George Nicolescu (; born 12 March 1950) is a blind Romanian musician.

Born in Ploieşti, Nicolescu has four sisters. He attended the Bucharest School for Amblyopia Patients (1957-1959), middle school and high school (1960-1968) and the School for the Blind in Cluj (1968–1972). Self-taught, he made his singing debut in Cluj and in 1970 won first prize at the Tinereţe pe portativ ("Youth on the Scale") festival. A few years later, the composer George Grigoriu began to influence him, and the two began collaborating. In 1973, his first hit, "Eternitate" ("Eternity"), was released, and the following year came four hits released on a 45, under Grigoriu's name.

In 1972 he gained admission to the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Romance Languages, French-Romanian section. He graduated in 1976 and the following April began teaching French at the School for the Blind in Buzău, where he remained until 1985. That year, he was hired as a vocal soloist at the Buzău Youth House. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, he was engaged for several months (March–November 1990) as a soloist with the ensemble "Optimiştii", a troupe of blind performers.

He retired in 1992, taking part in various shows and singing in restaurants in order to earn a living. In autumn 2002, ten years after retiring, Nicolescu returned to the top of the Romanian charts through a duet with the band UNU'. The hit single was called "Cântec pentru sănătatea ierbii" ("Song for the Grass's Health"). He also performed "Îndrăgostit" ("In Love") with the young singer Jorge. In December 2007, he released the album Muzică uşoară...lăutărească ("Light Music, Lăutar-style"), featuring songs by other musicians of his age such as Dan Spătaru, Mirabela Dauer, Gabriel Dorobanţu and Corina Chiriac.

Discography

 Şi cântau mandolinele (1974)
 Ordinea de zi (1984)
 Prefă-te inimă în stea (1989)
 Muzică uşoara...lăutărească (2007)
 Unu feat. George Nicolescu - Mai avem nevoie si de iarba  ( 2007 )
 Shift feat. George Nicolescu - Viata-i de vina (2012)

References

External links
 Profile  at music2.ro
 Biography  at music2.ro

1950 births
Living people
Blind musicians
Romanian blind people
Romanian male singers
People from Ploiești
University of Bucharest alumni

George Nicolescu


A foundry is a place where molten (melted) metals are poured into casts, to make metal things of a certain shape. Aluminum and cast iron are most commonly casted in foundries, but other metals, like bronze, can be casted as well. During casting, parts of different sizes and shapes can be made.

Foundries also recycle used metals and recasts them into more useful forms.

Manufacturing buildings

Foundry


A rectifier is a device that can convert Alternating current (AC) to Direct current (DC). This is a process called rectification. Many rectifiers in the 20th century were made of metals like copper, iron, and silver. Nowadays most are semiconductors.

Half-wave rectifiers only have one side of a waveform, while the full-wave rectifiers use both sides of a waveform. The left-hand side of the full-wave rectifier circuit consists of four diodes: a diode bridge. Half-wave current is a current that can only flow  in alternate current, a full-wave current can flow both alternating current and direct current.

Diode bridge is electrical circuit that consists of four diodes. It acts as a full wave rectifier to convert alternating current to direct current.

References

Rectifier


The Adventure Show is a sport programme produced by Adventure Show Productions for BBC Sport Scotland, formerly broadcast on BBC Two Scotland and since 2019 on BBC Scotland. It is hosted  by Dougie Vipond. In the show's original format, Vipond was supported on screen by reporters Duncan McCallum and Deziree Wilson, while Cameron McNeish contributed a regular mountain walking slot. When the series transferred to BBC Scotland in 2019, the show was reformatted as a weekly two-hour programme branded as The Adventure Show Live (or The Adventure Show Extreme for pre-recorded editions) and concentrating on one specific sport in each edition, in contrast to the previous magazine format. The new presenting team comprised Vipond, Patrick Winterton (who serves as lead commentator) and Lauren McCallum.

The show's main focus is on "adventure" sports, usually concentrating on one or two main events in each edition. Sports featured include climbing, kayaking, sailing, windsurfing and kitesurfing, various forms of bicycle racing, and cross-country running, especially ultramarathon and multi-discipline events. The show also includes features on people working in the adventure sports industry, such as medical crews and instructors. In its original format, camping tips, including consumer reviews and items on outdoor cookery, were often featured during spring and summer.

From time to time, the show would feature either Vipond, McCallum or Wilson taking part in a long-distance event to give the viewer an idea of what is involved. In 2012, Wilson achieved a third-place finish in the women's section at the Isle of Arran Goat Fell hill race while reporting for the programme.

The Adventure Show special, The Great Climb, broadcast live on 28 August 2010, won a Scottish BAFTA Award for Live Event Coverage.

External links

BBC Scotland television shows
2000s Scottish television series
2010s Scottish television series
2020s Scottish television series
2005 Scottish television series debuts
2005 establishments in Scotland
Sports television in Scotland
2000s British sports television series
2010s British sports television series
2020s British sports television series

The Adventure Show


David Heron (28 April 1881 - 4 November 1969) was a Scottish statistician who was president of the Royal Statistical Society from 1947–1949.

He was born in Perth and studied Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at the University of St Andrews.

He was Karl Pearson's research assistant. Later he became a fellow at the Eugenics Laboratory of University College London.

In 1906 he published "On the relation of fertility in man to social status".

In 1915 he became chief statistician for the London Guarantee & Accident Company, an insurance company. During the Second World War, he was Director of Statistics for the Ministry of Food.

He was married to Ethel Medwin from 1916 until her death in 1959.

References

External links
 "On the relation of fertility in man to social status"

1881 births
Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society
1969 deaths

David Heron (statistician)


50 First Dates is a 2004 American romantic comedy film directed by Peter Segal and starring Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore, with Rob Schneider, Sean Astin, Lusia Strus, Blake Clark and Dan Aykroyd in supporting roles. It follows the story of Henry, a womanizing marine veterinarian who falls for an art teacher named Lucy. When he discovers she has amnesia, and forgets him when she falls asleep, he resolves to win her over again each new day.

Most of the film was shot on location in Oahu, Hawaii, on the Windward side and the North Shore. Sandler and Barrymore won an MTV award for Best On Screen Team. The fictitious memory impairment suffered by Barrymore's character, "Goldfield's Syndrome", is similar to short-term memory loss and anterograde amnesia.

The film was remade in India as Sathyabhama (2007) (in Telugu) and as Ormayundo Ee Mukham (2014) (in Malayalam), in Japan as 50 First Kisses (2018), in Iran as Chap dast (2005) and in Mexico as Como si fuera la primera vez in 2019. The film marks the second collaboration between Sandler and Barrymore, after The Wedding Singer and before Blended (both directed by Frank Coraci).

Plot
Henry Roth is a veterinarian at Sea Life Park Hawaii on Oahu with a policy of only dating visiting tourists to avoid any serious commitments. His closest friends are Ula, a marijuana-smoking Islander; Alexa, his androgynous assistant; Willy, his pet African penguin; and Jocko, a walrus that lives at the park.

One day, Henry's boat breaks down, so he goes to the Hukilau Café to wait for the Coast Guard. He sees Lucy Whitmore make architectural art with her waffles. Henry assumes she is a local, which prevents him from introducing himself. He tries to go back to womanizing tourists, but can't seem to get Lucy out of his head. The next day, he comes back to the café and sees Lucy again, and this time he has breakfast with her. They instantly connect and Lucy offers to meet him again for breakfast the next morning.

The next day, however, Lucy shows no recollection of ever meeting him. The restaurant owner Sue explains to Henry that the year before, Lucy and her father Marlin went up to the North Shore to pick a pineapple for his birthday. On the way back, a cow wandered through a broken fence and onto the road, causing a car accident that left Lucy with a form of amnesia, whereby she remembers her life up until the night before the accident, and her memory is normal during the day, but those new experiences are lost when she goes to sleep. To save her the heartbreak of reliving the accident, Marlin and Doug, Lucy's steroid-addicted brother, re-enact Marlin's birthday every single day.

Despite Sue's warning, Henry continues to try to get Lucy to have breakfast with him on several occasions. It ends poorly one day when Henry unintentionally hurts Lucy's feelings. Henry follows Lucy to her house to apologize, but Marlin and Doug instruct him to leave her alone. However, Alexa advises Henry to look for a loophole in said instruction. Realizing that Marlin specifically said to stay away from the café, Henry begins concocting ways to run into Lucy on the road through the following days, during which he manages to successfully impress her over a series of "first" dates and "chance" encounters. Later, Marlin and Doug give their permission for Henry to continue when they discover Lucy regularly singing the Beach Boys' "Wouldn't It Be Nice" in her painting studio – the first major change in her routine since the accident.

One day, as Henry is about to sit with Lucy at breakfast, she notices a police officer writing a ticket because of her expired license plates. With the ruse exposed, Lucy is distressed to learn that her friends and family have maintained the charade for so long. However, in watching her reaction, Henry surmises that her strongest reactions are to feeling betrayed by her loved ones, rather than the actual memory loss.

Henry devises a new strategy to let Lucy know about the truth by creating a video with her friends to explain the situation calmly; rather than let her go through her pre-accident routine, they plant the video in her room with a note to play it when she first wakes up. The strategy works and allows Lucy to process the events while catching her up on current events, including her relationship with Henry. Henry and Lucy's relationship grows well using this method, and they continue to refine the process while enduring some humorous setbacks, such as sleeping together one night and Lucy attacking Henry the next morning. However, when Lucy discovers that Henry has decided to abandon ten years' worth of planning for his research study of walruses in Bristol Bay to help manage her condition, she decides that they need to break up. Henry reluctantly helps her destroy her journal entries of their relationship and effectively "erase" their time together.

Some weeks later, Henry is preparing to leave for his research study. Before he goes, Marlin tells him that Lucy is now living at the institute and teaching an art class. As a parting gift, he gives Henry a Beach Boys CD which reminds him of Lucy to the point of crying. Suddenly, he realizes that Lucy's singing of "Wouldn't It Be Nice" was not random, but occurred on days when they "met" and indicates new learned memory retention. Henry abandons his trip and rushes to the art class. While Lucy does not remember him, she reveals that she dreams about him every night and has been painting some of their adventures. Seeing this as a sign, they happily reconcile.

Some time later, Lucy wakes up and plays the tape marked "Good Morning Lucy". It again reminds her of her accident, but ends with her and Henry's wedding. From the tape, Henry says to put a jacket on and come have breakfast when she is ready. Lucy then sees that she is on Henry's boat, which finally made it to Alaska. She goes up on deck and meets Marlin, Henry, and their young daughter Nicole.

Cast
Adam Sandler as Henry Roth, a marine veterinarian with a habit of wooing women and a fear of commitment.
Drew Barrymore as Lucy Whitmore, Henry's love interest with short-term memory loss.
Rob Schneider as Ula, Henry's marijuana-smoking, wealthy native Hawaiian assistant and best friend; who is unhappily married to an overweight native woman and has five young, athletically talented children.
Sean Astin as Doug Whitmore, Lucy's older brother, a lisping, steroid-dependent bodybuilder.
Blake Clark as Marlin Whitmore, Lucy's widowed father, a professional fisherman.
Lusia Strus as Alexa, Henry's ambiguously gendered assistant.
Dan Aykroyd as Dr. Joseph Keats, a physician specializing in brain disorders.
Amy Hill as Sue, the Hukilau café manager and friend of Lucy and her late mother.
Pomaika'i Brown as Nick, the Hukilau café chef and Sue's husband.
Allen Covert as Ten-Second Tom, a hospital patient with severe memory impairment.
Missi Pyle as Noreen, a tax attorney Henry meets at a bar but then tries to fix up with Alexa.
Maya Rudolph as Stacy, pregnant friend of Lucy's at the beach party.
Lynn Collins as Linda
Kevin James as Factory worker

Production

On October 29, 2002, Variety reported that Columbia Pictures had bought a spec script from screenwriter George Wing, titled Fifty First Kisses, with Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore originally in negotiations to star in the lead roles. Barrymore was sold on the script and wrote Sandler a letter suggesting it as their next film together since The Wedding Singer. Sandler joined the cast in December 2002, and was announced as co-producer under his film studio Happy Madison Productions along with Steve Golin's Anonymous Content. Sandler then recommended the script to director Peter Segal while they were working post-production on Anger Management. Segal agreed to direct, leaving him with only two days of break from work before filming. The director revealed that the studio had changed the original title to 50 First Dates because "marketing found that the term 'kisses' was turning off guys".

While the script is primarily credited to George Wing, Lowell Ganz, Babaloo Mandel, Tim Herlihy, and Allen Covert did uncredited rewrites on it as well. Adam Sandler had also reworked the script, significantly transforming its genre from drama to comedy. Additional changes Sandler made to the script include moving its setting from Seattle to Hawaii and rewriting a decent amount of interior scenes that takes place in a café. Director Peter Segal felt these scenes were "very claustrophobic" as well as derivative of My Dinner with Andre, encouraging Sandler to rewrite these and move the location to the Kualoa Ranch. Sandler said that shooting in Hawaii "just seemed like the very best possible place to do it for many different reasons. You don't see many movies [set] there, so it was a great experience to film in a different locale. And it is such a spectacularly beautiful place for a romantic comedy."

Most of the film was shot on location in Kaneohe, Kaaawa, Wahiawa, Makapuu, Waimānalo, and Honolulu, as well as in Kāneohe Bay in 2003. The Hukilau Cafe where Drew Barrymore and Adam Sandler had breakfast each morning is still standing in Laie, Hawaii. The opening credit scene of Hawaii is Chinaman's hat, a popular destination in itself.  The road they drive on each day is located in Ka'a'awa Valley, popular filming location within Kualoa Ranch and is viewable through film site tour provided by the estate.  The estate also sells merchandise related to this movie and other movies filmed there. Due to the high cost of filming outside of the studio zone, some interior scenes (such as inside the Whitmore residence) were shot on sets in Los Angeles decorated to look like they were in Hawaii.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack contains cover versions of songs that were originally recorded in the 1980s. This includes mostly reggae-style covers. It was a moderate commercial hit, reaching number 30 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Top Soundtracks chart and Top Reggae Albums chart in the United States.

Despite being prominently featured in the film, neither the Beach Boys' 1966 "Wouldn't It Be Nice" nor Israel Kamakawiwoʻole's 1990 "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" was included on the soundtrack.

The soundtrack was produced by 311's frontman, Nick Hexum. 311 provided a cover of the Cure's "Lovesong" for the soundtrack. It is heard over the film's end credits.

 Other songs in the film
 The Beach Boys – "Wouldn't It Be Nice"
 The Cure – "Boys Don't Cry"
 The Beat – "Hands Off She's Mine"
 The Flaming Lips – "Do You Realize??"
 Wyclef Jean – "Baby"
 Israel Kamakawiwoʻole – "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" medley (Originally recorded by Judy Garland/Louis Armstrong)
 The Maile Serenaders – "My Sweet Sweet"
 The Makaha Sons of Ni'Ihau – "Aloha Ka Manini"
 Manfred Mann's Earth Band – "Blinded by the Light"
 Bob Marley and the Wailers – "Could You Be Loved" and "Is This Love"
 Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney – "Another Day"
 No Doubt – "Underneath It All"
 O-Shen – "Throw Away The Gun"
 Harve Presnell – "They Call the Wind Maria"
 Leon Redbone and Ringo Starr – "My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua, Hawaii"
 Adam Sandler and Rob Schneider – "Ula's Luau Song"
 Snoop Dogg – "From tha Chuuuch to da Palace"
 311 – "Amber" and "Rub A Dub"
 Toots and the Maytals – "Pressure Drop"
 The Ventures – "Hawaii Five-O"
 Patty and Mildred Hill – "Happy Birthday to You"

Certifications

Release

Home media
50 First Dates was released on DVD and VHS on June 15, 2004.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, 50 First Dates has a score of 45% based on 175 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 5.4/10. The website's consensus states, "Gross-out humor overwhelms the easy chemistry between Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore, who bring some energy and yucks to this tale of a girl with short-term memory loss and the guy who tries to get her to love him." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 48% based on 38 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A− on scale of A to F.

Critics who enjoyed the film (such as The New York Times reviewer A. O. Scott) praised the uplifting story while lamenting the seemingly excessive and incongruous amount of crude humor and drug references. Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars, saying "The movie is sort of an experiment for Sandler. He reveals the warm side of his personality, and leaves behind the hostility, anger and gross-out humor... The movie doesn't have the complexity and depth of Groundhog Day... but as entertainment it's ingratiating and lovable." Rex Reed was scathing in his review for The New York Observer, calling the film "stupid, coarse and abysmally unfunny" while singling out offensive humor about brain damage.

Sandler and Barrymore won the award for Best On-Screen Team at the MTV Movie & TV Awards. The two actors, who had previously worked together in the film The Wedding Singer, are said to regard 50 First Dates as one of their favorite collaborations as professional "soul mates".

Depiction of amnesia
Anterograde amnesia is a condition where one loses the ability to form new memories after damage to the brain. Damage to the hippocampus, which is located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain, has been widely associated as a determining factor of the gravity of the condition.

In an article in The BMJ on depictions of amnesia in film, clinical neuropsychologist Sallie Baxendale writes that 50 First Dates "maintains a venerable movie tradition of portraying an amnesic syndrome that bears no relation to any known neurological or psychiatric condition". True amnesic syndromes are usually a result of a stroke, brain infection, or neurosurgery; very rarely does amnesia result from just car accidents.

In 2010, researchers described a woman who developed a similar kind of memory impairment after she was involved in a car crash. She described her memory as being normal for events on the same day, with memories from the previous day subsequently being lost each night. However, a neuropsychological test revealed some improvement in recall for tasks which she had, unknowingly, performed the previous day. Although the woman claimed not to have seen 50 First Dates prior to her 2005 crash (but has watched it several times since), she stated that Drew Barrymore was her favorite actress, leading researchers to conclude that her condition might have been influenced by some knowledge of the film's plot, and its impact upon her understanding of amnesia.

In July 2015, two people were discovered to have a form of anterograde amnesia that resembles the type depicted in the movie. One is a man in the UK, originally from Germany. He wakes up every day thinking it is March 14, 2005, because that is the day he underwent anesthesia for a dental procedure which led to this condition as a rare, unexplained complication (however, his anterograde amnesia, like that of others with the condition, causes him to forget facts not daily, but within 90 minutes). The other is a woman who reportedly believes every day is October 15, 2014; she was visiting Kettering General Hospital for a kickboxing injury when she slipped and hit her head on a metal pole.

Real-world application
The Hebrew Home of Riverdale, Bronx, has started an experimental program in which residents with early dementia watch a video every morning in which they see comforting messages and reminders from family members that they may still know. After April 2015, the program may include more residents. Robert Abrams of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital considered this idea "both innovative and thoughtful". Charlotte Dell, director of social services for the home, said the program was inspired by 50 First Dates.

References

External links

2004 films
2004 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American sex comedy films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Peter Segal
Films about amnesia
2000s sex comedy films
Films scored by Teddy Castellucci
Films set in Hawaii
Films shot in Hawaii
Flower Films films
Happy Madison Productions films
Columbia Pictures films
Films produced by Jack Giarraputo
Films produced by Steve Golin
2000s American films
Films about veterinarians

50 First Dates


Dashain is a festival of Nepal. It is celebrated by the Hindus in Nepal. It is also celebrated by Nepali-Indian people who live in Sikkim, Assam and Darjeeling district of India. Lhotshampa people in Bhutan and Burmese Gurkhas in Myanmar also celebrate this festival.

It is the longest festival in Bikram Sambat and Nepal Sambat yearly calendar. The festival is 15 days long and the first, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and the fifteenth days are the most important days. It is regarded as the biggest and most important festival in Nepal. It falls in the month of September or October (Ashwin or Kartik in Bikram Sambat calendar). It starts from bright lunar fortnight of Ashwin and ends on Purnima (full moon day). This festival is the symbol of victory of good over evil.

References

Festivals in Asia
Nepali culture
Hindu festivals

Dashain


A tax collector (also called a taxman) is a person who collects unpaid taxes from other people or corporations on behalf of a government. The term could also be applied to those who audit tax returns or work for a revenue agency. Tax collectors are often portrayed negatively, and in the modern world share a similar stereotype to that of lawyers.

History
Historically taxes were collected directly by the King or ruler of a State.  As states and administrative regions grew larger this task was outsourced to aristocrats or dedicated tax collectors.

Ancient Rome
In the Roman Republic, taxes were collected from individuals based on the value of their total property. However, since it was extremely difficult to facilitate the collection of the tax, the government auctioned the collection of taxes every year. The winning tax farmers (called publicani) paid the tax revenue to the government in advance and then kept the taxes collected from individuals. The publicani paid the tax revenue in coins, but collected the taxes using other exchange media, thus relieving the government of the work to carry out the currency conversion themselves.

Christian Bible
Tax collectors, also known as publicans, are mentioned many times in the Bible (mainly in the New Testament). They were reviled by the Jews of Jesus' day because of their perceived greed and collaboration with the Roman occupiers. Tax collectors amassed personal wealth by demanding tax payments in excess of what Rome levied and keeping the difference. They worked for tax farmers. In the Gospel of Luke, Jesus sympathizes with the tax collector Zacchaeus, causing outrage from the crowds that Jesus would rather be the guest of a sinner than of a more respectable or "righteous" person. Matthew the Apostle in the New Testament was a tax collector.

Historical tax collectors

 Simon Affleck - Was a Swedish tax official who worked in then Swedish-ruled Finland. Affleck is said to have been a ruthless collector of taxes with little pity towards the poor Finnish peasants.  He is said to have shot himself in the head in his mansion to deny the Finnish peasants raiding his mansion the satisfaction of killing him.
 Jacob Gaón - A Jewish Basque tax collector that in 1463, went to the province of Guipúzcoa in Spain and reclaimed a tax called pedido to the inhabitants of the villa of Tolosa. They refused, arguing they had an exemption from paying these tributes, according to fueros and laws passed by the previous kings. Gaón menaced them, and several Tolosans killed him, cut his head off and hung it up on the top of a pillory, as a punishment.
 Antoine Lavoisier - A French nobleman and chemist who at the age of 26 bought a share in the Ferme générale, a tax farming financial company which advanced the estimated tax revenue to the royal government in return for the right to collect the taxes.  Lavoisier was later convicted age 50 of tax fraud and executed at the guillotine.
 John the Cappadocian - A Roman Praetorian Prefect of the East who served under Emperor Justinian and had worked previously for his predecessor Emperor Justin. He helped to raise new taxes, but this eventually resulted in the Nika Riots in Constantinople. He fell from Justinian's grace, in part due to rivalries with other court officials and aristocrats and was stripped of his authority and exiled.

Modern tax collection
In modern times collection is done by a dedicated government tax collection agency known as a revenue services, a revenue agency or a taxation authority.

Examples
 Catchpole
 District magistrate
 Privatized tax collection

References

Further reading

Government occupations
Tax occupations

Tax collector


Relentless is a 2010 Nigerian drama film, co-produced and directed by Andy Amadi Okoroafor; it stars Gideon Okeke, Nneka Egbuna, Jimmy Jean-Louis and Tope Oshin Ogun. It was released on 13 October 2010 at the BFI London Film Festival, and was positively received; mostly praised for  its cinematography and soundtrack.

The film which is set in Freetown and Lagos, narrates the story of Obi (Gideon Okeke), a Nigerian peacekeeping soldier who has been deployed to war-torn Sierra Leone. Obi's world is crushed after Blessing, a Sierra Leonean woman whom Obi loves, is mutilated by a gang of child soldiers and he's forced to kill her in order to put her out of pain and misery. He eventually returns to Lagos after the war, and tries to reintegrate himself into his community; in the process, he finds solace in the arms of a prostitute, Honey (Nneka Egbuna) who may help him forget his haunting past and lead him to self-discovery.

Cast
Gideon Okeke as Obi
Nneka Egbuna as Honey
Jimmy Jean-Louis as Candidate
Tope Oshin Ogun as Funmi
Ropo Ewenla as Ola
Jibola Dabo as Alaki
Toyin Oshinaike as
Aloba Taiwo as
Halle Mordu as Fatima
Usiwoma Joshua as Gabriel

Production
Okoroafor, the director states: "This is a film that hopefully will make you laugh, cry, travel, escape but most specially, it will make you think about contemporary Africa". The film was in production for four years.

Music and soundtrack

The music score for the film was produced by Arnaud Boivin. Original score was composed by Philippe Mallier and Pascal Morel, while the soundtrack features artistes such as: Ade Bantu, Tony Allen, Oranmiyan, Nneka, General Pype and Keziah Jones.

Track listing

Release
The film was released on 13 October 2010 at the BFI London Film Festival. It was also screened at the 2012 New York African Film Festival and also at the Film Club, Nigeria in 2012.

Reception
The film was positively received; it was mostly commended for its cinematography and soundtrack. Wendy Okoi-Obuli of "Shadow and Act" commended the cinematography, Okeke's performance and the music. She described the film as "art house" and concluded by stating: "Relentless is a welcome and refreshing take on the exploration of contemporary Nigeria in film". Bunmi Ajiboye praised the cinematography of the film, its music, production design, characterization and its apt portrayal of Lagos. She particularly praised Okeke's performance and concluded: "Watching the movie, you may not understand why the rationale behind certain actions are not clearly defined, yet you can't help feeling it was more a product of artistic necessity than cinematographic cock-up. Relentless is Okoroafor's first shot at feature length movie and it is a brilliant debut as the film speaks for itself;" Those who opt out of seeing this film "will be depriving themselves of a great opportunity to see how Nigerian cinema is evolving". Ade Bantu comments: "...I was highly impressed; Relentless is the ultimate Lagos movie, a well executed art-house piece of cinematic beauty".

See also
 List of Nigerian films of 2010

References

External links

Nigerian drama films
2010s war films
Films about war crimes
2010s political films
Films set in Lagos
Films set in Sierra Leone
Films shot in Lagos
2010 romantic drama films
2010 films
2010s English-language films
English-language Nigerian films

Relentless (2010 film)


The modern diet known as the paleolithic diet (abbreviated as 'paleo diet' or 'paleodiet') is a way of eating. It is also called the 'caveman diet', 'Stone Age diet' or 'hunter-gatherer diet'.

It is based on the wild plants and animals which humans ate in the Paleolithic era. This was a period about 2.5 million years long: it ended around 10,000 years ago, when people began farming. The term "Paleolithic diet" may also refer to what people actually ate back then instead of the diet today.

Meat, fish, vegetables, fruit, roots, and nuts make up most of the modern Paleolithic diet. It does not include grains, legumes, dairy products, salt, refined sugar, and processed oils. The diet is much lower in carbohydrates than is usual today, and much higher in protein.

Walter L. Voegtlin first made the modern Paleolithic diet popular in the 1970s.
Authors and researchers recommended and changed the diet in several books and academic journals.
Paleolithic nutrition is based on the idea in evolution that modern humans are genetically adapted to the way their Paleolithic ancestors ate, and that human genetics have not changed much since people began growing their own food. Therefore a good diet for today may be similar to that of paleolithic people.

The basic idea is that the diet is healthy because our body is adapted to make use of it. Two studies of the Paleolithic diet in humans have shown health benefits.

This way of eating is somewhat controversial among nutritionists.
and anthropologists.
Some argue that if hunter gatherer societies did not suffer from certain diseases, this was because their diet was less calorific or for other reasons. They also say today's version may not really match people's diet in the Paleolithic period.

Background consensus
There is a wide consensus that present-day diets in first world countries are causing serious health problems. One expert review said:
"Obesity is a disease which, unlike others, is obvious. You don't need to be an expert to know that obesity is increasing...  When I was at school in England, fat kids were rare. But in the last decade rates of obesity in English 11–15-year-olds have almost doubled, and in 2004 more than 25% of these schoolchildren were obese. This disaster is characterised as 'a public health timebomb', because obese children who remain obese as adults – as most do – are twice as likely to die by the age of 50. It is also reckoned that over 50,000 English children now [have or will develop] 'adult-onset' diabetes which, as the name implies, was until recently practically unknown in children. Rates of this type of diabetes in British children have increased by a factor of 10 in the last five years. A representative of Diabetes UK comments: 'we will soon be seeing our children growing up losing limbs and going blind'. It is now often stated that today's British children on average may well die younger than their parents. It seems safe to say that they will be disabled for more years before they die. Such predictions are supported by a comparison of rates of disease in 55–64-year-old men in the UK".

The huge intake of calories is not balanced, as it once was, by  the hard work needed to stay alive and do the hard work necessary to live. The industrial revolution changed work in all walks of life. Now machines do the hard work.

And it is not just a question of fat and carbohydrates. The consumption of sodium salt is hugely greater today than ever before.
"Typical adult Americans consume nearly 4000 mg of sodium each day (Food & Nutrition Board, 1989) of which fully 75% is added to food during processing... In the United States recommended dietary allowances for sodium are 500±2400 mg/d... and for potassium 2000±3400mg/d (Food & Nutrition Board, 1989). These recommendations are roughly intermediate between current and ancestral human experience".

These present-day eating habits, and the lack of exercise, lead to cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and cancer, and to obesity in the US and other Western countries.

Reasons for the diet
According to S. Boyd Eaton, "we are the heirs of inherited characteristics accrued over millions of years; the vast majority of our biochemistry and physiology are tuned to life conditions that existed before the advent of agriculture some 10,000 years ago. Genetically our bodies are virtually the same as they were at the end of the Paleolithic era some 20,000 years ago".

Ideas about paleolithic nutrition come from evolutionary biology. The reason for eating like this is that natural selection had enough time for Paleolithic humans' bodies and metabolisms to get used to the food that they could eat then. But in the 10,000 years since people started farming, natural selection has not had enough time for people's genetics to change to get used to the new diet. This has led to some diseases.

More than 70% of the total daily energy consumed by all people in the United States comes from foods such as dairy products, cereals, refined sugars, refined vegetable oils and alcohol, that Paleolithic supporters say were not eaten during the Paleolithic era.  However,  there is evidence that Paleolithic societies may have been using cereals for food use at least as early as 23,000 years ago, more than 100,000 years ago, and perhaps as early as 200,000 years ago. However, Loren Cordain has said that the new evidence shows that grains were not eaten much back then, and he has also said that eating of wild grass seeds of any kind needs technology and processing to make the food possible to eat, and that this technology was probably not around 105,000+ years ago.

Disagreements
Disagreements are not about the background consensus described above. It is about how good the Paleolithic diet is as a solution to that problem. It is also about whether the argument behind the diet is a sound argument.

Not everybody agrees with  evolutionary reasons behind the Paleolithic diet. According to Alexander Ströhle, Maike Wolters and Andreas Hahn, with the Department of Food Science at the University of Hanover, saying the human genome evolved during the Pleistocene (a period from 1,808,000 to 11,550 years ago) is not based on the right beliefs about evolution.
They also say that 10,000 years may have been enough time for people to adapt to diets with food grown through farming.  For example, alleles that helped people eat dairy became common in Europe just a few thousand years after people started raising animals. There is also evidence  that the diet of Stone Age humans may have had some form the refined starches and grains that are not part of the paleolithic diet. A 2010 study showed the discovery of a 30,000 year old mortar and pestle from which flour of several plants were isolated.

References

Diets

Paleolithic diet


Kathleen "Kathy" Mattea (born June 21, 1959, West Virginia) is an American Celtic recording artist and country musician. She had multiple strong-charting singles. Some of them are Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses and Where've You Been. Her career began in 1983.

Musicians from West Virginia
American country musicians
1959 births
Living people

Kathy Mattea


Brent R. Carter (born September 28, 1948) is an American professional poker player from Oak Park, Illinois who has won two World Series of Poker bracelets.  He lives in Oak Park, IL.

Poker career
Carter first finished in the money of a World Series of Poker (WSOP) event in 1991 in the $1,500 seven-card stud event. He won his first bracelet the same year in the $1,500 No Limit Texas hold 'em event, defeating O'Neil Longson in the final heads-up confrontation. He won a second bracelet in 1994 at the $1,500 limit Omaha event.  Carter also won a Hall of Fame tournament bracelet in Ace-to-Five Lowball Draw.

Carter finished in the money of the WSOP $10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em main event in 1991 (15th), 1992 (31st), and 1995 (3rd).

In 1995 and 1996, Carter won the Best All-Around Player Award at the Four Queens Poker Classic.

On September 10, 2008, Carter, who uses the name '92848' on PokerStars, won a World Championship of Online Poker bracelet in event #11, a $320 buy-in Pot-Limit Omaha Hi/Lo tournament. He bested a field of 1,733 players to win the $88,383 first prize.

As of 2009, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,900,000. His 46 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,286,821 of those winnings.

World Series of Poker bracelets

References

1948 births
Living people
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
People from Oak Park, Illinois
People from Treasure Island, Florida

Brent Carter


Pinoy Weekly is published by PinoyMedia Center. Inc., a non-government organization devoted to democratizing the practice of journalism in the country, and focuses on investigative stories that concern what it terms as the "underreported" sectors of Philippine society: peasants, workers, overseas Filipinos, youth, indigenous peoples, and women. It is currently a weekly print and online newsmagazine, and previously published special print issues, a Mindanao edition, international editions in Israel, Taiwan, and Japan.

Pinoy Weeklys writers have previously been finalists for the Jaime V. Ongpin Awards for Excellence in Journalism. It has also been cited by the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, in the November 2006 issue of the Philippine Journalism Review: "If other tabloids are known for their sensationalized stories on crime and sex or splashy entertainment and sports pages, Pinoy Weekly comes across as a serious paper with analyses on issues affecting citizens, especially the marginalized."

Currently, it is run by an editorial team: Marc Lino J. Abila (editor-in-chief), Neil Ambion (managing editor), and Darius R. Galang (associate editor). Former editors and writers include Kenneth Roland A. Guda, Ilang-Ilang D. Quijano, Soliman A. Santos, Macky Macaspac, RC Asa, D'Jay Lazaro, Sharon Cabusao, Angel Tesorero, and Prestoline Suyat. It also features columns from progressive writers Rolando B. Tolentino, Teo S. Marasigan, Atty. Antonio La Viña, Atty. Remigio Saladero Jr., Gert Ranjo-Libang, Jerome Adonis, Vencer Crisostomo, Anton Dulce, Danilo Arana Arao, Danilo Ramos, Jun Cruz Reyes, Boy Villasanta, Mark Angeles, Mykel Andrada, Steven Abada, Ericson Acosta, Rogelio Ordoñez, poetry group Kilometer 64, Carlos Conde, Antonio Tujan, and Deo Macalma. It also has regular contributions from other committed writers, photographers and artists.

Among its previous editorial consultants are visual artist and former dean of the University of the Philippines College of Fine Arts Leonilo Doloricon, University of the Philippines journalism professor and columnist Luis Teodoro, National Artist for Literature Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera, nationalist writer and former editor in chief Rogelio Ordonez, and writer, playwright, director and activist Bonifacio P. Ilagan.

Current PMC board of trustees include Tolentino, La Viña, Prestoline Suyat, JL Burgos, Kenneth Guda, Dr. Ma. Diosa Labiste, filmmaker Kiri Dalena, and poet-musician Jesus Manuel Santiago.

References

External links
 http://www.pinoyweekly.org

Magazines established in 2002
Magazines published in the Philippines
Independent magazines
News magazines published in Asia
Weekly news magazines

Pinoy Weekly


The First Four Ships refers to the four sailing vessels chartered by the Canterbury Association which left Plymouth, England, in September 1850 to transport the first English settlers to new homes in Canterbury, New Zealand. The colonists or settlers who arrived on the first four ships are known as the Canterbury Pilgrims.

Background

Edward Gibbon Wakefield and Irish-born John Robert Godley, the guiding forces within the Canterbury Association, organised an offshoot of the New Zealand Company, a settlement in a planned English enclave in an area now part of the Wairarapa in the North Island of New Zealand. The inaugural meeting of the Canterbury Association took place at 41 Charing Cross, London, on 27 March 1848. The meeting passed a resolution "that the name of the proposed settlement be "Canterbury" and the name of the chief town be "Christchurch"."

Preparations

Explorations
The Canterbury Association sent Captain Joseph Thomas as chief surveyor and leader of the Association's preliminary expedition. With his two assistants, Thomas Cass and Charles Torlesse (a nephew of Edward Wakefield), Thomas was sent to select, survey and prepare for the proposed settlement. They arrived at New Plymouth aboard Bernicia on 2 November 1848, destined for Wairarapa.

Bernicia called at Nelson where Thomas was told by settlers of unexplored plains stretching north and west of Banks Peninsula. The surveyor's interest was aroused, so they proceeded to Wellington where Thomas wrote to Bishop George Selwyn saying he intended to head to Port Cooper (present-day Lyttelton) to inspect this area. The three, along with Sir William Fox (the newly appointed principal agent to the New Zealand Company) and five survey hands, arrived in Port Cooper aboard the sloop HMS Fly in December 1848. A quick but thorough exploration of the plains left them in no doubt that they had found an ideal site for Canterbury.

Preparations in Canterbury
With Thomas's suggestion, Governor Grey and Bishop Selwyn decided to site the Canterbury Settlement in this area rather than in the Wairarapa. With Godley, Thomas and his companions set about arranging immigration barracks and the other necessary infrastructure for the settlement at Port Cooper and the new Christchurch. Port Cooper had been named after the proprietors of the Sydney whaling and trading firm of Cooper & Levy.

  Lyttelton after Lord Lyttelton of Hagley, a member of the Canterbury Association, and Port Levy's name was never changed.

An initial survey having been completed in early 1849, Thomas went to Wellington and arranged contracts for further surveyors and labourers. Thirty-five arrived on the Fair Tasmanian on 2 July 1849, including architect and civil engineer Henry John Cridland as Superintendent of Works, as well as Donald Gollan as Works Overseer, and assistant surveyor Sydney Scroggs. On 12 August 1849, they were joined by assistant surveyor Edward Jollie and Thomas Brunner as Clerk of Works. During the following six months, Jollie surveyed and drew up town plans for Lyttelton, Sumner and Christchurch as well as laying off the line of road between Lyttelton and Sumner that Cridland had devised. Gollan and the labourers meanwhile constructed a jetty at Lyttelton, formed roads and constructed other engineering works while Scroggs surveyed the road line from Sumner to Christchurch. However, when Godley arrived in April 1850 he stopped all work on account of lack of funds.

In November 1850, Godley was able to secure further funding and Thomas had Jollie survey a Bridle road over a saddle in the Port Hills behind Lyttelton, which was formed by Gollan's road gang. While Thomas and Jollie had named the street of the three towns after the Bishoprics of England, Ireland and the Colonies, the road over the saddle simply became known as the Bridle Path because riders had to dismount and lead their horses by the bridle over the steepest portion of the path near the summit.

Journey

The ships
Randolph, Cressy, , and Charlotte Jane together carried an estimated 790 passengers. In addition, about another 60 worked their passage on the ships or deserted and disembarked. The first of the vessels, Charlotte Jane, landed at Lyttelton Harbour on the morning of 16 December 1850. Randolph followed that afternoon. Sir George Seymour arrived on 17 December, followed ten days later by Cressy on 27 December. Cressy had taken longer because she had sprung her foremast south of the Cape of Good Hope and had to reef those sails.

By the end of summer the colony had been joined by settlers from the Castle Eden, which arrived on 17 February 1851, and then the Isabella Hercus on 1 March. Between March 1851 and early May 1853, a further 22 shiploads of settlers had arrived from England. By then the colony had an estimated population in excess of 3,000. (This figure may be an under-estimate because various lists of passengers didn't always agree, there were also ships arriving from Australia with both passengers and animals, movement within New Zealand was unrestricted, and an ships also stopped at other New Zealand settlements before or after visiting Canterbury, but immigrants were registered at their first port of entry.)

Social cross section
The "colonists", who travelled in the relative luxury of the cabins, included those men and their families who could afford to buy land in the new colony. Some of these settlers' families remain prominent in Christchurch to this day. "Emigrants" included farm workers, labourers and tradesmen, who made the journey in steerage, some having assisted passage. Like their employers, the emigrants included devout Anglicans selected to help build a community founded on religious virtues. Each ship carried a chaplain, a doctor and a schoolmaster, and included in the cargo was a printing press, a library of 2,000 books, a church organ and several pre-fabricated houses in sections. Cabin passengers paid £42 and cheaper berths were £25, whilst steerage passengers paid £15.

Greeting the settlers
Sir George Grey, the Governor, came down the coast in Her Majesty's sloop of war Fly to welcome their arrival. He and Lady Grey left before the arrival of Cressy. John Robert Godley was also at Lyttelton to meet the settlers.

A marble plaque in Cathedral Square in Christchurch lists the names of the Canterbury Pilgrims, as those who arrived on the first four ships are known.

Notes

References
 Christchurch City Library: Heritage, Early Christchurch, First Four Ships
 Christchurch City Council

Maritime history of New Zealand
British colonisation of Oceania
History of Canterbury, New Zealand
Maritime history of England
1850 in England
Canterbury Association
Settlement schemes in the British Empire

1850 in New Zealand
1851 in New Zealand
1850s in Christchurch
First arrivals
Settlement schemes in Oceania

First Four Ships


Tokugawa Ietsugu; 徳川 家継 (August 8, 1709 – June 19, 1716) was the seventh shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty, who ruled from 1713 until his death in 1716. He was the son of Tokugawa Ienobu, thus making him the grandson of Tokugawa Tsunashige, daimyō of Kofu, great-grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, great-great grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and finally the great-great-great grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Early life (1709–1713)
Tokugawa Ietsugu was born in 1709 in Edo, being the eldest son of shōgun Tokugawa Ienobu and concubine, Gekkōin. At that time, his father was shōgun, and was being advised by his long-time Confucian advisor, Arai Hakuseki, who held considerable influence in the shōguns court at Edo. At the time Ietsugu was born, his father, Ienobu, was 48. His childhood name was Nabematsu (鍋松). Arai had traced the Tokugawa family's bloodline back to the Minamoto family, the founders of the first shogunate. Thus, Ietsuga also was called Minamoto no Ietsugu. He was only three years old when his father died, upon which he became shōgun Ietsugu. He married Yoshiko no Miya (1714–1758), daughter of Emperor Reigen, in 1715; at that time he was only 4 years and Yoshiko no Miya was only one year old.

Family
 Father: Tokugawa Ienobu
 Mother: Gekkōin (1685–1752)
 Wife: Yasonomiya Yoshiko (1714–1758)

Shōgun (1713–1716)
Although shōgun Ietsugu assumed the role as formal head of the bakufu, he was still a toddler. As he was not old or able enough to rule, he was put under the protection and advice of Confucian scholar Arai Hakuseki. Two problems were addressed during Ietsugu's reign: currency reform and foreign trade in Kyūshū. Ietsugu did not take much care of the country's matters; and his advisors, namely Arai Hakuseki, addressed them.

In 1715, he married Yoshiko-no-miya, daughter of Emperor Reigen.  He was 5 years old, she was 1 years old.

In 1713, prices were rising. Thus, after various proposals (most after the death of Ienobu) submitted to Shogun Ietsugu and Arai, it was decided to create a new currency. In 1714, the new metallic currency was introduced. While rice had increased during the rule of Ienobu, after the currency was introduced during the rule of Ietsugu, it fell to a lower level.

The currency reform was closely linked to foreign trade. In 1716, only Dutch and Chinese merchant ships could trade from Dejima in Nagasaki. Reform of the currency system also led to reform of trade rules as well. In 1716, a document was addressed saying that the bakufu would appoint two commissioners of Foreign Trade in Edo and Nagasaki, and that 30 Chinese ships and 2 Dutch ships be allowed to enter the country each year. Nonetheless, Japan still remained very isolated.

Death

In Shōtoku 6, on the 30th day of the 4th month (1716), Shogun Ietsugu died of complications of a cold, at the age of six. He had not done much to rule—but was thought of as a playful and mischievous character. Since he had no children the direct descendant of Tokugawa Iemitsu came to an end. Nonetheless, there were still collateral lineal branches descended from Ieyasu through one of his many children, and the new shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, was chosen from one of these lineal Tokugawa branches. His Buddhist name was Yushoin and buried in Zōjō-ji.

Eras of Ietsugu's bakufu
The years in which Ietsugu was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 Shōtoku  (1711–1716)
 Kyōhō            (1716–1736)

Ancestry

Notes

References
 Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns:  Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1822). Illustrations of Japan.  London: Ackerman.
 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon.  Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. ...Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)
 Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

1709 births
1716 deaths
18th-century shōguns
Tokugawa shōguns
Tokugawa clan
Monarchs who died as children
Child monarchs from Asia

Tokugawa Ietsugu


Fear is a feeling or an emotion. When a person has fear, they are afraid or scared. A person who fears something does not want it to happen. The fear response comes from sensing danger. It leads to the fight-or-flight response. In extreme cases of fear (horror and terror) there may be a freeze response or paralysis.

In humans and animals, fear is adjusted by cognition and learning. Thus fear is rational or appropriate, or it is irrational or inappropriate. An irrational fear is called a phobia.

Fear is the body's way of protecting itself from doing things that may be dangerous. For example, if one has a fear of jumping off a cliff, he/she will not do it. This saves one from death. In this case, fear is a good thing but in others, it can be bad. An example of fear being bad is if it stops one from doing something important, like going to see a doctor. Methods of controlling phobias include facing the fear over and over so the effect of the phobia becomes less until it stops being a phobia.

There is only a small set of basic or innate emotions and fear is one of them. The fear response helps survival by triggering appropriate behavioral responses. It has been preserved throughout evolution.

References

Related pages
Anxiety

Basic English 850 words
Emotions

Fear


The River Esk (Scots Gaelic: Easg), cawed an aw in English the Border Esk, is a river in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland, that flowes intil the Solway Firth. It flowes an aw for a smaw wey throu the English coonty o Cumbria afore enterin the Solway.

The river rises in the hills til the east o Moffat an its twa main tributarys, the Black Esk an the White Esk, gae thegither at the soothren end o Castle O'er Forest. It flowes sootheast throu Eskdale past Langham afore infawin wi Liddel Watter that defines the mairch atween Scotland an England. Afore passin Langtoon the river enters England an mells wi the River Lyne an enters the Solway Firth near the mooth o the River Eden.

It wis umwhile ane o the boonds o the Debatable Launds as merkit bi the Scot's Dyke.

The Scotland Act 1998 (Border Rivers) Order 1999 provides that functions relatin til the management o saumon, troot, eels, an freshwatter fish in respect o the hale o the River Esk remeen wi UK meenisters: the Border Esk an its tributarys is the anely rivers in Scotland whaur an Environment Agency rod leecence is require't for anglin.

Tributarys

The various tributarys o the Esk is descrived proceedin doun the stream.

The White Esk rises as the Glendearg Burn and the Tomleuchar Burns mell syne flowe sooth throu Eskdalemuir Forest capturin the watters o the Garwald Watter at Garwaldwatterfuit syne conteenuin bi the veelage o Eskdalemuir intae Castle O'er Forest. It is follaed bi the B709 road for a muckle pairt o its coorse. The heidwatters o the Black Esk feed intil the Black Esk Pownd, fae the fuit o whase dam, the Black Esk flowes sooth tae Sandyfuird whaur it is crossed bi the B723 road. It syne turns sharp east, syne sootheast passin Castle O'er on its wey tae meet wi the White Esk tae form the River Esk.

The Meggat Watter (no tae be confuised wi Megget Watter) is a left bank tributary o the Esk that rises at the soothren mairgin o Craik Forest an flowes sooth, bein jynt bi the Stennies Watter afore its infaw wi the Esk. The Ewes Watter is a signeeficant left bank tributary o the Esk that enters the latter at Langham. Its heidwatters, the Eweslees, Mosspaul, an Carewuidrig Burns mell an flowe soothwart as the Ewes Watter for several miles, being jynt bi a rowth o forder burns, the maist signeeficant o whit is the Meikledale Burn. The dale o the Ewes Watter is follaed by the A7 road fae Cairl tae Edinburgh an bi an electricity transmission line. Wauchope Watter is a richt bank tributary o the Esk that jynes immediate doun the stream fae the Ewes Watter infaw. It rises as the Logan Watter an Bigholms Burn meet 3 mile soothwast o Langham. The Tarras Watter is a left bank tributary o the Esk that jynes it 2.5 mile sooth o Langham.

The Liddel Watter is a major tributary that enters on the left bank atween Canobie an Langtoon. It forms the boond atween Scotland an England for a while as daes its tributary, the Kershope Burn. The River Lyne enters on the left bank at Lynefuit juist abuin the normal tidal leemit o the estuary section o the Esk. The River Sark an the Kirtle Watter enter the tidal estuary o the Esk til east an wast respective o Gretna.

External links
Photae o the Esk enterin Solway Firth - Getty Images

Rivers o Dumfries an Gallowa

River Esk, Dumfries an Gallowa


The Limbourg brothers (; fl. 1385 – 1416) were Dutch miniature painters (Herman, Paul, and Jean) from the city of Nijmegen. They were active in the early 15th century in France and Burgundy, working in the International Gothic style.

They created what is certainly the best-known late medieval illuminated manuscript, the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.

Family background and early life
A Johannes de Lymborgh appears in mid-14th century archives. He may have come from Limbourg on the Meuse to Nijmegen, then the capital of the duchy of Gelre, and appears to be the father of   Arnold de Limbourch, a wood carver and sculptor whose name also appears in medieval archives. In 1385 Arnold married Mechteld Maelwael or Maloeul. She came from a family of craftsmen and painters. Her father and uncle were painters in the employ of the Duke of Guelders, as gilders and as painters of heraldic devices. It was as a heraldic painter that Mechteld's brother Jean Malouel received a commission in Paris by Isabeau of Bavaria in 1396, regent regent to her husband Charles VI of France. Within the year Maloul accepted the position as valet de chambre and court painter to Charles's uncle Philip the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy.

Arnold and Mechteld had six children over the next decade: the three boys, Herman, Paul, and Jean were born between  and ; two more boys in the early 1390s and a daughter in the mid-1390s. In the late 1390s (probably around 1398) Herman and Jean were sent to Paris, where records from 1399 document them as apprentices to a Parisian goldsmith, a position possibly organized by their uncle. That year the goldsmith sent the boys home to Guelders during an outbreak of disease in Paris. They were captured and imprisoned in Brussels, probably because of a conflict between Brabant and Guelders, with their ransom set at 55 écus plus prison expenses. The boys' father had died that year leaving their mother destitute, unable to secure their release. Local guild members in Brussels tried to raise the funds, but six months passed, the boys were still in captives, when Philip the Bold paid the ransom in May of 1400.

Philip the Bold

In February 1402 Paul and Jean were contracted by Philip to work for four years exclusively on illuminating a bible (a très belle et notable Bible). It is their first documented commission and the work seems to have been executed in Paris. Art historians are divided as to whether the Bible Moralisée ( 166 in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris is the same manuscript as Philip's commission;
although there is consensus that manuscript was executed by Jean and Pol Limbourg.

A bible moralisée is a type of bible that emerged in the 13th century. It followed a specific format in which bible passages were paired with commentary or moralizations and an image, with each page containing four pairs of images meant to dominate the page. Typically such a bible contained more than 5000 painted miniatures; the cost and labor involved in such a production was so great that only royalty commissioned them. Manuscript 166 in Paris is an almost verbatim copy of the bible moralisee commissioned by Philip's father John II of France, known as  167, which contains 5122 miniatures.

The contract Philip executed with the brothers was quite specific: they were to provide miniatures (ystoires) as quickly as possible irrespective of holidays, to be paid a daily rate of 6 sous. Philip's physician, Jean Durant, was to supervise the effort, for which he received 600 francs and periodic repayments for lapis lazuli used to produce Illuminated manuscripts.  In 1404 the brothers are referred to as peintres et historieurs, whereas they were earlier referred to as painters  (peintres) and illuminators (enlumineurs). They almost certainly painted the miniatures as well as the borders. They completed folios 1-24 and the underdrawings to folio 32.

The recorded documentation regarding specific commissions ends with Philip's death in April 1404. They are mentioned in some documents and inventories kept by Berry's valet de chambre and after 1408 in records regarding various payments and exchanges of gifts.

Jean de Berry

After Philip's death, Herman, Paul, and Johan came to work for his brother John, Duke of Berry; an extravagant collector of the arts and books. Their first assignment was to illuminate a book of hours, now known as the Belles Heures du Duc de Berry, and today held in The Cloisters of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

The illuminated manuscript was finished in 1409 much to the satisfaction of the duke, and he assigned them to an even more ambitious project for a book of hours.  This became the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, widely regarded as the peak of late medieval book illumination, and possibly the most valuable book in the world.  It is kept as  65 in the Musée Condé in Chantilly, France.

Paul especially was on good terms with the duke and was given a court position as valet de chambre, granting him access and status (his uncle had had the same position with the duke of Burgundy). The duke gave him jewelry and a large house in Bourges. Paul was attracted to a young girl, Gillette la Mercière, but her parents disapproved.  The duke had the girl confined, and released her only on the king's command.  In 1411 Paul and Gillette married anyway, but the marriage remained childless (the girl was 12, her husband 24 at the time).

Death
In the first half of 1416, Jean de Berry and the three Limbourg brothers – all not yet 30 years old – died, possibly of the plague, leaving the Très Riches Heures unfinished.  An unidentified artist (possibly Barthélemy van Eyck) completed the calendar miniatures in the 1440s when the book apparently was in the possession of René d'Anjou, and in 1485 Jean Colombe finished the work for the House of Savoy.

The work of the Limbourg brothers, being mostly inaccessible, became forgotten until the 19th century.  Nevertheless, they set an example for the next generations of painters, which extended beyond miniature painting.  They worked in a Northern European tradition, but display influences from Italian models. Among their own sources of artistic inspiration was the work of the Master of the Brussels Initials.

References

Sources

 Rob Dückers and Pieter Roelofs (eds). The Limbourg brothers: Nijmegen masters at the French court, 1400–1416.  Exhibition catalogue, Ludion, Nijmegen 2005.
 Dückers, Rob; Pieter Roelofs (eds). The Limbourg Brothers. Brill, 2009.
 Husband, Timothy B., The Art of Illumination: The Limbourg Brothers and the Belles Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry. The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press, 2008.
 Lowden, John. (2005).  "The Bible Moralisée in the Fifteenth Century and the Challenge of the Bible Historiale". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 68, pp. 73-136
 Manion, Margaret M. (1995). "Psalter Illustration in the Très Riches Heures of Jean de Berry." Gesta (International Center of Medieval Art) vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 147–161.
 Meiss, Millard. French painting in the time of Jean de Berry : the Limbourgs and their contemporaries. Thames and Hudson, 1974.

External links

 Website of the 2005 exhibition in Nijmegen
 Website of the annual medieval festival dedicated to the Limbourg brothers in Nijmegen
 Limbourg brothers last Illuminators of the Medieval Art

1416 deaths
Gothic painters
Early Netherlandish painters
Artists from Nijmegen
Arts in the court of Philip the Good
Artist families
Sibling trios
Year of birth unknown
Manuscript illuminators
15th-century deaths from plague (disease)

Limbourg brothers


Mannerheimintie (), named after the Finnish military leader and statesman Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, is the main street and boulevard of Helsinki, Finland. It was originally named Heikinkatu (), after Robert Henrik Rehbinder on the first part up to the current Kiasma Art museum and Turuntie after that, but was renamed after the Winter War. The change of name was also a reference to Mannerheim's victory parade along the road during the Finnish Civil War (1918), after German forces, allied with Mannerheim's Finnish forces, had retaken the city.

The street begins at Erottaja in the city centre, near the Swedish Theatre and continues in a northernly direction past the Stockmann department store. It then continues as a main thoroughfare past the districts of Kamppi, Töölö, Meilahti, Laakso and Ruskeasuo, until it finally merges into the busy Tampere Highway (E12), which leads outside the city towards Hämeenlinna and Tampere. (Geographically, the highway only ends in central Tampere, as a small street called Kalevan Puistotie.)

Many famous buildings are located on, or near, Mannerheimintie. These include the House of Parliament, the central offices of the Finnish Posti Group, the Finlandia Hall, the National Museum, the Helsinki Opera House, Hotel Marski, and Tilkka.

There are many landmark sculptures by Mannerheimintie. These include the Three Smiths Statue and the Statue of Mannerheim near Kiasma.

There are only two streets running across Mannerheimintie: Nordenskiöldinkatu overground, and Tilkanvierto below it as an underpass. There are many other streets connecting with Mannerheimintie, but all of them either end at Mannerheimintie or continue across it under a different name.

See also
 Hakamäentie
 Tampere Highway
 Vihdintie
 Paasikiven–Kekkosentie

References

Streets in Helsinki
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

Mannerheimintie


Michel Therrien (born November 4, 1963) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach. (NHL). Therrien formerly coached the Montreal Canadiens, the  Pittsburgh Penguins and the Philadelphia Flyers.

Prior to his coaching career, Therrien played professionally for three years as a defenceman in the American Hockey League (AHL), compiling a total of 86 points in 206 games and winning the Calder Cup in 1985 with the Sherbrooke Canadiens, on the same team as eventual Hockey Hall of Famer Patrick Roy. When his playing career ended, Therrien worked for a time as a lineman for Bell Canada, with a sideline as a bodyguard for Quebec singing star Roch Voisine, with whom he had once played hockey, while working his way into a coaching career.

Before coaching in the professional leagues, Therrien was a coach in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), first as an assistant with the Laval Titan and later as head coach for the Granby Prédateurs, with whom the club won the Memorial Cup in 1996, ending a 25-year championship drought in the tournament for a team from Quebec. He is a single parent of two children, Elizabeth and Charles.

Coaching career

Montreal Canadiens
In 2000, after stumbling out to a 5–13–2 record, the Montreal Canadiens fired Head Coach Alain Vigneault and hired rookie Michel Therrien. The Canadiens went 23–27–6–6 under Therrien and missed the 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs.

In his first full season as the Canadiens head coach, Michel led the Habs to an impressive record of 36–31–15, a 16-point improvement from the previous year. In the 2002 playoffs, Therrien's Canadiens upset the top-seeded Boston Bruins in six games before losing to the Carolina Hurricanes.

Pittsburgh Penguins
For two-and-a-half seasons, Therrien was the head coach of the American Hockey League (AHL)'s Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. He led the Penguins to the Calder Cup playoffs in 2004 and 2005.

After leading Wilkes-Barre/Scranton to a franchise-record start (21–1–2–1) in the 2005–06 season, Therrien was promoted by Pittsburgh on December 15, 2005, as a mid-season replacement for Ed Olczyk. The Pens, however, did not turn their season around, going 14–29–8 under Therrien. The Penguins started the 2006–07 season in mediocre fashion. However, they picked up play in January, going 14–0–2 on one stretch. The streak led the Penguins to a 47–24–11 record and a fifth-place berth in the 2007 playoffs. The Pens, however, fell in five games to the Ottawa Senators.

During the 2006–07 season, Therrien coached the Penguins to one of the most successful single-season improvements in NHL history, finishing with a 47–24–11 record (105 points), a berth in the 2007 playoffs and a nomination for the Jack Adams Award as the NHL's Coach of the Year.

Despite a slow start the next season, in 2007–08, the Pens began to turn things around in November 2007. They would go on to win the 2008 Winter Classic and later clinch the Atlantic Division with a 4–2 win against their state-rivals, the Philadelphia Flyers. In the first round of the 2008 playoffs, the Pens avenged their 2007 playoff series loss by downing the Ottawa Senators in a four-game sweep. They then defeated the New York Rangers and the Philadelphia Flyers each in five games to win the 2008 Eastern Conference Championship and the Prince of Wales Trophy. The Pens eventually lost in the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals to the Detroit Red Wings in six games, finishing the playoffs with a 14–6 record. On July 18, 2008, Therrien signed a contract extension with the Penguins through to the 2010–11 NHL season.

The next season, the Penguins shot out to one of the best starts in franchise history, only to slow down considerably heading into December. The slide continued, and on February 15, 2009, a day after a 6–2 loss to the Toronto Maple Leafs and with the Penguins struggling to stay in the playoff race, Therrien was relieved of his duties as head coach of the Penguins. Therrien finished two games behind Red Kelly for the second-longest tenure as Penguins' head coach. Dan Bylsma took over as Therrien's replacement. After his termination, he continued to reside in Pittsburgh and followed the team as they advanced to the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals and won the Stanley Cup in Game 7 in Detroit.

Return to Montreal
On June 5, 2012, Montreal Canadiens executive vice president and general manager Marc Bergevin announced the appointment of Michel Therrien as the club's new head coach. His first season was a successful one, leading the Habs to first in the Northeast Division after the team had finished last in the previous season. However, the team ended up losing in the first round to the Ottawa Senators in five games. In his second season, 2013–14, he led the Habs to the Eastern Conference Finals, though the team lost to the New York Rangers in six games. At the end of the season, general manager Marc Bergevin rewarded Therrien with a new contract, a four-year extension. With the contract, he became the highest-paid coach in the history of the Canadiens. In 2015–16, after starting the season with a 19–4–3 win–loss record, the Canadiens collapsed following an injury to goaltender Carey Price, ending the season with a .500 record and failing to make the playoffs. On November 4, 2016, his 53rd birthday, the Canadiens got blown out 10-0 by the Columbus Blue Jackets. On January 7, 2017, Therrien recorded his 400th win as a coach in a 5–3 victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs. However, on February 14, 2017, he was once again fired by the Canadiens and replaced as head coach by Claude Julien for the second time. At the time of his firing, the Canadiens were ranked first in the Atlantic Division with a 31–19–8 record. Their season started with a strong 13-1-1 start, but followed with a disappointing run of 18-18-7 which led to his firing.

Philadelphia Flyers
On May 5, 2019, Michel Therrien returned to the NHL as an assistant coach to Alain Vigneault of the Philadelphia Flyers.  On December 6, 2021, Therrien was relieved of his duties.

Coaching record
Note: Brackets around points (Pts) indicate a partial season of coaching.

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
Baltimore Skipjacks players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QMJHL) players
French Quebecers
Granby Prédateurs coaches
Ice hockey people from Montreal
Laval Titan coaches
Longueuil Chevaliers players
Milwaukee Admirals (IHL) players
Montreal Canadiens coaches
Nova Scotia Voyageurs players
Philadelphia Flyers coaches
Pittsburgh Penguins coaches
Quebec Remparts players
Sherbrooke Canadiens players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins head coaches

Michel Therrien


The Pontano Chapel or Cappella dei Pontano is a Renaissance-style chapel in central Naples, Italy, on Via Tribunali, just in front of and obscuring the left lower façade of the church of Santa Maria Maggiore alla Pietrasanta.

The chapel was built in 1492 by humanist Giovanni Pontano as funerary chapel for his beloved wife Adriana Sassone. The architects, the brothers Giocondo and Francesco di Giorgio, made the building have Vitruvian proportions for length and width. The serene façade, seemingly out of place with the bright dynamic façade of Santa Maria Maggiore, is constructed of grey piperno rock with pilasters. The interior has maiolica flooring. Behind the altar is a fresco of the Madonna with Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist (c. 1492)  attributed to Francesco Cicino da Caiazzo.

References

Chapels in Naples
Renaissance architecture in Naples
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1492
Roman Catholic chapels in Italy
15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy

Pontano Chapel


The following is a list of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the Edinburgh and West Lothian Area of Search, in Scotland.

 Agassiz Rock, Blackford Quarry
 Arthur's Seat
 Balerno Common
 Blawhorn Moss
 Calderwood
 Carriber Glen
 Cobbinshaw Moss
 Cobbinshaw Reservoir
 Craigengar
 Duddingston Loch
 East Kirkton Quarry
 Firth of Forth
 Hermand Birchwood
 Hermand Quarry
 Inchmickery
 Linhouse Valley
 Linlithgow Loch
 Lochcote Marsh
 Petershill
 Philpstoun Muir
 Skolie Burn
 Tailend Moss
 Wester Craiglockhart Hill

See also
 List of SSSIs by Area of Search

Edinburgh and West Lothian
Sites of Special Scientific Interest
Sites of Special Scientific Interest

List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Edinburgh and West Lothian


Boswell was a cannery town in the Central Coast region of the South Coast of British Columbia, Canada, located on the north side of Boswell Inlet, an arm of Smith Sound.

Boswell first appeared in the British Columbia gazette on April 7, 1955, listed as a steamboat landing serving  the Boswell Cannery, one of 243 on the British Columbia coast.  After the cannery closed and steamer service ended, the site was listed as uninhabited from 1987 onwards and is now listed as an abandoned locality.

Boswell is completely uninhabited today, but the wharf from its days as a steamboat landing serving the cannery remains, and the site has water and shelter so is still shown on nautical charts and in sailing guides.

Name

Boswell gets its name from the inlet, which was named in honour of Hazel and Olive Boswell, daughters of a Quebec harbour engineer, St. George Boswell, and granddaughters of Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia Henri G. Joly de Lotbinière, 1900–1906.

See also
List of canneries in British Columbia

References

website

Central Coast of British Columbia
Company towns in Canada
Ghost towns in British Columbia
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia

Boswell, British Columbia (Central Coast)


Dr. Herbert Vivian Hordern (10 February 1883 – 17 June 1938), also known as Ranji Hordern, was an Australian cricketer who played in seven Test matches between 1911 and 1912. He was the first major leg-spin and googly bowler to play for Australia. His nickname, "Ranji", came from his dark complexion, and is a reference to the famous Indian England test cricketer K S Ranjitsinhji. Hordern was a member of the Hordern family, well known as retailers in Sydney.

Career
Hordern was born in North Sydney, New South Wales and made his debut in first-class cricket by taking 8 for 81 for New South Wales—and 11 wickets in the match—against Queensland in December 1905. He then moved to the United States to pursue his studies. While a student of dentistry at the University of Pennsylvania, he toured England in 1908 and Jamaica in 1908-09 with the Philadelphian cricket team. He played 17 first class matches for Philadelphians, and it was during his time in America that he perfected his googly.

Hordern returned to Australia in 1910.  Owing to the foresight of Warren Bardsley, he found his way back into the state side immediately.  After picking up 43 wickets in six matches in the 1910–11 season, he convinced the Australian selectors to follow Bardsley's lead. Chosen for the Fourth Test of the 1910–11 series against South Africa, he took fourteen wickets at an average of 21.07 in his two Tests in this series, including 5 in the second innings on debut, and 32 wickets at 24.37 against England in the following season. In the England series, he had match figures of 12 for 135 in the first Test at Sydney, assisting Australia to their only win of the series. In the final game, also at Sydney, he took 10 for 161. By this time, he was being called the best bowler of his type in the world.

Hordern's priority in life was his medical career. This, along with the controversy surrounding the selection of the team to tour England in 1912, restricted his career. He participated in only 35 first-class matches between 1905 and 1913. He died at age 55 in Darlinghurst, New South Wales.

Publications
Googlies: Coals from a Test-Cricketer's Fireplace (Angus & Robertson: Sydney, 1932).

Notes

References

Wisden obituary
The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket, Cashman et al. (ed), Oxford University Press (1996),

Further reading
Rick Smith, Googlyman: The Story of HV 'Ranji' Hordern, Apple Books, 2005, .

Australia Test cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Philadelphian cricketers
1883 births
1938 deaths
Australian cricketers
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Cricketers from Sydney
Horden family

H. V. Hordern


David Huntingford Malan (21 March 1922 –  14 October 2020) was a British psychoanalytic psychotherapy practitioner and researcher recognized for his contribution to the development of psychotherapy. He promoted scientific spirit of inquiry, openness, and simplicity within the field. He is also noted for his development of the Malan triangles, which became a rubric in which therapists can reflect upon what they are doing and where they are in relational space at any given moment.

Early life
Malan was born in Ootacamund in the province of Tamil Nadu in India on 21 March 1922.  His father was English, working in the Indian Civil service as Paymaster General of Madras State, and his mother Isabel (née Allen)was American. When Malan was seven years old his father died from pneumonia and Malan and his mother came to England. They moved into a house in Hartley Wintney which served as Malan's home throughout his life. This early experience of grief was formative for his later work.

At preparatory boarding school Malan particularly enjoyed learning Latin and Greek, but as a scholar at Winchester he became interested in chemistry which he then studied, winning a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. He graduated in 1944 with a 1st class Honours degree in chemistry.

During the war Malan was seconded to the Special Operations Executive (S.O.E), initially to develop devices for Resistance fighters, and later incendiary bombs for use in the Far East.

He was unable to partake in active service due to a foot injury. After the war he studied medicine at The London Hospital qualifying in 1952 and then trained in psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital.  Malan began his training in psychoanalysis whilst at Medical School. His initial analysis was with Michael Balint and then with Winnicott.

After a year at Courtaulds doing fundamental research, he knew he wanted to become a Psychotherapist.

Career
After qualifying from the London Hospital in 1952, he worked as a casualty officer, then as a psychiatrist at the Maudsley before transferring to the Tavistock Clinic in 1956. From 1956 to 1982, he remained at the Tavistock Clinic as a consultant psychiatrist, psychotherapist and psychoanalyst.

In 1956, at the Tavistock Clinic, Balint asked him to join his Brief Psychotherapy research group investigating whether brief focal therapy was effective. Malan analysed the results which were highly encouraging. During his early years as a psychotherapist, he already advocated the accurate, reproducible clinical descriptions, as well as the prediction of desirable outcomes prior to the process of therapy or an "intention to treat", which are then followed by unbiased evaluation post-treatment. This approach was met with suspicion during the 1950s within the analytic community, including Malan's colleagues at the Tavistock Clinic.

In 1967 Malan developed the Brief Psychotherapy workshop which all trainees were required to attend for one year and treat a patient under his supervision. It attracted students internationally as well as nationally. The aim was to achieve effective therapeutic results in the shortest possible time and to research the factors that made this happen.

The therapy was actively interpretive, using the elements of the Two Triangles – the Triangle of Conflict and the Triangle of Person - as the basis for many of the interventions that the therapists made.

The outcome data exploded the Myth of Superficiality whereby critics claimed that Brief Psychotherapy could only be helpful with superficially ill patients, that the technique used should be superficial and that only superficial improvements can be achieved.

At this time Malan lectured nationally and internationally many times in the US, Canada, Norway, Switzerland, Italy and Greece, describing his active interpretive approach and his investigation of the factors that made Brief Psychotherapy most effective. He received the highest medical Merit award for this work.

In 1974, Davanloo showed his tapes of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy to Malan who was convinced by the evidence that the technique used was extremely effective. They began a twelve-year collaboration, doing workshops and lectures together with Davanloo showing his tapes of therapy and Malan outlining the concepts and explaining the principles of the technique.

In 1979, Malan wrote Individual Psychotherapy and the Science of Psychodynamics pub. Butterworth-Heinnemann which outlines the principles of Dynamic Psychotherapy from the most elementary to the most profound, using true case histories to illustrate each concept. It has been translated into 8 languages and following a second edition in 1995 is still in print as a classic textbook for psychotherapists.

Private life
He was married to Muriel (née Still) from 1959 to about 1982, with whom he had a son called Peter. He later married Jennifer (Jennie) Ann (née Stead). He enjoyed travelling in the countryside with his wife Jennie including in Scotland, New Zealand and India.

Retirement and death
After his retirement, Malan continued to write and lecture extensively on Brief Psychotherapy and Intensive Short Term Dynamic Therapy (ISTDP), publishing his last book "Lives Transformed", in 2006, which he co-authored with Patricia Coughlin. He also put on Conferences in Oxford in 2006 and 2008 to demonstrate the effectiveness of ISTDP as a method of Brief Psychotherapy. Following these conferences, core training courses developed, and therapists, who completed them and have become experienced, have continued to lecture and teach subsequent core trainings.

In 2005, Malan received a Career Achievement Award in recognition of his contribution to Psychotherapy from the International Experiential Dynamic Therapy Association, of which he was Emeritus President since its inception. He died in 2020.

Brief Psychotherapy
Although trained as an analyst, initially using analysis in therapy, and recognising the validity of analytic insights, Malan has always been concerned that analysis takes too long and too few patients can be treated.

His research and writing therefore focussed on finding the most effective treatment that can help more patients in the shortest possible time.

Balint's Brief Therapy Research Group.

In 1956, after becoming a psychotherapist at the Tavistock Clinic, Malan was invited by Balint to join his Brief Psychotherapy research group investigating whether brief focal therapy was effective. Patients were treated using a radical interpretive approach and the results were evaluated against specified criteria and, in general, they were extremely good. Malan analysed the results in his Oxford DM thesis and subsequently developed the ideas in A Study of Brief Psychotherapy : Tavistock publications 1963. Other publications analysing aspects of the results were The Frontier of Brief Psychotherapy and Toward the Validation of Dynamic Psychotherapy  - both published by Plenum in 1976.

Brief Psychotherapy Workshop

Following his appointment as a Consultant in the Adult dept., Malan introduced a Brief Psychotherapy workshop which all trainees were required to attend. They presented cases where they had used the principles of Brief Psychotherapy under his supervision. The aim was to achieve effective therapeutic results in the fewest sessions and to research the factors that made this possible.

In the workshop the technique was actively interpretive. The work was initially focussed on the presenting problems but became more wide-ranging with responsive patients and demonstrated deep and lasting changes.

An account of twenty-four therapies completed by trainees as part of the Brief Psychotherapy Workshop is summarised in 'Psychodynamics, Training and Outcome' by Malan and Osimo, pub. Butterworth –Heinemann 1992. It is based not only on the sessions but on the follow-up of a series of patients, and shows that good therapeutic results can be achieved by trainees under supervision.

The Two Triangles

A key element of therapy is the linking of the Two Triangles - the Triangle of Conflict (Defence, Anxiety and Hidden Feeling) and the Triangle of Persons (Current, Transference/Present and Past). The Triangle of Conflict illustrates the relation between anxiety, defences and the underlying impulses or feelings. The Triangle of Persons shows the links between the relationship with the therapist, with current people in the patient's life, and with people from their past.

Malan always acknowledges that each Triangle was independently devised by Ezriel (1952) and Menninger (1958) respectively, but he showed how, when put together, the relation between them for the patient at any given moment in therapy, can form a reliable basis for many of the interventions that the therapist makes. Ref: Individual Psychotherapy and the Science of Psychodynamics (p. 80)

As early as 1963 in his analysis of cases in Balint's workshop, Malan had identified that good outcome correlated with a high frequency of interpretations making a link between the transference and childhood, but the full significance and usefulness of the concept of linking the Triangles came later.

The Myth of Superficiality

Research from the workshop exploded the 'myth of superficiality' whereby critics maintain that Brief Psychotherapy is a superficial treatment that can only be effective with superficially ill patients, bringing about superficial results. Malan maintains that the aim of every session is to 'put the patient in touch with as much of their true feelings as they can bear and that the long-term outcome should demonstrate deep and lasting changes.' The work does not have to be focal and limited to specific problems and should lead to therapeutic changes that are wide-ranging, deep-seated and permanent. This has been shown in many of Malan's follow-up studies where Brief Therapy and Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy have been used.

Collaboration with Habib Davanloo

In 1974 Davanloo presented videotapes of his therapeutic work using Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) at the Tavistock Clinic. The essence of ISTDP is to enable the patient to reach and experience their hitherto buried, and often unconscious feelings, which have been governing their emotional responses leading to deep-seated neurotic patterns of behaviour that in many cases have crippled their lives. He does this by challenging the defences that the patient has been using to avoid painful feelings of loss, grief, anger, hate and guilt about people who they loved and /or needed when children.

Although aspects of Davanloo's challenging and sometimes abrasive technique were antipathetic to him, Malan recognised that the challenge was to the defences, not to the patient directly, and results were conclusive and convincing. The videotapes showed undeniable evidence that patients could be treated in a relatively few sessions (40 or fewer) and fully recover from a range of longstanding emotional and psychosomatic illnesses.

Malan and Davanloo collaborated for twelve years from 1974, doing many Conferences and Workshops worldwide.  Davanloo showed his tapes of therapy while Malan outlined the rationale and objectives of the technique and explained the elements of the therapy. After his retirement, Malan wrote many books and articles about Davanloo's concepts and technique.

Subsequent Developments using Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy.

It became apparent that the abrasive element when challenging the defences is not necessary, and the same results can be achieved by blocking them much more gently but persistently until they disintegrate.  Malan recognised that as long as the patient reaches and experiences the buried, often previously unconscious painful feelings, they no longer have the power to govern their emotional responses. It is the avoidance of these feelings that underlies many neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms.

Malan has worked with many of Davanloo's ex-trainees lecturing and writing extensively. In 2006 he co-authored with Patricia Coughlin 'Lives Transformed – a Revolutionary Method of Dynamic Psychotherapy' pub. Karnac.

In order to introduce Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy to the UK, Malan organised two Conferences in Oxford in 2006 and 2008, where video-tapes of therapies were shown. Following these Core Training groups were established. Subsequent Conferences have been held demonstrating ISTDP and currently there are Core trainings in London and the North of England.  Malan hopes ISTDP will become available as a treatment method on the N.H.S. as it so effective, but it is difficult to learn and challenging to do.

Scientific principles and Brief Psychotherapy
A hallmark of Malan's work is his scientific approach to research in Psychotherapy. He is convinced that psychodynamic processes can and should be scientifically studied, and he rigorously insists on long-term follow-ups to see how effective therapy really has been and what factors contributed to this.

Outcome Studies

Malan believes that one of the most important tools for this 'objective study of subjective matter' is long-term follow-up interviews to obtain reliable psychodynamic outcome data. He considers that questionnaires are useless, and proper follow-up interviews are necessary based on the initial criteria the therapist sets for the complete resolution of the presenting problems. To this end he has carried out many such follow-ups and trained others to do so. These outcome studies are actually process and outcome studies as they analyse the process of change as well as the long-term results. He published papers throughout his career evaluating outcome data which showed that the results of Brief Psychotherapy are as good as, or better than, those found in long-term therapy.

Publications
Books

A Study of Brief Psychotherapy  : Tavistock publications 1963 .  Reprinted Plenum 1975.  Translated into 7 languages.

The Frontier of Brief Psychotherapy : Plenum 1976

Towards the Validation of Brief Psychotherapy : Plenum 1979

Individual Psychotherapy and the Science of Psychodynamics  : pub. Butterworth-Heinemann !979 Second edition 1995 Reprinted in 8 languages.

Psychodynamics, Training and Outcome in Brief Psychotherapy : Malan and Osimo pub. Butterworth-Heinemann 1992

Anorexia, Murder and Suicide : pub Butterworth-Heinemann 1997

Lives transformed – a Revolutionary Method of Dynamic Psychotherapy : Malan and Coughlin pub:Karnac 2006

Throughout his career Malan consistently published research papers and wrote chapters in books.

Significant ones include:

Malan, D.H. (1978a) Exploring the limits of brief psychotherapy. In H. Davanloo (Ed.) Basic Principles and Techniques in Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (pp43 –67). New York. Spectrum Publications

Malan, D.H. (1978b) Evaluation criteria for selection of patients. In H.Davanloo (Ed) Basic Principles and Techniques in Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (pp. 85 –97). New York. Spectrum Publications.

Malan, D.H. (1980) The most important development in psychotherapy since the discovery of the unconscious. In H. Davanloo (Ed) Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy, (pp. 13–23) Northvale NJ: Aronson.

Malan, D.H. (2001) The Way Ahead. In Short-Term Therapy for Long-term Change. New York. Norton.

Malan D.H. (1986) Beyond Interpretation: Part I and II. International Journal of Short-term Psychotherapy, I (2), (pp. 59–82, 83–106)

References

Sources
Malan, D.H. (1963) A Study of Brief Psychotherapy Tavistock Publications.  Reprinted Plenum

Malan, D.H. (1976a). The Frontier of Brief Psychotherapy. New York: Plenum Press

Malan, D.H. (1976b). Toward the Validation of Dynamic Psychotherapy. New York: Plenum Press.

Malan, D.H. (1979). Individual Psychotherapy and the Science of Psychodynamics. London:  Butterworth- Heinemann.

Malan, D.H. and Osimo, F. (1992). Psychodynamics, Training and Outcome in Brief Psychotherapy. London: Butterworth- Heinemann.

Malan, D.H. and Coughlin Della Selva, P. (2006)  Lives Transformed – a Revolutionary Method of Dynamic psychotherapy. London Karnack

Osimo, F and Stein, M.J. Theory and Practice of Experiential Dynamic Therapy London: Karnac (pp 9–13, 23 -42).

1922 births
2020 deaths
Psychodynamics
British psychiatrists
British psychotherapists
British people in colonial India
British people of American descent
People from Nilgiris district

David H. Malan