Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, GE (; 16 January 16752 March 1755), was a French soldier, diplomat, and memoirist. He was born in Paris at the Hôtel Selvois, 6 rue Taranne (demolished in 1876 to make way for the Boulevard Saint-Germain). The family's ducal peerage (duché-pairie), granted in 1635 to his father Claude de Rouvroy (1608–1693), served as both perspective and theme in Saint-Simon's life and writings. He was the second and last Duke of Saint-Simon.

His enormous memoirs are a classic of French literature, giving the fullest and most lively account of the court at Versailles of Louis XIV and the Régence at the start of Louis XV's reign.

Peerage of France
Men of the noblest blood (in Saint-Simon's view) might not be, and in most cases were not, peers in France. Derived at least traditionally and imaginatively from the douze pairs (twelve peers) of Charlemagne, the peerage of France was supposed to be, literally, the chosen of the noblesse, deemed thereafter to incarnate the French nobility par excellence. Their legal pre-eminence derived from hereditary membership in the Parlement of Paris, the highest of France's judicial and quasi-legislative assemblies. Strictly speaking, a French peerage (usually attached to a dukedom) was granted in favour of a designated fief rather than upon the titleholder per se. His lifelong ambition was the conversion of France's peers into a Great Council of the Nation.

The family's principal seat, where Saint-Simon's Mémoires was written, was at La Ferté-Vidame, bought by his father shortly after his elevation to the dukedom. The castle brought with it the ancient, entailed title, Vidame de Chartres, borne as a courtesy style by the Duke's only son until he was eighteen: As it had been attributed to an elderly character in the well-known court novel La Princesse de Clèves, published in 1678, just three years after Saint-Simon's birth, his arrival at court as a young man may have been less inconspicuous than otherwise.

Life

His father, Claude, the first duke, was a tall and taciturn man who was keen on hunting. Louis de Saint-Simon was the opposite; garrulous, much shorter, and preferring life indoors. His father had been a favourite hunting companion of Louis XIII. King Louis had appointed his father as Master of Wolfhounds before granting him a dukedom in 1635 at a relatively young age; he was 68 when Louis was born.<ref name="anselme">Anselme, Père. Histoire de la Maison Royale de France'', tome 4. Editions du Palais-Royal, 1967, Paris. pp. 389-391, 410-412. (French).</ref> Saint-Simon ranked thirteenth in the order of precedence among France's eighteen dukes.

His mother, Charlotte de L'Aubespine, daughter of François, marquis de Hauterive by his wife, Eléonore de Volvire, marquise de Ruffec, descended from a distinguished family, noble since at least the time of Francis I. She was a formidable woman whose word was law in the family, and became more so in extreme old age. Her son Louis, of whom Louis XIV and Queen Marie-Thérèse were godparents, was well-educated, largely by her. After further tuition from the Jesuits, he joined the Mousquetaires gris in 1692, serving at the Siege of Namur and at the Battle of Neerwinden. Then he embarked upon his life's mission by pronouncing upon the precedence among French peers, much against the orders and interests of François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, his victorious general.
In 1695 he married Marie-Gabrielle de Durfort, daughter of Guy Aldonce Durfort, Duke of Lorges, a marshal of France, later serving under the Duke's command. He seems to have regarded her with a respect and affection unusual between husband and wife in that era; and she sometimes succeeded in suppressing his pompous ideals.

As he did not receive further promotion in the army, he resigned his commission in 1702, thereby incurring Louis XIV's displeasure. He kept his position at court but only with difficulty, and then immersed himself in court intrigue at Versailles, tapping a collection of informants, the likes of dukes as well as servants, which later yielded him the benefit of an extraordinary amount of privileged information.

Saint-Simon, for his own part, appears to have played only an intermediate role in court life. He was nominated as ambassador to Rome in 1705, but the appointment was cancelled before he departed. At last, he attached himself to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Louis XIV's nephew and the future regent. Though this was hardly likely to ingratiate him with Louis, it at least gave him the status of belonging to a definite party and it eventually placed him in the position of a friend to the acting chief of state. He also allied himself with Louis, Duke of Burgundy, the Dauphin's son and next heir to the French throne.

Saint-Simon loathed "the bastards", Louis XIV's illegitimate children, and not, apparently, entirely because they were accorded ceremonial precedence above France's peers. The Saint-Simon that is revealed through the Mémoires had many enemies, and a hatred reciprocated by many courtiers. However, it should be remembered that these reminiscences were written 30 years after the facts, by a disappointed man, and that Saint-Simon had maintained congenial or at least courteous relations with the majority of his fellow courtiers.

The death of Louis XIV seemed to have given Saint-Simon a chance of realizing his hopes. The Duke of Orleans became regent and Saint-Simon was appointed to his Regency Council. But no steps were taken to carry out his "preferred vision" of a France ruled by the noble élite, exposing how little real influence he had with the Regent. He was somewhat gratified by the degradation of "the bastards" in 1718 and, in 1721, he was appointed ambassador extraordinary to Spain so as to facilitate the marriage of Louis XV and Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain (which, however, never took place). Whilst in Spain he did, however, secure a grandeeship (which later devolved upon his second son) and, despite having caught smallpox, he was quite satisfied with his efforts there: two ducal titles (grandees were recognised in France as dukes). Saint-Simon was not eager, unlike most other nobility, to acquire profitable functions, and he did not use his influence to repair his finances, which were even further diminished by the extravagance of his embassy.

After his return to France, he had little to do with public affairs. His own account of the cessation of his intimacy with Orléans and Guillaume Dubois, the latter having never been his friend, is, like his account of some other events of his own life, rather vague and dubious. But there can be little doubt that he was eclipsed, and even expelled from the Château de Meudon by Cardinal Dubois. He survived for more than thirty years, but little is known of the rest of his life. His wife died in 1743, his eldest son a little later; he had other family troubles, and he was loaded with debt; the dukedom in which he took such pride ended with him, and his only granddaughter was childless.

He died in Paris on 2 March 1755, having almost entirely outlived his own generation and exhausted his family's wealth, though not its notoriety: a distant relative, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, born five years after the Duke's death, is remembered as an intellectual forerunner of socialism.

All his possessions, including his writings, were seized by the Crown on his death. His Mémoires were kept under sequestration and only circulated through private copies and excerpts until the restitution of the manuscript to his heirs in 1828. While its appendices and supporting documents were dispersed, this sequestration was ultimately credited for the preservation of his memoirs.

 Fame as a writer

Posthumously he acquired great literary fame. He was an indefatigable writer, and he began very early to record all the gossip he collected, all his interminable legal disputes over precedence, and a vast mass of unclassified material. Most of his manuscripts were retrieved by the Crown and it was long before their contents were fully published: partly in the form of notes in the marquis de Dangeau's Journal, partly in both original and independent memoirs, partly in scattered and multifarious extracts; he had committed to paper an immense amount of material. Saint-Simon believed he could improve upon Dangeau's dry chronicling of events with his own vivid narrative style. According to Charles Henry Conrad Wright, "taking Dangeau as foundation, he goes over the same ground, sometimes copying, more often developing or inserting additional information, the result of more acute observation."

Saint-Simon's Mémoires strike a most realistic note. On the one hand, he is petty, and unjust to private enemies and to those who espoused public views contrary to his as well as being an incessant gossip. Yet he shows a great skill for narrative and for character-drawing; he has been compared to the historians Tacitus and Livy. He is not a writer who can be sampled easily, inasmuch as his most characteristic passages sometimes occur in the midst of long stretches of quite uninteresting diatribe. His vocabulary was extreme and inventive; he is deemed to have first used the word "intellectual" as a noun, and "patriot" and "publicity" are also accredited as being introduced by him in their current usage.

A few critical studies of him, especially those of Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, are the basis of much that has been written about him. His most famous passages, such as the account of the death of the Dauphin, or of the Bed of Justice where his enemy, Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine, was degraded, do not give a fair idea of his talent. These are his celebrated pieces, his great "engines", as French art slang calls them. Much more noteworthy as well as more frequent are the sudden touches which he gives. The bishops are "cuistres violets" (purple pedants); "(M. de Caumartin) porte sous son manteau toute la faculté que M. de Villeroy étale sur son baudrier" (Caumartin holds under his cloak all the power that Villeroy displays on his scabbard); another politician has a "mine de chat fâché" (appearance of a disgruntled cat). In short, the interest of his Mémoires is in the novel and adroit use of words and phrases.

In A Short History of French Literature, the memoirs are described as "vast and rambling...one of the least-read masterpieces of the age" which "provide us not only with a picture of the squalor and pettiness which often lay behind the glittering façade of the court, but also with the precise angle of perception of a senior courtier. This is prose narrative on a monumental scale; how much of it is fiction is hard to tell, but in this area the distinction is not paramount, since what matters is the imaginative reconstruction of a lost world (Proust owes not a little to Saint-Simon)."

He had a profound influence on writers including Tolstoy, Barbey d' Aurevilly, Flaubert, Valle-Inclán, Proust, Mujica Láinez, and many others.

Family
Saint-Simon married Marie-Gabrielle de Durfort (daughter of Guy Aldonce de Durfort, duc de Lorges), on 8 April 1695, at the Hôtel de Lorges in Paris. They had three children:
Charlotte de Rouvroy (8 September 169629 September 1763) married Charles-Louis de Henin-Liétard d'Alsace, "Prince of Chimay"; they had no children; He was the brother of Cardinal d'Alcase.
Jacques Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Ruffec (29 July 169815 July 1746) married, in 1727, Cathérine Charlotte Thérèse de Gramont (died 1755), daughter of the Duke of Gramont (widow of Philippe Alexandre, Duke of Bournonville), leaving no children;|www.carrefour-du-net.com (2012)
Armand-Jean de Rouvroy (12 April 169920 May 1754) married Marie Jeanne Louise, daughter of Nicolas Prosper Bauyn d'Angervilliers; they had one daughter.

His granddaughter Marie Christine, Mademoiselle de Ruffec (daughter of Jacques Louis) married a son of the Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco in 1749 becoming the "Countess of Valentinois".

Bibliography

Memoirs
Extensive publication of Saint-Simon's Mémoires did not proceed until the 1820s. The first and greatest critical edition was produced in the Grands écrivains de la France series. The most accessible modern editions consist of huge nine volumes in the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade and the eleven volumes in Carrefour du Net edition, prefaced by Didier Hallépée.
1829-1830 edition under the Restoration
1856 Edition by Adolphe Chéruel at Hachette
1879 Edition by Arthur de Boislisle
Jean-Claude Lattès Edition (20 volumes)
The first Pleiade edition edited by Gonzague Truc (1947-1961) published by Gallimard
The second Pleiade edition edited and annotated with an Introduction by Yves Coirault (1983-88, 1993) published by Gallimard (8 volumes) - contains variants and Additions to the Journal of Dangeau. The volumes are:
1691-1701
1701-7
1707-10
1711-14
1714-16
1716-18
1718-21
1721-23
Memoir on the interest of princes of the blood in preventing any enlargement of the legitimised children of kings (pages 621-752 in Political Treatises and Other Writings) (1993)
Materials for use in a memoir on the present occurrence (August 1753) (pages 438-439 in Memoirs (excerpts) and various works) (1993)

Other writings
Unpublished Papers of the Duke of Saint-Simon: Letters and Dispatches on the Spanish Embassy (1880) - published Paris, A. Quantin with a preface by Édouard Drumont
Political Treaties and Other Writings - Pleiade edition edited and annotated with an Introduction by Yves Coirault (1983-88, 1993) published by Gallimard
Drafts of projects
Marriage of the son of the Prince of Rohan
Project for the Restoration of the Kingdom of France
The Collection of the late Lord Dauphin
Views on the future of France
Brief memoir on the formalities
Memoir on the interest of princes of the blood in preventing any enlargement of the legitimized children of kings
Preamble to the Houses of Albret, Armagnac and Châtillon
On the social elites of the kingdom
Light Notions of Commanders, Knights and Grand Officers of the Order of the Holy Spirit
Great Charges
Materials on the qualities assumed by M. de Soubise of prince and serene highness
Parallel of the first three Bourbon kings
Centuries and Days. Letters (1693-1754) and Note "Saint-Simon" from the Duchies-peerages, etc. , (2000) (ISBN 978-2-7453-0251-9), texts collected and commented by Yves Coirault, preface by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, published Paris, Editions Honoré Champion
Letters of Saint-Simon and Appendices I and II
Anonymous letter to the King (April 1712)
Note on the House of Saint-Simon
Notes on all the duchies-peerages (Extracts)
The Funeral of the Dauphine-Bavaria
Father Anselme's Continuation Project
Farewell to the Century
Hierarchy and mutations: Writings on the social kaleidoscope - texts compiled and commented by Yves Coirault, published by Paris, Éditions Honoré Champion ,2002, 424 p. (ISBN 978-2-7453-0545-9)

Abridged and partial English-language translations of the Mémoires
There are a number of English-language translations of Selections of the Mémoires:
 Memoirs on the Reign of Louis XIV, and the Regency. Abridged by Bayle St. John. London: Chapman, 1857.
 The Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon on the reign of Louis XIV, and the Regency. 2nd edition. 3 volumes. Translated by Bayle St. John. London:  Swan, Sonnenschein, Lowrey, 1888.
 Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon on the Times of Louis XIV, and the Regency. Translated and abridged by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. Boston: Hardy, Pratt, 1902.
 Louis XIV at Versailles: A Selection from the Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon. Translated and edited by Desmond Flower. London: Cassell, 1954.
 The Age of Magnificence: The Memoirs of the Duke de Saint-Simon. Edited and translated by Sanche de Gramont aka Ted Morgan. New York: Putnam, 1963.
 Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon. Edited by W.H. Lewis. Translated by Bayle St. John. London: B.T. Batsford, 1964.
 Historical Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon, volume 1 1691-1709. Edited and translated by Lucy Norton. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1967.
 Historical Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon, volume 2 1710-1715. Edited and translated by Lucy Norton. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1968.
 Historical Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon, volume 3 1715-1723. Edited and translated by Lucy Norton. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972.
 Saint-Simon at Versailles. Edited and translated by Lucy Norton. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1980.  Includes selections omitted from the three longer volumes, which together include about 40% of the whole work.

Studies of the Mémoirs in English
 Auerbach, Erich. Mimesis. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953.  (Chapter 16, "The Interrupted Supper")
 Cioran, Emil Michel.  "Drawn and Quartered". New York: Arcade Publishing, 1998.  (Section II)
 Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. Saint-Simon and the Court of Louis XIV. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
 De Ley, Herbert. Saint-Simon Memorialist. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975.
 Ruas, Charles. The Intellectual Development of the Duc de Saint Simon.'' Princeton University, 1970.

Notes

References

Attribution

External links

 The complete Memoirs Online (in French)

1675 births
1755 deaths
Writers from Paris
Louis
People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
Literary peers
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers
17th-century French writers
17th-century French male writers
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Knights of Malta
Knights of the Order of Saint Louis
Grandees of Spain
Ambassadors of France to Great Britain
Ambassadors of France to Spain
Louis
18th-century French memoirists
Musketeers of the Guard

Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon


Kahuku Army Air Field is a former wartime airfield in Hawaii. It was located in the northern part of the Island of Oahu.

History

World War II
Possibly developed as an emergency field dating to the 1930s, but it was not until the United States entered World War II that the airfield was developed. Kahuku Army Air Field was classified as an auxiliary field and had a very short life span, from 1942 until it was closed in the late 1940s.

Ground troops were stationed in the area to protect the airfield and man the shoreline fortifications. The northern tip of Oahu had three airfields in close proximity during World War II. The Kahuku Point Airfield was located near the tip of Kahuku Point, and was evidently the most elaborate.

The Kahuku Army Airfields were used for training of pilots from Wheeler Army Air Field for instrument flying on different types of aircraft. The airfield was ideal for training because it had a good approach, runway length, and take off clearance. This field was not over populated like Hickam or Wheeler. It is documented that the 18th Air base Group, 47th Pursuit Squadron was stationed there along with B-24s and B-17s that were based at Kahuku for short periods of time during World War II. At the end of World War II, the 27th Bombardment Squadron used the airfield for training with B-24's until March 1946.   Afterwards the USAAF closed the airfields and returned the Kahuku property to its owners.

Postwar history
No airfields at Kahuku were depicted on the October 1954 Hawaiian Islands Sectional Chart. In the early 1960s prior to the opening of the Campbell Race Course, the Kahuku airfield runways were used for both drag racing and the first Hawaii Grand Prix sports car race.

At some point between 1954 and 1977 the former Kahuku Point airfield was apparently reused as a private civil airfield. It was depicted as having a single  hard-surface runway.

Current use
Very little remains of the three Kahuku airfields. The Turtle Bay Resort golf courses absorbed two of the runways. This site is typical of a former airfield converted into a golf course. The long runways are ideal for golf fairways.

The northwestern portion has been covered by aquaculture equipment built on the runway by a lease tenant. Very little evidence of Kahuku's World War II fortifications remain except one bunker site that is keeping its past military secrets. The entrance to the bunker is buried in sand and brush leaving only two concrete structures exposed. Scattered concrete pillboxes covered by low brush and debris can be found in the surrounding jungle. No historical markers indicating the areas past could be found. , a small privately owned heliport for daytime VFR use only was located at the Turtle Bay Resort next to the main hotel building.

The present day Waikane Store, located 17 miles southeast of Kuhuku Army Air Field, is built out of a mess hall that was previously a part of the Army installation.  This mess hall was sold as surplus in 1949, disassembled and moved to its current location by private owners.

See also

 Hawaii World War II Army Airfields

References

External links

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Hawaii
Buildings and structures in Honolulu County, Hawaii
1942 establishments in Hawaii
Defunct airports in Hawaii
Airports established in 1942
1940s disestablishments in Hawaii

Kahuku Army Air Field


Václav Fric (1839, Prague - 10 June 1916)  was a Czech naturalist and natural history dealer.

Václav Fric was the son of a lawyer Josef Fric (1804–1876). He studied taxidermy then chemistry at the Prague Polytechnical Institute. He had an interest in photography.

Following a visit to London (1859–1860) Fric opened his natural history business in Prague in 1862, supplying botanical, zoological  and mineral specimens to museums, educational institutions and private collectors worldwide. He exhibited at trade fairs: the Volksfest in Linz (1863, silver medal), Paris World Fair (1867, bronze medal),  Moscow Polytechnic Exhibition (1872, silver medal),  Vienna World Fair (1873, honorary medal), again at the Paris World Fair (1878 bronze medal), Australian International Exhibition in Sydney (1879, medal), and yet again at the Paris World Fair (1889 gold medal).

Fric married Anna Rottová, the daughter of a hardware store owner. His first shop was located at Wassergasse 736-II Prague, later Wassergasse 21. Around 1878 the business was moved to "Wladislavsgasse 21a in Prag". It became a  "trading natural history museum " first named  "Fric's Museum of Natural History" then in 1911 the Natural History Institute in Prague ().

His son Jaromír continued the business until the shop finally closed in 1958, when the remaining stock of specimens was donated to the National Museum in Prague.

References
Reiling, H., and Spunarová, T., 2005 Václav Fric (1839–1916) and his influence on collecting natural history. Journal of the History of Collections 17, 23-43.

External links
Mineral Record

1839 births
1916 deaths
Businesspeople from Prague
Scientists from Prague
Czech Technical University in Prague alumni

Václav Frič


Hills Memorial Library is the former public library of Hudson, New Hampshire, in the United States. It was erected in memory of Ida Virginia Hills by her husband, Dr. Alfred Hills, and her mother, Mary Field Creutzborg.  The land had been previously donated by Kimball Webster for the express purpose of building a public library. The new building was designed by architect Hubert G. Ripley, built during the winter of 1908–09 and opened to the public on June 12, 1909.  The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places in 2012. The town of Hudson closed the facility on May 18, 2009, as the library collection was moved to the new George H. and Ella M. Rodgers Memorial Library.

History

Hudson's first free public library was established in March 1893 by unanimous vote at that year's town meeting. Kimball Webster, Henry O. Smith and Oswald P. Baker were appointed trustees soon after. Later that same year, the town received a bequest from Dr. Adoniram Greeley, whose will provided five hundred volumes for a free library in the town of Hudson to be selected from his personal library of 3000 volumes. The cooperation of his heirs eventually raised the total number acquired from this bequest to 1889 volumes. The public library was named the Greeley Public Library in the family's honor.

The library, first established in a private home, was soon moved to a location above Baker's Bros store. On September 17, 1904, Kimball Webster, town historian, Selectman and Library Trustee, donated land in the center of town with the requirement that it eventually hold a free standing public library building. A few years later, when Ida Virginia Hills died unexpectedly on May 4, 1908, aged 51, her husband and mother decided to provide the funds to build a library in her memory.  The town unanimously accepted the gift on September 3, 1908 and ground was broken the next month.

Construction costs totaled approximately $14,000 over 7 months as the two-story, 70'x50' stone building was completed. In the end, the building contained a total of  of usable space divided between the main library floor, a small loft above, and a community meeting room in the basement. The new building, called Hills Memorial Library, was dedicated on the 22nd anniversary of the Hills' marriage, June 11, 1909, and opened to the public the next day.

During its first year of operation, under the direction of Librarian Eliza Leslie, 830 residents (out of 1344) signed up for library cards, and there was a total circulation of 5015 items. The collection at the end of the year was 4153 items, 600 of which were donated by Dr. Hills.

The basement meeting room was used by the town for many years for a variety of purposes. The Girl Scouts, the Hudson Community Improvement Club and the Camera Club were among those community groups which met in the space. It was also used temporarily as a public school classroom while an addition was being added to the nearby H.O. Smith Elementary school.

However, the Hudson population and library circulation continued to grow apace through the first half of the 20th century. To meet a need for more space and children's materials, in 1965 the basement was transformed through the efforts of town organizations and the trustees into a dedicated children's room. This was opened to the public on January 18, 1966. The loft, known as the alcove, was also renovated a few years later, with work completed in 1975.

Another addition to library services came in 1977, when the Hudson Junior Woman's Club, the Fire Department, Boyer's Auto Body and the Alvirne High School Industrial Arts department renovated a surplus army vehicle into a bookmobile. Bookmobile service commenced in that same year and continued until 2005 when the second bookmobile was retired due to a need for extensive repairs.

Current public library

Hills Memorial Library was closed upon the opening of the town's new public library, the George H. and Ella M. Rodgers Memorial Library. The new facility opened on May 18, 2009, and was formally dedicated on June 7, 2009. The move coincided with the 100th anniversary of the Hills Memorial Library.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire

References

External links

George and Ella Rodgers Memorial Library, the current town library.

Library buildings completed in 1909
Public libraries in New Hampshire
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Hudson, New Hampshire
Libraries in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places

Hills Memorial Library


Gunlock is an unincorporated community in Magoffin County, Kentucky, United States.  It lies along Route 7 southeast of the city of Salyersville, the county seat of Magoffin County.  Its elevation is 1,001 feet (305 m).

A post office was established in the community in 1936. The first postmaster is said to have taken the name Gunlock from a newspaper article he read about a western ranch. Its post office, with the ZIP code of 41632, closed in 1998.

References

Unincorporated communities in Magoffin County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky

Gunlock, Kentucky


Sir George Murray Humphry, FRS (18 July 1820 – 24 September 1896) was a professor of physiology and anatomy at Cambridge, surgeon, gerontologist and medical writer.

Life

He was born at Sudbury in Suffolk on 18 July 1820, the third son of William Wood Humphry, a barrister. He was educated at the grammar schools of Sudbury and Dedham, and in 1836 he was apprenticed to John Green Crosse, surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. In 1839 he left Norwich and entered as a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, where he came under the influence of Peter Mere Latham, William Lawrence, and James Paget. He passed the first M.B. examination at the London University in 1840, obtaining the gold medal in anatomy and physiology; but did not present himself for the final examination.

He was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 19 November 1841, and on 12 May 1842 he became a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries. In the same year three of the surgeons at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, resigned their posts, and on 31 October 1842 Humphry was placed third out of six candidates in a contested election for the vacant posts. This appointment made him the youngest hospital surgeon in England.

He began to give clinical lectures and systematic teaching in surgery. In 1847 he was invited to act as deputy to the professor of anatomy, and he gave the lectures and demonstrations on human anatomy from 1847 to 1866. He entered himself a fellow-commoner at Downing College, Cambridge in 1847, graduating M.B. in 1852 and M.D. in 1859. After the retirement of William Clark, professor of human and comparative anatomy, in 1866, the duties of the chair were recast, and Humphry was elected professor of human anatomy in the university. He held this office until 1883, when he resigned it for the newly founded but unpaid professorship of surgery.

In 1869 he succeeded George Edward Paget, who was then elected president of the council, as the representative of the University of Cambridge on the General Medical Council. In 1880 he delivered the Rede Lecture of the university of Cambridge, taking Man, Past, Present, and Future as the subject of his address. He served on the council of the senate of the university, he was an honorary fellow of Downing, and in 1884 he was elected a professorial fellow of King's College, Cambridge.

At the Royal College of Surgeons of England Humphry filled numerous offices. Elected a fellow on 26 August 1844, when he was still a year below the statutory age, he served as a member of the council from 1864 to 1884, was Arris and Gale lecturer on anatomy and physiology from 1871 to 1873, a member of the court of examiners from 1877 to 1887, and Hunterian orator in 1879. He declined to be nominated for the offices of vice-president and president.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1859, and he served on the council of this society 1870–1. He was long a member of the British Medical Association. In 1867 he presided over the physiological section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 1870 he gave six lectures on the architecture of the human body as a part of the Fullerian course at the Royal Institution. He took an active part in the formation of the Cambridge Medical Society, and for some time was president. He presided at the annual meetings of the  Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, held in London in 1882 and in Glasgow in 1883. In 1887 he was the first president of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and he served as president of the Pathological Society of London during the years 1891–3. He was knighted in 1891.

Humphry died at his residence, Grove Lodge, on 24 September 1896, and is buried at the Mill Road Cemetery, Cambridge. A bust by Wiles was presented to Addenbrooke's Hospital by the vice-chancellor of the university. A portrait by Miss K. M. Humphry, painted on the occasion of the enrolment of Humphry as a freeman of his native town, was in the public hall at Sudbury, Suffolk.

Works
As an anatomist he was one of the earliest workers who attempted to bring human anatomy into line with morphology. He was the first surgeon in England to remove successfully a tumour from the male bladder. His works were:

 A Treatise on the Human Skeleton, including the Joints', Cambridge, 1858; the plates were drawn by his wife.
 On the Coagulation of the Blood in the Venous System during Life, Cambridge, 1859.
 The Human Foot and the Human Hand, Cambridge and London, 1861.
 Observations in Myology, Cambridge and London, 1872.
 Cambridge: the Town, University, and Colleges, Cambridge, 1880.
 Old Age: the Results of Information received respecting nearly Nine Hundred Persons who had attained the Age of Eighty Years, including Seventy-four Centenarians, Cambridge, 1889.

Humphry was also founder and co-editor (with Sir William Turner, M.D.) of the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Cambridge and London, 1866.

Family
He married, in September 1849, Mary, daughter of Daniel Robert McNab, surgeon, of Epping, by whom he had a daughter and one son, Alfred Paget Humphry, senior Esquire Bedell of the University of Cambridge.

References

Attribution

External links

1820 births
1896 deaths
English surgeons
English anatomists
Fellows of Downing College, Cambridge
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
People from Sudbury, Suffolk
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Vali (, nominative singular of the stem वालिन् (Valin)), also known as Bali, was a vanara king of Kishkindha in the Hindu epic Ramayana. He was the husband of Tara, the son of Indra, the elder brother of Sugriva, and the father of Angada.

Having obtained a boon that allowed him to receive half the strength of his opponents, Vali was a formidable fighter. He banished his brother, Sugriva, who had assumed his throne, believing him to be dead. Sugriva sought the assistance of Rama, an avatar of Vishnu, to intervene in their conflict. In a duel between the brothers, Rama shot Vali in the chest with an arrow.

Early life
Vali was Tara's husband. As history goes, fourteen types of gems or treasures were produced from the churning of the ocean during the time of the Kurma avatar. One gem is that various apsaras (divine nymphs) were produced, and Tara was an apsara produced from the churning of the ocean. Vali, who was with his father Indra, helping him in the churning of the ocean, took Tara and married her.

Vali was courageous. This can be understood from the fact that, when Tara tried to stop him and begged him not to go to fight Sugriva, by saying that it is Rama who is helping Sugriva and has come to Sugriva's rescue, Vali replied to Tara that even if he is fighting against God, he cannot ignore a challenge for a fight and remain quiet. He adds that even if the caller for the fight had been his own son, Angada, he would still go to the fight.

The Quarrel
According to the Ramayana, a raging demon known as Mayavi came to the doors of Kishkindha and challenged Vali to a fight. Vali accepted the challenge. When he came forth, the demon got terrified and ran into a cave. Vali entered the cave and told Sugriva to wait outside. When Vali did not return and he heard demonic voices from inside the cave and blood oozing from inside the cave, Sugriva mistakenly concluded that Vali was dead. He closed the cave with a large boulder and presumed kingship over Kishkindha. However, inside the cave, Vali killed the demon and returned home. Upon seeing Sugriva act as a king, Vali thought his brother had betrayed him. Sugriva tried to explain his actions, but Vali didn't listen. Sugriva ran off to Rishyamuka mountain, the only place Vali would be unable to enter because of the curse of the sage Matanga.

Vali's boon

Vali was granted a boon by Brahma after sitting in penance. Vali asked Brahma for a boon such that in any duel, Vali's opponent would lose half his strength to Vali. Brahma granted the boon happily. Already Vali was extremely powerful with his power almost equal to that of 7500000 elephants. Thus, Vali became invincible. It was said that no one could defeat Vali in head-on battle.

War with Ravana

Though not in the original Ramayana, but in the Uttarakanda Ravana is said to have fought with Vali.

Ravana learns about Vali and his strengths through Narada. Hearing Narada praising Vali, Ravana became extremely arrogant and went to Kishkindha. There Vali was in meditation. Ravana challenged Vali to come and fight. First Sugriva fought with Ravana and was defeated. Ravana then reached Vali and challenged him. Vali and Ravana then fought a fierce battle. Vali tied him with his tail (carried him on his shoulders in some other versions) then arrested Ravana. Vali started carrying Ravana under his armpit for years. Ravana could not bear the insult,He accepted his defeat and pleaded Vali to release him. Ravana was impressed with Vali's strength and asked him for friendship.

Rama meets Sugriva

Wandering in the forest with his brother Lakshmana in search of his wife Sita – kidnapped by the rakshasa king Ravana, Rama meets rakshasa Kabandha and kills him, freeing him from a curse. The freed Kabandha advises Rama to seek the help of Sugriva to find Sita.

Continuing on his journey, Rama meets Hanuman and is impressed by his intelligence and skills as an orator. This also boosts Rama's confidence in Sugriva. Sugriva tells him the story of how Vali became his enemy. In Sugriva's version, he is entirely innocent and Rama believes him.

Sugriva is very scared of Vali and he is full of doubts that Rama could kill him. He tells him many remarkable stories of Vali's power. As proof, he shows Rama a hole in a saal tree which Vali had made in one shot. When it is Rama's turn, he penetrates seven saal trees in a row with one arrow. After going through the trees, the arrow even makes a strike on a huge rock and splits it into pieces. Sugriva is happy and says, "O Rama, you are great."

Rama asks Sugriva to challenge Vali and bring him outside Kishkindha. As Rama explains later, for 14 years he cannot enter a city. Moreover, Rama does not want any unnecessary bloodbath of Vali's army with whom he wants to maintain friendly relations. Despite this, killing Vali would not be impossible for Rama as Sugriva and Vali were identical twins. Just a few days before, Rama had killed Khara and Dushana and their army of 14,000 rakshasas.

Sugriva formed an alliance with Rama. Rama had been travelling the length of India in search of his kidnapped wife, Sita. Sugriva asked Rama's help in return for his help in defeating Ravana and rescuing Sita. The two hatched a plan to topple Vali from the throne.

Sugriva challenged Vali to a fight. When Vali sallied forth to meet the challenge, Rama emerged from the forest to shoot and kill him with an arrow.

The dying Vali told Rama, "If you are searching for your wife you should have come to me for help and friendship. Whoever took Sita, I would have brought them to your feet, to your mercy."

Vali asked the following questions:

 He made my wife a widow and stole my kingdom. What was my crime?
 Even if I committed a crime (with my brother), what is your right to kill me? I would have helped you in getting Sita; your father King Dasharatha helped my father King Indra to fight against rakshasas.

Rama makes the following replies to Vali:

 The younger brother should be treated like a son. Even if he made a mistake you should forgive him, especially when he promised to respect you for your whole life.
 About his authority, he said he had permission from King Bharata to spread righteousness and punish evils. You lost your kingdom while fighting with Mayavi and you are no more a king, so how can I ask you for your help?

After Vali's Death
After death of Vali, Sugriva recaptures his kingdom and regains his wife Ruma. Angada, son of Vali and Tara, is made Yuvaraja, or the crown prince.

Rama's slaying of Vali had a special significance. In the beginning, Vali argued with Rama about his killing. Rama explained to him about the various purusharthas and how everything was pre-ordained according to the kalachakra and granted him moksha. Vali was then convinced and also asked his son Angada to stand by his uncle Sugriva and assist in the divine work of Rama.

Vali's son, Angada, joined Rama's army and was given important responsibilities in Rama's war against Ravana.

Rebirth as Jara
Because Rama had killed Vali, Rama blessed Vali that he would die of his arrow which he would fire by camouflage when he took the incarnation of Krishna. Later on Vali was born as Jara the hunter in Dvapara Yuga to kill Krishna, the next avatar of Vishnu, in same way as said by Rama. He was searching for hunt in forest and he saw a deer but it actually was Krishna's bare foot.

He shot an arrow with an iron piece of mace attached to it.

The particular location of this event is known as Bhalka Tirtha. It is situated in western India in the state of Gujarat where Krishna's disappearance takes place and thus marks the end of Dvapara Yuga and the commencement of Kali Yuga.

References

External links
Mahabharata, Book III: Vana Parva, Section 278: online text for the section of the Mahabharata describing Rama's alliance with Sugriva and the killing of Vali.
Ramayana, Book IV, Canto 16: online text for the section of the Ramayana of Valmiki describing Bali's death at the hands of Rama.
Photographs of a bas relief at the temple of Banteay Srei in Cambodia depicting the combat between Vali and Sugriva (archived 29 September 2007).
Valmiki Ramayana Kishkindha Kanda Prose Sagara 11

Vanara in the Ramayana
Characters in the Ramayana

Vali (Ramayana)


The Director-General is chief executive and editor-in-chief of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK). The position is appointed by the NRK board, which in turn is appointed by the government.

The title of the Director-General in Norwegian is (since 1948) kringkastingssjef, which literally means "chief of broadcasting".

Olav Midttun (1934–1940 and 1945–1947), he held the title of riksprogramsjef, "national chief of programmes"
Thorstein Diesen, Jr. (1947–1948) (acting riksprogramsjef)
Egil Sundt (1939–1940 and 1945–1946), he held the title of administerende direktør
Knut Tvedt (acting) (1946–1948), he held the title of administerende direktør
Kaare Fostervoll (1948–1962)
Hans Jacob Ustvedt (1962–1972)
Torolf Elster (1972–1981)
Bjartmar Gjerde (1981–1989)
Olav Ilssen (acting) (1989)
Einar Førde (1989–2001)
John G. Bernander (2001–2007)
Hans Tore Bjerkaas (2007–2013)
Thor Gjermund Eriksen (2013–2022)
Vibeke Fürst Haugen (2022–)

References

NRK

Director-General of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation


Electronic trading, sometimes called e-trading, is the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, foreign currencies, financial derivatives, cryptocurrencies, and other financial instruments online.  This is typically done using electronic trading platforms where traders can place orders and have them executed at a trading venue such as a stock market either directly or via a broker.

Electronic trading first started in the 1970s but significant development occurred during the 1990s and again in the 2000s with the spread of the Internet.  Electronic trading slowly replaced traditional floor trading and telephone trading over the following 20 years.

Electronic trading can include various exchange-based systems that run the matching engine for orders, such as NASDAQ, NYSE Arca and Globex, as well as other types of trading platforms, such as electronic communication networks (ECNs), alternative trading systems, crossing networks and dark pools.  Electronic trading has also made it possible to do algorithmic trading where computers are used to place orders into the market often at high speed such as in high-frequency trading

History

Before electronic trading, 1600–1970s
From the start of modern stock exchanges in the 1600s in Amsterdam and London, there were physical locations where buyers and sellers met and negotiated prices to buy and sell securities.  By the 1800s exchange trading would typically happen on dedicated floors of an exchange.  Often where traders in brightly colored jackets (to identify which firm they worked for) would shout and gesticulate at one another, a process known as open outcry or pit trading (the exchange floors were often pit-shaped – circular, sloping downwards to the center, so that the traders could see one another).

Development of electronic communications, 1970s
With the improvement in communications technology in the late 20th century, the need for a physical location became less important and together with the development in computer technology traders started to transact from remote locations in what became known as electronic trading. Electronic trading made transactions easier to complete, monitor, clear, and settle and this helped spur on its development.

Set up in 1971, NASDAQ was the world's first electronic stock market, though it originally operated as an electronic bulletin board, rather than offering straight-through processing (STP).

One of the earliest examples of widespread electronic trading was on Globex, the CME Group's electronic trading platform conceived in 1987 and launched fully in 1992. This allowed access to a variety of financial markets such as treasuries, foreign exchange and commodities.  The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) produced a rival system that was based on Oak Trading Systems' Oak platform branded 'E Open Outcry,' an electronic trading platform that allowed for trading to take place alongside that took place in the CBOT pits.

Internet from 2000s
With the spread of the internet in the early 2000s, a number of brokers started building electronic trading platforms to allow individual retail traders access to trade online.

By 2010s investment firms on both the buy side and sell side were increasing their spending on technology for electronic trading. With the result that many floor traders and brokers were removed from the trading process. Traders also increasingly started to rely on algorithms to analyze market conditions and then execute their orders automatically.

The move to electronic trading compared to floor trading continued to increase with many of the major exchanges around the world moving from floor trading to completely electronic trading.

Trading in the financial markets could broadly be split into two groups:
 Business-to-business (B2B) trading, often conducted on exchanges, where large investment banks and brokers trade directly with one another, transacting large amounts of securities, and
 Business-to-consumer (B2C) trading, where retail (e.g. individuals buying and selling relatively small amounts of stocks and shares) and institutional clients (e.g. hedge funds, fund managers or insurance companies, trading far larger amounts of securities) buy and sell from brokers or broker-dealers, who act as middle-men between the clients and the B2B markets.

Consolidation, 2010s
By 2010 the majority of retail trading in the United States happened over the Internet, retail trading volumes are dwarfed by institutional, inter-dealer and exchange trading. However, in developing economies, especially in Asia, retail trading constitutes a significant portion of overall trading volume.  This also had some negative impacts such as the 2010 flash crash where errors in electronic trading caused a significant market crash.

For instruments which are not exchange-traded (e.g. US treasury bonds), the inter-dealer market substitutes for the exchange. This is where dealers trade directly with one another or through inter-dealer brokers.  They acted as middle-men between dealers such as investment banks. This type of trading traditionally took place over the phone but brokers moved to offering electronic trading services instead.

Similarly, B2C trading traditionally happened over the phone but brokers moved to allow their clients to place orders using electronic systems. Many retail or discount brokers went online during the late 1990s and most retail stock-broking takes place online.

Larger institutional clients, however, will generally place electronic orders via proprietary electronic trading platforms such as Bloomberg Terminal or Eikon or using their brokers' proprietary software.

Impact
The increase of electronic trading had some important implications:
 Reduced cost of transactions – By automating as much of the process as possible (often referred to as "straight-through processing" or STP), costs were brought down.
 Greater liquidity – electronic systems make it easier to allow different companies to trade with one another, no matter where they are located. This leads to more buyers and sellers and so greater market liquidity which increases the efficiency of the markets.
 Greater competition – While electronic trading hasn't necessarily lowered the cost of entry to the financial services industry, it has removed barriers within the industry and had a globalisation-style competition effect.
 Increased transparency – Electronic trading has meant that the markets are less opaque.
 Tighter spreads – The Bid–offer spread represents the profit being made by the market makers. The increased liquidity, competition and transparency means that spreads have tightened.
'Arms race' in pursuit of 'speed' – Several academics have argued that the continuous nature of electronic markets has incentivized a 'wasteful' technology race leading to high-frequency trading.

For retail investors, financial services on the web offer great benefits. The primary benefit is the reduced cost of transactions as well as the ease and the convenience. Online financial transactions bypass traditional hurdles such as logistics. Conversely there is concern about the impact of speculation through trading, considered negatively and of potential significant damage to the real economy.

See also
 eCommerce
 Electronic communication network
 Stock market data systems
 Trading room
 2010 Flash Crash

References

Financial markets
Stock market
E-commerce

Electronic trading


The ceremony for the 22nd Hong Kong Film Awards was held on 6 April 2003 in the Hong Kong Cultural Centre and hosted by Eric Tsang, John Shum, Athena Chu and Anna Yau. Twenty-seven winners in nineteen categories were unveiled. The year's biggest winner turned out to be Infernal Affairs, which won seven awards, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, Best Film Editing and Best Original Film Song. Besides the eighteen regular awards, the 22nd Hong Kong Film Awards also presented veteran actors Cho Tat Wah and Shek Kin with the Professional Achievement Award.

The ceremony featured a performance by the "Four Heavenly Kings"—Andy Lau, Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai and Aaron Kwok—in memory of Leslie Cheung, who committed suicide on 1 April 2003. Cheung, an established actor and singer, was best remembered for his portrayal of homosexual men in films such as Farewell My Concubine and Happy Together. He was also nominated for Best Actor in this year's Hong Kong Film Awards for his role in Inner Senses.

The ceremony also paid tribute to the local health care workers battling the SARS virus, which hit Hong Kong on 11 March 2003 and would eventually claim 299 deaths there within the subsequent three months. Some present at the ceremony were seen wearing surgical masks to prevent against infection.

Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().

External links
 Official website of the Hong Kong Film Awards

2003
2002 film awards
2003 in Hong Kong
Hong

22nd Hong Kong Film Awards


Earl Howard (born 1951) is an American avant-garde composer, arranger, saxophonist, synthesizer player and multi-instrumentalist.

Howard is one of the pioneers of what is called "new" music. He has been in the industry for over thirty years. Howard has performed with Anthony Davis, Gerry Hemingway, Georg Graewe, Mari Kimura, Mark Dresser, Yuko Fujiyama, Evan Parker, Thomas Buckner, George Lewis (trombonist) and many of the other most prominent musicians in his field.

Howard has received numerous awards including, a grant from Harvard's the Fromm Foundation, a Regents Fellowship at University of California, San Diego, and three New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowships. In 2004 Howard's first sound installation was commissioned for the Tiffany Collection at the Queens Museum of Art.

Earl Howard has also produced soundtracks for some major film and video artists including Nam June Paik, Mary Lucier, Rii Kanzaki, Bob Harris, and Bill Brand.

Biography

Earl Howard was born January 12, 1951, in Los Angeles, California. He was one of the smallest babies at the time to survive birth and lost his sight before leaving the hospital. Howard graduated from California Institute of the Arts in Music Composition in 1974. Earl Howard lives in New York City and is married to the installation artist Liz Phillips who is famous for her interactive sound sculpture.

Discography
 Granular Modality (New World Records, 2012) - Earl Howard (alto saxophone, synthesizer, live processing) & Miya Masaoka (koto)
 Clepton (New World Records, 2007) - 1. Clepton (2006) Earl Howard, synthesizer, live processing; Georg Grawe, piano; Ernst Reijseger, cello; Gerry Hemingway, drums 38:01 2. Improvisation (2006) Earl Howard, synthesizer, live processing; Georg Grawe, piano; Ernst Reijseger, cello; Gerry Hemingway, drums 06:02 3. Rosebud (1989) Earl Howard, synthesizer; Gerry Gemingway, drums 14:54
5 Saxophone Solos (Mutablemusic, 2005) - 5 Saxophone Solos 63:13
 Strong Force (Mutablemusic, 2003) - Concert recorded at Merkin Hall with Howard on synth, Anthony Davis on piano, Gerry Hemingway on percussion, Anne LeBaron on harp and Ernst Reijseger on cello. 1. 17:01 2. 11:34 3. 12:41 4. 4:55 5. 04:57
 Fire Song (Erstwhile, 2000) - Denman Maroney on piano, Howard on saxophone and synth. 1. Firesong 17:48 2. Uncaged Bacchanal 10:23 3. Pulse Field 13:22 4. Orchid 12:12
 Pele's Tears (Random Acoustics, 1994) - Compilation of works from 1986 to 1993. First two tracks are solos by Howard on a Serge synthesizer or Serge Modular System and an AKAI S 1000, a LEXICON PCM 70 and a LXP. These are followed by a quartet with Howard on electronics, Frank Gratozski on alto sax, Pelvyn Poore on tuba and Hans Schneider on double bass. 1. Hell 19:25 2. Pele's Tears 17:59 3. Bottle 13:06 4. Quartet1 05:25 5. Quartet2 05:37

References
http://www.earlhowardmusic.com
https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/03/arts/concert-tapings-by-earl-howard.html
https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/11/arts/jazz-on-alto-earl-howard.html

1951 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American experimental musicians
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American electronic musicians
Artists from New York (state)
21st-century American composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Blind musicians
American blind people
20th-century American saxophonists
21st-century American saxophonists
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century jazz composers
21st-century jazz composers
American musicians with disabilities

Earl Howard


Ernst Badian (8 August 1925 – 1 February 2011) was an Austrian-born classical scholar who served as a professor at Harvard University from 1971 to 1998.

Early life and education
Badian was born in Vienna in 1925 and in 1938 fled the Nazis with his family to New Zealand. There he attended the University of Canterbury, Christchurch (then Canterbury College), where he met his future wife Nathlie Ann Wimsett.  He received a BA in 1945 and an MA the following year.

After a year teaching at the Victoria University of Wellington, Badian went to University College, Oxford, where he studied under George Cawkwell, gained a first class BA in Litt Hum in 1950, an MA in 1954 and a DPhil in 1956.  In addition, he gained the degree of LittD from New Zealand's Victoria University of Wellington in 1962.

Academic career
After teaching in the universities of Sheffield, Durham, and Leeds in England and at the State University of New York, Buffalo, he was appointed to Harvard's Department of History in 1971 and was cross-appointed to the Department of the Classics in 1973. He became John Moors Cabot Professor of History Emeritus in 1998.

An active promoter of classical studies in the United States, Badian helped found The American Journal of Ancient History (1976), the Association of Ancient Historians (1974), and the New England Ancient History Colloquium.

Academic works
One of Badian's major fields of interest was Alexander the Great. Even though he never published a monography on him, he wrote several dozens of contributions as articles or reviews related to Alexander and his time. His main goal was to counter the influential works of William Woodthorpe Tarn (1869–1957), who made a very idealistic portrait of Alexander, presented as a fine gentleman spreading Greek civilisation over the Earth, while also dismissing some points of his personality (his drunkeness, bisexuality, or cruelty). Badian's depiction of Alexander was more that of a ruthless dictator. In 1958, Badian published his first article on Alexander, in which he bluntly wrote in the introduction: Ever since 1933, Tarn's figure of Alexander the Dreamer has explicitly claimed the credit for this re-orientation: the phantom has haunted the pages of scholarship, and even source-books and general histories of philosophy and of ideas – at least in this country – have begun to succumb to the spell. Perhaps a quarter of a century is long enough for the life-span of a phantom: it is clearly threatening to pass into our tradition as a thing of flesh and blood. It is the aim of this article – an aim in which it can hardly hope to be immediately successful – to lay the ghost.Eugene Borza tells that this paper—and another published the same year on Alexander's eunuch and lover Bagoas—created "a revolution in Alexander studies", as he exposed many flaws in Tarn's treatment of the Macedonian king. Many of his subsequent articles continued to contradict and harshly criticise Tarn's findings. For example in his 1971's article on Agis III, Badian wrote that Tarn was "blinded by even more than his usual prejudice towards opponents of Alexander, and distort[ed] the actual facts in an all but irresponsible fashion".

Honours
Badian was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974.

In 1999 Austria awarded him the Cross of Honor for Science and Art (Österreichische Ehrenkreuz für Wissenschaft und Kunst). The same year, the University of Canterbury awarded him an honorary degree.

Personal life and death
Badian died at the age of 85 after a fall in his home in Quincy, Massachusetts.  He was survived by his widow Nathlie, his children Hugh and Rosemary, and several grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Legacy
The Ernst Badian Collection of Roman Republican Coins is housed by the Special Collections and University Archives of the Rutgers University libraries.

At the 2012 meeting of the Association of Ancient Historians in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, ancient historians T. Corey Brennan and Jerzy Linderski delivered papers reflecting on the historical methodologies employed by Badian.

Works
 Foreign Clientelae 264–70 B.C. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1958), based on his 1956 dissertation
 "Alexander the Great and the unity of mankind", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 7, H. 4 (Oct., 1958), pp. 425–444.
 Studies in Greek and Roman History (Blackwell, Oxford, 1964)
"The Early Historians", in Thomas Allen Dorey (editor), Latin Historians (Basic Books, New York, 1966) pp. 1–38.
"Agis III", Hermes, Vol. 95 (1967), pp. 170–192.
 Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic, 2nd ed. (1st commercial ed.) (Blackwell, Oxford/Cornell University Press, 1968)
 Publicans and Sinners (Blackwell, Oxford/Cornell University Press, 1972, reprinted, with corrections and critical bibliography, Cornell University Press, 1983)
 From Plataea to Potidaea (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993)
 Zöllner und Sünder (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1997)
 Collected papers on Alexander the Great, Oxford, Routledge, 2012.

Editor for:
 Ancient Society and Institutions. Studies Presented to Victor Ehrenberg (Blackwell, Oxford, 1966)
 Polybius. Selected passages in translation (Washington Square Press, NY, 1966)
 Sir Ronald Syme, Roman Papers (vols. 1 & 2) (Oxford University Press, 1979)
 Translated Documents of Greek and Rome, vols. 1, 2, 3, edited jointly with Robert K. Sherk (Johns Hopkins University Press, then Cambridge University Press)

Further reading
 Andreas W. Daum, "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities," The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide, ed. Andreas W. Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, and James J. Sheehan. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, , 1‒52.
 Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History; 360‒146 B.C. in Honor of E. Badian. Ed. Robert W. Wallace and Edward M. Harris. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1996, .
 The Legacy of Ernst Badian, ed. Carol G. Thomas. Erie, PA: Association of Ancient Historians, 2013, .

References

External links

 Harvard page on Badian
 "Ernst Badian, professor of history emeritus, 85" ''Harvard Gazette February 14, 2011
 "Ernst Badian, 85, noted scholar on ancient Rome" Boston Globe May 23, 2011
 "d.m. Ernst Badian" FEBRUARY 4, 2011 / DAVID MEADOWS ~ ROGUECLASSICIST

1925 births
2011 deaths
University of Canterbury alumni
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Austrian emigrants to New Zealand
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
State University of New York faculty
Prosopographers of ancient Rome
Classical scholars of the University of Durham
Classical scholars of the University of Leeds
Classical scholars of the State University of New York
Classical scholars of Harvard University
Harvard University Department of History faculty
Latin epigraphers
Historians of ancient Rome
Scholars of ancient Greek history
Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Academics of Durham University
Academics of the University of Leeds

Ernst Badian


Caroline Bouvier Kennedy (born November 27, 1957) is an American author, attorney, and diplomat serving as the United States Ambassador to Australia since 2022. Kennedy previously served in the Obama administration as the United States ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017. She is a member of the Kennedy family and the only surviving child of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States and former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.

Less than a month before Caroline's third birthday, her father won the 1960 presidential election. She spent her early childhood years in the White House during his presidency, and was almost six when he was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The following year, she and her brother John F. Kennedy Jr. moved with their mother Jacqueline to the Upper East Side of Manhattan, where Caroline attended grade school.

Kennedy graduated from Harvard University and worked at Manhattan's Metropolitan Museum of Art, where she met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. She later earned a J.D. degree from Columbia Law School. Most of Kennedy's professional life has been in law, politics, education reform, and charitable work. She has also acted as a spokesperson for her family's legacy, especially that of her father, and co-authored two books with Ellen Alderman on civil liberties.

Early in the primary race for the 2008 presidential election, Kennedy and her uncle, Ted Kennedy, endorsed Democratic candidate Barack Obama. She later stumped for him in Florida, Indiana, and Ohio, served as co-chair of his Vice Presidential Search Committee, and addressed the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.

After Obama selected United States senator Hillary Clinton to serve as secretary of state, Kennedy expressed interest in being appointed to Clinton's vacant Senate seat from New York, but later withdrew from consideration for personal reasons. In 2013, President Obama appointed Kennedy as the United States ambassador to Japan. Eight years later, Joe Biden appointed Kennedy as United States ambassador to Australia and she took office following her confirmation on June 10, 2022.

Early life

White House years

Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born by caesarean section on November 27, 1957, at New York Hospital in Manhattan's Upper East Side to John Fitzgerald Kennedy (then a U.S. senator from Massachusetts) and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy. She is named after her maternal aunt, Lee Radziwill, and maternal great-grandmother, Caroline Ewing Bouvier. A year before Caroline's birth, her parents had a stillborn daughter. She had a younger brother, John Jr., who was born just before her third birthday in 1960. Another brother, Patrick, died two days after his premature birth in 1963. Caroline lived with her parents in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. during the first three years of her life. When Caroline was three years old, the family moved to the White House after her father was sworn in as president of the United States.

Caroline frequently attended kindergarten in classes that were organized by her mother, and she was often photographed riding her pony "Macaroni" around the White House grounds. One such photo in a news article inspired singer-songwriter Neil Diamond to write his song, "Sweet Caroline", which he revealed when performing it for Caroline's 50th birthday. As a small child, Caroline received numerous gifts from dignitaries, including a puppy from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and a Yucatán pony from Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson.  A short-lived comic strip was created about her.

Historians described Caroline's childhood personality as "a trifle remote and a bit shy at times" yet "remarkably unspoiled." "She's too young to realize all these luxuries", her paternal grandmother, Rose Kennedy, said of her. "She probably thinks it's natural for children to go off in their own airplanes. But she is with her cousins, and some of them dance and swim better than she. They do not allow her to take special precedence. Little children accept things".

When Caroline's father was assassinated in 1963, nanny Maud Shaw took her and John Jr. from the White House to the home of their maternal grandmother, Janet Bouvier Auchincloss, who insisted that Shaw be the one to tell Caroline about her father's assassination. That evening, Caroline and John Jr. returned to the White House, and while Caroline was in bed, Shaw broke the news to her. Shaw soon found out that Jacqueline had wanted to be the one to tell the two children, which caused a rift between Shaw and Jacqueline. On December 6, two weeks after the assassination, Jacqueline, Caroline, and John Jr. moved out of the White House and returned to Georgetown. Their new home became a tourist attraction and the family left Georgetown the following year. They later moved to a penthouse apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side.

Later childhood years
In 1967, Caroline christened the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy in a widely publicized ceremony in Newport News, Virginia. Over that summer, Jacqueline took the children on a six-week "sentimental journey" to Ireland, where they met President Éamon de Valera and visited the Kennedy ancestral home at Dunganstown. In the midst of the trip, Caroline and John were surrounded by a large number of press photographers while playing in a pond. The incident caused their mother to telephone Ireland's Department of External Affairs and request the issuing of a statement that she and the children wanted to be left in peace. As a result of the request, further attempts by press photographers to photograph the threesome ended with arrests by local police and the photographers being jailed.

Caroline and John Jr.'s uncle Robert F. Kennedy became a major presence in both children's lives following their father's assassination, and Caroline saw Robert as a surrogate father. However, when her uncle was assassinated in 1968, Jacqueline sought a means of protecting her children, stating: "I hate this country.  I despise America and I don't want my children to live here anymore.  If they're killing Kennedys, my kids are the number one targets.  I have the two main targets.  I want to get out of this country". Jacqueline Kennedy married Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis several months later and she and the children moved to Skorpios, his Greek island. The next year, 11-year-old Caroline attended the funeral of her grandfather, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Her cousin, David, asked her about her feelings towards her mother's new husband and she replied, "I don't like him".

In 1970, Jacqueline wrote her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy a letter stating that Caroline had been without a godfather since Robert Kennedy's death and would like Ted to assume the role. Ted began making regular trips from Washington to New York to see Caroline, where she was in school. In 1971, Caroline returned to the White House for the first time since her father's assassination when she was invited by President Richard Nixon to view the official portrait of her father.

Onassis died in March 1975, and Caroline returned to Skorpios for his funeral. A few days later she and her mother and brother attended the presentation by French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing of the Legion of Honor award to her aunt, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. Later that year, Caroline was visiting London to complete a year-long art course at the Sotheby's auction house, when an IRA car bomb placed under the car of her hosts, Conservative MP Sir Hugh Fraser and his wife, Antonia, exploded shortly before she and the Frasers were due to leave for their daily drive to Sotheby's. Caroline had not yet left the house, but a neighbor, oncologist Professor Gordon Hamilton Fairley, was passing by when he was walking his dog and was killed by the explosion.

Education and personal life
Kennedy began her education with kindergarten classes in the White House organized by her mother. Before the family's move to New York, she was registered at Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart. She attended The Brearley School and Convent of the Sacred Heart in New York City and graduated from Concord Academy in Massachusetts in 1975.  She was a photographer's assistant at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. In 1977, she worked as a summer intern at the New York Daily News, earning $156 a week ($ in  dollars), "fetching coffee for harried editors and reporters, changing typewriter ribbons and delivering messages." Kennedy reportedly "sat on a bench alone for two hours the first day before other employees even said hello to her"; and, according to Richard Licata, a former News reporter, "Everyone was too scared."  Kennedy also wrote for Rolling Stone about visiting Graceland shortly after the death of Elvis Presley.

In 1980, she earned a Bachelor of Arts from Radcliffe College at Harvard University.  During college, Kennedy had "considered becoming a photojournalist, but soon realized she could never make her living observing other people because they were too busy watching her." After graduating, Kennedy was hired as a research assistant in the Film and Television Department of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. She later became a "liaison officer between the museum staff and outside producers and directors shooting footage at the museum", helping coordinate the Sesame Street special Don't Eat the Pictures. On December 4, 1984, Caroline was threatened when a man telephoned the museum and stated his name and address while reporting that a bomb had been planted there. Three days later, he was arrested for the threat. In 1988, she earned a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School, graduating in the top ten percent of her class.

Caroline was romantically linked to many famous men, including Mark Shand, Sebastian Taylor, and Jonathan Guinness, a member of the Guinness family. While working at the Met, Kennedy met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. They married in 1986 at Our Lady of Victory Church in Centerville, Massachusetts. Kennedy's first cousin Maria Shriver served as the bride's matron of honor, and Ted later walked her down the aisle. Kennedy is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Caroline Kennedy Schlossberg", but she did not change her name at the time she married. Kennedy has three children: Rose Kennedy Schlossberg (born 1988), Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg (born 1990), and John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg, known as Jack (born 1993).

Raised in Manhattan and somewhat separated from their Hyannisport cousins, Caroline and John Jr. were very close, and especially so following their mother's death in 1994. After John Jr. died in a plane crash in 1999, Caroline was the only remaining survivor of President Kennedy's immediate family, and she preferred not to have a public memorial service for her brother. She decided that his remains would be cremated and his ashes scattered into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, where he met his fate. John Jr. bequeathed Caroline his half ownership of George magazine, but Caroline believed that her brother would not have wanted the magazine to continue following his death, and the magazine ceased publication two years later.

Kennedy owns her mother's  estate known as Red Gate Farm in Aquinnah (formerly Gay Head) on Martha's Vineyard. The New York Daily News estimated Kennedy's net worth in 2008 at over $100 million. During her 2013 nomination to serve as ambassador to Japan, financial disclosure reports showed her net worth to be between $67 million and $278 million, including family trusts, government and public authority bonds, commercial property in New York, Chicago and Washington, and holdings in the Cayman Islands.

Public career: 1989–present

Kennedy is an attorney, writer, and editor who has served on the boards of numerous non-profit organizations. With Ellen Alderman, she co-wrote the book, In Our Defense: The Bill of Rights In Action, which was published in 1991. During an interview regarding the volume, Kennedy explained that the two wanted to show why the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution was written. She attended the Robin Hood Foundation annual breakfast on December 7, 1999. Her brother John had been committed to the organization, which she spoke of at the event. In 2000, she supported Al Gore for the presidency and mentioned feeling a kinship with him since their fathers served together in the Senate. Kennedy spoke at the 2000 Democratic National Convention which was held in Los Angeles, California, the first time since the 1960 Democratic National Convention, where her father had been nominated by the Democratic Party for the presidency.

From 2002 through 2004, she worked as director of the Office of Strategic Partnerships for the New York City Department of Education, appointed by School Chancellor Joel Klein. The three-day-a-week job paid her a salary of $1 and had the goal of raising private money for the New York City public schools; she helped raise more than $65 million. She served as one of two vice chairs of the board of directors of The Fund for Public Schools and is currently honorary director of the fund. She has also served on the board of trustees of Concord Academy, which she attended as a teen.

Kennedy and other members of her family created the Profile in Courage Award in 1989. The award is given to a public official or officials whose actions demonstrate politically courageous leadership in the spirit of John F. Kennedy's book, Profiles in Courage. In 2001, she presented the award to former president Gerald Ford for his controversial pardon of former president Richard M. Nixon almost 30 years prior. She is also president of the Kennedy Library Foundation and an adviser to the Harvard Institute of Politics. Kennedy is a member of the New York and Washington, D.C., bar associations. She is also a member of the boards of directors of the Commission on Presidential Debates and the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, and is an honorary chair of the American Ballet Theatre. Kennedy represented her family at the funeral services of former presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford and former First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson and Barbara Bush. She also represented her family at the dedication of the Bill Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas, in November 2004, and at the dedication of the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library in 1997. Kennedy attended the fiftieth-anniversary ceremony of the March on Washington on August 28, 2013. On December 7, 2019, Kennedy christened the new USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) at Newport News Shipbuilding.

After her post as ambassador to Japan ended, the Boeing Company elected her in August 2017 to serve on its board of directors.
She resigned her position on the board of directors on January 15, 2021.

2008 and 2012 presidential elections

On January 27, 2008, Kennedy announced in a New York Times op-ed piece entitled, "A President Like My Father," that she would endorse Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Her concluding lines were: "I have never had a president who inspired me the way people tell me that my father inspired them. But for the first time, I believe I have found the man who could be that president—not just for me, but for a new generation of Americans."

Federal Election Commission records show that Kennedy contributed $2,300 to the Hillary Rodham Clinton presidential campaign committee on June 29, 2007. She previously contributed a total of $5,000 to Clinton's 2006 senatorial campaign. On September 18, 2007, she contributed $2,300 to Barack Obama's presidential campaign committee.

On June 4, 2008, Obama named Kennedy, along with Jim Johnson and Eric Holder, to co-chair his Vice Presidential Search Committee. (Johnson withdrew one week later.) Filmmaker Michael Moore called on Kennedy to "Pull a Cheney", and name herself as Obama's vice presidential running mate (Dick Cheney headed George W. Bush's vice presidential vetting committee in 2000—Cheney himself was chosen for the job). On August 23, Obama announced that Senator Joe Biden of Delaware would be his running mate. Kennedy addressed the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, introducing a tribute film about her uncle, Senator Ted Kennedy. The Topps trading card company memorialized Caroline Kennedy's involvement in the campaign by featuring her on a card in a set commemorating Obama's road to the White House.

Kennedy was among the 35 national co-chairs of Obama's 2012 re-election campaign. On June 27, 2012, Kennedy made appearances in Nashua and Manchester, New Hampshire, to campaign for the re-election of President Obama.

There was media speculation that she might become a possible candidate for the 2020 Presidential primaries and election but this did not come to pass.

United States Senate seat

In December 2008, Kennedy expressed interest in the United States Senate seat occupied by Hillary Clinton, who had been selected to become Secretary of State. This seat was to be filled through 2010 by appointment of New York Governor David Paterson. This same seat was held by Kennedy's uncle Robert F. Kennedy from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968, when he was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. Kennedy's appointment was supported by Congresswoman Louise Slaughter, State Assemblyman Vito Lopez, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg, and former New York City Mayor Ed Koch.

She was criticized for not voting in a number of Democratic primaries and general elections since registering in 1988 in New York City and for not providing details about her political views. In response, Kennedy released a statement through a spokeswoman that outlined some of her political views including that she supported legislation legalizing same-sex marriage, was pro-choice, against the death penalty, for restoring the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, and believed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) should be re-examined. On foreign policy, her spokeswoman reiterated that Kennedy opposed the Iraq War from the beginning as well as that she believed that Jerusalem should be the undivided capital city of Israel. Kennedy declined to make disclosures of her financial dealings or other personal matters to the press, stating that she would not release the information publicly unless she were selected by Governor Paterson. She did complete a confidential 28-page disclosure questionnaire required of hopefuls, reported to include extensive financial information.

In an interview with the Associated Press, Kennedy acknowledged that she would need to prove herself. "Going into politics is something people have asked me about forever", Kennedy said. "When this opportunity came along, which was sort of unexpected, I thought, 'Well, maybe now. How about now?' [I'll have to] work twice as hard as anybody else..... I am an unconventional choice..... We're starting to see there are many ways into public life and public service". In late December 2008, Kennedy drew criticism from several media outlets for lacking clarity in interviews, and for using the phrase "you know" 168 times during a 30-minute interview with NY1.

Shortly before midnight on January 22, 2009, Kennedy released a statement that she was withdrawing from consideration for the seat, citing "personal reasons". Kennedy declined to expand upon the reasons that led to her decision. One day after Kennedy's withdrawal, Paterson announced his selection of Representative Kirsten Gillibrand to fill the Senate seat.

United States Ambassador to Japan (2013–2017)

On July 24, 2013, President Obama announced Kennedy as his nominee to be United States Ambassador to Japan to succeed Ambassador John Roos.  The prospective nomination was first reported in February 2013 and, in mid-July 2013, formal diplomatic agreement to the appointment was reportedly received from the Japanese government.

On September 19, 2013, Kennedy sat before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and responded to questions regarding her potential appointment. Kennedy explained that her focus would be military ties, trade, and student exchange if she was selected for the position. On September 30, 2013, the committee favorably reported her nomination to the Senate floor. She was confirmed on October 16, 2013, by voice vote as the first female U.S. Ambassador to Japan and was sworn in by Secretary of State John Kerry on November 12. Kennedy arrived in Japan on November 15 and met Japanese diplomats three days later. On November 19, NHK showed live coverage of Kennedy's arrival at the Imperial Palace to present her diplomatic credentials to Emperor Akihito.

Tenure

In December 2013, she visited Nagasaki to meet with survivors of the 1945 atomic bombing of that city. On August 5, 2014, she attended a memorial ceremony for victims of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima; she was the second U.S. ambassador to attend the annual memorial. This was her second visit to Hiroshima, having visited in 1978 with her uncle, Senator Ted Kennedy.

In February 2014, Kennedy visited the southern Japanese island of Okinawa, the site of the large military bases of United States Forces Japan, and was received by protests against the American military presence and placards with "no base" written on them. The protesters are opposed to the American military presence citing various concerns over sexual assaults and the environmental impact of the base. Kennedy subsequently met with Okinawa's governor, Hirokazu Nakaima, who was re-elected in 2010 in opposition to the base. She pledged to reduce the burden of the American military presence in Okinawa.

In April 2015, Kennedy visited the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, which displayed the impact from the 1945 atomic bombing. Kennedy called her visit a "solemn honor" and also planted dogwood trees on a road, participating in a U.S. project to spread 3,000 dogwood trees across Japan.

On August 6, 2015, Kennedy accompanied US Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Rose Gottemoeller to the memorial for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan by the United States in World War II. It marked the 70th anniversary of the bombing, and Gottemoeller became the first senior American official to attend the annual memorial. Kennedy was only the second US ambassador to attend. With representatives of 100 countries in attendance, Japanese prime minister Shinzō Abe reiterated Japan's official support for the abolition of nuclear weapons.

On August 15, 2015 Kennedy was named sponsor for the second USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) a Gerald R. Ford class supercarrier named for her father.  Kennedy christened CVN-79 on December 7, 2019, the 78th anniversary of the Attack on Pearl Harbor.  Traditionally, a person only sponsors one United States navy ship; however, Kennedy is one of the rare exceptions who sponsored two ships and the only person known to sponsor two aircraft carriers.

Kennedy resigned as the United States Ambassador to Japan shortly before Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th President of the United States. She formally left Japan as Ambassador on January 18, 2017. In recognition of her service, Kennedy was awarded Japan's Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun in 2021.

United States Ambassador to Australia

On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Kennedy to be the United States Ambassador to Australia. Hearings on her nomination were held before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on April 7, 2022. The committee favorably reported her to the Senate floor on May 4, 2022. She was confirmed by the Senate on May 5, 2022, by voice vote. Kennedy was officially sworn in on June 10, 2022. She presented her credentials to Governor-General of Australia David Hurley on July 25, 2022.

Works published
Kennedy and Ellen Alderman have written two books together on civil liberties:
 In Our Defense: The Bill of Rights In Action (1991)
 The Right to Privacy (1995)

On her own, Kennedy has edited these New York Times best-selling volumes:
 The Best-Loved Poems of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (2001);
 Profiles in Courage for Our Time (2002);
 A Patriot's Handbook (2003);
 A Family of Poems: My Favorite Poetry for Children (2005).

She is also the author of A Family Christmas, a collection of poems, prose, and personal notes from her family history (2007, ). In April 2011, a new collection of poetry, She Walks In Beauty – A Woman's Journey Through Poems, edited and introduced by Caroline Kennedy, was published. She launched the book at the John F Kennedy Library & Museum at Columbia Point, Dorchester, MA.

See also
 Kennedy family tree

References
Citations

Book sources

External links

 Ms. Kennedy Regrets She's Unable to Be in the Senate Today, Larissa MacFarquhar, The New Yorker, February 2, 2009

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1957 births
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Caroline Kennedy