Cairns (; ) is a city in Queensland, Australia, on the tropical north east coast of Far North Queensland. The population as of the Census 2021 was 169,312, having grown on average 1.02% annually over the preceding five years. The city is the 5th-most-populous in Queensland, and 15th in Australia.

The city was founded in 1876 and named after Sir William Wellington Cairns, following the discovery of gold in the Hodgkinson river. Throughout the late 19th century, Cairns prospered from the settlement of Chinese immigrants who helped develop the region's agriculture. Cairns also served as a port for blackbirding ships, which crews transported slaves and indentured labourers to the sugar plantations of Innisfail.

During World War II, the city became a staging ground for the Allied Forces in the Battle of the Coral Sea. By the late 20th century the city had become a centre of international tourism. In the early 21st century it has developed into a major metropolitan city.

Cairns is a popular tourist destination because of its tropical climate and access to tropical rainforest and the Great Barrier Reef, one of the seven natural wonders of the world.

History

Prior to British settlement, the Cairns area was inhabited by the Gimuy Walubara Yidinji people, who still claim their native title rights.  Yidinji (also known as Yidinj, Yidiny, and Idindji) is an Australian Aboriginal language. Its traditional language region is within the local government areas of Cairns Region and Tablelands Region, in such localities as Cairns, Gordonvale, and the Mulgrave River, and the southern part of the Atherton Tableland including Atherton and Kairi. The area in which the city is located  is known in the local Yidiny language as Gimuy, and the clan who inhabited the region before colonisation are the Gimuy-walubarra clan.

From 1770 to the early 1870s the area was known to the British simply as Trinity Bay. The arrival of beche de mer fishermen from the late 1860s saw the first European presence in the area. On the site of the modern-day Cairns foreshore, there was a large native well which was used by these fishermen. A violent confrontation occurred in 1872 between local Yidinji people and Phillip Garland, a beche de mer fisherman, over the use of this well. The area from this date was subsequently called Battle Camp. In 1876, hastened by the need to export gold mined from the Hodgkinson goldfields on the tablelands to the west, closer investigation by several official expeditions established its potential for development into a port. Brinsley G. Sheridan surveyed the area and selected a place further up Trinity Inlet known to the diggers as Smith's Landing for a settlement which he renamed Thornton. However, after Native Police officers Alexander Douglas-Douglas and Robert Arthur Johnstone opened a new track from the goldfields to Battle Camp, this more coastal site became preferable. Battle Camp was renamed Cairns in late 1876 in honour of the then Governor of Queensland, William Cairns. The site was predominantly mangrove swamps and sand ridges. Labourers gradually cleared the swamps, and the sand ridges were filled with dried mud, sawdust from local sawmills, and ballast from a quarry at Edge Hill.

The Cairns Parish of the Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown (now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns) was established in 1884.

Debris from the construction of a railway to Herberton on the Atherton Tableland, a project which started in 1886, was also used. The railway opened up land later used for agriculture on the lowlands (sugar cane, corn, rice, bananas, pineapples), and for fruit and dairy production on the Tableland. The success of local agriculture helped establish Cairns as a port, and the creation of a harbour board in 1906 supported its robust economic future.

The Wharf Estate Cairns went on sale in Brisbane via auction on 19 February 1889 by John Macnamara & Co. Land Auctioneers. The land was part of the place known as the Railway Reserve. The sale was described by the Auctioneers as the 'largest ever yet held in Northern Queensland'.

On 25 April 1926 (ANZAC Day), the Cairns Sailors and Soldiers War Memorial was unveiled by Alexander Frederick Draper, the mayor of the City of Cairns.

During World War II, the Allied Forces used Cairns as a staging base for operations in the Pacific, with United States Army Air Forces and Royal Australian Air Force operational bases (now the airport), as well as a major military seaplane base, Naval Base Cairns, in Trinity Inlet, and United States Navy and Royal Australian Navy bases near the current wharf. Combat missions were flown out of Cairns in support of the Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942. Edmonton and White Rock south of Cairns were major military supply areas and U.S. Paratroopers trained at Gordonvale and the Goldsborough Valley. A Special Forces training base was established at the old "Fairview" homestead on Munro's Hill, Mooroobool. This base was officially known as the Z Experimental Station, but referred to informally as "The House on the Hill".

After World War II, Cairns gradually developed into a centre for tourism. The opening of the Cairns International Airport in 1984 helped establish the city as a desirable destination for international tourism particularly from the emerging Japanese market.

In the  the urban area of Cairns had a population of 144,730 people.

The population in 2021 census was 153,425 people.

Demographics
According to the 2021 census of population, there were 153,425 people in Cairns (Significant Urban Area).
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 9.6% of the population.
 68.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 4.0%, New Zealand 2.9%, Papua New Guinea 1.5%, Philippines 1.3% and India 1.2%.
 76.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Japanese 1.5%, Nepali 0.7%, Mandarin 0.7%, Punjabi 0.6%, and Creole languages 0.6%.
 The most common responses for religion were No Religion 41.9%, Catholic 19.7%, Not stated 10.1%,  Anglican 9.8%, other Christian 2.8%.

Geography

Cairns is located on the east coast of Cape York Peninsula on a coastal strip between the Coral Sea and the Great Dividing Range. The northern part of the city is located on Trinity Bay and the city centre is located on Trinity Inlet. To the south of the Trinity Inlet lies the Aboriginal community of Yarrabah. Some of the city's suburbs are located on flood plains. The Mulgrave River and Barron River flow within the greater Cairns area but not through the Cairns CBD. The city's centre foreshore is located on a mud flat.

Urban layout

Cairns is a provincial city, with a linear urban layout that runs from the south at Edmonton to the north at Ellis Beach. The city is approximately  from north to south; it has experienced a recent urban sprawl, with suburbs occupying land once used for sugar cane farming.

The Northern Beaches consist of a number of beach communities extending north along the coast. In general, each beach suburb is at the end of a spur road extending from the Captain Cook Highway. From south to north, these are Machans Beach, Holloways Beach, Yorkeys Knob, Trinity Park, Trinity Beach, Kewarra Beach, Clifton Beach, Palm Cove, and Ellis Beach.

The suburb of Smithfield is inland against the mountains of the Great Dividing Range, between Yorkeys Knob and Trinity Park. It serves as the main hub for the Northern Beaches, with a modern shopping arcade, called Smithfield Shopping Centre.

South of Smithfield and inland from the Northern Beaches along the edge of the Barron River flood plain are the suburbs of Caravonica, Kamerunga, Freshwater, and Stratford. This area is sometimes referred to as Freshwater Valley, though it is actually the lower part of Redlynch Valley; further up the valley are the suburbs of Redlynch, on the western side of Redlynch Valley, and Brinsmead on the eastern side. Stratford, Freshwater, and Brinsmead are separated from Cairns city by Mount Whitfield (elevation ) and Whitfield Range. Crystal Cascades and Copperlode Falls Dam are also behind this range. (Kuranda, a town on the Barron River on the western side of the Macalister Range, forms part of the Cairns economic catchment but is in the Tablelands local government area and is not part of the Cairns urban area.)

The city centre of Cairns is adjacent to the suburbs of Cairns North, and Parramatta Park, Bungalow, Portsmith, and close to Westcourt, Manunda, Manoora, Edge Hill, Whitfield, Kanimbla, City View, Mooroobool, Earlville, Woree and Bayview Heights. The small suburb of Aeroglen is pressed between Mount Whitfield and the airport, on the Captain Cook Highway between Cairns North and Stratford.

Southside Cairns, situated in a narrow area between Trinity Inlet to the east and Lamb Range to the west, includes the suburbs of White Rock, Mount Sheridan, Bentley Park and Edmonton. The townships of Goldsborough, Little Mulgrave, and Aloomba are near Gordonvale, on the Mulgrave River. This area is serviced by the Bruce Highway. Several other small towns and communities within Cairns' jurisdiction are sparsely located along the Bruce Highway, the furthest being Bramston Beach,  south of the Cairns CBD; the largest of these townships is Babinda, about  from the city.

Climate

Cairns experiences a tropical climate, specifically a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification. A wet season with heavy monsoonal downpours runs from November to May, with a relatively dry season from June to October, though light showers occur during this period. Cairns' mean annual rainfall is just under , although monthly totals in the wet season from December to April can exceed , with the highest monthly rainfall being recorded in January 1981, when over  of rain fell. In contrast, as little as  fell in the record dry calendar year of 2002.

Babinda, a town to the south of the city, is Australia's wettest town, recording an annual rainfall of over .

Cairns has hot, humid summers and very warm winters. Mean maximum temperatures vary from  in July to  in January. Monsoonal activity during the wet season occasionally causes major flooding of the Barron and Mulgrave Rivers, cutting off-road and rail access to the city. Cairns has 97.0 clear days, annually. Dewpoint in the wet season (summer) averages at . The average temperature of the sea ranges from  in July to  in January.

Tropical cyclones
Like most of North and Far North Queensland, Cairns is prone to tropical cyclones, usually forming between November and May.

Notable cyclones that have affected the Cairns region include:

 Cyclone Yasi, 2011
 Cyclone Larry, 2006
 Cyclone Abigail, 2001
 Cyclone Steve, 2000
 Cyclone Rona, 1999
 Cyclone Justin, 1997

Facilities
The City Library, operated by the Cairns Regional Council, opened in 1979 and is situated at 151 Abbott Street.  A major refurbishment was undertaken in 1999 and a further minor refurbishment was implemented in 2011.  Public accessible wifi is available.  Current Library services and collections can be accessed from the Cairns Libraries website.

Heritage listings
Cairns has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 Cairns-to-Kuranda railway line
 Abbott Street: Dr EA Koch Memorial
 Abbott Street: Barrier Reef Hotel
 Abbott Street: Bishop's House
 Abbott Street: St Monica's High School Administration Building
 6A-8A Abbott Street: former Cairns Customs House
 38 – 40 Abbott Street: Cairns Court House
 151 Abbott Street: Cairns City Council Chambers
 179 Abbott Street: St Joseph's Convent
 183 Abbott Street: St Monica's War Memorial Cathedral
 Collins Avenue, Edge Hill: Flecker Botanical Gardens
 Collins Avenue, Edge Hill: WWII RAN Fuel Installation
 Grafton Street: Cairns Control Room, World War II Volunteer Defence Corps
 99 Grafton Street: former Cairns Chinatown
28D Grove Street, Parramatta Park: Grove Street Pensioners' Cottages
 Lake Street: Bolands Centre
 37 Lake Street: former Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd Building
 39 – 49 Lake Street: former Central Hotel
 87 Lake Street: Hides Hotel
 93–105 Lake Street: former School of Arts
 399 Kamerunga Road, Redlynch: Xavier and Sadie Herbert's Cottage
 127–145 McLeod Street, Cairns North: McLeod Street Pioneer Cemetery
 180 McLeod, Cairns North: Herries Private Hospital
 Minnie Street: St Monica's Old Cathedral
 8 Minnie Street: Cairns Masonic Temple
 Sheridan Street, Cairns North: Cairns Technical College and High School Building
 The Esplanade: Cairns War Memorial
 51 The Esplanade: former Mulgrave Shire Council Chambers
 183–185 The Esplanade, Cairns North: Floriana
 Wharf Street: Cairns Wharf Complex
 29 Wharf Street: former Jack and Newell Building

Governance

Cairns is part of the Cairns Region local government area which is governed by a Regional Council. The Council consists of a directly elected mayor and 10 councillors, elected from 10 single-member divisions (or wards) using an optional preferential voting system. Elections are held every four years.

The Cairns Region consists of three former local government areas. The first was the original City of Cairns, consisting of the Cairns City region as listed above. The second, which was amalgamated in 1995, was the Shire of Mulgrave (comprising the other areas, namely the Northern Beaches, Redlynch Valley and Southside). The town of Gordonvale was once called Nelson. The third area is the Shire of Douglas, which amalgamated in 2008 during major statewide local government reforms.

At the time of the 1995 amalgamation, Cairns City had a population of approximately 40,000 and Mulgrave Shire had a population of approximately 60,000. Both local government authorities had chambers in the Cairns CBD. The old Cairns City Council chambers has been converted into a new city library. In a controversial decision, new Council chambers were constructed on previously contaminated land in the mainly industrial suburb of Portsmith.

Cairns has three representatives in the Queensland Parliament, from the electoral districts of Barron River, Cairns and Mulgrave. The city is represented in the Federal Parliament by representatives elected from the districts of Leichhardt and Kennedy.

Economy

Cairns serves as the major commercial centre for the Far North Queensland and Cape York Peninsula Regions. It is a base for the regional offices of various government departments.

Tourism
Tourism plays a major part in the Cairns economy. According to Tourism Australia, the Cairns region is the fourth-most-popular destination for international tourists in Australia after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. While the city does not rank amongst Australia's top 10 destinations for domestic tourism, it attracts a significant number of Australian holiday makers despite its distance from major capitals. There is also a growing interest in Cairns from the Chinese leisure market with regular scheduled direct flights from Chinese cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou. During the 2013 Chinese Lunar New Year period alone, Cairns saw 20,000 Chinese holidaymakers flying in on chartered flights.

The city is near the Great Barrier Reef, the Wet Tropics of Queensland, and the Atherton Tableland. Great Barrier Reef tours that operate from Cairns are very popular and hence Cairns is also considered as the gateway to Great Barrier Reef.

The Cairns esplanade includes a swimming lagoon with adjoining barbecue areas. Cairns Esplanade Lagoon opened in March 2003. Though initially controversial, the 4800-square-metre pool has proved a very popular local attraction since its opening. In May 2003, the then Cairns Mayor Kevin Byrne declared that topless sunbathing is permitted here. Many leisure activities are conducted in this area, including flea market, sports classes and many more.

Commercial
Several shopping centres of various sizes are located throughout Cairns. The largest of these are Cairns Central shopping centre, located in the central business district (CBD), and Stockland Cairns, located in the suburb of Earlville. In Westcourt, one of the city's oldest shopping centres has been refurbished, with the city's first DFO. To service the needs of suburbs further from the city centre, shopping complexes are also located at Mount Sheridan, Redlynch, Smithfield, and Clifton Beach.

In 2010, the state government opened the second stage of William McCormack Place, an A$80 million office building credited as the first 6-star green star-rated building in the city.

Media
The Cairns Post is a daily newspaper published in the city; a weekly paper, The Cairns Sun, is also published. The Courier-Mail is a daily Queensland-wide newspaper published in Brisbane. The Australian newspaper also circulates widely. The Cairns Bulletin is an independent newspaper in circulation in the Cairns area.

Cairns is served by five television stations, three commercial television stations (WIN Television, Seven Queensland and Southern Cross 10) which are regional affiliates of the three Australian commercial television networks (10, Seven and Nine), and public broadcasters the ABC and SBS services.

All three main commercial networks produce local news coverage - Seven Queensland and WIN Television both air 30-minute local news bulletins at 6pm each weeknight, produced from newsrooms in the city but broadcast from studios in Maroochydore and Wollongong respectively. Southern Cross 10 airs a regional Queensland news updates of 10 News First.

Cairns radio stations include a number of public, commercial and community broadcasters. The ABC broadcasts ABC Far North, ABC Radio National, ABC NewsRadio, ABC Classic FM and the Triple J youth network. Commercial radio stations include Star 102.7, 4CA 846 AM, Hot FM (now Hit Network), Sea FM (now Triple M) and 104.3 4TAB sports radio, while the community radio stations are 4CCR-FM (Cairns FM 89.1), 101.9 Coast FM, Vision Christian Radio, Orbit FM 88.0FM & 87.8FM and 4CIM 98.7FM (Bumma Bippera Media).

Industry and agriculture
The land around Cairns is still used for sugar cane farming, although this land is increasingly under pressure from new suburbs as the city grows. The Mulgrave Sugar Mill is located in Gordonvale ().

The Barron Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station is located nearby on the lower Barron River, and provides green power.

Transport
Cairns is an important transport hub in the Far North Queensland region. Located at the base of Cape York Peninsula, it provides important transport links between the Peninsula and Gulf of Carpentaria regions, and the areas to the south of the state. Cairns International Airport is essential to the viability of the area's tourism industry.

Roads

The Bruce Highway runs for  from Bald Hills on the City of Brisbane's northern boundary, and terminates in Woree, a southern suburb in Cairns. The Captain Cook Highway (also referred as the Cook Highway) commences at Aeroglen, a northern suburb of Cairns, and runs for approximately  northwest to Mossman.

A need for future upgrades to the Bruce Highway to motorway standards through the southern suburbs to Gordonvale has been identified in regional planning strategies to cope with increasing congestion from rapid population growth. This will result in overpasses at all major intersections from Woree to Gordonvale. The motorway will divert from Bentley Park to Gordonvale, bypassing Edmonton to reduce the effects of road noise on residential areas.

The Kennedy Highway commences at Smithfield on the Barron River flood plain north of Cairns, and ascends the Macalister Range to the township of Kuranda. The highway then extends to the town of Mareeba on the Atherton Tableland, and continues to communities of Cape York Peninsula.

The Gillies Highway commences at the township of Gordonvale, and ascends the Gillies Range (part of the Great Dividing Range) to the town of Atherton on the Atherton Tableland, passing through the township of Yungaburra on the way.

The controversial private road, Quaid Road, was constructed in 1989 through what is now a Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, and links Wangetti, on the coast just north of Cairns, to Southedge, just south of Mount Molloy. The road is not open to the public and is not used for general traffic.

Bus
A public bus transit network exists within the city, with two transit hubs located within the CBD: the Cairns Central Railway Station precinct, and the Cairns City Bus Station located within the Lake street and Shield street area, through which all bus lines operate and provide linkage to taxi, ride share and intercity rail services. The transit network includes most parts of the city, from Palm Cove in the north, Gordonvale in the south and Redlynch to the west. It is managed throughout the city by Translink: through a service contract with the Kinetic Group company, however the Go Card ticketing system has not been implemented in the region. A smaller shuttle bus service, Jon's Kuranda Bus runs between Cairns and Kuranda alongside other private coach services. The main bus hubs in the Cairns CBD are the Cairns City bus station, opened in 2014, and at Cairns Central, the former servicing almost all bus lines in Cairns.

Cairns is served by long-distance coaches to Brisbane, and regional cities to the south. Coaches also operate west to Mount Isa via Townsville, and to Alice Springs and Darwin in the Northern Territory.

Taxis and transportation network companies
Cairns also has a major taxi company, Cairns Taxis, which services the Cairns region. Uber was introduced to the region in March 2017, servicing the greater region. Ola launched in February 2020.

Rail

Cairns railway station is the terminus for Queensland's North Coast railway line, which follows the eastern seaboard from Brisbane. Services are operated by Queensland Rail (QR) and include the high-speed Diesel Tilt Train. Freight trains also operate along the route, with a QR Freight handling facility located at Portsmith.

Pacific National Queensland (a division of Pacific National, owned by Asciano Limited) operates a rail siding at Woree. It runs private trains on the rail network owned by the Queensland State Government and managed by QR's Network Division.

The Kuranda Scenic Railway operates from Cairns. The tourist railway ascends the Macalister Range and is not used for commuter services. It passes through the suburbs of Stratford, Freshwater (stopping at Freshwater Station) and Redlynch before reaching Kuranda.

Freight services to Forsayth were discontinued in the mid-1990s. These were mixed freight and passenger services that served the semi-remote towns west of the Great Dividing Range. There is now a weekly passenger-only service, The Savannahlander, that leaves Cairns on Wednesday mornings. The Savannahlander is run by a private company, Cairns Kuranda Steam Trains.

Cairns is served by a narrow gauge cane railway (or cane train) network that hauls harvested sugar cane to the Mulgrave Sugar Mill located in Gordonvale. The pressure of urban sprawl on land previously cultivated by cane farmers has seen this network reduced over recent years.

Airport

Cairns International Airport is  north of Cairns City between the CBD and the Northern Beaches. The domestic terminal at Cairns Airport underwent an extensive redevelopment which began in 2007 and was completed in 2010.

The airport has a domestic terminal, an international terminal, and a general aviation area. The airport handles international flights, and flights to major Australian cities, tourist destinations, and regional destinations throughout North Queensland. It is an important base for general aviation serving the Cape York Peninsula and Gulf of Carpentaria communities. The Cairns airport is also a base for the Royal Flying Doctor Service.

Port

The Cairns Seaport, located on Trinity Inlet, is operated by the Cairns Port Authority.
It serves as an important port for tourist operators providing daily reef trips. These consist of large catamarans capable of carrying over 300 passengers, as well as smaller operators that may take as few as 12 tourists. Cairns Port is also a port of call for cruise ships, such as Captain Cook Cruises, cruising the South Pacific Ocean. It also provides freight services to coastal townships on Cape York Peninsula, the Torres Strait and the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Yearly cargo through the port totals 1.13 million tonnes. Almost 90% of the trade is bulk cargoes – including petroleum, sugar, molasses, fertiliser and LP gas. A large number of fishing trawlers are also located at the port. There is also a marina that houses private yachts and boats used for tourist operations.

The Trinity Wharf has recently been the subject of a major redevelopment to improve the area for tourist and cruise ship operations. The freight wharves are located to the south of Trinity Wharf further up Trinity Inlet.

Defence facilities
The Royal Australian Navy has a base in Cairns (). The base has a complement of 1000 personnel, and supports nine vessels, including:
Three s of Ardent Division
Two s

Four ships of the Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service:
Two  hydrographic ships
Two  survey ships

Previously four of the six  landing craft were based in Cairns before their decommissioning.

Porton Barracks, in the outlying suburb of Edmonton, is home to the Australian Army's 51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment. Delta Company from the Townsville-based 31st/42nd Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment is also based here. Both units are components of the Australian Army Reserve.

Sister cities
  Lae, Papua New Guinea (Morobe Province) since 1984
  Minami, Japan (Tokushima Prefecture) since 1969
  Oyama, Japan (Tochigi Prefecture) since 15 June 2006
  Riga, Latvia since 1990
  Scottsdale, Arizona (US) since 1987
  Sidney, British Columbia (Canada) since 1984
  Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China (Guangdong province) since 2005

A selection of memorabilia and artifacts relating to Cairns Sister Cities is displayed at Cairns City Library.

Education

Cairns has numerous primary and secondary schools. Separate systems of private and public schools operate in Queensland. There are 20 state primary schools and 16 state high schools operated by the Queensland state government Department of Education within the Cairns City Council area, including 6 schools in the predominantly rural areas south of Gordonvale.

Catholic schools are operated by Catholic Education Cairns. The Catholic system encompasses nineteen primary schools, six secondary colleges and one P-12 college. The oldest Marist Brothers college in Cairns is St Augustine's, which is a secondary college.  there were almost 6,700 primary students and 4,000 secondary students enrolled in the Roman Catholic school system.

There are also four other independent schools – Peace Lutheran College, Trinity Anglican School, Freshwater Christian College and Redlynch State College.

There is also Hinterland Cairns Steiner School, which is independent.

The Cairns Campus of James Cook University is located at Smithfield. CQUniversity Australia has established a study centre in Cairns. The city also hosts a TAFE college, and a School of the Air base, both located in the inner suburb of Manunda.

Health

The Cairns Hospital is situated on the Cairns Esplanade and is the major hospital for the Cape York Peninsula area. The smaller Cairns Private Hospital is located nearby. A new building was completed in 2015 to provide up to 168 more beds.

Cairns is a base for the Royal Flying Doctor Service, which operates clinics and provides emergency evacuations in remote communities throughout the region.

Sport and recreation

Soccer, Australian rules football, and rugby

Cairns is home to Far North Queensland Heat, who play in the 2nd tier of soccer in Australia. They compete in the NPL Queensland which is one tier under the A-League. The team has represented the city nationally previously at the 2014 FFA Cup. The team competes at Barlow Park. The Cairns region has a large soccer community with a local competition which spans from Port Douglas to Innisfail and west to Dimbulah.
Notable soccer players from the region include Socceroos Frank Farina, Steve Corica, Shane Stefanutto and Michael Thwaite.

Cairns has a seven-team Australian rules football competition, AFL Cairns, between teams from the Cairns and Port Douglas region. Cazalys Stadium currently hosts one Australian Football League (AFL) game each season. There is also an AFL Masters team that is based in Cairns, known as the Cairns Stingers.

The Northern Pride Queensland Cup rugby league team played their first season in 2008, and act as a feeder team to the North Queensland Cowboys who play in the National Rugby League. Cairns is represented by 11 Senior clubs, most notably Brothers Cairns, Ivanhoes Knights, Cairns Kangaroos, Edmonton Storm and Southern Suburbs Cockatoos in the Cairns District Rugby League. Cairns also hosts growing bases for Rugby union.

Other sports
There is a baseball league at Trinity Beach. Cairns also has a National Basketball League (NBL) team, the Cairns Taipans whose home court is the Cairns Convention Centre, known as The Snakepit during Taipans home games.

In 1965 the City of Cairns Open, a professional golf tournament, was inaugurated. Significant golfers like Randall Vines and Vic Bennetts won the event. In the mid-1970s it evolved into an amateur event. In modern times, the week-long event encompasses four tournaments, including a mixed team event and separate men's and women's tournaments.

Cairns is a major international destination for water sports and scuba diving due to its close proximity to the Great Barrier Reef. Other recreational activities popular with tourists include whitewater rafting, skydiving, hang gliding, kitesurfing and snorkelling.

Sporting facilities

Notable sporting grounds include Barlow Park, Parramatta Park, Cazalys Stadium, the Cairns Convention Centre, and the Cairns Hockey Centre. The Cairns Showground is used for sports, in addition to the Cairns Show and funfairs.

Amenities
Established in 1978, the Cairns & District Chinese Association is an arts and heritage organisation seeking to preserve the Chinese culture and heritage of Cairns and North Queensland and enriching the contemporary cultural, social and economic diversity of the community. The society organises events such as the Chinese New Year Festival, organises Lion dancers and dragon boat racing, maintains the Lit Sung Goong Temple, and offers Chinese language classes and social group activities.

Established in 1989, the Cairns and District Family History Society maintains a library of world-wide genealogy material at 271 Gatton Street, Westcourt. The society publishes new genealogical resources based on collecting and indexing family information relating to Far North Queensland.

The Cairns Historical Society operates the Cairns Museum and Cairns Historical Society Resource Centre at the former Cairns School of Arts building on the corner of Lake and Shields Streets in Cairns City.

The Cairns branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 264 Grafton Street, Cairns North.

St Monica's Catholic Cathedral is at 183 Abbott Street. It is within the Cairns Cathedral Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns.

Indigenous languages and representation
The Yidiny language is a prominent language of the Cairns area.

Irukandji language (also known as Yirrgay, Yurrgay, Yirrgandji, Djabuganjdji and Yirgay) is a language of Far North Queensland, particularly the area around the Kuranda Range and Lower Barron River. The Irukandji language region includes the landscape within Cairns Regional Council.

Yumplatok  (also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken) is a contemporary Torres Strait Island language originating in the Torres Strait. The contact with missionaries and others since the 1800s has led to the development of a pidgin language, which transitioned into a creole language and now has its own distinctive sound system, grammar, vocabulary, usage and meaning. Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture of Standard Australian English and traditional languages. It is an English-based creole; however, each island has its own version of creole. Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on the Australian mainland, including Northern Peninsula Area Region and coastal communities such as Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton and Brisbane.

There are four traditional owner groups representing the rights and interests of the peoples of the Cairns region. The Dawul Wuru (Yirrganydji) Aboriginal Corporation represents traditional owners in the area between Cairns and Port Douglas. Native title rights have been granted to the Djabugay people over land and waters within the Barron Gorge National Park near Kuranda. The Gunggandji people hold rights over more than  on the Yarrabah Peninsula. The fourth group represents the Yidinji clans, and comprises Gimuy Walubara Yidinji, Dulabed Malanbarra and Yidinji, Mandingalbay Yidinji and Wadjanbarra Tableland Yidinji.

Notable people

 Gavin Allen, Queensland and Brisbane Broncos Rugby League player
 Christine Anu, pop singer and actress
 Aron Baynes, basketball player in the NBA
 Jack Bowes, AFL footballer
 Daniel Boyd, contemporary artist
 Leonard John Brass, botanist
 Mark 'Yank' Cantoni, rugby league player
 Kev Carmody, singer-songwriter, born in Cairns
 Che Cockatoo-Collins, AFL footballer
 Troy Clarke, AFL footballer
 Terence Cooper, film actor, artist
 Alex Davies, AFL footballer
 Courtenay Dempsey, AFL footballer, Essendon Football Club
 Charlie Dixon, AFL footballer, Port Adelaide Football Club
 Mary Fowler, soccer player for Australia
 Caleb Graham, AFL footballer
 Catriona Gray, Miss Universe winner
 Ben Halloran, footballer for Adelaide United
 Ken Ham, creationist and religious activist
 Tracey Hannah, downhill mountain biker
 Jarrod Harbrow, AFL footballer, Gold Coast Football Club
 Xavier Herbert, writer
 Jacob Heron, AFL footballer
 Justin Hodges, international Rugby League player
 Erin Holland, an Australian singer and Television Host
 Nathan Jawai, professional basketball player, first indigenous Australian to play in NBA
 Danilo Jovanovitch, poet
 Leah Kaslar, AFLW footballer
 Susan Kiefel, Chief Justice, High Court of Australia
 Richard Ash Kingsford, Mayor of Brisbane, first Mayor of Cairns
 Emma Louise, musician
 Rayleen Lynch, retired Australian basketball player
 Rhyse Martin, Rugby League player, Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
 Grant McLennan, musician, The Go-Betweens
 Isabel Lucas, actress
 Ryan McGoldrick, Rugby League player, Castleford Tigers
 Nate Myles, international Rugby League player
 Johnny Nicol, musician
 Danielle Oke, artist
 Wilma Reading, singer
 Adam Sarota, international football player
 Xavier Savage, Rugby League player
 Hamiso Tabuai-Fidow, Rugby League player
 Michael Thwaite, footballer for Liaoning Whowin, and occasional Socceroo
 Brenton Thwaites, actor
 Rhys Wakefield, actor
 Naomi Wenitong, member of former pop and R&B duo Shakaya
 Grant Patterson, Paralympic swimmer
 Steven Marshall, watch house officer and whistleblower

Gallery

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Cairns City Council Website
 University of Queensland: Queensland Places: Cairns
 Cairns Local Information Website
 Watch historical footage of Cairns and Far North Queensland  from the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's collection.
 Cairns – Tourism Australia

 Freeman, Jennifer. The Collinson Index. State Library of Queensland [blog post, 2 September 2011]

1876 establishments in Australia

Cairns Region
Coastal cities in Australia
Fishing communities in Australia
Populated places established in 1876
Port cities in Queensland
Queensland in World War II

Cairns


PJSC "KredoBank" (Ukrainian: АТ "Кредобанк") is the bank with the largest Polish investment in banking institution in Ukraine. Kredobank's national network contains 88 outlets throughout Ukraine. 100% of Kredobank's shares belong to PKO Bank Polski, the biggest bank of Poland. KREDOBANK is a member of the Independent Association of Ukrainian banks and European Business Association. Also, Kredobank is a member of such international payment systems, as  MasterCard Worldwide, Visa International and the Deposit Guarantee Fund. The bank has the highest national credit rank - uaAAA by Standart-Rating and Expert-Rating rating agencies.

History
The public joint-stock company Kredobank, the successor of JSC Kredyt Bank (Ukraine) and JSC West-Ukrainian Commercial Bank (ZUKB), was established in Lviv and was registered as a limited liability company in the State Bank of the former USSR on 14 May 1990 (registration number 289) and re-registered with the National Bank of Ukraine on 14 October 1991 (registration number 24). On 21 February 1992 at the General Shareholders Meeting ZUKB transformed into open joint-stock company (bank registration certificate number 96 on 31 March 1992). According to the Extraordinary General Shareholders Meeting on 17 August 2001 the bank changed its name from JSC West-Ukrainian Commercial Bank to JSC Kredyt Bank (Ukraine), and therefore the Extraordinary General Shareholders Meeting on 26 October 2001 made the appropriate changes in the Charter of the bank. In 2004, the process of changing the strategic investor of JSC Kredyt Bank (Ukraine) has been finished. There was the sale of shares (whole package - 66.65%) of Kredyt Bank SA (Warsaw) in Warsaw, in favor of the most powerful Polish bank PKO Bank Polski SA. As a result, the Extraordinary General Shareholders Meeting of JSC Kredyt Bank (Ukraine) was held on 17 November 2005, where shareholders approved replacing the old name of the bank by new one, which is the open joint-stock company Kredobank. On 1 March 2006 the bank officially changed its name to PJSC Kredobank.

Since September 2013, the bank has been rebranded. On 5 September the updated logo of the bank was presented. The new logo of Kredobank, made in the corporate style of the strategic investor of the bank - the largest bank in Poland PKO Bank Polski SA, symbolizes the European approach to the conditions and standards of customer service, and in the future - simplification of the processes of providing banking services.

The service network of Kredobank is 82 branches in 22 regions of Ukraine and in Kyiv. Net assets as of 1 July 2021 amounted to ₴27,339.6 million, by their size Kredobank is one of the twenty largest banks in Ukraine. Net profit as of 1 July 2021 amounted to more than ₴423.9 million, by its size Kredobank is also among the twenty most profitable banks in Ukraine.

Structure

Dynamic growth of Kredobank rates, entering new geographic markets, expanding the range of services, implementing new banking technologies causes the need for continuous change in the organizational structure of the bank and building the new one that would allow rapid response to change market conditions. As of 1 May 2020, the organizational structure of PJSC Kredobank is formed with the main bank and 88 outlets. PJSC Kredobank employs over 2,000 people, most people with high levels of financial and economic education, dominated by the number of young people under 35 years of age. Business training for personnel is carried out with the assistance of international institutions: the British Know How Fund, and Western Ukrainian initiative ACDI / VOCA (Agriculture Co-operative Development International). Considerable assistance in training is provided by PKO BP SA, in which personnel is trained and gains experience with the Polish financial markets.

See also

List of banks in Ukraine

References

External links

Banks of Ukraine
Banks of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Lviv

KredoBank


7 Notes to Infinity is a 2012 documentary film directed by Shrenik Rao. It is a musical documentary which pays tribute to Indian classical music and explores the universality of music through infinite musical compositions created from seven pitches.

Synopsis
The film explains the context in which Indian classical music evolved, and illustrates the role of the great king Maharaja Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma. Legendary musicians, the likes of Dr M. Balamuralikrishna, Padma Bhushan, T. V. Gopalakrishnan, Prince of the Travancore Royal Family- Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma, the direct descendant of the great king Maharaja Swathi Thirunal, Sanjay Subrahmanyan and a group of young and enthusiastic music students feature prominently in the film.

With unprecedented access, 7 Notes to Infinity was shot extensively in Padmanabhapuram Palace, in Kanyakumari district, the famous Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Kuthira Malika and Kowdiar Palace in Thiruvananthapuram.The documentary also presents Swati Tirunal's compositions in the Hindustani and Carnatic streams of music.

Release
The film was launched on the World Music Day in Kerala with the support of Saptaparani and State Bank of Travancore in June 2012.

References

External links

2012 films
Indian classical music
Documentary films about classical music and musicians
Indian documentary films
2012 documentary films
Films directed by Shrenik Rao
Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram
Films set in Kerala
2010s English-language films
English-language Indian films
English-language documentary films

7 Notes to Infinity


Calzonzin Inspector is a 1974 Mexican comedy film and live action comic adaptation directed and starred by Alfonso Arau. It was selected as the Mexican entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 47th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Background
The film is based on the titular character from the famous Mexican comic book Los Supermachos created and drawn by Mexican cartoonist Rius, who co-wrote the screenplay. "Cazonci" or "Caltzontzin" was the term used in the Purépecha culture, to name their emperors. The film, which is influenced by Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector, centers around two poor Mexicans who are mistaken for government inspectors from Mexico City by the corrupt mayor of a small town. It is a humorous political critique, aimed squarely at the then ruling party Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) and its paramilitary caciques, at a time when freedom of speech in politics was highly restricted. There are at least two versions of the film, with one having some scenes deleted by State censors, the most notable of which depicts the killing of a renegade farmer by a police officer, who shoots the farmer in the back. This is set in the modern day (the 1970s).

Plot
When the mayor of a fictional town in rural Mexico learns that an incognito inspector is sent by the Government to supervise him, he tries in all the ways to intercept him in order to avoid him discovering his corrupt ways. Almost at the same time a poor Mexican guy, called Caltzontzin that looks like a beggar with a Mexican sarape, arrives to town and soon is confused with the aforementioned inspector.

Then the Mayor does all he can to try to show Caltzontzin that the town is running fine, since closing the local bar and putting in jail all his patrons, and using them for different purposes (like showing them in jail, then to play a soccer game in the local park and to even as bed them as the sick people in a hospital), making the students of a closed school to go back to attend classes, make a goofy representation of Adam and Eve in Paradise and making them to sing in front of the Inspector, through this backfires to the wife of the Mayor when she realizes that the pianist of the cantina made the children to sing "Aventurera" (a bolero song written by Agustin Lara about a prostitute).

Soon, the other inhabitants of the town do whatever they can to get the attention of Caltzontzin as long as they demand some help from him to put down the Mayor, making a colorful parade in front of his hotel and giving him some letters that probes the Major's corruption. Caltzontzin and his friend Chon confides to send the information to a reporter for a diary only to have his letter intercepted by the people from the Mail Office (concerned that this letter would go to the Governor) and soon the Major discovers Caltzontzin's true identity.

Caltzontzin is condemned to be tied and left to be killed by a bull during the town's bulls parade. However Chon manages to free him and using bullfighting tools manages to make a goofy but effective bullfighting game to keep them alive, until, when trying to kill the bull with the estoque they unexpectedly touch a dynamite detonator left by the Major oppositors making the arena to blow in pieces, while Caltzontzin leaves the town literally flying, the real Inspector arrives to town to encounter a dismayed and shocked Mayor, along with his people, pledging for help.

Cast
 Alfonso Arau as Caltzontzin
 Arturo Alegro as Caltzonzin's friend
 Pancho Córdoba as The Major
 Virma González as Enedina
 Héctor Ortega as Periodista
 Carmen Salinas as Doña Eme
 Carolina Barret as Doña Pomposa
 Mario García 'Harapos' as Lechuzo

See also
 List of submissions to the 47th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Mexican submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
 Comics in Mexico

References

External links

1974 films
1974 comedy films
1970s Spanish-language films
Mexican comedy films
Mexican films based on plays
Films directed by Alfonso Arau
Films based on The Government Inspector
Live-action films based on comics
Films based on Mexican comics
1970s Mexican films

Calzonzin Inspector


Belgium sent people to compete at the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. There were three skiers for Belgium. They were Jasper Balcaen, Eléonor Sana and guide skier Chloé Sana.

Team
Belgium sent three people to Pyeongchang. They competed in para-alpine skiing. The team included Jasper Balcaen, Eléonor Sana and guide skier Chloé Sana. Eléonor Sana as the first person to qualify for South Korea. She was selected to be the flag bearer at the Opening Ceremonies. Sana said about this, "This will be a unique moment in my life and I will try to enjoy it as much as possible."

The table below contains the list of members of people (called "Team Belgium") that will be participating in the 2018 Games.

Medals and medalists
If a person wins a gold medal, the government pays them €25,000. A silver medal is worth €15,000. If they win a bronze medal, they get €10,000. Coaches of people who win get 10% the amount given to the sportsperson.

Para-alpine skiing

Skiers
Eléonor Sana has been blind since she was born. She started skiing when she was a child. She started competing in ski races three years before the 2018 Games. Her sister is Chloé Sana. She is Eléonor's guide skier. They use a microphone and a headset in their helmets to talk to each other. Eléonor and her older sister won two medals at the 2017 World Championships. One was a silver and the other was a bronze. It costs them a lot of money to participate in ski races. There is not much sponsorship in Belgium. Chloé said this can make it very difficult to compete in races. Before the 2018 Games, Chloé wanted to win a medal. At the same time, she was happy just to be going to Pyeongchang.

Marine Antoine went with the Sana sisters to South Korea. She was a reserve guide in case an accident or injury happened to Chloe.

Jasper Balcaen finished twenty-ninth at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi. He wanted to do better than that in South Korea. His goal was to finish in the top ten. After being named to the team in late January 2018, he said, "I am happy and honored to be able to defend my country for the second time at the winter games. The road to this selection was not always easy and would have been impossible without my family and my 2 trainers Gustav &    Mark Scorgie. The selection is the result of Teamwork. I hope this shows that no dream is impossible as long as you keep believing in it! " He trains in Stubaital, Austria. He is able to do that because of financial support from Ligue Handisport Francophone.

Schedule and training
Skiers had training runs for the downhill race on 7 March. Their practice runs in the downhill on 8 and 9 March were cancelled.

The first event on the para-alpine program was the downhill. It started on 10 March, running from 9:30 AM to 1:30 PM. The second event on the program is Super-G. All skiers will race between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM on 11 March. The super combined takes place on 13 March. The Super-G part of the event is in the morning. The slalom part is in the afternoon. The slalom event gets underway on 14 March and conclude on 15 March. Women and men both race during the same sessions in the morning. The afternoon sessions start with the women doing their second run. Then the men go.The last para-alpine skiing race of the 2018 Games is the giant slalom. It takes place on 17 - 18 March.  Men and women both race at the same time in the morning sessions.  Women race first in the afternoon sessions, with the men racing a half hour after they end.

Results
Belgian B2 classified skier Eleonor Sana won bronze in the women's downhill vision impaired race.

Men

Women

References

Sport in Belgium
Nations at the 2018 Winter Paralympics

Belgium at the 2018 Winter Paralympics


The Vicar of Bray is a 1937 British historical film with songs, directed by Henry Edwards, and starring Stanley Holloway, Hugh Miller, Felix Aylmer and Margaret Vines. These songs include the melody and first verse of the traditional English song which gives the film its title, along with a new verse on Cromwell's rule.

Premise
During a visit from his governor in Ireland the Earl of Brendon, Charles I asks advice on finding a new tutor for his wayward son Prince Charles and accepts Brendon's recommendation of the vicar of Bray, County Wicklow. On returning to Ireland Brendon passes on news of the appointment to the vicar, who travels to London to take up the post, promising to return one day. He falls asleep during his first lesson with the Prince, allowing the latter to slip away to see his actress lover Meg Clancy. The vicar follows the Prince and mildly reprimands him before they are reconciled.

Just before the outbreak of the English Civil War, the vicar heads back to Bray, gaining a promise from his friend the Prince that he will rule mercifully when he succeeds his father. Meanwhile the Royalist Brendon finally breaks from his Parliamentarian friend Sir Richard Melross, whose son Dennis seeks the vicar's help to be married to his childhood sweetheart Norah, Brendon's daughter. The vicar accepts but Brendon discovers and breaks up the wedding ceremony before it is complete. Sir Richard is killed in the war, Charles I is executed and Dennis and Oliver Cromwell find themselves in Ireland. In a meeting arranged by Dennis, the vicar uses his blarney to convince Cromwell that he is apolitical and thus worthy of exemption from a decree dismissing all clergy appointed by Charles I.

News of the imminent Restoration reaches Ireland and Dennis accepts the vicar's entreaties not to oppose it. However, he ignores his advice to flee straight to France and instead is captured in a failed attempt to spring Norah from Brendon's castle, before being sent to the Tower of London to await execution. The vicar and Norah manage to reach Dover, where the new king has just landed. The vicar reminds him of his promise to him just before the war and gains a pardon from him for Dennis, who swears loyalty to the new king.

Cast
 Stanley Holloway as The Vicar of Bray
 Hugh Miller as Charles I
 K. Hamilton Price as Prince Charles
 Felix Aylmer as Earl of Brendon
 Margaret Vines as Lady Norah Brendon, the Earl's daughter
 Garry Marsh as Sir Richard Melross
 Esmond Knight as Dennis Melross, Sir Richard's son
 George Merritt as Oliver Cromwell (uncredited)
 Martin Walker as Sir Patrick Condon, the Earl's Royalist ally and failed suitor to Norah
 Eve Gray as Meg Clancy, an actress and Prince Charles' lover
 Kitty Kirwan as Molly, the vicar's maid
 Tim Connor as a Fred O'Donovan, the vicar's servant

Critical reception
A 21st-century review in the Radio Times gave the film two out of five stars, writing "Mercifully this period drama is the kind of film they don't make any more, but it's not without moments of interest as a historical artefact," with the reviewer concluding "The songs are ghastly and the period trappings cheap and inaccurate, but Felix Aylmer and Garry Marsh go some way towards atoning for the film's deficiencies"; while TV Guide also rates it two out of five stars, noting "An entertaining role for Holloway, but the accompanying musical numbers are pretty sour."

References

External links

1937 films
British historical drama films
English Civil War films
Films set in Ireland
1930s historical drama films
British black-and-white films
Films directed by Henry Edwards
1937 drama films
Cultural depictions of Charles II of England
Cultural depictions of Charles I of England
1930s English-language films
1930s British films

The Vicar of Bray (film)


Double Exposure was a Canadian radio and television comedy series which satirized contemporary Canadian politics. The show starred the married couple of Linda Cullen (born 1958) and Bob Robertson (1945-2017), and focused primarily on the stars' voice impersonations of Canadian political and cultural figures.  In addition CBC staff announcer Bob Sharples provided the introductions and conclusions to Double Exposure shows and provided narraration for many Double Exposure skits.

It played on CBC Radio (now known as CBC Radio One) at 11:33 on Saturday mornings, and on CBC Stereo (now known as CBC Music) Saturday evenings at 6:32 (one half-hour later in Newfoundland). Unlike many previous CBC radio comedies, such as The Royal Canadian Air Farce or Frantic Times, the show would be recorded wholly in a studio without a live audience. The duo made the jump to television with an initial satirical special in 1994, and became a television series in 1997.

Radio show
The radio version of the show ran from 1986 to 1997 on CBC Radio. Prior to the launch of their own show, Robertson and Cullen were known as regular contributors of comedic sketches to Jack Farr's The Radio Show.

It satirized contemporary Canadian politicians such as Brian Mulroney, Joe Clark, Preston Manning, Barbara McDougall, Bill Vander Zalm and others, as well as international figures such as Margaret Thatcher. Robertson specialized in such impersonations as Bill Clinton, Ross Perot, John Major, and Queen Elizabeth, and Cullen could do imitations of Sandie Rinaldo, Princess Diana, Julia Child and Sister Wendy, among others.

Typical sketches on the radio show would include over-the-top impersonations of Brian Tobin rescuing frozen turbot from the dinner plate, or Preston Manning "ee-lim-inating" everything possible. Broadcaster Adrienne Clarkson was mocked by a dead-on parody of her precise diction and haughty demeanour with the recurring catchphrase "I'm Adrienne Clarkson, and you're not", derived from Chevy Chase's early Saturday Night Live refrain. (Clarkson subsequently became Governor General of Canada near the end of Double Exposure's television run.)

In 1994 the show was named the best weekly network program on CBC Radio and Stereo. They also occasionally did special radio shows targeting specific Canadian political events, such as the 2000 Canadian federal election. They also won an ACTRA Award for best comedy, and were the highest-rated radio comedy program of the time.

Television show
The duo did New Year's Eve television specials for several years beginning in 1994. In 1997, Double Exposure moved permanently to television, moving from CBC Television to rival network CTV until 2000. On radio, the show consisted of comedic sketches and monologues; on its CBC television specials, their voice impersonations were often set to actual film clips of the politicians being satirized. The weekly series on CTV featured the pair in live sketches as well.

Other projects

In 2000, Double Exposure returned to CBC for a rare special radio program on the evening of the federal election.

In 2002, Cullen and Robertson joined with other comedians in the new satirical comedy series Point Blank, which aired on The Comedy Network. In November 2004, Cullen and Robertson were inducted into the BC Entertainment Hall of Fame.

On December 16, 2005, the Double Exposure team appeared on Lorne Elliott's show Madly Off in All Directions on CBC Radio One. This was their first appearance on CBC Radio in five years.

In 2008, Cullen and Robertson launched Gross National Product, a website which features satirical Flash animations.

In May 2009, they started blogging and podcasting.

From 2016 until Robertson's death in 2017, Cullen and Robertson produced and starred in Double Exposure's Newzapalooza, a weekly program for AMI-audio.

Cullen and Robertson's daughter Jennifer Robertson is a comedian and actress, most noted for her role as Jocelyn Schitt in the situation comedy Schitt's Creek.

Discography

References

External links
 Official site
 Official podcast site, featuring new content
 1997 Wayback Machine archive for the show, including a skit transcript and link to a sample audio file, accessed on November 15, 2005
 Track listing for their first album on freedb.org, accessed on November 15, 2005
 Transcript of another Double Exposure skit, accessed on November 15, 2005

1990s Canadian sketch comedy television series
Canadian radio sketch shows
CBC Radio One programs
CBC Music programs
1986 radio programme debuts
1997 radio programme endings
1997 Canadian television series debuts
2000 Canadian television series endings
Satirical radio programmes
CTV Television Network original programming
Canadian political satire
Canadian comedy duos
CTV Comedy Channel original programming
Television shows filmed in Vancouver
Radio programs adapted into television shows
Canadian news parodies
Canadian political comedy television series
1980s Canadian radio programs
1990s Canadian radio programs

Double Exposure (comedy series)


Water intoxication, also known as water poisoning, hyperhydration, overhydration, or water toxemia, is a potentially fatal disturbance in brain functions that results when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside safe limits by excessive water intake.

Under normal circumstances, accidentally consuming too much water is exceptionally rare. Nearly all deaths related to water intoxication in healthy individuals have resulted either from water-drinking contests, in which individuals attempt to consume large amounts of water, or from long bouts of exercise during which excessive amounts of fluid were consumed. In addition, water cure, a method of torture in which the victim is forced to consume excessive amounts of water, can cause water intoxication.

Water, like any other substance, can be considered a poison when over-consumed in a brief period of time. Water intoxication mostly occurs when water is being consumed in a high quantity without adequate electrolyte intake.

Excess of body water may also be a result of a medical condition or improper treatment; see "hyponatremia" for some examples. Water is considered one of the least toxic chemical compounds, with an LD50 exceeding 90 ml/kg in rats; drinking six liters in three hours has caused the death of a human.

Risk factors

Low body mass (infants)
It can be very easy for children under one year old (especially those under nine months) to absorb too much water. Because of their small body mass, it is easy for them to take in a large amount of water relative to body mass and total body sodium stores.

Endurance sports
Marathon runners are susceptible to water intoxication if they drink too much while running. This occurs when sodium levels drop below 135 mmol/L, which can happen when athletes consume large amounts of fluid. This has been noted to be the result of the encouragement of excessive fluid replacement by various guidelines. This has largely been identified in marathon runners as a dilutional hyponatremia. A study conducted on runners completing the 2002 Boston Marathon found that thirteen percent finished the race with hyponatremia. The study concluded that the strongest predictor of hyponatremia was weight gain while racing (over-hydration), and hyponatremia was just as likely to occur in runners who chose sports drinks as those who chose water.

Military training
Hyponatremia and other physical conditions associated with water intoxication are more often seen in those participating in military training. One US Army study found 17 trainees were admitted to hospital over a year's period for water intoxication while another found that three soldiers had died, leading to a recommendation that no more than 1–1.5 L of water should be consumed per hour of heavy sweating.

Overexertion and heat stress
Any activity or situation that promotes heavy sweating can lead to water intoxication when water is consumed to replace lost fluids. Persons working in extreme heat and/or humidity for long periods must take care to drink and eat in ways that help to maintain electrolyte balance. People using drugs such as MDMA (often referred to colloquially as "Ecstasy") may overexert themselves, perspire heavily, feel increased thirst, and then drink large amounts of water to rehydrate, leading to electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication – this is compounded by MDMA use increasing the levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), decreasing the amount of water lost through urination. Even people who are resting quietly in extreme heat or humidity may run the risk of water intoxication if they drink large amounts of water over short periods for rehydration.

Psychiatric conditions
Psychogenic polydipsia is the psychiatric condition in which patients feel compelled to drink excessive quantities of water, thus putting them at risk of water intoxication. This condition can be especially dangerous if the patient also exhibits other psychiatric indications (as is often the case), as the care-takers might misinterpret the hyponatremic symptoms.

Iatrogenic
When an unconscious person is being fed intravenously (for example, total parenteral nutrition) or via a nasogastric tube, the fluids given must be carefully balanced in composition to match fluids and electrolytes lost. These fluids are typically hypertonic, and so water is often co-administered. If the electrolytes are not monitored (even in an ambulatory patient), either hypernatremia or hyponatremia may result.

Some neurological/psychiatric medications (oxcarbazepine, among others) have been found to cause hyponatremia in some patients. Patients with diabetes insipidus are particularly vulnerable due to rapid fluid processing.

Pathophysiology
At the onset of this condition, fluid outside the cells has an excessively low amount of solutes, such as sodium and other electrolytes, in comparison to fluid inside the cells, causing the fluid to move into the cells to balance its osmotic concentration. This causes the cells to swell. The swelling increases intracranial pressure in the brain, which leads to the first observable symptoms of water intoxication: headache, personality changes, changes in behavior, confusion, irritability, and drowsiness. These are sometimes followed by difficulty breathing during exertion, muscle weakness and pain, twitching, or cramping, nausea, vomiting, thirst, and a dulled ability to perceive and interpret sensory information. As the condition persists, papillary and vital signs may result including bradycardia and widened pulse pressure. The cells in the brain may swell to the point where blood flow is interrupted resulting in cerebral edema. Swollen brain cells may also apply pressure to the brain stem causing central nervous system dysfunction. Both cerebral edema and interference with the central nervous system are dangerous and could result in seizures, brain damage, coma or death.

Prevention

Water intoxication can be prevented if a person's intake of water does not grossly exceed their losses. Healthy kidneys are able to excrete approximately 800 millilitres to one litre of fluid water (0.84–1.04 quarts) per hour. However, stress (from prolonged physical exertion), as well as disease states, can greatly reduce this amount.

Treatment
Mild intoxication may remain asymptomatic and require only fluid restriction. In more severe cases, treatment consists of:
 Diuretics to increase urination, which are most effective for excess blood volume.
 Vasopressin receptor antagonists

Notable cases
 1097: During the First Crusade, according to at least one chronicle, many crusaders died after drinking too much from a river while marching to Antioch.
1991, Andy Warhol: Five years after his death, Warhol's family publicly accused the hospital where he had his gallbladder removed of causing his death by water intoxication administered post-operatively. A claimed autopsy weight of , with his weight being  when admitted, was cited as evidence that too much fluid had been given.
 November 16, 1995: Leah Betts, a British schoolgirl, died as the result of drinking too much water, though in the media her death was mistakenly attributed to taking an ecstasy tablet at her 18th birthday party.
 2003: British actor Anthony Andrews survived a case of water intoxication. He was performing as Henry Higgins in a revival of the musical My Fair Lady at the time, and consumed up to eight litres of water a day. He was unconscious and in intensive care for three days.
February 2, 2005: Matthew Carrington, a student at Chico State University in Chico, California, died as a direct result of a fraternity hazing ritual involving forced water intoxication.
January 12, 2007: Jennifer Strange died after drinking nearly  of water in an attempt to win a Nintendo Wii. The KDND radio station's morning show, the Morning Rave, held an on-air contest entitled "Hold Your Wee for a Wii," in which contestants were asked to drink as much water as they could without urinating. The DJs were made aware of the dangers but did not inform the contestants. KDND's parent company, Entercom Sacramento LLC, was subsequently ordered to pay $16,577,118 in damages to Strange's family.
 March 11, 2020: Zachary Sabin, an 11-year-old child, died after being forced to drink almost three liters of water in just four hours by his parents. They thought his urine was too dark, so they made him drink water until he threw up.
 July 4, 2023: A 35 year old Indiana woman died after consuming too much water while on vacation with her family.

See also

 Dehydration
 Drowning
 Hyperkalemia / Hypokalemia
 Hypermagnesemia / Hypomagnesemia
 Hypernatremia / Hyponatremia
 Gastroenteritis
 Oral rehydration therapy
 Polydipsia
 Water urticaria
 Dihydrogen monoxide hoax
 Electrolyte imbalance
 List of unusual deaths
 Potomania
 The dose makes the poison

References

Body water
Electrolyte disturbances
Intoxication
Substance intoxication
Suicide by poison

Water intoxication


Christine Wachtel (born 6 January 1965) is a German track and field athlete who won the silver medal for East Germany at the 1988 Olympic summer games in Seoul in the 800 metres run.  Her time of 1:56.64 put her second to her training partner Sigrun Wodars.

Wachtel was born in Altentreptow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Her earlier successes in the 800 meter run included:
 1983: Second at the Junior European championship (2:00.42 Min.)
 1987: Second at the World championship (1:55.32 Min.)

In 1990, she was second at the European championships. (1:56.11 Min.)

Other success in the 4 × 400 meter relay:
 1991: Third at the world championship with the German 4 × 400 meter relay (3:21.25 Min.).

She also participated in the 1992 Olympic summer games in Barcelona, where she was, however, eliminated in the 800 meter preliminaries.

Wachtel trained at the Neubrandenburg sport club under trainer Walter Gladrow.  During her career she was 1.66 meters tall and weighed 66 kilograms.  After her sport career she operates a pizza-bakery in Neubrandenburg.

External links

1965 births
Living people
People from Altentreptow
People from Bezirk Neubrandenburg
East German female middle-distance runners
Athletes from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Olympic athletes for East Germany
Olympic athletes for Germany
World Athletics Championships athletes for East Germany
World Athletics Championships athletes for Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for East Germany
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners

Christine Wachtel


The Peasants () is a novel written by the Polish author Władysław Reymont in four parts between 1904 and 1909. He started writing it in 1897, but because of a railway accident and health problems, it took seven years to complete. The first parts of the story were published in the weekly magazine Tygodnik Illustrowany. The novel has been translated into at least 27 languages. Wladyslaw Reymont received the 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature for this work.

Description
Each of the four parts represents a season in the life of the peasants – Autumn (published in 1904), Winter (published in 1904), Spring (published in 1906), and Summer (published in 1909). This division underlines the relationship of human life with nature.

Analysis
Reymont decided to write about peasant life because of historical events, which took place in Polish villages in the early 20th century. The fact that the author was brought up in a village has a significant influence on the novel's plot.

In The Peasants, Reymont created a more complete and suggestive picture of country life than any other Polish writer. The novel impresses the reader with its authenticity of the material reality, customs, behaviour and spiritual culture of the people. It is even more authentic in that it is written in the local Łowicz dialect. Not only did Reymont use dialect in dialogues but also in narration, creating a kind of a universal language of Polish peasants. Thanks to this, he presents the colourful reality of the "spoken" culture of the people better than any other author. He set the action of the novel in Lipce, a real village which he came to know during his work on the railway near Skierniewice, and restricted the time of events to ten months in the unspecified "now" of the nineteenth century. It is not history that determines the rhythm of country life, but the "unspecified time" of eternal returns.

The composition of the novel is notable for its strict simplicity and functionality. The titles of the various volumes signal a tetralogy in one vegetational cycle, which regulates the eternal and repeatable rhythm of village life. Parallel to that rhythm is a calendar of religion and customs, also repeatable. In such boundaries Reymont placed a colourful country community with sharply drawn individual portraits. The repertoire of human experience and the richness of spiritual life, which can be compared with the repertoire of Biblical books and Greek myths, has no doctrinal ideas or didactic exemplifications. The author of The Peasants does not believe in doctrines, but rather in his own knowledge of life, the mentality of the people described, and his sense of reality. It is easy to point to moments of Naturalism (e.g. some erotic elements) or to illustrative motives characteristic of Symbolism. It is equally easy to prove the Realistic values of the novel. None of the "isms" however, would be enough to describe it.

Main characters
 Maciej Boryna – the richest man in the village and the main character of the novel.
 Antek Boryna – Maciej's son, husband of Hanka
 Hanka Boryna – Antek's wife and a mother of three children
 Jagna – a beautiful 19-year-old girl and the main female character of the novel.

Main themes and events
 The conflict between Antek and his father which is connected with a piece of land and a beautiful woman – Jagna.
 Hanka's struggle to salvage her marriage and family.
 The poignant story of the farmhand – Jakub.
 The unrest sown by Jagna's variable attentions toward assorted men of the village.
 The tension between the peasants and the nobility, over the disputed sale of the peasants' forest.
 The patterns of the peasants' lives closely tracking the seasons.
 The beggar Old Agata and her transit into and out of the village corresponding with the passage of the seasons and the tenacity of life.

Customs and traditions
The Peasants deals not only with the everyday life of people, but also with traditions connected with the most important Polish festivals.

1. Traditions connected with wedding and marriage:
 preparation for a wedding and a marriage
 decoration of a dance-hall
 the cutting of a bride's hair (symbolic of starting a new life)
 the first dance during a wedding is dedicated to bride
 wedding games etc.
2. Traditions connected with Christmas:
 baking cakes, cooking Christmas meals
 selling of holy wafer by carol singers
 Christmas supper
 going to the church for midnight mass
3. Traditions connected with Easter:
 breaking of Lenten fast
 dying eggs
 "wet Monday"
4. Traditions connected with everyday life:
 pickling of cabbage
 spinning of wool
 following of folk wisdom to plant agricultural crops

Art movements included in the novel
Impressionism - a style in painting developed in France in the late 19th century that uses colour to show the effects of light on things and to suggest atmosphere rather than showing exact details.  In the book we can find impressionism in the descriptions of nature.

Naturalism - a style of art or writing that shows people, things and experiences as they really are. In the book naturalism is used to present everyday life. The most famous fragment of the book when naturalism is shown is when Jakub – the farmhand - is cutting his leg.

Realism - a style in art or literature that shows things and people as they are in real life (detailed descriptions of nature, traditions, everyday life and heroes).

Symbolism - the use of symbols to represent ideas, especially in art and literature (the scene of the Maciej's death, which symbolises a strong relationship between people and nature).

English translations
The novel was first translated into English by Michael Henry Dziewicki and published in 1924.

A new English translation, by Anna Zaranko, was published in November 2022.

Film and television adaptations
A film was made of the novel (directed by Eugeniusz Modzelewski) in 1922, as well as a television mini-series in 1972 (directed by Jan Rybkowski).

In 2020, it was announced that an animated film of the same name based on the novel was to be released with a full trailer revealed. The film is directed by Dorota Kobiela and, much like her previous film Loving Vincent, the film is entirely rotoscoped with paintings. The world premiere took place at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2023, in the Special Presentations section.

References

External links
Critical Essay by Per Hallström, Chairman of the Nobel Committee of the Swedish Academy
Profile of Reymont

Polish novels
1904 novels
Works originally published in Polish newspapers
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set in Poland
20th-century Polish novels
Polish novels adapted into films

The Peasants