The Gabor sisters were three Hungarian-American actresses/socialites: Magda (June 11, 1915 – June 6, 1997), Zsa Zsa (February 6, 1917 – December 18, 2016), and Eva (February 11, 1919 – July 4, 1995). Born in Budapest, Hungary, the trio relocated to the United States in hopes of starting film careers.

Outside of their careers, they were each well known for their serial matrimony: Magda was married six times; Zsa Zsa nine times; and Eva five times. British actor George Sanders was first married to Zsa Zsa and later to Magda, though the latter marriage only lasted one month.

History

The Gabor sisters were born into a family of Hungarian-Jewish background, in Budapest, Hungary to parents Vilmos and Jolie Gabor. The family moved to New York in the wake of World War II. Magda had played a small role in a Hungarian film before the war, so Jolie and her three daughters moved to Hollywood to break into the film business. Eva was the first of the sisters to immigrate to the US, shortly after her first marriage, to a Swedish osteopath, Dr. Eric Drimmer, whom she married in 1937 when she was 18 years old.

In 1953, Eva was given her own television talk show, The Eva Gabor Show, which ran for one season (1953–54). Both of her sisters appeared on the show in guest spots. From September 1965 through April 1971, Eva starred in the CBS sitcom Green Acres, which proved to be a ratings success.

Zsa Zsa's only child, Francesca Hilton, was born on March 10, 1947, by then-husband Conrad Hilton. Zsa Zsa was the only Gabor sister to have a child. Francesca Hilton died on January 5, 2015, at the age of 67, from an apparent stroke or heart attack. She had no children.

Widespread fame
The sisters were well-known socialites, with Eva and Zsa Zsa becoming notable for their acting and personality work. Both sisters had recurring roles on hit series such as Climax!, The Love Boat, and The Matinee Theater, at separate times, and appeared as themselves regularly on Hollywood Squares, The Dean Martin Show, and The Merv Griffin Show. In his autobiography, television host Merv Griffin, who was known to spend time with  Eva socially, wrote of the Gabor sisters' initial presence in New York and Los Angeles:
All these years later, it's hard to describe the phenomenon of the three glamorous Gabor girls and their ubiquitous mother. They burst onto the society pages and into the gossip columns so suddenly, and with such force, it was as if they'd been dropped out of the sky.

Deaths
The youngest sister, Eva predeceased her elder sisters and her mother. Eva died in Los Angeles on July 4, 1995, from respiratory failure and pneumonia, following a fall in a bathtub in Mexico, where she had been on vacation. Her funeral was held on July 11, 1995, at Good Shepherd Catholic Church in Beverly Hills.

Their mother, Jolie, was apparently never told of Eva's death and died less than two years later, in Palm Springs, California, of natural causes on April 1, 1997, at age 100. The cause of death was declared as kidney failure. Two months after Jolie's death, Magda died on June 6, 1997, five days before her 82nd birthday.

Francesca Hilton, Zsa Zsa's daughter, died in 2015. Zsa Zsa was reportedly never told of her daughter's death. Zsa Zsa died at the age of 99 of cardiac arrest while in a coma at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on December 18, 2016, 50 days shy of becoming a centenarian. The causes of death were given as "Cardiopulmonary arrest, Coronary Artery Disease, and Cerebral Vascular Disease". She had been on life support for the previous five years.

Appearances together

Bibliography

References

American socialites
Sisters
Sibling groups
Hungarian Jews
Sisters
1910s births

Gabor sisters


The Sunday Times Rich List 2009 was published on 26 April 2009.

Since 1989 the UK national Sunday newspaper The Sunday Times (sister paper to The Times) has published an annual magazine supplement to the newspaper called the Sunday Times Rich List. The list is based on an estimate of the minimum wealth of the richest 1,000 people or families in the United Kingdom as of January of that year, and is compiled by Dr Philip Beresford.

A separate section lists the 250 richest Irish, including both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

As in previous years, the List was widely previewed in the UK media and extensively covered on the day of its publication.

The top three places in the List were unchanged from the previous year. The Hinduja brothers, ranked 4th in 2008, and Leonard Blavatnik, ranked 11th in 2008, were removed from the list. Among the most notable changes were the loss of £155 billion from the collective fortunes of Britain's richest 1,000 people, equivalent to more than a third of their estimated wealth, as a consequence of the recession.

Top 25 fortunes

See also
Lists of billionaires

References

External links
 Sunday Times Rich List online edition

Sunday Times Rich List
2009 in the United Kingdom

Sunday Times Rich List 2009


Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice is an action RPG made by FromSoftware led by Hidetaka Miyazaki. It is similar to the Souls series of video games. However, there are many changes that have also been made. Below are the differences between Sekiro and the Souls series.

 The setting is different. While the Souls series takes place in a fantasy world like Medieval Europe, Sekiro takes place in a fictional timeline during Japan's Sengoku period.
 The player can move much more easily. The player can run faster than in the Souls series. The player can also jump, hug walls, hang on the side of a cliff, swim, and use stealth attacks. They also have a grappling hook which they can use to travel around the level quickly.
 Platforming is more important in this game.
 Parrying is much more important in this game, since enemies has a longer reach in Sekiro and some enemies cannot be killed until they are parried.
 The game has no online features, which means other players online neither help nor kill they player.
 The player has a "posture bar", which shows how able the player is to strike a killing hit on an enemy.
 The player will not lose their experience points if they die.
 The player can revive at the same place they died if they have resurrection power.
 The game has more checkpoints.
 The player cannot level up their stats, nor find new weapons or armor. The player's only melee weapon is their katana.
 The player has a skill tree that can be used to learn new moves or improve the ones they already have.

Video games
Role-playing video games

Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice


Vice-Admiral George Delaval (c. 1667 – 22 June 1723), of Seaton Delaval, Northumberland, was a Royal Navy officer, diplomat and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1715 to 1723.

Family
Delaval was of a junior branch of the  Delaval family, the son of George Delaval of North Dissington, Northumberland. His father left him a legacy of only £100, but he went on to make a large fortune from his naval and diplomatic career.

Naval career
Delaval joined the Royal Navy and by 1693 had achieved the rank of 3rd lieutenant aboard HMS Lenox. In 1698 he travelled to North Africa to negotiate the release of British prisoners  and concluded a treaty with Morocco in 1700. On his return as Captain Delaval in May 1700, he took command of the newly commissioned 4th rate man of war HMS Tilbury.

He commanded HMS Tilbury in the vanguard at the Battle of Málaga in the War of the Spanish Succession on 24 August 1704. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1718 and to vice admiral in 1722.

Diplomatic and political career
Delaval's diplomatic career took him to Spain in 1705, with Lord Peterborough. In 1707 he was envoy to Lisbon and, in 1708, concluded an agreement with Ismail Ibn Sharif, the Sultan of Morocco, not to molest each other's ships. He went to Portugal for three years in 1710 as Envoy Extraordinary to the King of Portugal.

Delaval was returned unopposed as Whig Member of Parliament for West Looe, Cornwall at the 1715 general election. In 1716, he was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Northumberland. He was returned unopposed for West Looe again at the 1722 general election. In Parliament, he voted with the Government in all recorded divisions.

Estates

In 1716 Delaval purchased for £5000 the forfeited estate of the Shafto family at Bavington Hall, Northumberland, and in 1718 he bought the ancient seat of the Delaval family at Seaton Delaval from his impoverished cousin, Sir John Delaval, 3rd Baronet. He retained the services of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh and began an ambitious rebuilding of Seaton Delaval Hall. He did not live to see the new house completed; in 1723, at the age of 55, he died as a result of falling off his horse. The site of the accident was marked by the erection of an obelisk, the base of which survives to the west of the hall, next to the turning to New Hartley.

Delaval left no issue. He restored Bavington Hall to the Shaftos by bequeathing it to George Shafto, who had married his sister. He left Seaton Delaval Hall to his nephew Francis Blake Delaval.

References

 Delaval Family Papers and Delaval Hastings Manuscripts. Northumberland Record Office
 Ships of the Royal Navy

1667 births
1723 deaths
Royal Navy vice admirals
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall
Ambassadors of Great Britain to Portugal
People from Seaton Delaval
British military personnel of the War of the Quadruple Alliance
British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession
Military personnel from Northumberland

George Delaval


Night and the City is a 1950 film noir directed by Jules Dassin and starring Richard Widmark, Gene Tierney and Googie Withers. It is based on the novel of the same name by Gerald Kersh. Shot on location in London and at Shepperton Studios, the plot revolves around an ambitious hustler who meets continual failures.

Dassin later confessed that he had never read the novel upon which the film is based. In an interview appearing on The Criterion Collection DVD release, Dassin recalls that the casting of Tierney was in response to a request by Darryl Zanuck, who was concerned that personal problems had rendered the actress "suicidal" and hoped that work would improve her state of mind. The film's British version was five minutes longer, with a more upbeat ending and featuring a completely different film score. Dassin endorsed the American version as closer to his vision.

The film contains a very tough and prolonged fight scene between Stanislaus Zbyszko, a celebrated professional wrestler in real life, and Mike Mazurki, who before becoming an actor was himself a professional wrestler.

Plot
Harry Fabian is an ambitious American hustler and con man on the make in London. He maintains a fractured relationship with the honest Mary Bristol, and with nightclub owner and businessman Phil Nosseross, and with Nosseross's scheming wife, Helen.

While attempting a con at a wrestling match, Fabian witnesses Gregorius, a veteran Greek wrestler, arguing with his son Kristo, who has organised the fight, and who effectively controls all wrestling in London. After denouncing Kristo's event as tasteless exhibitionism that shames the sport's Graeco-Roman traditions, Gregorius leaves with Nikolas, a fellow wrestler.

Fabian catches up with the two and befriends them, thinking that he could host wrestling in London without interference from Kristo if he could persuade Kristo's father to support the enterprise.

Fabian approaches Nosseross and Helen with his proposal, then asks for an investment. Nosseross is incredulous, but at his wife's instigation he offers to provide half of the required £400 if Fabian can match it. Desperate, Fabian asks for money from Figler, a panhandler and unofficial head of an informal society of street criminals; Googin, a forger; and Anna, a Thameside smuggler, but none will help him.

Fabian is eventually approached by Helen Nosseross, who offers the £200 in exchange for getting a licence to continue running her own nightclub, having obtained the money by selling an expensive fur her husband recently bought for her. Fabian agrees, but tricks her by having Googin forge the licence.

Meanwhile, Nosseros is visited by associates of Kristo, who warn him to keep Fabian away from London's wrestling scene. Already suspecting his wife of duplicity, Nosseross neglects to warn Fabian, who proceeds to open his own gym with Gregorius and Nikolas as the stars, and Nosseross as his silent partner.

A furious Kristo visits the gym and discovers that his father is supporting Fabian's endeavour. Meeting with Nosseross, the two plot to kill Fabian, but realise that they can only do so if Gregorius leaves Fabian. Nosseross meets with Fabian and withdraws his backing, suggesting that Fabian gets Nikolas and The Strangler, a showy wrestler favoured by Kristo, into the ring together to keep the business going, knowing that Gregorius would never allow it.

Fabian convinces The Strangler's manager, Mickey Beer, to support the fight, and taunts The Strangler into confronting Gregorius and Nikolas. Gregorius agrees to the fight, convinced by Fabian that it will prove that his traditional style of wrestling is superior. Beer asks Fabian for £200 to cover his fee, so Fabian asks Nosseross for the money. Instead, Nosseross calls Kristo, informing him that The Strangler is in Fabian's gym.

Betrayed, Fabian steals the money from Mary Bristol and returns to the gym. However, The Strangler goads Gregorius into a prolonged and brutal fight, during which Nikolas' wrist is broken.

Gregorius eventually defeats The Strangler in the ring as Kristo arrives, but dies minutes later in his son's arms from exhaustion. Seeing that both his business and protection are lost, Fabian flees.

In revenge for his father's death, Kristo puts a £1,000 bounty on Fabian's head, sending word to all of London's underworld. Fabian is hunted through the night by Kristo's men. Figler attempts to trap Fabian for the reward but he gets away.

Meanwhile, convinced that her licence is authentic, Helen Nosseross leaves her husband, only to discover that the document is a worthless forgery. She returns to Nosseross in desperation, only to discover that he has killed himself because she left him.

Fabian eventually finds shelter at Anna's scow on the Thames, but he is tracked down by Kristo. Mary arrives, and Fabian attempts to redeem himself by shouting to Kristo that Mary has betrayed him, so that she will get the reward. As he runs towards where Kristo is standing on Hammersmith Bridge, he is caught and killed by The Strangler, who throws his body into the river. The Strangler is arrested moments later, and Kristo walks away from the scene. Mary is comforted by her neighbour and close friend Adam Dunne.

Cast
 Richard Widmark as Harry Fabian
 Gene Tierney as Mary Bristol (singing voice dubbed by Maudie Edwards)
 Googie Withers as Helen Nosseross
 Hugh Marlowe as Adam Dunne
 Francis L. Sullivan as Phil Nosseross, Silver Fox Club owner
 Herbert Lom as Kristo
 Aubrey Dexter as Mr Chilk
 Maureen Delany as Anna Siberia/O'Leary
 Stanislaus Zbyszko as Gregorius the Great
 Mike Mazurki as The Strangler
 Ada Reeve as Molly
 Charles Farrell as Mickey Beer
 Ken Richmond as Nikolas of Athens
 Edward Chapman as Hoskins
 James Hayter as Figler
 Gibb McLaughlin as Googin (uncredited)
 Adelaide Hall (scenes cut from the final edit)

Critical reaction
The film has been described as innovative in its lack of sympathetic characters, the deadly punishment of its protagonist (in the American version), and especially its realistic portrayal of triumph by racketeers who are neither slowed nor at all worried by the machinations of law. Critics of the time did not react well; typical were Bosley Crowther's comments in The New York Times:[Dassin's] evident talent has been spent upon a pointless, trashy yarn, and the best that he has accomplished is a turgid pictorial grotesque...he tried to bluff it with a very poor script—and failed...[the screenplay] is without any real dramatic virtue, reason or valid story-line...little more than a melange of maggoty episodes having to do with the devious endeavors of a cheap London night-club tout to corner the wrestling racket—an ambition in which he fails. And there is only one character in it for whom a decent, respectable person can give a hoot.

The film was first re-evaluated in the 1960s, as film noir became a more esteemed genre, and it has continued to receive laudatory reviews since then. Writing for Slant Magazine, Nick Schager said,Jules Dassin's 1950 masterpiece was his first movie after being exiled from America for alleged communist politics, and the unpleasant ordeal seems to have infused his work with a newfound resentment and pessimism, as the film—about foolhardy scam-artist Harry Fabian (Richard Widmark) and his ill-advised attempts to become a big shot—brims with anger, anxiousness, and a shocking dose of unadulterated hatred.

In The Village Voice, film critic Michael Atkinson wrote, "... the movie's a moody piece of Wellesian chiaroscuro (shot by Max Greene, né Mutz Greenbaum) and an occasionally discomfiting underworld plunge, particularly when the mob-controlled wrestling milieu explodes into a kidney-punching donnybrook."

In Street with No Name: A History of the Classic American Film Noir, film critic Andrew Dickos acclaims it as one of the seminal noirs of the classical period, writing: "in a perfect fusion of mood and character, Dassin created a work of emotional power and existential drama that stands as a paradigm of noir pathos and despair."

Preservation
The Academy Film Archive preserved Night and the City in 2004.

The British Lion Film Production Disc collection at the British Library includes music from the film soundtrack of Night and the City, upon which Adelaide Hall is featured.

Release
Night and the City was released in the United Kingdom in April 1950.

The film was released as a Region 1 DVD in February 2005 as part of The Criterion Collection and in Region 2 by the BFI in October 2007. Both discs contained the U.S. version only. Criterion issued the film on Blu-ray as a two-disc edition containing both the U.S. and U.K. versions in August 2015. In September 2015, the BFI also released the film on Blu-ray, again containing both versions.

Remake

Night and the City, a 1992 film starring Robert De Niro, was based on the film.

References

Bibliography

 Harry Tomicek: Der Wahnsinnsläufer. Night and The City. von Jules Dassin, Kamera: Max Greene (1950). In: Christian Cargnelli, Michael Omasta (eds.): Schatten. Exil. Europäische Emigranten im Film Noir. PVS, Vienna 1997, .

External links

Night and the City: In the Labyrinth an essay by Paul Arthur at the Criterion Collection
 Night and the City essay by author Geoff Mayer at Film Noir of the Week.
  (the wrestling scene)

1950 films
1950 crime drama films
1950s British films
1950s English-language films
20th Century Fox films
British black-and-white films
British crime drama films
Film noir
Films directed by Jules Dassin
Films produced by Samuel G. Engel
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Films set in London
Films shot in London
Professional wrestling films

Night and the City


Christopher Ryan Snyder (born February 12, 1981) is an American former professional baseball catcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played in MLB for the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Arizona Diamondbacks, the Houston Astros and the Baltimore Orioles. He bats and throws right-handed.

High school and college
Snyder attended Spring Woods High School and the University of Houston. In , Snyder started every game and hit .316; he also led the team in home runs, hits, doubles, RBIs, total bases, slugging percentage, on-base percentage, and hit by pitches. He was named All-Conference USA second team and also played for Team USA hitting 1 home run and having 9 RBIs. In , he hit .348 with 15 home runs and 70 RBIs and was named to the All-Tournament Team in the Conference USA Tournament.

Snyder had been drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the 1999 Major League Baseball draft, but chose to attend college. He was drafted by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 2nd round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft.

Career

Arizona Diamondbacks

Minor leagues
Snyder began his professional career with the High-A Lancaster JetHawks and hit .258 with 9 home runs and 44 RBIs. He began  with Lancaster again and was promoted to Double-A El Paso after hitting .314 with 10 home runs and 53 RBIs. He began  with El Paso and hit .301 with 15 home runs and 57 RBIs and was promoted to the major league team.

Major leagues
Snyder was called up to the majors and made his debut on August 21, . In his first game, he went 2–3 with a double. In only 96 at-bats in the majors in 2004, he hit 5 home runs. In , he was the starting catcher, but struggled offensively as he hit only .202. He was strong defensively though, with a fielding percentage of .997. Before the  season, the D-Backs traded for All-Star catcher Johnny Estrada from the Atlanta Braves, making Snyder the backup. In 61 games, Snyder hit .277 with a .995 fielding percentage and threw out 45% of would-be base stealers.

After the 2006 season, Estrada was traded to Milwaukee and Snyder shared time behind the plate with rookie Miguel Montero. In , he hit .252 with a .999 fielding percentage and threw out 36% of would-be base stealers. In , he set career highs in home runs (16) and RBIs (64) and also had a perfect fielding percentage of 1.000.

On December 30, 2008, Snyder and the D-Backs agreed on a three-year contract extension with an option for a fourth year.

Before the 2010 season Snyder was almost traded to the Blue Jays for former Diamondback Lyle Overbay but the Jays questioned Snyder's back problems and nixed the trade.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On July 31, it was announced that Snyder and minor leaguer Pedro Ciriaco were traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates for D. J. Carrasco, Ryan Church and Bobby Crosby. He began the 2011 season with the Pirates' Single A affiliate, the Bradenton Marauders, on a rehab assignment for back pains he experienced during spring training. In two games with Bradenton, Snyder had gone 5-for-6 with seven RBI, two doubles and a home run.

Houston Astros

Snyder signed with the Houston Astros for 2012. After 1 season with the team, the Astros declined his 2013 option on October 31, making him a free agent.

Washington Nationals
Snyder signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals on February 5, 2013. The Nationals released him on March 18.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
On March 18, 2013, Snyder signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim with an invitation to spring training.

Baltimore Orioles
Snyder was traded to the Baltimore Orioles on April 28, 2013, for minor league pitcher Rob Delaney, He was designated for assignment on June 4, and assigned to the Triple-A Norfolk Tides on June 8.

Return to Washington Nationals
On December 21, 2013, Snyder signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals that included an invitation to spring training. He was released on March 24, 2014.

Texas Rangers
Snyder signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers on March 25, 2014.

Snyder retired on April 19, 2014.

References

External links

Living people
1981 births
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Houston Astros players
Baltimore Orioles players
Houston Cougars baseball players
Bradenton Marauders players
Lancaster JetHawks players
El Paso Diablos players
Visalia Oaks players
Reno Aces players
Visalia Rawhide players
Norfolk Tides players
Salt Lake Bees players
Round Rock Express players
Major League Baseball catchers
Baseball players from Houston

Chris Snyder


Allan Jaffee (born Abraham Jaffee; March 13, 1921 – April 10, 2023) was an American cartoonist. He was notable for his work in the satirical magazine Mad, including his trademark feature, the Mad Fold-in. Jaffee was a regular contributor to the magazine for 65 years and is its longest-running contributor. In a 2010 interview, Jaffee said, "Serious people my age are dead."

With a career running from 1942 until 2020, Jaffee holds the Guinness World Record for having the longest career as a comic artist.
In the half-century between April 1964 and April 2013, only one issue of Mad was published without containing new material by Jaffee.

In 2008, Jaffee was honored by the Reuben Awards as the Cartoonist of the Year. Cartoonist Arnold Roth of The New Yorker said, "Al Jaffee is one of the great cartoonists of our time." Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz wrote, "Al can cartoon anything."

Early life
Al Jaffee was born March 13, 1921, in Savannah, Georgia, to Mildred and Morris Jaffee, the eldest of four sons. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Zarasai, Lithuania. His mother was described as devoutly religious, to the point she had the crucifixes removed from the hospital room before giving birth.

In 1927, Mildred took her four sons, with Morris's consent, back to Zarasai. After a year, Morris took the family back to the United States. After another year, Mildred took the children back to Lithuania, where they lived in a shtetl. With reading material scarce in his new home, Morris mailed comic-strip clippings from the United States. Jaffee became known for his ability to trace figures like Little Orphan Annie in the sand, for the amusement of his friends as well as the local bullies. After four more years, Morris again took the eldest three sons back to the United States, where they lived in Far Rockaway, Queens. David, Jaffee's youngest brother, returned to U.S. in 1940, months before much of Zarasai's Jewish population was murdered in the Holocaust, including apparently, Mildred herself.

Jaffee studied at the High School of Music & Art in New York City in the late 1930s, along with his brother Harry and future Mad personnel Will Elder, Harvey Kurtzman, John Severin, and Al Feldstein.

While Morris's perseverance probably saved his sons' lives, he later showed increasingly erratic behavior himself, thereby missing his son's high school graduation, and inexplicably discarding all his belongings and art projects once he left for the Army.

These experiences of perpetual absurdity and repeated alienation were later credited by his friends and wife as having sharpened his satirical edge, making him recognize that authority figures in his life could be oppressive and absurd (something he called "anti-adultism"), and quick to find nuances others miss, especially in the semantics of the English language.

Career
Jaffee began his career in 1942, working as a comic book artist for several publications, including Joker Comics, in which he was first published in December 1942, and continuing in other comics published by Timely Comics and Atlas Comics, the 1940s and 1950s precursors of Marvel Comics. While working alongside future Mad cartoonist Dave Berg, Jaffee created several humor features for Timely, including "Inferior Man" and "Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal".

Jaffee originally considered himself strictly an artist until he was disabused of the notion by editors and art directors who were reviewing his portfolio. "When prospective clients laughed and asked 'Who wrote the gag?' my response was 'I did, sir.' Which was very confusing since I didn't realize any writing had taken place. I mean, writers used typewriters, smoked pipes, wore scarves, right? When enough of them said, 'Oh, then you're a writer too,' I took their word for it. Who was I to argue with prospective employers?"

Jaffee served in the U.S. Army during World War II, where he worked as an artist for the military in various capabilities. His work included the original floor plan for the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. During this time, he took advantage of the military's free name change service, first to "Alvin Jaffe" by mistake, then to "Allan Jaffee".  While working at the Pentagon, he met Ruth Ahlquist, whom he married in 1945.

In 1946, Jaffee returned to civilian life, working for Stan Lee. For approximately a year and a half in the late 1940s, Jaffee was editing Timely's humor and teenage comics, including the Patsy Walker line.

Jaffee recalled in a 2004 interview:

I created Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal from scratch. [editor-in-chief] Stan [Lee] said to me, "Create an animated-type character. Something different, something new." I searched around and thought, "I've never seen anyone do anything about a seal," so I made him the lead character. So I created "Silly Seal". One day, Stan said to me, "Why don't you give him a little friend of some sort?" I had already created Ziggy Pig, who had his own little feature, so it was quite easy to combine them into one series. I said, "How about Ziggy Pig?" Stan said, "Okay!" I should add that, while I created Ziggy Pig, it was Stan who named him.

From 1957 to 1963, Jaffee drew the elongated Tall Tales panel for the New York Herald Tribune, which was syndicated to over 100 newspapers.  Jaffee credited its middling success with a pantomime format that was easy to sell abroad, but his higher-ups were unsatisfied with the strip's status:  "The head of the syndicate, who was a certifiable idiot, said the reason it was not selling [better] is we gotta put words in it.  So they made me put words in it.  Immediately lost 28 foreign papers." A collection of Jaffee's Tall Tales strips was published in 2008.   Jaffee also scripted the short-lived strips Debbie Deere and Jason in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Since 1984, Jaffee has provided illustrations for "The Shpy", a lighthearted Jewish-themed adventure feature in Tzivos Hashem's bimonthly children's publication The Moshiach Times.

Mad

Jaffee first appeared in Mad in 1955, one issue after its transformation from comic book format to magazine. When editor Harvey Kurtzman left in a dispute three issues later, Jaffee went with Kurtzman. Jaffee contributed to Kurtzman's first two post-Mad publishing efforts, Trump and the creator-owned Humbug, though both were much less successful than Mad. In 2008, the first full reprint of Humbug was published as a two-volume set by Fantagraphics; the set includes a newly commissioned cover illustration by Jaffee, and a co-interview with Jaffee and Arnold Roth.

After Humbug folded in 1958, Jaffee brought his unpublished material to Mad, which bought the work. "Bill Gaines took out every Trump and Humbug," remembered Jaffee, "called me into his office, sat me down on the couch next to him, and went over every issue and said "Which is yours?"  And as he came to each one, when he saw my stuff, he OK'd to hire me."

The Fold-In

In issue #86 of 1964, Jaffee created his longest-running Mad feature, the Fold-In. In each, a drawing is folded vertically and inward to reveal a new "hidden" picture (as well as a new caption).  Originally, Jaffee intended it as a one-shot "cheap" satire of the triple fold-outs that were appearing in glossy magazines such as Playboy, National Geographic, and Life.  But Jaffee was asked to do a second installment, and soon the Fold-In became a recurring feature on the inside back cover of the magazine. In 2011, Jaffee reflected, "The thing that I got a kick out of was ... Jeopardy! showed a Fold-In and the contestants all came up with the word they were looking for, which was 'Fold-In.'  So I realized, I created an English language word."

In 2010, Jaffee described the earliest Fold-Ins:

The Fold-In became one of Mads signature features, and appeared in almost every issue of the magazine from 1964 to 2020. A single issue in 1977 was published without a Fold-In (though Jaffee supplied the issue's back cover), and a 1980 issue instead featured a unique double-visual gimmick by Jaffee in which the inside back cover and the outside back cover merged to create a third image when held up to the light.  The third-ever Fold-In in 1964 featured a unique diagonal folding design, rather than the standard left-right vertical format.  The image revealed the four members of The Beatles becoming bald (and thus losing their popularity).

In a Mad-like wrinkle, there are two answers to the question "When was Jaffee's last Fold-in?" The final one he designed appeared in the June 2019 issue. But his last Fold-in to be published, a personal farewell to readers, appeared in the August 2020 issue. Jaffee had prepared it six years in advance, to be published after his own death. Instead, it ran after he officially announced his retirement at the age of 99, as the conclusion of an "All Jaffee" tribute issue. Cartoonist Johnny Sampson succeeded Jaffee on the feature.

The Far Side creator Gary Larson described his experience with the Fold-In: "The dilemma was always this: Very slowly and carefully fold the back cover ... without creasing the page and quickly look at the joke. Jaffee's artistry before the folding was so amazing that I suspect I was not alone in not wanting to deface it in any way." In 1972, Jaffee received a Special Features Reuben Award for his Fold-Ins.

Jaffee used a computer only for typographic maneuvers to make certain Fold-In tricks easier to design and he typically took two weeks to sketch and finalize an image. Otherwise, all his work was done by hand. "I'm working on a hard, flat board ... I cannot fold it. That's why my planning has to be so correct." In 2008, Jaffee told one newspaper, "I never see the finished painting folded until it's printed in the magazine. I guess I have that kind of visual mind where I can see the two sides without actually putting them together." Contrasting current art techniques and Jaffee's approach, Mads art director, Sam Viviano, said, "I think part of the brilliance of the Fold-In is lost on the younger generations who are so used to Photoshop and being able to do stuff like that on a computer."

21st century
Until 2019, Jaffee continued to do the Fold-In for Mad, as well as additional artwork for articles. His last original Fold-In appeared in the June 2019 issue, which was one that had originally been rejected from the June 2013 issue due to sensitivity about gun violence. Since August 2019, Mad has been either reprinting old Fold-Ins or publishing new ones by Johnny Sampson. In December 2019, Al's original work was featured in the magazine for the last time. Mads oldest regular contributor, Jaffee's work appeared in 500 of the magazine's first 550 issues, a total unmatched by any other writer or artist. He said, "I work for a magazine that's essentially for young people, and to have them keep me going, I feel very lucky ... To use an old cliché, I'm like an old racehorse. When the other horses are running, I want to run too." He retains the record for being longest tenured contributor to the history of Mad magazine.

In August 2008, Jaffee was interviewed for an NY1 feature about his career. He said, "It astonishes me that I still am functioning at a fairly decent level. Because there were a lot of dark days, but you have to reinvent yourself. You get knocked down and you pick up yourself and you move on."

A four-volume hardcover boxed set, The Mad Fold-In Collection: 1964–2010, was published by Chronicle Books in September 2011, .

Jaffee announced in June 2020 that he would be retiring. To honor this, Mad published a tribute issue that month.

Frequent themes

Will Forbis wrote: "This is the core of Jaffee's work: the idea that to be alive is to be constantly beleaguered by annoying idiots, poorly designed products and the unapologetic ferocity of fate. Competence and intelligence are not rewarded in life but punished."  In the book Inside Mad, fellow Mad writer Desmond Devlin called Jaffee "the irreplaceable embodiment of Mad Magazines range: smart but silly, angry but understanding, sophisticated but gross, upbeat but hopeless.  ... He's uncommonly interested in figuring out how things work, and exasperated because things NEVER work."

Jaffee contributed to hundreds of Mad articles as either a writer or an artist and often both. These included his long-running "Snappy Answers to Stupid Questions", which present multiple putdowns for the same unnecessary or clueless inquiry, and several articles on inventions and gadgets, which were presented in an elaborately detailed "blueprint" style. Sergio Aragonés said of Jaffee, "He is brilliant at many things, but especially inventions.  When he draws a machine for Mad, no matter how silly the idea, it always looks like it works.  He thinks that way because he is not only an artist, but a technician as well ... He is the guy who can do anything." In a patent file for a self-extinguishing cigarette, the inventor thanked Jaffee for providing the inspiration. Other actual inventions that have since come to pass had appeared earlier in Jaffee articles, such as telephone redial and address books (1961), snowboarding (1965), the computer spell-checker (1967), peelable stamps, multi-blade razors (1979), and graffiti-proof building surfaces (1982).  "I could imagine those things," Jaffee told an interviewer.  "I never had the problem of trying to figure out how to manufacture them."

During the Vietnam War, Jaffee also created the short-lived gag cartoon Hawks & Doves, in which a military officer named Major Hawks is antagonized by Private Doves, an easygoing soldier who contrives to create surreptitious peace signs in various locations on a military base. In a 1998 issue, all the Hawks & Doves strips were republished, along with an original strip in color on the back of the issue.

Some of Jaffee's features were expanded into stand-alone books, including a 1997 collection of Fold-Ins titled Fold This Book! and eight "Snappy Answers" paperbacks. Referring to the latter, Jaffee said, "I was going through a divorce when I started that. I got a lot of my hostility out through Snappy Answers."

Techniques and materials
When designing his Mad Fold-Ins, Jaffee started with the finished "answer" to the Fold-In, and then spread it apart and placed a piece of tracing paper over it in order to fill in the center "throw-away" aspect of the image, which is covered up when the page is folded over, using regular pencil at this stage. Jaffee would then trace the image onto another piece of illustration board using carbon paper. At this stage he used red or green color pencils, which were distinct from the black pencil of the original drawing, in order to discern his progress. Once the image was on the illustration board, he would then finish it by painting it. Because the illustration board was too stiff to fold, Jaffee did not see the finished Fold-In image until it was published.

Awards and recognition

Jaffee won the National Cartoonists Society Advertising and Illustration Award for 1973, its Special Features Award for 1971 and 1975, and its Humor Comic Book Award for 1979. In 2008, he won the Reuben Awards' Cartoonist of the Year.

In 2005, the production company Motion Theory created a video for recording artist Beck's song "Girl" using Jaffee's Mad Fold-Ins as inspiration; Jaffee's name appears briefly in the video, on a television screen.

The March 13, 2006, episode of The Colbert Report aired on Jaffee's 85th birthday, and comedian Stephen Colbert saluted the artist with a Fold-In birthday cake. The cake featured the salutary message "Al, you have repeatedly shown artistry & care of great credit to your field." When the center section of the cake was removed, the remainder read, "Al, you are old."

 AL, |                          |
  YOU|  HAVE  REPEATEDLY SHOWN  |
    A|RTISTRY        &        CA|RE
    O|F GREAT CREDIT TO YOUR FIE|LD

That was not Jaffee's first interaction with the comedian. In 2010, he recalled:

In October 2011 Jaffee was presented with the Sergio Award at a banquet in his honor from the Comic Art Professional Society.

In July 2013, during the San Diego Comic-Con, Jaffee was one of six inductees into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame. Jaffee, who worked for Eisner in his studio for one of his earliest jobs, was not present during the convention, and the award was accepted by Mad art director Sam Viviano, who presented it to Jaffee at a later date. The other inductees were Lee Falk, Mort Meskin, Spain Rodriguez, Joe Sinnott, and Trina Robbins. In April 2014, Jaffee was elected to the Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame.

In October 2013, Columbia University announced that Jaffee had donated most of his archives to the college.

On March 30, 2016, it was officially declared that Jaffee had "the longest career as a comics artist" at "73 years, 3 months" by Guinness World Records. Guinness noted that he had worked continuously, beginning with Jaffee's contribution to the December 1942 issue of Joker Comics and continuing through the April 2016 issue of Mad.

Mary-Lou Weisman, a friend of Jaffee for more than three decades, wrote a profile of him for Provincetown Arts, which she later expanded into the biography, Al Jaffee's Mad Life, published in 2010 by It Books, an imprint of HarperCollins. In addition to reprints of his past work, Jaffee tells his life story to Weisman in an interview style.

Personal life
Jaffee married Ruth Ahlquist in 1945; they had two children, Richard and Debbie. They divorced in 1967. After the divorce, Gaines provided Jaffee with studio space at the Mad offices.

His oldest younger brother Harry Jaffee (1922–1985), who also had artistic talent, had long been coping with various illnesses—for a time he had been committed to Bellevue Hospital Center. Harry had been living with the Jaffees at the time. After the divorce, Jaffee took two apartments in Manhattan, one for him, and one nearby for Harry. Jaffee also hired him from 1970 to 1977 to do his background detail and lettering. Harry quit upon Jaffee's remarriage.

In 1977, Jaffee married Joyce Revenson, a widow. They lived in Manhattan, summered in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and wintered in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Joyce died in January 2020.

Jaffee died of organ failure on April 10, 2023, at a Manhattan hospital. He was 102.

See also
 List of cartoonists
 List of illustrators

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 "Mad Magazine Contributors". Doug Gilford's Mad Cover Site.
 "Al Jaffee Wins the Reuben Award!" . National Cartoonists Society. May 25, 2008.
 Heater, Brian (March 3, 2009). "Interview: Al Jaffee Pt. 1 (of 3)". The Daily Cross Hatch.
 Heater, Brian (March 9, 2009). "Interview: Al Jaffee Pt. 2 (of 3)". The Daily Cross Hatch.
 Heater, Brian (March 16, 2009). "Interview: Al Jaffee Pt. 3 (of 3)". The Daily Cross Hatch.
 "Fold-Ins, Past and Present". The New York Times. October 1, 2010.
 Kloeffler, Dan; Abraham, Mary-Rose (February 14, 2014). "Cartoonist Al Jaffee Reveals the One Fold-In 'MAD Magazine' Wouldn't Run". Yahoo! News.
 "Al Jaffee Papers, 1945–2018". Columbia University Libraries. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.

1921 births
2023 deaths
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
American centenarians
American military personnel of World War II
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American satirists
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Harvey Award winners for Best Cartoonist
Inkpot Award winners
Jewish American artists
Jewish American male comedians
Jewish American military personnel
Mad (magazine) cartoonists
Mad (magazine) people
Men centenarians
People from Far Rockaway, Queens
Artists from Manhattan
Artists from Savannah, Georgia
Reuben Award winners
The High School of Music & Art alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees

Al Jaffee


Shark finning is the act of removing fins from sharks. It is mostly done when shark is still alive. The sharks are sometimes thrown back to the ocean after removing their fins but they are still alive. since they are unable to swim properly, they sink to the bottom of the ocean and die of suffocation or are eaten by other predators. Shark finning at sea helps fishing vessels in increasing their profit. It also helps to increase the number of sharks harvested, as they only have to store and transport the fins, which is the most profitable part of the shark; the shark meat is bulky to transport. Some countries have banned this practice and require the whole shark to be brought back to port before removing the fins.

Shark finning increased since 1997 largely due to the increasing demand for shark fins. It is used in shark fin soup and traditional cures, particularly in China and its territories. The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Shark Specialist Group say that shark fin trade is causing a serious danger to the shark population. It estimates of the global value of the shark fin trade range from US$540 million to US$1.2 billion (2007). Shark fins are among the most expensive seafood products, commonly sold at US$400 per kg. In the United States, where finning is not allowed, some buyers regard the whale shark and the basking shark as trophy species, and pay $10,000 to $20,000 for a fin.

References

Fishing

Shark finning


"Sound of Kuduro" is a kuduro song by Buraka Som Sistema featuring DJ Znobia, M.I.A., Saborosa and Puto Prata, from their album Black Diamond released in 2008. The song was recorded in Angola, and a video for the song was recorded in 2007. "Sound of Kuduro" also appeared on the special edition of M.I.A.'s Kala. Pitchfork Media placed the song at number 97 on their best tracks of 2008 list.

Music video
The video for the song was recorded in Angola in 2007, and features footage of the vocalists recording for the song around the country, travelling around the city, joining street and yard parties and local dancers. The video was posted onto YouTube in March 2008, receiving attention across the blogosphere.

References

External links
 Sound Of Kuduro video
 700 KUDURO VIDEOS KUDUROPEDIA

2008 singles
Buraka Som Sistema songs
M.I.A. (rapper) songs
Songs written by M.I.A. (rapper)
2008 songs
Sony BMG singles

Sound of Kuduro


barvi,jatki or Jhangochi (جھنگوچی) is the oldest and most conservative dialect of the Punjabi (Lahndi or western Punjabi) language. Native people use Jatki or barvi word for their dialect. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal and Jhang at both ends of Ravi River and Chenab River to Gujranwala District. It than runs down to Bahawalnagar and Chishtian araes, on the banks of river Sutlej River. It is spoken by Indigenous people of Jhang, Faisalabad, Khanewal, Vehari, Chiniot, Toba Tek Singh, Nankana Sahib, Bahawalnagar, Pakpattan,Okara, khushab, Sahiwal,Sargodha,chakwal,jhelum ,Hafizabad and Mandi Bahauddin districts of Punjab. It is also spoken in few areas of Sheikhpura,attock, Muzaffargarh, Bahawalpur and Lodhran districts of Pakistani Punjab and Fazilka district of Indian  Punjab and sri ganga nagar of rajhistan . This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Jhangochi dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants. This area has a great culture and heritage, especially literary heritage, as it is credited with the creation of the famous epic romance stories of Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiba. It is spoken in the Bar areas of Punjab, i.e. areas whose names are often suffixed with 'Bar', for example Sandal Bar, Kirana Bar, Neeli Bar and Ganji Bar.

Punjabi language

Jhangochi


George Washington Deitzler (November 30, 1826 – April 11, 1884) was a Union Army General during the American Civil War. He was also known as the mayor of Lawrence, Kansas, in 1860 and served as Treasurer of The University of Kansas after. Deitzler was a prominent member of The Free State Party in Kansas  and after the war, the Republican Party.

Biography
Deitzler was born George Washington Ditzler in Pine Grove, Pennsylvania, where he received a common school education ("very common" he once said). As a young man, he moved to the new West.  After a short residence in Illinois, and in California, Deitzler went to Lawrence Kansas in March 1855.  While in San Francisco, Dietzler had added the e before the i in his name and persuaded his brother, Rev. Jefferson M. Deitzler (still in Pennsylvania) to do the same.

In Kansas, Deitzler "grew up with the state." He engaged in farming and real estate dealing. He soon took an active part in politics.  When the plan to organize a free-state government was set to foot in opposition to the pro-slavery territorial government, Deitzler was sent to Boston to see Amos Lawrence and other friends of the cause.  He received an order for one hundred Sharp's rifles which were very soon on their way to Kansas in boxes marked "books."    Other shipments of "books" soon followed.  Military companies armed with the new weapons were formed among the free-state men.  In the so-called Wakarusa War in November 1855, Deitzler was aid-de-camp to the commander of the free-state forces, and during part of the time was in full command.

A few months later, when the territorial judiciary began to function, Chief Justice Lecompte instructed a grand jury sitting at Lecompton that levying war on the authorities of the territory was treason against the state.  Deitzler and several other free-state leaders were indicted on charges of treason.  They were immediately arrested and kept in a prison tent at Lecompton for about four months.  Subsequently, their indictments were dismissed by issuing a nolle prosequi.

Deitzler's activities on behalf of the free-state cause were incessant.  He served on committees, attended meetings and conventions, counseled with other leaders, and wrote for the press.  He was first elected a member of the free-state territorial legislature of 1857–1858 and was re-elected in 1859–1860. During those terms, Deitzler was elected as speaker of the Kansas House of Representatives.  He was also a member of the Kansas Senate under the Topeka Constitution.

In 1860, Deitzler was elected mayor of Lawrence, Kansas, and was also treasurer of the University of Kansas.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Deitzler raised the 1st Kansas Infantry and was appointed its colonel. He led his regiment in Missouri and commanded the 4th Brigade at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, where he was wounded.

On April 4, 1863, he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from November 29, 1862. President Abraham Lincoln nominated Deitzler for the promotion on March 4, 1863, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on March 9, 1863. Deitzler commanded the 1st Brigade, 6th Division, XVII Corps, during the Vicksburg campaign. After the fall of Vicksburg his ill health, exacerbated by the hot southern climate and his inability to secure transfer to a different region, caused him to tender his resignation on August 12, 1863, which was accepted on August 27, 1863, allowing him to return to Kansas.

In Kansas, Deitzler received a commission as major general of Kansas militia. During Confederate Major General Sterling Price's Missouri Expedition in 1864, Deitzler commanded 10,000 Kansas State Militia units in the Army of the Border. Deitzler's units were reluctant to fight in Missouri, therefore it was not until the Confederates reached the town of Westport, near the Kansas/Missouri state line, that Deitzler brought his troops into action. The additional troops proved decisive as the Confederates, then outnumbered more than 2 to 1, were defeated at the Battle of Westport.
After the war, Deitzler promoted railroads and died in Tucson, Arizona. While in Southern Arizona in the spring of 1884, General Deitzler was thrown from a buggy and died from his injuries.

Deitzler married Anna McNeil of Lexington, Missouri, in September, 1864. In 1872 the family moved to California. George Washington Deitzler and Anna McNeil Deitzler had two sons: Walter Henry Deitzler and George Jefferson Deitzler. Two of Walter Henry Deitzler's sons, Harry George "Dick" Deitzler and Arthur Deitzler spent the remainder of their lives in Lebanon, Pennsylvania. Four of George Jefferson Deitzler's children also lived in Lebanon, Pennsylvania: Thomas E. Deitzler, Annie Deitzler, Mrs, Harry F. Speicher, and Mrs. James Haddow.

George Washington Deitzler was the great grandson of John Jacob Ditzler, born approximately 1765. John Jacob Ditzler immigrated to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania from Germany with his brothers Thomas and Michael (Melchor) in the late 1700s. John Jacob Ditzler married Margaret Henne May 27, 1792.  Their son Jacob Ditzler married Maria Minnig.  Jacob and Maria had two sons, Rev. Jefferson M. Deitzler and Gen. George Washington Deitzler, both of whom subsequently added the e before the i in their names.

The main facts of Deitzler's career are presented in his brief autobiography, now in the Archives of the Kansas State Historical Society. Secondary sources are D.W. Wilder, Annals of Kansas (1875); G.T. Andreas, History of the State of Kansas (1863); L.W.Spring, Kansas (1885); F.W. Blackmar, Life of Chas. Robinson (1902); Trans. Kan. Hist. Soc., IV (1886–88), V (1891–96), VI (1897-1900), VIII (1903–04), X (1907–08), and XIII (1913–14).  The date of Deitzler's death is sometimes given as April 11, but the Leavenworth Evening Standard, April 11, 1884, states that he died April 10.

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

1826 births
1884 deaths
People from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
People of Kansas in the American Civil War
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army generals

George Dietzler


The Museum of Work and Culture is a museum in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, that features exhibits focusing on the city's textile manufacturing heritage. The museum is operated by the Rhode Island Historical Society and located at 42 South Main Street in Market Square in the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor.

About The Museum

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, immigrants flocked to Rhode Island in search of work and prosperity within the state's mill towns. Their labors - both on and off the factory floor - helped define the culture of the Blackstone River Valley. Today, the Museum of Work and Culture preserves their stories for future generations. Visitors begin their journey in a farmhouse and imagine the experience of agricultural life in nineteenth-century Québec. From there they cross the border into the United States and enter the workday world of the Industrial Era. The Museum's other exhibits recreate the new settlers' life at home, at work, and at school, and present the story of the Independent Textiles Union (I.T.U.). The Museum of Work and Culture explores the continued impact of the industrial revolution and honors the experience of the people, past and present, who have enriched the Blackstone River Valley.

References

External links
RIHS Museum site
Woonsocket.org Description
Kia Hall Hayes, Providence Journal, "Work museum marks its 10th anniversary" (January 23, 2007) (accessed February 11, 2008)

Textile museums in Rhode Island
Industry museums in Rhode Island
Museum of Work and Culture
Museums in Providence County, Rhode Island
Anthropology museums in the United States
Museum of Work and Culture
Museum of Work and Culture
Museums established in 1997
Museum of Work and Culture
Quebec diaspora

Museum of Work and Culture


The Brazilian National Registry of Legal Entities (Portuguese: Cadastro Nacional de Pessoas Jurídicas, "CNPJ") is a nationwide registry of corporations, partnerships, foundations, investment funds, and other legal entities, created and maintained by the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service (Receita Federal do Brasil, "RFB"). Currently, all companies are automatically enrolled in the system upon incorporation. The system uses a fourteen-digit number, which is made up of an eight-digit unique identifier, a four-digit branch identifier, and two check digits. The first number (even though it does not belong to the first company to be enrolled), 00.000.000/0001-91, has been assigned to Banco do Brasil, the country's largest public bank.

The CNPJ has become the most important number for commercial transactions between companies due to its ubiquity and official status. The RFB maintains a publicly accessible website where any CNPJ number can be checked; thus, for many purposes, it is now possible to discard all other non-essential information about a company and replace it with the CNPJ number. This is true, for instance, of product labels: instead of including the full name and address of the company manufacturing or selling a product, merchants include only the CNPJ, which can be easily found online and checked against the RFB's official database.

The Federal Government, interested in simplifying its registration procedures on companies appears in the mid-90's, but it was only in 1998, through the SRF Normative Instruction No. 27, that the CNPJ (short for Cadastro Nacional da Pessoa Jurídica in Portuguese, or 'National Registry of Legal Entities') was created, replacing the former system, CGC (short for Cadastro Geral de Contribuintes in Portuguese, or 'General Taxpayers Registry'). At the end of 2003 it gained a new impulse by sharing and integrating registration data and fiscal information between States and the Union. In 2009 the MEI (Microempreendedor Individual in Portuguese, or 'Individual Microentrepreneur') was created to supply market demand.
The CNPJ consists of a 14-digit number formatted as XX.XXX.XXX/0001-XX —
The first eight digits identify the company, the four digits after the slash identify the branch or subsidiary ("0001" defaults to the headquarters), and the last two are check digits.

The CNPJ must be informed on any invoice of any company, as well as on the packaging of any industrialized product.

According to SEBRAE (Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas in Portuguese, or 'Brazilian Service to Support Micro and Small Enterprises), there is more than 19.2 million active companies in Brazil, almost 6 million situated in São Paulo --, more than 4.8 million being 'Individual Microentrepreneur' (MEI), 'Micro-enterprise' (Microempresas - ME) and/or 'Small Business' (Empresas de Pequeno Porte - EPP).

 Services - 8.641,860
 Trade - 6.612,605
 Industry - 1.908,250
 Civil Construction - 1.367,636
 Agriculture - 697.674

Data from IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística in Portuguese, or Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics') shows 4.937,861 million companies in 2018, an increase of 11.7% compared to 2007, but represents a drop of 1.8%, if compared to 2017.

Among the more than 52.2 million employed persons, 45.5 million (87.0%) were salary workers and 6.8 million (13.0%) were in the condition of partner or ownership. The average monthly salary was R$2.952,87, equivalent to 3.1 minimum wages.

Also according to the IBGE, of the companies founded in the country in 2008, only 25.3% were still standing in 2018, 70% closed their doors in less than 10 years and only 25.3% were still standing ten years later.In practice, about one in five companies went out of business in less than a year of operation — or 18.5% of the total.The CEMPRE (Cadastro Central de Empresas in Portuguese, or 'Central Business Register') is currently composed of approximately 29.3 million companies and other formal organizations and 31.4 million local units (operational addresses), of which 91.5% are business entities and the 8.5% remaining distributed between public administration bodies and non-profit entities.

Graphic chart shows the distribution of salary workers, according to their legal nature, by gender and level of education in 2018: 71.1% were absorbed by business entities; 21.8% by the public administration; and 7.1% by non-profit entities.

Different cases of CNPJ-related frauds are recorded every year in Brazil. The most common types are:

 A fake entity cloning a regular entity's CNPJ to use it in banking transactions or when applying for credit.
 A fake website is designed, similar to the original website, using the same information as the regular entity but failing to provide the service.

Consulting a CNPJ is free, and can be done directly through the Federal Revenue system. The service is called "Emissão de Comprovante de Inscrição e de Situação Cadastral"

See also
 Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas (CPF), the Brazilian National Registry of Natural Persons.
Microempreendedor individual (MEI), the Brazilian Small Business system.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), the Brazilian CENSUS.

References

External links
 Secretariat of the Federal Revenue
 Consulta CNPJ Receita Federal

National identification numbers
Unique identifiers
Government of Brazil
Taxation in Brazil

CNPJ


World Cleanup Day is an annual global social action program aimed at combating the global solid waste problem, including the problem of marine debris. It is coordinated by the global organization Let's Do It! World, the headquarters is located in Tallinn, Estonia. The next World Cleanup Day is 16 September 2023.

World Cleanup Day includes litter cleanup and waste mapping activities spanning every time zone. Environmental cleanup events are held in nearly every country until concluding near the international date line in Hawaii and American Samoa.

Purpose

World Cleanup Day is held over the course of a 24-hour period, on the 3rd Saturday of September annually. World Cleanup Day aims to raise awareness of the mismanaged waste crisis by mobilizing all spheres of society to participate in cleanup actions. Individuals, governments, corporations and organizations are all encouraged to take part in cleanups and to find solutions to tackle mismanaged waste. There are numerous organizations that facilitate and host World Cleanup Day events globally. Like Earth Day, World Cleanup Day is non-partisan, apolitical, and is not affiliated with any national or global political party or discrete ideology.

History
The inaugural World Cleanup Day was 15 September 2018, but it builds on the successes of previous global cleanup efforts. The goal of World Cleanup Day 2018 was to involve 5% of the world's population (or approximately 380 million people). While the effort fell short of the goal, it directly mobilized 18 million people worldwide.

The 2019 World Cleanup Day was held on the 19th of September and coincided with Peace Day and the Global climate strike of September 2019.

Global cleanup efforts have existed in many forms throughout human history, especially after widespread catastrophes such as earthquakes, floods, and powerful tsunamis.

In modern history, these efforts are typically undertaken by the affected communities, with support from various international organizations and NGOs, such as Red Cross, Oxfam, and other relief organizations but typically in post-conflict zones. They have included efforts to remove land mines, beach cleanups, and other municipal and non-governmental actions.

Participants
Participants in World Cleanup Days are typically volunteers, with coordination from non-governmental organizations who assist in awareness-raising, logistics, and fundraising.

See also
 Clean-up (environment)
 Let's Do It 2008
 Let's Clean Slovenia in One Day!
 Let's Clean Slovenia 2012
 Earth Day
 National Cleanup Day
 The Ocean Cleanup
 Voluntary ecological year

References

External links
 Official website

International environmental organizations
September events

World Cleanup Day


Geometry (1991) is an album by the American ambient and electronic musician Robert Rich. Although completed in 1988, this album was not released until three years later.

This album is more active and structured than any of his previous works.  The music was inspired in part by the complex patterns of Islamic designs like those found at the Alhambra, and features complex just intonation. The first three tracks consist of complex layered sequences of electronic notes in rich, organic-sounding chime tones. Rich revisited this style in Gaudí (1991) and Electric Ladder (2006). Tracks 4 through 7 are slow textures that more common to Robert Rich's work. The album ends with another active piece similar to the first three tracks.

Tracks 1, 2, 4 and 8 were mixed by Robert Rich and future collaborator Steve Roach at Roach's studio in Venice, California.  This album was released in a two CD set with Numena in 1997.

Track listing
"Primes, Part 1" – 5:20
"Primes, Part 2" – 6:34
"Interlocking Circles" – 12:35
"Geometry of the Skies" 13:48
"Nesting Ground" – 6:13
"Geomancy" – 10:35
"Amrita (Water of Life)" – 6:39
"Logos" – 9:57

1988 albums
Robert Rich (musician) albums

Geometry (Robert Rich album)


The Golden Boughs Retirement Village is a fictional prison masquerading as a retirement home for fables in the Fables spin-off Jack of Fables. It is run by a man called himself Mr. Revise. The name is an explicit reference to The Golden Bough, a lengthy study in the comparative mythology, religion and folklore of hundreds of cultures, from aboriginal and extinct cultures to 19th-Century faiths.

The facility

The Golden Boughs consists largely of a series of cottages assigned to the various inmates, along with a number of public buildings such as a pub, plus the various buildings required to run the place.

Security consists of a fence, moat and guard towers, which are constantly manned by the junior librarians.  In the event of an escape, the facility has a number of carefully trained tigers which can be released to track escapees, along with a group known as the Bagmen, powerful creatures of unknown type that inhabit an all-encompassing outfit that gives them humanoid shape and which can be folded down to resemble a large bag.  Each guard tower is equipped with a Doubling Rook, a magical bird that, when released, will multiply quickly until all available food is exhausted, and can be used to deal with any attempt at an aerial escape.

The Golden Boughs resembles the Village of The Prisoner in some ways, and as he escapes from the Golden Boughs, Jack Horner explicitly makes the connection in a narrative aside to the reader about the place "in the British TV show" guarded by the evil "weather balloon."

After the Bookburner's strike on the Golden Boughs, Jack, his fellow Fables, the Literals and the librarians were forced to release Wy'east Klickitat and Loo-With, Native American mountain spirits who unleashed a roaring volcano upon escape, marking the end of the Golden Boughs Retirement Village.

Staff
The facility is overseen by Mr. Revise, a Literal who has made it his mission to rid the world of magic.  He is supported by the Page Sisters, referred to as senior librarians, and a host of lesser staff members.

Of ambiguous status is the Pathetic Fallacy, Revise's Literal grandfather, who personifies that concept.

Inmates
Fables associated with Jack and Revise
The Tin Man
The Cowardly Lion (who turned out to be a Lion looking for restraint before he was revised.)
The Scarecrow
Dorothy Gale
Toto (Oz)
The Walrus and the Carpenter
Babe the Blue Ox
Raven
Mother Goose
Cuchulainn
Kiviuq and his Polar Bear.
Little Black Sambo who grew into an old man
Carl, the fourth of the Three Little Pigs
Revised versions of the Butcher, the Baker and the Candlestick-Maker
Wynken, Blynken, and Nod
Mustardseed and Cobweb from A Midsummer Night's Dream
Lola the Cottingley Fairy
Fables with Unknown Locations
Lady Luck
Goldilocks
Humpty Dumpty
Alice
John Henry
Pecos Bill
Peaseblossom and Moth from A Midsummer Night's Dream
Doris the Cottingley Fairy,
The Tooth fairy
Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary
Paul Bunyan
Wicked John (an earlier version of Jack Horner)
Wy'east, Klickawit and Loo-Wit
Revised versions of the Tortoise and the Hare
The Mad Hatter, the March Hare and the Dormouse
Assorted Munchkins
The Cat and the Fiddle from Hey Diddle Diddle
The Jersey Devil
Daisy-Head Mayzie
Little Tommy Tucker
The cat with bagpipes, the mouse and the bumblebee from the nursery rhyme A Cat Came Fiddling out of a Barn
The cats and family from the poem As I Was Going to St Ives
The Black Sheep and boy from Baa Baa Black Sheep
The little oysters from The Walrus and the Carpenter.
Black Caroline, from Edmund Dulac's story White Caroline and Black Caroline, from Edmund Dulac's Fairy Book. The cottage that Jack moves into is referred to as "Black Caroline's old place".
The Caterpillar (maybe); a violet/pink caterpillar, which may or may not be The Caterpillar, is shown eating a leaf while Humpty Dumpty tries to convince Jack to let him escape with the others.

References

Fables (comics)
Fictional prisons

Golden Boughs Retirement Village


Dermot Anthony Gallagher (1944 – 15 January 2017) was an Irish civil servant. He served as the Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs. He left office as Secretary-General on 24 January 2009 and was replaced by David Cooney, former Ambassador to the United Kingdom. He was known for serving as Ireland's ambassador to the United States and for helping establishing peace with Northern Ireland.

Early life
Gallagher was born in Carrick-on-Shannon, Leitrim. He studied and taught at the University College Dublin. His diplomatic career began in 1969.

Career
During his diplomat career, Gallagher worked in London, New York City at the United Nations Headquarters, in Brussels and in San Francisco, California. He was made "deputy chief of the cabinet" at the European Commission. In 1971, he married his wife, Maeve Farrell.

He was appointed Ambassador to the United States in 1991 where he developed a wide range of friendships and contacts. One of these was Bill Clinton, then governor of Arkansas. During his time as ambassador, he helped secure a U.S. visa for Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams. After his posting in Washington D.C., he returned home in 1997 with the title of Second Secretary General. Along with Bertie Ahern, Gallagher wanted to establish peace with Northern Ireland.

Later career
In February 2009 he was nominated to be Chairman of the Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission and was appointed Chairman of University College Dublin Governing Authority.

Death
Gallagher died on 15 January 2017 in Dublin, aged 72. On his death, President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, said: "Mr Gallagher dedicated a lifetime to public service, serving with distinction as ambassador to the United States and making a significant contribution to the peace process in Northern Ireland.

References

1944 births
2017 deaths
Irish politicians
Civil servants
Ambassadors

Dermot Gallagher


Andamukkam City bus stand, Kollam, is one of the two bus stands in the city of Kollam in the Indian state of Kerala. Situated in the Downtown Kollam area, it is also known as Andamukkam private bus stand. The bus stand is only for private city buses and Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) ordinary bus services running to Chinnakada. It is the starting point of various city bus services connecting Chinnakada to Mayyanad, Elampalloor, Sakthikulangara, Chavara, Thoppilkadavu, Prakkulam, Kottiyam, Perumon and Kadavoor. KSRTC have plans to start an operations centre at the bus station.

History
Kollam's city bus stand was originally in Chinnakada until in 2006, Kollam Municipal Corporation took the decision to build an underpass on the former site. The bus station was subsequently moved to Andamukkam in 2008, following a decision by the District Traffic Advisory Committee.

Private/government institutions near Andamukkam bus stand
 Kerala Public Service Commission District Office
 Hotel Naani
 Corporation building, Andamukkam
 Corporation building, Chinnakada
 Quilon Co-operative Urban Bank

References

Bus stations in Kollam

Andamukkam City bus stand


Mount Bwahit () (or Buahit, Bachit, Buiheat) is a peak of the Simien Mountains in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Its altitude is estimated at 4430 or 4437 m above sea level, making it the third highest mountain in Ethiopia and the 13th or 14th highest mountain of Africa. It is located about 16 km west of the highest Ethiopian mountain, Ras Dashen, from which it is separated by a 1,600 m deep gorge. The connecting ridge goes NNE over the Arkwasiye Pass (ca. 3635 m), eastwards over Kidis Yared, at  the second-highest mountain in Ethiopia, and SSE over the Metelal Pass at approximately 3730 metres above mean sea level to Ras Dashen.

References

Simien Mountains
Mountains of Ethiopia

Mount Bwahit


Elrod Jerome "Ellie" Hendricks (December 22, 1940 – December 21, 2005) was a U.S. Virgin Islander professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from  through , most notably as a member of the Baltimore Orioles dynasty that won three consecutive American League pennants from 1969 to 1971 and, won the World Series in 1970. He also played for the Chicago Cubs (1972) and New York Yankees (1976–1977). In 2001, he was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame.

Biography
A native of Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands, Hendricks was selected by the Baltimore Orioles from the California Angels in the Rule 5 draft on November 28, 1967. He was a superior defensive catcher and a very fine handler of pitchers on a usually strong Orioles rotation that included Mike Cuellar, Pat Dobson, Dave McNally, Jim Palmer and Tom Phoebus.

Hendricks spent most of his playing career with the Orioles, regularly with the winning teams of manager Earl Weaver. They went to three consecutive World Series from 1969–71, as Hendricks shared catching duties with Andy Etchebarren. Hendricks led all American League catchers in fielding percentage in 1969 and 1975.

He was at bat in a pivotal play during the 1969 World Series. With the New York Mets leading 3–0 and two Orioles on base with two outs in the fourth inning of Game 3, Hendricks cracked a hard-hit line drive into the left-center field gap that most thought would go for extra bases, scoring two runs and putting the Orioles back in the game. But center fielder Tommie Agee, who was playing the left-handed Hendricks to pull in right-center, chased down the ball on a dead sprint, extending his left arm for a backhanded over-the-shoulder catch in the webbing of his glove.

His most productive season came in 1970 with the World Champion Orioles, when he hit 12 home runs with 41 RBI. Hendricks went 4-for-11 (.364), hit a solo home run in Game 1, decided Game 2 with a two-run opposite-field double and had a total of four RBI to help Baltimore defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1970 World Series. He also appeared in the 1976 World Series for the Yankees against Cincinnati, returned to the Orioles as a bullpen coach following the 1977 season, and served as a player-coach in 1978 and 1979.

He was involved in the most controversial play of the 1970 World Series when the Cincinnati Reds were batting against the Orioles with one out and the score tied at three in the sixth inning of Game 1. With runners Tommy Helms at first base and Bernie Carbo at third, pinch hitter Ty Cline hit a Baltimore chop off Jim Palmer who, while running towards home plate, immediately signaled to Hendricks that Carbo was trying to score from third. Hendricks fielded the ball barehanded, spun around to his left and lunged at an oncoming Carbo in an attempt to tag him out, but collided with umpire Ken Burkhart who, while positioning himself to judge whether the batted ball was fair, accidentally blocked the runner's path to the plate. Carbo slid around Burkhart on the outside but missed touching home plate. With his back to the play and after being knocked down, Burkhart ruled Carbo out even though Hendricks made the tag with his mitt while holding the ball in his bare hand. Having not been properly tagged out, Carbo unknowingly stepped on the plate as he was arguing, but the play was dead once Burkhart made his call. Hendricks also had tied the game at 3–3 with a solo home run one inning earlier in the fifth.

Hendricks also played briefly for the Chicago Cubs and New York Yankees, earning a World Series ring with the latter club in 1977. Playing for the Cubs on September 16, 1972, against the Mets at Wrigley Field, Hendricks received five bases on balls, equaling the league mark at that moment. He had been traded along with Ken Holtzman, Doyle Alexander, Grant Jackson and Jimmy Freeman from the Orioles to the Yankees for Rick Dempsey, Scott McGregor, Tippy Martinez, Rudy May and Dave Pagan at the trade deadline on June 15, 1976.

Hendricks made the only pitching appearance in his MLB playing career in a 24–10 loss to the Toronto Blue Jays at Exhibition Stadium on June 26, 1978. He was the second consecutive position player used as a relief pitcher after Larry Harlow when he entered the game with two outs and the Orioles losing 24–6 in the fifth inning. He allowed only a hit and a walk over 2 scoreless innings.

In 711 games played, including 658 with Baltimore, Hendricks was a .220 hitter with 62 home runs (still the all-time record for a United States Virgin Islands native) and 230 RBI. In nine postseason games, he had .273, 2 HR, 10 RBI. In 602 games as a catcher, Hendricks collected 2783 outs, 228 assists, 31 double plays, and committed just only 29 errors for a significant .990 fielding percentage.

Hendricks was a big star in Puerto Rico.  He played for 17 seasons with the  Cangrejeros de Santurce and occupies third place on the all-time list in homers with 105.

Coaching career

Hendricks became a fixture in Baltimore by holding the position of bullpen coach for 28 years, the longest coaching tenure in Orioles history. Hendricks was noted for consistently wearing shin guards in the Orioles bullpen, even when he wasn't actually catching a potential relief pitcher.

His contract was not renewed for that position as of October 2005, in part because he had a mild stroke in April. The 2005 season marked the 37th that Hendricks served in a Baltimore uniform as a player or coach, another club record. He also had the longest active coaching streak with one club among all major league coaches.

After his stroke, Hendricks was reassigned to another position within the organization, one that would enable the club to take advantage of his huge popularity within the Baltimore community; along with his loyalty to the "Oriole Way" and to the traditions of baseball, he was a tireless signer of pre-game autographs and a general good-will ambassador.

He was slated to be the host for the 2006 Baltimore Baseball Cruise aboard The Golden Princess.

Death
Elrod Hendricks died of a heart attack in Glen Burnie, Maryland, one day shy of his 65th birthday.

The Orioles wore the number 44 on the sleeves of their jerseys in 2006, to honor Hendricks. Although the number has not been officially retired, no Oriole player has worn it since Hendricks died.

In 2007, St. Frances Academy in Baltimore started an annual baseball tournament in his name.

References

External links

Retrosheet

obituary

1940 births
2005 deaths
Baltimore Orioles coaches
Baltimore Orioles players
Charros de Jalisco players
Chicago Cubs players
El Paso Sun Kings players
Major League Baseball bullpen catchers
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball players from the United States Virgin Islands
McCook Braves players
New York Yankees players
People from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Seattle Angels players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Wellsville Braves players
Winnipeg Goldeyes players
United States Virgin Islands expatriate baseball players in Canada
United States Virgin Islands expatriate baseball players in Mexico

Elrod Hendricks


In internationalization, CJK characters is a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, all of which include Chinese characters and derivatives in their writing systems, sometimes paired with other scripts. Collectively, the CJK characters often include  in Chinese,  and  in Japanese, and  and  in Korean. Vietnamese can be included, making the abbreviation CJKV, as Vietnamese historically used Chinese characters known as  and  in Vietnamese ( altogether).

Character repertoire
Standard Mandarin Chinese and Standard Cantonese are written almost exclusively in Chinese characters. Over 3,000 characters are required for general literacy, with up to 40,000 characters for reasonably complete coverage. Japanese uses fewer characters—general literacy in Japanese can be expected with 2,136 characters. The use of Chinese characters in Korea is increasingly rare, although idiosyncratic use of Chinese characters in proper names requires knowledge (and therefore availability) of many more characters. Even today, however, South Korean students are taught 1,800 characters.

Other scripts used for these languages, such as bopomofo and the Latin-based pinyin for Chinese, hiragana and katakana for Japanese, and hangul for Korean, are not strictly "CJK characters", although CJK character sets almost invariably include them as necessary for full coverage of the target languages.

The sinologist Carl Leban (1971) produced an early survey of CJK encoding systems.

Until the early 20th century, Classical Chinese was the written language of government and scholarship in Vietnam. Popular literature in Vietnamese was written in the  script, consisting of Chinese characters with many characters created locally. From 1920s onwards, the script since then used for recording literature has been the Latin chữ Quốc ngữ.

Encoding
The number of characters required for complete coverage of all these languages' needs cannot fit in the 256-character code space of 8-bit character encodings, requiring at least a 16-bit fixed width encoding or multi-byte variable-length encodings. The 16-bit fixed width encodings, such as those from Unicode up to and including version 2.0, are now deprecated due to the requirement to encode more characters than a 16-bit encoding can accommodate—Unicode 5.0 has some 70,000 Han characters—and the requirement by the Chinese government that software in China support the GB 18030 character set.

Although CJK encodings have common character sets, the encodings often used to represent them have been developed separately by different East Asian governments and software companies, and are mutually incompatible. Unicode has attempted, with some controversy, to unify the character sets in a process known as Han unification.

CJK character encodings should consist minimally of Han characters plus language-specific phonetic scripts such as pinyin, bopomofo, hiragana, katakana and hangul.

CJK character encodings include:

 Big5 (the most prevalent encoding before Unicode was implemented)
 CCCII
 CNS 11643 (official standard of Republic of China)
 EUC-JP
 EUC-KR
 GB 2312 (subset and predecessor of GB 18030)
 GB 18030 (mandated standard in the People's Republic of China)
 Giga Character Set (GCS)
 ISO 2022-JP
 KS C 5861
 Shift-JIS
 TRON
 Unicode

The CJK character sets take up the bulk of the assigned Unicode code space. There is much controversy among Japanese experts of Chinese characters about the desirability and technical merit of the Han unification process used to map multiple Chinese and Japanese character sets into a single set of unified characters.

All three languages can be written both left-to-right and top-to-bottom (right-to-left and top-to-bottom in ancient documents), but are usually considered left-to-right scripts when discussing encoding issues.

Legal status
Libraries cooperated on encoding standards for JACKPHY characters in the early 1980s. According to Ken Lunde, the abbreviation "CJK" was a registered trademark of Research Libraries Group (which merged with OCLC in 2006). The trademark owned by OCLC between 1987 and 2009 has now expired.

See also
 Chinese character description languages
 Chinese character encoding
 Chinese input methods for computers
 CJK Compatibility Ideographs
 CJK strokes
 CJK Unified Ideographs
 Complex Text Layout languages (CTL)
 Input method editor
 Japanese language and computers
 Korean language and computers
 List of CJK fonts
 Sinoxenic
 Variable-width encoding
 Vietnamese language and computers

References

Works cited

Sources

 DeFrancis, John. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990. .
 Hannas, William C. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.  (paperback);  (hardcover).
 Lemberg, Werner: The CJK package for LATEX2ε—Multilingual support beyond babel. TUGboat, Volume 18 (1997), No. 3—Proceedings of the 1997 Annual Meeting.
 Leban, Carl. Automated Orthographic Systems for East Asian Languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean), State-of-the-art Report, Prepared for the Board of Directors, Association for Asian Studies. 1971.
 Lunde, Ken. CJKV Information Processing. Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly & Associates, 1998. .

External links
 CJKV: A Brief Introduction
 Lemberg CJK article from above, TUGboat18-3
 On "CJK Unified Ideograph", from Wenlin.com
 FGA: Unicode CJKV character set rationalization

Encodings of Asian languages
Languages of East Asia
Natural language and computing
Chinese-language computing
Japanese-language computing
Korean-language computing
Chinese scripts
ja:CJKV

CJK characters


John Lowndes McLaurin (May 9, 1860 – July 29, 1934) was a United States representative and Senator from South Carolina. He was born in Red Bluff, South Carolina, in Marlboro County, South Carolina and attended schools at Bennettsville, South Carolina and Englewood, New Jersey as well as Bethel Military Academy (near Warrenton, Virginia) and Swarthmore College (in Pennsylvania.) He graduated from the Carolina Military Institute, studied law in the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, was admitted to the bar in 1883 and practiced in Bennettsville. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1890-1891 and was attorney general of the State from 1891 to 1892. At a time when Benjamin Tillman was making demagogic appeals to the white working class, McLaurin became one of the first upper-class South Carolinians to support him. Tillman in 1892 pinned the nickname "Little Curly Headed Joe" that stuck for the remainder of McLaurin's life.

McLaurin broke with Tillman in 1894 and they became bitter enemies. Tillman accused him of accepting bribes from the Textile industry, which led to the famous fistfight between the two on the Senate floor on 22 February 1902. Both men were censured.

McLaurin was elected In 1892 as a Democrat to the Fifty-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Eli T. Stackhouse; he was reelected to the Fifty-third, Fifty-fourth, and Fifty-fifth Congresses and served from December 5, 1892, until May 31, 1897, when he resigned. He was appointed and subsequently elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Joseph H. Earle and served from June 1, 1897, to March 4, 1903; he was not a candidate for reelection. In Congress, he specialized in fiscal affairs.

McLaurin practiced Law in New York City. He later returned to farming in Bennettsville and was Elected to the South Carolina Senate, 1914-1915. He was author of the State warehouse system for storing and financing cotton, and served as State warehouse commissioner from 1915 until his resignation in 1917. He died at his estate near Bennettsville in 1934; interment was in McCall Cemetery.  His home, the Robertson-Easterling-McLaurin House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

See also
 List of federal political scandals in the United States
 List of United States senators expelled or censured

References

External links

|-

|-

1860 births
1934 deaths
Censured or reprimanded United States senators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
Democratic Party United States senators from South Carolina
Lawyers from New York City
Democratic Party members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
People from Marlboro County, South Carolina
Political violence in the United States
South Carolina Attorneys General
South Carolina lawyers
Democratic Party South Carolina state senators
Swarthmore College alumni

John L. McLaurin


Max Leopold Margolis (born in Meretz (Merkinė), Vilna Governorate, October 15, 1866 – April 2, 1932 in Philadelphia) was a Lithuanian Jewish and American philologist. Son of Isaac Margolis; educated at the elementary school of his native town, the Leibniz gymnasium, Berlin, and Columbia University, New York City (Ph.D. 1891). In 1891 he was appointed to a fellowship in Semitic languages at Columbia University, and from 1892 to 1897 he was instructor, and later assistant professor, of Hebrew language and Biblical exegesis at the Hebrew Union College of Cincinnati. In 1897 he became assistant professor of Semitic languages in the University of California; in 1898, associate professor; and from 1902 the head of the Semitic department. When Dropsie College was formed in 1909, Margolis was chosen as Professor of Biblical Philology, remaining at Dropsie College until his death in 1932.

Margolis was named editor-in-chief of the Jewish Publication Society's translation of the Bible into English, the finished product being published in 1917. He served as president of the Society of Biblical Literature as editor of the Journal of Biblical Literature (1914–1921). He was also editor of the Journal of the American Oriental Society. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1927.

Works (selected)
 "The Columbia College MS. of Megilla", New York, 1892
 "Notes on Semitic Grammar", parts i.-iii., in "Hebraica" ("American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures"), 1894, 1896, 1902
 "The Theology of the Old Prayer-Book", in "Year Book of the Central Conference of American Rabbis", 1897
 "The Theological Aspect of Reformed Judaism", Baltimore, 1904
 A History of the Jewish People, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1927. (with Alexander Marx)

References

 Max Leopold Margolis: Scholar and Teacher. 1952. Philadelphia: Alumni Association, Dropsie College.
 Leonard Jay Greenspoon, Max Leopold Margolis: A Scholar's Scholar, Scholars Press, 1987

External links
 ARC MS6 – Max Leopold Margolis Collection at www.library.upenn.edu

1866 births
1932 deaths
19th-century American people
19th-century Jewish biblical scholars
19th-century Lithuanian people
American biblical scholars
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American philologists
American translators
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University faculty
Dropsie College faculty
Hebrew language
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion faculty
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Philologists from the Russian Empire
Jewish American writers
Jewish translators of the Bible
Judaic scholars
Lithuanian Jews
Writers from Vilnius
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Translators of the Bible into English
20th-century Jewish biblical scholars

Members of the American Philosophical Society

Max Margolis


Garoziva (something obvious, well known) apa kureva chinhu chinozivikanwa neruzhinji rwevanhu.

Zvirevo

Igaroziva kuti zai harisehwi muto. It is obvious that a (boiled) egg does not provide gravy.
Igaroziva kuti chide mukadzi wababa. It is obvious that the most 'beloved' woman is thefather's wife.
Igaroziva kuti amai mukadzi wababa. It is obvious that mother is father's wife.

Tsumo

Garoziva


When people talk about family values, they often mean a traditional family:

 The father has a job, and provides most of the family income
 The mother raises the children. Ideally, she does not do any other work.
 Mother and father are married

This became the most common form of a family, in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s.

Another comomn form is called extended family: Several generations of people who are related, live together: For example, the grandparents live in the same household, and help with raising the children.

People who talk about family values usually see it as bad that people get divorced, or that there are single-parent families.

References

Family

Family values


Graph coloring is the name for a number of problems from graph theory. These problems are concerned with coloring (or labelling) the vertices of a graph, given certain conditions. A simple problem in this context might look for the minimal number of colors needed to color the vertices, when two connected vertices cannot have the same color. In the graph shown, the circles are called vertices and the lines connecting them are called edges. The minimum number of colors needed to color a graph is called its chromatic number.
Graph theory

Graph coloring


Animalia Paradoxa is the label given to a few species of animal, listed in Carolus Linnaeus early editions of Systema Naturae. Linné thought that these animals did not make sense. Today, such animals are usually called Cryptids. The respective section lists fantastic creatures found in medieval bestiaries as well as those reported by explorers from abroad and gives explanations to why they are excluded from Systema Naturae. According to Swedish historian Gunnar Broberg, it was to offer a natural explanation and demystify the world of superstition. Paradoxa was dropped from Linnaeus' classification system as of the 6th edition (1748).

Cryptic creatures
Included in the 1st (1735) edition:
 Hydra: in 1735 Linnaeus inspected the alleged remains of a Hydra in Hamburg which turned out to be made from weasels and snake skins.
 Rana-Piscis: a South American frog which is significantly smaller than its tadpole stage; it was thus (incorrectly) reported to Linnaeus that the metamorphosis in this species went from 'frog to fish'. In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus named the species Rana paradoxa, though its genus name was changed in 1830 to Pseudis.
 Monoceros is in reality Monodon.
 Pelecanus: "Linnaeus thought [pelicans] might reflect the over-fervent imaginations of New World explorers"
 Satyrus: Linnaeus wrote "with a tail, hairy, bearded, with a manlike body, gesticulating much, very fallacious, is a species of monkey, if ever one has been seen."
 Borometz (aka Scythian Lamb) "Linnaeus [...] had seen a faked vegetable lamb taken from China to Sweden by a traveler"
 Phoenix
 Bernicla (aka Scottish Goose) Frederick Edward Hulme noted: "[The] barnacle-goose tree was a great article of faith with our ancestors in the Middle Ages."
 Draco: Linnaeus wrote that it has a "snakelike body, two feet, two wings, like a bat, which is a Lacerta alata or a ray artificially shaped as a monster and dried."
 Automa Mortis Linnaeus wrote "The DEATH-WATCH produces the sound of a smaller clock in walls, is named Pediculus pulsatorius, which perforates wood and lives in it".

Four taxa were added in the 2nd (1740) edition:
 Manticora
 Antilope
 Lamia
 Siren

References

Other websites

Taxonomy
Legendary creatures

Animalia Paradoxa


Georg Schories (George Shories) (9 January 1874, Berlin – 2 December 1934, Berlin) was a German chess master.

Born in Berlin, he travelled first to Paris, then England, where for many years he, as George Shories, made his home. During World War I, Georg Schories suffered internment,
then returned to Germany.

He won at Canterbury 1903, and drew a match with Paul Saladin Leonhardt (2 : 2) at London 1904. Schories earned his master title in Barmen 1905 (B tournament), where he tied for first and defeated Savielly Tartakower in their play-off match (2.5 : 1.5). He tied for 9-10th at Scheveningen 1905 (Frank James Marshall won). He won the amateur competition ahead of Hector William Shoosmith in the Ostend 1907 chess tournament (B tournament), then played less successfully in the General Masters' tournament.

He won at Tunbridge Wells 1908, shared 1st with Victor Wahltuch at Blackpool 1907, shared 1st with Frederick Yates at Blackpool 1910, but lost the play-off match (0 : 4), took 2nd behind Yates at Bromley 1910, tied for 3rd-5th at Oxford 1910, and won at Glasgow 1911. Towards the end of 1912, he and John O'Hanlon played a series of 19 friendly games (+11 –7 =1) while Shories was on a visit to the north of Ireland. In May 1914, he won at Belfast with 10½ out of 11.
He won at Chester 1914.

After the war, he tied for 5-7th at Hamburg 1921 (the 21st DSB Congress, Ehrhardt Post won), tied for 3rd-4th at Kiel 1922, took 3rd at Wiesbaden 1925 (Quadrangular, Max Euwe won), and took 2nd, behind Berthold Koch, at Berlin 1929. His last tournament was at Bad Pyrmont 1933 (the 1st German Championship, Efim Bogoljubow won) in which he was the oldest participating master, and took 15th place.

References

1874 births
1934 deaths
German chess players
British chess players
Expatriates from the German Empire
Expatriates in the United Kingdom

Georg Schories