New Wave  may refer to:

Music
 New wave music, a broad rock/pop genre that originated in the 1970s
 New wave of British heavy metal, originating in the late 1970s

Albums
 New Wave (Against Me! album) or the title song, 2007
 New Wave (The Auteurs album), 1993
 New Wave (Dizzy Gillespie album), 1962
 New Wave (Powerman 5000 album), 2017
 New Wave (compilation album), a new wave/punk compilation album, 1977
 New Wave (EP), a 2022 EP by Cravity
 New Wave, an extended play by The Saints, 1977
 newWAVE, a 2018 album by Dat Adam
 New Waves, a 2017 album by Bone Thugs

Songs
"New Wave", a song by Brookes Brothers, 2018
"New Wave", a song by The Parkinsons, 2004
"New Wave Song", a song by Turbonegro from Hot Cars and Spent Contraceptives, 1992
"The New Wave", a 1994 single by Daft Punk later included on their debut album Homework as "Alive"

Other
 New Wave (movement), various artistic movements in film and music
 French New Wave, a French art film movement which emerged in the late 1950s
 Japanese New Wave, a group of loosely-connected Japanese filmmakers during the late 1950s and into the 1970s
 New Wave (political party), a political party in South Korea
New Wave science fiction, a movement in science fiction
 New Wave (design), a typographical design philosophy
 NewWave, a software product released by Hewlett-Packard circa 1988
 The New Wave (comics), a 1986 comic book by Eclipse Comics
 New Wave (competition), an annual international competition of young singers of popular music
 New Wave Kitakyushu, a Japanese football (soccer) club
 A New Wave, a 2006 American film

See also
 Nouvelle Vague (disambiguation)
 New Age (disambiguation)

New Wave


Skartabellat (lat. scartabellat) was a specific form of nobilitation in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Introduced by pacta conventa of 1669, ennoblement into a sort of lower nobility. Skartabels could not hold public offices or be members of the Sejm.

After 3 generations in noble ranks these families would "mature" to peerage. Most scartabellats came from burghers; the institution was abolished in 1817.

See also
 Ennoblement
 Heraldic adoption
 Indygenat

Sources
 Oswald Balzer: "Skartabelat w ustroju szlachetstwa polskiego", Kraków, 1911

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish nobility
Legal history of Poland

Skartabellat


Conway is an unincorporated community in Carson County, Texas, United States. Conway is located along Interstate 40 in southern Carson County. The community began in 1892 when the Lone Star School was established in the area; the school was the first permanent school in the Texas Panhandle. The first post office opened in the community in 1903, and the town was platted in 1905; at this time, it was named after county commissioner H. B. Conway. By 1912, Conway had a church and various businesses, and the town formed a community club in the 1920s. In 1943, the town's school consolidated with the Panhandle school district, and the school building became a community center. The town's post office closed in 1976. As of 2016, Conway had a reported population of three.

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in Carson County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas

Conway, Texas


In law, a confession is when somebody admits that he or she has committed a crime or a felony, which is punishable. In a false confession, the person admits he or she has committed a crime or a felony, but this is not true. False confessions occur regularly. In general, there are three reasons, why they occur:

 Certain people want to give a false confession. They do this for different reasons. In most cases, they want to protect someone who is close to them. There are also some mental conditions that can cause false confessions, for example Histrionic personality disorder. Many legal systems have rules, that people do not need to testify, if this testimony could harm close relatives. This type of false confession  is called voluntary false confession.
 Sometimes people are forced ot give a false confession. This is usually done by special interrogation methods, or even torture. In such situations, people usually confess to reduce stress, or because they get a reward. Officially such confessions are called coerced-compliant confessions
 There are certain interrogation techniques that can make people  believe that they  guilty, even though they are innocent. In legal terminology, this is called coerced-internalized confessions

Criminal justice

False confession


Baptist well drilling is a very simple, manual method to drill water wells. The Baptist drilling rig can be built in any ordinary arc welding workshop and materials for a basic version costs about 150 US dollars (2006 prices). In suitable conditions, boreholes over 100 m deep have been drilled with this method.

History
The method was developed by Terry Waller, a North American Baptist missionary in Africa and Bolivia. It applies some of the same principles used in mechanized commercial well drilling, but does so using the simplest, most available and cheapest possible materials.

Social / development context
Rural people in developing countries often cannot afford to have specialists drill or dig wells for them. This method was developed to provide poor people with a way to help themselves with their water supply.

A Baptist drilling rig, fit to drill holes up to  deep, can be built in Nicaragua for about US $150. This includes all essential non-common tools to operate it. Its core element, the drill bits, can be made in about any arc-welding workshop, using only scrap steel and materials that can be found in virtually any hardware store.

Once the well is drilled, it is cased with an inexpensive PVC tube. Fitting the well with a slab of concrete as a sanitary seal and a simple PVC piston pump (also built by the users themselves) will cost about 2.5 dollars per meter well depth.

Suitable conditions
A hybrid between sludging and percussion drilling, this method permits to drill through all kinds of loose alluvial soils, sands, silts and clays, as well as "soft" rocks, like light conglomerates, consolidated volcanic ashes, some calcareous rocks and weathered materials. It will not penetrate hard igneous rock or boulders (e.g. in ancient river beds).

Technical specifications

Like in sludging, the drilling process is continuous: the drill bit is normally not removed from the borehole until it is finished and the broken-up material is pumped to the surface in the drilling liquid (mud). But instead of using a hand as a valve on top of the drill pipe (sludging), the drill bit itself doubles as a foot-valve. The operator's hand does not have to reach the end of the drill pipe and drill stem extensions can be several meters long.

Percussion action is performed by lifting the drill stem with a rope over a pulley, attached to a simple derrick, made with locally available materials, such as wood or bamboo poles.

The borehole diameter is kept as small as possible in order to remove a minimum of material and hence advance rapidly. The standard drill bit is based on  water pipe fittings and unless a larger diameter is required, the borehole is cased with  PVC pipe.

The main drill tool consists of a length of metal pipe with a bit/valve.  Extensions are standard PVC potable water pipes.

No temporary casing is used.  The borehole being kept full of mud and the "caking" of mud into any unstable sand layers, as a consequence of the percussion action and friction of the smooth lateral edges of the bit, is normally sufficient to stabilize it. The drilling mud is evacuated from the borehole after casing the well by pouring or injecting water into the casing, called backwashing.

This technique adapts best to sand, loam and light rock. The standard drill bits also work through sticky and even consolidated clays.  Nevertheless, best results in varying conditions are obtained with an array of different bits:
 Movable point bits for general purpose and clay-holding soils: the moving stem of the heavy dart helps to keep the foot valve clean.
 Fixed point bits for sandy and rocky layers, where there is no risk for sticky material to obstruct the foot valve.
 Open-ended (hollow) bits without a foot valve (pure sludging) for layers of pure clay or gravel.  In these conditions the presence of a foot valve may slow down progress, since clay has to be pounded into suspension and stones have to be ground to small pieces in order to enter the drilling tool through the foot valve.

Reaming
If required, the upper part of the well can be reamed and cased with larger diameter pipe (3 or 5 inches), to accommodate larger pumps.   A shallow (large diameter) rope pump, for example, may require a wider well and submersible pumps commonly need at least 4".  Note that there is no need to enlarge the entire depth of the borehole: reaming until slightly below the lowest expected water table (the pump's water intake) is sufficient.

References

External links
Baptist drilling instruction manual
More technology
Baptist technology in Nicaragua (Spanish language)
EMAS rural water supply solutions (Spanish language)
Simple hand-pump and well drilling technology

Water wells
Water supply infrastructure
Appropriate technology

Baptist well drilling


Gerard Brady (1 July 1936 – 16 May 2020) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Education from October to December 1982.

Brady was born in Dublin in 1936. He was educated at St. Mary's College in Rathmines and later at the College of Science and Technology and the College of Pharmacy in the city. Following his graduation he worked as an ophthalmic optician. Brady's first entry into the political scene was at local level when he was elected to Dublin City Council in 1974. At the 1977 general election he was elected to Dáil Éireann at his first attempt, succeeding his father Philip Brady as Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Rathmines West constituency. He represented Dublin South-East from 1981 onwards.

He was appointed Minister of State at the Department of the Environment by Charles Haughey in March 1982. Following the resignation of Martin O'Donoghue as Minister for Education on 6 October that year, Haughey chose to make himself acting Minister for three weeks before appointing Brady to the post on 27 October. Less than a month later Fianna Fáil lost the November 1982 general election, and Gemma Hussey became the new Minister for Education on 14 December. Brady's Cabinet tenure is one of the shortest in history. He was reappointed to the opposition frontbench but was not given a ministerial job when the party returned to power in 1987, nor in 1989. He lost his seat at the 1992 general election to party colleague Eoin Ryan, and subsequently retired from political life.

Brady died on 16 May 2020, in Donnybrook, Dublin, aged 82.

See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Fianna Fáil TDs
Members of the 21st Dáil
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 23rd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Members of the 26th Dáil
Members of Dublin City Council
Ministers for Education (Ireland)
Ministers of State of the 23rd Dáil

Gerard Brady


The BCT Common controller (CC) serves as a controller for many different BCT (brigade combat team) unmanned systems.

The BCT CC consolidates control of numerous systems into one integrated networked controller, reducing the logistics footprint on the battlefield and empowering the soldier with enhanced intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capability. Being networked, the CC will also simplify training. The BCT CC controls the Class I unmanned aerial system (UAS), the Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment vehicle (MULE), the XM1216 Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV), and urban unattended ground sensors (U-UGS).

The BCT CC will communicate via the network in Spiral 2/3/4, will perform selected training, logistics/maintenance, medical, and other soldier functions.

As of December 2012, the US Army did not have a networked central control device for various unmanned platforms and sensors within the BCT. Still in development, the BCT CC will provide that capability and will be sent to the BCTs as it technologically matures.

References
This article incorporates work from https://web.archive.org/web/20091112141910/http://www.bctmod.army.mil/systems/common_controller/index.html, which is in the public domain as it is a work of the United States Army.

Military technology
Military vehicles of the United States

BCT common controller


The Slinky is a helical spring toy invented by Richard T. James in the early 1940s. It can perform a number of tricks, including travelling down a flight of steps end-over-end as it stretches and re-forms itself with the aid of gravity and its own momentum; and appearing to levitate for a period of time after it has been dropped. These interesting characteristics have contributed to its success in its home country of the United States, and it has inspired many popular toys with Slinky-like components, in a wide range of countries.

History
The Slinky was invented and developed by American naval engineer Richard T. James in 1943 and successfully demonstrated at Gimbels department store in Philadelphia in November 1945.

The Slinky was originally priced at $1, but many paid much more due to price increases of spring steel in Pennsylvania. It has, however, remained modestly priced throughout its history as a result of Betty James' concern about the toy's affordability for less affluent customers. In addition to its use as a toy, it has been used as a classroom teaching tool; as a portable and extendable radio antenna in wartime (particularly the Vietnam War). It was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York in 2000. In 2003, it was named to the Toy Industry Association's Century of Toys List. In its first 60 years, about 300 million Slinkys were sold.

Creation

In 1943, Richard T James, a naval mechanical engineer, observed a spring "stepping" downward after being knocked off a shelf, then coming to rest in a vertical position. James's wife Betty later recalled, "He came home and said, 'I think if I got the right property of steel and the right tension, I could make it walk.'" James experimented with different types of steel wire over the next year, and finally found a spring that would "walk".  Betty was skeptical, but changed her mind when the toy was fine-tuned and neighborhood children expressed an excited interest in it.

Richard and Betty formed James Industries and began manufacturing slinkys, selling them for $1 each. They were  tall, and included 98 coils of high-grade blue-black Swedish steel. They initially had difficulty selling Slinky to toy stores, but in November 1945, were granted permission to set up an inclined plane in the toy section of Gimbels Department Store in Philadelphia to demonstrate it. It was an instant hit; the first 400 units were sold in 90 minutes. In 1946, Slinky was introduced at the American Toy Fair.

Subsequent developments
In 1960, after his wife filed for divorce, Richard James left the company and he became an evangelical missionary in Bolivia with Wycliffe Bible Translators. Betty James moved the company to Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania in 1964 and the company grew under her direction. She attributed the toy's success to its "simplicity". The company was sold to Poof Products, Inc. in 1998. Slinky continued production in Hollidaysburg.

Betty James died of congestive heart failure in November 2008, at age 90, after serving as James Industries' president from 1960 to 1998.

In July 2012, Poof-Slinky, Inc. was acquired by the private equity firm Propel Equity Partners. In 2014, Propel Equity Partners consolidated Poof-Slinky® and several other toy brands into Alex Brands™.

In July 2020, the Slinky brand was sold to Just Play.

Physical properties
The rules that govern the mechanics of a Slinky are Hooke's law and the effects of gravitation.

Period of oscillation
The oscillation of a vertically suspended Slinky has the periodic duration

where   is the length of the Slinky in the gravitational field of the earth  and  the acceleration due to gravity . Please note, that the expression for  is independent of the spring constant  and the mass  of the Slinky. For a spring pendulum one would expect such a dependence. This is because the dependence on   and  is hidden in the length :

this allows one to write:

This expressions differs from the ordinary spring pendulum

because for the spring pendulum one assumes a massless spring with a mass  attached at the bottom.

Equilibrium
In the state of equilibrium of a Slinky, all net force is cancelled throughout the entire Slinky. This results in a stationary Slinky with zero velocity. As the positions of each part of the Slinky is governed by the Slinky's mass, the force of gravity and the spring constant, various other properties of the Slinky may be induced. The length of an idealized Slinky extended under its own weight, assuming the fully compressed length is negligible, is

where L is the length of the Slinky, W is the weight of the Slinky, and k is the spring constant of the Slinky.

Due to the effect of gravity, the Slinky appears bunched up towards the bottom end, as governed by the equation

Where n is a dimensionless variable, 0 ≤ n ≤ 1, with n = 0 corresponding to the top of the Slinky and n = 1 being the bottom.  Each intermediate value of n corresponds to the proportion of the Slinky's mass above that point n, and p(n) gives the position that n is above the bottom of the Slinky.

This quadratic equation means that rather than the center of mass being at the middle of the Slinky, it lies one quarter of the length above the bottom end,

Phenomena

Flight of stairs
When set in motion on a stepped platform such as a stairway, the Slinky transfers energy along its length in a longitudinal wave. The whole spring descends end over end in a periodical motion as if it were "walking" down one step at a time.

Levitation
When the top end of the Slinky is dropped, the information of the tension change must propagate to the bottom end before both sides begin to fall; the top of an extended Slinky will drop while the bottom initially remains in its original position, compressing the spring. This creates a suspension time of  ~0.3 s for an original Slinky, but has potential to create a much larger suspension time.
A suspended Slinky's center of mass is accelerating downward at 1g (about ); when released - the lower portion moves up toward the top portion with an equivalent, constant upward acceleration as the tension is relieved. As the spring contracts, every point along its length will accelerate downward with gravity and tension, and experience a decrease in overall downward acceleration related to height along the spring due to the spring force changing with extension- at the bottom of the spring the upward initial acceleration reduces in accordance with Hooke's law as the spring contracts, but the centre toward which it is moving gets closer- meaning the base will have been displaced sufficiently toward the centre of inertial mass for it to appear to have hung still. Should this phenomenology extend to very light strings with heavy suspended masses (which have approximately linear tension distributions), different mathematics would be needed to explain the phenomenon.

Commercial history

Jingle
The jingle for the Slinky television commercial was created in Columbia, South Carolina in 1962 with Johnny McCullough and Homer Fesperman writing the music and Charles Weagly penning the lyrics. It became the longest-running jingle in advertising history.

The jingle has itself been parodied and referenced in popular culture. It is seen in the "Log" commercial on The Ren & Stimpy Show and sung by actor Jim Carrey in Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls. It is also referenced in the movie Lords of Dogtown, where it is sung in full by Emile Hirsch, and is sung by Eddie Murphy as part of the final routine in the stand-up comedy film Eddie Murphy Raw. It was also parodied in an ad for the Isuzu Amigo used as a promo for the vehicle's return in late March 1998, nearly two months before the ad was pulled due to criticism from the company that made the Slinky.

Slinky Dog

Early in the history of James Industries, Helen Herrick Malsed of Washington state sent the company a letter and drawings for developing Slinky pull-toys. The company liked her ideas, and Slinky Dog and Slinky Train were added to the company's product line. Slinky Dog, a small plastic dog whose front and rear ends were joined by a metal Slinky, debuted in 1952. Malsed received royalties of $60,000 to $70,000 annually for 17 years on her patent for the Slinky pull-toy idea, but never visited the plant.

In 1995, the Slinky Dog (voiced by Jim Varney and Blake Clark) was redesigned for all of Pixar's Toy Story movies. James Industries had discontinued their Slinky Dog a few years previously. Betty James approved of the new Slinky Dog, telling the press, "The earlier Slinky Dog wasn't nearly as cute as this one."

Plastic Slinky

Plastic Slinkys are also available. They can be made in different colors. Many of them are made with the colors of the rainbow in rainbow order. They were marketed in the 1970s as a safer alternative to metal Slinkys as they did not present a hazard when inserted into electrical sockets. The plastic spring toy, known as the Plastic Slinky was invented by Donald James Reum Sr. of Master Mark Plastics in Albany, Minnesota. Reum came up with the idea as he was playing with different techniques to produce a spiral hose for watering plants.  However, as it came off the assembly line, according to his children, it looked more like a "Slinky." He worked at it until it came out perfectly and then went to Betty James with his prototype. Reum manufactured the Plastic Slinky for Betty James for several years.  Eventually Betty James  decided to manufacture the product exclusively through James manufacturing, effectively ending the production of the toy by the small Minnesota company. Reum's patent number, 4120929 was filed on December 28, 1976, and issued by the US Patent Office on October 17, 1978.

Awards and honors
In 1999, the United States Postal Service issued a Slinky postage stamp. The Slinky was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2000 in their Celebrate the Century stamp series. A bill to nominate the Slinky as the state toy of Pennsylvania was introduced by Richard Geist in 2001 but not enacted. The same year, Betty  James was inducted into the Toy Industry Association's Hall of Fame. In 2003, Slinky was named to the Toy Industry Association's "Century of Toys List" of the 20th century's 100 most memorable and creative toys.

Other uses

Slinkys and similar springs can be used to create a 'laser gun' like sound effect.
This is done by holding up a Slinky in the air and striking one end, causing a metallic sound that sharply lowers in pitch. The effect can be amplified by attaching a plastic cup to one end of the Slinky.

The Helixophone is the name composer and artist Sonia Paço-Rocchia gave to a musical instrument made with a Slinky and a resonator. Hélix is a sound installation with up to 20 Helixophones, automated and playing an interactive sound composition.

Metal Slinkys can be used as an antenna; it resonates between 7 and 8 MHz. During the Vietnam War, it was used as a portable antenna for local HF communication. This setup had many advantages over a long wire shot from M79 grenade launcher: small dimensions, fast and quiet installation, reusability, good takeoff angle for local communication, and adequate performance. It was also used to extend the ranges of handheld radios.

In 1985, in conjunction with the Johnson Space Center and the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Space Shuttle Discovery astronauts created a video demonstrating how familiar toys behaved in space. One astronaut described the toy as "sort of droop[ing]". The video was prepared to stimulate interest in school children about the basic principles of physics and the phenomenon of weightlessness.

Several online videos have shown that a Slinky can be mounted on the pole of a bird feeder to deter squirrels from climbing up the pole.

See also
 Spring (device) § Classification

References

External links

 University of Sydney - home institution of Slinky physics researchers

Educational toys
Metal toys
Toy companies of the United States
Springs (mechanical)
1940s toys
1950s toys
1960s toys
Products introduced in 1945
Goods manufactured in the United States

Slinky


Armour & Company was an American company and was one of the five leading firms in the meat packing industry. It was founded in Chicago, in 1867, by the Armour brothers led by Philip Danforth Armour. By 1880, the company had become Chicago's most important business and had helped make Chicago and its Union Stock Yards the center of America's meatpacking industry. During the same period, its facility in Omaha, Nebraska, boomed, making the city's meatpacking industry the largest in the nation by 1959. In connection with its meatpacking operations, the company also ventured into pharmaceuticals (Armour Pharmaceuticals) and soap manufacturing, introducing Dial soap in 1948.

Presently, the Armour food brands are split between Smithfield Foods (for refrigerated meat — "Armour Meats") and ConAgra Brands (for canned shelf-stable meat products — "Armour Star"). The Armour pharmaceutical brand is owned by Forest Laboratories.  Dial soap is now owned by Henkel.

History

1863–1970

Armour and Company had its roots in Milwaukee, where in 1863 Philip D. Armour joined with John Plankinton (the founder of the Layton and Plankinton Packing Company in 1852) to establish Plankinton, Armour and Company. Together, the partners expanded Plankinton's Milwaukee meat packing operation and established branches in Chicago and Kansas City and an exporting house in New York City. Armour and Plankinton dissolved their partnership in 1884 with the Milwaukee operation eventually becoming the Cudahy Packing Company.

In addition to meats, Armour sold many types of consumer products made from animals in its early years, including glue, oil, fertilizer, hairbrushes, buttons, oleomargarine, and drugs, made from slaughterhouse byproducts. Armour operated in an environment without labor unions, health inspections, or government regulation. Accidents were commonplace. Armour was notorious for the low pay it offered its line workers. It fought unionization by banning known union activists and breaking strikes in 1904 and 1921 by employing African Americans and new immigrants as strikebreakers. The company did not become fully unionized until the late 1930s when the meatpacking union succeeded in creating an interracial industrial union as part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

During the Spanish–American War (1898), Armour sold  of beef to the US Army. An army inspector tested the meat two months later and found that 751 cases were rotten and had contributed to the food poisoning of thousands of soldiers.

In the first decade of the 20th century, a young Dale Carnegie, representing the South Omaha sales region, became the company's highest-selling salesman, an experience he drew on in his best-selling book, How to Win Friends and Influence People.

In the early 1920s, Armour encountered financial troubles and the family sold its majority interest to financier Frederick H. Prince. The firm retained its position as one of the largest American firms through the Great Depression and the sharp increase in demand during World War II. During this period, it expanded its operations across the United States; at its peak, the company employed just under 50,000 people.

In 1948, Armour, which had made soap for years as a byproduct of the meatpacking process, developed a deodorant soap by adding the germicidal agent AT-7 to soap. This limited body odor by reducing bacteria on the skin. The new soap was named Dial because of its 24-hour protection against the odor-causing bacteria. Armour introduced the soap with a full-page advertisement using scented ink in the Chicago Tribune. During the 1950s, Dial became the best-selling deodorant soap in the US. The company adopted the slogan "Aren't you glad you use Dial? Don't you wish everybody did?" in 1953. In the 1960s, the Dial brand was expanded to include deodorants and shaving creams. Because of the popularity and strong sales of Dial brand, fueled by magazine, radio, and television advertising, Armour's consumer-products business was incorporated as Armour-Dial, Inc. in 1967.

In 1958, William Wood-Prince, a cousin of Frederick H. Prince, became president of Armour and Company.

1970–1985

In 1970, Armour and Company was acquired by Chicago-based bus company Greyhound Corporation after a hostile takeover attempt by General Host Corporation a year before. Prior to the hostile takeover bid by General Host, the company had originally planned to merge with Gulf and Western Industries in 1968.

In 1971, Greyhound relocated Armour's headquarters from Chicago to Phoenix, Arizona, to a new $83-million building. Rock icon Stevie Nicks' father, Jess Nicks, who was a Greyhound executive, became president of Armour.

In 1978, Greyhound sold Armour Pharmaceuticals to Revlon. Revlon sold its drug unit in 1985 to Rorer (later known as Rhône-Poulenc Rorer). Forest Laboratories acquired the rights to Armour Thyroid from Rhone-Poulenc Rorer in 1991. The remaining assets of Armour Pharmaceuticals are now part of CSL Behring. Armour's Factor VIII product "Factorate" was widely reported as infecting thousands of hemophiliacs worldwide with HIV during the 1980s; there have also been allegations that the firm suppressed evidence showing the product was defective. As a result, there have been lawsuits, inquiries and criminal charges.

Greyhound's rapid diversification and frequent unit restructurings led to erratic profitability. In 1981, John W. Teets was appointed chairman of Greyhound and began selling unprofitable subsidiaries. After meat packers struck at the Armour plants in the early-1980s, Teets shut 29 facilities and sold Armour Food Company to ConAgra in 1983 but kept the Armour Star canned meat business. Armour-Dial continued to manufacture the canned meat products using the Armour Star trademark under license from ConAgra.

1985–2000
In 1985, Greyhound acquired the household products business of Purex Industries, Inc. in 1985 and combined it with Armour-Dial to form The Dial Corporation.

In late 1995, parent company Greyhound (renamed The Dial Corp in 1991) announced its intention to spin off the Dial consumer-products business.  Afterwards, Dial's former parent company was renamed Viad Corp, consisting of the service businesses.  The Dial consumer business was reborn as the new Dial Corporation, relocating its corporate offices to Scottsdale, Arizona, adjacent to its long-time research and development facility.  Under new CEO Malcolm Jozoff, a former P&G executive, the new Dial Corporation underwent major layoffs in the fall of 1996 and a series of financially disastrous acquisitions the following four years. In 2000, Jozoff was replaced by Herbert Baum with a mandate from the board of directors to find a suitable buyer for the company.

2000–present
Dial was acquired by Henkel KGaA of Düsseldorf, Germany in March 2004. The food business of Dial, including Armour Star canned meats, was sold to Pinnacle Foods in March 2006. In 2007 Pinnacle Foods was acquired by the Blackstone Group, a New York City-based private equity firm. Conagra acquired Pinnacle Foods for $10.9 billion in 2018.

In July 2006, ConAgra sold most of their refrigerated meats businesses, including the Armour brand, to Smithfield Foods.

See also
 Treet
 Armour Refrigerator Line
 Desiccated thyroid extract (Armour Thyroid)
 Lester Pearson, former Canadian Prime Minister of Nobel winner worked at Armour meat plant in Chicago.

References

Further reading
 Arnould, Richard J. "Changing patterns of concentration in American meat packing, 1880–1963." Business History Review 45.1 (1971): 18-34.
 Gras, N.S.B. and Henrietta M. Larson. Casebook in American business history (1939) pp 623–43.
 Warren, Wilson J. Tied to the great packing machine: The Midwest and meatpacking (University of Iowa Press, 2007).

External links

 Armour Meats (Smithfield)
 Armour Star (Conagra)

1867 establishments in Illinois
American companies established in 1867
Conagra Brands brands
Defunct companies based in Chicago
Defunct companies based in Nebraska
History of Chicago
Meat packing companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
Pinnacle Foods brands
Shaving cream brands
American companies disestablished in 1983
Armour family

Armour and Company


Blum Creek is a small glacial tributary of the Baker River in Washington state, in the United States. It is sourced from the Hagan Glacier and another unnamed glacier on the north face of Mount Blum, and flows approximately  from there to its mouth at the Baker River. Hagan Glacier is located below Mount Blum and the creek is also fed by runoff from the Blum Lakes, a set of six lakes south of Bacon Peak. The creek joins the Baker River two drainages downstream of Sulphide Creek, another Baker River glacial tributary. Blum Creek forms the waterfall Blum Basin Falls as it tumbles down a  glacial cliff. The creek's watershed is an overwintering location for the local Rocky mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus).

See also
List of rivers of Washington

External links

References

Rivers of Washington (state)
North Cascades of Washington (state)
Rivers of Whatcom County, Washington

Blum Creek


Abdulai Abanga (born 25 May 1970) is a Ghanaian politician who is a member of the New Patriotic Party. He is the member of parliament for the Binduri constituency in the Upper East Region. He is the current Deputy Minister for Ministry of Works and Housing and also serve on the Committee on Government Assurance as the Vice Chairman.

Early life and education
Abdulai was born in Akwatia a town in the Eastern Region of the Republic of Ghana on 25 May 1970 but he hails from Binduri/Bawku in the Upper East Region of the Republic of Ghana. He attended Akwatia L/A Primary School and later continued at Bansi Primary School in Binduri and had his High School at Bawku Junior High School, and later had his Senior High School education at the Ghana Secondary School (Ghanasco), in Tamale. From Tamale Polytechnic now Tamale Technical University, he obtained his Diploma certificate in Business Studies in Accounting. In 1998, he graduated from the University of Cape Coast with a Bachelor of Commerce (BCOM) Degree certificate.  He also holds a master's degree in Development Finance, Professional Chartered Accountant Certificate in 2005 from the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana (ICAG).

Personal life
Abdulai Abanga is from Binduri/Bawku in the Upper East Region of the Republic of Ghana and a Muslim as well. In January 2001 – March 2007, he was appointed to serve as the Finance Officer for the National Governance Programme (NGP) and from  2007 -2008, served as the Management Accountant at the Millennium Challenge Account of the Ghana Programme.

Political life
In 2020, on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party, Abdulai Abanga took over the parliamentary seat from the National Democratic Party (NDC) aspirant ROBERT BABA KUGANAB-LEM in the 2020 election. With about 454 votes more than his counterpart ROBERT BABA KUGANAB-LEM of the NDC, Hon. Abdulai Abanga won the Binduri constituency 2020 election to overtake the dominant NDC domination in the constituency.

References

1970 births
Living people
Ghanaian Muslims
New Patriotic Party politicians
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025
Politicians from Eastern Region (Ghana)

Abdulai Abanga


Burmese amber, or Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. It is important for its fossils from the earliest part of the Upper Cretaceous, in the Cenomanian age, 99 million years ago. The amber has been commercially exploited since the first century AD. Research on the deposit may fund internal conflict in Myanmar.

The amber has flora and fauna especially arthropods such as  insects and arachnids. There are also also birds, lizards, snakes, frogs and fragments of dinosaur remains.

The fossils arachnids in the amber include:
44 families of spiders.
20 families of mites.
5 families of Opiliones (mites, harvestmen, daddy longlegs)
12 families of pseudoscorpions
7 families of scorpions
5 families of ticks
1 genus of short-tailed whipscorpion (Schizomida)
1 genus of Palpigradi
1 genus of Amblypygi
1 genus of camel spider
2 genera of whip scprpions
3 genera of hooded tickspiders
15 families of myriapods are in the amber

8 families of Entognatha are known

29 orders of insects are known, including:
50+ families of Hymenoptera
47 families of flies (Diptera)
89 families of beetles (Coleoptera)
21 families of Neuroptera (such as lacewings, antlions, etc)
65 families of Hemiptera (true bugs)
20 families of Dictyoptera
And 16 more smaller families.

Other groups of invertebrates include:
Nematodes
Nematomorpha
Molluscs

There are some vertebrates:

A well preserved theropod dinosaur tail, with preserved feathers.
Fossils of enantiornithine birds including juveniles and partial wings and preserved feet, including a diagnostic taxon, Elektorornis.
A complete skull of the bizarre avialan or lizard Oculudentavis is known.
Electrorana is a well preserved frog known from the amber.
Other notable specimens include an embryonic snake.
Several species of lizard were described from the deposit including a gecko with preserved toe pads (Cretaceogekko).
One of the specimens was initially described to be a chamelonid, actually turned out to be an albanerpetonid amphibian.

References

Lagerstätten
Myanmar
Cretaceous

Burmese amber


Artist Julius Dubose (born December 6, 1995), known professionally as A Boogie wit da Hoodie (or simply A Boogie), is an American rapper and singer-songwriter. He is signed to Atlantic Records, as well as his own label imprint, Highbridge the Label. His stage name is derived from the character "Ace Boogie" from the 2002 film Paid in Full, and because he was wearing hoodies all the time, friends gave him the nickname "A Boogie wit da Hoodie".

His highest-charting singles are "Numbers" (which debuted at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100), "Look Back at It" (number 27), and "Drowning" (number 38). His debut studio album, The Bigger Artist (2017), debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 chart. He released his second studio album, Hoodie SZN (2018), which became his first number one album on the Billboard 200. His third studio album, Artist 2.0 (2020), debuted at number two on the Billboard 200. He released his fourth studio album,  Me vs. Myself on December 9, 2022.

Early life and education
Artist Julius Dubose was born on December 6, 1995, in the Highbridge neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. Dubose was raised in Highbridge and began rapping at age twelve after listening to Kanye West and 50 Cent. He attended Dewitt Clinton High School, where he expanded upon rapping during his freshman year, engaging in cyphers at lunchtime by performing rhymes he had already written and stored in a large notebook he carried with him. Remarking on his time in high school to XXL, he said "I was regular, everybody really noticed me. I was the one in the back of the classroom, quiet."

Growing up, Dubose frequently got into legal trouble, mainly for selling cannabis and narcotics. After finding out what he was doing, Dubose's parents sent him to Florida as punishment. He attended Fort Pierce Central in Fort Pierce, Florida. In Florida, Dubose was kept under house arrest. During this confinement, he began to work on his artistry, starting off by tweaking his self-composed rhymes and gradually leading one thing to another. He even built an amateur studio inside the apartment that he lived in. Following his high school graduation, Dubose continued to focus on his music while working jobs in different sectors, including construction and pizza delivery.

Career

2015–2016: Career beginnings

Dubose's official discography began with the single "Temporary", which he released on SoundCloud. He was just nineteen at the time of its release.  Myster Whyte, who he met in Florida and produced the song, showed A Boogie the inside of his first professional studio. He asked A Boogie to work with a trainer until he got his techniques right. Dubose's said, "I used to record songs like, play the beat from one phone and have another phone recording me and just rap. Moving from that to a studio was like, 'Damn, I never knew I could sound like this'. It was just magic". The training sessions with Myster helped progress his sound.

In 2015, Dubose moved back to New York in an attempt to start making hip hop his full-time career. He, Don Q, Quincy "QP" Acheampong, and Bubba then created Highbridge the Label and set up a home studio. A Boogie released his first full-length project, a mixtape titled Artist, in February 2016, which launched his career and was on Forbes list of up-and-coming rappers. The mixtape was recorded during a time where Dubose was dealing with a difficult break-up which helped influence the mixtape and Dubose's future sound all together.

Dubose then released a collaborative project, alongside fellow Highbridge-based rapper Don Q, titled Highbridge the Label: The Takeover Vol.1, on May 18, 2016. Dubose went on to have three opening dates on Drake and Future's Summer Sixteen Tour. Dubose was also co-signed by Drake. In July 2016, A Boogie signed a deal with Atlantic Records. In September 2016, he was featured on the BET Hip Hop Awards cypher alongside Don Q, Russ, Kent Jones and Nick Grant. Later in October 2016, A Boogie released his first extended play (EP), titled TBA, in acronym for "The Bigger Artist". The EP peaked at number 63 on the US Billboard 200 chart and appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's 40 Best Rap Albums of 2016 list.

2017–2018: The Bigger Artist and Hoodie SZN

On June 13, 2017, Dubose was named as one of the ten of XXLs "2017 Freshman Class". On September 29, 2017, he released his debut studio album, The Bigger Artist, featuring guest appearances from Chris Brown, Trey Songz, Kodak Black, 21 Savage, PnB Rock and YoungBoy Never Broke Again. The album's lead single, "Drowning" featuring Kodak Black, peaked at number 38 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and became one of his highest-charting singles in the country so far.

Dubose was featured on fellow New York rapper 6ix9ine's single, "Keke" on January 14, 2018. The song peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100. Dubose also appeared on the song "Waka" on 6ix9ine's album Dummy Boy, released in November 2018.

Dubose's second album Hoodie SZN was released on December 21, 2018, with contributions from 6ix9ine, Juice Wrld, Offset and more. It debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200, selling 90,000 copies in its first week. It reached number one on January 14, 2019. It became one of the most played albums of 2019 and placed number 10 on the Billboard 200 Year-End chart. It also appeared on Billboards Decade-End chart at number 69.

2019–2020: Artist 2.0
Dubose featured on over 20 songs in 2019, alongside artists such as Ed Sheeran, Rick Ross, Khalid, Ally Brooke, Liam Payne, Lil Durk and Summer Walker. He also toured and performed at concerts throughout 2019 in the US and UK.

On September 13, 2019, Dubose released the first single from his album Artist 2.0 — "Mood Swings", which debuted at 76 on the Billboard Hot 100. On November 15, 2019, Dubose released the second single from Artist 2.0 — "Reply", which features rapper Lil Uzi Vert. It debuted at number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100. (Uzi is also featured on the track "Luv is Art" from the album.) On January 31, 2020, Dubose released the third single from Artist 2.0 called "King of My City". It debuted and peaked at 69 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Artist 2.0 was officially released on February 14, 2020, Valentine's Day. It was his third studio album. Dubose chose to release Artist 2.0 on Valentine's Day due to the first Artist album being released on Valentine's Day in 2016, and also due to the fact it was his daughter's third birthday.

The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart, earning 111,000 album-equivalent units (including 3,000 copies in pure album sales) in its first week. Artist 2.0 features contributions by Roddy Ricch, Gunna, DaBaby, Khalid, Summer Walker, Lil Uzi Vert, and more.

Dubose was due to perform at Wireless 2020, alongside other rappers such as AJ Tracey and A$AP Rocky, but the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

On June 16, 2020, Dubose released "Bleed", the lead single of the deluxe version of Artist 2.0, which was released on June 19, 2020. It peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100.

2021–2022: Hiatus and Me vs. Myself
After dropping the deluxe edition of Artist 2.0, Dubose did not drop any singles for around a year, taking a hiatus. During this period, however, he was featured on songs with artists such as Pop Smoke, Jess Glynne, Nas, Capo Plaza, DJ Khaled, and more.

On May 14, 2021, Dubose returned alongside American rapper Rowdy Rebel and released their song "9 Bridge".

On May 21, 2021, Dubose released a single featuring Lil Durk, titled "24 Hours". It debuted at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100. As of July 2023 is certified platinum.

In July 2021, while Dubose was working on his fourth studio album, around 20 songs for the album were leaked, which delayed the album until late 2022. Dubose stated, "The more songs get leaked, the longer I take to drop, I'm not putting leaked songs on my album and I work hard AF to write all these songs myself! So if you out here leaking sh*t stop eatin up and let me cook".

On December 7, 2021, a day after his 26th birthday, Dubose announced the upcoming release of a new EP as a prequel to his fourth studio album, at that point titled A Boogie vs. Artist,. The EP was titled B4 A Boogie vs. Artist (or simply B4 AVA) and was scheduled for a December 10, 2021, release date. The announcement was accompanied by a snippet of the song "Be Free". The track list of the EP was revealed three days later. "24 Hours," his earlier collaboration with Lil Durk, was included on the EP. One of the songs on the EP, "Man in the Mirror," was released as a single on February 11, 2022. It peaked at 82 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In 2022, Dubose was cast to voice Francis "KG" Leibowitz-Jenkins in the rebooted Disney+ animated series, The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder.

On February 11, 2022, and March 4, 2022, Dubose returned with warmup singles before the release of A Boogie vs. Artist — now called Me vs. Myself.The singles were titled  "Non Judgemental" and "Hit Different", featuring New York drill rapper B-Lovee. On the same date Dubose appeared and was featured on King Von's What It Means to Be King album specifically on song "My Fault".

Dubose dropped a single on April 1, 2022, called "Playa", featuring American singer H.E.R., and with Dubose's girlfriend Ella Rodriguez.

On September 5, 2022, Dubose finally announced the date for his fourth studio album, Me vs. Myself, set for release on November 4, 2022.

One single from the album dropped on October 7, 2022, called "B.R.O (Better Ride Out)", featuring American rapper Roddy Ricch. Just two weeks later, on October 21, 2022, Dubose released "Take Shots" featuring Canadian rapper Tory Lanez. On October 27, he revealed the album's tracklist, which listed the song titles and blurred out the names of the featured artists for their unreleased songs with him, along with listing which side each song is on: "Artist" or "A Boogie".

Following the pushing back of Drake and 21 Savage's collaborative album, Her Loss, from October 28, 2022, to November 4, 2022,  Dubose announced that he was delaying his own album so as to not share a release date with the duo — Me vs. Myself was pushed back until December 9, 2022.

The album's final single, "Ballin", was exclusively released on NBA 2K23 on November 1, 2022; it was later added to all digital platforms on November 4, 2022.

Me vs. Myself was released on December 9, 2022, with features from Lil Durk, Kodak Black, H.E.R & more. It peaked at 6 on the Billboard Hot 200. The deluxe of Me vs Myself was released 3 days later with one bonus song called "Needed That" featuring  PnB Rock.

2023–present: Sold Out Tour, Better Off Alone and other projects

Dubose announced his Me vs Myself Tour at of end of 2022 which started in February 2023. It sold out within minutes. He performed in North America and Europe, in venues such as Barclays Center, Coca-Cola Coliseum & Alexandra Palace. He also went back on tour in June on a Canadian tour due to high demand and performed at big festivals this year such as Coachella, Lollapalooza & more.

Dubose would go on to announce that he would be dropping multiple albums in 2023, including a collab album also.

On Feb 14 2023, Dubose dropped his annual valentines single called "No 808's" featuring American rapper Vory.

A week later, Dubose would go on to drop a remix to his song "Secrets", which released in 2020. This was featuring Mariah the Scientist. This was due to the song gaining traction on the video-sharing platform TikTok.

On April 21, Dubose released Chills (LA Hills), a collaboration with Dutch DJ Tiësto for his album Drive. The song peaked at 11 on the Billboard US Dance/Electronic Chart.

On May 31, Dubose was featured on the soundtrack of the Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse movie. He was featured on lead single of the film Calling with Swae Lee, Nav & was produced by Metro Boomin. It peaked at 41 on the Billboard Hot 100, and charted in multiple countries such as Australia, Canada, France, India, UK & more. It is currently one of the most streamed rap songs of 2023. They also performed the song at the 2023 MTV Video Music Awards making his VMA debut performance.

On June 21, Dubose would announce at one of his shows in Canada, that fifth studio album is dropping soon and is called "Better off Alone". Set to be released in Fall 2023.

On August 14, 2022, at the Hip-Hop 50 Live at Yankee Stadium Concert, Dubose would announce the upcoming release of a new EP as a prequel to his fifth studio album, Better Off Alone. The EP is titled B4 BOA (Before Better Off Alone), and released September 8, 2023. The 3 pack ep dropped including "Her Birthday", "Booby Trap" and "Did Me Wrong".

Personal life

Legal issues
In 2017, Lil B accused Dubose and PnB Rock of jumping him at the California Rolling Loud festival. Many members of the hip hop community, such as Big Sean and SpaceGhostPurrp, criticized Dubose for his role in the incident. However all things were settled and Lil B and Dubose squashed their beef two days later, through a meeting initiated by Kilo Kurt of Thizz Entertainment.

In January 2021, Dubose was sued by a Bergen County, New Jersey, couple, who claimed that he clogged the toilets and caused $260,000 in damages in their mansion, which they had leased to him in 2017 and 2018.

Dubose was arrested a day after celebrating his 25th birthday in December 2020. A representative for the Bergen County Prosecutor's Office confirmed that A Boogie was arrested on December 7, 2020, on charges of unlawful possession of a handgun (2nd-degree felony) and possession of marijuana. Dubose was taken into custody following an investigation conducted by detectives from the Bergen County Prosecutor's Office (BCPO), who obtained a warrant to search A Boogie's Demarest, New Jersey, home. BCPO detectives were accompanied by detectives from the New York City Police Department and officers from the Demarest Police Department. While doing a search of Dubose's home, law enforcement seized four guns: "a Ruger .380 handgun, a Glock .40 caliber handgun, an H&K 9mm handgun and a Smith & Wesson 9mm handgun." They also discovered "hollow point bullets, various high capacity magazines" as well as "marijuana, hashish oil edibles and drug paraphernalia commonly associated with the distribution of controlled dangerous substances." Dubose's security guard, 33-year-old Quashaun Hagler, was also arrested. Hagler, who is a Georgia resident, appears to have been at A Boogie's home at the time of the search and arrest. Hagler was charged with three counts of unlawful possession of a handgun (a 2nd-degree felony) and one count of possession of a large capacity magazine (a 4th-degree felony).

Dubose was arrested at London's Wireless Festival in September 2021 by the Metropolitan Police, by request of the Greater Manchester Police. He was shortly released with the charges not made public.

Relationships

Dubose has two children with girlfriend and social media influencer Ella Bands. Their daughter Melody Valentine Dubose was born on Valentine's Day, February 14, 2017, and their son Artist Dubose, Jr. was born on June 27, 2020.

Highbridge the Label

Highbridge the Label is an American record label founded by A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Don Q, Quincy "QP" Acheampong and Sambou "Bubba" Camara in 2016. Highbridge the Label partnered with Atlantic Records to sign a deal to have full control of the artists. In 2021 Highbridge the Label also partnered with EMPIRE to sign Don Q & Lil Rekk. In 2022, a subsidiary label of Highbridge the Label was created called H.E.A.V.Y. Current members of the label include Bouba Savage & Wowdy HBTL.

Roster

Tours

Headlining

 TBA Tour (2017)
 The Bigger Artist Tour (2017)
 Monster Energy Outbreak Tour Presents: A Boogie vs Artist Tour (2019)
 AVA College Tour (2021)
 Me vs Myself Tour (2023)
 Me vs Myself College Tour (2023)

Supporting

 Summer Sixteen Tour (2016)

Discography

Studio albums
 The Bigger Artist (2017)
 Hoodie SZN (2018)
 Artist 2.0 (2020)
 Me vs. Myself (2022)
 Better Off Alone (2023)

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

BET Awards

|-
| 2018
| A Boogie wit da Hoodie
| Best New Artist
|
|-

ASCAP

|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
| rowspan="2"|"Look Back at It"
| Nominated for Rhythm & Soul Music
|
|-
| Nominated for Pop Music
|
|-

See also
 List of highest-certified music artists in the United States

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century African-American male singers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
African-American male singer-songwriters
American contemporary R&B singers
American hip hop singers
Atlantic Records artists
Rappers from the Bronx
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Trap musicians

A Boogie wit da Hoodie


William Haslem Edgar (21 January 1858 – 6 June 1948) was an Australian politician.

He was born at St Arnaud to Irish-born engineer Edward Edgar and Mary, née Haslem. He attended St Arnaud Public School and Stawell Grammar School before working in a Melbourne warehouse for five years. He married his first wife, Elizabeth Cecelia Bingley, around 1887. He worked as a draper in Dunolly and served on the borough council from 1885 to 1886 before moving to Melbourne in around 1888 to work as an estate agent. In 1902 he was elected to Malvern City Council, serving as mayor from 1906 to 1907 and leaving the council in 1909. He was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council in 1904 as the non-Labor member for Melbourne West, holding the seat until his defeat in 1913. During this period he was minister without portfolio from 1909 to 1912 and Minister for Public Works and Health from 1912 to 1913. After running unsuccessfully in a Legislative Council by-election for East Yarra in 1913, for the Senate in 1914 and for Gippsland in 1916, he returned to the Council in 1917 after winning another by-election for East Yarra. He served until his death in 1948.

References

1858 births
1948 deaths
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Ministers for Health (Victoria)
Colony of Victoria people
Vice-Presidents of the Board of Land and Works
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Australian people of Irish descent
Ministers for Public Works (Victoria)

William Edgar (politician)


The Central Nova Tourist Association (CNTA) is one of seven provincially recognized tourist associations that work directly with Nova Scotia Department of Tourism Culture and Heritage. It is a membership based organization that is dedicated to promoting and supporting tourism in the Central Nova Scotia region (primarily along the Glooscap and Sunrise Trail).

Area Information

Central Nova Scotia is home to two distinct coasts.  On the southern coast is the Bay of Fundy.  Famous for its exceptionally high tides and variety of wildlife, the Bay of Fundy has played an important role in the history and culture of the people who live along its coastline.  Thousands of visitors frequent the area every summer to experience its natural beauty.  To the north is the Northumberland Strait, popular among residents and travellers alike for its warm waters and sandy beaches.

References

Colchester County
Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
Non-profit organizations based in Nova Scotia
Truro, Nova Scotia
Tourism agencies

Central Nova Tourist Association


Lone Star Funds, legal name of main entity Lone Star Global Acquisitions, Ltd. is an American private equity firm that invests in distressed assets in the U.S., Canada and internationally. The founder of Lone Star established its first fund in 1995 (under a different name) and Lone Star has to date organized 21 private equity funds with total capital commitments since inception of over $86 billion (as of 2022). Lone Star's investors include corporate and public pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, university endowments, foundations, fund of funds and high-net-worth individuals. Lone Star Funds has affiliate offices in North America, Europe and Japan.

Hudson Advisors LP, an approximately 900-person global asset management company owned and controlled by the founder of Lone Star, performs due diligence and analysis, asset management and related services for Lone Star Funds. In this capacity, Hudson Advisors LP has managed in excess of $224 billion of assets for Lone Star Funds since inception.

History
Lone Star was founded by John Grayken. From 1993 to 1995, Mr. Grayken was chairman and CEO of Brazos Partners L.P., a joint venture between the Robert M. Bass Group and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, that resolved approximately 1,300 "bad bank" assets resulting from the U.S. savings and loan crisis in the early '90s. During this period, Brazos Advisors LLC was formed to provide asset-management and related services to Brazos Partners.

Following Brazos Partners, Grayken organized institutional capital to continue investing in distressed assets, closing Brazos Fund, L.P. in 1995 with approximately $250 million of capital commitments.

Lone Star Opportunity Fund, L.P. followed in 1996, with approximately $396 million of capital commitments. At that time Brazos Advisors, LLC was renamed Hudson Advisors LLC.

After an expansion into Canada in 1995 and 1996, Grayken pursued the launch of a global platform for Lone Star in 1997. Since then, Lone Star has invested extensively in North America, Europe and East Asia. Lone Star invested primarily in East Asia, including Japan, Korea, Indonesia and Taiwan, following the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s. In the mid-2000s, following the establishment of the Eurozone, Lone Star increased its investment focus in Europe. And with the onset of the global financial crisis, from 2007 Lone Star was again actively investing in the U.S.

Through its credit affiliate, LStar Capital (officially LSC Film Corporation), the company entered the motion picture financing sector when they signed a $200 million deal with Sony Pictures in early 2014. The deal gives them a financial stake in nearly all of Sony's upcoming films. However, due to the poor box-office performance of Sony's movies, the two firms severed ties on July 17, 2017, two years before the deal was set to end.

In July 2015, Lone Star acquired the UK property investment and development company Quintain for £700 million.

In March 2017, the Portuguese Central Bank announced that Lone Star Funds will acquire 75% of third largest Portuguese bank, Novo Banco, in return for a capital injection of €1bn. The other 25% will be retained by the Portuguese bank's resolution fund. In October 2017 the deal was closed and Lone Star Funds started controlling 75% of Novo Banco.

Investment approach
Lone Star invests in a variety of asset classes, primarily distressed opportunities in developed markets.

Funds
The following list shows the company's various funds.

References

External links
 Official website

Private equity firms of the United States
Companies based in Dallas
Financial services companies established in 1995

Lone Star Funds


The Ace of Spades (also known as the Spadille and Death Card) is traditionally the highest and most valued card in the deck of playing cards in English-speaking countries. The actual value of the card varies from game to game.

Design
The ornate design of the ace of spades, common in packs today, stems from the 17th century, when James I and later Queen Anne imposed laws requiring the ace of spades to bear an insignia of the printing house. Stamp duty, an idea imported to England by Charles I, was extended to playing cards in 1711 by Queen Anne and lasted until 1960.

Over the years, a number of methods were used to show that duty had been paid. From 1712 onwards, one of the cards in the pack, usually the ace of spades, was marked with a hand stamp. In 1765 hand stamping was replaced by the printing of the official ace of spades by the Stamp Office, incorporating the royal coat of arms. In 1828 the Duty Ace of Spades (known as "Old Frizzle") was printed to indicate a reduced duty of a shilling had been paid.

One maker of cards was caught in possession of forged aces and the equipment to produce them. This was a capital offence, the prosecutor the Attorney General Spencer Perceval (later to become the prime minister assassinated in 1812) obtained the conviction of Richard Harding and he was hanged in 1805. The association of the ace of spades with death may spring from such events.

The system was changed again in 1862 when official threepenny duty wrappers were introduced and although the makers were free to use whatever design they wanted, most chose to keep the ornate ace of spades that is popular today. The ace of spades is thus used to show the card manufacturer's information.

Since 1882, an annual pack of cards has been produced by the Worshipful Company of Makers of Playing Cards at the installation of each master and since 1888, a portrait of the Master has appeared at the centre of the ace of spades.

The exact design of the ace card was so important, it eventually became the subject of design patents and trademarking. For example, on 5 December 1882, George G. White was granted U.S. design patent US0D0013473 for his design. His ace design was adorned with male and female figures leaning onto the spade from either side.

Symbolism

War

The ace of spades has been employed on several occasions in the theatre of war. In the First World War, the 12th (Eastern) Division of the British Army used the Ace of spades symbol as their insignia. In the Second World War, the 25th Infantry Division of the Indian Army used an Ace of Spades on a green background as their insignia.

In World War II, the soldiers of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the American 101st Airborne Division were marked with the spades symbol painted on the sides of their helmets. In this capacity, it was used to represent good luck, due to its fortunate connotations in card playing. Following the confusion of a large-scale combat airborne operation, all four card-suits were used for ease of identification of regiments within the airborne division. Battalions within the regiments were denoted with tic marks or dots, struck from top clockwise: headquarters at the twelve o'clock position, 1st Battalion at the three o'clock, etc.

During the Vietnam War, the ace of spades was used a tool of psychological warfare as it was common practice by US soldiers to leave the ace card on the bodies of killed Vietnamese. They thought that the card's connections to French colonial rule of Vietnam and putative symbolism in Vietnamese tradition to mean death and ill-fortune would frighten and demoralise Viet Cong soldiers. This custom was said to be so common that the United States Playing Card Company was asked by Charlie Company, 2nd Battalion, 35th Infantry Regiment to supply crates of that single card in bulk. The plain white tuck cases were marked "Bicycle Secret Weapon", and the cards were deliberately scattered in villages and in the jungle during raids. The ace of spades, while not a symbol of superstitious fear to the Viet Cong forces, did help the morale of American soldiers. Some U.S. soldiers and Marines were reportedly sticking this card in their helmet band as a sort of anti-peace sign.

In 2003, a deck of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards was issued to U.S. soldiers during Operation Iraqi Freedom, with each card displaying the picture of a wanted Iraqi official on it. Saddam Hussein was placed on the "Ace of Spades" card.

Idioms
Various idioms involving the ace of spades include "black as the ace of spades," which may refer either to completely black; totally without light or colour, colour, race, (lack of) morality, or (lack of) cleanliness in a person.

The French expression fagoté comme l'as de pique translates to "(badly) dressed like the ace of spades."

Encoding
The ace of spades is encoded into Unicode with the code point U+1F0A1, as part of the playing cards Unicode block.

See also
 Black Spot (Treasure Island)
 List of playing-card nicknames
French-suited playing cards
Trump cards
Tax stamp
Black Spades

Notes

References

External links

 The Death Card

Playing cards
Articles containing video clips
Cultural aspects of death

de:Ass (Spielkarte)#Das Pik-Ass im Vereinigten Königreich

Ace of spades


The Battle of Ellandun (also spelled Ellendun) was fought in 825 between the armies of Egbert of Wessex and Beornwulf of Mercia. Although costly to both sides, King Egbert won. The battle effectively brought an end to Mercian supremacy in southern England. It gave Wessex dominance over the remaining Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the south. A century later the kingdom of Wessex became the kingdom of England.

Background

Vikings murdered every one during the 8th century and early 9th centuries, the kings of Mercia exercised varying degrees of overlordship over the kingdoms of south-eastern England. Some even ruled other kingdoms directly. While Wessex had at times been obliged to recognise the power of Mercian kings there was usually a strong resistance to allowing them to directly rule Wessex.

Beorhtric of Wessex (786–802) had probably received help from Offa of Mercia (757–796) in becoming king of Wessex. In 789 he married Eadburh, Offa's daughter. For the remainder of his rule Wessex was subordinate to Mercia. At the time Beorhtric became king, Egbert was also a claimant. Edgar was exiled for a time from Wessex and spent most of his time at the court of Charlemagne. On the death of Beorhtric Egbert returned and succeeded to the throne. At this time Coenwulf of Mercia (796–821) was king and he concluded a peace treaty with Wessex.

In 815 Egbert invaded Cornwall and brought it under his rule. He allowed sub-kings to rule it for him.
Beginning in 825 Egbert began a series of military operations with the intent of increasing his over Wales. At the same time the new king of Mercia, Beornwulf, having had extended his authority over Kent, Essex and Middlesex decided to invade Wessex.

The battle

Egbert was in Cornwall with his army when he received word that the Mercians had invaded Wessex. He led his army back into Wessex and met Beornwulf and his army at Ellendun (now Wroughton south of Swindon). In what Frank Stenton called "one of the most decisive battles of Anglo-Saxon history", Egbert defeated Beornwulf. The battle was costly to both sides in loss of life. Henry of Huntingdon said the river ran red with blood. The victory over Mercia shifted the balance of power to Egbert. He was now the most accomplished king in southern England.

Shift in power

Immediately Egbert sent his son Athelwulf with an army to overthrow Baldred, the Mercian sub-king in Kent. As a result, all of Kent, Surrey, Sussex and East Anglia submitted to Egbert. Beornwulf tried to recover East Anglia later the same year and was killed in the attempt. Kent, Surrey and Sussex remained a part of the kingdom of Wessex from this time on. Egbert appointed his son Athelwulf as sub-king of Kent which included all the new territories of Wessex.

In 829 Egbert invaded, then defeated all of Mercia. Wiglaf was exiled. The king of Northumbria submitted to him after the defeat of Mercia. He assumed the title  (King of Mercia). This title was also on coins made in the former Mercian port of London. In 830 Wiglaf returned to power in Mercia, but the gains of Kent and southwest England remained with Wessex. Egbert died 4 February 839. He left a territory larger than any other Wessex king since Ine.

Notes

References

825
Ellandun
9th century in England
Ellandun

Battle of Ellandun


Johann Hauler (9 October 1829 – 9 August 1888) was an Austrian educator and classical philologist born in Oberrimsingen, a district of Breisach, Germany. He was the father of Edmund Hauler (1859–1941), a professor of classical philology at the University of Vienna.

He studied classical and Romance philology at the University of Bonn under Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (1806–1876) and Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker (1784–1868), then at the University of Freiburg with Theodor Bergk (1812–1881), and finally in Paris. After earning his doctorate in 1855 with the dissertation "De Theocriti vita et carminibus", he taught French and ancient languages at the "German gymnasium" in Ofen.

In 1860 he relocated to Vienna as Oberlehrer at the Theresianum, then held the same position at the Akademischen Gymnasium (from 1862). In 1877 he was appointed director of the Staatsgymnasiums Wien II (Vienna State Gymnasium II). In 1880 he became a member of the Mitglied des Landesschulrats für Niederösterreich.

He was the author of "Lateinisches Übungsbuch" (Latin Workbook), published in 32 editions up until 1938. It was edited and processed by a number of scholars, including his son, Edmund Hauler. He died on 9 August 1888 in Trautmannsdorf an der Leitha. In 1934, the Haulerstraße in Alsergrund (9th district, Vienna) was named in his honor.

References
 This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia. namely:
  Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950.

Austrian philologists
Classical philologists
Heads of schools in Austria
German philologists
German emigrants to Austria
People from Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
1829 births
1888 deaths

Johann Hauler


Kenneth Todd Freeman (born July 9, 1965) is an American actor. He has been nominated for two Tony Awards over the course of his career and has won one Drama Desk Award. He has played supporting roles in films such as Grosse Pointe Blank (1997) and The Cider House Rules (1999), played a prominent recurring role on Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1998–1999), and was a series regular on A Series of Unfortunate Events (2017–2019).

Life and career
Born in Houston, Texas, Freeman went to the local High School for the Performing and Visual Arts before later graduating from the University of North Carolina School of the Arts in 1987.

Freeman has been an ensemble member of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois since 1993. In the same year, he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his lead performance in the Apartheid drama The Song of Jacob Zulu. More recently, Freeman has played the role of Doctor Dillamond from Wicked in the first North American tour, Chicago and Broadway productions. In 2015, he was nominated for his second Tony Award, this time for Best Featured Actor in a Play as Sissy Na Na in Airline Highway. He won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play for the same role.

He has also had supporting roles in various films such as Eraser (1996), Grosse Pointe Blank (1997), The Cider House Rules (1999), and The Dark Knight (2008). On television, he earned a recurring role on Buffy the Vampire Slayer as Mr. Trick.

He performed in the Steppenwolf Theatre Company's production of Downstate, which concluded its run on November 18, 2018.

He portrayed Mr. Poe in the 2017 Netflix comedy drama series A Series of Unfortunate Events.

Filmography

Theatre

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

Theatre

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
American male film actors
21st-century American male actors
African-American male actors
Male actors from Houston
American male stage actors
Drama Desk Award winners
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
University of North Carolina School of the Arts alumni
High School for the Performing and Visual Arts alumni
Steppenwolf Theatre Company players
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people

K. Todd Freeman


Johannes Pfefferkorn (original given name Joseph; 1469, Nuremberg – Oktober 22, 1521, Cologne) was a German Catholic theologian and writer who converted from Judaism. Pfefferkorn actively preached against the Jews and attempted to destroy copies of the Talmud, and engaged in a long running pamphleteering battle with humanist Johann Reuchlin.

Early life
Born a Jew, possibly in Nuremberg, Pfefferkorn lived in Nuremberg and moved to Cologne after many years of wandering. After committing a burglary, he was imprisoned and released in 1504. He converted to Catholic Christianity in 1505 and was baptized together with his family.

Writings concerning the Jews

Pfefferkorn became an assistant to the prior of the Dominican friar order at Cologne, Jacob van Hoogstraaten, and under the auspices of the Dominicans published several pamphlets in which he tried to demonstrate that Jewish religious writings were hostile to Christianity.

In Der Judenspiegel (Cologne, 1507), he demanded that the Jews should give up the practice of what the Church deemed usury (lending money against interest), work for their living, attend Christian sermons, and do away with the books of the Talmud.  On the other hand, he condemned the persecution of the Jews as an obstacle to their conversion, and, in a pamphlet, Warnungsspiegel, defended them against charges of murdering Christian children for ritual purposes. In  Warnungsspiegel, he professed to be a friend of the Jews, and desired to introduce Christianity among them for their own good. He urged them to convince the Christian world that the Jews do not need Christian blood for their religious rites and advocated seizing the Talmud by force from them. "The causes which hinder the Jews from becoming Christians," he wrote, "are three: first, usury; second, because they are not compelled to attend Christian churches to hear the sermons; and third, because they honor the Talmud."

Bitterly opposed by the Jews on account of this work, he virulently attacked them in Wie die blinden Jüden ihr Ostern halten (1508); Judenbeicht (1508); and Judenfeind (1509). In his third pamphlet he contradicted what he had written earlier and insisted that every Jew considers it a good deed to kill, or at least to mock, a Christian; therefore he deemed it the duty of all true Christians to expel the Jews from all Christian lands; if the law should forbid such a deed, they do not need to obey it: "It is the duty of the people to ask permission of the rulers to take from the Jews all their books except the Bible...." He preached that Jewish children should be taken away from their parents and educated as Catholics. In conclusion, he wrote: "Who afflicts the Jews is doing the will of God, and who seeks their benefit will incur damnation." In the fourth pamphlet, Pfefferkorn declared that the only way to get rid of the Jews was either to expel or enslave them; the first thing to be done was to collect all the copies of the Talmud found among the Jews and to burn them.

Criticism of Hebrew texts
Convinced that the principal source of the obduracy of the Jews lay in their books, he tried to have them seized and destroyed.  He obtained from several Dominican convents recommendations to Kunigunde, the sister of the Emperor Maximilian, and through her influence to the emperor himself. On 19 August 1509, Maximilian, who already had expelled the Jews from his own domains of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, ordered the Jews to deliver to Pfefferkorn all books opposing Christianity; or the destruction of any Hebrew book except the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). Pfefferkorn began the work of confiscation at Frankfort-on-the-Main,  or possibly Magdeburg; thence he went to Worms, Mainz, Bingen, Lorch, Lahnstein, and Deutz.

Through the help of the Elector and Archbishop of Mainz, Uriel von Gemmingen, the Jews asked the emperor to appoint a commission to investigate Pfefferkorn's accusations. A new imperial mandate of 10 November 1509, gave the direction of the whole affair to Uriel von Gemmingen, with orders to secure opinions from the Universities of Mainz, Cologne, Erfurt, and Heidelberg, from the inquisitor Jacob van Hoogstraaten of Cologne, from the priest (and former rabbi) Victor von Carben, and from Johann Reuchlin. Pfefferkorn, in order to vindicate his action and to gain still further the good will of the emperor, wrote In Lob und Eer dem allerdurchleuchtigsten grossmechtigsten Fürsten und Herrn Maximilian (Cologne, 1510). In April he was again at Frankfort, and with the delegate of the Elector of Mainz and Professor Hermann Ortlieb, he undertook a new confiscation.

Van Hoogstraaten and the Universities of Mainz and Cologne decided in October 1510 against the Jewish books. Reuchlin declared that only those books obviously offensive (as the Nizachon and Toldoth Jeschu) would be destroyed. The elector sent all the answers received at the end of October to the emperor through Pfefferkorn. Reuchlin reported in favor of the Jews; on 23 May 1510 the emperor suspended his edict of 10 November 1509 and the books were returned to the Jews on 6 June.

Battle of pamphlets
The ensuing battle of pamphlets between Pfefferkorn and Reuchlin reflected the struggle between the Dominicans and the humanists. Thus informed of Reuchlin's vote Pfefferkorn was greatly excited, and answered with Handspiegel (Mainz, 1511), in which he attacked Reuchlin unmercifully. Reuchlin complained to Emperor Maximilian, and answered Pfefferkorn's attack with his Augenspiegel, against which Pfefferkorn published his Brandspiegel. In June 1513, both parties were silenced by the emperor. Pfefferkorn however published in 1514 a new polemic, Sturmglock, against both the Jews and Reuchlin. During the controversy between Reuchlin and the theologians of Cologne, Pfefferkorn was assailed in the Epistolæ obscurorum virorum by the young Humanists who espoused Reuchlin's cause. He replied with Beschirmung, or Defensio J. Pepericorni contra famosas et criminales obscurorum virorum epistolas (Cologne, 1516), Streitbüchlein (1517). In 1520, Pope Leo X declared Reuchlin guilty with a condemnation of Augenspiegel, and Pfefferkorn wrote as an expression of his triumph Ein mitleidliche Klag (Cologne, 1521). Diarmaid MacCulloch writes in his book The Reformation: A History (2003) that Desiderius Erasmus was another opponent of Pfefferkorn, on the grounds that he was a converted Jew and therefore could not be trusted.

Works
Der Judenspiegel (Speculum Adhortationis Judaicæ ad Christum), Nuremberg, 1507
Der Warnungsspiegel (The Mirror of Warning), year?
Die Judenbeicht (Libellus de Judaica Confessione sive Sabbate Afflictionis cum Figuris), Cologne, 1508
Das Osterbuch (Narratio de Ratione Pascha Celebrandi Inter Judæos Recepta), Cologne and Augsburg, 1509
Der Judenfeind (Hostis Judæorum), ib. 1509
In Lib und Ehren dem Kaiser Maximilian (In Laudem et Honorem Illustrissimi Imperatoris Maximiliani), Cologne, 1510
Handspiegel (Mayence, 1511)
Der Brandspiegel (Cologne, 1513)
Die Sturmglocke (ib. 1514)
Streitbüchlein Wider Reuchlin und Seine Jünger (Defensio Contra Famosas et Criminales Obscurorum Virorum Epistolas (Cologne, 1516)
Eine Mitleidige Clag Gegen den Ungläubigen Reuchlin (1521)

See also

Anton Margaritha
Johann Eisenmenger
Martin Luther
Samuel Friedrich Brenz
 Nicholas Donin
 Jacob Brafman
 Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa

Reference Notes

External links
Jewish Encyclopedia: "Pfefferkorn, Johann (Joseph)" by Gotthard Deutsch & Frederick Haneman (1906). Now in public domain.

 Reuchlin, Pfefferkorn, and the Talmud in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries at sacred-texts.com
 Reuchlin at Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College
 Minorities in the Imperial Tradition
 Video Lecture on Johannes Pfefferkorn by Dr. Henry Abramson of Touro College South

1469 births
1523 deaths
15th-century German writers
16th-century German Catholic theologians
16th-century German male writers
Early Modern Christian anti-Judaism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
German non-fiction writers
German male non-fiction writers
German people of Jewish descent
German Roman Catholics
Critics of Judaism
Writers from Nuremberg
Supersessionism
Antisemitism in Germany

Johannes Pfefferkorn


Christopher Xefos (born January 5, 1964) is an American multi-instrumentalist musician/engineer/producer and former member of band King Missile. He plays various instruments such as accordion, bass, piano, and synthesizer, among others. He began recording/producing various groups in New York City during the 1980s, including indie-rock legends Phantom Tollbooth. In 1989, he joined the New York City avant-garde spoken word/art rock group King Missile. Five years, four albums and a number of alternative rock "hits" (including "Jesus Was Way Cool" and "Detachable Penis") later, King Missile disbanded (this version). Xefos also played with the group When People Were Shorter and Lived Near the Water during this time.  Following this period, he relocated to San Francisco.

He then went on to work, in various capacities, with a number of local San Francisco singer/songwriters and groups, including Victor Krummenacher, Jonathan Segel, Greg Lisher (Camper Van Beethoven), Alison Faith Levy (The Loud Family/The Sippy Cups), Pansy Division, and Doug Hilsinger (Bomb/Enorchestra). He has also kept up on songwriting and recording with two different projects: Moth Wranglers, a duo featuring himself and LD Beghtol (Flare/The New Criticism/guest vocalist on The Magnetic Fields' 69 Love Songs) as well as his solo project, Drop Quarters.

Xefos lives in San Francisco, California. He is openly gay. Between 1998 and 2008, he owned/operated his own project-recording studio, Magnetic Recording. In 2008, he became co-owner/operator of a new recording facility, Dogpatch Recording. He does production/engineer work from this studio, as well as other studios in the San Francisco Bay Area. He continues to perform in local San Francisco music groups, including the Fat Bottom Girls, among others.

Selected discography

References

1964 births
Living people
American alternative rock musicians
King Missile members
American gay musicians
When People Were Shorter and Lived Near the Water members

Chris Xefos


Maclyn McCarty (June 9, 1911 – January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. He was best known for proving that DNA, not protein, was the chemical basis of the gene.

McCarty devoted his life to studying infectious disease organisms. Studies of  bacteria led the way to studying heredity through genetics and biochemistry. This started the age of molecular biology.

McCarty was the youngest and longest surviving member of the research team responsible for the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine for 1990. MacCarty died on January 2, 2005, from congestive heart failure.

The work
The phenomenon was first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928, which suggested DNA was the material of heredity. In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci. This meant the non-virulent strain had been transformed (changed) by something in the dead bacteria.

Work to prove DNA was responsible took many years, starting in 1928. Griffith's work was suggestive, but not sufficient. In their paper of 1944, Avery and his colleagues decided that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and was analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

This was epoch-making work, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. McCarty later explained the work for the general reader.

References

1911 births
2005 deaths
Academics from New York (state)
American geneticists
Scientists from Indiana
Wolf Prize winners
People from South Bend, Indiana

Maclyn McCarty


The Gandhara grave culture of present-day Pakistan is known by its "protohistoric graves", which were spread mainly in the middle Swat River valley and named the Swat Protohistoric Graveyards Complex, dated in that region to c. 1200–800 BCE. The Italian Archaeological Mission to Pakistan (MAIP) holds that there are no burials with these features after 800 BCE. Recent research by Pakistani scholars, such as Muhammad Zahir, consider that these protohistoric graves extended over a much wider geography and continued in existence from the 8th century BCE until the historic period. The core region was in the middle of the Swat River course and expanded to the valleys of Dir, Kunar, Chitral, and Peshawar. Protohistoric graves were present in north, central, and southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province as well as in north-western tribal areas, including Gilgit-Baltistan province, Taxila, and Salt Range in Punjab, Pakistan, along with their presence in Indian Kashmir, Ladakh, and Uttarakhand.

The grave culture has been regarded as a token of the Indo-Aryan migrations but has also been explained by local cultural continuity. Estimates, based on ancient DNA analyses, suggest ancestors of middle Swat valley people mixed with a population coming from the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor, which carried Steppe ancestry, sometime between 1900 and 1500 BCE.

Location and characteristics
Close to the end of the second millennium BCE, large graveyards appear in northern Gandhara (middle Swat River valley), featuring mainly inhumations (c. 1200–900 BCE), the so-called Gandhara grave culture by earlier scholars, a period in which iron technology was introduced. These graveyard types expanded to the northwest into Chitral, around Singoor, featuring burial traditions similar to protohistoric graves between the 8th century BCE and 17th century CE.

A constant funeral tradition with pottery and similar artifacts can be found along the banks of the Swat and Dir rivers in the north, Chitral, and the Vale of Peshawar. Simply-made terracotta figurines were buried with the pottery, and other items are decorated with simple dot designs.

Re-evaluation of the findings suggests this so-called Gandhara Grave Culture was actually a burial tradition, spread across a wide geographical area, rather than a specific culture. There are more than thirty cemeteries of this tradition found in Swat and the surrounding valleys of Dir, Buner, Malakand, Chitral, and in the Valley of Peshawar to the south, featuring cist graves, where large stone slabs were used to line the pit, above which another large flat stone was laid, forming a roof. Related settlement sites have also been found, increasing our knowledge of the culture.

Anthropomorphic urns with cremation remains were not frequently found in graves, and the most common pottery within these graves is Burnished Grey Ware and Burnished Red Ware, along with human terracotta figurines. However, later graves are more elaborate, featuring more items, including horse remains and horse furniture.

Origins
Northern Gandhara, in the middle region of the Swat River, presents deposits of Black Burnished Ware, prior to the Gandhara grave culture, during  the Ghalegay IV period, c. 1700–1400 BCE. New research, based on 34 excavated graves in Udegram, and in the nearby site of Gogdhara, has uncovered two Gandhara grave culture burial phases, the first between 1400 and 1100 BCE, and the second from 1000 to 800 BCE, with an inter-phase in Gogdhara, from 1200 to 900 BCE.

Single burials are characteristic of the early phase of Gandhara grave culture, along with bronze objects and pottery within the graves. Cremation is distinctive in the middle phase, and ashes were laid in large jars, often  bearing a human-like face design. These jars were frequently placed in circular pits, surrounded by objects of bronze, gold, and pottery. Multiple burials and fractional remains are found in the late phase, along with iron objects, coeval with the beginning of urban centers of Taxila and Charsadda.

Indo-Aryan migrations
The polished black-gray pottery has been associated with that of other BMAC sites, like Dashly in Afghanistan, Tepe Hissar, and Tureng Tepe. According to Asko Parpola, the presence of black-red pottery also suggests links with Cemetery H culture in Punjab. The burial of bodies, the metal pins used for fastening clothes, and the terracotta statuettes of females, says Parpola, are similar to those found at BMAC. Graves during the Ghalegay V period, c. 1400–1000 BCE, may be connected with those in Vakhsh and Bishkent Valley. Parpola adds that these graves represent a mix of the practices found in the northern Bactrian portion of BMAC, during the period of 1700–1400 BCE and the Fedorovo Andronovo culture.

According to Upinder Singh, the Gandhara grave culture is similar to the one in the Ghalegay caves during their V, VI, and VII phases. Rajesh Kochhar says it may be associated with early Indo-Aryan speakers as well as the Indo-Aryan migration into the Indian Subcontinent, which came from the Bactria–Margiana region. According to Kochhar, the Indo-Aryan culture fused with indigenous elements of the remnants of the Indus Valley civilization (OCP, Cemetery H) and gave rise to the Vedic Civilization.

Cultural continuity
Parpola has argued that the Gandhara grave culture is "by no means identical with the Bronze Age Culture of Bactria and Margiana". According to Tusa, the Gandhara grave culture and its new contributions are "in line with the cultural traditions of the previous period". According to Parpola, in the centuries preceding the Gandhara culture, during the Early Harappan period (roughly 3200–2600 BCE), similarities in pottery, seals, figurines, ornaments, etc. document intensive caravan trade between the Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia, and the Iranian plateau. Tusa remarks that

According to Kennedy, who argues for local cultural continuity, Gandhara grave culture people shared biological affinities with the population of Neolithic Mehrgarh. This suggests a "biological continuum" between the ancient populations of Timargarha and Mehrgarh. This is contested by Elena E. Kuz'mina, who notes remains that are similar to some from Central Asian populations.

Antonini, Stacul, and other scholars argue that this culture is also not related to the Bishkent culture and Vakhsh culture of Tajikistan. However, Kuz'mina argues the opposite on the basis of both archaeology and the human remains from the separate cultures.

Genetics
Narasimhan et al., 2018, analyzed DNA of 362 ancient skeletons from Central and South Asia, including those from the Iron Age grave sites discovered in the Swat valley of Pakistan (between 1200 BCE and 1 CE from Aligrama, Barikot, Butkara, Katelai, Loe Banr, and Udegram). According to them, "there is no evidence that the main BMAC population contributed genetically to later South Asians", and that "Indus Periphery-related people are the single most important source of ancestry" in the Indus Valley Civilization and South Asia. They further state that the Swat valley grave DNA analysis provides further evidence of "connections between [Central Asian] Steppe population and early Vedic culture in India".

See also
 Pottery in the Indian subcontinent
 Chust culture
 Barikot

References

Sources

External links
 Map of the Gandhara grave culture
 Elena E. Kuz'mina – The Origin of the Indo-Iranians (2007)

Archaeological cultures in India
Archaeological cultures in Pakistan
Archaeological cultures of South Asia
Bronze Age cultures of Asia
Iron Age cultures of Asia
Archaeological cultures in Afghanistan
Indo-Aryan archaeological cultures

Gandhara grave culture


Bruce Dorminey (born March 8, 1959) is an   American  science journalist and author who primarily covers aerospace, astronomy and astrophysics. He is a regular contributor to Astronomy magazine. Since March 2012, he has written a regular tech column for Forbes.com.  He was also a correspondent for Renewable Energy World. He is host of the weekly aerospace and astronomy podcast, The Cosmic Controversy Podcast.

Biography

Dorminey grew up and attended public schools in the small rural town of Ocilla, Georgia, and is a graduate of Irwin County High School and the University of Washington in Seattle. He began his print journalism career in 1988 in New York and then began reporting from Europe, primarily as a film and arts correspondent, mostly for newspaper outlets such as the International Herald Tribune, the Boston Globe, the Dallas Morning News and Canada's The Globe and Mail.  While in Europe, he also wrote political and business-related stories.

Distant Wanderers
Distant Wanderers: The Search for Planets Beyond the Solar System is a book, written by Dorminey, which reports on astronomical research and theory related to the search for extrasolar planets, as of the publication date of 2001. It received reviews from publications including Astronomy magazine,  USA Today, and New Scientist

Awards

Dorminey was a 1998 winner in the Royal Aeronautical Society's Aerospace Journalist of the Year Awards (AJOYA) in the "Best Systems or Technology Submission" category for a Financial Times article on the European Space Agency's HIPPARCOS mission.

In 2004, Dorminey was a founding team member of the NASA Astrobiology Institute's Science Communication Focus Group.

References

External links
Dorminey's column in Forbes

Living people
1959 births
American science journalists
American male journalists

Bruce Dorminey


Eva García Sáenz de Urturi (1972 in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country) is a Spanish novelist.

Career
She moved out to Alicante, Valencian Community, when she was 15. She lives there since then. After getting a degree as optometrist, she got a job at University of Alicante into the optical sector.

In 2012 wrote La saga de los longevos being this one her first novel. The book was published via Amazon.com by her own after she tried to contact with several publishing houses without success. However La saga de los longevos became a hit.

Two years later she wrote Los hijos de Adán and Pasaje a Tahití, also with a good reception.

In 2016 she published her fourth book: El silencio de la ciudad blanca settle in her home town. In this one, she joined into a police academy, where she took two courses of crime scene investigation and reveal of footprints.

Bibliography
 (2012) La saga de los longevos
 (2012) La vieja familia
 (2014) Los hijos de Adán
 (2014) Pasaje a Tahití
 (2016) El silencio de la ciudad blanca
 (2017)  Los ritos del agua

References

Other websites
 Eva García Sáenz de Urturi's official website

Spanish novelists

Eva García Sáenz de Urturi


A mechanician is an engineer or a scientist working in the field of mechanics, or in engineering, applied mechanics and similar fields. Sometimes mechanicians are also called mechaniker and mechanicist.

People who made lasting contributions to mechanics more than 100 years ago

Guillaume Amontons: laws of friction
Galileo Galilei: notion of strength.
Josiah Willard Gibbs: thermodynamics
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: contact mechanics
Issac Newton: Newton's laws, law of gravitation

Related pages
 Applied mechanics
 Mechanics

Other websites
iMechanica, news and views of interest to mechanicians and their friends.
Homepage of the ASME International Applied Mechanics Division
Mathematics Geneaology Project
Mechanician Career Description
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

Engineering occupations

Mechanician