The Battle of the Arar was fought between the migrating tribes of the Helvetii and six Roman legions (Legions: Legio VII, Legio VIII Augusta, Legio IX, Legio X, Legio XI and Legio XII) under the command of Gaius Julius Caesar in 58 BC. It was the first major battle of the Gallic Wars and ended in a tactical victory for the outnumbered Roman army.

Background
When Caesar became governor of the provinces given to him by the Roman Senate, three of his four legions were in northeastern Italy guarding against potential threats from Thracian tribes. The Transalpine Gaul Province, however, was guarded by a single legion and exposed to invasions by the enemies of Rome.

Shortly after he became governor, Caesar became aware that the Helvetii were planning to migrate to western Gaul as a result of the growing presence of Germanic tribes in their present home territory. The migration of the Helvetii into Roman Gaul and the potential creation of a new Helvetian state was seen by Rome as a threat to the stability of Gaul, Transalpine Gaul, and Roman Hispania.

When the Helvetii asked the Romans for permission to cross through the Province on their way to Gaul, Caesar stalled for time pretending to consider the request. Never intending to allow the Helvetii to pass, Caesar used the time bought by stalling to block the Helvetii's path by destroying the bridge across the river Rhone at Geneva and constructing 30 kilometers of fortifications. In addition, Caesar increased the size of his army by raising two new legions in Transalpine Gaul and procuring three veteran legions from Rome.

Ultimately, Caesar denied the Helvetii's request to pass through the Province. This caused the Helvetii to take an alternative route through the territory of the Aedui tribe and cross the river Arar (Saône) using rafts and boats.

The battle
When Caesar was informed that the Helvetii were taking a different route, he sent his forces to attack the Helvetii as they traveled west toward Gaul. When the Romans caught up to the Helvetii, they were in the midst of the river crossing. Three-quarters of the Helvetii had already crossed the river leaving only a quarter of the Helvetii travelers east of the river open to attack. As a result, Caesar was able to attack only a portion of the Helvetii, easily killing many and scattering many others into the countryside.

After the battle, the Helvetii failed to negotiate a peaceable agreement permitting their travel and resumed their migration west to Gaul. As a result, Caesar quickly bridged the river Arar and pursued the Helvetii for over two weeks until he was forced to divert his army to the city of Bibracte to replenish provisions. As Caesar's army traveled to Bibracte, the Helvetii tried to take advantage of the situation and attack Caesar's legions while they were in transit. In their effort to destroy the Roman legions, the Helvetii were unsuccessful in the battle that took place and suffered a major defeat.

The Helvetii that Caesar defeated were part of the pagus (sub-tribe) of the Tigurini which in 107 BC had slain the Consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, as well as the legate Lucius Calpurnius Piso, the grandfather of the Lucius Calpurnius Piso who was the father-in-law of Caesar.

References

External links
"De Bello Gallico" and Other Commentaries at Project Gutenberg.

Battles of the Gallic Wars
Helvetii
Battles of Julius Caesar
58 BC

Battle of the Arar


L'Abri (French for "the shelter") is an evangelical Christian organisation which was founded on June 5, 1955 by Francis Schaeffer and his wife Edith in Huémoz-sur-Ollon, Switzerland. They opened their alpine home as a ministry to curious travelers and as a forum to discuss philosophical and religious beliefs. Today, L'Abri houses in various parts of the world continue to offer people a place to stay when they travel.

Development of L'Abri

In 1947 Francis and Edith moved to Switzerland to work as missionaries for the Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions (IBPFM) in Europe. Following a spiritual crisis in 1951, and disagreements with theologians such as Carl McIntire, Schaeffer and his wife left IBPFM in 1955, to pursue their dream of working with young people. They moved to Huémoz where they would establish L'Abri. Word of mouth soon led to an increasing stream of visitors, with one period in the summer of 1956 averaging 31 visitors per week. International distribution of tapes of Schaeffer's lectures also helped to raise awareness of Schaeffer's work.

L'Abri would come to own and operate several buildings in Huémoz. It came to include four kinds of people: short-term guests; students, who divided their time between study and communal work; workers, who participated in discussions and the work of hospitality; and members, who were part of the decision-making process.

Following Schaeffer's death in 1984, L'Abri would continue to grow. In the present day, L'Abri has operations in a number of different countries. As of 2011, L'Abri has residential "Study Centres" in the United States (Minnesota and Massachusetts), Canada, South Korea, Australia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. It also has non-residential "Resource Centres", run by friends of the organization in Brazil and Germany.

Mode of operation

Visitors to L'Abri Centres are referred to as students, and personal study remains central to L'Abri's work, but there are no fixed "classes" or courses. Rather students (who may spend any time from one day to a whole "term," usually 2–3 months, at L'Abri) meet regularly with a member of staff to discuss the issues they wish to study, and are recommended resources from L'Abri's library of books, recorded lectures, and talks by L'Abri staff and others. A student's day is divided into "study time" and "work time." During "work time," a student will help with the necessary activities of the community – cooking meals, cleaning, maintenance etc. This division is based on Schaeffer's constant emphasis that Christianity, and the work of L'Abri, were not only intellectual but had to incorporate all of life, and that a demonstration of "Christian Community" was as central to L'Abri's work as the intellectual demonstration that he believed could be made of the reasonableness and truthfulness of Christian belief. The L'Abri day revolves around communal meals, often used as an opportunity for formal open discussion, and students are encouraged to pursue interests in art, music and literature.

In a recent article on the group, Molly Worthen suggests that students today come with very different questions, and that they tend to look at the politicized evangelical faith that Schaeffer helped create with suspicion.

Apart from Francis and Edith Schaeffer and their children, several notable Evangelical authors have been influenced by working with L'Abri. Such former staff include Os Guinness, Hans Rookmaaker, Greg Laughery, and Wade Bradshaw.

The L'Abri study center in Rochester, Minnesota also organizes bi-annual "L'Abri Conferences" in the USA and Canada at which L'Abri staff from across the world and other speakers supportive of the vision of L'Abri speak and lead seminars on a wide range of topics. In 2005, a conference was held in St. Louis, Missouri to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the organization, and over 1,000 attendees were present to hear speakers such as Os Guinness, Harold O. J. Brown, and Chuck Colson.

Notes

General references
 Bradshaw, Wade, By demonstration: God – Fifty years and a week at L'Abri, Piquant Editions,  (2005).
 Burson, Scott R. and Walls, Jerry L., C.S. Lewis & Francis Schaeffer: Lessons for a new century from the most influential apologists of our time, InterVarsity Press,  (1998).
 Hankins, Barry, Francis Schaeffer and the Shaping of Evangelical America, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,  (2008).
 Parkhurst, Louis Gifford, Francis and Edith Schaeffer, Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House Publishers (1996).
 Schaeffer, Edith, L'Abri, Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House (1969); revised and expanded, Westchester, IL: Crossway Books (1992).
 Schaeffer, Edith, The Tapestry, Waco, TX: Word Books (1981).
 Schaeffer, Frank, Crazy for God, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus (2007).
 Veith, Gene Edward. "Taking the roof off". World Magazine, March 26, 2005
 Worthen, Molly. "Not Your Father's L'Abri". Christianity Today, 28 March 2008. Available online. Alternate location.

External links
The Official L'Abri Home Page
Website of the Swiss branch
Website of the Dutch branch
Pacific Northwest L'Abri Conference 2007

Evangelical parachurch organizations
Nondenominational Christian societies and communities
Christian organizations established in 1955
1955 establishments in Switzerland

L'Abri


Inadmissible Evidence is a 1968 British drama film directed by Anthony Page and starring Nicol Williamson and Jill Bennett. John Osborne wrote the screenplay, adapting his own 1964 play Inadmissible Evidence. The film portrays the collapse of an angry but sad man who cannot maintain decent standards in his life and antagonises everybody. As with other Osborne plays, it is possible to see his descent as representative of his class, culture and nation.

Plot
The film follows a couple of days in the life of Bill Maitland, a 39-year-old Englishman who is head of small law firm in London and is tortured by his inadequacies as a lawyer, as an employer, as a husband, as a father, as a friend (he has none) and as a lover (for though women succumb quickly to him, he cannot maintain a relationship). Punctuated by interior monologues and imagined scenes, it shows him being abandoned by everybody as they come to realise that they cannot rely on him.

He first loses his secretary and lover Shirley, who walks out of her job and his life. His chief clerk Hudson then reveals that he is off to join a rival firm, leaving only the trainee Jones, who scorns him. A client, Mrs Gamsey,  leaves the office in tears and is unlikely to return. After a dinner party at which he gets drunk and insults her best friends, his wife Anna hits him and he leaves the marital home. His mistress Liz takes him in, getting insulted for her pains, and he then leaves her to sleep in the office.

A client (and former lover), Mrs Anderson, has a court hearing that morning at which his feeble defence will probably lose her the case. A new client, Mr Maples, distressed that Maitland seems to take no serious interest in his sad case, walks out in tears. His daughter Jane drops in at his request, only to leave after a tirade of insults. The receptionist Joy, who he has just started an affair with, coldly rejects him and leaves. Liz appears, looking for reconciliation, but after being brutally rejected leaves.

Haunted throughout by fears of being disqualified for malpractice, of being arrested and held in jail, of being tried in court, of dying and being cremated, now utterly alone in life he smashes a window and looks at the busy street below.

Main cast
 Nicol Williamson - Bill Maitland
 Eleanor Fazan - Anna Maitland
 Ingrid Boulting – Jane Maitland
 Jill Bennett - Liz Eaves
 Eileen Atkins - Shirley
 Gillian Hills - Joy
 Peter Sallis - Hudson
 David Valla - Jones
 Isabel Dean - Mrs. Garnsey
 Clare Kelly - Mrs. Anderson
 John Normington – Maples

Production
Nicol Williamson sings two songs in the film: "Room 504" and "Moonlight Becomes You."

Critical reception
The New York Times wrote, "As a study of harrowing pressures that destroy a middle-aged, weak but complex human being, Inadmissible Evidence gives the satisfaction that comes from viewing a carefully crafted work...Anthony Page, who directed the play, gives the movie's principals the focus they need. Under his guidance they act and talk like people, not puppets. Of course, Mr. Williamson does most of it with shattering constancy and reality"; while Variety wrote, "As a play, the best thing about Inadmissible Evidence was Nicol Williamson, who brought to life the tormented, mediocre, bullying coward that John Osborne had conceived on paper. Same holds true for the screen version in which same actor appears. There is value and insight to the film. Yet much of it is opaque and confusing. Evidence remains primarily a play" ; while Time Out wrote, "The main problem is the intrusive camera/editing style which reduces the original lengthy diatribes to tetchy little snippets, simultaneously cutting Osborne's magnificently theatrical anti-hero down to size: instead of being effectively inside a man's mind, we are now left outside, wondering why we should be expected to sympathise with such an unprepossessing, self-centred bore."

References

Bibliography
 Murphy, Robert. Sixties British Cinema. British Film Industry, 1992.

External links

1968 films
British drama films
1968 drama films
Films directed by Anthony Page
British films based on plays
Films based on works by John Osborne
Films set in London
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

Inadmissible Evidence (film)


The State Migration Service of Turkmenistan is the government agency that regulates the migration system of Turkmenistan, implements state policy in the field of migration, and fulfills Turkmenistan's international obligations in the field of migration.

The Service was created on the basis of Presidential Decree No. 6133 of 21 February 2003 with the initial name as the State Service for Registration of Foreign Citizens of Turkmenistan. The service carried out registration of arrivals and departures of foreign citizens, issued invitations and visas for arrival to Turkmenistan, as well as residence permits and work permits.

Since 2004, the Service has also performed functions related to registration of the entry and exit of citizens of Turkmenistan at the State border. Since 2005, it has accepted and prepared documents of admission to Turkmenistan citizenship, reinstatement of citizenship of Turkmenistan, renunciation of citizenship of Turkmenistan, as well as registration of permits for citizens of Turkmenistan to leave Turkmenistan for permanent residence.

On 17 April 2008 the State Service of Turkmenistan for the Registration of Foreign Citizens was renamed the State Migration Service of Turkmenistan.

Since 2005, 29,697 stateless persons have been admitted to Turkmen citizenship on the basis of presidential decrees.

Since July 2008, the State Migration Service of Turkmenistan has issued biometric passports to citizens of Turkmenistan in accordance with international standards (ICAO). Passports are currently issued in all regional administrations of Turkmenistan and Ashgabat, as well as district and city departments. To provide high-quality services to citizens, the State Migration Service of Turkmenistan offers online services for applying for and replacing passports.

In addition, through the "Send Information" section, it is possible to ask questions that are under the competence of the Migration Service of Turkmenistan. The Service's website also publishes news in Turkmen, Russian and English, which regularly cover political and public events in Turkmenistan.

Addresses of the units of the State Migration Service of Turkmenistan

1.       Department of Ashgabat city, Building 57 of Azadi Street, Ashgabat Tel: +993 (12) 94-10-35

2.       Department of Arkadag city, st. Kerim Kurbannepesov Building 7. Tel: +993 (12) 57-08-00

3.       Department of Ahal province, Ak Bugday District, Annau, Ch.Vellekov Street, Building 16. Tel: +993 (137) 33-4-80

4.       Department of Balkan province, the Balkanabat city, str. Annaev, Apt. 146 Building 42. Tel: +993 (222) 6-02-68

5.       Department of Dashoguz province, Dashoguz city, str. Al-Khwarizmi, Building 20. Tel: +993 (322) 9-04-49

6.       Department of Lebap province, District of Chardzhev, village Hodzhamirsen Str. Ceyhun, Building 2. Tel: +993 (422) 2-08-10

7.       Department of Mary province, Mary city, str. Mollanepes, Building 9. Tel: +993 (522) 6-96-90

References

Government of Turkmenistan
Government agencies established in 2003
2003 establishments in Turkmenistan

State Migration Service of Turkmenistan


Loghman Adhami (born 1949) is an Iranian violinist and composer.

Biography
Adhami was born in 1949 in Tehran, Iran. From the age of 7, he began playing the violin and composing at age 15. He studied under prominent Iranian and international musicians, such as Parviz Yahaghi, Ali Tajvidi, Manuel Compensky, George Martiroussian and Ronald Konieszica.

Adhami holds a B.A. in music from the School of Arts in Tehran and an M.Sc. from the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music. Adhami's musical training includes the Iranian violin technique, the Persian modal (dastgah) system, western classical composition and theory, and classical violin technique.

Since the 1970s, Loghman Adhami has performed, composed and arranged numerous songs for leading Iranian singers, notably Ebi Hamedi, Fereydoon Farrokhzad, Mahasti, Hayedeh, Hassan Sattar, Homeyra and Leila Forouhar. Also, he has had extensive collaborations with the Iranian lyricists Tooraj Negahban and Faregh Amiri. Many of these works have developed since his immigration to the United States in the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution. In the United States, Adhami has released four hit albums: Javedaneh (violin solo), Ashk (violin and orchestra), Golrang (violin and orchestra) and Shomal (violin and piano).

In addition to the violin, Adhami plays the Persian kamanche, tar, oud, ney and tonbak.

Since 1993, he has owned and operated the International Music School in Costa Mesa, California, an academy that employs a diverse teaching staff to offer music lessons in various instruments from around the world. Adhami also hosts a biweekly radio program dedicated to the study of Iranian and world music on 670 AM KIRN in Los Angeles.

References

External links

1949 births
Iranian violinists
Living people
University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music alumni
21st-century violinists

Loghman Adhami


Andover ( ) is a town in the English county of Hampshire. The town is on the River Anton, a major tributary of the Test, and lies alongside the major A303 trunk road at the eastern end of Salisbury Plain,  west of the town of Basingstoke. It is  NNW of the city of Winchester,  north of the city of Southampton and  WSW of London.

History

Early history

Andover's name is recorded in Old English in 955 as Andeferas, and is thought to be of Celtic origin: compare Welsh onn dwfr = "ash (tree) water". The first mention in history is in 950 when King Edred is recorded as having built a royal hunting lodge there. In 962 King Edgar called a meeting of the Saxon 'parliament' (the Witenagemot) at his hunting lodge near Andover. Of more importance was the baptism, in 994, of a Viking king named "Anlaf" (allied with the Danish king, Sweyn Forkbeard). The identity of that man was either Olav Tryggvason (king of Norway) or Olof Skötkonung (king of Sweden). The baptism was part of a deal with the English king, Æthelred the Unready, whereby the Viking stopped ravaging England and returned home.

At the time of the Domesday Book (1086), Andovere had 107 adult male inhabitants and probably had a total population of about 500. It was a relatively large settlement; most villages had only 100 to 150 people. Andover had six watermills which ground grain to flour. The town's relative isolation implies a market for grain and flour. In 1175 Andover bought a royal charter granting certain townspeople rights and forming a merchant guild which took over local governance (see ancient borough); guild members elected two officials (bailiffs) who ran the town. In 1201 King John gave the merchants the right to collect royal taxes in Andover themselves. In 1256 Henry III gave the townspeople the right to hold a court and try criminals for offences committed in Andover. Andover sent MPs to the parliaments of 1295 and 1302–1307. The town was ravaged by two serious fires, in 1141 and 1435. Andover remained a small market town. Processing wool appears to have been the main industry and street names in the area of the town known as "Sheep Fair" commemorate this. A weekly market, and an annual fair were held.

As well as the Church of St Mary, the town had a priory and a hospital run by monks, dedicated to St John the Baptist, and also a lepers hostel to St Mary Magdalene. In 1538 during the Reformation Henry VIII closed the priory and the hospital. In 1571 a free school for the boys of Andover was established in the grounds of St Mary's Church. This in time became Andover Grammar School, and in the 1970s it became John Hanson Community School. The school has occupied various sites in the town over the course of its history and is currently located in Floral Way.

In 1599 the town received a new charter from Elizabeth I. The merchants guild was made a corporation and the number of annual fairs was increased from one to three. Like other towns Andover suffered from outbreaks of plague. There were outbreaks in 1603–1605, 1625–1626 and 1636.

18th and 19th century
During the 18th century, being on the main Exeter – Salisbury – London road, the place became a refuelling or overnight stop for stagecoaches and other passing trade. More than 30 coaches passed through the town each day. In 1789 a canal to Southampton was opened, though this was never a commercial success and closed in 1859. In 1836 the Borough established a small police force: for the most part two constables and a gaoler.

Andover was linked to Basingstoke and thus to London on its new railway to Salisbury (shortly thereafter to Exeter beyond) when Andover junction station was opened on 3 July 1854. A railway from the 1860s ran to Southampton, built on the bed of the canal, for about 100 years, until 1964. The land, together with the adjacent gasworks and P.M. Coombes woodyards, was then sold to the TSB Trust Company who later built their headquarters there. In 1883, Andover was linked to Swindon and destinations further north with the Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway.

The population grew from 3,304 in 1801 to 5,501 in 1871. During the 19th century the town acquired all the usual additions: a theatre in 1803, gas street lighting in 1838, a fire station and cottage hospital in 1877, a swimming pool opened in 1885 and a recreation ground opened in 1887. A water company was formed in 1875 to provide piped water to the town and a system of sewers and drains was built in 1899–1902. The public library opened in 1897. Despite this burgeoning of the amenities of the town, in 1845–1846 a notorious scandal brought to light evidence of beatings, sexual abuse and general mistreatment of workhouse inmates by the overseers. The enquiry and public reaction led indirectly to the Poor Law Act, principally involving segregation of a now-obligatory infirmary for local people from the workhouse for the able-bodied, but also better governance. The town was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835.

The woollen industry had declined but new industries took its place. Taskers Waterloo Ironworks opened at Anna Valley in 1809 and flourished. Many examples of the machinery produced by Taskers can be seen at the Milestones Museum in Basingstoke. Andover Guildhall, which enjoys a prominent location in the High Street, opened in 1825.

Modern history

Employment
The town's largest employer is the Ministry of Defence. RAF Andover was opened on Andover Airfield, to the south of the town, during the First World War and became the site of the RAF Staff College.

In 1926, the Andover War Memorial Hospital was opened by Field Marshall Edmund Allenby. The hospital currently provides inpatient rehabilitation, day hospital services, a minor injury unit and an outpatient unit, and is operated by Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, with some services being provided by Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust.

In 1932 Andover gained a new industry when the printers for Kelly's Directory moved to the town. Slowly the town grew from about 11,000 and by 1960 had a population of about 17,000, because already some Londoners were being housed in the first of the council houses/flats being constructed.

During the Second World War, the RAF Staff College was the headquarters of RAF Maintenance Command, and gained a unique place in British history, as the first British military helicopter unit, the Helicopter Training School, was formed in January 1945 at RAF Andover. The airfield is no longer in use although the RAF retains a link to the area through the presence of 1213 (Andover) Squadron, Air Training Corps. When the RAF left the site became the Headquarters of the Quartermaster General and later Logistics Executive.

In 2001, the Defence Logistics Organisation (DLO) was formed and Andover became one of its major sites. Since 2012, the site has been the home of Army Headquarters. The Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre is based locally at Amport House, as is the Army Air Corps Centre and the Museum of Army Flying at Middle Wallop.

Major industries include Twinings the tea and coffee firm, Ducal Pine Furniture (until they closed in 2003), Thomson International Publishers, who produce the Pitkin Guides to be found in many churches and other notable buildings, financial institutions such as Simplyhealth and Lloyds Banking Group, and the Stannah Group, whose HQ is also in the town. Among the proposals in the council's Borough Local Plan 2006 are plans to develop the former site of RAF Andover to Class B1, B2 and B8 uses. This site has been partially developed and is named Andover Business Park. The business park currently houses a Co-op Food Distribution centre, Rich Foods Factory, Costa Coffee Drive Thru, Pure Gym, Travelodge and the Chalkhill Blue pub.

Housing
In the 1950s the Borough Council was approached to become an overspill town for London, to build houses and take people and industry relocated from the overcrowded capital. In 1961 a plan was drawn up to expand to a population of some 47,000 by 1982, with 9,000 new homes to be built.

The first new council houses were ready by 1954, and by 1981 the population had risen to 51,000. A bypass, industrial estates and a new shopping centre in the town centre, called the Chantry Centre, were all built and the town's character changed completely.

Arts and culture
Andover has a purpose-built arts and entertainment venue owned & managed by Test Valley Borough Council called The Lights. This hosts professional artists throughout the year. The venue has a 249 fully raked auditorium, a business suite, a dance studio and a craft studio. The Lights has attracted international artists such as Michael McIntyre.

The Town Museum (Andover Museum and Museum of the Iron Age), based in the former John Hanson Free School building, has a Museum of the Iron Age which was added in 1986 and houses the finds from excavations at nearby Danebury hillfort.

In 2021, Andover was named as the sexiest place in Britain.

Politics
Andover was the name of a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1295 to 1307, and again from 1586, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It was a parliamentary borough, represented by two Members of Parliament (MPs) until 1868, and by one member from 1868 to 1885. The name was then transferred to a county constituency electing one MP from 1885 until 1918.

Currently, Andover is in the constituency of North West Hampshire, which since 2015 has been represented in the House of Commons by Kit Malthouse for the Conservatives.

When the Borough Council and Andover Rural District Council were abolished in the local government reorganisation of 1974, and replaced by Test Valley Borough Council (whose area extends south to the edge of Southampton), Andover became an unparished area, secularly, for 34 years. Andover Town Council was revived in May 2010, the townsfolk electing an initial 19 members, and since 2017 has included a Town Mayor.

Transport

Bus
Almost all areas of the town are served, and there are longer distance connections to the surrounding towns and villages. The majority of the buses in the town are operated by Stagecoach South, including inter-urban services to Basingstoke and Salisbury.

The Active8 service connects the smaller town of Tidworth with Andover and Salisbury, and is operated by both Stagecoach and Salisbury Reds, a brand of Go South Coast. This service is rare in Hampshire in that the operators provide a combined timetable and accept each other's tickets.

In 2002 the town became part of the Cango community bus network.

Railway
Andover's railway station is run by South Western Railway and is close to the town's centre. Trains run to Salisbury, Yeovil Junction, Exeter St Davids, Basingstoke and London Waterloo (with a usual intermittent stop of Woking) and some stopping services to places such as Whitchurch.

In April 2017, the Department for Transport predicted that train journey times between Andover and London Waterloo would be reduced by nearly 20 per cent after awarding the South Western franchise to South Western Railway; journey times to/from Waterloo to be cut by about 11 to 13 minutes from late 2018.

Andover previously had a second station, Andover Town, in the town centre on the Andover to Redbridge Line. The line and the station closed to passengers in September 1964 as part of the Beeching Axe.

Roads
The A303, a main route from London to South West England, essentially bounds the town to the south. The M4 motorway, to the north, can be reached by way of the A34 trunk road, which continues to Birmingham; or via Marlborough, Wiltshire.

Demographics
In 2021, Andover had a population of 50,887

Media

Local TV coverage is provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian.

For BBC Local Radio, the town is in the area of BBC Radio Solent which broadcasts on 96.1 FM. Andover Radio is a community radio station on 95.9 MHz FM, first licensed in 2016. The Independent Local Radio station for the area is Greatest Hits Radio Berkshire & North Hampshire, which broadcasts national and regional music programmes. The licence was first held by Andover Sound, then by The Breeze between 2012 and 2020.

The weekly newspaper for the town and the surrounding area is the Andover Advertiser, founded in 1858 and now owned by Newsquest.

In the late 1980s, Andover was one of the first towns in England to have a cable television franchise, Andover Cablevision.

Andover Vision

Andover Vision is a partnership of Andover's residents, community groups, business and public bodies. In April 2017, a strategy document set out the ambitions for the town and its future over the next 20 years. The strategy was shaped by local people through extensive consultation and brought together by the Vision partnership. The ambitions will influence how Andover manages the changing environment for the benefit of the whole community as well as providing a way in which local people can play an active role in the future of their town. The five themes for the Andover Vision are:
 Being part of a connected community
 Having a great green environment
 Being part of a thriving town centre
 Supporting business, jobs and skills in the town
 Access to great health

Each of the ambitions has a set of 'big ideas'. The big ideas describe what the partnership will work on together for the town and inform the projects that the partnership will take forward through its action plan. The document will also be used as a basis to attract new funding and new opportunities to the town and a guide for partners for their future policies and strategies relating to Andover.

The Vision supports a number of projects in the town, including The Town Mills Riverside Park and organised events such as the Christmas lights switch on, Four Fun Fridays in the summer and the Artisan Markets.

The previous 20-year Andover Vision Strategy, launched in 2005, delivered projects including The Lights Theatre, Odeon cinema, Andover Business Park, the Chapel Arts Centre and events such as the Graduation ceremonies.

Mills and milling

Watermills have formed an important part in Andover's history. The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded six mills.

Rooksbury Mill is one of the few surviving mill buildings in Andover. The existence of Rooksbury Mill is first recorded by name in the 17th century. Functioning as a flour mill, it has passed through a succession of owners. Milling ceased in the early 20th century, after which the mill building went through a series of uses including being used as a small theatre. Test Valley Borough Council sold the building in 2002, shortly after it had been devastated following an arson attack. The new owners, Anthony and Sarah de Sigley, restored the building in 2003, rebuilding much of the original structure.

A large flour mill, McDougalls, is close to the railway station.

Climate
Andover, in common with much of the UK, experiences a maritime climate type, reflected in its limited temperature range and lack of rainy/dry seasons, although rainfall does tend to peak in winter and reach a minimum in summer.
The nearest met office weather station to Andover is Leckford, about  south of the town centre.

The absolute maximum temperature recorded was  during August 1990. In an average year, the hottest day will achieve a temperature of . In total 12.8 days should have a maximum temperature of  or above.

The absolute minimum temperature recorded was  during December 1960. In an average year the coldest night will fall to . In total 46.6 nights should register an air frost.

Total rainfall averages  per year, with at least  falling on 124 days. All averages refer to the 1971–2000 observation period.

Education
The town is served by state, independent and special schools. Secondary education is provided by three state schools. John Hanson Community School, formerly Andover Grammar School, which dates back to the 16th century and is the oldest school in the town, Harrow Way Community School and Winton Community Academy. Rookwood School, an independent day and boarding school, caters for pupils aged 3 to 18. Another local independent school is Farleigh School, a Catholic prep school. There is one sixth form provision, Andover College, formerly known as Cricklade College.

Notable people

 Nigel Spackman was a local football player who began his career for Andover before moving to AFC Bournemouth and Chelsea. From there, he enjoyed a successful career culminating with winning the English league championship with Liverpool, and numerous Scottish league and cup winners medals with Rangers. Since retiring, he has ventured into club management as well as becoming a television football pundit.
 Bill Rawlings was another Andoverian who began his career at the club. He went on to join Southampton in 1919 where he had a successful career scoring 175 goals in 327 league appearances, making him their third all-time goalscorer behind Mick Channon and Matthew Le Tissier. He also won two England caps in 1922 against Wales and Scotland respectively. He also played for Manchester United and Port Vale.
 Lucinda Green, champion equestrian and journalist who won a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics as well as two world titles, was born in Andover in 1953.
 Kate Howey, judoka, competed at four Olympic games, winning a silver medal in 2000 and a bronze medal in 1992. Howey was born in Andover in 1973. In 2004 she carried the British flag at the opening ceremony in Athens.
 Ronnie Bond, Pete Staples and Reg Presley of the Troggs, a rock band who had a number of hits in Britain and the United States such as "Wild Thing" and "Love Is All Around", were all born in Andover.
 The eminent 19th-century surgeon William Morrant Baker was also born in the town. He was best known for describing the condition Baker's cyst as well as being a lecturer, surgeon and governor at St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
 Sam Baker, novelist and editor in chief of Red Magazine, and previously editor of Cosmopolitan and Just Seventeen among other women's magazines, lived in the area as a child and went to Andover's Anton School, Winton School and Cricklade Sixth Form College.
 Author and winemaker Cyril Berry lived in the town and served as its mayor in 1972–1973.
 Campaigner and broadcaster Katie Piper was brought up in Andover and retains strong links to the town.
 TV Presenter Richard Arnold was born in Hampshire. He grew up in Charlton, Andover, and went to Portway Junior School in Andover.
 Roger Panes, a member of the Exclusive Brethren Christian evangelical cult, killed his family and himself in Andover in 1974.
 Lord Denning, judge and Master of the Rolls, attended Andover Grammar School from 1 October 1909.
 Hanson Turner is a recipient of the Victoria Cross.
 Basil Hayles (1916–2007), first-class cricketer and British Army officer
 Joanna Jensen (born 1970), businesswoman specializing in skin care

Sport
 Cricket: Andover Cricket Club play in the Southern Premier Cricket League.
 Football: The town has two Non-League football clubs, Andover New Street F.C. which play at Foxcotte Park and Andover Town F.C. who play at the Portway Stadium. Andover was home to former Southern League side, Andover Football Club, which was dissolved in the summer of 2011. Andover Lions F.C., a new club formed shortly afterwards, competed in the Hampshire League 2004 and Hampshire Premier League between 2011 and 2017.
 Hockey: Andover is home to Andover Hockey Club.
 Rugby Union: Andover R.F.C. are based in the town.
 Cycling: Andover is home to the Andover Wheelers.
 Triathlon: Andover is home to the Andover Triathlon Club.
 Archery: Andover is home to the Andover Archer Club.
 Lawn Bowls: Bowls has been played in Andover since 1913.

In popular culture
In Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot mystery The A.B.C. Murders, Andover is the site of the first murder.

Twinning
Andover is twinned with the towns of Redon in France, Goch in Germany, and Andover, Massachusetts in the United States.

See also
 Amport House
 Andover workhouse scandal
 The Angel Inn – a 15th-century medieval coaching inn and the oldest building in Andover
 Army Air Corps
 Caldera UK (1996–1999), developers of OpenDOS/DR-DOS and WebSpyder

References

 Body, G. (1984), PSL Field Guides – Railways of the Southern Region, Patrick Stephens Ltd, Cambridge,

External links

 Andover Town Council
 Andover photos, history and memories – Francis Frith

Towns in Hampshire
Test Valley

Andover, Hampshire


St. Thomas Higher Secondary School, Kozhencherry is a school in Kerala, the southwestern state of India. It is located in the town centre, on the way from Kozhencherry to the district capital Pathanamthitta.

Kozhencherry

In the early twentieth century, Kozhencherry was a small village in Pathanamthitta Taluk of Quilon District in the princely state of Travancore. The land was fertile and so the people were mainly farmers. Kozhencherry, on the banks of River Pamba was a commercial hub when river boats were the main mode of transport.

Meaning of certain terms
The naming system adopted in Kerala schools are as follows.
 Primary school: In earlier days classes included-  Class 1 to class 4. Later Preparatory classes from Lower secondary was moved to Primary and was named Class 5.
 Upper primary (Primary schools): In earlier days classes included- Preparatory, Form I, II and III. Later after moving Preparatory class to primary section, classes included Standards 6 to 8.
 Secondary (High schools): In earlier days classes included- Form IV, V and VI.
Later it was changed to Standards 9 and 10, Form VI became part of +2.
 Higher secondary schools: When pre-university class from colleges affiliated to universities were moved to Upper secondary, such schools changed the name to Higher secondary schools. These schools include Standards 9, 10 and +2.
 Headmaster and Principals: Titles of the head of Higher secondary schools are Principals and others, Headmaster/Headmistress.

History
An English Medium School was opened in Kozhencherry by the Kottayam (Anglican) Mission in 1822 with 40 students and two teachers. In 1904 St. Thomas Mar Thoma parish took over the running of the school. By 1910 the Travancore Education Code of 1085 M.E. (1910) came into force and the school was approved as a Middle School (Form I, II and III). In 1918 approval was given to start High School Classes (Forms IV, V and VI). It was at this time the main building, that is still in use, was completed.

Till 1941 it was a co-educational school. In that year St.Mary's Girls High School was opened nearby and all the girls were moved to the new school. Thus from 1941 it became a boys' school.

In 1992, the Kerala government moved pre-university classes from colleges to certain high schools and the school was one of them. The classes known as +2, admitted girls also. From that year onwards it was known as St. Thomas Higher Secondary School.

Courses
The school now offers the following courses (following Kerala Government Syllabus)
 Upper Primary
 High School
 Higher Secondary – a two-year course leading to university education.

Management
This school is managed by St. Thomas Marthoma Church, Kozhencherry. The vicar is the ex officio Manager of the school.

Managers
Rev. C.P. philipose (1904–14) Rev. K.T. Thomas, Kurumthottickal (1914–55), Rev. K.J. Philip (1956–59), Rev. K.C. Thomas (1960–61), Rev. C.G. Alexander (1961–62.

Notable alumni
A few notable ex-students of the school include:
 Most Rt. Rev. Dr. Alexander Mar Thoma Metropolitan
 Most Rt. Rev. Dr. Philipose Mar Chrysostom Marthoma Valia Metropolitan
 Most Rt. Rev. Dr. Joseph Mar Thoma Metropolitan
 Most Rt. Rev. Philipose Mar Eusibeos Metropolitan
 Fr. Dr. V. C. Samuel Theologian
 Chittedathu Sankupilla, freedom fighter
 N.G. Chacko. freedom fighter
 C.M. Ninan, orator
 Riva Tholoor Philip, Kerala Congress leader
 K. M. George (Karimpumannil Mathai George), eminent Malayalam writer and educator, awarded Padma Shri in 1988 and Padma Bhushan in 2001
 Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan, poet
 Makkapuzha P.S.Vasudevan Pillai, former president of Nair Service Society
 Judge Mathews P Mathew, High Court Judge
 P.V. Neelakanta Pillai, former president of Nair Service Society
 Lipin Raj, Civil Servant and Writer

References

External links
 Kozhenchery St. Thomas and St. Marys Schools Alumni Association
 :ml:ലിപിൻ രാജ് എം.പി

Christian schools in Kerala
Primary schools in Kerala
High schools and secondary schools in Kerala
Schools in Pathanamthitta district


इस लेख में पाकिस्तान में स्थित हिन्दू मंदिरों की सूची दी गयी है।

कश्मीर

 शारदापीठ, नियंत्रण रेखा के पास

बलोचिस्तान

 हिंगलाज भवानी शक्तिपीठ (हिंगलाज का गुफा मंदिर ), हिंगोल नेशनल पार्क
 Kalat Kali Temple at Kalat,Baluchistan

इस्लामाबाद

 Saidpur Temple, Saidpur, Islamabad Pakistan

खैबर पख्तूनख्वा

 Kalibari Mandir, Peshawar
 Goraknath Mandir, Gor Khatri Peshawar
 Dargah Pir Ratan Nath Jee Hindu Mandir, Jhanda Bazaar Peshawar
 Nandi Mandir - Peshawar
 Balmiki (Valmiki) Mandir - Peshawar
 Araya Temple, Nawanshehr area, Abbottabad (ruined)
 Shiva Temple and Dusehra House (old)- Abbottabad (ruined/half demolished)
 Krishna Temple (old)--Abbottabad (destroyed/building no longer exists)
 Kali Mandir - Dera Ismail Khan (being used as a hotel)
 Krishna Temple, Haripur (destroyed)
 Shiva Temple (ancient)- Mansehra, Chitti Gatti/Gandhian location (in use)
 Shiva Temple (former, now a public library)-- Mansehra town (no longer a temple)
 Bareri Mata/Durga Temple and Shrine, on Bareri hill--Mansehra (destroyed/no longer in regular use,location sometimes visited by pilgrims and tourists)
 Laxmi Narain Mandir - Mardan
 Shiv Mandir - Nowshera

पंजाब

 Aditya Sun temple - Multan
 Jagannath Temple - Sialkot
 Katasraj temple, Katas Village - Chakwal
 Krishna Temple, Ravi Road, Lahore
 Valmiki Mandir, Lahore
 Lava temple, Lahore fort
 Tilla Jogian temple
 Jagannath Temple, Sialkot
 Sri Narasimha Temple - Multan
 Multan Sun Temple, Suraj Kund, Multan
 Prahladpuri Temple, Multan
 Old Temple -Kakrali, Gujrat
 Katasraj temple
 Malot temple
 Amb Shareef temple

सिन्ध
 Swami Kirshan Gir Darbar (Kundan Gir Marri ) JACOBABAD PAKISTAN
 Baba Kalyan Dass Mandir, Jacobabad
 Sach Khand Dham, Jacobabad
 Bhagwan Shiv Mandir, Peti Bazar, Jacobabad
 Bhagwan Shiv Mandir, Ladies Market, Jacobabad
 Lal Sain Mandir,Bhahan Bazar, Jacobabad
 Nandro Mata waro Mandir (Chenchri Ghitti, Jacobabad
 Sadhu Bela Temple, Pakistan, Sukkur
 Samadha Ashram, Shikarpur, Sukkur
 Shankaranand Bharti, Shikarpur, Sukkur
 Khat Wari Darbar, Shikarpur, Sukkur
 Wasan Shah Darbar, Rohri
 Baba Garib Das Darbar, Gospur, Kandhkot
 Jhulay Lal Mandir, Bagarji, Sukkur
 GURU Nanik DASS Mandir, Shahdad Kot
 Baba Khat wala shahib Mandir, Shahdadkot
 Shiv Mandir, Shahdadkot
 Baba Hiradaram Mandir, Shahdadkot
 Bhagnari Shiv Mandir, Kakri Ground - Karachi
 Darya Lal Sankat Mochan Mandir (also called Jhoolay Lal Mandir), Custom House - Karachi
 Devi Mandir, Bombay Bazar - Karachi
 Hanuman Mandir, Doli Khata - Karachi
 Hanuman Mandir, Frere Road - Karachi
 Hinglaj Mata Mandir, (also called Jagannath Akhra Mandir), Bhimpura - Karachi
 Kali Mata Temple - Umerkot
 Shiv Mandir - Umerkot
 Krishna Mandir - Umerkot
 Manhar Mandir Kathwari Mandir, Rancho Line - Karachi
 Mata Mandir, Doli Khata - Karachi
 Malir Mandir, Shah Faisal Colony - Karachi
 Narsingh Mahadev Mandir, Risala - Karachi
 Panch Mukhi Hanuman Mandir, Soldier Bazar - Karachi
 Pamwal Das Shiv Mandir, Baghdadi, Saddar - Karachi
 Mari Mata Mandir Rattan Tallow Akbar Road, Saddar, - Karachi
 Shri Laxmi Narayan Mandir, Native Jetty - Karachi
 Shri Ratneshwar Mahadev Mandir, Clifton - Karachi
 Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
 Shri Varun Dev Mandir
 Ramchandra Mandir, Saddar - Karachi
 Ramswamy Mandir, Ramswamy - Karachi
 Sheetala Mata Mandir, Bhimpura, Karachi
 Shiv Mandir, Islamia College, Karachi
 Shivaharkaray
 Nagarparkar temples
 Rama Pir
 Sadh Belo Island temple
 Umerkot Shiv Mandir
 Shri Devi Mata Mander Chelhar Distt: Mithi Thar
 Shri Murli Mander chelhar Distt: Mithi Thar
 Shri Ramapi mander chelhar Distt: Mithi Thar
 Shiv mander chelhar distt: Mithi thar
 Kathwari Harijan MANHAR MANDIR
 Shri Punch Mukhi Hanuman Mandir, Garden East - Karachi
 Shri Varun Dev Mandir, Manora, Karachi, Pakistan
 Krishna Mandar kantio Tharparkar
 Shri Hanuman Mandir, JPMC Karachi
 Shri Mari Amman (Mata)Temple, JPMC F/Type Karachi
 Shri Mari Maata Mandir, Korangi Karachi
 Shri Murlidhar Mandir, Mithi Tharparker
 Shri Krishna Mandar, Mithi, Tharparker
 Shri Hanuman Mander, Mithi, Tharparkar
 Shri Pir Pithoro Mander, Mithi, Tharparkar
 Shri Ramapir Mander, Mithi, Tharparkar
 Shantoshi Maa Mander, Mithi, Tharparkar
 Shiv Parvati Mander, Mithi, Tharparkar
 Lokesh Mander Mithi Tharparkar
 Guri Mandir, Guri, TharParkar
 Shri Ramapir, Tando Allahyar, District Tando Allahyar, Sindh
 Shri Hanuman Mandir - Cantt, Karachi
 Shri Shyam Dam Mandir
 BGD hall sawami narain mander karachi ( baba garib das )
 Churrio Jabal Durga Temple, Nangarparkar, Tharparkar District

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

इन्हें भी देखें

 List of temples in Lahore
 Hinduism in Pakistan
 Evacuee Trust Property Board
 Pakistan Hindu Council
 Lists of Hindu temples by country

सन्दर्भ

पाकिस्तान में हिन्दू मन्दिर

पाकिस्तान स्थित हिन्दू मंदिर


Louis Legrand, S.S. (b. Lusigny-sur-Ouche, Burgundy, 12 June 1711, d. at Issy, Île-de-France, 21 July 1780) was a French Sulpician priest and theologian, and a Doctor of the Sorbonne.

Life

After studying philosophy and theology at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, Legrand taught philosophy at Clermont, 1733–1736, and then resumed his studies in Paris, where he entered the Society of Saint-Sulpice in 1739 and obtained the licentiate in 1740. He taught theology at Cambrai, 1740–1743, was superior of the seminary in Autun, 1743–1745, and, having been recalled to Paris, received the degree of Doctor of Theology from the Sorbonne in 1746. Henceforth he remained at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice in various employments.

Appointed director of studies in 1767 he exercised in this capacity an influence over young seminarians of France, who were preparing to take their degrees at the Sorbonne. As a Doctor of the Sorbonne he was called upon to take a prominent part in framing the decisions and censures of the theological faculty; in that intense period of opposition to Christian dogma, he was centrally involved in its defense.

Works

It was Legrand who wrote the condemnation of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile, or On Education (reprinted in Migne's Theologiae Cursus Completus, II, col. 1111–1248).

Legrand also drafted the censures of Marmontel's Bélisaire and Isaac-Joseph Berruyer's Histoire du Peuple de Dieu. He helped to avert a censure of Buffon's Epoques de la Nature, in consideration of the author's retraction. Legrand's moderation and kindliness gained the esteem and good will of both Buffon and Marmontel.

Most of what Legrand wrote was in collaboration. Nearly all the writings of Legrand were included by Migne in his Theologiae Cursus Completus. The most important are:

Praelectiones Theologicae de Deo ac divinis attributis, a work by La Fosse based on Tournély's treatise, re-edited by Legrand who added about 400 pages of additional matter. Reprinted in Migne, VII.
Tractatus de Incarnatione Verbi Divini (in Migne, IX), also based on Tournély.

Parts of Legrand's Tractatus de Ecclesia have been reproduced by Migne in his Scripturae Sacrae Cursus Completus, IV. At the time of his death, Legrand left an unfinished treatise, De Existentia Dei (Paris, 1812).

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Louis Bertrand, Histoire littéraire de la Compagnie de St-Sulpice, I (Paris, 1900). gives the complete list of Legrand's writings;
MONTAIGNE, Notice prefixed to the above-mentioned treatise De Existentia Dei (Paris, 1812)

1711 births
1780 deaths
People from Côte-d'Or
Sulpicians
18th-century French Roman Catholic priests
University of Paris alumni
18th-century French Catholic theologians
Academic staff of the University of Paris

Louis Legrand (theologian)


James Alexander MacNabb (26 December 1901 – 6 April 1990) was a British rower who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics.

MacNabb was born at Keighley, West Yorkshire, the son of Rev. James Frederick MacNabb, and his wife Margaret Elizabeth Waterworth. He was educated at Eton and first rowed at Henley in 1920 as a member of the Eton Crew that reached the semi-finals of the Ladies' Challenge Plate. He then went to Trinity College, Cambridge.  At Cambridge, MacNabb, Maxwell Eley, Robert Morrison and Terence Sanders, who had rowed together at Eton, made up the coxless four that in 1922 at Henley won the Stewards' Challenge Cup as Eton Vikings and the Visitors' Challenge Cup as Third Trinity Boat Club. They won the Stewards' Challenge Cup again in 1923. MacNabb rowed for Cambridge in the Boat Race in 1924, and also won Silver Goblets at Henley in 1924 partnering Maxwell Eley.  The coxless four crew won Stewards' at Henley again in 1924 and went on to win the gold medal for Great Britain  rowing at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

MacNabb qualified as an accountant. He was associated with charitable housing for many years and was honorary treasurer at the Amateur Rowing Association for 20 years. He was also honorary secretary and treasurer of Leander Club and a steward of Henley Regatta. He coached the winning Cambridge crew from 1931 to 1933.

MacNabb served in World War II in the Royal Artillery in West Africa and Burma. He attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the T.D. He coached the Oxford crew from 1949 to 1951, making him one of the few people to have coached both universities. He was recognised as de jure 21st Chief of Clan Macnab and was succeeded by his son James Charles MacNabb. In 1972 he was awarded the O.B.E for his work with the Peabody Trust.

See also
List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews

References

External links
The MacNab website – The Olympic Games: A Macnab Gold Medal

1901 births
1990 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
English male rowers
British male rowers
Olympic rowers for Great Britain
Rowers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Stewards of Henley Royal Regatta
Royal Artillery officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Olympic medalists in rowing
Members of Leander Club
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Military personnel from Yorkshire

James MacNabb


Thomas Heath Haviland (April 30, 1795 (or 1796)–June 18, 1867) was an English-born land owner, banker and political figure in Prince Edward Island, Canada.

He was born in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England and came to Prince Edward Island in 1816. He served as provost marshal and naval officer. He married Jane Rebecca Brecken in 1822. In 1823, he was named to the Council for the province, in 1824, he became assistant judge in the Supreme Court and, in 1830, colonial treasurer. Haviland became colonial secretary, registrar and clerk for the Executive and Legislative councils in 1839. He accumulated a large amount of real estate in the province. In 1848, he married Amelia Janetta Emslie after the death of his first wife in 1839.

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island for Princetown in an 1854 by-election and named to the Executive Council. Haviland served as the second mayor of Charlottetown from 1857 until his death. He was also president of the Bank of Prince Edward Island. He died of kidney disease in 1867.

Haviland's villa house in Charlottetown, Fairholm, was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1992.

His son, also named Thomas Heath Haviland, served in the provincial assembly, the Canadian senate and as Lieutenant Governor for the province. His daughter Sarah Frances married George Wastie Deblois.

References

Bibliography
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1867 deaths
People from Cirencester
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Prince Edward Island
Mayors of Charlottetown
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs
Year of birth unknown
Colony of Prince Edward Island judges
Colonial Secretaries of Prince Edward Island

Thomas Heath Haviland Sr.


Bendix Grodtschilling the Younger (1 December 1655  – 10 March 1707) was a Danish painter.

Grodtschilling was born in Itzehoe, the son of the painter Bendix Grodtschilling the Elder's first marriage. He was in France and Italy and trained as a painter, but initially was only an insignificant and little fertile artist in portrait art. He returned to Denmark around 1670, and already in 1672 it is documented that he received payment of three skillings for works he had delivered for Rosenborg Castle. His father gave him regular work of the royal court, and in 1690 he was named official royal court painter, which paid him 100 crowns annually. When his father died the same year, followed Grodtschilling him in office as manager. Among his paintings are: Grodtschilling the Elder's portrait, now at Rosenborg Castle, Christian V of Denmark on horseback, at the old Copenhagen Castle, and an "optical piece": the Oldenburg kings with Christian V in the middle. He also had drawings for Rosenborg Castle wallpapers (except for those in the Great Hall and data sheet. I, 252). In 1704 he was assessor in the ducal court. Grodtschilling died in Copenhagen and is buried in the Trinitatis Church; his wife, Anne Cathrine Eiler Daughter Sander or Zanders, died 1716. For their 12 children, most died young, but one son Bendix Grodtschilling the Youngest became a painter as well.

References
 Bendix Grodtschilling of Art Index Denmark / Weilbachs Artist Encyclopedia
 This article is based mainly on Biography (s) of FJ Meier in the 1st edition of the Danish Biographical Encyclopedia, Volume 6, page 203, Published by CF Washer, Penguin (1887-1905).

1655 births
1707 deaths
17th-century Danish painters
Danish male painters
People from Itzehoe

Bendix Grodtschilling the Younger


Julian Gordon Rushton (born 22 May 1941) is an English musicologist, born in Cambridge. He has contributed the entry on Mozart in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera and several other articles in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians and other reference works. He has written a critical study of the style of Hector Berlioz and was involved in critical editions of that composer's works. In 1999, he published an analysis of Elgar's Enigma Variations. His book Coffee with Mozart (2007) has been translated into German. He also wrote Mozart (The Master Musicians, 2006) and Mozart: An Extraordinary Life (2006). In addition to his 1983 work The Musical Language of Berlioz, he wrote The Music of Berlioz (OUP, 2001) as well as several articles on Mozart, Berlioz, and Elgar. He was General Editor of Cambridge Music Handbooks (c. 60 volumes), contributing Berlioz, Roméo et Juliette and Elgar,  'Enigma' Variations. He has edited works by Charpentier, Berlioz (four volumes of the New Berlioz Edition), Elgar, and Vaughan Williams. He is editor the Cambridge Berlioz Encyclopedia (2018). He was for 25 years chair of the Editorial Committee of Musica Britannica.

Rushton studied at Trinity College Cambridge under Raymond Leppard, and received a doctorate (DPhil.) from Oxford, supervised by J. A. Westrup, awarded in 1970. His thesis was on French tragic opera in the period dominated by Gluck (c. 1774–1789). He taught at the University of East Anglia and then at Cambridge, holding a fellowship at King's College from 1974 until 1981, before being appointed to the West Riding Chair of Music at the University of Leeds. He retired in 2005.

References

External links

"Music and drama at the Académie Royale de Musique (Paris), 1774–1789", Rushton's PhD thesis, University of Oxford, 1969

1941 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Academics of the University of Leeds
English musicologists
Mozart scholars
Berlioz scholars

Julian Rushton