Sybase, Inc. was an enterprise software and services company. The company produced software relating to relational databases, with facilities located in California and Massachusetts. Sybase was acquired by SAP in 2010; SAP ceased using the Sybase name in 2014.

History
1984: Robert Epstein, Mark Hoffman, Jane Doughty, and Tom Haggin found Sybase (initially trading as Systemware) in Epstein's home in Berkeley, California. Their first commercial location is half of an office suite at 2107 Dwight Way in Berkeley. They set out to create a relational database management system (RDBMS) that will organize information and make it available to computers within a network.
March 1986: Systemware enters into talks with Microsoft to license Data Server, a database product built to run on UNIX computers.  Those talks lead to a product called Ashton-Tate/Microsoft SQL Server 1.0, shipping in May 1989.
May 1991: Systemware changes its name to Sybase.
January 1998: Sybase announces that it has found inconsistencies in profits reported from its Japanese division and will be restating company financial results for the last three quarters of 1997. Sybase determines that the inconsistencies are due to five executives in Sybase's Japanese subsidiary found to have used side letters to artificially inflate the profits from their operations. Following a class-action lawsuit, the five executives involved are fired.
November 1998: John S. Chen is appointed Chairman, CEO, and President.
2007: Sybase crosses the $1billion revenue mark.
March 2009: Sybase and SAP partner to deliver the SAP Business Suite software to iPhone, Windows Mobile, BlackBerry, and other devices.
May 2009: Sybase begins packaging MicroStrategy business intelligence software with its Sybase IQ server.
September 2009: Sybase and Verizon partner to manage mobility services for enterprises worldwide through Verizon's Managed Mobility Solutions, which uses Sybase's enterprise device management platform.
May 2010: SAP and Sybase, Inc. announce that SAP America, Inc. has signed a definitive merger agreement to acquire Sybase, Inc. for all outstanding shares of Sybase common stock, representing an enterprise value of approximately $5.8billion.
July 2010: SAP announces it has completed the acquisition of Sybase, Inc., the latter now a wholly owned subsidiary of SAP America.
October 2012: All of Sybase's employees are incorporated into SAP's workforce. On October30, 2012, SAP announces that Sybase, Inc. President and CEO John S. Chen will be leaving Sybase effective the very next day (October31, 2012) after leading Sybase for 15years.

See also
 Adaptive Server Enterprise

References

SAP SE acquisitions
Companies based in Alameda County, California
Software companies established in 1984
1984 establishments in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
Dublin, California
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Data companies
2010 mergers and acquisitions
American subsidiaries of foreign companies

Sybase


Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 – March 30, 1965) was an American physician.  Hench, along with his Mayo Clinic co-worker Edward Calvin Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for the discovery of the hormone cortisone, and its application for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.  The Nobel Committee bestowed the award for the trio's "discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."

Hench received his undergraduate education at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, and received his medical training at the United States Army Medical Corps and the University of Pittsburgh.  He began working at Mayo Clinic in 1923, later serving as the head of the Department of Rheumatology.  In addition to the Nobel Prize, Hench received many other awards and honors throughout his career.  He also had a lifelong interest in the history and discovery of yellow fever.

Early life
He attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in 1916. After serving in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army and the reserve corps to finish his medical training, he was awarded a doctorate in medicine from the University of Pittsburgh in 1920. Immediately after finishing his medical degree, Hench spent a year as an intern at St. Francis Hospital in Pittsburgh, and then he subsequently became a Fellow of the Mayo Foundation.

In 1928 and 1929, Hench furthered his education at Freiburg University and the von Müller Clinic in Munich.

Medical career
Hench started his career at Mayo Clinic in 1923, working in the Department of Rheumatic Diseases. In 1926, he became the head of the department.  While at Mayo Clinic, Hench focused his work on arthritic diseases, where his observations led him to hypothesize that steroids alleviated pain associated with the disease.  During this same time, biochemist Edward Calvin Kendall has isolated several steroids from the adrenal gland cortex.  After several years of work, the duo decided to try one of these steroids (dubbed Compound E at the time, later to become known as cortisone) on patients afflicted by rheumatoid arthritis.  Testing of the hypothesis was delayed because the synthesis of Compound E was costly and time-consuming, and Hench served in the military during World War II. The tests were conducted successfully in 1948 and 1949.

Hench, Kendall, and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein were awarded the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."  As of the 2010 prizes, Hench and Kendall are the only two Nobel laureates affiliated with Mayo Clinic.  Hench's Nobel Lecture was directly related to the research he was honored for, and titled "The Reversibility of Certain Rheumatic and Non-Rheumatic  Conditions by the Use of Cortisone Or of the Pituitary  Adrenocorticotropic Hormone".  His speech at the banquet during the award ceremony acknowledged the connections between the study of medicine and chemistry, saying of his co-winners "Perhaps the ratio of one physician to two chemists is symbolic, since medicine is so firmly linked to chemistry by a double bond."

During his career, Hench was one of the founding members of the American Rheumatism Association, and served as its president in 1940 and 1941.  In addition to the Nobel Prize, Hench has been awarded the Heberdeen Medal (1942), the Lasker Award (1949), the Passano Foundation Award (1950), and the Criss Award.  Lafayette College, Washington and Jefferson College, Western Reserve University, the National University of Ireland and the University of Pittsburgh awarded Hench honorary doctorates.

In addition to his work with cortisone, Hench had a career long interest in yellow fever.  Starting in 1937, Hench began to document the history behind the discovery of yellow fever.  His collection of documents on this subject are at the University of Virginia in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection.  His wife donated the collection to the university after his death.

Family
Hench married Mary Kahler (1905-1982) in 1927.  His father-in-law, John Henry Kahler, was a friend of Mayo Clinic founder William J. Mayo.  Hench and his wife had four children, two daughters and two sons.  His son, Philip Kahler Hench also studied rheumatology.  Hench died of pneumonia while on vacation in Ocho Rios, Jamaica in 1965.

References

External links

  including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1950 The Reversibility of Certain Rheumatic and Non-Rheumatic Conditions by the Use of Cortisone Or of the Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Biography
University of Virginia Health Sciences Library,  A Guide to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection

1896 births
University of Freiburg alumni
1965 deaths
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
American Nobel laureates
American endocrinologists
Physicians of the Mayo Clinic
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine alumni
United States Army Medical Corps officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Lafayette College alumni
Infectious disease deaths in Jamaica

Philip Showalter Hench


The Royal Medal, also known as The Queen's Medal and The King's Medal (depending on the gender of the monarch at the time of the award), is a silver-gilt medal, of which three are awarded each year by the Royal Society, two for "the most important contributions to the advancement of natural knowledge" and one for "distinguished contributions in the applied sciences", done within the Commonwealth of Nations.

Background
The award was created by George IV and awarded first during 1826. Initially there were two medals awarded, both for the most important discovery within the year previous, a time period which was lengthened to five years and then shortened to three. The format was endorsed by William IV and Victoria, who had the conditions changed during 1837 so that mathematics was a subject for which a Royal Medal could be awarded, albeit only every third year. The conditions were changed again during 1850 so that:
... the Royal Medals in each year should be awarded for the two most important contributions to the advancement of Natural Knowledge, published originally in Her Majesty's dominions within a period of not more than ten years and not less than one year of the date of the award, subject, of course, to Her Majesty's approval. ... in the award of the Royal Medals, one should be given in each of the two great divisions of Natural Knowledge.

During 1965, the system was changed to its current format, in which three Medals are awarded annually by the Monarch on the recommendation of the Royal Society Council. Because of its dual nature (for both physical and biological science) the award winners are chosen by both the A- and B-side Award Committees. Since its establishment during 1826 the medal has been awarded 405 times.

The award is only given to eminent scientists who are British citizens and residents only.

Recent Winners

Full list of recipients

References

Awards of the Royal Society
Silver-gilt objects
1826 establishments in the United Kingdom
1826 in science
Awards established in 1826

Royal Medal


Metafiction is a genre of fiction that is about fiction and the fact that it is fictional. Basically, if a story goes out of its way to remind the people who are reading, watching or listening to it that it is fiction or to emphasize all the reasons that it couldn't happen in reality. Metafictional characters are fictional characters who know that they are fictional characters.

Fiction

Metafiction


You Are My Glory () is a 2021 Chinese television series starring Yang Yang and Dilraba Dilmurat. Based on the novel of the same name written by Gu Man, it mainly tells the story of the popular actress Qiao Jingjing and her former high school classmate Yu Tu as they unexpectedly reunite to play the mobile game Honor of Kings. It premiered on Tencent Video and WeTV on July 26, 2021 and ran until August 30, 2021.

As of 20 August 2021, the series has reached 4 billion views.

Story
Yu Tu and Qiao Jing-Jing were classmates in high school. Jing-Jing had a crush on Yu Tu, but he rejected her. The two would part ways to develop their careers. Yu Tu dreamed of the stars and became an aeronautics engineer while Jing-Jing became a famous model and actress. Even though they lived separate lives, Jing-Jing never forgot about Yu Tu. As part of her celebrity image, Jing-Jing has presented herself as a great player on the mobile game Honor of Kings. When the authenticity of her skills came into question, she needed to prove her abilities to her critics. It was while playing the game that she reconnected with Yu Tu. Still having feelings for him, she convinced him to meet and help train her to prepare for a upcoming game tournament. As the two started working together, Yu Tu started to have feelings for Jing-Jing. Upon the tournament, Jing-Jing proved the legitimacy of her gaming skills and also took the chance to introduce her fans to Yu Tu. While it was quickly suspected they're together, both denied any relationship but praised each other for their gaming skills. After the two won their match, Jing-Jing couldn't hold her feelings back anymore and confessed her feelings for Yu Tu. Unfortunately, Yu Tu didn't feel worthy of her and rejected her again. However, Yu Tu would realized he was making excuses for himself and regret his decision. It was during Chinese New Year, when both returned to their hometown, Yu Tu had the chance to explain himself and apologized for hurting Jing-Jing's feelings; they haven't become a couple yet as Jing-Jing has become hesitant to reciprocate Yu Tu's feelings. During a class reunion, Jing-Jing made a rare appearance to the gathering in hopes to see Yu Tu. When Yu Tu found out about Jing-Jing's appearance, he quickly rushed over there to see her. It was while there in front of all their ex-classmates that Yu Tu kissed Jing-Jing and solidified their relationship. Afterwards, they did their best to keep a low profile on their relationship. Eventually though, both of them would get involved in each other's worlds. Yu Tu's family and associates were shocked as he's dating a celebrity while giving everyone the impression he's a lone wolf. Jing-Jing's side were shocked that she would date such a handsome and intelligent engineer. Eventually, the two would move in together and talked about marriage. Yu Tu originally felt pressured to give her a grand wedding, but the two settled for a group marriage. The internet exploded with support for the two and the couple continue to have a loving relationship. The story would fast forward several years into their marriage, showing Yu Tu successfully launching the most recent Chinese rocket into space and his continued appreciation for Jing-Jing.

Cast

Main
Yang Yang as Yu Tu
Graduated from the top 1 university with a major in finance and Aerospace Science, and has been the unattainable good of learning since he was a child. Influenced by his family, he is very obsessed with aerospace. He falls in love with his high school classmate, Qiao Jingjing.
Dilraba Dilmurat as Qiao Jingjing
Popular actress. When she was a student, she had a crush on Yu Tu, and ten years later, she became a first-tier flow actress. The game she endorsed was a big hit, but her image as a game master was punctured. In order to regain her image as an endorser, she started to find a teacher to teach her, and by chance, she met Yu Tu again in the game. When Yu Tu hesitates to quit his job as an aerospace designer and switch to the financial industry so that his family can live a stable life, she keeps encouraging him to bravely pursue his dream.

Supporting

Yu Tu's family
Cao Yi as Yu Tu's father
Cui Yi as Yu Tu's mother
Wang Rui as Xiao Liu, Yu Tu's cousin
Qiao Jingjing's family
Wang Quan You as Qiao Jingjing's father
Yan Qingyu as Qiao Jingjing's mother
Zheng Xiao Mao as Qiao Jingjing's grandfather
Zhu Huai Xu as Qiao Jingjing's grandmother
Liu Lei as Qiao Jingjing's cousin
Li Ya Ze as Qiao Jingjing's brother
Zhou Yun Ru as Qiao Jingjing's sister

China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
Pan Yueming as Guan Zai
Chief designer of the Institute of Aerospace Research. Yu Tu's boss and best friend. He gave up his high-paying job to work with Yu Tu to design the same type of rocket. As Yu Tu's predecessor, he helps Yu Tu a lot in his work and life. When Yu Tu decides to give up his space career, Guan also believes that he will not give up.
Zheng Xiao Ning as Director Hu, Yu Tu's senior
Wang Shi Huai as Director Zhang, Yu Tu's mentor
An Ge as Meng Anyu, Yu Tu's colleague
Zheng Qi as Zhou Gong, Yu Tu's colleague
Zhao Ke Di as Hu Kehang, Yu Tu's colleague
Lu Zhong as Chief Designer
Yan Zhi Ping as CEO Li's Designer
Sun Wei as Telemetry and Remote Control System Designer
Zhao Xiao Guang as Telemetry and Remote Control System Designer
Ge Ji Wei as Telemetry and Remote Control System Designer
Lu Tu as Mobile Designer
Han Bo as Mobile Designer
Xu Fan as GNC Designer

Qiao Jingjing's studio
Hu Ke as Sister Ling,
Qiao Jingjing's manager. She has a gentle and easy-going personality and is very affectionate. She has always wanted Jingjing to fall in love and Qiao Jingjing is like a daughter to her.  She is both a teacher and a friend to Qiao Jingjing.
Sun Ya Li as Xiao Zhu, Qiao Jingjing's assistant
Liu Luo Xi as Dan Dan, Qiao Jingjing's PR
Luo Lei as Qiao Jingjing's driver

Entertainment Industry
Janice Wu as Chen Xue, Qiao Jingjing's good friend
Zhao Yingzi as Zhou Ziqi, Qiao Jingjing's rival
Yuan Cheng Jie as Duan Wu, Qiao Jingjing's partner
Wang Dong as Movie King Zhou
Lu Yong as Director Li

People around Yu Tu
Gina Jin as Xia Qing, Yu Tu's ex-girlfriend
Wang Yanlin as Zhai Liang, Yu Tu's good friend
People around Qiao Jingjing
Zheng He Hui Zi as Pei Pei, Qiao Jingjing's best friend
Ji Xiaobing as Su Zhi, Qiao Jingjing's ex-boyfriend
Tu Song Yan as A Guo, Sister Ling's husband & Qiao Jingjing's first game coach
King of Glory
Peng Bo as Alex, King of Glory executive
Liu Jiayi as Zhou Yin, King of Glory professional player. Qiao Jingjing's fan
Lu Yun Feng as Xia Xue, King of Glory professional player
Yang Jin Heng as He Liu, King of Glory professional player
Wang Yu Jie (王钰杰) as Qi Zhu, King of Glory professional player
Huang Cheng Cheng as Sha Bao, King of Glory player
Zhou Shuai as Long Wang, King of Glory player
Others
Li Hui Er (李绘儿) as Hui Hui, Sister Ling and A Guo's daughter
Chen Guan Ning as Ren Wang, an investment executive who admires Yu Tu
Yao Yi Qi as A Dou, reporter
Liu Yun Long as Xiao Lan, reporter
Liu Chao as Da Mao, reporter
Liu Li Li as Professor Wang, Director Zhang's wife
Teng Ai Xian as Director Hu's wife
Guo Tong Tong as Xia Qing's roommate
Gao Lu as Shen Jing, Guan Zai's wife
Sun Le as Guan Zhu, Guan Zai's brother
Zhang Yu Xuan as Guan Meng, Guan Zai and Shen Jing's son
Li Ruo Ning as Li Ruo
Wang Zheng as Qu Ming
Ning Xiao Zhi as Professor Xiao
Liu Wei Long as Manager Zhang
Extended
Ni Yan as Short Hair Girl
Chen He Yi as Spectacled Guy
Zhang Yi Wen as Middle Aged Guy
Yang Xu Chen as White Collared Girl
Ye Xiao Kai as Game Streamer
Hong Wei as CEO of Huo Jian
Yang Chen as Popular Artist Commentator
Wang Yi Lin as Classmate
Liu Zhe Hui as Classmate
Yan Jing Yao as CEO Fang
Zhu Wei Wei as Professor Zhao

Promotional activities
On August 2, 2020, Dilraba Dilmurat attended Tencent's annual video conference and announced that she would be starring with Yang Yang in the drama "You Are My Glory". Due to the schedule, Yang Yang could not attend the conference, but informed the media through VCR and the first poster was distributed to the media directly.

On September 29, 2020, the film crew officially launched in Shanghai and held the premiere ceremony at Fudan University. At 12:00, Weibo officially released the images of the shooting ceremony and the cast, at 13:00, Weibo crew posted the first image of the male and female leads.

See also
 Falling Into Your Smile, another 2021 streaming television series based on e-sports/competitive gaming
 List of Tencent Video original programming

References

External links

  You Are My Glory on Sina.com

2020s Chinese television series debuts
2021 Chinese television series debuts
2021 Chinese television series endings
Chinese television series
Chinese romantic comedy television series
Television shows based on Chinese novels
Chinese novels adapted into television series
Television series by Tencent Penguin Pictures

You Are My Glory


Frank Lauren Hitchcock (March 6, 1875 – May 31, 1957) was an American mathematician and physicist known for his formulation of the transportation problem in 1941.

Academic life
Frank did his preparatory study at Phillips Andover Academy. He entered Harvard University
and completed his bachelor's degree in 1896. Then he began teaching, first in Paris and at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. From 1904 to 1906 he taught chemistry at North Dakota State University, Fargo.

Hitchcock returned to Massachusetts and began to teach at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and study at the graduate level at Harvard. In 1910 he obtained a Ph.D. with a thesis entitled, Vector Functions of a Point. Hitchcock stayed at MIT until retirement, publishing his analysis of optimal distribution in 1941.

Personal life
Frank Hitchcock was descended from New England forebears.
His mother was Susan Ida Porter (b. January 1, 1848, Middlebury, Vermont) and his father was Elisha Pike Hitchcock. His parents married on June 27, 1866. Frank was born March 6, 1875, in New York City.

He had two sisters, Mary E. Hitchcock and Viola M. Hitchcock, and two brothers, George P. Hitchcock and Ernest Van Ness Hitchcock. Although Frank was born in New York City, he was raised in Pittsford, Vermont.

Frank married Margaret Johnson Blakely (d. May 22, 1925) in Paris, France, on May 25, 1899. They had three children, Lauren Blakely (1900-1972), who became a chemical engineer and early opponent of air pollution, John Edward (b. January 28, 1906, d. July 26, 1909), and  George Blakely, January 12, 1910. At the time of his death Frank had 11 grandchildren and 6 great-grandsons.

Works
 1910: Vector Functions of a Point.
 1915: A Classification of Quadratic Vectors Functions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1(3):177 to 183.
 1917: On the simultaneous formulation of two linear vector functions, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Section A 34: 1 to 10.
 1920: A study of the vector product Vφαθβ, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Section A 35: 30 to 7.
 1920: A Thermodynamic Study of Electrolytic Solutions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 6(4):186 to 197.
 1920: An Identical Relation Connecting Seven Vectors.
 1921: The Axes of a Quadratic Vector, Proceedings AAAS 56(9):331 to 351.
 1921: with Norbert Wiener, A New Vector Method in Integral Equations, MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics volume 1.
 1923: On Double Polyadics, with Application to the Linear Matrix Equation, Proceedings AAAS 58(10): 355 to 395.
 1923: Identities Satisfied by Algebraic Point Functions in N-space, Proceedings AAAS 58(11): 399 to 421.
 1923: with Clark S. Robinson, Differential Equations in Applied Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, now from Archive.org.
 1923: A Method for the Numerical Solution of Integral Equations.
 1924: The Coincident Points of Two Algebraic Transformations.
 1922: A Solution of the Linear Matrix Equation by Double Multiplication.
 1927: The Expression of a Tensor or a Polyadic as a Sum or Products, Journal of Mathematics and Physics, 6(1):164-189

References

 Dr. Frank L. Hitchcock, Mathematician, Professor Emeritus at M.I.T., Dies at 82, The New York Times, June 1, 1957, p. 17.
 Frank L. Hitchcock (1941) "The distribution of a product from several sources to numerous localities", MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics 20:224–230 .

External links
 D. R. Fulkerson (1956) Hitchcock Transportation Problem, RAND corporation.

 Hitchcock's family tree
 Obituary

1875 births
1957 deaths
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Harvard University alumni
Kenyon College faculty
Phillips Academy alumni

Frank Lauren Hitchcock


Sir Everard Fawkener (1694–1758) was an English merchant and diplomat, chiefly remembered for his friendship with Voltaire. His daughter was the celebrated political hostess Harriet Bouverie.

Career
Fawkener was born into a family of silk merchants. His father, William (1642–1716) was a leading member of the Levant Company. Everard was sent out to Aleppo (a city presently located in Syria) in 1716 and remained there until 1725. He then worked in the family firm of Snelling and Fawkener, leading Levant merchants of their day until 1735.

He met the philosopher Voltaire in Paris, on his way home from Aleppo in 1725. Voltaire dedicated his tragedy Zaïre to Fawkener in 1733, and earlier stayed in Fawkener's house in Wandsworth during his lengthy stay in England in 1726. The two men kept up a warm and affectionate correspondence for many years. In November 1748 Voltaire wrote to Fawkener "Now you are a husband and a father and I hope a happy one".

Fawkener was knighted in 1735, being appointed as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire on 19 August 1735. He arrived at Constantinople on 19 December. He did not like it much there and got leave to return home on 8 November 1742. His credentials were finally recalled on 4 September 1746.

Upon his return, he became secretary to the Duke of Cumberland, a post which he held for the rest of his life. He was an eyewitness to the Battle of Fontenoy. He accompanied the Duke on his campaign in the Scottish Highlands to suppress the Jacobite rising of 1745. In 1745 he became Postmaster General. In this period he was a financial backer in the foundation of the Chelsea Porcelain Manufactory.

Family

Fawkener did not marry until 1747, when aged 53. His wife was Harriet, the natural daughter of Lieutenant General Charles Churchill. A portrait of her by Constantinople-based artist Jean-Étienne Liotard hangs in Compton Verney House. They had a daughter, also named Harriet, who married Edward Bouverie and became the noted society hostess Mrs. Bouverie, and two sons, William Augustus Fawkener and Everard Fawkener of the 11th dragoons.

Fawkener lived at Westhorpe House near Little Marlow.

References

Further reading
Perry, Norma. Sir Everard Fawkener, Friend and Correspondent of Voltaire

1694 births
1758 deaths
English merchants
Ambassadors of Great Britain to the Ottoman Empire
18th-century English people
United Kingdom Postmasters General
Knights Bachelor

Everard Fawkener


The Privilege of Mielnik () was an act promulgated on October 25, 1501, at Mielnik by Poland's King Alexander Jagiellon. It substantially expanded the powers of the Senate and the magnates, at the expense of the king. Furthermore, it de facto introduced a republican form of government. However, the privilege was not confirmed by the king after his election, and in 1504 was rejected by the Sejm (see Łaski's Statutes).

After the death of Casimir IV Jagiellon (1492), the personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was broken. The new king of Poland was John I Albert, while Lithuania was governed by his brother, Alexander. Following his father, Olbracht tried to win the support of the nobility, granting it several concessions in the Statutes of Piotrków. The failed invasion of Moldavia in 1497 complicated Poland's internal situation, and strengthened the position of the magnates. At the same time, Lithuania was attacked by Ivan III of Russia, and in 1499 both nations signed the Union of Kraków and Vilnius, which revived the Polish-Lithuanian alliance. In 1500 John Albert died, and on October 3, 1501, Alexander became the King of Poland. His election worsened the Lithuanians' position, and they agreed to the Union of Mielnik. Alexander himself had to sign the Privilege of Mielnik, which limited his authority and expanded the powers of the Senate.

The Privilege was as follows:

 the Senate became major governing body of Poland, and in case of dissent, the decision of the highest senators was binding,
 the king was to be head of the senate, and his weak position was emphasized by his new title, "princeps senatus", which referred to the Roman tradition,
 the king lost the right to name senators by himself. New senators were to be named only with the permission of the Senate,
 starostas, who had previously been royal representatives, were subjected to the Senate,
 senators were to answer only to the Senate,
 senators were allowed to renounce allegiance to the king in some situations.

The new political system of Poland, created by the privilege, was disliked by the nobility, which refused to pay taxes and to take part in the pospolite ruszenie. Starostas did not cooperate with senators, and during the 1504 Sejm, which took place in Piotrków Trybunalski, Jan Laski initiated attack on the powerful Lesser Poland magnates. As a result, the nobility managed to regain their position, and during the 1505 Sejm in Radom, the Nihil novi act was introduced, which voided the Privilege of Mielnik.

References

Sources
 Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk, Bogusław Leśnodorski, Historia państwa i prawa Polski od połowy XV w. do r. 1795, PWN, Warszawa 1957
 Grzegorz Błaszczyk, Litwa na przełomie średniowiecza i nowożytności, Poznań 2002

See also
 Nihil novi
 Rokosz
 Szlachta's privileges
 Union of Mielnik

1501 in law
1501 in Poland
Legal history of Poland

Privilege of Mielnik


Hans Samelson (3 March 1916 – 22 September 2005) was a German-American mathematician who worked in differential geometry, topology and the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras—important in describing the symmetry of analytical structures.

Career and personal life
The eldest of three sons, Samelson was born on 3 March 1916, in Strassburg, Germany (now Strasbourg, France). His brother Klaus later became a mathematician and early computer science pioneer in Germany. His parents—one of Protestant and one of Jewish background—were both pediatricians. He spent most of his youth in Breslau, Silesia, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), and began his advanced mathematical education there, at the University of Breslau. His family helped him leave Nazi Germany in 1936 for Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied with the geometer Heinz Hopf and received his doctorate in 1940 from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.

In 1941, he accepted a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and immigrated to the United States; he arrived by ship six months before the United States entered World War II and acquired U.S. citizenship several years later. After leaving Princeton, he held faculty positions at the University of Wyoming (1942–1943), Syracuse University (1943–1946) and the University of Michigan (1946–1960) before coming to Stanford in 1960. He was recognized with the Dean's Award for Distinguished Teaching in 1977. He served as chair of the Mathematics Department from 1979 to 1982.

Though he became emeritus in 1986, he remained professionally active throughout his retirement, publishing articles on both contemporary and historical mathematical topics. One solved an architectural puzzle associated with the construction of the Brunelleschi Dome in Florence, Italy.

He was active in the Palo Alto Friends Meeting (Quakers) during his retirement, serving as treasurer for several years.

See also

Bott–Samelson variety

Publications

 Notes on Lie Algebras
 Selected Chapters on Geometry (translation by Hans Samelson)
 Hans Samelson, renowned mathematician, dead; Nov. 6 memorial service set

External links

1916 births
2005 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
ETH Zurich alumni
Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty
University of Michigan faculty
20th-century American mathematicians
Topologists
Differential geometers

Hans Samelson


Babatunde Omotoba was appointed Federal Minister of Aviation by President Umaru Yar'Adua on 17 December 2008.
He left office in March 2010 when Acting President Goodluck Jonathan dissolved his cabinet.

Background

Omotoba studied Civil Engineering at the University of Benin, gaining a first class degree.
He worked as a Construction and Structural Engineer on several Nigerian government projects.
He was a Manager at Arthur Andersen in Nigeria in the financial services, manufacturing, commercial and telecoms groups.
Omotoba obtained a master's degree in Business Administration from the J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management in 2003.
Omotoba worked for several years after graduating from Kellogg as vice president of Smith Whiley & Company's private equity division in Evanston, Illinois, USA.
Before being appointed Minister of Aviation, Omotoba was a director at Africa Finance Corporation, a multibillion-dollar investment fund.

Aviation minister

Omotoba was appointed Federal Minister of Aviation on 17 December 2008.
In March 2009, Omotoba sacked the managing director of the Nigeria Airspace Management Agency and nine directors in three aviation parastatals, apparently due to concerns over handling of funds.

In April 2009, he said he had reviewed all agreements the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria had signed with concessionaires and concluded that some were completely lopsided, ignoring the interests of the government.
In September 2009, Omotoba was directed by the attorney-general Michael Aondoakaa to hand over the General Aviation Terminal of
the old domestic wing of the Murtala Muhammed International Airport (Lagos) to Bi-Courteny Aviation Services Limited.

Also that month, talking about the financial difficulties faced by several Nigerian airlines, Omotoba said government had not rules out any form of bail-out for the airlines. He also suggested the airlines should seriously consider mergers and alliances.
He ruled out enactment of the Fly Nigeria Act as a way of supporting local airlines, saying the local carriers had to improve their safety record before the Nigerian elite would use them instead of the manor international airlines.

References

1967 births
Living people
Yoruba politicians
Aviation ministers of Nigeria
Kellogg School of Management alumni
University of Benin (Nigeria) alumni
Nigerian expatriates in the United States

Babatunde Omotoba


In Riemann surface theory and hyperbolic geometry, a Hurwitz surface, named after Adolf Hurwitz, is a compact Riemann surface with precisely 84(g − 1) automorphisms, where g is the genus of the surface. This number is maximal by virtue of Hurwitz's theorem on automorphisms . They are also referred to as Hurwitz curves, interpreting them as complex algebraic curves (complex dimension 1 = real dimension 2).

The Fuchsian group of a Hurwitz surface is a finite index torsionfree normal subgroup of the (ordinary) (2,3,7) triangle group. The finite quotient group is precisely the automorphism group.

Automorphisms of complex algebraic curves are orientation-preserving automorphisms of the underlying real surface; if one allows orientation-reversing isometries, this yields a group twice as large, of order 168(g − 1), which is sometimes of interest.

A note on terminology – in this and other contexts, the "(2,3,7) triangle group" most often refers, not to the full triangle group Δ(2,3,7) (the Coxeter group with Schwarz triangle (2,3,7) or a realization as a hyperbolic reflection group), but rather to the ordinary triangle group (the von Dyck group) D(2,3,7) of orientation-preserving maps (the rotation group), which is index 2. The group of complex automorphisms is a quotient of the ordinary (orientation-preserving) triangle group, while the group of (possibly orientation-reversing) isometries is a quotient of the full triangle group.

Classification by genus
Only finitely many Hurwitz surfaces occur with each genus. The function  mapping the genus to the number of Hurwitz surfaces with that genus is unbounded, even though most of its values are zero. The sum

converges for , implying in an approximate sense that the genus of the th Hurwitz surface grows at least as a cubic function of  .

The Hurwitz surface of least genus is the Klein quartic of genus 3, with automorphism group the projective special linear group PSL(2,7), of order 84(3 − 1) = 168 = 23·3·7, which is a simple group; (or order 336 if one allows orientation-reversing isometries).  The next possible genus is 7, possessed by the Macbeath surface, with automorphism group PSL(2,8), which is the simple group of order 84(7 − 1) = 504 = 23·32·7; if one includes orientation-reversing isometries, the group is of order 1,008.

An interesting phenomenon occurs in the next possible genus, namely 14. Here there is a triple of distinct Riemann surfaces with the identical automorphism group (of order 84(14 − 1) = 1092 = 22·3·7·13). The explanation for this phenomenon is arithmetic.  Namely, in the ring of integers of the appropriate number field, the rational prime 13 splits as a product of three distinct prime ideals.  The principal congruence subgroups defined by the triplet of primes produce Fuchsian groups corresponding to the first Hurwitz triplet.

The sequence of allowable values for the genus of a Hurwitz surface begins
3, 7, 14, 17, 118, 129, 146, 385, 411, 474, 687, 769, 1009, 1025, 1459, 1537, 2091, ...

See also
 Hurwitz quaternion order

References

Elkies, N.: Shimura curve computations.  Algorithmic number theory (Portland, OR, 1998), 1–47, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1423, Springer, Berlin, 1998.  See

 Katz, M.; Schaps, M.; Vishne, U.: Logarithmic growth of systole of arithmetic Riemann surfaces along congruence subgroups.  J. Differential Geom. 76 (2007), no. 3, 399-422.  Available at

Riemann surfaces
Systolic geometry

Hurwitz surface


Cao Shen or Cao Can (died 24 September 190 BCE), courtesy name Jingbo (), was a Chinese politician. He served as a chancellor of the Western Han dynasty. He participated in the Chu–Han Contention on Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu of Han)'s side and contributed greatly to the founding of the Han dynasty.

Early life
Cao Shen was from Pei County in present-day Jiangsu and he served as a prison warden in his early days. He was a close friend of Liu Bang. Once, Liu Bang was tasked with escorting some convicts to Mount Li to become labourers, but some prisoners escaped and Liu was forced to become a fugitive. He sought refuge with his followers on Mount Mangdang (in present-day Yongcheng, Henan) and maintained secret contact with Cao Shen and Xiao He. In 209 BC, after the Dazexiang Uprising broke out, the magistrate of Pei County considered rebelling against the Qin dynasty as well, so he heeded Cao Shen and Xiao He's advice to invite Liu Bang back to support him. However, the magistrate changed his mind later and denied Liu Bang entry into the city. He was worried that Xiao He and Cao Shen might open the city gates for Liu Bang so he planned to have them killed, but Xiao and Cao managed to escape and join Liu. The townsfolk rebelled against the magistrate and killed him and allowed Liu Bang and his men to enter. Liu Bang built up his rebel army in Pei County and Cao Shen served as one of his advisors.

Insurrection against the Qin dynasty
Cao Shen defeated the Qin armies led by Xue Guo, Hu Ling and Fang Yu, and was promoted to a high rank by Liu Bang for his contributions. Cao Shen defeated Zhang Han's army and drove Zhang towards Puyang. He returned to help Liu Bang, who was trapped at Yongqiu, and defeated Li You, the Qin general defending Sanchuan. By then, Cao Shen had conquered two fiefs and 122 counties in total. In the following battles against Qin, Cao Shen defeated the Qin generals Wang Li and Zhao Ben and captured the Wu and Yao passes leading to Xianyang (the Qin capital).

Chu–Han Contention
After the fall of the Qin dynasty, Liu Bang received the title of "King of Han" from Xiang Yu, and was relocated to Hanzhong. Liu Bang granted Cao Shen the title of "Marquis of Jiancheng" () and promoted him to a general rank. Cao Shen helped Liu Bang conquer the Three Qins. During the Chu–Han Contention, a power struggle between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, Cao Shen joined Han Xin's army in the campaigns on the northern front. They scored victories against Wei Bao's forces, the Zhao army at the Battle of Jingxing, and the combined forces of Qi and Chu at the Battle of Wei River. During this time, Cao Shen was appointed as acting-Left Chancellor of Liu Bang's Han kingdom, and subsequently promoted to Right Chancellor. After the conquest of the Qi kingdom, Cao Shen left Han Xin and returned to Liu Bang's side to join him in resisting Xiang Yu. Liu Bang later sent Cao Shen to suppress the remnants of Qi.

In 202 BC, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu at the Battle of Gaixia and unified China under his rule. Liu Bang became the Emperor and his dynasty was named "Han". He was historically known as "Emperor Gao" (or Emperor Gaozu). When rewarding his subjects, Gaozu named Cao Shen as the person who made the most contributions in battle. However, Cao Shen resigned from his post as Right Chancellor. In 201 BC, Cao Shen was appointed as chancellor of Qi Kingdom, which was then ruled by Liu Fei (Gaozu's eldest son). He was also conferred the title of "Marquis of Pingyang" () and given 10,630 households in his marquisate.

As chancellor

While serving as chancellor, Cao Shen sought the help of Confucian scholars in governing Qi but was not impressed by their ideas. After discussing with a scholar called Gai Gong, Cao Shen was influenced by the Huang-Lao () school of thought, which used a mix of persuasion and coercion. Cao Shen followed Gai Gong's advice to implement policies to restore social stability and frequently consulted Gai Gong on how to govern Qi.

In 196BC, he commanded the Qi forces that assisted the emperor in suppressing Chen Xi's rebellion in Dai (present-day northern Shanxi and northwestern Hebei).

In 193 BC, the chancellor Xiao He died and was succeeded by Cao Shen. Cao Shen spent his time drinking and feasting, and maintained well Xiao He's system of governance but did not implement any new changes. When Emperor Hui asked him why he did not change the system, Cao Shen replied that he was not as good as Xiao He and did not want to make changes for fear of negatively affecting the system left behind by Xiao. This became the origin of a Chinese idiom, Xiao Gui Cao Sui (萧规曹随; lit. "Cao following Xiao's rules"), which is used to describe the continuation of the work of one's predecessor.

Appraisal
The historian Sima Qian commented in Records of the Grand Historian that he felt that among all of Liu Bang's subjects, Cao Shen's contributions in battle was second only to Han Xin. Commenting on Cao Shen's role as chancellor, Sima Qian mentioned that Cao had done well in preserving Xiao He's system of governance and achieved the peace and stability desired by the people.

Family and descendants
Cao Shen's son, Cao Zhu (曹窋; died 161 BC), inherited his father's marquis title "Marquis of Pingyang". Cao Zhu was in turn succeeded by his son, Cao Qi (曹奇; died 153 BC), who helped Emperor Jing suppress the Rebellion of the Seven States. Cao Qi's son, Cao Shi (曹時; died 131 BC), married Princess Pingyang, one of Emperor Jing's daughters. Cao Shi's son, Cao Xiang (曹襄; died 115 BC), married Princess Wei (a daughter of Emperor Wu and Empress Wei Zifu) and served as a general in the Han campaigns against the Xiongnu. Cao Xiang's son, Cao Zong (曹宗; died 91 BC), was implicated in a plot to overthrow Emperor Wu in 91 BC and was stripped of the marquis title he inherited from his ancestor. He and his family also lost their inherited marquisate as a consequence.

Three Kingdoms warlord Cao Cao claimed to be a descendant of Cao Shen. However this has been rebuked through genetic evidence.

References

Citations

Bibliography
Ban Gu et al. Book of Han, vol. 39.
 .
Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, vols. 8, 54.

190 BC deaths
Chu–Han contention people
Han dynasty chancellors
Politicians from Xuzhou
Year of birth unknown

Cao Shen


Douglas Albert Guest  (9 May 1916 – 18 November 1996) was an English organist, conductor, teacher and composer.

Education
Guest was born in Mortomley, Sheffield,  Yorkshire, England, and studied originally at the Royal College of Music and became Organ Scholar of King's College, Cambridge from 1935 until 1939.

Career
During the Second World War he served as a Major in the Royal Artillery and was involved in the battle for the liberation of Caen, Normandy. He was 'twice severely wounded'  sustaining a leg injury which left him with a permanent, though eventually slight limp. His first major appointment came in 1945 as Director of Music at Uppingham School. From there he became Organist of Salisbury Cathedral, a post which he held from 1950 until 1957, before moving to become Organist and Master of the Choristers at Worcester Cathedral. His final post was as Organist and Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey from 1963 until 1981.

Compositions and awards
His most well-known composition is a setting of Lawrence Binyon's poem, "For the Fallen", composed in 1971 for the Choir of Westminster Abbey. He also composed music for the organ, including a Voluntary for Easter, composed in 1956. His other appointments have included being professor at the Royal College of Music, and as an examiner for both the Royal College of Organists and the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. In 1975 he was appointed CVO.

External links
Biography
Obituary

1916 births
1996 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Cathedral organists
English choral conductors
British male conductors (music)
Composers for pipe organ
Musicians from Sheffield
English classical organists
British male organists
English classical composers
People educated at Reading School
Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century English composers
English male classical composers
20th-century organists
20th-century British male musicians
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery officers
Male classical organists

Douglas Guest


Shibi Jataka is one of the Jataka tales detailing episodes of the various incarnations of Buddha. Each Jataka tale illustrates the Buddhist ideals of Dhamma and sacrifice in various forms. Tradition states that these tales were narrated by Buddha himself during his ministry in India to emphasise that by the constant practice of virtuous deeds one reaches the status of Nirvana or enlightenment.

The Story of King Sibi

Arvind Sharma describes the story of King Shibi in the following terms,

"As he sat in the court one day, a sparrow sought refuge in his lap, while being chased by a falcon. The falcon demanded the sparrow from the king as it constituted his means of subsistence. Accepting the falcon's right, the king offered his own flesh in order to fulfill his duty of protecting his subjects."

Variations
There are many versions of the Shibi Jataka and the one narrated above is also found in the Mahabharata as the story of a king called Shibi. Another version of the story of Shibi is narrated as follows:

"Indra came as a blind person to King Shibi and asked him to donate one of his eyes so that he could regain his sight partially. Sibi, however, offered both eyes for the complete restoration of the blind man's sight.  The ready willingness of king Sibi to sacrifice both his eyes moved Indra into revealing his true form and blessing the king."

In the Chinese Buddhist tradition, the two versions of the story are attributed to two different kings. The king who sacrifices his eyes is called Kuai-mu Wang - the king with happy eyes.

Cave Paintings
The story is depicted in numerous Buddhist cave paintings. An example of this can be found in Cave 17 at Ajanta. This shows a man holding a set of scales while the king is engaged in cutting his flesh out. The panel also shows the king's courtiers, and subjects rejoicing this noble act of their king. A painting in the Mogao Caves (Cave 275) shows a panel illustrating five jataka tales. The two versions of the Sibi legend are depicted in this panel.

Connections with the Chola Dynasty
The story of King Shibi has been linked with the South Indian dynasty of Cholas who ruled between c 100 C.E. to c. 1250 C.E. The later Cholas claimed to have descended from Shibi. The Tamil name for Shibi was Sembiyan. This name was assumed by many Chola kings.

See also
 Jātaka
 List of Jatakas
 Mahanipata Jataka
 Paññāsa Jātaka
 Shibi (king)

References

Jataka tales
Indian folklore
Indian literature
Indian fairy tales
Indian legends

Sibi Jataka


The Dukhin number () is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the contribution of the surface conductivity to various electrokinetic and electroacoustic effects, as well as to electrical conductivity and permittivity of fluid heterogeneous systems. The number was named after Stanislav and Andrei Dukhin.

Overview
It was introduced by Lyklema in "Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science".  A recent IUPAC Technical Report used this term explicitly and detailed several means of measurement in physical systems.

The Dukhin number is a ratio of the surface conductivity  to the fluid bulk electrical conductivity Km multiplied by particle size a:

There is another expression of this number that is valid when the surface conductivity is associated only with ions motion above the slipping plane in the double layer. In this case, the value of the surface conductivity depends on ζ-potential, which leads to the following expression for the Dukhin number for symmetrical electrolyte with equal ions diffusion coefficient:

where the parameter m characterizes the contribution of electro-osmosis into motion of ions within the double layer

 F is Faraday constant
 T is absolute temperature
 R is gas constant
 C is ions concentration in bulk
 z is ion valency
 ζ is electrokinetic potential
 ε0 is vacuum dielectric permittivity
 εm is fluid dielectric permittivity
 η is dynamic viscosity
 D is diffusion coefficient

References

Chemical mixtures
Colloidal chemistry
Condensed matter physics
Soft matter

Dukhin number


Trollhunters: Rise of the Titans is a 2021 American computer-animated science fantasy film directed by Johane Matte, Francisco Ruiz Velasco, and Andrew Schmidt, and written by Guillermo del Toro, Marc Guggenheim and Dan and Kevin Hageman (who also produced the film). It is the finale of the Tales of Arcadia franchise by Guillermo del Toro, which features the television series Trollhunters, 3Below and Wizards. Following a year after the events of Wizards, the Guardians of Arcadia reunite for the final time as they battle the nefarious Arcane Order, who have reawakened the primordial Titans.

It was released on Netflix on July 21, 2021, and it received generally positive from critics but a negative to mixed response from audiences and fans, with praise given to the animation and voice performances but criticism for its ending.

Plot
Following the events of Wizards, master wizard Hisirdoux "Douxie" Casperan and former Arcane Order member Nari lure their pursuers Belloc and Skrael onto a moving subway train in New York City where they launch a surprise attack with former Trollhunter Jim Lake Jr. and his girlfriend Claire Nunez. Jim is wounded during the fight while his best friend Toby Domzaski accidentally snaps the train's brakes, causing the train to be unable to stop, and complicating things for Prince Krel Taron, Steve Palchuck and Stuart as they are tasked to use 'trifurcate radiation' to negate the wizards' magic. The subway then breaks out of the station and almost collides into a shop in Times Square , narrowly avoiding the crowd. Then, Belloc and Skreal start a fire, in the middle of Times Square, with innocent civilians at risk. They threatened the lives of New York's people unless Nari comes with them. Douxie has a genius idea, and swaps his mind with Nari's. It ultimately ends in the Arcane Order capturing Nari, unaware that Douxie swapped minds with her prior to her capture, the group being detained by the police before they escape.

Jim recovers in a newly rebuilt Camelot while learning his mother Barbara is engaged to his former teacher and principal, the changeling Strickler. The group are then joined by Queen Aja Tarron and matured Eli Pepperjack, Steven unknowingly made himself pregnant when he kissed Aja for the seventh time. Blinky Galadrigal relays what he learned to reveal the Order's plan to awakening the Titans and have them converge at Arcadia Oaks, the center of the universe, to unite and recreate the world by destroying the current one. At that time, Order discovers Douxie's spell and reverts the two back to their normal bodies, but not before Nari alerts Jim, "Trollhunter make the ninth configuration, Krohnisfere will make right". The heroes enter the Round Table and discover that the Arcane Order is already preparing a ritual to break the Genesis Seals. The heroes fail to prevent the ritual from carried out with each member of the order piloting their respective titan.

The heroes split up: Claire, Blinky, Douxie's familiar Archie, and Archie's father Charlemagne head to the Hong Kong Trollmarket in Hong Kong to acquire the Krohnisfere from the TrollDragon Zong-Shi; Krel leads Stuart, Steve, and Eli to retrieve Excalibur, while the rest split into two teams in an attempt to stop the titans of Skreal and a brainwashed Nari. Nomura's team goes to tropical Brazil, but Strickler's team heads to icy Greenland But it ends with Strickler and his fellow changeling Nomura killed in battle while Claire's team manages to acquire the Krohnisfere, but are forced to leave Archie and his father behind when Belloc's titian destroys the bridge while defeating Varvatos Vex in a gigantic robotic suit of the fictional Gun Robot. The heroes reunite and Douxie restores Nari's freewill. When asked of the Krohnisfere, Nari tells Jim that "Time unfolds differently, like a flower. Only the Trollhunter will know" before using her Titan to battle and kill Skrael in his Titan, killing herself as well.

As Belloc's titan continues its advance, Blinky realizes the Titans are meant to join with a Heartstone and that the union of Trollmarket's Heartstone and Bellroc's Titan will cause the world to be reborn in fire. The group arrive ahead of Belloc while Jim realizes that the ninth configuration is meant to represent him and his friends, enabling Jim to finally pull Excalibur out of the stone. The heroes come face to face with Bellroc, who proves to be too powerful for them to handle. As Jim is left alone to face Bellroc, he comes to accept that the amulet never made him a hero and he already was one. Jim's newly improved amulet (created with Akiridion technology, from the original blueprints from which Merlin had used when he first built the amulet and the hilt stone from Excalibur) begins to respond to Jim and flies towards him, giving him a magic/Akiridion armor which can empower Excalibur with greater power. Toby, after remembering the anti-magic radiation generator from their first encounter with the Arcane Order, uses it on Bellroc, giving Jim the opportunity to strike Bellroc with Excalibur. Jim finds a fatally hurt Toby, who has been crushed by debris and thanks his friends in his final moments with remaining eight heroes left to mourn him.

Remembering Nari's words and realizing that the Krohnisfere is meant for him to travel back in time and prevent any tragic events that happened to him and his dearest of friends, Jim decides to use to return to when he first became the Trollhunter. He gives an emotional farewell and travels back to the morning where he found the mystical amulet, making his first change to the timeline by having Toby find Merlin's amulet under the canals.

Cast

Production

Development
While planning the ending of the Netflix/DreamWorks Animation saga Tales of Arcadia, the producers, wanting it to finish with an Avengers-style crossover, debated whether to conclude it with additional Wizards episodes or a feature film, and eventually made a film because a cinematic format allowed them to "tell this story on the scope that [they] wanted and have the story be as big as [they] aspired it to be". Aware that audiences watching the film would not necessarily be familiar with the rest of the saga, a recap prologue was written for the start of the film. The film was also influenced by Marvel Studios' Avengers films, the filmmakers having taken a similar approach so audiences unfamiliar with the franchise could nevertheless enjoy the film's story. According to writer Marc Guggenheim, early production on the film happened while the studio was working on Wizards, which he felt gave the producers time to determine how to finish the saga's story. The writers included references to executive-producer Guillermo del Toro's Pacific Rim, though they were careful to not to overload the film with Pacific Rim easter eggs.

On August 7, 2020, it was revealed that Netflix and DreamWorks Animation were developing the Tales of Arcadia finale film, Trollhunters: Rise of the Titans, with Johane Matte, Francisco Ruiz Velasco, and Andrew Schmidt directing, Guillermo del Toro, Marc Guggenheim and the Dan and Kevin Hageman writing and producing the film, with Chad Hammes and Tales of Arcadia creator Guillermo del Toro executive-producing. Emile Hirsch, Lexi Medrano, Charlie Saxton, Kelsey Grammer, Alfred Molina, Steven Yeun, Nick Frost, Colin O'Donoghue, Diego Luna, Tatiana Maslany, Cole Sand, Nick Offerman, Fred Tatasciore, Brian Blessed, Kay Bess, Piotr Michael, James Hong, Tom Kenny, Angel Lin, Amy Landecker, Jonathan Hyde, Bebe Wood, Laraine Newman, and Cheryl Hines were confirmed to be part of the cast of the film.

Animation
The film was produced with a higher production budget than previous entries on the franchise and was provided by 88 Pictures, CGCG, Inc., and Original Force. The filmmakers choose to start the film with a high speed chase sequence as a way to showcase the higher budget and animation quality to the audience.

Music
Jeff Danna, who previously composed 3Below and Wizards, and Scott Kirkland composed the score for the film. Dana and Kirkland composed new themes exclusive to the film, while also including themes from the previous Tales of Arcadia series in the score.

Release
On August 7, 2020, the film was confirmed to be released in 2021. On April 27, 2021, the release date was revealed to be July 21, 2021. The project marked the first DreamWorks Animation film to be released directly on a streaming service. The movie was released on Netflix on July 21, 2021.

Reception
Den of Geek reviewed Trollhunters: Rise of the Titans, stating that "Though brimming with stakes, Netflix's final movie installment of Guillermo del Toro's Tales of Arcadia rationalizes rather than justifies its conclusion."

Accolades

References

External links

2021 films
2021 computer-animated films
2021 directorial debut films
2021 fantasy films
American animated feature films
American animated fantasy films
Animated science fantasy films
DreamWorks Animation animated films
English-language Netflix original films
Films produced by Guillermo del Toro
Films scored by Jeff Danna
Films with screenplays by The Hageman Brothers
Tales of Arcadia
2020s English-language films
2020s American films

Trollhunters: Rise of the Titans


Juan Manuel Ley López  (February 17, 1933 – January 22, 2016)  was a Mexican businessman, and the Casa Ley chairman. He also was president of the baseball teams Saraperos de Saltillo in the Mexican Summer League and Tomateros de Culiacán in the Mexican Winter League.

In 1910, Ley's father, Lee Fong, left Guangdong province, China by boat. When he arrived in Sinaloa city, he "Mexicanized" his name to Juan Ley Fong instead. Ley himself was born and raised in Mexico.  The eldest of eight brothers and sisters, Juan Manuel was the CEO of Culiacán Sinaloa Mexico's Based Grupo Ley until his death, which comprises several companies going from Casa Ley SA de CV, one of Mexico's largest retail supermarkets (co-owned by California-based Safeway Inc.), Apparel Stores, Baseball Teams in both Mexican Leagues (Saraperos de Saltillo and Tomateros de Culiacán), Automobile Dealerships, and Del Campo y Asociados, one of the largest producers of fresh tomatoes for export into the United States.

He was born February 17, 1933, in Tayoltita, Durango, Mexico and died January 22, 2016, at 82 years old in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. He was elected to the Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.

References

Mexican Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Mexican businesspeople
Mexican people of Chinese descent
Safeway Inc.
People from Culiacán
1933 births
2016 deaths

Juan Manuel Ley


Radio fingerprinting is a process that identifies a cellular phone or any other radio transmitter by the "fingerprint" that characterizes its signal transmission and is hard to imitate. An electronic fingerprint makes it possible to identify a wireless device by its radio transmission characteristics. Radio fingerprinting is commonly used by cellular operators to prevent cloning of cell phones — a cloned device will have the same numeric equipment identity but a different radio fingerprint.

Essentially, each transmitter (cell phones are just one type of radio transmitter) has a rise time signature when first keyed which is caused by the slight variations of component values during manufacture. Once the rise time signature is captured and assigned to a callsign, the use of a different transmitter using the same callsign is easily detected. Such systems are used in military signals intelligence and by radio regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for identifying illegal transmitters. They are also used for assessing usage for billing purposes in Subscriber Mobile Radio (SMR) systems.

This topic has garnered great attention in recent years as the radio fingerprinting technique offers a "physical layer" authentication solution, which can provide fundamentally superior performance than traditional higher-layer encryption solutions. The topic has been studied by various researchers across multiple disciplines, including Signal Processing, Antenna and Propagation and Computer Science.

References

Automatic identification and data capture
Radio-frequency identification
Radio
Mobile telecommunications
Measurement and signature intelligence

Radio fingerprinting


Stronghold 2 is a real-time strategy computer game. It was released by Firefly Studios in April 2005.

Gameplay
In the game, players play as a leader of a medieval castle. They must administer the castle in a good way in order to gain experience points. With his available energy, he should develop his food production, industry, civil, or military buildings and defenses. Military units are directly controlled individually or in groups. There are some semi-independent villages, which can be bought with experience points, and will contribute to the player's available energy.

Different play modes are possible, such as Kingmaker, Siege, War Campaign, Peace Campaign, Freeplay, Custom scenario, and Multiplayer.

Storyline
Stronghold 2 is set within the Middle Ages. The player plays as Sir Matthew Steele, a page for Sir William. The main storyline begins with Barclay, who wants to become the king of the no-king castle. Sir William is the player's closest ally, King who believes him to be a traitor disgraced him, because he mistakenly sieges Lady Seren's castle, helps a tyrant escape, and accidentally poisons the King. Sir Grey is an elderly man, whose useful life is nearing end, but he still builds small but powerful castles with tall towers and thick walls. Lady Seren originally appears as an enemy, however, Sir Steele learns that she is in fact an ally, and Sir William mistook her for a witch. Sir Edwin is the weakest enemy, he lacks confidence but he is not as pathetic. Olaf Grimtooth is the Viking warlord. Pascal Devereux, better known as "The Hawk" is Sir William's evil brother. His castles are usually built from stone and feature large, powerful gatehouses, so he's the most difficult enemy. And your mission is to beat them one by one.

War campaign
You are the page of Sir William. Sir William was captured by Lord Barclay but you helped him to managed escape.  Afterwards, Sir William and you ride to a nearby boathouse. Then Sir William will guide you how to develop your economically, and Constable Briggs will guide you how to fight with enemy. At this moment, Olaf Grimtooth led his army to the lands as an aggression, then you beat Olaf, William takes you to lady Seren. Then you have to protect the Edwin, he gives you some land. When you arrive in the country's borderlands, you will see that there are many problems there, and then you should solve the problems one by one. At last, you kill Olaf, then you have to make a choice: Follow The Hawk and The Hammer, or The Lamb and The King.

Peace Campaign
This story begins with a small and poor castle, and your mission is to rebuild this castle. You should build some wells for the fire, get more food and put out the wolves. Finally, you need to get lots of food in your kitchen for the King's banquet.

Map editor
A map editor is provided, which players can use to create new maps. These maps can be shared online.

Reception

The game received "mixed or average reviews," according to Metacritic. Metacritic gave the game an average score of 63. All other scores were averaged or negative, but few positive scores. PC Gamer gave the game 84%, and Eurogamer gave it 7/10, being generally favorable.

Demo
On January 4, 2007, a single player demo was released, including three missions. The demo solved many bugs.

References

2005 video games
Real-time strategy video games

Stronghold 2


Novaquatics (also known as Nova) is a swim team in Irvine, California. They are a nonprofit organization that receives their funding through membership dues, fundraising events and sponsorships.  They are a member of the Orange Committee within Southern California Swimming (SCS); this is a subdivision of USA Swimming. Irvine Novaqutics is part of Southern California Swimming (SCS). Currently, they are one of the largest swim teams in Southern California. They have consistently won championship meets such as Spring Junior Olympics, Summer Junior Olympics, Winter Age Group Championships, Pacific Swimming's annual Speedo Far Western National Age Group Short Course Championships, and the June Invites as well as many other major events.

As of the end of 2006, Novaquatics was the #3 swim team program in the United States by USA Swimming. The club also has locations in Fountain Valley and also Aliso Viejo.

Celebrated alumni of the Novaquatics team include Olympians: Amanda Beard, Aaron Peirsol, Jason Lezak, Milorad Čavić, Gabrielle Rose, Staciana Stitts, Jessica Hardy, Lenny Krayzelburg, Gabe Woodward, Colleen Lane, and John Mykkanen.

Past head coaches for the club have included Flip Darr, Lucky Forman, Ron Turner, and Dave Salo (1990–2006). Flipp Darr was the Founding Head Coach of the Irvine NOVA. He placed swimmers on the Olympic Teams for the USA in '68, '72, '76 and '84.

References

External links
Official website
International Swimming Hall of Fame biography of Flip Darr

Swim teams in the United States

Irvine Novaquatics


The Roman Catholic Church in Canada is part of the world wide Catholic Church. As of 2008, it was the third largest religious body in Canada. Over 13 million Canadians (46% of population) was a baptized member of the Catholic Church.

Catholics first settled in Canada in the 1600s, when French settlers founded Quebec City. In the 1620s, British Catholics were allowed to settle on Newfoundland. A seminary was started in Quebec City in 1663. In 1674, Pope Clement X started a diocese in Quebec City, which was the first episcopal see in the Americas north of Mexico. This diocese became the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec in 1819. The diocese originally covered all of Canada but other diocese were created during the 19th century.

Religion in Canada
Roman Catholicism

Roman Catholicism in Canada


Charles Ronald McKay Granger,  (August 12, 1912 – April 22, 1995) was a Canadian and Newfoundland politician.

Born in Catalina, Newfoundland, one of two children of David Charles and Emilie Sarah (Bursey) Granger, Granger was educated at St. Peter's Anglican High School.

Granger was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Grand Falls—White Bay—Labrador in the 1958 election. He was re-elected in 1962, 1963, and 1965.

In August 1966, he resigned from the House of Commons of Canada and became a Member of the House of Assembly (MHA) for the District of Gander in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. He was appointed Minister of Labrador Affairs.

Granger resigned from the House of Assembly on September 25, 1967, and returned to the House of Commons after winning a 1967 federal by-election in the riding of Bonavista—Twillingate following the retirement of Cabinet minister Jack Pickersgill. Granger won the seat and  was appointed Minister without Portfolio in the cabinet of Prime Minister Lester Pearson and kept the position when Pierre Trudeau became Prime Minister of Canada the following year. However,  he was defeated by John Howard Lundrigan in the 1968 election.

Following his defeat, Granger was a vice-president of Shaheen Natural Resources Company from 1968 to 1975 .

In 1994, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

On June 19, 1950, he married Elizabeth Jane French and they had four children.

External links
Order of Canada Citation

 Charles Ronald McKay Granger fonds, Library and Archives Canada

1912 births
1995 deaths
Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Officers of the Order of Canada
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
People from Trinity Bay North

Charles Granger (politician)


Kodumudi taluk is a taluk of Erode district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Kodumudi became a separate taluk in Erode district by trifurcation of the erst-while Erode taluk, along with Modakurichi taluk on 8 March 2016. The new taluk will have control over the same geographic entity of the Kodumudi revenue block with Kodumudi as the headquarters. It falls under Erode Revenue division.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the erstwhile Erode taluk had a population of 820,720 with 410,323 males and 410,397 females. There were 1000 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 73.5. Child population in the age group below 6 was 35,016 Males and 33,498 Females. Whereas after trifurcation of the taluk, the newly created Kodumudi taluk will have a population of 107,466 approximately.

Populated Towns and Villages
 Sivagiri
 Kandasamypalayam
 Pasur
 Unjalur
 Thamaraipalayam
 Vellottamparappu
 Anjur

See also
Kodumudi block

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20180330160655/http://www.erode.tn.nic.in/taluk.htm

Taluks of Erode district

Kodumudi taluk


Bartolomeo (also Bartolommeo) Borghesi (11 July 178116 April 1860) was an Italian antiquarian who was a key figure in establishing the science of numismatics.

He was born at Savignano, near Rimini, and studied at Bologna and Rome. Having weakened his eyesight by the study of documents of the Middle Ages, he turned his attention to epigraphy and numismatics. At Rome he arranged and cataloged several collections of coins, amongst them those of the Vatican, a task which he undertook for Pope Pius VII. In consequence of the disturbances of 1821, Borghesi retired to San Marino, where he died in 1860.

Although mainly an enthusiastic student, he was for some time podestà of the little republic. His monumental work, Nuovi Frammenti dei Fasti Consolari Capitolini (1818–1820), attracted the attention of the learned world as furnishing positive bases for the chronology of Roman history, while his contributions to Italian archaeological journals established his reputation as a numismatist and antiquarian.

Before his death, Borghesi conceived the design of publishing a collection of all the Latin inscriptions of the Roman world. The work was taken up by the Academy of Berlin under the auspices of Theodor Mommsen, and the result was the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Napoleon III ordered the publication of a complete edition of the works of Borghesi. This edition, in ten volumes, of which the first appeared in 1862, was not completed until 1897.

References

External links

Italian antiquarians
Italian numismatists
1781 births
1860 deaths
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Bartolomeo Borghesi


The Giraffe Centre is located in Lang'ata, approximately  from the centre of Nairobi, Kenya. It was established in order to protect the vulnerable giraffe, that is found only in the grasslands of East Africa.

In 1979, the Giraffe Center, a nature sanctuary for visiting and including wildlife conservation education for urban school children, was started by Jock Leslie Melville, the Kenyan grandson of a Scottish Earl, when he and his wife Betty captured two baby giraffe to start a programme of breeding giraffe on their Langata property, site of the present Centre.  Since then the programme has had huge success, resulting in the introduction of several breeding pairs of Rothschild Giraffe into Kenyan national parks.

By 1983 enough money had been raised to establish the Giraffe Visitor's Center as a tourist destination just outside Nairobi.

The main attraction for both school children and visitors is feeding giraffes from a raised observation platform. The Giraffe Center is also home to several warthogs which freely roam the area along with the giraffes.

Notes

Further reading

External links

Tourist attractions in Nairobi
Zoos in Kenya
Zoos established in 1983

Giraffe Centre


A Roads Inspector (Jèrriais: L's Înspecteurs des C'mîns ; French: Inspecteur des chemins) is a statutory office in Jersey responsible for the maintenance of public highways.

The Parish Assembly elects two Roads Inspectors for each Vingtaine [or Cueillette in St Ouen] for a three-year term of office in accordance with the Loi (1914) sur la Voirie. Roads Inspectors are responsible for the repair of by-roads of the Parish and have to ensure the instructions of the Roads Committee are carried out.

In the Parish of St Helier, the Roads Inspectors also undertake additional non-statutory responsibilities with regard to the policing of infractions of the Road Traffic Act (Jersey) and other areas of the law within the parochial remit such as dog licensing and fly posting. They also serve as conduits of information to the Honorary Police.

Their chief role is the annual Visite du Branchage and the triennial Visite Royale.

References

Transport in Jersey
Law enforcement agencies of Jersey
Parochial politics of Jersey

Roads inspector (Jersey)


Very-high-energy gamma ray (VHEGR) denotes gamma radiation with photon energies of 100 GeV (gigaelectronvolt) to 100 TeV (teraelectronvolt), i.e., 1011 to 1014 electronvolts. This is approximately equal to
wavelengths between 10−17 and 10−20 meters, or frequencies of 2 × 1025 to 2 × 1028 Hz. Such energy levels have been detected from emissions from astronomical sources such as some binary star systems containing a compact object. For example, radiation emitted from Cygnus X-3 has been measured at ranges from GeV to exaelectronvolt-levels. Other astronomical sources include BL Lacertae, 3C 66A Markarian 421 and Markarian 501.  Various other sources exist that are not associated with known bodies. For example, the H.E.S.S. catalog contained 64 sources in November 2011.

Detection
Instruments to detect this radiation commonly measure the Cherenkov radiation produced by secondary particles generated from an energetic photon entering the Earth's atmosphere. This method is called imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique or IACT. A high-energy photon produces a cone of light confined to 1° of the original photon direction. About 10,000 m2 of the earth's surface is lit by each cone of light. A flux of 10−7 photons per square meter per second can be detected with current technology, provided the energy is above 0.1 TeV. Instruments include the planned Cherenkov Telescope Array, GT-48 in Crimea, MAGIC on La Palma, High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) in Namibia VERITAS and Chicago Air Shower Array which closed in 2001. Cosmic rays also produce similar flashes of light, but can be distinguished based on the shape of the light flash. Also having more than one telescope simultaneously observing the same spot can help exclude cosmic rays. Extensive air showers of particles can be detected for gamma rays above 100 TeV. Water scintillation detectors or dense arrays of particle detectors can be used to detect these particle showers.

Air showers of elementary particles made by gamma rays can also be distinguished from those produced by cosmic rays by the much greater depth of shower maximum, and the much lower quantity of muons.

Very-high-energy gamma rays are too low energy to show the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect. Only magnetic fields perpendicular to the path of the photon causes pair production, so that photons coming in parallel to the geomagnetic field lines can survive intact until they meet the atmosphere. These photons that come through the magnetic window can make a Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal shower.

Importance
Very-high-energy gamma rays are of importance because they may reveal the source of cosmic rays. They travel in a straight line (in space-time) from their source to an observer. This is unlike cosmic rays which have their direction of travel scrambled by magnetic fields. Sources that produce cosmic rays will almost certainly produce gamma rays as well, as the cosmic ray particles interact with nuclei or electrons to produce photons or neutral pions which in turn decay to ultra-high-energy photons.

The ratio of primary cosmic ray hadrons to gamma rays also gives a clue as to the origin of cosmic rays. Although gamma rays could be produced near the source of cosmic rays, they could also be produced by interactions with the cosmic microwave background by way of the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit cutoff above 50 EeV.

References

Gamma rays

Very-high-energy gamma ray


Hilary Tann (2 November 1947 – 8 February 2023) was a Welsh composer based in the United States.

Career
Born in Llwynypia, Glamorgan (Wales), Tann held degrees in music composition from the University of Wales, Cardiff, and Princeton University. Her compositions are published by Oxford University Press. Tann's orchestral works have been released on the North/South Recordings CD Here, the Cliffs, – "music of great integrity, impeccable craft, and genuine expressive ambition" Robert Carl, Fanfare 36:I. Her overture, "With the Heather and Small Birds," commissioned by the 1994 Cardiff Festival, is her tribute to the land of her birth.

Until 2019 she was the John Howard Payne Professor of Music at Union College in Schenectady, New York, where she had been since 1980, teaching courses on music theory and composition, in addition to founding the Union College Orchestra. Tann was the invited Guest Composer-in-Residence for the 2011 Women in Music Festival, Eastman School of Music, where her commissioned work, "Exultet Terra" for SATB double chorus and double reed quartet was given its world premiere and the 2013 Women Composers Festival of Hartford.

Honors and awards
Tann's honors included the selection of her piano composition, "Light from the Cliffs," as a repertoire choice in the 2012 William Kappell International Piano Competition and Festival. She received grants from ASCAP Standard Awards 1996–present, Meet The Composer, NEA, NYSCA, Welsh Arts Council, VW Trust, Holst Foundation, American Composers Forum, and the Hanson Institute for American Music Awards.

Notable works
Her works include concertos for violin ("Here, the Cliffs" premiered by the North Carolina Symphony with Corine Brouwer Cook, 1997), alto saxophone ("In the First, Spinning Place" premiered by the University of Arizona Symphony with Debra Richtmeyer, March 2000), and cello ("Anecdote," premiered by the Newark [Delaware] Symphony with Romanian cellist Ovidiu Marinescu, December 2000).

"Shakkei," a diptych for oboe solo and chamber orchestra, was premiered by Virginia Shaw in the Presteigne Festival, August 2007, and has been performed multiple times, including in Dublin, at the 2008 IAWM Congress in Beijing, in New York City, Rio de Janeiro, San Francisco, and at the 15th World Saxophone Congress in Bangkok (2009), with Susan Fancher (solo soprano saxophone) and the Thailand Philharmonic Orchestra.

Other works include Psalm 104 (Praise, my soul), composed for the North American Welsh Choir, "Contemplations 21, 22" composed for the Radcliffe Choral Society, and First Watch, a composition for carillon.

Selected works

For Orchestra

As Ferns (1992), for string orchestra
Walls of Morlais Castle (1998), for string orchestra
Toward Dusk (2001), for string orchestra
Water's Edge (1993), for string orchestra
Adirondack Light (1992), for chamber orchestra
Shakkei (2007), for chamber orchestra
With the Heather and Small Birds (1994), for chamber orchestra
Fanfare for a River (2001)
From Afar (1996)
From the Feather to Mountain (2004)
High Rock Spring (2009)
Reibo (2009)
Sarsen (2001)
Grey Tide and Green (2001)
Open Field (1990)
Through Echoing Timber (1996)

Instrumental Solos

A Sad Pavan Forbidding Mourning (2002), for guitar
Doppelganger (1984), for piano
Embertides (2014), for organ
First Watch (2003), for carillon
Kilvert's Hills (2010), for bassoon
Light from the Cliffs (2005), for piano
Like Lightnings (2004), for oboe
Look Little Low Heavens (1992), for trumpet
Pinnae Ventorum (2006), for organ
Seven Poems of Stillness (2008), for cello with optional narrator
The Cresset Stone (1993), for cello, viola, or violin
Windhover (1985), for soprano saxophone

Chamber Ensembles

And the Snow Did Lie (Et La Neige Resta) (2014), for string quartet
Duo (1981), for oboe and viola
From the Song of Amergin (1995), for flute, viola, and harp
Gardens of Anna Maria Luisa de Medici (2003), for flute, cello, and piano
In the Theater of Air (2017), for piano, cello, and piano
Llef (1995), flute and cello
Melangell Variations (2018), for piano and soloists
Nothing Forgotten (1997),for violin, cello, and piano
Of Erthe and Air (1991), for flute, clarinet, and percussion
On Ear and Ear... (2011), for piano and viola
Shoji (2010), for flute and oboe
... Slate, Blue-Gray (2012), for violin, cello, and piano
Solstice (2014), for marimba and piano
Some of the Silence (2010), for saxophone quartet
The Walls of Morlais Castle (2001), for oboe, viola, and cello
Water's Edge (1994), for piano duet
Winter Sun, Summer Rain (1992), for flute, clarinet, viola, cello, celeste

Vocal works

 A Girl's Song To Her Mother (1999), for soprano and oboe
 Arachne (1987), for soprano and crotale
 Between Sunsets (2012), for soprano and piano
 Melangell Variations (2018), for string orchestra, baritone, and soprano
 Mother and Son (1996), for soprano, E-flat clarinet, viola, cello
 Songs of the Cotton Grass (1999), for soprano and oboe
 Sound Dawn (1991), for tenor, baritone, bass, and piano
 The Moor (1997), for soprano and alto chorus
 Vale of Feathers (2005), for soprano and oboe
 Wings of the Grasses (2003), for soprano and oboe

References

External links
Official Hilary Tann Website
New York Women Composers
Oxford University Press Composer

1947 births
Living people
Alumni of Cardiff University
Composers for carillon
British women composers
Union College (New York) faculty
Welsh composers

Hilary Tann


Katchal (Hindi: कत्चल, Nicobarese: तिहन्यु, Tihnyu) is one of the Nicobar Islands, India.

History
Katchal Island was previously known as Tihanyu.
Due to the remote location and lack of exposure with the rest of the world, outsiders economically exploited the innocent islanders for a long time. To stop their economic exploitation, the Government of India declared the Nicobar Islands an Aboriginal Tribal Reserve Area (ATRA) on 2 April 1957. This made the Nicobar Islands inaccessible to outsiders and currently even Indian nationals need a special tribal pass to visit the islands. Only Government Servants (outsiders) posted to Katchal Islands are allowed to stay in the island.

Nicobar Islands have experienced all kinds of external influences for centuries, because they are located along an ancient international sea trade route and have been known to voyagers and scholars since ancient times. Due to this, the islands have been receiving external influences, which have affected their culture and race over the centuries. According to recent history, an archeological inscription dating to AD 1059 says that Nicobar was part of the overseas kingdom of Tamil Chola King of Tanjore. In 1869, the British took possession of the Nicobar Islands from the Danes and made them a part of modern India.

At sunrise on 1 January 2000, Katchal Island was in the news. Many voyagers had converged on it for a glimpse of the millennium's first sunrise.

Katchal was one of the worst affected islands during the December 26th 2004 Tsunami. The tsunami devastated the Island, disturbing the socio-economic set-up of its inhabitants. Of the 5,000 people missing (5000 is official - actual is more) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1,549 were believed to be from Katchal.

To support the local population a sizable number of Govt. Staffs were posted to this Island prior to the Tsunami day. Most of the staff went missing as majority of the Govt. provided Staff Quarters were situated very close to the sea shore and a very few managed to escape to the nearby hill. To cite an example - not a single teacher out of 47 posted here prior on 26-12-2004 was found alive.

Some people managed to escape the waters by clinging over to coconut tree tops. Of the 344 people reported dead, only one body could be identified. Either the bodies were decomposed beyond recognition or there were no survivors to claim them.

Geography
Its area is .
It is approximately  away from mainland (India) and  south to capital Port Blair.
The highest peak of Katchal is  high.
The hills of Katchal are composed of calcareous sandstone and marble slates, and in the tropical forest of Katchal there are many pythons, black monkeys and pigs.

Demography
Katchal Island is home to both indigenous and non-indigenous people.
Katchal is inhabited by Nicobari Tribes and Migrated Tamilians (For Rubber plantation workers under Sastri-Srimao Bandaranayaka Pact of 1964).
After the tsunami almost all the tribal chiefs and their heirs were killed, leaving the tribes virtually headless.
Katchal is the largest island of the central group of islands and had 35 villages (of which six were main villages). After the tsunami, the natives regrouped and formed five tribal villages in the island viz. E-Wall, Meenakshi Ram Nagar, Japan Tikrey, Sallo Tikrey, and Upper Katchal. Mildera is another village in the island inhabited by non tribal people (Tamil repatriates and Ranchi communities).
Languages spoken in Katchal are Nicobarese, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Santali.

Administration
Katchal Island belongs to the township of Nancowry of Katchal tehsil.
The Island is not open to tourists and special permission is required from the local administration at Port Blair.

Facilities
These are the facilities on the island:
Health:
Primary Health Center: 1
Secondary Health Center: 3
Education:
Primary School - 6 ( Kindergarten to 5th Standard),
Middle School - 2 ( 6th to 8th Standard),
Senior Secondary School - 1  (11th to 12th Standard)
Govt.:
Water supply is adequate and sufficient.
Power station which is electrified and has plans to augment the DG (Diesel Generators) capacity at Katchal Islands by 3x128 KW DG Sets.
9 km of roads (Pucca road).
Police Station:1
Jetty: 1, A Berthable Jetty at Nirma Nagar
Communication: Wireless Local Loop Phones and PSTN phones. Mobile phone signal strength is currently very low.
Information Technology: Connected by VSAT under E-Governance project of A & N Administration for speeding up the developmental works and effective monitoring.

Economics
According to initial estimates, 112 hectares (277 acres) of land has been rendered useless due to salination after the tsunami, and 3.54 lakh coconut and an equal number of Supari (betel nut) trees destroyed.
Currently, The villagers are engaged in coconut, betelnut and arecanut trade. In 1968, rubber plantation and subsequently red oil palm plantation were established here.

Flora and fauna
Birds found:

White-rumped munia
Indian white-eye
Red-whiskered bulbul
Orange thrush
Grey wagtail
Purple-rumped sunbird
Asian paradise flycatcher
Emerald dove
White-breasted sea eagle
Pied triller
Shikra
Long-tailed parakeet
White-collared kingfisher
Black-naped oriole
Black-naped monarch
Brown shrike
Pied imperial pigeon
Pacific reef egret
Plume-toed swiftlet
Andaman green pigeon

Image gallery

References

Teressa Taluk
Islands of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Nicobar district
Nicobar Islands
Populated places in India
Islands of India
Islands of the Bay of Bengal

Katchal Island


Matthias Bäcker (born in 1971) is a German oboist and university teacher.

Life and work
Born  in Schwerin, Bäcker received music lessons at the Conservatory "Johann Wilhelm Hertel" Schwerin and studied with Hans Werner Wätzig at the Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler" in Berlin and with Burkhard Glaetzner at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig. In 1994 he was accepted into the  as a young musician and was taught by Hansjörg Schellenberger. He also played in the Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester under Claudio Abbado and was a founding member of the Mahler Chamber Orchestra in 1997. He has had permanent engagements as solo oboist with the Berliner Symphoniker, the Nationaltheater Mannheim and from 1999 at the Deutsche Oper Berlin.

Bäcker has played with well-known orchestras such as the Berlin Philharmonic, the Bavarian State Opera, the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and the Camerata Salzburg. As a soloist and chamber musician he has made guest appearances in Germany and abroad. In duet with the pianist Birgitta Wollenweber he performs works by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Benjamin Britten, Robert Schumann, Georg Philipp Telemann, Johannes Brahms, Johann Wenzel Kalliwoda and Florent Schmitt.

Since 2005 Bäcker has been Professor for oboe at the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar. He is a member of the Senate of the Hochschule.

References

External links

German classical oboists
1971 births
Living people
People from Schwerin

Matthias Bäcker


Stanisław Marian Kutrzeba (1876–1946) was a Polish historian and politician who was Professor of the Jagiellonian University from 1908, and then until the end of his life the Chair of Studies in Polish law. He was chair of the Law Department (1913/1914, 1920/1921), university's rector (1932/33), General Secretary of Polish Academy of Learning (1926–39) and its president (1939–1946). He was one of many professors of Jagiellonian University arrested by Nazis during Sonderaktion Krakau in 1939. After being freed in 1940, he took part in the underground education. In 1945, he was deputy to the State National Council.

His works in the area of history were centered on the history of Polish law, the history of Poland from 14th to 18th centuries and the history of Kraków.

Life

Stanisław Kutrzeba spent his youth in Kraków, where he finished his education, obtaining a doctorate in law from the Jagiellonian University in 1898; he also studied abroad (in Paris) and in 1902 he obtained a habilitation. His career was closely connected to the university where he obtained his doctorate: he became a professor of the Jagiellonian University in 1908 and from then until the end of his life was the Chair of Studies in Polish law. Chair of the Law Department (1913/1914, 1920/1921), he also held the post of university's rector (1932/33).

He was also an activist in other organizations, the most prominent of which was the Polish Academy of Learning. He was its General Secretary (1926–39) and its president (1939–1946). Other organizations he was active in included: Warsaw Scientific Society, Lwów Scientific Society, Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences, Polish Historical Society and Kraków's Historical and Monument Society. He was a member of foreign and international organizations, such as the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the French Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques.

In November 1939 he was arrested by German Nazis during their purge of Kraków's Polish intellectuals (Sonderaktion Krakau). Until February 1940 he was a prisoner in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Upon release, he joined the Polish Underground State. He became a member of the Committee of Three, which aided persecuted families of persons related to the university; he was also active in underground education.

In 1918 he was a member of the Polish delegation at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920).

In 1944 he was involved in the talks that led to the creation of a Provisional Government of National Unity. In 1945 he became a member of the State National Council.

He received decorations including the Commander's Cross and Commander's Cross with Star of Polonia Restituta (1930) and the Officer's Cross of the Légion d'honneur.

Works
Kutrzeba works in the area of history were centered on the history of Polish law, the history of Poland from the 14th to 18th centuries and the history of Kraków. He published over 400 various academic works. He was also involved in the publishing of the Polish Biographical Dictionary. His Historia źródeł dawnego prawa polskiego (1925–1926) was reviewed by his former student, another contemporary Polish historian of law and professor of Jagiellonian University, Adam Vetulani, as "the most important support work for historical sciences, created in the interwar period."

Selected works:
 Przyczynek do dyplomatyki polskiej w XIII wieku (1895)
 Finanse Krakowa w wiekach średnich (1899)
 Historya rodziny Wierzynków (1899)
 Podwody miast polskich do roku 1564 (1900)
 Stosunki prawne Żydów w Polsce w XV stuleciu (1901)
 Studya do historii sądownictwa w Polsce (1901–1903)
 Handel Krakowa w wiekach średnich na tle stosunków handlowych Polski (1902)
 Taryfy celne i polityka celna w Polsce od XIII do XV wieku (1902)
 Urzędy koronne i nadworne w Polsce, ich początki i rozwój do roku 1504 (1903)
 Dawny zarząd Wawelu (1906)
 Skład sejmu polskiego, 1493-1793 (1906)
 Mężobójstwo w prawie polskiem XIV i XV wieku (1907)
 Franciszek Piekosiński jako historyk prawa polskiego (1908)
 Przyczynki do teoryi runicznej (1909)
 Kilka słów o metrykach kościelnych w Polsce (1910)
 Unia Polski z Litwą. Problem i metoda badania (1911)
 Sprawa polska w Królestwie Polskim 1815-1915 (1916)
 Sprawa żydowska w Polsce (1918)
 Dawne polskie prawo sądowe (1921, 2 tomy)
 Polska Odrodzona (1921)
 Sejm Walny dawnej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (1922)
 Polskie prawo polityczne według traktatów (1923, 2 części)
 Historia Śląska (1933, redaktor)
 Metoda historyczna w prawie politycznym (1938)
 Polska Akademia Umiejętności 1872-1938 (1939)
 Wstęp do nauki o państwie i prawie (1946)

See also
List of Poles

References
Biogramy uczonych polskich (Biographies of Polish Scholars), Część I: Nauki społeczne (Part I: Social Sciences), zeszyt 2: K-O (fascicle 2: K–O) (pod redakcją Andrzeja Śródki i Pawła Szczawińskiego [edited by Andrzej Śródka and Paweł Szczawiński), Wrocław, Ossolineum, 1984.

1876 births
1946 deaths
Politicians from Kraków
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Polish Austro-Hungarians
Members of the State National Council
20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Members of the Lwów Scientific Society
Members of the Polish Academy of Learning
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Jagiellonian University alumni
Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
Rectors of the Jagiellonian University
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery

Stanisław Kutrzeba


Zinc finger nucleases (or ZFN) was a tool used to target genes and change DNA. It was one of three methods of changing the genome with engineered nucleases. It is now superseded.

Zinc fingers are man-made molecules made of a protein and zinc. Each binds to a specific DNA. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are enzymes got by fusing a zinc finger to a DNA cleavage enzyme called a Fokl. So the ZFN binds onto a specific DNA sequence, then snips it in two places. Regular cell enzymes stick the ends together, minus the bit snipped out (DNA repair).

Each ZFN is made to use on a single gene which is called a "target gene" or "target DNA". They can be designed to work on specific parts of genes to create a desired change. The two types of DNA changes are mutations such as deletions and insertions. Genetics research looks at the mutated subjects (animals, plants, bacteria) to find out what the particular gene does.

Zinc finger structure
'Zinc finger' is the name of many protein structures. The zinc atom binds the proteins and makes them more stable. ZFNs bind to DNA base pairs. One zinc finger can bind about 3 base pairs by itself.

ZFN function
Zinc finger nucleases are made with 3-6 zinc fingers. ZFNs have two important domains: a DNA-binding domain and a DNA-cleavage domain. The DNA-cleavage domain uses an enzyme called Fokl that breaks DNA.

ZFN's can only change DNA sequences they are designed for. The DNA-binding domain binds to a specific DNA sequence. Two ZFN's designed for the same DNA sequence are needed change one gene. The DNA-binding domains bind to both strands on the DNA double helix. DNA-cleaving domains break the DNA strand and cut the gene base pairs out. Cells fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair. Deletion mutations result from missing base pairs after DNA repair.

The length of target gene sequence can also be specified. A minimum of 9 base pairs can be changed using 3 zinc fingers. This is useful for removing and inserting very short DNA sequences and determining their effect on the target gene. Also large sequences can be changed using more than one ZFN.

Use of ZFNs
ZFNs were used to discover gene functions in many genetics studies. ZFNs could be used to change DNA on any species. Another feature of ZFNs is that they can be used in vivo (in living organisms). They were used on model organisms: plants, insects, and fish.

Problems using ZFNs
The biggest issue with ZFNs was accidentally altering genes besides the target gene. A ZFN must be made to find the right base pairs on the target gene. These base pairs are chosen so only the target gene will have them. DNA-cleavage domains work on any DNA sequence so binding to a wrong gene sequence will change it instead. ZFNs that knock out base pairs for more than one gene are not considered accurate.

Superseded
ZFNs have now been superseded by techniques called CRISPR. Crisper techniques are easier to use, less costly and have a much wider range of uses.

References

Genetic engineering
Enzymes

Zinc finger