Indian rock is a music genre in India that may incorporate elements of Indian music with rock music, and is often topically India-centric. While India is more often known for its (northern and southern) classical music, filmi, Bollywood music, Indi-pop, and Bhangra, the Indian rock scene has also produced numerous bands and artists.

Early history
India, in the 1950s and 1960s, had a record industry in the Gramophone Company of India (an RCA/HMV/EMI subsidiary), and LPs, EPs, and 45rpm records were freely available, including those of rock and roll acts from the US and Britain, but also of contemporary pioneering Indian rock bands. The president of the firm, Bhaskar Menon (who later became the President of Capitol Records in the United States) was the leading promoter of Western pop music in India. Later in 1970, Polydor, the German Label, began an India-based branch that distributed rock music locally.

Of these mid-1960s to early 70s beat groups, as they were then termed, some of the most notable were the Mystiks from Bombay, the Beat-X from Madras, and The Cavaliers, Calcutta-16, and The Flintstones from Calcutta, who composed and played both early British Invasion influenced songs, and post-Sgt. Pepper hard rock. During this period from Delhi there were The Thunderbirds (featuring singer Ashwani Bali, Bass Guitarist Percy Singh), and WAFWOT (also with Ashwani on vocals, with organist Mark Spevak, from the U.S. and Bass Guitarist Percy Singh) These bands played regularly on the Indian university and college music circuits, and some had successful EP and LP releases. Also notable from this period (1964–1970) was the female R&B singer, Usha Iyer, now Usha Uthup, who had successful covers of "Jambalaya" and The Kingston Trio song, "Greenback Dollar". A notable compilation LP titled "Simla Beat '70" was released during this period, from a contest of the same name. The winning bands recorded their versions of Western hard rock of the time. This tradition of covering Western rock would continue until the 1980s when it was more common to compose original songs.

The rock n' roll scene was also closely followed by Junior Statesman (or JS), a magazine started in 1965 contemporaneously with Rolling Stone magazine in the US and NME in the UK.

Like Western rock bands at the time, Indian bands also began fusing rock with traditional Indian music from the mid-1960s onwards. A notable example of this is in the Cavaliers' 1967 hit "Love is A Mango," which incorporates sitar accompaniment alongside Beatlesque songwriting. However, filmi songs, those produced specifically for popular Bollywood films, often overshadowed the country's budding rock scene, which otherwise contrasted from that within the film industry. Some of the more well known filmi songs (including styles such as funk rock, pop rock, psychedelic rock, raga rock, and soft rock) from Bollywood films include Mohammed Rafi's "Jaan Pehechan Ho" in Gumnaam (1965), Kishore Kumar's "O Saathi Re" in Muqaddar Ka Sikandar (1978), and Asha Bhosle songs such as "Dum Maro Dum" in Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971), "Ae Naujawan Hai Sab" in Apradh (1972), and "Yeh Mera Dil Pyar Ka Diwana" in Don (1978).

Indian influence on Western music

In the 1960s, renowned Western acts such as The Yardbirds, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Doors and The Byrds were notably influenced by Indian classical music as a way of reinforcing the psychedelia in their music. While jazz musicians, notably John Coltrane, had ventured into Indian music and spiritualism (see Indo jazz, Sitar in jazz, and Jazz in India), the influence of Indian classical music on 1960s rock began in earnest with George Harrison's Ravi Shankar inspired raga rock song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" in 1965 and The Beatles' very public sojourn with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at his ashram in Rishikesh in 1968, following the release of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967. Raga rock led to the development of psychedelic rock, which in turn laid the foundations for heavy metal music.

The Indian rock scene would later give rise to one of the world's most famous rock stars, Freddie Mercury, born Farrokh Bulsara. One of his formative musical influences was the Bollywood singer Lata Mangeshkar. He began his music career as a teenager in Bombay with the rock band, The Hectics, which was founded in 1958 and often performed cover versions of Western rock and roll artists such as Little Richard and Cliff Richard. After leaving the band in 1962, he moved to England, where he later led the rock band Queen (formed in 1971), which went on to become one of the world's most famous rock bands.

The Indian rock scene also gave rise to one of the pioneers of disco music, Biddu, who originally began his career in an Indian rock band called The Trojans. It was India's first English-speaking band, and found success producing cover versions of The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Trini Lopez, and other Western hits of the day, in the clubs of Bangalore, Calcutta, and Bombay. After the band broke up, he moved in 1967 to England, where he later found breakthrough success after producing "Kung Fu Fighting" for Carl Douglas.

1980s and 1990s

While the orientalist trend of the 60s and 70s was by the 80s and 90s largely over, India itself continued to produce bands in various styles of rock music, from soft rock and roll and pop rock, to hard rock and metal. In the early 1980s, however, rock was largely overshadowed by disco, which dominated Indian pop music up until the mid-1980s.

With the arrival of MTV, tastes rapidly changed, encouraging bands to harden their style and focus more on underground styles such as death metal, alternative metal, and progressive rock. The 1990s saw the rise of a much larger following of various harder styles for this reason. Bands that had formed in the 80s, such as Rock Machine (who would later be known as Indus Creed) - (including Mahesh Tinnaikar, Uday Benegal, etc.)...altered their style with the influx of newer techniques and influences from the west. Notable suburban metal-blues bands with 1960s and 1970s metal influences included IIT Powaii based Axecalibre, fronted by Oliver Pinto, Prashant Nair and covered flamboyant guitar-based blues and hardcore metal including ballads. Contemporaries of the time were Easy Meat from Pune and Bands such as Holocaust, Morgue (fronted by vocalist Mrinal Das, Drummer Neeraj Kakoty, Ambar Das and Raju Seal on Twin Attack Guitars, Manas Chowdhury on Bass), Dorian Platonic from Guwahati, Assam, Grassroots Revival, Postmark, The Cannibals, Phoenix,Phynyx and Drixian Empire/Dark Crusader from Manipur.

Others formed in the 1990s with harder styles influenced by the growing split between popular rock, such as Britpop, alternative styles, such as punk, and metal styles, such as thrash. The Indian subgenre of fusion, which encourages a similar blend of ancient Indian musical traditions with rock music to raga rock, was also carried forward, and is perhaps the most unusual Indian style of rock. It was during this time that Palash Sen's Euphoria surfaced in the Indian scene as a straight ahead English rock band. The band later started writing in Hindi, and gave birth to what is now known as "Hindi Rock". Euphoria went on to become India's most popular, successful and commercially accepted Independent act. Other fusion bands like Indian Ocean and Mrigya also grew in popularity. As in decades before, university campuses and campus rock shows continued to be the driving force behind determining what kind of band would succeed and what kind of music young people liked.

2000s

The current Indian rock scene has a larger following than ever (although it is still marginalized compared to Indian film music, particularly the filmi soundtracks of Bollywood) and may soon become recognized in the international arena, as various South American and Japanese bands have become. Recent entries into the rock music scene are increasingly becoming comparable in their production quality to Western bands, and have been compared favorably to other internationally recognized acts. Now digital technology is making it easier than ever for these bands to distribute and sell their music. Some British bands of South Asian origin, such as Swami have, like their hip-hop counterparts, tried to enter the Indian market in addition to maintaining the traditional fanbase of non-resident Indians in United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. Others, such as Rudra, have emerged from Indian communities in other Asian countries. Progress is certain for the Indian rock scene with the advent of entities that support this genre. Rock Street Journal and Rolling Stone India are the two major publications that have been promoting Indian rock bands. The scene has also been transformed by the online medium, and the subsequent rise of a number of online portals promoting Indian rock, most notably the indie music website NH7, Headbangers India, IndianMusicMug, Unholy Maunder, IndianMusicRevolution, Metalbase India, Indian Metal Scene, and Metal Spree.

Sub-genres

Raga rock

In the West, some groups, such as The Beatles, traveled to India and incorporated aspects of Indian music, especially classical instruments such as the sitar, into their music, often as a way of conjuring psychedelic 'Eastern' feelings. The term for this was raga rock, and examples of it are The Beatles "Love You To", "The Inner Light","Across the Universe","Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)", "Tomorrow Never Knows", "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "Within You Without You"; The Rolling Stones' "Paint it, Black"; The Kinks' "Fancy"; The Doors' "The End" and The Byrds' "Eight Miles High". A number of prolific Indian classical musicians such as Ravi Shankar aligned themselves with this trend, collaborating with Western artists. Indian bands themselves mainly covered early rock songs by pioneers of rock and roll in the United Kingdom and America, and only achieved recognition in popular culture by supporting film scores and Indian pop.

Indian fusion

An Indian subgenre of rock exists that focuses on blending traditional Indian styles of music with rock music. The term for non-Indian bands using Indian instrumentals and vocal in rock is raga rock. However, Indian fusion also encompasses attempts by Indian pop musicians and film composers to incorporate rock music into their work, starting in the 1970s with film scores like those of the Amitabh Bachchan classics. The Brown Indian Band features accomplished Indian classical musicians in concert with jazz virtuosos. More recently the multi-cultural British band Botown have taken elements of Bollywood and fused them with soul and funk to great success. The New Delhi Based Band 'Ojapali' is also doing many experiments with Electronica Fusion music and Folk music of the Assam Region.

The Kochi-based band Motherjane typifies bands producing this genre of music. Motherjane guitarist Baiju Dharmajan is a pioneer of introducing the guitar music style known as carnatic shredding. Bangalore based carnatic rock band Agam and fusion rock outfit Divine Raaga, Kaav, Veenar are other examples of mature songmakers in the country.
Karnatriix is another band which has defined a new genre of fusion music labelled 'New-age World music'. Their ever-evolving sound today registers as ideally in sync with the 21st century's pan-cultural landscape. The name 'KARNATRIIX' which is a word play, meaning 'Aural Trickery', openly defines their music. Mellifluous melodies and sophisticated phrases deep-rooted in Blues music with an Indian Classical touch, combined with raw percussion and electronically produced subtle beats, voices and effects, form the core essence of the Karnatriix's musical nature. Indian Guitarist Kapil Srivastava composed Rock and Raga Fusion music in his Indian Guitaroo Volume 1.

Indian funk
Indian funk is a loose term describing the style of rock and roll which is sometimes blurred into the realms of pop and other genres. Whereas Indian fusion may only incorporate Indian styles into rock, or rock into Indian forms of music, Indian funk can be broadly defined as what rap-metal is to heavy metal - an infusion of elements from rap, reggae, pop and dance genres that some might consider to not be 'true' rock. Groups originating in South Asian communities in Western countries like Britain are noted for this style, with bands such as Swami and Asian Dub Foundation using elements of UK garage, UK bhangra and hip-hop, such as synthesizers, rap vocals and turntables. Also based in the UK, Botown take an approach inspired by Funkadelic with a large lineup of live musicians to blend Bollywood music with soul and funk. Few rock bands such as Silent Echo (Delhi) and Psycho Frequency (Delhi) use a wide range of samples and mechanically evolved sounds.

Rock and roll

India has produced many rock bands, some of whom have made it into mainstream Indian music and achieved some international recognition.
RLC66 one of the upcoming acts from Mumbai trying to combine various genres from western music. Their main influences are Porcupine Tree, Tool, Dream Theater. The song "Abrupt" is earning some good number of fans in Mumbai underground scene. Indian Guitar Player Kapil Srivastava has composed Rock and Roll fusion in his Indian Guitaroo Volume 2.

In September 2015, Mumbai based Rock & Roll Bassist Vivek Date released his Rock & Roll Album "Wrapping Paper" The album received a warm response from the audience and a good critique from the reviewers with some tipping it as a gift to the Rock & Roll scene of 2015 in India

Hard rock and heavy metal

Vedic Metal
A new brand of metal has arisen in India called "Vedic metal", or "Hindu metal", which traces its origins to the heavy metal band M.A.I.D.S (Metal Aliens in Devil's Soul), which laid the foundation of heavy metal and rock in southern India in the early 1990s. The Singaporean band Rudra initially got their worldwide push from major heavy metal label Sonic Wave International. With their style of 'Vedic metal' based around Hindu themes, the band have gained some fame in South East Asia, fusing heavy metal with Indian traditional music, in the vein of Brazil's Sepultura, although they do not use avant-garde instruments such as them. Many international critics from the United States, Germany, and other countries have given the band's albums rave reviews.

Since the genre was pioneered by Rudra in the late 1990s, it has grown in popularity. Bands like Wingz of Vayraag (India), Aryadeva (Ukraine), Symmetry (Indonesia), Warriors of Peace (India), Asura (India), Advaita (India), The Aryan March (India), Bhairav (India), Madhavas Rock Band (India), Narasimha (Singapore), Kaliyuga (Singapore), Azrael (Australia), Dying Out Flame (Nepal), Blue River (Sri Lanka), Punarjanma (India), and Kartikeya (Russia) have done pioneering work in the subgenre. Often, along with Vedic lyrics, the music has shades of Indian classical music. With the introduction of new subgenre of heavy metal, the Vedic-core bands like, Antim-Yuddha, Roktobeej are contributing to the rising Indian underground rock culture. The definitive album of this genre Rudra's The Aryan Crusade (2001). In addition, India has produced many heavy metal bands that combine ethnic-folk music with various forms of heavy metal to create other folk metal bands. Indian rock has been influenced by some notable cultural trends, and has in turn produced influences of its own. Indian musicians have also collaborated with other musicians from across the globe.

Heavy metal

Millennium was formed in 1988 as one of the first Indian metal bands, and it laid the foundation for the Indian heavy metal scene. Demonic Resurrection laid the foundation for Indian extreme metal early in 2000 when extreme metal in India was a scarce minority, since then it has garnered popularity especially in the underground scene and spawned many bands such as Corroded Dreams, Escher's Knot, Crypted, Bestial Murder, and some bands have adapted to black metal driven sound with a rawer sound and satanic lyrics. Bands such as Dark Desolation from Bengaluru and Fortified Destruction from Chennai have gone down that path. Many prolific extreme metal bands have spawned from the Chennai local scenes like Siva from Crypted, Abhijit Rao from Escher's Knot, Vyas "Hex" Manalan from Fortified Destruction who are all frontmen of their respective bands and all known for their extreme vocal capabilities and the addition of guitar in the case of Hex. With many extreme metal bands from other countries, such as Behemoth, Gojira, and Cradle of Filth are setting foot on the India. Some of the most popular heavy metal bands in India are Undying INC, Zygnema, Bhayanak Maut, Albatros, Noiseware, Abraxas, Devoid, Sceptre, Kryptos, The Down Troddence, Crypted, Halakuah, Inner Sanctum, Scribe, and Cosmic Infusion. New emerging bands from India are now focused on spreading heavy metal and extreme metal music to the masses; there are frequent heavy metal gigs across India; though it is a niche in the genre, more and more people are becoming aware of the genre and bands like Orcus, Carnage INC, Primitiv, Eternal Returns, Killchain to name a few. From Central India, Nicotine, a band based in Indore, is widely credited of being one of the pioneers of heavy metal music in the region. In recent years, the a wave of Indian extreme metal bands are growing in popularity with bands like Brazen Molok, being the flag bearer of this new wave.

Regional music scenes

Many cities and regions have produced collections of bands large enough to be classified as a scene within Indian rock.
Shillong, Chennai, Mumbai and Bangalore have long been one of the principal founts of Indian rock and continues to produce bands regularly.

Bangalore scene

The dominant music genres in urban Bangalore are rock and metal music. All subgenres of rock, varying from classic rock n' roll to extreme metal can be heard in Bangalore. The underground scenario in Bangalore is highly acclaimed, and though Shillong is called the Rock/Metal capital of India but that day is not far when Bangalore can take the fame away from Shillong. Notable bands from Bangalore include ManojGeorge4Strings, Raghu Dixit Project, Girish and The Chronicles (GATC), Kryptos, The Down troddence(TDT) (originally from Kannur, Kerala), Inner Sanctum, Agam, All the Fat Children, The Usual Suspects, Final Surrender and Swarathma.
Rock 'n India, Great Indian Rock and more recently Deccan Rock are the primitive rock festivals in India. Bangalore was also the first city in India where internationally popular rock groups Opeth, Iron Maiden, The Rolling Stones, Bryan Adams, Scorpions, Sting, Aerosmith, Elton John, Deep Purple, Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, among various other heavy metal groups performed live for the first time in India.

Recent restrictions on live music in Bangalore's bars has affected the rock music culture of the city but is slowly recovering with pubs like Kyra, B Flat and Legends of Rock hosting more live bands. Festivals like Rock 'n India, Rock Ethos, Great Indian Rock and more recently Wrath Fest at Raipur and Deccan Rock continue to take place in Bangalore, a popular destination for international acts like Iron Maiden, Lamb of God, Bryan Adams, Scorpions, Sting, Aerosmith, Megadeth, Elton John, Metallica and Deep Purple.

Chennai scene
Another major Indian rock festival is the June Rock Out, organised by the Unwind Centre in Adyar, Chennai.
There are also other smaller rock/metal festivals happening regularly in Bangalore and Chennai, like "Euphony", the "September Underground", "Last Band Standing", and the weekly "Live 101." The Bands Association of Chennai (BAC) is an organisation which actively promotes the cause of original music by Chennai bands such as Requiem Injustice, Grasshopper Green and Namma Ooru Boy Band (NOBB).

Delhi scene
Delhi's music circuit has seen its share of ups and downs, but has held on largely due to the local presence of Rock Street Journal. Delhi being the operational home of the Allahabad-based magazine, local bands have benefited by the proximity to India's first dedicated to stories and features based around rock and metal. The Great Indian Rock festival was mostly held in Delhi, now foraying into Kolkata, Mumbai and Bangalore, North-East India and Pune has exposed the upcoming musicians of India to a wider variety of musicians. Notable bands from Delhi include Indian Ocean, Them Clones, Menwhopause, Bandish, Advaita, Midival Punditz, Mrigya, Guillotine.

Hyderabad scene
In Hyderabad bands like Sledge, Wreckage, Native Tongue has paved for upcoming bands by taking it to the nationals. They have won major rock and metal competitions such as campus rock idols 2004, 2005 and 2006 and headlining gigs across all major IT festivals in India taking charge of the Indian rock scene.

Indore scene

The Indore scene (in Central India) initially ignored by the mainstream Rock/Metal fraternity has been emerging as the 'Dark Horse' of Indian Rock and Metal Scene since the mid-2000s. Though Metal dominates the scene, the city has produced bands from all kinds of the genre (Classic Rock, Alternative, Hard Rock, Death Metal).

Nicotine which was formed in December 2006, is widely credited for being the pioneers of Metal music, not just in the Indore but in Central India.
Zero Gravity, another Metal band from the city, released their full-length album called 'Holocaust Awaits' in 2014.

Nicotine, Grim Reapers and Bliss are the only 3 bands to have qualified from the Central Zone of the 'Campus Rock Idols' Competition.
Ceaseless Juncture and Perception as Reality are some of the existing active bands. There were bands like Avalanche, Auxiliary Triangle, Assault, Overdrive, Blindfolds which are now disbanded but won competitions outside the city.
Though it is an independent scene, major bands from outside the city like BLAKC, Zygnema, Demonic Resurrection, Undying Inc, Albatross, etc. have performed in Indore.

Digvijay Bhonsale, a rock and metal vocalist, guitarist and songwriter from Indore has played several gigs in the United Kingdom and Zimbabwe.

Kerala scene
The state of Kerala gave India one of the first and successful rock bands ever - 13 A.D.
Kerala has produced some of the finest bands and musicians : Motherjane, Avial, The Down Troddence, Thaikkudam Bridge, Evergreen, ManojGeorge4Strings, Baiju Dharmajan and Rex Vijayan

Kolkata Scene

Bands from Kolkata that pioneered original music in English include Krosswindz, Cassini's Division, Skinny Alley, The Supersonics, Five Little Indians, and Span. There is also a massive regional rock scene and also some bands formed locally with international views in Kolkata that includes bands like Fossils, Cactus, Chandrabindoo, Krosswindz, Bhoomi, and Lakkhichhara.

In Kolkata, the underground Metal Bands organise an Event called The Pit at Tapan Theatre in Kalighat. In 2009, three editions of The Pit were successfully organised. It is being seen now that more events are being organised, like the metal events held by KOSMA (Kolkata Old School Metal Association). Other fests include 'Abomination', 'Order of the Heretical Trident Festival', 'Kolkata Open Air'. Bengali metal gigs attract huge crowds and are sponsored by various organisations. Kolkata also hosts an annual musical festival, The NH7 Weekender since 2013.

Moheener Ghoraguli, a Bengali independent music group from Kolkata, is arguably India and Bengal's first popular rock band.

Mumbai scene

Some of the most notable contemporary rock bands from Mumbai are Pentagram, Tough on Tobacco, Bhayanak Maut, Demonic Resurrection, Split, Sridhar/Thayil, Scribe, and Goddess Gagged. The recent reunion of Indian rock pioneers Indus Creed was received with great enthusiasm, especially with regard to their plans to produce a new album in 2011.

Mumbai's longest-running festival has been the Independence Rock Festival. 2010 saw I-Rock, as it is popularly known, celebrate its 25th year. Independence Rock XXV paid tribute to the city that has hosted the festival by featuring a spate of local bands. The recently reunited Indus Creed headlined the festival, which included other local favourites like Bhayanak Maut, Scribe, Demonic Resurrection and Pralay, as well as stalwart musicians like Dhruv Ghanekar, Warren Mendonsa, Loy Mendonsa, Ehsaan Noorani, Farhad Wadia (the festival's founder and promoter), Ravi Iyer, Chandresh Kudwa, Shazneen Arethna and Sidd Coutto.

Pune scene
A relatively recent entry into the Indian Rock circuit is the city of Pune has been the home of bands over the years and off late there has been a new surge with notable genre-defining acts like Silver, Strange Brew, Jazz Mates, Nothing as Now and more. The live music scene of the twin cities Mumbai and Pune has been on a steep rise since 2005 with major International acts like Meshuggah, Tesseract, Satyricon, Freak Kitchen, Sahg. Pune plays host to an annual musical festival, The NH7 Weekender, which takes place in the month of November and showcases international (mostly British) acts like Imogen Heap, The Magic Numbers, Asian Dub Foundation and Reverend Soundsystem to name a few.

Ranchi scene

Hailing from a small place quite unknown to the rest of the country, the bands of Ranchi from Jharkhand state had to face discrimination and hardships. Over the years, this city has produced some of the finest rock and metal music bands but they have always gone unnoticed because of being from a small town. In the 1990s, bands like Genesis, Kaalmantra and Sparsh have been considered as the pioneers to rock and metal music in Jharkhand. The city has had various music festivals being organized since the 2000s and a few of them are still organized today with the biggest one being Thunderstrock Festival and other notable festivals are like Rock Jatra and Rhapsody. The band Sparsh was aired live on CNN-IBN cheering up for the India national cricket team during the 2011 Cricket World Cup. The band 4 Degrees of Freedom were the finalists of Hornbill International Rock Contest 2013, followed by Highway 69 being twice the finalists at Hornbill International Rock Contest for 2017, 2018 along with their drummer winning the best drummer award in 2017 and Vikrit and Existence also being the finalists in 2018. The bands of Ranchi have been touring and performing across the country with currently Highway 69 being the most notable one as it has performed extensively all over the country and has evolved with a huge fan base, followed by other bands like Iris 13, Reciprocal, Existence, Vikrit etc. Other active and notable bands from the 2010s were Genesis, Kaalmantra, Sparsh, 4 Degrees of Freedom, Conflicting Resonance etc.

Independent record labels
Mainstream record labels in India often ignore rock, with a few exceptions. Album sales range between a few hundred copies to a few thousand. They are rarely, if at all, affiliated to the Indian music industry, and sales are not usually monitored. Songs of Bollywood usually gain more popularity as compared to the songs of bands. This is a huge set back. Bands also fail to sell their songs throughout the country even after making it available to major music stores, this is only due to lack of interest of people in rock bands. There are only a few bands that have become successful in selling their songs throughout the country. People who enjoy rock get the songs of their favorite bands, just by a click from any music website (sometimes their songs are uploaded by website administrators just after the day of release, this is illegal as per copyright law, but even then no action is taken). Hence, overall sales become less than expected. Bands in India mostly perform live shows with low priced tickets (as low as Rs. 100 or even less). Probably, the growing and the upcoming generation will have interest in Indian Rock and Metal. But care has to be taken to retain the copyright of the music.

The future looks encouraging thanks to entities such as Green Ozone, DogmaTone Records, Cochym and Eastern Fare Music Foundation, Infestdead Records that are dedicated to promoting and supporting Indian rock.

Documentary on Indian rock

In 2004, filmmaker qaushiq mukherji, popular as Q, directed a rockumentary named 'le pocha'. In 2008, music journalist Abhimanyu Kukreja directed Rockumentary - Becoming of Indian rock that was produced by NewsX and had a national TV release. The documentary is arguably the first of its kind on Indian rock that showcases the evolution of rock music in India starting from the 1960s. The documentary features popular and classic Indian bands like The Great Bear, High, The Great Society, Shiva, Indus Creed, Millennium and Parikrama. The documentary is available for free viewing on YouTube.

Leaving Home – the Life & Music of Indian Ocean (2010) directed by Jaideep Varma was about fusion rock band, Indian Ocean. Thus it became the first band ever in India to be subject of a documentary. At the 58th National Film Awards, the documentary went on to win the Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film.

In 2014, documentary filmmaker Raghav B directed a documentary on The Big Bangalore Metal Project'' - contributing to the Indian Metal Music Scene features popular Indian Metal Bands like Kryptos, Dying Embrace, BevarSea, Eccentric Pendulum, Inner Sanctum, Shepherd. The documentary was to show the Metal culture and the evolution of its music in Bangalore. The documentary is on YouTube.

Issues faced
An all-girl rock band Pragash Band from Srinagar, Kashmir decided to call it quits after constant hate mails and death threats on the Internet, apart from the severe criticism and opposition from the religious leaders of Kashmir and other hardliner political parties.

See also
Demonic Resurrection
Kryptos
Nicotine
Inner Sanctum
Rusty Moe
Bhayanak Maut
Asian Underground
Rock music of West Bengal popularly known as Bangla rock
Psychedelic music
Psychedelic rock
Raga rock
The Vinyl Records
Life in a... Metro
Rock On!!
Highway 69
Atomic Forest

References

External links

.
 লে পচা , le pocha

Indian rock


The North West of Ireland Cricket Union, often referred to as the North West Cricket Union, is one of five provincial governing bodies in Ireland. Along with the Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Northern unions, it makes up the Irish Cricket Union (now known as Cricket Ireland), the supreme governing body of Irish cricket.

The North West jurisdiction covers counties Fermanagh and Londonderry and part of Tyrone in Northern Ireland and Donegal in the Republic of Ireland. All of these counties are in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. The Union organises the North West Senior Cup and the North West Senior League.

The Union was formed as the County Derry Cricket Union in 1890, changing to the current name in 1907 to reflect the wider geographical basis of its membership. In 2015, there were 23 clubs fielding 51 teams affiliated to the union. There are 6 divisions: two senior leagues-  premiership and a championship, along with 4 Qualifying leagues.

Premiership 2015
-Ardmore
-Bready
-Brigade
-Coleraine
-Donemana
-Eglinton
-St. Johnston
-Strabane

Championship 2015
-Bonds Glen
-Burndennet
-Creevedonnell
-Drummond
-Fox Lodge
-Glendermott
-Killyclooney
-Newbuildings

Qualifying 1 2015
-Ballyspallen
-Bonds Glen 2nds
-Bready 2nds
-Brigade 2nds
-Coleraine 2nds
-Donemana 2nds
-Eglinton 2nds
-Fox Lodge 2nds
-Sion Mills
-Strabane 2nds

Qualifying 2 2015
-Ardmore 2nds
-Bready 3rds
-Crindle
-Donemana 3rds
-Limavady
-North Fermanagh
-St. Johnston 2nds
-The Nedd

Qualifying 3 2015
-Bready 4ths
-Creevedonnell 2nds
-Coleraine 3rds
-Drummond 2nds
-Fox Lodge 3rds
-Glendermott 2nds
-Killyclooney 2nds
-Sion Mills 2nds

Qualifying 4 2015
-Ardmore 3rds
-Ballyspallen 2nds
-Bready 5ths
-Burndennett 2nds
-Donemana 4ths
-Eglinton 3rds
-Killyclooney 3rds
-Maghera
-Newbuildings 2nds

Interprovincial Team
In 2013, Cricket Ireland formed the three-day Interprovincial Championship, featuring teams from Leinster, the NCU and the North West. The North West team is known as the North West Warriors. On 8 April, they announced Bobby Rao as their coach.

References

External links
North West of Ireland Cricket Union

Irish provincial cricket unions

Cric
1890 establishments in Ireland

North West of Ireland Cricket Union


H. H. Swami Santhananda Saraswati Avadhoota Swamigal (28 March 1921 – 27 May 2002) born as Subrahmanyam was a Hindu spiritual leader and teacher who established the worship of Devi Bhuvaneswari in Tamil Nadu. He was the founder of the Bhuvaneswari Peetam in Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu, India. The very embodiment of Prema, Sri Sri Swami Santhananda was the fountainhead of Hindu Dharma and Vedic principles. In his lifetime he had conducted several yagnas as elucidated in the Sasthras and challenged orthodoxy by bringing to light, guarded Moola Mantras that ensure common good, wealth and peace.

He was a disciple of H.H.Sri Swayamprakasha Bhremendra Saraswathi of Sendamangalam and came in the lineage of H.H.Sadasiva Bhremendra Saraswathi (Sri Sri Judge Swamigal) of Pudukkottai. He founded Skandhashramam in Salem and Om Sri Skandhashramam in Chennai.

Early life and education
Subrahmanyam was born as the tenth child to the devout Brahmin couple Sri.Ramaswami and his wife Yogambal in Azhagapuri village, Madurai. His parents were devotees of Madurai Meenakshi Amman. Kattikulam Sootukkol Sri Mayandi Swamigal - a famous ascetic of that time had predicted his birth and said he would be a man of action for the welfare of the world and a devotee of Goddess Bhuvaneshwari.

Subrahmanyam, as a child, studied at Naganathapuram Veda Patasala where he became well versed in the Vedas.

Independence Movement and Prison
Subrahmanyam was drawn towards the Gandhian movement for Independence of India. He concentrated his activities on village uplift and amelioration of the lot of the poor. He was imprisoned in Alipore Jail for his involvement in the independence struggle. In Alipore he studied the teachings of Sri Ramkrishna and Swami Vivekananda.

Mantra Deeksha
From Alipore he went to Madurai and met Mayandi Yogi who initiated him in the Bhuvaneswari Mantra. He was also advised to remain silent, to subsist on alms, and also not to stay at a place for long.

Search for a Guru
While travelling in the Girnar Hill, Gujarat, Subrahmanyam heard a voice commanding him to go to Sendamangalam, (Salem District, Tamil Nadu) where a Guru was waiting for him. He reached Sendamangalam and had the Darshan of Swami Swayamprakasha Bhremendra Saraswathi. At once he realized that the Avadhuta he saw in a vision at Tirunelveli was none other than Swamiji and requested that he be accepted as a disciple.

Swamiji gave his consent. He admitted Subrahmanyam to the Avadhuta order and gave him a new name Santhananda.

Pudukkottai Adhishtanam

On the advice of Swami Swayamprakasa, Santhananda undertook the renovation of the Samadhi of Judge Swamigal at Pudukkottai. This Samadhi was established by Swayamprakasa Swamigal in 1936. Santhananda renovated the Samadhi and a Kumbabhishekam was conducted in 1956. This is now known as Bhuvaneswari Avadootha Vidya Peetam. The main deity here is Matha BHUVANESWARI.

Skandhashramam at Salem

This was established by Swami Santhananda in 1968 on top of a small hill near Salem. The main Deities are ASHTA DASA BHUJA MAHALAKSHMI and SKANDA NATHA.

Chennai Om Sri Skandhashramam

This was established by Swami Santhananda in 1999 in Raja Kilpakkam near Chennai. This is a Temple dedicated to MAA UGRAPRATHYANGIRA DEVI and LORD SARABHESWARA. For the first time in India a temple has been dedicated to MAA UGRAPRATHYANGIRA DEVI.

Notes

External links

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL15778D6D8F53524F
http://www.dinamalar.com/aanmeegamdetail.asp?news_id=23

http://santhananda.wordpress.com/
https://archive.today/20130217214914/http://www.hinduretailplus.in/thehindu/fr/2001/11/09/stories/2001110901201600.htm
http://www.skandasramam.com/

Writers from Madurai
1921 births
2002 deaths
Indian Hindu monks
Vedanta
Advaitin philosophers
20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
Indian spiritual writers
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers

Santhananda


See Amenemhat, for other individuals with this name.

{{Infobox pharaoh
| Name=Amenemhat IV
| alt_name=Ammenemes
| Image= AmmenemesIV(Front)-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg
| Caption= Small gneiss sphinxinscribed with the name of Amenemhat IVthat was reworked in Ptolemaic timesnow is on display at the British Museum.
|ImageSize=150
| NomenHiero=
| Nomen=AmenemhatJmn-m-ḥ3.tAmun is in front G39-N5-<-i-mn:n-m-HAt:t->
| PrenomenHiero=
|Prenomen=MaakherureM3ˁ-ḫrw-RˁThe voice of Ra is trueM23:t-L2:t-<-ra-U5:a-xrw-w->Turin canon:MaakherureM3ˁ-ḫrw-RˁThe voice of Ra is trueV10A-N5-U4:a-P8-Z7-A17-V11A-G7
| HorusHiero=xpr-xpr-Z3-w
| Horus=Kheperkheperu  Ḫpr-ḫprwEverlasting of manifestations
| NebtyHiero=Ba15-s-Ba15a-H-b-W4-N16:N16
| Nebty=Sehebtawy [S]-ḥ3b-t3wjHe who makes the two lands festive
| GoldenHiero=
| Golden=Sekhembiknebunetjeru Sḫm-bik-nbw-nṯrw The golden Horus, powerful one of the godssxm-G8-nTrw
| Reign=9 years 3 months and 27 days (Turin canon) but possibly longer, 1822–1812 BC, 1815–1806 BC, 1808–1799 BC, 1807–1798 BC, 1786–1777 BC, 1772–1764 BC
| Predecessor= Amenemhat III
| coregency  = most likely 2 years with Amenemhat III
| Successor= Sobekneferu
| Father=uncertain, possibly Amenemhat III (perhaps as adoptive father)
| Mother=Hetepi
| Dynasty= 12th Dynasty
| Died=
| children = uncertain, possibly Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and Sonbef
| burial = uncertain Southern Mazghuna pyramid ?
}}

Amenemhat IV (also known as Amenemhet IV) was the seventh and penultimate king of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (c. 1990–1800 BC) during the late Middle Kingdom period (c. 2050–1710 BC), ruling for more than nine years in the late nineteenth century BC or the early eighteenth century BC.K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online here.

Amenemhat IV may have been the son, grandson, son-in-law, or stepson of his predecessor, the powerful Amenemhat III. His reign started with a seemingly peaceful two-year coregency with Amenemhat III. He undertook expeditions in the Sinai for turquoise, in Upper Egypt for amethyst, and to the Land of Punt. He also maintained trade relations with Byblos as well as continuing the Egyptian presence in Nubia.

Amenemhat IV built some parts of the temple of Hathor at Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai, and constructed the well-preserved temple of Renenutet in Medinet Madi. The tomb of Amenemhat IV has not been identified, although the Southern Mazghuna pyramid is a possibility.

Amenemhat IV was succeeded by Sobekneferu, who may have been his sister or stepsister; she was a daughter of Amenemhat III. Her reign marked the end of the Twelfth Dynasty and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom's decline into the Second Intermediate Period.

Family

Amenemhat IV's mother was a woman named Hetepi. Hetepi's only known attestation is an inscription on the wall of the temple of Renenutet at Medinet Madi, where she is given the title of "King's Mother", but not the titles of "King's Wife", "King's Daughter", or "King's Sister". However, this does not mean she was not a wife of Amenemhat III, as she her titles in relation to Amenemhat III might have been omitted in an inscription from her son's reign.

The relationship of Amenemhat IV to Amenemhat III is debated. Amenemhat IV was the son of Amenemhat III according to Manetho, but as he isn't called a "King's Son" in any known reference to him, some historians believe that he was a grandson. However, there is no record of another son of Amenemhat III and as stated above, Hetepti is not known to have been called a "King's Daughter".

Manetho states that Amenemhat IV married his sister Sobekneferu, who is identified as a royal daughter of Amenemhat III, and who eventually ruled in her own right upon the death of Amenemhat IV. However, Manetho's claim about the marriage has not been proven correct; Sobekneferu is not known to have borne the title of "King's Wife" among her other titles. Egyptologist Kim Ryholt has alternatively proposed that before marrying Amenemhat III, Hetepi had been previously married to another man and that Amenemhat IV came from this marriage, thus becoming Sobekneferu's stepbrother – which could explain the Manethonian tradition.

Amenemhat IV may have died without a male heir, which could explain why he was succeeded by Sobekneferu. This is also disputed, as some Egyptologists, such as Aidan Dodson and Kim Ryholt, have proposed that the first two rulers of the Thirteenth Dynasty, Sobekhotep I and Amenemhat Sonbef, might be his sons, based on the filiative nomen Amenemhat.

Reign

Amenemhat IV first came to power as a junior coregent of his predecessor Amenemhat III, whose reign marks the apex of the Middle Kingdom period. The coregency is well attested by numerous monuments and artefacts where the names of the two kings parallel each other. The length of this coregency is uncertain; it could have lasted from one to seven years, although most scholars believe it was only two years long. The Turin Canon, a king list redacted during the early Ramesside period, records Amenemhat IV on Column 6, Row 1, and credits him with a reign of 9 years, 3 months and 27 days. Amenemhat IV is also recorded on Entry 65 of the Abydos King List and Entry 38 of the Saqqara Tablet, both of which date to the New Kingdom.

In spite of the Turin canon, the duration of Amenemhat IV's reign is uncertain. It was given as eight years under the name Ammenemes in Manetho's Aegyptiaca. In any case, Amenemhat IV's rule seems to have been peaceful and uneventful. Amenemhat IV is well attested by contemporary artefacts, including a number of scarab- and cylinder-seals.

Expeditions and foreign relations

Four expeditions to the turquoise mines of Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai are dated to his reign by in-situ inscriptions. The latest took place in his ninth year on the throne and could be the last expedition of the Middle Kingdom, since the next inscription dates to Ahmose I's reign, some 200 years later.
In his 2nd regnal year, Amenemhat IV sent another expedition to mine amethyst in the Wadi el-Hudi in southern Egypt. The leader of the expedition was the assistant treasurer Sahathor. Farther south, three nilometer records are known from Kumna in Nubia that are explicitly dated to regnal years 5, 6, and 7, showing that Egyptian presence in the region was maintained during his lifetime.

During his reign, important trade relations must have existed with the city of Byblos on the coast of modern-day Lebanon, where an obsidian and gold chest as well as a jar lid bearing Amenemhat IV's name have been found. A gold plaque showing Amenemhat IV offering to a deity may also originate there.

In 2010, a report on continuing excavations at Wadi Gawasis on the Red Sea coast notes the finding of two wooden chests and an ostracon inscribed with a hieratic text mentioning an expedition to the fabled Land of Punt in regnal year 8 of Amenemhat IV, under the direction of the royal scribe Djedy. Two fragments of a stela depicting Amenemhat IV and dating to his regnal year 7 were found at Berenice on the Red Sea.

Building activities
Amenemhat IV completed the temple of Renenutet and Sobek at Medinet Madi that had been started by Amenemhat III,Edda Bresciani, Antonio Giammarusti: Sobek's double temple on the hill of Medinet Madî, Les Dossiers d'archéologie (Dijon) A. 2001, n° 265, pp. 132–140, see also  which is "the only intact temple still existing from the Middle Kingdom" according to Zahi Hawass, former Secretary-General of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA). The foundations of the temple, administrative buildings, granaries, and residences were uncovered by an Egyptian archaeological expedition in early 2006. It is possible that Amenemhat IV built a temple in the northeastern Fayum at Qasr el-Sagha.

Amenemhat IV is responsible for the completion of a shrine at the temple of Hathor in the Sinai and may also have undertaken works in Karnak where a pedestal for a sacred barque inscribed with the names of Amenemhat III and Amenemhat IV was found in 1924.Maurice Pillet: Rapport sur les travaux de Karnak (1923–1924), ASAE 24, 1924, p. 53–88, available online Photos of the pedestal

Legacy
Less than ten years after Amenemhat IV's death, the Twelfth Dynasty came to an end and was replaced by the much weaker Thirteenth Dynasty. Although the first two rulers of this new dynasty may have been sons of Amenemhat IV, political instability quickly became prevalent and kings rarely ruled beyond a couple of years. The influx of Asiatic immigrants in the Nile Delta that had started during the reigns of Amenemhat IV's predecessor accelerated under his own reign, becoming completely unchecked. Under the Thirteenth Dynasty, the Asiatic population of the Delta founded an independent kingdom ruled by kings of Canaanite descent, forming the Fourteenth Dynasty that reigned from Avaris. Approximately 80 years after the reign of Amenemhat IV, "the administration [of the Egyptian state] seems to have completely collapsed", marking the start of the Second Intermediate Period.

Tomb

The tomb of Amenemhat IV has not been identified. Nonetheless, he often is associated with the ruined Southern Mazghuna pyramid. No inscriptions have been found within the pyramid to determine the identity of its owner, but its architectural similarity with the second pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara has led Egyptologists to date the pyramid to the late Twelfth Dynasty or early Thirteenth Dynasty. Less likely, Amenemhat IV could have been interred in Amenemhat III's first pyramid in Dahshur, since his name has been found on an inscription in the mortuary temple.

At Dahshur, next to the pyramid of Amenemhat II, the remains of another pyramid dating to the Middle Kingdom were discovered during building work. The pyramid has not yet been excavated, but a fragment inscribed with the royal name "Amenemhat" has been unearthed. It is possible that this pyramid belongs to Amenemhat IV, although there are also kings of the Thirteenth Dynasty that bore the name Amenemhat and who could have built the pyramid. Alternatively, the relief fragment could have originated at the nearby pyramid of Amenemhat II.

See also
 List of pharaohs

References

Further reading

Ingo Matzker: Die letzten Könige der 12. Dynastie, Europäische Hochschulschriften 1986. Reihe III, Geschichte und ihre Hilfswissenschaften. Frankfurt, Bern, New York: Lang.
Wolfram Grajetzki: The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society, Bloomsbury 3PL (2010),
Ian Shaw, Paul Nicholson: The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers. 1995.
Stefania Pignattari: Amenemhat IV and the end of the Twelfth Dynasty'', BAR Publishing (2018),

19th-century BC Pharaohs
18th-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Children of Amenemhat III

Amenemhat IV


Seagull Island is a 58 ha linear sand island, about 2.5 km long, lying 4 km off Cape Van Diemen on the north-west coast of Melville Island, in the Tiwi Island group, in the Northern Territory of Australia.  It is an important breeding site for seabirds.

Description
The island is vegetated with grass and vines.  It is a nesting site for olive ridley sea turtles.  Land tenure is Aboriginal freehold land held by the Tiwi Aboriginal Land Trust.

Birds
The island has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports the largest colony of greater crested terns in the world, with up to 29,000 nests recorded there. Tern eggs are harvested by the island's traditional owners.  Up to 800 silver gulls also nest on the island, and possibly bridled and roseate terns. Large numbers of migrant common and little terns roost there, as do smaller numbers of frigatebirds and brown boobies.

References

Important Bird Areas of the Northern Territory
Tiwi Islands

Seagull Island (Tiwi Islands)


Farringdon Road is a road in Clerkenwell, London.

Route
Farringdon Road is part of the A201 route connecting King's Cross to Elephant and Castle. It goes southeast from King's Cross, crossing Rosebery Avenue, then turns south, crossing Clerkenwell Road before going past Farringdon station. It finishes on the border between the City of London, the London Borough of Camden and the London Borough of Islington, at a junction with Charterhouse Street. Its line continues into the city as Farringdon Street.

History
The road's construction, taking almost 20 years between the 1840s and the 1860s, is considered one of the greatest urban engineering achievements of the 19th century. It was one of the first engineered multi-lane roads, and buried the River Fleet in a system of tunnels, solving one of London's most significant sanitary problems. Its construction also included the building of the world's first stretch of underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway that later became part of the London Underground running beneath Farringdon Road from  into the City at  station.

The construction of Farringdon Road necessitated the removal of the Fleet Market that had been built in 1736 above the course of the River Fleet, which is now London's largest subterranean river. North of the market was Hockley-in-the-Hole (around Ray Street Bridge), an area notorious for bear-baiting and similar activities.

Farringdon Road was also home to the notorious Fleet Prison. It was on this side of the prison that a grille was built into the Farringdon Street prison wall, so that prisoners might beg alms from passers-by. Charles Dickens describes this in his book The Pickwick Papers:

"Most of our readers will remember, that, until within a very few years past, there was a kind of iron cage in the wall of the Fleet Prison, within which was posted some man of hungry looks, who, from time to time, rattled a money-box, and exclaimed in a mournful voice, 'Pray, remember the poor debtors; pray remember the poor debtors'. The receipts of this box, when there were any, were divided among the poor prisoners; and the men on the poor side relieved each other in this degrading office. Although this custom has been abolished, and the cage is now boarded up, the miserable and destitute condition of these unhappy persons remains the same. We no longer suffer them to appeal at the prison gates to the charity and compassion of the passersby; but we still leave unblotted the leaves of our statute book, for the reverence and admiration of succeeding ages, the just and wholesome law which declares that the sturdy felon shall be fed and clothed, and that the penniless debtor shall be left to die of starvation and nakedness. This is no fiction."

Farringdon Road was the best known site in London for book barrows. In the 19th and 20th centuries books were sold by itinerant street traders from two-wheeled flat-bed barrows on which were books were laid out for sale. Although book barrows could be found elsewhere in London the 30 or 40 barrows on Farringdon Road tended to offer the better quality volumes. As a result, bibliophiles would visit in search of rare books at a modest price.

Properties
Amongst the notable buildings on Farringdon Road are the former headquarters of The Guardian newspaper at Nos. 119–141, the so-called Zeppelin Building at No. 61 built in 1917 after a Zeppelin raid during World War I, and the western side of Smithfield Market.

A notorious building on Farringdon Road was the Farringdon Road Buildings, a five-tenement block of dwellings built for the working classes during the Victorian era. Lacking bathrooms and with poor sanitary conditions this building, one of the last slum dwellings to exist in central London, was still occupied until the early 1970s. Common features were poor lighting, overcrowding, with rat- and cockroach-infested living conditions, and people trapped by their own poverty. The residents were re-housed by Islington Borough Council and the buildings, close to Exmouth Market and the Royal Mail Mount Pleasant Sorting Office, were pulled down in the mid-1970s to be replaced by a multi-storey car park. A contemporary description of the buildings is given in George Gissing's novel The Nether World.

The dwellings in Faringdon Road had an annex at the bottom of Safron Hill have been restored and now belong to the De Beers Diamond Group. The original set of dwellings were occupied predominantly by Italians and formed part of "Little Italy"

See also

 Hockley-in-the-Hole

References

Streets in the London Borough of Camden
Streets in the London Borough of Islington
Clerkenwell

Farringdon Road


Bishop José Maximino Eusebio Domínguez y Rodríguez (29 May 1915 in Havana, Cuba – 11 December 1986 in Matanzas, Cuba) was Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Matanzas (1961–1987) and Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Havana (1960–1961).

Life
His parents were Juan Domínguez and Trinidad Rodríguez. He was baptized at the Church of Nuestra Señora de la Caridad (Our Lady of Charity) in Havana.

Bishop Dominguez studied philosophy at San Carlos and San Ambrosio Seminary and theology at Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Italy.

He was ordained a priest on June 13, 1943, by the Archbishop of Havana Mons. Manuel Arteaga y Betancourt, in the Church of Espíritu Santo (Holy Spirit). He was named "camarero secreto supernumerario" by Pope Pius XII on October 7, 1950.

Bishop Dominguez was appointed Titular Bishop of Caeciri and Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Havana by Pope John XXIII on March 31, 1960. He was consecrated on May 15, 1960, in the Cathedral of Havana along with Mons. Eduardo Boza-Masvidal by Mons. Evelio Díaz-Cía, Titular Archbishop of Petra di Palestina, co-adjutor sedis datus of Havana, assisted by Mons. Carlos Riu Anglés, Bishop of the Diocese of Camagüey(now Archdiocese of Camagüey), and Mons. Alfredo Muller y San Martín, Titular Bishop of Anea and Apostalic Administrator "sede vacante" of the Diocese of Cienfuegos. He was later appointed as Bishop of the Diocese of Matanzas on July 18, 1961. He participated in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).

Bishop Dominguez died of a heart attack after an operation on December 11, 1986.

References
 Episcopologio de la Iglesia Católica en Cuba bio
 Catholic Hierarchy bio

1915 births
1986 deaths
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Cuba
Roman Catholic bishops of Matanzas

José Domínguez Rodríguez


Major General Alexander Whitmore Colquhoun Richardson (11 May 1887 – 22 July 1964) was a British Army officer and bobsledder who competed during at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix.

Richardson was born at Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire. He served in the First World War in the Bedfordshire Regiment reaching the rank of Major and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

Richardson was a member of the four-man bobsled team with Ralph Broome, Thomas Arnold und Rodney Soher who won silver medal in the 1924 Winter Olympics.

From 1930 until his retirement in 1931 Richardson was Commanding Officer 4th Battalion Royal Tank Corps. He was recalled in 1938 and became Commanding Officer 84th Anti-Aircraft Brigade. From 1940 to 1941 he was Commanding Officer 26th Armoured Brigade and then became Director-General Armoured Fighting Vehicles at the War Office He became Brigadier General Staff 2nd Army in 1942 and in 1943 Chief of Staff 18th Army Group, Tunisia and then Chief of Staff 15th Army Group, Italy. He retired in 1945.

Richardson's son Guy Richardson won a silver medal rowing at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

References

Bobsleigh four-man Olympic medalists for 1924, 1932-56, and since 1964
DatabaseOlympics.com profile
Wallenchinsky, David. (1984). "Bobsled: Four-Man". In The Complete Book the Olympics: 1896–1980. New York: Penguin Books. p. 559.

1887 births
1964 deaths
Olympic bobsledders for Great Britain
Bobsledders at the 1924 Winter Olympics
British male bobsledders
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War II
Olympic medalists in bobsleigh
Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment officers
Medalists at the 1924 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain

Alexander Richardson (bobsledder)


Primeval may refer to:
 Primeval forest, an area of forest that has attained great age
 Primeval number, a positive integer satisfying certain conditions
 Primeval history, name given by biblical scholars to the first eleven chapters of the Book of Genesis

Film and TV
Primeval (TV series), 2007 UK TV series
 Primeval: New World, a Canadian science fiction series, based on the British series Primeval
 Primeval (film), a 2007 American horror film
 Primeval (Doctor Who audio drama), a Big Finish audio play based on the BBC TV series Doctor Who
 "Primeval" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), an episode of the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer

See also
 Primevil, a rock band
 Primitive (disambiguation)
 Primordial (disambiguation)
 Prinivil, a hypertension drug

Primeval


The Benjamin Blacksmith Shop is a blacksmithy and museum, in operation since before 1885, located adjacent to the Biddle House on Market Street on Mackinac Island in the U.S. state of Michigan.  It is part of Mackinac Island State Park.  Mackinac Island is known for its local ordinances that forbid privately operated motor vehicles and encourage widespread use of horses, and this smithy displays and celebrates examples of the craft of horseshoeing.

History and today
The Star Blacksmith Shop was bought by blacksmith-postmaster Robert Benjamin in 1885.  At that time, and for 80 years thereafter, it operated at a slightly different location on Market Street.  Mackinac Island's population was not big enough to allow the Benjamin family to specialize in the work done by the shop.  It operated as a mixed smithy, performing craft forge operations and horseshoeing for the Island's large summer and smaller winter populations.

After blacksmith Herbert Benjamin's death in 1965, the Benjamin Blacksmith Shop was threatened with closure.  In 1968, heir Robert "Bob" Benjamin donated the shop and its fittings to the Mackinac Island State Park Commission, which moved the building to its present location adjacent to the Biddle House and restored it to its appearance in the 1950s.

As a tourist attraction starting in 1968, the Benjamin Blacksmith Shop largely ended its horseshoeing work (which continued at other locations on Mackinac Island) and specialized in craft metalwork.  Blacksmiths can be seen at this location throughout the State Park's period of full summer operations, forging mild steel items and implements for use by the State Park and sale to the public.

Admission is by Fort Mackinac ticket.  Since 1985, the Shop has hosted an annual Blacksmith Convention, usually held on the first weekend in August.

References

Museums in Mackinac County, Michigan
History museums in Michigan
American blacksmiths
Blacksmith shops
Historic district contributing properties in Michigan
Mackinac Island State Park
National Register of Historic Places in Mackinac County, Michigan
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan

Benjamin Blacksmith Shop


Nightly Business Report was an American business news magazine television program that aired on public television stations from January 22, 1979 to December 27, 2019, for most of that time syndicated by American Public Television. Internationally the show was seen on CNBC Europe and CNBC Asia.

From January 22, 1979 to March 1, 2013, the show was produced at WPBT in Miami, Florida. In February 2013, CNBC purchased the program and closed its Miami operations. Tyler Mathisen joined Susie Gharib as co-anchor when it relaunched on March 4, 2013 to coincide with Gharib's return to CNBC after leaving it in 1998 to join NBR. Gharib left NBR on December 31, 2014; she was replaced on January 5, 2015 by Sue Herera, previously Mathisen's co-anchor on CNBC's Power Lunch. On March 9, 2018, Mathisen left the program, and was replaced three days later by original Power Lunch anchor  Bill Griffeth who reunited with his former PL co-anchor Herera.

On November 11, 2019, CNBC announced that Nightly Business Report would be discontinued at the end of the year. The final broadcast aired on December 27, 2019, which ended NBRs nearly 41–year run.

Format

The daily program consisted of reports on the changes in the stock market, indices, and stocks of note for the day, including the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ, the S&P 500, and other major markets, as well as interviews with important business persons, generally CEOs of major companies as well as economists, market analysts and policy makers.

Special programs on market holidays departed from this format, and often dealt with a single subject or theme; New Year's Day and Independence Day editions tended to focus on retrospectives and predictions for the past and coming fiscal periods. The program often concluded with a commentary. Segments within the program included Market Monitor, Street Critique, Women in Leadership, and Planet Forward to name a few.  There was a 15-minute morning version of NBR called Morning Business Report hosted by Melissa Conti that ran from January 3, 1994 to December 31, 2002.

Broadcast history

The idea for a business news program had come from several businessmen on the WPBT Board. Linda O'Bryon, who was WPBT's News Director at the time, headed the effort to get NBR on the air. In the fall of 1978, she was approached by senior management and asked to create a daily business news program. She developed the program concept and expanded the editorial staff to launch NBR (then called "The Nightly Business Report").  Paul Kangas was among the first to join, signing on as its stock market commentator. O'Bryon and Merwin Sigale were the first co-anchors. The editorial/production team that launched the program included WPBT veterans Rodney Ward, Bruce Eibe, and Jeff Huff, and Jack Kahn, who was the program's first producer.

Starting on January 22, 1979, NBR was initially launched as a local show, then two years later, on October 19, 1981, it was launched nationwide on 125 public stations around the country. The show was originally 15 minutes long, but it was expanded to 30 minutes later in 1979. Merwin Sigale went on to resign in 1980, being replaced by former WTVJ anchor Del Frank. The first regular commentator on the program when it went national was Alan Greenspan, then a private economist, who remained as an NBR commentator until his appointment as Chairman of the Federal Reserve in 1987. A number of public television stations supplemented the program's newsgathering efforts by serving as "bureaus" for the program.

In 1989, Jim Wicks was named co-anchor, and moved from the flagship station of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in Toronto where he was main anchor. At the end of his contract, Wicks moved to ABC News in Cleveland. He has since left the television news business and returned to his motion picture career where he got his start. He works in post-production as a film colorist.

From 1989 to 1991, broadcast journalist Frank Mottek served as substitute anchor for Paul Kangas providing the "Stock Market Report and Commentary." Mottek solo anchored the program on January 1, 1991 and periodically co-anchored NBR with Paul Kangas while filling in for the other two main anchors. Mottek is currently business news anchor in Los Angeles on all news station KNX and host of the business news program Mottek On Money.

In 1990, on the height of the series' popularity, WPBT launched its unit, NBR Enterprises to sell videotapes and newsletters that was centered around the series. Following it, the show came yet another overhaul in 1991, when one anchor came from New York, and the other anchor came from Miami, while adding its own bureaus in Los Angeles and Chicago, and hired Cassie Seifert to serve as anchor of the desk in the New York department.

In 1998, financial journalist Susie Gharib joined the anchor desk with Paul Kangas. Gharib anchored from the heart of New York's financial district, while Kangas remained at the program's production center in Miami.

From 1988 to 1997, NBR was co-produced by Reuters, and from 1997 to 2001, it was co-produced by its arch-rival before its bankruptcy, Bridge Information Systems.

NBR was also seen internationally through Worldnet, the U.S. Radio and Television Armed Services network and on SBS in Australia and Triangle Television in New Zealand. Audio of the program aired on Sirius XM satellite radio at 7:00pm ET. NBR operated three reporting bureaus with full-time staff members as well as bureaus in Denver, Silicon Valley, and Phoenix operated in partnership with the public television stations in those markets.

In 2005, the show switched distributors from American Public Television, to PBS, in order to avoid the risk of losing affiliates and make the show accessible to the PBS National Programming Service.

Over the years, NBR has received numerous awards. In 2005, for extended coverage of China's emergence as an international economic power, and in 2006 the website was honored with a Best In Class award from the International Media Council. Rodney Ward took over from Linda O'Bryon in 2006 after she had left to join KQED, serving as executive editor and senior vice president through 2011. O'Bryon eventually became President and Chief Executive Officer of South Carolina ETV; she retired in 2017.

In 2009, NBR began broadcasting in high definition, with broadcasts presented in a letterboxed format for viewers with standard-definition television sets watching either through cable or satellite television. The program also introduced a new set and upconverted its existing graphics package to HD.

Paul Kangas's last broadcast for Nightly Business Report was on December 31, 2009, ending a 30-year run.  The following day, on January 1, 2010, Tom Hudson took over as NBR's anchor, broadcasting from Miami, and reporting on topics such as Federal Reserve interest rate policy, corporate governance and shareholder activism as well as providing insights to daily market activity. Prior to co-anchoring Nightly Business Report, he was host and managing editor of the nationally syndicated financial television program First Business. In July 2011, Hudson was named Managing Editor and Co-anchor, a newly combined position with both editorial and managerial responsibility.

On August 23, 2010, it was announced that WPBT-TV had sold the show to NBR Worldwide Inc., a newly formed, privately held company headed by Mykalai Kontilai, who became the majority owner of the program. Kontilai, an entrepreneur in the Instructional Television Distribution (ITV) industry. Gary Ferrell, a former president and chief executive of North Texas Public Broadcasting (parent company of KERA-TV in Dallas, Texas), is the company's Chief Financial Officer. The sale was first proposed in February.  According to WPBT, the station would continue to be associated with the show as a presenting station, and the sale reflected their assessment that NBR Worldwide Inc. had "the ideas and resources and potential to take it to the next level" and "can do more things with it than WPBT could." Rick Schneider, President and Chief Executive Officer of WPBT, said the staff and editorial team won't change and "Nobody loses their job as a result of this."
Until the name changed, the program was carried under the "Community Television Foundation of South Florida, Inc." banner and produced by NBR Enterprises, Inc./WPBT Miami.

Schneider's promises proved short-lived. In November 2010, NBR Worldwide Inc. announced a restructuring of the Nightly Business Report staff. That restructuring resulted in job cuts for four on-air contributors and half the reporting staff, including Scott Gurvey (New York bureau chief), Stephanie Dhue (Washington), Jeff Yastine (Miami) and Jamila Trindle (Washington DC), in addition to founding producer Jack Kahn and three other behind-the-scenes personnel.

On November 16, 2010, NBR Worldwide Inc. announced the promotions of Rodney Ward from Executive Editor to Executive Vice President of Special Projects. Ward's former executive editor duties were assumed by managing editor Wendie Feinberg, who was also promoted to Vice President/Managing Editor. Those changes also did not last long. On July 11, 2011, following the decision of PBS to drop the broadcast from its national schedule and cut all funding, NBR Worldwide Inc. announced the departures of Rodney Ward as Executive Vice President of Special Projects, and Wendie Feinberg, as Vice President/Managing Editor. In a press release, NBR Worldwide said the moves were "...part of its ongoing efforts to streamline operations and maximize resources." Chief Executive Officer Mykalai Kontilai said Miami-based anchor Tom Hudson would assume the role and title of Managing Editor, in addition to his current on-air duties.

In November 2011, Rick Ray succeeded Kontilai as Chief Executive Officer of NBR Worldwide, Inc. after Kontilai sold the company to Atalaya Capital Management, a private equity firm based out of NYC. In addition, he also became the new executive producer of NBR. Gary Ferrell also departed the company at this time. Several additional members of the editorial staff were also fired. In addition, the show returned to American Public Television after six years on the PBS schedule.

In December 2012, Atalaya fired another seven NBR editorial employees, including Chicago Bureau Chief Diane Eastabrook. The program also announced the complete closing of its Chicago bureau, leaving it with staff reporters only in New York and Washington, D.C. Of the terminated employees, NBR Managing Editor Tom Hudson said, "I consider it an honor to call them colleagues."

On March 1, 2013, NBR aired its final broadcast under the production of WPBT. Effective March 4, 2013, CNBC would produce NBR. As a result, anchor Tom Hudson and many other correspondents Darren Gersh (Washington DC Bureau Chief) Suzanne Pratt (New York) And Erika Miller (New York) were laid off, and the show's Miami studios were shut down as well. CNBC's Tyler Mathisen replaced Hudson, and anchored alongside Susie Gharib from CNBC Global Headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Gharib left NBR at the end of 2014 and was replaced with Sue Herera, who was previously Mathisen's co-anchor on CNBC's Power Lunch; Herera would remain with the program until a few weeks before it ended.

On March 12, 2018, Bill Griffeth, formerly co-anchor of CNBC's Closing Bell, joined NBR to replace Tyler Mathisen. Griffeth was reunited with his former Power Lunch co-anchor, Sue Herera, on this program.

On November 11, 2019, CNBC announced that NBR would air its last broadcast on December 27, 2019. At the end of that night's broadcast, Griffeth made an on-air announcement of the program's end, thanking both the public television community and viewers for their support (and ending the program's long run by paying homage to longtime anchor Paul Kangas [who had died two years earlier] by playing a clip of his "Best of good buys(pun on goodbyes)" sign-off; the text was an adaptation of a post at the NBR website made earlier that day. After the show was closed, many stations displace the series by simulcasts of BBC World News, specifically the Outside Source program.

Anchors

Miami
 Paul Kangas (1979–2009)
 Tom Hudson (2009–2013)
 Merwin Sigale (1979-1980)
 Del Frank (1980–1985)
 Jim Wicks (1989–1991)
 Frank Mottek (1989–1992)
 Linda O'Bryon (1979–2006)
 Dean Shepherd (1985–1988)
 Jeff Yastine (1993–2010)

New York
 Susie Gharib (1998–2014)
 Sue Herera (2015–2019)
 Bill Griffeth (2018–2019)
 Suzanne Pratt (1990–2013)
 Tyler Mathisen (2013–2018)
 Cassie Seifert (1991–1997)
 Scott Gurvey (1982–2010)
 Erika Miller (1996–2013)

Title cards and theme music

The themes and bumper music that were used from 1979 to 1991 were composed by Edd Kalehoff, also known for themes on other television series and game shows. The longest-running theme, also composed by Kalehoff, was used from January 7, 1991 to November 15, 2002. Along with an update to the graphics and presentation, the theme was updated on November 18, 2002 and was used until January 1, 2010. A new theme, logo, and set for the show's Miami headquarters debuted on January 4, 2010. This theme lasted until April 27, 2012. On April 30, 2012, a new virtual theme was introduced to the show with new graphics and music. On March 4, 2013, another new set of graphics was introduced, yet the theme music remained the same.  On January 4, 2016, the graphics were changed again; this time they were modeled after CNBC's current graphics package (which itself had been used since October 2014).

References

External links
NBR.com (which now directs to the CNBC website)

PBS original programming
Business-related television series
1979 American television series debuts
2019 American television series endings
1970s American television news shows
1980s American television news shows
1990s American television news shows
2000s American television news shows
2010s American television news shows

Nightly Business Report


Furry Vengeance is a 2010 American family black comedy film directed by Roger Kumble, produced by Robert Simonds and Keith Goldberg, written by Michael Carnes and Josh Gilbert, co-produced by Participant Media, Imagenation Abu Dhabi and Robert Simonds Productions with music by Edward Shearmur, and distributed by Summit Entertainment.

It stars Brendan Fraser, Brooke Shields, and Ken Jeong with Dee Bradley Baker as the different animal vocal effects. It was theatrically released on April 30, 2010. The film earned $36.2 million on a $35 million budget.

Furry Vengeance was Fraser's final film as part of the William Morris Endeavor agency, as he switched to the Creative Arts Agency in 2010. This film was also Alice Drummond's final feature film role before her death on November 30, 2016.

American black comedy movies
American family movies
2010s comedy movies

Furry Vengeance


À la recherche du bonheur is the fourth studio album by French pop-R&B singer-songwriter Leslie, released on September 6, 2010. It is Bourgoin's first and only album under the independent label, Artop Records. The album was produced by the duo Kore, and it mixes electro and dance elements with Bourgoin's established R&B sound. The album's lyrical content explores themes about love, happiness, and empowerment, as well as current social and political issues. It is Bourgoin's most personal album to date, drawing inspiration from her family, childhood, and experiences as a young Paris newcomer.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

References

2010 albums
Leslie (singer) albums

À la recherche du bonheur


Maria Leptin (born 1954) is a German developmental biologist and immunologist, and the current President of the European Research Council. She was the Director of the European Molecular Biology Organization from 2010 to 2021.

Education
Leptin studied mathematics and biology at the University of Bonn and the Heidelberg University. Initially planning to become a teacher, she decided to pursue a PhD in 1979 at the Basel Institute for Immunology after a practical taught by researchers from the Institute. She was supervised by Fritz Melchers and studied B-cell activation and maturation into plasma cells as part of the immune response to infections. She completed her PhD in 1983.

Career
After her PhD, in 1984, Leptin joined Michael Wilcox's group at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge as a postdoctoral fellow. It is here that she became involved in developmental biology, studying the role of position-specific integrins in the embryonic development of Drosophila. In 1988, she became a staff scientist at LMB.

Leptin's years at LMB raised her interest in cell shape, early cell movement and gastrulation, the last of which she began researching in 1989 during her brief stay at Patrick O'Farrell's group at the University of California, San Francisco as a guest scientist. Afterwards she moved to the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen, Germany, leading a research group focused on gastrulation until 1994 when she became a professor at the University of Cologne, Institute of Genetics, a position she is still holding. She is also leading a research group at Cologne, which initially continued her study on gastrulation, but later shifted to the development of the Drosophila respiratory system. Eventually, Leptin started using zebrafish as a model organism to study the innate immune response.

Subsequently, she had two more experiences as a visiting professor, the first at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 2001 and the second as visiting scientist at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in UK between 2004 and 2005.

In 2009, Leptin was appointed the Director of the European Molecular Biology Organization, a role she took up in January 2010. She also set up a research group at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, which studies the factors determining cell shape in Drosophila and the in vivo imaging of innate immune response in zebrafish.

Leptin had a stay at the University of Oxford in 2018, where she was a Visiting Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology.

In June 2021, Leptin was appointed as the next President of the European Research Council, starting from 1 October 2021. It was announced in September, however, that she would delay taking up the new role to 1 November.

Other than academic appointments, Leptin was the President of the German Society for Developmental Biology from 1996 to 1997, a member of the Advisory Board of the German Genetics Society from 2008 to 2012, the President of the Initiative for Science in Europe from 2012 to 2017. She was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association from 2004 to 2009 and of the Babraham Institute between 2006 and 2009. She served on the editorial board of Developmental Biology from 1996 to 2001 and Developmental Cell since 2001, as well as a co-editor of Mechanisms of Development and Gene Expression Patterns between 2002 and 2009. She is currently sitting on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, of the Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, and of the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, as well as on the University Council of the University of Cologne. She is also one of the directors of the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation.

Honours and awards
 Member of the European Molecular Biology Organisation (1996)
 Member of Academia Europaea (1998)
 Corresponding Member of the North Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences, Humanities and the Arts (2010)
 Member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (2016)
 Honorary Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (2017)
 Foreign Member of the Royal Society (2022)

References

Living people
21st-century German biologists
German women biologists
Women immunologists
20th-century German women scientists
21st-century German women scientists
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Academic staff of the University of Cologne
Heidelberg University alumni
University of Bonn alumni
1954 births

Maria Leptin


A Little Treasury of Modern Poetry: English and American is an anthology of poetry, edited by Oscar Williams, which was published by Scribner's, New York, in 1946, and Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, in 1947. Another edition, enlarged and rearranged, was published in 1952.

In a letter to his friend Louis Zukofsky, William Carlos Williams wrote: "But if you happen to stumble across Scribner's latest, A Little Treasury of Modern Poetry, edited by O. Williams - look into it and die - of laughing. What a sell!"

Geoffrey Hill's father bought him a copy of this anthology when Hill was about fifteen. He carried the book in his jacket pocket all around Worcestershire for several years until it disintegrated. He later recalled in a conversation with John Haffenden: "I think there was probably a time when I knew every poem in that anthology by heart."

It was through this anthology that James Dickey came across the work of Dunstan Thompson, whose poem "Largo" displayed technical abilities that influenced Dickey's development.

Poets in A Little Treasury of Modern Poetry, 1947 edition
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Francis Thompson, James Stephens, A. E. Housman, Thomas Hardy, Delmore Schwartz, Vernon Watkins, Stephen Spender, Conrad Aiken, Henry Treece, George Barker, Elizabeth Bishop, T. S. Eliot, Theodore Spencer, Dylan Thomas, W. B. Yeats, Léonie Adams, Yvor Winters, Edwin Muir, W. R. Rodgers, Robert Graves, R. P. Blackmur, Walter de la Mare, W. J. Turner, Robert Frost, Louis MacNeice, Muriel Rukeyser, Albie Huston Evans, Elinor Wylie, Robert Penn Warren, W. H. Davies, Robert Bridges, E. E. Cummings, John Manifold, Geoffrey Grigson, Emily Dickinson, W. H. Auden, Robinson Jeffers, Helen Hoyt, Maxwell Bodenheim, Patrick Orr, Richard Eberhart, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Allen Tate, Edgar Lee Masters, John Crowe Ransom, John Hall Wheelock, Harold Monro, Mark Van Doren, John Peale Bishop, Sidney Keyes, John Berryman, Hart Crane, Frederic Prokosch, Julian Symons, Karl Shapiro, Dunstan Thompson, F. T. Prince, Wilfred Owen, Alan Seeger, Roy Fuller, Shaemas O'Sheel, Herbert Read, Winfield Townley Scott, Rupert Brooke, Isaac Rosenberg, Edith Sitwell, Marianne Moore, Rolfe Humphries, Oscar Williams, Jean Garrigue, D. H. Lawrence, Gene Derwood, Alex Comfort, Timothy Corsellis, Alun Lewis, Lawrence Durrell, Archibald MacLeish, John Masefield, Wallace Stevens, Glenway Wescott, Marshall Schact, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Sara Teasdale, Esther Mathews, A. E. Coppard, Louise Bogan, John Thompson, Jr, H. D., James Joyce, Anne Ridler, W. J. Turner, Ezra Pound, Edwin Denby, Michael Roberts, Edward Thomas, John Drinkwater, Edith Wyatt, George Santayana, D. S. Savage, William Empson, Hildegarde Flanner, Edwin Markham, Vachel Lindsay, Ben Maddow, Alfred Hayes, William Carlos Williams, Sarah Norcliffe Cleghorn, Roy Campbell, Terence Heywood, John Davidson, Ralph Hodgson, Rudyard Kipling, Peter Quennell, F. R. Higgins, John Malcolm Brinnin, Frances Cornford, H. H. Lewis, John Betjeman, G. K. Chesterton, E. V. Swart, Philip O'Connor, Ogden Nash, David Daiches, Kenneth Fearing, W. S. Gilbert, Marsden Hartley, Geoffrey Taylor, Gelett Burgess, Gavin Ewart, Arnold Bennett, C. D. B. Ellis, Gertrude Stein, Anthony Euwer, "Emanuel Morgan", Harry Graham, Oliver St. John Gogarty.

Footnotes

1946 poetry books
American poetry anthologies
British poetry anthologies
Irish poetry anthologies

A Little Treasury of Modern Poetry


Tyler Hoover (born January 28, 1990) is a former American football tackle. He attended Michigan State University and signed with the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2014.

High school & college
Hoover attended Novi High School in his hometown of Novi, Michigan. He mostly played defensive end, but also saw time at offensive tackle, recording 109 tackles, 8.0 sacks, 5 forced fumbles, and 3 passes defensed as a senior. Hoover also played basketball for his high school, where he lettered for three years and was named the Kensington Valley Conference Defensive Player of the Year as a junior. He then attended Michigan State University, where he played in 48 games (including 23 starts) and made 93 tackles, 9 tackles for loss, 7.5 sacks, 6 passes defensed, 3 forced fumbles, and 1 fumble recovery over 4 years. Hoover graduated with a degree in studio art.

Professional career
Hoover signed as an undrafted free agent with the Indianapolis Colts on May 13, 2014. He was waived by the team on August 30, and signed to the practice squad on September 1. However, the following day he was released from the practice squad, and signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on September 9. On September 30, Hoover was released from the Eagles' practice squad. On December 17, the Colts signed him to their practice squad. On January 19, 2015, Hoover signed a reserve/future contract with the Colts.

References

1990 births
Living people
People from Novi, Michigan
Players of American football from Oakland County, Michigan
American football offensive tackles
Michigan State Spartans football players
Indianapolis Colts players

Tyler Hoover (American football)


The current Burke County Courthouse is located at 201 South Green Street, Morganton, Burke County, North Carolina and operates as the courthouse for Burke County. It was opened in 1976 to replace the Old Burke County Courthouse.  The old courthouse, in use by 1837, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Old Burke County Courthouse

The Old Burke County Courthouse is the historic courthouse building located at 102 East Union Street in Morganton. It was built in 1833–1835 at cost of $15,000, and is a two-story, square stone building on a raised basement in the Classical Revival style. It features pedimented porticos on two sides and an elaborate cupola added during a remodeling in 1901.

Shortly before the end of the American Civil War a detachment of Union cavalry raided the building in April 1865, as part of Stoneman's 1865 Raid, and destroyed much of the county's records.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. and is located in the Morganton Downtown Historic District.

History
The Old Burke County Courthouse is the historic courthouse at 102 East Union Street on the courthouse lawn in the center of Morganton, North Carolina. It houses the old courtroom, used for lectures, meetings and events as well as the Heritage Museum and office of Historic Burke Foundation, Inc.

"In 1830, the Burke County Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions decided that the County needed a new courthouse to replace the "shabby, weather-beaten" plank courthouse that had been built on the public square in 1791. The General Assembly of 1830-31 authorized it to spend $8,000 and named five commissioners to oversee the construction. In the 1832-33 sessions, the General Assembly increased the amount to $12,000.

James Binnie, a Scottish builder, was awarded the contract in 1833.  He built the courthouse of native stone quarried on the Forney plantation about four miles north of Morganton. Frederick Roderick, a German stonemason who later established his home in Burke County, assisted Mr. Binnie with the construction.  The building was put into use in 1837.

From 1847 until 1862, the North Carolina Supreme Court held its August session in the courthouse for the convenience of lawyers from the western part of the state who were arguing appeals from the Superior Courts of their respective counties.

In 1851, Morganton attorney and politician William Waightstill Avery shot and killed Samuel Fleming, a man with whom Avery had been in a dispute with over a lawsuit a few weeks earlier in another county, in the courthouse only a few feet away from the judge's bench (sourt was in recess).  Avery was tried for murder but found not guilty by reason of temporary insanity.

During the Civil War, on April 17, 1865, Major General George Stoneman occupied the building and destroyed most of the county's records.

In 1885, the exterior of the building was covered with stucco, and in 1903, a major renovation designed by architect Frank Milburn of Columbia, SC raised the porticos and replaced the simple classical cupola with an elaborate one of Baroque style, giving the courthouse its present appearance.

A monument to Burke County's Confederate Army troops was erected on the northwest corner of the Square in 1911 and was paid for by public subscription.  The bronze statue of the soldier was added in 1918. The statue was a gift from Captain William Joseph Kincaid, a Burke County Confederate soldier, who settled in Griffin, Georgia after the war.

Also found on the Square is a memorial rose garden given in memory of Bob Byrd (1930–2001), a prominent Burke County attorney and a statue of Sam Ervin, a Burke County native, who served in the US Senate from 1954 to 1974.

The courthouse was in continuous use until 1976 when the present Burke County Courthouse was completed.  The effort to preserve the Old Courthouse began in 1978. The  restoration, completed in 1984, was accomplished with the joint efforts of Burke County, the City of Morganton, and Historic Burke Foundation.

The North Carolina Supreme Court met in the Old Chowan County Courthouse in Edenton in 2004, and again in 2013. In 2015, Governor McCrory signed Senate Bill 161 into law (S.L. 2015–89), allowing the court to meet in Morganton once again, "…the court shall meet in the Old Burke County Courthouse, the location of summer sessions of the Supreme Court from 1847-1862.""

References

External links

 "Burke County - District 25A", North Carolina Court System

County courthouses in North Carolina
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Government buildings completed in 1835
Buildings and structures in Burke County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Burke County, North Carolina
Historic district contributing properties in North Carolina

Burke County Courthouse (North Carolina)


Iwo Zaniewski (born 22 May 1956 in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish painter, photographer, director and artistic director of Przybora Zaniewski Ltd (PZL), an advertising agency.

Education
From 1976 to 1981 Zaniewski studied at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts. Until the mid-1980s he was active solely as a painter but later began creative work in commercials and photography.

Painting
As a painter, Zaniewski works mostly in oils and drawing media. His themes usually centre on scenes from everyday life while his earlier works are still lives, nudes and the occasional landscape. Despite changes in convention as to the portrayal of reality over subsequent periods the characteristic feature of Zaniewski's paintings has remained essentially that of composition. His use of composition rests upon an arrangement of forms wherein every potential alteration would give rise to a breakdown of cohesive construction and a deterioration of harmony. As such, his paintings are not readily ascribed to any one particular requisite trend in the history of contemporary art. The key to Zaniewski's work is not its context or its being a public medium, rather a visual sensitivity in seeing comprehensively.

Advertising career
Zaniewski's first commercial projects were for the Spanish advertising agency Bassat, Ogilvy & Mather in Barcelona. Thereafter, his first Polish commercials were for ITI Agency. From 1992 to 1999 he was artistic director of the Grey Agency in Warsaw. He created advertising campaigns for brands such as Knorr, Frugo, Okocim, Radio Zet, Lucky Strike, and Malma. In 1999, along with Kot Przybora he founded the Przybora Zaniewski Ltd advertising agency (PLZ) where he is now both artistic director and a commercial director. PZL has created advertising campaigns for Frugo, Dębowe Mocne, Żubr, Redds, Orlen, Tetley, Olej Kujawski, Manuel, Simplus, and the longest-running Polish advertising campaign for brand name Plus.

Exhibitions
Zaniewski has exhibited actively since 1980. His most significant exhibitions and awards include:
 Wahl Gallery, Warsaw 1981;
 1984 Grand Prix at the 23rd Joan Miró Foundation International Competition, Barcelona;
 Galeria Narodowa Zachęta (collective exhibition), Warsaw 1985;
 Art Basel, Basle 1985;
 Japan International Artists Society (collective exhibition) Tokyo 1985;
 SARP Gallery, Warsaw 1989;
 Inny Świat Gallery, Kraków, 1990;
Major Retrospective Exhibition at the National Museum in Kraków (held at the Arsenal building), under the patronage of Waldemar Dąbrowski, Polish Minister for Art and Culture, 2005;
 1st Place in the National Geographic photographic competition, Warsaw 2005;
 Today Art Museum, Beijing 2008;
 All Gallery, Beijing 2008;
 International Art Fair, Shanghai 2008;
 Wilson Art Center, Shanghai 2008;
 Levant Gallery, Shanghai 2008;
 Sunshine Museum, Beijing (inaugural collective exhibition), Beijing 2008;
 CANART - Institute of Contemporary Art (inaugural collective exhibition), Shanghai 2008.

References

Photographers from Warsaw
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century Polish male artists
21st-century Polish painters
21st-century male artists
1956 births
Living people
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni
Polish male painters

Iwo Zaniewski


Michaela Denis  Holdsworth (28 August 1914 – 4 May 2003) was a British-born wildlife documentary film-maker and presenter, who worked with her husband, Armand Denis.

Life
Michaela Holdsworth was born in London, and brought up by her White Russian mother and grandmother after her father, an archaeologist, was killed in the First World War when she was three months old.  She won a scholarship to fashion school, and trained as a dress designer in Paris, returning to London at the outbreak of the Second World War.  She then became engaged to an American admiral and travelled to New York, but after some time in America, and after delaying her wedding, she met and began an affair with Armand Denis.  He was a Belgian-born adventurer and film-maker who had already had wide experience of making documentary films in remote areas around the world, many made with his first wife, Leila Roosevelt Denis. Armand and Leila Denis divorced, and in 1948 Michaela and Armand married by special licence in Potosi, Bolivia.

In order to finance their plans to make wildlife documentaries, the couple travelled to Africa in 1950 to work on the feature film, King Solomon's Mines, in which Michaela acted as Deborah Kerr's double.  In 1953 they made a new film together, Below The Sahara, and appeared on BBC radio to promote it. The BBC saw the couple's potential for television work, and in 1954 they produced a pioneering and successful TV programme, Filming Wild Animals.  The quality of Armand Denis' film-making, combined with his heavy accent and Michaela's enthusiasm and glamorous appeal, made them fixtures on BBC TV screens in Britain during the 1950s and early 1960s. Accompanied by Armand's commentary, the two would be filmed getting as close to animals as possible, in a style later much parodied. Typically, there would be a trademark moment for Michaela to apply lipstick or comb her hair; she once commented that she could not possibly get into the water with crocodiles until she had put on her eyebrow pencil.  The couple made several series for both BBC and ITV, including Filming In Africa (1955),  Armand and Michaela Denis (1955-58), On Safari (1957-59), and Safari to Asia (1959-61), which were repeated until well into the 1960s.  Michaela Denis also wrote books, including Leopard in My Lap (1955) and Ride on a Rhino (1960).

The couple made their home in Nairobi, Kenya.  Armand Denis died in 1971.  Michaela then apparently discovered she had healing powers, and opened a spiritual healing clinic at their home. In 1975 she married her lawyer, Sir William O'Brien Lindsay, the former Chief Justice of the Sudan, who died in his sleep three months later.  She also dealt in property in Kenya.

Michaela Denis died in Nairobi in 2003, aged 88.

References

External links

1914 births
2003 deaths
British television presenters
British people of Russian descent
Riddiford family

Michaela Denis


Philippe-Louis-François Badelard (25 May 1728 – 7 February 1802) was an army officer and surgeon from France.

Biography
He came to Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island, in 1757. He was the surgeon-major to the troops there and they left that year for Quebec City in New France. Badelard was taken prisoner at the battle of the Plains of Abraham.

Badelard stayed in Canada under the British régime and was surgeon to the Canadian militia. There he eventually found himself in another conflict. The conflict was the defense of Quebec against the Americans and Richard Montgomery in 1775.

In 1776, Badelard became the surgeon to the Quebec garrison but his contribution to Canadian history came through his research of the Baie-Saint-Paul, Quebec malady which was correctly identified as a venereal disease. As a result of his studies of the illness, he wrote one of the first medical articles published in Canada.

Badelard was active and successful in civilian practice as well and served on the Quebec Medical Board for a time. He was considered to be a highly qualified medical man but a person who was hard to get along with; as reports of the time indicate. Louis-Joseph de Montcalm was the most famous Canadian to complain of this characteristic.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1728 births
1802 deaths
Canadian surgeons
People of New France
French venereologists
18th-century Canadian physicians
18th-century surgeons
18th-century French physicians
Canadian military doctors
French military doctors

Philippe-Louis-François Badelard


The Tonian (from , meaning "stretch") is the first geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era. It lasted from  to  Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined by the ICS based on radiometric chronometry. The Tonian is preceded by the Stenian Period of the Mesoproterozoic Era and followed by the Cryogenian.

Rifting leading to the breakup of supercontinent Rodinia, which had formed in the mid-Stenian, occurred during this period, starting from 900 to 850 Mya.

Biology

The first putative metazoan (animal) fossils are dated to the middle to late Tonian ( 890-800 Mya).  The fossils of Otavia antiqua, which has been described as a sponge by its discoverers and numerous other scholars, date back to about 800 mya.  Even earlier sponge-like fossils have been reported in reefs dating back to 890 million years before the present, but their identity is highly debated. This dating is consistent with molecular data recovered through genetic studies on modern metazoan species; more recent studies have concluded that the base of the animal phylogenetic tree is in the Tonian.

The first large evolutionary radiation of acritarchs occurred during the Tonian.

See also

References

Further reading

01
Geological periods
Proterozoic geochronology

Tonian