Rachel Pinney (11 July 1909 – 19 October 1995) was a British medical doctor who pioneered therapeutic approaches to children's development in the 1960s which she termed "Creative Listening" and "Children's Hours". From 1927 to 1934 she was a member of the clandestine Ferguson's Gang, a group of eccentric philanthropists who donated money to the National Trust and other rural conservation appeals. In her alter-ego as Red Biddy, Pinney, cloaked and masked, delivered Ferguson's Gang's first donation to the National Trust offices in 1933. The delivery of £100 in silver for the endowment of Shalford Mill to the National Trust was reported in The Times. Unorthodox in many ways, Pinney kept a vow of silence on Wednesdays, and was a committed peace activist.

Life
Her father, Reginald Pinney, was a major-general in the British army. She obtained a medical degree and practiced as a GP until 1961, as well as acting s a police surgeon. She worked with the distinguished child therapist Dr. Margaret Lowenfeld, but never trained formally. She pioneered "methods for conflict understanding" which she called "Creative Listening" and "Children's Hours", the former incorporated as a limited company in 1967.

She toured Britain in the early 1960s inviting people to share their views on controversial subjects such as homosexual law reform and nuclear warfare while she used her structured listening technique.

Her child techniques were widely used by experts working therapeutically with children.

In September 1970, she was sent to prison for nine months for the offence of keeping and maintaining a child out of England against his mother's will, after sending a 14-year-old boy to live in Canada without his mother's consent.

In 1977, Pinney went to New York and treated a four-year-old boy who had autism. This resulted in her publication Bobby, Breakthrough of an Autistic Child (1983).

She was briefly married to Luigi Cocuzzi with whom she had one daughter and two sons. She was a Quaker and a member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament from 1961. She openly declared herself a lesbian in 1989.

She died on 19 October 1995 aged 86.

Bibliography
 Rachel Pinney, Creative Listening (1970)
 Rachel Pinney, Mimi Schlachter, Anthea Courtenay, Bobby: Breakthrough of a Special Child, HarperCollins (1983)

References

1909 births
1995 deaths
20th-century British psychologists
20th-century Quakers
20th-century British LGBT people
British psychotherapists
British Quakers
Child psychologists
Developmental psychologists
British lesbians

Rachel Pinney


Mischief or malicious mischief is the name for a class of criminal offenses that is defined differently in different legal jurisdictions. While the wrongful acts will often involve what is popularly described as vandalism, there can be a legal differentiation between vandalism and mischief. The etymology of the word comes from Old French meschief, which means "misfortune", from meschever, "to end badly".

Scotland
Malicious mischief is an offence against the common law of Scotland. It does not require actual damage to property for the offence to be committed; financial damage consequential to the act is sufficient, unlike vandalism which requires actual damage to property to form the offence, the latter being defined by section 52 of the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995.

United States
In United States criminal law, mischief is an offense against property that typically involves the intentional or reckless infliction of property damage, defacement, alteration, or destruction of property. Common forms include vandalism, and graffiti. Governed by state law, criminal mischief is committed when a perpetrator, having no right to do so nor any reasonable ground to believe that he/she has such right, intentionally or recklessly damages property of another person, intentionally participates in the destruction of property of another person, or participates in the reckless damage or destruction of property of another person.

Canada
The country's Criminal Code makes mischief a hybrid offence, punishable by up to and including life imprisonment if the mischief causes actual danger to human life. Public mischief is the term for the crime of wasting police time.

References

External links

Legal terminology
Vandalism

Mischief


Puerto Ricans in Paris is a 2015 American comedy film directed by Ian Edelman and written by Neel Shah and Ian Edelman. The film stars Luis Guzmán, Edgar Garcia, Alice Taglioni, Miriam Shor, Frédéric Anscombre, Rosario Dawson and Rosie Perez. The film was released on June 10, 2016, by Focus World.

Plot
Luis and Eddie are police detectives and long-time partners. Eddie is married to Luis's sister Gloria and struggles to support their family. He yearns to give Gloria a better life.  Meanwhile, Luis has been with his girlfriend Vanessa for a long time, but constantly flirts with other women.

One day the two are visited by Colette, a famous Parisian fashion designer, and Vincent, one of her executives. One of Colette's purse designs has been stolen and held for a high ransom.  She believes the French police won't act in time to recover it, so she has traveled to New York City to hire NYPD detectives, whom she feels would do better. The two Puerto Rican detectives go to Paris to find the prototype for the designs.

Upon arriving in Paris, the two detectives don various disguises to interview the various suspects, offering each of them large bribes for the stolen bag. One by one, all of the suspects turn out to be innocent. Meanwhile, Luis, unsuccessful at finding someone to sleep with in Paris, accuses Eddie of cheating on Gloria with Colette. The two fight after a night of heavy partying and agree to end their partnership. Luis goes to the corporate offices and informs Vincent that Colette stole her own design to get the ransom. As he leaves, he steals a pair of sunglasses from Vincent's desk.

Vincent goes to Colette's studio and informs her that her company has fired her for incompetence. She intercepts Luis and Eddie on their way to the airport and asks for their help. Seeing the sunglasses, she realizes that Vincent was behind the theft. She takes the two detectives to her corporate office, where the board is meeting with Vincent to discuss producing cheap merchandise with Colette's name on it. Eddie realizes where the bag is hidden, and Colette is vindicated. Eddie has also proven that he is at least Luis' equal.

The two detectives return to New York. Eddie surprises Gloria with a gift she loves. Luis, realizing he belongs with Vanessa, proposes to her with a large engagement ring.

Cast
Luis Guzmán as Luis
Edgar Garcia as Eddie
Alice Taglioni as Colette
Miriam Shor as Sergeant Nora
Frédéric Anscombre as Vincent
Rosario Dawson as Vanessa
Rosie Perez as Gloria
Ravi Patel as Hassan
Jessica Boone as Vincent's Secretary
Paulina Singer as Lexi
Charlotte Mangel as Ludivine
Julie Ferrier as Francesca
Lilou Fogli as Kate
Michaël Cohen as Jerome
Brian Tyree Henry as Spencer
Xavier Dumont as Daniel

Release
The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 12, 2015. The film was released on June 10, 2016, by Focus World.

Reception
Puerto Ricans in Paris received mixed reviews from critics. , the film holds a 36% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews with an average rating of 4.5/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

References

External links

2015 films
2015 comedy films
American comedy films
Hispanic and Latino American comedy films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Puerto Ricans in Paris


The Big Data Institute (BDI), part of the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, is an interdisciplinary research institute at the University of Oxford. The institute brings together researchers from both the Nuffield Department of Population Health and the Nuffield Department of Medicine. The BDI building is on the Old Road Campus in Headington, east Oxford, England.

Academics from the BDI are advising the British government about a mobile phone app to track the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.

References

External links
 BDI website

Big data
COVID-19 pandemic in England
Departments of the University of Oxford
Medical research institutes in the United Kingdom
Organizations with year of establishment missing
Population genetics organizations
Research institutes of the University of Oxford

Big Data Institute


An escharotomy is a surgical procedure used to treat full-thickness (third-degree) circumferential burns. In full-thickness burns, both the epidermis and the dermis are destroyed along with sensory nerves in the dermis. The tough leathery tissue remaining after a full-thickness burn has been termed eschar. Following a full-thickness burn, as the underlying tissues are rehydrated, they become constricted due to the eschar's loss of elasticity, leading to impaired circulation distal to the wound. An escharotomy can be performed as a prophylactic measure as well as to release pressure, facilitate circulation and combat burn-induced compartment syndrome.

An escharotomy is performed by making an incision through the eschar to expose the fatty tissue below.  Due to the residual pressure, the incision will often widen substantially.

Overview

Full-thickness circumferential and near-circumferential skin burns result in the formation of a tough, inelastic mass of burnt tissue (eschar). The eschar, by virtue of this inelasticity, results in the burn-induced compartment syndrome. This is caused by the accumulation of extracellular and extravascular fluid within confined anatomic spaces of the extremities or digits. The excessive fluid causes the intracompartmental pressures to increase, resulting in collapse of the contained vascular and lymphatic structures and, hence, loss of tissue viability. The capillary closure pressure of 30 mm Hg, also measured as the compartment pressure, is accepted as that which requires intervention to prevent tissue death. If ischemia (poor blood flow) persists for over six hours, then the irreversible process of muscle necrosis will begin.

The circumferential eschar over the torso can lead to significant compromise of chest wall excursions and can hinder ventilation. Abdominal compartment syndrome with visceral hypoperfusion is associated with severe burns of the abdomen and torso. Due to the primarily diaphragmatic breathing done by children, anterior burns may be enough to warrant an escharotomy. Similarly, airway patency and venous return may be compromised by circumferential burns involving the neck.

Escharotomy is the surgical division of the nonviable eschar, which allows the cutaneous envelope to become more compliant. Hence, the underlying tissues have an increased available volume to expand into, preventing further tissue injury or functional compromise.

Indications
Indications for emergency escharotomy are the presence of a circumferential eschar with one of the following:

Impending or established vascular compromise of the extremities or digits.
Impending or established respiratory compromise due to circumferential torso burns.
Severely burned extremities should be elevated and range of motion exercises performed every 15–30 minutes as tolerated by the patient. This can help to minimize tissue edema and elevated tissue pressures.

Neurovascular integrity should similarly be monitored frequently and in a scheduled manner. Capillary refilling time, Doppler signals, pulse oximetry, and sensation distal to the burned area should be checked every hour. Limb deep compartment pressures should be checked initially to establish a baseline. Subsequently, any increase in capillary refill time, decrease in Doppler signal, or change in sensation should lead to rechecking the compartment pressures. Compartment pressures greater than 30 mm Hg should be treated by immediate decompression via escharotomy and fasciotomy, if needed.

Procedure
During an escharotomy the patient is often sedated despite the insensible eschar. The burnt skin is incised down to the subcutaneous fat and into the healthy skin (up to 1 cm). The incisions should be deep enough to release all restrictive effects from the eschar. The operation can be performed on the trunk, limbs, or neck, all while avoiding critical nerves, veins, and vessels. Following the operation the wounds are dressed primarily with an absorbent, antimicrobial material, then wrapped lightly in a bandage. Elevation (if possible) and observation are encouraged.

References

Plastic surgery

Escharotomy


Return of the Brute is a novel written by Irish writer Liam O'Flaherty and published in 1929.

Plot

Based on the author's experience as an Irish Guardsman in World War I, this short novel tells the story of a squad of British soldiers in an unidentified area of the Western Front. The squad is led by Corporal Williams, an obtuse NCO, and consists of nine infantrymen, one of whom, William Gunn, is plagued by PTS and mentally unbalanced. The novel focuses on the last hours of this group of doomed individuals, which will be killed or wounded in a fruitless attempt to occupy a section of the enemy front line. Gunn will go crazy, turning into the Brute of the title, and will kill the other two surviving soldiers in the bleak ending of the novel.

Criticism
David Trotter, in The Cambridge Companion to The Literature of the First World War, maintains that O'Flaherty's book—which, unlike most British war novels, was written by an author of proletarian origin—is interesting inasmuch as it "intended to do justice to the brute's point of view" (35), where brute stands for working-class soldiers.
Umberto Rossi praised the book as one of the few World War I novels which did not censor the traumatic and brutal experience of front infantrymen, showing combat in the trenches for what it was with a remarkable expressionistic style; it can be thus considered a forerunner of such late-modern writers as Cormac McCarthy and William T. Vollmann.

External links
 An Extract of the Novel

Notes

1929 novels
Novels by Liam O'Flaherty
Anti-war novels
Novels set during World War I
20th-century Irish novels
Irish historical novels

Return of the Brute


is a Japanese musician, singer-songwriter, record producer and illustrator who began releasing Vocaloid music under the stage name  in 2009. In 2012, he debuted under his real name, releasing music with his own voice. He has sold at least 4.2 million physical copies and more than 7 million digital copies in Japan.

Biography

Early musical career
Kenshi Yonezu was born on March 10, 1991, in the rural part of Tokushima. As a child, Yonezu found it difficult to communicate with other people, especially his father. Yonezu typically felt that his mother understood him. He was diagnosed with high-functioning autism after the age of 20.

Yonezu's first foray into music was in 2006 during his second year of junior high school, where he formed a band with his friend Hiroshi Nakajima, called Late Rabbit Edda, to play for the school culture festival. He worked as the vocalist, songwriter and occasional guitarist, while Nakajima was the guitarist. In late 2007, he set up a website for the band, posting song lyrics and short novels. Yonezu wrote songs for the band, and between April 2008 and March 2009 uploaded 24 original songs to video sharing website Nico Nico Douga using the name Hachi. None of the songs were widely viewed, with the greatest, "Beelzebub", receiving only 23,000 views. Yonezu created his blog in this period, and called it .

Yonezu moved to Osaka after high school, and started attending a fine arts school. While a student there, he started uploading songs using Vocaloid software Hatsune Miku instead, which were increasingly popular. His 2009 song  was his first song to receive over 1,000,000 views on the site. Though Yonezu had uploaded over 30 songs sung by himself, he deleted them when his Vocaloid songs became more popular. Yonezu renamed his blog , and it was one of five blogs awarded the Diamond Award at the 2009 WebMoney Awards.

In December 2009, Yonezu's song "Clock Lock Works" was featured on an Exit Tunes compilation album, Supernova, the first time a song of his appeared on an album. In January, "Musunde Hiraite Rasetsu to Mukuro" was featured on Vocalolegend feat. Hatsune Miku, Exit Tunes' second Oricon top 10 compilation album. Yonezu released two self-produced albums in 2010: Hanataba to Suisō in February, and Official Orange in November. In 2010 and 2011, Yonezu's songs were featured on many Exit Tunes albums, including Vocalonexus feat. Hatsune Miku, which was the second Vocaloid album to reach number one on Oricon's albums chart. His songs were featured on the games Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Extend (2011) and Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA F (2012), and in the Hatsune Miku concert Miku no Hi Dankanshasai (2012), which became the first number one DVD/Blu-ray for a virtual singer. On Hachi's Nico Nico account, seven of his songs have been viewed more than 1,000,000 times, including the song "Matryoshka", which had reached 5,000,000 views by 2012.

In April 2010, Yonezu joined the animation collective , a group that he had worked with since his "Clock Lock Works" video in November 2009. On January 23, 2011, Yonezu uploaded his final Hachi Vocaloid video for approximately three years.

Late Rabbit Edda remained active until 2010. They were renamed Ernst Eckman and added a drummer called Sumimoto to their lineup. As Ernst Eckman, they released a single song on MySpace, . Yonezu began to feel that he did not work well with other people, and decided to work alone on Vocaloid songs exclusively, giving up on being a part of a band.

Major label debut

In March 2011, Yonezu and seven other musicians created Balloom, an independent music label for Internet musicians to widen their musical opportunities. His debut album released in 2012, Diorama, debuted at number 6 and sold over 45,000 copies, becoming the biggest release on the label to date. The album was one of the winners of the 5th CD Shop Awards, an award voted on by music store personnel. Yonezu was picked up as a major label artist under Universal Sigma and debuted in May 2013 with the single "Santa Maria". He made the shift in order to work with musicians doing similar things as him.

On October 28, 2013, Yonezu released his first Vocaloid song in two and a half years, , using a live band and the vocal Gumi. Kenshi Yonezu released his second album, Yankee, on April 23, 2014, followed by the first concert in his career on June 27. Yonezu's song "Eine Kleine" was written for Tokyo Metro to be used in its 2014 commercial campaign.

Yonezu continued to rise in popularity with the release of albums Bremen in 2015 and Bootleg in 2017. Driven by hit singles "Uchiage Hanabi", "Loser", "Orion", and "Peace Sign", Bootleg won Album of the Year at the 60th Japan Record Awards and shot Yonezu to national stardom.

On December 31, 2018, Yonezu made his live television debut on the 69th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen, an annual year-end extravaganza and one of Japan's most prestigious music programs. He performed his 2018 hit "Lemon" live from his native Tokushima, marking the first time a segment of the Kōhaku Uta Gassen was broadcast from Tokushima Prefecture. The songs "Uchiage Hanabi" and "Paprika", both produced by Yonezu, were also performed at the event.

In 2019, Yonezu wrote the song "Machigaisagashi" for singer Masaki Suda; it won Best Pop Video at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards Japan. When Billboard Japan published its year-end charts, "Uma to Shika" and "Machigaisagashi" ranked fifth and sixth respectively. Yonezu won the Special Award at the 61st Japan Record Awards held on December 30, and "Paprika" won the Grand Prix. Yonezu held his first overseas concerts in China and Taiwan in 2019.

Yonezu co-wrote the song "Kite" for Japanese boy band Arashi, which served as the theme song for NHK's coverage of the 2020 Summer Olympics. On August 7, 2020, he performed during Fortnite's Party Royale, singing songs from his latest album Stray Sheep (2020), which had been released two days prior. In December, he became one of five recipients of the Special Achievement Award at the 62nd Japan Record Awards. In 2022, Yonezu released "Kick Back", which was used as the opening theme song for the anime series Chainsaw Man. The following year, Yonezu performed "Spinning Globe" as the theme song for Hayao Miyazaki's film How Do You Live?.

 Artistry

Yonezu writes and composes all of his music. In his Vocaloid songs as well as his independent album Diorama, he also arranged, programmed, mixed and performed all of the instruments by himself. When he moved to Universal, Yonezu began working with a band to perform his music. Yonezu considers Japanese bands Bump of Chicken, Asian Kung-Fu Generation and Radwimps big influences on his work, and Japanese authors Kenji Miyazawa and Yukio Mishima on his lyrics. As an illustrator, he feels inspired by Edward Gorey's illustrations. Yonezu generally composes songs on the guitar, but also occasionally uses drums to work out a melody.

Yonezu separates his musical career in two, releasing music using Vocaloids as Hachi, and music using his own voice as Kenshi Yonezu. He feels that music made as Hachi was created for the Nico Nico Douga community, while songs under his real name do not have such a strong tie. While he did not want to record covers of his Vocaloid songs during sessions for Diorama (2012), he felt the difference between Kenshi Yonezu songs and Hachi songs blur during sessions for Yankee (2014) and recorded a self-cover of "Donut Hole".

 (officially "DUNE" in English) is a song composed and arranged by Hachi after his long absence in VOCALOID music scene since his previous work, "Donut Hole". This is a theme song for Hatsune Miku Magical Mirai 2017 and featured on "Magical Mirai 2017 Official Album". It has entered the Hall of Legend on Niconico and rapidly surpassed 1 million views on YouTube shortly after its upload.

He has worked as a producer for other musicians several times. The first song he composed and arranged was Internet singer Lasah's  in 2010. He composed and produced the song  for anime singer LiSA on her mini-album Letters to U (2011). He also worked on a remix for the ending theme song of the anime Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day, "Secret Base (Kimi ga Kureta Mono) (Those Dizzy Days Ver.)", which was released in 2013.

Despite holding an online live performance on Ustream every month, Yonezu does not perform live often. His high school band, Late Rabbit Edda, performed live once on August 26, 2008, and applied to perform in the Senkō Riot teenage music contest. The band passed the demo tape round, but failed to make it through the studio live judging and onto the final live competition. Yonezu also performed as Hachi in several Vocaloid events. Despite debuting his solo career in 2012, he did not hold any live performances for two years. His first concert was planned for June 27, 2014, two months after the release of Yankee.

Yonezu illustrated all of his early Nico Nico Douga videos, using a scanner or a pen tablet to draw imagery. When his parents bought a computer when he was 10, Yonezu made and uploaded flash animation videos for Bump of Chicken songs on the Internet. He continued to illustrate for his album Diorama, creating the music videos and the cover artwork by himself, and with the help of fellow members of Minakata Kenkyūjo. His Universal releases have also featured his own artwork. Yonezu primarily uses Adobe Photoshop Elements, Adobe After Effects and Corel Painter Essentials for animation. Yonezu's illustrations became a feature in music magazine Rockin' On Japan starting in the August 2013 issue. His piece, called , features fictional creatures Yonezu has drawn.

For creating songs, Yonezu uses music software Cakewalk Sonar. When he started to create Vocaloid music, he used Vocaloid 2 software, and Hatsune Miku vocals exclusively. However, in 2010, Yonezu began using Megurine Luka and Gumi in his songs as well. His album Hanataba to Suisō features Hatsune Miku only, whereas Official Orange features Hatsune Miku, Megurine Luka, Gumi, as well as his own vocals on the song .

He answered on a radio program that Susumu Hirasawa's "MOTHER," which he listened to before he was 18 years old when he started his music career, was "one of the songs that changed my life," and said, "All of Susumu Hirasawa's songs have a musicality that I had never heard before, and I was very influenced by them. Yonezu said he learned about Susumu Hirasawa from Nico Nico Douga, and said, "This song 'MOTHER' is really new music that I've never heard before, but I feel nostalgia and nostalgia in it. I thought there was something universal about it." "I thought it was music with an amazing sense of balance, and for the first time, I thought I would cherish that sense of balance in my own music. Chris Peppler, the MC of the radio show and star of "Kamen Rider Drive," asked me, "Would you like to meet him?" Yonezu replied, "On the contrary, I don't want to meet someone I really respect."

 Discography

 Diorama (2012)
 Yankee (2014)
 Bremen (2015)
 Bootleg (2017)
 Stray Sheep'' (2020)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese male pop singers
Japanese male singer-songwriters
Vocaloid musicians
Singers from Tokushima Prefecture
Japanese illustrators
Crunchyroll Anime Awards winners
Universal Music Japan artists
Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists
21st-century Japanese male singers
People on the autism spectrum
People with Marfan syndrome

Kenshi Yonezu


The 1891 International Electrotechnical Exhibition was held between 16 May and 19 October on the disused site of the three former  (Western Railway Stations) in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The exhibition featured the first long-distance transmission of high-power, three-phase electric current, which was generated 175 km away at Lauffen am Neckar. As a result of this successful field trial, three-phase current became established for electrical transmission networks throughout the world.

History
The "Elektrotechnische Gesellschaft" (Electrotechnical Society) was founded in Frankfurt in 1881 with the aim of promoting electricity and, in particular, furthering research into its application for industry and technology. Three years later, some ten manufacturers of electrical equipment had set themselves up in the city.  In around 1890, some of the enterprises were established which would later become major firms in Frankfurt: Hartmann & Braun, Staudt & Voigt (from 1891 Voigt & Haefner) and W Lahmeyer & Co (from 1893 Elektrizitäts-AG, previously W Lahmeyer & Co).  And it was in Frankfurt that the "second industrial revolution" began to emerge – a revolution that would bring about fundamental changes similar to those created 100 years previously by the introduction of the steam engine to the world of work.  In 1891, the German electrical industry was ready to demonstrate its capabilities to the world at the International Electrotechnical Exhibition.  A site was chosen – that of the former western stations between the city and the new main station, which had been completed in 1888.

Prompted by the Paris "Exposition Universelle" (World Fair) of 1889, Leopold Sonnemann, publisher of the Frankfurter Zeitung newspaper, interested the Electrotechnical Society in the idea of an exhibition.  The Society expressed an interest and started preparations in the same year.  However, there was another consideration apart from the setting up of an international exhibition – Frankfurt had an urgent problem to solve.  The construction of a central power station had been under discussion in the city's political and technical committees since 1886. However, agreement had still to be reached over the type of current, and opinions were divided between direct current, alternating current and three-phase current. It fell to the exhibition to demonstrate a commercially viable method for the transmission of electricity. Three-phase current with a minimal loss of 25% would be transmitted at high voltage from Lauffen am Neckar to Frankfurt.  This took centre stage at the exhibition and was evidenced in the large three-section entrance gate. The central section took the form of an arch bearing the inscription "Power Transmission Lauffen–Frankfurt 175 km."  Rectangular panels flanked the arch: the one to the right carrying the name of the "Allgemeine Electricitätsgesellschaft" ("AEG" – General Electricity Company), which had been founded in 1887; the left-hand panel displayed the name of the "Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon" (Oerlikon Engineering Works).  The entire entrance was illuminated with 1000 light bulbs and an electrically powered waterfall provided a further attraction. With 1,200,000 visitors from all over the world, the exhibition was an out-and-out success.  The cost of a one-day entry ticket for an adult amounted to a considerable 15 marks.

As far as Germany was concerned, the International Electrotechnical Exhibition settled once and for all the question of the most economical means of transmitting electrical energy.  When the exhibition closed, the power station at Lauffen continued in operation – providing electricity for the administrative capital, Heilbronn, thus making it the first place to be equipped with a power supply using three-phase AC. The name of the local power company (ZEAG) bears testimony to this event.  The Frankfurt city council constructed its own power station near the harbour; yet another was built by a private company in the suburb of Bockenheim.

Equipment
A hydraulic turbine at Lauffen powered a three-phase alternator with a revolving field. The alternator revolved at 150 revolutions per minute, and had a rotating field magnet with 32 poles. It was rated at 300 hp and had a terminal voltage of 55 volts. The frequency of the current was 40 Hz. Power from the alternator was stepped up to 8000 volts for transmission by oil-insulated transformers. Later tests were carried out with transmission voltage up to 25,000 volts (between phases).

The transmission line was erected with the assistance of the German Post Office and used about 60 tonnes of copper wire, 4 mm in diameter. At the exhibition, the voltage was stepped down by further oil-filled transformers and connected to motors and a motor-generator system for lamps.

Overall efficiency from turbine to load was an average of 75%, which resolved many doubts of the practicality of long-distance electric power transmission.

Gallery

See also
War of the currents

References

Bibliography
 Jürgen Steen (Hg.): "Eine neue Zeit ..!", Die Internationale Elektrotechnische Ausstellung 1891. Frankfurt am Main 1991 (Ausstellungskatalog Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main),
 Horst A. Wessel (Hg.): Moderne Energie für eine neue Zeit, siebtes VDE-Kolloquium am 3. und 4. September 1991 anlässlich der VDE-Jubiläumsveranstaltung "100 Jahre Drehstrom" in Frankfurt am Main (= Geschichte der Elektrotechnik, Bd.11). Berlin/Offenbach 1991,
 Volker Rödel: Fabrikarchitektur in Frankfurt am Main 1774–1924, Frankfurt 1986, S.30f.,
 Sabine Hock: Mehr Licht für Frankfurt, Oskar von Miller brachte Frankfurt auf den Weg zur Elektrifizierung, Wochendienst Nr. 16 vom 26.04.2005, hg. v. Presse- und Informationsamt der Stadt Frankfurt am Main

External links

History of electrical engineering
1891 in Germany
World's fairs in Germany
1891 in science
19th century in Frankfurt
Festivals established in 1891


Eleven referendums were held in Switzerland during 2003. The first two were held on 9 February on federal resolutions on reforming the referendum process and changing the cantonal contribution to financing hospital medication. Both were approved. The last nine were all held on 18 May on two federal laws on the Swiss army and civil defence, and seven popular initiatives; "yes to fair rents", "for one Sunday a season free from motor vehicles–a test for four years", "health has to be affordable", "equal rights for the disabled", "electricity without nuclear power", "for prolonging the ban on new nuclear power stations" and "for a sufficient provision of vocational education". Whilst the two laws were approved, all nine initiatives were rejected by voters.

Results

See also
Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland

References

Referendums
Swiss
Referendums in Switzerland

2003 Swiss referendums


Kristen Elizabeth Miller (born August 20, 1976) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Ashley Elliot on the sitcom USA High (1997-1999) and Deedra "D.D." Cummings on the action-adventure series She Spies (2002-2004).

Miller has also had recurring roles and made guest appearances on many television shows, including Undressed (2000), That's My Bush! (2001), Charmed (2004), Two and a Half Men (2005), Joey (2005), I Hate My 30's (2007), Las Vegas (2008), 90210 (2009), Dexter (2011), Mad Men (2012), Castle (2012) and The Glades (2013). Her films include Cherry Falls (2000), Team America: World Police (2004), The Fallen Ones (2005) and Single White Female 2: The Psycho (2005).  She also provided the voice-over role for the character Rio in the video game Lifeline (2004).

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
Actors from California

Kristen Miller


Leonard Smith (April 19, 1894 – October 20, 1947) was a cinematographer who had over 70 film credits from a career that spanned from 1915 to 1946.

Life and career
Smith was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1894. His started as a cinematographer came on the now lost 1915 silent film The Battle Cry of Peace, and went on to have over 73 credits. Smith also occasionally worked in the camera and electrical department.

Smith's first Academy Award for Best Cinematography (color) nomination came in 1942, for his work on Billy the Kid, sharing the nomination with William V. Skall. In 1944, he was nominated for Lassie Come Home. Smith was again nominated in 1946 for National Velvet, and in 1947, shortly before his death, he received his sole win, for The Yearling. He shared the award with Arthur Arling and Charles Rosher. All of Smith's nominations and wins were in the Color category.

Smith served as president of the American Society of Cinematographers from 1941 until his death on October 20, 1947, at the age of 53.

References

External links

1894 births
1947 deaths
American cinematographers
Best Cinematographer Academy Award winners

Leonard Smith (cinematographer)


Tajja(타짜 in Korean) means a professional gambler in Korea. Tajja is a comic book drew by the Korean best cartoonist "Heo Young-Man", written by the author "Kim Se-Young". This novel was once serialized in the newspaper 'Donga-ilbo'. Tajja was made in a book on 2006 september 28th. Tajja has made a 'Tajja syndrome' right away the publication among the adult readers. Recently, although this comic book is a adult-comic, every ages and sex is watching this comic book. Tajja has shown the human's desire in the front.

To do so, cartoonist "Heo Young-Man" based on a thorough collection of data by himself. He went everywhere if you could gather a information about his comic.
Tajja won high praises without stint through its production that perfectly penetrated the material and a reality which it makes us an illusion like we are watching a movie.
Because Heo Young-Man is the cartoonist who Korean likes the best, the reader can feel Heo Young-Man's value through Tajja.

The story is about a guy who is born in South Korea, Busan. He was a normal child as others.
But one day he went to a gambling house by coincidence. That was the problem, he lost all of his money, and brought his sisters money which must be used in a marriage of her sister.
Of course he lost all of his money again. So the story starts from now on to be a professional gambler and gather lots of money.

Comic books

Tajja


John George Dodson, 1st Baron Monk Bretton, PC (18 October 1825 – 25 May 1897), known before 1884 as John George Dodson, was a British Liberal politician. He was Chairman of Ways and Means (Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons) between 1865 and 1872 and later held office under William Ewart Gladstone as Financial Secretary to the Treasury, President of the Local Government Board and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1884 he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Monk Bretton.

Background and education
Dodson was the only son of Sir John Dodson, a judge and Dean of the Arches of St George's Hanover Square Church, London. His mother was Frances Priscilla, daughter of George Pearson, MD, FRS. He was educated at Eton (1837–1842), where he won HRH the Prince Consort's Prize for French and Italian in 1842, and came second for French and German in 1841 and 1842, and was later a Fellow (1876–1880). He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 9 June 1843, (BA 1847, MA 1851), got a First, and was called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn, in 1853. His exact contemporaries at Eton included William George Mount and the Earl of Kimberley.

Political career
Dodson unsuccessfully contested East Sussex in 1852 (he came third with 1637 votes, behind Augustus Eliott Fuller with 2155 and Charles Hay Frewen with 1974) and March 1857, but was elected for the constituency in April 1857. He would hold this seat until 1874. He served as Chairman of Ways and Means (Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons) from February 1865 to April 1872 and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1872.

In 1873 he was appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury in the Liberal administration of William Ewart Gladstone, a post he held until the government fell the following year. In 1874 Dodson was elected to parliament for Chester, and served as Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee from 1874 to 1876.

In 1880 he was again elected for Chester and appointed President of the Local Government Board, with a seat in the cabinet, in Gladstone's second administration. According to the rules at the time, he was then forced to contest his constituency again. Dodson was duly elected, but shortly after the original election was declared void on petition. This caused him to seek re-election for another constituency. In July he was returned for Scarborough, a seat he would hold until 1884.

Dodson remained President of the Local Government Board until 1882, and then served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1882 to 1884. On 4 November 1884 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Monk Bretton, of Conyboro and Hurstpierpoint in the County of Sussex. Lord Monk Bretton later disagreed with Gladstone over Home Rule.

He was also active in local politics, and served as the first Chairman of the East Sussex County Council from 1889 to 1892. He was a long serving director and trustee of the Rock Life Assurance Company and a director of Brill's Brighton Baths Company. He was a member of the university, Reform, and Brooks's Clubs. Late in life he became concerned about the fate of the African elephant, whose salvation he mooted, in letters to The Times, could come through domestication.

Family
Lord Monk Bretton married Caroline-Florence, second daughter of William John Campion of Danny, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, by Harriet Kemp (daughter of Thomas Read Kemp) in 1856. They had one son and three daughters. They lived at 6, Seamore Place in Mayfair, and at Conyboro', near Lewes, Sussex. In 1878 Edward Walford described Seamore Place as follows: "Seamore Place is the name of a row of handsome but somewhat old-fashioned mansions, which occupy a sort of cul de sac at the western end of Curzon Street. They are only nine in number, and their chief fronts look westward over Hyde Park". Lord Monk Bretton died in May 1897, aged 71, and was succeeded in the barony by his only son John William Dodson.

References

 Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Whittaker & Co., 1878.
 Thomas Skinner, The Directory of Directors for 1897, London, 1897. (& for 1880).
 Edward Walford, Old and new London, chapter 28, Mayfair, 1878.

External links

Monk Bretton, John Dodson, 1st Baron
Monk Bretton, John Dodson, 1st Baron
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
Deputy Speakers of the British House of Commons
Monk Bretton, John Dodson, 1st Baron
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Eton College
Monk Bretton
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria


Lüftlmalerei (also spelt Lüftelmalerei) is a form of mural art that is native to villages and towns of southern Germany and Austria, especially in Upper Bavaria (Werdenfelser Land) and in the Tyrol.

Style

The origin of the term is disputed but may have come from the name of the home of façade artist, Franz Seraph Zwinck (1748–1792) of Oberammergau, Zum Lüftl.

Lüftlmalerei is a popular, folk-oriented variation of trompe-l'œil from the Baroque and imitates architectural elements. As in 'high architecture' it also embeds pictorial cartouches, mirrors and fields. Its subject matter ranges from the patron saints of houses or house emblems to representations of Biblical stories and the classical motifs of peasant art from everyday rural life to hunting. Banners with mottos are common and the sundial is also a popular element.

The paintings are applied to the fresh lime plaster using a fresco technique, whereby the colours silicify with the plaster in a chemical reaction and the paintings are thus able to survive for a long time. Today, other weatherproof painting materials are also used.

Architectural examples

Literature
 Herbert Meider, Franz Stoltefaut: Lüftlmalerei an Isar, Partnach, Loisach und Ammer. Medien-Verlag Schubert, 2003, .
 Paul Ernst Rattelmüller: Lüftlmalerei in Oberbayern. Süddeutscher Verlag, München 1981.

External links

 Lüftlmalerei in Mittenwald (with numerous illustrations)
 Julia Ricker: Bilderbuchdörfer. Die hohe Kunst der Lüftlmalerei in Mittenwald und Oberammergau. In: Monumente Online, June 2016.

Painting techniques
Murals
Baroque
Culture of Altbayern
Tyrolean culture

Lüftlmalerei


A flower bouquet is a collection of flowers in a creative arrangement.  Flower bouquets can be arranged for the decor of homes or public buildings, or may be handheld.  Handheld bouquets are classified by several different popular shapes and styles, including nosegay, crescent, and cascading bouquets. Flower bouquets are often given for special occasions such as birthdays, anniversaries or funerals. They are also used extensively in weddings as well as Olympics Medal Ceremonies. Bouquets arranged in vases or planters for home decor can be arranged in either traditional or modern styles. Symbolism may be attached to the types of flowers used, according to the culture.

History

The arrangement of flowers for home or building decor has a long history throughout the world. The oldest evidence of formal arranging of bouquets in vases comes from ancient Egypt, and depictions of flower arrangements date to the Old Kingdom (~2500 BCE). The sacred lotus was often used, as were herbs, palms, irises, anemones, and narcissus.

In some cultures, ancient practises still survive today, for example in ikebana, the art of flower-arranging that comes from Japan. The oldest known book on flower-arranging is Japanese and dates from 1445. Simplicity and linear form are core features of ikebana, which has had a great influence on Western flower arranging since the late 19th century.

Flower-arranging as an art form was brought to Japan by Buddhist monks, who learned it while in China. In ancient China, flower-arranging developed into a highly refined art form, based on the principle that life is sacred, including the life of plants, therefore cut flowers were used sparingly in carefully planned arrangements. Flowers were a traditional ritual offering among Buddhists, however, and remain so.

In Europe, flower arranging as a formal art was first documented among the Dutch, who "in particular, painted wonderful informal arrangements of flowers [...] In the 18th century, arrangements were used to decorate the houses of the wealthy families and the aristocracy."

Flower symbolism is common in many cultures, and can be complex.  In China, certain flowers symbolize seasons: white plum blossoms represent winter, peach and cherry blossoms represent spring, lotus represents summer, and chrysanthemums the fall.

Nosegay

The term "tussie-mussie" is sometimes used interchangeably with nosegay. A nosegay was also known as a "talking bouquet" or "flower poesy" during the Victorian era, when they became a popular gift.  Traditionally, brides will also carry a small nosegay.  Tussie mussies were introduced to England in the early 18th century, and were a fashionable accessory for young women by the early 19th century. A tussie mussie is a small circular bouquet like a nosegay, but carries symbolic meaning based upon the language of flowers, where particular flowers represent specific sentiments. They were commonly exchanged by lovers, who sent messages to one another based upon the flowers used in the bouquet. Traditionally, tussie mussies are arranged in a cone- or cornucopia-shaped container, made of tin or silver, with a chain attached for carrying the bouquet.

Language of flowers

Flower symbolism originated in Asia and the Middle East, where certain flowers, such as the lotus, were considered sacred, or at least to be associated with spiritual themes.  This was often reflected in artwork, for example the use of bamboo in Chinese art to represent longevity and eternity. The language of flowers was introduced to England in the early 18th century by Mary Wortley, Lady Montague, whose husband was Ambassador to Turkey. By the Victorian era, almost every flower had a specific meaning attached to it. Small nosegay or "tussie mussie" bouquets might include chamomile flowers, which a woman might send to a romantic interest to tell him "Patience"; goldenrod represented indecision.

Wedding bouquets
Traditionally the bride will hold the bouquet, and the maid of honor will hold it during the ceremony. After the wedding the bride will toss it over her shoulder, and it is believed that whoever catches the bouquet is the next in line to be married. This practice may be related to the Golden Apple of Discord myth.

Wedding bouquet shapes
There are many different bridal bouquet styles from which to select. Brides typically choose the shape of their bouquets according to popular trends at the time of their wedding; however, some choose bouquets which evoke another time period. While the language of flowers can contribute to a message to be conveyed about the couple, the shapes are a personal preference.

The Posy bouquet is typically round in shape and is thought of as modern due to the small size and relative simplicity of the arrangement. It is also popular for the ease of carrying and passing-off during the ceremony. It can be composed of an expensive flower, such as a rose, or can be a sampling of country flowers.

The Cascading bouquet is usually a large arrangement which tapers near the bottom. It was popularized as the arrangement of choice for the 1980s at the wedding of Lady Diana Spencer and the Prince of Wales at Westminster Abbey. It can, and is often, made up of many types of flowers and is enhanced with Baby's Breath and different types of greenery, such as ivy. This bouquet became less popular as bridal trends shifted towards simplicity; however, it has found a resurgence in recent years.

The Presentation bouquet saw a surge in popularity at the turn of the twentieth century. It is most frequently composed of a long-stemmed bud, such as the Calla Lily, and is cradled in the bride's arms, rather than carried by the stems.

The following gallery shows popular bride's bouquet shapes, including cascading, hand-tied, nosegay, pomander, flower spray and Biedermeier.

See also

Floral design
Boutonnière
Corsage
Festoon
Garland
Wreath
Vegetable bouquet

References

Fashion accessories
Floristry
Flowers in culture
Wedding dresses

Flower bouquet


Nicetas (c. 335–414) was Bishop of Remesiana (present-day Bela Palanka, Serbia), which was then in the Roman province of Dacia Mediterranea.

Biography
Nicetas promoted Latin sacred music for use during the Eucharistic worship and reputedly composed a number of liturgical hymns, among which some twentieth-century scholars number the major Latin  Christian hymn of praise, Te Deum, traditionally attributed to Ambrose and Augustine. He is presumed to be the missionary to the barbarian Thracian tribe of the Bessi.

Because of his missionary activity, his contemporary and friend, Paulinus of Nola, lauded him poetically for instructing in the Gospel barbarians changed by him from wolves to sheep and brought into the fold of peace, and for teaching to sing of Christ with Roman heart bandits, who previously had no such ability. However, it is doubtful whether these barbarians really were barbarians, or whether their mention is only a poetical topos. Indeed, Paulinus, who wrote a quite classical Latin poetry, probably used existing poetical authorities. For Dacia, where Nicetas was from, the poetical authority was Ovid, although the Dacia (probably the province Dacia Mediterranea) of that time did not correspond with the Getia where Ovid had been banished to.

In 398, Nicetas made a pilgrimage to Nola to visit the grave of Felix of Nola.

Lengthy excerpts survive of his principal doctrinal work, Instructions for Candidates for Baptism, in six books. They show that he stressed the orthodox position in trinitarian doctrine. They contain the expression "communion of saints" about the belief in a mystical bond uniting both the living and the dead in a certain hope and love. No evidence survives of previous use of this expression, which has since played a central role in formulations of the Christian creed.

His feast day as a saint is on 22 June.

References

External links
 Encyclopaedia Britannica article
 A New Approach to Albanian History
 Illyricum in christian literature

330s births
414 deaths
5th-century Christian saints
Church Fathers
Christian missionaries in Europe
4th-century Roman poets
4th-century writers in Latin
Illyrian people

Nicetas of Remesiana


Robert Boehm (1914December 26, 2006) was an American political activist. Boehm was a 1935 graduate of Dartmouth College and a 1939 graduate of Columbia University Law School. The son of an attorney, he married his father's secretary, Frances Rozran; Frances Boehm died on February 14, 2006. Boehm committed himself to a lifetime of social activism, including co-establishing, with Maurice Paprin, the Fund for New Priorities in America, as well as serving as the chairman of the board for the Center for Constitutional Rights, founded  in 1966. A supporter of civil rights, an opponent of the Vietnam War, and, late in life, a critic of the US detainee camp at Guantanamo Bay after 2001, Boehm nonetheless distanced himself from leftists he felt were too extreme.

References

External links
New York Times obituary
 Center for Constitutional Rights homepage

1914 births
2006 deaths
American political activists
Dartmouth College alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
American civil rights activists

Robert Boehm


David Russell  (30 March 1911 – February 1945) was a lance corporal with the 22nd (Motor) Battalion, New Zealand Infantry, 2nd NZEF, who was awarded the George Cross posthumously after being executed by German forces in Italy.

Russell was born in Ayr, Scotland, son of James and Jessie Russell, of Corsehill, Ayrshire, but the family emigrated to New Zealand. He worked as an orderly at Napier Hospital in Hawke's Bay before enlisting in the New Zealand Army in September 1939.

He was captured at Reweisat Ridge in Egypt in 1942 and taken to a POW camp in Italy. He escaped and helped Italians who were assisting other Allied POWs to escape. He was particularly active in the Ponte di Piave township and district between 22 and 28 February 1945 but was recaptured.

Russell refused to name the Italians he had assisted, and was shot by firing squad. A German officer who witnessed the execution said he died very bravely.

His George Cross is displayed at the QEII Army Memorial Museum, Waiouru, New Zealand. On Sunday 2 December 2007, it was among a dozen medals stolen from the museum. On 16 February 2008 New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered as a result of a NZ$300,000 reward offered by Michael Ashcroft and Tom Sturgess.

References

Bibliography
The New Zealand Almanac

1911 births
1945 deaths
People from Ayr
British emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand Army personnel
New Zealand military personnel killed in World War II
New Zealand recipients of the George Cross
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
World War II prisoners of war held by Italy
Deaths by firearm in Italy
New Zealand prisoners of war in World War II
People from Napier, New Zealand
British people executed by Nazi Germany
New Zealand escapees
Escapees from German detention
Executed New Zealand people
People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad
New Zealand people executed by Nazi Germany

David Russell (GC)


Fort Frederick State Park is a public recreation and historic preservation area on the Potomac River surrounding the restored Fort Frederick, a fortification active in the French and Indian War (1754–1763) and the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). The state park lies south of the town of Big Pool, Maryland. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal runs through the park grounds. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973.

History

French and Indian War
Fort Frederick was built in 1756-57 by the colony of Maryland. During the French and Indian War in 1756, a £6000 appropriation was authorized by the Maryland Legislature at the request of Governor Horatio Sharpe to build a fortification on the frontier. The fort, named after Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore, was completed the following year. The design of the fort conforms to the style developed early in the 18th century by Sebastien de Vauban, a French military engineer who is considered the father of modern fortification.

The large stone fort was designed primarily as a place of refuge for area settlers. Between 1757 and 1758, small raids by Native people in nearby settlements caused settlers in the surrounding countryside to flee eastward.  At the same time men of the 60th Regiment of Foot and local militia soldiers garrisoned the fort.  Ranging parties were sent from the fort to patrol the area and to deter if not prevent raids by Native Americans.

The fort was not designed to resist artillery, as it was correctly assumed that the French would not be able to transport artillery to the remote location from the west.  The fort served its purpose in 1763 during Pontiac's Rebellion; however, the fort was never directly attacked.

American Revolutionary War
The fort was used as a prisoner of war camp from 1777 to 1783. As many as 1,000 captured British and German soldiers were incarcerated there after the Battles of Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781).

American Civil War
Fort Frederick was sold at auction in 1791 and lay abandoned until the American Civil War. The fort was garrisoned at the outbreak of war and was used as a gun emplacement to protect the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which paralleled the canal. The 1st Maryland Infantry (US) occupied the area in December 1861 and Company H fought in a skirmish at the fort against Confederate raiders on Christmas Day, 1861.  The regiment left in February 1862.  In October 1862, a picket from the 12th Illinois Cavalry briefly occupied the area. The military usefulness of the fort ended by 1862.

20th Century
In 1922, the property was acquired by the State of Maryland for use as Maryland's first state park. The walls had deteriorated but were standing up to  in places.  Archaeological investigations and the discovery of the original plans allowed a complete reconstruction. Much of the restoration work of the 1930s was done by the Civilian Conservation Corps.

Description
The fort is a large stone quadrangle with bastions at each corner. Each face of the curtain wall is about  long,  high and  thick at the base.  The bastions project diagonally about , are  thick at the base, and were filled with earth to provide a platform. The main gate is located in the center of the south curtain wall. Two of the three barracks buildings have been restored.  The west barrack is reconstructed to its 1758 appearance, while the east barrack contains displays regarding the history of the fort. The north barrack, known as the Governor's House, has not been reconstructed.

Activities and amenities
In addition to tours, displays, and exhibits at the fort, the park also offers a campground, fishing in Big Pool Lake, picnicking facilities, and a nature trail. The  Western Maryland Rail Trail begins immediately to the west of the park.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Maryland

References

External links

Fort Frederick State Park Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Fort Frederick State Park Map Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Friends of Fort Frederick State Park The Friends of Fort Frederick

State parks of Maryland
State parks of the Appalachians
Frederick
National Historic Landmarks in Maryland
Military and war museums in Maryland
Museums in Washington County, Maryland
Civilian Conservation Corps in Maryland
Protected areas established in 1922
British-American culture in Maryland
Frederick
Frederick
Parks in Washington County, Maryland
Civilian Conservation Corps museums
1922 establishments in Maryland
Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
Frederick
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Maryland
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places

Fort Frederick State Park


Epistemology  is the philosophy of knowledge. It seeks to answer the questions "What is knowledge?" and "How is knowledge acquired?"

Epistemologists are philosophers who are interested in questions such as whether it is possible to have knowledge, what kind of knowledge there is, and how people come to know things.

One of the first philosophers to make a clear statement on these questions was Xenophanes (570–470 BC). The following saying was, and still is, famous:
"Certain truth has no man... for even if he ever succeeds in saying what is true, he will never know it".
This is an early kind of skepticism.

Some questions

 What is knowledge?
 How can we know anything?
 What is science?
 What is truth?

Some positions
 Knowing how vs. knowing that: This was an idea of Gilbert Ryle. Moral questions, for example, may come down to knowing how to behave. Science could be about knowing that something is the case.
 Rational vs. empirical knowledge: Rational knowledge (if it exists) is knowledge built up from a person's internal thought. Empirical knowledge is built up from what is received through the senses.
 Error: Knowledge cannot err vs. the possibility of making mistakes is an essential part of knowledge (Ludwig Wittgenstein).

There are other debates of this kind.

Related pages
 Epistemic community
 Philosophy of science

References

Epistemology


Hazarajat (), also known as Hazaristan (), is a mostly mountainous region in the central highlands of Afghanistan, among the Kuh-e Baba mountains in the western extremities of the Hindu Kush. It is the homeland of the Hazara people who make up the majority of its population. Hazarajat denotes an ethnic and religious zone.

Hazarajat is primarily made up of the provinces of Bamyan, Daykundi and large parts of Ghor, Ghazni, Uruzgan, Parwan, Maidan Wardak and more. The most populous towns in Hazarajat are Bamyan, Yakawlang (Bamyan), Nili (Daykundi), Lal wa Sarjangal (Ghor), Sang-e-Masha (Ghazni), Gizab (Uruzgan) and Behsud (Maidan Wardak). The Kabul, Arghandab, Helmand, Farah, Hari, Murghab, Balkh and Kunduz rivers originate from Hazarajat.

Etymology and usage
The name "Hazara" first appears in the 16th-century book Baburnama, written by Mughal Emperor Babur. When the famous geographer Ibn Battuta arrived in Khurasan in 1333, he traveled across the country but did not record any place by the name of Hazaristan.

The Hazara people and surrounding peoples use the names "Hazarajat" or "Hazaristan" to identify the historic Hazara lands. "Hazarajat" is a compound of "Hazara" and the Dari suffix "jat", which is used to make words associated with land in the south, central and west Asia.

Geography

Topography

The Hazarajat lies in the central Afghan highlands, among the Koh-i Baba mountains and the western extremities of the Hindu Kush. Its boundaries have historically been inexact and shifting. Its physical limitations, however, are roughly marked by the Bā-miān Basin to the north, the headwaters of the Helmand River to the south, Firuzkuh to the west, and the Unai Pass to the east. The regional terrain is mountainous and extends to the Safid Kuh and the Siāh Kuh mountains, where the highest peaks reach between  and . Both sides of the Kuh-e Bābā range contain a succession of valleys. The north face of the range descends steeply, merging into low foothills and small semi-arid plains, while the south face stretches towards the Helmand Valley and the mountainous district of Behsud.

Northwestern Hazarajat encompasses the district of Ghor, long known for its mountain fortresses. The 10th-century geographer Estakhri wrote that mountainous Ghor was "the only region surrounded by Islamic territories and yet inhabited by infidels". The long resistance of the inhabitants of Ghor to the adoption of Islam indicates the region's inaccessibility; according to some travelers, the entire region is comparable to a fortress raised in the upper Central Asian highlands: from every approach, tall and steep mountains have to be traversed to reach the area. The language of the inhabitants of Ghor differed so much from that of the people of the plains that communication between the two required interpreters.

The northeastern part of the Hazarajat is the site of ancient Bamyan, a center of Buddhism and a key caravanserai on the Silk Road. The town stands at a height of , surrounded by the Hindu Kush to the north and Koh-i Baba to the south. The Hazarajat was considered part of the larger geographic region of Khurasan (Kushan), the porous boundaries of which encompassed the vast region between the Caspian Sea and the Oxus River, thus including much of present-day Northern Iran and Afghanistan.

Climate
Hazarajat is mountainous, and a series of mountain passes extend along its eastern edge. One of them, the Salang Pass, is blocked by snow six months out of the year.  Another, the Shibar Pass, at a lower elevation, is blocked by snow only two months out of the year. Bamyan is the colder part of the region, with severe winters.

Hazarajat is the source of the rivers that run through Kabul, Arghandab, Helmand, Hari, Murghab, Balkh, and Kunduz; during the spring and summer months it has some of the greenest pastures in Afghanistan. Natural lakes, green valleys and caves are found in Bamyan.

History

The area was ruled successively by the Achaemenids, Seleucids, Mauryas, Kushans, and Hephthalites before the Saffarids Islamized it and made it part of their empire. It was taken over by the Samanids, followed by the Ghaznavids and Ghurids before falling to the Delhi Sultanate. In the 13th century, it was invaded by Genghis Khan and his Mongol army. In the following decades, the Qarlughids emerged to create a local dynasty that offered a few decades of self-rule. Later, the area became part of the Timurid dynasty, the Mughal Empire and the Durrani Empire.
The subjugation of the Hazarajat, particularly the mountain fortresses of Bamyan, proved difficult for the invaders at their conquest of the region. "adopted the language of the vanquished".

19th century
In the 18th and 19th centuries, a sense of "Afghan-ness" developed among the Pashtuns and the Hazaras began to coalesce. It has been suggested that in the 19th century there was an emerging awareness of ethnic and religious differences among the population of Kabul. This brought about divisions along "confessional lines" that became reflected in new "spatial boundaries". During the reign of Dost Mohammad Khan, Mir Yazdanbakhsh, a diligent chief of the Behsud Hazaras, consolidated many of the districts they controlled. Mir Yazdanbakhsh collected revenues and safeguarded caravans traveling on the Hajigak route through Bamyan to Kabul through Sheik Ali and Behsud areas. The consolidation of the Hazarajat thus increasingly made the region and its inhabitants a threat to the Durrani state.

Until the late 19th century, the Hazarajat remained somewhat independent and only the authority of local chieftains was obeyed. Joseph Pierre Ferrier, a French author who supposedly traveled through the region in the mid-19th century, described the inhabitants settled in the mountains near the rivers Balkh and Kholm "The Hazara population is very less but ungovernable, and has no occupation but pillage; they will pillage and pillage only, and plunder from camp to camp".  Subsequent British travelers doubted whether Ferrier had ever actually left Herat to venture into Afghanistan's central mountains and have suggested that his accounts of the region were based on hearsay, especially since very few people dared then to enter the Hazarajat; even Pashtun nomads would not take their flocks to graze there, and few caravans would pass through.

Afghanistan's Kuchi people, who are unsettled nomads who migrate between the Amu Darya and the Indus River, temporarily stayed in Hazarajat during some seasons, where they overran Hazara farmlands and pastures. Increasingly during summers, these nomads would camp in large numbers in the Hazarajat highlands.

The travels of Captains P. J. Maitland and M. G. Talbot from Herat, through Obeh and Bamyan, to Balkh, during the autumn and winter of 1885, explored the Hazarajat proper. Maitland and Talbot found the entire length of the road between Herat and Bamyan difficult to traverse. As a result of the expedition, parts of the Hazarajat were surveyed on one-eighth inch scale and thus made to fit into the mapped order of modern nation-states. More thought and attention was put into demarcating the definite borders of modern nations than ever before, which entailed great difficulties in frontier regions such as the Hazarajat.

During the Second Anglo-Afghan War, Colonel T. H. Holdich of the Indian Survey Department referred to the Hazarajat as "great unknown highlands". And for the next few years, neither the Survey nor the Indian Intelligence Department succeeded in obtaining any trustworthy information on the routes between Herat and Kabul through the Hazarajat.

Various members of the Afghan Boundary Commission were able to gather the information that brought the geography of remote regions such as the Hazarajat further under state surveillance. In November 1884, the Commission crossed over the Koh-i Baba mountains by the Chashma Sabz Pass. General Peter Lumsden and Major C. E. Yate, who surveyed the tracts between Herat and the Oxus, visited the Qala-e Naw Hazaras in the Paropamisus mountain range, to the east of the Jamshidis of Kushk. Noting surviving evidence of terraced cultivation in times past, both described the northern Hazaras as semi-nomadic with large flocks of sheep and black cattle. They possessed an "inexhaustible supply of grass, the hills around being covered knee-deep with a luxuriant crop of pure rye". Yate noted clusters of kebetkas, or the summer dwellings of the Qala-e Naw Hazaras on the hillsides, and described "flocks and herds grazing in all directions".

The geographical reach of the authority of the Afghan state was extended into the Hazarajat during the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan. Caught between the strategic interests of foreign powers and disappointed by the demarcation of the Durand Line in southern Afghanistan, which cut into Pashtun territory, he set out to bring the northern peripheries of the country more firmly under his control. This policy had disastrous consequences for the Hazarajat, whose inhabitants were singled out by Abdur Rahman Khan's regime as particularly troublesome: "The Hazara people had been for centuries past the terror of the rulers of Kabul".

20th and 21st century

In the 1920s the ancient Shibar Pass road which leads through Bamyan and east to the Panjshir Valley was paved for lorries, and it remained the busiest road across the Hindu Kush until the building of the Salang tunnel in 1964 and the opening of a winter route. The Hazarajat became increasingly depopulated as Hazaras migrated to cities and to surrounding countries, where they became laborers and undertook the hardest and lowest-paid work.

In 1979, there were reportedly one and a half million Hazaras in the Hazarajat and Kabul, although a reliable census has never been taken in Afghanistan. As the Afghan state weakened, uprisings broke out in the Hazarajat, freeing the region from state rule by the summer of 1979 for the first time since the death of Abdur Rahman Khan some Hazara resistance groups were formed in Iran, including Nasr and Sipah-i Pasdaran, with some being "committed to the idea of a separate Hazara national identity". During the war with the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, most of the Hazarajat was unoccupied and free of Soviet or state presence. The region became ruled once again by local leaders, or mirs, and a new stratum of young radical Shiʿi commanders. Economic conditions are reported to have improved in the Hazarajat during the war, when Pashtun Kuchis stopped grazing their flocks in Hazara pastures and fields.
The group ruling Hazarajat was the Revolutionary Council of Islamic Unity of Afghanistan or Shura-i Ettefaq, led by Sayyid Ali Beheshti. The region's geographic nature and un-strategic location meant that the government and Soviets ignored it as they fought rebels elsewhere. This effectively allowed the Shura-i Ettefaq administration to rule over the region and give autonomy to the Hazaras. Their politically opposing groups were mostly educated, secular and left-wing. Between 1982 and 1984, an internal civil war caused the Shura to be overthrown by the Sazman-i Nasr and Sepah-i Pasdaran groups. However inter-factional rivalry continued thereafter. Most of the Hazara groups united in 1987 and 1989 and formed the Hizb-i-Wahdat.

During the rule of the Taliban, once again, ethnic and sectarian violence struck Hazarajat. In 1997, a revolt broke out among Hazara people in Mazar-i-Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban; 600 Taliban were killed in subsequent fighting. In retaliation, the genocidal policies of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan's era were adopted by Taliban. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north; the intention was ethnic cleansing of Hazara. At that stage, Hazarajat does not exist as an official region; the area comprises the administrative provinces of Bamyan, Ghor, Maidan Wardak, Ghazni, Oruzgan, Juzjan, and Samangan. In March 2001, two giant Buddhist statues, Buddhas of Bamiyan, were also destroyed even though there was a lot of condemnation.

Demographics

Ethnic groups

The Hazaras constitute the majority of the Hazarajat population.

Language

Dari (Persian) is the official language of Hazarajat. People in different parts of the region with their special dialects where Ghazni, Daykundi, Behsud, Bamyan, Darah Sof, Sheikh Ali are from most popular.

Health

Leprosy has been reported in the Hazarajat region of Afghanistan. The vast majority (80%) of the leprosy victims are Hazara.

A 1989 report noted that common diseases in the Hazarajat included gastrointestinal infections, typhoid, whooping cough, measles, leprosy, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis and malaria.

See also
 Flag of Hazaristan

References

External links

Hazara history
Regions of Afghanistan
Cultural regions

Hazarajat


Rozena Maart (born 1962) is a South African writer, and professor, currently living in Durban. She is the Director for the Centre for Critical Research on Race and Identity. She has been recognized for her writing, and for her work opposing apartheid and violence against women. She has lectured throughout Canada, the United States and many parts of the world.

Biography
She was born in District Six, Cape Town, South Africa, the old slave quarter of Cape Town. Her family was forcibly removed from District Six in 1973 as a result of the government's Forced Removal Act. In 1987 when she was 24, Maart was nominated for the "Woman of the Year" award hosted in Johannesburg, for her work opposing violence against women and for starting, with four women, the first Black feminist organization in Cape Town, Women Against Repression (WAR).

She moved to Canada in 1989 and published her first book of poetry in 1990, Talk About It!. She won the Journey Prize in 1992 for her short story "No Rosa, No District Six", which later appeared in her debut short story collection "Rosa's District Six." She is the author of several books of poetry, short fiction, non-fiction and novels, most recently the novel The Writing Circle, published in 2007 (TSAR Publications), which is being made into a feature film.  Rosa's District Six made the weekly bestseller list in Canada in 2006 and the HOMEBRU 2006 list in South Africa.

She has a PhD from the University of Birmingham, U.K. (1993–1996) Centre for Cultural Studies.

Her work examines relationships between and among Political Philosophy, Black Consciousness, Derrida and Deconstruction, Psychoanalysis, Feminist
Theory, and Critical Theories of race and racism.

Maart recently served on the UNESCO Scientific Committee for the South-South Philosophical Dialogues, which produced a Philosophical textbook
covering four regions—Africa, Asia, South and Central America and the Arab region—in four languages (English, French, Spanish and Arabic)

In 2010 The Writing Circle was noted as one of the ten top books in South African literature in her homeland, South Africa and nominated by the African Studies Association for the Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize

References

External links
 Interview with Rozena Maart at Minister Faust
 Author profile at TSAR books
 Rozena Maart's website

1962 births
Living people
South African women poets
South African women novelists
Canadian women poets
Canadian women novelists
Feminist studies scholars
Writers from Cape Town
Cape Coloureds
South African people of Dutch descent
South African emigrants to Canada
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
Canadian women short story writers
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers

Rozena Maart


Moina is a town 45 km inland from Devonport on the north-west coast of Tasmania, Australia. Moina was the site of a brief gold rush in the late nineteenth century and then one of the largest wolfram and bismuth mines in Tasmania. It has been the centre of continued mineral exploration in the Middlesex district since the first discoveries of tin and tungsten ores on Dolcoath Hill in the 1890s. The name may be a derivation of a small crustacean of the same name found in Tasmanian waters.

Mining

James Smith, discoverer of Mount Bischoff tin mine, was the first European to traverse the Forth & Wilmot Rivers. Along with J. Jones and J. Johnson, he prospected along the Forth River in around 1859. Malcolm Campbell discovered the Mount Bell gold mine, near Moina, in 1892, where 100 men were at work soon after. The Shepherd and Murphy, later referred to as the S & M or Moina Tungsten-Tin mine, contributed the greatest part of the total production of tin, tungsten and bismuth from the Moina and Round Mount districts. During periods of intermittent production between 1893 and 1957, an estimated 525t Sn, 255t W03 and 71t Bi have been recovered from the underground and surface workings at this mine.

Moina Post Office opened on 1 January 1910 and closed in 1958.

Cradle Mountain
Moina is the last service town before Cradle Mountain which is approximately twenty minutes drive south.

Lake Gairdner
Lake Gairdner is located just north west of Moina, part of the Mersey-Forth Hydro electric Scheme. The lake supplies water to the Wilmot Power Station on the foreshore of Lake Cethana. The power station was commissioned in 1971 and houses a single Fuji Francis turbine coupled to a Siemens generator.

References

Towns in Tasmania
Ghost towns in Tasmania
Mining towns in Tasmania
Northern Tasmania

Moina, Tasmania


EGSY8p7 (EGSY-2008532660) is a distant galaxy in the constellation of Boötes, with a spectroscopic redshift of z = 8.68 (photometric redshift 8.57), a light travel distance of 13.2 billion light-years from Earth. Therefore, at an age of 13.2 billion years, it is observed as it existed 570 million years after the Big Bang, which occurred 13.8 billion years ago, using the W. M. Keck Observatory. In July 2015, EGSY8p7 was announced as the oldest and most-distant known object, surpassing the previous record holder, EGS-zs8-1, which was determined in May 2015 as the oldest and most distant object. In March 2016, Pascal Oesch, one of the discoverers of EGSY8p7, announced the discovery of GN-z11, an older and more distant galaxy.

The galaxy contains a supermassive black hole, the CEERS 1019 black hole.

Detection
The light of the EGSY8p7 galaxy appears to have been magnified twofold by gravitational lensing in the light's travel to Earth, enabling the detection of EGSY8p7, which would not have been possible without the magnification.  EGSY8p7's distance from Earth was determined by measuring the redshift of Lyman-alpha emissions. EGSY8p7 is the most distant known detection of hydrogen's Lyman-alpha emissions. The distance of this detection was surprising, because neutral hydrogen (atomic hydrogen) clouds filling the early universe should have absorbed these emissions, even by some hydrogen cloud sources closer to Earth, according to the standard cosmological model. A possible explanation for the detection would be that reionization progressed in a "patchy" manner, rather than homogeneously throughout the universe, creating patches where the EGSY8p7 hydrogen Lyman-alpha emissions could travel to Earth, because there were no neutral hydrogen clouds to absorb the emissions.

See also
GN-z11 (z=11.1)
MACS0647-JD (z=10.7)
UDFy-38135539 (z=8.55)
EGS-zs8-1 (z=7.73)

References

External links

Galaxies
Boötes

EGSY8p7


A Tight Spot () is a 1982 Yugoslav comedy film directed by  and written by  along with . The film achieved enormous popularity throughout SFR Yugoslavia, spawning three sequels by the end of the decade.

The story centers around Dimitrije "Mita" Pantić, a bewildered clerk in his mid-fifties working in a crusty state-owned company under corrupt boss Srećko Šojić. Constantly frustrated and stressed out, Pantić's personal life isn't much better either. Living in a cramped apartment with his wife Sida and their three grown children Branko, Mira, and Aca, each with their own problems, Pantić also has to endure his cranky mother and a state-assigned subtenant Suzana under the same roof.

Plot

At 56 years of age Mita Pantić (Nikola Simić) is still only a junior clerk in a Yugoslav state-owned company. Another typical workday for him is starting at 6 a.m. as frustration awaits at every turn from the moment he gets up. Trying to get ready to go to work, he can barely get a turn to use the bathroom in a crowded apartment he shares with his family. Other members of the household are not without their frustrations either, meaning that nagging and shouting are a staple of their home life at any time of day.

Pantić's spouse Sida (Ružica Sokić) is a crabby middle-aged housewife whose complaints cover a wide range: from being unhappy about having to penny-pinch when grocery shopping to what she sees as personal lack of nice memories to look back on before old age because her best years were spent tending after the house and the family. The oldest child, son Branko (), an eternal university student majoring in astronomy, has a gripe about not having enough money for books and kits, which in his opinion prevents him from finally graduating. The middle child, daughter Mira (), has a law degree but can not find a job despite trying for years - she's also unhappy about lack of funds in the family because she thinks the ability to dress more attractively or to outright bribe would help her finally land a job. Finally, the youngest child Aca (Aleksandar Todorović), who is 16, has problems with discipline in high school and wants his father to buy him new textbooks and also a motorbike. Pantić's household also features his cranky mother (Rahela Ferari) and a sub-tenant Suzana (Jelica Sretenović) who is assigned there by the state due to housing shortage and given a room that takes up 9.4 m2 of their apartment.

All the morning commotion at home leads to Pantić often being late for work where more frustration awaits. On this particular occasion, it's his crooked boss Srećko Šojić (Milan Gutović) barging into his office, ripping up reports and demanding Pantić has them re-typed because they're not legible enough to read. That leads Pantić back to the keyboarding department where a new young typist Melita Sandić (Nada Vojinović), who typed up the messy reports in the first place, seems more interested in chatting and flirting over the phone than doing her job. Pantić loses his patience and has her report to the director for incompetence.

Meanwhile, Pantić's youngest son Aca is having problems with his demanding and nitpicky English professor (Irfan Mensur) who obsessively makes his students dissect the linguistic nuances of Leigh Hunt's poem "Jenny kiss'd Me". Nicknamed Japanac (The Japanese) due to his deep admiration of Japanese culture and way of life, the professor has a low tolerance for Aca's smart-alecky retorts and demands to speak to his father.

Back at Mita's work, it's time to collect monthly paycheques, but he is horrified to find out his pay has been docked due to his tardiness as part of the company's new initiative to maximize productivity. Hopping mad, he storms back to his office but is soon approached by an unknown man who introduces himself as Oliver Nedeljković (Vladan Živković) and proceeds to offer Pantić a bribe in return for his approval when it comes to a decision on new hiring. Though short on money, Pantić refuses the payoff and reports the corruption attempt to director Šojić.

Japanac soon comes to Pantić household in order to speak to Aca's father but finds Pantić feverishly listening to radio football broadcasts as he placed a bet on that week's Yugoslav First and Second league fixtures. Little by little, Pantić's predictions are proven right and he has 12 correct guesses with only the outcome of the Sloboda vs. Vardar match deciding if he wins the grand payout. Meanwhile, Japanac can not get a word in edgewise and as he is getting ready to leave, bumps into the subtenant Suzana who invites him into her room where they hit it off immediately. Back in his part of the apartment, Pantić collapses on the floor upon finding out the game ended in a draw, which means he missed the grand payout.

Japanac and Pantić eventually do meet to talk in Japanac's apartment, but this time the professor is more interested in discussing Pantić's subtenant than his son. Japanac expresses his desire to marry Suzana, which Pantić sees as a way to finally be rid of her.

Pantić cashes in his 12 correct guesses ticket for which he gets YUD7 million. Coming into work to he gets mad when he finds out Nedeljković, the man who attempted to bribe him got the job and goes to confront Šojić only to find out that Melita has advanced to the position of Šojić's personal typist, much to Pantić's annoyance and frustration after which he insults Šojić and leaves.

Back home with 7 million in cash in his bag, he wakes up the next morning to usual morning routine of family nagging and complaining about money. Sick and tired of listening to their complaints he reaches into his bag and starts throwing bills in the air. Then on the way to the bathroom, he runs into Japanac who informs him that he married Suzana and moved into her room, as the house in which he met with Pantić was his friend's house. Japanac puts a bathroom schedule and enters the bathroom. After walking silently an angry Pantić screams, charges at the bathroom door and breaks it as the film ends.

Cast
Nikola Simić as Dimitrije "Mita" Pantić
Milan Gutović as Srećko Šojić
Ružica Sokić as Persida "Sida" Pantić
Irfan Mensur as Japanac, high school English professor
Jelica Sretenović as Suzana, the subtenant
Gojko Baletić as Branko Pantić
Danica Maksimović as Mira Pantić
Aleksandar Todorović as Aleksandar "Aca" Pantić
Rahela Ferari as Mita's mother
Nada Vojinović as Melita Sandić, Šojić's personal typist
Vladan Živković as Oliver Nedeljković
Lepa Brena as herself
Mirjana Joković as the girl with the walkman in Aca's English class (uncredited)

Production
The film features six songs — "U dva će čistači odneti đubre", "Kad ti se na glavu sruši čitav svet", "Ja ratujem sam", "Pravila, pravila", "Kako je lepo biti glup" and "Dobro jutro" — that also appear as tracks on Riblja Čorba's 1982 album Buvlja pijaca, which got released one month after the movie's premiere. Though not conceptualized as A Tight Spot soundtrack album, with the band essentially using the movie as a promotional vehicle for their upcoming album, many ended up thinking of Buvlja pijaca as the film's soundtrack.

The character of Srećko Šojić had already appeared a year earlier as supporting character in 1981's Laf u srcu, a comedy film also written by Siniša Pavić and directed by Mića Milošević.

External links
 New York Times overview

1982 films
1980s Serbian-language films
Serbian comedy films
Films set in Serbia
Films set in Yugoslavia
Yugoslav comedy films
1982 comedy films

A Tight Spot


Silvermere Lake, locally called Hullah's Lake, is located on the west side of Silverdale, a rural neighborhood of Mission, British Columbia, is a man made lake. It is visible from and adjacent to the Lougheed Highway, which follows a causeway on the lake's south side.   The lake covers an inter tidal prairie with natural drainage patterns coming off of the Silverdale and Silverhill areas on the East side of the lake and joining the Stave River above the highway. BC geological survey aerial photography from the early 1950s shows this Photo # BC1782:40)
The lake was created by diking both of off the highway and on the North end to Hayward road. The dikes were constructed buy dump and push methods with raw gravel mined from the North end of the island.
The only native ground removal from the bottom of the lake was done by dredging was along the South end, in front of the houses, to increase depth and at the North end to create more land base for development. The North dredging created a hole that used to be up to 30 feet deep. All of this was part of a 1950s vintage real estate development by Norman William (Ned) Hullah's. He built his private estate on the naturally occurring hill along the west side of the lake.  This hill now locally known as the Island, though previously it was known as Hullah's Island. The ownership of the island is split more or less equally down the middle between I.R. on the West and Private land on the East. The private portion includes the lake bottom to the Fraser 1896 high water mark in front of all of the housing along the shore. The portion South of the highway was recently subdivided out to Ducks Unlimited.

The name Stave River was created by Hudson's Bay Company employees. The native name for the river is forgotten, although modern-day natives refer to it as Skayuks ("everyone died"), also the name given to one of three villages that were located in the delta marshlands of the lower reaches of the river at the time of non-native settlement (1870s onwards). The name is a reference to consequences of the successive smallpox plagues and other disease pandemics which destroyed the populations and cultures of the Fraser Valley.

References

Lakes of the Lower Mainland
Mission, British Columbia
New Westminster Land District

Silvermere Lake (Canada)


Kelly Anne Bates (18 May 1978 – 16 April 1996) was an English teenager who was murdered in Manchester, England at the age of 17 by her abuser, James Patterson Smith (born ). She was tortured by him over a period of four weeks, including having her eyes gouged from their sockets up to three weeks before her death, before being drowned in a bathtub.

The murder inquiry was headed by Detective Sergeant Joseph Monaghan of Greater Manchester Police, who said: "I have been in the police force for 15 years and have never seen a case as horrific as this." William Lawler, the pathologist who examined Bates' body, described her injuries as the worst he had seen on a murder victim. Smith, who had a history of violence and torture against former sexual partners, denied murdering Bates, but was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment on 19 November 1997.

Background

James Smith was an unemployed divorcee living in the Gorton area of Manchester. Described by acquaintances as "house-proud" and "well groomed", he was a teetotaller and non-smoker. His marriage had ended in 1980, after ten years, because he had been violent towards his wife. His next relationship was with 20-year-old Tina Watson, whom between 1980 and 1982 he "used as a punch-bag", even subjecting her to severe beatings while she was pregnant with their child. She said: "At first it was now and again; just a little tap. But in the end it was every day. He would smack me in the face or hit me over the head with an ashtray. He would kick me in the legs or between the legs." Watson managed to escape from the relationship, during which Smith had also attempted to drown her while she was bathing. When that relationship came to an end in 1982, Smith then started seeing 15-year-old Wendy Mottershead, whom he also abused. In one attack he held her head under water in the kitchen sink in an attempt to drown her.

In 1993, Smith began grooming Kelly Bates when she was 14 years old, having met her while she was babysitting for friends. Approximately two years later, when she had left school, Bates moved in with Smith at his home in Furnival Road, Gorton. She was concealing the age difference between them from her parents, Tommy and Margaret Bates. Bates' mother said of her first meeting with Smith after the two had started living together: "As soon as I saw Smith the hairs on the back of my neck went up. I tried everything I could to get Kelly Anne away from him."

Although she had left Smith briefly because of arguments with him, she was once more living with him at Furnival Road by the end of November 1995. Her parents noticed bruises on her, which she explained away as being the results of accidents. She became increasingly withdrawn and in December 1995 resigned from her part-time job. In March 1996, her parents received cards purportedly from her for their anniversary and a birthday, but only Smith had written in them. When Bates' brother tried to see her at the house, Smith said she was not at home. When a concerned neighbour asked after her, she was briefly shown at an upstairs window.

Murder
On 16 April 1996, Smith reported to authorities that he had accidentally killed his girlfriend during an argument in a bathtub, claiming that she had inhaled water and died following his attempts at resuscitation. He also claimed that she often pretended to be unconscious. Police went to Smith's address and found Bates' naked body in a bedroom. Her blood was found throughout the house, and a post-mortem examination revealed over 150 separate injuries on her body. During the last month of her life she had been kept bound, sometimes tied to a radiator or furniture by her hair, other times by her neck using a ligature.

William Lawler, the Home Office pathologist who examined her body, said: "In my career, I have examined almost 600 victims of homicide but I have never come across injuries so extensive." The following injuries were found on Bates' body:
Scalding to her buttocks and left leg
Burns on her thigh caused by the application of a hot iron
A fractured arm
Multiple stab wounds caused by knives, forks and scissors
Stab wounds inside her mouth
Crush injuries to both hands
Mutilation of her ears, nose, eyebrows, mouth, lips and genitalia
Wounds caused by a spade and pruning shears
Both eyes gouged out
Later stab wounds to the empty eye sockets
Partial scalping

The pathologist determined that her eyes had been removed "not less than five days and not more than three weeks before her death". She had been starved, having lost around 20 kg in weight, and had not received water for several days before her death. Peter Openshaw, the prosecutor in Smith's trial, said: "It was as if he deliberately disfigured her, causing her the utmost pain, distress and degradation ... The injuries were not the result of one sudden eruption of violence; they must have been caused over a long period [and] were so extensive and so terrible that the defendant must have deliberately and systematically tortured the girl." The cause of death was drowning, immediately prior to which she had been beaten about the head with a showerhead.

Trial
Smith denied murder and claimed Bates "would put me through hell winding me up". He also claimed that Bates had "taunted" him about his dead mother and had "a bad habit of hurting herself to make it look worse on me". When asked to explain why he had blinded, stabbed, and battered Bates, he said she had dared him to do it, challenging him to do her harm. Gillian Mezey, a consultant psychiatrist, told the court that Smith had "a severe paranoid disorder with morbid jealousy" and lived in a "distorted
reality".

The jury at Manchester Crown Court took one hour to find 49-year-old Smith guilty of Bates' murder. Sentencing him to life imprisonment, the judge, Mr. Justice Sachs, recommended that Smith serve a minimum term of 20 years. He stated: "This has been a terrible case; a catalogue of depravity by one human being upon another. You are a highly dangerous person. You are an abuser of women and I intend, so far as it is in my power, that you will abuse no more."

The jury were offered professional counselling to help them deal with the distress of seeing the photographs of Bates' injuries and the "sickening violence" of the case.  All members of the jury accepted this offer.

In the media

Television
The murder has been the subject of at least one television documentary:
Britain's Darkest Taboos, series 4, episode 2: "Our Daughter Was Tortured To Death By Her Sadistic Boyfriend". First broadcast by Crime & Investigation on 22 February 2015.

See also
Hello Kitty murder
Murder of Junko Furuta
Murder of Suzanne Capper
Murder of Sylvia Likens
Murder of Tia Rigg
Sadistic personality disorder

References

1990s crimes in Manchester
1990s trials
1996 in England
1996 murders in the United Kingdom
April 1996 crimes
April 1996 events in the United Kingdom
Deaths by person in England
Female murder victims
Incidents of violence against girls
Incidents of violence against women
Murder in Manchester
Murder trials
Torture in England
Trials in England
Violence against women in England
Child abuse resulting in death
Child murder in England

Murder of Kelly Anne Bates


Domenico Pesenti (Medole, 1843 – Mantua, 1918) was an Italian painter and antiquarian. He painted mainly vedute.

Biography
The family first had him study at the Moretto School in Brescia, from where he moved in 1862 to the Brera Academy in Milan. At the Brera, he studied under Camillo Boito, Giovanni Bertacchi, and Carlo Ferrano. In 1864 he exhibited at the Milanese Mostra the watercolor View of the Church of San Celso and neighbor sanctuary of Santa Maria  With the help of the painter Ferrario, for whom he was an assistant, and of Eleuterio Pagliano, he moved to Milan in 1870. In Milan, he was also patronized by G. Mylius, and painted interior and external vedute: Bedroom in the Royal Palace of Milan, (1869, Pinacoteca Brera),  Gate of the hall of the college in the Ducal Palace in Venice (exhibited in 1877 at Milan).

In 1877 he settled for twenty years in Florence, where he opened the studio near the Arno and often sold through the Pisani Gallery. To the 1872 Exhibition of Milan, he sent the following works: Vedute of the city of Siena from the Fortezza di Santa Barbara; Interior of the plebeian baptismal church of Siena. In 1877 at Naples, he exhibited: Chapel of the Madonna delle Grazie in the Palazzo Venezia in Rome; Camera da letto in the palazzo di corte a Milan; at Venice, in 1881, he exhibited: Vendita di Augurie. To the 1882 and 1883 Promotrici exhibitions, he sent: La Vedetta; Suonatori ambulanti; Una partita a briscola. In 1883, at the Mostra of Rome, he displayed: Cattiro tempo; Anorant anni; Effetto di Sole. In 1884, at Turin, he displayed: Music Teacher; at the 1884 Promotrice he displayed, a plate painted in oil titled Frate; Primizie; Il piccolo artista; The Factory of Stoviglie of the signor Grassini of Montelupo; The factory of Stoviglie of signor Romagnoli also of Montelupo; Portrait of the signora contessa Mattei in her salon; finally at the Promotrici del 1885-89, Fabbrica di Stoviglie del signor Grassini già stato esposto; Visita ai contadini di Valebbraia; In Toscana; Madonna di Andrea del Sarto at the church of the Santissima Annunziata of Florence; Studio di Frate Savonarola in the Museo di San Marco in Florence; Choir of the church of Santa Maria Novella; Entry to the Medici Chapel; and Cloister di Santa Maria Novella di Florence. At the Promotrice of Florence, he painted a water color view depicting the Royal Plaza of Munich''. In 1897, he moved to Mantua where he painted many portraits and landscapes.

References

19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
1843 births
1918 deaths
Brera Academy alumni
Italian vedutisti
Painters from Mantua
19th-century Italian male artists
20th-century Italian male artists

Domenico Pesenti


Imasiña (Aymara for "to hide", also spelled Himaciña) is a  mountain in the Cordillera Real in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the La Paz Department at the border of the Larecaja Province, Guanay Municipality, and the Los Andes Province, Pucarani Municipality. Imasiña lies northwest of Jisk'a Pata and northeast of Wari Umaña.

References

Mountains of La Paz Department (Bolivia)

Imasiña