote the leather industry.
It hosts a major rodeo competition, along with other cultural events.

During the two weeks of competition, the entire town shuts down to accommodate spectators.

History
In 1967, a Saint-Tite company specializing in leather work organized a rodeo as a marketing operation on a local sports ground. The event hosts nearly 6,000  visitors and is so successful that it quickly formed several committees to repeat the experience in subsequent years. The active and voluntary participation of citizens is the basis of the event and contributes to the concretization of the company. Efforts are being made to introduce a professional rodeo and equestrian competitions. In 1968, the parade with animal traction made its appearance. Over the years, several activities are added to the festival, always around a Western theme.

In 1972, large wooden stands are inaugurated for the spectators of the rodeo.

Over the years, the city of Saint-Tite, the festival organization, the city's businesses and citizens have gradually changed the look of the infrastructure to make the city look like a Wild West village.

This transformation is visible by the following aspects:

A fountain, near the church, is topped by a sculpture depicting a cowboy riding a wild horse.

A western-style four-sided clock is installed at the main intersection of the city.

Road signs indicating the street names have been modified to make them look western.

The shops often have a permanent exterior decoration to the western style. While some have completely changed the outside of their business, most are content to have stylized the name of their business.

Households can participate each year in a decoration contest from outside their home. While most citizens install fences, poles and colored lights, some create articulated decorations with electric motors or cover their entire terrain with western-style objects.

In 1999, the wooden platforms were demolished to make way for new steel platforms with a capacity of 7,243 places.

The Saint-Tite Western Festival is a non-profit organization whose mission is to produce professional rodeos and activities designed to recreate a country-western atmosphere. While promoting an incomparable atmosphere, the event aims to maximize major socio-economic and tourist benefits within the city of Saint-Tite, the MRC Mékinac and throughout the Mauricie region. All this to obtain a radiation at the international level.

A must-attend country-western event and benchmark in terms of professional rodeo in Eastern North America, the Western Festival of Saint-Tite has carved out a place for itself in its region and its community. Its growth is the result of the work of a large number of passionate men and women.

The Organization's vision is to set the standard for producing rodeos and country-western activities in Eastern North America.

In 2008, the festival attracted 585,581 visitors, including 100,000 for the horse-drawn parade.

Prizes and distinctions
 2019 : Autorisé à vous divertir, prize given out by SOCAN.

See also

Mékinac Regional County Municipality, Mauricie
Festivals in Quebec
Carnaval, Quebec's most famous festival
Calgary Stampede, western Canada's largest rodeo
Raymond Stampede, Canada's oldest rodeo
Canadian Finals Rodeo
Montréal,  away
Quebec City,  away
Trois-Rivières,  away

References
 The content of this article has been partially or entirely translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at :fr:Festival western de Saint-Tite; see its  history for attribution.

External links
 Tourisme Mauricie Regional tourist office

Festivals in Quebec
Rodeos
Mauricie
Mékinac Regional County Municipality
Tourist attractions in Mauricie
1967 establishments in Quebec
Recurring sporting events established in 1967
September events

Festival Western de Saint-Tite


The Antonov An-124 Ruslan (Ukrainian: Антонов Ан 124 "Руслан"; NATO reporting name: Condor) is a Soviet transport aircraft designed by the Ukrainian aircraft company Antonov. This is a smaller looking Antonov An-225 Mriya, which was based off this plane. There are currently 26 of them in service today. It has 4 engines and bears similarities to the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy.

Soviet & Russian aircraft

Antonov An-124


Płońsk is a city in Central Poland in the Masovian Voivodeship. It has a population of 23,000 and has an area of 12 km². It is the birthplace of the Zionist leader and first Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion.

Other websites
 Map of the City of Płońsk
 Official website of the City of Płońsk

Cities in Masovian Voivodeship

Płońsk


The Kalix River (in Kalix dialect: kölisälva, Swedish: proper Kalix älv or in everyday language Kalixälven, Northern Sami: Gáláseatnu, In Meänkieli the lower part of the river is called Kaihnuunväylä, while the upper part is called Kaalasväylä) is one of the four major rivers of Norrland, northern Sweden, that are untouched by water power constructions. It is 461 kilometres long, flowing up to the Kebnekaise mountain range in Kiruna Municipality. In the southeast it flows through Lappland; and to the south through Norrbotten County, discharging in the Gulf of Bothnia south-east of Kalix.

The Kalix River is the third river by length in Norrbotten, with the Torne River being 522 km and the Lule River being only slightly longer at 460.81 km

Major contributaries are Tvärån, Ängesån and Tärendö River, which is a bifurcation river taking water from Torne River.

Its largest waterfall is Jokkfall, in Överkalix Municipality.

References

Norrbotten
Lapland (Sweden)

Rivers of Norrbotten County
Kalix

Kalix River


José Aparicio e Inglada (16 December 1773 – 10 May 1838) was a Spanish painter in the Neoclassical style; closely associated with the reign of King Ferdinand VII.

Biography
He was born in Alicante, the seventh of eight children in a middle-class family. His first artistic studies were at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos de Valencia, where he won first prize for painting in 1793.

After that, he attended the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid. In 1796, his painting of Manuel Godoy presenting Peace (the Peace of Basel) to King Carlos IV won him a grant from the King to study in Paris and Rome. In Paris, he was the first Spanish student of Jacques-Louis David. He won a gold medal for his painting "The Yellow Fever in Valencia" in 1805.

He went to Rome in 1807 and, on several occasions, refused to swear allegiance to the new King, Joseph I. Because of this, he and other like-minded Spaniards there were virtual prisoners at the Castel Sant'Angelo, until Ferdinand was restored to the throne in 1813.

After regaining his freedom, he was recalled to Spain and arrived there in 1815. After a few months, he settled in Madrid, having been appointed a court painter to Ferdinand. A year later, he began painting "The Glories of Spain", which would occupy him for two years. This was the first of a long series of works on patriotic themes.

For his best-known work, "The Landing of Ferdinand VII at the Port of Santa María", he was named an "Academician of Merit" at the Academia de San Carlos in 1829. Later, he became the Director of the Academia de San Fernando. In addition to historical paintings, he was noted for his portraits of the Spanish aristocracy and military officers.

Following Ferdinand's death in 1833, he fell out of favor with the new Liberal government, as he was considered to be a propagandist for the King. After a bout with pneumonia, he was forced into retirement and awarded a nominal pension, although he apparently had to fight to receive his payments on schedule. He died in poverty in Madrid, aged 64.

Selected paintings

References

Further reading
Adrián Espí Valdés, "José Aparicio: pintor alicantino y de corte", Instituto de Estudios Alicantinos, Vol.XXIII, 1978, pp. 7–33.

External links

"El Desaparecido Lienzo de José Aparicio: Rescate de Cautivos en Tiempos de Carlos III" by Juan de Rojas Puig @ Alicante Vivo

1773 births
1838 deaths
Court painters
18th-century Spanish painters
18th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
19th-century Spanish painters
19th-century male artists
Pupils of Jacques-Louis David
History painters
People from Alicante
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando alumni

José Aparicio


Olga Scheps (born 4 January 1986) is a German pianist, who currently resides in Cologne, Germany.

Biography

1986–2001: Early life and career beginnings

Scheps was born on 4 January 1986, in Moscow and came to Germany at the age of six. Influenced by the musical surroundings of her family, especially of her father Ilja Scheps (a pianist and professor at the Aachen section of the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln) she began piano lessons at the age of four.

Her active concert work started at the age of twelve when already calling attention to herself by winning several first prizes at the German competitions Jugend musiziert in 1999 and Jugend spielt Klassik in 2001. At the age of 14, she debuted with orchestra at the concert series Junge Elite with Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 1 at the Tonhalle Düsseldorf, followed by recitals in the concert series Best of NRW and The Next Generation at Harenberg City Center Dortmund.

2002–present: Performing and recording career

Over the years, Scheps has performed in Poland, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, Romania, Denmark, France, Spain, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Sweden, North Macedonia, Switzerland, South Africa, United States, Israel, United Kingdom and in Asia. She made her U.S. debut performing at Majestic Theatre in San Antonio in June 2012 where she played Liszt's Piano Concerto No. 2 with the San Antonio Symphony under the baton of Sebastian Lang-Lessing. Scheps frequently performs recitals at the Berlin Philharmonie, Kölner Philharmonie, Laeiszhalle in Hamburg, Prinzregententheater in Munich, Alte Oper in Frankfurt, Liederhalle in Stuttgart and the Wiener Musikverein, among others. She has worked orchestras such as the NDR Sinfonieorchester, the Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart, the Münchner Symphoniker, the Mozarteumorchester Salzburg, the Royal Scottish National Orchestra, the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra.

She also regularly performs at the Klavier-Festival Ruhr since her debut there in 2007, as well as other renowned festivals such as the Festspiele Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Heidelberger Frühling, Kissinger Sommer, Mosel Musikfestival, Mozartfest Würzburg, Rheingau Musik Festival, Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival and Sommerliche Musiktage Hitzacker. Her recital at the "Klavier-Festival Ruhr" in May 2009 was recorded and published in the "Edition Klavier-Festival Ruhr" in cooperation with the Fono Forum magazine.

Scheps signed her first exclusive recording contract with RCA Red Seal (Sony Music). Her debut CD Chopin in 2010 was well received in the German press. On 17 October 2010, she subsequently earned her first ECHO Klassik Award as Newcomer of the Year (Piano) for her debut at the Philharmonie Essen. She released her second album with works by Russian composers in the autumn of 2010. In September 2012, Scheps presented her third album Schubert.

A passionate chamber performer, Scheps has collaborated with violinists Daniel Hope and Erik Schumann, cellists Adrian Brendel, Alban Gerhardt and Jan Vogler, and violist Nils Mönkemeyer.

Scheps is supported by the Deutsche Stiftung Musikleben and the German National Academic Foundation.

Artistry

Repertoire
Scheps describes playing the piano "To me, music is an extension of my expressivity, the amplification of my language. The score is predetermined, but I am the interpreter. It is like acting – like the work of an actress who follows a script."

Her repertoire includes many classical works for solo recitals and also piano concertos. Notably, it contains her interpretation of the music of the Romanticism, in particular the works of Russian composers, as well as Frédéric Chopin.  She is particularly known for her performances as a crystal clear romanticist who delivers a teary-eyed and emotional performance to the audience at her concerts.

She also performs less known repertoire such as Arvo Pärt's Lamentate, Dvořák's Piano Concerto, and Liszt's Malediction.

Discography

 Chopin (2010)
 Russian Album (2010)
 Schubert (2012)
 The Chopin Piano Concertos No. 1 & 2 (2014)
 Vocalise
 Satie
 Melody
 Tchaikovsky
 100% Scooter – Piano Only (2017)
  Family (2021)

Awards

 ECHO Klassik as "Newcomer of the Year (Piano)" for Chopin (2010)

In the media

In the realm of marketing, Scheps became an attractive brand ambassador. Since 2011 she has been a brand ambassador for Audi, and the Swiss-based luxury company Chopard. Scheps is the face of German women's magazine COVER which was printed for the first time on 18 August 2012. She was invited to many TV Shows in Germany such as ZDF Morgenmagazin, "Klein gegen Groß" with Kai Pflaume, DAS! NDR rote Sofa, Kölner Treff, "Kleine Nachtmusik" with Götz Alsmann, and Stefan Raab's "TV Total".

References

External links

1986 births
Musicians from Cologne
Russian emigrants to Germany
German classical pianists
German women pianists
Living people
Child classical musicians
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln
Women classical pianists
21st-century women pianists

es:Olga Scheps#top

Olga Scheps


Libertas ecclesiae ("freedom of the Church" in Latin) is the theory of freedom of religion of ecclesiastical authority of the Catholic Church from secular or the temporal power,  that is, the freedom to accomplish its spiritual mission without interference from any secular power.

The 11th century
Libertas ecclesiae guided the Gregorian Reform in the 11th century.

After the decentralization of the post-Carolingian period, this became the slogan of the Catholic Church in light of disapproval over lay warlords installing themselves as abbots and other high-profile churchmen. Unfit to perform theological functions, much less to defend the interests of the Catholic Church, these warlords viewed Catholic Church property as an extension of their own landholdings.

What resulted was the plunder of movable wealth (of which the monasteries had become the keepers during the period of Viking invasion) and the parcelling out of land and office as the temporal powers saw fit. This low state of the Catholic Church prompted enthusiasm for 'freeing' it from the direct control of these milites; Gregory VII helped frame this goal through the specifics of his reform program, issuing a Papal Bull in 1077.

In addition to calling for spiritually pure figures at the helm of the Catholic Church, Pope Gregory VII addressed the practical problems of pluralism (holding more than one church office) and poorly educated clerics.

Terminology
When Gratian wrote the Decretum Gratiani in the 12th century, he wrote of the 'libertas ecclesiastica' and this phrase was continued by several popes.

Libertas Ecclesias through the centuries
Several Christian leaders have been murdered or persecuted for their support of freedom of religion, including Thomas Beckett, Boniface VIII, St Catherine of Siena and Cardinal Zen.

20th century
In 1965, the Second Vatican Council issued the Dignitatis Humanae, which stated the church's support for protecting religious liberty. There was much debate and disagreement about this document and in 2019, Pope Francis approved an update.

21st century
In the 21st century, some secular authorities around the world continue to exercise restrictions of religious expression, for example, Afghanistan and North Korea. The practical aspects of freedom of religion continues to be debated.

See also

 Dictatus papae (statements by Pope Gregory VII)
Freedom of Religion

References

 Papal primacy: from its origins to the present by Klaus Schatz. Liturgical Press, 1996.

Freedom of religion
11th-century Catholicism

Libertas ecclesiae