The Pnyx (;  ; , Pnyka) is a hill in central Athens, the capital of Greece. Beginning as early as 507 BC (Fifth-century Athens), the Athenians gathered on the Pnyx to host their popular assemblies, thus making the hill one of the earliest and most important sites in the creation of democracy.

The Pnyx is located less than  west of the Acropolis and about 2 km south-west of the Syntagma Square in the centre of Athens.

Historical significance
The Pnyx was used for popular assemblies in Athens as early as 507 BC, when the reforms of Cleisthenes transferred political power to the citizenry. It was then outside the city proper, but close enough to be convenient. It looks down on the ancient Agora, which was the commercial and social centre of the city.

At this site all the great political struggles of Athens of the "Golden Age" were fought out. Pericles, Aristides and Alcibiades spoke here, within sight of the Parthenon, temple of Athena. Here Demosthenes delivered his vilifications of Philip II of Macedon.

The area

The Pnyx is a small, rocky hill surrounded by parkland, with a large flat platform of eroded stone set into its side, and by steps carved on its slope. It was the meeting place of one of the world's earliest known democratic legislatures, the Athenian ekklesia (assembly), and the flat stone platform was the bema, the "stepping stone" or speakers' platform. This was the oratorical platform from which noted politicians such as Pericles and orators "fulmined over Greece." Some scholars note that the environs and position of the Pnyx as well as its openness and objects of appeal, provided the ancient Greek speakers with the inspiration that not even the Roman Forum could rival. It is described as a result of previous reforms that included the utilization of demography and topography for the purpose of serving the interests of a rhetorical culture.

As such, the Pnyx is the material embodiment of the principle of isēgoría (Greek: ἰσηγορία), "equal speech", i.e. the equal right of every citizen to debate matters of policy. The other two principles of democracy were isonomía (Greek: ἰσονομία), equality under the law, and isopoliteía (Greek: ἰσοπολιτεία), equality of vote and equal opportunity to assume political office.  The right of isēgoría was expressed by the presiding officer of the Pnyx assembly, who formally opened each debate with the open invitation "Tís agoreúein boúletai?"  (Greek: "Τίς ἀγορεύειν βούλεται;", "Who wishes to speak to the Popular Assembly?").

The Pnyx was protected by a defense wall built in the fourth century BC and reconstructed  a century later. The new walls, made of almost solid masonry and ashlar blocks,  were two-meter thick. The stretch began on a northern end with a tower that stood south of the Melitides Gate of the Themistoclean Wall and ended at the western end of the summit where it joined the Diateichisma. The wall featured seven towers set with 40-meter interval while the connecting walls were strengthened by buttresses.

Early history and phases
The Pnyx was the official meeting place of the Athenian democratic assembly (). In the earliest days of Athenian democracy (after the reforms of Kleisthenes in 508 B.C.), the ekklesia met in the Agora. Sometime in the early 5th century, the meeting place was moved to a hill south and west of the Acropolis. This new meeting place came to be called "Pnyx" (from the Greek word meaning "tightly packed together".

In the early history of the Pnyx, three phases can be distinguished:

Pnyx I: Probably constructed in the early 5th century. The people apparently sat on the hillside facing a speaker's platform on the north. The seating capacity may have been anywhere from 6000 to 13,000 people. This phase is represented archaeologically only by a few cuttings in the bedrock and a boundary stone (not found in situ), so that it is impossible to determine the date and size with any precision.

Pnyx II: Probably late 5th century B.C. In this phase the orientation of the auditorium was apparently reversed (a reconstruction that is based more upon ancient literary sources than from the actual archaeological record). A stepped terrace wall was created on the north to support an artificial terrace, and the people sat facing a speaker's platform on the south. Some sources stated that this retaining wall was constructed around 500 BC for the purpose of holding the soil that was brought in to form the level space for the bema. Part of the stepped terrace wall is preserved, as well as a staircase with rock-cut steps leading up to it from the direction of the Agora. The size of the auditorium (as it is restored by the excavators) is not that much larger than Pnyx I.

Pnyx III: The Pnyx was rebuilt and expanded in the 3rd quarter of the 4th century B.C., probably around 345-335 B.C. A massive, curved, retaining wall was built (or at least begun) on the north. The southern side of the auditorium and speaker's platform (bema) were quarried out of the natural bedrock. (Traces of the quarrying process can still be seen at the eastern side of the great rock-cut scarp). On a terrace above (south of) the speaker's platform, the foundations were begun for 2 long stoas (but these seem never to have been finished). It is unknown for how many years Pnyx III was used as the meeting place of the ekklesia, and certainly by the 1st century B.C. the assembly held their meetings in the Theater of Dionysos on the South Slope of the Acropolis.

Finally, in the Roman period, part of the Pnyx was used as a sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos. Evidence for the sanctuary consist of c. 50 niches for votive plaques cut into the bedrock scarp east of the speaker's platform. Many of the votive plaques are carved with representations of human body parts (eyes, breasts, etc.), suggesting that this Zeus Hypsistos was a healing divinity.

Athenian democracy

Scholars such as Mogens Herman Hansen suggest the Pnyx was able to hold about 6,000 citizens, though later expansions may have accommodated 8,000 or as many as 13,000. French classical scholar Robert Flacelière states that the Pnyx had enough standing room for as many as 20,000 citizens, though this is disputed. The grassy area in front of the bema was in ancient times an area of bare rock, on which about 6,000 men could stand. This can be taken as a reasonable estimate of the number of politically active citizens (citizens were free males born in the city, or perhaps 20% of the adult population). There were wooden seats for the members of the Council of 500, who were selected by lot for terms of a single year to run the city on a day-to-day basis, and prepare the agenda for the Assembly. In later times two stoae, or covered galleries, were built to protect the dignitaries against the rain and sun.

In theory, all citizens were equal and all of the male citizens had the right to speak. In practice, relatively few citizens actually spoke or proposed actions. A citizen who made a proposal might be subjected to a future prosecution (graphe paranomon) if the proposal was illegal or came to be seen as detrimental to Athens. There was a rule that citizens aged over 50 had a right to be heard first.

Democratic government at Athens was suspended in 411 BC and again in 404 BC with the assumption of power by oligarchies during crises in the Peloponnesian War. The Spartans and their allies in Athens installed a dictatorship, called the Thirty Tyrants, but in 403 BC the democrats seized power again and the meetings at the Pnyx resumed. Athens lost its independence to Philip II of Macedon after the battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC; but they continued to run their internal affairs democratically until the coup by Demetrius of Phaleron in 322 BC. After his fall, the Athenians continued to run their internal affairs according to democratic forms for centuries.

Excavations

Excavations at the site were begun in 1910 by the Greek Archaeological Society and definitely confirmed the site as the Pnyx. Large-scale excavations were conducted at various times between 1930 and 1937 by Homer Thompson, in collaboration first with K. Kourouniotes and later with Robert Scranton.

These excavations discovered the foundations of the important buildings at the Pnyx, although nothing else remains of them. These included the two large stoas, erected between 330 and 326 BC, the Altar of Zeus Agoraios, erected at the same time, but removed during the reign of Augustus (first century BC), and the Sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos. Most of these buildings were erected after the Pnyx had lost its real significance.

West to the Altar of Zeus are the foundations of Meton's heliotropion, the oldest known astronomical observatory, where he performed several of his measurements that led to the calculations involving the eponymous 19-year Metonic cycle which he introduced in 432 BC into the lunisolar Attic calendar, a calendar that appears in the Antikythera Mechanism.

Today the site of the Pnyx is under the control of the Ephorate of Prehistorical and Classical Antiquities of the Greek Ministry of Culture. The surrounding parkland is fenced, but can be visited free of charge at any time.

References

External links

Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens
Athenian democracy
Hills of Athens
Landmarks in Athens

Pnyx


The coat of arms of Montenegro was adopted on 12 July 2004. It was first created by Milan Božović in 1944 and later adapted. It is a golden two-headed eagle wearing a crown. The eagle is holding a golden sceptre with a cross in one claw. It has a blue globus cruciger with a golden cross in its other claw. The eagle wears a shield with a golden lion on a blue background above a green ground.

Montenegro
National symbols of Montenegro

Coat of arms of Montenegro


The ureidopenicillins are a group of penicillins which are active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

There are three ureidopenicillins in clinical use:
 Azlocillin
 Piperacillin
 Mezlocillin

They are mostly ampicillin derivatives in which the amino acid side chain has been converted to a variety of cyclic ureas. It is speculated that the added side chain mimics a longer segment of the peptidoglycan chain, more than ampicillin, and thus would bind more easily to the penicillin-binding proteins. Ureidopenicillins are not resistant to beta-lactamases.

They are used parenterally, and are particularly indicated in infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.

References

Penicillins

Ureidopenicillin


Romántico is a 2005 documentary film directed by Mark Becker and starring Arturo Arias and Carmelo Muñiz Sanchez.

Recognition

Critical response

New York Newsday Romantico is visual poetry on the run… And, as any work of art does when it's successful,
improves our perceptions of the world.""

Slant Magazine offered in 2006 that Romántico might be the documentary of the year, in that its "sensitively detailed surveillance of one man's personal misfortune" illuminates a national crisis.  They favorably compared it with Carlos Reygadas' Battle in Heaven in that both films deal with the same social circle and maintain a "vigilant aesthetic".  In revisiting the film in 2010, they offered that the film was a "well-done character study" that could teach "a lot about how someone else thinks and experiences the world."

The New York Times wrote that Romántico was "a sympathetic portrait of Carmelo Muñiz Sánchez, an illegal Mexican immigrant living in San Francisco who, after scuffling for three years as a mariachi musician, returns home to care for his ailing mother."  They found the film to be representative of the stories of "countless illegal immigrants" who are a "struggling shadow population that is all but invisible in the United States."

Film Threat made note that the film was originally to be about the life of two immigrant musicians in San Francisco, but due to Carmelo Muñiz Sanchez deciding to return home to Mexico during the filming, the film "evolved into a richly observed slice of life tale about a man returning home".

Awards and nominations

 2005, nominated for 'Grand Jury Prize' for best documentary at Sundance Film Festival
 2006, nominated for Independent Spirit Award for best documentary at Independent Spirit Awards
 2006, nominated for 'Truer Than Fiction Award' at Independent Spirit Awards

References

External links

2005 films
2000s Spanish-language films
American musical documentary films
Films shot in Mexico
Mariachi
2006 documentary films
2006 films
Documentary films about Mexican Americans
2000s English-language films
2005 multilingual films
American multilingual films
2000s American films

Romántico (film)


An Indian passport is issued by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (India) to Indian citizens for the purpose of international travel. It enables the bearer to travel internationally and serves as proof of Indian citizenship as per the Passports Act (1967).

Physical appearance

Contemporary ordinary Indian passports have deep bluish cover with golden coloured printing. The Emblem of India is emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The words "भारत गणराज्य" in Devanagari and "Republic of India"  are inscribed below the Emblem whereas "पासपोर्ट" in Devanagari and "Passport" in English are inscribed above the emblem.

Law of India
Nationality
Rights

Indian passport


Takshaka (Sanskrit: तक्षक, IAST: Takṣaka) is a Nagaraja in Hinduism and Buddhism. He is mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. He is described to be a king of the Nagas and one of the sons of Kadru.

Takshaka also known in Chinese and Japanese mythology as being one of the "eight Great Dragon Kings" (八大龍王 Hachi-dai Ryuu-ou),  they are the only snakes which can fly and also mentioned as the most venomous snakes, amongst Nanda (Nagaraja), Upananda, Sagara (Shakara), Vasuki, Balavan, Anavatapta and Utpala.

Hinduism

The King of the Nagas
Takshaka is mentioned as a King of the Nagas at (1,3). Takshaka is mentioned as the friend of Indra, the king of gods, at (1-225,227,230). Takshaka, formerly dwelt in Kurukshetra and the forest of Khandava (modern-day Delhi) (1,3). Takshaka and Ashvasena were constant companions who lived in Kurukshetra on the banks of the Ikshumati (1,3). Srutasena, the younger brother of Takshaka, resided at the holy place called Mahadyumna with a view to obtaining the chiefship of the serpents (1,3). He was 4th king of Kamyaka.

Legend

According to the Shrimad Bhagavatam, Takshaka belonged to the Ikshvaku dynasty. He was a descendant of Rama. The name of Takshaka's son was Brihadbala, who was killed in battle by Abhimanyu, the son of Arjuna.

Takshaka lived in the Khandava forest (1,225). Nagas lived there with other tribes like the Pisachas, Rakshasas and Daityas and Danavas (clans of Asuras) (1,227). Arjuna burned that forest at the behest of Agni. At that time the Naga chief Takshaka was not there, having gone to Kurukshetra. But Ashvasena, the mighty son of Takshaka, was there. Arjuna slew Takshaka's wife, the mother of Ashvasena. But Ashvasena escaped (1-229,230) (4,2). To revenge upon the slaughter of his mother, Ashvasena attacked Arjuna during Kurukshetra War (8,90) (9,61), while he was battling with Karna. Ashvasena is mentioned here as born in the race of Airavata (8,90). The asura architect Mayasura who came there after Shiva warned him of the fall of Tripura is mentioned as escaping from the abode of Takshaka when Khandava Forest was burned (1,230) though some stories portray him as coming out to bow before Krishna and then guiding the Pandavas to a cave where an ancient treasure horde that also had the gandiva bow in it.

Revenge on Pandavas

After King Parikshit was cursed by a sage's son to die by a snake bite for insulting his father, Takshaka came to fulfil the curse. Takshaka did the deed by approaching in disguise (1,50) and biting Parikshit, the grandson of Arjuna and thus slaying him, while he was meditating on Lord Vishnu. He also prevented the possibility of getting any medical aid to the king, by bribing a priest in the Kasyapa clan, who was an expert in curing people from snake-poisoning (1,43).

Later King Janamejaya, the son of Parikshit, fought a war at Takshasila (1,3) and expelled the Nagas headed by Takshaka from there too.

Utanka soon became another victim while he was passing through the domain of Takshaka. By visiting Janamejaya, Utanka invoked the ire of that Kuru king, which was directed at its full force, towards Takshaka and the Naga race. Janamejaya started a campaign at Takshasila where he massacred the Nagas, with the intent of exterminating the Naga race (1,52). Takshaka left his territory and escaped to the Deva territory where he sought protection from Deva king Indra (1,53). But Janamejaya's men traced him and brought him as a prisoner in order to execute him along with the other Naga chiefs (1,56). At that time, a learned sage named Astika, a boy in age, came and interfered. His mother Manasa was a Naga and father was a Brahmin. Janamejaya had to listen to the words of the learned Astika and set Takshaka free. He also stopped the massacre of the Nagas and ended all the enmity with them (1,56). From then on, the Nagas and Kurus lived in peace. Janamejaya became a peace-loving king as well.

Other references
Takshaka, disguised as a beggar, stole the earrings of Paushya king's queen, which she had given as a gift to a Brahmin named Uttanka. Uttanka managed to get it back with the help of others. He wished to revenge on Takshaka and proceeded towards Hastinapura, the capital of Kuru king Janamejaya, the great-grandson of Arjuna. Uttanka then waited upon King Janamejaya who had some time before returned victorious from Takshashila. Uttanka reminded the king of his father Parikshit's death, at the hands of Takshaka (1,3).

In the chapters (14-53 to 58) Uttanka's history is repeated where the ear-rings were mentioned to be of queen Madayanti, the wife of king Saudasa (an Ikshwaku king) (14,57). A Naga in the race of Airavata is said to steal away the ear-rings (14,58).

A king named Riksha in the race of Puru (a branch of Lunar Dynasty) is mentioned as marrying the daughter of a Naga in the race of Takshaka (1,95).
Bhishma is compared in prowess to Naga Takshaka at (6,108).
Takshaka snake means gliding snake in Hindi and Sanskrit languages.

References

Characters in the Mahabharata
Nāgas

Takshaka


Salem Academy is a boarding and day school for high school girls in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It shares its campus with Salem College, located near historic Old Salem. It is the oldest private school in North Carolina, and the fourth-oldest boarding school in the United States.

History
Salem was founded in 1772 by early Moravian settlers who held the view that girls deserved an education comparable to that afforded boys. Among the town's early residents were 16 girls and women who traveled, mostly on foot, around 500 miles from Bethlehem, Province of Pennsylvania, to join the new community. One of them was 17-year-old Elisabeth Oesterlein, who founded and became the first teacher of what is now Salem Academy and College. There were very few girls' schools at the time, particularly in the South. Word quickly spread about the girls' school, and the school accepted boarding students in 1802. The school grew considerably throughout the 19th century, both in size and course offerings, with college-level courses being offered in the 1860s. As the college-level curriculum expanded, the school officially became known as Salem Academy and College in 1907.  Despite such travails as the American Civil War and a measles epidemic in the 1800s, the Academy has never closed its doors in the more than two centuries since those first classes were held.

Affiliation
Founded by the Moravian Church, Salem Academy is now an independent institution which retains some of the traditions of the church. Other Moravian traditions still practiced at the school include the senior vespers, held at the end of every fall term, which includes a Moravian Lovefeast.

Salem Academy is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools and is fully accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

Admissions
Salem accepts students from all over the United States and from around the world. All U.S. applicants are required to send middle-school transcripts and teacher recommendations, and must take the Secondary School Admission Test (SSAT). International applicants may submit TOEFL or TOEFL, Jr. scores as an alternate to the SSAT. Applicants are also required to undergo an interview before being admitted.

International students from countries such as Germany, South Korea, Trinidad, Albania, Dominica, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, and China make up nearly one-quarter of the student body each school year.

Academics
Salem Academy offers a college preparatory curriculum, and 100 percent of Salem Academy students continue their education in college. Students are accepted at many of the top colleges and universities in the United States and around the world.

The Class of 2017 had a 100 percent college acceptance rate and earned more than $3 million in scholarship offers. Recent graduates have enrolled at top colleges and universities, including Duke University; the University of Southern California; the University of California, Los Angeles; Pennsylvania State University; Washington University in St. Louis; UNC Chapel Hill; Williams College; NYU Tisch School of the Arts; and Salem College.

Requirements
Salem requires 20 academic credits required for graduation, including four in English, three in a world language, four in mathematics, three in history, and three in science, plus requirements in physical education, religion, and fine arts.

Jan Term
Jan Term is a three-week mini-term that gives students opportunities to pursue internships, enroll in special classes, and travel both in the United States and abroad.  The school schedules trips each year that are organized and led by faculty members from different departments.  For the first two years most students spend January Term on campus in focused classes or programs that allow each student to further explore her interests.  Juniors and Seniors pursue internships outside of Salem where they can gain first hand knowledge of topics and careers of interest.

Athletics

Teams
Salem Academy's students participate in many different sports alongside their academic activities.

During the fall season, the offered sports include: varsity and junior-varsity: field hockey, volleyball, tennis, and cross country.

In the winter season, varsity swimming, basketball, and fencing are offered.

And in the spring, varsity soccer, and varsity track and field are the offered sports.

The school mascot is the saber, and the school colors are purple and gold.

Athletic events

In February, the Athletic Council holds a bonfire where students gather around a large fire on the athletic fields to roast hotdogs, make smores, and drink hot chocolate.

Traditions

Opening Chapel
Each fall the school year officially begins at Opening Chapel.  The ceremony involves faculty and staff sharing personal messages and the Dean of Students reading letters from alumnae with well wishes and advice for current students.  Alumnae from classes as far back as 1930 attend and are recognized by the current students.

Smoosh Cake Banquet

Smoosh Cake Banquet is a tradition for Salem Academy. Seniors are each given a cupcake. Inside each cupcake are small gems that "foretell" that student's future.

Athletic Picnic
The school colors are purple and gold and the entire school is divided into two school spirit teams—the purple team and the gold team.  Each year the new students learn which team they will be on at the Athletic Picnic, held in the fall. The athletic picnic includes games and displays of school spirit on the front lawn.

Ring Banquet
Ring banquet is held in the fall. Freshman host an evening with a secret theme that only they know. This is when seniors run down an aisle to receive their class rings. The presidents of both the Freshman and Senior classes, along with a previously elected Freshman prepare speeches and speak to the crowd.

Senior Day
Senior Day is held the day after the Ring Banquet.  In the morning, the seniors are entertained by the faculty and staff at a special breakfast.  During the day the seniors, divided in groups, teach brief seminars to the younger students on the topic of their choice, ranging from origami to cupcake decorating to the philosophy of "The Office."  The morning is concluded by the seniors acting out skits and singing the senior song to the other students, faculty, and staff during an outdoor luncheon. Starting with the Class of 2008, if the seniors wish to mention a teacher in the skit, they must ask for the approval of the mentioned teacher, due to past incidents of faculty members feeling insulted by the content of the skits. Senior skits portray what their four years were like, highlight ongoing inside class jokes, and remember the most absurd events their class experienced together.

Senior Vespers
Senior Vespers is a cherished Christmas event that marks the close of the fall semester.  The seniors lead a Moravian Lovefeast, which is a candlelight choral service in which students sing Christmas carols and seniors serve coffee and buns in the Moravian tradition. Seniors wear white dresses and are not allowed to speak for the duration of the ceremony

Notable faculty/alumnae
Elizabeth Campbell (1902–2004)  founded WETA-TV
Marshall Chapman (born 1949)  singer-songwriter
Tillie Kidd Fowler (1942–2005)  member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida's 4th congressional district
Vivian Howard (born 1978)  chef and television personality
Sarah T. Hughes (1896–1985)  US District Court Judge, swore in President Lyndon B. Johnson following President John F. Kennedy's assassination, only woman to ever swear in a US President.
Lucy Bramlette Patterson (1865–1942)  committee woman, author, activist
Sarah Childress Polk (1803–1891)  First Lady of the United States; wife of President James K. Polk
Adrian Harrold Wood  educator, writer and author of the blog Tales of an Educated Debutante
Rolonda Watts  actress, producer, and television and radio talk show host

References

Educational institutions of the American (South) Province of the Moravian Church
Girls' schools in North Carolina
Boarding schools in North Carolina
Private high schools in North Carolina
High schools in Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Preparatory schools in North Carolina
1772 establishments in North Carolina
Educational institutions established in 1772

Salem Academy


Vincent Maximillian Tancred (7 July 1875 – 3 June 1904) was a cricketer who played in one Test in 1899.

Born into a cricketing family in Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, Tancred, along with his brothers Bernard and Louis, showed cricketing talent from a young age and began playing for the Pretoria based Union Club while pursuing a legal career.  Under the coaching of Albert Trott, Tancred developed into one of the best cricketers in the country, making his first-class debut on 7 March 1898 for Abe Bailey's Transvaal XI against Natal, scoring 57 and 4*. Tancred was second in the first-class batting averages for the 1897/98 season.

Tancred made his Test debut for South Africa at Johannesburg in the first Test of the 1898/99 series against England.  Opening the batting, Tancred scored 18 and seven and was dropped for the second Test.

Tancred worked as secretary of the Pretoria Club until the commencement of the Anglo-Boer War in 1899, after which he enlisted in the South African Light Horse, serving as a lieutenant during the relief of Ladysmith, and was mentioned in despatches.

Following the war, Tancred gained work as a customs clearing agent and was keen to return to the South African side but, while playing for Transvaal against the touring 1902 Australian side, scored one and 0 and was left out of the ensuing Test series. Tancred still harboured hopes of making the 1904 touring side to England but when he was only listed as a reserve, he supposedly lapsed into depression.

Following an evening playing billiards with friends at a club in Johannesburg, Tancred borrowed a revolver and returned to the hotel in Roodepoort where he was staying.  There, Tancred apparently shot himself in the head three times and was found unconscious by his brother Bernard, who had rushed to the hotel upon hearing of the revolver in Vincent's possession.  Tancred died four hours later.  A bachelor, he left no heirs.

Tancred's brother Louis, a member of the South African touring team to England, heard of Vincent's death and temporarily withdrew from the team before returning to the side to post some large scores in Vincent's memory.

References
 Hall, B. T. & Schulze, H. (2000) "The Cricketing Brothers Tancred, Part 2", The Cricket Statistician, No. 112.  Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians, Cardiff, pp. 7–14.

1875 births
1904 suicides
1904 deaths
South Africa Test cricketers
South African cricketers
Gauteng cricketers
South African Light Horse officers
Suicides by firearm in South Africa
Multiple gunshot suicides
Cape Colony people

Vincent Tancred


On 20 March 1969, a United Arab Airlines Ilyushin Il-18 crashed while attempting to land at Aswan Airport. 100 of the 105 passengers and crew on board were killed in the crash.

The crash
The flight was a non-scheduled international passenger service from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to Aswan, Egypt. The aircraft was carrying home Muslim worshippers who had won a pilgrimage through a lottery. It was dark in the early morning when the flight attempted to land and blowing sand had reduced visibility to 2–3 kilometers. After two unsuccessful attempts to land, the aircraft was making a third try when it banked to the right and hit the left side of the runway. The starboard wing tore off and a fuel spillage followed which caused the crashed aircraft to burst into flames.

Cause
The probable cause was determined to be that the "Pilot descended below the minimum safe altitude without having the runway lights clearly in sight. A contributory factor was fatigue arising from continuous working hours without suitable rest periods."

References

External links

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1969 in Egypt
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1969
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather
Aviation accidents and incidents in Egypt
Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-18
EgyptAir accidents and incidents
March 1969 events in Africa

1969 Aswan Ilyushin Il-18 crash


Print reading, in the manufacturing industry, is the most efficient way to convey information about systems and equipment from the drafting table that could not be conveyed by words alone. By using symbols and notes, a large amount of information that might require many pages of written description can be presented in a condensed form on one diagram.

Since there are many different types of print, using just one diagram with all the information available for that equipment on the same page would be cluttered and ultimately useless. For this reason, the different types of prints evolved. They make the information that the specific type of print is meant to convey clear and uncluttered.

References

Infographics
Technical drawing

Print reading


Nicole M. Fortin (born 1954) is a Professor in the Vancouver School of Economics (VSE) at University of British Columbia, where she obtained her Ph.D. in Economics. Before moving to Vancouver, B.C. in 1999, Fortin taught at Université de Montréal for ten years in her hometown. She was the President of the Canadian Women Economic Network (CWEN) in 2013–2014. Her research focus is placed on three main themes, including the linkage between labour market institutions and wage inequality, issues related to the economic progress of gender equality, as well as contributions to decomposition methods. Notably, Fortin contributed to the ground-breaking research presented in the 2015 World Happiness Report by examining how various factors (e.g. gender and age) impact feelings of happiness for individuals, and societal well-being overall, across the globe.

Education and work
Nicole Fortin earned a B.Sc. in mathematics in 1976, two M.Sc. in operations research and environmental sciences in 1978 and 1981 from the Université de Montréal and Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, respectively. Thereafter, she did a Ph.D. in economics at University of British Columbia. After her graduation in 1988, she became an assistant professor of economics at Université de Montréal but moved to Vancouver for the University of British Columbia's Vancouver School of Economics in 1999. There, she was promoted to full professor in 2004. In addition to her academic position, Fortin joined IZA Institute of Labor Economics as a research fellow in February 2011, and was a research fellow in the Social Interactions, Identity and Well-Being (SIIWB) program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research from 2007 to 2017. Furthermore, she has also involved herself in referee activity for various journals, such as American Economic Review, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Canadian Journal of Economics, Econometrica, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Journal of Econometrics, Journal of Human Resources, Labour Economics, Quarterly Journal of Economics and World Bank Review.

Scholarship and selected publications
Nicole Fortin's research focus revolves around three main themes:

 Wage inequality and its links to labour market institutions and public policies
 Economic progress of women and gender equality
 Contributions to decomposition method

Research on labour market institutions and wage inequality

"Top Income Inequality and the Gender Pay Gap: Canada, Sweden, and the United Kingdom" (2017)
To explore the consequences of the under-representation of women among top-earners for the overall gender pay gap, Nicole Fortin, Brian Bell and Michael Boehm employ administrative annual earnings data from three different countries, namely Canada, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. They apply the approach used when analysing the earnings inequality among top incomes, and reweighting techniques, to the exploration of the gender pay gap. They argue that substantial "swimming upstream" effects were the result of the recent rise in top incomes, therefore accounting for differential progress in the gender gap in wages across time and an expanding gap that could not be explained by traditional factors.

"Foreign Human Capital and the Earnings Gap between Immigrants and Canadian-born Workers" (2016)
Nicole Fortin, Thomas Lemieux and Javier Torres use new information regarding the location of the immigrant study available in the 2006 Canadian Census to estimate the returns to Canadian and foreign human capital. They find that controlling the source of human capital (Canadian vs. foreign) explains a large part of the wage gap between immigrants and natives. They also demonstrate that the commonly-used imputation procedures (e.g. Friedberg, 2000) that allocate national and foreign education according to age at arrival is more likely to overestimate the returns to foreign education and underestimate the returns to foreign work experience. They also argue that the wage gap between immigrants and natives is very heterogeneous across all places of birth, even after including the location fixed effects, although this inclusion significantly reduces the negative effects of the country of origin in countries such as China, Pakistan and India. The authors also observe a substantial heterogeneity in the mobility of human capital.

"Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: A Semiparametric Approach" (1996)
John DiNardo, Thomas Lemieux and Nicole Fortin employ the semiparametric regression approach to analyse the impacts of various institutional changes and labour market factors on wage distribution. The procedure provides a visually clear representation of where in the density of wages these various factors exert the greatest impact. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), they find similar results as in previous research. De-unionization and supply and demand shocks were key factors to account for the increasing wage inequality from 1979 to 1988. Moreover, they find that a decline in the real value of the minimum wage during the 1980s contributes to a massive proportion of a wider gender pay gap despite a nominal rise in the minimum wage, where the effect is found to be more significant among women.

Research on economic progress of women, gender equality and gender issues in education

"Computer Gaming and the Gender Math Gap: Cross-Country Evidence among Teenagers" (2018)
Fortin co-authored this research with Yann Algan. They employ the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) surveys to determine whether the gender gap in math test scores correlates with computer (digital devices) gaming. Using a decomposition based on a pooled hybrid specification, they find that 13% to 29% of the gender math gap exists due to gender differences in the incidence and returns to intense gaming. They argue that there is a potential role for gaming network effects as they compare and contrast the negative and positive girl-specific effects found for collaborative games and single-player games.

"Leaving Boys Behind: Gender Disparities in High Academic Achievement" (2015)
Fortin, Philip Oreopoulos, and Shelley Phipps employ three decades of data from the "Monitoring the Future" cross-sectional surveys to show that the mode of girls' high school GPA distribution has shifted from "B" to "A" from the 1980s to the 2000s. This essentially leave boys behind as the mode of boys' GPA distribution remains the same at "B". In a reweighted OB decomposition of achievement at each GPA level, they find that gender differences in tertiary education expectations, controlling for school ability, and as early as 8th grade are the most crucial factor to account for this trend. They find that the growing population of girls aiming for a postgraduate degree are adequate to explain the rise in the proportion of girls obtaining "A's" over time. The relatively greater share of boys receiving "C" and "C+" can be accounted for by a more frequent misbehaviour at school, as well as a greater portion of boys only aiming to finish a two-year college degree.

Research on decomposition methods

"Decomposing Wage Distributions using Recentered Influence Function Regressions" (2018)
Nicole Fortin co-authored with Sergio Firpo and Thomas Lemieux to explain an extension of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method that can be applied to various distributional measures. First of all, it requires the division of distributional changes into a wage structure effect and a composition effect using a reweighting method. Second of all, it requires the further division of the two components into the contribution of each explanatory variable using recentered influence function (RIF) regressions. They demonstrate the practical aspects of the procedure by exploring how factors, such as de-unionization, education, occupations, and industry changes, impacted the polarization of U.S. male wages from the late 1980s to the mid 2010s.

"Decomposition Methods" (2010)
This chapter, authored by Thomas Lemieux, Sergio Firpo and Nicole Fortin, provides an overview of decomposition methods that have been developed after the seminal work of Oaxaca and Blinder in the early 1970s. These methods could be applied to decompose the divergence in a distributional statistic between two groups, or its change over time, into various explanatory factors. While the original work of Oaxaca and Blinder considered the case of the mean, their main focus is placed on other distributional statistics aside the mean (e.g. quantiles, the Gini coefficient or the variance). They also discuss the assumptions required in order to identify the various decomposition elements, different estimation methods are also proposed in the chapter. The authors also demonstrate how these methods work practically by discussing existing applications and working through a set of empirical examples.

Research grants and awards

References

Canadian economists
Living people
Université de Montréal alumni
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
1954 births
University of British Columbia alumni

Nicole Fortin


Bedros Tourian (Armenian: in TAO Պետրոս Դուրեան, in RAO Պետրոս Դուրյան) (1851–1872) was a Western Armenian poet, playwright and actor.

Biography
Bedros Tourian (alternate spelling: Petros Duryan) was born to a poverty stricken family whose father was a blacksmith in Istanbul. A romantic poet with keen sensitivity, he amassed a beloved following of admirers during his life. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 21. He left, however, a legacy of drama and poetry. A patriot, his historical plays were inspired by a yearning for national liberation. His Armenian school teacher was Hagop Baronian, the satirist. Educated in French, Tourian was well read in Hugo, Lamartine, and de Musset and brought a lyrical and sentimental quality to his native language of Armenian poetry. Spontaneous, eloquent and richly endowed with imagery and metaphors, his poems reveal natural artistic brilliance, and paved the way with innovation from the old style of writing. Critics have credited Tourian with originating the modern lyric tradition in verse. His poetry has been translated into Russian, French, English, German and Italian.

He pursued an active theatrical life, despite his father's opposition, writing plays and performing on the stage. Given the poverty of his family, the financial advantage that acting afforded him may well have been a factor in defying his father's wishes. He quickly gained recognition and sustained popularity through his plays. Some of his theatrical works include Black Lands(1868), Artashes the Conqueror (1869), Fall of the House of the Arsacids (1870), Capture of Ani, the Capital of Armenia (1871), and Theatre or the Miserables (1871). Theatre or The Miserables takes on the issue of social injustice and moral decay. In the play two lovers commit suicide on stage. Had Tourian lived a longer life, he might have had opportunity to develop a more sophisticated theatrical repertoire. History remembers him more for his verse than his dramas, although the latter initially brought him fame during his lifetime.

Knowing that he would die young, he rode the roller coaster of emotion, complaining to the Almighty in one poem and beseeching forgiveness in another. Unrealized dreams and an anxiety to live to contribute to his nation caused him deep pain and sorrow, which are reflected in his writing.

The following poem, Little Lake, is an allusion to the fact that apparently Tourian who was in love with an actress, overheard her scornfully saying, "Oh him? He is trembling and so pale—he might even die one of those days!" (which, he did).

Sources
K. B. Bardarkjian, A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature 1500-1920,  Wayne State University Press, 1999
E. Jrbashian, "Petros Durian" (an article from Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia)
Hrand Nazariantz, Bedros Tourian, Poeta armeno: dalla sua vita e dalle sue pagine migliori, con un cenno sull'arte armena, in collaborazione con Franco Nitti Valentini, con una presentazione di Enrico Cardile, Bari, Laterza, 1915.
Bedros Tourian, I Miserabili: dramma in Cinque atti, versione italiana di Hrand Nazariantz; con prefazione di Alfredo Violante, Milano, Sonzogno, 1916.
J.R. Russell, Bosphorus Nights: The Complete Lyric Poems of Bedros Tourian: Translation, Introduction, and Commentary, Armenian Heritage Press, 2005

External links

Petros Duryan in Amazon.com
Petros Duryan at ArmenianHouse.org
'Collected Works' by Bedros Tourian

Video

1851 births
1872 deaths

Writers from Istanbul
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
Armenian male poets
19th-century male writers
19th-century Armenian actors
19th-century Armenian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in the Ottoman Empire
Male actors from Istanbul

Bedros Tourian


The Long River or Longjiang is a river in Fujian Province, China. It starts in Putian's Hanjiang District and crosses into neighboring Fuqing in Fuzhou, where it flows into the Taiwan Strait at Haikou.

The river is dammed upstream of Honglu. The dam forms the Dongzhang Reservoir, on the northern shore of which Dongzhang is located.

The Longjiang Bridge, one in the chain of famous Song bridges on the Fujian coastal road, spans the river near its mouth.

See also

List of rivers in China
Other Longjiangs

References

Rivers of Fujian
Fuzhou

Long River (Fujian)


In anthropology, an acephalous society (from the Greek ἀκέφαλος "headless") is a society which lacks political leaders or hierarchies. Such groups are also known as non-stratified societies. Typically these societies are small-scale, organized into bands or tribes that make decisions through consensus decision making rather than appointing permanent chiefs or kings.

When societies do not possess distinctions of rank, they are described as egalitarian.

In scientific literature covering native African societies and the effect of European colonialism on them the term is often used to describe groups of people living in a settlement with "no government in the sense of a group able to exercise effective control over both the people and their territory". In this respect the term is also often used as synonymous to "stateless society". Such societies are described as consensus-democratic in opposition to the majority-democratic systems of the West.

The Igbo Nation in West Africa are allegedly an acephalous or egalitarian society.

See also
Social stratification
Lineage-bonded society
Class stratification
Consensus decision-making
Anarchism

References

Cultural Anthropology Terms

Anthropological categories of peoples

Acephalous society


Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern, size), i.e. external morphology (or eidonomy), as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs, i.e. internal morphology (or anatomy). This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of gross structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts.

History
The etymology of the word "morphology" is from the Ancient Greek  (), meaning "form", and  (), meaning "word, study, research".

While the concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle (see Aristotle's biology), the field of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach (1800).

Among other important theorists of morphology are Lorenz Oken, Georges Cuvier, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Richard Owen, Karl Gegenbaur and Ernst Haeckel.

In 1830, Cuvier and E.G.Saint-Hilaire engaged in a famous debate, which is said to exemplify the two major deviations in biological thinking at the time – whether animal structure was due to function or evolution.

Divisions of morphology
 Comparative morphology is analysis of the patterns of the locus of structures within the body plan of an organism, and forms the basis of taxonomical categorization.
 Functional morphology is the study of the relationship between the structure and function of morphological features.
 Experimental morphology is the study of the effects of external factors upon the morphology of organisms under experimental conditions, such as the effect of genetic mutation.
 Anatomy is a "branch of morphology that deals with the structure of organisms".
 Molecular morphology is a rarely used term, usually referring to the superstructure of polymers such as fiber formation or to larger composite assemblies. The term is commonly not applied to the spatial structure of individual molecules.
 Gross morphology refers to the collective structures of an organism as a whole as a general description of the form and structure of an organism, taking into account all of its structures without specifying an individual structure.

Morphology and classification
Most taxa differ morphologically from other taxa. Typically, closely related taxa differ much less than more distantly related ones, but there are exceptions to this. Cryptic species are species which look very similar, or perhaps even outwardly identical, but are reproductively isolated. Conversely, sometimes unrelated taxa acquire a similar appearance as a result of convergent evolution or even mimicry. In addition, there can be morphological differences within a species, such as in Apoica flavissima where queens are significantly smaller than workers. A further problem with relying on morphological data is that what may appear, morphologically speaking, to be two distinct species, may in fact be shown by DNA analysis to be a single species. The significance of these differences can be examined through the use of allometric engineering in which one or both species are manipulated to phenocopy the other species.

A step relevant to the evaluation of morphology between traits/features within species, includes an assessment of the terms: homology and homoplasy. Homology between features indicate that those features have been derived from a common ancestor. Alternatively, homoplasy between features describes those that can resemble each other, but derive independently via parallel or convergent evolution.

3D cell morphology: classification
The invention and development of microscopy enable the observation of 3-D cell morphology with both high spatial and temporal resolution. The dynamic processes of this cell morphology which are controlled by a complex system play an important role in varied important biological process, such as immune and invasive responses.

See also

 Comparative anatomy
 Computational anatomy
 Insect morphology
 Morphometrics
 Neuromorphology
 Phenetics
 Phenotype
 Phenotypic plasticity
 Plant morphology

References

External links

Branches of biology
Comparative anatomy

Morphology (biology)


Katarina Konstantinović (Serbian Cyrillic; Катарина Константиновић; 1848–1910) was a Serbian noblewoman and a descendant of the Obrenović dynasty as the daughter of Princess Anka Obrenović. She was also the first cousin of King Milan I to whom she acted as his de facto first lady of the royal court after the Queen, Natalie Keshko, separated from him.

Katarina married twice. Prior to her first marriage, she was the mistress of her cousin, the Serbian ruler, Prince Mihailo Obrenović III, who was considering a divorce from his childless wife Julia Hunyady de Kéthely to make Katarina his consort. On 10 June 1868, while she, Prince Mihailo and Princess Anka were strolling through Kosutnjak park near the royal country residence, assassins shot and killed her lover and mother, and left her wounded. That same year (1868) she married General Milivoje Blaznavac, by whom she had two children. Following his death in 1873, she married her cousin Mihailo Bogičević.

Family
Katarina was born in 1848, the daughter of Alexander Konstantinović and the erudite society leader Princess Anka Obrenović, the niece of Miloš Obrenović I, Prince of Serbia and the founder of the Obrenović dynasty. She had one brother, Colonel Alexander Konstantinović (died 1914) and an illegitimate half-sister, Simeona (died 1915), born of her mother's relationship with her brother-in-law, Jovan Ghermani.

Prince Mihailo
Sometime after her father's death, Katarina and her mother were invited by the latter's first cousin, Prince Mihailo to live at the royal court. Since September 1860, he had assumed rule as Serbia's leader for the second time, having been deposed in 1842 after a three-year reign. He was unhappily married to a Hungarian countess, Julia Hunyady de Kéthely, who was unable to bear children. Prince Mihailo and Katarina became lovers. Katarina did not bother to conceal her contempt for Princess Julia, and openly flaunted her affair with the prince. Mihailo wished to divorce Julia and marry Katarina, especially as Julia had her own lover, Duke Karl von Arenberg (1831-1896), cousin of Empress Sissi. While the Serbs made no secret of their mistrust of Julia due to her Catholic religion and Hungarian background, when the news spread of Mihailo's desire to seek a divorce in order to replace her with his second cousin, Katarina, the ordinary people as well as politicians and the clergy were all equally outraged at the prospect. One of the staunchest opponents of the divorce was Serbia's distinguished Prime Minister, Ilija Garašanin, who was dismissed from his post in 1867 for airing his objections to Mihailo's proposed divorce from Julia and marriage to Katarina. His dismissal brought about an angry protest from Russia.

Katarina's hopes to become Princess consort never came to fruition. On 10 June 1868, while she, Prince Mihailo, and her mother were taking a stroll through Košutnjak park near Mihailo's country residence on the outskirts of Belgrade, they were all shot by assassins, allegedly in the pay of the Karađorđevićs, who were the Obrenović's dynastic rivals to the Serbian throne; though it was never proven. Prince Mihailo was killed outright, Katarina was merely wounded, but her mother, after having bravely fought with her armed assailants, was also shot dead.

Marriages and issue
That same year of 1868, Katarina, who was 20 years old at the time, married General Milivoje Blaznavac (16 May 1824- 5 April 1873), who served as Serbia's Minister of War and who was instrumental in securing the succession to the Serbian throne for Katarina's 14-year-old cousin Milan after commanding the Army to back the young Prince. The general, who acted as Milan's regent, was 24 years Katarina's senior and together they had a son, Vojislav (1869–1910) and a daughter, Milica, who died as a child.

Years later, when Prince Milan became King of Serbia, she acted as the first lady of the court due to his separation from his consort, Natalie.

General Blaznavac died in April 1873, and she married secondly her cousin, Mihailo Bogicević (1843–1899). They left Serbia and commenced a vagabond existence, living in various places throughout the Austro-Hungarian empire; however, they later returned to Belgrade, where he served as mayor from 4 April 1886 to 4 February 1887. She fell in love with a friend of her son, Vojislav, who was 18 years younger than her. She subsequently left her husband for her young lover, and she received financial support from her son as well as her wealthy half-sister, Simeona, who was married to an important Romanian politician, Alexander Lakhovari (1841–1897) and served as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth of Romania.

Katarina died in 1910 in Niš, southern Serbia, where her son, Vojislav was stationed as a soldier, and was buried in Belgrade. Vojislav died in the same year.

References

Sources

 Hawkesworth, Celia (2000) (Google). Voices in the shadows: women and verbal art in Serbia and Bosnia. Budapest: Central European University Press

1848 births
1910 deaths
19th-century Serbian nobility
20th-century Serbian nobility
19th-century Serbian royalty
20th-century Serbian royalty
Obrenović dynasty
Royal mistresses

Katarina Konstantinović


Ronnie "Woo Woo" Wickers (born October 31, 1941) is a longtime Chicago Cubs fan and local celebrity in the Chicago area. He is known to Wrigley Field visitors for his idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games, generally punctuated with an exclamatory "Woo!" (e.g.,  "Cubs, woo! Cubs, woo! Big-Z, woo! Zambrano, woo! Cubs, woo!") Longtime Cubs announcer Harry Caray dubbed Wickers "Leather Lungs" for his ability to shout for hours at a time.

Wickers grew up on the South Side of Chicago. Born premature and abused by his mother, he was raised by his grandmother, who brought him to his first Chicago Cubs games during the late 1940s.  Wickers explained in a 2004 Chicago Tribune interview that he started "wooing" in 1958 or 1959. "It just came to be. I had fun with it," he remarked. He has remained a fixture at Wrigley Field ever since, even singing "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during a May 24, 2001 game.  In 2005, filmmaker Paul Hoffman released a documentary film about Wickers, called WooLife. The film premiered at the Chicago Historical Society.

Wickers worked nights as a custodian at Northwestern University for much of his life. After the deaths of both his grandmother and girlfriend in the 1980s, a distraught Wickers found himself homeless and without a stable job. From 1984 to 1990, he attended Cubs games with donated tickets. Wickers was absent at Wrigley Field games for a brief period in 1987, which prompted some Cubs fans to worry that he had died. He eventually contacted news organizations to say that he was alive and well. Since 1990, most of Wickers' income has come from washing windows in the neighborhood around Wrigley Field. He also makes paid appearances at parties and has starred in local commercials. In 2000, Chicago entertainer Erich " Mancow" Mueller bought Woo Woo a set of dentures to improve his superfan appearance. Mancow spoke about this daily and had Woo Woo in the office and on the air at Q101 many times.

Wickers was treated and released from Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical center after being hit by a motorist after a Cubs game on April 18, 2005. He has since recovered.

A minor controversy occurred after April 19, 2017, when Wickers was ejected from a Cubs game for not having a ticket. Wickers said that he had an electronic ticket, on the phone of a friend. According to Cubs management, the friend became verbally abusive when asked to produce the e-ticket, and the two were escorted out of Wrigley Field. Subsequently, Wickers attended a number of Cubs games without further incident.

As of 2022, Ronnie is still attending Cubs games, taking pictures with fans and tourists alike. In 2023, Wickers continued supporting the Cubs at Wrigley Field.

See also
Andy the Clown
Robert Szasz
Robin Ficker
Wild Bill Hagy
El Sammo

References

External links

Footage of "Woo Woo"

Baseball spectators
Chicago Cubs
People from Chicago
1941 births
Living people
Northwestern University staff
Janitors

Ronnie Woo Woo


The Labor Day 1969 UFO Incident allegedly occurred on the night of September 1, 1969 in Berkshire County, Massachusetts when over 250 people allegedly reported witnessing a UFO, according to UFO Park enthusiasts. The incident has been deemed a "significantly historic and true event" by the Great Barrington Historical Society and Massachusetts historians, though other local historians and journalists have expressed doubts. Despite being depicted as the most-seen UFO in the history of Berkshire County, no tangible record of any report made at the time to police or media has ever been found.

Alleged off-world incidents

The people involved in this incident and especially those who claim to have been pulled into the UFO take offense to it being called an abduction. They have never used the word abduction to describe the encounters. This is different from other notable UFO sightings in the United States.

The most famous encounter from this incident was alleged to occur in Sheffield near Old Covered Bridge. Thomas Reed and his family were crossing the bridge when they saw a disc-shaped object hovering in the air. Reed described the craft as a "white orb" that was "bigger than a football field". They tried escaping the UFO by continuing to drive down Covered Bridge Lane, but the craft followed them. Reed says the car was engulfed in light as they were pulled into the UFO. When Reed took a polygraph test, he was found to be 99.1% truthful.

Another alleged off-world incident that happened occurred at Lake Mansfield in Great Barrington. Melanie Kirchdorfer and her family had gone to the lake, and when her father backed into the parking lot a very bright light engulfed their car. Everyone in the car began to panic. Her father decided to chase the light, despite Melanie begging him not to. She and her sister began to shake in fear. Her sister did not remember anything after that. However, she remembered levitating and then being on a ship. She then remembered being laid out while in it. Tom Warner remembered seeing Melanie to the right of him on the ship. He recalled seeing total fear on her face. However, she did not remember seeing him. She recalled being in a room with several other children. Suddenly, the other children began to disappear, one by one. After that, she woke up at the lake by herself. She then had to walk home. Meanwhile, Tom remembered at the same time being laid down on his back at the other end of his family's property.

UFO Monument Park

A park was founded in 2015 on the banks of the Housatonic River by the town of Sheffield where Thom Reed's off-world incident occurred to commemorate the incident. A 5,000 pound granite monument was placed in the park from 2015 until 2019, when it was replaced by a sign which reads "On behalf of the citizens of Commonwealth of Massachusetts, I am pleased to confer upon you this Governor's citation in recognition of the off-world incident on September 1, 1969, which engaged the Reed family, which has been established. Your dedicated service to this incident was factually upheld, founded, and deemed historically significant and true by means of Massachusetts historians. The records highlighting the historic event are now officially part of the Great Barrington, MA Historical Society's collection and your recent induction into Massachusetts history." The plaque was signed in error by then-Governor Charlie Baker after a persistent Reed asked the governor's staff to put Baker's signature on it, a Baker spokesman said.

In popular culture

The Netflix reboot of Unsolved Mysteries dedicated an entire episode to the incident.

The YouTube channel Yes Theory made a documentary about the UFO incident with interviews from people who saw the UFOs. The documentary has over 6.5 million views as of October 3rd, 2023.

References

UFO sightings in the United States
1969 in Massachusetts

September 1, 1969, Berkshire UFO incident


Zuo Quan (; 15 March 1905 – 2 June 1942), also named Zuo Shuren (), born in Liling, Hunan, was a general in the Chinese Red Army during the Chinese revolution and the war against Japan, and a senior staff officer of the Eighth Route Army.  He died in combat in 1942.

Zuo graduated in the first class of Whampoa Military Academy, joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1925, and helped to found a secret organization amongst Whampoa's pro-communist students, the Huoxingshe, and later another called Young Soldiers United (Qingnian Junren Lianhehui).  Zuo was appointed a company commander in the Nationalist Army after graduation.  After the CCP's split with the Kuomintang, Zuo travelled to Moscow where he studied at Sun Yatsen University and then the Soviet Military Academy, graduating in 1930. Zuo travelled back to China, arriving in Shanghai with Liu Bocheng, and was sent to the Soviet area in Jiangxi.  Zuo became an instructor and then commandant of the First Branch, Red Army Military Academy, and later assumed command of the New 12th Army.  After 1933 Zuo was appointed the First Army Group Chief of Staff, and participated in the Long March.  When the Anti Japanese War began in 1937, Zuo became the Deputy Chief of Staff, Eighth Route Army, and was a key organizer in 1938-39 of the highly successful rear area behind Japanese lines upon which the Eighth Route Army's reputation was built.  From August to December 1940, Zuo participated in the leadership of the Hundred Regiments Campaign.  In 1941, when the Social Affairs Department (Shehuibu) sent an intelligence detachment to the Eighth Route Army to support it, that group was at first sponsored by Zuo Quan who subordinated it to his own staff within a year and subsequently controlled its tasking, personnel, and operations.  While under Zuo the detachment successfully established intelligence stations behind enemy lines throughout the Taihang-Shandong area, and set up an agent network in Beiping.  In May–June 1942 Zuo engaged in battles to cover the retreat of the Eighth Route Army, and was fatally wounded by a Japanese artillery shell on 2 June 1942 while leading a breakout. After his death the CCP renamed Liao County in Shanxi Province Zuoquan County, in his honor.

References

Military personnel of the Republic of China killed in the Second Sino-Japanese War
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hunan
1905 births
1942 deaths
National Revolutionary Army generals from Hunan
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Politicians from Zhuzhou
Republic of China politicians from Hunan
Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
Moscow Sun Yat-sen University alumni

Zuo Quan


The Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis) is a Cnidarian invertebrate. It lives in the sea. It is sometimes called the blue bubble, or man-of-war. Its common name comes from a Portuguese war ship of the 15th and 16th century. The ship had triangular sails, similar in shape to the bladder of the man o' war.

The Portuguese Man o' War has a reputation for swarming in groups of thousands. It is also known for its powerful sting.

Structure
Physalia is not a single animal: it is a siphonophore. This is a colony of four kinds of zooids. Zooids are very small, highly modified individuals. These zooids are specialized polyps and medusoids. Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid does not have some structure and functions. It depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.

A similar group of animals are the chondrophores. They are specialized hydroids, which also float at the surface of the open ocean.

Predators
The loggerhead turtle feeds on the Portuguese man o' war. It is a common part of the turtle's diet. The skin of the turtle is too thick for the man o' war's sting to enter and launch its venom. The sea slug Glaucus atlanticus and the violet snail Janthina janthina also feed on the Portuguese man o' war. The blanket octopus Tremoctopus is immune to the venom of the Portuguese man o' war. The blanket octopus has been known to rip off the man o' war's tentacles and use them for defensive purposes.

Commensalism and symbiosis
The Portuguese man o' war is often found with many different kinds of marine fish. Some of them are shepherd fish, clown fish, and yellow jack. These species are rarely found anywhere else. The clown fish can swim among the tentacles without being stung. This is possibly due to its mucus that does not trigger the nematocysts. The shepherd fish seems to avoid the larger, stinging tentacles. It feeds on the smaller tentacles under the gas bladder. These fish benefit from the shelter of the stinging tentacles. It also helps the man o' war: the presence of these species may attract other fish to feed on.

References

Cnidarians

Portuguese man o' war


Parkstad Limburg (; Ripuarian and  ) is a conurbation of seven municipalities in the southern part of the province of Limburg in the Netherlands. Consisting of Heerlen, Kerkrade, Landgraaf, Brunssum, Simpelveld, Voerendaal and Beekdaelen, the municipalities work together to improve public services, transport and housing on a regional level. This collaboration started in 1999. Within Parkstad, the city of Heerlen functions as the centre of economic and social activity, and to a lesser extent the cities Kerkrade and Landgraaf function in the same regard as regional hubs.

Land use
The name Parkstad, Dutch for "Park City", is derived from the relative greenness of the towns, 94,17 km2 (53%) of its area used for non-urban purposes. However, only 10% of the area (roughly 17.8 km2) is forest and nature, 42% (roughly 74.96 km2) is used for agriculture. Previously, the area had been known as Oostelijke Mijnstreek or Eastern Mining District, as it was the primary coal mining area of the Netherlands.

IBA Parkstad 2020
In 2012 Parkstad became the site of the first Internationale Bauausstellung (IBA) in the Netherlands, running until 2020. The International Architecture Exhibition is a German concept in which new social, cultural and technological ideas are implemented within eight to ten years. Parkstad is one of the first regions in the Netherlands to face negative demographic growth. It is hoped that the IBA helps to find new strategies to deal with this phenomenon.

See also
Parkstad Limburg Stadion

References

External links

Regions of Limburg (Netherlands)
South Limburg (Netherlands)

Parkstad Limburg


St. John Arena is a  multi-purpose arena on the campus of Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The arena was named for Lynn St. John, who served as Ohio State's men's basketball coach and athletic director until 1947. It was designed by Howard Dwight Smith, architect of Ohio Stadium.  It opened in 1956 to serve as the home of multiple Buckeye athletic teams, primarily the men's basketball team. Prior to its construction, the men's basketball team played off-campus in the Fairgrounds Coliseum at the state fairgrounds. St. John Arena served as home of the men's and women's basketball teams until it was replaced by Value City Arena in 1998, while the remaining tenants moved to the Covelli Center in 2019. It is still occasionally used by the men's and women's basketball teams for games and is used before every OSU football home game for The Ohio State University Marching Band's Skull Session.

History
Located on north campus between Woody Hayes Drive and Lane Avenue, the 13,276-seat arena was built in 1956. During the time it was the home court of the Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball team, it saw the Buckeyes win the 1960 National Championship and five straight Big Ten titles from 1960 to 1964 under coach Fred Taylor. The men's and women's basketball teams moved to their current home, Value City Arena at the Jerome Schottenstein Center, in 1998. The arena housed the school's men's and women's volleyball teams, men's and women's gymnastics teams, and wrestling squad until 2018. It also hosted the annual Buckeye Classic women's basketball tournament.

Concerts by popular musical artists were held at the arena from 1971 to 1980.

In 2004, St. John Arena hosted its first men's basketball game in six years because of a scheduling conflict at the Schottenstein Center. St. John Arena was again used for men's basketball on March 24, 2008, when the Buckeyes hosted an NIT game against the California Golden Bears. The Buckeyes eventually took the 2008 NIT title.

The most popular event still held at the arena is the Skull Session, the pep rally before football games. Two hours prior to kickoff The Ohio State University Marching Band performs Buckeye favorites, and the players and coaches speak to the crowd. With roots back to 1932, the Skull Session sometimes features the visiting team's marching band or local high school bands as well. Many fans arrive hours early to obtain seating for this Ohio State tradition.

St. John Arena is used for Freshmen Convocation, at which the entire freshman class meets for the first time and university leaders initiate the freshmen.

Possible demolition
Plans to demolish St. John were announced in November 2012, with the arena being replaced by Covelli Center, however in 2016, the university's associate vice president for planning and real estate said that the arena is unlikely to be demolished in the foreseeable future.

References

External links

 St. John Arena at Ohiostatebuckeyes.com

Basketball venues in Columbus, Ohio
College gymnastics venues in the United States
College volleyball venues in the United States
College wrestling venues in the United States
Defunct college basketball venues in the United States
Handball venues in the United States
Indoor arenas in Columbus, Ohio
Ohio State Buckeyes basketball venues
Ohio State Buckeyes men's gymnastics venues
Ohio State Buckeyes women's gymnastics venues
Ohio State Buckeyes men's volleyball venues
Ohio State Buckeyes women's volleyball venues
Ohio State Buckeyes wrestling venues
Sports venues in Columbus, Ohio
Wrestling venues in Ohio
University District (Columbus, Ohio)

St. John Arena


Świętopełk Mieszkowic (b. ca. 980 – d. bef. 991?), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast.

He was the third son of Mieszko I of Poland but the second born from his second marriage with Oda, daughter of Dietrich of Haldensleben, Margrave of the North March.

Life
Nothing is known about his first years of life. Świętopełk is only named in the chronicles of Thietmar of Merseburg; he was omitted in the document "Dagome iudex" (ca. 991/92), which names his parents and full-brothers Mieszko and Lambert, a fact which indicates that he may have been dead by that time, in or before 991.

Another hypothesis stated that the absence of Świętopełk from the "Dagome iudex" was because he was already in Western Pomerania, which was granted to him as a fief and in consequence he was the ancestor of the earlier Dukes of Pomerania; however, this theory is now discarded by the majority of modern historians, who linked the first Pomeranian Dukes with the Piast Dynasty through a daughter of either Mieszko I or Baltic Žemužil  .

References
 Thietmari chronicon (edited by Marian Zygmunt Jedlicki), Poznań 1953, p. 224.
 Balzer O., Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895.
 Gieysztor A., Świętopełk, [in:] Słownik starożytności słowiańskich, 1975, vol. V, p. 585.
 Jasiński K., Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, Wrocław-Warsaw 1992.
 Labuda G., Czy książęta zachodniopomorscy wywodzili się z Piastów?, (in:) Studia i materiały do Dziejów Wielkopolski i Pomorza, 1958, vol. IV, No 1, pp. 33–47.
 G. Labuda, Mieszko I, Wrocław 2002, p. 154, 199.
 Rymar E., Dagome iudex jako organiczna część decyzji Mieszka I w sprawie podziału Polski na dzielnice. Reanimacja hipotezy o piastowskim rodowodzie dynastii pomorskiej, 1986, pp. 293–348.
 J. Widajewicz, Początki Polski, Wrocław 1948.
 Z. Wojciechowski, Polska nad Wisłą i Odrą w X wieku, Katowice 1939, p. 111.

980s births
Piast dynasty
10th-century deaths

Świętopełk Mieszkowic


Woman of the Red Sea or Africa Under the Seas (Italian: Africa sotto i mari) is a 1953 Italian comedy film directed by Giovanni Roccardi and starring Sophia Loren, Steve Barclay and Umberto Melnati.

For the release of the film Loren, who had up to this point acted as Sofia Lazzaro, adopted her new screen name by which she became famous. This was partly in imitation of the then better-known Swedish actress Märta Torén. Loren learned to swim for the role, and spent much of her screen time in a bathing suit. This led one critic to worry that she was being turned into an Italian Esther Williams.

The film's sets were designed by Ottavio Scotti.

Synopsis
The troublesome daughter of an American millionaire accompanies him aboard his yacht on a deep sea diving expedition in the Red Sea and falls in love with the captain.

Cast
 Sophia Loren as Barbara Lama
 Steve Barclay as Paolo
 Umberto Melnati as Sebastiano Lama
 Alessandro Fersen as Prof. Krauss
 Antonio Cifariello as Pierluigi
 Antonio Bardi as Franco
 Masino Manunza as Masino
 Osman Omar as Ali
 Ibrahim Ahmed as Hussein
 Ahmed Ben Yusuf as Kassin

References

Bibliography
 Marinella Carotenuto. Sophia Loren. The quintessence of being an italian woman.. Mediane, 2009.
 Lucy Fischer & Marcia Landy. Stars: The Film Reader. Psychology Press, 2004.
 Kerry Segrave & Linda Martin. The continental actress: European film stars of the postwar era--biographies, criticism, filmographies, bibliographies. McFarland, 1990.

External links

1953 films
1953 comedy films
Italian comedy films
1950s Italian-language films
Seafaring films
Films featuring underwater diving
Films scored by Angelo Francesco Lavagnino
1950s Italian films

Woman of the Red Sea


Queqiao relay satellite (), also known as the Chang'e 4 Relay, is a communications relay and radio astronomy satellite for the Chang'e 4 lunar farside mission. As part of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, the China National Space Administration (CNSA) launched the Queqiao relay satellite on 20 May 2018 to a halo orbit around the Earth–Moon L2 Lagrangian point Queqiao is the first ever communication relay and radio astronomy satellite at this location.

The name Queqiao ("Magpie Bridge") was inspired by and came from the Chinese tale The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl.

Design and development

Queqiao was designed to function as a communication relay for the Chang'e 4 mission to the far side of the Moon, as well as a deep space radio astronomy observatory for the Chinese space program.

Direct communication with Earth is impossible on the far side of the Moon, since transmissions are blocked by the Moon. Communications must go through a communications relay satellite, which is placed at a location that has a clear view of both the landing site and the Earth. A circular orbit, while easy to achieve, would periodically carry the satellite out of sight of either the lander or the Earth. A constellation of multiple satellites can solve this problem at the cost of greater  expense and risk. With this in mind, placing a satellite in orbit not around the Moon itself, but around an equilibrium point of the Earth-Moon system on the far side of the Moon () becomes an attractive option.

The types of orbits near the equilibrium points, include Lyapunov orbits, halo orbits, Lissajous orbits, and quasi-halo orbits. Lyapunov orbits pass behind the Moon, restricting communication opportunities with Earth for long periods of time, and as such were not considered. Lissajous orbits require less stationkeeping than halo orbits, but suffer from occasionally passing behind the Moon as well. Their non-periodicity–a trait shared with quasi-halo orbits–further complicates maintaining the pointing of antennas and solar arrays. Thus a halo orbit was chosen, at the cost of greater stationkeeping expense.

An  halo orbit as a communications relay for an Apollo mission to the far side of the Moon was first suggested in 1966 by Robert W. Farquhar. In the end, no relay satellite was launched for Apollo. Although a number of spacecraft have operated in halo orbits in the Earth-Sun system since then, China was the first to realize Farquhar's original idea of a communications relay satellite in a halo orbit around the Earth-Moon  point.

The satellite is based on the Chang'e 2 design. It utilizes the CAST100 small satellite bus with an aluminum honeycomb sandwich plate structure, and several 3D-printed parts.

Communication with the lunar surface is accomplished in the X band, using a high-gain  deployable parabolic antenna, the largest antenna used for a deep space exploration satellite. The lunar link uses PCM/PSK/PM modulation in the forward link and BPSK in the backward link. The forward link data rate of the lander and the rover is 125 bit/s. The return link data rate is up to 555 kbit/s for the lander and up to 285 kbit/s for the rover. Data transmission to the Earth operates in the S band in BPSK modulation mode, using a single mid-gain helix antenna at a data rate of up to 10 Mbit/s.

Mission

On 20 May 2018, several months before the Chang'e 4 mission, the Queqiao was launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center in China, on a Long March 4C rocket. The spacecraft took 24 days to reach L2, using a gravity assist at the Moon to save propellant. On 14 June 2018, Queqiao finished its final adjustment burn and entered the mission orbit, about  from the Moon. This is the first lunar relay satellite ever placed in this location.

In addition to its communication relay equipment, Queqiao carries the Netherlands-China Low Frequency Explorer (NCLE), a radio-astronomy experiment to detect faint radio signals from the early universe. The instrument is intended to perform a wide range of observations in the low-frequency radio regime, such as studying space weather and characterizing the radio background environment at L2. The far side of the Moon is an ideal environment for radio astronomy, because the Moon can shield instruments from man-made radio frequency interference coming from the Earth. While Queqiao's primary mission will keep the instrument constantly in line of sight of the Earth, and expose it to radio interference from the primary communication relay hardware, the accumulated experience and data from NLCE will serve as a pathfinder for future deep space radio astronomy instruments. NLCE successfully deployed its antennas on 27 November 2019.

Queqiao is additionally fitted with a laser reflector developed by Sun Yat-sen University as a pilot study for the TianQin gravitational-wave observatory project.

A pair of scientific microsatellites, Longjiang-1 and Longjiang-2, has been launched with the Queqiao as a secondary payload. The microsatellites weigh 45 kg each and measure 50x50x40 centimeters. Developed at the Harbin Institute of Technology, the microsatellites were to fly in formation in a 300x3000 km orbit to perform ultra-long-wavelength astronomical interferometry. Contact was lost with Longjiang-1 shortly after trans-lunar injection, but Longjiang-2 successfully entered a 350x13700 km altitude lunar orbit on 25 May. Longjiang-2 was equipped with a micro-optical camera provided by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, returning color images of the Earth and the lunar surface. On 24 January 2019, Longjiang-2 performed an end-of-mission maneuver, lowering its periapsis to 500 km. The orbit gradually decayed due to gravitational perturbations with the microsatellite impacting the far side of the lunar surface at 14:20 UTC, 31 July 2019.

International collaboration
China and Radboud University of Netherland collaborated on the Netherlands-China Low Frequency Explorer (NCLE), a radio-astronomy experiment. China has also agreed to a request from NASA to use the Chang'e 4 probe and Queqiao relay satellite in future U.S. Moon missions.

Further development
Queqiao-2 is expected to be launched in 2024, supporting China's Chang'e 6, 7 and 8 lunar missions. The upgraded Queqiao-2 relay would use a elliptical frozen orbit of 300 km × 8600 km with an inclination of 54.8°, instead of the  halo orbit. Queqiao-2 will also carry two smaller communication satellites, Tiandu-1 and Tiandu-2, to verify the technicality of the lunar communication and navigation constellation based on the Queqiao technology.

References

2018 in China
Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
Chinese space probes
Space probes launched in 2018
Spacecraft launched by Long March rockets
Spacecraft using halo orbits
Satellites orbiting Earth

Queqiao relay satellite


Bohae (in Hangul: 보해양조주식회사, BOHAE BREWERY CO., LTD.) is a South Korean brewing company based in Mokpo, South Jeolla Province, representing breweries company within Honam region. Among other beverages, Bonae produces soju (a drink extracted from maple) and lemon cap, a wine made from Rubus coreanus.

In the 1950s, Lim Gwang Haeng (in Hangul: 임광행) established the company, whose background started from Japanese businessman, gaining the permission from national government. To start the enterprise, farmlands of Prunus mume were enormously planted in Haenam county. The company got awarded the exports of 5 million dollars by sending its wine made from Rubus coreanus for United States, Japan and Australia.

In 2004, firstly as a South Korean brewing company, it gained entry for American wine market with a nickname of rugby ball-shaped bottle. The wine brand (in Hangul: 보해복분자주, Bohae wine distilled from Korean black raspberries) also grabbed the title of silver and bronze in world wine competition. In 2005, Bohae wine became official wine of APEC summit initiated in Busan.

References

External links
 Website of Bohae

Food and drink companies established in 1950
Drink companies of South Korea
South Korean brands
Mokpo
South Korean companies established in 1959

Bohae


Micromyzon akamai is a species of catfish (order Siluriformes) in the family Aspredinidae.

Taxonomy
This genus and species were first described in 1996. This species is sister to a clade formed by Dupouyichthys and Ernstichthys.

Distribution and habitat
M. akamai appears to have a patchy distribution. It has been found in the Amazon River basin as well as the lower Tocantins River.

M. akamai inhabits channels of the white-water rivers on sandy substrates at a depth of about 5–20 metres (16–66 ft). They have never been found in marginal habitats such as beaches or in small streams.

Description
This species is a miniature species, with its maximum observed length being less than 16 millimetres (.63 in) SL. With females reaching sexual maturity between 11–16 mm (.43–.63 in), they are the smallest sexually mature aspredinids known.

This hoplomyzontine aspredinid is distinguished by the lack of eyes, extremely reduced and toothless premaxillae, the lateral line ossicles hypertrophied to form an armor of overlapping crescentic plates with dorsal and ventral limbs tilted anteriorly, the absence of longitudinal rows of large unculiferous tubercles along the lateral line and posterior portion of the body, and banding pigmentation pattern typical of other hoplomyzontines reduced.

This fish has a depressed (flattened) head with three knobs dorsally down the midline. The body is armoured with three rows of bony plates: the dorsal and ventral series have concave surfaces and are bordered by lateral ridges, while the lateral series have a convex surface with lateral ridge. The lower jaw is much shorter than the upper jaw. The gill openings are small, reduced to slits on the underside of the body anterior to the pectoral fin spines. The dorsal fin, which lacks a spine, is adnate with the body. The anal fin is not adnate with the body. The adipose fin is absent.

References

External links

Aspredinidae
Fish of South America
Fish of the Amazon basin
Fish described in 1996

Micromyzon akamai


Cheryl Bogart (born November 27, 1977) is an American music industry veteran and spinal cord injury awareness advocate.

Personal life
Bogart was born in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois and is of Russian, Polish and Italian descent. She spent her early life in Beverly Hills, CA and graduated from Good Shepherd Catholic School, followed by Beverly Hills High School.  Her higher learning continued at Wilbur Wright College and Santa Monica City College.  In her 20s she became business partners and married music executive and songwriter Evan Bogart. In October 2005, Bogart sustained an incomplete spinal cord injury as a result of a fall. She became a passionate advocate for spinal cord injuries, supporting research and cures for regenerative medicine and nanotechnology, while still maintaining her place in the music industry.

Family
Bogart's brother, Phillip Scheid VI, was injured in a 1999 shooting by his childhood best friend, Scott Sterling, son of real estate mogul and former Los Angeles Clippers basketball team owner Donald Sterling. Reportedly the incident occurred after an argument between the two regarding actress Lindsey McKeon.

Career

Bogart's career in the entertainment world began in her late teens, when she started scouting models, musicians and actors for No Limit Records. She was mentored by Elliot Roberts at Lookout Management, then went on to work for numerous record and management companies in Los Angeles and New York.

In 2002, Bogart helped then-business partner and husband, Evan Bogart, form Casbah Artists Management in tribute to Evan's deceased father and Casablanca Records founder, Neil Bogart. During that time, Cheryl inspired Evan and his producer J.R. Rotem to develop the all-girl trio, Raw Candy. The song SOS (Rescue Me), originally written for Raw Candy, eventually became a worldwide hit, popularized by the singer Rihanna.

Bogart went on to form her own management company, Spider Artists Management where she managed Casey Johnson, and, among others, Richard Grieco's band, Wasteland Park. In 2009, she signed The Green Children, a duo from the United Kingdom and Norway, to a two-album deal under her management company. During that same year, she took on the role as senior executive for Knightingale Entertainment, which is owned by The Green Children. Bogart secured a worldwide distribution deal for the group through Spinside Records, a subsidiary of Inside Recordings, which is owned by the legendary Jackson Browne. Bogart and The Green Children parted ways in 2011, and now she is focusing on creative production in television.

In addition to her work with Spider Artists Management, Bogart began writing a book in 2010 about the dark underbelly of Beverly Hills, including details of her association with real estate mogul and former L.A. Clippers basketball team owner Donald Sterling.

References

External links
 New Mobility Magazine
 Beluga Heights

1977 births
Living people
American music industry executives
American music managers
A&R people
People from Oak Park, Illinois
People with paraplegia

Cheryl Bogart