The term military medicine has a number of potential connotations. It may mean:

A medical specialty, specifically a branch of occupational medicine attending to the medical risks and needs (both preventive and interventional) of soldiers, sailors and other service members. This disparate arena has historically involved the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases (especially tropical diseases), and, in the 20th Century, the ergonomics and health effects of operating military-specific machines and equipment such as submarines, tanks, helicopters and airplanes. Undersea and aviation medicine can be understood as subspecialties of military medicine, or in any case originated as such. Few countries certify or recognize "military medicine" as a formal speciality or subspeciality in its own right.
 The planning and practice of the surgical management of mass battlefield casualties and the logistical and administrative considerations of establishing and operating combat support hospitals. This involves military medical hierarchies, especially the organization of structured medical command and administrative systems that interact with and support deployed combat units. (See Battlefield medicine.)
 The administration and practice of health care for military service members and their dependents in non-deployed (peacetime) settings. This may (as in the United States) consist of a medical system paralleling all the medical specialties and sub-specialties that exist in the civilian sector. (See also Veterans Health Administration which serves U.S. veterans.)
 Medical research and development specifically bearing upon problems of military medical interest. Historically, this encompasses all of the medical advances emerging from medical research efforts directed at addressing the problems encountered by deployed military forces (e.g., vaccines or drugs for soldiers, medical evacuation systems, drinking water chlorination, etc.) many of which ultimately prove important beyond the purely military considerations that inspired them.

Legal status
Military medical personnel engage in humanitarian work and are "protected persons" under international humanitarian law in accordance with the First and Second Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, which established legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field or ship's medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict. International humanitarian law makes no distinction between medical personnel who are members of the armed forces (and who hold military ranks) and those who are civilian volunteers. All medical personnel are considered non-combatants under international humanitarian law because of their humanitarian duties, and they may not be attacked and not be taken as prisoners of war; hospitals and other medical facilities and transports identified as such, whether they are military or civilian, may not be attacked either. The red cross, the red crescent and the red crystal are the protective signs recognised under international humanitarian law, and are used by military medical personnel and facilities for this purpose. Attacking military medical personnel, patients in their care, or medical facilities or transports legitimately marked as such is a war crime. Likewise, misusing these protective signs to mask military operations is the war crime of perfidy. Military medical personnel may be armed, usually with service pistols, for the purpose of self defense or the defense of patients.

Historical significance
The significance of military medicine for combat strength goes far beyond treatment of battlefield injuries; in every major war fought until the late 19th century disease claimed more soldier casualties than did enemy action. During the American Civil War (1860–65), for example, about twice as many soldiers died of disease as were killed or mortally wounded in combat. The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) is considered to have been the first conflict in which combat injury exceeded disease, at least in the German coalition army which lost 3.47% of its average headcount to combat and only 1.82% to disease. In new world countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Canada, military physicians and surgeons contributed significantly to the development of civilian health care.

Improvements in military medicine have increased the survival rates in successive wars, due to improvements in medical evacuation, battlefield medicine and trauma care. Similar improvements have been seen in the trauma practices during the Iraq war. Some military trauma care practices are disseminated by citizen soldiers who return to civilian practice. One such practice is where major trauma patients are transferred to an operating theater as soon as possible, to stop internal bleeding, increasing the survival rate. Within the United States, the survival rate for gunshot wounds has increased, leading to apparent declines in the gun death rate in states that have stable rates of gunshot hospitalizations.

Military medicine by country

North America

Canada
Royal Canadian Medical Service
Royal Canadian Dental Corps
Canadian Forces Health Services Group
Surgeon General (Canada)
National Defence Medical Centre

United States

Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs
Military Health System
Military Medicine, academic journal
TRICARE
United States Unified Medical Command
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Medical Education and Training Campus
Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine
Defense Health Agency
National Center for Medical Intelligence
Health Professions Scholarship Program
Joint Task Force National Capital Region/Medical
Fort Belvoir Community Hospital
Association of Military Surgeons of the United States
Tactical Combat Casualty Care
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
Defense Health Program Budget Activity Group
Department of Defense Medical Examination Review Board
National Museum of Health and Medicine
Medicine in the American Civil War
National Museum of Civil War Medicine

U.S. Army

Surgeon General of the U.S. Army
Army Medical Department
Battalion Aid Stations
Borden Institute
Combat Support Hospital
Fort Detrick
Fort Sam Houston
Forward Surgical Teams
United States Army Medical Corps
United States Army Nurse Corps
United States Army Veterinary Corps
Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
Portable Surgical Hospital
68W, the "combat medic"
Textbook of Military Medicine published by the U.S. Army
United States Army Medical Department Center and School
United States Army Medical Department Museum
U.S. Army Dental Command
U.S. Army Medical Command
United States Army Medical Research and Development Command
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
United States Army Medical Command, Vietnam
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
U.S. Army Public Health Center
United States Army Health Services Command
Army Medical Museum and Library
Army Medical Department regimental coat of arms
Combat lifesaver course

U.S. Navy

Surgeon General of the U.S. Navy
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
United States Navy Health Care
U.S. Navy Medical Corps
U.S. Navy Dental Corps
U.S. Navy Nurse Corps
U.S. Navy Medical Service Corps
U.S. Navy Hospital Corpsman
United States Naval Hospital (disambiguation)
Special amphibious reconnaissance corpsman
Naval Hospital Corps School
Naval Medical Center San Diego
Naval Medical Center Portsmouth
National Naval Medical Center (Walter Reed National Military Medical Center)
Naval Hospital Yokosuka Japan
Naval Health Clinic New England
Naval Health Clinic Cherry Point
Naval Medical Research Center
Naval Health Research Center
Naval Medical Forces Atlantic
Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton
Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
Charleston Naval Hospital Historic District
Old Naval Observatory
Hospital ship
USNS Mercy
USNS Comfort
Sick bay
Loblolly boy
Diving medicine
United States Navy staff corps

U.S. Air Force

Surgeon General of the U.S. Air Force
U.S. Air Force Medical Service (including Dental Corps, Medical Corps, Nursing Corps, and other corps)
United States Air Force Nurse Corps
United States Air Force Pararescue
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
Museum of Aerospace Medicine
Aeromedical evacuation
Critical Care Air Transport Team
Expeditionary Medical Support System
Aviation medicine

Europe

France
French Defence Health Service
École du service de santé des armées

Belgium
Belgian Medical Component

Germany
Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service
Bundeswehr Medical Academy
Luftwaffe Institute of Aviation Medicine
Naval Medical Institute
Generaloberstabsarzt
Generalstabsarzt
Generalarzt
Oberstarzt
Oberfeldarzt
Oberstabsarzt
Stabsarzt
Oberarzt (military)
Assistenzarzt (military)

Italy
Corpo sanitario dell'Esercito Italiano
Corpo sanitario militare marittimo
Corpo sanitario aeronautico
Servizio sanitario dell'Arma dei carabinieri

Russia

Main Military Medical Directorate
Kirov Military Medical Academy (founded in 1798)

Military Medical Business, academic journal
Museum of Military Medicine

Serbia
Military Medical Academy

Sweden
Surgeon-General of the Swedish Armed Forces
Medical Corps of the Swedish Armed Forces
Swedish Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine
Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Army
Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Navy
Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force
Swedish Army Medical Corps
Swedish Naval Medical Officers' Corps
Swedish Armed Forces Diving and Naval Medicine Centre
Swedish Army Veterinary Corps

United Kingdom

Royal Navy Medical Service
Royal Naval Hospital
Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service
Medical Assistant (Royal Navy)
Institute of Naval Medicine
Naval surgeon
Surgeon's mate
Loblolly boy
Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service
List of hospitals and hospital ships of the Royal Navy
Army Medical Services
Royal Army Medical Corps
Medical Support Officer
Combat Medical Technician
Royal Army Dental Corps
Royal Army Veterinary Corps
Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps
Territorial Force Nursing Service
Royal Army Medical College
RAF Medical Services
Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service
RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine
RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
Museum of Military Medicine
Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)
Defence Medical Services
Defence Medical Academy
Ministry of Defence Hospital Units
Defence CBRN Centre

Asia

India
Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)
Army Medical Corps (India)
Armed Forces Medical College
Command Hospital
Indian Medical Service

Israel

Logistics, Medical, and the Centers Directorate
Medical Corps (Israel)
Unit 669

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Army Medical Corps

Thailand
Phramongkutklao College of Medicine

Vietnam
Vietnam Military Medical University (Học Viện Quân Y) in Hanoi

Other regions

Australia

Joint Health Command (Australia)
Australian Army Medical Women's Service
Australian Army Medical Units, World War I
Australian Army Nursing Service
Royal Australian Army Medical Corps
Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps
Royal Australian Army Dental Corps
Australian Army Veterinary Corps
Australian Army Psychology Corps
Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine
List of Australian hospital ships

South Africa
South African Medical Service
South African Military Health Service

International

International Committee of Military Medicine
Committee of Chiefs of Military Medical Services in NATO (COMEDS)

See also

Battlefield medicine
Casualty evacuation (CASEVAC)
Combat medic
Combat stress reaction
Disaster medicine
Field hospital
Flight nurse
Flight medic
Flight surgeon
Equipment of a combat medic
History of military nutrition in the United States
List of drugs used by militaries
Medical corps
Medical evacuation (MEDEVAC)
Medical Service Corps
Medical logistics
Military ambulance
Military medical ethics
Military hospital
Military nurse
Military psychiatrist
Military psychiatry
Military psychology
Triage
Stretcher bearer

References

Further reading
 Bowlby, Sir Anthony and Colonel Cuthbert Wallace. "The Development of British Surgery at the Front." The British Medical Journal 1 (1917): 705–721.
 Churchill, Edward D. "Healing by First Intention and with Suppuration: Studies in the History of Wound Healing." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 19 (1964): 193–214.
 Churchill, Edward D.  "The Surgical Management of the wounded at the time of the Fall of Rome." Annals of Surgery 120 (1944): 268–283.
 Cowdrey,  Albert E. Fighting for Life: American Military Medicine in World War II (1994), scholarly history, 400 pp
 Cowdrey,  Albert E. United States Army in the Korean War: The Medics War (1987), full-scale scholarly official history; online free
 Fauntleroy, A.M. "The Surgical Lessons of the European War." Annals of Surgery 64 (1916): 136–150.
 Grissinger, Jay W. "The Development of Military Medicine." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 3 (1927): 301–356. online
 Harrison, Mark. Medicine and victory: British military medicine in the Second World War (Oxford UP, 2004).
 Whayne, Col. Tom F. and Colonel Joseph H. McNinch. "Fifty Years of Medical Progress: Medicine as a Social Instrument: Military Medicine." The New England Journal of Medicine 244 (1951): 591–601.
 Wintermute, Bobby A. Public health and the US military: a history of the Army Medical Department, 1818-1917 (2010).

Primary sources
 Kendrick, Douglas B. Memoirs of a Twentieth-Century Army Surgeon (Sunflower University Press, 19920, U.S. Army

External links

U.S. military medicine
Military Medicine related links from USAF Air University
Association of Military Surgeons of the United States (AMSUS)
Military Medicine, the International Journal of AMSUS
Patriot Medicine, a vertical network for the military medical ecosystem
Military Medicine Through Time. Life and Death in the War Zone | NOVA | PBS
The Borden Institute Homepage
Military Medicine Documents at USU Archive
U.S. Army Preventive Medicine news archive from the 7th Infantry Division (Light) Panorama weekly newspaper 1988.
 Virtual Naval Hospital - a digital library of military medicine and humanitarian medicine
 http://www.ipernity.com/doc/57114/5652001/in/keyword/487917/self (military medical exams)

Australian military medicine
Australian Military Medicine Association

International Magazine for Military Medicine
MCIF MEDICAL CORPS INTERNATIONAL FORUM  International Magazine for Military Medicine

NATO Centre of Excellence for Military Medicine
NATO Centre of Excellence for Military Medicine

Military supporting service occupations

Military medicine


Jean-Paul Fouchécourt is a French tenor, mostly as an opera singer. He was born on 30 August 1958 at Blanzy in the Burgundy region. He is best known for singing French Baroque music, especially the parts called in French haute-contre, written for a very high tenor voice with no falsetto singing.

Life and career
Specialist in French Baroque repertory, Jean-Paul Fouchécourt has gained his international reputation with his portrayal of the title role Platée by Rameau, Arnalta in l'Incoronazione di Poppea by Monteverdi, the four servants in the Tales of Hoffmann by Offenbach and le Mari in the Mamelles de Tirésias by Poulenc.

After studying the classical saxophone and conducting, Jean-Paul Fouchécourt decided to become a singer after a workshop with Cathy Berberian in 1982. He began his career with Les Arts Florissants directed by William Christie in 1986, having concerts in Europe, US, Soviet Union, South America, Australia and Japan. Jean-Paul Fouchécourt then went on to work extensively with the conductor Marc Minkowski and his Musiciens du Louvre: highlights of his career in the Baroque repertory include the title roles of Hippolyte et Aricie by Rameau, Titon et l'Aurore by Mondonville, Acis et Galatée by Lully and Resurrezione by Handel. He has also collaborated with other Baroque ensembles directed by R. Alessandrini, H. Bicket, R. Brown, P. Herreweghe, G. Garrido, N. McGeggan, R. Jacobs, S. Kuijken, H. Niquet, T. Pinnock, Ch. Rousset and JC. Spinosi.

Jean-Paul Fouchécourt has performed with many of the world's leading opera companies, including Royal Opera House - London, Metropolitan Opera, City Opera - New York, Cincinnati Opera, Opera Bastille, Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, Opéra de Bordeaux, Opéra de Lyon, Opéra du Rhin, and Opéra de Montpellier, Théâtre de la Monnaie, Vlaams Opera, Grand Théâtre de Genève, Lausanne Opera and Zurich Opera, Netherlands Opera, Theater an der Wien, New Israeli Opera and Australian Opera.

His operatic productions have included L'enfant et les sortilèges and L'heure Espagnole (Torquemada) by Ravel, Le Nozze di Figaro (Basilio) by Mozart, Orphée aux Enfers (Pluton) by Offenbach, Falstaff (Bardolfo) by Verdi, Manon (Guillot de Morfontaine) by Massenet, Madame Butterfly (Goro) by Puccini, Eugene Onegin (Monsieur Triquet) by Tchaikovsky, L'étoile (Ouf 1er) by Chabrier, Calisto (Pane) by Cavalli, and The Golden Cockerel (The astrologer) by Rimsky-Korsakov.

Jean-Paul Fouchécourt has also performed at many music festivals including Aix-en-Provence, Chorégies d'Orange (France), Berkley (USA), Saito Kinen (Japan), BBC Proms, Edinburgh (UK), and Salzburg (Austria).

He has a great affinity and love of French songs, from the Baroque Air de cour and Classical Romance to the Romantic mélodie. He has performed recitals in France and around the world.

His discography of more than 100 recordings includes works from Monteverdi, Mondonville, Rameau, Fauré, Bizet, Boulanger, Delage, Poulenc, Offenbach, Ravel, and Rosenthal to Szymanowski.
In 2000, Jean-Paul Fouchécourt was honoured with the 'Chevalier de l'ordre National du Mérite' by the French Government.

He became the Artistic Director of the Studio de l'Opéra de Lyon (SOL) in 2011.

Selected recordings

Solo recitals
 Rameau: Operatic Arias.  Opera Lafayette Orchestra, Ryan Brown
 Airs de Cour des XVI, XVII, XVIII Siecles. Éric Bellocq

Among the many Baroque operas and vocal pieces that Fouchécourt has recorded are:
Atys by Jean-Baptist Lully, conducted by William Christie (1987) Harmonia Mundi
David et Jonathas by Marc-Antoine Charpentier, conducted by William Christie (1988) Harmonia Mundi
The Fairy-Queen by Purcell, conducted by William Christie (1989) Harmonia Mundi
Alcyone by Marin Marais, conducted by Marc Minkowski (1990) Erato
Te Deum by De Lalande, conducted by William Christie  (1991) Harmonia Mundi
Titon et l'Aurore by Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de Mondonville, conducted by Marc Minkowski (1992) Erato
Les amours de Ragonde by Jean-Joseph Mouret, conducted by Marc Minkowski (1992) Erato
Les Indes Galantes by Jean-Philippe Rameau, conducted by William Christie (1992) Harmonia Mundi
Idoménée by André Campra, conducted by William Christie (1992) Harmonia Mundi
Te Deum by Marc-Antoine Charpentier, conducted by William Christie (1992) Harmonia Mundi
Pigmalion by Rameau, conducted by Hervé Niquet (1993) Fnac / re-release from Virgin Classics/EMI (1999)
Phaëton by Lully, conducted by Marc Minkowski (1993) Erato
Hippolyte et Aricie by Rameau, conducted by Marc Minkowski (1994) Archiv
Dido and Aeneas by Purcell, conducted by William Christie (1995) Erato
Les Fêtes de Paphos by Mondonville, conducted by Christophe Rousset (1997) L'Oiseau-Lyre
Les Fêtes d'Hébé by Rameau, conducted by William Christie (1998) Erato
Acis & Galatée by Lully, conducted by Marc Minkowski (1998) Archiv
Orphée et Euridice (1774 Paris version) by Gluck, conducted by Ryan Brown (2005) Naxos

Other recordings include:
La cambiale di matrimonio by Gioachino Rossini, conducted by Hervé Niquet (1991) ADDA
La dame blanche by Boïeldieu, conducted by Marc Minkowski (1996) EMI Classics/Angel
Les mamelles de Tirésias by Francis Poulenc, conducted by Seiji Ozawa (1999) Philips
Orphée aux enfers by Offenbach conducted by Marc Minkowski (1998) EMI
Roméo & Juliette by Berlioz, conducted by John Eliot Gardiner (1998) Polygram
Maurice Delage: Mélodies, with Billy Eidi (1998) Timpani
Werther by Massenet, conducted by Antonio Pappano (1999) EMI Classics
Herodiade by Massenet conducted by Michel Plasson (2001) EMI Classics
Rodrigue et Chimène by Debussy conducted by Kent Nagano (1993–94) Erato
Songs by Fauré - Aubade, Chanson d'amour, Les présents, Lydia, Mai, Nell, with Graham Johnson (2005) Hyperion
La Vie Parisienne by Offenbach, conducted by Sébastien Rouland (2008, DVD) Virgin Classics
L'enfant et les sortilèges by Ravel, conducted by Simon Rattle (2009) EMI Classics
Enoch Arden, melodrama by Richard Strauss, with Christian Ivaldi, piano
Carmen by Bizet, conducted by Antonio Pappano (2004) DVD
Carmen by Bizet, conducted by Simon Rattle EMI (2012)
Eugène Onguin byTchaikowsky conducted by Valery Gergiev (2007) DECA DVD

Saxophone
Works by Creston, Pierné, Schmitt recorded in 1981, 1984.

External links
www.fouchecourt.com Official Site
Askonas Holt

 (French television 2009).

1958 births
Living people
People from Saône-et-Loire
French operatic tenors
French male singers
French male conductors (music)
21st-century French conductors (music)
21st-century French male musicians

Jean-Paul Fouchécourt


Piccola Roma was the nickname of Asmara (capital of Italian Eritrea), during the decades of Italian colonial rule of Eritrea.

History

The city of Asmara was founded by the Italians in the last years of the XIX century, from a small native village. Soon was made the capital of their colonial possessions in Eritrea, mainly because of the climate being located at more than 2000 meters of altitude.

In the 1930s the city was being populated by many thousands of Italian colonists and in 1940 it was mostly Italian looking (by architecture and by inhabitants way of life). That it the reason why it was called "Piccola Roma" ("little Rome"), due to the fact that it was a bit similar to the capital of Italy (Roma).

The capital of Eritrea experienced a huge increase in population: in 1935 there were only 4,000 Italians and 12,000 Eritreans; in 1938 there were 48,000 Italians and 36,000 Eritreans. Historian Gian Luca Podesta wrote that practically Asmara in 1940 has become an Italian city (he wrote: "in pratica Asmara era diventata una citta' italiana".

"Piccola Roma" was a typical Italian city created in the middle of eastern Africa, where the majority of the population was southern european in appearance & customs, spoke italian and practised the catholicism when WW2 started. It was going to be the industrial center of the Italian East Africa, but the war blocked this development.

Historian Maitacli wrote that:

"The city is known for its early 20th century buildings, including the Art Deco "Cinema Impero" (opened in 1937 and considered by the experts one of the world's finest examples of Art Déco style building), the Cubist "Africa Pension", the rationalist "Governor's Palace", the eclectic Eritrean Orthodox "Tewahdo" Church, the former "Asmara Opera House", the futurist architecture "Fiat Tagliero Building", the neo-Romanesque architecture "Roman Catholic Cathedral", and the neoclassical architecture "President's Palace". The city is adorned by Italian colonial villas and mansions, one prominent example being the 'Asmara's World Bank Building'...."

Most of central Asmara was built between 1935 and 1941, so effectively the Italians managed to build almost an entire city in just six short years.

Actually (in July 2017) Asmara has been declared World Heritage Site by the UNESCO, mainly because of the architecture created during the Italian colonial years (that lasted from 1881 until 1941).

Related pages
 Addis Abeba
 Italian Mogadiscio
 Asmara

Notes

Bibliography
 Podesta, Gian Luca et al. Lo sguardo della storia economica sull'edilizia urbana. Volume 4. Chapter: "Le citta dell'impero". Publisher Croma - Università Roma TRE. Roma, 2009. ISBN 888368107X
20th century in Italy
History of Eritrea
Cities in Eritrea

Piccola Roma


Patience Jean Gray (née Stanham; 31 October 1917 – 10 March 2005) was an English cookery and travel writer of the mid-20th century. Her two most popular books were Plats Du Jour (1957) – written with Primrose Boyd, about French cooking – and Honey From A Weed (1986), an account of the Mediterranean way of life.

Upbringing
Born Patience Jean Stanham at Shackleford, near Godalming, Surrey, she was the second of three daughters of Hermann Stanham, a major in the Royal Field Artillery and his wife Olive Florence, née Colgate, daughter of a Lincolnshire farmer.

Patience discovered late in life that her father, at various times a surgeon, a pig farmer, and finally a photographer, was the son of a Polish rabbi called Warschavski, who had arrived in England in 1861 and become a Unitarian minister. During her childhood at Mitchen Hall, "a grand but rather isolated house of peach-coloured brick", her father's moods dominated family life: "I have listened to other people's accounts of their happy childhoods with sadness mingled with disbelief," Patience wrote. "I recognised mine as a snuffing out of every spontaneous impulse, to the point where one might have been said to be walking on tiptoe to avoid the detonations."

Her father's poor business sense (his pig farm failed) put strain on the family finances and her parents' marriage. Patience was sent to live with an aunt and uncle in London, where she and a cousin of hers attended Queen's College, a noted independent girls' school. She was an excellent student and passed her university entrance exams at the age of 16. However, her father thought she was too young to start university. She spent a year in Bonn, Germany, studying first economics, then switching to history of art, living in what she called a "kind of prison": a 17th-century observatory in the Poppelsdorfer Allee, with a professor of astronomy and his wife and child. A desire to escape the oppressive atmosphere of her lodgings led her out walking in the city, where she discovered a love of Baroque architecture." At the London School of Economics she studied under the future Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell, for instance.

Early adulthood
In 1938, after graduating, Patience travelled with her sister Tania to Eastern Europe under a grant from the Quakers, who wanted to promote friendships with the Romanians. The sisters were there when Queen Marie, a grand-daughter of Queen Victoria, died in July. The lavishness of the funeral rites prompted Patience to write her first piece of journalism, which appeared in a Bucharest paper. Its editor became infatuated by Patience, filling her hotel room with bunches of tuberose, whose scent, she said, always filled her with remembered horror. Tania and Patience escaped his attentions by fleeing to the Black Sea in a monoplane piloted by a Romanian prince.

Patience returned to London in 1939 and took up a job at the Foreign Office. When the Second World War broke out, she was dismissed, she claimed, for "having too many foreign contacts". She went instead to the Arts Council, where she began an affair with Thomas Gray, although he was already married with two children. He was the brother of the industrial designer Milner Gray, founder of the London Design Institute. Patience and Thomas had two children, a son Nicholas and a daughter Miranda. She took his name by deed poll in the London Gazette of 17 January 1941. During the war, Patience moved to a cottage on the South Downs which had no electricity or running water. Thomas was conscripted.

Patience's career then followed a peripatetic course, through "temporary jobs for literary and artistic folk" that fitted in with single motherhood. She worked with the designer FHK Henrion, responsible for the displays inside the Country Pavilion at the 1951 Festival of Britain. There she met Primrose Boyd, with whom she later set up a freelance research partnership.

Gray's first book was as an editor and was not food-related: Indoor Plants and Gardens, published in 1952, is a practical guide to growing, maintaining and using them as decoration in the modernistic interiors of 1950s homes. In the mid-1950s, she was one of a group of translators who worked on a new edition of Larousse Gastronomique.

Her first bestseller was Plats du Jour, or Foreign Food, a collaboration written with her business partner Boyd and illustrated by David Gentleman, then at the beginning of his illustrious career. It sold 50,000 copies in its first year, initially far outstripping Elizabeth David's books, and was reprinted by Persephone Books in 2006.

In 1958 Patience Gray beat over a thousand applicants to become the first editor of The Observer women's page. With little agreement over what should be on it, Patience had free rein. Women, she felt, did not want to acquire, but to learn. She supplied them with articles on European art, design, thought and habits up to 1961, when a new superior, George Seddon, decided women were interested in more down-to-earth subjects such as shopping and cooking.

Later life and legacy
In the early 1960s her life changed again when she fell in love with the Belgian artist and sculptor Norman Mommens, who was married at the time to potter Ursula Mommens. Gray and Norman Mommens embarked on a journey round the Mediterranean following a vein of stone from Provence, Carrara, Catalonia, the Greek island of Naxos, and finally southern Italy, where in 1970 they settled in a farmhouse in Apulia. She refused to have such modern conveniences as a refrigerator, telephone or electric light. She wrote of this life in Honey From a Weed, a book about rural life, folklore and cookery, full of recipes featuring peasant food. In 1994, she eventually married Mommens, who died in 2000.

The person who saw Honey From a Weed into print was Alan Davidson of Prospect Books, an admirer who became a friend. Many foodies (a term coined by her friend Paul Levy, who wrote her entry in the ODNB) visited her Italian home, including Derek Cooper, who interviewed her for BBC Radio Four's The Food Programme The book has been championed by writers and chefs from Jeremy Lee to Clarissa Dickson Wright.

Patience Gray's other books include Ring Doves And Snakes (1989), a darker account of the couple's year on Naxos and why they were forced to leave; The Centaur's Kitchen (1964, published only posthumously in 2005 by Tom Jaine of Prospect Books), a set of recipes for the Chinese cooks of the Blue Funnel Shipping Line aboard the newly launched cargo liner, the Centaur, plying from western Australia to Singapore; and Work Adventures, Childhood Dreams (self-published, 1999), a collection of autobiographical essays.

Patience Gray was one of ten "career women" featured in Rachel Cooke's look at the 1950s.

A full-length biography appeared in 2017, Fasting and Feasting: The Life of Visionary Food Writer Patience Gray by Adam Federman. "There's something strictly otherworldly about the recipes in Honey From a Weed, despite their simple ingredients and clear directions," wrote Laura Shapiro in The New York Times. "Each dish is inextricable from its time and place, those villages and landscapes and rustic kitchens that inspired both the cooking and the writing. How dare we bring home a cauliflower from the supermarket, turn on the air-conditioner and the nightly news, and start preparing cavolfiore colla salsa virgiliana (cauliflower with Virgil's sauce)? Gray wasn't inflexible, as we know from the tinned peaches, but she had no wish to identify with late 20th-century cooks. Her loyalty was to plants and fish and the seasons, and to villagers who taught her how to make use of everything surrounding her."

Books
Sources:
Plats Du Jour, 1957 , Reprinted by Persephone Books 2006
Honey From A Weed, 1986
Work Adventures Childhood Dreams, 1999
Ring Doves and Snakes, 1989
The Centaur's Kitchen: A Book of French, Italian, Greek & Catalan Dishes for Ships' Cooks on the Blue Funnel Line, 2006
Margaret E. Jones (1952), ed. Patience Gray: Indoor Plants and Gardens, Great Britain, Architectural Press, 1952

References

Author Profile at Persephone Books
Plats du Jour at Persephone Books

1917 births
2005 deaths
English chefs
English food writers
English women non-fiction writers
British expatriates in Italy
Women's page journalists

Patience Gray


The Vickers Vanox was a British biplane bomber design intended as a successor to the Virginia for the Royal Air Force. Although it underwent extensive development, it was not successful, only a single aircraft being built.

Design and development
Conceived as a biplane powered by the Bristol Jupiter radial engine it would have much better performance than the Virginia with similar engines. Initially a private venture, the submission of the Vickers design to the Air Ministry coincided with the issuing of Air Ministry specification B.19/27 for a Virginia replacement.

The B.19/27 specification meant that the Vickers submission would be tested competitively in trials against other manufacturer's designs. In the redesign to meet the specification, the B.19/27 project took the Virginia Mark X all moving rudder together with an all-moving tailplane. Three designs were submitted in total; two biplanes with Jupiter and geared Bristol Mercury engines respectively and a monoplane version. The Mercury-engined design, the Vickers Type 150 was selected by the Ministry for consideration and building, now to be funded by the Ministry, started. Partway through it was agreed that an alternative engine was allowable, the Rolls-Royce F.XIV (later developed into the Rolls-Royce Kestrel).

The aircraft flew for the first time on 30 November 1929.  The aircraft was a two-bay biplane of all-metal construction, with a biplane tailplane and with the two engines mounted between the wings.

Initial testing and evaluation showed that the aircraft had poor handling, being unstable laterally, prone to Dutch roll and to severe flexing of the rear fuselage. Following a forced landing it was rebuilt incorporating recommendations made in reports from Ministry test pilots to try to resolve these problems, and was powered by Kestrel III engines. It was then given the name Vickers Vanox by Vickers.

These changes did not solve the aircraft's handling problems, and the sweepback of the wings was reduced, which did resolve the handling problems. The Kestrel engines proved unreliable, and were replaced by more powerful Bristol Pegasus radial engines. In this form, the aircraft was designated the Vickers Type 195 Vanox, and was demonstrated to meet the requirements of specification.

Following further modifications in February 1933 to improve performance, with extended, three-bay wings being fitted, it was now designated the Type 255. However, by this time, the competing Handley Page Heyford and Fairey Hendon bombers had already been ordered into production, so the sole Type 255 was used for aerial refuelling trials work by the Royal Aircraft Establishment, being flown for the last time on 7 January 1938.

Specifications (Type 150)

See also

References

 Andrews, E.N.; Morgan, E.B. Vickers Aircraft Since 1908, London: Putnam, Second Edition, 1988. .
 Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. .

External links

 Vickers Vanox – British Aircraft Directory

1920s British bomber aircraft
Vanox
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

Vickers Vanox


Diwan Bahadur Rettamalai Srinivasan (7 July 1860 - 18 September 1945), commonly known as R. Srinivasan, was a Scheduled Caste activist and politician from then Madras Presidency of British India (now the Indian state of Tamil Nadu). He is a Paraiyar icon and was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and was also an associate of B. R. Ambedkar. He is remembered today as one of the pioneers of the Scheduled caste movement in India. He founded the Adi dravida mahajana sabha in 1893.

Early life

Rettamalai Srinivasan was born in 1860 in a poor Tamil family in Madras Presidency. His family was able to send him to a residential school in Coimbatore because of his father Rettamalai's trade relations with the British. He was the only Paraiyar student among the 400 pupils in the school. He then worked as an accountant at Ooty which was then the summer capital of the Madras presidency. Ooty was brimming with Dalit political activism then and Srinivasan grew interested.

He was a brother-in-law of the famous scheduled castes activist Iyothee Thass. He worked as a translator in a South African court when Gandhi was practicing there as an advocate; he was instrumental in Mahathma Gandhi putting his signature in Tamil as "Mo.Ka. Gandhi" (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in Tamil).

Srinivasan established and led the Paraiyar Mahajana Sabha in 1891 which later became the Adi-Dravida Mahajana Sabha. He founded a Tamil newspaper called Paraiyan in October 1893 which started selling as a monthly with four pages for the price of four annas. However, Paraiyan experienced great difficulties in its early days.

Srinivasan was a participant in the freedom movement and an arrest warrant was issued against him claiming that he was fleeing the nation. In 1896, a case was filed against the newspaper and Srinivasan was dragged to the court citing a letter to the editor. The editor Srinivasan was fined  100 for his writings.

Round Table Conference

Rettamalai Srinivasan represented the Paraiyars in the first two Round Table Conferences in London (1930 and 1931) along with B. R. Ambedkar. In 1932, Ambedkar, M. C. Rajah and Rettamalai Srinivasan briefly joined the board of the Servants of Untouchables Society established by Gandhi. In 1936, he established the Madras Province Scheduled Castes' Party.

In the Round Table Conference, he shared the dais with Ambedkar and continued to have interaction with him. But, he differed greatly with Ambedkar on the question of untouchables converting to other religions. In the Yeola Conference in 1935, Ambedkar thundered "I was born as a Hindu, I solemnly assure you that I will not die as a Hindu". Rettamalai Srinivasan said, "Depressed Classes are not in the Hindu fold. They are full blooded Dravidian in race".

In 1936 he was conferred to the title of 'Diwan Bahadur' by British government for his service to Depressed Classes.

Memorials

Commemorative stamps have been issued in memory of Rettamalai Srinivasan by the Department of Posts of the Government of India. Cadres of the Viduthalai Siruthaigal party claimed to have discovered the remains of the Paraiyar leader in Otteri and constructed a memorial over his mortal remains and named it Urimai Kalam. On 6 July 2011, Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa had directed that his birth anniversary on 7 July be observed as a government function and ministers to honour him by garlanding his statue located inside Gandhi Mandapam, Chennai.

His grandson B. Parameswaran became a minister in the Government of Tamil Nadu and a member of the Indian parliament.

Notes

References

Further reading

1860 births
1945 deaths
Tamil activists
Paraiyar leaders
Dewan Bahadurs
Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu
19th-century Indian journalists
20th-century Indian journalists
Indian publishers (people)
Journalists from Tamil Nadu
Dalit leaders
Anti-caste activists
People from the Madras Presidency

Rettamalai Srinivasan


Canadia: 2056 is a Canadian radio comedy series which premiered on CBC Radio One in April 2007. A science fiction comedy written by Matt Watts, the series centres on Max Anderson, the American liaison on board the only Canadian spaceship in an otherwise American space fleet headed toward a galactic war with the planet Ipampilash.

The premise of the series was summed up for promotional purposes:

It is the year 2056. The United States has launched an armada to destroy an alien threat. Canada sends the nation's only publicly funded spacecraft, The Canadia – a ship with a single purpose. To plunge the Americans' toilets. Travel with them.

In the second season, the Canadia became lost in time.

Canadia: 2056 first aired on CBC Radio One, on Fridays from 11:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Cast

Matt Watts, in addition to his role as lead scriptwriter, also provided the voice of Midshipman Anderson. Other actors included Shauna MacDonald as the voice of the Canadia computer, and Donnelly Rhodes as the American president, providing the series' explanatory voice-over at the start of each episode.  Other members of the cast include Stephanie Broschart as Margaux Faverau, Holly Lewis as Amanda Lewis, Paul O'Sullivan as the Captain, Chuck Shamata as Doc Gaffney, Tim Hamaguchi as the Crewman, Naomi Snieckus as Skip, Peter Wildman as Pickens, and Alyson Court as Connie.

Crew

Greg DeClute directed and produced every episode except the two pilots, the first of which was directed by Tom Anniko, with Joe Mahoney doing post production.  The second pilot was produced and directed by Joe Mahoney, who served as story editor for the rest of the series.

Anton Szabo did the sound effects for every episode except the two pilots, for which Joe Mahoney did the sound effects.

Tom Anniko was Executive Producer of both seasons.

Theme music

Accompanying Rhodes' voiceover at the start of each episode is an instrumental interpretation of the song "Life on Mars?". At the end of each episode, the credits are read over the song "Gravity", taken from the Max Webster album High Class in Borrowed Shoes.

See also
Quark
Hyperdrive

References

External links
 Canadia 2056 at the CBC website
 The Dreaded Travelling Shot at Assorted Nonsense

2007 radio programme debuts
Canadian comedy radio programs
Science fiction comedy
CBC Radio One programs
Canadian science fiction radio programs
Fiction set in 2056
Canadian radio dramas
2000s Canadian radio programs

Canadia: 2056


Caribe is the sixth station of the Medellín Metro from north to south, serving line A, and is located in the northern part of the municipality of Medellín. The station was opened on 30 November 1995 as part of the inaugural section of line A, from Niquía to Poblado.

It lies between two major traditional working class areas of the city of Medellín: the Castilla and Aranjuez municipalities. With the town of Bello, said municipalities evolved through the history of development of the metropolitan area as the main areas of labor within the process of industrialization. As strategic urban and regional development, and a high number of population areas, the Medellín Metro is an important element of this part of the city.

Description
From the station is a pedestrian bridge that goes to the Northern Bus Terminal, which has buses that go to a collection of urban routes to the Castilla, Robledo and Caribe zones in the northeast of the city. Another pedestrian bridge to the east leads to the Moravia zone.

The station is named after the neighborhood it is found in: Caribe. It was constructed in a zone that was once one of the most deprived areas of the city, known as the "Landfill", with the intention of improving the area.

References

External links
 Official site of Medellín Metro

Medellín Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1995
1995 establishments in Colombia

Caribe station


Lean startup is a methodology for developing businesses and products that aims to shorten product development cycles and rapidly discover if a proposed business model is viable; this is achieved by adopting a combination of business-hypothesis-driven experimentation, iterative product releases, and validated learning. Lean startup emphasizes customer feedback over intuition and flexibility over planning. This methodology enables recovery from failures more often than traditional ways of product development.

Central to the lean startup methodology is the assumption that when startup companies invest their time into iteratively building products or services to meet the needs of early customers, the company can reduce market risks and sidestep the need for large amounts of initial project funding and expensive product launches and financial failures. While the events leading up to the launch can make or break a new business, it is important to start with the end in mind. This means thinking about the direction in which you want your business to grow and how to put all the right pieces in place to make this possible.

Overview
Similar to the precepts of lean manufacturing and lean software development, the lean startup methodology seeks to eliminate wasteful practices and increase value-producing practices during the earliest phases of a company so that the company can have a better chance of success without requiring large amounts of outside funding, elaborate business plans, or a perfect product. Customer feedback during the development of products or services is integral to the lean startup process, and ensures that the company does not invest time designing features or services that consumers do not want. This is done primarily through two processes, using key performance indicators and a continuous deployment process.

When a startup company cannot afford to have its entire investment depend upon the success of a single product or service, the lean startup methodology proposes that by releasing a minimum viable product that is not yet finalized, the company can then make use of customer feedback to help further tailor the product or service to the specific needs of its customers.

The lean startup methodology asserts that "lean has nothing to do with how much money a company raises"; rather it has everything to do with assessing the specific demands of consumers and how to meet that demand using the least amount of resources possible.

Precursors

Lean manufacturing
Use of the word lean to describe the streamlined production system of lean manufacturing was popularized by the 1990 book The Machine That Changed the World. The Toyota Production System pioneered by Taiichi Ohno combined flow principles that had been used by Henry Ford since the early 1900s with innovations such as the TWI programs introduced to Japan in 1951.

Lean manufacturing systems consider as waste the expenditure of resources for any goal other than the creation of value for the end customer, and continually seek ways to eliminate such waste. In particular, such systems focus on:
 minimizing inventory throughout the assembly line,
 using Kanban cards to signal only when the necessary inputs to production are needed, and in so doing, reduce assembly waste (inventory) and increase productivity,
 identifying mistakes or imperfections during assembly as early as possible at immediate quality control checkpoints to ensure that the least amount of time is expended developing a faulty product, and
 maintaining close connections with suppliers in order to understand their customers' desires.

Lean manufacturing was later applied to software as lean software development.

Customer development
The lean startup methodology is based on the customer development methodology of Silicon Valley serial entrepreneur-turned-academic Steve Blank. In his book The Four Steps to the Epiphany: Successful Strategies for Products that Win (2005, 5th edition 2013), Blank pointed out the pitfalls of a narrow emphasis on product development; instead he argued that startups should focus on what he called "customer development", which emphasizes "learning about customers and their problems as early in the development process as possible". Blank's customer development methodology proposed four steps:

 Customer discovery tests hypotheses about the nature of the problem, interest in the product or service solution, and business viability.
 Customer validation tests the business viability through customer purchases and in the process creates a "sales road map", a proven and repeatable sales process. Customer discovery and customer validation corroborate the business model.
 Customer creation executes the business plan by scaling through customer acquisition, creating user demand and directing it toward the company's sales channels.
 Company building formalizes and standardizes company departments and operations.

In an article published in the Harvard Business Review in 2013, Steve Blank described how the lean startup methodology also drew inspiration from the work of people like Ian C. MacMillan and Rita Gunther McGrath who developed a technique called discovery-driven planning, which was an attempt to bring an entrepreneurial mindset to planning.

Principles

In his blog and book The Lean Startup, entrepreneur Eric Ries used specific terms to refer to the core lean startup principles, as described below.

Minimum viable product
A minimum viable product (MVP) is the "version of a new product which allows a team to collect the maximum amount of validated learning about customers with the least effort" (similar to a pilot experiment). The goal of an MVP is to test fundamental business hypotheses (or leap-of-faith assumptions) and to help entrepreneurs begin the learning process as quickly as possible.

As an example, Ries noted that Zappos founder Nick Swinmurn wanted to test the hypothesis that customers were ready and willing to buy shoes online. Instead of building a website and a large database of footwear, Swinmurn approached local shoe stores, took pictures of their inventory, posted the pictures online, bought the shoes from the stores at full price after he'd made a sale, and then shipped them directly to customers. Swinmurn deduced that customer demand was present, and Zappos would eventually grow into a billion dollar business based on the model of selling shoes online.

Continuous deployment (only for software development)
Continuous deployment, similar to continuous delivery, is a process "whereby all code that is written for an application is immediately deployed into production," which results in a reduction of cycle times. Ries stated that some of the companies he's worked with deploy new code into production as often as 50 times a day. The phrase was coined by Timothy Fitz, one of Ries's colleagues and an early engineer at IMVU.

Split testing
A split or A/B test is an experiment in which "different versions of a product are offered to customers at the same time." The goal of a split test is to observe differences in behavior between the two groups and to measure the impact of each version on an actionable metric.

A/B testing is sometimes incorrectly performed in serial fashion, where a group of users one week may see one version of the product while the next week users see another. This undermines the statistical validity of the results, since external events may influence user behavior in one time period but not the other. For example, a split test of two ice cream flavors performed in serial during the summer and winter would see a marked decrease in demand during the winter where that decrease is mostly related to the weather and not to the flavor offer.

Another way to incorrectly A/B test is to assign users to one or another A/B version of the product using any non-random method.

Actionable metrics
Actionable metrics can lead to informed business decisions and subsequent action. These are in contrast to vanity metrics—measurements that give "the rosiest picture possible" but do not accurately reflect the key drivers of a business.

Vanity metrics for one company may be actionable metrics for another. For example, a company specializing in creating web based dashboards for financial markets might view the number of web page views per person as a vanity metric as their revenue is not based on number of page views. However, an online magazine with advertising would view web page views as a key metric as page views are directly correlated to revenue.

A typical example of a vanity metric is "the number of new users gained per day". While a high number of users gained per day seems beneficial to any company, if the cost of acquiring each user through expensive advertising campaigns is significantly higher than the revenue gained per user, then gaining more users could quickly lead to bankruptcy.

Pivot
A pivot is a "structured course correction designed to test a new fundamental hypothesis about the product, strategy, and engine of growth." A notable example of a company employing the pivot is Groupon; when the company first started, it was an online activism platform called The Point. After receiving almost no traction, the founders opened a WordPress blog and launched their first coupon promotion for a pizzeria located in their building lobby. Although they only received 20 redemptions, the founders realized that their idea was significant, and had successfully empowered people to coordinate group action. Three years later, Groupon would grow into a billion dollar business.

Steve Blank defines a pivot as "changing (or even firing) the plan instead of the executive (the sales exec, marketing or even the CEO)."

Innovation accounting
This topic focuses on how entrepreneurs can maintain accountability and maximize outcomes by measuring progress, planning milestones, and prioritizing. The topic was later expanded upon to include three levels of innovation accounting related to the types of assumptions being validated.

Build-Measure-Learn
The Build–Measure–Learn loop emphasizes speed as a critical ingredient to customer development. A team or company's effectiveness is determined by its ability to ideate, quickly build a minimum viable product of that idea, measure its effectiveness in the market, and learn from that experiment. In other words, it is a learning cycle of turning ideas into products, measuring customers' reactions and behaviors against built products, and then deciding whether to persevere or pivot the idea; this process repeats as many times as necessary. The process can also be viewed as a test of hypotheses. The phases of the loop are: Ideas → Build → Product → Measure → Data → Learn.

Business model templates

Business Model Canvas

The Business Model Canvas is a strategic management template invented by Alexander Osterwalder around 2008 for developing new business models or documenting existing ones. It is a visual chart with elements describing a firm's value proposition, infrastructure, customers, and finances. It assists firms in aligning their activities by illustrating potential trade-offs.

The template consists of nine blocks: activities, partners, resources, value proposition, customers, customer channels, customer relationships, costs and revenue. Startups use the template (and/or other templates described below) to formulate hypotheses and change their business model based on the success or failure of tested hypotheses.

Other canvases

Lean Canvas
The Lean Canvas is a version of the Business Model Canvas adapted by Ash Maurya in 2010 specifically for startups. The Lean Canvas focuses on addressing broad customer problems and solutions and delivering them to customer segments through a unique value proposition. "Problem" and "solution" blocks replace the "key partners" and "key activities" blocks in the Business Model Canvas, while "key metrics" and "unfair advantage" blocks replace the "key resources" and "customer relationships" blocks, respectively.

Value Proposition Canvas
The Value Proposition Canvas is a supplement to the Business Model Canvas ("customer segment" and "value proposition" blocks) published in 2012 to address the customer–product relationship, the perceived value of the product or service, and potential product/market fit. The "value proposition" block is divided into three categories—products and services, gain creators, and pain relievers—that correspond to three categories in the "customer segment" block—customer jobs, gains, and pains.

Mission Model Canvas
The Mission Model Canvas is a version of the Business Model Canvas developed by Alexander Osterwalder and Steve Blank for entities such as government agencies that have a predetermined budget instead of a goal of raising revenue. It was published in 2016. Earlier publications by Osterwalder and colleagues had suggested how to adapt the Business Model Canvas for nonprofit enterprises that depend on raising revenue. "Mission budget/cost" and "mission achievement/impact factors" blocks replace the "cost structure" and "revenue streams" blocks in the Business Model Canvas, while "beneficiaries", "buy-in/support" and "deployment" blocks replace the "customer segments", "customer relationships" and "channels" blocks, respectively.

The movement
Ries and others created an annual technology conference called Startup Lessons Learned which has subsequently changed its name to the Lean Startup Conference. Lean startup meetups in cities around the world have garnered 20,000 regular participants. The first lean startup meetup named Lean Startup Circle was created by Rich Collins on June 26, 2009 hosting speaking events, workshops, and roundtable discussions. As of 2012, there are lean startup meetups in over 100 cities and 17 countries as well as an online discussion forum with over 5500 members. Third-party organizers have led lean startup meetups in San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, Austin, Beijing, Dublin, and Rio de Janeiro, among others—many of which are personally attended by Ries—with the Chicago and New York City Lean Startup Meetups attracting over 4,000 members each. The Lean Startup Machine created a new spin on the lean startup meetups by having attendees start a new company in three days. As of 2012, the Lean Startup Machine claimed to have created over 600 new startups this way.

Prominent high-tech companies have begun to publicly employ the lean startup methodology, including Intuit, Dropbox, Wealthfront, Votizen, Aardvark, and Grockit. The lean startup principles are also taught in classes at Harvard Business School and UC Berkeley and are implemented in municipal governments through Code for America.

Academic researchers in Finland have applied the lean startup methodology to accelerating research innovation.

In government
The United States Government has employed lean startup ideas. The Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States, Steven VanRoekel noted in 2012 that he was taking a "lean-startup approach to government". Ries has worked with the former and current Chief Technology Officers of the United States—Aneesh Chopra and Todd Park respectively—to implement aspects of the lean startup model. In particular, Park noted that in order to understand customer demand, the Department of Health and Human Services recognized "the need to rapidly prototype solutions, engage customers in those solutions as soon as possible, and then quickly and repeatedly iterate those solutions based on working with customers". In May 2012, Ries and The White House announced the Presidential Innovation Fellows program, which brings together top citizen innovators and government officials to work on high-level projects and deliver measurable results in six months.

Hacking for Defense
Steve Blank, working with retired United States Army colonel Pete Newell and former United States Army Special Forces colonel Joe Felter, adapted lean startup principles for U.S. government innovation under the moniker "Hacking for Defense", a program in which university students solve problems that the Department of Defense, the United States Armed Forces, and the United States Intelligence Community submit to participating universities. Hacking for Defense and variants like Hacking for Diplomacy have expanded to the United States Department of State, Department of Energy, NASA, and nonprofits.

Lean concepts
Lean startup principles have been applied to specific competencies within typical startups and larger organizations:

 Lean analytics
 Lean brand management
 Lean hardware
 Lean events
 Lean manufacturing
 Lean marketing
 Lean product management
 Lean sales
 Lean software development
 Lean UX

History
The lean startup methodology was first proposed in 2008 by Eric Ries, using his personal experiences adapting lean management and customer development principles to high-tech startup companies. The methodology has since been expanded to apply to any individual, team, or company looking to develop new products, services, or systems without unlimited resources. The lean startup's reputation is due in part to the success of Ries' bestselling book, The Lean Startup, published in September 2011.

Ries' said that his first company, Catalyst Recruiting, failed because he and his colleagues did not understand the wants of their target customers, and because they focused too much time and energy on the initial product launch. Next, Ries was a senior software engineer with There, Inc., which Ries described as a classic example of a Silicon Valley startup with five years of stealth R&D, $40 million in financing, and nearly 200 employees at the time of product launch. In 2003, There, Inc. launched its product, There.com, but they were unable to garner popularity beyond the initial early adopters. Ries claimed that despite the many proximate causes for failure, the most important mistake was that the company's "vision was almost too concrete", making it impossible to see that their product did not accurately represent consumer demand.

Although the lost money differed by orders of magnitude, Ries concluded that the failures of There, Inc. and Catalyst Recruiting shared similar origins: "it was working forward from the technology instead of working backward from the business results you're trying to achieve."

After Ries later co-founded IMVU Inc., IMVU investor Steve Blank insisted that IMVU executives audit Blank's class on entrepreneurship at UC Berkeley. Ries applied Blank's customer development methodology and integrated it with ideas from lean software development and elsewhere to form the lean startup methodology.

Reception
Ben Horowitz, the co-founder of venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, wrote an article in 2010 criticizing the lean startup method for over-emphasizing "running lean" (constantly cutting and reducing non-essential parts of the company to save time and money). He specifically disagreed with portraying "running lean" as an end rather than a means to winning the market without running out of cash. Horowitz gave as an example his startup Loudcloud, which by "running fat" was able to outperform 20 direct competitors and after 8 years reach a value of $1.6 billion. However, at least since 2008, numerous advocates of lean methods have pointed out that "running lean" does not mean cost cutting.

Trey Griffith, the VP of technology at Teleborder, stated in 2012 that the majority of backing for the lean startup methodology was anecdotal and had not been rigorously validated when first presented. However, he went on to note that better support of the method comes out of a 2011 analysis of the factors of success in growth companies as described in the 2011 book Great by Choice.

Lean startup has also been the source of attention in the academic literature. For example, Stanford professor Riitta Katila finds empirical support for lean startup. However, a group of prominent strategy and innovation scholars—Teppo Felin, Alfonso Gambardella, Scott Stern and Todd Zenger—argue that the application of lean manufacturing principles to startups is highly problematic and only creates incremental outcomes for startups that use the method. Other scholars, including Wharton's Dan Levinthal, argue that many of the insights of lean startup have already been anticipated by the technology evolution, organizational learning and other literatures. The value of lean startup continues to be debated and discussed in the academic literature.

See also

Design thinking

References

Entrepreneurship
Lean manufacturing

Lean startup


Hubertus Cornelis Antonius Ernst  (8 April 1917 – 19 May 2017) was a Dutch prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. A centenarian, he was the oldest Dutch Roman Catholic bishop at the time of his death in 2017.

Life
Ernst had his seminary years in the Diocese of Breda and was ordained a priest on 7 June 1941. Later he taught moral theology at the diocesan seminary although he never went to a university or any school for further theological training. Ernst, at the time vicar-general of the Diocese of Breda, was appointed bishop of the same Diocese on 3 November 1967 after the sudden death of his predecessor, Gerardus Henricus De Vet; he was consecrated by Cardinal Bernard Alfrink on 17 December the same year. He remained bishop of the Diocese of Breda until retirement on 6 May 1992. He stayed on running the Diocese, however, as an Apostolic Administrator for another two and a half years. Ernst himself consecrated his successor, Martinus Petrus Maria Muskens in 1994, and was in 2007 also co-consecrator when the latter resigned and consecrated the current dignitary Hans van den Hende. He turned 100 in April 2017 and died a month later.

Pax Christi
In 1976 the Dutch Catholic Peace Movement, Pax Christi, asked Ernst to be the next president of the organisation, becoming Alfrink's successor. Ernst, former Professor of Moral Theology at the Diocesan Seminary, had always cherished strong views on for instance nuclear pacifism. Even after his retirement as a bishop and after the end of his presidency at Pax Christi he spoke out vehemently against President George W. Bush's War on Terror. In his opinion such views contradicted the moral teaching of the Catholic Church as has been said in § 112 of the encyclical Pacem in terris of Pope John XXIII.

See also
Diocese of Breda

References

External links
Catholic-Hierarchy
Diocese Site

1917 births
2017 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Netherlands
People from Breda
Dutch centenarians
Men centenarians

Hubertus Ernst


The New Great Migration is the demographic change from 1970 to the present, which is a reversal of the previous 60-year trend of black migration within the United States.

Since 1970, deindustrialization of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, growth of jobs in the "New South" with lower costs of living, desire to reunite with family, cultural ties, the perception of lessening discrimination and religious connections have all acted to attract African Americans to the Southern United States in substantial numbers. Between 1965 and 1970 around 287,000 African Americans left the Southern United States, while from 1975 to 1980, it is estimated 109,000 African Americans migrated to the Southern United States, showing the reversal of the original Great Migration. Between 1975 and 1980, several Southern states saw net African American migration gains. In 2014, African American millennials moved in the highest numbers to Texas, Georgia, Florida, and North Carolina.  African American populations have continued to drop throughout much of the Northeast, especially from the state of New York and from northern New Jersey, as they rise in the South. In Massachusetts, even though the black population saw a net increase between 2010 and 2020, the Greater Boston area lost approximately 8,800 black residents and Massachusetts lost an average of 11,700 black residents per year from 2015 to 2020, with approximately half moving to Southern states and Georgia and Florida being the most popular destinations.

African Americans are moving to the suburbs.

Demographic shifts
College graduates and middle-class migrants make up a major portion of the new migration. For instance, from 1965 to 2000, the states of Florida, Georgia, and Texas attracted the most black college graduates. The only state outside the former Confederate States that attracted a sizeable migration of black college graduates was Maryland, most of the population growth being in the counties surrounding Washington, D.C. In that same period, California was a net loser of black migration for the first time in three decades. While the migration is still in progress, much data is from this 35-year period.

The New Great Migration is not evenly distributed throughout the South. As with the earlier Great Migration, the New Great Migration is primarily directed toward cities and large urban areas, such as Atlanta, Charlotte, Houston, Dallas, Raleigh, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Virginia Beach,  San Antonio, Memphis, Orlando, Nashville, Jacksonville, and so forth. North Carolina's Charlotte metro area in particular, is a hot spot for African American migrants in the US. Between 1975 and 1980, Charlotte saw a net gain of 2,725 African Americans in the area. This number continued to rise as between 1985 and 1990 as the area had a net gain of 7,497 African Americans, and from 1995 to 2000 the net gain was 23,313 African Americans. This rise in net gain points to Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, and Houston being a growing hot spots for the migrants of The New Great Migration. The percentage of Black Americans who live in the South has been increasing since 1990, and the biggest gains have been in the region's large urban areas, according to census data. The Black population of metro Atlanta more than doubled between 1990 and 2020, surpassing 2 million in the most recent census. The Black population also more than doubled in metro Charlotte while Greater Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth both saw their Black populations surpass 1 million for the first time. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio; Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando. Primary destinations are states that have the most job opportunities, especially Georgia, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, Tennessee, Florida and Texas. Other southern states, including Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, Alabama and Arkansas, have seen little net growth in the African American population from return migration.

Religion has been suggested to be one of the causes of the New Great Migration. Many migrants of the New Great Migration try to find a "sign of God" about moving, and even those coming for job reasons will use faith to manage the feelings of uncertainty that come with moving to another state. Some migrants move to get more connected to their faith and see the move as a "spiritual journey", as the Southern states (often called the Bible Belt) have a large number of churches and a heavy connection to Protestant Christianity.

See also
 Black flight

By city
African Americans in Atlanta
History of African Americans in Baltimore
History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth
History of African Americans in Houston
History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida
History of African Americans in San Antonio

By state
African Americans in Alabama
African Americans in Florida
African Americans in Georgia
African Americans in Louisiana
African Americans in Maryland
African Americans in Mississippi
African Americans in North Carolina
African Americans in South Carolina
African Americans in Tennessee
History of African Americans in Texas
History of African Americans in Virginia

References

History of the Southern United States
African-American demographics
Midwestern United States
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Post–civil rights era in African-American history

New Great Migration


The Merian family is a patrician family of Basel, Switzerland. It consists of two branches (an 'elder Basel line' and a 'younger' one) who were citizens of Basel from 1498 and from 1549/1553. The family were represented in the Grand Council of Basel-Stadt in 1532 and grew to become distinguished aldermen. Its notable members include the 18th century politician  and the 19th century banker Christoph Merian, who founded the renowned Basel charity Christoph Merian Stiftung.

The younger Basel line includes a Frankfurt sub-branch founded by the engraver Matthäus Merian the Elder (1593-1650), whose descendants became artists during the Baroque period and ran what became one of Europe's largest publishers in the 17th century. Matthäus Merian's daughter was the naturalist and artist Maria Sibylla Merian.

Origin and distribution
The family name is not limited to Basel, and is also found (in variants like Meria, Merian, Meriam and von Merian) in Alsace, Lorraine, Provence, Lower Austria, and Mecklenburg. These families are probably not directly related to the Merians of Basel, but a common root is likely in the former Prince-Bishopric of Basel in the earliest forms of the name Merillate, Merylat, Miregla, Mureglat or Latinized Mariatte. The name probably derives from the office of Meier (meaning steward or estate manager); unlikely, however, is a speculated relationship to the community of Meria in Corsica or to an alleged Merian Abbey in the Archdiocese of Strasbourg, and the same is unlikely with reference to the Marioni nobility from Milan or to de Muriaux in the Bishopric of Basel.

The oldest written reference to the family in the bishopric dates from the year 1385 with the mention of a Jehannin dit Mariatte de Buratte ("'Johann, called Mariatte, citizens, bears witness'"), who resided in a dairy at Bure, Switzerland. This dairy farm had belonged since 1283 to the bishops of Basel, before the dukes of Alsace and the Counts of Mömpelgard/Montbéliard and von Pfirt/Ferrette.

Naturalisation in Basel
The ancestor of the Merians of Basel is Theobald Merian (c.1415 – c.1505), a Basel episcopal bailiff or steward in Lüttelsdorf (now Courroux) in the Swiss canton of Jura. From him are descended the two Basel branches of the family. The elder line stems from his son Theobald Merian (1465 – 1544), who went in 1480 as a seaman of Lüttelsdorf to Basel and later operated a sawmill on the right bank of the Rhine in Kleinbasel. The younger line from Johann Petrus Merian (c.1468/1478 – after 1519) is thought to be related, as he was an episcopal steward who also came from Lüttelsdorf to Basel, but whether Theobald (the son) and Johann Petrus were brothers and both therefore sons of Theobald (the father) as tradition claims, is unproven.

Frankfurt sub-branch
In 1624 the Swiss-born engraver Matthäus Merian (a descendant of the younger line) took over the Frankfurt publishing house of his father-in-law Johann Theodor de Bry, and in 1626 he acquired Frankfurt citizenship. After his death in 1650 two of his sons, Matthäus Merian the Younger and Caspar, built up the publishing house under the name Matthäus Merian Seel. In 1687 the publishing house was inherited by a third generation family member, Johann Matthäus Merian (1659-1716), the second son of Matthäus the Younger. Johann's elder brother Carl Gustav Merian was later elevated to the nobility by the Elector of Mainz and appointed to the Privy Council. After Johann's death in 1716 the company was led by his niece Charlotte Maria Merian (1691-1729) until its dissolution in 1727. The Frankfurt family line died with the painter Carl Matthäus Merian (1705-1770), a great-grandson of Matthäus Merian the Elder. The family name is remembered today in Frankfurt's Merianstrasse and Merianplatz, and in Merian School in Nordend.

Significant family members

Elder Basel line
Hans Bernhard (Jean-Bernard) Merian (1723–1807) - perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Christoph Merian (Senior) (1769-1849) - merchant and banker, seven-times-great-grandson of Theobald Merian (Junior).
 (1773–1848) - merchant and philanthropist, brother of Christoph (Senior).
Peter Merian (1795–1883) - professor of geology, brother of Johann Rudolf, second cousin of Christophe (Senior).
 (1797–1871) - mathematician and politician, brother of Peter.
Christoph Merian (1800–1858) - banker, businessman and agriculturalist, son of Christophe (Senior).

Younger Basel line (including Frankfurt sub-branch)
Matthäus Merian the Elder (1593–1650) - engraver and publisher, great-grandson of Johann Petrus Merian.
 (1621–1687) - painter, engraver, publisher and bookseller.
 (1627–1686) - landscape artist, son of Matthäus the Elder
Anna Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) - naturalist and illustrator, dtr. of Matthäus the Elder
Johann Matthäus von Merian (1659–1716) - pastel painter, son of Matthäus the Younger
Johanna Helena Herolt (1668-1723) - painter, dtr. of Maria Sibylla Merian
Dorothea Maria Graff (1678–1745) - dtr. of Maria Sibylla Merian, married painter Georg Gsell
Andreas Merian-Iselin (1742–1811) - Basel politician and Swiss Landammann (chief magistrate).
Andreas, baron von Merian (1772–1828) - Son of Andreas Merian-Iselin, diplomat in France and Russia
Lukas Amadeus Merian (1808–1889) - Architect in Basel

Merian family tree (younger Basel line)
Note: For the sake of simplicity, not all marriages, siblings and offspring have been included.

References

Further reading
 Joseph Eduard Wessely: Merian. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 21, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1885, pp. 422–427.
 J. P. Zwicky von Gauen (ed.): Schweizerisches Geschlechterbuch / Almanach Généalogique Suisse. Zürich 1955.
 Wolfgang Klötzer (Hrg.), Frankfurter Biographie. Zweiter Band M-Z. Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1996,

External links

Swiss noble families
History of Basel
Patriciate of Basel

Merian family


James Gillis (1802–1864) was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland.

Biography
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on 7 April 1802, the son of a Scottish father and English mother, he came to Fochabers with his parents in 1816. The following year, he entered the Seminary of Aquhorties as an ecclesiastical student and a year later on 3 December 1818, on the instructions of Bishop Alexander Cameron, he and four companions set off from Aquhorties for Paris. Once there, he entered the Seminary of St Nicholas on 16 December 1818. He left St Nicholas in October 1823 and entered the Sulpician's Seminary of Issy, returning to Scotland in April 1826 after his health had given way. He was ordained a priest by Bishop Paterson at Aquhorties on 9 June 1827.

In 1831, John Menzies of Pitfodels, having, three years previously, bestowed on the Catholic Church in Scotland his extensive estate at Blairs, Aberdeenshire, where a seminary was built, came to reside permanently in Edinburgh and he persuaded Bishop Paterson to live with him at his home, 24 York Place. The Bishop took Gillis with him, as his secretary.

Gillis was appointed the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District and Titular Bishop of Limyra by the Holy See on 28 July 1837 and consecrated to the Episcopate on 22 July 1838. The principal consecrator was Bishop Peter Augustine Baines, and the principal co-consecrators were Bishop Andrew Scott and Bishop James Kyle.

Following the death of Bishop Andrew Carruthers on 24 May 1852, Gillis automatically succeeded as the Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern District of Scotland. Gillis died in office on 24 February 1864, aged 61.

St Margaret's Convent

In the 1830s, the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland was not yet re-established. As a young priest, Gillis was sent by Bishop Paterson to the European continent to raise funds for a convent. On his journey via London, he was introduced to Miss Ann Agnes Trail, the daughter of a minister of the Church of Scotland. Subsequently on his return to England, Miss Trail wrote to him offering herself as a member of his projected community. Miss Margaret Clapperton, who was to be one of the founding members of the community, came from Fochabers and had known James Gillis for much of her life. It was agreed that Miss Trail and Miss Clapperton should go together to Chavagnes, the Mother House of the Ursulines and they arrived there on 31 August 1833. In June 1834, Gillis bought Whitehouse, for his proposed convent with 2 acres of ground for £3,000 from Ann Oliphant.

The initial group of eleven Sisters comprising Miss Trail (now Sister Agnes Xavier), Miss Clapperton (now Sister Margaret Teresa), The Reverend Mother St Hilaire, Mother St Paula, Sister St Damian, Sister Alexis, Sister John Chrysostom, Sister Mary Emily, Sister Angelina and two lay Sisters (Sister Stephen and Sister Eustelle) then travelled to Scotland but had to live elsewhere for four months while the Convent was being made ready. On 26 December 1834, the community took possession of St Margaret's Convent, which was the first post-Reformation convent in Scotland.

At St Margaret's, arrangements had been made for the reception of young lady boarders, whose education was to be the principal work of the sisters. On 16 June 1835, the Feast of St Margaret, the new St Margaret's Chapel, which had been built alongside the Whitehouse Mansion House, was finished.

In 1863, this chapel went on to house a relic, given to them by Bishop Gillis, of St Margaret of Scotland.

For more than 150 years, until it closed in 1986, it was well known in Edinburgh as St Margaret's Convent and School under the ministry of the Ursulines.

References

1802 births
1864 deaths
Apostolic vicars of Scotland
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Scotland
Pre-Confederation Quebec people
Canadian Roman Catholic bishops

James Gillis (bishop)


Robert Hooks (born Bobby Dean Hooks; April 18, 1937) is an American actor, producer, and activist.  Along with Douglas Turner Ward and Gerald S. Krone, he founded The Negro Ensemble Company. The Negro Ensemble Company is credited with the launch of the careers of many major black artists of all disciplines, while creating a body of performance literature over the last thirty years, providing the backbone of African-American theatrical classics. Additionally, Hooks is the sole founder of two significant black theatre companies: the D.C. Black Repertory Company, and New York's Group Theatre Workshop.

Biography

Early life
The youngest of five children, Hooks was born in Foggy Bottom, Washington, D.C. to Mae Bertha (née Ward), a seamstress, and Edward Hooks who had moved from Rocky Mount, North Carolina with their four other children, Bernice, Caroleigh, Charles Edward "Charlie", and James Walter "Jimmy". Named Bobby Dean Hooks at birth, Robert was their first child born in Washington, DC and the first to be born in a hospital. His father, Edward, died in a work accident on the railroad in 1939.

Hooks attended Stevens Elementary School. In 1945, at the insistence of his sister Bernice who was doing community arts outreach for youngsters at Francis Junior High School, he performed the lead in his first play, The Pirates of Penzance, at the age of nine. From the ages of 6 to 12, Bobby Dean journeyed with his siblings to Lucama, North Carolina to work the tobacco fields for his uncle's sharecropping farm as a way to help earn money for the coming school year in D.C.

In 1954, just as Brown vs. Board of Education was being implemented in the north, he moved to Philadelphia to be with his mother, her second husband, and his half-siblings, Safia Abdullah (née Sharon Dickerson),George E.Dickerson,Charles Dickerson, Annette Dickerson, Margie Dickerson, Robert Dickerson. Hooks experienced his first integrated school experience at West Philadelphia High School. Hooks soon joined the drama club and began acting in plays by William Shakespeare and Samuel Beckett. He was graduated in 1956, passing on a scholarship to Temple University in order to pursue a career as a stage actor at the Bessie V. Hicks School of Theatre (alongside Charles Dierkop and Bruce Dern, with whom he second-acted plays doing their pre-Broadway tryouts in Philadelphia) while working at Browning King, a men's tailor shop at Fourteenth and Chestnut streets.

Acting career
Having trained at the Bessie V. Hicks School of Theatre in Philadelphia, and after seeing A Raisin in the Sun in its Philadelphia tryout in February 1959, Hooks moved to New York to pursue acting. In April 1960, as Bobby Dean Hooks, he made his Broadway debut in A Raisin in the Sun replacing Louis Gossett Jr. who would be doing the film version. He then continued to do its national tour. He then stepped into the Broadway production of A Taste of Honey, replacing Billy Dee Williams; then repeating the same national tour trajectory as he had done for "Raisin..." the previous year. In early 1962 he next appeared as the lead in Jean Genet's The Blacks, replacing James Earl Jones as the male lead, leaving briefly that same year to appear on Broadway again in Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright before stepping back into the lead role in The Blacks in 1963. He then returned to Broadway, first in Ballad for Bimshire and then in the short-lived 1964 David Merrick revival of The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Any More (as a character created by Tennessee Williams for this revival) and starring Tallulah Bankhead and Tab Hunter in his only stage performance. Immediately thereafter, on March 24, 1964 he originated the role of Clay in Amiri Baraka's Dutchman. With this play, on the advice of Roscoe Lee Brown, Hooks became known as, Robert Hooks. He also originated roles on the New York stage in Where's Daddy? for which he won the Theatre World Award and he was nominated for Best Male Lead in a Musical for Hallelujah Baby while he was simultaneously starring in David Susskind's N.Y.P.D.—the first African American lead on a television drama.

In 1968 Hooks was the host of the new public affairs television program, Like It Is.

Hooks was nominated for a Tony for his lead role in the musical, Hallelujah, Baby!, has received both the Pioneer Award and the NAACP Image Award for Lifetime Achievement, and has been inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame. He also won an Emmy for his PBS special, Voices of Our People.

Significant roles for which Hooks is known include Reeve Scott in Hurry Sundown (1967), Mr. T. in the blaxploitation film Trouble Man (1972), grandpa Gene Donovan in the comedy Seventeen Again (2000), and Fleet Admiral Morrow in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984). He also appeared on television in an episode of the NBC crime drama series The Eddie Capra Mysteries in 1978 and portrayed Doctor Walcott in the 1980s television series Dynasty.

Activism

Arts and Culture

In 1964, as a result of a speaking engagement at the Chelsea Civil Rights Committee (then connected to the Hudson Guild Settlement House) he founded The Group Theatre Workshop, a tuition-free environment for disadvantaged urban teens who expressed a desire to explore acting. Among the instructors were Barbara Ann Teer, Frances Foster, Hal DeWindt, Lonne Elder III, and Ronnie Mack. Alumni include Antonio Fargas, Hattie Winston, and Daphne Maxwell Reid.

The Group Theatre Workshop was folded into the tuition-free training arm of the Negro Ensemble Company founded in 1967 with Douglas Turner Ward and Gerald S. Krone with a $1.3 million grant from the Ford Foundation under the auspices of W. McNeil Lowry.

From 1969 to 1972, Hooks served as an original board member of Black Academy of Arts and Letters, located in New York, alongside C. Eric Lincoln, President; John O. Killens, Alvin F. Poussaint, and Charles White. Chartered by the State of New York, its mission was to bring together black artists and scholars from around the world. Additional members included Julian Adderley, Alvin Ailey, Margaret Walker, James Baldwin, Imamu Baraka, Romare Bearden, Harry Belafonte, Lerone Bennett, Arna Bontemps, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee Davis, St. Clair Drake, Ernest Dunbar, Katherine Dunham, Lonne Elder III, Duke Ellington, Alex Haley, Ruth Inge Hardison, Vertis Hayes, Chester Himes, Lena Horne, Jacob Lawrence, Elma Lewis, Henry Lewis, Paule Marshall, Donald McKayle, Arthur Mitchell, Frederick O'Neal, Gordon Parks, Sidney Poitier, Benjamin Quarles, Lloyd Richards, Lucille D. Roberts, and Nina Simone.

In response to his hometown 1968 Washington, D.C., riots, in the wake of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and aided by a small grant from the Eugene and Agnes E. Meyer Foundation, Hooks took a leave of absence from the Negro Ensemble Company to create The D.C. Black Repertory Company (1970–1981). The company was intended as a further exploration of the ability of the arts to create healing. The a capella group Sweet Honey in the Rock was created and developed within its workshop process.

The Inner Voices (Lorton Prison arts training program, 1971) proved to be a result of the beneficial effect of the repertory company in the D.C. area. In response to a direct plea from an inmate, Rhozier "Roach" Brown, who was serving a life sentence in Lorton, Hooks' D.C. Black Repertory Company structured the first prison-based arts program in the United States. While it is the norm now, it was then a revolutionary attempt at rehabilitation through the arts. Eventually The Inner Voices performed more than 500 times in other prisons, including a Christmas special entitled, "Holidays, Hollowdays." Due to Roach's work, President Gerald Ford commuted his sentence on Christmas Day, 1975.

His relocation to the West Coast redirected Hooks' approach to parity in the arts with his involvement with The Bay Area Multicultural Arts Initiative (1988) as a board member and grant facilitator-judge. Funded by monies from a unique coalition made up of the San Francisco Foundation (a community foundation); Grants for the Arts of the San Francisco Hotel Tax Fund, and The National Endowment for the Arts, the function of this organization was the funding of deserving local multicultural arts organizations.

In 1992, Hooks co-founded (with writer Lonne Elder III) Arts in Action. Located in South Central Los Angeles, this was a film and television training center established to guide individuals who aspired to careers in film production. It formulated strategies and training for securing entry-level jobs. Courses included: career development workshops; pre-production and production for film and television; creative problem solving in production management; directing for stage and screen—principles and practices; also the craft of assistant directors, script supervisor, technicians, wardrobe, make-up, etc.

The Negro Ensemble Company of Los Angeles (1994–1997) was created because so many New York members and original members had relocated to the West Coast. Hooks, as founder and executive director, asked Denise Nicholas, Denzel Washington, James Earl Jones, Laurence Fishburne, Richard Roundtree, Samuel L. Jackson, all alumni from New York Negro Ensemble Company to serve as board members. The goal of the Negro Ensemble Company of Los Angeles was to be a new and innovative multi-ethnic cultural project that strived to achieve the community effectiveness and professional success of its parent organization.

Personal life
Hooks is the father of actor, television and film director Kevin Hooks. He married Lorrie Gay Marlow (actress, author, artist) on June 15, 2008. Previously, he was married to Yvonne Hickman and Rosie Lee Hooks.

In 2021, Emory University began adding to its official archives material documenting Hooks' career, including scripts, printed material, contracts and financial records, notes, correspondence, writings, books and periodicals, audiovisual and digital files.

Awards
 1966 – Theatre World Award (1965–66) for "Where's Daddy?" (The Billy Rose Theatre)
 1979 – American Black Achievement Award – Ebony Magazine
 1982 – Emmy Award for Producing (1982) Voices of Our People: In Celebration of Black Poetry (KCET-TV/PBS)
 1966 – Tony Nomination, Lead Role in a Musical for Hallelujah, Baby
 1985 – Inducted into The Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame, recipient Oscar Micheaux Award (1985)
 1986 – March 2 declared Robert Hooks Day by the City of Los Angeles, Mayor Tom Bradley
 1987 – Excellence in Advertising and Communications to Black Communities from CEBA (Excellence in Advertising and Communications to Black Communities)
 2000 – Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa honorary degree, Bowie State University
 2000 – May 25 declared Robert Hooks Day in Washington, D.C.
 2005 – Beverly Hills/Hollywood Chapter NAACP Image Award for Lifetime Achievement
 2005 – Beverly Hills/Hollywood Chapter NAACP Trailblazer Award to the Negro Ensemble Company
 2005 – Trailblazer Award – City of Los Angeles
 2006 – The Black Academy of Arts and Letters (TBAAL), Lifetime Achievement Award (Dallas)
 2007 – The Black Theatre Alliance Awards / Lifetime Achievement Award
 2015 – Living Legend Award (2015)  National Black Theatre Festival
 2018 – October 18 proclaimed Robert Hooks Day by Mayor Muriel Bowser, Washington, D.C.
 2018 – Hooks is entered into The Congressional Record  by the Hon. Eleanor Holmes Norton, September 4, 2018, Vol. 164
 2018 – Visionary Founder and Creator Award – D.C. Black Repertory Company on its 47th anniversary

Acting credits

Film
 1967 Sweet Love, Bitter as Keel Robinson
 1967 Hurry Sundown as Reeve Scott
 1970 Last of the Mobile Hot Shots "Chicken"
 1970 Carter's Army as Lieutenant Edward Wallace
 1972 Trouble Man as "Mr. T"
 1975 Aaron Loves Angela as Beau
 1977 Airport '77 as Eddie
 1982 Fast-Walking as William Galliot
 1984 Star Trek III: The Search for Spock as Admiral Morrow
 1992 Passenger 57 as FBI Agent Dwight Henderson
 1993 Posse as David "King David" Lee
 1996 Fled as Lieutenant Henry Clark

Television
 1967-1969 N.Y.P.D. as Detective Jeff Ward
 1969-1974 The F.B.I. as Wilcox / Steven Harber
 1969 Mannix as Floyd Brown
 1969 Then Came Bronson as Henry Tate
 1970 The Bold Ones as Scott Dayton
 1971 The Man and the City
 1973 The Rookies as Barney Miller
 1973 McMillan and Wife as Sam
 1974 Marcus Welby, M.D. as Joe Lucas
 1974 The Streets of San Francisco as Joe Joplin
 1975 Police Story as Detective Ernie Tillis
 1975 Petrocelli as Dave Hill
 1976 Just an Old Sweet Song (1976 Film) (television Movie) as Nate Simmons
 1979 Backstairs at the White House (television mini-series) as John Mays, Doorman
 1979 Trapper John, M.D. as Sykes
 1980 The Facts of Life as Mr. Ramsey
 1980 The White Shadow as Dr. Luther Tucker
 1983 WKRP in Cincinnati as Prosecutor
 1983-1988 Hotel as Joe Durran / Frank "Squire" Vance
 1983 T. J. Hooker as Police Lieutenant Peter Ellis
 1984 Dynasty as Dr. Walcott
 1985 V as George Caniff
 1986 227 (TV series) as Congressman Rivers
 1986-1995 Murder, She Wrote (television series) as Kendall Ames / Everett Charles Jensen
 1989 A Different World as Phillip Dalton
 1992 Out All Night as Cliff Emory
 1993 Reasonable Doubts as Kane
 1993 L.A. Law as Judge Earl Gregory
 1993 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as Dean Morgan
 1993 The Sinbad Show as Mr. Winters
 1994-1995 M.A.N.T.I.S. as Mayor Lew Mitchell
 1994 Family Matters as Dr. Smiley
 1994-1995 Seinfeld as Joe Temple
 1995 The Commish as Captain M.A. Daniels
 1996 Diagnosis Murder as City Attorney Andrew Chivers
 1997 The Parent 'Hood as Lawrence
 1999 Clueless as Benjamin Davenport
 1999 The Hoop Life (television movie) as Joe Sherman
 2000 Seventeen Again (television movie) as Grandpa Gene Donovan

References

External links

 DCN Presents: The Robert Hooks Story DCN Presents: The Robert Hooks Story - YouTube
 Icon: All hail actor and cultural architect Robert Hooks Icon: All hail actor and cultural architect Robert Hooks
 Robert Hooks – I For Color Robert Hooks
 Emory University - Robert Hooks Collection

[https://youtu.be/dqHBe0lsFKk] DCN Presents: The Robert Hooks Story

1937 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
African-American activists
African-American male actors
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American theatre managers and producers
Male actors from Washington, D.C.
West Philadelphia High School alumni

Robert Hooks