Fionn Regan (born 1981) is an Irish folk musician and singer-songwriter. Born and raised in Bray, Regan came to prominence with the release of his debut studio album, The End of History in 2006. He had been releasing extended plays for six years on independent record labels prior to the album's release. Regan's second studio album, The Shadow of an Empire was released in 2010 to positive reviews and his third studio album, 100 Acres of Sycamore, was released in 2011. His fourth studio album, The Bunkhouse Vol. 1: Anchor Black Tattoo, was released in 2012.

Among the accolades Regan has received nominations for the Choice Music Prize in Ireland, the Mercury Prize in the United Kingdom and the Shortlist Music Prize in the United States. Regan has cited Bob Dylan and Neil Young as influences on his music and has been referred to by Lucinda Williams as "his generation's answer to Bob Dylan".

Career
Regan's early releases included the single "Little Miss Drunk", a 7", and two EPs titled Hotel Room and Reservoir, which were released on a small indie label, Anvil Records. He also self-released a 'tour only' EP called Campaign Button. Following these releases, in 2006 Regan signed to former Cocteau Twin Simon Raymonde's independent record label, Bella Union in the UK, resulting in Regan's debut album The End of History being released on 7 August 2006 to major critical acclaim. Regan was hailed as a leader of the new 'Brit' folk movement, The Guardian saying "Folk has a new Pied Piper."

Following his UK success, Regan was subsequently signed by the American label Lost Highway Records. The End of History was released in the US on 10 July 2007. The End of History was produced by Regan himself (mixing the album with Simon Raymonde). Mojo magazine gave the album four stars in a review that dubbed the disc "a debut that oozes rare confidence, startling maturity and originality".  The album received a slew of 4 and 5 star reviews from publications including The Times and The Guardian.

Regan has toured worldwide and played many festivals around the world including the Glastonbury Festival, XPoNential Music Festival in Camden, New Jersey, Electric Picnic (Ireland), Summercase and Benicassim (Spain), Bestival (Isle of Wight) ACL (Austin, Texas) Hardly Strictly Bluegrass (San Francisco) and Laneways Festival Australia. He was invited to perform with Lucinda Williams on her 2007 tour, Williams saying at the Irving Plaza NY concert that Fionn is "his generation's answer to Bob Dylan".
Around this time, Regan was photographed by Annie Leibovitz for Vanity Fair magazine's prestigious music portfolio.

In July 2008, Regan was invited to perform as part of a filmed live concert, "Liam Clancy: Live The Bitter End". During this concert in honour of Liam Clancy, he shared the stage with Clancy, Tom Paxton, Shane MacGowan and Odetta. This was Odetta's last filmed performance before her death. This was also Liam Clancy's final filmed concert. Clancy had first risen to fame as part of The Clancy Brothers, the group which first sparked the Irish folk revival of the 1960s.

In 2008 Regan recorded a follow-up album to The End of History with producer Ethan Johns (son of the legendary 60's producer Glyn Johns) for the Lost Highway label, who refused to release it. The album remains unreleased and Regan has referred to this album as The Red Tapes. The following year (2009) Regan retreated to County Wicklow, Ireland to record what would become The Shadow of an Empire without any record label involvement or intrusion. Jeff Barrett of Heavenly Records was one of the first to hear the completed album and quickly signed him up. Regan released the album to critical acclaim on 8 February 2010, achieving several four-star reviews from several publications, including  Mojo, Uncut, Q, Hot Press, Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian and The Independent.

In 2010, Regan gave a special performance in Dylan Thomas' boathouse in Laugharne, Wales. The following year in August, Regan released his third studio album, 100 Acres of Sycamore, with the track "Dogwood Blossom" featuring prominently in Shane Meadows' TV drama This Is England '88. Regan performed at the Eurosonic Festival in 2012 when Ireland was the "Spotlight Country".

On 17 August 2012, Hot Press announced that Regan had completed his fourth studio album, The Bunkhouse Vol. 1: Anchor Black Tattoo. The album was released on 7 September and Regan described the album by saying: "you can call it folk but I feel in a lot of ways it's like an Irish punk album, in that it's pure, it's stripped down." The album's themes range from the Irish Sea ("Mizen to Malin") to "the hallucinatory" ("St. Anthony's Fire").

In April 2017, Regan released his fifth studio album The Meetings of the Waters via independent label Abbey Records under his imprint 'Tsuneni Ai'. The album maintains Regan's traditional folk influences but explores a theme of electronica. "His first album for five years is still a folk record at heart, but one swathed in electronic orchestrations". Perceived by many to be the "Regan's best work since his award winning debut", the album received numerous four-star reviews including: The Guardian, Irish Times, Thank Folk for That, and was nominated for the RTÉ Music Choice Award in 2018. To support the lead single, also titled "The Meetings of the Waters", Regan released a music video starring actor Cillian Murphy.

In popular culture
His single "Be Good or Be Gone" has been used in the television dramas Grey's Anatomy, Nearly Famous, and Skins and "Dogwood Blossom" featured in hit series' This Is England '88 and Normal People. His song "Put A Penny In The Slot" has been offered as an iTunes Free Download of the Week. The Welsh actor Rhys Ifans has a tattoo of Regans' lyrics "Be good or be gone". Ellie Goulding and Andrea Corr have been quoted in the press saying they are fans of Regan's music.

Regan's song "Put a Penny in the Slot" was selected to be included on a special compilation album created by IASCA and FMC in partnership with Culture Ireland to present the gift of music from Ireland to dignitaries the Queen and President Obama and their international press corps travelling with them during their individual visits to Ireland in 2011.

Bon Iver's track "00000 Million" on their album "22, A Million", features a sample of the line "The days have no numbers" from Regan's track "Abacus".

Awards and honours
Regan was nominated for two Meteor Music Awards (Best Male and Best Newcomer) in 2006  and The End of History was nominated for Irish Album of the Year at the Choice Music Prize, and was one of the twelve shortlisted albums for the 2007 Mercury Music Prize. He was nominated for the 2008 Shortlist Prize, the US equivalent of the Mercury Prize.

In 2009, Regan was invited to speak and made an honorary member of the Trinity College Literary Society, the chairman saying "In his music, Mr. Regan has done more than many artists to erode the boundaries between music and literature, with his lyrics always possessing the most beautiful poetry."

Discography

 The End of History (2006)
 The Shadow of an Empire (2010)
 100 Acres of Sycamore (2011)
 The Bunkhouse Vol. 1: Anchor Black Tattoo (2012)
 The Meetings of the Waters (2017)
 Cala (2019)

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Lost Highway Records artists
Musicians from County Wicklow
People from Bray, County Wicklow
Bella Union artists

Fionn Regan


George Dennison Prentice (December 18, 1802 – January 22, 1870) was an American newspaper editor, writer and poet who built the Louisville Journal into a major newspaper in Louisville, Kentucky, and the Ohio River Valley, in part by the virulence and satire in its editorials, which some blamed for a bloody election day riot in 1855. A slaveholder, Prentice initially supported Unionist candidate John Bell in the 1860 U.S. presidential election, and after the American Civil War, he urged Kentucky to remain neutral. Both of his sons joined the Confederate States Army, one dying in 1862, and Prentice's editorials lampooned Kentucky's military governor, Union General Stephen G. Burbridge. Prentice later opposed Congressional Reconstruction. He wrote a biography of Henry Clay published in 1831, an 1836 poem published in the McGuffey Readers, and a collection of his humorous essays was published in 1859 and revised after his death.

Early and family life
Prentice was born in New London County, Connecticut, in 1802 to farmer Rufus Prentice and his wife, the former Sarah Stanton. George was a child prodigy, learning to read before he was four, and mastering Latin and Greek by the time he was fourteen. He was the principal of a public school at age 15.

He left that job and moved to Rhode Island to attend Brown University, graduating at the head of his class in 1823. He returned to his home state to read law in Canterbury, Windham County, Connecticut.  Although he joined the Connecticut bar in 1827, his legal practice did not thrive.

On August 18, 1835, Prentice married Harriet Benham (1820–1868), daughter of Louisville, Kentucky, attorney Joseph Benham and a graduate of Nazareth College in Bardstown, Kentucky. She was an accomplished musician and for 20 years choir director for  Christ Church in Louisville. Although their children Mary Louise and George Benham died young, William Courtland Prentice (1837-1862) and Clarence Joseph Prentice (1839–1873) reached adulthood. In the 1840 census, their 12-person household included seven slaves (some infants). Prentice owned 5 slaves, all adults, in 1850, and four slaves (including an eight-year-old boy) in 1860.

Career

Prentice moved to Hartford and became acting editor of the Connecticut Mirror in 1827. He became editor of the Hartford New England Review in 1828.

Invited to come to Kentucky to write a campaign biography of Henry Clay, Prentice ended up staying in Louisville. Although the biography sold 20,000 copies (and Clay remained one of Kentucky's U.S. Senators), Prentice received no money for the book because the Hartford publisher went bankrupt. Henry Clay also never became President of the United States as he had dreamed, losing in 1832 as he had in 1824 and would again in 1844. Meanwhile, Prentice accepted an offer to co-found the Louisville Journal newspaper in 1830, with the twin goals of further promoting Henry Clay, and rivaling the then-dominant Louisville Public Advertiser. Prentice soon found himself in an editorial feud with Advertiser publisher Shadrack Penn, which continued until Penn left the city in 1841.

Prentice's biting editorials and the savage wit of his replies to detractors helped make the Journal the most widely circulated newspaper in western America in the next four decades. Prentice was also a poet, whose best-known poem, "The Closing Year" (written on New Year's Eve 1836) would be included in one of McGuffey's Readers. He also befriended and was a mentor to poet Mary Louisa Chitwood (1832–1855).

Prentice became known for militant editorials before elections, which varied little over the next 25 years despite his changing party affiliation. He initially promoted the Whig Party. He became a party leader, attended various national conventions and also visited Washington D.C. In mid-1855, as the party disintegrated, Prentice editorialized in support of the Know-Nothing party and the pro-slavery, anti-Catholic and anti-foreigner movement that reached a hysterical level in the 1850s in many parts of the nation. In Louisville, this culminated in the Bloody Monday riot of August 6, 1855, in which 22 people were killed as mobs tried to prevent Irish and German citizens from voting on election day. Days before, Prentice had editorialized against the "most pestilent influence of the foreign swarms" loyal to a pope he called "an inflated Italian despot who keeps people kissing his toes all day."  According to Archbishop John Lancaster Spalding, Prentice later publicly expressed regret over his role in the riots.

On July 21, 1857, Prentice engaged in a pistol duel with Reuben T. Durrett over statements made between their two rival newspapers.
Prentice also contributed columns to the New York Ledger for several years, and in 1859, a New York firm published Prenticeana: or wit and humor, which would be republished shortly after his death.

Civil War and aftermath
Prentice supported the Union in the 1850s and the Constitutional Union Party in 1860, but disagreed with many of President Lincoln's policies during the Civil War, especially the decision to emancipate slaves. In 1861 Prentice joined a group that urged Kentucky not to secede from the Union but instead establish itself as a neutral party in the war. Nonetheless, Louisville was occupied by Union troops for almost the entire war, and resentment seethed. Both Prentice's sons joined the Confederate army, and the elder, William, died September 21, 1862 (shortly after the Battle of Antietam and as Union troops massed in Louisville to attack General Braxton Bragg's forces). His son Clarence rose to the rank of Major in Dortch's 2nd battalion, Kentucky Cavalry. In 1864 Prentice created the famous "Sue Mundy" guerrilla character to mock Union General Stephen G. Burbridge, military commander of Kentucky.

After the war Prentice opposed many of the policies of Reconstruction, as did the city's other major editor, Walter N. Haldeman of the Louisville Courier, which Union forces had seized and shut in September 1861 because of Haldeman's Confederate sympathies (he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and then Madison, Georgia, and returned to Louisville a hero after the war's end). Prentice's paper was one of the few that criticized federal rebuilding policies of the time. Prentice remained as editor of the paper during and after the 1868 merger of the Louisville Courier, Louisville Journal and Louisville Democrat that created The Courier-Journal, although he soon died and Haldeman's protege and dedicated Confederate veteran Henry Watterson became editor and would write and speak widely about his Southern viewpoint (although born in Washington DC as the son of a Tennessee Congressman).

Death and legacy

He died of influenza on January 22, 1870, less than two years after his wife, and was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery.

His successor editor at the Louisville Courier-Journal delivered and printed a eulogy, and a Philadelphia publisher republished the 1859 essay collection in 1870 with a new preface. Although the newspaper survives to this day, Prentice's legacy became generally unfavorable over time, with a 1993 feature article on the newspaper's history calling Prentice's writings "raw bigotry" and a 2005 article recalling the Bloody Monday riot.

A statue of Prentice by Alex Bouly was completed in 1875. It was originally displayed at the Courier-Journal building in Louisville, Kentucky, but was moved in 1914 to the front of the Louisville Free Public Library's main branch.

It has been a source of occasional controversy, due to Prentice's famous anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant rhetoric. A compromise reached at one point involved the city placing a new plaque for the statue, describing Prentice's "tarnished legacy." The statue was removed and placed into storage in 2018.

A Liberty ship, the SS George D. Prentice, was launched in 1943 and remained in service until 1969.

See also
Mary Louisa Chitwood
Louisville in the American Civil War

References

Further reading

Congleton, Betty Carolyn. "George D. Prentice and Bloody Monday: A Reappraisal," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 65 (1965) pp 220–39

External links

1802 births
1870 deaths
People from Preston, Connecticut
Louisville, Kentucky, in the American Civil War
American newspaper editors
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery
Kentucky Know Nothings
Kentucky Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Deaths from influenza
Infectious disease deaths in Kentucky
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
American male poets
Courier Journal people
American proslavery activists

George D. Prentice


Box-pressed (or square-pressed) cigars are usually packed in two layers in a wide flat cigar box  that has an attached flip or hinged lid, and is usually made of paper-covered wood or cardboard (as opposed to a plain-wood cabinet). The sides of box-pressed cigars will be gently pressed (so the cigars become squarer) prior to packing; this is because the box is marginally narrower than it would otherwise be to hold the same number of the round cigars, which ensures they are tightly packed and reduces the size of the box. Box-pressing is also a technique that some say gives the cigar a better draw and burn.

See also

References
Hacker, R.C. -  The ultimate cigar book, 3rd Ed. (2003),
Cigar Advisor - Glossary
About.com: Cigars Glossary

Cigars
Containers
Tobacciana

Box-pressed


Hrizostom Jević (; born 4 March 1952) is a Bosnian prelate of the Serbian Orthodox Church. He has been the metropolitan bishop of Dabar-Bosna since 2017. Jević, formerly a monk of the Krka monastery, has also served as bishop of Bihać and Petrovac (1991–2013) and Zvornik and Tuzla (2013–2017).

Early life
Jević was born in Vođenica near Bosanski Petrovac to father Nikola and mother Rosa née Radošević. He finished elementary school with excellent grades in 1967. While still in elementary school, Jević expressed interest to become a priest, which his family opposed, which resulted in a one-year pause in his education. Eventually, in 1968 he enrolled at the five-year seminary at the Krka monastery in Kistanje in Croatia, from where he graduated in 1973, also with excellent grades. While at the seminary, he was involved in singing and folklore. While at the fourth year of the seminary, Jević took monastic vows in front of Bishop Stefan Boca of Dalmatia on 20 September 1971, and took the name Hrizostom. Jević became a deacon on 27 September 1971 and was ordained a priest at the Krka monastery on 10 June 1973 by Boca.

From 1973 to 1974, Jević served in the military in Kraljevo. After the military service, Jević was appointed a secretary of the Church court of the Eparchy of Dalmatia in Šibenik. He enrolled at the Faculty of Theology in Belgrade as a part-time student, but because of duties in the eparchy as well as the parish of Skradin where he occasionally served, he ended his theological studies. In 1975, however, the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church allowed him to study theology in Bucharest, Romania. However, due to political tensions between Yugoslavia and Romania involving Vlado Dapčević, Jević never went to Bucharest. In January 1976, Boca sent him to Thessaloniki, Greece to study Greek and theology at the Aristotle University. There he studied from 1976 until his graduation summa cum laude in 1980. Simultaneously, from 1978 to 1979, he attended French courses in Paris.

Influenced by starets Nikanor Savić, Jević entered the Hilandar monastery in Mount Athos. At the request of the new Bishop of Dalmatia Nikolaj Mrđa, Jević returned to teach at the seminary in the Krka monastery, where he remained from September 1981 to September 1991. There, he held various monastic duties besides lecturing.

Episcopate

The Holy Synod appointed him the bishop of the newly created Eparchy of Bihać and Petrovac on 23 May 1991 and was installed on 4 August 1991 in the Church of Saint Sava in Drvar. The Eparchy of Bihać and Petrovac was previously administered by Mrđa. Jević served as bishop of Bihać and Petrovac for 22 years, until his appointment in the Eparchy of Zvornik and Tuzla on 1 June 2013. He was installed as the bishop of Zvornik and Tuzla on 13 July 2013 at the cathedral in Bijeljina.

On 24 May 2017, Jević was appointed metropolitan bishop of Dabar-Bosna, succeeding Mrđa, who previously served as the bishop of Dalmatia. Jević was installed on 3 September 2017 at the Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos in Sarajevo.

Notes

References

1952 births
People from Bosanski Petrovac
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki alumni
Bishops of Dabar-Bosnia
Bishops of Zvornik-Tuzla
20th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
21st-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
Living people

Hrizostom Jević


Svetlana Burlak, ) (born June 12, 1969) is a Russian linguist, an Indo-European languages scholar, as well as an author of works on comparative linguistics and on the genesis of human language.  She is a senior researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a Tocharist.  Burlak has composed many linguistic problems, and has also written several manuals and popular science publications.  She is one of the permanent professors of the summer linguistic school and  summer ecological school. Burlak is Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Burlak participated regularly in the Russian intellectual quiz show, What? Where? When? from 1995 to 2006 as a part of Ilya Itkin's team.

Burlak graduated from the Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics of the faculty of philology at Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1991, and obtained her PhD in 1995.  Her major works include articles and books on comparative linguistics and on Tocharistics, and research on the genesis of human language.  Since 1996 she has given lectures at MSU on comparative linguistics.  Burlak has authored approximately 20 articles and books, including Historical phonology of the Tocharian languages and the manual Comparative linguistics (jointly with Sergei Starostin).

References

Linguists from Russia
Historical linguists
1969 births
Living people
Moscow State University alumni
Women linguists
Linguists of Tocharian languages
Long-range comparative linguists

Svetlana Burlak


KVTI (90.9 FM) is a National Public Radio affiliate station operated by Northwest Public Radio, licensed to Tacoma, Washington, and operates at 90.9 MHz with an ERP of 51 kW. As an "NPR & Classical Music" station, it broadcasts NPR news, local and syndicated classical music shows (switching to jazz music on weekends), and other public radio programming. The station is owned by Clover Park Technical College in Lakewood, but since 2010, has been operated by the Edward R. Murrow College of Communication at Washington State University. It is one of three NPR member stations in the Seattle/Tacoma area, with fellow Tacoma-based station KNKX and Seattle-based KUOW-FM being the other two stations.

History
The station began in 1955 as KCPS and also had the call letters KPEC-FM from 1972 until 1983. During this time instructors Bill Doane and Bob Piatt brought many radio professionals to speak to their classes and radio veteran Bill Glass claims this was a sound foundation for his career.

From March 1988 until June 2010 KVTI was known as i-91fm and featured Top 40 music (with news in the morning and afternoon), Tuesday nights featured live acoustic music from 7-10PM and Talk and Public Affairs from 10PM to Midnight. In 2006 and 2007, KVTI was recognized as the Top 40 Radio Station of the year by the New Music Awards. In the same ceremonies, music director Beth Valiant was recognized as Top 40 Music Director of the year.  In 2008, program director John Mangan was recognized as New Music Weekly's Top 40 Program Director of the Year and music director Beth Valiant won Top 40 Music Director of the Year for the 5th consecutive year.

On April 7, 2010, CPTC announced that it would outsource KVTI's operations to Northwest Public Radio effective June 1, 2010.  Washington State University had been looking for some time to enter the Seattle market, even though it would be going head-to-head with two of the highest-rated NPR stations in the country, KUOW-FM and KPLU-FM. However, KVTI's signal is not nearly as strong as its main competitors. While it decently covers Tacoma and Olympia, it only provides grade B coverage of Seattle. It can't be heard at all in major portions of Snohomish County because it is short-spaced to KSER in Everett at 90.7. Fifty-five years of programming and operation by Clover Park students and staff ended at the close of the broadcast day June 16, 2010. On June 17, it became a repeater of Northwest Public Radio's "NPR and Classical Music" service.

CPTC no longer offers radio broadcasting classes.

References

External links

VTI
Lakewood, Washington
NPR member stations
Radio stations established in 1955
1955 establishments in Washington (state)

KVTI


Bruce Alan Fields (born October 6, 1960) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and the former hitting coach of the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played during three seasons in MLB for the Detroit Tigers and Seattle Mariners.

Career
Fields was drafted by the Tigers in the 7th round of the 1978 MLB draft. He played his first professional season with their Rookie league Bristol Tigers in 1978, and split his last season between the Atlanta Braves' Triple-A club, the Richmond Braves, and the Toronto Blue Jays' Triple-A team, the Syracuse Chiefs, in 1991.

From 1997 through 2000, Fields was manager of the Class A West Michigan Whitecaps, leading them in 2000 to the league's best record and winning the Midwest League Manager of the Year Award twice (1997 and 2000).  He managed the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens for two seasons, before serving as hitting coach for the Detroit Tigers from 2003 to 2005. Fields took over as hitting coach for the Cleveland Indians on June 19, 2011.

Personal life
Fields is the father of Detroit Tiger Daniel Fields, who played in his first major league game on June 4, 2015, against the Oakland Athletics. Fields' older son, Aaron, a former minor league prospect in the Cleveland Indians' system, was in attendance.

Fields was a basketball teammate of Magic Johnson at Everett High School (Michigan) in Lansing, Michigan, starting on the school's 1977 Class A Michigan High School Athletic Association championship team.

External links

Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)

1960 births
Living people
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball managers
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball coaches from Ohio
Baseball players from Cleveland
Birmingham Barons players
Bristol Tigers players
Calgary Cannons players
Cleveland Indians coaches
Detroit Tigers coaches
Detroit Tigers players
Lakeland Tigers players
Macon Peaches players
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball outfielders
Nashville Sounds players
Richmond Braves players
San Jose Bees players
Seattle Mariners players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tacoma Tigers players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Toledo Mud Hens managers
Toledo Mud Hens players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Bruce Fields


Eve Aschheim (born 1958) is an American draftsperson and painter.

Life and career
A native of New York City, Aschheim lived in California and Singapore as a child. She studied art at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received her BA in 1984, working primarily with artists Elmer Bischoff, Joan Brown and Chris Brown. In 1987 she received her MFA at the University of California, Davis, under the instruction of Wayne Thiebaud, Harvey Himelfarb, Squeak Carnwath, Mike Henderson, Manual Neri, and Robert Arneson. She began teaching as an adjunct lecturer in the Visual Arts Program at Princeton University in 1991  and she became full-time in 2001. From 2003-7 she served as director of the Visual Arts Program, Aschheim's paintings and drawings are abstract and geometric.

Aschheim is married to John Yau, with whom she has a child. They live in Manhattan.

Exhibitions
Recent solo exhibitions of Aschheim's work include "Lines without Outlines", "T" Space, (Rhinebeck, NY, 2017 and Barbara Walters Gallery, Sarah Lawrence College 2018), Lori Bookstein Fine Art, NYC (2016), and Galerie Inga Kondeyne, Berlin (2015, with Hanns Schimansky).  Solo museum exhibitions of her work include the Weatherspoon Art Museum, Greensboro, NC, the Bannister Gallery, Rhode Island College, the New York Studio School, and Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY. Aschheim has exhibited regularly in Europe at Galerie Rainer Borgemeister, Berlin, Galleri Magnus Aklundh, Malmo, Sweden, and Galerie Inga Kondeyne, Berlin.

Awards
During her career she has received fellowships from the New York Foundation for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Elizabeth Foundation, The Joan Mitchell Foundation, and the Pollock-Krasner Foundation, and she has been awarded the Purchase Award and the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Award, both from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. She received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2012. In 2017 she was elected an Academician of the National Academy of Design.

Collections
Three of her works, including one formerly owned by the Corcoran Gallery of Art, are in the collection of the National Gallery of Art, while six are owned by the Museum of Modern Art. Her work is also in the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami.  Additional collections:
Arkansas Art Center, Little Rock, AR;
Boise Art Museum, Boise, ID;
Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University;
Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin, Germany;
Colorado Springs Fine Art Center;
The Hood Museum of Dartmouth College, NH;
Kupferstichkabinett, Nationalgalerie, Berlin;
Kunstmuseum Bonn, Germany;
The Lannan Foundation, Santa Fe, New Mexico;
The New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, NM	;
The New-York Historical Society;
The Pierpont Morgan Museum and Library Contemporary Drawings Collection, New York City;
The Pollock Gallery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX;
Princeton University Art Museum;
University of Alaska, Museum of the North, Fairbanks, AK;
University of New Mexico Art Museum, Albuquerque;
University Museum of Contemporary Art, University of Massachusetts, Amherst;
The San Diego Museum of Art;
Yale University Art Museum

References

1958 births
Living people
20th-century American painters
20th-century American women painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American women artists
Painters from New York City
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
University of California, Davis alumni
Princeton University faculty
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows
National Academy of Design members
American women academics

Eve Aschheim


Derek Fuller Wrigley  (16 February 1924 – 22 June 2021) was an Australian architect.

Personal life

Wrigley was born in Oldham, Lancashire, England on 16 February 1924. He studied architecture at the College of Art and Design, graduating in 1945. He acquired qualifications in structural engineering, civic design and town planning from Manchester University.

In addition to teaching, Wrigley practiced as an architect, industrial designer and solar consultant. His career has spanned from designing and creating aids for disabled people to investigating emerging concepts in design, particular energy saving ideas such as applications for solar energy in building.

Wrigley died in Canberra, Australia on 22 June 2021 at the age of 97.

Career
Emigrating from the United Kingdom to Sydney, Australia in 1947, Wrigley began his career in Australia as a lecturer at the New South Wales (NSW) University of Technology, where he stayed until 1957. Here he established the first Building science course in Australia for architects.

Wrigley left Sydney for Canberra in 1957 to take up the position of assistant to Fred Ward at the Australian National University (ANU). Following Ward's retirement in 1961, he was appointed University Architect, where he built up the Design Unit to cover all aspects of design within the university to include site planning, architecture, interior design, furniture, landscape, graphics and site signage. He retired from ANU in 1977.

Wrigley joined the Victorian Chapter of the Society of Designers for Industry (SDI) in 1948 and initiated the formation of the NSW chapter of the SDI with Alistair Morrison and Arthur Baldwinson in 1950. The SDI would become the Industrial Design Institute of Australia (IDIA) and later the Design Institute of Australia (DIA), with Wrigley appointed its inaugural Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, a position he held until 1957. In 1956, Wrigley together with Fred Ward, co-founded the NSW Chapter of the Industrial Design Council of Australia (IDCA). As Canberra expanded, he saw the need to have an Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Chapter of the IDCA, initiating its formation in 1958. he was appointed its Chairman when it was incorporated in 1973, and was the president from 1980 until 1981. In that same year he co-founded the ACT Craft Council, where he was appointed Vice President for two years. Wrigley retired from the IDA Board in 1986.

Wrigley's attention turned to new emerging concepts in design, in particular energy saving ideas that resulted from good design. To propagate his ideas further, he helped establish a non-profit group called The New Millwrights in 1978, which consisted of a group of concerned professionals whose aim was to inform the community about socially responsible alternatives to home design and energy use.

He organised the Technical Aid to the Disabled (TAD), ACT Branch in 1979. He was elected Vice President of TAD Federation of all Australian states in 1980 and assisted in the establishment of a joint Design AID Committee between the Design Council and the National Committee of Independent Living Centres. He was the Design Coordinator of the TAD until 1991.

After retiring from formal practice, he spent his time researching applications for solar energy in building and experimenting with low-energy and low-resource retrofitting of existing houses.

Awards
Wrigley was awarded Life Fellowship of the DIA in 1980, he was also a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Architects (AIA), an Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects and held a Diploma of Architecture from the College of Art and Design, Manchester, United Kingdom.

At the 1989 Australia Day Honours, Wrigley was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to people with physical disabilities.

Notable projects

Wrigley built a solar house in Griffith, ACT which is listed by the AIA as an 'outstanding' building for its time. The house was designed by Wrigley in 1957 and completed in 1959 as his personal residence. The original building is an example of the post-war Melbourne regional style whereas the western extension to the house, designed by Wrigley in 1966, is an example of the late twentieth century Sydney regional style. 14 Jansz Crescent is regarded as a significant residence by the AIA because in its component parts, it is a good example of two architectural styles.

Another notable project by Wrigley is the Mawson House, a townhouse in suburban Canberra that was retrofitted by Wrigley to use renewable energies rather than fossil fuels. The house incorporates a series of devices to improve its energy efficiency, generating its own solar electricity, ventilating and cooling itself without cost or pollution and treats its own gray water for irrigation.

Wrigley wrote, designed and self-published Making Your Home Sustainable in June 2004, describing the various low-energy features of the Mawson house. It is also a practical guide for home-owners, builders and architects who are concerned about the effects of climate change and environmental degradation. The book sold 1400 copies in 8 months with the 5th edition now published by Scribe Publications.

References

External links
Derek Wrigley LinkedIn

1924 births
2021 deaths
Associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Architects from Canberra
People from Oldham
Solar design
Alumni of the University of Manchester
English emigrants to Australia
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia

Derek Fuller Wrigley


The City of Greater Manila, also known simply as Greater Manila and sometimes Greater Manila Area (GMA), was a chartered city which existed during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II era. It was governed by the Commonwealth of the Philippines. It served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila and the administrative functions of the Governor of Metro Manila, both established three decades later during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos.

Greater Manila was formed on January 1, 1942, by virtue of Executive Order No. 400 signed by President Manuel L. Quezon as an emergency measure. It was a merger of the cities of Manila and Quezon City and the then-Rizal towns of Caloocan, Makati, Mandaluyong, Parañaque, Pasay, and San Juan. Jorge B. Vargas was appointed Mayor of the City of Greater Manila in December 1941. He then appointed León Guinto as his successor a month later, in January 1942.

Mayors of the towns and cities that comprised the City of Greater Manila became assistant mayors (equivalent to present-day vice mayors) of the consolidated city and were under the Mayor of the City of Greater Manila. It was also represented in the National Assembly of the Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic under the at-large district of Manila.

On July 26, 1945, President Sergio Osmeña signed Executive Order No. 58, which would reduce the territories and thus dissolve the City of Greater Manila. The order took effect six days later, on August 1. The cities and towns that were once part of the city then regained their respective pre-war status.

See also
Metro Manila

References

Former cities in the Philippines
History of Metro Manila
Philippines in World War II
1941 establishments in the Philippines
Establishments by Philippine executive order
1945 disestablishments in the Philippines

City of Greater Manila


Stansaab AS was a company founded in 1971 in Barkarby, outside Stockholm, Sweden. The company was a joint venture between Standard Radio & Telefon AB (SRT), Saab-Scania, the car and aeroplane manufacturer and the state-owned Swedish Development Company. The company's primary focus was systems for real-time data applied to commercial and aviation applications.  In 1972, the company purchased the data terminal operations of Facit.

In 1978, it was merged with the Data Saab division of Saab to create Datasaab.  In 1981, Ericsson, believing that growth in telecoms would be lower than that in IT, purchased Datasaab and integrated it with two of its own divisions to form Ericsson Information Systems (EIS).

One of the most successful products of the company was the Alfaskop range of data terminals.

References

Defunct companies of Sweden
Defunct computer hardware companies
Saab

Stansaab


In parapsychology and spiritualism, a psychomanteum is a small, enclosed area set up with a comfortable chair, dim lighting, and a mirror angled so as not to reflect anything but darkness intended to communicate with spirits of the dead.

History
The psychomanteum was popularized by Raymond Moody, originator of the term near-death experience, in his 1993 book, Reunions: Visionary Encounters with Departed Loved Ones. Raymond Moody believed the psychomanteum was useful as a tool to resolve grief. The chamber was kept darkened and illuminated only by a candle or a dim light bulb. Subjects gaze into the reflected darkness hoping to see and make contact with spirits of the dead. Moody compared the psychomanteum to the Greek Necromanteion, and said its function was a form of scrying.

See also

References

External links
"Experiencing the Psychomanteum" - Joe Nickell

Divination
Mirrors
Parapsychology
Pseudoscience
Rooms
Spiritualism

Psychomanteum


The Pacific Electric Railroad Bridge or Southern Pacific Railroad Bridge is a historic railroad bridge in Torrance, California USA.  It spans across Torrance Boulevard at Bow Street, a short distance west of Western Avenue.  It was once part of the north/south Torrance to San Pedro spur line of the Pacific Electric Railway.  The line was the railroad's first interurban line to San Pedro.  After splitting off to the east from the Union Tool Company plant which was once a short distance south of the bridge, the line ended at a Columbia Steel steel mill (later United States Steel) by running up and over the east/west Torrance local line.  It is the only part of the PE which crossed itself this way.  This was due to the area's geography.  If the railroad simply built a spur off of the main line, it would have meant that trains trying to get to the steel mill would have faced too steep a climb.  The steel mill has since been torn down to make way for the national headquarters of American Honda Motor Company, but the remaining part of the Torrance line - which once had two separate tracks - was rebuilt in 2003 and is still in use for local train runs by the Union Pacific Railroad.  Gone too are the Pacific Electric's Torrance shops at the western branch of the split, now the site of an industrial park and which still receives trains on the local line.

The bridge was designed by Irving Gill and was built in 1913 as part of the original layout of the city as drawn up by Jared Sidney Torrance and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr..  It became the city's second entry in the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1989 after Torrance High School.  It is also listed with the California Office of Historic Preservation.

Though tracks and track parts remain on the bridge, it is no longer in use nor has it been for quite some time.  There is no chance of the bridge ever being used to carry trains again, since the right-of-way at either end has been changed and the tracks removed. Even so, the Pacific Electric Railroad Bridge has become a symbol of the city as part of the Torrance Police Department's logo as of January 1, 2000, only the third such change in the department's history.

References

Other websites
Map and satellite view of the bridge at Archiplanet.org
Modern photos of the bridge including the tracks at Reprise.com

Rail infrastructure
Bridges in the United States
Torrance, California
National Register of Historic Places
Transport in California
1913 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in California

Pacific Electric Railroad Bridge


Geneforge 5: Overthrow is the fifth and final video game in the Geneforge series of role-playing video game created by Spiderweb Software.

Features
Unlike the first four Geneforge games, the player can choose between the original three classes (Shaper, Guardian, and Agent), as well as six rebel classes (Warrior, Infiltrator, Servile, Lifecrafter, Shock Trooper and Sorceress).

The screen in Geneforge 5 is considerably larger, with a bigger map and smaller icons, leaving much more room for viewing. The graphics were improved in numerous aspects, with better animations and cut-scenes than the first three games. The plot is more akin to that of Geneforge 2 in that there are multiple factions which the player can join, whereas in the third and fourth games there are only two major factions available to the player.

Plot
In the beginning of the game, the player wakes up from an amnesiac trance, with no memory of the past. The player is in the service of Shaper Rawal, a powerful Shaper who seeks to use the player to increase his own political power. After performing a few tasks for him, he releases the player from his mountains, letting the player travel the world.

Wherever the player travels there are various sects one of which the player can join. The Councillor Astoria, wishes to have peace with the rebellion. In a far eastern area of Astoria's domain, the player meets the former Shaper Litalia, who wishes them to join the Trakovites, a radical sect that supports the complete abandonment of all Shaping whatsoever. To the south the player encounters the main front of the war against the rebels General Alwan, who has been badly wounded in a war against the rebels and is confined to a life-support device and opposes any peace whatsoever. Even further south the player meets Sage Taygen, a mad, yet powerful Shaper who wishes to attain peace by creating a strain of bacteria that will wipe out all creations, giving the Shapers a blank slate to start anew. Finally, East of Alwan's lands is the Rebel domain, led by Ghaldring who wishes the player to kill the leaders of the other four sects in order to complete his rebellion.

As with the other Geneforge games, the player has complete freedom to join whichever sect they wish; this choice, along with a few other factors (such as canister use), determines the ending of the saga.

References
http://www.spiderwebsoftware.com/geneforge5/index.html

External links

Geneforge 5: Overthrow main page
Spiderweb Software

2008 video games
MacOS games
Role-playing video games
Spiderweb Software games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games
Single-player video games

Geneforge 5: Overthrow


Watchet Boat Museum is a small museum in Watchet, Somerset, England.

It is housed in the 1862, Victorian, former railway goods shed of Watchet railway station, which is today located on the heritage West Somerset Railway.

The exhibits include several types of boats found locally and associated artefacts, photographs and charts, plus nets and other items associated with their use. There are displays of maps, knotwork and boards showing the various uses of withy. There is also an example of a mudhorse which is a wooden sledge is propelled across the mudflats to collect fish from nets.

The museum specialises in the shallow draft Flatner, a form of vessel once prevalent in Bridgwater Bay and adjacent coastal areas. Flatners are small double-ended boats with no keel.

Withy Boats and Turf Boats, which were between  and  long, were used on the Somerset Levels to carry peat and withies to market. They were built from elm boards or clinker and were pulled along the banks of the drainage ditches on the levels.

River boats had a similar construction, but the bottom was curved to allow them to be launched down sloping muddy banks of rivers including the River Parrett, where they were used for salmon fishing.

Slightly larger boats, known as Bay or Gore Boats, have also been fitted with a simple sprit- or jib-headed sail, long rudder and dagger board for fishing use in inland waters.

Gallery

References

External links
 Museum Web Site

Museums in Somerset
History of Somerset
Maritime museums in England
Watchet

Watchet Boat Museum


Semiconductor consolidation is the trend of semiconductor companies collaborating in order to come to a practical synergy with the goal of being able to operate in a business model that can sustain profitability.

History
Since the rapid adoption of the modern day chip in the 1960s, most companies involved in producing semiconductors were extremely vertically integrated. Semiconductor companies owned and operated their own fabrication plants and also the processing technologies that facilitated the creation of the chips. Research, design, testing, production, and manufacturing were all kept "in house".
Advances in the semiconductor industry made the market extremely competitive and companies began to use a technology roadmap that helped set goals for the industry. This roadmap came to be known as Moore's Law, a statistical trend seen by Intel's co-founder Gordon Moore in which the number of transistors on an integrated circuit is doubled approximately every 2 years. This increase in transistor numbers meant that chips were getting smaller and faster as time progressed.

As chips continued to get faster, so did the levels of sophistication within the circuitry. Companies were constantly updating machinery to be able to keep up with production demands and overhauls of newer circuits. Companies raced to make transistors smaller in order to pack more of them on the same size silicon and enable faster chips. This practice became known as "shrinkage".

Companies were now in a race against each other and themselves to create the next fastest chip, as all goals were to meet or exceed Moore's Law. With the shrinking of sizes in semiconductors, production became much more intricate. Fabrication machines, which were producing chips at the millimeter level in the 1960s, were now operating in the micrometer and heading into the nanometer scale.  , most cutting edge processor makers are working in the 32 nm level and heading into full 22 nm production; sizes comparable to the human DNA strand.
The process at which most of these intricate chips are being produced at is called photolithography, and the cost of equipment and operating them has grown astronomically, resulting in an inevitable consolidation of semiconductor companies.

Divergence
Companies like Xilinx and Western Design Center were pioneers and the first to realize the practicality of not having to sustain a fabrication plant model.  As costs continued to grow and competition grew fierce, resources could not be focused on maintaining a business model that had to sustain research and production. The solution became the Fabless semiconductor company model, where a company could focus all its resources to the design, marketing, and sale of its devices while outsourcing the production of its devices to manufacturers called fabs.

This business model grew in such popularity that the new initiative was being promoted by a group called the Fabless Semiconductor Association (FSA) which is now the Global Semiconductor Alliance.

These fabs, commonly referred to as foundries, were able to update assembly and photolithography systems much more easily than their counterparts as all they focused on is handling bulk orders that come from these fabless businesses. In addition, the bottom line of these two business models became much stronger.

Convergence
Although many companies grew and profited well from a fabless business model, new hurdles still had to be dealt with. The modern day microprocessor now has billions of dollars of research put behind it, with months and even years of research in creating the micro circuitry and teams of hundreds of engineers testing and developing a chip. Now even keeping fabrication and development apart is not enough.

"On one side will be Intel and a select few that can afford their own fab plants—which will cost between $2.5 billion and $3 billion to build in 2003 and $6 billion by 2007—and perform basic research on transistor design or new chip materials. These new fabs will process wafers with 300-millimeter diameters, larger and more complex to make than today's 200-millimeter variety. On the other side will be everyone else. They will have to share fabs, pool research, buy technology or rely more heavily on outside foundries, which in turn will have to seek help." The theory, Rock's Law, was first articulated by venture capitalist Arthur Rock in which he proposed that the cost of a fabrication plant doubles every 4 years and eventually gets to the point in which it will collide with Moore's law. The implication is that rising plant costs will eventually prohibit further chip improvements. Realizing this, companies began to collaborate. This also meant many compatible companies ended up being takeover targets in order to strengthen relationships and help the businesses' bottom line.

in July, 2006, AMD announced the acquisition of the GPU manufacturer ATI Technologies for $4.3 billion in cash and 58 million shares of its stock  and completed the acquisition on October 25, 2006. In October 2008, AMD announced plans to spin off manufacturing operations in a joint venture with Advanced Technology Investment Co., an investment company from Abu Dhabi. The partnership and resulting new venture, called GlobalFoundries Inc., gave AMD an infusion of cash and allowed the company to focus solely on chip design.

TI and Infineon have outsourced some production to Shanghai's Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation

Motorola, ST Microelectronics, Philips and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. are collaborating.

In 2000, Sony Computer Entertainment, Toshiba Corporation, and IBM teamed up to design and manufacture the Cell processor. The alliance of the three companies was known as "STI" and over 400 engineers from the three companies worked together in Austin, Texas in a facility specifically built for the project in 2001. The processor has since been used in numerous commercial products, including some IBM BladeCenter servers and the Sony PS3 gaming console.

The outsourced semiconductor assembly and test (OSAT) industry has also seen a considerable amount of consolidation in recent years. This is because OSAT companies are looking to differentiate themselves, and consolidation, in a horizontal sense, is one of the best known ways to achieve better differentiation.

Exceptions
According to analysts , the trend is that there will be an industry-wide move toward collaboration. However, companies such as Intel, IBM, and Toshiba will be able to survive on their own as they are currently market leaders in the microprocessors, servers, and memory fields (in that order).

See also
 Foundry model
 Semiconductor device fabrication

References

Anti-competitive practices

Semiconductor consolidation


Robin Mark Eaglestone (born 1976) is a British musician.

Biography
He was the bassist for the extreme metal band Cradle of Filth. Also known as Robin Graves, he joined Cradle of Filth in 1992 as 2nd guitarist for the recording of the Invoking the Unclean demo then later changed to bass for the Total Fucking Darkness demo. He was with the band until 2002.

Eaglestone is currently, working on his own project, Imperial Black. He has also previously played with Criminal, Belphegor, Abgott, Grimfist, and December Moon.

During Cradle of Filth's tenure, each member's position in the band is described in a different manner (e.g. Vocals into "Dark Immortal Screams" or "Lycanthroat"). Though everyone else's role was described differently on each successive album, Robin's was always called "Nocturnal Pulse".

Discography
Cradle of Filth, Total Fucking Darkness demo, 1992
Cradle of Filth, The Principle of Evil Made Flesh, 1994
Cradle of Filth, Vempire or Dark Faerytales in Phallustein EP, 1996
Cradle of Filth, Dusk and Her Embrace, 1996
Cradle of Filth, Cruelty and the Beast, 1998
Cradle of Filth, PanDaemonAeon DVD, 1999
Cradle of Filth, From the Cradle to Enslave EP, 1999
Cradle of Filth, Midian, 2000
Cradle of Filth, Bitter Suites to Succubi, 2001
Cradle of Filth, Live Bait for the Dead, 2002
December Moon, Source Of Origin, 1996

References

External links
 Official Myspace for Robin Eaglestone and Imperial Black

1976 births
Living people
Cradle of Filth members
Black metal musicians
English heavy metal bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
21st-century English bass guitarists

Robin Eaglestone


Mobula kuhlii, the shortfin devil ray, is a species of ray in the family Mobulidae. It is endemic to the Indian Ocean and central-west Pacific Ocean. It ranges from South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania and the Seychelles in the west to the Philippines and Indonesia in the east, and southward to the northern coast of Australia.

Description
The shortfin devil ray is a small eagle ray growing to a maximum width of  and a weight of . It is flattened horizontally with a wide central disc and the head is short with small cephalic fins. The large pectoral fins have curved tips and the dorsal fin has a white tip. The tail is not tipped with a spine and is shorter than the body. The dorsal surface of this fish is brown and does not bear any placoid scales, and the ventral surface is white.

Biology
The shortfin devil ray feeds on plankton and possibly also on small fish and squid. It gathers its food by swimming with its mouth open and passing the water over its gill rakers which filter out the food particles. It is an ovoviviparous fish and has the lowest rate of reproduction of any of the elasmobranchs. A litter usually consists of a single pup and the gestation period is one to three years.

Status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature have classified the conservation status of this species as endangered. This is because the shortfin devil ray is the subject of both targeted and bycatch inshore fisheries. It is vulnerable to over-fishing because of its low reproductive rate. Targeted fisheries occur in India, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and this ray is caught in Indonesia especially for its gill rakers. These are valuable because of their use in traditional Chinese medicine. The flesh is used for human consumption, the skin is dried and deep fried, and the cartilage is used as a filler in the manufacture of shark fin soup.

References

External links
 Fishes of Australia : Mobula kuhlii

kuhlii
Marine fish of Northern Australia
Fish described in 1841

Mobula kuhlii


Packet Switch Stream (PSS) was a public data network in the United Kingdom, provided by British Telecommunications (BT). It operated from the late 1970s through to the mid 2000s.

Research, development and implementation

EPSS
Roger Scantlebury was seconded from the National Physical Laboratory to the British Post Office Telecommunications division (BPO-T) in 1969. He had worked with Donald Davies in the late 1960s pioneering the implementation of packet switching and the associated communication protocols on the local-area NPL network. By 1973, BPO-T engineers had developed a packet-switching communication protocol from basic principles for an Experimental Packet Switched Service (EPSS) based on a virtual call capability. However, the protocols were complex and limited; Donald Davies described them as "esoteric".

Ferranti supplied the hardware and software. The handling of link control messages (acknowledgements and flow control) was different from that of most other networks. The EPSS began operating in 1977, the first public data network in the UK.

IPSS
The International Packet Switch Stream (IPSS) was an international network service, based on the X.25 standard, launched by the international division of BT. This venture was driven by the high demand for affordable access to US-based database and other network services. A service was provided by IPSS to this market, which started operation in 1978. IPSS was later linked to PSS and other packet switched networks around the world using gateways based on the X.75 standard.

PSS
A period of pre-operational testing with customers, mainly UK universities and computer manufacturers, began in 1980. Packet Switch Stream launched as a commercial service on 20 August 1981 based on X.25/X.75. The experimental predecessor network (EPSS) formally closed down on 31 July 1981 after all the existing connections had been moved to PSS.

The network was initially based upon a dedicated modular packet switch using DCC's TP 4000 communication processor hardware. The operating system and the packet switching software were developed by Telenet (later on GTE Telenet). BT bought Telenet's system via Plessey Controls of Poole, Dorset who also sold Telex and Traffic light systems. PSS was launched before Telenet's own upgrade of its network and, at the time, most other networks still used general purpose mini-computers as packet switches.

For a brief time the EEC operated a packet switched network, Euronet, and a related project Diane to encourage more database and network services to develop in Europe. These connections moved over to PSS and other European networks as commercial X.25 services launched.

Later on the InterStream gateway between the Telex network and PSS was introduced based on a low speed PAD interface.

In addition, BT used Telematics packet switches for the Vascom network to support the Prestel service.

The network management systems were based in London and Manchester. Packet switches were installed at major trunk exchanges in most major conurbations in the UK. Network management was run on a system of 24 Prime 63xx and 48xx computers running a modified versions of Revisions 20 and 22 of the Primos operating system.

The DNICs used by IPSS and PSS were 2341 and 2342 respectively.

The last PSS node in the UK was finally switched off Wednesday, June 28, 2006.

Description
Companies and individual users could connect into the PSS network using the full X.25 interface, via a dedicated four-wire telephone circuit using a PSS analog modem and later on, when problems of 10-100 ms transmission failures with the PCM Voice based transmission equipment used by the early Kilostream service were resolved, via a Kilostream digital access circuit (actually a baseband modem). In this early 1980s era installation lead times for suitable 4-wire analog lines could be more than 6 months in the UK.

Companies and individual users could also connect into the PSS network using a basic non-error correcting RS232/V.24 asynchronous character based interface via an X.3/X.28/X.29 PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler) service oriented to the then prevalent dumb terminal market place. The PAD service could be connected to via a dedicated four-wire telephone circuit using a PSS analog modem and later on via a Kilostream digital access circuit. However most customers, for cost reasons, chose to dial up via an analog modem over the then UK analog telephony network to their nearest public PAD, via published phone numbers, using an ID/password provided as a subscription service.

The current day analogy of ISPs offering broadband always on and dial up services to the internet applies here. Some customers connected to the PSS network via the X.25 service and bought their own PADs. PSS was one of the first telecommunications networks in the UK to be fully liberalised in that customers could connect their own equipment to the network. This was before privatisation and the creation of British Telecommunications plc (BT) in 1984.

Connectivity to databases and mainframe systems
PSS could be used to connect to a variety of online databases and mainframe systems. Of particular note was the use of PSS for the first networked Clearing House Automated Payment System (CHAPS). This was a network system used to transfer all payments over £10,000 GBP (in early 1980s monetary value) between the major UK banks and other major financial institutions based in the UK. It replaced a paper based system that operated in the City of London using electrical vehicles similar to milk floats. Logica (now LogicaCMG) designed the CHAPS system and incorporated an encryption system able to cope with HDLC bit stuffing on X.25 links.

Speeds

There was a choice of different speeds of PSS lines; the faster the line the more expensive it cost to rent it. The highest and lowest speed lines were provided by the Megastream and Kilostream services, 2M (Mega) bit/s and 256K (kilo) bit/s respectively. On analog links 2400 bit/s, 4800 bit/s, 9600 bit/s and 48 kbit/s were offered. Individual users could link into PSS, on a pay as you go basis, by using a 110, 300, 1200/75, 1,200 or 2,400 bit/s PSTN modem to connect a Data Terminal Equipment terminal into a local PSS exchange. Note: in those days 2,400 bit/s modems were quite rare; 1,200 bit/s was the usual speed in the 1980s, although 110 and 300 bit/s modems were not uncommon.

Investment challenges

Early years
PSS suffered from inconsistent investment during its early years. Sometimes not enough and sometimes too much but mostly for the wrong reasons. BT's attitude to packet switching was ambivalent at best. France's Transpac had a separate commercial company with dedicated management and saw X.25 packet switching as a core offering. BT's then senior management regarded packet switching as a passing phase until the telecommunications nirvana of ISDN's 64 kbit/s for everyone arrived.

Tymnet acquisition and exchange for other assets
BT bought the Tymnet network from McDonnell Douglas. BT subsequently exchanged major US elements of the Tymnet business with MCI for other assets when the proposed merger of their two businesses was thwarted by MCI's purchase by WorldCom.

In the words of BT's own history:British Telecom purchased the Tymnet network systems business and its associated applications activities from the McDonnell Douglas Corporation on 19 November (1989) for $355 million. Its activities included TYMNET, the public network business, plus its associates private and hybrid (mixed public and private) network activities, the OnTyme electronic mail service, the Card Service processing business, and EDI*Net, the US market leader in electronic data interchange.

BT Tymnet anticipated developing an end to end managed network service for multi-national customers, and developing dedicated or hybrid networks that embraced major trading areas. Customers would be able to enjoy one-stop-shopping for global data networks, and a portfolio of products designed for a global market place.

These services were subsequently offered by BT Global Network Services, and subsequently by Concert as part of Concert Global Network Services after the Concert joint venture company was launched on 15 June 1994.

Later years
Even in later years, BT's senior management stated that the Internet was "not fit for purpose".

Investments in value added network services (VANS) and BT's own access level packet switching hardware delayed operating profit. This in turn dented PSS's low credibility with BT's management still further. Despite healthy demand for basic X.25 services and the obvious trend for more demanding bandwidth intensive applications that required investment in more powerful switches a decision to develop BT's own hardware and network applications was made instead.

In the midst of this IBM (the then market leader in computing) and BT attempted to launch a joint venture, called Jove, for managed SNA services in the UK. And for a time significant extra expenditure was allowed for BT's data services, PSS being the major part, as one concern of regulators was this joint venture might damage work on Open Systems Interconnection. This only made cost control worse and achieving operating profit delayed further. Eventually the UK government decided the SNA joint venture was anti-competitive and vetoed it. But not before PSS management was allowed to commit to large investments that caused serious problems later.

One of the few successful value added applications was the transaction phone used to check credit cards by retailer to validate transactions and prevent fraud. It was believed that putting a packet switch in every local telephone exchange would allow this and other low bandwidth applications to drive revenue. The lesson of Tymnet's similar transaction phone that just used a dial up link to a standard PAD based service was not followed. Each low end packet switch installed added costs for floor space, power, etc. without any significant value added revenue benefit resulting. Nor were they adequate for X.25 host traffic.

Ideas such as providing a menu based interface, called Epad, more user-friendly than X.28 was proven obsolete by the advent of Windows-based clients on PCs.

As the added value services, named PSS Plus collectively, added significant costs and headcount while contributed virtually no revenue a change in PSS's management eventually resulted. While a decision was eventually made to put some of the basic network services people in senior positions and try to launch what had been developed this proved to be a major mistake. An exodus of people who were developing the value added network services helped reduce some costs. However significant on-going expenditure had been committed already to manufacture packet switch hardware and by using the very expensive Tandem computers in existing VANS. Operating profit was still not achieved and a further change in management with McKinsey consulting being called in.

McKinsey's recommendation that increasing revenue while cutting costs was required to turn around the business was duly followed by the new management and an operating profit achieved in about 1988. This rested on running PSS efficiently and cutting the VANS as much as possible. PSS was then merged with other failing business like Prestel as it became part of a larger Managed Network Services division that was used to fix or close BT's problem businesses.

Legacy

Communication protocols
Researchers on EPSS in the UK and elsewhere identified the need for defining higher-level protocols. The UK National Computing Centre publication 'Why Distributed Computing', which was based on extensive research into future potential configurations for computer systems. This resulted in the UK presenting the case for an international standards committee to cover this area at the ISO meeting in Sydney in March 1977. This work led to the OSI reference model in 1984 and the subsequent Internet-OSI Standards War.

Commercial
While PSS eventually went the way of all X.25 networks and was overwhelmed by the internet and more significantly the internet's superior application suite and cost model. BT did not capitalise as much as other packet switch operators by subsequent mistakes concerning the internet, Tymnet, BT's North American operations and the Concert Global Services with ATT.

BT's failure to become the major ISP in its own home market unlike every other former PTT and the success of Dixon's Freeserve, Demon and Energis based virtual ISPs in the same sector has only been recovered from recently. Only after BT changed its most senior management who were fixated on circuit switching/ISDN based on System X/Y telephone exchanges and embracing broadband/internet lock stock and barrel has this changed. An emergency rights issue also helped resolve the debt from acquiring second or third ranked old telcos style companies around the world.

Now BT appears to be inheriting a dominating position in the Global Network Services market, based on packet switching, as CSC and Reuters sell up their networks to BT. As the commodity price of IP services based in their core 21st century MPLS network to carry voice and data finally gives them the real cost efficiencies that packet switching always promised.

See also

 Internet in the United Kingdom § History
Telecommunications in the United Kingdom

References

External links
Pictures of the BT PSS equipment

BT Group
General Post Office
History of computing in the United Kingdom
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Packets (information technology)
X.25

Packet Switch Stream


Leptocephalus (meaning "slim head") is the flat and transparent larva of the eel, marine eels, and other members of the superorder Elopomorpha. This is one of the most diverse groups of teleosts, containing 801 species in 4 orders, 24 families, and 156 genera. This group is thought to have arisen in the Cretaceous period over 140 million years ago.

Fishes with a leptocephalus larval stage include the most familiar eels such as the conger, moray eel, and garden eel as well as members of the family Anguillidae, plus more than 10 other families of lesser-known types of marine eels. These are all true eels of the order Anguilliformes. Leptocephali of eight species of eels from the South Atlantic Ocean were described by Meyer-Rochow

The fishes of the other four traditional orders of elopomorph fishes that have this type of larvae are more diverse in their body forms and include the tarpon, bonefish, spiny eel, pelican eel and deep sea species like Cyema atrum and notacanthidae species, the latter with giant Leptocephalus-like larvae.

Description
Leptocephali (singular leptocephalus) all have laterally compressed bodies that contain transparent jelly-like substances on the inside of the body and a thin layer of muscle with visible myomeres on the outside. Their body organs are small and they have only a simple tube for a gut. This combination of features results in them being very transparent when they are alive. Leptocephali have dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fins, but lack pelvic fins.

They also lack red blood cells until they begin to metamorphose into the juvenile glass eel stage when they start to look like eels. Leptocephali are also characterized by their fang-like teeth that are present until metamorphosis, when they are lost.

Leptocephali differ from most fish larvae because they grow to much larger sizes and have long larval periods of about three months to more than a year. Another distinguishing feature of these organisms is their mucinous pouch. They move with typical anguilliform swimming motions and can swim forwards and backwards. Their food source was difficult to determine because zooplankton, which are the typical food of fish larvae, were never seen in their guts.

Leptocephali appear to feed on tiny particles floating freely in the ocean, which are often referred to as marine snow. Leptocephali larvae live primarily in the upper  of the ocean at night, and often a little deeper during the day. Leptocephali are present worldwide in the oceans from southern temperate to tropical latitudes, where adult eels and their close relatives live. American eels, European eels, conger eels, and some oceanic species spawn and are found in the Sargasso Sea.

Leptocephalus brevirostris was declared as a biological species in 1856, but was later found to be the larva of Anguilla anguilla, which was declared by Linnaeus in 1758 and thus has priority.

Development
The eggs of eels in the order Anguilliformes are quite large compared to those of many other fishes. They are about  in diameter. Once the larvae are newly hatched, the yolk extends posteriorly. Some larvae hatch with features of the head more developed than others. The preleptocephalus stage is the period immediately after the larvae hatch. During this stage, the larvae do not yet feed externally. These larvae typically have poorly developed eyes and few or no teeth.

The leptocephalus stage of the larvae begins after the nutrients from the yolk have been absorbed and the eyes and teeth are formed. At this point, the larvae usually have long forward-facing pointy teeth. As the larvae grow larger, the teeth will be replaced by shorter teeth and will increase in number. The maximum size larvae reach varies from about  but can be as large as  or more depending on the species. After the leptocephali have reached their maximum size, they enter their glass eel stage. Their laterally compressed bodies tend to become more rounded in this stage. The head also thickens, the olfactory organ enlarges, and their teeth are lost.

Leptocephali differ from other fish larvae in their development. In other teleosts (those without leptocephali), the egg hatches and then the larvae get nutrients from a yolk sac. Following this, external feeding begins once the yolk sac has depleted. The larvae begin to increase in size and develop into a juvenile fish once external feeding begins. In those fish with a leptocephalus stage; however, after hatching and obtaining nutrients from the yolk, the larvae do not begin external feeding. This is peculiar because the larvae still continue to grow in size. From this information, it is concluded that one of the biggest and most basic differences in the developmental cycles of teleosts without leptocephali and teleosts with leptocephali is the food source that the larvae use.

Leptocephali are poorly understood, partly because they are very fragile and eat particulate material instead of zooplankton, and their good swimming ability lets them avoid most standard-sized plankton nets used by marine biologists. A video recording of a naturally swimming leptocephalus filmed at night off the island of Hawaii shows an example of their swimming behavior.

Visual system
Two facts are known regarding the visual system of the leptocephali. The first is that they have a rod-dominated visual system. The second is that the Synaphobranchidae (a specific family of leptocephali) have telescopic eyes, meaning a tubular eye with a sphere-shaped lens on the top occurs.

Aquaculture
Some progress has been made to grow the leptocephali of the Japanese eel in the laboratory. The goal of that effort is to produce glass eels through artificial spawning and larval rearing, to be used for aquaculture to produce unagi for food. Unagi is a popular food in Japan and East Asia. Due to the strange nature of the leptocephali, this has not been easy. Trying to artificially recreate marine snow has proven difficult for scientists.

Leptocephali are rarely used as food, except in some parts of Japan. The leptocephali of the common Japanese conger, Conger myriaster, are called noresore·のれそれ in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan, and are often served uncooked to the table, and are eaten after dipping in tosazu mixed vinegar. It is a spring seasonal specialty.

See also
Eel
Elopomorpha

References

External links
 Informationen Conger oceanicus
  Ecology of Anguilliform Leptocephali: Remarkable Transparent Fish Larvae of the Ocean Surface Layer

Elopomorpha
Ichthyology
Marine biology
Larvae

Leptocephalus


The Besançon Commune (in french Commune de Besançon) was a short-lived revolutionary movement conceived in 1871, aiming at the setting of a local autonomous power based on Lyon and Paris experiences. It originates from sociological changes of the city and creation of unions. The Franco-Prussian War, the fall of the Second Empire, and the advent of the Third Republic, precipitate events. While many notables report an insurrectional context and an armed support from Switzerland, correspondences of James Guillaume and Mikhail Bakunin attest to a confrontation prepared between the end of May and the beginning of June 1871. But with the start of a large repression on May 21 until June 7, any attempt was compromised. Despite the hope of a restart, the months following the idea of an insurrection is definitively abandoned mostly with extinction of the groups and activities called anarchists in 1875.

Notes

Anarchism
Besançon
1871
1870s in France
Rebellions in Europe

Besançon Commune


An esoteric programming language (sometimes shortened to esolang) is a programming language designed to test the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, as software art, as a hacking interface to another language (particularly functional programming or procedural programming languages), or as a joke. The use of the word esoteric distinguishes them from languages that working developers use to write software. The creators of most esolangs do not intend them to be used for mainstream programming, although some esoteric features, such as visuospatial syntax, have inspired practical applications in the arts. Such languages are often popular among hackers and hobbyists.

Usability is rarely a goal for designers of esoteric programming languages; often their design leads to quite the opposite. Their usual aim is to remove or replace conventional language features while still maintaining a language that is Turing-complete, or even one for which the computational class is unknown.

History
The earliest, and still the canonical example of an esoteric programming language, is INTERCAL, designed in 1972 by Don Woods and James M. Lyon, who said that their intention was to create a programming language unlike any with which they were familiar. It parodied elements of established programming languages of the day such as Fortran, COBOL and assembly language.

For many years, INTERCAL was represented only by paper copies of the INTERCAL manual. Its revival in 1990 as an implementation in C under Unix stimulated a wave of interest in the intentional design of esoteric computer languages.

In 1993, Wouter van Oortmerssen created FALSE, a small stack-oriented programming language with syntax designed to make the code inherently obfuscated, confusing and unreadable. Its compiler is only 1024 bytes in size. This inspired Urban Müller to create an even smaller language, the now-infamous Brainfuck, which consists of only eight recognized characters. Along with Chris Pressey's Befunge (like FALSE, but with a two-dimensional instruction pointer), Brainfuck is now one of the best-supported esoteric programming languages, with canonical examples of minimal Turing tarpits and needlessly obfuscated language features. Brainfuck is related to the P′′ family of Turing machines.

Common features
While esoteric programming languages differ in many ways, there are some common traits that characterize many languages, such as parody, minimalism, and the goal of making programming difficult. Many esoteric programming languages, such as brainfuck, and similar, use single characters as commands, however, it isn't uncommon for languages to read line by line like conventional programming languages.

Unique data representations
Conventional imperative programming languages typically allow data to be stored in variables, but esoteric languages may utilize different methods of storing and accessing data. Languages like Brainfuck and Malbolge only permit data to be read through a single pointer, which must be moved to a location of interest before data is read. Others, like Befunge and Shakespeare, utilize one or more stacks to hold data, leading to a manner of execution akin to Reverse Polish notation. Finally, there are languages which explore alternative forms of number representation: the Brainfuck variant Boolfuck only permits operations on single bits, while Malbolge and INTERCAL variant TriINTERCAL replace bits altogether with a base 3 ternary system.

Unique instruction representations
Esoteric languages also showcase unique ways of representing program instructions. Some languages, such as Befunge and Piet, represent programs in two or more dimensions, with program control moving around in multiple possible directions through the program. This differs from conventional languages in which a program is a set of instructions usually encountered in sequence. Other languages modify instructions to appear in an unusual form, often one that can be read by humans with an alternate meaning to the underlying instructions. Shakespeare achieves this by making all programs resemble Shakespearian plays. Chef achieves the same by having all programs be recipes. Chef is particularly notable in that some have created programs that successfully function both as a program and as a recipe, demonstrating the ability of the language to produce this double meaning.

Difficulty to read and write
Many esoteric programming languages are designed to produce code that is deeply obfuscated, making it difficult to read and to write. The purpose of this may be to provide an interesting puzzle or challenge for program writers: Malbolge for instance was explicitly designed to be challenging, and so it has features like self-modifying code and highly counterintuitive operations. On the other hand, some esoteric languages become difficult to write due to their other design choices. Brainfuck is committed to the idea of a minimalist instruction set, so even though its instructions are straightforward in principle, the code that arises is difficult for a human to read. INTERCAL's difficulty arises as a result of the choice to avoid operations used in any other programming language, which stems from its origin as a parody of other languages.

Parody and spoof
One of the aims of esoteric programming languages is to parody or spoof existing languages and trends in the field of programming. For instance, the first esoteric language INTERCAL began as a spoof of languages used in the 1960's, such as APL, Fortran, and COBOL. INTERCAL's rules appear to be the inverse of rules in these other languages. However, the subject of parody is not always another established programming language. Shakespeare can be viewed as spoofing the structure of Shakespearean plays, for instance. The language Ook! is a parody of Brainfuck, where Brainfuck's eight commands are replaced by various orangutang sounds like "Ook. Ook?"

Examples

Befunge
Befunge allows the instruction pointer to roam in multiple dimensions through the code. For example, the following program displays "Hello World" by pushing the characters in reverse order onto the stack, then printing the characters in a loop which circulates clockwise through the instructions >, :, v, _, ,, and ^.
 "dlroW olleH">:v
              ^,_@
There are many versions of Befunge, the most common being Befunge-93, which is named as such because it was released in 1993.

Binary combinatory logic
Binary combinatory logic, otherwise known as binary lambda calculus, is designed from an algorithmic information theory perspective to allow for the densest possible code with the most minimal means, featuring a 29-byte self interpreter, a 21-byte prime number sieve, and a 112-byte Brainfuck interpreter.

Brainfuck
Brainfuck is designed for extreme minimalism and leads to obfuscated code, with programs containing only eight distinct characters. The following program outputs "Hello, world!":
++++++++++[>+++++++>++++++++++>+++<<<-]>++.>+.+++++++
 ..+++.>++.<<+++++++++++++++.>.+++.------.--------.>+.

All characters other than  are ignored.

Chicken
Chicken has just three tokens, the word "chicken", " " (the space character), and the newline character. The compiler interprets the amount of "chickens" on a line as an opcode instruction which it uses to manipulate data on a stack. A simple chicken program can contain dozens of lines with nothing but the word "chicken" repeated countless times. Chicken was invented by Torbjörn Söderstedt who drew his inspiration for the language from a parody of a scientific dissertation.

Chef
Chef is a stack-oriented programming language created by David Morgan-Mar, designed to make programs look like cooking recipes. Programs consist of a title, a list of variables and their data values, and a list of stack manipulation instructions. A joking design principle states that "program recipes should not only generate valid output, but be easy to prepare and delicious", and Morgan-Mar notes that an example Hello World program with "101 eggs" and "111 cups oil" would produce "a lot of food for one person."

FRACTRAN
A FRACTRAN program is an ordered list of positive fractions together with an initial positive integer input . The program is run by multiplying the integer  by the first fraction  in the list for which  is an integer. The integer  is then replaced by  and the rule is repeated. If no fraction in the list produces an integer when multiplied by , the program halts. FRACTRAN was invented by mathematician John Conway.

GolfScript
Programs in GolfScript, a language created for code golf, consist of lists of items, each of which is pushed onto the stack as it is encountered, with the exception of variables which have code blocks as their value, in which case the code is executed.

INTERCAL
INTERCAL, short for "Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym", was created in 1972 as a parody to satirize aspects of the various programming languages at the time.

JSFuck
JSFuck is an esoteric programming style of JavaScript, where code is written using only six characters: [, ], (, ), !, and +.
Unlike Brainfuck, which requires its own compiler or interpreter, JSFuck is valid JavaScript code, meaning JSFuck programs can be run in any web browser or engine that interprets JavaScript. It has been used in a number of cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks on websites such as eBay due to its ability to evade cross-site scripting detection filters.

LOLCODE
LOLCODE is designed to resemble the speech of lolcats. The following is the "Hello World" example:
HAI
CAN HAS STDIO?
VISIBLE "HAI WORLD!"
KTHXBYE

While the semantics of LOLCODE is not unusual, its syntax has been described as a linguistic phenomenon, representing an unusual example of informal speech and internet slang in programming.

Malbolge
Malbolge (named after the 8th circle of Hell) was designed to be the most difficult and esoteric programming language. Among other features, code is self-modifying by design and the effect of an instruction depends on its address in memory.

Piet

Piet is a language designed by David Morgan-Mar, whose programs are bitmaps that look like abstract art. The execution is guided by a "pointer" that moves around the image, from one continuous coloured region to the next. Procedures are carried out when the pointer exits a region.

There are 20 colours for which behaviour is specified: 18 "colourful" colours, which are ordered by a 6-step hue cycle and a 3-step brightness cycle; and black and white, which are not ordered. When exiting a "colourful" colour and entering another one, the performed procedure is determined by the number of steps of change in hue and brightness. Black cannot be entered; when the pointer tries to enter a black region, the rules of choosing the next block are changed instead. If all possible rules are tried, the program terminates. Regions outside the borders of the image are also treated as black. White does not perform operations, but allows the pointer to "pass through". The behaviour of colours other than the 20 specified is left to the compiler or interpreter.

Variables are stored in memory as signed integers in a single stack. Most specified procedures deal with operations on that stack, while others deal with input/output and with the rules by which the compilation pointer moves.

Piet was named after the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian. The original intended name, Mondrian, was already taken by an open-source statistical data-visualization system.

Rockstar

Rockstar is a computer programming language designed for creating programs that are also hair metal power ballads. It was created by Dylan Beattie.

Shakespeare
Shakespeare is designed to make programs look like Shakespearean plays. For example, the following statement declares a point in the program which can be reached via a GOTO-type statement:

  Act I: Hamlet's insults and flattery.

Storyteller
Storyteller is a computer programming language designed to make programs look like rich, emotional narrative.

Unlambda
Unlambda is a minimalist functional programming language based on SKI calculus, but combined with first-class continuations and imperative I/O (with input usually requiring the use of continuations).

Whitespace
Whitespace uses only whitespace characters (space, tab, and return), ignoring all other characters, which can therefore be used for comments. This is the reverse of many traditional languages, which do not distinguish between different whitespace characters, treating tab and space the same. It also allows Whitespace programs to be hidden in the source code of programs in languages like C.

Cultural context
The cultural context of esolangs has been studied by Geoff Cox, who writes that esolangs "shift attention from command and control toward cultural expression and refusal", seeing esolangs as similar to code art and code poetry, such as Mez Breeze's mezangelle. Daniel Temkin describes Brainfuck as "refusing to ease the boundary between human expression and assembly code and thereby taking us on a ludicrous journey of logic," exposing the inherent conflict between human thinking and computer logic. He connects programming within an esolang to performing an event score such as those of the Fluxus movement, where playing out the rules of the logic in code makes the point of view of the language clear.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Esolang, the esoteric programming languages wiki

Programming language classification

Computer humor

Esoteric programming language


A surge channel is a narrow inlet, usually on a rocky shoreline, and is formed by differential erosion of those rocks by coastal wave action.  As waves strike the shore, water fills the channel, and drains out again as the waves retreat. The narrow confines of the channel create powerful currents that reverse themselves rapidly as the water level rises and falls, and cause violent hydrodynamic mixing. However, there is relatively little exchange of water between channels; experimental studies and mathematical modelling of the coastline near Hopkins Marine Station in California have shown that water is rapidly mixed within each channel, but that it mostly moves in an oscillatory manner. Surge channels have been likened to 'containment vessels', retaining water borne gametes and probably enhancing the effectiveness of external fertilisation of marine species dwelling within them.

Surge channels can form in reefs, and the term is sometimes also applied to breaches of coastal dunes by storms.

Surge channels can range from a few inches across to ten feet or more across. They may create tide pools if the conditions are suitable, but the rapid water movement typically creates a dangerous situation for people or animals that are caught by the current.  The West Coast Trail on the coast of Vancouver Island is known for its large number of surge channels, some of which are impassable even at low tide and must be crossed inland.

See also
 Geo (landform)

References

Coastal geography
Coastal and oceanic landforms

Surge channel


(February 14, 1929 – August 28, 1998) was a Japanese aikido teacher and student of the founder of aikido Morihei Ueshiba.  In 1970, at the age of 41, he was awarded 8th dan rank. He is the initiator of Kobayashi aikido (国際合気道研修会小林裕和派).

Early life and the Pacific War
Already by the age of 7 years, Kobayashi was studying karate, kendo and judo.  At 15, he was stationed as a kamikaze pilot on an aircraft carrier. When it came to his deployment, a technical defect prevented his airplane from joining his flight.  The remaining members of his flight died.  Before he could come to the next "last deployment", the aircraft carrier was torpedoed by a submarine and sank. Kobayashi was one of the few survivors.  After staying in the water for as long as four days with bad injuries, he was rescued. He had held fast during the entire time to wood planks and barrels.

Aikido
In 1946 his karate teacher gave him a recommendation letter for Morihei Ueshiba. With this letter he went to Tokyo, in order to learn the Japanese martial art aikido.

Kobayashi was friendly with Morihiro Saito, with whom he shared the role of uke to Ueshiba. During the aikido training if Saito was mostly requested as uke, then Kobayashi followed with the sword. For this reason Kobayashi felt always extremely connected to aikiken.  Kobayashi described the long time at Ueshiba's side not only as uke, but also outside of the dojo as companion to the impulsive aikido founder, as extremely hard.

In Tokyo, Kobayashi stayed altogether for about nine years. In 1954 he moved to Osaka.  Morihei Ueshiba was nearly each month in Osaka, in order to hold ten-day-long training courses.  Kobayashi Sensei was the chief instructor at Kansai in 1970,  and  he usually acted Ueshiba Sensei's uke whenever he visited Kansai.

In 1957, Kobayashi started training full-time in aikido. If he did not accompany Ueshiba, he taught at universities in Osaka and Kobe. In 1964 he was awarded 7th dan. In this year he was asked by Ueshiba for the first time to teach aikido in Europe. Until 1996 Kobayashi visited Europe each year for several weeks.  He gave regular training courses in France, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy, Germany and in the Netherlands.

His techniques were described as very short, powerful and precise with as little movement offline as possible. His grabbing techniques consisted of "Meguri" - literally meaning flexibility and rotating of the wrist producing subtle connection points producing the maximum result with minimal levels of effort. A memorable phrase of Kobayashi's was: "Teach everything you know/have, then you feel thirsty for a higher level." Some other words people often heard him repeat while on the mat were "Itsumo manaka" (always towards the centre) and "Ima" (right now).

Kobayashi had a cordial relationship with Kenji Tomiki, founder of Shodokan Aikido. On 10 October 1969, Kobayashi invited Tomiki to Osaka, where the latter gave a short course to introduce competitive aikido to students from six local universities. In aikido circles, there was friction regarding competitive aikido because nobody knew Tomiki's theories or the essence of his aikido. Kobayashi met with Tomiki to try to understand his techniques and his intentions. He suggested that Tomiki show his aikido to the students as the best way for everyone to understand.

One of Tomiki's instructors, Tetsuro Nariyama, came to Osaka from Kokushikan University and spent six years as uchideshi with Kobayashi.  Nariyama taught at the Shodokan Honbu but at the same time he was learning from Kobayashi who was teaching in the universities in that area. He accompanied Kobayashi to lessons and had the chance to introduce the students to randori.

Legacy
Aikido in the style of Kobayashi Hirokazu is taught today in Europe, South America, India, Indonesia, New Zealand, USA and Japan. Due to the activities of Kobayashi Sensei who spent usually up to 5 months every year in Europe several highly ranked Aikidoka, still teach his unique style in Europe. To be mentioned are:

  Japan: Kimura Jiro, Yabuuchi Hirotoshi, Egami Kenzo (Official Aikido Osaka Buikukai, Aikikai Foundation)
 France: Andre Cognard, Daniel Lazennec, Etienne Leman, Adrien Halm, Jean-François Riondet, Tomoko Riondet, Lucienne Berenger, Boudrez Robert, Michèle Lasserre
 Italy: Pietro Giovanni Suriano, Giovanni Polimeno, Giampietro Savegnago, Ezio Antonucci, Aldo Gonzato, Nuccio Iuculano, Luca La Rosa, Gerardo Procida, Italo Taddeo, Paolo Salvadego;
 Poland: Jacek Wysocki, Robert Gembal, Sławomir Szewczyk, Marcin Ziółkowski, Arkadiusz Jadczak, Andrzej Matusiak, Kamil Starski;
 Portugal: Leopoldo Ferreira
 Germany: Walter Oelschlaeger, Jürgen Rohrmann
 Belgium: Yves Flon
 Switzerland: Jean-Marc Voegeli
 Spain: Felipe García
 New Zealand: Junichi Nishimura
 India: Avijit Mitra, Debabrata Saha
 Panama: Gabriel Vega Castro
 Colombia:  Armando Collazos

Kobayashi was a member of the Aikikai Foundation. He never wanted to found an organisation of his own, and asked his pupils not to do so either. His idea was to teach Aikido to everybody who wanted to learn and not to gain personal profit by doing so. A few months before he died in 1998, he gave the permission to his students to found the independent organisation, Académie autonome d'aikido, which attempted to synthesise the uniqueness of his teaching, without asserting superiority over other styles. This led to the formation of Kobayashi aikido.

Kobayashi died in August 1998 after an illness.

Further reading
Yasuhiko Kunimoto, The Heart of the Aikido of Hirokazu Kobayashi Sensei, Bu Iku Knightly Education

External links

 Aikido - Campeón - Kobayashi
 Hirokazu Kobayashi: La Liberté comme Destin
 3aKH
Kokusai aikido kenshukai Kobayashi Hirokazu ryu ha
Aikido Yamato Buikukai in Panama

References

Japanese aikidoka
1929 births
1998 deaths
Shihan
Japanese World War II pilots

Hirokazu Kobayashi (aikidoka)