White Rock Lake is a reservoir located in north-east Dallas, Texas (United States). The lake was formed by damming White Rock Creek, which today widens into the lake before continuing south out of the spillway and emptying into the Trinity River.  The lake covers  in the  east Dallas community.

History
Before it was a lake, White Rock Lake was a collection of farms owned by the Daniel and Cox families. The first record of the Daniel family farm is in the Family Bible of Thomas Walker Daniel. He and his wife Frances Herndon Daniel seem to have moved to the White Rock area in the late 1830s and early 1840s. Daniel's son had a good friend during the civil war named Cox. When the war was over, the Cox family moved to land adjacent to the Daniel family. Together they had a joint family cemetery called the Daniel-Cox Cemetery. Other pioneer families such as the Humbards, the Glovers, Lavenders, McCommases, Coxes and Donagheys jointly maintained the cemetery.

Construction on White Rock Lake began in 1910 in response to a water shortage in Dallas. After the lake was completed in 1911, residential construction around the lake increased, and in the early 1930s the Dallas Park Board, with the help of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), began developing the lakeshores into a municipal park. The White Rock CCC Camp was established at Winfrey Point and included eight barracks buildings. For several years, the men of the CCC deepened and widened the lake, built numerous limestone rock buildings, and made recreation improvements to the park.

At the outbreak of WWII, the U.S. Army used the CCC camp as induction point for new recruits. In 1943 the government used the barracks at Winfrey Point to house 403 German prisoners-of-war who had served in Rommel's Afrika Corps.

The growing population of Dallas and a drought increased the demand for water, and on September 1, 1952, the beaches of White Rock saw their last swimmers in order to maintain a sanitary water supply.

By 1992 White Rock Lake Park was a center of recreational activity for central Dallas, providing picnic areas and bicycle and jogging paths.

All that is left of the Daniel and Cox farms is the old "Daniel-Cox family cemetery." The Daniel family fell upon hard times and when the cemetery was renovated, the Cox family contributed funds to renovate the cemetery so the current sign reads "Cox Cemetery".

White Rock Dam

White Rock Dam was completed in 1911 as an earthen dam with a height of 47 feet, a length of 2550 feet at its crest, for storm water control and municipal water supply. With a maximum storage capacity of 39,400 acre-feet, the facility is owned and operated by the City of Dallas.

Recreation

After its function primarily as a water source was supplanted, White Rock Lake continued to serve as a recreational lake for both City of Dallas and suburban residents. From its earliest days, area residents wanting to get away from home constructed cabins on leased property along its shoreline. The Bonnie Barge, for example, was operated on the lake by Garland resident John H. Williams, Sr. from 1946 to 1956.

White Rock offers a number of activities, but one it has become most notable for is rowing. They have a historical boathouse and dock where boats are launched off of almost every day by rowers of all ages. There are also sometimes races that people watch from their sail boats or around the lake.

Although originally permitted, swimming was banned in September 1952 and a ban on motorized boats followed in 1958. Current recreational activities on the lake include sailing, kayaking, canoeing and standup paddleboarding, available by rental.

The lake is surrounded by White Rock Lake Park, which features a  trail for hiking, running and bicycling, the Bath House Cultural Center and the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden. There are several fishing piers and sailing is permitted.

The Bath House once served as a boathouse for several crew teams, including SMU. White Rock Boathouse (established in 1930) was originally used for motor boats, but was later adapted to house sculling boats. The Boathouse later went on to lease the old Filter Building and holding tanks from the former purification facility and converted them into what may be the largest boathouse worldwide.

Sailing
The Corinthian Sailing Club was chartered in 1939 to promote the sport of sailing and sailboat racing in the Dallas area. The club focuses on racing with well attended Saturday and Sunday afternoon races, Wednesday evening "fun" races, club sponsored regattas held year round, and several major annual regattas. The club is nationally known for its excellent sailors and fine race management. CSC, located on beautiful White Rock Lake in Dallas, also sponsors many social activities, teaches adult sailing and supports an active juniors program.

The White Rock Boat Club was formed in 1961 as the brainchild of three members of the Corinthian Sailing Club. CSC was having a problem with tracking davit ownership and the price of davits escalated due to demand since the club had no control over prices. Two of the founders, the Oetkings, had also developed a fine catamaran called the Hellcat and had gone into production with growing sales, but they couldn't find davits at CSC. WRBC was constructed not only to supply reasonably priced davits, but to help sell Hellcats. The club sold davits to help pay for the construction of the club, with the provision that the club could buy the davit back if the owner left the club. The club has exercised this right and now owns and leases most of its davits. The club was constructed with a few differences from its present configuration as can be seen in the 1968 photo above. In order to promote organized class sailing, WRBC at one time limited the type of boats kept at the club to racing classes. In the 1970s, the following classes of sailboats were eligible for membership: Butterfly, Coronado 15, Flying Scot, Harpoon, Lido, Lone Star 13, MC Scow, M16 Scow, M20 Scow and Rebel. The club remains active on the lake today.

White Rock Lake is also home to the Southern Methodist University Sailing Club which uses the lake primarily as the team's practice water

White Rock Marathon
Many events are held at White Rock Lake, including the White Rock Marathon, which, for part of the course, runs around the lake. The White Rock Marathon is recognized as a top 10 marathon within the United States, and serves as a Boston Marathon qualifier. The primary beneficiary of the marathon is Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children.

Flora
Dozens of varieties of trees, and more than 100 grass and plant species exist in the park. Known as a jewel in the crown of the Dallas Park System, it is visited by over 1 million visitors a year.

Today, the park has an ecosystem that includes grasses, trees, flowers and wildlife that are indigenous to the North Texas area. Grasslands include black prairie grasses as well as more invasive species like Queen Anne's Lace.

Wildflowers are planted in un-mowed areas and bloom in late spring. Photos can be taken especially off the East Lawther Trail and close to Mockingbird Lane.

Fauna

Dozens of species of birds call White Rock Lake home. The ecosystem of the waterfront makes it a perfect nesting place for small and large water birds including herons, egrets, geese, ducks, and pelicans, along with woodland birds such as owls, hawks and eagles. Some feral bird species may also be identified, including monk parakeets that nest in nearby electrical substations and feed off of trees by the trail. It is unknown exactly how these parakeets, native to South America, first established themselves in the area.

The wildlife at White Rock Lake is thriving. From squirrels and beavers to larger animals which are white-tailed deer, raccoons, red foxes, bobcats, wild boars, river otters, minks, opossums, skunks and coyotes. White Rock is home to many animals that keep this park in balance. Many of these land animals can be spotted near the Old Fish Hatchery.

The lake contains catfish, sunfish, crappie, carp, gar, and bass. A handful of reports in the early 1990s claim that hagfish had been spotted in White Rock Lake as well.

Largemouth bass are found around structures like the reed beds, mouths of creeks, and up Dickson Branch.

Folklore
A well-known Dallas urban legend is the story of the Lady of White Rock Lake. White Rock Lake Park is reported to be haunted by the ghost of a twenty-year-old-looking girl, described as wearing a water-soaked 1930s evening dress, who usually appears at night along the roadside of East Lawther Drive. Witnesses claim the phantom asks to be taken to her home on Gaston Avenue in Dallas before disappearing in the car during the ride leaving a waterlogged car seat. Legend claims the woman to be a drowning victim from a boating accident in the 1930s. Reports of the ghostly encounters were published in Dallas-area newspapers in the 1960s.

This legend is said to have been the inspiration for the bluegrass song Bringing Mary Home, written by John Duffey of The Country Gentlemen. Their version of the song made the Billboard Country Chart in 1965. The song has since been recorded by many others, including Frankie Miller, Mac Wiseman, Red Sovine, Ricky Skaggs, and Daniel O'Donnell. It is now regarded by many as a bluegrass standard. The legend was also the inspiration for Lakewood Brewing Company's second Legendary Series release, La Dame du Lac, a French farmhouse-style bière de garde.

The lake was shown on a map in the beginning of the TV show Cheaters.

Gallery

References

External links

 White Rock Boat Club
 Jesuit College Preparatory School Crew
 Corinthian Sailing Club
 White Rock Lake Photo Essay
 Bath House Cultural Center
 White Rock Lake Museum
 Dallas City Hall's page on White Rock Lake
 For the Love of the Lake, a White Rock Lake preservation site

 History of White Rock Lake

 White Rock Lake Conservancy
 White Rock Lake Aerial Photographs, 1927 Fairchild Survey
 Garland Landmark Society photos

Landmarks in Dallas
Lakes of Dallas
Parks in Dallas
Reservoirs in Texas
Neighborhoods in North Dallas
Bodies of water of Dallas County, Texas
1911 establishments in Texas

White Rock Lake


Ilija Bašičević, later Ilija "Bosilj" Bašičević (; July 18, 1895 - May 14, 1972) was a painter; a classic of Serbian outsider art.

Biography
Bašičević was born in Šid, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and is now in Serbia and died in 1972 in Šid. His parents were peasant farmers and he only received about four years of school before starting work on the farm. He left the country during both World War I to escape conscription and during World War II to avoid the Ustaše. He resisted collective farming and was periodically jailed on dubious charges by the political police.

He began painting in 1957. His first major showing was at a Belgrade gallery in 1963, and was very controversial because of Bašičeviċ's political stance. The painter took the surname "Bosilj" as a pseudonym for the showings. From the 1960s to the 1980s, his work was popular in Europe, often showcased in Zagreb and Belgrade but also Amsterdam and Paris. He donated his collection of paintings as a legacy to his native town. He died in Šid in 1972.

Ilija Bašičeviċ's son Dimitrije Bašičević was an art critic and became involved in a "naïve art" movement started by the USSR which rejected "decadent" modernism, and the father was inspired to paint. His son disapproved at first, because Ilija's work was not as precise or refined as the official Hlebene School's Reverse painting on glass techniques.
Bašičeviċ's work is partially art brut and partially naïve art and most of his work is oil on canvas.  Much of his work dealt with religion and folk legends and two-headed and two-faced creatures are a common theme. Unlike the traditional peasant style of his region, Bosilj created a flat two-dimensional world often inhabited by men and demons, snakes, fish, anthropomorphic creatures, and spacemen.  He gave many of his paintings to found an art museum in his home town in 1970.

Artistic Style
Ilija's oeuvre can be classified into a few thematic units. Most numerous are the presentations of Biblical, especially Old Testament motifs. Next were motifs inspired by epics, legends and myths followed. In the Iliad Cycle, which has nothing in common with the famous Homerian epic but is related to the painter's name, there are frequent artistic allusions to the real world and fights against human foolishness, duplicity, and hypocrisy. Then, he portrays the cycle with figures of real and imaginary animals. A significant part of his oeuvre includes the flying astrological beings. Ilija's works are not descriptive, but are allegorical with multi-layered and symbolical context. He does not make difference between the presentation of an apocalyptic angel or modern astronaut, kings of Apocalypse and kings of Iliad, between a simple and an apocalyptic bird etc. Ilija creates the anti-illusionistic, the abstract. He does not use perspective; he eliminates reminiscences; he generalizes and prefigures by using symbols. Two-headed beings denote the duplicity of everything presented. In Biblical scenes or Serbian myths, legends and epics, the dynamics and morale prevail, while in scenes from Iliad we find humor, irony and grotesque. In these presentations, the artist tried to demythologize Biblical heroes and historical characters. His works are not descriptive, since they are the product of a self-taught visionary and instinctive neo-primitive. He most often used allegory with a multi-layered connotation. The mere names of his paintings, like in Sekulić and Jakić, help us to get acquainted with his world full of personal symbolism. He created in anti-illusionist and abstract manner, eliminated reminiscences and generalized due to his purely authentic understanding of the realistic. Ilija's dynamic treatment of the colored structure points to outstandingly modern dimension of his pictorial expression. The backgrounds in his paintings are often empty and flat, while rhythmically sequenced figures are floating, animated with wavy lines. The colour is raw, of visible ductus. Golden background is characteristic in the paintings of the special cycle.

Exhibitions and awards
He had exhibitions in the country and abroad and was awarded many times. He is the greatest representative of art brut in Serbia. On the Third Triennial of Naive Art in Bratislava in 1972, Ilija was posthumously awarded special recognition by an international Jury for his achievements in the domain of naïve and marginal art. The greatest collection of his paintings is in the Museum Ilijanum, in Šid (Serbia). He is a worldly classic.

Gallery

See also
 List of Serbian painters

References

Literature
 Н. Крстић, Наивна и маргинална уметност Србије, монографија, МНМУ, Јагодина, 2007
 N. Krstić, Outsiders, catalogue, MNMU, Jagodina, 2013
 N. Krstić, Outsider Art in Serbia, MNMA, Јагодина, 2014

External links
 http://www.artnet.com/artist/424457426/ilija-basicevic-bosilj.html
 http://www.basicevic.net/
 http://www.rawvision.com/articles/ilija-1895–1972
 Ilija Bašičević Bosilj - Museum of Naive and Marginal Art, Jagodina, Serbia

Outsider artists
Naïve painters
1895 births
1972 deaths
People from Šid
20th-century Serbian painters
20th-century Serbian male artists
Serbian male painters

Ilija Bašičević


Lucas de Penna (Luca da Penne, Luca da Penna, Luca De Penna) (c. 1325 – c. 1390) was a fourteenth-century Neapolitan jurist and a judge of the Magna Curia at Naples.

He is known for his Commentaria in tres libros Codicis Justiniani imperatoris, a commentary on part of the Code of Justinian. It was printed in 1512. He also wrote a Summaria on Valerius Maximus.

References
Walter Ullmann (1946), The Medieval Idea of Law as Represented by Lucas de Penna: A Study in Fourteenth-Century Legal Scholarship
Francesco Calasso (1932),  Studi sul commento ai tres libri di Luca da Penne : la nascita e i metodi dell'opera
Maria M. Wronowska (1925), Luca da Penne e l'opera sua

External links
Short biography (Italian language)

1320s births
1390s deaths
14th-century Italian jurists

Lucas de Penna


Przecław  is a small town in Mielec County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Przecław. It lies in Lesser Poland, approximately  south of Mielec and  north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów. Przecław had the status of a town between the 14th century and 1919, and regained it on 1 January 2010. Its population is 1,775.

History
First known mention of the town of Przecław comes from the year 1419, as earlier documents have not been preserved. Located on the edges of Sandomierz Forest, it was then spelled as Przedzlaw. It is not known when Przecław received its Magdeburg rights town charter, it probably was some time in the 14th century, during the reign of Kazimierz Wielki. The history of Slavic settlement here dates back much earlier. Due to a convenient defensive location, on a hill dominating the valley of the Wisłoka, Przecław was a gord, with a church already existing here in the 12th century. In the Middle Ages, the Wisłoka river bed reached Przecław's eastern boundary, creating a natural protection for both the gord and the church. From the west, it was protected by dense, swampy forests, with numerous rivers, streams and ponds.

In the late 14th century, the town belonged to Jan Ligęza, and by the mid-15th century, Przecław had a parish school, a mill, a castle, a town hall and a mayor with a council. In 1461, the town had a wójt, belonging to the noble Ligęza family. Przecław was a small town, with only 40 houses (as for 1536). It burned in 1548, and by 1555, a new town hall was built. In 1582, King Stefan Batory allowed the owners of the town to organize two additional fairs a year. Przecław was famous for its blacksmiths, butchers and clothmakers. In the early 17th century, the town had the population of 800, with a number of streets and a stone bridge connecting Przecław with the castle. In 1622, the population was decimated by an epidemic, and on November 25, 1624, half of the buildings burned in a fire (54 houses burned, 47 were saved). The epidemic returned in 1652, and during the Swedish invasion of Poland, Przecław was completely destroyed in 1656. By 1660, its population shrank to 116. The town never recovered from the destruction. The parish school, originally founded in 1454 by Zbigniew Oleśnicki, closed in 1721.

Until the Partitions of Poland, Przecław belonged to the Sandomierz Voivodeship. From 1772 to 1918, the town was part of Austrian province of Galicia. In 1919, the government of the Second Polish Republic reduced Przecław to the status of a village. In the interwar period, it belonged to Kraków Voivodeship. Przecław regained its town charter on January 1, 2010.

Przecław Palace
It is not known when the renaissance palace was built. Originally, it was made of wood, and by 1578, belonged to the Ligeza family. In the late 16th century, it was purchased by the Koniecpolski family, which built a new, stone structure. In 1658, the castle was bought by Governor Wladyslaw Rey. The castle remained in the hands of the aristocratic Rey family until its confiscation by the communist regime in 1944. The Rey family had been active during the war in the anti-German underground movement Armia Krajowa and its organisation Tarcza Opieka providing shelter to fugitives, including Jews, and material support to the Polish Resistance. Armia Krajowa members and landowners being persecuted after the war by the communist regime, the Rey family had to go into exile to France. The palace has not been returned to its former owners and is currently a restaurant and a hotel and open to visitors.

See also
 Castles in Poland

References

Cities and towns in Podkarpackie Voivodeship
Mielec County
Lesser Poland
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)

Przecław


Insight Seminars is an international non-profit organization headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The first seminar was led in 1978 by founders John-Roger and Russell Bishop under the name Insight Training Seminars. Insight has held seminars in 34 countries for adults, teens, and children, in addition to Business Insight corporate trainings. Seminars are primarily presented in English and Spanish, and have also been translated into Russian, Portuguese, Bulgarian, and Greek.

Arianna Huffington shared about her experience with Insight Seminars and how it transformed her life.

Insight Seminar Series

The Insight Seminar series includes five core seminars, taken in sequence, and a variety of graduate and public events. In each seminar, facilitators lead groups of 40-200+ participants through group exercises, partner discussions, lectures, and guided visualization processes.

Insight I: The Awakening Heart Seminar is the introductory 4-day seminar. Topics include personal responsibility, choice, the power of commitment, and intention.

Insight II: The Opening Heart Seminar is a 5-day seminar that provides personal attention to each participant. The focus is personal expansion, taking risks and liberation from self-imposed limitations.

Insight III: The Centering in The Heart Seminar is held over 5-days in retreat, focusing on developing the capacity to observe and respond to life's challenges with balance and compassion.

Insight IV: Knowing the Purpose of your Heart Seminar is a 28-day professional seminar designed to develop self-facilitation and personal presentation style while identifying and manifesting goals.

Insight Masters Class is a 3-month program with a curriculum focus of Living Loving.

Insight also offers the Wisdom of the Heart program with Peace Theological Seminary & College of Philosophy, with education focusing on bringing the body, heart, mind, and soul into harmony. The Wisdom of the Heart program is open to all and has no prerequisites.

Guidelines

Participants are introduced and asked to comply with the following concepts, for the duration of the seminar.

Take care of yourself so you can help take care of others.
Don't hurt yourself and don't hurt others.
Use everything for your upliftment, growth and learning.

References

External links

 Insight Seminars Worldwide

Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness
Group processes
Human Potential Movement
Large-group awareness training
New Age organizations
Personal development
Self religions

Insight Seminars


Stické, also called stické tennis, is an indoor racquet sport invented in the late 19th century merging aspects of real tennis, racquets and lawn tennis.  It derives from  (Ancient Greek meaning "the art of playing ball"), the term originally given to lawn tennis by Walter Clopton Wingfield.

Manner of play
Stické is played with standard lawn tennis racquets and low pressure balls in an enclosed court.  The court is somewhat similar to a real tennis court in shape, but is smaller (about 78 feet by 27 feet) and different in construction.  Play takes place using all the basics of lawn tennis and the same scoring system, with the addition of side and back walls.  Players face each other over the net in pairs.

As in real tennis, there is a penthouse, used throughout the game as a playing surface and on which the service has to land to start each point. Some courts have a penthouse only down the side, while others have a penthouse at both ends as well.

History
There were over 50 courts built throughout the British Empire since 1875. The game was created in the 1870's by the Royal Regiment of Artillery in order to keep soldiers fit. The first court was constructed using large artillery targets. The dimensions of the Taplow Court built by Lord Desborough in 1892 became the standard. In the early 20th century, stické was a popular recreation at many country houses. At the time it was one of the few games that was played by both men and women.

As of 2005 there are only three playable courts remaining:

 Hartham Park in Corsham, Wiltshire (England). Built in 1904 out of wood.
 Knightshayes Court in Tiverton, Devon (England). Built in 1907 out of wood.
 Viceregal Lodge complex, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (India).

Both English courts have active player groups, with an exception of Knightshayes during August to November 2015. During this time, the court was used to present an exhibition on the First World War, as the stické court was used throughout both the world wars as wards for wounded soldiers when the estate was used as a military hospital. The Indian court is primarily used for badminton.

A book about the sport, Sticke Tennis by Graham Tomkinson, was published in 2004.

A book The Rise and Fall of Sticke Tennis 1874-1939 by Nigel Courtenay à Brassard, was published by Ronaldson Publications in 2017.

References

External links
 Hartham Park Stické Club
 National Trust Knightshayes website
 Tomkinson, Graham. Stické tennis: The history of the game.
 Sports Historian - Nigel Courtenay à Brassard The Rise and Fall of Sticke Tennis 1874-1939

Individual sports
Indoor sports
Ball games
Racket sports
Forms of tennis

Stické


"Wrong Side of Heaven" is a single by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch from their fourth studio album, The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 1. It is the third single from the album, and is the nineteenth single overall from the band, which was released on August 11, 2014.

Background
To add to the contributions made by the band through their numerous military concerts, the ensemble wanted to create a music video in order to assist vagrant veterans of the armed forces by publicly portraying the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder on wounded warriors.  Additionally, the group created a "No One Gets Left Behind" jersey to be funded via an Indiegogo crowd funding campaign to assist the organizations mentioned in the video. They also requested that the family and friends of deceased military veterans provide dog tags to assist in the preparation of a memorial wall to accompany the band in late 2014.  It is proposed that the wall eventually will be placed in a museum to honor those who served.

Music video
The video, directed by Nick Peterson, increases visibility on the suffering of vagrant veterans of the armed forces and the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Five Finger Death Punch songs
2014 singles
2013 songs
Song recordings produced by Kevin Churko
Heavy metal ballads
Works about wars
Songs about the military
Songs written by Kevin Churko
Songs written by Zoltan Bathory
Songs written by Ivan Moody (vocalist)
Songs written by Jason Hook
Songs written by Jeremy Spencer (drummer)
Songs about homelessness

Wrong Side of Heaven


Smurfette is the main protagonist in The Smurfs franchise. She is the only female smurf in The Smurf Village. Most of the other smurfs like her because of her beauty. She is not the smartest smurf. Often she gets caught in traps while looking at herself in the mirror. She does not seem to have an attraction for many of the other smurfs.

Later other female smurfs appeared, although it is unclear how they came into being.

Smurfette usually wears a white dress, white shoes, a Smurf hat and white panties under her dress (her panties are shown in every Smurf movie for a brief amount of time and a few times in the cartoon series), but in the comic book story "You Don't Smurf Progress", Smurfette is shown wearing her pink lingerie, and people speculate that she also owns a few frilly panties (due to her personality), but it is still unknown if she actually does or not.

Smurfs
Comics characters

Smurfette


Joseph McElderry (; born 16 June 1991) is an English singer and songwriter. He won the sixth series of the ITV show The X Factor in 2009. His first single "The Climb" reached number one  on both the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Charts. He was also the winner of the second series of Popstar to Operastar in 2011 and the first series of The Jump in 2014. In 2015, McElderry played the lead role of Joseph in the touring production of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat. In 2022, McElderry was set to perform a tour in tribute to George Michael.

To date, McElderry has released five top 20 albums – two of them reaching the UK top three. He was the first X Factor contestant to release a fourth album. As of 2014, McElderry had sold over two million records worldwide.

Early life
Joseph McElderry was born in South Shields, England, McElderry is the only child of Jim and Eileen (née Joyce) McElderry. The couple separated when McElderry was a child. He was raised in a small flat in South Shields.

McElderry attended Harton Technology College in Lisle Road, South Shields, before joining South Tyneside College to study AS level school qualifications. Subsequently, he joined Newcastle College to study performing arts. He was the Pride of South Tyneside's Young Performer of the Year in 2008. He studied for BTEC National Diploma in Performing Arts (Advanced Performance) at Newcastle College Performance Academy. In 2009, he took the role of 'Danny Zuko' in Grease which was performed at Harton Technology College.

Career

2007–2010: The X Factor and touring

The X Factor
McElderry auditioned for The X Factor in 2007 and made it to bootcamp. At the time, he believed that he was too young compared to the other contestants and opted to walk away. He auditioned again in 2009 and sang Luther Vandross's "Dance with My Father". Mentored by Cheryl Cole, he made it through to the live finals and was announced the winner on 13 December 2009, beating runner up Olly Murs with his version of "The Climb". McElderry's prize, as winner, was a recording contract with Simon Cowell's Syco record label, whose parent company is Sony Music Entertainment. The contract had a stated value of £1 million, of which £150,000 was a cash advance and the remainder allocated to recording and marketing costs.

Along with The X Factor finalists, McElderry recorded vocals for on a charity single, a cover of Michael Jackson's hit "You Are Not Alone". It was released in aid of London's Great Ormond Street Hospital. The finalists premiered the song live on the edition of 15 November of the programme; the single was available for digital download that day and a physical release followed the day after. The single reached number one in the UK Singles Chart.

McElderry performed the following songs during The X Factor 2009:

After The X Factor
McElderry's debut single, "The Climb", was available to download at midnight on 14 December 2009 and was released physically on 16 December 2009. According to industry sources, approximately 100,000 copies of the single were sold on the day of its release but it was not enough to knock Rage Against The Machine off the spot in the UK in its opening week. On 18 December 2009, it was announced that McElderry secured the top spot in the Irish Singles Chart for 11–17 December 2009.

"The Climb" was a contender for 2009's UK Christmas number one, competing against, and losing to, Rage Against the Machine's "Killing in the Name". McElderry's single sold 450,000 compared to Rage Against the Machine's 502,000 after a Facebook-based campaign was started in protest of The X Factors dominance of the Christmas number one title. This was the first time since 2004 that the X Factor winning single was denied the top spot for Christmas in the UK Singles Charts. Simon Cowell stated that he was "gutted for Joe because a number one single meant a lot to him. But I have to congratulate Jon and Tracy [Morter, who started the Facebook campaign]." McElderry's single stayed at number one on the Irish charts for a second week securing him the Irish Christmas number one (18–25 December 2009), and the song moved up to the top spot in the UK Singles Chart on 27 December. The single had the fifth highest sales of all UK singles released in 2009 staying one week at  1, and was the top-selling Irish single of 2009, where it remained at the top spot for four consecutive weeks.

"The Climb" was nominated in the British Single category at the 2010 BRIT Awards but lost out to fellow X Factor contestants JLS. McElderry performed "Don't Stop Believin'" and presented an award at the 15th National Television Awards in London on 20 January 2010. In January 2010, he participated in the Helping Haiti charity single, a cover of "Everybody Hurts" arranged by Simon Cowell in order to raise money for victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

McElderry and seven other finalists, Olly Murs, Stacey Solomon, Danyl Johnson, Lloyd Daniels, John & Edward, Jamie Archer and Lucie Jones, appeared in the X Factor Live tour, which began on 15 February 2010 at the Echo Arena Liverpool and concluded on 4 April at the SECC. McElderry performed the songs "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me", "Love Story", "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word", "She's Out of My Life", "Don't Stop Believin'" and his debut single "The Climb" on the tour. On 15 March, it was reported that McElderry had signed a modelling deal with Next Models.

2010–11: Wide Awake and Departure from Syco
In 2010, McElderry recorded his debut album, Wide Awake, which was released on 25 October 2010. The first single released from Wide Awake was "Ambitions", a cover of a song by Norwegian band Donkeyboy. He filmed a music video for the song in September 2010. Ambitions premiered on BBC Radio One on 19 September 2010. The single went on sale on 8 October 2010 in Ireland. It went on sale by digital download in United Kingdom on 10 October 2010, with the physical CD available for purchase in the United Kingdom the following day. The song debuted at No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 4 on the Irish Chart.

Wide Awake debuted at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart, with retail sales of 39,405 copies in the country during the album's first week of release. The album fell to number 20 on the chart the following week, and to number 40 the week after that. As of 4 December 2011, 101,454 copies of the album had been sold at retail in the United Kingdom.

"Someone Wake Me Up" was the second single taken from the album. It was released as a single on 5 December 2010 in the United Kingdom. It debuted and peaked at number 68 on the UK Singles Chart.

McElderry was approached by Twentieth Century Fox to record the specially written track, "There's A Place For Us", written by American singer Carrie Underwood. The track features in the soundtrack to The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. and was also the B-side to "Someone Wake Me Up". The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2011 for Best Original Song – Motion Picture.

McElderry told Terry Wogan in an interview on BBC Radio 2 that he had parted ways with Syco in February 2011. McElderry told Tony Horne that he had a meeting with Syco staff members in February 2011. At the meeting, he expressed his unhappiness with the company, and told staff members that his relationship with Syco was not working for him. McElderry has also stated that his split with Syco was amicable, and there was no "fight" between them. He told the Shields Gazette: "I really like Simon Cowell and always think very highly of him .... There's no hard feelings there — there never has been and never will be." He told Capital FM on 19 August 2011 that he was "forever thankful" to Syco and Simon Cowell for the opportunity they gave him. He also denied a report (attributed to an unnamed "friend" in the Daily Mails article about Syco's dropping of him) that he was "devastated" when Syco dropped him.

Also in 2011, McElderry terminated his relationship with Modest! Management, the management company that had managed him since his victory on X Factor. In March 2013, McElderry signed to London-based Touchstone Media Group/Celeb Agents as his new management.

On 9 May 2011, McElderry performed the song "Something's Coming" from West Side Story at a reception at Buckingham Palace that celebrated young people in the performing arts.

2011: Popstar to Operastar and Classic

In late January or early February 2011, ITV approached McElderry's management about his being a contestant on the upcoming second series of Popstar to Operastar. McElderry agreed and entered the show, which started on 5 June 2011. His coaches were Rolando Villazón and Katherine Jenkins. Other judges included Vanessa-Mae and Simon Callow. McElderry won Popstar to Operastar on 10 July 2011. After the show it was revealed that, in all of the episodes in which he competed, McElderry received more votes than all of the other contestants combined, never receiving less than 58.2% of the total public votes.

On 11 July 2011, McElderry confirmed that he would be recording his second studio album.
The label was later revealed to be Decca Records. On 24 July 2011, he headlined a free homecoming gig at Bents Park as part of South Tyneside Summer Festival 2011, singing a set list of 20 songs, with over 20,000 people in the audience- the biggest turnout the event has ever had. His album, Classic, was released on 22 August 2011. Classic debuted on the official UK top 40 albums chart at number 2 on the chart that was released on 28 August 2011. The album was certified gold, within 10 days after the release.

McElderry performed at Festival of Remembrance on 12 November 2011. This was his third time performing before Queen Elizabeth II. He embarked on his debut solo tour, Classic Tour in November 2011 and appeared on Big River Big Songs: The Tyne, singing the title track, "Big River".

McElderry released a Christmas album entitled Classic Christmas on 28 November 2011. During the album's first week of release in the United Kingdom, 34,043 copies of the album were sold at retail in the country, and the album debuted at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart. On 8 December, he performed at Durham Cathedral to an audience of 1,500, singing, "In the Bleak Midwinter" and David Essex's "A Winter's Tale", with a new verse written by Tim Rice. He introduced The Nutcracker at The O2 Arena from 27 December 2011 to 30 December 2011 by singing 3 songs of Classic Christmas, "Adeste Fideles", "Silent Night" and a solo version of "O Holy Night".

2012: Here's What I Believe and musical roles

McElderry made an appearance on BBC TV series The Magicians in January 2012 and Newsround in February 2012, answering questions about what he was like at the age of 10. During the recording of his fourth studio album, he performed at The Royal Albert Hall in support of The Hunger Project, singing "Don't Stop Believin'", "Nessun Dorma" and a duet with Dionne Warwick, "One World, One Song". He was also scheduled to make a guest appearance in the Coronation Street musical, Street of Dreams, singing the finale number "Ghost – Take My Hand" in the show's Newcastle dates, originally set for 29 May and 30 May. After the first two shows, the later dates, including the ones on which McElderry was set to perform, were postponed and eventually cancelled. On 3 June 2012, he performed at the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, he sang for guests on board a Dunkirk ship, The Viscount.

McElderry's fourth album, Here's What I Believe, includes collaborations with Beth Nielsen Chapman, Marcella Detroit and Ludovico Einaudi. Released on 10 September 2012, it reached number 8 in the charts, making it his third album to reach the top 10.

McElderry made a cameo appearance in a musical version of Dirty Dancing at the Sunderland Empire on Tuesday 25 September. He played Tommy in The Who's Tommy at the Prince Edward Theatre for a one-off appearance on 12 November He also appeared in Thriller – Live alongside Stooshe and Macy Gray. In November 2012, he became a columnist for Gay Times (GT), writing about his music and other recent projects. He wrote columns for four issues of the magazine.

2013–2014: Set Your Soul Alive Tour, Cinderella, and The Jump
On 8 February 2013, McElderry was awarded a Variety Silver Heart award. An event, 'A Tribute to Joe McElderry' was held to celebrate his career so far and where he was presented the award. Money raised on the evening went towards the children's charity 'Variety'. In March 2013, he appeared as a celebrity guest judge during the audition stages on the third series of Comic Relief does Glee Club.

McElderry went on tour for the summer of 2013, where he presented a new song, "Memory of You". On 17 November, he released the single "Wonderful Dream (Holidays are Coming)". In December 2013 and January 2014, he played the starring role of Prince Charming in Qdos Entertainment Pantomimes Cinderella at The Beck Theatre, Hayes. This was his pantomime debut, and he starred alongside Shane Richie Jr. for a 38 performance run. His single "Wonderful Dream (Holidays are Coming)" featured in the show. He also appeared as a guest on the James Whale Radio Show.

In January 2014, while on a skiing holiday, McElderry entered Channel 4 series hosted by Davina McCall, The Jump, as a last minute replacement to Henry Conway who was injured on the show. McElderry earned a place on the show after a jump-off with another celebrity sub, Donal MacIntyre, who would also join the show after the Melinda Messenger withdrew. In February 2014, McElderry was announced as the winner after jumping 17.5 metres off the K40 ski jump.

In 2014, McElderry performed a fifty-date tour throughout the UK called the Set Your Soul Alive tour. During this period, he also worked on material for his fifth studio album. After finishing the Set Your Soul Alive tour, he appeared on Kerry Ellis' self-titled album in a cover of "(I've Had) The Time of My Life".

2015–present: The Who's Tommy, and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat

In September 2015, McElderry again played the lead role in the rock musical The Who's Tommy, this time in a two-week run at the Opera House Theatre in Blackpool.

Also in 2015, McElderry landed the lead role of Joseph in the following year's UK touring production of the Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice musical Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat. The tour began in January 2016 and ran through July 2016.

McElderry received very positive reviews for his performances as Joseph. Mark Leslie of the Lynn News called him "a shining star" in the role. Janet Tansley of the Liverpool Echo wrote that McElderry "breathed new life into this middle-aged musical", adding: "His voice was solid and silken and, simply, faultless, rendering 'Close Every Door' possibly the best version I have ever heard". Mark Shenton wrote in The Stage that McElderry "may just be the best sung Joseph there's ever been, bringing a vocal flair to Joseph that's utterly ravishing". John Wood of North West End wrote: "McElderry has been good from the moment the curtain rose; he has a good voice, obviously, and can really handle the comedy, but on Close Every Door he completely takes over, his voice filled with emotion and absolutely soaring; he has the audience breathless. He has made it his own and I can't imagine anyone performing it better. For his efforts he receives rapturous applause."

On 1 October 2016, McElderry started his Northern Light Tour.

Saturday Night at the Movies, McElderry's fifth studio album, features a collection of songs from films and musicals. The album was released on 14 July 2017 by Decca Records. McElderry promoted the album with a "Saturday Night at the Movies" national tour throughout July and August 2017, featuring Lloyd Daniels from the sixth series of The X Factor and Keith Jack and Ben James-Ellis from Any Dream Will Do.

Philanthropy
McElderry took part in the Great North Run half marathon 13.1 mile race on 19 September 2010 raising money for Teenage Cancer Trust, a charity for which he is also an ambassador. He performed at The Ray of Sunshine charity concert on 11 March 2011. Two days later, he performed at Theatre Royal in Newcastle to help raise money for Josie's Dragonfly trust. He also took part in a Comic Relief campaign, where celebrities and prolific Twitter users auctioned off the chance to be followed by a star, it raised £560.

McElderry performed on 13 July 2011 at the Newcastle Teenage Cancer Trust Unit. His acoustic set was streamed live to all other Teenage Cancer Trust units across the country as well as on the website. In 2012, he performed at the Sunday for Sammy benefit concert.

McElderry recorded a charity single with The Royal Mail Choir. The song, "Abide with Me", was released independently on 14 April 2013, raising money for Prostate Cancer UK. He took part in Soccer Six charity on 18 May. In the same month, he released a charity single with Dionne Warwick, "One World, One Song", which they had performed the year before at the Royal Albert Hall, raising money for The Hunger Project.

Personal life
McElderry was harassed by one Twitter user throughout 2010 and 2011. On 24 December 2011, a man was arrested in McElderry's home town of South Shields and later charged with harassment. The individual was found guilty, fined £1,000 and received a 5-year restraining order.

On 30 July 2010, shortly after winning on The X-Factor, McElderry came out as gay.

Awards and nominations

|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|2010
|"The Climb"
|BRIT Award for Best British Single
|
|-
|Joe McElderry
|BT Digital Music Awards for Best Newcomer
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2012
|Joe McElderry
|Virgin Media Music Award for Best Act of Reality TV Fame
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013
|Joe McElderry
|Variety Silver Heart Award
|
|}

Discography

 Wide Awake (2010)
 Classic (2011)
 Classic Christmas (2011)
 Here's What I Believe (2012)
 Saturday Night at the Movies (2017)

Tours
The X Factor Tour 2010 (February – April 2010)
Classic Tour (November 2011)
2013 summer tour
Set Your Soul Alive Tour (March – June 2014)
The Evolution Tour (February – November 2015)
The Northern Light Tour (October – November 2016)
Saturday Night at the Movies (July – August 2017)

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
English people of Irish descent
Gay models
Gay singers
Gay songwriters
English LGBT singers
English LGBT songwriters
English LGBT models
Musicians from Tyne and Wear
People from South Shields
Singing talent show winners
Sony BMG artists
The X Factor winners
The X Factor (British TV series) winners
English gay musicians
English male models
Opera crossover singers
Italian-language singers
Game show contestants
21st-century English male singers
21st-century English LGBT people

Joe McElderry


Hagersville is a town in Haldimand County, Ontario, Canada. It is about 45 kilometers southwest of Hamilton, Ontario. According to the 2011 census, the town's population is 2,579.

The town started in 1855, when a roadway (now Ontario Highway 6) was built through the area. It started growing after the Canadian Southern Railway built a line through the area in 1870. During World War II, the Royal Canadian Air Force built a training school near the town.

The Ohsweken Demons of the Canadian Lacrosse League plays its home games at Hagersville.

Towns in Ontario

Hagersville, Ontario


Gansevoort is a hamlet in the town of Northumberland in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The hamlet of Gansevoort is named for Peter Gansevoort, a hero in the siege of Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler) which contributed to the downfall of Burgoyne's army at the Battle of Saratoga during the Revolutionary War.

History
Gansevoort was originally settled by the Mohawk and Iroquois Indians and many burial mounds and artifacts from this time can still be found in the area.  White settlers moved in around the 1760s, brought in following military and hunting camps. The hamlet was an important stop on the Underground Railroad, given its proximity to Canada.

The Dutch Reformed Church of Gansevoort and Gansevoort Mansion are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Demographics
No census data is available for the hamlet of Gansevoort.

References

Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Saratoga County, New York
Populated places on the Underground Railroad

Gansevoort, New York


Battery Bienvenue is a ruined coastal gun battery located in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. It was built as part of the harbor defense of New Orleans, and located at a strategic fork where Bayou Bienvenue and Bayou Villeré join. Bayou Bienvenue, from Lake Borgne, was the route used by the British late in 1814 to approach the city.

The battery was first constructed in 1815 and improved over the years. The initial armament was planned for one 24-pounder and two 18-pounder cannons. In 1826, the plan expanded to twenty-four 32-pounders and two 13-inch mortars with a garrison of one artillery company.

Eventually four buildings occupied the parade ground: barracks, officers quarters, a guardhouse, and an artillery magazine. The battery was about 600 feet wide, with the guns pointed toward the mouth of Bayou Bienvenue (toward Lake Borgne) and was surrounded by a moat that connected to the bayou. The battery was abandoned a few years after the American Civil War, in 1872.

Sources

Roberts, Robert B., Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: the Military, Pioneer, and Trading Posts of the United States, Macmillan, New York, 1988, 10th printing, , page 330-331

External links
 Military sites in Mississippi River delta

Forts in Louisiana
Buildings and structures in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
Bienvenue
1815 establishments in Louisiana

Battery Bienvenue


The Worst Witch is a fantasy drama children's television series. Based on novel series of the same name published in 1974 by Jill Murphy, the series follows Mildred Hubble (Bella Ramsey and Lydia Page) and her friends Maud Spellbody (Meibh Campbell and Megan Hughes) and Enid Nightshade (Tamara Smart) and rivals Ethel Hallow (Jenny Richardson), Drusilla Paddock (Tallulah Milligan) and Felicity Foxglove's (Dagny Rollins) adventures and education at Cackle's Academy under caring headmistress Miss Cackle (Clare Higgins) and strict deputy headmistress Miss Hardbroom (Raquel Cassidy). It is the fifth adaptation of The Worst Witch series after the 1986 television film, the 1998 television series, the 2001 television spin-off and the 2005 television spin-off.

The series was an international co-production between CBBC, ZDF and Netflix. The series was made available to stream internationally on Netflix on 22 July 2017. It was available to members in the UK, Ireland and Germany after its premiere on CBBC and ZDF. The series premiered on CBBC on 11 January 2017. A second series began airing from 8 January 2018. The second series premiered on Netflix Australia on 27 July 2018. The third series began airing on 7 January 2019. The fourth series began airing on 27 January 2020. Netflix released the fourth series on 1 October 2020.

Synopsis

Series 1
Mildred Hubble learns about magic and witching, discovering she is a witch despite coming from a non-witching family. With the help of her new friend Maud Spellbody, Mildred goes to an academy for witches and is admitted after she saves it from the headmistress Miss Cackle's evil sister Agatha whose magic is later taken away. Mildred struggles with tasks and work, not knowing about witching her whole life, unlike her classmates. She forms friendships with new girl Enid Nightshade but becomes Ethel Hallow's rival. Later, Mildred gets expelled for leaving the grounds without permission. Agatha comes to Cackle's, tricks Esmeralda, Ethel's older sister, into giving Agatha her magic and takes over as headmistress. Learning Agatha has become headmistress from her rival, Mildred returns to Cackle's, hoping to save it. After Agatha annihilates the school due to no one liking her, Mildred and her classmates perform a spell which reverses all of Agatha's spell. Mildred is brought back to Cackle's and finishes her first year.

Series 2
Mildred returns to Cackle's, a much better witch than she was before. The founding stone, a stone given to witching academies to fuel magic is found. Ethel receives a visit from Esmeralda, trying to convince Esmeralda to take the founding stone's magic which she refuses. However, to save Sybil, Ethel and Esmeralda's younger sister, Esmeralda is forced to take the founding stone's magic, causing magic to go wrong and the castle to start freezing. While Mildred, Maud, Enid and the Hallow sisters search for a way to re-ignite the founding stone, Mildred stumbles upon her ancestor on her family tree and learns the Hubbles are a witching family but Mirabelle, her ancestor, sacrificed her and twelve generations of magic to re-ignite the founding stone. After everybody starts freezing and the academy is evacuated, Mildred realises if she wants to save the academy, she must do what Mirabelle did. Mildred starts the spell but half-way through, Miss Mould, the art teacher, takes her place and sacrifices her magic.

Series 3
Miss Cackle invites Mildred's mum Julie to teach art at Cackle's; however, Julie is treated horribly by Miss Hardbroom, the potions teacher, causing Mildred to steal a wishing star and make her mum magical. At first, Julie is horrified but she eventually starts to like it. However, things get suspicious and Julie gives up her magic. Later, Mildred learns Julie still has her magic and has become malevolent, turning people into clay figures. Miss Hardbroom tells Mildred she made her friend Indigo Moon magical but Indigo also became malevolent and turned to stone for thirty years. Mildred makes a potion to prevent her mum turning to stone and, in the process, turns those who turned into clay figures and Indigo Moon back to people. Julie leaves Cackle's but Indigo crashes into Mildred's room. To stay at Cackle's, Indigo needs to pass her Witch Proficiency Exam which she does but them learns Miss Hardbroom is her old friend and leaves Cackle's. Ethel, however, steals a wishing star and wishes to save the school but results in the school being damaged by a fake Indigo Moon. To stop the fake Indigo, Miss Hardbroom apologises to the real Indigo and they return to Cackle's, proving the fake Indigo is not real.

Series 4
Ethel casts an appearance spell on Mildred to prevent her from running for head girl but Mildred runs and is given a series of tasks to beat Ethel. Mildred withdraws from the competition but finds water that can tell the future and sees Ethel as head girl in front of empty chairs. Horrified, Mildred re-enters the head girl contest in attempt to save the school. During the spell challenge, Ethel's deputy Felicity Foxglove makes Mildred's potion backfire, causing Miss Cackle to turn to glass and Mildred to be sent to Wormwood Academy for Undesirable Witches. Ethel frees Agatha from a photograph Miss Cackle trapped her in and Maud learns Mildred was framed. To save Mildred, Maud gets herself sent to Wormwood and helps her escape. However, Mildred's vision comes true and all the students are sent into vanishment after Agatha changes the Witches' Promise. To take the students out of vanishment, the name of Agatha's first familiar must be said. Spell science teacher Mr Daisy makes a potion which turns Miss Cackle back to herself who says the name, taking everyone out of vanishment. After learning she must return to the photograph, Agatha sends herself into vanishment. In recognition of saving the academy once more, Mildred is promoted to Head Girl and Maud is promoted to Deputy Head Girl in a promotion ceremony on the last day of term and Ethel reconciles with Sybil and Felicity. The series ends with Ethel reconciling with Mildred after apologizing to her for causing trouble and becomes Mildred's adviser.

Main cast

Episodes

Production

Development and casting
In 2014, a new series of The Worst Witch was in development with the BBC. Jill Murphy, the author of the book series, said the series should be "wonderful". The cast of the show was announced in October 2016. Bella Ramsey, who had starred in Game of Thrones, was cast as Mildred. Ramsey drew similarities with Mildred. Meibh Campbell played the role of Maud Spellbody for series 1, but was replaced by Megan Hughes from series 2. Of her casting, Hughes said working on the show is "great and I [Hughes] love the experience" and that she is "so grateful for the opportunity". Hughes had two auditions before being offered the part of Maud. Tamara Smart gained the part of Enid Nightshade after four months of auditioning, which she described as "very long" yet "nerve racking but at the same time very exciting". Smart was excited about the "amazing experience" when she got the part. Jenny Richardson and Miriam Petche were cast as sisters Ethel and Esmerelda Hallow. Tallulah Milligan, the daughter of Coronation Street and Waterloo Road actress Angela Griffin, was cast as Drusilla Paddock. Griffin said Milligan "absolutely loved" working on the show. Dagny Rollins plays the role of Felicity Foxglove.

Filming
The Worst Witch was filmed at Peckforton Castle, Peckforton Cheshire, England and Burg Hohenzollern, Swabian Alps, Germany. The second series is also filmed at Adlington Hall, Adlington, Cheshire, using their grand hall, minstrel's gallery and their countryside and woods backdrop. Bella Ramsey described filming as being "really good" but said there were some challenging elements and described learning the stunts as "hard". Megan Hughes' mother, Claire, stated that Hughes had an "amazing time" and was "really happy, really positive" throughout filming.

Reception

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first series has a rating of 100% based on five critic reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. Decider called the show "sweet, fun, and a little bit goofy". Common Sense Media favourably compared it to Harry Potter though it was "quirkier" and "less scary".

Accolades

Notes

References

External links

The Worst Witch
2010s British children's television series
2010s German television series
2017 British television series debuts
2017 German television series debuts
2020s British children's television series
2020s German drama television series
2020 British television series endings
2020 German television series endings
BBC children's television shows
British supernatural television shows
British television shows based on children's books
English-language Netflix original programming
Netflix children's programming
Television series about teenagers
Television about magic
Television shows filmed in England
Television shows filmed in Germany
Witchcraft in television
Wizards in television
ZDF original programming

The Worst Witch (2017 TV series)


A juicer, also known as a juice extractor, is a tool used to extract juice from fruits, herbs, leafy greens and other types of vegetables in a process called juicing. It crushes, grinds, and/or squeezes the juice out of the pulp.

Some types of juicers can also function as a food processor. Most of the twin gear and horizontal masticating juicers have attachments for crushing herbs and spices, extruding pasta, noodles or bread sticks, making baby food and nut butter, grinding coffee, making nut milk, etc.

Types

Reamers

Squeezers are used for squeezing juice from citrus such as grapefruits, lemons, limes, and oranges. Juice is extracted by pressing or grinding a halved citrus along a juicer's ridged conical center and discarding the rind. Some reamers are stationary and require a user to press and turn the fruit, while others are electrical, automatically turning the ridged center when fruit is pressed upon.

Centrifugal juicers
A centrifugal juicer cuts up the fruit or vegetable with a flat cutting blade. It then spins the produce at a high speed to separate the juice from the pulp.

Masticating juicers
A masticating juicer known as cold press juicer or slow juicer uses a single auger to compact and crush produce into smaller sections before squeezing out its juice along a static screen while the pulp is expelled through a separate outlet.

Triturating juicers
Triturating juicers (twin gear juicers) have twin augers to crush and press produce.

Juicing press
A juicing press, such as a fruit press or wine press, is a larger scale press that is used in agricultural production. These presses can be stationary or mobile. A mobile press has the advantage that it can be moved from one orchard to another. The process is primarily used for apples and involves a stack of apple mash, wrapped in fine mesh cloth, which is then pressed under approx 40 tonnes. These machines are popular in Europe and have now been introduced to North America.

Steam juice extractor
A stovetop steam juice extractor is typically a pot to generate steam that is used to heat a batch of berries (or other fruit) in a perforated pot stacked on top of a juice collecting container that is above the steam pot.  The juice is extracted without mechanical means so it is remarkably clear and because of the steam heating it is also pasteurized for long term storage.

See also
Smoothie
Vegetable juice
Juicero

References

Kitchenware
Food preparation utensils
Bartending equipment
Juice

Juicer


Michael H. Payne (born February 10, 1965) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer, cartoonist, and reviewer. He holds an M.A. in Classics from the University of California, Irvine, and has hosted the Darkling Eclectica, a radio program originally on Saturday mornings, now on Sunday afternoons, on KUCI for 40 years.

Payne's novel The Blood Jaguar (Tor Books, 1998) and most of his short stories utilize talking animal characters: his novelette "Crow's Curse" won third place in the Writers of the Future contest in 1991 and his short story "Familiars" won the Ursa Major Award in 2002. His cartoons as well, published in the New Horizons anthology from Shanda Fantasy Arts and on his websites, take animals, give them intelligence, and examine what sorts of multi-cultural societies they might form.

As a reviewer, Payne is a past contributor to Tangent magazine, both in its original print edition and in its early online form, and his capsule book reviews began appearing in 1999 on the website of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America before being moved in August 2009 to the "members only" section of the site's discussion forum. Payne is the head co-ordinator for SFWA's Circulating Book Plan and was named the 2013 recipient of the Kevin O'Donnell Jr. Service to SFWA award for his work on the Plan. He was the Registrar for the Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards and came in second in the Daily Grind Iron Man Challenge with his webcomic Daily Grind after 15 years of daily updates. He lives on the Balboa Peninsula in Newport Beach, California, where he works for the public library and is a cantor and guitar player at the local Catholic church.

Bibliography
 "Rat's Reputation," short story, FurVersion #16, 05/89; reprinted on the tomorrowsf web site, 04/97; reprinted again in the Best of Show anthology from Sofawolf Press, 07/03
 "Crow's Curse," novelette, third prize winner, Writers of the Future contest, printed in volume VII of their anthology, 08/91; reprinted in volume I of the Best of the Writers of the Future, 09/00
 "River Man," short story, Asimov's Science Fiction, 08/93; tied for third place, Asimov's Readers' Award; honorable mention, Year's Best SF; translated into Russian in Esli, 08/07; reprinted in the Already Among Us anthology from Legion Printing, 07/12
 "A Bag of Custard," short story, Asimov's Science Fiction, 02/94; honorable mention, Year's Best SF
 "One Thin Dime," short story, Tomorrow Speculative Fiction, 10/94; honorable mention, Year's Best SF; reprinted in the anthology Dragons, 12/95
 "My Vampire Cat, or Whatever", short story, Tomorrow Speculative Fiction, 06/95; preliminary nominee, Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award, 1996; honorable mention, Year's Best SF
 "Painting the Roses Red," short story, Tomorrow Speculative Fiction, 08/95; honorable mention, Year's Best SF
 "Why I'm Traveling With a Talking Cow," short story, Marion Zimmer Bradley's Fantasy Magazine, Winter 1996
 "How the First Question Mark was Built," short story, Tomorrow Speculative Fiction, 08/96
 "Rat's Reckoning," novelette, on the tomorrowsf web site, 06/97
 "The Language of Ghosts," short story, Asimov's Science Fiction, 08/97; tied for 6th place, Asimov's Readers' Award; honorable mention, Year's Best SF
 "Kily's Kindling," novelette, on the tomorrowsf web site, 08/97
 "Cold, Cold Ground," short story, Mythagoras, Summer 1997
 The Blood Jaguar, serialized novel on the tomorrowsf web site; Tor Books 12/98; honorable mention, 1999 William L. Crawford Award for best first fantasy novel; preliminary ballot, 1999 Nebula Awards; reprinted in an illustrated edition from Sofawolf Press, 06/12
 Terebinth, serialized graphic novel in 1930s black and white Sunday comics style, beginning in YARF! #57, 06/99; reprinted on the Chimerical Comics web site, 05/01 through 07/02; now appearing once a week;
 "A Hop, a Skip, and a Jump," short story, Morphic Tales, Cornwuff Press, 01/00
 "Mange," short story, Anthrolations #2, 05/00
 "Fame? Fortune? Chocolate?", non-fiction article, Writers of the Future anthology, volume XVI, 09/00
 "Canis Major", short story, Anthrolations #4, 08/01; reprinted in the Best of Show anthology from Sofawolf Press
 "St. Georgie and the Dragonfly", comic book story, Part 1 in New Horizons #11, anthology series published by Shanda Fantasy Arts, 10/01; Part 2 in New Horizons #12, 04/02
 "Familiars," short story, Sword and Sorceress series #19, 01/02; winner of the 2003 Ursa Major Award for Best Anthropomorphic Short Story; reprinted in the Ursa Major Awards anthology from Furplanet, 06/12
 "The Moon Rabbit," short story, Artemis magazine, Spring 2002
 "The Celery Stalks at Midnight," comic book story, Part 1 in New Horizons #13, anthology series published by Shanda Fantasy Arts, 07/02
 "Oh, Won't You Come Over," short-short, Anthrocon 2002 program book, 07/02
 "Law and Justice," short story, Blackgate #5, Spring 2003
 "Three Ladies," short story, Claw and Quill, 10/04
 Daily Grind, webcomic series
 "Squirrel Errant," short story, Further Confusion program book, 01/06; Sword and Sorceress series #23, 11/08
 "More Than Cute," review of the webcomic Count Your Sheep, The Webcomics Examiner, 03/06
 "The New Cute," webcomics review, The Webcomics Examiner, 08/06
 "Why They Call Me Mr. Goddamn Happy," short story, Helix SF, Winter 2007
 "Days of Future Pissed," review of the webcomic S.S.D.D, Comixtalk, 04/07
 review of the webcomic Tales of the Questor, Comixtalk, 05/07
 "A World of Fantasy," article on multiple fantasy webcomics, Comixtalk, 06/07
 "Lady Raven and the Falcon Prince," short story, New Fables #1, Sofawolf Press, Summer 2007
 "Out of the Inkwell: Print Comics Now on the Web," review of Girl Genius, Finder, Xeno's Arrow, and Galaxion, Comixtalk, 09/07
 "In Search of Vanished Webcomics," article on various stopped, ended, or lost webcomics, Comixtalk, 01/08
 "Le Cute Nouveau," webcomic review, ComixTalk, 04/08
 "A Burgeoning Apparatus," review of the webcomics College Roomies from Hell and Clan of the Cats, Comixtalk, 08/08
 "Surreal Estate," review of several surrealist webcomics, Comixtalk, 09/08
 "The Super Secret Origin of She-Man," short story, Helix SF, Fall 2008
 "Mixed Media and Metaphors," review of the webcomic Love Puppets, Polu Texni, 12/08
 review of the webcomic Tile, Strange Horizons, 10/09
 "-ology", poem, 1st place, Helen Schaible sonnet contest, 10/09
 "Three on a Match", short story, Sword and Sorceress series #24, 11/09
 review of webcomics by Jessica McLeod and Edward J. Grug III, Strange Horizons, 01/10
 "Matriculation", short story, Sword and Sorceress series #25, 11/10
 review of My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, Strange Horizons, 05/11
 Half the Day is Night, a My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic fan novel, serialized at Equestria Daily, 03/11 - 07/11
 "The Raw and the Cooked," short story, Sword and Sorceress series #26, 11/11
 "Thoughts on Early Spring," short story, Bronies anthology, Kazka Press, 06/12
 "Airs Above the Ground," short story, Sword and Sorceress series #27, 11/12
 "In the Bleak Midwinter," short-short story, At Year's End anthology, Kazka Press, 12/12
 "Married to the Sea," short story, California Cantata anthology, Kazka Press, 03/13
 "Immolation," novelette, What Happens Next anthology, Furplanet Books, 07/13
 "Where There's Smoke," short story, Sword and Sorceress series #28, 11/13
 "Mendacity," short story, Sword and Sorceress series #29, 11/14
 "Admissions," short story, Sword and Sorceress series #30, 11/15
 "Beasts and Monsters," short story, Sword and Sorceress series #31, 11/16
 "Authority Figures," short story, Sword and Sorceress series #32, 11/17
 "Ode to the Artistic Temperament," poem, Silver Blade magazine #42, 05/19; tied for 3rd place, Long Form, Rhysling Award 2020
 "Guidance Counseling," short story, Sword and Sorceress series #34, 11/19
 "Never Work With Animals," novelette co-written with Neal Shusterman, Gleanings: Stories from the Arc of a Scythe, 11/22

References

 Michael H. Payne's short fiction in the Locus Index to Science Fiction

External links
 The Darkling Eclectica
 Terebinth
 Daily Grind

1965 births
20th-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
American radio personalities
American science fiction writers
American webcomic creators
Living people
People from Newport Beach, California
University of California, Irvine alumni
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from California
Catholics from California

Michael H. Payne


Adi Himelbloy (or Himmelbleu, ; born ) is an Israeli actress, model, and television host.

Early life
Himelbloy was born in Holon, Israel, to Israeli-born parents. Her father Yigal Himelbloy was of Soviet Jewish descent, whereas her mother Dolly ( Amon) is of Turkish Jewish and Iranian Jewish) descent. Himelbloy was first discovered on the Dudu Topaz's primetime entertainment show HaRishon BaBidur on Israel's Channel 2, when she won a modeling contest held as part of the show.

She was enlisted as a soldier to the Israel Defense Forces.

Career
After the show, she worked in modeling for several years, until being approved as an actress for the Israeli television series HaShminiya ("The Octette"), in which she played the character Natasha Segovia, a young woman with an unusual talent for drawing. In 2006, Himelbloy participated in the Israeli drama series HaAlufa (, "The Champion"). Afterwards Himelbloy participated in the children's song contest Festigal 2006, where she performed along with other actors from HaShminiya such as Dawn Lanny-Gabay and Shira Vilensky. In addition, she also started appearing in TV advertisements. In 2007 she participated in Festigal once more and dubbed the character of April O'Neill in the Hebrew version of the animated film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

In 2008, Himelbloy participated in the Israeli musical Treasure Island (, I HaMatmon). She also played in the Israeli drama series The Double (, HaKfula). On June 29, 2008, Himelbloy became a hostess at the Israeli Children's Channel. In November 2008, the Israeli sci-fi series Deus debuted on the Israeli Children's Channel, in which Himelbloy played the character Rona Merom. During the late 2000s, Himelbloy also modeled for the Israeli swimwear company Pilpel.

In 2009, Himelbloy participated in the Festigal for the third time and in 2010, she hosted a talk and game show called Chuba's Angels, alongside the actress Dawn Lanny-Gabay.

In 2010, she participated in the Israeli version of Dances with Stars, coming in third place.

Personal life
She married Israeli restaurateur Nadav Peled in 2014. They have two sons.

Filmography
 HaShminiya (2005–2007, 2013–2014)
 HaAlufa (2006–2007, 2009)
 Deus (2008–2011)
 Malabi Express (2013)

References

External links

1984 births
Israeli female models
Israeli television actresses
Israeli television presenters
Living people
Reality modeling competition participants
Israeli people of Turkish-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Iranian-Jewish descent
Israeli women television presenters
Israeli Mizrahi Jews
Israeli Jews

Adi Himelbloy


Johnny Sellers (July 31, 1937 – July 3, 2010) was an American  National Champion jockey. Born in Los Angeles, but raised in Oklahoma, he began his professional career in 1955 and between 1959 and 1968 rode in six Kentucky Derbys. He won the prestigious race aboard Carry Back in 1961 then riding the colt to victory in the  Preakness Stakes. That same year, he won eight straight races, equaling an American record set in 1951, and ended the year as the United States Champion Jockey by wins. He made the August 28, 1961, cover of Sports Illustrated magazine.

In 1958, Sellers rode Jack Ketch to victory in the Canadian International Stakes and in 1965 he won the Belmont Stakes aboard Hail To All. In 1969 he was voted the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award.

Retired in 1997, Sellers lived in Hallandale, Florida, two blocks from Gulfstream Park racetrack. He remained involved in the racing industry as a bloodstock agent. In 1999, he was in the news after recovering his Kentucky Derby trophy. Stolen from his Monrovia, California, home in 1978, twenty-one years later a friend notified him that the engraved sterling silver trophy was being offered for sale on eBay.

In 2007, Johnny Sellers was elected to the United States' Racing Hall of Fame. In 2011, he was inducted into the Oklahoma Horse Racing Hall of Fame.

Johnny Sellers died on July 3, 2010, at age 72 in Fayetteville, Arkansas. He had two sons, Mark Sellers and John Michael Sellers, both of whom had careers as jockeys. He also had a daughter, Sabrina Sellers Machado.

After finishing seventh at the Belmont Stakes with Carry Back, he was a Mystery Guest on What's My Line with Arlene Francis, Joey Bishop, Dorothy Kilgallen, and Bennett Cerf on the panel. Sellers won $10 for stumping Cerf and Francis; Joey Bishop successfully guessed his identity.

References

1937 births
2010 deaths
American jockeys
American Champion jockeys
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
People from Hallandale Beach, Florida
Sportspeople from Oklahoma

Johnny Sellers


Daniel R. "Dan" Tonkovich (April 17, 1946 – February 10, 2002) was an American politician who served as a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates and the Democratic President of the West Virginia Senate from Marshall County.

Background
Dan R. Tonkovich was the son of Olga (Ovchinnik) Tonkovich of Benwood, West Virginia, and Daniel Tonkovich. He was a graduate of Bishop Donahue Memorial High School in McMechen and received a B.A. degree from West Liberty State College and a M.P.A. degree from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University.

Tonkovich then served in the United States Army Infantry in Vietnam.

Career
Tonkovich was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1972 and 1974 and was then elected to the West Virginia Senate from the 2nd Senatorial District in 1979, the first senator from Marshall County elected to the office and was named one of the "Outstanding Young Men of America" in 1974, 1976 and 1977. Tonkovich was appointed Senate Majority Whip in 1981 and Senate Majority Leader in 1983.  In 1984 he was elected again. While in the legislature, he served on many committees including Education, Health and Welfare committees and the Interim Committee on Penal Reform. He was also involved in the passage of the State Open Meetings Law and the Freedom of Information Act. He was also a member of the Democratic National Committee as well as the Congressional Senatorial Committee.

Arrest and Conviction
In September 1989, Tonkovich pled guilty to extorting $5,000 from a group that sought his support of casino gambling legislation in 1986.

The proceeding was delayed when the judge said he was not sure that Tonkovich was guilty and gave him time to reconsider. Tonkovich still maintained he was guilty of extortion. Tonkovich's guilty plea to one count of a six-count indictment came after a federal jury heard five days of testimony during his extortion and racketeering trial. U.S. Attorney Michael Carey said prosecutors planned to dismiss the remaining charges.

'Your honor, I'd like to change my plea from not guilty to guilty,' Tonkovich told U.S. District Judge John Copenhaver.
Throughout the trial, the defense had maintained that Tonkovich, 43, believed WVCC paid him the money for marketing work he was hired to perform.

Copenhaver recessed the proceedings for 10 minutes to allow Tonkovich to confer with his lawyer, James Lees. Following the recess, Tonkovich said he believed WVCC paid him the money to gain influence over him and that he was guilty of extortion.  Copenhaver delayed accepting Tonkovich's plea for several minutes Thursday, saying he was not convinced the former lawmaker was guilty of the extortion charge.

Tonkovich signed a plea agreement with federal prosecutors in which he admitted extorting $5,000 from WVVC Inc. in February 1986. The judge also ordered Tonkovich to pay $4,800 in jury costs associated with the five-day trial within 30 days.

In December 1989, Tonkovich was sentenced to five years in prison and fined $10,000 in federal court for extorting $5,000 from gambling interests.

Later Years
After his release, Tonkovich became the head of the Justice Fellowship project in Pennsylvania, a program that advocates for a criminal justice system that upholds restorative values, so that communities are safer, victims are respected, and those who have caused harm are transformed. Outside prisons, the organization collaborates with churches, para-church organizations, and local service providers to support families with loved ones behind bars and people affected by crime. Prison Fellowship staff and volunteers also help to prepare men and women to leave prison with a positive outlook—ready to succeed. In several prison facilities, mentorships are offered, life-skills training, marriage and parenting classes, and other programs that teach personal responsibility, the value of education and hard work, and care for people and their property, so that prisoners are prepared to thrive in their communities after release.

Tonkovich died at age 55; his body was discovered on February 10, 2002, at his Benwood area home by his son. Tonkovich's death was announced on the Senate floor and senators observed a moment of silence. He was the father of three children, daughters Stacy Tonkovich-Russell, Kaitlynn M. Tonkovich, and son Brandon D. Tonkovich of Wheeling.

References

Democratic Party West Virginia state senators
Presidents of the West Virginia Senate
2002 deaths
1946 births
Place of birth missing
West Liberty University alumni
People from Benwood, West Virginia
Military personnel from West Virginia
School board members in West Virginia
Democratic Party members of the West Virginia House of Delegates
American expatriates in Vietnam
20th-century American politicians
Politicians convicted of extortion under color of official right
West Virginia politicians convicted of crimes
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs alumni

Dan R. Tonkovich


The inauguration of Benjamin Harrison as the 23rd president of the United States took place on Monday, March 4, 1889, at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 26th inauguration and marked the commencement of the only four-year term of Benjamin Harrison as president and Levi P. Morton as vice president. Chief Justice Melville Fuller administered the presidential oath of office as rain poured down.

Harrison was  tall, he was only slightly taller than James Madison, the shortest president, but much heavier; he was the fourth (and last) president to sport a full beard. Harrison's inauguration ceremony took place during a rainstorm in Washington D.C. Outgoing president Grover Cleveland attended the ceremony and held an umbrella over Harrison's head as he took the oath of office.

His speech was brief – half as long as that of his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, whose speech holds the record for the longest inaugural address of a U.S. president. In his speech, Benjamin Harrison credited the nation's growth to the influences of education and religion, urged the cotton states and mining territories to attain the industrial proportions of the Eastern United States and promised a protective tariff. Concerning commerce, he said, "If our great corporations would more scrupulously observe their legal obligations and duties, they would have less call to complain of the limitations of their rights or of interference with their operations." Harrison also urged early statehood for the territories and advocated pensions for veterans, a statement that was met with enthusiastic applause. In foreign affairs, Harrison reaffirmed the Monroe Doctrine as a mainstay of foreign policy, while urging modernization of the Navy and a merchant marine force. He gave his commitment to international peace through noninterference in the affairs of foreign governments.

John Philip Sousa's Marine Band played at the Inaugural Ball inside the Pension Building with a large crowd attending. After moving into the White House, Harrison noted, quite prophetically, "There is only a door – one that is never locked – between the president's office and what are not very accurately called his private apartments. There should be an executive office building, not too far away, but wholly distinct from the dwelling house. For everyone else in the public service there is an unroofed space between the bedroom and the desk."

See also
Presidency of Benjamin Harrison
1888 United States presidential election

References

Sources

External links

 Text of Benjamin Harrison's Inaugural Address

United States presidential inaugurations
1889 in Washington, D.C.
1889 in American politics
Inauguration
March 1889 events

Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison


Diego Luis Albanese (born September 17, 1973) is an Argentine retired rugby union player who played as a winger. He played for the San Isidro Club in Argentina, French side Grenoble, Gloucester and Leeds Tykes. Albanese made 17 appearances for Gloucester scoring three tries.

He has won 55 caps for Argentina, scoring 50 points, including appearances at the 1995, 1999 and 2003 World Cups. He became famous after scoring the winning try in the World Cup wild card match against Ireland in the 1999 World Cup that put Argentina into their first-ever quarter final.

Albanese joined Leeds Tykes in 2002 on a two-year contract. He made his debut against Leicester Tigers in August 2002 and helped his new side to a 26–13 win. In his first season 2002–2003 Diego made 18 starts in the Zurich Premiership scoring one try, a match winner against Harlequins at Headingley. After returning from the World Cup in 2003, he went on to make eight more starts in the Zurich Premiership scoring one try, Diego was also a try scorer for Leeds Tykes in the Heineken Cup, in the loss to the reigning European Champions Toulouse at Headingley. During his time at Leeds he helped them win the 2004–05 Powergen Cup, for the final of which he was an early replacement for Iain Balshaw.

Albanese left the Tykes at the end of the 2004/05 season to return to SIC in Argentina, where he retired in 2006.

Honours
Powergen Cup/Anglo-Welsh Cup titles: 1
2005

References

External links

1973 births
Sportspeople from Mar del Plata
Rugby union players from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine rugby union players
Rugby union wings
Living people
San Isidro Club rugby union players
Gloucester Rugby players
Leeds Tykes players
Argentina international rugby union players
Argentine expatriate rugby union players
FC Grenoble Rugby players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Expatriate rugby union players in England
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in France
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England
Argentina international rugby sevens players
Male rugby sevens players
1995 Rugby World Cup players
1999 Rugby World Cup players
2003 Rugby World Cup players

Diego Albanese


The Science of Sleep (French: , literally The Science of Dreams) is a 2006 surrealistic science fantasy comedy film written and directed by Michel Gondry. Starring Gael García Bernal, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Miou-Miou and Alain Chabat, the film stems from a bedtime story written by Sam Mounier, then 10 years old.

Plot
Stéphane Miroux (Gael García Bernal), is a shy young man whose vivid dreams often interfere with his waking life. After the death of his divorced father in Mexico, Stéphane moves to Paris to live closer to his mother Christine. He moves into his childhood home and starts a new job his mother has found for him in a calendar printing company.

Stéphane had been told it was a creative job and shows his new colleagues his drawings, a collection of twelve illustrations depicting unique disasters. He calls his collection "disasterology". But nobody at his new job appreciates his talents – the job is no more than typesetting work, leaving him frustrated, as revealed in his dreams.

While leaving his apartment to go to work one day, the new neighbour Stéphanie (Charlotte Gainsbourg) invites him into her apartment; he soon realizes that she is creative and artistic. They plan a project together, a short animated film based around a boat Stéphanie was making.

As the story begins to unfold, surrealistic and naturalistic elements begin to overlap within Stéphane's reality, and the viewer is often uncertain of which portions constitute reality and which are dreams. One dream sequence, in which Stéphane dreams his hands become absurdly giant, was inspired by a recurring nightmare director Michel Gondry had as a child. As the line between dream and reality gradually becomes more blurred, Stéphane becomes enamoured with Stéphanie, and he shares his inventions with her, such as the 'one-second time machine'. Stéphane's dreams begin to encroach on his waking life, making him unsure of reality and whether Stéphanie's feelings for him are real.

Stéphanie's toy horse is named Golden The Pony Boy, a reference to The Outsiders, the meaning poignantly hinting at Stèphane's regression and childlike behaviour around Stéphanie, which could stem from the loss of his father. He implants a mechanism inside Golden the Pony Boy that will make it gallop. He later receives a call from Stéphanie thanking him; she reveals the pony was named after him.

To Stéphane's surprise, the calendar manufacturer accepts his "disasterology" idea and the company has a party in his honor, but he begins drinking excessively after he witnesses Stéphanie dancing with another man. The next day, the two have a confrontation in their hallway when Stéphane announces that he does not want to be Stéphanie's friend any longer.
Stéphanie offers to discuss their issues on a date, but on his way there Stéphane has a vision that she is not there. He runs to her apartment and bangs on her door, when in actuality, she is waiting for him at the café. Stéphanie returns home, while Stéphane decides to move back to Mexico.

Before leaving, Stéphane's mother insists that he says a formal goodbye to his next-door neighbor, Stéphanie. In his attempt to do so, he becomes crass, making offensive jokes. As his antagonistic behaviour pushes her, Stéphanie asks Stéphane to leave but he climbs into her bed, noticing two items on her bedside: his one-second time machine, and the finished boat they planned to use in their animated film. The film closes with Stéphane and Stéphanie riding Golden the Pony Boy across a field before sailing off into the sea in her boat.

Cast
 Gael García Bernal as Stéphane Miroux, a shy and creative young man who moves to Paris to accompany his mother. His mother gets him a job at a calendar printing company in France. He becomes interested in his next-door neighbor, Stéphanie, who is also a creative and artistic individual like himself.
 Charlotte Gainsbourg as Stéphanie, Stéphane's next door neighbor. She is an artist who works at an art supply store with her friend, Zoe. Uninterested in playing romantic games, she is reserved yet taken with Stéphane. She seems aloof but caring, which keeps the viewer guessing about her feelings.

 Miou-Miou as Christine Miroux, the mother of Stéphane Miroux. She is the landlord of Stéphane's neighbor, Stéphanie. She is also a teacher and has a boyfriend.
 Alain Chabat as Guy, Stéphane's sex obsessed co-worker, who often gives Stéphane advice and covers for him when he misses work.
 Emma de Caunes as Zoé, Stéphanie's work friend who Stéphane is initially attracted to.
 Sacha Bourdo as Serge, Stéphane's co-worker at the calendar printing company.
 Aurélia Petit as Martine, Stéphane's co-worker at the calendar printing company.
 Pierre Vaneck as Monsieur Pouchet Stéphane's boss

Production
The film was written and directed by Michel Gondry, marking his third feature film. It was produced by Georges Bermann, Michel Gondry, and Frédéric Junqua. Cinematography was by Jean-Louis Bompoint, who is also known for doing cinematography for The Thorn in the Heart (2009) and New York, I Love You (2008). It was shot on spherical lens.

The budget was $6,000,000.

The aspect ratio is 1.85:1 and the negative format 35 mm (Fuji Eterna 500T 8573) with a printed film format of 35 mm.  Film Length: 2,925 m (Portugal, 35 mm).

The Science of Sleep was shot in four primary locations, all in France: Chérence, Val-d'Oise; Forges, Orne; Paris 18, Paris; and Paris.

Reception
The Science of Sleep received generally favorable reviews. It holds a 71% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. On Metacritic it has a score of 70 out of 100.

Box Office

The Science of Sleep was released on September 22, 2006, and remained in theaters until December 21, 2006. The film was distributed by Warner Independent Pictures. Domestically, in North America, the film grossed around US$4.6 million. The film did relatively better internationally, where it grossed US$10.4 million. Worldwide, The Science of Sleep grossed roughly 15.2 M USD.

Critical response

In a New York Times article by A.O. Scott, an American journalist and cultural critic, describes the film as "profoundly idiosyncratic" and "so confident in its oddity" that any attempt to describe and explain the film would be misleading. He later states, "What I'm trying to say is that 'The Science of Sleep,' for all its blithe disregard of the laws of physics, film grammar and narrative coherence, strikes me as perfectly realistic, as authentic a slice of life as I've encountered on screen in quite some time." Scott argues that the film's loose connection of events and misleading narrative are appropriate for its themes: "Plot summary, therefore, is both irrelevant and impossible. Which is not to say that the movie lacks a story, only that, like a dream, the narrative moves sideways as well as forward, revising and contradicting itself as it goes along. Mr. Gondry, who would rather invent than explain, makes a plausible case that a love story (which is what "The Science of Sleep" is) cannot really be told any other way. Love is too bound up with memories, fantasies, projections and misperceptions to conform to a conventional, linear structure."

Many other critics have stated that the film's plot is hard to understand, but Gondry's grasp of emotions and visuals is what makes the story unique and profound.

Awards
 2008 BBC Four World Cinema Awards (Nominated), BBC Four World Cinema Award
 2008 Gopo Awards, Romania. (Nominated), Gopos Award Best European Film
 2007 Cannes Film Festival (Won), UCMF Film Music Award
 2007 Chlotrudis Awards (Nominated), Chlotrudis Award Best Supporting Actress
 2007 Golden Trailer Awards (Won), Golden Trailer Best Independent
 2007 Italian Online Movie Awards (IOMA)(Won), IOMA Best Special Effects (Migliori effetti speciali)
 2007 Paris Cinema (Won), Audience Award Jean-Michel Bernard
 2007 Russian National Movie Awards (Nominated), Georges Award Best Independent Movie
 2007 World Soundtrack Awards (Nominated), World Soundtrack Award Discovery of the Year Jean-Michel Bernard
 2006 European Film Awards (Won), European Film Award Best Artistic Contribution Stéphane Rozenbaum, Pierre Pell For the production design.
 2006 Sitges - Catalonian International Film Festival (Won), Audience Award Michel Gondry (Nominated), Best Film Michel Gondry
 2006 St. Louis Film Critics Association, US (Nominated), SLFCA Award Most Original, Innovative or Creative Film

Soundtrack

The score to The Science of Sleep was composed by Jean-Michel Bernard. Jean-Michel Bernard is a French pianist, composer, educator, orchestrator, and music producer. He is also well known for regularly writing, performing, and scoring film soundtracks.
The song "Instinct Blues" by The White Stripes is used in the film but was not included on the soundtrack release. The song "If You Rescue Me", played by a band of people dressed as cats in a dream sequence, has the melody of the song "After Hours" by the Velvet Underground but with different lyrics.

Influences
Jungian psychology

As the film The Science of Sleep constantly jumps back and forth from Stéphane's reality, dream, consciousness, and subconsciousness, the film has taken much influence from psychology, Jungian psychology specifically, also known as analytical psychology. The name was given by a Swiss psychiatrist, Carl Jung, who wanted to distinguish his studies from Freud's psychoanalytic theories.

The use of psychological archetypes was advanced by Jung in 1919. In Jung's psychological framework, archetypes are innate, universal prototypes for ideas and may be used to interpret observations. A group of memories and interpretations associated with an archetype is a complex, e.g. a mother complex associated with the mother archetype. Jung treated the archetypes as psychological organs, analogous to physical ones in that both are morphological givens that arose through evolution.

See also
 Dream
 Lucid dreaming
 Dream argument
 False awakening
 Hallucinations in the sane

References

External links

 Official trailer
 Official LiveJournal Community

2006 films
2000s fantasy comedy-drama films
French fantasy comedy-drama films
Italian fantasy comedy-drama films
2000s French-language films
2000s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Michel Gondry
2000s romantic fantasy films
Science fantasy films
Films using stop-motion animation
Warner Independent Pictures films
Partizan films
France 3 Cinéma films
Canal+ films
Films about dreams
English-language French films
French romantic fantasy films
2006 comedy films
2006 drama films
Films shot in Val-d'Oise
2000s French films

The Science of Sleep