Asphalt concrete (commonly called asphalt, blacktop, or pavement in North America, and tarmac or bitumen macadam in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) is a composite material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, and the core of embankment dams. Asphalt mixtures have been used in pavement construction since the  beginning of the twentieth century. It consists of mineral aggregate bound together with bitumen (also known as asphalt), laid in layers, and compacted.

The process was refined and enhanced by Belgian-American inventor Edward De Smedt.

The terms asphalt (or asphaltic) concrete, bituminous asphalt concrete, and bituminous mixture are typically used only in engineering and construction documents, which define concrete as any composite material composed of mineral aggregate adhered with a binder. The abbreviation, AC, is sometimes used for asphalt concrete but can also denote asphalt content or asphalt cement, referring to the liquid asphalt portion of the composite material.

Mixture formulations

Mixing of asphalt and aggregate is accomplished in one of several ways:
 Hot-mix asphalt concrete (commonly abbreviated as HMA) This is produced by heating the asphalt binder to decrease its viscosity and drying the aggregate to remove moisture from it prior to mixing.  Mixing is generally performed with the aggregate at about  for virgin asphalt and  for polymer modified asphalt, and the asphalt cement at .  Paving and compaction must be performed while the asphalt is sufficiently hot.  In many locales paving is restricted to summer months because in winter the base will cool the asphalt too quickly before it can be packed to the required density. HMA is the form of asphalt concrete most commonly used on high traffic pavements such as those on major highways, racetracks and airfields. It is also used as an environmental liner for landfills, reservoirs, and fish hatchery ponds.

 Warm-mix asphalt concrete (commonly abbreviated as WMA) This is produced by adding either zeolites, waxes, asphalt emulsions or sometimes water to the asphalt binder prior to mixing. This allows significantly lower mixing and laying temperatures and results in lower consumption of fossil fuels, thus releasing less carbon dioxide, aerosols and vapors. This improves working conditions, and lowers laying-temperature, which leads to more rapid availability of the surface for use, which is important for construction sites with critical time schedules. The usage of these additives in hot-mixed asphalt (above) may afford easier compaction and allow cold-weather paving or longer hauls. Use of warm mix is rapidly expanding. A survey of US asphalt producers found that nearly 25% of asphalt produced in 2012 was warm mix, a 416% increase since 2009. Cleaner road pavements can be potentially developed by combining WMA and material recycling. Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technology has environmental, production, and economic benefits.
 Cold-mix asphalt concrete This is produced by emulsifying the asphalt in water with an emulsifying agent before mixing with the aggregate. While in its emulsified state, the asphalt is less viscous and the mixture is easy to work and compact. The emulsion will break after enough water evaporates and the cold mix will, ideally, take on the properties of an HMA pavement. Cold mix is commonly used as a patching material and on lesser-trafficked service roads.
 Cut-back asphalt concrete Is a form of cold mix asphalt produced by dissolving the binder in kerosene or another lighter fraction of petroleum before mixing with the aggregate.  While in its dissolved state, the asphalt is less viscous and the mix is easy to work and compact. After the mix is laid down the lighter fraction evaporates. Because of concerns with pollution from the volatile organic compounds in the lighter fraction, cut-back asphalt has been largely replaced by asphalt emulsion.
 Mastic asphalt concrete, or sheet asphalt This is produced by heating hard grade blown bitumen (i.e., partly oxidised) in a green cooker (mixer) until it has become a viscous liquid after which the aggregate mix is then added. The bitumen aggregate mixture is cooked (matured) for around 6–8 hours and once it is ready, the mastic asphalt mixer is transported to the work site where experienced layers empty the mixer and either machine or hand lay the mastic asphalt contents on to the road. Mastic asphalt concrete is generally laid to a thickness of around  for footpath and road applications and around  for flooring or roof applications.
 High-modulus asphalt concrete, sometimes referred to by the French-language acronym EMÉ (enrobé à module élevé) This uses a very hard bituminous formulation (penetration 10/20), sometimes modified, in proportions close to 6% by weight of the aggregates, as well as a high proportion of mineral powder (between 8–10%) to create an asphalt concrete layer with a high modulus of elasticity (of the order of 13000MPa). This makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the base layer up to 25% (depending on the temperature) in relation to conventional bitumen, while offering as very high fatigue strengths. High-modulus asphalt layers are used both in reinforcement operations and in the construction of new reinforcements for medium and heavy traffic. In base layers, they tend to exhibit a greater capacity of absorbing tensions and, in general, better fatigue resistance.

In addition to the asphalt and aggregate, additives, such as polymers, and antistripping agents may be added to improve the properties of the final product.

Areas paved with asphalt concrete—especially airport aprons—have been called "the tarmac" at times, despite not being constructed using the tarmacadam process.

A variety of specialty asphalt concrete mixtures have been developed to meet specific needs, such as stone-matrix asphalt, which is designed to ensure a strong wearing surface, or porous asphalt pavements, which are permeable and allow water to drain through the pavement for controlling storm water.

Roadway performance characteristics

Different types of asphalt concrete have different performance characteristics in roads in terms of surface durability, tire wear, braking efficiency and roadway noise. In principle, the determination of appropriate asphalt performance characteristics must take into account the volume of traffic in each vehicle category, and the performance requirements of the friction course. In general, the viscosity of asphalt allows it to be applied directly to form a convex surface, which increases the drainage of streets and roads. This is an advantage over concrete. Concrete can be screeded to form many types of shapes and curves, yet it is impractical to use that method on an area as long as a street or road. As a disadvantage of asphalt, however, concrete is more durable, and the preference for surface is weighed against this depending on the situation.

Asphalt concrete generates less roadway noise than a Portland cement concrete surface, and is typically less noisy than chip seal surfaces. Because tire noise is generated through the conversion of kinetic energy to sound waves, more noise is produced as the speed of a vehicle increases. The notion that highway design might take into account acoustical engineering considerations, including the selection of the type of surface paving, arose in the early 1970s.

With regard to structural performance, the asphalt behaviour depends on a variety of factors including the material, loading and environmental condition. Furthermore, the performance of pavement varies over time. Therefore, the long-term behaviour of asphalt pavement is different from its short-term performance. The LTPP is a research program by the FHWA,  which is specifically focusing on long-term pavement behaviour.

Degradation and restoration

Asphalt deterioration can include crocodile cracking, potholes, upheaval, raveling, bleeding, rutting, shoving, stripping, and grade depressions. In cold climates, frost heaves can crack asphalt even in one winter. Filling the cracks with bitumen is a temporary fix, but only proper compaction and drainage can slow this process.

Factors that cause asphalt concrete to deteriorate over time mostly fall into one of three categories: construction quality, environmental considerations, and traffic loads. Often, damage results from combinations of factors in all three categories.

Construction quality is critical to pavement performance. This includes the construction of utility trenches and appurtenances that are placed in the pavement after construction. Lack of compaction in the surface of the asphalt, especially on the longitudinal joint, can reduce the life of a pavement by 30 to 40%. Service trenches in pavements after construction have been said to reduce the life of the pavement by 50%, mainly due to the lack of compaction in the trench, and also because of water intrusion through improperly sealed joints.

Environmental factors include heat and cold, the presence of water in the subbase or subgrade soil underlying the pavement, and frost heaves.

High temperatures soften the asphalt binder, allowing heavy tire loads to deform the pavement into ruts. Paradoxically, high heat and strong sunlight also cause the asphalt to oxidize, becoming stiffer and less resilient, leading to crack formation. Cold temperatures can cause cracks as the asphalt contracts. Cold asphalt is also less resilient and more vulnerable to cracking.

Water trapped under the pavement softens the subbase and subgrade, making the road more vulnerable to traffic loads. Water under the road freezes and expands in cold weather, causing and enlarging cracks. In spring thaw, the ground thaws from the top down, so water is trapped between the pavement above and the still-frozen soil underneath. This layer of saturated soil provides little support for the road above, leading to the formation of potholes. This is more of a problem for silty or clay soils than sandy or gravelly soils. Some jurisdictions pass frost laws to reduce the allowable weight of trucks during the spring thaw season and protect their roads.

The damage a vehicle causes is roughly proportional to the axle load raised to the fourth power, so doubling the weight an axle carries actually causes 16 times as much damage. Wheels cause the road to flex slightly, resulting in fatigue cracking, which often leads to crocodile cracking. Vehicle speed also plays a role. Slowly moving vehicles stress the road over a longer period of time, increasing ruts, cracking, and corrugations in the asphalt pavement.

Other causes of damage include heat damage from vehicle fires, or solvent action from chemical spills.

Prevention and repair of degradation

The life of a road can be prolonged through good design, construction and maintenance practices. During design, engineers measure the traffic on a road, paying special attention to the number and types of trucks. They also evaluate the subsoil to see how much load it can withstand. The pavement and subbase thicknesses are designed to withstand the wheel loads. Sometimes, geogrids are used to reinforce the subbase and further strengthen the roads. Drainage, including ditches, storm drains and underdrains are used to remove water from the roadbed, preventing it from weakening the subbase and subsoil.

Sealcoating asphalt is a maintenance measure that helps keep water and petroleum products out of the pavement.

Maintaining and cleaning ditches and storm drains will extend the life of the road at low cost. Sealing small cracks with bituminous crack sealer prevents water from enlarging cracks through frost weathering, or percolating down to the subbase and softening it.

For somewhat more distressed roads, a chip seal or similar surface treatment may be applied. As the number, width and length of cracks increases, more intensive repairs are needed. In order of generally increasing expense, these include thin asphalt overlays, multicourse overlays, grinding off the top course and overlaying, in-place recycling, or full-depth reconstruction of the roadway.

It is far less expensive to keep a road in good condition than it is to repair it once it has deteriorated. This is why some agencies place the priority on preventive maintenance of roads in good condition, rather than reconstructing roads in poor condition. Poor roads are upgraded as resources and budget allow. In terms of lifetime cost and long term pavement conditions, this will result in better system performance. Agencies that concentrate on restoring their bad roads often find that by the time they have repaired them all, the roads that were in good condition have deteriorated.

Some agencies use a pavement management system to help prioritize maintenance and repairs.

Recycling

Asphalt concrete is a recyclable material that can be reclaimed and reused both on-site and in asphalt plants. The most common recycled component in asphalt concrete is reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). RAP is recycled at a greater rate than any other material in the United States. Many roofing shingles also contain asphalt, and asphalt concrete mixes may contain reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS). Research has demonstrated that RAP and RAS can replace the need for up to 100% of the virgin aggregate and asphalt binder in a mix, but this percentage is typically lower due to regulatory requirements and performance concerns. In 2019, new asphalt pavement mixtures produced in the United States contained, on average, 21.1% RAP and 0.2% RAS.

Recycling methods
Recycled asphalt components may be reclaimed and transported to an asphalt plant for processing and use in new pavements, or the entire recycling process may be conducted in-place. While in-place recycling typically occurs on roadways and is specific to RAP, recycling in asphalt plants may utilize RAP, RAS, or both. In 2019, an estimated 97.0 million tons of RAP and 1.1 million tons of RAS were accepted by asphalt plants in the United States.

RAP is typically received by plants after being milled on-site, but pavements may also be ripped out in larger sections and crushed in the plant. RAP millings are typically stockpiled at plants before being incorporated into new asphalt mixes. Prior to mixing, stockpiled millings may be dried and any that have agglomerated in storage may have to be crushed.

RAS may be received by asphalt plants as post-manufacturer waste directly from shingle factories, or they may be received as post-consumer waste at the end of their service life. Processing of RAS includes grinding the shingles and sieving the grinds to remove oversized particles. The grinds may also be screened with a magnetic sieve to remove nails and other metal debris. The ground RAS is then dried, and the asphalt cement binder can be extracted. For further information on RAS processing, performance, and associated health and safety concerns, see Asphalt Shingles.

In-place recycling methods allow roadways to be rehabilitated by reclaiming the existing pavement, remixing, and repaving on-site. In-place recycling techniques include rubblizing, hot in-place recycling, cold in-place recycling, and full-depth reclamation. For further information on in-place methods, see Road Surface.

Performance
During its service life, the asphalt cement binder, which makes up about 5–6% of a typical asphalt concrete mix, naturally hardens and becomes stiffer. This aging process primarily occurs due to oxidation, evaporation, exudation, and physical hardening. For this reason, asphalt mixes containing RAP and RAS are prone to exhibiting lower workability and increased susceptibility to fatigue cracking. These issues are avoidable if the recycled components are apportioned correctly in the mix. Practicing proper storage and handling, such as by keeping RAP stockpiles out of damp areas or direct sunlight, is also important in avoiding quality issues. The binder aging process may also produce some beneficial attributes, such as by contributing to higher levels of rutting resistance in asphalts containing RAP and RAS.

One approach to balancing the performance aspects of RAP and RAS is to combine the recycled components with virgin aggregate and virgin asphalt binder. This approach can be effective when the recycled content in the mix is relatively low, and has a tendency to work more effectively with soft virgin binders. A 2020 study found that the addition of 5% RAS to a mix with a soft, low-grade virgin binder significantly increased the mix's rutting resistance while maintaining adequate fatigue cracking resistance.

In mixes with higher recycled content, the addition of virgin binder becomes less effective, and rejuvenators may be used. Rejuvenators are additives that restore the physical and chemical properties of the aged binder. When conventional mixing methods are used in asphalt plants, the upper limit for RAP content before rejuvenators become necessary has been estimated at 50%. Research has demonstrated that the use of rejuvenators at optimal doses can allow for mixes with 100% recycled components to meet the performance requirements of conventional asphalt concrete.

Other recycled materials in asphalt concrete
Beyond RAP and RAS, a range of waste materials can be re-used in place of virgin aggregate, or as rejuvenators. Crumb rubber, generated from recycled tires, has been demonstrated to improve the fatigue resistance and flexural strength of asphalt mixes that contain RAP. In California, legislative mandates require the Department of Transportation to incorporate crumb rubber into asphalt paving materials. Other recycled materials that are actively included in asphalt concrete mixes across the United States include steel slag, blast furnace slag, and cellulose fibers.

Further research has been conducted to discover new forms of waste that may be recycled into asphalt mixes. A 2020 study conducted in Melbourne, Australia presented a range of strategies for incorporating waste materials into asphalt concrete. The strategies presented in the study include the use of plastics, particularly high-density polyethylene, in asphalt binders, and the use of glass, brick, ceramic, and marble quarry waste in place of traditional aggregate.

Rejuvenators may also be produced from recycled materials, including waste engine oil, waste vegetable oil, and waste vegetable grease.

Recently, discarded face masks have been incorporated into stone mastic.

See also

 Free floating screed
 Macadam
 Marshall Stability Method
 Paver
 Plastic armour
 Road surface
 Sealcoat
 Stamped asphalt

References

Building materials

Concrete
Road construction
Pavements

Asphalt concrete


Theodosius I (11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. He was a general in the Roman army and the son of another general, Theodosius the Elder. When the emperor Valens died in battle fighting the Goths, Valens' nephew, the emperor Gratian, made Theodosius emperor. Theodosius married Gratian's sister. While emperor, Theodosius overcame three civil wars in the empire. Gratian and his brother the emperor Valentinian II both died young, and Theodosius made his own sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors. Theodosius made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire and made other religions illegal.

Life

Early life
Where Theodosius () was born is unknown. According to Hydatius and Zosimus, Theodosius was born in what is now Coca, Spain. However, Marcellinus Comes writes that he was from Italica, Hispania (now in Spain). His father was a military officer.

Death
Theodosius died in Milan on January 17, 395. When he died he was made into a god. Parts of the Christian Church name Theodosius a saint.

Christianity as religion of Roman Empire
Theodosius made the Nicene Creed the official belief system of the Roman Empire. Prior to that, many different creeds were believed. The Nicene Creed states that that Jesus, the Son, is equal to God the Father. Other people, such as Arius, said that Jesus was inferior to the Father. Theodosius affirmed the faith that the Council of Nicea agreed on.

References

Other websites

 De Imperatoribus Romanis, Theodosius I

347 births
395 deaths
4th-century Roman emperors

Theodosius I


The earliest known Christian texts in Old Uyghur are known from manuscript fragments uncovered in the Turfan oasis.  There are approximately fifty fragments written in Old Uyghur. An early Uyghur translation of the New Testament and the Psalms may have been done in the 14th century by Giovanni da Montecorvino, papal envoy to the Mongols who became Roman Catholic archbishop of Khanbaliq in 1307.

The first modern translation into the Uyghur language—which is a cousin and not a descendant of Old Uyghur—began in the late 19th century, when Johannes Avetaranian, a Turk working with the Swedish Missionary Society, translated the New Testament into Uyghur. The gospels were published in 1898 by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Leipzig. Avetaranian had translated the whole New Testament, but could not get the British and Foreign Bible Society to print it all at once. He left Xinjiang, thinking it would be temporary, but never returned. Avetaranian revised his Gospels, and in 1911, along with Acts they were published by the German Orient Mission, in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Gustaf Raquette, also with the Swedish Missionary Society, came to Plovdiv, Bulgaria, and worked together with Avetaranian on a revision of the New Testament translation. This revision was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1914.

Selections from the Old Testament, translated by Avetaranian was published in Bulgaria in 1907. It is a small booklet though, and it is unclear how much/if he translated any more than that.

Genesis in 1917, Job in 1921, and Psalms in 1923 were translated by other members of the Swedish Missionary Society, especially Oscar Andersson. The British and Foreign Bible Society also printed a revision of the New Testament, by Lars Erik Hogberg and G. Sauerwein in Cairo, in 1939.

George Hunter, of the China Inland Mission in Urumqi, translated Mark, published in 1920 by the Shanghai branch of the British and Foreign Bible Society, and Acts, published by them in 1922. 1 Samuel (a tentative edition) was published in Urumqi in 1917.

After the Swedes had been exiled from Xinjiang, Gustaf Ahlbert, Oskar Hermannson, Dr. Nur Luke (a Uyghur), Moulvi Munshi, and Moulvi Fazil, completed the translation of the Uyghur Bible in India. This, and a revision of the New Testament, was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1950, in Cairo.

The reformation of the Uyghur Arabic alphabet in the 1930s-1950s rendered the translations done by the Swedish missionaries obsolete. A new Bible translation had to be produced.

The Uyghur Bible Society has published the New Testament and portions of the Old Testament into modern Uyghur. Another translation into modern Uyghur is the "Mukaddes Kalam" translation. DunyaningNuri also produced in 2013 a version of the Cairo Bible revised and updated into modern Uyghur.

Text examples

References

Book of a Thousand Tongues online
The Holy Bible in Eastern (Kashgar) Turki (1950)

External links
Mukaddes Kalam
Uyghur Bible Society
Dunyaning Nuri

Uyghur
Uyghur language
History of Plovdiv

Bible translations into Uyghur


Ancient Greek units of measurement varied according to location and epoch. Systems of ancient weights and measures evolved as needs changed; Solon and other lawgivers also reformed them en bloc. Some units of measurement were found to be convenient for trade within the Mediterranean region and these units became increasingly common to different city states. The calibration and use of measuring devices became more sophisticated. By about 500 BC, Athens had a central depository of official weights and measures, the Tholos, where merchants were required to test their measuring devices against official standards.

Length
Some Greek measures of length were named after parts of the body, such as the  (daktylos, plural:  daktyloi) or finger (having the size of a thumb), and the  (pous, plural:  podes) or foot (having the size of a shoe). The values of the units varied according to location and epoch (e.g., in Aegina a pous was approximately , whereas in Athens (Attica) it was about ), but the relative proportions were generally the same.

Area

The ordinary units used for land measurement were:

Volume

Greeks measured volume according to either solids or liquids, suited respectively to measuring grain and wine. A common unit in both measures throughout historic Greece was the cotyle or cotyla whose absolute value varied from one place to another between 210 ml and 330 ml. The basic unit for both solid and liquid measures was the  (kyathos, plural: kyathoi).

The Attic liquid measures were:

and the Attic dry measures of capacity were:

Currency

The basic unit of Athenian currency was the obol, weighing approximately 0.72 grams of silver:

Mass
Mass is often associated with currency since units of currency involve prescribed amounts of a given metal. Thus for example the English pound has been both a unit of mass and a currency. Greek masses similarly bear a nominal resemblance to Greek currency yet the origin of the Greek standards of weights is often disputed. There were two dominant standards of weight in the eastern Mediterranean: a standard that originated in Euboea and that was subsequently introduced to Attica by Solon, and also a standard that originated in Aegina. The Attic/Euboean standard was supposedly based on the barley corn, of which there were supposedly twelve to one obol. However, weights that have been retrieved by historians and archeologists show considerable variations from theoretical standards. A table of standards derived from theory is as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
! Unit
! Greek name
! Equivalent
! Metric Equivalent
! Aeginetic standard
|-
| obol or obolus
|
|
|
|
|-
| drachma
|
| 6 obols
|
|
|-
| mina
|
| 100 drachmae
|
|
|-
| talent
|
| 60 minae
|
|
|}

Time

Athenians measured the day by sundials and unit fractions. Periods during night or day were measured by a water clock (clepsydra) that dripped at a steady rate and other methods. Whereas the day in the Gregorian calendar commences after midnight, the Greek day began after sunset. Athenians named each year after the Archon Eponymous for that year, and in Hellenistic times years were reckoned in quadrennial epochs according to the Olympiad.

In archaic and early classical Greece, months followed the cycle of the Moon which made them not fit exactly into the length of the solar year. Thus, if not corrected, the same month would migrate slowly into different seasons of the year. The Athenian year was divided into 12 months, with one additional month (Poseidon deuterons, thirty days) being inserted between the sixth and seventh months every second year. Even with this intercalary month, the Athenian or Attic calendar was still fairly inaccurate and days had occasionally to be added by the Archon Basileus. The start of the year was at the summer solstice (previously it had been at the winter solstice) and months were named after Athenian religious festivals, 27 mentioned in the Hibah Papyrus, circa 275 BC.

See also
 Ancient Roman units of measurement
 Byzantine units of measurement
 Level staff

References

External links

Online Conversion of Ancient Greek Units

Obsolete units of measurement
Human-based units of measurement

Ancient Greek units of measurement


Frederic Edwin Church (May 4, 1826 – April 7, 1900) was an American landscape painter. He was a well known figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters. He was best known for painting large landscapes. His best known works were Niagara and The Heart of the Andes.

Other websites
Frederic Edwin Church works at National Gallery of Art
Timeline of Art History Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Olana Partnership
American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Church (see index)
Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (full PDF), which contains material on Church
Lyrics to the song "Olana" by Marc Cohn, about Church and the Olana estate, from Church's perspective.
Art Renewal.org
Frederic Edwin Church Gallery at MuseumSyndicate

1826 births
1900 deaths
American painters
People from Hartford, Connecticut
Artists from New York City

Frederic Edwin Church


Filippo Terzi (1520–1597) was an Italian military and civil architect and engineer, born in Bologna, who went to Lisbon in 1577 and the following year joined the disastrous military expedition to Morocco where he was taken prisoner at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, after which his release was negotiated and he returned to Portugal, where he spent the remainder of his career, dying at Setúbal.

In 1582 Philip II of Spain, recently declared king also of Portugal, visited
Setúbal, where Terzi was recommended to him on the occasion of a new fortification needed to reinforce the security of that port city. Having achieved the work successfully, Terzi was named master of work at the Convento de Cristo in Tomar, in 1584.

In 1590, he was named  Mestre das Obras de el-Rei, "Master of the King's works", succeeding the post that had been occupied by António Rodrigues. Terzi was also charged with the instruction of a new generation of young architects in the Royal Works. He was responsible for numerous projects, notably at Coimbra and Lisbon, including the aqueduct that led from São Sebastião to Coimbra.

Selected works
Convento de Cristo, Tomar: cloister
church of São Vincente de Fora, Lisbon (1582–1605)
 Fort of Pessegueiro (1588–90), a coastal fortress in which the island of Pessegueiro was linked to the mainland
 Fort of Santiago da Barra in Monserrate (Viana do Castelo)
 Fort of São Filipe de Setúbal (1597) was in progress when he died.
 Igreja de São Roque (Lisbon) (Church of São Roque); completed the construction, including the roof

Notes

1520 births
1597 deaths
16th-century Italian architects
Portuguese architects
Architects from Bologna
Engineers from Bologna

Portuguese people of Italian descent

Filippo Terzi


Giovanni Galli (; born 29 April 1958) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and currently a politician.

In a professional career which spanned nearly two decades, he played in 496 Serie A games, mainly with Fiorentina (nine seasons) and Milan (four), winning six major titles with the latter club.

An international in the 1980s, Galli appeared with Italy in two World Cups, and the 1980 UEFA European Football Championship; he was an unused member of the squad that won the 1982 FIFA World Cup and served as Italy's starting goalkeeper at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.

Club career
Born in Pisa, Galli started his career with his home town's youth side as a midfielder before switching to the role of goalkeeper. He began his professional career with ACF Fiorentina in 1977, where he played for nine Serie A seasons. In 1986–87, he joined fellow league side A.C. Milan, being first-choice for three of his four years, and establishing himself as one of Italy's best goalkeepers, winning the Serie A title and the Supercoppa Italiana during his first season. He also started in both of the club's back-to-back European Cup conquests, in 1989 and 1990, also winning consecutive European Supercups in 1989 and 1990, and the Intercontinental Cup in 1989. He also reached the final of the 1989–90 Coppa Italia with Milan. In his final season with the club, he was often alternated and faced competition for a starting spot from back-up Andrea Pazzagli, whom manager Arrigo Sacchi often fielded during league games, while Galli played in European matches.

In the 1990 summer, following Milan's signing of Sebastiano Rossi, 32-year-old Galli left, going on to represent S.S.C. Napoli and appearing in an average of 33 league games during his three-year spell, starting by winning the Italian Supercup, 5–1 against Juventus. In 1993, he played as the starting keeper for Torino Calcio for a single season, reaching the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia, and the quarter-finals of the Cup Winners' Cup, despite a disappointing mid-table finish. He finished his stint in the top division at the end of the 1994–95 season, after being named backup goalkeeper behind Luca Bucci at AC Parma, who won the UEFA Cup that season, and reached the Coppa Italia final, also placing third in Serie A.

Galli retired in 1996 at the age of 38 after a brief stint with A.S. Lucchese-Libertas of Serie B.

International career
Galli took part in Italy's victorious 1982 FIFA World Cup expedition, without playing a single match however, as he served as backup to Dino Zoff, alongside Bordon. The same had already happened in the UEFA Euro 1980 tournament, where Italy finished in fourth place on home soil, after reaching the semi-final. Galli was given his national team debut in a friendly match against Greece on 5 October 1983, which ended in a 3–0 win to Italy.

As a starter, Galli played in the 1986 World Cup in Mexico under manager Enzo Bearzot, as Italy were ousted in the round of 16 by eventual semi-finalists France, led by Michel Platini. During the tournament, in Italy's 1–1 draw against eventual champions Argentina in their second group match on 5 June, Galli drew criticism in the media for his goalkeeping on Maradona's equaliser. Following the competition, he was no longer called up to Italy. In total, Galli obtained 19 caps for Italy.

Style of play
Considered one of the best goalkeepers in Italy and the world during his prime, Galli was an extremely consistent, composed, reflective, and reliable goalkeeper, with a good physique, despite his tall and slender frame, and who possessed an excellent fundamental goalkeeping technique; indeed, he stood out for his elegance in both his playing style and movements, and as such, he rarely made saves with his feet. He was known in particular for his strong positional sense, handling, and his efficient rather than spectacular playing style, as well as his calm personality and serious demeanour, both on and off the pitch; however, he was also an athletic shot-stopper, with a good spring, who was capable of producing decisive diving saves when necessary. In spite of his reserved character, he was also highly regarded for his charismatic leadership, as well as his mentality, and his ability to communicate with his defenders and organise his back-line, which often inspired a sense of confidence in his teammates. He excelled in Milan's zonal marking system under Sacchi, due to his speed when rushing off his line to claim crosses or anticipate opponents who had beaten the offside trap, which enabled the team to maintain a high defensive line; when his team were attacking, he was often tasked with remaining outside his box to function as a sweeper keeper. He also possessed good distribution, vision, and solid ball skills, which enabled him to play the ball out from the back.

After retirement
In December 2007, Galli joined Hellas Verona F.C. as its director of football, leaving his position after only two months in charge. He also later worked as a football pundit.

Politics
Following his retirement, Galli pursued a career in politics. On 1 March 2009, Galli was announced as the centre-right mayoral candidate in the 2009 local elections in Florence. His candidacy was supported by People of Freedom, Lega Nord and a number of minor local movements. In the first round of the elections, held on 6 and 7 June, he ended in second place, with 32% of votes; he was successively defeated fourteen days later in the second round of the election by centre-left candidate Matteo Renzi, taking only 40% of local votes.

Personal life
Galli is the father of the late Niccolò Galli, a promising young footballer who died in a road accident on 9 February 2001, aged only 17. He is married to Anna, and also has two daughters, Camilla and Carolina.

Honours
Milan
Italian Supercup: 1988
European Cup: 1988–89, 1989–90
UEFA Super Cup: 1989
Intercontinental Cup: 1989
Serie A: 1987–88

Napoli
Italian Supercup: 1990

Parma
UEFA Cup: 1994–95

Italy
FIFA World Cup: 1982

Individual
A.C. Milan Hall of Fame
Fiorentina Hall of Fame

Notes

References

External links

National team data

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Pisa
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Serie A players
Serie B players
ACF Fiorentina players
AC Milan players
SSC Napoli players
Torino FC players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Lucchese 1905 players
Italy men's youth international footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Italy men's international footballers
1982 FIFA World Cup players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
UEFA Euro 1980 players
UEFA Cup winning players

Giovanni Galli


Say It with Flowers is a 1934 British musical film directed by John Baxter and starring Mary Clare, Ben Field and George Carney. The screenplay concerns a group of London shopkeepers who hold a benefit concert in a local pub to raise money for a woman to visit the seaside for her health. The film is notable for the performances of several real music hall stars Florrie Forde, Charles Coborn and Marie Kendall.

Synopsis
The film is set in a street market in the Old Kent Road. One of the stallholders, Kate, is a flower seller who many of the leading music hall stars buy their flowers from. When Kate falls ill and visits the Doctor she is prescribed a stay at the seaside to restore her health. However, she is too ill to work to pay for her visit. Her fellow stallholders rally round, and secretly organise a concert at a nearby pub to help raise the money. They approach all the great musical hall performers (many from the golden era of musical hall) who have used her stall over the years. The concert is successfully staged and Kate is able to head to the seaside.

Cast

Reception
Picturegoer Weekly reviewed the film favourably observing "there is more entertainment in this unambitous film... than in many alleged super-productions". In his book The Age of the Dream Palace Jeffrey Richards highlighted the film's genuine sympathy with the lives of the ordinary people it is portraying.

References

External links

Bibliography
 Richards, Jeffrey. The Age of the Dream Palace: Cinema and Society in Britain 1930–1939. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1984.
 Shafer, Stephen C. British popular films, 1929–1939: The Cinema of Reassurance. Routledge. 1997.

1934 films
British musical films
1934 musical films
1930s English-language films
Films set in London
Films directed by John Baxter
British black-and-white films
1930s British films
English-language musical films

Say It with Flowers (1934 film)


Ken McGowan (born 1954) is an environmentalist, entrepreneur and former politician.

Early life
McGowan is a graduate of the University of Toronto with a degree in biology.

Political career

Early political career
McGowan was the Green Party of Nova Scotia's candidate for the electoral district of Annapolis in the 2006 Nova Scotia general election and also a regional party organizer prior to his leadership of the party.

Green Party of Nova Scotia leadership
In 2007, McGowan was elected leader of the Green Party of Nova Scotia. According to the CBC some of his supporters claimed "it was McGowan's work as an organizer for the Greens that won him the leadership." McGowan beat out Ellen Durkee, and Aaron Eisses during the convention held in early May 2007. McGowan received over 50% of the vote, compared to Durkee's 34% and Eisses' 15%. A poll in June 2007 showed the Green Party of Nova Scotia, under McGowan, at 7 per cent popular support. A provincial by-election was held in Nova Scotia on 2 October 2007 in Cole Harbour-Eastern Passage in which one of McGowan's deputy leaders, Beverley Woodfield was the GPNS candidate. Woodfield garnered 4.68% of the vote, doubling the party's vote share in the riding.

McGowan resigned his leadership, along with his two deputy leaders and several executive members of the Green Party of Nova Scotia in 2008 after a disagreement with the party executive. McGowan stated the resignations were over two party members being appointed, and not elected to the party executive, contrary to the party's constitution.

References

Living people
Nova Scotia political party leaders
1954 births
University of Toronto alumni
Leaders of the Green Party of Nova Scotia
Politicians from Greater Sudbury

Ken McGowan


Yandex LLC () is a Russian multinational technology company providing Internet-related products and services, including an Internet search engine called Yandex Search, launched in 1997, information services, e-commerce, transportation, maps and navigation, mobile applications, and online advertising. Yandex Holding Company was incorporated in 2000. As of 2016, it primarily served audiences in Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Turkey and countries with significant Russian-speaking population.

As of 2017, the firm was the largest technology company in Russia. It had more than 30 offices worldwide in 2018. Its main competitors in the Russian market are Google, Microsoft, VK, and Rambler.

Yandex Search has the largest market share of any search engine from Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States and is the 3rd largest search engine worldwide after Google and Bing.

Yandex LLC's holding company, Yandex N.V., is a  (Dutch public limited company) with its head office listed at an address of a virtual office in Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport. Yandex N.V. is listed on Nasdaq and has a secondary listing on the Moscow Exchange, although trading in Yandex shares on Nasdaq was suspended in February 2022.

Search results from the Yandex search engine tend to favor Russian media sources, including state media, and Yandex-delivered ads tend to promote misinformation and propaganda produced by more than half a dozen Russian-language news sites.

History

Name
In 1993, Arkady Volozh and Ilya Segalovich, friends since their school days and by then working together to develop search software, invented the word "Yandex" to describe their search technologies. The name initially stood for "Yet Another iNDEXer". However, this is also a bilingual pun on "index" since "Я" ("ya") means "I" in Russian. Another pun is based on the yin and yang contrast (Russian: инь – индекс, ян – яндекс).

Development
Between 1993 and 1996, the company continued developing its search technologies and released software for searching the Bible. On September 23, 1997, the Yandex.ru search engine was launched and presented at the Softool exhibition in Moscow. Initially, the search engine was developed by Comptek.

In 1998, Yandex launched contextual advertisement on its search engine.
In 2000, Yandex was incorporated in Cyprus as a standalone company by Arkady Volozh.

In September 2005, it opened an office in Ukraine and launched www.yandex.ua. In 2007, Yandex introduced a customized search engine for Ukrainian users; Yandex also opened its development center in Kyiv in May 2007. In 2008, Yandex extended its presence in Ukraine by increasing bandwidth between Moscow data centers and UA-IX in Ukraine fivefold. In 2009, all services of www.yandex.ua were localized for the Ukrainian market. In 2010, Yandex launched its "Poltava" search engine algorithm for Ukrainian users, based on its MatrixNet technology.

On June 20, 2008, it announced the formation of Yandex Labs in Silicon Valley, to foster "innovation in search and advertising technology".

In 2020 Yandex published its internal operating principles.

There are more than 35 principles. These include: "We do not develop technology for military purposes", "We comply with the laws of each country that we operate in and try to constructively contribute to any proposed legislation that concerns technology or the market", and "The products and services that we make don't have any persuasion or political overtones." For example, Yandex advertising services do not accept political ads.

Acquisitions
In March 2007, it acquired Russian social networking service moikrug.ru.; on June 16, 2008, Yandex acquired SMILink, a Russian road traffic monitoring agency, to merge with Yandex.Maps services. In September 2008, the company acquired the rights to the Punto Switcher software program, an automatic Russian to English keyboard layout switcher.

In September 2010, it invested in a $4.3 million financing round by Face.com. The company was acquired by Facebook in 2012. In December 2010, the firm launched Yandex.Start to find startups and work with them systematically, and purchased WebVisor's behavior analysis technology in December 2010. In September 2011, it invested in Blekko as part of a $30 million financing round. In November 2011, it acquired software developer SPB Software for $38 million. In June 2012, it acquired a 25% stake in Seismotech, for $1 million. On January 26, 2011, it introduced premium placement opportunity in its Business directory in which advertisers' local small businesses are highlighted. On January 27, 2011, the company acquired single sign-in service Loginza.

In August 2011, Yandex acquired The Tweeted Times, a news delivery startup. In September 2011, it launched a search engine and a range of other services in Turkey, opening an office in Istanbul.

In October 2013, the company acquired KinoPoisk, the biggest Russian movie search engine. In February 2014, Yandex invested several million dollars in MultiShip. In March 2014, it acquired Israeli geolocation startup KitLocate and opened a research and development office in Israel.
In June 2014, it acquired Auto.ru, an online marketplace and classified advertising website for automobiles, for $175 million. In December 2015, it acquired Internet security company Agnitum . On June 6, 2017, the company invested in a $5 million financing round by Doc+. In December 2017, it acquired food delivery Foodfox. On February 7, 2018, Uber and Yandex NV merged their businesses in Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus and Georgia. Uber invested $225 million and owns 36.6% stake in the venture while Yandex invested $100 million and owns a 59.3% stake.

In May 2018, Sberbank and Yandex completed a joint venture deal to develop a B2C eCommerce ecosystem. In October 2018, Yandex acquired Edadil (Russian: Едадил, lit. "grocery deals"), a deal aggregator service.

In June 2021, Yandex, VTB Bank, LANIT Group and computer hardware producer Gigabyte founded a joint venture to start producing servers in Russia in 2022. In October 2021, construction of a new plant in Ryazan Oblast was launched with 1 billion roubles during the first stage of investments. The new plant will produce servers, data storage systems, gateways and smart equipment under "Openyard" brand. However, in June 2023 Yandex announced it was looking for ways to exit the joint venture.

In January 2022, Yandex acquired "eLama", digital advertising platform, waiting for the approval from Federal Antimonopoly Service. That same month Yandex has also bought "BandLink" music service.

Finances
The company became profitable in November 2002. In 2004, Yandex sales increased to $17 million, up 1000% in 2 years. The net income of the company in 2004 was $7 million. In June 2006, the weekly revenue of Yandex.Direct context ads system exceeded $1 million. The company's accounting has been audited by Deloitte since 1999.

On May 24, 2011, it raised $1.3 billion in an initial public offering on NASDAQ, the biggest initial public offering for a dot-com company since Google's offering in 2004. Among the largest investors were Baring Vostok Capital Partners, which owned a 30% stake, and Tiger Management, which owned a 15% stake.

In 2013, Yandex became the largest media property in Russia by revenue.

In March 2022, Yandex warned shareholders about the risk of a default if holders of Yandex N.V. wished to use their right to pay them off early. Before that, the trading of Yandex securities on the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ was suspended due to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
In September 2022, Yandex bought back 98.7% of issued Yandex N.V convertible bonds.

In April 2022, TechCrunch reported that Yandex signed an agreement with VK holding with regard to the sale of News and Zen media services together with the main page yandex.ru
In September 2022, News, Zen, and yandex.ru were transferred to a new owner.
At the same time ya.ru became Yandex's new main page as well as the key entry point for Search, Mail and other non-media services.

In November 2022, the board of directors of Yandex N.V. announced a possible restructuring of the company.
The main part of the business will be placed into a separate group of companies that will keep the Yandex brand. And which may be registered in Russia.
The international parts of some businesses will be placed into separate companies under the control of Dutch Yandex N.V. which will itself eventually leave the shareholders of Russian Yandex Group.

In March 2023, the NASDAQ exchange announced its intention to delist Yandex and a number of other companies doing business in Russia. Yandex appealed this decision. NASDAQ granted the appeal, given the company's plans to separate Russian and foreign businesses. The suspension of trading remains in effect.

In May 2023, Yandex announced that it received applications from potential investors for the purchase of an economic share in the company.
Economic investors will not be able to influence the company's activities. And voting control and management will remain with the top management of Yandex.
Among the main applicants were private industrial investors Vagit Alekperov (Lukoil Founder) and Vladimir Potanin.

Offices
In 2008, Yandex opened a technology and business development unit called Yandex Labs in Silicon Valley. In 2011, the Istanbul office was launched together with the company's web portal in Turkey in 2011.

In 2012, the company opened its first European office in Lucerne  to serve advertising clients in the EU. Its first research and development office in Europe started operating in Berlin in 2014. In 2015, the company's Shanghai office was launched  to facilitate work with Chinese companies operating on the Russian language market.
As of 2018 it had more than 30 offices worldwide.
In December 2021 a new location in Prague was added to accommodate the company's rapidly expanding crowdsourcing, routing, cloud computing, ridesharing and weather forecasting teams.
As of 2021, Yandex had offices in 12 countries.

Products and services

In 2001, the company launched the Yandex.Direct online advertising network.

In January 2009, Mozilla Firefox 3.5 replaced Google with Yandex as the default search provider for Russian-language builds.

In August 2009, the company introduced a player of free legal music in its search results.

In September 2010, Yandex launched Yandex Music, a music streaming service, with a catalogue of 800,000 tracks from 58,000 performers.

On 19 May 2010, it launched an English-only web search engine.

In March 2013, the company added an English user interface to its translation mobile app.

In July 2013, Mail.Ru started placing Yandex Direct ads on its search result pages.

On 10 October 2017, the company introduced its intelligent personal assistant, Alisa (Alice), for Android, iOS, and Microsoft Windows.

On 28 April 2022, Yandex announced that it had sold its news and blogging products to VK.

Games
Yandex.Games is an Internet gaming platform made by Yandex, which is available on both browser and mobile. As of 2022, the number of games included in the catalog exceeded 10,000, with more than 11 million players a month. The platform provides two types of income: advertising and in-app purchases. There is also an in-game currency called "Yans".

Developers add their games to the catalog independently and edit them in the future. All games are moderated. Mandatory requirements include integration with the Yandex.Games SDK, support for HTTPS and offline Service Worker mode. Game developers follow the updates of the platform in the blog, and content is provided by companies all over the world (e.g. Dutch media platform Azerion).

In addition to a wide system of user ratings and reviews, the service uses complex algorithms to create personalized collections: games that have already been played, or those that are likely to be played.

Technologies
On 16 February 2018, the company showed off the first tests of its autonomous cars in Moscow.

In May 2023, Yandex implemented the YandexGPT generative neural network in the virtual assistant Alice.

Between 2021 and 2023, Yandex introduced automatic voice-over translation for any YouTube video in English, Chinese, French, Spanish and German.

On 7 June 2023, the company launched a test of its first self-driving taxi in Moscow.

Open source
In 2009, Yandex began development on its project MatrixNet. It was a unique patented algorithm for the building of machine learning models. And which used one of the original gradient boosting schemes. In July 2017, the CatBoost library was released to the public. It implements the Matrixnet algorithm for the building of machine learning models.
At the time of release, the technology was already in use as part of a collaborative project with the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to analyze the results of conducted particle experiments  CatBoost is used by foreign companies. For example: JetBrains uses it for code completion, CloudFlare for bot detection, and Careem for trip-distance determination.

In 2012, Yandex began research and development within the field of natural-speech processing. And in October 2023, the company introduced Yandex SpeechKit. It is a speech-recognition and synthesis technology as well as a public API for speech recognition that Android and iOS developers can use.

In 2022, the company published the source code for the YDB database management system. It is used in its own voice assistant Alice as well as in Yandex.Go and Yandex Market services.

In 2023, Yandex published the source code for YTsaurus. It is a platform for work with big data.

Investments
Yandex is an investor in several foreign companies. Examples include: Vizi Labs, Face.com, Blekko, and SalesPredict.

Security
On June 1, 2017, Yandex closed its offices in Kyiv and Odesa, Ukraine after the Security Service of Ukraine raided the offices and accused the company of illegally collecting Ukrainian users' data and sending it to Russian security agencies. The firm denied any wrongdoing. In May 2017, all Yandex services were banned in Ukraine by Presidential Decree No. 133/2017.

In October and November 2018, Yandex was targeted in a cyberattack using the Regin malware, aimed at stealing technical information from its research and development unit on how users were authenticated. An investigation by Kaspersky Lab attributed the hacks to Five Eyes intelligence agencies.

In June 2019, RBC News reported that Yandex had refused a request by the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) under the Yarovaya law to surrender encryption keys that could decrypt the private data of its e-mail service and cloud storage users. The company argued that it was impossible to comply with the relevant law without compromising its users' privacy. Maxim Akimov, Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, said that the government would take action to relieve FSB pressure on the company. Alexander Zharov, head of the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media, subsequently said that Yandex and the FSB had reached an agreement where the company would provide the required data without handing over the encryption keys.

In February 2021 Yandex admitted that one of their system administrators with access rights to Yandex's email service had enabled unauthorized access, leading to almost 5,000 Yandex email inboxes being compromised.

On January 25, 2023, a leaked archive with approx. 44 GB of Yandex services was shared on BreachForums via BitTorrent.

In June 2023 Yandex was fined by the Moscow court for its repeated refusal to share user information with the Federal Security Service.

News and media

In April 2014, a film about the history of Yandex called Startup was released.

On 20 April 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia, Yandex made its home coronavirus testing service free of charge for all residents of Moscow and its surroundings, extending it to other regions in the future. Previously, it announced the launch of the service on 16 April.

In late March 2022, Yandex was the subject of a Financial Times investigation that had been initiated by the nonprofit organization Me2B Alliance as part of an application auditing campaign led by researcher Zach Edwards. Edwards and four expert researchers, including Cher Scarlett, a former Apple security engineer, found that a software development kit (SDK) called AppMetrica, a product of Yandex, was harvesting data from more than 52,000 applications such as a user's device fingerprint and IP address and storing it in Russia on Yandex's servers, which they said due to Russian law, and the nature of SDKs, could be accessed by Russian authorities without their knowledge and used to identify them. Yandex said of identification by the data collected: "Although theoretically possible, in practice it is extremely hard to identify users based solely on such information collected." Of authority requests for data they said: "Any requests that fail to comply with all relevant procedural and legal requirements are turned down."

According to Meduza investigation published on 5 May 2022, since 2016 the top-5 news on the Yandex's main page are formed on the basis of a secret list of Russian media approved by Presidential Administration of Russia, which includes only pro-Kremlin media. Yandex stated that the highest-ranked news on its main page is generated automatically through its algorithm. Because of laws around news aggregators, only news received from registered media sources may appear on it.

In March 2022, Yandex began to look for ways to offload its news aggregator and blogging-recommendation platform as a result of Russia's invasion of Ukraine as well as the Kremlin's increased control of the media and freedom of expression. Yandex sought to focus on something that "under no circumstances can be politicized in any way. Under the current conditions, it is impossible to continue developing content and information services that affect a large number of people."

In September 2022, Yandex sold its media assets. The company transferred News, Zen, and also the main page yandex.ru to VK Holding.

See also
 Comparison of webmail providers
 Runet
 VK (company)

References

External links

2011 initial public offerings
Companies based in Moscow
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Companies listed on the Moscow Exchange
Internet censorship in Ukraine
Internet properties established in 1997
Internet search engines
Russian brands
Web portals
Webmail
Online companies of the Netherlands
Online companies of Russia
Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands
Multinational companies headquartered in Russia

Yandex


Introduction
Seyed Hassan Ghazizadeh Hashemi (; born 21 March 1959) is an ophthalmologist and full professor at Tehran University of Medical Sciences,  as well as the head and founder of the Noor Ophthalmology Complex.

During his career, Hashemi has initiated the first Eye Cohort Study in the Middle East (Shahroud Eye Cohort Study – since 2008) and was one of the founders of Jihad Sazendagi (an organization established after Iran's revolution to serve the rural residents and underserved regions). He has also established Nooravaran Salamat Charity Foundation (2001) which provides free general and specialty ophthalmic and dental services in remote underprivileged areas of Iran.

Hashemi was elected as the Minister of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education in 2012 and resigned from this position in January 2017. Among his numerous services, while in office, is developing the national Health Transformation Plan.

Early Life & Education
Hashemi was born in March 1959 in Fariman (Khorasan Razavi Province), where he completed his primary education. He completed his secondary education at Danesh Bozorg-nia High School in Mashhad. He was accepted into medical school at Ferdowsi University in Mashhad after taking the national entrance exam of 1976 – 77. In 1989, he completed his residency training in ophthalmology at the same university, ranking first among his cohort, and in 1990, he completed his fellowship in Cornea and Anterior Segment at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. He has also completed numerous post-graduate training courses in North America and Europe on the latest methods of corneal surgery, cataract surgery, and correction of refractive errors.
Ant segment and  Cornea Fellowship, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (1991)
Ophthalmology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (1989)
Medical Doctorate, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (1985)

Career
After graduation, Hashemi spent more than 30 years at Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Farabi Hospital. During his academic tenure, he has trained a large number of medical and allied health students, including more than 200 ophthalmologists and 50 anterior segment fellows. He has also organized numerous training courses for ophthalmologists in the past three decades.

In May 1992, he established Noor Eye Clinic (the very first private-sector ophthalmology clinic) in Motahari Street, Tehran. In 2006, he established Noor Eye Hospital on Esfandiar Boulevard, Tehran. Now, Noor Ophthalmology Complex comprises 2 hospitals, 4 clinics, and sub-specialty polyclinics in Iran and Oman, all of which are run under his close supervision.

Driven by his dedication to science and discovery, Hashemi founded Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, which was granted approval from the Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education in 2010. The center has carried out numerous scientific investigatins and research projects under his supervision. To date, Hashemi has published more than 450 articles in leading high impact factor journals (Google Scholar link: Hassan Hashemi - Google Scholar). According to the Web of Science, he ranks among the top 50 people in the field of ophthalmology and among the top 30 people contributing to the field of collagen cross-link, which is a novel technique to prevent the progression of keratoconus.

Some of his regional and national research projects include the Shahroud's Eye Cohort (14 years old now), Tehran Eye Study, Tehran Geriatric Eye Study, Iranian Cataract Surgery Survey, Visual Impairment in Rural Iran Study, and Evaluation of Children's Vision Screening Programs in Iranian.

As a leading ophthalmic surgeon and pioneer in adapting modern techniques, Hashemi has been the first in Iran to perform and promote countless modern therapeutic devices and surgical techniques, some of which include:

1. Sutureless phacoemulsification cataract surgery

2. Laser refractive surgery techniques such as LASIK

3. Laser-assisted cataract surgery with Nd:Yag and Femtosecond lasers

4. Micro-incision cataract surgery

5. Glaucoma drainage devices such as single and double-plate Molteno implants, Ahmed glaucoma valve, and Baerveldt EX-Press shunts

6. Viscocanalostomy and deep sclerectomy

7. Lamellar keratoplasty using Melles' DALK technique and Anwar's big-bubble technique

8. Posterior corneal grafting using the Melles, PLK, DSAEK, DMEK, and DWAK techniques

9. Automated lamellar therapeutic keratoplasty (ALTK) and laser-assisted full-thickness and lamellar keratoplasty techniques

10. Intracorneal inlays of various types

11. Various types of accommodating intraocular lenses, multifocal ReSTOR, multifocal Array, C&C Vision AT-45, Artisan, Artiflex, and ICL IOLs.

12. Various types of intracapsular rings and Artisan IOLs for the management of subluxated nuclei

13. Intraocular lenses (IOLs) for correction of myopia and hyperopia

14. Refractive surgery using wavefront customized ablation technology

15. Conductive keratoplasty

16. KeraRing and INTACS intrastromal corneal ring segments

17. Phototherapeutic keratectomy for correction of corneal opacities

18. Automated lamellar keratoplasty for correction of myopia and hyperopia

Honors
According to Stanford University statistics of 2021, Hashemi is among the top two percent of scientists in the world.

He has been nominated as an ASCRS Top Researcher in 2019 and 2020.

He also ranked the first in Iran Ophthalmology Board exam (1989) and was among the first 3% of medical graduates (1985).

He was awarded the rank of the Best Researcher at the 14th Avicenna Festival (2013), the Best Researcher at the Farabi Ophthalmology Festival (2013), the Best Researcher of the Department of Clinical Sciences Surgery at the 15th Research Festival of Razi Medical Sciences (2014) and the Badges of the Best Scientist, Altruism and prevention of vision loss and the Best Teacher in Shams Farabi Festival (2015). Also, he received the highest honor of the festival and the title of "Physician of Eyes" and wore the "Phoenix Outfit" of the festival, which was introduced for the first time at the Shams Festival.

Banning from gaining temporary residency in Canada
Canadian federal government said it will deny former Iranian health minister Seyed Hassan Ghazizadeh Hashemi temporary residency following reports that he was spotted in Montreal in summer 2023.

References

External links

Official website

Government ministers of Iran
People from Khorasan
1959 births
Living people
Iranian ophthalmologists
Iranian philanthropists
Academic staff of Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Jihad of Construction personnel of the Iran–Iraq War

Hassan Ghazizadeh Hashemi


Gertrude Grob-Prandl (11 November 191716 May 1995) was an Austrian Wagnerian soprano.

Grob-Prandl was born in Vienna and studied at the Vienna Academy of Music with Singer-Burian. She originally intended to become a piano teacher but the professors at the conservatory began to notice the size of her voice and she was placed in a singing class. Besides size, her voice had a distinctive burnished timbre and a tight, brisk, consistent vibrato. She made her debut in 1939 at the Vienna Volksoper as Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana. She graduated to heavier roles such as Isolde, Brünnhilde and Turandot. She retired in 1972.

Irmgard Seefried once remarked that the "walls shook" when Grob-Prandl sang Turandot. A popular anecdote states that she was once interrupted while performing as Turandot, by fire-fighters.  People outside the theater had mistaken her for a fire-alarm siren.

Unlike many big Wagnerians, she was dexterous enough to sing Mozart. She was a supportive, unselfish ensemble-singer.

Available recordings include Donna Anna in Don Giovanni, Isabelle in Robert le Diable, Brünnhilde, Isolde, First Lady in The Magic Flute, as well as Elektra, Turandot, and Elettra in Idomeneo.  There is also an anthology of her solo work.

She died on 16 May 1995 in the city of her birth.

References

External links
 Singing Isolde (YouTube)

1917 births
1995 deaths
Austrian operatic sopranos
Singers from Vienna
20th-century Austrian women opera singers
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni

Gertrude Grob-Prandl


The Bandit () is a 1996 Turkish film written and directed by Yavuz Turgul and starring Şener Şen and Uğur Yücel.

According to the director the film, which is about a bandit who comes to Istanbul after serving a 35-year jail sentence, "blends fairy tale elements while carrying the notion of reality within a fictional story."

The film is highly popular in Turkey, where it drew in 2½ million viewers and in Germany where it won a Bogey Award. The film is exclusively regarded as the savior and the turning point of Turkish cinema which was desperately struggling against foreign films since the 1980s and having difficulty attracting domestic audiences.

It was Turkey's official entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 70th Academy Awards.

Plot
After serving a 35-year jail sentence, Baran (played by Şener Şen), an eşkıya (a bandit, a haydut in Turkish), is released from prison in a town in Eastern Turkey. When returning to the home village he witness the fact that the world has changed dramatically during those years, with the village itself underwater after the construction of a dam. Then he also finds out that the person who masterminded the betrayal that brought him to jail was Berfo (Kamuran Usluer), a friend who had once been closer to him than a brother. In order to snare Keje (Sermin Şen), Baran's sweetheart, Berfo seized his best friend's gold and had Baran arrested by the gendarmes on Mountain Cudi. Then Berfo purchased Keje from her father against her will, and disappeared. According to rumor, he is in Istanbul.

While traveling to Istanbul by train, Baran meets Cumali (Uğur Yücel), a young man. Cumali was raised in the alleys of Beyoğlu, his life revolving around bars, gambling joints, alcohol, dope and women. Cumali dreams of joining the mafia and making it big. He takes Baran to a dilapidated hotel in the backstreets of Beyoğlu. After a while, Cumali and his friends discover that Baran used to be a bandit, but they can't take it seriously. Cumali's dreams of a new life include Emel (Yeşim Salkım), his girlfriend. Emel has a convict brother, Sedat (Özkan Uğur), who is in trouble with the other prisoners in his jail. His life is in danger, and he needs a high amount of money to get out. Cumali promises Emel to get the money for her brother as soon as possible. Thus, when he deals with a transport of drugs for the mafia, he steals a quantity, enough to secure the escaping of Sedat and also later to get him in trouble with Demircan (Melih Çardak), the mafia boss.

Meanwhile, the bandit is going through Istanbul in a daze, lost in a totally alien world, with no idea where to start looking for the woman he loves and the mortal enemy who has stolen her. After some days he happens to see Berfo on TV, now as a powerful businessman with the name changed.

Cast

Şener Şen as Baran
Uğur Yücel as Cumali
Sermin Şen as Keje
Yeşim Salkım as Emel
Kamran Usluer as Berfo
Ülkü Duru as Emel's mother
Özkan Uğur as Sedat
Necdet Mahfi Ayral as Andref Miskin
Kayhan Yıldızoğlu as Artist Kemal
Güven Hokna as Sevim
Kemal İnci as Mustafa
Melih Çardak as Demircan
Settar Tanrıöğen as Girl Naci
Celal Perk as Deli Selim
Ümit Çırak as Cimbom

Reception

Reviews
Sandra Brennan, writing on Allmovie, describes it as a, "lightning-paced, romantic actioner," but ultimately gave the movie only two out of a possible five stars, whilst Rekin Teksoy, writing in Turkish Cinema, states, "Turgul's narrative imbued with sorrow weaves in elements of American action films and television clips," "pays great attention to detail," and, "relies on the tradition of legends found in eastern literature."

Awards
1997 Bogey Awards (Won)
1998 Festróia - Tróia International Film Festival Gold Dolphin: Yavuz Turgul (Won)

See also
 List of submissions to the 70th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Turkish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1996 films
1996 crime drama films
1990s crime action films
Turkish crime action films
Turkish crime drama films
1990s Turkish-language films
Films set in Istanbul
Films set in Turkey
Films about organized crime in Turkey
Turkish films about revenge

The Bandit (1996 film)


Gorum is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community is located on Louisiana Highway 119,  south-southeast of Natchitoches. Gorum has a post office with ZIP code 71434, which opened on November 21, 1890.

References

Unincorporated communities in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana

Gorum, Louisiana


Ryan Pardey is a musician, singer, songwriter, promoter, tour manager, actor, left-handed guitar player, and DJ from Las Vegas. He is best known as the singer and songwriter for Halloween Town, which has featured members of The Killers, Louis XIV, and The Shys. Pardey is also well known for portraying Santa Claus on A Great Big Sled (2006) and Don't Shoot Me Santa (2007), two Christmas music videos released by The Killers. Pardey appeared as Santa again for The Killers in the two sequel Christmas singles, I Feel It in My Bones (2012) and Dirt Sledding (2015). He also appears in the videos and as illustrations in the artwork for both singles.

Early life
Ryan's father was professional poker player Rodney H. Pardey. His brother is Rodney E. Pardey, who is also a professional poker player and musician. Pardey attended high school at the Las Vegas Academy of International Studies, Performing and Visual Arts in Las Vegas during the late '90s. In his senior year, he played the lead role of preacher C.C. Showers in a production of the controversial The Diviners, where he acted on stage beside Matthew Gray Gubler, Baron Vaughn, and Rutina Wesley.

After graduation, Pardey soon became the owner and operator of Café Espresso Roma, a coffee shop and music venue located across from UNLV. While helping to jump start his career in event promotion, the café also served as the breeding ground for The Killers.

The Killers
While touring with The Killers as their assistant, Pardey became known as "The Captain" by members of the band's fan club. During the tour, he also appeared as Santa on stage with The Killers during their performance on The Tonight Show With Jay Leno, and during their performance in Los Angeles for the KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas. He continued as tour manager for The Killers until the release of Hot Fuss in June 2004, when he was replaced by long time tour manager Jeremy Bates. At this time, Pardey began writing the first Halloween Town album.

The song Questions with the Captain is a secret song that appears on the album Sawdust, by The Killers, and was written about Pardey's tenure as "The Captain". The song is also used as the theme song for a web series starring Pardey, in which he interviews members of The Killers.

Halloween Town

(2008–2009) 7" release
After returning home from touring with The Killers, Pardey experienced what he refers to as his "darkest most self-destructive period". He tells Las Vegas Weekly, "Without Mark Stoermer there'd be no Halloween Town...I knew I needed to stabilize my life. Mark helped me bring my ideas to life." With the encouragement of Stoermer, who was Pardey's roommate at the time, Ryan began writing songs for Halloween Town, a name Pardey has said he used to serve as a metaphor for Las Vegas. Stoermer would later play bass for Pardey's band at their first show.

In 2008, while writing for the album, Pardey test performed the songs for live audiences, opening for such acts as The Whigs, Tokyo Police Club, and The Silent Comedy. In Feb 2009, San Diego based rock band The Shys joined Pardey as his backing band on stage in Las Vegas, and again later that month at Bed Rock Studios in Echo Park. Ryan continued to utilize The Shys primarily as his live band, while he began recruiting members of Louis XIV as his studio band, along with The Killers bassist Mark Stoermer.

In September 2009, Halloween Town opened for The Killers at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas. The band's live performance featured members of The Shys, Louis XIV, and Transfer. Immediately after the show, Pardey and company appeared at The Aruba Showroom to celebrate the Las Vegas music festival Neon Reverb, where Halloween Town performed for the release of their EP Summer (The Dreamer From 1997), which the band released on vinyl 7". Ryan toured the Midwest as a solo artist in December 2009.

(2010–2012) Zafra Ct.
Halloween Town continued to play concerts through 2010, opening for the Killers at a secret Highline Ballroom show in New York City in January. Between shows and traveling, Pardey took up a DJ residency at the Beauty Bar in the Fremont East music district where he also began hosting a karaoke night. In March, Pardey relocated from Las Vegas to Austin, Texas, where he would play in the SXSW music festival, after which he continued to perform shows in and around Austin for two months before relocating again to San Diego, where he would begin recording the band's first LP.

In June 2010, Pardey returned to Las Vegas to perform new songs from his forthcoming Halloween Town album at a benefit for Arbo De Vivo, a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping impoverished people of the world. This specific event focused on support for Haiti after the devastating earthquake that ravaged the nation earlier in the year.

In May 2011, Halloween Town began a residency at The Palms hotel in Las Vegas. When asked when the Halloween Town LP would be released, Pardey responded by saying, "I guess some time in July...Since I'm an old man already, I don't need to rush."

On September 9, 2011, Halloween Town released their debut LP Zafra Ct. on Cornstalk Records, a label created by friend Matt Gubler. The album was named after the street Pardey grew up on, and features collaborations and production by a star lineup of musicians, which include Shaun Cornell (Transfer), and Michael Stratton (12 Volt Sex), Mark Stoermer and Dave Keuning of The Killers, Jason Hill and Brian Karscig of Louis XIV, and Matt Dublin of The Red Romance and Ambulance LTD.

Zafra Ct. was voted one of 10 best albums of 2011 in Las Vegas by CityLife magazine. In a 2012 reader poll given by Vegas Seven magazine, Halloween Town was selected as "Best Unsigned Vegas Band That a Big Label Should Go Ahead and Sign Already".

New work (2015–)
In October 2015, Pardey led the second reopening of the Las Vegas venue bar known as The Bunkhouse. The venue was sold to Tony Hsieh's Las Vegas based Downtown Project in June 2013, closed, renovated, and then reopened in August 2014, only to close less than a year after reopening. Pardey was brought on as Entertainment Director when the venue reopened for a second time in late 2015.

In November 2015 Pardey appeared in the Matthew Gray Gubler-directed music video for the song Dirt Sledding by The Killers. Pardey sings on the song, which features actor Richard Dreyfuss, and he appears in the artwork for the cover of the single.

References

External links
 Ryan Pardey as Santa Claus in the music video Don't Shoot Me Santa

1979 births
Living people
Musicians from the Las Vegas Valley
American indie rock musicians
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Nevada

Ryan Pardey


Samuel Watson CBE (11 March 1898 – 7 May 1967) was Agent of the Durham Miners' Association and member of the British Labour Party's National Executive Committee.

Watson was born on 11 March 1898 in the village of Boldon Colliery, in County Durham. After an elementary education, at the age of 14 he became an underground coalminer at Boldon Colliery. By the age of 20 he had become secretary of the Boldon Miner's Lodge, continuing to work down the pit until 1936, when he became an agent of the Durham Miners' Association. In 1947 he became General Secretary of the recently reorganised National Union of Mineworkers (Durham Area).

He was active in the Labour Party, was for 22 years a member of its National Executive Committee, and served as its chairman for the year 1949–1950. He declined the possibility of seeking political office in London, however, preferring to remain in Durham.

He was a member of committees of the National Coal Board and undertook many other charitable and educational activities. He was made a CBE in 1946. He died at his home in Durham on 7 May 1967 aged 69.

References

External links
 biography at Durham Mining Museum
 biography at the Durham Miner project

1898 births
1967 deaths
English miners
British trade union leaders
People from The Boldons
Trade unionists from Tyne and Wear
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English trade unionists
Labour Party (UK) politicians
Chairs of the Labour Party (UK)

Sam Watson (trade unionist)


Power Rangers S.P.D. (Space Patrol Delta) is a TV show Power Rangers started in 2005. It aired from February 5 to November 28, 2005, 40 episodes. It is based on the Super Sentai series Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger. It is the sequel to Power Rangers Dino Thunder. A sequel to called Power Rangers Mystic Force started in 2006.

Plot
In the future, the people of Earth welcome extraterrestrial beings to live with them. But peace is short-lived when the alien forces become destructive, driving the Power Rangers SPD into action.

Characters

Cast

B-Squad
 Brandon Jay McLaren as Jack Landors, the S.P.D. Red Ranger.
 Chris Violette as Schuyler "Sky" Tate, the S.P.D. Blue Ranger.
 Matt Austin as Bridge Carson, the S.P.D. Green Ranger.
 Monica May as Elizabeth "Z" Delgado, the S.P.D. Yellow Ranger.
 Alycia Purrott as Sydney "Syd" Drew, the S.P.D. Pink Ranger.

Additional Rangers
 John Tui as Anibus "Doggie" Cruger, the S.P.D. Shadow Ranger.
 Brett Stewart as Sam, the S.P.D. Omega Ranger.
 Michelle Langstone as Dr. Katherine "Kat" Manx, the S.P.D. Kat Ranger.
 Antonia Prebble as Nova, the S.P.D. Nova Ranger.

Dino Thunder Rangers
 James Napier as Connor McKnight, the Red Dino Ranger.
 Kevin Duhaney as Ethan James, the Blue Dino Ranger.
 Emma Lahana as Kira Ford, the Yellow Dino Ranger.
 Jeffrey Perazzo as Trent Fernandez, the White Dino Ranger & Tommy Oliver, the Black Dino Ranger (voice).

Villains
 Rene Naufahu as Emperor Gruumm.
 Olivia James-Baird as Mora.
 Josephine Davidson as Morgana.

A-Squad
 Gina Varela as Charlie, the A-Squad Red Ranger.
 Nick Kemplen (voice) as the A-Squad Blue Ranger.
 Thomas Kiwi & Nick Kemplen (voice) as the A-Squad Green Ranger.
 Allan Smith & Greg Cooper II (voice) as the A-Squad Yellow Ranger.
 Motoko Nagino & Claire Dougan (voice) as the A-Squad Pink Ranger.

References

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
English-language television programs

Power Rangers S.P.D.


Shani is one of the Navagraha  which are the nine main celestial beings in Hindu astrology, or Jyotiṣa. Shani is embodied in the planet Saturn. Shani is the Lord of Saturday; the word Shani also denotes the seventh day or Saturday in most Indian languages.

Hindu mythology

Shani


The Guinean gerbil (Gerbilliscus guineae) is a species of rodent found in Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and possibly Liberia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, dry savanna, rocky areas and arable land, but it is mostly found in areas laterite or clay soils, and with variable amounts of vegetation and dense scrub. This species is described as common and has a stable population and a wide distribution, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

Description
The Guinean gerbil is a fairly large gerbil growing to a head-and-body length of about  with a tail of about . The head has a slightly-rounded snout, large eyes and somewhat elongated ears. The upper parts of the body are greyish-brown, the individual hairs having dark grey bases, orange or brown shafts and black tips. The head and flanks are paler, the hairs lacking dark tips. The underparts, including the chin, throat, the inside of the limbs, the fore-feet and the upper side of the hind-feet are white. There is a clear division between the dorsal and ventral colouring. The tail is well-haired and bicoloured, being dark above and pale beneath, with a tuft of long dark hairs at the tip.

Ecology
The Guinean gerbil is nocturnal. It excavates a fairly complex burrow system that goes as deep as . The average size of the home range of the Guinean gerbil is . Little is known about the animal's diet. In western Senegal, breeding takes place in the wet season and continues into the dry season. Litter sizes average four or five.

Status

References

Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Gerbilliscus
Mammals described in 1910
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Guinean gerbil


José Ángel Lamas (2 August 1775 – 10 Dizember 1814) wis a Venezuelan clessical muisicker an componer born in Caracas. He wis the main representative o the clessical period in Venezuela.

Author o the immortal sacred piece, Popule Meus, his maist important an best kent piece. It wis componit in 1801, an premiert in Caracas Cathedral durin the colonial-provincial period. Lamas, awa frae politics an the whirlpool o the unthirldom war, dedicatit his life tae muisic an specifically releegious muisic. As a member o the Schuil o Chacao, in 1789 he played Tiple an Bajón Chirimía in the cathedral orchestra.
He played the chirimía, an auncient medieval Spaingie graith, which precedit the oboe. Frae 1796 till his daith on the 10 Dizember 1814, José Ángel Lamas wis Maestro Bajonista or Main Bassoonist o the orchestra.

Amang his pieces are, En Premio a tus Virtudes (As a Prize tae Your Virtues), Sepulto Domino (Sepulted Lord), Ave Maris Stella (Ave Starn Mary), Misa en re (Mass in D), Benedicta et Venerabilis (Blessed an Venerable).

José Ángel Lamas dee;d at 39 on 10 Dizember 1814, an wis buried in Saint Paul's kirk in Caracas. His bones war never foond when later Antonio Guzmán Blanco demolished the kirk an subsequently biggit the Teatro Municipal de Caracas' (Municipal Theatre o Caracas) on it.

References
José Ángel Lamas at CPDL.org

Freemit airtins
A publication of "Populemeus" was issued in 1943 with the score for voices and orchestra (PDF)

1775 births
1814 daiths
Muisickers frae Caracas
Venezuelan clessical muisickers
Venezuelan male componers
18t-century Venezuelan fowk

José Ángel Lamas


Jonathan Ashe (fl. 1813), was an Irish masonic writer.

Ashe was born in Limerick in 1766, entered Trinity College Dublin, 26 March 1783, took B.A. degree in ordinary course, and became D.D. in 1808. Very little is known of him except that he commenced and perfected his masonic studies in Dublin.

While in Bristol in 1813 he published a work entitled 'The Masonic Manual, or Lectures on Freemasonry, containing the Instructions, Documents, and Discipline of the Masonic Economy,' and asserts in the introduction that he 'plainly and completely tells the craft its eternal and temporal obligations, and affords the uninitiated a fair review and estimate of masonry.' This work was dedicated to the Duke of Sussex, then grand master of the order. In many portions it is a mere copy of William Hutchinson's 'Spirit of Masonry,' published in 1775.

Ashe's work was edited, with annotations and remarks by the Rev. George Oliver, D.D., in 1843, and again in 1870 by the Rev. John Edward Cox, D.D.

References

19th-century Irish writers
Writers from Limerick (city)
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin

Jonathan Ashe