Lake Bonneville was the largest Late Pleistocene paleolake in the Great Basin of western North America. It was a pluvial lake that formed in response to an increase in precipitation and a decrease in evaporation as a result of cooler temperatures. The lake covered much of what is now western Utah and at its highest level extended into present-day Idaho and Nevada. Many other hydrographically closed basins in the Great Basin contained expanded lakes during the Late Pleistocene, including Lake Lahontan in northwestern Nevada.

Geologic description

Shorelines of Lake Bonneville are visible above Salt Lake City along the western front of the Wasatch Mountains and on other mountains throughout the Bonneville basin. These shorelines appear as shelves or benches that protrude from the mountainside above the valley floor, are visible on the ground from long distances and on satellite images, and have both depositional and erosional segments along their lengths. Three shorelines of Lake Bonneville that can be traced throughout the basin, have been given names: Stansbury, Bonneville, and Provo. The Stansbury and Bonneville shorelines formed during the transgressive phase of Lake Bonneville; the Provo shoreline formed during the overflowing phase. Numerous other unnamed shorelines, which cannot be mapped everywhere in the basin, some of which formed during the transgressive phase and some during the regressive phase, are also present on piedmont slopes and alluvial fans. At its maximum, when Lake Bonneville was more than  deep and almost  in surface area, it covered almost as much area as modern Lake Michigan although its shoreline was more complex with many islands and peninsulas. Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, and Sevier Lake are the largest post-Bonneville lakes in the Bonneville basin.

Causes of lake expansion and contraction
Lake Bonneville was not a proglacial lake although it formed between about 30,000 and 13,000 years ago, when glaciers at many places on Earth were expanded relative to today during the last major glaciation. For most of its existence (that is, during the transgressive plus regressive phases) Lake Bonneville had no river outlet and occupied a hydrographically closed basin. Changes in lake level were the result of changes in water balance caused by climate change (a simplified version of the water-balance equation is inputs equal outputs plus-or-minus storage changes). Storage changes are equal to volume changes, and changes in volume are correlated with changes in lake level. When inputs (e.g., precipitation; runoff in rivers) were greater than outputs (e.g., evaporation from the lake surface; evapotranspiration in the basin), lake level rose, and when outputs were greater than inputs, lake level fell. Changes in global atmospheric circulation led to changes in the water budget of Lake Bonneville and other lakes in the Great Basin of western North America. Mountain glaciers in the Bonneville drainage basin stored less than 5% of the water that Lake Bonneville held at its maximum and so even if all of the mountain glaciers in the basin melted at once and the water flowed into the lake (that did not happen since it took thousands of years for the mountain glaciers to melt, and Lake Bonneville was falling by that time), it would have had little effect on lake level. Lake Bonneville had no river connection with the huge North American ice sheets. While Lake Bonneville existed, the patterns of wave- and current-forming winds were not significantly affected by the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets in northern North America.

The name "Bonneville" and its discovery
Lake Bonneville was named by the geologist G.K. Gilbert after Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville (1796–1878), a French-born officer in the United States Army who was also a fur trapper and explorer in the American West. Bonneville's adventures were popularized by Washington Irving in the 1800s, but Captain Bonneville probably never saw Great Salt Lake or the Great Basin. G.K. Gilbert was one of the greatest geologists of the 19th Century, and his monumental work on Lake Bonneville, published in 1890, set the stage for scientific research on the paleolake that continues today. Gilbert was the first person to describe the major features of Lake Bonneville, however, many other early European and American explorers in the region recognized the shoreline of the ancient lake, such as Captain John C. Frémont in 1843 and even earlier by Father Silvestre Velez de Escalante in 1776. Escalante, in a journal entry after visiting what would be named Utah Lake wrote, "This place, which we named Llano Salado, because we found some thin white shells there, seems to have once had a much larger lake than the present one." Although a general description and understanding of Lake Bonneville has been established by the work of many people, details of the paleolake, including its history and connections to global environmental systems, will be pursued for many years to come.

Geologic history
Lake Bonneville began to rise from elevations similar to those of modern Great Salt Lake about 30,000 years ago. During its transgressive phase in the closed basin (an endorheic basin), lake level oscillated because of changes in climate but the lake gradually rose until about 18,000 years ago when it reached its highest elevation, marked by the Bonneville shoreline. At that level the lake had risen to the lowest point on its basin rim and had begun to overflow into the Snake River drainage near Red Rock Pass in what is now southeastern Idaho. The overflow, which would have begun as a trickle across the dam formed by the Marsh Creek alluvial fan, quickly evolved into a tremendous flood, the Bonneville flood, which charged down the Marsh Creek valley to the Portneuf River, into the Snake River and then into the Columbia River and Pacific Ocean. Groundwater sapping on the north slope of the Marsh Creek alluvial fan, which began long before the lake had reached its highest level, added to the instability and ultimate collapse of the fan-dam.

The Bonneville flood probably lasted less than a year, during which time almost  of water flowed out of the lake basin with a maximum discharge of about . Downcutting during the flood through the Marsh Creek alluvial-fan deposits and into the underlying Neogene sand, mud, and landslide debris, caused lake level to drop about . River flow from the lake across the Red Rock Pass threshold and out of the lake basin continued non-catastrophically for about 3000 years after the flood ended; the Provo shoreline formed during this overflowing phase. The Provo shoreline is distinguished from other shorelines of Lake Bonneville by its topographic position, strong development, and thick accumulations of tufa. At the end of the overflowing phase, about 15,000 years ago, climate change and a shift to a negative water balance (more water evaporated off the surface of the lake than entered by rivers or direct precipitation) caused the lake to return to its closed-basin status as it declined to lower levels during the regressive phase. By 13,000 years ago the lake had fallen to an elevation similar to the average elevation of modern Great Salt Lake. During the regressive phase lake level declined approximately  in about 2000 years because of a change to warmer and drier climate ( is roughly 2/3 of the maximum depth of Lake Bonneville). Although Lake Bonneville and the Great Salt Lake are collectively one lake system, the name "Lake Bonneville" is applied to the lake during the period from 30,000 to 13,000 years ago, and the name "Great Salt Lake" since 13,000 years ago.

Lake Bonneville was anomalous in the long-term history of the basin. As the largest of four deep lakes in the basin during the past 800,000 years, Lake Bonneville plus the other three deep Pleistocene lakes, persisted for less than 10% of the time. The conditions experienced in the basin today are typical of over 90% of the past 800,000 years: a dry desert basin with a few scattered low-elevation lakes, the largest of which (Great Salt Lake) was hypersaline. For most of the time between the end of the youngest of the deep pre-Bonneville lakes (the Little Valley lake cycle, about 150,000 years ago) and the initial rise of Lake Bonneville about 30,000 years ago, the lake would have resembled modern Great Salt Lake in surface area and depth. A short episode of slightly higher lake levels during the Cutler Dam lake cycle occurred about 60,000 years ago; at this time a moderate-sized lake rose above the level of Great Salt Lake, but not as high as Lake Bonneville.

In his monograph on Lake Bonneville, G.K. Gilbert called the offshore deposits of Lake Bonneville the "White Marl." Although the name "White Marl" has not been used by the geologic community in a formal sense, the informal term "white marl" (or "Bonneville marl") is frequently employed. The Bonneville marl at locations far from sources of clastic sediment (gravel, sand, and silt), such as river deltas or active wave zones, is dominated by clay-sized particles of calcium carbonate that precipitated chemically from the lake water. Most of this calcium carbonate is in the form of the mineral calcite, but aragonite is common in Bonneville marl in the Sevier basin and in the lower part of the Bonneville marl stratigraphic section in the main body. Aragonite is the dominant carbonate mineral in sediments of post-Bonneville Great Salt Lake. Dropstones, probably mostly derived from shore ice, but possibly also from floating root balls, are common in the marl, and consist of granule- to boulder-sized clasts.

The Bonneville flood had catastrophic effects along the Snake River in what is now Idaho, but the influence of the flood can also be detected within the lake basin where a distinctive layer of sediment was deposited. The Bonneville flood bed can be identified in many surface exposures below the Provo shoreline and in sediment cores. The flood bed is characterized by an abrupt contact at its base between massive marl, which was deposited in the deepest water of Lake Bonneville, and finely laminated or ripple-laminated sandy marl, which was deposited by bottom currents during the flood. In places the Bonneville flood bed is composed of reworked ostracode shells. The contact at the top of the flood bed is transitional to massive marl that was deposited in the lake floor during Provo time. The flood bed is best developed and most obvious in straits between partially submerged mountain ranges or in places where bottom currents were strong as lake water flowed toward its outlet at Red Rock Pass. Because the Bonneville flood bed was deposited in less than a year, it is useful as a well-dated (~18,000 years ago) stratigraphic marker within the Bonneville deposits.

Previous publications regarded the "Gilbert shoreline" as one of the prominent shorelines in the Bonneville basin, but this interpretation has been revised. The "Gilbert shoreline" consists of a line on a map that connects lacustrine shoreline features, such as barrier beaches, but there is no evidence that all the barriers formed at the same time. It is now clear that some of those barrier beaches are transgressive-phase Bonneville in age and some are regressive-phase Bonneville in age. The Gilbert episode was a rise of Great Salt Lake about  higher than modern average levels, which culminated 11,600 years ago. But a mappable shoreline of the Gilbert episode has not been recognized.

Isostasy
The shorelines of Lake Bonneville have been warped by isostatic processes, as was recognized by Gilbert and extensively studied since Gilbert's day. Earth's crust subsided beneath the weight of the water while the lake existed, but when the lake evaporated and the water load was considerably reduced, the crust beneath the lake basin rebounded. As a result, the elevation of the Bonneville shoreline is  higher in the Lakeside Mountains, elevation , west of the Great Salt Lake near the center of the Lake Bonneville water load, than at Red Rock Pass, , where the lake was very shallow. As an example of isostatic deformation of the shorelines, the elevation of the Bonneville shoreline near Salt Lake City is , but on Antelope Island in the Great Salt Lake, the elevation of the same shoreline is .

Fossils, volcanic ashes, etc.
In addition to the abundant geological features produced by Lake Bonneville, such as shorelines and sediments, fossilized fish bones and scales reveal information about the physical and chemical characteristics of the paleolake. Pollen from plants that lived in the Bonneville basin is abundant in Bonneville marl. Invertebrate fossils in Lake Bonneville deposits include mollusks and ostracodes, and bones of extinct mammals are found in Pleistocene deposits in the Bonneville basin. Volcanic ashes in sediments of Lake Bonneville help with correlations and aid in deciphering lake history. Lake Bonneville shorelines, and those of other paleolakes on Earth, are good analogs for shorelines on other planets, such as Mars.

See also
 List of prehistoric lakes
 Lake Lahontan
 Bonneville cutthroat trout: endemic to area formerly covered by Lake Bonneville
 Bonneville Salt Flats
 Western Interior Seaway

References

External links

 Brigham Young University - Geology - maps of Lake Bonneville
 Utah Geological Survey- maps of Lake Bonneville, and additional information on Lake Bonneville and Great Salt Lake

Bonneville
Glacial lakes of the United States
Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Snake River
Megafloods
Natural history of Utah
Natural history of Idaho
Natural history of Nevada
Pleistocene United States
Quaternary Idaho
Quaternary Nevada
Quaternary Utah

Lake Bonneville


Manuel Quintín Lame Chantre (1880–1967) was a Colombian indigenous rebel from the early 20th century who tried to form an independent indigenous republic.

He was born in El Borbollón, Cauca, son of Mariano Lame, of Paez origin, and Dolores Chantre, of mixed indigenous origins. During the war of 1885, his sister Licenia, was raped.  His brother Feliciano was killed in the Thousand Days' War. In 1901, he joined the army of the Colombian Conservative Party. In 1911, he started the Indigenous Movement. In 1914, he tried to establish the Republic of Indigenas, formed by Cauca, Tolima, Huila and Valle. Because of this, he was arrested. His movement grew and became the "Guerra Racial". In 1921, after spending three years in jail, he joined the Tolima movement. In 1924, he wrote the book El pensamiento del indio que se educó en las selvas colombianas. He died in 1967 in Ortega, Tolima.

Bibliography
 LAME CHANTRE, Manuel Quintín. Los pensamientos del indio que se educó en las selvas colombianas [1939]. Bogotá, Funcol, s.f.
 LAME, MANUEL QUINTÍN. Las luchas del indio que bajó de la montaña al valle de la "civilización". Selección y notas, Gonzalo Castillo Cárdenas. Bogotá, Rosca de Investigación y Acción Social, 1973.
 TELLO, Piedad, LAME, MANUEL QUINTÍN, in Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia del Círculo de Lectores, tomo de biografías
 TELLO, Piedad L. "Vida y lucha de Manuel Quintín Lame". Tesis de Grado, Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 1983.
 CASTRILLÓN ARBOLEDA, Diego. El Indio Quintín Lame. Bogotá, Tercer Mundo, 1971.

1880 births
1967 deaths
Indigenous activists of the Americas
Colombian activists
Colombian military personnel
Colombian rebels

Quintín Lame


Karl Josef Rudolph Cornely (19 April 1830, at Breyell in Germany – 3 March 1908, at Treves), was a German Jesuit biblical scholar.

Life

Formation
On the completion of his classical studies he matriculated at Münster in Westphalia to study philosophy and theology. In 1852 he joined the Society of Jesus. Recognizing his abilities, his superiors determined to give him the best possible training both practical and theoretical. Consequently, his novitiate finished, he took a two years' course of scholastic philosophy at Paderborn and Bonn and another year of sacred and profane oratory. Then he was sent to Feldkirch to teach Latin, Greek, and German, and to preside at the disputations of the students of philosophy from 1857 to 1859. After this practical experience he returned to Paderborn to go through the necessary course of dogmatic and moral theology previous to his ordination in 1860.

The next years he devoted to special study of the Scriptural sciences in Germany, at Ghazir near Beirut, in Egypt and in Paris, and by dint of hard labour acquired an extensive knowledge of Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, and Aramaic. After five years thus spent in special work he was recalled to Maria-Laach, the theologate of the Jesuits, to review his varied acquirements in the light of dogmatic theology and to prepare his theses for the final examination and the degree of Doctor in Scripture. After the customary third year spent in making the exercises of St. Ignatius and other spiritual practices, he was appointed professor of scripture and Oriental languages at Maria-Laach.

Editor of 'Stimmen aux Maria-Laach'
When the Jesuits founded the periodical Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, Father Cornely became at first a regular contributor and then its editor from 1872 to 1879. His style is remarkable for clearness and vigor and compares favorably with the great German classics. The ring in indignation and irony in his articles against the Old Catholics, on the Protestant Association, and on political hypocrisy finds its explanation in the attacks on and in the persecution of the Church and of the order to which he belonged.

The expulsion of the Jesuits from Germany in 1872 interrupted his career as a professor and rendered the task of the editor extremely difficult. With three or four of his brethren he took up his residence at Tervuren near Brussels, and although many of his collaborators and the rich library of Maria-Laach were scattered about in different places, he succeeded not only in maintaining the periodical on its former level but also strengthening and widening its influence on Catholic Germany. Most of the men who contributed from that time on to the "Stimmen" were won and trained by the personality of Cornely, who frequently inspired and always carefully revised the papers, thus securing uniformity of tone and tendency. An important stage in the development of the "Stimmen" was marked by the appearance of the first supplements (Ergänzungshefte), in 1876. This new departure was occasioned by the numerous philosophic writings of Father Tilman Pesch. They could not all be published in the "Stimmen" without altering the general character of the periodical. The supplements embody varied scholarship: theology, philosophy, literature, and science.

New journal on the 'German missions'
Cornely founded in 1873 Die katholischen Missionen. Intended for German readers, this magazine was to describe the labours and successes of the German missionary and to give the history, the geography, and the ethnographic features of the German missions in foreign countries. In the beginning Cornely took the lion's share of work upon himself. Soon, however, the labour was thus divided: Cornely wrote the reports on Europe and Australia; Baumgartner reported on Asia; Kreiten on Africa; and von Hummelauer on America.

Professor in Rome
In 1879, Cornely was appointed professor of exegesis at the Gregorian university in Rome. Here he planned and wrote the first volumes of the Cursus Scripturæ Sacræ, a complete biblical encyclopedia, the largest publication of its kind in modern Catholic literature. To carry out a plan so vast required the combined efforts of many scholars. Cornely himself undertook to write the general and special introductions and the commentaries on the Epistles of St. Paul. Even this task he could not complete, although he discontinued lecturing in 1889 to devote all his energies to the greatest work of his laborious life.

Works

Among his writings are:
Introductio generalis in U. T. libros sacros" (Paris, 1893)
Introductio specialis in historicos V. T. libros" (Paris, 1897)
Introductio specialis in didacticos et propheticos V. T. libros" (Paris, 1897)
Introductio specialis in singulos N. T. libros" (Paris, 1897)
Historicæ et criticæ Introductionis in U. T. libros Compendium" (Paris, 1900)
Synopses omnium librorum sacrorum" (Paris, 1899)
Psalmorum synopses" (Paris, 1899)
Analyses librorum sacrorum N. T." (Paris, 1888)
Commentarium in priorem ep. ad Corinthios" (Paris, 1890)
Commentarius in epistolas ad Cor. alterum et ad Galatas" (Paris, 1892)
Commentarius in ep. ad Romanos" (Paris, 1896)
Leben des sel. Petrus Faber" (Freiburg, 1900)
Leben des sel. Spinola" (Mainz, 1868)

References

Attribution

Baumgartner, Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, LXXXIV, IV, 357

1830 births
1908 deaths
19th-century German Jesuits
German biblical scholars
German encyclopedists
German male non-fiction writers
Roman Catholic biblical scholars
Jesuit theologians

Karl Josef Rudolph Cornely


Itasca () is a village in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. Per the 2020 Census, the population was 9,543. Located approximately 25 miles northwest of downtown Chicago, Itasca is close to O'Hare International Airport, major expressways and rail transportation. Itasca is home to a country club, a resort and shares a border with Medinah's legendary golf course. The population was 9,725 at the 2020 census.  BusinessWeek rated Itasca as the Best Affordable Suburb in the state of Illinois.

History
Itasca was first settled by Elijah Smith in 1841. Smith practiced medicine in Boston. In May 1841, at the advice of his colleagues he set out to find a suitable site for doctoring, farming, and raising a family. He traveled from New York via Detroit and headed toward DuPage County. His parchment government land title dated March 10, 1843, was signed by John Tyler, President of the United States. The document gave Smith title to the land that is now bounded by the railroad tracks on the south, Maple Street on the west, Cherry Street on the east, and Division Street on the north.
The post office was established in 1846 and took on various names, such as Bremen, Pierce (after Charles Pierce, who ran a trading post), and Sagon. The name Itasca comes from Lake Itasca. In the 1860s the first school was built. It was a small wooden structure with one room. The building was located on a site near the present First Presbyterian Church.

In 1873 Smith plotted eighty acres of his land into lots. The Chicago and Pacific Railroad was completed from Chicago to Elgin, with stations at Bensenville, Wood Dale (called Lester) and Itasca. Smith gave the right-of-way to encourage location of the tracks through the settlement. He donated $400 to help build a station.

The Chicago and Pacific Railroad became insolvent. In 1880 the road went into the hands of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, a newly formed corporation combining several rail networks.

The citizens of Itasca decided in 1890 to incorporate into a village. At a meeting at his mill, A. G. Chessman was elected the first Village President. Irving Park Road was first called the Chicago and Elgin Road. At an 1891 Village Board meeting, the name was changed to Elgin Avenue.

The 1900s

The Village of Itasca created a Historical Commission in 1985 to retain the aesthetic beauty, character, and historical integrity of the Village. The Village of Itasca is committed to the preservation of its pre-1900 and early 1900 homes, buildings, structures, and places.

In 1987, the Village adopted the Historic Preservation Ordinance which provides a mechanism to identify and preserve the special distinctive historic, aesthetic, architectural and/or landscaping characteristics of the Village's cultural, social, economic, political and architectural history.

The Itasca Historical District includes the following area: Bounded on the north by North Street, on the south by Bloomingdale Road, east to Irving Park, Irving Park east to Rush Street; on the east by Cherry Street extended to Schiller Street then west to Rush Street, then south to Irving Park Road and on the west by Catalpa Avenue extended to Bloomingdale Road.

The Spire, which is Itasca's most familiar landmark, graces the top of what was formerly the Lutheran Church of St. Luke. This edifice was erected in 1907 by builder Fred Westendorf. Pastor Frederick Zersen served the congregation for thirty-eight years. Church services were in German. It was not until 1926 that English services were held twice a month. German was also taught in the church school.
Until 1916, there was no bank in Itasca. Herman H. Franzen took deposits for Village residents to the Roselle Bank each morning, making the trip regularly on the 9:00 AM train. In 1916, two banks opened within weeks of each other. The Itasca State Bank had as its president H. F. Lawrence. The cashier was Elmer H. Franzen. The second bank was called the Dairyman's Bank of Northern Illinois, and was opened by F. N. Peck. Peck opened a total of four banks, but the Depression forced him to close them all. The Franzen banks in Itasca, Roselle, and Fox Lake were sound throughout the hard times of the 1920s, and emerged successfully from the Depression.

Telephone service had come to Itasca in 1899. Electricity was first installed in some homes in 1923. The bustling community soon gained another facility. The Itasca Country Club was opened in the spring of 1925.

The rural village of the 1800s and early 1900s retained its atmosphere until the 1940s. A new word then began to enter the American vocabulary: suburb. The influence of the city increased as population increased. Commuting daily to the Loop became the routine for many of the Village wage earners. By 1982, the population had grown to 7,192. Annexations had resulted in fifty miles of Village streets, more parks, and two industrial areas to serve. Providing safety and service as population increased required the establishment of departments of public works, of sewer and water, of building and police. A park district, a Village library, and a fire district were formed.

High school students from Itasca attended Bensenville's Fenton High School and Glenbard High School, a combined Glen Ellyn-Lombard school. A high school district, District 108, was organized in 1953. Lake Park High School, with students from Itasca, Roselle, Medinah, Keeneyville and Bloomingdale, opened in September 1956.

Modern industry was foreign to Itasca until 1961 when Central Manufacturing District (CMD) bought about 400 acres on the western edge of the village. An industrial park was established, and such national companies as Continental Can and FMC soon moved in. In 1970, the Itasca Industrial Park was established to the east of the Village, and attracted many more industries.

Anvan Corporation built a Holiday Inn on Irving Park east of Route 53. The building was of modular construction, the first such hotel in the nation to be built in this manner.

In 1969, Carson Pirie Scott purchased Nordic Hills Country Club. Two 10-story tower hotel buildings were constructed adjacent to the eighteen-hole golf course. In 1973, the Carson Inn/Nordic Hills facility was annexed to the village. Today, it is the Eaglewood Resort.

In October 1979, Trammell Crow Company of Texas broke ground for Hamilton Lakes. A 420-room Stouffer Hotel and a ten-story office building, completed in 1981, constituted the first phase of the project, situated on 278 acres on the northwest edge of Itasca. To date 15 buildings out of an estimated 26 have been completed, amounting to 2,767,589 gross square feet of floor space with an ultimate development of 4,490,700 gross square feet. A 16-story office building was added to the complex in 1984.

In 1966, the Village purchased 60 acres of land south of Irving Park Road. This established a green belt area to ensure both open space and water retention. In 1968 the Spring Brook Nature Center was formed.

A Master Plan for this area was adopted in 1965, and continues to guide the community into its future. Itasca, having celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1990, continues to control its development according to the individuality of its past.

The overall growth and development of the Village has and is being controlled by the Comprehensive Plan that was first adopted in 1942 and has been amended in 1959, 1979, and 1993.

Shirley H. Ketter, the first female Mayor of Itasca monumentally served as Village President of Itasca from 1983 to 1997. Former Mayor Ketter is after whom Itasca's Ketter Drive was named in 1999 in honor of her role with the Hamilton Lakes Business Park, which according to Mayor Gigi Gruber, Ketter "created and developed the whole Hamilton project."

Outstanding residential neighborhoods, first-rate schools, and beautiful parks distinguish Itasca as a quality community. Most importantly, we have worked to retain our small town charm with a lovely historic district and churches of all architectural styles.

Each year Itasca hosts multiple notable events which includes, Itasca Fest, fireworks at Hamilton Lakes, and other events throughout the year. Itasca Fest is the second weekend of July which includes live music, food, beverages, rides, car shows, and more. The Hamilton Lakes fireworks are clamied to be the best and largest in Illinois.

Geography
Itasca is located at  (41.974678, -88.018513).

According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Itasca has a total area of , of which  (or 97.63%) is land and  (or 2.37%) is water.

Demographics
As of the 2020 census there were 9,543 people, 3,870 households, and 2,814 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 3,927 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 72.60% White, 2.33% African American, 0.66% Native American, 10.87% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 5.57% from other races, and 7.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.16% of the population.

There were 3,870 households, out of which 22.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.87% were married couples living together, 7.67% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.29% were non-families. 17.36% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.63% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 2.42.

The village's age distribution consisted of 15.6% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 24% from 25 to 44, 36.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $99,706, and the median income for a family was $106,959. Males had a median income of $59,444 versus $38,333 for females. The per capita income for the village was $53,551. About 1.7% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.8% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

Neighborhoods

Itasca's residential neighborhoods, for the most part, straddle the railroad tracks running through the village.  The railroad splits the town into the "North Side" and the "South Side". (Itasca has two unincorporated neighborhoods west of Rohlwing Road: Nordic Park near the intersection of Rohlwing and Bloomingdale Roads, and the Ranchettes near the intersection of Rohlwing and Irving Park Roads).

The four main are only four railroad crossings in Itasca, from west to east: IL 53/Rohlwing Road, Catalpa Street, Walnut Street, and CR 10/Prospect Avenue and several others in the Industrial Parks.

Walnut Street, between Bloomingdale Road and Division Street, is generally regarded as Itasca's "downtown". The town's landmarks include Itasca Baptist Church, and Usher Park, which is on Walnut Street. A riverwalk was recently added, and Gigi Gruber Lane is a tribute to former mayor Gigi Gruber.  Irving Park Road between Interstate 290 and First Street is also a commercial corridor, as well as the home of the town's Municipal Campus (library, museum, pool, fire station, and police station/village hall). West of I-290, Irving Park Road remains commercial, but with more national chain businesses.

Education
Prior to 1995, Itasca's School District 10 had one PreK-5 elementary school on each side of town: Franzen School on the North Side and Raymond Benson Primary School (formerly Washington School) on the South Side. (Upon entering 6th grade, all students attend Peacock Jr. High (later renamed Peacock Middle School) on the town's North Side.  Itasca is served by High School District 108, Lake Park High School in nearby Roselle).

Beginning with the 1995–1996 school year, the elementary schools were consolidated: Benson Primary School, formerly Washington School, would become PreK-2nd Grade; Franzen Intermediate School would become 3rd-5th Grades.

St. Peter the Apostle Catholic Church and School offered elementary education in Itasca from 1963 until its closure in 2010.

St. Luke Lutheran Church and School dates back to 1885. The Church and school were relocated to their current location at Washington and Rush street in 1961.

Economy
Arthur J. Gallagher & Co., one of the world's largest insurance brokerage firms, Jewel-Osco (grocery stores), Walter E. Smithe (furniture), Midas and Fellowes, Inc. headquarters are located in Itasca. In 2014, Itasca-based LaunchPoint was ranked #100 in the Inc. (magazine) list of 5,000 fastest-growing private companies in the U.S. Additionally, PrimeCo had its headquarters in Itasca.
In 1946 Hugh S. Knowles founded Knowles Electronics in Itasca. Eaglewood Resort is in Itasca, adjacent to Medinah Country Club.

Transportation

Itasca has a station on Metra's Milwaukee District West Line, which provides daily rail service between Elgin and Chicago Union Station.

The town is also located at the junction of Interstate 290, Veterans Memorial Tollway, and the Elgin-O'Hare Expressway, making Itasca a prime location for commerce and industry in the northwest suburbs.

State Highway 19 (Irving Park Road), which connects Chicago and Elgin, runs east–west through the center of town. State Highway 53 (Rohlwing Road) runs north–south through the western edge of the village.

Notable people
Zach Ziemek, Olympic Athlete
Camden Murphy, NASCAR driver and monster truck driver

References

External links

1890 establishments in Illinois
Populated places established in 1890
Villages in DuPage County, Illinois
Villages in Illinois

Itasca, Illinois


William George Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell,  (17 August 1866 – 14 March 1947) was a British civil servant and diplomat. He was Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between 1925 and 1928 and British Ambassador to France from 1928 to 1934.

Background and education
Tyrrell, grandson of an Indian princess, was educated in Germany (he spoke fluent German) and at Balliol College, Oxford.

Career
Tyrrell served in the Foreign Office from 1889 to 1928. He was private secretary to the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Thomas Sanderson from 1896 to 1903 and then secretary to the Committee of Imperial Defence from 1903 to 1904 before being appointed as second secretary at the British embassy in Rome. He returned firstly as precis-writer from 1905 to 1907 and later, with Louis Mallet, as private secretary to Sir Edward Grey from 1907 to 1915.

Tyrrell supported the Entente Cordiale with France and did not think a rapprochement with Imperial Germany was possible before 1914. There were secret renewal propose alliances with German Empire.

He appears to have been one of Grey's few intimates but an inherent laziness and frustration with red tape make an assessment of his influence difficult. Certainly however Tyrrell played a more important role than his title might suggest and, for example, in the autumn of 1913 he was sent to Washington as a personal ambassador by Grey to discuss the situation in Mexico following the overthrow of Francisco I. Madero.

In the spring of 1915 Tyrrell appears to have suffered an almost total breakdown (perhaps precipitated by the death of his younger son that year) and he was moved to a less stressful job at the Home Office before being made head of the Political Intelligence Department from 1916 to 1919. He was Permanent Under-Secretary from 1925 to 1928 and British Ambassador to France from 1928 to 1934. As Permanent Under-Secretary he did not think there was a military threat from Japan and that Russia was the enemy and as Ambassador he worked for an Anglo-French agreement. He was also suspicious of Nazi Germany. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1928 and made a Peer  as Baron Tyrrell of Avon in the County of Southampton, in 1929. In 1935 he was appointed President of the British Board of Film Censors, a post he held until 1947.

Personal life
Lord Tyrrell married Margaret Ann, daughter of David Urquhart, in 1890. He died in March 1947, aged 80, when the barony became extinct as both his sons had been killed in the First World War.

Notes

References
John Ramsden, The Oxford Companion to 20th Century British Politics (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 654–55.
L.B. Namier, Avenues of History (London, 1952)
Zara S. Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy 1989–1914 (Cambridge, 1969)
F. H. Hinsley (ed.), British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge, 1977)

External links

1866 births
1947 deaths
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Diplomatic peers
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to France
Civil servants in the Home Office
Private secretaries in the British Civil Service
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Principal Private Secretaries to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Barons created by George V
People of the British Council
20th-century British diplomats
Wakefield family

William Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell


Fort Columbia State Park is a public recreation area and historic preserve at the site of former Fort Columbia, located on Chinook Point at the mouth of the Columbia River in Chinook, Washington. The  state park features twelve historic wood-frame fort buildings as well as an interpretive center and hiking trails. The park's grounds are located over a tunneled section of U.S. Route 101.

History
Fort Columbia was built from 1896 to 1904 to support the defense of the Columbia River. The fort was constructed on the Chinook Point promontory as part of a "triangle of fire" defensive strategy that included Fort Canby and Fort Stevens. Fort Columbia was declared surplus at the end of World War II and was transferred to the custody of the state of Washington in 1950.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Battery 246 was outfitted to serve as a Civil Defense Emergency Operating Center and was one of several possible locations the governor could use in an emergency. In 1993, the park received a pair of 6-inch guns that were transferred to Battery 246 from the former Fort McAndrew, Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland, Canada.

Features

Exhibits at the Fort Columbia Interpretive Center focus on the fort's history, early explorers and pioneer history. The Commanding Officers Quarters is decorated with turn-of-the-century furnishings. The park grounds feature three artillery batteries and two coastal artillery guns. There are picnicking facilities and  of hiking trails that work their way up Scarborough Hill. Two historic homes, the Steward's House and Scarborough House, are offered for rental. The park is one of several state parks and sites in Washington and Oregon that make up the Lewis and Clark National Historical Park.

References

External links

Fort Columbia State Park Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission

State parks of Washington (state)
Parks in Pacific County, Washington
Protected areas established in 1950
Columbia River
Columbia
Museums in Pacific County, Washington
Military and war museums in Washington (state)

Fort Columbia State Park


Glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC) is a type of fibre-reinforced concrete. The product is also known as glassfibre reinforced concrete or GRC in British English. Glass fibre concretes are mainly used in exterior building façade panels and as architectural precast concrete. Somewhat similar materials are fibre cement siding and cement boards.

Composition
GRC (Glass fibre-reinforced concrete) ceramic consists of high-strength, alkali-resistant glass fibre embedded in a concrete & ceramic matrix.  In this form, both fibres and matrix retain their physical and chemical identities, while offering a synergistic combination of properties that cannot be achieved with either of the components acting alone. In general, fibres are the principal load-carrying members, while the surrounding matrix keeps them in the desired locations and orientation, acting as a load transfer medium between the fibres and protecting them from environmental damage. The fibres provide reinforcement for the matrix and other useful functions in fibre-reinforced composite materials. Glass fibres can be incorporated into a matrix either in continuous or discontinuous (chopped) lengths.

Durability was poor with the original type of glass fibres since the alkalinity of cement reacts with its silica. In the 1970s alkali-resistant glass fibres were commercialized. Alkali resistance is achieved by adding zirconia to the glass. The higher the zirconia content the better the resistance to alkali attack. AR glass fibres should have a Zirconia content of more than 16% to be in compliance with internationally recognized specifications (EN, ASTM, PCI, GRCA, etc).

Laminates
A widely used application for fibre-reinforced concrete is structural laminate, obtained by adhering and consolidating thin layers of fibres and matrix into the desired thickness. The fibre orientation in each layer as well as the stacking sequence of various layers can be controlled to generate a wide range of physical and mechanical properties for the composite laminate.  GFRC cast without steel framing is commonly used for purely decorative applications such as window trims, decorative columns, exterior friezes, or limestone-like wall panels.

Properties
The design of glass-fibre-reinforced concrete panels uses a knowledge of its basic properties under tensile, compressive, bending and shear forces, coupled with estimates of behavior under secondary loading effects such as creep, thermal response and moisture movement.

There are a number of differences between structural metal and fibre-reinforced composites. For example, metals in general exhibit yielding and plastic deformation, whereas most fibre-reinforced composites are elastic in their tensile stress-strain characteristics. However, the dissimilar nature of these materials provides mechanisms for high-energy absorption on a microscopic scale comparable to the yielding process. Depending on the type and severity of external loads, a composite laminate may exhibit gradual deterioration in properties but usually does not fail in a catastrophic manner. Mechanisms of damage development and growth in metal and composite structure are also quite different. Other important characteristics of many fibre-reinforced composites are their non-corroding behavior, high damping capacity and low coefficients of thermal expansion.

Glass-fibre-reinforced concrete architectural panels have the general appearance of pre-cast concrete panels, but differ in several significant ways. For example, the GFRC panels, on average, weigh substantially less than pre-cast concrete panels due to their reduced thickness. Their low weight decreases loads superimposed on the building's structural components making construction of the building frame more economical.

Sandwich panels
A sandwich panel is a composite of three or more materials bonded together to form a structural panel. It takes advantage of the shear strength of a low density core material and the high compressive and tensile strengths of the GFRC facing to obtain high strength-to-weight ratios.

The theory of sandwich panels and functions of the individual components may be described by making an analogy to an I-beam. The core in a sandwich panel is comparable to the web of an I-beam, which supports the flanges and allows them to act as a unit. The web of the I-beam and the core of the sandwich panels carry the beam shear stresses. The core in a sandwich panel differs from the web of an I-beam in that it maintains continuous support for the facings, allowing the facings to be worked up to or above their yield strength without crimping or buckling. Obviously, the bonds between the core and facings must be capable of transmitting shear loads between these two components, thus making the entire structure an integral unit.

The load-carrying capacity of a sandwich panel can be increased dramatically by introducing light steel framing. Light steel stud framing is similar to conventional steel stud framing for walls, except that the frame is encased in a concrete product. Here, the sides of the steel frame are covered with two or more layers of GFRC, depending on the type and magnitude of external loads. The strong and rigid GFRC provides full lateral support on both sides of the studs, preventing them from twisting and buckling laterally. The resulting panel is lightweight in comparison with traditionally reinforced concrete, yet is strong and durable and can be easily handled.

Uses
GFRC is incredibly versatile and has a large number of use cases due to its strength, weight, and design. The most common place you will see this material is in the construction industry.  It's used in very demanding cases such as architectural cladding that's hanging several stories above sidewalks  or even more for aesthetics such as interior furniture pieces like GFRC coffee tables. The glass fiber reinforced concrete not only reduces the cost of concrete but also enhances its strength.

References

Concrete
Composite materials
Fibre-reinforced cementitious materials

Glass fiber reinforced concrete


Michael Gino Raso (born 7 July 1980) is an Italian cricketer of Australian origin. He made his debut for the Italian national side at the 2010 European Championship.

Born to Italian parents, Raso played club cricket in Far North Queensland from an early age, and before debuting for Italy also spent several seasons for English and Scottish club sides during the Australian off-season. At his debut tournament for Italy, the 2010 European Championship in Jersey, he topscored for Italy with 138 runs, with a best of 56 against a Netherlands A team. At the 2010 World Cricket League Division Four, which was played in Italy, Raso batted mainly in the lower order. He retained his place for the following year's Division Three tournament in Hong Kong, but his four matches there yielded only 50 runs.

Raso made his 20-over debut for Italy at the 2011 European T20 Championship, but after that tournament did not play again for the team until May 2013, at the 2013 WCL Division Three tournament in Bermuda. At the 2013 European T20 Championship, he played every match, with Italy winning the championship to qualify for the 2013 World Twenty20 Qualifier. Raso played six of a possible nine games for Italy, including both the quarter-final against Scotland and the ninth-place playoff against Namibia. His best performance at the tournament had come in an earlier group-stage match against Namibia, when he topscored with 35 not out from seventh in the batting order. At the 2014 WCL Division Four, Raso's sole half-century came against Denmark in the third-place playoff. His 52 runs came from only 49 balls, and included a 97-run partnership with Alessandro Bonora, though this was not enough to prevent Italy losing by 35 runs. Raso was also included in Italy's squad for its most recent major tournament, the 2015 European T20 Championship in Jersey.

References

External links
Player profile and statistics at Cricket Archive
Player profile and statistics at ESPNcricinfo

1980 births
Living people
Australian cricketers
Australian people of Italian descent
Italian cricketers
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Place of birth missing (living people)

Michael Raso


Bobby Bones is an American musician and actor based in Los Angeles. He first emerged onto the music scene in the early 1980s with punk rock band The Mau-Mau's and after 1985 was with Demolition Gore Galore.

After a 10-year break, he returned with another punk rock band the Flesh Eaters. Bobby then went on to be in garage rock band The Morlocks, and psychedelic rock band Spindrift.

His acting debut was a role in the 2008, American independently produced film The Legend of God's Gun in which he played a gun-slinging preacher returning to the debaucherous town of Playa Diablo seeking revenge from the notorious scorpion-venom drinking bandito El Sobero.

Bobby is a member of The Silver Chords and also of Sky Parade who will be embarking on a west coast tour later in the year with Mark Gardener from Ride.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American punk rock musicians
The Flesh Eaters members
Psychic TV members

Bobby Bones (musician)


Juan A. Rivera Jr. (born October 31, 1972) is an American man who was wrongfully convicted three times for the 1992 rape and murder of 11-year-old Holly Staker in Waukegan, Illinois. He was convicted twice on the basis of a confession that he said was coerced. No physical evidence linked him to the crime scene. In 2015 he received a $20 million settlement from Lake County, Illinois for wrongful conviction, formerly the largest settlement of its kind in United States history.

DNA testing done in 2004 on semen taken from the crime scene ruled out Rivera as the source. However, the prosecution argued that Staker had been sexually active and the semen sample came from her previous consensual sex with another man. Rivera was convicted a third time. His conviction was overturned by the appellate court. Because the court ruled that there had been insufficient evidence adduced at trial to sustain a conviction, the Double Jeopardy Clause barred prosecutors from retrying Rivera. He was released from prison after serving 20 years.

After his release, Rivera's attorneys asked the courts to order genetic testing on Rivera's shoes. The prosecution had tried to enter these into evidence in 1993. The shoes had Staker's blood on them, but the prosecution withdrew the evidence prior to Rivera's first trial when they learned that the shoes had not been available for sale anywhere in the United States until after the murder.

DNA testing conducted on the shoes in 2014 indicated that the blood belonged to Staker, but it also contained another genetic sample. The DNA in this matched the semen sample from Staker. Rivera's defense team insists that this is proof not only that the blood was planted, but that the real killer's DNA was inadvertently planted as well. The DNA has yet to be matched to an individual, but it has been linked to DNA from the scene of a home invasion and murder in 2000 in Chicago by three men. Only one man of the three has been identified; he was convicted of that crime and is in prison. He claims to have been wrongfully convicted.

Following his exoneration, Rivera sued the city of Waukegan and Lake County; he was awarded $20 million, at its time, the largest wrongful conviction settlement in United States history. This amount included $2 million from John E. Reid & Associates. Rivera was given two polygraph examinations by a Reid employee.  He was reported as exhibiting general deception during the examination and subsequently admitted that he did lie to the test question about his alibi, but continued to deny any involvement in the death of Holly Staker.  Over the next several days he was interrogated by law enforcement.

Murder of Holly Staker
On August 17, 1992, police received a call from a woman in Waukegan, Illinois, who reported that the babysitter for her two children, 11-year-old Holly Staker, was missing and the back door to the apartment had been kicked in. Staker's partially clothed body was found on the floor of the children's bedroom. She had been raped, stabbed 27 times, and strangled. Vaginal and anal swabs tested positive for semen.

Evidence technicians took fingerprints and blood samples found in the bedroom and near the kitchen sink, where it appeared someone had washed blood off their hands.

Investigation
On September 29, 1992, police received a tip from a prison inmate that another inmate, Puerto Rican-born Juan Rivera, believed he knew who killed Staker.  According to the informant, Rivera told him he was at a party that night near the crime scene and saw a man acting suspiciously.

Rivera was described by the police as friendly and cooperative when he was interviewed and agreed to provide samples of his blood and hair. He told police he was at a party near the crime scene, when another man, whom he identified as Robert Hurley, left the party more than once before later returning sweaty, out of breath, and with a fresh scratch. Further investigation revealed there was no party at the residence on August 17, leading to greater suspicion of Rivera.

Rivera was questioned for many hours over the course of several days and eventually admitted to killing Staker. Following the confession, jail personnel saw Rivera, who had a history of mental illness, beating his head against the wall of his cell. A prison nurse determined that Rivera was in an acute psychotic state and was "not in touch with the reality of what was going on around him". Several hours later, detectives entered the room Rivera was in and had him sign the summary account taken by detectives. Detectives reviewed the statement and agreed that many details given by Rivera were inconsistent with the known facts of the crime; it was decided that two other members of the Task Force would re-interview Rivera to try to clear up these "inconsistencies".

Rivera's mental state had not improved by the time the next interview was to take place, so he was placed in heavy restraints and a prison psychiatrist prescribed Haldol, Cogentin, and Ativan. Rivera signed a rights waiver and the interrogation resumed. A detective told Rivera that "there were a lot of questions concerning facts" in his previous statement and that "he wanted to give Mr. Rivera an opportunity to tell the truth on some of those issues". During this interview, detectives suggested details such as, "She had a multi-colored shirt on, right, Juan?" He had previously misidentified her clothing. The confession that was eventually settled on was closer to the known facts about the crime, but still contained a number of inconsistencies with the crime scene.

No physical evidence was found linking him to the crime, and the fingerprints taken from the crime scene did not match Rivera. At the time of the crime, Rivera was wearing an electronic monitor from a previous conviction. Electronic monitoring system records showed that Rivera did not leave his home on August 17, 1992. Phone records also showed a call from Rivera's home to a relative in Puerto Rico that evening.

Trials
Rivera was charged with first-degree murder on the basis of his confession. He was convicted in November 1993.

Rivera's first conviction was overturned and he was retried in 1998. Taylor Arena, the child whom Staker had been babysitting, testified at this trial. Arena, who was 2 years old at the time of Staker's murder and 8 at the time of the retrial, testified that she remembered the events of the evening and identified Rivera as the man who had attacked Staker.  After four days of deliberation, the jury acquitted him of the first-degree murder charge, but convicted him on three other murder counts.  He was sentenced to life without parole.

DNA testing
In 2004, Rivera filed a motion to test the DNA from the vaginal swabs taken from the crime scene. The motion was granted and DNA testing excluded Rivera as the source of the semen sample. Rivera's conviction was vacated a second time.

Despite the DNA evidence, prosecutors made the controversial decision to retry the case. They argued that Staker may have been sexually active or that lab technicians mishandled the DNA. Defense experts noted that if Staker had intercourse prior to the fatal attack, semen would have been found on her underwear. Tests on her undergarments were negative for sperm. Her twin sister denied that Holly was sexually active.

On April 13, 2009, Rivera's third jury trial began. On May 8, the jury found Rivera guilty and he was sentenced to life in prison for the third time.

Conviction overturned
In December 2011, Rivera's conviction was overturned a third and final time. The appellate court criticized the confession, noting the complete absence of any information that was not previously known to members of the investigation team. Each time Rivera gave information that was not already known, the information proved to be false. For example, Rivera claimed to have burned his clothing in a specific dumpster; there was no evidence of a previous fire in that dumpster. He also told investigators that there was another child at the a when there was only a 2-year-old girl. The only details Rivera was able to give investigators that could be corroborated were details that were already known to them.

The appellate court criticized the prosecution for dismissing the DNA evidence. The prosecution presented two possible theories as to how the DNA could eliminate Rivera: contamination and previous sex with another man. Regarding the contamination theory, where the prosecution speculated that no sperm was recovered from the autopsy, but someone else's sperm came in contact with the swab sometime later, the courts dismissed it as "highly improbable".

The courts similarly dismissed the theory that the victim was sexually active. The evidence presented by the prosecution to support Staker's being sexually active was evidence concerning an incident when she was molested at the age of 8 and an incident of masturbation, and extensive testimony about a pair of red lace panties that she owned. The defense argued that this evidence should never have been introduced because it violated the rape shield law. Typically, this law is invoked by prosecutors to limit the argument by the defense that the victim is the "type of person" who is more likely to engage in sexual activity; however, the law also bars prosecutors from presenting the same type of evidence.

Regarding the State's theories on why the DNA did not match, the court wrote:

The State's theories distort to an absurd degree the real and undisputed testimony that the sperm was deposited shortly before the victim died. Simply put, the State's rationalizations of how the DNA from "Unidentified Male #1" came to be found in the victim's body and why none of the defendant's DNA appeared in or around the victim or anywhere at the crime scene cannot save a conviction obtained on a theory of a violent sexual assault and murder. The State did not present any evidence that the victim was in a relationship with anyone. The most reasonable explanation, therefore, of who murdered the victim is not the defendant but rather someone who, unfortunately, has not yet been identified.

The trial judge was also criticized for precluding the defense from presenting multiple pieces of exculpatory evidence, including testimony from experts regarding false confessions. Several risk factors were present in this case, including a history of mental illness, his mental state during the interrogation, and multiple interrogation techniques that are known to increase the likelihood of a false confession. The jury was also led to believe that Rivera failed a polygraph test. The defense was precluded from telling the jury the actual results, which were inconclusive.

Following the reversal, the appellate court took the extraordinary step of barring prosecutors from retrying the defendant.

Knife
In 2014, former Waukegan police chief Dan Greathouse, who is handling the re-investigation of the Staker case, told Rivera's attorneys that a knife had been found a decade before near the crime scene. In 1994, a neighbor uprooted a bush between his house and the murder scene and found a serrated knife. Rivera's attorneys were not notified about the existence of the weapon, and the police destroyed it without any testing. In the original investigation, police found a broken, straight-edged knife in a nearby yard. No physical evidence connected that weapon to the crime, but prosecutors argued that it was the murder weapon. Rivera confessed that he had broken the knife during the crime and then discarded it.

According to Russell Ainsworth, one of Rivera's lawyers:
The knife is hugely important. It's the potential murder weapon in the case. It could have had the real killer's DNA on it, and it could exclude without any doubt the notion that Juan Rivera had anything to do with this case. To destroy evidence without giving the defense the chance to test it goes against any sense of fairness and justice.

Rivera's lawyers said that a forensic expert they consulted ruled that Staker's wounds point to a knife with a serrated blade rather than a straight edge.

Shoes
After Rivera's conviction was overturned, his attorney sought to conduct further genetic testing on a piece of evidence that prosecutors attempted to introduce at his trial in 1993: a pair of shoes owned by Rivera that were found to have Staker's blood on them. The police collected the shoes a few weeks after Rivera's arrest from a fellow inmate; Rivera had traded his shoes to the man in exchange for a television set.

Prosecutors announced that they would introduce this critical piece of the only physical evidence linking Rivera to the crime. An investigation by the defense revealed that the Voit sneakers, made in Hong Kong, were not available for purchase in the United States until sometime after the murder. The defense took the further step of contacting the Walmart store where the shoes had been purchased and obtained proof that Rivera's purchase took place after the murder. Prosecutors withdrew the evidence.

In 2015, a federal judge ordered DNA testing to investigate the allegations of evidence tampering. The results showed that the blood on the shoes belonged to Staker, and that it contained a second genetic one that matched the semen sample taken from the crime scene. "The only realistic inference from the foregoing evidence is that someone endeavored to plant Holly Staker's blood on Mr. Rivera's Voit shoes and in doing so inadvertently planted both her blood there and the blood of the as-yet unidentified killer", said Rivera's attorney.

Murder of Delwin Foxworth
In 2014 when DNA testing was conducted on evidence from the Staker crime scene, a match was found with DNA taken from evidence in the murder in 2000 of a North Chicago, Illinois man. Thirty-nine-year-old Delwin Foxworth was reportedly attacked by three burglars in his North Chicago home in January 2000. He was held at gunpoint and tied up before being beaten with a board, doused with gasoline, and set on fire. He was able to extinguish the flames and seek help, but he later died in August 2002 as a result of his injuries.

Foxworth's girlfriend, who had witnessed the attack, identified Marvin Tyrone Williford as the killer. Williford was tried largely on that eyewitness testimony; he never confessed and no physical evidence linked him to the crime.

Williford was convicted of the murder of Foxworth and is serving an 80-year sentence. His DNA was excluded from that found in a blood sample on the board used in the Foxworth attack. Williford's attorneys insist that the DNA from the Staker crime scene, which matches that in blood from the board used to beat Foxworth, proves that Williford is innocent of the latter attack. The two other suspects in the Foxworth case have not been identified.

"While Mr. Rivera fought to clear his name and officials fought to keep him in prison, the man who really committed the crime was free to commit this additional crime", said Steven Art, one of Rivera's attorneys. "It's the antithesis of good policing in our society. The community suffers as well". The DNA profile has been entered into criminal databases, but has not yet been identified.

Settlement
After serving 20 years in prison, Rivera filed a federal civil rights case against officials of the city of Waukegan and Lake County for wrongful conviction. He received a US$20 million settlement, at the time the largest-ever settlement for a wrongful conviction in U.S. history.

City attorney Steve Martin told the city council that the city's portion, $7.5 million, was
the best economic decision the city could make in this case. We all agreed that this was an excellent settlement for the city of Waukegan. I understand it's a lot of money, but considering the downside that could have occurred in a courtroom with the case, it was felt economically, it would be extremely beneficial to the city to pay out that amount of money.

The settlement included a payment of $2 million from John E. Reid & Associates, who are known for the Reid technique. Rivera was taken to Reid headquarters in Chicago twice for polygraph tests; the results form the first test were inconclusive, but on the second test Rivera was reported as exhibiting general deception and subsequently admitted that he did lie to the test question about his alibi, but continued to deny any involvement in the death of Holly Staker.  Over the next several days he was interrogated by law enforcement.

See also
List of wrongful convictions in the United States
Innocence Project

References

American people wrongfully convicted of murder
People from Illinois
Overturned convictions in the United States
Evidence tampering
People from Waukegan, Illinois
1972 births
Crime in Illinois
Living people
20th-century Puerto Rican people

Juan Rivera (wrongful conviction)


The Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English (or just Brown Corpus) is an electronic collection of text samples of American English, the first major structured corpus of varied genres. This corpus first set the bar for the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of word categories in everyday language use. Compiled by Henry Kučera and W. Nelson Francis at Brown University, in Rhode Island, it is a general language corpus containing 500 samples of English, totaling roughly one million words, compiled from works published in the United States in 1961.

History
In 1967, Kučera and Francis published their classic work, entitled "Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English", which provided basic statistics on what is known today simply as the Brown Corpus.

The Brown Corpus was a carefully compiled selection of current American English, totalling about a million words drawn from a wide variety of sources. Kučera and Francis subjected it to a variety of computational analyses, from which they compiled a rich and variegated opus, combining elements of linguistics, psychology, statistics, and sociology. It has been very widely used in computational linguistics, and was for many years among the most-cited resources in the field.

Shortly after publication of the first lexicostatistical analysis, Boston publisher Houghton-Mifflin approached Kučera to supply a million word, three-line citation base for its new American Heritage Dictionary. This ground-breaking new dictionary, which first appeared in 1969, was the first dictionary to be compiled using corpus linguistics for word frequency and other information.

The initial Brown Corpus had only the words themselves, plus a location identifier for each. Over the following several years part-of-speech tags were applied. The Greene and Rubin tagging program (see under part of speech tagging) helped considerably in this, but the high error rate meant that extensive manual proofreading was required.

The tagged Brown Corpus used a selection of about 80 parts of speech, as well as special indicators for compound forms, contractions, foreign words and a few other phenomena, and formed the model for many later corpora such as the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus (British English from the early 1990s) and the Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American English (FROWN) (American English from the early 1990s). Tagging the corpus enabled far more sophisticated statistical analysis, such as the work programmed by Andrew Mackie, and documented in books on English grammar.

One interesting result is that even for quite large samples, graphing words in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence shows a hyperbola: the frequency of the n-th most frequent word is roughly proportional to 1/n. Thus "the" constitutes nearly 7% of the Brown Corpus, "to" and "of" more than another 3% each; while about half the total vocabulary of about 50,000 words are hapax legomena: words that occur only once in the corpus. This simple rank-vs.-frequency relationship was noted for an extraordinary variety of phenomena by George Kingsley Zipf (for example, see his The Psychobiology of Language), and is known as Zipf's law.

Although the Brown Corpus pioneered the field of corpus linguistics, by now typical corpora (such as the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the British National Corpus or the International Corpus of English) tend to be much larger, on the order of 100 million words.

Sample distribution

The Corpus consists of 500 samples, distributed across 15 genres in rough proportion to the amount published in 1961 in each of those genres. All works sampled were published in 1961; as far as could be determined they were first published then, and were written by native speakers of American English.

Each sample began at a random sentence-boundary in the article or other unit chosen, and continued up to the first sentence boundary after 2,000 words. In a very few cases miscounts led to samples being just under 2,000 words.

The original data entry was done on upper-case only keypunch machines; capitals were indicated by a preceding asterisk, and various special items such as formulae also had special codes.

The corpus originally (1961) contained 1,014,312 words sampled from 15 text categories:
 A. PRESS: Reportage (44 texts)
 Political
 Sports
 Society
 Spot News
 Financial
 Cultural
 B. PRESS: Editorial (27 texts)
 Institutional Daily
 Personal
 Letters to the Editor
 C. PRESS: Reviews (17 texts)
 theatre
 books
 music
 dance
 D. RELIGION (17 texts)
 Books
 Periodicals
 Tracts
 E. SKILL AND HOBBIES (36 texts)
 Books
 Periodicals
 F. POPULAR LORE (48 texts)
 Books
 Periodicals
 G. BELLES-LETTRES - Biography, Memoirs, etc. (75 texts)
 Books
 Periodicals
 H. MISCELLANEOUS: US Government & House Organs (30 texts)
 Government Documents
 Foundation Reports
 Industry Reports
 College Catalog
 Industry House organ
 J. LEARNED (80 texts)
 Natural Sciences
 Medicine
 Mathematics
 Social and Behavioral Sciences
 Political Science, Law, Education
 Humanities
 Technology and Engineering
 K. FICTION: General (29 texts)
 Novels
 Short Stories
 L. FICTION: Mystery and Detective Fiction (24 texts)
 Novels
 Short Stories
 M. FICTION: Science (6 texts)
 Novels
 Short Stories
 N. FICTION: Adventure and Western (29 texts)
 Novels
 Short Stories
 P. FICTION: Romance and Love Story (29 texts)
 Novels
 Short Stories
 R. HUMOR (9 texts)
 Novels
 Essays, etc.

Part-of-speech tags used

See also
 LOB Corpus, a corpus of British English based on the same parameters as the Brown Corpus
 British National Corpus

References

External links
 Brown Corpus Manual

 Download the Brown Corpus
 Search, via Sketch Engine, in the Brown Corpus Annotated by the TreeTagger v2
 More details on the Brown Corpus tagset
 Python software for convenient access to the Brown Corpus
 PHP (Part Of Speech Tagging)

English corpora
Brown University
Applied linguistics
Linguistic research
1961 works
Corpora

Brown Corpus


The Benjamin Apartments is a building in Midtown, Houston listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designed by local architect, Alfred C. Finn, and completed in 1924. It was first an owner-occupied four-plex. Later it was used as a hospital in 1945, converted to single-family residential use in 1970, and after 1997, re-purposed as law offices. The building was vacant through most of the 1950s and 1960s.

History
The Benjamin Apartments building is located on Webster at the corner of Caroline in Houston's Midtown neighborhood. Benjamin Cohen commissioned the design work for the four-plex in 1919, and resided in one of apartments for the first sixteen years of its existence. The apartments were converted for use as a hospital in 1945, which was known as Home Hospital and later as Physicians and Surgeons Hospital. A map from the early 1950s confirms its use as a hospital, but it lay vacant for seven years after 1952.  By this time, the previous suburban character of the neighborhood transitioned to commercial buildings and boarding houses. An attempt to revive the building as a hospital in 1960 failed quickly as it stood unused from 1961 through 1968.

One room at the Benjamin was rented as an apartment in 1969 before John and Blanche Bankes converted it to a single-family residence in 1970. John Bankes lived there until his death in 1993, and Blanche remained there until 1997. A law firm acquired the property a year later, performed some renovations, then resold it to a real estate partnership in 1999. Mid-Continent Houston Properties, LTD converted the building to office use for one tenant.

Architectural characteristics
The Benjamin represents an early-20th-century stylistic synthesis of the Arts and Crafts movement with Renaissance Revival elements. Decorative flourishes at the front entrance are rendered into relatively austere interpretations. Subtle modulations in the polychrome patterns of the brick work introduce another decorative element. Non-original features of the property as recently as 2002 include: a metal fence around the back of the property, a car port, a paved surface parking lot, and an area for the dumpster and utilities.

Gallery

References

External links

Alfred C. Finn buildings
Buildings and structures in Houston
National Register of Historic Places in Houston
Residential buildings completed in 1924
Midtown, Houston

Benjamin Apartments


Nirmal Kumar Bose (22 January 1901 – 15 October 1972) was a leading Indian anthropologist, who
played a formative role in "building an Indian Tradition in Anthropology".  A humanist scholar with a broad range of interests, he was also a leading sociologist, urbanist, Gandhian, and educationist.  Also active in the Indian freedom struggle with Mahatma Gandhi, he was imprisoned in 1931 during the Salt Satyagraha.

Early life
He attended the Puri Zilla School, the Scottish Church College, and later the Presidency College, which was then affiliated with the University of Calcutta. He dropped out of the MSc program in geology as a gesture of solidarity with the Non-Cooperation Movement. Later he would earn an MSc degree in anthropology from the University of Calcutta.

Career in anthropology
Bose was originally from Kolkata.  His anthropological work was founded on extensive field work and had a pragmatic prescriptive basis, and was considered radical against the background of earlier descriptive work by British anthropologists. He wanted Indian intellectuals to work on Indian anthropology. According to Andre Beteille, Bose showed that the idea that one gets of Indian society by looking at classical texts and the idea that one gets of Indian society by conducting anthropological fieldwork in fact confirm each other; they confirm a picture of a particular kind of social structure. But Bose went on to argue that such a social structure was being dislocated from the middle of 19th century onwards as India became involved more and more in a world economic system, in larger political conflicts, etc.

His initial work was among the Juang of Orissa, as part of his master's work at Calcutta University (1924–25).  In 1929, he brought out Cultural Anthropology, presenting a developing world view of anthropology and culture.  1932 saw the publication of Canons of Orissan architecture, announcing his interest in art and architecture.  His sociological interests were reflected in Some aspects of caste in Bengal (1958), and his urbanist interests in Calcutta 1964: a social survey (1968) and Anthropology and some Indian problems (1972).

Among his major works is the study Peasant Life in India (1961), based on a wide study with data collected from 311 out of 322 districts of India.  Here he comments on the  considerable interpenetration in the material culture of rural India,
"on the whole independent of language as well as of physical types". Other important works include The Structure of Indian Society (1949).

He was also the editor, from 1951 until his death, of the journal Man in India.  He was the director of the Anthropological Survey of India from 1959 to 1964.  In 1957–58, he visited the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Chicago.  In 1965, he undertook a survey of the Hill districts of Assam and in the following year, the tribal regions of Arunachal Pradesh (then NEFA).

Over a long career during much of which he was also involved in political struggle and government offices, he "found time to write more than 700 articles and almost thirty books", writing in both Bengali and English, for the general public and a scholarly audience.

Prof Bose had also written an explanatory book on the Sun Temple of Konarak in Orissa, in Bengali, titled Konaraker Bibaran. This title was out of print for a long time until recently, when New Age Publishers Private Limited of Kolkata published a new edition, annotated by Prasenjit Dasgupta and Soumen Paul. The edited book was also reviewed. In this review other English works of Bose were cited along with his debate with Stella Kramrisch on the issue of Konark architecture.

In 1972 he was elected President of The Asiatic Society.

Association and works on Mahatma Gandhi
Bose had been reading the works of Mahatma Gandhi since his college days, and his Selections from Gandhi (1934) remains a broad and useful anthology of Gandhi's work.
Between 1934 and 1947, Bose started working closely with Gandhi, and served as his secretary in the mid-1940s.  He developed a broad appreciation for his ideology, which is reflected in his analytical Studies in Gandhism (1940).
This period is covered in his My Days with Gandhi (1953) which describes the last decade of Gandhi's life, particularly his courageous stance in personally moving into areas with fierce communal violence (Noakhali genocide 1947). Bose held Gandhi's philosophy in high esteem.
The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts has organised the N. K. Bose memorial lectures once every two years since 1993.  Anthropologist Surajit Chandra Sinha has written a field biography: The Anthropology of Nirmal Kumar Bose (1970).

References

1901 births
1972 deaths
Indian anthropologists
Gandhians
Scottish Church College alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Scientists from Kolkata
Writers from Kolkata
20th-century Indian biographers
Indian social sciences writers
20th-century Indian essayists
Presidents of The Asiatic Society
20th-century Indian anthropologists

Nirmal Kumar Bose


The 1986 LPGA Championship was held May 29 to June 1 at Jack Nicklaus Golf Center at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, a suburb northeast of Cincinnati. Played on the Grizzly Course, this was the 32nd edition of the LPGA Championship.

Entering the final round four strokes behind, Pat Bradley birdied the last hole for a 68 to win by a stroke over runner-up Patty Sheehan. It was the fifth of her six major championships, the second of three in 1986, and completed the career grand slam. With the win, Bradley became the first to surpass $2 million in earnings on the LPGA Tour.

Defending champion Nancy Lopez did not compete; she gave birth to her second daughter a few days

Final leaderboard
Sunday, June 1, 1986

Source:

References

External links
Golf Observer leaderboard

Women's PGA Championship
Golf in Ohio
LPGA Championship
LPGA Championship
LPGA Championship
LPGA Championship
LPGA Championship
Women's sports in Ohio

1986 LPGA Championship


Downtown Montreal (French: Centre-Ville de Montréal) is the central business district of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

The district is situated on the southernmost slope of Mount Royal, and occupies the western portion of the borough of Ville-Marie. It is bounded by Mount Royal Park to the north, Le Plateau-Mont-Royal to the northeast, the Quartier Latin and Gay Village areas to the east, Old Montreal and the Cité du Multimédia to the south, Griffintown and Little Burgundy to the southwest, and the city of Westmount to the west.

The downtown region houses many corporate headquarters as well a large majority of the city's skyscrapers — which, by law, cannot be greater in height than Mount Royal in order to preserve the aesthetic predominance and intimidation factor of the mountain. The two tallest of these are the 1000 de La Gauchetière and 1250 René-Lévesque, both of which were built in 1992. The Tour de la Bourse is also a significant high-rise and is home to the Montreal Exchange that trades in derivatives. The Montreal Exchange was originally a stock exchange and was the first in Canada. In 1999, all stock trades were transferred to Toronto in exchange for an exclusivity in the derivative trading market.

Place Ville-Marie is a cruciform office tower designed by I.M. Pei. It was built in 1962, and sits atop an underground shopping mall that forms the nexus of Montreal's underground city, the world's largest. It has indoor access to over 1,600 shops, restaurants, offices, businesses, museums and universities, as well as metro stations, train stations, bus terminals, and tunnels extending all over downtown. The central axis for downtown is Saint Catherine Street, Canada's busiest commercial avenue. The area includes high end retail such as the Holt Renfrew Ogilvy department store as well as Les Cours Mont-Royal shopping centre. Other major streets include Sherbrooke Street, Peel, de la Montagne, de Maisonneuve and Crescent.

The skyline may be observed from one of two lookouts on Mount Royal. The lookout at the Belvedere takes in downtown, the river, and the Monteregian Hills. On clear days the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York are visible (the great-circle distance between Mount Royal and the U.S. border along a bee line normal to the border being only ~ 56 km, or ~ 35 miles), as are the Green Mountains of Vermont. The eastern lookout has a view of The Plateau neighbourhood, Olympic Stadium and beyond.

Downtown Montreal is also home to the main campuses of McGill University and UQAM and the Sir George Williams campus of Concordia University.

Demographics
The Statistics Canada article Defining Canada's Downtown Neighbourhoods: 2016 Boundaries counted 88,169 people, and 299,245 jobs. The population density was approximately 66 people per hectare, while the job density was 226 jobs per hectare.

Most recently, the 2021 Canadian census counted 109,509 people living within Downtown Montreal's boundaries, an increase of 21,340 people. An increase of 24.2 percent increase , it was the second-fastest growth within downtowns in Canada after Downtown Halifax. The population density increased from approximately 66 people per hectare in 2016 to approximately 82 people per hectare in 2021.

Attractions

Museums
A number of museums can be found in or near Downtown Montreal, including the Canadian Centre for Architecture, McCord Museum, Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and Redpath Museum. Pointe-à-Callière Museum is more strictly in Old Montreal.

Religious buildings

Notable religious buildings in Downtown Montreal include: Christ Church Cathedral, Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul,  Church of St. John the Evangelist, Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, St. James the Apostle Anglican Church, St. James United Church, St. George's Anglican Church and St. Patrick's Basilica.

Sports and entertainment venues
The Bell Centre, used for ice hockey and other events, lies in the central/southern portion of Downtown Montreal. Place des Arts is located in the eastern part of the city's downtown, between Ste-Catherine and de Maisonneuve Streets, and St-Urbain and Jeanne-Mance streets, in an area now known as the Quartier des Spectacles, the complex is home to the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, and the Opéra de Montréal.
Percival Molson Memorial Stadium lies just to the North of Pine Avenue at the edge of Downtown Montreal.

Squares
Public space in Downtown Montreal includes the following squares: Cabot Square, Chaboillez Square, Dorchester Square, Norman Bethune Square, Phillips Square, Place du Canada, Place Émilie-Gamelin, Place des Festivals, Place Jean-Paul Riopelle and Victoria Square.

Transportation

Two railway stations are in Downtown Montreal: Central Station serves both intercity (VIA Rail and Amtrak) and commuter rail services of the Réseau de transport métropolitain (RTM) services. Additional commuter services use Lucien-L'Allier Station.
Downtown Montreal also contains two bus stations: Gare d'autocars de Montréal serves mainly longer distance services, while Terminus Centre-Ville is mainly a terminus for services operated by RTL and Exo.

Two lines of the Montreal Metro run east–west through Downtown Montreal. Line 1 (Green) is aligned with De Maisonneuve Boulevard, serving (west to east): Atwater, Guy-Concordia, Peel, McGill, Place-des-Arts, Saint-Laurent and Berri-UQAM stations. Line 2 (Orange) runs some blocks south of the Green Line, serving (west to east) Lucien-L'Allier, Bonaventure, Square-Victoria-OACI, Place-d'Armes, Champ-de-Mars and Berri-UQAM. Place-d'Armes, Champ-de-Mars and Square-Victoria-OACI stations would usually be considered as in Old Montreal. Berri-UQAM is also the terminus for Line 4 (Yellow).

Economy

Air Canada was formerly headquartered in Downtown Montreal. In 1990, the airline announced that it was moving its headquarters from Downtown Montreal to Montreal-Trudeau Airport to cut costs.

Education

Portions of four university-level establishments lie within Downtown Montreal: the main campus of McGill University, on the northern side of Sherbrooke Street; the Sir George Williams Campus of Concordia University in an area identified as Quartier Concordia in the western part of Downtown Montreal; École de technologie supérieure (a part of Université du Québec system) located near the southern edge of Downtown Montreal; and Université du Québec à Montréal, mainly in the Quartier Latin neighbourhood. Four colleges (pre-university) also lie in downtown: the public Cégep du Vieux Montréal on Ontario Street East; and the private colleges LaSalle College, O'Sullivan College and National Theatre School of Canada, including Monument-National, the venue used for its productions.

Politics
Downtown Montreal is mostly in the federal electoral district of Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs, with some areas in the north around Mount Royal being in the district of Outremont and the eastern portion belonging to Laurier—Sainte-Marie. All three of these seats are currently held by members of the Liberal Party, with the former two in particular being safe Liberal seats.

Provincially, the downtown core is split in three pieces along similar boundaries, being mostly in the district of Westmount—Saint-Louis, with a small northern area in the provincial Mont-Royal—Outremont riding and the eastern areas being in Sainte-Marie—Saint-Jacques. The former two of these districts are current and safe seats for the Liberal Party of Quebec, while Sainte-Marie—Saint-Jacques is held by Manon Massé, one of the leaders of Québec solidaire.

See also
Underground City, Montreal
Old Montreal
Old Port of Montreal

References

External links

Neighbourhoods in Montreal
Montreal
Tourist attractions in Montreal
Ville-Marie, Montreal

Downtown Montreal


Sandley's Suite is a 17th-century four-movement suite credited as the first to be associated with a named composer. Consisting of an air, courante, sarabande and jig, it is included in the first edition of Musick's Hand-Maid (1663). Although only the final part is specifically credited—to "Mr. Ben: Sandley"—the entire suite is believed to have been composed by and is named for 17th-century English composer Benjamin Sandley.

Notes

References

Suites (music)
17th-century songs

Sandley's Suite


John Carroll Kirby is an American pianist, record producer and composer based in Los Angeles, California, United States. As a musician, Kirby has collaborated with artists including Solange, Frank Ocean, Miley Cyrus, Norah Jones, Bat for Lashes, Connan Mockasin, Sébastien Tellier, Harry Styles, and others.

Career

2007–2017: Early years, collaborations, Grammy Awards
Growing up in California, Kirby was encouraged by his mom to take piano lessons, which led to a lengthy immersion in jazz. He studied jazz orchestration and composing with John Clayton at the University of Southern California before touring with other artists and making a name for himself as a collaborator. In 2007, Kirby contributed to will.i.am's Songs About Girls, Jully Black's Revival, and Raya Yarbrough's self-titled LP before going on to work on albums by Mike Doughty, Norah Jones, David Holmes, and Madeleine Peyroux. In the same year, Kirby was credited with electric piano on a few tracks for Sébastien Tellier and went on to co-arrange and co-produce Sébastien Betbeder's Marie et les Naufragés.

In 2015, Kirby partnered with Cara Stricker under the alias Drool for a self-titled album of moody avant-pop released by Terrible Records. Shortly after, Kirby was on keys for Blood Orange's Freetown Sound and co-produced three tracks on Solange's Billboard 200-topping A Seat at the Table, where he also played synths on Cranes in the Sky, the track which earned Solange her first Grammy for Best R&B Performance at the 59th Grammy Awards in 2016. After collaborations with INGA, Sébastien Tellier, Midnight Juggernauts' Daniel Stricker and Shabazz Palaces, Kirby issued his first solo album, Travel, on OUTSIDE INSIGHT and Meditations in Music on Leaving Records in 2017. He was also extensively involved in Boys Like Girls' Martin Johnson's side project The Night Game's self-titled album that year.

2019–present: Collaborations, studio albums
In 2019, Kirby was featured on Solange's When I Get Home, Bat for Lashes' Lost Girls, Mark Ronson's Late Night Feelings, as well as Frank Ocean's DHL and Harry Styles' Canyon Moon. In the same year, he signed to Stones Throw Records and issued Lazzara before releasing Tuscany, on Patience. The following year, Kirby played on The Avalanches' Blood Orange collaboration We Will Always Love You before releasing Conflict, an ambient album created in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, on Stones Throw. Shortly after, he debuted his full-length album, My Garden, on the label. Pitchfork described Kirby as a musician who "crafts melodies with a neat geometric precision".

In April 2021, Kirby announced his second studio album for Stones Throw Records, Septet. An electronic jazz album, Septet was made with a live seven-piece band and was released on June 2, 2021. The music video for the album's first single, Rainmaker, features musicians from Kirby's ensemble, along with special guests Mac DeMarco, Eddie Chacon, Cola Boyy and comedian Kerwin Frost. Kirby also wrote and produced the original soundtrack to the animated film Cryptozoo, which won the Innovator Award at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival. The original soundtrack was released separately by Stones Throw Records in August 2021. That same year, My Garden was nominated for Best Jazz Album for the 2021 A2IM Libera Awards. He also worked closely with American singer-songwriter Kacy Hill for her album, Simple, Sweet, and Smiling, which Paper said drew "on the magnetic ambiance of Kirby's music".

In March 2022, Kirby announced his album Dance Ancestral with the first single Dawn of New Day featuring ambient pioneer Laraaji. The track was included in Uncut'''s "The 2nd Uncut New Music Playlist Of 2022". Dance Ancestral'' was made in collaboration with Canadian artist Yu Su and was released on Stones Throw Records on April 8, 2022.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Collaborations

References

External links

Living people
Musicians from Los Angeles
American record producers
American artists
Stones Throw Records artists
1983 births

John Carroll Kirby


Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster  (9 November 1789 – 2 February 1860) was an English astronomer, physician, naturalist and philosopher. An early animal rights activist, he promoted vegetarianism and founded the Animals' Friend Society with Lewis Gompertz. He published pamphlets on a wide variety of subjects, including morality, Pythagorean philosophy, bird migration, Sati, and "phrenology", a term that he coined in 1815.

Life
Forster was born in London, the eldest son of Thomas Furly Forster of Walthamstow who was a botanist, and follower of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He did not have the conventional classical literary education, but learned some science from his uncle Benjamin Meggot Forster. The Great Comet of 1811 aroused his interest in astronomy, a science which he continued to pursue, and eight years later, on 3 July 1819, he himself discovered a new comet. He declined a fellowship to the Royal Society in 1816 as he disliked some of the rules. He matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in order to study law, but soon abandoned it to study medicine, taking his degree in 1819. Two years before, he had married Julia, daughter of Colonel Mark Beaufoy, and taken up residence at Spa Lodge, Tunbridge Wells. After the birth of his only daughter he moved to Hartwell in Sussex, and then spent three years abroad. During the 1820s, he converted to Roman Catholicism.

After his return to England he became a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and helped to found a meteorological society along with Sir Richard Phillips, which had only a brief existence.

After his father's death in 1825, he took up his residence in Chelmsford in order to be near his daughter, then a pupil at Newhall Convent. Here he undertook a series of researches on the influence of atmospheric conditions on diseases, and particularly on cholera which also involved a balloon ascent in April 1831. In 1833 he again went abroad, where he spent most of his remaining years, settling finally in Bruges. He continued writing during the latter part of his life, including poetry. He also composed selections for the violin. He numbered among his friends authors and scholars of his time, such as Thomas Gray, Richard Porson, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Thomas Love Peacock, William Herschel, and William Whewell. He became a vegetarian, following a Pythagorean diet, and along with Lewis Gompertz, founded the Animals' Friend Society in 1833.

Forster lived in Bruges from 1842 until 1852. He then moved to Brussels, where he died in 1860.

Works
In 1805 Forster had compiled a "Journal of the Weather" and had published his Liber Rerum Naturalium. In 1806, inspired by Gall's works, he took up the study of phrenology. Later he met Johann Spurzheim, and studied with him the anatomy and physiology of the brain. Forster accompanied Spurzheim to Edinburgh, where he communicated a paper on the comparative anatomy of the brain to the Wernerian Society. On his return to London he published a sketch of Gall and Spurzheim's system, which, like many of his writings, appeared in the Pamphleteer, together with an essay on the application of the organology of the brain to education. He coined the term "Phrenology" in 1815. Forster was influenced by John Abernethy under whom he studied surgery. Abernethy believed in diet as being key to health and Forster in his 1813 In 1813, Forster published his Physiological Reflections on the Destructive Operation of Spiritous and Fermented Liquors on the Animal System where he traced his vegetarianism to Italian renaissance writing, Pythagorean ideas on the transmigration of the soul, cruelty to animals, and Hindu practices. He also influenced Shelley's conversion to vegetarianism.

His observations and studies in Continental Europe led to the publication, in 1824, of his "Perennial Calendar". In 1830 he collected and published the letters of John Locke, Shaftesbury, and Algernon Sydney which he inherited from Benjamin Furly.

Other publications included:

Researches About Atmospheric Phaenomena (London, 1813; 2nd ed., 1815)
Reflections on the Destructive Operation of Spirituous Liquors (London, 1812)
Somatopsychonoologia (1823) written under the pen-name Philostratus
Pocket Encyclopedia of Natural Phenomena (from his father's MSS., 1826)
Medicina Simplex (1832)
Beobachtungen uber den Einfluss des Luftdruckes auf das Gehor (Frankfurt, 1835)
Observations sur l'influence des Cometes (1836)
Philozoia, or Moral Reflections on the actual condition of the Animal Kingdom, and the means of improving the same (Brussels, 1839)
Pan, a Pastoral (Brussels, 1840)
Essay on Abnormal Affections of the Organs of Sense (Tunbridge Wells, 1841)
Sati or Universal Immortality (1843) [in which he wrote favourably on sati, considering it consistent with Christianity]
Annales d'un Physicien Voyageur (Bruges, 1848)
Numerous articles in The Gentleman's Magazine
A Synoptical Catalogue of British Birds: Intended to Identify the Species Mentioned by Different Names in Several Catalogues Already Extant. Forming a Book of Reference to Observations on British Ornithology (printed by and for Nichols, son, and Bentley, 1817)

References

Attribution
 Cites:
Forster, Recueil de ma Vie (Frankfurt, 1835)
Epistolarium Forsterianum (Bruges, 1845–50)

Joseph Gillow, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath.

External links

Sketch at the Royal Society
Observations on the brumal retreat of the swallow with a copious reference to passages relating to this subject (1817)

1789 births
1860 deaths
19th-century British astronomers
19th-century English philosophers
19th-century English medical doctors
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Anti-vivisectionists
British vegetarianism activists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Evangelicalism
English animal rights activists
English emigrants to Belgium
English naturalists
English pamphleteers
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
People from Walthamstow
Phrenologists
Scientists from London

Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster