Larry Spencer (December 21, 1941—March 14, 2022) is a Baptist pastor in Canada, and former Member of Parliament (MP) for the Saskatchewan riding of Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre. He later served as interim national president of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada.

Biography
Spencer was born in Stockton, Missouri, United States, in 1942.  He worked in Kansas City, Missouri, for Hallmark Cards after graduating from Sheldon High School. He left Hallmark after eight years, and in 1967 worked as a farm hand. He moved to Canada in 1974, after responding to a request to come to Saskatchewan as a church planner for the Regina, Saskatchewan, area. He established Discovery Baptist Church in Regina in 1978 and now assists at Calvary Baptist Church in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, where he now resides.

He is married to Sue Brown, whom he met in high school.

Member of Parliament
He was first elected as candidate of Canadian Alliance in the 2000 federal election. He was appointed family issues critic for the CA caucus, but was later suspended from the caucus for his controversial remarks. When the CA merged into the new Conservative Party of Canada, he did not join the caucus of the new party, and thus became an independent. He sought re-election in the 2004 federal election as an independent conservative, but lost.

Views on homosexuality
In late November 2003, Spencer caused controversy in Canada by Vancouver Sun reporter Peter O'Neil when he said that he would support any initiative to outlaw homosexuality. He stated that in the 1960s, a "well-orchestrated" conspiracy began and led to recent successes in the gay rights movement. This conspiracy, he further said, included seducing and recruiting young boys in playgrounds and locker rooms, and deliberately infiltrating North America's schools, judiciaries, entertainment industries, and religious communities. According to him, this conspiracy started with a speech given by a U.S. gay rights activist in the 1960s whose name he could not remember. Spencer stated:
His quote went something like this ... "We will seduce your sons in the locker rooms, in the gymnasiums, in the hallways, in the playgrounds, and on and on, in this land." It was quite a long quote stating what was going to happen to the young boys of North America.

Spencer further blamed former Canadian prime-minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau for the "movement" gaining public acceptance since he legalized homosexuality in Canada in 1969.  He mentioned that although no government would have the courage to strike down these laws, and that he would support any initiative that advocated such a move.

He also feared that "Polygamy is next on the list. More than one [spouse] ... We'll see that within the next very, very few years. Pedophilia is being pursued as we speak ... Some will say down to an eight-year-old, they think it's OK."

He believed that gay people can rid themselves of homosexuality if they put their minds to it.

As a result of his comments, Spencer was stripped of his job as family issues critic by Canadian Alliance leader Stephen Harper on November 27, 2003. He also temporarily removed himself from the party's caucus, and apologized "completely and without reservation" for his remarks.

He has written a book, Sacrificed: Truth or Politics telling of his experience as an MP and how he was treated by the Canadian Alliance and the Canadian press.

References

 Gay acts should be illegal: Alliance MP by Peter O'Neil, Vancouver Sun
 Party must include social conservatives: Harper from the Canadian Press, November 27, 2003.
 Open Canada's Post 1901 Census Records, Correspondence to/from Canadian Ministers of Parliament – The Global Gazette from globalgenealogy.com.

External links

1942 births
Living people
Canadian Alliance MPs
Canadian clergy
Canadian people of English descent
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan
American emigrants to Canada
People from Stockton, Missouri
21st-century Canadian politicians

Larry Spencer


George Stone (1708 – 19 December 1764) was the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh (Primate of All Ireland) from 1747 to his death.

Advancement

Born in London, the son of Andrew Stone, a London goldsmith. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. Having taken holy orders, his advancement in the Church was very rapid, mainly through the influence of his older brother Andrew Stone. Andrew's connections with George II made him able to promote the preferment of his brother George, who went to Ireland as chaplain to Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset when that nobleman became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1731.

In 1733 Stone was made Dean of Ferns, and in the following year he exchanged this deanery for that of Derry. In 1740 he became Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin, in 1743 Bishop of Kildare, in 1745 Bishop of Derry, and in 1747 Archbishop of Armagh. During the two years that he occupied the See of Kildare he was also Dean of Christ Church, Dublin.

Primate of All Ireland

From the moment that he became Primate of All Ireland, Stone proved himself more a politician than an ecclesiastic. "He was said to have been selfish, worldly-minded, ambitious and ostentatious; and he was accused, though very probably falsely, of gross private vice."  His aim was to secure political power, a desire which brought him into conflict with Henry Boyle, the Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, who had organized a formidable opposition to the government. The Duke of Dorset's reappointment to the Lord Lieutenancy in 1751, with his son Lord George Sackville as Chief Secretary for Ireland, strengthened the primate's position and enabled him to triumph over the popular party on the constitutional question as to the right of the Irish House of Commons to dispose of surplus Irish revenue, which the government maintained was the property of the Crown.

When Dorset was replaced by the Duke of Devonshire in 1755, Boyle was raised to the peerage as Earl of Shannon and received a pension, and other members of the opposition also obtained pensions or places; and the archbishop, finding himself excluded from power, went into opposition to the government in alliance with John Ponsonby. These two, afterwards joined by the primate's old rival Lord Shannon, and usually supported by the Earl of Kildare, regained control of affairs in 1758, during the viceroyalty of the Duke of Bedford. In the same year, Stone wrote a remarkable letter, preserved in the Bedford Correspondence (ii. 357), in which he speaks very despondingly of the material condition of Ireland and the distress of the people. The archbishop was one of the "undertakers" who controlled the Irish House of Commons, and although he did not regain the almost dictatorial power he had exercised at an earlier period, which had suggested a comparison between him and Cardinal Wolsey, he continued to enjoy a prominent share in the administration of Ireland until his death, which occurred in London on 19 December 1764. According to Horace Walpole, his death was due to ruining his constitution by an excess of food and alcohol.

Historical observations

Although this "much-abused prelate," as Lecky calls him, was a firm supporter of the English government in Ireland, he was far from being a man of tyrannical or intolerant disposition. It was due to his influence that in the anti-tithe disturbances in Ulster in 1763 the government acted with conspicuous moderation, and that the movement was suppressed with very little bloodshed. He constantly favoured a policy of conciliation towards the Roman Catholics, whose loyalty he defended at different periods of his career both in his speeches in the Irish House of Lords and in his correspondence with ministers in London. Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield told him that he was the only man with the political skills to rule Ireland, but in a dig at his irregular private life, said that it would help if he became a clergyman.

Archbishop Stone, who never married, was a man of remarkably handsome appearance; and his manners were "eminently seductive and insinuating". Richard Cumberland, who was struck by the "Polish magnificence" of the primate, speaks in the highest terms of his courage, tact, and qualities as a popular leader. Horace Walpole, who gives a generally unfavourable picture of his private character, acknowledges that Stone possessed "abilities seldom to be matched", and gives him credit for charity, generosity and an absence of malice; and he had the distinction of being mentioned by David Hume as one of the only two men of mark who had perceived merit in that author's History of England on its first appearance. He was himself the author of several volumes of sermons which were published during his lifetime.

Notes

References
Richard Mant, History of the Church of Ireland, vol. ii. (London, 1840)
J. A. Froude, English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (3 vols., London, 1872–1874)
W. E. H. Lecky, History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (5 vols., London, 1892)
J. R. O'Flanagan, Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland (2 vols., London, 1870).
Richard Cumberland, Memoirs (London, 1806)
Francis Hardy, Memoirs of the earl of Charlemont (2 vols., 2nd. ed., London, 1812)
Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George II. (3 vols., London, 1846)
Bedford Correspondence (3 vols., London, 1842–1846)
Correspondence of Chatham (4 vols., London, 1838–1840).

1708 births
1764 deaths
18th-century Anglican archbishops
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Irish House of Lords
Deans of Derry
Deans of Ferns
Deans of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin
Anglican archbishops of Armagh
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Bishops of Ferns and Leighlin
Anglican bishops of Kildare
Anglican bishops of Derry
British expatriate archbishops

George Stone (bishop)


Berni Julian Alder (September 9, 1925 – September 7, 2020) was a German-born American physicist specialized in statistical mechanics, and a pioneer of computational modelling of matter.

Biography
Alder was born in Duisburg, Prussia, in September 1925, to Jewish parents, a chemist and a homemaker. After the Nazis came to power, the family moved to Zurich, Switzerland. Fearing an invasion by Nazi Germany after the outbreak of World War II, the family applied for a visa to the United States, which was granted in 1941. They left by sealed train from neutral Switzerland to (formally neutral) Spain, then to Portugal, where they took a ship to the US. Following a stint in the US Navy after US entry into the war, he obtained a BSc in chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley and a master's degree in chemical engineering from the same institution in 1947. He went to the California Institute of Technology to study under John Gamble Kirkwood for his PhD in 1948 and worked for the investigation of phase transitions in hard-sphere gas with Stan Frankel, where he got the idea to use the Monte Carlo method. After he finished at Caltech in 1952, he went to Berkeley and worked part-time at Berkeley to teach chemistry and part-time as a consultant under the suggestion of Edward Teller in the nuclear weapons program for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to help with the equations of state. In collaboration with Thomas Everett Wainwright, and Mary Ann Mansigh, he developed techniques for molecular dynamics simulation in the mid-1950s, including the liquid-solid phase transition for hard sphere and the velocity autocorrelations function decay in liquids.

Alder, along with Teller, was one of the founders of the Department of Applied Science in 1963.  He was a professor of applied science at the University of California at Davis, and later professor emeritus.

In 2001, he was awarded the Boltzmann Medal for inventing technique of molecular dynamics simulation.

He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008. In 2009, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

Alder was a Guggenheim Fellow. He was the editor of the book series Methods in Computational Physics and the founder of the magazine Computing.

Alder died on September 7, 2020, of heart failure.

References

External links
 An Interview with Bernie Alder by George Michael, Stories of the Development of Large Scale Scientific Computing at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
 Berni J. Alder CECAM Prize
 Oral History interview transcript for Berni Alder on 18 June 1990, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

1925 births
2020 deaths
21st-century American physicists
American people of German-Jewish descent
California Institute of Technology alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
Scientific computing researchers
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
University of California, Davis faculty
German emigrants to Switzerland

Berni Alder


Acer miaotaiense (syn. Acer miyabei subsp. miaotaiense (P.C.Tsoong) E.Murray) is a species of maple endemic to China. It grows in mixed forests of southeastern Gansu, southwestern Henan, northwestern Hubei, southern Shaanxi, and Zhejiang.

It is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 25 m tall, with rough, grey-brown bark. The leaves are three-lobed, 4–9 cm long and 5–8 cm broad, with a 6–7 cm long petiole; the petiole bleeds white latex if cut. The flowers are produced in spring at the same time as the leaves open, yellow-green, in erect corymbs. The fruit is a samara with two winged seeds aligned at 180°, each seed 8 mm wide, flat, with a 2 cm wing.

It is closely related to Acer miyabei from Japan, and Acer campestre from Europe. It is a rare tree, considered "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

References

miaotaiense
Trees of China
Endemic flora of China
Near threatened plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Acer miaotaiense


Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It has many possible causes. The main causes are drinking too much alcohol, or using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (also known as NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen for too long.  Sometimes gastritis starts after major surgery, serious injury, burns, or infections.  People who have had weight loss surgery may also get gastritis.  Long term causes are infection with bacteria, mainly Helicobacter pylori.  Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic bile reflux, stress and certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well.  The most common symptom is abdominal pain. Other symptoms are indigestion, abdominal bloating, nausea, and vomiting.  Some may have a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen.  A gastroscopy, blood test, complete blood count test, or a faeces test may be used to diagnose gastritis.  Treatment includes taking antacids or other medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods.  For those with pernicious anemia, B12 injections are given.

References

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system

Gastritis


Charles Wesley Brashares (1891–1982) was an American bishop of The Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1944.

Charles was born 31 March 1891 in Williamsport, Ohio, the son of Isaiah Mark and Clara Emma (McBroom) Brashares. Charles married Julia Estelle Merrill 20 December 1916. They had the following children:  Charles Merrill, Wesley Emerson and Robert Mark. Wesley followed his father into ordained ministry, becoming a pastor in the Northwest Indiana Annual Conference of The Methodist Church. He then became the editor of the Hoosier Methodist newspaper. Charles Wesley Brashares earned the A.B. degree from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1914. He then earned the S.T.B. degree from the Boston University School of Theology in 1917. He did further graduate study at Harvard University and Boston University, 1917-18.

Charles Wesley Brashares was ordained elder and became a Member in Full Connection of the Maine Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1917. He served the following appointments as pastor:  the Orient Heights Methodist Church in East Boston, 1916–18; Gorham, Maine, 1918–20; Newton, Massachusetts 1920-22; the Grace Methodist Church in Dayton, Ohio, 1922–34; and First Methodist Church in Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1934-44.

The Rev. Dr. Charles Wesley Brashares was elected to the episcopacy of The Methodist Church by the 1944 North Central Jurisdictional Conference. He was assigned the Des Moines episcopal area. His offices were at 302 Old Colony Building, Des Moines, Iowa. In 1952 he became resident bishop of the Chicago Area.

Brashares received a number of honorary degrees. In 1927 Ohio Wesleyan University conferred upon Rev. Brashares the degree Doctor of Divinity. Bishop Brashares received the LL.D. degree in 1945 from Cornell College. Boston University awarded the LL.D. in 1948. Simpson College gave the Doctor of Humane Letters in 1950. And Iowa Wesleyan College conferred the Doctor of Litt. in 1951.

References

 Methodism:  Ohio Area (1812-1962), edited by John M. Versteeg, Litt.D., D.D. (Ohio Area Sesquicentennial Committee, 1962).
 Who's Who in Methodism, Dr. Elmer T. Clark, Editor-in-Chief, Chicago:  The A.N. Marquis Co., 1952.

See also
 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
1891 births
1982 deaths
Harvard University alumni
People from Dayton, Ohio
Boston University School of Theology alumni
United Methodist bishops of the North Central Jurisdiction
Clergy from Des Moines, Iowa
People from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Religious leaders from Chicago
Editors of Christian publications
20th-century American clergy

Charles Wesley Brashares


Dr. Cayetano Coll y Toste  (November 30, 1850 – November 19, 1930), was a Puerto Rican historian and writer. He was the patriarch of a prominent family of Puerto Rican educators, politicians and writers.

Early years
Coll y Toste was born in the city of Arecibo, Puerto Rico where he received his primary and secondary education. In 1863, he entered the Jesuits' Seminary College in San Juan from where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in Philosophy in 1868. In 1872, Coll y Toste went to Barcelona, Spain and enrolled in the "School of Medicine" of the University of Barcelona. From here he graduated as a "Doctor in Medicine and Surgery" in 1872. During his stay in Spain, he was able to study historical documents relating to Puerto Rico which he later found to be useful to him.

Historian
In 1874, Coll y Toste returned to the island where he set up his own medical practice in Arecibo. In 1891, he was named director of the Catholic Hospital of Arecibo. In his free time, he developed both a love of and an interest in literature. Not only did he become interested in investigating the history of Puerto Rico, but, he also took an active interest in the island's politics and was the founder and director of a publication called "El Ramillete". He also collaborated with the "Revista Puertorriqueña" (Puerto Rican Review), "La Semana Politica" (Political Weekly) and "Plumas Amigas" (Pen Pals).

Political activity

In 1897, a year before the Spanish–American War, Coll y Toste was Sub-Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce and was named Regional Governor of Northern Puerto Rico by the Spanish Crown. After the war, Coll y Toste was named Civil Secretary and in 1900 Commissioner of the Interior by General Davis the military governor appointed by the United States. He held the position of Secretary of the Government and he also became a delegate to Puerto Rico's House of Representatives. In 1913 Coll y Toste was named Official Historian of Puerto Rico, preceded by Salvador Brau. Among Coll y Toste's other civil positions were the Presidency of the Puerto Rican Historical Academy and of the Ateneo Puertorriqueño.

Written works
Among his many written works are:
 El Boletin Historico de Puerto Rico (Historical Bulletin of Puerto Rico)
 Cronicas de Arecibo (Arecibo Annals)
 Leyendas y Tradiciones Puertorriqueñas (Puerto Rican Legends and Traditions)

His research into the history of Puerto Rico gave people an insight into the island from the time of the Taínos up until 1927. One of his works, The Indo-Antillean Vocabulary, is valuable in understanding the way of life of the Taínos. His works are required reading in Puerto Rican high schools and universities.

Later years

Coll y Toste was married to Adela, daughter of José Cuchí y Arnau former mayor of Arecibo. Together they had six children, among them José Coll y Cuchí, who founded the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and Cayetano Coll y Cuchí, who was a President of Puerto Rico House of Representatives.

Spain bestowed upon Coll y Toste the title of "Comendador de la Real Orden Americana de Isabel la Catolica" (Knight of the American Royal Order of Isabel the Catholic) and the Government of Venezuela honored Coll y Toste with the title of "Caballero de la Orden de Bolivar" (Knight of the Order of Bolivar). Cayetano Coll y Toste died on November 19, 1930 in the City of Madrid. His granddaughter, Isabel Cuchí Coll, who was an author and the director of the "Sociedad de Autores Puertorriqueños" (Society of Puerto Rican Authors), published his work "Historia de la esclavitud en Puerto Rico (información y documentos)" (History of Slavery in Puerto Rico (documents and information)) in 1972.

Family
Coll y Toste was also the patriarch of a Puerto Rican family of educators, politicians and writers. Besides his granddaughter, Isabel Cuchí Coll, both Coll y Toste's sons were politicians. José Coll y Cuchí was the founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and Cayetano Coll y Cuchí, was a President of Puerto Rico House of Representatives. Another grand daughter, Edna Coll, was an educator and author. She was one of the founders of the Academy of Fine Arts in Puerto Rico, and his grandson, Cayetano Coll y Pujol was a prominent attorney and judge in Puerto Rico. His great-grandson, (Edna's son), Jose "Fufi" Santori Coll was a former BSN basketball player, coach and television sportscaster. Another great-grandson, Eduardo Morales Coll was also President of the Ateneo, President of the Institute of Puerto Rican Literature, Academic of the Puerto Rican Academy of the Spanish Language and also an Academic of the Puerto Rican Academy of Arts and Sciences and a University professor of Law, History of Puerto Rico and of Cultural Anthropology.

Legacy
Puerto Rico has honored his memory by naming many public buildings and an avenue after him. The government named the public Arecibo regional hospital Hospital Regional Cayetano Coll y Toste.

See also

 List of Puerto Ricans
 Arasibo

Note

References

External links
 Biografías - Cayetano Coll y Toste at www.zonai.com
 Selección de Leyendas puertorriqueñas by Cayetano Coll y Toste, online in the Digital Library of the Caribbean

1850 births
1930 deaths
People from Arecibo, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican people of Catalan descent
People from Spanish Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican people of Irish descent
20th-century Puerto Rican politicians
20th-century Puerto Rican historians
Historians of Puerto Rico
University of Barcelona alumni
19th-century Puerto Rican historians

Cayetano Coll y Toste


In theoretical computer science, a pointer machine is an atomistic abstract computational machine whose storage structure is a graph. A pointer algorithm could also be an algorithm restricted to the pointer machine model.

Some particular types of pointer machines are called a linking automaton, a KU-machine, an SMM, an atomistic LISP machine, a tree-pointer machine, etc.

Pointer machines do not have arithmetic instructions. Computation proceeds only by reading input symbols, modifying and doing various tests on its storage structure—the pattern of nodes and pointers, and outputting symbols based on the tests. In this sense, the model is similar to the Turing machine.

Types of "pointer machines"

Both Gurevich and Ben-Amram list a number of very similar "atomistic" models of "abstract machines"; Ben-Amram believes that the "atomistic models" must be distinguished from "high-level" models. The following atomistic models will be presented below:

 Schönhage's storage modification machines (SMM),
 Kolmogorov–Uspenskii machines (KUM or KU-Machines).

Ben-Amram also presents the following varieties, not further discussed in this article:
 Atomistic pure-LISP machine (APLM)
 Atomistic full-LISP machine (AFLM),
 General atomistic pointer machines,
 Jone's I language (two types).

Schönhage's storage modification machine (SMM) model
The following presentation follows van Emde Boas.<ref name="vEB">Peter van Emde Boas, Machine Models and Simulations pp. 3–66 in: Jan van Leeuwen, ed. "Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Volume A: Algorithms and Complexity, The MIT PRESS/Elsevier, 1990.  (volume A).</ref>

The machine consists of a fixed alphabet of input symbols, a fixed program, and a mutable directed graph with its arrows labelled by alphabet symbols. The graph is the machine's storage. Each node of the graph has exactly one outgoing arrow labelled with each symbol, although some of these may loop back into the original node. One fixed node of the graph is identified as the start or "active" node.

Each word of symbols in the alphabet can then be translated to a pathway through the machine; for example, 10011 would translate to taking edge 1 from the start node, then edge 0 from the resulting node, then edge 0, then edge 1, then edge 1. Thus a word identifies a node, the final node of the path, but this identification will change as the graph changes during the computation.

The machine can receive instructions which change the layout of the graph. The basic instructions are:

(1) new w instruction, which creates a new node at the end of the path w, with all its edges directed to the next-to-last node in w.
(2) set w to v instruction which (re)directs an edge to a different node. Here w and v represent words. The instruction results in changing the destination of the last edge in the path w.

(3) If v = w then instruction z : Conditional instruction that compares two paths represented by words w and v to see if they end at the same node; if so jump to instruction z else continue. This instruction serves the same purpose as the if command in any imperative programming language.

(4) read and write instructions for input/output, accessing a read-only input tape and a write-only output tape, both containing symbols of the alphabet.

Knuth noted that the SMM model coincides with a type of "linking automaton" briefly explained in volume one of The Art of Computer Programming.

 Kolmogorov–Uspenskii machine (KU-machine) model

KUM differs from SMM in allowing only invertible pointers: for every pointer from a node x to a node y, an inverse pointer from y to x must be present, labeled by the same symbol. In other words, the storage graph is undirected. Since outgoing pointers must be labeled by distinct symbols of the alphabet, both KUM and SMM graphs have O(1) outdegree. However, KUM pointers' invertibility restricts the in-degree to O(1), as well. This addresses some concerns for physical (as opposite to purely informational) realism.

There are other, minor differences between the models, such as the form of the program - a state table instead of a list of instructions.

 Considerations regarding the pointer-machine model
Use of the model in complexity theory:
van Emde Boas (1990) expresses concern that this form of abstract model is:
"an interesting theoretical model, but ... its attractiveness as a fundamental model for complexity theory is questionable. Its time measure is based on uniform time in a context where this measure is known to underestimate the true time complexity. The same observation holds for the space measure for the machine" (van Emde Boas (1990) p. 35)

Gurevich also expresses concern:
"Pragmatically speaking, the Schönhage model provides a good measure of time complexity at the current state of the art (though I would prefer something along the lines of the random access computers of Angluin and Valiant)".

Schönhage demonstrates the real-time equivalences of two types of random-access machine with the SMM.

Algorithms in the SMM model: Schönhage demonstrates that the SMM can perform integer multiplication in linear time.

Potential uses for the model: Gurevich wonders whether or not a parallel KU machine "resembles somewhat the human brain"

 See also
Register machine—generic register-based abstract machine computational model
Counter machine—most primitive machine, base models' instruction-sets are used throughout the class of register machines
Random-access machine—RAM: counter machine with added indirect addressing capability
Random-access stored-program machine—RASP: counter-based or RAM-based machine with a "program of instructions" to be found in the registers themselves in the manner of a Universal Turing machine i.e. the von Neumann architecture.
Turing machine—generic tape-based abstract machine computational model
Post–Turing machine—minimalist one-tape, two-direction, 1 symbol { blank, mark } Turing-like machine but with default sequential instruction execution in a manner similar to the basic 3-instruction counter machines.

 Further reading
Most references and a bibliography are to be found at the article Register machine. The following are particular to this article:

 Amir Ben-Amram (1995), What is a "Pointer machine"?, SIGACT News (ACM Special Interest Group on Automata and Computability Theory)", volume 26, 1995. Wherein Ben-Amram describes the types and subtypes: (type 1a) Abstract Machines: Atomistic models including Kolmogorov-Uspenskii Machines (KUM), Schönhage's Storage Modification Machines (SMM), Knuth's "Linking Automaton", APLM and AFLM (Atomistic Pure-LISP Machine) and (Atomistic Full-LISP machine), General atomistic Pointer Machines, Jone's I Language; (type 1b) Abstract Machines: High-level models, (type 2) Pointer algorithms.
Yuri Gurevich (2000), Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms, ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, vol. 1, no. 1, (July 2000), pages 77–111. In a single sentence Gurevich compares the Schönhage [1980] "storage modification machines" to Knuth's "pointer machines." For more, similar models such as "random access machines" Gurevich references:
John E. Savage (1998), Models of Computation: Exploring the Power of Computing. Addison Wesley Longman.
Yuri Gurevich (1988),  On Kolmogorov Machines and Related Issues, the column on "Logic in Computer Science", Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science, Number 35, June 1988, 71-82. Introduced the unified description of Schönhage and Kolmogorov-Uspenskii machines used here.
Arnold Schönhage (1980), Storage Modification Machines, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, SIAM J. Comput. Vol. 9, No. 3, August 1980. Wherein Schönhage shows the equivalence of his SMM with the "successor RAM" (Random Access Machine), etc. He refers to an earlier paper where he introduces the SMM:
Arnold Schönhage (1970), Universelle Turing Speicherung, Automatentheorie und Formale Sprachen, Dörr, Hotz, eds. Bibliogr. Institut, Mannheim, 1970, pp. 69–383.
Peter van Emde Boas, Machine Models and Simulations pp. 3–66, appearing in:
Jan van Leeuwen, ed. "Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. Volume A: Algorithms and Complexity, The MIT PRESS/Elsevier, 1990.  (volume A).
van Emde Boas' treatment of SMMs appears on pp. 32-35. This treatment clarifies Schönhage 1980 -- it closely follows but expands slightly the Schönhage treatment. Both references may be needed for effective understanding.

References

Register machines

Pointer machine


The Utica Olympics, known also as Mohawk Valley Thunderbirds, were an American professional basketball team based in Utica, New York that were members of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) from 1978 to 1980.

The team was previously known as the Baltimore Metros. The team moved to Utica during the 1978–79 season and were renamed the Mohawk Valley Thunderbirds. The franchise disbanded following the season, but another Utica CBA franchise was created. They were known as the Utica Olympics and finished last place in the CBA following the 1979–1980 season, with a 15–31 record. The franchise was relocated to Atlantic City, New Jersey and became the Atlantic City Hi-Rollers. During their two seasons, the franchise had seven coaches: Larry Cannon, Fred Keller, Freddie Lewis, Nappy Doherty, James Klein, Dick Frank, and Gary Mazza.

In 1979, the Utica Police Department declined to renew a contract with the Utica public school system to serve as hall monitors in their eight schools. Superintendent of schools Dr. Anthony Scolzo called his acquaintance James Klein, the Olympics coach, to discuss his predicament. Klein recommended the schools hire Olympics players as hall monitors. Eventually, a total of eight players from Utica's roster served as hall monitors and two players, Bruce Lee and Ron McFarland, were promoted to substitute teachers.

Year-by-year

References

Basketball teams in New York (state)
Continental Basketball Association teams
Defunct basketball teams in the United States
1978 establishments in New York (state)
1980 disestablishments in New York (state)
Basketball teams established in 1978
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1980
Olympics

Utica Olympics


Messenger Kids is a messaging app and platform released by Facebook in December 2017. The platform is designed for a young audience as a safer alternative to the Facebook Messenger platform. Users can register with their first and last names instead of phone numbers. It was initially launched for iPad tablets with the iOS operating system in the United States only, though later support for iPhone and Android devices was added and it was rolled out in Canada, Peru, and Mexico.

Parents have oversight and control, with requirements about identity verification and approval of contacts. There are no in-app purchases nor advertisements, and thus also no data collection for advertising purposes, children's accounts are not visible in search on Facebook, and the child's account does not automatically migrate to a full Facebook account once the child turns 13 years old (the minimum age for Facebook registration). It features augmented reality filters and lenses, along with games and educational content.

Messaging

Messenger Kids


Swing Time Records was a United States-based record label active in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The label was founded by Jack Lauderdale in 1947 as Down Beat Records and was headquartered in Los Angeles, California. In approximately October 1949 the name was changed to Swing Beat Records, and around March 1950 the name was changed again to Swing Time.  The company went bankrupt in 1953 but continued releasing singles as late as February 1954.

Ray Charles, Percy Mayfield, Lowell Fulson, and other rhythm and blues and swing era artists of the 1940s first recorded for this company. It is possible to find certain releases on more than one label name.

Leasing, purchasing, reissuing, signings
Lauderdale started his label by recording the Lucky Thompson Quartet with Dodo Marmarosa in late 1946 (releasing three discs during 1947). Felix Gross & His Sextet were another early signing (releasing eight discs during 1947 through 1949). He then leased/reissued recordings by the Five Soul Stirrers from Bronze Records (releasing three discs in 1947). Next up was the leasing/reissuing of Lowell Fulson's recordings for Bob Geddins' Big Town/Down Town/Cava-Tone group of labels and the Bob Geddins/Rene LaMarre-partnered Trilon label (a total of 12 discs were released starting in 1947 through 1949). Jack also got masters of Jimmy McCracklin & His Blues Blasters from Trilon.

In 1950 Lauderdale purchased all the master recordings by the Charles Brown-led Johnny Moore's Three Blazers from Leon René's Exclusive Records, plus the masters by Brown's ex-wife, Mabel Scott. Lauderdale purchased Al Patrick's defunct Supreme Records label and reissued recordings by Jimmy Witherspoon with Jay McShann's band featuring Louis Speiginer on guitar, Paula Watson, Percy Mayfield, Floyd Dixon with bass player Eddie Williams' Trio (AKA The Brown Buddies), Sister Emily Bram, the Stars of Harmony gospel group, and Maxwell Davis' band with Marshal Royal starting in late 1950 through 1951.

Added to all this activity was the signing of pianist Lloyd Glenn as recording artist/house band leader/session arranger and label A&R man.  Also signed-up were Pete Johnson's band with Big Joe Turner, and the Maxin/Maxim Trio with Ray Charles. Dexter Gordon's quintet with Wardell Gray recorded a session (releasing two discs), and songwriter/bass player Shifty Henry recorded for the Swing Time label (one disc released in 1950). Two late signings were Play Boy Thomas (two discs recorded/released in 1953), and the Hollywood Flames featuring Bobby Byrd (one disc in 1954).

Several Swing Time recordings (i.e. all the holiday singles) were given permanent lease to Hollywood Records.

Numbering system
The Down Beat/Swing Beat/Swing Time Records numbering system ran from #100 (1947) through #347 (1954). Lauderdale also started up a subsidiary label in late 1952: his Flame Records numbering system ran from #1001 through #1009.

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
Swing Time Records on the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project

Defunct record labels of the United States
Record labels established in 1947
Record labels disestablished in 1954
1947 establishments in California
Jazz record labels

Swing Time Records


La Soupe aux Choux (translation: "Cabbage Soup") is a 1981 French film directed by Jean Girault, based on a novel by René Fallet. It was the second to last movie made by French comedian Louis de Funès.

Plot
Claude Ratinier (Louis de Funès), known as Le Glaude, is an old man who lives on a small farm across the road from his long-time friend Francis Chérasse (Jean Carmet), known as Le Bombé. The two are described as the last surviving members of their breed, still living in a rural fashion while the rest of the world has modernized. They spend their days getting drunk and eating cabbage soup, while they spend their nights getting drunk and farting.

One night, their farting summons an alien (Jacques Villeret) from the planet Oxo while Le Bombé is asleep. Le Glaude is awake to welcome the alien, who can only communicate in a squealing-siren sound at first. Surprised, Le Glaude communicates with the alien through rough sign language and then sends him off with a canister full of cabbage soup. Le Bombé has seen the flying saucer too, but Le Glaude tells him that there was no such thing. He goes to the police but is dismissed as a loony. When Le Bombé realizes that no one believes him, he contemplates suicide. Worried about his friend, Le Glaude tricks him into hanging himself while he secretly cuts the rope so that he falls when he puts his weight on it.

The alien returns several times for more cabbage soup, since his species' staple diet on Oxo consists of minerals and the soup has introduced a new and delicious variety. On the second meeting, the alien has learned French in order to communicate properly with Le Glaude. He arranges to have Le Glaude's late wife resurrected at the age of 20, but she runs away to Paris with a young man within a day of her resurrection. The alien also duplicates Le Glaude's gold coin hundreds of times, making Glaude rich. Finally, because of the effect of the delicious cabbage soup on Oxo, the alien offers Le Glaude, Le Bombé and their cat a residence on Oxo so that they can grow their cabbage, make cabbage soup, and live to an age of 200 like all Oxonians. Glaude initially rejects the proposition outright.

Meanwhile, the mayor of the rural town decides to modernize and plans a new housing project directly on the old men's land. Although he threatens to put them in a cage like monkeys, he cannot convince them to give up their land. He decides to simply build around their houses and fence them off from the rest of the neighborhood. They become a thing of ridicule, with people jeering at them and throwing popcorn at them whenever they step outside of their doors.

This sad destruction of their peaceful home convinces Le Glaude to accept the alien's offer. He tells Le Bombé about their option, who is at first unconvinced, but opens up to the idea when he sees the communicator the alien has left. Le Glaude makes a last stop at the post office to send his wife a package containing the gold he was given by the alien, and then calls his Oxonian friend, whose spaceships ferry Le Glaude, Le Bombé, and their farms off to his planet.

Theme song
The theme song became popular in France, and has been remixed many times. Artist Fat Dog created a mix with Mr. Cosmic dubbed "I'm not scoobidoobidoo".

References

External links

Bande-Annonce : La Soupe aux choux Cinema.com

1981 films
1980s science fiction comedy films
French science fiction comedy films
1980s French-language films
Films directed by Jean Girault
Films based on French novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Alien visitations in films
1981 comedy films
1980s French films

The Cabbage Soup


Stone structures, or "megaliths", have been built by men for thousands of years. Many of these structures were built around the same time (the 3rd millennium BC).

Some of the better known ones are:

Easter Island
Egyptian pyramids
Medicine wheels
Stone circle
Stone circle (Iron Age)
Stonehenge, which is in England.
Stone ship
Ziggurats

Prehistoric buildings and structures

Stone structure


Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Worsley (1672 – 15 March 1740), of Compton, Hampshire, was an English Army officer, diplomat and politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1705 to 1715, initially as a Whig, and later as a Tory. He was ambassador to Portugal from 1714 to 1722 and Governor of Barbados from 1722 to 1731.

Early life
Worsley was the second son of Sir Robert Worsley, 3rd Baronet, of Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight and his wife Mary Herbert, daughter of Hon. James Herbert, MP of Kingsey, Buckinghamshire. He was admitted at Lincoln's Inn on 30 April 1690  and matriculated at  St. Edmund Hall, Oxford on 14 August 1690.

Army career
Worsley joined the  Army as an ensign in Colonel William Beveridge's Regiment of Foot (later the 14th Regiment of Foot) in 1689, becoming a lieutenant in 1693, and seeing action in Scotland and Flanders, where he was present at the battles of Landen and Namur. He transferred to become a captain in Colonel Francis Fergus O'Farrell's Foot Regiment (later the 21st Foot) in 1693 and then as a captain-lieutenant in the 1st Foot Guards in 1700, rising in turn to captain and lieutenant-colonel between 1702 and 1708.

Political and diplomatic career
Worsley was returned unopposed as a Whig Member of Parliament for Newtown, Isle of Wight  on the interest of his brother, Sir Robert Worsley, 4th Baronet, at the 1705 English general election. He voted for the  Court candidate as Speaker on 25 October 1705. He was not an active Member being a serving officer, but with other members of the family in the House, most of his contributions can not be identified.  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 30 November 1705.

In 1708 Worsley retired from the Army and, having fought in Spain, was appointed an envoy to the King Charles III of Spain, but in the event was never sent. At the 1708 British general election. he was returned unopposed again as a Whig MP for Newtown. He was listed as a Court Whig and voted for the naturalisation of the Palatines in 1709 and for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell in 1710. After the 1710 British general election with a Tory Administration, he switched to the Tory side. He became a member of the October Club, and, in 1711, was listed as a 'worthy patriot' who detected the mismanagements of the previous Parliament. He was hoping for office from Harley, to whom he gave his collection of manuscripts.

In 1711, Worsley went with Earl Rivers to Hanover to explain the proposed peace terms to the court, but declined a permanent post as financially insufficient. He voted for the French commerce bill on 18 June 1713, but was later considered as a Tory who sometimes voted with the Whigs. He was returned again unopposed for Newtown at the 1713 British general election and shortly afterwards was appointed Envoy to Portugal, by the support of Lord Bolingbroke. He arrived at Lisbon in April 1714 and survived in post on the change of administration on the accession of George I. He did not stand at the 1715 British general election and remained in Portugal until 1722. In 1721 he was appointed Governor of Barbados, arriving in 1723 and holding the position until 1731, when he was removed from office after adverse complaints.

Worsley died unmarried on 15 March 1740.

References

1672 births
1740 deaths
Members of Parliament for the Isle of Wight
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Members of Lincoln's Inn
West Yorkshire Regiment officers
English MPs 1705–1707
British MPs 1708–1710
British MPs 1710–1713
British MPs 1713–1715
Fellows of the Royal Society
Governors of Barbados
Ambassadors of Great Britain to Portugal
Henry
Younger sons of baronets
Royal Scots Fusiliers officers
Grenadier Guards officers
British military personnel of the Nine Years' War

Henry Worsley (diplomat)


Michael Gottlieb Agnethler (10 June 1719 – 15 June 1752) was a German botanist and numismatist.

Early life
Michael Agnethler was born to an aristocratic Transylvanian Saxon family of Hermannstadt (now Sibiu, Romania). The Agnethlers had been of a long, prestigious history, with many local socialites in the region. The name of the family originated from the Saxon town of Agnetheln.

Michael Agnethler was the only son of his family. The father was the principal of a gymnasium. Just after Michael's birth, his father was appointed pastor of Gierelsau (Bradu), so the family moved there, where Michael spent his childhood, then returning to Sibiu to attend school.

Michael Agnethler had been of a weak physical constitution, with difficulty sleeping. An anecdote is known, where Agnethler was frightened in his sleep by a fellow student—who jokingly mumbled "swim, you're drowning" into his ears—with Agnethler amidst a nightmare, moving his arms frantically like swimming.

Career
Agnethler started his studies of theology at the University of Halle in 1742; other interests included Ancient Rome antiquities and numismatics. Additionally, his physical frailness led him to start studying Medicine.

Agnethler eventually earned a Doctorate of Philosophy in 1750, and of Medicine in 1751. Also in that year, he was given a position at the Akademie der Naturforscher, and soon afterwards became lecturer in Rhetoric, Antiquities, and Poetry at the University of Helmstedt. However, he suffered a severe tuberculosis infection, and died soon thereafter, in 1752.

Michael Gottlieb Agnethler is also known as an entomologist.

Works
He published a number of works on botany (mostly commentaries on Linnaeus) and on numismatics, the latter including descriptions of the coin collections of Johann Heinrich Schulze and Martin Schmeizel.
 Nvmophylacivm Schvlzianvm Digessit, Descripsit Et Perpetvis Insigniorvm Rei Nvmariae Scriptorvm Commentariis Illvstratvm Edidit Michael Gottlieb Agnethler ; Pars Prior. Lipsiae Halae Leipzig Halle, Saale 1746
 Laurent. Joann. Nepomucenus Reen ... plagii litterarii in regiae Fridericianae Parnasso graviter accusatus, convictus atque Halensium musarum decreto condemnatus. Hala, 1750
 Beschreibung des Schulzischen Münzkabinet. Halle Gebauer 1750
 Dissertationem solemnem de lauro. Halle 1751

References

Further reading

External links
ADB

1719 births
1752 deaths
Transylvanian Saxon people
People from Sibiu
18th-century German botanists
German numismatists
German entomologists
University of Halle alumni
Academic staff of the University of Helmstedt

Michael Gottlieb Agnethler


Oneida is a town in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 4,001 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Chicago Corners and Oneida are located in the town. The town occupies the Outagamie County portion of Wisconsin's Oneida Nation of Wisconsin.

History
On May 20, 1903, the town of Oneida was created.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 60.8 square miles (157.5 km2), of which, 60.8 square miles (157.5 km2) of it is land and 0.02% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,001 people, 1,267 households, and 1,055 families residing in the town. The population density was 65.8 people per square mile (25.4/km2). There were 1,316 housing units at an average density of 21.6 per square mile (8.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 57.56% White, 0.25% African American, 38.54% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 3.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.15% of the population.

There were 1,267 households, out of which 43.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 13.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.16 and the average family size was 3.45.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 33.2% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $51,275, and the median income for a family was $54,341. Males had a median income of $35,669 versus $26,646 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,516. About 6.2% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 27.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education

A tribal K–12 school, Oneida Nation School System, is in Oneida.

References

Towns in Outagamie County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin
Oneida Nation of Wisconsin

Oneida (town), Wisconsin


"Be Still for the Presence of the Lord" is a contemporary hymn written by British songwriter David J. Evans in 1986.  Evans was involved in the charismatic movement but felt that some of its worship risked treating God in a trivial fashion.  Specifically, he was inspired by the phrase in the Old Testament – "then Jacob awoke from his sleep and said 'surely the Lord is in this place and I did not know it.'" Also inspirational was Exodus 3: 1–6, where Moses met the Yahweh at the burning bush.

This hymn has been heard on the BBC's Songs of Praise and was voted as one of the UK's 10 most popular hymns in 2019.

References

External links
Hymnary.org - Be Still, For the presence of the Lord

British Christian hymns
Contemporary Christian songs
1986 songs
20th-century hymns

Be Still for the Presence of the Lord


Alfred Hugh Beresford Conroy (7 April 1864 – 28 November 1920) was an Australian politician. Born in Winchelsea, Victoria, he was educated at Hawthorn Grammar School in Melbourne. Becoming a bank clerk and surveyor, he moved to Goulburn in New South Wales in 1883. In 1893 he became a barrister, and he was an alderman on Goulburn Council. In 1901, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the inaugural member for Werriwa, representing the Free Trade Party. In 1906, he was defeated by Labor candidate David Hall, but in 1913 he was returned to the Parliament, again as the member for Werriwa but this time representing the Commonwealth Liberal Party. He was defeated again in 1914, and retired, dying in 1920.

References

Free Trade Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Commonwealth Liberal Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Werriwa
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
1864 births
1920 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
Burials at Gore Hill Cemetery
Colony of Victoria people

Alfred Conroy


Margaret Kirkby (possibly 1322 to 1391–94), was an anchorite of Ravensworth in North Yorkshire, England. She was the principal disciple of the hermit Richard Rolle, and the recipient of much of his writings.

Life
Variations of her name include Kirkeby, Kerkby or Kyrkby. Information about her comes from a biographical office of Rolle written between 1381 and 1383, when Margaret returned to the Cistercian nunnery at Hampole some thirty-four years after Rolle's death. Her recollections were used to provide a biography of Rolle celebrating his sanctity. Miracles reported by pilgrims from across the North of England were also recorded to encourage an unofficial cult.

Margaret was also instrumental in the composition of a liturgical commemoration of the gift of canor, the mystical ecstasy that Rolle celebrated in his writings, which Evelyn Underhill relates to a song of joy. Additional information is provided in a brief life of Rolle written before 1405.

From a small landowning gentry family in Ravensworth, it may be surmised that Margaret first became interested in the solitary life as a young nun of Hampole guided by the convent's spiritual director, Richard Rolle. It was for her that he wrote his English translation and commentary on the Psalms which linked the growth in intensity of religious experience of canor with an understanding of the Psalms. Margaret became an anchoress in East Layton in Richmondshire (possibly in 1348), and her patrons may have been the Fitzhugh family, who owned the local estates.

Rolle wrote The Form of Living for her, the first vernacular guide for recluses since the Ancrene Wisse. Rolle addressed Margaret in the text directly, discussing the problems she would face as a recluse far from his guidance, such as excessive abstinence and the high expectations placed on her by others; and he encouraged her in the attainment of ecstasy by creating for her the verbal equivalent of canor in English. He also presented her with a collection of his works made into a single treatise including: The Form of Living, The Commandment of Love, Ego dormio, prose pieces and lyrics beginning with a rubric reading 'a tract of Richard hermit to Margaret Kirkby recluse on the contemplative life'. The volume, copied c.1430, survives as Longleat MS 27. In The Form of Living and the compilation On the Contemplative Life Rolle demonstrated that his entire mystical system, which celebrated the pre-eminence of canor and the solitary life, was of pastoral relevance to his outstanding disciple, and that he attempted to initiate Margaret into thoughts and spiritual experiences previously available only in his Latin works.

The personal tensions that Margaret felt when leaving Hampole are recounted in the biographical office. She suffered seizures that could be cured only by Rolle who would sit with her at her anchorage window until she slept on his shoulder. After one attack Rolle confessed that even if she were the devil (who had once taken the form of a beautiful woman who had loved him) he would still have held her. After Rolle's death her illness never returned, which gives their story, according to biographer Jonathan Hughes, "a romantic unity to a platonic Yorkshire love story that anticipates Wuthering Heights".

However, Margaret's career was of wider historical significance. In 1357 she obtained the unusual concession of being allowed to change cells and was enclosed in Ainderby so that she could observe the celebration of mass in the parish church. Thirteenth-century episcopal registers had emphasised the recluse's service to God through a penitential, ascetic life, and the achievement of a mystic union with God was mentioned if at all only in passing. The register of John Thoresby, Archbishop of York, confirming the enclosure suggests to Hughes that "in common with the epistles of Rolle, Margaret desired an eremitic life in order that she might fashion herself as a servant of God more freely and more quietly with pious prayers and vigils. Such language indicates how she and Rolle were pioneering a change in the conception of the eremitic vocation".

The enclosure at Ainderby churchyard brought her to the attention of Richard le Scrope, the rector from 1368 and later Archbishop of York. He was probably the medium through which Rolle's writings came to the attention of the Cambridge educated northerners in the service of Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, including Walter Hilton; this led to a pastoral response to Rolle's teachings that provided contemplative instructions for layfolk. Other members of the Scrope family showed an interest in Margaret's servant, Elizabeth. In 1405 Stephen, 2nd Baron Scrope of Masham, left legacies to Elizabeth and the anchoress of Kirby Wiske. Henry, 3rd Lord Scrope, and patron of many anchoresses, owned an autograph volume of Rolle's writings and this may well have come into the possession of the family through Margaret Kirkby; it is through Henry Scrope, the king's treasurer, that the teachings of Rolle and Margaret's example inspired Henry V and Henry, Baron Fitzhugh of Tanfield, to establish the eremitic communities of Sheen Priory and Syon Monastery.

Although she did not write anything herself, Margaret may have influenced Julian of Norwich, author of Revelations of Divine Love. Among Margaret's patrons were Sir Bryan Stapleton of Bedale, lord of the manor of East Layton, who in 1394 bequeathed to her a silver ewer. His brother, Sir Miles Stapleton, moved to Ingham, Norfolk and his son, also Sir Miles, whose daughter became an anchoress, was a patron of Julian of Norwich.

Having returned some time between 1381 and 1383, Margaret lived at Hampole until her death ten years later. To judge from Stapleton's bequest, this occurred in or before 1394. She was buried in the cemetery of Hampole near her master and her remains are presumably in the garden of the old schoolhouse of Hampole on the site of the convent.

Frances Beer argues that from her life "we can surely conclude that [Margaret] was strong, courageous, intelligent, purposeful – deserving of the great esteem in which she was held by her great friend and advisor [Rolle]". Bottomley concurs, arguing that she was independent, intelligent and strong-willed.

References

Sources
Jonathan Hughes, 'Kirkby, Margaret (d. 1391x4)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 6 May 2011

14th-century English people
English Roman Catholics
People from Ravensworth
1391 deaths
1320s births
English hermits
14th-century English women

Margaret Kirkby


Namık Kemal (21 December 1840 – 2 December 1888) was an Ottoman democrat, writer, intellectual, reformer, journalist, playwright, and political activist who was influential in the formation of the Young Ottomans and their struggle for governmental reform in the Ottoman Empire during the late Tanzimat period, which would lead to the First Constitutional Era in the Empire in 1876. Kemal was particularly significant for championing the notions of freedom and fatherland in his numerous plays and poems, and his works would have a powerful impact on the establishment of and future reform movements in Turkey, as well as other former Ottoman lands. He is often regarded as being instrumental in redefining Western concepts like natural rights and constitutional government.

Early years

An Ottoman subject, Namık Kemal was born in Tekirdağ (then part of the Ottoman Empire, today in Turkey) on 21 December 1840, to his mother Fatma Zehra Hanım and father, Mustafa Asım Bey (who was the chief astrologer in the Sultan's Palace, and whose family was originally from Yenişehir in Bursa Province) and his father was of Turkish descent. Since surnames or family names were not in use during the Ottoman Empire, "Kemal" was not his surname, but part of his first name. During his youth, Kemal traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire, staying in Constantinople, Kars, and Sofia, and studied a number of subjects, including poetry. In 1857, at the age of 17, Kemal worked in the Tercüme Odası ("The Translation Office") of the government. However, as a result of the political nature of his writings, Kemal was forced to leave this job by Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha and so joined his friend and fellow Young Ottoman, İbrahim Şinasi, on his newspaper Tasvîr-i Efkâr (Ottoman Turkish: "Herald of Ideas"). Kemal worked as the editor of Tasvir-i Efkar until his exile and flight to Paris in 1867.

Political career

Young Ottomans
The Young Ottomans were a group of political activists whose members came principally from the young elite of Ottoman society.  The major goal of this group was to institute political reform according to the Western ideas of representative government.

After joining the Young Ottomans in 1862, Kemal continually wrote essays on the subjects of political, administrative, social, and foreign policy reform. In 1864, Kemal took over the pro-reform newspaper Tasvir-i Efkar after its previous owner and Kemal's friend İbrahim Şinasi was forced into exile. In 1868, after being forced to seek refuge in Paris, Kemal began to handle the publication of the newspaper Hürriyet ("Liberty"), which also espoused the purpose of the Young Ottomans. Kemal's papers rapidly became a popular venue for Young Ottomans to express their anti-sultanate and pro-parliamentary sentiments. However, as a result of their outspokenness, many Young Ottomans were, like Kemal, forced to flee the empire and seek refuge in Western Europe.

Namık Kemal admired the constitution of the French Third Republic, he summed up the Young Ottomans' political ideals as "the sovereignty of the nation, the separation of powers, the responsibility of officials, personal freedom, equality, freedom of thought, freedom of press, freedom of association, enjoyment of property, sanctity of the home".

Namık Kemal drew on the parliamentary constitution of United Kingdom, in preference to that of France which, under Napoleon III, he considered too authoritarian. London on the other hand, with its "indomitable power of public opinion against authority" he saw as the "model of the world" in political principles.

Ideology and exile

Namık Kemal was heavily influenced by Western conceptions of the relationship between the government and the people. As such, he and his compatriots spoke out against the movement to centralize the government being undertaken by Sultan Abdülaziz (ruled 1861–1876), and his advisors Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha and Mehmed Fuad Pasha. As a result of his criticism of the government, Namık Kemal was exiled from the Ottoman Empire in 1867 and fled to Paris where many other exiled Young Ottomans had found refuge.

In 1869 or 1870, Kemal was allowed to return to Constantinople and proceeded to write for a number of Young Ottoman-run newspapers, and eventually published one of his own, Ibret ("Admonition"), in which he addressed more intellectual, social, and national subjects. One of the newspapers he contributed to during this period was Basiret.

In addition, it was after his return to Constantinople that Kemal wrote his most significant and influential work: the play Vatan Yahut Silistre, which translates to "Homeland or Silistra." The play tells the story of an Ottoman soldier whose loyalty to his nation, and not his religion or allegiance to the Sultan, motivates him to defend the town of Silistra, Bulgaria from the Russians during the Crimean War. The impact these nationalist sentiments, unheard of in the Ottoman Empire prior to Kemal, had on the Turkish people was so profound that Kemal's newspaper, Ibret, was shut down, and Kemal himself was banished from the Empire for the second time. During this second exile, Kemal took refuge in Cyprus, in a building known as the Namık Kemal Dungeon in Famagusta, where he remained for three years between 1873 and 1876.

His masterpiece, "Ode to Freedom" summarizes his political views.

Later career

Like many Young Ottomans, Namık Kemal supported Murad V's ascension to the throne after the abdication of Abdülaziz in 1876. However, their hope that Murad would institute the reforms they desired was dashed, for it rapidly became apparent that he was not suited for rule; his weak nerves and alcoholism leading to his abdication after only three months. Namık Kemal protested against Murad's deposition, and continued to support Murad's Western political perspectives, but ultimately, his pleas failed to have any effect and Murad V stepped down in 1876.

Despite Murad's abdication, the first Ottoman Parliament, the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, was established in 1876, largely as a result of pressure from the Young Ottomans, as well as Midhat Pasha's political influence. However, while, at first, Abdul Hamid II, the sultan who succeeded Murad V, was willing to allow Parliament to function, he quickly decided that it was easier for him to enact reform by seizing autocratic powers instead of waiting for the approval of elected officials. In order to successfully implement his autocratic rule, Abdul Hamid II exiled many Young Ottomans, including Namık Kemal, who were critical of his decision to disregard the Parliament. Thus, for the third time, Kemal was removed from Constantinople by being forced into an administrative position in Chios, where he would die in 1888.

Legacy

Namık Kemal had an enormous influence on the formation of a Turkish national identity. Kemal's focus on national loyalty, rather than loyalty to a monarch (influenced, as it was, by Western European ideals of self-government) contributed not only to the spread of democracy during the early 20th century, but also to the formation of the modern Republic of Turkey after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, often remarked that he had been influenced by Kemal's writing as a young man, and that they had subsequently been a source of inspiration for his goals in the formation of the Turkish government and state.

Bibliography

Novels
 İntibah yahut Ali Beyin sergüzeşiti (1874), (Awakening, or, Ali Bey's Experiences)
 Cezmi (1887/88), a historical novel based on the life of a 16th-century khan of the Crimean Tatars

Drama
 Vatan yahut Silistre
 Akif Bey
 Gülnihal
 Kara Bela
 Zavallı Çocuk
 Celaleddin Harzemşah

See also
 Namık Kemal University
 Namık Kemal House Museum
 Nam-ı Kemal jokes

References

External links

19th-century journalists from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century poets from the Ottoman Empire
Dramatists and playwrights from the Ottoman Empire
1840 births
1888 deaths
Turks from the Ottoman Empire
Male journalists
Social reformers
19th-century dramatists and playwrights
Male poets from the Ottoman Empire
Male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century male writers
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Turkish democracy activists

Namık Kemal


John Edward Ames (born December 30, 1949) is an American writer of novels and short stories from Toledo, Ohio.  A critically acclaimed writer of western fiction, Ames began his career writing for pulp magazines before penning horror novels and stories.  In 1995, Ames' historical novel The Unwritten Order was a finalist for a Western Writers of America Spur Award.

Biography
Raised in Monroe County, Michigan, and educated at Eastern Michigan University, Ames lived in Colorado and New Mexico before settling in 1986 in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Before becoming a full-time writer, Ames taught English at Eastern Michigan University, the University of Northern Colorado and the University of New Mexico.  He enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1968 and served as a journalist, including seven months as a stringer in Japan for Stars and Stripes.

In 2004 Ames wrote The Real Deadwood, a mix of history and buff lore about Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane.  Writing under the pseudonym Judd Cole, Ames wrote the entire twenty-three book Cheyenne series.  Under the same pen name he penned the eight-book Wild Bill series.

Ames fled with most fellow residents of New Orleans when Hurricane Katrina came ashore in 2005, but looming book deadlines forced him to return as soon as possible to his apartment on St. Charles Avenue, where he spent the next six months writing three novels. He contributed to Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine New Orleans Relief Issue.

He presently writes under a "house name" for one of the longest-published western series in America and has also written a novel, titled Deadwood Gulch, released in 2006, as Ralph Compton, the deceased "USA Today bestseller of frontier fiction" writer.

Works

Novels
The Force
Death Crystal
Spellcaster
The Asylum
The Unwritten Order
The Golden Circle
Soldier's Heart

The Cheyenne series (as Judd Cole)
Arrow Keeper
Death Chant
Renegade Justice
Vision Quest
Blood on the Plains
Comanche Raid
Comancheros
War Party
Pathfinder
Buffalo Hiders
Spirit Path
Mankiller
Wendigo Mountain
Death Camp
Renegade Nation
Orphan Train
Vengeance Quest
Warrior Fury
Bloody Bones Canyon
Renegade Siege
River of Death

The Wild Bill series (as Judd Cole)
1 Dead Man's Hand
2 The Kincaid County War
3 Bleeding Kansas
4 Yuma Bustout
5 Santa Fe Deathtrap
6 Black Hills Hellhole
7 Point Rider
8 Gun Law

Dan'l Boone: The Lost Wilderness Tales (last seven books as Dodge Tyler)
The Long Hunters
Warrior's Trace
The Kaintucks

Non-fiction
The Real Deadwood

Magazines
In addition to fifty-six book sales and six ghostwritten novels, Ames' has written short stories and articles for magazines:

Alfred Hitchcock Mystery Magazine
Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine
The Writer
The Borderland Series
Mystery Scene
Colorado-North Review

References

External links
Author's website

Writers from Michigan
Eastern Michigan University alumni
Western (genre) writers
Living people
1949 births

John Edward Ames


JEDMICS stands for "Joint Engineering Data Management Information and Control System". It is a Department of Defense (DoD)  initiative for the management and control of engineering drawings and related text in a standard repository. JEDMICS has been designed as an open, client-server architecture which provides the user with the ability to locate and obtain approved engineering drawings (and associated data). The system provides input services via electronic file transfer, quality assurance review of the drawings, selective retrieval of data using a relational database with built-in business rules, and digital output services.

Capabilities
In addition to providing the repository functions for engineering drawings and associated technical data, JEDMICS defines the indexing elements and data relationships needed to store and locate that data. JEDMICS also provides necessary interfacing to configuration management systems that control the version and applicability of that data.

While JEDMICS can be used to create new engineering data, it is primarily intended to store data originally created by the various weapon system vendors. JEDMICS provides a centralized and secure publishing mechanism for access to this data by authorized personnel in their house and maintenance of the weapon systems as deployed within the DoD.

Drawings can be accessed from anywhere in the world through a web browser user interface. Requests for data may range from a single drawing to be used by a technician while making repairs, to thousands of drawings requested by an external configuration management system to be assembled into a bid set.

Additional Capabilities:
Multiple Data Import Mechanisms
Management of engineering drawings (2D / 3D) and associated documents
Quality Assurance Logic
Management of Technical Data Packages (Bill of Materials)
Electronic delivery of data
Web Services for Inter-Operability with other systems

Additional Details

JEDMICS C4 and CALS are raster (bitmap) image formats developed by the US Department of Defense for military use.

References

JEDMICS specifications and software downloads

Graphics file formats

JEDMICS


Mentha cunninghamii, known commonly as New Zealand mint or Māori mint, is a species within the Mentha (mint) genus, endemic to New Zealand.

Name
The plant was named to honor English botanist Allan Cunningham, who was known for his plant collections in Australia and New Zealand. In addition to its English-language names, several Māori language common names for the plant are also attested, including: ,  and . The latter is a term also used for the unrelated ferns Microsorum scandens and Doodia caudata.

Description
Mentha cunninghamii shares a mint odor with other species within the Mentha genus, but in appearance is very distinct from many other mints. It has been suggested that it may actually be more closely related to members of the Micromeria genus.

It is a slender, wiry, prostrate perennial plant, with a creeping rhizome. The plant is much branched, often matted, with numerous stems arising from the rhizome, diffusely branched, pubescent, growing from two to twelve inches long. Its leaves are shortly petiolate or nearly sessile, 1/6 to 1/2 inches long, broadly ovate or almost orbicular, obtuse, entire or with an obscure notch on each side, and glandular-dotted. Its flowers are small, white, axillary, usually solitary but sometimes with two to three in each axil. Its peduncles are slender and variable in length. Its calyx are about 1/8 inches long, tubular-campanulate in shape, densely hairy, with teeth villous within. Its corolla-lobes are almost equal, flat and spreading, with the upper one shortly bifid. Its stamens protrude equally with the corolla or are slightly exserted.

Distribution

Mentha cunninghamii is endemic to the four islands of North Island, South Island, Chatham Island and Stewart Island in New Zealand. It is found sparsely in grassy fields and open land generally. It inhabits an elevation range from coastal to alpine, within a range of sea level to . Sources variously describe its flowering season as beginning in the Southern Hemisphere in either September or November, ending in April.

As of 2018, New Zealand's Department of Conservation's New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS) assesses Mentha cunninghamii's conservation status as "At Risk: Declining." The system uses the Declining status to indicate populations that currently possess large populations, but are experiencing declines that could eventually lead to a listing as "Threatened."

Use
Mentha cunninghamii has been used by New Zealand's Māori people as a diaphoretic (meant to induce sweating). The leaves are also used for their scent, including in cooking. It is described as easily cultivatable in many gardens.

Notes

References

External links

cunninghamii
Herbs
Endemic flora of New Zealand
Plants described in 1884

Mentha cunninghamii


Hospital Vilardebó is the only psychiatric hospital in Reducto, Montevideo, Uruguay. It opened on 21 May 1880, named after the physician and naturalist Teodoro Vilardebó. The hospital was originally one of the best of Latin America and in 1915 grew to 1,500 hospital inpatients. Today the hospital is very deteriorated, with broken walls and floors, lack of medicines, beds, and rooms for the personnel. It has an emergency service, outpatient, clinic and internal rooms and employs approximately 610 staff, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, administrators, guards, among others. The average patient age is 30 years, more than half of whom arrive by court order; 42% suffer from schizophrenia, 18% suffer from depression and mania  and also a high percentage of drug addicted patients. It has around 300 beds.

References

Hospital buildings completed in 1880
Hospitals in Montevideo
Psychiatric hospitals in Uruguay

Hospital Vilardebó


A Classical (stylized as  Classical) is an orchestral compilation album by Ayumi Hamasaki, released January 8, 2013 by Avex Trax. The album consists of  classical arrangements of her past works, rearranged by Kousuke Yamashita. It was released on January 8, 2013.

The album was the third of five releases by Hamasaki in commemoration of the fifteenth anniversary of her music career. Its cover is a hand-drawn illustration of Hamasaki's Love EP cover made by a fan from Pixiv and Kaikai Kiki. No singles or new tracks were released to promote A Classical.

A Classical entered the Oricon album chart at number one with first-week sales of over 25,000 copies, becoming the first classical album to do so; however, it went on to sell only 30,000 copies in Japan.

15th Anniversary

A Classical is the third of five releases by Hamasaki in celebration of her 15th anniversary in music industry. It contains 10 rearranged tracks, out of which 7 were chosen by Team Ayu members in November 2012.

Track listing

Oricon sales chart

References

2013 compilation albums
Ayumi Hamasaki remix albums
Avex Group albums
2013 remix albums

A Classical


Cadac-Andreas, Irish scholar, fl. 798 – 814.

Cadac-Andreas was an Irish scholar at the court of Charlemagne who roused the ire of Bishop Theodulphus for lengthy and pedantic approach to exegesis, which he apparently delighted in. A nameless court poet, possibly connected to Theodulphus, wrote further of him, scorning and parodying

 his fascination with etymologies in the three sacred languages
 pondering who was the first person to perform something in the Bible
 pedantic, long-winded, interest in terminology

Theodulphus grew to detest Cadac-Andreas so much that he strongly urged Charlemagne to have him dismissed from court. Yet much to the frustration of Theodulphus, and no doubt others at court, Cadac was subsequently awarded a bishopric by the king.

Theodulphus, on the other hand, was later sent into exile by Louis the Pious.

Sources
 "Hiberno-Latin Literature to 1169", Dáibhí Ó Crónín, "A New History of Ireland", volume one, 2005.
 Theodulf und der Ire Cadac-Andreas, Bernhard Bischoff, Mittelalterliche Studien, three volumes, Stuttgart, 1966–81.

8th-century births
9th-century deaths
Bishops in the Carolingian Empire
Irish scholars and academics
9th-century Irish writers
8th-century Irish writers
9th-century writers in Latin
Irish expatriates in France
Hiberno-Latin poets
Irish Latinists
8th-century writers in Latin

Cadac-Andreas


Bilstein may refer to:

People
 Counts of Bilstein, Frankish noble family
 Barons of Bilstein, Westphalian noble family

Inhabited places
 Bilstein (Kürten), village near Kürten, county of Rheinisch-Bergischer-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Bilstein (Kreuzau), village near Kreuzau, county of Düren, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Bilstein (Lennestadt), town quarter of Lennestadt, county of Olpe, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Bilstein (Limbourg) or Bilstain, town quarter of Limbourg, Province of Liege, Region of Wallonia, Belgium
 Amt Bilstein, former administrative district in Westphalia
 Barony of Bilstein, medieval comital lordship in the area of Eschwege, North Hesse
 Villa Bilstein, Ennepetal, county of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia

Castles
 Bilstein Castle (Lennestadt), castle in Lennestadt, Landkreis county of Olpe, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Bilstein Castle (Eschwege), ruined castle near Eschwege, county of Werra-Meißner-Kreis, North Hesse
 Bilstein Castle (Bas-Rhin), ruined castle near Urbeis in the Alsace, department of Bas-Rhin
 Château de Bilstein, ruined castle near Riquewihr in the Alsace, department of Haut-Rhin

Geological formations
 Am Bilstein (Hückeswagen) (284,7 m), near Dürhagen, county of Oberbergischer Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Bilstein (Brilon Plateau) (620,1 m), on the Brilon Plateau, Hochsauerlandkreis, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Bilstein (Kaufungen Forest) (641,2 m), in the Kaufungen Forest, county of Werra-Meißner, North Hesse
 Bilstein (Langenberge) (ca. 460 m), in the Langenberge, Schwalm-Eder Kreis, North Hesse
 Bilstein (Vogelsberg) (665,5 m), in the Vogelsberg, Vogelsbergkreis, Middle Hessse
 Bilstein Cave, in the municipality of Warstein, county of Soest, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Bilstein (Wolfhagen) (405,1 m), on the Isthaberg near Wolfhagen-Istha, county of Kassel, North Hesse

Other uses
 Bilstein & Siekermann, component manufacturer with head office in Hillesheim
 Ferdinand Bilstein, car supplier with head office in Ennepetal
 ThyssenKrupp Bilstein, shock absorber manufacturer with head office in Ennepetal
 Bilstein-Gruppe, international steel company with head office in Hagen-Hohenlimburg

See also
 Bielstein
 Bildstein

Bilstein


Eucalyptus rosacea is a species of mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth, greyish bark, linear to narrow oblong adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, pink, red or cream-coloured flowers and flattened hemispherical to almost saucer-shaped fruit.

Description
Eucalyptus rosacea is a mallee that typically grows to a height of  and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth greyish bark that is shed in ribbons to reveal pinkish or yellowish new bark. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull, greyish, linear leaves that are  long and  wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of dull greyish to bluish green on both sides, linear to narrow oblong,  long and  wide, tapering to a petiole  long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on an unbranched peduncle  long, the individual buds on pedicels  long. Mature buds are oval,  long and  wide with a tapered, horn-like operculum  long. Flowering occurs from November to February and the flowers range in colour from white through pink to deep red. The fruit is a woody, flattened hemispherical to almost saucer-shaped capsule  long and  wide with the valves near rim level or protruding.

Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus rosacea was first formally described in 1992 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill in the journal Telopea from material collected near Queen Victoria Spring in 1986. The specific epithet (rosacea) is from the Latin word rosaceus, meaning "like the flower of a single rose", referring to the frequently pink colour of the flowers and bark.

Distribution and habitat
This mallee grows in low, open mallee shrubland in yellow or red sandy soils east of Laverton and Queen Victoria Spring to the edge of the Great Victoria Desert.

Conservation status
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

See also
List of Eucalyptus species

References

Eucalypts of Western Australia
rosacea
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1992
Mallees (habit)
Taxa named by Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson
Taxa named by Ken Hill (botanist)

Eucalyptus rosacea


Spainish Sign Leid  (Lengua de signos o señas española, LSE) is the sign leid uised in the Spain an is the first or preferred leid o deif fowk in the UE; There are 120,000 Deif adults in the UE who uise LSE plus an estimatit children. The leid makes uise o space an involves movement o the hands, body, face an heid. Mony thoosans o fowk who are no deif an aa uise LSE, as hearin relatives o deif fowk, sign leid interpreters or as a result o ither contact wi the Spain deif commonty.

References

Sign leids
Deif cultur

Spainish Sign Leid


Landesgewerbeanstalt Bayern (LGA) is a certification company based in Nuremberg, Germany. It specializes in toy and furniture testing.

History
It traces its history back to the late 1860s where it began as a portal where companies could gain experience of the latest technology. Since 1 January 2007 it belongs to the TÜV Rheinland group.

References

Companies based in Nuremberg
Product certification

Landesgewerbeanstalt Bayern