The Archdiocese of Uppsala () is one of the thirteen dioceses of the Church of Sweden and the only one having the status of an archdiocese.

Lutheran archdiocese
Uppsala is the seat of the Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala. The diocese, which has its centre in the city of Uppsala, covers Uppsala County, Gävleborg County and parts of Stockholm County and Västmanland County. The archdiocese originally also included those parts of Norrland, which were included in the new Diocese of Härnösand when it was founded in 1647 and the City of Stockholm, which was made a diocese of its own in 1942.

As of 2005 the archdiocese consists of 201 parishes (församlingar or [historically] socknar) distributed over 86 pastorats and a smaller number of deaneries.

As the archbishop besides being head of Uppsala diocese also has a central role in the Church of Sweden on a national level. Since 2014, the position of archbishop is held by Antje Jackelén. An additional position as assistant bishop in Uppsala diocese was created in 1990. In 2000 the diocese was divided into two pastoral regions, the smaller part of which is pastored by the archbishop and the greater by the bishop in Uppsala diocese, the position of assistant bishop thus being made a bishop in his own right. This office has been held by Tord Harlin (1990–2000) and Ragnar Persenius (2001-2019), before the incumbent Karin Johannesson.

Former Catholic archbishopric
When Ansgar, the Apostle of the North, went to Sweden in 829, the Swedes were still heathen and the country contained many sacrificial groves and temples for the worship of Germanic pagan idols. One of the most celebrated of the latter was the temple at Uppsala in what is now called Old Uppsala, the centre of idolatrous worship not only for Sweden but for all Scandinavia. Even after Christianity had spread through Sweden, heathen sacrifices were still maintained at Uppsala. The "Bishops' Chronicle", written by Adam of Bremen in the years 1072–76, says, "The Swedes have a well-known heathen temple called Upsala", and "Every ninth year, moreover, a great feast is celebrated at Upsala, which is observed in common by all the provinces of Sweden. None is permitted to avoid participation in the feast ... More horrible than any punishment is that even those who have become Christians must purchase exemption from participation in the feast ... The sacrifices are made thus: Nine heads are offered for every living creature of the male sex. By the blood of these the gods are appeased. The bodies are hung up in a grove not far from the temple. Dogs and horses may be seen hanging close by human beings; a Christian told me he had seen seventy-two bodies hanging together."

An episcopal see was established at Old Uppsala. One of the bishops was Henry, who took part in the Crusade to Finland led by king Eric IX of Sweden and suffered martyrdom there in 1157. The bishops of Sweden were first suffragans of the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, of which see Ansgar was archbishop when he died. Afterwards the Swedish bishops were suffragans of the Archbishop of Lund in Denmark, then Primate of Scandinavia.

In 1152 Cardinal Nicholas of Albano, later Pope Adrian IV, visited Sweden and held a provincial synod at Linköping. He had been commissioned to establish an independent Church province in Sweden, but the matter was deferred, as the Swedes could not agree upon the see of the archbishop. In 1164 Pope Alexander III established a separate ecclesiastical province of Sweden with the see at Uppsala. The suffragans were the Bishops of Skara, Linköping, Strängnäs and Västerås; at a later date the diocese of Växjö, as well as the diocese of Åbo in neighbouring Finland (which came to be ruled by the Swedish crown) were added.

The first Archbishop of Uppsala was Stephen, a Cistercian monk from the celebrated Alvastra Abbey. Cardinal William of Sabina came as papal legate to Sweden during the archiepiscopate of Jarler, a Dominican friar (1235–55). The legate had been commissioned, among other things, to establish cathedral chapters wherever such were lacking, and to grant them the exclusive right of electing the bishops. Another important matter which the legate had been ordered to carry out was the enforcement of the law of clerical celibacy. At a provincial synod held at Skänninge in 1248 under the presidency of the cardinal, the rules as to celibacy were made more severe. The pious and energetic Archbishop Jarler and his successor Laurentius (1257–67), a Franciscan, constantly strove to elevate the clergy and to enforce the law of celibacy. A century later Bridget (d. 1373), laboured zealously for the enforcement of the same law.

A new era arose in the history of the archdiocese when Archbishop Folke (1274–77) transferred the see from Old Uppsala to Aros, a town nearby on the Fyris which was given the name of Uppsala. This change was approved by the pope, the king and the bishops. The relics of the national saint, Eric, were also transferred to the new see. The cathedral of Uppsala, the most important church of Sweden and the largest in Scandinavia, was built by the French architect Etienne de Bonnuille in 1287. It was a masterpiece of the Gothic style, and is a monument of what Catholic art and Catholic self-sacrifice were able to create under the leadership of zealous archbishops and prelates.

The labours of the archbishops extended in all directions. Some were zealous pastors of their flocks, such as Jarler and others; some were distinguished canonists, such as Birger Gregersson (1367–83) and Olof Larsson (1435-8); others were statesmen, such as Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna (d. 1467), or capable administrators, such as Jacob Ulfsson Örnfot, who was distinguished as a prince of the Church, royal councillor, patron of art and learning, founder of the University of Uppsala and an efficient helper in the introduction of printing into Sweden. He died in the Carthusian monastery of Mariefred (Mary's Peace) in 1522. There were also scholars, such as Johannes Magnus (died 1544), who wrote the "Historia de omnibus Gothorum sueonumque regibus" and the "Historia metropolitanæ ecclesiæ Upsaliensis", and his brother Olaus Magnus (d. 1588), who wrote the "Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus" and who was the last Archbishop of Upsala.

The archbishops and secular clergy found active co-workers among the regular clergy. Among the orders represented in Sweden were the Benedictines, Cistercians, Dominicans, Franciscans, Brigittines (with the mother-house at Vadstena Abbey) and Carthusians. The monks and friars laboured in things spiritual and were also the teachers of the people in agriculture and gardening. Still greater credit is due the members of the orders, both men and women, for their services in the intellectual training of the people of Sweden. A Swedish Protestant investigator, Carl Silfverstolpe, wrote: "The monks were almost the sole bond of union in the Middle Ages between the civilization of the north and that of southern Europe, and it can be claimed that the active relations between our monasteries and those in southern lands were the arteries through which the higher civilization reached our country."

See also
 Diocese of Sigtuna

Sources and references
(incomplete)

 CatholicHierarchy- Sweden (only current diocese: Stockholm)
 GigaCatholic- Sweden

References

External links

 Official website of the Archbishop of Uppsala

Gävleborg County
Stockholm County
Västmanland County
Dioceses established in the 11th century

Archdiocese of Uppsala


The Cherry Valley Coke Ovens consisted of 200 coke ovens built by the Leetonia Iron and Coal Company around 1866, near Leetonia, Ohio, United States. The function of the "beehive" coke ovens was to purify coal and turn it into coke. The coke was burned in furnaces that produced iron and steel.

The site, also known as Cherry Valley Coke Ovens Arboretum, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. An Ohio Historical Marker was added in 1999. Outside of the Connellsville Coke District in Pennsylvania, this site represents one of the largest remaining site of intact beehive coke ovens in North America.

History
In the early 1860s, Irish businessman William Lee discovered rich deposits of coal, ore and lime under the soil of today's Leetonia. Lee began to buy the surrounding land and established the company "The Leetonia Coal & Iron Company" which consisted of a coal mine, coke ovens, and a blast furnace. This company jumped into the iron and coal industry and soon turned the area into a thriving company town. The area went from housing three families in 1864 to 1,800 people by 1869 when it was incorporated.

The coke production was the main operation of the company. Leetonia Coal & Iron would mine the surrounding areas for coal and then cart coal by the tons into the coke ovens on rails above the ovens. The workers would then shovel the coal into the coke ovens to cook. This would purify the coal into a purer product of coal called coke which was then shipped off to the iron mills to be used in smelting iron. Coke has a much higher temperature point than regular coal so it was preferred for use in the mills.

Each coke oven is about 12 feet in diameter and 6 to 7 feet in height with the capacity to hold two to three tons of coal each. While still using 100 ovens, Leetonia Coal & Iron would process 250 tons of coal into coke per day. However, in 1873, the company was bought out and renamed "The Cherry Valley Iron and Coal Company", who expanded operations and eventually had over 200 coke ovens and 4 blast furnaces; processing much more coal than ever before. Financial troubles hit the company during the Great Depression and the ovens were closed permanently.

The site was donated to the village of Leetonia for a park in 1982, and, in 1986, the village council appointed a commission to transform the area into a park.

Restoration and park
The village of Leetonia developed the Cherry Valley Coke Ovens Park on the site. The area is heavily wooded area with hiking trails in and around the coke ovens and other sites of the former Cherry Valley Iron & Coal Co. The project was undertaken by the village of Leetonia to protect the site of a large part of the village's history.

See also
 List of ovens

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Industrial buildings completed in 1866
Buildings and structures in Columbiana County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Columbiana County, Ohio
Protected areas of Columbiana County, Ohio
Coke ovens
1866 establishments in Ohio

Cherry Valley Coke Ovens


Sir Lawrence Andrew Common    (31 March 1889 – 6 April 1953) was a British shipping director.

Common was born in Sunderland, County Durham, the son of Francis James Common (1847–1903), an iron merchant from Darlington, and his wife, Annie Elizabeth (née Walford) of Banbury, Oxfordshire. His aunt, Emma Jane Common, was the wife of the Nonconformist divine, Joseph Parker.

In 1911, he joined the Territorial Army as a second lieutenant in the 3rd Northumbrian (County of Durham) Brigade of the Royal Field Artillery retiring at the end of the war with the rank of Major and he was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in 1917 for his services during World War I.

In the 1945 New Year Honours, Common was appointed a knight bachelor by George VI for his work with the Ministry of War Transport during World War II and knighted at Buckingham Palace in 1945. He was also appointed a Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, for his services to her country during the war.

In 1952, Common was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of County Durham and High Sheriff of that county in 1953, having previously been nominated in 1950 and 1952.

In 1923, Common had married Bessie Reid Pollock (1895–1959), a daughter of Gilbert Reid Pollock (1865–?), an iron engineer from Neilston, Renfrewshire, and his wife, Annie (née Blackwell) of Hyde, Cheshire. They had three children, Joyce A. (born 1924), Elizabeth A. (born 1926) and Gilbert A. (born 1930).

Common died in 1953 and was buried in Edmundbyers, County Durham, near to his home, Hunter House on the banks of Derwent Reservoir. His wife was later interred with him upon her death in 1959.

References

1889 births
1953 deaths
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Deputy Lieutenants of Durham
High Sheriffs of Durham
Knights Bachelor
Royal Artillery officers
British Army personnel of World War I
People from Sunderland
Businesspeople from Tyne and Wear
Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates

Andrew Common


Shimotori Norio (born March 18, 1978) is a former sumo wrestler from Arai, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. A former amateur champion, he made his professional debut in 2000 and first reached the top division in 2002, although due to injuries he had trouble maintaining that position. He earned one special prize, for Fighting Spirit. His highest rank was komusubi. He was forced to retire in April 2011 after an investigation by the Japan Sumo Association found him guilty of match-fixing.

Career
Shimotori competed in amateur sumo at Tokyo University of Agriculture, but did not manage to win a major national title. He was recruited by the Tokitsukaze stable and made his professional debut in May 2000, almost a year later than intended due to injuries from a traffic accident. Due to his amateur record he was given makushita tsukedashi status and began at the bottom of the third highest makushita division.

Shimotori reached sekitori status in May 2001 upon promotion to the second highest jūryō division, and he made steady progress, rising to jūryō 3 by January 2002, where a 12-3 score and a playoff for the yusho or championship with Takamisakari earned him promotion to the top makuuchi division for March 2002. In July 2002 in only his third top division tournament he earned a kinboshi or gold star for defeating Musashimaru in his first ever bout against a yokozuna, easily the best win of his career. He was also awarded the Fighting Spirit prize in this tournament. He was not able to follow up this promising performance however, and slipped back into the jūryō division briefly in 2003. In January 2004 he produced a strong 11-4 record from the maegashira 7 ranking (although fighting only his fellow maegashira) and was promoted all the way to komusubi for the March 2004 tournament. However he managed only a 6-9 score fighting all the top ranked wrestlers in his komusubi debut and never managed to return to the titled sanyaku ranks.

After missing the whole of the November 2005 tournament through injury Shimotori struggled to maintain his position in the top division, spending most of 2006 in jūryō. He returned to the top division in March 2007, but his stay was short-lived as he was unable to compete at all in the May 2007 tournament due to a herniated disk suffered during training in April. In November 2007 he produced a 10-5 score at the rank of Jūryō 4 which was enough to earn promotion back to the top division for the January 2008 tournament. A recurrence of his injury in winning his opening bout forced him to withdraw from the rest of this tournament and sent him back in the jūryō division for another year.

Shimotori ensured himself of his seventh promotion to the top division with his 10-5 performance at the rank of jūryō 2 in January 2009, and came through with a winning record at Maegashira 14 in March. He could score only 4-11 at Maegashira 8 in September 2009 but his final day victory over Masatsukasa kept him in the division. In the May 2010 tournament he was on the leaderboard early on after going 6-0 and then 8-2, although he finished on 10-5. This was his first top division winning record in double figures since January 2004. He maintained his top division position until he turned in a poor 2-13 record at Maegashira 11 in January 2011, which would have seen him demoted to juryo had the March 2011 tournament not been cancelled.

Unusually for the sumo world, he used his family name as his fighting name. For a short interim from July 2007 until January 2008 he changed his fighting name to the similar sounding Shimoōtori, but returned to using his family name after it brought no change in fortune.

Retirement from sumo

Shimotori was one of 23 wrestlers found guilty of fixing the result of bouts after an investigation by the Japan Sumo Association, and he was forced to retire in April 2011. He also had to give up the rights to the elder name of Nishikijima which he would have used to stay in sumo as a coach.

Fighting style

Shimotori was a yotsu-sumo wrestler, preferring grappling techniques and grabbing his opponent's mawashi or belt. His favourite grip was migi-yotsu, which is left hand outside, right hand inside his opponent's arms. His most common winning technique was yori-kiri, a straightforward force-out, which accounted for roughly half his wins.

Career record

See also
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of komusubi

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Sumo people from Niigata Prefecture
Komusubi
Sumo wrestlers who use their birth name
Sportspeople banned for life

Shimotori Norio


John Tracy (October 26, 1783 in Norwich, Connecticut – June 18, 1864 in Oxford, New York) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1833 to 1838.

Life
At the beginning of the 19th century he moved to Columbus, New York. In 1805 he moved to Oxford, where he served as deputy county clerk under his relative Uri Tracy.  He studied law with Stephen O. Runyan, was admitted to the bar in 1808, and practiced in Oxford. He married Susan Hyde in Franklin, Connecticut, on August 30, 1813.

Tracy was active in politics, first as a Democratic-Republican, and later as a Democrat.  In 1815, he was appointed Surrogate of Chenango County, a post he held four years. He was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1820, and returned in 1821, 1822 and 1826.

In 1821 he was re-appointed surrogate, and in 1823 he became First Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and he served until resigning in 1833.  In 1830 the state legislature elected Tracy as a regent of the University of the State of New York, and he served until 1833.

From 1833 to 1838, he was Lieutenant Governor under Governor William L. Marcy. In 1846 he was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention, and was chosen its president. After this convention, Tracy withdrew from politics and government.

For many years Tracy was president of the Oxford Academy board of trustees.

He died in Oxford, New York on June 18, 1864, and was buried at the Riverview Cemetery in Oxford.

Tracy was survived by his daughters, Esther Marie Mygatt, widow of Henry R. Mygatt, and Susan Eliza Clarke, widow of James W. Clarke; and grandchildren, John Tracy Mygatt, Mai Mygatt, and William R. Mygatt, a lawyer in practice at Oxford, N.Y.

His great-great granddaughter Tracy Dickinson Mygatt was a Socialist playwright and pacifist.

Sources

External links
John Tracy Bio
Political Graveyard
Members of Canal Commission, including Lt. Govs.

1783 births
1864 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
New York (state) lawyers
New York (state) Democratic-Republicans
Regents of the University of the State of New York
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
Politicians from Norwich, Connecticut
New York (state) state court judges
Burials in New York (state)
People from Goshen, Connecticut
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

John Tracy (New York politician)


The Northern Range is the range of tall hills across north Trinidad, the major island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The hills range from the Chaguaramas peninsula on the west coast to Toco in the east. The Northern Range covers approximately twenty-five percent of the land area of Trinidad.

Geography
The Northern Range runs from the Chaguaramas Peninsula in the west to Toco in the east.  The eastern Northern Range (areas east of Arima) remain most heavily forested.  Portions west of Arima, especially the southern slopes and valleys, have been extensively deforested, since they lie immediately north of the most heavily populated parts of the island.

At the western end of the Northern Range, the capital city, Port of Spain, climbs into the hills and the valleys are settled and largely deforested.

The Arima Valley remains as the westernmost valley that is still primarily forested, in a large part due to the presence of the Asa Wright Nature Centre in this valley.

The hills rise abruptly from the lowlands of northern Trinidad (the so-called East–West Corridor), but only the two tallest peaks, El Cerro del Aripo and El Tucuche top 900 m. The south-facing valleys run deep into the hills and support major rivers, such as the Caroni River, while the north-facing valleys are generally short and are drained by smaller streams.

There are numerous streams and waterfalls in the Northern Range. The highest waterfall is Maracas waterfall, towering 91.5 metres (300 ft) high. Other waterfalls include the Rincon Falls, Rio Seco Falls and Marianne Falls.

Geology
The Northern Range consists mainly of sedimentary rocks, schists and limestones; portions at the eastern end of the range are of volcanic origin.

The country's largest cave system, the Aripo Cave, is located in the Northern Range. The caves feature stalagmite and stalactite formations. These caves are inhabited by nocturnal oilbirds, and bats.

Numerous sulphur springs occur on the river beds of Rio Seco Falls, demonstrating the volcanic nature of the region.

Ecology
The biodiversity within the Northern Range, which represents a combination of species from the South American continent and from the Caribbean islands further north is high. The densely forested peaks are home to over 100 species of mammals and 430 species of birds.  Animals such as red howler monkeys, capuchin monkeys, neotropical river otters, collared peccary, ocelots and red brocket deer, to name a few, inhabit the lush forests, making the Northern Range the only mountain range in the Caribbean to host such species.

The hills are mostly forested, although deforestation and the formation of fire-savannahs is one of the major environmental concerns in Trinidad.

On the summits of El Cerro del Aripo and El Tucuche, the vegetation is quite different from the lower montane forests. Elfin woodland and cloud forests cover the summits, and are home to the near endemic El Tucuche golden tree frog.

Gallery

See also
Southern Range
Central Range, Trinidad and Tobago
Caroni Plain
Naparima Plain
Nariva Plain

References

Mountain ranges of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad (island)

Northern Range


Sun Zhongtong (; born October 1944) is a retired general of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of the People's Republic of China. He served as vice director of the PLA General Political Department.

Biography
Born in Wendeng, Shandong, Sun entered the work force in September 1964, and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in September 1965. He graduated from the CCP Central Party School, majoring in economics management.

He enlisted in the army in January 1965, and served in various posts in the Liaoning Military District. He was elevated to vice director of the propaganda department of the PLA General Political Department in October 1990. In May 1993, he became editor-in-chief of the PLA Daily and president of the newspaper agency in September 1994. He became the assistant director of the General Political Department and a member of the CCP committee there in July 2001. He was elevated to vice director of the General Political Department in July 2004. In December of the same year, he was also appointed Secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission.

He attained the rank of major general in July 1993, lieutenant general in July 2002, and full general in June 2006.

He was an alternate member of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and a full member of the 17th Central Committee.

References

1944 births
Living people
Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party alumni
People's Liberation Army generals from Shandong
Politicians from Weihai
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Shandong
People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong
Alternate members of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Delegates to the 11th National People's Congress

Sun Zhongtong


The Year's Best Science Fiction: Fourteenth Annual Collection is a science fiction anthology edited by Gardner Dozois that was published in 1997.  It is the 14th in The Year's Best Science Fiction series. The collection won the Locus Award for best anthology.

Contents

The book includes a 50-page summation by Dozois; 28 stories, all that first appeared in 1996, and each with a two-paragraph introduction by Dozois; and a referenced list of honorable mentions for the year. The stories are as follows.

Gregory Benford: "Immersion"
Michael Swanwick: "The Dead"
Nancy Kress: "The Flowers of Aulit Prison"
Tony Daniel: "A Dry, Quiet War"
James P. Blaylock: "Thirteen Phantasms"
Bud Sparhawk: "Primrose and Thorn"
John Kessel: "The Miracle of Ivar Avenue"
Paul Park: "The Last Homosexual"
Ian McDonald: "Recording Angel"
Robert Silverberg: "Death Do Us Part"
Jim Cowan: "The Spade of Reason"
Maureen F. McHugh: "The Cost to Be Wise"
Bruce Sterling: "Bicycle Repairman," which went on to win a 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novelette
Gregory Feeley: "The Weighing of Ayre"
Michael Cassuit: "The Longer Voyage"
Mike Resnick: "The Land of Nod"
Gwyneth Jones: "Red Sonja and Lessingham in Dreamland"
Charles Sheffield: "The Lady Vanishes"
Robert Reed: "Chrysalis"
Steven Utley: "The Wind Over the World"
William Barton: "Changes"
Gene Wolfe: "Counting Cats in Zanzibar"
Jonathan Lethem: "How We Got In Town and Out Again"
Cherry Wilder: "Dr. Tilmann's Consultant:  A Scientific Romance"
Damien Broderick: "Schrodinger's Dog"
Walter Jon Williams: "Foreign Devils"
Stephen Baxter: "In the MSOB"
Tony Daniel: "The Robot's Twilight Companion"

References

External links
Story synopses by Brian Davies (scroll down)

1997 anthologies
14
St. Martin's Press books


Wings of Heaven is the seventh studio album by the English rock band Magnum, released on 28 March 1988.

The original choice of producers for Wings of Heaven was Roger Taylor and Dave Richards, who had produced Vigilante. This was not realised because of conflicting schedules. Albert Boekholt was suggested at Wisseloord Studios, the Netherlands. The album was mixed at Sarm West Studios in London in January 1988. One song was announced, "That's How The Blues Must Start", but was dropped from the album.

Wings of Heaven was their first studio album to gain both critical and commercial success and the first to achieve a top 10 placing, which it did in Sweden #2, the UK #5, Switzerland #7 and Norway #8. It also made the Top 20 in Germany hitting #19. The album is certified Silver in the United Kingdom, meaning it has shipped over 60,000 copies.

In November 2007, Magnum toured the UK celebrating the 20th anniversary of the album. These shows were recorded for the Wings of Heaven Live album in 2008. The entire album was played live including the song "Different Worlds", never performed by the band on the original Wings of Heaven tour in 1988.

Track listing

Singles
Days of No Trust 7" (March 1988)
"Days of No Trust" [edit] – 3:46
"Maybe Tonight" [B-side] – 4:39

Days of No Trust 12" (March 1988)
"Days of No Trust" [edit] – 3:46
"Maybe Tonight" [B-side] – 4:39
"The Spirit" [live] – 3:47
"Two Hearts" [live] – 6:31

Days of No Trust CD (March 1988)
"Days of No Trust" [edit] – 3:46
"Maybe Tonight" [B-side] – 4:39
"Days of No Trust" [extended] – 5:08
"How Far Jerusalem" [live] – 6:25

Days of No Trust 12" picture disc (March 1988)
"Days of No Trust" [edit] – 3:46
"The Spirit" [live] – 3:47
"Two Hearts" [live] – 6:31

Start Talking Love 7" (May 1988)
"Start Talking Love" [7" version] – 4:04
"C'est La Vie" [bonus title] – 4:13

Start Talking Love 12" (May 1988)
"Start Talking Love" [extended remix] – 5:36
"C'est La Vie" [bonus title] – 4:11
"Back to Earth" [live] – 3:30
"On a Storyteller's Night" [live] – 5:12

Start Talking Love 10" picture disc (May 1988)
"Start Talking Love" [extended remix] – 5:40
"C'est La Vie" [bonus title] – 4:13
"Days of No Trust" [LP version] – 5:23

Start Talking Love CD (May 1988)
"Start Talking Love" [7" version] – 4:04
"C'est La Vie" [bonus title] – 4:13
"Start Talking Love" [extended] – 5:40
"Sacred Hour" [live] – 5:19

It Must Have Been Love 7" (June 1988)
"It Must Have Been Love" [edit] – 4:00
"Crying Time" [B-side] – 4:47

It Must Have Been Love 12" (June 1988)
"It Must Have Been Love" [edit] – 4:00
"Crying Time" [B-side] – 4:47
"Lonely Night" [live] – 4:12
"Just Like an Arrow" [live] – 5:01

It Must Have Been Love CD (June 1988)
"It Must Have Been Love" [edit] – 4:00
"Crying Time" [B-side] – 4:47
"Lonely Night" [live] – 4:12
"The Lights Burned Out" [live] – 5:01

The Songs
"Days of No Trust"
"Half of this song was written in Switzerland after we'd finished recording the 'VIGILANTE' album at Montreux and that LP was being mixed. I still had some ideas in my head. So I started to write things down, including the original idea for the chorus.

"It's pretty self-explanatory as a song and refers to a lot of different aspects of life. There's even a knock at Magnum because on one tour (the 'VIGILANTE' tour of late '86) we used a Cadillac to travel around. We did it for the fun of it, although in a way it was also done so that people would recognise us… and it worked. The line in the song that says. 'Headlines are courted by stretch limousines' was about us!

"I suppose you can read into the song a statement about the Reagan-Gorbachov talks as well, which are going to prove to be ultimately superfluous, because however many missiles the Americans and Russians agree to get rid of they'll still have hundreds of the damn things!

"It's not meant to be a depressing song, nor a whole negative one. But what I'm trying to say is that for Christ sake we're all fooling ourselves and we just carry on 'Living the same old lies'. We see on TV what goes on in the world and we never do anything about it, me included. I write a song about it… big deal!" — Tony Clarkin

"Wild Swan"
"This was written in England and the idea came from a TV programme that showed some birds still quite alive and even flying, yet they had crossbow bolts straight through their bodies! This gave me the idea for the song and from there I imagined a person taking the part of a swan in an almost fairy tale manner.

"It really is about the search for safety, following the river down to the sea and then on to an imaginary safe place. I was thinking in video terms with this song, with a person flying over Sailsbury Plains and looking down seeing everything passing under them. In fact, there were verses that further emphasised this point, but we had to cut them because the song was too long.

"It was a search for safety, the journey out to sea to discover the place where you'd be safe from all the horrible things which could happen to you.

"It's probably a sub-conscious follow-on from 'DAYS OF NO TRUST'. In fact, a lot of the songs that I write tag on from the previous one I'd done." — Tony Clarkin

"Start Talking Love"
"It arose from a point when I was feeling a bit lonely for the women back home! The first part was written at home and then when we went to Wisseloord Studios in Holland to record 'WINGS OF HEAVEN', Wally, Bob and I went into a spare studio and we messed about with the basic concept of the number. Anyway, Albert Boekholt (co-producer) heard it and thought it sounded really good. But I didn't have any words for it. So I got the tune together… and actually wrote the music for the chorus in about 20 seconds there and then! And the words for the chorus just came out, sounding really good.

"Of course, now I had to write the verses. So I went back to the Amityville Horror House (the band's abode during their sojourn in Holland) and I was just sitting there with a lit candle and a glass of wine and I felt a bit lonely, slightly sorry for myself. And the verse came to me as being about separation from someone you really love." — Tony Clarkin

"It Must Have Been Love"
"This was a song trying to take the opposite point of view to most rock bands when it comes to male-female relationships. Most bands go for the clichéd mach 'been with this woman, been with that woman' style. I tried to look at it from the woman's angle, which was quite difficult. You get so many stupid blokes boasting about their 'conquests' and nine times out of ten it's just lies.

"The song also suggests that women seem to be a lot stronger than men in everyday situations. They are the ones who hold families together and are the backbone, while men seem to be dreamers all the time… or at least that's my experience. We are less practical as a gender." — Tony Clarkin

"Different Worlds"
"In a way it's a follow-up to 'How Far Jerusalem', although it was never conceived in that fashion. It's based on something I saw whilst on holiday in the South of France.

"We were staying at this unbelievable place, with a swimming pool and garden and the sun was blazing… it was fantastic. Anyway we went down to Nice and we walked into an antiques market which was changing ridiculous amounts of money for this crazy stuff… nothing that interested me. So we decided to go into the old town and there were people walking around draped in jewellery. Yet I literally walked on a few more yards and suddenly there was a narrow avenue which had excretia everywhere and people where lying in doorways with bottles. It was really hard to comprehend when you see the two extremes of life back to back like that.

"Later on I was having something to eat in a really plush joint and this woman came up to me with a little kid and asked for money! I know these things happen all over the place but when it smacks you in the face you realise how crazy it all is.

"I don't want to come across in any song, though, as a pious twerp telling everyone what they should or shouldn't be doing. Everybody knows that people shouldn't starve to death, but what is a normal bloke, who works five days a week on normal wages with his own family to support, going to do about the situation? Public opinion can achieve a certain amount, but it's up to governments and those with a lot of money to make a difference. So I'm always afraid of coming across as preaching in songs, because I HATE being preached at. If someone does that to me, then I turn my back and I'm off. So what I'm really doing is preaching to MYSELF. I know I always need constantly reminding of what goes on in the world. You can watch a programme on TV that'll make you weep, and suddenly there'll be a commercial break… and you will feel a sense of relief because you want to get away from the horror of reality." — Tony Clarkin

"One Step Away"
"This is rather a magical song. I just imagined some evil spirit tempting a person to come with them. It's got a Steven Spielberg feel to it. The notion of a fella being persuaded by a beautiful temptress who could do all manner of magic. But he resists and tells her that it's wrong and evil… stay away!

"I suppose in a way it does hark back in style from my early form of writing songs. Over the past couple of albums I've broken away from this fantasy approach, which is an easy style to write in as there are no limits put on you, because I couldn't come up with anything new to say. Mind you, it's much harder to write straight-down-the-line, contemporary lyrics due to the fact that it has to be totally and utterly understandable – more obvious. But I've enjoyed dealing with realistic subjects, although when I was writing in a magical/fantasy way to me there was always an underlying sense of reality. All my songs have been based on the real world.

"As a lyricist, I probably write any set of words about 15 or 20 times in various guises, changing the odd line here and there. And even six months on, I'll notice a stupid little grammatical error that drives me up the wall but is fundamental to anyone that speaks English. I've got a pile of papers with millions of 'wrong' things on 'em, but usually I'll end up with just one copy of the final draft, which I give to Bob… and he loses them. I would love at some point to publish a book of real poetry, although I don't think my lyrics stand up as poetry, if only because in a song the damn lines have to rhyme, whereas in poetry you have more freedom to express yourself, less restrictions." — Tony Clarkin

"Pray for the Day"
"I got the idea for this in Austria. We were staying at a ski lodge whilst doing a festival and was right at the top of a mountain – hence the line 'On top of the world nothing breaks in' – and one day I wend down the road and there were lots of churches, all with wrought iron crosses having black ribbons and gauze hanging off. That reminded me of visiting the Berlin Wall, because along the entire wall are crosses marking spots where people had been shot and killed trying to escape. This in turn triggered off a childhood memory of watching a TV programme that shows a kid hanging in the barbed wire, dying bit by bit. Nobody could do anything for him; he'd been shot and left hanging. Eventually he died." — Tony Clarkin

"Don't Wake the Lion (Too Old To Die Young)"
"The first part was written in Germany and was inspired by the band's sound engineer! One day the two of us were talking about stand-up comics and he mentioned one particular comic, whose name I forget, but was very famous in the George Formby era. Anyway, he used to say to his wife, 'It were the day that war broke out' in a broad Lancashire accent. And that triggered off the song and once I started writing the whole song just poured out. At the time, there was no tune for it, which is very unusual for me.

"I wanted a song that could be looked at from both sides. It's obviously about the futility of war, an anti-war tune. But I wanted something that a German person could read and feel the same emotions as an English person.

"The middle part, which is actually a separate number called 'Too Old To Die Young' was written at the SFX Hall, Dublin… in a dressing room. I was thinking about myself. You know you get people saying that you should have a good time and die young, have a good looking corpse like James Dean. But I'm now too old for all of that, the option doesn't exist for me any more. I am who I am and if I depart this planet now it won't be in what I suppose some might call the rock 'n' roll fashion.

"I think we've all seen the films where the troops have gone 'over the top' from the trenches… and they knew they'd all be killed. What do you do in a situation like that? Fortunately, I've never had to face it, but it's crazy from all sides. No-one wants to go to war. It starts so often with a misplaced word, and gets bigger and bigger and bigger until suddenly… one minute you're at home and the next you're fighting. You'd smack a kid across the head for letting it get out of hand THAT far. Yet adults go to the point where they want to destroy the Earth!

"The actual title 'DON'T WAKE THE LION' means don't let anger get the better of you. The 'Lion' doesn't stand, as some might think, for Britain. It refers to the 'Lion' that exist in every single person. It's better to keep that side of you hidden." — Tony Clarkin

Personnel
Bob Catley — vocals
Tony Clarkin – guitar
Wally Lowe – bass guitar
Mark Stanway – keyboards
Mickey Barker – drums

Additional musicians
Attie Bauw – Fairlight programmer
The London Gospel Choir – backing vocals on "It Must Have Been Love"
Max Werner – backing vocals on "Different Worlds"

References

External links
 www.magnumonline.co.uk — Official Magnum site

1988 albums
Magnum (band) albums
Polydor Records albums

Wings of Heaven


Castell'Azzara is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Grosseto in the Italian region Tuscany, located about  southeast of Florence and about  east of Grosseto.

It occupies the slopes of the Monte Amiata and was once important for the extraction of cinnabar. It was first under the Aldobrandeschi, and then part of the Sforza County of Santa Fiora until 1624.

Main sights
Rocca Aldobrandesca (Castle). Of the original complex the palace and the watchtower remain.
Church of San Nicola, with some Renaissance parts.
Church of Madonna del Rosario, including a Renaissance chapel and frescoes in the apse.
Villa Sforzesca, built by the Sforza in the late 16th century

Nearby, in the frazione of Selvena, are the ruins of Rocca Silvana, a fortress of the Aldobrandeschi.

References

External links
 Official website
 Associazione Pro Loco Castell'Azzara

Cities and towns in Tuscany

Castell'Azzara


The Superstring theory is an approach to realize Einstein's dream of a united theory of physics. It is a single unified theory that would be able to describe all of the forces at work in the universe. The Superstring theory is also known as the String Theory.

String theory

Superstring theory


Uppsala Castle () is a 16th-century royal castle in the city of Uppsala, Sweden. Throughout much of its early existence, the castle played a major role in the history of Sweden. Originally constructed in 1549, the castle has been heavily remodeled, expanded, and otherwise modified. Today the structure houses the official residence of the governor of Uppsala County, various businesses, and two museums.

Older royal residences in Uppsala
Nearby Gamla Uppsala was an important religious and aristocratic center from at least the 5th century up until 1273 (when the Catholic archbishopric was moved to the area that became modern-day Uppsala). It had been at the end of the 5th century that the Yngling dynasty is known to have established themselves in Gamla Uppsala. Today, large royal burial mounds are extant and traces of ancient royal manors have been discovered at Gamla Uppsala.

In the Middle Ages a royal estate, known today as , existed in an area of Uppsala called Islandet. This estate was destroyed by fire in 1543. During the Protestant reformation, a medieval archbishop's castle, which stood west of Uppsala Cathedral (near the site of the present-day Archbishop's Palace), was confiscated by the Monarchy of Sweden. Both this castle and the Föresäng estate were used as early royal residences in Uppsala.

History
Uppsala Castle was built during the reign of Gustav I Vasa, a period when Sweden was becoming a great power in Europe. After its initial construction, various monarchs remodelled and expanded the fortress into a representative Renaissance castle.

Gustav I Vasa

Following a peasant uprising against Vasa's rule, known as the Dacke War, it was decided to build new defensive castles in the kingdom, including one in Uppsala. Construction of the castle started in 1549 atop a large esker called Kasåsen. The newly constructed complex included royal apartments in the south-west corner, and two large bastions on the western side. Both of these bastions, called respectively Gräsgården and Styrbiskop, remain a feature at the castle today, although only the foundations of the original royal apartments remain (and house Vasaborgen museum). Soon after completion of the new castle, an addition to the east of the royal apartments was constructed, adding "representation premises" such as a hall of state and church. The Styrbiskop (Bishop-Controller) battery was permanently trained on Uppsala cathedral owing to the hostility between the church authorities and the king from the beginning of his reign.

Eric XIV
During the reign of Eric XIV the representation addition was completed. Also during his reign, the Sture Murders took place in the castle.

John III

In 1572, while John III was king of Sweden, a fire ripped through the castle heavily damaging both the original royal apartments and the representation addition. Franciscus Pahr was hired as architect to rebuild the damaged castle. Pahr envisioned a new south wing to replace the fire-damaged structure, with royal apartments in the western half and a hall of state and church in the eastern half. To the north would be a courtyard, bounded by colonnades and pillars. Pahr died in 1580, with only the western half of the south wing completed. Another architect, possibly Willem Boy, was brought in to finish the eastern half of the south wing. This new architect also planned for a large north wing with towers, connected to the south wing by a long, narrow east wing called "The Long Castle" (Swedish: Långslottet); this new plan would create a U-shaped castle.

And thus, between the two different architects hired by King John III, the new south wing was completed with royal apartments, a hall of state, and church; also included was the rebuilding the southwest tower and construction of a new southeast tower. Two-thirds of the new east wing (The Long Castle) was also completed by the time John III died in 1592. Also during this period, a large garden was laid out at the base of the hill to the east of the castle.

The castle's church constructed during this period included large multi-story stucco reredos encompassing the entire wall behind the altar. Parts of these reredos remain a feature in the castle today.

Charles IX of Sweden
King Charles IX wished to see the castle's northern and eastern additions completed. Only the east wing (The Long Castle) and it's northeast tower were completed, the envisioned northern wing was never built.

Gustavus Adolphus
In 1630, King Gustavus Adolphus announced the decision that Sweden should participate in the Thirty Years' War.

Queen Christina
In the 1640s, a fountain was added to the castle's courtyard, which was supplied by water pumped from the river Fyris. It was in the castle that the Swedish government announced the abdication of Queen Christina in 1654.

1702 fire and reconstruction

On 16 May 1702 a large fire spread through Uppsala, destroying much of the city. The castle was not spared from the inferno and its south wing was heavily damaged. The castle was not repaired until decades later, in large part because Tre Kronor Castle (the royal palace in Stockholm) had burned just five years prior and resources went towards rebuilding the royal residence there first. Some stone from the damaged Uppsala Castle was taken to Stockholm to be used in the construction of the new Stockholm Palace.

Repairs and rebuilding of Uppsala Castle took place between 1743 and 1762. The repairs were initiated by Duke Adolf Frederick, who in 1743 had been elected heir to the throne of Sweden and needed a proper residence. Carl Hårleman was commissioned architect of the project. The western part of the south wing (above King Jan's Portal), which had contained the royal apartments was not rebuilt. The less damaged eastern part of the south wing, which had contained the hall of state and church, was less damaged and was repaired during this period. The multi-story former church area was divided into different floors and rooms, to be used as royal apartments. The church's stucco reredos that survived the fire were left in place and are still a feature of the castle. Hårleman's plans were only partially realized, as in 1751 Adolf Frederick was crowned king and moved into Drottningholm Palace. Over the course of several centuries, Uppsala had slowly lost its status as a royal city in favor of Stockholm, and the lack of royal funds after 1762 generally left the castle at its current size and shape. A major exception is the southeast tower, which had only been reconstructed to a height of two floors during Hårleman's period–it was fully reconstructed in 1815 to be used as a county prison.

The Gunilla bell was cast in 1588 an recast in 1759 after the fire. It was moved from the south east tower after the fire to its present position on the battlements of the Bishopcontroller (Styrbiskop) gun battery pointed by Gustav Vasa at the cathedral opposite. The bell then served as a curfew bell for the town.

Modern usage

Uppsala County administration
After repairs, Uppsala Castle was the administrative center of Uppsala County and the site of the Hall of State (Swedish: Rikssalen) for many years. In the 1930s, the Hall of State was restored and is now used as event space. The castle currently serves as the official residence of the County Governor of Uppsala County.

Dag Hammarskjöld, former Secretary-General of the United Nations, spent his childhood days in the castle when his father, Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, was governor of Uppsala County.

Regional archive
In 1903 the government of Sweden opened a regional archive in the castle, containing important historical and genealogical records for Uppsala and surrounding counties. The archives were housed in the south wing of the castle, in the area of the former castle church. The reredos that had survived the 1702 fire were visible in parts of the archive. In 1993, the archive was moved out of the castle.

Museums

Uppsala Art Museum
Today, the castle's south wing contains the Uppsala Art Museum (). The art museum opened in 1995, a few years after the regional archive had been removed. As of 2021, Uppsala Municipality is planning major changes to the south wing to better accommodate the art museum.

Beginning in 1997 the art museum also displayed Uppsala University's art study collection (Swedish: Uppsala universitets konststudiesamling) containing many historic Swedish paintings. The art study collection was removed in Spring 2017, to be displayed at the university's Gustavianum museum.

Vasaborgen
Vasaborgen ("The Vasa Fortress") is a museum in the ruins of the original foundation of the 1549 royal apartments. The museum opened in 2004, replacing an older, government operated museum which interpreted the history of the castle. It is open for limited hours only during the summer season.

Peace Museum
Between 2006 and 2019 the Peace Museum (Swedish: Fredsmuseum) was housed in the castle. It closed following the December 2019 discovery of high levels of radon in the castle.

Businesses
Areas of the castle are also rented to private businesses.

References

External links

Hall of State
Uppsala Art Museum
Vasaborgen Museum
Destination Uppsala: Uppsala Castle

Listed buildings in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Uppsala
Tourist attractions in Uppsala County
Art museums and galleries in Sweden
Museums in Uppsala
Historic house museums in Sweden
Castles in Uppsala County
Official residences of Swedish county governors

Uppsala Castle


The Daintree Rainforest, also known as the Daintree, is a region on the northeastern coast of Queensland, Australia, about , by road, north of the city of Cairns. Whilst the terms "Daintree Rainforest" and "the Daintree" are not officially defined, it is generally accepted and understood that they refer to the area from the Daintree River north to Cooktown, and from the coastline west to the Great Dividing Range. The popular tourist destination of Mossman Gorge, some  south of the Daintree River, is often (and again, unofficially) included in the definition.

At around , the Daintree is a part of the largest contiguous area of tropical rainforest in Australia, known as the Wet Tropics of Queensland. The region, along with a select number of other rainforest areas on the Australian east coast, collectively form some of the oldest extant rainforest communities in the world. At around 180 million years old, these ancient, self-sustaining forests are nearly 10 million years older than the Amazon of South America (the world's largest rainforest and top region for biodiversity), and have witnessed dinosaurs, ice ages, and early humans all come and go.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Daintree Rainforest was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "natural attraction".

History and description

The rainforest is named after the Daintree River, which in turn was named in honour of Australian geologist and photographer Richard Daintree (1832–1878). It is a remnant of what was once a vast forest that covered the entire Australian continent. It is a rare survivor of 120 million years of altered climatic conditions resulting from continental drift, which has reduced the extent of the original forest to a few restricted areas on the east coast.

The area includes the Daintree National Park, some areas of State Forest, and some privately owned land, including a residential community. Some of the privately owned land north of the Peninsula Range is being progressively purchased for conservation purposes under a $15 million government scheme involving equal contributions from the Cairns Region, and Queensland and Australian Governments. , 72% of the properties earmarked for buyback or compensation had been secured. These 'buyback' areas of tropical rainforest included 215 blocks of land purchased by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, and 13 purchased by private conservation agencies.

The Daintree Rainforest contains approximately 3,000 different plant species, from nearly 210 plant families; with over 900 different types of tree, one single hectare could, realistically, contain anywhere from 100 to 150 individual species. The forests contain 30% of the total frog, reptile and marsupial species in Australia, 90% of the continent's bat and butterfly species, 7% of the country's bird species, and over 12,000 species of insects, along with a multitude of lower animals, fungi, lichens, mosses, and microorganisms – all within an area constituting 0.12% of Australia's landmass. Part of the forest is protected by the Daintree National Park and drained by the Daintree River. The roads north of the river wind through areas of lush forest, and have been designed to minimize impacts on this ancient ecosystem.

On 29 September 2021, the eastern Kuku Yalanji people won formal ownership of  of country stretching from Mossman to Cooktown, including the Daintree National Park after a historic deal was made between the traditional custodians and the Queensland Government.

Exploring

The Daintree region combines tropical rainforest, white sandy beaches, and fringing reefs just offshore, which is a rare combination. Due to the distance between attractions, driving is often the simplest way to navigate between them. The Daintree National Park boasts many walking tracks and there are a number of accommodation options within the Daintree Rainforest itself.

To the west of Cape Tribulation stands Mt Pieter Botte with its massive granite outcrops. The summit provides expansive vistas of undisturbed forest and to the south, the skyline is dominated by the giant granite boulders of Thornton Peak – one of Queensland's highest mountains.

Much of the Daintree Rainforest is part of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Site, being listed by UNESCO in 1988 in recognition of its universal natural values highlighted by the rainforest.  Blockades against road building through the rainforest occurred in 1983 and 1984 and were followed by a major lobbying campaign which eventually secured protection for the area.

Amongst the attributes provided as evidence for the World Heritage value of the Wet Tropics, which include the Daintree Rainforest, the Australian Government lists the following:

They preserve major stages of the earth's evolutionary history -
 ancient plants representing some of the earliest land plants, the Psilotopsida (whisk ferns) and the Lycopsida (club mosses or tassel ferns);
 7 ancient families of true ferns, including the Marattiaceae (giant or king ferns), Osmundaceae (royal ferns), Schizaeaceae (comb ferns) and Gleicheniaceae (coral ferns);
 fern genera of East Gondwanan origins, including Polystichum (shield ferns), Leptopteris, Todea, Tmesipteris (fork ferns), Lycopodiella and Huperzia (club mosses and tassel ferns);
 the ancient, fern-like cycad Bowenia spectabilis (zamia fern) and other cycads including Cycas, and the giant Lepidozamia hopei (zamia palm);
 ancient conifers such as Podocarpus (plum pine or brown pine), Prumnopitys (brown pine or southern yew), Araucaria (hoop and bunya pines), and Agathis (kauri) which are living counterparts of Jurassic-age fossils (i.e., age of the dinosaurs);
 12 primitive angiosperm (flowering plant) families, including small, primitive, relict angiosperm families such as Austrobaileyaceae, Calycanthaceae, Eupomatiaceae and Himantandraceae;
 relict angiosperm plant families that are known as fossils from the Cretaceous (last age of the dinosaurs) including Cunoniaceae, Proteaceae (banksia and macadamia family), Winteraceae, Myrtaceae (eucalypt and lilly pilly), Monimiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Aquifoliaceae (holly family), Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, Epacridaceae (heath family), Olacaceae and families of angiosperms to represent the longest continuous history associated with the Gondwanan landmass.

They preserve unique, rare or superlative natural phenomena, formations or features of exceptional natural beauty –
 exceptional coastal scenery unusual in the world (and Australia) where tropical rainforest extends to white sandy beaches with fringing coral reefs just offshore;
 rugged mountain peaks and gorges with swiftly flowing rivers and spectacular waterfalls (e.g., Thornton Peak, Mossman Gorge, Roaring Meg Falls);
 extensive vistas of undisturbed forest and valleys.

The Daintree rainforest contains important and significant habitats for conservation of biological diversity. Approximately 430 species of birds live among the trees. The primitive flowering plants Austrobaileya scandens and Idiospermum australiense are also endemic to the Daintree. However, The Daintree Region is home to a number of rare and endangered species, including the southern cassowary (Casuarius Casuarius) and Bennett's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus bennettianus).

Daintree Important Bird Area
The Daintree Important Bird Area (IBA) is a  tract of land that largely coincides with the northernmost part of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Site. It encompasses, or overlaps, the Kalkajaka, Ngalba Bulal, Daintree, Mount Windsor and Mowbray National Parks.

It has been identified as an IBA by BirdLife International because it supports a population of southern cassowaries. It also contains populations of the locally endemic tooth-billed and golden bowerbirds, lovely fairywrens, Macleay's, bridled, yellow-spotted and white-streaked honeyeaters, fernwrens, Atherton scrubwrens, mountain thornbills, chowchillas, Bower's shrike-thrushes, pied monarchs, Victoria's riflebirds and pale-yellow robins.

See also

 Cape York Peninsula
 Forests of Australia
 Queensland tropical rain forests

References

External links

 Daintree Visitors Guide
 Visitor information about the Daintree
 Summary of the Daintree Rainforest
Bugs & Butterflies of The Daintree

Landforms of Far North Queensland
Forests of Queensland
Tropical rainforests of Australia
Important Bird Areas of Queensland
Tourist attractions in Far North Queensland

Daintree Rainforest


The International Typographic Style is a systemic approach to graphic design that emerged during the 1930s - 1950s but continued to develop internationally. It is considered the basis of the Swiss style. It expanded on and formalized the modernist typographic innovations of the 1920s that emerged in part out of art movements such as Constructivism (Russia), De Stijl (The Netherlands) and at the Bauhaus (Germany).  The International Typographic Style has had profound influence on graphic design as a part of the modernist movement, impacting many design-related fields including architecture and art. It emphasizes simplicity, clarity, readability, and objectivity. Hallmarks of the style are asymmetric layouts, use of a grid, sans-serif typefaces like Akzidenz Grotesk and Helvetica, and flush left, ragged right text. The style is also associated with a preference for photography in place of illustrations or drawings. Many of the early International Typographic Style works featured typography as a primary design element in addition to its use in text, and it is for this that the style is named. The influences of this graphic movement can still be seen in design strategy and theory to this day.

Specifics of the term

International Typographic Style and the Swiss School

There are difficulties in defining the boundaries of the International Typographic Style. Sometimes, the term is considered as a synonym for the concept of "Swiss style" - a phenomenon that became widespread in international typography and Swiss design in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the International Typographic Style and the Swiss Style are different phenomena. Traditionally, the term "International Typographic Style" is used as a name that defines the state of international graphics in the 1920s and 1930s. The concept of "Swiss style" is usually limited to the 1950s and 1960s and associated with universal graphic systems of this period.   Despite controversy and discrepancies, these terms are sometimes used interchangeably.

International Typographic Style and International Style

"International Typographic Style" is meaningfully related to the concept of International Style in architecture. This phenomenon, in turn, is attributed to the 1930s-1960s and is associated with the exhibition "Modern Architecture: An International Exhibition", which was held in 1932 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The visual system of the International Style formed the basis of the general artistic doctrine in various fields of design and formed the basis of the International Typographic Style.

History

The style emerged from a desire to represent information objectively, free from the influence of associated meaning. The International Typographic Style evolved as a modernist graphic movement that sought to convey messages clearly and in a universally straightforward manner. Two major Swiss design schools are responsible for the early years of International Typographic Style. A graphic design technique based on grid-work that began in the 19th century became inspiration for modifying the foundational course at the Basel School of Design in 1908. Shortly thereafter, in 1918 Ernst Keller became a professor at the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich and began developing a graphic design and typography course. He did not teach a specific style to his students, rather he taught a philosophy of style that dictated "the solution to the design problem should emerge from its content." This idea of the solution to the design emerging from the problem itself was a reaction to previous artistic processes focused on "beauty for the sake of beauty" or "the creation of beauty as a purpose in and of itself". Keller's work uses simple geometric forms, vibrant colors and evocative imagery to further elucidate the meaning behind each design. Other early pioneers include Théo Ballmer and Max Bill.

The 1950s saw the distillation of International Typographic Style elements into sans-serif font families such as Univers. Univers paved the way for Max Miedinger and collaborator Edouard Hoffman to design the typeface Neue Haas Grotesk, which would be later renamed Helvetica. The goal with Helvetica was to create a pure typeface that could be applied to longer texts and that was highly readable. The movement began to coalesce after a periodical publication began in 1959 titled New Graphic Design, which was edited by several influential designers who played major roles in the development of International Typographic Style. The format of the journal represented many of the important elements of the style—visually demonstrating the content—and was published internationally, thus spreading the movement beyond Switzerland's borders. One of the editors, Josef Müller-Brockmann, "sought an absolute and universal form of graphic expression through objective and impersonal presentation, communicating to the audience without the interference of the designer's subjective feelings or propagandist techniques of persuasion." Many of Müller-Brockmann's feature large photographs as objective symbols meant to convey his ideas in particularly clear and powerful ways.

After World War II international trade began to increase and relations between countries grew steadily stronger. Typography and design were crucial to helping these relationships progress—clarity, objectivity, region-less glyphs, and symbols are essential to communication between international partners. International Typographic Style found its niche in this communicative climate and expanded further beyond Switzerland, to America.

One of the first American designers to integrate Swiss design with his own was Rudolph de Harak. The influence of International Typographic Style on de Harak's own works can be seen in his many book jacket designs for McGraw-Hill publishers in the 1960s. Each jacket shows the book title and author, often aligned with a grid—flush left, ragged-right. One striking image covers most of the jacket, elucidating the theme of the particular book. International Typographic Style was embraced by corporations and institutions in America from the 1960s on, for almost two decades. One institution particularly devoted to the style was MIT.

Associated movements
During the 1900s other design based movements were formulating, influencing and influenced by the International Typographic movement. These movements emerged within the relationships between artistic fields including architecture, literature, graphic design, painting, sculpting etc.

De Stijl was a Dutch artistic movement that saw prominence in the period between 1917 and 1931. Referred to as neoplasticism, this artistic strategy sought to reflect a new Utopian ideal of spiritual harmony and order. It was a form of pure abstraction through reduction to the essentials of form and colour, employing vertical and horizontal layouts using only black and white and primary colors. Proponents of this movement included painters like Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszar and Bart van der Leck as well as architects like Gerrit Rietveld, Robert van 't Hoff and J. J. P. Oud.

Bauhaus was a German-based movement that emphasized purity of geometry, absence of ornamentation and the motto 'form follows function'. This was a school of thought that combined craftsmaking with the fine arts and was founded by Walter Gropius. The goal was to work towards the essence of the form follows function relationship to facilitate a style that could be applied to all design problems; the International Style.

Constructivism was an art/architectural philosophy that emerged from Russia in the 1920s. The style develops by assorted mechanical objects that are combined into abstract mobile structural forms. Hallmarks of the movement include geometric reduction, photo-montage and simplified palettes.

Suprematism, which arose in 1913, is another Russian art movement similarly focused on the simplification and purity of geometric forms to speak to values of spirituality.

All of these movements including the International Typographic styles are defined by reductionist purity as a visually compelling strategy of conveying messages through geometric and color based hierarchies.

Theory
The Bauhaus mantra of 'form follows function' applies to design in the spirit of the International Typographic movement. The movement was structured by focusing on detail, precision, craft skill, systems of education and approach, technical training, high standards of print, and the innovative application of lettering. The theory revolves around critically approaching the development of a system specific to the design problem presented.

For example, a father of the style, Ernst Keller, argued that a design solution should always be respectful of its content.

A good comparison is the structure that defines a math problem. One only uses specific equations for specific types of problems. One similarly only can work through these equations in specific ways. With the International Typographic and other related philosophies, a design context is critical to deriving a response.

Characteristics of style
Each design done with International Typographic Style in mind begins with a mathematical grid, because a grid is the "most legible and harmonious means for structuring information." Text is then applied, most often aligned flush left, ragged right. Fonts chosen for the text are sans serif, a type style believed to "[express] the spirit of a more progressive age" by early designers in the movement and focus on delivering content over embellishment. Helvetica, a font that is named after the Latin name for Switzerland, has been described as synonymous with Swiss design; other characteristic fonts associated with the style include Univers and Akzidenz-Grotesk.

Objective photography is another design element meant to present information clearly, and without any of the persuading influences of propaganda or commercial advertising. Such a strong focus on order and clarity is drawn from early pioneers of the movement believing that design is a "socially useful and important activity ... the designers define their roles not as artists but as objective conduits for spreading important information between components of society."

See also
International style (architecture)
Swiss Style (design)
Helvetica
Max Bill
Adrian Frutiger
Armin Hofmann
Dorothea Hofmann
Richard Paul Lohse
Josef Müller-Brockmann
Paul Rand
Emil Ruder
Jan Tschichold

References

Further reading
Brändle C.; Gimmi K.; Junod B.; Reble C.; Richter B. 100 Years of Swiss Graphic Design. Museum fürGestaltung Zürich. Zürich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2014. 325 p.
Fiedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. .
Hollis, Richard. Swiss Graphic Design: The Origins and Growth of an International Style, 1920-1965. Yale University Press: 2006. .
Meggs P. A History of Graphic Design. N. Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. 592 p.
Müller-Brockmann, Josef. Grid Systems in Graphic Design. Niggli: 1996. .
Ruder, Emil. Typography. Hastings House: 1981. .
Vasileva, Ekaterina. The Swiss Style: It's Prototypes, Origins and the Regulation Problem // Terra Artis. Arts and Design, 2021, 3, 84-101. DOI: 10.53273/27128768_2021_3_84

External links
 International Style / Swiss Style Color Palette
 Swiss Graphic Design and Typography Revisited

Art movements
Swiss art
Graphic design
Communication design
Modern art
1920s in art
1950s in art

International Typographic Style


The Old Man of the Mountain, also called the Great Stone Face and the Profile, was a series of five granite cliff ledges on Cannon Mountain in Franconia, New Hampshire, United States, that appeared to be the jagged profile of a human face when viewed from the north. The rock formation,  above Profile Lake, was  tall and  wide.

The Old Man of the Mountain is called "Stone Face" by the Abenaki and is a symbol within their culture. It is also a symbol to the Mohawk people. The first written mention of the Old Man was in 1805. It became a landmark and a cultural icon for the state of New Hampshire. It collapsed on May 3, 2003. After its collapse, residents considered replacing it with a replica, but the idea was ultimately rejected. It remains a visual icon on the state's license plates and in other places.

History

Franconia Notch is a U-shaped valley in the White Mountains that was shaped by glaciers. The Old Man formation was likely formed from freezing and thawing of water in cracks of the granite bedrock sometime after the retreat of glaciers 12,000 years ago. The formation was first noted in the records of a Franconia surveying team around 1805. Francis Whitcomb and Luke Brooks, part of the surveying team, were the first two to record observing the Old Man. The official state history says several groups of surveyors were working in the Franconia Notch area at the time and claimed credit for the discovery.

Indigenous legends
According to Abenaki legend, a human named Nis Kizos was born during an eclipse. He became a good leader and provider for his community. Nis Kizos was successful enough to attend Kchi Mahadan, a great gathering of other communities to trade. Tarlo, a beautiful Iroquois woman, returned with him. They fell in love. Tarlo had to return to her birth village because its people had been struck by a sickness. Nis Kizos promised he would live at the top of the mountain. By day he would look out for her, and at night he would light a fire to guide her back. With winter fast approaching, the elders sent Nis Kizos's brother Gezosa to bring him back. He was unsuccessful because Nis Kizos maintained his promise. Tarlo died in her birth village of sickness. After the winter Gezosa went back up the mountain to bring the news of Tarlo and retrieve Nis Kizos. He found no signs of the existence of Nis Kizos and was stricken with sadness. On his way back down the mountain he looked back and found Nis Kizos had become part of the mountain as a stone face to look after the land.

A modern addition to the Abenaki legend is that when Stone Face fell in 2003, he finally was re-united with Tarlo. The Great Circle was rejoined.

Denise Ortakales published a children's book in 2005 called The Legend of the Old Man of the Mountain, which relates the Mohawk legend of the stone face. In the tale, Chief Pemigewassat loved a maiden named Minerwa of the Mohawk people, which brought peace between their tribes for a long time. When Minerwa went back home to visit her dying father, Chief Pemigewassat promised he would stay and wait for her to return. However, the Great Spirit claimed him during the winter, and his people buried him facing towards Minerwa to watch for her return. His face was immortalized in the stone as the stone face, forever waiting and watching.

Post-colonial history

The Old Man became famous across the United States largely because of statesman Daniel Webster, a New Hampshire native, who once wrote: "Men hang out their signs indicative of their respective trades; shoemakers hang out a gigantic shoe; jewelers a monster watch, and the dentist hangs out a gold tooth; but up in the Mountains of New Hampshire, God Almighty has hung out a sign to show that there He makes men."

The writer Nathaniel Hawthorne used the Old Man as inspiration for his short story "The Great Stone Face", published in 1850, in which he described the formation as "a work of Nature in her mood of majestic playfulness".

The profile has been New Hampshire's state emblem since 1945. It was put on the state's license plates and state route signs, and on the back of New Hampshire's statehood quarter, popularly promoted as the only U.S. coin with a profile on both sides. Before the collapse, it could be seen from special viewing areas along Interstate 93 in Franconia Notch State Park, approximately  north of the state's capital, Concord.

Collapse

Freezing and thawing opened fissures in the Old Man's "forehead". By the 1920s, the crack was wide enough to be mended with chains, and in 1957 the state legislature passed a $25,000 appropriation for a more elaborate weatherproofing, using 20 tons of fast-drying cement, plastic covering and steel rods and turnbuckles, plus a concrete gutter to divert runoff from above. A team from the state highway and park divisions maintained the patchwork each summer.

Nevertheless, the formation collapsed to the ground between midnight and 2 a.m. on May 3, 2003. Dismay over the collapse was so great that people visited to pay tribute, with some leaving flowers.

After the collapse

Early after the collapse, many New Hampshire residents considered replacement with a replica. That idea was rejected by an official task force later in 2003 headed by former Governor Steve Merrill.

In 2004, the state legislature considered, but did not accept, a proposal to change New Hampshire's state flag to include the profile.

On the first anniversary of the collapse in May 2004, the Old Man of the Mountain Legacy Fund (OMMLF) began operating coin-operated viewfinders near the base of the cliff. When looking through them up at the cliff of Cannon Mountain one can see a "before" and "after" of how the Old Man of the Mountain used to appear.

Seven years after the collapse, on June 24, 2010, the OMMLF, now the Friends of the Old Man of the Mountain, broke ground for the first phase of the state-sanctioned "Old Man of the Mountain Memorial" on a walkway along Profile Lake below Cannon Cliff. It consists of a viewing platform with "Steel Profilers", which, when aligned with the Cannon Cliff above, create what the profile looked like up on the cliff overlooking Franconia Notch. The project was overseen by Friends of the Old Man of the Mountain/Franconia Notch, a committee that succeeded the Old Man of the Mountain Revitalization Task Force. The Legacy Fund is a private 501(c)(3) corporation with representatives from various state agencies and several private nonprofits.

In 2013, the board called a halt to further fundraising. They announced their intention to spend what was left on minor improvements and dissolve the board.

The memorial was completed in September 2020.

Other proposals that were considered but rejected include:
 Architect Francis Treves envisioned a walk-in profile made of 250 panels of structural glass attached to tubular steel framework and concrete tower, connected by a tram, rim trail or tunnel through to the cliff wall at the original site. It won an American Institute of Architects Un-Built Project Award.
 In 2009, Ken N. Gidge, a state representative from Nashua, proposed building a copper replica of the Old Man on level ground above the ledge at the original site where hiking trails already lead.

Timeline of the Old Man

Details of the history of the Old Man of the Mountain include:
 17th millennium BC–6th millennium BC — New England underwent the Wisconsin glaciation, the most recent ice age. Glaciers covering New England and post-glacial erosion created the cliff which would subsequently erode into the Old Man of the Mountain at Franconia Notch.
 9th millennium BC — Human beings begin to populate the area, after which the Old Man is recognized and becomes the inspiration for stories and legends.
 1805 — Francis Whitcomb and Luke Brooks, part of a Franconia surveying crew, were the first white settlers to record observing the Old Man, according to the official New Hampshire history.
 Early 1800s — American statesman Daniel Webster brought national attention to the profile in his writings.
 1832 — Author Nathaniel Hawthorne visited the area.
 1850 — Hawthorne published "The Great Stone Face", a short story inspired by his visit. The story's title became an alternative name for the formation.
 1869 — President Ulysses S. Grant visited the formation.
 1906 — The Reverend Guy Roberts of New Hampshire was the first to publicize signs of deterioration of the formation.
 1916 — New Hampshire Governor Rolland H. Spaulding began a concerted state effort to preserve the formation.
 1926 — The formation appeared on all New Hampshire passenger, dealer, replacement, and sample license plates for this year.
 1945 — The Old Man was made the New Hampshire State Emblem.
 1955 — President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the profile as part of the Old Man's 150th "birthday" celebration.
 1958 — Major repair work to the Old Man's forehead was undertaken as a result of a legislative appropriation the previous year.
 1965 — Niels Nielsen, a state highway worker, became the unofficial guardian of the profile, in an effort to protect the formation from vandalism and the ravages of the weather.
 1974 — From 1974 to 1979, each license plate validation sticker had a likeness of the formation.
 1976 — For the United States Bicentennial the formation was once again available on the state's license plate, but it cost an extra $5 and it could only be used as a front plate.
 1986 — Vandalizing the Old Man was classified as a crime under the state criminal mischief law. Under the law (RSA 634:2 VI) it was a misdemeanor for any person to vandalize, deface or destroy any part of the Old Man, with a penalty of a fine of between $1,000 and $3,000 and restitution to the state for any damage caused.
 1987 — Nielsen was named the official caretaker of the Old Man by the state of New Hampshire. Beginning that year all passenger car license plates had a small image of the formation at the top. This practice continued through 1999. The license plates distributed after 1999 were redesigned to feature the Old Man of the Mountain much more prominently.
 1988 — A  stretch of Interstate 93 (which also runs jointly with U.S. Route 3 through the notch) opened below Cannon Mountain. The $56 million project, which took 30 years to build, was a compromise between the desire for a four-lane interstate and those who sought to limit the impact on the notch.
 1991 — David Nielsen, son of Niels Nielsen, became the official caretaker of the Old Man.
 2000 — The Old Man was featured on the state quarter of New Hampshire and became the graphic background on passenger car license plates.
 2003 — The Old Man collapsed.
 2004 — Coin-operated viewfinders were installed to show how the Old Man looked before its collapse.
 2007 — Design of an Old Man of the Mountain memorial announced.
 2010 — First phase of the state-sanctioned "Old Man of the Mountain Memorial" was unveiled.
 2011 — Profiler Plaza was dedicated on June 12.
 2020 — Memorial completed in September.
 2023 — State Representative Tim Cahill compared the collapse of the Old Man to 9/11 in debate over a bill to create a memorialization day for the Old Man; this comparison drew criticism.
 2023 — New Hampshire establishes May 3 as Old Man of the Mountain Day.

See also

 List of rock formations that resemble human beings
 Mount Pemigewasset, another New Hampshire rock formation
 Pareidolia
 Cydonia, location of the "Face on Mars"
 Old Man of the Lake
 Profile Rock

References

Further reading

External links

 The Day the Old Man Fell via YouTube
 The Old Man of the Mountain Legacy Fund
 NH State Parks — An end is just a new beginning
 19th-century paintings of the Old Man of the Mountain
 Photos from atop the Old Man of the Mountain after the collapse
 The Evolution of Cannon Cliff project (Dartmouth College et al.)
 The project's The Old Man of the Mountain in 3D StoryMap

Landmarks in New Hampshire
Rock formations of New Hampshire
White Mountains (New Hampshire)
Landforms of Grafton County, New Hampshire
History of New Hampshire
Tourist attractions in Grafton County, New Hampshire
Destroyed rock formations

Old Man of the Mountain


The Council of Ministers (, CdM) is the principal executive organ of the Government of Italy. It comprises the President of the Council (the Prime Minister of Italy), all the ministers, and the Undersecretary to the Prime Minister. Deputy ministers () and junior ministers () are part of the government, but are not members of the Council of Ministers.

History
The Council of Ministers' origins date to the production of the Albertine Statute by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1848. The Statute, which subsequently became the Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, did not envision collegial meetings of individual ministers, but simply the existence of ministers as heads of their ministries, responsible for their operations. The Council of Ministers subsequently developed as a constitutional convention and the office of the President of the Council emerged from the need to co-ordinate the activities of the individual ministers.

Formation

Appointment
The Office of the Council of Ministers is regulated by the Constitution and consists of:

 The President of the Council of Ministers (usually referred to as Prime Minister), is the chair of the council and is appointed by the President of Italy after post-election consultations with the leaders of parliamentary groups, the Presidents of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, and former Presidents of the Republic. The prime minister is confirmed by a motion of confidence (nominal voting) of both Houses of Parliament no later than 10 days following the swearing of Government as per the Constitution;
 Should either House not pass the aforementioned motion, the Prime Minister has a constitutional duty to resign to allow the President either to find a new majority for the support of another appointed Prime Minister or to call for new elections;
 The Ministers, appointed by the President of Italy, but at the request of the Prime Minister;
 As the per Constitution, the President has the power to question the choice of a minister, should there be grounds to call it into question. Until an agreement has been found, the head of the Ministry in question will not be appointed.

All powers of the Council of Ministers rest in the hands of the President of the Republic until the ministers assume their offices.

Oath
After the President of the Republic signs the appointment decrees, but before being able to exercise their functions, the Prime Minister and the Ministers must take an oath of office according to the formula laid out in Article 1.3 of Law n. 400/1988. The oath expresses the necessity of trust which is incumbent on all citizens, but especially on those holding public office (according to Article 54 of the Constitution).

Recall
According to Article 94 of the Constitution, the Government can have its confidence (or trust) revoked. The motion of no-confidence must be signed by at least one-tenth of the members of the House, and cannot be discussed for at least three days following the proposal. Once discussed, it must be voted through nominal appeal. While the recall of single ministers is not explicitly regulated, procedural practice allows for an individual motion of no-confidence: the first such case was Filippo Mancuso in 1995.

Functions
The functions of the Council of Ministers are disciplined by the Constitution (article 92–96) and by Law n. 400 of 23 August 1988.

Relationship with other parts of the political system
The Council of Ministers within a Parliamentary form of Government (e.g., Italy) is the principal holder of executive power – that is, the power to put a decision of the Italian political process into effect (i.e., execute it).

 In relation to the Parliament, the "relationship of trust" (rapporto di fiducia) is crucial. For the Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister to exercise their functions fully and continue to stay in office, they must retain the political support of both Houses of Parliament. The relationship of trust is the core of parliamentary systems like the Italian one because it means that the Government is "responsible" to Parliament.
 The President of the Republic has the power to appoint the Prime Minister and the ministers.
 The regular judiciary is organised from an administrative-structural point of view by the Minister of Justice; however, the independence of the judiciary in relation to the other parts of the state remains firm, as is made clear by the existence of the High Council of the Judiciary which appoints, transfers, promotes, and disciplines members of the judiciary independently of the executive branch.

The members of the Council of Ministers, even if they leave their positions, are subject to the jurisdiction of the courts for activities committed in their official capacity only with the authorization of one of the chambers of the Parliament (art. 96 of the Constitution).

Powers
As the main organ of the executive power, the primary role of the Council of Ministers is the actualization of a given national policy. The Constitution provides it with the following means for doing this:

 Legislative initiative: The Council of Ministers can present bills to the two Houses of Parliament.
 Decree power: The Council of Ministers can adopt two different types of decree that have the force of law (that is, with a legal power equivalent to laws approved by Parliament): the law-decree (provisional) in matters of urgency and the legislative decree (non-provisional) in cases where Parliament has expressly delegated legislative authority to the council. Frequent use of the decree power has seen substantial legislative power shift from Parliament to the Council in recent times.
 The law-decree (arts. 72 and 77 of the Constitution and art. 15 of Law n. 400/1988) is an act drafted by the Council of Ministers and passed by a majority of its members, but only in cases of the utmost need and urgency. Once passed, it enters into force immediately and is proposed to either House of Parliament for conversion into law. If the decree is not converted within 60 days, its effects become null and void.
 The legislative decree (art. 76 of the Constitution) is a tool by means of which the Houses decide (e.g., due to inadequacy or lack of time) not to discipline in a detailed way a particular subject-matter (except in cases that must be disciplined by ordinary law), while at the same time they adopt the principles and criteria (i.e., the "frame") within which Government will have to legislate. This binds the Government to follow specific limits, and is a law in itself (s.c. "delegating law"), which is approved by Parliament just like an ordinary law. Once the established deadline is passed, the Government can no longer legislate. Furthermore, should the Government not abide by the delegating law, it will exceed the delegation, which, if presented to the Constitutional Court, the latter will decree the lack of constitutionality of the legislative decree in its part that exceeds the delegation. Just like the law-decree, the legislative decree is drafted by the council and passed by a majority of its members. It does not need conversion into law.
 Regulatory power: The ministers have two distinct but co-existing roles. They are, politically, the supreme executive authorities appointed by Parliament, but they are also the administrative heads of the State, the activities of which they direct in accordance with the political process. As administrators, the council and the individual ministers can produce "regulations" (regolamenti), which are legal implements subordinate to legislation. Thus, regulations which contradict legislation (i.e. laws passed by parliament, law-decrees, legislative decrees) are illegitimate and can be set aside by ordinary judges and annulled by administrative judges.

Tasks of the President of the Council and of the Ministers

 The President of the Council directs the general policies of the Government and is responsible for them. He or she holds the unity of political and administrative direction by promoting and co-ordinating the activity of the ministers.
 The Ministers are collectively responsible for the acts of the Council of Ministers and individually responsible for the acts pertaining to their ministries.

List of current Italian Ministers

The current Italian government is led by Giorgia Meloni. , the government has 25 Ministers, of whom 9 are without portfolio.

Possible current additional members
The Presidents of the Regions with Special Statute have the right to participate in sessions of the Council of Ministers in matters relevant to them are discussed (distinct from general issues common to all the regions). The Presidents of Sardinia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Aosta Valley, and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol have only a consultative vote, while the President of Sicily has a full vote and the rank of a minister.

References

Italy
Italian constitutional institutions

Council of Ministers (Italy)


Paul V. Coates (March 10, 1921 – November 16, 1968) was an American print and television journalist. He was known for his popular daily newspaper column and as the host of the syndicated tabloid-style television series Confidential File, developed by Coates and Irvin Kershner (1923–2010).

Coates suffered a massive stroke in 1966 which left the right side of his body paralyzed and his speech severely impaired. Initially given a 50% chance of survival, Coates made a recovery in less than a year, regaining his speech and returning to work in April, 1967. However, he died a year later.

References

External links

1921 births
1968 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male journalists
Journalists from New York City
People from Greater Los Angeles
20th-century American journalists

Paul Coates


A bag charm is a piece of jewellery that decorates a handbag. Bag charms may resemble a key chain, a bracelet or a necklace.

History
While charms and charm bracelets have existed since antiquity, jewellery specifically designed to adorn hand-bags (as opposed to jewellery designed to be worn on one's own body) is a relatively recent innovation, with popularity rising in the late 20th century stemming from celebrity endorsements.

Materials and price
Bag charms have been made from practically every available material: gold, steel, textile, leather, sequins, precious and semi-precious stones, pearls, etc. Making of bag charms is not only a trade, it has become an art, with some labeled pieces, becoming priceless collectable items.

References

Jewellery
Types of jewellery
Jewellery components

Bag charm


Weinbergina is a genus of synziphosurine, a paraphyletic group of fossil chelicerate arthropods. Fossils of the single and type species, W. opitzi, have been discovered in deposits of the Devonian period in the Hunsrück Slate, Germany.

Morphology
Weinbergina is a relatively large synziphosurine, ranging about 7 cm to 10 cm in full body length. The prosoma is covered by a semicircular carapace with blunt genal cornua (posterolateral corners). There is possible evidence of lateral eyes located just below the ophthalmic ridges. The opisthosoma is externally 10-segmented, expressed by tergites that possess blunt tergopleurae (lateral extension) and axial nodes. However, the opisthosoma is most likely 11-segmented in origin, with the first segment being highly reduced (a synapomorphy of euchelicerates) and possibly covered by the preceding carapace. The last 3 segments form a narrow postabdomen and lacking lateral nodes.

Compared to other synziphosurines with only scarce or no discovery of any evidence of appendages, the appendages of Weinbergina are exceptionally well-preserved in many described fossil materials. Underneath the carapace are small chelicerae and pairs of well-developed, 8-segmented walking legs. Each of the distal leg podomeres (segmental units) bore numerous spines-like projections, forming a snow-shoe-like termination. The opisthosoma possess (possibly 6) pairs of opercula with setose distal regions and possible evidence of book gills.

Based on the interpretation of Stürmer & Bergström (1981) and Moore, Briggs & Bartels (2005), Weinbergina is unusual in having 6 pairs of walking legs instead of 5 or less like those of other euchelicerates. The additional 6th leg pair was regarded to be originated from somite 7 (1st opisthosomal segment), thus homologous with the chilaria of horseshoe crab, metastoma of dekatriatan and 4th walking legs of sea spider. However, the twelve-legged interpretation is not universally accepted - for example, Weinbergina was originally described as ten-legged like extant horseshoe crab; Selden, Lamsdell & Qi (2015) noted that the structures previously identified as distal regions of walking legs may be in fact leg-like exopods like those of Offacolus and Dibasterium.

Paleoecology
Weinbergina may have been a benthic animal with some degree of swimming ability, similar to modern horseshoe crabs. However, the lack of doublure (ventral thickening run through the margin of carapace) suggests that Weinbergina is not adapted for a sediment-dwelling lifestyle as seen in the modern horseshoe crab. The legs with snow-shoe-like terminations instead of chela (pincer) are also more adapted for walking on fine-grained surface instead of searching food items beneath the sediment.

Classification
With Weinbergina as type genus, Weinbergina, Legrandella and Willwerathia were once united under the single family Weinberginidae, an interpretation which is not recovered by later phylogenetic analysis. After the revision of relationship between synziphosurines and other euchelicerates done by Lamsdell 2013, Weinbergina was regarded as the basalmost member of Prosomapoda, a clade that included all euchelicerates except Offacolus and Dibasterium.

References

Synziphosurina
Prosomapoda
Devonian first appearances
Devonian arthropods
Fossils of Germany
Fossil taxa described in 1929

Weinbergina