Miksa Fenyő (December 8, 1877 – April 4, 1972) was a Hungarian writer and intellectual, served as a member of parliament (elected 1931) in the early 1930s, and was appointed as a Minister of Trade and Commerce under the short-lived (24 hours) government cabinet of Prime Minister János Hadik in 1918.

He was also mentor and friend to Hungary's second most important poet laureate (Endre Ady), co-founded the most important periodical in Hungarian literature (Nyugat: "West"), and was an instrumental figure in the Hungarian Federation of Industrialists (GYOSZ) prior to World War II and its last managing director during the brief interlude between 1945 and 1947, whereafter he was forced to flee into exile out of concerns for his personal safety after being informed that Stalin wanted him and other petit-bourgeoise to be sent to Siberia.

Biography
Fenyő was one of eight children born in Mélykút ("Deepwell"), Hungary into a hard-working Jewish tailoring family that produced quality attire and other fine clothing. Because of his exceptional abilities in composition and the Hungarian language in general he was awarded a scholarship to attend the then-prominent Lutheran Evangelical Gymnazium of Budapest. After graduating from high school with exceptional honors in Hungarian writing, he earned his Law Diploma from the Budapest University of Law (now part of the Eötvös Loránd University).

After a brief and failed attempt at working as a private attorney, he found an opportunity to work for the then two-year-old Hungarian Federation of Industrialists (GYOSZ), an organization which became key to the development of Hungary's primarily rural agricultural economic base, into an increasingly industrial one. In 1908 Fenyő, whose first and foremost love was writing, and two other writers, Hugo Ignotus and Ernõ Osvát, founded the literary and social journal Nyugat (Eng. "West"). The "West" soon became the most controversial and high caliber periodical review for Hungarian intellectuals, including some who later became Nobel Prize-winning scientists and researchers, and its content and history are part of the government high school-level curricula today ever since the end of World War II.

Fenyő was active in the Hungarian government during the period between World War I and II. As an independent member of the Hungarian Parliament, Miksa wrote a critical and cautionary study on Hitler and the dictator's dangerous plans for Europe. He was virtually the only Member of Parliament to dare criticize the Nazi regime. This essay lead to Miksa being placed on Adolf Hitler's personal "Most Wanted List."

Fenyő was forced into hiding during WWII. During this time he kept a diary, which was published in 1946 and was a best-seller that same year.

In the post-war years Miksa was invited to become a minister in the new Jewish State of Israel by David Ben-Gurion, but he refused because of concerns about violence following the creation of the new state and his personal religious affiliation, since he had converted to Catholicism more than 30 years earlier. His conversion out of Judaism into Catholicism was more out of a social and socioeconomic consideration (something clearly depicted to in the movie Sunshine, starring Ralph Fiennes and Rachel Weisz, directed by István Szabó, who also wrote the screenplay, released by Paramount Pictures in 1999). In general Miksa Fenyõ was an agnostic who cherished some of his original Jewish cultural traditions and many non-Jewish Hungarian and Italian cultural traditions.

Fenyő became a US citizen in the early 1950s and lived in New York City until moving to Vienna with his second wife Ria in 1969. During much of his adult life he traveled regularly to his favorite country, Italy. In 1964 he was awarded the prestigious Italian Rome Award for his travel journal and diary Ami Kimaradt Az Odysseaböl (English trans.: That Which The Odyssey Forgot To Mention).

On April 4, 1972, Fenyő died in Vienna at the age of 95, at his last residence on Seilerstätte Strasse. He had one son, Mario D. Fenyo, who immigrated to the US with his father in 1950 and is a professor of history in Annapolis, Maryland.

Miksa Fenyő is a major figure in Hungarian literature, as he was one of the three founding editors of the "NYUGAT" (Eng. "WEST") Literary Review; which is a major topic of required study for Hungarian high-school students and for university students studying Hungarian literature.

Selected publications
 Casanova, a study on Giacomo Giuseppe Casanova de Seingalt, in Hungarian, published via his own publishing firm, the NYUGAT Kiadó, Budapest 1912.
 Hitler; Egy Tanulmány, a study warning Hungary on the nature of and policies of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party, in Hungarian, published via his own publishing firm, the NYUGAT Kiadó, Budapest 1934. Note: it is for writing this particular book that Miksa Fenyõ, who as an independent M.P. in the Hungarian Parliament gave out free copies to other prominent and influential M.P.s, was placed on Hitler's personal most wanted "dead or alive" list.
 Az Elsodort Ország (English trans.: A Country Adrift), a diary written by Miksa Fenyõ, while in hiding from the Nazis and Arrow Cross, published by Révai Kiadó, Budapest 1946.
 Följegyzések A "NYUGAT" Folyóiratról És Környékrõl (English trans.: Notes on The West periodical review and its circumstances), published by Pátria Könyvkiadó, Canada 1960.
 Ami Kimaradt Az Odysseából (English trans.: That Which The Odyssey Forgot To Mention), travel journal and diary reflections on Italy, published by Griff Kiadó, Munich 1963.
 Önéletrajzom (English trans.: My Autobiography), published posthumously by Argumentum Kiadó, Budapest 1994.
 Jézus is D.P. Volt (English trans.; Jesus was also a Displaced Person), the author's only full fictional novel about a Hungarian intellectual escaping from the Rakosi Stalinist Hungarian dictatorship sometime prior to 1956, published posthumously under the auspices of The Fenyõ Family Trust, with the consent of Jean-Pierre Ady Fenyõ, by Argumentum Kiadó, Budapest 2006.

References

External links
 Official web-site of The Petofi (National) Museum of Literature in Budapest, Hungary, holding many original letters, manuscripts and pictures of and on Miksa Fenyõ.
 Information in Hungarian about Miksa Fenyõ from The Petofi Museum of Literature, Budapest, Hungary..
 Mentioned in Encyclopædia Britannica, online English version. A full entry on the author exists in the Hungarian version of Encyclopædia Britannica.
 The entire NYUGAT periodical, of which Miksa Fenyõ was a founder and editor, in its original Hungarian form.
 Miksa Fenyõ Library and Cultural Houselocated in the town of Mélykut (English trans.: Deep Well), Hungary, the author's birthplace

1877 births
1972 deaths
Hungarian writers
Hungarian Jews
Hungarian agnostics
Fasori Gimnázium alumni
Trade ministers of Hungary

Miksa Fenyő


The Mercedes-Benz W123 is a range of executive cars produced by German manufacturer Mercedes-Benz from November 1975 to January 1986. The W123 models surpassed their predecessor, the Mercedes-Benz W114, as the most successful Mercedes, selling 2.7 million units before production ended in the autumn of 1985 for the saloon/sedan versions and January 1986 for coupés and estates/station wagons.

Following a slow production build-up during the first year, customers who placed their orders faced a lengthy waiting period of nine to twelve months. A black market emerged for the customers who were willing to pay more for immediate delivery. The slightly used W123 commanded about 5,000 Deutsche Mark premium over its original sale price.

Like its predecessors, the W123 gained the reputation of being well built and reliable. Many taxi companies chose the W123, and they were a common sight in Germany. Reaching 500,000 or 1,000,000 km with only minor mechanical issues was common with W123s used as taxicabs. Once the W123 reached the end of its service life, they were often shipped to Africa and third world countries where they were highly esteemed for their ability to travel on rough roads and to not require frequent maintenance.

W123 production ended in January 1986 with 63 final T-models rolling out. The most popular single models were the 240D (455,000 built), the 230E (442,000 built), and the 200D (378,000 built).

Design
The W123 shares technical similarities with its predecessors including engines, steering system, and suspension system. The design is updated with styling cues from its larger sibling, Mercedes-Benz W116, namely wider ribbed taillights, horizontal headlamps, front turn signal indicators on the outer edge, and pull-to-open door handles. The interior is revised with a larger instrument panel, central round ventilation outlets, HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) control panel and a single row of control switches in the centre.

The instrument panel has three large gauges placed behind a single plastic cover. The manual HVAC control panel has three large dials with the left and right for individual temperature control and the centre dial for fan speed control. Air flow is controlled by two sliders (left for upper zone and right for lower zone). If the optional air conditioning unit was ordered, a temperature roll dial was fitted to the row of control switches. The automatic HVAC control panel is simplified with a single roll disc on the left for temperature control, a row of push buttons in the middle for directing the air flow and switching the system on and off and a vertical set of buttons on the right for controlling the fan speed and switching automatic control on and off.

All models except the 280, 280E, and coupé feature larger round headlamps with smaller round fog lamps with large glass plate covering the entire headlamp housing and acting as a diffusing lens. This setup is the same for North American models with the sealed beam units and glass plate partially covering the headlamp housing. The 280, 280E, and coupé models use large rectangular headlamps with round fog lamps. The headlamp washers and wipers set are optional.

Nomenclatures
Per Mercedes-Benz tradition (prior to the 1994 change), model designation corresponded to the engine displacement, chassis type (coupé or estate/station wagon), fuel type (for diesel engines only), and availability of fuel injection system (for petrol engines only):

C for Coupé
T for Tourismus und Transport (estate/station wagon)

No designation was given for the long-wheelbase: it was simply called "Lang" (long) in the brochures and order forms.

D for Diesel
E for Einspritzung (fuel injection)

When the diesel engine is turbocharged, an emblem that reads "TURBO DIESEL" is affixed to the right side of the boot lid.

As for the chassis codes, W123 is the saloon/sedan, S123 the estate/station wagon, C123 the coupé, V123 the long-wheelbase saloon/sedan a.k.a. Lang, and F123 refers to the bare long-wheelbase chassis as used for ambulances and other conversions.

Model variations

Saloon (W123)
The four-door version went on sale on 29 January 1975.

Coupé (C123)
In the spring of 1977, a coupé version was introduced on a shortened wheelbase ( versus  for the saloon). The C123 was available as 230C (later 230CE) and as 280C and 280CE in most markets. Unlike the W123 saloon, the rectangular headlamps were fitted to the C123 regardless of engine type.

Limousine (V123)
From August 1976, a long-wheelbase version () with seating for seven to eight was produced. The limousine was built on a stretched W123 saloon/sedan chassis with lower side panels from the coupé behind the rear passenger doors. The elongated roof has the same C-pillar form as on the saloon/sedan. The rear passenger doors were custom-designed in rectangular shape and of the same length as the ones on the saloon/sedan. The engine options were 250, 240D, and 300D. A few 280E limousines were built as special orders.

Chassis (F123)
The stretched limousine version was offered with complete front body clip (B-pillar forward) and strengthened chassis as the base for ambulances or hearses to be built by the conversion specialists such as Binz and Miesen. F stands for Fahrgestelle (chassis).

Estate (S123)
At the 1977 IAA in Frankfurt, the brand's first-ever factory-built estate, S123, was introduced. The letter T in the model designation stood for Tourismus und Transport (Touring and Transport). Previous estates had been custom-built by the coachbuilders, namely Binz. S123 production began in April 1978 at Mercedes-Benz Bremen factory. All engines except the 2-litre version of the M115 (petrol) and OM615 (diesel) were available in the range. When the M115 was replaced with the new M102 engine, a petrol-engined 200T also joined the range.

Convertible
While Mercedes-Benz never built its own convertible, they have been built by external companies such as Crayford in the UK, who built the St. Tropez models, and also by Niko-Michaels in New York, USA. In the city of Hagen, Germany, until 2016 one small family owned firm- Baehr, have produced cabrio versions of the C123 Coupe models, and also sold kits for cabrio conversions of the same model.

Engine
All engines from the W114/W115 were carried over. The single new engine was the SOHC 2.5-litre M123 inline six. The 3-litre, five-cylinder diesel engine received a proper nomenclature for the W123, matching the engine displacement: 300D instead of 240D 3.0 on the previous W114/W115.

In the autumn of 1978, the power output of the 240D was increased from  to  and of the 280E from 177PS to 185 PS. In early 1979, the power output rose from  to  for the 200D and from  to  for the 300D. The 220D was discontinued after 1979.

In June 1980, the new M102 four-cylinder inline petrol engine replaced the M115. The 2-litre version was only available with a carburetor while the 2.3-litre version was available with fuel injection only. The carbureted version of 2.8-litre M110 engine in the 280 and 280C was discontinued in 1981 leaving the 250 as the sole carbureted six-cylinder inline engine.

The world's first turbocharged diesel engine for a passenger vehicle, the OM617 A, was finally introduced in W123 models in September 1979, exclusive to the 300TD Turbodiesel for the European market. The same engine was offered in North America and Japan in 1981 as the 300D Turbodiesel, 300CD Turbodiesel, and 300TD Turbodiesel.

The engines in the W123 were mounted with small shock absorbers in addition to industry standard motor mounts to reduce felt vibration and a provide a smoother ride. These designs were carried over from previous chassis models like the W114/W115.

Road Race

One notable achievement was in the  1977 London–Sydney Marathon road race, where the 280E won first and second, ahead of the third and fourth place Citroën CX.

North American sales
For the North American market, the C123 (coupé) was available with both petrol (280CE) and naturally aspirated diesel (300CD) until 1981. For the 1982 model year, the 280CE was dropped, and the 300CD Turbodiesel was introduced as a sole engine offering for coupé model.

The estate/station wagon was available with a 3-litre five-cylinder inline OM617 diesel engine only. The naturally aspirated 300TD was sold for two years (1979-1980) until the turbocharged 300TD Turbodiesel replaced it from autumn 1980 because consumers found the 300TD to be too heavy and too slow with the less powerful engine. 300TD Turbodiesel preceded 300D Turbodiesel and 300CD Turbodiesel by a few months.

The petrol engines (230, 280E, and 280CE) were offered from 1976 to 1980 model years. From 1981 until 1985, W123 models were sold only with diesel engines to comply with the federal regulation on corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) without paying heavy penalties. The American consumers also preferred the diesel engines for lower fuel consumption after two oil crises and fuel shock of 1973 and 1979.

Four-speed manual gearboxes were offered with four-cylinder inline engines (2.3-litre M115 petrol and 2.4-litre OM616 Diesel) only. The new 5-speed manual gearboxes were never offered by Mercedes-Benz itself on the North American market.

The North American version of W123 differs from European version due to the US Department of Transportation automotive regulations along with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) automotive emission control regulations. Autoweek writes "the visual changes were on the mild side" compared to U.S. Models of the Mercedes-Benz R107 and Mercedes-Benz W116, which have been described by journalists as if a "beautiful car was beaten with the malaise ugly stick."

Notable exterior differences included
 Larger and stronger bumpers that resist collision damage up to 5 mph
 Round sealed beam headlamp capsules and fog lamps; the large glass covers partially the housing. The fog lamps had clear lens until 1980 model year when they were tinted yellow
 Amber-coloured retroreflective markers on the front turn signal indicators which double as night illumination
 Red-coloured retroreflective markers at side edge of taillamps
 Location of ID-tag on A-pillar
 Emission control device for petrol engines only
 Radio with different frequency steps when tuning to different radio stations
 85 mph maximum speedometer with 55 mph prominently marked
 Tinted glass band across the top of front windscreen
 If passenger side external rear view mirror is included, the mirror must carry the warning: "Vehicles are closer than they appear"

Equipment and features
The standard and optional features are numerous along with a large number of engine and gearbox options.  Customers could choose cloth, MB-Tex vinyl, velour or leather for the upholstery as well as interior wood trim for dashboard and centre console. The paint and interior colour palettes are extensive as well.

The driving dynamic enhancement options for extra cost became more extensive over the time: ABS (from August 1980 onward), self-locking differential gear, five-speed manual gearbox (introduced in 1982 for European markets only), Tempomat cruise control system, power steering system (standard from 1982 onward), passenger-side external rear view mirror (standard on S123 model), "Alpine" horn with selectable loudness (popular in Switzerland due to strict noise regulations), retractable steering column (from 1982 onward) and so forth.

The extra-cost options for creature comforts include power windows (with a cut-off switch for the rear passenger door windows), vacuum-powered central locking system, sunroof (manual and electric), air conditioning system (manual or automatic control), seats with orthopaedic support, electrically heated seats (all seats were individually ordered), pre-heating system (for heating the passenger compartment at a pre-selected time when the engine is not running), an assortment of different radios with and without cassette players, rear seat head rests, etc. The W123s destined for the North American market tended to have more features as standard, reflecting the American customer's preference for luxury accessories. For the first time in an executive saloon from Mercedes-Benz, the W123 had the option of fully automatic climate control at extra cost. This option was popular in the North American and Japanese markets. A rare option was a column gear selector that could be ordered with an automatic gearbox if the customer wished. The most expensive option was the Becker radio telephone, selling for 13,512 Deutsche Mark.

In the estate/station wagon model, a third row rear-facing foldable seat was offered as an extra cost option.

Updates
Mercedes-Benz updated the W123 in incremental steps, calling them series:
Series 0.5, November 1975 – July 1976
First Series, August 1976 – July 1979
Second Series, August 1979 – August 1982
Third Series, September 1982 – January 1986

Changes to the second series (from August 1979):
smaller steering wheel (10 mm) in a more elegant design
modernized toggle switches with smoother edges (hazard lights, windows, etc.)
pneumatic headlamp leveling system
modified belt buckles and smaller headrests
new fabric patterns for the seats

Changes to the third series (from September 1982):
Rectangular headlights and power steering as standard for entire model range
Molded front seat backrests for more knee freedom in the rear
Cloth insert in the door panels
Zebrano wood paneling in the dashboard
Reduced wind noise due to improved roof trim strips
Ventilation outlets are no longer chrome-plated
Driver's airbag available as optional equipment

For the 1981 model year, the automatic climate control panel from the W126 S-Class with a simplified icon design was adopted. A new five-speed manual gearbox was introduced in February 1982 and was available in all models except those with the 3-litre turbocharged diesel engine but not in North America. This gearbox was only offered to North America via the grey market.

In September 1982, the driver's airbag with seat belt pre-tensioners for the passenger were offered as a 1,762.80 Deutsche Mark option for all models from the 1983 model year onward. Very few W123s had both driver and passenger air bags. The passenger air bag used a pyrotechnic gas discharge design, a world's first.

Copies
The W123 was officially produced by FAW in China from 1987 until 1988, as a 200 sedan or as a long wheelbase 230E. Only 828 cars were built in their Changchun plant. Another Chinese company called Bamin Automobile made W123 lookalikes using other parts. Bamin was a People's Liberation Army-owned company located in Minhou. Their W123 copy was built on the chassis of the Bamin BM212A/213A, a copy of the Beijing BJ212 and came in a few different bodystyles. There was a four-door pickup called the BM2022A (or the better equipped BM1020KHA) and a wagon derived from it, as well as the BM1020KH/BM6480 (proper station wagons). The Chinese copies used the 2.4-litre BJ492 pushrod inline-four engine from the BJ212.

Technical data - Rest of World

Technical data - North America and Japan
In these markets, only the following models were offered:

References

Notes

Bibliography

General

Workshop manuals

External links

W123 buyer's guide – Classics World (UK)
W123 production figures
W123 production information, technical data, and media of the Mercedes-Benz Classic Digital Archive
W123 specifications and prices

W123
W123
Executive cars
Limousines
Sedans
Station wagons
Cars introduced in 1976
1980s cars
Rally cars
Coupés
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles

Mercedes-Benz W123


The Nedelin catastrophe or Nedelin disaster, known in Russia as the Catastrophe at Baikonur Cosmodrome (), was a launch pad accident that occurred on 24 October 1960 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Soviet Kazakhstan. As a prototype of the R-16 intercontinental ballistic missile was being prepared for a test flight, an explosion occurred when the second stage engine ignited accidentally, killing an unknown number of military and technical personnel working on the preparations. Despite the magnitude of the disaster, information was suppressed for many years and the Soviet government did not acknowledge the event until 1989. With 54+ casualties, it is the deadliest space exploration-related disaster in history.

The disaster is named after Chief marshal of Artillery Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin, who was killed in the explosion. As commanding officer of the Soviet Union's Strategic Rocket Forces, Nedelin was the head of the R-16 development program.

Launch preparations
On 23 October 1960, the prototype R-16 intercontinental ballistic missile had been installed on launching pad 41 () awaiting final tests before launch. The missile was over 30 m long, 3.0 m in diameter and had a launch weight of 141 tons. The rocket was fueled with the hypergolic pair of UDMH as fuel and a saturated solution of  in nitric acid as the oxidizer—nicknamed "Devil's venom"—which was used because of the high boiling temperatures and hence storability of the fuel and oxidizer, despite being extremely corrosive and toxic. These risks were accounted for in the safety requirements of the launch procedures, but Nedelin's insistence on achieving a test launch ahead of the 7 November 1960 anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution resulted in extreme schedule pressure, in a context of substantial emerging engineering difficulties. Ultimately pre-launch tests began to overlap with launch preparations.

Accident
A short circuit in the replaced main sequencer caused the second-stage engine to fire while being tested before launch. This detonated the first stage fuel tanks directly below, destroying the missile in an enormous explosion. Before seeking refuge, the camera operator remotely activated automatic cameras set around the launching pad that filmed the explosion in detail.

People near the rocket were instantly incinerated; those farther away were burned to death or poisoned by the toxic fuel component vapors. Andrei Sakharov described many details: as soon as the engine fired, most of the personnel there ran to the perimeter, but were trapped inside the security fence and then engulfed in the fireball of burning fuel. The explosion incinerated or asphyxiated Nedelin, a top aide, the USSR's top missile-guidance designer, and over 70 other officers and engineers. Still others died later of burns or poisoning. Missile designer Mikhail Yangel survived only because he had left to smoke a cigarette behind a bunker a few hundred metres away, but nonetheless suffered burn injuries.

Casualties
The exact death toll of the explosion is not known.  The first Western reporting of the accident via the Italian Continentale News Agency in December 1960 said that 100 people were killed, while The Guardian reported in 1965, citing information from spy Oleg Penkovsky who had passed information to the West, that as many as 300 had died.  The Soviet Union said only that a "significant number" had died when it first acknowledged the incident in a 1989 Ogoniok article,  but later in the year, the government put the number of dead at 54.  The most recent estimated death toll, released by Roscosmos on the 50th anniversary of the accident and originating with agency engineer Boris Chertok, was that 126 people had died, but the agency qualified the number by saying that the actual number could be anywhere from 60 to 150 dead.

Aftermath

Complete secrecy was immediately imposed on the events of 24 October 1960 by Nikita Khrushchev. A news release stated that Nedelin had died in a plane crash and the families of the other engineers were advised to say their loved ones had died of the same cause. Khrushchev also ordered Leonid Brezhnev to head an investigation commission and go to the site. Among other things, the commission found that many more people were present on the launch pad than should have been—most were supposed to be safely offsite in bunkers.

When Brezhnev arrived at the firing range on 25 October 1960, he said: "Comrades! We do not intend to put anyone on trial; we are going to investigate the causes and take actions to recover from the disaster and continue operations". Despite this, I. A. Doroshenko was held accountable for the event.

Afterwards, when Nikita Khrushchev asked Yangel, "But why have you remained alive?", Yangel answered in a trembling voice, "Walked away for a smoke. It's all my fault". Yangel later suffered a heart attack and was off work for months.

After the committee presented its report, the R-16 program resumed in January 1961 with first successful flight on 2 February 1961. The delay to the R-16 spurred the USSR toward the development of more effective ICBMs and sparked Khrushchev's decision to install intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) in Cuba. Before the disaster Yangel had ambitions to challenge Sergei Korolev as leader of the Manned Space program, but he was directed to focus on the R-16.

A memorial to the victims of the test was erected in the first half of the 1960s in the Park of Baikonur and is still visited by RKA officials before any manned launch.

Another fatal accident, with the R-9 missile, occurred at Baikonur exactly three years after the Nedelin catastrophe, causing 24 October to be referred to as Baikonur's "Black Day." No launches have been attempted on that date at Baikonur ever since.

Official acknowledgment
A news release stated that Nedelin had died "in a plane crash while on an undisclosed mission". The Italian news agency Continentale first reported on 8 December 1960, from undisclosed sources, that Marshal Nedelin and 100 people had been killed in a rocket explosion. The Guardian reported on 16 October 1965 that captured spy Oleg Penkovsky had confirmed details of the missile accident, and exiled scientist and Soviet dissident Zhores Medvedev provided further details in 1976 in the British weekly magazine New Scientist. However, it was not until 16 April 1989 that the Soviet Union acknowledged the events, with a report appearing in the weekly newsmagazine Ogoniok.

See also

 1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion
 1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster
 Intelsat 7081996 launch failure, which killed an unknown number of people in the worst space launch disaster since Nedelin

General bibliography
 Chertok, Boris; Rockets and People: Fili-Podlipki-Tyuratam; Moscow, 1996; published by Mashinostroyeniye Publishing House (in Russian)
 Chertok, Boris; Rockets and People, Volume 2: Creating a Rocket Industry, 2006; published by NASA
 Eliseev, V. I. M. We grew hearts in Baikonur. OAO MPK in 2018;
 Harford, James; Korolev – How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York, 1997; pp. 119–120
 «At risk» – A. A. Toul, Kaluga, "the Golden path", 2001.
 Khrushchev, Sergei; Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower; Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania, 2000; Translated by Shirley Benson; pp. 416–425
 Kuznetsk, M. I. Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel. Voronezh: IPF "Voronezh" 1997;
 Ostashev, A. I. "Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life"; Korolyov, 2001. Events and facts.
 Sheehan, Neil; A Fiery Peace in a Cold War; Random House; New York City, 2009; p. 405.

Citations

External links
 Nedelin Disaster on RussianSpaceWeb.com
 Nedelin Disaster on aerospaceweb.org
 "The Nedelin Catastrophe"—article from Air & Space Magazine
 Video clip
 Day when not start missiles. Part one
  Day when not start missiles. Part two
 Memorial
 "The disaster at Baikonur", Moskovsky Komsomolets
 The Russian Union of Veterans, Day of memory and grief.
 The official website of the city administration Baikonur, Baikonur commemorated a test rocket and space technology.

1960 in the Soviet Union
Baikonur Cosmodrome
Explosions in Kazakhstan
Disasters in the Soviet Union
Non-combat military accidents
October 1960 events in Asia
Soviet cover-ups
Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
Nedelin Disaster (1960)
Space program of the Soviet Union
Explosions in 1960
1960 disasters in the Soviet Union

Nedelin catastrophe


After the Soviet-Afghan War, which ended on 14 February 1989, a civil war started in Afghanistan. It lasted until the end of April 1992, when a new Afghan government was formed. On 24 April, the Peshawar Accord (an agreement for a new Afghan government) was announced. The civil war officially ended on 27 April 1992. The new Afghan government started the next day, on 28 April 1992.When the Soviet Union left Afghanistan in 1989, they left President Mohammed Najibullah in charge of the Republic of Afghanistan. But many people in Afghanistan did not support him because they thought that his government was a communist puppet regime (a regime controlled by the Soviet Union). Therefore, several mujahideen groups started to fight against Najibullah's regime. In March 1989, together with the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the mujahideen attacked Jalalabad, but they were defeated. Two years later, in March 1991, they successfully overtook Khost. Mujahideen power continued to grow until the Peshawar Accord was announced in April 1992, and a few days later Najibullah's regime resigned. However, instead of a new government with all mujahideen groups, another civil war broke out between different mujahideen groups, which lasted until 1996 (also known as the Battle for Kabul).

Background

The first Republic of Afghanistan
Since 1933, Mohammad Zahir Shah ruled as King over Afghanistan. On 17 July 1973, there was a coup d'état led by prince Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan (the former Prime Minister and Army General) against Mohammad Zahir, who was his cousin and brother-in-law. Mohammad Zahir was in Rome for medical treatment at that time. On 24 August, Mohammad Zahir announced his abdication and since then he chose to stay in Rome. More than two centuries after the founding of the Durrani Empire in 1747, Sardar Mohammad Daoud finally abolished the monarchy and the royal rule. The coup resulted in the establishment of the first Republic of Afghanistan under a one-party system, which was led by the first President of Afghanistan Sardar Mohammad Daoud with his National Revolutionary Party. Two days after the 1973 coup, the Soviet Union and India recognized the first Republic of Afghanistan and the new government.

The Saur Revolution
On 27 April 1978 (the 7th of the month of Saur or Sowr, the second month of the Solar Hijri calendar), 5 years after the first coup, there was another coup called the Saur Revolution. Nur Mohammad Taraki, the first General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), together with Hafizullah Amin, gave the order for a military coup with the goal over overthrowing the government of President Sardar Mohammad Daoud. On 27 April, the first shots heard were near the Ministry of Interior in the downtown in Kabul as the first sign of a coup. From there, the fighting spread to other areas of the city. From 28 April 1978, during the time between the coup and the establishment of the new civilian government, the PDPA Revolutionary Council led the country for three days. After that, a new government was formed under the name of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), which was led by Prime Minister Nur Muhammad Taraki .The PDPA described the Saur Revolution as a democratic revolution.

Sides of the war

Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA)
The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was the Afghan government that came to power through the Saur Revolution. It led the country from the end of the Saur Revolution in 1978 until 1992, when it was overthrown by several mujahideen groups at the end of the 1989-1992 Civil War. The party that was in power in the government was the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), which was founded on 1 July 1965. The PDPA party followed a Marxist–Leninist ideology. The party was led by Nur Muhammad Taraki, who led the party ever since the split between the Khalq faction (led by Taraki and Amin) and the Parcham faction (led by Babrak Karmal) in 1967. During their time in power, the DRA introduced several contentious reforms such as modernizing traditional Islamic civil and marriage laws and forcing land reforms.

Nur Muhammad Taraki was the first leader of the DRA after the Saur Revolution in 1978. He was a founding member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan PDPA, serving as its General Secretary from 1965 to 1979. Taraki's leadership was short-lived and marked by controversies. The government was divided between two PDPA factions: the Khalqists (led by Taraki), the majority, and the Parchamites, the minority. The second leader of the DRA was Hafizullah Amin. He was an Afghan communist revolutionary, who organized the Saur Revolution of 1978. Amin ordered the death of Taraki by suffocation with pillows on 8 October 1979. The third leader of the DRA was Babrak Karmal. He became a founding member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan PDPA and eventually became the leader of the Parcham faction. He was an Afghan revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Afghanistan, serving in the post of General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan for seven years. The last leader of the DRA was Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai, commonly known as Dr. Najib. He was the General Secretary of the PDPA and the leader of the DRA from 1986 to 1992. Dr. Najib changed the name of the Communist Party PDPA to the Hizb-i Watan (Homeland Party). He was the President of Afghanistan from 1987 until his resignation in April 1992, shortlly after the mujahideen took over Kabul.

Mujahideen
The Mujahideen resistance movement consisted of several smaller Islamist rebel groups. Despite their differences in region of origin, ethnicity, and religious connection, they fought against one common enemy: the communists (first the Soviets, and later Najibullah's DRA government). They shared the common goal of making Afghanistan an independent Islamic state, unaffected by large powers like the United States, the Soviet Union, and China. These groups were supported by the United States to fight against the Soviets and Najibullah. Seven of these groups came together in 1981 to form the Islamic Unity of Afghanistan's Mujahideen (IUAM), but they did not succeed in forming a united movement.They fought loosely and without strategic coordination. Sometimes, they would even attack each other. Out of these seven groups, there were four important ones: Hesb-e Islami, Jamiat-e Islami, Ittehad-e Islami, and the Haqqani network.

Hezb-e Islami
The Hezb-e Islami group was led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. This party was mainly supported by the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). Because American assistance to the mujahideen flowed through Pakistan, the Hezb-e Islami group received a lot of money. Because of this, the party was able to grow stronger and become one of the main mujahideen groups in the fight against Najibullah. However, they were not able to defeat Najibullah immediately after the Soviets left Afghanistan. This happened because the United States thought that Najibullah's regime would collapse under pressure by the mujahideen after the Soviets left, so they stopped giving them financial and military assistance. However, Najibullah's regime was able to stay in power because of Soviet support, allowing them to keep the Hezb-e Islami party under control.

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and his troops became known for attacking other mujahideen groups, especially those of Ahmad Shah Massoud (part of the Jamiat-e Islami group). He even raided humanitarian aid organizations. Some people even thought that he attacked other mujahideen groups because he was secretly on the side of the Soviets and that "he might be a secret KGB plant whose mission was to sow disruption within the anti-communist resistance". Other people thought that he was causing chaos among mujahideen groups so that the Hezb-e Islami group could rise to power after the Soviets left. This caused the entire mujahideen movement to be divided and ineffective.

Jamiat-e Islami
The Jamiat-e Islami group was led by Burhanuddin Rabbani, but the main military commander was Ahmad Shah Massoud. This group was also a strong mujahideen group and played an important role in the ultimate mujahideen victory over Najibullah in 1992. They received little to no support from the United States, which meant they had less resources (like money and military equipment) than the Hezb-e Islami group. However, their success was mainly thanks to Massoud's advanced fighting skills.

This group was the main opponent of the Hezb-e Islami group in the shared struggle against the Soviets and Najibullah. The two groups often fought against each other, even though they were both part of the same Islamist rebel movement against the communists. In one instance, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar attacked Massoud's troops and killed 36 of his commanders. In return, Massoud chased down four of Hekmatyar's men who were responsible for the attack and proceeded to hang them.

Ittehad-e Islami
The Ittehad-e Islami group was led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, a Wahhabite military leader. This group was mainly supported and assisted by Saudi Arabia. Just like the rivalry between Hezb-e Islami and Jamiat-e Islami, the Ittehad-e Islami group also had an opponent in the shared fight against the communists: the smaller mujahideen group of Abdul Ali Mazari called Hezb-e Wahdat, which was supported by Iran. This rivalry existed because Saudi Arabia and Iran were in competition for regional domination.

Haqqani network
The Haqqani network was led by Jalaluddin Haqqani, who founded the group as a split-off from the Yunis Khalis mujahideen group (a major mujahideen group in the early 1980s). Just like the Hezb-e Islami group, the Haqqani network received a lot of financial and military assistance from the United States. The main difference from the other mujahideen groups is that when the Taliban came to power after the civil war, the Haqqani network chose to support their regime. The Haqqani network also developed close relations with the Al-Qaeda network.

Course of the war

Battle of Jalalabad (1989)
On 6 March 1989, the mujahideen groups attacked the Eastern city of Jalalabad. The attack was led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and his mujahideen group Hezb-e Islami. The Ittehad-e Islami group also fought with him. They were supported by the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). The goal was to overtake the city and use it to attack Kabul later on, so that they could defeat Najibullah's regime and form a mujahideen government.

The mujahideen forces were not successful in taking over Jalalabad. First, they tried to attack the city from the East, but the forces from the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) were too strong for them. In the beginning they managed to overtake Samarkhel, a small village close to Jalalabad, and even the airport for a short time. However, then the DRA forces started to fight back, and drove the mujahideen back out of the city. The mujahideen forces then tried to attack the city from the North and South sides, but again the DRA forces were too strong. The mujahideen forces did not expect Jalalabad to be defended so well. There are three main reasons why the mujahideen did not manage to overtake Jalalabad. First, Jalalabad was well fortified, which meant that it was difficult to attack from the outside. Second, the DRA forces had strong firepower in the form of heavy artillery equipment and air support, while the muhajideen forces had to rely on guerilla tactics. Third, the DRA forces were well organized, while the mujahideen forces consisted of small, loose groups that also competed with each other. By June 1989, the mujahideen forces had been completely driven out of Jalalabad and had to give up. By then, about 3000-4000 mujahideen soldiers had died.

Siege of Khost (1991)
The battle of Jalalabad caused a lot of damage and division to the mujahideen troops. However, two years after the defeat at Jalalabad, they were ready again to try to overtake another major city. On 14 March 1991, they attacked Khost. Khost was a smaller city, close to the Eastern border with Pakistan. Because the mujahideen had been active there for a long time, it was easier for them to attack Khost than Jalalabad. They were successful in taking over the city in just two weeks.

The mujahideen forces attacked Khost from three different sides with a surprise attack that allowed them to advance very quickly. First, they captured some DRA outposts on the outskirts of the city, which diminished the amount of resistance they had to face. Then, they gained control over the airport, which slowed down DRA transportation and logistics while at the same time increasing the flexibility of the mujahideen. Finally they moved into the city, which fell to the mujahideen troops on 31 March 1991, just over two weeks after the first attack. Again, there are three main reasons why the mujahideen were successful this time. First, the rugged terrain of Khost made it more suitable to apply various guerilla warfare tactics that the mujahideen groups were used to. Second, whereas Jalalabad was well connected and continuously supplied by the DRA, Khost was logistically more difficult to reach and support from Kabul. This meant that the DRA forces in Khost received little to no support from the DRA government apart from the troops that were already stationed there. Third, the mujahideen forces on the ground were this time unified, well organized, and the whole attack was planned out in detail. The victory at Khost allowed the mujahideen to regain popular support and gain momentum to finally break down Najibullah's regime.

Invasion of Kabul (1992)
Seeing the success of the mujahideen, the UN and senior leaders of several Afghan mujahideen parties decided to meet in Peshawar to try to form a new neutral acting Afghan government to replace Najibullah's regime. The UN presented a plan to the mujahideen groups to form a pre-interim council and accept formal sovereignty from President Najibullah. In March 1992, Najibullah announced his cooperation to resign in order to make way for a new neutral acting government. With this announcement, he lost internal control. In April 1992, Kabul came completely under the control of the interim government, with the hope for a new era. But the situation quickly spiraled into escalation. Throughout the negotiation process, mujahideen forces were stationed outside Kabul city. In the spring of 1992, at least five mujahideen groups fell out and started fighting each other to take control over Kabul. Parties involved in the conflict were the Jamiat-e Islami group (led byAhmad Shah Massoud), the Hezb-e Islami group (led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar), the Hezb-i Wahdat group (led by Abdul Ali Mazari, the Ittehad-e Islami group (led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf) and the Junbish-i Islami group (led by Abdul Rashid Dostum). By the end of 1992, the city of Kabul was badly damaged, thousands of civilians had been killed, and half a million residents were forced to flee. In November 1994, a new group entered the scene: the Taliban. They gradually gained the upper hand in the conflict, conquered Kabul in September 1996, and took control over Afghanistan altogether.

Sources

Other websites
 https://www.npr.org/2021/08/19/1028472005/afghanistan-conflict-timeline. NPR

War in Afghanistan (since 1978)

Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)


People's Republic (sometimes called Popular Republic) is a name for a communist, usually Marxist-Leninist country. Currently, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the only Marxist-Leninist state in the world that uses the title "People's Republic". Because of this, "People's Republic" is sometimes used to refer to China.
The term is also found in the official name of North Korea - Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Communism

People's Republic


"Get Low" is a song by German DJ and record producer Zedd and English singer and songwriter Liam Payne. The song was written by Charles Hinshaw, Zedd, Tristan Landymore and Fabienne Holloway, with production handled by Zedd. It was released on 6 July 2017, through Interscope Records. It is also included on Payne's debut studio album LP1. As of September 2017, "Get Low" has moved around 61,800 digital copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Background
In an interview with Beats 1, Zedd described the song as his definition of a summer song, and has a "Drake-ish influenced sound"."We created a song that I would say is probably the most urban-ish influenced song I've ever done, it's insanely catchy and I feel like you're gonna hate it after a while because it's so catchy. I think it's a good balance between where he is going with his solo project and where I'm going with my own music, it's right in between."He described the collaboration similar to what he did with Alessia Cara for his previous single "Stay". "Without Liam, I might've never finished this song. He really pulled it towards a direction that I would not have, and I love where it is." On 3 July 2017, both artists confirmed the single's release date on social media. Alongside was the single's artwork, in which pink palm trees and a clear blue sky were featured.

Composition
"Get Low" is a quick-spaced tropical dance, club-pop song that contains light percussion and a lead tropical house synth line. Amid sexually-charged lyrics, Payne talks to a potential lover over "buoyant" synths on the chorus.

Critical reception
Writing for Billboard, Sadie Bell felt the song "takes you on a trip to paradise inspired by its house bass and fantastical production." Bell wrote that the track feels like "the soundtrack to a summer getaway," with Payne's "mature" pop performance and the song's "sultry" lyrics. Jon Blistein of Rolling Stone described the song as "sultry and snappy," and Entertainment Weeklys Nick Roman called it a "sizzling summer jam." Much's Allison Bowsher felt the duo has "a bona fide earworm on their hands," where Payne delivered sexually-charged lyrics "with attitude." Writing for Spin, Rob Arcand called it a "stomping summer house jam sure to conquer radio airwaves near-immediately" where Payne "croons with a steady swagger bigger than any of his work with One Direction." Erin Jensen for USA Today opined although the lyrics lack "depth," the "catchy summer anthem" has a "very danceable" beat, serving as a "perfect soundtrack for a day at the pool or a night at the club." Mike Neid of Idolator criticized the lack of "a drop or some heavier bass," while Joe Anderton of Digital Spy opined the tropical-pop vibe is "not exactly revolutionary."

Track listing

Remix
On September 22, in the same year, an official remix was released was released by DJ Kuuro. Another remix was released on Soundcloud in December by DJ Big Z.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

External links

2017 songs
2017 singles
Liam Payne songs
Zedd songs
Interscope Records singles
Tropical house songs
Songs written by Zedd

Get Low (Zedd and Liam Payne song)


Felicity Kenvyn  (known as Lissa Evans) is a British television director, producer, novelist and children's author.

After qualifying as a doctor in 1983, Evans worked in medicine in Newcastle for four years before a brief period in stand-up, beginning with an ensemble review called "Wire Less Wireless" which played in some of the pubs in Newcastle. Evans joined BBC Radio where she was a producer of comedy programmes before migrating to television. She has produced and/or directed such shows as Father Ted (for which she won a BAFTA for best comedy), Room 101, The Kumars at No. 42, TV Heaven, Telly Hell, Crossing the Floor (for which she won an Emmy for best drama) and Have I Got News For You and also served as voice director for the British-Canadian children's television series Don't Eat the Neighbours.

Evans has written six novels for adults: Spencer's List, Odd One Out, Their Finest Hour and a Half (now filmed as Their Finest) Crooked Heart (which with Their Finest Hour and a Half was long-listed for the Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction), Old Baggage  and V for Victory.

For children, she has written Small Change For Stuart, shortlisted for the 2011 Costa Award for Children's fiction, the 2012 Carnegie Medal, and the 2012 Branford Boase Award. Small Change for Stuart was published in the United States as Horten's Miraculous Mechanisms, and the sequel, Big Change for Stuart (Horten's Incredible Illusions in the U.S.) was published in 2012. Another book for children, Wed Wabbit, was published in 2017 and shortlisted for the 2017 Costa Book Awards and the 2018 Carnegie Medal.

Bibliography

For adults
 Spencer's List (2003)
 Odd One Out (2005)
 Their Finest Hour and a Half (2009)
 Crooked Heart (2014)
 Old Baggage (2018)
 V for Victory (2020)
 The Big House (expected May 2024)

For children
 Smudger the Dog Saves Christmas (2010)
 Small Change for Stuart (2011)
 Big Change for Stuart (2012)
 Wed Wabbit (2017)
 Wished (2021)

References

External links

1950s births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British television directors
English television producers
21st-century British novelists
British women novelists
21st-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers
British women television producers
British television producers
British women television directors
British voice directors

Lissa Evans


Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) (in ) is a comprehensive science policy research center directly attached to the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology of Iran which was approved and ratified by Revolutionary Council of Iran in 1980. IROST is the biggest research center in Iran and is particularly engaged in development of strategies, policies, R&D systems, management, foresight and evaluation of related Science and Technology (S&T) development and S&T for economic progress.

IROST has made advances in providing alternative sources of energy, namely solar energy, biodiesel from microalgae and bi-ethanol from agricultural waste. IROST has also made progress in pharmacological fields.

IROST undertakes commissioned research with International Organizations such as,

 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
 Organisation of Islamic Conference Standing Committee on Scientific & Technological Cooperation (COMSTECH)
 Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS)
 Third World Academy of Science (TWAS)
 Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO)
 International Federation of Inventors' Associations (IFIA)
 Asian Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology (APCTT)
 Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)

International Journals
 Advances in Environmental Technology
 Hydrogen, Fuel Cell & Energy Storage
 Innovative Food Technologies
 Journal of Particle Science and Technology
 Journal of Technology Development Management
 Microbiology, Metabolites and Biotechnology

See also
Science and technology in Iran
Intellectual property in Iran

References

External links

Science and technology in Iran
Scientific organisations based in Iran


The Honourable Henry Grey Bennet FRS (2 December 1777 – 29 May 1836) was a British politician.

Life
Bennet was the second of three sons and fourth of eight children of Charles Bennet, 4th Earl of Tankerville, and his wife, Emma, Lady Tankerville (1752–1836), daughter of banker Sir James Colebrooke, 1st Baronet.

He was educated at Eton College (1788–92), served in the 1st Foot Guards, and entered Lincoln's Inn in 1798, and Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1799. He was called to the bar in 1803, practising on the Western Circuit.

Bennet's first election as MP for Shrewsbury in 1806 was invalidated. His advocacy of Catholic emancipation led to defeat in 1807 but he regained his seat in 1811. In the Commons his maiden speech was directed at the Prince Regent.

From 1813 to 1815 he was the second president of the Geological Society of London; the Lyell Collection contains his account of the Island of Tenerife.

After the Peterloo massacre in 1819 he called for an inquiry into the manufacturing districts' plight. His defence of Queen Caroline in 1820–21 led to his portrayal in an engraving by Francis Holl.

The sudden ending of Bennet's career in 1824 (apparently due to the death from consumption of his only son six months after that of a daughter) was followed by a continental trip in 1825. His reputation was ruined by the threat of prosecution for importuning a young male servant at Spa in August 1825. Bennet represented himself as the victim of a conspiracy to extort money, but the facts of the case worked against him. When Parliament was dissolved in 1826 his name was linked with that of the homosexual Richard Heber.

Bennet remained in exile and gave up his seat in parliament the following year. He and his wife lived near Lake Como in Italy until his death aged 58 in 1836.

Bennet was the author of several pamphlets, and a fellow of the Royal Society.

Family
In 1816 Bennet married Gertrude Frances, daughter of Lord William Russell. They had one son and three daughters. Gertrude died in 1841.

References

External links

Fellows of the Royal Society
1777 births
1836 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
Younger sons of earls
English LGBT politicians
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
17th-century LGBT people
18th-century LGBT people

Henry Grey Bennet


Mugil thoburni, Thoburn's mullet, is a species of grey mullet, from the family Mugilidae, found in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is most common around the Galapagos Islands but does occur on the coasts of Central America and South America as well. This species grows to a length of  TL. It was formerly regarded as the only known member of the genus Xenomugil.

The specific name honours Wilbur Wilson Thoburn (1859-1899), lecturer in bionomics at Stanford University, where David Starr Jordan was president, in recognition of Thoburn's work on the sculpins.

References

thoburni
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Edwin Chapin Starks
Fish described in 1896

Mugil thoburni


Bismuth hydroxide () is non-fully characterised chemical compound of bismuth. It is produced as white flakes when alkali is added to a solution of a bismuth salt and is usually described as bismuth oxide hydrate or bismuth hydrate.

Uses
Bismuth hydrate is a component used in milk of bismuth which is used in gastrointestinal disorders as a protective agent. Aqueous ammonia reacts with bismuth(III) ions to precipitate white bismuth hydroxide.

It is used as an absorbent, and in the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid.  It is also used in the isolation of plutonium from irradiated uranium/

References

Bismuth compounds

Bismuth hydroxide


Richard Worth (born 3 Julie 1948; deed 10 Mey 2022) wis a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Naitional Pairty. He wis a leet member o the pairlament unner the proportional representation seestem. He left pairlament in 2009.

1948 births
2022 daiths
Massey Varsity alumni
New Zealand Naitional Pairty MPs
New Zealand Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire
Fowk frae Auckland
Varsity o Auckland alumni
Members o the Cabinet o New Zealand
New Zealand leet MPs
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
New Zealand sailors
New Zealand moontain climmers
21st-century New Zealand politeecians

Richard Worth


Linus, a male given name, is the Latin form of the Greek name Linos. It's a common given name in Sweden. The origin of the name is unknown although the name appears in antiquity both as a musician who taught Apollo and as a son of Apollo who died in infancy.

People
Linus (Argive), son of Apollo and Psamathe in Greek mythology
Linus of Hollywood (Linus Dotson, born 1973), American musical artist
Linus of Thrace, musician and master of eloquent speech in Greek mythology
Pope Linus (died c. 76), the second Bishop of Rome and Pope of the Catholic Church
Linus Arnesson (born 1994), Swedish ice hockey player
Linus Bylund (born 1978), Swedish politician
Linus B. Comins (1817–1892), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts in 1857–59
Linus Diaz (born 1933), Sri Lankan long-distance runner
Linus Eklöf (born 1989), Swedish motorcycle speedway rider
Linus Eklöw (better known by his stage name Style of Eye) (born 1979), Swedish DJ, producer, and songwriter
Linus Fernström (born 1987), Swedish hockey player
Linus Forslund (born 1988), Swedish bandy player
Linus Reinhard Frey (also known as "Lonny Frey") (1910–2009), American baseball player
Linus Fröberg (born 1993), Swedish hockey player
Linus Gerdemann (born 1982), German professional road bicycle racer
Linus Hallenius (born 1989), Swedish footballer
Linus Hultström (born 1992), Swedish hockey player
Linus Klasen (born 1986), Swedish hockey player
Francis Line (also known as Linus of Liège) (1595–1675), English Jesuit priest and scientist
Linus Malmborg (born 1988), Swedish footballer
Linus Malmqvist (born 1981), Swedish footballer
J. Linus McAtee (1897–1963), American Hall of Fame jockey
DJ Linus (born 1957), Italian deejay
Linus Omark (born 1987), Swedish hockey player
Linus Pauling (1901–1994), American chemist, winner of two Nobel Prizes (chemistry and peace)
Linus Persson (ice hockey) (born 1985), Swedish ice hockey right winger
Linus Persson (handballer) (born 1993), Swedish handball player
Linus Pettersson (born 1987), Swedish bandy player
Linus Roache (born 1964), English actor
Linus Rönnqvist (born 1988), Swedish bandy player
Linus Sebastian (born 1986), Canadian YouTuber, creator and host of Linus Tech Tips and founder of Linus Media Group
Linus Sandgren (born 1972), Swedish Cinematographer
Linus Sköld (born 1983), Swedish politician
Linus Sundström (born 1990), Swedish speedway rider
Linus Svenning (born 1990), Swedish singer-songwriter
Linus Thörnblad (born 1985), Swedish high jumper
Linus Tornblad (born 1993), Swedish footballer
Linus Torvalds (born 1969), Finnish-born American programmer, creator of the Linux kernel
Linus Ullmark (born 1993), Swedish hockey player
Linus Videll (born 1985), Swedish hockey player
Linus Wahlgren (born 1976), Swedish actor
Linus Wahlqvist (born  1996), Swedish footballer
Linus Werneman (born 1992), Swedish hockey player
Linus Yale Jr. (1821–1868), American mechanical engineer, son of Yale, Sr.
Linus Yale Sr. (1797–1858), American inventor and manufacturer of locks

Characters
Linus (mythology)
Linus, a recurring character in Star Trek: Discovery
Ben Linus, in the US television show Lost
Linus van Pelt, in the comic strip Peanuts
 Linus Caldwell, in Ocean's Eleven (2001), played by Matt Damon
 Linus Larrabee, in Sabrina (1954 film) and Sabrina (1995 film)
 Linus Rawlings, in How the West Was Won (film), played by James Stewart
 Linus Spacehead, a playable character in the Quattro Adventure and Linus Spacehead's Cosmic Crusade video games

References

Masculine given names
Swedish masculine given names
German masculine given names
Dutch masculine given names
Norwegian masculine given names
Danish masculine given names
Finnish masculine given names
Icelandic masculine given names
English masculine given names

Linus


Dee Ann McWilliams is a retired United States Army major general. McWilliams is past President of the Women in Service for America Memorial Foundation. She took her commission in 1974 in the Women's Army Corps and was assigned to the Adjutant General Corps. In over 29 years with the army, she held a variety of Human Relations positions, commanding four companies, a training battalion, and a personnel brigade. She also taught national strategic studies and leadership, and served as an Equal Opportunity Officer.

Early life
McWilliams was born in Shreveport, Louisiana to Lorenzo Dow McWilliams, Jr. and Rachel Ramsey McWilliams. She attended public schools in Timpson, Texas. She was the middle child of three children.

Military career
McWilliams commanded four companies in her early military years, HQ Company, Military Community, Augsburg, Germany; Personnel Assistance Point, JFK Airport, New York; I Corps Personnel Service Company and 9th Infantry Division Personnel Service Company, Fort Lewis, WA; 42d Adjutant General Battalion, Fort Dix, NJ; and 3d Personnel Group, Fort Hood, TX. She served on staff as Chief, Department of Army Secretariat for Selection Boards; at the National War College; as Director, Enlisted Personnel Management, Army Personnel Command; and as Director, Military Personnel Management, HQ Department of the Army; Washington, DC.

McWilliams was promoted below the zone to lieutenant colonel and below the zone to colonel. As commander of the 42d Adjutant General Battalion, McWilliams worked to mobilize 5,700 Reserve soldiers to the Southwest Asia Sustainment Force while simultaneously demobilizing 8,000 Reservists from the first Gulf War and performing normal reception duties for new soldiers. She has served as III Corps AG and commander of the 3rd Personnel Group at Fort Hood, Texas, and director of enlisted personnel management at the Army HRC.

As Director of Military Personnel Management for the Department of the Army, McWilliams developed policy and strategy for staffing, salary compensation, and training for over one million soldiers, to include recruitment of more than one hundred thousand annually. She also served as Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel and Installation Management in Europe, where she provided human resource and quality of life support to soldiers in Germany, Italy, Hungary, Kosovo, Croatia, Bosnia, Greece, and Egypt. In 2003, McWilliams was nominated to become the Assistant Secretary for Public and Intergovernmental Affairs at the Department of Veterans Affairs. This nomination was later withdrawn at her request.

Her military awards include the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Meritorious Service Medal, Army Commendation Medal, Joint Service Achievement Medal, and Army Achievement Medal.

Education
McWilliams holds degrees from Lon Morris College, Texas Womans University, the National War College, and Stephen F. Austin University, where she was named a distinguished alumnus in 1998.

Later career and recognition
After retiring in 2003, she established the Lessons Learned Center for the director of national intelligence and served as center director.

In 2007, McWilliams joined the board of directors for the Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation, assuming the position of Vice Chair in 2014. She formerly served as President of the Army Women's Foundation, a Director on the Army Historical Foundation Board, and on the Lon Morris College Board of Trustees.

2013 – recipient of the American Veterans Center Lillian K. Keil Award for outstanding contribution to women's service in the United States military and was named a Trailblazer by Women Veterans Interactive.

2015 – McWilliams was inducted into the Adjutant
General Corps' Hall of Fame.

2020 – McWilliams was inducted into the U.S. Army Women's Foundation Hall of Fame.

References

External links
Foundation launches programs for Army women from www.army.mil

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Military personnel from Shreveport, Louisiana
People from Timpson, Texas
Lon Morris College alumni
Texas Woman's University alumni
Stephen F. Austin State University alumni
Human resource management people
National War College alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
Female generals of the United States Army
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
21st-century American women
Military personnel from Texas

Dee Ann McWilliams


The ethmoidal infundibulum is a funnel-shaped/slit-like/curved opening/passage/space/cleft upon the anterosuperior portion of the middle nasal meatus (and thus of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity) at the hiatus semilunaris (which represents the medial extremity of the infundibulum). The anterior ethmoidal air cells, and (usually) the frontonasal duct (which drains the frontal sinus) open into the ethmoidal infundibulum. The ethmoidal infundibulum extends anterosuperiorly from its opening into the nasal cavity.

Anatomy
The ethmoidal infundibulum is bordered medially by the uncinate process of the ethmoid bone, and laterally by the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone.

The ethmoid infundibulum leads towards the maxillary hiatus.The anterior ethmoidal cells open into the anterior part of the infundibulum.

Variation
The frontonasal duct may or may not drain into the ethmoidal infundibulum - this is determined by the place of attachment of the uncinate process of the ethmoid bone: if the uncinate process is attached to the lateral nasal wall, the frontonasal duct will open directly into the middle nasal meatus; if otherwise, it will drain drain into the infundibulum. In slightly over 50% of subjects, it is directly continuous with the frontonasal duct. When the anterior end of the uncinate process fuses with the anterior part of the bulla, however, this continuity is interrupted and the frontonasal duct then drains directly into the anterior end of the middle meatus.

References

External links

Nose

Ethmoidal infundibulum


Dean Street is a street in Soho, central London, running from Oxford Street south to Shaftesbury Avenue.

Historical figures and places

In 1764 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, then a young boy, gave a recital at 21 Dean Street.

Admiral Nelson stayed in Dean Street the day before setting sail for the Battle of Trafalgar. He spent the night drawing up his final battleplans, including the masterstroke of painting identifiable gold and black checks on the ships. He is said to have spent the early part of the evening at a nearby undertakers selecting the coffin he would like to be buried in were the battle not to go according to plan, which proved to be time well spent, for he died in the battle despite leading the British fleet to victory.

Charles Dickens was also a regular on Dean Street when he was a young actor enthusiastically participating in amateur productions at Fanny Kelly's Royalty Theatre at number 73–74. In 1845 he starred in an adaptation of Ben Jonson's Every Man in his Humour, which met mixed reviews; Dickens' acting was said to be of debatable merit. Dickens's artistic contemporary George Cruikshank was also a resident of Dean Street and it was here that he drew the illustration for Dickens's early works. Cruikshank is perhaps best known as a cutting caricaturist with scant regard for his targets. He was once bribed £100 for his pledge not to "caricature His Majesty (George III) in any immoral situation." He obliged and instead created a humorous caricature of England which came to be known as John Bull.

Furniture maker William Hean lived at 17 Dean Street between 1827 and 1845. Karl Marx lived at 28 Dean Street between 1851 and 1856, above what is now the Hart Brothers restaurant Quo Vadis. The Marxes shared their house in Dean Street with Italian teachers and a cook and were very poor while living in the street. Their rooms were described by one visitor as being in "One of the worst, therefore one of the cheapest, quarters of London..." Three of their five children died while living here, all in infancy. Marx's collaborator Friedrich Engels also lived in an apartment at 28 Dean Street.

The French House in Dean Street is a public house that was the unofficial headquarters of Charles de Gaulle and the French resistance during World War II.

Sectors
The street has an association with healthcare. Over the years there have been various hospitals on the street including pioneering establishments for prevention and cure of diseases. The Royal Ear Hospital occupied number 10. An early maternity hospital was also located here and the Lock Hospital too was in Dean Street, Lock being a euphemism for venereal disease. Today there are two Sexual Health clinics on Dean Street: 56 Dean Street, and Dean Street Express at number 34, opposite Royalty Mews.

Dean Street has in recent years been a centre of the creative and advertising industries including film and video editing facilities; this was especially true from the 1960s to the 1990s.

There have been many music and theatre venues on the street, including the Soho Theatre, which presents new plays and stand-up comedy. The celebrated Gargoyle Club ran for 27 years in the upper floors at number 69, an address that also housed the nightclub Billy's in its cellars during the late 1970s. There, New Romanticism, a landmark youth movement, took root.

Modern history

On 10 July 2009 a fire broke out on Dean Street. Two firefighters suffered minor injuries but nobody else was hurt. The building that caught fire was gutted.

The start of a dramatic change to Dean Street began in March 2010 as the demolition commenced of an entire block (Great Chapel Street and Dean Street) in preparation for a western entrance to the new Crossrail station at Tottenham Court Road, which would have a major impact on the area.

Intersections
From north to south:
 Oxford Street – terminates
 Carlisle Street
 St Anne's Court
 Richmond Buildings (leading to Richmond Mews)
 Chapone Place
 Bateman Street
 Meard Street
 Bourchier Street
 Old Compton Street
 Romilly Street
 Shaftesbury Avenue – terminates

References

External links
 LondonTown.com information
 Panoramic view at the junction with Old Compton Street

Streets in the City of Westminster
2009 in London
Fires in London
2000s fires in the United Kingdom
2009 disasters in the United Kingdom
2009 fires in Europe
Streets in Soho

Dean Street


Āgehī (died 1577 or 1578) was an Ottoman poet and historian.

Biography

He was born in Yenice-i Vardar (modern Giannitsa) under the name Manṣūr. As a mudarris and qadi, he traveled to many places including Istanbul and Gallipoli. As a poet, he is famous for a qasida addressed to his sweetheart, a sailor, and is written with a large amount of nautical slang. Although he was well-known, his poetry was not collected into a diwan. In history, his Tarikh-i Ghazat-i Sigetwar describes Suleiman I's campaign on Szigetvár. No surviving manuscript is known.

References

 Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd edition, 2013, s.v. Āgehī

Male poets from the Ottoman Empire
16th-century historians from the Ottoman Empire
1577 deaths
Year of birth unknown

People from Giannitsa

Āgehī


Bertha Henry Buxton (26 July 1844 – 1881) was an English novelist and children's author.

Early years
Bertha Henry Leupold was born on 26 July 1844, and when only a girl of eleven years amused herself by writing stories for her schoolfellows at Queen's College, Tufnell Park, London. Both her parents were Germans. Her father, William Leupold (sometimes spelt Leopold), was a London merchant, her mother being Madame Therese Leupold, well known in musical circles, and with them she travelled in America, Germany, and Holland during her fourteenth and fifteenth years.

Career
At sixteen, she married Henry Buxton, club manager and author, but still pursued her literary work as an amusement, translating a German operetta into English, and writing a modest one-volume novel, published at her husband's expense, under the title of Percy's Wife. After fifteen years of marriage he became bankrupt and deserted her and her children.

In 1875, she suddenly found herself poverty-stricken, and, becoming entirely dependent on her own exertions, she turned to writing for a living. In 1876 appeared her novel, Jennie of the Prince's, by B. H. B. dealing with theatrical life, which she had studied as a walking lady on the stage at Exeter. The book was a success. She wrote a serial for the World during the following year, bringing out during the same period Won! By the Author of "Jennie of the Prince's", and a story for children entitled Rosabella, published under the name of Auntie Bee. From this period she wrote under her own name, and the following Christmas brought out another child's book, entitled More Dolls, illustrated by Mr. T. D. White, and dedicated to the Princess of Wales.

Shortly afterwards, Buxton met with an accident which rendered work impossible. Somewhat recovering, she produced Fetterless though Bound together (1879); Great Grenfell Gardens (1879); Nell—On and Off the Stage; and From the Wings (1880). The last two novels first appeared in Tinsley's Magazine. Her other books were Many Loves (1880), Little Pops, a nursery romance (1881), and Sceptre and King (1881). In collaboration with blind author William Willhem Fenn, she brought out Oliver Gay, a Rattling Story of Field, Fright, and Fight, in 1880, and a tale called A Noble Name in a volume published by him in 1883.

She died very suddenly from heart disease, at Claremont Villa, 12 St. Mary's Terrace, Kensington, London, on 31 March 1881.

References

1844 births
1881 deaths
English people of German descent
British children's writers
British women children's writers
British women novelists
19th-century British novelists
19th-century British women writers

Bertha Henry Buxton


Blue Sky Mind is the first studio album by Sheavy, released in 1996.

Track listing

 "Mountains of Madness" – (5:23)
 "Blue Sky Mind" – (3:46)
 "Domelight" – (4:52)
 "Cosmic Overdrive" – (2:38)
 "Sea of Tomorrow" – (4:01)
 "Supa-Hero" – (3:23)
 "The Gun-it Jam" – (8:03)
 "Psycho Universe" (live) – (3:34)
 "First" – (3:29)
 "Shining Path" – (3:31)
 "Dalas Tar" – (3:03)
 "The Everlasting" – (4:18)
 "Dreamer's Mind" – (4:55)
 "Lonely and Me" – (4:22)
 "Crock" – (2:51)
 "Month of Sundays" – (4:19)

Tracks 9-16 are considered bonus tracks and are not listed on the back of the album.  The album insert states that the bonus songs are taken from the "Slaves to Fashion" demo cassette.  Bonus track names were taken from the official sHeavy website. Two songs that were present on the "Slaves to Fashion" cassette are absent, the original 4-track recording of Psycho Universe, and Boogie Woogie Baby.

Sea of Tomorrow is the only Sheavy song sung in falsetto.
Dalas Tar spelled backwards is Rat Salad, a song from Black Sabbath's Paranoid album.  The album insert spells this track as dalaS taR hand written in inverse with a capital R & S.
Month of Sundays is spelled Month of Sundaes in the album insert.

The band was never entirely happy with the sound quality of the "Blue Sky Mind" material on the album, which sounded superior before it was mastered. A remastered edition was released on limited edition vinyl in 2007 with the following track list:

 "Mountains of Madness"
 "Blue Sky Mind"
 "Domelight"
 "Cosmic Overdrive"
 "Sea of Tomorrow"
 "Supa-Hero"
 "The Gun-it Jam"
 "Truckload O' Lovin"

Sheavy albums
1996 debut albums

Blue Sky Mind


Religion in Greece is dominated by Christianity, in particular the Greek Orthodox Church, which is within the larger communion of the Eastern Orthodox Church. It represented 90% of the total population in 2015 and is constitutionally recognized as the "prevailing religion" of Greece. Religions with smaller numbers of followers include Islam (comprising 2% of the population), Catholicism (comprising 1% of the population), Judaism, Evangelicalism, Hellenic paganism, Sikhism, and Hinduism. Also a small number of Greek atheists exist, not self-identifying as religious. Religion is key part of identity for most Greeks, with 76% of Greeks in a 2015–2017 survey saying that their nationality is defined by Christianity. According to other sources, 81.4% of Greeks identify as Orthodox Christians and 14.7% are atheists.

Demographics
In a survey of the Pew Research Center conducted in 2015 and 2016, 90% of respondents identified as Greek Orthodox, less than 1% was Catholic and 3% was part of other Christian denominations. Muslims comprised 2% and other religions less than 1%. Four percent was religiously unaffiliated.

According to research polls in 2022, 81-90% of the population identified as Greek Orthodox, 4-15% as atheist, and 2% as Muslim.

Christianity

Eastern Orthodoxy

The Church of Greece, a member of the Eastern Orthodox Communion, is accorded the status of "prevailing religion" in Greece's constitution. Since 1850, Greek Orthodoxy within Greece is handled by the Church. Its members comprise between 88% and 95–98%  of the population, the most recent Pew report gave a percentage of 90% as 2015 numbers.

The status of the Orthodox church as the "prevailing religion" is largely based on the role the church played for the preservation of the Greek nation through the years of the Ottoman Empire but also for the role the church played in the Greek War of Independence. As a result, many attribute to the modern Greek nation an ethnoreligious identity.

Furthermore, the mainstream Orthodox clergy's salaries and pensions are paid for by the State at rates comparable to those of teachers. All Greek students in primary and secondary schools in Greece attend Christian Orthodox instruction, although there is an exemption system for students who do not want to attend, as long as the exemption is requested by both parents.

Catholicism

Catholics made up less than 1% of the total population in 2015. The Catholic community has increased in size in recent years due to immigration and today number over 200,000.

Roman Catholics

Roman Catholic Greeks number approximately 50,000 and are found all over Greece; the majority, however, live in the Cyclades and the Ionian Islands. The presence of Catholics in the Greek islands is mostly a heritage from the time of the Venetian domination in the Middle Ages. The Catholic community has increased in size in recent years due to immigration and today number over 200,000.

Greek Catholics

Catholic Greeks of the Byzantine Rite (Uniates or Unites) number approximately 6,000 nationwide and mostly live in Athens.

Protestantism

The Protestant population, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stood at about 23,000 people in 2020 (0.23% of the country). The Free Apostolic Church of the Pentecost was founded by Leonidas Feggos in 1965. The official church, Eastern Orthodox, and the State reluctantly gave permission for Pentecostal churches to operate legally. The process of receiving permission from the Ministry of Education and Religion to operate as a church is becoming easier. Assemblies of God, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church have 12,000 members. The Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches. There are no official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers at 20,000.

Armenian Church

The presence of Armenians in Greece dates back centuries (from the Byzantine period), when Armenians settled in Thessalia, Macedonia, Thrace and the islands of Crete and Corfu for various reasons such as war or business.

The Armenians in Greece acquired the character of a community after the 1920s, when 70,000 to 80,000 survivors of the Armenian genocide fled to Greece. Today, emigration to North America has diminished the Armenian population of Greece. The number now counts for roughly 20,000–35,000 Greco-Armenians.

Islam

The number of citizens of Greece who are Muslims is estimated to be at 97,604 people or 0.95% of the total population, according to the 1991 census. They live mostly in Western Thrace and are primarily of Turkish, Slavonic (Pomak) and Romani descent. In 2006, immigrant Muslims were estimated between 200,000 and 300,000. and approximately half of them live in Athens. In 2015, Islam was the religion of 2% of the total population of Greece.

Judaism

The Jewish community in Greece currently amounts to roughly 5,500 people, concentrated mainly in Athens, Thessaloniki, Larissa, Volos, Chalkis, Ioannina, Trikala and Corfu, while very few remain in Kavala and Rhodes. It is composed largely of two groups, the Romaniotes, Jewish communities dating back to Antiquity, and the Ladino-speaking Sephardim, who arrived from Spain and settled chiefly in Thessaloniki during Ottoman times.

Buddhism

The number of the followers is not so high amongst the Greeks but it has increased during the last decades because of the immigration of people from East Asia, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia in Greece. Sri Lankan and Southeast Asian migrant workers working in Greece were usually sent back to their home country to be cremated, due to cremation being banned in Greece until 2006. Today there are three religious centers, in Athens, Thessaloniki and Corinth.

Hinduism

Hinduism in Greece has a small following. There is a small Hindu community in Athens. There are 25 PIOs and 12 NRIs in the city. On March 1, 2006, the Greek government passed a law allowing cremation. The law was welcomed by the Indian community in Athens.

Sikhism

Sikhs have been in Greece since the World Wars, as part of the British Indian Army. Guru Nanak is also known to have passed through Greece during one of his journeys. However, actual immigration to Greece began in the 1970s. It reached its peak during the 1990s–2000s. As of 2017, Sikhs are estimated to number 20,000–25,000. There are eight Gurudwaras in Greece, most of them located in Central Greece and only one being in Crete. Gurudwaras are often officially documented as personal properties, community centres or libraries, due to the paperwork needed and also due to the lack of recognition of Sikhs by the Greek Government. Sikhs often face racism and discrimination by the Greek public, who confuse them with Muslims, as well as legal challenges, mostly due to the distinct appearance (The Five Ks). Sikhs are not allowed to wear their turbans and ride motorcycles without helmets, as in the United Kingdom, where their contributions in the war efforts were recognized and they were allowed to not wear helmets. Young Sikhs often face difficulties when recruited for the mandatory conscription in Greece, due to their long hair, beard and turbans. Sikhism is still not an officially recognized religion in Greece and Sikhs are often not included in censuses. Media coverage of Sikhs is minimal and their religion is often reported as "a mix of Hinduism and Islam", whereas it has a separate belief system and many differences. Sikh Gurudwaras have faced numerous attacks including gunshots and Molotov cocktails. On 1 March 2006, the Greek government passed a law allowing cremation, a move welcomed by both Sikhs and Hindus. Since the financial crisis of 2007–2008, many Sikhs have migrated to other countries, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany.

Hellenic ethnic religion

Over 2000 people are members of the Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes, the foremost organisation of Hellenic ethnic religion. Over 100,000 people are "sympathisers". On 9 April 2017 the Hellenic ethnic religion was officially recognized by the Greek state.

Other faiths
Other minor faiths in Greece include Jehovah's Witnesses (who number about 28,000), Seventh-day Adventists, Mormons and Scientologists. Groups that constitute less than 1 percent of the population includes those of the Bahá'í Faith.

Freedom of religion
In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom; it was noted that the salaries and pensions of Orthodox clery are paid for by the state.

Gallery

See also
Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece
Religion in ancient Greece
Religion by country

References

Sources
US Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices  - 2006: Greece
Tomkinson, John L., Between Heaven and Earth: The Greek Church, Anagnosis (Athens, 2004)

Religion in Greece


Giovanni Battista Michelini (also called il Folignate) (1604–1655) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Foligno and Rome. He was born in Foligno, but became a pupil of Guido Reni. He painted mainly religious and mythological subjects.

Known works
Hall of Cupid, Hall of Apollo: two frescoed rooms in the Palazzo Pierantoni in Foligno
The Foundation of Foligno: frescoed ceiling in the Palazzo De Comitibus, Foligno
an ensemble of large allegorical frescoes, in the church of S. Filippo, BevagnaMadonna and Child with St. Elysius (oil on canvas): Foligno, church of San Giovanni DecollatoHoly Family, St. Catherine, and an Immaculate Conception: all three works in Foligno, monastery of Santa CaterinaMadonna and child with saints (oil on canvas): church of San Francesco della Pace, GubbioScenes from the life of San Filippo Benizi'' (damaged frescoes in the lower arcade of the cloister of the Church of San Giacomo (Foligno)

1604 births
1655 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Umbrian painters
Italian Baroque painters

Giovanni Battista Michelini


The FIDE World Cup is a major chess event organized by FIDE, the international governing body. Three different formats have been used:
In 2000 and 2002, it was a multi-stage tournament, with a group stage consisting of 24 players in four groups, followed by a knockout stage.
From 2005 to 2019, it was a biennial 128-player single-elimination tournament, forming part of the qualification for the World Chess Championship.
From the 2021 edition to present, the number of players has increased to 206. A system of byes is used in the first round; from the second round onwards the format is identical to the previous system.

Similarly named tournaments
Before FIDE introduced the Chess World Cup, the breakaway Grandmasters Association (GMA) organised six tournaments in 1988–1989 which they termed the 'GMA World Cup'. Participants were high-ranking grandmasters; each round was a large round robin termed a 'Grand Prix'. They were considered the flagship tournaments of the GMA but were abandoned as the association gradually collapsed in the early 1990s.

FIDE World Cup (2000–2002)

In 2000 and 2002 FIDE, the International Chess Federation, staged their "First Chess World Cup" and "Second Chess World Cup" respectively. These were major tournaments, but not directly linked to the World Chess Championship. Both the 2000 and 2002 events were won by Viswanathan Anand of India.

Winners

Both tournaments began with a round-robin stage, consisting of four groups of six players each. The top two players from each group were subsequently seeded into an eight-player single-elimination bracket.

FIDE World Cup (2005–present)

Since 2005, a different event of the same name has been part of the World Chess Championship cycle. This event is being held every two years. It is a 128-player knockout tournament, in the same style as the Tilburg tournament between 1992 and 1994, or the 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 and 2004 FIDE World Championships.

The event was held in 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011 in Khanty-Mansiysk, and subsequently FIDE has given preference to bids for the Olympiad that also contain a bid for the preceding World Cup. During the 2015 finals of the World Cup, the main organizer commented "We received the right to host the Olympiad and then we were given an additional event – the World Cup."

The Chess World Cup 2005 qualified ten players for the Candidates Tournament for the World Chess Championship 2007. Since then, every World Cup has qualified between one and three players for the Candidates Tournament.

Two World Cup qualifiers (Boris Gelfand in 2009 and Sergey Karjakin in 2015) won the subsequent Candidates tournament and played in the World Championship match, in 2012 and 2016 respectively.

Format
Since 2005, the format has been 128 players with 7 single-elimination rounds of "mini-matches", which are 2 games each followed by a series of rapid then blitz tiebreaks if necessary. The final usually has 4 games before the tiebreaks start. Since 2015, an extra rest day has recently been added before the semi-finals, in addition to before the final.

Some criticism has been leveled at the scheduling effects, with the event being rather long (26 days), particularly with almost all of the players having left long before the end. Fatigue thus plays a critical role, and while some players seek to conserve energy by avoiding tiebreaks, others "agree" (either explicitly or implicitly) to make short draws in the 2 long games and decide the winner in tiebreaks. It is often remarked that the system is mostly a lottery of who survives, though better players have more chances on the whole. The anticlimax of the 4-round final, with both players now already qualified for the Candidates, has also been criticized.

Winners
"Qual" refers to the number of players who qualify for the Candidates Tournament (marked with green background). For example, in 2015, the top 2 finishers qualified for the 2016 Candidates Tournament.

All tournaments since 2005 were played in single-elimination format, as seen in the format section above.

See also
 Women's Chess World Cup
Women's World Chess Championship, held approximately every other year, played with a similar format (knockout), but only 64 players.
FIDE Grand Prix, another way to qualify for the Candidates Tournament

References

FIDE competitions
World cups

Chess World Cup


COVID-19 testing can help find the SARS-CoV-2 virus. There are two types of test; one can find the virus (i.e. Polymerase chain reaction, also called PCR) and the other that can find antibodies produced in response to infection.

An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be found from the results of these tests. However, it is still not known how long immunity will last, and how effective it will be.

Due to limited testing, as of March 2020, no countries had reliable data of the virus.

Test methods

Detection Timing
 Viral burden (the amount of virus) measured in the respiratory tract declines after the start of illness.
 At this time, replication-competent virus has not been successfully cultured more than nine days after the illness.
 As isolating replication-competent virus lowers, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG can be found in an increasing number of persons recovering from infection.
 Attempts to grow the virus from upper respiratory specimens have been largely unsuccessful
 Following recovery from the illness, many patients no longer have detectable viral RNA in upper respiratory.
 No clear link has been seen between length of illness and length of recovery.
 Infectious virus has not been grown from urine or feces; these possible sources have a very small risk of spreading infection.

WHO methods

As of 7 April 2020, the WHO had accepted two diagnostic tests under the Emergency Use Listing procedure (EUL) for use during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Both in vitro diagnostics, the tests are genesig Real-Time PCR Coronavirus (COVID‑19) created by Primerdesign, and cobas SARS-CoV-2 Qualitative assay for use on the cobas® 6800/8800 Systems by Roche Molecular Systems. Approval means that these tests can also be given away by the United Nations.

How accurate is this?
In March 2020 China reported problems with accuracy in their test kits.

In the United States, the test kits developed by the CDC had "flaws".

80% of test kits the Czech Republic purchased from China gave wrong results.

Inventions

A group of scientists from Hokkaido University developed an antibody test that could detect avian flu antibodies in only 20 minutes.  They said their test could be changed to detect SARS-CoV-2.

References

COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 testing