Landmark Mortgages Limited, formerly Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc and later NRAM plc, is a British asset holding and management company which was split away from the Northern Rock bank in 2010. It was publicly owned through the British Government's UK Asset Resolution following Northern Rock's nationalisation in 2008 until NRAM plc was sold to Cerberus Capital Management in 2016. The company is closed to new business.

NRAM held the bad debts of the former Northern Rock bank and was described as the "bad bank". The remainder, Northern Rock plc, was designated the "good bank", and in 2012 was bought by Virgin Money. Since nationalisation, the assets of NRAM have been sold off in parts, culminating in November 2015 with the sale of £13 billion of mortgages and loans to Cerberus Capital Management. Cerberus purchased NRAM plc as part of the deal in May 2016, renaming it Landmark Mortgages. The remaining liabilities of NRAM that were not included in the sale were transferred to NRAM (No. 1) Limited, which was renamed NRAM Limited.

History

Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc was renamed from Northern Rock plc on 31 December 2009, and the following day the banking assets were split off into a new company called Northern Rock plc.  Therefore, the current legal entity which exists as Northern Rock (Asset Management) company is in fact the company of the Northern Rock Building Society (founded 1965) which turned into a bank in 1997.

On 14 September 2007, during the financial crisis of 2007–08, the Bank sought and received a liquidity support facility from the Bank of England, following problems in the credit markets caused by the subprime mortgage crisis. At 00:01 on 22 February 2008 the bank was taken into state ownership (see the Nationalisation of Northern Rock). The nationalisation was a result of two unsuccessful bids to take over the bank, neither being able to fully commit to repayment of taxpayers' money. To better control the assets of the bank it was decided to split the company in two, forming the new bank and leaving this company as the so-called 'bad-bank'.

On 24 March 2010 UKFI announced its intention to integrate Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc and Bradford & Bingley plc under a single holding company. In October 2010, Bradford & Bingley plc and Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc were brought together under a single holding company, UK Asset Resolution Ltd.

On 3 August 2010 the company announced pre-tax profits £349.7m for the first six months of the year. On 1 October 2010 the bank announced that another £700 million had been paid off of the loan in the last three months. During 2011 £2 billion of the loan was repaid. On 23 July it was announced that Virgin Money would be acquiring £465 million worth of mortgage assets from Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc.

In December 2012 an administrative error was uncovered in the wording of the loan agreements made by the bank in 2008 for around 152,000 customers; the error may cost an estimated £270 million. As a result of the error the affected customers, who were borrowing £25,000 or less, may be entitled to a repayment of interest. In December 2014, the High Court ruled that the compensation must be paid in a test case that NRAM brought against one of its employees. This was later reversed by the Court of Appeal in July 2015.

In July 2013, private equity firm JC Flowers agreed to buy $450 million of the bank's loans from the British Government.

On 16 May 2014 the company changed its name from Northern Rock (Asset Management) plc to the shorter NRAM plc.

In 2015 UK Financial Investments announced it would seek expressions of interest for the divestment of mortgage servicing capabilities of the business as well as the Granite securitisation vehicle. UKFI appointed Moelis & Company as advisers for the divestments. In November 2015, the company confirmed the sale of £13 billion of mortgages and loans to Cerberus Capital Management, largely made up of a part of its Granite portfolio, for £280m more than their book value. The legal entity of NRAM plc became known as Landmark Mortgages Limited after the sale to Cerberus, and NRAM (No. 1) Limited was renamed to NRAM Limited in 2016. Upon completion of the acquisition of NRAM plc, Cerberus sold £3.3 billion of mortgages to the UK bank TSB, which are administered through its Whistletree division.

Operations

Northern Rock (Asset Management) holds and services the majority of existing mortgage and unsecured loan accounts. The company does not offer any new products and has no branches. The company is currently based in Fleet, Hampshire.

The Northern Rock (Asset Management) was initially based on the same large site at the Regent Centre in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne as the Northern Rock bank until 2013, when the staff moved to UKAR's other sites in Doxford and Bingley. The registered office was also initially Northern Rock House but is now in Bingley.

NRAM held the assets of the "Granite" securitisation vehicle, created by Northern Rock in 2001 to parcel up the mortgages provided by the bank and sell the value to investors. In 2008 Granite had a value of around £45 billion. After the liquidity crisis and subsequent nationalisation of Northern Rock in February 2008, Granite was put into run-off to reduce exposure for the UK taxpayer, meaning that Northern Rock the bank would no longer supply it with fresh mortgages and bondholders would be repaid as old mortgages expire.

Shares
HM Treasury announced on 22 February 2008 that it had acquired all the shares in Northern Rock and that all entitlements to shares issued by the company had been extinguished by a Transfer Order made under the Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008. The Transfer Order came into force, and the transfers under it were made at 00:01 on 22 February 2008. Therefore, shares cannot be bought or sold.

Permanent Subordinated Bonds (PSBs) were issued by Northern Rock and although the fixed dividend payments are currently suspended the PSBs are still traded (symbol NRKP). Their coupon is 12 5/8% and as at January 2012 they trade at just under half their issue price of 100p. Although interest is not currently paid it may be at some future point should NRAM cease to be government owned and in that case all back payments of interest may become payable.

Board of directors

Since the company split into two parts, each separate entity has had its own board of directors. With the merger of this company with the mortgage assets of Bradford & Bingley under a single holding company, Richard Pym, Chairman of both companies is to be appointed chairman new holding company, and Richard Banks, currently managing director of Bradford & Bingley has been appointed Chief Executive designate.

Northern Rock (Asset Management) board as of 1 January 2011:
 Chairman: Richard Pym
 Chief Executive: Richard Banks
 Executive Directors: Andy Tate
 non-executive directors: Kent Atkinson, Sue Langley, Keith Morgan, Philip Remnant

See also

 Partnership House

References

External links

Bad banks
Banks established in 2010
Banks of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 2010
Companies based in Hampshire
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom
Northern Rock

Landmark Mortgages


Polydextrose is a synthetic polymer of glucose. It is a food ingredient classified as soluble fiber by the US FDA as well as Health Canada, . It is frequently used to increase the dietary fiber content of food, to replace sugar, and to reduce calories and fat content. It is a multi-purpose food ingredient synthesized from dextrose (glucose), plus about 10 percent sorbitol and 1 percent citric acid. Its E number is E1200. The FDA approved it in 1981.

It is 0.1 times as sweet as sugar.

History
Commercial manufacture of edible polydextrose originated with a process developed by Hans H. Rennhard of Pfizer, Inc. Rennhard began investigating the potential of polysaccharides as low-calorie replacements for sugar, fat, flour, and starch. In 1965, he created polydextrose, a polymer of dextrose, produced from the naturally occurring components: glucose, sorbitol, and citric acid.

Commercial uses
Polydextrose is commonly used as a replacement for sugar, starch, and fat in commercial beverages, cakes, candies, dessert mixes, breakfast cereals, gelatins, frozen desserts, puddings, and salad dressings. Polydextrose is frequently used as an ingredient in low-carb, sugar-free, and diabetic cooking recipes. It is also used as a humectant, stabiliser, and thickening agent.

Polydextrose is a form of soluble fiber and has shown healthful prebiotic benefits when tested in animals. It contains only 1 kcal per gram and, therefore, is able to help reduce calories.

However, polydextrose is not universally well tolerated. Doses as low as 10 g cause significantly more intestinal gas and flatulence than fermentation resistant psyllium.

References

Food additives
Edible thickening agents
Polysaccharides
E-number additives

Polydextrose


Harl Pease Jr. (April 10, 1917 – October 8, 1942) was a United States Army Air Corps officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest award, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during World War II. He was the namesake for Pease Air Force Base, now Pease Air National Guard Base.

Biography

Pease was born and raised in Plymouth, New Hampshire, and graduated from Tilton School, a college-preparatory school. He then attended the University of New Hampshire, where he became a brother of Theta Chi fraternity. In 1939, he graduated with a degree in business administration and enlisted in the Army Air Corps.

He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in June 1940 and awarded pilot rating upon completion of flight training at Kelly Field, Texas. Pease was assigned to the 19th Bombardment Group (19th BG) as a B-17 pilot at Albuquerque Army Air Base, and in October 1941 flew with the group to Clark Field in the Philippines. As part of the Far East Air Force, Pease was present at Clark Field when it was bombed by Japanese aircraft on December 8, 1941, flew missions in defense of the Philippines, and evacuated with the group to Darwin, Northern Territory, on December 20, 1941. Pease continued to fly missions with the group in defense of Java until the end of February 1942.

As the Japanese advanced in the Philippines, Pease was ordered to lead three B-17s of the 19th BG to Del Monte Field on Mindanao to evacuate General Douglas MacArthur, along with the general's family and staff, to Australia.  One of the battered planes was forced to abort early, while another developed engine trouble and crashed south of Del Monte.  Pease landed his Fortress safely, despite its inoperative wheel brakes.  MacArthur was shocked at the sight of Pease's aircraft, upon which the ground crews of the undersupplied 19th BG had used cut-up ration cans to patch bullet holes, as well as Pease himself, whom MacArthur described as a "child".  MacArthur flatly refused to place his wife and son aboard Pease's B-17 and instead waited for another plane to arrive two days later.

In May, from a base near Townsville, Queensland, the 19th BG supported naval carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Coral Sea, and bombed targets on the north coast of New Guinea, 16–18 hour missions that necessitated staging through Port Moresby. During the first six months of the war, the 19th BG was awarded four Distinguished Unit Citations.

On August 6, 1942, one engine of Pease's B-17 failed during a mission, forcing a return to its base at Mareeba Airfield for repairs. The 19th BG had already scheduled a "maximum effort" mission against Rabaul, New Britain, on August 7 but Pease and his crew, with their aircraft out of commission, were not scheduled. Pease understood the importance of the mission and was determined to rejoin the group. Only one B-17 at Mareeba was able to fly, a "war-weary" bomber relegated to training. Its engines needed an overhaul, some armament had been dismounted, and the electric fuel-transfer pump had been used for replacement parts. Pease had a fuel tank installed in the bomb bay, with a handpump rigged to transfer fuel, and in less than three hours, was en route to Port Moresby with his crew, all of whom had also volunteered for the mission. They landed at 1:00 a.m. after working or flying almost continuously since 6:00 a.m. the previous day.

With only three hours' crew rest, Pease took off with the group to attack Rabaul's Vunakanau airdrome. While  from the target, the group was attacked by more than 30 Japanese fighters. Pease and his crew claimed several of the fighters, fought their way to the target, and bombed successfully, but sustained heavy damage in the attacks.

After leaving the target area, Pease's crippled B-17 fell behind the rest of the formation. Once again attacked by fighters, he was seen to jettison the burning bomb bay fuel tank before falling back out of sight. Pease and his crew were presumed killed in action.  Before the B-17 crashed, however, Pease and another crew member were able to bail out; both were captured and taken to a POW camp in Rabaul. Pease languished there until October 8, 1942. On that date, Pease, three other Americans, and two Australians were forced to dig their own grave, then were beheaded. Postwar, the remains of three of Pease's crew were found and identified; however, the remains of Pease and those killed with him were not recovered.

On December 2, 1942, the Medal of Honor, awarded posthumously to Pease, was presented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to his parents. The recommendation for the award had been issued by Major General George Kenney, with an endorsement General MacArthur had personally written when Kenney notified him of Pease's death.

In June 1957, Portsmouth Air Force Base in New Hampshire was renamed Pease Air Force Base in his honor. It closed in March 1991; a portion continues to operate as Pease Air National Guard Base.

Awards and decorations

Medal of Honor citation
Pease, Harl, Jr.
(Air Mission)

Rank and organization: captain, U.S. Army Air Corps, 93rd Bombardment Squadron. Place and date near Rabaul, New Britain, 6 – August 7, 1942. Entered service at: Plymouth, N.H. Birth: Plymouth, N.H. G.O. No.: 59, November 4, 1942.

Citation

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy on 6–7 August 1942. When 1 engine of the bombardment airplane of which he was pilot failed during a bombing mission over New Guinea, Capt. Pease was forced to return to a base in Australia. Knowing that all available airplanes of his group were to participate the next day in an attack on an enemy-held airdrome near Rabaul, New Britain, although he was not scheduled to take part in this mission, Capt. Pease selected the most serviceable airplane at this base and prepared it for combat, knowing that it had been found and declared unserviceable for combat missions. With the members of his combat crew, who volunteered to accompany him, he rejoined his squadron at Port Moresby, New Guinea, at 1 a.m. on 7 August, after having flown almost continuously since early the preceding morning. With only 3 hours' rest, he took off with his squadron for the attack. Throughout the long flight to Rabaul, New Britain, he managed by skillful flying of his unserviceable airplane to maintain his position in the group. When the formation was intercepted by about 30 enemy fighter airplanes before reaching the target, Capt. Pease, on the wing which bore the brunt of the hostile attack, by gallant action and the accurate shooting by his crew, succeeded in destroying several Zeros before dropping his bombs on the hostile base as planned, this in spite of continuous enemy attacks. The fight with the enemy pursuit lasted 25 minutes until the group dived into cloud cover. After leaving the target, Capt. Pease's aircraft fell behind the balance of the group due to unknown difficulties as a result of the combat, and was unable to reach this cover before the enemy pursuit succeeded in igniting 1 of his bomb bay tanks. He was seen to drop the flaming tank. It is believed that Capt. Pease's airplane and crew were subsequently shot down in flames, as they did not return to their base. In voluntarily performing this mission Capt. Pease contributed materially to the success of the group, and displayed high devotion to duty, valor, and complete contempt for personal danger. His undaunted bravery has been a great inspiration to the officers and men of his unit.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

Sources

References

Further reading

External links

1917 births
1942 deaths
United States Army Air Forces Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Recipients of the Air Medal
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Plymouth, New Hampshire
University of New Hampshire alumni
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
20th-century executions by Japan
American prisoners of war in World War II
Aviators from New Hampshire
Military personnel from New Hampshire
Tilton School alumni

Harl Pease


The Comox Glacier is a glacier on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, located  southwest of Courtenay and  west of Argus Mountain.

The highest elevation of the Comox Glacier, , refers to a rocky outcrop on the north side of the glacier.  Lacking an official name, it is referred to as the Comox Glacier summit.

The Comox Glacier is a member of the Vancouver Island Ranges which in turn form part of the Insular Mountains.

History
The name Comox Glacier comes from the name of the K'ómoks First Nation who inhabit the area.  They refer to the mountain by the name Kwénis, which means "whale".  This name comes from a traditional account of the Great Flood: a whale was said to be trapped up on the mountain when the flood receded. In the early 1900s, the glacier was known as Dome Glacier.  The name Comox Glacier was officially adopted in 1939, at the suggestion of the Comox & District Mountaineering Club.

Access
There are two direct routes to the Comox Glacier:

1. Comox Glacier Trail (aka Frog's Pond Route) - the most direct route to the Comox Glacier.  It begins where Datsio Creek meets Comox Creek.  The route initially heads up the valley towards Century Sam Lake, but quickly gains the ridge to the west.  The route follows the height of the ridge up to Lone Tree Pass, and on to the south flanks of the Comox Glacier.

2. Kookjai Route - this route starts at Cougar Lake, near the Comox Gap.  It traverses over Kookjai Mountain and Black Cat Mountain before meeting up with the Comox Glacier Trail at Lone Tree Pass.

Alternatively, the Comox Glacier can be accessed by traversing from Argus Mountain to the west, or climbing up from Milla Lake to the north.

See also
List of mountains in Strathcona Provincial Park
Vancouver Island Ranges
Forbidden Plateau

References

Vancouver Island Ranges
Mid Vancouver Island
Glaciers of British Columbia
Clayoquot Land District

Comox Glacier


Fort Henry National Historic Site is located in Kingston, Ontario, Canada on Point Henry, a strategic, elevated point near the mouth of the Cataraqui River where it flows into the St. Lawrence River at the east end of Lake Ontario. The fort and the point on which the fort was built were named after Henry Hamilton, former Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Quebec.

A fortification was constructed during the War of 1812 to protect the Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard (the site of the present-day Royal Military College of Canada) on Point Frederick from a possible American attack during the war and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. A much larger fort replaced this construction in the 1830s to maintain protection of the naval dockyard and protect the southern entrance to the Rideau Canal. The fort was restored in the 1930s and is a significant tourist attraction.

History

Background
In the years immediately following the American Revolution, British-American hostilities still concerned the British, and the high promontory of Point Henry was considered to be a good location for a defensive fortification. However, a fortification was not built on the hill until the beginning of the War of 1812.

In 1783, the British military established a post in what is now Kingston by partly refurbishing and garrisoning the ruined French fort (Fort Frontenac). The garrison and the developing townsite near the fort were deemed difficult to defend and so Captain John Ross, the British officer in charge of settling Loyalist refugees in the area, proposed moving the stronghold along with the townsite to the more defensible Point Henry.

In 1794, Lord Dorchester ordered the survey of Point Henry, Point Frederick, and "the adjacent Country and Coves taking in whatever may lye near enough to affect the Security or convenience of the Port" to investigate the location of a navy base.  Lt. Alexander Bryce of the Royal Engineers preferred Haldimand Cove (now Navy Bay) as a navy base and recommended a fortification on Point Henry to defend it.

Early fortification

At the beginning of the War of 1812, local militia erected a blockhouse and battery on Point Henry to defend the important naval base on Point Frederick, located across Haldimand Cove to the west, and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. On November 10, 1812, this battery was involved in repelling several American warships that were attacking the Provincial Marine sloop Royal George as the ship was taking refuge in Kingston Harbour.  This naval action strengthened the view that a stronger fortification was needed and so the militia and regular army began building batteries and barracks in 1813. The fort was one of several defensive structures built in and around Kingston during the war.

By 1820 the fort consisted of earth and stone ramparts, demi-bastions, redans, ditches, magazines, barracks, signal towers and support batteries.

Second fort

Distrust between the Americans and British continued after the War of 1812. This led to the original fort being demolished to make way for a more extensive fort, which was constructed between 1832 and 1836 to defend the Lake Ontario end of the strategic Rideau Canal, the harbour, and the naval dockyard. In 1843, the advanced battery overlooking the lake to the south was completed when the casemated commissariat stores and magazines were built. These stone buildings connected the advanced battery to the main redoubt. A system of more elaborate defensive works was planned but cost overruns in the construction of the canal limited the fortifications to four Martello towers and the fort itself. At the time, these fortifications were the strongest defences in Canada west of Quebec City.  Neither the original nor the second Fort Henry was ever attacked. The fort was once referred to as the "Citadel of Upper Canada".

Imperial (British) troops were deployed at the site of Fort Henry from 1813 to 1870. The Canadian Militia then garrisoned the fort until 1891. British garrisons included the Royal Regiment of Artillery, 24th Regiment of Foot, Black Watch, the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, the Royal Welch Fusiliers and the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment.  Canadian units who used the fort include "A" and "B' Batteries of Garrison Artillery, and the 14th Battalion, Princess of Wales' Own Rifles. As relations with the United States continued to improve, the need for defences along the border ceased. Abandoned by the military, the fort fell into disrepair.

Fort Henry temporarily held prisoners of the 1837–38 Rebellions. German, Austrian and Turkish prisoners of war and some civilians, including Ukrainian immigrants described as "enemy aliens" during Canada's first national internment operations of 1914–1920 were also held at the fort.   During the Second World War, the fort served as a prisoner of war camp for German Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine personnel.

Present use

In the 1930s, under the leadership of Ronald L. Way, restorations took place as part of a government work program during the Great Depression. "Old Fort Henry" became a living museum with the introduction of the Fort Henry Guard, and was opened on August 1, 1938.

Fort Henry is administered by Parks Canada and operated by the St. Lawrence Parks Commission. Uniformed military interpreters known as the Fort Henry Guard conduct demonstrations of British military life and tours for visitors. The Fort Henry Guard has a long history in itself. The Guard, founded in 1938 has been integral to the Fort's ability to maintain the spirit of 1867 life and the preservation of the fort. The Guard is not exclusive to military interpreters but includes domestic interpreters as well. Self-guided tours are also available. Other activities and demonstrations include historical reenactments of drills and battle tactics, the Garrison Parade, the Victorian School Room, and the Muster Parade, where young visitors are dressed in period uniforms and taught to march by a qualified member of the Guard. A Sunset Ceremony is held every Wednesday in July and August, where a full program of historic drill, music and artillery is presented. During evenings year-round a tour company conducts tours of the fort that highlight the fort's supposedly haunted past.

Fort Henry has been designated as a National Historic Site of Canada, and in 2007 was included in the designation of the Rideau Canal as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Legacy
On 30 June 1983 Canada Post issued 'Fort Henry, Ont.' in the "Forts Across Canada Series" (1983 and 1985). The stamps are based on the designs by Rolf P. Harder.

See also
 Fort Frederick
 List of forts

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading
 Fort Henry National Historic Site of Canada. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
 Kingston Fortifications national historic site of canada Management Plan (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 2006)
 St. Lawrence Parks Commission, Le Fort Henry: La Citadelle du Haut-Canada, 1980, Kingston, Ontario.
 Mika, Nick and Helma ``Kingston Heritage, Buildings, Monuments, Plaques`` Mika Publishing, 1983.
 Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund
 Library and Archives Canada - Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
 Fort Henry Internment Camps
Letter to Thomas Baker McQueston: History of Fort Henry, Kingston, from Ronald L. Way, Jan 1, 1938. Retrieved August 18, 2015
Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (see St Lawrence Parks Commission under Agencies)

External links
 Fort Henry

History museums in Ontario
Museums in Kingston, Ontario
Military and war museums in Canada
Henry
Military forts in Ontario
Historic buildings and structures in Ontario
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Living museums in Canada
St. Lawrence Parks Commission
Internment camps in Canada
World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Canada
British Forts

Fort Henry National Historic Site


The First International Dada Fair took place in Berlin in 1920. It was Grosz, Heartfield and Hausmann. It was to become the most famous of all Berlin Dada's exploits. It featured almost 200 works by artists including Hans Arp, Max Ernst, Hannah Höch, Francis Picabia, and Rudolf Schlichter, as well as key works by Grosz, Höch and Hausmann. The work Tatlin At Home, 1920, can be clearly seen in one of the publicity photos taken by a professional photographer; the exhibition, whilst financially unsuccessful, gained prominent exposure in Amsterdam, Milan, Rome and Boston. The exhibition also proved to be one of the main influences on the content and layout of Entartete Kunst, the show of degenerate art put on by the Nazis in 1937, with key slogans such as "Nehmen Sie DADA Ernst", "Take Dada Seriously!", appearing in both exhibitions.

References

1920 in Germany
Dada

First International Dada Fair


David Jay "Davey" Hamilton (born June 13, 1962, in Nampa, Idaho) is a race car driver who competed in the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series and Stadium Super Trucks. He has made 56 series starts and while never winning a race, finished second three times. He placed second in series points in the 1996–1997 season and again in 1998 season.

Hamilton had been proficient in supermodified racing, as a frequent winner in various supermodified races, usually held in the northern areas of the United States.

Accident
In 2001 at the Texas Motor Speedway, Jeret Schroeder lost an engine exiting turn 2. This caused him to lose control of his car and make contact with Davey Hamilton's machine. Hamilton's car slammed into the wall, nearly getting caught in the catch fence, and beginning to spin a number of times before coming to rest against the inside retaining wall. Also involved in the crash was Sarah Fisher. Hamilton suffered such severe injuries to his legs and feet, that doctors at one time believed that amputation would be the best option for him.

After the crash, Hamilton took a retirement from driving, and underwent 23 operations to reconstruct his feet and legs. He began standing after five months of the crash, and spent a year requiring the use of a wheelchair. He did, however, desire to return to racing, and in 2005, started taking steps to return to the cockpit.

In 2010, after retiring from the 2010 Indianapolis 500 on the first lap, Hamilton referenced his 2001 crash while commenting on his early exit from the 500 by saying, "It's the second-worst day of my racing career...and everyone knows my worst one."

Life after retirement
Hamilton became the color commentator for Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network broadcasts in 2003. He later began driving the 2-seater IndyCar, which gives rides to VIPs and celebrities at IndyCar Series races.

Hamilton partnered with the new American Speed Association, partnering with ASA owner Dennis Huth, to take over control of the popular Southwest Tour for 2007, shortly after NASCAR terminated the popular AutoZone Elite division, which includes the popular Southwest series.  The Speedco Southwest Tour series uses the same cars as the former NASCAR-sanctioned series.

Hamilton also owns his own racing team, "Davey Hamilton Apex Racing." This team consists of two winged sprint drivers: his father Ken Hamilton and friend Mike Cullum. Also on the team is Davey's son DJ who races Outlaw Karts and Go Karts. Mike's daughter Jenna rounds out the team and she drives Outlaw Karts. In 2008, Hamilton became a partner in a group that purchased Terre Haute Action Track.

In 2014 he co-founded King of the Wing, a national pavement sprint car series.

Return to racing

In 2005, Hamilton started courting sponsors and perusing the paddock in an effort to return to racing. After settling several personal and business issues, he landed a ride for the 2007 Indianapolis 500, driving for Vision Racing. Qualifying 20th, Hamilton placed 9th after the race was ended early on lap 166 due to rain. For 2008, Hamilton re-signed with Vision Racing. He finished 14th in the 2008 Indianapolis 500. For the 2009 season, he drove for Dreyer & Reinbold Racing, and was the only one of the team's four drivers to qualify during the first weekend of qualifications. However he crashed out of the race on lap 79.

In 2010, Hamilton competed in the 2010 Indianapolis 500 for de Ferran Dragon Racing. He was involved in an incident with Tomas Scheckter on the first lap of the race, and was classified in 33rd, last place.

Hamilton's final season of races would be 2011. He finished 24th in the 2011 Indianapolis 500. He also raced in the Twin 275's at Texas for unfinished business. His final start would be at the tragic 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship at Las Vegas. Hamilton was fortunate enough to escape the major accident on lap 11 that killed Dan Wheldon, but the race was abandoned, and the results were scratched from official record. When the new chassis and engine package was introduced for the 2012 season, Hamilton was unable to secure a car for the 2012 Indianapolis 500 due to a lack of available rides.

In 2013, Hamilton joined the Stadium Super Trucks, serving as a substitute for Jimmy Vasser at Honda Indy Toronto; Hamilton started first in the event, but engine trouble forced him to finish seventh. In 2014, he made his season debut at the Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, where he placed 8th in the first race and 9th in the second race.

Personal life
Davey has a son named Davey Jay Hamilton Jr. (D.J.) who was born on March 15, 1997, in Idaho. D.J. is also a racing driver, racing in sprint cars and Stadium Super Trucks. He also has a daughter named Hailey.

Hamilton is a Christian.

Career results

American open–wheel results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Indy Lights

CART IndyCar

IndyCar Series / Indy Racing League

 1 Races run on same day.
 2 Non-points-paying, exhibition race.
 3 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11.

Indianapolis 500

Stadium Super Trucks
(key) (Bold – Pole position. Italics – Fastest qualifier. * – Most laps led.)

References

External links

Davey Hamilton Racing
IndyCar Driver Page

1962 births
Living people
People from Nampa, Idaho
Racing drivers from Idaho
Indianapolis 500 drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Stadium Super Trucks drivers
Motorsport announcers
USAC Silver Crown Series drivers
Dragon Racing drivers
De Ferran Motorsports drivers
Indy Lights drivers
A. J. Foyt Enterprises drivers
Arrow McLaren SP drivers
Vision Racing drivers
Dreyer & Reinbold Racing drivers

Davey Hamilton


Professor Jacques Cauvin (1930 – 26 December 2001) was a French archaeologist who specialised in the prehistory of the Levant and Near East.

Biography
Cauvin started his work in France at Oullins Caves and Chazelles Caves (near Saint-André-de-Cruzières) in 1959 and 1960 and then Chandolas in 1965. He began to specialise in archaeology of the Middle East in 1958 when Maurice Dunand invited him to assist with excavations and studies of the stone tool industries at Byblos in Lebanon. He carried out seven seasons there until 1967, which included surveys extending to Lebanon's Mediterranean coast. Cauvin's extensive typological studies of this fully excavated site are still used as references for students of lithics today. Also at this time he began studies in Syria at Horan in 1962, in the Jezireh in 1969 and excavations at Taibe in 1965 and Tell Aswad in 1972. Because of his experience in this area, he was chosen to lead excavations at the major site of Mureybet, originally discovered and surveyed by Maurits van Loon. Mureybet was a large-scale rescue operation and had at the time the longest stratigraphic sequence seen since the excavation at Tell es-Sultan to the south. Excavations and multidisciplinary studies were conducted from 1971 to 1974. Flooding of the site prevented further work. Another season was carried out at the neighbouring and partly-contemporary site of Sheikh Hassan in 1976.

During this period, another significant location was uncovered and assessed by van Loon. This occurred at El Kowm, where the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs collaborated with Syrian authorities to examine an expansive 30-kilometer (19 mi) region, devoid of the pressures of immediate time constraints seen at Mureybet. In 1977 Cauvin prepared the groundwork for the permanent mission to El Kowm-Mureybet (Syria), which he retained leadership of until 1993, when he was replaced by Danielle Stordeur. In 1978, Cauvin was asked by the Turkish government to launch a new rescue campaign on the Euphrates at Cafer Hoyuk that ended in 1986 due to flooding of the area. His work on these various important sites and the materials collected have highlighted the steps in humanity's development through the late Natufian to the end of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB).

In 1966, with the support of the CNRS and other research fellows, he founded the Centre de Recherche d'Ecologie humaine et de Préhistoire (CREP) in a converted mill in southern Ardeche to study and stock collections of stone tools and work on the problems of the Neolithic. These collections include paleobotanical and archaeozoological specimens and everything related to the manufacturing (technology) and use (traceology) of stone objects and bones. This developed into the Maison de l'Orient Méditerranéen Ancien, equipped with a library, meeting rooms and accommodation on site. This has further developed and is now called the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée.

He remained a researcher at the CNRS throughout his career, successively as Research Fellow in 1957, "Chargé" in 1966, Master in 1977, Director in 1983 then Director Emeritus in 1995. He taught in Paris from 1978 to 1982 and Lyon from 1977 to 1982 in the form of courses or seminars directing Master's degree programs. Cauvin was regarded as an objective thinker, prolific author, charismatic team leader, and one of the great French experts on prehistory. He was married to Marie-Claire Cauvin, also a Director at CNRS, author and specialist in Near East Archaeology.

The Revolution of the Symbols

Jacques Cauvin wrote with an impressive breadth and variety in a multitude of books, articles in scientific journals, collaborations with scientists, and other agencies. He discussed the involvement of humans in domestication of cereals during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) stage and supported ideas of diffusionism from the northern Levant into Anatolia at the end of the PPNB. He referred to this as "the acculturation of a local cultural background by a dominant, expansionist culture". Evidence supports his suggestion about the importation of animal husbandry and plant cultivation from the northern Levant. His theories regarding the diffusion of sedentism have been much challenged from recent evidence in Turkey, however.

One of Cauvin's most important themes was the "Revolution of the Symbols" and the birth of "religion" in the Neolithic. He argued that the Neolithic revolution was influenced by a change in thinking as much as changes in the environment, and he noted a series of stages in this process. His work suggested important concepts in the evolution of human thinking, by examining figurines and early art depicting first women as goddesses and bulls as gods, he suggested several important ideas about the evolution of perception and duality.

Bibliography
(Selected Publications) For a fuller list, see List of scientific publications by Jacques Cauvin.

Books authored
 Cauvin, Jacques. Les outillages néolithiques de Byblos et du littoral libanais. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, Jean Maisonneuve (Fouilles de Byblos tome IV), 1968.
 Cauvin, Jacques. Religions néolithiques de Syrie-Palestine. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, Jean Maisonneuve, 1972.
 Arabic translation: Cauvin, Jacques. Diyânât al- 'asr al-hajarî al-hadîhfi bilâd al-sham translated by S. Muhesen, with new preface. Damascus: Dâr Dimashq, 1988.
 Cauvin, Jacques. Les premiers villages de Syrie-Palestine du IXe au VIIe millénaire avant Jésus-Christ. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen (Collection de la Maison de l'Orient n° 4, Série archéologique 3), 1978.
 Cauvin, Jacques. Naissance des divinités, naissance de l'agriculture : La révolution des symboles au Néolithique (2nd edn augmentée et corrigée in 1997). Paris: CNRS Éditions, 1994.
 English translation: Cauvin, Jacques. The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture. translated by Trevor Watkins, with updated postscript. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Collective works (editor, co-author or co-editor)
 Cauvin, Jacques., Cahiers de l'Euphrate 1-8 (éd.). Paris Éd. du CNRS (n° 1–3) Éd. ERC (n° 4–8), 1978–1998.
 Cauvin, Jacques., with Sanlaville P. (éd.) Préhistoire du Levant :logie et organisation de l 'espace depuis les origines jusqu 'au VIe millénaire. Actes du Colloque international CNRS n° 508. Paris Éd. du CNRS, 1981.
 Cauvin, Jacques., with Lichardus J., Lichardus-ltten M. et Bailloud G., La Protohistoire de l'Europe. Paris PUF (Nouvelle Clio), 1985.
 Cauvin, Jacques., with Le Goff J., Marin L., Peter J.P., Perrot M., Auget R., Durand G. et Cazenave M., Histoire et Ima, 1986. ginaire. Poiesis.
 Cauvin, Jacques., with Aurenche O. (éd.): Néolithisations. BAR Int. Ser., 516. Oxford, 1989.
 Cauvin, Jacques., with Hours F., Aurenche O., Cauvin M..-C,Copeland L. et Salanville P. et la collaboration de P.Lombard: Atlas des sites du Proche-Orient (14 000-5 700 BP), Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient 24. Lyon, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée et Paris Diffusion de Boccard.

References

1930 births
2001 deaths
20th-century French archaeologists
21st-century French archaeologists
Natufian culture

Jacques Cauvin


Freshwater fish are those that spend some or all of their lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes, with a salinity of less than 1.05%.

Freshwater fish differ from saltwater fish in several respects. Their gills must be able to diffuse dissolved gases while keeping the salts in the body fluids inside. Their scales reduce water diffusion through the skin: freshwater fish that have lost too many scales will die.

Threats

Habitat destruction

Freshwater fish also die from habitat destruction. Dams not only interrupt linear water flow and cause major geological channel shifts, but also limit the amount of water available to fishes in lakes, streams and rivers and have the potential to change the trophic structure because of these alterations of the habitat and the limitations to movement and connectivity.

The purpose of a dam is to impound (store) water, kill freshwater fish, wastewater or liquid borne materials for any of several reasons, such as flood control, human water supply, irrigation, livestock water supply, energy generation, containment of mine tailings, recreation, or pollution control.

Coolwater fish
Coolwater fish species prefer water temperature between the coldwater and the long warmwater species, around 60 to 80 °F (16–27 °C). They are found throughout North America except for the southern portions of the United States. Common coolwater species include muskellunge, northern pike, walleye, and yellow perch.

North American fish

Endangered species

About four in ten North American freshwater fish are endangered, according to a pan-North American study, the main cause being human pollution. Since 1989, the number of fish species and subspecies to become endangered has risen from 40 to 61.

Related pages

 Telescopefish
 Evolution of fish
 List of prehistoric bony fish genera

References

 Borgstrøm, Reidar & Hansen, Lars Petter (red): Fisk i ferskvann - et samspill mellom bestander, miljø og forvaltning, Landbruksforlaget 2000
 Jonsson, Bror: «Fiskene» i Norges dyr - Fiskene 1, Cappelen 1992

Freshwater fish

Freshwater fish


Abdallah ibn Tahir (, ) (ca. 798–844/5) was a military leader and the Tahirid governor of Khurasan from 828 until his death. He is perhaps the most famous of the Tahirids. His career spanned twenty-five years under three caliphs, al-Ma'mun, al-Mu'tasim, and al-Wathiq. Militarily, he is known for defeating the powerful rebels Nasr ibn Shabath in the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) and Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari in Egypt.

Early life
Abdallah's early career consisted of serving with his father Tahir ibn Husayn in pacifying the lands of the Abbasid Caliphate following the civil war between al-Amin and al-Ma'mun. He later succeeded his father as governor of al-Jazira, with the task of defeating the rebel Nasr ibn Shabath, and between 824 and 826 convinced Nasr to surrender. He was then sent to Egypt, where he successfully ended an uprising led by 'Abd-Allah ibn al-Sari. He also recovered Alexandria, which had been seized by Andalusian Muslim refugees seven years before; following their expulsion, the refugees headed to Byzantine Crete, establishing Muslim rule there for the first time.

Governorship
Although Abdallah had been made the governor of Khurasan following his brother's death in 828, he only arrived in Nishapur in 830; in the meantime he had been busy fighting more revolts. He was assigned for a brief time in 829 to stop the Khurramite Babak, but then was given new orders by the caliph to move to Khurasan and stop the Kharijites. Abdallah's brother 'Ali acted as deputy governor of Khurasan until he was ready to take up residence in Nishapur.

During his reign as governor Abdallah was occupied with affairs on both the eastern and western parts of his territories. In the east, he took steps to improve the strength of the Samanids, his vassals in Transoxiana. The Samanids were important, as they controlled the trade between Central Asia and the central Caliphate, including the trade in Turkic slaves. Also in the east, in 834, an Alid, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, revolted in Juzjan, but Abdallah's forces eventually managed to capture him.

In the west, meanwhile, Abdallah came into conflict with the local ruler of Tabaristan, the Ispahbadh Mazyar. As the ruler of the east, Abdallah claimed Tabaristan as a dependency and insisted that the tribute owed by Mazyar to the caliph should pass through him. Mazyar, however, was looking to expand his dominion and wanted to be free of Tahirid influence, so he refused to accept this and demanded that he be able to pay his tribute directly to the caliph. In this struggle Mazyar had the support of the Afshin, who allegedly wanted to control the Tahirid lands himself. Abdallah was able to turn the caliph against Mazyar, and in 839 was ordered to stop the Ispahbad. Mazyar, a recent convert to Islam, heavily relied on the Zoroastrians of the province but in the end was captured, sent to Iraq and executed. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured until the Zaydid revolt of 864. During the same year in 839, an earthquake occurred in Farghana, destroying much of the city.

Abdallah died in Nishapur, either at the end of 844 or in 845. He was succeeded by his son Tahir. According to the famous Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk, Abdallah was buried in Nishapur, where his tomb became a pilgrimage site.

References

Sources

Further reading

798 births
840s deaths
9th-century Abbasid governors of Egypt
Tahirid governors of Khurasan
Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate
Amirs of Nishapur
9th-century Iranian people

Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani


Thạch An is a rural district of Cao Bằng province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 31,942. The district covers an area of 683 km². The district capital lies at Đông Khê.

Administrative divisions
Thạch An District consists of the district capital, Đông Khê, and 15 communes: Đức Long, Danh Sĩ, Lê Lợi, Đức Xuân, Trọng Con, Lê Lai, Thụy Hùng, Thị Ngân, Vân Trình, Thái Cương, Đức Thông, Quang Trọng, Minh Khai, Canh Tân and Kim Đồng.

References

o

Districts of Cao Bằng province

Thạch An district


Karel Purkyně (15 March 1834, Wrocław – 5 April 1868, Prague) was a painter in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.  He was one of the most prominent proponents of realism in Czech art in the second half of the 19th century.

Biography
He was the son of the physiologist and anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, and developed an interest in art while still young.  Early influences included the Baroque painters Karel Škréta and Petr Brandl and the paintings of the Dutch Golden Age.  He spent a year in Munich studying with Johann Baptist Berdelle (1813-1876) before traveling to Paris, where he worked with Thomas Couture; there he copied paintings by the Old Masters and encountered the work of contemporary French artists.  He was particularly struck by the works of Gustave Courbet.

Upon returning to Prague, Purkyně became known primarily as a portraitist, though a handful of works in other genres are known.  He also made a name for himself as an organizer of artistic events and as an art critic.

Sources
Naděžda Blažíčková-Horová, ed. 19th-Century Art in Bohemia: (1790–1910) - Painting, Sculpture, Decorative Arts.  Prague; National Gallery in Prague, 2009.

Further reading

 František Xaver Jiřík, Karel Purkyně: An Account of the Life and Work of the Artist, with Reproductions and Portraits, J. Štenc, 1925
 Vladimír Novotný, Karel Purkyně, Volume 7 of "Origins", Melantrich 1936
 Jana Krofty, Karel Purkyně, Melantrich, 1942
 Vojtěch Volavka, Karel Purkyně (exhibition catalog), Malá galerie 1962
 Olga Macková, Karel Purkyně 1834-1868: Souborná výstava díla (a comprehensive exhibition), Národní galerie, 1962

External links

 Karel Purkyně @ abART
 "Karel Purkyně: Podobizna kováře Jecha" (Portrait of a Blacksmith) a video from Česká televize

1834 births
1868 deaths
Artists from Wrocław
Czech art critics
19th-century Czech painters
Czech male painters
19th-century male writers
Burials at Vyšehrad Cemetery
19th-century Czech male artists

Karel Purkyně


A steam turbine is a machine that gets thermal energy from pressurised steam. It uses the energy to do mechanical work by rotation. It is usually connected to a generator to produce electricity. The heat to produce steam comes from burning a fuel such as coal, from burning trash in an incinerator, from the waste heat of other industrial processes, from a nuclear reactor, or from a natural source such as sunlight or geothermal heat.

Sizes
There are many sizes of steam turbines, from small ones (less than 0.75 kW) for pumps and other devices, to larger ones (1,500,000 kW) for producing electricity.

Related pages
 Turbine
 Steam engine

Machines

Steam turbine


Liberty Shoes Limited (LSL) is an Indian shoe company, based in Karnal, Haryana.

Established in 1954, the company produces 60,000 pairs of footwear a day through its six manufacturing units. The shoes are sold through its multi-brand outlets and showrooms. The company has a presence in 25 countries, with 50 showrooms outside India. Adesh Gupta became the CEO of LSL on 16 July 2001.

History
Liberty Shoes was founded by Dharam Pal Gupta, Purshotam Das Gupta and, Rajkumar Bansal as Pal Boot House in 1954. Liberty Shoes first organized its distribution and exclusive showrooms in 1983, working with Balbir Singh & Sons.

The company was incorporated in September 1986 as a public limited company; it obtained the Certificate of Commencement of Business in March 1988. It also set up a joint venture in Russia to manufacture shoes in 1991, working under the name of M/S Liberty & Go. The company markets its product nationally and internationally under the brand name "LIBERTY."

Force 10, Liberty's first sub-brand, was launched in August 1990, taking advantage of a casual footwear trend sweeping the Indian market. By 1995, Force 10 became Liberty's flagship brand, notching up sales of 32 crore. In subsequent years, it not only helped the company establish its name in the domestic footwear market, but also paved the way for nine other sub-brands.

The company saw a major expansion in the 2000s in both retail and manufacturing bases. In April 2003, the Liberty Group underwent an important restructuring and its product portfolio was also revamped.

Liberty Group also works with fashion designers such as Rohit Bal, Rajesh Pratap Singh, Rina Dhaka, Rohit Gandhi, Ashish Soni and, Suneet Verma to develop footwear that compliments their clothing lines.

Manufacturing

Liberty's manufacturing base includes six facilities spread across multiple states, two in Gharaunda and Liberty Puram (Haryana) where its primary and the largest manufacturing units are situated, Paonta Sahib, (Himachal Pradesh) with two units and Roorkee (Uttarakhand).

See also
 MS Shoes
 Metro Shoes
 Brandinkart

References

 Liberty Shoes Google Finance
 Liberty Shoes Business Standard
 Liberty Shoes News and BSE, NSE listing at CNBC-TV18

External links
 Liberty Shoes Limited, Official website
 The Liberty Group, website
 Liberty Shoes at BSE Rediff Money
 Liberty Shoes Online Store

Clothing companies established in 1954
Companies based in Haryana
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Karnal
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Shoe companies of India
Indian brands
Indian companies established in 1954
1954 establishments in East Punjab

Liberty Shoes


Gold mining in the People's Republic of China has made that country the world's largest gold producer. In 2022, China mined 403 tons of gold. Data indicates the marginal costs are often above the world price for gold. For the year 2007, gold output rose 12% from 2006 to  to become the world's largest for the first time—overtaking South Africa, which produced . South Africa had until then been the largest for 101 years straight since 1905. The major reasons for this change in position had been due to South African production falling by 50% in the past decade as production costs there have risen, more stringent safety regulations have been implemented, and existing mines have become depleted.

On the other hand, as of 2014 gold output in China had more than doubled since year 2000. In recent years, China's gold mining industry has received increased foreign and domestic investment, and project numbers have increased as more discoveries have been found.  China produced nearly 300 tonnes of gold in 2008. It is also the only country in the top three where production rose in 2008. In 2014, production had increased to 450 tonnes. The second-largest producer, Australia, mined 274 tonnes in the same year, followed by Russia with 247 tonnes. South Africa is now in the 6th position with 152 tonnes.

Important organizations include China Gold Association (中国黄金协会) and China International Mining Group (中国国际矿业集团).

Scale

Domestic producers still suffer from a lack of scale. In 2000, there were about 2,000 gold producers - most of them relatively small and unsophisticated by international standards.  Few are able to operate on a global platform, though the number of producers had shrunk to about 800 in 2007 after mergers and acquisitions and restructuring and consolidation. Most of these firms' technological standards and management are weak and inefficient.

The country's oldest and largest gold producer is the China National Gold Group Corporation (CNGGC), which accounts for 20% of total gold production in China and controls more than 30% of domestic reserves. CNGGC also controls Zhongji Gold, the first publicly listed gold mining company in China.

Production and reserves
China's gold reserves are relatively small (about 7% of the world total). Production has usually been concentrated in the eastern provinces of Shandong, Henan, Fujian and Liaoning. Recently, western provinces such as Guizhou and Yunnan have seen a sharp increase, but from a relatively small base. There is gold mining in Tibet in Maizhokunggar County east of Lhasa.

Foreign investment
Top foreign investment has come from Canada and Australia. Though foreign investment still constitutes a very important part of gold mining expansion, since 1995 it has no longer been actively encouraged by the Chinese government.

Vancouver-based Jinshan Gold Mines Inc. started production in July at its Chang Shan Hao gold mine in China's northern province of Inner Mongolia, reaching 19,000 ounces of gold by December 18. The mine is designed to produce about 120,000 ounces of gold per year, making it one of the country's largest producers.

Multibillion-dollar Indian Liberty Group owns two mines in China, and is scheduled to start mining in 2012

Gold Fields and Australia's Sino Gold Mining Ltd., have set up a joint venture focused on discovering large gold deposits in China with the potential to produce about 500,000 ounces a year. Sino Gold has been buying stakes in Chinese gold deposits and explorers. In May it started production at its Jinfeng Gold Mine in southern China, with planned gold production of 180,000 ounces per year.

Dynasty Gold Corp. was a majority shareholder in Hatu Gold Mine in Xinjiang, the Red Valley project in Qinghai and the Wildhorse project in Gansu. The Red Valley and Woldhorse projects are located on the Qilian metallogenic belt.

Demand and consumption
Most of China's gold output stays in the country where it is transformed into jewelry and manufactured items, though the country's export role is increasing. In 2007, fabrication rose 18%, helped by demand from China's increasingly wealthy middle and upper classes. With a rapid rise in domestic demand, China is now the world's fourth largest gold-consuming country. Chinese market demand accounts for 9.2% of worldwide gold consumption.

Investment in foreign mines
In 2006 the Chinese Government began encouraging some private and state-owned companies to pursue mining deals outside of China. In the 10 years that have since passed, the number of major mining/mineral projects in Africa that are owned by Chinese firms have increased from only a handful in 2006 to more than 120 in 2015. A 2016 report stated that Chinese mining companies intend to continue and even increase investments in foreign assets.
In 2012, the China General Nuclear Power Corporation (CGNPC) invested in the Husab project in Namibia, one of the world's largest uranium deposits, and mining started in 2015. Chinese mining companies have invested and purchased assets in Sierra Leone, at least nine mining companies in South Africa, Zimbabwe, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

Futures market
In January 2008, China opened its first gold futures market in Shanghai in response to domestic demand for gold, as well as allowing its producers to hedge risks from daily gold price fluctuations.

See also

Gold extraction
World Gold Council
Xie Xuejing
Gold mining in the United States
China Non-Ferrous Metal Mining

Notes
One metric ton is equal to about 1.1 short tons, which is the common volume measure in the United States, or 35,274 ounces.

References

External links
Beijing Gold Economy Development Research Center
Gold Mining In China: Taming The Wild West A report from U.S. Embassy China May 1996

Industry in China

Gold mining in China


Reggie Crist (born July 12, 1968) is an American former alpine skier who competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics. After 10 years as a member of the US Ski Team, Crist helped pioneer the sport of Ski Cross which is now an Olympic Sport. Crist became the first Ski Cross athlete to win X Games twice (2002 and 2005), marking his 5th consecutive podium finish. Crist has also been a  regularly featured skier in Warren Miller ski films. Crist currently works as heli-ski guides in Haines, Alaska.

References

http://team.eddiebauer.com/post/116336252835/reggie-crist

1968 births
Living people
American male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for the United States
Alpine skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics

Reggie Crist


Crown Pilot was a brand of cracker popular in much of New England in the United States. It was manufactured by Nabisco (a subsidiary of Kraft Foods as of 2000) until it was discontinued in the first quarter of 2008. The cracker was unsalted, and closely related to hardtack. The crackers were an important ingredient in historical recipes of clam chowder and a staple in many New England pantries.

History
The Crown Pilot cracker is Nabisco's oldest recipe, which was acquired with their purchase of a bakery in Newburyport, Massachusetts. The recipe was originally created by John Pearson of Newburyport in 1792 for producing seagoing biscuits.

The cracker was discontinued once before in 1996 by Nabisco. This sparked the publicized protests of Donna Damon on Chebeague Island and Maine humorist Tim Sample, which eventually led to an episode of CBS News Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood covering the events.  The story was picked up by the AP who used Damon's son as a poster boy for the movement and was eventually published more than three hundred times in all 50 states.  . Shortly after this, the company resumed production in 1997 after complaints.

Production of Crown Pilot crackers was ended again by Kraft in 2008, reportedly due to drops in the sales of the product since the 1990s. According to the Kraft spokeswoman, Laurie Guzzinati, demand for the crackers was half of what it was 12 years earlier, with about 241,000 pounds sold in 1996.

The crackers were an important ingredient in many New England recipes for seafood stuffings, chowders, and soups as well as in many recipes of the Canadian Maritimes and Newfoundland and Labrador including fish and brewis.

References

Brand name crackers
New England cuisine
Historical foods in American cuisine

Crown Pilot Crackers


Joseph Rogers (1764–1833) was an Irish-born pioneer and settler who, with his father-in-law Thomas Amis, founded the town of Rogersville, Tennessee in 1789.

Early life

Rogers was born August 21, 1764, near Cookstown, County Tyrone, Ireland, the son of James Rogers and his wife Elizabeth Brown.  Rogers emigrated to the British colonies in North America and, after coming down from Philadelphia through Virginia, he ended up, after the American Revolution, travelling to the overmountain area of North Carolina, then known as the State of Franklin.  The area was also known as "the Holston country", named for the Holston River which drained it.

Marriage and settlement

By 1785, during a stay at the tavern adjacent to the homestead of Colonel Thomas Amis, a prominent North Carolinian and Revolutionary War hero, Rogers fell in love with the Colonel's daughter, Mary Amis.  Rogers married Mary Amis on October 24, 1786, despite Colonel Amis' initial dislike for him.  Eventually, the Colonel gave his blessing and ceded his lands near Crockett Spring (named for the grandparents of Davy Crockett, who settled by the spring in 1775) to his son-in-law.

Rogers joined his father-in-law in actively supporting the establishment of the new state of Franklin, and he gained prominence among the Holston country settlers during this time.  When North Carolina was considering where to establish the county seat for its new Hawkins County, Rogers successfully lobbied, through the influence of his father-in-law, to have the government located near his home. He even volunteered his tavern, set up around 1784-85, as the first county courthouse in 1787.

Establishing Rogersville
Rogers, with the help of other local settlers, laid out a plan for the town, and the town of Rogersville was chartered by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1789.  The plan included a public square, deeded to the town government, in which the town's public well and the county courthouse would be sited.

Rogers was a successful businessman and tavern keeper.  In November 1792, he was appointed the first postmaster at Rogersville, and the second post office of Rogersville, built by its founder circa 1815, still stands at the corner of East Main Street and South Hasson Street.

Death

Rogers was the father of fourteen children with Mary.  He died on November 6, 1833, at Rogersville, near the hour of midnight.  He was buried in Rogers Cemetery, near the founding site of the town.  His wife Mary died a month later, the victim, according to legend, of a broken heart at the loss of her beloved Joseph.

References

 Goodspeed, History of East Tennessee. (Knoxville: 1887).
 Price, Henry, Old Rogersville: An Illustrated History of Rogersville, Tennessee.  Vol. I.  (Rogersville: 2001).
 Price, Henry, Hawkins County: A Pictorial History.  (Rogersville: 1996).

1764 births
1833 deaths
People from County Tyrone
Irish emigrants to the United States
People from Rogersville, Tennessee

Joseph Rogers (pioneer)


Progressive conservatism is a political ideology that attempts to combine conservative and progressive policies. While still supportive of capitalist economy, it stresses the importance of government intervention in order to improve human and environmental conditions.

Progressive conservatism first arose in Germany and the United Kingdom in the 1870s and 1880s under Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck and Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli respectively. Disraeli's 'One Nation' Toryism has since become the central progressive conservative tradition in the UK.

In the UK, the Prime Ministers Disraeli, Stanley Baldwin, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan, David Cameron and Theresa May have been described as progressive conservatives. The Catholic Church's Rerum Novarum (1891) advocates a progressive conservative doctrine known as social Catholicism.

In the United States, Theodore Roosevelt has been the principal figure identified with progressive conservatism as a political tradition. Roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand".  The administration of President William Howard Taft was considered by some to be progressive conservative. Various European leaders such as Angela Merkel have also aligned themselves with progressive conservative politics.

History

Europe

Germany
In Germany, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck enacted various progressive social welfare programs such as domestic health, accident, and old age insurance, out of conservative motivations to distance workers from the socialist movement and as humane ways to assist in maintaining the industrial revolution.

In the early 20th century, politicians of the Free Conservative Party addressed means of attracting the working class away from social democracy and towards radical nationalism such as through promoting "patriotic worker" associations. Free Conservative Party member Adolf Grabowsky advocated imperialism as a national project to unify Germans and break down internal divisions, and declared that the Free Conservative Party "finally wants to organize itself in a decisive progressive-conservative manner, and hopes thereby to call forth the great new conservative movement which should enable the educated strata to drive once again to the right".

In 1918, when the party was dissolved, moderate Free Conservatives joined the German People's Party (DVP), which was itself later dissolved in 1933 following Adolf Hitler's rise to power. After the Second World War, most members of the German People's Party joined the modern Free Democratic Party.

United Kingdom
From the 1860s to the 1970s, progressive conservative politics were popular within the British Conservative Party. Winston Churchill considered himself a progressive conservative, and once said that a "strong Conservative Party with an overwhelming majority and a moderate even progressive leadership...might well be the fulfillment of all that Dizzy [Disraeli] and my father aimed at". Progressive conservatives succeeded in pressing the Conservative Party to maintain similar social policies to that of the Labour Party, particularly the Bow Group that urged the Conservatives to be moderate on social policy and opposed more extreme conservative-minded bodies that disagreed with this moderation. One of the primary British progressive conservative advocates in this time was Rab Butler. Butler was responsible for creating The Industrial Charter (1947) that sought to combine support of free enterprise with Tory interventionism that promised security of employment, promotion of full employment, and improvement of incentives to employees to help them develop skills and talents - allowing them to fulfill their full potential as individuals, and enhanced status for all employees regardless of their occupation. The Industrial Charter was criticized by Conservative leader Winston Churchill though he eventually supported it, and more harshly condemned by more right-leaning Conservatives as being a step towards socialism.

Former British Prime Minister David Cameron was described as a progressive conservative. As British Conservative Party leader in 2009, he launched the Progressive Conservatism Project at the British think tank Demos. In his speech, he outlined his vision of a contemporary progressive conservatism:

North America

Canada
A variety of Canadian conservative governments have been progressive conservative, with Canada's major conservative party being officially named the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1942 to 2003. Canadian Prime Ministers Arthur Meighen, R.B. Bennett, John Diefenbaker, Joe Clark, Brian Mulroney, and Kim Campbell led progressive conservative, 'Red Tory' governments.

The Progressive Conservative Party merged with the Canadian Alliance in 2003 to form the Conservative Party. However, many of Canada's provinces still have 'Progressive Conservative' parties that continued using the Progressive Conservative name after the 2003 merger:

 The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba (in opposition)
 The Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick (in government)
 The Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador (in opposition)
 The Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia (in government)
 The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (in government)
 The Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island (in government)
 The Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan (in extraparliamentary opposition)

United States
In the United States, the Republican Party has historically included progressive conservative factions. At the beginning of the 20th century, progressive conservatives in the GOP included figures such as Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. As president, Roosevelt formulated the Square Deal, a domestic program which focused on breaking up monopolies, protecting consumers, and conserving the environment. When Taft assumed the presidency in 1909 after Roosevelt stepped down, he pledged to continue Roosevelt's policies, but was soon criticised by Roosevelt and the rest of the Republican Party's progressive wing for reducing tariffs and for the Pinchot-Ballinger affair. Taft was nominated as the Republican Party's presidential nominee at the 1912 Republican National Convention despite hard-fought efforts from Roosevelt to prevent this - this led Roosevelt and other progressives to split from the Republican Party and create the Progressive Party, which entered the 1912 US presidential election with the aim of denying Taft a second term. Both Taft and Roosevelt were defeated by Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, and the Progressive Party was dissolved in 1920.

Between the 1930s and 1970s, the Rockefeller Republicans were very influential in the GOP - they held moderate to conservative views on economics, while also holding liberal or progressive positions on social issues. They supported a modest social safety net and were in favour of continuing some of the New Deal programs introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt. They supported big business but tolerated some economic regulation and were in favour of public-private partnerships. As a faction, the Rockefeller Republicans started going into decline after the nomination of Barry Goldwater for president in 1964, and by the end of the presidency of George H.W. Bush, they had become an endangered minority in the party. However, socially progressive Republicans continue to win local and state elections in the Northeastern United States, and have occasionally been referred to by the media as 'Rockefeller-style' Republicans.

The Democratic Party has also historically included some progressive conservatives, and like their Republican counterparts, they too have become a minority in their party. In the 1930s, Southern Democrats (who made up the majority of the Democratic Party's voter base at the time) supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's economically progressive New Deal programs while remaining socially conservative on topics such as segregation. Many of these Southern Democrats later switched to the Republican Party. Some Conservative Democrats from the South opposed the New Deal and formed the Conservative Coalition, an alliance of the conservative wings of both major parties - this alliance lasted until 1994. The Blue Dog Coalition of the Democratic Party is considered the main successor to the Conservative Coalition. Founded in 1995, the Blue Dog Democrats initially continued promoting the socially conservative policies of its predecessor - today, however, the Blue Dogs promote a mixture of social progressivism and moderate fiscal conservatism, and are generally considered centrist.

See also
 Bright Blue
 Christian democracy
 Conservative liberalism
 Green conservatism
 Compassionate conservatism
 Konrad Adenauer Foundation
 Liberal conservatism
 Neoclassical liberalism
 One-nation conservatism
 Paternalistic conservatism
 Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
 Radical centrism
 Red Tory
 Social market economy
 Tory Reform Group
 Bull Moose Party

References

Progressive conservatism
Progressivism
Conservatism
Christian democracy
Centre-right politics
Right-wing ideologies
Political ideologies

Progressive conservatism


Wishaw is a village and civil parish in the north-west of Warwickshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 125. It is located within the district of North Warwickshire and is the home of The Belfry golf resort, which has hosted the Ryder Cup on four occasions. The village is also home to some notable buildings. The site of The Belfry was once the location of Moxhull Park, a stately home that belonged to the Ryland family (previously the Halket family) until it burnt down in the early twentieth century. The manor house was rebuilt one mile away to its present location on Holly Lane as Moxhull Hall. Wishaw is also the location of a church dedicated to the local Saint Chad. The church is popular with marriages and regular Sunday services, despite a very small local population.

Wishaw is also the home of Wishaw Country Sports, a diverse venue that offers a variety of activities such as shooting, blindfold driving and tractor driving. It also features a converted farm building which is now used as a luxury event venue, offering birthdays, weddings and other functions upon request. Wishaw is located about one mile north of the village of Curdworth and about three miles east of the town of Sutton Coldfield, in the West Midlands. In 2003, residents claimed that a mobile phone mast at the centre of the village was the cause of a local cancer cluster. The mast was felled by unknown vandals in November 2003 and subsequent pressure against plans to replace it led operator T-Mobile to abandon the site.

References

Villages in Warwickshire
Civil parishes in Warwickshire
Borough of North Warwickshire

Wishaw, Warwickshire


Count Duckula is a British animated comedy horror television series created by the British studio Cosgrove Hall Films and produced by Thames Television as a spin off sequel DangerMouse a series which the character.

It was cast by Brian Trueman, David Jason, Jimmy Hibbert, Barry Clayton, Jack May, Ruby Wax and Susan Sheridan.

1980s British television series
1980s Nickelodeon shows
1980s animated television series
1988 television series debuts
1990s British television series
1990s animated television series
1993 television series endings
Fictional ducks
Horror television series
ITV television programmes
English-language television programs

Count Duckula


Omega SA is Swiss watch manufacturer. It belongs to the Swatch Group of companies. It is in Biel-Bienne (Switzerland). Omega SA produces watches of a high standard. It was founded in 1848 by Louis Brandt in La Chaux-de-Fonds (Switzerland). There are many famous people that promote Omega SA including Michael Schuhmacher, George Clooney, Cindy Crawford and Nicole Kidman.

History
The beginning of Omega was 1848 in La Chaux-de-Fonds. Louis Brandt opened a factory that produced watches. The watches made there carried the name Louis Brandt. After the death of Brandt, his sons transferred the production to Biel/Bienne (Switzerland). There, they started to produce their watches industrially. In 1898, "Louis Brandt & frères" employed more than 500 workers.

In 1894 they changed their name to Omega, named after their first watch.

In 1904, the Brandt brothers died, and the company came into the hands of their children. In the following years, Omega became a highly prestigious watch manufacturer. In 1925, Omega started to work with Tissot, another watch manufacturer.

Today Omega belongs to the Swatch Group.

Advertising

James Bond
Many filmmakers have Omega watches in their movies. For example, Pierce Brosnan wore an Omega Seamaster Quartz Professional in James Bond movies starting with the movie "Golden Eye". In all later movies, Brosnan wore an Omega Seamaster Professional Chronometer.

Daniel Craig also wears Omega in his James Bond movies. He even mentions the watch manufacturer by name in the movie.

Sports
At the moment, Omega SA is the official timekeeper for the Olympic Games. Their first time was 1932 at Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. They were the timekeeper in the 2006 Winter Olympics, and in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

As a sponsor for the Emirates Team New Zealand, Omega introduced the Seamaster NZL-32 chronograph in 2007. The name is the same as the name of the boat that won the America's Cup in 1995.

Other websites

Companies of Switzerland
Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
19th-century establishments in Switzerland
1848 establishments in Europe

Omega SA


Terry Sylvester's career started as a member of The Escorts, based in Liverpool, England. He left the Escorts in 1966 to join The Swinging Blue Jeans. In 1968, he joined the Hollies after Graham Nash left to create the band Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Sylvester left the Hollies in 1981.

English musicians

Terry Sylvester


Sir Malcolm Henry Arnold  (21 October 1921 – 23 September 2006) was an English composer. His works feature music in many genres, including a cycle of nine symphonies, numerous concertos, concert works, chamber music, choral music and music for brass band and wind band. His style is tonal and rejoices in lively rhythms, brilliant orchestration, and an unabashed tunefulness. He wrote extensively for the theatre, with five ballets specially commissioned by the Royal Ballet, as well as two operas and a musical. He also produced scores for more than a hundred films, among these The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), for which he won an Oscar.

Early life
Malcolm Arnold was born in Northampton, Northamptonshire, England, the youngest of five children from a prosperous Northampton family of shoemakers. Although shoemakers, his family was full of musicians; both of his parents were pianists, and his aunt was a violinist. His great great grandfather was the composer William Hawes, a choirmaster at the Chapel Royal. After seeing Louis Armstrong play in Bournemouth, he took up the trumpet at the age of 12, and five years later won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music (R.C.M.).

At the RCM he studied composition with Gordon Jacob and the trumpet with Ernest Hall. In 1941, he joined the London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO) as second trumpet and became principal trumpet in 1943.

In 1941 he registered as a conscientious objector, and was initially exempted from military service conditional upon joining the National Fire Service, but in the event he was allowed to continue in the LPO. In 1944, after his brother in the Royal Air Force had been killed, he volunteered for military service. When the army put him in a military band he shot himself in the foot to get back to civilian life; he remained in touch with the CO movement, giving a trumpet recital at the 1946 New Year party of the Central Board for Conscientious Objectors. After a season as principal trumpet with the BBC Symphony Orchestra, he returned in 1946 to the London Philharmonic, where he remained until 1948, leaving to become a full-time composer.

Career
Arnold began his career playing trumpet professionally, but by the age of 30 his life was devoted to composition. He was ranked with Benjamin Britten as one of the most sought-after composers in Britain. His natural melodic gift earned him a reputation as a composer of light music in works such as some of his concert overtures and the sets of Welsh, English, Scottish, Irish and Cornish dances.

He was also a highly successful composer of film music, penning the scores to over a hundred features and documentaries, including titles such as The Bridge on the River Kwai, Hobson's Choice and the St Trinian's series. His nine symphonies are often deeply personal and show a more serious side to his work, which has proved more controversial.  Arnold also wrote a variety of concertos and chamber works, as well as music for the theatre including major ballets.

Later years and death
By 1961, Arnold had a reputation for being unpleasant, frequently drunk and highly promiscuous. He divorced his first wife in that year. His second wife took out a court order after they separated. After their divorce, he made two suicide attempts.

His later years saw a decline in both his health and his finances. In 1978, he was treated as an in-patient for several months in the acute psychiatric ward at the Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, and in 1979 he entered St Andrew's Hospital in his hometown of Northampton to be treated for depression and alcoholism.

Between 1979 and 1986 he was formally in the care of the Court of Protection. However despite this, and being given only a year to live in the early 1980s, he recovered and lived for 22 more years, albeit with a carer, Anthony Day. In this period he completed his Ninth and final symphony in 1986.

By the time of his 70th birthday in 1991 his artistic reputation with the general public was recovering and he was even able to enjoy a triumphant appearance on the stage of the Royal Albert Hall to receive an ovation after a Proms performance of his Guitar Concerto.

Arnold died at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, on 23 September 2006, aged 84, after suffering from a chest infection. That same day his last work, The Three Musketeers, was premiered in a Northern Ballet production at the Bradford Alhambra. (The score included no new music by Arnold, but excerpts from various of his compositions were arranged by John Longstaff. The original score was compiled by Anthony Meredith.)

A dispute was fought out between Day and members of Arnold's family over the royalties of Arnold's Ninth Symphony. Day was granted rights, having been left a substantial part of Arnold's estate.

Music

Arnold was a relatively conservative composer of tonal works, but a prolific and popular one. He acknowledged Hector Berlioz as an influence, alongside Gustav Mahler, Béla Bartók and jazz. Several commentators have drawn a comparison with Jean Sibelius. Arnold's most significant works are sometimes considered to be his nine symphonies. He also wrote a number of concertos, including one for guitar for Julian Bream, one for cello for Julian Lloyd Webber, two for clarinet for Frederick Thurston and Benny Goodman, one for harmonica for Larry Adler and one – enthusiastically welcomed at its premiere during the 1969 Proms – for three hands on two pianos for the husband-and-wife team of Cyril Smith and Phyllis Sellick. His sets of dances – comprising two sets of English Dances (Opp. 27 and 33), along with one set each of Scottish Dances (Op. 59), Cornish Dances (Op. 91), Irish Dances (Op. 126), and Welsh Dances (Op. 138) — are mainly in a lighter vein and are popular both in their original orchestral guise and in later wind and brass band arrangements. The English Dances also form the basis for Kenneth MacMillan's short ballet Solitaire, and one of them has been used as the theme music for the British television programme What the Papers Say (the Cornish Dances has provided the theme music for the television programmes of the cook Rick Stein). Arnold also wrote some highly successful concert overtures, including Beckus the Dandipratt (an important stepping stone in his early career), the strikingly scored Tam o' Shanter (based on the famous Robert Burns poem), the rollicking A Grand Grand Overture (written for a Hoffnung Festival and featuring three vacuum cleaners and a floor polisher, all in turn polished off by a firing squad in a mock 1812 manner), and the dramatic Peterloo Overture (commissioned by the Trades Union Congress to commemorate the historic massacre of protesting workers in Manchester). Another popular short work is his Divertimento for Flute, Oboe and Clarinet (Op. 37). Arnold is also known for his relatively large number of compositions and arrangements of his own compositions for brass band. In 1954, Beckus the Dandipratt was given a radio studio performance by the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski, who was thanked by the composer for his "wonderful performance."

Film scores
A successful composer for the cinema, Malcolm Arnold was credited with having written over a hundred film scores for features and documentaries between 1947 and 1969. In 1957, Arnold won an Academy Award for the music to David Lean's film The Bridge on the River Kwai. His two other collaborations with David Lean were The Sound Barrier (1952) and Hobson's Choice (1954). The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) won Arnold an Ivor Novello Award.  Also during the 1950s – an especially prolific period for Arnold – he provided a series of scores for major British and American feature films, such as  The Captain's Paradise (1953), The Sea Shall Not Have Them (1954), The Night My Number Came Up (1955), The Constant Husband (1955), I Am a Camera (1955), 1984 (1956), Trapeze (1956), A Hill in Korea (1956), Dunkirk (1958), The Key (1958) and The Roots of Heaven (1958). He also wrote the music for the entire series of St Trinian's films, including The Belles of St Trinian's (1954), which was a particular favourite with the composer. The films' introductory theme has echoes of "Lili Marleen", the iconic wartime song. His 1960s scores included The Angry Silence (1960), Tunes of Glory (1960), No Love for Johnnie (1961), Whistle Down the Wind (1961), The Inspector (1962), The Lion (1962), Nine Hours to Rama (1963), Tamahine (1963), The Chalk Garden (1964), The Thin Red Line (1964), Sky West and Crooked (1965), The Heroes of Telemark (1965), Africa Texas Style (1967) and The Reckoning (1970). His last film score was for the movie David Copperfield (1969).

Legacy
He was the President of the Rochdale Youth Orchestra until his death in September 2006. The Leicestershire Schools Symphony Orchestra made the first commercial recording of Arnold's Divertimento for the Pye label in July 1967 and regularly performed many of his works in the UK and abroad.

Arnold also conducted the orchestra in a 1963 De Montfort Hall concert that included his own English Dances and Tam O'Shanter. Malcolm Arnold wrote the Trevelyan Suite to mark the opening of Trevelyan College, University of Durham. His daughter was among the first intake of students. He conducted the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in the live Royal Albert Hall recording of Jon Lord's Concerto for Group and Orchestra with Deep Purple in September, 1969.

The following year he conducted the premiere of Lord's Gemini Suite with Deep Purple and the Light Music Society at the Royal Festival Hall and in 1971 conducted the London Symphony Orchestra in the studio recording of Gemini Suite with various rock soloists.

Since the 1980s there have been frequent concerts and festivals dedicated to his music. In October of each year there is a Malcolm Arnold Festival in his birthplace Northampton. On 3 September 2010 the Malcolm Arnold Academy, a secondary school in Northampton, was opened; while in September 2014 the new Malcolm Arnold Preparatory Free School was opened.

, the fate of an archive of material relating to the period between 1979 and 1986, when Arnold was in the care of the Court of Protection, is in question. Because the archive contains personal information, its current holders, the Ministry of Justice, have always refused access to it and wish to destroy it. Arnold's daughter, Katherine Arnold, and others have appealed for it to be retained and  transferred to the National Archives. In a written answer to John Hayes MP on 17 November 2020, John Whittingdale, Minister of State at the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, stated that the fate of the records was under discussion between the Ministry of Justice, the National Archives and the Court of Protection, and that they were "not at imminent risk of destruction."

Honours and awards
 1937 – won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music
 1941 – Cobbett Competition, 2nd prize for Vita Abundans
 1948 – awarded scholarship by the Royal Academy of Music's Mendelssohn Scholarship Foundation
 1951 – Venice Film Festival 1st prize in the music documentary class for Science in the Orchestra
 1958 – won Academy Award for the music to The Bridge on the River Kwai
 1959 – Ivor Novello Award for the music to The Inn of the Sixth Happiness
 1969 – Honorary Doctorate, University of Exeter
 1969 – created a Bard of Gorseth Kernow, taking the Bardic name Trompour ('Trumpeter').
 1970 – appointed a Commander (CBE) of the Order of the British Empire
 1982 – Honorary Doctorate, University of Durham
 1983 – Fellowship of the Royal College of Music, London
 1984 – Honorary Doctorate, University of Leicester
 1985 – Honorary Member, Royal Academy of Music, London
 1986 – Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Services to British Music
 1987 – Wavendon AllMusic Composer of the Year
 1989 – Honorary Doctorate, Miami University of Ohio
 1989 – Freedom of the Borough of Northampton
 1992 – Fellowship of the Trinity College of Music, London
 1993 – knighted for services to music
 1994 – Honorary President, Victoria College of Music, London
 1997 – Fellowship of the Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester
 2001 – Fellowship of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors
 2003 – Honorary Doctorate, University of Winchester
 2004 – Distinguished Musician Award, Incorporated Society of Musicians
 2006 – Honorary Doctorate, University of Northampton

Bibliography

References

External links

 The Malcolm Arnold Society
 Official Malcolm Arnold Festival website

 Critical essay by Simon Heffer in Standpoint Magazine
 Interview with Sir Malcolm Arnold, 16 March 1991

1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century classical composers
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English classical composers
English male classical composers
English film score composers
English male film score composers
Light music composers
Jazz-influenced classical composers
Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Composers awarded knighthoods
Musicians from Northampton
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Bards of Gorsedh Kernow
Ivor Novello Award winners
British ballet composers
Brass band composers
English conscientious objectors
People educated at Northampton School for Boys
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods
20th-century English musicians
People from Attleborough
20th-century British composers
20th-century British conductors (music)
British Army personnel of World War II
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British musicians
Military personnel from Northampton

Malcolm Arnold


The term underground church () is used to refer to Chinese Catholic churches in the People's Republic of China which have chosen not to associate with the state-sanctioned Catholic Patriotic Association, they are also called loyal church (). Underground churches came into existence in the 1950s, after the communist party's establishment of the People's Republic of China, due to the severing of ties between Chinese Catholics and the Holy See.

There continues to be tensions between underground churches and "open churches" which have joined the state-sanctioned Catholic Patriotic Association ().

Terminology
The description of an "underground church" reflects language that was made popular during the Cold War, when these churches came about. Underground churches are also sometimes referred to as "Vatican loyalists" because they have attempted to remain loyal to the Pope and the Holy See. There is no established organization structure of underground churches, though they tend to be clustered around a number of Vatican-ordained bishops. However, underground churches would in 1989 form the Bishops Conference of Mainland China () as separate from the state-sanctioned Bishops Conference of Catholic Church in China (), which was established in 1980.

Chinese Catholics associated with underground churches are often seen in contrast with the Chinese Catholics associated with the Catholic Patriotic Association, often termed "open churches" (), which are officially independent of the Holy See.

Protestant churches in China which have not jointed the state-sanctioned Protestant church, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, are generally termed house churches rather than underground churches.

See also

 Protestant house church
 China–Holy See relations

References

Catholicism in China
Catholic spirituality
Catholic liturgy
Catholic Church in Asia
Catholic Church in China

Underground church