Boulder is a home rule city and the county seat of Boulder County, Colorado, United States. It is the largest city in Boulder County, with a population of 108,250 at the 2020 United States census, making it the 12th-most populous city in Colorado. Boulder is the principal city of the Boulder, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and part of the Front Range Urban Corridor.

Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, at an elevation of  above sea level. The city is  northwest of the Colorado state capital of Denver. Boulder is a college town, being home to the flagship campus of the University of Colorado, the state's largest university.

History

Archaeological evidence shows the Boulder valley has been continuously inhabited by Native American tribes for over 13,000 years, beginning in the late Pleistocene era. Throughout the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Late Prehistoric periods, Indigenous peoples moved seasonally between the mountains and plains, taking shelter in winter along the Front Range trough where Boulder now lies. By the 1500s, the area was occupied by Ute tribes, joined by Arapaho tribes in the early 1800s.

The Indigenous Nations who have ties to the Boulder Valley include the Apache, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa, Pawnee, Shoshone, Sioux, and Ute peoples. In the 1800s, Euro-American settlers colonized the area.

Modern Boulder was founded in late 1858 when prospectors led by Thomas Aikins arrived at Boulder Canyon during the Colorado Gold Rush. Arapaho leader Niwot allowed them to stay for the winter, but this decision ultimately cost his people their land. In early 1859, gold was discovered along Boulder Creek, drawing more miners and merchants to the area. The Boulder City Town Company was formed in February 1859 to establish a settlement at the canyon mouth. By 1860 it had 70 cabins, mostly occupied by Anglo families. Non-whites like Chinese miners and black residents were part of early Boulder but rarely pictured.

In 1861, Boulder County was created and the Arapaho were forced to relocate per the Treaty of Fort Wise. With declining numbers, Niwot's band soon moved to the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation. By 1862 the creek had yielded $100,000 in gold and Boulder's population exceeded 300.

On November 7, 1861, the Colorado General Assembly passed legislation to locate the University of Colorado in Boulder. On September 20, 1875, the first cornerstone was laid for the first building (Old Main) on the CU campus. The university officially opened on September 5, 1877.

In 1907, Boulder adopted an anti-saloon ordinance. Statewide prohibition started in Colorado in 1916 and ended with the repeal of national prohibition in 1933.

Geography

The city of Boulder is located in the Boulder Valley, where the Rocky Mountains meet the Great Plains. The Flatirons, slabs of sedimentary stone tilted up on the foothills, are located west of the city. The Flatirons are a widely recognized symbol of Boulder.

Boulder Creek is the primary flow of water through Boulder. The creek was named prior to the city's founding, for all of the large granite boulders that have cascaded into the creek over the eons. It is from Boulder Creek that Boulder city is believed to have taken its name. Boulder Creek has significant water flow, derived primarily from snow melt and minor springs west of the city. The creek flows into St. Vrain Creek east of Longmont, which is a tributary of the South Platte River.

At the 2020 United States Census, the city had a total area of  including  of water.

The 40th parallel (40 degrees north latitude) runs through Boulder and can be easily recognized as Baseline Road today.

Boulder lies in a wide basin beneath Flagstaff Mountain just a few miles east of the continental divide and about  northwest of Denver. Arapahoe Glacier provides water for the city, along with Boulder Creek, which flows through the center of the city.

Denver International Airport is located  southeast of Boulder.

Growth management
Government preservation of open space around Boulder began with the Congress of the United States approving the allocation of  of mountain backdrop/watershed extending from South Boulder Creek to Sunshine Canyon in 1899.

Since then, Boulder has adopted a policy of controlled urban expansion. In 1959, city voters approved the "Blue Line" city-charter amendment which restricted city water service to altitudes below , in an effort to protect the mountain backdrop from development. In 1967, city voters approved a dedicated sales tax for the acquisition of open space in an effort to contain urban sprawl. In 1970, Boulder created a "comprehensive plan" that would dictate future zoning, transportation, and urban planning decisions. Hoping to preserve residents' views of the mountains, in 1972, the city enacted an ordinance limiting the height of newly constructed buildings. A Historic-Preservation Code was passed in 1974, and a residential-growth management ordinance (the Danish Plan) in 1976.

Effective growth management has resulted in a rapid increase in housing costs with the median home price rising 60% over the period 2010 to 2015 to $648,200.

Wildlife protection
Boulder has created an Urban Wildlife Management Plan which sets policies for managing and protecting urban wildlife. Also, the city's Parks and Recreation and Open Space and Mountain Parks departments have volunteers who monitor parks (including wetlands, lakes, etc.) to protect ecosystems. From time to time, parks and hiking trails are closed to conserve or restore ecosystems.
Traditionally, Boulder has avoided the use of chemical pesticides for controlling the insect population. However, with the threat of West Nile virus, the city began an integrative plan to control the mosquito population in 2003 that includes chemical pesticides. Residents can opt-out of the program by contacting the city and asking that their areas not be sprayed.

Under Boulder law, extermination of prairie dogs requires a permit.

Also in 2005, the city experimented with using goats for weed control in environmentally sensitive areas. Goats naturally consume diffuse knapweed and Canada thistle, and although the program was not as effective as it was hoped, goats will still be considered in the future weed control projects. In 2010, goats were used to keep weeds under control at the Boulder Reservoir.

The city's Open Space and Mountain Parks department manages approximately 8,000 acres of protected forest land west of the city in accordance with a 1999 Forest Ecosystem Management Plan. The plan aims to maintain or enhance native plant and animal species, their communities, and the ecological processes that sustain them and to reduce the wildfire risk to forest and human communities.

Climate

Boulder has a temperate climate typical for much of the state and receives many sunny or mostly sunny days each year. Under the Köppen climate classification, the city is considered semi-arid (Köppen BSk) or humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa) as it falls near that precipitation boundary, due to its relatively high yearly precipitation and average temperatures remaining above  year-round. Winter conditions range from generally mild to the occasional bitterly cold, with highs averaging in the mid to upper 40s °F (7–9 °C). There are 4.6 nights annually during which the temperature reaches . Because of orographic lift, the mountains to the west often dry out the air passing over the Front Range, often shielding the city from precipitation in winter, though heavy snowfalls may occur. Snowfall averages  per season, but snow depth is usually shallow; a strong warming sun due to the high elevation can quickly melt snow cover during the day, and Chinook winds bring rapid warm-ups throughout the winter months. Summers are warm, with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Roughly 30 days reach  or above each year. Diurnal temperature variation is typically large due to the high elevation and semi-arid climate. Daytime highs are generally cooler than those of most Colorado cities with similar elevations. However, Boulder's nighttime lows are mild, particularly during winter. The average January temperature of  is the warmest of any city in the state.
The highest recorded temperature of  occurred most recently on June 25, 2012. The record low was  on January 17, 1930. The coldest high temperature, , was recorded on February 4, 1989, while the warmest overnight low was recorded on July 20, 1998, with a temperature of

Demographics

Boulder is the principal city of the Boulder, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As of the 2010 census, there were 97,385 people, 41,302 households, and 16,694 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 43,479 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 88.0% White, 0.9% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 4.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.2% some other race, and 2.6% from two or more races. 8.7% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 41,302 households, out of which 19.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.2% were headed by married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 59.6% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16, and the average family size was 2.84.

Boulder's population is younger than the national average, largely due to the presence of university students. The median age at the 2010 census was 28.7 years compared to the U.S. median of 37.2 years. In Boulder, 13.9% of the residents were younger than the age of 18, 29.1% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and older, there were 106.2 males.

In 2011 the estimated median household income in Boulder was $57,112, and the median family income was $113,681. Male full-time workers had a median income of $71,993 versus $47,574 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,600. 24.8% of the population and 7.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 17.4% of those under the age of 18 and 6.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Economy

The Boulder MSA had a gross metropolitan product of $18.3 billion in 2010, the 110th largest metropolitan economy in the United States.

In 2007, Boulder became the first city in the United States to levy a carbon tax.

In 2013, Boulder appeared on Forbes magazine's list of Best Places for Business and Careers.

Top employers
According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers are:

Arts and culture

Bolder Boulder
Boulder has hosted a 10 km road run, the Bolder Boulder, on Memorial Day, every year since 1979. The race involves over 50,000 runners, joggers, walkers, and wheelchair racers, making it one of the largest road races in the world. It has the largest non-marathon prize purse in road racing. The race culminates at Folsom Field with a Memorial Day Tribute. The 2007 race featured over 54,000 runners, walkers, and wheelchair racers, making it the largest race in the US in which all participants are timed and the fifth largest road race in the world.

Music
Founded in 1958, the Boulder Philharmonic Orchestra is a professional orchestra under the leadership of its Music Director Michael Butterman.

Founded in 1976 by Giora Bernstein, the Colorado Music Festival presents a summer series of concerts in Chautauqua Auditorium.

Founded in 1981, the Boulder Bach Festival (BBF) is an annual festival celebrating the life, legacy, and music of J.S. Bach. The festival is led by Executive Director Zachary Carrettin and Artistic Director Mina Gajic.

Dance
Boulder is home to multiple dance companies and establishments. Boulder Ballet was founded by former American Ballet Theatre dancer Larry Boyette in the 1970s as part of the Ballet Arts Studios. Lemon Sponge Cake Contemporary Ballet was founded in 2004 by Robert Sher-Machherndl, former principal dancer of the Dutch National Ballet and Bavarian State Ballet.

Conference on World Affairs
The Conference on World Affairs, started in 1948, is an annual one-week conference featuring dozens of discussion panels on a variety of contemporary issues.

eTown
The internationally syndicated radio program eTown has its headquarters at eTown Hall, at the intersection of 16th and Spruce Streets, in downtown Boulder. Most tapings of this weekly show are done at eTown Hall.

Polar Bear Plunge
Beginning in 1983, hundreds of people head to the Boulder Reservoir on New Year's Day to take part in the annual polar bear plunge. With rescue teams standing by, participants use a variety of techniques to plunge themselves into the freezing reservoir. Once the plunge is complete, swimmers retreat to hot tubs on the reservoir beach to revive themselves from the cold.

Naked Pumpkin Run
Starting in 1998, dozens of people have taken part in a Halloween run down the city's streets wearing only shoes and a hollowed-out pumpkin on their heads. In 2009, local police threatened participants with charges of indecent exposure and no naked runners were reported in official newscasts, although a few naked runners were observed by locals. Several illegal attempts, resulting in arrests, have been made to restart the run, but no serious effort has been mounted.

420
For several years on April 20, thousands of people gathered on the CU Boulder campus to celebrate 420 and smoke marijuana at and before 4:20 pm. The 2010 head count was officially between 8,000 and 15,000 with some discrepancy between the local papers and the university administrators (who have been thought to have been attempting to downplay the event). Eleven citations were given out whereas the year before there were only two. 2011 was the last year of mass 420 partying at CU as the university, in 2012, took a hard stance against 420 activities, closing the campus to visitors for the day, using smelly fish fertilizer to discourage gathering at the Norlin Quad, and having out-of-town law enforcement agencies help secure the campus. In 2013, April 20 fell on a Saturday; the university continued the 420 party ban and, again, closed the campus to visitors. In 2015 the government conceded and once again opened the park to visitors on April 20.

Boulder Cruiser Ride

The Happy Thursday Cruiser Ride is a weekly bicycle ride in Boulder Colorado. The Boulder Cruiser Ride grew from a group of friends and friends of friends in the early 90's riding bicycles around Boulder into the social cycling event it is today. Some enthusiasts gather wearing costumes and decorating their bikes; themes are an integral part of the cruiser tradition. Boulder Police began following the cruiser ride as it gained in popularity in the early 2000s. Issues with underage drinking, reckless bicycle riding, and other nuisance complaints led organizers to drop the cruiser ride as a public event. Returning to an underground format, where enthusiasts must become part of the social network before gaining access to event sites, the Boulder Cruiser Ride has continued as a local tradition. On May 30, 2013, over 400 riders attended the Thursday-night Cruiser Ride in honor of "Big Boy", an elk that was shot and killed on New Year's Day by an on-duty Boulder Police officer.

Parks and recreation

Boulder is surrounded by thousands of acres of recreational open space, conservation easements, and nature preserves. Almost 60%, , of open space totaling  is open to the public.

The unincorporated community of Eldorado Springs, south of Boulder, is home to rock climbing routes. There are also climbing routes available in the city open space, including climbing routes of varying difficulty on the Flatirons themselves (traditional protection). Boulder Canyon (sport), directly west of downtown Boulder, also has many routes. All three of these areas are affected by seasonal closures for wildlife.

Government
Boulder is a home rule municipality, being self-governing under Article XX of the Constitution of the State of Colorado; Title 31, Article 1, Section 202 of the Colorado Revised Statutes.

Politically, Boulder is one of the most liberal and Democratic cities in Colorado when viewed from a Federal and State elections lens. , registered voters in Boulder County were 43.4% Democratic, 14.7% Republican, 1.6% in other parties, and 40.3% unaffiliated. By residents and detractors alike, Boulder is often referred to as the "People's Republic of Boulder".

In 1974, the Boulder City Council passed Colorado's first ordinance prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation. Boulder voters, however, repealed the measure by referendum within a year. In 1975, Boulder County Clerk Clela Rorex was the second in the United States ever to grant same-sex marriage licenses, prior to state laws being passed to prevent such issuance.

In July 2019, Boulder declared a "climate emergency" and established target dates for achieving 100% renewable electricity, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from city organizations and facilities, an increase in local generation of electricity through renewable sources, and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the community The city also created a community-centered process to focus on energy systems, regenerative ecosystems, circular materials economy, land use, and financial systems.

Education

Public schools
The Boulder Valley School District (BVSD) administers the public school system in Boulder, aside from a few areas in northeast Boulder where students attend the St. Vrain Valley School District.

Charter schools
Charter schools within the city of Boulder include Preparatory High School (9–12), Summit Middle School (6–8), and Horizons Alternative School (K–8).

Private schools
A variety of private high schools, middle schools and elementary schools operate in Boulder.

Colleges and universities

 University of Colorado Boulder, public university which contributes roughly 46,000 residents (30,000 undergraduate students, 7,000 graduate students and 10,000 staff/faculty) to the population.
 Naropa University is a private university based on Buddhist principles. It has approximately 400 undergraduate and over 600 graduate students.
 Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts a culinary school group with campuses in Boulder and Austin, Texas.

Science institutes
 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)
 Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA)
 Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy (CASA)
 Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR)
 Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)
 JILA (Formerly Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics)
 Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)
 Geological Society of America, headquartered at 3300 Penrose Place.
 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)
 National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) / University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
 High Altitude Observatory (HAO)
 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
 Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)
 Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC)
 National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)
 National Solar Observatory (NSO)
 National Telecommunications and Information Administration(NTIA) – Institute for Telecommunication Sciences Boulder
 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI)
 Rocky Mountain Institute
 Southwest Research Institute Department of Space Studies
 Space Science Institute
 UNAVCO National Science Foundation's Geodetic Facility
 United States Geological Survey (USGS)

Media

Boulder's main daily newspaper, the Daily Camera, was founded in 1890 as the weekly Boulder Camera, and became a daily newspaper the following year. The Colorado Daily was started in 1892 as a university newspaper for CU Boulder. Following many heated controversies over Colorado Daily political coverage, it severed its ties to the university in 1971. In summer 1996, the Boulder Planet, a free weekly competing with the Boulder Weekly, published its first issue; it ceased publication in February 2000. Newspaper conglomerate Scripps acquired the Colorado Daily in 2005 after its acquisition of the Camera in 1997, leaving the Boulder Weekly as the only locally owned newspaper in Boulder. Scripps relinquished its 50 percent ownership in both daily papers in early 2009 to Media News Group. Boulder Magazine, a lifestyle magazine, was founded in 1978. Boulder Magazine is published three times per year.

Boulder is part of the Denver market for television stations, and it also receives many radio stations based in Denver or Ft. Collins. For cable television, Boulder is served by Comcast Cable. The city operates public service Boulder 8 TV on cable (high- and standard-definition), which airs, live-streams and archives council meetings; with its in-house video production facilities, it also produces news, talk and informational programming. Over-the-air television reception is poor in the western part of the city because of interference from mountains.

Non-commercial community radio station KGNU was founded in 1978 and commercial music station KBCO in 1977. KBCO programs an adult album alternative format and is owned and operated by iHeartMedia. KBCO moved its studios from Boulder to the Denver Tech Center in 2010 but still maintains the Boulder license and transmits from atop Eldorado Mountain south of Boulder.

KVCU, also known as Radio 1190, is another non-commercial radio station run with the help of university-student volunteers. KVCU started broadcasting in 1998.

NPR programming is heard over KCFC 1490 AM, operated by Colorado Public Radio, and simulcasting Denver station KCFR 90.1.

KRKS-FM 94.7, owned and operated by Salem Media Group and affiliated with SRN News, offers a Christian talk and teaching format, and has its transmitter located on Lee Hill, northwest of Boulder.

The University of Colorado Press, a non-profit co-op of various western universities, publishes academic books. Paladin Press book/video publishers and Soldier of Fortune magazine both have their headquarters in Boulder. Paladin Press was founded in September 1970 by Peder Lund and Robert K. Brown. In 1974, Lund bought out Brown's share of the press, and Brown moved on to found Soldier of Fortune magazine the following year.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Since Boulder has operated under residential growth control ordinances since 1976, the growth of employment in the city has far outstripped population growth. Considerable road traffic enters the city each morning and leaves each afternoon, since many employees live in Longmont, Lafayette, Louisville, Broomfield, Westminster, and Denver. Boulder is served by US 36 and a variety of state highways. Parking regulations in Boulder have been explicitly designed to discourage parking by commuters and to encourage the use of mass transit, with mixed results.

Over the years, Boulder has made significant investments in the multi-modal network. The city is now well known for its grade-separated bicycle and pedestrian paths, which are integrated into a network of bicycle lanes, cycle tracks, and on-street bicycle routes. Boulder also provides a community transit network that connects downtown, the University of Colorado campuses, and local shopping amenities. While the city has no rail transit, local and regional shuttle busses are funded by a variety of sources. Due in part to these investments in pedestrian, bicycle, and transit infrastructure, Boulder has been recognized both nationally and internationally for its transportation system.

In 2009, the Boulder metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked as the fourth highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who biked to work (5.4 percent). In 2013, the Boulder MSA ranked as the fourth lowest in the United States for percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (71.9 percent). During the same time period, 11.1 percent of Boulder area workers had no commute whatsoever: they worked out of the home.

Bus Services
Boulder has an extensive bus system operated by the Regional Transportation District (RTD). The HOP, SKIP, JUMP, Bound, DASH and Stampede routes run throughout the city and connect to nearby communities with departures every ten minutes during peak hours, Monday-Friday. Other routes, such as the 204, 205, 206, 208 and 209 depart every 15 to 30 minutes. Regional routes, traveling between nearby cities such as Longmont (BOLT, J), Golden (GS), and Denver (Flatiron Flyer, a bus rapid transit route), as well as Denver International Airport (AB), are also available. There are over 100 scheduled daily bus trips on seven routes that run between Boulder and Denver on weekdays.

Railroads
Freight service is provided by Union Pacific and BNSF.

Currently there is no intercity passenger service. The last remaining services connecting the Front Range cities ceased with the formation of Amtrak in 1971.

Future transit plans
Front Range Passenger Rail is a current proposal (as of 2023) to link the cities from Pueblo in the south, north to Fort Collins and possibly to Cheyenne, Wyoming.

A 41-mile RTD commuter rail route called the Northwest Rail Line is proposed to run from Denver through Boulder to Longmont, with stops in major communities along the way. The Boulder station is to be north of Pearl Street and east of 30th Street. At one time this commuter rail service was scheduled to commence in 2014, but major delays have ensued. In 2016, an initial six-mile segment opened, reaching from downtown Denver to southern Westminster at West 71st Avenue and Federal Boulevard. The remaining 35 miles of the Northwest Rail Line is planned to be completed by 2044, depending upon funding.

These future transit plans, as well as the current Flatiron Flyer Bus Rapid Transit route, are part of FasTracks, an RTD transit improvement plan funded by a 0.4% increase in the sales tax throughout the Denver metro area. RTD, the developer of FasTracks, is partnering with the city of Boulder to plan a transit-oriented development near Pearl and 33rd Streets in association with the proposed Boulder commuter rail station. The development is to feature the Boulder Railroad Depot, already relocated to that site, which may be returned to a transit-related use.

Cycling
Boulder, well known for its bicycle culture, has hundreds of miles of bicycle-pedestrian paths, lanes, and routes that interconnect to create a renowned network of bikeways usable year-round. Boulder has 74 bike and pedestrian underpasses that facilitate safer and uninterrupted travel throughout much of the city. The city offers a route-finding website that allows users to map personalized bike routes around the city, and is one of five communities to have received a "Platinum Bicycle Friendly Community" rating from the League of American Bicyclists.

The headquarters of the free and non-obligatory hospitality exchange network for cyclists, Warm Showers, is based in Boulder.

In May 2011, B-cycle bike-sharing opened in Boulder with 100 red bikes and 12 stations.

Airport
Boulder Municipal Airport is located  from central Boulder, is owned by the City of Boulder and is used exclusively for general aviation, with most traffic consisting of single-engine airplanes and glider aircraft.

Notable people

 Albert Allen Bartlett, emeritus professor of physics
 Jello Biafra, Dead Kennedys frontman
 Tony Boselli, five-time Pro Bowl offensive tackle
 Bill Bower, the last surviving pilot who took part in the Doolittle Raid
 Arleigh Burke, United States Navy Admiral and Chief of Naval Operations
 Scott Carpenter, Project Mercury astronaut
 Alonzo Clemons, sculptor and autistic savant
 Jack Collom, poet
 Kristin Davis, Sex and the City actress
 Joey "CoCo" Diaz was a resident of Boulder during the 1980s and 1990s
 John Fante, writer
 Justine Frischmann, British artist and former lead singer of Elastica
 Andrea Gibson, spoken word artist, poet, activist
 Allen Ginsberg, taught at Naropa University and lived much of his life in Boulder
 Michael Grab, a Canadian-born artist specializing in rock balancing and photography
 Matt Hasselbeck, three-time Pro Bowl quarterback
 Carrie Ingalls (Little House on the Prairie) lived in Boulder in 1905 – 1906
 Scott Jurek, ultramarathoner, writer and public speaker
 Hanna Kroeger, vendor of health food and alternative medicine products
 Eagle Wynne McMahon, professional disc golf player
 Kimbal Musk, American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and restaurateur
 Chief Niwot or Left Hand, a tribal leader of the Arapaho, lived at the site of Boulder.
 Shane O'Neil, soccer player for the Seattle Sounders FC
 Chuck Pagano, former Indianapolis Colts head coach
 Phil Plait, "The Bad Astronomer", astronomer, skeptic, writer and science blogger
 Jared Polis, Governor of Colorado
 JonBenét Ramsey, when she was murdered in December 1996.
 Bobby Regester, racing driver
 Larry Sellers, actor, had lived in the town
 Lidia Șimon, retired Romanian Olympic long-distance runner
 Evans Woollen III, architect

In popular culture

Woody Allen's film Sleeper (1973) was filmed on location in Boulder. Some houses and the Mesa Laboratory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, designed by I. M. Pei, were used in the film.

Boulder was a setting for Stephen King's book The Stand (1978), as the gathering point for some of the survivors of the superflu. King lived in Boulder for a little less than a year, beginning in the autumn of 1974, and wrote The Shining (1977) during this period.

The television sitcom Mork & Mindy (1978–1982) was set in Boulder, with 1619 Pine St. serving as the exterior shot of Mindy's home. The New York Deli, a now closed restaurant in the Pearl Street Mall, was also featured prominently in the series.

In the American version of the television sitcom The Office, the character Michael Scott leaves the show in season 7 and moves with his fiancée to Boulder.

"Boulder to Birmingham" is a song written by Emmylou Harris and Bill Danoff which first appeared on Harris's 1975 album Pieces of the Sky. It has served as something of a signature tune for the artist and recounts her feelings of grief in the years following the death of country rock star and mentor Gram Parsons.

The Comedy Central television show Broad City ends with the protagonist, Abby, moving to Boulder for an art fellowship.

Sister cities
Boulder's sister cities are:

 Dushanbe, Tajikistan (1987)
 Jalapa, Nueva Segovia Department, Nicaragua (1983)
 Kathmandu, Nepal (2018)
 Kisumu, Kenya (2008)
 Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (1986)
 El Mante, Tamaulipas, Mexico (2000)
 Nablus, West Bank, Palestine (2016)
 Ramat HaNegev, Southern District, Israel (2018)
 Yamagata, Yamagata, Japan (1994)
 Yateras, Guantánamo Province, Cuba (2002)

Landmarks representing Boulder's connection with its various sister cities can be found throughout the city. Boulder's Sister City Plaza – dedicated on May 17, 2007 – is located on the east lawn of Boulder's Municipal Building. The plaza was built to honor all of Boulder's sister city relationships.

The Dushanbe Tea House is located on 13th Street just south of the Pearl Street Mall. Dushanbe presented its distinctive tea house as a gift to Boulder in 1987. It was completed in Tajikistan in 1990 and then shipped to Boulder, where it was reassembled and opened to the public in 1998.

A mural representing the relationship between Boulder and Mante, Mexico, was dedicated in August 2001. The mural, which was painted by Mante muralist Florian Lopez, is located on the north-facing wall of the Dairy Center for the Performing Arts.

See also

Colorado
Bibliography of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
Outline of Colorado
List of counties in Colorado
List of municipalities in Colorado
List of places in Colorado
List of statistical areas in Colorado
Front Range Urban Corridor
North Central Colorado Urban Area
Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area
Boulder, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area
2013 Colorado floods

References

Further reading

 Deloria, Philip J. "Drain the Lake! Tear Down the Butte! Build Paradise!: The Environmental Dimensions of Social and Economic Power in Boulder, Colorado, and Benzie, Michigan," Southern California Quarterly (2007): 65–88. in JSTOR
 Pettem, Silvia. Boulder: Evolution of a City (University Press of Colorado, 1994)

External links

 City of Boulder website
 CDOT map of the City of Boulder

Cities in Boulder County, Colorado
Cities in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Populated places established in 1858

Boulder, Colorado


Come Poop with Me is a CD of adult-oriented comedy and songs released by Triumph the Insult Comic Dog (also known as voice actor and puppeteer Robert Smigel) on Warner Bros. Records on November 4, 2003. Its title is a parody of the Frank Sinatra album Come Fly With Me.

Half the album was recorded live at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City and included guest performances by Maya Rudolph, Adam Sandler, Jack Black, Horatio Sanz, Conan O'Brien, and Blackwolf the Dragonmaster, a real-life role playing game fan whom Triumph had ridiculed on an episode of Late Night with Conan O'Brien.

The remainder of the album includes crank calls made by Triumph to a dog kennel and to an STD clinic, as well as several in-studio musical recordings including the album's designated single, "I Keed" which lampoons performers such as Jennifer Lopez, Celine Dion, Philip Glass and makes reference to Triumph's much-publicized feud with rapper Eminem. Another song, "Bob Barker", takes aim at Barker's efforts to have pets spayed and neutered, something to which the always-randy Triumph takes great offense.

Come Poop with Me contains strong language and thus has the parental advisory label.

The original release of the CD included a bonus DVD of performances from the Bowery Ballroom, including extended versions of some of the routines included on the CD along with exclusive performances and material, such as "Little Roundworm", a love ballad performed with Maya Rudolph.

Come Poop with Me was nominated for the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.

Track listing

CD
Titles with quotes are songs.
 Intro - 2:59
 "Who" - 1:37
 "Underage Bichon" - 3:03
 Call to Kennel - 2:35
 "Benji's Queer" - 3:10 (Featuring Doug Dale)
 On the Road - 2:13
 "Lick Myself" - 2:24
 Call to STD Hotline - 2:34
 "Cats Are Cunts" - 4:59 (Featuring Conan O'Brien)
 "30 Seconds of Magic" - 3:00 (Featuring Adam Sandler)
 Call from Triumph's Son - 2:03
 "Blackwolf" - 4:39 (Featuring Blackwolf the Dragonmaster)
 Call to Chinese Restaurant - 4:05
 "You Have to Work Blue" - 7:06 (Featuring Horatio Sanz)
 "My Mama" - 3:59
 "Bob Barker" - 2:10 (Featuring Jack Black)
 Call to Catalog - 4:56
 "Together in Pooping" - 5:21 (Featuring Maya Rudolph, Sandler, O'Brien, Black, Sanz)
 "No Rules in the Animal Kingdom" - 4:26
Bonus tracks
 In the Studio - 2:54
 "I Keed" - 3:51

DVD
 "Little Roundworm" (with Rudolph)
 Interview (with Kurt Loder and Iann Robinson)
 "Sense of Smell"
 Interview (with Vinnie Pastore)
 "Cats Are Cunts" (with O'Brien)
 Interview (with Ben "Dell Guy" Curtis)
 Interview (with Jared "Subway" Fogle)
 "Blackwolf" (with Blackwolf)
 Interviews (with Janeane Garofalo and Robert Wuhl)
 "You Have to Work Blue" (with Sanz)
 "Bob Barker" (with Black)
 "Together in Pooping" (with Rudolph, Black, Sandler, O'Brien, Sanz).

References

2003 debut albums
Warner Records albums
Comedy albums by American artists
Albums recorded at the Bowery Ballroom
2000s comedy albums

Come Poop with Me


"About You Now" is a song by British girl group Sugababes from their fifth studio album, Change (2007). Written and produced by Dr. Luke along with Cathy Dennis and Steven Wolf, it was released on 24 September 2007 by Island Records as the lead single from the album, the first to feature Amelle Berrabah on all tracks. An uptempo pop track that combines heavy elements of pop rock and dance-pop, it infuses light electronic sounds. Lyrically, "About You Now" finds the protagonist thinking deeply over her relationship with her love interest from whom she parted.

The song was generally well received by music critics, who complimented its genre mixing production as well as its US pop influence. The song has been described as a "pop-electro-rock masterpiece" and the best Sugababes single in years. Upon its release, "About You Now" became the group's sixth UK number one hit and highest-charting single since 2005's "Push the Button". It remained atop the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. It also reached the top of the charts in Hungary, as well as the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Norway, and Spain. It is Sugababes' highest-selling single to date, having sold more than 500,000 copies.

"About You Now" was nominated for a 2008 BRIT Award for Best British Single. In the 2009 edition of Guinness World Records, "About You Now" was listed as the "first track by a British pop act to top the singles chart solely on downloads". The song was also named as the "biggest chart mover to the number one position in the UK". In December 2009, it was revealed by BBC that "About You Now" was the UK's fifth most-played song of the decade (2000–09). An acoustic version of the song appears as a bonus track on the group's sixth studio album Catfights and Spotlights (2008).

Background
"About You Now" was written by Lukasz Gottwald and Cathy Dennis, while production was helmed by the former under his pseudonym Dr. Luke with additional production from Steven Wolf. Recorded at the Sarm West Studios in London, it was mixed by Kurt Read with further assistance from Aniela Gottwald. Bass, drums, and programming were handled by Luke, while guitars were led by Tina Kennedy and Luke. Additional keyboard contribution came from Eric Kupper. "About You Now" was described by PopJustice as a "proper pop song".

Critical reception

"About You Now" received generally favourable reviews from both music critics and fans alike. PopJustice reviewer Peter Robinson, who noted a similarity to Kelly Clarkson's 2004 single "Since U Been Gone" (also produced by Dr. Luke), described the song as a "pop-electro-rock masterpiece" and dubbed it "the best Sugababes single" since 2002's Round Round. He praised the song's unselfconsciousness and its "very pleased-to-be-exactly-what-it-is" attitude and noted that "it doesn't sound anything like what the Sugababes have done before but it is instantly recognisable as a Sugababes song". Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy summed it as "a pop dish fit for a king ... the lyrics are Waterman-esque perfect pop with the added spice of Sugababes kinkiness". He remarked that while "About You Now" lacked "the sauciness of a "Push the Button" or spiky attitude of "Hole in the Head", it makes up for it with robot voice effects, a pulsating electronic backbeat and a chorus so addictive that it should probably be taken away and labelled a class A drug".

Adam Webb, writing for Yahoo! Music, called the song a "classic Sugababes: ballsy, tuneful, sassy, slightly amateurish around the edges and generally better than 99.9 per cent of whatever else masquerades under the title of pop music in 2007". Though he noted a lack of edge, blunted by the departure of former band member Mutya Buena, Webb went on declaring it "a short, sharp jolt of classic, perfect pop", giving it seven stars out of ten. By contrast, IndieLondon gave a mixed reception to the song, writing that "it taps into a breezier sound that's designed to fizz with synths, guitars and perky beats. But it doesn't work as well as past hits and lacks the same crossover appeal of earlier cuts "Round, Round" or, most notably, "Freak like Me". Tom Young of BBC called "About You Now" a "fierce opening shot. It's one of their strongest tunes to date, and no surprise ... number one." In 2008, "About You Now" was nominated for a BRIT Award for Best British Single, eventually losing to Take That's "Shine".

Chart performance

"About You Now" made its first chart appearance in the United Kingdom on 17 September 2007 ― for the week ending dated 22 September 2007. It debuted at number thirty five on the UK Singles Chart after the release of a remix package for legal download. A week later, a major boost in downloads, induced by the official release of the digital single, helped catapulting the song to the top of the British charts. This feat made the Sugababes only the fourth act and first homegrown act to chart at number-one on download sales alone. "About You Now" became the band's sixth chart-topper and spent four weeks at number-one, surpassing the chart run of latter single. According to The Official Charts Company, it was ranked both Britain's sixth most-downloaded and sixth best-selling single of 2007. Having sold almost 540,000 copies as of August 2015, it ranks as their best-selling single.

In Ireland, "About You Now" debuted at number ten on the Irish Singles Chart on downloads alone. A week later, it climbed to number five with the physical release, and later peaked at number two for two weeks, becoming the Sugababes' fourth single to peak on particular position. In Austria, it debuted at number 13 on the Austrian Singles Chart where it peaked at number 4 in its third week, becoming the band's third biggest hit there after "Push the Button" and "Overload". "About You Now" saw similar success in Germany where it also peaked at number four on German Singles Chart, eventually becoming the Sugababes' third biggest hit there, again behind "Push the Button" and "Overload". On the Australian ARIA chart, the song peaked at number 57. In New Zealand—despite spending 21 weeks on the charts—it only managed to peak at number 18. On 13 July 2008, "About You Now" re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 48, moving to number 34 the next week after being prominently featured in an episode of Hollyoaks. This version, recorded for Radio 1's Live Lounge, was used for the funeral of Max Cunningham.

Music video
The music video for "About You Now" was directed by Marcus Adams and shot on 24 August 2007 at the Festival Hall in Waterloo in London, England. Although various pictures of the clip were leaked on the net the following days, it was not until 6 September the full video made its world premiere via internet. By 7 September 2007, the video had also debuted on music channels. The video is dedicated to the late Tim Royes, who directed the videos for the Sugababes's 2006 singles "Red Dress" and "Easy". The Nokia 7500 mobile phone is used by the two actors in the video; the male actor has the black model whereas the female actor has the white model.

Track listing

UK CD single 1
 "About You Now" (Radio Edit) – 3:09
 "Rocks" (Napster Live Session) – 3:03

UK 7"
 "About You Now" (Album Version) – 3:32
 "About You Now" (Kissy Sell Out Remix) – 5:23

Int. CD single / UK CD2 single 2
 "About You Now" (Album Version) – 3:32
 "About You Now" (Sticky 'Dirtypop' Remix) – 4:48
 "About You Now" (Spencer & Hill Remix) – 5:51
 "In Recline" – 3:26

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Change.

Songwriting – Cathy Dennis, Lukasz Gottwald
Production – Dr. Luke
Additional production – Steven Wolf
Guitar – Lukasz Gottwald, Tina Kennedy

Mixing – Kurt Read
Mixing assistance – Aniela Gottwald
Mastering – Chris Parmenidis

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

Release history

Miranda Cosgrove version

Miranda Cosgrove's cover of "About You Now" was promoted as the lead single from her debut extended play of the same name, on January 28, 2009. The original lyrics were slightly altered to be made more suitable to Cosgrove's younger audience. Cosgrove's version was promoted heavily on Nickelodeon, where the music video was played during commercial breaks. The Spider Remix of the single was also included in the EP.

Commercial performance
The song has become her highest-peaking song to date in the US, peaking at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was heavily promoted by Cosgrove. During her first ever live performance, Cosgrove performed the song at the 2008 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. On February 3, 2009, Cosgrove released an extended play, titled after the song. The EP, which was released to the iTunes Store, features a total of five songs – "About You Now", "FYI", and "Party Girl", and features remixes of "About You Now" and "Stay My Baby". Aside from this performance, Cosgrove also performed the song on Today on September 6, 2010, along with "Kissin U", and "BAM", both off of her debut studio album Sparks Fly released on April 27, 2010.

Music video
The music video, directed by Bille Woodruff premiered on Nickelodeon on December 5, 2008, following the premiere of Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh. It features Mexican-American Actor and singer Diego Boneta as her love interest. In the music video, Miranda is with her friends at the mall where, simultaneously, so is her ex–boyfriend. The best friends look at a necklace then go to a photo booth to take pictures. The pictures of two girls acting like they are dating remind Miranda about her break up with her old boyfriend, wherein she mistakenly accused him of cheating on her. They then go on an escalator and Miranda spots her ex. She texts him that she got it all wrong with him and he locates her and gives her the necklace that Miranda saw in the beginning of the video that she liked. They end up getting back together at the end of the video. The music video was one of the best selling videos on iTunes at the time of its release.

Charts

Other versions

The original version performed by the Sugababes was a massive hit throughout the UK and Europe.  The popularity of the song compelled many artists from all different genres from all over Europe to do their own versions.  Below is a list of some of the most notable covers.

Rachel Tucker performed this song in the first week of live shows, on BBC1's I'd Do Anything.
The Saw Doctors covered this song on The Podge and Rodge Show on 12 February 2008. Released as a charity single, with proceeds donated to cystic fibrosis charities, it reached the top of the Irish Singles Chart in October 2008.
 The Courteeners performed an acoustic cover version during a BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge session.  The song was later released on the commercial CD single for their song "No You Didn't, No You Don't".
A cover of this song is the first single from Timo Räisänen's album ...And Then There Was Timo in 2008.
Snow Patrol have performed a cover of this song at Mencap's Little Noise Sessions, live at the Union Chapel on 25 November 2007. The recording was officially released on the 2009 compilation Up to Now.
N-Dubz did a cover of the song on their Uncle B tour. It was in a medley with "With You" by Chris Brown.
 The Twins, Nicola & Francine did a cover of the song during the semi-final round of Eurovision: Your Country Needs You, while competing to represent the UK at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. Subsequently, Jade Ewen who rose to stardom from the same show would go to join the Sugababes in late 2009.
In 2011 Kim Wilde covered the song for her new album Snapshots.
In 2014, Scottish folk-rock band Skipinnish included a cover of the song on their album "Western Ocean"
In 2015, Shayne Ward covered the song for his album, Closer

References

External links

2007 songs
2007 singles
2009 singles
Columbia Records singles
Epic Records singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Island Records singles
Miranda Cosgrove songs
Music videos directed by Bille Woodruff
Number-one singles in the Czech Republic
Number-one singles in Hungary
Number-one singles in Poland
Number-one singles in Scotland
Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke
Songs written by Cathy Dennis
Songs written by Dr. Luke
Sugababes songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Electronic rock songs
Electropop songs
British dance-pop songs
British pop rock songs

About You Now


A candidate key, or simply a key, of a relational database is a minimal superkey. In other words, it is any set of columns that have a unique combination of values in each row (which makes it a superkey), with the additional constraint that removing any column could produce duplicate combinations of values (which makes it a minimal superkey). Because a candidate key is a superkey that doesn't contain a smaller one, a relation can have multiple candidate keys, each with a different number of attributes.

Specific candidate keys are sometimes called primary keys, secondary keys or alternate keys.

The columns in a candidate key are called prime attributes, and a column that does not occur in any candidate key is called a non-prime attribute.

Every relation without NULL values will have at least one candidate key: Since there cannot be duplicate rows, the set of all columns is a superkey, and if that isn't minimal, some subset of that will be minimal.

There is a functional dependency from the candidate key to all the attributes in the relation.

The superkeys of a relation are all the possible ways we can identify a row. The candidate keys are the minimal subsets of each superkey and as such, they are an important concept for the design of database schema.

Example
The definition of candidate keys can be illustrated with the following (abstract) example. Consider a relation variable (relvar) R with attributes (A, B, C, D) that has only the following two legal values r1 and r2:

Here r2 differs from r1 only in the A and D values of the last tuple.

For r1 the following sets have the uniqueness property, i.e., there are no two distinct tuples in the instance with the same attribute values in the set:
 {A,B}, {A,C}, {B,C}, {A,B,C}, {A,B,D}, {A,C,D}, {B,C,D}, {A,B,C,D}
For r2 the uniqueness property holds for the following sets;
 {B,C}, {B,D}, {C,D}, {A,B,C}, {A,B,D}, {A,C,D}, {B,C,D}, {A,B,C,D}
Since superkeys of a relvar are those sets of attributes that have the uniqueness property for all legal values of that relvar and because we assume that r1 and r2 are all the legal values that R can take, we can determine the set of superkeys of R by taking the intersection of the two lists:
 {B,C}, {A,B,C}, {A,B,D}, {A,C,D}, {B,C,D}, {A,B,C,D}
Finally we need to select those sets for which there is no proper subset in the list, which are in this case:
 {B,C}, {A,B,D}, {A,C,D}
These are indeed the candidate keys of relvar R.

We have to consider all the relations that might be assigned to a relvar to determine whether a certain set of attributes is a candidate key. For example, if we had considered only r1 then we would have concluded that {A,B} is a candidate key, which is incorrect. However, we might be able to conclude from such a relation that a certain set is not a candidate key, because that set does not have the uniqueness property (example {A,D} for r1).  Note that the existence of a proper subset of a set that has the uniqueness property cannot in general be used as evidence that the superset is not a candidate key.  In particular, note that in the case of an empty relation, every subset of the heading has the uniqueness property, including the empty set.

Determining candidate keys
The set of all candidate keys can be computed
e.g. from the set of functional dependencies.
To this end we need to define the attribute closure  for an attribute set .
The set  contains all attributes that are functionally implied by .

It is quite simple to find a single candidate key.
We start with a set  of attributes and try to remove successively each attribute.
If after removing an attribute the attribute closure stays the same,
then this attribute is not necessary and we can remove it permanently.
We call the result .
If  is the set of all attributes,
then  is a candidate key.

Actually we can detect every candidate key with this procedure
by simply trying every possible order of removing attributes.
However there are many more permutations of attributes ()
than subsets ().
That is, many attribute orders will lead to the same candidate key.

There is a fundamental difficulty for efficient algorithms for candidate key computation:
Certain sets of functional dependencies lead to exponentially many candidate keys.
Consider the  functional dependencies

which yields  candidate keys:
.
That is, the best we can expect is an algorithm that is efficient with respect to the number of candidate keys.

The following algorithm actually runs in polynomial time in the number of candidate keys and functional dependencies:

 function find_candidate_keys(A, F)
     /* A is the set of all attributes and F is the set of functional dependencies */
     K[0] := minimize(A);
     n := 1; /* Number of Keys known so far */
     i := 0; /* Currently processed key */
     while i < n do
         for each α → β ∈ F do
             /* Build a new potential key from the previous known key and the current FD */
             S := α ∪ (K[i] − β);
             /* Search whether the new potential key is part of the already known keys */
             found := false;
             for j := 0 to n-1 do
                 if K[j] ⊆ S then found := true;
             /* If not, add if
             if not found then
                 K[n] := minimize(S);
                 n := n + 1;
         i := i + 1
     return K

The idea behind the algorithm is that given a candidate key
and a functional dependency ,
the reverse application of the functional dependency yields
the set  ,
which is a key, too.
It may however be covered by other already known candidate keys.
(The algorithm checks this case using the 'found' variable.)
If not, then minimizing the new key yields a new candidate key.
The key insight is that all candidate keys can be created this way.

See also
 Alternate key
 Compound key
 Database normalization
 Primary key
 Relational database
 Superkey
 Prime implicant is the corresponding notion of a candidate key in boolean logic

References

External links
 Relational Database Management Systems - Database Design - Terms of Reference - Keys: An overview of the different types of keys in the RDBMS (Relational Database Management System).

Data modeling
Relational model

Candidate key


The music of Greece is the tradition of music developed by the Greeks as a nation throughout their history. It is divided into three parts: ancient Greek, medieval Greek (or Byzantine), and modern Greek. Different regions of Greece have different variations of Greek music.

Related pages
Oxyrhynchus hymn

Other websites
"A Brief History of Greek Music" (Nicholas Zallas)
BBC Radio 3 - World Routes, Greece: Epirus - Polyphony and Petroloukas Chalkias
BBC Radio 3 - World Routes, Greece: Southern Greece and Crete
Ensemble Kérylos - Music from Ancient Greece and Rome
Greek Folk Dance Music
Greek Music Greek Songs
Greek Music (Musicportal.gr)
"Lend an ear to Greek music" (Maria Paravantes)
Musicians of the Mediterranean
Tabachaniotika (Magrini)
The Famous Old Greek Songs Database

Music of Greece


Muscle hypertrophy or muscle building involves a hypertrophy or increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells. Two factors contribute to hypertrophy: sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased muscle glycogen storage; and myofibrillar hypertrophy, which focuses more on increased myofibril size. It is the primary focus of bodybuilding-related activities.

Hypertrophy stimulation
A range of stimuli can increase the volume of muscle cells. These changes occur as an adaptive response that serves to increase the ability to generate force or resist fatigue in anaerobic conditions.

Strength training

Strength training (resistance training) causes neural and muscular adaptations which increase the capacity of an athlete to exert force through voluntary muscular contraction: After an initial period of neuro-muscular adaptation, the muscle tissue expands by creating sarcomeres (contractile elements) and increasing non-contractile elements like sarcoplasmic fluid.

Muscular hypertrophy can be induced by progressive overload (a strategy of progressively increasing resistance or repetitions over successive bouts of exercise to maintain a high level of effort).  However, the precise mechanisms are not clearly understood; currently accepted hypotheses involve some combination of mechanical tension, metabolic fatigue, and muscular damage.

Muscular hypertrophy plays an important role in competitive bodybuilding and strength sports like powerlifting, American football, and Olympic weightlifting.

Anaerobic training

The best approach to specifically achieve muscle growth remains controversial (as opposed to focusing on gaining strength, power, or endurance); it was generally considered that consistent anaerobic strength training will produce hypertrophy over the long term, in addition to its effects on muscular strength and endurance. Muscular hypertrophy can be increased through strength training and other short-duration, high-intensity anaerobic exercises. Lower-intensity, longer-duration aerobic exercise generally does not result in very effective tissue hypertrophy; instead, endurance athletes enhance storage of fats and carbohydrates within the muscles, as well as neovascularization.

Temporary swelling

During a workout, increased blood flow to metabolically active areas causes muscles to temporarily increase in size. This phenomenon is referred to as transient hypertrophy, or more commonly known as being "pumped up" or getting "a pump." About two hours after a workout and typically for seven to eleven days, muscles swell due to an inflammation response as tissue damage is repaired. Longer-term hypertrophy occurs due to more permanent changes in muscle structure.

Factors affecting hypertrophy
Biological factors (such as DNA and sex), nutrition, and training variables can affect muscle hypertrophy.

Individual differences in genetics account for a substantial portion of the variance in existing muscle mass. A classical twin study design (similar to those of behavioral genetics) estimated that about 53% of the variance in lean body mass is heritable, along with about 45% of the variance in muscle fiber proportion.

During puberty in males, hypertrophy occurs at an increased rate. Natural hypertrophy normally stops at full growth in the late teens. As testosterone is one of the body's major growth hormones, on average, males find hypertrophy much easier (on an absolute scale) to achieve than females, and, on average, have about 60% more muscle mass than women. Taking additional testosterone, as in anabolic steroids, will increase results. It is also considered a performance-enhancing drug, the use of which can cause competitors to be suspended or banned from competitions. Testosterone is also a medically regulated substance in most countries, making it illegal to possess without a medical prescription. Anabolic steroid use can cause testicular atrophy, cardiac arrest, and gynecomastia.

In the long term, a positive energy balance, when more calories are consumed rather than burned, is helpful for anabolism and therefore muscle hypertrophy. An increased requirement for protein can help elevate protein synthesis, which is seen in athletes training for muscle hypertrophy. However, there is no scientific consensus on whether strength-training athletes have increased protein requirements.

Training variables, in the context of strength training, such as frequency, intensity, and total volume also directly affect the increase of muscle hypertrophy. A gradual increase in all of these training variables will yield muscular hypertrophy.

Changes in protein synthesis and muscle cell biology associated with stimuli

Protein synthesis

The message filters down to alter the pattern of gene expression. The additional contractile proteins appear to be incorporated into existing myofibrils (the chains of sarcomeres within a muscle cell). There appears to be some limit to how large a myofibril can become: at some point, they split. These events appear to occur within each muscle fiber. That is hypertrophy results primarily from the growth of each muscle cell rather than an increase in the number of cells. Skeletal muscle cells are however unique in the body in that they can contain multiple nuclei, and the number of nuclei can increase.

Cortisol decreases amino acid uptake by muscle tissue, and inhibits protein synthesis. The short-term increase in protein synthesis that occurs subsequent to resistance training returns to normal after approximately 28 hours in adequately fed male youths. Another study determined that muscle protein synthesis was elevated even 72 hours following training.

A small study performed on young and elderly found that ingestion of 340 grams of lean beef (90 g protein) did not increase muscle protein synthesis any more than ingestion of 113 grams of lean beef (30 g protein). In both groups, muscle protein synthesis increased by 50%. The study concluded that more than 30 g protein in a single meal did not further enhance the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in young and elderly. However, this study didn't check protein synthesis in relation to training; therefore conclusions from this research are controversial. A 2018 review of the scientific literature concluded that for the purpose of building lean muscle tissue, a minimum of 1.6 g protein per kilogram of body weight is required, which can for example be divided over 4 meals or snacks and spread out over the day.

It is not uncommon for bodybuilders to advise a protein intake as high as 2–4 g per kilogram of bodyweight per day. However, scientific literature has suggested this is higher than necessary, as protein intakes greater than 1.8 g per kilogram of body weight showed to have no greater effect on muscle hypertrophy. A study carried out by American College of Sports Medicine (2002) put the recommended daily protein intake for athletes at 1.2–1.8 g per kilogram of body weight. Conversely, Di Pasquale (2008), citing recent studies, recommends a minimum protein intake of 2.2 g/kg "for anyone involved in competitive or intense recreational sports who wants to maximize lean body mass but does not wish to gain weight. However athletes involved in strength events (..) may need even more to maximize body composition and athletic performance. In those attempting to minimize body fat and thus maximize body composition, for example in sports with weight classes and in bodybuilding, it's possible that protein may well make up over 50% of their daily caloric intake."

Microtrauma

Microtrauma is tiny damage to the muscle fibers. The precise relation between microtrauma and muscle growth is not entirely understood yet.

One theory is that microtrauma plays a significant role in muscle growth. When microtrauma occurs (from weight training or other strenuous activities), the body responds by overcompensating, replacing the damaged tissue and adding more, so that the risk of repeat damage is reduced. Damage to these fibers has been theorized as the possible cause for the symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and is why progressive overload is essential to continued improvement, as the body adapts and becomes more resistant to stress.

However, other work examining the time course of changes in muscle protein synthesis and their relationship to hypertrophy showed that damage was unrelated to hypertrophy. In fact, in one study the authors showed that it was not until the damage subsided that protein synthesis was directed to muscle growth.

Myofibrillar vs. sarcoplasmic hypertrophy

In the bodybuilding and fitness community and even in some academic books skeletal muscle hypertrophy is described as being in one of two types: Sarcoplasmic or myofibrillar. According to this hypothesis, during sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, the volume of sarcoplasmic fluid in the muscle cell increases with no accompanying increase in muscular strength, whereas during myofibrillar hypertrophy, actin and myosin contractile proteins increase in number and add to muscular strength as well as a small increase in the size of the muscle. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is greater in the muscles of bodybuilders because studies suggest sarcoplasmic hypertrophy shows a greater increase in muscle size while myofibrillar hypertrophy proves to increase overall muscular strength making it more dominant in Olympic weightlifters. These two forms of adaptations rarely occur completely independently of one another; one can experience a large increase in fluid with a slight increase in proteins, a large increase in proteins with a small increase in fluid, or a relatively balanced combination of the two.

In sports
Examples of increased muscle hypertrophy are seen in various professional sports, mainly strength related sports such as boxing, olympic weightlifting, mixed martial arts, rugby, professional wrestling and various forms of gymnastics. Athletes in other more skill-based sports such as basketball, baseball, ice hockey, and football may also train for increased muscle hypertrophy to better suit their position of play. For example, a center (basketball) may want to be bigger and more muscular to better overpower his or her opponents in the low post. Athletes training for these sports train extensively not only in strength but also in cardiovascular and muscular endurance training.

Pathology

Some neuromuscular diseases result in true hypertrophy of one or more skeletal muscles, confirmed by MRI or muscle biopsy. As this muscle hypertrophy is not the result of resistance training nor heavy manual labour, this is why the muscle hypertrophy is described as a pseudoathletic appearance.

As muscle hypertrophy is a response to strenuous anaerobic activity, ordinary everyday activity would become strenuous in diseases that result in premature muscle fatigue (neural or metabolic), or disrupt the excitation-contraction coupling in muscle, or cause repetitive or sustained involuntary muscle contractions (fasciculations, myotonia, or spasticity). In lipodystrophy, an abnormal deficit of subcutaneous fat accentuates the appearance of the muscles, though the muscles are quantifiably hypertrophic (possibly due to a metabolic abnormality).

Diseases that result in true muscle hypertrophy include, but not limited to, select: muscular dystrophies, metabolic myopathies, endocrine myopathies, congenital myopathies, non-dystrophic myotonias and pseudomyotonias, denervation, spasticity, and lipodystrophy. The muscle hypertrophy may persist throughout the course of the disease, or may later atrophy, or become pseudohypertrophic (muscle atrophy with infiltration of fat or other tissue). For instance, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy may start as true muscle hypertrophy, but later develop into pseudohypertrophy.

See also

 Anabolism
 Colorado Experiment
 Davis' law
 Follistatin
 Lean body mass
 Muscle atrophy
 Muscle dystrophy
 Myostatin
 Pseudoathletic appearance
 Pseudohypertrophy

References

Further reading

Muscular system
Tissues (biology)
Physiology
Exercise physiology
Bodybuilding

Muscle hypertrophy


Valentin Gregor (born May 1963 in Bonn, West Germany) is a jazz violinist, singer and composer.

Gregor is the son of the German folk music researcher Josef Gregor. He began playing the violin at the age of seven. Following his studies at the college of music in Cologne (1988-1992), he received a scholarship from Berklee College of Music, Boston, USA (1995-1997). During his stay at Berklee, he worked with accomplished musicians like Stephane Grappelli, Herb Geller, Ed Harris, Garrison Fewell, Duduka da Fonseca, Hans Glawischnig and Nicolas Simion. When he returned from Berklee, he performed both as solo violinist and musical director in various theatres and band projects. His performances included Cirque du Soleil, Deutsche Schauspielhaus, Hamburg, Maxim Gorki Theater, Berlin, Deutsche Theater, Berlin, Deutsche Schauspielhaus, Hanover and Hans-Peter Wodarz's Dinnershow Pomp Duck and Circumstance.

Gregor also played as a solo violinist with Calexico and the Electric Light Band (with Phil Bates, singer and songwriter of ELO Part II ). Furthermore, he performed with Carlos Bica and his project DIZ, exploring new ways in Fado Jazz.

He has lived in Berlin since 2004 and has been a lecturer at the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, USA since 2006. His latest album (The Berlin Songbook), where he is exploring new avenues with the piano player Victor Alcántara, was released in March 2007.

Discography

2000 DYAD (Ken Hatfield)

2004 Smellodie

2007 The Berlin Songbook

External links

 Berlynatic

1963 births
German violinists
German male violinists
Living people
German jazz composers
Male jazz composers
21st-century violinists
21st-century German male musicians

Valentin Gregor


Kenneth Merwin Curtis (born February 8, 1931) is an American attorney, Democratic politician, and diplomat. He was the Maine Secretary of State from 1965-1966, the Governor of Maine from 1966-1974, and the United States Ambassador to Canada from 1979 to 1981. Curtis is a member of the Democratic Party and is currently Of Counsel at the Curtis Thaxter law firm in Portland, Maine, which he founded in 1975.

Early life and education
Curtis was born in Curtis Corner, Leeds, Maine to Archie, a fifth-generation farmer of the family land there, and Harriet (Turner) Curtis. He attended Cony High School in Augusta and graduated in 1949. He then attended Maine Maritime Academy and received a Bachelor of Science in 1952.

Curtis served in the United States Naval Reserve from 1953 to 1955 and was a lieutenant commander in the Korean War before leaving the Navy to pursue a law degree. He was admitted to the Maine Bar in 1958 and received a LL.B. from Portland University School of Law in 1959 and a LL.D. from Bates College in 1981.

Career

Curtis's political career began in 1956 when he worked for James Oliver's Democratic campaign for Maine's 1st congressional district. Oliver lost to Robert Hale in 1956 but won in 1958 with Curtis serving as campaign manager. Curtis worked as Oliver's assistant from 1959-1961.

In 1963, Curtis was appointed Maine Coordinator for the Area Redevelopment Administration by President John F. Kennedy and served in that position until 1964 when he campaigned for the 1st district seat but lost to Stan Tupper.

Curtis served as the Maine Secretary of State from 1965 to 1966.

In 1966, Curtis defeated Carlton Reed, the Maine Senate President and former Speaker of the House, in a primary election to challenge incumbent Republican Governor John Reed. In the 1966 Maine gubernatorial election, with campaign help from Robert F. Kennedy, Curtis defeated Reed 53%-47%.

Governor of Maine

First term, 1967–1971
Curtis was the 68th Governor of Maine and the youngest governor in the United States at the time.

In 1968, Curtis merged the University of Maine at Orono with five teachers' colleges throughout the state, creating the University of Maine System. In 1969, Curtis and the Republican legislature enacted Maine's first income tax, which as of 2021 still provides the bulk of the state's revenue. The administration also enacted several notable environmental protection measures, such as the Site Location of Development Act, and created the Department of Environmental Protection.

Curtis chaired the New England Governors' conference from 1969 to 1970 and was Chairman of the Environmental Task Force of the National Governors' Conference in the early 1970s.

In the 1970 Maine gubernatorial election, Curtis narrowly beat Maine Attorney General James Erwin by a margin of only 890 votes to win a second term.

Second term, 1971–1975
Curtis was the first Maine governor to serve two four-year terms. In 1972, he reorganized the Maine state government to cabinet system, replacing 150 independent agencies with 16 departments. The heads of these departments would be appointed by each currently-serving governor, whereas previously they had remained in their positions after being appointed by former governors.

According to the Maine Historical Society, Curtis was "one of a few sitting governors to climb Mt. Katahdin and canoe the Allagash River."

Post-gubernatorial career
In 1975, Curtis founded the Curtis Thaxter law firm with several colleagues, and he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1977 to 1978.

Curtis served as the United States Ambassador to Canada from 1979 to 1981. His tenure coincided with the Iran hostage crisis and the Canadian Caper, and Curtis handled  communication regarding the status of six American diplomats being sheltered by Canadian embassy staff in Tehran and eventually rescued by the CIA.

Curtis served as the 11th president of Maine Maritime Academy from 1986 to 1994.

Family
Curtis met Pauline "Polly" Brown while they both worked at Sears Roebuck in downtown Portland. They were married in 1956.

The Curtises had two children, Susan (born 1959)  and Angela (born 1961), both of whom were born with cystic fibrosis. On Tuesday, July 20, 1970, Susan died at Central Maine General Hospital in Lewiston of respiratory failure. She was 11 years old. Since Ken Curtis was serving his first term as governor, the family received numerous monetary donations in Susan's name, and friends and political supporters encouraged the Curtises to start a nonprofit organization with the funds. After researching specific needs throughout Maine, the newly-formed Susan L. Curtis Foundation opened Camp Susan Curtis in Stoneham, Maine in 1974 to serve economically disadvantaged Maine children.

The Curtises' second daughter, Angela Curtis Hall, who was also born with cystic fibrosis, died in 1996. She was 34.

The Curtises semi-retired to Florida from 1997 to 2017 and then returned to Maine. As of January 2021, they live in Scarborough. Curtis is Of Counsel at Curtis Thaxter, the Portland law firm he founded in 1975.

Appointments and honors

References

External links
 The Susan Curtis Foundation/Camp Susan Curtis
 George J. Mitchell Oral History Project interview, Bowdoin College, 2010
 "In Search of a Strong Agenda: An Interview with Kenneth M. Curtis", Maine Policy Review, Volume 1, Number 3, 1992
 Curtis Homestead Conservation Area, Leeds, Maine

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1931 births
20th-century American politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to Canada
American lawyers
American Protestants
Bates College alumni
Democratic National Committee chairs
Democratic Party governors of Maine
Living people
Maine Maritime Academy alumni
Military personnel from Maine
People from Leeds, Maine
People from Sarasota, Florida
United States Navy officers
University of Maine School of Law alumni

Kenneth M. Curtis


Daniel Wayne Ardoin (born July 8, 1974) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played five seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2000 to 2008 for the Minnesota Twins, Texas Rangers, Colorado Rockies, Baltimore Orioles, and Los Angeles Dodgers.

High school years
Ardoin attended Sacred Heart High School in Ville Platte, Louisiana, where he played for Scott Carter and helped lead the Trojans to a state title in 1992. He was also a letterman in football, baseball, golf and track.  In baseball, he was named the Class AA Most Valuable Player as a senior.  Ardoin was heavily recruited as a senior by the Seattle Mariners and the Cincinnati Reds, but chose to play JUCO ball at Texarkana Junior College, and then attended McNeese State University.

Early career
Ardoin was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the fifth round of the 1995 MLB draft, and made his professional baseball debut with the Southern Oregon A's in the Northwest League. He made his way up through the A's farm system from 1996 to 2000, playing for the Modesto A's, Visalia Oaks, Huntsville Stars, Vancouver Canadians, and Sacramento River Cats.

On July 31, 2000, the A's traded Ardoin to the Minnesota Twins for Mario Valdez, and he was assigned to the AAA Salt Lake Buzz.

Minnesota Twins
After only three games with the Buzz, Ardoin made his major league debut on August 2, 2000 against the Baltimore Orioles, going hitless in two at-bats with three walks and a run scored.  He played in 15 games with the Twins that year, finishing with a .125 batting average. He hit his first major league home run (his only one of the season) in the first inning on August 10 off the Tampa Bay Devil Rays' Tanyon Sturtze.

He spent the entire 2001 season at AAA with the Edmonton Trappers, hitting .255 in 302 at-bats and then became a free agent.

Kansas City Royals/Texas Rangers
Ardoin signed with the Kansas City Royals in December 2001 and played 25 games with the Omaha Royals before they released him. He was soon picked up by the Texas Rangers and played for their farm teams, the Tulsa Drillers and Oklahoma RedHawks. He spent two more seasons with Oklahoma, before getting another shot at the majors in late 2004 with the Rangers, appearing in six games for the team and getting one hit in eight at-bats.

Colorado Rockies
Ardoin next signed with the Colorado Rockies as a free agent in 2005 and began the season with the Colorado Springs Sky Sox. He was called up to the Rockies because of poor performance by the starting catcher J.D. Closser and an injury to backup Todd Greene. Ardoin set career highs in every offensive category, despite playing regularly in only the second half of the season. He compiled a .229 batting average with 6 home runs and 22 runs batted in.

The  season began with Ardoin slated for a platoon catching role with free agent acquisition Yorvit Torrealba; however, with Torrealba injuring his shoulder during spring training, Ardoin assumed the starting role. Although Ardoin was one of the top defensive catchers in baseball, his offense struggled during the first two months of the 2006 season. In his first 94 at-bats, Ardoin hit for a .191 batting average with no home runs and two runs batted in.

Ardoin strained his left knee while tagging out Los Angeles Dodgers outfielder José Cruz Jr. on a play at home plate, and he was placed on the disabled list on May 27. Closser was recalled from the Rockies' Triple-A affiliate to fill in during Ardoin's absence. When Ardoin returned from his injury, the Rockies optioned Closser back to Triple-A; however, after being back with the Rockies for five games, Ardoin was designated for assignment on August 25, 2006, clearing a roster spot for rookie prospect Chris Iannetta.

Baltimore Orioles
On August 30, Ardoin was claimed by the Baltimore Orioles. He was immediately thrust into action with injuries to Orioles starting catcher Ramón Hernández and backup catcher Chris Widger. He appeared in only five games with the O's and recorded one hit in 13 at-bats before being released in September.

Nationals/Astros/Cardinals
Ardoin signed a minor league contract by the Washington Nationals prior to the 2007 season and was invited to spring training. He did not make the club and was traded to the Houston Astros for pitcher Wade Robinson on March 26. Ardoin spent the 2007 season in the minor league organizations of the Astros (Round Rock Express) and the St. Louis Cardinals (Memphis Redbirds).

Los Angeles Dodgers
Ardoin began the 2008 season with the Las Vegas 51s, the Triple-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers. On May 20, 2008, his contract was purchased by the Dodgers and he was recalled after backup catcher Gary Bennett was placed on the disabled list. Ardoin made his Dodgers debut on May 27 in the starting lineup against the Chicago Cubs. He stayed in the bigs as Russell Martin's lone backup and was named to the Dodgers playoff roster after they clinched the National League West, but did not play in the playoffs.

In the offseason, the Dodgers signed three-time Gold Glove winner Brad Ausmus to be the new backup catcher, and transferred Ardoin to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes where he was scheduled to back up prospect A. J. Ellis. Ardoin got hurt and spent most of his final professional season on the minor league disabled list.

Personal life
Ardoin lives with his wife Hope and four children in Moss Bluff, Louisiana. Currently Ardoin works at Mike Willis Ford in Sulphur, Louisiana as the General Manager.

Ardoin's son, Silas, graduated high school in 2019 and went on to catch for the University of Texas Longhorns baseball team, advancing to the College World Series in 2021 and 2022. Silas was selected in the 4th round of the 2022 Major League Baseball draft, 107th overall by the Baltimore Orioles.

References

External links

 Ardoin sees no barrier in debut

1974 births
Living people
Major League Baseball catchers
Sacred Heart High School (Ville Platte, Louisiana) alumni
Baseball players from Louisiana
Minnesota Twins players
Texas Rangers players
Colorado Rockies players
Baltimore Orioles players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Edmonton Trappers players
Las Vegas 51s players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Visalia Oaks players
Huntsville Stars players
Sacramento River Cats players
Vancouver Canadians players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Texarkana Bulldogs baseball players
McNeese Cowboys baseball players
Salt Lake Buzz players
Omaha Royals players
Tulsa Drillers players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Round Rock Express players
Memphis Redbirds players
Modesto A's players
Southern Oregon A's players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
People from Ville Platte, Louisiana

Danny Ardoin


Albert Bruno Amédée Lantonnois van Rode (19 June 1852 – 2 April 1934) was a Belgian Lieutenant General descendant from an aristocratic family. He was Vice-Governor General of the Congo Free State and later commanded a division during World War I.

Early years

Lantonnois van Rode was born in Mons on 19 June 1852, son of Lambert Lantonnois and Emilie Hubertine Ghislaine van Rode de Schellebrouck.
He entered the Military Academy in April 1870, and was appointed second lieutenant on 8 April 1872.
On 10 December 1877 he was appointed to the first regiment of guides.
He was commander of the 8th Line Regiment (1903–1905) and of the 1st Regiment of Grenadiers (1905–1908).
Lantonnois was commander of the West Flanders Province from 1908 to 1909.

Congo

In November 1905 Lantonnois was stationed as Vice-Governor General of the Congo at Boma, the main port and capital of the colony.
In July 1906 he sent a troop of 20 soldier to Kingoye on the border with the French Congo to establish Belgian authority.
The Baptist Missionary Society (BMS) mission at Yakusu, just below the Stanley Falls, was at first on good terms with the authorities.
However, as their influence grew there were rumours that the British planned to take over the region.
In January 1907 the Lantonnois ordered the district commissioner of the Orientale Province to take vigorous measures to counter the influence of the Protestants.

In June 1908 Lantonnois received a request from Colonel Jan Oomen for permission to be allowed to build a mission at Basankusu. Lantonnois forwarded Oomen's request to the Colonial Ministry in Brussels, where there was a long delay before permission was obtained.
In November 1909 Lantonnois had to deal with a crisis when a British force from Uganda moved into the Mfumbiro region to the north of Lake Kivu. He moved troops into the region and asked permission to attack, which was refused by the Belgian authorities, who correctly considered that arbitration would be a more profitable approach.

Later career

Lantonnois was Inspector-General of the Infantry from 1913 to 1914.
He was Commander of the 6th Army Division from 1914 until January 1915.
He was appointed Lieutenant-General of the Infantry.
Lantonnois van Rode married Marie Thérèse Joséphine Goethals, and they had three children.
He died at Ixelles on 2 April 1934.

Honours
  :
 Grand Officer Order of Leopold
 Grand Officer Order of the Crown
 War Cross
  : Knight of the Order of the African Star

References

Sources

1852 births
1934 deaths
Belgian Army generals of World War I
Congo Free State officials
People from Mons
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Officers of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Royal Military Academy (Belgium) alumni

Albert Lantonnois van Rode


Codename: Kids Next Door – Operation: V.I.D.E.O.G.A.M.E. (Villains In Detention Escape Outpost Growing Amalgamation Mega Enormously) is a 2005 platform game developed by High Voltage Software and published by Global Star Software. It was released for the GameCube, Xbox, and PlayStation 2, and is based on the American animated television series Codename: Kids Next Door, which aired from 2002 to 2008 on Cartoon Network.

Operation: V.I.D.E.O.G.A.M.E. is one of the only two video games to be solely based on Codename: Kids Next Door. The other, Operation: S.O.D.A., is a 2D platform game developed by Vicarious Visions for the Game Boy Advance.

Plot
One day, the KND are playing a videogame. While Numbuh 2 gives Numbuh 1 a training simulation helmet, which according to Numbuh 2 "a numbuh one size fits all." Then, the Toilenator shows up and ties up the rest of the team, while Numbuh 1 thinks this is a simulation, not the real thing. So after he defeats the "simulated" Toilenator, he decides to throw him out the window, which he also thinks is simulated. After Numbuh 1 frees the team, and they inform him that the Toilenator is, in fact real, Numbuh 86 reports. The most dangerous villains the KND has fought have escaped from the maximum security prison at the KND Arctic Base. Numbuh 86 states that while she will normally get the other KND sectors to help out they are all at the beach and so Sector V is tasked with recapturing the villains and taking them to their even more maximum security prison on the dark side of the moon. She also mentions that Gramma Stuffum has taken over the Sprinkle Puff Donut Shoppe and is filling the donuts with liver and spinach creme Numbuh 1 has decided to go after Gramma Stuffum and assigns Numbuhs 2, 3, and 5 to track down the other villains while leaving Numbuh 4 to guard the Treehouse (a role in which with he is not happy). Numbuh 1 makes his way through the Sprinkle Puff Donut Shoppe through a giant oven, a giant fan, a river of dough, and finally confronting Gramma Stuffum and her Chuck Wagon in her lair. After he defeats Gramma Stuffum Numbuh 1 gets a call from Numbuh 4 (who really needs the toilet) informing him that the KND Treehouse is covered in snot. Numbuh 1 is convinced that all the snot means the Common Cold has invaded the treehouse. He informs all of Sector V that the treehouse is under attack and Numbuh 5 heads back to stop him meanwhile a mysterious person steals the engine core from the Chuck Wagon.

Arriving back at the treehouse Numbuh 5 finds out that the Common Cold has infected the Treehouse Security System And turns the defences against her so Numbuh 5 is tasked to get through the snot infested Treehouse to try and turn off the Treehouse Security System, defeat the Flu Bugs and W.A.T.C.H.B.O.T.S and free Numbuh 4.

After Numbuh 5 achieves this, the Common Cold introduces his Snot Bomber, which happens to be floating outside the treehouse. Numbuh 2 appears piloting the KND C.O.O.L.B.U.S, which he uses to chase the Common Cold through the countryside, city and finally confronting the Snot Bomber at the beach. Afterwards the same mysterious person appears in a jetpack and takes the power core from the Snot Bomber, causing it to plummet to the ground, but Numbuh 2 doesn't notice this because he is trying to pick up the phone he dropped.

While Numbuh 4 is at 'the toilet we never use' (as all the other toilets are still full of snot and he has been holding it in since the Common Cold captured him), the power goes out and one-by-one, Count Spankulot has turned the KND (excluding Numbuh 4) into spank-happy vampires.

Once Numbuh 4 finds out about his teammates, he travels through the treehouse to find and defeat them.

Once all the KND are back to normal, they have decided their next course of action will be catching all the hamsters to repower the treehouse (as Count Spankulot has released them while Numbuh 4 is fighting the other KND members). Unfortunately chasing the hamsters tires them out, except for Numbuh 3, who thinks this as a game. So Numbuh 3 is assigned to catch all the hamsters throughout the treehouse and restart the power core.

Once Numbuh 3 powers up the treehouse, Numbuh 1 has decided to strike back at Count Spankulot. Numbuh 1 heads out and browses the neighborhood to free children, defeat Count Spankulot's minions, and to confront Count Spankulot at the School Clocktower among a barrage of enemies.

After Count Spankulot's defeat, Numbuh 86 reports again. He states that while the KND are fighting Count Spankulot, Sector P has spotted Stickybeard and the Sweet Revenge off the coast of South Dakota. But their plan of using Numbuh 2's T.A.R.P.O.O.N to anchor a rope so Numbuh 5 may board the Sweet Revenge and capture Stickybeard has to be adjusted because of Numbuh 4's curiosity of pressing buttons resulted in the T.A.R.P.O.O.N being fired at the Treehouse instead of the Sweet Revenge so they make a plan to make a new T.A.R.P.O.O.N by collecting all the parts from the boats of Stickybeard's henchmen.

Once the new T.A.R.P.O.O.N. is built, Numbuh 2 fires it at the Sweet Revenge and Numbuh 5 slid along the T.A.R.P.O.O.N. rope to the ship.

Numbuh 5 then makes her way through the ship, defeating all of the pirates until she confronted Stickybeard in his candy treasury room. After Numbuh 5 defeats Stickybeard the mysterious person is revealed to be Numbuh 5's older sister Cree, who while once used to be a KND operative now works for the Delightful Children From Down the Lane and Father, then after she traps Numbuh 5 under Stickybeard she takes his candy cane peg leg and leaves.

Later that night, Numbuh 86 informs Sector V that Knightbrace is collecting fireflies for 'Bug Brite' glow in the dark toothpaste. Knowing Knightbrace has to be stopped (and the fact she adores fireflies). Numbuh 3 volunteers to browse the neighborhood for fireflies after finding and befriending one of the fireflies (and using her surprising knowledge of firefly speak) she convinces the firefly and any other fireflies that Knightbrace has not captured to help her burn through the garden fences to where the fireflies are being held captive, the School Clocktower. From here, Numbuh 3 uses the fireflies not being held captive to burn the jar lids open. This leaves a glow from the tower once the fireflies leave.

The fireflies grateful at being freed help the KND find the location of Knightbrace's Cavity Cave, from where Numbuh 1 will find the passcodes to open the path to Knightbrace's lair. Once here, Numbuh 1 crosses a river of pure fluoride and gets to a Dentadrone spawner to short circuit the entrance to Knightbrace's lair. Once in the lair, Numbuh 1 finds Knightbrace in his Dental Assault Chair.

After Numbuh 1 defeats Knightbrace, Numbuh 4 finds the Toilenator trying to flood the Treehouse with sewage (as he has tried to do at the beginning of the game). Numbuh 4 makes his way through the flooding treehouse, defeating the Toilenator's new henchmen, Scrummy Mummies and Poohemoths, to his room. Numbuh 4 challenges the Toilenator to a race to Numbuh 4's toilet. When Numbuh 4 wins, the Toilenator is sent to the C.O.O.L.B.U.S with the other villains.

The KND begin to take off after they have checked the villains. Since they are all there, the KND blast off for the moon in the C.O.O.L.B.U.S. While they're up there, Numbuh 2 mistakes the DCFDTL's Mega-Mansion for the Moon. The KND defeat all the Assault Satilities and the DCFDTL's Mega-Mansion.

But no sooner have the KND done this, the DCFDTL's Mega-Mansion sends out a beam which merges the villains. With the amalgamation bearing down on them Sector V And Numbuh 86 activate the T.R.E.E.H.E.M.O.T.H. After the amalgamation is defeated an explosion destroys the amalgamation and sends the villains flying. Later at the Moon Base Sector V is given celebratory medals by Numbuh 86 then the credits roll. It's later discovered that the adventure is just Sector V playing the game as Numbuh 3 celebrates that they've finished the game and Numbuhs 2 and 5 discussing special moves for the game (with Numbuh 4 complaining that for the last time, sneaking is not a special move) Numbuh 1 reminds Sector V that the video game is in fact an important training exercise. However, the Toilenator then arrives at the Treehouse just like in the beginning suggest the events in the game are going to repeat themselves in reality.

Reception
The game received generally mixed ratings, with the Gamecube version having overall better reception than the PS2 or Xbox versions. IGN rated it poorly, 4.0 out of 10, criticizing its bad camera angles and unreliable controls.

References

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 ^ "Aggregate score for Xbox". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2019-08-02. Retrieved 2019-07-08.

PlayStation 2 games
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2005 video games
Cartoon Network
Platform games
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