Jan Dismas Zelenka (16 October 1679 – 23 December 1745) was a Bohemian baroque composer.

Life

Zelenka was born in Louňovice pod Blaníkem, Bohemia. It is a small market town southeast of Prague. He was baptized as Jan Lukas Zelenka. His first music teacher was likely his father, Jiři. His father was an organist and organist in Louňovice. He received more musical training at the Jesuit college Clementinum in Prague. He learned to play the violone (a kind of contrabass in the Baroque period).

Education
In 1709, he studied with Johann Hubert Hartig in Prague. Zelenka had access to a lot of Italian baroque music through his teacher's library.

Move to Dresden
Zelenka moved to Dresden in 1710 or 1711. He became the violone player in the Dresden court orchestra. He received a salary of 300 thalers when he started working in Dresden. He must have been a very impressive musician. His salary was increased to 400 thalers in 1714. He wrote his Mass, the Missa Sanctae Caeciliae (St. Cecilia Mass) in 1711.

Visit to Vienna
In 1716, Zelenka visited Vienna to study with Johann Joseph Fux. Fux was the Imperial Kapellmeister in Vienna. That means Fux was in charget of the music for the Holy Roman Emperor. It is unclear if he also visited Venice during this time.

Return to Dresden
Zelenka returned to Dresden in 1719. He visited Prague from 1722 - 23. He wrote some of his instrumental works while in Prague.

The Kapellmeister in Dresden at that time was Johann David Heinichen. Because Heinichen was often ill, Zelenka managed the sacred music in Dresden. When Heinichen died in 1729, Zelenka became an acting Kapellmeister. He finally became a Kapellmeister in 1734. In 1726, Zelenka started a list of works composed by the composers in Dresden. This list is called the Inventarium. It is an important document for Dresden baroque music.

In the 1730s, a group of Italian-trained singers arrived at Dresden. They were prepared to resurrect opera in Dresden. Zelenka's job was to train these singers. He wrote some arias for the singers to practice. After August II, Zelenka's employer died, Zelenka asked the new King August III for the title of Kapellmeister. This title was granted to Zelenka on 1734. Johann Sebastian Bach also received the title of "Royal Polish Composer" in 1736.

Death
On 23 December 1745, Zelenka died of dropsy. Because he was a Catholic, he was allowed to be buried in the Catholic cemetery. According to the records in Dresden, Zelenka never married. He lived alone. His music became valuable after he died. Georg Philipp Telemann tried to publish Zelenka's works. He was not successful. The manuscripts of Zelenka's music remained locked in Dresden. There are no known paintings of Zelenka.

Music
Zelenka's musical style is very unique. He used unexpected harmonies and rhythms. His musical writing shows that he mastered counterpoint. Zelenka may have used elements from Bohemian folk music in his music. He was respected by Bach. Bach performed some of Zelenka's music in Leipzig, where Bach worked.

References

1679 births
1745 deaths
Czech composers
Deaths from edema
Classical double bassists
Baroque composers

Jan Dismas Zelenka


Jacques Dejean (13 December 1919, in Bordeaux – 7 July 2013, in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande) was a French classical violinist.

Biography

His father, Louis Dejean, was a violin teacher and a violinist at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux; his mother, Rose Fino, of Basque origin, was a renowned piano teacher. After a first prize in violin and a first prize in viola at the Conservatoire de Bordeaux in 1936, Dejean entered Jules Boucherit's class at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he obtained the first prize in violin, unanimously "first named". In 1942 he won first prize in the Jacques Thibaud Competition (jury composed of Jacques Thibaud, Jules Boucherit, Gaston Poulet, Jean Fournier, André Asselin and Firmin Touche) the year it was founded in Bordeaux.

Concertmaster of many orchestras (Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, Concerts Colonne, Orchestre Lamoureux, Pasdeloup Orchestra, Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado de México), he was also a member of several French string quartets (Tessier Quartet, Lespine Quartet, ORTF Quartet,) with which he recorded and toured the world.

His professional activity was enlivened by exceptional encounters. As a soloist, he collaborated and recorded with renowned artists such as Paul Paray, Jacques Février, Henryk Szeryng, Lily Laskine, Édith Piaf, Milva, Luciano Berio, Marius Constant, Pierre Boulez, Peter Brook and Jérôme Deschamps.

Very young, he was a professor at the conservatories of Bordeaux and Nantes. His sight-reading classes at the Conservatoire de Paris were attended by a whole generation of violinists and violists. A teacher revered as much for his great culture as for his kindness, he was able to bring many of his students to the very highest level.

His twin brother, Pierre Dejean, was a percussionist and timpanist at the French Radio from 1943 to 1974 before devoting himself entirely to a career as a painter.

Dejean is buried at the Cimetière de La Chartreuse in Bordeaux alongside his uncle André Fino, a talented pianist, composer and artist who died prematurely during the First World War.

References

External links

1919 births
2013 deaths
Musicians from Bordeaux
20th-century French male classical violinists
Conservatoire de Bordeaux alumni
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de Paris

Jacques Dejean


Shi'ur Qomah (, lit. Dimensions of the Body) is a midrashic text that is part of the Hekhalot literature. It purports to record, in anthropomorphic terms, the secret names and precise measurements of God's corporeal limbs and parts. The majority of the text is recorded in the form of sayings or teachings that the angel Metatron revealed to the tanna Rabbi Ishmael, who transmitted it to his students and his contemporary Rabbi Akiva. It is also an exegetical analysis of Song of Songs 5:11-16 and proclaims that anyone who studies it is guaranteed a portion in the World to Come.

Provenance and interpretation

Currently the text exists only in fragmentary form, and scholars have debated how to appropriately date it. Modern academic scholars of Jewish mysticism, such as Gershom Scholem are of the opinion that it is from "either the Tannaitic or the early Amoraic period." However, in the 12th century, the rationalist Jewish philosopher Maimonides declared the text to be a Byzantine forgery. Maimonides also believed that the text was so heretical and contrary to proper Jewish belief that it should be burned.

Rabbi Saadia Gaon also expressed doubts about the origin of the text, and stated that "since it is not found in either Mishna or Talmud, and since we have no way of establishing whether or not it represents the words of Rabbi Yishmael; perhaps someone else pretended to speak in his name."  Nonetheless, in the case that the text were somehow proven to be genuine, Saadia wrote that it would have to be understood in line with his "theory of 'created glory,'" which explains the prophetic theophanies as visions not of God Himself but of a luminous [created] substance." Rabbi Moses Narboni also wrote a philosophic work about the text entitled Iggeret Al-Shi'ur Qomah (Heb: אגרת על שיעור קומה lit. Epistle on Shi'ur Qomah), wherein he dismisses the blatant anthropomorphisms of Shi'ur Qomah as speaking strictly metaphorically. Rabbi Narboni's work in the Iggeret is a "meditation on God, Measure of all existing things. It is based on Abraham Ibn Ezra's commentary on Exodus, and, with the aid of biblical and rabbinical passages, studies two kinds of knowledge: God's knowledge of his creatures, called knowledge of the Face; and His creatures' knowledge of God, called knowledge of the Back (an allusion to Exodus 33:23)."

See also
 Jewish Mysticism
 Heresy in Orthodox Judaism
 Medieval Jewish Philosophy
 Moses Taku

References

External links
Shi'ur Qomah - שיעור קומה Hebrew, p. 75-84.
Shi'ur Qomah English Translation
The Shiur Komah: Imaging the Divine By Joseph Dan

Midrashim
Kabbalah texts
Hebrew-language names

Shi'ur Qomah


There are Tamil executives and businesspeople throughout the world. The Tamil originate from India's southern state of Tamil Nadu, the union territory of Puducherry and from Sri Lanka.

Australia
 Maha Sinnathamby

Hong Kong
 M. Arunachalam

India
 Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar, industrialist, philanthropist & educator who established Annamalai University
 Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar, industrialist, philanthropist and first Mayor of Madras
 Alagappa Chettiar (1909–1957), industrialist, philanthropist & educator who established Alagappa University
 M. A. Chidambaram Chettiar, industrialist
 B. S. Abdur Rahman industrialist, educationist
 Ashok Amritraj: Chairman Hyde Park Entertainment-Hollywood
 Rao Sahib A. Y. S. Parisutha Nadar, politician, industrialist, educationist and philanthropist
 Ayya Nadar, founder of Ayyan Group
 Shanmuga Nadar, founder of Standard Fireworks and other firework industries in Sivakasi
 Shiv Nadar, founder and CEO of HCL Technologies
A. C. Muthiah, Chairman of Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation (SPIC)
 V. G. Panneerdas, founder of VGP Group of Companies
 R. G. Chandramogan, founder of Arun Icecreams
 H. Vasanthakumar, founder of Vasanth & Co and Vasanth TV
 V. R. Muthu, CEO and son of founder of Idhayam oil
 K. P. Kandasamy, founder of Dinakaran
 Arunachalam Muruganantham, founder of Jayashree Industries
 S. P. Adithanar, founder of Dina Thanthi
 N.Mahalingam Gounder, educator, industrialist and philanthropist.
 Kalanidhi Maran, Media Baron.
 M. G. Muthu, founder of MGM Group of Companies and MGM Dizzee World
 M. A. M Ramasamy Chettiar, industrialist, philanthropist and Pro-Chancellor of Annamalai University
 Murugavel Janakiraman founder of Bharat Matrimony world's largest matrimonial website
 Mani Subramanian, CEO of the Keane India Private Limited.
 Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar, industrialist & educationist, founder of erstwhile Bank of Madurai & Thiagarajar College of Engineering
 Palani G. Periasamy, Chairman of PGP Group of Companies
 Sivanthi Adithan
 S. P. Adithanar
 Arcot Narayanaswami Mudaliar
 M. Arunachalam
 K. Pandiarajan
 R. G. Chandramogan
 Anand Amritraj
 Vijay Amritraj
 Kumar Mahadeva
 M. A. M. Ramaswamy
 Kumar Mahadeva
 Malkar Mohamed
 T. N. Manoharan
 Kalanithi Maran
 A. C. Muthiah
 M. G. Muthu
 V. R. Muthu
 Shiv Nadar
 V. G. Panneerdas
 Palani G. Periasamy
 Shanmuga Nadar
 H. Vasanthakumar
 Sarathbabu Elumalai
 N. Subash Chandrabose
 N. Mahalingam
 A. Vellayan
 Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar
 M. Saravanan (film producer)
 Alagappa Chettiar
 Annamalai Chettiar
 Ramaswami Chettiar
 M. A. Chidambaram
 Jeppiaar, politician, industrialist, educationist and philanthropist
 M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar
 M. Ct. Muthiah Chettiar
 Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar
 M. Anto Peter
R. K. Swamy, advertising executive
T. V. Sundram Iyengar
Venu Srinivasan

Malaysia
 Ananda Krishnan
 G. Gnanalingam
 Bastianpillai Paul Nicholas
 K. L. Palaniappan
 Vijay Eswaran
 Vinod Sekhar

Sri Lanka
 Chandran Rutnam
 Ken Balendra
 V. R. M. Letchumanan Chettiar
 Indrajit Coomaraswamy

Singapore
 Robert Chandran
 Naraina Pillai
 K. Thamboosamy Pillay

United Kingdom
 Kali Arulpragasam
 Ratheesan Yoganathan
 Subaskaran Allirajah

United States
 Bhargav Sri Prakash
 Sanjay Kumar

 Murugan Pal
 Sundar Pichai
 Navin Selvadurai

See also
 Tamil people
 List of Tamil people
 List of people from Tamil Nadu
 List of prominent Sri Lanka Tamils

References

Tamil

List of Tamil businesspeople


"Not Myself Tonight" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album Bionic. The song was written by Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones, Ester Dean, Jason Perry and Greg Curtis. It is a uptempo electropop song that using synthesizers and tribal drums. Its lyrics refer to adopting a different persona on the dancefloor. It was released on April 13, 2010 as the first single from Aguilera's Bionic album. "Not Myself Tonight" was a hit single in Asian area.

2010 songs
Christina Aguilera songs

Not Myself Tonight


"Squid Noir" is the first part of the 9th episode of the 11th season of SpongeBob SquarePants. It was first shown on television on November 10, 2017. The episode is about Squidward's clarinet going missing before playing at an open mic. The episode is shown in black and white. Before the episode was shown on television, fans were able to color the end of the episode. The first time the episode was on television, pictures that fans colored were shown at the end of the episode.

Story

Squidward tries to play his clarinet at the Krusty Krab to prepare for playing at an open mic. The customers do not like the music and get him kicked out. Squidward tries to play in many other places, but no one wants to hear him play. He tries to play in his house, but his neighbor Patrick does not want to hear him play.

Before the night of the open mic, Squidward takes a nap. When he wakes up, he can not find his clarinet and thinks it was stolen. He goes to SpongeBob thinking that he took it. SpongeBob shows that he was at his grandmother's house when it happened. Squidward and SpongeBob go to the Krusty Krab and do a search on Mr. Krabs. Krabs says that he was counting his money when it happened and could not have taken the clarinet. Squidward and SpongeBob go to a comic book store to search Bubble Bass. SpongeBob and Bubble Bass fight using action figures. Bubble Bass's action figure breaks at the end of the fight.

Squidward goes back to his house. Patrick finds jelly on where the clarinet last was. Squidward, SpongeBob, and Patrick go to a field and find a jellyfish with Squidward's clarinet. Squidward gets the clarinet back and plays on the open mic that night.

Reception

The episode was watched by 1.855 million people when it was first shown on television. John Schwartz of Bubble Blabber liked the black and white look but thought that the episode was "too cliched" (not original). Blake Harper of Fatherly said that the episode is "a hilarious tribute" to the noir genre.

References

Other websites

SpongeBob SquarePants episodes
2017 television episodes

Squid Noir


Vojislav Simić (Serbian Cyrillic: Војислав Симић, born 18 March 1924), better known as "Bubiša", is a Serbian musician, conductor, composer and the pioneer of Serbian ethno-jazz.

Simić was born on March 18, 1924, in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and is well known as a conductor of Belgrade's Television Jazz Orchestra, the composer of numerous jazz compositions, traditional liturgical choral and orchestral music, ethno-jazz compositions as well as children's music.

From 1953 to 1985, Simić and his Belgrade's Television Jazz Orchestra performed throughout Europe, collecting numerous awards and winning numerous competitions, including the well-known Juan Le Pen Jazz Festival in France, where they won first prize in 1960.

Simić was also a guest conductor in numerous theatres in the former Yugoslavia and guest composer at children's festivals throughout Serbia, being influenced by Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, the Serbian writer and poet.

References
Jakovljević, S. (2003): Jedan vek džeza & Kratki prilozi za izučavanje džeza u Srbiji, Knjižara Žagor, Beograd
Simić, V. B. (2006): Veselo putovanje: sa džez orkestrom RTV Beograd po belom svetu, Radio-televizija Srbije, Beograd

External links
Simić on muzickacentrala.com (Serbian)

1924 births
Living people
Serbian jazz bandleaders

Vojislav Simić


The Oread Institute was a women's college founded in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1849 by Eli Thayer. Before its closing in 1934, it was one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States. According to the Worcester Women's History Project:

"The Oread offered three levels of instruction: primary, academic and collegiate. The four-year collegiate program offered a classical, college-level curriculum and is thought to be the first institution of its kind exclusively for women in the country. It was modeled after the program at Brown University, Thayer's alma mater".

Two graduates of Oread, Sophia Packard and ornamental music teacher Harriet Giles, would eventually found Spelman College, named after Oread graduate Laura Spelman Rockefeller.  Laura Spelman was the future wife of John D. Rockefeller, having attended Oread while her future husband, who dropped out of Cleveland's Central High School in the 1850s, worked as a clerk.

Thayer constructed an enormous Gothic-style castle for his new college, complete with turrets.  The college closed in 1881.

From 1898 to 1904 the building was the Worcester Domestic Science Cooking School and was finally closed in 1934.

The institute lent its name to Mount Oread, a hill in Lawrence, Kansas, upon which the main campus of the University of Kansas is currently situated. Lawrence was founded in 1854 by settlers from Massachusetts who had been sent there by the New England Emigrant Aid Company, which was created by Eli Thayer.

References

External links

 Oread history from the Worcester Women's History Project
 Oread Institute history, hosted by Assumption College
 Information about the Oread Institute in an 1856 book about Worcester
 Information about the Oread Institute in an 1879 history of Worcester County
 Martha Burt Wright and Anne M. Bancroft (editors): History of the Oread Collegiate Institute, Worcester, Mass. (1849-1881): with biographical sketches. Publisher: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Co. New Haven, Conn., 1905 - internet archive online

Defunct private universities and colleges in Massachusetts
Universities and colleges in Worcester, Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 1849
Educational institutions disestablished in 1934
1849 establishments in Massachusetts
1934 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
History of women in Massachusetts

Oread Institute


The Second Roman–Dacian War was fought between 105 and 106 because the Dacian king, Decebalus, had broken his peace terms with the Roman Emperor Trajan from the First Dacian War.

Before the War
Following his subjugation, Decebalus complied with Rome for a time, but was soon inciting revolt among tribes against them.

The war
At the start of the war, Trajan built another bridge over the Danube to move his legions faster into Dacia. Unlike the first war, the second war involved several skirmishes that proved costly to the Roman military, who, facing large numbers of allied tribes, struggled to attain a decisive victory. Trajan was not deterred by these constant setbacks however; more and more Roman legions crossed Trajan's Bridge into Dacia and gradually Trajan's army began to push northward. An assault against the capital Sarmisegetusa took place at the beginning of the summer of 106 with the participation of the legions II Adiutrix and IV Flavia Felix and a detachment (vexillatio) from Legio VI Ferrata (see also Battle of Sarmisegetusa). The Dacians repelled the first attack, but the Romans destroyed the water pipes to the Dacian capital. The city was burned to the ground. Decebalus committed suicide rather than face capture by the Romans. Nevertheless, the war went on. Due to the treason of a confidant of the Dacian King, Bicilis, the Romans found Decebalus's treasure in the River Sargesia – a fortune estimated at 165,500 kg of gold and 331,000 kg of silver. The last battle with the army of the Dacian king took place at Porolissum.

Aftermath

In 113, Trajan built Trajan's Column near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate his victory. Although the Romans conquered the ancient Kingdom of Dacia, a large remainder of the land remained outside of Roman Imperial authority. Additionally, the conquest changed the balance of power in the region and was the catalyst for a renewed alliance of Germanic and Celtic tribes and kingdoms against the Roman Empire. However, within the annexed territory and surrounds, the material advantages of being part of the Roman Imperial system wasn't lost on the majority of the surviving Dacian aristocracy. Thus began the process by which most modern Romanian historians and linguists believe that many of the Dacians subsequently became romanized (see also Origin of Romanians).

See also
 First Dacian War
 Trajan's Dacian Wars
 Trajan
 Roman Dacia
 Decebalus

References

Bibliography
 Scarre, Chris, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome

Trajan's Dacian Wars
105
106

Second Dacian War


Mujū Dōkyō (; 1 January 1227 - 9 November 1312), birth name Ichien Dōkyō, was a Buddhist monk of the Japanese Kamakura period. He is superficially considered a Rinzai monk by some due to his compilation of the Shasekishū and similar books of koans, but there is good evidence that he was also an eager student of the Tendai, Pure Land, and Hosso sects, and he is occasionally placed in the Shingon and Ritsu sects as well.

Born into the privileged Kajiwara family, he began his service by becoming a page at Jufuku-ji at the age of 13. He became a priest at the age of 18, in Hitachi Province. He founded Choraku-ji temple in Ueno as well as various other temples, and retired at the age of 80. His most important teacher was Enni, who practiced zazen as well as the engaged study of various traditions.

The only ideology Mujū disapproved of was intolerance, and he "was himself aware of, and intrigued by, the paradox of the position" (Morrell 1985:19). He was disdainful of contemporaries such as Nichiren Shonin who denounced all practices but their own, and he accepted all schools of Buddhism as having a useful teaching, writing in the preface to Shasekishū that "when a man who practices one version of the Way of Buddha vilifies another because it differs from his own sect, he cannot avoid the sin of slandering the Law."

Writings
Sand and Pebbles (Shasekishū)『沙石集』
Mirror for Wives (Tsuma Kagami)『妻鏡』
Casual Digressions (Sōdanshū)『雑談集』

References
 Tamura Yoshiro. "Kamakura Shin Bukkyo shiso no kenkyu". pp. 290–306
 Robert Morrell. Sand & Pebbles Albany, New York: SUNY Press. 1985.

1227 births
1312 deaths
Zen Buddhist monks
Japanese Buddhist clergy
Rinzai Buddhists
Shingon Buddhist monks
Kamakura period Buddhist clergy
Shinbutsu shūgō

Mujū


William Henry Demps, Jr. (born November 7, 1979) is a former American football safety who was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2002. He played college football at San Diego State. He is also the close cousin of top prospect Brody Demps.

Demps also played for the New York Giants and Houston Texans. He is the older brother of former NFL safety Marcus Demps.

Early life
He was born in South Carolina to a Korean mother and African American father, but moved to California. He went to Highland High School, located in Palmdale, California. As a child he also lived on Mather Air Force Base in Sacramento, California.

College career
Demps was a walk-on who was a two-year starter at San Diego State University where  he was also a member of Sigma Pi fraternity.  He was a two-time All-Mountain West first-team selection.  During his college career, Demps recorded 229 career tackles (135 solo), including 15 tackles for loss, and five interceptions.

Demps played primarily on special teams as a red-shirt freshman. He majored in Information Decision Systems.

Demps posted 140 tackles (125 solo) and one interception as a sophomore in 1999. He recorded his first career interception and returned it 73 yards for a touchdown against Wyoming. Demps also had five tackles, including one tackle for a loss against the Cowboys.

Demps started all 11 games at strong safety as a junior. He earned first-team All-Mountain West honors and finished second on the team and sixth in Mountain West with 97 tackles (51 solo). He also had two interceptions and led the team with 15 tackles for loss. He opened the season with 15 tackles (ten solo), including three tackles for a loss.

Demps started all 11 games at strong safety as a senior in 2001 and earned a second consecutive First-team All-Mountain West honors. He posted 92 tackles, including a career-high 59 solo, along with two interceptions.

Professional career

Baltimore Ravens
Demps went undrafted in the 2002 NFL Draft, but was signed by the Baltimore Ravens where he played from 2002 to 2005.

He played in 14 games, starting 10 after making the Ravens roster as a rookie free agent. He recorded 53 tackles, one sack, one forced fumble and a game-saving interception vs. Jacksonville.

In 2003, Demps saw action in all 16 regular season games with nine starts for Ravens and recorded 59 total tackles, two interceptions and one forced fumble. He made his first career post-season start in Baltimore's Wild Card loss to Tennessee.

In 2004, Demps started all 16 games for the first time in his career, tying for sixth on the team (Gary Baxter) with 86 tackles, including 72 solo. He also recorded 2.5 sacks, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries and one interception on the season. Demps notched career highs with 15 tackles, including 14 solo against the Bengals.

Demps started in all 11 games in which he played at free safety for Baltimore in 2005 before tearing his ACL and being placed on injured reserve on December 2, 2005. Before his injury, he tallied 70 tackles and two fumble recoveries, plus seven special teams tackles.

New York Giants
Demps was signed by the New York Giants in the offseason. He started all 16 games for the Giants in 2006.

Houston Texans
Demps was signed by the Houston Texans on September 11, 2007. He played in 15 games, starting the last 8 games of the season.  He was named an AFC Pro Bowl alternate.

The Texans released Demps on February 25, 2009.

NFL statistics

Personal life

Demps is the oldest brother of Marcus Demps. He occasionally works as a model in his spare time. He made an appearance in ex-Destiny's Child, Letoya Luckett's first solo video "Torn".

He lived in San Diego Bay and his home was featured in on the MTV show Cribs; however, after being signed by the New York Giants he owned a home in Northern New Jersey. Demps can speak conversationally in Spanish and Korean.

Demps was also the owner of a Wet Willie's chain bar in San Diego, California, the first on the West Coast, which celebrated its Grand Opening on October 8, 2010, and featured dishes influenced by his mother's home cooking such as the Seoul tacos. Demps hired a muralist to paint the walls with San Diego landmark scenes including Unconditional Surrender that stands next to the USS Midway Museum. Several of Demps's celebrity friends attended to show their support, including Shaun Phillips and Stephen Cooper of the San Diego Chargers, Carlos Emmons (formerly with the Steelers, Eagles and Giants) and Robert Griffith of the Minnesota Vikings. Demps and his friends sported pink scarves in honor of breast cancer awareness month and a few of the slushy daiquiri drinks sported names in reference to the issue including one by the name of "Save the Tatas."

References

External links
 Official Website
 Houston Texans bio

1979 births
Living people
Players of American football from Charleston, South Carolina
American football safeties
San Diego State Aztecs football players
Baltimore Ravens players
New York Giants players
Houston Texans players
American sportspeople of Korean descent
Players of American football from Palmdale, California
Highland High School (Palmdale, California) alumni

Will Demps


Carsten Broe (born 18 October 1963) is a Danish football manager. He was most recently manager of Herlev IF in the Denmark Series.

As a 24-year-old, he was named new manager of minor club Vindinge BK. He later went to RB1906, who he led from Denmark Series to the Danish 1st Division. He later coached Ølstykke FC and Nykøbing Falster Alliancen. In 2007, he was named the new head coach of SønderjyskE, a post he resigned on 6 June 2009.

In 2010, he returned as manager to his former club Roskilde. He was sacked by Roskilde on 21 May 2012. He then became manager of FA 2000 in the Denmark Series.

In January 2015 he became new Director of Sports of his former club FA 2000.

In November 2016 he became new manager of Herlev IF.

References

1963 births
Living people
Danish football managers
Ølstykke FC managers
Sønderjyske Fodbold managers
FA 2000 managers

Carsten Broe


he National Bottle Museum is located on Milton Avenue (NY 50/67) in downtown Ballston Spa, New York, United States. Established in 1978, it has a collection of over 3,700 antique bottles, most made prior to industrialization of the process in 1903. It has moved from its original location, a historic house which it restored, after a legal dispute with its founding organization.

In 1996 it received a charter from the state Board of Regents. The museum also exhibits the tools of early bottle making.

History

In 1978 the Federation of Historic Bottle Clubs, an umbrella organization of antique bottle collector groups all over the country, pooled their resources to create the museum.
The idea had come from Bernard Puckhaber, a German immigrant and the longtime Ballston Spa village clerk. The village had been an early center for bottle manufacture because of the naturally carbonated mineral water from its nearby springs, which also attracted tourists who bathed in the waters and gave the future village its name. Water from Ballston Spa was shipped all over the world. A factory in nearby Greenfield employed hundreds of workers and glassblowers during its years of peak production during the mid-19th century.

The museum's original home was the historic Verbeck House, also in Ballston Spa. The federation bought the house from the descendants of its original owner, and renovated it for use as a museum. Later they moved to the current location.

The new location, a three-story storefront in downtown Ballston Spa, allowed the museum to take advantage of its proximity to the only two of Ballston Spa's original springs still flowing. The former Sans Souci hotel, on one of the springs, is across the street, and the Old Iron Springs, which flow year-round, is nearby.

A 1901 house nearby has also been used as a demonstration glassworks in the past, complete with an electric furnace, but the museum has had to stop using it because of the high electric bills.

Six years later, in 1992, the museum left the Verbeck House when a dispute between the museum management and the Federation, which had changed its name to the Federation of Historic Bottle Clubs, ended up in court. The National Bottle Museum Society, which had been formed to operate the museum, insisted it owned the bottles as well. In June a judge ruled that the federation could evict the society from the premises. A year later the society found the present site, and moved in. Later that year a settlement allowed the museum to keep the collection in Ballston Spa.

In 2006 the museum was featured in an episode of the Travel Channel's Cash & Treasures. Later that year the village sought another state grant to allow the museum to renovate its third floor into an artists' dormitory. In February 2007 it was named Organization of the Month by the Lower Adirondack Regional Arts Council.

In 1986 Jan Rutland, a garage sale enthusiast, visited the museum. She began volunteering after attending one of the museum's seminars. Rutland was eventually appointed the museum's president. Rutland died in 2010, leading to an immediate cutback in museum hours.

Facilities and programs
The bottle museum is currently housed primarily in the three-story building. Its collection of more than 3,500 bottles, some on loan from bottle clubs all over the U.S. and Canada, are on the shelves. They were used for holding everything from milk and fruit to bitters and soda. The oldest in the collection are a set of black glass bottles, made in Europe and said to have been used for rum or gin.
The oldest Bottle in the Museum is estimated to have been made between 1710 and 1725.

Other exhibits show the tools of bottle making, and a miniature model of a glass oven. The second story has been used as an art gallery, with exhibits of not only original glass art created by local artists, but paintings dealing with everything from local subjects to the Holocaust. Rutland has defended the art gallery, saying "we are a history museum and (both) the bottles and this exhibit represents history and art and technology. So it's all worth seeing and preserving." There is also a research library, with an antique pharmaceutical counter, with records dating to 1904.

Every year, in June, the museum sponsors a 160-table bottle show and auction at the Saratoga County Fairground. It is open to the public, and collectors from all over the U.S. and Canada attend.

They also help hire Young Kids through the Saratoga Youth Center's Job Program.

See also
List of museums in New York

References

External links

Museum website

Glass museums and galleries in the United States
History museums in New York (state)
Museums in Saratoga County, New York
Museums established in 1978

National Bottle Museum


Jill Dennett (May 26, 1913 – March 14, 1969) was a motion picture actress in Hollywood movies for a decade, beginning in 1932. She appeared in more than twenty films, all of the appearances in uncredited roles. She was a talented dancer and singer.  Born in New York and died in Los Angeles, California at the age of 56. under the name of Edythe Jill Barnes.

Career

Early years
Dennett was the daughter of comedy star Dave Kramer of the Kramer & Boyle act. She acted professionally at age 5 when she portrayed an Italian boy in a production of Magic Melody. She studied at New York's professional children's school.

Stage to screen

Dennett began performing in vaudeville at age 14 and established herself as a favorite there before entering films. In 1931 her eyes were insured by Lloyd's of London for $100,000. After a small part in Union Station (1932), Dennett appeared with her father on stage at the Hillstreet Theater in Los Angeles. In 1934, Dennett performed in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Minor film actress

After playing Daisy, the girl of the pavements in Union Depot, she was given a contract for two additional films by Warner Bros. She next depicted an ingénue in The Tinsel Girl (1932), a film directed by Michael Curtiz. This was followed by her portrayal of Tart in Two Seconds (1932). This screen crime drama starred Edward G. Robinson and was directed by Mervyn LeRoy.

From the mid-1930s Dennett acted small parts in The Merry Widow (1934), Men In White (1934), One More Spring (1935), The Devil Is A Woman (1935), Dramatic School (1938), Broadway Serenade (1939),  Stardust (1940), Manhattan Heartbeat (1940), Street of Memories (1940), and The Cowboy and the Blonde (1941).

Variety show performer

In August 1934, Dennett was part of the musical-comedy stage production Peggy Ann at the Million Dollar Theater. The other entertainment was provided by the screening of the W. C. Fields movie, Old-Fashioned Way (1934). Dennett shared the bill with thirty other players including Frank Gallagher, Bobby Dale, Helen Wright, and Dorothy Castleman. The presentation of Peggy-Ann was enlivened by dancing and singing choruses. Audiences were pleased and the show was repeated four times a day on some days.

A production of Alt Heidelberg was presented at the Shrine Auditorium in October 1937. Engel portrayed Gretchen in the theatrical production. Others contributing to the musical version of the play were Henry Mowbray, Paul Keast, Milton Tilly, and Manilla Powers. Engel performed at the Orpheum Theater in Los Angeles the same week, in March 1937, that Major Bowes headlined with his All-Girl Revue.

Romance

Dennett was linked romantically with Jesse L. Lasky Jr. She became engaged to singer Geoffrey Gill in January 1933. She also was engaged to Phillip Christian St. Clair. In 1941, she was married to James L. Henderson Jr. She later married
Evan Stephan Barnes in California. Stay married with until her death.

Philanthropist

She donated some twenty pounds of her own red hair during a war scare about a year before the outbreak of World War II. Munitions employed the use of some fine human hair. The hair was received by the Max Factor studios. It cost $17 an ounce in twenty-two inch lengths.

References

Los Angeles Times, "Beauty Joins Father's Act", January 27, 1932, Page 7.
Los Angeles Times, "Jill Dennett Engaged", January 27, 1933, Page A7.
Los Angeles Times, "Million Dollar To Reopen With Musical Shows", July 31, 1934, Page 13.
Los Angeles Times, "Student Prince Cast To Include Popular Players", October 25, 1935, Page A17.
Los Angeles Times, "All Girl Review Features Blues, Singing, And Dancing", March 25, 1937, Page 15.
Washington Post, "Price of Hair Boosted by War Scare", October 3, 1938, Page X13.

External links

American film actresses
Western (genre) film actresses
American women comedians
Vaudeville performers
American female dancers
20th-century American actresses
1913 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American dancers

Jill Dennett


The Chicxulub crater () is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Its center is offshore, but the crater is named after the onshore community of Chicxulub Pueblo. It was formed slightly over 66 million years ago when a large asteroid, about  in diameter, struck Earth. The crater is estimated to be  in diameter and  in depth. It is the second largest confirmed impact structure on Earth, and the only one whose peak ring is intact and directly accessible for scientific research.

The crater was discovered by Antonio Camargo and Glen Penfield, geophysicists who had been looking for petroleum in the Yucatán Peninsula during the late 1970s. Penfield was initially unable to obtain evidence that the geological feature was a crater and gave up his search. Later, through contact with Alan R. Hildebrand in 1990, Penfield obtained samples that suggested it was an impact feature. Evidence for the crater's impact origin includes shocked quartz, a gravity anomaly, and tektites in surrounding areas.

The date of the impact coincides with the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (commonly known as the K–Pg or K–T boundary). It is now widely accepted that the resulting devastation and climate disruption was the cause of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, a mass extinction of 75% of plant and animal species on Earth, including all non-avian dinosaurs.

Discovery
In the late 1970s, geologist Walter Alvarez and his father, Nobel Prize-winning scientist Luis Walter Alvarez, put forth their theory that the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction was caused by an impact event. The main evidence of such an impact was contained in a thin layer of clay present in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg boundary) in Gubbio, Italy. The Alvarezes and colleagues reported that it contained an abnormally high concentration of iridium, a chemical element rare on Earth but common in asteroids. Iridium levels in this layer were as much as 160 times above the background level. It was hypothesized that the iridium was spread into the atmosphere when the impactor was vaporized and settled across Earth's surface among other material thrown up by the impact, producing the layer of iridium-enriched clay. At the time, there was no consensus on what caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction and the boundary layer, with theories including a nearby supernova, climate change, or a geomagnetic reversal. The Alvarezes' impact hypothesis was rejected by many paleontologists, who believed that the lack of fossils found close to the K–Pg boundary—the "three-meter problem"—suggested a more gradual die-off of fossil species.

The Alvarezes, joined by Frank Asaro and Helen Michel from University of California, Berkeley, published their paper on the iridium anomaly in Science in June 1980. Their paper was followed by other reports of similar iridium spikes at the K–Pg boundary across the globe, and sparked wide interest in the cause of the K–Pg extinction; over 2,000 papers were published in the 1980s on the topic. There were no known impact craters that were the right age and size, spurring a search for a suitable candidate. Recognizing the scope of the work, Lee Hunt and Lee Silver organized a cross-discipline meeting in Snowbird, Utah, in 1981. Unknown to them, evidence of the crater they were looking for was being presented the same week, and would be largely missed by the scientific community.

In 1978, geophysicists Glen Penfield and Antonio Camargo were working for the Mexican state-owned oil company Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex) as part of an airborne magnetic survey of the Gulf of Mexico north of the Yucatán Peninsula. Penfield's job was to use geophysical data to scout possible locations for oil drilling. In the offshore magnetic data, Penfield noted anomalies whose depth he estimated and mapped. He then obtained onshore gravity data from the 1940s. When the gravity maps and magnetic anomalies were compared, Penfield described a shallow "bullseye",  in diameter, appearing on the otherwise non-magnetic and uniform surroundings—clear evidence to him of an impact feature. A decade earlier, the same map had suggested a crater to contractor Robert Baltosser, but Pemex corporate policy prevented him from publicizing his conclusion.

Penfield presented his findings to Pemex, who rejected the crater theory, instead deferring to findings that ascribed the feature to volcanic activity. Pemex disallowed release of specific data, but let Penfield and Camargo present the results at the 1981 Society of Exploration Geophysicists conference. That year's conference was under-attended and their report attracted scant attention, with many experts on impact craters and the K–Pg boundary attending the Snowbird conference instead. Carlos Byars, a Houston Chronicle journalist who was familiar with Penfield and had seen the gravitational and magnetic data himself, wrote a story on Penfield and Camargo's claim, but the news did not disseminate widely.

Although Penfield had plenty of geophysical data sets, he had no rock cores or other physical evidence of an impact. He knew Pemex had drilled exploratory wells in the region. In 1951, one bored into what was described as a thick layer of andesite about  down. This layer could have resulted from the intense heat and pressure of an Earth impact, but at the time of the borings it was dismissed as a lava dome—a feature uncharacteristic of the region's geology. Penfield was encouraged by William C. Phinney, curator of the lunar rocks at the Johnson Space Center, to find these samples to support his hypothesis. Penfield tried to secure site samples, but was told they had been lost or destroyed. When attempts to return to the drill sites to look for corroborating rocks proved fruitless, Penfield abandoned his search, published his findings and returned to his Pemex work. Seeing the 1980 Science paper, Penfield wrote to Walter Alvarez about the Yucatán structure, but received no response.

Alvarez and other scientists continued their search for the crater, although they were searching in oceans based on incorrect analysis of glassy spherules from the K–Pg boundary that suggested the impactor had landed in open water. Unaware of Penfield's discovery, University of Arizona graduate student Alan R. Hildebrand and faculty adviser William V. Boynton looked for a crater near the Brazos River in Texas. Their evidence included greenish-brown clay with surplus iridium, containing shocked quartz grains and small weathered glass beads that looked to be tektites. Thick, jumbled deposits of coarse rock fragments were also present, thought to have been scoured from one place and deposited elsewhere by an impact event. Such deposits occur in many locations but seemed concentrated in the Caribbean Basin at the K–Pg boundary. When Haitian professor Florentine Morás discovered what he thought to be evidence of an ancient volcano on Haiti, Hildebrand suggested it could be a telltale feature of a nearby impact. Tests on samples retrieved from the K–Pg boundary revealed more tektite glass, formed only in the heat of asteroid impacts and high-yield nuclear detonations.

In 1990, Carlos Byars told Hildebrand of Penfield's earlier discovery of a possible impact crater. Hildebrand contacted Penfield and the pair soon secured two drill samples from the Pemex wells, which had been stored in New Orleans for decades. Hildebrand's team tested the samples, which clearly showed shock-metamorphic materials. A team of California researchers surveying satellite images found a cenote (sinkhole) ring centered on the town of Chicxulub Pueblo that matched the one Penfield saw earlier; the cenotes were thought to be caused by subsidence of bolide-weakened lithostratigraphy around the impact crater wall. More recent evidence suggests the crater is  wide, and the  ring is an inner wall of it. Hildebrand, Penfield, Boynton, Camargo, and others published their paper identifying the crater in 1991. The crater was named for the nearby town of Chicxulub. Penfield also recalled that part of the motivation for the name was "to give the academics and NASA naysayers a challenging time pronouncing it" after years of dismissing its existence.

In March 2010, forty-one experts from many countries reviewed the available evidence: twenty years' worth of data spanning a variety of fields. They concluded that the impact at Chicxulub triggered the mass extinctions at the K–Pg boundary. Dissenters, notably Gerta Keller of Princeton University, have proposed an alternate culprit: the eruption of the Deccan Traps in what is now the Indian subcontinent. This period of intense volcanism occurred before and after the Chicxulub impact; dissenting studies argue that the worst of the volcanic activity occurred before the impact, and the role of the Deccan Traps was instead shaping the evolution of surviving species post-impact. A 2013 study compared isotopes in impact glass from the Chicxulub impact with isotopes in ash from the K–Pg boundary, concluding that they were dated almost exactly the same within experimental error.

Impact specifics
A 2013 study published in Science estimated the age of the impact as 66,043,000 ± 11,000 years ago (± 43,000 years ago considering systematic error), based on multiple lines of evidence, including argon–argon dating of tektites from Haiti and bentonite horizons overlying the impact horizon in northeastern Montana, United States. This date was supported by a 2015 study based on argon–argon dating of tephra found in lignite beds in the Hell Creek and overlying Fort Union formations in northeastern Montana. A 2018 study based on argon–argon dating of spherules from Gorgonilla Island, Colombia, obtained a slightly different result of 66,051,000 ± 31,000 years ago. The impact has been interpreted to have occurred in Northern Hemisphere spring based on annual isotope curves in sturgeon and paddlefish bones found in an ejecta-bearing sedimentary unit at the Tanis site in southwestern North Dakota. This sedimentary unit is thought to have formed within hours of impact. A 2020 study concluded that the Chicxulub crater was formed by an inclined (45–60° to horizontal) impact from the northeast. The site of the crater at the time of impact was a marine carbonate platform. The water depth at the impact site varied from  on the western edge of the crater to over  on the northeastern edge, with an estimated depth at the centre of the impact of approximately . The seafloor rocks consisted of a sequence of Jurassic–Cretaceous marine sediments,  thick. They were predominantly carbonate rock, including dolomite (35–40% of total sequence) and limestone (25–30%), along with evaporites (anhydrite 25–30%), and minor amounts of shale and sandstone (3–4%) underlain by approximately  of continental crust, composed of igneous crystalline basement including granite.

There is broad consensus that the Chicxulub impactor was a C-type asteroid with a carbonaceous chondrite-like composition, rather than a comet. In 1998, a meteorite, approximately  across, was described from a deep sea sediment core  from the North Pacific, from a sediment sequence spanning the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (when the site was located in the central Pacific), with the meteorite being found at the base of the K-Pg boundary iridium anomaly within the sediment core. The meteorite was suggested to represent a fragment of the Chicxulub impactor. Analysis suggested that it best fitted the criteria of the CV, CO and CR groups of carbonaceous chondrites. A 2021 paper suggested, based on geochemical evidence including the excess of chromium isotope 54Cr and the ratios of platinum group metals found in marine impact layers, that the impactor matched the characteristics of CM or CR carbonaceous chondrites. The impactor was around  in diameter—large enough that, if set at sea level, it would have reached taller than Mount Everest.

Effects

The impactor's velocity was estimated at . The kinetic energy of the impact was estimated at . The impact generated winds in excess of  near the blast's center, and produced a transient cavity  wide and  deep that later collapsed. This formed a crater mainly under the sea and covered by  of sediment by the 21st century. The impact, expansion of water after filling the crater, and related seismic activity spawned megatsunamis over  tall, with one simulation suggesting the immediate waves from the impact may have reached up to  high. The waves scoured the sea floor, leaving ripples underneath what is now Louisiana with average wavelengths of  and average wave heights of , the largest ripples documented. Material shifted by subsequent earthquakes and the waves reached to what are now Texas and Florida, and may have disturbed sediments as far as  from the impact site. The impact triggered a seismic event with an estimated magnitude of 9–11  at the impact site.

A cloud of hot dust, ash and steam would have spread from the crater, with as much as 25 trillion metric tons of excavated material being ejected into the atmosphere by the blast. Some of this material escaped orbit, dispersing throughout the Solar System, while some of it fell back to Earth, heated to incandescence upon re-entry. The rock heated Earth's surface and ignited wildfires, estimated to have enveloped nearly 70% of the planet's forests. The devastation to living creatures even hundreds of kilometers away was immense, and much of present-day Mexico and the United States would have been devastated. Fossil evidence for an instantaneous extinction of diverse animals was found in a soil layer only  thick in New Jersey,  away from the impact site, indicating that death and burial under debris occurred suddenly and quickly over wide distances on land. Field research from the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota published in 2019 shows the simultaneous mass extinction of myriad species combined with geological and atmospheric features consistent with the impact event.

Due to the relatively shallow water, the rock that was vaporized included sulfur-rich gypsum from the lower part of the Cretaceous sequence, and this was injected into the atmosphere. This global dispersal of dust and sulfates would have led to a sudden and catastrophic effect on the climate worldwide, instigating large temperature drops and devastating the food chain. The researchers stated that the impact generated an environmental calamity that extinguished life, but it also induced a vast subsurface hydrothermal system that became an oasis for the recovery of life. Researchers using seismic images of the crater in 2008 determined that the impactor landed in deeper water than previously assumed, which may have resulted in increased sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere, due to more water vapor being available to react with the vaporized anhydrite. This could have made the impact even deadlier by cooling the climate and generating acid rain.

The emission of dust and particles could have covered the entire surface of Earth for several years, possibly up to a decade, creating a harsh environment for living things. Production of carbon dioxide caused by the destruction of carbonate rocks would have led to a sudden greenhouse effect. For over a decade or longer, sunlight would have been blocked from reaching the surface of Earth by the dust particles in the atmosphere, cooling the surface dramatically. Photosynthesis by plants would also have been interrupted, affecting the entire food chain. A model of the event developed by Lomax et al (2001) suggests that net primary productivity rates may have increased to higher than pre-impact levels over the long term because of the high carbon dioxide concentrations.

A long-term local effect of the impact was the creation of the Yucatán sedimentary basin which "ultimately produced favorable conditions for human settlement in a region where surface water is scarce".

Post-discovery investigations

Geophysical data
Two seismic reflection datasets have been acquired over the offshore parts of the crater since its discovery. Older 2D seismic datasets have also been used that were originally acquired for hydrocarbon exploration. A set of three long-record 2D lines was acquired in October 1996, with a total length of , by the BIRPS group. The longest of the lines, Chicx-A, was shot parallel to the coast, while Chicx-B and Chicx-C were shot NW–SE and SSW–NNE respectively. In addition to the conventional seismic reflection imaging, data was recorded onshore to allow wide-angle refraction imaging.

In 2005, another set of profiles was acquired, bringing the total length of 2D deep-penetration seismic data up to . This survey also used ocean bottom seismometers and land stations to allow 3D travel time inversion to improve the understanding of the velocity structure of the crater. The data was concentrated around the interpreted offshore peak ring to help identify possible drilling locations. At the same time, gravity data were acquired along  of profiles. The acquisition was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with logistical assistance from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY – Yucatán Center for Scientific Investigation).

Borehole drilling
Intermittent core samples from hydrocarbon exploration boreholes drilled by Pemex on the Yucatán peninsula have provided some useful data. UNAM drilled a series of eight fully-cored boreholes in 1995, three of which penetrated deeply enough to reach the ejecta deposits outside the main crater rim, UNAM-5, 6 and 7. In 2001–2002, a scientific borehole was drilled near the Hacienda Yaxcopoil, known as Yaxcopoil-1 (or more commonly Yax-1), to a depth of  below the surface, as part of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program. The borehole was cored continuously, passing through  of impactites. Three fully-cored boreholes were also drilled by the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (Federal Electricity Commission) with UNAM. One of them, (BEV-4), was deep enough to reach the ejecta deposits.

In 2016, a joint United Kingdom–United States team obtained the first offshore core samples, from the peak ring in the central zone of the crater with the drilling of the borehole known as M0077A, part of Expedition 364 of the International Ocean Discovery Program. The borehole reached  below the seafloor.

Morphology

The form and structure (morphology) of the Chicxulub crater is known mainly from geophysical data. It has a well-defined concentric multi-ring structure. The outermost ring was identified using seismic reflection data. It is up to  from the crater center, and is a ring of normal faults, throwing down towards the crater center, marking the outer limit of significant crustal deformation. This makes it one of the three largest impact structures on Earth. Moving into the center, the next ring is the main crater rim, also known as the "inner rim" which correlates with a ring of cenotes onshore and a major circular Bouguer gravity gradient anomaly. This has a radius that varies between . The next ring structure, moving inwards, is the peak ring. The area between the inner rim and peak ring is described as the "terrace zone", characterized by a series of fault blocks defined by normal faults dipping towards the crater center, sometimes referred to as "slump blocks". The peak ring is about 80 km in diameter and of variable height, from  above the base of the crater in the west and northwest and  in the north, northeast and east. The central part of the crater lies above a zone where the mantle was uplifted such that the Moho is shallower by about  compared to regional values.

The ring structures are best developed to the south, west and northwest, becoming more indistinct towards the north and northeast of the structure. This is interpreted to be a result of variable water depth at the time of impact, with less well-defined rings resulting from the areas with water depths significantly deeper than .

Geology

Pre-impact geology

Before the impact, the geology of the Yucatán area, sometimes referred to as the "target rocks", consisted of a sequence of mainly Cretaceous limestones, overlying red beds of uncertain age above an unconformity with the dominantly granitic basement. The basement forms part of the Maya Block and information about its makeup and age in the Yucatán area has come only from drilling results around the Chicxulub crater and the analysis of basement material found as part of the ejecta at more distant K–Pg boundary sites. The Maya block is one of a group of crustal blocks found at the edge of the Gondwana continent. Zircon ages are consistent with the presence of an underlying Grenville age crust, with large amounts of late Ediacaran arc-related igneous rocks, interpreted to have formed in the Pan-African orogeny. Late Paleozoic granitoids (the distinctive "pink granite") were found in the peak ring borehole M0077A, with an estimated age of 326 ± 5 million years ago (Carboniferous). These have an adakitic composition and are interpreted to represent the effects of slab detachment during the Marathon-Ouachita orogeny, part of the collision between Laurentia and Gondwana that created the Pangaea supercontinent.

Red beds of variable thickness, up to , overlay the granitic basement, particularly in the southern part of the area. These continental clastic rocks are thought to be of Triassic-to-Jurassic age, although they may extend into the Lower Cretaceous. The lower part of the Lower Cretaceous sequence consists of dolomite with interbedded anhydrite and gypsum, with the upper part being limestone, with dolomite and anhydrite in part. The thickness of the Lower Cretaceous varies from  up to  in the boreholes. The Upper Cretaceous sequence is mainly platform limestone, with marl and interbedded anhydrite. It varies in thickness from  up to . There is evidence for a Cretaceous basin within the Yucatán area that has been named the Yucatán Trough, running approximately south–north, widening northwards, explaining the observed thickness variations.

Impact rocks
The most common observed impact rocks are suevites, found in many of the boreholes drilled around the Chicxulub crater. Most of the suevites were resedimented soon after the impact by the resurgence of oceanic water into the crater. This gave rise to a layer of suevite extending from the inner part of the crater out as far as the outer rim.

Impact melt rocks are thought to fill the central part of the crater, with a maximum thickness of . The samples of melt rock that have been studied have overall compositions similar to that of the basement rocks, with some indications of mixing with carbonate source, presumed to be derived from the Cretaceous carbonates. An analysis of melt rocks sampled by the M0077A borehole indicates two types of melt rock, an upper impact melt (UIM), which has a clear carbonate component as shown by its overall chemistry and the presence of rare limestone clasts and a lower impact melt-bearing unit (LIMB) that lacks any carbonate component. The difference between the two impact melts is interpreted to be a result of the upper part of the initial impact melt, represented by the LIMB in the borehole, becoming mixed with materials from the shallow part of the crust either falling back into the crater or being brought back by the resurgence forming the UIM.

The "pink granite", a granitoid rich in alkali feldspar found in the peak ring borehole shows many deformation features that record the extreme strains associated with the formation of the crater and the subsequent development of the peak ring. The granitoid has an unusually low density and P-wave velocity compared to typical granitic basement rocks. Study of the core from M0077A shows the following deformation features in apparent order of development: pervasive fracturing along and through grain boundaries, a high density of shear faults, bands of cataclasite and ultra-cataclasite and some ductile shear structures. This deformation sequence is interpreted to result from initial crater formation involving acoustic fluidization followed by shear faulting with the development of cataclasites with fault zones containing impact melts.

The peak ring drilling below the sea floor also discovered evidence of a massive hydrothermal system, which modified approximately  of Earth's crust and lasted for hundreds of thousands of years. These hydrothermal systems may provide support for the impact origin of life hypothesis for the Hadean eon, when the entire surface of Earth was affected by impactors much larger than the Chicxulub impactor.

Post-impact geology
After the immediate effects of the impact had stopped, sedimentation in the Chicxulub area returned to the shallow water platform carbonate depositional environment that characterised it before the impact. The sequence, which dates back as far as the Paleocene, consists of marl and limestone, reaching a thickness of about . The K–Pg boundary inside the crater is significantly deeper than in the surrounding area.

On the Yucatán peninsula, the inner rim of the crater is marked by clusters of cenotes, which are the surface expression of a zone of preferential groundwater flow, moving water from a recharge zone in the south to the coast through a karstic aquifer system. From the cenote locations, the karstic aquifer is clearly related to the underlying crater rim, possibly through higher levels of fracturing,
caused by differential compaction.

Astronomical origin of impactor
In September 2007, a report published in Nature proposed an origin for the asteroid that created the Chicxulub crater. The authors, William F. Bottke, David Vokrouhlický, and David Nesvorný, argued that a collision in the asteroid belt 160 million years ago between a 170 km (106 mi) diameter parent body and another 60 km (37 mi) diameter body, resulted in the Baptistina family of asteroids, the largest surviving member of which is 298 Baptistina. They proposed that the "Chicxulub asteroid" was also a member of this group.

The Baptistina family was subsequently considered an unlikely source of the Chicxulub asteroid because a spectrographic analysis published in 2009 revealed that 298 Baptistina has a different composition more typical of an S-type asteroid than the presumed carbonaceous chondrite composition of the Chicxulub impactor. In 2011, data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer revised the date of the collision which created the Baptistina family to about 80 million years ago. This made an asteroid from this family highly improbable to be the asteroid that created the Chicxulub crater, as typically the process of resonance and collision of an asteroid takes many tens of millions of years. In 2010, another hypothesis implicated the newly discovered asteroid 354P/LINEAR, a member of the Flora family of asteroids, as a possible remnant cohort of the K–Pg impactor. In July 2021, a study reported that the impactor likely originated in the outer main part of the asteroid belt, based on numerical simulations.

The original 1980 paper describing the crater suggested that it was created by an asteroid around  in diameter. Two papers published in 1984 proposed the impactor to be a comet originating from the Oort cloud, and it was proposed in 1992 that tidal disruption of comets could potentially increase impact rates. In February 2021, four independent laboratories reported elevated concentrations of iridium in the crater's peak ring, further corroborating the asteroid impact hypothesis. In the same month, Avi Loeb and a colleague published a study in Scientific Reports suggesting the impactor was a fragment from a disrupted comet, rather than an asteroid—the long-standing leading candidate among scientists. This was followed by a rebuttal published in Astronomy & Geophysics that June, which charged that the paper ignored the fact that the mass of iridium deposited across the globe by the impact (estimated to be approximately 2.0–2.8 × 10 grams), was too large to be created by a comet impactor the size required to create the crater, and that Loeb et al. had overestimated likely comet impact rates. They found that an asteroid impactor was strongly favored by all available evidence, and that a comet impactor could be effectively ruled out.

See also
 Barberton Greenstone Belt
 List of impact craters on Earth
 List of possible impact structures on Earth
 Nadir crater
 Permian–Triassic extinction event
 Timeline of Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event research

References

External links

 Chicxulub Crater
 Chicxulub: Variations in the magnitude of the gravity field at sea level image (Lunar and Planetary Institute, USRA)
 "Doubts on Dinosaurs" – Scientific American
 Papers and presentations resulting from the 2016 Chicxulub drilling project

+
Cretaceous impact craters
Extinction events
Impact craters of Mexico
Mérida, Yucatán
Natural history of the Caribbean
Natural history of the Yucatán Peninsula
Oceans
Prehistoric dinosaurs

Chicxulub crater


Permitted attached private lines, abbreviated PAPL, are voice-grade telephone wires that run point-to-point (rather than point-to-exchange) between locations in the telephone company's copper network. Data can travel across the PAPL link (at a distance of up to 3.5 km) at speeds of around 2Mb per second. Originally, PAPLs were intended to act as basic alarm circuits for fire or security systems, though in recent years have been utilised to carry DSL data signals.

References

Telstra Holds Off on Scrapping Copper
Information Access (Electronic Frontiers Australia)
Telstra Impose their own Internet GST

Local loop

Permitted attached private lines


Wolfgang Rauchfuß (27 November 1931, in Grüna – 15 August 2005, in Berlin) was a member of the Politburo of East Germany's ruling SED (party).  He was also a government minister and deputy chairman of the country's Ministerial Council.

Life
Rauchfuß was born into a working-class family in a western quarter of Chemnitz, part of the industrial belt in the southern part of what then counted as central Germany.   He completed his secondary schooling in 1946 and embarked on a three-year traineeship as a mechanic.   Also in 1946 he joined the newly formed Free German Youth (FDJ / Freie Deutsche Jugend) in which he progressed so that by 1949/50 he had become a full-time FDJ instructor with the organisation's regional leadership in Berlin.   After the war had ended in May 1945 Chemnitz had found itself in the Soviet occupation zone of what remained of Germany and in October 1949 the entire area under Soviet administration became a new stand-alone state, the German Democratic Republic.   Although independent of the new Federal Republic of Germany to the west, the new East German state retained the fraternal support of the Soviet Union.   In 1950 Wolfgang Rauchfuß took a government job as a foreign trade official.   Although the country had only been established in 1949, the basis for a return to one-party government had already been created in October 1946, through a controversial merger between the Communist Party and the more moderately left-wing SPD (party).   By the time Rauchfuß celebrated his nineteenth birthday there was little sign of former SPD members in the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED / Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands), the controlling positions in which were all occupied by men who before April 1946 would have defined themselves politically as Communists.   1951 was the year in which Rauchfuß joined the ruling SED (party).

In 1952 he moved on to study at the Academy for Foreign Trade, after which he took a job as a domestic and export sales manager for precision mechanics and optics.  From 1957 till 1959 he was Deputy General Director of Polygraph Export GmbH and in 1960 General Director of Office Machinery exports.   Between 1958 and 1961 he took a correspondence study course with the Berlin Academy of Economics which led to a degree in Economics.

From 1961 till 1965 Wolfgang Rauchfuß served as Deputy Minister for foreign and inter-German trade.   He was appointed Secretary of State in The Ministry in March 1965, at the same time joining the country's Ministerial Council.  Later that year, in December 1965, he became Deputy Chairman of the Ministerial Council.

The constitutional arrangement sunder which the German Democratic Republic was governed were modeled on those originally created for the Soviet Union.   They implicitly - and after 1968 expressly - asserted the "leading role" of The Party.   The party determined policy and government ministers (who were very often also people with senior party positions) carried it out.   It therefore represented a major promotion when, in 1961, Wolfgang Rauchfuß became one of the 131 members of the Party Central Committee (which controlled the party).   He also became a member of the National Legislature (Volkskammer) at this time. He then, in 1974, became in addition the Minister for Materials Economics and director of the Central Energy Commission in the Ministerial Council.

As the collapse of the East German regime approached, on 7 November 1989 the government of Willi Stoph resigned, which for Rauchfuß involved resignation from his various government offices.   Subsequently, however, he became a Secretary of State in the Modrow government.   Between 8 November and 3 December 1989 he also served as a member of the Party Politburo and of the Central Committee Secretariat.   In March 1990 he took a position with the Treuhand, the body mandated to privatize the East German industrial and commercial sectors as part of the reunification process.   He also worked, for a period, for the "East German Investment Trust".

Awards and honours
 1971 Banner of Labor
 1979 Patriotic Order of Merit in Gold
 1981 Patriotic Order of Merit Gold clasp

References

1931 births
2005 deaths
People from Chemnitz
Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Deputy Prime Ministers of East Germany
Government ministers of East Germany
Members of the 5th Volkskammer
Members of the 6th Volkskammer
Members of the 7th Volkskammer
Members of the 8th Volkskammer
Members of the 9th Volkskammer
Free German Youth members
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
Recipients of the Banner of Labor

Wolfgang Rauchfuß


Saint John's Cavalier () is a 16th-century cavalier in Valletta, Malta, which was built by the Order of St. John. It overlooks St. John's Bastion, a large obtuse-angled bastion forming part of the Valletta Land Front. St. John was one of nine planned cavaliers in the city, although eventually only two were built, the other one being the identical Saint James Cavalier. It was designed by the Italian military engineer Francesco Laparelli, while its construction was overseen by his Maltese assistant Girolamo Cassar.

The cavalier is located close to the City Gate Arcade and Hastings Gardens. Today, the cavalier is the embassy of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the successor of the Order who built it in the first place.

History
Following the Great Siege of Malta of 1565, in which the Ottoman Empire attempted to take over Malta but failed to do so, the Order of St. John decided to settle permanently on the island. The Order decided to build a new fortified city as their new capital, and it was called Valletta after Grand Master Jean Parisot de Valette. In order to do this, De Valette asked for financial aid from various European rulers. Pope Pius V not only helped out financially, but he also sent the Italian military engineer Francesco Laparelli to Malta in order to design the new capital's fortifications. Construction of the city began in March 1566, and work continued throughout the 1570s. Following Laparelli's departure from Malta and his subsequent death, construction of the city was entrusted to his Maltese assistant, the architect and military engineer Girolamo Cassar.

St. John's Cavalier was one of the first buildings to be built in Valletta, along with the Church of Our Lady of Victories and the rest of the fortifications. The cavalier was built as a raised platform on which guns were placed to defend the city against attacks from the landward side, in the area were the town of Floriana was later built. As well as prohibiting entry, St. John's could also threaten those who had already breached the city's defences. It was linked to Saint James Cavalier by a now-blocked underground passageway.

In 1646, Grand Master Giovanni Paolo Lascaris grafted a number of warehouses for the storage of gunpowder and muskets on the flank and gorge of the cavalier. The warehouses were demolished in the late 1950s, and the commemorative inscription which was located on their façade is now affixed on the wall of the cavalier.

The cavalier was used by British forces during World War II.

Embassy

In 1967, the Government of Malta leased the cavalier to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the successor of the Order of St. John, for 99 years. The SMOM established its embassy in Malta there, and it was restored under the direction of ambassador Dino Marrajeni, and the Maltese engineer Roger de Giorgio, an expert on restoration of historical buildings. Within two years restoration was complete, and while modern alterations were made, care was taken to preserve all the original features of the building. An unobtrusive penthouse was built on the cavalier's roof as the residence of the Head of the Mission, and from it one can see an excellent view of the city below as well as the surrounding towns and villages.

The incumbent ambassador is HE Ing. Umberto Di Capua.

The cavalier is scheduled as a Grade 1 national monument, and it is also listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.

Architecture
St. John's Cavalier is a large casemated artillery platform having a pentagonal plan. The structure was not designed with aesthetics in mind, highlighting its purely utilitarian military function. Despite the impression of size given by the external aspect of the building, half of the structure was filled with compressed earth and the rest consisted of series of sparse chambers and a ramp by which cannons could reach the roof.

The cavalier occupies the rear face of St. John's Bastion, and it was meant to be able to fire over the bastion's main parapet, without interfering with its fire. Its terrace contains a gunpowder magazine.

A number of warehouses were grafted on the cavalier in the 17th century, but these were demolished in the 1950s.

Further reading

References

External links

National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands

Buildings and structures in Valletta
Hospitaller fortifications in Malta
Limestone buildings in Malta
16th-century fortifications
Diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Diplomatic missions in Malta
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands

Saint John's Cavalier


Telphusa iriditis is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Namibia.

The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are purplish-grey speckled with black, with iridescent green reflections and with three small spots of black irroration on the costa at one-sixth, one-third, and the middle, each with a small brownish-ochreous spot adjacent beneath, some whitish irroration between these extending obliquely towards the disc. There is a black oblique mark in the disc beneath the first of these, and a black longitudinal spot beneath the second. Three small brownish-ochreous tufts are found towards the dorsum from one-third to before the tornus and there is a small brownish-ochreous spot in the middle of the disc and another at two-thirds. There is also a transverse black spot in the disc towards the apex, preceded by two brownish-ochreous dots transversely placed. Three brownish-ochreous dots are found on the costa and two on the termen towards the apex, separated with black and with a more distinct small black spot at the apex. The hindwings are light grey thinly scaled towards the base, with the margins and veins suffused with darker grey.

References

Moths described in 1920
Telphusa
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick

Telphusa iriditis


Seanad Éireann is the upper hoose o the Oireachtas (Pairlament o Ireland), whilk includes the Preses o Ireland an Dáil Éireann (the lawer hoose).

Hit's aften cried the Seanad or Senate an hits members senators (seanadóirí in Erse, singular: seanadóir). Unalike Dáil Éireann, hit's nae electit direct-like bit is makkit up o a mixtur o members waled by different methods. Hits pouers are muckle waiker than thon o the Dáil an hit can ainly pit aff bills hit disnae like, raither than ootricht denyin thaim.

Politics o the Republic o Ireland
Oireachtas

Seanad Éireann


"Who Made Who" is a song and a single by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC, taken from their 1986 album, Who Made Who. The 12-inch single format of the single features an extended mix of the song and can be found in the Deluxe Edition of AC/DC's Backtracks Boxset, on Disc 1, Studio Rarities. It was one of only three new tracks on Who Made Who, because the album is not only a soundtrack to Stephen King's Maximum Overdrive, but a compilation album featuring tracks from previous albums. The other two new tracks were instrumentals. "Who Made Who" peaked at #23 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart on 19 July 1986, and stayed on the chart for 12 weeks.

In addition to the song itself, "Who Made Who" has also been played live, mostly throughout the subsequent world tour and the Blow Up Your Video World Tour. It was also played live with replacement drummer Chris Slade throughout The Razors Edge World Tour, and with drummer Phil Rudd (who returned to the band in 1994 after being fired from the group 11 years prior) for only one gig at the opening night of the Ballbreaker World Tour in Greensboro, North Carolina, after which the song was dropped and has not been played live since.  A live version was released on the 1992 album AC/DC Live.

Music video
In the video to this song, directed by David Mallet, filmed in the lobby of and onstage at the Brixton Academy music venue in London, fans and radio contest winners were dressed like Angus Young, and carried red cardboard guitars similar to Angus's Gibson SG. The video's plot features scientists replicating Angus by means of science fiction technology; the lookalikes are shown en masse, marching in time to the song and raising their heads to chant the title phrase along with the chorus. A photo of Angus standing amid a group of his counterparts can be found inside the 2003 Digipak release of Who Made Who. A couple of AC/DC shows had some look alike Anguses on the stage with them, such as at the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, where six were present.

Personnel
Brian Johnson – vocals
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar
Cliff Williams – bass guitar
Simon Wright – drums

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

 Lyrics

AC/DC songs
1986 singles
Songs written by Brian Johnson
Songs written by Angus Young
Songs written by Malcolm Young
1986 songs
Atlantic Records singles
Music videos directed by David Mallet (director)

Who Made Who (song)


Allerthorpe Common is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and nature reserve in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is located close to the town of Pocklington.

History
Allerthorpe was mentioned in the Domesday Book AD 1086 as "Aluuarstorp", a name meaning a "thorpe" or small village belonging to a man called Alfard. Pollen counts have shown that the common has provided habitat for heather and birch, and some pine for at least 2000 years. During Anglo-Saxon times some of the trees were cleared for conversion of the land to pasture. Commoners had a right to graze cattle, cut turves, and use timber and gorse for repairs. At the time of enclosures (1750–1800), the surrounding land was enclosed and used for agriculture. The common became drier as drainage was improved in the surrounding farmland, and in the 1950s, the land was bought by the Forestry Commission. Part was drained and planted in 1963 with Scots pine, Austrian pine and Lodgepole pine. In 1965, a  area was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and was set aside as a nature reserve as being one of the last tracts of semi-natural grassland in the Vale of York.

The common
The site lies on river and lake sands, which were deposited during the last glacial period 12-10,000 years ago. The soils are acidic and a variety of habitats, including wet and dry heath, mire, grassland and woodland have formed.
The drier areas are dominated by heather interspersed with cross-leaved heath and purple moor grass. In the wetter areas purple moor grass forms dense tussocks. Common cottongrass and marsh cinquefoil occur in the wet mire conditions, and the nationally rare marsh gentian grows here. Birds that breed here include the nightjar, tree pipit and whinchat.

See also
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the East Riding of Yorkshire

References

External links

Conservation in the United Kingdom
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Nature reserves in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Yorkshire Wildlife Trust reserves
Forests and woodlands of the East Riding of Yorkshire

Allerthorpe Common


The Damme Canal (French: Canal de Damme.  Dutch: Damse Vaart or Napoleonvaart) is a canal in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The canal links Bruges with the Western Scheldt at Sluis, Netherlands. It was constructed on the orders of Napoleon Bonaparte who wished to create a canal network in order to permit the efficient transport of troops without the risk of disruptive interventions from the British navy.

Following the defeat of Napoleon, the original strategic imperative for the canal was removed.  The plans in the Napoleonic era had called for a link to the Scheldt at Breskens.   Half a century later the canal opened to traffic in 1856, and the link with the sea had moved to Sluis.

At Damme the canal crosses the Leopold Canal and the Schipdonk Canal, both of which were dug in the middle years of the nineteenth century in order to reduce the vulnerability of the Belgian canal network to Dutch interference, after the achievement in 1830 of Belgian independence.   It was necessary to create a system of Siphons because of the differences in water level of the three canals.   The canal was used until 1940 when French troops destroyed the siphon system: this put an end to maritime transport on the Damme Canal.

After World War II use of the canal resumed, but it was used now by pleasure boats, along with a tourist boat connecting Damme and Bruges.

References

External links

 Dutch ministerial webpage (in Dutch) on the Damme Canal
 Bruno Comer, Le canal de Damme, un canal oublié (in French).

International canals
Canals opened in 1856
Canals in the Netherlands
Canals in Zeeland
Canals in Flanders
Canals in West Flanders
Geography of Bruges
Damme
Sluis

Damme Canal


Nickelodeon is a children's cable/satellite television channel which launched on 10 December 1997.

History
Nickelodeon was launched on 10 December 1997 on cable by Turkish company RTV and timeshared with Discovery Channel Turkey.

In 2001, Multi Channel Developers took over Nickelodeon's license, thus making it a 24-hour channel.

On 31 March 2010, Nickelodeon had a major rebrand with new idents and a new logo.

On 22 May 2010, Nickelodeon and MTV Turkey were taken off of Digiturk, most likely due to disagreement issues.

On 2 June 2010, Nickelodeon and MTV Turkey's websites were shut down, due to an argument between MCD and Viacom.

On 31 August 2011, Viacom ended MCD's license of the two channels, thus getting the local channels shut down. Nickelodeon and MTV Europe later started broadcasting in English on D-Smart.

In February 2012, Viacom reached an agreement with Digiturk and brought back Nickelodeon and MTV to Turkey. Starting on 1 March 2012, Nickelodeon still broadcasts in Turkish today and starting with Polish version, while MTV has Turkish subtitles over the European feed.

On 1 May 2012, the Nick Jr. channel came to Turkey and mainly broadcasts preschooler shows for young kids aged 2–8 and is a 24-hour kid's channel much like Nickelodeon.

On 1 July 2012, Nickelodeon HD launched. It became Turkey's first and, as of now, only HD kids channel.

In October 2012, the channel separated from the Polish version.

In Summer 2018, Nickelodeon Turkey is starting with the CEE feed, using the Hungarian version. Later In 2019, Nickelodeon Turkey now uses the Romanian version.

Notes

External links
 Nickelodeon Turkey

Turkey
Turkish animation
Television stations in Turkey
Children's television channels in Turkey
Television channels and stations established in 1997
Children's television networks
1997 establishments in Turkey

Nickelodeon (Turkish TV channel)


Christian Urmi (C. Urmi) is the dialect of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic spoken by Assyrian Christians in Urmia, northwestern Iran.

Overview
Aramaic-speaking Assyrian Christians in Urmi and its surrounding areas can be dated via textual references to at least to the 12th century, but it is unclear how long these speakers had been in Urmi prior to those dates. Linguistic evidence indicates that it is likely that the ancestor of C. Urmi migrated to its current location from the mountains of eastern Turkey, and loans also indicate that at some point in its history, C. Urmi was in contact with Arabic in northern Mesopotamia.

The demographic details of Urmin speakers has changed in the recent history of the language thanks to a variety of historical factors. Prior to the twentieth century, the vast majority of speakers resided not within the town of Urmi, but rather overwhelmingly inhabited rural areas around the town and lived agricultural lifestyles. The political upheavals and ethnic conflict that occurred during the First World War caused widespread movement; on the one hand, numerous Assyrians followed the retreating Russian army and settled in the Caucasus regions, where some C. Urmi-speaking communities had already been established following the Treaty of Turkmenchay. On the other hand, Assyrians who did not leave the region altogether ended up re-settling not in their former rural homes but rather within Urmi itself, and also established communities in other Iranian cities such as Tabriz, Hamadan and Tehran. The movement into Urmi increased in following decades as Assyrians moved to the town for economic and other reasons. By 2010, the number of Assyrians in the area, almost entirely within Urmi itself, had been reduced to only about 5,000, compared to an estimate of 78,000 in 1914.

The post-Great War immigration of C. Urmi-speakers to the Soviet Union resulted in several established communities, one of the largest of which is found near Armavir in a town dubbed Urmiya. The retention rate of Urmi among these Assyrians was around 67 percent at least until 1970. In addition to these communities in the North Caucasus, the existence of Urmi-speaking Assyrians in Georgia can be dated even earlier to the 18th century. In addition to communities in Tbilisi and several other towns, the largest and oldest of these communities is in the town of Dzveli Canda in Mtskheta District, and the current overall population of Assyrians in Georgia is roughly 6,000. Prior to a 1937 repression under Stalin's regime, Urmi activity in Georgia was even more vibrant, seeing the establishment of theater group and a literary journal (Cuxva d-Madənxa, "Star of the East") in Tbilisi. Still today, some schools in Canda and Tbilisi teach the literary form of C. Urmi.

Following the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Urmi communities were also established in Yerevan province in Armenia. A 1979 census recorded just over 6,000 Assyrians in Armenia, and some villages apparently retained knowledge of, or at least learned, C. Urmi. Following the 1991 independence of Armenia, there has been a major exodus of Assyrians from the country.

The aforementioned upheavals of the 20th century also saw immigration of C. Urmi speakers to North America, Europe, and Australia. Two especially large communities have been established in Chicago and Turlock, in the San Joaquin Valley of California, which today hosts a population of around 15,000 Assyrians primarily of Urmi extraction. These communities still retain knowledge of C. Urmi to varying degrees, especially among older speakers.

Phonology

Notes:
The lax stops are aspirated; the tense ones are unaspirated, but pronounced with tense vocal folds and can therefore be described as glottalized. In all Urmi dialects tense /k͈/ is sometimes pronounced as an ejective [], and in varieties spoken in Georgia, other tense consonants are also sometimes pronounced as ejectives.
Lax /t/ is laminal alveolar while tense /t͈/ is apical alveolar.
/d/ is pronounced laminal in plain contexts but apical in emphatic words.
The distinction between tense and lax is neutralized after a fricative. Aspiration is also not always pronounced at the end of words.
North of Urmi, in the Tabriz dialect, and in most parts of the Caucasus, the affricates are realized as palato-alveolar, i.e. [tʃʰ]. South of Urmi the offset is most commonly [s] or [z] if voiced, but in free variation with a palato-alveolar offset.
In many northern dialects, /c/ and /c͈/ are pronounced as palato-alveolar affricates, often merging with /tʃ/ etc., but there is considerable variation.
/h/ is pronounced [] intervocalically.
Not shown above is the phonemic "suprasegmental emphasis," or word-level pharyngealization. This suprasegmental phoneme is primarily characterized by pharyngealization but also involves retracting the tongue from the primary point of articulation in dorsal and coronal consonants, as well as a degree of lip-rounding and retraction of vowels. While emphatic spreading of the emphatic series of consonants in other Semitic languages is frequent, C. Urmi is best analyzed synchronically as having truly word-level emphasis. Following Khan and others, this is transcribed phonemically with a prefixed +, for example in the minimal pair /ʔarja/ [ʔærjæ] "lion" vs. /+ʔarja/ [ʔɑrˤjɑ], "saint's festival."

See also
Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia

References

Sources

'The Missionaries' Assistants: The role of the Assyrians in the development of written Urmia Aramaic' in Journal of the Assyrian Academy Society, 10 (2), 1996

Further reading

Urmia
Christian Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects

Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia


Micah Hawkins (January 1, 1777 – July 29, 1825) was an American poet, playwright, and composer, largely of music for theater, who also operated a New York City tavern and grocery store.

He was born in Head of the Harbor, New York and moved to New York City in 1798, where he worked in several jobs, including carriage-maker, before opening a grocery and inn. He played flute, piano, and violin.

His blackface song "Backside Albany", ridiculing the British during the War of 1812 was to be sung "in the character of a Negro sailor", ridiculing the British efforts. It was  first performed in Albany, New York, February 15, 1815, as part of a play, The Battle of Plattsburgh.

His operetta The Saw-Mill, or A Yankee Trick, the first opera by an American composer on an American theme, had six performances at New York's Chatham Garden Theatre in 1824–25.

Hawkins was the uncle of painter William Sidney Mount, who lived with him for a time in childhood.

References

 The Riches of Sight: William Sidney Mount and His World
 The Battle of Plattsburgh: Songs and Tunes of 1814
 Our Heritage: The World of William S. Mount (Word doc), from the Long Island Museum.
 Peter Goodman, A Real Yankee First, from New York Newsday's Long Island history site.

1777 births
1825 deaths
American grocers
People from Smithtown, New York
Composers from New York City
Businesspeople from New York City
Writers from New York City
Songwriters from New York (state)
Poets from New York (state)
Blackface minstrel songwriters
18th-century American composers
18th-century American musicians
18th-century male musicians
19th-century American composers
18th-century American poets
18th-century American male writers
19th-century American poets
18th-century American dramatists and playwrights
19th-century American dramatists and playwrights
19th-century American businesspeople
American male songwriters
American male poets
American male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American male musicians
American operetta composers
Male operetta composers

Micah Hawkins