The Vancouver Pride Parade and Festival is an annual LGBT Pride event, held each year in Vancouver, British Columbia, to celebrate lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and their allies. It is run by the Vancouver Pride Society (VPS), a not-for-profit, volunteer-run organization that seeks to "produce inclusive, celebratory events, and advocacy for LGBTQAI2S+". Vancouver's Pride Parade is the largest parade of any kind in Western Canada.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia and the BC Provincial Health Officer order restricting mass gatherings to 50 people or less, 2020 Pride in-person events were moved online. The Vancouver Pride Society has dubbed the festival #vanvirtualpride 2020 and it culminates on August 2 with a virtual parade. A public art exhibition was also held with pieces from local two-spirit, trans and queer artists displayed around the city.

History
Vancouver's earliest Pride celebrations began when the Gay Alliance Toward Equality (GATE) organized a picnic and art exhibit in Ceperley Park. The August 1973 edition of GATE's newspaper, Gay Tide, features coverage of "Gay Pride Week '73", and was followed shortly thereafter by the first Pride parade in 1978. In 2011 some activists claimed that the actual Pride parade did not start until 1981. The parade, which covered only one side of the street while the other remained open to traffic, ran from Nelson Park to Alexandra Park via Thurlow, Pacific and Beach. One of the notable founders of the Pride Parade, Barb Snelgrove was inducted into the Vancouver Queer Hall of Fame in 2013.

The three-year theme for the 2009–2011 Pride Parade and Festival was Educate, Liberate, Celebrate.

Leadership and organization
The Pride Parade and Festival is run by the Vancouver Pride Society (VPS), a not-for-profit, volunteer-run organization. The mission of the VPS is that it "strives to produce events that reflect the pride the LGBTQAI2S+ community has in itself, by strengthening the sense of community, and contributing to the vibrancy, health and overall well-being of all persons in the community."

The VPS is managed by a 9-member volunteer board of directors and a handful of paid staff, who handle the finances, logistics and operations of the organization and events. In addition, many hundreds of volunteers are involved in running the events. The events are funded through annual donations, corporate sponsorships, the City of Vancouver, parade entry fees, festival vendor fees, and donations collected during events.

Parade
The annual Pride parade is the largest parade in Western Canada, and one of the largest in North America. Starting at 12 noon on the day of the Pride Festival, at Robson Street and Thurlow Street, the parade heads west down Robson to Denman Street, follows Denman to Pacific and Beach Avenues and finishes at the Sunset Beach Festival site.

The parade has a contingent of approximately 150 entries, including cars, floats and marching units. Among the regulars are the Vancouver Police and Fire Departments, Dykes on Bikes, PFLAG, Little Sister's Bookstore, and many of the bars and clubs from the Davie Village. A regular feature of each parade is an institution of parade marshals. Often it is a person representing a country where similar events are banned and gay people are still persecuted. The grand marshal in 2010 was Nikolai Alekseev from Moscow, Russia.

In 2013, the Pride Parade was granted official civic status by the City of Vancouver.

On July 21, 2020, the VPS informed the BC Liberals that they were not permitted to take part in the virtual parade due to inaction on Chilliwack-Kent MLA Laurie Throness, who has been accused of homophobic and transphobic comments and views.

Festival and events
The Sunset Beach Festival takes place on the Sunday of the August long weekend, concurrently with the Pride parade. Located at Sunset Beach at the end of the parade route, the festival includes a diverse collection of vendors, entertainment, family activities and beer gardens.

In addition to the Pride Parade and Festival, the VPS organizes a number of events throughout the summer, including East Side Pride, held on the anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, Gay Day @ Playland, Movie Night, Picnic in the Park, in Stanley Park, Davie Street Pride Party, a large street party in the heart of the Davie Village, the Terry Wallace Memorial Breakfast and Pride Youth Dance in the evening after the parade and festival.

References

External links

 Vancouver Pride Society (Official Site)

1978 establishments in British Columbia
Festivals in Vancouver
LGBT culture in Vancouver
Vancouver
Recurring events established in 1978

Vancouver Pride Parade


Isabel is a district of the municipality of Domingos Martins, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.  Situated 3 km from the capital of that municipality, of same name.

History
The area, first known as Santa Isabel Colony, was the first centre for colonization started under the auspices of Luiz Pereira do Couto Ferraz, then president of the province of Espírito Santo (now state). As part of this program the first 39 families from North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate (then known as Rheinpreussen in German or Prússia Renana in Portuguese, today those names are only historical), arrived to Vitória on the 21 of December 1846, first they  settled in Viana but in 1857 most families followed on to found Santa Isabel Colony on 27 January 1857.

The first church built in Santa Isabel is from the 1850s. In 1859 more German families arrived to the area, and also the first Italian immigrants. The colony separated from Viana on 16 October 1917.

References

Populated places in Espírito Santo
1857 establishments in Brazil

Isabel, Domingos Martins


The Patagonian (sometimes referred to as Argentine) Shelf is part of the South American  continental shelf belonging to the Argentine Sea on the Atlantic seaboard, south of about 35°S. It adjoins the coasts of Uruguay,  Argentina and the Falkland Islands.
Various authorities quote different dimensions of the shelf, depending on how they define its limits.  Quoted statistics cites its area as being from 1.2 to 2.7 million square kilometres and its maximum width as being between 760 and 850 kilometres. The shelf itself can be divided into a 100 km band where the seabed slopes at about  then a wide plain (250 to 450 km wide) where the seabed slopes gently to 200 m isobath. Apart from the Falklands Plateau (which lies to the east of the Falkland Islands), the seabed then falls by up to  to 2000 m and more.

The Falklands Trough separates the Patagonian Shelf from the Scotia Arc.

References

Continental shelves
Landforms of the Atlantic Ocean
Patagonia
Bodies of water of Argentina
Bodies of water of the Falkland Islands
Temperate South America

Patagonian Shelf


Housefly is the common fly often found in houses. The Latin name for the housefly is Musca domestica. This species is always found near humans. It is the most common species found on hog and poultry farms, horse stables and ranches. Not only are house flies a nuisance, but they also carry disease-causing organisms. Flies are not only an irritant to farm workers but may be a public health concern. Houseflies are pests and can carry diseases.

Each female fly can lay about 9,000 eggs in its life, in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are laid on or near meat, often dead animals. Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed on dead and decaying organic material, such as garbage, carrion or faeces. They are pale-whitish, and have no legs. Their life cycle is from 14 hours to 36 hours.

At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry, cool place and turn into pupae. These are coloured reddish-brown and about 8 mm long. From the pupae emerge adult flies. The whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis.

Adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild. After they come out from the pupae, the flies do not grow. Small flies of the same species did not get enough food when they were larvae.The function of an adult fly is to reproduce.

References

Flies

Housefly


Clemens Carl Otto Schmalstich (8 October 1880, Posen – 15 July 1960, Berlin) was a German composer, conductor, and Nazi politician.

Life
Born on 8 October 1880 in Posen, Clemens Carl-Otto Schmalstich was originally a student attending the Posen Friedrich-Wilhelm Gymnasium on the wishes of his father (who would not hear of his having a serious course of musical education), and then had four semesters in Philosophy at Bonn. In 1902 the young student was able to attend the Königliche Hochschule (Royal High school) for Music at Berlin. There he 'learnt' piano with Professor Ernst Rudorff, but then two years later he transferred as a student of composition to the master-class of Engelbert Humperdinck (best known as the creator of the opera Hänsel and Gretel), who became a fatherly friend to him and arranged for him to obtain a position as conductor at the New Theatre in Berlin, where, among other works, he conducted Humperdinck's music for Shakespeare's The Tempest. Soon after this Schmalstich won a whole range of academy awards. In 1910 his friend Leo Blech summoned him to the Royal Opera in Berlin, where Schmalstich worked as Kapellmeister (orchestral conductor) until 1919 alongside Blech, Richard Strauss and Karl Muck.

After some years of freelance activity on numerous foreign tours, in 1927 he took on the artistic directorship of the Electrola Company in Berlin, and in 1931 was able to follow the call to become a teacher at the State High School Academy. In the same year he joined the Nazi Party (Membership number 1.106.153). He collaborated in Alfred Rosenberg's Taskforce for German Culture (Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur) as Area Cultural Director and Branch-Leader for Light Music and Operetta, and was Presiding delegate in the Nazi's Union of German Artists.

At the High School for Music he was active until 1945 as collegiate Professor, director of the conducting classes. As he had earlier on in the 1920s conducted the Berlin Concertverein and the Berlin Philharmonic, from 1945 he took control of the Siemens Orchestra.

As composer, Schmalstich wrote about 120 songs with piano or orchestral accompaniment, the operas Beatrice (1940) and Die Hochzeitsfackel (1943), two symphonies, three concerti for piano and orchestra, a Sinfonietta, the symphonic poem Tragischer Epilog (on the death of Pope Pius XII), frequently broadcast, other orchestral suites, many piano works, and the operettas Tänzerin aus Liebe (1919) and Wenn die Zarin lächelt (1937). His youthful work Peterchens Mondfahrt was frequently performed from 1913 onwards on stages in Germany and abroad.

Schmalstich's film work began with a Kultur-film about Goethe, and the heyday of Ufa-Kulturfilms is tied up with his name. Above all he composed the music for the culture-films Das Wort aus Stein (1939) and Nürnberg, die Stadt der Reichsparteitage (1940). The films made in 1945, Das Jahr der Elche and Frauenturne (Anmut und Kraft. Frauensport unter der Zeitlupe) were first premiered during the 1957 Berlin Festival.

Among his thirteen feature films were the Erich Waschneck presentations Abel mit der Mundharmonika, Liebesleute (Renate Müller, Gustav Fröhlich, Harry Liedtke), Regine (Luise Ullrich, Anton Walbrook) and "Musik im Blut" (Sybille Schmitz), as well as the Heinz Rühmann film Lachende Erben by Max Ophüls and the Heinrich George film Ein Volksfeind produced by Hans Steinhoff.

Clemens Schmalstich was for more than 50 years married to Lissi Schmalstich-Kurz, formerly a celebrated concert and oratorio singer and author, who most notably wrote the libretto for his opera Beatrice. Schmalstich remained loyal to his chosen home of Berlin until his death.

Orchestral works (selection)
 Amor und Psyche (Cupid and Psyche) op. 103 (1933)
 Aus einer kleinen Stadt (From a small town) op. 94, Suite (1936)
 Bilder aus Ceylon, Suite für Klavier (Pictures from Ceylon, Suite for piano) (1947)
 Nordische Suite (Nordic Suite) op. 112 (1947)
 2 Serenades for String Orchestra op. 104 (1956)

Selected filmography
 Laughing Heirs (1933)
 At the Strasbourg (1934)
 Music in the Blood (1934)
 Regine (1935)
 A Woman of No Importance (1936)
 The Impossible Woman (1936)
 Martha (1936)
 Wibbel the Tailor (1939)
 Mistake of the Heart (1939)

Honours
 State Service Cross, 1st Class. (1957)

Notes and references

External links
 Literature of and about Clemens Schmalstich in the catalogue of the German National Library

1880 births
1960 deaths
Musicians from Poznań
Musicians from the Province of Posen
German composers
German male conductors (music)
Nazi Party politicians
Militant League for German Culture members
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German male musicians
Burials at the Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf

Clemens Schmalstich


Verticordia laciniata is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an openly branched shrub with linear, slightly hairy leaves and heads of scented, bright yellow flowers which turn red then bronze-coloured as they age.

Description
Verticordia laciniata is an openly branched shrub which grows to a height of  and a width of . The leaves are linear in shape, semi-circular in cross-section,  long,  wide with a pointed end and covered with short hairs.

The flowers are scented, arranged in corymb-like groups on the ends of the branches, each flower on an erect stalk  long. The sepals are spreading, bright yellow, about  long with 11 or 12 feathery lobes. The petals are  long, egg-shaped to almost round and deeply lobed, bright yellow at first but turning red as they age. The staminodes are narrow, tapering and deeply divided into narrow, pointed lobes. The style is about , straight or slightly curved and glabrous. Flowering time is from September to October.

Taxonomy and naming
Verticordia laciniata was first formally described by Alex George in 1991 from specimens collected near Walkaway and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (laciniata) is derived from the Latin word lacinia meaning "the fringe or lappet on the border of a garment", referring to the fringed staminodes.

George placed this species in subgenus Chrysoma, section Jugata along with V. chrysanthella, V. chrysantha, V. galeata, V. brevifolia, V. coronata and V. amphigia.

Distribution and habitat
This verticordia grows in sand, loam and clay, often with other species of verticordia in heath and shrubland. It occurs in an area between Walkaway, the Coomallo Important Bird Area, Three Springs and Coorow in the Avon Wheatbelt and Geraldton Sandplains biogeographic regions.

Conservation
Verticordia laciniata is classified as "Not Threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Use in horticulture
This verticordia is described as "a beautiful slender or bushy shrub with brilliant honey-perfumed flowers". It is difficult to propagate and only a few have been grown in gardens. It has usually been grown from cuttings and those that have been established appear to prefer a sunny position.

References

laciniata
Rosids of Western Australia
Eudicots of Western Australia
Plants described in 1991

Verticordia laciniata


Consumer services refers to the formulation, deformulation, technical consulting and testing of most consumer products, such as food, herbs, beverages, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, hair products, household cleaners, paints, plastics, metals, waxes, coatings, minerals, ceramics, construction materials plus water, indoor air quality testing, non-medical forensic testing and failure analysis.

It involves services in a wide variety of fields such as biological, chemical, physical, engineering and Web based services.

Web-based consumer services
Evolution of Web has changed itself from the information orientation to Service orientation. Every physical service one can think of, has its web counterpart today, be it retail selling, supply chain, customer care, banking, auction and more of b2b, b2c, c2c businesses. Online appointments, online consultation, online bill-pay  have become the order of web based consumer services...

Mergers and acquisitions
Between 1985 and 2018 around 90,700 deals within the consumer service sector have been announced. These deals cumulate to an overall value of around 2,031 bil. USD.

There have been three M&A waves in 2000, 2007 and 2016 with a current all time in 2017, where 5,839 deals with a value of 152 bil. USD have been announced.

References

1. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20081208104000/http://www.e-consultancy.com/news-blog/364106/online-banks-see-growth-among-older-web-users.html

Consumer

Consumer service


Harvey Bostwick Hurd (February 14, 1828 – January 20, 1906) was a prominent Chicago lawyer, abolitionist, and social reformer.

Early life and education
Hurd was born in Huntington, Connecticut on February 14, 1828. He grew up on his family's farm.  On May 1, 1842, the fourteen-year-old Hurd left his parents' farm and journeyed to Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he became an apprentice at the Bridgeport Standard, a Whig newspaper.  In 1844, he was one of a group of ten young men who immigrated to Illinois.  He spent a year studying at Jubilee College in Peoria County, Illinois.  He then moved to Chicago, finding a job at the Evening-Standard newspaper and later the Prairie Farmer.  In 1847, he read law with Chicago lawyer Calvin DeWolf.  He was admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1848.

Career
Hurd began practicing law in 1848, initially forming a partnership with Carlos Haven, then with Henry Snapp, and then, from 1850 to 1854, with Andrew J. Brown.  With Brown, Hurd was involved in several large real estate transactions in Evanston, Illinois.

In May 1853, Hurd married Cornelia A. Hilliard, daughter of Col. James Hilliard of Middletown, Connecticut.  Together, the couple had three daughters: Eda, Hettie, and Nellie.  In 1854, he began construction of a large home in Evanston, where he lived for the rest of his life.  He served as first president of the Village Board of Evanston.

A committed abolitionist, Hurd was active in abolitionist politics in Chicago.  When the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 repealed the Missouri Compromise, Hurd traveled to Buffalo, New York for the founding of a national committee to protect the rights of northern settlers in the Kansas Territory.  Hurd served as the secretary of this organization's executive committee, which was headquartered in Chicago.  After the Kansas crop failures of 1856, this committee voted to raise funds to send seed to northern settlers in the Kansas Territory, and to provide John Brown with $5,000 to fund his activities.  When there were not enough funds for both projects, Hurd decided to spend the money on seed for the settlers, a decision that ultimately upset Brown and drew criticism from Gerrit Smith, but which was vindicated when the seed arrived in Lawrence, Kansas.  In the absence of this seed, the northern settlers would have had no choice but to leave the Kansas Territory.  In the wake of the Pottawatomie Massacre, John Brown was forced to flee the Kansas Territory.  While Brown was staying at the home of John W. Jones, his clothes were so ragged that he needed a new suit; since Hurd was approximately the same size as Brown, Hurd was fitted for the suit which was then sent to Brown.

In 1862, Hurd formed a law partnership with Henry Booth and also became a lecturer on law at the University of Chicago.  His partnership with Booth was dissolved in 1868, at which time Hurd ceased the active practice of law.  In April 1869, Governor of Illinois John M. Palmer appointed Hurd as one of three commissioners to revise the General Statutes of Illinois.  When the other two commissioners were indisposed, Hurd completed this task on his own, presented his compiled statutes to the Illinois General Assembly in 1874.  The General Assembly ordered this compilation to be published - in its published form, it was generally known as Hurd's Statutes.

Hurd became a lecturer at the Union College of Law (later known as the Northwestern University School of Law in 1876.  In 1886, Hurd was the author of the so-called Hurd Bill, which proposed to create the Sanitary District of Chicago; after studying and modifying the bill, the Illinois General Assembly passed it the next year.

Hurd was active in the Illinois State Bar Association, serving as chairman of its Committee on Law Reform.  He chaired an ISBA commission on land title that on December 10, 1892, recommended that Illinois adopt the Torrens title system, which it did in 1897.  Hurd was president of the Illinois State Bar Association 1898-99.

Hurd was also active in the Children's Aid Society of Chicago.  He was a long-time proponent of creating a juvenile court system in Illinois, and remained active after the court was created.

Personal life
Hurd's first wife, Cornelia, died in 1884.  He later married Mrs. Sarah Collins, widow of George Collins.  She died in 1890.  In July 1892, Hurd took a third wife, Mrs. Susanna Van Wyck. She died in 1896.

Hurd died at his home in Chicago on January 20, 1906, and was buried at Rosehill Cemetery.

References

  Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1906, pp. 338-340.

1828 births
1906 deaths
Illinois lawyers
People from Shelton, Connecticut
University of Chicago faculty
Northwestern University faculty
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery

Harvey B. Hurd


The year 1519 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

Exploration
 September 20 – Ferdinand Magellan's fleet sets sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda to find a westabout route to Asia.
 "Miller Atlas" produced in Portugal.

Medicine
 A pandemic spreads from the Greater Antilles into Central America, and perhaps as far as Peru, killing much of the indigenous populations in these areas.
 Publication in Paris of Thomas Linacre's translation into Latin of Galen's Methodus medendi.

Births
 June 6 – Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (died 1603)

Deaths
 May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian polymath (born 1452)

References

16th century in science
1510s in science

1519 in science


Post-normal science (PNS) was developed in the 1990s by Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz. It is a problem-solving strategy appropriate when "facts [are] uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgent", conditions often present in policy-relevant research. In those situations, PNS recommends suspending temporarily the  traditional scientific ideal of truth, concentrating on quality as assessed by internal and extended peer communities.

PNS can be considered as complementing the styles of analysis based on risk and cost-benefit analysis prevailing at that time and integrating concepts of a new critical science developed in previous works by the same authors.

PNS is not a new scientific method following Aristotle and Bacon, a new paradigm in the Kuhnian sense, or an attempt to reach a new 'normal'. It is instead, a set of insights to guide actionable and robust knowledge production for policy decision making and action in challenges like pandemics, ecosystems collapse, biodiversity loss and, in general, sustainability transitions.

Context
According to its proponents Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, the name "post-normal science" echoes the seminal work on modern science by Thomas Kuhn. For Carrozza PNS can be "framed in terms of a call for the 'democratization of expertise'", and as a "reaction against long-term trends of 'scientization' of politics—the tendency towards assigning to experts a critical role in policymaking while marginalizing laypeople". For Mike Hulme (2007), writing on The Guardian, climate change seems to fall into the category of issues which are best dealt with in the context of PNS and notes that "Disputes in post-normal science focus as often on the process of science - who gets funded, who evaluates quality, who has the ear of policy - as on the facts of science".

From the ecological perspective post-normal science can be situated in the context of 'crisis disciplines' – a term coined by the conservation biologist Michael E. Soulé to indicate approaches addressing fears, emerging in the seventies, that the world was on the verge of ecological collapse. In this respect Michael Egan defines PNS as a 'survival science'. More recently PNS has been defined as a movement of 'informed critical resistance, reform and the making of futures'.

Moving from PNS Ziauddin Sardar developed the concept of Postnormal Times (PNT). Sardar was the editor of FUTURES when it published the article 'Science for the post-normal age' presently the most cited paper of the journal. A recent review of academic literature conducted on the Web of Science and encompassing the topics of Futures studies, Foresight, Forecasting and Anticipation Practice identifies the same paper as "the all-time publication that received the highest number of citations".

Content
"At birth Post-normal science was conceived as an inclusive set of robust insights more than as an exclusive fully structured theory or field of practice". Some of the ideas underpinning PNS can already be found in a work published in 1983 and entitled "Three types of risk assessment: a methodological analysis"  This and subsequent works  show that PNS concentrates on few aspects of the complex relation between science and policy: the communication of uncertainty, the assessment of quality, and the justification and practice of the extended peer communities.

Coming to the PNS diagram (figure above) the horizontal axis represents 'Systems Uncertainties' and the vertical one 'Decision Stakes'. The three quadrants identify Applied Science, Professional Consultancy, and Post-Normal Science. Different standards of quality and styles of analysis are appropriate to different regions in the diagram, i.e. post-normal science does not claim relevance and cogency on all of science's application but only on those defined by the PNS's mantram with a fourfold challenge: 'facts uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgent'. For applied research science's own peer quality control system will suffice (or so was assumed at the moment PNS was formulated in the early nineties), while professional consultancy was considered appropriate for these settings which cannot be 'peer-reviewed', and where the skills and the tacit knowledge of a practitioner are needed at the forefront, e.g. in a surgery room, or in a house on fire. Here a surgeon or a firefighter takes a difficult technical decision based on her or his training and appreciation of the situation (the Greek concept of 'Metis' as discussed by J. C. Scott.)

Complexity
There are important linkages between PNS and complexity science, e.g. system ecology (C. S. Holling) and hierarchy theory (Arthur Koestler). In PNS, complexity is respected through its recognition of a multiplicity of legitimate perspectives on any issue; this is close to the meaning espoused by Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist). Reflexivity is realised through the extension of accepted 'facts' beyond the supposedly objective productions of traditional research. Also, the new participants in the process are not treated as passive learners at the feet of the experts, being coercively convinced through scientific demonstration. Rather, they will form an 'extended peer community', sharing the work of quality assurance of the scientific inputs to the process, and arriving at a resolution of issues through debate and dialogue. The necessity to embrace complexity in a post-normal perspective to understand and face zoonoses is argumented by David Waltner-Toews.

Extended peer community
In PNS extended peer communities are spaces where perspectives, values, styles of knowing and power differentials are expressed in a context of inequalities and conflict. Resolutions, compromises and knowledge co-production are contingent and not necessarily achievable.

Applications
Beside its dominating influence in the literature on 'futures', PNS is considered to have influenced the ecological 'conservation versus preservation debate', especially via its reading by American pragmatist Bryan G. Norton. According to Jozef Keulartz  the PNS concept of "extended peer community" influenced how Norton's developed his 'convergence hypothesis'. The hypothesis posits that ecologists of different orientation will converge once they start thinking 'as a mountain', or as a planet. For Norton this will be achieved via deliberative democracy, which will pragmatically overcome the black and white divide between conservationists and preservationists. More recently it has been argued that conservation science, embedded as it is in a multi-layered governance structures of policy-makers, practitioners, and stakeholders, is itself an 'extended peer community', and as a result conservation has always been 'post-normal'.

Other authors attribute to PNS the role of having stimulated the take up of transdisciplinary methodological frameworks, reliant on the social constructivist perspective embedded in PNS.

As summarized in a recent work "the ideas and concepts of post normal science bring about the emergence of new problem solving strategies in which the role of science is appreciated in its full context of the complexity and the uncertainty of natural systems and the relevance of human commitments and values."

For Peter Gluckman (2014), chief science advisor to the Prime Minister of New Zealand, post-normal science approaches are today appropriate for a host of problems including  "eradication of exogenous pests […], offshore oil prospecting, legalization of recreational psychotropic drugs, water quality, family violence, obesity, teenage morbidity and suicide, the ageing population, the prioritization of early-childhood education, reduction of agricultural greenhouse gases, and balancing economic growth and environmental sustainability".

Recent reviews of the history and evolution of PNS, its definitions, conceptualizations,
and uses can be found in Turnpenny et al., 2010, and in The Routledge Handbook of Ecological Economics (Nature and Society). There has been recently an increased reference to post-normal science, e.g. in Nature and related journals.

Criticism
A criticism of post-normal science is offered by Weingart (1997) for whom post-normal science does not introduce a new epistemology but retraces earlier debates linked to the so-called "finalization thesis". For Jörg Friedrichs  – comparing the issues of climate change and peak energy – an extension of the peer community has taken place in the climate science community, transforming climate scientists into 'stealth advocates', while scientists working on energy security – without PNS, would still maintain their credentials of neutrality and objectivity. Another criticism is that the extended peer community's use undermines the scientific method's use of empiricism and that its goal would be better addressed by providing greater science education.

The crisis of science
It has been argued  that post-normal science scholars have been prescient in anticipating the present crisis in science's quality control and reproducibility. A group of scholars of post-normal science orientation has published in 2016 a volume on the topic, discussing inter alia what this community perceive as the root causes of the present science's crisis.

Quantitative approaches
Among the quantitative styles of analysis which make reference to post-normal science one can mention NUSAP for numerical information, sensitivity auditing for indicators and mathematical modelling, Quantitative storytelling for exploring multiple frames in a quantitative analysis, and MUSIASEM in the field of social metabolism. A work where these approaches are suggested for sustainability is in.

Mathematical modelling
In relation to mathematical modelling post-normal science suggests a participatory approach, whereby 'models to predict and control the future' are replaced by 'models to map our ignorance about the future', in the process exploring and revealing the metaphors embedded in the model. PNS is also known for its definition of garbage in, garbage out (GIGO): in modelling GIGO occurs when the uncertainties in the inputs must be suppressed, lest the outputs become completely indeterminate. In a comment published in Nature 22 scholars take COVID-19 as the occasion for suggesting five ways to make models serve society better. The piece notes "how the operation of science changes when questions of urgency, stakes, values and uncertainty collide — in the 'post-normal' regime".

COVID-19
On 25 March 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, a group of scholars of post-normal orientation published on the blog section of the STEPS Centre (for Social, Technological and Environmental Pathways to Sustainability) at the University of Sussex. The piece  argues that the COVID-19 emergency has all the elements of a post-normal science context, and notes that "this pandemic offers society an occasion to open a fresh discussion on whether we now need to learn how to do science in a different way".

Special issues
The journal FUTURES devoted several specials issues to post-normal science.

 The first was in 1999 and included two editorial pieces, from Jerome Ravetz and Silvio Funtowicz, Post-Normal Science—an insight now maturing, and from Jerome Ravetz: What is Post-Normal Science.
 The second special issue, edited by Merryl Wyn Davies, was entitled "Post normal times" in 2011. This was a selection of papers from the symposium "Post Normal Science – perspectives & prospectives 26-27th June 2009, Oxford." A summary of the abstracts can be found on the NUSAP net.

 The third special issue on post-normal science was in 2017. This special issue contains a selection of papers discussed at the University of Bergen's Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities between 2014 and 2016. The issue includes also two extended commentaries on the present crisis in science and the post-fact/post-truth discourse, one from Europe and one from Japan.

Another special issue on post-normal science was published on the journal Science, Technology, & Human Values in May 2011.

References

Bibliography

Funtowicz, S.O. and J.R. Ravetz (1990). Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy. Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands.

External links
Post-Normal Times
NUSAP.net
Introductory lecture to Post Normal Science (requires Internet Explorer)
Article on The Guardian  14 March 2007
Article on The Conversation (website) 26 September 2016
More articles on PNS
About MUSIASEM
Special issue on Futures
Centre for Postnormal Policy and Futures Studies, East West University (http://eastwestaffairs.org/cppfs/)

Scientific method
Philosophy of science
Science and technology studies

Post-normal science


The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo also called EULEX Kosovo is a contract between the European Union and Kosovo. With this, certain states of the European Union will send police forces as well as lawyers to help make Kosovo more secure. This is what was agreed by the Ahtisaari plan. The idea is to continue the presence of foreign police forces to help the police in Kosovo, as planned under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Russia and Serbia see this mission as illegal. The plan is to have 2.000 police force and lawyers on the ground. The mission started to deploy its forces on 16 February 2008. Currently only 400 of the some 1,900 police officers and judges foreseen by the EULEX mission are in place.

Composition and deployment

The  European Council agreed on sending 1800 to 1900 people on 14 December 2007. Because of the unstable political climate, this force was later increased to 2000 people. Primarily this was done because it was impossible to reach an agreement with Serbia. The force is made up mainly of  police officers. Some of the officers have received training on how to control rioting crowds. Some people of the force are prosecutors and judges. Because the force is so big, there will soon be the most EU civil servants doing their job there, rather than in Brussels. Chief of the mission is Yves de Kermabon, who is accountable to the European Union Special Representative in Kosovo, Pieter Feith. The mission is expected to cost €165 million in its first year.

The final decision on the mission was planned to be taken on 28 January 2008. This was postponed due to concerns over possible negative effects on the second round of the presidential election in Serbia on 3 February 2008 and the possible signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement with Serbia on that date. The officially voiced reason for the postponement is the lack of a legal basis (through a UNSC resolution or something similar) for the mission. A Joint Action was approved on 4 February 2008, meaning that only the final approval is required; it is expected to be given on 18 February 2008.

There are still questions on how this mission should replace the UN administration in Kosovo. Until these are answered, Spain will not take part in the mission. Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos told a meeting of European Union Foreign Ministers that Spain will not send its contingent to the EULEX mission until there has been a formal transfer of powers from the United Nations.

Apart from EU members, third parties Turkey, Switzerland, Norway and the United States will also take part.

Political situation

The countries of the European Union are currently divided. Some recognise Kosovo, whilst others do not. The current Presidency of the European Council said
that countries could send people to take part in the mission, even without recognising Kosovo as an independent state.

According to the EU, the mission will be based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. This resolution introduced international rule in Kosovo in 1999. The EU force has not yet received a new UN Security Council directive, because Russia opposed it. Russia blocked the transfer of the UN mission to the EU. According to Serbia, the mission implies that the EU recognises Kosovo as an independent state.

Troops sent to Kosovo
 : Germany is sending around 600 troops as peace keepers.
 : Italy is sending around 600 troops as peace keepers.
 : On 25 April 2008, the UK announced that it will send a battle-group based on 2 Rifles, a light infantry battalion of about 600 soldiers, to help maintain public order.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Council Joint Action 2008/124/CFSP
 Viewpoint: The EU's toughest operation, BBC News

European Union
Politics of Kosovo
History of Kosovo


Annada Shankar Ray (15 March 1904 – 28 October 2002) was an Indian poet and essayist in Bengali. He also wrote some Odia poetry.

He wrote several Bengali poems criticising the Partition of India. Most notable is "Teler shishi bhaanglo bole khukur pare raag karo. Among his many essays, the book Banglar Reneissance has an analytical history of the cultural and social revolution in Bengal. Ray's best known work is Pathe Prabaase, a diary of his trip in Europe in 1931. He died in Kolkata on 28 October 2002.

Family history
This Bengali icon's ancestral place is Kotrung (present-day Uttarpara Kotrung) in the Hooghly district of West Bengal. His ancestors migrated from Kotrung to Balasore district of Odisha. His grandmother , Durgamoni , was the daughter of an aristocrat Bengali Sen family of Jajpur . Annada Shankar Ray's  father was Nimaicharan Ray  and his mother was the daughter of an aristocrat Bengali Palit family of Cuttack. Nimaicharan Ray shifted his base to Dhenkanal following a family feud.

Educational life
Ray graduated in English from Ravenshaw College in Cuttack. He topped the list of Indian Civil Service examinees in 1927. He had failed to make the mark in the previous year, being cut off by one rank. He was the first ICS officer from the territory later forming the state of Orissa.

Literary career
After serving in various administrative posts, he sought voluntary retirement in 1951 to devote himself to literary pursuits. Ray was a Gandhian in politics and Rabindranath Tagore inspired his literature. His first published book was Tarunya (1928), which gave him a footing as an essayist. In 1928, his first collection of poetry named Rakhi also got published. It includes poems he composed when was in England and they are creations based on Romantic imaginations thus involving the innate bond of nature and human emotions.  His first two novels were Asamapika and Agun Niye Khela. As an essayist, he was urbane and sophisticated and combined in his craft two different styles of prose, represented by Tagore and Pramatha Choudhury. A significant breakthrough in his literary career came with the publication of Pathe Prabase, a diary of his Europe trip, in 1931. Ray also established himself as a short-story writer. His collections include Prakritir Parihas (1934), Man Pavan (1946), Kamini Kanchan (1954) and Katha.

A Bengali rendering of a short story by Tolstoy and an appraisal of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's essay Narir Mulya marked his debut on the literary scene at the age of 16.

In Oriya, the poetry "Sabita" finds place in higher studies of the language at college level, making him one of the few poets to have the distinction of getting such acclaim from two different language speaking states of India.

Works
Annadashankar Roy was a contributor of both prose and poetry.

Novels
 Satyasatya (6 Novels)
 Jar Jetha Desh
 Oggatobash
 Kolonkoboti
 Dukkhomochon
 Morter Sorgo
 Opposaron
 Agun Niye Khela
 Osomapika
 Putul Niye Khela
 Na
 Konna

Essays
 Tarunno
 Amra
 Jibonshilpi
 Eahara
 Jiyonkathi
 Deshkalpatro
 Prottoy
 Notun Kore Bacha
 Adhunikota
 Art

Autobiography
 Binur Boi
 Potheprobashe
 Japane

Short story collections
 Prokritir Porihash
 Du Kan Kata
 Hason Sakhi
 Mon Pahon
 Jouban Jala
 Kamini Kanchon
 Ruper Day
 Golpo

Award
He received the Vidyasagar Smriti Award from the state government and the Padma Bhushan. He was made a fellow of the Sahitya Akademi in 1989. The Visva Bharati conferred on him the Desikottama and an honorary D.Litt. He also received the Rabindra Puraskar, the Ananda Puraskar twice and the Zaibunnisa Award of Bangladesh.

References

 Writers from Kolkata

External links

 Annada Shankar Ray at the West Bengal Public Library Network
 "Teler sisi" poem at calcuttaweb.com
 Master of the rhyme is dead, The Telegraph
 Partition Voices Annada Sankar Ray, Andrew Whitehead

1904 births
2002 deaths
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Bengali-language writers
Bengali-language poets
Odia-language writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali
Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar
People from Dhenkanal
Ravenshaw University alumni
20th-century Indian poets
Indian male poets
Poets from Odisha
20th-century Indian male writers
Poets from West Bengal

Annada Shankar Ray


Susann Müller (born 26 May 1988) is a Retired German handball player and coach and trains the women's team of Füchse Berlin.

On club level, Müller played for a number of top teams across Europe, winning league titles in Denmark, Germany and Slovenia. A German international since her youth, she was bronze medalist at the 2007 World Championship and won the Junior World Championship title in 2008. A prolific left-handed shooter, Müller was the top scorer of the 2013 World Championship and was selected in the All-Star team of the tournament. With her performances, she also earned the Handballer of the Year title in Germany in 2013.

Career

Club
Müller began to play handball at the age of seven by local club 1.SSV Saalfeld, before in 2003 she switched to Bundesliga club HC Leipzig. Initially, she was part of the youth section of the club and was promoted to the senior team for the 2006–2007 Bundesliga season. She scored over 60 goals in the first part of the season, whereupon she got a contract extension until 2010. During her spell at the club, Müller won two league and two national cup titles, as well as the German Supercup title in 2008.

In 2010, Müller signed to Danish club SK Århus to be closer to her partner Nina Wörz, who played for Randers HK that time. However, due to Århus' financial difficulties Müller left the club after one season and eventually joined Randers HK. In the 2011–12 season, she led Randers to Danish league title, being the club's top scorer with 124 goals. In the following year, she moved to Slovenia to play for RK Krim, but she returned to Leipzig at the end of the season. Müller's second spell at the club lasted for one year, during which period she collected another silverware by winning the German Cup. In the summer of 2014, she was signed by Hungarian top club Győri ETO KC as a replacement for Katarina Bulatović. However, she and the club terminated her contract shortly thereafter.

After a stint in SG BBM Bietigheim that saw her winning the 2016-17 season of the Bundesliga where she became the league as well as the EHF Cup topscorer, she eventually moved back to the Danish league for the 2018–19 season to play for Silkeborg-Voel KFUM.

National team
Müller was part of the German youth setup since the youngest age categories. In youth handball, she achieved her biggest success in 2008 when she won the Junior World Championship in Macedonia. With seven goals she was the top scorer of the German team in the final, that stunned favorite Denmark 23–22.

In 2006, she was already selected in the wider 24-man squad for the European Championship by head coach Armin Emrich, but she was eventually left out from the travelling squad. Müller finally made her full international debut on 18 October 2007 against Japan. She made it to the German team for the 2007 World Championship; she played six matches at the tournament, scoring two goals and winning the bronze medal. A year later, Müller decided not to participate at the 2008 European Championship, claiming she needs a break after a long and exhausting three-years period behind her.

Müller was back in the German squad for the 2009 World Championship held in China; Germany finished seventh and, with 34 goals, Müller was the second-best scorer of the team behind Franziska Mietzner. Müller and Germany went to the 2010 European Women's Handball Championship with medal hopes; however, they suffered a surprise early exit after the group stage.

Müller missed the 2011 World Championship and the 2012 European Championship due to injuries; however, she returned at the 2013 World Championship in great form – with 62 goals she became the top scorer of the tournament and was further elected to the All-Star team. Germany eventually finished seventh at the championship.

Personal life
Müller is married to fellow handball player and former teammate, Nina Wörz.

Achievements

Club
EHF Cup:
Runner-up: 2008-9, 2016–17
Bundesliga:
Winner: 2009, 2010, 2017
DHB-Pokal:
Winner: 2007, 2008, 2014
DHB-Supercup:
Winner: 2008
Damehåndboldligaen:
Winner: 2012
Slovenian First League of Handball:
Winner: 2013
Slovenian Cup:
Winner: 2013

National team
World Championship:
Bronze Medalist: 2007
Junior World Championship:
Winner: 2008

Individual awards
 World Championship Top Scorer: 2013
 All-Star Right Back of the World Championship: 2013
 German Handballer of the Year: 2013
 EHF Cup Top Scorer: 2017
 HTH Ligaen's Player of the Month: April 2019

References

External links

German female handball players
1988 births
Living people
People from Saalfeld
Expatriate handball players
German expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
German expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
German expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Győri Audi ETO KC players
German LGBT sportspeople
German lesbians
LGBT handball players
Lesbian sportswomen
Sportspeople from Thuringia

Susann Müller


Valerie Chow (born 16 December 1970) is a Canadian former actress, fashion publicist, and entrepreneur. In English language film and television roles, she was credited as Rachel Shane.

She has starred in numerous widely popular films and television series, most memorably in Wong Kar-wai's internationally acclaimed 1994 feature, Chungking Express, which earned her a nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the 14th Hong Kong Film Awards. Chow was also a former Miss Hong Kong second runner-up in 1991. She is also the first Chinese model to be signed by US cosmetics company Revlon in 1998.

Since 2003, she has worked primarily as a fashion publicist and in 2010, opened Mama Kid, a children's designer concept store in Hong Kong.

In 2018, she made a surprising return to acting, starring in the film Prison Architect by renowned Chinese visual artist Cao Fei. The film was commissioned by Tai Kwun, the Centre for Heritage and Arts in Hong Kong, and screened at the 69th Berlin International Film Festival as part of their Forum Expanded programme. The movie was tremendously well received. Many described the film as " very heartfelt and beautiful".

Life and career

1970-93: Early life and Miss Hong Kong Pageant
Chow was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, she was the only child of an upper-middle-class family. Her father was a property developer whom she describes as "tough, direct, and self-disciplined." Chow had spent some of her teenager life in Hong Kong during the mid-80s where she attended Marymount Secondary School and completed Form-5. She described these years as having been "difficult" and "stressful," and had initially returned to Vancouver before moving to Hong Kong a second time in the summer of 1991. It was then that she joined the 1991 Miss Hong Kong Pageant, in which she placed first runner-up and made her entry into the entertainment industry. Following a brief study break where she studied law at the University of Hong Kong, Chow began her career in late 1992 as a television presenter for the lifestyle programme, Eye on Hong Kong on TVB Pearl. Her first film credit was a cameo in Peter Chan's He Ain't Heavy, He's My Father, released in December 1993.

1994-97: Hong Kong films
As a newcomer, she drew considerable controversy for her role in the Category-III box office hit Twenty Something, which dealt with sexually explicit themes considered shocking for a former Miss Hong Kong beauty queen. Her following role in Wong Kar-Wai's widely acclaimed Chungking Express also made an impression and garnered her a Hong Kong Film Award nomination. Her career took a sharp turn when she played the role of a "homewrecker" in a hugely popular television series. The role was ill-received and the image of seductress came to be closely associated with Chow, perhaps further fuelled by earlier rumours of her alleged affair with Tony Leung Chiu Wai (then already dating long-time partner Carina Lau), whose music videos and album cover she also featured in. In the subsequent period between 1995 and 1997, she was cast in a string of B-movies, usually in the role of a villain. The more notable of these were that of the female terrorist in Jing Wong's High Risk, a moderately successful box-office hit, and a guest appearance in Tsui Hark's acclaimed wu-xia feature The Blade.

1997–99: Hollywood and Revlon
In late 1996, she left the Hong Kong film industry to pursue a career in Hollywood, adopting a more racially ambiguous screen name, Rachel Shane. She was signed to the William Morris Agency and had a small part in the film Phantoms which starred Peter O'Toole and Ben Affleck. More substantially, she became the first Chinese spokesmodel for Revlon US in 1998, appearing in national print and TV ad campaigns alongside Halle Berry, Salma Hayek, and Melanie Griffith. She is to be followed by Lucy Liu.

2000–02: Career transition, part-time actor
Chow eventually returned to Hong Kong in 2000, where she joined the media communications department at Lane Crawford, although continued to act part-time. The following year saw her return to the small screen in the ATV series, Healing Hearts, in which she played the role of a lawyer. The role briefly revived her career, leading to several magazine covers and an ad campaign with Neutrogena Hong Kong. She also starred alongside Leslie Cheung in Inner Senses (2002), which was to be Cheung's last film.

2003–present: Fashion publicist, entrepreneur
Since 2003, Chow has, for the most part, left the entertainment industry. For the next seven years, she would continue to work as a publicist for the Pedder Group, the shoes and accessories division of Lane Crawford. Looking back on her career in 2010, Chow remarks:  "I worked for the group for 10 years. I rounded off this experience as vice-president, of marketing. I met larger-than-life individuals who left an impression. Highlights included working with [American filmmaker] David Lynch and [footwear designer] Christian Louboutin at Cafe de Flore, in Paris, and producing the first Guy Bourdin exhibition in Hong Kong. I am also proud of the fact that I'm well known in the fashion industry for producing some of the best store window displays in Central. I think more people have seen or admired my window displays than having watched my films." One of Chow's acting credits is a TV series filmed in mid-2004, but did not air until December 2010, more than six years after filming completed. In September 2010, Chow opened Mama Kid, a children's clothing boutique in Hong Kong's Central District to great success, which has since relocated to Stanley.

Chow married Darryl Goveas, a Hong Kong-based Belgian-Indian interior designer in 2005, with whom she had a daughter later in 2008, Carla Goveas.

Filmography

TV series
 Fate of the Clairvoyant (再見亦是老婆 alt. 都市有情人) (1994)
 ICAC Investigators 1994 (廉政行動1994︰珠芒) (1994) 1 episode
 RTHK's Moments of Love ((香港電台)歲月流情:出浴記之母與女) (1995) 1 episode
 John Woo's Once A Thief (1997) 1 episode (as Rachel Shane)
 Healing Hearts (俠骨仁心) (2001)
 Shanghai Legend (上海灘之俠醫傳奇) (2004, aired 2010)

References

External links

Chow Kar-Ling fan archive on Tumblr
Valerie Chow Pictures

1970 births
Living people
Canadian people of Hong Kong descent
Canadian emigrants to British Hong Kong
20th-century Hong Kong actresses
21st-century Hong Kong actresses
Hong Kong female models
Actresses from Vancouver

Valerie Chow


Adolphe-Marie Hardy (23 May 1868 in Dison – 19 June 1954 in Laeken) was a Belgian writer first published in 1888  He rose to be a major figure in French literature.

Hardy was educated at Herve, before starting at the University of Louvain in 1886, studying law.  After getting his doctorate he returned to Dison, where he carried on his literary work as well as working as a lawyer.

Hardy was editor or assistant editor of several literary journals from 1900 onwards, including Rappel de Charleroi,  Dépêche de Liège and the Journal de Bruxelles.

In 1931 Hardy received the Grand Prix de Langue française from the French Academy. He was the first Belgian to win the prize, and he won it for his poem "Le Cortège des mois".
In 1935 he married Madeleine Verhelst. In 1940, they escaped to Issigeac, France. After his wife's death, in 1941, he married Germaine Van Den Boeck.

In May 1954 he was made a Freeman of the City of Dison, and died at Laeken on June 19 of that year.

Charles Ranhofer, chef at Delmonico's honoured Hardy early in his publishing career by naming a goose liver pate after him, and Ranhofer's book "The Epicurean", also lists a chicken dish, Cotelettes De Poulet A La Adolphe Hardy.

Related pages
 List of foods named after people

Other websites
 Friends of Adolphe Hardy
 Adolphe Hardy's House, Wallonia Tourist Office

References

1868 births
1954 deaths
Belgian poets
Belgian writers
People from Liège (province)
People with foods named after them

Adolphe-Marie Hardy


A regency (), sometimes incorrectly referred to as a district, is an administrative division of Indonesia, directly under a province and on the same level with city (kota). Regencies are divided into districts (Kecamatan, Distrik in Papua region, or Kapanewon and Kemantren in the Special Region of Yogyakarta).

The English name "regency" comes from the Dutch colonial period, when regencies were ruled by  (or regents) and were known as  in Dutch ( in Javanese and subsequently Indonesian).  had been regional lords under the precolonial monarchies of Java. When the Dutch abolished or curtailed those monarchies, the bupati were left as the most senior indigenous authority. They were not, strictly speaking, "native rulers" because the Dutch claimed full sovereignty over their territory, but in practice, they had many of the attributes of petty kings, including elaborate regalia and palaces and a high degree of impunity.

Etymology

The Indonesian title of  is originally a loanword from Sanskrit, a shortening of the Sanskrit title bhumi-pati (bhumi भूमि '(of the) land' + pati पति 'lord', hence bhumi-pati 'lord of the land'). In Indonesia,  was originally used as a Javanese title for regional rulers in precolonial kingdoms, its first recorded usage being in the Telaga Batu inscription, which dates to the Srivijaya period, in which bhupati is mentioned among the titles of local rulers who paid allegiance to Sriwijaya's kings. Related titles which were also used in precolonial Indonesia are adipati ('duke') and senapati ('lord of the army' or 'general'). As we know today, the district has de facto existed since January 28, 1892, in the 19th century AD, when the Dutch East Indies government established the Landarchief. On January 29, 1892, the first landarchivasis was confirmed, Jacob Anne van der Chijs which lasted until 1905. Juridically, the existence of Indonesia archival institutions began with the proclamation of Indonesia independence on August 17, 1945.

Pre-independence period

Regencies in Java territorial units were grouped together into residencies headed by exclusively European residents. This term hinted that the residents had a quasi-diplomatic status in relation to the  (and indeed they had such a relationship with the native rulers who continued to prevail in much of Indonesia outside Java), but in practice the  had to follow Dutch instructions on any matter of concern to the colonial authorities. Like the current system of government in Indonesia, the system of historical times is still in effect.

The relationship between those sides was ambivalent: while legal and military power rested with the Dutch government (or, for a long time, with the Dutch East India Company under a Governor General in Batavia on Java, the regents held higher protocollary rank than the assistant-resident who supposedly advised them and held day-to-day sway over the population. After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, the terms  and  were applied throughout the archipelago to the administrative unit below the residency (karesidenan).

In the Telaga Batu inscription, which was found in the village near Palembang and contains a worship of the king of Srivijaya, there may be the word bhupati. The inscription is estimated to be from the end af the 7th century AD, Indonesia inscription expert Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis translated bhupati with the term head (hoofd in Dutch), the word bhupati is also found in the Ligor inscription, which was found in the Nakhon Si Thammarat province of Thailand. In the 17th century, Europeans called the area Ligor. this inscription was identified in 775 AD 7th century AD, the term bhupati was used to refer to the king of Srivijaya Hujunglangit in the 9th century AD

Recent history
Since the start of the Reform Era in 1998 a remarkable secession of regency governments has arisen in Indonesia. The process has become known as pemekaran (division). Following the surge of support for decentralisation across Indonesia which occurred following the fall of Soeharto in 1998, key new decentralisation laws were passed in 1999. Subsequently, there was a jump in the number of regencies (and cities) from around 300 at the end of 1998 to 514 in 2014 sixteen years later. This secession of new regencies, welcome at first, has become increasingly controversial within Indonesia because the administrative fragmentation has proved costly and has not brought the hoped-for benefits.

Senior levels of the administration expressed a general feeling that the process of pemekaran needed to be slowed (or even stopped for the time being), although local politicians at various levels across government in Indonesia continue to express strong populist support for the continued creation of new regencies. Indeed, no further regencies or independent cities have been created since 2014. However, a paper on fiscal decentralization and regional income inequality in 2019 argued that that fiscal decentralization reduces regional income inequality.

Since 1998, a large portion of governance have been delegated from central government in Jakarta to local regencies, with regencies now playing important role in providing services to Indonesian people. Direct elections for regents and mayors began in 2005, with the leaders previously being elected by local legislative councils.

Statistics
As of 2020, there are 416 regencies in Indonesia, and 98 cities. 120 of these are in Sumatra, 85 are in Java, 37 are in Nusa Tenggara, 47 are in Kalimantan, 70 are in Sulawesi, 17 are in Maluku, and 40 in Papua.

See also
 List of regencies and cities of Indonesia
 City status in Indonesia
 Subdivisions of Indonesia
 Other similar administrative divisions found outside Indonesia:
 County (United States)
 Ceremonial counties of England
 Municipalities of Mexico
 Departments of France
 Provinces of Spain
 Provinces of Italy
 Districts of Germany

Notes

References

Regencies of Indonesia
Types of administrative division

Regency (Indonesia)


The Nocturnes, Op. 9 are a set of three nocturnes for solo piano written by Frédéric Chopin between 1831 and 1832, published in 1832, and dedicated to Madame Marie Pleyel. These were Chopin's first published set of nocturnes. The second nocturne of the work is often regarded as Chopin's most famous piece.

Nocturne in B-flat minor, Op. 9, No. 1

One of the better known nocturnes, this piece has a rhythmic freedom that came to characterize Chopin's later work. The left hand has an unbroken sequence of eighth notes in simple arpeggios throughout the entire piece, while the right hand moves with freedom, occasionally in patterns of seven, eleven, twenty, and twenty-two in the form of polyrhythms. The piece is 85 measures long and in  meter. It is written in ternary form; after the primary theme, the secondary theme starts in measure 19, followed by a modified version of the primary theme in measure 70.

The opening section moves into a contrasting middle section in the same key signature, which flows back to the opening material in a transitional passage where the melody floats above seventeen consecutive bars of D major chords. The reprise of the first section grows out of this, followed by a Picardy third ending.

Nocturne in E-flat major, Op. 9, No. 2

Chopin composed his best-known Nocturne in E major, Op. 9, No. 2 when he was around twenty years old. This well-known nocturne is in rounded binary form (A, A, B, A, B, A) with coda, C. It is 34 measures long and written in  meter, having a similar structure to a waltz.

The A and B sections become increasingly ornamented with each recurrence. The penultimate bar utilizes considerable rhythmic freedom, indicated by the instruction, senza tempo (without tempo). The nocturne opens with a legato melody, mostly played piano (quietly), containing graceful upward leaps which becomes increasingly wide as the line unfolds. This melody is heard again three times during the piece. With each repetition, it is varied by ever more elaborate decorative tones and trills. The nocturne also includes a subordinate melody, which is played with rubato.

A sonorous foundation for the melodic line is provided by the widely spaced notes in the accompaniment, connected by the damper pedal. The waltz-like accompaniment gently emphasizes the  meter, 12 beats to the measure subdivided into four groups of 3 beats each.

Analysis
 John Rink "Structural momentum and closure in Chopin's Nocturne Op 9 No 2" in Schenker Studies 2 (ed. Carl Schachter, Hedi Siegel) pp102–127 Cambridge University Press, 2006 , .
 Jean-Jacques Eigeldinger "Nocturne op. 9/2, E flat major" in Chopin: pianist and teacher as seen by his pupils (ed. Jean-Jacques Eigeldinger, Roy Howat) pp77–79 Cambridge University Press, 1989 , .
 Eleanor Bailie "Nocturne No. 2 in E flat major" in Chopin: a graded practical guide (Eleanor Bailie, Issue 3 of The pianist's repertoire) pp303–306 Kahn & Averill, 1998 , .

Nocturne in B major, Op. 9, No. 3

The piece is in ternary form A–B–A. The first section is marked Allegretto. The main theme is chromatic, but filled with nostalgic energy. The second contrasting section, Agitato in B minor, is a very dramatic one with a combined melody and counter-melody in the right hand and continuous eighth note arpeggios in the left, which requires an amount of virtuosity. The piece is full of coloratura ornaments, and it ends in a small cadenza similar to Opus 9 no. 2, with a wide chord in the left hand accompanied with right hand triplets in a high octave, followed by an arpeggiated ending in B major.

References

External links

 .
   at The Chopin Project

09
1832 compositions
Compositions in B-flat minor
Compositions in E-flat major
Compositions in B major
Music with dedications

Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)


Cannock Chase  is a woodland and  mixed area of countryside in the county of Staffordshire, England. The area has been designated as the Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Chase gives its name to the local government district.

Economy
Cannock Chase is between Cannock, Lichfield, Rugeley and Stafford. It is a mixture of natural deciduous woodland, coniferous plantations, open heathland and the remains of early industry, such as coal mining.

Nature
Cannock Chase was made an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) on 16 September 1958. Much of the area is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Despite its relatively small area, the chase has a remarkable variety of landscape and wildlife.

The wildlife includes a herd of about 800 fallow deer. There are a number of rare and endangered birds, like the migrant Nightjars. A feeding station attracts many species, including Brambling, Yellowhammer and Bullfinch.

Efforts are underway to increase the amount of heathland on the chase, reintroducing shrubs such as heather in some areas where bracken and birch forest have crowded out most other plants. The local flora also includes several species of Vaccinium, including the Cannock Chase Berry (Vaccinium ×intermedium Ruthe).

On the Chase's north-eastern edge can be found Shugborough Hall, ancestral home of the Earls of Lichfield. At its southern edge are the remains of Castle Ring, an Iron Age hill fort, which is the highest point on the Chase. Several glacial erratic boulders are also found on the Chase, remnants of glaciation. One is mounted on a plinth.

Since 2006, the forest has been used as an open-air music venue as part of the Forestry Commission nationwide Forest Tour, with acts such as The Zutons, The Feeling, Status Quo and Jools Holland playing in a forest clearing.

Media attention
The area gained notoriety in the late 1960s when the Cannock Chase murders made national headlines; the remains of three young girls were found buried on the Chase after going missing from areas along the A34 road between there and Birmingham. Raymond Leslie Morris, a motor engineer from Walsall, was found guilty at Stafford assizes of one of the murders in 1968 and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He is still in prison over 40 years later and one of the country's longest serving prisoners.

Geology
The landscape owes much to the underlying Triassic "bunter" formations. These are sandstone deposits containing rounded pebbles. They can be found in Warwickshire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, Devon and Dorset in England. They are thought to be alluvial  deposits. Judging from the rounding of the mainly quartzite pebbles, they were  carried for a long time in a large and turbulent river. The hard pebbles got powerful abrasion. The deposits in the English Midlands are thought to have been carried northwards from Brittany in northern France.

References

Staffordshire
Forests of the United Kingdom

Cannock Chase


Artur Valeryevich Dilman (; born August 29, 1990) is a Kazakh swimmer, who specialized in freestyle and individual medley events. He represented his nation Kazakhstan at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and has won a career total of six medals (two in each color) in a major international competition, spanning both the indoor and outdoor Asian Games. Dilman also spent his college sports career in the United States as a member of the Drury Panthers swimming and diving team under head coach Brian Reynolds, while pursuing his sports management studies at Drury University in Springfield, Missouri.

Dilman competed for the Kazakh swimming squad in the men's 200 m freestyle at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Leading up to the Games, he snatched the top spot with a 1:52.42 to clear the invincible FINA B-cut (1:52.53) by 0.11 of a second at the Kazakhstan Open Championships in Almaty. Swimming in heat two, Dilman tried to hold on with Singapore's Bryan Tay and Estonia's Vladimir Sidorkin heading into the 150-metre turn for the top three spots, but faded down the final stretch to finish with a fifth-place time in 1:52.90. Dilman failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed fifty-second overall out of fifty-eight swimmers in the prelims.

On June 17, 2012, Dilman ordered a six-month suspension by the Kazakhstan Swimming Federation, after he was tested positive for a banned substance methylhexaneamine, following an in-competition doping test at the ENKA Open in Istanbul. On March 13, 2013, Dilman helped out his college team Drury Panthers to claim their ninth consecutive title in the men's freestyle relay at the NCAA Division II Swimming Championships.

References

External links
Profile – Kazakhstan Swimming Federation
Player Bio – Drury Panthers
NBC Olympics Profile

1990 births
Living people
Kazakhstani male medley swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Kazakhstan
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in swimming
Kazakhstani male freestyle swimmers
Sportspeople from Almaty
Drury Panthers men's swimmers
Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan

Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
21st-century Kazakhstani people

Artur Dilman


Vinay Dinu Tendulkar is an Indian politician, serving as the Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Goa since 2017. He is a senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and has been the President of Bharatiya Janata Party, Goa from 2012 to 2020, for two consecutive terms.

Currently, he is a member of the Rubber Board committee and the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. He is a member of the Transport, Tourism and Culture committee, prior to which he made substantial contribution towards forest development and protection in 2002 when he was the Forest Minister of Goa, as a part of Manohar Parrikar's Cabinet, the then Chief Minister of Goa. He was also a member of the Goa Legislative Assembly from March 1999 to June 2007. He was the vice chairman of the Goa State Infrastructure Development Corporation from 2000 to 2004.

Early life and education
Born on 25 September 1961 in Khandepar, Distt. South Goa (Goa), to parents Shri Dinu A. Tendulkar and Shrimati Nilabai D. Tendulkar. Tendulkar, from his early life was a part of RSS and joined BJP in 1980. He was constantly involved in serving the weaker section of society to improve the quality of their life. Tendulkar has a Diploma in mechanical engineering from Mysore University, Karnataka. He quit his job in a mining company in 1994 to pursue politics full-time and was the president of Goa Youth BJP from 1994 to 1999. He later went on winning the Sanvordem seat twice- in 1999 and 2002.

Political career
Currently, serving as the Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Goa, Tendulkar has made commendable contributions to the Goa government in over two decades. Tendulkar's tenure as Goa party unit chief saw the BJP winning both the Lok Sabha seats in the state in 2014, a rare achievement for the party, and returning to power early in 2017 despite not being the single largest party in the Assembly.

In July 2017, he took an oath as a Rajya Sabha MP from Goa. Tendulkar's parliamentary statistics are a testimony to his exceptional work in the parliament. He has raised 68 starred and unstarred questions in the parliament, furthermore, he has participated in 87 debates in his tenure.

In his term as an MP, Tendulkar has provided various works to be carried out in his constituency from his MPLADs fund. He provided financial assurance to the Muslim community for the repair of Margao kabrastan, to reconstruct the damaged protection wall, and also to repair the shed.

Contribution in Covid 19
Tendulkar sanctioned Rs. One Crore from the MPLADS Fund for the relief during the COVID-19 pandemic. He also gave his one month's salary to the Chief Minister's Relief Fund - Goa to support the state in the health emergency caused by COVID-19. Tendulkar also administered assistance to four rural hospitals in Goa and provided medical oxygen free of cost to patients in need. He provided dry ration to the migrant workers and the poor. He equally made efforts to generously help states like Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra in the procurement of ration for the migrant workers and travel assistance to ensure the safe return of the migrant workers.

Positions held
1994 to 1999 President, Goa Youth BJP
1999 to 2007 Member, Goa Legislative Assembly
1999 to 2005 Chairman, Planning and Development Authority of Goa
2000 to 2004 Vice Chairman, Goa State Infrastructure Development Cooperation
2005 to 2012 Vice President, Goa State BJP
2012 to January 2020 President, Goa State BJP
Chairman of Sahyadridudhsagar Education Society since 2015
Elected to Rajya Sabha in July 2017
September 2017 to May 2019 Member, Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture
September 2019 onwards, Member, Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture
2018 - 2020 Member, Rehabilitation Council of India

Member of Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Member of Rubber board

Career in social work
Tendulkar has been associated with movements related to mining from the very beginning of his political career and has efficiently managed to highlight their issues at various platforms. He has also worked towards providing employment opportunities to the poor. He formed a corporate society consisting of  villagers from local mining jobs and provided job opportunities to them in the transport sector.

He has always been a hard-working party worker and worked towards the welfare of people. When he was the Forest minister in 2002, Tendulkar provided job opportunities and even arranged vehicles for villagers from rural areas to Dudhsagar and provided employment to them.

He always aimed at primary education for children from economically weaker sections. He was the Chairman of the Educational Society at Atal Bihari Vajpayee Higher Secondary School in 2002 and Sahyadridudhsagar Education Society since 2015.

Cultural activities
Tendulkar is also fond of acting and has appeared in over 150 Marathi and Konkani plays. He was the president of Goa Chess Association from 2012 to 2017. In 2018, Sanjeev Verekar wrote a remarkable book Dabhal to Dili, on Tendulkar's life.

Personal life
Tendulkar is married to Vibha V. Tendulkar and resides in Khadpabandh, Goa. They have a son.

References

People from South Goa district
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa
Living people
21st-century Indian politicians
Rajya Sabha members from Goa
1961 births
State cabinet ministers of Goa
State Presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party
Goa MLAs 1999–2002
Goa MLAs 2002–2007

Vinay Dinu Tendulkar


Andernach Geyser (, previously Namedyer Sprudel) is the highest cold-water geyser in the world, reaching heights of 30 to 60 metres. The geyser was first bored in 1903 on the Namedy Peninsula (Namedyer Werth) in the Rhine near Andernach. In 2006 it was turned into a tourist attraction and one of the sights in the volcano park and part of the Geopark Vulkanland Eifel.

History
It is said that in 1903 on the Namedy peninsula, a 343-metre-deep borehole was driven into carbonic acid deposits in order to extract carbon dioxide for mineral water. The reason for boring the hole at this location was that bubbles were seen rising in the waters of the old Rhine ox-bow lake. When the cold-water geyser initially erupted, it leapt to a height of 40 metres. The "Namedy Fizz" (Namedyer Sprudel) as it was formerly called, as was the resulting bottled mineral water expelled as a result of fizzing carbon dioxide, was used commercially and soon thereafter for tourism. For years, the high fountain was a landmark of the Namedy peninsula. The site suffered from significant damage over the years and in 1957 was put out of operation. Following the upgrade to the B 9 federal highway, the well was closed in 1967 with a valve. In the late 1990s, efforts were made to enable the geyser to become a tourist attraction again, but these conflicted with strict conservation obligations to which the area had been subject since 1985.

Ownership of the peninsula went to the town of Andernach in 1990. In 2001, another borehole was drilled into the gas-permeable rock at a new location farther from the road. Even when the first hole was driven, the geyser jetted back to a height of 40 metres. The well was then fitted with a gate valve again. The Federation for the Environment and Conservation (BUND) presented a case to the Higher Administrative Court of Rhineland-Palatinate to prevent the further development of the geyser for tourism within the nature reserve. In May 2005, the town of Andernach and the BUND settled out of court to allow the geyser to be reactivated under certain conservation conditions and for tourism purposes.

Today, the geyser is fed from a 350-metre-deep artesian well. Since 7 July 2006, the geyser has erupted regularly.  At night it is closed with a valve for safety reasons, but it is allowed to erupt during the day. Access to the nature reserve used to be possible in only a few guided boat trips, booked in advance, on certain summer weekends. In  summer 2008, 33 boat tours were operated. A much wider tourist attraction was established with the opening of the Andernach Geyser Adventure Centre (Erlebniszentrum Geysir Andernach) on 29 May 2009 with a trip to the geyser in the river cruiser and ferry, Namedy. The boat was christened during the celebrations. In the tourist visitor centre, there is information about the geyser.

On 9 November 2008, the Andernach Geyser was officially recorded in the Guinness Book of Records as the highest cold-water geyser in the world.

References

External links

 Frank Patalong: Größter CO2-Geysir der Welt: Eifel für Kaltduscher at Spiegel Online dated 7 May 2012

Cold water geysers
Geysers of Germany
Eifel
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Mayen-Koblenz
World record holders
Middle Rhine

Andernach Geyser