William G. Mokray (June 6, 1907 – March 21, 1974) was an American basketball statistician and historian.

Born and raised in Passaic, New Jersey, Mokray's love of basketball stats began while attending Passaic High School. After graduating from Rhode Island State College (now the University of Rhode Island), he worked as a public relations director first for his alma mater and, beginning from 1946, for the Boston Celtics basketball team. He founded and was the editor for The Official NBA Guide, authored the history of basketball article for the Encyclopædia Britannica and wrote a 900-page Ronald Basketball Encyclopedia. He was considered the number one authority on basketball's history and owned what was considered to be the world's largest basketball library, most of which was donated to the Basketball Hall of Fame.  He was enshrined into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1965 as a contributor.

References

External links
 Basketball Hall of Fame page on Mokray

1907 births
1974 deaths
Boston Celtics personnel
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Passaic High School alumni
Writers from Passaic, New Jersey
University of Rhode Island alumni

Bill Mokray


Oddernes is a borough in the city of Kristiansand which lies in the municipality of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. The borough covers eastern Kristiansand on the east side of the Topdalsfjorden and the Varodd Bridge.  The borough includes the former municipalities of Randesund and Tveit.  There was a municipality of Oddernes from 1838 until 1965, but its boundaries were very different from those of the present-day borough.

Name
The borough (originally the parish) is named after the old Oddernæs farm (Old Norse: Otruness).  The first part of the name comes from its location along the Otra river, and nes means peninsula, so the peninsula along the Otra river.

Geography

Districts and neighborhoods
Oddernes borough is divided up into four districts.  Each district is also divided up into neighborhoods.

Centrums
Strømme Centrum is the largest urban centre in Oddernes, it is located in Søm and is the centrum for Søm and Randesund. There is Regional Psychiatric Centre there along with other health stations. Randesund Police Station, which is a police station for Oddernes. Søm Church is located there along with Randesund Free Church. Randesund IL has their football stadium there, next to an indoor swimming pool. Strømme School is an elementary school located there. Østbyen Dagsenter is a retirement home. There is also two kindergartens in the centrum.

Hamresanden is a centrum for the district of Tveit. It has a fast-food restaurant, a grocery store, a gas station and local stores along with Tveit Free Church.

Photos

Education

Transportation
Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik is located at Tveit and is the main airport serving Kristiansand and Southern Norway. In 2014 there were around 1 million travelers. The airport is served with domestic routes to some of Norway's largest cities and international routes to European cities and some charter flights to southern Europe.

European route E18 is the main road and a highway, it goes through Oddernes from the neighbor municipality and county Lillesand, Aust-Agder. E18 goes past the zoo and Sørlandsparken, then between Hånes and Søm before exiting the borough on the bridge Varoddbrua to Lund. Norwegian National Road 41 comes from Birkenes municipality and enters Kristiansand north in Tveit. The road also connects to the airport and ends with E18 at Timenes. County road 401 goes from E18 at Rona and through Søm and Randesund before exiting Kristiansand to Høvåg in Lillesand. In Lillesand County road 401 meets the County road 420 witch stars with Sørlandsparken in Kristiansand and ends in Arendal, Aust-Agder. County road 420 used to be the old E18 before the new one opened in 2009.

Buses in Oddernes is mostly served by routes 01, M1, M2, M3, 17, 18, 35, 36, 37, 100 and 139. These routes goes all day and extra in the rush hours, while the others goes only to certain times. Regional buses to Oslo stops at one stop in Oddernes, Håneskrysset, before continuing.

Tourism

Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park is the largest zoo in Norway and the second most visited tourist attraction in Norway after Holmenkollen, Oslo. The park also includes a tivoli and a waterpark. There are some hotels located in the area for visitors. Abrahavn is a resort in the zoo.

Randesund is a popular vacation area with a lot of cabins for rent at small islands or on the mainland.  Hamresanden camping is a popular camping place with the beach. There is also a bible camp there.  Kristiansand Travpark is a racetrack located between the zoo and Sørlandsparken.

Shopping
Sørlandsparken is located in Oddernes. The industrial shopping park includes Norway's largest mall Sørlandssenteret with over 195 stores. Other large brands like IKEA, Burger King, Toys R Us and car dealerships is located around the mall.

Rona Mall is a local mall located at Rona, Søm. The mall includes a fitness center, dentist, pharmacy, grocery store and a hair salon. On top of the mall, there is apartments. Rona Mall is located off the highway E18 and besides County Road 401.

Hånes Mall is a small local mall for the neighborhoods at Hånes, it is a part of an apartment building and has a grocery store and a hair salon. Hånes Mall is located in the neighborhood Vigvoll.

Lauvåsen Mall is a mall with a fitness center and hair salon. It is located off Norwegian National Road 41 between Grovikheia and Landauvåsen.

Photos

Religion
There are four churches in Oddernes. In Randesund, Randesund Church was built in 1864, it has a capacity of 450 people and is located at Frikstad. The church is built out of tree and there is a graveyard with the church.  Søm Church was built in 2004. The windows was designed by Kjell Nupen and has a capacity of 400 people. The church was Kristiansand's "Thousand years building" since the construction started in the new millennium (Year 2000).

Hånes Church was built in 1986, it has the capacity of 300 people and built by bricks, there is no graveyard with Hånes church. Tveit Church is the oldest church in Oddernes, it was built in 1100 by stone. In 1831, a tower was built on the top of the church and in 1867 a restaurant was built in the church. Tveit church has a capacity of 450 people, there is a graveyard with the church and it is a nave church. The church is located with Ryen of Norwegian National Road 41.

Oddernes Church is not located in the Oddernes borough, but in the neighboring Lund borough with the University. The reason is that Lund was a part of the Oddernes municipality before it became a part of Kristiansand, and since then the borders of the boroughs have been re-drawn.

Photos

Society and environment

Oddernes mostly consists of neighborhoods and farms. The Tveit area and large parts of Randesund are more agricultural, while the districts of Søm and Hånes and the neighborhoods of Tømmerstø and Hamresanden are all in the urban zone.

Randesund includes large parts of the Southern Norway archipelago. It is also popular to have a cottage on the shore of Randesund. Populated islands off the shore of Randesund are Herøya and Randøya. Tømmerstø, Rabbesvik, Holte, Odderhei and Dvergsnes all fall within the part of Randesund known as Tømmerstø. This part of Randesund consists of typical Norwegian neighborhoods, but with a bit larger houses and has been criticized as an upper-middle-class neighborhood, especially Dvergsnes. Aside from the suburban areas in Tømmerstø, Randesund is mostly agricultural as one approaches Lillesand. Randesund has 2,000 people, of whom 7% come from a non-Norwegian background, the lowest percentagein Kristiansand and second to last on the list of most populated immigrant places in Kristiansand after Gimlekollen and before Flekkerøy.

Søm mostly consists of neighborhoods from the 1970s. Søm only has 10% non-Norwegian citizens and is one of the areas in Kristiansand with the lowest percentage of immigrants, despite being  the most populated part of Oddernes with 9,000 people. Søm is a typical urban neighborhood of a city.

Hånes also mostly consist of neighborhoods. Some of Norway's most expensive properties were sold on Hånestangen. Other than that, Hånes has a wide range of apartment buildings and typical Norwegian neighborhoods. Hånes has a population of 4,000 of whom 18% come from a non-Norwegian background, meaning Hånes is the place in Oddernes with most immigrants, and the sixth most popular place for immigrants in Kristiansand after Tinnheia.

Tveit is the largest part of the borough by area, but it also has the smallest population of only about 1,000 people. Tveit is home to most of the farms in Kristiansand and only a few residential neighborhoods like Hamresanden, Brattvollsheia, and Solsletta.

Photos

See also
Oddernes Church
Oddernes stone
List of former municipalities of Norway

References

External links

Geography of Kristiansand
Boroughs of Kristiansand

Oddernes


The Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (known as BIOS) is an independent, non-profit marine science and education institute located in Ferry Reach, St. George's, Bermuda. The institute, founded in 1903 as the Bermuda Biological Station, hosts a full-time faculty of oceanographers, biologists, and environmental scientists, graduate and undergraduate students, K-12 groups, and Road Scholar (formerly Elderhostel) groups. BIOS's strategic mid-Atlantic Ocean location has at its doorstep a diverse marine environment, with close proximity to deep ocean as well as coral reef and near shore habitats.

Prior to 5 September 2006, BIOS was known as the Bermuda Biological Station for Research (BBSR).

Research programs
BIOS has a range of research programs investigating the role of the ocean in global climate, the health of coral reefs, and the connection between healthy oceans and healthy people. The geographical range is not restricted to the waters around Bermuda, but also extends to the Arctic, the Antarctic and the tropics. The Center for Integrated Ocean Observations program is an international collaboration of oceanographers and climate scientists. Taking advantage of Bermuda's unique position, their goal is to better understand the biological, chemical and physical processes that take place in the ocean and the ocean's role in regulating the Earth's climate. The International Center for Ocean and Human Health is designed to address both health of the ocean (such as pollution threats) and health from the ocean (including nutrients and pharmaceutical applications). Working with experts on ocean acidification, coral reefs, ecotoxicology, algal biofuel, and the carbon cycle. The Risk Prediction Initiative (RPI)  program brings climate scientists and insurers together to collaborate to identify new directions for climate research. Matching the institute's unique research ability with Bermuda's insurance market, this business-science partnership provides rapid, current and comprehensive information to those parts of the business community affected by environmental change.

Research vessel
The R/V Atlantic Explorer is a research vessel owned and operated by the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences and is supported by the National Science Foundation and BIOS.  It operates in compliance with United States Coast Guard, University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) and American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) rules and regulations.

The 168 ft Atlantic Explorer is equipped with navigation, laboratory and mechanical systems and equipment to support biological, geological, chemical and physical oceanographic research. Deploying and recovering deep ocean instrumentation moorings, conducting CTD casts, chemical sampling, and gear testing are among the number of operations within the ship's capabilities.

Ready access of two hours or more from Bermuda to the deep ocean makes the Atlantic Explorer useful for both short and extended cruises, for repetitive sampling and time-series research, and for projects requiring analytical and other sophisticated shore facilities.

History
Founded in 1903 and incorporated in New York as a US not-for-profit institution in 1926, in its initial years BIOS was a seasonal field station for visiting zoologists and biologists to take advantage of Bermuda's diverse marine environment. After the Second World War, BIOS became a year-round research center, anchored by the establishment in 1954 of Hydrostation 'S': regular deep ocean observations of a single point in the ocean that continue today, creating the longest continuous oceanic database in the world. During the following few decades, increasing numbers of visiting scientists brought an increased emphasis on biological and geological studies.

Resident scientific programs strengthened in the 1980s as the institute became a key link in an international effort to describe and understand the ocean-atmosphere system. In 1998, BIOS established the International Center for Ocean and Human Health, considered the first of its kind to explore the ocean health/human health connection on a global scale. The Center for Integrated Ocean Observations was established in 1999 and uses new technologies to build on a century of marine research at the institute.

Other notable dates:

1928 to 1939, oceanographic explorer William Beebe worked in Bermuda.  During those years, Beebe visited BIOS (then the Bermuda Biological Station for Research) and worked with BIOS staff.  While Beebe is best remembered for his Bathysphere dives at Nonsuch Island, he made a number of other significant scientific contributions during his stay, mainly the discovery of new species of marine life.

1978: Oceanic Flux Program begins, the longest record of deep ocean sediment-trap studies in the world.

1988: Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) begins, establishing BIOS as one of two US centers for time-series studies on temporal variability in the ocean and providing key data on changing climate and the ocean.

1994: Risk Prediction Initiative, a collaboration between climate scientists and reinsurers, is established.

See also
 Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study

References

Oceanographic organizations
Research institutes in Bermuda
Organisations based in St. George's, Bermuda
1903 establishments in Bermuda
Scientific organizations established in 1903
Scientific organisations based in Bermuda

Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences


Vortigern (; , ; ; ; Old Breton: Gurdiern, Gurthiern; ; , , , etc.), also spelled Vortiger, Vortigan, Voertigern and Vortigen, was a 5th-century warlord in Britain, known perhaps as a king of the Britons or at least connoted as such in the writings of Bede and Gildas. His existence is contested by scholars and information about him is obscure.

He may have been the "superbus tyrannus" said to have invited Hengist and Horsa to aid him in fighting the Picts and the Scots, whereupon they revolted, killing his son in the process and forming the Kingdom of Kent. It is said that he took refuge in North Wales, and that his grave was in Dyfed or the Llŷn Peninsula. Gildas later denigrated Vortigern for his misjudgement and also blamed him for the loss of Britain. He is cited at the beginning of the genealogy of the early Kings of Powys.

Medieval accounts

Gildas
The 6th-century cleric and historian Gildas wrote De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae () in the first decades of the 6th century. In Chapter 23, he tells how "all the councillors, together with that proud usurper" [omnes consiliarii una cum superbo tyranno] made the mistake of inviting "the fierce and impious Saxons" to settle in Britain. According to Gildas, apparently, a small group came at first and was settled "on the eastern side of the island, by the invitation of the unlucky [infaustus] usurper". This small group invited more of their countrymen to join them, and the colony grew. Eventually the Saxons demanded that "their monthly allotments" be increased and, when their demands were eventually refused, broke their treaty and plundered the lands of the Romano-British.

It is not clear whether Gildas used the name Vortigern. Most editions published currently omit the name. Two manuscripts name him: MS. A (Avranches MS 162, 12th century), refers to Uortigerno; and Mommsen's MS. X (Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. I.27) (13th century) calls him Gurthigerno. Gildas never addresses Vortigern as the king of Britain. He is termed a usurper (tyrannus), but not solely responsible for inviting the Saxons. To the contrary, he is portrayed as being aided by or aiding a "Council", which may be a government based on the representatives of all the "cities" (civitates) or a part thereof. Gildas also does not consider Vortigern as bad; he simply qualifies him as "unlucky" (infaustus) and lacking judgement, which is understandable, as these mercenaries proved to be faithless.

Gildas adds several small details that suggest either he or his source received at least part of the story from the Anglo-Saxons. The first is when he describes the size of the initial party of Saxons, stating that they came in three  (or "keels"), "as they call ships of war". This may be the earliest recovered word of English. The second detail is his repetition that the visiting Saxons were "told by a certain soothsayer among them, that they should occupy the country to which they were sailing three hundred years, and half of that time, a hundred and fifty years, should plunder and despoil the same." Both of these details are unlikely to have been invented by a Roman or Brittonic source.

Modern scholars have debated the various details of Gildas' story. One topic of discussion has been about the words Gildas uses to describe the Saxons' subsidies (annonas, epimenia) and whether they are legal terms used in a treaty of foederati, a late Roman political practice of settling allied barbarian peoples within the boundaries of the empire to furnish troops to aid the defence of the empire. Gildas describes how their raids took them "sea to sea, heaped up by the eastern band of impious men; and as it devastated all the neighbouring cities and lands, did not cease after it had been kindled, until it burnt nearly the whole surface of the island, and licked the western ocean with its red and savage tongue" (chapter 24).

Bede
The first extant text considering Gildas' account is Bede, writing in the early- to mid-8th century. He mostly paraphrases Gildas in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People and The Reckoning of Time, adding several details, perhaps most importantly the name of this "proud tyrant", whom he first calls Vertigernus (in his ) and later Vurtigernus (in his ). The Vertigernus form may reflect an earlier Celtic source or a lost version of Gildas. Bede also gives names in the  to the leaders of the Saxons, Hengist and Horsa, specifically identifying their tribes as the Saxons, Angles and Jutes (H.E., 1.14–15). Another significant detail that Bede adds to Gildas' account is calling Vortigern the king of the British people.

Bede also supplies the date, 449, which was traditionally accepted but has been considered suspect since the late 20th century: "Marcian being made emperor with Valentinian, and the forty-sixth from Augustus, ruled the empire seven years." Michael Jones notes that there are several arrival dates in Bede. In H.E. 1.15 the arrival occurs within the period 449–455; in 1.23 and 5.23 another date, c. 446, is given; and in 2.14 the same event is dated 446 or 447, suggesting that these dates are calculated approximations.

Historia Brittonum

The Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) was attributed until recently to Nennius, a monk from Bangor, Gwynedd, and was probably compiled during the early 9th century. The writer mentions a great number of sources. Nennius wrote more negatively of Vortigern, accusing him of incest (perhaps confusing Vortigern with the Welsh king Vortiporius, accused by Gildas of the same crime), oath-breaking, treason, love for a pagan woman, and lesser vices such as pride.

The Historia Brittonum recounts many details about Vortigern and his sons. Chapters 31–49 tell how Vortigern (Guorthigirn) deals with the Saxons and Saint Germanus of Auxerre. Chapters 50–55 deal with Saint Patrick. Chapter 56 tells about King Arthur and his battles. Chapters 57–65 mention English genealogies, mingled with English and Welsh history. Chapter 66 gives important chronological calculations, mostly on Vortigern and the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.

Excluding what is taken from Gildas, there are a number of traditions:
 Material quoted from a Life of Saint Germanus. These excerpts describe Germanus of Auxerre's incident with one Benlli, an inhospitable host seemingly unrelated to Vortigern who comes to an untimely end, but his servant provides hospitality and is made the progenitor of the kings of Powys. They also describe Vortigern's son by his own daughter, whom Germanus raises, and Vortigern's own end caused by fire from heaven.
It has been suggested that the saint mentioned here may be no more than a local saint or a tale that had to explain all the holy places dedicated to a St. Germanus or a "Garmon", who may have been a Powys saint or even a bishop from the Isle of Man about the time of writing the Historia Brittonum. The story seems only to be explained as a slur against the rival dynasty of Powys, suggesting that they did not descend from Vortigern but from a mere slave.
 A number of calculations attempting to fix the year when Vortigern invited the Saxons into Britain. These are made by the writer, naming interesting persons and calculating their dates, making several mistakes in the process.
 Genealogical material about Vortigern's ancestry, including the names of his four sons (Vortimer, Pascent, Catigern, and Faustus), his father Vitalis, his grandfather Vitalinus, and his great-grandfather Gloui, who is probably just an eponym which associates Vortigern with Glevum, the civitas of Gloucester.
 The story of why Vortigern granted land in Britain to the Saxons, first to Thanet in exchange for service as foederati troops, then to the rest of Kent in exchange for marriage to Hengest's daughter, then to Essex and Sussex after a banquet where the Saxons treacherously slew all of the leaders of the British but saved Vortigern to extract this ransom.
 The tale of Ambrosius Aurelianus and the two dragons found beneath Dinas Emrys.

The Historia Brittonum relates four battles occurring in Kent, apparently related to material in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (see below). It claims that Vortigern's son Vortimer commanded the Britons against Hengest's Saxons. Moreover, it claims that the Saxons were driven out of Britain, only to return at Vortigern's invitation a few years later, after the death of Vortimer.

The stories preserved in the Historia Brittonum reveal an attempt by one or more anonymous British scholars to provide more detail to this story, while struggling to accommodate the facts of the British tradition.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle provides dates and locations of four battles which Hengest and his brother Horsa fought against the British in the county of Kent. Vortigern is said to have been the commander of the British for only the first battle; the opponents in the next three battles are variously termed "British" and "Welsh", which is not unusual for this part of the Chronicle. The Chronicle locates the Battle of Wippedesfleot as the place where the Saxons first landed, dated 465 in Wippedsfleot and thought to be Ebbsfleet near Ramsgate. The year 455 is the last date when Vortigern is mentioned.

The annals for the 5th century in the Chronicle were put into their current form during the 9th century, probably during the reign of Alfred the Great. The sources are obscure for the fifth century annals; however, an analysis of the text demonstrates some poetic conventions, so it is probable that they were derived from an oral tradition such as sagas in the form of epic poems.

There is dispute as to when the material was written which comprises the Historia Brittonum, and it could be later than the Chronicle. Some historians argue that the Historia Brittonum took its material from a source close to the Chronicle.

William of Malmesbury
Writing soon before Geoffrey of Monmouth, William of Malmesbury added much to the unfavourable assessment of Vortigern:

William does, however, add some detail, no doubt because of a good local knowledge, in De Gestis Regum Anglorum book I, chapter 23.

Geoffrey of Monmouth

The story of Vortigern adopted its best-known form in Geoffrey's pseudohistorical Historia Regum Britanniae. Geoffrey names Constans the older brother of Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon. After the death of their father, Constantinus III, Vortigern persuades Constans to leave his monastery and claim the throne. Constans proved a weak and unpopular puppet monarch and Vortigern ruled the country through him until he finally managed Constans' death by insurgent Picts.

Geoffrey mentions a similar tale just before that episode, however, which may be an unintentional duplication. Just after the Romans leave, the archbishop of London is put forward by the representatives of Britain to organise the island's defences. To do so, he arranges for continental soldiers to come to Britain. The name of the bishop is Guitelin, a name similar to the Vitalinus mentioned in the ancestry of Vortigern and to the Vitalinus said to have fought with Ambrosius at the Battle of Guoloph. This Guithelin/Vitalinus disappears from the story as soon as Vortigern arrives. All these coincidences imply that Geoffrey duplicated the story of the invitation of the Saxons, and that the tale of Guithelinus the archbishop might possibly give some insight into the background of Vortigern before his acquisition of power.

Geoffrey identifies Hengest's daughter as Rowena. After Vortigern marries her, his sons rebel. Geoffrey adds that Vortigern was succeeded briefly by his son Vortimer, as does the Historia Brittonum, only to assume the throne again when Vortimer is killed.

Pillar of Eliseg

The inscription on the Pillar of Eliseg, a mid-9th century stone cross in Llangollen, northern Wales, gives the Old Welsh spelling of Vortigern: Guarthi[gern], (the inscription is now damaged and the final letters of the name are missing), believed to be the same person as Gildas's "superbus tyrannus", Vortigern. The pillar also states that he was married to Sevira, the daughter of Magnus Maximus, and gave a line of descent leading to the royal family of Powys, who erected the cross.

Vortigern as title rather than personal name
It has occasionally been suggested by scholars that Vortigern might be a royal title, rather than a personal name. The name in Brittonic literally means "Great King" or "Overlord", composed of the elements *wor- "over-, super" and *tigerno- "king, lord, chief, ruler" (compare Old Breton , Cornish  a type of local ruler - literally "pledge chief") in medieval Brittany and Cornwall.

However, the element *tigerno- was a regular one in Brittonic personal names (compare Kentigern, Catigern, Ritigern, Tigernmaglus, et al.) and, as *wortigernos (or derivatives of it) is not attested as a common noun, there is no reason to suppose that it was used as anything other than a personal name (in fact, an Old Irish cognate of it, , was a fairly common personal name in medieval Ireland, further lending credence to the notion that Vortigern was a personal name and not a title).

Local legends
A valley on the north coast of the Llŷn Peninsula, known as Nant Gwrtheyrn or "Vortigern's Gorge", is named after Vortigern, and until modern times had a small barrow known locally as "Vortigern's Grave", along with a ruin known as "Vortigern's Fort". However, this conflicts with doubtful reports that he died in his castle on the River Teifi in Dyfed ("Nennius") or his tower at The Doward in Herefordshire (Geoffrey of Monmouth).

Other fortifications associated with Vortigern are at Arfon in Gwynedd, Bradford on Avon in Wiltshire, Carn Fadryn in Gwynedd, Clwyd in Powys, Llandysul in Dyfed, Old Carlisle in Cumberland, Old Sarum in Wiltshire, Rhayader in Powys, Snowdon and Stonehenge in Wiltshire.

Later portrayals
Vortigern's story remained well known after the Middle Ages, especially in Great Britain. He is a major character in two Jacobean plays, the anonymous The Birth of Merlin and Thomas Middleton's Hengist, King of Kent, first published in 1661. His meeting with Rowena became a popular subject in 17th-century engraving and painting, e.g., William Hamilton's 1793 work Vortigern and Rowena (above right). He was also featured in literature, such as John Lesslie Hall's poems about the beginnings of England.

One of Vortigern's most notorious literary appearances is in the play Vortigern and Rowena, which was promoted as a lost work of William Shakespeare when it first emerged in 1796. However, it was soon revealed as a literary forgery written by the play's purported discoverer, William Henry Ireland, who had previously forged a number of other Shakespearean manuscripts. The play was at first accepted as Shakespeare's by some in the literary community, and received a performance at London's Drury Lane Theatre on 2 April 1796. The play's crude writing, however, exposed it as a forgery, and it was laughed off stage and not performed again. Ireland eventually admitted to the hoax and tried to publish the play by his own name, but had little success.

References

External links

 Vortigern Studies website

5th-century English monarchs
5th-century Welsh monarchs
Arthurian characters
Arthurian legend
English folklore
English mythology
House of Gwertherion
Legendary British kings
Merlin
People whose existence is disputed
Sub-Roman monarchs
Welsh folklore
Welsh mythology

Vortigern


Area code 703 is an area code for Virginia. It was one of the first area codes created in 1947. It initially covered the entire state, but after it was split by 804 in 1973 and 540 in 1995, it now covers the northern portion of Virginia. It consists of towns such as Arlington, Fairfax, Alexandria, and Vienna. It was overlaid by 571 in 2000.

703
Virginia

Area code 703


The Mạc dynasty (; Hán-Nôm: 茹莫/莫朝) (1527-1677), officially Great Việt (; Chữ Hán: 大越), was a Vietnamese dynasty which ruled over a unified Vietnam between 1527 and 1540, and northern Vietnam from 1540 until 1593. The Mạc dynasty lost control over the capital Đông Kinh (modern Hanoi) for the last time in its wars against the Later Lê dynasty and the Trịnh Lords in 1592. Subsequent members of the Mạc dynasty ruled over the province of Cao Bằng with the direct support of the Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties until 1677 (with members of the Mạc dynasty accepted as officials of the Later Lê dynasty from 1627).

Mạc Đăng Dung

The founder of the Mạc dynasty was a descendant of the famed Trần dynasty scholar Mạc Đĩnh Chi. Mạc Đăng Dung chose to enter the military and ascended the ranks to become the senior general in the Lê dynasty army. Later he seized power and ruled Vietnam from 1527 till his death in 1541.

Mạc Đăng Dung, got his start as a bodyguard for Lê Uy Mục, the unpopular Lê Emperor, around 1506. Over time, despite the deaths of several emperors, Mạc Đăng Dung increased his power and gained many supporters. However, he also gained the enmity of other rivals for power.

After a series of political crises that made both Lê Uy Mục and his successor Lê Tương Dực assassinated, Mạc Đăng Dung continued to gain power and rank in the military. With the enthronement of the young emperor Lê Chiêu Tông in 1516, a power struggle in the court ensued to the level of a civil war. From 1516 to 1520, the warlords of Nguyễn Hoàng Dụ and Trịnh Duy Sản, Nguyễn Kính and Trần Cao were fighting for power. Mạc Đăng Dung initially led the forces loyal to King Lê Chiêu Tông against the warlords, he eventually defeated the warlords and gained enough power to force Lê Chiêu Tông to abdicate in 1522 and install the puppet Emperor Lê Cung Hoàng to the throne. Lê Chiêu Tông fled the court with the support of the warlord Trịnh Tuy to Thanh Hóa where they fought against Mạc Đăng Dung until they were defeated and captured in 1526.

In 1527 Mạc Đăng Dung removed Lê Cung Hoàng and proclaimed himself as Emperor of the new Mạc dynasty under the title Minh Đức. The usurpation was not well received by the Confucian officials in the government. Some were killed, others fled to join a new revolt against the Mạc Emperors.

A new revolt was led by Nguyễn Kim (father of Nguyễn Hoàng, the first of the Nguyễn lords who later ruled southern Vietnam) and his subordinate and son-in-law Trịnh Kiểm (the first of the Trịnh lords who later ruled Đàng Ngoài). They installed Lê Trang Tông as Emperor of the Revival Lê dynasty and built their base in Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An provinces to resist against Mạc Đăng Dung. Both sides tried to pull in allies, mainly the Ming dynasty but also from King Phothisarat I of Lan Xang (modern-day Laos). Mạc Đăng Dung, through submissive diplomacy and massive bribes, convinced the Ming not to attack in 1528. He then abdicated his position as Emperor in favor of his son, Mạc Đăng Doanh a year later. However, this was done purely to solidify his son's position, Mạc Đăng Dung continued to rule with the title of Senior Emperor (Viet: Thái thượng hoàng).

Restoration of the Lê

The revolt of the Revival Lê in the south gathered strength and over the next three years all the provinces south of the Red River were captured by the Lê armies. In 1533 the figurehead Lê Emperor, Lê Trang Tông, was officially crowned at the recaptured Tây Đô castle. This marked the beginning of the Southern and Northern dynasties era. The Lê and Mạc would continue the lengthy civil war over the next 40 years.

In 1540, Mạc Đăng Doanh died and Mạc Đăng Dung reclaimed the throne. The Ming dynasty threatened Mạc Đăng Dung with an invasion of 110,000 men ready to invade Vietnam from Guangxi. Mac acceded to Chinese pressure and complied with bitter Ming demands, including crawling barefoot in front of the Chinese officials, giving up land to China, downgrading his status from the Emperor to Governor (Đô thống sứ 都統使) and giving up official documents like tax registers to the Ming. The Ming official position was that the Mạc should rule over the northern half of Vietnam, while the Lê should rule over the southern half (in other words, below the Red River). The Nguyễn and the Trịnh refused to accept this division of the country and the war continued.

In 1541, Mạc Đăng Dung died and was succeeded by his grandson Mạc Phúc Hải.

1541–92: Lê–Mạc wars

Mạc Phúc Hải ruled only for six years before he died due to his illness. During his rule, he was defeated by the Trịnh army and lost more territories. He was succeeded by Mạc Phúc Nguyên (ruled from 1546 to 1561) who had to fight against his uncle Mạc Chính Trung to enthrone. In 1561, he died because of Smallpox.

Mạc Mậu Hợp succeeded the throne, and ruled from 1562 to 1592. He was the last significant Mạc ruler. In 1572 the capital was captured by the Trịnh army but then he recaptured it a year later. Then, in 1592, Trịnh Tùng unleashed a massive invasion of the north and conquered Hanoi along with the rest of the northern provinces. Mạc Mậu Hợp was captured during the retreat and was cut to pieces over three days. The Mạc had lost control over most of Northern Vietnam, only retaining areas in and around Cao Bằng Province under the formal protection of the Ming army.

1592–1677: withdrawn to Cao Bằng and decline
In 1592, the new Mạc leader was Mạc Kính Chỉ. He managed to assemble a large army which defeated the army of Trịnh Tùng but a year later, he and his army were wiped out by a new Trịnh army under Trịnh Tùng. Later, his brother Mạc Kính Cung withdrawn to Cao Bằng province and ruled for more than thirty years (1593–1625). Based out of Van Ninh (Quảng Ninh Province) the Mạc army staged many attacks against the Trịnh. The Trịnh requested and received aid from the Nguyễn and the joint army (with Nguyễn Hoàng) defeated the Mạc.

In 1598, yet another official Ming commission declared the Mạc to be rulers over Cao Bằng province and so the Mạc rulers stayed in this protected area, occasionally launching raids into Trịnh controlled Vietnam.

In 1627, the Lê army attacked Cao Bằng, the Mạc ruler Mạc Kính Khoan had to surrender and accept the Lê title of Thông quốc công, reducing the Mạc realm to a Duchy under the Lê dynasty.

After the fall of the Southern Ming, the Qing dynasty became the mediator in the Lê-Mạc conflict while receiving tribute from both sides. The Kangxi Emperor attempted to negotiate peace between the two states. After the Lê attacked and gained control of Cao Bằng Province without permission from the Qing, the Kangxi Emperor demanded in 1667 that Trịnh Tạc return Cao Bằng Province to the Mạc. In 1673, the Qing had lost interest in mediating the conflict on behalf of the Mạc. In 1677, the Revolt of the Three Feudatories in southern China prompted the Qing to enlist the aid of the Lê, who accused the Mạc of joining the rebels. The Kangxi Emperor and his advisors agreed to arrest Mạc Kính Vũ as he fled into Guangxi, China, leading to the demise of the Mạc dynasty.

Relations with Ming and Qing China
The Lê dynasty held a tributary relationship with the Ming dynasty in exchange for recognition and military protection. As part of their tributary relationship, the Ming provided external military support to the Lê state against the Mạc beginning in 1537. After the 1540 surrender of the Mạc to the Ming, the Ming court ceremonially revoked the Lê dynasty's status as an independent kingdom and reclassified it as a dutongshisi: a category only slightly higher than a chieftaincy. After 1540, the Ming received tribute from both the Lê dynasty and the Mạc, a state of affairs that continued through the end of the Southern Ming at which point the two sides became tributary states of the Qing dynasty.

Legacy

While contemporary historians of feudal Le and Nguyen dynasties regarded Mac rulers as downright usurpers, historians after 1945 debate over this controversial dynasty with more favorable and objective viewpoints. Modern researchers recognize that during the reign of Mạc Emperors, women enjoyed much more freedom and privileges than in the previous dynasties. The Mạc court also allowed domestic and foreign trade to flourish, resulting in the rise of Đông Đô and the surrounding areas such as Chu Đậu in Hải Dương province as an important link in the East-West maritime commerce route.

Many notable figures of the Mạc court, such as Prince regent Mạc Kính Điển, general Nguyễn Quyện, general Mạc Ngọc Liễn were praised by both friends and foes for their virtues, talents and exceptional loyalty, which is indeed rarely seen far and wide.

See also
List of Vietnamese dynasties
Stone stele records of imperial examinations of the Lê and Mạc dynasties

Notes

Citations

References

External links
Coins of Vietnam Coins and Banknotes of Vietnam and French Indochina

Vietnamese dynasties
Former countries in Chinese history
States and territories established in 1527
States and territories disestablished in 1677
1527 establishments in Vietnam
1677 disestablishments in Vietnam
Tributaries of Imperial China

Mạc dynasty


Viluppuram (also Villupuram and Vizhupuram) is one of the 32 districts in Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The district headquarters is at Viluppuram. Viluppuram district came into existence on 30 September 1993 when it was created out of South Arcot district. Viluppuram is the largest district in the state.This district has tourist spots which are more than 500 years old including temples, mosques and churches.

Viluppuram District was earlier a part of South Arcot District along with Cuddalore District. It was then separated from Cuddalore and became a new district on 30 September 1993.

People
According to 2011 census, 3,458,873 lived in Viluppuram. The sex-ratio was 987 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. 404,106 were under the age of six: 208,246 males and 195,860 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were 29.37% and 2.16% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 63.48%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had 800,368 households. There were a total of 1,703,249 workers, comprising 322,900 cultivators, 537,581 main agricultural labourers, 23,961 in house hold industries, 376,360 other workers, 442,447 marginal workers, 46,746 marginal cultivators, 294,632 marginal agricultural labourers, 14,276 marginal workers in household industries and 86,793 other marginal workers.

Reference

Viluppuram district


The Institution of Public Commissioners (IKP) () is an independent entity that plays an appellate role in the vetting process of judges and prosecutors in Albania's justice system.

The purpose of the Public Commissioners is to represent the public interest in the transitional reassessment process of judges and prosecutors through the exercise of the right to appeal against the decisions made by the Independent Qualification Commission.

Guided by the principles of impartiality, independence, due process, transparency and cooperation, the Commissioners conduct the re-evaluation process while respecting the confidentiality and protection of personal data of each candidate.

The IKP was established under Article 179/b of the Constitution. The mandate of the Public Commissioners is 5 years from the date of commencement of the institution's operations. During their term in office the Commissioners enjoy the status of a High Court judge.

External links
 Official website

References

Vetting institutions of Albania

Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)


Simon Leslie Daubney (born 17 July 1959) is a New Zealand sailor who has sailed in the Olympics and is a member of the America's Cup Hall of Fame.

Early life
Daubney was born in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1959.

Olympic career
Daubney sailed for New Zealand at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics. In 1984 he sailed in a Soling alongside Tom Dodson and Aran Hansen and they placed 11th. At the 1988 Olympics the same crew placed 7th. He competed with Russell Coutts and Graham Fleury in the 1992 Olympics, placing 8th. He is New Zealand Olympian number 425.

America's Cup
Daubney sailed for New Zealand Challenge on KZ 7 during the 1987 Louis Vuitton Cup. He was the mainsheet trimmer for New Zealand Challenge at the 1992 Louis Vuitton Cup.

He was a trimmer on NZL 32 during Team New Zealand's 1995 America's Cup victory and 2000 America's Cup defence.

Daubney then joined Alinghi and was part of their 2003 America's Cup victory. He was a trimmer during the successful 2007 America's Cup defence. In 2007 Daubney tested positive for a recreational drug, but an America's Cup jury found that there was no fault or negligence and he was not sanctioned. The decision was appealed by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and in January 2009, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) imposed a backdated two-year ban that lasted until July 2009.

Daubney then sailed on Alinghi 5 in the 2010 America's Cup loss. In 2010 he was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame.

Daubney joined Oracle Racing and was part of the crew that sailed in the 2011–13 America's Cup World Series.

References

1959 births
Living people
New Zealand male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for New Zealand
Sailors at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Soling
Sailors at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Soling
Sailors at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Soling
Team New Zealand sailors
Alinghi sailors
Oracle Racing sailors
2010 America's Cup sailors
2007 America's Cup sailors
2003 America's Cup sailors
2000 America's Cup sailors
1995 America's Cup sailors
1992 America's Cup sailors
1987 America's Cup sailors
Sportspeople from Christchurch

Simon Daubney


Show Way is a 2005 children's picture book by American author Jacqueline Woodson with illustrations by Hudson Talbott. The book was made into a film in 2012 by Weston Woods Studios, Inc., narrated by the author. It recounts the stories of seven generations of African-Americans and is based on the author's own family history. Show Way was a John Newbery Medal Honor Book in 2006 and was featured in Reading Rainbow that same year in the series finale.

About the author

Woodson has received numerous awards for her middle-grade and young adult books, which include being a National Book Award Finalist and winning the Coretta Scott King Award and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Miracle's Boys.

Plot

Show Way is a story about ancestry. The author is telling a story about her ancestors to her daughter. She tells her about their past and how they all had their own "Show Way." Every piece of quilt starting from Soonie's great grandmother had a significant meaning. When Soonie's great-grandmother made the quilts, the pieces signified roads, moons, and stars to follow, a way to escape their slavery.  Soonie's grandmother was sold into slavery, and she made clothes for everyone in the big house, even for slaves. At night she sewed stars, and moons, and roads into quilts, each piece a picture signifying what to follow to find the north star; her own show way. Mathis Soonie's grandmother married a slave, who died before meeting his baby girl, a girl-child born free in 1863. Years later—Soonie came. Soonie and her mother grew up on a land where they'd pick cotton and got paid little and a piece of ground to farm on. They called this land home and they shared this land with other free people. On this land they worked hard, from pink day to blue-black nights, but it was a free life nevertheless; at the end of the day they could find a thing or two to smile about. Soonie made patch pieces with stars and moons and roads; sewed fields and rivers and trees. She patched these pieces together so her mother could sell them come market day. She called her creation "Trail to the North" she also called them "Show Way."  They no longer needed the secret trail to the north, but rather they lived well off of the money those quilts brought in, her own show way.  She married a man named Walter Scott who owned land in Anderson, South Carolina; she had a baby and named her Georgiana. Georgiana was born a reader, and they said about her that she always had a book in her hand; she grew up to teach a small school in Anderson. She had two daughters named Caroline and Ann, these two girls walked in a line to change the laws that kept black and white people living separate. They sometimes were scared but regained their confidence when they saw the show way patches that their grandmother Soonie had pinned inside their dresses. Ann grew up to be a poet, which sometimes she converted to song, and Caroline stitched those songs into art for people to buy and hang up on their walls. Ann Had The Author, Jacqueline Woodson, who grew up to read and write, but when she could not write she was sew stars and moons and roads because her mother told her that everything that happened before Jacqueline was born was her own kind of show way.  She grew up to read and write, and her writing turned into books where she told stories of other people's show ways. A story which she enjoys repeating to her daughter.

Characters

Soonie's Great Grandmother - When she was only seven she was sold from the Virginia land to a plantation in South Carolina with only some muslin her ma gave her, and two needles from the big house and thread dyed bright red with berries from the chokecherry tree. She jumped broom with a young man named Ensler. She had a baby and named her Mathis may.
Mathis May - Soonie's Grandmother, When Mathis May was seven she got sold away. At night she sewed stars and moons and roads. The patches and pieces she put together were a show way, patterns showing how to get to free land. She jumped broom with another slave. The slave was killed never to meet his daughter, born free that same year 1863.
Soonie - Soonie lived on free land with her mother, working hard to make a life, but a free life all the same. Soonie married a man named Walter Scott, And Together had a daughter, which they named Georgiana.
Georgiana - Georgiana grew up to teach at a small school in Anderson. She had two daughters at once, named them Caroline and Ann.
Caroline - Caroline and her sister grew up to walk in the line to end segregation. Caroline stitched Ann's songs into art that people bought to hang up on their walls.
Ann - Ann and her sister grew up to walk in the line to end segregation. Ann grew up writing poems which sometimes she made into songs. Ann Had Jacqueline Woodson, the Author.
Jacqueline Woodson - When Jacqueline was seven she didn't have to walk freedom lines, or work in fields. She grew up and wrote every day. And those words became books that told stories of many people's show ways.
Toshi Georgiana - Daughter of Jacqueline to which she told the stories of her ancestor's to.

Critical Review

Critics have many good things to say about Show Way. Barbara Z Kiefer and Dennis Price say that "Show Way is an exquisite patchwork of words and images." Publishers Weekly stated that Show Way is "Both historical and deeply personal."Black Issues Book Review said that Show Way was, "Beautifully written and a treat for the eyes." Mary N. Oluonye of School Library Journal stated that Show Way is "An outstanding tribute, perfectly executed in terms of text, design, and illustration." Kirkus Reviews says that Show Way "Takes a difficult subject and makes it accessible to young readers. One of the most remarkable books of the year."

Awards

John Newbery Medal Honor Book 2006

See also

2005 in literature
Children's Literature

References

Newbery Honor-winning works
2005 children's books
Southern United States in fiction
Children's books about African-American history
American picture books
Literature by African-American women

Show Way


The Murkay Islets are a group of several small rocky islands, some of which are joined at low tide, with a combined area of about 0.5 ha, part of Tasmania's Trefoil Island Group, lying close to Cape Grim, Tasmania's most north-westerly point, in Bass Strait.

Fauna
The islets form part of the Hunter Island Group Important Bird Area.  Recorded breeding seabird and shorebird species include Pacific gull, silver gull, sooty oystercatcher, and Caspian tern.

References

Islands of North West Tasmania
Bass Strait
Important Bird Areas of Tasmania

Murkay Islets


Antonio Pasinetti (Montichiari, Brescia, 1863 – Milan, 1940) was an Italian painter.

Biography
Of humble origin, Pasinetti served his apprenticeship with the local painter Luigi Campini in Brescia. After attending the Moretto school there, he moved to Milan in 1880 and enrolled at the Brera Academy, where he graduated in drawing. Dissatisfaction with the academic teaching may have been the reason why he abandoned his studies and moved to Verona to attend the school of the painter Napoleone Nani, a practitioner of the new naturalistic approach. He travelled through northern Italy and specialized in landscape and portrait painting until 1889, when he settled definitively in Milan. There he came into contact with the leading figures of the Lombard school of naturalism and shared a studio on Via Solferino with Paolo Troubetzkoy. He was established by the end of the 20th century as a portrait painter with a middle-class clientele in Lombardy while continuing to paint landscapes during his frequent travels and stays in Italy and other countries, with a particular preference for Venice. His strongly naturalistic painting  took a new course around 1925 as a result of contact with the Novecento Italiano movement.

Pasinetti took part in the major national and international exhibitions from 1884 on. Giovanni Treccani degli Alfieri organized a show of his work in Milan in 1942, two years after his death.

Bibliography
 Elena Lissoni, Antonio Pasinetti, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).

Other projects

19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
Painters from Brescia
1863 births
1940 deaths
Brera Academy alumni
19th-century Italian male artists
20th-century Italian male artists

Antonio Pasinetti


Andrzej Szczypiorski (; 3 February 1928 – 16 May 2000) was a Polish novelist and politician. He served as a member of the Polish legislature, and was a Solidarity activist interned during the military crackdown of 1981. He was a secret police agent in the 1950s.

Life
He was son of , a political activist, historian and mathematician, and Jadwiga née Epsztajn. Szczypiorski had a sister Wiesława (1924–1945). He spent his childhood in Warsaw.

During World War II Szczypiorski studied at an underground university called the "flying university" due to the regular changing of its location for safety. He was a partisan of the Polish People's Army, and a participant of the Warsaw Uprising. After the Uprising he was arrested and condemned to imprisonment at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he survived until 1945.

In 1946–1947 he studied political science in the Warsaw Consular Diplomatic Academy. In 1948–1956, Szczypiorski worked as an editor in the Katowice Silesian Theater.  During this period, in 1952, he made his literary debut in the magazine "Życie Literackie" using the pseudonym 'Maurice S. Andrews' and was inducted into the Polish Writers' Union. He won the Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1988.

In 1956–1958, he was selected to serve in the Polish Embassy to Denmark, after which he returned to work as an editor on the radio and for publications. He later served as a member of the Polish legislature. He was also a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. Prior to his death, Szczypiorski converted to Calvinism, and is buried in the Protestant Reformed Cemetery in Warsaw.

After his death it became known that Szczypiorski was a collaborator of the Polish communist secret police in the years of Stalinism in Poland.

Publications
Source:

 1961: Czas przeszły (The Past Time), Iskry, Warsaw.
 1966: Podróż do krańca doliny (Journey to the End of the Valley), Iskry, Warsaw.
 1967: Karol Świerczewski – Walter. W 20 rocznicę śmierci, ZG ZBoWiD, Krajowa Komisja Dąbrowszczaków: "Sport i Turystyka", Warsaw.
 1968: Niedziela, godzina 21.10: wybór felietonów radiowych, 1964–1967, Czytelnik, Warsaw.
 1971: Msza za miasto Arras, Czytelnik, Warsaw.
 1980: Trzej ludzie w bardzo długiej podróży (Three People On A Very Long Journey), Czytelnik, Warsaw.
 1983: Z notatnika stanu wojennego, Polonia, London.
 1986: Początek (The Origin), Instytut Literacki, Paris.
 1990: Amerykańska whiskey i inne opowiadania (American Whiskey and Other Stories), Kantor Wydawniczy SAWW, Poznań.
 1991: Noc, dzień i noc (Night, Day and Night), Kantor Wydawniczy SAWW, Poznań.
 1994: Autoportret z kobietą (Autoportrait with a Woman), Kantor Wydawniczy SAWW, Poznań.
 1999: Gra z ogniem (Playing with Fire), Sens, Poznań.

Awards and honours
 1972: Polish PEN-Club Prize
 1988: Austrian State Prize for European Literature
 1989: Nelly Sachs Prize
 1994: Herder Prize
 1995: Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts
 1995: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 1997: Order of Polonia Restituta by the President of the Republic for his services to Poland

See also
Polish literature
List of Polish writers

Notes

References
 University of Silesia in Katowice University Gazette Article, 2000

1928 births
2000 deaths
Writers from Warsaw
Polish Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Converts to Calvinism
Polish male writers
Members of the Senate of Poland 1989–1991
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Herder Prize recipients
Armia Ludowa members
Warsaw Uprising insurgents
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Child soldiers in World War II

Andrzej Szczypiorski


The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a tool for figuring out risk of stock profit or losses (called returns).

It makes an assumption, which is that investors care only about two things: the average returns of stocks over, for example, ten years, and the volatility of annual returns around that average during the same period.

The main result of the model is that the return of a stock can be broken down in the sum of two things: a risk-free rate and a risk premium. This risk premium can be seen as the product of two things: a measure of the risk of the stock (called the "beta") and the average reward for risk in the market (the "equity risk premium", which is the return of the market over and above the risk-free rate).

Economics

Capital asset pricing model


Human Resource (HR) metrics are measurements used to determine the value and effectiveness of HR initiatives, typically including such areas as turnover, training, return on human capital, costs of labor, and expenses per employee.

Efficiency of HR functions
It is often required of human resources departments to show the organizational value of money and time spent on human resources management training and activities. The value of reporting and analysis of HR performance in various areas aims to improve the organization's function and internal temperature. HR's challenge is to provide business leaders with actionable information that helps them make decisions about investments, marketing strategies, and new products. HR metrics are a vital way to quantify the cost and impact of employee programs and HR processes and measure the success (or failure) of HR initiatives. They enable a company to track year-to-year trends and changes in these critical variables. It is how organizations measure the value of the time and money spent on HR activities in their organization.

The following are some of the examples on efficiency of HR functions:

Cost per hire: It is the cost associated with a new hire. It is not only important to know how much it cost in hiring, but it is also important to see if the money spent is used to hire right people. (Boudreau; Lawler & Levenson, 2004)
 Time to fill: It is the total days to fill up a job opening per each job. The shorter the time, the more efficient of the HR department in finding the replacement for the job
 HR expense factor: It is the ratio between total company expense and HR expense. It shows if the expenses on HR practices are too much in terms of the whole company expense.

Effectiveness of HR functions
It shows whether the HR practices have a positive effect on the employees or the applicant pool. This is very important for HR because they are regarded as the leader for acquiring, developing and helping to deploy talent. (Boudreau; Lawler & Levenson, 2004)

The following are some of the examples on effectiveness of the HR functions: (Kavanagh & Thite, 2009)

 Training ROI: It is the total financial gain an organization have from a particular training. It shows the effectiveness of the training program and how much it can benefit to the company after the training.
 Absent rate: It determines the company is having an absent problem from the employees. It also reflects the effectiveness of the HR policies as well as the company's own policies. It always goes along with employee satisfaction.

Developing core competency
Metrics help develop core competency by demonstrating the connection between HR practices and the tangible effects on an organization's ability to gain and sustain competitive advantage. This approach often treats employees as human capital instead of  expense. (Boudreau; Lawler & Levenson, 2004)

The following are some of the examples on effectiveness of the HR functions:

1. Revenue factor: It indicates the effectiveness of company operation with the use of the employees as their human capital.

2. Defects rate: It indicates the number of defective products in the operation. The lower the defect rate, the more effective the HR practices in developing companies' core competency in terms of reducing cost.

HR metric & Human Capital

Human Capital is another big topic in nowadays HR practices. HR no longer only assess their effectiveness and efficiency and the contribution to the company, but also they are starting to measure how those practices can positively affect the human capital (employees) in the organization. "Based on corporate culture, organizational values and strategic business goals and objectives, human capital measures indicate the health of the organization." (Lockwood, 2006)

There is a special tool for HR to measure the human capital and it is called Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). It helps measure human capital outcomes, such as talent management, employee engagement and high performance, illustrates the firm's business, financial and strategic goals, and promotes partnership with senior management for organizational success. Nowadays, HR people integrated the traditional metrics to KPI which aligned with corporate objectives. The best KPIs should be able to reflect the human capital performance, such as financial outcomes, performance drivers. At the same time, when determining strategic KPIs, it is essential to consider who designs human capital measures and how they are created. The best way to design a good KPI is to communicate with the company business managers who know the jobs the best in their own divisions.

Nancy Lockwood suggests the following 5 assists that can help HR to create a better KPI. It includes involving HR in  overall business strategy;  Enlisting leaders outside of HR to help develop the KPIs; Collaborating with business managers to ensure KPIs link to business unit strategic goals; Focusing more attention on links between people measures and intermediate performance drivers (e.g., customer satisfaction, engagement etc.); Increasing manager acceptance through training programs and concrete action plans; Working with HR to simplify metric and automate data collection.

Human Resources & Metrics

Human capital is important to organization because they are the people who are actually working for the organization. They build the company's core competencies and competitive advantages to the organization. With effective management of the human capital, a company can achieve the maximum outputs from its own human capital and be superior to other competitors.

Some organizations are unaware even of how many people they have in their organization. The problem with HR is that they have been held unaccountable in the initiatives and programs they promote across the organization. Typically, nobody in the organization, let alone top business leaders of the organization are aware of the impact of these programs whether, positive or negative. This is because HR leaders have not been delivering metrics that show the value of their programs or investments. HR metrics is important because it allows organizations to make the connection between the value of what HR is doing and the outcomes of the business. If HR professionals don't measure their function's effectiveness and providing decision-making leaders the data they need, HR will continue to be undermined and eventually sidelined when it comes to having a seat at the table. Therefore, many experts urge HR professionals to use the data they have in front of them and understanding how metrics and analysis could give HR an advantage as an overall better strategic partner. This will allow them to help business leaders solve the people problems that matter to the organization.

Before HR metrics, many of the HR activities and processes were difficult to quantify, making it hard to fully understand the real employee costs associated with each HR functions. For example, "a decade ago, if someone looked for turnover rate by performance category, it could be a two-week project." With HR metrics, more specifically Retention metrics, HR leaders are able to quantify variables such as turnover rate, average tenure, the rate of veteran worker, or the financial impact of employee turnover. These results can indicate how much separating employees is costing the company and help the company to create proactive plans to prevent future loss of top talent.

More importantly, metrics enable leaders and decision makers in organizations towards more efficient and better delivery of HR services

HR Metrics and Data

Executives tend to make consistently better decisions when they use facts gathered from their organizations in objective ways. Many of the important decisions made by executives affect the business and the bottom line; therefore, in order to convince executive leaders that organizations are benefiting from their people or on the contrary, losing money and wasting resources, HR will need to provide palpable evidence. This evidence can be found in HR Metrics. The key to finding the right metrics for your organization needs is to identify the overall business needs as organizations may differ in terms of the metrics they use. Metrics used by the organization need to show data on how human capital strategy is effective and that organizations are acquiring, developing and deploying the proper talent. Organizations that have trouble deciding what metrics to use for their organizations can always enlist the help of a specialist or consultant to do a company-wide assessment on their organization.

Measuring Key Data with HR Metrics

As long as you have employees, you will have turnover, both voluntary and involuntary and any turnover experienced by the organization is money and resources being lost. Most companies have no idea the impact turnover has on the organization but when the cost of turnover is 15%, 25% or 35% of an organization's profits, it has a big impact on organizations as a whole. By having your organization use metrics, organizations will be surprised by how much their HR functions can save on hiring, staffing, and separation costs.

Below are some suggestions for organizations interested in tracking talent through metrics should consider the following:

Percentage of performance goals met or exceeded, showing if the organization is meeting the performance goal aligned with its mission
Percentage of employees' rate at the top performance appraisal level who are paid above average salary
Percentage of top performing employees who resign for compensation related reasons
Turnover percentages of low-performing managers
Percentage of employees in performance management programs that show improvement within a year
Percentage and rate of involuntary turnover in key positions

Having HR metrics is first part and a critical one and obtaining the data is another but being able make meaning and provide a compelling story as to what the data means in relation to the business strategy is just as crucial.

Software's and Outsourcing HR Metrics

For the most part, HR professionals in many companies probably don't need to purchase additional software to create valid metrics. The trick is knowing where to look and how to extract data. If using the correct HR information systems, most information systems should include reporting tools that can provide data on learning and performance management or financial systems. However, organizations have to ensure that the data they have uphold integrity and are quality data.

While HR systems is one way of obtaining metrics, many organizations because of lack of resources or time, or simply because they don't know where to begin can enlist the help of a retention specialist or purchase metric systems designed solely for HR Metrics.

The HRIS systems (Workday, Successfactors, Oracle HR, etc.) provide often strong reporting tools within the systems to reflect cost of people. While talent acquisition systems (like Taleo, etc.) Provide insight in recruitment costs. If the HR department wants to create data around organizational insight, engagement, culture and in general the opinions of the employees, software like FieldRate (business intelligence) or Beekeeper (more focused on communications) can be used, especially if there is a need to reach the employees who do not have a corporate email addresses.

References

Shrm hrmetrics analytics (Membership Required)
Shrm publications (Membership Required)Case study of Hrmetrics

Human resource management
Metrics

HR Metric


John Warren (before 1755 – May 1813) was a soldier, official and merchant in Upper Canada.

Warren served in the British army from 1755; in 1778, he was appointed commissary at Fort Erie. In 1788, he was named justice of the peace for the Nassau District and, in 1790, a road commissioner for the district. Warren was named to the district land board in 1791 and, in the following year, to the land board for Lincoln County. In 1797, he was named to the Heir and Devisee Commission, which dealt with transfers of land title that occurred due to inheritance, sale or exchange of title. Warren also served as lieutenant-colonel for the 3rd Lincoln Militia. He was customs collector at Fort Erie from 1801 until his death at Fort Erie in 1813.

His son John served in the Upper Canada assembly and also succeeded his father as customs collector.

References

1813 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
King's Regiment (Liverpool) soldiers

John Warren (British Army soldier)


This is a list of books and monographs by the American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan. Morgan produced 22 books on embryology, genetics and evolution. Books are in order by date. Three of Morgan's co-authors have their own articles: Calvin Bridges, Alfred Sturtevant and Hermann Joseph Muller.

The Development of the Frog's Egg: An Introduction to Experimental Embryology, New York: Macmillan, 1897. Full text online at . Translated into German by Bernhard Solger and published in 1904 as Die Entwicklung des Froscheies..
Regeneration Columbia University Biological Series, New York: Macmillan, 1901. Full text online at .
Evolution and Adaptation, New York: Macmillan, 1903. Full text online at .
Experimental Zoology, New York: Macmillan, 1907
Heredity and Sex, New York: Columbia University Press, 1913. Full text online at .
The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, with A.H. Sturtevant, H.J. Muller and C.B. Bridges, New York:Henry Holt, 1915. Revised and re-issued in 1922. Full text online at .
A Critique of the Theory of Evolution, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1916. Full text online at .
Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila, with C.B. Bridges, Washington DC: Carnegie Institution, 1916. Full text online at .
The Genetic and the Operative Evidence of Relating to Secondary Sexual Characteristics, Washington DC: Carnegie Institution, 1919
The Physical Basis of Heredity, Monographs on Experimental Biology, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1919. Full text online at .
Contributions to the Genetics of Drosophila Melanogaster, with A.H.Sturtevant and C.B.Bridges: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1919.
Some Possible Bearings of Genetics on Pathology, Lancaster PA: New Era Printing Co., 1922
The Third-Chromosome Group of Mutant Characters of Drosophila melanogaster, with C.B. Bridges, Washington DC: Carnegie Institution, 1923
Laboratory Directions for and Elementary Course in Genetics, with H.J. Muller, A.H. Sturtevant and C.B. Bridges, New York: Henry Holt, 1923
Human Inheritance, Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1924
Evolution and Genetics, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1925
The Theory of the Gene, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1926
Genetics and the Physiology of Development, Woods Hole: Marine Biological Laboratory, 1926
Experimental Embryology, New York: Columbia University Press, 1927
What is Darwinism?, New York: W.H. Norton, 1929
The Scientific Basis of Evolution, New York: W.H. Norton, 1932
Embryology and Genetics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1934

See also
List of publications in science

Bibliographies by writer
Biology books
Bibliographies of American writers
Science bibliographies

Thomas Hunt Morgan bibliography