Karl Fredrik Henrik Åkesson is a Swedish heavy metal guitarist. He is a current member of Opeth and is also active in Krux, Monsters of Metal, and Talisman.

Biography
Åkesson has been playing guitar since the age of 12. His early musical influences include Michael Schenker, Uli Jon Roth, Yngwie Malmsteen, John Norum and George Lynch. Marcel Jacob, founder of Talisman, held auditions in 1992 to find a new guitar player after Jason Bieler left them to play with Saigon Kick; the 19-year-old Åkesson was selected for the position. He spent almost four years with Talisman and after five records decided to leave them for a heavier outfit. Åkesson, Mats Levén, John Levén, and Rickard Evensand formed a band called Eyeball who would later change their name to Southpaw. In 1998, Åkesson appeared on two albums: Southpaw's debut album and Naïve by Clockwise. He also recorded a version of Journey's classic "Send Her My Love" with Clockwise for a tribute album that was never released.

Åkesson returned to record and tour with Talisman. They worked on two new studio efforts: Cats and Dogs (2003) and 7 (2006) plus a live album called Five Men Live (2005) which was released on DVD as World's Best Kept Secret. In 2004, Åkesson filled in for Tiamat guitarist Thomas Petersson on tour and was featured in The Church of Tiamat DVD release in 2006. He also appeared on the Sabbtail album Night Church, again with Mats Levén.

Åkesson co-wrote two tracks on the album Optimus by John Norum and appeared in the recordings. He also played with melodic death metal band Arch Enemy from 2005 to 2007, having been recruited when original Arch Enemy guitarist Christopher Amott took an 18-month break from September 2005 until his return in March 2007. Åkesson also played on the Krux album II, released in 2006. In 2007, he appeared with Krux in the Sweden Rock Festival.

On 17 May 2007, the progressive death metal band Opeth announced that Åkesson would replace departed guitarist Peter Lindgren. Åkesson's first tour with the band was the Progressive Nation Tour with Dream Theater and Between the Buried and Me. Åkesson's first album with Opeth was Watershed (2008) in which he co-wrote the song "Porcelain Heart" with Mikael Åkerfeldt. The album Heritage was released in September 2011, also with one song (the bonus track "Pyre") co-written by Åkesson.

In 2018, he contributed a guitar solo to black metal musician Ihsahn's seventh solo studio album Ámr, on the track "Arcana Imperii".

Endorsements
Åkesson had an endorsement arrangement with ESP Guitars which continued into 2007. He also had his own signature model. Since joining Opeth, Åkesson switched to PRS Guitars with Marshall JVM 410 amps and cabs. In the "Porcelain Heart" videoclip he can be seen using a PRS Mark Tremonti Signature guitar. In 2009, he switched to Blackstar Amplification, using the Series One 200. In addition to his Blackstar amps, he uses Fractal Audio's Axe FX effects processor. Åkesson left Blackstar in 2012, switching his endorsement to Marshall amps. In 2011, PRS guitars produced his signature model PRS.

Discography

With Ghost
 Impera (2022)

With Opeth
 Watershed (2008)
 In Live Concert at the Royal Albert Hall (2010)
 Heritage (2011)
 Pale Communion (2014)
 Sorceress (2016)
 Garden of the Titans: Live at Red Rocks Amphitheater (2018)
 In Cauda Venenum (2019)

With Krux
 Krux (2003)
 Live (DVD) (2003)
 II (2006)
He Who Sleeps Amongst the Stars (2011)

With Arch Enemy
 Live Apocalypse (DVD, 2006)

With Tiamat
 Church of Tiamat (DVD, 2005)

With John Norum
 Optimus (2005)

With Sabbtail
 Night Church (2004)

With Talisman
 Genesis (1993)
 Humanimal Part II (1994)
 Humanimal (1994)
 Five out of Five (Live in Japan) (1994)
 Life (1995)
 Best of... (Compilation, different from above) (1996)
 BESTerious (Compilation) (1996)
 Cats and Dogs (2003)
 Five Men Live (2005)
 7 (2006)

CD singles and promos with Talisman
 "Mysterious (This Time Is Serious)" (CD single) (1993)
 "Time After Time" (CD single) (1993)
 "Doing Time with My Baby" (CD single) (1994)
 "Colour My XTC" (CD single) (1994)
 "Todo y Todo" (CD single) (All + All Latin American market release under nickname Genaro) (1994)
 "All + All" (CD single) (1994)
 "Frozen" (CD single) (1995)

With Human Clay
 Human Clay (1996)
 Closing the Book on Human Clay (2003)

With Southpaw
 SouthPaw (1998)

With Clockwise
 Naïve (1998)

References

External links
 Opeth official website

Death metal musicians
Musicians from Stockholm
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
Arch Enemy members
Talisman (band) members
Opeth members
Lead guitarists
1972 births
Living people
Krux members

Fredrik Åkesson


Dai Bingguo (; born March 31, 1941) is a Chinese politician and professional diplomat. Since 2008, Dai has emerged as one of the foremost and highest-ranking figures of Chinese foreign policy in the Hu Jintao administration.

A graduate of Sichuan University, majoring in Russian language, Dai was instrumental in the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union. Between 1989 and 1991 Dai served as the Chinese ambassador to Hungary. He then served in a succession of roles in the Department of Foreign Affairs. He served as a State Councilor, director of the general office of Central Foreign Affairs Commission of CCP Central Committee, an office that acts as the primary foreign affairs organ of the Chinese Communist Party, and director of the general office of the National Security Leadership Group of the CCP Central Committee, in which he serves in the capacity as a national security advisor to the CCP General Secretary.

Biography
Dai Bingguo was born in a village located in Yinjiang County, Guizhou Province. He belongs to the Tujia ethnic minority. He graduated from the Department of foreign languages of Sichuan University, majoring in Russian, and later studied at the China Foreign Affairs University (CFAU). He joined the Chinese Communist Party in June 1973. He served as the Chinese Ambassador to Hungary from 1989 to 1991. He had previously served in the Foreign Ministry of the PRC for many years. He was elevated to Vice Foreign Minister in December 1993. In June 1995, Dai was transferred from the "foreign affairs system" of the State Council to the "international liaison system" of the Central Committee of the CCP and became Vice Director of the International Department of the Central Committee of the CCP. In August 1997, on the eve of the 15th CCP National Congress, he was promoted to Director of the International Department. In May 2003, Dai returned to the Foreign Ministry and served as Vice Minister until April 2008, being responsible for handling the North Korean nuclear crisis. In March 2008, he was appointed State Councillor and Party group member on the State Council.

On July 8, 2009, Dai replaced Chinese President Hu Jintao at the G8 summit in L'Aquila, Italy after Hu had to leave the summit because of July 2009 Ürümqi riots involving Uyghurs and Han-Chinese.

Dai was appointed by Chinese leader Hu Jintao as his special representative to chair the Strategic Track of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue for the Chinese side in 2009.

On October 7, 2012, Dai Bingguo met with former Taiwanese Premier Hsieh Chang-ting, who was visiting mainland China in his private capacity, in Beijing. Dai and Hsieh exchanged views on topics of mutual interest.

In March 2013, Dai Bingguo retired as a State Councillor at the end of his term and retired from politics in China.

Dai Bingguo became chairman of Jinan University in November 2013, and he stepped down as chairman in November 2019.

In September 2019, Dai Bingguo represented Chinese President Xi Jinping to attend memorial ceremonies held by the French government in Paris for late President Jacques Chirac.

Development of core interests
During Hu Jintao's administration, Dai developed the concept of China's "core interests" to define the primary goals that determine the country's foreign policy choices. The core interests are: maintaining the power of the Communist Party, continuing China's social and economic growth, and preservation of China's sovereignty and territorial integrity. China also views these core interests as red lines that other countries' behavior should not cross.

Personal
Dai Bingguo's father-in-law is former Culture Minister Huang Zhen.

External links
Dai Bingguo's profile at people.com.cn

References

|-

Living people
1941 births
People from Tongren
People's Republic of China politicians from Guizhou
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Guizhou
Ambassadors of China to Hungary
Sichuan University alumni
China Foreign Affairs University alumni
Tujia people
State councillors of China

Dai Bingguo


Donald Dale Pucket (December 15, 1915 – July 9, 1944) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Pucket joined the Army from Boulder, Colorado in 1942, and by July 9, 1944, was a first lieutenant piloting bombers with the 98th Bombardment Group. During a raid that day over Ploieşti, Romania, his airplane was badly damaged by anti-aircraft fire. He ordered his crew to abandon the craft, but three men were too frightened to parachute out. Pucket voluntarily stayed behind with the men and tried unsuccessfully to regain control of the plane. The aircraft crashed into a mountainside, killing all on board. Pucket was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on June 23, 1945.

Aged 28 at his death, Pucket was buried at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery in Saint Louis, Missouri.

Awards and decorations
In addition to the Medal of Honor, Pucket also received the Distinguished Flying Cross, three Air Medals, and the Purple Heart.

Medal of Honor citation
First Lieutenant Pucket's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
He took part in a highly effective attack against vital oil installation in Ploesti, Rumania, on 9 July 1944. Just after "bombs away," the plane received heavy and direct hits from antiaircraft fire. One crewmember was instantly killed and 6 others severely wounded. The airplane was badly damaged, 2 were knocked out, the control cables cut, the oxygen system on fire, and the bomb bay flooded with gas and hydraulic fluid. Regaining control of his crippled plane, 1st Lt. Pucket turned its direction over to the copilot. He calmed the crew, administered first aid, and surveyed the damage. Finding the bomb bay doors jammed, he used the hand crank to open them to allow the gas to escape. He jettisoned all guns and equipment but the plane continued to lose altitude rapidly. Realizing that it would be impossible to reach friendly territory he ordered the crew to abandon ship. Three of the crew, uncontrollable from fright or shock, would not leave. 1st Lt. Pucket urged the others to jump. Ignoring their entreaties to follow, he refused to abandon the 3 hysterical men and was last seen fighting to regain control of the plane. A few moments later the flaming bomber crashed on a mountainside. 1st Lt. Pucket, unhesitatingly and with supreme sacrifice, gave his life in his courageous attempt to save the lives of 3 others.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1915 births
1944 deaths
People from Boulder, Colorado
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Air Forces Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Aviators killed by being shot down
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Romania
Military personnel from Colorado

Donald D. Pucket


The Franco-Polish Alliance was the military alliance between Poland and France that was active between the early 1920s and the outbreak of the Second World War. The initial agreements were signed in February 1921 and formally took effect in 1923. During the interwar period the alliance with Poland was one of the cornerstones of French foreign policy.

Background

During the France-Habsburg rivalry, which began in the 16th century, France tried to find allies to the east of Austria, hoping to ally with Poland. Polish King Jan III Sobieski also had the intention to ally with France against the threat of Austria, but the greater threat posed by the Muslim-led Ottoman Empire made him fight for the Christian cause in the Battle of Vienna. In the 18th century, Poland was partitioned by Russia, Prussia and Austria, but Napoleon recreated the Polish state in the Duchy of Warsaw. With the rise of a united German Empire in the 19th century, France and Poland found a new common enemy.

Interwar period
During the Polish–Soviet War of 1920, France, one of the most active supporters of Poland, sent the French Military Mission to Poland to aid the Polish army. In early February in Paris, three pacts were discussed by Polish Chief of State Józef Piłsudski and French President Alexandre Millerand: political, military and economic.

The political alliance was signed there on February 19, 1921 by Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Count Eustachy Sapieha and French Minister of Foreign Affairs Aristide Briand, in the background of the negotiations that ended the Polish–Soviet War by the Treaty of Riga. The agreement assumed a common foreign policy, the promotion of bilateral economical contacts, the consultation of new pacts concerning Central and Eastern Europe and assistance in case one of the signatories became a victim of an "unprovoked" attack. As such, it was a defensive alliance. The secret military pact was signed two days later, on February 21, 1921, and clarified that the agreement was aimed at possible threats from both Germany and the Soviet Union. An attack on Poland would make France keep lines of communication free and Germany in check but not require it to send troops or to declare war. Both political and military pacts were legally not in force until the economic pact was ratified, which occurred on August 2, 1923.

The alliance was further extended by the Franco–Polish Warrant Agreement, signed on October 16, 1925 in Locarno, as part of the Locarno Treaties. The new treaty subscribed all previously-signed Polish–French agreements to the system of mutual pacts of the League of Nations.

The alliance was closely tied with the Franco-Czechoslovakian Alliance. France's alliances with Poland and Czechoslovakia were aimed at deterring Germany from the use of force to achieve a revision of the postwar settlement and ensuring that German forces would be confronted with significant combined strength of its neighbours. Although Czechoslovakia had a significant economy and industry and Poland had a strong army, the French–Polish–Czechoslovakian triangle never reached its full potential. Czechoslovakian foreign policy, under Edvard Beneš, avoided signing a formal alliance with Poland, which would force Czechoslovakia to take sides in Polish–German territorial disputes. Czechoslovakia's influence was weakened by the doubts of its allies as to the trustworthiness of its army, and Poland's influence was undermined by fighting between supporters and opponents of Józef Piłsudski. France's reluctance to invest in its allies' industry (especially Poland's), improve trade relations by buying their agricultural products and share military expertise further weakened the alliance.

In the 1930s, the alliance remained mostly inactive and its only effect was to keep the French Military Mission to Poland, which had worked with the Polish General Staff ever since the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920. However, with the German threat becoming increasingly visible in the latter part of the decade, both countries started to seek a new pact to guarantee the independence of all contracting parties and military co-operation in case of a war with Germany.

1939
Finally, a new alliance started to be formed in 1939. The Kasprzycki–Gamelin Convention was signed May 19, 1939 in Paris. It was named after Polish Minister of War Affairs General Tadeusz Kasprzycki and Commander of the French Army Maurice Gamelin. The military convention was army-to-army, not state-to-state, and was not in force legally, as it was dependent on signing and ratification of the political convention. It obliged both armies to provide help to each other in case of a war with Germany. In May, Gamelin promised a "bold relief offensive" within three weeks of a German attack.

The treaty was ratified by France on September 4, 1939, on the fourth day of German offensive on Poland.

However, France provided only token help to Poland during the war in the form of the Saar Offensive, which has often been considered an example of Western betrayal. However, the political convention was the basis of the recreation of the Polish Army in France.

Piotr Zychowicz quoted the memoirs of the French ambassador to Poland, Léon Noël, who wrote as early as October 1938, "It is of utmost importance that we remove from our obligations everything that would deprive French government the freedom of decision on the day when Poland finds itself in war with Germany". Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet reassured Noel by writing that "our agreement with Poland is full of gaps, needed to keep our country away from war".

See also
 Anglo–Polish military alliance
 Cordon sanitaire
 Diplomatic history of World War II
 Foreign alliances of France
 International relations (1919–1939)
 Phoney War
 Polish Army in France (1939–40)
 Western betrayal
 Why Die for Danzig?

References

External links
 Franco–Polish Treaties of 1921 and 1925

Further reading

Treaties concluded in 1921
Treaties entered into force in 1921
Second Polish Republic
World War II treaties
France–Poland military relations
20th century in France
20th-century military alliances
Interwar-period treaties
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
Military alliances involving France
Military alliances involving Poland

Franco-Polish alliance


Sean Lynch (born 31 January 1987) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Playing career

Hibernian
Born in Dechmont, West Lothian, Lynch made his first-team debut for Hibernian against Kilmarnock on 5 April 2006, replacing Abdessalam Benjelloun for the final minute of a 2–1 win at Easter Road. He made just one more substitute appearance that season and did not play again until 3 February 2007, and on 21 April that year he was given a straight red card for a foul on Chris Clark, with teammate Dermot McCaffrey also dismissed in the 2–2 draw with Aberdeen at Pittodrie. He did not feature at all for Hibs during the 2007–08 season and was sent on an emergency loan to First Division St Johnstone in February. He was returned to Hibs after being injured in his first game for Saints, a 3–2 Tayside derby defeat away to Dundee on 1 March.

While playing for Hibernian Lynch was also a member of the Scottish U-20 national team, playing in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada.

Falkirk
Lynch was released by Hibs manager Mixu Paatelainen in August 2008, and signed for fellow SPL club Falkirk a month later. He made his debut on 27 September in a 4–1 win against Hamilton Academical, replacing Graham Barrett for the final 15 minutes. Lynch was released by Falkirk after the club was relegated from the Scottish Premier League in May 2010.

St Mirren
Following a trial spell, Lynch signed for St Mirren in July 2010. He made his league debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Dundee United on 14 August, and scored a volley from the edge of the penalty area. He made 14 appearances over the season for the Buddies, scoring one more goal, a consolation in a 2–1 loss at St Johnstone on 18 September.

Airdrie United
Lynch signed for Airdrie United of the Second Division in July 2011.

Stenhousemuir
He left Airdrie in May 2013 and subsequently signed for Stenhousemuir. Lynch scored the winning penalty in a shootout against Dundee that allowed Stenhousemuir to progress to the semi-finals of the 2013–14 Scottish Challenge Cup. Lynch was released by Stenhousemuir in May 2014.

Business career
Lynch created a mobile app named Socizer; in 2011 he received a local Business Excellence Award by the Prince's Scottish Youth Business Trust. He co-owns a t-shirt business with Scott Arfield, a former colleague at Falkirk.

References

External links

1987 births
Airdrieonians F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
Hibernian F.C. players
Falkirk F.C. players
Living people
Scottish Football League players
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Premier League players
Footballers from West Lothian
People from Dechmont
St Johnstone F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Stenhousemuir F.C. players

Sean Lynch (footballer)


Harold Horace Hopkins FRS (6 December 1918 – 22 October 1994) was a British physicist. His Wave Theory of Aberrations, (published by Oxford University Press 1950), is central to all modern optical design and provides the mathematical analysis which enables the use of computers to create the highest quality lenses. In addition to his theoretical work, his many inventions are in daily use throughout the world. These include zoom lenses, coherent fibre-optics and more recently the rod-lens endoscopes which 'opened the door' to modern key-hole surgery. He was the recipient of many of the world's most prestigious awards and was twice nominated for a Nobel Prize. His citation on receiving the Rumford Medal from the Royal Society in 1984 stated: "In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery."

Biography
Hopkins was born into a poor family in the slums of Leicester in 1918 and his remarkable mind was recognised early on. Due to his own genius and the good fortune of having the support of both his family and teachers, he obtained one of only two scholarships, in the whole of Leicestershire, enabling him to attend The Gateway Grammar School. There he excelled, especially in the arts, English, History and other languages. However, the Headmaster, recognising his exceptional gift for mathematics, directed him into science.

So he read physics and maths at University College, Leicester, graduated in 1939 with a first and then  began a PhD in nuclear physics. However this was cancelled on the outbreak of war, and he went to work for Taylor, Taylor & Hobson where he was introduced to optical design.

Hopkins was inexplicably not given reserved-occupation status, which led to his being called up and being briefly trained in blowing up bridges. (He was a natural, quickly rising to the rank of 'acting unpaid lance corporal' and winning a prize for his speed at dismantling and reassembling his rifle.) The error of this placement soon became apparent and he was set to work on designing optical systems for the rest of the war, at the same time working on a thesis for his PhD, which was obtained in 1945.

He began a research fellowship at Imperial College London in 1947, lecturing in optics. The next twenty years saw him emerge as one of the foremost authorities in the field of optics. In addition to his own work, he attracted a large number of high quality PhD students from all over the world, many of whom became senior academics and researchers themselves. His reputation as a teacher was second to none. When he moved to Reading University in 1967 to take up the newly created chair in optics, many of his former MSc students at Imperial would travel to Reading to attend his lectures. He always believed that his primary responsibility was his teaching and that the research came second. However he was also totally convinced that teaching and scientific research were vitally important to each other. "Only when you try to teach something do you discover whether you truly understand it."

He used mathematics in the subject. The development of the mathematical description of the behaviour of optical systems was at the centre of his life's work in physics – the application of which produced many world-famous inventions. He chose to remain at Reading in the post of Professor of Applied Physical Optics until his retirement in 1984, declining the numerous top appointments he was offered. He believed the continuation of his teaching and research work to be more important and far more rewarding personally. However, he took great delight in having conferred on him the Honorary Fellowships of all the medical Royal Colleges in Britain, together with the highest awards of many of the world's premier scientific bodies including (in 1973) the Fellowship of the Royal Society itself. He was awarded the 1990 Lister Medal for his contributions to surgical science. The accompanying Lister Oration, given at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, was delivered on 11 April 1991, and was titled 'The development of the modern endoscopes – present and future prospects'. This award, for his work on endoscopes, was unusual in that normally it is given to someone in the field of medicine. He was awarded the 1978 Frederic Ives Medal by the OSA.
What is less well-known about Harold Hopkins is that he was also a politically committed man of the left, being an early member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Coming from a poor and under-privileged background, he understood how essential equal opportunities and good education were if ordinary working class youngsters like himself were to prosper in society.

Major inventions and improvements

Zoom lenses
Following a request in the late 1940s from the BBC, who wanted a single lens to replace the classic "turret' of different focal length lenses, he produced the familiar zoom lens. Although there had been earlier attempts to produce a lens which could achieve continuously varying magnification without re-focusing, none of them could provide a good quality image throughout their zooming and aperture ranges. The design of a zoom lens is enormously more complicated and difficult than that of a fixed focal length. The performance of the Hopkins designed zoom lens revolutionised television images, especially outdoors-broadcasts and opened the way to the ubiquitous use of zooming in modern visual media. It was even more remarkable for being produced pre-computer, the ray-tracing calculations being performed on large desk top electro-mechanical machines such as the Marchant Calculator. Even so, the early zoom lenses still fell short of the fixed lenses. The application of computer design-programs based on his Wave Theory of Aberrations in conjunction with new types of glass, coatings and manufacturing techniques has transformed the performance of all types of lenses. Whilst zoom lenses can never out-perform fixed focal lengths, the differences are no longer significant in most applications.

Coherent fiber optics, fibroscopes and rod-lens endoscopes

Fibre optics
The ancient Romans knew how to heat and draw-out glass into fibres of such small diameter that they became flexible. They also observed that light falling on one end was transmitted to the other. (due to successive reflections from the internal surface of the fibre.) These multiple reflections mix the light beams together thereby preventing an image from being transmitted by a single fibre – (more accurately, the different path-lengths experienced by individual light-rays alter their relative phases rendering the beam incoherent and thus unable to reconstitute the image.) The end result is that the light emerging from a single fibre will be an average of the intensity and colour of the light falling on the incident end.

Coherent fibre optics
If a bundle of fibres could be arranged such that their ends were in matching positions at either end, then focusing an image on one end of the bundle would produce a 'pixel-ated' version at the far end which could be viewed via an eyepiece or captured by a camera. A German medical student, Heinrich Lamm produced a crude coherent bundle in the 1930s of perhaps 400 fibres. Many of the fibres were misaligned and it lacked proper imaging optics. It also suffered from leakage where adjacent fibres touched; which further degraded the image. To produce a useful image, the bundle would need to contain not a few hundred but tens of thousands of fibres all correctly aligned. In the early 1950s, Hopkins devised a way to accomplish this. He proposed winding a single continuous length of fibre in a figure-of-eight around a pair of drums. Then, when sufficient turns had been added, a short section could be sealed in resin, cut through and the whole straightened out to produce the required coherent bundle. Having polished the ends, he was then able to add the optics he had designed to provide an objective and eyepiece. Once enclosed in a protective flexible jacket the 'fibroscope' (now more commonly called a fiberscope) was born. Details of this invention were published in papers by Hopkins in Nature in 1954 and Optica Acta in 1955. However, the bare fibres still suffered from light leakage where they touched. At the same time a Dutchman, Abraham van Heel was also trying to produce coherent bundles and had been researching the idea of cladding each fibre to reduce this 'cross-talk'. He published details of his work in the very same issue of Nature. Eventually a system for cladding fibres with a layer of glass of lower refractive index was developed by Larry Curtis et al., which reduced the leakage to such an extent that the full potential of the fiberscope was realised.

Fibroscopes and borescopes
Fibroscopes have proved extremely useful both medically and industrially (where the term borescope is commonly used). Other innovations included the use of additional fibres to channel light to the objective end from a powerful external source (typically a xenon arc lamp) thereby achieving the high level of full spectrum illumination needed for detailed viewing and good quality colour photography. At the same time this allowed the fibroscope to remain cool, which was especially important in medical applications. (The prior use of a small filament lamp at the tip of the endoscope had left the choice of either viewing in a very dim red light or increasing the light output at the risk of burning the inside of the patient.) In the medical application, alongside the improvement to the optics, came the ability to 'steer' the tip via controls in the endoscopist's hands and innovations in remotely operated surgical instruments contained within the body of the endoscope itself. It was the beginning of key-hole surgery as we know it. These advances were equally useful in industry.

Rod-lens endoscopes
There are physical limits to the image quality of a fibroscope. In modern terminology, a bundle of say 50,000 fibres gives effectively only a 50,000 pixel image – in addition to which, the continued flexing in use, breaks fibres and progressively loses pixels. Eventually so many are lost that the whole bundle must be replaced (at considerable expense). Hopkins realised that any further optical improvement would require a different approach. Previous rigid endoscopes suffered from very low light transmittance and extremely poor image quality. The surgical requirement of passing surgical tools as well as the illumination system inside the endoscope tube – which itself is restricted by the dimensions of the human body – left very little room for the imaging optics. The tiny lenses of a conventional system required supporting rings that obscured the bulk of the lens area. They were incredibly difficult to manufacture and assemble – and optically minimally useful. The elegant solution that Hopkins devised in the 1960s was to use glass rods to fill the air-spaces between the 'little lenses', which could then be dispensed with altogether. These rods fitted exactly the endoscope's tube – making them self-aligning and requiring of no other support. They were much easier to handle and utilised the maximum possible diameter. As with the fibroscopes, a bundle of glass-fibers would relay the illumination from a powerful external source. With the appropriate curvature and coatings to the rod ends and optimal choices of glass-types, all calculated and specified by Hopkins, the image quality was transformed – light levels were increased by as much as eightyfold with no heat; resolution of fine detail was finally achieved; colours became true; and diameters as small as a few millimetres were possible. With a high quality 'telescope' of such small diameter, the tools and illumination system could be comfortably housed within an outer tube.

Hopkins patented his lens system in 1959. Seeing promise in this system, Karl Storz GmbH bought the patent and in 1967 began to produce endoscopic instruments with a tremendously brilliant image and superb illumination. Thus began a long and productive partnership between Hopkins and Storz. Whilst there are regions of the body that will always require flexible endoscopes (principally the gastrointestinal tract), the rigid rod-lens endoscopes have such exceptional performance that they remain the instrument of choice and have become the enabling factor in modern key-hole surgery.

Modulation transfer function
Previous to Hopkins' work, the resolution of an optical system was mainly assessed using 3-bar resolution charts, with the limit of resolution being the main criterion. But Harold studied at the University of Besançon with Duffieux, who had already begun to lay the foundations of Fourier optics. The seminal paper, which he presented in 1962 when he delivered the Thomas Young Oration of the Institute of Physics, was one of the first to establish the modulation transfer function (MTF) – sometimes called the contrast transfer function (CTF) – as the leading measure of image quality in image-forming optical systems. Briefly, the contrast of the image of a sinusoidal object is defined as the difference in intensities between the peaks and troughs, divided by the sum. The spatial frequency is the reciprocal of the period of the pattern in this image, normally measured in cycles/mm. The contrast, normalised to make the contrast at zero spatial frequency equal to unity, expressed as a function of spatial frequency, is the definition of the modulation transfer function. MTF is still used by optical designers as the principal criterion of image quality, although its measurement in production is less widespread than it used to be. It is calculated from the lens data using software such as OSLO, Zemax
and Code V.

'Laserdisc and CD' optics
Originally an analogue video play-back system, the Philips laserdisc format was adapted to digital in the late 1970s and was the forerunner of the CD and DVD. The digital data is encoded as a series of depressions in a reflective disc. They are arranged along a spiral path that a laser can read sequentially (similar to a stylus following the groove on a vinyl record). The laser must be focused onto, and track this path and the reflected beam must be collected, diverted and measured. The prototype optics to achieve this was an expensive glass-lens arrangement. Hopkins was able to show by a thorough mathematical analysis of the system, that with a carefully calculated geometry, it was possible to use a single piece of transparent moulded-plastic instead. This continues to be a major factor in the low cost of laser disc-readers (such as CD players).

The Hopkins Building, University of Reading
On 12 June 2009 the Hopkins Building was officially opened by his son Kelvin Hopkins, the Labour MP for Luton North. This brought together under one roof, the biomedical and pharmaceutical research interests of the University. Whilst not directly involved in the applications of optics, this new facility, in its pursuance of the highest standards of teaching and research, provided an opportunity to honour one of the University's most illustrious academics.

References

External links
A Fiber-Optic Chronology

1918 births
1994 deaths
Alumni of the University of Leicester
British physicists
English inventors
Academics of the University of Reading
Fellows of the Royal Society
Scientists from Leicester
Optical physicists
Recipients of the St Peter's Medal

Harold Hopkins (physicist)


Leptogorgia sarmentosa is a species of colonial soft coral, a sea fan in the family Gorgoniidae. It is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the western Mediterranean Sea, with a single find in the eastern Mediterranean.

Description
Leptogorgia sarmentosa forms a branching, tree-like structure that can grow to a height of . Although the branches are sometimes in a single plane, more commonly they emerge from the main stem in various directions. The terminal branchlets are very slender, either straight or slightly drooping. The sclerites which give rigidity to the soft tissues are dark red, translucent and needle-like. The colour of the coenenchyme (the thin fleshy external covering) is usually orange but may instead be yellow, white, red or purple. The polyps are very small and are the same colour as the rest of the coral. They are arranged randomly around the branches. This species can be confused with Eunicella verrucosa but that species has shorter more robust twigs and the coenenchyme is rough and warty.

Distribution and habitat
Leptogorgia sarmentosa is found along the Atlantic coast of Europe and Africa between the Bay of Biscay and the Gulf of Guinea, and in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea. Its range in the Mediterranean has been extended by the discovery of a colony at Naxos in the Aegean Sea. It typically grows in the depth range  on boulders lying on sandy areas of the seabed or on bedrock partially overlaid by soft sediment. It is found in a range of current velocities but particularly favours locations with strong water movement.

Biology

Leptogorgia sarmentosa is a suspension feeder. The polyps extend their tentacles to filter particles from the water flowing past the colony. The diet includes zooplankton such as  dinoflagellates, diatoms and ciliates as well as particles of organic detritus.

Colonies are either male or female. Sperm is released into the sea from male colonies and the eggs are fertilised internally inside the female colonies. The embryos develop at first in the gastric cavities of the polyps but are liberated as planula larvae which drift with the currents as part of the plankton for several weeks. When ready to undergo metamorphosis they settle on suitable surfaces and develop into new polyps. The new colonies that form from these grow by budding new polyps. The branches grow at about  per year.

References

External links

Gorgoniidae
Cnidarians of the Atlantic Ocean
Fauna of the Mediterranean Sea
Animals described in 1789
Taxa named by Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper

Leptogorgia sarmentosa


Xephyr  is display server software implementing the X11 display server protocol based on KDrive which targets a window on a host X Server as its framebuffer. It is written by Matthew Allum. Xephyr is an X-on-X implementation and runs on X.Org Server and can work with Glamor. Future versions could make use of libinput. Replacing Xephyr with the xf86-video-dummy and xf86-video-nested drivers in the normal X.Org server is being considered as part of X11R7.8.

Features
Unlike the similar Xnest, Xephyr supports modern X extensions (even if the host server does not) such as composite, damage, and randr. It uses SHM images and shadow framebuffer updates to provide good performance. It also has a visual debugging mode for observing screen updates.

Limitations
Xorg's version of Xephyr uses only software rendering for OpenGL, but Feng Haitao has developed a forked version of Xephyr which can do hardware-accelerated rendering if the underlying X server has the capability.

See also
 Thin client
 rio (windowing system)

References

External links

X servers

Xephyr


Horacio Rodríguez Larreta (; born 29 October 1965) is an Argentine economist, politician and the current Chief of Government of the City of Buenos Aires. Larreta was re-elected in 2019 with almost 56% of the votes, becoming the first candidate to win a mayoral election in the first round since the adoption of Buenos Aires's autonomous constitution. He won in every comuna, except Comuna 4 and Comuna 8.

Since 2019, he assumed the leadership of the Argentine opposition, Juntos por el Cambio. In February 2023, he announced his candidacy for the presidency in the 2023 general election. He competed against fellow PRO member Patricia Bullrich for the coalition's nomination but lost in the August 2023 primaries with 11% of the vote against Bullrich's 17%.

Early life and education
Larreta was born in Buenos Aires on 29 October 1965. On his father's side, Rodríguez Larreta is of Basque descent; his ancestors were a wealthy landowning family from Gipuzkoa. His father, Horacio Rodríguez Larreta (1934–2004) was a prominent member of the Integration and Development Movement and chairman of Racing Club, while his great-uncle, the namesake Horacio Rodríguez Larreta (1871–1935) was Attorney General of Argentina during the presidency of Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear.

Larreta is also descended from the Leloir family, a wealthy family of French Argentines who once owned the lands that are now Parque Leloir, in Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires, and the Unzué family (through Mariano Unzué), former owners of the now-demolished Palacio Unzué. He finished high school at the Escuela Argentina Modelo, and graduated with a degree in economics at the University of Buenos Aires in 1988 and obtained a Master in Business Administration in Harvard Business School. He returned to Argentina in 1993.

Early political career
Rodríguez Larreta's political career began in the Justicialist Party. In 1995, during the presidency of Carlos Menem, he was appointed director of the National Social Security Administration. In 1998 he moved to the Ministry of Social Development. He led the Comprehensive Medical Attention Program in 2000, during the presidency of Fernando de la Rúa. Rodríguez Larreta's administration is credited with improving the financial structure of the organization by imposing budget cuts.

Republican Proposal
He helped Mauricio Macri to create the political party Commitment to Change, which would eventually become the Republican Proposal (PRO). Macri became Mayor of Buenos Aires and Larreta served as Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers for eight years.

Larreta and Gabriela Michetti ran against each other in the primary elections of PRO Union, a center-right coalition in 2015, with Larreta ultimately winning the party's support for mayorship of Buenos Aires.
 On 5 July 2015, Larreta won 45% of the vote, forcing a runoff with the leader of center-left Evolution's, Martín Lousteau, who secured 28% of the vote.

Rodríguez Larreta won the ballottage by three points over Lousteau and succeeded Mauricio Macri as Mayor of the City since 2015.

In these elections, PRO was stronger in wealthier northern Buenos Aires, while ECO was stronger in the southern, poorer neighborhoods of the city.

Chief of Government of Buenos Aires

Mauricio Macri was elected President of Argentina in 2015, and Larreta was elected Mayor of Buenos Aires, both for the PRO party.

Security
Macri transferred a part of the Argentine Federal Police to Buenos Aires, as it had been requested by the city many years before. With the police under his control, Larreta went on to remove the manteros (streetwalk vendors) from the Caballito and Once neighborhoods.

In 2017, Larreta formed the Buenos Aires City Police, merging officers from the Federal and Metropolitan police forces.

Public work

During its management, the work of the Paseo del Bajo was started and inaugurated, which is the 7.1-kilometer road corridor that will connect the Illia and Buenos Aires-La Plata highways, the work in question began during January 2017 and the 27 May 2019 shortening the journey from 50 minutes to 10 minutes. It will generate 100,000 square meters of public and green space and improve the circulation of 134,000 daily passengers.

He also inaugurated the work of the Mitre Viaduct, which will raise the Mitre line of the metropolitan train over its current course, enabling new level crossings and eliminating traditional barriers. It is 3.9 km inside the city. The objective of this work is to eliminate the level crossings of the streets Monroe, Blanco Encalada, Mendoza, Juramento, Olazábal, Sucre, La Pampa and Olleros. In addition, 4 safe crossings will be opened on streets that were closed to traffic: Roosevelt, Echeverría and Virrey del Pino, for vehicular traffic, and José Hernández, an exclusive pedestrian crossing.

In 2018, Larreta's government inaugurated a new station on Line H serving the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Law in the Recoleta neighborhood. In mid-2019, the three new stations of the extension of Line E (Correo Central, Catalinas and Retiro), were inaugurated.
After 45 years of sustained Subway growth, new subway stations construction was halted in 2018 by his administration

During its first term, 3 viaducts were built, 9 km of underground work of the Vega Stream, 7 stations of subway, 10,000 security cameras, 62.5 km of metrobus extension, 54 new schools, 10,000 new homes, 7 monitoring centers, 46 health centers, the Olympic District was built, the San Martin Theater was reopened, the Corrientes Street, the Youth Olympic Games were held in 2018, neighborhoods were integrated and urbanized and the City became 100% led

Also, he broke a world record selling 267 hectares of Public Lands without consulting their citizens, same as selling 126 "Plazas de Mayo" (May Park) .

Reelection
Larreta was re-elected in 2019 with almost 56% of the votes, becoming the first candidate to win a mayoral election in the first round since the adoption of Buenos Aires's autonomous constitution. He won in every comuna, except Comuna 4 and Comuna 8.

Cabinet

Rodríguez Larreta announced his cabinet on 3 December, a week before taking office. It is composed of:
 Felipe Miguel, chief of cabinet of ministers
 Fernando Straface, general secretary
 Soledad Acuña, minister of education
 Ana María Bou Pérez, minister of health
 Guadalupe Tagliaferri, minister of urban development
 Leticia Montiel, legal and technical secretary
 Andrés Freire, minister of modernization
 Darío Lopérfido, minister of culture
 Martín Ocampo, minister of justice
 Eduardo Macchiavelli, minister of public space
 Franco Moccia, minister of transport
 Martín Mura, minister of finances
 Bruno Screnci, minister of government
 Marcelo Nachón, secretary of media

Personal life
Rodríguez Larreta is married to Bárbara Diez, a wedding planner, since 2001. He and Diez have two daughters, Paloma (born 2003) and Serena (born 2016), while Diez has an older daughter, Manuela, from an earlier marriage. Rodríguez Larreta and Diez have been separated since 2020. In October 2022, he made public his relationship with Milagros Maylin, a public officer in the Buenos Aires City Government and a friend of his daughter's, 20 years his junior.

Rodríguez Larreta is a Roman Catholic. He has stated his personal opposition to the legalization of abortion in Argentina.

Rodríguez Larreta suffers from essential tremor (ET).

Electoral history

Publications
 1996: Tecnología y competitividad en el Mercosur
 1997: Hacia un nuevo sector público
 1998: Domando al elefante blanco
 1999: El desafío de la igualdad
 2004: La reconstrucción del Estado
 2005: Cómo superar el default social
 2006: El país que queremos

Notes

References

External links

 Official site
 Biography by CIDOB

Mayors of Buenos Aires
1965 births
Living people
Argentine people of Basque descent
Argentine people of French descent
Republican Proposal politicians
Justicialist Party politicians
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Politicians from Buenos Aires
People educated at Colegio Cardenal Newman
21st-century Argentine politicians
Harvard Business School alumni
Argentine Roman Catholics

Horacio Rodríguez Larreta


Václav Kaplický  (28 August 1895, Sezimovo Ústí – 4 October 1982, Prague) was a Czech writer, journalist and epic poet. He is most known as an author of historical fiction.

Kaplický studied at Gymnasium in Tábor, finishing in 1914. In 1915 he was sent to the front in Galicia where he was taken captive (1916). Later he joined the Czechoslovak Legion. For his political opinions he was imprisoned by the legion and labeled as a traitor. After returning to Czechoslovakia in 1921  he worked in civil service. During the period 1922–1950, Kaplický worked in several publishing houses associated with the Czechoslovak Socialist Party. From 1950 he dedicated his time solely to writing.

The majority of Kaplický's works are historical fictions spanning the period from the Hussite Wars in the 15th century to the revolutionary upheaval of 1848. His novel Kladivo na čarodějnice (1963), about witch trials in northern Moravia during the 1670s is the best known because it served as the basis for movie by Otakar Vávra (Malleus Maleficarum, also translated as Witches' Hammer or Witchhammer).

Works

Historical fiction
 Kraj kalicha, 1945 – about Hussite period
 Čtveráci, 1952 – about peasant uprising 1618–1620
 Železná koruna (2 volumes), 1954 – about hard life of common people after Thirty Years' War
 Smršť, 1955
 Rekruti, 1956
 Listy z kronik, 1958 – five short historical stories from northern Bohemia
 Zaťatá pěst, 1959
 Kladivo na čarodějnice, 1963 – about witch trials in northern Moravia
 Táborská republika (3 volumes), 1969 – about Hussite period
 Nalezeno právem, 1971 – about accusation of a Jew from ritual murder in 1687
 Škůdce zemský Jiří Kopidlanský, 1976 – from period of dynasty of Jagellon
 Veliké theatrum, 1977 – about earliest phase of Thirty Years' War and preparations to Battle of White Mountain
 Kdo s koho, 1979 – from period of dynasty of Jagellon
 Život alchymistův, 1980 – life of alchemist Edward Kelley

For youths
 O věrnosti a zradě, 1959 – 15 short historical stories
 Bandita, Paťara a spol., 1969 – for boys
 Královský souboj, 1971

Other
 Gornostaj, finished in 1921, published in 1936 – autobiographic novel about the imprisonment of dissenting legionnaires near Vladivostok, on an island in Gornostai Bay (ru:)
 Dobří přátelé, 1961 – about love of nature
 Ani tygři, ani lvi, 1966 – short stories about pet animals
 Od města k městu, 1975 – wandering of students throughout Czech lands
 Hrst vzpomínek z mládí, 1988 – first part of Kaplický's memoirs, edited by Jaromíra Nejedlá
 Hrst vzpomínek z dospělosti, 2010 – second part of memoirs, edited by Martin Kučera

External links
 Short biography (in Czech)
 History of Kaplický's imprisonment (in Czech, archived link)

1895 births
1982 deaths
People from Sezimovo Ústí
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
Czech novelists
Czech male novelists
Czech journalists
Czech poets
Czech male poets
Czech children's writers
Czechoslovak Legions in literature
20th-century Czech poets
20th-century Czech novelists
20th-century male writers
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Czechoslovak Legion personnel
Burials at Vyšehrad Cemetery
20th-century journalists

Václav Kaplický


Lonnie Murray is a Major League Baseball (MLB) agent. She was the first Black woman to be certified as a player agent by the MLB Players Association.

Career
Murray says sports were a large part of her life, including playing sports while growing up, but she hadn't considered a career in it. She worked in the nonprofit sector, including for Coaching Corps. She met her partner, Dave Stewart, when he was on the board of a nonprofit. She joined the staff of Sports Management Partners, the San-Diego based agent firm founded by Stewart, helping run the business with him.

In 2014, when Stewart became general manager of the Arizona Diamondbacks, he planned to transfer ownership to Dave Henderson, but Henderson's health problems limited his involvement. Murray became a player agent by the MLB Players Association in 2015, with restrictions in place to prevent a conflict of interest involving Stewart's team.

As of 2020, she represented about 40 players, mostly minor leaguers.

She has been vocal about the systemic racism in baseball. She represented Bruce Maxwell, the first MLB player to kneel for the national anthem.

She is also supportive of efforts to increase the percentage of women who are sports agents. She supports other women to become sports agents. She represents Bianca Smith, the first Black woman to coach professional baseball.

In 2021, she and Stewart were one of two Black-led redevelopment groups approved by the Oakland City Council to advance a bid to purchase the Oakland Coliseum site.

Personal
She and Stewart live in Poway, California. She has a son named Tarik.

References

Living people
American sports agents
Women sports agents
Year of birth missing (living people)

Lonnie Murray


Sir Frederick Augustus Wetherall, GCH (1754–1842) was a British General, of Castle Bear House, Ealing.

He entered the Army in 1775 as an ensign in the 17th Regiment of Foot and fought in North America at the Siege of Boston and the subsequent evacuation to Halifax in 1776. He was afterwards involved at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Brandywine and others, before joining HMS Alfred as captain of Marines and fighting at the Battle of St Vincent. In 1781 he was in Guernsey but in 1783 transferred to the 11th Regiment of Foot and spent 6 years in Gibraltar. In 1790 he was back in the Americas as an aide to the Duke of Kent in Quebec and the West Indies, where he took part in the capture of Martinique. In 1795 he was captured at sea by the French and spent 9 months as a prisoner-of-war.

Back in North America he raised a regiment in Nova Scotia of which he was made Colonel in 1803. In 1806 he was posted as a Brigadier to the Cape of Good Hope, from where he was next sent to India. He was again captured en route to Calcutta and spent two months in captivity before being exchanged. Safely in Calcutta as the second-in-command he took part in the conquest of Java in 1811, during which campaign he was assisted by his son George Wetherall. He returned to England in 1815 and in 1837 was promoted General and made Colonel of the 62nd Regiment of Foot. In 1840 he transferred as Colonel to the 17th (Leicestershire) Regiment.

In 1817 he had married, at St. Margaret's, Westminster, Mrs Broad, widow of Major Broad and second daughter of William Mair Esq. of Kensington, Middlesex.

References

|-

|-

1754 births
1842 deaths
British Army generals
Wiltshire Regiment officers
Royal Leicestershire Regiment officers

Frederick Augustus Wetherall


Erediauwa (22 June 1923 –  April 2016) was the 39th Oba of Benin, traditional ruler of the Edo people in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Formerly known as Prince Solomon Akenzua, Oba Erediauwa's full title was His Royal Majesty Omo n'Oba n'Edo Uku Akpolokpolo Erediauwa I. He was succeeded by Ewuare II.

Oba Erediauwa took on the title and duties as traditional head of state and rightful heir of the Benin Empire when he was crowned, succeeding his father, Oba Akenzua II, in a ceremony held in Benin City, Nigeria, on 23 March 1979.

Biography
Erediauwa was born on 22 June 1923, son of Oba Akenzua II. Before being crowned he was known as Prince Solomon Aiseokhuoba Igbinoghodua Akenzua. He attended Government College, Ibadan (1939–1945), then Yaba College, before going to King's College, Cambridge to study Law and Administration. He joined the Eastern Nigeria Civil Service in 1957 as a District Officer, later moving to the Federal Civil Service where he retired as Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Health in 1973. For a short period he was the regional representative of Gulf Oil. In 1975, he was appointed Commissioner for Finance in Bendel State during the Military Administration of Major-General George Agbazika Innih.
Ascending to the throne on 23 March 1979, Erediauwa celebrated his 30th anniversary in 2009. During this period, he several times acted as a peacemaker between politicians. For example, he intervened in a dispute between Abia State governor Orji Uzor Kalu and Tony Anenih, Chairman of the People's Democratic Party Board of Trustees, and resolved another face-off involving Anenih and former Edo State Governor Lucky Igbinedion.
Apart from the ceremonial aspects, his 30th anniversary festival was a week long carnival and a showcase of Benin arts and culture, with numerous performances of traditional music and dance, as well as an art exhibition and food fair. His death was announced on 29 April 2016. The statement did not say when and how he died.

Public image
In Benin, the Oba is considered to be the only representative of the supreme deity and is considered a god in his own right. He is believed to be ordained by cosmic consent. This means the people considered him to have the ability to either venerate or curse a community, so although he ruled with respect and kindness for his people, they also feared him.

Erediauwa's media-friendly image increased the royal family's engagement with the Benin Kingdom and Nigeria in general. Previously approached with apprehension by the public and media practitioners, the gates of the palace were opened, which normalised communication with the Oba's subjects through a quarterly press conference.

Awards
In October 2022, a Nigerian national honor of Commander Of The Order Of The Federal Republic (CFR) was conferred on him by President Muhammadu Buhari.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Obas of Benin
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Nigerian civil servants
Nigerian royalty
Government College, Ibadan alumni
Edo people
20th-century monarchs in Africa
21st-century monarchs in Africa
Akenzua family

Erediauwa


Susan J. Bartlett (born December 18, 1946, in Fall River, Massachusetts) is an American politician from the State of Vermont. She was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Vermont in 2010 after having served 18 years in the Vermont Senate representing the Lamoille senate district.

Bartlett moved with her parents in 1962 to Orleans, Vermont and graduated in 1964 from Orleans High School. She holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Vermont (1968) and a master's degree in special education administration from SMSU in Johnson, Vermont (1976).

As a small business owner in Stowe, Vermont, Bartlett was elected in 1992 as the first woman and first Democrat to represent Lamoille County in the Vermont Senate. She served on the Appropriations Committee from 1994 to 2011 and was its chair from 2001 onwards. She has previously served on the Economic Development Committee, the Energy and Natural Resources Committee, the Judiciary Committee, the Government Operations Committee and the Agriculture Committee.

On June 4, 2009, Bartlett announced her intention to seek the Democratic nomination for Governor of Vermont in 2010. She placed fifth in the primary election, which was won by Peter Shumlin, receiving about five percent of the vote.

After Shumlin won the general election, Bartlett became Shumlin's Special Assistant, with responsibility for oversight of education and other policy initiatives.

In January 2013 Bartlett moved to the state Agency of Human Services as a Special Projects Coordinator, with the intent to focus on education, employment and antipoverty programs for low-income Vermonters.

She lives in Hyde Park, Vermont with her husband, William.

References

Living people
Vermont state senators
1946 births
Politicians from Fall River, Massachusetts
People from Hyde Park, Vermont
University of Vermont alumni
Johnson State College alumni

Susan Bartlett


Flying qualities is one of the three principal regimes in the science of flight test, which also includes performance and systems. Flying qualities involves the study and evaluation of the stability and control characteristics of an aircraft. They have a critical bearing on the safety of flight and on the ease of controlling an airplane in steady flight and in maneuvers.

Relation to stability
To understand the discipline of flying qualities, the concept of stability should be understood. Stability can be defined only when the vehicle is in trim; that is, there are no unbalanced forces or moments acting on the vehicle to cause it to deviate from steady flight. If this condition exists, and if the vehicle is disturbed, stability refers to the tendency of the vehicle to return to the trimmed condition. If the vehicle initially tends to return to a trimmed condition, it is said to be statically stable. If it continues to approach the trimmed condition without overshooting, the motion is called a subsidence. If the motion causes the vehicle to overshoot the trimmed condition, it may oscillate back and forth. If this oscillation damps out, the motion is called a damped oscillation and the vehicle is said to be dynamically stable. On the other hand, if the motion increases in amplitude, the vehicle is said to be dynamically unstable.

The theory of stability of airplanes was worked out by G. H. Bryan in England in 1904. This theory is essentially equivalent to the theory taught to aeronautical students today and was a remarkable intellectual achievement considering that at the time Bryan developed the theory, he had not even heard of the Wright brothers' first flight. Because of the complication of the theory and the tedious computations required in its use, it was rarely applied by airplane designers. Obviously, to fly successfully, pilotless airplanes had to be dynamically stable. The airplane flown by the Wright brothers, and most airplanes flown thereafter, were not stable, but by trial and error, designers developed a few planes that had satisfactory flying qualities. Many other airplanes, however, had poor flying qualities, which sometimes resulted in crashes.

Handling qualities are those characteristics of a flight vehicle that govern the ease and precision with which a pilot is able to perform a flying task. This includes the human-machine interface.  The way in which particular vehicle factors affect flying qualities has been studied in aircraft for decades, and reference standards for the flying qualities of both fixed-wing aircraft and rotary-wing aircraft have been developed and are now in common use. These standards define a subset of the dynamics and control design space that provides good handling qualities for a given vehicle type and flying task.

Historical development
Bryan showed that the stability characteristics of airplanes could be separated into longitudinal and lateral groups with the corresponding motions called modes of motion. These modes of motion were either aperiodic, which means that the airplane steadily approaches or diverges from a trimmed condition, or oscillatory, which means that the airplane oscillates about the trim condition. The longitudinal modes of a statically stable airplane following a disturbance were shown to consist of a long-period oscillation called the phugoid oscillation, usually with a period in seconds about one-quarter of the airspeed in miles per hour and a short-period oscillation with a period of only a few seconds. The lateral motion had three modes of motion: an aperiodic mode called the spiral mode that could be a divergence or subsidence, a heavily damped aperiodic mode called the roll subsidence, and a short-period oscillation, usually poorly damped, called the Dutch roll mode.

Some early airplane designers attempted to make airplanes that were dynamically stable, but it was found that the requirements for stability conflicted with those for satisfactory flying qualities. Meanwhile, no information was available to guide the designer as to just what characteristics should be incorporated to provide satisfactory flying qualities.

By the 1930s, there was a general feeling that airplanes should be dynamically stable, but some aeronautical engineers were starting to recognize the conflict between the requirements for stability and flying qualities. To resolve this question, Edward Warner, who was working as a consultant to the Douglas Aircraft Company on the design of the DC-4, a large four-engine transport airplane, made the first effort in the United States to write a set of requirements for satisfactory flying qualities. Dr. Warner, a member of the main committee of the NACA, also requested that a flight study be made to determine the flying qualities of an airplane along the lines of the suggested requirements. This study was conducted by Hartley A. Soulé of Langley. Entitled Preliminary Investigation of the Flying Qualities of Airplanes, Soulé's report showed several areas in which the suggested requirements needed revision and showed the need for more research on other types of airplanes. As a result, a program was started by Robert R. Gilruth with Melvin N. Gough as the chief test pilot.

Evaluation of flying qualities
The technique for the study of flying qualities requirements used by Gilruth was first to install instruments to record relevant quantities such as control positions and forces, airplane angular velocities, linear accelerations, airspeed, and altitude. Then a program of specified flight conditions and maneuvers was flown by an experienced test pilot. After the flight, data were transcribed from the records and the results were correlated with pilot opinion. This approach would be considered routine today, but it was a notable original contribution by Gilruth that took advantage of the flight recording instruments already available at Langley and the variety of airplanes available for tests under comparable conditions.

An important quantity in flying qualities measurements in turns or pull-ups is the variation of control force on the control stick or wheel with the value of acceleration normal to the flight direction expressed in g units. This quantity is usually called the force per g.

Relation to Spacecraft
A new generation of spacecraft now under development by NASA to replace the Space Shuttle and return astronauts to the Moon will have a manual control capability for several mission tasks, and the ease and precision with which pilots can execute these tasks will have an important effect on performance, mission risk and training costs. No reference standards currently exist for flying qualities of piloted spacecraft.

See also
Flight test
Cooper-Harper rating scale
Pilot-induced oscillation
Longitudinal static stability
Flight envelope

References

External links

Airplane Stability and Control by Malcolm L. Abzug
 Stengel R F: Flight Dynamics. Princeton University Press 2004, .

Aerospace engineering

Flying qualities


Jeremiah F. Dorgan (1856 – June 10, 1891) was an American professional baseball player from 1879 to 1887.  He played four seasons of Major League Baseball as a right fielder and catcher for five major league clubs. He appeared in 131 major league games and compiled a .282 batting average with 22 doubles, four triples, no home runs and 49 RBIs.

Dorgan's baseball career reportedly came to an early end due to his "unconquerable appetite for liquor"; he died of alcohol poisoning in 1891 after being discovered intoxicated in a Connecticut barn with an empty liquor bottle by his side.

Early years
Dorgan was born in Meriden, Connecticut in 1856.  His parents were Cornelius Dorgan and Mary (Cahill) Dorgan, both of whom were immigrants from Ireland.  His older brother, Mike Dorgan, played ten seasons of Major League Baseball from 1877 to 1890.

Professional baseball player
Dorgan began his career as a professional baseball player in 1879 with the Holyoke, Massachusetts team where he compiled a .304 batting average.

Dorgan made his major league debut in July 1880 with the Worcester Ruby Legs in the National League.  He appeared in 10 games for Worcester, nine of them as an outfielder, and had seven hits in 35 at bats.  Dorgan also appeared in 22 games for the Albany, New York baseball club in 1880.

In 1881, Dorgan played for the Brooklyn Atlantics and New York Mets in the Eastern Championship Association.  The following year he returned to the major leagues with the Philadelphia Athletics.  He appeared in 44 games for Philadelphia, 25 as a catcher and 22 as an outfielder.  He compiled a .282 average before being released by the club on September 4, 1882.

There is no record of Dorgan playing organized baseball in 1883.  In 1884, he appeared in 34 games for the Indianapolis Hoosiers and four games for the Brooklyn Atlantics. He was released by Indianapolis in July and by Brooklyn in August 1884.  He compiled a .299 batting average in 154 at bats during the 1884 season.

In 1885, Dorgan appeared in 39 games, all in the outfield, for the Detroit Wolverines of the National League.  He compiled a .286 batting average for Detroit.  He appeared in his last major league game as a member of the Detroit team on June 25, 1885.

After his major league career ended, Dorgan played two additional seasons in the Eastern League, for the Meriden Silvermen in 1886 and for the Hartford Dark Blues in 1887.

Over the course of four major league seasons, Dorgan appeared in 131 major league games and compiled a .282 batting average with 22 doubles, four triples, 0 home runs and 49 RBIs.  Alcohol was blamed for the early end to his career.  The Sporting Life called him "a fine outfielder and a heavy batsman" who had promise, but whose career ended prematurely due to "irregular habits" and "his unconquerable appetite for liquor."

Death
Dorgan died in June 1891 at age 35, after being found lying inebriated at 2 a.m. with an empty liquor bottle beside him in a stable behind the Kilbourn House in Middletown, Connecticut. He was brought to the police lockup in Middletown where he was discovered to be dead in his cell two hours later.  His cause of death was stated to be alcohol poisoning and/or alcoholism. The Sporting Life published a front-page account of his death under the headline, "THE WAGES OF SIN: A Once Promising Career Ended By Disgraceful Death."  Dorgan was interred at the St. John Cemetery in Middletown.

References

1856 births
1891 deaths
Baseball players from Connecticut
Major League Baseball right fielders
Major League Baseball catchers
Worcester Ruby Legs players
Philadelphia Athletics (AA) players
Indianapolis Hoosiers (AA) players
Brooklyn Atlantics (AA) players
Detroit Wolverines players
Alcohol-related deaths in Connecticut
Holyoke (minor league baseball) players
Albany (minor league baseball) players
New York Metropolitans (minor league) players
Brooklyn Atlantics (minor league) players
Meriden (minor league baseball) players
Columbus Stars (baseball) players
Meriden Silvermen players
Hartford Dark Blues (minor league) players
19th-century baseball players

Jerry Dorgan


In solid mechanics, shearing forces are unaligned forces acting on one part of a body in a specific direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the forces are collinear (aligned with each other), they are called tension forces or compression forces. Shear force can also be defined in terms of planes: "If a plane is passed through a body, a force acting along this plane is called a shear force or shearing force."

Force required to shear steel
This section calculates the force required to cut a piece of material with a shearing action. The relevant information is the area of the material being sheared, ie the area across which the shearing action takes place, and the shear strength of the material. A round bar of steel is used as an example. The shear strength is calculated from the tensile strength using a factor which relates the two strengths. In this case 0.6 applies to the example steel, known as EN8 bright, although it can vary from 0.58–0.62 depending on application.

EN8 bright has a tensile strength of 800MPa and mild steel, for comparison, has a tensile strength of 400MPa.

To calculate the force to shear a 25 mm diameter bar of EN8 bright steel;
 area of the bar in mm2 = (12.52)(π) ≈ 490.8mm2
 0.8kN/mm2 × 490.8mm2 = 392.64kN ≈ 40tonne-force
 40tonne-force × 0.6 (to change force from tensile to shear) = 24tonne-force

When working with a riveted or tensioned bolted joint, the strength comes from friction between the materials bolted together. Bolts are correctly torqued to maintain the friction. The shear force only becomes relevant when the bolts are not torqued.

A bolt with property class 12.9 has a tensile strength of 1200MPa (1MPa = 1N/mm2) or 1.2kN/mm2 and the yield strength is 0.90 times tensile strength, 1080MPa in this case.

A bolt with property class 4.6 has a tensile strength of 400MPa (1MPa = 1N/mm2) or 0.4 kN/mm2 and yield strength is 0.60 times tensile strength, 240MPa in this case.

See also
ASTM F568M, mechanical properties of different grades of steel fasteners
Cantilever method
Résal effect
Newton's laws of motion § Newton's third law

References

Force
Civil engineering

Shear force


Adam Phillips (born 19 September 1954) is a British psychoanalytic  psychotherapist and essayist.

Since 2003 he has been the general editor of the new Penguin Modern Classics translations of Sigmund Freud. He is also a regular contributor to the London Review of Books.

Joan Acocella, writing in The New Yorker, described Phillips as "Britain's foremost psychoanalytic writer", an opinion echoed by historian Élisabeth Roudinesco in Le Monde.

Life
Phillips was born in Cardiff, Wales, in 1954, the child of second-generation Polish Jews. He grew up as part of an extended family of aunts, uncles and cousins and describes his parents as "very consciously Jewish but not believing". As a child, his first interest was the study of tropical birds and it was not until adolescence that he developed an interest in literature. He was educated at Clifton College.

He went on to study English at St John's College, Oxford, graduating with a third class degree. His defining influences are literary; he was inspired to become a psychoanalyst after reading Carl Jung's autobiography and he has always believed psychoanalysis to be closer to poetry than medicine: "For me, psychoanalysis has always been of a piece with the various languages of literature—a kind of practical poetry." He began his training soon after leaving Oxford, underwent four years of analysis with Masud Khan and qualified to practice at the age of 27. He had a particular interest in children and began working as a child psychotherapist: "one of the pleasures of child psychotherapy is that it is, as it were, psychoanalysis for a non-psychoanalytic audience."

From 1990 to 1997, he was principal child psychotherapist at Charing Cross Hospital in London. Phillips worked in the National Health Service for seventeen years, but became disillusioned with its tightening bureaucratic demands. He currently divides his time between writing and his private practice in Notting Hill. For a number of years, he was in a relationship with the academic Jacqueline Rose. He has been a visiting professor at the University of York English department since 2006.

Literary presence
Phillips is a regular contributor to the London Review of Books. He has been described by The Times as "the Martin Amis of British psychoanalysis" for his "brilliantly amusing and often profoundly unsettling" work, and by John Banville as "one of the finest prose stylists in the language, an Emerson of our time." His approach to the new Freud edition is consistent with his own ideas about psychoanalysis, which he considers to be a form of rhetorical persuasion. He has published essays on a variety of themes, including the work of literary figures such as Charles Lamb, Walter Savage Landor and William Empson, as well as on philosophy and psychoanalysis; he has also written Winnicott in the Fontana Modern Masters series.

He is deeply opposed to any attempt to defend psychoanalysis as a science or even as a field of academic study, rather than simply, as he puts it, "a set of stories about how we can nourish ourselves to keep faith with our belief in nourishment, our desire for desire"—"stories [that] will sustain our appetite, which is, by definition, our appetite for life." His influences include D.W. Winnicott, Roland Barthes, Stanley Cavell and W.H. Auden.

Assessment
Phillips has been described as "perhaps the best theorist of the modes and malfunctions of modernist psychology". For his intellectual resources, Phillips "draws from philosophy, literature, politics amongst others. However, whilst this affords Phillips the opportunity to be expansive it also makes him a maverick", and others "suspicious of his work", so that he has been called "ludic and elusive and intellectually slippery." Indeed, "To his critics ... Phillips is little more than a charlatan about whom an alarming cult of personality is developing." He himself was opposed to "the idealization that is a refusal to know someone", and even in appraisal of the psychoanalytic greats thought that alongside "thoughtful consideration ... puerile consideration would not be the end of the world", in accordance with his enduring scepticism "about psychoanalysis ... it should be the opposite, the antidote to a cult."

On psychoanalysis
Phillips constantly refuses to "claim" any particular patch of psychoanalytic territory or even defend the value of psychoanalysis itself. "For me", he has said, "psychoanalysis is only one among many things you might do if you're feeling unwell—you might also try aromatherapy, knitting, hang-gliding. There are lots of things you can do with your distress. I don't believe psychoanalysis is the best thing you can do, even if I value it a great deal." He has also been alert to the possibility that "psychoanalysis ... disempowers in the name of knowing what's best ... at its worst it forces a pattern.  It can make the links that should have been left to find their own way." In the end, he claims, "Psychoanalysis cannot enable the patient to know what he wants, but only to risk finding out."

On psychoanalysis and science he says, "I don't think psychoanalysts should have bought into the scientific model with such eagerness. I don't think psychoanalysis is a science or should aspire to be one."

Works

Further reading

See also
 Christopher Bollas
 Jacqueline Rose
 Joseph J. Sandler

References

External links
 Review of The Beast in the Nursery at Complete review  *Discussion with Adam Phillips about Monogamy
 Profile in the New Statesman
 Audio: Adam Phillips in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum
 Fisun Gunar Q&A:Adam Phillips 17.4.2010
 Audio, transcript of 2009 interview with British journalist Jennifer O'Mahony
 Audio of interview with Leonard Lopate on WNYC radio on February 26, 2013

1954 births
21st-century British essayists
British non-fiction writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Child psychologists
Living people
People educated at Clifton College
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Analysands of Masud Khan
People from Cardiff
British people of Polish-Jewish descent
British male essayists

Adam Phillips (psychologist)


Reginald Stephen Fleming (April 21, 1936 - July 11, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger that played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers and Buffalo Sabres organizations. He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Black Hawks in 1960. He was known for his grit and team spirit and was also involved in a number of notorious incidents which gave him a reputation around the league as a tough customer and an intense competitor and earned him the nickname, "Reggie, The Ruffian". He died on July 11, 2009 in Arlington Heights, Illinois from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (C.T.E.) which made him the first hockey player to be tested for the disease, it had only been mainly associated with boxing and American football.

Other websites

1936 births
2009 deaths
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Cincinnati Swords players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Montreal Canadiens players
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Ontario Hockey League players
People from Montreal
Philadelphia Flyers players
Rochester Americans players
Stanley Cup champions
World Hockey Association players

Reg Fleming


The Crimean Goths were Greuthungi-Gothic tribes or Western Germanic tribes who bore the name Gothi, a title applied to various Germanic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in Crimea. They were the longest-lasting of the Gothic communities. Their existence is well attested through the ages, though the exact period when they ceased to exist as a distinct culture is unknown; as with the Goths in general, they may have become diffused among the surrounding peoples. In his Fourth Turkish letter, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522–1592) describes them as "a warlike people, who to this day inhabit many villages".

However, in the 5th century, the Ostrogothic ruler Theodoric the Great failed to rouse Crimean Goths to support his 488–493 war in Italy. Aside from textual reports of the existence of the Goths in Crimea, both first- and second-hand, from as early as 850, numerous archaeological sites also exist, including the ruins of the former capital city of the Crimean Goths: Doros (present-day Mangup). Furthermore, numerous articles of jewelry, weaponry, shields, buttons, pins, and small personal artifacts on display in museums in Crimea and in the British Museum have led to a better understanding of Crimean Gothia.

Definition
In the report made by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in 1595 of the Crimean Goths, he claims to not be able to determine whether the Germanic peoples of Crimea were Goths or Saxons; certainly the language cannot be directly linked to the well-attested Gothic language. Though most scholars agree the peoples must have been of Gothic origin, some others have maintained that the so-called "Crimean Goths" were in fact West or even North Germanic tribes who settled in Crimea, culturally and linguistically influenced by the Ostrogoths. For example, a group of Anglo-Saxons who fled the Norman Conquest did in fact get asylum with the Byzantine Empire and received land in Crimea (see New England), and given the suspiciously West Germanic character of "Crimean Gothic". In medieval times it was customary to refer to a wide range of Germanic tribes as "Goths", so the exact ethnic nature of the Germanic peoples in Crimea is a subject of debate. It appears conceivable that it is far more likely the "Crimean Gothic" language descended from Anglo-Saxons who arrived around 1100 instead of Goths from several hundred years before that.

History

Early history
According to Herwig Wolfram, following Jordanes, the Ostrogoths had a huge kingdom north of the Black Sea in the 4th century, which the Huns overwhelmed in the time of the Gothic king Ermanaric (or Hermanric; i.e. "king of noblemen") when the Huns migrated to the Ukrainian steppe.

The Ostrogoths became vassals of the Huns until the death of Attila, when they revolted and regained independence. Like the Huns, the Goths in Crimea never regained their lost glory.

According to Peter Heather and Michael Kulikowski, the Ostrogoths did not even exist until the 5th century, when they emerged from other Gothic and non-Gothic groups. Other Gothic groups may have settled in Crimea. It has also been speculated that the Crimean Goths were in fact Saxons escaping Christian persecution from the west, or North Germanic tribes who migrated southwards. Either way, the existence of Goths in Crimea is first attested from around the 3rd century, following which they were well reported.

During the late 5th and early 6th century, the Crimean Goths had to fight off hordes of Huns who were migrating back eastward after losing control of their European empire. In the 5th century, Theodoric the Great tried to recruit Crimean Goths for his campaigns in Italy, but few showed interest in joining him.

Byzantium

The Principality of Gothia or Theodoro formed after the Fourth Crusade out of parts of the Byzantine thema of Klimata which were not occupied by the Genoese. Its population was a mixture of Greeks, Crimean Goths, Alans, Bulgars, Kipchaks and other nations, which confessed Orthodox Christianity. The principality's official language was Greek. The territory was initially under the control of Trebizond, and possibly part of its Crimean possessions, the Perateia.

Many Crimean Goths were Greek speakers and many non-Gothic Byzantine citizens were settled in the region called "Gothia" by the government in Constantinople. A Gothic principality around the stronghold of Doros (modern Mangup), the Principality of Theodoro, continued to exist through various periods of vassalage to the Byzantines, Khazars, Kipchaks, Mongols, Genoese and other empires until 1475, when it was finally incorporated in the Khanate of Crimea and the Ottoman Empire. This is generally considered to be the fall of the Crimean Goths.

There is a theory that some Anglo-Saxons who left England after the Battle of Hastings in 1066 arrived in Constantinople in time to help the Byzantines repel an invasion.

16th century
By the 16th century, the existence of Goths in Crimea had become well known to European scholars. Many travelers visited Crimea and wrote about the Goths. One romantic report appears in Joachimus Cureus' Gentis Silesiae Annales in which he claims that during a voyage in the Black Sea, his ship was forced ashore by storms. There, to his surprise, he found a man singing a song in which he used "German words". When he asked him where he was from, he answered "that his home was nearby and that his people were Goths".

Several inscriptions from the early 9th century found in the area use the word "Goth" only as a personal name, not ethnonym. Meanwhile, some legends about a Gothic state in Crimea existed in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. In the 16th century, an Imperial envoy in Suleiman's court Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq reported having had a conversation with two Goths in Constantinople. He also left the Gothic-Latin dictionary with about a hundred Germanic words that share some traits in common with the ancient Gothic language.

Following the report by Busbecq, numerous European travelers went to visit Crimea, Torquatus visited Crimea in the mid- to late 16th century in which he reported the existence of Goths who spoke their own language, but used Greek, Tatar and Hungarian in dealing with outsiders.

In 1690, Kampfer states:

Religion

The first report of the Crimean Goths appears in the  Vita of Saint Cyril, Apostle to the Slavs (Constantine the Philosopher) who went to Crimea to preach the gospel to the Khazars (c. 850). He lists "Goths" as people who read and praised the Christian God "in their own language". In 1606 Joseph Justus Scaliger claimed that the Goths of Crimea read both the Old and New Testaments "in the letters of Wulfila's alphabet". These are the only two reports which refer to the existence of a written form of Crimean Gothic, but also confirm their Christian faith.

Gothic peoples originally practiced forms of Gothic paganism, in turn a subset of Germanic paganism, before nominally being Christianised from the 4th to 6th centuries CE. The Crimean Goths had converted from Arian to Chalcedonian Christianity by the 6th century. In the 8th century John of Gothia, an Orthodox bishop, led an unsuccessful revolt against Khazar overlordship. Following the split of Chalcedonian Christianity in the 11th century between the Roman and Orthodox branches, these peoples remained loyal to Constantinople as part of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Language

The language of the Crimean Goths is poorly attested, with only 101 certain independent forms surviving, few of which are phrases, and a three-line song, which has never been conclusively translated. Possible loan words are still used in Crimean Tatar, though this too remains highly speculative.

In 2015, five Gothic graffiti inscriptions were found by Andrey Vinogradov, a Russian historian, on stone plates excavated in Mangup in 1938, and deciphered by him and Maksim Korobov. The reading of these inscription was made difficult because they were later overwritten by some Greek graffiti.

Disappearance
There are numerous other sources referring to the existence of Goths in Crimea following Busbecq's report, though none providing details of their language or customs. The last known record of the Goths in Crimea comes from the Archbishop of Mohilev, Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz c. 1780, who visited Crimea at the end of the 18th century, and noted the existence of people whose language and customs differed greatly from their neighbors and who he concluded must be "Goths".

Though there are no further records of the language's existence since the late 18th century, communities of Germanic peoples with distinctly separate customs and physical features have been recorded living in Crimea, leading some to believe that the Gothic language may have survived as a haussprache (home language) until as late as 1945.

According to the Soviet ethnologist V. E. Vozgrin, the Goths interbred with the Crimean Tatars and converted to Islam. In The Crimean Tatars: the diaspora experience and the forging of a nation by Brian Glyn Williams, he quotes Vozgrin as saying: "In all probability their descendants are the Tatars of a series of villages in the Crimea who are sharply delineated from the inhabitants of neighboring villages by their tall height and other features characteristic of the Scandinavians."

It is likely that the Goths had begun to speak Crimean Tatar and Crimean Greek from long before the arrival of Busbecq, thus they may well have integrated into the wider population, as later visitors to Mangup were unable to discover "any trace" of Gothic peoples.

Legacy
Almost no signs of the Crimean Goths exist today. It was claimed by the Third Reich and by Adolf Hitler that the Crimean Goths had survived long enough to interbreed with later German settlers in Crimea, and that the German communities in Crimea constituted native peoples of that area. Hitler had intended to re-settle German people to Crimea, and rename numerous towns with their previous Crimean Gothic names. During the Nazi occupation of Crimea following its capture in the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Sevastopol was changed to Theoderichshafen. Hitler's ultimate goal for his planned "Gau Gothenland" ("Gothland" or "Gothia") was to replace the local population with "pure Germans" and turn the Crimea into what he described as "the German Gibraltar"—a national foothold not contiguous to the rest of Germany, similar to how Gibraltar was not contiguous to the rest of the United Kingdom—to be connected to Germany proper by an autobahn. The plan was postponed for the duration of the war, and never went into effect due to the Soviet recapture of Crimea and Nazi Germany's eventual defeat.

See also

Bastarnae
Chernyakhov culture
Crimea Germans
Crimean Gothic
Gothiscandza
Gutasaga
Haplogroup I-M438
Herules
History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union
List of Germanic tribes
Oium
Ostrogoths
Scandza
Visigoths
Wielbark culture

Notes

References

Sources

External links
Brief history of Theodoro Principality (Mangup) ENG

Medieval Crimea
Early Germanic peoples
Goths
Ethnic groups in Ukraine

Crimean Goths


Giovanni Bazoli (Brescia, 18 December 1932) is an Italian banker.
He is honorary chairman of Italian bank Intesa Sanpaolo

Family
Bazoli is the descendant of a well known Brescian family involved in politics since the early twentieth century (his grandfather, Luigi Bazoli, was one of the founders of Italian People's Party in 1919, and his father was a member of the Constituent Assembly).

Career
Bazoli was a professor of Administrative Law and Public Law at the Università Cattolica Milano until retiring from his university career in 2001.
While serving as a director of Banca San Paolo di Brescia in 1982, then Treasury Minister Nino Andreatta asked him to contribute to the bailout of Banco Ambrosiano, the Italian bank overwhelmed by the Calvi scandal. He became chairman of Nuovo Banco Ambrosiano and managed the sale of Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera (now RCS MediaGroup), the market-leading editorial group that Angelo Rizzoli had sold to Calvi. At the time, Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera was Italy's largest editorial group. As chairman of Mittel, one of the companies that took part in the acquisition of Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera, he benefited personally from the transaction.
He merged Nuovo Banco with Banca Cattolica del Veneto, forming Banco Ambrosiano Veneto (BAV). In 1990, he was instrumental in getting the French group Crédit Agricole to become one of BAV's shareholders, thereby thwarting Gemina's attempt to take on a leading role in the bank.
The 1997 merger of BAV and Cariplo led to the creation of Banca Intesa, with Bazoli becoming the new bank's chairman. In later years, Banca Intesa merged with Banca Commerciale Italiana (1999) and Sanpaolo IMI (2007), thus creating the current Intesa Sanpaolo.

Current appointments
 Intesa Sanpaolo – Honorary Chairman
Fondazione Giorgio Cini – Chairman
Editrice La Scuola S.p.A. – Deputy Chairman
UBI Banca S.p.A. – Member of Supervisory board
 Associazione Bancaria Italiana – Director and member of the Executive Committee
Biblioteca Ambrosiana – Member of "Congregazione dei Conservatori"
RCS Quotidiani S.p.A. – Director
Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei – Director
FAI Fondo per l'Ambiente Italiano – Member of "Comitato dei Garanti"

Personal life
Bazoli is also known for his passion for biblical studies and for his center-left political leanings.  According to media sources, Bazoli is said to have declined an offer to run as leader of the Ulivo coalition in the 2001 political elections, a role then taken on by Francesco Rutelli.
He is married to Elena Whurer and they have four children.

Honour
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (27 December 2000)

References

External links
 Maurilio Lovatti, Giovanni Bazoli e la proprietà del Giornale di Brescia dal 1945 al 1996

1932 births
Living people
Academic staff of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Italian bankers
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

Giovanni Bazoli


Richard Döcker (13 June 1894, Weilheim an der Teck - 9 November 1968, Stuttgart) was a German architect and professor associated with the functionalist style in architecture.

Biography
Döcker studied architecture from 1912 to 1918 at the University of Stuttgart, graduating with honors. From 1914 to 1917 he was a volunteer in World War I. In 1921 he passed his Staatsexamen in Stuttgart, and from 1922 to 1924 he was an assistant for Paul Bonatz at the University of Stuttgart, where he received his doctorate, on the architecture of homes.

In 1926, he joined Der Ring, an artist's society, and in 1927 was appointed as construction manager of the Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, a modern architectural project supervised by Mies van der Rohe. He became a member of the Deutscher Werkbund in 1928, and in that same year collaborated on the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne.

From 1939 to 1941, he studied biology at the University of Stuttgart, and until 1944 performed military duty in Saarbrücken. He was appointed general construction director of Stuttgart, a position he gave up the next year after disagreements with the city's lord mayor, Arnulf Klett. He was elected regional president of the newly reformed Bund Deutscher Architekten. From 1947 to 1960 he was professor of city planning and reconstruction at the University of Stuttgart and chair of the architecture department; in 1957 he became a member of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin. He also taught at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, in 1958. He retired as emeritus in 1960.

Bibliography
 Friederike Mehlau-Wiebking: Richard Döcker. Ein Architekt im Aufbruch zur Moderne. Vieweg, Braunschweig, Wiesbaden 1989, .
 Dieter Kimpel, Dietrich Worbs (eds.): Richard Döcker 1894–1968. Ein Kolloquium zum 100. Geburtstag. Stuttgart 1996, .

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20110930174957/http://www.weissenhof.ckom.de/03_architekten/index.php?kategorie=0&id=4

1894 births
1968 deaths
20th-century German architects
People from Esslingen (district)
University of Stuttgart alumni

Richard Döcker


Sky Replay (formerly Sky2) is a British entertainment television channel that launched in 1997 and, later 2002. It comes from the original broadcast which broadcast on analogue platforms for a year from 1996. Sky2 Broadcast from 7:00 PM to 6:00 AM nightly, timesharing with another new channel, Fox Kids (now Disney XD), before extending its hours to 10:00 PM. Another broadcasting was The Death of Princess, which was aired at 5:00 Am, before closing on 31 July 1997. The programmes included Road Wars, Party Wars, and the simulcast of Sky Sports. The current channel began broadcasting (as Sky One Mix) in December 2002. Sky2 became a 1-hour timeshift of Sky One on 10 May 2010, showing programmes one-hour later or the channel ceased as a standard channel. On 9 August 2010, Sky Two ceased a 1-hour timeshift of Sky One and replaced back to its standalone programming not shown on Sky One (some Sky One programmes are often broadcast on Sky2).

British television channels
British Sky Broadcasting

Sky Replay


Wilhelm Sander (10 December 1860, in Berlin – 22 November 1930, in Lüderitz) was a master architect and contractor working for Sander & Kock known for his work in German South West Africa, today's Namibia.

Sander studied Civil engineering in Höxter, Germany. He worked in Berlin before joining the  and repatriating to German South West Africa in 1901.

One of his first works were the Swakopmund Railway Station, built in 1901, and the Swakopmund Lighthouse (1902). Also in Windhoek, his buildings today are all famous landmarks. The three castles of Windhoek, Heinitzburg, Schwerinsburg and Sanderburg, are what he is best known for here but he also built the Gathemann and Erkrath buildings and was involved in the erection of the Tintenpalast. Sander also designed Duwisib Castle near Helmeringhausen, the German Lutheran church in Keetmanshoop, and many others.

Wilhelm Sander was married twice: 1910 to Paola née Eck and 1921 to Else née Fröbel. He moved to Lüderitz in 1922, where he stayed until his death in 1930.

References

19th-century German architects
White Namibian people
Colonial people of German South West Africa
1860 births
1930 deaths
Artists from Berlin
Namibian architects
20th-century German architects

Wilhelm Sander