A barn is an agricultural building usually  on farms and used for various purposes. In North America, a barn refers to structures that house livestock, including cattle and horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often grain. As a result, the term barn is often qualified e.g. tobacco barn, dairy barn, cow house, sheep barn, potato barn. In the British Isles, the term barn is restricted mainly to storage structures for unthreshed cereals and fodder, the terms byre or shippon being applied to cow shelters, whereas horses are kept in buildings known as stables. In mainland Europe, however, barns were often part of integrated structures known as byre-dwellings (or housebarns in US literature). In addition, barns may be used for equipment storage, as a covered workplace, and for activities such as threshing.

Etymology
The word barn comes from the Old English , for barley (or grain in general), and , for a storage place—thus, a storehouse for barley. The word , also spelled bern and bearn, is attested to at least sixty times in homilies and other Old English prose. The related words bere-tun and bere-flor both meant threshing floor. Bere-tun also meant granary; the literal translation of bere-tun is "grain enclosure". While the only literary attestation of bere-hus (also granary) comes from the Dialogi of Gregory the Great, there are four known mentions of bere-tun and two of bere-flor. A Thesaurus of Old English lists  and  ("meal-store house") as synonyms for barn.

History
The modern barn largely developed from the three aisled medieval barn, commonly known as tithe barn or monastic barn. This, in turn, originated in a 12th-century building tradition, also applied in halls and ecclesiastical buildings. In the 15th century several thousands of these huge barns were to be found in Western Europe. In the course of time, its construction method was adopted by normal farms and it gradually spread to simpler buildings and other rural areas. As a rule, the aisled barn had large entrance doors and a passage corridor for loaded wagons. The storage floors between the central posts or in the aisles were known as bays or mows (from Middle French moye).

The main types were large barns with sideway passages, compact barns with a central entrance and smaller barns with a transverse passage. The latter also spread to Eastern Europe. Whenever stone walls were applied, the aisled timber frame often gave way to single-naved buildings. A special type were byre-dwellings, which included living quarters, byres and stables, such as the Frisian farmhouse or Gulf house and the Black Forest house. Not all, however, evolved from the medieval barn. Other types descended from the prehistoric longhouse or other building traditions. One of the latter was the Low German (hall) house, in which the harvest was stored in the attic. In many cases, the New World colonial barn evolved from the Low German house, which was transformed to a real barn by first generation colonists from the Netherlands and Germany.

Construction

In the Yorkshire Dales, England, barns, known locally as cowhouses were built from double stone walls with truffs or throughstones acting as wall ties.
In the U.S., older barns were built from timbers hewn from trees on the farm and built as a log crib barn or timber frame, although stone barns were sometimes built in areas where stone was a cheaper building material. In the mid to late 19th century in the U.S. barn framing methods began to shift away from traditional timber framing to "truss framed" or "plank framed" buildings. Truss or plank framed barns reduced the number of timbers instead using dimensional lumber for the rafters, joists, and sometimes the trusses. The joints began to become bolted or nailed instead of being mortised and tenoned. The inventor and patentee of the Jennings Barn claimed his design used less lumber, less work, less time, and less cost to build and were durable and provided more room for hay storage. Mechanization on the farm, better transportation infrastructure, and new technology like a hay fork mounted on a track contributed to a need for larger, more open barns, sawmills using steam power could produce smaller pieces of lumber affordably, and machine cut nails were much less expensive than hand-made (wrought) nails. Concrete block began to be used for barns in the early 20th century in the U.S.

Modern barns are more typically steel buildings. From about 1900 to 1940, many large dairy barns were built in northern USA. These commonly have gambrel or hip roofs to maximize the size of the hay loft above the dairy roof, and have become associated in the popular image of a dairy farm. The barns that were common to the wheatbelt held large numbers of pulling horses such as Clydesdales or Percherons. These large wooden barns, especially when filled with hay, could make spectacular fires that were usually total losses for the farmers. With the advent of balers it became possible to store hay and straw outdoors in stacks surrounded by a plowed fireguard. Many barns in the northern United States are painted barn red with a white trim. One possible reason for this is that ferric oxide, which is used to create red paint, was the cheapest and most readily available chemical for farmers in New England and nearby areas. Another possible reason is that ferric oxide acts a preservative and so painting a barn with it would help to protect the structure. The custom of painting barns in red with white trim is widely spread in Scandinavia. Especially in Sweden the  Falu red with white trims is the traditional colouring of most wooden buildings.

With the popularity of tractors following World War II many barns were taken down or replaced with modern Quonset huts made of plywood or galvanized steel. Beef ranches and dairies began building smaller loftless barns often of Quonset huts or of steel walls on a treated wood frame (old telephone or power poles). By the 1960s it was found that cattle receive sufficient shelter from trees or wind fences (usually wooden slabs 20% open).

Gallery of barns with different wall building materials

Uses

In older style North American barns, the upper area was used to store hay and sometimes grain. This is called the mow (rhymes with cow) or the hayloft. A large door at the top of the ends of the barn could be opened up so that hay could be put in the loft. The hay was hoisted into the barn by a system containing pulleys and a trolley that ran along a track attached to the top ridge of the barn. Trap doors in the floor allowed animal feed to be dropped into the mangers for the animals.

In New England it is common to find barns attached to the main farmhouse (connected farm architecture), allowing for chores to be done while sheltering the worker from the weather.

In the middle of the twentieth century the large broad roof of barns were sometimes painted with slogans in the United States. Most common of these were the 900 barns painted with ads for Rock City.

In the past barns were often used for communal gatherings, such as barn dances.

Features

A farm may have buildings of varying shapes and sizes used to shelter large and small animals and other uses.  The enclosed pens used to shelter large animals are called stalls and may be located in the cellar or on the main level depending in the type of barn.  Other common areas, or features, of an American barn include:
a tack room (where bridles, saddles, etc. are kept), often set up as a breakroom
a feed room, where animal feed is stored – not typically part of a modern barn where feed bales are piled in a stackyard
a drive bay, a wide corridor for animals or machinery
a silo where fermented grain or hay (called ensilage or haylage) is stored.
a milkhouse for dairy barns; an attached structure where the milk is collected and stored prior to shipment
a grain (soy, corn, etc.) bin for dairy barns, found in the mow and usually made of wood with a chute to the ground floor providing access to the grain, making it easier to feed the cows.
modern barns often contain an indoor corral with a squeeze chute for providing veterinary treatment to sick animals.
In North Yorkshire cowhouses would have a muck hole (muck'ole in the local dialect) to allow manure to be deposited outside the barn without the cowhand leaving the building.
In North Yorkshire a cowhouse would have a small door or forking hole (forking'ole in the local dialect) high up on the wall to enable fodder to be 'forked' into the baux or baulks (hayloft).
Some English barns would have a gin gang, a semi-circular extension added to house a horse engine.

Derivatives
The physics term "barn", which is a subatomic unit of area, 10−28 m2, came from experiments with uranium nuclei during World War II, wherein they were described colloquially as "big as a barn", with the measurement officially adopted to maintain security around nuclear weapons research.

Barn idioms
"He couldn't hit the broad side of a barn" is a popular expression for a person having poor aim when throwing an object or when shooting at something.
To "lock the barn door after the horse has bolted" implies that one has solved a problem too late to prevent it.
 "Were you born/raised in a barn?" is an accusation used differently in various parts of the English-speaking world, but most commonly as a reprimand when someone exhibits poor manners by either using ill-mannered language (particularly if related to manure), or leaving doors open.
"Your barn door is open" is used as a euphemism to remind someone to zip the fly of their trousers.
To "barnstorm" is to travel quickly around a large area making frequent public appearances.

Types
Barns have been classified by their function, structure, location, or other features. Sometimes the same building falls into multiple categories.
 Apple barn or fruit barn – for the storage of fruit crops
Bank barn – A multilevel building built into a banking so the upper floor is accessible to a wagon, sometimes accessed by a bridge or ramp.
Bastle house – a defensive structure to guard against border reivers with accommodation on the lower floor for livestock.
 Bridge barn or covered bridge barn – general terms for barns accessed by a bridge rather than a ramp.
Boô – A sheep-barn and dwelling in the Netherlands, seasonal or sometimes year round.
Pennsylvania barn (U.S.) of which there are sub-categories such as standard and sweitzer types. Also known as forebay or porch barns.
Cantilever barn – a type of log crib barn with cantilevered upper floors which developed in Appalachia (U.S.A.)
Combination barn – found throughout England, especially in areas of pastoral farming and the standard barn type in America. This general term means the barns were used for both crop storage and as a byre to house animals.
Crib barn – Horizontal log structures with up to four cribs (assemblies of crossing timbers) found primarily in the southern U.S.A.
Drying barns for drying crops in Finland and Sweden are called riihi and ria, respectively.
New World Dutch Barn – A barn type in the U.S. Also see Dutch barn (U.K.) in Other farm buildings section below.
Field barn – An outbuilding located in a field further afield than the main cluster of buildings that constitute a farmstead
New England barn – a common style of barn found in rural New England and in the U.S.
English barn (U.S.), also called a Yankee or Connecticut barn – A widespread barn type in the U.S.
Granary – to store grain after it is threshed, some barns contain a room called a granary, some barns like a rice barn blur the line between a barn and granary.
Gothic arch barn, has profile shaped as a Gothic arch, which became feasible to be formed by laminated members
Ground stable barn, a barn with space for livestock at ground level
Housebarn, also called a byre-dwelling – A combined living space and barn, relatively common in old Europe but rare in North America. Also, longhouses were housebarns.
Pole barn – a simple structure that consists of poles embedded in the ground to support a roof, with or without exterior walls. The pole barn lacks a conventional foundation, thus greatly reducing construction costs. Traditionally used to house livestock, hay or equipment.
Potato barn or potato house– A semi-subterranean or two story building for storage of potatoes or sweet potatoes.
Prairie barn – A general term for barns in the Western U.S.
Rice barn and the related winnowing barn
Round barn, built in a round shape the term often is generalized to the include polygonal barn and octagonal barn
Swing beam barn – A rare barn type in part of the U.S. designed for threshing with animals walking around a pole held by a swing beam inside the barn.
Tobacco barn – for drying of tobacco leaves
Tithe barn – a type of barn used in much of northern Europe in the Middle Ages for storing the tithes — a tenth of the farm's produce which had to be given to the church
Threshing barn – built with a threshing floor for the processing and storage of cereals, to keep them in dry conditions.  Characterised by large double doors in the centre of one side, a smaller one on the other, and storage for cereal harvest or unprocessed on either side.  In England the grain was beaten from the crop by flails and then separated from the husks by winnowing between these doors.  The design of these typically remained unchanged between the 12th and 19th centuries.  The large doors allow for a horse wagon to be driven through; the smaller ones allow for the sorting of sheep and other stock in the spring and summer.

Other farm buildings often associated with barns

Carriage house — cart shed
 Dutch barn (U.K.) — an open sided structure for hay storage. The type with a movable roof is called a hay barrack in the U.S or a hooiberg (kapberg) in the Netherlands.
 A corn crib —a well ventilated storage space for dried ears of maize (corn).
 A granary or hórreo — a storage space for threshed grains, sometimes within a barn or as a separate building.
 Linhay (linny, linney, linnies) — A shed, often with a lean-to roof but may be a circular linhay to store hay on the first floor with either cattle on the ground floor (cattle linhay), or farm machinery (cart linhay). Characterised by an open front with regularly spaced posts or pillars.
 Milk room or milk house — to store milk.
Oast houses — an outbuilding used for drying hops as part of the brewing process.
 Shelter sheds — open-fronted structures for stock
 Shippon — a shed which houses oxen and cattle.  Has fodder storage above, regularly spaced doors on the yard side, a pitching door or window on the first floor.
 Stable  — Usually for housing horses.

Historic farm buildings

Old farm buildings of the countryside contribute to the landscape, and help define the history of the location, i.e. how farming took place in the past, and how the area has been settled throughout the ages.  They also can show the agricultural methods, building materials, and skills that were used.  Most were built with materials reflecting the local geology of the area.  Building methods include earth walling and thatching.

Buildings in stone and brick, roofed with tile or slate, increasingly replaced buildings in clay, timber and thatch from the later 18th century.  Metal roofs started to be used from the 1850s.  The arrival of canals and railways brought about transportation of building materials over greater distances.

Clues determining their age and historical use can be found from old maps, sale documents, estate plans, and from a visual inspection of the building itself, noting (for example) reused timbers, former floors, partitions, doors and windows.

The arrangement of the buildings within the farmstead can also yield valuable information on the historical farm usage and landscape value. Linear farmsteads were typical of small farms, where there was an advantage to having cattle and fodder within one building, due to the colder climate. Dispersed clusters of unplanned groups were more widespread.  Loose courtyard plans built around a yard were associated with bigger farms, whereas carefully laid out courtyard plans designed to minimize waste and labour were built in the latter part of the 18th century.

The barns are typically the oldest and biggest buildings to be found on the farm.  Many barns were converted into cow houses and fodder processing and storage buildings after the 1880s. Many barns had owl holes to allow for access by barn owls, encouraged to aid vermin control.

The stable is typically the second-oldest building type on the farm.  They were well built and placed near the house due to the value that the horses had as draught animals

Modern granaries were built from the 18th century.  Complete granary interiors, with plastered walls and wooden partitioning to grain bins, are very rare.

Longhouses are an ancient building where people and animals used the same entrance. These can still be seen, for example, in North Germany, where the Low Saxon house occurs.

Few interiors of the 19th century cow houses have survived unaltered due to dairy-hygiene regulations in many countries.

Old farm buildings may show the following signs of deterioration: rotting in timber-framed constructions due to damp, cracks in the masonry from movement of the walls, e.g. ground movement, roofing problems (e.g. outward thrust of it, deterioration of purlins and gable ends), foundation problems, penetration of tree roots; lime mortar being washed away due to inadequate weather-protection. Walls made of cob, earth mortars or walls with rubble cores are all highly vulnerable to water penetration, and replacement or covering of breathable materials with cement or damp-proofing materials may trap moisture within the walls.

In England and Wales some of these historical buildings have been given "listed building" status, which provides them some degree of archaeological protection.

Some grant schemes are available to restore Historic Farmland buildings, for example Natural England's Environmental Stewardship, Countryside Stewardship and Environmentally Sensitive Areas Schemes.

See also
Barn Church, Kew
Barn conversion
Barn dance
 Barndominium
National Barn Dance
Barn raising
Barnstar
Barnyard
Car barn
Dairy
Dovecote — built to house pigeons, which provided variety to the diets of high-status households and a rich source of manure. Examples survive from the medieval period.
Farmhouse
Functionally classified barn
Gambrel roof
Gin gang or round house — an extension to a threshing barn.  It contained a horse driven engine, used to power a threshing machine.  Sometimes called a wheel house.  Water power and wind power were also used to drive the machine, and by the 1850s portable steam engine machines were used.  Horse-engines, original threshing or winnowing machines are exceptionally rare.
Goat tower
Hayrack
Historic Barns of Connecticut
Ovinnik
Scaffold (barn)
Shed
Treppenspeicher
The Wonderful Barn

References

External links

Dairy Barn History
www.thebarnjournal.org
National Barn Alliance
Books about barns
Barn Again! program
Timber Framers Guild
Paper on barns in Hungry
The Spanish borda (borde) is a type of barn or housebarn
Excellent paper on historic barns, focus on Ohio, USA
Barn types and information from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission

Agricultural buildings
Vernacular architecture

Barn


Centruroides baergi is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. They are commonly found in highlands and are almost exclusively found in the states of Oaxaca and southern Puebla, Mexico. C. baergi is the most abundant scorpion of the genus in the state of Oaxaca, making up a third of Centruroides reported between 2008 and 2014.

Venom
The three main toxins that make up the venom of C. baergi are beta toxins. These toxins modify the activation threshold of sodium channels, making the channels more likely to open when normally they would not. Since sodium channels are widely found in the peripheral nervous system, their opening can lead to severe autonomic dysfunction. The two most harmful of these toxins can not be neutralized by the currently available antibodies, likely due to the venom not being deemed medically important.

Some of the symptoms of a sting include intense pain, salivation, vomiting, breathing difficulties, tightness in the chest, muscle stiffness, tingling and sweating.

References

baergi
Scorpions described in 1932

Centruroides baergi


Longding district (Pron:/lɒŋˈdɪŋ/) is one of the 20 administrative districts of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. It was carved out of the south-western portion of the Tirap District. The district shares its boundary to the south and south-east with the country of Myanmar. Its boundary to the west and the north are shared with the Indian states of Nagaland and Assam, respectively. Towards the north-east is the Tirap District from which the district was carved out in 2012.
The district has a population of around 60000 and an area of roughly 1200 square kilometers. Longding has a pleasant climate throughout the year. Due to its hilly terrain, the temperature ranges from 15C (in winter) to 30C in summers).

History
The district has been historically inhabited by the Wancho people. With low productivity, the district was considered one of the most backward in the state. The creation of the new district was approved by the state cabinet on 7 August 2009, under the chairmanship of the then chief minister Dorjee Khandu.  The state government constituted a high-power committee on 23 June 2010, for finalizing the district boundary. According to the report submitted by high power committee on 11 August 2011, the Longding District was created on 26 September 2011 bypassing The Arunachal Pradesh Bill 2011 by voice-vote. The district was formally inaugurated on 19 March 2012 by chief minister Nabam Tuki.

Education
There is no higher education institution in the district.
Wangcha Rajkumar Government College, Deomali in Tirap district caters to the students from Longding district.

Divisions
The district consists of six subdivisions or circles: Longding, Kanubari, Pongchau, Wakka, Pumao and Lawnu.  It includes the villages of Longphong, Nianu, Niausa, Senua, Senua Noksa, Zedua, Nginu, Ngissa, Mintong, Chanu, Longchan, Chubam, Russa and Rangluwa.

Demographics

The district has a population of 56,953 as of 2011. The district is inhabited mainly by the Wancho people. They are culturally similar to the Naga people. They practice gun making, wood carving, and bead making. They follow a type of Slash-and-burn cultivation known as the Jhum cultivation. Still many people follow Animism though a few have converted to Christianity.

Religion

References

External links
 Official website

Districts of Arunachal Pradesh
Minority Concentrated Districts in India
2012 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh

Longding district


Angus Fairhurst (4 October 1966 – 29 March 2008) was an English artist working in installation, photography and video. He was one of the Young British Artists (YBAs).

Life and work

Angus Fairhurst was born in Pembury, Kent. Having attended The Judd School between 1978 and 1985, he studied at Canterbury Art College 1985–1986, and graduated in 1989 in Fine Art at Goldsmiths College, where he was in the same year as Damien Hirst. In February 1988, Fairhurst organised a show of student work, which was a precursor to the Freeze show largely organised by Hirst in July 1988 with sixteen other students from Goldsmith, including Fairhurst. Fairhurst and Hirst became close friends and collaborated on many projects. Fairhurst was also for several years the partner and sometime-collaborator of Sarah Lucas.

Fairhurst's work was often characterised by visual distortion and practical jokes. An example is his drawing of a gorilla holding a fish under its oxter and both staring at a plate of chips.

He worked in different media, including video, photography and painting, and is noted for sculptures of gorillas.

Angus Fairhurst exhibited nationally and internationally after graduating from Goldsmiths. Exhibitions include Freeze and Some Went Mad and Some Ran Away, Brilliant! at the Walker Art Center and Apocalypse at the Royal Academy in 2000. A 2004 exhibition In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida, was held at the Tate Gallery with Hirst and Lucas.

Gallery Connections

In 1991, he did a piece in which he networked together the telephones of leading contemporary art dealers in London so that they could only talk to each other – a witty and telling remark that the art world is often only interested in speaking to itself. They were confused by what they perceived were crossed lines and were concerned that the Inland Revenue was investigating VAT fraud. The full transcript of Gallery Connections is available online. The work is now in the collection of the Tate.  Occasionally, Gallery Connections is on display at Tate Britain and may be listened to. One gallery gives its phone number and listeners have been known to call them.

Underdone/Overdone Paintings
One of his late works is a series of silk-screens called Underdone/Overdone Paintings, made in 1998. It consists of thirty paintings, acrylic silk-screen on panels, largely 90 x 60 cm, which were initially displayed in The Missing Link exhibition (1998) in the Sadie Coles HQ Gallery in London. The paintings depict abstract forms of a primeval forest with trees, coloured in the three primary colours. These were laid in varied combinations over each other at random over a sequence of thirty pictures. Fairhurst's work embodies an antithesis between the accumulation of forms and the reduction into formlessness. A similar technique of repetition and layering can be found in the Low, Lower and Lowest Expectations series (1996 - 1997).

Death

Fairhurst exhibited at Sadie Coles HQ in London. On 29 March 2008, the final day of his third solo show at the gallery, he was found hanging from a tree in a remote Highland woodland near Bridge of Orchy in Scotland, having taken his own life. He is survived by his mother and brother.

Following his death, Sir Nicholas Serota, director of the Tate gallery, said:

References

Literature
Angus Fairhurst, Sacha Craddock, James Cahill (foreword by Nicholas Serota), (London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 2009)

External links

 Matthew Slotover on Angus Fairhurst
 Angus Fairhurst on Sadie Coles HQ (includes CV)
 Angus Fairhurst in the Tate collection
 Angus Fairhurst on Grimm Gallery

1966 births
2008 deaths
People from Pembury
British video artists
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Photographers from Kent
English installation artists
Suicides by hanging in Scotland
People educated at The Judd School
Artists who died by suicide
English contemporary artists
2008 suicides

Angus Fairhurst


History

The Lockheed Martin Engineering Management Program within the College of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Colorado Boulder was initiated in 1987 with an endowment from Lockheed Martin to meet the needs of the high-tech industry in Colorado. The Program offers graduate education, both on campus and via distance learning, for technical professionals preparing to assume significant management responsibilities. Working professionals from companies across the nation and the world have graduated from the program including employees of high-tech companies such as Lockheed Martin, IBM, Maxtor, Hewlett-Packard, Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Seagate, Raytheon, and Sun Microsystems.

Mission
The mission of the program is to prepare full time working engineers and applied science professionals for early to mid-career technical management assignments. It is one of the aims of the program to provide flexible nd portable education supply using distance education platforms to reach as well local, national and international students. In collaboration with the industry, learning partnerships should be established to provide students with practical experience.

Engineering Management
According to The American Society for Engineering Management (ASEM) "Engineering Management is the art and science of planning, organizing, allocating resources, and directing and controlling activities which have a technological component." ASEM goes on to note that "Engineering managers are distinguished from other managers by the fact that they possess both an ability to apply engineering principles and a skill in organizing and directing technical projects and people in technical jobs."

Graduate offerings
A Masters of Engineering Degree in Engineering Management

Professional Certificates in core competence areas:
 Project Management
 Engineering Management in the Aerospace Industry
 Innovation & Entrepreneurship in Engineering
 Leadership and Management
 Engineering Management

Professional resources
 American Society for Engineering Management
 Canadian Society for Engineering Management
 ASME Engineering Management Journal
 IEEE Engineering Management Magazine
 Engineering Management Certification International

engineering management system

University of Colorado Engineering Management Program


Novar Gardens is an inner south-western suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, in the City of West Torrens.

Originally to be called Morphettville, the name was changed to honour the family estate of Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar, Governor-General of Australia from 1914 to 1920, who visited the site of the future suburb in 1919. On his return to Britain, Munro Ferguson was created 1st Viscount Novar.

The historic Cummins House in Sheoak Avenue is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.

References

Suburbs of Adelaide

Novar Gardens, South Australia


Phanfare was an online subscription-based photo sharing and video sharing service. It was introduced in November 2004 by Phanfare, Inc, a company founded by Andrew Erlichson and Mark Heinrich.

Overview
Phanfare was targeted at prosumers and serious amateurs who desire archival photo and video sharing. Consumers could upload their digital photos and videos to Phanfare. Phanfare provided each customer with a destination URL where they could direct viewers. Phanfare integrated address book and invitation tools to allow the consumer to efficiently send out invitations to view albums. It backed up and held original fullsize images using Amazon S3, allowing the consumer to retrieve their original digital assets in the event that they lose their local copy. Phanfare was acquired by Carbonite on June 6, 2011.

Uploading of photos and videos
Phanfare distributed a photo and video organizing program called Phanfare Photo (Windows and Mac compatible) that uploaded photos and video in the background while the consumer adds captions, edits and organizes the content. Phanfare could import JPEG, Adobe Photoshop PSD images as well as AVI, QuickTime, WMV and MPEG-2 movies. Phanfare also provided an Apple iPhone app, Phanfare Photon, for uploading and viewing photos and videos as well as plugins for major photo and video organizing programs. Phanfare has been noted by the Wall Street Journal for its novel approach to video sharing and its media retention policies. The ideas for cache-coherent synchronization of photos and videos to a local application cache can be traced back to work in Cache Coherence in shared memory Multiprocessing.

History of Phanfare
First released in November 2004, Phanfare initially provided simple web hosting of photos and videos at short URLs in the Phanfare domain. Phanfare provided viewing and sharing without requiring that viewers register with Phanfare. Phanfare sites were optionally protected with site passwords. In January 2008, Phanfare introduced social networking features to the Phanfare system, de-emphasized the desktop clients, and began offering a freemium level of service (initially 1GB free, and later reduced to 256MB free) which lasted until 2009, as well as printed products including silver halide prints, digitally printed books and cards. On June 6, 2011, Carbonite acquired Phanfare.  Carbonite declined to honor Phanfare lifetime memberships, instead granted lifetime members $299 in Phanfare credit which would expire after three years if unused. Two days later, Phanfare founder and CEO, Andrew Erlichson notified lifetime subscribers that customers requesting a refund will be paid not by Carbonite, but what remains of Phanfare, Inc. In May 2012, Erlichson left Carbonite exactly one year after the purchase. Carbonite shut down Phanfare on May 28, 2017.

References

External links
http://www.phanfare.com

Image-sharing websites
2011 mergers and acquisitions
American photography websites

Phanfare


Alfalfa House Community Food Cooperative Ltd is a not-for-profit food cooperative based in Enmore, Sydney, Australia. It is a registered cooperative. Alfalfa House began in the front room of a terraced house in Erskineville in 1981.

According to its introductory material for new members, the main aim of the cooperative is to provide minimally-packaged and minimally-processed organic food and low-impact common household products, processed in ways that minimise harm to both people and the environment.

Policy
Alfalfa House is managed by a board of directors, known as the Members' Council, elected at the cooperative's Annual General Meeting. The council oversees the financial management and general ongoing policy-making of the co-op. According to its Rules of Incorporation, any financial surpluses are to be re-invested in the co-op to improve services to the membership.

Objectives
According to its Rules of Incorporation, Alfalfa House aims to
  provide a retail source of wholefoods so that members may have some control over the sources of their food supply
  provide information on and promote the use of: low-cost, ethically-produced and packaged wholefoods; cruelty-free foods; vegetarian foods; vegan foods; organic foods; and genetically modified-free foods
  run an ethical, not-for-profit business
  minimise resource wastage and, hence, encourage reuse and recycling
  support other cooperatives whose objectives are similar or related to the objectives of the cooperative
  stimulate community development, foster community spirit and promote sustainable living

See also
 List of food cooperatives

References

Food cooperatives
Organizations established in 1988
Cooperatives in Australia

Alfalfa House


A Bowie knife is a large hunting knife. It is named after Colonel Jim Bowie. The knife was probably designed by his brother, Rezin P. Bowie. Rezin (pronounced "reason") gave his younger brother (Jim) the knife so he would always have a backup weapon. It became history after the "sandbar fight" on the banks of the Mississippi River in September 1827.  This started as a duel but quickly became a fight between the two seconds, Judge Crane and Jim Bowie. Crane pulled out a pistol and shot at Bowie twice. One bullet hit Bowie in the leg the other killed an onlooker. Friends on both sides began shooting and slashing with knives. Bowie was wounded several times but managed to kill one assailant and wound another with what witnesses called a "big butcher knife". This made both Bowie, the knife-fighter, and his knife famous. More than a dozen knifemakers of the time claim to have made the first Bowie knife. But no one knows who made the first one or exactly what it looked like.

References

Blades

Bowie knife


Jenn Champion, formerly known as Jenn Ghetto, is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist who performs under the name S. She was a member of the now defunct band Carissa's Wierd.

Early life
Champion grew up in Tucson, Arizona where, in the mid 1990s, she worked selling pizza with future bandmates Ben Bridwell and Mat Brooke. In 1997 the trio moved to Olympia, Washington for a year before moving to Seattle. She identifies as a lesbian and has done so since very early in her career.

Carissa's Wierd
In Seattle, Champion and Brooke formed Carissa's Wierd, who released three studio albums, the first two on Bridwell's Brown Records label. The band broke up in 2003 and since then three compilation albums have been released. Carissa's Wierd reformed for a one off show in Seattle on July 9, 2010 to promote their "best of" album, They'll Only Miss You When You Leave: Songs 1996–2003, which was released by Hardly Art Records on July 13, 2010.

In July 2010, Mat Brooke announced that he and Champion had bought the rights to Carissa's Wierd's back catalogue from Sad Robot Records. He said, "Me and Jenn have been working for a while to buy back the rights to all of our records and we finally were able to get them all back." This should allow all of Carissa's Wierd's albums to be re-released soon.

S

Champion has recorded four solo albums under the name S. Her songs are usually recorded in her bedroom and feature only vocals and guitar. 2010's I'm Not As Good at It As You featured eleven songs recorded on an 8 track machine between 2006 and 2008, along with "Wait", the album's opening track, which features her former Carissa's Wierd bandmates Mat Brooke (ukulele & banjo) and Sarah Standard (violin). Champion's most recent album, Cool Choices, was produced by former Death Cab For Cutie guitarist Chris Walla and was released on Hardly Art Records in September 2014.

From "Ghetto" to "Champion"
On September 8, 2015, Champion released the following statement on her band's official Facebook page, explaining that she would no longer use, "Ghetto" as her moniker:
"Okay so I am changing my name, it's time for me to stop using 'Ghetto.'  I chose that as my name when I was a teenager and I realize now that it is not my place to be using it.  As I move forward, I want to acknowledge the anti-black racism i perpetuate using the word 'ghetto' and deeply apologize to those that have been hurt by my use of that word.
I am changing all internets and other things related to me that I have used the word 'ghetto' in. Unfortunately i am not financially able to repress records that I made under the name Jenn Ghetto. This is part of a process I am in of educating myself and challenging systemic oppression that I will continue to do! All the love, jenn t. champion"

Discography

Solo albums (recorded under the name "S" or Jenn Champion)
 Sadstyle – Brown Records (2001)
 Puking and Crying – Suicide Squeeze Records (2004)
 I'm Not as Good at It As You – Own Records (2010)
 Cool Choices – Hardly Art (2014)
 Single Rider – Hardly Art (2018)
 Last Night of Sadness –  Self released (2023)

With Carissa's Wierd
 Ugly But Honest: 1996–1999 – Brown Records (1999)
 You Should Be at Home Here – Brown Records (2001)
 Songs About Leaving – Sad Robot Records (2002)
 Scrapbook (2003)
 I Before E – Sad Robot Records (2004)
 They'll Only Miss You When You Leave: Songs 1996–2003 – Hardly Art (2010)

References

External links

Suicide Squeeze Records

Hardly Art artists
Suicide Squeeze Records artists
Living people
American people of Italian descent
American women guitarists
Musicians from Tucson, Arizona
Year of birth missing (living people)
Musicians from Seattle
Lesbian singers
Lesbian songwriters
American lesbian musicians
American LGBT singers
American LGBT songwriters
LGBT people from Arizona
Guitarists from Arizona
Guitarists from Washington (state)
Carissa's Wierd members
21st-century American women writers
American lesbian writers

Jenn Champion


Lion of the Desert is a 1980 epic historical war film about the Second Italo-Senussi War, starring Anthony Quinn as Libyan tribal leader Omar Mukhtar, a Bedouin leader fighting the Regio Esercito (Royal Italian Army), and Oliver Reed as Italian General Rodolfo Graziani, who defeated Mukhtar. It was directed by Moustapha Akkad.

Released in May 1981, the film has received positive reviews from critics, but performed poorly at the box office, gaining revenues of US$1.5 million worldwide despite having a $35 million budget. The film was banned in Italy in 1982 and was only shown on pay TV in 2009.

Plot
In 1929, Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini (Rod Steiger) is still faced with the 10-year-long war waged by patriots in the Italian colony of Libya to combat Italian colonization and the establishment of "The Fourth Shore"—the rebirth of a Roman Empire in Africa. Mussolini appoints General Rodolfo Graziani (Oliver Reed) as his sixth governor of Libya, confident that the eminently accredited soldier and fascist Grande can crush the rebellion and restore the dissipated glories of Imperial Rome. Omar al-Mukhtar (Anthony Quinn) leads the resistance to the fascists. A teacher by profession, guerrilla by obligation, Mukhtar had committed himself to a war that cannot be won in his own lifetime. Graziani controls Libya with the might of the Regio Esercito (Royal Italian Army). Tanks and aircraft are used in the desert for the first time. The Italians also committed atrocities - killing of prisoners of war, destruction of crops, and imprisoning populations in concentration camps behind barbed wire.

The film starts by introducing the audience to the historical context of the film. This introductory scene is part of historic records that present the rise of fascism in Italy and how it impacted Libya tragically. The scene concludes by stating that the characters and the events in this film are real and based on historical facts. The first scene after the introduction starts with Mussolini in Italy, who created the Fascist Party in Italy, complaining about his generals' defeats in Libya. To crush the Libyan resistance after 20 years of failure, and after losing five of the best Italian generals, Mussolini sends his most skillful general, Graziani, to Libya. This scene is then contrasted with a scene of Omar Al-Mokhtar, the old teacher who turned into a fighting rebel during the Italian colonization, teaching his young students in Libya. Graziani goes to Libya and starts his campaign to crush the rebellion. The Libyans show great tenacity and make enormous sacrifices to defend their country.

Despite their bravery, the Libyan Arabs and Berbers suffered heavy losses, because their relatively primitive weaponry was no match for mechanised warfare; despite all this, they continued to fight and managed to keep the Italians from achieving complete victory for 20 years. Graziani was only able to achieve victory through deceit, deception, violation of the laws of war and human rights, and by the use of tanks and aircraft.

Omar Al-Mokhtar shows great perseverance and wisdom in leading the resistance movement. He enters into negotiations with the Italians to liberate Libya, but never reaches a deal with them because they pretend to negotiate only to win time. They ask him for significant concessions and promise him some materialistic rewards to end the resistance movement, but Al-Mukhtar never accepts any of that, even after they captured him. They hang him in public to show the Libyans that resisting them is useless, but the resistance does not stop with his death.

Despite the Libyans' lack of modern weaponry, Graziani recognized the skill of his adversary in waging guerrilla warfare. In one scene, Mukhtar refuses to kill a defenseless young officer, instead giving him the Italian flag to bring home to Italy. Mukhtar says that Islam forbids him to kill captured soldiers and demands that he only fight for his homeland, and that Muslims are taught to hate war itself.

In the end, Mukhtar is captured and tried as a rebel. His lawyer, Captain Lontano, states that since Mukhtar had never accepted Italian rule, he cannot be tried as a rebel and instead must be treated as a prisoner of war (which would save him from being hanged). The judge rejects this, and the film ends with Mukthar being publicly executed by hanging.

Cast
 Anthony Quinn as Omar al-Mukhtar
 Oliver Reed as General Rodolfo Graziani
 Irene Papas as Mabrouka
 Raf Vallone as Diodiece
 Rod Steiger as Mussolini
 John Gielgud as El Gariani
 Andrew Keir as Salem
 Gastone Moschin as Tomelli
 Stefano Patrizi as Sandrini
 Adolfo Lastretti as Sarsani
 Sky du Mont as Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
 Takis Emmanuel as Bu-Matari
 Rodolfo Bigotti as Ismail
 Robert Brown as Al Fadeel
 Eleonora Stathopoulou as Ali's Mother
 Luciano Bartoli as Captain Lontano
 Claudio Goro as Court President
 Giordano Falzoni as Judge at Camp
 Franco Fantasia as Graziani's Aide
 Ihab Werfaly as Ali

Music

The musical score of Lion of the Desert was composed and conducted by Maurice Jarre, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra.
The songs "Giovinezza", "Marcia Reale", and "O sole mio" are played, but are not credited.

Soundtrack

Track listing for the first release on LP

Side one (19:12)
 Omar the Teacher
 Italian Invasion
 Resistance
 The Lion of the Desert

Side two (19:33)
 The Displacement
 The Concentration Camp
 The Death
 March of Freedom

Track listing for the first release on CD

 Omar the Teacher (04:26)
 Prelude: Libya 1929 (02:24)
 The Execution of Hamid (05:04)
 Desert Ambush (01:46)
 Omar Enters Camp (04:15)
 The Empty Saddle
 March to Demination (05:19)
 Ismail's Sacrifice (02:36)
 I Must Go (02:27)
 Graziani's Triumph (01:41)
 Entr'acte (02:19)
 Concentration Camp (03:15)
 Italian Invasion (01:32)
 Starvation (00:53)
 The Hanging (01:27)
 General Graziani (03:00)
 Charge (01:23)
 Phoney Triumph (04:38)
 Omar's Wife (03:22)
 Omar Taken (02:38)
 The Death of Omar (01:38)
 March of Freedom (With Choir) (03:59)

Censorship in Italy
The Italian authorities banned the film in 1982 because, in the words of Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, it was "damaging to the honor of the army". The last act of the government's intervention against the film was on April 7, 1987, in Trento; afterward, MPs from Democrazia Proletaria asked Parliament to show the movie at the Chamber of Deputies.

The movie was finally broadcast on television in Italy by Sky Italy on June 11, 2009, during the official visit to Italy of Libya's then leader Muammar Gaddafi, whose government funded the movie.

In 2015, the book Staging Memory by Stefania Del Monte dedicates a whole section to the movie.

Reception
Cinema historian Stuart Galbraith IV writes about the movie: "A fascinating look inside a facet of Arab culture profoundly significant yet virtually unknown outside North Africa and the Arab world. Lion of the Desert is a Spartacus-style, David vs. Goliath tale that deserves more respect than it has to date. It's not a great film, but by the end, it becomes a compelling one."

The verdict of British historian Alex von Tunzelmann about the movie is: "Omar Mukhtar has been adopted as a figurehead by many Libyan political movements, including both Gaddafi himself and the rebels currently fighting him. Lion of the Desert is half an hour too long and hammy in places, but its depiction of Italian colonialism and Libyan resistance is broadly accurate."

Film critic Vincent Canby writes: "Spectacular… virtually an unending series of big battle scenes."

Clint Morris describes the movie as: "A grand epic adventure that'll stand as a highpoint in the producing career of Moustapha Akkad."

See also
 The Battle of Algiers, a similar movie about Algerian resistance against French occupation
 Libyan resistance movement
 Italian Libya
 List of Islamic films
 The Message

References

External links

1980 films
1980 drama films
1980s biographical films
1980s historical films
1980s war films
English-language Libyan films
War epic films
War films based on actual events
American films based on actual events
Films about Benito Mussolini
Films directed by Moustapha Akkad
Films set in Libya
Films set in Italy
Films set in 1929
Films set in 1931
Films shot in Libya
Films scored by Maurice Jarre
Films about Islam
Guerrilla warfare in film
Film controversies in Italy
1980s English-language films
Libyan drama films

Lion of the Desert


The Purnululu National Park is a World Heritage Site in the East Kimberley region of Western Australia. The  national park is located approximately  south of Kununurra, with Halls Creek located to the south. Declared a World Heritage Site in 2003, the park was inscribed as follows:

Purnululu National Park World Heritage Site

The World Heritage status of the region was created and negotiated in 2003, and the adopted boundary of the existing national park. Since its listing, the Government of Western Australia has reserved additional areas located adjacent to the World Heritage Area, including the Purnululu Conservation Park and the Ord River Regeneration Reserve. The site was gazetted on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007 under the .

Etymology
Purnululu is a mispronounced Djaru word for the area around Bungle Bungle out camp, which is referred to as Bullmanlulu. The correct Karjaganujaru name for the Bungle Bungle massif is Billingjal which means sand falling away.

The traditional owners of the area are the Karjaganujaru peoples.

Features
The Bungle Bungle Range, lying fully within the park, has elevations as high as  above sea level. It is famous for the sandstone domes, unusual and visually striking with their striping in alternating orange and grey bands. The banding of the domes is due to differences in clay content and porosity of the sandstone layers: the orange bands consist of oxidised iron compounds in layers that dry out too quickly for cyanobacteria to multiply; the grey bands are composed of cyanobacteria growing on the surface of layers of sandstone where moisture accumulates.

Geology
The Bungle Bungle Range is one of the most extensive and impressive occurrences of sandstone tower (or cone) karst terrain in the world. The Bungle Bungles were a plateau of Devonian sandstone,  carved into a mass of beehive-shaped towers with regularly alternating, dark gray bands of cyanobacterial crust (single cell photosynthetic organisms). The plateau is dissected by  deep, sheer-sided gorges and slot canyons. The cone-towers are steep-sided, with an abrupt break of slope at the base and have domed summits. How they were formed is not yet completely understood.  Their surface is fragile but stabilized by crusts of iron oxide and bacteria. They provide an outstanding example of land formation by dissolutional weathering of sandstone, with removal of sand grains by wind, rain and sheet wash on slopes.

Access
Access to the park by road is via Spring Creek Track, from the Great Northern Highway approximately  south of Kununurra, to the track's end at the visitor centre. The track is  long and is usable only in the dry season (about 1 April to 31 December) by four-wheel-drive vehicles. Safely navigating it takes approximately three hours. Access by air is less demanding; helicopter flights are available from Bellburn Airstrip in the national park, and from Warmun roadhouse. Scenic light aircraft flights are also available out of Kununurra and Lake Argyle.

Gallery

See also

 Protected areas of Western Australia
 Kimberley (Western Australia)

References

Further reading
 Hoatsan, Dean et al.(1997) Bungle Bungle Range : Purnululu National Park, East Kimberley, Western Australia : a guide to the rocks, landforms, plants, animals, and human impact Canberra : Australian Geological Survey Organisation.

External links

World heritage listing for Purnululu National Park
Purnululu National Park

National parks of Western Australia
World Heritage Sites in Western Australia
Geology of Western Australia
Kimberley (Western Australia)
Protected areas established in 1987
Australian National Heritage List
1987 establishments in Australia

Purnululu National Park


Benny Dembitzer is a British economist who has specialized in international economic development issues and consequences of climate change, in particular in the economies of sub-Saharan Africa. He is Visiting Professor of Global Economics at the China Centre of University College, London and a Rockefeller Fellow. He has worked for a variety of NGOs and United Nations agencies. His work has taken him to 35 different countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as Indonesia, Pakistan, Chile and Brazil. He was director of the European Office of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, when the organization was awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize.

Education and Research
Dembitzer graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge University with a BA in economics in 1962, followed by MA in 1965.  He studied under Amartya Sen, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Economics for his life-long study of famines across the world. He followed Sen for a brief time as a supervisor in economics at Trinity College. He also studied under Gunnar Myrdal at Uppsala University in 1962 and in 1979 at the IMD Management school linked to the University of Lausanne, where he obtained a postgraduate degree in management studies. He returned to Cambridge in 1964 and was Assistant Registrar of the University, where he remained until 1968.

He subsequently was on the staff of the Economist Intelligence Unit (part of the Economist newspaper) in London for three and a half years, from 1970 to 1973. After some years of international work as a consultant in development economics, he returned to teaching at British universities. Since 1992 he has been Visiting Lecturer in economics at various times at Cranfield, London SouthBank, London Metropolitan, and Greenwich Universities. He is a visiting scholar of the University of Greenwich and Honorary fellow of UNISUL University in Florianopolis (State of Santa Catarina, Brazil), which awarded him an Honorary Doctorate in 2019.

Work for international organizations and NGOs
Over the years he has worked in 35 countries in Africa and 2 in Asia. In 1980-81 he was United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Adviser to the Handicrafts and Small Scale Industries Development Agency (HASIDA), based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with the responsibility of directing the work of 42 different projects across the country. At the Commonwealth Secretariat he was for two years (1981–83) adviser on industrial development to the (then) nine Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) Countries. He travelled frequently to that part of the world.

He has worked for different United Nations agencies – UNDP, International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), International Trade Centre (ITC), World Bank, the British Government's Department for International Development (DFID), and the Dutch Ministry for International Aid in various parts of the world. He worked for the Aga Khan in Pakistan; for the UNIDO in Ethiopia; in Lesotho for the ITC; Djibouti for the World Bank; Guinea and Indonesia for the UNDP. He also drafted the UNDP five-year economic development plans for both The Gambia and Liberia. For seven years he was economic adviser to the Dutch aid programme in Indonesia. He worked as a consultant for DFID on Fairtrade. In 2003 he worked with UNAIDS in London and Addis Ababa.

Simultaneously, he has worked for various voluntary agencies, including OXFAM in Ethiopia; CARE International in Lesotho; International Voluntary Service in Botswana, Cameroon, Lesotho and Swaziland; War on Want in Cameroon. In the early 1970s he undertook undercover missions for Amnesty International in Gabon, Cameroon and Chad. In 1973 he set up PROJECT HAND, considered the first FairTrade organisation in Britain. He directed the work of the Fund for Research and Investment for the Development of Africa (FRIDA) in twenty African countries from 1975 to 1979. He was European Director of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) when it was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985. That year he became marginally involved with the relief operations kick-started by Bob Geldof in Ethiopia after the Live Aid global concert. In 2004 he organized a conference in Cambridge on corruption in the arms trade for Transparency International, UK. From 1987 to 2006 he ran the annual Global Partnership, an event bringing together some hundreds of British voluntary agencies working in development. During 2007 and 2008 he was economic adviser to Africa Invest, a fund investing in agriculture in Malawi.

In recent years he has been invited to address international conferences and give keynote speeches at various institutions, among others: Encuentros por Chile, the International Association of Chilean scholars (2006), PricewaterhouseCoopers's international development meeting in Washington D.C (2001), the Parliament of the State of Santa Catarina in Brazil (2015), and Cheltenham Ladies' College (2016).

References

British economists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Cambridge

Benny Dembitzer


Sulpicia (c. 69 – 14 BC) was the wife of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Cruscellio.  Lentulus was the son of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus.

Sulpicia's mother was Tullia ("Julia") Caesaris (c. 86 – 34 BC) and her father was Servius Sulpicius Rufus (c. 106 – 43 BC).

Life
Sulpicia's story is much like Curia's. Her husband was also a legally condemned outlaw and proscribed by the triumvirs in the same year of 43 BC. He fled from Rome secretly and went to join the military of Sextus Pompeius in Sicily. Once she knew where he was safely, then she joined him. This was not an easy task however. Her mother, with whom she had a close relationship, was keeping a very close eye on her so she would not go to her husband in exile. Sulpicia however came up with a ruse and dressed like a little slave girl. She then took two other little slave girls and two slave boys with her and escaped from her mother's watchful eyes. She was not afraid of being persecuted and was very dedicated to her husband. She was willing to risk her life for his love. Upon arriving in Sicily, she soon learned where Lentulus was. He was supposed to be a praetor but his attitude did not reflect this. He was found in the gutter with unkempt hair eating rotten food mourning for his lovely wife.

References

Primary sources
Appian, The Civil Wars Book four [39]
Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings 6.7.1-3.

Secondary sources
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology page 733 (v. 2)
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 943 (v. 3)
The Education of a Christian Woman: A Sixteenth-Century Manual By Juan Luis Vives, pp. 187, 338, 342; University of Chicago Press (2000);

60s BC births
14 BC deaths
1st-century BC Romans
1st-century BC Roman women
Sulpicii

Year of birth uncertain

Sulpicia (wife of Lentulus Cruscellio)


Fenerbahçe TV (FB TV) is a sports channel of Fenerbahçe SK, a major Turkish multi-sport club based in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the first sports club channel in Turkey. The channel launched in 2003, over satellite, satellite network services and cable service.

The daily programs are Live News, Futbolun Zirvesi (live program with president Aziz Yıldırım), 2F1B, Biz Bir Aileyiz (about the family life of athletes), Café Fener (about the daily life of athletes), Eko Fener (about daily economy news), Endüstriyel Spor (about "industrial" sports), Filede Fener (about volleyball), Potada Fener (about basketball), Genç Kramponlar (about the youth teams), Maç Kaç Kaç, Maça Doğru, Maç Başlıyor, Maçın Ardından, Maçın Öyküsü (all five are about weekly football matches), Nostalji Futbol (about past memorable matches), Yaşayan Efsaneler (about the lives of living legends) etc.

The live programs of TV are daily news, women's basketball, men's and women's volleyball, youth football, athletics, boxing, rowing and sailing live games and matches and news before matches.

Commentators/Presenters
Hande karakadıoğlu
Kıvanç Özkök
Serhan Hayat
Barış Yalçınsoy
Turhan Seven

Services
Satellite
Turksat 4A 12345 V 30000 3/4
Digiturk : Channel 76
D-Smart : Channel 83
Cable
Teledünya : Channel 139

References

External links

Fenerbahçe S.K.
Television stations in Turkey
Turkish-language television stations
Sports television networks
Sports television in Turkey
Television channels and stations established in 2003
2003 establishments in Turkey
Mass media in Istanbul

Fenerbahçe TV


By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Nova Scotia as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Nova Scotia's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Nova Scotia, His Majesty in Right of Nova Scotia, or the King in Right of Nova Scotia. The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in the province specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.

Constitutional role

The role of the Crown is both legal and practical; it functions in Nova Scotia in the same way it does in all of Canada's other provinces, being the centre of a constitutional construct in which the institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority share the power of the whole. It is thus the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the province's government. The Canadian monarch—since 8 September 2022, King Charles III—is represented and his duties carried out by the lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, with most related powers entrusted for exercise by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from among them, and the judges and justices of the peace. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

This arrangement began with the 1867 British North America Act and continued an unbroken line of monarchical government extending back to the late 16th century. However, though it has a separate government headed by the King, as a province, Nova Scotia is not itself a kingdom.

Aside from meetings with the first minister and other ministers of the Crown for affairs of state, the lieutenant governor annually hosts a meeting of the full cabinet at Government House, "thereby bringing the main actors in our system of responsible government to the place where our system of democracy was first practiced." The viceroy also holds regular audiences with the clerk of the Executive Council to review state papers.

Government House in Halifax is owned by the sovereign in his capacity as King in right of Nova Scotia and is used as an official residence, both by the lieutenant governor and the sovereign and other members of the Canadian royal family will reside there when in Nova Scotia.

Royal associations

Those in the royal family perform ceremonial duties when on a tour of the province; the royal persons do not receive any personal income for their service, only the costs associated with the exercise of these obligations are funded by both the Canadian and Nova Scotia Crowns in their respective councils. Monuments around Nova Scotia mark some of those visits, while others honour a royal personage or event. Further, Nova Scotia's monarchical status is illustrated by royal names applied regions, communities, schools, and buildings, many of which may also have a specific history with a member or members of the royal family. Associations also exist between the Crown and many private organizations within the province; these may have been founded by a royal charter, received a royal prefix, and/or been honoured with the patronage of a member of the royal family. Examples include the Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo, which was under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth II and received its royal prefix from her in 2006.

The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign himself, his image (in portrait or effigy) thus being used to signify government authority. A royal cypher or crown may also illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, without referring to any specific monarch. Further, though the monarch does not form a part of the constitutions of Nova Scotia's honours, they do stem from the Crown as the fount of honour and, so, bear on the insignia symbols of the sovereign.

History

The first colonies
The roots of the present Crown in Nova Scotia lie in Jacques Cartier's claim, in 1534, of Chaleur Bay for King Francis I; though, the area was not officially settled until King Henry IV established a colony there in 1604, administered by the governor of Acadia in the capital of Port-Royal, so named for the King. Only slightly later, King James VI and I laid claim to areas overlapping with Acadia, in what is today Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and part of Maine, and brought it within the Scottish Crown's dominion, calling the region Nova Scotia (or "new Scotland"). James' son, Charles I, issued the Charter of New Scotland, which created the baronets of Nova Scotia, many of which continue to exist today.

Over the course of the 17th century, the French Crown lost, via war and treaties, its Maritimes territories to the British sovereign, Acadia being gradually taken until it fully became British territory through the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and the name Nova Scotia was applied to the whole region. But, this placement of French people under a British sovereign did not transpire without problems; French colonialists in Acadia were asked by British officials, uneasy about where the Acadians' loyalties lay, to reaffirm their allegiance to King George III. The Acadians refused, not as any slight to the King, but, more to remain Catholic, and were subsequently deported from the area in what became known as the Great Upheaval.

The arrival of United Empire Loyalists
During and following the American Revolution, some 35,000 to 40,000 United Empire Loyalists, as well as about 3,500 Black Loyalists, fled from the Thirteen Colonies and then the United States to Nova Scotia, refugees from the violence directed against them during the war. So many arrived that New Brunswick was split out of Nova Scotia as a separate colony.

Not all who settled in the colony were immediately made to feel comfortable, however, as many of the already resident families were aligned with the United States and its republican cause; Colonel Thomas Dundas wrote from Saint John in 1786, "[the Loyalists] have experienced every possible injury from the old inhabitants of Nova Scotia, who are even more disaffected towards the British government than any of the new states ever were. This makes me much doubt their remaining long dependent."

Prince William Henry (later King William IV) arrived at the Royal Naval Dockyards in Halifax in late 1786, on board his firgate, . Although he received a royal reception, it was later made clear the Prince would be granted no further special treatment other than already accorded to an officer of his rank in the Royal Navy. Of Halifax, the Prince said, "a very gay and lively place full of women and those of the most obliging kind." It was in this period of William's life that he began his own long history of inappropriate liaisons. Further, although he was strict about rules and protocol, himself, he was also known to occasionally break them and, as punishment for taking his ship from the Caribbean back to Halifax without orders to do so, he was commanded to spend the winter of 1787 to 1788 at Quebec City. Instead, William disobeyed again and sailed to Britain, infuriating the admiralty and the King. The Prince was forced to remain in the harbour at Portsmouth to await return to Halifax the next year. That return became all the more urgent when it was discovered William had begun an affair in Portsmouth, prompting the King to say, "what? William playing the fool again? Send him off to America and forbit the return of the ship to Plymouth."

Prince William Henry returned to Nova Scotia in July 1788, this time aboard , and remained there for another year. Back in the United Kingdom, he met Dorothea Jordan, a woman he could not legally marry, but, nonetheless, with whom William carried on a decades-long relationship, fathering, with her, 10 children, all of which bore the name FitzClarence, meaning "son of Clarence", stemming from William's title, Duke of Clarence. Two of the Prince's illegitimate daughters lived in Halifax, one, Mary, in 1830 and the other, Amelia, from 1840 to 1846, while her husband, the Viscount Falkland, served as Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. Upon his accession as King William IV in 1830, he sent a portrait of himself to the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, recalling his earlier life in the colonial capital.

The residence of Prince Edward

A son of King George III, Prince Edward, was sent in 1794 to take command of Nova Scotia. While he travelled extensively around the colony, he lived in Halifax, based at the headquarters of the Royal Navy's North American Station; though, Lieutenant Governor Sir John Wentworth and Lady Francis Wentworth provided their country residence for the use of Edward and his French-Canadian mistress, Julie St. Laurent, where they hosted various dignitaries, including Louis-Phillippe of Orléans (the future Louis Philippe I, King of the French). The Prince extensively renovated the estate, including designing and overseeing the construction of Prince's Lodge (or the Music Room). He also oversaw the reconstruction of Fort George and the officer's quarters at Fort Anne and designed and had built the Halifax Town Clock and St George's Church (also known as the Round Church). The King and Edward's brother, Prince Frederick, were highly supportive of the latter project, the King providing a £200 donation. Additionally, Edward prompted the construction of numerous roads, made improvements to the Grand Parade, and devised a semapore telegraph system between Halifax and Fredericton, New Brunswick.

After falling from his horse in late 1798, the Prince returned to the United Kingdom, where his father created him Duke of Kent and Strathearn and appointed Commander-in-Chief of British forces in North America. He voyaged back to Nova Scotia in mid-1799 and remained there for another year, before sailing back, once more, to Britain.

War and peace
In the War of 1812, the United States endeavoured to conquer the Canadas; all the American parties involved assumed their troops would be greeted as liberators. During the conflict, Alexander Cochrane, the Commander-in-Chief, North American Station, issued a proclamation on 2 April 1814, which stated:

Whereas it has been represented to me that many persons now resident in the United States have expressed a desire to withdraw therefrom with a view to entering into His Majesty's service, or of being received as free settlers into some of His Majesty's colonies. This is therefore to give notice that all persons who may be disposed to migrate from the United States, will, with their families, be received on board of His Majesty's ships or vessels of war, or at the military posts that may be established upon or near the coast of the United States, when they will have their choice of either entering into His Majesty's sea or land forces, or of being sent as free settlers to the British possessions in North America or the West Indies, where they will meet with due encouragement.

In total, about 4,000 escaped slaves and their families, known as the Black Refugees, were transported out of the United States by the Royal Navy during and after the war. About half settled in Nova Scotia and approximately 400 in New Brunswick.

Samuel Cunard, a born-Haligonian, led a group of Halifax investors to combine with a Quebec business in 1831 to build the pioneering ocean steamship, the SS Royal William, named for the new king, William IV, and built at Cap-Blanc, Lower Canada. It was launched on 27 April 1831, by Louisa, the Lady Alymer, wife of the Governor General of British North America, the Lord Aylmer, and was the largest passenger ship in the world at the time and became the first to cross the Atlantic Ocean almost entirely by steam power. Cunard went on to found the Cunard Line, starting with the RMS Britannia, and the company would eventually launch the RMS Queen Mary (1936), RMS Queen Elizabeth (1940), RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (1969), RMS Queen Mary 2 (2004), MS Queen Victoria (2007), MS Queen Elizabeth (2010), and MS Queen Anne (2024).

Queen Victoria's eldest son and heir, Prince Albert Edward (later King Edward VII) for four months toured the Maritimes and Province of Canada in 1860. Arriving at Halifax from St. John's, Newfoundland, on 2 August, he visited the various buildings his grandfather designed and/or had erected, including Prince Edward's country home, Prince's Lodge. The Prince undertook a fishing trip and camped overnight at Boutilier farm, near Bowser Station. From the colonial capital, the royal party travelled by train to Windsor and Hantsport, where they boarded HMS Styx to cross the Bay of Fundy to Saint John, New Brunswick.

Albert Edward was followed by his younger brother, Prince Alfred, who embarked on a five week tour of the same areas in 1861. The Prince visited the Tangier gold mines in Nova Scotia, Prince Alfred Arch, marking where Alfred stepped ashore on 19 October, still standing in the town today.

The 20th century

For the bicentennial in 1983 of the arrival of the first Empire Loyalists in Nova Scotia,  Charles, Prince of Wales, and his wife, Diana, Princess of Wales, attended the celebrations.

In 2022, Nova Scotia instituted a provincial Platinum Jubilee medal to mark the Elizabeth II's seventy years on the Canadian throne; the first time in Canada's history that a royal occasion was commemorated on provincial medals.

To merk the 175th anniversary of responsible government in the province, King Charles III sent a message on 2 February 2023, noting that, during his tour of Nova Scotia in 2014, he was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada in the same room at Government House in Halifax where Lieutenant Governor John Harvey swore in the first democratically accountable cabinet in Canada's history. The King stated, "at that time, I was struck by the historic setting and its profound significance in the history of Canada and the Commonwealth."

See also
 Symbols of Nova Scotia
 Monarchy

Notes

References

Nova Scotia, Monarchy in

Monarchy in Nova Scotia


Leonard Burke Sand (May 24, 1928 – December 3, 2016) was an American judge who served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Early life and education

Sand was born and raised in The Bronx, New York. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from the New York University School of Commerce (now the New York University Stern School of Business) in 1947 and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1951, where he was note editor for the Harvard Law Review. Sand served as a United States Naval Reserve Ensign from 1951 to 1953.

Career

After law school, Sand served as a law clerk to Judge Irving Kaufman, then on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In 1953, Sand was appointed assistant United States attorney for the Southern District of New York, serving in the Criminal Division, which was followed by two years in private practice with the firm of Rosenman, Goldmark, Colin & Kaye (later renamed Rosenman & Colin, LLP). From 1956 to 1959, he served as an assistant to the United States solicitor general in Washington, D.C., during which he argued 13 cases before the Supreme Court of the United States. Sand then reentered private practice in New York, eventually becoming a named partner of the firm then known as Robinson, Silverman, Pearce, Aronsohn, Sand & Berman (renamed Robinson, Silverman, Pearce, Aronsohn, and Berman after Sand's appointment to the bench). While in private practice, he successfully argued WMCA, Inc. v. Lomenzo, 377 U.S. 633 (1964), before the Supreme Court of the United States, a redistricting case decided in tandem with Reynolds v. Sims. The Court had set aside a week to hear nothing but reapportionment cases, and Sand was the first litigator to argue that week. He recalled being bombarded with questions from the justices. He was elected as a Delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention in 1967.

Federal judicial service
Sand was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on April 7, 1978, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by Judge Charles Miller Metzner. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 17, 1978, and received his commission on May 19, 1978. Sand sat by designation on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. He assumed senior status on July 1, 1993, serving in that status until his death on December 3, 2016, in Sleepy Hollow, New York. During his service on the court, Sand also served as an adjunct professor of law at New York University School of Law, where he taught, along with Judge John G. Koeltl, a seminar on constitutional litigation.

As a senior judge, Sand donated his collected papers to the Pace Law School Archives at the Pace University School of Law.

Notable clerks
Sand's former law clerks include law professor Ann Althouse, Columbia University's General Counsel Jane E. Booth, the Hearst Corporation's Senior Vice President and General Counsel Eve Burton, Massachusetts Appeals Court Associate Justice Gary S. Katzmann, Microsoft's Chief Counsel for Intellectual Property Strategy Tom Rubin, Ernst & Young's Global Vice Chair and General Counsel Michael S. Solender, former interim United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York Alan Vinegrad, Partner in the Real Estate group at Sullivan and Cromwell Arthur S. Adler, and Colorado Fourth Judicial District judge Eric Bentley.

Notable cases

Two years into his time as a federal judge, Sand was assigned the landmark desegregation case United States v. City of Yonkers. A documentary film shown on PBS stations, Brick by Brick: A Civil Rights Story, detailed the trial and the movement for desegregation that led to it. An HBO television miniseries Show Me a Hero (2015) was based on this trial; Bob Balaban plays Sand in the series, which is based on the book of the same name. In his 1985 decision, he wrote, "the extreme concentration of subsidized housing that exists in southwest Yonkers today is the result of a pattern and practice of racial discrimination by city officials, pursued in response to constituent pressures to select or support only sites that would preserve existing patterns of racial segregation."

In 1990, Sand handed down a ruling that overturned a ban on panhandling in the New York City Subway. His decision says that panhandling is a free-speech right protected by the First Amendment.

Sand appeared in the documentary film, Finding Nico, to recount one of his more famous cases that didn't go to trial. He was presiding over a criminal indictment of the actor, Nico Minardos, and other defendants who had been caught in an FBI sting operation for allegedly conspiring to ship arms to Iran. Rudy Giuliani and his then-deputy United States Attorney, Lorna Schofield, were prosecuting Minardos, who was represented by the famed anti-government lawyer William Kunstler and his flamboyant co-counsel, Ron Kuby. Minardos appeared on 60 Minutes with Mike Wallace to claim his actions had been authorized by the Reagan Administration. When the Iran-Contra scandal occurred the government dropped the charges against Minardos and his co-defendants. Sand commented what a shame it was the case didn't go to trial because the parties and issues were so interesting.

One of the better known criminal trials presided over by Judge Sand was the 2001 trial which resulted from a 1998 bombing of two American embassies in East Africa. The trial was of four men accused of conspiring to perpetrate the bombings, which had led to the death of 224 people. Two of the defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment when the jury could not agree on their execution.

Awards and honors

Sand was awarded the Learned Hand Medal for Excellence in Federal Jurisprudence by the Federal Bar Council in 1992 and the Edward Weinfeld Award for Distinguished Contributions to the Administration of Justice from the New York County Lawyers' Association in 1993. He was the recipient of the American Arbitration Association's Whitney North Seymour, Sr. Medal and was a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers. On April 3, 2014, Judge Sand was awarded the New York City Bar Association's Association Medal, which is "presented from time to time to a member of the New York Bar who has made exceptional contributions to the honor and standing of the bar in this community."

Publications

Sand is co-editor, with Judge Jed S. Rakoff and others, of Modern Federal Jury Instructions, and has written extensively on juries as well as on other issues in law.

 Leonard B. Sand, et al., Modern Federal Jury Instructions.
 Leonard B. Sand & Danielle L. Rose, Proof Beyond All Possible Doubt: Is there a Need for Higher Burden of Proof When the Sentence May Be Death?, 78 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 1359 (2003).
 Leonard B. Sand, et al., Preserving the Rule of Law in Hong Kong after July 1, 1997: A Report of a Mission of Inquiry, 18 U. Pa. J. Int'l Econ. L. 367 (1997).
 Leonard B. Sand, Batson and Jury Selection Revisited, 22 Litigation 3 (1995–1996).
 Leonard B. Sand, Getting Through to Jurors, 17 Litigation 3 (1990–1991).
 Leonard B. Sand, Trial by Non-Jury, 13 Litigation 5 (1986–1987).
 Leonard B. Sand & Steven Alan Reiss, Report on Seven Experiments Conducted by District Court Judges in the Second Circuit, 60 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 423 (1985).

References

External links

 Leonard Sand Papers at Syracuse University

1928 births
2016 deaths
Assistant United States Attorneys
Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
Lawyers from the Bronx
Military personnel from New York City
New York University Stern School of Business alumni
United States district court judges appointed by Jimmy Carter
20th-century American judges

Leonard B. Sand


John Gilbert (18 October 1693 – 9 August 1761) was Archbishop of York from 1757 to 1761.

Early life
Gilbert was the son of John Gilbert, fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, vicar of St Andrew's, Plymouth, and prebendary of Exeter, who died in 1722.

He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School. He matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford in July 1711, aged 17, but moved to Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated BA in 1715. He became a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford in 1716, proceeded MA in February 1718, and received a Lambeth LL.D. in January 1725.

Career
Owing to his connection with the cathedral of Exeter and his aristocratic connections, Gilbert began early to climb the ladder of preferment. On 1 August 1721 he was appointed to the chapter living of Ashburton; on 4 January 1723 he succeeded to the prebendal stall vacated by his father's death; on 4 June 1724 he was appointed subdean of Exeter, which he vacated on his installation to the deanery, on 27 December 1726; on 8 January 1724 he was granted the degree of LLD at Lambeth. In January 1726, he received from the crown a canonry at Christ Church, which he held in commendam with the bishopric of Llandaff, to which he was consecrated on 28 December 1740.

In 1749, he was translated to Salisbury where he was also ex officio Chancellor of the Order of the Garter . In 1752, he succeeded Bishop Joseph Butler as Clerk of the Closet, and in 1757 the archiepiscopate of York, to which the office of Lord High Almoner was added, crowned his long series of ecclesiastical preferments.

Archbishop of York
Gilbert was mostly a place-holder archbishop. His health had begun to deteriorate prior to his appointment and he lived "through a pontificate of four years, when he sank under a complication of infirmities." Gilbert seems to have possessed few qualifications to justify his high promotion in the church. He was neither a scholar nor a theologian. Nor were these deficiencies compensated by graces of character. A friendly witness, Bishop Thomas Newton, speaks of his being regarded as "somewhat haughty;" while Horace Walpole, describes him as "composed of that common mixture of ignorance, meanness, and arrogance." John Newton, William Cowper's friend, when seeking to obtain ordination from him, found Gilbert "inflexible in supporting the rules and canons of the church."

His imperious character is illustrated by his refusal to allow the civic mace to be carried before the mayor of Salisbury in processions within the cathedral precincts, for which he claimed a separate jurisdiction, disobedience to which, it is said, caused an unseemly personal scuffle between him and the mace-bearer. According to Newton, Gilbert was the first prelate to introduce at confirmations the practice of the bishop laying his hands on each candidate at the altar rails, and then retiring and solemnly pronouncing the prayer once for the whole number. This mode was first observed at St. Mary's Church, Nottingham; it "commanded attention, and raised devotion," and before long became the regular manner of administering the rite.

Personal life
Gilbert married Margaret Sherard (sister of Philip Sherard, 2nd Earl of Harborough and daughter of Bennet Sherard of Whissendine and Dorothy, daughter of Henry Fairfax, 4th Lord Fairfax of Cameron), who predeceased him. They were the parents of:

 Emma Gilbert, who married George Edgcumbe, 1st Earl of Mount Edgcumbe on 6 August 1761 at her father's house at Twickenham, three days before his death.

He died at Twickenham on 9 August 1761, aged 68, and was buried in a vault in Grosvenor Chapel, South Audley Street.

Legacy
Gilbert's only publications were occasional sermons. There are portraits of him, in the robes of the chancellor of the Order of the Garter.

References

Attribution:

1693 births
1761 deaths
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Fellows of Merton College, Oxford
18th-century Anglican archbishops
Archbishops of York
Bishops of Salisbury
Bishops of Llandaff
Deputy Clerks of the Closet
Clerks of the Closet
Deans of Exeter
Chancellors of the Order of the Garter
18th-century Welsh Anglican bishops
18th-century Church of England bishops
18th-century Anglican theologians

John Gilbert (archbishop of York)


Rhyddfedd Frych (435? -?), sometimes called Rhyddfedd ap Categern was, according to the genealogical lists, a late 5th century Welsh ruler.

The name of his father, Categern, has led some scholars to identify him as the son of Cadeyern Fendigaid, and thus brother to Cadell Ddyrnllwg, King of Powys.

His actual date of birth is uncertain, as is his date of death and his entire reign.

References

House of Gwertherion
Monarchs of Powys
5th-century Welsh monarchs

Rhyddfedd Frych


A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in psychiatry.  They treat people with mental illness. Psychiatrists can prescribe psychiatric medication.

Education
In the United States, psychiatrists train by  going to university first, then medical school for 4 years. After medical school, they must complete a residency. When they graduate, they get to use the initials M.D. or D.O. after their names.  Next, these doctors specialize by training for 3 or 4 years in Psychiatry. In other countries psychiatrists train in similar ways but may not have to go to a separate university and medical school.

Other websites
 American Psychiatric Association
 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
 Royal College of Psychiatrists
 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

Psychiatry
Healthcare occupations

Psychiatrist


In the United Kingdom's (UK) 2019 general election, 650 members of Parliament (MPs) were elected to the House of Commons – one for each parliamentary constituency.

The UK Parliament comprises the elected House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Sovereign. The new Parliament first met on 17 December 2019. After the swearing-in of members and the election of Speaker, the State Opening of Parliament took place on 19 December. The 2021 State Opening of Parliament began the second session on 11 May 2021. The 2022 State Opening of Parliament began the third session on 10 May 2022.

House of Commons composition
The Conservative Party gained a majority of seats in the election. The Scottish National Party increased their number of seats and the Social Democratic and Labour Party and the Alliance Party returned to the House of Commons for the first time since their defeats in the 2017 and 2015 general elections respectively. The Labour Party and Democratic Unionists both suffered losses.

List of MPs elected
24% of the members elected in the 2019 election were elected for the first time, or were not members of the previous parliament.

By-elections

Defections, suspensions and resignations
The label under which MPs sit in the House of Commons can change if they leave or are suspended from or expelled by their party. When suspended, they effectively become independents.

Progression of government majority and party totals
The majority is calculated as above.

* Sinn Féin MPs do not take up their seats in the House of Commons, therefore are unable to vote.
** The Speaker does not ordinarily vote, except for breaking ties.

See also
 List of MPs for constituencies in London (2019–present)
 List of United Kingdom MPs by seniority (2019–present)

Notes

References

2019 United Kingdom general election
United Kingdom
2019

List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election


The College of Policing is a professional body for the police in England and Wales. It was established in 2012 to take over a number of training and development roles that were the responsibility of the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA). The National Police Library was also transferred from the NPIA at that time. The college is an arm's length body of the Home Office.
The college is based in Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Warwickshire.

History
The creation of a new policing professional body was announced by the Home Secretary in December 2011. Representatives from the Police Federation, the Superintendents' Association, ACPO and UNISON worked with the Home Office to create the college, ensuring that it represents the police service's desires and aspirations.
As soon as Parliamentary time allows, the College of Policing will be established as a statutory body, independent of government. While the necessary legislation is prepared, the college has been established as a company limited by guarantee.

The college officially launched in December 2012, with former chief constable of Hampshire, Alex Marshall as chief executive officer and Deputy Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Police Rob Beckley as chief operating officer. Beckley moved from Avon and Somerset to the Metropolitan Police and Home Office in 2016, whilst Marshall retired from policing in September 2017.
In 2018, Marshall was replaced by Mike Cunningham, former chief constable of Staffordshire Police and a HM Inspector of Constabulary.
In 2021, Cunningham was replaced by Andy Marsh, the former chief constable of Hampshire and Avon and Somerset.

Authorised Professional Practice
The college produces guidance for officers known as Authorised Professional Practice (APP). This covers topics such as firearms, stop and search, covert policing and investigations.

APP is subject to continual review and update. In the first quarter of 2022, for example, there were 46 updates made to 20 individual APP categories.

Non-crime hate incidents
In 2014, the college advised police forces to record all 'non-crime hate incidents' - incidents that are perceived to be motivated by hostility but are not criminal offences.

In December 2021, the Court of Appeal ruled that this guidance was unlawful and constituted a "chilling effect ... on the legitimate exercise of freedom of expression".

Education requirements
The College of Policing has announced that from 2020, all new police officers in England and Wales will have to be educated to degree level.
This policy will be administered through the Policing Education Qualifications Framework (PEQF),
which creates three entry routes into the police:

  The Pre-Join Policing Degree: This entry route involves completion of a three-year knowledge-based degree in professional policing prior to joining the police service. Becoming a special constable may be included as part of this programme. Candidates who are subsequently recruited will undertake practice-based training to develop specific skills and will be assessed against national assessment criteria in order to demonstrate operational competence.
  The Degree Holder Entry Programme (DHEP): Aimed at degree-holders whose first degree is in a subject area other than policing. This two-year practice-based programme enables candidates to perform the role of police constable.  Successful completion, results in the achievement of a graduate diploma in professional policing practice
  The Police Constable Degree Apprenticeship: This is a professional degree-level apprenticeship, enabling new recruits to join the police service as an apprentice police constable and earn while they learn. During the three-year programme the apprentice will complete a degree in professional policing practice and will be assessed against national assessment criteria as an integral part of their degree apprenticeship. The apprenticeship will enable non-graduates to enter the police profession, enabling them to earn a degree in Professional Policing Practice whilst 'on-the-job' as part of a three-year initial training and education programme, meaning that not having a degree will not bar non-graduates from initially entering the service.

National Police Library
The National Police Library is operated at the college to support everyone working in UK policing; providing access to digital and print resources. It holds publications such as the Police Review magazine and Police Gazette. The latter has supported operational policing and its archives have enabled investigators to understand policing in the recent past; providing evidence for public inquiries such as the Hillsborough disaster.

References

External links

Home Office (United Kingdom)
Private companies limited by guarantee of the United Kingdom
2013 establishments in the United Kingdom
Law enforcement in England and Wales
Police academies

College of Policing


The Selun is one of the peaks of the Churfirsten range, located in the Appenzell Alps. It lies between the valley of Toggenburg and Lake Walenstadt in the canton of St. Gallen. The summit is easily accessible by a trail on the northern side.

The peak is named for the extended alpine pasture Selunalp to the peak's north-west, situated above c. 1700 m. The name's etymology is uncertain, possibly from a *sellonem (Latin sella) "saddle".
Named for   Selunalp is Johannes Seluner (c. 1828–1898) who was found in 1844 as a  feral child living in Wildenmannlisloch cave.

References

External links

Selun on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of the canton of St. Gallen
Appenzell Alps
Mountains of Switzerland

Selun


Odawa Casino Resort is a Northern Michigan casino resort. Located in Resort Township near Petoskey, Michigan, the casino opened for business on June 20, 2007. It is owned and operated by the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians. The resort replaced Victories Casino in 2007, which had served as the tribe's casino until the new resort was opened. In addition to gaming, Odawa Casino Resort features multiple restaurants and retail outlets, a concert venue (Ovation Hall), a nightclub (The O Zone Nightclub), and a circular lounge bar in the middle of the gaming floor (Rendezvous). The resort also includes a AAA Diamond rated Hotel. Full shuttle transportation is available to all resort guests. Odawa Casino Resort is open to guests of all ages, however, the casino's gaming floor and the O Zone Nightclub are restricted to those of age 21 and older. Starting in 2011, the minimum gaming age at Odawa Casino Resort has been approved to be lowered to 19 years old.  In 2020, the buffet was closed during the COVID-19 pandemic with no plans to reopen as of October 2023. On January 1st, 2023, the gaming returned to 21, and guests under 21 can only visit the restaurants and cannot step onto the gaming floor.

Gaming
The gaming floor is approximately  and offers approximately 1200 slot machines in addition to 36 table games. Table games include blackjack, Count's Kustoms Bonus Blackjack, poker, roulette, craps, three card poker, Let it Ride, and Flushes Gone Wild. Over 100 high-definition televisions are scattered throughout the property. The televisions show promotions, live contests, and DirecTV satellite broadcasts. Major sporting events are commonly displayed. The poker room currently includes 4 tables. Bingo was offered in 2009, but is not currently operating. Odawa Casino Resort is open 24 hours a day.

Entertainment
Ovation Hall is a concert venue located at Odawa Casino Resort. The hall can seat up to 1,000 people and hosts concerts, trade shows, and large conferences. Bill Cosby performed two shows at the grand opening celebration. Notable performers have included Regis Philbin, The B-52s, The Temptations, Billy Ray Cyrus, Joan Rivers, Don Rickles, and The Commodores.

The O Zone Nightclub is a circular nightclub featuring flair bartenders. The O Zone features DJs from radio stations "Big Country" and "106 KHQ". The club features a large display built into the ceiling that can play live video from the club. There are several "party pods" around the club that are separated by curtains. Inside the pods, guests have two private plasma screens and a fireplace. There are many other events such as stand-up comedy, variety shows, and cooking shows.

Hotel
Odawa Hotel is a recent American Automobile Association three Diamond recipient hotel. There are 137 total rooms (10 Suites and 127 standard guest rooms). There is also multiple conference rooms and a full service food & beverage service in the hotel. The food & beverage service includes room service, a delicatessen, and a full bar. Some service may only be available during peak hours.

Building

Odawa Casino Resort was built in 2006 and 2007 in 15 months. The 300,000 square foot resort was constructed as a joint venture between Shingobee Builders and Clark Construction. The architect was Leo A. Daly Architects. The design features several LEED energy efficiency standards.

Region
Odawa Casino Resort plays a major role in the Petoskey area in terms of income and influence. The Odawa Casino Resort employs roughly 1,000 people and was the 2nd largest employer in the area as of 2008.

Future expansion
Plans are in place to expand the Odawa Casino Resort, yet a firm date has not been set due to economic issues. Possible additions may include a new hotel which would be integrated into the Casino property.

References

External links
Odawa Casino Resort Website

Casinos in Michigan
Resorts in the United States
Buildings and structures in Emmet County, Michigan
Native American casinos
Tourist attractions in Emmet County, Michigan
Native American history of Michigan

Odawa Casino Resort