Apple Inc. has produced and sold headphones since 2001, available for standalone purchase and bundled with iPhone (until 2020) and iPod (until 2022) products. Apple's current product line consists of EarPods (wired earbuds available with a 3.5mm headphone or Lightning connector  or USB-C), AirPods and AirPods Pro (wireless Bluetooth earbuds), and AirPods Max (wireless Bluetooth over-ear headphones).

Wired headphones

Classic round earbuds

Apple's original earbuds shipped with the original iPod, released on October 23, 2001. They were never given a formal name and were referred to variously as "iPod headphones" and "the iPod's earbud-style headphones". They were bundled with two pairs of foam covers. The second generation added a plastic slider to allow the user to limit the gap between the wires. The third generation were redesigned with a slightly longer strain relief, a slightly smaller speaker grill, and the left/right marking being moved from the outside to the inside.

iPhone Stereo Headset
The iPhone Stereo Headset was introduced in 2007 and was bundled with the original iPhone and iPhone 3G, and featured a control capsule in-line with the left earbud's wire with a microphone and a single button, actuated by squeezing the unit, which can be programmed to control calls, presentations, music and video playback, launch Siri, or take pictures with the Camera application. There was also a version without the microphone that was more rare. There have been many reports of moisture problems with the remote/mic.

iPod In-Ear Headphones
iPod In-Ear Headphones were introduced in January 2004 as premium headphones compared to those bundled with iPods, and were available for $39. They included three different sized plastic caps, and Apple claimed improved sound quality and bass response. They were discontinued in 2008.

Apple Earphones with Remote and Mic
Apple Earphones with Remote and Mic were introduced in 2009 and were bundled with the iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, the third-generation iPod Touch, and sold independently. They expanded on the iPhone Stereo Headset by adding two other buttons dedicated to volume control. A variant without a microphone shipped only with the third-generation iPod shuffle.

Apple In-Ear Headphone
Apple In-Ear Headphones were introduced on September 9, 2008, intended as a premium option compared to Apple's bundled earbuds. Like the regular earbuds they have a remote control and microphone built-in. They add silicone ear tips and dual balanced armature drivers advertised as "engineered for superior acoustic accuracy, balance, and clarity". The remote and protective case was redesigned on September 12, 2012, with the remote matching that of EarPods. Apple has since removed them from their online store.

EarPods

EarPods were introduced on September 12, 2012 and feature a redesign with no silicone tips, less visible metal, and a plastic outer shell. They first shipped with the iPhone 5 and feature a remote control and microphone. They also shipped with the iPod Touch (5th generation) and iPod Nano (7th generation) without a remote and microphone. EarPods are also individually sold with a carrying case, while the version bundled with the iPod Touch (5th generation), iPod Touch (6th generation) and iPod Nano (7th generation) only have basic biodegradable packaging, due to their lack of a remote and mic. A microphone icon was added on the previously unmarked back side of the control capsule on EarPods with a microphone. They are compatible with iPhones from the iPhone 3GS to iPhone 6S, the iPod Touch (2nd generation) and onwards, and all models of the iPad, iPad mini, and iPad Pro, except the third and
fourth generation iPad Pro. They require iOS 2.2 and onwards for iOS devices but are not compatible with the original iPhone, iPhone 3G, or iPod Touch (1st generation) due to sound problems. They are also compatible with most Android devices and computers.

A second iteration, EarPods with Lightning Connector, was introduced in 2016 along with the iPhone 7 and replaced the 3.5mm headphone jack with a Lighting connector. They work with all devices that have a Lightning port (except iPad mini (1st generation) and iPod touch (5th generation)) support iOS 10 or later. The previous EarPods were rebranded as "EarPods with 3.5mm Headphone Plug". Since early 2017, both products now lack a carrying case, instead being sold in recyclable cardboard packaging.

Following the release of the iPhone 12 series in 2020, EarPods are no longer bundled with iPhones in most countries except where required by law. Following the discontinuation of the iPod line in 2022, EarPods are only available as a standalone purchase.

A third iteration, EarPods (USB-C), was introduced in 2023 along with the iPhone 15 family and have a USB-C end.

Lightning to 3.5mm dongle

iPhone models from the iPhone 7 to the iPhone X also shipped with a Lightning-to-3.5mm headphone jack adapter, enabling customers to connect 3.5mm headphones to a Lightning port. Thanks to an iOS update (iOS 10.3), it is backwards compatible, meaning it can be used with any previous device with a Lightning port (from iPhone 5 onwards). It is no longer included as of the iPhone XS and iPhone XR, but remains available for purchase from Apple and third-party retailers.

Wireless headphones

iPhone Bluetooth Headset

The iPhone Bluetooth Headset was introduced in 2007, priced at $129 and later reduced to $99, and discontinued in 2009. It was designed for phone calls only and could not be used for listening to music. It was bundled with a "Travel Cable" that charged it and a 30-pin iPhone simultaneously, and a docking station called the iPhone Dual Dock that could charge it and an original iPhone was also available.

AirPods

AirPods were announced alongside the iPhone 7 and were released on December 16, 2016. They are wireless earbud-style headphones with microphones, dual accelerometers, IR sensors used to pause music if they are not in the user's ears, and motion touch sensors that are used to activate controls. They are advertised as having a battery life of five hours, and come with a charging case that gives them a total of 24 hours of battery life. The original case is charged by Lightning, and in 2019 a second case was introduced with Qi charging. AirPods are compatible with iPhones, iPads, Apple Watches, Macs, the 6th generation iPod Touch, and the 7th generation iPod Nano, but automatic pairing with an iCloud account requires macOS Sierra, iOS 10, and watchOS. They are also compatible with devices on other platforms that support Bluetooth, but it limits the AirPods' functionality.

AirPods Pro

AirPods Pro were released on October 30, 2019 as a premium option compared to AirPods. They use the same H1 chip found in second generation AirPods, and boast a slimmer design, active noise cancellation, adaptive EQ, IPX4 water resistance, a new charging case with Qi standard, and include silicone tips.

AirPods Max

AirPods Max, released on December 15, 2020, are wireless Bluetooth over-ear headphones. They feature two H1 chips, active noise cancellation and transparency mode, a Digital Crown and on-head detection.

In popular culture

Apple's white earbuds are prominently featured in the majority of their distinctive "silhouette style" iPod advertisements. Most often as a dancing black figure in [silhouette] with a starkly contrasted white earbuds and cord while holding a white iPod. The background is usually another bright colour so the iPod and headphones clearly stand out compared to the rest of the image.

See also

 Timeline of Apple Inc. products
 Apple speakers

References

Apple Inc. peripherals
IPod accessories
IPhone accessories

Apple headphones


The Battle of the Trebia (or Trebbia) was the first major battle of the Second Punic War. It was fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and the Roman Republic in December 218 BC at or around the winter solstice.

The Carthaginian forces of Hannibal Barca defeated the Roman army, les by Tiberius Sempronius Longus, on the banks of the Trebbia River.

Only 4,000-5,000 Carthaginian soldiers fell during the conflict, far fewer than the Romans' 26,000-32,000 causalities.

210s BC
Trebia
Emilia-Romagna

Battle of the Trebia


The Maison Saint-Gabriel Museum is located in Montreal, Quebec and is dedicated to preserving the history, heritage and artifacts of the settlers of New France in the mid 17th century. The museum consists of a small farm, which has been administered for more than 300 years by the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal, founded by Marguerite Bourgeoys in Montreal in 1658.

The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2007.

Beginning
On October 31, 1662, Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve conceded land in Pointe-Saint-Charles to Marguerite Bourgeoys. The purpose of this land was to establish a farm that would feed the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal and support its work. In order to plant crops, mainly corn, wheat, and pumpkin, the land was cleared by engagés. These workers helped with the heavy work, and also helped protect the Congregation from any enemy attacks.

In 1668, Marguerite Bourgeoys bought land adjacent to hers, on which stood a house and a barn, from Francois Le Ber and Jeanne Testard. Though it was never referred to as such at the time, this later become the Maison Saint-Gabriel. Initially, Sister Catherine Crolo was primarily in charge of the farm and the house: she planned the labour, the planting, and the harvest, as well as the transport of produce from the farm to the surrounding community. Sister Crolo was also responsible for overseeing the other Sisters in the community.

School
In its early years, in addition to providing subsistence for the Congregation, the farm served as a preparatory school. It housed young women destined for or residing in Montreal, as well as some Filles du Roi, who were recruited in France. These girls were brought to New France in order to provide wives for the numerous single men of the colony, and by so doing, to boost the settler population; this plan was in effect from 1663 to 1673.

House and farm
In 1693, the old farmhouse burned down. However, the foundation and the creamery survived the fire, and were incorporated into the reconstruction of the house, which was completed in 1698. This project was spearheaded by tradesmen, mainly masons, carpenters, and woodworkers. The architecture of the rebuilt house, mainly the two-storey body, the oak frame and ash beams, and the lean-tos, contributed to the heritage value of the house because it captured the essence of 17th century structural design.

In the early to mid 18th century, in order to maintain the agricultural roots of the house and to expand the farm, the Congregation bought many pieces of surrounding land. Throughout the 18th century, the Sisters cultivated wheat and oats and built a chicken coop, a barn, and stables. In the 19th century, the animals raised on the farm were used to produce butter, wool, soap, and leather.

19th century

The house was transformed and modified over the years.  As the city of Montreal expanded and industrialized and as immigration increased, some of the farmland of the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal was sold to allow for the construction of new housing. The construction of the railway and the opening of the Lachine Canal brought rapid growth and urbanization to Pointe-Saint-Charles, and from the 1850s onward, developers and the city of Montreal slowly dismantled the domain.

Museum
In the early 1960s, after officially celebrating the 300th anniversary of Marguerite Bourgeoys' ownership of land in Pointe-Saint-Charles, interest in turning the original house into a museum increased. However, in order to do so, another establishment needed to be constructed to house the sisters who would oversee the museum project. Therefore, the construction of the Jeanne-LeBer house began in 1963, and was completed in 1964.

The Maison Saint-Gabriel, the original farm house purchased by Bourgeoys in 1668, was then classified as a historic monument by the Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine in October 1965. Work began to restore the house that same year, under the supervision of architect Victor Depocas.  The objective of the restoration was to conserve the walls and re-create within them the living conditions of the sisters who resided in the house in the 17th century. Thus, the kitchen, the common room, the basement, the chapel, the dormitory, the King's daughters' room, and the attic were refurbished and outfitted with artifacts that created an image and feeling reminiscent of the original house.

During the summer, costumed interpreters and artisans host live demonstrations showcasing 17th century craftmaking. In addition, the house and barn are surrounded by gardens. The Glade and the Poetry Path hosts indigenous plants and shrubs. The Farmhouse Gardens re-create a 17th-century vegetable garden. The Sharecroppers' garden honours the women of the Congregation of Notre Dame. These gardens add an horticultural element to the museum.

Collections
The Maison Saint-Gabriel museum hosts over 15,000 artifacts. The 17th-century house and the 18th-century barn hold a collection that helps re-create rural living in New France, using objects dating from the 17th century onwards. There are many original objects, while others are reproductions based on drawings conserved from the 17th century. The collection includes domestic objects (lighting and appliances), religious clothing and accessories, furniture from homes and churches, materials of correspondence (letters and books), religious and decorative art, and finally textile, construction, agricultural and trade tools.

Expansion
On November 1, 2010, the Jeanne-Leber house was officially incorporated into the Maison Saint-Gabriel Museum as the Catherine-Crolo pavilion. This building houses the gift shop, which has a tea room overlooking a terrace and which promotes local artisans. It also contains a reception area and a room for cultural activities.

The cost of the project was absorbed in part by the Governments of Canada and of Quebec. The ministries support this project as a way of educating visitors by preserving the heritage of Marguerite Bourgeoys and the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal.

Affiliations
The museum is affiliated with: CMA,  CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

References

External links

Maison Saint-Gabriel (Official Website)
Virtual Museum of Canada
Répertoire du Patrimoine Culturel du Québec

Museums in Montreal
Historic house museums in Quebec
Houses in Montreal
National Historic Sites in Quebec
Heritage buildings of Quebec
French colonial architecture in Canada
Le Sud-Ouest

Maison Saint-Gabriel


Hollinshead Hall was a manor house close to the village of Tockholes, Lancashire. It is unclear whether the hall was originally the manor house of Tockholes, or if Hollinshead was indeed a manor in its own right alongside Tockholes and Livesey. The ruins of the hall are situated approximately  south of the village.

The main features of the site consist of the ruins of the late 18th century hall and Gardens, and the associated barn and stables. To the south of here are the remains of the farmhouse and farm buildings, and at the south-east side of the enclosed garden is a well house, the only structure on the site which remains standing today.

Etymology
The name "Hollinshead hall" is presumed to come from the Hollinshead family who are said to have built the hall at some point before the 14th century and from the Manor of Hollinshead itself, however sources to verify this are being awaited. To date the earliest record of Hollinshead hall seems to appear in 1311 (where?), Although it is probable the hall did indeed exist before then.
One theory (which?) suggests that the name Hollinshead hall does not come from a family name at all but rather from a corruption of "Holy Head", an early name given to the manor in the 14th century, which in turn is derived from an earlier unknown Saxon place name given due to the topography and the presence of the noted Spring fed Holy well (A term itself derived from the Anglo-Saxon toponym haeligewielle). The name Tockholes itself is also of Saxon/Viking origin and there is strong archaeological evidence of early settlement (in what form?)

The History of Hollinshead Hall

Early history
The manor has been in the possession of a number of noted Lancashire families.

The earliest record as to the origins of Hollinshead Hall appear in a 14th-century document. It records that in 1311 a John de Radcliffe, a member of the noted Lancashire de Radcliffe family, was owner of "100 Acres in the place called Holinhead, In Tokholes…".

In 1380 the manor of "le Holyhead In Tokholes" consisted of one messuage,  of arable land,  of meadow and  of pasture.

In 1498 the manor was held by Sir Alexander de Hoghton a member of the Noble Lancashire Hoghton Family of Hoghton Tower.

By 1641 it had technically become the property of Charles I of England before then being rented to an Edward Warren in 1662, who is recorded as paying 2 shillings yearly rent for "The Hollinhead". The hall is presumed to have remained with the Warrens until 1761.

18th & 19th Century

In 1761 the hall was passed by George Warren to trustees who then sold the hall to a John Hollinshead. While his family was indeed of an old lineage, being traceable to the reign of Henry III It would appear that the name of the new owner was purely coincidental to it also being the name of the hall itself. According to the 19th century author Edward Twycross, it was John Hollinshead who in 1776 almost entirely pulled down the original hall and remodelled it, the ruins of which can be seen today.

After his death in 1802 John Hollinshead bequeathed his property and title to his cousin William Brock, who became William Brock Hollinshead and who passed the estate to his nephew Laurence Brock Hollinshead of Chorley. The Hall at this time was not occupied by the Brock Hollinsheads but was rented out; in 1803 an Edmund Charnley was tenant at the hall. The hall and title remained the property of Laurence Brock Hollinshead until 1845. The surrounding estate was however sold to a Mr Eccles Shorrock a noted Darwen mill owner in 1838 before the hall itself was then sold to him in 1845.

While the property itself was sold, it appears the name and title continued to be passed along the Brock Hollinshead line.  Laurence was to marry three times leaving connections with the Edwards family of Plas Fran near Wrexham, the Potts of Serjeant's Inn, London and the Hampsons (Rev) of Bolton.

Topography

Lying  above sea level the hall sits on the eastern slopes of a moorland pass which runs from the Lancashire plains around Bolton North towards Preston. The site occupies a relatively sheltered position in a Westward facing Hollow.
Today the site is somewhat protected from wild winds sweeping across the open expanses of the Anglezarke and Darwen Moors by the large Tockholes plantations which now form a part of a United Utilities Water catchment area.

The Hall was originally very extensive but in 1776 John Hollinshead had a large part of the building demolished and proceeded to rebuild on a less grand scale. During the first half of the 19th century, the Hall was owned by the Brock-Hollinsheads, a very old Lancashire family.

In 1845 the Hall was sold to Darwen mill owner Eccles Shorrock, but by the end of the century the buildings had fallen into a state of disrepair and were eventually demolished when the Liverpool Corporation Waterworks acquired the surrounding land for water catchment.  Much of the stonework from the hall was used to build walls in the area and also some cottages in Belmont village, two miles (3 km) to the south.

Little now remains, with the exception of The Well House - housing a spring feeding two stone troughs

References

Country houses in Lancashire
West Pennine Moors
Ruins in Lancashire
Buildings and structures in Blackburn with Darwen

Hollinshead Hall


James Edward Dickey (1864 – 1928) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, elected in 1922.

Birth and family
James was born 11 May 1864 in Jeffersonville, Georgia, the son of the Rev. James Madison and Ann Elizabeth (Thomas) Dickey. He was a descendant of John Dickey, who emigrated from Derry, Ireland in 1753. Another ancestor was an English settler in Maryland. Both James' parents were of Revolutionary stock.

James married Jessie Munroe 9 September 1891. They had children Julia, Annie, Jessie, Claire, Edna, and James Edward, Jr.

Education
James was educated in the Atlanta, Gainesville and Elbertson schools. He earned an A.B. degree from Emory College in Oxford, Georgia, class of 1891. He was a member of the Chi Phi fraternity.

Ordained and academic ministry
James joined the Itinerant Ministry of the North Georgia Annual Conference of the M.E. Church, South in 1891. He was an Adjunct Professor of Mental and Moral Science at Emory College, beginning in 1891. Then, he was appointed the Alumni Professor of Historical and Political Economics in 1896. He then spent time in the pastorate, appointed to Grace M.E., South Church in Atlanta in 1899.

The Rev. Dr. Dickey then had the honor as the last President of Emory College, and the first President of Emory University. His term as President was 1902 to 1915. He then served again as a Pastor, this time of First Methodist at 42 E. Third St., Atlanta.

Rev. Dickey also was a member of the Ecumenical Conference at Toronto in 1911. He was also elected the General Secretary of Education for his denomination in 1910, bet resigned to remain at Emory. He was elected a delegate to the 1910 General Conference of the M.E. Church, South. He also served as the Chairman of the Board of Missions of his Annual Conference.

Episcopal ministry
The Rev. Dr. James Edward Dickey was elected to the Episcopacy of the M.E. Church, South at the 1922 General Conference. As Bishop, he served as a Trustee of Emory and of Wesleyan Female College.

Bishop Dickey died 17 April after an appendectomy operation in Louisville, Kentucky. He was buried in Westview Cemetery in Atlanta.

Biography
 Dempsey, E.F., Life of Bishop Dickey, 1937.

See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References

 Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops.  Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.

External links
An Emory History

1864 births
1928 deaths
People from Jeffersonville, Georgia
American Methodist bishops
American people of British descent
Emory University alumni
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South
Presidents of Emory University
Burials in Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century Methodist bishops

James Edward Dickey


A field trip or excursion is a journey by a group of people to a place away from their normal environment.

When done for students, as it happens in several school systems, it is also known as school trip in the UK, Australia,Kenya, New Zealand and Bangladesh, and school tour in Ireland.

A 2022 study, which used randomized controlled trial data, found that culturally enriching field trips led students to show a greater interest in arts, greater tolerance for people with different views, and boosted their educational outcomes.

Overview
The purpose of the field trip is usually observation for education, non-experimental research or to provide students with experiences outside their everyday activities, such as going camping with teachers and their classmates. The aim of this research is to observe the subject in its natural state and possibly collect samples. It is seen that more-advantaged children may have already experienced cultural institutions outside of school, and field trips provide common ground with more-advantaged and less-advantaged children to have some of the same cultural experiences in the arts.

Field trips are most often done in 3 steps: preparation, activities and follow-up activity. Preparation applies to both the student and the teacher. Teachers often take the time to learn about the destination and the subject before the trip. Activities that happen on the field trips often include: lectures, tours, worksheets, videos and demonstrations. Follow-up activities are generally discussions that occur in the classroom once the field trip is completed.

In Western culture people first come across this method during school years when classes are taken on school trips to visit a geological or geographical feature of the landscape, for example. Much of the early research into the natural sciences was of this form. Charles Darwin is an important example of someone who has contributed to science through the use of field trips.

Popular field trip sites include zoos, nature centers, community agencies such as fire stations and hospitals, government agencies, local businesses, amusement parks, science museums, and factories. Field trips provide alternative educational opportunities for children and can benefit the community if they include some type of community service. Field trips also provide students the opportunity to take a break from their normal routine and experience more hands-on learning. Places like zoos and nature centers often have an interactive display that allow children to touch plants or animals.

Today, culturally enriching field trips are in decline. Museums across the United States report a steep drop in school tours. For example, the Field Museum in Chicago at one time welcomed more than 300,000 students every year. Recently, the number is below 200,000. Between 2002 and 2007, Cincinnati arts organizations saw a 30 percent decrease in student attendance. A survey by the American Association of School Administrators found that more than half of schools eliminated planned field trips in 2010–11.

Site school
A variation on the field trip is the "site-based program" or "site-school" model, where a class temporarily relocates to a non-school location for an entire week to take advantage of the resources on the site.  As with a multi-day field trip, appropriate overnight camping or lodging arrangements are often made to accommodate the experience.  The approach was first developed at the Calgary Zoo in Alberta, Canada in 1993, and "Zoo School" was inaugurated in 1994.  The Calgary Board of Education then approached the Glenbow Museum and Archives to create a "Museum School" in 1995 followed by the Calgary Science Centre (1996), the University of Calgary (1996), Canada Olympic Park (1997), the Inglewood Bird Sanctuary (1998), Calgary City Hall (2000), Cross Conservation Area (2000), the Calgary Stampede (2002), the Calgary Aero-Space Museum (2005), and the Fire Training Academy (2008). One of the newer schools in Calgary is Tinker School and Social Enterprise School as STEM Learning Lab (2018)  The model spread across Alberta (with 15 sites in Edmonton alone), throughout Canada and in the United States.  Global coordination of the model is through the "Beyond the Classroom Network".

Europe
In Europe, School Trip, a 2002 German-Polish film, describes the German students' trip to Poland during the summer.

School trip in Asia

In Japan, in addition to the one-day field trip, the school trip, called Shūgaku ryokō (:ja:修学旅行, literally "Learning journey"), has a history since 1886, and is now part of the middle school and high school curriculum, with all students participating in such a program. It is usually for a longer time, such as a few days, a week or a few weeks. The typical locations visited are: the ancient capitals of Kyoto and Nara; Nagasaki which was the only door to the world during the 17th-19th century isolated period; and Nikko. A foreign country is sometimes selected.

In other Asian regions/countries such as South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore, the school trip, when arranged, tends to become a voluntary part of the school curriculum. When Japan was selected, the Japanese government waivered the entry visa.

See also

School bus
Museum education
Excursion
Grand Tour
Experiential learning

References

Research methods
School terminology
Museum education
Types of travel
Childhood
Field research
High school research

Education by method
Educational environment
Education events
Educational projects

Field trip


West Unicorn Peak is the second highest point in the Tatoosh Range which is a sub-range of the Cascade Range. It is located south of Mount Rainier within Mount Rainier National Park, in Lewis County of Washington state. The nearest higher peak is Unicorn Peak,  to the east-northeast.  Precipitation runoff and meltwater from the peak's small glacier, Unicorn Glacier, drain into tributaries of the Cowlitz River.

Climate
West Unicorn Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (Orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger.

References

External links
 National Park Service web site: Mount Rainier National Park

Cascade Range
Mountains of Lewis County, Washington
Mountains of Washington (state)

West Unicorn Peak


Fabricius Werner (1633-1679), an organist and composer of note, was born April 10, 1633, at Itzehoe, Holstein. As a boy he studied music under his father, Albert Fabricius, organist in Flensburg, and Paul Moth, the Cantor there. He went to the Gymnasium in Hamburg, where Thomas Selle and Heinrich Scheidemann were his teachers in music. In 1650 he went to the Leipzig University, studying philosophy, theology, and law; in the latter he became a fully qualified 'Notar.' He was appointed Musik-Director of the Paulinerkirche, Leipzig, in 1656, and in 1658 was also appointed organist to the Nicolaikirche. Although he tried for the post of Cantor to the Thomaskirche in March 1658, he was not elected. He was married July 3, 1665, and one son survived him, Johann Albert Fabricius. He died Jan. 9, 1679, at Leipzig, forty-five years old, according to the contemporary account of him in Musica Davidica, order Davids Music, bei der Leichbe-stattung des ... Hern Werneri Fabricii ... durch Joh. Thilone, ad S. Nicolaum Ecclesiaste.

References

1633 births
1679 deaths
People from Itzehoe
German organists
17th-century German composers

Werner Fabricius


Braidwood is a small village near Carluke, in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. The medieval barony of Braidwood included the Tower of Hallbar.

Braidwood House, former seat of Lord Clydesmuir, is one of the major local landmarks. Over the years it has been a home for sufferers of cerebral palsy run by Capability Scotland and is now home to the South of Scotland offices of the Forestry Commission. Braidwood House was also briefly home to the Airborne Initiative, formerly of Glengonnar outside Abington, who specialised in outward-bound style training for young offenders. However the programme's funding was subsequently withdrawn by the Scottish Executive in 2004, after the airing of a controversial BBC Scotland documentary Chancers. The building has now fallen into disrepair, but there is still a small animal cemetery in the overgrown house grounds.

Many houses have been built in Braidwood in the past couple of years, primarily on the former sites of the vehicle dismantlers of Alan Gray at Nellfield. The "Nellfield Garage" petrol station is still functioning along with a shop.

Education
The village has one primary school which is a feeder to Carluke High School, the school educates some pupils from the village and mostly incomers from Carluke. The architecture of the old school building is noteworthy as it was in the shape of an alien spacecraft. This building was rebuilt to create a larger school in 2014.

Location
The village itself is situated in the Clyde Valley, around  from the river Clyde. For a small village it has a good variety of signposted woodland footpaths in the valley, with unusual names such as Fiddler's Gill, and an attractive village duck pond, much used for picnics.

See also
List of places in South Lanarkshire

References

External links

Villages in South Lanarkshire
Clydesdale

Braidwood, South Lanarkshire


The Kuchisake Onna, or slit mouthed woman, is a popular figure in Japanese folklore. She even shows up in many modern day urban legends. She often appears wearing a surgical mask to cover her mouth, which has been ripped open from ear to ear. She will ask unknowing passers-by whether or not they think she is beautiful. Often they will say yes, and she will remove the mask, showing them her torn face and ask again. If the person says no, then she will rip their face so it resembles hers.

There are different rumors about how to avoid her killing you. One is to say she is average, and another is to ask her if you are beautiful, in hopes of confusing her so one could escape while she has to think about what to do next.

The stories of Kuchisake Onna came from the Heian period Japan, where there lived a very beautiful but very vain woman. Her husband thought she was being unfaithful to her, and cut her face out of jealousy and anger.

This happened so because she used to be so beautiful that everyone in the late 90s used to dream her. One day her samurai husband went on a war and she started an affair with a young handsome young man. When he returned he found his wife having an affair with another person. So, he took his sharped sword and divided her face in to two halves through lips. This made her too ugly due to which no one ever looked her again. The pain was that insane which made her commit suicide. From then on she started a journey make her like that.

A few elementary school kids figured out how to confuse or trick Kuchisake-onna, by responding saying her looks are "average", or distracting her with money, or Japanese hard candy.

Japanese mythology

Kuchisake onna


Karen Ziemba (born November 12, 1957) is an American actress, singer and dancer, best known for her work in musical theatre. In 2000, she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance in Contact.

Biography
Ziemba was born in St. Joseph, Michigan, the daughter of Barbara Marie (Heidt) and Oscar Hugo Ziemba, an investment broker. Her grandmother, Winifred Heidt, was an opera singer. Ziemba attended the University of Akron (Ohio), where she studied dance. In 1977 she danced with the Ohio Ballet.

Her Broadway debut was in A Chorus Line as Diana Morales. Later, she played the lead of Peggy Sawyer in 42nd Street. While appearing in 42nd Street, she was featured in the October 1984 issue of Playboy in the article "Babes of Broadway", in which she posed partially nude. Ziemba's other Broadway roles include Polly Baker in Crazy for You in 1992 (replacement), Roxie Hart in Chicago (1998), and Belle Hagner in Teddy & Alice (1987).

Ziemba appeared Off-Broadway in the Kander and Ebb revue And The World Goes 'Round (1991) and won the Drama Desk Award. She received a Drama Desk Award nomination (Best Actress in a Musical) for I Do! I Do! (1996). The next year, she was nominated for the 1997 Drama Desk Award (Outstanding Actress in a Musical) and a 1997 Tony Award (Actress in a Musical) for her role in Steel Pier (1997).

In 2000, Ziemba won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance in Susan Stroman's Contact. She played the role of "the timid, abused mafioso's wife." The CurtainUp reviewer wrote of the savvy casting "...especially Karen Ziemba, who is finally in a show that makes full use of her dual talents as an actress and dancer...Ziemba (in Did You Move?), brings an amazing female Walter Mitty vulnerability to a frustrated wife having dinner with a husband..."

She appeared in Much Ado About Nothing as Beatrice at the Hartford Stage (Connecticut) and then the Shakespeare Theatre Company (Washington, DC) in November 2002 through January 5, 2003. In 2004 she received another Tony Award nomination (Best Featured Actress in a Musical) for Never Gonna Dance. In 2007, she portrayed the heartwarming lyricist Georgia Hendricks in Curtains, earning her fourth Tony Award nomination.

She performed with the New York City Opera in 110 in the Shade as Lizzie in 1992. The AP News reviewer wrote: "Ziemba's voice is clear and sweet, exactly what's needed for a song like Is It Really Me?." She performed the role of Cleo in the City Opera's production of The Most Happy Fella in 1991. The New York Times reviewer wrote: "...her voice had swagger, grainy brashness and brassy energy, undistracted by higher ambitions."

She has appeared in several New York City Center Encores! staged musicals, including The Pajama Game in 2002 (Babe Williams), Bye Bye Birdie in 2004 and On Your Toes in 2013 (Lil Dolan).

She starred in the staged reading of Vincent Crapelli's Otherwise, with Beth Leavel and Laura Bonarrigo-Koffman.

Ziemba appeared as Dolly Gallagher Levi in Hello, Dolly! at the Drury Lane Theatre, Oak Brook, Illinois, in 2013.

She returned to Broadway in March 2014, in the new musical adaptation of Woody Allen's Bullets Over Broadway as the character "Eden Brent", directed by Susan Stroman.

In 2015 and 2017 Karen returned to Off-Broadway to play the role of "Mom/Eileen" in Kid Victory.

On television, she has appeared on Law & Order and on film in The Producers and the ill-fated, never released remake of The Devil and Daniel Webster.

In 2020, Ziemba appeared as Barbara Joblove in the musical podcast, Propaganda!

Personal life
She and actor Bill Tatum wed in 1984.

References

External links
 Karen Ziemba official site

University of Akron alumni
American female dancers
Dancers from Michigan
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Michigan
Drama Desk Award winners
Tony Award winners
People from St. Joseph, Michigan
1957 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses

Karen Ziemba


City of Bones is the first novel of Cassandra Clare. It was first published March 27, 2007 in United States by Simon & Schuester, who publishes her other works as well. This is the first book of her main series The Mortal Instruments.

Creation

Cassandra Clare was a fanfiction author, publishing her Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings stories online. One day, in 2004, a friend of hers took her to a tattoo shop, where she saw those footprints in the ceiling, and after that, she started developing the story of  race of warriors, called Shadowhunters, who were burdened with the job to protect humans from demons.
After some rejections, in 2007 Cassandra could get her book to be published by the name of City of Bones, by Simon & Schuester, in the US. Her books have been published and have been bestsellers throughout the years. In UK, her publisher is Walker Books.

American fantasy books
2007 books

City of Bones


(1178-1225) was the last living member of the Taira clan. He was the son of Taira no Koremori, grandson of Taira no Shigemori, and great-grandson of Taira no Kiyomori. He and his brother, Taira no Takakiyo, were the only male members of the Taira clan to survive the Genpei War. His brother was executed in 1199, but Chikazane lived until 1225. His death marked the end of the Taira clan.

Oda Nobunaga claimed descent from him.

References
Utagawa Kunisada (Toyokuni III) - series and prints. Horst Graebner, Society for Japanese Arts. Accessed March 11, 2008.
 Taira no Chikazane

Daimyo
Taira clan
13th-century Shintoists

Taira no Chikazane


Juan Donoso Cortés, marqués de Valdegamas (6 May 1809 – 3 May 1853) was a Spanish counter-revolutionary author, diplomat, politician, and Catholic political theologian.

Biography

Early life
Cortés was born at Valle de la Serena (Extremadura) on 6 May 1809. His father, D. Pedro Donoso Cortés was a lawyer and landowner, and a descendant of the conquistador Hernán Cortés. His mother, Maria Elena Fernandez née Canedo Cortés was a provincial heiress. During his youth, Juan Donoso was tutored by the liberal Antonio Beltran in Latin, French, and other subjects required for entrance to a university. At 11, possibly due to issues at home, Juan Donoso left to study at the University of Salamanca. He only remained there a year before leaving to study at the Colegio de San Pedro de Caceres. In 1823, at age 14, he entered the University of Seville to study law, and would remain there until 1828. It was here that Donoso Cortés first encountered philosophy; he fell under the influence of liberal and traditionalist thinkers such as John Locke and Louis de Bonald.

Donoso returned home to work at his father's law practice for a couple of years. At this time he continued his eclectic reading habits. In October 1829, Cortés was offered at professorship in aesthetics and politics at the Colegio de San Pedro de Caceres. He was carried away by Romanticism and stressed feeling over rationality. He criticized medieval feudalism but defended the Papacy and the Crusades, which he believed engendered vitality into European civilization. Carried away by the rationalism prevalent in Spain following upon the French invasions, he ardently embraced the principles of Liberalism and fell under the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whom he later characterized as "the most eloquent of sophists".

Entry into politics and journalism
Cortés married Teresa née Carrasco in 1830, however their marriage lasted only five years with the death of Teresa after the birth of their only child, Maria. It was also at this time that Juan Donoso entered politics along with his brother-in-law. He entered politics as an ardent liberal under the influence of Manuel José Quintana. After the death of King Ferdinand VII, Donoso, along with most of Spain's liberals, backed the late king's fourth wife, Maria Christina, and her claim to the throne of Spain. They were opposed by Ferdinand's clerical and conservative brother Carlos, and his conservative supporters who were known as Carlists. In 1832, Donoso wrote a memorandum to King Ferdinand defending female succession as being in line with the king's Pragmatic Sanction of 1830. For his efforts, the new queen regent would appoint Donoso to a position in the Secretariat of State.

The death of King Ferdinand in 1833 precipitated the First Carlist War. Donoso protested the massacre of friars by anti-clerical liberals in Madrid in July 1834 in a memo to Maria Christina.

Donoso's views began to shift after the 1836 rising at La Granja, where soldiers in the royal palace forced Maria Cristina to reinstitute the liberal Constitution of 1812. At this time Donoso was appointed as a cabinet secretary and elected to the Cortes as a member of the liberal Moderate Party, which represented bourgeois interests and supported a constitutional monarchy. At this time he gave a series of lectures for the party, A Defense of Representative Government, where he lauded representative government and rationalism, but at the same time defended dictatorship as sometimes being a necessary evil.

The period between 1837 and 1840 saw the nadir of Donoso's journalistic career; writing for various publications such as El Correo Nacional, El Porvenir, and El Piloto. His drift into conservatism continued during this time; Donoso attacked Victor Hugo's depiction of Mary Stuart, he argued in favor of the use of rich articles in religious rites. His most extensive article during this time, "Classicism and Romanticism", written in El Correo Nacional in August or September 1838, urged a synthesis between classicist and romantic art forms. Donoso's articles brought him a great deal of notoriety and condemnation, with 65 members of the Cortes accusing Donoso of being subversive.

Donoso recognized the power of the press and sought to influence public discussion through his publications, yet he was also one of the sharpest critics of the press and the freedom of the press. He believed that journalism was an almost sacred vocation but that this vocation was often abused and was used to spread mindless chatter and gossip. He was critical of the use of the press to spread revolutionary, socialistic, and anti-Christian ideas. Donoso went as far as to believe that freedom of the press itself was the result of the abandonment of Christian moral principles: editors were a new priesthood devoted to furthering the revolution and the authority of Christian doctrine was replaced with endless discussion. He was also critical of the use of the press by governments to achieve centralization and bureaucratization.

Shift to conservatism

By the end of the First Carlist War in 1839, Donoso had become disillusioned with liberalism, rationalism, and the bourgeoise. He became something of a recluse and rarely left the royal palace. With the fall of the regency of Maria Christina, Donoso went into exile with the former Queen-regent; from March 1841 to the autumn of 1843, Donoso spent almost all of his time in Paris. During this time he began a history of the regency of Maria Christina, however it would never be finished. During this time Donoso came more strongly under the influence of the French traditionalists Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald.

Donoso returned to Spain in late 1843 and played a key role in granting majority status to Queen Isabella II, ending the regency of Baldomero Espartero. For his services to the crown Donoso was made private secretary to the young Queen and he was raised to the peerage. Shortly after, in May 1844, General Narváez came to power as prime minister. Donoso's liberalism saw a brief upsurge with the early reforms of Pope Pius IX, who appointed Pellegrino Rossi to be prime minister of the Papal States.

The Revolutions of 1848, along with the assassination of Rossi and the death Donoso's pious Carlist brother Pedro brought an end to any trace of liberalism in Donoso's thinking. In January 1849, Donoso gave a speech in the Cortes, "On Dictatorship," defending the actions of General Narvaez in suppressing any traces of revolutionary activity in Spain. Donoso spoke out vociferously against the chaos he saw unfolding across Europe in the Cortes; he attacked socialism as the result of the erosion of Christian morality and atheism. Donoso would later become a sharp critic of Narvaez and his speeches denouncing him in the Cortes would lead to Narvaez's resignation. During this time Donoso briefly served as ambassador to Berlin.

Later life
In 1851, Donoso was appointed as the Spanish ambassador to France, presenting his credentials to the court of President, and later Emperor, Louis Napoleon, who would reign under the title of Napoleon III. Donoso was initially a confidant of Napoleon, and may have helped finance his coup. However, as time went on it became clear that Donoso and Napoleon did not share a common intellectual purpose. Still, Donoso worked to obtain international recognition for the new regime and he represented Queen Isabella II at the Emperor's marriage to the Spanish countess Eugénie de Montijo.

Donoso's life took on a newfound piety during this time: he went on pilgrimage, wore a hair shirt, volunteered with the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, visited slums and prisons, and donated much of his wealth to the poor. He also spent much of time writing in opposition to the Liberal French Catholics and their leader Bishop Dupanloup.

It was during this time Donoso Cortés issued his Ensayo Sobre el Catolicismo, el Liberalismo, y el Socialismo Considerados en sus Principios Fundamentales (1851), or Essays on Catholicism, Liberalism, and Socialism, Considered in their Fundamental Principles, the work for which he is most well-known. It was written at the insistence of Louis Veuillot, who was an intimate friend of Juan Donoso. The work placed Cortés in the first rank of Catholic apologists and made him a defender of Ultramontanism. It is an exposition of the impotence of all human systems of philosophy to solve the problem of human destiny and of the absolute dependence of humanity upon the Catholic Church for its social and political salvation. He excoriates liberalism as the bridge that ultimately leads to atheistic socialism.

During his last years he also engaged in a series of correspondences that developed his thought further; firstly with the former Queen regent Maria Christina; with Cardinal Fornari, the papal nuncio to France; and Atanazy Raczyński, a Polish nobleman and Prussian ambassador to Spain, who was a close friend of Donoso. He also briefly engaged in a correspondence with Pope Pius IX, and warned the pope about the continuing threat from Gallicanism and democracy. Many of Donoso's ideas would be incorporated into Pius's encyclical Quanta Cura and its attached Syllabus of Errors.

Juan Donoso Cortés died in the Spanish Embassy in Paris on 3 May 1853. His funeral was held in the
Church of Saint Phillipe du Roule
in Paris where he would be interred. His remains were transferred to Madrid on 11 May 1900, along with the remains of Goya, Moratin, and Melendez Valdes. His remains are currently interred in the pantheon of the royal cemetery of San Isidro el Real.

Donoso Cortés's works were collected in five volumes at Madrid (1854–1855) under the editorship of Gavino Tejado.

Influence
In his work Political Theology (1922), political philosopher Carl Schmitt devotes large portions of his final chapter ("On the Counterrevolutionary Philosophy of the State") to Donoso Cortés, praising him for recognizing the importance of decision and of the concept of sovereignty. Schmitt also credited Donoso's Discourse on Dictatorship with initiating the demise of the progressive notion of history.

Quotations
"True progress consists in submitting the human element which corrupts liberty, to the divine element which purifies it. Society has followed a different path in looking upon the empire of faith as dead; and in proclaiming the empire of reason and the will of man, it has made evil, which was only relative, contingent and exceptional, absolute, universal, and necessary. This period of rapid retrogression commenced in Europe with the restoration of pagan literature, which has brought about successively the restoration of pagan philosophy, religious paganism, and political paganism. At the present time the world is on the eve of the last of these restorations, – that of pagan socialism." (Letter to Montalembert, June 4, 1849.)

"It follows from this that the Church alone has the right to affirm and deny, and that there is no right outside her to affirm what she denies, or to deny what she affirms. The day when society, forgetting her doctrinal decisions, has asked the press and the tribune, news writers and assemblies, what is truth and what is error, on that day error and truth are confounded in all intellects, society enters on the regions of shadows, and falls under the empire of fictions…"

"The doctrinal intolerance of the Church has saved the world from chaos. Her doctrinal intolerance has placed beyond question political, domestic, social, and religious, truths—primitive and holy truths, which are not subject to discussion, because they are the foundation of all discussions; truths which cannot be called into doubt for a moment without the understanding on that moment oscillating, lost between truth and error, and the clear mirror of human reason becoming soiled and obscured…"

Bibliography
 Obras de Don Juan Donoso Cortés, Marqués de Valdegamas, Ordenadas y Precedidas de una Noticia Biográfica por Gavino Tejado, Impr. de Tejado, 1854-1855:
 Vol I.
 Vol. II.
 Vol. III.
 Vol. IV.
 Vol. V.
 Obras Completas de Donoso Cortés, Juan, Marqués de Valdegamas, 1809-1853, 2 Vols., Editorial Católica, 1946.
 Obras Completas. Edición, Introducción y Notas de Carlos Valverde, 2 Vols., Editorial Católica, 1970.

English translations of Donoso Cortés
 Essay on Catholicism, Liberalism and Socialism, Considered in their Fundamental Principles, tr. Madeleine Vinton Goddard. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1862.
 Essays on Catholicism, Liberalism and Socialism, Considered in their Fundamental Principles, tr. William McDonald. Dublin: M.H. Gill & Son, 1879.
 Essays on Catholicism, Liberalism and Socialism: Considered in Their Fundamental Principles, Cornell University Library, 2010.
 In Menczer, Béla, 1962. Catholic Political Thought, 1789-1848. University of Notre Dame Press.
 "The Church, the State, and Revolution," pp. 160–176.
 "Socialism," pp. 177–182.
 On Order: Two Addresses Newly Translated into English by Juan Donoso Cortes. Plutarch Press, 1989.
 Selected Works of Juan Donoso Cortes: Contributions in Political Science. Praeger, 2000.
 Donoso Cortes: Readings in Political Theory, R.A. Herrera ed., Sapientia Press of Ave Maria University, 2007.
 Letter to Cardinal Fornari on the Errors of Our Time, [n.d.]

References

Sources

References

Further reading

 Armas, Gabriel de (1953). Donoso Cortés: su Sentido Trascendente de la Vida. Madrid: Colección Cálamo.
 Balakrishnan, Gopal (2000) "The Enemy: An Intellectual Portrait of Carl Schmitt." London: Verso
 Brophy, Liam (1950). "Donoso Cortes: Statesman and Apologist," The Irish Monthly, Vol. 78, No. 927, pp. 416–421.
 Dempf, Alois (1937). Christliche Staatsphilosophie in Spanien. Salzburg: Pustet.
 Fagoaga, Miguel (1958). El Pensamiento Social de Donoso Cortés. Madrid: Editora Nacional.
 Galindo Herrero, Santiago (1957). Donoso Cortés y su Teoría Política. Diputación Provincial de Badajoz, Badajoz.
 Graham, John Thomas (1974). Donoso Cortés; Utopian Romanticist and Political Realist. University of Missouri Press.
 Gutiérrez Lasanta, Francisco (1949). Pensadores Políticos del Siglo XIX. Madrid: Editora Nacional.
 Herrera, Robert A. (1988). "The Great in the Small: Donoso Cortes' Variations on a Theme from the Civitas Dei," Augustiniana, No. 1-4, pp. 140–147.
 Herrera, Robert A. (1995). Donoso Cortés: Cassandra of the Age. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.
 Kennedy, John J. (1952). "Donoso Cortés as Servant of the State," The Review of Politics, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 520–550.
 McNamara, Vincent J. (1992). "The Hegelianism of Young Donoso Cortés." In: Saints, Sovereigns, and Scholars. New York and Geneva: Peter Lamb, pp. 337–348.
 McNamara, Vincent J. (1992). "Juan Donoso Cortés: un Doctrinario Liberal," Rev. Filosofía Univ. Costa Rica, Vol. 30, No. 72, pp. 209–216.
 Monsegú, Bernardo (1958). Clave Teológica de la Historia según Donoso Cortés. Badajoz: Impr. de la Excma. Diputación Provincial.
 Neill, Thomas P. (1955). "Juan Donoso Cortés: History and 'Prophecy'," The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 385–410.
 Regalado García, Antonio (1967). "The Counterrevolutionary Image of The World," Yale French Studies, No. 39, pp. 98–118.
 Sánchez Abelenda, Raúl (1969). La Teoría del Poder en el Pensamiento Político de Juan Donoso Cortés. Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.
 Schmitt, Carl (2002). "A Pan-European Interpretation of Donoso Cortes," Telos, No. 125, pp. 100–115.
 Schramm, Edmund (1936). Donoso Cortés: Su Vida y su Pensamiento. Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
 Schramm, Edmund (1952). Donoso Cortés: Ejemplo del Pensamiento de la Tradición. Madrid: Ateneo.
 Spektorowski, Alberto. "Maistre, Donoso Cortés, and the Legacy of Catholic Authoritarianism," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 283–302.
 Suárez Verdeguer, Federico (1964). Introducción a Donoso Cortés. Madrid: Rialp.
 Suárez Verdeguer, Federico (1997). Vida y obra de Juan Donoso Cortés. Pamplona: Ediciones Eunate.
 Tarragó, Rafael E. (1999). "Two Catholic Conservatives: The Ideas of Joseph de Maistre and Juan Donoso Cortes," Catholic Social Science Review, Vol. 4, pp. 167–177.
 Tejada, Francisco Elías de (1949). Para una Interpretación Extremeña de Donoso Cortés. Diputación Provincial de Cáceres.
 Viereck, Peter (1956). Conservatism from John Adams to Churchill. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
 Westemeyer, Dietmar (1940). Donoso Cortés: Staatsmann und Theologe. Münster: Regensberg.
 Wilhelmsen, Frederick (1967). "Donoso Cortes and the Meaning of Political Power," The Intercollegiate Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 109–127.
 Wilson, Francis G. (1960). "Donoso Cortes: The Continuing Crisis," Journal of Inter-American Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 45–63.

External links

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Entry on Cortés

1809 births
1853 deaths
Counter-revolutionaries
People from the Province of Badajoz
Spanish Roman Catholics
Spanish philosophers
Spanish politicians
Spanish male writers
Spanish monarchists
Roman Catholic writers
Members of the Royal Spanish Academy
Writers from Extremadura
Ambassadors of Spain to France
19th-century Spanish writers
19th-century Spanish philosophers
University of Salamanca alumni
19th-century male writers
Spanish political writers

Juan Donoso Cortés


Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the USP1 gene.

This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases that is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) with His and Cys domains. This protein is located in the cytoplasm and cleaves the ubiquitin moiety from ubiquitin-fused precursors and ubiquitinylated proteins.

The protein specifically deubiquitinates a protein in the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway. Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been characterized.

References

Further reading

USP1


Jainism is a religion originally from India that teaches that "all the events in the universe are self-caused, random, fixed and are independent of previous events or external causes or god": Jain philosophy is the oldest philosophy of India that distinguishes body (matter) from the soul (awareness) completely. It teaches that the universe is eternal and that every living being has a soul which has the power to become all-knowing (observer of all the random events). A soul which has won over its inner enemies like attachment, greed, pride, etc. is called jina which means conqueror or victor (over ignorance). The holy book of Jainism is Pravachansara.

Aspects of Jainism
 Every living being has a soul.
 Every soul is potentially divine, with innate qualities of infinite knowledge, perception, power, and bliss (masked by its karmas).
 The universe is self-regulated, with all the events self-caused, and every soul has the potential to achieve divine consciousness (siddha) through its own efforts.
 There is no supreme divine creator, owner, preserver or destroyer.
 Therefore, Jainists think of every living being as themselves, harming no one and being kind to all living beings.
 Every soul is born as a celestial, human, sub-human or hellish being according to its own karmas.
 Every soul is the architect of its own life, here or hereafter.
 When a soul is freed from karmas, it becomes free and attains divine consciousness, experiencing infinite knowledge, perception, power, and bliss.
 Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct (triple gems of Jainism) provide the way to this realization.
 Navakar Mantra is the fundamental prayer in Jainism and can be recited at any time of the day. Praying by reciting this mantra, the devotee bows with respect to liberated souls still in human form (Arihantas), fully liberated souls (Siddhas), spiritual leaders (Acharyas), teachers (Upadyayas) and all the monks. By saluting them, Jains receive inspiration from them to follow their path to achieve true bliss and total freedom from the karmas binding their souls. In this main prayer, Jains do not ask for any favours or material benefits. This mantra serves as a simple gesture of deep respect towards beings who are more spiritually advanced. The mantra also reminds followers of the ultimate goal, nirvana or moksha.
 Jainism stresses on the importance of controlling the senses including the mind, as they can drag one far away from true nature of the soul.
 Limit possessions and lead a pure life that is useful to yourself and others. Owning an object by itself is not possessiveness; however attachment to an object is. Non-possessiveness is the balancing of needs and desires while staying detached from our possessions.
 Enjoy the company of the holy and better qualified, be merciful to those afflicted souls and tolerate the perversely inclined.
 It is important not to waste human life in evil ways. Rather, strive to rise on the ladder of spiritual evolution.
 The goal of Jainism is liberation of the soul from the negative effects of unenlightened thoughts, speech and action. This goal is achieved through clearance of karmic obstructions by following the triple gems of Jainism.
 Jains mainly worship idols of Jinas, Arihants and Tirthankars, who have conquered the inner passions and attained divine consciousness. Jainism acknowledges the existence of powerful heavenly souls (Yaksha and Yakshini) that look after the well beings of Thirthankarars. Usually, they are found in pair around the idols of Jinas as male (yaksha) and female (yakshini) guardian deities. Even though they have supernatural powers, they are also wandering through the cycles of births and deaths just like most other souls.

Citations

References of Jainism

Jainism

Jainism


Roy Cyril Massey  (born 9 May 1934) is a British organist and conductor.

Early life and education
Born in Birmingham, Massey was educated at Moseley Grammar School and the University of Birmingham, where he was awarded the degree of Bachelor of Music (BMus). He also holds the diplomas of FRCO(CHM) and the Archbishop's Diploma in Church Music (ADCM).

Career
Massey served as organist of St Alban-the-Martyr, Bordesley (1953–1960), and of St Augustine's Church, Edgbaston (1960–1965), before becoming warden of the Royal School of Church Music and organist of Croydon Parish Church (1965–1968).

From 1968 to 1974 he was organist of St. Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham, and director of music at King Edward's School, Birmingham. He was elected Fellow of the Royal School of Church Music (FRSCM) in 1972 and Fellow of St. Michael's College, Tenbury, in 1975.

From 1974 to 2001 he was Organist and Master of the Choristers at Hereford Cathedral. During this time, he was conductor-in-chief of the Three Choirs Festival for nine seasons, for which he commissioned and conducted the premieres of several works by British composers.

Later life
Following his retirement from Hereford Cathedral, Massey became President of the Royal College of Organists (2003–2005). He remained active as a concert organist, and gave the opening recital on the newly rebuilt organ at Hereford Cathedral in 2005.

He was awarded the Lambeth degree of Doctor of Music (DMus) in 1990 and appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1997.

His arrangement of the Ukrainian melody "Long the Night, was included in the carol anthology Noel!, published by Novello in 2000.

In 2021 Massey published his autobiography, An Organist Remembers: Memories of a Life in Cathedral Music.

References

1934 births
Living people
Cathedral organists
British male organists
British classical organists
British male conductors (music)
People educated at Moseley School
Members of the Order of the British Empire
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century organists
21st-century British male musicians
Male classical organists

Roy Massey (organist)


The chemical compound 1,2-dioxetanedione, or 1,2-dioxacyclobutane-3,4-dione, often called peroxyacid ester, is an unstable oxide of carbon (an oxocarbon) with formula CO. It can be viewed as a double ketone of 1,2-dioxetane (1,2-dioxacyclobutane), or a cyclic dimer of carbon dioxide.

In ordinary conditions, it quickly decomposes to carbon dioxide (CO) even at , but can be detected by mass spectrometry and other techniques.

1,2-Dioxetanedione is an intermediate in the chemoluminescent reactions used in glowsticks. The decomposition proceeds via a paramagnetic oxalate biradical intermediate.

Recently it has been found that a high-energy intermediate in one of these reactions (between oxalyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide in ethyl acetate), which is presumed to be 1,2-dioxetanedione, can accumulate in solution at room temperature  (up to a few micromoles at least), provided that the activating dye and all traces of metals and other reducing agents are removed from the system, and the reactions are carried out in an inert atmosphere.

See also
 1,3-dioxetanedione

References

External links

Oxocarbons
Lactones
Dioxetanes
Organic peroxides
Chemiluminescence
Conjugated ketones

1,2-Dioxetanedione


Areobindus (died 546) was an official and military commander of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. He served as senator in Constantinople and briefly as magister militum in Africa in 545/6.

Areobindus was sent to Africa by Emperor Justinian I (527–565) following the crisis which had erupted during Sergius's command. Areobindus's retinue included a contingent of Armenian troops led by Artabanes and John, descendants of the royal Armenian Arsacid line.

An inexperienced military commander, Areobindus proved unable to deal with the issue. After the Battle of Thacia, Justinian recalled Sergius and made Areobindus "overal commander" but the mutiny had already spread through the ranks.

In 546, Areobindus was killed in Carthage by the rebel Guntarith (Guntharis), the dux of Numidia. Areobindus was married to Praejecta.

References

Sources

546 deaths
Generals of Justinian I
Magistri militum
Byzantine North Africa
Assassinated Byzantine people

Areobindus (died 546)


The Geneva witch trials of 1571 was the biggest witch trial in the Post-Reformation Geneva in present-day Switzerland, as well as the last big one.

In 1567, Geneva was struck by a plague that lasted for four years. In 1571, frustration over the persistent epidemic caused a witchcraft persecution caused by rumours that the uncommonly long plague had been caused by witches. 29 people were executed, and an additional number of people were banished, judged guilty accused of having made a pact with the Devil, participated in a witches' sabbath and having caused the plague by use of witchcraft.

This was the biggest witch trial in Protestant Geneva.  While John Calvin (1509-1564) strongly condemned witches, witch trials were uncommon in Geneva in practice.  While 150 witch trials took place in Geneva between the reformation and 1681, the witch hunt peaked with this trial in 1571, and all subsequent witch trials were smaller. The last executions were those of Rolette Revilliod (1626) and Michée Chauderon (1652), but most witch trials after 1571 ended in banishments.

References

Witch trials in the Republic of Geneva
1571 in Europe
16th century in Switzerland
1570s in Switzerland

Geneva witch trials


Gerald Kron (April 6, 1913 – April 9, 2012) was an American astronomer who was one of the pioneers of high-precision photometry with photoelectric instrumentation. He discovered the first starspot and made the first photometric observation of a stellar flare.

A graduate of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he earned a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1934, Kron became interested in astronomy, which he studied under Joel Stebbins. Stebbins arranged for Kron to enter the  University of California at Berkeley, where he received his doctorate in astronomy in 1938.

During World War II, Kron served with the Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and participated in the development of microwave radar. He later became the head of the Special Devices Group at the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS) at Inyokern, California, where he conducted studies on solid fuel rockets, and developed radio transponders for the Manhattan Project's Project Camel.

After the war Kron returned to the Lick Observatory, where he was one of the designers of the C. Donald Shane telescope. Using photometric techniques that he had pioneered before the war, he studied the stars, especially eclipsing binaries. In 1965, Kron became director of the United States Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, and he was a regular visitor to the Australian National University's  Mount Stromlo Observatory.

Early life
Gerald Edward Kron was born in Milwaukee on 6 April 1913, the son of Edmund Kron, a mechanic, and his wife Letty Dieterick Kron. He attended Lincoln High School in Milwaukee, and then University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he earned a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1934. While there took advantage of the access to machine shops as part of his training to design and build a 6-inch telescope. After graduation, he received a scholarship to study astronomy for two years under Joel Stebbins. He published his first paper in 1935, a study of the photometric elements of Boss 5070, an eclipsing binary.

In 1935, Kron travelled to California with Stebbins and Albert Whitford, where Kron and Whitford assisted Stebbins at the Mount Wilson Observatory. After returning to Madison, he worked with Whitford on the design of a 200-inch telescope. Stebbins arranged for Kron to enter the  University of California at Berkeley, where he received his doctorate in astronomy in 1938, with a thesis on the photometric elements of eclipsing binaries. He then worked in the Lick Observatory as a research assistant.

World War II
In May 1940 Kron joined the Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and participated in the development of microwave radar. He would later use devices and equipment that he became familiar with at the Radiation Laboratory such as the RCA IP21 photomultiplier and Direct-coupled amplifiers in looking at the stars. Later in World War II he became head of the Special Devices Group at the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS) at Inyokern, California, where he conducted studies on solid fuel rockets.

He also participated in the Manhattan Project's Project Camel,  developing instrumentation to evaluate the test drops of nuclear bomb shapes. Radio transponders  with timing pulses attached to the bombs allowed their position to be tracked the release of the bomb until the time it was all destroyed when the bomb detonated in the air or hit the ground. This gave the drop time to within a few hundredths of a second. In the course of his duties he visited Kingman and Wendover Army Air Fields. When the war ended, he "liberated" some equipment from NOTS before it could be destroyed.

Later life

After the war Kron returned to the Lick Observatory, where he was one of the designers and creators of the C. Donald Shane telescope. During the war, Kron met Katherine Carson Gordon, a Vassar College graduate and a Radcliff College student, at a picnic at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. After the war, she became an assistant at Lick Observatory. He married her on 22 April 1946. She continued publishing papers under her maiden name.

The two worked together, looking at eclipsing binaries. At one point they found an irregularity, which they attributed to an area of colder temperature, a starspot. His observation and explanation were correct, but he was ahead of his time. It would be many years before the existence of starspots was accepted, and they became a popular research topic. They also made the first photometric observation of a stellar flare.

In 1965, Kron became director of the United States Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He regularly visited Canberra in Australia, where the Mount Stromlo Observatory allowed him to study M-type dwarf stars in the southern sky. He was senior research fellow at the Australian National University in Canberra from 1974 to 1976. He retired in 1985 to live in Honolulu, but moved to Sedona, Arizona, in 1995.

Kron served for a time as President of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, and the International Astronomical Union's Commission on Instrumentation. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Kron published over 130 scientific papers, many of them described the method accurately measure the light of stars and globular clusters.  He pioneered the use of photomultiplier tubes to measure the infrared radiation of cold stars. His measurements of globular clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud revised earlier views on distances outside the Milky Way Galaxy.

He died on 12 April 2012. His wife Katherine and son Donald predeceased him. He was survived by his brother Robert and his remaining four children, Richard, Jenny, Virginia and Charles.

Notes

References

1913 births
2012 deaths
Scientists from Milwaukee
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Manhattan Project people
American astronomers
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society

Gerald Kron


The coat of arms of Liberia consists of a shield containing a picture of a 19th-century ship arriving in Liberia. The ship represents the ships which brought the freed slaves from the United States to Liberia. Above the shield, the national motto of Liberia appears on a scroll: The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here, and below the shield another scroll contains the official name of the country, Republic of Liberia.

The plow and the shovel represent the dignity of labor and hard work through which the nation will prosper. The rising sun in the background represents the birth of a nation.

The palm tree, the nation's most versatile source of food, represents prosperity.

The white dove with a scroll represents the breath of peace.

History
On July 22, 1974, the Legislature of Liberia passed an act giving authorization to the president to establish a commission to give consideration to possible changes to a number of national symbols, including the national seal and motto. President William Tolbert appointed 51 members to the Commission on National Unity. The commission was headed by McKinley Alfred Deshield Sr., and was also called the Deshield Commission. The commission sought to reexamine the symbols, and remove divisive or uninclusive aspects of them. The commission submitted their report on January 24, 1978. The report recommended changing the motto from "The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here" to "Love, Liberty, Justice, Equality". The proposed change to the motto was never made.

Older versions

Description
The coat of arms of Liberia has no heraldic blazon. According to David Kazanjian's article The Speculative Freedom of Colonial Liberia, the national device of Liberia was adopted at the 1847 constitutional convention. The article quotes the following description as the design guidelines:

Seal: A dove on the wind with an open scroll in its claws. A view of the ocean with a ship under sail. The sun just emerging from the waters. A palm tree, and in its base a plough and spade. Beneath the emblems, the words REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA and above the emblems, the national motto: "THE LOVE OF LIBERTY BROUGHT US HERE".

References

Liberia
National symbols of Liberia
Liberia
Liberia
Liberia
Liberia
Liberia
Liberia
Liberia
Liberia

Coat of arms of Liberia


USS LST-209 was an  built for the United States Navy during World War II. Like most of the ships of her class, she was not originally named, and known only by her designation. From June to August 1951 she served a stint as a part of the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS), manned by a civilian crew, and renamed USNS T-LST-209. She was recommissioned under her original name 24 August 1951, and renamed USS Bamberg County (LST-209) on 1 July 1955. She was named for Bamberg County, South Carolina, the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.

Operational history
LST-209 was laid down on 7 September 1942 at Seneca, Illinois by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company; launched on 29 May 1943; sponsored by Mrs. C. A. Dalton; placed in reduced commission at her builder's yard on 4 June 1943; placed in full commission at New Orleans on 10 June 1943.

World War II
After shakedown training in the Chesapeake Bay, LST-209 departed American waters on 4 August 1943 and steamed via the Strait of Gibraltar for the Mediterranean coast of North Africa. On her arrival at Oran, Algeria the ship received orders to proceed to Bizerte, Tunisia where she exchanged ships' companies with  on 25 August. Originally slated to sail for Algiers to load LST spare parts for shipment to the Far East, LST-209 instead received orders to Sicily due to the critical need for LSTs to carry equipment to the Italian front. In the months that followed, the tank landing ship conducted four trips between Catania, Sicily and Taranto, Italy, before she returned to Algiers for further assignment.

In convoy with 10 other tank landing ships, LST-209 departed the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal and headed for India. After arriving at Calcutta during the latter part of November, she loaded 14 M3 "General Lee" tanks on 3 December and embarked 67 men of the British 14th Army before departing on 5 December, with  and two British motor gunboats, bound for Regu Creek, near Arakan, Burma. Although LST-208 ran aground on the run in, LST-209 beached successfully at 23:24 on 6 December. She completed unloading the tanks within 30 minutes, retracted, and reached Calcutta in the afternoon of 9 December. A week later, LST-209 received orders to proceed to the British Isles. Departing Colombo on 28 December, the ship reached the Welsh port of Milford Haven on 12 February 1944 and, after a week of operational training, was drydocked at Cardiff. She next underwent additional training, including beaching exercises on the south coast of England. After shifting thence to Rosneath naval base, Rosneath, Scotland LST-209 received an armament conversion alongside destroyer tender , losing her single  gun and receiving several 40 millimeter Bofors and 20 millimeter Oerlikon antiaircraft guns.

On completion of that refit, LST-209 sailed for Harwich, England to train for the invasion of France. She embarked various troops embarked during this period, including elements of the famed British 8th Army "the Desert Rats", the troops she carried to the continent on D-Day, 6 June 1944. After beaching on the British "Gold" Beach that day, LST-209 shuttled between French and British ports for the remainder of June to support operations in France. Reconfigured in July to lift railway cars in her capacious tank deck, LST-209 carried out this task between Southampton and Cherbourg until November 1944. From then until the German capitulation, the tank landing ship transported troops between various English ports and Le Havre and Rouen, France, and Ostend, Belgium. Following the end of the war with Germany, LST-209 received orders to return to the United States on 14 June 1945. Reaching Norfolk, Virginia on 1 July 1945 with PT-460 as cargo and former USAAF prisoners of war as passengers, LST-209 shifted from the Tidewater region of Virginia to New York where she unloaded the motor torpedo boat. She then headed back to New Orleans, whence her voyages had commenced two years before. At Mobile, Alabama work began to update her to the configuration of the improved , but the end of the War prompted a cancellation of some of the alterations originally planned.

Post-war
When the amended refitting had been completed by the Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company, she proceeded to New Orleans for inspection. LST-209 then carried out shakedown training out of Galveston, Texas, before returning to New Orleans in mid-October 1945. Sent to the St. Johns River in Florida, the tank landing ship reported to the inactive fleet on 28 October 1945 and was decommissioned and placed in reserve on 27 June 1946. The ship was placed in service as USNS T-LST-209 on 19 June 1951 with a civilian crew and assigned to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS), Atlantic. She participated in Project "Bluejay" that July, a cold-weather exercise that took place in Arctic waters. While she was at sea, participating in these evolutions, it was decided that the ship be reassigned to the Atlantic Fleet with a military crew when released by MSTS from her present employment. Released from MSTS service upon her arrival at Norfolk on 5 August 1951, LST-209 shifted from there to Charleston, South Carolina where she was formally turned over to the Commander, Mine Force, Atlantic, on 11 August 1951. She was then placed in commission on 24 August 1951.

As the flagship for the Commander, Mine Squadron (MinRon) 4, LST-209 resumed active operations in November 1951 after receiving such repairs and alterations as were necessary to enable her to function as a mine squadron flagship. These changes did not alter her basic tank landing ship lines. Clearing Charleston on 8 November, LST-209 took part in amphibious exercises off Onslow Beach, functioning as flagship and control ship for minesweeping operations. In the course of these evolutions, she became one of the first LST's to operate helicopters from her main deck.

For the next half decade the ship operated with the mine force based at Charleston. Her tank deck was altered in 1953 to allow the ship to function as a support vessel for MSC(0) type minesweepers. During this period, LST-209 was renamed USS Bamberg County (LST-209) on 1 July 1955. Decommissioned again at Green Cove Springs, Florida on 10 December 1956, Bamberg County never again saw active service with the Navy. Deemed "unfit for further naval service" on 28 October 1958 her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 November 1958. Sold to Tolchester Lines, Inc., of Arlington, Virginia soon thereafter, she was acquired by the Dravo Corporation of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on 23 February 1961 for use at that firm's Baton Rouge, Louisiana facility, where she was eventually scrapped.

Bamberg County earned one battle star for her World War II service.

References

See also
 List of United States Navy LSTs

World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
USS Bamberg County (LST-209)
Ships built in Seneca, Illinois
1943 ships
LST-1-class tank landing ships of the United States Navy

USS Bamberg County


Between Friends is an internationally syndicated comic strip written by Canadian Sandra Bell-Lundy. The comic strips appear in more than 175 newspapers in ten countries around the world. Three middle-aged professional women and the problems that they face in their lives are the main focus throughout the comic strip series. Initially, Maeve, Susan, and Kimberly were all childless, but Susan and Kimberly are now mothers. Between Friends initially appeared in the St. Catharines Standard in May 1990, and was syndicated by King Features in February 1994.

Bell-Lundy's original artwork used for the strips was displayed at Artway Gallery in Brampton, Ontario, in 2009.

Characters
All the minor characters are connected to Kim, Maeve, or Susan.

Kimberly previously wrote a column on women's issues from home. She is currently a homemaker and struggling to find a new source of intellectual fulfilment.
Derek, high school English teacher, was a single father before his new marriage to Kim.
Danny has adjusted from being Derek's son to Derek and Kim's son.  He is always in the latest kids' fads such as Pokémon, Crash Bandicoot, Yu-Gi-Oh!, and Duel Masters.  He also loves food but hates making his own meals.

Maeve is a spicy divorcée who always has a snappy comeback. She's the one that a person always remembers at parties. She's a great Sales Director at the office, less great with her  personal life.
Helen is Maeve's co-worker, sounding board and voice of experience at the office. She's married with two kids in their pre-teens.
Simon is Maeve's ex-husband. He periodically drops in and spreads chaos.

Susan like Maeve, works in a professional office. Previously she and her husband Harvey were DINKYs. After struggling with infertility treatments, they adopted a daughter, Emma.
Harvey is a laid-back funeral director and Susan's supportive husband.
Emma is Susan and Harvey's adopted daughter.
Tina is Susan's office buddy and frazzled mom with two kids in diapers.

Style
The strip is drawn in detail and appears in colour. It usually runs to four panels, the Sunday strip is in a two tiered format with a large throw away logo panel appearing on the left of the strip. The characters are shown living in their homes, or offices, but they are shown at the mall or the coffee shop from time to time. Unlike usual comics where the characters are frozen in time, here the characters are shown being aging. Emma and Danny, who were show as little tots, are now shown to be grown children.

Sometimes the strip is serialised with the story running for a week or more on occasions. Susan's and Harvey's fertility treatment series and subsequently their adoption series ran with breaks from 1997 to 1998. The fertility treatment series started 16 December 1996 until 11 February 1998 in a total of 35 daily strips. The adoptions series overlapped the fertility series and started on 16 December 1996 and ran till 16 May 1998 in a total of 32 daily strips.

An extended series concerning domestic violence and abusive relationships ran between July 1 and November 22, 2008. Maeve offers advice and support to her friend, Tamara, who feels trapped in an abusive marriage. A series on the social networking site Facebook ran for a week from May 11, 2009 to May 17, 2009 in which Susan is shown to be newly addicted to the site.

Books
 Hello, Daughter, Plan Nine Publishing
 Coffee, Tea, and Reality: A Between Friends Collection, Andrews McMeel Publishing,

See also
Portrayal of women in comics

References

Canadian comic strips
1990 comics debuts
Comics about married people
Satirical comics
Slice of life comics
Comics about women
Comics set in the 1990s
Comics set in the 2000s
Comics set in the 2010s

Between Friends (comics)


WTRF-TV (channel 7) is a television station licensed to Wheeling, West Virginia, United States, serving the Wheeling, West Virginia–Steubenville, Ohio market as an affiliate of CBS, MyNetworkTV, and ABC. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group and maintains studios on 16th Street in downtown Wheeling; its transmitter is located in Bridgeport, Ohio.

WTRF-TV was the first station to specifically serve Wheeling and Steubenville, beginning broadcasting in 1953. It was originally an NBC affiliate before switching to CBS in January 1980. In the 2000s, it expanded to add two new subchannel services.

History
Tri-City Broadcasting Corporation, owner of radio stations WTRF (1290 AM) and WTRF-FM 100.5 across the Ohio River in Bellaire, Ohio, applied to the Federal Communications Commission on April 13, 1948, for a construction permit to build a television station on channel 12, then assigned to Wheeling. Another application was made by radio station WWVA, but before a hearing could be held, the FCC declared a freeze on TV construction permits that was to last four years. The WTRF stations moved to Wheeling proper in 1950, and the application was amended to follow suit; it also was changed to specify channel 7 after the FCC lifted the freeze. WWVA instead opted to pursue channel 9 in Steubenville, Ohio, but two other groups—one consisting of radio station WKWK (1400 AM) and the News Publishing Company and the other being Polan Industries of Huntington, West Virginia—also sought channel 7 after the freeze. Polan opted to abandon the hearing and won a permit for UHF channel 51; to expedite the construction of a station in Wheeling, the WTRF and WKWK groups merged their applications, with the two groups combining. The construction permit was granted on April 22, 1953, and broadcasting began six months later, on October 24. The station made its start date despite fears that it would not be able to begin airing programming because of several parts that failed at the last minute. The primary affiliation was NBC; some CBS programming was aired until WSTV-TV (channel 9, now WTOV-TV) started, and from the start the station also was a secondary outlet of ABC.

The radio stations were sold off in 1954 to John Kluge, with Tri-City retaining WTRF-TV and the call sign. The Dix family, stockholders in Tri-City and publishers of several Ohio newspapers and owners of radio stations in Ohio and Virginia, acquired majority control in 1959. WTRF-TV was sold along with the second WTRF-FM (107.5) in 1969 to Forward Communications of Wausau, Wisconsin, for $7 million. During the 1970s, two reporters with futures in network news started their careers at WTRF-TV: Faith Daniels, later an anchor for NBC and CBS, and Bob Orr, later of CBS News. Also in this decade, the station was carried on the cable system in Canton, Ohio, because it aired Cleveland Browns games that Cleveland-area stations had to black out under National Football League blackout rules of the time.

In 1979, citing the erosion of NBC's ratings in the preceding years, WTRF-TV announced it would switch to CBS on April 1, 1980. It ruled out ABC, then the leading network, because 56 percent of its market was served by cable systems that put Pittsburgh's ABC affiliate, WTAE-TV, next to WTRF-TV on subscribers' dials. General manager Charles E. Sherman, citing the loyalty of many viewers to NBC, called the change the hardest decision he'd ever had to make. The change was brought forward to January 7, 1980; WTOV-TV switched from CBS to NBC, deciding against a bid from ABC. At that time, WTRF-TV was the leading station in the market. A three-story addition was built to the studio facility in 1980.

Forward was sold in late 1984 to Wesray Capital Corporation, which retained the Forward name for its media holdings. Wesray sold its TV stations to Adams Communications in 1988, but the deal left Adams highly leveraged and ill-prepared to confront declines in the value of broadcast properties, prompting it to default on $283 million of debt in 1991. Brissette Broadcasting was formed the next year when Paul Brissette, who had been the vice president of Adams Communications's television stations division, bought out the business for $257 million. Four years later, in a $270 million merger, Brissette was folded into Benedek Broadcasting after the company was unable to expand by adding stations.

Before Benedek declared bankruptcy in 2002, a weak advertising market in the early 2000s recession had already led the company to sell WTRF-TV to West Virginia Media Holdings (WVMH). WVMH was a new group led by Bray Cary that was buying media properties, primarily in television, in major West Virginia markets. In May of that year, WVMH closed on the $18.5 million purchase of the Wheeling station and the $40.5 million acquisition of WOWK-TV in Charleston.

In 2007, WTRF launched its second digital subchannel, "Fox Ohio Valley", as a Fox and secondary MyNetworkTV affiliate. WVMH added Fox subchannels to WTRF-TV and WVNS-TV in the Bluefield/Beckley market; Cary had known the executives from his prior sports media work with NASCAR and Creative Sports. The next year, the region's first full-time ABC affiliate, "ABC Ohio Valley", launched as an additional subchannel. On September 1, 2014, WTRF lost the Fox affiliation on 7.2 to WTOV. The subchannel's secondary affiliation with MyNetworkTV then became its primary, rebranding as "My Ohio Valley". These subchannels were originally broadcast in standard definition from the WTRF-TV transmitter and in high definition to the immediate Wheeling area on WVTX-CD (channel 28), which WTRF leased for this purpose until its spectrum was sold in 2017.

On November 17, 2015, Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced that it would purchase the West Virginia Media Holdings stations, including WTRF-TV, for $130 million. Under the terms of the deal, Nexstar assumed control of the stations through a time brokerage agreement in December 2015, with the sale of the license assets completed on January 31, 2017.

News operation
WTRF-TV produces morning, noon, early evening and late newscasts from its Wheeling studio. The My Ohio Valley subchannel airs a dedicated 10 p.m. newscast. The ABC subchannel simulcasts the weekday editions of 7News at 6 a.m., noon, 6 and 11 p.m. The news staff has been unionized since 1988, when workers voted to join the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists.

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

See also
Channel 7 digital TV stations in the United States
Channel 7 virtual TV stations in the United States

References

External links

WTRF-DT3 website

CBS network affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
TRF-TV
Television channels and stations established in 1953
Nexstar Media Group
1953 establishments in West Virginia
ABC network affiliates

WTRF-TV