Minneapolis City Center (also known simply as City Center) is a mixed-use shopping mall on Nicollet Mall in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It opened in 1983 and occupies the bottom three floors of the 33 South Sixth office building. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Minneapolis City Center contains  of leasable retail space. The mall was built around the pre-existing Forum Cafeteria restaurant. The building is adjacent to the Marriott Hotel City Center and connected to the Gaviidae Common shopping mall.

Until January 2023, Minneapolis City Center was anchored by Marshalls. Currently all anchor spaces sit vacant. Former major tenants at the mall included Carson Pirie Scott, Donaldson's, Montgomery Ward, Office Depot, Saks Off Fifth Avenue, and Sports Authority. Through the Minneapolis Skyway System, the mall connects to six other surrounding buildings. The center has also undergone several major renovations, including one in 2005 and an ongoing one that began in 2019.

History
Minneapolis City Center first opened in 1983 between the 6th and 7th Street blocks along Minneapolis' Nicollet Mall. It was designed by the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, occupying the first three floors of the 33 South Sixth skyscraper. Ground was broken for the project in December 1979, headed by Minneapolis City Council president Lou DeMars. Construction of the mall was estimated to cost US$37 million (US$130 million in 2019), with assistance from a citywide tax increment initiative. Canada-based Oxford Properties agreed to develop Minneapolis City Center after much discussion: "Oxford pitched the project to the [Minneapolis] council by promising to reimburse the city for the full cost of acquiring the downtown block [...] First, though, the city would have to acquire the site using its powers of condemnation, bulldoze the existing building, and prepare the site for construction." The mall was originally anchored by a flagship Donaldson's department store, which opened ahead of the rest of the project in August 1982. The anchor later transitioned into a Carson Pirie Scott location after the retailer purchased Donaldson's in 1986.

In 1993, Montgomery Ward took over some of the space previously occupied by Carson Pirie Scott. Unused parts of the anchor tenant were transformed into leasable space for Marshalls and smaller retailers such as Limited Express and Musicland. Montgomery Ward later closed its Minneapolis location in October 1997 and was partially replaced with an Office Depot location in 1999. During 2005, the shopping center underwent a US$15 million renovation. San Francisco-based Shorenstein Properties purchased Minneapolis City Center in 2012.

In January 2015, Saks Fifth Avenue announced plans to open a clearance store at the Minneapolis City Center, relocating from their former  location at the neighboring Gaviidae Common. The new location opened on April 21, 2016, in the two-story,  space formerly occupied by Office Depot, which closed in 2014. On October 9, 2015, Sports Authority opened a  anchor store on the southern corner. Less than a year later, the location closed along with 140 other locations nationwide. During Super Bowl LII, which took place in Minneapolis, the empty space last tenanted by Sports Authority was used as temporary office space for National Football League employees and volunteers. Other tenants leasing space at Minneapolis City Center throughout the decade include Allen Edmonds, Brooks Brothers, Fogo de Chão, and GNC. Cardigan Donuts also opened their flagship location at City Center in 2017. Local upscale retailer Len Druskin once occupied several spaces within the shopping center but shuttered all locations in 2017, following a buyout from Lebanese-American businessman Marcus Lemonis.

On July 15, 2018, a customer inside of the basement Marshalls store deliberately set a clothing rack on fire, causing US$500,000 worth of damage to merchandise. A month later, the suspect was arrested and charged with two counts of arson, backed by surveillance camera footage which captured the incident. In October of the same year, a restaurant named Fhima's launched in a space previously vacant but once occupied by a cafeteria-style eatery. In March 2021, the Target Corporation, a major tenant of 33 South Sixth and an occupant of Minneapolis City Center, announced it would prematurely end its lease.

Design and location

Minneapolis City Center features elements of modern and brutalist architecture. According to MinnPosts Nick Magrino, the center's brutalist exterior appearance is similar to that of the nearby Riverside Plaza apartment complex. It was designed as part of an initiative by Minneapolis to increase the amount of retail located within the downtown neighborhood. Minneapolis City Center incorporated an already existing onsite restaurant, named the Forum Cafeteria, into its design during construction. The appearance of the center, however, was criticized by some Minneapolis residents for being "bland" and boring. Beneath the shopping mall is a seven-story parking garage with 687 spaces for employees of the building and 33 South Sixth.

Minneapolis City Center also serves as a major hub for the Minneapolis Skyway System, serving as a connecting point for six skyways. The mall connects to 50 South Sixth, 700 Nicollet, Gaviidae Common, Mayo Clinic Square, the Plymouth Building, and Radisson Blu Minneapolis Downtown. Adjacent to the building is the Marriott Hotel City Center, the tallest hotel in Minneapolis, which was also designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and completed in 1983.

Future construction
In June 2018, an unidentified foreign buyer purchased Minneapolis City Center and the adjoining 33 South Sixth building for US$320 million, establishing a record-breaking sale for office-designated buildings in Minnesota. Minneapolis-based Ryan Companies serves as the new manager of the retail complex according to city documents. Upon the news, Ryan Companies announced plans to renovate the center in order to create better access to Nicollet Mall. On August 1, 2019, the US$3 million renovation began on the mall's eastern facade, beginning with the removal process of precast concrete panels. One of the new corner entrances to the building, reopened in September 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. The US$3 million entrance was described as "definitely an upgrade" to City Center by Star Tribunes Neal St. Anthony.

References

External links
 Official website

1983 establishments in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Minneapolis
Shopping malls established in 1983
Shopping malls in Hennepin County, Minnesota
Shopping malls in Minnesota
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings
Tourist attractions in Minneapolis

Minneapolis City Center


The Goldreich-Goldwasser-Halevi (GGH) signature scheme is a digital signature scheme proposed in 1995 and published in 1997, based on solving the closest vector problem (CVP) in a lattice. The signer demonstrates knowledge of a good basis for the lattice by using it to solve CVP on a point representing the message; the verifier uses a bad basis for the same lattice to verify that the signature under consideration is actually a lattice point and is sufficiently close to the message point.

The idea was not developed in detail in the original paper, which focussed more on the associated encryption algorithm.

GGH signatures form the basis for the NTRUSign signature algorithm.

 and Oded Regev had cryptanalyzed (broken) the original GGH signature scheme in 2006.

Bibliography

 Preliminary version in EUROCRYPT 2006.

External links
 The webpage of the original paper

Digital signature schemes
Lattice-based cryptography

GGH signature scheme


Brain Droppings is a 1997 book by comedian George Carlin. This was Carlin's "first real book" and contains much of Carlin's stand-up comedy material. According to the cover, the book contains "jokes, notions, doubts, opinions, questions, thoughts, beliefs, assertions, assumptions, and disturbing references" and "comedy, nonsense, satire, mockery, merriment, sarcasm, ridicule, silliness, bluster, and toxic alienation". For longtime Carlin fans, the book also contains complete versions of two of his most famous monologues, "A Place for My Stuff" and "Baseball and Football".

The hardcover edition was on the New York Times Bestseller List for 18 weeks straight. The following year, the paperback edition was published. It stayed on the New York Times Bestseller List for 20 weeks. Both editions were published by Hyperion.

As of January 2001, the book had sold over 750,000 total copies.

Writer and television commentator Mike Barnicle supposedly lifted material from the book, without accreditation, and presented it as his own. He denied having read the book, but footage of
Barnicle praising the book and saying "There's a yuk on every page" turned up. Barnicle was suspended for the action.

In August 1998, Hyperion published a 1999 calendar containing quips and quotes from the book.

In May 2000, the book was published as an audiobook by HighBridge, in both CD and cassette tape formats. The audiobook received a Grammy award, Carlin's third, in February 2001.

Differences in audiobook
Since there was a 3-year gap between the printed book and the audiobook, a few things were changed due to changes in both Carlin's personal life and in the world in general.
His wife, Brenda, died shortly after the book was published, so in the audiobook he said "I've had a great marriage..." instead of "I have..."
He mentions being happy the Yankees annihilated the Braves in the World Series in the book, but mentions it happened twice in the audiobook, as the two teams played again in 1999.
In mentioning teams who could never quite win the big title after so many years, he mentions the Vikings, the Broncos, the Bills, the Cubs, and the Red Sox in the book. In the audiobook, he omits the Broncos because they had subsequently won two Super Bowls.
At the end of his discussion of when super celebrities die, in the book he says he can't even fathom Frank Sinatra's or Ronald Reagan's death. He omitted Sinatra in the audiobook after he died in 1998.
In a non-chronological change, in his "Baseball and Football" segment, he adds the weird fact that baseball is the only one of the four major American sports that is sensibly unwatchable in a mirror. (Though this was touched on in one of his "Short Takes" sections.)

References

1997 books
Books by George Carlin
Comedy books
Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album

Brain Droppings


The global minimum corporate tax rate, or simply the global minimum tax (abbreviated GMCT or GMCTR), is a minimum rate of tax on corporate income internationally agreed upon and accepted by individual jurisdictions. Each country would be eligible to a share of revenue generated by the tax. The aim is to reduce tax competition between countries and discourage multinational corporations (MNC) from profit shifting to achieve tax avoidance.

Global minimum tax 2023
On 8 October 2021, 136 countries agreed to a plan of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement 15% global minimum tax rate, starting in 2023. 4 countries are yet to sign up (Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). A two-pillar solution has been implemented by the OECD to address issues connected to digitalization of the economy.
Consenting governments are currently discussing implementation plans and turning the agreement into law. For example, the European Union is on its way to developing new rules for this new agreement and getting deadlines for the implementation. A unanimous agreement among the 27 EU member states is still required but it should be done by 2023. For Switzerland, a constitutional amendment is required to adopt this new accord, and it will likely wait until 2024 for the Swiss rules to change. Finally, the United States is studying changes to its own approach but it is not yet known when these changes will be adopted.

Why was it imposed?
International tax rules developed in the environment of the last century do not fit the purpose of the modern economy. Digitalisation has created new problems: scale without mass (growth of firms without physical presence), reliance on intangible assets or centrality of data. The previous and new technologies have facilitated tax avoidance through profit shifting to low-tax jurisdictions. The result is a "race to the bottom", a tax competition among countries to attract foreign investment. This is causing loss of tax revenue and purportedly the endangerment of government functions in higher-tax countries.

How will the tax operate?
The tax works on a two-pillar system which should improve current corporate taxation rules. These rules prevent countries from taxing MNCs' income generated in their jurisdictions unless MNCs have nexus (physical presence) in that country.

Pillar one (Reallocation of profits)
Pillar one is concerned with new profit allocation rules applying to the largest and most profitable MNCs with worldwide revenue greater than €20 billion and profitability above 10%. This amount could also be in 7 years reduced to €10 billion if the implementation succeeds.

This pillar redistributes excess profits of MNCs to jurisdictions, where consumers or users are located, regardless of whether firms are in those jurisdictions physically present. The amount redistributed will be computed as 20-30% of the residual profits of companies in scope. This should result in fairer distribution of profits and taxing rights among countries. Taxing rights on more than $125 billion of profit should be reallocated to market jurisdictions each year.

Pillar two (global minimum corporate tax of 15%)
The pillar two introduces a new global minimum corporate tax of 15% for corporations in scope. It will apply to multinational groups with revenue exceeding EUR 750 million. This regime is estimated to generate around US$150 billion additional tax revenues annually. It addresses the relationship between parent MNCs and their subsidiaries. If the MNC's subsidiary has low-taxed income, then the MNC must pay a top-up tax to increase the tax rate related to the income to 15%. According to current rules subsidiaries located in tax havens pay little to no taxes. This will not be possible in the future. The global minimum tax consists of three principal rules: inclusion rule (IIR), the undertaxed payments rule (UTPR) and the subject to tax rule (STTR). IIR works in a similar and complementary fashion as the UTPR. Both refer to the already mentioned 15% minimum effective tax rate. Together they are referred to as GloBe.

Income inclusion rule (IIR)
The IIR is the primary rule. It will be applied and collected in the jurisdiction of the parent MNC. However, it will not apply to the head office itself. This rule introduces a top-up tax which is applied to the head office if the effective tax rate of all the consolidated companies and branches in each jurisdiction doesn't reach the minimum tax of 15%. The top-up tax is then based on the minimum tax. This rule should ensure that the MNC group is subject to a minimum tax regardless of where it is headquartered and without giving risk to double or over taxation.

Undertaxed payments rule (UTPR)
The UTPR is applied after IIR and serves as a backstop to the IIR in circumstances where the Income inclusion rule is ineffective. This rule is applied, when the parent MNC is located in a low tax jurisdiction or is located or when the ownership entity is located in a jurisdiction, which has not implemented the IIR. In that case the top-up tax will be collected by the countries in which other group companies are located.

Subject to tax rule (STTR)
The STTR is the Third Pillar 2 rule. It is a treaty-based rule that allows countries to tax payments that might face a rate of tax above the minimum level granted. The STTR tax rate would be withheld between 7.5% to 9%. If a jurisdiction does not levy a tax on certain payments to an adequate level, then the jurisdiction of the payer is allowed to excise the top-up withholding tax. These certain payments include only payments made between connected person such as interest, royalties, brokerage, financial fees, rent, insurance etc. Where the payments consist of multiple elements (e.g. royalty plus a payment for service), the rule is only applied to the element within scope.

The STTR, the IIR, and the UTPR differ at some points:

•	First, STTR can be applied regardless of the group size. (i.e., the EUR 750 million thresholds may not apply)

•	Second, the STTR only applies to certain categories of related party payments

•	Third, the STTR applies on a payment-by-payment basis and not in a general application under the global minimum tax.[8]

The studied pillars, Pillar 1 and Pillar 2, both represent a big change when it comes to the international tax rules. By 2023, countries are required to debate these new changes in order to set new laws to adapt to the new situation.

Impact on countries with low corporate income tax
If countries with CIT lower than 15% decide to do nothing, they might lose out on taxing rights. These taxing rights on locally generated income might go to another country. For example, if the parent MNC is located in a low tax jurisdiction which has not implemented the IIR, then the top-up tax will be calculated by the next intermediary holding company in the ownership chain. In this case the low tax jurisdiction would lose out on tax revenue over which it would have had primary taxing rights.

Countries with low or no CIT might take different approaches:

 Maintain status quo and not implement globally agreed Pillar two. This is unlikely for countries included in the OECD agreement
 Raise current CIT to meet 15%
 Create divided tax policies, where the global minimum tax would apply to only MNC meeting the EUR750m threshold.

For that reason, tax havens such as British Virgin Islands or the Cayman Islands will no longer have incentive to offer reduced or zero tax rates to MNC and will have to increase their headline corporate tax rates making them less attractive to multi-national companies.

History
In 1992 a minimum corporate tax rate was proposed on a regional scale for the European Union member states. The proposal was made by the Ruding Committee in 1992, a European Commission expert panel led by Onno Ruding. The committee's proposal, of a 30% minimum tax, was however not implemented.

2021 statement
In 2019, the OECD, an intergovernmental association of mostly rich countries, began proposing a global minimum corporate tax rate. It argued that the increasing global economic significance of digital products and services requires an update to taxation rules to prevent companies from shifting profits to jurisdictions with a lower corporate tax rate. The OECD formed a group, called Inclusive Framework, that has since been exploring a minimum tax rate among its member states.

In May 2019, Germany and France published a joint proposal for a global minimum effective tax rate named Pillar Two, with the goal of stopping the race to the bottom. Olaf Scholz, then-German Federal Minister of Finance, called the fair taxation of companies one of the main priorities of Germany's presidency of the OECD's Committee on Fiscal Affairs and said that if no agreement can be reached within the OECD, the EU is prepared to take action unilaterally. This Franco-German proposal received wide international support, and both the then-IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde as well as the then-OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría endorsed it.

In 2020, the group's then 137 member states called the blueprint for Pillar Two "a solid basis for a systemic solution that would address remaining base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) challenges". The United States joined the talks of the OECD/G20 group on (tax-) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting in 2020, and in April 2021, Janet Yellen, the United States Treasury Secretary, agreed with the Franco-German proposal.

In June 2021, a meeting of the Group of Seven finance ministers in the leadup to the 2021 G7 Summit endorsed a global minimum corporate tax rate of at least 15% on the 100 largest multinational companies to disincentivize a race to the bottom by countries to attract such multinationals. French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire described the 15% threshold as a starting point that could be raised in the future. Yellen described the pledge as positive for the world economy by leveling the playing field and encouraging positive competition. The chief executive of the Tax Justice Network said that the deal was historic, but unfair and should have been at least 25%. Liu Kun, China's Minister of Finance, said in 2021 that the planned agreement would help create a "fair and sustainable" international tax system.

On 1 July 2021, 130 countries backed an OECD plan to set a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15 per cent.

On 8 October 2021, the EU members Republic of Ireland, Hungary, and Estonia agreed to the OECD plan under the condition that the 15% tax rate will not be raised. The 8 October 2021 statement is called Statement on a Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy. 137 countries in total have approved it. For implementation, it has to be approved by the signatory countries' parliaments.

Implementation
, the UK and Japan have drafted implementation guidelines for the agreement, while the overwhelming majority of other signatories has not yet taken steps in implementing the agreement.

On 2 February 2023, the OECD released technical guidelines for the actual implementation of the global minimum tax. The document provides guidance on several aspects of the Global Anti-Base Erosion (GloBE) Rules. This includes guidance on the recognition of the United States' minimum tax, known as the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI), under the GloBE Rules. It also provides guidance on the design of Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Taxes and on the scope, operation, and transitional elements of the GloBE Rules. This guidance is intended to assist Inclusive Framework members in implementing the rules in a coordinated manner through their domestic legislation. The guidance addresses technical issues raised by stakeholders, such as the collection of top up tax in a jurisdiction in a period where the jurisdiction has no GloBE income and the treatment of debt releases and certain tax credit equity structures.

An analysis from Reuters in June 2023 said the deal was at risk due to US domestic political disputes.

In July 2023, 138 countries agreed to move forward with the reform and committed sign the multilateral convention in the same year. The convention is expected to enter into force in 2025. The Subject-to-Tax Rule (STTR) documentation will be open to signature in October 2023.

Implementation in Switzerland

Switzerland is planning to implement OECD minimum taxation through a constitutional amendment. This amendment was approved by popular vote on 18 June 2023, which gave the Federal Council of Switzerland the authority to implement minimum taxation by ordinance. After six years, the Federal Council will be required to submit a federal law to Parliament for approval.

Only a small fraction of companies in Switzerland will be directly affected by the tax reform. In fact, approximately 99% of companies in Switzerland will not be directly affected and will continue to be taxed as before. Although the full financial impact of the reform is difficult to estimate, initially the annual tax receipts from the supplementary tax are estimated to bring in approximately CHF 1 billion to CHF 2.5 billion, which is equivalent to about 1.2 to 2.8 billion US dollars as of April 2023. About 75% of the tax revenue is to be distributed to those cantons where large companies were previously taxed at a lower rate, and the Confederation is entitled to the remaining 25%.

Criticism
University of California, Berkeley professor Gabriel Zucman applauded the OECD efforts to eliminate corporate tax havens, but criticized the proposed minimum tax rate of 15%, a rate lower than the average combined federal and state income tax rates paid by individual Americans. In Zucman's opinion, a 15% minimum rate would be too small, and recommended raising the minimum rate to 25%, since large corporations could afford the higher minimum rate.

The minimum global corporate tax has been criticized by some low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for not providing an equitable solution for reallocating global taxing rights. While G-7 countries have celebrated the deal as a breakthrough in ending the race to the bottom in corporate taxation worldwide, LMICs have expressed concerns about various inequities embedded in the deal. A number of countries did not sign up immediately over these concerns, including Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and a majority of African countries, although some have since agreed to sign. Concerns include high-income countries having first choice at collecting additional top-up taxes on multinational enterprises (MNEs), the low rate of minimum taxes creating a race to the bottom on corporate income tax rates, and LMICs having to forgo existing and future digital service taxes in exchange for a new formula-based approach to MNE profit reallocation that could undermine their revenue base. Since the tax is not centrally collected, but only on an individual nation basis, G-7 countries were projected to receive 60 percent of the estimated $150 billion in new tax revenue generated, despite being home to only 10 percent of the world's population.

Darin Tuttle, Chief Investment Officer of Tuttle Ventures, publicly cast doubt on the initiative, stating that he believes it's impossible to enforce globally and any smart country outside of the G7 would immediately lower its corporate tax rate to reap the benefits of foreign direct investment.

Christian Hallum, tax policy lead at Oxfam, called the initiative a "tax-haven reshuffle", which could normalise minimal taxation and exceptions to it.

Global taxes vs digital taxes
Part of this global minimum corporate tax rate deal seems to prevent another trade war over digital taxes. A digital services tax (DST), which is a tax on selected gross revenue streams of large digital companies, has been set in some European countries in order to tax digital services. The DSTs have been agreed upon by the OECD and they differ in their structure. For example, Austria and Hungary only tax revenues from online advertising while France includes also the revenues from a provision of a digital interface and the transmission of data collected about users for advertising purposes. These tax rates are between 1.5% to 7.5%.

After the deal on the global minimum corporate tax rate, the communique that the finance ministers agreed to does say that ultimately the idea is to remove all digital services taxes that are in place to avoid double taxation. However, both Canada and the European Union insist on having their own digital taxes, which complicates the situation. Also, this could be a very tricky issue from a political perspective because, from the previous administration, the United States has issues with the idea of digital tax, in the sense that most of these digital companies are Americans and they don't want these firms to be disproportionately targeted.

See also

 Tax competition, which may lead to a race to the bottom between countries
 List of countries by tax rates for a comparison of corporate tax rates around the world, and Tax rates in Europe for just the continent
 Corporate haven, a country with low effective tax rates for corporations
 World taxation system
 International taxation

References

External links
 Statement on a Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy: Full text at the OECD website

Corporate taxation
Corporate tax avoidance
Fiscal policy

Global minimum corporate tax rate


Chistopolsky Uyezd (Чистопольский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Kazan Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Chistopol.

Demographics
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Chistopolsky Uyezd had a population of 305,711. Of these, 48.4% spoke Russian, 32.2% Tatar, 16.2% Chuvash and 3.2% Mordvin as their native language.

References

Uezds of Kazan Governorate
Kazan Governorate

Chistopolsky Uyezd


HMS Buzzard was a Nymphe-class composite screw sloop and the fourth ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name.

Design
Developed and constructed for the Royal Navy on a design by William Henry White, Director of Naval Construction, she was launched at Sheerness Dockyard on 10 May 1887.

Foreign service
The Nymphe-class sloops were ideal for service in the far distant outposts of the British Empire, and Buzzard was employed on the North America and West Indies Station. In early April 1902, under the command of Commander Leicester Francis Gartside Tippinge (1855–1938), she left Bermuda for home waters, calling at Faial Island, before she arrived at Devonport on 20 April. She was paid off at Chatham on 13 May 1902.

Harbour training ship
In 1904 she was converted to a drill ship for the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve at Blackfriars, London, and in 1911 Buzzard relieved HMS President (formerly  of 1878) as headquarters ship, being renamed HMS President on 1 April 1911.

Disposal

As President she served until 23 January 1918, when she was lent to the Marine Society.  She was sold to C A Beard for breaking on 6 September 1921, and was later re-sold to Dutch ship breakers.

Citations

References

Battleships-cruisers.co.uk: Royal Navy Sloops
Port Cities: London

Nymphe-class sloops
Ships built in Sheerness
1887 ships
Victorian-era sloops of the United Kingdom
Royal Navy shore establishments

HMS Buzzard (1887)


The Mud March (January 20, 1863 – January 23, 1863) was an attempt by Union Army Major General Ambrose Burnside to attack Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. After the disastrous defeat of the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Burnside was anxious to redeem himself. He planned for his Army to make a winter march across the Rappahannock River on December 30, 1862. But he had not informed President Abraham Lincoln of his plan. Lincoln called him back. Three weeks passed and this time, with Lincoln's implied approval, the army marched southward. However, winter rains made the roads nearly impassable. After four days the attempt ended in failure.

Background
On December 15, 1862, Burnside's Union army withdrew from the Battle of Fredericksburg back to Falmouth, Virginia. It was a defeat for Burnside and a win for Lee. Lee suffered 5,300 casualties defending Fredericksburg. Union losses were more than twice as many. In total Burnside lost about 12,600 Union soldiers; killed, wounded, or missing. Morale in the Union army was very low that winter. There was political pressure from Washington to continue the "On to Richmond" offensive that had failed up to that point in time. The Northern newspapers reported that 75,000 Confederate soldiers from Lee's army had been sent to reinforce the North Carolina coast. Burnside wanted to move against Lee while the Army of Northern Virginia was weakened. He personally scouted the area above Falmouth for the best place for his army to cross the Rappahannock. As late as January 15, he was still looking at places to cross. Confederate sharpshooters reported seeing Burnside near Banks ford and wondered what the General was up to. Finally, Burnside decided on Banks ford and U.S. ford. He sent troops to Muddy ford to draw attention away from his planned crossing points. On the morning of January 20 the army began to move.

The march
Burnside gave the order which read in part: "the great and auspicious moment has arrived to strike a great and mortal blow to the rebellion, and to gain that decisive victory which is due to the country." At dawn on January 21, the plan called for five pontoon bridges to be assembled at the river's edge allowing two "grand divisions" (two corps each) to cross the river in four hours. The night before, it began raining. By the morning of the 21st, the roads were rapidly becoming too muddy to use. The five pontoons and 150 supporting pieces of artillery that were supposed to be in place had not arrived. The pontoons that did manage to arrive were not enough to make even one bridge. Double and triple teams of horses were hitched to each pontoon wagon. In some cases 150 soldiers would try to help the horses move one boat. They could only move a few feet before horses and men were exhausted.

The rain turned out to be a Nor'easter that caused very heavy rainfall for two days. Men and wagons were stuck in knee-deep mud. Burnside kept pushing his troops to move forward but even soldiers carrying only their haversack and rifle were soon exhausted. By this time Burnside had lost the advantage of surprise. This allowed Lee time to strengthen his lines. He also positioned sharpshooters to harass the Union soldiers that did manage to arrive across the river. In addition, Confederate soldiers jeered and made fun of Burnside's failure. They put up signs saying "This way to Richmond" and "Burnside's Army Stuck in the Mud"!

The road down to the river was in complete chaos. Wagons, artillery and men clogged the road being unable to move. Some mules and horses dropped dead in the road, completely exhausted after being driven to pull a load they could not move. After three days of this, Burnside decided to help raise morale by issuing whiskey to his troops. This turned out to be another bad idea. Soldiers got drunk and started fighting with each other. At times entire regiments were engaged in fistfighting. By the fourth day, January 23rd, Burnside realized he could not get cross the Rappahannock. He finally cancelled the order.

Aftermath
Just before moving his army south in January, Burnside had offered his resignation to Lincoln. President Lincoln declined, and Burnside, apparently satisfied he had Lincoln's approval, went back to his command. After the failure of the Mud March, there was good deal of criticism by some of Burnside's highest officers. Burnside then had Order Number 8 drawn up along with his resignation. He then went to Washington. In a meeting on January 24, Burnside told Lincoln he either had to approve the order or accept his resignation. The President did not accept the order and instead of having Burnside resign, he had him take a leave of absence.

Burnside's Order No. 8 directed the dismissal of Generals Joseph Hooker, John Newton, William T. H. Brooks and John Cochrane. It also relieved Generals William B. Franklin, William Farrar Smith, Samuel D. Sturgis and others, from their duties.

On January 25, 1863, President Lincoln issued General Order No. 20. It relieved General Burnside of command of the Army of the Potomac. It relieved General Edwin Vose Sumner of his command; at his own request. It next relieved General Franklin of his command. Lastly, it assigned General Joseph Hooker to command the Army of the Potomac. In a White House gathering that evening, a friend of Burnside's, Henry J. Raymond, a New York politician, got Lincoln's attention and told the President that Joseph Hooker was unfit to command the Army. He told Lincoln there were many things going on in the Army of the Potomac that the President was not aware of. He then talked about General Hooker's near-treasonable comments. Lincoln leaned over and placing his hand on Raymond's shoulder said quietly: "This is all true, Hooker does talk badly; but the trouble is stronger with the country to-day than any other man." Raymond then asked what the country would think of this if they knew. Lincoln said "The country would not believe it; they would say it is all a lie." The Army of the Potomac, now under Hooker, would meet the Army of Northern Virginia again in the spring at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Burnside's Fredericksburg Campaign Part 3: The Mud March; Essay
 Erica Campbell, 'Did Weather Affect the Civil War?', WTNH Connecticut News

Union Army
1863 in the United States
1860s in Virginia

Mud March


eLife is a scientific journal for the biomedical and life sciences. It is peer-reviewed and open access. It was established at the end of 2012 by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Max Planck Society, and Wellcome Trust. These organizations gave the money for the journal's business and publishing operations.

The  editor-in-chief is Randy Schekman (University of California, Berkeley). Editorial decisions are made largely by senior editors and members of the board of reviewing editors, all of whom are active scientists working in fields ranging from human genetics and neuroscience to biophysics and epidemiology.

Business model
The journal charges authors USD$2,500 for their papers to be published in the journal. It started doing this in 2017.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is indexed in Medline, BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts Service, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus.
In 2016, the journal had an impact factor of 7.725. The journal claims that it will not advertise its impact factor.

eLife digests
Most articles in the journal have an "eLife digest". This is a short version of the article for people who aren't scientists. Since December 2014, the journal has been sharing some of the digests on Medium.

References

Other websites

 eLife on Medium

Science and technology magazines

ELife


Zanzibar is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline and comic book series. He is affiliated with Cobra as the Dreadnoks' pirate and debuted in 1987.

Profile
His real name is Morgan Teach (a reference to two real life pirates Admiral Henry Morgan and Blackbeard). Zanzibar was born in the Cayman Islands.

Zanzibar was raised on a garbage scow, spending most of his formative years picking pockets on crowded piers. He tried river piracy, stock fraud and smuggling, but felt that these were too much like real work and not nasty enough for his tastes. Zanzibar was immediately taken on as a Dreadnok, when he delivered a load of bootleg gasoline to Zartan's filling station. However, due to his selfishness, penchant for stealing and poor personal hygiene, his disposition is so nasty that even the other Dreadnoks don't like him.

Zanzibar overplays the role of a pirate, raiding waterways aboard his air skiff, and even speaking with an excess of bluster. Zartan keeps him on retainer, mostly to keep an eye on him. Many of the Dreadnoks also suspect that his eyepatch is simply for show.

Toys
Zanzibar was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Dreadnok Air Skiff. A second version was released in 2004 as a G.I. Joe convention exclusive repaint of the first figure. A third version was released in an exclusive 7 pack Dreadnok set in Dec 2011.

Comics

Marvel Comics
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #60 (June 1987). He and Monkeywrench are caught stealing bad gasoline from Zartan, the same gas he sold the Cobra agent in the first place. He has some knowledge that helps save Cobra Island from a missile attack arranged by rogue Pentagon agents.

He appears again in issue #89, as part of a multi-Cobra/Dreadnok effort to chase down Clutch and Rock 'n Roll. His "Pogo" craft is run-down by the damaged G.I. Joe vehicle "Mean Dog", and he is captured by Repeater, Wildcard and Hardball.

Devil's Due
He makes a cameo in the Devil's Due Joe series as Cobra prepares to go to war against Serpentor. He is a supporting character in two flashback issues showing Dreadnok business. He helps recruit new members and is seen on an assault mission on rivals who don't show the proper respect.

IDW
In the 2016, Zanzibar is a loyal soldier of the Dreadnoks, under Crystal Ball. They have managed to overtake vital territory in Mongolia. The Chinese ask the G.I. Joe team to come in to root out the Dreadnoks.

Books
Zanzibar is featured in the G.I. Joe tie-in novel 'Invisibility Island'.

Other works
Zanzibar's figure is briefly featured in the fiction novel 6 Sick Hipsters. In the story, the character Paul Achting spent four years collecting G.I. Joe figures to set up a battle scene between the Joes and Cobra. As he imagined the characters in his head, he described the Dreadnoks as "an elite team of maniacal mercenaries allied with Cobra for this battle", with the figures lying in the thick of the shag carpet, and "Toward the edge of the carpet, nearest the closet, Zanzibar, the dread pirate who never changed his socks and brushed his teeth with grape soda, was mounted on the Air Skiff, an over water swamp vehicle that functioned surprisingly well on the thick shag rug".

References

Comics characters introduced in 1987
Dreadnoks
Fictional drivers
Fictional pirates
Male characters in comics

Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)


FS Class 396 was a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotives originally built for the Victor Emmanuel Railway (VE). They were designed for hauling passenger trains and were nicknamed "Mammoth".

History
VE ordered six locomotives from the Cail rolling stock factory and they were delivered in 1860. They were numbered 37-42. In 1865 the locomotives passed to the Società per le strade ferrate dell'Alta Italia (SFAI), which renumbered them 703-708, and later (probably in 1869) 767-772. In 1885, at the creation of the great national networks, the locomotives passed to the Rete Mediterranea (RM) and took the numbers 3942-3947. In 1905, at the time of nationalization, only five units arrived at the FS, which registered them as Class 396 with numbers from 3961-3965. They remained in service until 1911. By then, they were obsolete and they were scrapped in 1912.

Technical details
The locomotives were of simple design. The boiler pressure was 7 bar and they had two inside cylinders and Stephenson valve gear.

References

Further reading

0-6-0 locomotives
396
Railway locomotives introduced in 1860
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Rete Mediterranea steam locomotives
Passenger locomotives

FS Class 396


The Distant Hours is the third novel by Australian author Kate Morton. The hardback edition was published in the United Kingdom by Pan Macmillan in November 2010, the paperback was published in 2011. The Distant Hours was a Sunday Times Top Ten Bestseller in hardback.

Synopsis

Part One
The book begins with arrival of a letter, sent during the Second World War, to a small house on Central London in 1992. Edith Burchill (Edie), a young woman working as an editor in a small family-run publishing firm, is visiting her mother Meredith when the letter arrives. Their relationship has never been close, and Edie is shocked by her mother's emotional reaction. She explains that as a child she was evacuated to Kent during the war. She was taken in by three sisters who lived in their grand, ancestral home of Milderhurst Castle.

Some months later, Edie is driving back from meeting a client and finds herself in the village of Milderhurst. She is immediately entranced by the castle, and remembers having been brought to the gates by her mother when she was very young. She discovers that Milderhurst Castle was the home of the author of her favourite childhood book, "The True History of the Mud Man", and that his youngest daughter was driven mad by being abandoned by her fiancé. She impulsively decides to stay the night and go for a tour of the castle the next day, led by one of the sisters.

The next day she meets the Sisters Blythe; Persephone (Percy), and Seraphina (Saffy), who are twins and daughters of Raymond's first wife, and Juniper, the youngest and daughter of his second wife. Juniper seems to be suffering from dementia, and the twins are very protective of her. She has throughout her life been subject to 'losing time', where she would black out and lose control of her actions. Percy takes Edie on a tour of the castle, showing her the library where the twins' mother Muriel was killed in a fire. When Percy leaves Edie alone to answer the telephone, she is met by Juniper wearing a very old and beautiful dress. Juniper calls her Meredith, and tells her that she's done something terrible. Edie is quickly escorted from the castle.

The story then cuts to 1941, where the twins (who are then in their thirties) are preparing for Juniper and a mysterious guest to arrive for dinner. Saffy realises that the man Juniper is bringing with her is her lover, a man called Thomas Cavill, and that Juniper is bringing him to announce their engagement. A storm starts to rage outside as they wait in the parlour. Juniper and Thomas are extremely late, and the twins are beginning to worry that they won't arrive, when there is a knock at the door.

Part Two
Edie decides to ask her mother more about her stay at Milderhurst Castle. When her mother refuses to speak about it Edie calls on her Aunt Rita, who finds a box of letters written by Meredith to her family while she was at Milderhurst. Before she can read them she has to rush to the hospital, where her father is being treated for a heart attack.

The story then cuts to the day of Meredith's evacuation in 1939, as she leaves her family and travels to Milderhurst. Percy is due at the town hall to collect an evacuee, but is distracted by hearing a rumour that her housekeeper, Lucy, is due to be married. She feels keenly betrayed, and loses several hours wandering in her own thoughts. In the end Juniper, who is known for acting irrationally and on her own agenda, picks Meredith out of the group of children who are left. Saffy is at home with their father, who refuses to leave his tower and is suffering from paranoid delusions of the Mud Man coming to kill him. Lucy comes to tell her of her engagement, and to announce her resignation.

Part Three
Due to his heart attack, Edie's father is unable to leave his bed. Her investigation of the Mud Man's origins piques his interest, and she begins reading the book to him. Having read all the letters Rita gave her, Edie gives the letters to her mother who is infuriated by the intrusion and the two haven't spoken properly since. In her investigations, Edie finds an advert placed by a Theo Cavill trying to find Thomas. She decides to speak to the Theo in the hopes of asking Thomas to explain what happened that night in 1941. Edie finds Theo in a nursing home, and he is excited to hear news about his brother. When she explains that she was hoping to get information from him instead, he is crestfallen, and tells her that Thomas has been missing since 1941. Theo goes on to say that he received a letter sometime later supposedly from Thomas, saying that he had eloped with another woman.

Back in 1939, Thomas is working as an English teacher. He has come to Kent to check on his students, of which his favourite is Meredith, and to make sure they are happy in their surrogate homes. He comes across the pool at the bottom of the Milderhurst Castle estate, and decides to take a swim. Juniper finds him there, and he is stunned by her. When Meredith arrives she explains that she is the happiest she has ever been at Milderhurst. Meredith is the last student he has to check on, and so he leaves Kent to prepare for his first tour of duty with the military.

Juniper is equally taken with Thomas. She and Meredith climb to the roof, where she watches him walk into the distance. She confides that her greatest fear is become like her father – trapped and delusional. From that point they become very close friends.

Edie's father is not as blind to the atmosphere as she believes, and tells her to patch things up with her mother. When Edie approaches Meredith, they discuss the letter from Juniper. Meredith didn't realise that Juniper had written to her after she had to leave Milderhurst, and had believed that her friend had forgotten about her.

Unexpectedly Edie is contacted by a publisher looking to publish a new edition of The Mud Man. Apparently the Sisters Blythe have demanded that she write the introduction, although she has no experience as a writer.

In 1940 the day of Lucy's wedding has arrived, and Percy attends against her better judgement. That afternoon Meredith's parents come to have tea with the sisters, and surprise Meredith by demanding she comes home. She refuses, and runs into the surrounding woods to force them to leave without her.

Part Four
Edie returns to Milderhurst to begin writing her introduction. Saffy suggests that she be allowed to view their father's notebooks, which have been kept locked up since he died. Percy is clearly uncomfortable but agrees.

Once again the story cuts to 1941. Tom has returned from his first tour of duty, and meets Meredith and Juniper unexpectedly in London. He and Juniper begin their relationship, keeping it secret from both of their families. By October they are engaged. He comes to Meredith to give her a book, The Last Days of Paris, a Journalist's Diary. He leaves to travel to Milderhurst and the fateful dinner before planning to re-join his regiment the next week.

Edie returns to the B&B in the village, the landlady confides that her mother was Lucy the housekeeper, and that she thinks Lucy was having an affair with Raymond. She blames this for the obvious coldness Percy has towards her. Edie arrives at the castle the next day, and finds Saffy waiting to talk to her. She is very keen to make Edie see that while Percy feels responsible for Juniper's madness and is painfully overprotective of her sisters and the castle, she is truly a good person. Percy takes Edie down to the muniment room where Raymond's papers are stored. To her horror, Edie finds a letter which suggests that he may have plagiarised the Mud Man. Deeply affected, she makes her way back to the farmhouse.

When she arrives at the castle the following day, Percy is waiting to take her to the tower where Raymond spent his final years. Here she explains that she wrote the letter Edie found. The inspiration for the Mud Man came from an incident that happened when they were children. Her mother was having an affair with an architect, Oliver Sykes. Raymond confronted them one night in the library, and attacked Oliver, causing the fire which led to Muriel's death. Saffy saw Oliver fall from the building into the moat, where he died. From then on she had nightmares about a man who climbed out of the moat to her window to steal her away, which Raymond wrote into his story. Percy had tried to convince him not to publish, to avoid the guilt and suffering he eventually succumbed to. She continues, eager to pass on the secret she has carried since Thomas' disappearance. She says that she killed Thomas by accident, taking him for an intruder when he approached the house in the storm.

When Edie eventually gets back to the B&B, the landlady is eager to show her love letters to her mother, which are signed 'R'. Edie realises they are in fact signed P – for Percy, which explains her coldness towards Lucy's wedding and her family. She is overwhelmed by all the new information, and wakes in the middle of the night. Through her window, she can see flames engulfing Milderhurst Castle.

Part Five
The story returns to the moment of the knock on the door in 1941. Saffy lets in Juniper, who is soaking wet, and can't remember how she got from the bus to the house. Thomas still has not arrived. When Saffy removes Juniper's coat, she is covered in blood and has to be sedated to keep her calm. Percy attempts to find and conceal the evidence of whatever Juniper has done along the road outside, while Saffy waits in the parlour. She takes one of the pills to calm her nerves, and has her childhood nightmare. Meanwhile, Thomas, who has been delayed by the weather and wartime transport, has finally arrived. With Percy out, there is no one to come to the door. He notices a window shutter has come loose in the room above, where Saffy is sleeping. He's eager to make a good impression, and climbs up to the window to attempt to fix it. Saffy, only experiencing her nightmare, thinks he is the Mud Man and strikes him with a wrench. Percy arrives back at the house to find him dead in the moat, and buries him in the pet cemetery on the grounds. Juniper watches Percy burying the body, and begins her descent into madness believing that she killed her fiancé.

In the epilogue it transpires that Juniper helped deliver a baby at the roadside that night, and so was covered in blood and traumatised when she arrived. Percy never told Saffy of her role in Thomas' death, and when her secrets had been released she drugged her sisters and set fire to the library.

Main characters

Other works
Morton's other published works include:
The Clockmaker's Daughter
The House at Riverton (The Shifting Fog)
Miscellanea
The Forgotten Garden
The Secret Keeper
The Lake House

References

External links
 The Distant Hours on the Kate Morton website, 29 May 2010

2010 Australian novels
Fiction set in 1941
Fiction set in 1992
Novels set in London
Novels set in Kent
Allen & Unwin books

The Distant Hours


Rafael Brüschweiler is a scientist who studies nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). He is credited for the development of Covariance NMR, which shortens the NMR measurement time for multidimensional spectra of both solution and solid-state NMR. It also allows for easier analysis and interpretation. For this achievement he was awarded the Laukien Prize in NMR Spectroscopy at the 47th Experimental Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Conference (ENC). He is also a leading scientist in NMR-based metabolomics and protein NMR.

Rafael Brüschweiler is currently a professor of Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry,  executive chair of Campus Chemical Instrument Center (CCIC)-NMR at Ohio State University since 2013 summer, and associate director for biophysics at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory since 2004. He was a George M. Edgar Professor of Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry at The Florida State University from 2004 to 2013. Prior to this he was a professor of chemistry at Clark University where he held the Gustaf H. Carlson Chair.

Rafael Brüschweiler obtained his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from ETH, Zürich under supervision of Nobel Laureate Richard R. Ernst, and did his postdoctoral research at the Scripps Research Institute (Advisor: P. E. Wright and D. A. Case). He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS).

References
Brüschweiler Research Group | Brüschweiler Research Group at OSU Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Clark University faculty
21st-century American physicists
Living people
Florida State University faculty
Ohio State University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Rafael Bruschweiler


Ödön Lechner (born Eugen Lechner, 27 August 1845 – 10 June 1914) was a Hungarian architect, one of the prime representatives of the Hungarian Szecesszió style, which was related to Art Nouveau in the rest of Europe, including the Vienna Secession. He is famous for decorating his buildings with Zsolnay tile patterns inspired by old Magyar and Turkic folk art, which are combined with modern materials such as iron.

Lechner's work was submitted in 2008 for inclusion on the World Heritage List.

Early career and travel
Lechner was born in Pest into a bourgeois family. His father, János Lechner (1812–1884), of Bavarian descent, was a certified lawyer, capital tax collector, and owner of a brick factory, who married Terézia Schummayer (1817–1895). His paternal grandparents were János Lechner Nepomuk (1774–1845), the head of a building materials factory and the Royal Beauty Commissioner of Pest and Erzsébet Hupf (1786–1853). He began his secondary school studies at the Real School of Downtown Pest (Pest-belvárosi Reáltanodán), then he attended the József Ipartanoda (now the Budapest University of Technology and Economics) to study architecture in 1865–66, where one of his teachers was Antal Szkalnitzky, responsible for many of Buda and Pest's major public buildings in the decades before the two cities merged in 1873.

In 1866 Lechner went to Berlin, where he spent three years at the Academy of Architecture with Alajos Hauszmann and Gyula Pártos, studying under Karl Bötticher, who became a great influence with his lectures on building materials, especially the role of iron-framed structures. After finishing his studies in Berlin, Lechner departed on a one-year tour and study in Italy in 1868 with his wife Irma Primayer, whom he had recently married. In 1869 he went into a partnership with Gyula Pártos and the architecture firm received a steady flow of commissions during the boom years of the 1870s, during the construction of buildings lining the ring roads on the Pest side of the Danube. The commissions the partners received were primarily apartment houses in which Lechner worked in the prevailing historicist style, drawing on neo-classical influences from Berlin and the Italian Renaissance.

Lechner interrupted his partnership with Pártos between 1874 and 1878 when he went to work in the studio of Clément Parent in France, where he was involved in the restoration of many French monuments. He took part in the design and renovation of seven castles. This was also influenced by a family tragedy, as after a six-year marriage, Lechner lost his wife Irma in 1875 and was left alone with two small children. In 1879 he also visited England.

Returning home, he reunited with Pártos and together they built a series of large-scale works, such as Szeged City Hall (1882), the apartment building of the former MÁV Pension Institute in Budapest at Andrássy út 25 (1883), and the Milkó House in Szeged). These still represent the historicizing style, but several features of his later art, such the use of folk ornamentation, are already evident in these designs. In 1889–90 he made his second visit to England, this time with Vilmos Zsolnay, a stoneware and terracotta manufacturer. There he studied oriental ceramics, primarily Indian decorative elements, at the South Kensington Museum (now the Victoria and Albert Museum). There was also a trace of English influence among his works, most notably Zsambok Castle (unfortunately destroyed in the Second World War).

Development of szecesszió and a Hungarian national style

After 1890, Lechner increasingly turned to Hungarian folklore, as derived from Persian and Indian decorative arts, as his inspiration in his aim to form a Hungarian national style. His relationship with Zsolnay flourished and throughout the rest of his career he began to make free use of the company's stoneware tiles, beginning with the Thonet House in Budapest, Váci utca (1889) with its steel structure and the façade covered with Zsolnay terracotta. He followed this up with the Museum of Applied Arts (1893–96), a commission for which he and Pártos won the design competition in 1891. The building's glazed tiles, the pyrogranite decorative elements, and the pierced floral motifs testify to Lechner's newfound Indian, Persian, Moorish, and Hungarian folk influences, as well as the cladding theories of German architectural theorist Gottfried Semper. The building represented a significant break from the historicism - mostly Baroque- and Gothic-revival architecture - popular in Budapest at the time. Though it encountered a mixed reception amongst critics, it was triumphantly inaugurated in time for the 1896 celebrations of the millennium anniversary of the Kingdom of Hungary. The building is today considered the first complete statement of Hungarian Szecesszió (Art Nouveau) architecture, and it formed a counterweight in the Hungarian half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy to the work of the Secession developed later in Vienna around Otto Wagner, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Gustav Klimt, and others.

After 1896, Lechner and Pártos dissolved their partnership, with each continuing on in independent practice. In 1897 Lechner was commissioned to build the new home, on Stefánia út east of the city center, of the Geological Museum of Budapest, another of his distinctive Szecesszió designs. These developments in his vocabulary arguably reached their peak with the new Royal Postal Savings Bank (today the Hungarian State Treasury), on Hold utca in Budapest, built from 1899 to 1904. On 1 July 1900 he was named a "Királyi tanácsos" (Royal Counselor) to the King of Hungary, Emperor Franz Josef I, and for his work on the building the Hungarian Képzőművészek egyesülete (Association of Fine Artists) awarded him their "Nagy Aranyéremmel," or Grand Gold Medal.

Among Lechner's ecclesiastical commissions, perhaps the most notable is the parish church of St. Ladislaus in Kőbánya, Budapest, although its design is based on the earlier plans of Elek Barcza. The most significant commission of the last decade of his life was the Catholic Church of St. Elizabeth in Bratislava (then still called Poszony) (1907–13), an exuberant Szecesszió design built as the private chapel of an adjacent Gymnasium school, which is now an independent parish.

Late career and influence

Lechner received a gold medal at the Rome International Architecture Exhibition in 1911, along with his Austrian rival Otto Wagner. In the early 1900s, he received some small assignments, such as the reconstruction of the Dominican House in Szeged; the entrance to the Ernst Museum, Budapest; the Balázs Sipeki Villa; and the Péter Vajda Street School; but he enjoyed little success in his search for larger commissions. In 1906 he published a summary of his views in the journal Művészet. One of Lechner's final commissions was for the Gyula Vermes house in the fifth district of Budapest in 1910–11.

Nonetheless, his creation of the Szecesszió spawned a number of followers and imitators throughout Hungary, including Béla Lajta, Géza Maróti, Dezső Jakab and , Zoltán Bálint, , , , , István Medgyaszay, Aladár Árkay, and Albert Kálmán Kőrössy.

Buildings and projects

 1870: Batthyány Tomb
 1871: House of József Lenhossék, Budapest VIII., Múzeum krt. 33 (destroyed)
 1871: Military men's house of 1848, Budapest IX., Soroksári út 62 (destroyed)
 1871–72: János Primayer House, Budapest V., Sas u. 9 (Former Kéksas Street) (Lechner himself lived here, his father-in-law's residence, for an extended period)
 1871–74: Apartment building, Budapest V., Szent István tér 3
 1871–75: Pál Mándl house, Budapest VI., Bajcsy-Zsilinszky út 43
 1872–74: Kecskemét apartment building, Budapest V., Veres Pálné utca 9
 1873: Arad City Hall (plan)
 1874: Tomb of Irma Primayer, Budapest VIII., Fiumei Úti Tomb Garden
 1874–75: Kecskemét Savings Bank, Kecskemét, Szabadság tér
 1875: Skating Rink, Budapest, Városliget (demolished in 1893)
 1880: School, Sombor
 1882: Kecskemét City Baths (unbuilt)
 1882–83: City Hall, Szeged, Széchenyi tér 10 (with Gyula Pártos )
 1882–83: Milkó Palace (monument), Szeged, Roosevelt Square 5
 1882–84: Hungarian Railway Pensioners Building (Palais Drechsler), Budapest, (with Pártos)
 1885–86: Nagybecskerek City Hall, (today's Zrenjanin, Serbia), (with Pártos)
 1885–86: Nagybecskerek, County Hall
 1887: Rudolf cavalry barracks, Kecskemét (listed monument)
 1888–89: Thonet House, Budapest V., Váci u. 11 (listed monument)
 1888: Ottó Biedermann Castle, Mozsgó (destroyed in a fire in 1917 and then partially restored)
 1889–91: Karlovci Gymnasium, Karlóca (now Sremski Karlovci, Serbia) (with Pártos)
 1889–93: Szegzárd Hotel, Szekszárd
 1890–96. Kecskemét City Hall, Kossuth Lajos tér 1 (with Pártos)
 1891–96: Budapest Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest IX., Üllői út 33-37 (listed monument)
 1891–97: Saint Ladislaus Church (Szent László-plébániatemplom), Kőbánya, Budapest X., Templom tér (listed monument)
 1892–93: Palace of Simon Leovich, Subotica, Serbia
 1894: Ferenc József Bridge traffic plan, Budapest
 1895: Lechner House, Budapest IX., Berzenczey u. 11
 1895: Greek Church Street, Kecskemét, Bazaar Row
 1896–99: Geological Institute, Budapest
 1897: Ilka Lechner Vacation House, Pécel, Korányi u. 8.
 1898–1900: Lechner House, Bartók Béla út 40 (listed monument)
 1899: Stock Exchange, Budapest (unbuilt)
 1899–1901: The Postal Savings Bank building (Postatakarékpénztár), Budapest
 1900: Villa of Károly Lechner, Cluj-Napoca
 1902: Postal Palace plan, Bratislava (with Béla Lajta)
 1902–04: Klein Castle, Szirma (now Miskolc) (with Béla Lajta; destroyed in World War II)
 1903: Gerngross Department Store, Vienna (design competition)
 1903: Tomb of Schmidl family, Kozma Street Cemetery, Budapest, together with Béla Lajta
 1905: Ministry of Culture, Budapest V., Széchenyi rkp. (design competition)
 1905: Villa of Balázs Béla Sipeki, today MVGYOSZ, the headquarters of the Hungarian Association of the Blind and Visually Impaired, Budapest XIV., Hermina út 47 (listed monument)
 1906–08: Royal Catholic Gymnasium in Pozsony (Pressburg), Kingdom of Hungary (Kráľovské katolícke gymnázium in today's Bratislava, Slovakia)
 1907–13: The Church of St. Elizabeth (Blue Church) in Pozsony (Pressburg) (today's Bratislava)
 1909: State Teacher Career Training Center, Sárospatak
 1909: Plans of the monument to Queen Elizabeth, Budapest, Castle Hill
 1909–10: Kecskemét, Water Tower and Rákóczi monument, plan
 1909–12: Saint Ladislaus Church in South Norwalk, Connecticut, USA
 1910: Mixed-use building at Irányi ut 15, Budapest
 1910-11: Gyula Vermes House, Budapest
 1913–24: Simor Street School (today Péter Vajda Primary and Sports School of Singing and Music), Budapest VIII., Vajda Péter u. 25-31
 1914: Szent László Gimnázium, Budapest X. (Kőbánya), Kőrösi Csoma Sándor út 28-34 (listed monument)
 1914: Francis Joseph Memorial Church, Budapest VIII., Rezső tér (design competition, 1st prize)
 1914–15: Szent László Gimnázium, Budapest

Gallery

Monuments and memorials

 The Ödön Lechner Society was founded in 1928; its founding members included Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály, Jenő Lechner, Loránd Lechner, István Medgyaszay, and Kornél Neuschloss.
 There is a statue in front of the Museum of Applied Arts, next to the Margaret Island Artist's Promenade, and in Szent László Square in Kőbánya.
 Lechner's bust can be seen in the pantheon of Dóm Square in Szeged.
 A row of trees in the capital, a square in Szeged, and streets in several cities (such as Kecskemét), are named for Lechner.
 Lechner's burial place is the 19th tomb of the 28th row of the Fiumei Úti Tomb Garden.

Sources

External links
The 'Hungarian Gaudi': Architect Ödön Lechner in 4 buildings - CNN

19th-century Hungarian people
Hungarian architects
Hungarian-German people
People from Pest, Hungary
1845 births
1914 deaths
Architects of Roman Catholic churches
Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery
Art Nouveau architects

Ödön Lechner


Douglas H. Ubelaker (born 1946) is an American forensic anthropologist. He works as a curator for the Smithsonian Institution, and has published numerous papers and monographs that have helped establish modern procedures in forensic anthropology. He has also done work in Latin America, with Native Americans, and has assisted the Federal Bureau of Investigation in forensic cases.

Biography
Ubelaker was born August 23, 1946, in Horton, Kansas.

Ubelaker became interested in anthropology after working with Dr. Bill Bass on an American Indian project in the Dakotas. He received his B.A. from the University of Kansas in 1968.

Ubelaker spent 1969 to 1971 in the United States Army, serving as a military policeman and then as a microbiology technician. Working as a technician connected him with the National Museum of Natural History and eventually led to his employment at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.

In 1973, Ubelaker received his Ph.D. from the University of Kansas. He is also board certified in forensic anthropology by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. He then returned to Washington, D.C., to work in the position formerly held by T. Dale Stewart at the National Museum of Natural History. He also teaches a forensic anthropology course at The George Washington University.

References

External links
 Smithsonian Institution Anthropology Page

1946 births
Living people
American anthropologists
Forensic anthropologists
People from Horton, Kansas
University of Kansas alumni

Douglas H. Ubelaker


Blues Beach is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Blues Beach is a predominantly river camp community located south of Springfield and north of Wappocomo on West Virginia Route 28 along the South Branch Potomac River. Blues Beach is also the location of the John Blue Bridge, commonly referred to as "Blue Beach Bridge." Long Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 28/4) intersects with WV 28 here.

References

Unincorporated communities in Hampshire County, West Virginia
Populated places on the South Branch Potomac River
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia

Blues Beach, West Virginia


Autokomanda (, ) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located on the tripoint of the Belgrade's municipalities of Voždovac, Savski Venac and Vračar.

Location
Autokomanda is located about 1.5 kilometers south of downtown Belgrade. It borders the neighborhoods of Neimar and Karađorđev Park to the north, Dušanovac to the east, Voždovac to the south and Stadion and Dedinje to the west.

History

The remains belonging to the Scordisci, a Celtic  tribe which founded Singidunum, the predecessor of Belgrade, were found in Autokomanda.

In the Interbellum, Autokomanda was the location of the motorized units of the Royal Yugoslav Army, which is how it got its name. The section where the artillery was based was called Topovske Šupe and in the early days of the German occupation, it was turned by the Nazis into the concentration camp. From August to October 1941 over 5,000 Jews and Romanis from Belgrade and the Banat passed through the camp, where they were gathered and sent to the mass executions in Kumodraž, Bežanija, Jajinci and Staro Sajmište concentration camp.

Interchange

The main feature in the neighborhood is a major looped interchange, one of two in the old part of Belgrade (the other one being in Mostar). It is located on the Highway Belgrade–Niš, constructed right through the urban tissue, which is still an issue of debate even today, even though the road was originally intended as a fast, intercity Bežanija-Autokomanda freeway. Construction began in 1967 and was completed by 1974. A curiosity is that it is one of the very few interchanges in the downtown of the city.

A bitter dispute between the mayor of Belgrade, Nenad Bogdanović and a group of architects from the previous city's establishment (including the construction of Mostar and Autokomanda) resulted in the mayor's description of the interchanges from October 2006: 'Those are the two worst interchanges and the only ones in the world with traffic lights... people who made those are today criticizing us.'  The other side replied that under the original plans, Autokomanda was to be the location of a new main railway station for Belgrade, thus some sections were constructed only as temporary ones. The main objection was that even though it is on the highway it had no connections to it on the right side. However, the railway station project was moved to Prokop so the temporary solution remained until September–November 2007 when the right side ramp was finally finished, over 30 years after the construction of the interchange.

In September 2006 a major reconstruction of the interchange began, with complete renovation and fixing of all 12 bridges (loops) that the interchange has. The importance of Autokomanda for city transportation became very visible as, even though it was closed for traffic only partially, it disrupted the normal flow of traffic in the entire city causing traffic jams all over. Works were completed in spring 2007.

Characteristics
In the Voždovac section of the neighborhood, large hangars of the former motorized forces command are located. This is how the neighborhood got its name (Serbian, auto-komanda). The facilities have not been used for their initial purpose for a long time, but they have been renovated recently. The area is mostly commercial, with a section of a railway passing nearby and a developing commercial section along the 'Trg Oslobođenja' (Square of the Liberation) and 'Bulevar Oslobođenja' (Boulevard of the Liberation). The stadiums of soccer teams Partizan and Crvena zvezda (Rajko Mitić Stadium) are located nearby. The population of Autokomanda (including the sub-neighborhood of Stadion), was 12,167 in 2002.

To the west Autokomanda continues into the Belgrade-Niš highway and to the east to Mostarska Petlja, Novi Beograd and further to the Belgrade-Zagreb highway (over the Gazela bridge).

A bronze monument to the French general, Louis Franchet d'Espérey, who commanded on the Salonica front in the Serbian Campaign of the World War I in 1918, was erected in 1936 (sculptor Risto Stijović). The section of the highway from Mostar to Autokomanda is officially named the Boulevard of Louis Franchet d'Espérey.

Projects

Bus Station South
Belgrade's General Urban Plan (GUP) in 1971, envisioned three new bus stations. They were to take over the lines from the city's main bus station (BAS) in downtown, which was to be closed. They were to be called BAS West, in New Belgrade, BAS North in Viline Vode, near the Pančevo Bridge while the BAS South would be in Autokomanda. Revised GUP in 1985 still predicted all three stations, but none was constructed. Next revision of GUP in 2003 excluded BAS South and North, keeping only BAS West, which was to become the city's central bus station.

Delta Planet Shopping Center
In 2005, Miroslav Mišković, a tycoon, one of the richest Serbs and owner of Delta Holding, purchased the lot where the station was planned. He announced plans to build a massive Delta Planet Shopping Center and two 40-floor business towers. It was widely commented at the time that city government deliberately scrapped the station project in order to allow Mišković to obtain the land.

In 2007, with the new regulatory plans, the city reduced allowed height in the area to 20 floors, considering the planned object "too big and unmeasured". It was also explained that the location was not good for the bus station anyway as the approach from the opposite direction of the highway would make a problem. In the bidding for the adjoining lot, Mišković lost to Petar Matić and his MPC Properties in 2008. In 2010 Matić returned the land to the city. Part of this land was purchased by Mišković in 2011. He also acquired the "Autokomanda" company in 2015 and the remaining city owned parcel in April 2019. With this, he became the sole proprietor of this part of Autokomanda, holding a  of land. On the newly acquired lots he will be allowed to construct a  tall building and a  tall business tower. As of April 2019, none of the works regarding building of the shopping mall or the surrounding commercial complex began.

In March 2021, city and Delta Holding announced that the concept for the former concentration camp and the surrounding area was changed. The remaining objects in Topovske Šupe will be fully renovated and the memorial complex will be formed. Instead of mega shopping mall next to it, Delta Holding will build an urban business district, with commercial, business and residential sections with lots of green areas.

References

External links

Neighborhoods of Belgrade
Vračar
Savski Venac

Autokomanda


The Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar (), abbreviated SFX and commonly referred to as the Society of Pilar or the Pilar Fathers is a Roman Catholic
society of apostolic life of Pontifical Right for men (priests and brothers). Its members add the nominal letters S.F.X. after their names to indicate their membership in the Congregation.

History
The Society was formed on September 26, 1887, at Agonda (Canacona)  by a priest in south Goa, India named Father José Bento Martins Ribeiro, who, together with his three companions, decided to dedicate their lives for the service of God's people. Their aim was to serve the Catholics of the predominantly non catholic areas of Goa called the 'Nova Conquistas' and to proclaim the Gospel in these areas. In 1890, the headquarters of the Society were transferred from Agonda to Pilar where the Society has its Mother House today. In 1891, the Society's Rules (Constitution) were approved by a local bishop. Father Bento Martins became the Society's first superior. It was given a set of 'Constitutions' by Patriarch a Dom Antonio Valente, who clearly indicated that the Society was made up of 'diocesan priests, without any vows, and under the direct control of the Patriarch.  When Pope Leo XIII, promulgated the Apostolic Constitution, "Conditae a Christo"(Founded by Christ) in 1900, he issues clear regulations for approval of the religious societies all over the world. By this he put an end to arbitrary actions by several Bishops all over the world, who went on establishing religious societies or associations, without verifying their viability or purpose.  He introduced a very important element, which stated that only the Holy See could approve religious societies and once a society is approved the Bishop of the place was not authorized to interfere with their internal administration, since each was required to have their internal authority that would ensure that their members pursue the goals that the founders had established the society for, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit.

For some reason the Patriarch did not change the Constitutions of the Society of St. Francis Xavier after the issue of the Apotolic Constitution "Founded by Christ' in 1900, nor after when the Code of Canon Law (The definitive compilation of the Law of The Church) was published in 1917. On the contrary in 1909, the Patriarch gave the Society a new set of rules, "Regulamento' making it very clear that it did not want to come under the regime of the universal Church by making the Society have its own internal authority but it would remain under the Bishop, without internal authority.

The Society grew slowly. From 1887 to 1934, the Society had no more than a total 21 members, and from 1896 to 1934 the Society never exceeded eight priests at one time.

In 1939, when only one member remained, the Society was reorganised, primarily by Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues and Fr. Francisco Sequeira with four others. Today the Society is spread over 38 dioceses in India and 8 dioceses abroad with 3 Bishops, 383 priest members and 9 lay brothers.  Its Generalate is in Porvorim Goa, and its mother house is in Pilar Goa.

See also
 http://www.delhiprovincesfx.com/Default.aspx
 http://societyofpilarkolkataprovince.org/history_prov.html
 Agnel Ashram
 Fr. Agnel Multipurpose School and Junior College
 Fr. Agnel School, New Delhi
 Fr. Agnel School, Noida
 Fr. Agnel Stadium
 Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology
 Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering
 Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Memorial Debate
 Agnelo de Souza
 Aleixo das Neves Dias

References

External links
 Official Society of the Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier, Pilar website
 Seminary history

Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India
Catholic seminaries
Christianity in Goa
Colonial Goa
Education in North Goa district
Societies of apostolic life
Educational organizations established in 1887
1887 establishments in India
1880s establishments in Portuguese India


Hero of a Hundred Fights is a Wisconsin rock band.

The band took its name from a painting by J. M. W. Turner. Group members had previously been in Brass Knuckles for Tough Guys, Tintoretto and Managra. Like those three bands, Hero of a Hundred Fights played a complex style of hardcore, combining math rock influences with the style of bands like Drive Like Jehu and Bitch Magnet. In 2000 William Zientara joined the band, contributing vocals to their final EP The Remote, the Cold, recorded at Electrical Audio Recording by Steve Albini. With this release the band further refined their sound. Disbanding late in 2001, members went on to join Haymarket Riot, Call Me Lightning, Murder in the Red Barn and Temper Temper.

Members
Pat Fuller (guitar/vocals)
Shane Holchester (drums)
Chris Grove (bass/vocals)
William Zientara (vocals) *joins in 2000, prior to this the band are a three-piece

Discography
Self Titled LP (1999) on 404 Records
'A Four Way Stop' (2000) on 404 Records
'The Remote, the Cold' EP (2001) on Divot
'The Remote, the Cold' EP (2011 vinyl re-issue) on Forge Again Records

Rock music groups from Wisconsin

Hero of a Hundred Fights


Nitroglycerin, also known as nitroglycerine (UK spelling), trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine, 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane  and glyceryl trinitrate, is a heavy, colorless, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol. It is very dangerous and easy to detonate. It was synthesized in 1847 by Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero. Alfred Nobel used it to make one of the most famous explosives in the world during 1867, named dynamite.

Medical Uses
Nitroglycerine is also used in some medicines because it is a vasodilator.  This means it makes the blood vessels get wider.  That makes it easier for blood to flow through them.

Nitroglycerine is used mostly for angina and some heart attacks caused by coronary artery disease.  This is a disease that makes the blood vessels that bring blood to the heart get narrower.  When the heart does not get enough blood and oxygen, a person can have angina (chest pain) or a heart attack.  Taking nitroglycerine makes the blood vessels get wider again, so more blood and oxygen can get to the heart.

Nitroglycerin is sometimes used in emergencies for other medical conditions caused by narrow blood vessels.

References

Other websites
 Nitroglycerin Citizenduim

Explosives
Organonitrogen compounds

Nitroglycerin


Paddy Bedford (circa 1922 – 14 July 2007), aka "Goowoomji", was a contemporary Indigenous Australian artist from Warmun in the Kimberley, and one of eight Australian artists selected for an architectural commission for the Musée du quai Branly.

Life and family
Bedford was born in the East Kimberley around 1922 at a property which gave him his surname – Bedford Downs Station. The station's owner Paddy Quilty was the source of Bedford's given name, but Bedford's judgement of Quilty was at best forgiving, and could be harsh. Quilty was reputed to have been involved in a massacre of indigenous people in the region before Bedford's birth, and Bedford's response to an invitation to visit Quilty's grave was "Why should I go see that old fucking bastard?".

Life for Bedford, like his parents, was hard and shaped by the harsh racial politics of early 20th century Australia. His parents survived but were displaced by incidents that involved the killing of indigenous people. Bedford was at one stage sent to a leprosarium, despite not having leprosy. When he married Emily Watson and had children, the children were taken away to a mission.

Bedford, like many of the indigenous men in the Kimberley, worked as a stockman, but was paid in rations. When the law in 1969 required equal pay for black and white alike, station owners responded by laying off their indigenous workforce, including Bedford. He worked for a while on road building, but ended up forced on to welfare by injury.

Bedford is survived by an extended family, including two daughters.

Art
Bedford was familiar with body-painting as a young man. He commenced painting on canvas in around 1998, together with other artists from the Warmun / Turkey Creek locality, and encouraged by former gallerist Tony Oliver. Bedford was one several artists who own Jirrawun Arts, a company established to assist the development and sale of works by indigenous artists from parts of the Kimberley. Bedford was the subject of a major catalogue and retrospective at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney in 2006–07. Bedford's art remains among Australia's most collectible and has decorated aircraft as part of Qantas' Indigenous Flying Art series.

Bedford's painting is loosely representational of landscape, and was influenced by the work of Rover Thomas. Although, like much of central and western desert art, it is strongly influenced by traditional techniques and iconography, it also addresses black-white relationships and historical events in his country.

References

Further reading
David Edwards, 'Out of the Centre', The Blurb, no. 77, 2007
Jeremy Eccles, 'Jirrawun: A unique model for Aboriginal art', Art & Australia, vol. 44, no. 1, 2006
Linda Michael (ed.), Paddy Bedford, Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, 2006
Nicolas Rothwell, 'A dream of a studio', The Weekend Australian – Review, 21–22 July 2007, p. 9.

External links
Paddy Bedford at the Art Gallery of New South Wales
Paddy Bedford at the MCA, Sydney
Jirrawun Arts

Australian Aboriginal artists
Indigenous Australians from Western Australia
2007 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
1920s births
People from Warmun Community
Visual artists in late 20th-century Australia

Paddy Bedford


Masters of Sex: The Life and Times of William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the Couple Who Taught America How to Love is a 2009 biography by Thomas Maier. The book chronicles the early lives and work of two American sexologists, Dr. William Masters and Virginia Johnson, who studied human sexuality from 1957 to the 1990s. The 2013 Showtime television series Masters of Sex, starring Michael Sheen and Lizzy Caplan, is based on the book.

Reception
The book had a positive reception. Debby Applegate described the biography as "a terrific book about the unlikely couple who touched off the sexual revolution. More than a biography, this is an intimate history of sex in the twentieth century." The New York Times commended Maier's writing style and sense of humor. The Chicago Tribune named it as one of their favorite non-fiction books of 2009.

References

2009 non-fiction books
American biographies
Basic Books books
English-language books
Sexology

Non-fiction books adapted into television shows

Masters of Sex (book)


Trevis Smith (born September 8, 1976) is a former football linebacker who played seven years with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Born in Montgomery, Alabama, Smith was formerly a linebacker for the University of Alabama.

On October 28, 2005, he was charged with aggravated sexual assault in Surrey, BC for knowingly exposing women to the HIV virus by having unprotected sex with them and not revealing his condition. Constable Marc Searle of the RCMP named a complainant called simply "A. O." who claimed that Smith had assaulted her between November 26, 2003, and May 18, 2005. After appearing in court in Surrey, he was freed on a C$10,000 bail after pleading "not guilty".  On November 18, Smith was charged with the same offence in Regina, Saskatchewan after another woman came forward alleging that Smith did not tell her that he was HIV positive before they had unprotected sex.

Smith was found guilty of two counts of aggravated sexual assault—one for each woman—and bail violations on February 8, 2007, and sentenced to 5 years in jail on February 26, 2007; he unsuccessfully appealed the conviction.

He was released from prison on February 25, 2009, and was deported to the United States. On August 18, 2012, it was reported that Smith was dismissed from his position as a high school football coach in Birmingham, Alabama, after the George Washington Carver High School learned of his conviction for aggravated sexual assault.

See also
 Johnson Aziga
 R. v. Cuerrier

References

External links

 Ex-CFL player Trevis Smith gets 5½ years in jail for exposing 2 women to HIV
 Delay in Smith Sentencing
 Smith appeals sexual assault conviction
 Ex-girlfriend accused of helping Trevis Smith break bail

1976 births
Living people
African-American players of Canadian football
Canadian football linebackers
People with HIV/AIDS
Sportspeople from Montgomery, Alabama
Players of American football from Montgomery, Alabama
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
HIV/AIDS in Canada
Criminal transmission of HIV
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Trevis Smith


E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller, Dan Bornstein, Douglas Crockford, Chip Morningstar and others at Electric Communities in 1997. E is mainly descended from the concurrent language Joule and from Original-E, a set of extensions to Java for secure distributed programming. E combines message-based computation with Java-like syntax. A concurrency model based on event loops and promises ensures that deadlock can never occur.

Philosophy
The E language is designed for computer security and secure computing. This is performed mainly by strict adherence to the object-oriented computing model, which in its pure form, has properties that support secure computing. The E language and its standard library employ a capability-based design philosophy throughout in order to help programmers build secure software and to enable software components to co-operate even if they don't fully trust each other. In E, object references serve as capabilities, hence capabilities add no computational or conceptual overhead costs. The language syntax is designed to be easy for people to audit for security flaws. For example, lexical scoping limits the amount of code that must be examined for its effects on a given variable. As another example, the language uses the == operator for comparison and the := operator for assignment; to avoid the possibility of confusion, there is no = operator.

Computational model
In E, all values are objects and computation is performed by sending messages to objects. Each object belongs to a vat (analogous to a process). Each vat has a single thread of execution, a stack frame, and an event queue. Distributed programming is just a matter of sending messages to remote objects (objects in other vats). All communication with remote parties is encrypted by the E runtime. Arriving messages are placed into the vat's event queue; the vat's event loop processes the incoming messages one by one in order of arrival.

E has two ways to send messages: an immediate call and an eventual send. An immediate call is just like a typical function or method call in a non-concurrent language: a sender waits until a receiver finishes and returns a value. An eventual send sends a message while producing a placeholder for a result called a promise. A sender proceeds immediately with the promise. Later, when a receiver finishes and yields a result, the promise resolves to a result. Since only eventual sends are allowed when communicating with remote objects, deadlocks cannot happen. In distributed systems, the promise mechanism also minimizes delays caused by network latency.

Syntax and examples
E's syntax is most similar to Java, though it also bears some resemblance to Python and Pascal. Variables are dynamically typed and lexically scoped. Unlike Java or Python, however, E is composed entirely of expressions. Here is an extremely simple E program:

 println("Hello, world!")

Here is a recursive function for computing the factorial of a number, written in E. Functions are defined using the  keyword.

 def factorial(n :int) :int {
   if (n == 1) {
     return 1
   } else if (n > 0) {
     return n * factorial(n-1)
   } else {
     throw("invalid argument to factorial: "+n)
   }
 }

In the first line,  is a guard that constrains the argument and result of the function. A guard is not quite the same thing as a type declaration; guards are optional and can specify constraints. The first  ensures that the body of the function will only have to handle an integer argument. Without the second  above, the function would not be able to return a value. Being able to see up front that information escapes out of the function is helpful for security auditing.

Since E is intended to support secure co-operation, the canonical example for E programs is the mint, a simple electronic money system in just a few lines of E. The following code defines a function that makes mints, where each mint has its own currency. Each mint can make purses that hold its currency, and any holder of two purses of the same currency can securely transfer money between the purses. By quick examination of the source code, an E programmer can easily verify that only mints may change the amount of money in circulation, that money can only be created and not destroyed, that mints can only create money of their own currency, and that only the holder of a purse can change its balance.

 def makeMint(name) :any {
   def [sealer, unsealer] := makeBrandPair(name)
   def mint {
     to makePurse(var balance :(int >= 0)) :any {
       def decr(amount :(0..balance)) :void {
         balance -= amount
       }
       def purse {
         to getBalance() :int { return balance }
         to sprout() :any { return mint.makePurse(0) }
         to getDecr() :any { return sealer.seal(decr) }
         to deposit(amount :int, src) :void {
           unsealer.unseal(src.getDecr())(amount)
           balance += amount
         }
       }
       return purse
     }
   }
   return mint
 }

Objects in E are defined with the  keyword, and within the object definition, the  keyword begins each method. The guard expressions in this example illustrate how to specify a value constraint (as in  or ).

The mint example makes use of a built-in mechanism called a sealer. The function  creates two associated objects, a sealer and an unsealer, such that the sealer can seal an object in a box and the unsealer is the only object that can retrieve the contents of the box. See the E website for a more detailed explanation of this money example.

See also
 Object-capability model

References

External links

Concurrent programming languages
Object-oriented programming languages
JVM programming languages
Secure programming languages
Dynamic programming languages
Dynamically typed programming languages
Capability systems
Programming languages
High-level programming languages
Programming languages created in 1997
1997 software

E (programming language)


Alexander Oscar Gettler (August 13, 1883 – August 4, 1968) was a toxicologist with the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York (OCME) between 1918 and 1959, and the first forensic chemist to be employed in this capacity by a U.S. city. His work at OCME with Charles Norris, the chief medical examiner, created the foundation for modern medicolegal investigation in the U.S. and Gettler has been described by peers as "the father of forensic toxicology in America."

The Alexander O. Gettler Award is a prize established in his name by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Early life and education
Gettler was born Jewish in Galicia, Poland, a part of the Empire of Austria-Hungary in 1883. As Oscar Gettler, aged seven, he emigrated to the U.S. with his father, Joseph Gettler, and sister, Elise, on board the Red Star Line steamer, Westernland, which arrived at the Port of New York on May 6, 1891; they settled in Brooklyn, where he was raised. He studied at the City College of New York and in 1912 received his PhD in Biochemistry from Columbia University. Prior to his employment with OCME he worked as a clinical chemist at the Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan and taught Biochemistry at the New York University School of Medicine. He married Alice Gorman in 1912.

Toxicology work
Charles Norris established the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) in 1918 and set up his first offices in the Pathology Building (the 'City Morgue') of Bellevue Hospital. While there he asked Gettler if he would be willing to conduct any chemical testing that might be required to which Gettler agreed. An OCME laboratory, where testing was carried out for the presence of the common poisons, was set up on the third floor of the City Morgue building on First Avenue and 29th Street.

Gettler often had to create new tests to isolate poisons. He regularly experimented by poisoning raw liver and attempting to isolate ever-smaller amounts of poison from it. These tests often involved mashing or liquifying tissue, followed by such tests as crystal formation, melting and boiling point analysis, color reactions, and titration.  In 1935, Gettler was the first scientist to use a spectrometer in a criminal investigation in order to prove that the thallium that had poisoned the four children of Brooklyn bookkeeper Frederick Gross did not come from cocoa powder Gross had brought home from work. A previous chemical test had mistaken copper contamination from the box for thallium leading to Gross's arrest. The examiners eventually concluded that his wife had murdered the children before dying herself of encephalitis.

In addition to this, Gettler wrote numerous papers on isolating poisons such as benzene from human bodies. In 1933, Gettler was among the first to recognize a normal endogenous presence of carbon monoxide in the human body and was the first to suggest the human gut microbiome as a contributing source.

Gettler often had to work for low pay, due to severe budget cuts to the toxicology office.

Teaching
In the 1920s, Gettler took the post of professor of chemistry at Washington Square College of New York University. At the same time he held a post at the New York University Graduate School. There, Gettler established a toxicology course in 1935. He retired from teaching in 1948, when he reached the mandatory retirement age.

Later life and death
Gettler retired from the office of the medical examiner on January 1, 1959, when he was 75. He remained interested in toxicology until he died due to a terminal illness approximately ten years after retiring.

References

External links

1883 births
1968 deaths
New York University faculty
Columbia University alumni
American forensic scientists
American toxicologists
Clinical chemists
Austro-Hungarian Jews

Alexander Gettler