Valerie J.  Paul is the Director of the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, in Fort Pierce, FL since 2002 and the Head Scientist of the Chemical Ecology Program. She is interested in marine chemical ecology, and specializes in researching the ecology and chemistry of Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, blooms. She has been a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science since 1996, and was the chairperson of the Marine Natural Products Gordon Research Conference in 2000.

Life and career
Paul graduated from the University of California at San Diego in 1979 with a BA in Biology and Studies in Chemical Ecology and then in 1985 with a PhD in Marine Biology at the University of San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She started working at the University of Guam Marine Laboratory in 1985, became director of the laboratory in 1991 until 1994, and then full professor in 1993. In 2002 she accepted a position at the Smithsonian Marine Station in Fort Pierce as Head Scientist and Director of the Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems.

She researches marine chemical ecology, marine plant and herbivore interactions, coral reef ecology, and the ecological roles of marine natural products. More specifically in her coral reef ecology research she studies the impact of cyanobacterial bloom on coral reefs and larvae of reef building corals.

She has been a council member of the International Society for Reef Studies from 1992-1996, advisory editor for Coral Reefs since 1993, a member of the editorial advisory board of the Journal of Natural Products from 2004 to 2008, and a member of the California Sea Grant Committee from 2000 to 2001 and 2006 to 2007. She was also elected and served as the chair for the Marine Natural Products Gordon Research Conference in 2000 and as the vice-chair in 1998 and she was the program director of the NIH Minority Biomedical Research Support Grant from 1990 to 2002. Paul was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1996.

Select publications
Paul is the author or co-author of more than 275 papers and review articles. Listed here are the top 10 cited of her papers of all time:

 HW Paerl, VJ Paul. 2012. Climate change: links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria. Water research 46 (5), 1349-1363. https://tropicalsoybean.com/sites/default/files/Climate%20Change%20-%20Links%20To%20Global%20Expansion%20Of%20Harmful%20Cyanobacteria_Paerl%20&%20Paul_2012.pdf.
 K Taori, VJ Paul, H Luesch. 2008. Structure and Activity of Largazole, a Potent Antiproliferative Agent from the Floridian Marine Cyanobacterium Symploca sp. Journal of the American Chemical Society 130 (6), 1806-1807.https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/3651/713Largazole_Structure.pdf.
 H Luesch, WY Yoshida, RE Moore, VJ Paul, TH Corbett. 2001. Total Structure Determination of Apratoxin A, a Potent Novel Cytotoxin from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Journal of the American Chemical Society 123 (23), 5418-5423. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja010453j.
 MG Hadfield, VJ Paul. 2001. Natural chemical cues for settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae. Marine chemical ecology, 431-461. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Hadfield/publication/265222439_Natural_Chemical_Cues_for_Settlement_and_Metamorphosis_of_Marine-Invertebrate_Larvae/links/54e3963b0cf2b2314f5d9a12/Natural-Chemical-Cues-for-Settlement-and-Metamorphosis-of-Marine-Invertebrate-Larvae.pdf
 IB Kuffner, LJ Walters, MA Becerro, VJ Paul, R Ritson-Williams, KS Beach. 2006. Inhibition of coral recruitment by macroalgae and cyanobacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series 323, 107-117. https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2006/323/m323p107.pdf.
 H Luesch, RE Moore, VJ Paul, SL Mooberry, TH Corbett. 2001. Isolation of Dolastatin 10 from the Marine Cyanobacterium Symploca Species VP642 and Total Stereochemistry and Biological Evaluation of Its Analogue Symplostatin 1. Journal of Natural Products 64 (7), 907-910. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np010049y.
 VJ Paul. 1992. Ecological roles of marine natural products. Explorations in chemical ecology (USA).
 S Dobretsov, M Teplitski, V Paul. 2009. Mini-review: quorum sensing in the marine environment and its relationship to biofouling. Biofouling 25 (5), 413-427.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08927010902853516.
 VJ Paul, ME Hay. 1986. Seaweed susceptibility to herbivory: chemical and morphological correlates. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 255-264. https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/34323/1986_MEPS_001.pdf.
 DG Corley, R Herb, RE Moore, PJ Scheuer, VJ Paul. 1988. Laulimalides. New potent cytotoxic macrolides from a marine sponge and a nudibranch predator. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 53 (15), 3644-3646. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo00250a053?journalCode=joceah.

References

External links

 Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History bio page
 Smithsonian Institution Archives Wonderful Women Wednesday
 ORCID bio page

Living people
American ecologists
Women ecologists
University of California, San Diego alumni
Scripps Institution of Oceanography alumni
University of Guam faculty
Smithsonian Institution people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American scientists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American scientists
21st-century American women scientists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
Chemical ecologists
American women academics

Valerie Paul


was a village located in Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,692 and a density of 47.54 persons per km². The total area was 56.63 km².

On November 1, 2005, Hiyoshi, along with the town of Kisofukushima, and the villages of Kaida and Mitake (all from Kiso District), was merged to create the town of Kiso.

Dissolved municipalities of Nagano Prefecture
Kiso, Nagano (town)

Hiyoshi, Nagano


Yermo (Spanish for "wilderness")  is an unincorporated community in the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, California. It is  east of Barstow on Interstate 15, just south of the Calico Mountains. Its population was an estimated 1,750 in 2009.

Founded in 1902 and originally named  Otis, Yermo is situated at a division point of the Union Pacific Railroad line. A post office was established three years later with William J. Flavin serving as Yermo's first postmaster. It later developed around serving motorists traveling the Arrowhead Trail (later U.S. Route 91), which ran through the community.

Today, Yermo is governed by an elected five-member board of directors comprising the Community Services District authorized by the County of San Bernardino. The board, which meets monthly, oversees the community's volunteer fire department, the Yermo/Calico VFD, as well as its street lighting, parks and water system. Yermo's ZIP Code is 92398, and it is in telephone area codes 442 and 760. Its USPS branch provides post office boxes to local residents and businesses; there is no letter-carrier service.

Yermo hosts the  storage and industrial annex of the Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow.

Economy

Businesses

When Interstate 15 opened in 1968, Yermo was immediately bypassed by traffic traveling to and from Las Vegas, Nevada. As a result, 90 percent of its local businesses were required to close. During its heyday, Yermo had 27 gas stations with mechanics, seven bars, two grocery stores, a hardware store, a pizza shop, four real estate offices, three motels, a thrift store, several restaurants, roadside camping sites and two parks. In 2009, it had one grocery/general store, one bar, one thrift store, three restaurants, four gas stations, one park, and one motel  to the south. The fast-food restaurant chain Del Taco was founded in Yermo in 1964; the original structure remains active as a local fast food restaurant, The Burger Den.

Yermo once had a California agriculture inspection station for traffic heading south on Interstate 15. It relocated in 2018 to just north of Mountain Pass, between Yates Well Road and Nipton Road.

Tourism
In the mid-20th century, the Yermo Chamber of Commerce styled the community as the "Gateway to the Calicos", referring to its location about  south of the Calico Mountains and the historic Calico Ghost Town. At the time, Yermo and Barstow were campaigning to establish a state park at Calico, which was an active silver mining town from the early 1880s until the turn of the 20th century. In 1952, entrepreneur Walter Knott, whose uncle John King was once Calico's sheriff, and who worked at the town as a carpenter in 1915, purchased Calico and restored it. He later deeded it to the San Bernardino County, which operates the site as a historical county park and a popular tourist attraction of the U.S. Southwest.

Other establishments

Schools
The Silver Valley Unified School District (SVUSD) is the education authority in the Yermo area. It operates K-12 schools in the communities of Yermo, Daggett and Newberry Springs, and at the U.S. Army National Training Center at Ft. Irwin.

Churches
In 2009 Yermo had three active churches, one Baptist and two non-denominational/fundamentalist.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Yermo has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps with long, very hot summers, sunny winters with cool nights and dry conditions year round.

References

External links
Yermo Community Services District

Populated places in the Mojave Desert
Mining communities in California
Unincorporated communities in San Bernardino County, California
Unincorporated communities in California

Yermo, California


Severo Sarduy (February 25, 1937 – June 8, 1993) was a Cuban poet, author, playwright, and critic of Cuban literature and art. Some of his works deal explicitly with male homosexuality and transvestism.

Biography
Born in a working-class family of Spanish, African, and Chinese heritage, Sarduy was the top student in his high school, in Camagüey, and in 1956  moved to Havana, where he began a study of medicine.  With the triumph of the Cuban revolution he collaborated with the Diario libre and Lunes de revolución, pro-Marxist papers.  In 1960 he traveled to Paris to study at the Ecole du Louvre.  There he was connected to the group of intellectuals who produced the magazine Tel Quel, particularly to philosopher François Wahl, with whom he was openly involved

Sarduy worked as a reader for Editions du Seuil and as editor and producer of the Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française. Sarduy decided not to return to Cuba when his scholarship ran out a year later. Disaffected with Castro's regime and fearful of its persecution of homosexuals and the censorship imposed on writers, Sarduy never went home.

In 1972, his novel Cobra won him the Medici Prize for best novel in translation. He was among the most brilliant essayists writing in Spanish and "a powerful baroque narrator, full of surprising resources." As a poet, he was considered one of the greatest of his time. He was also a more or less secret painter; a major retrospective of his work was held at the Reina Sofía Museum of Madrid after his death.

He died due to complications from AIDS just after finishing his autobiographical work Pájaros de la playa (translated as Beach Birds by Suzanne Jill Levine and Carol Maier).
To this day, his writings are difficult to access for a Cuban audience, whereas his books are available to the French and international public.

Bibliography

Gestos. 1963. Novel
De donde son los cantantes. 1967
Escrito sobre un cuerpo. 1969. Essays
Flamenco. 1970. Poems.
Mood Indigo. 1970. Poems
La playa. 1971. Pieza radiofónica / radio play
La caída. 1971. Pieza radiofónica / radio play
Relato. 1971. Pieza radiofónica / radio play
Los matadores de Hormigas. 1971. Pieza radiofónica / radio play
Flamenco. 1971. Poems
Mood Indigo. 1971. Poems
Cobra. 1972. Novel
Barroco. 1974. Essays
Para la voz. 1977. Radio Plays ("La playa," La caida," Relato," and "Los matadores de Hormigas")
Big Bang. 1974. Poems
Maitreya. 1978. Novel
Daiquiri. 1980 . Poems
La simulación. 1982. Essay
Colibrí. 1984.  Novel
Un testigo fugaz y disfrazado. 1985 Poems
El cristo de la Rue Jacob.1987. Essays
Nueva inestabilidad. 1987. Essays
Ensayos generales sobre el barroco. 1987. Essays
Cocuyo.  1990.  Novel
Pájaros de la playa. 1993. Published posthumously just one month after his death.
Obra Completa, Two volumes. 1999. Edited by Francois Wahl. UNESCO. Paris.

References

Further reading
English
The name game: writing/fading writer in De donde son los cantantes / Oscar Montero. 1988
Severo Sarduy and the religion of the text / Rolando Pérez (Cuban poet), 1988
Orientalism in the Hispanic literary tradition: In dialogue with Borges, Paz, and Sarduy / Julia Kushigian. 1991
Between the self and the void: essays in honor of Severo Sarduy / Alicia Rivero Potter. 1998
Hispanic literature criticism. Supplement / Susan Salas., 1999
From Cuba with a Song.  Translated by Suzanne Jill Levine. Sun & Moon, 2000
Absolutely Postcolonial: Writing Between the Singular and the Specific / Peter Hallward. 2001
The review of contemporary fiction : Douglas Glover, Blaise Cendrars, Severo Sarduy / Rolando Pérez (Cuban poet). 2004
"Severo Sarduy (1937-93)." The encyclopedia of Caribbean literature. Vol. 2: M-Z. Ed. D.H. Figueredo. * 2006
Severo Sarduy and the Neo-Baroque Image of Thought in the Visual Arts. Rolando Pérez (Cuban poet). 2012.
Footwork: Selected Poems. Translated by David Francis. Contains poetry from Big Bang, Un testigo fugaz y disfrazado, Un testigo perenne y delatado and Últimos poemas. Circumference Books, 2021
Spanish
Severo Sarduy / Jorge Aguilar Mora. 1976
Severo Sarduy : el neobarroco de la transgresión / Adriana Méndez Rodenas. 1983
La temática novelística de Severo Sarduy : De dónde son los cantantes / José Sánchez-Boudy.1985
La estrategia neobarroca / Gustavo Guerrero. 1987
La ruta de Severo Sarduy / Roberto González Echevarría. 1987
Author/lector : Huidobro, Borges, Fuentes y Sarduy / Alicia Rivero Potter. 1991
Escrito sobre Severo : una relectura de Sarduy / Francisco Cabanillas. 1995
Severo Sarduy y Pedro Almodóvar : del barroco al kitsch en la narrativa y el cine postmodernos / Alejandro Varderi. 1996
La imagen y el cuerpo : Lezama y Sarduy / Virgilio López Lemus. 1997
Severo Sarduy : escrito sobre un rostro / Oneyda González. 2003
Severo Sarduy : alcances de una novelística y otros ensayos / Johan Gotera. 2005

External links

  Site dedicated to Severo Sarduy, A Media Voz.
  Small biographical description of Severo Sarduy with links to some of his texts, El Poder de la Palabra.
  Severo Sarduy: Los tatuajes emigrantes
François Wahl collection on Severo Sarduy at Princeton University Library Special Collections

Cuban LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Cuban LGBT poets
1937 births
1993 deaths
Cuban gay writers
AIDS-related deaths in France
Prix Médicis étranger winners
Gay dramatists and playwrights
Gay poets
École du Louvre alumni
20th-century Cuban poets
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
Male dramatists and playwrights
Cuban male poets
20th-century male writers
20th-century Cuban LGBT people

Severo Sarduy


Karanog (Meroitic: Nalote) was a Kushite town in Lower Nubia on the west bank of the Nile (near Qasr Ibrim). It was probably a provincial capital under its own  (governor) in the second and third centuries AD. It was excavated between 1907 and 1910 by David Randall-MacIver and Leonard Woolley of the University of Pennsylvania Museum.

Karanog was occupied throughout the Meroitic period from the third century BC. By the second century AD, it was of strategic significance on Kush's northern frontier with Rome, facing Egyptian Maharraqa. The original provincial capital had been at Faras, but it was transferred downstream as the Roman presence in the south of Egypt, the Dodecaschoenus, weakened. The town was at least partially walled. The houses of the rich and powerful, as well as the castle–palace complexes of the s, have been excavated. The latter reached a size of . The homes of commoners, being of  mud brick construction, have not been preserved.

The cemetery at Karanog also served the nearby towns of Akin and Shimale. The distribution of grave goods shows a high level of social stratification, although the cemetery was extensively plundered over the years. Some of the less plundered graves contain luxury items, including jewellery; bronze utensils, bowls and lamps; glass beads; iron arrowheads; cotton and linen textiles; carpentry tools; ebony- and ivory-inlaid wooden objects; painted ceramics and even faience.

Karanog also contained no less than 100 objects—offering altars to Hotep and stelae—bearing inscriptions in Meroitic cursive. One stela containing both Meroitic and Egyptian demotic may be the only case of the latter found south of Egypt.

Karanog remained occupied even after the fall of Kush, when it came under the so-called X-Group culture. With the arrival of the Nubians, it disappears from the archaeological record. Today, its remains lie under Lake Nasser.

References

Further reading

Archaeological sites in Sudan
Former populated places in Sudan
1907 archaeological discoveries
Kushite cities

Karanog


NBD-TMA ([2-(4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-7-yl)aminoethyl]trimethylammonium) is a small, positively charged (+1) fluorescent dye.  It was also known as EAM-1 (N,N,N,-Trimethyl-2[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]ethanaminium iodide) when it was briefly supplied by Macrocyclics Company as an iodide complex.

NBD-TMA has an excitation maximum at 458 nm and an emission maximum at 530 nm.  It also has a smaller local excitation maximum around 343 nm.  The molar extinction coefficient is about 13,000 cm−1M−1 and its overall effective fluorescence is about 1% that of fluorescein.  It is only mildly sensitive to halide ion collision quenching.

NBD-TMA was designed as a probe for monitoring renal transport of organic cations.  As a small, positively charged fluorophore, it has also seen use as a tracer for measuring gap junction coupling in cases of cation selective connexin channels.

Further reading

Fluorescent dyes
Benzoxadiazoles
Ethyleneamines
Nitro compounds
Secondary amines
Quaternary ammonium compounds

NBD-TMA


Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639 (1990), was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld two important aspects of  the capital sentencing scheme in Arizona—judicial sentencing and the aggravating factor "especially heinous, cruel, or depraved"—as not unconstitutionally vague. The Court overruled the first of these holdings in Ring v. Arizona, . The second of these holdings has yet to be overturned.

Background
On the night of March 2, 1986, Walton and his two codefendants entered a bar in Tucson, Arizona, set on finding someone at random to rob, kidnap, and leave stranded in the desert. The person they chose was Thomas Powell, an off-duty Marine.  The three robbed Powell at gunpoint and forced him into his car. Then they drove him out into the desert.  While Walton's codefendants sat in the car with the radio turned up, Walton and Powell marched out into the desert.  Walton threw Powell down on the ground and shot him once in the head. Walton bragged to his co-defendants that he had "never seen a man pee in his pants before." After Walton was arrested a week later, he led the police to Powell's body. The medical examiner revealed that Powell did not die instantly from the gunshot; rather, he had been blinded and rendered unconscious by the gunshot, and only died six days later from dehydration, starvation, and pneumonia.

Procedural history
A jury convicted Walton of first-degree murder under Arizona's alternate definitions of the crime, either premeditated murder or felony murder. As provided by Arizona law, the trial judge then conducted a sentencing hearing. The State proved two aggravating factors—that the murder was committed in an "especially heinous, cruel, or depraved manner," and that it was committed for pecuniary gain. In mitigation, he argued his relative youth (he was 20) and his diminished capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct. The trial judge found both aggravating factors beyond a reasonable doubt, that the mitigating factors were not sufficiently substantial to call for leniency, and then imposed a death sentence.

The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the conviction and sentence. With respect to the finding that the murder was committed in an especially heinous, cruel, or depraved manner, the court observed that under its prior case law, the murder was cruel in light of the evidence that Powell had some uncertainty as to his ultimate fate, and the murder was depraved in light of the evidence that Walton had relished the killing. Reviewing the death sentence independently, it found that the death sentence was appropriate on these facts.

While Walton's case was pending on direct appeal, the Ninth Circuit had ruled that Arizona's capital sentencing scheme was unconstitutional. The Court agreed to review Walton's case in order to resolve this split.

Jury determination of facts necessary to support the death sentence
Walton's first contention before the Court was that "every finding of fact underlying the sentencing decision must be made by a jury, not by a judge, and that the Arizona scheme would be constitutional only if a jury decides what aggravating and mitigating circumstances are present in a given case and the trial judge then imposes the sentence based on those findings." But the Court had consistently rejected the suggestion that the Constitution required jury sentencing.  Aggravating factors were not "elements" of the crime; as the Court had previously held, they were merely standards to guide the choice between a death sentence or a sentence of life imprisonment. Moreover, the Constitution does allow a judge to make the findings required by Enmund v. Florida and Tison v. Arizona. The Enmund/Tison finding is not a substantive limit on the definition of a crime, and neither were aggravating factors. Accordingly, the Sixth Amendment did not require a jury to pass on aggravating factors.

Justice Scalia concurred in this part of the holding in Walton. It would be another eight years before he would first express his view that every fact necessary to a criminal defendant's punishment must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and six more years after that before that view would become fully articulated as the law of the land.

"Heinous, cruel, or depraved" aggravating factor is not unconstitutionally vague
In two earlier decisions, the Court had ruled that aggravating factors imposing the death penalty where the murder was "outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible, or inhuman," or where the murder was "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel," was unconstitutionally vague.  In Walton, however, the Court reversed this trend and upheld Arizona's "especially heinous, cruel, or depraved" aggravating factor against a similar challenge.

Under Gregg v. Georgia and its companion cases, the death penalty was only constitutional because states provided for jury sentencing—or at a very minimum, jury factfinding at sentencing—and appellate review of all death sentences. The Court had to concede that words such as "outrageously vile" and "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel" were vague without further definition. In the prior decisions where the Court had struck down aggravating factors for vagueness, the jury instructions did not define the terms for the jury, and state supreme court decisions did not define these words any further. These two flaws had led the Court to strike down death sentences predicated on these findings because they posed too great a risk that the death sentences had been imposed arbitrarily or capriciously.

But the Arizona system was different in both these areas. First, a jury was not involved in the sentencing phase of a capital case at all—a judge sitting alone presided over the sentencing hearing and made both the preliminary findings of fact and the ultimate decision.  Because judges were presumed to follow the law, they needed no guidance in finding a killing to be "heinous, cruel, or depraved" in the correct circumstances. Second, the Arizona Supreme Court had developed a body of law that defined the words "heinous, cruel, or depraved." Thus, there were legal standards available for trial judges to follow in imposing the death sentence.  For the Walton Court, these key differences meant that Arizona's "especially heinous, cruel, or depraved" aggravating factor satisfied the dictates of the Eighth Amendment.

Counter-arguments
In spite of these developments, Walton contended that the Arizona Supreme Court's definitions had still been arbitrarily applied in his case. The Court recast this argument as a challenge to the proportionality review the Arizona Supreme Court had conducted, and then dismissed it because it deemed proportionality review to be unnecessary in the face of the adequate definition of "especially heinous, cruel, and depraved" the Arizona Supreme Court had developed. Furthermore, "the Arizona Supreme Court plainly undertook its proportionality review in good faith and found that Walton's sentence was proportional to the sentence imposed in cases similar to his." When the Court approved modern capital sentencing systems in 1976, it did so in part because states had undertaken this kind of proportionality review. In Walton, however the Court abandoned any further requirement that the states ensure the death penalty is expressly reserved for the worst of the worst by explicitly comparing the facts of individual cases.

Justice Blackmun disagreed with the Court's conclusion that the judge-only sentencing and appellate definition of "heinous, cruel, or depraved" allowed it to uphold Walton's death sentence. In the Court's view, the state supreme court's definition of the words "heinous, cruel, or depraved" provided "meaningful guidance" to trial judges charged with carrying out sentencing hearings and applying the standards the Arizona Supreme Court had propounded. Justice Blackmun pointed out that "the State Supreme Court's opinions, however, will serve to narrow [a trial judge's] discretion only if that body of case law articulates a construction of the aggravating circumstance that is coherent and consistent, and that meaningfully limits the range of homicides to which the aggravating factor will apply." In Justice Blackmun's opinion, there was no such definition to be found in Arizona law.

In 1977, the Arizona Supreme Court took its first steps toward defining the words "heinous, cruel or depraved" by turning to dictionary definitions. "Heinous" meant "hatefully or shockingly evil"; "cruel" meant "disposed to inflict pain, especially in a wanton, insensate or vindictive manner"; and "depraved" meant "marked by debasement, corruption, perversion or deterioration". In other words, the words "especially heinous, cruel, or depraved" were meant to operate to "set the crime apart from the usual or the norm."  In 1983, the court expanded this definition. "Cruelty" focused on the "pain and distress visited upon the victim," while "heinous" and "depraved" "go to the mental state and attitude of the perpetrator as reflected in his words and actions." The majority in Walton reasoned that these cases, along with other decisions applying the definitions to specific crimes, provided "meaningful guidance to the sentencer" that satisfied the Eighth Amendment's requirement of standardized capital sentencing.

Canvassing the Arizona Supreme Court's prior decisions reviewing death sentences on appeal, Blackmun concluded that Arizona's definition of "heinous, cruel, or depraved" was so broad as to be meaningless. In other words, because there were "few first-degree murders which the Arizona Supreme Court would not define as especially heinous or depraved," the aggravating circumstance did not serve its constitutional role of narrowing the class of murderers who were eligible for the death penalty. Under Arizona case law, a murder was "heinous" if the murderer used more force than necessary to accomplish the killing, but "cruel" if he used less so that the victim suffers too much before dying. "I do not believe that an aggravating factor which requires only that the victim be conscious and aware of his danger for some measurable period before the killing occurs can be said to provide a 'principled way to distinguished this case, in which the death penalty was imposed, from the many cases in which it was not.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases
 List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 497
 Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume

References

External links

1990 in Arizona
1990 in United States case law
Capital punishment in Arizona
Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause and death penalty case law
Legal history of Arizona
Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
United States Sixth Amendment sentencing case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States Supreme Court cases

Walton v. Arizona


Dioscorus I (), also known as Dioscorus the Great, was the pope of Alexandria and patriarch of the See of St. Mark who was deposed by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. He was recognized as patriarch by the Coptic Church until his death. He died in Gangra, Paphlagonia, in September 454. He is venerated as a saint by the Coptic and other Oriental Orthodox Churches.

Early life
Dioscorus was a Greek from Alexandria. He moved to Rome, under Pope Symmachus, as a refugee from Monophysite persecution and he rapidly established himself as a key figure in the papal court. Later on, Dioscorus served as the dean of the Catechetical School of Alexandria, and was the personal secretary of Cyril of Alexandria, whom he accompanied to the Council of Ephesus in 431. He eventually rose to the position of archdeacon.

Opposition to Nestorius
In his struggle against Nestorius, Cyril explained the union between the divine and human natures of Christ as "inward and real without any division, change, or confusion." He rejected the Antiochene theory of "indwelling,", or "conjunction" or "close participation," as insufficient. Thus the Alexandrian formula adopted by Cyril and Dioscorus was, in Greek, , which translates into "one nature of God the Word Incarnate," by which Cyril meant "one nature"—that Christ is at once God and man. On the other hand, the Antiochene formula was "two natures after the union," or "in two natures," which translates to . This formula explained Christ as existing in two natures, God and man.

Nestorius was condemned and deposed by the First Council of Ephesus, which approved of the Second Epistle of Cyril to Nestorius.

Patriarch of Alexandria
Dioscorus succeeded Cyril as Patriarch of Alexandria in the summer of 444. According to the deacon Ischyrion, Dioscorus had laid waste property, inflicted fines and exile, and bought up and sold at a high price the wheat sent by the government to Libya. According to Cyril's nephew, a priest named Athanasius, from the outset of his episcopate, Dioscorus harassed him and his brother by using influence with the court, so that the brother died of distress, and Athanasius, with his aunts, sister-in-law, and nephews, were bereft of their homes by the patriarch's malignity. Such accusations were readily made, and some allowance made for wrongs done by his agents that may have been in some cases unfairly called his acts. Still, it is but too likely that there was sufficient truth in them to demonstrate the effect on his character of elevation to a post of almost absolute power.

Reception of Eutyches
Eutyches was an archimandrite in Constantinople. In his opposition to Nestorianism, he seemed to take an equally extreme, although opposite view. Eutyches claimed to be a faithful follower of Cyril. In November 448, Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople held a synod regarding a point of discipline connected with the province of Sardis. Eutyches had been accusing various personages of covert Nestorianism, and at the end of the session of this synod one of those inculpated, Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylaeum, brought the question forward, and proffered a counter charge of heresy against the archimandrite. Eutyches was summoned to clarify his position regarding the nature of Christ. Finding his response unsatisfactory, the synod condemned and exiled Eutyches.

Eutyches appealed against this decision, labeling Flavian a Nestorian, and received the support of Dioscorus. In his famous Tome, Pope Leo I confirmed Flavian's theological position but as he concluded that Eutyches had erred through ignorance, he also requested that Eutyches should be readmitted if he repented.

"Robber synod"
Through the influence of the court official Chrysaphius, the godson of Eutyches, in 449, Emperor Theodosius II convened the Second Council of Ephesus. In remembrance of Cyril's role during the council of 431, the emperor asked Dioscorus to preside over the meetings. The council subsequently decided to reinstate Eutyches and to depose Flavian, as well as Eusebius of Dorylaeum, Theoderet of Cyrrus, Ibas of Edessa, and Domnus II of Antioch. Leo's legates protested but were ignored. Flavian was brutally treated, kicked, beaten, imprisoned, and soon exiled, and died from the effect of his injuries, three days after his deposition. He was regarded as a martyr for the doctrine of "the two natures in the one person" of Christ. Anatolius, who had been the agent (apocrisiarius) of Dioscorus at Constantinople, was appointed his successor.

Dioscorus and his council proceeded to depose Theodoret and several other bishops. Pope Leo called the council a "robber synod" and declared its decisions void. In the spring of 450 at Nicaea, Dioscorus, while on his way to the court, he caused ten bishops whom he had brought from Egypt to sign a document excommunicating Pope Leo.

Theodosius supported the council's decisions until he died on 28 July 450. His sister Pulcheria returned to power and made the officer Marcian her consort and emperor. She consulted with Pope Leo on convoking a new council, gathering signatures for his Tome to be introduced as the basic paper for the new council, but also insisted, against Leo's wishes, that the council should be held not in Italy but in the East. Meanwhile, the new imperial couple brought Flavian's remains back to Constantinople and exiled Eutyches to Syria.

Council of Chalcedon

The Council of Chalcedon in October 451 dealt with the Christological views of Eutyches but also with Dioscorus' views and earlier behaviour; specifically, his condemnation of the bishop Flavian in Ephesus II was questioned. When, at the Council of Chalcedon, he was asked why he had deposed Flavian, he, according to the minutes of Chalcedon, responded, "Flavian was deposed for this reason, that he spoke of two natures after the union. But I have quotations from the holy fathers Athanasius, Gregory and Cyril saying in numerous places that one should not speak of two natures after the union".

At the council, Dioscorus expressed a willingness to condemn Eutyches. According to the minutes of the council of Chalcedon, Dioscorus stated: "If Eutyches holds opinions contrary to the doctrines of the church, he deserves not only punishment but hell fire. For my concern is for the apostolic faith and not for any human being."

The council deposed Dioscorus and other bishops that had been responsible for the decisions of 449 for violations of canon law rather than of heresy; Dioscorus had not attended the council of Chalcedon from the third session onward despite an imperial call to do so, which was a deposable offence. According to the minutes of the council of Chalcedon, Dioscorus had given the reason of ill health for his nonattendance from the third session. However, Oriental sources indicate otherwise that it was subterfuge. Whatever the real reason, the result of Dioscorus not being there saw him exiled to Gangra.

Exile
Following Dioscorus's deposition and exile, an Alexandrian priest named Proterius was appointed Patriarch in his stead, with the approval of the emperor. When Proterius returned to Alexandria, he was met by a riot. The native Christians continued to support Dioscorus as the legitimate Patriarch.

Dioscorus died in exile in 454. When the news reached Egypt, his supporters assembled and elected Timothy, a disciple of his, to be the new Patriarch. Timothy immediately went into hiding, but was recognized among the Coptic inhabitants of the countryside, creating the split between the Coptic and the Melchite (i.e. Royal) Church.

Legacy
Oriental Orthodox Churches remain in disagreement with Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches regarding Dioscorus's character and positions. He is considered a saint by the Coptic, Syriac, and other Oriental Orthodox Churches, while Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches have frequently deemed him a heretic.

Certain modern theologians suggest that both Leo and Dioscorus were orthodox in their agreement with Saint Cyril's Twelve Chapters, even though both have been (and still are) considered heretical by some. Some commentators like Anatolius and John S. Romanides argue that Dioscorus was not deposed for heresy but for "grave administrative errors" at Ephesus II, among which they mention his restoration of Eutyches, his attack on Flavian, and afterwards, his excommunication of Pope Leo I. Defenders of Dioscorus argue that Eutyches was orthodox at the time of his restoration and only later lapsed into heresy, that Flavian was a Nestorian, and that Pope Leo had supported Nestorianism.

Another controversial aspect of Dioscorus's legacy is the accusation, frequently levelled by Chalcedonian churches, that the Oriental Orthodox Churches accept Eutychianism. They deny this charge, arguing that they reject both the Monophysitism of Eutyches, whom they consider a heretic, as well as Dyophysitism espoused by the Council of Chalcedon, which they equate with Nestorianism, for a doctrine they term miaphysitism, or that in Jesus Christ, divinity and humanity exist as "one incarnate nature" (physis), as opposed to the orthodox Chalcedonian teaching of a divine and a human nature united in the one person (hypostasis) of Jesus Christ, fully God and fully man, a doctrine called the "hypostatic union".

In recent times, Oriental Orthodox churches have engaged in ecumenical dialogue with Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches on the issues of Dioscorus's day. In May 1973 Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria visited Pope Paul VI in Rome and declared a common faith in the nature of Christ, the issue which caused the schism of the church in the Council of Chalcedon. A similar declaration was reached between the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox churches in 1990 in Geneva, in which both agreed in condemnation of the Nestorian and Eutychian "heresies" and in rejection of interpretations of ecumenical councils which do not fully agree with the Horos of the Third Ecumenical Council and the letter (433) of Cyril of Alexandria to John of Antioch. They also agreed to lift the anathemas and condemnations of the past. In the summer of 2001, the Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox Patriarchates of Alexandria agreed to mutually recognize baptisms performed in each other's churches.

References

Sources

 St. Dioscorus, 25th Pope of Alexandria.

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454 deaths
5th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops
5th-century Christian saints
5th-century Popes and Patriarchs of Alexandria
Deans of the Catechetical School of Alexandria
Saints from Roman Egypt
Year of birth unknown
People declared heretics by the first seven ecumenical councils

Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria


The Putrajaya Monorail is an incomplete monorail system in Putrajaya, Malaysia.  Construction has been stalled since 2004, but in 2020, it was stated that the system would be completed by 2025.

Putrajaya was originally planned to include a light rail system, but plans were changed, and a monorail plan was selected instead, after the construction of tunnels for aforementioned system began.
It called for two sublines; Line 1, which is a  monorail route with 17 stations and Line 2, which is a  monorail route with 6 stations. In 2019, the government proposed a new light rapid transit (LRT) system may be built to revive the incomplete monorail project.

The monorail will include the Monorail Suspension Bridge, currently incomplete, and the Putra Bridge.

The monorail line would allow transfers to the existing KLIA Transit, connecting to Kuala Lumpur and Kuala Lumpur International Airport, and the now opened MRT Putrajaya line at   Putrajaya Sentral station. The project originally cost RM400 million.

Project Status

Construction was halted in , and will probably resume as the city becomes more populated.

In 2016, the MMC Corporation Berhad (MMC) submitted a proposal to the Economic Council (EC) to revive the stalled monorail project. The Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD) was due to conduct a feasibility study for monorail and tram services for both Putrajaya and Cyberjaya.

In October 2020, the government announced it had opened a request for proposals process to complete the project, within three months.  As of 2021, the RFP has not yet opened.

In June 2023, the Ministry of Transport confirmed that the government is not planning to revive the project.

Putrajaya Tram Proposal
Federal Territories Minister, Datuk Seri Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor, had hoped to get tram infrastructure construction going within three years.
Now under the jurisdiction of the Economic Council, the minister saw the development of the tram system as an alternative solution to the abandoned monorail projects and recommended it be built due to cost considerations.

SPAD had hoped to open up tenders for the tram system between Putrajaya and Bangi in 2018 after getting the green light from EC. This move was announced by SPAD during their annual review of public transportation for 2017. The tram system was selected due to its relatively cheaper price of construction and operation compared to conventional rail systems.

The tram system is expected to be integrated with the existing and future rail lines between Putrajaya and Bangi and will also cover the distance between Cyberjaya and Kajang. The MRT Kajang Line only reaches Kajang but MRT Putrajaya Line will reach   Putrajaya Sentral station which is currently in operation. The future HSR station located at Kampung Abu Bakar Baginda will be one of the expected stops along the planned tram route.

The stretch between Putrajaya and Bangi has been selected as the first phase to be constructed due to their wide roads, allowing the tram system to share the traffic.

<noinclude>

See also
Monorails in Malaysia

References

External links
Structurae: Putrajaya Monorail
Construction Gallery from monorails.org

Transport in Putrajaya
Monorails in Malaysia
Proposed rail infrastructure in Malaysia

Putrajaya Monorail


Haneen Zoabi (, ; born 23 May 1969), is a Palestinian-Israeli politician. The first Arab woman to be elected to the legislature on an Arab party's list, she served as a member of the Knesset for the Balad party between 2009 and 2019. In 2021, she was convicted of forgery and fraud after pleading guilty.

Biography
Haneen Zoabi was born in Nazareth to a Muslim family. Zoabi studied philosophy and psychology at the University of Haifa, earning a Bachelor of Arts, and received a Master of Arts in communications from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She was the first Arab citizen of Israel to graduate in media studies, and established the first media classes in Arab schools. She also worked as a mathematics teacher and worked as a school inspector for the Israeli Ministry of Education.

She is a relative of Seif el-Din el-Zoubi, a former mayor of Nazareth and member of the Knesset between 1949 and 1959, and again from 1965 until 1979, and Abd el-Aziz el-Zoubi, a Deputy Health Minister and the first Arab member of an Israeli government.

Political career
Zoabi joined Balad in 2001. In 2003, she co-founded the NGO I'lam – Media Center for Arab Palestinians in Israel (pronounced e'e'lam). Zoabi was its general director until she resigned shortly before the 2009 election to focus on her political career. She ran for Knesset as a Balad candidate in 2006, but was too low on the party's electoral list to win a seat. However, prior to the 2009 elections she was placed third on the Balad list, and entered the Knesset after the party won three seats, becoming the first female Arab MK to represent an Arab party (the two previous female Arab MKs Hussniya Jabara and Nadia Hilou had represented Meretz and Labor).

During the build-up to the January 2013 elections, it was announced in December 2012 that the Central Elections Committee (CEC) and a panel of Supreme Court judges would hold discussions on whether to disqualify Zoabi, as well as the Balad and United Arab List parties, from the upcoming elections. The request for her disqualification was  submitted by MK Ofir Akunis (Likud) and had obtained the necessary number of signatures. It stated that "throughout her years in the Knesset, Zoabi has constantly undermined the State of Israel and has openly incited against the government, its institutions and IDF soldiers." The request also claimed that Zoabi negated Israel's existence as a Jewish and democratic state, which made her eligible for disqualification. Zoabi called the sponsors of the request fascists and said that "for whoever does not want citizens to have free elections, I am one of many targets ..." She added that only "dark regimes" are proud of disqualifying election candidates. After hearing the case, the Central Elections Committee disqualified Zoabi in a 19–9 vote. The Supreme Court overturned the disqualification, with the nine-judge panel headed by Supreme Court President Asher Grunis unanimously voting to overturn the ban. Zoabi was subsequently re-elected. Following the elections, Likud MK Danny Danon initiated a bill dubbed the "Zoabi Law" in February 2019. An amendment to the Basic Law dealing with legislation, it would make it harder for the Supreme Court to overturn a decision by the Central Elections Committee. The bill failed to pass.

Zoabi faced a similar situation prior to the March 2015 elections. On 12 February 2015, the CEC voted 27–6 to disqualify Zoabi from running in the elections. However, on 18 February the Supreme Court overturned the ruling in an 8–1 decision. She retired from national politics prior to the April 2019 elections, although she was given a symbolic 113th slot on the joint list of Balad and the United Arab List.

Political views and opinions
Zoabi views herself as a Palestinian. She considers the two-state solution unrealistic and describes as inherently racist the notion that Israel is a Jewish state. Instead she advocates a single state shared by Jews and Palestinian Arabs with full rights and equality for both national groups. She has said, "The reality of Israel's actions shows us that it's unrealistic to have a real sovereign state in the West Bank and Gaza with Jerusalem as the capital. The more realistic solution is one state with full national equality for both national groups."

Zoabi argues that rejection of the Jewish state concept is the only way to combat Avigdor Lieberman's demand that Israeli citizens take loyalty oaths. Rejecting the 'Jewish state' concept, she says, "is the only idea that can remove Lieberman from the circle of political and moral legitimacy... When you agree with the 'Jewish state' idea, you necessarily agree with the idea of loyalty to this state. Rejecting the 'Jewish state' concept will block the road for anyone who demands our loyalty to such a state." In 2009, she met with Code Pink, and Coalition of Women for Peace. But in 2016 in Switzerland Zoabi retracted this somewhat and said:

My vision is Justice and liberation. I don't want to formulate our position as Palestinians within the question of one state or two states. This is a procedural question for me... Even if we are talking about two states, none of them can be a Jewish state... both must be democratic. We cannot agree with the notion of a Jewish state. It's not a matter of one or two. It's a matter of justice and liberation. I think this is a terminology we must use....
Now! End occupation. Now! The right of return!... my party which I represent talks about two different states. One state for all citizens which is non-Zionist state, non-Jewish state, within the borders of '48. And a Palestinian state, with the right of return.... This is the program of my party.

She also believes that the West should engage with rather than boycott Hamas, which rules the Gaza Strip. She commented, "No one can tell the Palestinian people whom to choose as a government. Hamas is not a terrorist organization.... Regardless of whether I disagree [with Hamas], the international community cannot mediate neutrally if it starts to label the organizations of the Palestinians as illegitimate."

She has described soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces as "murderers".

Zoabi in 2009 described Lieberman, Tzipi Livni, and Benjamin Netanyahu as "a bunch of fascists pure and simple". She added, however, that [Netanyahu] is "much more dangerous" than Lieberman, because he "shares Lieberman's fascist views but takes care to sugarcoat his message for the international media".

At the 18th Knesset swearing-in ceremony on 24 February 2009, she left the Knesset plenum before the singing of Hatikva, Israel's national anthem. "'Hatikva' doesn't represent me", she later said. "I preferred to leave the room, because I don't appreciate hypocrisy."

Zoabi and the Balad party reject any form of national service for Israel's Arab citizens.

Views on Iran
The Jerusalem Post reported in March 2009 that Zoabi said that she was not concerned that Iran might acquire nuclear weapons. Instead she suggested that the Middle East needed a counterweight to Israel's nuclear weaponry. She explained, "I am afraid of real risk rather than of potential risk." An Iranian nuclear weapon, she said, is only a potential threat. "The real danger is the IDF.... It is more dangerous to the world, more dangerous to everyone, more dangerous to the Palestinians, to Israelis, to have Israel as the only powerful state.... The violence of the Israeli army is an outcome of Israel's convenient feeling that no one will restrict her." Zoabi also claimed that Iran was a positive influence on Palestinian affairs and had played a more beneficial role in region than Jordan or Egypt because it stood more firmly "against occupation than a lot of the Arab countries".

Balad's chairman at the time, Jamal Zahalka, said that Zoabi's comments represented an analysis rather than a party position, and did not constitute supporting a nuclear-armed Iran.

In an interview in 2010 in New Statesman she asked rhetorically, "If the world doesn't prevent Israel from having nuclear weapons, why does it prevent others?"

Participation in the Gaza flotilla
On 31 May 2010, Zoabi participated in the Gaza flotilla, and was on board the MV Mavi Marmara when violence broke out as Israeli commandos boarded the ship. Zoabi was arrested and briefly held by authorities. At a news conference upon her release, Zoabi called the raid criminal, saying she witnessed two wounded passengers bleed to death after the Israelis refused to provide requested medical aid. She also stated, "It was clear from the size of the force that boarded the ship that the purpose was not only to stop this sail, but to cause the largest possible number of fatalities in order to stop such initiatives in the future."

In a speech at the Knesset a day after her release, Zoabi called the raid a "pirate military operation" and asked for an international investigation. She also demanded to know why the Israeli government had not released photos and videos it confiscated from passengers that might shed light on why nine passengers were killed and dozens wounded. During her address she also said, "Israel spoke of a provocation, but there was no provocation. Why does the government of Israel oppose an investigation?"

Zoabi was repeatedly interrupted and shouted down during the speech by other lawmakers, one of whom shouted "Go to Gaza, traitor!" The chaos reached a peak when MK Anastasia Michaeli charged the podium in an attempt to prevent Zoabi from continuing. Zoabi received death threats after the speech, and two security guards were assigned for her protection. One man who offered a reward on Facebook of free groceries for killing Zoabi was arrested.

Zoabi commented three years after the events, "I came to the Knesset two days after the Marmara events, stunned by the way a political protest had become a bloodbath. I hoped that the MKs would want to hear firsthand testimony. I was ready to be questioned. But I was so naive. I encountered hate politics."

For her participation in the Gaza flotilla, Israel Interior Minister Eli Yishai requested that Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein revoke Zoabi's parliamentary immunity and authorize Yishai to strip Zoabi of Israeli citizenship. Yishai accused Zoabi of engaging in a "premeditated act of treason", claiming she had assisted activists on board the Mavi Marmara and was "undoubtedly aware" of their preparations to attack IDF soldiers. Likud MK Yariv Levin also accused Zoabi of betraying the State of Israel, and called for her prosecution.

A Knesset committee voted 7–1 to recommend her parliamentary immunity be revoked, which attracted concern from the international Inter-Parliamentary Union and was ultimately blocked by Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin, who ignored the recommendation and declined to submit it to a vote of the full Knesset. He and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hoped that sparing Zoabi would protect Israel from further international condemnation over its Gaza blockade and its military's actions aboard the Mavi Marmara. Rivlin, known for his advocacy of Arab–Jewish coexistence, said he was stunned by the assault on Zoabi's privileges as well as the near physical attack upon her. He asked, "Would they do that to a Jewish member?"

When the full Knesset met on 13 July 2010, it decided, in a 34–16 vote, to strip Zoabi of three parliamentary privileges as a penalty for her participation in the flotilla: the right to have a diplomatic passport, entitlement to financial assistance should she require legal help, and the right to visit countries with which Israel does not have diplomatic relations. She was also stripped of the right to participate in Knesset discussions and to vote in parliamentary committees. In 2011, Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein closed the case against Zoabi because of "significant evidentiary and legal difficulties."

Israeli foreign ministry tweets
Partly because of an Israeli embassy's tweets about Zoabi, in August 2012, the Foreign Ministry of Israel updated its social media guidelines for its worldwide diplomats, clarifying that for practical purposes there is no difference between a tweet or on-line social media post and an official briefing, as they will be interpreted as Israel's official position. This move followed several embarrassing incidents where inappropriate tweets or posts were made by Israeli embassies. One major embarrassment occurred when Zoabi made a speaking tour of Ireland. When she criticized Israel in some of her speeches, the Dublin-based Israeli embassy in Ireland responded with three tweets critical of her, in spite of the fact that she is an elected official.

2014 kidnapping comments and Knesset suspension
On 15 June 2014, five days after the kidnapping by Palestinians of three Israeli teenagers, Zoabi said, "Is it strange that people living under occupation and living impossible lives, in a situation where Israel kidnaps new prisoners every day, is it strange that they kidnap? They are not terrorists. Even if I do not agree with them, they are people who do not see any way to change their reality, and they are compelled to use means like these".

Many Israeli public figures criticized Zoabi's words. Labor opposition leader Isaac Herzog said they "were harmful to peace and the coexistence of Jews and Arabs in Israel as well as to the families who are hopefully awaiting news regarding their missing loved ones." Foreign Minister Avigdor Liberman said that "not only are the kidnappers terrorists, Hanin Zoabi is a terrorist too." Echoing comments by other Israeli politicians, Knesset Interior Committee chairwoman Miri Regev said, "Hanin Zoabi is a traitor and should be deported to Gaza."

Zoabi reported receiving hundreds of death threats in the first days after her comments. She commented, "I was taken by surprise at the public's reaction. I was surprised since the injustice inflicted on the other side is so much greater. There are thousands of abducted Palestinians in Israeli prisons.... It's not that I want Israelis to be abducted and not released. The exact opposite is the case."

On 25 July Israeli attorney general Yehuda Weinstein ordered an investigation of Zoabi on charges of incitement and public disgrace. On July 29, Zoabi was suspended from the Knesset plenum for a duration of six months. During that time she was not allowed to address the Knesset or its committees. Zoabi's appeal to Israel's Supreme Court to overturn the suspension was rejected.

Meeting with Palestinian attackers families
In February 2016, during the 2015–2016 wave of violence in Israeli-Palestinian conflict Zoabi and two other Arab Israeli MKs met with the families of Palestinian attackers. The purpose of the meeting was to secure the release of the attackers bodies for burial. For the participation in the meeting she and the two other Arab Israeli MKs were suspended from the Knesset for four months by the Knesset's Ethics Committee.

See also
 List of Arab members of the Knesset
 Women in Arab societies

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Arab citizens of Israel
City councillors of Nazareth
University of Haifa alumni
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
Israeli educators
Israeli women educators
Israeli civil servants
Israeli women civil servants
Women members of the Knesset
Palestinian women in politics
Arab members of the Knesset
Balad (political party) politicians
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015)
Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)
21st-century Israeli women politicians
Israeli Muslims
Israeli politicians convicted of fraud

Haneen Zoabi


The DigiBarn Computer Museum, or simply DigiBarn, is a computer history museum in Boulder Creek, California, United States. The museum is housed in a 90-year-old barn constructed from old-growth Redwood in the Santa Cruz Mountains, which is adjacent to Silicon Valley.  It was co-founded by Bruce Damer and Allan Lundell on May 7, 2001.

The primary focus of the museum's collection is on the birth and evolution of personal, interactive computing, starting with the LINC (1962), considered by some to be the first true personal computer, and leading on up through the homebrew microcomputer revolution of the 1970s, the propagation of personal computing to homes and businesses in the 1980s and the spread of networked computing in the 1990s. The Digibarn does have a few large machines on display such as a Cray-1 supercomputer. One notable point is that a large number of the Digibarn artifacts are available to visitors in a hands-on fashion, allowing them to boot up, load software and interact with the machines.

The Digibarn collection has mainly been donated by individuals and companies in nearby Silicon Valley and around the world. The Digibarn has a major focus on the legacy of Xerox and the birth of the graphical user interface with a large collection of Apple products, although other historic computer systems are featured, including the Atari 400, Osborne 1, Kaypro II and the IBM 5150 (IBM PC).

As of December 2021, most of the collection is on a long-term loan at the System Source Computer Museum.

References

External links
 DigiBarn Computer Museum website

Computer museums in California
Museums in Santa Cruz County, California
Museums established in 2001
2001 establishments in California

DigiBarn Computer Museum


The  Master of the Llangattock Hours was a Flemish manuscript painter active between 1450 and 1460.  He is one of at least eight artists who contributed to the Llangattock Hours, a book of hours now in the J. Paul Getty Museum collection; his name is derived from the fact that he appears to have been the primary artist, and was assigned in turn after the name of a previous owner of the book.  He was active in the generation after Jan van Eyck and shows a great deal of his influence, at times directly copying the elder master's compositions.  Nevertheless, his figures are small and stiff, set in landscapes or in awkwardly-drawn architectural settings.  His color schemes are dense, with little indication of an understanding of lighting techniques.  It is believed that the Master lived and worked in Bruges, given his reliance on the work of earlier local masters, his work on the Turin-Milan Hours, and collaboration with other local painters, such as Willem Vrelant.

The Master should not be confused with the Master of the Llangattock Epiphany, whose work may also be found in the same book, which once belonged to John Rolls, 2nd Baron Llangattock, older brother of Charles Rolls, co-founder of Rolls-Royce.

References
Master of the Llangattock Hours at the Getty Museum

Early Netherlandish painters
Manuscript illuminators
Llangattock Hours, Master of the
Year of birth unknown

Master of the Llangattock Hours


The Kansas State Wildcats (variously "Kansas State", "K-State", or "KSU") are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent Kansas State University. The official color of the teams is Royal Purple; white and silver are generally used as complementary colors.

Kansas State participates in the NCAA Division I FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision) and is a member of the Big 12 Conference since 1996. Previously, Kansas State competed in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference until 1912; the Big Eight Conference from 1913 to 1928; and the Big Eight Conference from 1928 to 1996 (known as the Big Six from 1928 to 1947 and the Big Seven from 1947 to 1957).

Kansas State is one of only three "Power Five" conference members who has never won a NCAA national championship, along with Virginia Tech and Central Florida.

Athletics Department overview

Kansas State offers fourteen sports at a varsity level. As of May 2018, Kansas State has won more than 80 conference championships through the years, not counting titles captured in the old Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (see chart below). Kansas State has not won any team NCAA championships, but has several individual national champions.

The Kansas State athletic department is one of a limited number in the United States, and the only one in Kansas, that operates with no monetary contribution from the broader academic institution. The most recent change in athletic teams offered at Kansas State occurred when the school began a women's soccer program in the fall of 2016, and discontinued women's equestrian at the conclusion of the 2015–16 season.

History
Athletic competition began within the first decade after the founding of Kansas State Agricultural College in 1863, as students began organizing and playing games of baseball against locals from Manhattan. Beginning in 1890, a baseball game between the faculty and the senior class became an annual feature of graduation day.

According to most sources, intercollegiate competition began on Thanksgiving Day 1893, when Kansas State's football team defeated St. Mary's College 18–10. A baseball match against St. Mary's College followed on May 26, 1894. (St. Mary's was a regional athletics powerhouse, whose recent graduates included baseball pioneers Charles Comiskey and Ted Sullivan.) These matches are not, however, reflected in the school's official histories, and the first official contest recorded is a 14–0 loss to Fort Riley in a football game on November 28, 1896.

By the turn of the century, Kansas State was competing in the Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Association, along with the University of Kansas and other state schools. Adopting a more organized approach to athletics, in 1911 an "athletic committee" was created at the school to set policy and schedule contests, among other duties. On the heels of athletic success in the Kansas conference, including a 1912 football championship, Kansas State was invited to join the more prestigious Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MVIAA) in 1913. In 1916 head football and basketball coach Z.G. Clevenger was elected the school's first official Athletic Director. Clevenger was assisted in that role by former football star Germany Schulz. In 1928, when the "Big Six" members of the MVIAA split away from the smaller schools of the Missouri Valley, Kansas State was included in its membership.

The school's commitment to athletics dipped thereafter. According to longtime Wildcat radio announcer Dev Nelson, after World War II Kansas State was one of the few major schools that didn't make a significant investment in its football program, or athletics overall. Indeed, for many years the Wildcats spent far less on athletics than any other Big Eight school. Between 1969 and 1975 the school added women's programs, but also cut four men's sports: men's swimming, wrestling, men's gymnastics and men's tennis. As recently as 1987–1988 the University of Oklahoma (the Big Eight's second smallest school) spent $12.5 million on athletics while Kansas State spent only $5.5 million. In more recent decades, however, the school has recommitted significant resources to athletics, and in 2012 it was the most profitable athletics department in the United States.

In 2012–2013, Kansas State became the second Big 12 school to win conference titles in football, men's basketball, and baseball in the same school year. In the 2007–2008 school year, Kansas State was the only school in the nation to have a consensus All-America in both football (Jordy Nelson) and men's basketball (Michael Beasley).

Administration

Athletics at Kansas State University are administered by the University's Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. The department is headed by the Athletic Director.

Conference membership history
 1899–1913: Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Association
 1913–1927: Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association
 1928–1947: Big 6 Conference
 1948–1957: Big 7 Conference
 1958–1995: Big 8 Conference
 1996–present: Big 12 Conference

Sports sponsored

Baseball

The Wildcats call Tointon Family Stadium home. The team's head coach is Pete Hughes.

Kansas State's baseball team officially began play in 1897. The Wildcats earned one of the school's first varsity championship in 1907 under coach Mike Ahearn. The Wildcats went on to win a Missouri Valley Conference championship in 1928, and Big Six Conference championships in 1930 and 1933. The school's most recent championship was the Big 12 Conference regular season championship in 2013. Kansas State's best finish at the Big 12 Conference baseball tournament is a runner-up finish in the 2008 tournament.

The Wildcats have traditionally not been competitive on a national scale, but in 2009 the team made its first appearance in the NCAA tournament, and it has returned three times since. Former coach Brad Hill's teams also earned the school's first national rankings in the USA Today/ESPN Coach's Poll in the 2009 and 2010 seasons.

Other milestones in the team's history include Earl Woods, the father of golfer Tiger Woods, becoming the first African-American baseball player in the Big Seven Conference in 1952, as well as all-time coaching wins leader Mike Clark winning the Big Eight Coach of the Year award in 1990.

Basketball

The men's and women's basketball teams play their home games in Bramlage Coliseum, nicknamed the "Octagon of Doom".

Men's basketball

Kansas State's men's basketball team began competition in 1902. The program has a long history of success. The first two major conference titles captured by the school were won in the sport, in 1917 and 1919, in the Missouri Valley Conference. Kansas State has gone on to capture 19 major conference crowns in the sport. The program has also appeared in 31 NCAA basketball tournaments. Kansas State lost to the University of Kentucky for the national championship in 1951, and has reached the Final Four four times, the Elite Eight 13 times, and the Sweet Sixteen 17 times. K-State has finished ranked in the top ten of the AP Poll or Coaches Poll on nine occasions (most recently in 2010), and in the final top 25 polls 21 total times. When Street & Smith's Annual listed the 100 greatest college basketball programs of all time in 2005, K-State ranked 22nd.

After a lengthy period with little success during the 1990s and 2000s, Kansas State returned to winning under head coaches Frank Martin (2007–2012) and Bruce Weber (2012–present). Following a twelve-year absence, the team was invited to the 2008 NCAA tournament, and has now appeared in the tournament 9 of the past 12 seasons. Highlights during this era include winning two Big 12 regular-season conference championships (2012–13 and 2018–19), and freshman Michael Beasley being named an All-American and Big 12 Conference Player of the Year in 2008. The 2009–10 team spent much of the year ranked in the Top 10 of the national polls and finished second in the Big 12. That team went on to advance to the Elite Eight of the 2010 NCAA tournament, a feat the program repeated in 2018 and 2023.

On March 21, 2022, KSU athletic director Gene Taylor announced that Baylor associate head coach Jerome Tang had been named the new head men's basketball coach for the Wildcats, starting with the 2022–23 season.

Women's basketball

Kansas State's women's basketball team began intercollegiate competition in 1968. The team is among the top 15 all-time winningest programs in the NCAA.

The women's team has participated in 21 total NCAA basketball tournaments and AIAW tournaments (pre-NCAA), the second-most appearances in the Big 12 Conference. K-State has finished ranked in the Top 25 of the AP Poll twelve times, including three rankings in the Top 10 (1984, 2003, 2004). Following the 2005–2006 season, Kansas State was crowned champion of the Women's National Invitation tournament.

The current head coach is Jeff Mittie.

Football

Kansas State's football team officially began play in 1896 with a 14–0 loss to Fort Riley on November 28, 1896. The program had some shining moments in the 1920s and 1930s, but by 1989 the school was statistically the worst program in NCAA Division I with a record of 299–509–41.

Fortunes changed when Bill Snyder was hired as head coach in 1989. Success and high rankings followed, highlighted by a #1 national ranking during the 1998 season, a #1 BCS ranking in the 2012 season, and Big 12 Conference championships in 2003 and 2012. Between the years of 1993 and 2003, Snyder's teams went 109–29–1 and attended eleven straight bowl games. Additionally, from 1995 to 2001 the school appeared in the AP Poll for 108 consecutive weeks—the 15th-longest streak in college football history.

The team plays its home games at Bill Snyder Family Stadium, and the KSU Marching Band (also known as the Pride of Wildcat Land) performs at all home games, selected away games and all bowl games.

The current coach is Chris Klieman, who succeeded Snyder upon his second retirement at the conclusion of the 2018 season. Through four seasons, Klieman has a record of 30-20.

Track and field
Kansas State began competing in track and field in 1904. The team has won 23 major conference championships. Its athletes have also achieved considerable national success.

Through the end of the 2015–2016 season, K-State athletes have won individual NCAA national championships 37 times. Twenty-four Kansas State athletes have attended 15 Olympic Games, most recently at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and have won eight medals.

The head coach of the program since 1992 is Cliff Rovelto. Rovelto has won a number of coach of the year awards during his tenure at Kansas State, including 2015 Big 12 Coach of the Year for women's indoor track and field. He also served as head coach for the U.S. Track & Field team at the 2011 Pan American Games, and as an assistant coach for the U.S. team at a number of other competitions including the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2005 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki.

Former coach Ward Haylett, who is enshrined in the National Track & Field Hall of Fame, left a strong imprint on the Kansas State program. Haylett was head coach at the school from 1928 to 1963.

Volleyball

The team currently plays in Ahearn Field House in Manhattan, Kansas.

Kansas State's women's volleyball team began intercollegiate competition in 1974. The team is among the all-time winningest programs in the NCAA.

As of the close of the 2017 season, the team has participated in 17 NCAA tournaments, including ten consecutive tournaments from 1996 to 2005. K-State also participated in the AIAW tournament in 1977. K-State has finished ranked in the final top twenty of the AVCA poll six times, and in the top 25 on eleven occasions. The team most recently participated in the NCAA tournament in 2016.

The current head coach is Suzie Fritz. Fritz has led the Wildcats to several NCAA tournament appearances and the school's first conference title in volleyball in 2003. As of the close of the 2008 season, Fritz also holds the second-highest winning percentage among all K-State's volleyball coaches after compiling a record of 148–70 (.679). In eight seasons as head coach, through the end of the 2008 season, Fritz has coached six All-Americans.

Notable non varsity sports

Rugby
Kansas State rugby plays in the Heart of America conference against traditional rivals from the Big 12 north such as Kansas and Missouri. The Wildcats previously played college rugby in the Central Division, where they were champions in the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons. In the 2010–11 season Kansas State reached the sweet 16 round of the national playoffs and finished the season ranked 8th. The Wildcats best season was in 1981, when they reached the national semifinals.

Rivalries

Kansas Jayhawks (Sunflower Showdown)

The first recorded meeting between Kansas State and KU in athletic competition was a baseball game in 1898. Since the early 20th century, when the schools began regularly competing in baseball, basketball, and football, the two teams schools and fans have developed a passionate rivalry.

Men's basketball

The rivalry on the hardwood peaked in the 1950s when both teams were national title contenders. A facilities race also began in the 1950s, starting with the construction of Kansas State's Ahearn Fieldhouse, which was one of the largest basketball facilities in the country with a capacity of 14,000 when opened in 1951. Kansas soon answered with Allen Fieldhouse, which would seat 16,300. The rivalry continued strong through the 1980s, but faded as Kansas began a 24-game win streak against the Wildcats in Manhattan in 1984. On January 30, 2008 #22 Kansas State upset #2 Kansas 84–75, winning against Kansas in Bramlage Coliseum for the first time with the aid of freshmen Michael Beasley and Bill Walker. Kansas State trails in the all-time series, 94-203.

Football

Historically, neither football program has had sustained success. The rivalry intensified for a period in the early 1990s as both teams entered the national rankings. In 1991 Head Coach Bill Snyder gained his first win against the Jayhawks and over the next 12 years Kansas would only beat the Wildcats once, in 1992, until KU finally won again in a home game in 2004. The rivalry intensified again in the 2000s as Kansas returned to relevance under Mark Mangino and the Wildcats struggled under Ron Prince.

The Wildcats have won the last 14 meetings in the series, ten under Snyder during his second tenure (2009-18) and four under Chris Klieman.

Since 1969, the two teams have competed for the Governor's Cup. Kansas State leads during the Governor's Cup era 31–19–1, but trails in the all-time series, 51–64–5.

Nebraska Cornhuskers
Football
After the creation of the Big 12 Conference in 1996, through the early 2000s, the Wildcats and Cornhuskers consistently competed for the Big 12 North championship. Before the 1990s, however, the series was severely one-sided, with Kansas State losing 29 consecutive games to Nebraska until November 14, 1998 when the #1-ranked Wildcats beat #11 Nebraska 40–30. Kansas State subsequently beat Nebraska in 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2004. Nebraska still leads the series 78-15-2.

Volleyball
Nebraska was the Wildcats' biggest volleyball rival before leaving for the Big Ten Conference in 2011. Both teams were ranked in the AVCA Top 25 almost weekly during the Big 12 era, and Kansas State home games against Nebraska were promoted with T-shirts that read "Keep The Red Out."

Civil rights pioneer

Sexual orientation
In July 2017, Kansas State football player Scott Frantz announced to ESPN that he is gay. When the Wildcats opened their season on September 2, 2017, Frantz became the first openly gay college football player to play at the NCAA's highest level.

Racial integration

Kansas State historically has been welcoming to all races. The university has been open to enrollment by African Americans since its founding in 1863, and as far back as the 1940s and 1950s (a time noted by many for its lack of civil rights in the United States), the leadership of K-State athletics took a strong stance in support of racial integration on its athletic teams.

Football
In 1949, African American Harold Robinson played football for Kansas State with an athletic scholarship. In doing so, Robinson broke the decades-long "color barrier" in Big Seven Conference athletics, and became the first ever African-American athlete on scholarship in the conference. Harold Robinson later received a letter of congratulations from Jackie Robinson, who had integrated major league baseball in 1947 while playing with the Brooklyn Dodgers.

Baseball
In the spring of 1951, the conference color barrier in baseball was broken by Kansas State's Earl Woods (the father of golf great Tiger Woods). An indicator of the controversial nature of this position is reflected in an article published in The Tulsa World about an incident that occurred in the early 1950s during a baseball game:

Men's basketball
In the winter of 1951–1952, Kansas State's Gene Wilson broke the conference color barrier in basketball, together with LaVannes Squires at the University of Kansas.

Championships
The Wildcats have won 68 regular-season conference championships and 13 conference tournaments, with the men's basketball program claiming the most of any sport. Kansas State, along with Virginia Tech and UCF, is one of only three Power Five conference schools that have never won a team national championship in an NCAA sanctioned sport. The Wildcats also won 3 divisional titles in football when the Big 12 had divisions from 1996 to 2010.

* Not counting titles earned in the Kansas Intercollegiate Athletic Association, through the 1912–13 school year. Kansas State captured at least ten championships in the old Kansas Conference, in track (1906, 1908, 1909), baseball (1907, 1908), football (1909, 1910, 1912), and basketball (1910, 1913).

Mascot

Notable athletes

Notes

References

External links

Kansas State Wildcats


is a meal that is common in Japanese cuisine, made to take away to be eaten somewhere else. A traditional bento consists of rice, fish or meat, and one or more pickled or cooked vegetables as a side dish. Various kinds of containers are used, from disposable mass produced to handcrafted lacquerware. They usually have compartments for different kinds of food. While bento meals can be bought at many stores and  in all of Japan, it is still considered a very important skill for a Japanese housewife to be able to prepare a good boxed lunch.

Bento can be very elaborate, aesthetically pleasing cuisine arrangements. Often the food is arranged in such a way as to resemble other objects: dolls, flowers, leaves, and so forth. For some special occasions like hanami, more elaborate and bigger bentos are prepared. People often take bento for a picnic.

Bento are often sold in train stations. These are called ekiben (駅弁). Those sold in airports are called Soraben (空弁). Kyaraben (キャラ弁), is a shortened form of the two words character and bento and is becoming more popular.

Ingredients
Here are some foods that are often contained in a bento:
 Tamagoyaki (Japanese style omelette)
 Karaage (deep-fried chicken)
 Onigiri (rice ball)
 Takosan Viennese (sausage like octopus)
 Shogayaki (pork grilled ginger and soy sauce)
 Sandwich
 Fruit

Other websites

 Bento*弁当 An artistic Bento blog site (Japanese & English).
 Bento Corner An English language blog about creating bentos, especially bentos for children.
 O-Bento Net
 Bento Business  A UK bento site with a gallery of bento shops and accessories in Japan, plus illustrated bento recipes.
 Cooking Cute: a bento site
 Science Channel's The Making Series: #33 Making of Convenience Store Bento (video in Japanese)
 My Lunch Can Beat Up Your Lunch! FAQ An American site on making Bento.
 Instructions How-To Traditional Asian recipe cooking step by step..
 ekiben*駅弁 An explanation of ekiben.
  club of kyaraben*キャラ弁  A Japanese kyaraben site.

Japanese food

Bento


William Clyde "Chase" Elliott II (born November 28, 1995) is a professional NASCAR driver. In 2016, he replaced Jeff Gordon as the driver of the #24 car for Hendrick Motorsports. He is the son of NASCAR hall of famer Bill Elliott. He won the 2014 NASCAR XFINITY Series Championship.

NASCAR drivers
Living people
1995 births

Chase Elliott


The offspring of the three younger brothers, Niukapu, Nuku and Ngata are also called the ʻUlutolu (triple head). During the time of Ngata, even his son and grandson, they were not yet known as Tuʻi Kanokupolu. Ngata's title was the Tuʻi Haʻamoʻunga.

There were other sons of Ngata, and they, and their sons, were the first contributants to his dynasty, their descendants are known as the old Ngata clan: Haʻa Ngata Motuʻa.

Vakalepuʻahio (short ʻAhio) was Ngata's oldest son, but he refused to accept the Tuʻi Kanokupolu title on his father's death, leaving it to his younger stepbrother Atamataʻila (short Ata). Because he did not like, or felt himself too good, to be a servant to the real king (his uncle Fotofili). At that time the Tuʻi Kanokupolu was still barely any more than that compared to the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua. Still nowadays the ʻAhio clan, being the head of the Haʻa Ngata Motuʻa, has despite that position, no traditional duties.

Ngata/en


Imran Pervez Awan (born 2 June 1979) is a Pakistani born American cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium bowler, he has played for the United States national cricket team since 2000.

Biography

Born in Sialkot in 1979, Imran Awan first played for the USA in 2000, touring England. He did not play again until the 2005 ICC Trophy in Ireland. After playing in warm-up matches against the Northern Cricket Union President's XI and Namibia he played five matches in the tournament proper. He took 4/46 against Papua New Guinea, his best List A bowling performance.

In 2006, he played in the ICC Americas Championship in King City, Ontario, and most recently represented his country in Division Five of the World Cricket League in Jersey in 2008. He made his Twenty20 debut on 11 February 2010, for the United States in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in the United Arab Emirates.

References

1979 births
Living people
Pakistani emigrants to the United States
American cricketers
Cricketers from Sialkot
American sportspeople of Pakistani descent

Imran Awan (cricketer)


The Eleazer Arnold House is a historic house built for Eleazer Arnold in about 1693, and located in the Great Road Historic District at Lincoln, Rhode Island. It is now a National Historic Landmark owned by Historic New England, and open to the public on weekends.

The house is a relatively large "stone-ender," a building type brought from the western part of England and used most commonly in northern Rhode Island. This geographic-specific aspect may have been due to the attribution of the work to John Smith "the Mason" of Smithfield, Rhode Island and his family. It was built two stories in height, with four rooms on each floor, a lean-to, exposed fieldstone end-walls, wooden side-walls, and a pilastered chimney. By the 20th century, a gable had been added to the structure.

In 1919 the house was donated to Historic New England (then the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities) by Preserved Whipple Arnold. It has since undergone two phases of restoration. In 1920 the first stabilization efforts were led by Norman Isham; and in 1950 the house and chimney received a thorough structural rehabilitation. In this second restoration, later alterations were removed to return the building to its 17th-century appearance.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 for its architectural significance. In 2005 a dendrochronology survey of the tree rings confirmed the 1693 construction date.

Today the building closely resembles its form during the early settlement in Rhode Island, though some details, including the leaded glass windows and the front door and its surround, are 20th-century replacements.

Images

See also

 Clemence-Irons House, another nearby Rhode Island stone-ender
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
 List of the oldest buildings in Rhode Island

References

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Historic American Buildings Survey in Rhode Island
Houses completed in 1693
National Historic Landmarks in Rhode Island
Museums in Providence County, Rhode Island
Historic house museums in Rhode Island
Houses in Lincoln, Rhode Island
Historic New England
National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island
1693 establishments in Rhode Island

Eleazer Arnold House


VisualEditor (VE) is an online rich-text editor for MediaWiki-powered wikis that provides a direct visual way to edit pages based on the "what you see is what you get" principle. It was developed by the Wikimedia Foundation in partnership with Fandom. In July 2013, it was enabled by default on several of the largest Wikipedia projects.

The Wikimedia Foundation considered it the most challenging technical project to date, while The Economist has called it Wikipedia's "most significant change". According to The Daily Dot, the Wikimedia Foundation's pursuit of wider participation may risk alienating existing editors. In September 2013, English Wikipedia's VisualEditor was changed from opt-out to opt-in, following user complaints, but it was returned to being available by default (for new registered users only) in October 2015 after further development. A 2015 study by the Wikimedia Foundation found that VisualEditor failed to provide the anticipated benefits for new editors.

Development

The original web-based Wikipedia editor provided by MediaWiki is a plain browser-based text editor, also called 'Source editor', where authors have to learn the wiki markup language to edit. A what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG) editor for Wikipedia had been planned for years in order to remove the need to learn the wiki markup language. It was hoped this would reduce the technical hurdle for would-be Wikipedians, enabling wider participation in editing, and was an attempt to reverse the decline in editor numbers of 50,000 in 2006 to 35,000 in 2011, having peaked in 2007. It was part of a $1m project aimed at developing new features and making improvements. A goal of the project is to allow both the former wiki markup editing and editing with the WYSIWYG VisualEditor. According to Wikimedia Foundation's Jay Walsh, the hope is to redress under-represented contributions from Arabic, Portuguese, and Indic-language versions of the site.

According to Wikimedia Foundation, "There are various reasons that lead existing and prospective contributors not to edit; among them, the complexity of wiki markup is a major issue. One of VisualEditor's goals is to empower knowledgeable and good-faith users to edit and become valuable members of the community, even if they're not wiki markup experts. We also hope that, with time, experienced editors will find VisualEditor useful for some of their editing tasks." In 2012, Sue Gardner, the executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation, said "we don't think that the visual editor, in and of itself, is going to solve the challenge", and Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales remarked "This is epically important".

Rollout
MediaWiki is used by numerous wikis, with smaller sites originally conceived as being rolled out first. VisualEditor was planned to be rolled out on the English-language Wikipedia for editors with registered accounts, and then for anonymous editors. The alpha version was made available to select users in December 2012, widened to all registered users in April. It was the default editor for users logged-into the English-language Wikipedia in July 2013. It was subsequently made opt-in on the English-language Wikipedia in September 2013 due to community complaints over its stability, and implementation was buggy and had limitations (though it remained active for most non-English Wikipedias). In 2015, it completed its beta development phase and was again made available on English Wikipedia.

Technical
The Wikimedia Foundation joined forces with Wikia to work on the project. The implementation encountered challenges with the wiki markup language (the basis for Wikipedia articles), due to it being continuously extended over 12 years to include seldom-used rich and complex features making reproduction of the final article appearance dependent on many factors that were not easy to reproduce. The technical implementation required improvements to MediaWiki in parsing, wiki markup language, the DOM and final HTML conversion. A necessary component is a parser server called Parsoid which was created to convert in both directions between wikitext and a format suitable for VisualEditor. The Wikimedia Foundation considered VisualEditor its most challenging technical project to date.

 supported web browsers include modern versions of Chromium (Chrome, Edge, Opera), Firefox, Midori, and Safari.

The VisualEditor MediaWiki extension is available for download by server operators and typically requires the latest version of MediaWiki, it is bundled since MediaWiki 1.35.

Online rich-text editor
According to the VisualEditor team, the aim is "to create a reliable rich-text editor for MediaWiki", a "visual editor" which is "WYSIWYG-like". The implementation is split into a "core" online rich-text editor which can run independently of MediaWiki, and a MediaWiki extension.

Response
Responses to the introduction of the VisualEditor have greatly varied, with The Economists L.M. calling it "the most significant change in Wikipedia's short history."

Opposition
Some editors expressed concerns about the rollout and bugs, with the German Wikipedia community deciding to use an opt-in model instead of an opt-out one. Irish Wikipedia administrator Oliver Moran, echoing concerns of other editors, said that users may feel belittled by the implication that "certain people" are confused by wiki markup and therefore need the VisualEditor, comparing the learning of wikitext favorably to Twitter's hashtag and @ (at sign) mention syntax.

Three months after the rollout of the VisualEditor to the English Wikipedia, The Daily Dot reported that the Wikimedia Foundation had experienced backlash from long-time editors who deemed the editor "buggy and untested". Following discourse between the community and the foundation, Wikipedia administrator Kww overrode the foundation's rollout, making it opt-in, instead of opt-out. The Foundation did not revert the change, instead committing to further improving VisualEditor.

Support
Softpedia ran an article titled "Wikipedia's New VisualEditor Is the Best Update in Years and You Can Make It Better". The Register said that the update brings the foundation "a little closer to its goal of making it easier for anyone to create and edit Wikipedia articles."

Research results

Aaron Halfaker, a research scientist at the Wikimedia Foundation, ran a controlled study on the effects of VisualEditor in May 2015. The study found that VisualEditor did not increase editor productivity, however reducing the burden upon existing editors. Editing took 18 seconds longer with VisualEditor before hitting save, and new editors were less likely to save their work. Halfaker however did ascribe these negative results as from editors testing the new system, not any real struggle. A previous June 2013 controlled test — when VisualEditor was less mature — showed similar neutral and negative results.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

 Florian Leander Mayer. "Erfolgsfaktoren von Social Media: Wie "funktionieren" Wikis?: Eine vergleichende Analyse kollaborativer Kommunikationssysteme im Internet, in Organisationen und in Gruppen" (2013) Lit Verlag, pp. 30–32.

External links

 MediaWiki VisualEditor
 MediaWiki Extension: VisualEditor
 Help:VisualEditor - Community Central
 What you see is Wiki - Questioning WYSIWYG in the Internet Age
 MediaWiki alternative parsers
 Building a Visual Editor for Wikipedia
 Wired: Wikipedia's WYSIWYG Dilemma

Free software programmed in PHP
2013 software
Cross-platform free software
Wikipedia
MediaWiki extensions
Fandom (website)
Free software programmed in JavaScript
Wikimedia Foundation
Articles containing video clips
Free HTML editors

VisualEditor


Claneus or Klaneos or Klaneous () was an ancient city and bishopric in Asia Minor.

Its site is tentatively located near , Yunak, Turkey.

Claneus was in the Roman province of either Phrygia Salutaris or Galatia Secunda.

Ecclesiastical history

Claneus became a suffragan bishopric of the Metropolitan of Pessinus, in Galatia Salutaris (erected 398). When Amorium, its former fellow suffragan of Pessinus, became a Metropolitan see in the ninth century, Claneus became its suffragan.

Two of its bishops are historically recorded :
 Salomon, attending the (Sixth Ecumenical =) Third Council of Constantinople (680–681, which repudiated as heresies Monothelitism and Monoenergism) and probably the appended Quinisext Council, alias  Council in Trullo (692, addressing matters of discipline);
 Nicephorus, listed at the Second Council of Nicaea (787, which restored the veneration of icons and repudiated iconoclasm).

Titular see
The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as Latin Titular bishopric of Claneus (Latin) / Claneo (Curiate Italian) /  (Latin adjective).

It has been vacant for decades, and has had only these incumbents, of episcopal (lowest) rank :
 Francis Esser, Oblates of Saint Francis de Sales (O.S.F.S.) (German) (13 January 1949 – 12 September 1962), first as Apostolic Vicar of Keetmanshoop (ex-German Namibia) (13 January 1949 – 1956), then as Coadjutor Bishop of Keimoes (South Africa) (1956 – 12 September 1962); later succeeded as Bishop of Keimoes (12 September 1962 – death 8 December 1966).
 George Henry Speltz (12 February 1963 – 31 January 1968) as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Winona (USA) (12 February 1963 – 4 April 1966) and (promoted) as Coadjutor Bishop of Saint Cloud (USA) (4 April 1966 – 31 January 1968); later succeeded as Bishop of Saint Cloud (31 January 1968 – 13 January 1987).

References

Sources and external links
 GCatholic - (former and) titular see
 Bibliography
 Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, p. 539, nº 247
 Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 441
 Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol; I, coll. 491-492
 Raymond Janin, lemma 'Claneus', in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XII, Paris 1953, col. 1061

Populated places in ancient Galatia
Populated places in Phrygia
Former populated places in Turkey
Catholic titular sees in Asia
suppressed Roman Catholic dioceses
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
History of Konya Province

Claneus


Ally Musika (born April 26, 1979 Baltimore, MD) is a writer and executive producer of the HBO television series Entourage. In a documentary entitled Entourage, Season 8 - A Look Back, Doug Ellin said Musika wrote "every other word" of the show "for the last six years". She had begun on the show as Ellin's assistant.

Her acting debut, as the character Lily on Entourage, was in Season 5, Episode 2: "Unlike a Virgin".

In 2010 she was reported to be working on a "femme-themed project" for HBO. In 2015 it was reported she was working with Mark Wahlberg and Stephen Levinson on another HBO show.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
New York University alumni
American television writers
American television producers

Ally Musika


John Robert "Jack" Cunningham, O.C., (January 5, 1927 – January 4, 2020) was a Canadian medical physicist. He was known for his works in the development of radiation treatment planning dose calculations in radiation therapy. In 1988 he was awarded the highest award given by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. He taught at the University of Alberta in Edmonton.

Cunningham died on January 4, 2020 at the age of 92.

References

Medical researchers
1927 births
2020 deaths
Canadian physicists
Academics of the University of Alberta

John R. Cunningham