Sai Wan Ho () is a primarily residential area on the northeastern shore of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, between Quarry Bay and Shau Kei Wan. It is part of the Eastern District, and is administered together with surrounding areas under the Eastern District Council.

Suppose the area is divided by the Island Eastern Corridor, the seaside side of the new reclamation area to the north of the corridor area belongs to upper-income residential area in Hong Kong, such as Grand Promenade, Les Saisons and Lei King Wan, the other side of the corridor area is dominated by old buildings, that is, it is built along the main road Shau Kei Wan Road. New private residences are also completed in the area, such as THE HOLBORN, which is completed in 2023 and Island Residence which is completed in 2017.

Many government agencies and buildings, such as the Eastern Law Court Building (Eastern Magistrates' Courts), Marine Police Regional Headquarters, Hong Kong Film Archive, Sai Wan Ho Civic Centre, etc. are located in Sai Wan Ho. Soho East and Tai On Building, known as the "Hong Kong Night Market", are also located in the area.

Sai Wan Ho has convenient transportation, and it is very convenient and fast to travel to and from various districts in Hong Kong, Kowloon and New Territories. Sai Wan Ho is about a 10-minute walk from the large shopping malls Cityplaza and Kornhill Plaza and the core business district of Taikoo Place. Also, it only takes 12 and 18 minutes to Causeway Bay and Central. There are frequent ferries across Victoria Harbor between Kwun Tong and Yau Tong from Sai Wan Ho Ferry Pier as well.

Location
Sai Wan Ho is conventionally agreed to extend between the Taikoo Shing Road, Shau Kei Wan Road and King's Road junction to the west, and the Shau Kei Wan tram depot in the east. It is bounded by the Victoria Harbour to the north, and mountains to the south.

History

Early Development
The Xin'an County Chronicle published in the 24th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1819) did not have any records about Sai Wan Ho.

According to relevant information, Sai Wan Ho had 420 residents in 1901, and there were markets and slaughterhouses. The outer wall of the market is made of red bricks, and it is divided into two parts, the inside and the outside. There is a tea stall outside, which is located in the current Sai Wan Ho Civic Center. There are also several shops on the sidewalk outside the market, including a noodle shop and a cotton tire shop.

Later, Sai Wan Ho used to be the dormitory of Taikoo Dockyard which accommodated more than 10,000 people at the beginning of the last century. It was completed in 1909. It was divided into 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Streets, which is the current Tai On Building. The building is 4 floors high, and each unit is divided into There are 4 to 5 married staff rooms, with 3 to 4 3-bunk beds outside the rooms, which are provided for single staff in the dock. The toilet and kitchen are shared by the whole unit, and the stove is wood-burning, which can accommodate more than 10,000 people.

At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Sai Wan Ho was 876. The number of males was 650.

Post-war Development
In the 1960s, Shau Kei Wan and Sai Wan Ho were developed together. First, build Taixiang/Taishun/Taifu/Taikang four 11-story buildings behind Liwan Building, each floor has 18 units of dormitories, which are used to accommodate the employees of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Streets to relocate to new dormitories. Because Taikoo Dockyard has its own pond, the running water in the dormitory is provided by the shipping company for free. Developed by Swire and completed in 1968, Tai On Building, located by the sea at that time, once became a local landmark.

The Tai On Building Building is an H-shaped building with a height of 28 floors. The basement is a large shopping mall, a gas station and a theatre (a small factory is in the middle), a parking space outside the factory, and a water station for fishing boats (at that time too The outside of Anlou is already the seaside). There are fresh fish, butcher shops, grocery stores, and grocery stores in the shopping mall. There is also a restaurant on the side of the tramway. There is a public telephone near the underground elevator for the convenience of residents. The platform facing the sea on the first floor is a public resting garden.

Residential Development
Until 1979, Tai On Building was still located by the sea. However, in the 1980s, due to the multiple relocations of the Shau Kei Wan Pier and the construction of the Island Eastern Corridor, the waterfront of Sai Wan Ho continued to move northward. Up to now, the entire area of Lei King Wan has been reclaimed from the sea.

Going up from Cheng'an Street, before the 1980s, it was a wooden house area, including Cheng'an Village, Holy Cross Path Village, Auberong Village, etc. But in 1989, the government acquired the land and built public housing estates – Yiu Tung Estate and Hing Tung Estate.

Current
Sai Wan Ho is one of the predominantly residential areas in East Hong Kong Island. The new reclamation area to the north of the Eastern Corridor belongs to the high-end private housing estate residential area. The three major housing estates: Grand Promenade, Les Saisons and Lei King Wan are located on the seaside side of the corridor area. The waterfront of Sai Wan Ho is known as Soho East, and there are authentic Soho East restaurants, theme bars and speciality coffee shops gathered along the waterfront, forming a good place for dining and drinking.

On the other side of the corridor area, there are many flats under Home Ownership Scheme and a small number of public housing estates, such as Tung Hei Court, Tung Yan Court, Tung Lam Court, Tung Tao Court, Hing Tung Estate and Hong Tung Estate. There are also new private housing estates being completed in the area, such as THE HOLBORN, which is expected to be occupied in 2023, and Island Residence, which is expected to be completed in 2017.

Housing

Sai Wan Ho is primarily residential. The hill was once filled with squatter settlements, which were later demolished and replaced with new residential buildings. Taikoo Shing, redeveloped from Taikoo Dockyard, spans the east end of the area. From the 1980s through the 2000s, extensive reclamation drastically reshaped the shore. Private housing estates were built near the new sea front, like Lei King Wan, Les Saisons and Grand Promenade. However, older buildings such as Tai On Building still remain further inland.

Amenities and attractions
Sai Wan Ho is well-planned and there are many green spaces and recreational facilities in the area, especially along the waterfront, such as Aldrich Bay Park, Aldrich Bay Seaside Garden, Sai Wan Ho Waterfront Park, Quarry Bay Park, etc.

Sai Wan Ho Civic Centre, A community arts centre
Hong Kong Film Archive
Island East Sports Centre
Sai Wan Ho Sports Centre
Eastern Law Courts Building
Sai Wan Ho Health Centre
Aldrich Bay Park
Sai Wan Ho Market, With Market and Cooked Food Centre
Hong Kong Police Force Report Rooms, Traffic Hong Kong Island
Sai Wan Ho Fire Station

Education
Sai Wan Ho is home to a number of prestigious institutions, international schools, and special education. Sai Wan Ho is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 16. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and two government schools: Shau Kei Wan Government Primary School and Aldrich Bay Government Primary School.

Hong Kong Chinese Women's Club College, Government aided co-educational grammar school
Munsang College (Hong Kong Island), Government aided co-educational grammar school
Korean International School of Hong Kong, International school (primary (reception to year 6) for ages 4–11, secondary (year 7–13) for ages 12–18, and Springboard (SEN) for ages 6–18)
The International Montessori School, International school
Island Children's Montessori Kindergarten (Lei King Wan), International school
Grace Garden International Kindergarten (Lei King Wan), International school
Baptist Pui Li School, local kindergarten
Dominic Savio Kindergarten, local kindergarten
HKFYG Ching Lok Kindergarten, local kindergarten
Caritas Lok Yi School, special education school

Transport
Sai Wan Ho has convenient transportation, and it is very convenient and fast to travel to and from various districts in Hong Kong, Kowloon and New Territories. Sai Wan Ho is about a 10-minute walk from the adjacent shopping malls Cityplaza and [[Kornand Taikoo Place core business districts. The Island Line runs through Sai Wan Ho Station and shuttles to the north shore of Hong Kong Island. It only takes 12 and 18 minutes for Sai Wan Ho to Causeway Bay and Central respectively.

In terms of buses, there are many bus routes on Shau Kei Wan Road between Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories, many of which use Sai Wan Ho Grand Promenade as the terminus. Hong Kong Tramways run along Shau Kei Wan Road, providing a cheaper and relaxing option for travelling across Hong Kong Island.

Also, there are frequent ferries across Victoria Harbor between Kwun Tong and Yau Tong from Sai Wan Ho Ferry Pier as well. The Transport Department earlier planned to launch the Tseung Kwan O (South)-Sai Wan Ho route, which is expected to launch in the summer of 2023.

References

Eastern District, Hong Kong

Sai Wan Ho


V. Floyd Campbell (1873 – April 22, 1906) was an American illustrator and caricaturist.

Campbell was born in Port Austin, Michigan, the son of a blacksmith, and graduated high school in 1890. He entered the service of Charles Bertrand Lewis the same year, illustrating The Lime Kiln Club and other books, and credited Lewis with much of the success he later attained. He began his newspaper work with the Detroit Free Press, meanwhile studying at the Museum of Art with Joseph Giles; several years later studying at the Detroit Art Academy under the same master. Between 1891 and 1894 he was employed with various engraving firms in Grand Rapids, Lansing, and St. Paul, at the same time contributing to the newspapers of each place.

After a short course of study in Chicago, he returned to the Free Press, remaining there until the fall of 1897. He was first employed in New York by the New York World and later by the New York Herald, for which paper he acted as a special artist during the Spanish–American War. He moved to Philadelphia in 1899, where he contributed to The North American, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Philadelphia Press, Philadelphia Bulletin, and Philadelphia Evening Telegraph. His caricatures of politicians were popular during the 1904 Republican National Convention, and he illustrated The Roosevelt Bears by Seymour Eaton, a comic strip with the distinction of being the only strip ever run by The New York Times. His portraits and more serious work appeared in  The Booklovers Magazine and book illustrations.

He died in Morton, Pennsylvania, of tuberculosis.

References

1873 births
1906 deaths
American illustrators
American caricaturists
People from Huron County, Michigan
Artists from Michigan
Artists from Philadelphia

V. Floyd Campbell


Andy Baird (born 18 January 1979) is a Scottish former professional footballer, who played in the Football League for Wycombe Wanderers.

Baird was born in East Kilbride, Scotland, but began his professional career in England as a trainee with Wycombe Wanderers. He made his debut on 25 April 1998, whilst still a trainee, coming on as a late substitute for Mark Stallard in the 1–1 draw at home to Chesterfield.

He turned professional the following summer and soon established himself in the first team. However, a series of injuries later restricted his appearances and in the summer of 2002 he was released by the club because he was too prone to injuries.

He joined Brackley Town where he found that a first team place was hard to come by. However, in 2005 he joined Banbury United where he has become an integral member of the team. In 2008, he transferred to Oxford City. He is capable of playing at centre forward or centre back.

References

1979 births
Banbury United F.C. players
Living people
Footballers from East Kilbride
Scottish men's footballers
English Football League players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
Brackley Town F.C. players
Oxford City F.C. players
Men's association football central defenders
Men's association football forwards

Andy Baird


Arnaut Daniel de Riberac (today Arnaut Danièl) wrote and performed music and poetry in the 12th century. He was Occitan.

References
 Eusebi, Mario (1995). L'aur'amara. Parma: Pratiche Editrice. .
 Pound, Ezra (1910). The Spirit of Romance. New Direction Books (1968 reprinting).

Troubadours
12th-century births

Arnaut Danièl


A possessory credit in filmmaking is the use of a film credit which gives primary artistic recognition to a single person, usually (but not always) the film's director. Examples include "A Stanley Kubrick film" (The Shining), "A film by Quentin Tarantino" (Pulp Fiction), and "Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho" (Psycho). Possessory credit is also sometimes used in television programs; for example, Tyler Perry's House of Payne (Tyler Perry's TBS sitcom House of Payne). Occasionally another word besides "film" is used, such as "A Spike Lee Joint" or "A Martin Scorsese Picture". Possessory credit may also be given to the producer; an example of this is "Steven Spielberg presents Back to the Future".

Although the earliest use of possessory credit dates from 1915's The Birth of a Nation, the use of possessory credits expanded particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. The Writers Guild of America (WGA) has repeatedly tried to limit possessory credits to writers but has always been successfully opposed by the Directors Guild of America (DGA), leaving directors free to try to negotiate such credits if they wish.

Sometimes the possessory credit  goes to the author of the work on which the film was based  (such as "Bram Stoker's Dracula," "William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet" and some Stephen King films). In the case of Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, Burton was not the film's director but instead the writer, producer, and a major creative voice. This may also be an example of a possessory credit being chosen for marketing reasons, as Burton was a more recognized name than the film's director, Henry Selick.

The DGA encourages filmmakers to use restraint in taking credit until they have attained widespread name recognition or received at least two established awards of merit for their films, thereby securing their legacies as filmmakers.

Video games
Possessory credits are sometimes used for video games such as American McGee's Alice, Sid Meier's Civilization, games released by Tom Clancy's Red Storm Entertainment, and games in Hideo Kojima's Metal Gear series.

They are also used when celebrities have licensed their names for use in games, or are involved with the game's development—for example, Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!, and skater Tony Hawk's various games.

References

Sources
 Paul A Baumgarten; Donald C Farber; Mark Fleischer (2002). Producing, financing and distributing film: New York : Limelight Editions, 2002.  pp 190

Film and video terminology

Possessory credit


Na Woon-gyu (October 27, 1902 – August 9, 1937) was a Korean actor, screenwriter and director. He is widely considered the most important filmmaker in early Korean cinema, and possibly Korea's first true movie star. Since he often wrote, directed and acted in his films, he has even been said to have started the auteur film-making tradition in Korea.

Early life
Na Woon-gyu was the third son of Na Hyong-gwon, a military officer during the final days of the Joseon Dynasty who had returned to his hometown of Hoeryong, Hamgyongbuk-do to teach. As a high-school student, Na was involved in theater and acting, but also in anti-Japanese activities including the March 1, 1919 protest against the occupation. To avoid imprisonment, he spent two years crossing and re-crossing the Duman River, which separates Korea from Manchuria. He traveled as far as Siberia, joining with Korean Liberation fighters in anti-occupation work.

In 1921, he returned to Seoul, and enrolled in Yonhui (now Yonsei) University to study social science. It was at this period that his fascination with the cinema began. He would fill notebooks with jottings while watching films in theaters, and would carry a hand mirror with him wherever he went to practice facial expressions.

However, like the main character in his first, and most famous film, Arirang, he was caught by the Japanese and jailed for his participation in The March 1st Movement. While in prison in Chongjin, from 1921 until 1923, Na received his artistic pen-name, Chunsa, from Lee Chun-song, another resistance fighter. When he was released in 1923, he joined the Yerimhoe Play Troupe in his hometown, Hoeryong.

After leaving the troupe, he sold all of his books to buy a train ticket to Busan, where he applied for a job acting at the Choson Film Company. He started playing extras and then villains in films for this company. His debut was in the 1925 film UnYeongJeon.

Film career

Though Na Woon-gyu has been described as short, and with a toad-like face which suited him for the peasant roles he often played, the anger and frustration he was able to project on the screen suited the situation and mood of the Korean people at the time. Na first came to public attention in the role of the father of the title character in Lee Kyong-son's 1925 film, Simchong-jon (The Story of Shim Chong).

His first film as writer/director/star, Arirang (1926), was a national sensation in Korea. Films in Korea underwent censorship and restrictions by the Japanese authorities. Scripts had to be submitted to, and approved by the occupying Japanese government before they could be produced and distributed. Criticism of the government was censored, leading most films to be in the melodramatic, sentimental style known as shinpa. Na's innovation in Arirang was finding a way to express Korean opposition to the Japanese occupation metaphorically by unifying the shinpa style with a spirit of nationalism. He thereby made cinema in Korea no longer mere entertainment, but a vehicle for an expression of national resistance to the Japanese occupation.

Financed by Park Sung-pil, owner of Dansongsa Theater, Na founded Na Woon-kyu Productions in September 1927 and opened his production company in Changsin-dong, near Dongdaemun. In contrast to the Japanese-run studios, the company's goal was to produce films by Koreans, for Koreans.

Na's 1929 Salangeul chajaseo was an epic film employing more than a thousand extras. As with Arirang, a period of Na's own life could be seen as an inspiration for the story. It dealt with Koreans crossing the Duman River, as Na himself had done, in search of freedom from Japanese oppression. The film was banned at first, but was finally released, though in a heavily revised and edited form. The failure of Beongeoli Sam-ryong (1929) soon forced the closure of Na's studio.

Arirang had initiated the period of nationalist film in Korea which continued from 1926 until about 1930, when harsher suppressive measures were undertaken by the authorities. After Arirang, tear-jerker shinpa-style movies that did no more than entertain, without appealing to a deeper national need, were criticized by the Korean press. Indeed, some of Na's own later films were also criticized in this way. Korean director and film historian Yu Hyun-mok states that Na's appearance with a Japanese woman as his romantic interest in the 1931 shinpa film, Geumganghan (The Grief of Geumgan), was seen as a betrayal by the Korean people, and had a profoundly negative impact on his career.

Due to the time he spent in prison and the torture he underwent there, Na suffered from poor health throughout his life. He died at the age of 34 (or 36 by Korean counting) of tuberculosis in 1937. Short though his career was, he was the most prolific filmmaker of the era known as the "Golden Age of Silent Films" in Korea. In a period of about ten years he acted in twenty-six movies, and directed fifteen.

Legacy
Allegations of working with the Japanese do not seem to have harmed Na's reputation as one of the founders of Korean cinema either in his own time or in the following decades. Na's funeral procession was led by a band playing Arirang, and was attended by mourning crowds in spite of the rain. The newspaper Chosun Ilbo's November 1938 audience poll for the best silent Korean films put Arirang in the number one spot. Two other films by Na Woon-gyu were also on the top ten list: Sarangul Chajaso (Looking for Love), and Punguna (The Man with Great Ambition) (1926). Na's last film, Omongnyo (1937) was second on the list of best sound films made in Korea.

His life was the subject of the 1966 film, Na Woon-Gyui ilsaeng, which was directed by and starred Choi Mu-ryong, father of current star Choi Min-soo. The Korea Film Directors' Society paid tribute to Na Woon-gyu, by taking his pen name for their Chunsa Art Film Festival, begun in 1990.

A location near "Arirang Hill" in Seoul was refashioned into a "Street of Motion Pictures," housing the Arirang Cine Center, Arirang Information Library, a small theme park claiming to be the movie set, a monument in memory of the 100th anniversary of Na Woon-gyu's birth, and an annual film festival.

He was an influence of Shin Sang-ok.

Filmography
 UnYeongJeon (운영전) (1925) (Acting debut)
 Simchong-jon (심청전) (The Story of Shim Chong) (1925) (Actor)
 JangHanMong (장한몽) (1926) (Actor)
 Nongjungjo (농중조) (1926) (Actor)
 Arirang (아리랑) (1926) (Director, writer, actor)
 Punguna (풍운아) (Soldier of Fortune) (1926) (Director, writer, actor, editor)
 Deuljwi (들쥐) (The Wild Rat) (1927) (Director, writer, actor, editor)
 Heukkwa Baek (흑과백) (Black and White) (1927)
 Geumbungeo (금붕어) (Goldfish) (1927) (Director, actor, editor)
 Jalitgeola (잘 있거라) (Farewell) (1927) (Director, producer, writer, actor, editor)
 Ok-nyeo (1928) (옥녀) (Director, producer, writer, editor)
 Beongeoli Sam-ryong (벙어리 삼룡) (Deaf Sam-ryong) (1929) (Director, producer, writer, actor)
 Salangeul chajaseo (사랑을 찾아서) (In Search of Love) (1929) (Director, producer, writer, actor, editor)
 Sanai (사나이) (1929)
 Arirang geuhu iyagi (아리랑 그 후 이야기) or Arirang hu pyeon (아리랑 후편) (Arirang 2) (1930) (Writer, actor)
 Cheolindo (철인도) (1930) (Director, writer, actor, editor)
 Geumganghan (금강한) (The Grief of Geumgan) (1931) (Director, actor)
 Nampyeuneun Kyeongbidaero (남편은 경비대로) (1931)
 Gaehwadang imun (개화당 이문) (1932) (Director, writer, actor, editor)
 Imjaeobtneun naleutbae (임자없는 나룻배) (The Ownerless Ferryboat) (1932)  (actor)
 Amgunwang (암굴왕) (1932)
 Jongno (종로) (1933)
 Muhwagwa (무화과) (Fig Tree) (1935) (Director, editor)
 Kanggeonneo maeul (강 건너 마을) (Town Across the River) (1935) (Director, writer, editor)
 Geulimja (그림자) (Shadow) (1935) (Director, writer, actor)
 Hwangmuji (황무지) (1935)
 Arirang 3 (아리랑 제3편) (1936) (Director, writer, actor)
 Chilbeontong sosageon (칠번통 소사건) (Incident of the 7th Bamboo Flute) (1936) (Director, writer, actor, editor)
 Oh Mong-nyeo (오몽녀) (1937) (Director)

Notes

Sources

Kim, Sarah Sun (2001).  (original, dead link )

 Noh Kwang Woo. Formation of Korean Film Industry under Japanese Occupation

External links

나운규 (羅雲奎) (in Korean)

 The Chronicle of Chunsa Na Un-kyu  at Google Arts & Culture

1902 births
1937 deaths
Korean male film actors
Korean film directors
Yonsei University alumni
20th-century Korean male actors
Naju Na clan
Korean torture victims
People from Hoeryong
Korean independence activists
Tuberculosis deaths in South Korea
Korean screenwriters
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis

Na Woon-gyu


Argyranthemum frutescens, known as Paris daisy, marguerite or marguerite daisy, is a perennial plant known for its flowers. It is native to the Canary Islands (part of Spain). Hybrids derived from this species (garden marguerites) are widely cultivated as ornamental plants in private gardens and public parks in many countries, and have naturalized in Italy and southern California. There are many cultivars, but the most common has white petals.

Description
It is a perennial shrub that grows to about . The strongly branched plant often grows globose-bushy with ascending to upright branches. The alternate, more or less fleshy and blue-green leaves are in outline oval to oval-lanceolate,  long and  wide. The foliage is green. The inflorescences are loose with 4 to 30 daisy-like flower heads, white with a yellow center, up to  in diameter.

In most subspecies, the ligules of the ray florets are about 8 mm long, pure white, female and form fertile achenes, which are triangular to horn-like winged. The achenes of the yellow tubular central flowers are sterile and one-winged. The pappus is always irregularly crown-shaped. The flower is very fragrant. The flower opens its petals in the morning and closes them at night.

Subspecies
List:
 Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. canariae (Christ) Humphries
 Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. foeniculaceum (Pit. & Proust) Humphries
 Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. frutescens
 Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. gracilescens (Christ) Humphries
 Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. pumilum Humphries

Distribution and habitat
Like the other Argyranthemum species, the shrub marguerite originates from the Canary Islands. On El Hierro, La Gomera, Tenerife and Gran Canaria it is common in the coastal regions, on La Palma very rare. Overall, it is the most common species of the genus in the Canary Islands. The plant often grows in succulent shrubbery on well-drained, poor soils in full sun, preferably also near the coast at altitudes up to 700 meters.

Along with full sunlight, this plant needs organic matter in high quantities in order to grow, while it also requires very well drained soil. The plant can die if overwhelmed with water. It is tolerant of low temperatures, although it cannot survive freezing. It requires a lot of sunlight and must be protected from the wind.

Cultivation
Argyranthemum frutescens subsp. canariae has been given the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) by the Royal Horticultural Society. Many of the plants grown under the name "Argyranthemum frutescens" are cultivars of garden marguerites, some being hybrids between this species and related genera. The cultivars produce prolific single or double-flowered daisy-like flowers in shades of white, pink, yellow and purple throughout summer. In the UK climate, they are generally half-hardy, and can be grown from seed or cuttings, or purchased as young plants to be planted out after all danger of frost has passed.

See also
Leucanthemum, similar looking plant of different genus

References

External links
  Plants database United States Department of Agriculture plants profile, Argyranthemum frutescens
 Jepson Manual Online, Argyranthemum frutescens
 Missouri Botanical Garden, Gardening Help, Plant Finder
 Royal Horticultural Society, London
 Easy Bloom, Marguerite daisy, Madeira White Improved (Argyranthemum frutescens)
 Sciencedirect, Antonio G. Gonzalez, Rafael Estevez-Reyes, Ana Estevez-Braun, Angel G. Ravelo, Ignacio A. Jimenez, Isabel L. Bazzocchi, Marcelino A. Aguilara, Laila Moujirb. 1997. Biological activities of some Argyranthemum species. Phytochemistry 45:963–967#
 National flower of Denmark

Glebionidinae
Endemic flora of the Canary Islands
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Garden plants

Argyranthemum frutescens


Sergij Vilfan (5 April 1919 - 16 March 1996) (also incorrectly spelled as Sergej Vilfan), was a Slovenian jurist and historian, part of the so-called Ljubljana school of historiography, and member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

He was born as Sergij Wilfan in a wealthy Slovene family in Trieste, Italy. His uncle, Josip Vilfan, was a politician, lawyer and human rights activist. His cousin Joža Vilfan became an influential Communist official and Yugoslav diplomat, while his other cousin Draško Vilfan was a renowned physician. Sergij's father was a naval engineer and Yugoslav diplomat who moved around Europe because of his work, while his mother Ide Jeanrenaud was of an Italian-speaking Triestine of mixed Swiss, Huguenot and Sudeten German descent. Sergij grew up in a multilingual environment. Besides Slovene and French, he also learned Italian, German and Serbo-Croatian since a young age. He lived with his family in  Bratislava, Vienna and Dubrovnik. In 1931, after the death of his father, the family settled in Ljubljana. Sergij studied law at the University of Ljubljana. After graduation in 1941, he served as lawyer. In June 1942, he was arrested by the Italian Fascist authorities of the Province of Ljubljana and interned in the concentration camp in Gonars.

After World War II, he covered several posts in the state administration before becoming the head of the City Historical Archives of Ljubljana. In 1961 he spent 6 months in Paris studying economic history with Jean Meuvret at the École pratique des hautes études. In 1971, he became a professor of legal history at the Faculty of Law of the University of Ljubljana. Vilfan eventually became one of the most renowned experts for the legal and economic history of the Slovene Lands. He also wrote about early medieval settlement patterns.

Sergij Vilfan was a member of Académie européenne d'histoire in Brussels (from 1981), a member of Société Jean Bodin (from 1974), a member and president of The International Commission for the History of Towns (ICHT) and  collaborated with the International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions (ICHRPI). For his work, he received several prizes at home and abroad, among them, in 1980, Anton-Gindely Preis  from the Institut für den Donauraum und Mitteleuropa in Vienna (Austria).

He died in Ljubljana in 1996.

Major works
Pravna zgodovina Slovencev ("Legal History of Slovenes". Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1961).
Rechtsgeschichte der Slowenen bis zum Jahre 1941. Graz: Leykam Verlag, 1968.
Die deutsche Kolonisation nordöstlich der oberen Adria und ihre sozialgeschichten Grundlagen ("The German Colonisation of the North-Eastern Part of the Upper Adriatic and its Social-historical Basis". Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke, 1974).
Wirtschaftsgeschichte und Rechtsgeschichte ("Economic History and Legal History. Graz: University of Graz, 1985).
Les communautés rurales entre l'occident et les Balkans : formes Slovenes jusqu'au début du XXe siecle ("Rural Communities between the West and the Balkans: Slovene Formes until Early 20th Century". Paris: Dessain et Tolra, 1986).
L'individu face au pouvoir à la fin du moyen age : essai de comparaison entre l'Empire serbe et les provinces alpines du
Sud-Est ("The Individual and Power in Late Middle Ages: A Comparative Essay between the Serbian Empire and the Southeastern Alpine Areas". Brussels: Editions de la libraire encyclopédique, 1989).
Crown, Estates and the Financing of Defence in Inner Austria, 1500-1630 (London: Macmillan & School of Slavonic and East European Studies University of London, 1991)
Towns and States at the Juncture of the Alps, the Adriatic, and Pannonia (Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press, 1994).

References
Short biography in Slovene
SPBL: 'Sergij Vilfan' (pp. 219-220

1919 births
1996 deaths
Slovenian people of French descent
Slovenian people of Swiss descent
20th-century Slovenian historians
Economic historians
Yugoslav lawyers
University of Ljubljana alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
École pratique des hautes études alumni
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Writers from Trieste

Sergij Vilfan


Thyroid hormones are any hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine, derived from food. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre.

The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), whose half-life of around one week is longer than that of T3. In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5′-deiodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production.

American chemist Edward Calvin Kendall was responsible for the isolation of thyroxine in 1915. In 2020, levothyroxine, a manufactured form of thyroxine, was the second most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 98million prescriptions. Levothyroxine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Function
The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. It acts to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds. They also stimulate vitamin metabolism. Numerous physiological and pathological stimuli influence thyroid hormone synthesis.

Thyroid hormone leads to heat generation in humans. However, the thyronamines function via some unknown mechanism to inhibit neuronal activity; this plays an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals and the moulting behaviour of birds. One effect of administering the thyronamines is a severe drop in body temperature.

Medical use

Both T3 and T4 are used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism). They are both absorbed well by the stomach, so can be given orally. Levothyroxine is the pharmaceutical name of the manufactured version of T4, which is metabolised more slowly than T3 and hence usually only needs once-daily administration. Natural desiccated thyroid hormones are derived from pig thyroid glands, and are a "natural" hypothyroid treatment containing 20% T3 and traces of T2, T1 and calcitonin.
Also available are synthetic combinations of T3/T4 in different ratios (such as liotrix) and pure-T3 medications (INN: liothyronine).
Levothyroxine Sodium is usually the first course of treatment tried. Some patients feel they do better on desiccated thyroid hormones; however, this is based on anecdotal evidence and clinical trials have not shown any benefit over the biosynthetic forms. Thyroid tablets are reported to have different effects, which can be attributed to the difference in torsional angles surrounding the reactive site of the molecule.

Thyronamines have no medical usages yet, though their use has been proposed for controlled induction of hypothermia, which causes the brain to enter a protective cycle, useful in preventing damage during ischemic shock.

Synthetic thyroxine was first successfully produced by Charles Robert Harington and George Barger in 1926.

Formulations

Most people are treated with levothyroxine, or a similar synthetic thyroid hormone. Different polymorphs of the compound have different solubilities and potencies. Additionally, natural thyroid hormone supplements from the dried thyroids of animals are still available. Levothyroxine contains T4 only and is therefore largely ineffective for patients unable to convert T4 to T3. These patients may choose to take natural thyroid hormone, as it contains a mixture of T4 and T3, or alternatively supplement with a synthetic T3 treatment. In these cases, synthetic liothyronine is preferred due to the potential differences between the natural thyroid products. Some studies show that the mixed therapy is beneficial to all patients, but the addition of lyothyronine contains additional side effects and the medication should be evaluated on an individual basis. Some natural thyroid hormone brands are FDA approved, but some are not. Thyroid hormones are generally well tolerated. Thyroid hormones are usually not dangerous for pregnant women or nursing mothers, but should be given under a doctor's supervision. In fact, if a woman who is hypothyroid is left untreated, her baby is at a higher risk for birth defects. When pregnant, a woman with a low-functioning thyroid will also need to increase her dosage of thyroid hormone. One exception is that thyroid hormones may aggravate heart conditions, especially in older patients; therefore, doctors may start these patients on a lower dose and work up to a larger one to avoid risk of heart attack.

Thyroid metabolism

Central

Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) are produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and are regulated by TSH made by the thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary gland. The effects of T4 in vivo are mediated via T3 (T4 is converted to T3 in target tissues). T3 is three to five times more active than T4.

Thyroxine (3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronine) is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is produced as the precursor thyroglobulin (this is not the same as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)), which is cleaved by enzymes to produce active T4.

The steps in this process are as follows:
 The Na+/I− symporter transports two sodium ions across the basement membrane of the follicular cells along with an iodide ion. This is a secondary active transporter that utilises the concentration gradient of Na+ to move I− against its concentration gradient.
 I− is moved across the apical membrane into the colloid of the follicle by pendrin.
 Thyroperoxidase oxidizes two I− to form I2. Iodide is non-reactive, and only the more reactive iodine is required for the next step.
 The thyroperoxidase iodinates the tyrosyl residues of the thyroglobulin within the colloid. The thyroglobulin was synthesised in the ER of the follicular cell and secreted into the colloid.
 Iodinated Thyroglobulin binds megalin for endocytosis back into cell.
 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the anterior pituitary (also known as the adenohypophysis) binds the TSH receptor (a Gs protein-coupled receptor) on the basolateral membrane of the cell and stimulates the endocytosis of the colloid.
 The endocytosed vesicles fuse with the lysosomes of the follicular cell. The lysosomal enzymes cleave the T4 from the iodinated thyroglobulin.
 The thyroid hormones cross the follicular cell membrane towards the blood vessels by an unknown mechanism. Text books have stated that diffusion is the main means of transport, but recent studies indicate that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and 10 play major roles in the efflux of the thyroid hormones from the thyroid cells.

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is produced by attaching iodine atoms to the ring structures of this protein's tyrosine residues; thyroxine (T4) contains four iodine atoms, while triiodothyronine (T3), otherwise identical to T4, has one less iodine atom per molecule. The thyroglobulin protein accounts for approximately half of the protein content of the thyroid gland. Each thyroglobulin molecule contains approximately 100–120 tyrosine residues, a small number of which (<20) are subject to iodination catalysed by thyroperoxidase. The same enzyme then catalyses "coupling" of one modified tyrosine with another, via a free-radical-mediated reaction, and when these iodinated bicyclic molecules are released by hydrolysis of the protein, T3 and T4 are the result. Therefore, each thyroglobulin protein molecule ultimately yields very small amounts of thyroid hormone (experimentally observed to be on the order of 5–6 molecules of either T4 or T3 per original molecule of thyroglobulin).

More specifically, the monatomic anionic form of iodine, iodide (I—), is actively absorbed from the bloodstream by a process called iodide trapping. In this process, sodium is cotransported with iodide from the basolateral side of the membrane into the cell, and then concentrated in the thyroid follicles to about thirty times its concentration in the blood. Then, in the first reaction catalysed by the enzyme thyroperoxidase, tyrosine residues in the protein thyroglobulin are iodinated on their phenol rings, at one or both of the positions ortho to the phenolic hydroxyl group, yielding monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT), respectively. This introduces 1–2 atoms of the element iodine, covalently bound, per tyrosine residue. The further coupling together of two fully iodinated tyrosine residues, also catalysed by thyroperoxidase, yields the peptidic (still peptide-bound) precursor of thyroxine, and coupling one molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT yields the comparable precursor of triiodothyronine:
 peptidic MIT + peptidic DIT → peptidic triiodothyronine (eventually released as triiodothyronine, T3)
 2 peptidic DITs → peptidic thyroxine (eventually released as thyroxine, T4)
(Coupling of DIT to MIT in the opposite order yields a substance, r-T3, which is biologically inactive.) Hydrolysis (cleavage to individual amino acids) of the modified protein by proteases then liberates T3 and T4, as well as the non-coupled tyrosine derivatives MIT and DIT. The hormones T4 and T3 are the biologically active agents central to metabolic regulation.

Peripheral
Thyroxine is believed to be a prohormone and a reservoir for the most active and main thyroid hormone T3. T4 is converted as required in the tissues by iodothyronine deiodinase. Deficiency of deiodinase can mimic hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency. T3 is more active than T4, though it is present in less quantity than T4.

Initiation of production in fetuses
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from hypothalamus by 6 – 8 weeks, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion from fetal pituitary is evident by 12 weeks of gestation, and fetal production of thyroxine (T4) reaches a clinically significant level at 18–20 weeks. Fetal triiodothyronine (T3) remains low (less than 15 ng/dL) until 30 weeks of gestation, and increases to 50 ng/dL at term. Fetal self-sufficiency of thyroid hormones protects the fetus against e.g. brain development abnormalities caused by maternal hypothyroidism.

Iodine deficiency
If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid will not be able to make thyroid hormones. The lack of thyroid hormones will lead to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, leading to increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which causes the thyroid to enlarge (the resulting medical condition is called endemic colloid goitre; see goitre). This has the effect of increasing the thyroid's ability to trap more iodide, compensating for the iodine deficiency and allowing it to produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone.

Circulation and transport

Plasma transport
Most of the thyroid hormone circulating in the blood is bound to transport proteins, and only a very small fraction is unbound and biologically active. Therefore, measuring concentrations of free thyroid hormones is important for diagnosis, while measuring total levels can be misleading.

Thyroid hormone in the blood is usually distributed as follows:

Despite being lipophilic, T3 and T4 cross the cell membrane via carrier-mediated transport, which is ATP-dependent.

T1a and T0a are positively charged and do not cross the membrane; they are believed to function via the trace amine-associated receptor  (TAR1, TA1), a G-protein-coupled receptor located in the cytoplasm.

Another critical diagnostic tool is measurement of the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that is present.

Membrane transport
Contrary to common belief, thyroid hormones cannot traverse cell membranes in a passive manner like other lipophilic substances. The iodine in o-position makes the phenolic OH-group more acidic, resulting in a negative charge at physiological pH. However, at least 10 different active, energy-dependent and genetically regulated iodothyronine transporters have been identified in humans. They guarantee that intracellular levels of thyroid hormones are higher than in blood plasma or interstitial fluids.

Intracellular transport
Little is known about intracellular kinetics of thyroid hormones. However, recently it could be demonstrated that the crystallin CRYM binds 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in vivo.

Mechanism of action

The thyroid hormones function via a well-studied set of nuclear receptors, termed the thyroid hormone receptors. These receptors, together with corepressor molecules, bind DNA regions called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) near genes. This receptor-corepressor-DNA complex can block gene transcription. Triiodothyronine (T3), which is the active form of thyroxine (T4), goes on to bind to receptors. The deiodinase catalyzed reaction removes an iodine atom from the 5′ position of the outer aromatic ring of thyroxine's (T4) structure. When triiodothyronine (T3) binds a receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor, displacing the corepressor from the complex. This leads to recruitment of coactivator proteins and RNA polymerase, activating transcription of the gene. Although this general functional model has considerable experimental support, there remain many open questions.

More recently genetic evidence has been obtained for a second mechanism of thyroid hormone action involving one of the same nuclear receptors, TRβ, acting rapidly in the cytoplasm through the PI3K. This mechanism is conserved in all mammals but not fish or amphibians, and regulates brain development and adult metabolism. The mechanism itself parallels the actions of the nuclear receptor in the nucleus: in the absence of hormone, TRβ binds to PI3K and inhibits its activity, but when hormone binds the complex dissociates, PI3K activity increases, and the hormone bound receptor diffuses into the nucleus.

Thyroxine, iodine and apoptosis
Thyroxine and iodine stimulate the apoptosis of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins in amphibian metamorphosis, and stimulate the evolution of their nervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog. In fact, amphibian frog Xenopus laevis serves as an ideal model system for the study of the mechanisms of apoptosis.

Effects of triiodothyronine
Effects of triiodothyronine (T3) which is the metabolically active form:
 Increases cardiac output
 Increases heart rate
 Increases ventilation rate
 Increases basal metabolic rate
 Potentiates the effects of catecholamines (i.e. increases sympathetic activity)
 Potentiates brain development
 Thickens endometrium in females
 Increases catabolism of proteins and carbohydrates

Measurement
Further information: Thyroid function tests

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) can be measured as free T3 and free T4, which are indicators of their activities in the body. They can also be measured as total T3 and total T4, which depend on the amount that is bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). A related parameter is the free thyroxine index, which is total T4 multiplied by thyroid hormone uptake, which, in turn, is a measure of the unbound TBG. Additionally, thyroid disorders can be detected prenatally using advanced imaging techniques and testing fetal hormone levels.

Related diseases
Both excess and deficiency of thyroxine can cause disorders.
 Hyperthyroidism (an example is Graves' disease) is the clinical syndrome caused by an excess of circulating free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, or both. It is a common disorder that affects approximately 2% of women and 0.2% of men. Thyrotoxicosis is often used interchangeably with hyperthyroidism, but there are subtle differences. Although thyrotoxicosis also refers to an increase in circulating thyroid hormones, it can be caused by the intake of thyroxine tablets or by an over-active thyroid, whereas hyperthyroidism refers solely to an over-active thyroid.
 Hypothyroidism (an example is Hashimoto's thyroiditis) is the case where there is a deficiency of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, or both.
 Clinical depression can sometimes be caused by hypothyroidism. Some research has shown that T3 is found in the junctions of synapses, and regulates the amounts and activity of serotonin, norepinephrine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain.
 Hair loss can sometimes be attributed to a malfunction of T3 and T4. Normal hair growth cycle may be affected disrupting the hair growth.
Both thyroid excess and deficiency can cause cardiovascular disorders or make preexisting conditions worse. The link between excess and deficiency of thyroid hormone on conditions like arrhythmias, heart failure, and atherosclerotic vascular diseases, have been established for nearly 200 years.
Abnormal thyroid function—hypo- and hyperthyroidism—can manifest as myopathy with symptoms of exercise-induced muscle fatigue, cramping, muscle pain and may include proximal weakness or muscle hypertrophy (particularly of the calves). Prolonged hypo- and hyperthyroid myopathy leads to atrophy of type II (fast-twitch/glycolytic) muscle fibres, and a predominance of type I (slow-twitch/oxidative) muscle fibres. Muscle biopsy shows abnormal muscle glycogen: high accumulation in hypothyroidism and low accumulation in hyperthyroidism. Myopathy associated with hypothyroidism includes Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome (childhood-onset), Hoffman syndrome (adult-onset), myasthenic syndrome, and atrophic form. Myopathy associated with hyperthyroidism includes thyrotoxic myopathy, thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, and Graves' ophthalmopathy. In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the proptosis is secondary to extraocular muscle (EOM) enlargement and gross expansion of orbital fat.

Preterm births can suffer neurodevelopmental disorders due to lack of maternal thyroid hormones, at a time when their own thyroid is unable to meet their postnatal needs. Also in normal pregnancies, adequate levels of maternal thyroid hormone are vital in order to ensure thyroid hormone availability for the foetus and its developing brain. Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in every 1 in 1600–3400 newborns with most being born asymptomatic and developing related symptoms weeks after birth.

Anti-thyroid drugs
Iodine uptake against a concentration gradient is mediated by a sodium–iodine symporter and is linked to a sodium-potassium ATPase. Perchlorate and thiocyanate are drugs that can compete with iodine at this point. Compounds such as goitrin, carbimazole, methimazole, propylthiouracil can reduce thyroid hormone production by interfering with iodine oxidation.

References

Iodinated tyrosine derivatives
Hormones of the thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone receptor agonists
Thyroid
Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis
Halogen-containing natural products
Iodine-containing natural products

Thyroid hormones


The Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto (Centre for Astrophysics of the University of Porto - CAUP) is the largest astronomy research institute in Portugal, with more than 60 people. Since 2000 it has been evaluated as Excellent by international panels, organized under the auspices of the national science foundation (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCT), which was created in May 1989 by the Universidade do Porto. It is a private research institute, non-profit making and recognized as being of public utility by the Portuguese Government.

Its objectives include the promotion and support of astronomy through
 research
 education at graduate and undergraduate levels
 activities for primary and secondary schools
 science outreach and the popularisation of astronomy

CAUP is responsible for the scientific management of the planetarium of Porto.

Research teams
 Origin and Evolution of Stars and Planets - Star Formation and Early Evolution; Planetary Systems (Exoplanets); Stellar Populations and Stellar Evolution
 Galaxies and Observational Cosmology - Physical properties of massive galaxies; Galaxy cluster astrophysics; Structure formation paradigms; Dynamical dark energy; Varying fundamental constants

Directors

 Maria Teresa V. T. Lago (1989–2005)
 Mário João P. F. G. Monteiro (2006–2012)
 Pedro Pina Avelino (2013–2014)
 João José F. G. A. Lima (2015–present)

References

External links
 Official site
 Facebook
 Twitter
 Youtube channel
 Faculty of Sciences of U.Porto
 University of Porto

University of Porto
Astronomy institutes and departments
Astrophysics research institutes


The Girl and the Dead Man is a Scottish fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in Popular Tales of the West Highlands, listing his informant as Ann Darroch, in Islay.

Synopsis

A poor woman's oldest daughter said she would go seek her fortune.  The mother offered her a whole bannock with her curse or a little one with her blessing.  She took the big one, and when she ate and birds begged for some, she refused it.  She found a place at a house, watching by night over the body of the housewife's brother, which was under spells, but she fell asleep the first night and the mistress hit her such a blow that she died.

The second sister set out the same way and came to the same end.

The youngest also set out, but asked for the little one with her blessing, and shared it with the birds.  She got the same place as her sisters, but stayed awake.  In the night, the body propped itself up on its elbow and grinned; she threatened to beat it.  It propped itself up twice more, and the third time, she hit it with a stick.  The stick stuck to the body, and to her hand, and she had to follow it into the woods, where the nuts and sloes hit her as they went, but they got out of the woods and back to the house.  They gave her a peck of gold and a peck of silver, and a cordial, which she used to bring her sisters back to life.

See also
 Jack and his Comrades
 Jack and His Golden Snuff-Box
 Kate Crackernuts
 The Adventures of Covan the Brown-haired
 The King Of Lochlin's Three Daughters
 The Red Ettin
 The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was

External links
 The Girl and the Dead Man

Scottish fairy tales
Female characters in fairy tales
Child characters in fairy tales
Fiction about death
John Francis Campbell

The Girl and the Dead Man


Bollklubben-46 (abbreviated BK-46) is a sports club from Karis, Raseborg in Finland.  The club was formed in 1946 and the main activities covered are football and handball with large junior sections in both disciplines.  BK-46 men's first team currently plays in the Kakkonen (Second Division), the third level of football in Finland.  Their home ground is at the Karis sportplan.  The Chairman of the club is Leif Österholm.

History
BK-46 was founded in 1946 and from the outset specialised in the sports of football and handball.  The club has been more successful at handball and the men's team have won the SM Championship 20 times and the women's SM championship once.

The club has not always been successful and in 1974 ceased operations completely as the result of a poor economic situation.  When the organisation was re-launched it was as two separate sections for football and handball.

BK-46 most successful period for football was in the late 1950s and the 1960s when they spent 4 seasons in the Suomensarjaa (Finland League), which at that time was the second tier of Finnish football, in 1957, 1961 and 1968–69.
There then followed many barren years in the lower divisions until 2009 when the club won Section 1 of the Kolmonen (Helsinki and Uusimaa). The year 2010 is the club's first season in the Kakkonen (Second Division), the third tier of Finnish football.

Season to season

Club Structure
BK-46 run a number of teams including 2 men's teams, 8 boys teams and 1 girls team.

2010 season
 BK-46  are competing in Group B (Lohko B) of the Kakkonen administered by the Football Association of Finland  (Suomen Palloliitto) .  This is the third highest tier in the Finnish football system.  In 2009 Bollklubben-46 finished in first position in Section 1 of the Kolmonen and were promoted to the Kakkonen.

 BK-46 NK02 are participating in Section 1 (Lohko 1) of the Vitonen administered by the Uusimaa SPL.

References

Sources
 Official Football Website
BK-46 NK02 Website
Official Handball Website
Finnish Wikipedia
BK-46 Fotboll (Unofficial) Facebook

Football clubs in Finland
Organisations based in Raseborg
Sport in Uusimaa
1946 establishments in Finland

Bollklubben-46


A tetrode is a type of electrode used in neuroscience for electrophysiological recordings. They are generally used to record the extracellular field potentials from nervous tissue, e.g. the brain. Tetrodes are constructed by bundling together four very small electrodes; each wire is generally less than 30 μm in diameter. Tetrodes are used to classify extra-cellular action potentials into sets generated by the individual neurons, as each channel of the tetrode is usually close enough to a cell such that action potentials emitted by that cell are detected on each of the four channels, but because of the spatial distribution of the individual channels, the amplitude of the signal varies across the four channels. Tetrodes can be built into an implantable device called micro-drive that moves them up and down with precision in the brain of experimental animals

Clustering
Clustering techniques involve both examining the waveform of individual spikes, and examining the spike height across all four channels.

Principal component analysis
This technique involves examining the spikes at reduced dimensionality to find its similarity with other spikes.

See also
 Tetrode
 Tetrode transistor

References

Electrophysiology
Neurophysiology

Tetrode (biology)


BS 5993 is a British Standard specifying the construction details, dimensions, quality and performance of cricket balls.

BS 5993:1994 Specification for cricket balls was published on 15 January 2005 and confirmed on 1 October 2012. It replaces BS 5993:1987.

External links
BSI Group Website

References

Cricket equipment
05993
Balls

BS 5993


Paul Klee (18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-German artist. He was one of the most famous painters of the 20th century. His work was influenced by  Expressionism, Cubism, and Surrealism. He was also very interested in the theory of color.

Life and career
Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, a town near Bern in Switzerland. His mother, born Ida Maria Frick, came from Basel in Switzerland. His father, Hans Klee, came from Tann, a small town in the Hesse state of Germany. Both his parents were musicians. When he was very young he trained to be a violinist. Then he decided to become an artist. He studied art under Heinrich Knirr. In 1899 he was admitted to the Academy of Fine arts in Munich. After leaving the academy he also studied art in Italy. After Italy, he returned to Bern and lived with his parents for several years.

Klee married the pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906. They went to live in Munich. In 1906 he had his first major exhibition. Besides his painting, Klee taught art at the Bauhaus from 1920 to 1931. and later at the Dusseldorf Academy. When the Nazis came to power in Germany, life became very hard for modern artists. Klee moved back to Switzerland in 1933. He died in Muralto, Switzerland in 1940. For many years he had suffered from scleroderma, an autoimmune disease.

Klee made over 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings in his lifetime. His works are held in museums all over the world. In 2005, the Zentrum Paul Klee (Paul Klee Center) was opened in Bern. The building was designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano. It holds 4000 works by Klee and shows 150 at time. The exhibition changes every six months.

Gallery
These pictures are from Klee's mature career. He painted them while he was teaching at the Bauhaus. During this time he was also a member of a group of artists called Die Blaue Vier (The Blue Four). The other three members were Wassily Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky. Like Klee, both Kandinsky and Feininger taught at the Bauhaus. The four artists lectured and exhibited together in Germany and the USA.

Related pages
List of German painters

References

20th-century German painters
German printmakers
Swiss painters
1879 births
1940 deaths
People from Bern-Mittelland District

Paul Klee


Saint Sarah, also known as Sara-la-Kâli ("Sara the Black", ), is the patron saint of the Romani people. The center of her veneration is Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, a place of pilgrimage for Roma in the Camargue, in Southern France. Legend identifies her as the servant of one of the Three Marys, with whom she is supposed to have arrived in the Camargue. Saint Sarah also shares her name with the Hindu goddess Kali who is a popular goddess in northern India from where the Romani people originate. The name "Sara" itself is seen in the appellation of Durga as Kali in the famed text Durgasaptashati.

Accounts

According to various legends, during a persecution of early Christians, commonly placed in the year 42, Lazarus, his sisters Mary and Martha, Mary Salome (the mother of the Apostles John and James), Mary Jacobe and Maximin were sent out to sea in a boat. They arrived safely on the southern shore of Gaul at the place later called Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer. Sarah, a native of Berenice Troglodytica, appears as the black Indo-Egyptian maid of one of the Three Marys, usually Mary Jacobe.
(The natives of Berenice Troglodytica had ancestors who once came from the Malabar Coast, through Indo-Roman trade relations, and settled in Egypt (Roman province) and intermarried with Egyptians.)

Though the tradition of the Three Marys arriving in France stems from the High Middle Ages, appearing for instance in the 13th century Golden Legend, Saint Sarah makes her first appearance in Vincent Philippon's book The Legend of the Saintes-Maries (1521), where she is portrayed as "a charitable woman that helped people by collecting alms, which led to the popular belief that she was a Gypsy." Subsequently, Sarah was adopted by Romani as their saint.

Another account has Sarah welcoming the Three Marys into Gaul. Franz de Ville (1956) writes:
One of our people who received the first Revelation was Sara the Kali. She was of noble birth and was chief of her tribe on the banks of the Rhône. She knew the secrets that had been transmitted to her... The Rom at that period practiced a polytheistic religion, and once a year they took out on their shoulders the statue of Ishtari (Astarte) and went into the sea to receive benediction there. One day Sara had visions which informed her that the Saints who had been present at the death of Jesus would come, and that she must help them. Sara saw them arrive in a boat. The sea was rough, and the boat threatened to founder. Mary Salome threw her cloak on the waves and, using it as a raft, Sarah floated towards the Saints and helped them reach land by praying.

Pilgrimage
The day of the pilgrimage honouring Sarah is May 24; her statue is carried down to the sea on this day to re-enact her arrival in France.

Some authors have drawn parallels between the ceremonies of the pilgrimage and the worship of the Hindu goddess Kali (a form of Durga), subsequently identifying the two. Ronald Lee (2001) states:

If we compare the ceremonies with those performed in France at the shrine of Sainte Sara (called Sara e Kali in Romani), we become aware that the worship of Kali/Durga/Sara has been transferred to a Christian figure... in France, to a non-existent "sainte" called Sara, who is actually part of the Kali/Durga/Sara worship among certain groups in India.

The name "Sara" itself is seen in the appellation of Durga as Kali in the famed text Durgasaptashati.

In popular culture
Some authors, taking up themes from the pseudohistorical book Holy Blood, Holy Grail, suggest that Sarah was the daughter of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. These ideas were popularized by Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code, Eron Manusov's Ahavah's Dream, and The Maeve Chronicles by Elizabeth Cunningham.  These speculations have been rejected by the local inhabitants and by scholars.
 In The Rozabal Line, author Ashwin Sanghi puts forward that Sara-la-Kali refers to the three Hindu goddesses – Saraswati, Lakshmi, and Kali – the goddesses of Knowledge, Wealth and Power – symbolizing the trinity of female power.
 In Paulo Coelho's novel The Witch of Portobello, St. Sarah is mentioned several times.
 Alistair MacLean's 1970 thriller, Caravan to Vaccarès is set during the pilgrimage to Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.
 Czon the Swedish artist did a portrait of Sara La Kali outside the church in "Saintes Maries de la Mer" 2018.
 The statue of Saint Sarah makes an appearance in Tony Gatlif's 1993 film Latcho Drom (Safe Journey) where it is carried to the sea, and her landing is re-enacted.
 In Korkoro, also a Tony Gatlif film, the Romani often pray to Saint Sarah with intense fervor.

References

Sources
de Ville, Franz, Traditions of the Roma in Belgium, Brussels, 1956.
Droit, Michel, Carmague. Ernest and Adair Heimann (trans.). London: George Allen and Unwin, 1963.
Fonseca, Isabel, Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies and Their Journey. New York: Knopf, 1996.
Kinsley, David R. Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition.''' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Lee, Ronald, "The Rom-Vlach Gypsies and the Kris-Romani", in: Walter Weyrauch (ed.), Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
McDowell, Bart, Gypsies: Wanderers of the World', Washington: National Geographic Society, 1970.
Weyrauch, Walter, "Oral Legal Traditions of Gypsies", in: Walter Weyrauch (ed.), Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

External links

Jarmila Balazova, Religion among the Roma''

Female saints
Folk saints
Romani Christianity
People of Camargue
Romani in France
The Three Marys

Saint Sarah


Pedro de Mendoza () (c. 1499 – June 23, 1537) was a Spanish conquistador, soldier and explorer, and the first adelantado of New Andalusia.

Setting sail
Pedro de Mendoza was born in Guadix, Grenada, part of a large noble family that was preeminent in Spain. His family settled in Guadix after its reconquest by the Christians in 1489. He was a page at the Spanish court of Emperor Charles V and accompanied the sovereign on his trip to England. In 1524 he received the title of knight of the Order of Alcántara and later, through the influence of his father — the knight Fernando de Mendoza Guadix —  entered the Order of Santiago. He later fought in the Italian Wars against the French, in which he participated in the Sack of Rome in 1527.

In 1529, he offered to explore South America at his own expense and establish colonies. Thanks to the efforts of his mother, María de Mendoza, in 1534 his offer was accepted: he was made adelantado governor, captain general, and chief justice over New Andalusia. This grant allowed him authority over as much land as he could conquer, within 200 leagues of the southern limit of New Toledo. Although this was measured along the Pacific coast, it was understood that his efforts would be directed towards the Río de la Plata on the Atlantic. The Emperor gave Mendoza 2000 men and 13 ships on the condition that within two years Mendoza should transport 1000 colonists, build roads into the interior, and construct three forts.  He was to have half the treasure of the chiefs killed and nine-tenths of the ransom.  The office of Governor was also, in theory, made hereditary.

That year, he set sail with a considerable fleet, but a terrible storm scattered it off the coast of Brazil. Here his lieutenant, Juan de Osorio, was assassinated, according to some authorities by the orders of Mendoza himself because of suspected disloyalty. Mendoza sailed up the Río de la Plata in 1535 and founded Buenos Aires on February 2, 1536.

Although Mendoza is said to be the founder of Rio de la Plata (and Buenos Aires), he was not a very effective leader because he was debilitated by a severe case of syphilis. He spent half of his time ill in bed, but he put as much effort as he could into the expedition. No notable campaigns occurred in the River Plate during this time, and the only chronicler was a German soldier named Ulderico Schmidt (or Ulrico Schmidl). Schmidt came over to the River Plate with Don Pedro and stayed there for eighteen years, fighting in almost every battle. His account of this early history of the River Plate region is the most important document from that time period.

Battling the natives along the Rio de la Plata

At the Río de la Plata, the Spaniards encountered a group of roughly three thousand natives dispersed throughout the surrounding area known as the Querandíes, who shared with them their food, however scarce. In spite of this, the Spaniards soon took the natives and their generosity for granted and as a result, the Querandíes ended relations with the white men and relocated further away from the Spanish settlement. Angered by the sudden hostility, Mendoza sent his brother to lead a force against the natives.

Even though hundreds of natives were killed, Mendoza's brother was slain as well, along with thirty of his men and several horses at the Battle of the Luján River. The natives were driven off after that bloody battle and their provisions were taken, but the fight was very costly to the Spaniards.

From "The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account" by Bartolomé de las Casas (a Spanish religious), written in 1542, published in 1552, under the subheadings "The Rio de la Plata" wherein de las Casas writes of "A tyrannical Governor", the endnote #48 refers to this person as "a certain Pedro de Mendoza" and goes on to say,
     "...ordered some of his men to go to a certain village for food...put to the sword more than 5,000 souls..." Further, another group of "Indians" "As they were killed, they cried out: 'We came in peace to serve you, and you kill us! Our blood spattered on these walls will remain as a witness to our unjust death and to your cruelty!'"

Difficulties

The colonists' city was surrounded by a hastily made  thick adobe wall made of mud. Every time it rained the wall partially dissolved. Along with this occasionally deteriorating wall, the colonists had to deal with another problem: famine. Food eventually became scarce, and the residents had to resort to eating rats, mice, snakes, lizards, rawhide boots, and even the bodies of those who died.

In addition to these difficulties, a coalition of the natives formed. They attacked the city again and again, many times leaving the city almost completely burned to the ground. Still suffering from syphilis, Mendoza appointed Juan de Ayolas to succeed him as captain-general.

Ayolas dealt with the problem by sailing up the Parana River with a large part of the remaining force. They defeated the Guaraní, made a treaty of friendship with them, and then Ayolas founded the city of Asunción (in current-day Paraguay) in 1537.

Mendoza heads home
While all of this was going on, Mendoza, disappointed and broken in health, embarked for Spain in 1537. He died during the voyage. He promised to send aid to his forces that he left behind in Buenos Aires. Although he begged Spain to send more men and provisions to save his city in his will, the help that was sent was not sufficient.

In 1541, the settlers abandoned Buenos Aires and moved to Asunción. Domingo Martínez de Irala was elected as the third (though temporary) governor by these men. With Buenos Aires in ruins, Asunción became the base for the reconquest of the Rio de la Plata region.

References

Further reading

Spanish conquistadors
Explorers of Argentina
1487 births
1537 deaths
History of Buenos Aires
History of Uruguay
People from Guadix
16th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru
16th-century explorers
16th-century Spanish people

Pedro de Mendoza


John M. DeStefano (died April 8, 2008, in Naples, Florida) was an American sculptor, painter and businessman.

Born in Avellino, Italy, he immigrated to Boston, Massachusetts with his family at the age of six. DeStefano studied at the North Bennett Street Industrial School and earned a scholarship to attend the School of the Museum of Fine Arts but was forced to drop out after two years due to a lack of funds.

In 1933, while still a student, DeStefano created a cast bronze bas-relief profile portrait of Franklin Delano Roosevelt that is located in the Roosevelt Room of the White House and is highlighted by tour guides. Former Boston mayors James Michael Curley and John F. Fitzgerald and two local businessmen provided the funds for the bronze and for DeStefano to travel to Washington D.C. to personally present the work to Roosevelt. Many of DeStefano's future subjects were also of a civic nature.

During the Great Depression, DeStefano worked as an art teacher and on projects for the federal Works Projects Administration jobs program. Although his lifelong ambition was to be a professional artist, DeStefano felt that he could not support his family with his artwork. In 1937, DeStefano established a business, DeStefano Studios House of Mannequins, which restored and created mannequins for local department stores. During World War II, DeStefano served in the United States Navy in the South Pacific as a member of the 58th Seabee Battalion. He returned to his business after the war and continued to make mannequins commercially until his retirement in the 1980s.

By the late 1970s, DeStefano's factory in Woburn, Massachusetts produced over 3,000 mannequins a day for stores such as Jordan Marsh, Filenes and Lord and Taylor. In a 1979 profile, the Boston Globe referred to DeStefano as "the dean of local mannequin makers."

As an artist, DeStefano worked in cast bronze, terra cotta and stone. His sculptures are displayed at Plimoth Patuxet and at Harvard University's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.

References

2008 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
Italian emigrants to the United States
People from Avellino
Artists from Boston
Seabees
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Year of birth missing
20th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
Sculptors from Massachusetts
20th-century American male artists

John M. DeStefano


America is a short-shape name for the Unitit States o Americae.

Americae or America mey refer tae an aw:

Geografie
 America, a landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae
 América, Buenos Aires, Argentinae
 America, Limburg, Netherlands
 América, Tamaulipas, Mexico
 America, Illinois, U.S.
 America, Oklahoma, U.S.

Sports
 América Futebol Clube

 América de Cali, an association fitbaa (soccer) club frae Cali, Colombie
 América Managua, an association fitbaa (soccer) club frae Managua, Nicaragua
 Club América, an association football (soccer) club frae Mexico Ceety
 Copa América (Spaingie an Portuguese for "America Cup"), association fitbaa (soccer) competeetion in Sooth Americae

See an aw
 Amreeka, a 2009 film
 American (wird)
 Air America (disambiguation)
 American (disambiguation)
 Americana (disambiguation)
 Americas (terminology)
 Amerika (disambiguation)
 Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512), for whom Americae wis namit
 Amerrique Mountains
 Pan-American (disambiguation)
 The American (disambiguation)
 The Americans (disambiguation)

America (disambiguation)


ATN Gujarati is a Canadian exempt Category B Gujarati language specialty channel owned by Asian Television Network (ATN).

ATN Gujarati broadcasts programming focused on family entertainment and culture. Programming includes talk shows, current affairs, news, films, and festival-based programs. Programming is primarily sourced from TV9, an Indian-based television channel, as well as Canadian content.

History
In November 2000, ATN was granted approval from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a television channel called Gujarati Channel, described as "a national ethnic Category 2 specialty television service targeting the Gujarati-speaking community".

The channel launched on October 19, 2005 as ATN Zee Gujarati under a licensing agreement with Zee Entertainment Enterprises, the owners of Zee Gujarati, an Indian-based channel.

In May 2009, Zee Gujarati ceased operations in India due to losses at the network. As a result, in June 2009, ATN rebranded the network ATN Gujarati and began supplying much of its programming from TV9.

On August 30, 2013, the CRTC approved Asian Television Network's request to convert ATN Gujarati from a licensed Category B specialty service to an exempted Cat. B third language service.

References

External links

Digital cable television networks in Canada
Television channels and stations established in 2005
South Asian television in Canada
Gujarati-language television channels in India
Indian diaspora mass media
Indo-Canadian culture
Asian-Canadian culture in Ontario
Gujarati-language television

ATN Gujarati


"The Monkey's Paw" is a supernatural horror short story by William Wymark Jacobs. It was published in 1902, in the book The Lady of the Barge. It is one of the  most famous horror short stories of English literature. It is based on the idea that the holder of a talisman has three wishes. In this case, the talisman is the mummified paw of a monkey. In the story, the wishes are granted, but the results are unexpectedly negative.

The story has been the source for many movies, and a theatre play.

Other websites
 "The Monkey's Paw"; Full Short Story Text
 Gaslight edition of the story
 Monkey's Paw Radio Play
 Podcast of "The Monkey's Paw" as read by John Lithgow
 Books That Grow leveled book

Horror stories

The Monkey's Paw


Budak Nafsu (literally Slave to Lust, also known as Fatima) is a 1983 Indonesian film directed by Sjumandjaja and adapted from the 1981 novel Fatima by Titie Said. Starring Jenny Rachman and El Manik, it follows a mother who is forced to serve as a comfort woman for Japanese men stationed in British Malaya in an effort to save her daughter. The film was a commercial success, although critics have emphasised its sexual aspects.

Plot
Fatima (Jenny Rachman) offers herself to be brought away by Japanese occupation forces to save her of her daughter, thus resigning herself to the fate of a comfort woman. She is one of hundreds of women sent from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) to Japanese-occupied British Malaya and forced to work in a brothel. There she meets Takashi (El Manik), a kindly Japanese commander who falls in love with her. Fatima moves in with him, which protects her from the other men.

Meanwhile, Fatima works with the local rebels and helps them capture the military base. The prisoners are freed. Takashi, meanwhile, discovers Fatima's betrayal and releases her before committing suicide. Although she is able to escape the base, Fatima is not allowed to join the rebels, having caught syphilis while at the brothel. As she makes her way back to the Indies, which has since proclaimed its independence, Fatima's ship is captured by Dutch soldiers from the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA).

Fatima is forced to work in a NICA brothel for the remainder of the Indonesian National Revolution, although she remains combative. After the revolution, Fatima is released into poverty and over the years finds that even Indonesians misuse her. She falls ill and is brought to a hospital, where she is treated by the daughter she had left years earlier, now a doctor. The aged Fatima soon leaves the hospital and wanders about, looking at the neon signs advertising Japanese products.

Production
Budak Nafsu was directed by Sjumandjaja. He had been raised in Batavia (modern day Jakarta) during the Japanese occupation, and when the Japanese were expanding the Kemayoran Airport, he witnessed several forced labourers being beaten to death. He adapted Budak Nafsu from the novel Fatima (1981) by Titie Said; he had initially planned on keeping the original title, and the film has also been released as Fatima.

The film starred Jenny Rachman in the leading female role of Fatima and El Manik as Takadeshi. More minor roles were taken by Sofia WD, Roy Marten, and Maruli Sitompul. Many of these actors had previous experience with the director. Sjumandjaja also had a cameo. According to El Manik, on one occasion the actor expressed concern that a Japanese commander would be unable to speak Indonesian fluently, as Sjumandjaja's screenplay called for, and that there should be Japanese-language dialogue. Sjumandjaja told him to write the dialogue himself if he wanted.

The crew included Norman Benny as editor, Soetomo Gandasubrata as cinematographer, and Djufri Tanissan as artistic director; music was provided by Idris Sardi. Budak Nafsu was the first film produced by Raam Lalchand Pridhani (credited as Ram Soraya) and his Soraya Intercine Film.

Themes
In his 1991 typology of Indonesian cinema, the American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider placed Budak Nafsu in a "Japanese period" genre, characterised by violence in excess of works showing the colonial period and the use of female nudity "only as part of the violence, never as a consequence of love". He also outlined a standard plot for these works, one reflected in Budak Nafsu. Other examples of the genre include Kadarwati, Kamp Tawanan Wanita (both 1983), and Lebak Membara (1982).

Release and reception
Budak Nafsu was released in 1983 and was a commercial success. Heider described Budak Nafsu as "little more than a sex exploitation vehicle", and several other critical reviews have emphasised the vulgarity of the film.

A 35 mm copy of Budak Nafsu is available at Sinematek Indonesia.

Awards
Budak Nafsu was nominated for nine Citra Awards at the 1984 Indonesian Film Festival, winning four.

Footnotes

Works cited

External links

Films directed by Sjumandjaja
Films based on Indonesian novels
1983 drama films
1983 films
Indonesian drama films

Budak Nafsu


Robert Keith Young (born 16 May 1945) is an English musician and author, who became famous for being the unofficial fifth member of the rock band Status Quo.

Collaborations with Status Quo
From the mid-1960s onwards, Young has been working in the music business, starting as a crew member for Amen Corner, The Nice and also for The Herd. Based on this experience he was hired by the management of Status Quo, after they had their first hit with "Pictures of Matchstick Men" in 1968.

Since he spent a lot of time with the band while being on tour, he got involved with their music as well. As early as 1969 he started writing songs for the band. On Status Quo's single "The Price of Love" he could be heard on harmonica for the first time, making him an unofficial member of the group.

In the following years he wrote a number of songs for Status Quo, usually together with lead guitarist and singer Francis Rossi. Among these songs were hits such as "Caroline", "Paper Plane" and "Down Down".

In 1978 the book "Alias The Compass" was released which contained poems and song lyrics by Bob Young, written while he was working with Status Quo. In the second half of the 1970s his collaboration with Francis Rossi became less intense although Young remained Quo's tour manager until 1980. The biography "Again and Again" (co-written by Bob Young and John Shearlaw), came out in 1984. In this book Young reports on his years with Status Quo.

Apart from writing with Rossi, Bob Young also co-wrote songs with other bandmembers, most notably Rick Parfitt and Alan Lancaster.

Young & Moody
Together with guitarist Micky Moody, whom he got to know when Moody supported Status Quo with his band SNAFU, Young founded "Young & Moody" (also known as The Young & Moody Band) in 1976. They signed a contract with Magnet Records but the band's releases failed to create major success.

Together with Micky Moody Young also released the book "The Language of Rock'n'Roll". Moody joined David Coverdale's band Whitesnake in 1978, but continued to record with Young.

Although Young concentrated on book releases during this period he also recorded from time to time. Alongside other Status Quo members and Micky Moody he can be heard on the album Line-Up by the former Rainbow-lead vocalist Graham Bonnett, to which he and Moody contributed three of their own compositions.

Young also joined the "Diesel Band" of former Status Quo drummer John Coghlan, which played a number of gigs but never released any records.

Solo and back to Status Quo
In 1986 Bob Young's first solo album In Quo Country was released. It contained a number of songs which Young had (co-)written for Status Quo, but now recorded in country music style.
Bob was asked to do the biggest gig of country music in England at Wembley. He formed a band with Mickey Moody and called it Bob Young and the Double M band. Members were Graham Preskett (violin), BJ Cole (pedal steel), Dave Kerr-Clemenson (bass) and Billy Bremner (guitar}.
Since the 1990s Young worked as a music manager for several artists, including Vanessa Mae and INXS singer Ciaran Gribbin aka. Joe Echo. Furthermore, he did some work for British broadcaster BBC and wrote another book (together with Ray Minhinnett) about the Fender Stratocaster.

Finally, in the year 2000, he started working with Francis Rossi again. The official 40th Anniversary Book by Status Quo has been co-written by him. A limited edition of the book contains rare and previously unreleased demo recordings from Young's private archive.

In 2002 he also was a guest on the Lemon Jelly's album Lost Horizons.

On Status Quo's 2013 "Frantic Four" tour, Young again joined the band on stage to play harmonica during performances of "Railroad" and "Roadhouse Blues".

Bibliography
 John Shearlaw, "Status Quo - The Authorised Biography", Sidgwick & Jackson (1st. ed. 1979, 2nd ed. '20th Anniversary Edition' 1982, 3rd. ed. '25th Anniversary Edition' 1986, )
 John Shearlaw, Bob Young: Again & Again. Sidgwick & Jackson, October 1984, Paperback,
 Bob Young: Quotographs - Celebrating 30 Years of Status Quo, IMP International Music Publications Limited, 1985,
 Francis Rossi, Rick Parfitt, Bob Young "Status Quo": The Official 40th Anniversary Edition . Cassell Illustrated, October 2006, hard cover, .

References

External links
 Bob Young's Homepage

Status Quo (band) members
Living people
1945 births
English male songwriters
English male singers
People from Basingstoke

Bob Young (musician)


ACPI Investments is an independently owned, asset management firm serving private clients, trustees, charities, family offices, and institutions. The company has offices in London, Jersey, and South Africa and manages over $3 billion in global assets.  ACPI offers services in portfolio management, private equity, corporate finance advise, and strategic wealth advisory.

History
ACPI was initially established as ACP Partners in 2001 by Joseph Sassoon and Alok Oberoi, both former partners of Goldman Sachs, in order to manage their own assets. At Goldman Sachs, Joseph was the Head of European Private Wealth Management, and Alok served as the Head of International Private Wealth Management. Whilst Joseph retired from ACPI, Alok remained as Chairman of the ACPI Group and is actively involved in the running of the business. Brett Lankester joined ACPI Partners from Goldman Sachs in 2007 and presently serves as CEO.

Today, ACPI is well-recognized in the wealth management industry and deals in all major asset classes including multi-manager, equities, fixed income, and alternative investments. ACPI focuses on capital preservation and active portfolio management on an absolute return basis.
UBP (Union Bancaire Privee) acquired ACPI in January 2019.

Services
ACPI attempts to preserve and grow its client's wealth by delivering attractive, inflation-adjusted returns over the long-term.

Employing a mix of a top-down and bottom-up approaches,  ACPI invests according to the relative return-risk profiles of various asset classes. The top-down macro analysis determines the overall asset allocation of each portfolio, whilst the bottom-up approach determines the composition of each asset.

ACPI's macro-strategy is to look for undervalued companies with strong balance sheets, defensible business models, high & sustainable free cash flows, and run by strong management teams in attractive markets.  The company's investment motto is "the better is the enemy of the good".

References

External links

Financial services companies established in 2001
Companies based in the City of Westminster

ACPI Investments


A trust service provider (TSP) is a person or legal entity providing and preserving digital certificates to create and validate electronic signatures and to authenticate their signatories as well as websites in general. Trust service providers are qualified certificate authorities required in the European Union and in Switzerland in the context of regulated electronic signing procedures.

History
The term trust service provider was coined by the European Parliament and the European Council as important and relevant authority providing non-repudiation to a regulated electronic signing procedure. It was first brought up in the Electronic Signatures Directive 1999/93/EC and was initially named certification-service provider. The directive was repealed by the eIDAS Regulation which became official on July 1, 2016. A regulation is a binding legislative act that requires all EU member states to follow.

Description
The trust service provider has the responsibility to assure the integrity of electronic identification for signatories and services through strong mechanisms for authentication, electronic signatures and digital certificates. eIDAS defines the standards for how trust service providers are to perform their services of authentication and non-repudiation. The regulation provides guidance to EU member states on how trust service providers shall be regulated and recognized.

A trust service is defined as an electronic service that entails one of three possible actions. First it may concern the creation, the verification or the validation of electronic signatures, as well as time stamps or seals, electronically registered delivery services and certifications that are required with these services. The second action entails the creation, the verification as well as the validation of certificates that are used to authenticate websites. The third action is the preservation of these electronic signatures, the seals or the related certificates.

To be elevated to the level of a qualified trust service, the service must meet the requirements set under the eIDAS Regulation. Trust services provide a trust framework that facilitates continued relations for electronic transactions that are conducted between participating EU member states and organizations.

Role of a qualified trust service provider

The qualified trust service provider plays an important role in the process of qualified electronic signing. The trust service providers must be given qualified status and permission for a supervisory government body to provide qualified digital certificates which can be used to create qualified electronic signatures. eIDAS requires that the EU will maintain an EU Trust List that lists the providers and services that have received qualified status. A trust service provider is not entitled to provide qualified trust services if they are not on the EU Trust List.

Trust service providers that are on the EU Trust List are required to follow the strict guidelines established under eIDAS. They need to provide stamps valid in time and date, when creating certificates. Signatures that have expired certificates need to be revoked immediately. The EU obliges the trust service providers to deliver appropriate training for all personnel employed by the trust service provider. They shall further provide tools such as software and hardware that is trustworthy and capable of preventing forgeries of the certificates that are produced.

Vision
One of the major intents of eIDAS was to facilitate both public and business services, especially those that are conducted between parties across EU Member state borders. These transactions can now be safely expedited through the means of electronic signing and the services that are provided by trust service providers in regards to ensuring the integrity of those signatures.

EU member states are required through eIDAS to establish "points of single contact" (PSCs) for trust services that ensure that electronic ID schemes can be used for cross-board public sector transactions, including the exchange and access of healthcare information across borders.

Legal perspective of electronic signatures created by trust service providers

While an advanced electronic signature is legally binding under eIDAS, a qualified electronic signature which has been created by a qualified trust service provider carries a higher probative value when used as evidence in court. Because the signature's authorship is considered non-repudiable, the authenticity of the signature cannot be easily challenged. EU member states are obligated to accept qualified electronic signatures that have been created with qualified certificate from other Member states as valid. According to the eIDAS Regulation, i.e. Article 24 (2), a signature created with a qualified certificate has the same legal value as a handwritten signature in court.

The standards are evolving. Additional standards including policy definitions for trust service providers are under development by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute ETSI.

Global perspective
The Swiss digital signing standard ZertES has defined a comparable concept of certificate service providers. Certificate service providers need to be audited by conformity assessment bodies that have been appointed by the .
In the United States the NIST Digital Signature Standard (DSS) in its current release does not know anything comparable to a qualified trust service provider which would allow to enhance non-repudiation through the signatory's qualified certificate. However authors of the forthcoming review and commentators are publicly discussing an amendment similar to the eIDAS and ZertES approach of trusted service provision. To allow for stringent and non-repudiable global transactions and legal relevance, an international harmonization would be required.

Controversy
Several research institutes and associations expressed their concern with respect to the establishment of a small group of centralized trust service providers per country which authenticate digital transactions. They state that this construct may have negative impact on privacy. Given the central role of trust service providers in many transactions, the Council of European Professional Informatics Societies (CEPIS) fears that trust service providers would gain and collect information of the distinguishing attributes of the citizens, which are subject of authentication. With regard to their requirement to preserve data and resulting expected efforts to keep evidence for potential liability requests on inaccurate ID, CEPIS sees the risk that trust service providers could create and store log entries of all authentication processes. The information gained allows for monitoring and for the profiling of the involved citizens. If the transaction counterpart also identifies himself, user interests and their communication behaviour will additionally sharpen the profiles gained. Big data analysis would allow for far-reaching insights into the citizens' privacy and relationships. The direct connection to the qualifying governmental bodies could allow those to gain access to the gained data and profiles.

Another publication claims that to truly take advantage of the secure and seamless cross-border electronic transactions, assurance levels, definitions and technical deployment need to be specified more precisely.

In 2021, relatively vague proposed updates to eIDAS would require browsers to pass on assurances from TSPs to their users. This would apparently involve the incorporation of government-specified TSPs in parallel with the existing multi-stakeholder processes used by browsers to establish trust in Certificate authorities. The Internet Society and Mozilla asserted a variety of issues with the proposals.

See also
 eIDAS

References

Authentication methods
Signature
Computer law
Cryptography standards

Trust service provider


is a 1941 Argentine film based on the famous 1911 play by Gregorio Martínez Sierra. It is about a group of nuns who find an abandoned baby girl at the doorstep of their convent and decide to bring her up. The last act shows the girl, now a full-grown woman, leaving the convent to get married, and dramatizes the struggle of the nun who raised her to let her go.

 has been filmed many times in Spanish, and produced twice in English on TV's Hallmark Hall of Fame, but this 1941 version is the only one actually directed by the author. The best-known (though extremely rarely shown) version is the 1933 Paramount Pictures production made in English, starring Dorothea Wieck and Evelyn Venable.

Cast

External links

1941 films
1940s Spanish-language films
Argentine black-and-white films
1941 drama films
Argentine films based on plays
1940s Argentine films

Canción de cuna (1941 film)