Luol Ajou Deng  (born 16 April 1985) is a South Sudanese-British former professional basketball player. He was a two-time NBA All-Star and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team in 2012. Born in what is now South Sudan, Deng fled the country with his family as a child, eventually settling in the United Kingdom. He became a British citizen in 2006, and has played for the Great Britain national team.

After playing college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils, Deng was selected by the Phoenix Suns in the first round of the 2004 NBA draft with the seventh overall pick. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team as a 19-year-old in 2005. The small forward was an All-Star with the Bulls in 2012 and 2013 before splitting the 2013–14 season with the Cleveland Cavaliers. After just half a season with Cleveland, Deng joined the Miami Heat for 2014–15. He played two seasons for the Heat before signing with the Lakers in 2016. He spent his last season with the Minnesota Timberwolves.

Deng has been the president of the South Sudan Basketball Federation since 2019. He is an assistant coach for the South Sudan men's national team and has previously served as its head coach.

Early life
Deng was born in Wau, Sudan (now in South Sudan) and is a member of the Dinka ethnic group. When he was young, his father Aldo, a member of the Sudanese parliament, moved the family to Egypt to escape the Second Sudanese Civil War. In Egypt, they met former NBA center Manute Bol, another Dinka, who taught Deng's older brother, Ajou Deng, how to play basketball and also mentored Luol. When they were granted political asylum, his family immigrated to Brixton, South London.

Deng was educated at St. Mary's RC High School, a voluntary aided state comprehensive school in Croydon in South London. He developed an interest in football, admiring Faustino Asprilla of Newcastle United, but also continued to play basketball, and was invited to join England's 15-and-under team in that sport. During this time, he began his career at Brixton Basketball Club. He represented Croydon at the London Youth Games, and was inducted into their Hall of Fame. At age 13, he played for England's squad in the European Junior Men's Qualifying Tournament, averaging 40 points and 14 rebounds. He was named the (MVP) of the tournament. Next, he led England to the finals of the European Junior National Tournament, where he averaged (34) points and earned another (MVP) award.

At age 14, Luol moved to the United States to play basketball at Blair Academy in New Jersey. One of his teammates was future NBA player Charlie Villanueva. Deng was also named a Tri-Captain at Blair along with Villanueva. During his senior year, Deng was considered the second most promising high school senior in America after LeBron James and was named First Team All-America by Parade and USA Today. He was selected to play in the McDonald's High School All-America game, but could not play due to a foot injury.

Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Deng was listed as the No. 1 small forward and the No. 2 player in the nation in 2003.

College career
Deng accepted an athletic scholarship to attend Duke University, where he played for coach Mike Krzyzewski's Duke Blue Devils basketball team in 2003–04. In one season at Duke, he appeared in 37 games and made 32 starts. He averaged 30.1 minutes and scored 15.1 points per game en route to a berth in the 2004 Final Four. He was the 10th freshman in ACC history to lead all freshmen in scoring, rebounding, and field goal percentage.

Professional career

Chicago Bulls (2004–2014)

2004–05 season
After one year at Duke, Deng entered the 2004 NBA draft. He was picked seventh overall by the Phoenix Suns, but was immediately traded to the Chicago Bulls by prior agreement. Deng suffered a season-ending wrist injury late in his rookie season, but still made the NBA All-Rookie First Team and helped the resurgent Bulls return to the playoffs for the first time in seven years. Deng played in 61 games and averaged 11.7 points per game. On 8 February, Deng recorded his first double-double vs. the Dallas Mavericks.

2005–06 season
In his second season, he posted strong performances throughout March and April to help the Bulls earn their second consecutive playoff berth. His offensive statistics improved in his sophomore season, increasing his scoring to 14.3 points per game, and increasing his rebounding to 6.6 per game, up from a 5.3 average his rookie season. Deng had four straight double-double performances from 28 February to 5 March, with at least ten points and rebounds in each game. In the playoffs, the Bulls faced off against the Miami Heat in a best of 7-game series. Deng came off the bench in all six games, averaging ten points per game.

2006–07 season
For the 2006–07 season, Deng was the only Bull to start all 82 regular season games. All of his numbers continued to improve, and he led the team in minutes played (37.5) and field goal percentage (.517), while playing a strong second scoring option to Ben Gordon, with a marked improvement to 18.8 points per game. Deng also notably rarely committed fouls on defense (2.00 per game), despite the minutes he played and frequently being outsized in matchups against power forwards such as Kevin Garnett.

On 27 December 2006, Deng was driving in the lane when Miami Heat player James Posey grabbed him, causing concern that Deng may have re-injured his wrist. Posey earned a flagrant foul, was ejected and suspended for one game. Deng scored 32 points against the Cavaliers just three nights later, resolving concern that the wrist would be re-injured. On 26 March 2007 Deng posted a new career-high 38 points to lead the Bulls to a home victory against the Portland Trail Blazers. Deng converted 18 of his 25 shots from the field.

Deng has won three major sportsmanship awards. On 3 May 2007, Deng won the NBA's sportsmanship award in a vote by players. The award honours the player who best exemplifies ethical behaviour, fair play, and integrity on the court. For that award, the league donated $25,000 on his behalf to Pacific Garden Mission, the oldest continuously operating rescue mission in the country. Deng also won the 2006–2007 Golden Icon Award for Best Sports Role Model. The awards are presented by the Travolta entertainment family. Most recently, he won the 2008 UN Refugee Agency's Humanitarian of the Year Award as part of the UNHCR's ninemillion.org campaign to bring education and sports to millions of displaced children.

2007–08 season
Near the beginning of the season, the Bulls started negotiating a contract extension for Deng. Negotiations were mostly handled by Bulls chairman Jerry Reinsdorf. The team offered Deng a five-year extension for $57.5 million. However, Deng decided to reject the deal and wait until the season ended to continue negotiations.

In the (2007–08) season, Luol played in (63) games, missing (19) mostly because of left Achilles tendinitis. Despite injuries, Deng still averaged (17.0) points per game and (6.3) rebounds per game. He had his best game against the Milwaukee Bucks when he scored (32) points in a 151–135 victory. The Bulls missed the playoffs in the (2007–08) season for the first time since 2004.

2008–09 season

Before the season started, Deng agreed to a contract extension for six years and ($71) million. The agreement was announced by Bulls general manager, John Paxson. Paxson said in a statement "Signing Luol has always been a priority for this organization and we have always felt that he was a big part of our future. We are very happy that Luol will now be with us long term as we continue to grow as an organization."

Due to injury, Deng played in (48) games. During the regular season Luol's scoring dropped to (14.1) points per game and his rebounding dropped to 6.0 per game. The Bulls made the playoffs, but Luol missed the entire playoffs due to injury.

2009–10 season
Deng played in a total of 70 games during the 2009–10 season, also increasing his scoring and rebounding to 17.6 and 7.3 respectively, helping the Bulls make the playoffs again. He missed 11 straight games at the end of March because of a sprained right calf.

During the first-round of the playoffs, Deng averaged (34.8) points per game along with (5.0) rebounds per game against the Cleveland Cavaliers. He scored (26) points in the final game, but couldn't prevent the Bulls being eliminated by the Cavs.<ref>LeBron, Cavs eliminate Bulls, face Celtics next  on Yahoo! Sports; Withers, Tom (28 April 2010)</ref>

2010–11 season
On 1 November 2010, Deng scored a new career-high 40 points, hitting (14) of his (19) shots, along with 9 of 11 free throws, against the Portland Trail Blazers, scoring a point a minute. On 24 February 2011, Deng scored 20 points, 10 rebounds, and hit the game winning 3-point shot with 16 seconds left on the clock in a game against the Miami Heat. Throughout the season, Deng significantly improved his 3-point shooting after coach Tom Thibodeau asked him to. In the past four seasons, Deng attempted 132 3-point shots, whereas this season he attempted 333, hitting 115 for a 34%.

Deng finished the season averaging 17.4 points and 5.8 rebounds per game, being the third lead scorer for the Chicago Bulls behind Derrick Rose (25.0) and Carlos Boozer (17.5). This was also Deng's seventh season averaging double figures. During the first round of the playoffs against the Indiana Pacers, Deng averaged 18.6 points and 6.2 rebounds per game, being the second leading scorer of the team behind Derrick Rose.

On 31 March 2011, Eric Bressman of Dime magazine called Deng "the most underrated player" writing he was "never the face of the franchise but always the backbone". Coach Thibodeau has consistently called Deng the "glue" that holds the Bulls together. "Luol's professional. He practices hard. He prepares well. He studies his opponent. He's great at executing offensively and defensively. He's helped this team get better every day," said Thibodeau.

Deng was the Bulls' second leading scorer during the playoffs. In the first game of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Miami Heat, Deng was praised for his defense on LeBron James. However, the Miami Heat went on to eliminate the Bulls in five games.Derrick Rose, Luol Deng, Chicago Bulls overpower Miami Heat to take Game 1 of Eastern finals, 103–82  on New York Daily News (15 May 2011) Deng averaged just under 43 minutes, 16.9 points, 6.6 rebounds and 2.7 assists per game during the playoffs.

2011–12 season: All-Star season

Deng injured his wrist during the fourth quarter against the Charlotte Bobcats on 21 January 2012. Initially thought to be a minor injury, it was later revealed by an (MRI) that Deng tore the ligament in his left wrist. Deng decided to postpone surgery and play the rest of the season through the pain. He returned to the starting line-up against the Milwaukee Bucks on 4 February 2012, scoring 21 points with 9 rebounds, 1 steal, and 1 block.

On 9 February 2012, Deng was selected as a reserve for the (2012) NBA All-Star Game's Eastern Conference team, joining teammate Derrick Rose, who was voted in as a starter. This was the first time since 1997 (when both Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen made the team) that the Chicago Bulls had two All-Stars in the All-Star Game.

Deng made a buzzer-beating game winner on 24 March 2012, off a tip-in basket to lift the Bulls 102–101 in overtime versus the Toronto Raptors. At the end of the season, Deng was selected for the NBA All-Defensive Second Team.

2012–13 season: Second All-Star season
Deng was selected as a reserve for the 2013 NBA All-Star Game, along with Joakim Noah. During the 2012–13 season, he averaged a team high 16.5 points per game, 6.3 rebounds per game, and a career high 3 assists per game. His free throw percentage of .816 was also a career high. He again led the league in minutes per game with (38.7). Even without Derrick Rose, who was out for the whole year due to an ACL injury, the Bulls still tallied a 45–37 record, finishing 5th in the Eastern Conference and 2nd in the Central Division.

The Chicago Bulls met the Brooklyn Nets in the opening round of the (2013) Playoffs. The Bulls defeated the Nets in seven games and met the Miami Heat in the semi-finals. The Heat defeated the Bulls in five games. The Heat went on to win the (2013) NBA Finals. During the 2013 Playoffs, Deng averaged (13.8) points per game, (7.6) rebounds per game, and 3.8 assists per game in (44.8) minutes per game.

2013–14 season
Deng's representatives and Chicago Bulls executives had informal talks about extending his contract over the summer, but the team never made a formal offer. Deng, who would become a free agent after the 2013–14 season, was seeking a contract close to $12 million a year over 4–5 seasons. Rumors about him being traded continued throughout the season.

During the first months of the season, Deng again emerged as the Bulls leading scorer with the absence of Derrick Rose. He had his best performances on 27 and 30 November, when he scored 27 points against the Detroit Pistons and the Cleveland Cavaliers in two separate games. He also registered 6 rebounds against the Pistons, and 11 assists against the Cavs. During the first two months of the season, Deng averaged a career-high of 19 points and (3.7) assists per game. He also averaged 6.9 rebounds per game.

Cleveland Cavaliers (2014)
On 7 January 2014, the Chicago Bulls traded Deng to the Cleveland Cavaliers for Andrew Bynum, two future second round draft picks in 2015 and 2016 (initially traded from the Portland Trail Blazers to the Cavaliers), a protected future pick the Cavaliers received from the Sacramento Kings, and the right to swap first-round picks with the Cavaliers in the 2015 draft. At the time of the trade, Deng was the fifth-longest tenured Chicago Bull, and fourth-leading scorer in franchise history.

In his Cavaliers debut, Deng had 10 points, 1 rebound, 1 steal, and 4 turnovers in 21 minutes. Two games later, he scored 27 points with five rebounds, four assists, and one block. This was his highest scoring game with the Cavaliers. Deng finished the season averaging 14.1 points and 2.5 assists.

Miami Heat (2014–2016)
On 15 July 2014, Deng signed with the Miami Heat. He had his best scoring game of the 2014–15 season on 20 January, when he scored 29 points against the Philadelphia 76ers. Deng finished the season averaging 14 points and 5.2 rebounds per game.

On 29 June 2015, Deng exercised his player option for the 2015–16 season. On 1 August 2015, Deng played for Team Africa at the 2015 NBA Africa exhibition game. In late November and early December 2015, Deng missed six games with a left hamstring strain. On 19 February 2016, he scored a season-high 30 points in a 115–111 win over the Atlanta Hawks. The Heat finished the regular season as the third seed in the Eastern Conference with a 48–34 record. In the first round of the playoffs, the Heat faced the sixth-seeded Charlotte Hornets, and in a Game 1 win on 17 April, Deng set a Heat playoff debut record with 31 points on 11-for-13 shooting.

Los Angeles Lakers (2016–2018)
On 7 July 2016, Deng signed a four-year, $72 million contract with the Los Angeles Lakers. The Lakers signed the two-time All-Star along with Timofey Mozgov to big contracts in a bid to remain competitive after Kobe Bryant's recent retirement. However, in February 2017, Magic Johnson became the Lakers' president of basketball operations, and coach Luke Walton benched Deng to start rookie Brandon Ingram. Effectively, Deng had played his last meaningful minutes as a Laker. He missed the final 22 games of the season after being shut down in March to give more playing time to the team's youngsters.

On opening night of the 2017–18 season, Deng made a substitute start in place of a suspended Kentavious Caldwell-Pope; it was the only game he played the entire season. He and Walton mutually decided that it was better for him to stay in the locker room during games than to play meaningless minutes in garbage time. On September 1, 2018, he was waived by the Lakers after reaching a buyout agreement. The move freed him to find playing time elsewhere, while the Lakers gained salary cap space to potentially offer a maximum contract to a free agent in 2019. Deng had been the highest-paid Laker in each of his two seasons.

Minnesota Timberwolves (2018–2019)
On September 10, 2018, Deng signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves, reuniting him with Derrick Rose, Jimmy Butler, Taj Gibson, and head coach Tom Thibodeau. On February 11, 2019, Deng started in place of an ill Andrew Wiggins and scored 12 points in a team-high 37 minutes, 50 seconds against the Los Angeles Clippers. It was Deng's first start since October 19, 2017, his lone game for the Lakers during the 2017–18 season.

Deng's final NBA game was played on February 27, 2019 in a 123 - 131 loss to the Atlanta Hawks. In his final game, Deng recorded 1 steal, 1 rebound and no other stats in 8 minutes of playing time.

He would go on to sign a one day contract with the Bulls to retire with the team.

Citizenship and national team career
Since his birth in Sudan, Deng has lived in Egypt, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Deng represented England at Under-16 and Under-19 level, and was an ambassador for the London 2012 Summer Olympics. In October 2006, Deng became a naturalised British citizen in a ceremony in Croydon and was called up to play in European competition for the Great Britain team. He made his debut in a closed international test match against Georgia in Pau, France, on 9 August 2007, scoring 19 points. In his first competitive qualifying game representing Great Britain, Deng collected 21 points, 10 rebounds, two assists, three steals and two blocks against Slovakia, at Birmingham's National Indoor Arena on 21 August 2007. He played with the team at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he averaged 15.8 points, 6.6 rebounds, and 4.6 assists. However, Great Britain finished with a 1–4 record.

Deng retains South Sudanese citizenship in addition to his British citizenship, making him a dual citizen.

Post-playing career
On November 24, 2020, it was reported that Deng would coach the South Sudan national basketball team for the FIBA AfroBasket 2021 Qualifiers. As of 2023, he served as an assistant coach for the South Sudan men's national team and as President of the South Sudan Basketball federation.

Personal life
Deng is involved in numerous charities, such as the UK children's charity School Home Support. He has been noted for his work on behalf of the Lost Boys of Sudan and other refugees.McRae, Donald. "Luol Deng: Britain's secret superstar" , The Guardian, 14 September 2009. During the summers of 2006 and 2007, Luol went to Africa, Asia and Europe with the NBA for their Basketball Without Borders Tour. He is also a spokesperson for the World Food Programme. "He really does epitomize everything I had hoped for as a person and a basketball player", general manager John Paxson said. "I think it's one of the reasons we've gotten to the level we're at this year. I'm truly proud of him. I think the world of him as a person and as a player."

He counts himself a fan of English Premier League side Arsenal F.C.

Deng is the cover athlete for NBA Live 09 and NBA Live 10 video games in the UK.

Deng's cousin, Peter Jok, also plays professional basketball.

Deng has been investing in real estate almost since the time he entered the league in 2004 and has amassed a large portfolio, including hotels, resorts, condos, and apartment buildings, worth $125 million. In 2020, Deng was included in the annual Powerlist'' as one of the most influential people in the UK of African/African-Caribbean descent.

In November 2019, he was appointed for four years as president of the South Sudan Basketball Federation.

Luol Deng is depicted on one of the Brixton Pound community currency notes.

Deng was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to basketball.

Career statistics

NBA

Regular season

|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| 61 || 45 || 27.3 || .434 || .265 || .741 || 5.3 || 2.2 || .8 || .4 || 11.7
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| 78 || 56 || 33.4 || .463 || .269 || .750 || 6.6 || 1.9 || .9 || .6 || 14.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 37.5 || .517 || .143 || .777 || 7.1 || 2.5 || 1.2 || .6 || 18.8
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| 63 || 59 || 33.8 || .479 || .364 || .770 || 6.3 || 2.5 || .9 || .5 || 17.0
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| 49 || 46 || 34.0 || .448 || .400 || .796 || 6.0 || 1.9 || 1.2 || .5 || 14.1
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| 70 || 69 || 37.9 || .466 || .386 || .764 || 7.3 || 2.0 || .9 || .9 || 17.6
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| 82 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 82* || 39.1 || .460 || .345 || .750 || 5.8 || 2.8 || 1.0 || .6 || 17.4
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| 54 || 54 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 39.4* || .412 || .367 || .770 || 6.5 || 2.9 || 1.0 || .7 || 15.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| 75 || 75 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 38.7* || .426 || .322 || .816 || 6.3 || 3.0 || 1.1 || .4 || 16.5
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Chicago
| 23 || 23 || 37.4 || .452 || .274 || .815 || 6.9 || 3.7 || 1.0 || .2 || 19.0
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Cleveland
| 40 || 40 || 33.8 || .417 || .315 || .771 || 5.1 || 2.5 || 1.0 || .1 || 14.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Miami
| 72 || 72 || 33.6 || .469 || .355 || .761 || 5.2 || 1.9 || .9 || .3 || 14.0
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Miami
| 74 || 73 || 32.4 || .455 || .344 || .755 || 6.0 || 1.9 || 1.0 || .4 || 12.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | L.A. Lakers
| 56 || 49 || 26.5 || .387 || .309|| .730 || 5.3 || 1.3 || .9 || .4 || 7.6
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | L.A. Lakers
| 1 || 1 || 13.0 || .500 || – || – || .0 || 1.0 || 1.0 || .0 || 2.0
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Minnesota
| 22 || 2 || 17.8 || .500 || .318 || .714 || 3.3 || .8 || .7 || .4 || 7.1
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 902 || 828 || 34.3 || .456 || .332 || .769 || 6.1 || 2.3 || 1.0 || .5 || 14.8
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
| 2 || 0 || 11.5 || .333 || .200 || 1.000 || 1.0 || 1.0 || .0 || .0 || 5.0

Playoffs

|-
| align="left" | 2006
| align="left" | Chicago
| 6 || 0 || 30.0 || .429 || .200 || .571 || 4.8 || .5 || .8 || .7 || 10.2
|-
| align="left" | 2007
| align="left" | Chicago
| 10 || 10 || 41.0 || .524 || .000 || .807 || 8.7 || 2.4 || 1.0 || .7 || 22.2
|-
| align="left" | 2010
| align="left" | Chicago
| 5 || 5 || 40.6 || .463 || .083 || .731 || 5.0 || 1.4 || 1.2 || .8 || 18.8
|-
| align="left" | 2011
| align="left" | Chicago
| 16 || 16 || 42.9 || .426 || .324 || .839 || 6.6 || 2.7 || 1.5 || .6 || 16.9
|-
| align="left" | 2012
| align="left" | Chicago
| 6 || 6 || 38.0 || .456 || .364 || .571 || 8.3 || 1.5 || .8 || 1.5 || 14.0
|-
| align="left" | 2013
| align="left" | Chicago
| 5 || 5 || 44.8 || .381 || .056 || .400 || 7.6 || 3.8 || 1.0 || .6 || 13.8
|-
| align="left" | 2016
| align="left" | Miami
| 14 || 14 || 35.4 || .471 || .421 || .842 || 5.9 || 1.6 || .9 || .6 || 13.3
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 62 || 56 || 39.1 || .455 || .311 || .765 || 7.0 || 6.7 || 1.1 || .7 || 15.9

College

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2003–04
| style="text-align:left;"| Duke
| 37 || 32 || 31.1 || .476 || .360 || .710 || 6.9 || 1.8 || 1.3 || 1.1 || 15.1

See also

 List of National Basketball Association annual minutes leaders
 List of European basketball players in the United States

References

External links

 Duke profile
 Great Britain Basketball Profile
 Deng: A real-life globetrotter making it in the NBA
 Deng gunning for bullish future

1985 births
Living people
Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Black British sportsmen
Blair Academy alumni
British men's basketball players
South Sudanese refugees
British expatriate basketball people in the United States
Chicago Bulls players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Dinka people
Duke Blue Devils men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Brixton
Los Angeles Lakers players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Miami Heat players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association players from the United Kingdom
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Olympic basketball players for Great Britain
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
People from South Norwood
Sportspeople from the London Borough of Croydon
Phoenix Suns draft picks
Small forwards
South Sudanese emigrants to the United Kingdom
South Sudanese expatriate basketball people in the United States
South Sudanese men's basketball players
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Refugees in Egypt
People from Western Bahr el Ghazal

Luol Deng


Gitta Alpár (born Regina Klopfer; 5 February 1903 – 17 February 1991), was a Hungarian-born opera and operetta soprano.

Biography
Gitta Alpár was born in Budapest, the daughter of a Jewish cantor. At an early age, she commenced the study of singing and pianoforte at the Academy of Budapest. Her first public appearance as a coloratura soprano under the name of Alpár was in 1923 at the Budapest State Opera House. The debut marked the beginning of a long career, promoted by eminent conductors such as Erich Kleiber, which led her singing at the great opera houses of Vienna, Berlin, and all over the world.  An ensemble member of the Berlin State Opera from 1927 to 1930, she excelled in performances of Mozart's The Magic Flute, Rossini's The Barber of Seville, as well as in Verdi's Rigoletto and La Traviata.

In 1931, Alpár married actor Gustav Fröhlich, with whom she had a child, Julika. Her first films were made in Germany. The marriage was dissolved in 1935 because Alpár was Jewish and the marriage was illegal in Nazi Germany. Alpár appeared on "Hitler's hit list", along with Charlie Chaplin and others, in the pages of the anti-semitic book, Juden sehen Dich an by Johann von Leers.

Alpár left Germany in 1933, first for Austria (where the film version of Ball im Savoy was made) and Hungary, then England and eventually the United States, where she continued her singing and film career. She died in Los Angeles, California, and was buried in the Westwood Memorial Park, Los Angeles.

Roles created
 1930: Princess Elisabeth in Schön ist die Welt, a reworking of Endlich allein by Franz Lehár
 1931: Comtesse Dubarry in the revised version of Gräfin Dubarry by Millöcker
 1932: Madeleine de Faublas in the operetta Ball im Savoy by Paul Abraham

Recordings
Lebendige Vergangenheit – Gitta Alpár: includes arias and excerpts by Félicien-César David, Delibes, Eva Dell'Acqua, Ruggero Leoncavallo, Meyerbeer, Mozart, Offenbach, Puccini, Rossini, and Verdi (1996, Preiser Records 1083891)

Films
Gitta Discovers Her Heart (1932)
This One or None (1932)
Ball at the Savoy (1935)
I Give My Heart (1935)
Disk 413 (1935)
Guilty Melody (1936)
Everything in Life (1936)
Mr. Stringfellow Says No (1937)
The Flame of New Orleans (1941)

See also
 Alpár – Hungarian surname

References

External links

 http://www.univie.ac.at/biografiA/daten/text/bio/alpar.htm (German)
 http://www.cyranos.ch/smalpa-e.htm (English)
 Photographs of Gitta Alpár
 Bell Song Lakme – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JjXtOieObA

1903 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Hungarian women opera singers
Hungarian sopranos
American operatic sopranos
20th-century Hungarian Jews
Hungarian expatriates in Germany
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Singers from Budapest
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
20th-century American women opera singers
Jewish opera singers

Gitta Alpár


is a 1969 Japanese drama art film directed and written by Toshio Matsumoto, loosely adapted from Oedipus Rex and set in the underground gay culture of 1960s Tokyo. It stars Peter as the protagonist, a young transgender woman, and features Osamu Ogasawara, Yoshio Tsuchiya and Emiko Azuma. A product of the Japanese New Wave, the film combines elements of arthouse, documentary and experimental cinema, and is thought to have influenced Stanley Kubrick's 1971 film adaptation of Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange (although many of the points of comparison can also be found in earlier movies such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Love Is Colder Than Death).

The title is a pun, as "rose" (bara) in Japanese can have a similar meaning to "pansy" in English slang.

The film was released by A.T.G. (Art Theatre Guild) on 13 September 1969 in Japan; however, it did not receive a United States release until 29 October 1970. Matsumoto's previous film For My Crushed Right Eye contains some of the same footage and could be interpreted as a trailer for Funeral Parade. In June 2017, it received a 4K restoration and a limited theatrical rerelease. In 2020, it received a limited edition Blu-ray release from the British Film Institute in the UK.

Plot
The film follows the trials and tribulations of Eddie and other transgender women in Tokyo. The main plot continuously jumps around the timeline of events. The film also contains scenes shot in a documentary style, in which the film's cast members are interviewed about their sexuality and gender identity.

As a child, Eddie was abused by her father. When her father abandons Eddie and her mother, Eddie suggests to her mother that, though her husband has left them, she still has Eddie to rely on, and her mother laughs at her. Some time later, Eddie finds her mother with another man, and Eddie stabs them both using a knife.

Now an adult, Eddie works at the Genet, a gay bar in Tokyo that employs several transgender women to service customers. The Genet is managed by drug dealer Gonda, with whom Leda, the madame or "lead girl" of the bar, lives and is in a relationship. Leda correctly begins to suspect that Eddie and Gonda have a secret sexual relationship, and Gonda promises to make Eddie the new madame of the bar.

One day, Eddie witnesses a street protest and enters an art exhibit, where a voice on a tape recorder speaks about individuals masking their personalities, "wearing" one or more "masks" in order to avoid loneliness. Eddie also goes shopping with friends, visiting clothing stores and a hair salon, eating ice cream and entering a men's bathroom, where they stand in front of urinals in their skirts. Eddie also associates with Guevara, a member of a filmmaking collective who makes avant-garde films. After viewing one of Guevara's works, Eddie and others smoke marijuana and dance.

While out with two friends, Eddie and two friends are confronted by a trio of women, and a fight ensues. Gonda visits Leda and is angered when she feigns concern for Eddie's well-being. Leda is later found lying in her bed, having died by suicide, wearing a veil and surrounded by roses. On the floor are two dolls, one with a nail in its upper chest, and the other with a nail in each eye.

After Leda's funeral, Eddie is promoted to madame of the Genet. While Eddie takes a shower, Gonda finds a book containing a photograph of Eddie as a young boy, with her parents. Though a hole has been burnt through the face of Eddie's father in the picture, Gonda recognizes Eddie's mother as his former lover. Realizing that Eddie is his child, Gonda kills himself with a knife. Upon seeing this, Eddie takes the knife and stabs herself in each eye, before stumbling outside in front of a crowd of people.

Cast
 Peter as Eddie
 Osamu Ogasawara as Leda
 Yoshio Tsuchiya as Gonda
 Emiko Azuma as Eddie's mother
 Toyosaburo Uchiyama as Guevara
 Don Madrid as Tony
 Koichi Nakamura as Juju
 Chieko Kobayashi as Okei
 Shōtarō Akiyama as himself
 Kiyoshi Awazu as himself

Production
The film was set and shot in Tokyo.

Reception

Retrospective assessments
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 100% based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10.

In 2017, IndieWires Michael Nordine gave the film a grade of "A-", calling it "very much a trip, the kind you might not be able to make sense of at every step of the way but later, after returning to reality, will be glad to have embarked on." That same year, Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com gave the film a score of four out of four stars, concluding: "You may not directly identify with Eddie or her world, but you will walk away from Matsumoto's film with a newfound appreciation of what movies can be." In 2020, Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars, calling it "a fusillade of haunted images and traumatised glimpses, splattered across a realist melodrama of the Tokyo underground club scene, played out in a fiercely beautiful monochrome", as well as "a jagged shard of a film, an underground dream of longing and despair, an excursion away from narrative and a great example of the Japanese New Wave [...]".

References

Sources
  薔薇の葬列 (Bara no Sōretsu) at the Japanese Movie Database
 "Eros Effect" review by Lucid Screening

 "Timeline for a Timeless Story" essay by Jim O'Rourke

External links

1969 films
1969 drama films
1969 LGBT-related films
Japanese drama films
Japanese LGBT-related films
1960s Japanese-language films
Films based on Oedipus Rex
Films directed by Toshio Matsumoto
Japanese avant-garde and experimental films
Japanese black-and-white films
Films set in Tokyo
Films shot in Tokyo
Films about trans women
LGBT-related drama films
Modern adaptations of works by Sophocles
1960s Japanese films

Funeral Parade of Roses


Guillermo Rosales (1946–1993) was a Cuban novelist. A double exile, writing in reaction both to Cuba's totalitarian regime and to the indifference of Cuban-American exiles bent on achieving the American Dream, Rosales created some of the best Cuban literature of the second half of the twentieth century, garnering comparisons to Carlos Montenegro and Reinaldo Arenas.

Biography

Born in Havana, Rosales was a lifelong misfit diagnosed with schizophrenia.  A journalist and writer while still in Cuba, he had an early brush with fame when his novel El Juego de la Viola, was a finalist in the reputable "Casa de las Americas" contest. But in 1979 he fled Castro's regime and went into exile in Miami, where he disappeared from public view. He ended up in halfway houses, "those marginal refuges where the desperate and hopeless go." The time he spent there provided the author with the material to write his most famous and viscerally haunting novella, Boarding Home (known in English as The Halfway House). He was the winner of the prestigious 1987 "Letras de Oros" (Golden Letters) contest, judged by the Mexican poet and Nobel laureate Octavio Paz. Rosales committed suicide in Miami in 1993, at the age of 47. Before doing so, he destroyed most of his work. Two novels survived: El Juego de la Viola (1967) and Boarding Home (1987). In 2013, the Cuban writers Elizabeth Mirabal and Carlos Velazco published the book "Talking about Guillermo Rosales" (Editorial Silueta).

Boarding Home was translated into English by Anna Kushner as The Halfway House and published by New Directions in 2009, featuring a preface by Jose Manuel Prieto. It has been hailed for its precise, lapidary style and its uncompromising treatment of personal responsibility for totalitarian rule. Publishers Weekly (Starred Review) praised it as a "frightening, nihilistic cousin of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest".

El Juego de la Viola is forthcoming from New Directions under the title Leapfrog.

References

1946 births
1993 deaths
Cuban male novelists
20th-century Cuban novelists
20th-century male writers
1993 suicides
Suicides in Florida

Guillermo Rosales


"The Goose Girl" ()  is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and first published in Grimm's Fairy Tales in 1815 (KHM 89). It is of Aarne-Thompson type 533.

The story was first translated into English by Edgar Taylor in 1826, then by many others, e.g. by an anonymous community of translators in 1865, by Lucy Crane in 1881, by LucMargaret Hunt in 1884, etc. Andrew Lang included it in The Blue Fairy Book in 1889.

Origin
The tale was first published by the Brothers Grimm in the first edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen, vol. 2, in 1815, as number 3. It appears as no. 89 since the second edition (1819). Grimm's source for the story is the German storyteller Dorothea Viehmann (1755–1815).

Summary
A widowed queen sends her daughter to a faraway land to marry.  Accompanying the princess are her magical horse Falada, who can speak, and a waiting maid. The queen gives the princess a special charm that will protect her as long as she wears it.

The princess and her servant travel for a time, and eventually the princess grows thirsty. She asks the maid to go and fetch her some water, but the maid simply says: "If you want water, get it for yourself. I do not want to be your servant any longer." So the princess has to fetch herself water from the nearby stream. She wails softly: "What will become of me?" The charm answers: "Alas, alas, if your mother knew, her loving heart would break in two." After a while, the princess gets thirsty again. So she asks her maid once more to get her some water. But again the evil servant says, "I will not serve you any longer, no matter what you or your mother say." The servant leaves the poor princess to drink from the river by her dainty little hands. When she bends to the water her charm falls out of her bosom and floats away.

The maid takes advantage of the princess's vulnerability. She orders the princess to change clothes with her and the horses as well. She threatens to kill the princess if she doesn't swear never to say a word about this reversal of roles to any living being. Sadly, the princess takes the oath. The maid servant then rides off on Falada, while the princess has to mount the maid's nag. At the palace, the maid poses as princess and the "princess servant" is ordered to guard the geese with a little boy called Conrad. The false bride orders Falada to be killed, as she fears he might talk. The real princess hears of this and begs the slaughterer to nail Falada's head above the doorway where she passes with her geese every morning.

The next morning the goose girl addresses Falada's head over the doorway: "Falada, Falada, thou art dead, and all the joy in my life has fled", and Falada answers " Alas, Alas, if your mother knew, her loving heart would break in two." On the goose meadow, Conrad watches the princess comb her beautiful hair and he becomes greedy to pluck one or two of her golden locks. But the goose girl sees this and says a charm: "Blow wind, blow, I say, take Conrad's hat away. Do not let him come back today until my hair is combed today." And so the wind takes his hat away, and he cannot return before the goose girl has finished brushing and plaiting her hair.

Meanwhile, Conrad goes to the king and declares he will not herd geese with this girl any longer because of the strange things that happen. The king tells him to do it one more time, and the next morning hides and watches. He finds everything as Conrad has told. That evening, he asks the princess to tell him her story. But she refuses to say anything because of her oath. The king suggests that she might tell everything to the iron stove. She agrees, climbs into the stove and tells her story while the king listens from outside.

As the king is convinced she has told the truth, he has the goose girl clad in royal clothes. He then tricks the false princess into "choosing her own punishment". While each choice is different in each version of the story, in the classic version, she tells the king that a false servant should be dragged through town naked in a barrel with internal spikes. As a result, she is punished that way until she dies.

After that, the prince and the true princess are married and reign over their kingdom for many years.

Variants
The story uses the false bride plot with a good-hearted princess being seized by her maid and turned into a common goose girl. It is similar to other AT-533 tales like the American "The Golden Bracelet".  These motifs are also found, centered on a male character, in The Lord of Lorn and the False Steward (Child ballad 271) and the chivalric romance Roswall and Lillian.

In the 13th century, the tale became attached to Bertrada of Laon, the mother of Charlemagne.

Adaptations
Despite the story being viewed as obscure, there have been many film versions, from countries ranging from Germany to even America. Falada is often restored to life in film versions, or even spared entirely. While the Queen is implied to have died in the original story, many versions also have her survive to expose the false bride at the wedding. The false bride's motive for suggesting such a cruel punishment varies by retelling; in some, she is simply too ignorant to recognize herself, others have her play along to keep the charade, and others imply she has believed the king is talking about the true bride. Such film versions include:
 Harold MacGrath adapted the story into a novel, which was then developed into a 1915 American silent film starring Marguerite Clark. In this version, the princess is stolen at birth and raised as a goose-girl, by a courtier who places his own daughter in her stead. The king she was engaged to at birth falls in love with her without knowing who she is. The courtier's daughter, Hildegarde, is ignorant of the truth and portrayed sympathetically in the original novel, but the film version restores her role as a villainess, where she is raised by her father and is only presented as the princess when she has come of age. The film is believed to be lost.
 The plot was reworked into 2002's The Princess and the Pea, combining it with another fairy tale.
 The fairy tale was shown in the 1960s television show Jackanory during Season 1, Episode 38 and was read by Dilys Hamlett.
 In 1985, Tom Davenport adapted the story into a short film as one of his "From the Brothers Grimm" series. While visibly set in the American Appalachia, the narration refers to the characters as princesses, princes, and kings, implying that the story retained its European setting. This version is more faithful to Grimm, as Falada is not restored and the false bride is put to death.
 Titled "The Goose Maiden" in this version, the tale was loosely adapted into a 1999 German short animated episode with slight differences from the source material. This episode was a part of the series SimsalaGrimm. While Falada is still beheaded, this version has him restored to life. There is no prince, but the king himself is the betrothed. Another change is that the princess has been bewitched into forgetting who she is, rather than being forced into posing as the goose-girl.
 The story was featured in the anime Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi. In this version, the evil maid is explicitly a witch's daughter. Similar to SimsalaGrimm, the prince and the king are conflated, and he recognizes the princess after overhearing her talk to Falada's head. In the end, the prince makes a charm with his own blood to defeat the witch.

Literature:
 The Goose Girl by Shannon Hale is an adaptation of the tale in the form of a novel.
 Bloodleaf, the first of a young adult fantasy trilogy by Crystal Smith, is a gothic retelling of "The Goose Girl." It was published by HMHTeen in 2019.
 "The Goose Girl" was one of the many folktales used in  Emma Donoghue's novel Kissing The Witch. The tale was titled "The Tale of The Handkerchief".
 Author Alethea Kontis adapted this tale together with The Wild Swans in the form of a novel titled Dearest.
 Adrienne Rich's 1974 poem "The Fact of a Doorframe" references the Goose Girl.
 The tale was retold into a short children's book by Eric A. Kimmel.
 In the shōjo manga Ludwig Revolution (ルードヴィッヒ革命 Rūdovihhi Kakumei) the story tells about Prince Ludwig who is ordered by his father to find himself a wife more suitable than the women he often brings into the castle. Along with his servant Wilhelm, they travel across the land in search of fair maidens from classic stories in hopes of finding Ludwig a wife. It includes the tale of "The Goose Girl" among other tales from the Brothers Grimm.
 "Falada: the Goose Girl's Horse" is a short story adaption by author Nancy Farmer. This version tells the classic tale from Falada's point of view.
 The Canadian poet Jay Macpherson references the story of the Goose Girl in her poems "Poor Child" and "What Falada Said," both reprinted in Poems Twice Told: The Boatman and Welcoming Disaster.
 The Scottish comic book writer Grant Morrison references the story in Doom Patrol issue 31, "The Word Made Flesh," when Baphomet takes the form of Falada's head.
 Intisar Khanani, author of the Sunbolt Chronicles, wrote a fantasy retelling of the Goose Girl, titled "Thorn". The novel was independently published in 2012 and re-published by HarperCollins in 2020.
 "Feathers of Snow: A Goose Girl Retelling" by Alice Ivinya is a book based on the fairy tale.
 Though Eudora Welty's novella The Robber Bridegroom is named after and largely follows the plot of a different Brothers Grimm fairy tale, much of the action derives from "The Goose Girl."
 "Little Thieves" by Margeret Owen is a YA fantasy novel retelling the story of the Goose Girl from the perspective of the princess' maid. It was published in 2021 by Henry Holt and Co.

Other:
  Although an original story, the German opera Königskinder by Engelbert Humperdinck was inspired by Brothers Grimm fairy tales, particularly "The Goose Girl."
 In the Doom Patrol comics and live-action series, Baphomet, a magical oracle able to appear in any guise she chooses, in the Unwritten Book storyline, chose to appear in the guise of Falada the magic horse, from The Goose Girl.

References

External links

The Goose Girl

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Female characters in fairy tales
Fictional princesses
Fictional servants
European fairy tales
European folklore characters
Horses in culture
ATU 500-559
False hero

The Goose Girl


Dame Marie Rambert, Mrs Dukes DBE (20 February 188812 June 1982) was a Polish-born English dancer and pedagogue who exerted great influence on British ballet, both as a dancer and teacher.

Early years and background
Born to a liberal Lithuanian Jewish family in Warsaw, Congress Poland, she was originally named Cyvia (Cesia) Rambam. Her father and two of his brothers later changed their last names to make them seem only children in order to escape military service in the Imperial Russian Army; and so, while one brother retained the name Rambam, her father changed his to Ramberg, another of his brothers went to Rambert, and the last changed his name to Warszawski. She changed her name to Myriam Ramberg, and finally left it in the French form Marie Rambert. In later years she was known to friends and dancers as Mim.

Her father, Yakov Ramberg (1855–1928), born in Vištytis, a small town in Suwałki Governorate (nowadays in Lithuania), was a learned merchant and Hebrew publisher and lexicographer, and a Zionist. Her mother, Eiga Ramberg (née Lap), born in the town of Suchowola (nowadays in north-east Poland), daughter of Rabbi Elhanan Tzvi Lap, was a community worker.

Rambert was the fourth of seven children. The eldest child, Rakhel, was the wife of Hebrew writer Micha Josef Berdyczewski. The second, Ewa Ramberg-Figulla, was a Slavist, the wife of German Hittitologist Hugo Heinrich Figulla and mother of physicist Johannes Figulla (father-in-law of German writer Christoph Hein and grandfather of German writer Jakob Hein).

Rambert met her husband Ashley Dukes, a soldier on leave, at a dinner party in 1917. In Rambert's autobiography she says "after four days of personal meetings, and seven months of correspondence we were married on 3 March 1918."  This was done partly as a joke so that Dukes could get four weeks of extended leave instead of two days.  Their marriage lasted 41 years, until he died in 1959; the couple had two daughters, Angela (1920–2006) and Helena.  The poet, Aidan Andrew Dun, is her grandson.

Training
Rambert began her dance training in her schooling early on. Subjects like foreign languages and history seemed to come easy; however she was a restless child and ended up getting bad marks because of her endless movements during class. At one point in her early training her dance instructor stated that 'In her, was the true spirit of dance.' She was unimpressed with the structure and performance of ballet, and was not drawn into dance as a passion until she became enthralled by Isadora Duncan when she attended one of Duncan's performances, and was 'profoundly moved by the beauty of Duncan's dance.'

In 1905, after becoming active in political riots, and the tragic day of May Day, Rambert's parents urged her at one point to move to Paris and take up medicine while safely living with her aunt and uncle who were also doctors. She attended a party where she danced a mazurka and danced it with such liveliness that there was applause afterwards; this was her first performance, whether she thought it or not. She met Raymond Duncan, brother of Isadora, at this same party, who congratulated her on a wonderful performance, and again she was back into her passion for dance. She studied with Madame Rat from the Paris Opera, and later studied with Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, at Dalcroze College who introduced her to eurhythmics.

One day at the Dalcroze College, Sergei Diaghilev, watched a class and then asked her to come back to Berlin and study with him in the Ballets Russes. There, Rambert aided them with figuring out Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring with Vaslav Nijinsky. She hesitantly accepted and collaborated with the Ballets Russes led by Diaghilev from 1912 to 1913.  In Ballets Russes she was in the corps de ballet for ballet performances such as Swan Lake, Giselle, and Scheherazade. After a tour with Nijinsky and Ballets Russes, Rambert's contract was not continued and she decided it was time for a new chapter. In 1914 she moved to the United Kingdom, and studied under Enrico Cecchetti.

Ballet Rambert

After studying with Cecchetti, she went back to study with Madame Rat at the Paris Opera, and took her studies quite seriously. She began teaching more ballet classes in 1919 and later founded her own ballet school in Bedford Gardens. In 1926 she created her own company, originally named Ballet Club. It has been through many name changes, much like Rambert herself. The company began performing at night revues in London. The first informal show was performed in Riverside Nights at the Lyric Theatre, and continued with the nightly revues for a while. She began finding new and promising dancers and choreographers in numerous places, such as Frederick Ashton, to be a part of her company and gave them a chance to grow. From Marie Rambert Dancers, the company changed to Ballet Rambert , later  Rambert Dance Company, and from 2014 just named Rambert, a contemporary dance company which tours internationally. It dates its birth to the first performance of Frederick Ashton's A Tragedy of Fashion (1926), making it the first ballet company in Britain.

Ashley Dukes, Marie's husband, renovated a building and made it into Mercury Theatre, where the majority of Ballet Rambert's performance occurred. It was said that 'Notting Hill Gate, where the Mercury Theatre stood, was on the slopes of Olympus'. Ballet Rambert has performed such ballets as Coppelia, as well as Balanchine's Night Shadow.

Rambert was adamant about finding new and upcoming choreographers. Some of her students and later her colleagues included Ashton, Antony Tudor, and Agnes de Mille, to name a few. In 1965 Rambert, with the help of "Norman Morrice, her newest discovery, completely reorganized the company to stress modern dance". The repertoire of the company eventually came back to more contemporary ballets, but still has a vast list of pieces that the company has performed throughout the years. She cooperated with Millicent Hodson, to restore Nijinsky's choreography of The Rite of Spring in 1979. The restoration of choreography was completed in 1987. Rambert is known for helping to create and keep the ballet community strong in Britain. "The creation of Ballet in Britain is one of the grandest achievements in the artistic annals of our century. It is owed absolutely to the idealism which fired Rambert and Ninette de Valois", the founder of The Royal Ballet. She was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1962 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate.

Death
She died on 12 June 1982 and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 17 June. Her ashes are within the Cloister Walk in section B.

Honours
 1953, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1953 Coronation Honours
 1957, Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur
 1957, Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Award, presented by the Royal Academy of Dance
 1962, Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1962 New Year Honours "for services to Ballet"
 1979, Gold Medal of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland

See also
 List of dancers
 Women in dance

References

Bibliography

External links
Marie Rambert Collection, 1890s–1980s
London Gazette notice of damehood for Marie Rambert, Mrs Dukes (1962); accessed 17 May 2014.
 Rebecca Katz Harwood, "Marie Rambert," Jewish Women's Archive's Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia

1888 births
1982 deaths
Rambert Dance Company dancers
Prima ballerinas
Ballet teachers
Polish ballerinas
English ballerinas
English people of Polish-Jewish descent
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Place of death missing
20th-century Polish ballet dancers
20th-century British ballet dancers
British autobiographers
Women autobiographers
Polish autobiographers

Marie Rambert


Louis Vivin (born 28 July 1861, Hadol, France; died 28 May 1936 in Paris) was a French primitivist painter.

Biography
Vivin was born in Hadol, France. He showed great enthusiasm for painting as a child, but his career took him in a completely different direction: until 1922 he worked for the mobile branch of the French postal service – "travel[ing] about the country a good deal, but always in a windowless railway mail car, lighted from above and walled by tiers of pigeonholes" – pursuing his art only in his spare hours. During this time he produced a series of maps showing the location of each post office in every postal district of France; this won him two years' seniority, the rank of inspector and the ribbon of the Palmes académiques, but the postal authorities decided that it would be too expensive to have the maps printed.

In 1889 he moved to Paris, where he lived with his wife in a small fifth-floor flat – two rooms and kitchen – in the district of Montmartre. He visited the Louvre and the Musée du Luxembourg: "The old masters left him unimpressed, but he liked Corot and Courbet, and fell in love with Meissonier. One night he had a vision: Meisoonier appeared in a dream and told him that he could be a great artist if he tried."

Once he retired, on a pension, in 1923, Vivin finally became a full-time artist.

He was self-taught and a representative of naïve painting. Eventually, he was discovered by the German art critic Wilhelm Uhde (1874–1947), an association which helped him start exhibiting and build a reputation as a serious artist.

Towards the end of his life he had a stroke, followed by another, which affected his speech and left him unable to paint. He died, aged 75, on 28 May 1936, and was buried in the Cimetière parisien de Pantin.

Works
The subjects of Vivin's paintings were still life, hunting subjects, and the city of Paris, and "illustrated books, magazine, loose flower prints, [and] chromolithographed picture postcards" were his models. Vivin was a contemporary of Henri Rousseau, Camille Bombois, André Bauchant, and Séraphine Louis, known collectively as the "Sacred Heart Painters" and as masters of French naïve painting. Vivin's works are known to have a sad and dismal theme to them. He was also known for painting from his memory. Louis Vivin was influenced by the work and details of Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier's paintings. His works depicted genre scenes, flower pieces, hunting scenes and views of Paris, "notable for their charmingly wobbly perspective effects".

Louis Vivin's first one-man exhibition was placed at the Galerie des Quatre Chemins, and it was organized by Wilhelm Uhde in 1927. His later work was considered to become less dependent of the melancholy mood, and it focused more on blocks of color and form.

Lists of his selected artworks
Southampton City Art Gallery
 Venice: Canal Scene with a Church
 La main chaude
 Les Invalides
 Venice: Canal Scene with a Bridge

Auction Christie's
 La place des Halles et l'eglise Saint-eustache, Paris, 1935
 Sacre coeur
 Vue de sacre coeur

Private collections
 Casino de Biarritz
 The Flower Market, 1914
 Gare Montparnasse, Paris
 Luncheon on the Grass, 1925
 Paris, Eglise de la Trinité, 1925
 Paris, Montmartre: Cirque Medrano, 1925

References

1861 births
1936 deaths
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
Post-impressionist painters
Naïve painters
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century French male artists

Louis Vivin


John Morison (September 9, 1818 – December 5, 1873) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Victoria North in the 1st Canadian Parliament as a Liberal member.

He was born in Greenock, Scotland in the year 1818, as the son of Malcolm Morison, and was educated there. He settled in Woodville in 1849, where he entered business as a merchant. Morison married Agnes Smith. He served as reeve for Eldon Township and was postmaster of Woodville for sixteen years. Morison died in Eldon Township at the age of 55.

References

1818 births
1873 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Politicians from Greenock
Immigrants to the Province of Canada

John Morison (Canadian politician)


Lake Tanganyika () is an African Great Lake.  It is the second-oldest freshwater lake in the world, the second-largest by volume, and the second-deepest, in all cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is the world's longest freshwater lake. The lake is shared among four countries—Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia, with Tanzania (46%) and DRC (40%) possessing the majority of the lake. It drains into the Congo River system and ultimately into the Atlantic Ocean.

Geography
Lake Tanganyika is situated within the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift, and is confined by the mountainous walls of the valley. It is the largest rift lake in Africa and the second-largest lake by volume in the world. It is the deepest lake in Africa and holds the greatest volume of fresh water on the continent, accounting for 16% of the world's available fresh water. It extends for  in a general north–south direction and averages  in width. The lake covers , with a shoreline of , a mean depth of  and a maximum depth of  (in the northern basin). It holds an estimated .

The catchment area of the lake is . Two main rivers flow into the lake, as well as numerous smaller rivers and streams (whose lengths are limited by the steep mountains around the lake). The one major outflow is the Lukuga River, which empties into the Congo River drainage. Precipitation and evaporation play a greater role than the rivers. At least 90% of the water influx is from rain falling on the lake's surface and at least 90% of the water loss is from direct evaporation.

The major river flowing into the lake is the Ruzizi River, formed about 10,000 years ago, which enters the north of the lake from Lake Kivu. The Malagarasi River, which is Tanzania's second largest river, enters the east side of Lake Tanganyika. The Malagarasi is older than Lake Tanganyika, and before the lake was formed, it probably was a headwater of the Lualaba River, the main Congo River headstream.

The lake has a complex history of changing flow patterns, due to its high altitude, great depth, slow rate of refill, and mountainous location in a turbulently volcanic area that has undergone climate changes. Apparently, it has rarely in the past had an outflow to the sea. It has been described as "practically endorheic" for this reason. The lake's connection to the sea is dependent on a high water level allowing water to overflow out of the lake through the Lukuga River into the Congo. When not overflowing, the lake's exit into the Lukuga River typically is blocked by sand bars and masses of weed, and instead this river depends on its own tributaries, especially the Niemba River, to maintain a flow.

The lake may also have at times had different inflows and outflows; inward flows from a higher Lake Rukwa, access to Lake Malawi and an exit route to the Nile have all been proposed to have existed at some point in the lake's history.

Lake Tanganyika is an ancient lake, one of only twenty more than a million years old. Its three basins, which in periods with much lower water levels were separate lakes, are of different ages. The central began to form 9–12 million years ago (Mya), the northern 7–8 Mya and the southern 2–4 Mya.

Water characteristics

The lake's water is alkaline with a pH around 9 at depths of . Below this, it is around 8.7, gradually decreasing to 8.3–8.5 in the deepest parts of Tanganyika. A similar pattern can be seen in the electric conductivity, ranging from about 670 μS/cm in the upper part to 690 μS/cm in the deepest.

Surface temperatures generally range from about  in the southern part of the lake in early August to  in the late rainy season in March—April. At depths greater than , the temperature is very stable at . The water has gradually warmed since the 19th century and this has accelerated with global warming since the 1950s.

The lake is stratified and seasonal mixing generally does not extend beyond depths of . The mixing mainly occurs as upwellings in the south and is wind-driven, but to a lesser extent, up- and downwellings also occur elsewhere in the lake. As a consequence of the stratification, the deep sections contain "fossil water". This also means it has no oxygen (it is anoxic) in the deeper parts, essentially limiting fish and other aerobic organisms to the upper part. Some geographical variations are seen in this limit, but it is typically at depths around  in the northern part of the lake and  in the south. The oxygen-devoid deepest sections contain high levels of toxic hydrogen sulphide and are essentially lifeless, except for bacteria.

Biology

Reptiles
Lake Tanganyika and associated wetlands are home to Nile crocodiles (including famous giant Gustave), Zambian hinged terrapins, serrated hinged terrapins, and pan hinged terrapins (last species not in the lake itself, but in adjacent lagoons). Storm's water cobra, a threatened subspecies of banded water cobra that feeds mainly on fish, is only found in Lake Tanganyika, where it prefers rocky shores.

Cichlid fish

The lake holds at least 250 species of cichlid fish and undescribed species remain. Almost all (98%) of the Tanganyika cichlids are endemic to the lake and it is thus an important biological resource for the study of speciation in evolution. Some of the endemics do occur slightly into the upper Lukuga River, Lake Tanganyika's outflow, but further spread into the Congo River basin is prevented by physics (Lukuga has fast-flowing sections with many rapids and waterfalls) and chemistry (Tanganyika's water is alkaline, while the Congo's generally is acidic). The cichlids of the African Great Lakes, including Tanganyika, represent the most diverse extent of adaptive radiation in vertebrates.

Although Tanganyika has far fewer cichlid species than Lakes Malawi and Victoria which both have experienced relatively recent explosive species radiations (resulting in many closely related species), its cichlids are the most morphologically and genetically diverse. This is linked to the high age of Tanganyika, as it is far older than the other lakes. Tanganyika has the largest number of endemic cichlid genera of all African lakes. All Tanganyika cichlids are in the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. Of the 10 tribes in this subfamily, half are largely or entirely restricted to the lake (Cyprichromini, Ectodini, Lamprologini, Limnochromini and Tropheini) and another three have species in the lake (Haplochromini, Tilapiini and Tylochromini). Others have proposed splitting the Tanganyika cichlids into as many as 12–16 tribes (in addition to previous mentioned, Bathybatini, Benthochromini, Boulengerochromini, Cyphotilapiini, Eretmodini, Greenwoodochromini, Perissodini and Trematocarini).

Most Tanganyika cichlids live along the shoreline down to a depth of , but some deep-water species regularly descend to . Trematocara species have exceptionally been found at more than , which is deeper than any other cichlid in the world. Some of the deep-water cichlids (e.g., Bathybates, Gnathochromis, Hemibates and Xenochromis) have been caught in places virtually devoid of oxygen, but how they are able to survive there is unclear. Tanganyika cichlids are generally benthic (found at or near the bottom) and/or coastal. No Tanganyika cichlids are truly pelagic and offshore, except for some of the piscivorous Bathybates. Two of these, B. fasciatus and B. leo, mainly feed on Tanganyika sardines. Tanganyika cichlids differ extensively in ecology and include species that are herbivores, detritivores, planktivores, insectivores, molluscivores, scavengers, scale-eaters and piscivores. These dietary specializations, however, have been shown to be flexible. That is, many species of Tanganyikan cichlid with specialized diets showed opportunistic, episodic exploitation of Stolothrissa tanganicae and Limnothrissa miodon when prey concentrations were unusually high. Their breeding behavior fall into two main groups, the substrate spawners (often in caves or rock crevices) and the mouthbrooders. Among the endemic species are two of the world's smallest cichlids, Neolamprologus multifasciatus and N. similis (both shell dwellers) at up to , and one of the largest, the giant cichlid (Boulengerochromis microlepis) at up to .

Many cichlids from Lake Tanganyika, such as species from the genera Altolamprologus, Cyprichromis, Eretmodus, Julidochromis, Lamprologus, Neolamprologus, Tropheus and Xenotilapia, are popular aquarium fish due to their bright colors and patterns, and interesting behaviors. Recreating a Lake Tanganyika biotope to host those cichlids in a habitat similar to their natural environment is also popular in the aquarium hobby.

Other fish

Lake Tanganyika is home to more than 80 species of non-cichlid fish and about 60% of these are endemic.

The open waters of the pelagic zone are dominated by four non-cichlid species: Two species of "Tanganyika sardine" (Limnothrissa miodon and Stolothrissa tanganicae) form the largest biomass of fish in this zone, and they are important prey for the forktail lates (Lates microlepis) and sleek lates (L. stappersii). Two additional lates are found in the lake, the Tanganyika lates (L. angustifrons) and bigeye lates (L. mariae), but both these are primarily benthic hunters, although they also may move into open waters. The four lates, all endemic to Tanganyika, have been overfished and larger individuals are rare today.

Among the more unusual fish in the lake are the endemic, facultatively brood parasitic "cuckoo catfish", including at least Synodontis grandiops and S. multipunctatus. A number of others are very similar (e.g., S. lucipinnis and S. petricola) and have often been confused; it is unclear if they have a similar behavior. The facultative brood parasites often lay their eggs synchronously with mouthbroding cichlids. The cichlid pick up the eggs in their mouth as if they were their own. Once the catfish eggs hatch the young eat the cichlid eggs. Six catfish genera are entirely restricted to the lake basin: Bathybagrus, Dinotopterus, Lophiobagrus, Phyllonemus, Pseudotanganikallabes and Tanganikallabes. Although not endemic on a genus level, six species of Chrysichthys catfish are only found in the Tanganyika basin where they live both in shallow and relatively deep waters; in the latter habitat they are the primary predators and scavengers. A unique evolutionary radiation in the lake is the 15 species of Mastacembelus spiny eels, all but one endemic to its basin. Although other African Great Lakes have Synodontis catfish, endemic catfish genera and Mastacembelus spiny eels, the relatively high diversity is unique to Tanganyika, which likely is related to its old age.

Among the non-endemic fish, some are widespread African species but several are only shared with the Malagarasi and Congo River basins, such as the Congo bichir (Polypterus congicus), goliath tigerfish (Hydrocynus goliath), Citharinus citharus, six-banded distichodus (Distichodus sexfasciatus) and mbu puffer (Tetraodon mbu).

Molluscs and crustaceans

A total of 83 freshwater snail species (65 endemic) and 11 bivalve species (8 endemic) are known from the lake. Among the endemic bivalves are three monotypic genera: Grandidieria burtoni, Pseudospatha tanganyicensis and Brazzaea anceyi. Many of the snails are unusual for species living in freshwater in having noticeably thickened shells and/or distinct sculpture, features more commonly seen in marine snails. They are referred to as thalassoids, which can be translated to "marine-like". All the Tanganyika thalassoids, which are part of Prosobranchia, are endemic to the lake. Initially they were believed to be related to similar marine snails, but they are now known to be unrelated. Their appearance is now believed to be the result of the highly diverse habitats in Lake Tanganyika and evolutionary pressure from snail-eating fish and, in particular, Platythelphusa crabs. A total of 17 freshwater snail genera are endemic to the lake, such as Hirthia, Lavigeria, Paramelania, Reymondia, Spekia, Stanleya, Tanganyicia and Tiphobia. There are about 30 species of non-thalassoid snails in the lake, but only five of these are endemic, including Ferrissia tanganyicensis and Neothauma tanganyicense. The latter is the largest Tanganyika snail and its shell is often used by small shell-dwelling cichlids.

Crustaceans are also highly diverse in Tanganyika with more than 200 species, of which more than half are endemic. They include 10 species of freshwater crabs (9 Platythelphusa and Potamonautes platynotus; all endemic), at least 11 species of small atyid shrimp (Atyella, Caridella and Limnocaridina), an endemic palaemonid shrimp (Macrobrachium moorei), about 100 ostracods, including many endemics, and several copepods. Among these, Limnocaridina iridinae lives inside the mantle cavity of the unionid mussel Pleiodon spekei, making it one of only two known commensal species of freshwater shrimp (the other is the sponge-living Caridina spongicola from Lake Towuti, Indonesia).

Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake Tanganyika far surpasses all others in terms of crustacean and freshwater snail richness (both in total number of species and number of endemics). For example, the only other Rift Valley lake with endemic freshwater crabs are Lake Kivu and Lake Victoria with two species each.

Other invertebrates
The diversity of other invertebrate groups in Lake Tanganyika is often not well-known, but there are at least 20 described species of leeches (12 endemics), 9 sponges (7 endemic), 6 bryozoa (2 endemic), 11 flatworms (7 endemic), 20 nematodes (7 endemic), 28 annelids (17 endemic) and the small hydrozoan jellyfish Limnocnida tanganyicae.

Fishing

Lake Tanganyika supports a major fishery, which, depending on source, provides 25–40% or  60% of the animal protein in the diet of the people living in the region.

Lake Tanganyika fish can be found exported throughout East Africa. Major commercial fishing began in the mid-1950s and has, together with global warming, had a heavy impact on the fish populations, causing significant declines. In 2016, it was estimated that the total catch was up to 200,000 tonnes.

History

It is thought that early Homo sapiens were making an impact on the region during the Stone Age. The time period of the Middle Stone Age to Late Stone Age is described as an age of advanced hunter-gatherers.

There are many methods in which the native people of the area were fishing. Most of them included using a lantern as a lure for fish that are attracted to light. There were three basic forms. One called Lusenga which is a wide net used by one person from a canoe. The second one is using a lift net. This was done by dropping a net deep below the boat using two parallel canoes and then simultaneously pulling it up. The third is called Chiromila which consisted of three canoes. One canoe was stationary with a lantern while another canoe holds one end of the net and the other circles the stationary one to meet up with the net.

The first known Westerners to find the lake were the British explorers Richard Burton and John Speke, in 1858.  They located it while searching for the source of the Nile River. Speke continued and found the actual source, Lake Victoria. Later David Livingstone passed by the lake. He noted the name "Liemba" for its southern part, a word probably from the Fipa language. Tanganyika means "stars" in the Luvale language.

The lake was the scene of Battle for Lake Tanganyika during World War I.With the aid of the Graf Goetzen, the Germans had complete control of the lake in the early stages of the war. The ship was used both to ferry cargo and personnel across the lake, and as a base from which to launch surprise attacks on Allied troops. It therefore became essential for the Allied forces to gain control of the lake themselves. Under the command of Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Spicer-Simson the British Royal Navy achieved the monumental task of bringing two armed motor boats HMS Mimi and HMS Toutou from England to the lake by rail, road and river to Albertville (since renamed Kalemie in 1971) on the western shore of Lake Tanganyika. The two boats waited until December 1915, and mounted a surprise attack on the Germans, with the capture of the gunboat Kingani. Another German vessel, the Hedwig, was sunk in February 1916, leaving the Götzen as the only German vessel remaining to control the lake. In order to avoid his prize ship falling into Allied hands, Zimmer scuttled the vessel on July 26, 1916. The vessel was later raised in 1924 and renamed MV Liemba.

References

External links

Ancient lakes

Tangyanyika
Tanganyika
Tanganyika
Tanganyika
Tanganyika
Tanganyika
Tanganyika
Freshwater ecoregions of Africa
Ecoregions of Burundi
Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ecoregions of Tanzania
Ecoregions of Zambia
Tanganyika Province
Burundi–Democratic Republic of the Congo border
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Tanzania border
Burundi–Tanzania border
Tanzania–Zambia border
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Zambia border
Border tripoints
Ramsar sites in Zambia
Meromictic lakes

Lake Tanganyika


Davis Aydelotte Robertson (September 25, 1889 – November 5, 1970) was an American professional baseball player. He was an outfielder over parts of nine seasons with the New York Giants, Chicago Cubs, and Pittsburgh Pirates.

Robertson was born in Portsmouth, Virginia. He attended North Carolina State University after matriculating at Maury High School and Norfolk Academy.

In 1916 and 1917, he tied for the National League lead in home runs (with Cy Williams and Gavvy Cravath, respectively) while playing for New York. The short-distanced right field fence at the Polo Grounds was a frequent target of long drives hit by Robertson and his Giants' teammate, Benny Kauff. Their hits to right field became so much of an issue that  National League officials convened  following  the 1916 baseball season. Baseball officials decided to amend Rule #1, which read the shortest distance from a fence or stand on fair territory to the home base should be 235 feet. The amendment to the rule changed the shortest distance from a stand or fence to 270 feet.

Robertson played for the Giants in the 1917 World Series against the Chicago White Sox, his 11 hits leading the team in the Series in a losing cause. A member of the Giants during the 1922 season, he did not make an appearance in the 1922 World Series. The champion Giants swept all four games of that Series from their crosstown rival New York Yankees.

In a nine-year major-league career, Robertson posted a .287 batting average (812-2830) with 366 runs, 47 home runs and 364 RBI in 804 games played. His on-base percentage was .318 and slugging percentage was .409. He surpassed the .300 batting mark three times. On September 14, 1920, he went 5-5 as a member of the Cubs. On August 19, 1921, he had 8 RBI in a game as a member of the Pirates. Eleven days later, on August 30, he hit for the cycle.

Robertson died at the age of 81 in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders

References

External links

, or Retrosheet

National League home run champions
1889 births
1970 deaths
Major League Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from Virginia
New York Giants (NL) players
Chicago Cubs players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Major League Baseball right fielders
Major League Baseball left fielders
NC State Wolfpack baseball players
Minor league baseball managers
Mobile Sea Gulls players
Richmond Colts players
Norfolk Tars players
York White Roses players
Sportspeople from Portsmouth, Virginia

Dave Robertson (baseball)


The Polis Akademisi ve Koleji Spor Kulübü - Erkekler Buz Hokeyi Takımı () was an ice hockey team of the sports club of the Police Academy and College of Turkey. Polis Akademisi ve Koleji S.K. is a major sports club in Ankara, Turkey. The men's professional ice hockey team participates in the Turkish Ice Hockey Super League and the women's professional ice hockey team in Group B of the Turkish Ice Hockey Women's League.

The Polis Akademisi folded after the 2010 season as they lost the Police as a sponsor. No word if the team will return for the 2012 season.

2009 IIHF Continental Cup
The Polis SK qualified for the first round of the IIHF Continental Cup because they were the TBHSL Champions. However, the club did not see the results it wanted as the host, and finished 3rd.

Turkey hosted the first round at the Bel-Pa Ice Rink. Here are the teams that competed and the final results.

2009 Round 1 Continental Cup

References

External links
 http://www.tbhf.org.tr (in Turkish)

Sports clubs and teams in Ankara
Ice hockey teams in Turkey
Turkish Ice Hockey Super League teams
Ice hockey clubs established in 1996

Polis Akademisi ve Koleji S.K. Men's Ice Hockey


Mother is a short story by Owen Wister that was written and published originally in an anthology titled A House Party: An Account of Stories Told at a Gathering of Famous American Authors, the Storytellers Being Introduced by Paul Leicester Ford. Wister republished his short story in book form in 1907, adding approximately 25 percent new material at the beginning in order to adequately introduce the story and replace the frame that was previously supplied by the anthology.

Plot summary
The story is about a young couple living in New York who wish to marry, but must wait until their means are sufficient. The groom-to-be luckily inherits a large sum, and intends to invest it wisely in order to live off the income. However, under the influence of an unscrupulous financial advisor, he begins to lose a large portion of his money in dubious investments. His wife-to-be has a more objective view of the situation and offers sound advice. The plot draws its suspense from determining whether the advice given will work in time for the couple to be able to marry. This short story provides considerable insight into the financial and social interconnections predominant among the middle and upper classes in the quarter century that preceded the stock market crash of 1929.

External links
Entire book complete with illustrations available at Google Books

1907 American novels
Novels by Owen Wister

Mother (short story)


Virgin Books is a British book publisher 90% owned by the publishing group Random House, and 10% owned by Virgin Group, the company originally set up by Richard Branson as a record company.

History
Virgin established its book publishing arm in the late 1970s; in the latter part of the 1980s Virgin purchased several existing companies, including WH Allen, well known among Doctor Who fans for their Target Books imprint; Virgin Books was incorporated into WH Allen in 1989, but in 1991 WH Allen was renamed Virgin Publishing Ltd.

Virgin Publishing's early success came with the Doctor Who New Adventures novels, officially licensed full-length novels carrying on the story of the popular science-fiction television series following its cancellation in 1989. Virgin published this series from 1991 to 1997, as well as a range of Doctor Who reference books from 1992 to 1998 under the Doctor Who Books imprint.

In recent times the company is best known for its commercial non-fiction list, which includes business, health and lifestyle, music, film, and celebrity biographies. Richard Branson's autobiography Losing My Virginity, released in 1998, was an international best-seller at the time, and continues to sell well. His follow-up title Business Stripped Bare was published in September 2008. Virgin Business Guides included titles by Robert Craven, Paul Barrow and Rachelle Thackray. More recently the company has enjoyed success with Robert H Frank's The Economic Naturalist, where the author had his economics students pose interesting questions from everyday life and explain them through economics.

Random House, through its United Kingdom division, acquired a 90% stake in the company in March 2007. In November 2009, Virgin became an independent imprint within Ebury Publishing, a division of the Random House Group.

Imprints
Other popular ranges have included various erotic fiction lines:
 Black Lace specializes in erotica and erotic romance written by female authors specifically for heterosexual female readers. The imprint does not publish novels written by men partly as a marketing scheme, partly to better appeal to their target demographic. The books explore women's sexuality as well as such themes as BDSM, group sex and bisexuality.  The imprint began publishing in 1993, has published over 250 titles and sold over three million books. In 2006, Black Lace developed three specific lines within the imprint: contemporary, historical and paranormal. Black Lace also publishes short story anthologies, novella collections and in 2007 launched its first trilogy, a series of werewolf erotica by Mathilde Madden. The imprint marked its fifteen-year anniversary in 2008 with re-issues of several of its original novels. In 2009, Virgin announced that Black Lace would add no new titles in 2010. The line was relaunched in 2012.
 Nexus Books, sado-masochistic pornography written mostly for men who have sex with women, and women who have sex with men or women. In 2009, Virgin announced that Nexus would add no new titles in 2010.
 Idol for gay men (defunct).
 Sapphire for lesbians (defunct).

References

External links

Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Books
Publishers of Doctor Who books
BDSM publishers
British companies established in 1979
1979 establishments in England
Publishing companies established in 1979

Virgin Books


The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (, or LIPI) was the governmental authority for science and research in Indonesia. It consisted of 47 research centers in the fields ranging from social to natural sciences.

With the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 33/2021 on 5 May 2021, LIPI was disbanded along with government research agencies such as Agency of Assessment and Application of Technology (Indonesian: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT), National Nuclear Energy Agency (Indonesian: Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional, BATAN), and National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (Indonesian: Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional, LAPAN). All of those agencies fused into the newly formed National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesian: Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, BRIN).

The disbandment process process was expected to be finished on 1 January 2022.
On 1 September 2021, LIPI finally dissolved as independent agency and was transformed into four Technical Implementing Organizations of BRIN: Engineering Science Research Organization, Earth Sciences Research Organization, Life Sciences Research Organization, and Social and Humanities Research Organization), indicating the beginning of the institutional integration of the former LIPI into BRIN.

History
With growing interest in scientific research, the government of the Dutch East Indies established  (Scientific Council of the Dutch East Indies) in 1928. It operated as the country's main research organization until the Japanese occupation in 1942. The Dutch returned to Indonesia and resumed control of the council, the institute was renamed  (OPIPA, Organisation for Scientific Research) in 1948.

In 1956 the organization was nationalized as  (MIPI, Indonesian Sciences Council). Then in 1962 the government established the  (DURENAS, National Research Affairs Department), while MIPI are in charge of founding and operates various National Research Institutes. And in 1966 the government changed the status of DURENAS into Lembaga Riset Nasional (LEMRENAS) (National Research Institute).

In August 1967 the government dissolved LEMRENAS and MIPI with presidential decree no. 128/1967 and established the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. The new institute ran the operation that was previously covered by LEMRENAS and MIPI.

Research areas
LIPI had several research centers:
 Science and technology development
 Geotechnology
 Oceanography
 Limnology
 Metallurgy
 Biology
 Biotechnology
 Biomaterial
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Informatics
 Electrical engineering and mechatronics
 Electronics and telecommunication
 Social and cultural sciences
 Economy
 Population studies
 Politics
 Regional resources
 Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology
 Quality control and testing

Public services
LIPI was responsible for several public services related to science, technology and research activities across Indonesia.
 ARSIP (Scientific Data Mirroring Service)
 Indonesia NTP (Network Time Protocol)
 Public Cluster (open and free facility to perform distributed computing)
 ISSN Online
 FRP (Foreign Researcher Permit Online)
 ISI (Indonesian Scientific Index)
 Indonesia OSS (Indonesia Open Source Software)
 Info H@KI (information on Intellectual Property Rights)
 Jurnal Online  (online journal management system)
 KOKI (Online Calculator for Scientific and Financial Performance)
 Indonesia MoW (Indonesia Memory of the World)
 OPI (online professional organization and conference management system)
 LIPI-IR (LIPI Institutional Repository)
 SciBlog (online scientific web-log for scientific collaboration)
 TESIS Online (archive and repository of theses works in Indonesia)
 Uji Kalibrasi (calibration service)
 LUP  (Lab Uji Polimer)
 LEWS (Landslide Early Warning System)

Affiliation
LIPI directly or indirectly authorized several scientific organizations in Indonesian, as:
 CODATA Indonesia
 COREMAP

Botanical Gardens
LIPI managed four botanical gardens in Indonesia, which were all developed during the Dutch colonial period:
 Bogor Botanical Garden, West Java
 Cibodas Botanical Garden, West Java
 Purwodadi Botanical Garden, Pasuruan, East Java
 Bali Botanic Garden, Bali

Electric car
LIPI made an electric car named Marlik (abbreviation of , "electrical marmot") with the specifications: 40 km/h plain, 20 km/h steep, 300 kilometers run or 8 hours active with price Rp.40 million ($4,444)/unit for city car and smart car.

English economic journal
June 2011: To improve LIPI's status around the world, as well as giving Indonesian researchers more exposure internationally, (at the time the rank was 220th in the world), LIPI launched a biannual English-language journal, Review of Indonesian Economic and Business Studies (RIEBS).

Joint projects
Together with Japan's National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, LIPI  significantly increased Indonesia's microbial collection record from 200 to 6,500 between 2003 and 2009 and more than 1,800 microbes are believed to be new discoveries.

The Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies had an office ("KITLV-Jakarta", set up in 1969) in Jakarta that collaborates with LIPI.

End of LIPI
On 1 September 2021, LIPI finally dissolved and transformed into 4 Technical Implementation Organizations of BRIN, facilitating the transition from LIPI to BRIN.

References

External links

Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Science and technology in Indonesia
Members of the International Council for Science
Members of the International Science Council
1956 establishments in Indonesia
2021 disestablishments in Indonesia

Indonesian Institute of Sciences


The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is a physiological reflex that controls the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract following a meal. It involves an increase in motility of the colon consisting primarily of giant migrating contractions, or migrating motor complexes, in response to stretch in the stomach following ingestion and byproducts of digestion entering the small intestine. Thus, this reflex is responsible for the urge to defecate following a meal. The small intestine also shows a similar motility response. The gastrocolic reflex's function in driving existing intestinal contents through the digestive system helps make way for ingested food.

The reflex was demonstrated by myoelectric recordings in the colons of animals and humans, which showed an increase in electrical activity within as little as 15 minutes after eating.  The recordings also demonstrated that the gastrocolic reflex is uneven in its distribution throughout the colon.  The sigmoid colon is more greatly affected than the rest of the colon in terms of a phasic response, recurring periods of contraction followed by relaxation, in order to propel food distally into the rectum; however, the tonic response across the colon is uncertain. These contractions are generated by the muscularis externa stimulated by the myenteric plexus. When pressure within the rectum becomes increased, the gastrocolic reflex acts as a stimulus for defecation.  A number of neuropeptides have been proposed as mediators of the gastrocolic reflex. These include serotonin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, prostaglandin E1, and gastrin.

Coffee can induce a significant response, with 29% of subjects in a study reporting an urge to defecate after ingestion, and manometry showing a reaction typically between 4 and 30 minutes after consumption and potentially lasting for more than 30 minutes. Decaffeinated coffee is also capable of generating a similar effect, albeit slightly weaker. Essentially, this means for some people, coffee has a rapid-acting laxative effect.

Clinical significance
Clinically, the gastrocolic reflex has been implicated in pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): the very act of eating or drinking can provoke an overreaction of the gastrocolic response in some patients with IBS due to their heightened visceral sensitivity, and this can lead to abdominal pain and distension, flatulence, and diarrhea. The gastrocolic reflex has also been implicated in pathogenesis of functional constipation, where patients with spinal cord injury and diabetics with gastroparesis secondary to diabetic neuropathy have an increased colonic transit time.

The gastrocolic reflex can also be used to optimise the treatment of constipation. Since the reflex is most active in the mornings and immediately after meals, consumption of stimulant laxatives, such as sennosides and bisacodyl, during these times will augment the reflex and help increase colonic contractions and therefore defecation.

References

External links

Reflexes
Physiology
Stomach

Gastrocolic reflex


Bakari Sumano (1935 – July 21, 2003) was head of Malian association of griots (wandering poet-musicians) from 1994 until his death.

Biography
Bakari Sumano left school in 1955 to become a mechanic's apprentice, but continued to take night classes in history and typing.  In 1957, he received a position at the Social Security Office.  He went on a career at the National Institute of Social Providence, where he became the principal inspector and regional director of Kayes, Gao, Mopti, Koulikoro, and Bamako before his 1997 retirement.

Along with his administrative career, Sumano also assumed the functions of a griot.  In 1994, he became head of the Association of Griots of Mali and dedicated himself to restoring the griots (who he preferred to call jeli) to a prominent role in Malian life.

He began courtesy visits to foreign heads of state visiting Mali and won recognition for the Association of Griots in the protocol list of the Republic in many official ceremonies.  He also began  accompanying the family of Niaré, founders of Bamako, to the mosque for the Tabaski prayer.  Finally, he put in place official ceremonies for the naming of head griots in different cities, such as San and Naréna.

Increasingly famous, Sumano acted as a consultant for UNESCO and participated in many seminars and colloquia on Malian traditions in African, European, and US universities.

According to Sumano, "The griot has a knowledge of the sociology and anthropology of this country, the whole of oral tradition.  He cultivates it by his performances every day, on all occasions.  He tries to maintain living values, he has the function of an educator."

References
This article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the French Wikipedia, retrieved on July 12, 2005.

1935 births
2003 deaths
Malian poets
Malian male writers
Male poets
20th-century poets
20th-century male writers
21st-century Malian people

Bakari Sumano


The Florida Commission on the Status of Women (FCSW) is a nonpartisan board established in 1991 with a focus of raising awareness and celebrating the contributions and success of all Floridians. They provide a collaborative platform for those seeking information on issues that affect women, girls and families in Florida. FCSW members serve by appointment and the commission is housed at the Office of the Attorney General of Florida. Their goal is to provide communication, promotion, and collaboration among hundreds of organizations working in all 67 counties that are focused on the welfare of the women of Florida.

History
Governor Lawton Chiles lobbied the Florida Legislature to statutorily create the Florida Commission on the Status of Women after he took office in 1991. The leading sponsor in the House of Representatives for CS/CS/HB 109 was Representative Elaine Gordon, while Senator Carrie Meek sponsored the companion bill, SB 1324. The commission's legislative authority now exists in Section 14.24, Florida Statutes. Since 1991, the Florida Commission on the Status of Women has been fully supported by the Governor, the Cabinet and the Florida Legislature.

Events
The Commission oversees two awards: the Florida Women's Hall of Fame, an honor roll of women who have contributed to life for citizens of Florida,  and the Florida Achievement Award for individuals who have improved the lives of women and girls in Florida.

Florida Women's Hall of Fame
An awards ceremony for the Florida Women's Hall of Fame was first held in 1982 and recipient names are displayed in the Florida State Capitol. Since 1992, up to three women have been inducted into the Hall each year. Nominations are made between April 1 and July 15 of each year. These nominations are carefully reviewed by members of the FCSW who then propose 10 finalists to the Governor who selects the final inductees each year.

Florida Women's Day at The Capitol
More than 130 women and organizations travel to Tallahassee to participate in Florida Women's Day at the Capitol. This annual event brings together legislators, public policy experts, members of community organizations, and the public in order to inform and motivate women to engage in the legislative process, and to help them gather the tools needed to be leaders on policy changes impacting women.

Women's History Essay Contest
Florida students in grades 6-9 participate in the Florida Women's Essay Contest designed to allow young people the opportunity to gain a more relevant appreciation of women's roles in history, and engage young minds of women's roles in history, and engage young minds of women's role in the future. Winning essayists are awarded prizes and recognized during Women's Day at the Capitol in Tallahassee.

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Awards honoring women
Non-profit organizations based in Florida
1991 establishments in Florida
Women in Florida