The Possession of Joel Delaney is a 1972 horror film directed by Waris Hussein and starring Shirley MacLaine and Perry King. It is based on the 1970 novel of the same title by Ramona Stewart. The plot follows a wealthy New York City divorcee whose brother becomes possessed by a deceased serial killer who committed a series of gruesome murders in Spanish Harlem.

Originally developed by producer Martin Poll and his production company, Haworth Productions, Poll abandoned the project shortly after filming began, due to creative differences with actress Shirley MacLaine. Following Poll's departure, British  producer Lew Grade of ITC Entertainment overtook the project. Principal photography took place in New York City and London during the winter of 1971, on a budget of $1.5 million.

The Possession of Joel Delaney was released theatrically in the United States by Paramount Pictures in May 1972, and subsequently entered competition at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival. It received a theatrical release in the United Kingdom shortly after, in August 1972. The film received mixed reviews from critics, though its theme of possession subsequently resulted in parallels being drawn by critics to The Exorcist, released a year later.

In the intervening years, the film has been the subject of film criticism surrounding its themes of social inequality, as well as familial relationships and incest.

Plot
Norah Benson is an upperclass Manhattan divorcee living with her two children, Carrie and Peter. Her ex-husband, Ted, an esteemed physician, has recently remarried. One night, Norah, accompanied by her younger brother, Joel Delaney, attends a party held by her psychologist friend, Erika Lorenz. In contrast to Norah's elitism, Joel has a more bohemian view of the world, and has recently returned to New York after an extended visit to Tangier. Despite their differences, the siblings remain close, bonded by the suicide of their socialite mother that occurred when Joel was still a child; Norah, a young adult at the time, became Joel's guardian.

Two days after Erika's party, Joel fails to arrive at a dinner Norah has planned at her house. When she phones him, she hears a series of disturbing noises and heavy breathing. Concerned, Norah rushes to Joel's apartment building in the East Village. Outside, she witnesses Joel in a rage, being apprehended by police and escorted to the psychiatric ward of Bellevue Hospital. Norah is disturbed to find that Joel violently attacked the building's superintendent. In Joel's apartment, Norah finds a large switchblade knife, and notices an esoteric hand symbol painted on the wall. Norah is met by Joel's former girlfriend, Sherry, who comments on Joel's "dark side." Norah learns that the apartment previously belonged to a man named Tonio Pérez, the superintendent's son.

Unable to recall the events that landed him in the hospital, Joel is convinced by Norah to lie to the doctors and claim he was under the influence of hallucinogens. After following Norah's instruction, Joel is discharged on the provision that he meet with a psychiatrist; Norah arranges for him to see Erika, who has known Joel most of his life. During their sessions, Joel informs Erika that he formed a strong friendship with his neighbor, Tonio. Meanwhile, Norah, having welcomed Joel to stay with her while recovering, observes increasingly odd behavior: He first asks Norah inappropriate questions about her sex life, and later, at his birthday celebration (attended by Norah, her children, and Sherry), exhibits manic behavior, culminating in a series of crude insults to Norah's Puerto Rican maid, Veronica, which he relays in Spanish.

The following day, Norah visits Sherry's apartment to return an earring she left behind. Upon entering, Norah finds Sherry's decapitated corpse lying in her bed, and her severed head hanging from a houseplant. Police interview Norah, and remark that Sherry's murder resembles serial killings that occurred the summer before in Spanish Harlem, which received little publicity because the victims were all Hispanic females. Detectives presume the perpetrator to be Tonio Peréz, who has been missing for several months, but his family and friends refuse to cooperate with authorities.

With Veronica's help, Norah meets Don Pedro, a Santería practitioner in Harlem who agrees to help her. He arranges a ceremony to banish Tonio's spirit, which he believes has possessed Joel's body. In attendance is Tonio's grief-stricken mother, who admits to Norah that Tonio was in fact a murderer, and that when his father discovered Tonio's crimes, he murdered Tonio himself and disposed of his remains. Norah bears witness to the ceremony, but Don concludes it to be unsuccessful because Norah is not a believer; he insists she return with Joel.

Norah returns home to find Joel screaming hysterically in Spanish. Frightened for the children's safety, Norah brings them to the family's beachfront vacation home in Long Island, while Erika promises to help Joel. The next morning, after returning from a walk on the beach, Norah finds Erika's severed head in the kitchen, and Joel standing nearby with his switchblade. Now uniformly possessed by Tonio, Joel torments and taunts Norah and the children. He orders Peter to strip naked, and forces Carrie to eat dog food before superficially cutting her on her neck. Ted, along with police, arrive outside the home in the midst of this. Norah observes them and attempts to stop Joel, who responds by giving her a passionate kiss. The children flee outside. Joel pursues them, only to be shot in the chest by one of the officers. Norah rushes to her brother, who dies in her arms. After a pause, Norah picks up Joel's switchblade, and menacingly holds it up toward the policeman, indicating the spirit of Tonio has now resided within her.

Cast

Themes

Social class
In his book Hearths of Darkness: The Family in the American Horror Film (2014), film scholar Tony Williams writes that The Possession of Joel Delaney is thematically preoccupied with the same "racial, economic, and class characteristics of I Walked With a Zombie (1943)," despite its depiction Puerto Rican Americans as "superstitious voodoo devotees." Williams notes that the film's opening sequence at an upperclass party affirms this thematic exploration, observing that "intercut shots juxtapose affluent white guests with primitive voodoo masks placed in the demeaning position of trendy artifacts. A black man [in the scene] stands alone. His face exhibits ethnic alienation."

Williams notes a similar social-racial suggestiveness through the film's cinematography, particularly "subtle, non-rhetorical camera movements" that occur during sequences between Norah and her maid, Veronica, which reveal the "oppressive nature of white power."

Familial relationships
Familial trauma and incestual desire have been a points of discussion regarding the film, particularly between the lead characters of Norah and her brother, Joel. Throughout the film, several peripheral characters observe that Norah and Joel have an unusual brother-sister relationship, with some commenting that the two appear to be a couple. Williams attests that Norah's sexual desire for Joel is represented in the film's opening sequence, in which she appears visibly jealous when she witnesses Joel speaking with his ex-girlfriend. According to Williams, Norah, who partly raised Joel, has an agenda to keep him in a "state of childish dependence," and suggests that the film's title has a double meaning, alluding to both the supernatural spirit possession of Joel, as well as the emotional possession of him by Norah.

Williams believes that the film "handles family motifs far more successfully than the more publicized film from the following year, The Exorcist...  it achieves an effective balance between supernatural motifs and material causes by never allowing the former to overwhelm the latter."

Production

Development
Initially, producer Martin Poll and his studio, Haworth Productions, arranged to produce a film version of The Possession of Joel Delaney, based on Ramona Stewart's 1970 novel of the same name. However, shortly after filming began, Poll left the project due to creative disputes with actress Shirley MacLaine. Following Poll's exit, British media proprietor Lew Grade and his company, ITC Entertainment, took over the production; MacLaine had recently made the short-lived series Shirley's World under Grade's supervision.

Filming
Filming of The Possession of Joel Delaney began on January 2, 1971 in New York City. While exteriors were shot in New York, the bulk of the interior sequences were filmed in London. Principal photography was completed in March 1971.

Release
The film opened theatrically in the United States on May 24, 1972 in New York City and Los Angeles. In addition to its standard cut, which consists primarily of spoken English with some Spanish, an exclusively Spanish-language version of the film was released concurrently in New York. It was subsequently screened at the Berlin International Film Festival the week of June 23, 1972. It was released in the United Kingdom approximately two months later, opening in London on August 18, 1972.

Critical response
Candice Russell of the Miami Herald felt the screenplay was underdeveloped, despite the film's "keen performances, Hussein's crisp direction, and clean, often-eerie photography. The fault here lies with the screenplay, and not with its execution."

Wanda Hale of The New York Daily News praised the acting in the film, noting that MacLaine's role "tests [her] dramatic ability, and she gives a remarkably fine performance," and also commented favorably on the film's depiction of class disparity among New York residents.

A review published by the Time Out Film Guide was critical of the film, noting: "There is some slick racial moralising (rich white New Yorkers shouldn't be beastly to their less privileged neighbours). But stir in some mumbo-jumbo in which shrieking Puerto Ricans try to exorcise the devil, and a climax in which MacLaine and her children are tortured at knife-point by the spirit of racial vengeance, and what you come away with is an alarmist message saying 'Keep New York White'." TV Guide also gave the film an unfavorable review, deeming it "bad taste, overwrought, and claptrap."

Controversy
One of the more controversial elements of the film is its ending. Thirteen-year-old actor David Elliott is shown fully naked during a sequence in which his character is humiliated by the possessed Joel Delaney. Noted film critic Roger Ebert wrote:[The] final scenes in the beach house are in nauseatingly bad taste. Filmmakers should have enough imagination and enterprise to scare us without resulting to cheap tricks. Hitchcock can, and does. But Warris Hussein, who directed this film, is so bankrupt of imagination that he actually descends to a scene where the little boy is forced to disrobe and eat dog food. This is all because of the evil spirit in Joel's body, of course, but I don't care.

Scenes of this nature are rotten and bankrupt, and you feel unclean just watching them.
In the March 5, 2004 issue of Entertainment Weekly, Stephen King wrote about the film and that particular scene, claiming that today it would earn the film an NC-17 rating. It was claimed that the VHS had the scene uncut, while the DVD was altered. In reality, the VHS transfer is "open matte," revealing top and bottom picture information usually cropped in theatrical showings; in this case, it made the scenes with the boy more revealing. In contrast, the DVD is matted widescreen, reflecting the theatrical intent of being more restrained about the boy's nudity.

Home media
Paramount Home Entertainment released The Possession of Joel Delaney on VHS in 1991. The film remained unreleased in other formats until June 2008, when Paramount issued it for the first time on DVD in conjunction with Legend Films. In August 2021, the Australian company Via Vision Entertainment announced they would be releasing the film for the first time on Blu-ray through their Imprint films series on November 24, 2021.

See also
 List of American films of 1972

References

Sources

External links

1972 films
1972 horror films
1970s thriller films
American serial killer films
American supernatural horror films
American supernatural thriller films
British supernatural horror films
British supernatural thriller films
Censored films
Films about exorcism
Films about social class
Films about spirit possession
Films based on American horror novels
Films directed by Waris Hussein
Films scored by Joe Raposo
Films set in New York City
Films shot in London
Films shot in New York City
Incest in film
ITC Entertainment films
Obscenity controversies in film
Paramount Pictures films
Religious horror films
Works about Santería
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
1970s British films

The Possession of Joel Delaney (film)


In India, the members of Parliament or State Legislative Assemblies that belong to a particular political party are known as the Legislative Party. For example, the Congress Party's legislators are known as the Congress Legislative Party or CLP. Traditionally, the head of the majority Legislative Party in Parliament is chosen as Prime Minister, and that of the majority Legislative Party in a State, the Chief Minister.

References

Politics of India
Political parties in India
Parliament of India

Legislative Party


Caspar Zafer (born 26 October 1974)  is an English actor.

Career

Zafer was born 26 October 1974 and spent much of his childhood and early life in the Middle East. He trained in theatre at The Oxford School of Drama.  From 2001 to 2002 he performed in the television series Dream Team. Following this  the movie La Femme Musketeer he held the role of Gaston Athos. Following years he had engagements in different television- and movie productions including Too Much Romance... It's Time for Stuffed Peppers  starring alongside Sophia Loren and F. Murray Abraham in 2004, True True Lie and Tirant lo Blanc in 2006 where he played the lead.  Following this he starred in numerous films until moving to U.S TV In 2012 where he had the role from the original vampire Finn Mikaelson in the television series The Vampire Diaries. He starred in The Originals on the CW, reprising his role as Finn Mikaelson in his original body.

Rowing

Zafer is also a world record holder in Ocean rowing. In August 2014 he won the Great Pacific Race along with three others in their boat Uniting Nations. They became the first four-man crew to row 2400 miles from Mainland United States (Monterey) to Wakiki Hawaii. They are also the fastest crossing the Pacific in 43 days.

Filmography

Television

References

External links

1974 births
21st-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)

Casper Zafer


Medang Kamulan was a semi-mythological kingdom that is believed to be once established somewhere in Central Java according to Javanese mythology. It is either perceived as the predecessor or the actual historical kingdom of the Medang Kingdom. "Kamulan" is derived from the word "mula" in Javanese and means "origin", hence "Medang Kamulan" can be interpreted as "pre-Medang" or "Medang the origin".

Myths
The kingdom is considered by historians and archaeology scholars as semi-mythological, since there is no actual archaeological remnant and historical sources (such as inscriptions) that mentioned about the "Medang Kamulan" kingdom. The name of the kingdom appears in a number of Javanese myths, legends, and folklores; such as the legend of Aji Saka, Dewi Sri, Loro Jonggrang, and in a Javanese wayang story mentioning that Medang Kamulan was the kingdom where Batara Guru ruled and created gamelan. The Loro Jonggrang legend mentioned that the kingdom was ruled by a king named Prabu Gilingwesi.

Sundanese tradition
The Sundanese tradition recognize this kingdom in their legend as the predecessor of the Galuh Kingdom.

The legend of Aji Saka
The Aji Saka legend mentioned that the Bledug Kuwu mud volcano in Grobogan Regency was the place where the giant serpent Jaka Linglung appeared before defeating Prabu Dewata Cengkar.  Also in the legend, Medang Kamulan was ruled by the evil giant king named Prabu Dewata Cengkar.

Bujangga Manik
Line 782 and 783 of the second manuscript of the 15th century Bujangga Manik mentioned that after leaving Pulutan (correspond to a village name in west Purwodadi, Central Java) he arrived in "Medang Kamulan". Later after crossing the Wuluyu river, he arrived in Gegelang located south of Medang Kamulan. This manuscript was the first written record that mentioned a place named Medang Kamulan, although at that time it was not a kingdom.

Serat Centhini
Serat Centhini mentions the location of a Medang Kamulan palace on the north-east of Kasanga mud volcano, which was the place where Jaka Linglung was said to be dead. Jayengresmi found it had become a dense forest while the ruin was nowhere to be seen.

Possible historical kingdom
Van der Meulen suggests, although not quite convinced, that Medang Kamulan refers to "Hasin-Medang-Kuwu-lang-pi-ya" suggested by van Orsoy in his article about the Ho-Ling (Kalingga) kingdom mentioned in Chinese record.

It was possible that the mention of the Medang Kamulan kingdom in several Javanese legends and myths was the remnant of local Javanese collective memory on the existence of an ancient kingdom named "Medang" which was actually corresponded to the historical 8th to 11th century Kingdom of Medang.

References

Medang Kingdom
Javanese mythology
Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia
Central Java

Medang Kamulan


The Detroit Industry Murals (1932–1933) are a series of frescoes by the Mexican artist Diego Rivera, consisting of twenty-seven panels depicting industry at the Ford Motor Company and in Detroit. Together they surround the interior Rivera Court in the Detroit Institute of Arts. Painted between 1932 and 1933, they were considered by Rivera to be his most successful work. On April 23, 2014, the Detroit Industry Murals were designated by the Department of Interior as a National Historic Landmark.

The two main panels on the North and South walls depict laborers working at Ford Motor Company's River Rouge Plant. Other panels depict advances made in various scientific fields, such as medicine and new technology. The series of murals, taken as a whole, expresses the idea that all actions and ideas are one.

Commission
In 1932, Wilhelm Valentiner, director of the Detroit Institute of Art, commissioned Mexican artist Diego Rivera to paint 27 fresco murals depicting the industries of Detroit in the interior courtyard of the museum. Rivera was chosen for the project because he had just completed a mural at the California School of Fine Arts (now the San Francisco Art Institute) that displayed his painterly ability as well as his interest in the modern industrial culture of the United States. As outlined in the terms of the commission, the DIA agreed to pay all expenses toward materials, while Rivera  would pay his assistants from his artist's fee. Edsel Ford contributed $20,000 to make the commission possible.

Excerpt from commission proposal to Rivera from Valentiner:

The project
Rivera started the project by researching the facilities at the Ford River Rouge Complex. He spent three months touring all of the plants, preparing hundreds of sketches and concepts for the mural. He also had a photographer assigned to him as aid for Rivera's research in finding visual reference material. The photographer was W. J. Stettler, who was Ford's official photographer for the River Rouge plant. Rivera was truly amazed by the technology and modernity of Detroit's plants. Although intrigued with the auto industry and its related elements, he also expressed an interest in the pharmaceutical industry. He spent some time at the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical plant in Detroit to conduct research for his commission at the DIA.

Rivera completed the commission in eight months, a relatively short amount of time for such a large and complex work. To do so, Rivera and his assistants had an exhausting work schedule, routinely working fifteen-hour days without breaks between. Rivera lost 100 lbs over the course of the project because of the rigorous work. He had a reputation for paying his assistants poorly, and at one point they protested for higher pay during the project.

Rivera started working on the mural in 1932, during the Great Depression. In Detroit one out of four laborers were unemployed, and workers at the Ford Motor Company were agitating for improvements to pay and conditions. 6,000 workers went on strike, but their effort was sabotaged. Five men died in violence and other workers were wounded. Rivera was likely inspired by the charged atmosphere of protest against one of the world's most powerful industries.

During this period, Detroit had an advanced industrial economy, and it was the site of the largest manufacturing industry of the world. In 1927, the Ford Motor Company was introducing advanced technological improvements for their assembly line, one of which was the revolutionary automated car assembly line. The Detroit automotive industry was vertically integrated, with the capacity to manufacture every component for their motor cars, something considered an industrial marvel at the time.

In addition, Detroit had factories that produced diverse goods and commodities ranging from steel, electric power, and cement. Although well known for the mass production of motor cars, Detroit also manufactured ships, tractors, and airplanes. This impressive integrated industrial manufacturing center is what Rivera sought to capture in his work at the Detroit Institute of Art; the series was later known as the Detroit Industry Murals.

North and South walls
The two largest murals of the 27 completed by Rivera are located on the north and south walls of the interior court, now known as the Rivera Court. The murals depict the workers at the Ford River Rouge Complex in Dearborn, Michigan.

The two largest murals, on the north and south walls of the court, are considered the climax to the narrative that Rivera depicted in the total of 27 panels. The north wall puts the worker at center and depicts the manufacturing process of Ford's famous 1932 V8 engine. The mural also explores the relationship between man and the machine. In an age of mechanical production, the boundary between man and the machine was a commonly explored theme. While machines were made to imitate the abilities of man, and men had to respond to machines, workers and leaders were concerned about ethical rights for the working-class majority. Rivera also incorporated such elements as images of blasting furnaces that made iron ore, foundries making molds for parts, conveyor belts carrying the cast parts, machining operations, and inspections. Rivera depicted the entire manufacturing process on the large north side mural. On the right and left side he portrayed the chemical industry: juxtaposing scientists producing poison gas for warfare and scientists who are producing vaccines for medical purposes.

On the opposite side of the north wall, Rivera depicts the manufacturing process of the exterior automobile parts, focusing on technology as an important quality of the future. He allegorizes this concept through one of the huge parts-pressing machines depicted in the mural. The machine is meant to symbolize the creation story of the Aztec goddess Coatlicue.

In Aztec mythology indigenous to Mexico, Coatlicue was the mother of the gods. She gave birth to the moon, stars, and Huitzilopochtli, the god of the sun and war. The story of Coatlicue was important to the Aztecs and summarized the complexity of their culture and religious beliefs. Critics have suggested that Rivera contrasted the Aztec story with the role and place of modern technology. It had become so important culturally that at times it was supported and defended as passionately as a new religion promising a better future to mankind.

Notoriety
Rivera was a controversial choice for this art project, as he was known to follow Marxist philosophy. The Depression had disrupted American faith in industrial and economic progress. Some critics viewed the murals as Marxist propaganda. When the murals were completed, the Detroit Institute for the Arts invited various clergymen to comment. Catholic and Episcopalian clergy condemned the murals as blasphemous. The Detroit News protested that they were "vulgar" and "un-American". As a result of the controversy, 10,000 people visited the museum on a single Sunday, and the city increased its budget.

One panel on the North wall features a Christ-like child figure with golden hair reminiscent of a halo. Flanking it on the right is a horse (rather than the donkey of Christian tradition); on the left is an ox. Directly below are several sheep, an animal included in traditional Nativity scenes. It also represents  Christ as Agnus Dei (Lamb of God). A doctor fills the role of Joseph and a nurse that of Mary; together they are administering a vaccination to the child. In the background three scientists, like biblical Magi, are engaged in what appears to be a research experiment. This part of the fresco is clearly a modern take on traditional images of the holy family, but some critics interpret it as parody rather than homage.

Some art historians have suggested that Rivera's patron Edsel Ford stoked the controversy to generate publicity about the artwork. An exhibit at DIA in 2015 explored this theory.

At its unveiling, this panel so offended some members of Detroit's religious community that they demanded it be destroyed, but commissioner Edsel Ford and DIA Director Wilhelm Valentiner held firm. It remains in place today.

During the 1950s, the DIA erected a sign above the entrance to the Rivera Court that read:

See also
List of works by Diego Rivera
List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, Michigan
Man at the Crossroads (1934)
Henry Ford Hospital, 1932 painting by Frida Kahol
Diego Rivera

References

External links
A high resolution panoramic view of the murals can be seen at Rivera Court by Synthescape.
 Detroit Industry Murals – Introduction
Detroit Industry: The Murals of Diego Rivera, Don Gonyea, NPR, April 22, 2009, includes audio, text, slideshow, and video of Rivera painting the murals.
"Symbolism in Diego Rivera's Detroit Industry Murals"
Meet America's Newest Historic Landmarks, PBS Newshour, April 27, 2014.
 Mutual Admiration, Mutual Exploitation: Rivera, Ford and the Detroit Industry Murals
 Detroit Industry Murals – National Park Service

Paintings in the Detroit Institute of Arts
Paintings by Diego Rivera
Fresco paintings in the United States
Murals in Michigan
Paintings in Detroit
1930s murals
1932 paintings
1933 paintings
National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
National Historic Landmarks in Metro Detroit
1930s in Michigan
Ford Motor Company

Detroit Industry Murals


Sierra Leone Commercial Bank (SLCB) is a commercial bank in Sierra Leone. It is one of the commercial banks licensed by the Bank of Sierra Leone,  the country's central bank and national banking regulator.

Overview
SLCB was founded in 1973. It serves large corporations, small and medium enterprises, and individual customers. It is operated and managed by indigenous Sierra Leoneans.

Ownership
The stock of the bank is 100 percent owned by the Government of Sierra Leone.

Branch network
SLCB maintains its headquarters in Freetown, the capital, and has branches in Freetown, Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Koidu, Cline Town, Mobimbi, Njala, and Waterloo.

See also

Banking in Sierra Leone
List of banks in Sierra Leone
List of banks in Africa

References

Banks of Sierra Leone
Companies based in Freetown
Banks established in 1973
1973 establishments in Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone Commercial Bank


Der Theatermacher is a play written by Austrian author Thomas Bernhard in 1984.

Content

The play is about an actor called Bruscon from the state theater, who stops in the small village of Utzbach on tour to perform his play "Das Rad der Geschichte" ("The Wheel of History"). His whole family (his wife, his son and his daughter) act in the play.

At the beginning, Bruscon is in conversation with the landlord of the inn where the play is to take place, insisting that the fire office in the village must allow the extinction of the emergency light at the end of the play. Bruscon complains about the humidity of the room, his fear of a floor breaking through and the fact that Utzbach seems too small for his "outstanding" work. In addition, learns from the landlord that the day of performance coincides with the famous "Blutwursttag" (blood sausage day) in the village and that, consequently, many locals won't have time to watch the play.

While rehearsing the play with his children and his wife, who appears to have a cold ("Your mother wastes her entire talent pretending to be sick"), Bruscon, the dramatist, turns out to be a true tyrant. Again and again, he insults off the theatrical talent of the others, emphasising his own great talent and demands to be served by the others. Often he gets entangled in contradictory statements without realizing it. For example, he says to the son: "You are my biggest disappointment, you know it, but you have never disappointed me, you are my useful servant." The only moment of rehearsal in which the family escapes from Bruscon's tirades is when they eat together the local soup speciality, which Bruscon had expressly ordered from the landlord at the beginning.

Bruscon's play, in which he says all comedies are included, ultimately goes awry. After violent thunder at the beginning of the performance, the spectators leave the inn because a flash of lightning has hit the inn and it is raining through the roof of the room. Bruscon remains behind in the rain deeply disappointed.

Allusions

Der Thatermacher is rich in allusions to Salzburg and the Salzburg Festival.

 The scene Schwarzer Hirsch in Utzbach alludes to the Hotel Goldener Hirsch in Salzburg, which is located in the immediate vicinity of the festival district.
 The dispute over the emergency light refers to the scandal around the second performance of Bernhard's play Der Ignorant und der Wahnsinnige ("The Ignoramus and the Madman"), which was premiered at the Salzburg Festival in 1972 under the direction of Claus Peymann.
 Even before the premiere, it was said that Oskar Werner was the role model for the theater maker Bruscon in the run-up to the premiere, but this was disputed or doubted by Claus Peymann, the director of the world premiere.

References

1984 plays
German-language plays
Plays by Thomas Bernhard
Plays about actors

Der Theatermacher


Donald Gordon Battye (29 September 1938 – 28 February 2016) was an Australian composer, writer and television producer, best known for his work with Crawford Productions and Reg Grundy Organisation (known then as Reg Grundy Productions).

Biography and career

Battye worked on several Crawford Productions television serials as a writer, script editor, and producer including soap opera The Box in 1976 and 1977, The Sullivans and police procedural drama series Division 4, Bluey (1976) and Homicide.

Battye and business partner Peter Pinne wrote children's musicals which premiered at the Alexander Theatre, Monash University, from 1973 to 1980. as well as the adult musicals All Saints' Day, Don't Tell Helena, A Bunch of Ratbags, It Happened in Tanjablanca, Red White * Boogie, Sweet Fanny Adams, Caroline, The Computer and Love Travelling Salesman (2 folk operas) and Prisoner Cell Block H, the Musical.

He later worked for Reg Grundy Productions, (later changed to the Grundy Organization) as Senior Vice President Drama Development which in that capacity made him producer and executive producer on such programmes as the action series Chopper Squad, which first took him to join the company, police procedural drama series Bellamy (1981) and soap operas, The Restless Years (1981), for which he also wrote over 100 episodes, Sons and Daughters for which he also wrote over 150 episodes (1982), Waterloo Station (1983), Possession (1985) and Neighbours (also 1985). Battye was Executive Producer of Neighbours from 1988–1992 and wrote for the program until the year 2000. Battye co-composed the famous theme song to Sons and Daughters with Pinne, plus two songs for inclusion in Neighbours.

He produced and composed music from the Philippines where he had resided since 1998. He wrote a memoir which encompassed his life from being a child actor to a senior television executive.

He and Brian Kavanagh wrote the screenplay A City's Child.

Death
Battye died on 28 February in Palawan, Philippines. Rick Maier, the Head of Drama at Network Ten, and Jason Herbison, the series producer of Neighbours, paid tribute to Battye. Maier commented, "It is with great sadness we note the passing of our friend Don Battye. A prolific producer and writer, Don was highly respected throughout the industry, both for his work with Crawford Productions and Grundy Television. As Executive Producer of Neighbours (1988 to 1992) and many other popular shows for Ten, he may well have launched a thousand careers. Generous with his time and his knowledge, Don will always remain one of the best." Herbison called him "a true legend in the Australian television industry." An In Memoriam card was displayed at the end of the credits for "Episode 7311" of Neighbours, acknowledging Battye's death and work on the show.

Books
    (Adapted from the novel by William Dick)

References

External links

"DON BATTYE", doollee

1938 births
2016 deaths
Australian soap opera writers
Soap opera producers
Australian male television writers

Don Battye


Matfield House is a Grade I listed Georgian house in the village of Matfield, Kent, England.

The house was built in 1728 in the Queen Anne style for Thomas Marchant, a yeoman farmer from Horsmonden and his heiress wife Mary. It is constructed in two storeys of pink and red brick in Flemish bond overlooking the Matfield village green.

The associated stable block is also Grade I listed. One of a group of buildings forming a stable courtyard, it is surmounted by an impressive clock turret and cupola. The other stable building is listed Grade II*, as is the coachhouse and the nearby Matfield House Cottages.

The cricketer Frank Marchant, captain of Kent County Cricket Club from 1890 until 1897, was born in the house in 1864.

References

Grade II* listed buildings in Kent
Grade I listed houses in Kent

Matfield House


Grant Barry Anderson (born October 24, 1954) is an associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court. He is a former member of the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

Early life and education
Anderson was born on October 24, 1954, and grew up in Mankato, Minnesota. He is a 1976 graduate of Gustavus Adolphus College, receiving a Bachelor of Arts magna cum laude, and a 1979 graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, receiving a Juris Doctor.

Anderson was a general-practice lawyer in Fairmont and then in Hutchinson, where he served as city attorney for over a decade. He is certified as a civil trial specialist by the Minnesota State Bar Association and is an experienced trial lawyer, representing both plaintiffs and defendants in a wide variety of cases.

Career

Anderson's background includes service as chairman of the Board of Directors of Hutchinson Community Video Network, a local public-access television effort, two terms as President of the Hutchinson Rotary Club, and other community activities. More recently he has served as a member of the Minnesota Valley YMCA Community Board of Directors, as a youth athletics coach, and as a national judge of the "We the People" high school civics competition. Anderson has also served as the moderator of Pioneer PBS's "Your Legislators" for over 20 years. Anderson is a frequent contributor to continuing legal education efforts and has lectured on the use of expert witnesses and similar topics. He also serves on the Judicial Council, the statewide governing board for the Minnesota Judicial Branch.

Anderson served on the Minnesota Court of Appeals from August 1998 until 2004. He was appointed to the Minnesota Supreme Court by Governor Tim Pawlenty in 2004, beginning October 13, 2004. In 2006, he was elected to a six-year term. Dean Barkley, who briefly served as a U.S. Senator from Minnesota in 2002 after the death of Paul Wellstone, ran against Anderson in the 2012 election. Anderson won reelection to another six-year term with 58.9% of the vote.

References

External links

Judge Profile: Associate Justice G. Barry Anderson, Minnesota Judicial Branch.

Justices of the Minnesota Supreme Court
1954 births
Living people
Gustavus Adolphus College alumni
University of Minnesota Law School alumni
Politicians from Mankato, Minnesota
Minnesota Court of Appeals judges
People from Fairmont, Minnesota
People from Hutchinson, Minnesota
21st-century American judges

Barry Anderson


The Early Learning Centre (ELC) is a British retailer that sells toys aimed at younger children. It is part of The Entertainer (through its parent company TEAL Group Holdings). It was a subsidiary of Mothercare until 2019.

History
The original shop opened in 1974 on London Street, Reading, Berkshire. The business was started by David John Beale. The mail order department was in the basement. John employed the services of a child psychologist to ensure that the toys and books were of a positive and educational value to children.

The clever and unique concept was for parents to join as a member, new sets of educational toys/books were then sent to them regularly. If they decided to keep the items, they would pay via their account. If they returned the items, they would not be charged.

It proved very successful and within a year, much larger premises in Silver Street Reading were obtained. John's partner was an accountant named David so Beal used his middle name to avoid confusion.

Originally set up as a mail order company in 1974 and based near Swindon, by 1980, it had ten shops, and has since grown to 215 shops in the United Kingdom, and over 80 in 19 other countries including Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Canada and Australia. In addition, their toys are available in some stores of Boots and Sainsbury's.

Since 2001, the company sells via their website. In the 1980s, ELC opened a number of "nursery stores", which sold equipment such as pushchairs and cots. Until 1991, the chain had stores in the United States; contrary to standard American English, the British spelling "centre" (spelled "center" in American English) was preserved in these. Over 80% of products sold are own brand, being designed at a research centre in Hong Kong.

Takeovers
In May 1985, John Menzies rescued ELC. Sales struggled in the end of the 1990s.

After some years, the company's board of directors led by Mike France, bought the company back in October 2001 for £30 million, being backed by 3i, before selling it to Tim Waterstone (who founded Waterstones bookstores) under the name Eagle Retail Investments, for £62 million in April 2004, and he joined it with his Daisy & Tom chain of shops within the "Chelsea Stores Group".

In June 2007, ELC was purchased by Mothercare for £85 million, from Chelsea Stores Holdings. Mothercare continued to expand the high street presence of ELC by opening additional stores; mainly as concessions within over one hundred stores of Mothercare.

On 12 March 2019, it was announced that ELC would be purchased by The Entertainer for £13.5M, formally through TEAL Group Holdings.

References

External links
 Official website

Retail companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Wiltshire
British companies established in 1972
Retail companies established in 1972
Early childhood education in the United Kingdom
Early childhood educational organizations
Educational toy retailers
Toy companies of the United Kingdom
3i Group companies
1972 establishments in England

Early Learning Centre


PC World was a British retail chain of mass market computer megastores. Established in November 1991, it became part of Dixons Retail in February 1993, and then part of Dixons Carphone, after the merger of Dixons Retail and Carphone Warehouse in August 2014. All of its physical shops in the United Kingdom traded under the combined "Currys PC World" brand, although this was retired in October 2021, after which point the company became known simply as "Currys".

History
In November 1991, Vision Technology Group Ltd, led by Jan Murray, opened the first PC World shop in Purley Way, Croydon. Jan Murray attained an annual turnover of £50 million by April 1992, after he had opened the four largest flagship stores around London. In February 1993, when Dixons Group plc (now Dixons Carphone) purchased the chain, there were four PC World shops in existence.

There followed a period of expansion, as more shops were opened across the country. This expansion was partly driven by a series of acquisitions, beginning with DN Computer Services in November 1996, followed by Byte Computer Superstores Ltd in April 1998, and MicroWarehouse in June 2004.

In November 1997, singer Gary Glitter took a laptop into a branch of PC World in Bristol for repair, where child abuse imagery was found by staff, who informed the police and Glitter was subsequently charged and found guilty of possessing child pornography. This conviction severely damaged Glitter's reputation, and effectively ended his career in the music business.

In September 2006, PC World UK assumed management control of its French subsidiary. In 2006, there were 163 PC World shops in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In the United Kingdom, PC World Business was launched in September 1997. Since March 2001, PC World Business has been based in Bury, Greater Manchester, and has its own management team.

In October 2006, PC World launched "The Connected Home", selling PC based home entertainment systems and installation services. During 2007 to 2008, PC World was due to undergo a style change, with a proposed new logo, staff uniforms, shop layouts, as part of its image re branding programme. The changes were trialled at branches in Brentford, Colchester, Portsmouth, Bournemouth, Southampton, Isle of Wight, Enfield, Burnley and North Shields.

On 13 December 2007, it was announced that PC World would begin selling Dell PCs in their shops. This was one of many moves Dell made to sell their desktops and laptops to a wider market. This also includes Dell selling their XPS systems in many HMV shops across the United Kingdom.

In August 2008, the "proposed" logo was shelved, in favour of a new logo. In December 2008, PC World reported its first ever loss, posting underlying losses of £29.8 million in the six months to October 2008, compared to a £52.4 million profit in 2007.

Merge with Currys

PC World opened their first two in one megastore with Currys at Wandsworth Bridge, Fulham, on 29 October 2009. This megastore closed permanently in 2022, and was demolished in 2023. This was followed by Merry Hill Shopping Centre (West Midlands), Aintree (Merseyside) Teesside Park (Stockton-on-Tees) and Bridge of Dee (Aberdeen) in June and July 2010. PC World closed their last remaining standalone shop in Ayr, in the week commencing 26 March 2018.

PC World's website was merged into Currys in July 2019, resulting in the end of PC World as the separate retailer.

Dixons Carphone announced they will rebrand as Currys plc in September 2021, dropping the PC World from the Currys name. The change also replaced Team Knowhow and Carphone Warehouse brands within the existing Currys brand. This resulted in the end of the PC World name after 29 years.

Criticisms
In February 2005, PC World attracted criticism, for the strong promotion of extended warranties (also known as insurance and support packages).

An internet survey by Which? in June 2004 ranked PC World joint last for customer satisfaction. In March 2006, PC World attempted to get away from its reputation for having sales staff on up to 20% commission, who would therefore use high pressure sales tactics with its "One Team" marketing campaign.

The bonus was also based on other non monetary metrics, such as customer satisfaction. To compensate the 275 highest earners under the old scheme for reduced bonuses, their basic pay was raised by 16% from around £11,000 to around £13,000 per year.

In December 2007, in an response to the perception that PC World staff are often young, and lacking in knowledge and communications skills, a set of e-learning courses called "The Power of Knowledge" were completed by 6,000 staff. The results were incorporated into their Christmas bonuses, as an incentive for staff to improve their knowledge.

Another survey for Which? in January 2008 revealed that PC World was ranked in the bottom ten retailers in the United Kingdom. In June 2014, Which? also reported PC World overcharging for repairs, and lack of technical competence among technicians. This was from seven sampled shops.

In May 2013, if an extended warranty was not purchased, customers were required to use outsourced, local rate telephone support for hardware issues or premium rate telephone lines (£1/minute, except for set up which was 75p/minute) for software issues.

In March 2014, an "offensive" PC World logo was visible, if you had typed 'computer superstore' on Google. In June 2014, the BBC's consumer awareness programme Watchdog found that PC World was accused of misselling HDMI cables in 9 out of 15 test purchases, claiming that the more you pay the better the quality, which was a false statement.

Controversies

In January 2006, after complaints, PC World was forced to remove an advert, that gave misinformation about wireless networking. There have also been countless other complaints over adverts, particularly regarding goods advertised, but not actually available in the shops.

In September 2007, a customer alleged that when he returned a laptop under warranty with a faulty hinge, PC World refused to honour their warranty because he had installed a Linux operating system on the laptop, and therefore had invalidated the warranty he had had on the product, although the fault was a hardware matter and would not have been affected by the operating system installed.

In September 2009, PC World staff were investigated for posting abusive and offensive comments about customers on Facebook.

International

PC World traded only in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It previously also traded in other European countries, but were disposed as the parent company refocussed. The European shops traded under the name PC City. In February 2007, the French shops were the first of the Mainland Europe shops to be closed down.

In April 2009, the Swedish shops were closed down, and the online operation then switched to the ElectroWorld brand. 34 shops in Spain also operated under the brand PC City. In April 2011, however, all Spanish shops were closed, as part of Dixons Retail's withdrawal from the market in Spain.

See also
 Dixons
 The Link

References

External links
 PC World (UK)
 PC World (IRL)

1991 establishments in England
British companies established in 1991
Consumer electronics retailers of the United Kingdom
Currys plc
Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom
Retail companies established in 1991

PC World (retailer)


Georg Kronawitter (21 April 1928 – 28 April 2016) was a German politician of the SPD. He was mayor of Munich from 1972 to 1978 and from 1984 to 1993.

Early life and education
Kronawitter was born in Oberthann, a part of Schweitenkirchen, in the district of Pfaffenhofen. He became an elementary school teacher in 1949, and earned his certification as a Diplom-Handelslehrer (business teacher) in 1956.

Career in politics
Kronawitter joined the SPD in 1961 and was elected to the Landtag of Bavaria in 1966. In the 1972 local elections, he was elected Mayor of Munich with 55.9 percent of the votes, succeeding Hans-Jochen Vogel. Due to conflicts within his party, he did not run for mayorship in the 1978 elections, and was succeeded by the CSU's Erich Kiesl. Six years later, he was elected mayor again in the 1 April 1984 run-off election, with 58.1 percent of the votes. In 1990, he was reelected with 61.64 percent of the votes.

After his mayoral career, Kronawitter was a major supporter of the successful Initiative-Unser-München petition, which stipulates that no high rise buildings whose height exceeds that of the Frauenkirche (99 m) may be built in Munich.

Honours
In 1978, Kronawitter was honored with the Ludwig-Thoma medal. In 1993, he was honored by the city of Munich for his commitment to social justice and his early awareness of ecological possibilities of fiscal policy. In July 2014 he was honoured with the freedom of Munich prize, aimed at highlighting the work of political figures.

References

External links

 Homepage of Georg Kronawitter

1928 births
2016 deaths
Mayors of Munich
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians

Georg Kronawitter


Thorpe Waterville is a village in the English county of Northamptonshire. It is combined with Achurch  to form the ecclesiastical parish of 'Thorpe Achurch'; in turn this is added to another combined parish, Lilford-cum-Wigsthorpe, to form the grouped parish council of Lilford-cum-Wigsthorpe and Thorpe Achurch. This is part of North Northamptonshire.

Thorpe Waterville lies on the A605 road some three miles north-east of the town of Thrapston. Thorpe Waterville Castle, of which only a building used as a barn remains, was mainly the work of Walter de Langton, Bishop of Lichfield and Treasurer to King Edward I.

Chapel Cottage in the village, has a date stone carved into the right hand side of the ingle nook fireplace showing the year 1618. Reference to this date on the chimney, 1618, is made in R. Gough's 1806, Translation of Camden's Britannia with Additions, Northamptonshire p.283, "Robert Brown, founder of the sect of the Browniſts, ....., resided in a little thatched house in Thorpe Waterville which is still subsisting, with a date on the chimney 1618" . During its renovation in the late 1970s, following a thatch roof fire, builders discovered what was rumoured to be one end of a tunnel stretching from the Manor House to Chapel Cottage. The owners of the cottage were reluctant to excavate the tunnel entrance fully so the validity of this cannot be confirmed.

External links

General details

Villages in Northamptonshire
North Northamptonshire

Thorpe Waterville


Mirdamad Boulevard is the center of Davoodiyeh district in the north of Tehran. The boulevard starts from Valiasr Street in its west and continues eastward passing Mother Square up to Shariati street. Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran is located in this boulevard.

There are some other important buildings in this boulevard too, for example Eskan towers, Payetakht Computer Center and Arian Mall. There are also some classy boutiques and malls in Mirdamad, most of which located at the eastern part of the street, near Maadar (formerly and still known as Mohseni) Sq. where you can find expensive and designer brands and many young and rich people who can afford it.

Gallery

See also

Parvin Etesami Private High School & Pre-University Center, located in the Mirdamad neighborhood.

Streets in Tehran
Articles containing video clips

Mirdamad Boulevard


The Horwitz-Wasserman Holocaust Memorial Plaza is a Holocaust memorial park located at the intersection of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, 16th Street and Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The plaza includes the Monument to the Six Million Jewish Martyrs, which was dedicated in 1964, as well as several new elements that were added in the plaza's significant 2018 expansion.

History
On April 26, 1964, the Association of Jewish New Americans, a Philadelphia survivor organization, and the Federation of Jewish Agencies of Greater Philadelphia dedicated the Monument to the Six Million Martyrs, "arguably the first public Holocaust memorial" in the United States. Designed by Nathan Rapoport, the monument depicts the flame of a burning bush with several bodies writhing in suffering. One pair of hands is shown holding a Torah scroll, while fists clutch daggers near the top of the sculpture as a symbol of resistance. The monument pays homage to the biblical burning bush in Exodus, which blazed with fire, but was not consumed, and through which God promised to rescue the Jewish people.

The Philadelphia Holocaust Remembrance Foundation worked on preserving the existing monument and redeveloping the site around it with historical artifacts and educational elements.

The expanded plaza was completed in October 2018.

Design features
In addition to the Monument to the Six Million Jewish Martyrs, the Plaza's interpretive elements include:

 Six pillars, erected in memory of the six million Jewish martyrs of the Holocaust, which contrast atrocities of the Holocaust with American constitutional protections and values.

 Three original train tracks from the railroad leading to the  death camps.

 A sapling from a silver maple tree that was nurtured by children in the Theresienstadt Ghetto.

 A tree grove representing the forests that sheltered  partisans who fought the Nazis.

 A remembrance wall, with an embedded eternal flame to signify hope.

The plaza also features multimedia content via IWalk, a USC Shoah Foundation-developed mobile app.

Messages and goals
According to the Philadelphia Holocaust Remembrance Foundation, the plaza is designed to highlight the dangers of totalitarianism and how it can be prevented in America through fidelity to the Constitution of the United States.

References

External links

Jews and Judaism in Philadelphia
Holocaust memorials in the United States
1964 establishments in Pennsylvania
Monuments and memorials in Philadelphia


In geology, a rock is a naiturally occurrin solit aggregate o ane or mair meenerals or meeneraloids. For ensaumple, granite, a common rock, is a combination of the meenerals quartz, feldspar an biotite. The Yird's ooter solit layer, the lithosphere, is made o rock.

Rock haes been uised bi humankynd ootthrou history. The meenerals an metals in rocks hae been essential tae human ceevilisation.

Three major groups o rocks are defined: igneous, sedimentar, an metamorphic. The scienteefic study o rocks is cried petrology, that is an essential component o geology.

References

Petrology

Materials

Rock (geology)


Esso () is a trading name for ExxonMobil. Originally, the name was primarily used by its predecessor Standard Oil of New Jersey after the breakup of the original Standard Oil company in 1911. The company adopted the name "Esso" (the phonetic pronunciation of Standard Oil's initials, 'S' and 'O'), to which the other Standard Oil companies would later object.

Standard Oil of New Jersey started marketing its products under the Esso brand in 1926. In 1972, the name Esso was largely replaced in the U.S. by the Exxon brand after the Standard Oil of New Jersey bought Humble Oil, while the Esso name remained widely used elsewhere. In most of the world, the Esso brand and the Mobil brand are the primary brand names of ExxonMobil, while the Exxon brand is used only in the United States alongside Mobil.

History

In 1911, Standard Oil was broken up into 34 companies, some of which were named Standard Oil and had the rights to that brand in certain states (the other companies had no territorial rights). The name Esso is the phonetic pronunciation of the initials 'S' and 'O' in the name Standard Oil. Standard Oil Company (New Jersey; "Jersey Standard") had the rights in that state, plus in Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia. By 1941, it had also acquired the rights in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana.

It also used the Esso brand in New York and the six New England states, where the Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony-Vacuum, later Socony Mobil) had the rights, but did not object to the New Jersey company's use of the trademark (the two companies did not merge until November 1999). However, in the other states, the other Standard Oil companies objected and, via a 1937 U.S. federal court injunction, forced Jersey Standard to use other brand names. In most states the company used the Enco ("Energy Company") brand name, and in a few, the Humble brand name. The objections were mostly made by Standard Oil of Ohio and, in the 1960s, Standard Oil of California (now Chevron Corporation) after their acquisition of former Esso jobber Standard Oil of Kentucky. The other major Standard Oil spinoff, Standard Oil of Indiana (which became Amoco) largely didn't object due to the Midwestern United States being a weaker market for Esso. Likewise, The Ohio Oil Company, which eventually became Marathon Oil, didn't market its downstream assets under the Standard name due to Sohio and Amoco owning the rights to the name in its core Midwestern territory.

The other Standard companies likewise were "Standard" or some variant on that name in their home states, and another brand name in other states. Esso ranked 31st among American corporations in the value of World War II production contracts.

During the years of racial segregation in the United States, Esso franchises gave out The Negro Motorist Green Book: An International Travel Guide.

In 1973, Standard Oil of New Jersey renamed itself Exxon Corporation, and adopted the Exxon brand name throughout the country. It maintained the trademark rights to the Standard and Esso brands in the states where it held those rights by selling Esso Diesel in those states at stations that sell diesel fuel, thus preventing the trademark from being declared abandoned.

It retained the Esso brand in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands until 2008, when it sold its stations there to TotalEnergies.

The Enco brand name was used on locations in the Midwest until 1977, when they were sold to Cheker Oil Co. (now part of 7-Eleven); Exxon continues to have a presence in southern Ohio today (as it does throughout much of Appalachia in general), though Mobil is the company's primary brand in the Midwest.

In February 2016, ExxonMobil successfully asked a U.S. federal court to lift the 1930s, trademark injunction that banned it from using the Esso brand in some states. By this time, as a result of numerous mergers and rebranding, most of the remaining Standard Oil companies that had objected to the Esso name had been acquired by BP. ExxonMobil cited trademark surveys in which there was no longer possible confusion with the Esso name as it was more than seven decades before. Neither BP nor Chevron (which had minimized the use of the Standard name in the 1970s) had any objection to lifting the ban.

ExxonMobil did not specify whether they would now open new stations in the U.S. under the Esso name; they were primarily concerned about the additional expenses of having separate marketing, letterheads, packaging, and other materials that omit Esso. The Esso name did return to minor station signage at both Exxon and Mobil stations, which also had the effect of ExxonMobil de facto claiming the Standard trademark in Colorado, Kentucky, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma and Wyoming as Chevron withdrew from Kentucky in 2010 and BP gradually withdrew sales from the other states.

United Kingdom

In 1888, the Anglo American Oil Company opened its head office in London, which eventually became a part of Esso. In August 1998, Tesco announced a partnership with Esso, opening chains of Tesco Express stores located within forecourts, which continues today. In February 2000, the two companies were opening one new store a month, creating 4,000 jobs.

Esso Blue
Esso Blue was the brand name of Esso's paraffin oil (kerosene) for domestic heaters in countries such as the United Kingdom. Their television advertising song from the 1950s, through to the 1970s, was the famous "Bom, Bom, Bom, Bom, Esso Blue!"

One campaign used the well-known song tune of "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" reworded as: "They asked me how I knew, it was Esso Blue, I of course replied, with lower grades one buys, smoke gets in your eyes. The non-smoking paraffin".
The track was released as a flexi disk which was given away free in hardware stores.

Cleveland
In the 1930s, Esso acquired Cleveland, an independent company based in North East England. Its founder and principal shareholder, Norman Davis, had spent some of World War I with his brother Manuel in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland's products included a benzole blend and an alcohol blend called "Discol". The Esso and Cleveland names continued in use until 1973, when the Cleveland filling stations were re-branded as Esso.

Northern Ireland
Esso traded in Northern Ireland up until the early 2000s. Their forecourts were re-branded as Maxol and Texaco and some remained private.

Euro Garages
45 of Euro Garages' forecourts were bought from Esso in 2013, and are operated under the Esso brand. They plan to roll out partner brands such as Starbucks and Spar, replacing the Esso branded shops.

Esso ROC / On the Run / Snack and Shop
ROC used self-branded stores under the "Snack and Shop" and "On the Run" branding depending on the size and the larger sites featured a Costa Cafe. ROC was the name for Esso's self-operated forecourts.

By 2015, ROC UK had sold all their sites to operators such as Rontec and Euro Garages, leaving no forecourts directly operated by Esso in the UK.

Affiliates

Australia

In Australia, Esso is an affiliate of ExxonMobil; it operates oil and gas production. Its retail petrol stations were acquired by Mobil Australia in 1990.

Canada

In Canada, the Esso brand is used on stations supplied by Imperial Oil, which is 69.8% owned by ExxonMobil. The stations are owned by third-party retailers such as:
  Couche-Tard (mostly Ontario and Quebec, with stores primarily operating under the Circle K, Couche-Tard and Mac's brands),
 7-Eleven (mostly Alberta and British Columbia),
 Parkland Fuel,
 Harnois Groupe pétrolier (mostly in Quebec, with a few stations in Ontario, and one each in Alberta, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as of August 2023),
 Husky Energy (which were sold to Parkland Fuel and Federated Co-operatives ("Co-op") in 2022),, and
 Wilson Fuel in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (which were sold to Couche-Tard in 2021).
Imperial Oil began to sell the majority of its company-owned stations in 2016.

Esso also provides aviation fuel services at 80 airport locations in Canada (Aviation and Avitat).

Caribbean
Esso has sold most of its assets in the Caribbean. In 2008 it sold its retail operations in Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and Jamaica to TotalEnergies. Those were converted to the Total brand. In 2014, Sol Petroleum purchased Esso operations in The Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe and Martinique. Rights to continue to operate in those countries under the Esso name were included.

France
Esso S.A.F. is the French subsidiary of ExxonMobil, operating several hundred filling stations and two refineries in France.

Japan

Established as Esso Standard Sekiyu K.K. in 1962, following the dissolution of the Standard Vacuum Oil Company. It became Esso Sekiyu K.K. in 1982. After the Exxon and Mobil merger in 1999, the Japanese subsidiaries were reorganized as ExxonMobil Y.K. in 2002, which spun off its downstream business to EMG Marketing G.K. in 2012, and acquired as a subsidiary by TonenGeneral Sekiyu K.K. in the same year. In 2016, JX Holdings and the TonenGeneral Group merged into JXTG Holdings (now Eneos Holdings), leading to the dissolution and absorption of EMG Marketing into a subsidiary of the new company, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy (now Eneos), in 2017. In 2019, the company began to phase out the Esso and Mobil brands in Japan, replacing it with JX's Eneos EneJet banner.

South America

Standard Oil of New Jersey started business in Argentina in 1911, acquiring the "Compañía Nacional de Aceites" (National Company of Oil) (that had been founded in 1906 by entrepreneur Emilio Schiffner in Campana, Buenos Aires to produce kerosene). It became the first oil refinery in Latin America, doing business as "Compañía Nativa de Petróleo". Soon later, it merged to other foreign company operating in Argentina, West India Oil Co. (mostly known as "WICO"). The first petrol pump was placed in the Plaza del Congreso of Buenos Aires, while the first service station opened in 1927 in the city of Santa Fe. The company opened other refineries in Neuquén and Jujuy provinces. The company also introduced its motor oil line, Essolube in 1936. By 1943, Esso produced the 60% of petroleum in Argentina.

In 2011, local consortium Bridas Corporation (formed by Bridas Energy Holdings Limited and Chinese CNOOC International Limited) acquired rights to the Esso brand in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. As a result, all the Esso stations were rebranded as "Axion Energy". At the moment of the acquisition, Esso had 520 stations (with 450 under franchises), being the third largest producer of Argentine after YPF and Shell, with a 12% of participation in the market.

Branding
Esso is ExxonMobil's primary gasoline brand worldwide except in Australia, Guam, Mexico, Nigeria, and New Zealand, where the Mobil brand is used exclusively. In Canada (since 2017), Colombia, Egypt, and formerly Malaysia (until 2013, when Petron (the former Esso Philippines) acquired ExxonMobil's Malaysian operations) and Japan (until 2019), both the Esso and Mobil brands are used. In Hong Kong and Singapore, Mobil brand is applied on Esso fuel tank after Mobil service stations began to merge with Esso since 2006.

Mobil is ExxonMobil's primary retail gasoline brand in California, Florida, New York, New England, the Great Lakes and the Midwest. Exxon is the primary brand in the rest of the United States, with the highest concentration of retail outlets located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas and in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern states.

Advertising campaigns

In the 1960s, campaigns featuring heavy spending in different mass media channels became more prominent. Esso spent hundreds of millions of dollars on a brand awareness campaign built around the simple and alliterative theme, "Put a Tiger in Your Tank", which was invented by Emery Smith in 1959.

The North American and later European campaign featured extensive television and radio and magazine ads, including photos with tiger tails supposedly emerging from car gas tanks, in England there were faux tiger tails with pink ribbons to tie round underneath the cap of the petrol tank so as to look as if there was a tiger in the tank: these were often seen on the road in the 1960s; at one time in England there was a television advertisement where a sombre man labelled as the advertising manager said that they were no longer going to have the tiger, followed a short while later with advertisements for the save the tiger campaign, promotional events featuring real tigers, billboards, and in Europe station pump hoses "wrapped in tiger stripes" as well as pop music songs. Tiger imagery can still be seen on the pumps of successor firm ExxonMobil.

Commercial automotive and motorcycle partnerships

Esso, along with its sister brands Exxon and Mobil, are official long-term recommended gasoline of two Volkswagen Group marques (mainly Bentley and Porsche), all Toyota Group marques and subsidiaries (including Toyota, Lexus, Daihatsu, Hino, and Perodua, shared with Petronas, Eneos and Petron), General Motors marques and subsidiaries (including Chevrolet (shared with Shell), Cadillac,  Buick, Holden, and former GM marques such as Opel (shared with Shell along with Chevrolet) and Vauxhall) and Honda (including Acura, shared with BP, TotalEnergies and its subsidiary, Elf Aquitaine) for automobiles. They are also recommended fuels for Honda motorcycles.

Motorsports

Formula One team Lotus had Esso sponsorship from 1962 until 1967 while sponsoring Indianapolis 500 winner and  Formula One world champion Jim Clark as well as Brabham from 1964 until 1973. From 2002 to 2009, Esso sponsored Toyota F1, as well as Jordan and its successor, Midland in 2005 and 2006, after Esso became ExxonMobil's global primary fuel brand through the merger of Exxon with Mobil in 1999. Williams F1 had one season of Esso sponsorship in 2009 when Petrobras left F1 in 2008 before they returned in 2014. The Esso brand was used in McLaren Formula One cars along with Mobil from 2014 despite Esso actually partnering and supplying fuels for McLaren team from 2015 to 2016 seasons, as well as Exxon from 2015 in United States Grand Prix only, as they are currently ExxonMobil brands after the merger. In 2017, ExxonMobil switched to Red Bull Racing, as well as Faenza-based sister team Scuderia Toro Rosso for one season only.

Enco, as sister brand of Esso before both renamed as Exxon in 1973, had sponsored three Indianapolis 500 winning cars in 1965, 1967 and 1968, won by Jim Clark, A. J. Foyt and Bobby Unser, powered by Ford for 1965 and 1967 seasons, and Offenhauser for 1968 season.

Esso is also active in 24 Hours of Le Mans and various endurance racing, sponsoring  Martini Lancia from 1982 to 1986, Le Mans-winning Peugeot 905 from 1990 to 1993, and Toyota GT-One in 1998–99. Esso is also a racing fuel supplier for Corvette Racing (for FIA World Endurance Championship, shared with VP Racing Fuels for non-WEC races). Since 1996 Esso currently supplying fuels for all Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup entrants under Mobil brand as ExxonMobil increased its fuel partnership role with Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup as Esso since the 2015 season.

References

External links

Oil companies of the United States
American brands
Automotive fuel retailers
ExxonMobil brands
Standard Oil
Chemical companies of the United States
Gas stations in Canada
Automotive companies of the United States
Retail companies established in 1911
Energy companies established in 1911
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1911
Companies based in Irving, Texas
ExxonMobil subsidiaries
Rockefeller family

Esso


Silencing is a visual illusion in which a set of objects that change in luminance, hue, size, or shape appears to stop changing when it moves. It was discovered by Jordan Suchow and George Alvarez of Harvard University, and described in a paper published in Current Biology. Silencing won the Neural Correlate Society's "Best visual illusion of the year contest" in 2011.

References

See also

 Change blindness

Optical illusions

Silencing


Mill Ends Park (sometimes called Mill's End Park) is a small urban park. It is located in the median strip of SW Naito Parkway, approaching esplanade along the Willamentte Rivera near SW Taylor Street in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. The park is a small circle  across. It has a total area of . It is the smallest park in the world. This fact was included in the Guinness Book of Records in 1971.

History

The park was dedicated on St. Patrick's Day 1948, as "the only leprechaun colony west of Ireland". It was created by Dick Fagan. In 1948 the site that would become Mill Ends Park was supposed to be the site for a light pole. The pole did not work and weeds began to grow. Fagan, writer for the Oregon Journal, planted flowers in the hole. He named it "Mill Ends", after his column. Fagan died of cancer in 1968. It was named the official city park in 1976. The small circle has featured many unusual items since its creation. These include, a swimming pool for butterflies (complete with a diving board), a horseshoe, a piece of the Oregon Journal building, and a small Ferris wheel.

On St. Patrick's Day, 2001, the park was decorated with leprechauns. The park continues to be the site of St. Patrick's Day festivities. The events held there include concerts by Clan Macleay Pipe Band, picnics, and rose plantings by the Junior Rose Festival Court. In March 2013, the park's tree was stolen. Law enforcement planted a replacement tree. The next day, a passerby found the original tree lying next to the new one.

References

Other websites
A photo of the park

Parks in the United States
1976 establishments in the United States
Portland, Oregon
1970s establishments in Oregon

Mill Ends Park


Christopher Scalzo (born 13 March 1990) is an Australian-born actor, singer and musical theater performer. He has been part of many major National and International musicals.

In 2021, Scalzo was cast as Baby Doll in the Australian production of Moulin Rouge, directed by Alex Timbers and produced by Global Creatures. The production is set to open in September 2021 at the Regent Theatre, Melbourne. Scalzo was also cast in The Music of the Night alongside Debra Byrne showcasing the music of Andrew Lloyd Webber – a newly conceived concert production of Lloyd Webber's greatest hits, performed at Chapel Off Chapel.

2018 Australian Cast of Evita starring Tina Arena produced by Opera Australia at The Sydney Opera House. This production was a revival of the Original Broadway and Original West End Theatre Productions and was directed by Harold Prince, with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Tim Rice.

2017 saw Scalzo touring Australia in Original Australian Cast of Green Day's American Idiot musical directed by Craig Illot.

In 2016, Scalzo performed at The Hayes Theatre in Sydney in the role of Man 1 in Jason Robert Brown's Songs for a New World. The production was directed by Luke Joslin, and also starred Cameron Macdonald, Sophie Carter and Teagan Wouters.

Personal life
Born in Melbourne, Australia, Scalzo attended Wesley College and went on to study at The University of Melbourne. He left his studies at the university to accept at place at the NIDA (National Institute of Dramatic Art) in Sydney, Australia.  He has also been a regular column writer on the Australian theatre website Aussie Theatre.

Theatre
In 2015, Scalzo was cast in the role of Angel Dumott Schunard in RENT. The production was directed by Shaun Rennie and co-produced by The Hayes Theatre Company and Highway Run Productions. The critically acclaimed production played an extended season. RENT also starred Casey Donovan, Laura Bunting, Loren Hunter as Mimi and Linden Furnell and Roger. In 2016, RENT played a return season, again selling out. Scalzo reprised the role of Angel, with new cast members included Angelique Cassimatis as Mimi and Chloe Zuel as Joanne.

Scalzo also appeared in the international touring cast of the Tony Award-winning musical WICKED, The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz.  Scalzo was heavily featured in the ensemble, as well as having understudied and performed the role of Boq. The tour completed two seasons in New Zealand (Auckland) and The Philippines (Manila) as well as a return season in Australia with a second national tour (Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth). The Auckland and Manila seasons featured stars Suzie Mathers, Jemma Rix, Maggie Kirkpatrick and Jay Laga'aia as The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.  The Australian tour featured stars Lucy Durack, Jemma Rix, Maggie Kirkpatrick and Reg Livermore as The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. For the Brisbane and Perth seasons, Glinda was played again by Suzie Mathers and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by Simon Gallaher.

Scalzo was also in the World premiere and Australian tour of the Des McAnuff-directed stage adaptation of Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, with a score by Lucy Simon.

In 2015, Scalzo was cast and set to appear in the Opera Australia/Gordon Frost Organization co-production of Jekyll & Hyde – The Musical starring Teddy Tahu Rhodes, Lucy Maunder and Jemma Rix. The production was postponed and its future remains uncertain.

His other stage credits include the international tour of Jekyll & Hyde which starred Brad Little in the title role, Opera Australia's The Pirates of Penzance starring Anthony Warlow as The Pirate King at the Sydney Opera House and Adam Guettel's Floyd Collins.  He was the inspiration for a show based on a young boy triumphing over adversity and finding his voice through the power of his imagination in a play workshopped and staged at Monkey Baa Theatre in 2013 directed by Australian comedic actor Darren Gilshenan.

Other performances
Scalzo has also worked in television on Australian shows Neighbours and Blue Heelers.  He can be heard on numerous CDs and cast albums, including The Silver Donkey (Original Studio Cast Recording) and The Chaos Fairy (Original Cast Recording).

References

Sources

 Moulin Rouge Australia Cast Homepage
 On The Couch With Christopher Scalzo
 The Music of The Night Cast
 Songs For A New World Cast Homepage
 Evita Cast Homepage
 American Idiot Cast Homepage
 Chris Scalzo in the Herald Sun
 WICKED Australia Homepage
 Doctor Zhivago Cast
 NIDA Alumni and Graduates
 WICKED Manila Homepage
 WICKED New Zealand Homepage
 Rent at the Hayes Theatre Co.

External links

 Christopher Scalzo to star in Moulin Rouge – The Musical! in The Age
 Annie Medley: Broadway Unplugged on YouTube
 Whatever Comes at Home Grown on YouTube
 Endless Night at Underground Broadway on YouTube
 Songs For A New World Video on YouTube
 Songs For A New World reviews on YouTube
 Songs For A New World Announces Sydney Cast
 Five Songs To Listen For in Songs For A New World
 Chris Scalzo SX Magazine RENT Feature
 Songs For A New World Sydney Photo Feature
 Chris Scalzo on aussietheatre.com.au
 Backstage at Doctor Zhivago on Playbill.com
 Backstage at Doctor Zhivago on Playbill.com
 Doctor Zhivago cast announcement on Playbill.com
 WICKED Seoul

Living people
1988 births
Australian male stage actors
21st-century Australian male actors
Australian male musical theatre actors
20th-century Australian male actors
Australian tenors
Australian male singers
National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni

Chris Scalzo


Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korean society has its roots in historic, cultural, and nationalistic sentiments.

The first recorded anti-Japanese attitudes in Korea were effects of the Japanese pirate raids and the later 1592−98 Japanese invasions of Korea. Sentiments in contemporary society are largely attributed to the Japanese rule in Korea from 1910 to 1945. A survey in 2005 found that 89% of those South Koreans polled said that they "cannot trust Japan." More recently, according to a BBC World Service Poll conducted in 2013, 67% of South Koreans view Japan's influence negatively, and 21% express a positive view. This puts South Korea behind mainland China as the country with the second most negative feelings of Japan in the world.

Historical origins

Japanese invasions of Korea

During this time, the invading Japanese dismembered more than 20,000 noses and ears from Koreans and brought them back to Japan to create nose tombs as war trophies. In addition after the war, Korean artisans including potters were kidnapped by Hideyoshi's order to cultivate Japan's arts and culture. The abducted Korean potters played important roles to be a major factor in establishing new types of pottery such as Satsuma, Arita, and Hagi ware. This would soon cause tension between the two countries; leaving the Koreans feeling that a part of their culture was stolen by Japan during this time.

Effect of Japanese rule in Korea

Korea was ruled by the Japanese Empire from 1910 to 1945. Japan's involvement began with the 1876 Treaty of Ganghwa during the Joseon Dynasty of Korea and increased over the following decades with the Gapsin Coup (1882), the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), the assassination of Empress Myeongseong at the hands of Japanese agents in 1895, the establishment of the Korean Empire (1897), the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), the Taft–Katsura Agreement (1905), culminating with the 1905 Eulsa Treaty, removing Korean autonomous diplomatic rights, and the 1910 Annexation Treaty (both of which were eventually declared null and void by the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea in 1965).

Japan's cultural assimilation policies

The Japanese annexation of Korea has been mentioned as the case in point of "cultural genocide" by Yuji Ishida, an expert on genocide studies at the University of Tokyo. The Japanese government put into practice the suppression of Korean culture and language in an "attempt to root out all elements of Korean culture from society."

After the annexation of Korea, Japan enforced a cultural assimilation policy. The Korean language was removed from required school subjects in Korea in 1936. Japan imposed the family name system along with civil law (Sōshi-kaimei) and attendance at Shinto shrines. Koreans were formally forbidden to write or speak the Korean language in schools, businesses, or public places. However, many Korean language movies were screened in the Korean peninsula. In addition, Koreans were angry over Japanese alteration and destruction of various Korean monuments including Gyeongbok Palace (경복궁, Gyeongbokgung) and the revision of documents that portrayed the Japanese in a negative light.

Independence movement

On March 1, 1919, anti-Japanese rule protests were held all across the country to demand independence. About 2 million Koreans actively participated in what is now known as the March 1st Movement. A Declaration of Independence, patterned after the American version, was read by teachers and civic leaders in tens of thousands of villages throughout Korea: "Today marks the declaration of Korean independence. There will be peaceful demonstrations all over Korea. If our meetings are orderly and peaceful, we shall receive the help of President Wilson and the great powers at Versailles, and Korea will be a free nation." Japan repressed the independence movement through military power. In one well attested incident, villagers were herded into the local church which was then set on fire. The official Japanese count of casualties include 553 killed, 1,409 injured, and 12,522 arrested, but the Korean estimates are much higher: over 7,500 killed, about 15,000 injured, and 45,000 arrested.

Comfort women
Many Korean women were kidnapped and coerced by the Japanese authorities into military sex slavery, euphemistically called "comfort women" (위안부, wianbu). Some Japanese historians, such as Yoshiaki Yoshimi, using the diaries and testimonies of military officials as well as official documents from Japan and archives of the Tokyo tribunal, have argued that the Imperial Japanese military was either directly or indirectly involved in coercing, deceiving, luring, and sometimes kidnapping young women throughout Japan's Asian colonies and occupied territories.In the case of recruiting Japanese comfort women(일본군위안소 종업부 등 모집에 관한건) (1938.3.4), the Ministry of Army records that the method of recruiting military "Japanese Military Sexual Slavery" in Japan was "similar to kidnapping" and was often misunderstood by the police as kidnappers.

Contemporary issues
According to Robert E. Kelly, a professor at Pusan National University, anti-Japanese racism in South Korea stems not just from Imperial Japanese atrocities during the colonial era, but from the Korean Peninsula's division. As most Koreans, north and south are racial nationalists, most South Koreans feel a kinship and racial solidarity with North Korea as a result. Due to this perceived racial kinship, it is considered bad form for a South Korean to hate North Korea, to run the risk of being called a race traitor. As a result, Kelly says, South Koreans take out the anger rising from Korean division against Japan. This view is supported by another professor, Brian Reynolds Myers of Dongseo University.

Japanese textbook revisionism

Anti-Japanese sentiment is also due to various Japanese textbook controversies. On June 26, 1982, the textbook screening process in Japan came under scrutiny when the media of Japan and its neighboring countries gave extensive coverage to changes required by the Minister of Education. Experts from the ministry sought to soften textbook references to Japanese aggression before and during World War II. The Japanese invasion of China in 1937, for example, was modified to "advance". Passages describing the fall of Nanking justified the Japanese atrocities by describing the acts as a result of Chinese provocations. Pressure from China successfully led the Ministry of Education to adopt a new authorization criterion - the "Neighboring Country Clause" (近隣諸国条項) - stating: "textbooks ought to show understanding and seek international harmony in their treatment of modern and contemporary historical events involving neighboring Asian countries."

In 2006, Japanese textbooks stated that the Liancourt Rocks is Japanese territory. This island is disputed territory claimed by both Japan and South Korea. The head of the South Korean Ministry of Education, Kim Shin-il, sent a letter of protest to Bunmei Ibuki, the Minister of Education, on May 9, 2007. In a speech marking the 88th anniversary of the March 1 Independence Movement, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun called for Japan to correct their school textbooks on controversial topics ranging from "inhumane rape of comfort women" to "the Korean ownership of the Liancourt Rocks".

Effects of sentiments

Society
A 2000 CNN ASIANOW article described popularity of Japanese culture among younger South Koreans as "unsettling" for older South Koreans who remember the occupation by the Japanese.

In South Korea, collaborators to the Japanese occupation government, called chinilpa (친일파), are generally recognized as national traitors. The South Korean National Assembly passed the special law to redeem pro-Japanese collaborators' property on December 8, 2005, and the law was enacted on December 29, 2005. In 2006, the National Assembly of South Korea formed a Committee for the Inspection of Property of Japan Collaborators. The aim was to reclaim property inappropriately gained by cooperation with the Japanese government during colonialization. The project was expected to satisfy Koreans' demands that property acquired by collaborators under the Japanese colonial authorities be returned. Under such conditions, one who has pro-Japanese sentiment seems to try to hide it. According to an anonymous survey done by the BBC in March 2010, 64% of South Koreans are actually supportive of Japan.

While some South Koreans expressed hope that former Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama would handle Japanese-South Korean relations in a more agreeable fashion than previous conservative administrations, a small group of protesters in Seoul held an anti-Japanese rally on October 8, 2009, prior to his arrival. The protests called for Japanese apologies for World War II incidents and included destruction of a Japanese flag.

The former United States ambassador to South Korea, Harry B. Harris Jr., who is of Japanese descent, has been criticized in the South Korean media for having a moustache, which his detractors say resembles those of the several leaders of the Empire of Japan. A CNN article written by Joshua Berlinger suggested that given Harris's ancestry, the criticism of his mustache may be due to racism.

In August 2019, Seoul, the capital of South Korea, had planned to install more than 1,000 anti-Japan banners across the city in a move to support the country's ongoing boycott against Japanese products. The banners featured the word "NO," in Korean, with the red circle of the Japanese flag representing the "O". The banners also contained the phrases "I won't go to Japan" and "I won't buy Japanese products." However, after 50 banners were installed, the city had to reverse course and apologize amid public criticism that the campaign would further strain the relationship between South Korea and Japan.

National relations
Yasuhiro Nakasone discontinued visits to Yasukuni Shrine due to the People's Republic of China's requests in 1986. However, former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi resumed visits to Yasukuni Shrine on August 13, 2001. He visited the shrine six times as Prime Minister, stating that he was "paying homage to the servicemen who died for defense of Japan." These visits drew strong condemnation and protests from Japan's neighbors, mainly China. As a result, China and South Korea refused to meet with Koizumi, and there were no mutual visits between Chinese and Japanese leaders after October 2001 and between South Korean and Japanese leaders after June 2005. Former President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan.

Education
A large number of anti-Japanese images made by school children from Gyeyang Middle School, many of which depicting acts of violence against Japan, were displayed in Gyulhyeon station as part of a school art project. A number of the drawings depict the Japanese flag being burned, bombed, and stepped on, in others the Japanese islands are getting bombed and destroyed by a volcano from Korea. One depicts the Japanese anime/manga character Sailor Moon holding up the South Korean flag with a quote bubble saying roughly "Dokdo is Korean land"

According to a survey conducted by Korean Immigrant Workers Human Rights Center in 2006, 34.1% of the primary school students in the Incheon region answered that "Japanese should be expelled from Korea". This rate was considerably higher compared to answers to the same question regarding Chinese (8.7%), Black African (8.7%), East Asian (5.0%), Black American (4.3%), and White American (2.3%) immigrants.

See also
Anti-Korean sentiment
Anti-Japanese propaganda
Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea
Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
Ethnic issues in Japan
Japan–Korea disputes
Boycotts of Japanese products
Japan–North Korea relations
Japan–South Korea relations
Japan–South Korea trade dispute
Liberalism in South Korea
386 Generation
Censorship of Japanese media in South Korea

Notes

References

Japan–Korea relations

Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea


Kalawao County is a county in the U.S. state of Hawaii. The county encompasses the Kalaupapa or Makanalua Peninsula, on the north coast of the island of Molokaʻi. The main village is Kalaupapa. Kalawao County is the smallest county in the United States by area. It does not have its own government.

1905 establishments in Hawaii
Hawaii counties

Kalawao County, Hawaii


St. Anthony's Greek Orthodox Monastery is a Greek Orthodox monastery standing in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, United States. It was established in the summer of 1995 in the name of Saint Anthony the Great. The closest town is Florence, Arizona. It is home for approximately 42 monks. It is open to both Orthodox and non-Orthodox visitors. Pilgrims can arrange to stay at the monastery in guest facilities, and other visitors are invited in daily from 10:30 am to 4:00 pm. Guests are asked to wear "modest and loose-fitting" clothing along with shoes or sandals.

History

In the summer of 1995, Elder Ephraim (a former abbot of Philotheou Monastery on Mount Athos with a history of restoring and repopulating previous monasteries) sent six monks of Athonite heritage to the Sonoran Desert of Arizona with aims to establish a new monastery in the name of Saint Anthony the Great, the father of monasticism. The fathers began by building the main church, monastic living quarters, the dining hall, and some guest facilities. They also began a vegetable garden, a small vineyard, citrus orchards, and an olive grove amidst the desert landscape. These areas are now interconnected by an elaborate system of gardens, pathways, and gazebos with Spanish fountains.

While the entire monastery is dedicated to Saint Anthony the Great, within its grounds are chapels dedicated to Seraphim of Sarov, Demetrius of Thessaloniki, John the Baptist, George the Martyr, Nicholas the Wonderworker, and Panteleimon the Healer. The main church is dedicated to Saint Anthony and Nectarios of Aegina.

In the summer of 2008, the building of a new chapel in the name of the Prophet Elias was completed on the hill east of the monastery. The chapel's first liturgy was celebrated on the feast day of the chapel's eponymous prophet. The chapel can be seen from up to five miles away.

Monasticism

Lifestyle

The monks of St. Anthony's Monastery practice Hesychasm (a mystical tradition of contemplative prayer) and adhere to the cenobitic monasticism. This includes a daily schedule of prayer and work under obedience to their abbot, whom assumes the role of their spiritual father. Their routine begins at midnight with time for personal prayer and spiritual reading, followed by the cycle of morning prayers and the Divine Liturgy. Next is a light breakfast and a period of rest before they begin their work day, attend to their prayers, and complete various tasks until evening. Of these tasks include, but are not limited to: gardening, groundskeeping, construction, vine dressing, woodworking, publishing, icon writing, food preparation, and tending to the hospitality of any guests of the monastery. Their day finishes with evening vespers and dinner.

Demographics

Most of the resident brotherhood of monks are Greek and Greek-American by heritage. Many of the community members (approximately 50 to 80 on an average Sunday) are also Greek-American. There are no female initiates, though women-only centers do exist in other parts of the United States.

Gallery

Grounds

Art

References

External links
 Official website

Christian monasteries in the United States
Churches in Arizona
Greek Orthodox monasteries
Florence, Arizona

St. Anthony's Greek Orthodox Monastery (Florence, Arizona)


José de Rezabal y Ugarte (1747–1800) was a Spanish lawyer and judge and jurist. He was born in Vitoria on July 19, 1800 and died in Santiago, Chile. He served as Spanish governor of Chile, on an interim basis, from 24 May to 18 September 1796. As judge and mayor over crime in Lima in 1781, he led the case against Túpac Amaru II, writing the judgment which condemned to death by hanging  him and several of his followers, as well as penalties in prisons in Africa, Callao and Valdivia for many others.

Education and career
He studied law at the University of Granada and the University of Valladolid. He was rector of the Colegio Mayor del Arzobispo of Salamanca in 1766, 1768 and 1770. He taught Instituta at the University of Salamanca.

Chile
Already a doctor of law, between 1778 and 1780 he served as judge of the Real Audiencia of Chile. He was very active in this colony. He worked as an inspector of the works of the Santiago de Chile Cathedral, as Senior Judge over deceased property, as the protector of Convictorio Carolino and the Provincial Women's Hospital. He was known to own a small print shop for his private use, apparently the first or second operated in this country.

Peru
In 1781 de Rezabal y Ugarte was transferred to Lima to work as Mayor of crime. In this new destination he led the case against Túpac Amaru II, for the uprising that he had spearheaded. The decision in this case was published in 1783 by colonial order. de Rezabal y Ugarte also led other causes connected with this case, including another trial against Manuel Antonio Figueroa, called El Incognito.

While in Peru, de Rezabal y Ugarte occupied all kinds of positions, such as Director Royal of Studies at the University of San Marcos, Proprietary Judge and Dean Judge of the new Real Audiencia of Cuzco in 1786. This last position was not occupied at first as it was intended for the complicated trial prompted by the collapse which occurred at the mine in Huancavelica that year, killing 200 people. In that case the proceedings focused on embezzlement charges against the director of the institution, Francisco Marroquín.

He married in 1787 to Jane Catherine Micheo y Jiménez de Lobaton.

After taking on such notorious causes he aspired to fill a vacancy for judge of the Real Audiencia of Lima without much success, so he decided to hold the office of judge that was awaiting him in Cuzco in 1791.

Work as governor
During his brief four-month governing he continued the work of Tajamares del Mapocho, originally initiated by the outgoing governor Ambrosio O'Higgins. According to Diego Barros Arana it was de Rezabal y Ugarte who planted the poplar grove that ran along these river defenses, which was the only public promenade in the city of Santiago for over 30 years.

Works
 Tratado del derecho real de medias-anatas seculares y del servicio de lanzas a que estan obligados los titulos de Castilla, Madrid, 1792.
 Adiciones y suplementos de la Biblioteca Hispanica histórico-genealógica-heráldica de Ernesto de Franckenau.
 Instruccion para los Alcaldes de quarteles y de barrio, en la que se recopilan los bandos de policía y buen gobierno, que se habían publicado en este siglo.
 De los recursos de fuerza de los Regulares de Indias
 Disertación sobre el interés legal.
 Compendio alfabético de más de dos mil Reales ordenes y cedulas expedidas para el gobierno de America, posteriores a la recopilación de leyes de Indias.
 Resumen genealogico instrumental de las casas Ximenez de Lobaton, Salazar Muñatones, Azaña y otras, que estan unida.
 Disertacion sobre las monedas de que hablan las leyes de Indias.
 Tratado politico-legal sobre el origen de la introduccion de los negros en las Americas españolas, sus utilidades y desventajas, su gobierno, policia y costumbres.
 Politica de los Regentes de las Reales audiencias de ambas Americas, é islas Filipinas.
 Biblioteca de los escritores que han sido individuos de los Seis Colegios mayores, Madrid, 1805.
 Nueva Política Indiana a similitud de la del señor Solórzano, adaptada a las presentes circunstancias, con que en mucha parte ha variado la Legislación Municipal con la Institución de Intendencias, de Regencias, ordenanzas respectivas, nueva planta de los Consulados, y ramo de minería, supresión de repartos, subdelegaciones, Lost and unpublished.

1747 births
1800 deaths
Royal Governors of Chile
18th-century Spanish judges
Academic staff of the University of Salamanca

José de Rezabal y Ugarte