In the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries, a King's Counsel (post-nominal initials KC) is a senior trial lawyer appointed by the monarch of the country as a 'Counsel learned in the law'. When the reigning monarch is a woman, the title is called Queen's Counsel.

The position originated in England and Wales. Some other Commonwealth countries have retained the designation, while others have either abolished the position or renamed it so as to remove monarchical connotations — for example, 'Senior Counsel' or 'Senior Advocate'.

Appointment as King's Counsel is an office recognised by courts. Members in the UK have the privilege of sitting within the inner bar of court. As members wear silk gowns of a particular design (see court dress), appointment as King's Counsel is known informally as taking silk and KCs are often colloquially called silks. Appointments are made from within the legal profession on the basis of merit and not merely a particular level of experience. Successful applicants are normally barristers, or (in Scotland) advocates, with at least 15 years of experience.

Historical origins in England and Wales

Historical background

The attorney general, solicitor-general and king's serjeants were King's Counsel in Ordinary in the Kingdom of England. The first Queen's Counsel Extraordinary was Sir Francis Bacon, who was given a patent giving him precedence at the Bar in 1597, and formally styled King's Counsel in 1603. The right of precedence before the Court granted to Bacon became a hallmark of the early King's Counsel. True to their name, King's/Queen's Counsel initially were representatives of the Crown. The right of precedence and pre-audience bestowed upon them – a form of seniority that allowed them to address the court before others – allowed for the swift resolution of Crown litigation.

The new rank of King's Counsel contributed to the gradual obsolescence of the formerly more senior serjeant-at-law by superseding it. The attorney-general and solicitor-general had similarly succeeded the king's serjeants as leaders of the Bar in Tudor times, though not technically senior until 1623 (except for the two senior king's serjeants) and 1813, respectively.

King's Counsel came to prominence during the early 1830s, prior to which they were relatively few in number. It became the standard means to recognise a barrister as a senior member of the profession, and the numbers multiplied accordingly. It became of greater professional importance to become a KC, and the serjeants gradually declined. The KCs inherited the prestige of the serjeants and their priority before the courts. The earliest English law list, published in 1775, lists 165 members of the Bar, of whom 14 were King's Counsel, a proportion of about 8.5%.  roughly the same proportion existed, though the number of barristers had increased to about 12,250 in independent practice (i.e., excluding pupil barristers and employed barristers). In 1839 the number of Queen's Counsel was seventy. In 1882, the number of Queen's Counsel was 187. The list of Queen's Counsel in the Law List of 1897 gave the names of 238, of whom hardly one third appeared to be in actual practice. In 1959, the number of practising Queen's Counsel was 181. In each of the five years up to 1970, the number of practising Queen's Counsel was 208, 209, 221, 236 and 262, respectively. In each of the years 1973 to 1978, the number of practising Queen's Counsel was 329, 345, 370, 372, 384 and 404, respectively. In 1989, the number of practising Queen's Counsel was 601. In each of the years 1991 to 2000, the number of practising Queen's Counsel was 736, 760, 797, 845, 891, 925, 974, 1006, 1043, and 1072, respectively.

Gradually, the appointment as Queen's Counsel shifted from a vocational calling to a badge of honor and prestige. In 1898, Lord Watson noted in his opinion in Attorney General of the Dominion of Canada v. Attorney General for the Province of Ontario, writing on behalf of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, that:

Restrictions
Until the late 19th century, some barristers were granted a patent of precedence in order to obtain the same precedence as a QC without the concomitant restrictions. Queen's Counsel was originally considered an office of profit and hence, under the Act of Settlement 1701, incompatible with membership of the House of Commons. QCs were also required to take the Oath of Supremacy, which Daniel O'Connell refused as a Roman Catholic; despite being the most prominent and best paid barrister in Ireland, he was a junior counsel for 30 years until granted a patent of precedence in 1831.

From the beginning, QCs were not allowed to appear against the Crown without a special licence, but this was generally given as a formality. This stipulation was particularly important in criminal cases, which are mostly brought in the name of the Crown. The result was that, until 1920 in England and Wales, QCs had to have a licence to appear in criminal cases for the defence. Queen's Counsel and serjeants were prohibited, at least from the mid-nineteenth century onward, from drafting pleadings alone; a junior barrister had to be retained. They were not permitted to appear in court without a junior barrister, and they had to have barristers' chambers in London.

These restrictions had a number of consequences: they made the taking of silk something of a professional risk, because the appointment abolished at a stroke some of the staple work of the junior barrister; they made the use of leading counsel more expensive, and therefore ensured that they were retained only in more important cases, and they protected the work of the junior bar, which could not be excluded by the retention of leading counsel. By the end of the twentieth century, however, all of these rules had been abolished one by one. Appointment as QC has been said to be a matter of status and prestige only, with no formal disadvantages. But economic risk may remain, in some markets, because of loss of junior work to the successful applicant.

Appointment from barristers
Queen's Counsel were traditionally selected from barristers, or in Scotland, advocates, rather than from lawyers in general, because they were counsel appointed to conduct court work on behalf of the Crown. Although the limitations on private instruction were gradually relaxed, QCs continued to be selected from barristers, who had the sole right of audience in the higher courts.

Women appointed
The first woman appointed King's Counsel was Helen Kinnear in Canada in 1934. The first women to be appointed as King's Counsel in England and Wales were Helena Normanton and Rose Heilbron in 1949. They were preceded by Margaret Kidd KC (later Dame Margaret Kidd QC) appointed a KC in Scotland in 1948.

Recent developments in the United Kingdom

England and Wales
In 1994 solicitors of England and Wales became entitled to gain rights of audience in the higher courts, and some 275 were so entitled in 1995. In 1995, these solicitors became entitled to apply for appointment as Queen's Counsel. The first two solicitors were appointed on 27 March 1997, out of 68 new QCs. These were Arthur Marriott (53), partner in the London office of the American law firm of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr based in Washington, D.C., and Lawrence Collins (55), a partner in the City of London law firm of Herbert Smith. Collins was subsequently appointed a High Court judge and ultimately Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

The appointment of new Queen's Counsel was suspended in 2003, and it was widely expected that the system would be abolished. However, a vigorous campaign was mounted in defence of the system. Supporters included those who considered it as an independent indication of excellence to those (especially foreign commercial litigants) who did not have much else to go on, and those who contended that it was a means whereby the most able barristers from ethnic minorities could advance and overcome prejudice, as well as better represent members of an increasingly diverse society.

The government's focus switched from abolition to reform and, in particular, reform of the much-criticised "secret soundings" of judges and other establishment legal figures upon which the old system was based. This was held to be inappropriate and unfair given the size of the modern profession, as well as a possible source of improper government patronage (since the final recommendations were made by the Lord Chancellor, who is a member of the government), and discriminatory against part-time workers (especially women) and ethnic minorities.

In November 2004, after much public debate in favour of and against retaining the title (see for example Sasha Wass QC), the government announced that appointments of Queen's Counsel in England would be resumed but that future appointees would be chosen not by the government but by a nine-member panel, the King's Counsel Selection Panel, chaired by a lay person, to include two barristers, two solicitors, one retired judge, and three non-lawyers. Formally, the appointment remains a royal one made on the advice of the Lord Chancellor, but without comment on individual applications. The Lord Chancellor supervises the process and reviews the panel's recommendations in general terms (to be satisfied that the process as operated is fair and efficient).

Application forms under the new system were released in July 2005 and the appointment of 175 new Queen's Counsel was announced on 20 July 2006. A total of 443 people had applied (including 68 women, 24 ethnic minority lawyers, and 12 solicitors). Of the 175 appointed, 33 were women, 10 were ethnic minorities, and four were solicitors. Six people were also appointed QC honoris causa.

Northern Ireland
The title of KC continues to be used. In 1998 two Northern Ireland barristers (Seamus Treacy and Barry Macdonald) opposed the requirement of swearing an oath of allegiance to the Crown. The Bar Council, the body which represents barristers' interests, had agreed (in the Elliott Report) that the royal oath should be dropped and replaced by a more neutral statement. It suggested that, instead of declaring services to Queen Elizabeth, barristers should "sincerely promise and declare that I will well and truly serve all whom I may lawfully be called to serve in the office of one of Her Majesty's Counsel, learned in the law according to the best of my skill and understanding".

In 2000, the Northern Ireland High Court ruled in the barristers' favour. After more wrangling, the barristers were permitted to make "a more neutral statement" of commitment to principles.

In 1997, the Lord Chief Justice, Sir Robert Carswell, wrote "I have little doubt myself that this is all part of an ongoing based campaign to have the office of Queen's Counsel replaced by a rank entitled Senior Counsel, or something to that effect".

Scotland
The independent bar is organised as the Faculty of Advocates and its members are known not as barristers but as advocates. The position of Queen's Counsel was not recognised before 1868. The Scottish bar did have a concept of senior counsel before the introduction of the formal rank of Queen's counsel. An advocate would self-declare that they were 'giving up writing', meaning that they would no longer draft pleadings and move onto a supervisory role in litigation. In practice this meant that the practitioner would review and revise the written pleadings of their junior, not that they would literally give up all writing.

Initially the status was reserved first for law officers (Lord Advocate and Solicitor General for Scotland) and soon after for the Dean of the Faculty of Advocates. In 1897 a petition by the Faculty of Advocates for the establishment of a Scottish roll of Queen's Counsel was approved, and the names of the first appointees were published in the Edinburgh Gazette on September 3, 1897. By decision of Lord President Robertson, these first Scottish Queen's counsel were not required to make a declaration not to act against the Crown, and so Scottish Queen's/King's counsel have never been required to obtain a licence to plead in order to do so.

In 2005 there were more than 150 QCs in Scotland. The appointment of King's Counsel is made on the recommendation of the Lord Justice General to the First Minister of Scotland, formerly the Secretary of State for Scotland. In the 1990s, rules were changed so that solicitors with rights of audience in the Court of Session or High Court of Justiciary were permitted to apply for appointment, and two or three have done so. A solicitor advocate who is so appointed is correctly designated as King's Counsel, Solicitor Advocate.

honoris causa

An award of King's Counsel honoris causa (honorary KC) may be made to lawyers who have made a major contribution to the law of England and Wales but who operate outside court practice.

Courtesy appointments for Members of Parliament

Until the 1990s there was a practice that sitting members of the UK Parliament (MPs) who were barristers were (if they wished) appointed QC, sometimes known as a "courtesy" or even "false" silk (or sarcastically "nylons" being artificial silks), on reaching a certain level of seniority, of around fifteen years, at the bar (though not automatically on election when they were more junior). In the 1990s it was felt that the practice of granting silk to MPs in this way, without considering their abilities, devalued the rank and the practice was abolished.

However, for now the practice persists for law officers of the Crown. Former Attorney General for England and Wales, Jeremy Wright, was not a QC when he was appointed, a subject which attracted some comment. But, despite not having practised law for some time, Wright took silk shortly after his appointment, which was criticised by some as a breach of the protocol against "courtesy silk". Similarly when Harriet Harman was appointed as Solicitor General she was made a QC and when Suella Braverman took silk on 25 February 2020; earlier that month she had, like Wright, been appointed Attorney General.

Death of Queen Elizabeth II
Upon the death of Elizabeth II and the succession of Charles III, the General Council of the Bar wrote that all QC titles changed to KC "with immediate effect". This was not a matter of  decision by the Bar Council, nor by the Crown Office. It is the automatic effect of the Demise of the Crown Act 1901, s 1.

Countries that retain the designation

King's Counsel are retained in several Commonwealth realms where Charles III is head of state.

Australia
Appointments in the Commonwealth of Australia are made at both a federal and state level. The selection process varies from state to state. In New South Wales, for example, the process involves a committee made up of senior members of the State's bar, and usually a non-practising former barrister such as a retired judge. The committee then consults with judges, peers, and law firms on the applicant's suitability for the position. The selection committee deliberates in private, and reasons for the decisions are not published.

From 1993, the Commonwealth and most state and territory governments began to replace the title of Queen's Counsel and appointment by letters patent with the title Senior Counsel (SC) as an honorific conferred by the legal profession. There is no difference in status between a Queen's (or King's) Counsel and a Senior Counsel.

The first states to change to the title of Senior Counsel were New South Wales in 1993 and Queensland in 1994. Most other states and the Commonwealth Government followed over the next 15 years, including the ACT in 1995, Victoria in 2000 (though this was reversed in 2014), Western Australia in 2001, Tasmania in 2005, and South Australia in 2008. In the Northern Territory, the rank of Queen's Counsel was never formally abolished, but in 2007 the rules of the Territory's Supreme Court were amended to facilitate the appointment of Senior Counsel by the Chief Justice. Those appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) before the change in each jurisdiction were permitted to retain the old title.

In the 2010s, some states moved to revert to the old title of Queen's Counsel. In 2013, Queensland restored the rank of Queen's Counsel. Those appointed Senior Counsel before the reintroduction of Queen's Counsel were given the option of retaining their old title or seeking appointment as Queen's Counsel, while all new appointments would be as Queen's Counsel only. Of the 74 Senior Counsel appointed in Queensland before the reintroduction of Queen's Counsel in June 2013, only four opted to retain their title of Senior Counsel. In 2014, Victoria also restored the rank of Queen's Counsel, by way of making new appointments first as Senior Counsel, but then giving the option to seek appointment as Queen's Counsel by letters patent. In 2019, the South Australian Government announced it was also going to reinstate the title of Queen's Counsel, and most eligible took the opportunity.

The Commonwealth appointed Queen's Counsels until March 2007. On 8 July 2010, Gillard government Attorney-General Robert McClelland appointed the first Commonwealth "Senior Counsel". In March 2014, Attorney-General George Brandis KC (then QC) announced that the Commonwealth would revert to using the title of Queen's Counsel for new appointments and would give all existing Commonwealth Senior Counsel the option of changing their post-nominal to QC.

With the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the Australian Bar Association confirmed that all existing Queen's Counsel would become King's Counsel.

When taking judicial office in a superior court, a barrister loses the title of King's Counsel and only regains it if new letters patent are issued after the person leaves office. Conversely, since the appointment of Senior Counsel is not by letters patent, when a Senior Counsel takes office, there is no doctrinal reason why the title of Senior Counsel is lost. However, this is customarily not done, and the New South Wales Bar Association instructs that "KC" and "SC" postnominals should not be used for superior court judges.

Canada

Constitutional authority for appointments

In Canada, both the federal government and the provincial governments have the constitutional authority to appoint a lawyer as King's Counsel. This point was decided in 1897 by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in a case on appeal from the Canadian courts titled The Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada v. The Attorney General for the Province of Ontario (Queen's Counsel). The federal government asserted that it had sole power to appoint Queen's Counsel, because the appointment is an exercise of the royal prerogative and only the federal government could advise the monarch on the exercise of the royal prerogative. The province of Ontario responded that the Crown is just as much part of the provincial governments as at the federal level, and therefore the provinces could also advise the Crown to make appointments under the royal prerogative. The Judicial Committee ruled in favour of the provinces, upholding their power to make Queen's Counsel appointments.

During the reign of a queen, the title is properly "Her Majesty's Counsel learned in the law" but normally referred to as "Queen's Counsel" and abbreviated "Q.C." in English or "c.r." in French ( or  for a female counsel). During the reign of a king, the title is "King's Counsel" or "K.C." in English, but continues to be "c.r." in French ( or ).

Criticisms and reforms
Lawyers continue to be appointed King's Counsel by the federal government and by nine of the ten Canadian provinces. The award has been criticised in the past on the basis that appointment as King's Counsel depended largely on political affiliation. However, in those provinces which continue to appoint lawyers as King's Counsel reforms have been made to de-politicise the award. Candidates are increasingly screened by committees composed of representatives of the bench and the bar, who give advice to the relevant Attorney General on appointments. The reforms have been designed to make the award a recognition of merit by individual members of the bar, often coupled with community service.

Appointments by jurisdiction

Federal Government
The federal government stopped appointing Queen's Counsel in 1993, but resumed the practice in 2013 under the Harper Ministry. Appointments are recommended by the Minister of Justice, assisted by an advisory committee. In 2014, the Government appointed seven lawyers as Queen's Counsel. All were employed in the federal public service.

Since 2015, under the Trudeau Ministry, federal appointment as a Queen's Counsel has been limited to the Attorney General of Canada. Jody Wilson-Raybould was appointed as Queen's Counsel when she served as Attorney General and David Lametti was appointed a Queen's Counsel on 15 April 2019.

Alberta
The provincial Cabinet appoints lawyers, who must have been called to the bar for at least 10 years, as King's Counsel. The honorary title recognises lawyers who have made significant contributions to the legal profession or in public life. Traditionally, the appointments are made every second year, but no appointments were made between 2016 and 2020. The nomination process resumed in 2019. Applications were reviewed by a screening committee of members of the judiciary and the legal community, which submitted recommendations for appointment to the Minister of Justice and Solicitor General and Cabinet for consideration, who in turn recommends names to Cabinet. In 2020, the province designated over 130 lawyers as Queen's Counsel, and another round of  appointees in February 2022.

British Columbia

King's Counsel are appointed by the provincial Cabinet on the advice of the Attorney General of British Columbia. No more than 7% of the bar of British Columbia can be awarded the designation. Before making the recommendation to Cabinet, the Attorney General is required by statute to consult with the Chief Justice of British Columbia, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, and two lawyers appointed by the Law Society of British Columbia. A recipient must have at least five years' standing at the bar of British Columbia.

In practice, the Attorney General appoints an advisory committee which includes these officials and also the Chief Judge of the Provincial Court, the president of the British Columbia Branch of the Canadian Bar Association and the deputy attorney general. Candidates must be acknowledged by their peers as leading counsel, have demonstrated exceptional qualities of leadership in the profession, or have done outstanding work in legal scholarship.

In 2020, the province designated twenty-six lawyers as Queen's Counsel, from a group of 136 nominees.

The Attorney General is automatically appointed as King's Counsel on taking office.

Manitoba
The government of Manitoba stopped appointing King's Counsel in 2001. There was a proposal that the title would be replaced by Senior Counsel (S.C.). Appointments were to be made by the Law Society of Manitoba. However, the new designation was never adopted. Existing designations remain in effect. In 2019, Manitoba re-instituted the Queen's Counsel designation.

New Brunswick
The Lieutenant Governor appoints King's Counsel on the advice of a committee comprising the Chief Justice of New Brunswick, the Attorney General of New Brunswick, and the president of the Law Society of New Brunswick. The committee's recommendation must be unanimous. Recipients must have 15 years of active practice of the law in New Brunswick, with extensive experience before the courts, or demonstrate exceptional service to the profession. The Deputy Attorney General of New Brunswick and deans of New Brunswick law schools may also be appointed. The number recommended for appointment shall not exceed 1% of the members of the bar in New Brunswick who are not already designated, and the Lieutenant Governor shall only make appointments once per year. In 2016, the province designated eleven lawyers as Queen's Counsel.

Newfoundland and Labrador
The Lieutenant Governor in Council appoints King's Counsel, on the recommendation of the Minister of Justice. The Minister is required to consult with the Legal Appointments Board, which consists of five individuals appointed by the Minister: two are from a list recommended by the Law Society of Newfoundland and Labrador, one is to be a lawyer from outside the metropolitan area of St John's, one is to be a bencher, and one is to be a lawyer with less than ten years at the bar. The appointments process has been criticised in the past as lacking transparency and being too open to political appointments. In 2017, the government appointed eleven lawyers as Queen's Counsel.

Nova Scotia
The Lieutenant Governor appoints King's Counsel on the advice of the provincial Cabinet. Recipients must have at least 15 years as a member of the bar of Nova Scotia. The Minister of Justice is advised by an independent advisory committee, through the Nova Scotia Barristers' Society. Eligible candidates can apply, or they can be nominated by others. Applications generally open in September of each year, with appointments made annually. According to the criteria published by the Nova Scotia Barristers' Society on the nomination form, candidates must demonstrate professional integrity, good character and outstanding contributions to the practice of law through recognition by other members of the profession as an exceptional barrister or solicitor, exceptional contributions through legal scholarship, teaching or continuing legal education, demonstration of exceptional qualities of leadership in the profession, and engaging in activities of a public or charitable nature in such a way as to raise the esteem in which the legal profession is held by the public. The Nova Scotia Barristers' Society also indicates that the committee is asked to consider regional, gender and minority representations among the persons recommended for appointment. In 2017, the government appointed 14 lawyers as Queen's Counsel.

Ontario
From 1985 to 2022, the Government of Ontario stopped making appointments. In 1985, then-Premier of Ontario, David Peterson made a statement in the house giving five reasons:
 the designation was originally meant to recognise excellence in the courtroom, but the practice in Ontario was that it could be given to any lawyer, regardless of courtroom experience;
 the use of the designation misled the public, because it was more based on who one knows than what one knows;
 it was unfair to lawyers who for whatever reason have not been designated, leading to questions about their standing in the profession;
 no other profession received government awards of this type;
 the designation had been used in Ontario mainly as a form of political patronage.

In his statement, Premier Peterson stated that the government would stop awarding the designation and would move to revoke existing designations. However, although the Government of Ontario stopped awarding the designation, it did not formally abolish it. Lawyers appointed as Queen's Counsel prior to 1985 continued to use the Q.C. or c.r. postnominal letters. In response to the government's decision, the Law Society of Upper Canada, the governing body for Ontario lawyers, implemented the Law Society Medal in 1985 to recognise excellence in the profession. Recipients are entitled to use "L.S.M." behind their names.

Lawyers who are designated Certified Specialist are recognized and experienced in their field of law and have met high standards imposed by the Law Society of Ontario. This is commonly identified as modern day replacement to the Queen's Counsel (QC) designation.

Ontario courts continued to recognize the Queen's Counsel designations of Ontario lawyers appearing before it where those lawyers were accorded the honorific by the Federal Government.

On 30 June 2023, the Attorney General for Ontario reinstituted the practice of appointing King's Counsel, in honour of the coronation of Charles III. Until the designation's reinstitution in 2023, there were calls from some members of the Ontario bar for the province to reinstate the King's Counsel designation, on a merit basis, to help Ontario lawyers remain competitive internationally.

Prince Edward Island
The Lieutenant Governor in Council (i.e. the provincial Cabinet) makes appointments on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the President of the Law Society of Prince Edward Island, a member of the council of the Law Society, a person appointed by the provincial Minister of Justice, a judge of either the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, and a judge of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island. The committee's recommendations must be carried by at least a  vote. To be considered for appointment, a lawyer must have 10 years at the bar of Prince Edward Island. The lawyer must also meet the following three criteria: (1) must be learned in the law; (2) must have consistently exhibited a high standard of professional integrity; and (3) must be of very good character. In addition, the lawyer must meet at least one of the following six criteria: (1) must have a reputation for excellence in the practice of law; (2) must be recognized as a leading counsel; (3) must have great expertise and an outstanding reputation; (4) must have exhibited exceptional qualities of leadership in the legal profession; (5) must have performed outstanding work in the fields of legal education or legal scholarship; or (6) must have made a great contribution to community affairs or public service. In 2016, the government appointed two lawyers as Queen's Counsel.

Quebec
The Government of Quebec stopped appointing Queen's Counsel in 1975. Over thirty years later, the Barreau of Quebec instituted a professional award, the distinction of Lawyer Emeritus / Avocat émérite, with the postnominal "Ad. E." The award is to recognise lawyers "who gain distinction as a result of their outstanding professional career, outstanding contribution to the profession or outstanding social and community standing that has brought honour to the legal profession". As of July 2018, the Barreau had awarded the distinction to over 350 lawyers.

Saskatchewan
The Lieutenant Governor-in-Council (i.e., the provincial Cabinet) appoints lawyers as King's Counsel. To be eligible for appointment, a lawyer must reside in Saskatchewan and must have been called to the bar of any province of Canada, the Northwest Territories, or the United Kingdom. Appointments are based on recommendations from a selection committee consisting of Saskatchewan's Justice Minister and Attorney General, the Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan or the Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench (on an alternating basis), and the past presidents of the Saskatchewan branch of the Canadian Bar Association and the Law Society of Saskatchewan. In 2020, the Government appointed fifteen lawyers as Queen's Counsel.

New Zealand

In 2006, the title was renamed Senior Counsel, with the final appointments of Queen's Counsel occurring in 2007, after which the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act (which made the change) came into force. However, the 2008 general election resulted in a change of government. In June 2009, Attorney-General Hon Christopher Finlayson announced that the title of Queen's Counsel would be reinstated, and a bill to implement the restoration was introduced into Parliament in March 2010. The bill passed committee stage in November 2012, was passed in a third reading and received the Royal Assent on 19 November 2012. In December 2012, Finlayson was one of the first appointments under the reinstated regime.

Jurisdictions that have abolished the designation

In jurisdictions that have become republics, the office of Queen's Counsel has sometimes been replaced with an equivalent, for example, Senior Counsel in Barbados, South Africa, Kenya, Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana; Senior Advocate in Nigeria, India and Bangladesh; and President's Counsel in Sri Lanka.

Barbados
With Barbados becoming a republic on 30 November 2021 and the President of Barbados replacing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, barristers were no longer to be appointed as Queen's Counsel; however, those who had been appointed prior to the change of status were not required to adopt the title of Senior Counsel, and following the accession of King Charles to the British throne, were free to change their designation to King's Counsel.

Cyprus

When Cyprus was a crown colony, the title of Queen's Counsel was granted to the colony's Attorney General. Although most Attorneys General in Cyprus were British, the two Cypriots who served in this position also received this title. They were Stelios Pavlides, CMG, QC, 1943-1952, and Criton Tornaritis QC, 1952-1956, who was also the first Attorney General of the Republic of Cyprus after its independence in 1960. Also, this title was given to lawyers with an outstanding career in the Law Office of the Colonial Government, such as Ioannis Clerides, CBE, QC, Neoptolemos Paschalis, OBE, QC and George Chryssafinis, OBE, QC.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the rank of Queen's Counsel was granted when it was a crown colony and a British dependent territory. A practising barrister could be appointed as Queen's Counsel in recognition of his or her professional eminence by Crown Patent on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong. As Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom in 1997, barristers are no longer appointed Queen's Counsel (QC), but Senior Counsel (SC). The change is in name only; the role is in all practical respects unchanged even down to the full bottomed wig, gloves, robe and shoes worn annually at the commencement of the Judicial Year. Those appointed before the change were renamed Senior Counsel.

Ireland
The title of King's Counsel was conferred until July 1924. The title of Senior Counsel was introduced in the Irish Free State in July 1924. Patents were issued by the Chief Justice of the Irish Free State and since 1937, patents are issued by the Chief Justice of Ireland.

Malta
As a British Crown Colony, Malta adopted the system which lasted only seven years, starting from 14 August 1832. In the period, the main courts were housed at the Castellania, and the wearing of silk gowns was required by those sitting on the bench.

Nigeria

Nigeria replaced the QC nomenclature with the new title of Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) beginning in 1975. Appointments are restricted to fewer than 30 lawyers a year, made by the Chief Justice of Nigeria on the recommendation of the Legal Practitioners Privileges Committee, which is made up of senior judges and lawyers. The qualification requirements are almost identical to those required for appointment as Queen's Counsel. The SANs are entitled to wear silk gowns and enjoy similar privileges as the Queen's Counsel.

Singapore

Since independence, the use of Queen's Counsel was replaced by Senior Counsel.

South Africa

Following the establishment of a republic in 1961, the use of Queen's Counsel was replaced by Senior Counsel,
 or Senior Advokaat in Afrikaans.

Sri Lanka

President's Counsel (postnominal PC) is a professional rank, as their status is conferred by the president, recognised by the courts and wear silk gowns of a special design. It is the equivalent of the rank of Queen's Counsel in the United Kingdom, which was used in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) until 1972 when Sri Lanka became a republic, when the position became that of Senior Attorney-at-Law. In 1984 the position became the President's Counsel. The holder can use the post-nominal letters PC after his or her name.

Zambia

In Zambia the designation was changed to State Counsel after independence from Britain in 1964. Legal practitioners who enjoy the rank and dignity of State Counsel may use "SC" after their names. The procedure for appointment is more or less based on the English system, but it has been alleged that this merit-based system has recently been influenced by political patronage and that the last three presidents have mainly appointed their supporters. In 2013 the Law Association of Zambia objected to the process used when President Michael Sata appointed Mumba Kapumpa, John Sangwa and Robert Simeza as SCs.

Zimbabwe

Following the declaration of a republic by the Smith regime in Rhodesia, senior advocates were designated as Senior Counsel. Despite this, existing Queen's Counsel were not affected.

Dress

The following relates to the dress of King's Counsel at the Bar of England and Wales. Most other jurisdictions adopt the same dress, but there are some local variations.

King's Counsel in England and Wales have two forms of official dress, depending on whether they are dressing for appearance in court before a judge or a ceremonial occasion.

Court dress
A male junior barrister wears a white shirt and white wing-collar with bands, underneath a double-breasted or three-piece lounge suit of dark colour. He has a black "stuff" gown over his suit, and wears a short wig of horsehair. A female junior barrister wears similar garb, except that the wing-collar with bands may be replaced with a court bib (or collarette).

Upon promotion to King's Counsel, the male barrister retains in court his winged collar, bands, and short wig. However, instead of an ordinary dark jacket, he wears a special black court coat (frock coat) and waistcoat in a style unique to King's Counsel or, alternatively, a long-sleeved waistcoat in similar style with no frock coat, known as a "bum freezer" because it is cut off at the waist.

He also replaces the black stuff gown of a junior barrister with a black silk gown, although cheaper variants are also worn, including gowns of the same cut but all wool, or in a silk-wool mix, or in artificial silk. The all-wool gown is, strictly speaking, a mourning gown, the Bar being still in mourning for Queen Anne who died on 1 August 1714, but that point is now of historical interest only. A female King's Counsel wears a gown and wig similar to that of her male counterparts.

Ceremonial dress
For ceremonial occasions, King's Counsel wear black breeches and black stockings instead of trousers, and patent leather court shoes with buckles. They wear the same black frock coat and waistcoat worn when appearing in court (never the "bum freezer", however) but add lace at the wrists and a lace stock at the collar. Bands are no longer worn at the collar in addition to the lace, and the winged collar is also dispensed with. They have white cotton gloves, but these are invariably carried and not worn. This part of their ceremonial dress is taken from the standard ceremonial dress worn at the Royal Court (as opposed to the Courts of Justice) by other courtiers.

In addition, however, King's Counsel wear distinctive full-bottomed wigs and their silk gowns. The silk gown is the same as that worn when appearing in court. It is this gown which gives rise to the colloquial reference to King's Counsel as silks and to the phrase taking silk referring to their appointment.

When wearing the full bottomed wig, King's Counsel have a black rosette hanging from the back of the neck, which was originally intended to catch oil and powder that might otherwise mark the silk gown. Modern wigs, however, are made of horsehair and so there is no longer any oil or powder.

See also

 Senior Counsel, similar status used by some Australian jurisdictions and by some jurisdictions in which the British monarch is not head of state.
 Serjeant-at-law, a now defunct rank of senior barrister.
 King's Counsel Selection Panel, The King's Counsel Selection Panel for England and Wales.
 Silk (TV series), a BBC 2011 legal drama showing the competitive pursuit of silk.
 Kavanagh QC, a 1995–2001 ITV legal drama starring John Thaw.

References

External links

The Queen's Counsel of England and Wales 2010
Paper on Queen's Counsel constitutional reforms
Queen's Counsel – Historical Context a paper written in 2001 for the Nova Scotia Barristers' Society reviewing the history of the QC and current practices throughout Canada and the Commonwealth.
Guardian 2004-04-10: QC system replaced by new scheme after 400 years
Guardian 2004-05-28: U-turn lets QC title live on for now
Website for the English KC appointments procedure
Canadian Forces Administrative Order 18-4 Recommendations for Canadian Orders, Decorations and Military Honours

Bar of England and Wales
 QC
Common law
Law of the United Kingdom
Law enforcement in Wales

King's Counsel


W246 is the internal designation for the second generation Mercedes-Benz B-Class, which is a range of 5-door hatchbacks produced by German luxury manufacturer Daimler AG under the Mercedes-Benz brand from late 2011 to late 2018. Introduced at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany as a subcompact executive car, models years for the W246 started at 2012 and ranged to 2019. European models went on sale in November 2011. Japanese and Australian models went on sale in April 2012, and Canadian models in late 2012 as the 2013 model year. They are assembled at Rastatt, Germany, and from 2011 at Kecskemét, Hungary. By summer 2013, over 230,000 second generation B-Class cars had been delivered.

Seen as a taller and a more practical alternative to the Mercedes-Benz A-Class, the W246 was available in petrol, diesel, natural gas, and a battery electric variant. Conceived to be a small MPV by Euro NCAP, the B-Class features hatchback-directed styling. The Electric Drive model is internally designated as W242, and had started production in the USA from 11 August 2014, and was available in Germany from November 2014 to October 2017. The Electric Drive was also Mercedes' first battery electric vehicle mass produced vehicle.

On November 2014, the brand had presented the facelifted B-Class W246, which had featured an light headlamp and tail lamp update. The facelift was revealed for the 2015 model year. Production ended on December 2018, and the W246 was replaced by the W247 B-Class.

On August 2014, BMW had launched the 2 Series Active Tourer, a direct competitor to the B-Class.

Development and launch
In early 2011, it was let known to the public that the B-Class would be launched sometime in 2011. Jörg Prigl, Mercedes' boss of development at the time, stated that the new A and B-Class would use the MFA platform. Prigl had stated, "We will start with the B-Class and the MFA platform will contain an intellectual property solution that will allow us to produce both a direct, high-roof, high seating position replacement for the B-class." Prigl had also mentioned that the MFA architecture was so versatile that it allowed the integration of a full cell stack, a battery pack, hydrogen tanks and compressed natural gas. Before launch, the B-Class was also thought to be available in a sedan body style. British magazine Auto Express expected it to be called the "BLS". Although this nameplate never came to fruition, the 4.6 metre long Mercedes-Benz CLA subcompact executive sedan launched slightly after the B-Class.

The W246 was revealed on August 2011, and made its public debut on September 2011 at the 2011 International Motor Show Germany. It was announced that the B-Class would come standard with a 6-speed manual transmission, as well as an optional 7G-Tronic automatic. The start/stop technology was standard on all models. A  hatchback, it belongs to the C-segment in the small family car classification.

Mass production of the B-Class started on November 2011 at the Rastatt plant in Germany. Additionally, the B-Class was the first vehicle to use the MFA platform.

Design

Exterior
The exterior design incorporates the design of a tall-roof hatchback and a compact minivan. Compared to its predecessor, the W246 is  longer,  wider, and is  lower, while its wheel base has shortened by . The W246 is also one of the first to use Mercedes' new design cue, which was introduced in later models such as the W222 S-Class, X156 GLA, and the W205 C-Class. The B-Class retains its basic body style, however gains a more upright pose, and is significantly less curvier, especially at the rear. The basic head and tail lamps are still on the B-Class, however, the B-Class W246 is available with LEDs, and the daytime running lights and indicators gain a switchback effect. The W246 has a drag coefficient figure of 0.26 Cd, down from of the 0.31 figure of the previous model. The W246 features a larger grille, as well its centre of gravity being lowered by 20 mm. The W246's lights were also inspired by those of the C218 CLS.

Features

Safety features include seven to nine airbags, hill-start assist, driver drowsiness detection, tyre pressure monitoring, Pre-Safe system that will tighten seatbelts, and a system that will automatically close the windows and the sunroof if the systems detect an approaching accident. Other safety systems include anti-lock braking (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC), and brake assistant (BA).

Like the W176 A-Class which the B-Class shares its platform with, the W246 has MacPherson strut front suspension, while featuring a four-link setup at the rear. The BlueEFFICIENCY is featured on the Mk2 B-Class, which is a series of measures which reduce fuel consumption and  emissions. These features include: start/stop function which switches off the engine temporarily when the vehicle is stationary, alternator management for regenerative braking, and optimised tyres for rolling resistance which have low energy requirements while driving and also help to reduce fuel consumption. The B 180 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY model was available from September 2011.

Trim levels

Europe
In Europe, three trim levels were available on the pre-facelift. The entry-level SE offers 16-inch alloy wheels, LED daytime running lamps, comfort suspension, cruise control, CD multimedia system, a reversing camera, 7-inch infotainment screen, USB ports with smartphone integration, air conditioning, adjustable boot floor, and man-made leather upholstery. The Sport trim adds 17-inch alloy wheels, twin sport exhaust pipes, interior lighting package, automatic windscreen wipers, and a larger infotainment with the addition of two-way climate control. The AMG Line model features AMG-style front, side and rear aprons, 18-inch AMG-type alloy wheels with five double spokes, radiator grille, a dual exhaust system with trapezoidal stainless steel tailpipe trims, lowered suspension, perforated brake discs, artificial leather with contrasting red stitching, a multi-function steering wheel which is covered in leather and has red contrasting topstitching, a revised instrument cluster, and a sports pedal system and red contrasting topstitching and silver chrome. In July 2012, for the 2013 model year, Mercedes had added illuminated door sills and an auxiliary heater which had included a remote control as optional.

Available packages consisted of Executive, Premium and Premium Plus. The Executive pack features parking assist, heated seats and automatically dimming and folding mirrors. The Premium pack features LED headlights and satellite navigation. Adding to the Executive and Premium packages, the Premium Plus features a larger tablet display, a panoramic glass sunroof and dual-zone climate control. In Germany, available packages are the "Chrom-Paket" (Chrome Package), "Night-Paket" (Night Package), "Sport-Paket" (Sport Package), "Exklusiv-Paket" (Exclusive Package), "Licht- und Sicht-Paket" (Light and Sight Package), and the "Sondermodell Edition 1" (Special Edition 1).

A natural gas variant of the B 200 was available. It includes a choice of manual or 7G-DCT dual clutch transmission, and was available from early 2013. European model was set to go on sale in February 2014.

Canada
In Canada, for the pre-facelift model, there was only one trim level (B250 Sports Tourer) offered in FWD. But in 2015, a second trim level was added for the facelift (B250 Sports Tourer and B250 4Matic AWD). Both trim levels feature standard heated seats, an auto start/stop, a seven-speed dual clutch transmission, and a 2.0-litre turbo-cylinder making up to 208 horsepower and 258 lb-ft of torque. The trim differences between the two are subtle but lie in the B250 Sports Tourer FWD acceleration of 0-100 km/h in 6.8 seconds, while the 4Matic AWD has better traction control thanks to its all-wheel-drive suspension and a slightly quicker acceleration time of 0-100 km/h in just 6.7 seconds.

The B250 offers a wide selection of packages to choose from:

The Versatility package adds a powered front driver's seat with powered lumbar support, with the addition of auto-dimming rearview and side mirrors, power-folding mirror controls, a universal garage door opener, and a storage system dubbed Easy Vario Plus that adds a flat-folding front passenger seat, fore and aft sliding rear seats, a height-adjustable cargo floor, and enhanced iPhone connectivity via Apple CarPlay. The Premium Package adds a black fabric roof-liner and panoramic sunroof, dual-zone auto HVAC, a rearview camera, navigation, DVD player and blindspot assist. And lastly, the Sport package adds an AMG-style appearance, an AMG sporty front bumper, 18-inch AMG alloy wheels, sport brakes, lowered suspension, direct steering, AMG floor mats, black leather seats, and carbon-look trim, while additional options include partial LED headlamps, keyless proximity access, satellite radio, and parking assist.

Australia
In Australia, trims are sold as models (B180, B200, B250). Models started at the B180 which featured 16-inch, 10-spoke alloy wheels, six-speaker audio system, Bluetooth audio streaming, 14.7 cm TFT colour display, climate control air conditioning, cruise control, front and rear parking sensors, trip computer, 1/3 to 2/3 rear folding seats, and rains sensing wipers. The B200 added 17-inch alloy wheels, Artico leather seats, four-way power adjustable front seats, leather steering wheel, electrochromatic door and rear view mirrors, black ash wood trim and additional chrome highlights. The B200 is able to be distinguished by its three-louvre silver grille and chrome highlights. Finally, the B250 for Australia features 18-inch alloy wheels, lowered "Avantgarde" suspension, bi-xenon headlights with washers, and privacy glass.

B-Class Electric Drive

Initial concept versions of the B-Class Electric Drive were developed under the Mercedes-Benz BlueZERO project using batteries from Li-tec and a drivetrain from Tesla, but Mercedes switched to using a drivetrain developed by Mercedes itself soon after. The Electric Drive was previewed at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, the 2013 New York International Auto Show, and the 2013 IAA International Motor Show 2013. Production for retail customers began in April 2014 at Mercedes-Benz Rastatt factory. In May 2014, Mercedes announced the B-Class Electric Drive will be available in Germany and the UK in the first quarter of 2015. In November, Mercedes-Benz announced pricing for Germany and started accepting orders.

The concept has an electric motor rated  and , 36 kWh lithium-ion battery from Tesla Motors. The vehicle has a driving range of  with a top speed of .  The battery can be charged at any standard domestic 230 V power outlet or 400 V rapid charging terminal.

The B-Class Electric Drive was introduced to the U.S. in December 2013 as an early 2014 model. It is one of the only B-Class models to ever be sold in the U.S. market, as well as being the first Mercedes-Benz vehicle to ever be offered in an electric variant, though it was only available in certain states that required ZEV mandates. It was originally rebadged as the B-Class Electric Drive, but in 2017, it was renamed the B250e. Pricing in the U.S. starts at  before any applicable tax credits and other government incentives. In 2015, over 1,900 electric B-class vehicles were sold in the US, but in 2017, only 4,100 electric B-class vehicles were sold and were shortly discontinued due to low demand.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under its five-cycle testing, rated the 2014 B-Class Electric Drive with an all-electric range of . The energy consumption was rated at 40 kWh/100 miles for combined city/highway driving, corresponding to a fuel economy of 84 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent – MPGe (2.8 L/100 km; 101 mpg imp). The rating for city driving is 85 mpg-e (2.8 L/100 km; 102 mpg imp), and 83 mpg-e (2.8 L/100 km; 100 mpg imp) for highway.

LCI
Mercedes had unveiled the facelifted B-Class W246 at the October 2014 Paris Motor Show. Featuring relatively subtle exterior changes, including revised front bumper with larger air ducts, a larger grille with two louvres, redesigned "LED High Performance" headlamps, refreshed rear bumper, and refreshed LED taillamps. The Electric Drive and the Natural Gas models still feature the same headlamp look as the pre-facelift model, however taillamps are refreshed.

The refreshed trims start at the Style model which features two louvres painted in "Iridium Silver" and additional chrome inserts around the car. The interior features Vianen fabric on the seats, while the steering wheel, gear lever and dash switches are decorated with silver chrome accents. The Urban line feature five-spoke alloy wheels, twin exhaust pipes inside of the rear bumper, man-made Artico interior leather and Montfoort fabric, leather steering wheel with perforated grips, contrasting top stitching, and silver chrome accents. AMG Line models are about the same as the previous model.

Ambient lighting is available in 12 colours, and a new head unit display is available. Mass production of this facelifted model had started in November 2014, with its first model year being 2015. Models remained the same in technical data, however model names changed, for example the B 220 CDI had its name replaced simply by the B 220d. The Electric Drive was known as the B 250e, while the fuel cell model was called the B 200f.

Engines

Safety
In a testing conducted in 2011, the W246 B-Class had received an overall five-star rating. The variant tested was a black B200 CDI unit in left-hand drive form, which had a kerb weight of . The variant tested was made in November 2011, meaning it was one of the first units to be produced.

References

Hatchbacks
Compact cars
Cars introduced in 2011
Cars discontinued in 2018
B-Class (W246)
Production electric cars
2010s cars
Compact MPVs
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles

Mercedes-Benz B-Class (W246)


HMS Spider was formerly the French privateer Victoire, built at Dunkirk in 1782, that the Royal Navy captured that same year. The Navy commissioned her as Spider. She served during both the French Revolutionary and early Napoleonic Wars, capturing some five French privateers before being sold at Malta in 1806 for breaking up.

Capture
 captured Victoire off the Irish coast on 18 June 1782 after a chase of 11 hours. At the time, she was armed with two 8-pounder and fourteen 6-pounder guns (six of which she threw over-board during the chase), and had a crew of 91 men.

Between the wars
Victoire was already copper sheathed, but still the Royal Navy had her fitted at Plymouth for service in the Channel. Between October 1782 and 26 January 1784 she received metal braces while also on active duty. In British service she was much more lightly armed and crewed than she had been as a privateer.

Spider was commissioned in May 1783 for the Holyhead station under the command of Lieutenant Nichiolas Rooke. Rooke. She was paid off in June 1786, but immediately recommissioned under the command of Lieutenant Edward Edmonston. She was paid off in 1787, and apparently not recommissioned until October 1788, when Lieutenant Samuel Edwards assumed command. In 1790 Lieutenant William Layton replaced Edwards.

French Revolutionary Wars
Spider brought into Plymouth around 15 March 1793 the French privateer Sans-Culottes, as well as her prize, Susan, Cheater, master. Susan, of Pool, had been sailing from Alicante when captured. Spider captured Sans Culotte and recaptured Susan some seven leagues west of Guernsey on 5 March. Sans-Culotte was a 15-ton and 20-man privateer from Saint-Malo, commissioned in 1793 under Captain Eudes. At capture, Sans Culottes was armed with 12 swivel guns and had a crew of 22 men.

At some point in 1795, Spider captured the privateer Desiree.

In 1796 Lieutenant William Bevians replaced Layton. Then between January and April 1797 Spider underwent fitting as a schooner. Lieutenant Digby Dent assumed command.

On 16 May 1797 Spider repulsed an attack by a French privateer lugger. Spider then captured the French privateer Flibustier, of Saint-Malo. Spider was seven leagues south of The Lizard when she sighted and gave chase to a brig. After a chase of three hours, punctuated by fire from the quarry's stern chasers, Spider caught up with the brig just under the Lizard. By one account Flibustier was armed with 16 guns and had a crew of 67 men. Lieutenant Digby Dent, in his after-action letter, described her as having 14 guns (four of which she threw overboard during the chase), and a crew of 70 men under the command of Henry Capel. She was 11 days out of Saint-Malo but had not made any captures. Spider brought her into Plymouth.

Lieutenant Richard Harrison assumed command of Spider in February 1798. On 25 July 1799 Two Brothers, Drew, master, arrived at Plymouth. She had been smuggling 500 ankers of spirits when Spider captured her.

In September he was at the Isle of Man where he impressed 50 herring fisherman, devastating the local trade and arousing a great local furor. The press gang was a long-standing grievance on the Isle.

On 10 March 1799, Harrison brought into Falmouth some useful intelligence. That day he had detained a Prussian vessel. She had as a passenger an American who had been the master of a vessel that a French privateer had captured. The American reported that on 27 February 12 French frigates, transports, and supply ships, together with a number of troops, had sailed from Bordeaux for Brest. The next day, 18 more had sailed. Although the Lords of the Admiralty thought it unlikely that the flotilla was headed for Ireland, they thought it prudent to reinforce Admiral Kingsmill's squadron there with three vessels, , , and .

On 12 June 1800 Spider brought into Plymouth the lugger Expedition. She was a Cornish vessel, from Polperro, and was returning to Britain with 900 ankers of brandy, as well as tobacco and other smuggled goods.

Although it is not clear when Spider sailed to the Mediterranean, Spider is listed as having served in the navy's Egyptian campaign (8 March to 2 September 1801). Consequently, her officers and crew qualified for the clasp "Egypt" to the Naval General Service Medal, which the Admiralty issued in 1847 to all surviving claimants.

Spiderarrive at Plymouth Sound on 2 September 1801 after a voyage of ten weeks from Alexandria. She had as a passenger Captain Young, of the Royal Navy, who was carrying dispatches. Young landed and took a four-horse post chaise for London to deliver dispatches that he was carrying.

In August 1802 Lieutenant George Ravenscroft took temporary command of Spider. Next month, Lieutenant Harding Shaw replaced Ravenscroft. He sailed her for the Mediterranean on 22 November.

Napoleonic Wars
In the Mediterranean, Admiral Lord Nelson, commander in chief in the Mediterranean, used Spider to carry messages to and from Malta. including to Corfu and Constantinople.

Around mid-1803 Spider captured a vessel that she then had to give up, presumably on the grounds that it was allied or neutral. This may or may not have been related to Shaw's having, with two English merchantmen, recaptured three English vessels in the harbour at Girgenti or Grigenti (probably Agrigento), brought there by two French privateers. Nelson deferred a judgement on the correctness of Shaw's action to Sir Alexander Ball, the chief commissioner at Malta. (Later (i.e., by June 1804), Nelson fully endorsed Shaw's action, complaining that the Sicilian Government and that of the Republic of the Seven Islands were too free in letting French privateers use their ports.)

Then in a letter dated 5 November 1803, Nelson ordered Spider refitted because she was in a "miserable state". Refitting was complete by 22 December.

On 9 July 1804, Shaw and Spider captured the Ragusan brig Madonna del Rosario. She had been carrying a cargo of oil from Canea, Island of Candia (Crete), to Marseilles.

On 5 September Shaw had a seaman flogged, apparently disturbing some of the crew. (Given the ubiquity of flogging in the Royal Navy, that the crew was disturbed suggests that some unfairness may have been involved.) Someone then threw a round-shot that landed near Shaw and the master, Mr. Langdon. When no-one would confess to having thrown the shot, Shaw had all the seamen given 12 lashes. On 6 September he wrote to reporting the situation. On 4 October, Nelson wrote back, admonishing Shaw. Nelson wrote, "I cannot approve of a measure so foreign to the rules of good discipline and the accustomed rules of his Majesty's Navy, and therefore caution you against a similar line of conduct."

On 11 September, Lieutenant Harding Shaw and Spider were about three leagues from Alicante when they captured the French privateer Conception, of two brass guns and 47 men. Conception had been fitted out Ajacia, in Corsica, which she had left about a month earlier. The day before her capture she had left Grigenti. In the month she had been out she had made no captures. Shaw put 33 prisoners ashore at Alicante.

On 4 October Nelson wrote Shaw a second letter. Nelson had received a letter from Mr. Langdon alleging that Shaw had issued him certificates for pilot services (payment instructions), and demanded back half the pilotage charge. Nelson asked for an accounting of all such certificates in order to decide whether to open a public inquiry into Shaw's conduct. He also instructed Shaw not to pay for any more pilotage services except in extraordinary circumstances as in Nelson's opinion, Shaw was familiar with all the ports he might visit.

Spider captured the French privateer Andromeda, of four guns and 43 men on 10 December 1805, cutting her out of the port of Reggio. She shared the prize money for the capture with .

Fate
Spider was paid off at Malta in February 1806, and sold there later in the year.

Notes

Citations

References

Castlereach, Robert Stewart (Viscount) (1848) Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry. (H. Colburn).

Nicholas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1845) The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson: With Notes, Volume 5. (H. Colburn).
Nicholas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1846) The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson: With Notes, Volume 6. (H. Colburn).
Norie, J. W. (1827) The naval gazetteer, biographer and chronologist; containing a history of the late wars from ... 1793 to ... 1801; and from ... 1803 to 1815, and continued, as to the biographical part to the present time. (London, C. Wilson).
O'Byrne, William R. (1849) A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive. (London: J. Murray), vol. 1.

1782 ships
Cutters of the Royal Navy
Privateer ships of France
Captured ships
Schooners of the Royal Navy
Brigs of the Royal Navy
Napoleonic-era ships
Ships built in France

HMS Spider (1782)


Ordinal numbers (or ordinals) are numbers that show something's order, for example: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th.

Suppose a person has four different T-shirts, and then lays them in front of the person, from left to right.

 At the far left, there is the red T-shirt.
 Right of that is the blue one.
 Then there is the yellow one.
 And finally, at the far right is an orange T-shirt.

If the person then starts counting the shirts from the left, he would first see the red shirt. So the red shirt is the first T-shirt. The blue shirt is the second T-shirt. The yellow shirt is the third one, and the orange T-shirt is the fourth one.

The first, second, third, and fourth in this case are ordinal numbers. They result from the fact that the person has many objects, and they give them an order (hence 'ordinal'). The person then simply counts those objects, and gives the ordinal numbers to them.

In set theory, ordinals are also ordinal numbers people use to order infinite sets. An example is the set  (or  for short), which is the set containing all natural numbers (including 0). This is the smallest ordinal number that is infinite, and there are many more (such as  + 1).

Related pages
Cardinal number
Names of ordinal numbers in English
Transfinite number

References

Number theory

Ordinal number


The 1996 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Terry Shea, the Scarlet Knights compiled a 2–9 record, were outscored by opponents 380 to 143, and finished in seventh place in the Big East Conference. The team's statistical leaders included Mike Stephans with 918 passing yards, Chad Bosch with 523 rushing yards, and Steven Harper with 321 receiving yards.

Schedule

Roster

References

Rutgers
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football seasons
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football


Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Mravinsky () (19 January 1988) was a Soviet and Russian conductor, pianist, and music pedagogue; he was a professor at Leningrad State Conservatory.

Biography
Mravinsky was born in Saint Petersburg. The soprano Yevgeniya Mravina was his aunt. His father, Alexandr Konstantinovich Mravinsky, died in 1918, and in that same year, the young Mravinsky began to work backstage at the Mariinsky Theatre, serving as a ballet répétiteur from 1923 to 1931. After initially studying biology at the university in Leningrad, in 1924 he succeeded in entering the Leningrad Conservatory as a non–fee–paying student thanks to his half-aunt Alexandra Kollontai, who recommended him to the rector, Alexander Glazunov, and the commissar for enlightenment, Anatoly Lunacharsky.

Mravinsky's first public conducting appearance was in 1929. Throughout the 1930s, he conducted at the Kirov Ballet and Bolshoi Opera. In September 1938, he won the All-Union Conductors Competition in Moscow.

In 1931, Mravinsky made his debut with the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra. In October 1938, he was appointed its principal conductor, a post which he held until his death. Under Mravinsky, the Leningrad Philharmonic gained international renown, particularly in performances of Russian music. During World War II, Mravinsky and the orchestra were evacuated to Siberia.

The music of Dmitri Shostakovich was closely associated with Mravinsky, beginning with conducting the world premiere of the composer's Fifth Symphony. The conductor would subsequently lead the world premieres of the Sixth, Eighth (which Shostakovich dedicated to Mravinsky), Ninth, Tenth, and Twelfth Symphonies, as well as the Song of the Forests, Violin Concerto No. 1, and Cello Concerto No. 1. In 1962, Mravinsky had declined to conduct the premiere of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 13, in the wake of the diagnosis of his third wife Inna's terminal cancer. This action caused a disruption in the working relationship between Shostakovich and Mravinsky, which included Mravinsky also refusing to conduct the premiere of Shostakovich's Cello Concerto No. 2, pleading inadequate time to prepare the work. In the early 1970s, Mravinsky and Shostakovich repaired their working relationship. Of the remaining Shostakovich symphonies that he did not premiere, Mravinsky only performed (and recorded) the Seventh, Eleventh, and Fifteenth.

He also premiered Sergei Prokofiev's Sixth Symphony.

Mravinsky made studio recordings from 1938 to 1961, including recording the symphonies of Tchaikovsky for Deutsche Grammophon, first in monaural sound in Vienna, then stereo remakes in London. His issued recordings post-1961 were taken from live concerts. His final recording was of an April 1984 live performance of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 12.

In 1946, Mravinsky's international career began with tours of Finland and Czechoslovakia at the Prague Spring Festival. Later tours with an orchestra included a June 1956 itinerary to western Europe. Their only appearance in the United Kingdom was in September 1960 at the Edinburgh Festival and the Royal Festival Hall, London. Their first tour to Japan was in May 1973. Their last foreign tour was in 1984, to West Germany.

On 6 March 1987, Mravinsky led his final concert, a program consisting of Schubert's Symphony No. 8 and Brahms' Symphony No. 4. After a prolonged illness, Mravinsky died in Leningrad in 1988 at the age of 84.

Mravinsky was married four times. His first marriage was to Marianna Schwalck (1888–1979), in 1922. His second marriage was to Olga Alexeyevna Karpova (1903-1990), in 1938. Both ended in divorce. His marriage to his third wife, Inna Mikhailovna Serikova (1923-1964), lasted from 1960 until her death. His fourth marriage was to Alexandra Mikhailovna Vavilina (born 1928), from 1967 until his death.

Conducting style
Surviving videos show that Mravinsky had a sober appearance on the podium, making simple but clear gestures, often without a baton. The critic James McCarthy said of Mravinsky's Tchaikovsky performances:

The Leningrad Philharmonic play like a wild stallion only just held in check by the willpower of its master. Every smallest movement is placed with fierce pride; at any moment it may break into such a frenzied gallop that you hardly know whether to feel exhilarated or terrified.

Method
In a 1970s interview on Leningrad Television, when asked how he chose a particular interpretation of the music he conducted, Mravinsky explained that he tried to understand what the composer's intention was by immersing himself in the "atmosphere" of the music (he used the term "atmospherization").

Recordings
Mravinsky recorded for the state classical label Melodiya and for Deutsche Grammophon. Additionally, in the 21st century, his recordings were made available by Erato Records and Profil – G Haenssler.

References

Sources

 Tassie, Gregor, "A Truly Noble Conductor".  Gramophone (US Edition), May 2002, pp. 36–37.

External links
 [ Biography at allmusic.com]
 Legacy of Yevgeni Mravinsky
 A History of Portrait of Yevgeny Mravinsky, by Lev A. Russov. (Russian)
 František Sláma (musician) Archive. More on the history of the Czech Philharmonic between the 1940s and the 1980s: Conductors

1903 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Russian conductors (music)
20th-century Russian male musicians
Musicians from Saint Petersburg
People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
Academic staff of Saint Petersburg Conservatory
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Erato Records artists
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Ballet conductors
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Music directors (opera)
Russian classical pianists
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Burials at Bogoslovskoe Cemetery

Yevgeny Mravinsky


FCA India Automobiles Private Limited (FCAIPL), formerly known as "Fiat Group Automobiles India Private Limited", was formed in 1997. The company was established for the production of cars and engines under the brand Fiat, Abarth, and Jeep. It is the ninth largest Indian car manufacturer by sales in India.

History
Fiat brand in India was earlier represented through a joint venture company called Fiat India Automobiles Pvt Ltd., FIAPL (Name changed to Fiat India Automobiles Ltd., FIAL later) founded in the year 1997 with Fiat S.p.A. and Tata Motors as the two partners coming together to produce cars for both brands in a plant set up through joint investments at Ranjangaon, in Pune district of Maharashtra. The board of directors for this company comprises five nominees each from Fiat and Tata. Another key interest area for the Tata-Fiat JV is the production of the 1.3 Multijet engine and  corresponding powertrains common to a number of both the Tata & Fiat brand cars in India like Fiat Palio, Fiat Grande Punto, Fiat Linea, Fiat Aventura, Fiat Urban Cross, Tata Vista and Tata Manza.

Even today the Tata Fiat JV plant operates under the FIAL name, as an independent entity and it produces Fiat & Tata brand cars for FCAIPL (Fiat India NSC) & Tata Motors respectively. The company presently employs about 2600 employees. It also undertakes contract manufacturing of engines for Maruti Suzuki India Ltd & Premier Automobiles. Premier Automobiles uses this engine for their compact SUV Premier Rio and the Suzuki cars that used Fiat 1.3 Multijet engines in Indian market include – Ritz, Swift, Swift DZire, SX4 & Ciaz, S-Cross, Vitara Brezza, Baleno.

Prior to this, Fiat used to sell the 1100, 124 and Uno in India, manufactured under licence by Premier Automobiles Limited.

In 2015 FCA officially launches the Maserati brand in India absent since 2013. The relaunch is managed directly by the FCA India division through the opening of three dealerships in the Indian territory and the launch of the Maserati Ghibli and Quattroporte sedans imported directly in from Grugliasco (Turin). The initial plan envisages sales of 100 units per year with the progressive expansion of the sales network. From 2016 the import of the Maserati Levante SUV and the Maserati GranTurismo coupè starts.

In February 2016, the entry of the Jeep brand in the Indian market was announced. Mike Manley, then director of the Jeep brand and the APAC region of the FCA Group, announced that the first models to be imported from the United States are the Jeep Wrangler (JK), the Grand Cherokee and the sports version Grand Cherokee SRT, opening the first show rooms in the main Indian cities and addressing models to a target of luxury customers. In addition, the expansion of the Jeep brand involved the investment of 280 million US dollars for the production of the new model Jeep Compass with right-hand drive in the Pune plant from mid-2017. The Indian plant will produce all the Compass with right hand drive to be exported globally to Australia, New Zealand, UK, Japan, Brunei and South Africa.

The 1 June 2017 the first locally produced Jeep Compass officially rolled off the assembly line at the company's Ranjangaon plant.

In 2017, Fiat signed a contract for the production and supply to Tata Motors starting from the end of 2018 of the 2.0 liter Multijet II turbo diesel engines. The 2.0-liter Multijet II engine in the same year went into production at the Indian Ranjangaon plant to be adopted by the Jeep Compass also produced locally. The supply to Tata Motors concerns about 70,000 per year to be fitted to the Tata Harrier SUV that went into production at the end of 2018.

In November 2018 the production of the Fiat Punto models (including the Abarth version), Avventura and Linea ended due to low sales; consequently the Fiat Chrysler Automobiles group withdraws the Fiat brand from the Indian market, focusing on the development of the Jeep brand that produces the right-hand-drive Jeep Compass exported globally and imports the Grand Cherokee and Wrangler models from the US.

Manufacturing facilities
Fiat has a manufacturing plant at Ranjangaon, Maharashtra, which has an installed capacity to produce 355,000 cars and  engines, besides aggregates and components. The company plans to double the production capacity for both car units and engines in the next few years.
The car plant manufactures both Fiat and Tata cars, the latest additions in 2014 are the Fiat Linea facelift, Fiat Punto Evo, Tata Zest and Fiat Avventura. Engine manufacturing at Ranjangaon plant was the 1.2 litre Fire petrol, the 1.4 litre Fire naturally aspired and T-Jet turbocharged version and the small 1.3 litre Multijet diesel.

In April 2020 the Fiat India Ranjangaon plant has rolled out the 5,00,000th car.

In 2017 FCA  planned to start production of the right hand drive version of the new Jeep Compass launched on 31 July 2017 starting at 15 Lakhs.

Models

Current models

Jeep

Maserati

Discontinued models

Fiat

Abarth

Jeep

Maserati

Sales performance
FIAT sold 24000 vehicles in 2009 and registered an increase of 241% compared to the previous year sales which stood at 6,897 vehicles. It planned to sell 130,000 cars  annually in India by 2014.

See also
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
Automobile industry in India

References

External links
  (Fiat)
  (Jeep)

Car manufacturers of India
Manufacturing companies based in Pune
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1997
Indian companies established in 1997
Fiat
Stellantis
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies
1997 establishments in Maharashtra

FCA India Automobiles


A conveyor belt is a mechanism which is able to transport goods or people over a distance. It is made of a band, which is held by a number of wheels. On one side, the belt is used for transport, on the other, it travels back the distance. Conveyor belts are commonly used to transport bulk goods, such as sand or coal.

References

Transport buildings and structures

Conveyor belt


A classic car is an older automobile, generally one that is at least 25 years old. Classic cars are often very valuable to collectors, and may sell for many times their original factory price, especially if they have been well-maintained and have low mileage. Iconic cars that are less than 25 years old and may become classics are referred to as future classics. Classic cars are often not recommended as a daily driver. Replacement parts may be hard to find, and most classic cars lack safety features found in modern cars such as airbags and crumple zones. Contrary to popular belief, classic cars are structurally weaker than modern cars and will not hold up as well in a crash.

References

Automobiles

Classic car


Heinrich Julius Klaproth (11 October 1783 – 28 August 1835) was a German linguist, historian, ethnographer, author, orientalist and explorer. As a scholar, he is credited along with Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, with being instrumental in turning East Asian Studies into scientific disciplines with critical methods.

Name
H.J. Klaproth was usually known as Julius or Julius von Klaproth. His name also erroneously appears as "Julius Heinrich Klaproth".

Life
Klaproth was born in Berlin on 11 October 1783, the son of the chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who is credited with the discovery of four elements including uranium.

Young Klaproth devoted his energies in quite early life to the study of Asiatic languages, and published in 1802 his Asiatisches Magazin (Weimar 1802–1803). He was in consequence called to St. Petersburg and given an appointment in the academy there. In 1805 he was a member of Count Golovkin's embassy to China. On his return he was despatched by the academy to the Caucasus on an ethnographical and linguistic exploration (1807–1808), and was afterwards employed for several years in connection with the academy's Oriental publications. In 1812 he moved to Berlin.

In 1815 he settled in Paris, and in 1816 Humboldt procured him from the king of Prussia the title and salary of professor of Asiatic languages and literature, with permission to remain in Paris as long as was requisite for the publication of his works. He died in Paris on 28 August 1835.

Klaproth was an orientalist or an "Asiatologist," in that he had a good command not only of
Chinese, but also Manchu, Mongolian, Sanskrit, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, and even Caucasian languages. His wide range of interests encompassed the study of the development of individual countries in their Asian context, which contrast with the 21st century focus on specialization.

Klaproth's 1812 Dissertation on language and script of the Uighurs (Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren) was disputed by Isaak Jakob Schmidt, who is considered the founder of Mongolian Studies. Klaproth asserted that the Uighur language was a Turkic language, which today is undisputed, while Schmidt was persuaded that Uighur should be classified as a "Tangut" language.

Works

Klaproth's bibliography extends to more than 300 published items.

His great work Asia Polyglotta (Paris, 1823 and 1831, with Sprachatlas) not only served as a résumé of all that was known on the subject, but formed a new departure for the classification of the Eastern languages, more especially those of the Russian Empire. To a great extent, however, his work is now superseded.

The Itinerary of a Chinese Traveller (1821), a series of documents in the military archives of St. Petersburg purporting to be the travels of "George Ludwig von —", and a similar series obtained from him in the London foreign office, are all regarded as spurious.

Klaproth's other works include:
 Reise in den Kaukasus und Georgien in den Jahren 1807 und 1808 (Halle, 1812–1814; French translation, Paris, 1823)
 Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des ostlichen Kaukasus (Weimar 1814)
 Tableaux historiques de l'Asie (Paris, 1826)
 Memoires relatifs a l'Asie (Paris, 1824–1828)
 Tableau historique, geographique, ethnographique et politique de Caucase (Paris, 1827)
  Vocabulaire et grammaire de la langue georgienne (Paris, 1827)

Klaproth was also the first to publish a translation of Taika era Japanese poetry in the West. Donald Keene explained in a preface to the Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkōkai edition of the Man'yōshū:
 "One 'envoy' (hanka) to a long poem was translated as early as 1834 by the celebrated German orientalist Heinrich Julius Klaproth (1783–1835).  Klaproth, having journeyed to Siberia in pursuit of strange languages, encountered some Japanese castaways, fisherman, hardly ideal mentors for the study of 8th century poetry.  Not surprisingly, his translation was anything but accurate."

Other works on Japan include:
 1832 – Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu (San kokf tsou ran to sets or Aperçu général des trois royaumes, Paris: Oriental Translation Fund.San kokf tsou ran to sets: ou, Aperqu géneral des trois royaumes
 1834 – Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (Nipon O daï itsi ran or Annales des empereurs du Japon), tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M.J. Klaproth.  Paris: Oriental Translation Fund.

See also

 Xiongnu

Notes

References
 Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai (Japanese Classics Translation Committee). (1965).  The Man'yōshū: One Thousand Poems. New York: Columbia University Press.  OCLC  220930639
 Screech, Timon. (2006).  Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
 Walravens, Hartmut.  "Julius Klaproth. His Life and Works with Special Emphasis on Japan," Japonica Humboldtiana 10 (2006).

 Klaproth, Julius (1823). Polyglotta Asiatica (Google Books)

Further reading

  Walravens, Hartmut. (2002).  Julius Klaproth(1783–1835): Briefwechsel mit Gelehrten grossenteils aus dem Akademiearchiv in St. Petersburg. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz. ;  OCLC  51169954
  . (1999).  Julius Klaproth (1783–1835), Leben und Werk. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ;  OCLC 48707039

1783 births
1835 deaths
German scholars
German orientalists
Explorers of the Caucasus
German male non-fiction writers
Kurdologists

Julius Klaproth


Charles Douglas Bair (born August 22, 1949) is an American former professional baseball  pitcher. He played for 15 Major League Baseball (MLB) seasons — from 1976 to 1990 — for seven teams.

Career

Pittsburgh Pirates

Bair was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates out of Bowling Green State University in the second round of the 1971 Major League Baseball Draft and made his Major League debut on September 13, 1976, pitching two scoreless innings out of the bullpen against the New York Mets in a 5–0 loss.  On March 15, 1977, Bair, Tony Armas, Dave Giusti, Rick Langford, Doc Medich, and Mitchell Page were traded to the Oakland Athletics for Chris Batton, Phil Garner, and Tommy Helms.

Oakland Athletics

Bair earned his first career victory on April 14, 1977, against the California Angels.  On August 13, 1977, Bair recorded his first career save in a 9–6 win over the Baltimore Orioles.  Overall, Bair finished the season with a 4–6 record and a 3.46 ERA in 83 innings pitched, while earning eight saves. The Athletics traded Bair to the Cincinnati Reds for Dave Revering and cash on February 25, 1978.

Cincinnati Reds

Bair had a breakout season with the Cincinnati Reds during the 1978 season, as he appeared in 70 games, posting a 7–6 record with a 1.97 ERA in 100 innings pitched, and saved 28 games for the team, the fourth highest save total in the National League. Bair struggled in 1979, as his ERA spiked to 4.26, and he lost his job as closer midway through the season.  Bair finished with a record of 11–7, and 16 saves in 65 games, as the club reached the playoffs.  In the 1979 NLCS against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Bair appeared in one game, the second game of the series, and allowed a run in the top of the tenth inning as the Pirates defeated the Reds 3–2, earning the loss.

Bair appeared in 61 games with Cincinnati in 1980, going 3–6 with a 4.24 ERA, while earning six saves in 85 innings pitched. He began the 1981 season with the Reds, and in 24 games went 2–2 with a 5.77 ERA in 39 innings pitched.  On September 10, 1981, the Reds traded him to the St. Louis Cardinals for Joe Edelen and Neil Fiala.

St. Louis Cardinals

Bair finished the 1981 season with the St. Louis Cardinals, going 2–0 with a 3.45 ERA in 11 games, while earning a save. In 1982 he appeared in 63 games, going 5–3 with a 2.55 ERA in 91 innings pitched, and recorded eight saves, helping St. Louis reach the playoffs.  In the 1982 NLCS against the Atlanta Braves, Bair appeared in one game, pitching a scoreless inning.  In the 1982 World Series against the Milwaukee Brewers, Bair played in three games, going 0–1 with a 9.00 ERA in two innings pitched, as the Cardinals won the World Series.

Bair started the 1983 season with the Cardinals, appearing in 26 games, going 1–1 with a 3.03 ERA, while earning a save in 29 innings pitched.  On June 22, 1983, St. Louis traded Bair to the Detroit Tigers for future considerations.

Detroit Tigers

Bair finished 1983 in Detroit with his former manager from the 1978 Reds, Sparky Anderson. He played in 27 games, going 7–3 with a 3.88 ERA and four saves in 55 innings pitched.  After making 388 relief appearances, Bair made his first major league start on August 23, 1983, pitching six shutout innings in a 2–0 victory over the Texas Rangers. Bair returned to Detroit in 1984, going 5–3 with a 3.75 ERA and four saves in 47 games pitched, helping Detroit to the playoffs.  Bair did not appear in any games against the Kansas City Royals in the 1984 ALCS, but did appear in a game in the 1984 World Series against the San Diego Padres, pitching  of an inning, while allowing no runs, as the Tigers won the series. He struggled in 1985, as he played in 21 games, going 2–0 with a 6.24 ERA in 49 innings pitched.  On August 22, 1985, he was released.

St. Louis Cardinals

On September 2, 1985, Bair signed with the St. Louis Cardinals, rejoining the team he played for from 1981 to 1983.  Bair would appear in only two games with St. Louis, as he went 0–0 with a 0.00 ERA in two innings pitched.  On November 12, 1985, Bair was granted free agency.

Oakland Athletics

On May 19, 1986, Bair signed with the Oakland Athletics, his second stint with the club.  He went 2–3 with a 3.00 ERA in 31 games pitched, while recording four saves.  On November 10, 1986, Bair became a free agent.

Philadelphia Phillies

Bair signed as a free agent with the Philadelphia Phillies on June 23, midway through the 1987 season.  Bair played in 11 games with Philadelphia, going 2–0 with a 5.93 ERA in 13 innings pitched.  Bair was released by the Phillies on March 26, 1988.

Toronto Blue Jays

On April 7, 1988, Bair signed as a free agent with the Toronto Blue Jays.  Bair played in 10 games with Toronto, going 0–0 with a 4.05 ERA in 13 innings pitched.  Bair was released by the Blue Jays on October 31, 1988, however, he re-signed with the team on February 17, 1989.

After playing with the Syracuse Chiefs, the Blue Jays Triple-A affiliate, to begin the 1989 season, the Pittsburgh Pirates purchased Bair's contract on June 16, 1989.

Pittsburgh Pirates

Bair finished the 1989 season with the Pittsburgh Pirates, going 2–3 with a 2.27 ERA in 44 games pitched, pitching 67 innings.  Bair returned to the Pirates in 1990, going 0–0 with a 4.81 ERA in 22 games.  On October 3, 1990, Bair pitched two scoreless innings against the New York Mets in what would be his last major league game.

The Pirates granted Bair free agency on November 5, 1990.  In 1991, Bair split time between the Toledo Mud Hens, the Detroit Tigers Triple-A affiliate, and the Syracuse Chiefs, the Toronto Blue Jays Triple-A affiliate.  In 1992, Bair pitched in seven games with the Edmonton Trappers, the California Angels AAA affiliate before retiring.

Major League career
Bair spent 15 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1976 to 1990.  During his career he had a 55–43 record with a 3.63 ERA in 584 games, five of them starts.  Bair also finished with 81 career saves, and struck out 689 batters in 909 innings pitched.  In the playoffs, Bair went 0–2 with a 5.79 ERA in six games.  He won two World Series championships, with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1982, and with the Detroit Tigers in 1984.  A few days before the 1982 World Series his daughter, Heather Lea Bair, was born.

Coaching career
In 2006, Bair served as pitching coach of the Billings Mustangs, the rookie-level minor league affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds. Bair spent 2007 and 2008 as pitching coach for the Dayton Dragons, the Class A Affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds.

References

External links

Doug Bair at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1949 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball coaches from Ohio
Baseball players from Ohio
Bowling Green Falcons baseball players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Charleston Charlies players
Cincinnati Reds players
Detroit Tigers players
Edmonton Trappers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Maine Guides players
Minor league baseball coaches
Oakland Athletics players
People from Defiance, Ohio
Philadelphia Phillies players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Salem Pirates players
Salem Rebels (baseball) players
San Jose Missions players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tacoma Tigers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Waterbury Pirates players

Doug Bair


Sun Zhengcai (; born September 25 1963) was a Chinese politician and senior regional official before his fall from power in 2017.

Sun joined Communist Party of China (CPC) in July 1988. He was a member of the CPC Central Committee since 2007. Since November 2012, Sun has been the Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, an interior municipality, and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. Before that, he served as the Party Secretary of Jilin province, and Minister of Agriculture of China.

Sun is the youngest member of the 18th Politburo, and one of only two members born after 1960, the other being Hu Chunhua. As such, Sun and Hu were considered to be a leading candidate for a top leadership position in the "6th Generation of Chinese leadership". However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the game by abandoning the successors designated by his predecessors.

In July 14, 2017, Sun was removed from the post of Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, and investigated for wrong-doings. On July 24, the Chinese official news agency reported that Sun violated CPC's disciplines. On September 29, Sun was stripped of his CPC membership, fired from his government position, and charged for crime. On May 8, 2018, Sun was sentenced for life in prison.

References

1963 births
Living people
Chinese communist politicians
People from Jilin

Sun Zhengcai


Sólstafir is an Icelandic metal baund, formed in 1995. The baund's name is the Icelandic wird for crepuscular rays.

History
The baund wis formed bi 3 friends, Aðalbjörn Tryggvason, Halldór Einarsson an Guðmundur Óli Pálmason in Januar 1995. Later that year, the baund recordit its first demo tape, "Í Norðri", an at the end o the year the baund went tae the studio again tae record what wis tae acome thair seicont demo, "Til Valhallar". "Til Valhallar" wis niver released as a demo tho an fower o the sax sangs wur released as a MCD bi View Beyond Records. It wis later re-released in 2002 wi aw the sax sangs.

In 1999 Sólstafir entered the studio tae record thair debut full-lenth album. Bi that time Halldór haed left the baund an in 1997 an 1998, respectively, Sólstafir haed released twa promos as a twa piece. For the recordin o the debut full-lenth album, Sólstafir haed recruitit Svavar Austmann as Halldór's replacement. Awtho the recordin sessions o "Í Blóði og Anda" haed stairtit in 1999, the album wasn't released until 2002, due tae delays an mishaps. In the meantime Sólstafir stairtit playin live shows in Iceland, an for that haed added a seicont guitar player, ane Sæþór Maríus Sæþórsson.

For the first time as a fower piece, Sólstafir recorded a new demo in 2002, eventually releasing three sangs as the EP entitled Black Daith.

In 2004 the baund began wirkin on the follae-up tae "Í Blóði og Anda" on thair awn wi the help o a guid friend. Awtho Sólstafir wur establishin themselves in the European metal unnergrund, the baund foond thairsels athoot a record label. Sicweys the baund decidit tae release three o the sangs frae the album as a leemitit edition promo tae send aroond tae labels. This an a gig in Denmark (the baund's first ootside o Iceland) ensured the baund a deal wi Spinefarm Records. Sólstafir released "Masterpiece of Bitterness" throu Spinefarm in 2005.

In December 2007 the baund traveled tae Gothenburg, Swaden tae record thair third full-lenth studio album. This third studio album, "Köld", wis released in early 2009.

In 2010, thay played at Wacken Open Air in Germany.

Baund members

Current members
 Svavar "Svabbi" Austmann – bass
 Guðmundur Óli Pálmason – drums
 Sæþór Maríus "Pjúddi" Sæþórsson – guitar
 Aðalbjörn "Addi" Tryggvason – guitar, vocals

Umwhile members
 Halldór Einarsson – bass
 Sindre W. Aarsbog – guest vocals
 Kola Krauze - guest vocals

Discography

Albums
 Í Norðri (demo), 1995
 Til Valhallar (EP), 1996
 Í Blóði og Anda, 2002
 Black Death (demo), 2002
 Black Death (EP), 2002
 Promo 2004 (demo), 2004
 Masterpiece of Bitterness, 2005 (Spinefarm Records)
 Köld, 2009 (Spikefarm Records)
 Svartir Sandar, 2011 (Season of Mist)
 Ótta, 2014
 Berdreyminn, 2017
 Endless Twilight of Codependent Love, 2020

References

Freemit airtins

Icelandic black metal muisical groups
Muisical groups established in 1994
Muisical quartets
Viking metal muisical groups

Sólstafir