Franciszek Kokot (24 November 1929 – 24 January 2021) was a Polish nephrologist and endocrinologist. He was known as a pioneer of nephrology in Eastern Europe. Kokot was a full member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, having previously served as its rector.

Biography
Kokot was born in Rosenberg O.S., Germany (today Olesno in Poland). He studied medicine from 1948 to 1953 in the Silesian School of Medicine in Katowice. He then worked as a technician and became an expert in radio-immune assays. This enabled him to enter the Department of Pharmacology of the Silesian School of Medicine where he completed a period of training in Internal Medicine.

He was one of the first individuals to study abnormalities of volume regulating hormones and of volume status in acute kidney injury, and one of the first to document abnormalities in humans with renal ischemia, particularly renal artery stenosis. He was also a pioneer in studying in great detail the reversal of hormonal abnormalities of patients with endstage kidney disease by renal transplantation.

Kokot died from COVID-19 complications in January 2021, aged 91.

Awards and honors
Honorary member of 14 European societies of nephrology;
Volhard Golden Medal of the Gesellschaft für Nephrologie;
Member of the Ordo Sanctus Silvestri Papae by Pope John Paul II;
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh;
Doctor honoris causa of ten Universities (Wrocław, Katowice, Szczecin, Kosice, Lublin, Warsaw, Cracow, Białystok, Łódź and Opole).

References

1929 births
2021 deaths
Polish endocrinologists
Polish nephrologists
People from Olesno
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
20th-century Polish physicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta

Franciszek Kokot


Kenneth McKoy Valentine "Kenny" Francis (born 14 March 1950) is a former cricketer from Saint Kitts. He played in one List A match for Glamorgan in 1973 against Surrey at Sophia Gardens in Cardiff. A right-arm fast-medium bowler, Francis took a single wicket in the 48 balls of his first-class career. He also played 26 Second XI matches for Glamorgan and – following a move to the West Midlands in 1975 – Worcestershire. He also featured for the Glamorgan Under-25s, Worcestershire Under-25s and Worcestershire Club and Ground XI, and played league cricket in South Wales.

References

External links

1950 births
Kittitian cricketers
Glamorgan cricketers
Living people
Saint Kitts and Nevis emigrants to the United Kingdom

Kenny Francis (cricketer)


Pellio Intelvi was a comune in the Province of Como in the Lombardy region in Italy. It has two distinct centers Pellio Inferiore (Pelsotto) and Pellio Superiore (Pelsopra). On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Lanzo d'Intelvi, Pellio Intelvi and Ramponio Verna merged to form the new municipality of Alta Valle Intelvi.

Former municipalities of Como

Pellio Intelvi


Garan Fabou Kouyaté (April 25, 1925 - April 1, 2016) was a Malian civil and social figure. He was a member of Mali's Association for Unity and the Progress of Islam (AMUPI), Director of Mali's first Islamic radio La Voix du Coran et du Hadith and a member of Mali's National Independent Electoral Commission (CENI) as representative of religious associations. Prior to that civil society career, he was very much involved with soccer, having been referee, founder and first President of the Ligue Régionale de Football de Ségou, and founding member and Vice-Chair of Referee Commission of Malian Football Federation. He was commonly called "Ba Garan" (Bambara term for father Garan).

Early life
Garan Fabou Kouyaté is from a Griot or Djeli family (West African traditional story tellers, singers, and mediators). He is the son of Fabou and Fatoumata Kouyaté and the cousin of labor organizer, communist and anti-imperialist militant Tiemoko Garan Kouyaté. Garan Fabou Kouyaté did his primary education in the 1930s in the city of Bamako in French Sudan and graduated in mid-1940s as a civil administrator. He served in Segou, Nioro, Bafoulabé, Sikasso, and Bamako.

Sport
Kouyaté was mostly renown in sport, especially soccer although his first hobby was bicycling and the Tour de France. He was a soccer referee, being the first official referee from French Sudan in the 1940s, and then a soccer administrator. As a member of the Association Sportive de Segou (ASS) and General secretary of Middle Sudan district (which includes Segou) from 1947 to 1959, Kouyaté strongly promoted soccer in the Segou Region during the annual Coupe de l'AOF (soccer competition between teams in French West Africa during the 1950s). Although no team from the region made it to the final, Kouyaté was successful in making Segou a second major soccer center in the French Sudan after the capital Bamako.

From 1950 to 1960, he served as one of three delegates of French Sudan in the Ligue de Football de l'AOF in Dakar. After the independence of Mali in 1960, Mr. Kouyaté was the first President of the Ligue Régionale de Football de Ségou and a founding member of the Malian Football Federation. Besides, he was the General secretary of the National Sports Committee of Mali, and led Mali's teams during the African Games of 1965 in Brazzaville, Congo as well as various friendship sport events in the Soviet Union, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, East Germany, and the People's Republic of China.

Kouyaté remained at the Malian Football Federation until 1974, where he was also Vice-Chair of the Referee Committee. He got into feuds with Tiécoro Bagayoko, then prominent member of the ruling military junta in Mali and who was a notorious fan of Djoliba AC. Kouyaté was briefly arrested and removed from all football positions. Ironically, following Tiécoro Bagayoko's own arrest in 1978 (from internal conflict among junta members) and crisis within the Malian Football Federation (including Mali's being suspended by CAF for Tiécoro's involvement in games), Kouyaté was re-called to be President of the Provisional National Committee.

Politics
Kouyaté had a brief political career from the 1950s to early 1960. His family house in Segou hosted several informal RDA meetings from its creation in 1946 to the late 1950s before independence, and he had since befriended with many political leaders, including Guinea's future President Ahmed Sékou Touré. As a former student of Modibo Keita, he was very active in the promotion of US-RDA in Segou. He played an important role in US-RDA's 1957 decisive victory over Fily Dabo Sissoko's PSP. Later, there were some disagreements between him and the Segou's US-RDA representatives due to his "No" position in the 1958 French constitutional referendum in French West Africa. Further disagreements about the candidacies of delegates for party sections in Segou made him retired from politics.

Later period
After retiring for civil and sport activities, Mr. Kouyaté joined the Malian Association for Unity and the Progress of Islam (AMUPI) in 1980. In 1994, he was appointed director of the radio station of AMUPI, La Voix du Coran et du Hadith, Mali's first islamic and religious radio station. In 1997, he was selected as representative of Mali's Muslim community to the National Independent Electoral Committee (CENI) and again in 2001 on behalf of all religious community.

Kouyaté was a very respected and well-known man in Mali. He served as honorary consultant for writers, historians, and biographers on Mali and West Africa's historical and cultural past. He was regularly called for advice in formal issues and in local mediation. He retired from formal activities in late-2000s due to his old age and health issues. He died on his bed on April 1, 2016, in his house in Bamako, Mali. He was buried, according to his wish, in his beloved hometown Segou, following an official funeral service by a unit of Mali's army based in Segou attended by three Government ministers and the Governor of Segou.

Distinctions
He received several sports-related awards, including Médaillé d'Argent de la Ligue de Football de l'AOF in 1955, Médaillé de Bronze de l'Education Physique et des Sports de la France d'Outre-Mer in 1957, Honorary Referee of the Malian Football Federation in 1967, and Diplôme du Comité International Olympique in 2001.

Additionally, he was awarded a Knight of the National Order of Mali in 1974, an Officer in 2002, and in 2009 he became Grand Officer of the Order.

References

Malian politicians
Malian sportsperson-politicians
1925 births
2016 deaths
People from Ségou
Grand Officers of the National Order of Mali
21st-century Malian people

Garan Fabou Kouyate


Volvo Car Gent (until 2007 known as  Volvo Cars Europe Industry N.V.) is an automobile manufacturer located in the port district of Ghent/Gent in western Belgium. By about 2013 the Ghent plant had become the Volvo plant manufacturing most cars. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Swedish automaker Volvo Personvagnar AB (Volvo Cars). It is owned by Volvo Car Belgium NV. Its activities comprise welding, painting and final assembly. The plant became the only car manufacturing plant in Flanders after Ford Genk closed at the end of 2014.

The plant opened in 1965. It was the first European Volvo plant outside Sweden. The Ghent location was chosen because it was centrally positioned within the EEC and was supported by a good transport infrastructure.

The first Volvo produced in Ghent was the company's 120 Series (120/121/122, later 130), also known as Amazon. In September 2012 the plant was producing the Volvo C30, Volvo V40, Volvo S60 and Volvo XC60 models, of which the XC60 was the top seller, thanks in part to tax advantages available in certain key markets for the DRIVe version. In 2011 the company was hoping to match the 258,000 units of output achieved in 2005, the plant's top production year till that point.

In 2015 the Ghent plant employed about 5,400 people. Volvo Car Gent produced 252,479 cars (XC60, V40 and S60) in 2015. In 2017 Volvo Car Gent started to produce the first new vehicle on the CMA platform (Compact Modular Architecture), the XC40.

In 2020, the Ghent plant began to produce Volvo's first mass-market electric car, the XC40 Recharge. In 2021, the electric-only C40 began production at Gent.

The city of Ghent is also home to a Volvo truck plant. This plant is part of Volvo Group Belgium and, apart from the Volvo brand name, is no longer linked to the car activities in Belgium. This plant was formerly known as Volvo Europa Truck.

In November 2016 the 6th million car was produced.

Name
The plant's name is Volvo Car Gent and not Volvo Cars Ghent. It is a proper name in which the city name is in its original Dutch spelling, not in English.

References

External links
volvocargent.be (Dutch, French & English)
volvocars.com (Global)
Volvo Car Gent N.V. on WikiMapia

Volvo Cars
Volvo factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Belgium
Companies based in Ghent
Industrial buildings completed in 1965
1965 establishments in Belgium

Volvo Car Gent


The Triumph TR7 Sprint version of the Triumph TR7 sports car was produced in 1977 by the Triumph Motor Company then part of British Leyland. However, it was produced in only very limited numbers: Probably a maximum of 61 in total were manufactured. It used the 127 bhp, 16-valve, 2-litre version of the Triumph slant-four engine from the Triumph Dolomite Sprint, a highly tuned version of which, "rated at 225 bhp at 8000 rpm" by 1977, was used in the Group 4 TR7 cars of the BL works rally team, from 1976 until 1978. This was instead of the TR7 base model's 105 bhp, 8-valve, 2-litre version of the same basic slant-4 engine. The 16-valve version was originally specified in the Dolomite Sprint at 135 bhp, and "Spenser King relates how he went away on holiday and came back to find an engine running on the bed giving 150 bhp at the first build."

The reasons why so few TR7 Sprints were produced has been a matter of some debate, since it was never a catalogued model. It is widely assumed that the TR7 Sprints were built with the intention of it being produced for sale, but cancelled after only a few had been made. The suggestions are that it was either cancelled as a result of industrial action, and the consequent loss of BL's market share, or because the sales and marketing department did not want it, as it was not a sufficient improvement over the TR7 base model or because it could not meet the 1976 changes to emissions legislation requirements for the US market - at which the TR7 and later TR8 were primarily aimed. It has also been noted that none of the suggested reasons for cancellation are a good match for when the main production ceased about the end of June 1977. Neither do they explain why a 16-valve model would have started production with the TR8 so near, why no proper records for the model have been found, nor why the cars that were built would have been sold off, rather than scrapped or returned to normal specification - as happened to the 25 or so O-series engined TR7 version development cars when that programme was cancelled a few years later.

There is, however, some evidence that the 16-valve TR7 model was cancelled in favour of the TR8 in 1975 or 1976, but BL had still needed some 16-valve engined TR7s in 1977 as homologation specials. The cancellation was with that of the proposed Dolomite replacement Triumph SD2, which was also to use the 16-valve version of the slant-four engine and an electronic fuel injection system that should have met US emissions requirements. These were cancelled after BLMC went bankrupt in late 1974 and was essentially nationalized under the almost £3 billion plan in the 1975 Ryder Report (British Leyland), which was still in force well into 1977. And several sources note that the 16-valve TR7 model was cancelled at the same time as or before this injection system. The need for homologation, and some production 16-valve TR7s that had to be "meant for the normal sale" and needed some supporting documentation, was to continue rallying the 16-valve Group-4 TR7 into 1978. This followed a change to the FIA's rules disallowing approval on 100 kits of parts (the 100-off rule), and a ban on some components including optional multi-valve cylinder heads, which applied to the TR7 and several other rally cars from the end of 1977. Several pictures in the British Motor Museum archives, titled "TR7 Sprint Homologation" and dated 1 Nov. 1977, show one of the TR7 Sprints. A second approval for the use of the 16-valve head on the Group 4 TR7 rally car was granted by the FIA in February 1978 in time for its use in the Mintex rally of that year.

Technical specification

Engine:   Triumph Slant Four 1,998cc 16 valve

Capacity:   1998 cc

Valves:   16

Compression ratio:   9.5:1

Fuel system:   Twin 1¾ choke SU HS6 carburettors

Maximum Power:   127 bhp @ 5200 rpm (estimated)

Maximum Torque:   122 lb ft @ 4500 rpm (estimated)

Performance Data

0–60 mph:   8.5 seconds (estimated)

Max speed:   120 mph (estimated)

The improvements in the 0–60 time and top speed over the TR7's 9.6 seconds and 111 mph are not huge. However, the figures for the 16 valve version of the TR7 are almost identical to those for the US specification carburettor version of the 3.5 litre 135 bhp Rover V8 powered Triumph TR8, which are 120 mph and 8.4 seconds. Also, one of the then Triumph engine development engineers is quoted as saying "The real test was the 30–50, 50–70 [mph] times and here the Sprint was significantly superior to the 2V [2 valves per cylinder] engine and even challenged the TR8's abilities. Certainly, if we were going 'off site' the preferred vehicle to 'borrow' was a Sprint TR7 over all others and that includes the TR8."

Also, The Sprint not only had more torque and power than the TR7, but peak values significantly higher in the rev range - presumably leading to a significant improved driver experience and the preference for this vehicle mentioned above. However, the production TR7 Sprints retained the gearbox and 3.9:1 final drive ratios of the TR7; where a number of converters of TR7s to TR7 Sprints suggests it benefits significantly from the use of the 6-cylender SD1's 3.45:1 final drive or, with tuned engines, even the SD1 3500 or TR8 3.09:1 ratio (which all fit the 5-speed TR7 axle). Hence, given a change in ratio, even to an available alternative value, the resulting figures might have been an even bigger improvement over the TR7's.

Further, despite being specified at 127 bhp, Spen King related "how he went away on holiday and came back to find an engine running on the bed giving 150 bhp at the first build."  This would be very close to the 153 PS DIN (±5%) that was given by the Rover V8 engine in the UK Specification TR8 (and higher in the rev range). Hence, it is possible that had Triumph produced the TR7 Sprint and TR8 to UK specification, as was apparently planned at one time, there likely would have been significant debate of their relative merits.

Production details

According to the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust (BMIHT) archives at the British Motor Museum, Gaydon, there are production records for chassis numbers ACH/4 to ACH/25, and ACH/00501 to ACH/00535 and ACH/00700: 58 cars. Also, ACH 1 is identified by the TR Drivers Club, as UK registration WAC 274S, and that ACH 2 and ACH 3 existed might have been inferred from this: "One [unattributed] source states that there were three batches of Sprints, ACH 1 to ACH 25, ACH 501 to ACH 536 and ACH 700 on its own, a total of 62 vehicles." However, following a requested search of the BMIHT records it was discovered that "the build records we have for ACH/000535 cover 4 separate sheets and there is no record or build card for chassis number 536 as the next vehicle is chassis number 700." What production records there are at the BMIHT do not provide registration details from which cars might be traced; however, some further details of the cars known to have been produced are provided by the TR Drivers Club.()

While the 'A' in the ACH prefix to the commissioning numbers indicate that the factory TR7 Sprints were built at Speke, a Triumph engine development engineer is quoted as saying "Some if not all of these cars were definitely converted at Canley from 8-valve to 16-valve". The reason given for this is that "the Speke unions wanted added bonuses for dealing with 'non-standard' cars." However, there were at least some built on the production line at Speke: another Triumph employee, responsible for engineering liaison between Speke and Canley, is quoted as saying that "At the changeover in July 1977 (to the new common underframe) we built a batch of thirty TR7 Sprints."

The TR Drivers Club website gives details for only two of the first group of 25 chassis numbers: what was presumably the first prototype, WAC 274S, and one other, WAC 253S. Both known cars from this group were registered in Coventry in September 1977.  It is suggested that most of the other cars in this batch were LHD and sold abroad. According to an inspection of the BMIHT archives, of the cars in this batch of 25 chassis numbers, at least were 11 LHD (some records have been lost) and 3 were UK specification - the remaining 11 are 'unknown' but assumed to be LHD.

The first two cars of the second group of chassis numbers were both white, and registered in Coventry as VVC 696S and VVC 697S in August 1977. These were, according to an owner written article in the TR Driver's Club Magazine from 1991,() used for reliability testing. While there are no reliable details for BL's use of these actual cars, according to one source the procedure used with the TR7 and TR8 was to run a test car on the Belgian pavé track at MIRA for 1000 miles, "effectively providing wear harder than a vehicle might experience in a lifetime of normal use". The same source also states that "A related assessment exercise for the TR7 was the '90 day corrosion test', for which a prototype was built without the usual zinc primer or anti-corrosion treatments and the body painted white, the best colour to show up any rust streaks." A Triumph engineer is quoted as saying, "this prototype was run around a variety of road surfaces under wet conditions and then the damp areas were checked. The vehicle was then fitted with a series of nozzles which sprayed salt solution into these same areas".

Thirty cars from this second group of chassis numbers were sequentially registered SJW 521S to SJW 550S (see Figure 4) in Birmingham in three groups in November 1977, and it is repeatedly claimed that they went to the BL press garage at the Canley site, Coventry; presumably for publicity purposes. It is also claimed that these cars were stripped and re-trimmed, and possibly also re-sprayed. However, the only evidence for this is that production record trace certificates for many of these SJW cars from the BMIHT state they were for a press release, and such cars would normally have gone to the Press garage. This statement is itself based only on most of the cars having "UK PRESS VEHICLE" handwritten in felt-tip pen on their build cards. Also, the TR7 Sprint Homologation pictures show no evidence of the work it is suggested would have been done to a press car, even though the pictures were taken only days before its disposal by Sales and Marketing Dept. and months after its production and departure from Speke in July 1977.

Another car of this second group of chassis numbers was registered in Coventry as ARW 181S in July 1978. According to a letter from the then archivist, reporting the research of the BMIHT records, "This car was originally intended for display at the 1977 [ Daily Express ] Motorfair in Earls Court, London. We can not verify whether it was in fact displayed here." This car was factory fitted with engine CH 2 HE which it still has as of September 2017.

It seems that the last car built in October 1977, ACH/00700, was intended for a motorshow in Scotland. However, again, it is not known if it was actually used for that.

The addition of two leading zeros to this second group of chassis numbers to make them five digits, the same length as production TR7's chassis numbers, may indicate these were pre-production cars, not prototypes. However, the differences in where and by which division of BL they were registered (from their (V55) registration documents), indicates that they may still not have been manufactured as a single batch. Hence, it is possible that the press garage (SJW) cars were the "batch of thirty TR7 Sprints" built at "the changeover in July 1977", and the cars in the first group, and possibly some of the second, may have been those built as 8-valve cars at Speke, and converted to 16-valve at Canley.

Distinguishing features

"There are a [comparatively] large number of privately built Sprint conversions about... Buyers should beware of this if they are asked a premium price for an alleged 'genuine' TR7 Sprint": all the essential parts to turn a TR7 into a functional copy of a TR7 Sprint, though not an identical one, can either be sourced from a Dolomite Sprint or remain available from suppliers; several companies sell conversion kits online; and several sources provide information and advice on this TR7 Sprint conversion. One of which states, "this upgrade brings you into the same power band as an original TR8, but for a fraction of the cost, effort and time." There are also a number of websites dedicated to the Sprint and Sprint conversions, () and at least one forum.

It seems that there is no disagreement that "[a]ll [factory TR7 Sprint] cars were fixed-head coupes", that the period over which they were built spans the changeover between the 1977 and 1978 year models, and both right and left hand drive cars were produced. Those TR7 Sprints that are known were fitted with the 5-speed gearbox mated to the 3.89:1 rear axle that was standard on the 5-speed TR7s. The pre-production cars had the alloy wheels that were optional for later TR7s and standard on Solihull built fixed-heads.

Engine and interior

The factory produced TR7 Sprints have chassis numbers that are prefixed with letters ACH; whereas, UK/Australian/European specification TR7s of the time were prefixed ACG: Figure 5 shows a chassis or commissioning plate from a TR7 Sprint car, mounted on the left-hand door, below the door lock. The TR7 Sprint engines are also prefixed with CH, rather than GC on the TR7's and VA on Dolomite Sprint engines; however, the TR7 Sprint engine numbers can, at least in some cases, be very hard to read (see Figure 6).

There are a number of auxiliary engine parts specific to the TR7 Sprint, and not used on the Dolomite Sprint engine: the cast steel exhaust manifold (RKC2788), the front pipe of the exhaust system (which has been remanufactured, RB7385), and a water transfer plate at the back of the cylinder head (also remanufactured, RB7240).

A number of parts in the throttle linkage are also unique to the TR7 Sprint, most obviously the (unused) air-conditioning full-throttle cut-off switch mounting plate between the two carburettors (just visible in Figure 2, and partially obscuring the inlet manifold in Figure 3), which was not fitted to the Dolomite Sprint; and the throttle lever/link rod (visible just over the air box in Figure 3), which looks the same as the TR7 part, but is longer to allow for the carbs being further apart.

The front disks were specific to the TR7 Sprint, although the callipers and dust shields, etc., were as those used on the TR8; so TR8 disks fit.

There are also at least two different Engine information panels (UKC 8605 and TKC 5228), on the underside of the bonnet, some of which only indicate TR7, but provide slightly different information to that on the equivalent TR7 part (UKC 6246).

There are online photographs of some of these parts.()

At least some of the cars were fitted with the large semi-circular pad on the steering wheel from the US specification TR7 (RKC82) (see Figure 7).

There is one unsupported claim that "Having a higher-revving engine, the Sprint received a recalibrated rev counter". However, this is incorrect: both engines had a rev limit of 6500 rpm indicated on the rev counter, though both owners' manuals give the "Maximum recommended engine speed (intermittent)" as 6,000 rpm. Hence, the TR7 and TR7 Sprint shared a common rev counter.

Exterior

It appears that the exterior of the pre-production TR7 Sprints was, and presumably the production cars would have been, indistinguishable from the TR7 of the day, apart from the decals and side stripes. However, it is reported that a number of different decal sets were being tried out on the prototype cars.

There are a number of published photographs of TR7 Sprints bearing decals simply comprising the word "SPRINT" on the front panel and boot lid below the 'TR7' decal of Speke built TR7s, and described as "The logo that appeared on the boot lid of most of the few TR7 Sprints that escaped from the factory." These used the same font as the TR7 decal applied to Speke built TR7s and in the side stripes used later on the TR7 Premium edition. There is also a description of a car "with the word 'Sprint' written large on the right of the boot lid, the TR7 decal being on the left". However, none of these photographs can be identified to cars that had not been owner modified. Whereas, these decals form part of the set displayed on the FHC TR8 shown in the TR8's homologation papers (FIA #654), identifying it as a "Sprint TR7 V8". These Sprint decals were at one time available (in three sizes) from Moss Europe (previously TriumphTune), though they were not catalogue items or identified to a BL part number or numbers. One size is still available as supplier part No. RB7206BLACK/SILVER/GOLD.

There is also a published photograph of what appears to be a US Spec., 1977 year model car carrying side stripes with the word "Sprint" on the rear wings, the caption to which states "The sides of the TR7 Sprint were supposed to have received this striping treatment, designed by John Ashford, had the car gone into production." These side stripes were, at one time, listed by Moss Europe under BL part numbers YKC2082-2087. They are also shown in a series of 6 "TR7 Sprint Homologation" photographs in the BMIHT Film and Picture Library, taken on 1 November 1977 before the car was sold-off by BL. The car in these photographs from the BMIHT does not carry the "SPRINT" decals, described above, on either boot lid or front panel. The TR7 Sprint shown in figures 1 and 8 is, in this respect, identical with these photographs, except for the colours. The stripes themselves were later reworked for the TR7 Premium edition after the TR7 Sprint was still born.

Publications

The BL TR7 Repair Operations Manual, AKM3079A, covers both the 4 and 2 valve (per cylinder) engines; however, an erratum stuck to the title page states "At the time of going to press the 4 valve engine referred to in this manual has not been fitted to the Triumph TR7".

An owner's handbook, AKM 3967, was also produced for TR7 Sprint in 1977, but is apparently for the 1977 year model: it shows the interior light in the headlining not the doors. Also some of the information is incorrect for the TR7 Sprint, i.e. pictures show the 8 valve engine and the TR7's AC Delco distributor. However, it also lists only the 5 speed (LT77) gearbox, unlike the similar handbook for the TR7, RTC 9210, which lists the 4 speed, and the 5 speed as an option.

The FIA's 1976 rules for homologation, which applied to the re-homologation of the 16-valve head for the group 4 TR7 rally car, approved in February 1978, state that in "checking of a model of car against its recognition form" the scruteneers may refer to "the maintenance booklet published for the use of the make's distributors". These two documents may have been intended to fulfil such a requirement, since the handbook is not intended for the distributor and the ROM is not well described as a booklet.

Motorsports

The TR7s used by BL in Group 4 rallying, from their advent in the Welsh rally of 1976 to the Circuit of Ireland in 1978, also used (tuned) 16-valve 2 litre Sprint engines, which by 1977 was rated at "rated at 225 bhp at 8000 rpm". These 16-valve TR7 rally cars proved competitive on asphalt, winning a number of events including the Belgian Boucles de Spa rally in 1977. They were replaced by the Rover V8 3.5 litre engined TR7V8.

Four of the later BL works rally cars carried the registrations of cars from the press garage, SJW 533S, SJW 540S, SJW 546S, and SJW 548S. SJW 533S was initially campaigned as a 4 cylinder 16 valve car, and later as a V8 3.5 Litre TR7V8 specification. The other three were only ever campaigned as TR8s. However, it is not clear whether or not the four rally cars bearing these registrations actually were, in any real sense, the TR7 Sprints from the press garage, or whether only the registrations were used. There is a story at one TR7 related website (), and already current in the 1980s, that John Davenport, "needed white cars without sunrooves [sic] and these were the nearest four." However, Bill Price wrote "As I think is known, four of the [TR7] Sprint press release car registration numbers were 'inherited' by BL Motorsport and used to identify four TR7 V8 'works' rally cars." Also, according to the press garage data (Figure 4), SJW 533S was russet, SJW 540S was java green, SJW 546S was brooklands green, and SJW 548S was carmine; though none had sun-roofs. While there are suggestions that the cars sent to the press garage were re-trimmed and even possibly re-sprayed, there are no suggestions that their paint colours were changed, and the competitions department could, presumably, have managed that themselves, were it significant. Equally anecdotally, a more complete reproduction of the 1991 owner written article from the TR Driver's Club magazine states "Although the SJW TR7V8 rally cars began life as TR7 Sprints, the rally cars were scratch built using bodies taken off the line and prepared by Safety Devices. So only the registration numbers from the sprints were used."()

Homologation

Initial homologation
There is some confusion over exactly how the TR7 was homologated (for group 4) with the 16 valve engine, close ratio sprint gearbox and overdrive, and heavy duty rear axle before any TR7 Sprints were produced. Rally journalist and historian Graham Robson refers to the "famous 'inventive homologation' skills" of Bill Price, then workshop manager at BL Special Tuning (ST) at Abingdon, and to him "perhaps, taking lessons from Ralph Broad, who was an old hand at the black art of 'reading the rules'", and states that "Bill [Price] managed to gain approval for a TR7 which was only loosely related to the production car." Bill Price himself wrote on this issue "Careful consideration was given to the existing specification with the result that we decided to list the 16-valve Sprint cylinder head to enable us to virtually transplant the Sprint rally engine into the car. The Sprint gearbox was homologated as the 77mm five-speed [LT77] gearbox was not yet available and it would take time to produce close ratio gears for it. The heavy duty axle which would be standard with the five-speed gearbox was also listed [for Group 3] as an [export] option". However, Graham Robson quotes BL Motorsport director John Davenport remembering "that the '100-off' rule applied to alternative engines at the time (which explains why Ford was able to race 24-valve four-cam Capris in 1974), but this waiver never applied to transmissions."

The 100-off rule was a section of the FIA's rules for homologating Group 4 cars (actually, for homologating Group 2 cars, but also applicable to Group 4). It covered a list of "Optional equipment which may be recognized with a minimum production of 100 units per year to equip 100 cars". While John Davenport was correct that, in 1975, this list included alternative cylinder heads with different numbers of valves, it also did include alternative gearboxes with overdrives, flywheels, clutches and their housing, and many other engine, transmission, and suspension components. Such optional equipment could be recognized as "bolt-on option kits", which had to be "available freely at the manufacturer's or his dealers' for any one wishing to purchase it" - as would have been the case with the 16-valve head and its drive (pistons, carbs, and manifolds could be changed freely for Group 4), and for the overdriven gearbox, which would have been available as spare parts for the Dolomite Sprint (the heavy duty axle was homologated for Group 3, and thus 4, by a different means). But when the 16-valve TR7 was homologated for Group 4 in October 1975, the 100-off rule did not require the production of any 16-valve engined road cars, only the kits needed to equip them.

However, the 100-off rule also required that the kits could be fitted "without it being necessary to machine or modify the remaining mechanical parts" and therefore "it must be possible to reassemble the whole unit with all its original parts", and they "must be mentioned in the manufacturer's catalogue of spare parts for the model concerned". While the FIA rules failed to precisely define the catalogue or its level of distribution, the 16-valve head and overdriven gearbox were not listed in the generally available TR7 parts catalogue. Also, there is no obvious article in the homologation rules that covered the recognition of the heavy duty rear axle in 1975 as an export option for Group 3 - there were mechanisms for recognizing export options for Group 4, but not Group 3. This component was, however, recognized for Group 3 a second time, presumably after the production of sufficient 5-speed TR7s, in January 1977.

A number of other modifications were listed in the amendment (1/1V) to the TR7's homologation for the Group 4 TR7, such as larger front callipers and rear disk brakes. These were allowed from a list of "Optional equipment which may be recognized without a minimum production". Other modifications that are not listed in the papers, such as suspension components and axle locating arms, etc., were given as freely allowed to be changed or added without need of being specifically recognized as part of the homologation process.

FIA Rule change for 1976
"Effective from the end of 1977, the FIA banned alternative cylinder heads" and removed the 100-off rule (described above) for 1976. As a result, several teams had, at this time, to remove similar equipment from their cars, including the Toyota Celica, Vauxhall Chevette HS, and Lancia Stratos. Ford, however, produced additional Ford Escort RS1800 (X0) cars in 1977 and were able to continue to use it (transferred to Group 4 as the Escort RS) with the BDG engine (a 16-valve Cosworth head on an aluminium alloy version of the Kent block) in 1978.

This change to the FIA's rules was published in December 1975, soon after the TR7 was homologated for Group 4, and the ban would come into effect before the TR8 - which was intended to replace the TR7 in rallying -, would be ready: "John Davenport's team had not been certain it would be available to them until the very day that homologation was granted - on 1 April 1978." Hence, BL had the Sprint 16-valve head recognized for a second time, which was granted in February 1978 in time for its use in the Mintex rally of that year. Without the 100-off rule the new rules required the production of at least some 16-valve engined TR7s meant for normal sale, i.e. "distribution of cars to individual purchasers through the normal commercial channels of the manufacturer". While the rules did not specify that any of these cars actually had to have been sold for approval to be granted, it is noted that "[f]ollowing the cancellation of the project, normal practice might have been to dismantle the cars or convert them to normal TR7 power, but surprisingly most were sold off to private buyers." This expectation is supported by what happened to the 25 or so cars of the failed O-series engine TR7 development programme, which were either scrapped or converted to TR8s before sale.

It is also the case that the 400 or so Fixed Head Coupe TR8s (approx. 150 ACT and 250 TCT chassis numbered cars) were sold off when that did not become a catalogued item. However these were needed for its homologation approval (granted 1 April 1978), and would have been covered by the same FIA requirement to be "meant for the normal sale". And while, at most, only 150 of these had been built at the time the approval was granted, it is also noted (in relation to the approval of the Vauxhall Chevette HS) that "due to the recognised difficulties of producing 400 cars down a modern production line, there had arisen an understanding that some leeway was allowed. For instance, if the 400 cars were built within a few months of the homologation date then the car would normally be allowed through."

While the number of cars required by the FIA to homologate a modification to a Group 4 car does not appear to be known, 50 cars are said to have been required for some similar modifications of the era,  such as the 1977 RS1800 X0 version, the Vauxhall Chevette HSR, and the Porsche 924 Carrera GTS. The role of the TR7 Sprints in this process is shown by the series of 6 photographs of one of the press garage cars (later registered as SJW 530S), taken on 1 November 1977, listed in the BMIHT Film and Picture Library as "TR7 Sprint Homologation".

It may also be noted that production of the TR7 Sprints began almost immediately after the homologation of the 5-speed TR7 for group 3 (in January 1977), when the specification of the 16-valve cars needed to re-homologate the head would have become clear, and that production basically stopped soon after 50 cars had been produced around the end of June 1977 (only 3 cars produced after that, probably all for specific purposes). It may also be noted that in mid November 1977 (9th to 23rd), just after the homologation pictures had been taken, the 30 SJW cars, supposed to have gone to the press garage, were transferred out of the keeping Sales and Marketing Longbridge, into that of the Power Train Division, which is identified in the process of the disposal of similar cars.

Cancellation

It has been an issue of conjecture and debate if the TR7 Sprint ever really was intended for full series production as a catalogued model and why so few were made if it was. There had been significant speculation regarding the possible production of a 16-valve version of the TR7 from the outset. This was because the two engines used the same block, etc., so it seemed an obvious development. It is even claimed that it was one of the most anticipated sports cars of the 1970s.

The usual reason given for the cancellation of the TR7 Sprint is the 17-week-long strike at the BL Speke plant, where the TR7 and at least some of the TR7 Sprints were manufactured, starting at the beginning of November 1977. This resulted in the closure of the plant in May 1978, the move of production to Canley, Coventry, and, it is said, led to the cancellation of the TR7 Sprint. However, this industrial action is itself blamed, ultimately, on the "replacement of the aristocratic Lord Stokes with South African businessman Michael Edwardes" as managing director, announced in Nov 1977. These events therefore occur well after the main production ceased in early July 1977, and probably too late to be responsible for the change of status indicated by the start of the transfer of the press garage cars out of the keeping of Sales and Marketing, on 9 November 1977. Another reason given for the cancellation is that "the Marketing department killed it because the 0-60 acceleration times were identical to the 2V engine with little increase in top speed." However, this lack of significant difference is disputed, and no reason is given for why any TR7 Sprints should have been produced if Sales and Marketing did not want it.

The only apparent reason given that is attributed to a credible source within BL (Mike Dale, then BL US VP of Sales and Marketing) links the cancellation of the TR7 Sprint model to the cancellation of the cost-reduced, fuel injected version of the 16-valve slant-four engine. This was being developed because, unlike the TR7 and TR8, the Sprint's 16 valve engine was not suitable for the vehicle emissions control equipment needed for the US market, which was the main target market for the TR7 and 8. This engine was originally being developed for the Triumph SD2, which was cancelled in 1975. Moreover, the cost-reduction programme appears to have been cancelled in 1975, before SD2 became part of the Triumph-Morris TM1 programme, which was also cancelled later in 1975, and the fuel injection system did not make it to Dolomite Sprint production, which continued until 1980. This cancellation with SD2 in 1975 is supported by the 1975 Ryder report, which followed the bankruptcy of BLMC, provided the nearly £3 billion pound rescue plan for BL through ownership by the National Enterprise Board,and identified BL's critical need for rationalization of the range of competing models and engine types produced by BLMC. It is also noted that "at the time the [TR7] Sprint was aborted, a fuel injected version of the 16-valve engine was under development for it".

Whereas, the start of production of the TR7 Sprint does follow immediately after the homologation of the 5-speed gearbox and the HD axle (for the group 3 TR7) in January 1977, which the extra power of the 16-valve engine needed: it is at this point that the specification of the car needed to re-homologate the Group 4 TR7 under the new rules became certain. The end of main production, in early July 1977, also follows soon after production reaches 50 cars with build records, which appears to be the number required by the FIA for such evolutions. Further, their transfer out of the keeping of sales and marketing follows only 8 days after the TR7 Sprint Homologation pictures were apparently taken, which, presumably coincides with their inspection prior to granting the second approval of the 16-valve head.

Hence, the anecdotal references to "production" of the TR7 Sprint may - as the term production is used with several other homologation specials, like the Vauxhall Chevette HSR and Porsche 924 Carrera GTS - refer to the few needed for this process of homologating such a modification.

When the TR7 Sprint programme ended, and the cars became redundant, "most were sold off to private buyers" and some went into BL's management car plan and were leased to BL employees, and a number are known to still exist.

See also
Triumph TR7
Triumph TR8
Harris Mann
Triumph Slant-4 engine
Spen King

Notes

References

External links

 TriumphTR7.co TR7 Sprint Conversion Page
 Mike Jeffreys' TR7 Sprint Conversion Page
 Copy of owner written TR Drivers Club article TR7 Sprint Conversion from 1991 issue 2
 Club Triumph TR7-8 Forum thread covering TR7 Sprint Alt. Water Transfer Plate
 Yorkshire TR Drivers page on specific TR7 Sprint parts
 TR Drivers Club List of known TR7 Sprints
 Copy of owner written TR Drivers Club article TR7 16 Valve Sprint from 1991 issue 2
 TR7 Sprint Internet forum
 TR7 & TR7 V8 Rally cars
 More complete reproduction of owner written TR Drivers Club article TR7 16 Valve Sprint from 1991 issue 2
 Club Triumph TR7-8 Forum thread covering TR7 Sprint sidestripes and decals

British Leyland vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports cars
Triumph vehicles
Cars introduced in 1977

Triumph TR7 Sprint


Hamish Moore is a Scottish musician and bagpipe maker. Among Moore's contributions to Scottish music are his development of a revived form of the bellows-blown Scottish smallpipes; his 1985 recording of the Lowland and smallpipes, Cauld Wind Pipes, was the first contemporary complete recording of this instrument. In the 1980s and 1990s, Moore was also instrumental in exploring the links between the Scottish diaspora music of Canada's Cape Breton Island, and earlier Scottish traditions. Moore taught at Cape Breton's Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts, and in 1996 returned to South Uist, Scotland, to form his Ceolas musical summer school, which included Cape Breton instructors and influences.

Hamish is father of Fin Moore, also a Scottish smallpiper and border piper.

References

External links

Players of Scottish smallpipes
People associated with Perth and Kinross
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Year of birth missing (living people)
Players of border pipes

Hamish Moore


Chacao was a 16th-century Carib cacique who governed in the region of the valley of Caracas, at the time called San Francisco, in present-day Venezuela. Today the region, Chacao Municipality, Miranda, bears his name.

Around 1567, Chacao was taken prisoner by Juan de Gamez upon the orders of Diego de Losada, who had told him to go out and capture natives; Losada later slackened the order. Losada's reasons for the order remain unknown, but it has been suggested that he wanted to befriend the cacique before attempting to pacify the region. Regardless, in 1568, Chacao allied himself with Guaicaipuro and several other local chiefs in a futile attempt to stop the advance of the conquistadors; they were beaten, by the same Losada, in the Battle of Maracapana.

16th-century births
Indigenous leaders of the Americas
Venezuelan people of Carib descent
Carib people
Year of death unknown

Chacao (cacique)


Dangerous Living: Coming Out in the Developing World is a 2003 documentary film directed by American filmmaker John Scagliotti about the issues experienced by gay, lesbian and transgender people in developing countries. It was the first documentary film to explore these issues in non-Western countries. It is narrated by actress and comedian Janeane Garofalo. It was produced by Janet Baus and Dan Hunt, both of whom had worked with Scagliotti on his previous film, After Stonewall. The film focuses in particular on Cairo 52, a group of 52 Egyptian men who were arrested on board a floating gay nightclub in 2001. It features  interviews with gay-rights activists from countries around the world including Honduras, Namibia, Pakistan, the Philippines and Vietnam.

Overview
The film opens with the Cairo 52. In 2001, 52 Egyptian men were arrested on board the Queen Boat on the Nile, which was a gay disco. With no specific law against homosexuality in Egypt, the men were arrested for debauchery. They were tried and sentenced to between one and five years imprisonment. Scagliotti interviews one of the men, Ashraf Zanati.

Distribution
Dangerous Living was screened at several international film festivals and was an official selection at the International Film Festival on Human Rights in Geneva. It won Audience Awards at the Barcelona GLBT International Festival and the Hartford Alternatives Festival. It was also shown at the 2003 San Francisco International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival (Frameline) and the 2005 Boston Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. The film had its US broadcast premiere on May 11, 2005 on the here! network, with an introduction by former US ambassador James Hormel. This coincided with the fourth anniversary of Cairo 52. It was released on DVD by First Run Features on May 24, 2005, as part of their "Human Rights Watch Collection". Dennis Harvey reviewed the film for Variety; he called it "workmanlike and at times [...] cluttered" but "fascinating and educational."

References

External links

2003 documentary films
2003 films
2003 LGBT-related films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
American LGBT-related documentary films


Alice Pung (born 1981) is an Australian writer, editor, lawyer and educator. She is best known for writing the memoir Unpolished Gem and editing the anthology Growing Up Asian in Australia.

Pung was born in Footscray, Victoria and raised in Braybrook. Her parents were Taiwanese immigrants living in Cambodia. They fled to Australia during Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge regime in 1980. She was born one month after the event. She is the oldest of four siblings.

References

Other websites

1981 births
Living people
Australian educators
Australian lawyers
Australian novelists
Writers from Victoria (Australia)

Alice Pung


Blue Cow is an animated blue cow made by Blue-Zoo. She was seen in the BBC children's television series The Story Makers. The television series was mostly shown on CBeebies, but was previously shown on BBC Two.

Blue Cow wonders what happens outside the field she lives in. In all episodes, she wonders about something different. The other cows in the field, who are black and white, do not believe her, so they say "she's off again." Blue Cow then rides in a red double decker bus, which takes her to a place where she finds out the answer to what she is wondering about.

When Blue Cow goes back to her field at the end of the episode, she tells the other cows in the field what she did during the day. The other cows still do not believe her, so they say "Everyone knows cows can't ...", then a description of what she did. After that, the narrator usually says "But we know they can, don't we?".

References

BBC
Children's television series
Fictional animals

Blue Cow (cartoon)


Joshua Austin Spencer (May 13, 1790 in Great Barrington, Berkshire County, Massachusetts – April 25, 1857 in Utica, Oneida County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Eliphalet Spencer (1760–1832) and Triphena (Austin) Spencer (1756–1825). He removed at a young age to Greenfield, Greene County, New York, and became a clothier, carpenter and joiner. In 1808, he removed to Lenox, Madison County, New York, studied law there in the office of his brother Gen. Ichabod S. Spencer (1780–1857), was admitted to the bar and practiced in partnership with his brother. In 1814, he married Clarissa Phelps (1788–1818), and they had two children. In 1819, he married Electa C. Dean (1796–1881), and they had eleven children.

In 1829, he removed to Utica, and practiced law in partnership with State Senator William H. Maynard who died in 1832.

Spencer was United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York from 1841 to 1845. In October 1841, he appeared for the defence in the trial of Alexander McLeod on a charge of murder in connection with the Caroline Affair, and secured McLeod's acquittal.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (5th D.) in 1846 and 1847. He was Mayor of Utica in 1848.

He was buried at the Forest Hill Cemetery, Utica.

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 135, 145 and 431; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
Annual Obituary Notices of Eminent Persons by Nathan Crosby (Boston, 1858; pg. 341ff)

External links

1790 births
1857 deaths
New York (state) state senators
United States Attorneys for the Northern District of New York
New York (state) Whigs
19th-century American politicians
People from Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Mayors of Utica, New York

Joshua A. Spencer


The Symphony No. 6 in D major (Hoboken 1/6) is an early symphony written in 1761 by Joseph Haydn and the first written after Haydn had joined the Esterházy court. It is the first of three that are characterised by unusual virtuoso writing across the orchestral ensemble. It is popularly known as Le matin (Morning).

Background and scoring
Haydn wrote this, his first symphonic work for his new employer Prince Paul II Anton Esterházy, in the spring of 1761, shortly after joining the court. He had signed his employment contract with him on May 1, 1761. Prince Paul gave Haydn the three times of day as a theme for composition.

The Esterházys maintained in permanent residence an excellent chamber orchestra and with his first contribution for it in the symphonic genre, Haydn fully exploited the talents of the players. In this, Haydn was consciously drawing on the familiar tradition of the concerto grosso, exemplified by the works of Antonio Vivaldi, Giuseppe Tartini, and Tomaso Albinoni then much in vogue at courts across Europe. All three symphonies (Nos. 6, 7 and 8) feature extensive solo passages for the wind, horn and strings, including rare solo writing for the double bass and bassoon in the third movement of No. 6. The work is scored for flute, 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns in D, violin I, violin II, viola, cello, double bass, and harpsichord ad libitum.

It has been commonly suggested that Haydn's motivation was to curry favour both with his new employer (by making reference to a familiar and popular tradition) and, perhaps more importantly, with the players upon whose goodwill he depended. Typically during this period, players who performed challenging solo passages or displayed unusual virtuosity received financial reward. By highlighting virtually all of the players in this regard, Haydn was, literally, spreading the wealth.

Nickname (Le matin)
The nickname (not Haydn's own, but quickly adopted) derives from the opening slow introduction of the opening movement, which clearly depicts sunrise. The remainder of the work is abstract, as, indeed, are the other two symphonies in the series. Because of the initial association, however, the remaining were quickly and complementarily named "noon" and "evening".

Movements
Adagio,  – Allegro,
Adagio,  – Andante,  – Adagio in G major,
Menuet e Trio (Trio in D minor),
Finale: Allegro,

Following the sunrise-depicting introduction, the Allegro kicks off immediately with solo passages for flute and oboe. At the end of the development, a solo horn states the opening flute theme in the tonic, reminding modern listeners of the premature entry of the horn at the end of the development of Ludwig van Beethoven's Eroica Symphony composed forty years later.

The slow movement is an Andante featuring passages for solo violin and solo cello bracketed by an Adagio on both ends. The leading Adagio is based on a hexachord.

The minuet also contains concertante passages. A solo flute is heard accompanied by violins as well as a section with wind-band scoring. The trio begins with solo passages by the double bass and bassoon and are later joined by solo viola.
The finale has a concerto grosso feel with virtuosi passages for cello, violin and flute.

See also
 List of symphonies by name

Notes

References
Threasher, David. "Four Seasons in One Day". Gramophone (June 2009), pp. 48–53.

Symphony 006
Compositions in D major
1761 compositions

Symphony No. 6 (Haydn)


A music workstation is an electronic musical instrument providing the facilities of:
a sound module,
a music sequencer and
(usually) a musical keyboard.
It enables a musician to compose electronic music using just one piece of equipment.

Origin of concept

The concept of a music sequencer combined with a synthesizer originated in the late 1970s with the combination of microprocessors, mini-computers, digital synthesis, disk-based storage, and control devices such as musical keyboards becoming feasible to combine into a single piece of equipment that was affordable to high-end studios and producers, as well as being portable for performers. Prior to this, the integration between sequencing and synthesis was generally a manual function based on wiring of components in large modular synthesizers, and the storage of notes was simply based on potentiometer settings in an analog sequencer.

Multitimbrality
Polyphonic synthesizers such as Sequential Circuit Prophet-5 and Yamaha DX7 were capable of playing only one patch at a time (the DX7II could play 2 patches on 2 separate MIDI channels) There was some sequencing ability in some keyboards, but it was not MIDI sequencing.

In the mid to late 80s, workstation synths were manufactured more than single-patch keyboards. A workstation such as the Korg M1 was able to play out 8 different patches on 8 different MIDI channels, as well as playing a drum track, and had an onboard MIDI sequencer. The patches were often samples, but users could not record their own samples, as they could on a Fairlight. Having samples as the sound source is what made it possible to have various drum sounds in one patch. In contrast, a DX7 or a JX3P did not have the synthesis features to create all the sounds in a drum kit.

First generation music workstations
Examples of early music workstations included the New England Digital Synclavier and the Fairlight CMI.

Key technologies for the first generation

Low-cost computer hardwareLeveraging the technology of personal computers, adding a microprocessor enabled complex control functions to be expressed in software rather than wiring. In 1977, the Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 and other polyphonic synthesizers had used microprocessors to control patch storage and recall, and the music workstations applied it to control sequence storage and recall as well. The Fairlight used a dual Motorola 6800 configuration, while the Synclavier used a mini-computer called the ABLE.

Digital synthesisWhile it was possible to create a music workstation with digitally controlled analog synthesis modules, few companies did this, instead seeking to produce new sounds and capabilities based on digital synthesis (early units were based on FM synthesis or sample playback).

Disk-based storageAgain leveraging the technology of personal computers, music workstations used floppy disks to record patches, sequences, and samples. Hard disk storage appeared in the second generation.

Control devicesIn a music workstation, the keyboard was not directly connected to the synthesis modules, as in a Minimoog or ARP Odyssey. Instead, the keyboard switches were digitally scanned, and control signals sent over a computer backplane where they were inputs to the computer processor, which would then route the signals to the synthesis modules, which were output devices on the backplane. This approach had been used for years in computer systems, and allowed the addition of new input and output peripherals without obsoleting the entire computer. In the case of the music workstations, the next output devices to be added were typically computer terminal displays (some with graphics), and in the case of the Fairlight, the next input device was a light pen for "drawing" on the display screen.

The result was that music workstations evolved rapidly during this period, as new software releases could add more functionality, new voice cards developed, and new input technologies added.

Second generation music workstations

By 1982, the Fairlight CMI Series II represented another advance as it now offered more RAM-based sample memory than any other system with an improved sample rate, and in the Series III (1985) changed from 8-bit to 16-bit samples. The Synclavier introduced hard-disk based sampling in 1982, storing megabytes of samples for the first time.

Other products also combined synthesis and sequencing. For instance the Sequential Circuits Six-Trak provided this possibility. The Six-Trak was a polyphonic analog synthesizer, which featured an on-board six-track sequencer.

Still other products focused on combining sampling and sequencing. For instance the E-mu Emulator models, first introduced in 1981, combined sample memory (read from floppy disks) with a simple sequencer in the initial model, and an 8-track sequencer in later models.

The biggest change in the industry was the development of the MIDI standard in 1983 for representing musical note sequences. For the first time, sequences could be moved from one digitally controlled music device to another.

The Ensoniq ESQ-1, released in 1985, combined for the first time a multi-track, polyphonic MIDI sequencer with a dynamically-assigned multi-timbral synthesizer.

In the late 1980s, on-board MIDI sequencers began to appear more frequently on professional synthesizers. The Korg M1 (released 1988) a widely known and popular music workstation, and became the world's best-selling digital keyboard synthesizer of all time. During its six-year production period, more than 250,000 units were sold.

Key technologies for the second generation

MIDIAs mentioned above, MIDI data represents pitches, velocities, and controller events (e.g. pitch bend, modulation wheel).  MIDI information could be used on the backplane that linked the elements of the workstation together, connecting the input devices to the synthesizers, or it could be sent to another device or received from another device.

Display technologiesMusic workstations adopted the most effective input/output devices available for their price range, since there were complex control settings to display, complex waveforms, and complex sequences.  The lower-end devices began to use LED displays that showed multiple lines of characters and later simple graphics, while the higher-end devices began to adopt personal computers with graphics as their front-ends (the Synclavier PostPro used an Apple Macintosh).

Large memory banksMusic workstations soon had megabytes of memory, located on large racks of cards.

Modular softwareMusic workstations had software that was organized around a set of common control functions, and then a set of options.  In many cases, these options were organized as 'pages'.  The Fairlight was known for its "Page R" functions which provided real-time composition in a graphical form which was similar to that later used on drum machines such as the Roland TR-808.  The Synclavier offered music notation.

Digital signal processingThis enabled the music workstation to generate effects such as reverb or chorus within its hardware, rather than relying on external devices.

SMPTESince the primary users of the high-end workstations were film composers, the music workstations added hardware and software to generate SMPTE timecode, which is a standard in the motion picture industry.  This allowed one to generate events that were matched to scenes and cuts in the film.

Third generation music workstations

Although many music workstations have a keyboard, this is not always the case. In the 1990s, Yamaha and Roland released a series of portable music workstations (starting with the Yamaha QY10 (1990)). These are sometimes called walkstations.

The concept of the workstation evolved in the mid-1990s with the emergence of the groove machine concept that began in the mid-1980s – a keyless version of a workstation, still with a self-contained sound source and sequencer, mostly intended for dance music. Nowadays, these devices feature a sampler. The groove machines that emerged in the mid-1980s include the Linn 9000 (1984), SCI Studio 440 (1986), Korg DDD-1 (1986), Yamaha RX5 (1986), Simmons SDX (1987)), Kawai R-50e (1987), E-mu SP-12/SP-1200 (1985/1987), and Akai MPC60 (1988). In the mid-1990s, Roland entered the market with the MC-303 (1996), and Korg and Yamaha re-entered the market, Korg with the Electribe series (1999–).

Akai developed and refined the idea of the keyboard-less workstation with the Music Production Center series (1988–) of sampler workstations. The MPC breed of sampler freed the composer from the rigidity of step sequencing, which was a limitation of earlier groove machines.

Key technologies for the third generation

Low-cost, high-capacity memoryBy 1995, a music workstation might have 16 to 64 megabytes of memory in a few chips, which had required a rack of cards in 1985.

Sample librariesWhile a second-generation workstation could be sold with just a few sounds or samples and the ability for the owner to create more, by 1995 most workstations had several additional sample sets available for purchase on ROM, and an industry had been created for third-party sample libraries.  In addition, there were now standard formats for sound samples to achieve interoperability.

Battery powerSince music workstations were now used by wide range of performers, down to individual dance music DJ's and even street performers, portable designs avoided power-intensive components such as disk storage and began to rely on persistent memory and later flash-memory storage.

Interoperability with personal computersInitially through custom interfaces and later USB standards.

Modern music workstations

Yamaha, Roland and Korg now have sampling as a default option with the Yamaha Motif line (introduced 2001), the Roland Fantom series (introduced 2001)  and the Korg Triton (introduced 1999), Korg OASYS, and Korg M3 Workstations have a fairly large screen to give a comprehensive overview of the sound, sequencer and sampling options. Since the display is one of the most expensive components of these workstations, Roland and Yamaha initially chose to keep costs down by not using a touch screen or high-resolution display, but have added such in later models.

Another path of music product development that started with the feature set of music workstations is to provide entirely software-based products, using virtual instruments.  This is the concept of the digital audio workstation, and many of these products have emulated the multitrack recording metaphors of sequencers first developed in the music workstations.

Open Labs introduced the Production Station in 2003,  which changed the relationship of the music workstation and the personal computer from a model where the music workstation interfaces to the PC into one where the music workstation is a PC with a music keyboard and a touch screen display.

A variation on Open Labs' approach, Korg released the Korg OASYS in 2005. OASYS housed inside a keyboard music workstation housing a computer running a custom operating system built on the Linux kernel. OASYS was an acronym for Open Architecture SYnthesis Studio, underscoring Korg's ability to release new capabilities via ongoing software updates. OASYS not only included a synthesizer, sampling, and a sequencer, but the ability to digitally record multi-track audio. OASYS was discontinued in 2009, and Korg Kronos, an updated version built on the same concept, was introduced in January, 2011.

Evaluation of a music workstation
While advances in digital technology have greatly reduced the price of a professional-grade music workstation, the 'time cost' of learning to operate a complex instrument like this cannot be underestimated.  Hence, product selection is critical, and is typically based upon:

 Ease of use
 Number of tracks in the sequencer
 Expansion options and modularity
 Size of user and support community
 Support for standards such as MIDI, SMPTE, Internet, etc.
 Reliable functioning
 Adaptation to most requirements of music production.

References

Further reading

Electronic musical instruments
Music sequencers
Sound production technology

Music workstation


Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is reserved for scheduled castes.

Overview
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 17 Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency (SC) covers Jalpaiguri municipality, and Arabinda, Bahadur, Boalmari Nandanpur, Garalbari, Kharia, Kharija Berubari I, Kharija Berubari II, Mondalghat, Nagar Berubari and South Berubari gram panchayats of Jalpaiguri community development block,

Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency is part of No. 3 Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency) (SC).

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Election results

2021 Election

2016 Election

2011
In the 2011 elections, Sukh Bilas Barma of Congress defeated his nearest rival Gobinda Chandra Roy of AIFB.

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

1977-2006
In the 2006 state assembly elections, Deba Prasad Roy of Congress won the Jalpaiguri assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Gobinda Roy of Forward Bloc. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001, Gobinda Roy of Forward Bloc defeated Anupam Sen representing Trinamool Congress. Anupam Sen representing Congress defeated of Sudhansu Majumdar of Forward Bloc in 1996 and Nirmal Kumar Bose of Forward Bloc in 1991, Nirmal Kumar Bose of Forward Bloc defeated Anupam Sen of Congress in 1987 and 1982, and Devendra Mohan Sarkar of Janata Party in 1977.

1951–1972
Anupam Sen of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Naresh Chandra Chakraborty of CPI won in 1969. Khagendra Nath Dasgupta of Congress won in 1967 and 1962. Prior to that Jalpaiguri was a joint seat. Sarojendra Deb Raikut and Khagendra Nath Dasgupta, both of Congress, won in 1957. In independent India's first election in 1951, Ashrumati Devi and Khagendra Nath Dasgupta, both of Congress, won.

References

Assembly constituencies of West Bengal
Politics of Jalpaiguri district
Jalpaiguri

Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency


Charles Kendal Bushe (1767 – 10 July 1843), was an Irish lawyer and judge. Known as "silver-tongued Bushe" because of his eloquence, he was Solicitor-General for Ireland from 1805 to 1822 and Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for Ireland from 1822 to 1841.

Background and education
Bushe was born at Kilmurry House, near Thomastown, County Kilkenny, the only son of the Reverend Thomas Bushe, rector of Mitchelstown, and his wife Katherine Doyle, daughter of Charles Doyle of Bramblestown, near Gowran. Kilmurry House had been built by the Bushe family in the 1690s; his father was forced to sell it to pay his debts, but Charles was able to repurchase it in 1814. He went to the celebrated Quaker academy, Shackleton's School in Ballitore, County Kildare, then graduated from the Trinity College Dublin, where his eloquence had made him a star of the College Historical Society, and was called to the Bar in 1790.

Legal and judicial career
Bushe was a member of the Irish Parliament for Callan from 1796 to 1799, and for Donegal Borough from 1799 to 1800. He was Escheator of Leinster in 1799; by this time the office was a sinecure. He was vehemently opposed to the Act of Union 1800, referring emotionally to Britain's subjection of Ireland as "six hundred years of uniform oppression and injustice", a phrase which quickly became a proverb. Although he had refused an offer of a place on the Bench as a bribe for supporting the Union, cynics noted that his staunch opposition to the Union did not prevent him accepting high office under the British Crown afterwards. He was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland in 1805 and held the office for 17 years until in 1822 he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for Ireland (although only after William Saurin, the equally long-serving Attorney-General, had refused the position). He retired in 1841.

As an advocate "silver-tongued Bushe" was legendary for his eloquence, and as a politician, he was admired by his English contemporaries like Sir Robert Peel and Lord Brougham. As a judge, according to Elrington Ball, he did not live up to expectations, although, if not an outstanding judge, he was an impressive and dignified one. As a statesman he was often accused of double-dealing: having opposed the Act of Union, he had few scruples about accepting office under the new regime; and while himself supporting Catholic Emancipation, he prosecuted members of the Catholic Association for sedition, merely for advocating the same cause.

In Dublin, he was a member of Daly's Club.

Family
Bushe in 1793 married Anne (Nancy) Crampton (died 1857), daughter of John Crampton of Dublin and Anne Verner, and sister of Sir Philip Crampton, 1st Baronet, President of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. They had ten children including John, Charles, Arthur, Charlotte, Anna Maria, Katherine and Henrietta.

His daughter Charlotte married John Plunket, 3rd Baron Plunket and was the mother of William Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin, and David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore.

His son John Bushe married Louisa Hare, daughter of William Hare, 1st Earl of Listowel, and his first wife, Mary Wrixon, only daughter of Henry Wrixon.

His son Charles, a Church of Ireland clergyman who became rector of Castlehaven, County Cork, was by his second wife Emmeline Coghill the father of another eminent barrister, Seymour Coghill Bushe.

His daughter Anna Maria was the second wife of Sir Josiah  Coghill Coghill, 3rd Baronet: her stepdaughter Emmeline married Anna Maria's brother Charles as his second wife.

His daughter Katherine married Michael Fox, son of his judicial colleague Luke Fox and Anne Annesley, a niece of Charles Loftus, 1st Marquess of Ely.

Descendants
Dunbar Plunket Barton, a leading Irish High Court judge of the early 1900s, was descended from Bushe.

Seymour Coghill Bushe (1853-1922) was a  leading barrister whose career in Ireland was largely destroyed by his role as co-respondent in a much publicised criminal conversation case, followed by divorce, Brooke v Brooke (1886), and thereafter largely confined his legal practice to England. He was the judge's grandson, his parents being the  Reverend Charles Bushe and his second wife Emmeline Coghill, daughter of Sir Josiah Coghill Coghill, 3rd Baronet of the Coghill Baronets and his first wife Sophia Dodson. He married Lady Kathleen Maude, daughter of Cornwallis Maude, 1st Earl de Montalt and Clementina Fleeming, and the defendant in Brooke v. Brooke, after her divorce from her first husband, Gerald Brooke. She died in 1939.

References

1767 births
1843 deaths
Irish barristers
Solicitors-General for Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
People from Thomastown
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800
Lords chief justice of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Kilkenny constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Donegal constituencies
Serjeants-at-law (Ireland)
18th-century Irish lawyers
19th-century Irish judges
Lawyers from County Kilkenny

Charles Kendal Bushe


The 1988 North Dakota State football team represented North Dakota State University during the 1988 NCAA Division II football season, and completed the 92nd season of Bison football. The Bison played their home games at Dacotah Field in Fargo, North Dakota. The 1988 team came off a 6–4 record from the previous season. The team was led by coach Rocky Hager. The team finished the regular season with an undefeated 10–0 record and made the NCAA Division II playoffs. The Bison defeated the , 35–21, in the National Championship Game en route to the program's fourth NCAA Division II Football Championship.

Schedule

References

North Dakota State Bison football seasons
North Dakota State
NCAA Division II Football Champions
North Central Conference football champion seasons
College football undefeated seasons
North Dakota State Bison football

1988 North Dakota State Bison football team


Heap sort or heapsort is a sorting algorithm. It was presented in 1964, and helped make a data structure known as heap popular. Heapsort divides the input into a sorted and an unsorted region. It then takes the largest element from the unsorted region and inserts it into the sorted region. The unsorted region is kept as a heap, which allows finding the largest element quickly. Heapsort is not stable. It has a worst-case complexity of O(n*log(n)).

Searching and sorting algorithms

Heapsort


Lieutenant-General Sir Andrew Agnew, 5th Baronet JP (21 December 1687 – 14 August 1771) was the son of Sir James Agnew, 4th Baronet and Lady Mary Montgomerie.

Succession
He succeeded his father as 5th Baronet, of Lochnaw on the latter's death on 9 March 1735. On his death in 1771 he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son.

Family
He married Eleanora Agnew, daughter of Captain Thomas Agnew and Florence Stewart on 12 May 1714, and had issue:
he had seventeen children, including:
Sir Stair Agnew, 6th Baronet (1734–1809)

Warfare
Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw (5th Baronet) commanded his men "Dinna fire till ye can see the whites of their e'en," from which the saying "Don't fire until you can see the whites of their eyes" is taken.

At Dettingen, Bavaria, on 27 June 1743, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Andrew gave to the men or his regiment, the 21st (Royal North British Fusilier) Regiment of Foot, an order from which this saying is derived. A man of spirit even for the times, he had earlier in the day replied to a brigade order that "the scoundrels will never have the impudence to attack the Scots Fusiliers", but they did.
Formed in square, the Scots Fusiliers held a steady fire rolling along their lines and kept off the advancing French infantry.
Sir Andrew, a resourceful and experienced officer, had in training practiced a novel battle drill with the men in his square, should they be attacked by cavalry.
At last, the opportunity to spring this trap appeared when the square was attacked by enemy cuirassiers. Instead of employing the orthodox tactic of seeing them off by standing firm and taking the charge on muskets and pikes, Sir Andrew gave orders that, as the cavalry approached the front line, the two center companies should divide from the center and fall back from the outer markers. This novel approach allowed the cavalry to charge through a lane with the Fusiliers facing inwards. At this point Sir Andrew gave the command:
"Dinna fire till ye can see the whites of their e' en . . . if ye dinna kill them they'll kill you." The French, as they rode through this lane of soldiers, were subjected to a withering crossfire and destroyed.
Later in the day King George II, who commanded the Army but was a little out of his depth, rode up and said: "So, Sir Andrew, I hear the cuirassiers rode through your regiment today."
"Ou, ay, yer Majestee," was the reply "but they dinna get oot again."

He was appointed Governor of Tynemouth until his death in 1771.

References
thePeerage.com
Phrases.org.uk

Notes

1687 births
1771 deaths
British Army lieutenant generals
Royal Scots Fusiliers officers
British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
Andrew

Sir Andrew Agnew, 5th Baronet


Pietro Ranzano (Palermo, 1428–Lucera, 1492) was an Italian Dominican friar, bishop, historian, humanist and scholar who is best known for his work,  De primordiis et progressu felicis Urbis Panormi, a history of the city of Palermo from its beginnings up until the contemporary period in which Ranzano was writing.  The composition is influenced to some extent by humanistic conceptions of historical research, offers glimpses into the world view of a Sicilian intellectual of the Renaissance period on Jews and Jewish culture, as well as Sicily's past.

Ranzano and his Works
Ranzano would study Latin at the school of humanist Antonio Cassarino, who at the time was a teacher of young children (magister scholae parvulorum) in Palermo. Like other scholars of his era, he would study at various institutions which were headed by various masters such as Pietro Aretino in Florence, Tommaso Pontano in Perguia, and Vitaliano Borromeo and Pietro Candido Decembro in Milan and Pavia. Ranzano would go on to join the Dominican Order at the age of sixteen and by the time he was twenty-eight, he had become Provincial of the Dominicans in Sicily. Around the year 1464, Ranzano would be appointed papal nuncio in the kingdom of Sicily and he would be entrusted with the organization of the crusade against the Turks in conjunction with preaching and collecting funds for the aforementioned crusade. While in Palermo, Ranzano taught at the Dominican College. Ranzano's personality and education influenced his work, creating a particular mixture of secular and religious learning that arguably can be perceived as the hallmark of Sicilian humanism.

History of Palermo
Pietro Ranzano's works were very popular in the time in which they were written. However, his account of Palermo's history served as a model for later Sicilian historians. The composition was written in first person and it includes various personal earmarks such as Ranzano illustrating his own ideas and spending a great deal of time on his search for ancient sources and his efforts to pursue his story by all possible means. The writing utilizes foundation legends which epitomize the way in which narratives on the origins of cities were formulated. Ranzano's investigations with regards to attempting to learn of the origins of Palermo (circa quista origini di la mia patria), place him in the context of the prevailing quest in the Renaissance era for sources (ad fontes) and his quest would lead him to an inscription which he would assume to be "Chaldean" characters which were inscribed on a tower which stood above the Porta Patitelli in Palermo. The inscription would later be discovered to be a forgery therefore rendering Ranzano's deduction that the city of Palermo originated from the Chaldeans as erroneous. However, the writing he composed is still important as it gives an insight as to the views held by Sicilian intellectual elite's near the time of the expulsion of the Jews from Sicily.

The Dominican Friar and the Jews
If looking at Ranzano's writings of the Jews on the surface, one would conclude that it presents an image of positive relations between Jews and Christians in Palermo. However, looking deeper into his descriptions reveals that he perceives local Jews as holding an ancestral memory of the Chaldean inscription but not having historical evidence to back up their 'memories' of the past; they told Ranzano about the existence of an ancient book but they had no copy of it. In contrast, a Pisan Jew, Isaac Guglielmo, who owned the book which the local Jews where referring to and showed it to Ranzano. Correlating with Augustinian tradition, Ranzano would perceive the Jews as custodians of the past who could corroborate the writings in the inscription.

Activity in Hungary
In 1488 he was sent to Hungary, to the court of Matthias Corvinus as the envoy of the Kingdom of Naples. The queen, Beatrice of Naples commissioned him to write a history of Hungary. Pietro Ranzano has finished the work in a year under the title Epitome rerum Hungarorum. The heroic history treated the Hungarians as the direct descendants of the Huns and the king as the second Attila.

Death and legacy
Ranzano's History of Palermo remains the only Sicilian historical account which takes a significant look at the Jews as well as Jewish culture. The composition offers a look at Jews and Christians with regard to cultural encounters in fifteenth-century Sicily. The story of Palermo exhibits many of the facets of the Renaissance culture of that period. In addition, the history illustrates the sophistication of an area which was at a cultural crossroads between Italy and the Hispanic world along with facing adversity with regard to various ethnic groups presence; most notably the Muslims and the Jews. Ranzano's death in 1492 marks the end of an era, that being of multicultural Sicily as that year would coincide with expulsion of the Jews from Sicily.

References

Bibliography
 Zeldes, Nadia. 2006. "The Last Multi-Cultural Encounter in Medieval Sicily: A Dominican Scholar, an Arabic Inscription, and a Jewish Legend." Mediterranean Historical Review 21 (2): 159-91., 160.

Further reading
 Zeldes, Nadia. 2006. "The Last Multi-Cultural Encounter in Medieval Sicily: A Dominican Scholar, an Arabic Inscription, and a Jewish Legend." Mediterranean Historical Review 21 (2): 159-91., 160.
 Birkenmajer, Alexander. Notes and Correspondence. Abbé A. Rome; Gino Loria; George Sarton; Edward Kremers; A. Pogo; Lynn Thorndike; Eduard Färber; F. M. Feldhaus Isis, Vol. 20, No. 2. (Jan., 1934), pp. 440–449.
 Daniels, John & Daniels, Christian. The Origin of the Sugarcane Roller Mill. Technology and Culture, Vol. 29, No. 3. (Jul., 1988), pp. 493–535.
 Reynolds, Beatrice R. Latin Historiography: A Survey, 1400-1600.Studies in the Renaissance, Vol. 2. (1955), pp. 7–66.

1428 births
1492 deaths
Italian Dominicans
Clergy from Palermo
Historians of Sicily
15th-century Italian historians
Italian Renaissance humanists
15th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Writers from Palermo

Pietro Ranzano


Cirebonese mask dance () is a local indigenous art form of Cirebon in Java, including Indramayu and Jatibarang, West Java and Brebes, Central Java. It is called mask dance because the dancers use masks when dancing. There is a lot of variety in Javanese mask dance, both in terms of the dance style and the stories to be conveyed. This mask dance can be performed by solo dancers, or performed by several people.

Each mask represents different meanings that influence the dance and their movements, and in the village called Beber, Ligung, Majalengka, in west java they have a dance with the characters using masks of different colors and expressions called Panji, Samba, Rumyang, Tumenggung and Kelana dating back to the 17th century. Brought by an artist from Gegesik, Cirebon named Setian, but according to experts on Cirebon Mask Dalang Beber styles such as mimi Yayah and Ki Dalang Kardama who first brought the Mask dance to Beber village and became the Beber style Cirebon Mask dance were mimi Sonten and Surawarcita who still comes from Gegesik since then handed down several generations of artists.
According to Ki Andet Suanda, the division of acts in the Beber style Cirebon mask dance is based on interpretations of human nature and consciousness.
 Panji's character is depicted as a delicate soul who has slow, and soft dance movements.
 Samba depicts a child-like character with a growing mind where they dance swiftly
 Rumyang depicts a human soul who has given up their materialistic and wordly lust to be a better person.
 Tumenggung represents a loyal person who is also wise and mature.
 Minakjingga (or otherwise called Klana), has a red faced mask that depicts a human soul who is swayed by lust into being impatient, hateful and hotheaded.
According to Ki Pandi Surono (Cirebon's cultural practitioner and maestro of the Beber-style Cirebon Mask dance) in the past, Cirebon Mask dance performances, especially the Beber style, were performed at night and the Rumyang round was performed close to the rising of the sun. The sun's rays are faintly visible (Cirebon: ramyang-ramyang) from the word ramyang this is what this act is called, further information about the philosophy of the rumyang round which is staged at the end after the Klana Mask scene which is a projection of a soul full of lust and emotion explained by Ki Waryo (Cirebon cultural figure who is also the puppeteer of the Cirebon leather puppets in the Kidulan style (Palimanan) and a skilled Cirebon mask maker) is the son of Ki Empek. Ki Waryo explained that Rumyang's philosophy is related to a projection of the human soul that has left its worldly desires and has become a whole human being (a fragrant human being) because it is no longer shackled by worldly desires. Rumyang is translated into two words, namely arum (Indonesian: fragrant) and yang (Indonesian: human / person) so that Rumyang is literally interpreted as a fragrant human being.

Graceful hand and body movements, and musical accompaniment dominated by drums and fiddle, are hallmarks of Javanese mask dance.
The dance is performed on special occasions for local officials, or for other traditional celebrations.

Gallery

See also

Betawi mask dance
Banjar mask dance
Ireng mask dance
Topeng dance
Dance in Indonesia

References

Dances of Java
Theatre in Indonesia
Traditional drama and theatre of Indonesia
Masquerade ceremonies in Asia
Masked dances

Cirebonese mask dance


Photon energy is the energy carried by a single photon. The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon's electromagnetic frequency and thus, equivalently, is inversely proportional to the wavelength. The higher the photon's frequency, the higher its energy. Equivalently, the longer the photon's wavelength, the lower its energy.

Photon energy can be expressed using any unit of energy. Among the units commonly used to denote photon energy are the electronvolt (eV) and the joule (as well as its multiples, such as the microjoule). As one joule equals 6.24 × 1018 eV, the larger units may be more useful in denoting the energy of photons with higher frequency and higher energy, such as gamma rays, as opposed to lower energy photons as in the optical and radio frequency regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Formulas

Physics
Photon energy is directly proportional to frequency.

where
 is energy (Typically in Joules)
 is the Planck constant
 is frequency (Typically in Hertz)

This equation is known as the Planck–Einstein relation.

Additionally,

where
E is photon energy
λ is the photon's wavelength
c is the speed of light in vacuum
h is the Planck constant

The photon energy at 1 Hz is equal to 6.62607015 × 10−34 J

That is equal to 4.135667697 × 10−15 eV

Electronvolt

Energy is often measured in electronvolts.

To find the photon energy in electronvolts using the wavelength in micrometres, the equation is approximately

since eVm where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light in m/sec, and e is the electron charge.

The photon energy of near infrared radiation at 1 μm wavelength is approximately 1.2398 eV.

Examples
An FM radio station transmitting at 100 MHz emits photons with an energy of about 4.1357 × 10−7 eV. This minuscule amount of energy is approximately 8 × 10−13 times the electron's mass (via mass-energy equivalence).

Very-high-energy gamma rays have photon energies of 100 GeV to over 1 PeV (1011 to 1015 electronvolts) or 16 nanojoules to 160 microjoules. This corresponds to frequencies of 2.42 × 1025 to 2.42 × 1029 Hz.

During photosynthesis, specific chlorophyll molecules absorb red-light photons at a wavelength of 700 nm in the photosystem I, corresponding to an energy of each photon of ≈ 2 eV ≈ 3 × 10−19 J ≈ 75 kBT, where kBT denotes the thermal energy. A minimum of 48 photons is needed for the synthesis of a single glucose molecule from CO2 and water (chemical potential difference 5 × 10−18 J) with a maximal energy conversion efficiency of 35%.

See also
Photon
Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic spectrum
Planck constant
Planck–Einstein relation
Soft photon

References

Foundational quantum physics
Electromagnetic spectrum
Photons

Photon energy


Hicham Aâboubou (; born 19 May 1978) is a Moroccan professional footballer who last played as a defender for FC Lanaudière in the Première Ligue de soccer du Québec.

Career

Africa
Aâboubou started his soccer career with Khenifra playing with the junior team from 1992 to 1994. In 1994, he joined Kawkab Marrakech, initially playing with the junior team, before eventually graduating through the senior A team, where he would play until 2001. He played for Mouloudia Oujda, in 2001–2002, before being transferred back to Kawkab Marrakech. From 2002 to 2006 he played with KACM A Team, scoring two goals in 48 games.

North America
In 2006 Aâboubou joined Canadian team Laval Dynamites, and scored two goals in 13 games in his debut season with the club. On July 31 he joined Montreal Impact, but did not play a single game in his first year. He made his debut for the team on April 21, 2007, against the Atlanta Silverbacks, but was released by Montreal in February 2008. During the 2007 season he was loaned to the Impact's farm team Trois-Rivières Attak of the Canadian Soccer League. He managed to win some silverware with the Attak by winning the Open Canada Cup, where he featured in the finals match against Columbus Clan F.C. which resulted in a 3–0 victory.

In the summer of 2008 Aâboubou announced he would take a sabbatical from professional soccer, intending to return to study at Arts of Science at Université de Montréal while playing college soccer for the university's Montréal Carabins.

On July 28, 2009, the Montreal Impact signed Aâboubou to a two-year contract. He made his first appearance of the season on August 1 against Miami FC. During the 2009 season Aâboubou helped the Impact clinch a playoff spot by finishing fifth in the standings. In the playoffs, he helped the Impact reach the USL finals against the Vancouver Whitecaps FC, the match was noted for the first time in USL history where the final match would consist of two Canadian clubs. The Impact would eventually defeat the Whitecaps on 6-3 aggregate on goals, and therefore claim their third USL Championship.

Honors
Trois-Rivières Attak
 Open Canada Cup: 2007

References

External links
Montreal Impact bio

1978 births
Living people
Canadian Soccer League (1998–present) players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Laval Dynamites players
Moroccan men's footballers
Montreal Impact (1992–2011) players
Moroccan expatriate men's footballers
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Trois-Rivières Attak players
USL First Division players
USSF Division 2 Professional League players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
MC Oujda players
Men's association football defenders
People from Khenifra
KAC Marrakech players
Moroccan emigrants to Canada
Ligue1 Québec players
20th-century Moroccan people
21st-century Moroccan people
FC Lanaudière players

Hicham Aâboubou