Tata Docomo was an Indian mobile network operator, a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Teleservices deriving its name from NTT Docomo who invested in the company in 2008. In October 2017, Bharti Airtel announced a merger deal with Tata Teleservices and the acquisition of Tata Docomo. As of 21 July 2019, all Tata Docomo users are merged with Airtel network and provided with all the Airtel services.

The consumer mobile businesses of Tata Docomo, Tata Teleservices (TTSL) and Tata Teleservices Maharashtra Limited (TTML) have been merged into Bharti Airtel from 1 July 2019.

History

Tata Docomo was part of the Indian conglomerate Tata Group. The company received the licence to operate GSM services in nineteen telecom circles and was allotted spectrum in eighteen of these circles and launched GSM services on 24 June 2009. It began operations first in South India and currently operates GSM services in eighteen of twenty two telecom circles. It has licences to operate in Delhi but has not been allocated spectrum from the Government. Docomo provides services throughout India. Tata Docomo offers both prepaid and postpaid Mobile Phone services. It has become very popular with its one-second pulse, especially in semi-urban and rural areas.

In November 2008, NTT Docomo invested  in Tata Teleservices, at  a share for a 26.5% stake in the latter. Docomo, TTSL and Tata Sons had in March 2009 signed shareholder agreement for the business alliance. In March 2009, Docomo acquired a 27.31% in Tata Teleservices for Rs 12,924 crore and 20.25% in Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Ltd, the listed arm of TTSL, for 949 crore. Overall, Docomo holds 26.5% in Tata Teleservices.

On 5 November 2010, Tata Docomo became the first private sector telecom company to launch 3G services in India. Tata Docomo had about 49 million users at the end of March 2017.

In April 2011, Tata Docomo signed Bollywood actor Ranbir Kapoor as its brand ambassador on a three-year contract, now the contract is expired. For the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, actors Vijay and Ram Charan are the brand ambassadors respectively.

In October 2017, Bharti Airtel announced its acquisition of Tata Docomo having roughly 17 million subscribers.

Rebranding & Reformation

On 20 October 2011, the Tata Group brought its brands – Indicom (CDMA), Walky (Fixed Wireless Phone), Photon INTERNET – under the Tata Docomo brand. All subscribers to these services were transited to the Tata Docomo's network on 20 October 2011. In 2015, Virgin Mobile India company was merged with Tata Docomo. T24 Mobile company was merged with Tata Docomo on 15 August 2018. All operations around these companies across India had merged into Tata Docomo's entity to form second largest CDMA and GSM network in India.

NTT Docomo Exit
According to the agreement between the Tata Group and NTT Docomo, the latter had the right to sell its stake if Tata Docomo missed performance targets, with Tata getting right of the first refusal. On 25 April 2014, NTT Docomo had announced that they would sell all of their shares in Tata Docomo and exit the Indian telecom industry as they had incurred a total loss of $1.3 billion. Under the joint venture agreement between the two groups, NTT Docomo would either increase its stake from 26.5% to 51%, or sell all of its shares, depending on the performance of Tata Docomo in the Indian market.

Since Tata was unable to find a buyer for the shares, they sought the approval of the RBI, in November 2014, to buy back the shares from NTT Docomo for $1.1 billion (at 58.045 per share), half the price paid by them in 2009. The RBI had approved the deal in January 2015, but however, went back on their decision and rejected the deal in March 2015, citing FEMA regulations. Following the RBI decision, the Tata Group offered to purchase Docomo's stake at 23.34 a share on the basis of a fair market value determined on 30 June 2014 by PwC. NTT Docomo then moved the London Court of International Arbitration seeking a valuation of 58 a share.

On 28 February 2017, Tata and NTT Docomo resolved their dispute, after the former announced that it would pay the latter US$1.18 billion in exchange for NTT Docomo's shares in the joint venture. On 31 October, $1.27 billion was paid to NTT Docomo by Tata Sons, thus ending the dispute.

Acquisition by Bharti Airtel

On 12 October 2017, Bharti Airtel proposed a deal for the acquisition of Tata Group's Telecommunications including, Tata Teleservices and Tata Docomo. Tata Group made deal with Airtel, to sell its assets in debt-cash free deal which will only include TTSL's spectrum liability.
Competition Commission of India (CCI) and the Department of Telecom (DoT) gave approval for Airtel to proceed with the deal.

Network

3G
On 19 May 2010, the 3G spectrum auction in India ended. Tata Teleservices paid 5,864.29 crores for spectrum in 10 circles. These circles obtained 3G licences and they are Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra & Goa, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh (West).

References

Telecommunications companies of India
Mobile phone companies of India
Mass media companies based in Delhi
Companies based in New Delhi
Indian companies established in 2008
Mass media companies established in 2008
Telecommunications companies established in 2008
NTT Docomo
Tata Teleservices
Bharti Airtel
2008 establishments in Delhi
Companies disestablished in 2019

Tata Docomo


Wallum Lake is a  lake that lies in Burrillville, Providence County, Rhode Island and Douglas, Worcester County, Massachusetts. It is adjacent to Douglas State Forest and Wallum Lake Park.

There are two paved boat ramps: one at the north end off Wallum Lake Road, Douglas, Massachusetts, the second at the southern extreme in Burrillville, Rhode Island. A study reported ten species of fish, based upon a 1994 summer sampling. Largemouth bass, yellow perch and bluegills are common. Additional species present included pumpkinseed, chain pickerel, landlocked alewife, brood salmon and eels. Licenses from either state are valid, but Rhode Island regulations apply.

Wallum Lake has been stocked with rainbow trout and brown trout. Rainbow trout are stocked on a put-and-take basis, and the state of Rhode Island has stocked numerous landlocked salmon and occasionally broodstock salmon.

References

Burrillville, Rhode Island
Lakes of Providence County, Rhode Island
Lakes of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Douglas, Massachusetts

Wallum Lake


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The first USS Tuscarora was a Mohican-class sloop of war in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.

Tuscarora was laid down on 27 June 1861 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by Merrick & Sons; launched on 24 August 1861; sponsored by Miss Margaret Lardner; and commissioned on 5 December 1861, Commander Tunis A. M. Craven in command.

Searching for Confederate raiders, 1861–1864
Later that month, Tuscarora sailed for Southampton, England, under orders to capture or sink the cruiser . Nashville had run the Union blockade on 21 October and docked at Southampton after crossing the Atlantic, becoming the first vessel to show the Confederate flag in English waters. She finally weighed anchor and departed on 3 February 1862, but Tuscarora was unable to pursue her as English law required that two belligerent vessels leave port separated by not less than 24 hours. Comdr. Craven then sailed for Gibraltar where, upon his arrival on 12 February, he found the raider  – Comdr. Raphael Semmes in command – anchored.

For almost two months, Craven and Semmes exchanged verbal broadsides both with each other and with the British authorities. Semmes then cleverly feigned preparations for departure, only to abandon Sumter in port on 11 April. Tuscarora remained at Gibraltar until relieved by her sister ship, , on 12 June. She put in at Cadiz, Spain, on 18 June, for repairs.

On June 23, she received orders to sail immediately for England and to deploy off the coast in search of the recently launched Confederate raider . Tuscarora reconnoitered the southern coasts of England and Ireland and scoured the Irish Channel without finding any trace of the vessel. On  26 August 1862 she docked at Queenstown (now Cobh) in Ireland, but was ordered to leave despite a gale.  Three days later, she came in to Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire)for supplies and repairs.  While there, she was under observation from HMS Shannon (1855) and HMS Ajax (1809).  She left shortly and returned to Spanish waters in September. She cruised off the Azores during October, but again found nothing. On 1 December 1862, Tuscarora was ordered to remain off the European coast and to protect American shipping. On 15 March 1863, she reported that she had no intelligence that Confederate vessels were operating in her area. She returned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard later that month.

Tuscarora left Philadelphia on 6 June 1863, bound for the New York Navy Yard. She got underway again on 14 June to search for the bark  and patrolled off Bermuda before putting into Hampton Roads for supplies on 22 June. Two days later, she headed north and cruised between Cape Henry and the coast of Nova Scotia before arriving at Boston, Massachusetts, 12 days later. During her time at sea, she failed to locate Tacony. During August, Tuscarora searched for Confederate raiders off the Grand Banks, Newfoundland, but encountered none before she returned to Boston on 3 September.

Early in October, Tuscarora left Boston for duty with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. She arrived off Wilmington, North Carolina, on October 7 and was ordered to Beaufort, North Carolina, where she served as a storeship. The vessel subsequently returned to Boston and was decommissioned there on 4 June 1864.

North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1864–1865
Tuscarora was recommissioned at Boston on 3 October 1864 and reassigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. She put in at Hampton Roads on 8 October and took up blockade station off Wilmington. Tuscarora participated in the unsuccessful attempt to take Fort Fisher, on 24 December and 25 December. In mid-January 1865, she returned to waters off Wilmington, and a landing party from the vessel helped to capture the fort on the 15th. She suffered three men killed and 12 wounded during the assault.

South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, 1865
The next day, Tuscarora was reassigned to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Towing monitor , she sailed for Port Royal, South Carolina, on 17 January, and arrived on the 20th to deploy off Georgetown, South Carolina. She was transferred to the blockade off Ossabaw Sound, Georgia, on 5 March 1865, and escorted Jefferson Davis, his family, and other captured Confederate officials aboard the steamer William P. Clyde from Port Royal to Hampton Roads on 16 May to 19 May. After disembarking her famous passengers at Fort Monroe, Tuscarora continued north to the Boston Navy Yard where she was decommissioned on 30 May.

Post-Civil War, 1865–1880
Tuscarora was recommissioned later in the year and sailed on 2 November 1865 for the Pacific Ocean via Cape Horn. She served with the South Pacific Squadron from 1866 until May 1869. She stood off Valparaíso, Chile, during the Spanish bombardment on 31 March 1866 and was also present at Callao, Peru, when the Spanish shelled it on 2 May. In 1867, Tuscarora stopped at Tahiti and other islands of the Society group. She also touched at Fiji, where she received payment of awards made to United States citizens in 1855 and 1858 for injuries and losses sustained as a result of acts of the natives.

Tuscarora returned to South America in 1868 and was placed at the disposal of the Chilean government to assist victims of the great earthquake which had occurred on 18 November 1867. In February 1869, she investigated the imprisonment of the United States consul at Buenaventura, Colombia, and moved to Valparaíso at the end of the month. She departed Valparaíso on 12 May bound for the North Atlantic and arrived at Key West, Florida, on 28 July. Tuscarora ended the year stationed at Aspinwall, Colombia, now Colón, Panama.

Tuscarora remained at Aspinwall until April 1870; then returned to Key West. She cruised off the coast of Cuba in June and escorted the ironclads , , and  from New Orleans to Key West. After again cruising the Caribbean, she arrived at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on 31 January 1871 and was decommissioned there on 10 February. She was recommissioned on 16 May 1872 and assigned to the South Pacific Station. Tuscarora left Portsmouth on 22 June and arrived at Valparaiso on 9 September. She remained in South American waters through June 1873, sailing for San Francisco via Acapulco on 17 May. After her arrival on 25 June, Tuscarora departed San Francisco and surveyed the sea floor off the northwest coast to determine a suitable route for a submarine cable. The vessel returned to San Francisco on 6 November.

In January 1874, Tuscarora took soundings for a submarine cable route between the United States, Japan, and China. The ship arrived at Honolulu, Oahu, in February. A force of 150 officers, bluejackets, and marines from her and from , under the command of Lt.-Cdr. Theodore F. Jewell, quelled a large riot that followed the election of King David Kalākaua at the request of U.S. Minister Henry A. Peirce. Order was restored by the 20th. After performing additional survey work, Tuscarora returned to San Francisco for refitting in October.

Tuscarora was transferred to the North Pacific Station on 11 October 1874 and left for Honolulu on 1 November with orders to take soundings of the ocean bottom every . She remained at Honolulu through January 1875. The vessel touched at Samoa in March and returned to Honolulu in June and to San Francisco in July. She left in September and performed survey work in the South Pacific, visiting the Fiji Islands, Australia, and Samoa. During her voyages, she made over 500 ocean floor soundings and temperature readings, discovering the depth of the Japan Trench and the Aleutian Trench. She returned to San Francisco and was decommissioned at the Mare Island Navy Yard on 14 September 1876. Tuscarora was laid up for repairs during 1877.

Tuscarora was recommissioned at Mare Island on 10 January 1878, and was assigned special oceanic survey work off the western coasts of Central and South America. She returned to Mare Island for repairs on 30 June 1879 but headed south again on 25 September to resume her duties. Tuscarora again returned to Mare Island on 21 April 1880 and was decommissioned there on 31 May 1880 for repairs. The repairs and modifications were never completed, and the vessel was struck from the Navy List in 1883.

Tuscarora was sold at Mare Island to W. E. Mighell on 20 November 1883.

See also

Confederate States Navy

References

Notes

Sloops of the United States Navy
Ships built in Philadelphia
Ships of the Union Navy
1861 ships

USS Tuscarora


Donald Sankey Farner (May 2, 1915 Waumandee, Wisconsin – May 18, 1988) was an American ornithologist. He received his BS from Hamline University, and his MA and PhD from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He served in the Navy's Medical Service Corps in World War II and later retired with the rank of captain. He was president of the American Ornithologists' Union from 1973 to 1975. He was also President of the 17th International Ornithological Congress and prepared its statutes and by-laws. He served as dean of the graduate school at Washington State University.

Among other things, he wrote several volumes on avian biology and works on the fauna of Crater Lake. His honors included a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1957 and the Brewster Medal in 1960.

His doctoral students include James R. King. Brian Follett was a postdoc in Farner's laboratory investigating photoperiodism.

References

People from Buffalo County, Wisconsin
Hamline University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Writers from Wisconsin
American ornithologists
1915 births
1988 deaths
20th-century American zoologists

Donald S. Farner


William Bernard O'Donoghue (1843 – 16 March 1878) was an Irish-American noted as having been the treasurer in the provisional government established by Louis Riel at the Red River Colony during the Red River Rebellion of 1869 – 1870. However, after fleeing to the United States with Riel on 24 August 1870, he subsequently broke with him following a meeting on 17 September where O'Donoghue unsuccessfully argued that the American government should be asked to intercede on behalf of the Métis people. O'Donoghue had by 1871 formed an association with the Fenian Brotherhood, and on 5 October of that year led a force of 35 men on a cross-border raid into Manitoba.  The raid failed to attract the support of the Métis, and in fact, O'Donoghue was arrested by them and released to American authorities in Minnesota. Following the failed Fenian invasion of Manitoba, O'Donoghue was employed as a schoolteacher. He died of tuberculosis in St. Paul, Minnesota on 16 March 1878.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1843 births
1878 deaths
19th-century Irish people
People from County Sligo
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
People of the Red River Rebellion
Tuberculosis deaths in Minnesota
Irish expatriates in Canada
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia

William Bernard O'Donoghue


IronRuby is an implementation of the Ruby programming language targeting Microsoft .NET Framework. It is implemented on top of the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), a library running on top of the Common Language Infrastructure that provides dynamic typing and dynamic method dispatch, among other things, for dynamic languages.

The project is currently inactive, with the last release of IronRuby (version 1.1.3) being in March 2011.

History
On April 30, 2007, at MIX 2007, Microsoft announced IronRuby, which uses the same name as Wilco Bauwer's IronRuby project with permission. It was planned to be released to the public at OSCON 2007.

On July 23, 2007, as promised, John Lam and the DLR Design Team presented the pre-Alpha version of the IronRuby compiler at OSCON.  He also announced a quick timeline for further integration of IronRuby into the open source community.

On August 31, 2007, John Lam and the DLR Design Team released the code in its pre-alpha stage on RubyForge. The source code has continued to be updated regularly by the core Microsoft team (but not for every check-in). The team also does not accept community contributions for the core Dynamic Language Runtime library, at least for now.

On July 24, 2008, the IronRuby team released the first binary alpha version, in line with OSCON 2008. On November 19, 2008, they released a second Alpha version.

The team actively worked to support Rails on IronRuby. Some Rails functional tests started to run, but a lot of work still needed to be done to be able to run Rails in a production environment.

On May 21, 2009, they released 0.5 version in conjunction with RailsConf 2009. With this version, IronRuby could run some Rails applications, but still not on a production environment.

Version 0.9 was announced as OSCON 2009. This version improved performance. Version 1.0 RC1 became available on November 20, 2009.

Version 1.0 became available on April 12, 2010, in two different versions:
 The preferred one, which runs on top of .NET 4.0.
 A version with more limited features, which ran on top of .NET 2.0. This version was the only one compatible with Mono.

The IronRuby team planned to support Ruby 1.8.6 only for 1.0 point releases, and 1.9 version only for upcoming 1.x releases, skipping support for Ruby 1.8.7.

In July 2010, Microsoft let go Jimmy Schementi, one of two remaining members of the IronRuby core team, and stopped funding the project. In October 2010 Microsoft announced the Iron projects (IronRuby and IronPython) were being changed to "external" projects and enabling "community members to make contributions without Microsoft's involvement or sponsorship by a Microsoft employee".

The last published release of IronRuby was on March 13, 2011 as version 1.1.3.

Architecture

Mono support
IronRuby may run as well on Mono as it does on Microsoft Common Language Runtime (CLR), but as the IronRuby team only tests it with the CLR on Windows., it may not build on Mono depending on the build.

.NET interoperability
The interoperability between IronRuby classes and regular .NET Framework classes is very limited because many Ruby classes are not .NET classes. However, better support for dynamic languages in .NET 4.0 may increase interoperability in the future.

Silverlight support
IronRuby was supported on Silverlight. It could be used as a scripting engine in the browser just like the JavaScript engine. IronRuby scripts were passed like simple client-side JavaScript-scripts in <script>-tags. It is then also possible to modify embedded XAML markup.

The technology behind this was called Gestalt.

//DLR initiation script.
<script src="http://gestalt.ironruby.net/dlr-latest.js" type="text/javascript">

//Client-side script passed to IronRuby and Silverlight.
<script type="text/ruby">
    window.Alert("Hello from Ruby")
</script>

The same worked for IronPython.

Testing infrastructure
IronRuby integrated RubySpec, which is a project to write a complete, executable specification for the Ruby programming language. The IronRuby Git repo includes a copy of the RubySpec tests, including the MSpec test framework.

License
IronRuby was previously released under the Microsoft Public License, which is OSI-certified BSD-style license.

On July 16, 2010, Microsoft re-licensed IronRuby along with the DLR under the Apache License 2.0.

Further reading

See also

 IronPython
 IronScheme
 JRuby
 Ruby on Rails, an open source web application framework for Ruby

References

External links
IronRuby home page
IronRuby  on Codeplex
IronRuby source code
S. Somasegar's blog entry announcing IronRuby
State of IronRuby by John Lam at RubyConf 2007
IronRuby: The Right Language for the Right Job by John Lam at PDC2008

Ruby (programming language)
.NET programming languages
Beta software
Free software programmed in C Sharp
Microsoft free software
Microsoft programming languages
Software using the Apache license
2007 software

IronRuby


"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" is a Christmas song released in 1971 as a single by John & Yoko/Plastic Ono Band with the Harlem Community Choir. It was the seventh single release by John Lennon outside his work with the Beatles. The song reached number four in the UK, where its release was delayed until November 1972, and has occasionally re-emerged on the UK Singles Chart, most notably after Lennon's murder in December 1980, when it peaked at number two.

Also a protest song against the Vietnam War, "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" has since become a Christmas standard, frequently recorded by other artists, appearing on compilation albums of seasonal music, and named in polls as a holiday favourite. In a UK-wide poll in December 2012, it was voted tenth on the ITV television special The Nation's Favourite Christmas Song.

Background
"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" was the culmination of more than two years of peace activism undertaken by John Lennon and Yoko Ono that began with the bed-ins they convened in March and May 1969, the first of which took place during their honeymoon. The song's direct antecedent was an international multimedia campaign launched by the couple in December 1969 – at the height of the counterculture movement and its protests against America's involvement in the Vietnam War – that primarily consisted of renting billboard space in 12 major cities around the world for the display of black-and-white posters that declared "WAR IS OVER! If You Want It – Happy Christmas from John & Yoko". Although a similar line had previously appeared in the 1968 anti-war songs "The War Is Over" by Phil Ochs and "The Unknown Soldier" by the Doors (which features the refrain "The war is over"), the use of "War is over" (minus the definite article) by Lennon and Ono may be coincidental; there is no evidence to confirm that they were acquainted with these earlier works, or if so whether they were influenced by them.

Recognising the accessibility and popular appeal that made his 1971 single "Imagine" more commercially successful than his other post-Beatles songs, Lennon concluded, "Now I understand what you have to do: Put your political message across with a little honey." He conceived "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" as a means of elaborating upon the themes of social unity and peaceful change enacted through personal accountability and empowerment that served as the basis of the earlier billboard campaign, trying to convey optimism while avoiding the sentimentality that he felt often characterised Christmas songs.
From 1963 to 1969, the Beatles had issued special recordings at Christmas directly to members of their fan club.  After the group disbanded in 1970, Lennon was the first former member to release an original Christmas song.  "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" would be followed by George Harrison's "Ding Dong, Ding Dong" (1974), Paul McCartney's "Wonderful Christmastime" (1979) and Ringo Starr's album I Wanna Be Santa Claus (1999).

Recording
In late October 1971, with not much more than bare-bones melody and half-formed lyrics, Lennon recorded an acoustic guitar demo of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" in his rooms at the St. Regis Hotel in New York City, where he and Ono were living. Ono would receive co-writing credit, but the actual extent of her contribution at this initial stage is unclear since she did not participate in the demo, which was atypical of their collaborations. Another demo of the song was made in late October after the couple had taken an apartment in Greenwich Village. Lennon brought in Phil Spector to help produce, as he had with his previous two albums, John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine, which had been released in the US several weeks earlier. The first recording session was held on the evening of Thursday, 28 October, at the Record Plant studio. After the session musicians – some of whom had performed at one time or another as members of the Plastic Ono Band – laid down the basic instrumental backing and overdub tracks, Lennon and Ono added the main vocals. One of the four guitarists present filled in for bassist Klaus Voormann, whose flight from Germany had been delayed. The following day, Ono and the session musicians, including Voormann, recorded the single's B-side, "Listen, the Snow Is Falling". The Harlem Community Choir – 30 children, most of them four to twelve years of age – came to the studio on the afternoon of 31 October to record backing vocals for the counter-melody and sing-along chorus. Photographs for the original sleeve cover were also taken during that session by Iain Macmillan.

Composition
The song begins with spoken Christmas greetings from Ono and Lennon to their children from previous marriages: Ono whispers, "Happy Christmas, Kyoko", then Lennon whispers, "Happy Christmas, Julian". Lyric sheets accompanying the compilation albums Shaved Fish (1975) and The John Lennon Collection (1982) erroneously transcribe this introduction as, "Happy Christmas, Yoko. Happy Christmas, John."

When Lennon first played his demo for Phil Spector, the producer remarked that the song's opening line, "So this is Christmas…", was rhythmically identical to the 1961 single "I Love How You Love Me" by the Paris Sisters, which Spector himself had produced. At the recording studio, Lennon instructed the guitarists to incorporate mandolin-style riffs similar to the ones heard in "Try Some, Buy Some", a single that Spector and George Harrison had produced in February 1971 for his wife, Ronnie Spector, formerly of the Ronettes. Spector also included percussion instruments of the sort he used on the 1963 album A Christmas Gift for You.

In addition to these reappropriated elements, the chords and melodic structure of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" are similar to the traditional English ballad "Skewball", but with a different rhythmic meter, subsequent modulations and a wholly new and different chorus countermelody. The verses of the song are closest in structure to the 1963 rendition (titled "Stewball") by Peter, Paul and Mary.

Release
Apple Records released "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" and "Listen, the Snow Is Falling" in America on 1 December 1971 (Apple 1842). Issued in 7" single format on transparent green vinyl with a card-stock picture sleeve, the pressing bore two label variations, one of which displayed a sequence of five images that showed Lennon's face transforming into Ono's. This sequence was originally featured on the reverse cover of the exhibition catalogue for Ono's career retrospective This Is Not Here, presented in October 1971 at the Everson Museum of Art in Syracuse, New York.

A dispute between music publisher Northern Songs and Lennon over publishing rights delayed the release of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" in the UK until 24 November 1972 (Apple R 5870). The initial British run was issued in 7" single format on opaque green vinyl with the picture sleeve and variant label, but it sold out quickly and had to be repressed on standard black vinyl.

The song's first album appearance was on Shaved Fish, the only compilation of Lennon's solo recordings released during his lifetime. "Happy Xmas" was coupled there with part of a live version of "Give Peace a Chance", performed as the finale of Lennon and Ono's One to One benefit concert on 30 August 1972. Designed by Roy Kohara, the album cover is composed of illustrations by Michael Bryan representing each song on the album; for "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)", the image shows an aeroplane dropping a Christmas ornament instead of a bomb.

Over the years, "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" has been reissued in a number of single formats by Capitol, Geffen and Parlophone, sometimes in conjunction with the release of albums collecting Lennon's work. It has also appeared on compilations of Christmas songs, notably those from the Now That's What I Call Music! series.

A rough mix produced during the first recording session on 28 October 1971 was released in 1998 on the John Lennon Anthology.

Music videos
A music video for "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" appeared on The John Lennon Video Collection, released on VHS in 1992, corresponding to the 1989 reissue of The John Lennon Collection. It consisted of images from Lennon and Ono's 1969 "War is Over!" billboard campaign and candid photographs of the couple and their son Sean from the late 1970s, interspersed with a boys' choral ensemble singing along with the original Harlem Community Choir vocals.

In 2003, a new video was created for the remastered 5.1 version of the song for the DVD Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon. This version is composed of documentary footage, mostly depicting children, from the Vietnam War, in addition to recent scenes from various conflicts in the Horn of Africa, the Bosnian War, the 11 September 2001 attack in New York City, and the US wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. This version has over 21 million views on YouTube.

Reception
On its US single debut in 1971, "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" did not meet with much success. This was due to the single's late release, which resulted in limited airplay before Christmas, and a lack of promotion. The single peaked at number 36 on the Cash Box Top 100 Singles and number 28 on the Record World Singles Chart, and number 3 on the Billboard Christmas Singles chart. The single subsequently re-appeared on the Billboard Christmas charts in 1972, 1983, 1984, and 1985. The song appeared at number 32 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart for the week ending 6 January 1996.

"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" enjoyed immediate success in Britain when issued there in November 1972. The song peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart and number 10 on the listings compiled by Melody Maker. Since then, it has re-entered the UK Singles Chart nine more times. The most notable of these instances occurred immediately following Lennon's death on 8 December 1980. The single peaked at number 2 – behind another reissued Lennon single, "Imagine" – and remained on the chart for nine weeks.

Between December 1972 and February 1973, the song entered the top ten in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Singapore.

Ultimate Classic Rock critic Nick DeRiso rated it as Lennon's 5th greatest solo political song, noting that "Lennon took the opportunity to encourage Yuletide revelers toward a broader sense of pacifism."

Other versions
In 1985, Australian group the Incredible Penguins released a version of the song, which peaked at number 10 on the Australian singles chart in December 1985.

In later decades, "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" has gained a higher profile in the cultural mainstream due to an increasing proliferation of recordings by other musical artists, most having been recorded during the last twenty years. Among these, two have entered the Billboard charts, both of them in the same year. The first was released on 17 October 2006 by Canadian singer-songwriter Sarah McLachlan along with her album Wintersong, which was the best-selling Christmas album of the year and a Grammy nominee. It features backing vocals from the Children's and Youth Choirs of the Music Outreach Program at the Sarah McLachlan School of Music in Vancouver, British Columbia. Entering the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart at number 22 on the week ending 9 December 2006, it climbed to a peak position of number 5, four weeks later. The second was released on 12 December 2006 by American rock band The Fray as a digital download. It debuted at number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 41 on the Pop 100 in the week ending 31 December 2006, but stayed on the respective charts for only one more week.

Some of the earliest of the other versions of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" appear on holiday albums released by major pop singers, such as I Still Believe in Santa Claus (1990) by Andy Williams, The Christmas Album (1992) by Neil Diamond,  and A Very Special Season (1994) by Diana Ross.

Other notable recordings of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" include a 1991 version on the album Standards by The Alarm, a 1994 in-concert performance by Melissa Etheridge, a 1995 Brazilian version by Simone, the 2002 version by South African band Toxic Shame, the 2002 Maybe This Christmas version from Sense Field. American pop rock band Maroon 5 released a cover in 2005, in support of Amnesty International's Make Some Noise campaign. Australian singer Delta Goodrem recorded this song as a b-side on her 5th single Predictable. A 2009 version by mash-up band Beatallica on the album Winter Plunderband. On 13 December 2012, Sean Lennon performed the song with gospel singer Mavis Staples, Jeff Tweedy of the band Wilco, and the Harlem Gospel Choir on the Comedy Central program The Colbert Report. This version was made available for purchase on the music download site iTunes, and proceeds were donated to Hurricane Sandy disaster relief. During John Lennon 75th Birthday Concert Sheryl Crow, Aloe Blacc, and Peter Frampton performed the song with a children's chorus from The Stuttering Association for the Youth.

On 14 December 2018, Miley Cyrus and Mark Ronson recorded a version of the song featuring Lennon's son, Sean Ono Lennon. The three of them performed their cover on 15 December 2018 episode of Saturday Night Live, where Ronson and Cyrus were booked as the episode's musical guests. In November 2019 John Legend released a new version of the song, including string arrangements by Matt Jones which featured an improvised solo by violinist Scott Tixier. It reached number nine in the UK Singles Chart.The song was also covered in late 2019 by two VTubers Hime Tanaka and Hina Suzuki.

A French version was recorded by René Simard and his little sister Nathalie entitled "Noël Des Enfants" from René's album 18 ans déjà.

Personnel
 John Lennon – vocals, guitar, producer
 Yoko Ono – vocals, producer
 The Harlem Community Choir – backing vocals, Children's Choir
 May Pang – backing vocals
 Nicky Hopkins – piano, chimes, glockenspiel
 Teddy Irwin – guitar
 Jim Keltner – drums, sleigh bells
 Hugh McCracken – guitar
 Chris Osbourne – guitar
 Stuart Scharf – guitar
 Roy Cicala – recording engineer
 Phil Spector – producer

Chart performance

Original version

Celine Dion version

Maroon 5 version

Miley Cyrus and Mark Ronson feat. Sean Ono Lennon version

John Legend version

Certifications

John Lennon version

John Legend version

See also
 List of anti-war songs
 "The War Is Over", 1968 Phil Ochs song

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1971 singles
1972 singles
1971 songs
Anti-war songs
Apple Records singles
British Christmas songs
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
John Lennon songs
Plastic Ono Band songs
Songs of the Vietnam War
Song recordings produced by John Lennon
Song recordings produced by Yoko Ono
Song recordings produced by Phil Spector
Songs written by John Lennon

Happy Xmas (War Is Over)


Maqdisi () is an Arabic nisba referring to a Jerusalemite. It is derived from Bayt al-Maqdis, an Arabic name for Jerusalem, by way of the Hebrew Beit HaMikdash, the Temple in Jerusalem. Today, the common Arabic name of Jerusalem is al-Quds.

Al-Maqdisi () is surname the most commonly refer to Al-Maqdisi, a medieval Arab geographer born in Jerusalem.

It can also refer to a number of other people, including:

Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi, classical Palestinian Sunni Islamic scholar
Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, contemporary Jordanian-Palestinian Salafi Islamist scholar
Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi, a Hanbali Islamic scholar
Ibn Qudamah, Imam Mawaffaq ad-Din Abdullah Ibn Ahmad Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi, a Hanbali Islamic scholar
Ibn Tahir of Caesarea, Muslim historian and traditionist (c. 1057–1113)
Kamel al-Budeiri, governor of Ramla district during the later Ottoman period
Hisham Al-Saedni, known by the nom de guerre Abu al-Walid al-Maqdisi

See also
Qudsi (disambiguation)
Muqaddas (disambiguation)
Al-Quds (disambiguation)
Arabic name

Arabic-language surnames
Nisbas
Arabic words and phrases
Toponymic surnames
People from Jerusalem

de:Al-Maqdisi

Maqdisi


Suttons Seeds is a long established supplier of seeds, bulbs, and other horticultural products. Today based in the English town of Paignton, the company supplies its products worldwide, and until 2014 was part of the Vilmorin Clause & Compagnie group of companies.

History

Founding

Suttons Seeds were founded in the Berkshire town of Reading in 1806 by John Sutton (1777-1863). Originally the company traded as corn merchants and were known as the 'House of Sutton'. In 1832 John Sutton was joined in the business by his sons, Martin Hope Sutton (1815-1901) and Alfred Sutton (died 1897).

In 1837, the business moved to Reading's Market Place, where the sons persuaded their father to expand into the flower and vegetable seed trade. From this time on the firm progressed and expanded rapidly, earning a reputation for supplying pure, unadulterated seed.

The Market Place shop occupied a prominent position overlooking the Saturday vegetable and general market. Martin Hope acquired nursery grounds in Queens Road along with a greenhouse. By mid-1838 he began selling greenhouse plants, many of the bulbs coming from local nurseries, but some from the Netherlands. In 1836 Martin Hope, aged 21 years, became a partner and the 'House of Sutton' became Sutton & Son.

Suttons established their own laboratory to test seeds for germination and purity in 1840. In the same year, the company became one of the first to take advantage of the opening of the Great Western Railway through Reading. The railway was responsible both for bringing in large consignments of seeds and bulbs, and for carrying outgoing mail orders to all parts of the country.

A branch was established in Calcutta, India in 1912, making it one of earliest seed companies in India after Pune based Pestonjee P. Pocha & Sons stablished in 1884.

Royal patronage
Suttons received royal patronage in 1858, when Queen Victoria requested Martin Hope Sutton to supply seeds to the royal household. Suttons Seeds have held a Royal Warrant ever since, and are currently suppliers to Queen Elizabeth.

In 1873, extensive new offices and warehouses replaced the original premises, albeit still fronting Market Place. These occupied a considerable part of central Reading, stretching back apremises included offices, different store rooms for various seeds and bulbs, an exhibition department, stables and even a works fire station.  During the 1880s the company funded a Mission Room in Albert Road Reading and presumably employed a Mission Woman, Susan Warwick. (Census 1881)

20th century
In 1911, the company donated money towards the setting up of a new hall at the then University College Reading (later to become the University of Reading), providing half the funds for Wessex Hall (Brown, 2006).

In 1962, Suttons moved again to new show grounds and premises on the then main A4 road just to the east of Reading. In 1965, Suttons were the first company to offer foil packets to the amateur gardener in the UK. The company relocated from Reading to Torquay in the county of Devon in 1976 and in 1998 moved again to brand new premises in the nearby town of Paignton.

In December 2014, the company was taken over by a management buyout.

The Museum of English Rural Life holds records for the company including accounts, administrative and commercial records, publications and advertising, international photographic records, records of exhibitions and personal records plus over 100 objects used and made by Suttons, including sacks, signs and seeds.

References and sources
References

Sources
Suttons Seeds (2005). Suttons Seeds - History. Retrieved August 12, 2005.
Brown, C. (2006). Four Score & More. Reading: The University of Reading Press
Family Tree of Frederick Chater-Jack Family Tree of Frederick Chater Jack (Tree Format)
Family Tree of Frederick Chater-Jack Family Tree of Frederick Chater-Jack (List format)

External links

Horticultural companies of the United Kingdom
Seed companies
Companies based in Reading, Berkshire
History of Berkshire
Companies based in Devon
British royal warrant holders
Paignton
1806 establishments in England
British companies established in 1806

Suttons Seeds


Gerhard Ludwig Müller (; born 31 December 1947) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as the Cardinal-Prefect of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) from his appointment by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012 until 2017. Pope Francis elevated him to the rank of cardinal in 2014.

Early life
Gerhard Ludwig Müller was born in Finthen, a borough of Mainz, then in West Germany. After graduating from Willigis Episcopal High School in Mainz, he studied philosophy and theology in Mainz, Munich and Freiburg, Germany. In 1977, he received his Doctorate of Divinity under Karl Cardinal Lehmann for his thesis on the Protestant theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer and a second doctorate in theology, qualifying him for a chair in 1985, also under Lehmann on the theology of the "communion of saints."

Priestly ministry

Müller was ordained as a priest of the Diocese of Mainz, Germany, on 11 February 1978 by Cardinal Hermann Volk. He then served as a pastor of three parishes. In 1986, Müller was appointed to the chair of dogmatic theology of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he remains an honorary professor.

Episcopate

Pope John Paul II appointed him as Bishop of Regensburg, Germany, on 1 October 2002. He was ordained to the episcopacy on 24 November 2002, with Friedrich Wetter serving as the principal consecrator; his principal co-consecrators included Karl Lehmann, Vinzenz Guggenberger, and Manfred Müller. Gerhard Ludwig Müller elected "" ("Jesus is Lord") as his episcopal motto, which is derived from Romans 10:9.

On 20 December 2007, Pope Benedict XVI reappointed Müller for another five years as a member of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF). On 17 January 2009, he was also appointed as a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture. On 12 June 2012, Müller was appointed as a member of the Congregation for Catholic Education for a renewable term of five years and was also appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity.

In the Conference of German Bishops, Müller was Chairman of the Ecumenical Commission, Deputy Chairman of the Commission of the Doctrine of the Faith, and a member of the World Church Commission. He was also Vice Chairman of the Association of Christian Churches in Germany (ACK) and the first President of the Society for the Promotion of Eastern Church Institute in Regensburg, Germany.

As a personal friend of Pope Benedict XVI, he was mandated to prepare the publication of the Opera Omnia, i.e., a series of books that will collect in a single edition all of Pope Benedict's writings. Müller has written more than 400 works on dogmatic theology, ecumenism, revelation, hermeneutics, the presbytery, and the diaconate.

Curial service

On 2 July 2012, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Müller to a five-year term as the Prefect of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith and made him an archbishop as well. He became ex officio the President of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, the International Theological Commission, and the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei.

Müller said he hoped to halt the "growing polarization between traditionalists and progressives [which] is threatening the unity of the Church and generating strong tensions among its members". He continued by commenting on "traditionalists against progressives or whatever you would call them. This must be overcome[;] we need to find a new and fundamental unity in the Church and individual countries. Unity in Christ, not a unity produced according to a program and later invoked by a partisan speaker. We are not a community of people aligned to a party program, or a community of scientific research[;] our unity is gifted to us. We believe in the one Church united in Christ."

In an interview published on 1 February 2015, Müller objected to the criticism of the church for its mishandling of clerical sexual abuse cases and for its continued condemnation of contraception, same-sex marriage, and declared incapacity to ordain women. He said "Targeted discreditation campaigns against the Catholic Church in North America and also here in Europe have led to clerics in some areas being insulted in public. An artificially created fury is growing here which sometimes reminds one of a pogrom sentiment." His remarks were denounced by a variety of German politicians.

On 24 November 2012 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts. In November 2012, Müller said that traditionalist and progressive camps that see the Second Vatican Council as breaking with the truth both espouse a "heretical interpretation" of the council and its objectives. What Pope Benedict XVI had described as "the hermeneutic of reform, of renewal in continuity" is, for Müller, the "only possible interpretation according to the principles of Catholic theology."

On 19 February 2014, Müller was appointed a member of the Dicastery for the Oriental Churches.

In 2015, Müller described how he viewed the role of the CDF when the pope was not a theologian as Pope Benedict XVI had been. He said: "The arrival of a theologian like Benedict XVI in the chair of St. Peter was no doubt an exception. ...Pope Francis is also more pastoral and our mission at the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is to provide the theological structure of a pontificate." Andrea Tornielli of Vatican Insider criticized Muller for inventing a new role not found in the statutes defining the CDF's role, adding that Muller was making far more public pronouncements than his predecessors were accustomed to.

On 1 July 2017, Pope Francis named Luis Ladaria Ferrer to succeed Müller as Cardinal-Prefect of the CDF. Müller chose to retire rather than accept another Curial position.

Müller criticised the way Pope Francis dismissed him as head of the CDF, calling it "unacceptable". He said that on the last working day of his five-year term, Pope Francis informed him "within a minute" that he would not be reappointed to another term. "He did not give a reason. Just as he gave no reason for dismissing three highly competent members of the CDF a few months earlier." Later that month a report commissioned by the Diocese of Regensburg sharply criticized Müller's handling while bishop there of cases of sexual abuse by priests.

In the context of Pope Francis' encyclical Amoris laetitia and its allowance of divorced Catholics receiving Communion, Müller criticized Francis' papacy, and Latin American theology in general, for lacking theological rigour.

Cardinalate
On 22 February 2014, Pope Francis made him Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Agnese in Agone.

Pope Francis named him a member of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura on 21 June 2021.

Views

Amoris laetitia
Following the publication of the post-synodal apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia of Pope Francis, Müller stated that the Pope did not need to be corrected for false doctrine. Interviewed on 9 January 2017, Müller said that Amoris laetitia was "very clear" in its teaching. Müller said that Pope Francis asks priests

He said that in Amoris laetitia he "do[es] not see any opposition: On one side we have the clear doctrine on matrimony, and on the other the obligation of the church to care for these people in difficulty." However, in a second interview, Müller was asked whether the teaching reaffirmed in Familiaris consortio of Pope John Paul II, which linked the Eucharist to marriage, remains valid. Pope John Paul II stated that the divorced and civilly remarried were proscribed from the reception of Holy Communion, except possibly when they determine to live "in complete continence". Müller said of this condition that, "Of course, it is not dispensable, because it is not only a positive law of John Paul II, but he expressed an essential element of Christian moral theology and the theology of the sacraments." Müller also stated that "Amoris Laetitia must clearly be interpreted in the light of the whole doctrine of the Church." He has further stated that "I don't like it[;] it is not right that so many bishops are interpreting Amoris Laetitia according to their way of understanding the Pope's teaching. This does not keep to the line of Catholic doctrine."

Abortion
Müller has criticized politicians who support abortion rights, including President Joe Biden. He has stated that "To demand abortion as a human right cannot be surpassed in its inhuman cynicism."

Doctrinal immutability
Müller has defended the immutability of Catholic doctrine from the attempt to adapt it to contemporary lifestyles, which attempt might be described as aggiornamento. He stated that such an approach introduces subjectivism and arbitrariness. In an interview with Die Tagespost, he claimed that placing "lived realities" on the same level as scripture and tradition is "nothing more than the introduction of subjectivism and arbitrariness, wrapped up in sentimental and smug religious terminology." His comments have been interpreted as criticism of the "shadow council" when bishops and experts from Germany, France, and Switzerland met in Rome to discuss how the church could adapt its pastoral approach to contemporary culture, especially contemporary opinions of human sexuality.

Liberation theology
In an interview by the German daily Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), Müller said that Pope Francis "is not so much a liberation theologian in the academic sense but, as far as pastoral work is concerned, he has close ties with liberation theology's concerns. What we can learn from him is the insight that there is no pastoral work without profound theology and vice versa." In the 1980s, the CDF under Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger attacked certain forms of liberation theology as borrowing "from various currents of Marxist thought." But during a visit to Peru in 1988, then-professor Müller discussed it with his friend and teacher Gustavo Gutiérrez, regarded as the "father" of Latin American liberation theology, who convinced him of its orthodoxy. Müller explained that liberation theology focused on orthopraxis, "the correct way of acting in a Christian fashion since it comes from true faith," congruent with the Gospel for the Poor, i. e., "for those on the periphery", to borrow the terminology that Pope Francis has repeatedly used. Müller said: "How can we speak of the love and mercy of God in face of the suffering of so many people who don't have food, water, health care, who don't know how to offer a future to their children. ...This is possible only if we are also willing to be with the people, to accept them as brothers and sisters, without paternalism from on high."

Pachamama affair
Following the 2019 Pachamama affair, Cardinal Müller broke with Pope Francis and defended the assailants who threw a statue of Pachamama into a river. He stated that "The great mistake was to bring the idols into the church, not to put them out."

Protestant churches
In a speech in October 2011, while quoting Unitatis Redintegratio of the Second Vatican Council regarding ecumenism, Müller stated that "the Catholic Magisterium is far from denying an ecclesial character or an ecclesial existence to 'the separated Churches and Ecclesial Communities of the West'."

Traditionis custodes
Cardinal Müller has been critical of Traditionis custodes, the motu proprio apostolic letter issued by Pope Francis restricting the use of the Tridentine Mass; having authored an analysis of the letter for the online publication The Catholic Thing. Müller has criticised the letter as "harsh" and contrasted the efforts of the Pope to curtail traditionalist Catholics with his response to the German Synodal Path writing, "Instead of appreciating the smell of the sheep, the shepherd here hits them hard with his crook." He also contrasted the suppression of the Tridentine Mass with the supposed introduction of pagan elements within the liturgy at the Amazon Synod held in 2019: "The paganization of the Catholic liturgy […] through the mythologization of nature, the idolatry of environment and climate, as well as the Pachamama spectacle, were rather counterproductive for the restoration and renewal of a dignified and orthodox liturgy reflective of the fulness of the Catholic faith." Müller was also critical of the elements of the document that seek to ascertain the assent of traditionalist Catholics to the legitimacy of the Second Vatican Council, despite the fact that many teachings of the Council are "being heretically denied in open contradiction to Vatican II by a majority of [non-traditionalist] German bishops and lay functionaries (even if disguised under pastoral phrases)."

US Leadership Conference of Women Religious
In 2012, Müller and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith initiated an investigation of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious. The member congregations of the Conference were ordered to review their statutes and reassess their plans and programs. The investigation was controversial, and was terminated by Pope Francis in April 2015, who "shrewdly let the nuns' case fade from his agenda". The investigation embittered many American Catholics "against what they perceive[d] as heavy-handed tactics by Rome against U.S. sisters who provide critical health care, education and other services for the poor."

Manifesto of Faith
In February 2019, Müller issued a "Manifesto of Faith" to Catholic media outlets. It is viewed as critical of some aspects of Pope Francis Papacy. For the most part the manifesto represents a re-stating of the church teachings, such as celibacy for priests and the church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood. One section appeared to repudiate Pope Francis's effort to open, in some cases, communion to divorced and remarried Catholics.

Clerical sexual abuse
In 2012, Survivors Network for those Abused by Priests criticized Müller's appointment to the CDF because he had reinstated Peter Kramer in parish ministry after Kramer was convicted in 2000 of sexually abusing children. Kramer had completed court-ordered therapy. Müller did not inform those in Kramer's new parish of his past history. Müller had apologized in 2007 for mishandling the case.

In 2016, Fritz Wallner, a former chair of the lay diocesan council in Regensburg, Germany, alleged that Müller as Bishop of Regensburg had "systematically" thwarted the investigation of abuse in the "Regensburger Domspatzen" boys' choir. Georg Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI's brother, led the choir from 1964 to 1994. Müller insisted that neither the church nor its bishops were responsible for abusers. In February 2012, he said that "if a schoolteacher abuses a child, it is not the school nor the Ministry of Education that are to blame." He maintained that only the perpetrator is guilty. In 2016, a commission of 12 members was instituted to address the history of abuse and its cover-up in the boys' choir, a move critics viewed as long overdue. Wallner called for the church to purge any person associated with Müller, who had overseen the church's response to the allegations. In July 2017, a comprehensive report commissioned by the Diocese of Regensburg on abuse at the boys choirs said that Müller had "clear responsibility for the strategic, organizational and communicative weaknesses" of the church's response when the abuses were first reported.

Müller was included in a suit in France for his handling of the case of Cardinal Philippe Barbarin, Archbishop of Lyon. Barbarin was eventually acquitted in June 2020.

Honors

Orders
 : Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (OESSH)
  House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George of the branch of Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria

Academia
 : Honorary Doctorate from the Catholic University of Lublin in September 2004, in recognition of his outstanding scientific and didactic activity
 : Honorary Doctorate from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú on 24 September 2008

Other
 , Germany: Federal Cross of Merit First Class awarded by Bavarian Minister-President Horst Seehofer on 28 May 2009

See also
Cardinals created by Francis

References

External links

Gerhard Ludwig Müller

1947 births
Cardinals created by Pope Francis
21st-century German cardinals
Living people
Members of the Congregation for Catholic Education
Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Roman Catholic bishops of Regensburg
People from Mainz

Gerhard Ludwig Müller


Daniel Stewart's College was designed by the architect David Rhind and opened as Daniel Stewart's Hospital in 1848, renamed to Daniel Stewart's College in 1870, and placed under the perpetual management of the Royal Company of Merchants of the City of Edinburgh.

In 1972, it was merged with Melville College to become Stewart's Melville College.

Stewart's Melville College (SMC) is an independent day and boarding school in Edinburgh, Scotland. Classes are all boys in the 1st to 5th years and co-educational in Sixth (final) year. It has a roll of about 750 pupils.

Melville College was known as the Edinburgh Institution for Languages and Mathematics from 1832 to 1936.

The school is twinned with the Mary Erskine School (MES), an all-girls independent school approximately one mile (1.6 km) from Stewart's Melville College. Together the combined Erskine Stewart's Melville Schools (ESMS) have a co-educational Sixth Year and Junior School, the latter of which is split between the two campuses and caters for pupils from 3 to 12 years old. The two schools share a Principal, and most extra-curricular activities, such as performing arts, are run jointly. Both SMC and MES are managed by the Merchant Company of Edinburgh, which is also responsible for the co-educational George Watson's College.

History

Stewart's Melville College originated from the merger of two schools — Daniel Stewart's College and Melville College — in 1972 to become Daniel Stewart's and Melville College.  After the merger Melville's bright red trim replaced the dark red trim on the black Daniel Stewart's blazer for general use and the red blazer of Melville College was adopted for those awarded colours (for sporting and other achievements); recently use of the red blazer was limited to the head boy and his deputies, with colours being signified with a particular tie.

Melville College was founded in 1832 by the Rev. Robert Cunningham in George Street but soon moved to Hill Street in the centre of Edinburgh with a teaching emphasis on modern subjects, such as science, rather than classical subjects – unusual at that time. The school moved a short distance to 8 Queen Street which was purchased in 1853 and then to Melville Street in the city's West End in 1920. Originally named "The Edinburgh Institution for Languages and Mathematics", its name changed to Melville College in 1936 about the same time as the caps and blazers of the boys were changed to bright red.

Daniel Stewart's Hospital was opened in 1855 by the Merchant Company of Edinburgh. Daniel Stewart (whose wealth came from India and was Macer to the Court of the Exchequer), upon his death in 1814, left a sum of money and instructions that, once it had reached £40,000 it should be used to create a hospital for needy boys within the city. The hospital was located on the current Queensferry Road campus (designed by David Rhind). The hospital was transformed into "Daniel Stewart's College" in 1870. The school uniform from 1924 onwards was a cap with red and black stripes and a black blazer with red trim.

In 1974 the link with another nearby Merchant Company school, the all-girls Mary Erskine School, was formalised and The Mary Erskine and Stewart's Melville Junior School was formed.  Nursery to Primary 3 are housed on the Mary Erskine campus, with Primary 4 to 7 on the Stewart's Melville campus.  The sixth (final) form of both senior schools is coeducational.

In 2013, Stewart's Melville was voted the Scottish Independent School of the year by the Sunday Times newspaper and Mary Erskine School was voted the Scottish Independent School of the year in 2012. In 2014 the combined Erskine Stewarts Melville school, with over 2,700 pupils, claimed to be the largest independent school in Europe.

In 2014, a programme of improvement work on buildings of the junior school was announced, and as of 2018, work has begun.

In February 2023, it was announced by principal Anthony Simpson that the boarding house would close by July 2025, citing costs and the facility not being compatible with the school's vision for the future. The allocation of resources towards the boarding house was not sustainable, as at the time of the announcement, there were only 19 boarders, accounting for less than 3% of all pupils at the school.

Sport
Stewart's Melville College has won the Scottish Rugby Schools Under 18 Cup five times: in 1999 (in their first year of entering), 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2019. Stewart's Melville RFC, the successor to the Former Pupils Rugby club, play in the Scottish League Championship.

"Ravelston Sports Club", a large on-site sports centre opened in 2000. The sports centre is mainly used by pupils for physical education lessons and sports training (such as swimming, basketball, badminton, short tennis and table tennis) but is also open to members of the public for a monthly membership fee. There is also a school shooting range located at the Ravelston campus. Extensive rugby, cricket, hockey pitches and athletics facilities are also located at the school's sports grounds in Inverleith, two miles north of the school. The main stadium at Inverleith dates back to the 1890s and was the main ground of the Scotland national rugby union team until 1925.

In 2019 Stewart's Melville College won the Mitsubishi U18 cup - played at Murrayfield Stadium - against local rivals George Watson's College.

Tom Fleming Centre for Performing Arts (Formerly "Performing Arts Centre")

The school's main Victorian assembly hall was converted to the "Performing Arts Centre" between 2005 and 2007. This £3.5 million project, was paid for in part by donations from the parents of the schools current pupils and former pupils (some of the chairs have names in gold of people who have donated).  The centre has 800 seats that fold back into the wall, providing a variety of possible configurations and was officially opened in 2007.  It is also available for use by the public and is used as a venue for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

In 2011 actor John Cairney unveiled the new name for the centre, "Tom Fleming Centre for Performing Arts", named after former pupil Tom Fleming, one of Scotland's leading broadcasters.

Carbisdale Castle

Since 1965, the school organised an outdoor education programme for the boys of SMC and the girls from MES in the third year. It took place in the north of Scotland, based for over forty years at Carbisdale Castle Youth Hostel, Easter Ross, until its closure in 2011 required accommodation to relocate to Aviemore. After a campaign led by a school pupil, Ewan Tracy, the programme was re-instated at the Carbisdale Castle. The camp was also abandoned in 2020 and 2021, due to coronavirus restrictions. It returned in 2022; however later in 2022, Carbisdale Castle was sold and is now a private residence.

Examinations
Pupils at Stewart's Melville mainly sit Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) examinations, including (as of 2013) National 4, National 5, Higher Grade and Advanced Higher Grade levels.  The English GCE Advanced Level, examinations can also be sat in art and music. Almost all pupils go on to higher education.

Former Headmasters

Herbert James Liddle Robbie (1904–1964) headmaster of Daniel Stewart's from 1946 to 1964

Notable alumni

The school maintains a Former Pupils Club, which organises social events throughout the year.  There are branches throughout the UK and abroad.

Academia and science
 Thomas David Anderson (1853–1952) - astronomer who discovered many temporary and variable stars (novae)
 Professor James Barr (1924–2006) - a radical theologian who was professor at Montreal, Edinburgh, Manchester, Oxford, Princeton and Vanderbilt.
 James Bertram (Carnegie secretary) (1872–1934)
 Erskine Beveridge (1851–1920) - textile manufacturer, historian and antiquary
 Professor Henry Calderwood (1830–1897) - Professor of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh University and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
 James Ireland Craig FRSE CBE (1868–1952) - meteorologist (dux 1885)
 Professor Maurice Ewing CBE, FRCSEd, FRACS (1912–1999) - First professor of surgery at Melbourne University, Australia
 Sir William Tennant Gairdner (1824–1907) - Professor of Medicine at the University of Glasgow and President of the British Medical Association
 William Aitcheson Haswell FRS (1854–1925) - Scottish-Australian zoologist specialising in crustaceans, winner of the 1915 Clarke Medal
 Andrew John Herbertson FRGS FRMS (1865–1915) - geographer and Professor in Geography at Oxford University
 Sir James Charles Inglis (1851–1911) - British civil engineer, President of the Institution of Civil Engineers and General Manager of the Great Western Railway
 Professor Tom W. B. Kibble, CBE FRS (1932–2016) - theoretical physicist, co-discovery of the Higgs mechanism and Higgs boson.
 Professor Arnold Maran (1936-2017) - surgeon, President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.
 Sir Peter Redford Scott Lang - Regius Professor of Mathematics at St Andrews University.
 George McGavin (born 1954) - entomologist
 John Smith FRSE, PRCSEd, (1825–1910) - dentist who founded the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh and was Surgeon Dentist to Queen Victoria.
 Sir Fraser Stoddart FRS FRSE FRSC (born 1942) - chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016, Professor of chemistry at Northwestern University, USA (supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology), awarded Albert Einstein World Award of Science.
 Sir John Thomson-Walker, OBE, DL, FRCS, (1871–1937) - Hunterian Professor of Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons of England and leading surgeon in the field of urology
 Ramsay Traquair FRSE FRS (1840–1912) - naturalist and palaeontologist, leading expert on fossil fish, awarded the Royal Medal by the Royal Society and the Lyell Medal

Media and arts
 Ian Stuart Black (1915–1997) - novelist, playwright and screenwriter
 Michael Boyd (director) (born 1955) - Artistic Director of the Royal Shakespeare Company.
 Tom Fleming CVO, OBE, FRSAMD (1927–2010) - actor and television commentator.
 Sir William Russell Flint (1880–1969) - watercolour painter and president of the Royal Society of Painters in Watercolours
 Stuart Henry (1942–1995) - popular radio disc jockey of the 1960s and 70s.
 Kheredine Idessane (born 1969) - sports broadcaster.
 Philip Kerr (1956–2018) - writer.
Alexander Moffat (born 1943) - artist, Head of Painting, Glasgow School of Art.

Law and politics
 Lord Brailsford (S. Neil Brailsford) (born 1954) - Senator of the College of Justice and Supreme Courts Judge
 Sir Martin Chamberlain (born 1973), a High Court Judge of England and Wales
 Sir William Young Darling MC, CBE, DL (1885–1962) - Member of Parliament for South Edinburgh and Lord Provost of Edinburgh
 Sir Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser KCSI (1848–1919) - Lieutenant Governor of Bengal between 1903 and 1908
 Sir James Gibson, 1st Baronet (1849–1912) Lord Provost of Edinburgh and Member of Parliament for Edinburgh East
 Adam Gifford, Lord Gifford FRSE (1820–1887) - Scottish Advocate and Judge
 Robert McIntyre (1913–1998) - politician, leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) and the SNP's first elected Member of Parliament.
 J P Mackintosh (1929–1978) - academic and British Labour politician of the 1960s and 70s. Leading advocate of Scottish devolution.
 Sir Thomas Brash Morison (1868–1945) - Liberal Member of Parliament for Inverness, Solicitor General for Scotland, Privy Counsellor and Lord Advocate
 Sir George Touche 1st Baronet (1861–1935) - Conservative Member of Parliament and founder of one of the firms that created Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
 Sir James Wilson (1849–1929) New Zealand Politician
 Paul Wheelhouse (born 1970) - SNP MSP for South Scotland, Minister for Business, Innovation and Energy in the Scottish Government
 Daniel Johnson (born 1977) - Entrepreneur and Labour MSP for Edinburgh Southern.

Sports
 Finlay Calder OBE (born 1957) - international rugby player and British and Irish Lions captain who played 34 times for Scotland.
 Jim Calder (born 1957) - Scottish and British Lions Rugby Player who played 27 times for Scotland
 Grant Forrest (born 1993) - European Tour Professional Golfer and Member of the 2015 Walker Cup Team.
 David Florence (born 1982) - Olympic canoeing silver medallist and world champion.
 Dario Franchitti MBE (born 1973) - professional racing-car driver who won the Indianapolis 500 race three times.
 William Laidlaw (1912–1992) - international cricketer for Scotland and Durham
 John Lisle Hall MacFarlane (1851–1874) - international rugby player and surgeon. He played for Scotland in the first international rugby match in 1871.
 Donald MacGregor (born 1939) - Olympic marathon runner.
 Finlay Mickel (born 1977) - Olympic skier, his result at the 2005 World Championships was the best result by a British man in the history of the skiing World Championships.
Arthur Plowright (1913–1992) - first-class cricketer
Charles Scobie (1895–1965) - first-class cricketer
Jamie Stevenson (born 1975) - world champion orienteer.
William Turnbull (1879–1959) - first-class cricketer
Grant Weatherstone (1931–2020) - international rugby player who was played 16 times for Scotland.
 Doddie Weir OBE (1970-2022) - Scottish and British Lions international rugby player who played 61 times for Scotland. Charity fundraiser for MND research.
 Jake Wightman (born 1994) - International athlete. Gold medallist 1500 metres 2022 World Athletics Championships.
 David Wilkie MBE (born 1954) - only person to have been swimming champion at British, American, Commonwealth, European, World and Olympic levels at the same time

Military
Sir Robert Neil Campbell KCMG CB CIE (1854–1928), a physician who commanded the Bengal Medical Service
 Lieutenant General Sir James Hills-Johnes VC, GCB (1833–1919) - was awarded the Victoria Cross for action in Delhi in the Indian mutiny in 1857
 John Alexander Cruickshank VC (born 1920) - recipient of the Victoria Cross in the Second World War.
 Major-General Mungo Melvin CB OBE (born 1955)
Religion
 The Right Reverend James A. Whyte, LLD, (1920–2005) - leading theologian, Professor at St. Andrews University and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
 The Right Reverend Ronnie Selby Wright CVO TD JP FRSE FSAScot (1908–1995) - chaplain to the Queen, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

Other
 Sir Ivison Macadam KCVO, CBE, FRSE (1894–1974) - Director General of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) and founding president of the National Union of Students
 Sir Robert Hogg Matthew OBE, FRIBA (1906–1975) - acclaimed architect and a leading proponent of modernism

References

External links

The Erskine Stewart's Melville Schools Website
Profile on the ISC website
Stewart's Melville College page on Scottish Schools Online

School buildings completed in 1855
Educational institutions established in 1972
Listed schools in Scotland
Private schools in Edinburgh
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Boarding schools in Edinburgh
Boys' schools in Edinburgh
Diamond schools

Stewart's Melville College


Bang Wong is the creative director of the Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard University. He is considered "one of the leading innovators at the interface of art and medicine" by Nature Medicine, and is a National Academy of Sciences Kavli Fellow and board member of the Association of Medical Illustrators. He holds a master of science in immunology and a master of arts in medical and biological illustration from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where he also serves as an adjunct assistant professor. In 2010, he launched a monthly column in Nature Methods about the visual presentation of scientific data which ran until 2013.

References

Living people
University of Puget Sound alumni
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Medical illustrators
Information visualization experts
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Bang Wong


is a wagashi (Japanese confection) made from warabiko (bracken starch) and covered or dipped in kinako (sweet toasted soybean flour). Kuromitsu syrup is sometimes poured on top before serving as an added sweetener.

Overview
Warabimochi is a traditional Japanese dessert that is believed that its ancient origins dating back to the Heian period (794-1185) in Japan, and it was a popular delicacy among the aristocracy. It was one of the favorite treats of Emperor Daigo. Hayashi Razan's "Heishin kikō (Travelogue of 1616) [...], which is considered to be the first travel diary to mention food on the road," highlighted Warabimochi as did other Tōkaidō travel guides in the 1600s. The dessert became more widespread during the Edo period (1603-1868) when it was served in tea houses as part of the traditional Japanese tea ceremony. It is now popular in the summertime, especially in the Kansai region and Okinawa, and it is often sold from trucks, similar to an ice cream truck in Western countries.

Warabimochi differs from true mochi made from glutinous rice. Mochi, refers to sticky food generally made with glutinous rice or waxy starch, is categorized into Tsuki-mochi and Kone-mochi. Tsuki-mochi is a rice cake made by pounding steamed glutinous rice. Although Warabimochi is not made made from glutinous rice or other waxy starches, it is called "mochi" for its sticky texture.

Warabimochi is also frequently made with katakuriko (potato starch) instead of bracken starch due to cost and availability. In 2021, Warabi starch sold for JPY 12,000–15,000 (USD 116–145)/kg, and it was 30–35 times more expensive than sweet potato or tapioca starch and 20–24 times more expensive than sago starch.

References

External links

 Warabimochi
 Homemade Warabimochi

Wagashi
Starch

Warabimochi


Cohort Studios was a games development and interactive entertainment studio.
It was based in Dundee but closed its office there in May 2011.

Formed in 2006, by Lol Scragg, Darran Thomas and Bruce McNeish, Cohort's first project involved being contracted by Sony Computer Entertainment Europe to assist on MotorStorm for PlayStation 3. This was followed with work on Go! Puzzle for PlayStation Network on both PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable. In addition, the company developed a small downloadable driving title which was used on the website of the Audi TT.

Early in 2008, Cohort Studios released Buzz! Junior: Dino Den for the PlayStation 2 followed later in the year with Buzz! Junior: Ace Racers. Also in 2008, they won the contract for re-developing three of the PS2 Buzz! Junior titles to be distributed via the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 3.  The titles were to feature 5 of the best mini-games as well as including trophy support and the ability to use a DualShock wireless controller instead of Buzzers.

In October 2010, the company released The Shoot on the PlayStation 3 platform, published by SCEE. The title was one of the first titles to use Sony's new PlayStation Move controller based around the concept of being a movie action hero on a movie set.

On April 21, 2011, Cohort announced that the studio was closing due to "a declining console marketplace".  Prior to closing Cohort managed to release the two PlayStation minis titles it had been working on namely, Cohort Chess, and Me Monstar: Hear me Roar!.

Games
MotorStorm (PS3, 2006) - Outsourcing for Evolution Studios
Go! Puzzle (PS3 & PSP, 2007) - Working with Zoonami
 Journeys Through Sound (PC, 2007) - Free downloadable game celebrating the Audi TT relaunch
Burnout Paradise (PS3 & Xbox 360, 2007) - Outsourcing for Criterion Games
Buzz! Junior: Dino Den (PS2, 2008)
Buzz! Junior: Ace Racers (PS2, 2008)
Buzz! Junior: Robo Jam (PS3, 2009)
Buzz! Junior: Robo Jam (PS2, 2007)
Buzz! Junior: Jungle Party (PS3, 2009)
Buzz! Junior: Monster Rumble (PS3, 2009)
Buzz! Junior: Dino Den (PS3, 2009)
The Shoot (PS3, 2010)
Cohort Chess (PlayStation Mini, 2011)
Me Monstar: Hear me Roar! (PlayStation Mini, 2011)

References

External links
 Official Website

Video game development companies
Companies based in Dundee
Defunct companies of Scotland
Video game companies established in 2006
Video game companies disestablished in 2012
Defunct video game companies of the United Kingdom

Cohort Studios


Harald Rosenløw Eeg (born 18 August 1970) is a Norwegian novelist and script writer. He made his literary début in 1995 with the youth novel Glasskår, for which he was awarded the Tarjei Vesaas' debutantpris. Eeg also wrote the script for a film with the same name from 2002. He wrote the script for Hawaii, Oslo, directed by Erik Poppe and released in 2004, and for the film Uro from 2006, directed by Stefan Faldbakken. The 2008 film Troubled Water, directed by Poppe, was based on a script by Eeg. The film won the audience prize for best narrative feature film at the 16th Hamptons International Film Festival in 2008.

Eeg was awarded the Brage Prize in 2004 for the youth novel Yatzy.

References

1970 births
20th-century Norwegian novelists
21st-century Norwegian novelists
Living people

Harald Rosenløw Eeg


Steve Jackson (born 1969 Arbroath, Scotland) is a Scottish thriller writer.

Jackson spent his early childhood living in the town of Carnoustie. At the age of eleven he moved to Stroud in Gloucestershire, England. He now lives in St. Albans, Hertfordshire.

On leaving school, Jackson went into journalism. He worked first for the Marlborough Times, and then for the Stroud News & Journal. The Nineties saw a radical change of direction. A keen guitarist from a young age, he spent most of that decade trying to make a living as a musician. During this time he played in numerous bands. He also worked as a recording engineer.

At the turn of the millennium he started writing fiction. His debut novel, The Mentor, was published by HarperCollins in October 2006. The book introduces MI6 spy, Paul Aston. The Mentor opens with the bombing of a London Underground train.
The second Paul Aston book, The Judas, was published in 2007.

Steve Jackson is also known on Facebook for making the group, Six Degrees of Separation - The Experiment. The group is an experiment in the effort to prove that six degrees of separation is in fact true. He plans on using the data from the group in The Watcher.

References

External links
 Steve Jackson's Website

British thriller writers
Scottish thriller writers
1969 births
People from Arbroath
Living people

Steve Jackson (thriller writer)


The First Interstate Center for the Arts is a 2,609-seat theater and entertainment venue in Spokane, Washington.  It is located in Downtown Spokane along the south bank of the Spokane River adjacent to the Spokane Convention Center.  The facility is owned and operated by the Spokane Public Facilities District.

History
After two years of construction from 1972-1974 for the Expo '74 in Spokane, the venue officially opened as the Washington State Pavilion Opera House on May 1, 1974.  A gala took place to celebrate the grand opening of the opera house which included performances by Roberta Peters of the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Ballet's Edward Villella, and Lucette Aldous.

Transfer of ownership to Spokane
After the world's fair ended, operations and management of the facility along with the Spokane Convention Center were transferred to the City of Spokane, with the plan that the city would eventually take ownership of the building from the State of Washington.  The legislative bill to transfer the ownership to the city was signed on April 20, 1979 in a special ceremony in front of the Opera House with then-Washington State Governor Dixy Lee Ray, although the actual legal transfer of the property would not take place until 90 days after the current state legislative session ended.

Spokane Public Facilities District era
The facility was owned and operated by the City of Spokane until September 2, 2003 when it transferred both the ownership and operations of the Spokane Opera House along with the Spokane Convention Center to the Spokane Public Facilities District.  In 2006, Spokane-based Inland Northwest Bank purchased the naming rights to the Spokane Opera House in a 10-year, $1.5 million deal and the facility was renamed to the INB Performing Arts Center.  In December 2015, it was announced that INB's naming rights deal was renewed for an additional 10 year period.  On September 19, 2018, the facility was renamed the First Interstate Center for the Arts after First Interstate BancSystem, which had completed its acquisition of Northwest Bancorporation, Inc., the parent company of Inland Northwest Bank, a month prior on August 16, 2018. At the time of closing, First Interstate announced plans to phase out the Inland Northwest Bank name in November 2018.

References

Buildings and structures in Spokane, Washington
Spokane Public Facilities District
Tourist attractions in Spokane, Washington
World's fair architecture in Washington (state)
Performing arts centers in Washington (state)
Concert halls in the United States

First Interstate Center for the Arts


Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys (born Antonio Frederic Augustus Sands; 1 May 1829 – 25 June 1904), usually known as Frederick Sandys, was a British painter, illustrator, and draughtsman, associated with the Pre-Raphaelites. He was also associated with the Norwich School of painters.

Biography

Artistic studies
Frederick Sandys was born in Norwich, and received his earliest lessons in art from his father, Anthony Sands, who was himself a painter. His early studies show that he had a natural gift for careful and beautiful drawing. He was educated at Norwich School and later attended the Norwich School of Design in 1846. In the same and next year his talent was recognized by the Royal Society of Arts.

Personal relationships
Sandys married Georgiana Creed, but this marriage only lasted three years, although they never divorced. He had a long affair with the Romany woman Keomi Gray, who sat as a model both for him and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and perhaps also for Simeon Solomon. He and Gray had two daughters and two sons.

In 1862 Sandys met actress Mary Emma Jones, known as Miss Clive, when she modeled for The Magdalen, now owned by the Norwich Castle Museum. A relationship developed between the two; he became devoted to her, taking her as his common-law wife for the rest of his life. She gave birth to a large number of children, 10 of whom were raised under the name of Neville and survived after Sandys's death. She appears in paintings such as Sandys Love's Shadow and his 1867 work Proud Maisie, which was inspired by Mary—so much so that he made at least 11 versions by 1904.

Sandys influenced his younger sister, Emma Sandys (1841–1877), whose works were mainly portraits of children and of young women, often in period or medieval clothing.

He died in Kensington in west London in 1904.

Works

Early work

Sandys displayed great skills as a draughtsman, achieving recognition with his print The Nightmare (1857), parodying John Everett Millais's Sir Isumbras at the Ford. The caricaturist turned the horse of Sir Isumbras into a laughing donkey labelled "J. R., Oxon.", understood as a reference to John Ruskin. Upon the donkey was seated Millais himself, in the character of the knight, with Rossetti and Holman Hunt replacing the two children, one before and one behind. The caricature, produced using the new autographic lithographic process, caused a lot of talk about who the artist might be and ultimately introduced Sandys to the London art community.

Rossetti and Sandys became close friends, and from May 1866 to July 1867, Sandys lived with Rossetti at 16, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. Sandys's works were profoundly influenced by those of Rossetti. He focused mainly on mythological subjects and portraits.

Drawings and illustration

Wood-engravings
Some of the first introductions to Pre-Raphaelite teachings emerged in magazines, such as  Once a Week, the Cornhill Magazine, Good Words and Sunday Magazine. Sandys began drawing in the 1860s for Once a Week, the Cornhill Magazine, Good Words and other periodicals, his work influenced by Albrecht Dürer, Ambrosius Holbein, and Alfred Rethel.  Sandys made a total of 26 between 1859 and 1866, but each was a fine representation of this genre, faithfully engraved by professional wood-engravers, including the Dalziel brothers and Joseph Swain, and they are worthy of the collector's portfolio. For the engravers to be successful in carving the intricate illustrations onto wood, they needed to start with a detailed, clear design from the artist. Sandys had an eye and talent for exacting detail, an intention to accurately reflect the subject, revealed in the quality of his works, equally impressive for its technical detail as for its imaginative point of view.

Sandys's The Death of King Warwulf is an example of his ability to create drawings that translated well for the engravings.  Swirling shapes of flames, the curve of the boat, its sail and the king's clothes that surround him create a feeling of movement. The focal point is the king's bowed head.

His last woodcut was on the subject of Danaë in the Brazen Chamber. It was engraved by Swain for Once A Week but suppressed by the publication's editor, despite Sandys having the support of the magazine's publishers, on the grounds that it was too sensuous.

He drew only in the magazines. No books illustrated by him can be traced. So his exquisite draughtsmanship has to be sought for in the old bound-up periodical volumes which are now hunted by collectors, or in publications such as Dalziels' Bible Gallery and the Cornhill Gallery and books of drawings, with verses attached to them, made to lie upon the drawing-room tables of those who had for the most part no idea of their merits.

Chalk drawings of lettered men
He made a number of chalk drawings of famous men of letters, including Tennyson, Browning, Matthew Arnold, and James Russell Lowell.

Studies for paintings
Study for Vivien depicts Sandys's lover, Keomi Gray, as Vivien of Tennyson's poem Idylls of the King.  In the poem Vivien is the femme fatale in the story of King Arthur who used her looks to seduce Merlin to learn his secrets. Sandys had previously used tales from King Arthur as inspiration for his work, such as King Pelles' Daughter.  He was drawn to stories of women who "seduce, entrap and destroy men, such as Helen of Troy, Morgan Le Fay and Medea." Sandys portrays Vivien as a beautiful, self-assured woman. The apple placed in front of her may refer to the story of Adam and Eve.

Study for Autumn, made in 1860, is one of the many studies Sandys made before painting Autumn and provides evidence of Sandys's skill as a draughtsman.  He captures minute details, such as the soldier's uniform and the plants and flowers.  The study is much like the finished painting, except that the ginger jar is in the foreground.

Paintings

Early in the 1860s he began to exhibit the paintings which set the seal upon his fame. The best known of these are Vivien (1863), Morgan le Fay (1864), Cassandra and Medea (1868).

Sandys never became a popular painter. He painted little, and the dominant influence upon his art was the influence exercised by lofty conceptions of tragic power. There was in it a sombre intensity and an almost stern beauty which lifted it far above the ideals of the crowd. The Scandinavian Sagas and Le Morte d'Arthur gave him subjects after his own heart, and The Valkyrie and Morgan le Fay represent some of his best work.

See also
Emma Sandys – painter, his sister
List of Pre-Raphaelite paintings – including the work of Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys.

References

Further reading

External links

Works by Frederick Sandys in the Norfolk Museums Collections
Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery's Pre-Raphaelite Online Resource  Large online collection of works by Frederick Sandys
Frederick Sandys at Artcylopaedia.
Frederick Sandys & the Pre-Raphaelites at Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery.

1829 births
1904 deaths
19th-century British painters
British male painters
20th-century British painters
English illustrators
Pre-Raphaelite painters
People educated at Norwich School
Alumni of Norwich University of the Arts
Artists from Norwich
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Pre-Raphaelite illustrators
19th-century British male artists
20th-century British male artists

Frederick Sandys


Alphonse Léopold Bauduin Six (1 January 1890 – 19 August 1914) was a Belgian football player.

Six was born in Bruges and is mainly remembered for his goal-scoring capacities. In his period with Cercle Brugge he scored 93 times in only 89 matches. His 1910–1911 season was especially remarkable, when scoring 38 goals in 20 matches, half of the goals Cercle Brugge scored that season. In 1910 Six received his first cap for Belgium, winning 3–2 against the Netherlands and scoring once. Six played nine times for Belgium, scoring eight goals.

Six still holds two Cercle Brugge team records:
 An average of 1.045 goals per match.
 Five goals in one match, against R.E. Sport's Club

In 1912, Six left Cercle for Union SG. Due to Union SG not keeping their promises about a job for him - professional footballers were unheard of at that time - he moved to Olympique Lillois, a predecessor of Lille OSC. That season he became the first Belgian football player to become a champion in a foreign country.

Death
In the beginning of August 1914, the Germans invaded Belgium and Six was called to arms. After the fall of the forts in Liège, King Albert I pulled his troops back to Antwerp. During this manoeuvre, the Belgian troops were surrounded by the Germans near Boutersem. Six and his companions were killed on 19 August, only two weeks after war broke out.

Palmares

Club
Cercle
Belgian First Division (1): 1910–11

Union
Belgian First Division (1): 1912–13
Belgian Cup (1): 1912–13

Lille
Trophée de France (1): 1914
Championnat USFSA (1): 1914
Championnat USFSA Nord (1): 1914

References
 Cerclemuseum.be

External links

1890 births
1914 deaths
Footballers from Bruges
Belgian men's footballers
Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players
Men's association football forwards
Lille OSC players
Belgium men's international footballers
Belgian Army personnel of World War I
Belgian military personnel killed in World War I
Belgian Pro League players
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in France

Alphonse Six


The SK-42 reference system also known as the Krasovsky 1940 ellipsoid, is a coordinate system established in the Soviet Union in 1942 as Systema koordinat (), and provides parameters which are linked to the geocentric Cartesian coordinate system PZ-90. It was used in geodetic calculations, notably in military mapping and determining state borders.
The  coordinate  system  SK-42  served  as  a  foundation  for  developing  the SK-63 reference system   which   was   created   and   used   primarily   for   civilian   and   industrial   development   purposes.

The Krasovsky 1940 ellipsoid uses a semi-major axis (equatorial radius)  of 6,378,245 m, and an inverse flattening  of 298.3

Citations and notes

Geodesy
Navigation
Surveying
Geographic coordinate systems
Geography of the Soviet Union
Science and technology in the Soviet Union

SK-42 reference system


Bill Hopkins (5 May 1928 – 6 May 2011) was a Welsh novelist and journalist who has been grouped with the angry young men. His father was Ted Hopkins, a popular stage performer; his mother was Violet Brodrick.

Hopkins's one published novel is a philosophical thriller, The Divine and the Decay (London, MacGibbon and Kee, 1957), also published as The Leap! In this story, the fate of Britain hangs in the balance. Political parties are jockeying for power. A recently formed political party, the New Britain Party, is led by a visionary firebrand, Peter Plowart, who has planned the assassination of his arch-rival, the leader of his own political party. As Plowart anticipates the assassination, he realises that he must establish an alibi to show that he was somewhere else when it comes to pass. After examining the statistical tables of a meticulously researched government census, he decides to make a journey to a little island off the coast of Britain (modelled on one of the smaller Channel Islands) and give a speech to the citizens there. If everything is timed properly, he can rely on the inhabitants vouching for his presence among them when the assassination takes place. His encounter with the islanders, however, leads him to question and test his "will power".

The novel received a negative response in various quarters. For example, Graham Hough of Encounter called it "an adolescent power-fantasy, extremely shoddily written" and expressed surprise that "even the naivest masturbations of the most unhappy young man should be able to take this openly Fascist form." The publisher voluntarily recalled all known copies of the work and had them destroyed, in response to such allegations that it contained fascistic themes. Surviving copies from the publisher's initial print run are rare and can command prices in three figures. The novel was reprinted in 1984 under the title The Leap!, with an introduction by Colin Wilson and a new preface by Hopkins.

Hopkins was also the author of "Ways Without Precedent", an essay included in Declaration, edited by Tom Maschler (London, MacGibbon & Kee, 1957), an anthology of non-fiction pieces by writers identified as Angry Young Men and Women. In "Aiming for a Likeness", his contribution to Colin Wilson: A Celebration (1988), he recalls how he arranged a meeting between Wilson and the portrait and fresco painter Pietro Annigoni.

In the mid-1980s, Hopkins edited and published The Monitor (originally titled The Arab Monitor), employing artist Cliff G. Hanley to design the covers. This was a news magazine focused on the Middle East.

Hopkins has been grouped with the authors Colin Wilson and Stuart Holroyd, with whom he shared a house in London in the late 1950s.

He was survived by his German-born wife, Carla Hopkins, who owns the antiques store they ran together for many years, and one of his sisters, Mary Angela Thomas, living in San Francisco, California, plus a nephew and niece.

References

External links

  by Stewart Home.
 Photographs of Bill Hopkins by Ida Kar at the National Portrait Gallery site.

1928 births
2011 deaths
Welsh male novelists
British Poetry Revival
20th-century English poets
20th-century British novelists
Welsh male poets
20th-century English male writers
21st-century English male writers
People from Cardiff

Bill Hopkins (novelist)


Forest Barber (born October 3, 1952) is an American racing driver from Fort Worth, Texas.

Barber began his racing career on a motorcycle, participating in motocross and enduro riding. He later won five national and world championships in offshore powerboat racing from 1997 to 1999. He moved to sports car racing shortly thereafter and was a winning car owner and co-driver of the Bell Motorsports Doran-Chevrolet in the 2004 24 Hours of Daytona. He began racing part-time in 2005 and 2006 and has since retired from racing.

External links
Doran Racing profile for Forest Barber

1952 births
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
American motorboat racers
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
Living people
Sportspeople from Fort Worth, Texas
Racing drivers from Fort Worth, Texas

Forest Barber