Jean-Luc Fillon is a French oboist, English hornist, double bassist, electric bassist, orchestra conductor and composer. He began in 1987 as oboe soloist in the European Symphonic Orchestra, and since 2001, Fillon has made numerous musical compositions that use the oboe and English horn in jazz and improvisation.

Biography
Fillon studied classical music and oboe at national academies of Aubervilliers and Versailles and then at l'Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris. During this period he was the laureate of the San Sebastian chamber music international competition and studied improvisation and composition at the Centre d'informations musicales (Jazz and Contemporary music in Paris).

From 1987 to 1991, he was oboe soloist in the European Symphonic Orchestra. After 1991, he conducted the Jazzogène Orchestra with which he recorded several CDs and played as a soloist with Antoine Hervé, Lauren Newton, Claudio Pontiggia and Franck Tortillier. It was his first main jazz experience. He went on tour in many festivals and parisian jazz clubs with this orchestra. In 1996, he created the Coyoakan trio (trio world jazz)  and the Alborada sextuor (world music). In 1998 during a tour, Bob Mintzer was charmed by Fillon's oboe tone and encouraged Fillon to develop a systematic work on the oboe and English horn improvisation. In fact, before 1998 Fillon used these instruments mainly in classical and contemporary music. In 2000, Bob Mintzer composed for him a piece called French Suite. During this period, he also met Nguyên Lê, Pierre Blanchard, Lauren Newton, Claudio Pontiggia, Yves Torchinsky, Pierre-Marie Bonafos.

Since 2001, Fillon's began writing numerous compositions in order to introduce the oboe and English horn's originality in improvisation (selected at the European audition of the Paolo Damiani National Jazz Orchestra, recording of several radio broadcast on France Musiques, creation of Ad Lib Production). In September 2001 he was nominated Jazz teacher at the national academy of Cergy-Pontoise. In early 2002, he recorded his own oboe and English horn composition with Denis Leloup, Pierre Blanchard and Joël Grare. He also recorded with Pierre-Stéphane Michel in the pSM trio, with Joël Grare on drums. From September 2002, Fillon played in Paris with João Paulo and Denis Leloup. In 2003, the releasing of Oboa on CD was a success. He was invited by Glenn Ferris to join the "Newance quartet" with Jeff Boudreaux and Michel Bénita.

In 2004, he created the "De L'air quartet" with Carole Hémard, Yves Torchinsky et Xavier Dessandre, and recorded "Flea Market". He went on tour in Portugal with João Paulo. In 2005, after a tour in Germany, Fillon went to the United States. He played with two jazz bassoonists: Paul Hanson and Michael Rabinowitz. In October, he was invited by Xavier Prévost to play on Radio France. In early 2006, he created Privé de Désert in the frame of the Les Mureaux jazz festival "Ca Va Jazzer". He recorded a new album (Echoes Of Ellington) on Ellington tunes in order to pay tribute to this great musician and give a new perspective on his works.

In 2007, he went on tour in United States with Michael Rabinowitz and the Devil Reeds with a concert in New York. At the same period, he began a residence during two years and a half at L'Onde, the cultural place in Vélizy, France. He created the Oborigins project with Michel Godard, João Paulo and Jarrod Cagwin. Finally he went on tour in Germany and recorded at the Deutschland Radio in Cologne with the Oboa trio. In 2008, he created the On The Reed...Again ! quintet with Michael Rabinowitz. In November, he came out the Oborigins album, elected album of the week on FIP (Radio-Jazz). He also created Hautbois Nomade with the National French Orchestra in closure of the Vélizy's residence. In 2009, Fillon came out the On the Reed... Again ! with a concert in New Morning (Paris). He was invited by Antoine Hervé to play on France Musique. He was also invited by Claude Barthélemy in his new project called Lieder.

Discography
 Jazzogène - L'instant d'après - 1991
 Jazzogène - Rhapsody In Blue - 1993
 Patrice Caratini - Hard Scores - 1996
 Jazzogène - Manhattan Rhapsody - 1998
 Coyoakan - Changes - 1999
 Jean-Luc Fillon trio Oboa - 2003
 Jean-Luc Fillon trio Oboa - Flea Market - 2004
 Jean-Luc Fillon 5tet - Echoes Of Ellington - 2006
 Jean-Luc Fillon - Oborigins - 2008
 Jean-Luc Fillon - On The Reed...Again! - 2009

References

External links
Site pro
Photos
Création 2007

French male conductors (music)
French oboists
Male oboists
Cor anglais players
French jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
French jazz composers
Male jazz composers
Jazz oboists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
French jazz bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni
21st-century French conductors (music)
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century French male musicians
French male guitarists

Jean-Luc Fillon


Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art is a textbook on mathematics and art. It was written by mathematicians Marc Frantz and Annalisa Crannell, and published in 2011 by the Princeton University Press (). The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended it for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.

Topics
The first seven chapters of the book concern perspectivity, while its final two concern fractals and their geometry. Topics covered within the chapters on perspectivity include coordinate systems for the plane and for Euclidean space, similarity, angles, and orthocenters, one-point and multi-point perspective, and anamorphic art. In the fractal chapters, the topics include self-similarity, exponentiation, and logarithms, and fractal dimension. Beyond this mathematical material, the book also describes methods for artists to depict scenes in perspective, and for viewers of art to understand the perspectives in the artworks they see, for instance by finding the optimal point from which to view an artwork. The chapters are ordered by difficulty, and begin with experiments that the students can perform on their own to motivate the material in each chapter.

The book is heavily illustrated by artworks and photography (such as the landscapes of Ansel Adams) and includes a series of essays or interviews by contemporary artists on the mathematical content of their artworks.
An appendix contains suggestions aimed at teachers of this material.

Audience and reception
Viewpoints is intended as a textbook for mathematics classes aimed at undergraduate liberal arts students, as a way to show these students how geometry can be used in their everyday life. However, it could even be used for high school art students,
and reviewer Paul Kelley writes that "it will be of value to anyone interested in an elementary introduction to the mathematics and practice of perspective drawing". It differs from many other liberal arts mathematics textbooks in its relatively narrow focus on geometry and perspective, and its avoidance of more well-covered ground in mathematics and the arts such as symmetry and the geometry of polyhedra.

Although reviewer Blake Mellor complains that the connection between the material on perspective and on fractal geometry "feels forced", he concludes that "this is an excellent text". Reviewer Paul Kelley writes that the book's "step-by-step progression" through its topics makes it "readable [and] easy-to-follow", and that "Students can learn a great deal from this book." Reviewer Alexander Bogomolny calls it "an elegant fusion of mathematical ideas and practical aspects of fine art".

References

Mathematics and art
Mathematics textbooks
2011 non-fiction books
Princeton University Press books


Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI or ADHD-I), is one of the three presentations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In 1987–1994, there were no subtypes and thus it was not distinguished from hyperactive ADHD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III-R).

The 'predominantly inattentive subtype' is similar to the other presentations of ADHD except that it is characterized primarily by problems with inattention or a deficit of sustained attention, such as procrastination, hesitation, and forgetfulness. It differs in having fewer or no typical symptoms of hyperactivity or impulsiveness. Lethargy and fatigue are sometimes reported, but ADHD-PI is a separate condition from the proposed cluster of symptoms known as sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT).

Classification
ADHD-PI is an attention-concentration deficit that has everything in common with other forms of ADHD except that it has fewer hyperactivity or impulsivity symptoms and has more directed attention fatigue symptoms.

Signs and symptoms

DSM-5 criteria
The DSM-5 allows for diagnosis of the predominantly inattentive presentations of ADHD (ICD-10 code F90.0) if the individual presents six or more (five for adults) of the following symptoms of inattention for at least six months to a point that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:
 Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
 Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities.
 Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
 Often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions).
 Often has trouble organizing activities.
 Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn't want to do things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period (such as schoolwork or homework).
 Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (e.g. toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools).
 Is often easily distracted.
 Is often forgetful in daily activities.

An ADHD diagnosis is contingent upon the symptoms of impairment presenting themselves in two or more settings (e.g., at school or work and at home). There must also be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. Lastly, the symptoms must not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, personality disorder).

Treatment

Although ADHD has most often been treated with medication, medications do not cure ADHD. They are used solely to treat the symptoms associated with this disorder and the symptoms will come back once the medication stops.

Medication

Stimulants are typically formulated in fast and slow-acting as well as short and long-acting formulations. The fast-acting amphetamine mixed salts (Adderall) and its derivatives, with short and long-acting formulations bind to the trace amine associated receptor and triggers the release of dopamine into the synaptic cleft. They may have a better cardiovascular disease profile than methylphenidate and potentially better tolerated.

The fast-acting methylphenidate (well known under the trade name Ritalin) is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. In the short term, methylphenidate is well tolerated. However, long-term studies have not been conducted in adults, and concerns about long-term effects like increases in blood pressure have not been established.

The slow and long-acting nonstimulant atomoxetine (Strattera), is primarily a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and, to a lesser extent, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It may be more effective for those with predominantly inattentive concentration. It is sometimes prescribed in adults who do not get enough vigilant concentration response from mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) or get too many side effects. It is also approved for ADHD by the US Food and Drug Administration.

The use of cholinergic adjunctive medications is uncommon and their clinical effects are poorly researched; consequently, cholinergics such as galantamine or varenicline would be off label use for ADHD. New nicotinic cholinergic medications in development for ADHD are pozanicline, ABT-418, and ABT-894.

Prognosis

Self-esteem
In some cases, children who enjoy learning may develop a sense of fear when faced with structured or planned work, especially long or group-based assignments that require extended focus, even if they thoroughly understand the topic. Children with ADHD-PI may be at greater risk of academic failures and early withdrawal from school.  Teachers and parents may make incorrect assumptions about the behaviors and attitudes of a child with ADHD-PI, and may provide them with frequent and erroneous negative feedback (e.g. "careless", "you're irresponsible", "you're immature", "you're lazy", "you don't care/show any effort", "you just aren't trying", etc.).

The inattentive children may realize on some level that they are somehow different internally from their peers. However, they are also likely to accept and internalize the continuous negative feedback, creating a negative self-image that becomes self-reinforcing.  If these children progress into adulthood undiagnosed or untreated, their inattentiveness, ongoing frustrations, and poor self-image frequently create numerous and severe problems maintaining healthy relationships, succeeding in postsecondary schooling, or succeeding in the workplace.  These problems can compound frustrations and low self-esteem, and will often lead to the development of secondary pathologies including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and substance abuse.

Coping and age
It has been suggested that some of the symptoms of ADHD present in childhood appear to be less overt in adulthood.  This is likely due to an adult's ability to make cognitive adjustments and develop compensating or coping skills to minimize the impact of inattentive or hyperactive symptoms. However, the core problems of ADHD do not disappear with age. Some researchers have suggested that individuals with reduced or less overt hyperactivity symptoms should receive the ADHD-combined diagnosis. Hallowell and Ratey (2005) suggest that the manifestation of hyperactivity simply changes with adolescence and adulthood, becoming a more generalized restlessness or tendency to fidget.

Comparisons between subtypes
A meta-analysis of 37 studies on cognitive differences between those presenting ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive presentations and ADHD-Combined type found that "the ADHD-C presenting performed better than the ADHD-PI presenting in the areas of processing speed, attention, performance IQ, memory, and fluency. The ADHD-PI presenting performed better than the ADHD-C group on measures of flexibility, working memory, visual/spatial ability, non-verbal IQ, motor ability, and language. Both the ADHD-C and ADHD-PI groups were found to perform more poorly than the control group on measures of inhibition, however, there was no difference found between the two groups. Furthermore, the ADHD-C and ADHD-PI presenting did not differ on measures of sustained attention."

Epidemiology

It is difficult to say exactly how many children or adults worldwide have ADHD because different countries have used different ways of diagnosing it, while some do not diagnose it at all. In the UK, diagnosis is based on quite a narrow set of symptoms, and about 0.5–1% of children are thought to have attention or hyperactivity problems. In comparison, professionals in the U.S. used a much broader definition of the term ADHD until recently. This meant up to 10% of children in the U.S. were described as having ADHD. Current estimates suggest that ADHD is present internationally in about 7.2% of children. ADHD is diagnosed around 5 times more often in boys than girls. Reasons for this disparity are debated, but likely involve both biological and social/diagnostic factors. Some theorize this may be because of the particular ways they express their difficulties. Boys and girls both have attention problems, but due to differences in gender and symptoms, boys may come off as more active in their symptoms and therefore seem harder to manage. Children from all cultures and social groups are diagnosed with ADHD. However, children from certain backgrounds may be particularly likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, due to different expectations about how they should behave. It is, therefore, important to ensure that a child's cultural background is understood and taken into account as part of the assessment.

History

In 1980, the DSM-III changed the name of the condition from "hyperkinetic reaction of childhood" to "attention deficit disorder" (ADD), as research by Virginia Douglas had suggested that attention deficits were more important than hyperactive behavior for understanding the disorder. The new label also reflected the observation of clinicians that attention deficits could also exist without hyperactivity.

For the first time, two subtypes were introduced: ADD with hyperactivity (ADD+H) and ADD without hyperactivity (ADD-H). While the ADD+H category was fairly consistent with previous definitions, the latter subtype represented essentially a new category. Thus, almost everything that is known about the predominantly inattentive subtype is based on research conducted since 1980.

References

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Amphetamine


Pedro Nuno Gonçalves Conceição Silva (born January 21, 1977) is a Portuguese former swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. He is a two-time Olympian (2000 and 2004) and a former Portuguese record holder in the 50 m freestyle (22.86). Silva is a resident athlete for Sport Algés e Dafundo, and is trained by his long-time coach, director, and mentor Mário Madeira.

Silva made his official debut at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where he competed in the men's 50 m freestyle. Swimming in heat seven, he rounded out a field of seven swimmers to last place and thirty-sixth overall by 0.45 of a second behind winner Jiang Chengji of China in 23.27.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Silva qualified again for the 50 m freestyle by clearing a  FINA B-standard entry time of 22.86 from the World Championships in Barcelona, Spain. He challenged seven other swimmers on the same heat as Sydney, including two-time Olympians Rolandas Gimbutis of Lithuania and Camilo Becerra of Colombia. He shared a sixth seed with Becerra in his lifetime best of 23.23. Silva failed to advance into the semifinals, as he managed to repeat the same position from his first Olympic stint in the preliminaries.

References

1977 births
Living people
Portuguese male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Portugal
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Lisbon
20th-century Portuguese people
21st-century Portuguese people

Pedro Silva (swimmer)


Muhammadi, also known as Jamia Muhammadi Sharif, is a village of Bhawana Tehsil in Chiniot District of Punjab province of Pakistan.  It is named after Mian Muhammadi Juwan( a Sufi and disciple of saints of Multan originally named Mian Imam Deen ), located at 2 km of the left bank of the Chenab River. The village is  famous due to its religious background.  It's the home of Mualana Muhammad Zakir, a well known saint, and politician.  His son Maulana Muhammad Rahmat-ul-Allah Khokhar also a politician, remained MNA. This village has a famous dar-ul-uloom which has produced many religious scholars.

References

Chiniot District
Villages in Chiniot District

Muhammadi Sharif


Breath Control: The History of the Human Beat Box (2002) is a documentary directed by filmmaker Joey Garfield. The film explores the world of beatboxing, a form of music using the human mouth, throat and diaphragm to generate sounds that are usually produced by machines. Over 30 practitioners of this art form discuss their techniques and the evolution of their craft.  The human beat box is one of the key elements in the development of Hip Hop culture, alongside DJing, Graffiti, Breakdancing, and MC-ing. Unfortunately, its contribution has been largely overlooked, as has the fun, expressive, human, and spontaneous dimension of Hip Hop that it represents. As the first documentary of its kind, Breath Control: The History of the Human Beat Box uses interview's, live performances, archival footage, and animation to bring to light this important and neglected ingredient of Hip Hop's identity .

With the help of Beat Box pioneers Doug E. Fresh, Wise, Biz Markie, and The Fat Boys, Breath Control traces this art form from its basic beat beginnings in the Eighties to its present-day multi-layered, polyrhythmatic figurehead's Rahzel and Skratch of the Hip Hop group The Roots. But Breath Control isn't limited to Hip Hop. Musician Zap Mama opens up the idea that human beat boxing is an art form practiced all over the world and has been refined by many different cultures. Breath Control is a half historical, half tutorial look at humans as actual instruments.

External links
iBeatBox.com

Breath Control @ Yahoo Movies
Breath Control @ Ghost Robot
Breath Control @ NY Times
Breath Control: The History of the Human Beat Box at Eye For Film
Breath Control: The History of the Human Beat Box at the Yahoo!Xtra Movies
Breath Control: The History of the Human Beat Box at Answers.com

2002 films
American documentary films
Beatboxing
Documentary films about hip hop music and musicians
2002 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films


True, also known as True, The Man's Magazine, was published by Fawcett Publications from 1937 until 1974. Known as True, A Man's Magazine in the 1930s, it was labeled True, #1 Man's Magazine in the 1960s. Petersen Publishing took over with the January 1975, issue. It was sold to Magazine Associates in August 1975, and ceased publication shortly afterward.

High adventure, sports profiles and dramatic conflicts were highlighted in articles such as "Living and Working at Nine Fathoms" by Ed Batutis, "Search for the Perfect Beer" by Bob McCabe and the uncredited "How to Start Your Own Hunting-Fishing Lodge." In addition to pictorials ("Iceland, Unexpected Eden" by Lawrence Fried) and humor pieces ("The Most Unforgettable Sonofabitch I Ever Knew" by Robert Ruark), there were columns, miscellaneous features and regular concluding pages: "This Funny Life," "Man to Man Answers," "Strange But True" and "True Goes Shopping."

Editors
Donald Ayres "Bill" Williams became associated with Fawcett Publications in 1941, serving first as editor of Mechanix Illustrated. He became editor of TRUE Magazine from 1944-48.  He wrote columns in TRUE called "The Editor Speaks" or "Thus Spake Bill Williams."   He signed off on the TRUE columns as B. Wms. He died 12 Dec. 1948 in his New York apartment at age 43 from a heart ailment. Source: UP press release Dec. 13, 1948.

American journalist Michael Stern published his interview with the Italian bandit Salvatore Giuliano in True magazine in 1947. In the early 1950s, when Ken Purdy was True'''s editor, Newsweek described it "a man's magazine with a class all its own, and the largest circulation of the bunch." A prolific contributor to Playboy and other magazines, automobile writer Purdy (Kings of the Road), was the son of W. T. Purdy, the composer of "On, Wisconsin!".

During the 1960s, True was edited by Douglas S. Kennedy. Robert Shea, co-author of The Illuminatus! Trilogy, was an associate editor from 1963 to 1965 before he moved on to Cavalier and Playboy. Charles N. Barnard and Mark Penzer edited True during the 1970s. The cover price in 1963 was 35 cents, climbing to 50 cents by 1965 and 60 cents in 1970. Fawcett also did special issues, such as True's Baseball Yearbook, True's Football Yearbook, published annually from 1963 to 1972, and True's Boxing Yearbook. True's various spin-offs included calendars, such as George Petty's True Magazine Petty Girl Calendar for 1948, published by Fawcett in 1947.

Books
In January 1950, True went back to press after a sold-out issue in which Donald E. Keyhoe suggested that extraterrestrials could be piloting flying saucers. The material was reworked by Keyhoe into a best-selling paperback book, The Flying Saucers Are Real (Fawcett Gold Medal, 1950). True did follow-up UFO reports in 1967 and 1969. Frank Bowers edited The True Report on Flying Saucers (1967).

The magazine was the source for a number of other books, including True, A Treasury of True: The Best from 20 Years of the Man's Magazine (Barnes, 1956), edited by Charles N. Barnard and illustrated by Carl Pfeufer, and Bar Guide (Fawcett, 1950) by Ted Shane and Virgil Partch. Cartoon collections included Cartoon Laffs from True, the Man's Magazine (Crest Books, 1958), True Album of Cartoons (Fawcett, 1960), Cartoon Treasury (Fawcett, 1968) and New Cartoon Laughs: A Prize Collection from True Magazine (Fawcett, 1970).

TelevisionGE True, a 1962–63 television series filmed at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank for CBS, featured stories based on the magazine's articles. Jack Webb was the executive producer, host and narrator.

The Main Library at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign has a lengthy run of True back issues.

In popular culture
A feature in Mad Magazine titled "When Advertising Takes Over Magazines Completely" depicted a True cover story with the headline "A Night of Terror in the Valley of the Jolly Green Giant."

"The Last Days of Ty Cobb" by sportswriter Al Stump, which appeared in an issue of True in 1961, coincided with an autobiography of baseball great Ty Cobb published that year that the two men had collaborated on during the last months of Cobb's life. Decades later, the film Cobb'', which starred Tommy Lee Jones, showed the conflicted Stump torn between writing Cobb's story the way his subject wanted it or a version that portrayed Cobb much more negatively.

References

Selections from True
"One Man Air Force" (June 1944), by Christian Gilbert
The Flying Saucers Are Real (1950), by Donald Keyhoe
"The Sky-High Invention" (Sep. 1956), by John DuBarry
"A New Look at America's Mystery Giant" (Mar. 1960), by Ivan T. Sanderson
"You'd Better Not Call Them Toys" (May 1951), by Charles N. Barnard

Men's magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1937
Magazines disestablished in 1975
Men's adventure magazines
Magazines published in New York City
Fawcett Publications

True (magazine)


Revenge of the Zombies is a 1943 horror film directed by Steve Sekely, starring John Carradine and Gale Storm.  Dr. Max Heinrich von Altermann (John Carradine), is a mad scientist working to create a race of living dead warriors for the Third Reich.

The film was a follow-up to the horror-comedy King of the Zombies (1941) with Mantan Moreland reprising his role as Jeff and Madame Sul-Te-Wan returning as a different character.

Plot

After the death of Max's (John Carradine) wife Lila (Veda Ann Borg), he holds a funeral for her. However, he has also turned her into a zombie. He is amazed when Lila show signs of free will and challenges him for control. In the excitement Dr. Keating (Barry Macollum) goes missing after entering a tomb which should not have been entered.

During dinner, Scott Warrington (Mauritz Hugo) finds a radio in Max's cabinet, and figures out that it communicates to Hitler. Max learns of this and gags and ties up Scott. Lazarus (James Baskett), Max's right-hand man, finds a gun. While making soup with Rosella (Sybil Lewis), Jeff (Mantan Moreland) finds Scott bound and gagged in a closet, and he tells Jeff about the situation. Max discovers this and tries to flee the swamp. Lila and the hordes of zombies pursue Max, and both Max and Lila end up sinking into quicksand.

Cast
 John Carradine as Dr. Max Heinrich von Altermann
 Gale Storm as Jennifer Rand
 Robert Lowery as Larry Adams
 Bob Steele as United States agent posing as Sheriff
 Mantan Moreland as Jeff Jackson
 Veda Ann Borg as Lila von Altermann
 Barry Macollum as Dr. Harvey Keating
 Mauritz Hugo as Scott Warrington
 Madame Sul-Te-Wan as Mammy Beulah, the housekeeper
 James Baskett as Lazarus
 Sybil Lewis (actress) as Rosella
 Robert Cherry as Pete, a zombie
 Franklyn Farnum as zombie

Production
The film was a semi-remake of King of the Zombies. It was co-written by Edmond Kelso, who wrote the first film, and has a similar storyline: two men and a servant played by Mantan Moreland are guests in a strange house where a mad scientist with a zombie wife is working for Nazi Germany.

It was meant to star Bela Lugosi but Lugosi ended up not appearing. The movie was the first in a new six-film contract between Monogram and Moreland.

The film was announced in April 1943 with Robert Lowery and Mantan Moreland attached.

Filming was meant to start on 10 May 1943.  However this date was pushed back and John Carradine became the star.

Reception
Writing in The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, Peter Dendle wrote that it is the first zombie film to presume that audiences know what a zombie is.  Dendle called it a remake of King of the Zombies and "stock fare from the Monogram horror mill."

References

External links

1943 films
1943 horror films
1940s comedy horror films
American zombie films
Monogram Pictures films
Films directed by Steve Sekely
American black-and-white films
Nazi zombie films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Revenge of the Zombies


Gogi Alauddin (born September 9, 1950, in Lahore, Pakistan) is a former squash player from Pakistan. He was one of the game's leading players in the 1970s.

Gogi won the British Amateur Championship in 1970 and 1971, and the Pakistan Open in 1972 and 1973. He was also runner-up at the British Open in 1973 and 1975. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 2.

Since retiring as a player, he has worked as a squash coach. He is considered to be the best squash coach of all time by many professionals. His son is the captain of the Trinity College Squash Team, which once defeated the Harvard Squash Team as well.

Gogi had a post-retirement appearance as a player at the FMC 2nd Asian Squash Masters Tournament, where he won a gold medal for his age bracket (60+)

References

External links

 Interview with PakistanToday
 Gogi Displays his class in Asian Masters

1950 births
Living people
Pakistani male squash players

Gogi Alauddin


The following is a list of GM bellhousing patterns. Though General Motors has manufactured many different engines, it has kept variance in the bell housing patterns to a relative minimum.

Chevrolet V8 pattern
This was so named because it began with Chevrolet's V8 engines.
 Chevrolet big-block V8s
 Chevrolet small-block V8s
 GM Vortec 4300 90° V6
 GM Iron Duke RWD inline 4 (early RWD Variants, later versions may use a FWD pattern, and have two possible starter locations)
 Jeep with GM Iron Duke inline 4 2.5L/151 in³ (1980-1983). These use a Chrysler custom Torqueflite 904 automatic transmission with an integral Chevrolet bellhousing. Do not confuse with later AMC 2.5 L engine that uses GM small corporate pattern (see below).
 Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine (post-1962)
 Chevrolet 153 Inline 4 (Chevy II, pre-Iron-Duke - includes the Vortec 3000/181 industrial/marine crate motor)
 Detroit Diesel V8 6.2L and 6.5L
 Duramax V8
 Generation III V8s with modifications. These modifications include an additional bolt hole at the top of the pattern, and attachment points for cast oil pans to lower bellhousing extensions, to reduce NVH.

GM metric pattern

Also called the GM small corporate pattern and the S10 pattern
This pattern has a distinctive odd-sided hexagonal shape. Rear wheel drive applications have the starter mounted on the right side of the block (when viewed from the flywheel) and on the opposite side of the block compared to front wheel drive installations. The 2.2l S10/Sonoma had the starter located in the same position as front wheel drive cars. A rear wheel drive bellhousing is displayed at right, and the integrated front wheel drive bellhousing is displayed at the lower right (in this case, as a part of the GM 6T70 Transmission).
 GM 60-Degree 2.8/3.1/3.4/3.5/3.9 L V6 (also used by AMC)
 Buick 3300/3800 V6
 Cadillac HT4100/4.5/4.9 L V8
 Isuzu all 3.2 and 3.5L DOHC V6
 AMC/Chrysler 2.5L I4 found in Jeep Cherokee, Comanche, Wagoneer, CJ and Wrangler and Dodge Dakota
 GM Iron Duke/Tech-4 2.5L I4
 GM "122" 1.8/2.0/2.2 L I4
 GM 5.3L LS4 V8
 GM High Value engine

Northstar pattern
Nearly identical to the GM small corporate/metric pattern, except that the starter is located between the cylinder banks, and the lower right bolt hole is moved outward by roughly one inch. Being nearly identical, it too has the distinctive odd-sided hexagonal shape. These engines can be fitted in rear wheel drive vehicles with the right bellhousing and are used in hot rods, kit cars, sand rails and late model engine swaps.
 All Cadillac Northstar V8s
 Oldsmobile Aurora L47 V8
 GM 3.5L LX5 "Short Star" V6

Atlas pattern
Atlas family engines use a unique bellhousing pattern which no other GM motors share.
 GM Atlas engine

Pre 1964 Buick and Rover V-8 Round pattern
1961 through 1963 Buick/Oldsmobile/Pontiac 215 Aluminum V-8
1967 through 2004 Rover V-8 based on the GM 215

Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac (BOP) V8 pattern

 Post-1965 Buick/Oldsmobile/Pontiac RWD V8s
 Buick Big Blocks and post-1963 Small Block V8s
 Buick pre-3800 90° RWD V6s
 Jeep "Dauntless" 225 in³ oddfire V6 (1967-1974) and Buick 350 V8 (1969-1970)
 Cadillac cast iron V8s after 1967 (1968-85 472 and 500, 368 and 425)
 Starters are on the left (driver's) side on Olds 307-455 and Pontiac and the right (passenger) side on Cadillac 425/472/500 and Buick 225/231/3800/300/340/350/400/430/455.

Four bolt holes and two locator pins are common to the Chevrolet, and B-O-P patterns. Some transmissions, most notably the TH200-4R, take advantage of this by integrating both specifications into a "universal" bolt pattern casting.

Cadillac V8 pattern, pre-1967
Early Cadillacs manufactured before 1965 used a "round top" bellhousing very similar to early Buicks; around 1965, the bellhousing pattern was revised until the BOP bolt pattern was adopted in 1968.

GM 4-cylinder pattern
 GM Quad-4 family

GM Ecotec 4-cylinder pattern
An example of this pattern can be seen to the right.
 GM Ecotec family (Generation I and II)
 GM LLT and late High Feature family

GM Ecotec Generation III pattern
The completely re-engineered Generation III Ecotec includes a new uniquely shaped bellhousing pattern.

GM High Feature V6 pattern
 GM High Feature family

References

Bellhousing

List of GM bellhousing patterns


Frank and Jesse (also known as Frank & Jesse) is a 1994 American biographical Western film written and directed by Robert Boris and starring Rob Lowe as Jesse James and Bill Paxton as Frank James. Based on the story of Jesse James, the film focuses more on myths of The James Brothers than the real history. It originally aired on HBO.

Synopsis
Following the American Civil War, the two James brothers, along with the Younger brothers - Cole Younger (played by Randy Travis) and Bob Younger (Todd Field), Bob Ford (Jim Flowers) and Charles Ford (Alexis Arquette), Clell Miller (John Pyper-Ferguson), and Arch Clements (Nick Sadler), begin to feel oppressed by the Chicago railroad investors. They set off on a trail of bank robberies, train heists, and stage holdups while evading the dogged pursuit of Allan Pinkerton (William Atherton) and his detective agency.

Cast
 Rob Lowe as Jesse James
 Bill Paxton as Frank James
 Randy Travis as Cole Younger
 Dana Wheeler-Nicholson as Annie
 Maria Pitillo as Zee
 Luke Askew as Lone Loner
 Sean Patrick Flanery as Zack Murphy
 Alexis Arquette as Charley Ford
 Todd Field as Bob Younger
 John Pyper-Ferguson as Clell Miller
 Nicholas Sadler as Arch Clements
 William Atherton as Allan Pinkerton
 Tom Chick as Detective Whitcher
 Mary Neff as Widow Miller
 Richard Maynard as John Sheets
 Jim Flowers as Bob Ford
 Mari Askew as Ma James
 William Michael Evans as Jesse Jr.
 Lyle Armstrong as McGuff
 Cole S. McKay as Sheriff Baylor
 Dennis Letts as Railroad C.E.O.
 John Stiritz as Ruben Samuels
 Micah Dyer as John Younger
 Jackie Stewart as Governor Crittendon
 Chad Linley as Archie Samuels
 Rhed Killing as Stage Driver
 Jerry Saunders as Northfield Teller
 D.C. 'Dash' Goff as Engineer
 Robert Moniot as Young Captain
 Norman Hawley as Baptist Preacher
 Jeffrey Paul Johnson as Davies Bank Teller
 Bryce Thomason as Reporter
 John Paxton as Working Man
 Elizabeth Hatcher-Travis as Woman on Train
 Sudie Henson as Old Woman on Train
 David Arquette (uncredited)
 Ron Licari as Townsman (uncredited)

Soundtrack

The music score was composed by Mark McKenzie and released by Intrada Records.

"Frank and Jesse Suite"
"Main Title"
"Family Moments"
"Gentle Spirits"
"Tragedy At Home"
"Meet the James Gang"
"Marauding"
"Daring Escape"
"Frank's Despair"
"The Peace Ranch"
"Mountain Top Dance"
"The Lord is Callin' You"
"Northfield Battle"
"I Play Not Marches ..."
"Goodbye Jesse"
"Justice Will Be Served"

References

External links

1994 films
1990s biographical drama films
1990s heist films
1994 Western (genre) films
1990s action drama films
Action films based on actual events
American heist films
American Western (genre) films
Biographical films about Jesse James
Drama films based on actual events
1990s English-language films
Films about death
American films about revenge
Films directed by Robert Boris
Films set in the 1860s
Films set in the 1870s
Films shot in Arkansas
Trimark Pictures films
Cultural depictions of Allan Pinkerton
1994 drama films
Films produced by Elliott Kastner
1990s American films

Frank and Jesse


Mizengo Kayanza Peter Pinda (born 12 August, 1948) is a Tanzanian CCM politician who was Prime Minister of Tanzania from 2008 to 2015. He was a Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2015.

Life and career
Pinda was born in the former northern Rukwa Region which is now Mpanda District of Katavi Region. He holds a degree in law from the University of Dar es Salaam, which he earned in 1974.

He was assistant private secretary to the president from 1982 to 1992 and clerk to the cabinet from 1996 to 2000. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for Mpanda East constituency in the 2000 general election, and he also became Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Office for Regional Administration and Local Governments in 2000. He was promoted to the rank of Minister in the Prime Minister's Office, while remaining in charge of regional administration and local governments, in the Cabinet named on January 4, 2006.

Pinda was nominated as Prime Minister by President Jakaya Kikwete on February 8, 2008, after the resignation of Edward Lowassa over allegations of corruption. He was confirmed nearly unanimously by the Tanzanian parliament on the same day, with 279 votes in favor, two opposed, and one spoiled vote. Pinda was sworn in as Prime Minister at Chamwino State House in Dodoma on February 9. Kikwete announced the new Cabinet headed by Pinda on February 12; it was notably smaller than the previous Cabinet, with 26 ministers, as opposed to 29 in the previous Cabinet, and 21 deputy ministers, as opposed to 31 in the previous Cabinet.

Amidst criticism and international concern about high levels of corruption in Tanzania, Pinda declared his assets on January 14, 2010. He said that he had "three small houses [and] no shares in any company", and that in his bank accounts he kept less than $20,000. Pinda also stated that his only car was "the one loaned to me as a Member of Parliament".

On November 27, 2014, Pinda was pressured to resign over alleged fraudulent payments worth $120 million (£76m) to an energy firm and top officials.

In 2015, he unsuccessfully sought to be nominated as the CCM's presidential candidate. He announced in July 2015 that he would not seek re-election as MP for Katavi.

He is the current chancellor of the Open University of Tanzania (OUT) since 2016, appointed by President John Magufuli.

References

1948 births
Living people
People from Rukwa Region
Chama Cha Mapinduzi MPs
Tanzanian MPs 2000–2005
Tanzanian MPs 2005–2010
Tanzanian MPs 2010–2015
Prime Ministers of Tanzania
Pugu Secondary School alumni
Musoma Secondary School alumni
University of Dar es Salaam alumni
Tanzanian Roman Catholics
Tanzanian farmers
20th-century farmers

Mizengo Pinda


The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is a major political party in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was created on April 15, 1944, when the Minnesota Democratic Party and the Farmer–Labor Party merged. Hubert Humphrey was a major part in this merger. The party is affiliated with the national Democratic Party. Both members of the party and non-members in Minnesota often use "DFLer" instead of "Democrat".

Candidates endorsed in 2010

Challengers
 Margaret Anderson Kelliher for Minnesota Governor
 Dan Powers for US Representative (2nd District )
 Jim Meffert for US Representative (3rd District )
 Tarryl Clark for US Representative (6th District )

Incumbents
 Mark Ritchie for Minnesota Secretary of State
 Rebecca Otto for Minnesota State Auditor
 Lori Swanson for Minnesota Attorney General
 Tim Walz for US Representative (1st District )
 Betty McCollum for US Representative (4th District )
 Keith Ellison for US Representative (5th District )
 Collin Peterson for US Representative (7th District )
 Jim Oberstar for US Representative (8th District )

Current elected officials

Constitutional officers
 Attorney General Lori Swanson
 Auditor Rebecca Otto
 Secretary of State Mark Ritchie

State legislative leaders
 President of the Senate James Metzen
 Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives Margaret Anderson Kelliher
 Minnesota Senate Majority Leader Larry Pogemiller
 Minnesota Senate Asst. Majority Leader Tarryl Clark
 Minnesota House of Representatives Majority Leader Tony Sertich

Members of Congress
 Senator Amy Klobuchar
 Senator Tina Smith
 U.S. Representative (1st District ) – Tim Walz
 U.S. Representative (4th District ) – Betty McCollum
 U.S. Representative (5th District ) – Keith Ellison
 U.S. Representative (7th District ) – Collin Peterson
 U.S. Representative (8th District ) – Jim Oberstar

Current leadership
 Chair – Brian Melendez
 Associate Chair – Donna Cassutt
 Treasurer – Lori Sellner
 Secretary – Sue Rego
 Affirmative Action Officer – Frank Brown

Related pages
 United States presidential election, 1984

References

Other websites
 Official Minnesota DFL Party website
 Official Dodge County DFL Party website
 Minneapolis City DFL Party website

Further reading
 Delton, Jennifer A. Making Minnesota Liberal: Civil Rights and the Transformation of the Democratic Party. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
 Haynes, John Earl. Farm Coops and the Election of Hubert Humphrey to the Senate. Agricultural History 57, no. 2 (Fall 1983).
 Haynes, John Earl. Dubious Alliance: The Making of Minnesota's DFL Party. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
 Henrickson, Gary P. Minnesota in the 'McCarthy' Period": 1946–1954. Ph.D. diss. University of Minnesota, 1981.
 Lebedoff, David. The 21st Ballot: A Political Party Struggle in Minnesota. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969.
 Lebedoff, David. Ward Number Six. New York: Scribner, 1972. Discusses the entry of radicals into the DFL party in 1968.
 Mitau, G. Theodore. The Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party Schism of 1948. Minnesota History 34 (Spring 1955).

Organizations based in Minnesota
Political parties in the United States
Democratic Party (United States)
1944 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in Minnesota

Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party


The Chino Valley Unified School District is a school district in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It serves the cities of Chino, Chino Hills, and the southwestern portion of Ontario, though originally it served only Chino when it was founded in 1860.  It now encompasses  and serves about 32,000 students from grades kindergarten up to 12th grade. CVUSD serves four high schools, five junior high schools, twenty-one elementary schools, one continuation school,  an adult school, & one Charter school.

District government
 Superintendent – Norm Enfield, Ed.D.

Board of education
As of July 2023:
 President – Sonja Shaw
 Vice President – Jonathan Monroe
 Clerk – Andrew Cruz
 Member – James Na
 Member – Donald L. Bridge

Schools
The CVUSD has always been recognized for its outstanding schools and programs. About half of the schools in the CVUSD have reached the state's API standard of 800.

The school year begins in August and ends on May every year.

High schools
 Ruben S. Ayala High School, Chino Hills
 Chino High School, Chino
 Chino Hills High School, Chino Hills
 Don Antonio Lugo High School, Chino

Alternative Schools
 Adult School
 Adult Education/Virtual School
 Boys Republic High School, Chino Hills
 Buena Vista, Chino
 Chino Valley Learning Academy

Junior High Schools
 Cal Aero Preserve Academy, Chino
 Woodcrest JHS, Ontario
 Canyon Hills JHS, Chino Hills
 Robert O. Townsend JHS, Chino Hills
 Ramona JHS, Chino
 Magnolia JHS, Chino

Fundamental Schools
 Anna A. Borba Fundamental (Elementary), Chino
 Lyle S. Briggs Elementary/ Jr. High Fundamental, Chino

Closed Schools (after 2008-2009)
 El Rancho, Chino (used by Oxford Preparatory Academy Chino from 2010 to 2016. Now used Alliegence Steam Academy Thrive Chino Valley)
 Richard Gird, Chino
 Los Serranos, Chino Hills

Charter Schools

Alliegence Steam Academy Thrive Chino

Elementary schools
 Cal Aero Preserve Academy, Chino
 Butterfield Ranch, Chino Hills
 Howard Cattle, Chino
 Alicia Cortez, Chino
 Country Springs, Chino Hills
 Levi Dickey, Ontario
 Doris Dickson, Chino
 Eagle Canyon, Chino Hills
 E.J. Marshall, Chino
 Glenmeade, Chino Hills
 Hidden Trails, Chino Hills
 Liberty, Ontario
 Gerald Litel, Chino Hills
 Newman, Chino
 Oak Ridge, Chino Hills
 Edwin Rhodes, Chino
 Rolling Ridge, Chino Hills
 Walnut Avenue, Chino
 Michael G. Wickman, Chino Hills
 Chaparral, Chino Hills

Controversies

First Amendment issues
The Chino Valley Unified School District Board has been at the center of a number of controversies in recent years regarding issues of the First Amendment.

The CVUSD Board itself has also faced criticism for multiple years for having public prayers, Bible readings, and Christian proselytizing during its public meetings. The majority of Board members are members of either Calvary Chapel Chino Hills or other similar Christian conservative congregations in the district, and most regularly tout their religious beliefs during Board discussions. Despite numerous letters of complaint from various individuals and groups, the Board has either ignored these complaints or officially rejected to change their practices.  The administration actively solicits local Christian pastors to lead Board invocations, and the Board regularly presents recognition awards to religious leaders who provide "support and prayers for the Chino Valley Unified School District".

In July 2010, the CVUSD approved a resolution to introduce "Bible as Literature and History" courses at its four high schools, based on a curricula provided by the local Calvary Chapel Chino Hills church and the textbook The Bible and its Influence, written by Christian Evangelical educational political activist Charles Stetson.

On November 11, 2014, the Freedom From Religion Foundation filed a federal lawsuit against the Board claiming violations of the US and California Constitutions.  Although the suit alleged that all of the Board members regularly participated in religious proselytizing, James Na, was singled out as a prime violator of religious neutrality during the meetings, regularly including Christian and Biblical references into many of his official statements. The suit alleges at one recent Board meeting, Na "urged everyone who does not know Jesus Christ to go and find Him," and closed the meeting with a reading of Psalm 143. On February 18, 2016, U.S. District Judge Jesus Bernal made a ruling on the FFRF lawsuit, ordering the Board to stop reciting prayers, Bible readings, and proselytizing during school board meetings. On March 4, 2016, the school board voted 3-2 in favor of appealing the ruling.

On November 3, 2016, the Board changed their policies to explicitly state when board members can and cannot express their faith during meetings. On July 25, 2018, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit unanimously affirmed the District Court's ruling, holding that the "policy and practice of prayer at Chino Valley Board meetings  violates  the  Establishment  Clause."

School closures

On March 5, 2009, the Chino Valley Unified School District Board of Education voted 4 to 1 vote to approve a budget reduction plan which included the closure of El Rancho Elementary School and Richard Gird Elementary School, both in Chino, and Los Serranos Elementary School in Chino Hills.  Ms. Sylvia Orozco, Board President, Mr. William Klein, Vice President, Mr. Fred Youngblood, Clerk and Mr. James Na, Board member all voted in favor of the budget reduction plan based on the recommendations of the Chino Valley Unified School District Superintendent, Dr. Edmond T. Heatley. Mr. Michael Calta, Board member was the dissenting vote. These three schools were closed at the end of the 2008/2009 school year and their students were reassigned to other schools in the District.

The process in which these schools were selected to be closed were alleged to violate California Education Code 17387, which states, "It is the intent of the Legislature to have the community involved before decisions are made about school closure or the use of surplus space, thus avoiding community conflict and assuring building use that is compatible with the community's needs and desires". Charges were made against the Board of racial / national origin motivations in choosing the schools that they did close.

A complaint was issued with the US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights regarding the nature and process followed for these school closings. On June 29, 2012, the OCR closed its investigation and released its final report of its findings of the allegations.  The report found that, while there were good budgetary reasons for the District to be closing schools at this time, the process used to do so was ad-hoc and disorganized, and appeared to rely principally on the opinions of the District Superintendent with little documentation, public input or transparency.  In response, the CVUSD agreed with the OCR's findings and adopted new formal policies for school closure which provided greater transparency and public input into the process.

Conflict of interest and perjury
In 2006, a member of the school district board was charged with conflict of interest and perjury for allegedly benefiting from a contract between the school district and his employer. He is accused of steering district business to Office Max and failing to accurately report his income at that company in his annual conflict-of-interest statement with the school board.

References

External links

School districts in San Bernardino County, California
School districts established in 1860
Chino, California
Ontario, California
Education in San Bernardino County, California
Chino Hills, California
1860 establishments in California

Chino Valley Unified School District (California)


Belarusians make up Latvia's third largest ethnic group after Latvians and Russians.

Number

According to 2017 statistics, 69.3 thousands of the inhabitants of Latvia identify themselves as ethnic Belarusians, which is slightly higher than according to the 2011 census (68 202) but still much lower than the numbers for 1989 and 2000.

The border regions of Latvia are predominantly inhabited by Belarusians, there is a Belarusian school in Riga and several Belarusian organizations.

History

According to research by the early 20th century ethnographers Jaŭchim Karski and Mitrafan Doŭnar-Zapolski, the territory of modern Latvia is a home to an autochthonous Belarusian population in southern Latgalia. Daugavpils (, Dzvinsk) and the territory of southern Latgalia were declared part of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in 1918 and the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus in 1919 but were then transferred by the bolsheviks to the independent Latvia.

After Latvia gained independence, several organizations of the Belarusian minority were established in the country, as well as about 40 Belarusian schools, two Belarusian lyceums, two theatres (in Riga and Daugavpils), a newspaper and several magazines.

After the 1934 Latvian coup d'état, the Belarusian education in Latvia began to feel pressure from the officials and was completely shut down by 1940 when the country was occupied by the USSR and later for a few years by Nazi Germany.

During the Soviet occupation, Latvia saw an influx of migrants from Belarus.

During the Perestroika, new organizations of the Belarusian minority have been established. After the country restored its independence, some ethnic Belarusians left for Belarus.

Belarusians in Latvia
 Kastuś Jezavitaŭ, politician and minister of defence of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, born in Daugavpils
 Janka Maŭr, writer, born in Liepāja
 Viktar Valtar, writer, poet, born in Daugavpils

External links
 Svitanak, an organization of the Belarusian minority in Latvia

Latvia
Society of Latvia

Belarus–Latvia relations

Belarusians in Latvia


A food street is a pedestrianised area that has been designated for restaurants and cafes. Such areas are found in several major Pakistani cities. The food street is lined with food stalls, restaurants, and other food shops, and are typically pedestrianized.  Food streets, and food parks, exist in several metropolitan cities in the country, and attending them has become a social norm, with people using them as both formal and informal meeting areas.

The first food street in Pakistan was Gawalmandi Food Street located in central part of Lahore.  This has been followed by Melody Food Street and the food street in Blue Area in Islamabad, Burns Road in Karachi, the food street near Ghantar Ghar in Peshawar, Qissa Kahwani Bazaar Food Street, Peshawar and a second food street in Lahore at Anarkali. In 2012, a new food street was inaugurated in Lahore near Badshahi Mosque and Lahore Fort.  It was named Fort Road Food Street.

In Islamabad, prior to the creation of Melody Food Street, restaurants were scattered around the city.   Members of middle class society prefer them because they are less expensive than hotels or high-quality restaurants.

See also

 Street food
 List of restaurant districts and streets

References

Restaurant districts and streets in Pakistan
Pakistani cuisine

Food street


Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (Mongolia: Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж) () adalah Presiden Mongolia periode 2009-2017. Ia mulai menjabat sejak 18 Juni 2009. Dia kini merupakan anggota dari Partai Demokrat. Elbegdorj berperan penting dalam Revolusi Mongolia 1990 dimana Republik Rakyat Mongolia yang berhaluan sosialis digantikan oleh Mongolia Modern yang demokratis.

Elbegdorj terpilih menjadi presiden menggantikan Nambaryn Enkhbayar pada 18 Juni 2009.

Ia digantikan oleh Khaltmaagiin Battulga, rekan separtainya yang juga mantan atlet judo.

Referensi

Rujukan

Sumber
 Brooke, James (25 December 2004). The Saturday Profile; A Mongolian and His Nation, Evolving Together, . The New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
 Brooke, James (26 December 2004). Mongolian PM evolves from journalist to statesman. Taipei Times. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
 Brooke, James (15 February 2005). For Mongolians, E Is for English, F Is for Future. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
 Harvard Kennedy School. John F.Kennedy School of Government (24 September 2012). Mongolian President Discusses Personal Liberty in a Free Country at JFK Jr. Forum - video of Elbegdorj Tsakhia's speech Harvard Kennedy School. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
 Tsakhia, Elbegdorj (2000). Footstep of the Truth Is White. Ulaanbaatar: Hiimori. (2000)
 Tsakhia, Elbegdorj (2000). The Years of Bearing Weight. Ulaanbaatar: Hiimori.
 Tsakhia, Elbegdorj (21 November 2005). Mongolia: Moving Mountains. Washington Post. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
 Tsakhia, Elbegdorj (6 April 2011). What Mongolia Can Teach the Middle East . Foreign Policy. Retrieved 23 June 2013.

Bacaan lebih lanjut
 Beech, Hannah (20 August 2012). Hesitant Steppes. Time Magazine. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
 Diamond, Larry.; Fukuyama, Francis.; Krasner, Stephen (24 September 2012). Mongolia's Next Challenge. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
 Gillet, Kit (13 September 2012). Though Not Yet open, a Huge Mine is Transforming Mongolia. The New York Times. Retrieved 2 July 2013.

Wawancara
Dalam film dokumenter:
 "Man of the People", historical portrait documentary film with President Elbegdorj, about the democratic transition in Mongolia. November 2014.
 "The Democratic Anchor of the East", President Elbegdorj is interviewed about the foreign policy of Mongolia. June 2015.
 "On The Road of Democracy – Regional Co-operation in Asia" ,  documentary film about the role of Mongolia in its region through the eyes of international experts and the President of Mongolia, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. March 2016.
By:
 Amanpour, Christiane (25 September 2012). What's the fastest growing economy in the world?. CNN. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
 Frohm, Stuart (15 September 2004). Mongol Khan-Quest. Mackinac Center for Public Policy. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
 Evans, Peter & Helen (March/April 2004). One Year Toward Freedom – part 1 , part 2 , part 3 , part 4 , renewamerica.us. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
 Myanmar Television, MITV News Exclusive interview on second time visit of Mongolian President (Naypyidaw, Myanmar, 16 July 2016)

Pidato
 Communism to Democracy: Lessons from Mongolia on the Eve of the Election Campaign, webcast of the talk. The Heritage Foundation. 30 May 2003.
 video of address of Mr. Tsakhia Elbegdorj at the 64th Session of the United Nations General Assembly (part 2). youtube.com. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
 Address to the People of Japan by President Elbegdorj, delivered at the National Diet of Japan on 18 December 2010.
 Address by H.E. President Elbegdorj Tsakhia, Mongolia to the General Debate of the 66th Session of the United Nations General Assembly. un.org. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
 Speech of The President of Mongolia, Ts.Elbegdorj at the Bundestag during His Official Visit to Federal Republic of Germany on 31 March 2012.
 Mongolian President Elbegdorj's speech delivered at an honorary session of the Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Jogorku Kenesh, on 3 April 2012.
 video of A Public Address by His Excellency Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, President of Mongolia. Harvard Kennedy School's Institute of Politics. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013. (video copy at youtube.com).
 Statement by H.E. Mr.Elbegdorj Tsakhia, President of Mongolia  at the United Nations General Assembly's High-Level Meeting on the Rule of Law. United Nations. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
 New York Democracy Forum Dinner: Tsakhia Elbegdorj text, video Foreign Policy Association. 25 September 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
 The President of Mongolia Gives Lecture at Yangon University  on 20 November 2013.
 Statement by the President of Mongolia  at the General Debate of the 67th session of the United Nations General Assembly. president.mn. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
 '"From BIG Government to SMART Government" Lecture by President Elbegdorj, 16 November 2013, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
 North Korea lecture at Kim Il Sung University by President of Mongolia Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj. World News. 2 November 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
 "It Is the Human Desire to Live Free That Is an Eternal Power" lecture at Kim Il Sung University by President of Mongolia, 31 October 2013.
 Mongolian Transition to Democracy and Lessons  Distinguished Visitor Public Lecture by President Elbegdorj, 18 October 2014, Budapest, Hungary   video
 Address by H.E. Tsakhiagin Elbegdorj, President of Mongolia to the European Parliament, Speech recorded by the European Parliament, full video: EP speech and press conference together with Martin Schulz, President of the European Parliament, Strasbourg, France, Tuesday, 9 June 2015
 Statement by His Excellency Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, President of Mongolia at the Leaders Event of the 21st Session of the Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
 Lecture in Myanmar (Burma) addressing an audience of civil servants about democratic values, Naypyidaw, Myanmar, Thursday 16 June 2016
 Opening statement of the President of Mongolia at the 11th ASEM summit , Ulanbaataar, Mongolia, 15 July 2016

Pranala luar

 www.elbegdorj.mn
 President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj situs resmi dari Kantor Presiden Mongolia

Elbegdorj
Elbegdorj

Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj


Chambers v. Florida, 309 U.S. 227 (1940), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that dealt with the extent to which police pressure resulting in a criminal defendant's confession violates the Due Process Clause.

Case
The case was argued on January 6, 1940, in front of the court by Thurgood Marshall (who was 31 years old at the time), representing four black men convicted for the murder of a white man in Florida.

The defendant Chambers, along with three other co-defendants, were four of up to forty transient black men arrested for the murder of Robert Darcy, an elderly local man, in Pompano Beach, Florida. The community was outraged by the murder, and the Broward County Sheriff's department was apparently under pressure to close the case. Chambers and the other defendants were taken to Miami for questioning, ostensibly to protect them from the mob that had formed, and then to Fort Lauderdale.

The state did not contest that the defendants were held without access to legal counsel, and were not arraigned for a week. They were subjected to questioning on a random basis, often alone in a room with up to ten police officers and other members of the community. In the legal climate before Miranda, they were not informed of their right to remain silent. After a week of questioning, and despite previous denials, the four co-defendants eventually confessed to the crime and were convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death. Their convictions were affirmed by the Supreme Court of Florida.

Decision
On February 13, 1940, the court delivered its ruling. The opinion of the court was delivered by Justice Hugo Black of Alabama.

This was Marshall's first of many triumphs in front of the nation's highest tribunal; the Court ruled in favor of the defendants, and overturned their convictions. The court found that on the facts admitted by the police and sheriff's officers, the confessions had clearly been compelled and were therefore inadmissible. It marked one of the first times that the court had accepted the contention that treatment short of physical violence should result in the suppression of evidence.

Several of the features of this case, such as not allowing defendants to contact anyone, holding them without formal charges or arraignment, and denying them counsel during questioning were common tactics in law enforcement at the time and were eventually rejected by the court in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), a case in which Marshall argued on behalf of the United States government as Solicitor General of the United States.

Aftermath
In subsequent proceedings before the Florida courts, the indictment against the defendants was quashed on the ground that blacks had been arbitrarily and intentionally excluded from the grand jury.

See also
 Brown v. Mississippi (1936)
 List of United States Supreme Court cases

References

External links

1940 in United States case law
Civil rights movement case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court
United States Fifth Amendment self-incrimination case law
Pompano Beach, Florida
United States Supreme Court cases

Chambers v. Florida


Labor rights or workers' rights are both legal rights and human rights relating to labor relations between workers and employers. These rights are codified in national and international labor and employment law. In general, these rights influence working conditions in the relations of employment. One of the most prominent is the right to freedom of association, otherwise known as the right to organize. Workers organized in trade unions exercise the right to collective bargaining to improve working conditions.

Labor background
Throughout history, workers claiming some sort of right have attempted to pursue their interests. During the Middle Ages, the Peasants' Revolt in England expressed demand for better wages and working conditions. One of the leaders of the revolt, John Ball, famously argued that people were born equal saying, "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?" Laborers often appealed to traditional rights. For instance, English peasants fought against the enclosure movement, which took traditionally communal lands and made them private.

The British Parliament passed the Factory Act 1833 which stated that children under the age of 9 could not work, children aged 9–13 could only work 8 hours a day, and children aged 14–18 could only work for 12 hours a day.

Labor rights are a relatively new addition to the modern corpus of human rights. The modern concept of labor rights dates to the 19th century after the creation of labor unions following the industrialization processes. Karl Marx stands out as one of the earliest and most prominent advocates for workers' rights. His philosophy and economic theory focused on labor issues and advocates his economic system of socialism, a society that would be ruled by the workers. Many of the social movements for the rights of the workers were associated with groups influenced by Marx such as the socialists and communists. More moderate democratic socialists and social democrats supported workers' interests as well. More recent workers' rights advocacy has focused on the particular role, exploitation, and needs of women workers, and of increasingly mobile global flows of casual, service, or guest workers.

Core labor standards
Identified by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, core labor standards are "widely recognized to be of particular importance". They are universally applicable, regardless of whether the relevant conventions have been ratified, the level of development of a country or cultural values. These standards are composed of qualitative, not quantitative, standards and don't establish a particular level of working conditions, wages or health and safety standards. They are not intended to undermine the comparative advantage that developing countries may hold. Core labor standards are important human rights and are recognized in widely ratified international human rights instruments including the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC), the most widely ratified human rights treaty with 193 parties, and the ICCPR with 160 parties. They have been incorporated into different provisions that are related to labor in soft law instruments such as the UN's Global Compact, the OECD Guidelines, and the ILO MNE Declaration.

The core labor standards are:
 Freedom of association: workers are able to join trade unions that are independent of government and employer influence.
 The right to collective bargaining: workers may negotiate with employers collectively, as opposed to individually.
 The prohibition of all forms of forced labor: includes security from prison labor and slavery and prevents workers from being forced to work under duress.
 Elimination of the worst forms of child labor: implementing a minimum working age and certain working condition requirements for children.
 Non-discrimination in employment: equal pay for equal work.

Very few ILO member countries have ratified all of these conventions due to domestic constraints yet as these rights are also recognized in the UDHR, and form a part of customary international law they are committed to respecting these rights. For a discussion on the incorporation of these core labor rights into the mechanisms of the World Trade Organization, see Labour standards in the World Trade Organization. There are many other issues outside of this core, in the UK employee rights include the right to employment particulars, an itemized pay statement, a disciplinary process at which they have the right to be accompanied, daily breaks, rest breaks, paid holidays, and more.

Labor rights issues by topics
Aside from the right to organize, labor movements have campaigned on various other issues that may be said to relate to labor rights. The labor movement began to improve the working conditions of the workers. Dating back to 1768 the first strike of the New York journeyman tailors protested a wage reduction. This marked the beginning of the movement. Approaching the 19th century, labor unions were formed to improve the working conditions for all of workers. They fought for better wages, reasonable hours, and safer working conditions. The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits, and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired. The following are explained more in the following sections.

Hour limits
Many labor movement campaigns have to do with limiting hours in the workplace. 19th century labor movements campaigned for an eight-hour day. Worker advocacy groups have also sought to limit work hours, making a working week of 40 hours or less standard in many countries. A 35-hour workweek was established in France in 2000, although this standard has been considerably weakened since then. Workers may agree with employers to work for longer, but the extra hours are payable overtime. In the European Union the working week is limited to a maximum of 48 hours including overtime (see also Working Time Directive 2003).

Workplace conditions
Labor rights advocates have worked to improve workplace conditions that meet established standards. During the Progressive Era, the United States began workplace reforms, which received publicity boosts from Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and events such as the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Labor advocates and other groups often criticize production facilities with poor working conditions as sweatshops and occupational health hazards and campaign for better labor practices and recognition of workers' rights throughout the world.

Safety and social sustainability
Recent initiatives in the field of sustainability have included a focus on social sustainability, which includes promoting workers' rights and safe working conditions, prevention of human trafficking, and elimination of illegal child labor from the sustainably sourced products and services. Organizations such as the U.S. Department of Labor and Department of State have released studies on products that have been identified as using child labor and industries using or funded by human trafficking. Labor rights are defined internationally by sources such as the Norwegian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment (DIFI) and the International Finance Corporation performance standards.

Living wage
The labor movement pushes for guaranteed minimum wage laws, and there are continuing negotiations about increases to the minimum wage. However, opponents see minimum wage laws as limiting employment opportunities for unskilled and entry-level workers.

The benefits and costs of foreign direct investments on labor rights are often argued. Payton and Woo's study shows that even though "workers may not see drastic increases in minimum wages but they will benefit marginally from better enforcement of existing minimum wage laws or other protections granted in law, gradually improving overall working conditions, as more FDI flows in."

Globalization
In March 2004, the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization issued a report called "A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All". The report acknowledges how potential globalization can affect labor rights. Reforming globalization will require cooperation not only within the country but also at the global level. It suggests political authorities to "renew their attention to global solidarity".

Workers' rights advocates have been concerned with how globalization can impact labor rights in different countries. Some international agencies and global corporations see strong enforcement will limit a country's economic growth. As companies outsource their work to workers from lower-wage countries, governments will relax their regulations to attract businesses. As a result, poor countries implement a lower labor rights standard to compete with other countries. Layna Mosley's study shows that collective labor rights have declined since the recent global expansion started. By having multiple countries sign agreements and treaties, labor rights are able to be protected across the globe. However, some countries sign it even though they are not planning to follow the rules. Therefore, there might be room for labor rights practices to suffer.

However, some argued that globalization can improve labor rights enforcement by responding to other country's demands. Governments will act in their national interests, so when an important trading country urges for strong labor rights enforcement, they will act accordingly.

Labor rights issues by demographics

Child labor

Labor rights advocates have also worked to combat child labor. They see child labor as exploitative, and often economically damaging. Child labor opponents often argue that working children are deprived of an education. In 1948 and then again in 1989, the United Nations declared that children have a right to social protection.

It is hard for children to fight for their basic rights, especially in the workplace. They are often under-treated. Employers take advantage of child labor because they lack the ability to bargain collectively and compromise to work at an unpleasant workplace. Almost 95% of child labor occurs in developing countries. An example of an industry in which instances of child labor lead to severe injury or death that have been noted are cobalt mining in the DRC as well as copper mining in Zambia, where children were reported to be participating in all forms of mining at the expense of their education. There is a growing concern that the rising demand for resources that involve child labor for industries such as the production of electric vehicle batteries, will only increase labor rights violations. In India and Pakistan, children work long hours in various industries because of the debt their parents incurred. Poor families sometimes rely on their kids' income to pay bills. In Egypt, about 1.5 million kids under 14 years old are working even though there are child-protective labor laws.

Child labor in the United States

In the United States, the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) restricts the employment of children. The FLSA defines the minimum age for employment to 14 years for non-agricultural jobs with restrictions on hours, restricts the hours for youth under the age of 16, and prohibits the employment of children under the age of 18 in occupations deemed hazardous by the Secretary of Labor.

In 2007, Massachusetts updated its child labor laws that required all minors to have work permits.

Pregnant employees

The Employment Protection Consolidation Act (EPCA) has established four fundamental regulations for women's employment rights. Firstly, there is the provision of Statutory Maternity Pay, which ensures that a minimum payment is made during the leave period. Secondly, there is the right to maternity leave, which guarantees that women can take time off work and return to their job afterward. Additionally, women have the right to be reinstated to their original position. Finally, the EPCA has reinforced unfair dismissal rights.

Migrant workers
Legal migrant workers are sometimes abused. For instance, migrants have faced a number of alleged abuses in the United Arab Emirates (including Dubai). Human Rights Watch lists several problems including "nonpayment of wages, extended working hours without overtime compensation, unsafe working environments resulting in death and injury, squalid living conditions in labor camps, and withholding of passports and travel documents by employers. Despite laws against the practice, employers confiscate migrant workers' passports. Without their passports, workers cannot switch jobs or return home.
These workers have little recourse for labor abuses, but conditions have been improving. Labor and social welfare minister Ali bin Abdullah al-Kaabi has undertaken a number of reforms to help improve labor practices in his country.

The United Arab Emirates was condemned in a report issued in April 2021 by the Democracy Centre for Transparency calling out the nation for its abuse and discrimination of foreigners and expatriates against Emirati citizens. According to DCT, foreigners and expatriates in the UAE are often subjected to gender and wage discrimination, racialization, trafficking, and forced labor. As per the research conducted by the DCT, these issues remain unreported due to the threat and intimidation from their employers in the form of job loss or fabricated criminal charges. The discrimination and abuse have reportedly continued despite the easing of the Kafala system in the Emirate. The DCT concluded its report urging the UAE to address the issues and put an end to the racial hierarchy and discrimination against non-citizens.

Koelnmesse, the company responsible for managing the pavilion representing Germany at the Expo 2020 reportedly signed an agreement with the Emirati Transguard Group for laundry, cleaning, and security services. Rights groups claim that during the signing of a framework agreement between the two firms, evidence assuring human rights due diligence was overlooked. It is said that the firm withheld the passports and wages of the workers earning relatively lesser than the minimum wage and terminated them from the service without notice.

In neighboring countries such as Qatar, there is a similar problem. Qatar has received a lot of criticism over the way it treats its workers, including those that have worked on FIFA World Cup projects.

Undocumented workers
The right to equal treatment, regardless of gender, origin and appearance, religion, sexual orientation, is also seen by many as a worker's right. Discrimination in the workplace is illegal in many countries, but some see the wage gap between genders and other groups as a persistent problem.

Many migrant workers are not getting basic labor rights mainly because they don't speak the local language, regardless of legal status. Some have noticed that they are not getting the correct amount of money on their paycheck while others are underpaid.

Undocumented workers in the United States
The National Labor Relations Act recognizes undocumented laborers as employees. However, the supreme court case Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB established that backpay could not be awarded to unlawfully fired undocumented employees due to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. In this court decision, it was also stated that the U.S. would support FLSA and MSPA, without regard to whether or not someone is documented. Undocumented workers also still have legal protection against discrimination based on national origin. The decision of the Hoffman supreme court case has primarily affected undocumented laborers by preventing them from getting backpay and/or reinstatement.

While no undocumented individual is technically able to work in the United States legally, undocumented workers make up 5% of the workforce. In the U.S., people who were born outside of the country tend to work in riskier jobs and have a higher chance of encountering death on the job. The low-wage sectors, which many undocumented people work in, have the highest rates of wage and hour violation. Estimates claim that 31% of undocumented people work in service jobs. Restaurant work in particular has a 12% rate of undocumented workers.

Undocumented people can and have joined labor unions, and are even credited by a 2008 dissertation for "reinvigorating" the labor movement. Because the NLRA protects undocumented workers, it protects their right to organize. However, the NLRA excludes workers that are agricultural, domestic, independent contractors, governmental, or related to their employers. The right to speak up against labor abuses was protected further by an immigration reform bill in 2013 with the POWER act, which intended to protect employees who spoke out against labor practices from facing detention or deportation.

However, labor unions are not necessarily welcoming of immigrant workers. Within unions, there have been internal struggles, such as when Los Angeles immigrant janitors reorganized service workers. Being a part of the union does not necessarily address all the needs of immigrant workers, and thus winning power within the union is the first step for immigrant workers to address their needs.

Immigrant workers often mobilize beyond unions, by campaigning in their communities on intersectional issues of immigration, discrimination, and police misconduct.

Unionized workers
Labor unions formed throughout the industries. Labor unions in the crafts discovered difficulty in forming labor unions at different skill levels. These skill groups often got divided into racial and sexist ways. In 1895, the white-only International Association of Machinists affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which was founded in 1881. Entering the 20th century African Americans moved from the South into the North only to find that there was discrimination in economic opportunities. Racial stereotypes were used to divide the working class and create segregation. This eventually led to the creation of black codes and Jim Crow laws to limit the ability of African Americans to create a living for themselves. The Jim Crow laws passed in the 1800s were laws that forbade African Americans from living in white neighborhoods, along with segregation in public places. these were enforced for public pools, phone booths, hospitals, asylums, jails and residential homes for the elderly and handicapped and more.

Neurodiversity

People who are neurodivergent present distinct issues in labor rights. They may individually or as a demographic have occupational preferences or requests for accommodation which differ from neurotypical workers. While some neurodivergent people may need workplace support in a medical model of disability, other people may only want cultural understanding in a social model of disability.

Neurodiversity considerations may include people on the autism spectrum, with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental coordination disorder (DCD, also known as dyspraxia) or dyslexia.

Measurement of Labor Rights
There are several indices that measure labor rights produced by various organizations.  Some focus on collective bargaining and freedom of association including in datasets produced by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and Penn State. Others, such as data produced by the V-Dem Institute and UCLA's World Policy Analysis Center focus on other components such as employment discrimination, child labor, and forced labor.

The ITUC produces the Global Rights Index on an annual basis which rates "countries depending on their compliance with collective labor rights and document violations by governments and employers of internationally recognized rights." The ILO produces the data for Sustainable Development Goal 8.8.2, which measures the "Level of national compliance with labor rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining) based on International Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant status. In the past, Penn State's Center for Global Workers' Rights has produced a set of labor rights indicators which use a similar methodology to the ILO, but have wider country coverage.

The V-Dem Institute produces a wide range of data on civil rights and democracy.  This includes data on the prevalence of forced labor and data on civil society organizations, including trade unions.  UCLA's World Policy Analysis Center maintains a database on a range of global legal standards including women's rights, disability rights, child labor, and employment discrimination.

See also

 Decent work
 Economic, social and cultural rights
 Industrial democracy
 Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights
 International Labour Organization
 International Labor Rights Forum
 Journal of Workplace Rights
 Labor rights in American meatpacking industry
 Labour Day
 Labour law
 Occupational safety and health
 Right to work
 Social clause
 Socialism
 Strike action
 Syndicalism
 Smart contract: can be used in employment contracts
 Union organizer
 Worker cooperative
 Workers' council
 Workers' right to access the toilet
 Workplace democracy

References

External links
 Dataset on collective labor rights across all sovereign states, 1985–2002
 International Labor Rights Forum
 Human Rights Watch
 International Labor Organization
 Workers' rights page at the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor
 International Network for Economic, Social & Cultural Rights
 ITUC Global Rights Index 2020

Labour law

Labor rights


Evelyn Barbirolli (born Wallingford-on-Thames, Berkshire, 24 January 1911; died 25 January 2008) was a famous oboist.  She was an honorary member of the Royal Philharmonic Society.  Only 116 people have ever been made honorary members.  She was the wife of the conductor Sir John Barbirolli.  She was born Evelyn Rothwell, and was always known by that name until after the death of her husband, John Barbirolli, when she changed her professional name to "Evelyn Barbirolli".  She became famous at a time when there were very few women in orchestras.

Life

Early years

Evelyn Rothwell's father was a tea dealer in the City of London.  Her mother was related to Charles Reade, a 19th century novelist.  She started to learn the oboe at her school, Downe House, near Newbury.  Her father did not want her to study music, but in the end she was allowed to go to the Royal College of Music.   She studied the oboe there, and the piano as a second instrument.  She also played the cello and timpani.  She was a student there at the same time as Benjamin Britten, who sometimes asked her to play some of the oboe music he had just written.

Evelyn started her professional career as an oboist in the Drury Lane orchestra.  She soon got a job with the Royal Opera House touring company whose conductor was John Barbirolli.  Barbirolli was married, but his marriage did not last long.

Barbirolli was then made conductor of the Scottish Orchestra (now called the Royal Scottish National Orchestra).  He gave Evelyn the job of first oboe in this orchestra.  He made an arrangement of a concerto by Handel for her to play.  She played several other concertos with him conducting, and they made several recordings.  Vaughan Williams was very pleased with their recording of his oboe concerto.  Several composers wrote music especially for her.  Henry Wood made her first oboist in the New Queen's Hall Orchestra.

Years of marriage

Evelyn married Barbirolli in 1939, after he had divorced his first wife.  By this time Barbirolli was conductor of the New York Philharmonic.  He had taken this job after Toscanini had left.  Barbirolli and his new wife lived in New York until 1943 when they returned to England so that Barbirolli could be the conductor of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester.  Sometimes she played in the orchestra, but not very often because she thought people might say that it was because her husband was the conductor.  When the Hallé Orchestra went to Austria in 1948 she played Mozart's oboe concerto with them.  People at that time only knew this work in an arrangement for the flute.

In Manchester Evelyn helped her husband by being his secretary.  She drove him everywhere, and was always by his side at rehearsals to help him.  As Barbirolli gradually became ill she spent nearly all her time with him instead of playing the oboe.  She travelled with him to America when he became conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra.  Barbirolli kept working hard although he was not well.  During his last years they had financial problems when Barbirolli's manager caused them to lose a lot of money.

After Barbirolli's death

After Barbirolli's death in 1970 she started to play her oboe again.  She taught at the Royal Academy of Music, and was always known as "Lady Barbirolli" (or "Lady B").  She often adjudicated at music competitions.  Her pupils respected her for her honesty and kindness.  She wrote a book about Oboe Technique and the Oboist's Companion, a book in 3 volumes.  She also wrote an autobiography called Living with Glorious John.  She was made an OBE in 1984.  She died the day after her 97th birthday.

References
Obituary: The Daily Telegraph, 26 January 2008.

Oboists
English autobiographers
1911 births
2008 deaths
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music

Evelyn Barbirolli


Clan Macdonald o Sleat, whiles kent as Clan Donald North an in Gaelic Clann Ùisdein , is a Scots clan an a branch o Clan Donald — ane o the lairgest Scots clans. The foonder o the Macdonalds o Sleat is Ùisdean, 6t  ieroe o Somhairle, a 12t century Rì Innse Gall. The clan kin forbye be kent in  Gaelic as Clann Ùisdein ("children of Ùisdein"), an its chief's Gaelic designation is Mac Ùisdein ("son of Ùisdean"), in reference tae the clan's foonder. Baith the clan an its clan chief are recognised by the Lord Lyon Keeng o Airms, who is the heraldic authority in Scotland.

The Macdonalds o Sleat participatit in several feids wi thair  neebours, maist notably the Macleods o Harris an Dunvegan, an the Macleans o Duart. The clan suffered fae fechtin within itself in the early 16t century, as the leadin members o the clan focht an murthert ilk ane ither.

The clan seemt tae hae grudgingly supportit the Royalist cause in the Wars o the Three Kinricks, an suffered grievous in militar defeats anent Parliamentarian forces. The clan supportit the Jacobite cause in the 1715 rebellion, but  refuist tae cam oot for Bonnie Prince Charlie an his faither efter in 1745. In the early 18t century, the clan's chief wis insnorlt  in a plan tae sell tenants intae slavery in the American Colonies. By the late 18t century, the chiefs haed distanct thairsels fae the common clansfowk, whan thay seatit thairsels in northren Ingland an didnae visit the auld clan lands. The 18t an 19t centuries thar wis muckle sufferin o the common clansfolk. Mony wur cleared aff thair lands at the haunds o thair absentee lairds in the Clearances. Nouadays descendants o the clan live aw ower the warld.

Clan Donald
Hieland Clearances
Skye
Macdonald o Sleat
Uist

Clan Macdonald o Sleat