Mergers and acquisitions in United Kingdom law refers to a body of law that covers companies, labour, and competition, which is engaged when firms restructure their affairs in the course of business.

Company law

In company law, there are three main areas that regulate mergers and acquisitions (also, reconstructions or takeovers). There are three main areas of law, those to do with schemes of arrangement overseen by a court, those for general reconstructions, demergers, amalgamations and so on that are not overseen by a court, and takeovers, which concern acquisitions of public companies.

Scheme of arrangement
Insolvency Act 1986, ss.110–111, on schemes of arrangement or reconstructions
Bisgood v. Henerson's Transvaal Estates Ltd [1908] 1 Ch 743
Griffith v. Paget (1877) 5 Ch D 894, per Jessel MR
Re Anglo-Continental Supply Co Ltd [1922] 2 Ch 723, per Astbury J

Reconstructions
Companies Act 2006, Parts 26 (ss.895–901) and Part 27 (special rules for public companies), on arrangements, reconstructions, mergers (or amalgamations) or divisions (demerger or "scission"). The rules here implement the Third and Sixth EC Company law directives.
Re Alabama, New Orleans, Texas and Pacific Junction Railway Co. [1891] 1 CH 213, per Lindley LJ
Re Hellenic & General Trust Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 123, per Templeman J
Re BTR plc [1999] 2 BCLC 675, per Jonathan Parker J
Re Hawk Insurance Co Ltd [2001] 2 BCLC 675; [2002] BCC 300, per Chadwick LJ
Re Equitable Life Assurance Society [2002] BCC 319

Takeovers

Takeovers refers to acquisitions of one company by another. In the City of London, the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, established in 1968, oversees Companies Act duties, including those laid down in the European Directive on Takeover Bids (2004/25/EC) for public companies. Under the Companies Act 2006, s.979 gives a takeover bidder who has already acquired 90% of a company's shares the right to compulsorily buy out the remaining shareholders (squeeze out). Conversely, s.983 allows minority shareholders to insist their stakes are bought out. The rules come under Part 28 of the Act.

More generally, the City Code on Takeovers and Mergers(also called "City Code" or "Takeover Code") lays down rules for a takeover, found in the so-called Blue Book. The Code used to be a non-statutory set of rules that was controlled by City institutions on a theoretically voluntary basis. However, as a breach of the Code brought such reputational damage and the possibility of exclusion from City services run by those institutions, it was regarded as binding. In 2006, the Code was put onto a statutory footing as part of the UK's compliance with the European Directive on Takeovers.

The Code requires that all shareholders in a company should be treated equally, regulates when and what information companies must and cannot release publicly in relation to the bid, sets timetables for certain aspects of the bid, and sets minimum bid levels following a previous purchase of shares.

In particular:
 a shareholder must make an offer when its shareholding, including that of parties acting in concert (a "concert party"), reaches 30% of the target ("mandatory bid rule");
 information relating to the bid must not be released except by announcements regulated by the Code;
 the bidder must make an announcement if rumour or speculation have affected a company's share price;
 the level of the offer must not be less than any price paid by the bidder in the twelve months before the announcement of a firm intention to make an offer;
 if shares are bought during the offer period at a price higher than the offer price, the offer must be increased to that price;

The Rules Governing the Substantial Acquisition of Shares, which used to accompany the Code and which regulated the announcement of certain levels of shareholdings, have now been abolished, because it was viewed to be unnecessarily restrictive of shares between 15% and 29.9% of a company's voting rights.

Labour law

The Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations came into force in 1981 and implement a European Directive on takeovers.

Competition law

UK law on merger control follows European Union law. The competence to deal with issues that only affect the UK market falls under the OFT and Competition Commission's jurisdiction. These two institutions are influential players in the development of European merger law. The term under EC law for merger is "concentration", which exists when a...

"change of control on a lasting basis results from (a) the merger of two or more previously independent undertakings... (b) the acquisition... if direct or indirect control of the whole or parts of one or more other undertakings." Art. 3(1), Regulation 139/2004, the European Community Merger Regulation

This usually means that one firm buys out the shares of another. The reasons for oversight of economic concentrations by the state are the same as the reasons to restrict firms who abuse a position of dominance, only that regulation of mergers and acquisitions attempts to deal with the problem before it arises, ex ante prevention of creating dominant firms. In the case of [T-102/96] Gencor Ltd v. Commission [1999] ECR II-753 the EU Court of First Instance wrote merger control is there "to avoid the establishment of market structures which may create or strengthen a dominant position and not need to control directly possible abuses of dominant positions". What amounts to a substantial lessening of, or significant impediment to competition is usually answered through empirical study. The market shares of the merging companies can be assessed and added, although this kind of analysis only gives rise to presumptions, not conclusions. Something called the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is used to calculate the "density" of the market, or what concentration exists. Aside from the maths, it is important to consider the product in question and the rate of technical innovation in the market. A further problem of collective dominance, or oligopoly through "economic links" can arise, whereby the new market becomes more conducive to collusion. It is relevant how transparent a market is, because a more concentrated structure could mean firms can coordinate their behaviour more easily, whether firms can deploy deterrents and whether firms are safe from a reaction by their competitors and consumers. The entry of new firms to the market, and any barriers that they might encounter should be considered.

See also
UK competition law
UK labour law
UK company law

Notes

References
Books
Len Sealy and Sarah Worthington (2007) Cases and Materials in Company law, 8th Ed., Oxford University Press
PL Davies (2008) Gower's Modern Company Law, 8th Ed., Sweet and Maxwell
 Hugh Collins, Keith Ewing, Aileen McColgan, Labour Law, Text, Cases and Materials (2005) Hart Publishing
 Simon Deakin, Gillian Morris, Labour Law (2004) Hart Publishing
 Jones, Alison and Sufrin, Brenda (2005) EC Competition Law: Text, Cases and Materials, Oxford University Press, 2nd Ed.
 Whish, Richard (2003) Competition Law, 5th Ed. Lexis Nexis Butterworths

Articles
PL Davies, E Schuster and E Van de Walle de Ghelcke, 'The Takeover Directive as a Protectionist Tool?' (2010) EGCI Working Paper
D Kershaw, 'The Illusion of Importance' (2007) 56 ICLQ 267

United Kingdom competition law
United Kingdom labour law
United Kingdom company law
Mergers and acquisitions by country


Martin Olson (born April 2, 1956) is an American comedy writer, television producer, author and composer. He is known for his unusual subject matter, and is an original member of the Boston Comedy Scene. He is the father of actress Olivia Olson.

Olson has received seven Emmy nominations, five for television writing and two for song writing. Olson also received an Ace Award for television writing.

Background
Martin Olson is from Boston, Massachusetts. His brother, Thomas Olson, is a film and stage actor. His adopted daughter Olivia Olson is a singer-songwriter, actress, and author. Olson decided to be a comedy writer as a boy when he saw comedian Brother Theodore ranting and raving on The Merv Griffin Show. Before his death in 2001, Theodore became a fan of Olson's first book, Encyclopaedia of Hell (Feral House, 2011), and wrote a quote for the book cover.

Career
Olson began writing for comedians before there were any comedy clubs in Boston. As a young man, he sent batches of jokes to Rodney Dangerfield, which were always returned with the same polite note scrawled at the bottom, "Sorry, Marty!" (According to his agent's press kit, years later when writing for Penn & Teller in Las Vegas, Olson produced comedy bits with Dangerfield and the two became friends.) Olson first sold comedy material to the hosts of local "Gong Shows", which began his career as a comedy writer.

Boston Comedy
Sean Morey opened a comedy school where Paul Barclay and Bill Downes met Olson and decided to start a comedy showcase at Boston's Charles Theater on Wednesday nights, the first comedy club in Boston in 1977. There Olson became house piano player and performed as a comedian with an absurdist deadpan act, playing the guitar and hosting other comedians as his eccentric guests. Olson worked for or wrote with the comedians who became his friends, including Sean Morey, Lenny Clarke, Bobcat Goldthwait, Joe Alaskey, Don Gavin, Barry Crimmins, Steven Wright, Jimmy Tingle, Denis Leary, Steve Sweeney, Kevin Meaney and Kevin Nealon.

Olson and comedian Lenny Clarke became roommates in Harvard Square; comedians from all over the country stayed with them while performing in Boston comedy clubs. Olson wrote for Clarke, who was the most popular comedian in Boston. Their apartment became known as The Barracks, a legendary hub of comedy and depravity that was the subject of a television special on Boston comedy in the 1980s, and also of the award-winning documentary on the Boston comedy scene When Standup Stood Out (2006) directed by filmmaker-comedian Fran Solomita.

When comedian, writer and political satirist Barry Crimmins started the second comedy club in the Boston area called the Ding Ho, Olson became piano player and with writer Jim Harris created Lenny Clarke's Late Show, a late-night comedy series on TV-38 hosted and co-written by Clarke. This bizarre, two-hour weekly monster movie show attracted a small but dedicated cult following. After two years Olson and Clarke were fired for airing two controversial segments ("News for Negroes" and "The Mentally Challenged Faith Healer" featuring Bobcat Goldthwait).

Olson and the West Coast comedy scene
Olson took his tapes from the show and drove cross-country to San Francisco with comedian Don Gavin. There, by coincidence, the 1980 San Francisco Comedy Competition was starting up, which offered a first prize of $10,000. Olson helped Gavin audition and make it into the finals. There Olson met his future wife Kay Furtado, a writer who had been flown to San Francisco to coach another comedian in the competition. A year later they were married in a ceremony in San Francisco by comedian Michael Pritchard, attended by all of the local comedians. Olson and his wife moved to Los Angeles where they raised two children, Casey Olson and Olivia Olson.

Writing and directing
In Los Angeles, Olson was head writer for several HBO comedy specials, staff writer for the Screen Actors Guild Awards for three years, co-wrote (with Kevin Meaney) an award-winning series for Comedy Central in London and was head writer or staff writer for many animated series voiced by his comedian friends, notably Rocko's Modern Life for Nickelodeon. He was head writer for the first season of the Disney animated series Phineas and Ferb.

In 1992, Olson became staff writer and occasional songwriter for Nickelodeon's animated series Rocko's Modern Life. His office was next to that of Stephen Hillenburg, his friend who years later would create SpongeBob SquarePants. Olson read The Intertidal Zone, an educational comic book hosted by a sea sponge character, which Hillenburg had written and illustrated. Olson enthusiastically encouraged Hillenburg to create an underwater television series like the book, which became the SpongeBob series.

Olson wrote, co-wrote or directed a number of off-beat stage plays in Los Angeles, including "The Head", "The Idiots", "I Never Knew My Father", "1958", "Torn", "The Ron Lynch Show", "The Bob Rubin Experience" and "Cold Black Heart" at various theaters, including the Comedy Central Stage, the HBO Theater and the Steve Allen Theater in Hollywood. With comedy writer Jeremy Kramer, Olson was head writer for Fox's Comic Strip Live. Olson was also producer of Penn & Teller's FX variety series Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular.

With the help of his literary agent Annette Van Duren, Olson sold comedy screenplays to DreamWorks, United Artists, Touchstone Pictures, and Warner Bros. He wrote the satirical book Encyclopaedia of Hell, and sold the film rights to Warner Bros. through Andrew Lazar of Mad Chance Productions. With Ken Kaufman and Howard Klausner, Olson co-wrote the final draft of the screenplay adaptation of his book for WB under a new title, D-Men.

Olson collaborated with many writers and artists: with special effects director Phil Tippett on the screenplay for Veronica's Daughter, with writer-director Bobcat Goldthwait on the screenplay Sightings for United Artists, with writer-comedian Rob Schneider on the screenplay Family Disorder for Touchstone, with writer-comedian Kevin Nealon on the screenplay Late Bloomer, with director Ken Locsmandi on the story and screenplay for Bronson Beak, and with sci-fi novelist Robert Sheckley on the screen adaptation of his wonderful novel Dimension of Miracles. Olson was a contributing story writer ("Additional Writing By") and songwriter for Disney's TV film Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension. Olson also adapted the novel The Man Who Was Thursday, by G. K. Chesterton, as a screenplay for Andrew Lazar of Mad Chance.

In 2016, Olson was staff writer for Disney's Milo Murphy's Law, and in 2017 co-wrote the story for Nickelodeon's animated film Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling, a highly anticipated revival of Nickelodeon's cult-classic series Rocko's Modern Life.

Acting
As an occasional actor, Olson has guest-starred in live action sequences in SpongeBob SquarePants ("Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V" and "Swamp Mates"), in "Don't Watch This Show" by director-comedian Bobcat Goldthwait, in the documentary When Standup Stood Out by filmmaker Fran Solomita, and on The Tonight Show playing an Indian yogi with comedian Bobcat Goldthwait. Olson also plays Hunson Abadeer aka "The Lord of Evil" on Cartoon Network's Adventure Time and his real-life daughter Olivia Olson voices the role of his character's daughter, Marceline the Vampire Queen. Olson also appears in videos by his friends Garfunkel and Oates, Melinda Hill, Katie Schwartz, Adam Scott Franklin and Rich Dorato.

Music and songwriting
Olson is a twice-Emmy-nominated songwriter, and an Annie-nominated songwriter, having written or co-written over three hundred and fifty songs produced for television or film. He has appeared as a singer on several television shows, including SpongeBob SquarePants and Phineas and Ferb. His satirical songs were regularly featured on many television series, including London Underground (Comedy Central), Rocko's Modern Life (Nickelodeon), Get That Puss Off Your Face (HBO), Camp Lazlo (CN), Penn and Teller's Sin City Spectacular (FX), The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (ABC), Phineas and Ferb and Milo Murphy's Law (both for Disney). Olson has written or co-written over three hundred songs for (Disney), as well as eight songs for Disney's TV film Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension and four songs for the Disney+ film Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Candace Against the Universe. Olson and his friend director Bobcat Goldthwait also co-wrote the theme song for Don't Watch This Show (Cinemax).

At Disney Studios, with songwriting partners Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh, Olson co-wrote songs with Bobby Lopez, co-writer of Broadway's The Book of Mormon and Disney's Frozen. Olson also co-wrote five songs with Povenmire and Marsh for their film Dick! The Musical. Olson, Povenmire and Marsh also wrote a song for Disney's Milo Murphy's Law with Grammy-winning songwriter Mike Stoller, and several songs with Kate Micucci of Scrubs and Garfunkel and Oates.

Olson has had his songs performed by a diverse list of artists, including Clay Aiken, Chaka Khan, Jack Jones, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Kenny Loggins, Kate Pierson of The B-52's, Fee Waybill of The Tubes, Michael McKean of Spinal Tap, Wayne Brady of Whose Line Is It Anyway?, Jack McBrayer of 30 Rock, Malcolm McDowell, Jaret Reddick of Bowling for Soup, Richard O'Brien of The Rocky Horror Show, French Stewart, Ian McKellen, Joey Lawrence, Ashley Tisdale, Christian Slater, Sheena Easton, Carmen Carter, Jemaine Clement of Flight of the Conchords, Robbie Wyckoff, Tom Kenny of SpongeBob, Allison Janney, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy and his daughter, singer-songwriter Olivia Olson.

Olson first collaborated with songwriter Jeff Root on four home studio albums in the 1970s.

Olson's latest CD was written and recorded with his daughter Olivia Olson (July 2013) and called The Father-Daughter Album of Unspeakable Beauty, released at Comicon SD 2013, and their new album, Hey I'm Not Dead Yet, has a release date at Comicon NYC 2021 (delayed due to covid).

Books
Olson's encyclopedic satire Encyclopaedia of Hell is published by Feral House (July 2011); the film rights were bought by Warner Bros. through producer Andrew Lazar for Mad Chance. The French edition was published in 2016 by Les Editions Lapin, Paris. His notorious children's book The Adventure Time Encyclopaedia (July 2013), published by Abrams Books, reached #5 on the New York Times Best-Seller List. His latest Abrams book, The Enchiridion/Marcy's Super-Secret Scrapbook, was cowritten with his daughter Olivia Olson, and released at Comicon NYC 2015.

His fourth book is The Conquest of Heaven, a mystical history book from the future, and a breakdown of the paradoxical Secrets of the Universe, written by demons and angels. Conquest is a sequel to his first book from Feral House.

Olson also wrote two unpleasant collections of poems, Hitler's Dog and Imaginary History of Reality, which are available for free DL.

Awards
Olson has seven Emmy Nominations, five for TV writing and two for songwriting:

 "

Selected publications

 Screenplays by Martin Olson

Screenwriting

Television
 Lenny Clarke's Late Show (1980)
 The New Adventures of Beans Baxter (1987)
 The Power of Choice - PBS (1988)
 Monsters (1989)
 Little Dracula (1991)
 Comic Strip Live (1992-1993)
 Rocko's Modern Life (1993-1996)
 The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (1995-1996)
 Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys (1996-1997)
 Extreme Ghostbusters (1997)
 Monster Farm (1998)
 Mad Jack the Pirate (1998)
 Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular (1998-1999)
 Gadget & the Gadgetinis (2003)
 Camp Lazlo (2005)
 Phineas & Ferb (2007-2015)
 The Twisted Whiskers Show (2009)
 Johnny Test (2011)
 Wild Grinders (2012)
 Milo Murphy's Law (2016-2019)

Films
 Elf Bowling: The Great North Pole Elf Strike (2007)
 Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension (2011) (Additional Writing By)
 We Wish You a Merry Walrus (2014)
 Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling (2019)

References

External links

Living people
American television writers
American male television writers
21st-century American comedians
People from Littleton, Massachusetts
Place of birth missing (living people)
Television producers from Massachusetts
American television directors
Writers from Boston
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
1952 births
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers

Martin Olson


Carl Viggo Manthey Lange (9 April 1904 – 31 May 1999) was a Norwegian physician and politician for the Labour Party.

He was born in Kristiania as a son of Christian Lous Lange (1869–1938) and Bertha Manthey (1867–1947), and brother of August and Halvard Manthey Lange. He enrolled as a student in 1922, and graduated with the cand.med. degree in 1929. While studying he was a member of Mot Dag, where he organized study circles for both members and non-members, and contributed to the periodical Populært Tidsskrift for Seksuell Oplysning. He was the chairman of the Norwegian Students' Society in 1933, and of the Student Society in Trondheim in 1939.

Lange worked as a physician in Oslo from 1930, and then in Trondheim from 1934 to 1946. The exception was the period from 1942 to 1945, when he was imprisoned at Falstad concentration camp by the Nazi occupants of Norway. He was acting city physician () from 1946 to 1947, and also health inspector in Trondheim from 1946 to 1955. He became involved in politics, and was a member of Trondheim city council from 1945 to 1955, from 1945 to 1950 and 1954 to 1955 as a member of the executive committee. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from the Market towns of Sør-Trøndelag and Nord-Trøndelag counties in 1949, where he was a member of the Standing Committee on Social Affairs. He was not re-elected in 1953, but served as a deputy representative during the term 1950–1953.

From 1955 to 1964 he was district physician in Oddernes, and from 1964 to his retirement in 1974 he was a county physician in Vest-Agder. When he applied for the post in Vest-Agder, the Norwegian Directorate for Health led by Karl Evang suggested that another candidate be hired. However, Minister of Health Olav Gjærevoll overturned the recommendation and gave Lange the position. This was criticized as a "politicized" appointment.

Lange was board chairman of the Norwegian People's Aid chapter in Trondheim from 1939 to 1946, board member of Trøndelag Teater from 1946 to 1949 and of the Norwegian Medical Association from 1948 to 1949. He died in May 1999.

References

1904 births
1999 deaths
Physicians from Oslo
Norwegian municipal physicians
University of Oslo alumni
Mot Dag
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Trondheim
Members of the Storting
Norwegian resistance members
Falstad concentration camp survivors
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Carl Viggo Lange


Adam Phillips is a British guitarist.

Career
Phillips has performed and recorded with Tina Turner, Dave Lewis, Ricky Martin, Steps, Britney Spears, Ronan Keating, Laura Pausini, Celine Dion, Maxi Priest, The Corrs, Shayne Ward, Boyzone, Hamish Stuart, Lionel Richie, Renato Zero, Tom Robinson, Whitney Houston, Richard Ashcroft and Tony O'Malley.

He has worked on most of Cher's latest recordings. As a guitarist on Hamish Stuart's European tours, he was introduced to Cher by Stuart. Phillips was employed by Cher as a guitarist on her Believe album. He later went on to play guitar on her "All or Nothing" single (1999), and her Living Proof album (2001).

In 1998, Phillips was the guitarist on Peter Blegvad's Hangman's Hill album. Enrique Iglesias used Phillips as a  guitarist on 2003's album, 7. Further work as a guitarist included The Herbaliser's Take London (2005); Just Jack's Overtones (2007); James Morrison's Songs for You, Truths for Me (2008); and in 2009 Destroy Destroy Destroy's Battle Sluts.

In July 2007, as a regular guitarist with the Tom Robinson Band, he was featured in a Tom Robinson performance at the Cancer Research Benefit in London, also including T. V. Smith. Phillips is also a frequent performer at Chelsea's (London) 606 Club, particularly with jazz musicians Dave Lewis and Tony O'Malley.

In May 2008, he was a guitarist with the temporarily reformed 1970s jazz funk band, Kokomo, with Tony O'Malley, Frank Collins, Paddy McHugh, Dyan Birch, Mel Collins, Neil Hubbard, Mark Smith, Andy Hamilton, Bernie Holland, and Glen Le Fleur. O'Malley's own band, regularly features Phillips, along with Mel Collins, Hubbard, Smith, Jeremy Stacey, and Ash Soan.

Phillips has performed and recorded as a drummer and percussionist, and has frequently been used as a backing vocalist. On occasion his work has been used in film soundtracks, including What a Girl Wants (2003).

The Adam Phillips Band
Phillips' own band included:
Paul Stacey (The Lemon Trees, Oasis, and The Black Crowes)
Jo Burt (Black Sabbath)
Ash Soan (Tom Robinson, Del Amitri, and The Producers)
Mark Smith (ex-The Waterboys) (deceased)
Mike Gorman
Melvin Duffy

References

External links

artistdirect.com: Phillips' credits

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English session musicians
English blues guitarists
English male guitarists
Funk guitarists
English funk musicians
English male singers

Adam Phillips (musician)


The right to life is the belief that a being has the right to live and, in particular, should not be killed by another entity, including a government. This concept has led to some discussion:

 Ending a pregnancy without the birth of a child is called abortion. This also means that if it was alive, the fetus or embryo will die.
 Euthanasia is ending a person's life. Usually, this is done to keep the person  from suffering longer. Assisted suicide is the idea that a person can take the decision to end his or her own life.
 Capital punishment means that the state kills a criminal, for having committed a crime. Many countries and states have abolished the death penality, and replaced it with other forms of punishment.
 Some people say that killing another person is wrong.  Most legal systems have a number of different definitions, which classify the killing: killing someone in self-defense, killing someone with intent to kill, or killing someone because of not being careful enough are usually different (and there are different punishments).
 Some people say that only the state has a right to kill. Killings done as extrajudicial killings are seen as wrong. Soldiers killing other soldiers in a war are usually not punished. Cases were police forces kill people (in peace time) are usually investigated, the policeman or policewoman who killed someone may be punished, if he or she is guilty of a crime, or didn't show correct behavior.
 Some people say that animals shouldn't be killed, or if they are, that there should be minimal standards, so as to not make them suffer.

The right to life may apply in any of these cases, and different groups have different opinions where it should apply.
Political movements
Human rights

Right to life


James Paul Moody (21 August 1887 – 15 April 1912) was a British sailor, who served as Titanic sixth officer; he did not survive.

Early life
James Paul Moody was born in Scarborough, England, on 21 August 1887, the youngest of four children, three boys and one girl, born to solicitor John Henry Moody and his wife Evelyn Louisa Lammin. Moody's grandfather and namesake, John James Paul Moody, had been Mayor of Scarborough. Moody attended the Rosebery House School, where he received a prestigious education, before joining the Navy training vessel HMS Conway as a cadet in 1902. His two years in the ship, 1902–1903, counted as one years' sea time towards his Board of Trade Second Mate's Certification.

Career
In 1904 he joined the William Thomas Line's Boadicea as an apprentice, and endured a horrific, storm-troubled voyage to New York, in which one of his fellow apprentices was driven to suicide.

After attaining his Second Mate's Certification, Moody went into steam and sailed in cargo and early oil-tankers, eventually attaining his First Mate's Certificate. After very briefly attending the King Edward VII Nautical School in 1910, a nautical "cram" school preparing officers for their Board of Trade examinations, he successfully obtained his Ordinary Master's Certification, and in August 1911 served the White Star Line aboard the  as her sixth officer. In March 1912 he received word that he was to be assigned to  as her Sixth Officer. Moody was somewhat reluctant to accept the assignment as he had hoped to spend a summer on the Atlantic aboard the Oceanic, after having endured a harsh winter, and was also hoping to take leave. His request for leave was denied.

While serving aboard the RMS Titanic, Moody was living with an uncle in Grimsby, England and used the residence as his shore address. He also had a romantic interest that he confided in his brother, might be "the one".

RMS Titanic
Along with the other junior officers, Moody received a message in March 1912 ordering him to report to White Star's Liverpool offices on 26 March. From there he travelled to board Titanic at the Harland & Wolff yard in Belfast on 27 March and reported to William McMaster Murdoch. Moody had only received his Master's License the previous April, but he had a broad sense of knowledge and decades of experience to look up to in his senior officers and captain. Murdoch ordered Lowe and Moody to inspect the starboard side lifeboats and to make sure their equipment was complete; he ordered Pitman and Boxhall to do likewise with the port side lifeboats. Titanic then sailed for Southampton to take on passengers. Moody's service as Sixth Officer earned him about $37 a month, although he was allowed his own cabin as compensation for his small salary.

On Titanics sailing day, 10 April, Moody assisted, among other things, in aiding Fifth Officer Harold Lowe in lowering two of the starboard lifeboats to satisfy the Board of Trade that Titanic met safety standards. He was also in charge of closing the last gangway, and most likely saved the lives of six crewmen who arrived too late to board by turning them away. Moody was assembled with men for the ship's lifeboat drill and along with Lowe, was selected to take charge of two lifeboats chosen for testing, boats Nos 11 and 13. Lowe took 11 and Moody took 13. Before the ship began her voyage, Moody was at the head of the last gangway connecting ship with shore, astern on E Deck, located just off the main crew thoroughfare, Scotland Road. Fireman John Podesta and his friend William Nutbean made it up the gangway and past Moody; Moody then ordered the gangplank withdrawn from Titanic's side, and it had gotten about a foot from the side of the ship when R.C. Lawrence, who had been sent aboard to deliver typewriters to the Purser's Office, and stayed to tour the ship, couldn't find his way to a gangway. Amid protestations on his part and vocabulary, Moody instructed the ABs to pull in the gangway. Once the gap had been closed, Lawrence hurried down the gangplank to shore. At the same moment, crewmember Tom Slade, his three brothers and a trimmer named Penney arrived at the gangway but as witnessed by Lawrence Bessley, Moody firmly refused to allow them on board; they argued, gesticulated, apparently attempting to explain their reasons for being late, but he remained obdurate and waved them back with a determined hand and the gangway was dragged back.

Once the ship had put to sea, Moody stood the 4–5 PM watch and both 8–12 watches, which meant that he was on watch on the bridge with First Officer William Murdoch and Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall when the Titanic struck an iceberg at 11:40 PM on 14 April. On April 14, when Pitman began his watch, he noticed that several coordinates, denoting the position  of wireless ice sightings had been marked on the chart and assumed that they had been made by either Boxhall or Moody. Lightoller asked Moody to use the telephone to call up the lookouts in the Crow's Nest; he wanted to have them "keep a sharp lookout for ice, particularly small ice and growlers", and to "pass that word on until daylight", as each successive shift took its turn on duty." Moody picked up the phone to the Nest in the wheelhouse and Lightoller overheard him say, "Keep a sharp look out for ice, particularly small ice.", before hanging up. Lightoller noted that Moody's order differed somewhat from the wording that he had specified, as Moody had not mentioned "growlers". Lightoller thought the detail was important enough to have Moody call the lookouts again, and to clarify that they should keep a sharp lookout for "small ice and growlers". Moody carried the order out, ringing the crow's nest a second time and conveying the order correctly this time.  After spotting the iceberg, lookout Frederick Fleet rang the warning bell three times and phoned the bridge. Murdoch and Moody heard the warning bell and the telephone began to ring. Moody picked it up immediately but did not say anything. An anxious Fleet asked, "Is someone there?" "Yes", Moody confirmed, "What did you see?" Fleet replied, "Iceberg, right ahead!". Moody said politely, "Thank you", and relayed the warning to Murdoch: "Iceberg right ahead!" As Hitchens turned the helm, Moody stood beside him, watching to see the order was carried out properly. Moody called out to confirm to Murdoch, "Hard a-starboard. The helm is hard over." As the ship struck, Murdoch ordered, "Hard to port!" and Moody ensured the order was carried out promptly.

Around midnight, Moody told Quartermaster Olliver to go get the muster list for the lifeboats, and Moody was sent on his way to start preparing the aft port lifeboats. Pitman came across Moody and crew uncovering boats on the port side Boat Deck aft quarter. When Pitman asked, Moody told him that he had not seen the iceberg, but that there was ice up forward on the Well Deck. Pitman decided to investigate for himself. Moody did not have much assistance in overseeing the preparation of the port boats. As Colonel Gracie was down on the port side of A Deck, near Boat No. 4, when Smith's orders to lower the boats were transmitted to the crew, he recalled that Moody stood with a number of other crewmen on the deck to bar any men passengers from getting near the boat, saying, "No man beyond this line." As the attempt to load No. 4 fell apart for the time being, and much of the group there dispersed, Moody headed back up the boat deck.

In the ensuing evacuation, Moody helped in the loading of Lifeboats No. 9, 12, 13, 14, and 16. While loading No. 16, Moody ordered stewardess Violet Jessop into the boat. She described Moody as looking "weary and tired". Even so, he gave them a cheery smile, as he called out, "Good luck!", as he guided her and her cabin-mate into the boat; Moody then hailed her and gave her a baby to look after, saying, "Look after this, will you?". Moody then ordered the boat lowered away. While loading No. 14, Fifth Officer Lowe asked Moody what he was doing. Moody said he was getting the boats away. Lowe remarked that an officer should man the lifeboat. When Lowe asked Moody who it was to be—him or Moody—Moody insisted that Lowe should get onto the boat and that he would get on another one, saying "You go; I will get in another boat." Moody went to the starboard side and assisted Reginald Lee, who was Fleet's fellow lookout, in loading lifeboat No. 13, before ordering him to man it. 12-year-old Second Class passenger Ruth Becker was placed in this boat by Moody after being prevented from entering the heavily overloaded lifeboat number 11 which her mother and two siblings had boarded. Moody noticed Lily May Peel as she headed up to the boat deck and asked, "What are you doing below, Mrs Futrelle? All the women are gone," and led her up the stairs. He ignored her protests of him pulling her and took her to boat No. 9. He stayed to assist at boat 9. Moody instructed Quartermaster Walter Wynn to go in the boat and to take charge of it. Just as it began lowering away, Murdoch countermanded Moody's order, instructing Boatswain's Mate Albert Haines to take command. Wynn relinquished control to Haines, and entered the boat. Moody ordered Saloon Steward Littlejohn and crewman to get in to help row the boat.

Death
Moody was last seen by the ship's lamp trimmer, Samuel Hemming, on top of the officers' quarters helping to launch Collapsible A, an emergency lifeboat, just before the ship began its final plunge. Hemming helped untangle the falls, and passed the block up to the roof. Moody called back down, "We don't want the block. We will leave the boat on deck." Moody's opinion that the boat should be left to float free was apparently overruled but turned out to be correct as water washed over the deck. Collapsible Boat A reached the deck and was being attached to the falls when it was washed off Titanic by the wave washing over the boat deck. Lightoller, who was also on top of the quarters clearing away the collapsible boat on the port side, though he said he didn't remember seeing Moody, said that as those at collapsible A and B were engulfed when the water came up onto the boat deck and washed over the bridge, the same must have happened to Moody.

Moody was 24 at the time of his death. His body was never recovered. Moody, along with some individuals who had perished, was mistakenly at first listed as survived.

Legacy
A monument in Dean Road / Manor Road Cemetery, Scarborough, commemorates Moody's sacrifice on the Titanic with the Biblical quote, "Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." (see )

He is also commemorated by a Blue plaque at 17 Granville Road Scarborough, the house where he was born and a commemorative plaque in St Martin's Church in Scarborough.

He is also commemorated by a brass altar set presented by his aunt, Hannah Mountain, to the church of St Augustine of Hippo in Grimsby.

Portrayals
 Michael Bryant (1958) — A Night to Remember (British film)
 In the 1996 miniseries Titanic, Moody is merged with that of Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall, who is inaccurately portrayed as dying in the sinking.
 Edward Fletcher (1997) (Titanic)
 Jonathan Howard (2012) (Titanic) (TV series/4 episodes)

References

Bibliography

External links

James Moody on Titanic-Titanic.com
All the Horrors Seem to Happen at Night

1887 births
1910s missing person cases
1912 deaths
British Merchant Navy officers
People educated aboard HMS Conway
Deaths from hypothermia
People from Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Deaths on the RMS Titanic
20th-century English people
19th-century English people

James Paul Moody


IALI NGO has been authorized b y terminologist Charles Muwanga to post this article from his Luganda scientific terminology research on Luganda wikipedia for free public consumption.

Enfundiwazo (Abbreviations)

The concept of "enfundiwazo" (abbreviations) is from the Luganda word "okufunza ebigambo" ( to abbreviate) meaning using initials of a word.

Abbreviations are formed by the initial letters of a word or phrase. "Enfundiwazo are mainly used in written language, not spoken language. In the chemistry of Luganda, we are borrowing almost all the chemical elements and their abbreviated chemical symbols from the chemical names adopted and adapted from English.

In all our blafrican languages, abbreviations of the elements of the periodic table of elements are very useful in scientific discourse. The borrowed "Namunigina z'Amawanga ez'Ebipimo" (International System of Units) in Luganda are likewise abbreviated for convenience in calculations and publications.

See tables below:

Nigi (Units)

loanword Ensirisiwazo

Miita (meter) M

kirogulaamu (kilogram) Kg

Sikonda (seconds) S

Ampaya (ampire) A

Kaluviini (Kalvin) K

Yinsi (inches) Yi

Fuuti (feet) Ft

Yaadi (yards) Yd

Mairo (mile) Ml

Ggalani (golon) Gn

Sentimita (centmeter) Sm

Take note of the following units of measurements below:

There are also nigi ezibbule (derived units) which are also abbreviated as follows:

Ekipimo(Measurement) Nigi/Unigi/Nigina/

Namunigina (units) Akabonero(symbol)

Obugazi or Obwagagavu (Area) Miita ya kyebiriga (square meter ) m2

Obubangirivu (Volume) Miita ya kyesatuza (cubic meter) m3

Embiro n'eng'enda(speed and velocity) Miita buli sikonda(meter per second) m/s

Entebenta (acceleration) Miita buli sikonda eya kyebiriga (meter per square second ) m/s2

Omuwendo gw'ejjengo(Wave number) Miita eya kasulike(reciprocal meter) m-1

Obukwafuwavu bw'enzitoya (mass density) Kirogulaamu buli mita aya kyesatuza (kilogram per cubic meter) kg/m3

Obubangirivu obwesonjovu(specific volume) Miita ya kyesatuza buli kirogulaamu(Cubic meters per kilogram) m3/kg

Obukwafuwavu bw'omugendo gw'amasannyalaze(current density) Ampaya buli miita eya kyebiriga (Ampires per square meter A/m2

Eryanyi l y'ekyebulungulo kya magineeti (magnetic field strength Ampaya buli miita (ampire per meter A/m

Abbreviations used on the "Endagabwolekero" (Geographical Compass)

Other abbreviations necessary in any vernacular include those used on the Compass Rose (Endagabwolekero). They are not borrowed but abbreviated directly from Luganda words :

1) BK (Bukiikakkono), the Luganda equivalent of N for North

2) BD (Bukiikaddyo), the Luganda equivalent of S for South).

3) BV (Buvanjuba), the Luganda equivalent of E for East.

4) BG (Bugwanjuba), the Luganda equivalent of W for West

5) BKoBV (Bukiikakkono owa Buvanjuba) the Luganda equivalent of NE for "North East".

6) BKoBG (Bukiikakkono owa Bugwanjuba) the Luganda equivalent of NE for North West

7) BDoBV (Bukiikaddyo owa Buvanjuva) the Luganda equivalent of SE for South East.

8) BDOBG (Bukiikaddyo owa Bugwanjuba) the Luganda equivalent of SW for South West.

Abbreviations of the elements of the Periodic Table

The Luganda elements of the periodic table of chemical elements and their abbreviations or symbols are almost all borrowed from the one of English. For ease of uniformity, all the vernacular abbreviations should remain as they are in English in all our blafrican languages.

Adopting and adapting English abbreviations in Scientific Luganda


Pareshan Khattak (), (10 December 1932 – 16 April 2009) real name Gahami Jan Khattak, former Vice-Chancellor, Pashto poet and writer and former Chairman University Grants Commission.

Born in Karak, Pakistan he joined education department in 1958, after obtaining a master's degree in History, he joined the Pashto Academy as Assistant Research Officer. Due to his exceptional talent and leadership skills, he was then named as Director and then Chairman of the Pashto academy.

Literary works
His book (in Urdu) entitled, "Pashtoon Koon" (Who are Pashtoons ?) was one of the best sellers throughout the country, and is considered an authoritative reference on its subject matter. Professor Pareshan Khattak has written various masterpieces in Pashto literature including "Drana Pakhto" and "Leek Dood." In addition, Professor Sahab has published his poetry under the title of  "Tanakay" and "Hagha Dwa Malalaye Stargay."

The poetry of Professor Pareshan Khattak is mostly in the form of Nazam, and Ghazaal and most of his works are considered as masterpieces in Pashto Literature. The reader while going through the contents of his poetry becomes enchanted in the selection of words and the philosophy shaping his poetry. His books titled "Pukhtana Kochay," "Dozakhi Pakhto," "Drana Pukhtana," "Khyber," "Iteraff," and "Aziza Meena" are popular reads in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan and pashtun regions of Afghanistan.

He also served as Chairman Pakistan Academy of Letters in 1984-85 and Professor in Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan.

Footnotes

1932 births
2009 deaths
Pashtun people
Pashto-language poets
People from Karak District
20th-century Pakistani poets
Pakistani civil servants
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Recipients of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz

Pareshan Khattak


Van Loon's Lives is a book by the Dutch-American writer Hendrik Willem van Loon published in 1942. Its full title, deliberately written in a manner already archaic at the time of writing, is Van Loon's Lives: Being a true and faithful account of a number of highly interesting meetings with certain historical personages, from Confucius and Plato to Voltaire and Thomas Jefferson, about whom we had always felt a great deal of curiosity and who came to us as dinner guests in a bygone year.

Loosely based on the classical Plutarch's Lives, it recounts the biographies of various famous historical characters, and like Plutarch often pairing together characters from different times and places whose life, careers or personalities seemed to Van Loon to bear a similarity to each other (e.g. William the Silent and George Washington who led the Wars of Independence of their respective countries; the philosophers Descartes and Emerson; Empress Theodora of Byzantium and Queen Elizabeth I of England; Torquemada and Robespierre, of both of whom Van Loon had less than a flattering view...).

In the book the author imagines he is living in his summer home in the town of Veere on the island of Walcheren in the Dutch province of Zealand. He has the ability to summon the famous (and sometimes infamous) great men and women of history to come to dinner. The summoning is done in the prosaic way of leaving under a specific stone a note with the names of the persons they wish to meet that weekend, who duly make their appearance. This magical aspect places the book within the category of contemporary fantasy, though the term did not yet exist at the time it was published.

Chapters in the book typically start with Van Loon describing the lives of the people invited that week, with many digressions and idiosyncratic comments, opinions and comparisons with actual 20th century events - particularly with the doings of Hitler and Nazi Germany in general and the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in particular, which was clearly very much on Van Loon's mind. This is followed by these people appearing in the 1930s provincial Netherlands and their interaction with modern people, in some cases consisting of polite and intellectually stimulating conversations, in other cases leading to humorous or hilarious results. (For example, the Archbishop of Bithynia and Archbishop of Cyrenaica, who were staunch theological foes during the 4th century Council of Nicea, wildly assault each other as soon as they are resurrected in the 20th century and run out into the streets of Veere, shouting abuse. A local policeman locks them up in separate cells, but by the next morning they had mysteriously disappeared...)

The book was written at the time when Veere, like the rest of the Netherlands, lay under Nazi occupation. Despite its light-hearted tone, the book clearly indicates the longing of the writer for his homeland whose liberation he was doomed never to see, having died in 1944. This is especially indicated in the book's dedication to the exiled Queen Juliana. Also, the book's plot is set in the late 1930s with the clouds of impending war clearly visible, and in its end the protagonists must flee the German invasion, bringing to an end their meetings with the people from the past.

References

American biographies
Dutch biographies
1942 books
Contemporary fantasy novels
Dutch fantasy novels
Dutch historical novels
Novels set in the Netherlands
Cultural depictions of William the Silent
Cultural depictions of George Washington
Cultural depictions of Voltaire
Cultural depictions of Tomás de Torquemada
Cultural depictions of René Descartes
Cultural depictions of Theodora I
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I
Cultural depictions of Maximilien Robespierre
Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson
Cultural depictions of Confucius
Cultural depictions of Plato

Van Loon's Lives


"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)" is a song written by the team of Jay Livingston and Ray Evans that was first published in 1955. Doris Day introduced it in the Alfred Hitchcock film The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), singing it as a cue to their onscreen kidnapped son. The three verses of the song progress through the life of the narrator—from childhood, through young adulthood and falling in love, to parenthood—and each asks "What will I be?" or "What lies ahead?" The chorus repeats the answer: "What will be, will be."

Day's recording of the song for Columbia Records made it to number two on the Billboard Top 100 chart and number one in the UK Singles Chart. It came to be known as Day's signature song. The song in The Man Who Knew Too Much received the 1956 Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was the third Oscar in this category for Livingston and Evans, who previously won in 1948 and 1950. In 2004 it finished at number 48 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

It was a number-one hit in Australia for pop singer Normie Rowe in September 1965.

The song popularized the title expression "que sera, sera" as an English-language phrase indicating "cheerful fatalism", though its use in English dates back to at least the 16th century. Contrary to popular perception, the phrase is not Spanish in origin (in Spanish it would be ""), and is ungrammatical in that language. It was evidently formed by a word-for-word mistranslation of English "What will be will be".

This concept dates back to the author of the Biblical book of Ecclesiastes often attributed to Solomon, Chapter 3:15 which reads; "Whatever is, has already been, and whatever will be, already is." [1]
[1] The Holy Bible: Holman Christian standard version. (Ec 3:15). (2009). Holman Bible Publishers.

Title phrase
The popularity of the song has led to curiosity about the origins of the title saying, "que sera, sera", and the identity of its language. Both the Spanish-like spelling used by Livingston and Evans and an Italian-like form ("che sarà sarà") are first documented in the 16th century as an English heraldic motto. The "Spanish" form appears on a brass plaque in the Church of St. Nicholas, Thames Ditton, Surrey, dated 1559. The "Italian" form was first adopted as a family motto by either John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford, or his son, Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford. It is said by some sources to have been adopted by the elder Russell after his experience at the Battle of Pavia (1525), and to be engraved on his tomb (1555 N.S.). The 2nd Earl's adoption of the motto is commemorated in a manuscript dated 1582. Their successors—Earls and, later, Dukes of Bedford ("Sixth Creation"), as well as other aristocratic families—continued to use the motto. Soon after its adoption as a heraldic motto, it appeared in Christopher Marlowe's play Doctor Faustus (written ca. 1590; published 1604), whose text (Act 1, Scene 1) contains a line with the archaic Italian spelling "Che sera, sera / What will be, shall be". Early in the 17th century the saying begins to appear in the speech and thoughts of fictional characters as a spontaneous expression of a fatalistic attitude. The phrase, in its English form, is used in the novel Hard Times by Charles Dickens, first published in 1854. The saying is always in an English-speaking context, and it has no history in Spanish, Italian, or French; in fact, the saying is ungrammatical in all three of these Romance languages. It is however grammatical in Portuguese in poetic contexts. It is composed of Spanish or Italian words superimposed on English syntax. It was evidently formed by a word-for-word mistranslation of English "What will be will be", merging the free relative pronoun what (= "that which") with the interrogative what?

Livingston and Evans had some knowledge of Spanish, and early in their career they worked together as musicians on cruise ships to the Caribbean and South America. Composer Jay Livingston had seen the 1954 Hollywood film The Barefoot Contessa, in which a fictional Italian family has the motto "Che sarà sarà" carved in stone at their ancestral mansion. He immediately wrote it down as a possible song title, and he and lyricist Ray Evans later gave it a Spanish spelling "because there are so many Spanish-speaking people in the world".

In modern times, thanks to the popularity of the song and its many translations, the phrase has been adopted in countries around the world to name a variety of entities, including books, movies, restaurants, vacation rentals, airplanes, and race horses.

In film and television
The song originally appeared in the Alfred Hitchcock film The Man Who Knew Too Much, where it appears diegetically and serves an important role in the film's plot. In the film, Day plays a retired popular singer, Jo Conway McKenna, who, along with her husband (played by Jimmy Stewart) and son, becomes embroiled in a plot to assassinate a foreign prime minister. After foiling the assassination attempt, Jo and her husband are invited by the prime minister to the embassy, where they believe their young son is being held by the conspirators. Jo sits at a piano and plays "Que Sera, Sera", singing loudly in the hope of reaching her son. Upon hearing his mother play the familiar song, her son whistles along, allowing her husband to find and rescue him just before he was to be murdered by the conspirators to the assassination attempt.

"Que Sera Sera" came to be considered Doris Day's signature song, and she went on to sing it in later films and TV appearances. In 1960's Please Don't Eat the Daisies, she sings a snippet of the song to her co-star, David Niven, who plays her husband. In the 1966 film The Glass Bottom Boat she sings a snippet accompanied by Arthur Godfrey on ukulele. From 1968 to 1973, she sang a rerecorded version as the theme song for her sitcom The Doris Day Show. The 1999 Studio Ghibli film My Neighbors the Yamadas features a Japanese cover of the song toward the end of the film. Director Isao Takahata wrote the translation for the lyrics, with an arrangement by Neko Saitou.

Versions of the song have appeared on a number of film and television soundtracks, often juxtaposed with dark or disastrous events to create an effect of black comedy. For example, in The Simpsons episode "Bart's Comet", the song is sung by the citizens of Springfield in anticipation of an impending comet strike that will wipe out the town and kill them all. In an episode of The Muppet Show starring Vincent Price, Shakey Sanchez, a pink/purple red and purple haired Muppet sings the song after Behemoth eats him and sings "I've Got You Under My Skin". Previously, the song was featured over the opening and the ending credits of Heathers, a dark teen comedy dealing with murder and suicide. The version over the opening credits is performed by Syd Straw and the version over the ending credits is performed by Sly and the Family Stone. In 2009, the song appeared in a climactic scene in Mary and Max as Mary is about to commit suicide.

In 1956, the song was covered by The Lennon Sisters on The Lawrence Welk Show. Although it was just another number in the show at the time, during recent years, the song has since gained millions of views on YouTube and is now regarded as a very notable version of the song.

This song was mentioned in the 2008 Filipino movie My Only Ü.

The song also plays during the intro of the first and second season of the 2022 series From.

The song was used in several trailers and TV spots for Evil Dead Rise.

As football chant
"Que Sera, Sera" has been adapted as a popular celebratory football chant, especially in England, typically with the lyrics:
Que sera sera,
Whatever will be will be,
We're going to Wembley,
Que sera sera
This would be sung by fans following a victory that progresses their favoured team to the next round of a competition that will ultimately lead them to Wembley Stadium (typically the FA Cup, the finals of which have been held in Wembley since 1923). Manchester United fans sang it before and during the 1976 FA Cup Final. Although the song became more commonly used to associate a good cup run, Everton fans used it in 1963 to hail their soon to be crowned League Champions, using the phrase win the League instead of Wembley.

"Wembley" may be sung with either melisma on the first syllable, or a schwa epenthesis (often respelled "Wemberley"). Other venues than Wembley may be substituted as appropriate, as when Republic of Ireland fans sang "We're going to Italy" when qualifying for the 1990 World Cup, or when fans of Millwall, about to exit the 2016–17 FA Cup, self-deprecatingly sang "We're going to Shrewsbury", their unglamorous next League One fixture.
The Scottish team also used it in the 1978 World Cup and sang we're going to the Argentine.

1964 version

In 1964, Day re-recorded the song for her 1964 children's album With a Smile and a Song. This version featured Jimmy Joyce and the Children's Chorus, recorded in July 1964, and issued by Columbia Records three months later as the eighth track on the album. This version was produced by Allen Stanton and was arranged and conducted by Allyn Ferguson.

Normie Rowe version

Australian pop singer Normie Rowe's 1965 recording of "Que Sera, Sera", which was produced by Pat Aulton on the Sunshine Record label (Sunshine QK 1103), was the biggest hit of his career, "the biggest Australian rock 'n roll hit of 1965", and is reputed to be the biggest-selling Australian single of the 1960s. The song was "done in the style of "Louie, Louie" and the manner of "Hang On Sloopy", and given a "Merseybeat" treatment (in the manner of The Beatles' "Twist & Shout"), and was backed by Rowe's band The Playboys. It was paired with a version of the Johnny Kidd & The Pirates' classic "Shakin' All Over", and the single became a double-sided No. 1 hit in most capitals (#1 Sydney, #1 Melbourne, #1 Brisbane, #1 Adelaide, and Perth). in September 1965, charting for 28 weeks and selling in unprecedented numbers, with Rock historian Ian McFarlane reporting sales of 80,000 copies, while 1970s encyclopedist Noel McGrath claimed sales of 100,000. Rowe scored another first in October 1965 when "Que Sera Sera" became his third hit single in the Melbourne Top 40 simultaneously. In 1965 Rowe received a gold record for "Que Sera, Sera" at Sydney's Chevron Hotel. In December 1965 the master of Rowe's version was purchased by Jay-Gee Records for release in the United States. In April 1966 Rowe received a second gold record for the sales of "Que Sera, Sera". In August 1966 Rowe won Radio 5KA's annual best male vocal award for "Que Sera, Sera". In 2006 Rowe released a newly recorded version, which was released by ABC via iTunes, and later adding "the whole digital mix with a radio mix and a dance mix".

Other notable versions
In the decades since the song's original release, "Que Sera, Sera" has been covered by dozens of artists. A 1969 cover sung by Mary Hopkin and produced by Paul McCartney reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100, and number 7 on the Adult Contemporary chart.

A live version by Shakin' Stevens was featured on The Shakin' Stevens EP which reached No. 2 in the UK Charts during the 1982 Christmas holidays. The studio version of the song is featured on his album Give Me Your Heart Tonight from the same year.

In 1989, a comedy version recorded by "Terence" (John Creedon) in aid of the RTÉ People in Need Telethon reached number 2 in the Irish Singles Chart.

As a result of the song's immediate popularity following the release of The Man Who Knew Too Much, versions were soon written in other languages. An early example was a Dutch version by Jo Leemans which reached the Belgian charts in December 1956. Versions of the song have also been recorded in Danish, French, Mandarin, Spanish, Japanese, and Swedish, among other languages. These in turn have led some non-English speakers to adopt the saying "que sera, sera".

In 1965, Swedish rock band Lenne and the Lee Kings recorded the song. Upon release as a single during the summer of that year, record label Gazell coupled it with the Titus Turner song "Sticks and Stones" on the B-side. Although it failed to chart in native Sweden, it reached number 38 in Finland in August 1965. Both sides of the single were included on their 1966 album Stop The Music.

In India, the song was first adapted in the Tamil-language film Aaravalli (1957). Later in 1965, the original version was sung by Bhanumathi in the Telugu-language film Thodu Needa, with minor changes in the lyrics.

In 2021, The Pixies recorded a new version of the song for the television horror series From. The song was played in a minor key, giving it a very different mood from other renditions.

References

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links
 .
 .

Proverbs
1956 songs
1956 singles
1950s ballads
Schlager songs
Songs with music by Jay Livingston
Songs with lyrics by Ray Evans
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Doris Day songs
Geno Washington & the Ram Jam Band songs
Sly and the Family Stone songs
Macaronic songs
Number-one singles in Australia
Mary Hopkin songs
Apple Records singles
Columbia Records singles
Song recordings produced by Paul McCartney
Quotations from music
Quotations from film
1950s neologisms


The Microsoft Java Virtual Machine (MSJVM) is a discontinued proprietary Java virtual machine from Microsoft. It was first made available for Internet Explorer 3 so that users could run Java applets when browsing on the World Wide Web. It was the fastest Windows-based implementation of a Java virtual machine for the first two years after its release. Sun Microsystems, the creator of Java, sued Microsoft in October 1997 for incompletely implementing the Java 1.1 standard. It was also named in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust civil actions, as an implementation of Microsoft's "Embrace, extend and extinguish" strategy. In 2001, Microsoft settled the lawsuit with Sun and discontinued its Java implementation.

History

Performance
The Microsoft JVM won the PC Magazine Editor's Choice Awards in 1997 and 1998 for best Java support. In 1998 a new release included the Java Native Interface which supplemented Microsoft's proprietary Raw Native Interface (RNI) and J/Direct. Microsoft claimed to have the fastest Java implementation for Windows, although IBM also made that claim in 1999 and beat the Microsoft and Sun virtual machines in the JavaWorld Volano test.

Antitrust trial
Microsoft's proprietary extensions to Java were used as evidence in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust civil actions.

A Memorandum of the United States in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction in the case of United States of America vs. Microsoft claimed that Microsoft wanted to kill Java in the marketplace.
In short, Microsoft feared and sought to impede the development of network effects that cross-platform technology like Netscape Navigator and Java might enjoy and use to challenge Microsoft's monopoly. Another internal Microsoft document indicates that the plan was not simply to blunt Java/browser cross-platform momentum, but to destroy the cross-platform threat entirely, with the "Strategic Objective" described as to "Kill cross-platform Java by grow[ing] the polluted Java market."

Sun vs. Microsoft
In October 1997, Sun Microsystems, the creator of Java, sued Microsoft for incompletely implementing the Java 1.1 standard.

In January 2001, Sun and Microsoft settled the suit. Microsoft paid Sun $20 million and the two agreed to a plan for Microsoft to phase out products that included the older version of Microsoft Java that allegedly infringed on Sun's Java copyrights and trademarks.

Office XP Developer
Office 2000 Developer
Office 2000 Premium Service Release 1
Microsoft BackOffice Server 2000
Internet Security and Acceleration Server (ISA) 2000
Internet Explorer 5.5
Visual Studio 6 Microsoft Developer Edition
Windows 98 and Windows Me

The Microsoft Java Virtual Machine was discontinued in 2003 in response to the Sun Microsystems lawsuit. Microsoft continued to offer support until December 31, 2007.

Windows XP

The initial release of Windows XP in 2001 did not ship with a Java virtual machine, because of the settlement with Sun. The settlement required people who wanted to run Java Applets in Internet Explorer to download and install either the standard Sun Java virtual machine, or to download a copy of the Microsoft Java virtual machine.

Service Pack 1 (SP1) for Windows XP was released on September 9, 2002. It contained post-RTM security fixes and hot-fixes, compatibility updates, optional .NET Framework support, and enabled technologies for new devices such as Tablet PCs. It also included the Microsoft Java virtual machine. On February 3, 2003, Microsoft re-released Service Pack 1 (SP1) as Service Pack 1a (SP1a). This release removed Microsoft's Java virtual machine in compliance with the lawsuit with Sun Microsystems.

See also

Visual J++

References

External links
Modern support of Java at Microsoft

. Microsoft Press release, Dec. 7, 1998
Darryl K. Taft - Microsoft to Junk Flagship Products, Cites Java Settlement. December 5, 2003. eWeek
Joe Wilcox and Stephen Shankland - Microsoft's Java decision a mixed bag. CNET, March 18, 2002
Microsoft Virtual Machine Download Links
Download last version of MSJVM

Discontinued Java virtual machines
Java Virtual Machine
Microsoft litigation

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The Moving Finger is a detective novel by British writer Agatha Christie, first published in the USA by Dodd, Mead and Company in July 1942 and in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in June 1943. The US edition retailed at $2.00 and the UK edition at seven shillings and sixpence.

The Burtons, brother and sister, arrive in the village of Lymstock in Devon, and soon receive an anonymous letter accusing them of being lovers, not siblings. They are not the only ones in the village to receive such letters. A prominent resident is found dead with one such letter found next to her. This novel features the elderly detective Miss Marple in a relatively minor role, "a little old lady sleuth who doesn't seem to do much". She enters the story in the final quarter of the book, in a handful of scenes, after the police have failed to solve the crime.

The novel was well received when it was published: "Agatha Christie is at it again, lifting the lid off delphiniums and weaving the scarlet warp all over the pastel pouffe." One reviewer noted that Miss Marple "sets the stage for the final exposure of the murderer." Another said this was "One of the few times Christie gives short measure, and none the worse for that." The male narrator was both praised and panned.

Title
The book takes its name from quatrain 51 of Edward FitzGerald's translation of the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám:

The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,
Moves on: not all thy Piety nor Wit
Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it.

The poem, in turn, refers to Belshazzar's feast as related in the Book of Daniel, where the expression the writing on the wall originated.

The title shows in the story figuratively and literally. The anonymous letters point blame from one town resident to another. The police detective determines that the envelopes were all "typed by someone using one finger" to avoid a recognisable 'touch'.

Plot summary
Jerry and Joanna Burton, a brother and sister from London, take up residence in a house owned by Miss  Emily Barton near the quiet town of Lymstock for the last phase of Jerry's recovery from injuries suffered in a crash. Shortly after moving in and meeting their neighbours, they receive an anonymous letter which makes the false accusation that the pair are lovers, not siblings.

The Burtons quickly learn that such poison pen letters have been received by many in the town. Despite the letters containing false accusations, many recipients are upset by them and fear something worse may happen. Mrs Symmington, the local solicitor's wife, is found dead after receiving a letter stating that her husband Richard was not the father of her second son. Her body is discovered with the letter, a glass containing potassium cyanide, and a torn scrap of paper that reads, "I can't go on".

While the inquest rules that Mrs. Symmington's death was suicide, the police begin a hunt for the anonymous letter writer. An inspector arrives from Scotland Yard to help with the investigation. He concludes that the letter writer is a middle-aged woman among the prominent citizens of Lymstock. Mrs Symmington's daughter by a previous marriage, Megan Hunter, an awkward, frumpy 20-year-old, stays with the Burtons for a few days after losing her mother.

The Burtons' housekeeper, Partridge, receives a call from Agnes, the Symmingtons' maidservant, who is distraught and seeks advice. Agnes fails to arrive for their planned meeting; nor is she found at the Symmingtons' when Jerry calls in the evening to check on her. The following day, her body is discovered by Megan in the under-stairs cupboard at the Symmington house.

Progress in the murder investigation is slow until the Reverend's wife, Mrs. Dane Calthrop, invites Miss Marple to investigate. Jerry conveys many facts about the case to her from his observations, and tells her some of his ideas on why Agnes was killed. Meanwhile, Elsie Holland, the governess for the Symmington boys, receives an anonymous letter. The police observe Aimée Griffith, sister of the local doctor Owen Griffith, typing the address on the same typewriter used for all the previous letters, and arrest her for writing the letter.

Heading to London to see his doctor, Jerry impulsively takes Megan along with him and takes her to Joanna's dressmaker for a complete makeover. He realises he has fallen in love with Megan. When they return to Lymstock, Jerry asks Megan to marry him; she turns him down. He asks Mr Symmington for his permission to pursue Megan. Miss Marple advises Jerry to leave Megan alone for a day, as she has a task for her.

Megan blackmails her stepfather later that evening, implying that she has proof that he killed Mrs. Symmington. Mr. Symmington coolly pays her an initial instalment of money while not admitting his guilt. Later in the night, after giving Megan a sleeping drug, he attempts to murder her by putting her head in the gas oven. Jerry and the police are lying in wait for him. Jerry rescues Megan, and Symmington confesses. The police arrest him for murdering his wife and Agnes.

Miss Marple, knowing human nature, reveals that she knew all along that the letters were a diversion, and not written by a local woman, because none contained true accusations - something locals would be sure to gossip about. Only one person benefited from Mrs Symmington's death: her husband. He is in love with the beautiful Elsie Holland. Planning his wife's murder, he modelled the letters on those in a past case known to him from his legal practice. The police theory about who wrote them was completely wrong. The one letter that Symmington did not write was the one to Elsie; Aimée Griffith, who had been in love with Symmington for years, wrote that. Knowing it would be hard to prove Symmington's guilt, Miss Marple devised the scheme to expose him, enlisting Megan to provoke him to attempt to kill her.

Following the successful conclusion of the investigation, Megan realises that she does love Jerry. Jerry buys Miss Barton's house for them. His sister Joanna marries Owen Griffith and also stays in Lymstock. Meanwhile, Emily Barton and Aimée Griffith go on a cruise together.

Characters
Jerry Burton: pilot who was injured in a crash. After a long stint in hospital, he seeks a quiet place for the last stage of healing. Wealthy. He narrates the story.
Joanna Burton: Jerry's sister, younger and very attractive, who accompanies her brother to Lymstock from their usual home in London.
Miss Emily Barton: youngest daughter of a large and prim family of sisters, now in her sixties. She owns a house named 'Little Furze', which she rents to the Burtons. Like many in Lymstock, she has received a poison pen letter, but she is unwilling to admit it.
Florence Elford: the Barton family's former maid, now married, who invites Emily Barton to live with her while she rents 'Little Furze' to the Burtons.
Partridge: maid at 'Little Furze', who agrees to stay on for the Burtons. She trained Agnes.
Beatrice Baker: maid at 'Little Furze', who leaves service after she receives an anonymous letter.
Mrs Baker: mother of Beatrice, who seeks the aid of Jerry when Beatrice's young man receives a letter accusing Beatrice of seeing another man, which is not true.
Inspector Graves: a detective from Scotland Yard.
Superintendent Nash: County Detective Superintendent.
Mr Richard Symmington: solicitor in Lymstock, second husband to Mona, father of two young sons, and stepfather of Megan Hunter.
Mrs Mona Symmington: mother of Megan Hunter, and of two young sons with Richard Symington. She is the first murder victim, though her murder was made to appear a suicide, fooling the police for a long while.
Miss Megan Hunter: woman of 20, back home for one year from boarding school, coltish, usually shy, but more comfortable with Jerry and Joanna Burton. She blossoms under their attention. She bravely undertakes a risky ploy at the direction of Miss Marple, exposing the murderer.
Elsie Holland: beautiful nanny of the two young Symmington sons. Jerry Burton, initially attracted, is turned off by the quality of her voice, but Mr Symmington sees only her beauty.
Dr Owen Griffith: local doctor in Lymstock, who falls in love with Joanna Burton.
Aimée Griffith: sister of Owen, who lives with him in Lymstock, is active in the town and for years has been in love with Richard Symmington.
Miss Jane Marple: a shrewd judge of human nature, resident of the village of St. Mary Mead and a friend of Mrs. Dane Calthrop, who asks her to help in the investigation.
Agnes Woddell: house parlourmaid at Symmington home, who is the second murder victim.
Rose: the Symmingtons' cook; talks too much and is given to dramatics.
Miss Ginch: Symmington's clerk, who quits her post after receiving a poison pen letter, Jerry Burton observes that she seems to be enjoying getting the poison pen letter.
Reverend Caleb Dane Calthrop: local vicar, academic in his style, given to Latin quotes, understood by no one around him.
Mrs Maud Dane Calthrop: the vicar's wife who tries to keep an eye on people. She calls her friend Miss Marple for help when the situation in town worsens with murders and poison pen letters.
Mr Pye: resident of Lymstock who enjoys the scandal raised by the poison pen letters. He collects antiques, and is described by his neighbours as effeminate.
Colonel Appleton: resident of Combeacre, a village about 7 miles from Lymstock. He is intrigued by Joanna Burton and admires the beautiful Elsie Holland.
Mrs Cleat: woman who lives in Lymstock, described as the local witch. She is the first person assumed by townspeople to be the writer of the poison pen letters, but she turns out to have no involvement.

Literary significance and reception
Maurice Willson Disher in The Times Literary Supplement of 19 June 1943 was mostly positive, starting, "Beyond all doubt the puzzle in The Moving Finger is fit for experts" and continued "The author is generous with her clues. Anyone ought to be able to read her secret with half an eye – if the other one-and-a-half did not get in the way. There has rarely been a detective story so likely to create an epidemic of self indulgent kicks." However, some reservations were expressed: "Having expended so much energy on her riddle, the author cannot altogether be blamed for neglecting the other side of her story. It would grip more if Jerry Burton, who tells it, was more credible. He is an airman who has crashed and walks with the aid of two sticks. That he should make a lightning recovery is all to the good, but why, in between dashing downstairs two at a time and lugging a girl into a railway carriage by main force, should he complain that it hurts to drive a car? And why, since he is as masculine in sex as the sons of King Gama does he think in this style, "The tea was china and delicious and there were plates of sandwiches and thin bread and butter and a quantity of little cakes"? Nor does it help verisimilitude that a bawling young female gawk should become an elegant beauty in less than a day."

Maurice Richardson in The Observer wrote: "An atmosphere of perpetual, after-breakfast well-being; sherry parties in a country town where nobody is quite what he seems; difficult slouching daughters with carefully concealed coltish charm; crazy spinsters, of course; and adulterous solicitors. Agatha Christie is at it again, lifting the lid off delphiniums and weaving the scarlet warp all over the pastel pouffe." And he concluded, "Probably you will call Mrs Christie's double bluff, but this will only increase your pleasure."

An unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 7 November 1942 said, "The Moving Finger has for a jacket design a picture of a finger pointing out one suspect after another and that's the way it is with the reader as chapter after chapter of the mystery story unfolds. It is not one of [Christie's] stories about her famous French  detective, Hercule Poirot, having instead Miss Marple, a little old lady sleuth who doesn't seem to do much but who sets the stage for the final exposure of the murderer."

The writer and critic Robert Barnard wrote "Poison pen in Mayhem Parva, inevitably leading to murder. A good and varied cast list, some humour, and stronger than usual romantic interest of an ugly-duckling-into-swan type. One of the few times Christie gives short measure, and none the worse for that."

In the "Binge!" article of Entertainment Weekly of December 2014 – January 2015,  the writers picked The Moving Finger as a Christie favourite on the list of the "Nine Great Christie Novels".

Adaptations

Television
The Moving Finger was first adapted for television by the BBC in two episodes with Joan Hickson in the series Miss Marple. It first aired on 21 and 22 February 1985. The adaptation is generally faithful to the novel, apart from combining the characters of Agnes and Beatrice and bringing Miss Marple into the story far sooner than the novel does.

A second television adaptation was made with Geraldine McEwan as Miss Marple in the TV series, Agatha Christie's Marple and was filmed in Chilham, Kent. It first aired on 12 February 2006. This adaptation changes the personality of Jerry. The story is set a little later than in the novel, as mentioned in a review of the episode:  "Miss Marple, observing the tragic effects of these missives on relationships and reputations, is practically in the background in this story, watching closely as a nihilistic young man (James D'Arcy) comes out of his cynical, alcohol-laced haze to investigate the source of so much misery." and is "set shortly after World War II."

A third adaptation came as part of the French television series Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie. The episode aired in 2009.

A fourth adaptation was developed in Korea as part of the 2018 television series Ms. Ma, Nemesis.

Radio
A radio adaptation was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in May 2001 in the Saturday Play slot, starring June Whitfield as Miss Marple.

Publication history

The work is dedicated to Christie's friends, the artist Mary Winifrid Smith and her husband Sidney Smith, an Assyriologist:

Editions include:

 1942, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), July 1942, Hardcover, 229 pp
 1943, Collins Crime Club (London), June 1943, Hardcover, 160 pp
 1948, Avon Books, Paperback, 158 pp (Avon number 164)
 1948, Pan Books, Paperback, 190 pp (Pan number 55)
 1953, Penguin Books, Paperback, 189 pp (Penguin number 930)
 1961, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 160 pp
 1964, Dell Books, Paperback, 189 pp
 1968, Greenway edition of collected works (William Collins), Hardcover, 255 pp
 1968, Greenway edition of collected works (Dodd Mead), Hardcover, 255 pp
 1970, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 331 pp;
 2005, Marple Facsimile edition (Facsimile of 1943 UK first edition), 12 September 2005, Hardcover;

The novel's first true publication was the US serialisation in Collier's Weekly in eight instalments from 28 March (Volume 109, Number 13) to 16 May 1942 (Volume 109, Number 20) with illustrations by Mario Cooper.

The UK serialisation was as an abridged version in six parts in Woman's Pictorial from 17 October (Volume 44, Number 1136) to 21 November 1942 (Volume 44, Number 1141) under the slightly shorter title of Moving Finger. All six instalments were illustrated by Alfred Sindall.

This novel is one of two to differ significantly in American editions (the other being Three Act Tragedy), both hardcover and paperback. Most American editions of The Moving Finger have been abridged by about 9000 words to remove sections of chapters, and strongly resemble the Collier's serialisation which, mindful of the need to bring the magazine reader into the story quickly, begins without the leisurely introduction to the narrator's back-story that is present in the British edition, and lacks much of the characterisation throughout.

Christie admitted that this book was one of her favourites, stating, "I find that another [book] I am really pleased with is The Moving Finger. It is a great test to re-read what one has written some seventeen or eighteen years before. One's view changes. Some do not stand the test of time, others do."

References

External links
The Moving Finger at the official Agatha Christie website

1942 British novels
Miss Marple novels
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in Collier's
Dodd, Mead & Co. books
British novels adapted into television shows
Uxoricide in fiction

The Moving Finger


Marlin Thomas McKeever (January 1, 1940 – October 27, 2006) was an American football defensive end, fullback and punter at the University of Southern California (USC) and a tight end and linebacker during his 13-year National Football League (NFL) career. He was born in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

College career
McKeever earned two-time All-America honors during his years playing, 1958 to 1960. He was the Trojans' leading receiver in his junior and senior years.  His work at linebacker got the attention of professional football scouts.

Professional career
McKeever was a first round pick in the 1961 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Rams, playing in the league from 1961 to 1973. He spent 1961–66 with the Rams, 1967 with the Minnesota Vikings, 1968–70 with the Washington Redskins, 1971–72 back with the Rams and finally 1973 with the Philadelphia Eagles before retiring. He was a one-time Pro Bowler, in 1966.  During his professional career, he was coached by five members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame: George Allen, Bud Grant, Otto Graham, Bob Waterfield and Vince Lombardi.

He was traded along with first- and third-round selections in 1971 (10th and 63rd overall–Isiah Robertson and Dave Elmendorf respectively) and third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh rounders in 1972 (73rd, 99th, 125th, 151st and 177th overall–to New England Patriots, traded to Philadelphia Eagles for Joe Carollo, Bob Christiansen, Texas Southern defensive tackle Eddie Herbert and to New York Giants respectively) from the Redskins to the Rams for Jack Pardee, Maxie Baughan, Myron Pottios, Diron Talbert, John Wilbur, Jeff Jordan and a 1971 fifth-round pick (124th overall–traded to Green Bay Packers for Boyd Dowler) on January 28, 1971.

California State Assembly race
In 1974, about a year after his NFL playing career ended, McKeever made a long shot bid for the California State Assembly as a Republican. Then incumbent John Quimby was defeated in the Democratic primary by Richard H. Robinson, who went on to beat McKeever by more than 21 points in what was then a Democratic-leaning Orange County district.

Personal life
Marlin and his brother Mike McKeever were the first twins to earn All-America status.  They grew up in Los Angeles. Both he and his brother appeared in the 1962 Three Stooges comedy film The Three Stooges Meet Hercules playing the Siamese Cyclops twins Ajax and Argo. Marlin appeared with several of his Los Angeles Rams teammates as football players in the 1965 Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the 12th Wildcat." Mike died in 1967, after a car accident that left him in a coma for 22 months.  On August 18, 1966, Marlin was a passenger in Roman Gabriel's car and lost a finger when Gabriel crashed into a parked car.

After the NFL, McKeever became a stockbroker and insurance executive. He also became the leader of the Trojan Football Alumni Club and close friend of recent USC coaches, including Pete Carroll.

On October 26, 2006, he fell at his home and slipped into a coma shortly thereafter. Doctors in the intensive care unit at St. Mary Medical Center in Long Beach, California reported a blood clot on his brain. He died from his injuries the next day. His interment was in Culver City's Holy Cross Cemetery.

References

External links

1940 births
2006 deaths
American football linebackers
American football tight ends
American stockbrokers
Los Angeles Rams players
Minnesota Vikings players
Philadelphia Eagles players
USC Trojans football players
Washington Redskins players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
Sportspeople from Cheyenne, Wyoming
Players of American football from Los Angeles

Marlin McKeever


Born Free is a 1966 British American family adventure drama movie directed by James Hill and was based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Joy Adamson. It stars Virginia McKenna, Bill Travers, Geoffrey Keen, Peter Lukoye and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It won 2 Academy Awards in 1967. It spawned spin-offs and sequels.

Other websites

1966 adventure movies
1966 drama movies
1960s family movies
British family movies
British drama movies
British adventure movies
American family movies
American drama movies
American adventure movies
Movies based on books
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies directed by James Hill
Movies composed by John Barry
Movies adapted into television series
Movies set in Australia
Movies set in Kenya
Movies set in Papua New Guinea
Movies about orphans
Movies about lions

Born Free


WAOK (1380 AM) is a commercial radio station, owned by Audacy, Inc., in Atlanta, Georgia. WAOK broadcasts from studios at Colony Square in Midtown Atlanta.  It is Atlanta's third-oldest continuously licensed broadcast station and the fifth oldest in Georgia.

WAOK is a Class B station. Its transmitter site is on Chalmers Drive, Northwest, in Atlanta, near the Ralph David Abernathy Freeway (Interstate 20). It operates with a power of 25,000 watts during the daytime, using a non-directional antenna. At night, when AM radio signals travel farther, in order to protect other stations on AM 1380 it reduces power to 4,200 watts and uses a directional antenna.

WAOK airs a talk radio format aimed at the African American community. It has local hosts in morning and afternoon drive time with the syndicated Rev. Al Sharpton Show heard in early afternoons. WAOK is also heard on the HD3 subchannel of sister station 103.3 WVEE.

History
The station was first licensed, as WRBI, in early 1928 to Kents Furniture & Music Store in Tifton, Georgia. The original call sign was randomly assigned from a sequential roster of available call letters. It was changed to WJTL on June 1, 1931, and to WATL on November 25, 1935.

In June 1931 ownership was transferred to Oglethorpe University, broadcasting on 1370 kilocycles, at 100 watts. By 1940, the station was owned by the Atlanta Broadcasting Company and had its power increased to 250 watts.  WATL was Atlanta's network affiliate for the Mutual Broadcasting System.

With the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) in 1941, the frequency was shifted to 1400 kHz, but the station still only transmitted with 250 watts.  By contrast, AM 750 WSB was running the maximum power of 50,000 watts and AM 590 WAGA (now WDWD) was running 5,000 watts.  In the 1940s, the station got Federal Communications Commission (FCC) permission to move to 1380 kHz.  It increased its power to 5,000 watts around the clock, using a directional antenna after sunset to protect other stations on AM 1380.

WAOK R&B
On March 15, 1954, WATL changed its call sign to WAOK.  It adopted a rhythm and blues and traditional black gospel music format. Featured performers included legendary R&B disc jockey Zenas "Daddy" Sears and local musician Piano Red, as well as early shock jock Alley Pat Patrick and singer Zilla Mays, the "Dream Girl", who broadcast sultry talk and soft music in the early-morning hours.  The studios were moved from 201 Henry Grady Building to a new facility at 70 Houston Street, Northeast.

WAOK was acquired by The Atlanta OK Broadcasting Company in January 1956.  Stan Raymond, Zenas Sears and Dorothy Lester each were one third owners.  The AOK designation preceded the popular astronaut slang expression A-OK by many years.

Ray Charles concert
At a WAOK-sponsored concert held at Herndon Stadium in Atlanta on May 28, 1959, Sears used an Ampex monaural recorder and a single microphone to make one of the most famous live albums of its time, Ray Charles in Person (Atlantic 8039).  The recording was unsolicited, but after Sears had listened to what he'd recorded, he sent the tape to Charles' label, Atlantic Records, which paid Sears royalties that put his twins through college.  The recording is famous not only as a documentary of Ray Charles's music before he became a crossover star, but also for its technical excellence, capturing the band, the crowd, and the singer in balance.

The final song in the concert was the premiere of "What'd I Say."  WAOK turned it into a hit even though there was no released version.  Both "What'd I Say" and "Tell The Truth" had been recorded in the same session in New York City on February 18, 1959, but the album What'd I Say would not be released until October 19, 1959, and the studio version of "Tell The Truth" was never released until 2005 (Pure Genius: The Complete Atlantic Recordings 1952-1959.)

Changes in ownership

By 1957, the station was on the air 24 hours a day.  The studios moved in 1959 to 110 Edgewood Road, Northeast, and the station's licensee name was changed to the WAOK Broadcasting Company. It changed in 1962 to The Atlanta OK Broadcasting Company.

On November 29, 1963, Stan Raymond and Zenas Sears became fifty percent owners of WAOK's licensee, acquiring the late Dorothy Lester's 33% interest for $57,786 from a local bank serving as the executor of her estate.  The studios were moved to new quarters at 75 Piedmont Road.

The FCC granted approval for the sale of the station on April 1, 1974, to Broadcast Enterprise Network, Inc.  Ragan Augustus Henry, a Philadelphia attorney, headed the new organization as President and 53% owner.  He founded BENI (Broadcast Enterprises National, Inc.) in 1974 as a Black-owned business venture.  BENI took control of the station May 14, 1974.  In late May 1982, studios and offices were relocated to 401 West Peachtree Street.

On July 9, 1985, WAOK was sold again, this time to the DKM Broadcasting Corporation.  DKM (Dyson Kissner-Moran) sold Atlanta's AM 590 WPLO (now WDWD) to buy WAOK.  That paired WAOK with Urban Contemporary FM station 103.3 WVEE, which DKM also owned.  In the summer of 1985, WAOK revamped its programming format.  It now aired R&B music with gospel music heard early weekday mornings and on Sundays.  The studios were then moved to 120 Ralph McGill Blvd.

On January 1, 1988, all DKM-owned properties were sold for $200 million, including stations in Denver, Baltimore, Akron, Dayton and Dallas, as well as WAOK and WVEE in Atlanta.  The buyer was the Summit Communications Group, Inc.  While WVEE concentrated on Urban Contemporary music, WAOK became a full-time gospel music station.

In March 1995, Summit sold its interests in WAOK and WVEE to Granum Communications, Inc. (Herbert W. McCord, Peter Ferrara, and Michael Weinstein).

CBS and Entercom
On March 15, 1996, Granum Communications sold WAOK and WVEE to Infinity Broadcasting, a division of CBS Radio. Infinity already owned 92.9 WZGC, that gave Infinity a triopoly in the Atlanta media market. On December 26, 2001, WAOK switched from urban contemporary gospel to a talk radio format aimed at the African American community in Atlanta.  Tony Brown was named Program Director of the "New WAOK—The Voice of the Community."

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on the 17th.

Expanded Band assignment

On March 17, 1997 the FCC announced that eighty-eight stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with WAOK authorized to move from 1380 to 1650 kHz. A Construction Permit for the expanded band station was assigned the call letters WAZJ on March 23, 1998. However this station was never built, and its Construction Permit was cancelled on January 15, 2004.

Notable hosts

 Rob Redding
 Bill Campbell (mayor)
 C Miles Smith

References

See also
Ray Charles in Person (Atlantic 8039; Liner notes by Zenas Sears)

External links

FCC History Cards for WAOK (covering 1928-1980 as WRBI / WJTL / WATL)

News and talk radio stations in the United States
AOK
Radio stations established in 1928
1928 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Audacy, Inc. radio stations

WAOK


Timothy Lawrence Davis (November 29, 1943 – September 20, 1988) was a drummer, singer and songwriter, who co-founded the Steve Miller Band.

History

Davis was born in Milwaukee and raised in Janesville, Wisconsin. He played on the first five albums released by the Steve Miller Band and contributed lead and background vocals and songwriting.  Davis left the band to work with others, such as Ben Sidran, and to commence a solo career.  Shortly after his departure from Miller, Davis joined David Lindley in a band supporting Terry Reid, appearing at the Isle of Wight Festival in 1970.

Davis had a modest hit in 1972, "Buzzy Brown", written by fellow Wisconsin musician and Steve Miller Band co-founder James "Curley" Cooke.  Davis continued an association with Steve Miller, contributing two songs, co-written with Miller, to the 1984 Steve Miller Band album, Italian X Rays.

Davis died in 1988 from complications from diabetes at the age of 44.

Discography

Steve Miller Band

1968 Children of the Future
1968 Sailor
1969 Brave New World
1969 Your Saving Grace
1970 Number 5
1972 Anthology
1990 The Best of 1968-1973
1994 Box Set (3 CD compilation)
2003 Young Hearts

Solo

1972 Pipe Dream
1974 Take Me As I Am

Contributions to Others

1967 Chuck Berry, Live at the Fillmore Auditorium
1968 Jefferson Airplane, Crown of Creation
1971 Ben Sidran, I Lead A Life
1973 Ben Sidran, Puttin' In Time On Planet Earth

General Compilations

1994 Texas Music, Vol. 3: Garage Bands & Psychedelia (Rhino)
1997 The Monterey International Pop Festival, June 16-17-18, 1967 (Rhino); 4-CD set.

References

1943 births
1988 deaths
American rock musicians
American rock drummers
People from Janesville, Wisconsin
Musicians from Wisconsin
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Steve Miller Band members
20th-century American male musicians

Tim Davis (musician)