Rumelihisarı (also known as Rumelian Fortress and Roumeli Hissar Fortress) or Boğazkesen Fortress (literally 'strait-cutter fortress') is a medieval Ottoman fortress located in Istanbul, Turkey, on a series of hills on the European banks of the Bosphorus. The fortress also lends its name to the immediate neighborhood around it in the city's Sarıyer district.

Conceived and built between 1451 and 1452 CE on the orders of Sultan Mehmed II, the complex was commissioned in preparation for a planned Ottoman siege on the then-Byzantine city of Constantinople, with the goal of cutting off maritime military and logistical relief that could potentially come to the Byzantines' aid by way of the Bosphorus Strait, hence the fortress's alternative name, "Boğazkesen", i.e. "Strait-cutter" Castle. Its older sister structure, Anadoluhisari ("Anatolian Fortress"), sits on the opposite banks of the Bosporus, and the two fortresses worked in tandem during the final siege to throttle all naval traffic along the Bosphorus, thus helping the Ottomans achieve their goal of making the city of Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) their new imperial capital in 1453.

After the Ottoman conquest of the city, Rumelihisarı served as a customs checkpoint and occasional prison, notably for the embassies of states that were at war with the Empire. After suffering extensive damage in the Great Earthquake of 1509, the structure was repaired, and was used continuously until the late 19th century.

Today, the fortress is a popular museum open to the public, and further acts as an open-air venue for seasonal concerts, art festivals, and special events.

History

Construction

The necessity of a strategic fortress on the Bosphorus was well known to the Ottomans, who had started in the late 14th century to harbor intentions of capturing the city of Constantinople as a new capital for their then-nascent Empire. In a previous Ottoman attempt to conquer the city, Sultan Murad II (1421–44, 1446–51) had encountered difficulties due to a blockade of the Bosphorus by the Byzantine fleet. Having learned the importance of maritime strategy from this earlier attempt, Sultan Mehmed II (1444–46, 1451–81), son of Murad II, started planning a new offensive immediately following his ascent to the throne in 1451.

In response to the coronation of the ambitious young Sultan, Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI (1449–53), who understood Mehmed's intentions on Constantinople and was wary of the threat posed by the growing Ottoman influence in the region, hoped to secure a diplomatic solution that would protect the city, while averting the Byzantines' long-term decline.

Mehmed refused the offer of peace proffered, and proceeded with his siege plans by commissioning the construction of a large fortress that would be used to control all sea traffic along the Bosphorus, and would work together with the older Anadoluhisari (Anatolia Fortress) on the strait to prevent any possible maritime aid from reaching Constantinople during the final Ottoman siege of the city in 1453, particularly from Genoese colonies along the Black Sea, such as Caffa, Sinop and Amasra.

The site for the new fortress was quickly decided to be the narrowmost point of the Bosphorus, where the strait is a mere  wide. This tall, hilltop site on the strait's European banks not only made for easier control of the waterway, but also had the advantage of being situated directly across the Anadoluhisarı ("Anatolian Fortress") on the Anatolian (i.e. Asian) banks of the Bosphorus; an older Ottoman fortress built between 1393 and 1394 by Sultan Bayezid I. Historically, there had been a Roman fortification at the hilltop where Rumelihisari was to be built, which had later been used as a prison by the Byzantines and Genoese. Later on, a monastery had been built there.

Construction began on April 15, 1452. For good luck, ram's blood was mixed with the mortar for the first layer. Some have speculated the layout is a cabbalistic combination (Abjad numerals) of the initials of Mehmed and the Muhammad. Each one of the three main towers was named after the royal vizier who supervised its respective construction; Sadrazam Çandarlı Halil Pasha, who built the large tower next to the gate; Zağanos Pasha, who built the south tower; and Sarıca Pasha, who built the north tower. The Sultan himself personally inspected the activities on the site.

Architecture

The Rumelihisarı fortification has one small tower, three main towers, and thirteen small watchtowers placed on the walls connecting the main towers. One watchtower is in the form of a quadrangular prism, six watchtowers are shaped as prisms with multiple corners, and six others are cylindrical.

The main tower in the north, Sarıca Pasha Tower, is cylindrical in form, with a diameter of , walls that are  thick, and a total of 9 stories reaching a height of . Today, this tower is also known as Fatih ("Conqueror") Tower after Sultan Mehmed II's cognomen. The large tower at the waterfront in the middle of the fortress, Halil Pasha Tower, is a dodecagonal prism, and also has 9 stories. It is  high with a  diameter, and walls measuring  thick. The main tower in the south, Zağanos Pasha Tower, has only 8 stories. This cylindrical tower is  high, and has a  diameter with  thick walls. The space within each tower was divided up with wooden floors, each equipped with a furnace. Conical wooden roofs covered with lead originally crowned the towers, although these no longer survive today.

The outer curtain walls of the fortress are  long from north to south, and vary between  long from east to west. The complex's total area is .

The fortress had three main gates next to the main towers, one side gate and two secret gates for the arsenal and food cellars next to the southern tower. There were wooden houses for the soldiers and a small mosque, endowed by the Sultan at the time of construction. Only the minaret shaft remains of the original mosque, while the small masjid added in the mid-16th century has not survived. Water was supplied to the fortress from a large cistern underneath the mosque and distributed through three wall-fountains, of which only one remains. Two inscriptive plaques are found attached to the walls.

The fortress was initially called "Boğazkesen", literally meaning "Strait Cutter", referring to the Bosporus Strait. The name carries a secondary and more macabre meaning; as boğaz not only means strait but also "throat" in Turkish.

It was later renamed as Rumelihisarı, which means "Fortress on the Land of the Romans", i.e. Byzantine Europe, or the Balkan peninsula.

Usage in the past

A battalion of 400 Janissaries was stationed in the fortress, and large cannons were placed in the Halil Pasha Tower, the main tower on the waterfront. Having completed his fortresses, Mehmed proceeded to levy a toll on ships passing within reach of their cannon. A Venetian vessel ignoring signals to stop was sunk with a single shot and all the surviving sailors beheaded, except for the captain, who was impaled and mounted as a human scarecrow as a warning to further sailors on the strait. These cannons were later used until the second half of the 19th century to greet the sultan when he passed by sea.

After the conquest of Constantinople, the fortress served as a customs checkpoint. Rumelihisarı, designated to control the passage of ships through the strait, eventually lost its strategic importance when a second pair of fortresses was built farther up the Bosphorus, where the strait meets the Black Sea. In the 17th century, it was used as a prison, primarily for foreign prisoners of war. Rumelihisarı was partly destroyed by an earthquake in 1509 but was repaired soon after. In 1746, a fire destroyed all the wooden parts in two of the main towers. The fortress was repaired by Sultan Selim III (1761–1807). However, a new residential neighborhood was formed inside the fortress after it was abandoned in the 19th century.

Modern history

In 1953, on the orders of President Celal Bayar, the inhabitants were relocated and extensive restoration work began on 16 May 1955, which lasted until 29 May 1958. Since 1960 Rumelihisarı has been a museum and an open-air theater for various concerts at festivals during the summer months.

The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, named after the Ottoman Sultan that commissioned Rumelihisarı and conquered the city, is located close to the fortress, to the north.

Rumelihisarı is open to public every day except Wednesdays from 9:00 to 16:30.

The fortress was depicted on various Turkish banknotes during 1939–1986.

Gallery

See also
 Anadoluhisarı
 Yedikule Fortress
 Conquest of Constantinople
 Ottoman architecture

Notes and references

 Silburn, P. A. B. (1912). The evolution of sea-power. London: Longmans, Green and Co.

External links

Archnet
Over 80 pictures of the fortress

Buildings and structures completed in 1452
Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region
Bosphorus
Castles in Istanbul Province
Forts in Turkey
Landmarks in Turkey
Museums in Istanbul
Music venues in Istanbul
Ottoman fortifications
Sarıyer

Rumelihisarı


Nick Jr. is a German TV television channel broadcasting to children in Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The current version of channel was launched on September 12, 2005 as a programming block on the relaunched version of Nickelodeon between 6am and 10am and 4:30am to 9:45am on Nick Premium. The channel now broadcasts 24/7 from March 31, 2009. Before the channel launched, some programs were broadcast on Super RTL and Disney Channel.

On 1 April 2020, Nick Jr. and Nicktoons were added to Sky Deutschland, replacing Disney Junior.

The channel also had a block on the original version of Nickelodeon Germany which lasted until 29 May 1998 between 9:30am and 11:30am, the German-input block was presented by Face (known in German as Gesicht), although the block was initially titled Nickelodeon Circus. On 31 March 2010, the channel rebranded into its current look.

Nick Jr. von Nickelodeon
On 4 February 2019, the Nick Jr. block was removed from Nickelodeon Germany. However, Nick Jr. von Nickelodeon continued to air on Nick Schweiz and Austria until October 2021.

Current programs
 Abby Hatcher
 Blaze and the Monster Machines (Blaze und die Monster Maschinen)
 Baby Shark's Big Show! (Baby Sharks Große Show!)
 Blue's Clues & You!
 Bubble Guppies
 Butterbean's Cafe
 Deer Squad (Die Waldtruppe)
 Dora and Friends: Into the City! (Dora & Friends)
 Dora the Explorer (Dora)
 Dougie in Disguise
 Hey Duggee
 Miffy's Adventures Big and Small (Miffys Abenteuer groß und klein)
 PAW Patrol
 Peppa Pig (Peppa Wutz)
 Rusty Rivets
 Santiago of the Seas (Santiago auf hoher See)
 Shimmer and Shine
 Top Wing

Former programs
 The Backyardigans
 Tee and Mo
 Team Umizoomi (Umizoomi)
 Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends
 Allegra's Window
 Wonder Pets
 Fireman Sam
 Nella the Princess Knight
 GoGoRiki
 Tickety Toc
 The Fresh Beat Band
 Teletubbies
 LazyTown
 Garfield and Friends (Garfield und Seine Freunde)
 Go, Diego, Go!
 Blue's Clues (Blue's Clues - Blau Und Schlau)
 Jack's Big Music Show
 Sunny Day
 Ni Hao, Kai-Lan
 The Smurfs (Die Schlumpfe)
 Dragon Tales
 Pinky Dinky Doo
 SpongeBob SquarePants (SpongeBob Schwammkopf, only aired on occasions)
 Boo!
 Max & Ruby (Max und Ruby)
 Wimzie's House (Was ist denn heut bei Wimzie los)

See also
 Nickelodeon (Germany)
 Super RTL
 MTV Germany
 Nicktoons (Germany)
 Nick Schweiz
 Nickelodeon Junior (France)
 Viacom International Media Networks Northern Europe

References

External links
 Official Site
 Nickelodeon (Germany)

Children's television networks
German-language television stations
Germany
Television stations in Berlin
Television channels and stations established in 1995
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1998
Television channels and stations established in 2005
1995 establishments in Germany
1998 disestablishments in Germany
2005 establishments in Germany
Television stations in Austria
Television stations in Switzerland

Nick Jr. (German TV channel)


Henry Harrison Walker (October 15, 1832 – March 22, 1912) was a Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War (Civil War). He was born in Sussex County, Virginia. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1853 and served as an officer in the United States Army from 1853 to 1861. Walker was wounded twice during the war and lost his left foot. After the war, he became a stockbroker at Morristown, New Jersey, where he lived until 1912.

Early life
Walker was born October 15, 1832, at "Elmwood" in Sussex County, Virginia. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1853, forty-first in a class of fifty-two. On July 1, 1853, he was appointed a brevet second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment. On March 3, 1855, he became a full grade second lieutenant in the 6th U.S. Infantry Regiment. Walker was promoted to first lieutenant on May 1, 1857. Walker served in garrison duty on the frontier. He also was aide-de-camp to the governor of Kansas during the border conflicts of the middle to late 1850s as a result of which the territory was called "Bleeding Kansas."

American Civil War service
Henry Harrison Walker resigned from the U.S. Army on May 3, 1861. He had already been appointed a captain in the infantry of the Army of the Confederate States (the regular army of the Confederate States) on March 16, 1861 or, according to other versions, was appointed to this position soon after his resignation from the U.S. Army.

In November 1861, Walker was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 40th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He was promoted to colonel of the regiment in June 1862 and led the men in the Seven Days Battles. On June 27, 1862, he was wounded twice at the Battle of Gaines Mill. He was assigned to command of a convalescent camp and then to the Defenses of Richmond, Virginia, between September 1862 and July 1, 1863. During the Gettysburg campaign, Walker armed hundreds of the convalescents and helped guard Richmond while almost all healthy troops were on the campaign.

On July 1, 1863, Walker was promoted to brigadier general and after the Gettysburg campaign was assigned to Major General Henry Heth's division of III Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, initially commanding Heth's former brigade, then Brigadier General James J. Archer's brigade as well, after Archer's grievous wounding. Walker served as a brigade commander under Heth until he lost his left foot in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House on May 10, 1864. He participated in the Battle of Bristoe Station on October 14, 1863, in the Battle of Mine Run and, after serving in the Shenandoah Valley during the winter of 1864–1864, at the Battle of the Wilderness before his wounding at Spotsylvania Court House.

Walker served on court martial duty in the Department of Richmond from November 7, 1864. He was assigned to the defense of the Richmond and Danville Railroad during the Siege of Petersburg from February 1865 to the evacuation of Richmond on the night of April 2, 1865, after the fall of the defenses of Petersburg, Virginia, at the Battle of Five Forks and the Third Battle of Petersburg. He was reported to have brought the news of the surrender of General Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, to Confederate President Jefferson Davis at Danville, Virginia. Davis ordered Walker to take the Confederate troops at Danville to join the force of General Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina but Walker apparently did not comply with the futile order or was unable to comply with it before Johnston surrendered to Union Major General William Tecumseh Sherman on April 18, 1865 (officially April 26, 1865). Walker was paroled at Richmond, Virginia, on May 7, 1865.

Aftermath
After the Civil War, Walker moved to New Jersey and became a stockbroker. Walker died at Morristown, New Jersey, on March 22, 1912. He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery at Morristown.

See also
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: McKay, 1988. . First published New York, McKay, 1959.
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 Wert, Jeffry D. "Walker, Henry Harrison" in Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War, edited by Patricia L. Faust. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. .

1832 births
1912 deaths
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy alumni

Henry Harrison Walker


La Croisière (or The Cruise) is a 2011 French comedy film directed by Pascale Pouzadoux.

Plot
Several characters have their destinies intersect on a cruise ship. Raphael follows his wife who left with her lover, stows away and dresses up as a woman. Simone is an old lady accustomed to carrying her dog in her handbag. A breeder of pigs is in search of her husband who never returned from the toilet.
There is also a young pickpocket, Chloe, and Alix, who is very stressed, sent on this cruise by being tricked into believing she had a business appointment. All will meet by chance, an unforgettable experience where everyone will manage to solve their problems and find happiness.

Cast

 Charlotte de Turckheim as Hortense
 Line Renaud as Simone
 Marilou Berry as Alix Sainte-Beuve
 Antoine Duléry as Raphie
 Nora Arnezeder as Chloé
 Armelle as Marie-Do
 Stéphane Debac as Diego
 Audrey Lamy as Samantha
 Alex Lutz as Brian
 Jean Benguigui as The commander
 Nicolas Vaude as The chaplain
 Hubert Saint-Macary as The doctor
 Franck Beckmann as Pierrick Lebouillonec
 Camille Japy as Camille
 Alexandre Brasseur as Camille's lover
 Marilou Lopes-Benites as Marie
 Laurence Badie as Odette
 Jacques Ciron as Raymond
 Eric Fraticelli as Tonio
 Guillaume Rumiel Braun as Frankie
 Michel Duléry as Jean-Pierre
 Arnaud Tsamere, Pauline Delpech, Alice Pol & Hugo Becker as Alix's collaborator

References

External links

2011 films
2011 comedy films
French comedy films
2010s French-language films
Films set on ships
Films directed by Pascale Pouzadoux
2010s French films

La croisière


Wyre Forest is a large, semi-natural woodland and forest measuring . It sits across the borders of Worcestershire and Shropshire, England. It is lightly managed.

Natural history
The forest has a variety of wildlife. It was much larger, but it still is one of the largest remaining ancient woodlands in Britain. The Forestry Commission looks after about half of today's forest. Two-thirds of the forest is a SSSI (1,753.7 hectares), and a further fifth (549 hectares) is a National Nature Reserve. The Dowles Brook flows through the heart of the forest, and the A456 road also runs through the southern edge of the woodland.

It is one of the largest areas of semi-natural (partially unmanaged) woodland in the UK. Wildlife species to be found in the forest include hawfinch, fallow deer, dipper, common crossbill, pied flycatcher, redstart, and long-eared owl among many other woodland birds and plants. The small but colourful moth Oecophora bractella has one of its few English populations here, and does not seem to occur much farther northwards.

The forest is an important habitat for adders, which have been the subject of a notable study.

References

Forests of the United Kingdom
Worcestershire
Shropshire

Wyre Forest


Not Penis Cream is the first EP release by the band I Voted for Kodos. It was released after their first album Close Enough For Ska, and features the same style of ska punk.

The name "Not Penis Cream" (and also a song on the EP) was inspired by a Saturday Night Live skit from 1994. The skit featured Steve Martin selling his own brand of beauty product called "Penis Beauty Cream." The cover of the EP has a brown paper package with the words "Not Penis Cream" labeled across the front in block red letters, just as described by Steve Martin in the SNL skit.

Track listing
 "On The Phone"
 "Pastaroni"
 "Where Are We Going To"
 "Not Penis Cream"
 "All I Have Left"
 "I Tied My Own Shoes Today"

Credits
 Rick Bisenius - lead vocals, trombone, moog
 Chris Holoyda - guitar
 Lee Gordon – mellophone, backing vocals, guitar
 Nick Rydell - alto sax
 Andrew Anderson - piano, organ, trumpet
 Ross Gilliland - bass, backing vocals
 Paul Reinke - drums
 Andrew "Dafe" Fenton - guitar
 Tom Kaboski - tenor sax on tracks 1 & 2
 Dave Bartov - trumpet on tracks 1 & 2, lyrics on track 2

I Voted for Kodos albums
2003 EPs

Not Penis Cream


Christopher Michael Settlemire, better known by his stage name, Chris Zylka is an American actor of Russian descent.  He was raised by a single mother whose maiden name is Zylka and has never met his father.  He was born on May 9th, 1985 and originally hoped to become an artist.  His grandfather then introduced him to the work of Russian dramatists inspiring him to become an actor.  He moved to Hollywood and spent his first six months there living inside a car.  He got a job working at a restaurant and continued working there until he managed to become an actor on television.  He appeared in the television shows, "Everybody hates Chris" and "Hannah Montana". He then went on to movies and played roles in both comedy and horror films.  He played Flash Thompson in the 2012 movie The Amazing Spider-Man.  Zylka is best-known for having played the character Tom Garvey in the HBO television series "The Leftovers".
Zylka was engaged to Paris Hilton though they called off their wedding.

1985 births
Actors from Ohio
Models from Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
Living people

Chris Zylka


Sentratisai Ventraperumal version was one among the release versions of Akilam which was released in 1965 and was named after Sentratisai Ventraperumal, who was one among the Payyan dynasty. It was the first release version other than the Palaramachandran version, which was the commonly accepted version.

This version includes more than 2000 additional verse along with the other verse from Palaramacahandran version. It refers Mudisoodum Perumal as Malaikkutty. Also as per this version Mudisoodum Perumal was not the son of the Ponnu Madan, Veyilal couple and was a baby got from Marunthuvazh Malai when they were out there for gathering wood for cooking. This was rarely found among the followers and was not commonly accepted though some organisations claim it to the original text.

See also

 Akilattirattu Ammanai
 Arul Nool
 Ayyavazhi mythology

Akilattirattu Ammanai

Sentratisai Ventraperumal version


Majadahonda () is a municipality in Spain, situated  northwest of Madrid, in the Community of Madrid.

It lies alongside the motorway A6 Madrid-A Coruña.

The Puerta de Hierro  university (public) hospital was relocated to Majadahonda from the western part of the city of Madrid into a newly built medical complex in 2009.

History

By the 16th century Majadahonda had become a proper village, with a population of about 400 inhabitants. At the end of the 16th century there were almost two hundred houses and some 800 inhabitants. Majadahonda is mentioned in  Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote and El Buscón by Francisco de Quevedo. The centre of the village at the time was the Church of Santa Catherine, a small hospital and a modest inn. The town extended through streets named San Roque, Calle Real, and Calle Christ.

In the 18th century there was a considerable population increase, reaching a total of some 800 inhabitants, according to the census of Floridablanca. The majority of the men were day laborers, serving a minority of rich farmers and landed gentry.

In 1812, during the War of Spanish Independence, it was the site of a battle between the French and British troops which left the town in ruins. Ecclesiastical and civil confiscation enforced the sale of land, which was acquired by the rich and powerful nobility. One of them, the marqués de Remisa, used his position with the railroad company to have a train station built on his property, which is the origin of the present station, relocated from its original site at El Plantio, but still some distance from the town.

The Spanish Civil War greatly damaged the area, which, like Madrid, was mostly Republican. From 1936 to 1939 the town was mostly deserted. The town was entirely reconstructed with a more modern grid format.

Throughout the 1960s a process of urban transformation and population increase took place. Majadahonda abandoned agricultural activities, becoming a dormitory town for Madrid, and thus highly dependent upon the service sector.

The political changes across Spain have been broadly supported by Majadahonda, which voted in favor of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. In the first municipal elections, the old oligarchy lost the power, and a new City council was democratically elected.

Transmitter
Near Majadahonda, at Las Rozas (Geographical coordinates: 40°29'6"N 3°52'27"W), is the most powerful broadcasting station in Spain, which transmits the programs of RNE-1 (Radio Nacional de España) on 585 kHz at 600 kW. The antenna is on  a 264 meters tall mast built in 1962, which was then the tallest structure in Madrid area.

The facility also has a second mast,  tall used for broadcasting RNE-5 on 657 kHz and COPE Madrid on 999 kHz at 50 kW power.

Sports
CF Rayo Majadahonda is based in the municipality, it played most of the years in 2B division but eventually in 2A during 2018/19 season.

Additionally, the town is well known for its sporting establishments, including a public indoor swimming pool (now closed since 2021), an athletics stadium, a golf course, and several padel, tennis and football facilities.

Twin towns
  Clamart, France
There is a park named after that French town. It is located near the Majadahonda train station.
  Ferencváros. There is a park named Ferencváros south from the city centre. Ferencváros is an urban district of Budapest, Hungary.

References

External links
 Official website
 City Information

Municipalities in the Community of Madrid

Majadahonda


The golden mean or golden middle way is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency.  It appeared in Greek thought at least as early as the Delphic maxim "nothing in excess", which was discussed in Plato's Philebus.  Aristotle analyzed the golden mean in the Nicomachean Ethics Book II: That virtues of character can be described as means.  It was subsequently emphasized in Aristotelian virtue ethics.

For example, in the Aristotelian view, courage is a virtue, but if taken to excess would manifest as recklessness, and, in deficiency, cowardice.

History

Western philosophy

Crete
The earliest representation of this idea in culture is probably in the mythological Cretan tale of Daedalus and Icarus. Daedalus, a famous artist of his time, built feathered wings for himself and his son so that they might escape the clutches of  King Minos. Daedalus warns his beloved son whom he loved so much to "fly the middle course", between the sea spray and the sun's heat. Icarus did not heed his father; he flew up and up until the sun melted the wax off his wings. For not heeding the middle course, he fell into the sea and drowned.

Delphi
Another early elaboration is the Doric saying carved on the front of the temple at Delphi: "Nothing in excess" ("Μηδὲν ἄγαν").

Cleobulus
To Cleobulus is attributed the maxim: Μέτρον ἄριστον ("Moderation is best")

Socrates
Socrates teaches that a man must know "how to choose the mean and avoid the extremes on either side, as far as possible."

In education, Socrates asks us to consider the effect of either an exclusive devotion to gymnastics or an exclusive devotion to music. It either "produced a temper of hardness and ferocity, (or) the other of softness and effeminacy."  Having both qualities, he believed, produces harmony; i.e., beauty and goodness.

Plato
Proportion's relation to beauty and goodness is stressed throughout Plato's dialogues, particularly in the Republic and Philebus. He writes (Phlb. 64d–65a):

In the Laws, Plato applies this principle to electing a government in the ideal state: "Conducted in this way, the election will strike a mean between monarchy and democracy …"

Aristotle
In the Eudemian Ethics, Aristotle writes on the virtues. Aristotle's theory on virtue ethics is one that does not see a person's actions as a reflection of their ethics but rather looks into the character of a person as the reason behind their ethics. His constant phrase is,  "… is the Middle state between …".  His psychology of the soul and its virtues is based on the golden mean between the extremes. In the Politics, Aristotle criticizes the Spartan Polity by critiquing the disproportionate elements of the constitution; e.g., they trained the men and not the women, and they trained for war but not peace. This disharmony produced difficulties which he elaborates on in his work. See also the discussion in the Nicomachean Ethics of the golden mean, and Aristotelian ethics in general.

Each intellectual virtue is a mental skill or habit by which the mind arrives at truth, affirming what is or denying what is not. In the Nicomachean Ethics he discusses about 11 moral virtues:

Intellectual virtues
  (intelligence), which apprehends fundamental truths (such as definitions, self-evident principles)
  (science), which is skill with inferential reasoning (such as proofs, syllogisms, demonstrations)
  (theoretical wisdom), which combines fundamental truths with valid, necessary inferences to reason well about unchanging truths.
Aristotle also mentions several other traits:
  (good sense) – passing judgment, "sympathetic understanding"
  (understanding) – comprehending what others say, does not issue commands
  (practical wisdom) – knowledge of what to do, knowledge of changing truths, issues commands
  (art, craftsmanship)

Aristotle's list is not the only list, however. As Alasdair MacIntyre observed in After Virtue, thinkers as diverse as Homer, the authors of the New Testament, Thomas Aquinas, and Benjamin Franklin have all proposed lists.

Eastern philosophy
Gautama Buddha (fl. 6th century BC) taught of the Middle Way, a path between the extremes of religious asceticism and worldly self-indulgence.

Confucius in The Analects, written through the Warring States period of Ancient China (c. 479 BC – 221 BC), taught excess is similar to deficiency. A way of living in the mean is the way of Zhongyong.

Zhuangzi was the Tao's most famous commentator (369–286 BC).

Tiruvalluvar (2nd century BC and the 8th century AD; date disputed) in his Tirukkural of the Sangam period of Tamilakam writes of the middle state which is to preserve equity. He emphasises this principle and suggests that the two ways of preserving equity is to be impartial and avoid excess. Parimelalagar was the historical commentator of the Tirukkural.

Judaism

Rambam in Mishneh Torah attributes this method to the first scholars (Chazal), and to Abraham. Indeed, a similar concept exists even in the Rabbinic literature, Tosefta and the Yerushalmi. Yitzhak Arama finds references even in the Bible.

One such instance is Ecclesiastes 7:15-16 , where the preacher admonishes his audience to "be not righteous over much" and to "be not over much wicked." Adam Clarke takes the phrase "righteous over much" to mean indulging in too much "austerity and hard study,"  and concludes that "there is no need of all this watching, fasting, praying, self-denial, etc., you carry things to extremes. Why should you wish to be reputed singular and precise?"  Thus, the ideal of the golden mean may have existed as long as six hundred years before Aristotle. However, some scholars, such as Albert Barnes, hold a slightly different interpretation of Ecclesiastes 7:16-17.

Ahead of the times Rambam, 1138-1204 AD (probably due to Plato's and Aristotle's engagement with Ethics), determined that a person has to take care of his soul as well as his body, and just as a person who is sick in his body turns to the doctor, a person who has mental illness needs to go to the doctor of the soul, which is, according to him, the philosopher or the sage. Rambam opposed the deterministic approach, arguing that a person has free will and the ability to change its properties.

The golden mean is also a core principle in Musar literature in which practitioners are encouraged to bring every character trait (middah; plural middot) into a balanced place between extremes. For example, it is not good to have too much patience, but it is not good to live without any patience at all. Musar can be said to involve being mindful enough to bring one's character traits, thoughts and desires into a balanced state in real time; living one's life in accord with the golden mean.

Christianity
Thomas Aquinas, the medieval Catholic philosopher and theologian, in his Summa Theologiae, Prima Secundæ Partis, Question 64, argued that Christian morality is consistent with the mean: "evil consists in discordance from their rule or measure. Now this may happen either by their exceeding the measure or by their falling short of it[.] ... Therefore it is evident that moral virtue observes the mean."

Islam
Islam promotes the golden mean in many instances.  The Quran states an example in finance, in that a person should not spend all he makes as not to be caught needing, and not to be stingy as to not live a comfortable life. Muhammad also had a saying "خير الأمور أوسطها" meaning the best choice is the middle ground/golden mean one. In Quran (Chapter 'The Cow', verse number 143) it is said that, "We have made you a balanced, moderate nation".

Quran quotes the example of two groups of people, calling one of them extremely greedy (Chasing the wealth of the world) in Chapter 'The Cow' verse 96 and to the others as inventors of monasticism (over-zealousness in religion) in Chapter Al-Hadeed verse number 27. Islam counsels its followers to abstain from both these paths of extremities and adopt moderation in chasing the world and practicing religion alike.

Not the least the Quran emphasises that the Muslim community ( Umma) is a 'middle nation' / a 'just community' / an Umma justly balanced / a moderate nation / a midmost nation (ummatan wasaTan)  in verse 2-143: a middle between extremism and sloppiness.

Hinduism
Many Hindu texts emphasize middle path. For example in verse 6:16 of Gita warrior Arjuna is told by Krishna that "Yoga is not for one who eats too much, or eats too little, sleeps too much or does not sleep enough.

Rajo guna (Hyper), Satva guna (Balanced) and Tamas (Inactive) are 3 traits of matter. All food, things, feelings, thoughts actions many more are classified under these three.. eons old philosophy.

Modernity
Jacques Maritain, throughout his Introduction to Philosophy (1930), uses the idea of the golden mean to place Aristotelian-Thomist philosophy between the deficiencies and extremes of other philosophers and systems.

Quotations

"In many things the middle have the best / Be mine a middle station." — Phocylides
"When Coleridge tried to define beauty, he returned always to one deep thought; beauty, he said, is unity in variety!  Science is nothing else than the search to discover unity in the wild variety of nature,—or, more exactly, in the variety of our experience.  Poetry, painting, the arts are the same search, in Coleridge's phrase, for unity in variety." — Jacob Bronowski
"…but for harmony beautiful to contemplate, science would not be worth following." — Henri Poincaré.
"If a man finds that his nature tends or is disposed to one of these extremes..., he should turn back and improve, so as to walk in the way of good people, which is the right way.  The right way is the mean in each group of dispositions common to humanity; namely, that disposition which is equally distant from the two extremes in its class, not being nearer to the one than to the other."  — Maimonides
"What is wanted is a balance between extravagance and miserliness through moderation, with the goal of distance between both extremes."  — al-Ghazali

See also
Apatheia
Centrism
Neutrality
The Golden mean in virtue ethics

Argument to moderation (logical fallacy)
Third Way (Politics)
Horseshoe theory
Juste milieu (French political philosophy)
Sweden: the Middle Way

Middle Way (Buddhist analog)
Molinism (Middle Knowledge)
Doctrine of the Mean (Confucian analog)

Golden ratio (golden mean applied to aesthetics, mathematics, geometry)
Mathematical optimization
Goldilocks principle

Notes

References
 Eudemian Ethics, 1233b15
 Laws, 691c, 756e–757a
 Nicomachean Ethics, 1106a–b
 Politics, 1270a and 1271b
 Republic (Plato), 619

Bibliography
The Greek Way, Edith Hamilton, W. W. Norton & Co., NY, 1993.
Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea, Why the Greeks Matter, Thomas Cahill, Nan A. Talese an imprint of Doubleday, NY, 2003.

Pythagorean philosophy
Concepts in ancient Greek ethics
Philosophy of Aristotle

Golden mean (philosophy)


Ludovico Raymond (1825 in Turin – 1898) was an Italian painter.

Biography
He was a resident of Turin, where he trained with Carlo Arienti at the Albertina Academy. Afterwards he traveled through Italy, including a five-year stay in Florence. In 1852 at the Promotrice of Turin, he exhibited: Ovid condemned to exile.  Among other works are L'Ermete; Offering to the domestic Lares; and L'ora del pasto del Dio Apis. Among those depicting Greco-Roman subjects are: La donna greca adultera (Royal Palace Turin); Gli schiavi al Tempio; Nero; Virgil and Octavia Augusta: Le vestali; Ovid exiled at Tomi. Among those depicting Byzantine subjects are: The Iconoclasts and Emperor Justinian. Among those depicting Biblical subjects are: Noah:  Judah; Messa al Monte Carmelo (1880); Relics of Golgotha; The Viaticum (at the Palazzo Reale of Turin); Lo Stipettaio, Holy Family; and Dying Magdalen.  Among those depicting Medieval subjects are: Le spie; Sons of Charlemagne; Mercatanti veneziani; Héloïse and Abelard; Pope Clement VII; Le Fioraje Veneziane alla Feste delle Marie; Doge Nicolò Tron; Gli amanuensi di Monte Cassino; Disquisizioni letterarie in casa di Aldo Manuzio; La Badessa Morosini; King Arduin becomes a Monk; King Desiderius; Dante al Consiglio di San Geminiano, Ricreazione di monache: Emperor Diocletian; ''Antonio Foscarini; and Elisabetta Zeno.

References

1825 births
1898 deaths
Painters from Turin
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Accademia Albertina alumni
Neo-Pompeian painters
19th-century Italian male artists

Ludovico Raymond


Frenchman's Pass is a narrow passage on the island of Aruba, nestled between coral cliffs in Balashi. Frenchman's pass is located north of the area known as Spanish Lagoon and near the remnants of the Balashi Gold Mine.

The legend has it that in the early 17th century, French pirates attempted to invade Aruba but were confronted with fierce resistance from the indigenous people in this narrow passage. This significant encounter left a lasting impact, and as a result, the passage came to be known as Franse Pas in Dutch or Rooi Frances in Papiamento. In English, it translates to "Frenchman Pass".

Many indigenous people were killed during the invasion, and local residents near Frenchman Pass claim to hear haunting cries and noises from the Indians during the evening hours. Some believe that the spirits of the indigenous people awaken, lingering in the Spanish Lagoon area.

Frenchman's Pass is a unique place on the island that captivates the locals. Unlike many ghost stories, which might lack authenticity or serve as mere jokes, this pass plays a significant role in Aruba's folkloric storytelling culture.

References

Geography of Aruba

Frenchman's Pass


Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya (16 May 1902 - 9 May 1999) was an Indian educationist who founded educational institutes in Maharashtra state in India. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan for his service to society in 2000. The Somaiya Vidyavihar educational campus in Mumbai and several colleges in this campus are named after him. He was also an industrialist and founder of Somaiya Group of industries.

Early life and education
Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya, born on 16 May 1902 in the remote village of malunja in shrirampur taluka Ahmednagar district of Bombay Presidency, British India. Karamshi, after completing school at the New High School in Mumbai (now the Bharda New High School) went back to his hometown in Ahmednagar. Karamshi Somaiya engaged in looking after his father's small grocery business, would travel from village to village selling groceries and booking orders.

Business career
In the 1939 Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya launched 2 sugar factories – in Sakarwadi and in Lakshmiwadi to mark the launch of his own sugar business. He soon came to be known as the Sugar King of India. Karamshi became a partner in a leading sugar trading firm of Shobachand Ramnarayan Khatod of Shrirampur in Ahmednagar district. The Deccan canals were commissioned by the Government of India. He was the President of the Deccan Sugar Factories Association, the President of the Deccan Sugar Technologists Association.

Works in education, medical, agriculture
Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya bought a large area of land at Ghatkopar. Karamshibhai laid the foundation for Somaiya Vidyavihar in 1959. In close to four and a half decades it has grown into a large educational complex with 34 institutions catering to diverse fields of education such as Humanities, Engineering, Education, Medicine, Management and Mass Communication, with more than 23,000 students and 1,500 teaching faculty on a 65-acre campus.
Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya established the Girivanavasi Pragati Mandal in 1974 in the tribal area of Dahanu, in Thane District, 110 km from Mumbai. Mandal associated well known surgeons and physicians with the annual eye-cum-medical camps. The Mandal established a training centre and experimental farm for agriculture extension work. Karamshi founded a residential school to cater to the educational needs of children of the migrant tribal population providing free quality instruction. He also built a 40-bed hospital with a resident doctor facility to cater to their health needs.

References

K. J. Somaiya Vocational Training Institute
Somaiya colleges to seek deemed university status
About Karamshi

Businesspeople from Maharashtra
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work
Gujarati people
1902 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Indian educational theorists
20th-century Indian businesspeople
People from Shrirampur
20th-century Indian philanthropists
Businesspeople in the sugar industry
Founders of Indian schools and colleges

Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya


Katie Biber (born 1978) is a well known American lawyer who served as the general counsel for the 2012 Mitt Romney presidential campaign.

In 2004, Biber was an associate counsel to the Bush-Cheney presidential campaign.

During the 2008 presidential cycle, she was general counsel for Mitt Romney's presidential bid from the start of the campaign until it ended in February 2008. During the 2012 Republican primaries, Biber again worked as general counsel.  She was instrumental in handling delegate issues in the intense battle for the Republican presidential nomination. As a key member of the Romney "inner circle," she was also a public face for the Romney campaign on issues such as military voting.

Biber was an associate at the Washington powerhouse lobbying firm Patton Boggs, where she was trained under the well-known Republican attorney Benjamin Ginsberg.

Beginning in 2013, she worked as senior counsel at Airbnb. In August 2015, she became the general counsel of Thumbtack, a local services marketplace backed by Sequoia Capital and Google Capital.

In 2013, Biber was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during Hollingsworth v. Perry case. Biber was named as one of Marie Claire's 50 most influential women in America in 2015.

Biber received her B.A. from George Washington University in 2000 and her J.D. from Harvard Law School in 2004. After law school, she was a law clerk for Judge Timothy Tymkovich on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in Denver, Colorado. She is married and has two young boys.

References

1978 births
21st-century American women lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
American lawyers
George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign
People associated with the 2004 United States presidential election
People associated with the 2008 United States presidential election
People associated with the 2012 United States presidential election

Kathryn Biber


Marine engineering is the engineering of boats, ships, submarines, and any other marine vessel. Here it is also taken to include the engineering of other ocean systems and structures – referred to in certain academic and professional circles as "ocean engineering."

Marine engineering applies a number of engineering sciences, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and computer science, to the development, design, operation and maintenance of watercraft propulsion and ocean systems. It includes but is not limited to power and propulsion plants, machinery, piping, automation and control systems for marine vehicles of any kind, as well as coastal and offshore structures.

History
Archimedes is traditionally regarded as the first marine engineer, having developed a number of marine engineering systems in antiquity. Modern marine engineering dates back to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (early 1700s).

In 1807, Robert Fulton successfully used a steam engine to propel a vessel through the water. Fulton's ship used the engine to power a small wooden paddle wheel as its marine propulsion system. The integration of a steam engine into a watercraft to create a marine steam engine was the start of the marine engineering profession. Only twelve years after Fulton's Clermont had her first voyage, the Savannah marked the first sea voyage from America to Europe. Around 50 years later the steam powered paddle wheels had a peak with the creation of the Great Eastern, which was as big as one of the cargo ships of today, 700 feet in length, weighing 22,000 tons. Paddle steamers would become the front runners of the steamship industry for the next thirty years till the next type of propulsion came around.

Relevance and Scope

here are many ways to become a Mining Engineer, but all include a university or college degree. Primarily, training includes a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in Mining Engineering. Depending on the country and jurisdiction, to be licensed as a mining engineer, a Master's degree; Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Science (M.Sc or M.S.) or Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) may be required. There are also mining engineers who have come from other disciplines, e.g., from engineering fields like Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Geomatics Engineering, Environmental Engineering or from science fields like Geology, Geophysics, Physics, Geomatics, Earth Science, Mathematics, However, this path requires taking a graduate degree such as M.Eng, M.S., M.Sc. or M.A.Sc. in Mining Engineering after graduating from a different quantitative undergraduate program to be qualified as a mining engineer.

The fundamental subjects of mining engineering study usually include:

 Mathematics; Calculus, Algebra, Differential Equations, Numerical Analysis
 Geoscience; Geochemistry, Geophysics, Mineralogy, Geomatics
 Mechanics; Rock mechanics, Soil Mechanics, Geomechanics
 Thermodynamics; Heat Transfer, Work (thermodynamics), Mass Transfer
 Hydrogeology
 Fluid Mechanics; Fluid statics, Fluid Dynamics
 Geostatistics; Spatial Analysis, Statistics
 Control Engineering; Control Theory, Instrumentation
 Surface Mining; Open-pit mining

Related Fields

Naval architecture

In the engineering of seagoing vessels, naval architecture is concerned with the overall design of the ship and its propulsion through the water, while marine engineering ensures that the ship systems function as per the design. Although they have distinctive disciplines, naval architects and marine engineers often work side-by-side.

Ocean engineering (and combination with Marine engineering)

Ocean engineering is concerned with other structures and systems in or adjacent to the ocean, including offshore platforms, coastal structures such as piers and harbors, and other ocean systems such as ocean wave energy conversion and underwater life-support systems. This in fact makes ocean engineering a distinctive field from marine engineering, which is concerned with the design and application of shipboard systems specifically. However, on account of its similar nomenclature and multiple overlapping core disciplines (e.g. hydrodynamics, hydromechanics, and materials science), "ocean engineering" sometimes operates under the umbrella term of "marine engineering," especially in industry and academia outside of the U.S. The same combination has been applied to the rest of this article.

Oceanography

Oceanography is a scientific field concerned with the acquisition and analysis of data to characterize the ocean. Although separate disciplines, marine engineering and oceanography are closely intertwined: marine engineers often use data gathered by oceanographers to inform their design and research, and oceanographers use tools designed by marine engineers (more specifically, oceanographic engineers) to advance their understanding and exploration of the ocean.

Mechanical engineering

Marine engineering incorporates many aspects of mechanical engineering. One manifestation of this relationship lies in the design of shipboard propulsion systems. Mechanical engineers design the main propulsion plant, the powering and mechanization aspects of the ship functions such as steering, anchoring, cargo handling, heating, ventilation, air conditioning interior and exterior communication, and other related requirements. Electrical power generation and electrical power distribution systems are typically designed by their suppliers; the only design responsibility of the marine engineering is installation.

Furthermore, an understanding of mechanical engineering topics such as fluid dynamics, fluid mechanics, linear wave theory, strength of materials, structural mechanics, and structural dynamics is essential to a marine engineer's repertoire of skills. These and other mechanical engineering subjects serve as an integral component of the marine engineering curriculum.

Civil Engineering

Civil engineering concepts play in an important role in many marine engineering projects such as the design and construction of ocean structures, ocean bridges and tunnels, and port/harbor design.

Coastal engineering

Electronics and Robotics
Marine engineering often deals in the fields of electrical engineering and robotics, especially in applications related to employing deep-sea cables and UUVs.

Deep-sea cables
A series of transoceanic fiber optic cables are responsible for connecting much of the world's communication via the internet, carrying as much as 99 percent of total global internet and signal traffic. These cables must be engineered to withstand deep-sea environments that are remote and often unforgiving, with extreme pressures and temperatures as well as potential interference by fishing, trawling, and sea life.

UUV autonomy and networks
The use of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) stands to benefit from the use of autonomous algorithms and networking. Marine engineers aim to learn how advancements in autonomy and networking can be used to enhance existing UUV technologies and facilitate the development of more capable underwater vehicles.

Petroleum Engineering

A knowledge of marine engineering proves useful in the field of petroleum engineering, as hydrodynamics and seabed integration serve as key elements in the design and maintenance of offshore oil platforms.

Marine construction

Marine construction is the process of building structures in or adjacent to large bodies of water, usually the sea. These structures can be built for a variety of purposes, including transportation, energy production, and recreation. Marine construction can involve the use of a variety of building materials, predominantly steel and concrete. Some examples of marine structures include ships, offshore platforms, moorings, pipelines, cables, wharves, bridges, tunnels, breakwaters and docks.

Challenges specific to marine engineering

Hydrodynamic loading
In the same way that civil engineers design to accommodate wind loads on building and bridges, marine engineers design to accommodate a ship or submarine struck by waves millions of times over the course of the vessel's life. These load conditions are also found in marine construction and coastal engineering

Stability
Any seagoing vessel has the constant need for hydrostatic stability. A naval architect, like an airplane designer, is concerned with stability. What makes the naval architect's job unique is that a ship operates in two fluids simultaneously: water and air. Even after a ship has been designed and put to sea, marine engineers face the challenge of balancing cargo, as stacking containers vertically increases the mass of the ship and shifts the center of gravity higher. The weight of fuel also presents a problem, as the pitch of the ship may cause the liquid to shift, resulting in an imbalance. In some vessels, this offset will be counteracted by storing water inside larger ballast tanks. Marine engineers are responsible for the task of balancing and tracking the fuel and ballast water of a ship. Floating offshore structures have similar constraints.

Corrosion
The saltwater environment faced by seagoing vessels makes them highly susceptible to corrosion. In every project, marine engineers are concerned with surface protection and preventing galvanic corrosion. Corrosion can be inhibited through cathodic protection by introducing pieces of metal (e.g. zinc) to serve as a "sacrificial anode" in the corrosion reaction. This causes the metal to corrode instead of the ship's hull. Another way to prevent corrosion is by sending a controlled amount of low DC current through the ship's hull, thereby changing the hull's electrical charge and delaying the onset of electro-chemical corrosion. Similar problems are encountered in coastal and offshore structures.

Anti-fouling
Anti-fouling is the process of eliminating obstructive organisms from essential components of seawater systems. Depending on the nature and location of marine growth, this process is performed in a number of different ways:
Marine organisms may grow and attach to the surfaces of the outboard suction inlets used to obtain water for cooling systems. Electro-chlorination involves running high electrical current through sea water, altering the water's chemical composition to create sodium hypochlorite, purging any bio-matter.
An electrolytic method of anti-fouling involves running electrical current through two anodes (Scardino, 2009). These anodes typically consist of copper and aluminum (or alternatively, iron). The first metal, copper anode, releases its ion into the water, creating an environment that is too toxic for bio-matter. The second metal, aluminum, coats the inside of the pipes to prevent corrosion.
Other forms of marine growth such as mussels and algae may attach themselves to the bottom of a ship's hull. This growth interferes with the smoothness and uniformity of the ship's hull, causing the ship to have a less hydrodynamic shape that causes it to be slower and less fuel-efficient. Marine growth on the hull can be remedied by using special paint that prevents the growth of such organisms.

Pollution control

Sulfur emission

The burning of marine fuels releases harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. Ships burn marine diesel in addition to heavy fuel oil. Heavy fuel oil, being the heaviest of refined oils, releases sulfur dioxide when burned. Sulfur dioxide emissions have the potential to raise atmospheric and ocean acidity causing harm to marine life. However, heavy fuel oil may only be burned in international waters due to the pollution created. It is commercially advantageous due to the cost effectiveness compared to other marine fuels. It is prospected that heavy fuel oil will be phased out of commercial use by the year 2020 (Smith, 2018).

Oil and water discharge

Water, oil, and other substances collect at the bottom of the ship in what is known as the bilge. Bilge water is pumped overboard, but must pass a pollution threshold test of 15 ppm (parts per million) of oil to be discharged. Water is tested and either discharged if clean or recirculated to a holding tank to be separated before being tested again. The tank it is sent back to, the oily water separator, utilizes gravity to separate the fluids due to their viscosity. Ships over 400 gross tons are required to carry the equipment to separate oil from bilge water. Further, as enforced by MARPOL, all ships over 400 gross tons and all oil tankers over 150 gross tons are required to log all oil transfers in an oil record book (EPA, 2011).

Cavitation
Cavitation is the process of forming an air bubble in a liquid due to the vaporization of that liquid cause by an area of low pressure. This area of low pressure lowers the boiling point of a liquid allowing it to vaporize into a gas. Cavitation can take place in pumps, which can cause damage to the impeller that moves the fluids through the system. Cavitation is also seen in propulsion. Low pressure pockets form on the surface of the propeller blades as its revolutions per minute increase (IIMS, 2015). Cavitation on the propeller causes a small but violent implosion which could warp the propeller blade. To remedy the issue, more blades allow the same amount of propulsion force but at a lower rate of revolutions. This is crucial for submarines as the propeller needs to keep the vessel relatively quiet to stay hidden. With more propeller blades, the vessel is able to achieve the same amount of propulsion force at lower shaft revolutions.

Applications
The following categories provide a number of focus areas in which marine engineers direct their efforts.

Arctic Engineering
In designing systems that operate in the arctic (especially scientific equipment such as meteorological instrumentation and oceanographic buoys), marine engineers must overcome an array of design challenges. Equipment must be able to operate at extreme temperatures for prolonged periods of time, often with little to no maintenance. This creates the need for exceptionally temperature-resistant materials and durable precision electronic components.

Coastal Design and Restoration
Coastal engineering applies a mixture of civil engineering and other disciplines to create coastal solutions for areas along or near the ocean. In protecting coastlines from wave forces, erosion, and sea level rise, marine engineers must consider whether they will use a "gray" infrastructure solution - such as a breakwater, culvert, or sea wall made from rocks and concrete - or a "green" infrastructure solution that incorporates aquatic plants, mangroves, and/or marsh ecosystems. It has been found that gray infrastructure costs more to build and maintain, but it may provide better protection against ocean forces in high-energy wave environments. A green solution is generally less expensive and more well-integrated with local vegetation, but may be susceptible to erosion or damage if executed improperly. In many cases engineers will select a hybrid approach that combines elements of both gray and green solutions.

Deep Sea Systems

Life Support
The design of underwater life-support systems such as underwater habitats presents a unique set of challenges requiring a detailed knowledge of pressure vessels, diving physiology, and thermodynamics.

Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Marine engineers may design or make frequent use of unmanned underwater vehicles, which operate underwater without a human aboard. UUVs often perform work in locations which would be otherwise impossible or difficult to access by humans due to a number of environmental factors (e.g. depth, remoteness, and/or temperature). UUVs can be remotely operated by humans, semi-autonomous, or autonomous.

Sensors and instrumentation
The development of oceanographic sciences, subsea engineering and the ability to detect, track and destroy submarines (anti-submarine warfare) required the parallel development of a host of marine scientific instrumentation and sensors. Visible light is not transferred far underwater, so the medium for transmission of data is primarily acoustic. High-frequency sound is used to measure the depth of the ocean, determine the nature of the seafloor, and detect submerged objects. The higher the frequency, the higher the definition of the data that is returned. Sound Navigation and Ranging or SONAR was developed during the First World War to detect submarines, and has been greatly refined through to the present day. Submarines similarly use sonar equipment to detect and target other submarines and surface ships, and to detect submerged obstacles such as seamounts that pose a navigational obstacle. Simple echo-sounders point straight down and can give an accurate reading of ocean depth (or look up at the underside of sea-ice).
More advanced echo sounders use a fan-shaped beam or sound, or multiple beams to derive highly detailed images of the ocean floor. High power systems can penetrate the soil and seabed rocks to give information about the geology of the seafloor, and are widely used in geophysics for the discovery of hydrocarbons, or for engineering survey.
For close-range underwater communications, optical transmission is possible, mainly using blue lasers. These have a high bandwidth compared with acoustic systems, but the range is usually only a few tens of metres, and ideally at night.
As well as acoustic communications and navigation, sensors have been developed to measure ocean parameters such as temperature, salinity, oxygen levels and other properties including nitrate levels, levels of trace chemicals and environmental DNA. The industry trend has been towards smaller, more accurate and more affordable systems so that they can be purchased and used by university departments and small companies as well as large corporations, research organisations and governments. The sensors and instruments are fitted to autonomous and remotely-operated systems as well as ships, and are enabling these systems to take on tasks that hitherto required an expensive human-crewed platform.
Manufacture of marine sensors and instruments mainly takes place in Asia, Europe and North America. Products are advertised in specialist journals, and through Trade Shows such as Oceanology International and Ocean Business which help raise awareness of the products.

Environmental Engineering
In every coastal and offshore project, environmental sustainability is an important consideration for the preservation of ocean ecosystems and natural resources. Instances in which marine engineers benefit from knowledge of environmental engineering include creation of fisheries, clean-up of oil spills, and creation of coastal solutions.

Offshore Systems
A number of systems designed fully or in part by marine engineers are used offshore - far away from coastlines.

Offshore oil platforms
The design of offshore oil platforms involves a number of marine engineering challenges. Platforms must be able to withstand ocean currents, wave forces, and saltwater corrosion while remaining structurally integral and fully anchored into the seabed. Additionally, drilling components must be engineered to handle these same challenges with a high factor of safety to prevent oil leaks and spills from contaminating the ocean.

Offshore wind farms
Offshore wind farms encounter many similar marine engineering challenges to oil platforms. They provide a source of renewable energy with a higher yield than wind farms on land, while encountering less resistance from the general public (see NIMBY).

Ocean wave energy
Marine engineers continue to investigate the possibility of ocean wave energy as a viable source of power for distributed or grid applications. Many designs have been proposed and numerous prototypes have been built, but the problem of harnessing wave energy in a cost-effective manner remains largely unresolved.

Port and Harbor Design
A marine engineer may also deal with the planning, creation, expansion, and modification of port and harbor designs. Harbors can be natural or artificial and protect anchored ships from wind, waves, and currents. Ports can be defined as a city, town, or place where ships are moored, loaded, or unloaded. Ports typically reside within a harbor and are made up of one or more individual terminals that handle a particular cargo including passengers, bulk cargo, or containerized cargo. Marine engineers plan and design various types of marine terminals and structures found in ports, and they must understand the loads imposed on these structures over the course of their lifetime.

Salvage and Recovery
Marine salvage techniques are continuously modified and improved to recover shipwrecks. Marine engineers use their skills to assist at some stages of this process.

Career

Industry
With a diverse engineering background, marine engineers work in a variety of industry jobs across every field of math, science, technology, and engineering. A few companies such as Oceaneering International and Van Oord specialize in marine engineering, while other companies consult marine engineers for specific projects. Such consulting commonly occurs in the oil industry, with companies such as ExxonMobil and BP hiring marine engineers to manage aspects of their offshore drilling projects.

Military
Marine engineering lends itself to a number of military applications – mostly related to the Navy. The United States Navy's Seabees, Civil Engineer Corps, and Engineering Duty Officers often perform work related to marine engineering. Military contractors (especially those in naval shipyards) and the Army Corps of Engineers play a role in certain marine engineering projects as well.

Expected Growth
In 2012, the average annual earnings for marine engineers in the U.S. were $96,140 with average hourly earnings of $46.22. As a field, marine engineering is predicted to grow approximately 12% from 2016 to 2026. Currently, there are about 8,200 naval architects and marine engineers employed, however, this number is expected to increase to 9,200 by 2026 (BLS, 2017). This is due at least in part to the critical role of the shipping industry on the global market supply chain; 80% of the world's trade by volume is done overseas by close to 50,000 ships, all of which require marine engineers aboard and shoreside (ICS, 2017). Additionally, offshore energy continues to grow, and a greater need exists for coastal solutions due to sea level rise.

Education

Maritime universities are dedicated to teaching and training students in maritime professions. Marine engineers generally have a bachelor's degree in marine engineering, marine engineering technology, or marine systems engineering. Practical training is valued by employers alongside the bachelor's degree.

Professional institutions
IMarEST
Society for Underwater Technology
IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society
Marine Engineering and Research Institute
Indian Maritime University
Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA)
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) is a worldwide society that is focused on the advancement of the maritime industry. SNAME was founded in 1893.
American Society of Naval Engineers (ASNE)

Degrees in ocean engineering

A number of institutions - including MIT, UC Berkeley, the U.S. Naval Academy, and Texas A&M University - offer a four-year Bachelor of Science degree specifically in ocean engineering. Accredited programs consist of basic undergraduate math and science subjects such as calculus, statistics, chemistry, and physics; fundamental engineering subjects such as statics, dynamics, electrical engineering, and thermodynamics; and more specialized subjects such as ocean structural analysis, hydromechanics, and coastal management.

Graduate students in ocean engineering take classes on more advanced, in-depth subjects while conducting research to complete a graduate-level thesis. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology offers master's and PhD degrees specifically in ocean engineering. Additionally, MIT co-hosts a joint program with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for students studying ocean engineering and other ocean-related topics at the graduate level.

Journals and Conferences
Journals about ocean engineering include Ocean Engineering, the IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering and the Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering.

Conferences in the field of marine engineering include the IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society's OCEANS Conference and Exposition and the European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC).

Marine Engineering Achievements
The Delta Works is a series of 13 projects designed to protect the Netherlands against flooding from the North Sea. The American Society of Civil Engineers named it one of the "Seven Wonders of the Modern World."
As of April 2021 twenty-two people have descended to Challenger Deep, the lowest point in the Earth's ocean located in the Mariana Trench.
Recovery of Soviet submarine K-219 by a joint team of U.S. Navy and CIA engineers aboard Glomar Explorer.

Notable Marine Engineers

In Industry
Pieter van Oord, CEO of Royal van Oord

In Academia
Michael E. McCormick, Professor Emeritus of the Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at the U.S. Naval Academy and pioneer of wave energy research

In Media and Popular Culture
Marine engineers performed an important role in the clean-up of oil spills such as Exxon Valdez and British Petroleum.
James Cameron's documentary Deepsea Challenge follows the story of the team that built a submersible in which Cameron made the first solo descent to Challenger Deep, the lowest point in the Earth's ocean.

See also

References

Engineering disciplines

Marine engineering


Isabel Mirrow Brown (June 9, 1928 – August 2014) was an American ballerina. A fictionalized version of her life was documented in the 1977 film The Turning Point, in which she was portrayed by Shirley MacLaine, who was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance.

Personal life
She was born in New York City, United States, the daughter of Jewish-Russian immigrant parents Sonia and Alexander "Sasha" Mirrow (1893–1977).

She married dancer Kelly Kingman Brown (1928–1981) and had four children, dancers Leslie Browne and Elizabeth, and sons Kelly Brown II, a film producer, and Ethan Brown, who was a soloist dancer with ABT until 2004. Kelly Brown was from Mississippi and started dancing at a young age, his mother Sue was a dance instructor. He later moved to Chicago to train at the Stone-Camryn School of Ballet. He then moved to New York City to dance with ABT, where he met Isabel. At ABT he worked with Agnes de Mille.

Her husband, Kelly Brown, also was a featured dancer in several Hollywood musical films, including Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, Daddy Long Legs, The Girl Most Likely, and Oklahoma!. On Broadway he was the dance captain for I Can Get It for You Wholesale which starred Barbra Streisand. Nora Kaye, Arthur Laurents, and Herbert Ross also worked on that show and would later collaborate on The Turning Point.

In the 1960s after Kelly and Isabel had aged out of being principal dancers, they moved to Phoenix, Arizona to operate a dance studio. When their daughters auditioned for School of American Ballet in New York, Leslie was chosen, and her sister Elizabeth a year later. The move to Arizona caused a strain in the marriage when Isabel became homesick for her native New York. They divorced a year later and Isabel moved back to New York to watch over her daughters who had begun training there.

Career
Mirrow was a principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre in New York City from 1947 until 1953. Some of her peers she danced with during this time include Svetlana Beriosova, Tamara Toumanova, and Irina Baronova.

In 1945, she danced in the Broadway musical The Day Before Spring. She later became a dance mentor for many aspiring dancers and worked with Finis Jhung's Ballet Company.

The Turning Point
Mirrow was childhood friends with the ballerina Nora Kaye. Their parents had immigrated from Russia to New York City at the same time and lived in the same brownstone apartment building. Kaye was later married to film director Herbert Ross. Nora Kaye was the godmother of the Brown's eldest daughter Leslie, born in 1957.

In the 1970s, a script by Arthur Laurents was developed based on the Brown Family. Shirley Maclaine was cast to play Isabel and originally, the dancer Gelsey Kirkland was cast to play Leslie. Kirkland dropped out of the film due to substance abuse problems, and Ross cast Leslie believing she would be able to portray a fictionalized version of herself in the film.

The film was directed by Herbert Ross and produced by Ross and Kaye. Released in 1977, The Turning Point was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Her daughter Leslie Browne (at age 20) was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and Shirley MacLaine was nominated for playing Leslie's mother. The family name was changed to "Rodgers" for the film. Her daughter Leslie Browne had added an "e" to her name for her stage name, believing it sounded more feminine after being mistaken as male in a playbill. Her other daughter, Elizabeth (Brown) Healy (born 1959), was portrayed in the film by Lisa Lucas with her name changed to "Janina."

References

External links

1928 births
2014 deaths
American ballerinas
Prima ballerinas
Dancers from New York (state)
21st-century American women
20th-century American ballet dancers

Isabel Mirrow Brown


The End is an Irish adult comedy late night television strand on Network Two/RTÉ Two in the Republic of Ireland. It was first broadcast September 1993, and last aired in May 1996.

The End was aired on Friday and Saturday night from 11pm to 2am. RTÉ used this show to test the audience appetite for late night TV. The End was presented by Barry Murphy on Friday nights and by Sean Moncrieff on Saturday nights. The End had a cult following of "drunks and teenagers" who would often ring into the show leaving bizarre late night messages for the presenters. Sean Moncrieff would be joined by a puppet called Septic in later seasons.

Barry Murphy would use The End to launch many of his Apres Match characters such as Frank Stapleton.

Sean Moncrieff would get a new chat show on RTÉ One called Good Grief Moncrieff, however this was not a success due in part to the conservative and mainstream RTÉ One audience. Later he would go on to present the RTÉ Two series Don't Feed the Gondolas.

Format
Barry Murphy presented Friday Nights with a mix of his surreal comedy and introductions to the classic BBC comedy series The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin and the US sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun.

Sean Moncrieff presented Saturday Nights with a mix of interviews and introductions to classic BBC comedy series Fawlty Towers and Yes, Minister.

Colin Murnane who had moved on from RTÉ young people's JMTV and Plastic Orange, appeared on both nights as a reporter.

History
The End would help to launch the careers of its two presenters, Sean Moncrieff now hosts his own daytime radio show on Newstalk, while Barry Murphy continues to be a very successful Irish comedian, while also starring in and writing Apres Match for RTÉ Sport.

The End's reporter Colin Murnane had appeared first on RTÉ's youth show JMTV moved to London to present for TCC, BBC, Sky1 and others, and to forge a career as one of the most successful Irish voice-overs in Soho.

It would also begin RTÉ's 24-hour services, up to this point both RTÉ One and Two aired until about midnight each night. The Network Two Night Shift strand would ultimately take over from The End. Night Shift would use the catchphrase "2 until 2" noting that Network Two would be on the air until 2am. Each night would have a specific theme, Sci-Fi on Mondays with shows like Stargate: SG1, Crime on Tuesdays with shows like Millennium and Profiler etc.

External links
 http://www.poolbeg.com/authors/moncrieff_sean.htm
 http://www.londonspeakerbureau.ie/barry_murphy.aspx

1993 Irish television series debuts
1996 Irish television series endings
Irish comedy television shows
RTÉ original programming

The End (Irish TV programme)


Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infection caused by a group of enteroviruses. It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell. This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister, on the hands, feet and mouth and occasionally buttocks and groin. Signs and symptoms normally appear 3–6 days after exposure to the virus. The rash generally resolves on its own in about a week. Fingernail and toenail loss may occur a few weeks later, but they will regrow with time.

The viruses that cause HFMD are spread through close personal contact, through the air from coughing and the feces of an infected person. Contaminated objects can also spread the disease. Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause, and enterovirus 71 is the second-most common cause. Other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible. Some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease. Other animals are not involved. Diagnosis can often be made based on symptoms. Occasionally, a throat or stool sample may be tested for the virus.

Most people with hand, foot, and mouth disease get better on their own in 7 to 10 days. Most cases require no specific treatment. No antiviral medication or vaccine is available, but development efforts are underway. For fever and for painful mouth sores, over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen may be used, though aspirin should be avoided in children. The illness is usually not serious. Occasionally, intravenous fluids are given to children who are dehydrated. Very rarely, viral meningitis or encephalitis may complicate the disease. Because HFMD is normally mild, some jurisdictions allow children to continue to go to child care and schools as long as they have no fever or uncontrolled drooling with mouth sores, and as long as they feel well enough to participate in classroom activities.

HFMD occurs in all areas of the world. It often occurs in small outbreaks in nursery schools or kindergartens. Large outbreaks have been occurring in Asia since 1997. It usually occurs during the spring, summer and fall months. Typically it occurs in children less than five years old but can occasionally occur in adults. HFMD should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease (also known as hoof-and-mouth disease), which mostly affects livestock.

Signs and symptoms

Common constitutional signs and symptoms of the HFMD include fever, nausea, vomiting, feeling tired, generalized discomfort, loss of appetite, and irritability in infants and toddlers. Skin lesions frequently develop in the form of a rash of flat discolored spots and bumps which may be followed by vesicular sores with blisters on palms of the hands, soles of the feet, buttocks, and sometimes on the lips. The rash is rarely itchy for children, but can be extremely itchy for adults. Painful facial ulcers, blisters, or lesions may also develop in or around the nose or mouth. HFMD usually resolves on its own after 7–10 days. Most cases of the disease are relatively harmless, but complications including encephalitis, meningitis, and paralysis that mimics the neurological symptoms of polio can occur.

Cause
The viruses that cause the disease are of the Picornaviridae family. Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause of HFMD. Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is the second-most common cause. Many other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible.

Transmission
HFMD is highly contagious and is transmitted by nasopharyngeal secretions such as saliva or nasal mucus, by direct contact, or by fecal–oral transmission. It is possible to be infectious for days to weeks after the symptoms have resolved.

Child care settings are the most common places for HFMD to be contracted because of toilet training, diaper changes, and the fact that children often put their hands into their mouths. HFMD is contracted through nose and throat secretions such as saliva, sputum, nasal mucus and as well as fluid in blisters, and stool.

Diagnosis
A diagnosis usually can be made by the presenting signs and symptoms alone. If the diagnosis is unclear, a throat swab or stool specimen may be taken to identify the virus by culture. The common incubation period (the time between infection and onset of symptoms) ranges from three to six days. Early detection of HFMD is important in preventing an outbreak in the pediatric population.

Prevention
Preventive measures include avoiding direct contact with infected individuals (including keeping infected children home from school), proper cleaning of shared utensils, disinfecting contaminated surfaces, and proper hand hygiene. These measures have been shown to be effective in decreasing the transmission of the viruses responsible for HFMD.

Protective habits include hand washing and disinfecting surfaces in play areas. Breast-feeding has also shown to decrease rates of severe HFMD, though does not reduce the risk for the infection of the disease.

Vaccine
A vaccine known as the EV71 vaccine is available to prevent HFMD in China .  No vaccine is currently available in the United States.

Treatment
Medications are usually not needed as hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral disease that typically resolves on its own. Currently, there is no specific curative treatment for hand, foot and mouth disease. Disease management typically focuses on achieving symptomatic relief. Pain from the sores may be eased with the use of analgesic medications. Infection in older children, adolescents, and adults is typically mild and lasts approximately 1 week, but may occasionally run a longer course. Fever reducers can help decrease body temperature.

A minority of individuals with hand, foot and mouth disease may require hospital admission due to complications such as inflammation of the brain, inflammation of the meninges, or acute flaccid paralysis. Non-neurologic complications such as inflammation of the heart, fluid in the lungs, or bleeding into the lungs may also occur.

Complications
Complications from the viral infections that cause HFMD are rare, but require immediate medical treatment if present. HFMD infections caused by Enterovirus 71 tend to be more severe and are more likely to have neurologic or cardiac complications including death than infections caused by Coxsackievirus A16. Viral or aseptic meningitis can occur with HFMD in rare cases and is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, or back pain.  The condition is usually mild and clears without treatment; however, hospitalization for a short time may be needed. Other serious complications of HFMD include encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or flaccid paralysis in rare circumstances.

Fingernail and toenail loss have been reported in children 4–8 weeks after having HFMD. The relationship between HFMD and the reported nail loss is unclear; however, it is temporary and nail growth resumes without treatment.

Minor complications due to symptoms can occur such as dehydration, due to mouth sores causing discomfort with intake of foods and fluid.

Epidemiology
Hand, foot and mouth disease most commonly occurs in children under the age of 10 and more often under the age of 5, but it can also affect adults with varying symptoms. It tends to occur in outbreaks during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. This is believed to be due to heat and humidity improving spread. HFMD is more common in rural areas than urban areas; however, socioeconomic status and hygiene levels need to be considered. Poor hygiene is a risk factor for HFMD.

Outbreaks
 In 1997, an outbreak occurred in Sarawak of Malaysia with 600 cases and over 30 children died.
 In 1998, there was an outbreak in Taiwan, affecting mainly children. There were 405 severe complications, and 78 children died. The total number of cases in that epidemic is estimated to have been 1.5 million.
 In 2008 an outbreak in China, beginning in March in Fuyang, Anhui, led to 25,000 infections, and 42 deaths, by May 13. Similar outbreaks were reported in Singapore (more than 2,600 cases as of April 20, 2008), Vietnam (2,300 cases, 11 deaths), Mongolia (1,600 cases), and Brunei (1053 cases from June–August 2008)
 In 2009 17 children died in an outbreak during March and April 2009 in China's eastern Shandong Province, and 18 children died in the neighboring Henan Province. Out of 115,000 reported cases in China from January to April, 773 were severe and 50 were fatal.
 In 2010 in China, an outbreak occurred in southern China's Guangxi Autonomous Region as well as Guangdong, Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces. Until March, 70,756 children were infected and 40 died from the disease. By June, the peak season for the disease, 537 had died.
 The World Health Organization reporting between January and October 2011 (1,340,259) states the number of cases in China had dropped by approx 300,000 from 2010 (1,654,866) cases, with new cases peaking in June. There were 437 deaths, down from 2010 (537 deaths).
 In December 2011, the California Department of Public Health identified a strong form of the virus, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6), where nail loss in children is common.
 In 2012 in Alabama, United States there was an outbreak of an unusual type of the disease. It occurred in a season when it is not usually seen and affected teenagers and older adults.  There were some hospitalizations due to the disease but no reported deaths.
 In 2012 in Cambodia, 52 of 59 reviewed cases of children reportedly dead () due to a mysterious disease were diagnosed to be caused by a virulent form of HFMD. Although a significant degree of uncertainty exists with reference to the diagnosis, the WHO report states, "Based on the latest laboratory results, a significant proportion of the samples tested positive for enterovirus 71 (EV-71), which causes hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The EV-71 virus has been known to generally cause severe complications amongst some patients."
 HFMD infected 1,520,274 people with up to 431 deaths reported at the end of July in 2012 in China.
 In 2018, more than 50,000 cases have occurred through a nationwide outbreak in Malaysia with two deaths also reported.

India 2022
An outbreak of an illness referred to as tomato fever or tomato flu was identified in the Kollam district on May 6, 2022. The illness is endemic to Kerala, India and gets its name because of the red and round blisters it causes, which look like tomatoes. The disease may be a new variant of the viral HFMD or an effect of chikungunya or dengue fever. Flu may be a misnomer.

The condition mainly affects children under the age of five. An article in The Lancet states that the appearance of the blisters is similar to that seen in monkey pox, and the illness is not thought to be related to SARS-CoV-2. Symptoms, treatment and prevention are similar to HFMD.

History
HFMD cases were first described clinically in Canada and New Zealand in 1957. The disease was termed "Hand Foot and Mouth Disease", by Thomas Henry Flewett, after a similar outbreak in 1960.

Research
Novel antiviral agents to prevent and treat infection with the viruses responsible for HFMD are currently under development. Preliminary studies have shown inhibitors of the EV-71 viral capsid to have potent antiviral activity.

References

External links

Enterovirus-associated diseases
Oral mucosal pathology
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate
Virus-related cutaneous conditions

Hand, foot, and mouth disease


Silas Halsey (October 17, 1743 N.S. – November 19, 1832) was a United States representative from New York.

Born October 6, 1743 (Old Style) / October 17, 1743 (New Style) in Southampton, he attended the public schools and studied medicine at Elizabethtown, New Jersey (later Elizabeth.) He returned to Southampton and practiced medicine from 1764 to 1776; he then resided three years in Killingworth, Connecticut during the American Revolutionary War, when he again returned to Southampton. He was undersheriff of Suffolk County from 1784 to 1787, and was sheriff from 1787 to 1792. He moved to Herkimer County in 1793 and settled in what is now the town of Lodi and continued the practice of medicine. He also erected and operated a grist mill.

Halsey was supervisor of the Town of Ovid from 1794 to 1804, and was a member of the New York State Assembly from Onondaga County in 1797 and 1798 and from Cayuga County in 1800, 1801, 1803, and 1804. He was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1801, and was clerk of Seneca County from 1804 to 1813 and in 1815. Halsey was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Ninth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1805 to March 4, 1807. He was a member of the New York State Senate in 1808 and 1809, and engaged in farming. He died at Lodi in 1832; interment was in Old Halsey Cemetery, South Lodi.

Jehiel Howell Halsey and Nicoll Halsey, both sons of Silas Halsey, were also Representatives from New York.

References

External links

1743 births
1832 deaths
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) state senators
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
People from Southampton (town), New York
People from Lodi, New York
People from Ovid, New York

Silas Halsey