The Prelude or, Growth of a Poet's Mind; An Autobiographical Poem  is an autobiographical poem in blank verse by the English poet William Wordsworth. Intended as the introduction to the more philosophical poem The Recluse, which Wordsworth never finished, The Prelude is an extremely personal work and reveals many details of Wordsworth's life.

Wordsworth began The Prelude in 1798, at the age of 28, and continued to work on it throughout his life. He never gave it a title, but called it the "Poem (title not yet fixed upon) to Coleridge" in his letters to his sister Dorothy Wordsworth. The poem was unknown to the general public until the final version was published three months after Wordsworth's death in 1850. Its present title was given to it by his widow Mary.

Version
There are three versions of the poem:
 The 1799 Prelude, called the Two-Part Prelude, composed 1798–1799, containing the first two parts of the later poem.
 The 1805 Prelude, which was found and printed by Ernest de Sélincourt in 1926, in 13 books.
 The 1850 Prelude, published shortly after Wordsworth's death, in 14 books.

The Prelude was the product of a lifetime: for the last part of his life Wordsworth had been "polishing the style and qualifying some of its radical statements about the divine sufficiency of the human mind in its communion with nature".

Structure: The Prelude and The Recluse
The poem was intended as the prologue to a long three-part epic and philosophical poem, The Recluse.  Though Wordsworth planned this project when he was in his late 20s, he went to his grave at 80 years old having written to some completion only The Prelude and the second part (The Excursion), and leaving no more than fragments of the rest.

Wordsworth initially planned to write this work together with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, their joint intent being to surpass John Milton's Paradise Lost . If The Recluse had been completed, it would have been about three times as long as Paradise Lost (33,000 lines versus 10,500). Wordsworth often commented in his letters that he was plagued with agony because he had failed to finish the work. In his introduction to the version of 1850 Wordsworth explains that the original idea, inspired by his "dear friend" Coleridge, was "to compose a philosophical Poem, containing views of Man, Nature, and Society, and to be entitled the Recluse; as having for its principal subject, the sensations and opinions of a poet living in retirement".

Coleridge's inspiration and interest is evident in his letters. For instance, in 1799 he wrote to Wordsworth: "I am anxiously eager to have you steadily employed on 'The Recluse'... I wish you would write a poem, in blank verse, addressed to those who, in consequence of the complete failure of the French Revolution, have thrown up all hopes of amelioration of mankind, and are sinking into an almost Epicurean selfishness, disguising the same under the soft titles of domestic attachment and contempt for visionary philosophies. It would do great good, and might form a Part of 'The Recluse'." (STC to WW, Sept. 1799).

Wordsworth pays tribute to Coleridge in his introduction to the edition of 1850: "work [is] addressed to a dear friend, most distinguished for his knowledge and genius, and to whom the author's intellect is deeply indebted."

Literary criticism of The Prelude
According to Monique R. Morgan's "Narrative Means to Lyric Ends in Wordsworth's Prelude," "Much of the poem consists of Wordsworth's interactions with nature that 'assure[d] him of his poetic mission.' The goal of the poem is to demonstrate his fitness to produce great poetry, and The Prelude itself becomes evidence of that fitness." It traces the growth of the poet's mind by stressing the mutual consciousness and spiritual communion between the world of nature and man.

Books of the 14-book Prelude
Introduction – Childhood and School-Time
School-Time (Continued)
Residence at Cambridge
Summer Vacation
Books
Cambridge and the Alps
Residence in London
Retrospect – Love of Nature Leading to Love of Man
Residence in France
Residence in France (Continued)
Residence in France (Concluded)
Imagination and Taste, How Impaired and Restored
Imagination and Taste, How Impaired and Restored (Concluded)
Conclusion

Content
The work is a poetic reflection on Wordsworth's own sense of his poetic vocation as it developed over the course of his life. Its focus and mood present a sharp and fundamental fall away from the neoclassical and into the Romantic. Milton, who is mentioned by name in line 181 of Book One, rewrote God's creation and The Fall of Man in Paradise Lost in order to "justify the ways of God to men," Wordsworth chooses his own mind and imagination as a subject worthy of epic.

This spiritual autobiography evolves out of Wordsworth's "persistent metaphor [that life is] a circular journey whose end is 'to arrive where we started / And know the place for the first time' (T. S. Eliot, Little Gidding, lines 241-42).  The Prelude opens with a literal journey [during his manhood] whose chosen goal [...] is the Vale of Grasmere. The Prelude narrates a number of later journeys, most notably the crossing of the Alps in Book VI and, in the beginning of the final book, the climactic ascent of Snowdon. In the course of the poem, such literal journeys become the metaphorical vehicle for a spiritual journey—the quest within the poet's memory [...]".

See also
 1799 in poetry
 1805 in poetry
 1850 in poetry

References

External links

Complete text of 1850 Version of The Prelude at Bartleby.com
Enfolded version of the 1805 and 1850 texts of The Prelude at global-language.com
Large selection of excerpts from the 1805 Prelude

The Prelude, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Rosemary Ashton, Stephen Gill & Emma Mason (In Our Time, Nov. 22, 2007)

Poetry by William Wordsworth
1799 poems
1805 poems
1850 poems
Philosophical poems
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Books published posthumously

The Prelude


Makka poha or Makai poha is part of Indian Gujarati cuisine.
It can also be referred to as corn or maize flakes, but unlike the breakfast cereal cornflakes, these are not ready to eat.

Makka poha is usually fried in hot oil so it puffs up, for consumption as a snack.  It is an important ingredient of the farsan (savoury) chevda.

References

Gujarati cuisine
Indian snack foods

Makka Poha


Appointment with Crime is a 1946 British crime film directed by John Harlow and starring William Hartnell, Raymond Lovell, Joyce Howard and Robert Beatty.

Plot
Leo Martin (Hartnell) works for a criminal gang run by Gus Loman (Lovell) that primarily uses a smash and grab tactic. During one particular risky robbery heist, Leo breaks the window at a jewellery store only to have his wrists broken by a security shutter falling on them. He is soon caught and brought to prison to serve his term. Throughout his stay, Leo does not reveal who he is working for to the authorities but instead serves his time, angered by Gus for running out on him during the robbery.

When Leo is released, he returns to Gus to obtain a job. Gus harshly rebuffs him and points out how Leo's injured wrists would prevent him from working as a thief. This leads Leo to seek complete vengeance against Gus. He decides to frame Gus for murder by stealing his gun and murdering the getaway driver (now working as a cab driver) who had also abandoned him during the abortive raid. He manages to provide himself with an alibi to avoid any prosecution. During this scheme he meets Carol Dane (Howard), who is unaware of his true nature, and the two begin a romance. Later he confronts Gus with the understanding that if he does not give him money he'll hand over the gun to the police.

After Gus hands over the money, he contacts Gregory Lang (Lom), whom he is actually working under. Gregory is an antiques dealer who hired Gus to steal jewellery and art pieces for him. Meanwhile, Leo learns that Detective Inspector Rogers is investigating the murder case. He attempts to assure Rogers that he is attempting to live a life away from crime, but Rogers continues to question Leo's character and whereabouts during the night of the murder.

Things begin to go downhill when Leo and Gregory learn that it was actually Gregory's gun that was used rather than Gus's. Gregory becomes upset and has his companion plot to murder Gus while forcefully threatening Leo. Leo's wrists are crushed again, but he and Gus reach a deal for Leo to bring back the gun and steal a jewel. All the while, Rogers uncovers more and more clues.

When Leo steals the jewel and brings back the gun to Gregory, a gunfight ensues, leaving Gregory dead. As Leo jumps on the train to run away with Carol, she confronts him about his lies. Soon after, Rogers arrives after finally learning that Leo murdered the cab driver. He prepares to apprehend Leo, but Leo tries to jump out of the train window only to have the window slam shut on his wrists.

Cast
William Hartnell as Leo Martin
Raymond Lovell as Gus Loman
Joyce Howard as Carol Dane
Robert Beatty as Detective Inspector Rogers
Herbert Lom as Gregory Lang
Alan Wheatley as Noel Penn
Cyril Smith as Detective Sergeant Charlie Weeks
Elsie Wagstaff as Mrs. Wilkins
Ian Fleming as Prison governor
Wally Patch as Joe Fisher (garage manager)
Ian McLean as Detective Mason
Wilfrid Hyde-White as Cleaner
Ivor Barnard as Jonah Crackle

Reception
Appointment with Crime was the 12th most popular film at the British box office in 1946 after The Wicked Lady, The Bells of St. Mary's, Piccadilly Incident, The Captive Heart, Road to Utopia, Caravan, Anchors Away, The Corn is Green, Gilda, The House on 92nd Street and The Overlanders.

Critical
The Radio Times called it "solid noir," rating it 3/5 stars.

References

External links

1946 films
1940s crime thriller films
British crime thriller films
Films directed by John Harlow
British black-and-white films
Film noir
British gangster films
British films about revenge
Films shot at British National Studios
1940s English-language films
1940s British films

Appointment with Crime


Sybil Arundale (20 June 1879 – 5 September 1965) was an English stage and film actress born Sybil Kelly.

From age 11, Arundale appeared with her sister Grace in music halls, where they were billed as "The Sisters Arundale". An early dramatic role, in 1898, was Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream and later as Rosalind in As You Like It.  She appeared with the Birmingham Repertory Company, where she performed in Ibsen's The Pillars of Society and The Wild Duck.  She also appeared in pantomime and musicals, including Dick Whittington and His Cat, The Toreador, Venus by George Grossmith, My Lady Molly and The Cingalee.  During World War I, she appeared in Fred Karno's 1915 revue 'All Women,' a show cast entirely of women, a novelty for the day. She also began to appear in films around this time.  Later stage roles included a role in First-Class Passengers Only (1927). She made a few television appearances, the last in an episode of the 1956 British series The Adventures of the Scarlet Pimpernel.

Partial filmography
 Tom Jones (1917)
 God and the Man (1918)
 The Chinese Puzzle (1919)
 Loose Ends (1930)
 Girls, Please! (1934)

Notes

External links

1879 births
1965 deaths
English stage actresses
English film actresses
English silent film actresses
Actresses from London
20th-century English actresses

Sybil Arundale


is a House of Lords case concerning the Animals Act 1971.

Facts
Dr Andrew Henley and his wife Susan kept a horse and two ponies in a field next to their house.  On the night of 28–29 August 1996, something frightened the animals, which escaped past a wooden barrier and electrified wire fencing onto a track. They went 300 yards up the track and about a mile along a minor road, and made their way onto the A380 dual carriageway from Torquay to Exeter.

Shortly after midnight, Hossein Mirvahedy, a hotel manager, who was driving along this road, collided with the largest of the horses.  Mr Mirvahedy suffered serious injuries for which he sought damages in the courts.

Law
The case turned on Section 2(2) of the Animals Act 1971, which reads as follows:-

As Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead noted, "Unfortunately the language of section 2(2) is ... opaque.  In this instance the parliamentary draftsman's zeal for brevity has led to obscurity.  Over the years section 2(2) has attracted much judicial obloquy."

Courts below
In the County Court, Judge O'Malley dismissed Mr Mirvahedy's claim on the grounds that it was not any abnormal or unusual characteristic of the animals that led to the accident.  He found that Dr and Mrs Henley had not been negligent because the fencing would normally have been sufficient to contain the horses.  In the Court of Appeal, Hale LJ, Keene LJ and Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss P overturned this and found Dr and Mrs Henley liable.

Judgment
Reviewing the authorities, the Lords identified two possible interpretations of the 1971 Act, which it called the Cummings interpretation and the Breeden interpretation.  In Cummings v Granger 1977 QB 397 an alsatian dog was turned loose in a scrap yard and seriously injured an intruder.  Because the intruder was trespassing the dog owner escaped payment of damages, but in that case liability under the Animals Act 1971 was established.  In Breeden v Lampard, an unreported case from 1985, the defendant's horse kicked out when it was approached from behind.  In that case liability under the Animals Act 1971 was not established.  The court found that the defendant's horse was behaving normally.

By a majority of three to two, the House of Lords agreed with the Court of Appeal, preferring the Cummings interpretation.

Effect
Mirvahedy did not establish a general right to compensation from the animal's owner.  In the light of ,  and , it is clear that what Mirvahedy established is a second limb to the Animals Act 1971 Section 2(2)(b), covering "temporary characteristics which appear only in identifiable circumstances."

Notes

House of Lords cases
2003 in United Kingdom case law

Mirvahedy v Henley


Malaya Lewandowski (born April 13, 1988) is a singer, actress, VJ and a former beauty queen, of dual American and Filipino citizenship. She was also a member of Star Magic's defunct girl group Koolchx.

She previously hosted OMG and Music Bang in MYX North America.

Biography
Early life

She was born on April 13, 1988, in San Francisco, California, to a Filipina mother and an American father of German and Polish descent. Her name Malaya is from the Tagalog word "malaya", meaning "free".   Her mother was born on the 4th of July, the U.S. Independence Day.  She grew up in Fairfield, California.

She won a number of beauty contests in the United States, the last three being Ms. California Teen USA, Ms. Teen Filipina and Ms. Fiesta Filipina. She was discovered when she won as Miss Teen Filipina. A good singer, she was brought over to Manila to try her luck in Philippine showbiz.

Career

Malaya is currently under contract with ABS-CBN's Star Magic. She regularly guested in ASAP and became part of TV specials of ABS-CBN. She has also appeared in Wowowee and Let's Go. Her first regular stint was in Bora: Sons of the Beach.

She was part of the defunct all-girl group of Star Magic artists called Koolchx. She along with the rest of the Koolchx appeared on the cover of Maxim Philippines March 2008 issue. Her biggest break so far was being tapped to be a North America Myx VJ. She hosted two segments in Myx North America namely OMG and Music Bang.

Not Gabby Concepcion's Daughter

Between April and May 2008, Buzz station scoops about a love child of upcoming matinee idol, Gabby Concepcion.
According to the clues given by the entertainment website:  She is of Filipina-Polish descent.  Her half-sister has just joined showbiz.    And a member of the Koolchx.

All clues given by Buzz station seem to point to Malaya.  However, Lewandowski denied the reports, saying that she knew the actor since Gabby Concepcion is a family friend.  She also refused to talk about the controversies since she doesn't want the people to think that she's just using Concepcion to become popular.

Split up with Rafael Rosell

In 2009, news came out that Lewandowski and Rafael Rosell, who she dated for three years have split.   In the press conference of the film Status: Single, those in attendance were surprised to see when Rosell broke down in tears.  Rosell confirmed his split up with Lewandowski. In an April 2009 episode of The Buzz, Rosell gave details on the split up in an interview with Kris Aquino.

In January 2009, Lewandowski admitted to Rosell that he told the guy—a gym instructor at the gym where the couple goes—that she likes him.  According to Rosell, Malaya did not come clear about the reason of the breakup, but he deduced that she chose the other guy over him.

Still in the interview, Rosell revealed that he learned from friends that, in February Lewandowski and the unnamed guy started hanging out.   He also revealed that he received an e-mail from Lewandowski, who was 21 at that time, that she's marrying the guy. She got married, but separated after a few years.

Filmography

Notes

References

External links

Malaya Lewandowski @ MYX

1988 births
Living people
Star Magic
Filipino people of American descent
Filipino people of German descent
Filipino people of Polish descent
People from Fairfield, California

Malaya Lewandowski


The sawtooth wave (or saw wave) is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. It is so named based on its resemblance to the teeth of a plain-toothed saw with a zero rake angle.  A single sawtooth, or an intermittently triggered sawtooth, is called a ramp waveform.

The convention is that a sawtooth wave ramps upward and then sharply drops. In a reverse (or inverse) sawtooth wave, the wave ramps downward and then sharply rises. It can also be considered the extreme case of an asymmetric triangle wave.

The equivalent piecewise linear functions

based on the floor function of time t is an example of a sawtooth wave with period 1.

A more general form, in the range −1 to 1, and with period p, is

This sawtooth function has the same phase as the sine function.

While a square wave is constructed from only odd harmonics, a sawtooth wave's sound is harsh and clear and its spectrum contains both even and odd harmonics of the fundamental frequency. Because it contains all the integer harmonics, it is one of the best waveforms to use for subtractive synthesis of musical sounds, particularly bowed string instruments like violins and cellos, since the slip-stick behavior of the bow drives the strings with a sawtooth-like motion.

A sawtooth can be constructed using additive synthesis.  For period p and amplitude a, the following infinite Fourier series converge to a sawtooth and a reverse (inverse) sawtooth wave:

In digital synthesis, these series are only summed over k such that the highest harmonic, Nmax, is less than the Nyquist frequency (half the sampling frequency).  This summation can generally be more efficiently calculated with a fast Fourier transform.  If the waveform is digitally created directly in the time domain using a non-bandlimited form, such as y = x − floor(x), infinite harmonics are sampled and the resulting tone contains aliasing distortion.

An audio demonstration of a sawtooth played at 440 Hz (A4) and 880 Hz (A5) and 1,760 Hz (A6) is available below.  Both bandlimited (non-aliased) and aliased tones are presented.

Applications
 Sawtooth waves are known for their use in music. The sawtooth and square waves are among the most common waveforms used to create sounds with subtractive analog and virtual analog music synthesizers.
 Sawtooth waves are used in switched-mode power supplies. In the regulator chip the feedback signal from the output is continuously compared to a high frequency sawtooth to generate a new duty cycle PWM signal on the output of the comparator.
 In the field of computer science, particularly in automation and robotics,  allows to calculate sums and differences of angles while avoiding discontinuities at 360° and 0°.
 The sawtooth wave is the form of the vertical and horizontal deflection signals used to generate a raster on CRT-based television or monitor screens. Oscilloscopes also use a sawtooth wave for their horizontal deflection, though they typically use electrostatic deflection.
 On the wave's "ramp", the magnetic field produced by the deflection yoke drags the electron beam across the face of the CRT, creating a scan line.
 On the wave's "cliff", the magnetic field suddenly collapses, causing the electron beam to return to its resting position as quickly as possible.
 The current applied to the deflection yoke is adjusted by various means (transformers, capacitors, center-tapped windings) so that the half-way voltage on the sawtooth's cliff is at the zero mark, meaning that a negative current will cause deflection in one direction, and a positive current deflection in the other; thus, a center-mounted deflection yoke can use the whole screen area to depict a trace. Frequency is 15.734 kHz on NTSC, 15.625 kHz for PAL and SECAM).
 The vertical deflection system operates the same way as the horizontal, though at a much lower frequency (59.94 Hz on NTSC, 50 Hz for PAL and SECAM).
 The ramp portion of the wave must appear as a straight line. If otherwise, it indicates that the current isn't increasing linearly, and therefore that the magnetic field produced by the deflection yoke is not linear. As a result, the electron beam will accelerate during the non-linear portions. This would result in a television image "squished" in the direction of the non-linearity. Extreme cases will show marked brightness increases, since the electron beam spends more time on that side of the picture.
 The first television receivers had controls allowing users to adjust the picture's vertical or horizontal linearity. Such controls were not present on later sets as the stability of electronic components had improved.

See also

 List of periodic functions
 Sine wave
 Square wave
 Triangle wave
 Pulse wave
 Sound
 Wave
 Zigzag

References

External links

Waveforms
Fourier series

Sawtooth wave


Leonard "Leon" Lewis Meredith (2 February 1882 – 27 January 1930) was a British track and road racing cyclist who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics, in the 1912 Summer Olympics, and in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He won seven world championships and set up one of Britain's largest cycle-parts companies and ran a roller-skating rink and ballroom.

Background
Meredith was born in St Pancras, London. Sources give his name at birth as Lewis Leon Meredith. However, reports in the cycling press refer to him as Leon Lewis Meredith, and friends called him Jack.

He was a mild-looking, bespectacled man who parted his hair in the centre. Cycling said:

There was something Clark Kent, the children's comic-book hero, in the make-up of Edwardian cyclist Meredith. Like Clark Kent he presented a mild, shy, bespectacled image off the bike, but once on the bike he became Superman, beating all and sundry in a devastating manner.

He was born in central London. He became interested in cycling in 1901 and made his first long ride, from London to Brighton, 80 km on badly surfaced roads. On the way he met riders from Paddington Cycling Club, neighbours in the region of London where he lived, and agreed to ride with them provided they didn't go too fast. It was Meredith, however, who set the pace and the other riders asked him to join their club. He rode his first race in the Finchley Harriers meeting on the track at Kensal Green, in north London, winning the one-mile handicap. By the end of the season he was the national tandem-paced champion over 50 miles (80 km). He finished 17 seconds outside the record and was cheered off the track.

Meredith worked for his uncle, William Boyer, a builder with a wharf on the canal in Praed Street, Paddington. Meredith cycled all over London visiting his uncle's building sites. When Meredith showed talent at racing, his uncle subsidised him. That meant he could have a full-time trainer, a masseur and that he could travel across Europe to meet the best opposition.

International career
Meredith won his first world championship at Crystal Palace in London in 1904, beating the nine starters – four of them British – in the 100 km motor-paced event. He set off straight into the lead, passing five kilometres in 4m 49, 10 km in 9m 20s, 20 km in 18m 31s, and 30 km in 27m 30s. By then he was leading by five laps. He completed 50 km in 45m 15s and 80 km in 1h 15m 5s. Then his pacing motorcycle broke down and Meredith hit the track's banking and fell. He rolled across the track, turning somersaults. He got back to his feet, blood running, shouted for another bike and another pacer and finished the race 7m 19s faster than the world amateur record.

He became an Olympic gold medalist in the 1908 Games, also held in London, on the 660-yard track at White City. He rode in the team pursuit with Ernie Payne, Ben Jones and Clarence Kingsbury. It was the first time the event had been held in the Olympic Games. In the tandem race he was eliminated in the semi-final. He reached the final of the 20 km race but did not finish.

He was part of the team which won the silver medal in the Team road race. In the individual road race he finished fourth.

Eight years later he participated in the individual road race, finishing 18th.

He won seven motor world motor-paced championships, in London in 1904, Antwerp in 1905, Paris in 1907, Leipzig in 1908, Copenhagen in 1909, Rome in 1911 and Berlin in 1913.

The world track champion, Bill Bailey, said of him:

He was one of the most versatile riders I ever saw, winning races from a quarter-mile to six hours. Usually when thinking of motor-paced riders, we regard them as specialists who, once they have adopted the little front wheel, reversed forks and big gears are somehow never able to show good form in normal competition. Meredith was an exception. He mixed his racing most successfully and, in 1910, when he had already been world champion five times, astounded the cycling world by becoming the first rider ever to beat five hours for an unpaced out-and-home 100 [miles] on the road.

And of the world championship in Copenhagen, he said:

The championships were at Ordrup track, and we were staying at Charlottenlund by the sea, and had to walk a mile or so through the forest to get to the track. We could speak no Danish and the staff at the small pension where we were staying spoke no English. But on the day of the championships, just as we were leaving for the track, they lined up and made it known that they wanted 'tips'. We were annoyed at this, since we were not leaving for several days. Not until later did we realise the tips they wanted concerned the bike races, for the Totalisator was already a feature of Danish racing.

Domestic career
Meredith was the first rider to beat five hours for a 100-mile time trial, held out-and-home. He did it on the Bath road out of London, starting in Hounslow and turning between Newbury and Hungerford. He finished in 4h 52m 52s and won a gold medal put up by the magazine Cycling. The Rover bicycle on which he rode was put on display in the Gamages department store in central London. The cycling administrator and journalist Frederick Bidlake called Meredith's ride "rather fortunate when he went for the Cycling medal to get the out-and-home '100' inside five hours at his first essay, when all the other triers were finding trouble." His record was beaten by Frederick Grubb later that year with 4h 50m 49s.

In 1916, he had built enough of a fortune from the cycle industry (see below) that the British Olympic Association ruled that he should get no expenses should he be picked for the Olympic Games. The formal reason given was that he was too old and not worthy of public support. The war ended both his career and the 1916 Olympic Games.

Meredith's last races were in 1924, 22 years after he had started, when he tried to break long-distance records.

Among the trophies he won was the Penrose Cup, large enough to hold eight UK gallons. Friends joked he should fill it with beer and drain it. But Meredith was teetotal and a non-smoker.

Business career
In 1912 Meredith acquired the rights to a patent for a racing tyre. It was unusual that whereas other racing tyres were tubular and sewn together at the base, Meredith's tyre was sewn with diagonal threads that made the inner tube accessible at the base of the tyre.

Meredith enjoyed skating and found that one of his teachers, a man called Bain, was brother of Joseph Bain who ran the Constrictor Tyre Company, in Nursery Lane, Forest Gate, a suburb of London. Meredith was asked for financial advice and invested £100. He soon replaced the managing director, who had invented the Constrictor tyre. He began importing more cycling parts and buying Bastide bicycles from France and hubs from BSA. He branded them all Constrictor. By then he owned a roller-skating rink in the Porchester Hall, off Queensway, London, and advertised it by breaking the national one-mile record at Holland Park rink and the five-mile record on the Maida Vale rink.
He then opened another in the Broadway, Cricklewood, north London, He ran it with Bill Skuse, one of his pacers on the track. Encouraged by that, he bought a dance hall. He later planned a sporting club beside the Thames at Twickenham.

Constrictor was a pioneer in alloy cycle equipment and made a novel alloy rim called the Conloy. The firm outlasted Meredith's death but foundered at the end of the 1960s in a national decline of the cycle trade and in face of rising imports.

Marriage and death
Meredith married Cissie Parkham in 1914. Her father Charles was member of parliament for Willesden, an alderman of Middlesex County Council and a magistrate. He was later knighted. Their daughter, Leonie, was named after Leon.

Meredith died six days before his 48th birthday while on a skiing holiday in Davos, Switzerland, of a heart attack. His ashes were interred at Willesden cemetery. Wreaths came from around Britain and from France and Belgium, some in the shape of bicycles.

Cissie died in a nursing home five years later.

References

External links
databaseOlympics

1882 births
1930 deaths
English track cyclists
English male cyclists
English Olympic medallists
Cyclists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Great Britain
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Sportspeople from St Pancras, London
Olympic medalists in cycling
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics

Leonard Meredith


Form follows function is a principle of design associated with late 19th and early 20th century architecture and industrial design in general, which states that the shape of a building or object should primarily relate to its intended function or purpose.

Origins of the phrase
The architect Louis Sullivan coined the maxim, which resumes Viollet-le-Duc's theories: "a rationally designed structure may not necessarily be beautiful but no building can be beautiful that does not have a rationally designed structure." The maxim is often incorrectly attributed to the sculptor Horatio Greenough (1805–1852), whose thinking mostly predates the later functionalist approach to architecture. Greenough's writings were for a long time largely forgotten, and were rediscovered only in the 1930s. In 1947, a selection of his essays was published as Form and Function: Remarks on Art by Horatio Greenough.

Sullivan was Greenough's much younger compatriot and admired rationalist thinkers such as Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman, and Melville, as well as Greenough himself. In 1896, Sullivan coined the phrase in an article titled The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered, though he later attributed the core idea to the Roman architect, engineer, and author Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, who first asserted in his book De architectura that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas—that is, it must be solid, useful, and beautiful. Sullivan actually wrote "form ever follows function," but the simpler and less emphatic phrase is more widely remembered. For Sullivan this was distilled wisdom, an aesthetic credo, the single "rule that shall permit of no exception." The full quote is:
Whether it be the sweeping eagle in his flight, or the open apple-blossom, the toiling work-horse, the blithe swan, the branching oak, the winding stream at its base, the drifting clouds, over all the coursing sun, form ever follows function, and this is the law. Where function does not change, form does not change. The granite rocks, the ever-brooding hills, remain for ages; the lightning lives, comes into shape, and dies, in a twinkling.

It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things superhuman, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law.

Sullivan developed the shape of the tall steel skyscraper in late 19th-century Chicago at a moment in which technology, taste and economic forces converged and made it necessary to break with established styles. If the shape of the building was not going to be chosen out of the old pattern book, something had to determine form, and according to Sullivan it was going to be the purpose of the building. Thus, "form follows function," as opposed to "form follows precedent." Sullivan's assistant, Frank Lloyd Wright, adopted and professed the same principle in a slightly different form—perhaps because shaking off the old styles gave them more freedom and latitude.

Debate on the functionality of ornamentation

In 1910, the Austrian architect Adolf Loos gave a lecture titled "Ornament and Crime" in reaction to the elaborate ornament used by the Vienna Secession architects. Modernists adopted Loos's moralistic argument as well as Sullivan's maxim. Loos had worked as a carpenter in the USA. He celebrated efficient plumbing and industrial artifacts like corn silos and steel water towers as examples of functional design.

Application in different fields

Architecture

The phrase "form (ever) follows function" became a battle cry of Modernist architects after the 1930s. The credo was taken to imply that decorative elements, which architects call "ornament", were superfluous in modern buildings. The phrase can best be implemented in design by asking the question, "Does it work?" Design in architecture utilizing this mantra follows the functionality and purpose of the building. For example, a family home would be designed around familial and social interactions and life. It would be purposeful, without functionless flare. A building's beauty comes from the function it serves rather than from its visual design. One aim of the Modernists post World War II was to elevate the living conditions of the masses. Many people around the world were living in less than ideal conditions, worsened by war. The Modernists sought to bring these people into more livable, humane spaces that, while not conventionally beautiful, were extremely functional. As a result, architecture utilizing 'form follows function' became a sign of hope and progress.

Despite coining the term, Louis Sullivan himself neither thought nor designed along such lines at the peak of his career. Indeed, while his buildings could be spare and crisp in their principal masses, he often punctuated their plain surfaces with eruptions of lush Art Nouveau and Celtic Revival decorations, usually cast in iron or terracotta, and ranging from organic forms like vines and ivy, to more geometric designs, and interlace, inspired by his Irish design heritage. Probably the most famous example is the writhing green ironwork that covers the entrance canopies of the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building on South State Street in Chicago. These ornaments, often executed by the talented younger draftsman in Sullivan's employ, would eventually become Sullivan's trademark; to students of architecture, they are his instantly recognizable signature.

Product design

One episode in the history of the inherent conflict between functional design and the demands of the marketplace took place in 1935, after the introduction of the streamlined Chrysler Airflow, when the American auto industry temporarily halted attempts to introduce optimal aerodynamic forms into mass manufacture. Some car-makers thought aerodynamic efficiency would result in a single optimal auto-body shape, a "teardrop" shape, which would not be good for unit sales. General Motors adopted two different positions on streamlining, one meant for its internal engineering community, the other meant for its customers. Like the annual model year change, so-called aerodynamic styling is often meaningless in terms of technical performance. Subsequently, drag coefficient has become both a marketing tool and a means of improving the sale-ability of a car by reducing its fuel consumption, slightly, and increasing its top speed, markedly.

The American industrial designers of the 1930s and '40s like Raymond Loewy, Norman Bel Geddes and Henry Dreyfuss grappled with the inherent contradictions of "form follows function" as they redesigned blenders and locomotives and duplicating machines for mass-market consumption. Loewy formulated his "MAYA" (Most Advanced Yet Acceptable) principle to express that product designs are bound by functional constraints of math and materials and logic, but their acceptance is constrained by social expectations. His advice was that for very new technologies, they should be made as familiar as possible, but for familiar technologies, they should be made surprising.

Victor Papanek (1923–1998) was one influential twentieth century designer and design philosopher who taught and wrote as a proponent of "form follows function."

By honestly applying "form follows function", industrial designers had the potential to put their clients out of business. Some simple single-purpose objects like screwdrivers and pencils and teapots might be reducible to a single optimal form, precluding product differentiation. Some objects made too durable would prevent sales of replacements. (cf. planned obsolescence) From the standpoint of functionality, some products are simply unnecessary.

An alternative approach referred to as "form leads function" or "function follows form," starts with vague, abstract, or underspecified designs. These designs, sometimes generated using tools like text-to-image models can serve as triggers for generating novel ideas for product design.

Software engineering
It has been argued that the structure and internal quality attributes of a working, non-trivial software artifact will represent first and foremost the engineering requirements of its construction, with the influence of process being marginal, if any. This does not mean that process is irrelevant, but that processes compatible with an artifact's requirements lead to roughly similar results.

The principle can also be applied to enterprise application architectures of modern business, where "function" encompasses the business processes which should be assisted by the enterprise architecture, or "form". If the architecture were to dictate how the business operates, then the business is likely to suffer from inflexibility and the inability to adapt to change. Service-oriented architecture enables an enterprise architect to rearrange the "form" of the architecture to meet the functional requirements of a business by adopting standards-based communication protocols which enable interoperability. This stands in conflict with Conway's law, which states from a social point of view that "form follows organization".

Furthermore, domain-driven design postulates that structure (software architecture, design pattern, implementation) should emerge from constraints of the modeled domain (functional requirement).

While "form" and "function" may be more or less explicit and invariant concepts to the many engineering doctrines, metaprogramming and the functional programming paradigm lend themselves very well to explore, blur and invert the essence of those two concepts.

The agile software development movement espouses techniques such as 'test driven development' in which the engineer begins with a minimum unit of user oriented functionality, creates an automated test for such and then implements the functionality and iterates, repeating this process. The result and argument for this discipline are that the structure or 'form' emerges from actual function and in fact because done organically, makes the project more adaptable long term as well of as higher quality because of the functional base of automated tests.

Automobile designing

If the design of an automobile conforms to its function—for instance the Fiat Multipla's shape, which is partly due to the desire to sit six people in two rows—then its form is said to follow its function.

See also
 Truth to materials
 Aesthetics
 Design science (methodology)
 Separation of content and presentation
 User-centered design

Notes and references

External links
 "E. H. Gombrich's adoption of the formula form follows function: A case of mistaken identity?" by Jan Michl
 "How form functions: On esthetics and Gestalt theory" by Roy Behrens
 "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered" by Louis H. Sullivan in 1896.

Aesthetics
Architectural theory
Industrial design
Modernism

Form follows function


The Zoological Collection Rostock (ZSRO, German: Zoologische Sammlung Rostock) is a scientific university collection and associated with the zoological department of the University of Rostock, Germany. The collection was founded in 1775 by Oluf Gerhard Tychsen and is used both for teaching and research. Parts of the collection are open to the public.

History

The zoological collection was founded in 1775 by Oluf Gerhard Tychsen, an orientalist and head librarian of the University of Rostock. In 1789, the collection became part of the "Academic Museum". It was relocated to the Universitätsplatz in 1844 after the adoption of parts of the collection of the grand duke in Ludwigslust. The zoological collection is still located at the Universitätsplatz. Since 2002, it features a public exhibition room with changing special exhibitions.

Holdings

The collection holds about 140.000 series of taxa from all over the world. The collection focus includes mollusca (ca. 14.000), Polychaeta (ca. 2.500), fish (ca. 2.500), birds (ca. 2.400), and scorpions (ca. 1.000). Furthermore, the collection owns important historical teaching models, including models by the Blaschka family and Ziegler wax models. It is also home to the Rostocker Pfeilstorch, which provided early evidence for long-distance migration by storks.

References

External links

Homepage der zoologischen Sammlung (German)

Science museums in Germany
University of Rostock
Museums in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
University museums in Germany
Tourist attractions in Rostock

Zoological Collection Rostock


OpenLB is an object-oriented implementation of the lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM). It is the first implementation of a generic platform for LBM programming, which is shared with the open source community (GPLv2).
The code is written in C++ and is used by application programmers as well as developers, with the ability to implement custom models
OpenLB supports complex data structures that allow simulations in complex geometries and parallel execution using MPI, OpenMP and CUDA on high-performance computers.
The source code uses the concepts of interfaces and templates, so that efficient, direct and intuitive implementations of the LBM become possible.
The efficiency and scalability has been checked and proved by code reviews.
A user manual and a source code documentation by DoxyGen are available on the project page.

Functions
OpenLB is being constantly developed. By now the following features are implemented:
 Computational fluid dynamics in complex geometry
 Automatic generation of a grid
 Turbulent flow
 Multi-component flow
 Thermal flow
 Light radiation
 Topology optimizing
 Particle flow (Euler–Euler and Euler–Lagrange method)

Automated grid generation
Automated grid generation is one of the great advantages of OpenLB over other CFD software packages. The main advantages are listed below:

 Use of geometries in the STL file format or geometrically primitive forms (e.g. ball, cylinder, cone) and their union, intersection and difference
 Very fast voxelization: 6003 ~ 1 minute
 Handling non-watertight surfaces
 Memory-friendly using octrees
 Load distribution for parallel execution with MPI, OpenMP and CUDA.

The automatic grid generation can assume both an STL file as well as primitive geometries. For the geometry, a uniform and rectangular grid is created which encloses the entire space of the geometry. The superfluous grid cells are then removed and the remaining cuboids are shrunk to fit the given geometry. Finally, the grid is distributed to different threads or processors for the parallel execution of the simulation. The boundary conditions and start values can be set using material numbers.

Literature
 Krause, Mathias J. and Latt, Jonas and Heuveline, Vincent. "Towards a hybrid parallelization of lattice Boltzmann methods." Computers & Mathematics with Applications 58.5 (2009): 1071–1080.
 Heuveline, Vincent, and Mathias J. Krause. "OpenLB: towards an efficient parallel open source library for lattice Boltzmann fluid flow simulations." International Workshop on State-of-the-Art in Scientific and Parallel Computing. PARA. Vol. 9. 2010.
 Krause, Mathias J., Thomas Gengenbach, and Vincent Heuveline. "Hybrid parallel simulations of fluid flows in complex geometries: Application to the human lungs." European Conference on Parallel Processing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
 Krause, Mathias J. "Fluid flow simulation and optimisation with lattice Boltzmann methods on high performance computers: application to the human respiratory system." Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT (2010).
 Trunk, Robin, et al. "Inertial dilute particulate fluid flow simulations with an Euler–Euler lattice Boltzmann method." Journal of Computational Science (2016).
 Mink, Albert, et al. "A 3D Lattice Boltzmann method for light simulation in participating media." Journal of Computational Science (2016).

Awards
 Winner Mimics Innovation Award (2011)
 Honorary certificate in the Group Humanitarian Impact, "Itanium® Solutions Alliance Innovation Awards" (2009)
 Finalist in the Group Humanitarian Impact Innovation, "Itanium® Solutions Alliance Innovation Awards" (2007)

References

External links
 Official website
 Dynamic Cross Flow Filtration with OpenLB (YouTube Video)
 OpenLB Trailer (YouTube Video)

C++ software
Computational fluid dynamics
Computer-aided engineering software for Linux
Continuum mechanics
Free science software
Free software programmed in C++
Open Source computer aided engineering applications
Scientific simulation software

OpenLB


KySat-1 was an American satellite which was to have been operated by Kentucky Space. Designed to operate for eighteen to twenty four months, it was lost in a launch failure in March 2011 after the Taurus launch vehicle carrying it failed to achieve orbit.

Spacecraft description
KySat-1 was a single-unit CubeSat picosatellite which was built as part of a programme to involve and interest schoolchildren in spaceflight. Children would have been given access to the satellite; uploading and downloading data and using a camera aboard the spacecraft to produce images of the Earth. The satellite also carried a secondary technology demonstration payload; investigating the use of S-band communication at high bandwidths.

Launch
KySat-1 was launched by Orbital Sciences Corporation using a Taurus-XL 3110 launch vehicle flying from Launch Complex 576E at the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. It was a secondary payload on the launch, with the primary payload being the NASA Glory spacecraft. Hermes and Explorer-1 Prime were launched aboard the same rocket. The launch took place at 10:09:43 UTC on 4 March 2011, and ended in failure after the payload fairing failed to separate from around the spacecraft just under three minutes after launch. With the fairing still attached, the launch vehicle had too much mass to achieve orbit, and reentered over the southern Pacific Ocean or the Antarctic. It was the second consecutive failure of a Taurus launch vehicle, following the loss of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory in 2009.

References

Spacecraft launched in 2011
CubeSats
Satellite launch failures
Student satellites
Picosatellites
Space accidents and incidents in the United States

KySat-1


The George Taylor House, also known as George Taylor Mansion, was the home of Founding Father George Taylor, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, in Catasauqua, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. The home was built by Taylor in 1768 and designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971.

The Borough of Catasauqua purchased the house from the Lehigh County Historical Society in 2009 and today sponsors events and offers tours of the property at the borough's southwestern corner near the historic Lehigh River Canal.

House's first owners
The George Taylor House's first three owners were men of substantial means, who played notable roles locally and nationally in events leading up to the nation's founding.

George Taylor, 1768–1776

George Taylor was born in Northern Ireland in 1716 and immigrated to the American colonies in 1736. Starting as an Indentured laborer, he built a successful career as an ironmaster in Pennsylvania, first at Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge in Chester County and later at Durham Furnace in Bucks County.

In 1767, Taylor purchased a  estate in Biery's Port (now part of Catasauqua) for £700. On this expansive property overlooking the Lehigh River, he built what was then one of the finest homes in the region, the house now named for him. Shortly after the Taylors moved in, his wife Ann died. Taylor continued to live here for the next six years, but in 1774, he returned to Durham to operate the ironworks under a new lease. Until that time, production at Durham Furnace had focused on domestic products, primarily plates for stoves and fireplaces but also cast iron pots and pans. With the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775, the mill became a major supplier of cannon shot to the Continental Army and Navy.

Taylor first entered the public arena in the late 1750s as a justice of the peace, a judicial post that was important in colonial times, when travel to the county courthouse was difficult. He was subsequently elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, representing Northampton County from 1764 to 1769. In 1775, he was re-elected to the Assembly and on July 20, 1776, was appointed to the Continental Congress. Two weeks later, on August 2, he signed the Declaration of Independence, along with most of the congressional delegates.

Four months before joining the Congress, Taylor sold his Biery's Port property to John Benezet of Philadelphia. The next year, in March 1777, Taylor was named to Pennsylvania's new Supreme Executive Council, a 12-member body that acted in the capacity of governor. In ill health, he resigned from the council after just a few months, ending his public career. Taylor remained active in iron making over the next three years, but retired to Easton in 1780.  Less than a year later, on February 23, 1781, he died at the age of 65.

John Benezet, 1776–1782

John Benezet was a native of Philadelphia and the son of Daniel Benezet, a prominent Philadelphia merchant. Benezet briefly attended the College of Philadelphia in 1757 and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768. In 1775, he married Hanna Bingham, and with that, his father gave him £3,000 plus £6,000 in stock to set up an import business. On March 27, 1776, Benezet purchased George Taylor's estate for £1,800.

Benezet, like Taylor, became active in political affairs, but only briefly.  In early 1775, he served as one of the secretaries who recorded proceedings at the Pennsylvania Provincial Congress, a meeting Taylor also attended. In August of that year, he was named to Philadelphia's Committee of Correspondence.

Two years later, in 1777, the Continental Congress appointed Benezet as Commissioner of Claims in the Treasury Office.  However, he resigned in 1778 and returned to his business interests. Benezet died in the winter of 1780–81, when his ship, the Shillelagh, was lost at sea during a voyage to France.

David Deshler, 1782–1796

In 1782, Benezet's widow sold the Biery's Port estate to David Deshler for the same amount her husband had paid six years before. Born in Switzerland in 1734, Deshler came to the American colonies as an infant. His father Adam Deshler was one of the earliest residents of the northern section of present-day Lehigh County. The owner of a significant amount of property, he personally built Fort Deshler in Whitehall Township in 1760 to protect local settlers against Indian attack.

When David Deshler purchased Taylor's former house, he was living in Northampton Town (now Allentown) in what was then part of Northampton County. Deshler built Northampton Town's first house in 1762, the year of the town's founding. Initially, he operated a store and tavern here, but later started a saw mill and grist mill, Northampton Town's first industries. By the mid-1770s, he was one of the region's wealthiest men.

In 1774, Deshler was appointed to the county's Committee of Observation, and in 1776, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, where he served with George Taylor. During the Revolutionary War, Deshler's properties in Northampton Town were used to produce munitions and manufacture, repair and store materials for the Continental Army. In 1777, the Assembly appointed him one of four "sub-lieutenants" in charge of the county's military preparations. Deshler, who held the rank of colonel in the militia, was named a Commissioner of Purchases in February 1778, Assistant Forage Master in April 1780 and Assistant Commissary of Purchases in July 1780.

The war ended in 1783, and the next year Deshler was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly as a representative of Northampton County.  In 1787, he served as a delegate to the state convention that ratified the federal Constitution. After completing his final term in the Assembly in 1788, he retired from public service. Deshler lived out his days at Biery's Port, where he died at the age of 62 on December 24, 1796.

1800's and 1900's

During the 1800s, George Taylor's former house passed through various hands and was eventually acquired by Wahneta Silk Company, which built a mill in front of the house around 1890.  Meanwhile, the property was left to deteriorate for many years.

In 1945, the Lehigh County Historical Society rescued the house, raising funds from its members for the acquisition and repairs. Since then, the historical society has completed extensive restoration work.

National Historic Landmark

On July 17, 1971, the George Taylor House was registered as a National Historic Landmark. After a fire destroyed the former silk mill (then a furniture factory) in 1982, the society purchased the property and extended the front lawn to provide a park-like setting for the historic site.

In 2008, the society proposed selling the house to the Borough of Catasauqua for $250,000, stating "We believe that they can do much more with the site than we can. We believe the highest and best use of the property is with the good people of Catasauqua because it can be used for so many community type events."

On May 5, 2013, as part of the Lehigh County Bicentennial celebration, a monument, designed by Jirair Youssefian of Vitetta Architects|Vitetta Architects & Engineers, was unveiled during a ceremony held on the front lawn of the house. The monument will serve as the base for a future statue of George Taylor, which is currently in the planning stages.

References

External links
George Taylor House website
Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor: George Taylor House
Historic Catasauqua Preservation Association
List of National Historic Landmarks by State

National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1768
Museums in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Historic house museums in Pennsylvania
Biographical museums in Pennsylvania
Houses in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
1768 establishments in Pennsylvania
Homes of United States Founding Fathers

George Taylor House (Catasauqua, Pennsylvania)


Eugen Gura (8 November 184226 August 1906)  was a German operatic baritone.

Life

Gura was born in Nové Sedlo, Louny District, Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic).

He was at first educated for the career of a painter at Vienna and Munich; but later, developing a fine baritone voice, he took up singing and studied it at the Munich Conservatorium. In 1865, he made his debut at the Munich opera, and in the following years he gained the highest reputation in Germany, being engaged principally at Leipzig till 1876 and then at Hamburg until 1883.

He sang in 1876 in Wagner's Ring at Bayreuth, and was famous for his Wagnerian roles; his Hans Sachs in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, as performed in London in 1882, was magnificent. He created the role of Gűnther in Wagner's Götterdämmerung on 17 August 1876.

In later years, he showed the perfection of art in his singing of German Lieder. His sons were actor and singer Hermann Gura and actor Eugen Gura Jr., and his granddaughter was actress Sascha Gura. He died in Aufkirchen, Bavaria.

References

Attribution:

1842 births
1906 deaths
People from Louny District
German operatic baritones
19th-century German male opera singers
German Bohemian people

Eugen Gura


The Gabelmann ("Fork man") is a statue with a fountain in Bamberg, Germany. It is a Baroque statue of Neptune, the ancient Roman god of the sea, who is holding his three-pronged fork. This is why he has the name Gabelmann.

The Gabelmann stands in the part of the pedestrian precinct called "Grüner Markt" ("Green Market"). In the local Franconian dialect he is called Goblmoo. There is a well-known poem about him written in the dialect.

The Gabelmann is a favourite place for people to meet in Bamberg.

Buildings and structures in Bamberg
Statues
1560s works

Gabelmann


Turnabout is a 1940 fantasy comedy film directed by Hal Roach and starring Adolphe Menjou, Carole Landis and John Hubbard. Based on the 1931 novel of the same name by Thorne Smith, the screenplay was written by Mickell Novack, Bernie Giler and John McClain with additional dialogue by Rian James. In 1979, the screenplay was adapted for the short-lived television series with the same name.

Plot
Tim and Sally Willows (John Hubbard and Carole Landis) are a spoiled well-off couple who constantly bicker and cannot agree on anything.

Tim Willows is considered to be the main cog in the machinery of his own advertising company Manning, Willows, and Clare. His wife Sally is his exact opposite, pampering herself in their home all day. And when Tim gets home, they start arguing, constantly watched by a strange Indian idol they got from a distant relative of Tim. They call it Mr. Ram.

After one extraordinarily stressful day at the office, Tim comes home to find Sally in the bath, and they start arguing like never before. In the heat of the moment, Tim expresses a wish to switch places with his lazy wife, to see how she goes about her days at nearly half speed. Sally also makes the same wish, seriously doubting the strain of running the advertising firm, having fun all day long. The Indian idol on the wall overhears their respective wishes and makes them come true, speaking loudly from its place on the wall.

When the couple wake up the next morning they have indeed switched places and bodies with each other. Chaos ensues, as active Tim stays home with the servants and wives of his colleagues all day, in Sally's body, while she goes to work and manages to be rude to the firm's biggest client. Sally also succeeds in landing another client that Tim had denied business before.

When the couple finally meet again in their home at night, they both beg on their bare knees to switch back into their regular bodies again. Their wish is granted this time too, and life goes back to normal. Tim has to clean up the mess Sally made at the firm, and she apologizes to all their friends. They blame everything on the fact that Sally is pregnant.

When everything seems to be just fine again, Mr. Ram explains that he made a mistake when changing them back into their ordinary bodies, and as it now happens, Tim is the one who is pregnant.

Cast
 Adolphe Menjou as Phil Manning
 Carole Landis as Sally Willows
 John Hubbard as Tim Willows
 William Gargan as Joel Clare
 Verree Teasdale as Laura Bannister
 Mary Astor as Marion Manning
 Donald Meek as Henry – the Valet
 Joyce Compton as Irene Clare
 Inez Courtney as Miss Edwards
 Franklin Pangborn as Mr. Alan Pingboom
 Marjorie Main as Nora – the Cook
 Berton Churchill as Julian Marlowe
 Margaret Roach as Dixie Gale
 Ray Turner as Mose
 Norman Budd as Jimmy
 Polly Ann Young as Miss Gertie Twill
 Eleanor Riley as Lorraine
 Murray Alper as Doc – the Masseur
 Miki Morita as Ito
 Yolande Donlan as Marie – the Maid
 Georges Renavent as Mr. Ram

References

External links
 Turnabout photos

1940 films
1940s fantasy comedy films
American fantasy comedy films
American screwball comedy films
American sex comedy films
American black-and-white films
Body swapping in films
1940s English-language films
Films based on American novels
Films based on fantasy novels
Films directed by Hal Roach
United Artists films
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in Pennsylvania
1940 comedy films
1940s American films
1940s sex comedy films

Turnabout (film)


Christmastime! is an album by American singer-songwriter Don McLean, released in 2004. It is a complete collection of Don McLean's Christmas recordings and contains all of the songs previously released on Christmas and Christmas Dreams as well as two songs new to this collection.

Track listing
"Winter Wonderland"
"O Little Town of Bethlehem"
"Blue Christmas"
"The Christmas Waltz"
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
"Toyland"
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
"I'll Be Home for Christmas/Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)"
"White Christmas"
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!"
"Silent Night"
"Oh Holy Night"
"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day"
"Go Tell It on the Mountain"
"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen"
"The Last Month of the Year"
"The Burgundian Carol"
"Little Child"
"It Came Upon a Midnight Clear"
"Pretty Paper"
"'Twas the Night before Christmas"

Christmas compilation albums
2004 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
2004 compilation albums
Don McLean compilation albums
Rock Christmas albums

Christmastime!


Michael Page Carnes (1950) is an American composer of contemporary classical music.

Life and career
Carnes was born in North Carolina. The son of a piano teacher, he received his first formal musical training on trumpet in the public schools. He formed and played in several rock bands beginning in the late 1960s.  While originally a performer of popular music and jazz, Carnes became interested in classical music and resumed his education.

He studied composition under John Bavicchi and  Rudi Martinus van Dijk  at Berklee College of Music where he received his BA in 1977, John Thow and Theodore Antoniou at Boston University where he received his Masters in Music in 1980 and later with Gunther Schuller.  His early works were largely built with extended tonality and reflective of jazz.  These include a number of guitar etudes.  In the years that followed, his music became more strongly chromatic, without an obvious tonal center.  Principal works from this period include Fantasy Music 1 (for flute and taped electronic sounds), Fantasy Music 2 (for harpsichord and taped electronic sounds), and Marimba Concerto.

An intermediate period included Brass Quintet #2, War Songs (for voice and taped electronic sounds), and Variations (computer). More recently, his style has moved into a more flexible variant of the 12-tone technique. Recent works include Brass Quintet #3, Symphony: Challenger and Proper Motion (trio for flute, clarinet, piano) which had its world premiere at the Park City and Salt Lake City International Music Festival in 2005.

During his years in Boston, Carnes was a member of the "Composers in Red Sneakers" collective. In 1985, the group inaugurated the 8th season of contemporary music at New York's Symphony Space. Amongst the pieces on the program were two songs for mezzo-soprano and marimba by Carnes set to texts by e.e. cummings with Nancy Zeltsman on the marimba.

From 1980 until 2020, Carnes managed a separate career in technology, mostly at Lexicon.  In 2012, he founded Exponential Audio, eventually selling the company to Izotope and retiring from the tech world. He has since resumed composing full time. Recent pieces include and so on (for pianist Jason Hardink) and Three Scenes for Woodwind Quintet (premiered by Intermezzo).

Recordings
Fantasy Music 1 is included on the 1984 Northeastern Records LP, Composers in Red Sneakers.

References

Sources
Blotner, Linda Solow, "Michael Page Carnes", The Boston composers project: a bibliography of contemporary music, MIT Press, 1983.
Cleary, David, "The Boston New-Music Scene: Present and Recent Past, with Special Emphasis on Composers in Red Sneakers", 21st Century Music, June 2000, Volume 7, Number 6
Holland, Bernard, "Review: Composers in Red Sneakers", New York Times, 13 October 1985
Page, Tim, "Numic Notes; Moderns in Red Sneakers", New York Times, 6 October 1985.
Reichel, Edward, "Music Fest Features Trio's Premiere", Deseret News, 21 August 2005 (subscription access)
Philadelphia Inquirer, "Bostonians Make Their Own Album", 23 June 1985, (subscription access)

External links
Official website
Composers in Red Sneakers Archives
Fantasy Music 1 played on Music from New England, New Sounds, WYNC, 1 June 1987

1950 births
Living people
People from McDowell County, North Carolina

Michael Carnes


EIAJ MTS is a multichannel television sound standard created by the EIAJ.

Bilingual and stereo sound television programs started being broadcast in Japan in October 1978 using an "FM-FM" system originally developed by NHK Technical Research Labs during 1962–1969. This system was modified and standardised by the EIAJ in January 1979. Television stations in Japan with capability for bilingual and stereo sound transmissions used the callsign JO**-TAM, where "TAM" denotes their audio FM multiplex sub-carrier designation, until digital switchover to ISDB-T in 2010–2012 which eventually rendered EIAJ MTS obsolete.

The original System M TV standard has a monaural FM transmission at 4.5 MHz. For Japanese multichannel television sound a second channel, or sub-channel, is added to the original signal by using an FM sub-carrier at twice the line frequency (Fh, or 15374 Hz). In order to identify the different modes (mono, stereo, or dual sound) a pilot tone is also added on an AM carrier at 3.5 times the line frequency. The pilot tone frequencies are 982.5 Hz for stereo and 922.5 Hz for dual sound. Contrary to Zweikanalton these pilot tones are not coupled to the line frequency but were instead chosen to allow use of filters already employed in the Pocket Bell pager system.

See also
Multichannel Television Sound (3 additional audio channels on 4.5 Mhz audio carriers)
NICAM
Zweikanalton A2

References

 Broadcast engineering
Television technology
 Sound

EIAJ MTS


Italy ( [iˈtaːlja])  is a country in Southern Europe. It is a member of the European Union. Its official name is the Italian Republic (). The Italian flag is green, white and red. Italy is a democratic republic.

Italy is a founding member of the European Union. In 2022, Italy's president is Sergio Mattarella. Its prime minister is Giorgia Meloni. Italy is also a member of the G7, as it has the eighth largest gross domestic product in the world.

Italy has become famous for its wine and food. Some foods are different between regions. Famous dishes include various types of pasta, pizza, and grapes. Olives are also often used.

Before 1861, Italy was made up of smaller kingdoms and city-states.

The country's capital, Rome, is one of the most famous cities in the world. It was the capital of the Roman Empire. Other famous cities in Italy include Venice, Naples, Turin, Genoa, Florence, Palermo, and Milan.

Geography

Italy is a peninsula. It is surrounded by the sea on all of its sides except its north side. Northern Italy is separated from France, Switzerland, and Austria by the Alps, a chain of mountains. Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco in Italian or white mountain in English), the highest mountain in Western Europe, is in this chain. The second important chain of mountains in Italy is the Apennines (), which are in central and southern Italy.

The Po River is the longest river in Italy. It flows through 5 cities: Turin, Piacenza, Cremona, and Ferrara. The Tiber River runs through the city of Rome.

Northern Italy has some of the biggest lakes in the country, such as Lake Garda, Lake Como, Lake Maggiore and Lake Iseo. Because it is surrounded by the sea, Italy has a very long coast, which brings tourists from all over the world. Tourists also come to see Italy's historical places.

The country has a number of islands, the biggest of which are Sicily and Sardinia, which can be reached by ship or aircraft. Italy has a border at sea with Libya to the south.

Political geography

The capital of Italy is Rome. This is where the Roman Empire started. Other large cities in Italy include Milan, Naples, Turin, Florence, Palermo, and Venice.

Two enclaves (separate countries) are located within Italy. They are San Marino, which is surrounded by Northern Italy, and the Vatican City, which is surrounded by the city of Rome. Vatican City is also the only enclave in the world to also be surrounded by a city.

Climate
Italy has both an oceanic climate and continental climate.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Italy was  on 25 June 2007 in Foggia.

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Italy was  on 10 February 2013 at Pale di San Martino.

People and culture

People from Italy are called Italians. Even if an Italian were to leave Italy, it is possible that their descendants could also claim Italian citizenship. This is because of Italian nationality law relying mostly on ius sanguinis, or "right of blood" in Latin. Almost all Italians are Christians. Most of these are Roman Catholics. Roman Catholicism

is based in the Vatican City, which is home to its leader, the Pope.

The population of Italy is about 60 million people. Almost 3 million of them live in Rome, and 1.5 million in Milan. As of December 2015, over 5 million foreigners were living in Italy, which is 8.3% of the total population.

The official language of Italy is Italian. German, Slovenian, French, and a few others are also recognized. People also speak dialects of Italian such as Sicilian and Sardinian. There are many different dialects spoken in Italy. They vary between regions and sometimes between provinces.

The people of Italy are mostly descendant from the ancient Romans.

Italy is home to more World Heritage Sites than any other country in the world. These sites are culturally important and valued according to UNESCO. About 60% of the works of art of the world are in Italy. Italy is also a big wine producer. In 2005, it made over 5 million tonnes of wine.

Food
Famous Italian foods include pasta and pizza.

Art
Many notable artists were from Italy. They include:
 Donatello, sculptor
 Leonardo da Vinci, painter
 Michelangelo, sculptor and painter
 Amedeo Modigliani, painter
 Raphael, painter

Economy

Italy has a modern social welfare system. The labor market is very strong. Many foreigners, especially from Romania, work in Italy where the wages are much higher.

Italy's modern society has been built up through loans. Now the country has a very high debt of 1.9 trillion euros or 120% of the country's total GDP.

Religion

Most people in Italy are Roman Catholics, but the Catholic Church is no longer officially the state religion. 87.8% of the people said they were Roman Catholic.
Only about a third said they were active members (36.8%). There are also other Christian groups in Italy, with more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians. 180,000 of them belong to the Greek Orthodox Church.

550,000 are Pentecostals and Evangelicals (0.8%). 235,685 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%), 30,000 Waldensians, 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 20,000 Baptists, 7,000 Lutherans, 4,000 Methodists.
The country's oldest religious minority is the Jewish community. It has about 45,000 people. It is no longer the largest non-Christian group.
About 825,000 Muslims live in Italy. Most of them immigrated. (1.41% of the total population) Only 50,000 are Italian citizens. In addition, there are 50,000 Buddhists 70,000 Sikh and 70,000 Hindus in Italy.

Major cities

 Rome
 Venice
 Milan
 Naples
 Turin
 Florence
 Bologna
 Palermo
 Trieste
 Bari

Regions
Italy has 20 regions (). Every region is divided into provinces.

There are 20 regions. Five of them have a special status, called autonomous. This means that they can make certain local laws more easily. These regions are marked with an asterisk (*) below.

Politics

The head of state is Sergio Mattarella. He became President of the Italian Republic in February 2015. The first president was Enrico De Nicola.

The head of government is Giorgia Meloni. She became Prime Minister on October 22, 2022, the first woman in that role. She succeeded Mario Draghi. Draghi's cabinet, fell after support for his coalition fell.

Italy was one of the first members of the European Union. In 2002 along with 11 other European countries, it changed to using the euro as its official currency. Before this, the Italian lira had been used since 1861.

Anyone who wants to be President of Italy must have Italian citizenship, be at least 50 years old, and must be able to uphold political and civil rights.

History

The capital of Italy is Rome. Rome was founded in 753 BC. It was a separate state well known as Roman Kingdom firstly, Roman Republic and Roman Empire later. It conquered various neighbors including the Etruscan civilization in the north and the states in the south known as Magna Graecia.

Before 1861, Italy was not a state. The area included a group of separate states that were ruled by other countries (such as Austria, France, and Spain). In the 1850s, the Earl of Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour was the head of government of the "State of Sardinia". He talked to the Austrians in Lombardy and Veneto and said they should create a Northern Italian state. This happened, but other Central and Southern Italian states also joined Piedmont to create a bigger state.

Kingdom of Italy

In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, creating the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Victor Emmanuel II was made the king. In 1861, Latium and Veneto were still not part of Italy, because they were ruled by the Pope and Austrian Empire.

Veneto was made part of Italy in 1866 after a war with Austria. Italian soldiers won Latium in 1870. That was when they took away the Pope's power. The Pope, who was angry, said that he was a prisoner to keep Catholic people from being active in politics. That was the year of Italian unification.

Italy participated in World War I. It was an ally of Great Britain, France, and Russia against the Central Powers. Almost all of Italy's fighting was on the Eastern border, near Austria. After the "Caporetto defeat", Italy thought they would lose the war. But, in 1918, the Central Powers surrendered. Italy gained the Trentino-South Tyrol, which once was owned by Austria.

Fascist Italy
In 1922, a new Italian government started. It was ruled by Benito Mussolini, the leader of Fascism in Italy. He became head of government and dictator, calling himself "Il Duce" (which means "leader" in Italian). He became friends with German dictator Adolf Hitler. Germany, Japan, and Italy became the Axis Powers. In 1940, they entered World War II together against France, Great Britain, and later the Soviet Union. During the war, Italy controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea.

On July 25, 1943, Mussolini was removed by the Great Council of Fascism. On September 8, 1943, Badoglio said that the war as an ally of Germany was ended. Italy started fighting as an ally of France and the UK, but Italian soldiers did not know whom to shoot. In Northern Italy, a movement called Resistenza started to fight against the German invaders. On April 25, 1945, much of Italy became free, while Mussolini tried to make a small Northern Italian fascist state called the Republic of Salò. The fascist state failed and Mussolini tried to flee to Switzerland and escape to Francoist Spain, but he was captured by Italian partisans. On 28 April 1945 Mussolini was executed by a partisan.

After World War Two

The state became a republic on June 2, 1946. For the first time, women were able to vote. Italian people ended the Savoia dynasty and adopted a republic government.

In February 1947, Italy signed a peace treaty with the Allies. They lost all the colonies and some territorial areas (Istria and parts of Dalmatia).

Since then Italy has joined NATO and the European Community (as a founding member). It is one of the seven biggest industrial economies in the world.

Transportation

The railway network in Italy totals . It is the 17th longest in the world. High speed trains include ETR-class trains which travel at speeds of up to .

Related pages
 Italy at the Olympics
 Italy national football team
 Italian cuisine
 Italophilia
 Italian Mare Nostrum
 List of rivers of Italy

References

Other websites

 Official tourism website

European Union member states
Italian-speaking countries
G8 nations
G7 nations

Italy


National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) is an Indian online commodity and derivative exchange based in India. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It has an independent board of directors and provides a commodity exchange platform for market participants to trade in commodity derivatives. It is a government  company, incorporated on 23 April 2003 under the Companies Act, 1956 and obtained its Certificate for Commencement of Business on 9 May 2003. It commenced operations on 15 December 2003.

As of 31 July 2013, NCDEX has 848 registered members and client base of about 20 Lakhs and offers trading on more than 49,000 terminals across 1,000 centers in India. It facilitates deliveries of commodities through a network of over 594 accredited warehouses through eight warehouse service providers, with holding capacity of around 1.5 million tonnes and offers average deliveries of 1 lakh MT at every contract expiry. NCDEX has offices in Mumbai, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Indore, Hyderabad, Jaipur, and Kolkata.

Shareholder consortium
 Jaypee Capital Services Limited

See also
 India International Bullion Exchange

References

Financial services companies established in 2003
Commodity exchanges in India
Companies based in Mumbai
Futures exchanges
2003 establishments in Maharashtra
Companies established in 2003
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/arun-raste-named-new-md-ceo-of-ncdex/articleshow/82242405.cms

National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange


Padise Abbey () was a former Cistercian monastery in Padise in Harju County, Estonia, settled in 1310 by the dispossessed monks of Dünamünde Abbey in Latvia. It was converted into a fortress after its dissolution in 1559 and later used as a country house until 1766. The ruins have now been partially restored and made into a museum.

History
The interest in Padise of monks from Dünamünde Abbey in the present Daugavgrīva near Riga is first documented in 1283 in a letter from King Eric V of Denmark (Eric Klipping) regarding the acquisition of land for the construction of a Cistercian monastery, but almost certainly they had had a presence there for several decades previously as a part of the Christianisation of the territories of Estonia newly conquered by the Teutonic Knights. In 1305 Dünamünde Abbey was appropriated by the Teutonic Knights and the monks dispossessed. King Eric VI of Denmark then gave them permission to build a fortified monastery in Padise, where they moved in 1310, although construction of the stone buildings did not begin until 1317. The new monastery was made subordinate to Stolpe Abbey in Pomerania in 1319.

By 1343, at the time of the St. George's Night Uprising, when it was still only partly built, the monastery was burnt down and 28 monks, lay brothers and German vassals were killed. Rebuilding began only after 1370. By 1445 all major works, including the construction of the gatehouse and the residential and service buildings, had been completed, and vaulting had been added to the church roof. The consecration of the main building took place in 1448.

By about 1400 the monastery had acquired extensive estates in Estonia and also in southern Finland and throughout the 15th century enjoyed a period of great prosperity and influence as one of the most important spiritual centres of Estonia. From about 1500 however it began to sell off its lands and entered a period of decline. Nevertheless, it survived the upheavals of the Reformation in the 1520s.

However, in the Livonian War, the last Master of the Livonian Order, Gotthard Kettler, fearing after the invasion of the Russians that the Swedes would occupy the monastery, occupied it himself in 1558, and in 1559 dissolved it, ejecting the monks and confiscating the buildings and estates. He converted the monastery itself into a fortress, which the Swedes duly took in 1561. In 1576 the Russians besieged and took it, and during their occupation strengthened the fortifications, but four years later were in their turn besieged by the returning Swedes, who regained it in 1580 after a long siege and a damaging bombardment.

In 1622 King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden gave the estates of the former Padise Abbey to Thomas Ramm, Burgermeister of Riga, in the possession of whose family it remained until 1919. Ramm converted the premises into a Baroque country house. When in 1766 it was struck by lightning and burnt down, the Ramms used the stone to build a Neo-Classical manor house nearby.

Present-day use
The remaining buildings, which were stabilised in the 1930s, are now a museum. A comprehensive restoration of the former monastery complex was agreed upon in 2001.

In May of 2020, Padise Abbey reopened to visitors after the renovation.

The monastery once housed the oldest church bell in Estonia, dating back to the 14th century. The bell can now be found at the Lutheran Church of the Holy Cross, located in Risti.

List of abbots
1317?–1320 Johannes
1321–1326? Evert (Egbert)
1328 Nicolaus
1331 Egbert
1339 Johannes
1341–1345 Nicolaus
1345 Johannes
1346–1352 Nicolaus
1364–1376 Nicolaus Risebit
1379–1388 Bertoldus
1392–1398 Johannes
1402?–1403 Kurt Kropelin
1407–1413? Johannes
1415–1418 Conradus
1423–1431 Tidemannus
1436–1438 Werner
1441 Michel
1447?–1453 Johannes Grues
1454 Nicolaus
1478 Tidemann
1488–1489 Johannes Vlemynck
1491 Georg Kone
1492 Hinrick Warnsbeck
1493–1504 Michael Sasse
1506 Johannes von der Heyde
1509–1524 Georgius Karnip
1524–1543 Everhardus Sunnenschin
1544–1553 Ludovicus Duchsheerer
1555–1559 Georgius Conradi

Gallery

See also
 List of Christian religious houses in Estonia

References

Sources and external links
 Website of the parish of Padise
 Padise Abbey and estate
 Photos of Padise Abbey
 Padise Abbey Museum
 History of Padise Abbey
23.04.2020 12:47, Renovation works in Padise Monastery brought interesting findings to light, err.ee

Cistercian monasteries in Estonia
Christian monasteries established in the 14th century
Lääne-Harju Parish
Buildings and structures in Harju County
1310 establishments in Europe
1559 disestablishments in Europe
Ruins in Estonia
Gothic architecture in Estonia
Tourist attractions in Harju County
Christian monasteries disestablished in the 16th century
16th-century Catholicism
History of Catholic monasticism

Padise Abbey


Since its beginning, Christianity has been criticized by people in all professions and by people of all other religions. The reason for the criticism varies: many Christians have followed the Bible in criticising homosexuality, abortion and many other hot button issues. Also, Christianity may be rejected because of lack of interest (due to abuse of Christianity) or some just prefer to not convert into it.

Criticism of writings
Beginning with the Enlightenment, in the 18th century, people began to apply methods of text criticism they had also applied to other documents, and philosophical writings.  This form of criticism uses reason, rather than revelations to study texts. There are four primary types of Biblical criticism: form, traditional, higher and lower criticism.
Form criticism tries to find the earlier oral traditions on which the texts were based.
Tradition criticism  studies the Bible and looks at how traditions have changed over time.
 Higher criticism: the study of the sources and literary methods employed by the biblical authors.
Lower criticism: the discipline and study of the actual wording of the Bible; a quest for textual purity and understanding.

Conservative Christians, as well as much of Orthodox Judaism  and Karaite Judaism,  support the idea that the Bible is historically accurate. Moderate and liberal Christians generally think the Bible texts are historical, and reliable. They do however think that certain passages should not be read literally, but metaphorically.

References

Controversies

Criticism of Christianity


Guillaume Tronchet (22 October 1867 – 7 February 1959) was a French architect. His work was part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

Life
Tronchet was born in Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Lot-et-Garonne. He studied at the École des Beaux-Arts de Paris in the studio of Louis-Jules André, then in 1890 in that of Victor Laloux. Gaining his diploma in 1891, in 1892 he won the Deuxième Second Grand Prix de Rome with his design entitled  "Un musée d'artillerie".

For Fernand Halphen he built the château Mont-Royal at La Chapelle-en-Serval near Chantilly (Oise). After having rejected a project in the Anglo-Norman style by the architect René Sergent, then a first project in a medieval style (drawings in the collection of the Musée d'Orsay), Halphen decided on the second design, by Guillaume Tronchet : a château in the Louis XVI style celebrating hunting on the exterior and music in the interior. Built from 1907 to 1911, the building (now a hotel) was a great architectural success. Head architect of civil buildings and national palaces, in 1929 Tronchet was entrusted with the construction (in only 8 months) of a new building for the ministry of employment on place de Fontenoy in the 7th arrondissement of Paris by the minister of employment Louis Loucheur.  He used the most modern materials and techniques and famous decorative artists,  such as frères Martel for the sculpture and Jacques Grüber for the glass windows.

Tronchet died in Nice in February 1959. His memory is perpetuated today by a foundation and, during the annual ceremony of the Académie des Beaux-Arts under the coupole of the Institut de France, this awards a prize to encourage a young artist (usually an architect).

Main works
 Château Mont-Royal, La Chapelle-en-Serval (Oise) (1907–1911)
 Théâtre Ducourneau, Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) (1908) : one of the first buildings in France to be constructed in ciment armé, beneath a strictly neo-classical envelope.  The use of cement allowed the installation of balconies with blind-doors.
 Juvisy airport, Viry-Châtillon (Essonne) (1908) : the world's first airport
 Central post-office of Bar-le-Duc (Meuse) (1928)
 Ministry of Work, place de Fontenoy, Paris (VII arrondissement) (1929)
 Hôtel des Postes Thiers, Nice, (Alpes-Maritimes) (1931) : brick building, legend has it recycling plans which had originally been intended for Lille.
 Théâtre Georges Leygues de Villeneuve-sur-Lot (Lot-et-Garonne), in collaboration with Gaston Rapin (1935)
 Lycée Nicéphore Niepce, Chalon-sur-Saône (Saône-et-Loire)

References

External links
Guillaume Tronchet's biography at AGORHA

1867 births
1959 deaths
People from Villeneuve-sur-Lot
20th-century French architects
Prix de Rome for architecture
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Olympic competitors in art competitions

Guillaume Tronchet


Mark McWalter (born 20 June 1968, in Arbroath) is a Scottish former football striker.

McWalter began his career with his local club Arbroath where as a teenager he became a first team regular. His form attracted the attentions of top-flight St Mirren, who signed him in June 1987. In and out of the team at Love Street, he joined Partick Thistle in June 1991 in a swap deal that saw he and George Shaw exchanged for Chic Charnley and David Elliot. McWalter's spell at Partick was an unhappy one however as he failed to score.

After being released by Partick McWalter moved to the Irish Football League with Coleraine and became a 'cult hero' at the club. He was linked with the manager's job after the departure of Felix Healy in 1994 but lost out to Kenny Shiels, a manager with whom he would later clash, resulting in McWalter moving to Ballymena United for a year. He was the club's top scorer in his sole season.

McWalter returned to Scotland in 1996 to play three final seasons back at Gayfield Park. Unable to cope with the rigours of full-time football due a persistent knee injury McWalter left full-time football to carry on playing in the juniors with Arbroath Victoria. He spent five seasons with the club, including two as player-manager before retiring and leaving football completely. Having retired he became a youth worker, running a project from Arbroath's old supporters' club.

References

1968 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Arbroath F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Coleraine F.C. players
Ballymena United F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
NIFL Premiership players
Footballers from Arbroath
Arbroath Victoria F.C. players
Men's association football forwards

Mark McWalter


AccuRadio () is an independent, multichannel Internet radio property founded in 2000, and based in Chicago, Illinois, US, available globally. It currently offers over a thousand pre-developed 'music channels'. Some channels also highlight music from different locations around the world.

The first three channels on Accuradio were "Swingin' Pop Standards", "Piano Jazz" and "Modern Rock Classics".

All of AccuRadio's audio channels (except those which are comedy-focused) provide continuous music streaming with talk limited to occasional commercials. While a song is playing, album cover, artist, song and album or mixtape information appears on screen. AccuRadio programmers select the music from the database available to them based on what they think is suitable.

In September 2014, NantWorks LLC, a company headed by Patrick Soon-Shiong, invested US$2.5 million into AccuRadio.

Background
AccuRadio, based in Chicago, was founded by CEO Kurt Hanson, a University of Chicago alumnus who founded and continues to publish RAIN: Radio and Internet Newsletter from AccuRadio headquarters in the Loop. The Executive Vice President of Sales is Michael Damsky. Vice President of Technology is Arun Kambhammettu. John Gehron is Chief Operating Officer. The company also works with former broadcast radio personalities like Tommy Edwards, Barbara Prieto and Steve Cochran. In 2015, AccuRadio rebranded itself as "better radio for your workday" by adding 77 "workplace moods" channels to better target the 35-to-64 demographic of daytime office workers, and saw listener traffic jump nearly 35% in a single month.

Features
A station is centralized by a specific genre or theme, or a combination of multiple items of any kind. Each track played can be rated on a scale from 1 to 5 stars, which determines its future airplay on all stations. If a listener has rated 4 or 5 stars for at least 20 tracks, a special 5-Star Radio channel is created, so that the listener can choose to listen to a melange of all those tracks at any time. However, other tracks from the same albums as the original selected track may also be included, and the listener does not have any choice about that. Accuradio refers to all tracks as 'songs', whether or not any singing is involved. Several genres have the "Listeners Top 100" station, an artist-specific station, a "HitKast" station playing current songs, or a year-specific station (the latter case is common for oldies). An artist or song can be banned on an individual station, but not overall. No response is applicable to musical attributes or to albums. Clicking the thumbs down or skipping feature is unlimited and will stop the current play of the track once either of them is used.

Transmission standards and quality
AccuRadio uses HE-AACv2 at 32kbit/s for its audio streaming.

On Sonos, it's 128 kbit/s AAC.

Web streaming
Based on the latest monthly report from Triton Digital's Webcast Metrics service in March 2018, AccuRadio is the ninth most-listened-to web streaming service among all U.S. broadcast groups that stream online, with 21,908 Average Active Sessions.

The service offers apps for iOS, Android, and webOS, all of which have been downloaded over half a million times and are highly rated at around 4.6 stars on the Apple, Android, and WebOS Nation app stores. A Roku app was previously available, but has been removed from the Roku app store with no explanation. In January 2013, AccuRadio partnered with Aha by HARMAN to makes its content available via Aha apps in an Aha-supported automobile dashboards.

Limits

Although skipping is unlimited, if too many skips are used in a day the user will be locked out for 24 hours. The same is true for listening for an extended period of time.

Awards
AccuRadio won the People's Voice award for Best Radio in the 2006 Webby Awards, the AccuTunes interface built by AccuRadio won Best Radio again in 2008, and the AccuRadio IOS Handheld App was named an Honoree for the Best Streaming Audio category in the 2016 cycle.

References

External links

Internet properties established in 2000
Companies based in Chicago
Internet radio stations in the United States
American music websites
Android (operating system) software
IOS software

AccuRadio