Charity assessment is the process of analysis of the goodness of a non-profit organization in financial terms. Historically, charity evaluators have focused on the question of how much of contributed funds are used for the purpose(s) claimed by the charity, while more recently some evaluators have placed an emphasis on the cost effectiveness (or impact) of charities.

Charity watchdogs
A charity watchdog is a type of nonprofit organization that provides ratings of charitable groups based on how an individual charity's money is spent, how it governs itself, and how the charity protects its donors' privacy, among other criteria. Charity evaluation from these organizations has typically focused on measuring administrative and fundraising costs, salaries, and assessing how large of a proportion of a charity's budget is directly spent on impactful activities.

In 2000, Ministry Watch, an evangelical Christian organization that reviews Protestant ministries for financial accountability and transparency, was founded. Charity Navigator was launched in 2001 by John P. Dugan, a wealthy pharmaceutical executive and philanthropist. Initially, Charity Navigator provided financial ratings for 1,100 charities, and has data on 8,000 as of mid-2016.

The Toronto Star has reported on some of the difficulties and revelations of auditing charities in Canada as described by Charity Intelligence Canada (Ci). The authors call it "concerning", for example, that one in five of "Canada's top 100 charities" refused to release their full audited financial statements to Ci. Moreover, one-quarter of the "top 100 charities" hold at least three years' worth of funding (that is, they have three times their annual budget in savings) and some store as much as eight years' worth. Of the "top 100 charities", 14% exceed the guidelines set by the Canada Revenue Agency by spending more than 35% of donations on fundraising – with some spending as much as 50% of donations on fundraising.

In 2015 the United Kingdom government announced the creation of a new government-run watchdog to regulate large charities.

Evaluation

Impact-based evaluation

In 2006, hedge fund employees Holden Karnofsky and Elie Hassenfeld formed an informal group with colleagues to evaluate charities based on data and performance metrics similar to those they used at the fund. The group was surprised to find the data often did not exist. The next year, Karnofsky and Hassenfeld formed GiveWell as a nonprofit to provide financial analyst services to donors. They eventually decided to rate charities based on the metric of how much money it cost to save a life.

GiveWell has focused primarily on the cost-effectiveness of the organizations that it evaluates, rather than traditional metrics such as the percentage of the organization's budget that is spent on overhead. In the first year, Karnofsky and Hassenfeld advocated that charities should generally spend more money on overhead, so that they could pay for staff and record keeping to track how effective their efforts were. This ran counter to standard ways of evaluating charities based on the ratio of overhead to funds deployed for the charity work itself.

Giving What We Can (GWWC), founded in 2009 by Toby Ord, also differed from other charity evaluators in terms of the importance given to metrics of charity performance, solely focusing on the cost-effectiveness of the charity's work. It has argued that the variance in cost-effectiveness of charities arises largely due to the variance in the nature of the causes that the charities operate in, and therefore has made evaluations across broad areas of work such as health, education, and emergency aid before comparing specific organizations. In practice, it recommends a selected few charities in the area of global health. Its work is similar to that of GiveWell. GWWC no longer evaluates charities but, like the National Philanthropic Trust, it accepts philanthropic members and helps them to donate to charities.

Charity Navigator's former CEO Ken Berger and consultant Robert M. Penna harshly criticized the idea of discriminating among cause areas for being moralistic and elitist "by weighing causes and beneficiaries against one another". Philosopher and effective altruism advocate William MacAskill defended the concept by comparing the choice to donate to an art gallery with the choice of saving a painting rather than saving people from a burning building.

In 2013 and 2014, GuideStar, BBB Wise Giving Alliance, and Charity Navigator wrote open letters urging nonprofits and donors to end the use of the overhead ratio as the sole or main indicator of a nonprofit's performance. Charity Navigator has also been working to expand its criteria to include results reporting. See Charity Navigator § Evaluation method.

Outcomes
In the United Kingdom, Charities Evaluation Services (CES), itself a charity, was establised in 1990 to support the improved effectiveness of the voluntary sector. The services merged with the National Council for Voluntary Organisations in 2014. CES had a history of supporting charities in identifying their aims and objectives and the outcomes they wanted to achieve, as well as mapping how successful they were at achieving those outcomes. The "National Outcomes Programme" was delivered and delivered by CES with funding from the Big Lottery Fund between 2003 and 2009, developing a network of "outcomes champions" and supporting around 1,500 voluntary and community organisations. The programme was independently evaluated in 2006 by the Open University and in 2009 by Tribal Consulting. An "outcomes approach", focussing on the changes, benefits or other effects which happen as a result of an organisation's activities, was commended as an effective approach to performance measurement in the charity sector.

Databases

Searchable databases of United States Internal Revenue Service Form 990

 ProPublica
 Candid

Searchable databases of charities with scores, information and/or analysis
 Animal Charity Evaluators
 BBB Wise Giving Alliance
 Candid
 Charity Intelligence Canada
 Charity Navigator
 CharityWatch, formerly known as the American Institute of Philanthropy
 GiveWell
 GreatNonprofits
 ImpactMatters
 Ministry Watch

See also
 Ethics of philanthropy

References

External links
 WikiCharities, growing global database for the nonprofit sector.
 UK Charity Commission
 Nonprofit search (Propublica)
 US Internal Revenue Service lookup for nonprofits

Charity in the United Kingdom
Charity in the United States
Charity review websites

Charity assessment


Gaetano Moroni (17 October 1802, Rome – 3 November 1883, Rome) was an Italian writer on the history and contemporary structure of the Catholic Church and an official of the papal court in Rome. He was the author of the well-known Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica (Dictionary of historical-ecclesiastical learning).

Biography
He received his early education from the Brothers of the Christian Schools at Rome. Apprenticed later to a barber, his duties frequently took him to the Camaldolese Monastery of Saint Gregory the Great on the Coelian Hill.  The prior there, Dom Mauro Cappellari, O.S.B. Cam., and several of the monks recognized his exceptional gifts, and made use of him in a quasi-secretarial capacity. When Cappellari became a cardinal he made Moroni his chamberlain, and when he became Pope Gregory XVI, he employed Moroni to serve as his First Assistant of the Chamber, employing him also as his private secretary. In that capacity Moroni personally wrote over 100,000 letters during his lifetime. Moroni also later served Pope Pius IX as an Assistant of the Chamber.

Among the books of the monastery and of the cardinal, as well as from conversations with learned people, Moroni acquired a vast store of information. He also gradually collected a considerable private library bearing on ecclesiastical questions, while he made notes from daily papers and from other publications for his own instruction. The subsequent arrangement of these notes in order suggested to him the idea of turning his labours to the benefit of the public, an idea which he realized in the Dictionary, a mine of interesting data and authoritative in matters concerning the Pontifical Court, the organization of the Curia and the Church, and the administration of the Papal States. In matters of history, it depends on the writers whom its author consulted. It is, however, not a well-ordered or homogeneous work, but these defects may be readily forgiven in view of the fact that its author did his work alone, without real collaboration, and wrote at times sixteen hours a day.

Moroni was also the author of official articles on papal ceremonies, the journeys of the popes, etc. During the conclaves of 1829 and 1831, he wrote the Giornale storico-politico-eremoniale delle sede vacante e il conclave per l'elezione di Pio VIII e Gregorio XVI, which, like others of his writings remained unpublished. As a member of the household of Pope Gregory XVI, Moroni was the object of much sectarian hatred. He was a friend of many cardinals, including Wiseman, and of other illustrious men. In the index of the Dictionary, he indicates the various passages of the work which speak of himself, and which thus constitute a kind of autobiography.

References
 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume X, 1911. Robert Appleton Company

External links
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Gaetano Moroni
 Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, 103 vol.

1802 births
1883 deaths
Writers from Rome
Historians of the Catholic Church
Apostolic Camera

Gaetano Moroni


Professor Andrew Baum is a British academic. He is Professor of Practice at the Saïd Business School, University of Oxford. His research focuses mainly on property finance, development and technology, property funds and international real estate investment.

In 2019, he was given the UK PropTech Association Special Achievement Award.

Career
From 1975 to 1985, Baum was a lecturer at the University of Reading. From 1985 to 1987, he served as the Reader at the Centre for Property Valuation and Management at the City University, London. He was appointed to the Chair in Land Management at the Henley Business School, University of Reading from 1989 to 2013. He was appointed Emeritus Professor at the University of Reading in 2013.

From 2009 to 2014, he was Honorary Professor of Real Estate Investment at the University of Cambridge. In 2013, he was appointed as the Visiting Professor of Management Practice at the Saïd Business School, University of Oxford in 2013. In June 2018, Baum was appointed as Professor of Practice at the Saïd Business School, University of Oxford.

Publications
 Proptech 3.0: The Future of Real Estate, (Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, 2017)

 Real Estate Investment: A Strategic Approach, Routledge, 2015

 The Income Approach to Property Valuation (with Mackmin, D and Nunnington, N), Elsevier, 2018 seventh edition

 Global Property Investment: Strategies, Structures, Decisions (with Hartzell, D), Wiley Blackwell, 2011

 Property Investment Appraisal (with Crosby, N), Blackwell Publishing, 2008 third edition

 Statutory Valuations (with Sams, G), Elsevier, 2007 fourth edition

 Freeman's Guide to the Property Industry (ed), Freeman Publishing, 2001 second edition

 Property Investment Depreciation and Obsolescence, Routledge, 1992

References

Academics of the University of Oxford

Andrew Baum


The Winning of Barbara Worth is a 1926 American silent Western film directed by Henry King, and starring Ronald Colman, Vilma Bánky and Gary Cooper (who replaced Monte Blue). Based on Harold Bell Wright's novel The Winning of Barbara Worth, the film is remembered for the climactic flood sequence, depicting the 1905 formation of the Salton Sea.

Plot
As a child, Barbara is orphaned when her settler parents perish trying to cross a California desert. She is rescued and raised by Jefferson Worth, who dreams of irrigating the desert. Fifteen years later, Willard Holmes, the chief engineer of a company intent on diverting the Colorado River to do just that, arrives and is smitten with Barbara. However, he has a rival for her affections: local cowboy Abe Lee, who realizes, toward the end of the picture, that Barbara's love for him will never be anything more than the love a sister feels for a brother. Willard Holmes's greedy employer, meanwhile, refuses to spend the money to reinforce his gigantic water project. This results in a catastrophic flood, the visual and dramatic highlight of the film. Barbara is impressed by Willard's heroism, and he promises to return to marry her after he has conquered the Colorado River and turned the desert into a bountiful paradise.

Cast
 Ronald Colman as Willard Holmes
 Vilma Bánky as Barbara Worth
 Gary Cooper as Abe Lee
 Charles Willis Lane as Jefferson Worth
 Paul McAllister as The Seer
 E. J. Ratcliffe as James Greenfield
 Clyde Cook as Tex
 Erwin Connelly as Pat Mooney
 Ed Brady as McDonald
 Sammy Blum as Horace Blanton
 Fred Esmelton as George Cartwright
 Bill Patton as Little Rosebud

Production
The movie was filmed in California's Imperial Valley and in the Black Rock Desert of Nevada.

Further reading

References

External links

 "The Story of the Making of The Winning of Barbara Worth"

1926 films
1926 Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
American romantic drama films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Henry King
Films shot in Nevada
Samuel Goldwyn Productions films
Films with screenplays by Frances Marion
1926 romantic drama films
Flood films
Silent American Western (genre) films
1920s American films
Silent romantic drama films
Silent American drama films

The Winning of Barbara Worth


Edward Alexander Bouchet became the first African American to earn a doctoral degree.

Early life
Bouchet was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1852. He graduated from Hopkins School.  Bouchet earned his bachelor degree from Yale University in 1874. At the time, there were few opportunities for African Americans seeking higher education.

Public life
Bouchet is best known for becoming the first African American to earn a doctoral degree in the United States in 1876.  After getting his Ph.D. bouchet could not land a college professorship due to his race. With this accomplishment, Bouchet joined a selected group of academics.  He taught at the school for Colored Youth in Philadelphia for more than 25 years.

Death
Bouchet died in 1918. In 1998 Yale University honored Edward Bouchet by establishing the Edward Alexander Bouchet  Graduate Honor Society in his name, including the Bouchet Leadership Award to academics who helped advance diversity in higher education.

References

1852 births
1918 deaths
African-American people
Yale University alumni
Academics from Pennsylvania
Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut

Edward Bouchet


United States v. Segui, 35 U.S. (10 Pet.) 306 (1836), was a United States Supreme Court case.

Parties
Appellant, The United States represented by Mr. Butler, attorney-general, for the United States
Appelle, Bernardo Segui represented by Mr. White.

Matter
Appeal from the superior court for East Florida.

January Term, 1836

Mr Justice Baldwin delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is an appeal from a decree of the judge of the superior court for the eastern district of Florida, confirming the claim of the appellee to sixteen thousand acres (65 km²) of land; pursuant to the Acts of Congress for the adjustment of land claims in Florida.

In the court below, the petition was in the form prescribed by law, presenting a proper case for the jurisdiction of the court.

The claim of the petitioner was founded on his application to the governor of East Florida, for a grant of sixteen thousand acres (65 km²) of land, in consideration of his services to the Spanish government; and for erecting machinery for the purpose of sawing timber. The grant was made by the governor, in absolute property, with a promise of a title in form. The date of the grant was the 6th of December 1814.

It has been suggested by the attorney-general, that though there was no express condition in the grant, one was implied from the consideration being in part the erection of a saw-mill. But we cannot attach any condition to a grant of absolute property in the whole quantity. It was exclusively for the governor to judge of the conditions to be imposed on his grant: he appears to have considered the services of the appellee a sufficient consideration, and made the grant absolute.

The land was surveyed in one tract, at the place called for in the grant, on 2 September 1818. On an inspection of the whole record, we are of opinion that the title of the petitioner to the land surveyed, is valid; and therefore affirm the decree of the court below.

This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the superior court for the district of East Florida, and was argued by counsel; on consideration whereof, it is ordered, adjudged and decreed by this court, that the decree of the said superior court for the district of East Florida in this cause be, and the same is hereby affirmed.

This is one of the Spanish Land Grant cases from early 19th century Florida. America's highest court ruled on an appeal by the United States of a Florida court's decision to honor a land grant to the appellee of 16,000 acres (65 km²).

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 35

External links

Archives for the State of Florida

1836 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
Florida Territory
Legal history of Florida
United States Supreme Court cases of the Taney Court

United States v. Segui


The Social Democratic Party (, , ), abbreviated to PSD, was a social democratic political party in Luxembourg, active between 1971 and 1984.

The PSD was founded in March 1971 as a secession of the right wing of the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP) which had a centrist orientation.  The group left the LSAP in opposition to the rising leftist faction in the LSAP, which opposed forming coalitions with the Christian Social People's Party (CSV) and championed coalitions with the Communist Party at communal level.

The split was led by Henry Cravatte, who had been ejected as President of the LSAP in May 1970.  In total, six of the LSAP's eighteen MPs joined the new party, including Albert Bousser and Astrid Lulling.  One-sixth of the LSAP's communal councillors also defected.

The party competed in the 1974 election, taking 9.2% of the vote and winning five seats, to draw level with the Communist Party, which had been the long-held fourth party in Luxembourgian politics.  In that election, the LSAP formed a coalition with the Democratic Party. In 1979, the PSD lost three of their seats to a resurgent CSV.  In the European election held on the same day, the PSD failed to win a seat, but did beat the Communist Party into fifth place.

Before it fought another election, the party disbanded, in 1984. Some of its members, including Cravatte, returned to the LSAP, whilst others, such as Lulling, completed their political metamorphosis from left to right by joining the CSV,

Footnotes

Defunct political parties in Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Political parties established in 1971
Political parties disestablished in 1984
1971 establishments in Luxembourg
1984 disestablishments in Luxembourg

Social Democratic Party (Luxembourg)


The Chevrolet Traverse is a full-size crossover SUV with three-row seating built by General Motors. It is built on the same platform as the GMC Acadia and Buick Enclave, known as the Lambda platform for first generation, and the C1XX for second generation. It also shares the C1XX platform with the Cadillac XT6. It is the successor to the TrailBlazer body-on-frame SUV and Uplander minivan.

The second generation model debuted in showrooms in the summer of 2017. Starting with the 2019 model year, the Traverse was slotted above the new mid-size Chevrolet Blazer as part of Chevrolet's plans to expand its SUV lineup.

The Traverse name was originally used for a concept car at the 2003 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, but that concept gave way when the Equinox launched for the 2005 model year.

First generation (2009)

The 2009 Chevrolet Traverse debuted at the 2008 Chicago Auto Show and the Traverse had arrived at every Chevrolet dealer in October 2008. The first Traverse was built at GM's Spring Hill, Tennessee, assembly plant during 2009, until its production was moved to GM's Delta Township, Michigan assembly plant in 2010.

The production Traverse's design was inspired by the 2005 Chevrolet Sequel concept, and has a chevron-shaped grille similar to the 2008 Chevrolet Malibu. The Traverse has unique sheet metal different from the other Lambda crossovers, with the exception of the doors.

2013 facelift
A facelift of the Chevrolet Traverse was unveiled at the 2012 New York International Auto Show. The 2013 Traverse received a new grille and front fascia, a redesigned rear liftgate, and reworked Camaro-inspired tail lights, and the transmission was reworked for improved shift quality and timing. Chevrolet's new color touchscreen and MyLink radios were standard, as well as wood interior trim. Both cloth and leather seating surfaces were available. Cloth was standard on the LS and 1LT models, and leather was standard on the LTZ. Both were available on the 2LT model. Some new wheels were available, and models continued to be offered in both front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive versions, ranging from the base LS to the top-of-the-line LTZ. A Bose audio system was standard on 2LT and LTZ models.

For 2014, Chevrolet added Forward Collision Alert and Lane Departure Warning to the Traverse. For 2015, a revised 18-inch wheel and Siri Eyes Free were added.   For 2016, the Traverse included OnStar 4G LTE connectivity with Wi-Fi hotspot.  For 2017, the LTZ trim was renamed to Premier.

Second generation (2018)

On January 23, 2017, General Motors unveiled the second generation Traverse at the 2017 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Introduced as a 2018 model, it went on sale in July 2017. While Chevrolet is making the vehicle available in North America, plans include expanding the Traverse to the Middle East, and selected South American countries. The Traverse was launched to the Russian market in 2018, and was sold in South Korea in the second half of 2019, where it is touted as a "Super SUV" and its largest Crossover SUV in that region.

The updated Traverse adopted a more truck-like design, similar to the Tahoe, while taking some cues from the now mid-size Acadia, with the Chevrolet front grille design. It is similar in dimension to the first generation model, adding an extra 2.0 inches of wheelbase and 0.7 inch more overall length, and it loses  to come in at a weight of . It remains an 8-seat (or 7-seat optional) passenger vehicle.

There are five trim levels available for the second generation Traverse: L, LS, LT, Premier, and High Country (see below for trim level content). All the trim levels are available in either Front Wheel Drive (FWD) or All Wheel Drive (AWD) drive type configurations except for the L trim level which is only available in FWD and the High Country trim level which is only available in AWD. In an addition, there are two types of all-wheel-drive system available for this generation of Traverse: the standard AWD system that allows user to disconnect the prop-shaft until rear traction is needed and the twin-clutch Twinster version (available only with High Country trim) with two rear clutches to more directly apply torque to the rear wheel that needs it most, both are developed by GKN Driveline.

At the introductory period, a 310-horsepower 3.6L V6 gasoline engine was one of two engine options available, mated to a nine-speed automatic transmission with either Front Wheel Drive or All Wheel Drive. a 2.0L Turbocharged Inline 4 was the other available engine, but that could only be optioned in RS Front Wheel Drive models from 2017-2019.

The new Traverse gained some new technology, some of which is currently available on other models such as the Chevrolet Equinox, Chevrolet Tahoe, and Chevrolet Suburban. Some of this technology included: a hands-free power tailgate, the latest-generation Chevrolet MyLink infotainment systems with standard Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, a power-folding 60/40 split third-row rear bench seat, and standard keyless access with push-button start.

Trim levels

The second-generation Chevrolet Traverse is offered in several different trim levels (all of which are available in front-wheel drive (FWD) or all-wheel drive (AWD), except for the base L, which is only available with FWD, and the top-of-the-line High Country, which is only available with AWD), and each offering their own distinct level of standard equipment: L, LS, LT Cloth, LT Leather, Premier, and High Country. There are also two appearance packages available: RS, and Redline Edition.

Model year changes
For 2019 model year, the Blackout Package was added as an available option on LS, LT, and Premier trim levels. The 2.0L I4 turbo engine (exclusive to the RS trim level) was discontinued for the 2020 model year (starting midway through the 2019 model year). Also, the MyLink system was replaced by the Infotainment 3 system and a buckle-to-drive feature was added to the Teen Driver system. For the 2021 model year, the optional rear seat infotainment (which was available on LT, RS, Premier, Redline Edition, and High Country trim levels) was discontinued on the Traverse.

2022 facelift
Originally planned for the 2021 model year, Chevrolet gave the Traverse a refreshed look for 2022, adopting a grille similar to the redesigned Suburban/Tahoe vehicles, and featuring thin LED headlights and taillights, plus new daytime running lights with integrated LED turn signals. Also new are interior seating options, wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, and a new available eight-inch infotainment display. Several safety features are now standard: Automatic Emergency Braking, Front Pedestrian Braking, Forward Collision Alert, Lane Keep Assist with Lane Departure Warning, IntelliBeam auto high beams, and a Following Distance Indicator. Advanced Adaptive Cruise Control is added to the 3LT, RS and Premier trims, while GM's Safety Alert Seat is now standard on Premier and High Country models. These changes were based on feedback from consumers.

The updated Traverse was to go on sale in late 2020, but was delayed due to production issues caused by the COVID-19 outbreak.  It went on sale in late 2021 as a 2022 model instead. The 2022 Traverse retained the 3.6-liter V6 gasoline engine with the 9-speed automatic transmission. The base L trim was dropped from the lineup.

Third generation (2024)

Powertrain
The Chevrolet Traverse features the LLT engine, a  DOHC V6 with VVT and direct injection. The other Lambda-based vehicles also have this powertrain in the 2009 model year.  A 6-speed automatic transmission gives power to the front or all wheels.  The Traverse delivers  with the torque at 266 lb·ft. in the LS and LT models. The LTZ model, with dual exhaust, delivers  and the torque comes in at 270 lb·ft. The Traverse received a 2.0-liter 4-cylinder turbo engine for the 2018 model year (RPO code LTG), available only on the RS trim level. The 2.0L 4-cylinder turbo engine was short-lived, with Chevrolet discontinuing the engine for the Traverse in April 2019.  2018 also saw an updated 3.6-liter V6 engine (RPO code LFY). The updated 3.6-liter engine features increased power, and engine start-stop technology. Starting for the 2018 model year, A 9-speed 9T65 transmission was used across all trim levels and engine options.

Safety

1 vehicle structure rated "Good"
2 strength-to-weight ratio: 4.00

Marketing

The Traverse was part of a product placement by GM in the NBC drama My Own Worst Enemy, along with the new Chevrolet Camaro; the show was cancelled in mid-November 2008. The vehicle also appears on the remake of Hawaii Five-0 and The Mentalist.

The Traverse is also used in the Minnie Van Service in conjunction with Lyft at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida.

Sales

References

External links

Traverse
Cars introduced in 2008
2010s cars
2020s cars
Full-size sport utility vehicles
Mid-size sport utility vehicles
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Vehicles built in Lansing, Michigan

Chevrolet Traverse


The Liberty Bell is an important and famous symbol of American independence (freedom). It used to be in the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall). The bell was ordered from the London firm of Lester and Pack (which is known as the Whitechapel Bell Foundry today) in 1752. It had the letters "Proclaim LIBERTY  throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." Those words are a part of Leviticus 25:10. The bell first cracked when it was first rung when it came to Philadelphia, and was made again twice by John Pass and John Stow, two workmen. When it was first made, the Liberty Bell was used to make lawmakers come to legislative meetings. It was also used to call people to public meetings.

Bells were rung when the Declaration of Independence was read on July 8, 1776. While there is no record that the Liberty Bell also was rung, most historians believe it was rung with the other bells. In the 1830s, the bell was used as a symbol by abolitionist societies, who called it the "Liberty Bell". The bell got its large, well-known crack in the early 19th century. One story claims it was cracked while ringing after the death of Chief Justice John Marshall in 1835.

The bell became widely famous after a short story in 1847 claimed that an old bell-ringer rang it on July 4, 1776, after hearing the Second Continental Congress's vote for independence. Actually, the bell could not have been rung on that Fourth of July, because no announcement of the Declaration was made that day. However, many people believed this story. Even some historians accepted it as a fact. From 1885, the City of Philadelphia, which owned the bell, allowed it to go to many different patriotic meetings. Many people came to see the bell, and it grew even more cracked. Pieces were broken off by souvenir hunters. The last such journey was in 1915. After that, the city refused any more requests of that kind.

Founding (1751–1753)

Ever since the city began in 1682, Philadelphia had been using its city bell to make its people know about meetings or civil danger. The first bell hung from a tree behind the Pennsylvania State House, now known as Independence Hall. In 1751, a bell tower was built in the Pennsylvania State House, and the leaders there began looking for a bell which could be heard from far away (the city was growing larger quickly). Isaac Norris, speaker of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, ordered the colony's London agent, Robert Charles, to get a "good Bell of about two thousands pound weight".
We hope and rely (trust) on thy (your) care and assistance (help) in this affair and that thou (you) wilt (will) procure (get) and forward it by the first good oppo as our workmen inform us it will be much less trouble to hang the Bell before their Scaffolds are struck from the Building where we intend (wish) to place it which will not be done 'till the end of next Summer or beginning of the Fall. Let the bell be cast by the best workmen & examined carefully before it is Shipped with the following words well shaped around it vizt.

By Order of the Assembly of the Povince  of Pensylvania  for the State house in the City of Philada 1752
the home of the Liberty Bell was philadelphia

Proclaim Liberty thro' all the Land to all the Inhabitants thereof.-Levit. XXV. 10.

So Charles paid Lester and Pack (today the Whitechapel Bell Foundry) £150 13s 8d, (the same amount of money as about $36,400 today) for the bell, including the cost of taking it to Philadelphia and its insurance. It arrived in Philadelphia in August 1752.

Becoming a symbol (1847–1865)

A big  reason why the bell became famous was because of a writer named George Lippard. On January 2, 1847, his story "Fourth of July, 1776" appeared in Saturday Review magazine. The short story was about an old man on July 4, 1776. It described how he was sitting sadly by the bell, afraid that Congress would not be able to declare independence. Suddenly, a young boy comes to tell the old man to ring the bell. The story was widely reprinted. This made people think of the Liberty Bell and the Declaration of Independence as closely related.

Related pages
 The Mercury spacecraft that Gus Grissom, an astronaut, flew on July 21, 1961, was called Liberty Bell 7. The capsules looked a bit like bells, and they painted a crack on it so that it would look like the original Liberty Bell. Liberty Bell 7 became the only Mercury capsule to suffer an integrity failure.
 Margaret Buechner made a work for chorus and orchestra, "Liberty Bell", that uses a 1959 recording of the actual bell made by Columbia Records.
 The superhero Liberty Belle's powers come from the ringing of the Bell.

References

Notes

Bibliography

  (reprinted in The Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 275, Number 2, February 1963), obtained from Independence National Historical Park Library and Archive, 143 S. 3rd St., Philadelphia PA 19106)

  (obtained from Independence National Historical Park Library and Archive, 143 S. 3rd St., Philadelphia PA 19106)

  (obtained from Independence National Historical Park Library and Archive, 143 S. 3rd St., Philadelphia PA 19106)

Other websites

 Liberty Bell Center. Independence National Historical Park. National Park Service official website
 The Liberty Bell: From Obscurity to Icon, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan. National Park Service official website
 Liberty Bell Center, National Park Service . Bohlin Cywinski Jackson (architects) website. Retrieved 2010–03–16.

Philadelphia
Bells
Symbols of the United States

Liberty Bell


The Conservative Review is an American website and brand owned and operated by Blaze Media. It was founded in 2014 by a group of conservative political operatives. The site's stated goal is to "cut through the talking points and the smoke and mirrors ... [by employing] two main tools: the Liberty Score and our conservative commentary."

History
On September 1, 2015, conservative commentator and radio host Mark Levin was announced as the editor-in-chief of Conservative Review. After starting his show Life, Liberty & Levin on Fox News Channel, Levin stepped away from his editor-in-chief position at Conservative Review.

In October 2016, Conservative Review announced the launch of CRTV, an online television network, with shows by Mark Levin, Michelle Malkin, Steven Crowder, Mark Steyn, Gavin McInnes, Steve Deace, and Matt Kibbe. Steyn's show was cancelled in February 2017. Gavin McInnes joined the lineup in September 2017, and left in December 2018. Duck Dynasty star Phil Robertson joined the lineup in October 2017. Eric Bolling joined the lineup in summer 2018.

On December 3, 2018, CRTV, LLC – the owner of Conservative Review and CRTV – announced that it had merged with TheBlaze to form BlazeTV and the new underlying entity Blaze Media. The Conservative Review website continues to be operated separately.

Score and profiles
Conservative Review assigns each federal officeholder a grade based on their "Liberty Score", which is a grade based on the top 50 votes that that officeholder has taken in the duration of a rolling 6-year window, rather than just the last election-cycle.

According to Conservative Review, the rolling six-year window is "a more accurate picture of a lawmaker's performance than traditional one- or two-year scoring methods. Scores are determined by points earned divided by potential points. Voting with the conservative position earns one point; voting against the conservative position earns nothing. Missed votes are not included in a member's score."

Targeting of foreign policy officials
After Donald Trump took office, the Conservative Review was one of a number of conservative media outlets that engaged in a campaign to single out career government employees that they saw as being a part of a "deep state", or "so-called Obama holdovers". The Conservative Review accused Anne Patterson, former assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern affairs, of having "fully embraced the policies of President Obama that aligned with radical Islamic actors and alienated Israel." It said that one State Department official was "leftist", citing as evidence retweets by the official of articles critical of Trump, but ignoring retweeted articles friendly to Trump. Many of the articles targeting foreign policy officials were written by Jordan Schachtel, who had previously written for the far-right website Breitbart News.

In March 2017, the Conservative Review targeted an Iran expert at the State Department named Sahar Nowrouzzadeh, who was involved in crafting the Iran nuclear agreement. One article of this agreement, which had suggested that she was a traitorous stooge surreptitiously working on behalf of the Iranian regime, was then forwarded by former House Speaker Newt Gingrich to an aide of then-Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, with Gingrich writing, "I thought you should be aware of this." Internal emails show that White House staff then proceeded to look into how to fire Nowrouzzadeh, who was hired by the George W. Bush administration, worked nearly a decade in national security, and won awards from the Departments of Defense and State, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, and the F.B.I, emailed her supervisor where she explained that the article was "filled with misinformation". Nowrouzzadeh noted that she was hired by the Bush administration and that "I've adapted my work to the policy priorities of every administration I have worked for." While serving under Secretary of State John Kerry, she often advocated a harsher position vis-a-vis Iran than he did. A Trump administration deputy, Edward Lacey, dismissed her email, saying she was among "Obama/Clinton loyalists not at all supportive of President Trump's foreign policy agenda." Following the publication of the Conservative Review article, Nowrouzzadeh received death threats. Nowrouzzadeh asked the State Department to publish a rebuttal to the article, but her request was rejected. In April 2017, the State Department reassigned her to the "bureaucratic equivalent of Siberia". Nowrouzzadeh alleged unlawful discrimination, and the State Department later settled with her.

References

External links
 Official site

American conservative websites
American news websites
Internet properties established in 2014
2014 establishments in the United States
2018 mergers and acquisitions
Paleoconservatism

Conservative Review


The following is a list of songs written about Mumbai, the capital city of Maharashtra province of India:

"Mumbai Nagariya" - sung by Kishore Kumar in Don (1978) film.
"Bambai Nagariya" - another song different lyrics in Taxi No. 9211 (2006) film. Bappi Lahiri sang it.
"Mumbai Salsa" - sung by Alisha Chinai as solo and her duet with Adnan Sami in Mumbai Salsa (2007) film.
"Bombay Se Aaya Mera Dost" - sung by Kishore Kumar in the film Aap Ki Khatir (1977 film)
"Ae Dil hai mushkil jeena yahan" - sung by Mohd Rafi and Geeta Dutt (C.I.D, 1956 movie)

References

Mumbai
Culture of Mumbai
Songs about India
Songs

List of songs about Mumbai


A Neptune Trojan is an asteroid which is in the same orbit as the planet Neptune.

Their name comes from the Trojan asteroids which have the same orbital period as a planet. As of March 2007, there are six known Neptune Trojans. They lie in the elongated, curved region around the L4 Lagrangian point 60° ahead of Neptune. The six Neptune Trojans are , 385571 Otrera, , 385695 Clete,  and .

The discovery of  in a high inclination (>25°) orbit is significant because it suggests a 'thick' cloud of Trojans. It is believed that large (radius ≈ 100 km) Neptune Trojans could greatly outnumber the Jupiter Trojans.

The New Horizons spacecraft passed through the L5 Neptune region in 2014. It was preparing to observe Pluto and did not observe any asteroids there.

References

Trojan asteroids
Neptune

Neptune Trojan


Jason Torney (born 16 June 1977) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club and the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Richmond
Recruited from South Adelaide, Torney debuting in 1996 as a 19-year-old. Torney was slow in his development in the AFL and he played just six games in 1996, averaging just 5 disposals a game. In one particular game he went without possession all match. The following season he developed into an important player for Richmond, averaging 15 possessions per game, playing at half back and half forward. Torney played 118 games from Richmond in a successful career. However, in 2002 he was part of a trade with the Adelaide Crows, as then Crows player and Victorian-born Kane Johnson requested to return to his home state.

Adelaide
Torney played every game for Adelaide in a successful 2003 season. He played only six games the next year though, and in 2005, was frustrated with an ongoing back problem. In 2006, the well-respected Torney was part of Adelaide's 8-man leadership group. But this season, once again, he was nagged by injury, playing his first game of the year in Round 12. Torney played every game in 2007 but was delisted at the end of the year. In his last AFL game, an elimination final against Hawthorn, he kicked a long goal from 55 metres out near the boundary line to put Adelaide up by four points with three minutes remaining. However, Adelaide struggled to gain possession and Lance Franklin kicked a goal from a similar distance with ten seconds remaining to win the game for Hawthorn.

In 2008, Torney returned to play for his original club, the South Adelaide Football Club, which plays in the SANFL. Jason retired from South Adelaide at the end of the 2009 season, gathering 41 possessions in his last game against North Adelaide at Prospect.

He was appointed coach of the South Adelaide U/18 team signing a 2-year deal at the start of 2010.

References

External links

Adelaide Football Club players
Richmond Football Club players
1977 births
Living people
South Adelaide Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from South Australia

Jason Torney


Ven Conmigo (English: Come With Me) may refer to:

Ven Conmigo (album), a 1990 album released by Tex-Mex singer Selena.
"Ven Conmigo" (song), a 2011 song released by Puerto Rican singer Daddy Yankee.
Ven conmigo (telenovela), a 1975 Mexican telenovela
"Ven Conmigo (Solamente Tú)", the Spanish version of "Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)" by American singer Christina Aguilera.

Ven Conmigo


Ranks in Polish Scouting are common to the majority of Scouting organisations in Poland, including the two most popular organisations. However, the exact system used is usually left to the discretion of individual groups. Some groups may only grant a subset of these ranks, whereas others may use different names for an equivalent rank.

Although Polish Scouting's customs and attire follow closely those of the military, the uniforms used may vary. For example, some uniforms do not have shoulder straps, whereas other groups recently introduced a chevron system.

Rank insignia

Scouts

Scout instructors

Guide or leader

A Guide or Leader (Polish male form: przewodnik, female form: przewodniczka, short: pwd.) is the lowest rank of adult instructor common to most organisations within Polish scouting. Generally Guides wear a navy blue felt tee under the Scouting Cross as well as a navy blue chevron in the shape of a Fleur-de-lis worn on the left sleeve of their Scout uniform (a so-called instructor's Fleur-de-lis).
Until World War II Polish Scouts used the title drużynowy po próbie (short: DPP; en. team leader after the challenge) in place of Guide.

During the PRL the ZHP (Polish Scouting Association) introduced a lower instructor rank, organizer. This rank still exists today in the Independent Scouts Instructor Sphere "Nursery-Garden" organisation of scouting.

Organizer

Organizer was the lowest rank in Polish scouting. It was introduced during Polish People's Republic. Signed with white felt tee under the Scouting Cross. People having this rank was usually new-nominated team leaders in Scout Service for Socialistic Poland and teachers. "Organizer" had been functioning by 1980, in 1982 this rank was abolished.

Rank of "Organizer" has been still functioning in Independent Scouts Instructor Sphere "Nursery-Garden". This rank is allocated to underages.

Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZHP)

Methodology
According to the ZHP, a Guide (Leader) should be a role model, show leadership among their peers, and enjoy working with children and young adults. Guides should apply the Scouts' educational method to aid their leadership and should aim to promote cooperation. A Guide should also actively help with other leaders within their District. The ZHP states that being a Guide is rewarding, and helps Guides learn about themselves and their motivations.

Requirements to be an Instructor
 Taking the Scout Oath.
 Submitting a satisfactory plan to complete the Instructor Ranks Commission instructor challenge. This is to ensure that completion of the challenge is feasible.
 Be at least 16 years of age.

Requirements of becoming an instructor
The candidate must:
 Demonstrate the compatibility of his/her personality with the Scout Law, and must have created and consequently realised the plan of his/her development.
 Deepen his/her knowledge and develop his/her interests.
 Maintain well-balanced involvement in their duties for various social groups (family, school, scout troop, employment)
 Finish a Guide course.
 Have a good track record of consistent service to his/her scouting community.
 Be able to take part in a detached life.
 Make use of Scout literature and Scout media.
 Demonstrate that, in the past year they have developed skills in being able to teach children and young people of their chosen age groups (Cub Scouts, Scouts etc.), including the skills of:
 using methodical instruments
 practising the system of small groups
 creating a working plan, submitting said plan, and putting the plan into practice.

A Guide also must have participated in:
–
 organization of departure works' forms
 development of measures for the proper functioning of a Troop / Pack
 organization of camps for Troops /Packs, where the candidate performed in a leadership capacity
 administering documentation essential for Troop's / Pack's proper functioning
 cooperating with and coordinating between his/her Scout environment, parents, and school

Conditions of the end of instructor challenge
 Gaining an appropriate level of development as described in the Rank Idea and finishing all tasks of instructor challenge.
 Following regulations about safety in working with children and youth.
 Having knowledge and skills at or above the level of Eagle Scout.
 Completing a first aid course lasting a minimum of 15 hours.
 Positively evaluated service during the time of instructor challenge.

Guide authorizations
Someone who is a Guide can:
 receive the Cub Scout and Brownie Oath and the Scout Oath in the name of ZHP
 serve as a Scout Instructor
 become a candidate for Scout authorities and act in these capacities (except the commandant of banner, Presidents of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association, Chief Scouts of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association, members of Scouts courts (who can be only Scoutmasters) and commandants of Groups (who can be only Scoutmasters and Sub-Scoutmasters)
 be awarded the Brown Cross of "Merit for ZHP"
 be a counselor without needing to first finish the course to become a counselor.

Scouting Association of the Republic (Poland) (ZHR)
The rank of Guide is the lowest instructor rank in ZHR.

See also

 Polish Armed Forces rank insignia

References

External links

Sprawność znawca, blog.harcerski.pl. Accessed 16 April 2022.

Scout and Guide awards

Ranks in Polish Scouting


Pseudogenes are genes that have lost their function. They have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. The term was coined in 1977.

Pseudogenes can result from mutations in a gene whose product is not needed for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional. It may be similar to other kinds of non-coding DNA which have a regulatory role.

Most have some gene-like features. They lack protein-coding ability resulting from a variety of disabling mutations, or their inability to encode RNA (such as with rRNA pseudogenes).

Pseudogenes are generally thought of as the last stop for genomic material that is to be removed from the genome, so they are often labeled as junk DNA. Pseudogenes contain fascinating biological and evolutionary histories in their sequences. This is due to a pseudogene's shared ancestry with a functional gene. In the same way that Darwin thought of two species as having a shared common ancestry followed by millions of years of evolutionary divergence (see speciation), a pseudogene and its associated functional gene also share a common ancestor and have diverged as separate genetic entities over millions of years.

References

DNA

Pseudogene


Aurora kinases are serine/threonine kinases that are essential for cell proliferation. They are phosphotransferase enzymes that help the dividing cell dispense its genetic materials to its daughter cells.  More specifically, Aurora kinases play a crucial role in cellular division by controlling chromatid segregation. Defects in this segregation can cause genetic instability, a condition which is highly associated with tumorigenesis.  The first aurora kinases were identified in Drosophila melanogaster, where mutations led to failure of centrosome separation with the monopolar spindles reminiscent of the North Pole, suggesting the name aurora.

Three Aurora kinases have been identified in mammalian cells to date. Besides being implicated as mitotic regulators, these three kinases have generated significant interest in the cancer research field due to their elevated expression profiles in many human cancers. The human Aurora kinases present a similar domain organization, with a N-terminal domain of 39–129 residues in length, a related Ser/Thr protein kinase domain and a short C-terminal domain containing 15–20 residues. The N-terminal domain of three proteins share low sequence conservation, which determines selectivity during protein–protein interactions.

Classes
As described above, there are three classes of aurora kinases in multicellular organisms, including humans:

 Aurora A (a.k.a. Aurora 2) functions during prophase of mitosis and is required for correct duplication and separation of the centrosomes (the microtubule organising centres in eukaryotic cells).  Aurora A activity is positively-regulated by the spindle protein TPX2, and has recently been shown to be a target for thiol-containing molecules, such as Coenzyme A.
 Aurora B (a.k.a. Aurora 1) functions in the attachment of the mitotic spindle to the centromere.
 Aurora C () works in germ-line cells and little is known about its function.

See also
 Aurora inhibitor

References

External links

EC 2.7.11

Aurora kinase


Dominik Lang (born 1980, Prague) is a Czech artist. Lang is best known for his installation Sleeping City in the Czech Pavilion at the 2011 Venice Biennale. He has also received attention for his works Memories of the Future and Girl with Pigeon. His work has been exhibited at Inhotim outside Belo Horizonte in Brazil. He is part of a new vanguard of Czech artists that have been exhibited internationally since the end of the Cold War.

References

1980 births
Living people
Czech artists
Artists from Prague

Dominik Lang


4-Androstenediol, also known as androst-4-ene-3β,17β-diol, is an androstenediol that is converted to testosterone. The conversion rate is about 15.76%, almost triple that of 4-androstenedione, due to utilization of a different enzymatic pathway. There is also some conversion into estrogen, since testosterone is the metabolic precursor of the estrogens.

4-Androstenediol is closer to testosterone structurally than 5-androstenediol, and has androgenic effects, acting as a weak partial agonist of the androgen receptor. However, due to its lower intrinsic activity in comparison, in the presence of full agonists like testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 4-androstenediol has antagonistic actions, behaving more like an antiandrogen.

4-Androstenediol is very weakly estrogenic. It has approximately 0.5% and 0.6% of the affinity of estradiol at the ERα and ERβ, respectively.

Medical and commercial use
Patrick Arnold holds a 1999 patent on "Use of 4-androstenediol to increase testosterone levels in humans".

References

Androgens and anabolic steroids
Androstanes
Estrogens
Androgen esters

4-Androstenediol


Otto Marseus van Schrieck (ca. 1613, in Nijmegen – buried 22 June 1678, in Amsterdam) was a painter in the Dutch Golden Age. He is best known for his paintings of forest flora and fauna.

Biography
Marseus van Schrieck spent the years 1652–1657 in Rome and Florence with the painters Matthias Withoos and Willem van Aelst, and there joined the Dutch Guild of Artists. Later he worked at the court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany and traveled throughout England and France, after which he settled in Amsterdam. On 25 April 1664, he married Margarita Gysels (the daughter of Cornelius Gysels, an engraver). Arnold Houbraken's biography of Otto mentions that he joined the Bentvueghels in Rome and was called the snuffelaer, or "ferreter", because he was always in the garden looking for detail.  Houbraken quotes Otto's wife, who survived him by two husbands and was still alive when he wrote the book; according to her, Marseus van Schrieck kept snakes and lizards in a shed at the back of his house, and also on a piece of land outside the city that was walled in for this purpose.

Works
Many of his paintings are dark studies of plants, often with lizards at the base and insects on the leaves and branches. According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History, his followers were Willem van Aelst, Anthonie van Borssom, Elias van den Broeck, J Falk, Carl Wilhelm de Hamilton, Trajan Hughes, Nicolaes Lachtropius, Jacob Marrel, Abraham Mignon, Rachel Ruysch, Christiaen Striep, Isac Vromans, Matthias Withoos, and Pieter Withoos. A notable omission in this list is the daughter and sister of the last two mentioned, Alida Withoos, who collaborated with him on creating paintings of the garden of Vijverhof for Agnes Block's collection of garden albums.

References

  Otto Marcelis biography in De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen (1718) by Arnold Houbraken, courtesy of the Digital library for Dutch literature

External links

 Artcyclopedia entry with many links
 Works and literature on PubHist

1619 births
1678 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Animal artists
Artists from Nijmegen
Members of the Bentvueghels

Otto Marseus van Schrieck


Charles VIII of France (June 30, 1470 – April 7, 1498) was the King of France and Charlotte of Savoy. He was the son of Louis XI. He was born on June 30, 1470 in the Chateau d'Amboise, France.

Charles became King when aged 13. Because Charles was a minor, his older sister Anne acted as his regent, until he was 21-years-old.

In 1488, Anne, Duchess of Brittany was chosen to be Charles's wife. Anne, who was a wealthy, independent ruler had already agreed to marry Maximillian, the heir to the Austrian throne. To prevent the marriage, France invaded Brittany, and forced Anne to change her mind. Charles and Anne were married in December 1491.

As a king he was both militarily successful and diplomatically clever, and between 1494 and 1498 he completed an invasion of Italy without much opposition.

Although the young king was active and healthy, his children with Anne were not, and all died in infancy. So, when Charles died in an accident in April 1498, his cousin Louis succeeded him as Louis XII.

References

Kings and Queens of France
1470 births
1498 deaths
Deaths from head injury

Charles VIII of France


The SS Main Office (; SS-HA) was the central command office of the Schutzstaffel (SS) in Nazi Germany until 1940.

Formation
The office traces its origins to 1931 when the SS created the SS-Amt to serve as an SS Headquarters staff overseeing the various units of the Allgemeine-SS (General SS). In 1933, after the Nazi Party came to power, the SS-Amt was renamed the SS-Oberführerbereichen and placed in command of all SS units within Nazi Germany. This agency then became the SS-HA on January 30, 1935. The organization oversaw the Allgemeine-SS, concentration camps, the SS-Verfügungstruppe (Special-purpose troops), and the Grenzschutz (Border Control regiments).

During the late 1930s, the power of the SS-HA continued to grow becoming the largest and most powerful office of the SS, managing nearly all aspects of the paramilitary organization. This included the SS officer schools (SS-Junker Schools), physical training, communication, SS garrisons, logistics and support. Shortly after the outbreak of World War II in Europe, the SS-Verfügungstruppe expanded rapidly becoming the Waffen-SS in 1940. By this time, the office of the SS-Hauptamt could no longer administer the entire SS organization. As a result, the SS-HA was downsized losing much of its pre-war power to the SS Führungshauptamt (SS Leadership Main Office; SS-FHA) and the main offices of the Allgemeine-SS, such as the Reich Security Main Office.

Recruiting members for the Waffen-SS was handled through the SS-HA and its chief, Berger. This caused overlapping jurisdiction and friction with the SS-FHA. Berger's SS-HA had a problematic relationship with the SS-FHA, which was responsible for organising, training and equipping the Waffen-SS. The SS-FHA wanted the Waffen-SS to be a small elite corps, but Berger and Himmler knew that Adolf Hitler needed as many divisions as possible, even if that meant some Waffen-SS formations would be of lesser quality. During the early war years, to meet the high casualty rates and expansion of Waffen-SS field divisions, members of the Allgemeine SS were used for compulsory recruitment drives by the SS-HA for both the Waffen-SS and the SS-Totenkopfverbände. The General SS members were especially seen as well suited for duty at the Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps. From 1942, forward, other personnel working for SS organisations were also drafted into the Waffen-SS to meet its manpower needs.

Organization
In 1940 the SS-Hauptamt remained responsible for SS administrative matters such as manpower allocation, supplies, personnel transfers, and promotions.
The SS-HA had 11 departments (Ämter or Amtsgruppen):
 Amt Zentralamt  (Central office)
 Amt Leitender Arzt beim Chef SS-HA  (Chief Medical Officer)
 Amt Verwaltung  (Administration)
 Amt Ergänzungsamt der Waffen-SS  (Waffen-SS Reinforcements)
 Amt Erfassungsamt  (Requisitioning)
 Amt für Weltanschauliche Erziehung  (Ideological Training)
 Amt für Leibeserziehhung  (Physical Training)
 Amt für Berufserziehung  (Trade Training)
 Amt Germanische Leitstelle  (Germanic Control)
 Amt Germanische Ergänzung  (Germanic Recruitment)
 Amt Germanische Erziehung  (Germanic Education)
The SS-HA was technically subordinate to the Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS, but in reality it remained autonomous.

Leadership

Post-war

After the end of World War II in Europe, members of the SS-HA were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Gottlob Berger, its former chief was arrested in May 1945 and tried in 1949. The trial against Berger and his co-defendants commenced on 6 January 1948, and ended on 13 April 1949. Berger was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment, but received credit for the four years during which he had been in custody awaiting trial. Berger was released from Landsberg prison in 1951.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Nazi SS
Allgemeine SS

SS Main Office


Magnesium ( /mæɡˈniːziəm/ mag-NEE-zee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12 and common oxidation state +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, where it constitutes about 2% by mass, and ninth in the known universe as a whole. This preponderance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei). Magnesium ion's high solubility in water helps ensure that it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater.

Magnesium is the 11th most abundant element by mass in the human body. Its ions are essential to all living cells. The ions play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphate compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes thus require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium is also the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is thus a common additive to fertilizers.  Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations help to impart a natural tartness to fresh mineral waters.

The free element (metal) is not found naturally on Earth, as it is highly reactive (though once produced, is coated in a thin layer of oxide (see passivation), which partly masks this reactivity). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant white light, making it a useful ingredient in flares. The metal is now mainly obtained by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine.

Uses
Commercially, the chief use for the metal is as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called "magnalium" or "magnelium". Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.

Magnesium is used in fireworks to make a brilliant bright light. Another use is to mix it with other metals to make it strong, lightweight alloys such as those used to make bicycle frames.

Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives, antacids (i.e., milk of magnesia), and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required (that is, to treat eclampsia).

Magnesium is used in electronic devices, including: mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components. Magnesium's low weight, good mechanical and electrical properties are good for these uses.

Magnesium reacted with an alkyl halide gives a Gringard reagent, which is a very useful tool for preparing alcohols.

Magnesium is also used in incendiary bombs, which are bombs that blow up and spread fire everywhere.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

References

Alkaline earth metals

Magnesium


Jo Raquel Welch (; September 5, 1940 – February 15, 2023) was an American actress and model.

Welch first won attention for her role in Fantastic Voyage (1966), after which she won a contract with 20th Century Fox. They lent her contract to the British studio Hammer Film Productions, for whom she made One Million Years B.C. (1966). Although Welch had only three lines of dialogue in the film, images of her in the doe-skin bikini became bestselling posters that turned her into an international sex symbol. She later starred in Bedazzled (1967), Bandolero! (1968), 100 Rifles (1969), Myra Breckinridge (1970), Hannie Caulder (1971), Kansas City Bomber (1972), The Last of Sheila (1973), The Wild Party (1975), and Mother, Jugs & Speed (1976). She made several television variety specials.

Through her portrayal of strong female characters, helping her break the mold of the traditional sex symbol, Welch developed a unique film persona that made her an icon of the 1960s and 1970s. Her rise to stardom in the mid-1960s was partly credited with ending Hollywood's vigorous promotion of the blonde bombshell. Her love scene with Jim Brown in 100 Rifles also made cinematic history with their portrayal of interracial intimacy. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Musical or Comedy in 1974 for her performance in The Three Musketeers. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Television Film for her performance in the film Right to Die (1987). Her final film was How to Be a Latin Lover (2017). In 1995, Welch was chosen by Empire magazine as one of the "100 Sexiest Stars in Film History". Playboy ranked Welch No.3 on their "100 Sexiest Stars of the Twentieth Century" list.

Early life

Welch was born Jo Raquel Tejada on September 5, 1940, in Chicago, Illinois. She was the first child of Armando Carlos Tejada Urquizo and Josephine Sarah Hall. Her father, Armando Tejada, was an aeronautical engineer from La Paz, Bolivia, son of Agustin Tejada and Raquel Urquizo. In 2010 during the release of her memoir Raquel: Beyond the Cleavage, Welch was interviewed on the talk show Tavis Smiley, and said, "My father came from a country called Bolivia. He was of Spanish descent." Her cousin, Bolivian politician Lidia Gueiler Tejada, became the first female president of Bolivia and the second female non-royal head of state in the Americas. Welch was named after her paternal grandmother. Her mother, Josephine Hall, was the daughter of architect Emery Stanford Hall and his wife Clara Louise Adams; she was of colonial English ancestry. Welch had a younger brother, James "Jim" Tejada, and a younger sister, Gayle Tejada.

The family moved from Illinois to San Diego, California, when Welch was two years old. Welch attended the Pacific Beach Presbyterian Church every Sunday with her mother. As a young girl, Welch had the desire to be a performer and entertainer. She began studying ballet at age seven, but after ten years of study, she left the art at seventeen when her instructor told her she did not have the right body type for professional ballet companies. At age 14, she won beauty titles as Miss Photogenic and Miss Contour. While attending La Jolla High School she won the title of Miss La Jolla and the title of Miss San Diegothe Fairest of the Fairat the San Diego County Fair. This long line of beauty contests eventually led to the state title of Maid of California. Her parents divorced when she finished her school years.

Welch graduated with honors from high school in 1958. Seeking an acting career, she entered San Diego State College on a theater arts scholarship, and the following year she married her high school sweetheart, James Welch. She assumed his last name and kept it throughout her life. She won several parts in local theater productions. In 1959, she played the title role in The Ramona Pageant, a yearly outdoor play at Hemet, California, which is based on the novel Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson.

In 1960, Welch got a job as a weather presenter at KFMB, a local San Diego television station. Because her family life and television duties were so demanding she decided to give up her drama classes. After her separation from James Welch, she moved with her two children to Dallas, Texas, where she made a "precarious living" as a model for Neiman Marcus and as a cocktail waitress.

Career

1964–1966: Early works and breakthrough

Welch initially intended to move to New York City from Dallas, but moved back to Los Angeles in 1963 and started applying for roles with film studios. During this period, she met a one-time child actor and Hollywood agent Patrick Curtis who became her personal and business manager. They developed a plan to turn Welch into a sex symbol. To avoid typecasting as a Latina, he convinced her to use her ex-husband's surname.

She was cast in small roles in two films, A House Is Not a Home (1964) and the musical Roustabout (1964), an Elvis Presley film. She also landed small roles on the television series Bewitched, McHale's Navy and The Virginian and appeared on the weekly variety series The Hollywood Palace as a billboard girl and presenter. She was one of many actresses who auditioned for the role of Mary Ann Summers on the television series Gilligan's Island.

Welch's first featured role was in the beach film A Swingin' Summer (1965). That same year, she won the Deb Star while her photo in a Life magazine layout called "The End of the Great Girl Drought!" created a buzz around town. She was strongly considered for the role of Domino in Thunderball and was also noticed by the wife of producer Saul David, who recommended her to 20th Century Fox, where with the help of Curtis she landed a contract. She agreed to a seven-year nonexclusive contract, five pictures over the next five years, and two floaters. Studio executives talked about changing her name to "Debbie". They thought "Raquel" would be hard to pronounce. She refused their request. She wanted her real name, so she stuck with "Raquel Welch". After screen testing for Saul David's Our Man Flint, she was cast in a leading role in David's sci-fi film Fantastic Voyage (1966), in which she portrayed a member of a medical team that is miniaturized and injected into the body of an injured scientist with the mission to save his life. The film was a hit and made her a star.

Fox loaned Welch to Hammer Studios in Britain where she starred in One Million Years B.C. (1966), a remake of the Hal Roach film One Million B.C. (1940). Her only costume was a two-piece deer skin bikini. She was described as "wearing mankind's first bikini" and the fur bikini was described as a "definitive look of the 1960s". The New York Times hailed her in its review of the film (which was released in the UK in 1966 and in the U.S. in 1967), "a marvelous breathing monument to womankind". One author said, "although she had only three lines in the film, her luscious figure in a fur bikini made her a star and the dream girl of millions of young moviegoers". A publicity still of her in the bikini became a bestselling poster and turned her into an instant pin-up girl. The film raised Welch's stature as a leading sex symbol of the era. In 2011, Time magazine listed Welch's B.C. bikini in the "Top Ten Bikinis in Pop Culture".

In 1966, Welch starred with Marcello Mastroianni in the Italian film Shoot Loud, Louder... I Don't Understand for Joseph E. Levine. The same year, she appeared in the film Sex Quartet as Elena in the segment "Fata Elena". She was the only American in the cast of the anthology film The Oldest Profession (1967); her segment was directed by Michael Pfleghar. In Italy, she also appeared in a heist film for MGM, The Biggest Bundle of Them All (1968). It co-starred Edward G. Robinson, who said of Welch, "I must say she has quite a body. She has been the product of a good publicity campaign. I hope she lives up to it because a body will only take you so far."

1967–1979: International stardom
Her first starring vehicle, the British Modesty Blaise-style spy film Fathom (1967), was filmed in Spain for 20th Century Fox. Second unit director Peter Medak said Welch "was at that time quite inexperienced, exactly like one of those American drum majorettes. But she tried very hard and went to see the rushes each day, gradually improving. 'Who's this dumb broad?' people used to say. But I said: 'You wait. I'll bet she makes it.' I liked her very much because she was such a genuine person. And she had a beautiful body which always helps." Welch said her role was "a blown up Barbie doll". Reviewing her performance, the Los Angeles Times film critic said that "each new Raquel Welch picture brings further proof that when Maria Montez died they didn't break the mold. Like Maria, Raquel can't act from here to there, but both ladies seem to have been born to be photographed ... this sappiest of spy pictures."

At this stage, Welch owed Fox four films, at one a year. She and Curtis also established their own production company, Curtwel. Fox wanted Welch to play Jennifer in their adaptation of Valley of the Dolls but she refused, wanting to play the role of Neely O'Hara. The studio was not interested, casting Patty Duke; Sharon Tate played Jennifer North.

In England, she appeared as Lust incarnate in the Peter Cook–Dudley Moore comedy, Bedazzled (1967), a Swinging Sixties retelling of the Faust legend. It was popular, as was the Western, Bandolero! (1968), which was shot in Del Rio, Texas, at the Alamo Village. She co-starred with James Stewart and Dean Martin. "I think she's going to stack up all right," Stewart said of Welch. "No one is going to shout, 'Wow it's Anne Bancroft all over again'," said Welch of her performance, "but at least I'm not Miss Sexpot running around half naked all the time."

In 1968, Welch appeared with Frank Sinatra in the detective film Lady in Cement, a sequel to the film Tony Rome (1967). She played the socialite Kit Forrest, the romantic interest of Tony Rome. Welch later said wittily that she caught the film from time to time and realized only later that Kit Forrest was an alcoholic: "I'm watching this movie and I'm thinking, 'What the hell has she got on?' At one point, I had this epiphany: 'Oh, she's an alcoholic!' I didn't know that. How could I miss that?" She reportedly was so smitten with Sinatra that she forgot to act: "I think I was just so enamored with Frank Sinatra, you know. He's hypnotic."

Welch starred as a freedom fighter leader in 100 Rifles, a 1969 western directed by Tom Gries and filmed in Almería, Spain. It also starred Jim Brown, Burt Reynolds, and Fernando Lamas. The film provoked publicity and controversy at the time because it included a love scene between Welch and Brown that breached Hollywood's taboo against onscreen interracial intimacy. The film is remembered for the spectacular "Shower Scene" in which Welch distracts the soldiers on the train by taking a shower at a water tower along the tracks. The director, Gries, tried hard to convince Welch to do the scene naked, but she refused. It was one of the many instances Welch resisted going nude on-screen and pushed back for years against producers who wanted her to act or pose nude. In 1969, Welch also starred in the thriller Flareup and had a supporting role in the dark comedy The Magic Christian.

Welch's most controversial role came in Myra Breckinridge (1970). She took the role of the film's transsexual heroine in an attempt to be taken seriously as an actress. The production was characterized by animosity between Welch and Mae West, who walked out of the film for three days. The film was based on Gore Vidal's controversial bestseller about a man who becomes a woman through surgery. The film's producer Robert Fryer stated: "If a man were going to become a woman, he would want to become the most beautiful woman in the world. He would become Raquel Welch".

Her looks and fame led Playboy to dub her the "Most Desired Woman" of the 1970s. Welch presented at the Academy Awards ceremony several times during the 1970s due to her popularity. She accepted the Best Supporting Actress Oscar on behalf of fellow actress Goldie Hawn when Hawn could not be there to accept it.

On April 26, 1970, CBS released her television special Raquel!. On the day of the premiere, the show received a 51 percent share on the National ARB Ratings and an overnight New York Nielsen rating of 58 percent share. Also that year Welch starred in The Beloved, which she co-produced and filmed in Cyprus.

In 1971, Welch had the title role in Hannie Caulder, a Western produced by Tigon and Curtwel, which was shot in Spain. Welch was one of the few actresses, and one of the earliest, who had a lead role in a Western film. Hannie Caulder was a significant influence on later revenge films, with director Quentin Tarantino citing it as an inspiration for his 2003 film, Kill Bill: Volume 1. In her second release of 1971, Welch co-starred with Richard Johnson in The Beloved, a romantic drama shot in Cyprus.

The following year, in 1972, Welch starred in Kansas City Bomber, in which she played a hardened derby star and single mother who tries to balance her desire for a happy personal life and her dreams of stardom. Life magazine dubbed Welch the "hottest thing on wheels" for her role. The production of the film shut down for six weeks after Welch broke her wrist doing some of her own stunts. In the interim, she flew to Budapest and filmed a cameo in Bluebeard opposite Richard Burton, and was photographed at a lavish party thrown by Burton for his then-wife Elizabeth Taylor's fortieth birthday, even though Taylor had specifically uninvited her. Despite not being considered a critical success, Kansas City Bomber was noted for its depiction of gender relations in the early 1970s. In a 2012 interview with GQ, Welch reflected on the roller derby world depicted in the film: "You have all those women out there, but the men in the front office are really running it. Which I thought was a really nice metaphor for the way a lot of women felt about their lives at that time." Also in 1972, Welch reunited with Burt Reynolds for the detective film Fuzz.

In 1973, Welch acted in two films: The Last of Sheila and The Three Musketeers. The latter – for which she won a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Comedy – spawned a sequel, The Four Musketeers (1974). Welch was offered the title role in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), which earned an Oscar for its eventual star Ellen Burstyn; she also turned down the chance to play Honey Bruce in the biographical film Lenny (1974), a part that went to Valerie Perrine. In 1975, Welch appeared in The Wild Party and also performed a duet with Cher, singing "I'm a Woman" on an episode of The Cher Show. She then co-starred with Bill Cosby and Harvey Keitel in the action comedy Mother, Jugs & Speed (1976), directed by Peter Yates. Welch's character, promoted from Dispatcher to Emergency Medical Technician after threatening a sexual discrimination lawsuit, is an early example of feminism and equal pay for equal work as she breaks the "glass ceiling" doing a "man's work".

In 1977, Welch acted in the French film Animal, co-starring with Jean-Paul Belmondo. She also starred in the British swashbuckling adventure The Prince and the Pauper. Welch made a guest appearance on The Muppet Show in 1978, where she sang "I'm a Woman" with Miss Piggy. The following year, Welch guest-starred as Captain Nirvana, an alien bounty hunter, in an episode of Mork & Mindy titled "Mork vs. the Necrotons".

1980–2017: Subsequent projects and later years

Television

In 1982, Welch starred in the Western The Legend of Walks Far Woman for NBC. Billed as her "first TV movie dramatic debut", Welch played a 19th-century Native American woman in Montana. In the summer of 1982, Welch was among the candidates considered for the role of Alexis Carrington on the ABC primetime drama Dynasty, along with Elizabeth Taylor and Sophia Loren, before the producers settled on Joan Collins.

In 1987, Welch starred in the television drama Right to Die, an "unglamorous" role in which she portrayed a college professor and mother of two stricken with Lou Gehrig's disease, and asks to die with dignity. She received a Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress for her performance.

Welch starred in the made-for-television films Scandal in a Small Town (1988), Trouble in Paradise (1989), and Torch Song (1993). In 1995, she was a guest star in Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. In the Season 2 episode "Top Copy", Welch played a television reporter and assassin who threatens to expose Clark's identity as Superman.

In 1996, Welch joined the cast of the night-time soap opera Central Park West, after CBS had already slated it for cancellation, as creator Darren Star made a final attempt to save the show by boosting its ratings late in its first season. She was a guest star on the American comedy series Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (1997), playing Sabrina's flamboyant Aunt Vesta from the realm called the Pleasuredome.

Welch acted in the Season 8 finale of the comedy series Seinfeld, titled "The Summer of George" (1997), playing an exaggerated and highly temperamental version of herself. In the episode, ranked by Zap2it as one of the top 10 episodes of Seinfeld, series character Kramer is forced to fire Welch from the lead role in a fictional Tony Award-winning musical called "Scarsdale Surprise", while the character Elaine gets into a "catfight" with her after a chance encounter on the street. Entertainment Weekly wrote, "By delivering a pitch-perfect performance as a fire-breathing prima donna, Welch also poked fun at her reputation (fairly earned or not) for being difficult to work with."

In 2002, Welch co-starred in the PBS series American Family, a story about a Mexican American family in East Los Angeles, with Edward James Olmos. Her role as Aunt Dora, the "drama queen of the family", marked the first time in her 40-year career that Welch had acknowledged her heritage as a Latina. In 2008, Welch appeared in Welcome to The Captain on CBS, playing a "sultry actress"; according to one critic, she was "spoofing herself". She guest starred on CSI: Miami in 2012 and played Aunt Lucia in the 2013 Lifetime original movie House of Versace. In 2015, she portrayed Miss Sally May Anderson in the television drama The Ultimate Legacy.

Welch played the mother-in-law of Barry Watson's character in a Canadian sitcom titled Date My Dad (2017) where she reunited with Robert Wagner on screen, five decades after starring together in The Biggest Bundle of Them All.

Film

Welch was due to star in a 1982 adaptation of John Steinbeck's Cannery Row, but was abruptly fired by the producers a few weeks into production. The studio claimed she was not living up to her contract, by refusing early-morning rehearsals, and was replaced with Debra Winger. Welch sued MGM for breach of contract. Studio executives claimed in testimony the reason Welch was following through with the trial was that she was an actress over 40 and generally actresses in that age range cannot get roles any more. Welch's evidence at trial proved there was a conspiracy to falsely blame her for the film's budget problems and delays. The jury sided with Welch and she won a $10.8 million verdict against MGM in 1986.

Despite the win, Welch wished the whole episode never had happened. "I just wanted to clear my reputation and get back to my work, my work in movies", she said. But she was blackballed by the industry and the incident affected her film career on the big screen from that moment on.

In 1994, Welch made a cameo appearance in Naked Gun : The Final Insult, in the scene where Leslie Nielsen's character crashes the Academy Awards. In 2001, she had a cameo in the comedy film Legally Blonde with Reese Witherspoon, playing a wealthy ex-wife in court. Also that year, Welch appeared in Tortilla Soup, a family comedy-drama inspired by Ang Lee's Eat Drink Man Woman, playing Hortensia, a domineering mother determined to marry the master chef who thinks he is losing his sense of smell and taste.

Welch starred in Forget About It (2006), a mobster comedy in which Burt Reynolds, Robert Loggia, and Charles Durning competed for her affection. She played a single billionaire grandmother in the romantic comedy How to Be a Latin Lover (2017).

Stage

In December 1972, Welch made her nightclub debut at the Las Vegas Hilton; her act preceded Elvis Presley's. Over the next decade, she took her nightclub act to other venues, and starred in television specials featuring her singing and dancing. She released the dance single "This Girl's Back In Town", which peaked at No. 29 on Billboards dance club chart in 1988, along with a music video.

In December 1981, Welch starred on Broadway in Woman of the Year for two weeks, filling in for Lauren Bacall in the title role while Bacall was on vacation. Critics were so enthusiastic about Welch's performance, she was invited back to perform the role again for six months in 1982.

In 1997, Welch starred on Broadway in Victor/Victoria, following Julie Andrews and Liza Minnelli in the title role. Theatre critic Jamie Portman wrote that her glamor made Welch "scarcely believable as the vulnerable Victoria and totally unbelievable as the swaggering tuxedoed Victor", but that she at least "earns high marks for valor" for attempting to breathe life into "the misbegotten musical version of Victor/Victoria".

Achievements and awards

In 1975, Welch won a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Musical or Comedy for The Three Musketeers. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance in the television drama Right to Die (1987). In 1996, Welch received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2001, she was awarded the Imagen Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award for her positive promotion of Americans of Latin heritage throughout her career. In 2012, the Film Society of Lincoln Center presented a special retrospective of the films of Welch at the Walter Reade Theater.

Beauty and business career

The Raquel Welch Total Beauty and Fitness Program book and videos were first released in 1984. The book, written by Welch with photographs by André Weinfeld, includes a hatha yoga fitness program, her views on healthy living and nutrition, as well as beauty and personal style. The Multi-Platinum collection of Fitness and Yoga videos were produced and directed by André Weinfeld. As a businesswoman, Welch succeeded with her signature line of wigs. She also began a jewelry and skincare line, although neither of those ventures compared to the success of her wig collection HAIRuWEAR.

In January 2007, Welch was selected as the newest face of MAC Cosmetics Beauty Icon series. Her line features several limited-edition makeup shades in glossy black and tiger-print packaging. The tiger print motif of the collection celebrates Welch's feline and sensuous image: "strong and wild, yet sultry and exotic".

Her personal beauty regime included abstinence from alcohol and tobacco; daily yoga; and moisturising with Bag Balm.

Personal life

Marriages and relationships
Welch married her high school sweetheart, James Welch, in Las Vegas on May 8, 1959. They had two children, Damon (born November 6, 1959) and Tahnee (born December 26, 1961). The couple separated in 1962 and divorced in 1964; she retained Welch's surname until her death in 2023.

She married publicist Patrick Curtis in Paris on February 14, 1967 (Valentine's Day), and divorced him on January 6, 1972. Curtis later claimed to the tabloids that Welch got an abortion during their marriage. Spanish media reported that during the shooting of 100 Rifles in Spain in 1968, Welch, while married to Curtis, had a relationship with Spanish actor Sancho Gracia, who had a small role in the film, and that Welch's husband, upon finding out about the affair, chased Gracia at gunpoint through the hotel where they were staying in Aguadulce. Subsequent boyfriends included football player Joe Namath, producer Robert Evans and comedian Freddie Prinze.

On July 5, 1980, she married producer André Weinfeld in Cabo San Lucas. In early February 1983, while vacationing in Mustique, Welch suffered a miscarriage three months into her pregnancy. Her marriage to Weinfeld ended in August 1990.

In 1996, after keeping a low romantic profile for several years, she dated former British boxing champion Gary Stretch, who was younger than both of Welch's children.

Welch wed Richie Palmer, co-owner of Mulberry Street Pizzeria, on July 17, 1999, at her home in Beverly Hills.  Palmer, who had one son from a previous marriage, broke off his engagement with business partner and actress Cathy Moriarty to pursue Welch in October 1997. The pair separated in August 2003 and divorced a year later.

In 2011, Welch told Elle magazine she would not remarry. Her last relationship of record, during the early-to-mid-2010s, was with American Idol producer Nigel Lythgoe.

Public image

While her image in the 1960s was that of a torrid sex temptress, Welch's private life was quite different. Welch once famously said, "What I do on the screen is not to be equated with what I do in my private life. Privately, I am understated and dislike any hoopla." She also admitted, "I was not brought up to be a sex symbol, nor is it in my nature to be one. The fact that I became one is probably the loveliest, most glamorous, and fortunate misunderstanding."

Welch posed for Playboy in 1979, but she never did a fully nude shoot. Hugh Hefner later wrote, "Raquel Welch, one of the last of the classic sex symbols, came from the era when you could be considered the sexiest woman in the world without taking your clothes off. She declined to do complete nudity, and I yielded gracefully. The pictures prove her point." Welch refused to take all her clothes off on screen or pose naked throughout her career spanning five decades, saying this was the way she was brought up.

Political views

In 2014, during an appearance on The O'Reilly Factor, Welch described herself as being on the conservative side, attributing it to her mother's Midwestern values. During the Vietnam War, Welch showed her support for the troops at United Service Organizations (USO) shows, often appearing with Bob Hope.

Death
Welch died from cardiac arrest on February 15, 2023, at her home in Los Angeles. She was 82. At the time of her death, Welch was also suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

Legacy

Welch helped transform America's feminine ideal into its current state. Her beautiful looks and eroticism made her the definitive 1960s and 1970s sex icon, rather than the blonde bombshell of the late 1950s as typified by Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield, and others. Welch became a star in the mid-1960s and was exotic, brunette, and smolderingly sexual. Her countless publicity photos helped to popularize her image, dress style, and 1960s and 1970s fashion trends. Welch and other actresses also made big hair popular.

In popular culture

Welch is mentioned in the 1970 song "Raquel Welch" by Shel Silverstein and in the 1971 song, "One's on the Way" by Loretta Lynn. Welch is also mentioned in "Unknown Stuntman", the theme song to The Fall Guy, starring Lee Majors, who also recorded the song. She is also mentioned in the Al Jarreau song "Love Is Real" from the Grammy-winning 1980 album This Time, where Jarreau sings "Raquel and Redford are the tops".

In the 1994 film The Shawshank Redemption, the poster that Andy Dufresne had on his prison cell wall at the time of his escape was the famous pinup image of Welch in One Million Years B.C..

Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Selected discography

Album appearances

Singles

Books
 Raquel Welch: Raquel: The Raquel Welch Total Beauty and Fitness Program, Publisher: Henry Holt and Company (October 1, 1984),
 Raquel Welch: Raquel: Beyond the Cleavage, Publisher: Weinstein Books (March 29, 2010),

See also
 Fur bikini of Raquel Welch

References

External links

1940 births
2023 deaths
20th Century Studios contract players
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Chicago
Actresses from San Diego
American film actresses
American women singers
American people of Bolivian descent
American people of English descent
American people of Spanish descent
American television actresses
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from dementia in California
Female models from Illinois
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
San Diego State University alumni
Singers from Chicago
Singers from California
Latino conservatism in the United States
Writers from Chicago

Raquel Welch


The Régiment de La Couronne (Regiment of the Crown) was an infantry regiment of the Kingdom of France, created in 1643.

Lineage

 1643 : creation of the Régiment de La Reine-Mère (Regiment of the Queen Mother)
 1666 : renamed Régiment de Genlis
 1666 : renamed Régiment d'Artois
 1673 : named  Régiment de La Couronne (Regiment of the Crown)
 January 1, 1791 : renamed the 45th Line Infantry Regiment
 December 3, 1794 : the 1st Battalion was incorporated into the 89th Battle Demi-Brigade () when that demi-brigade formed.
 1795 : the 2nd Battalion was incorporated into the 86th Battle Demi-Brigade () when it formed.

Equipment

Regimental Colors

During the Siege of Maastricht (1673), the Régiment d'Artois was renamed La Couronne (The Crown) as a reward for valor, and awarded new regimental arms, a white cross on an azure background with the motto Dedit hanc Mastrika coronam "Maastricht [lui] a valu cette couronne" (Maastricht won this crown).

9 regimental colors out of which one "white", Colonel and eight for ordinance, "all blue with the French Crown in gold in the middle of each white cross".

Uniform

History

Colonels and mestres de camp
 June 25, 1643: François-Marie de l'Hôpital, Duke of Vitry, Colonel
 June 7, 1757: N. Bruslard, Marquis de Genlis
 June 1673: N. Bruslard, Marquis de Gelis-Bethancourt
 September 1675: N. Bruslard, Marquis de Genlis
 March 12, 1677: Hardouin Bruslard, Chevalier de Genlis
 March 30, 1693: N. de Prunier, Marquis de Saint-André
 July 26, 1698: Louis, Marquis de Polastron
 May 11, 1707: René-François de Froulay, Chevalier de Tessé
 February 17, 1712: Jean François Gabriel, Count of Polastron
 March 10, 1734: Armand Louis de Béthune, Marquis de Charost, killed in 1735 near Trèves
 November 11, 1735: Louis-Ferdinand-Joseph de Croi, Duke of Havré, Colonel-lieutenant
 Mars 14 1758: Marie-Alexandre-Léonor-Louis-César de Saint-Mauris, Count of Montbarrey
 November 30, 1761: Pierre-Constantin Le Vicomte, Count of Blangy
 June 22, 1767: Claude-Antoine de Béziade, Marquis d'Avaray
 November 11, 1782: Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste, Count of Choiseul-Gouffier
 January 1, 1784: Augustin-Louis-Charles, Marquis de Lameth
 October 21, 1791: Joseph-Marie-Anne de Moyria
 March 8, 1793: François Goulu

Campaign and battles
Régiment de La Couronne
 The Regiment de la Couronne was garrisoned in Bonn during the Siege of Bonn (1703) (). On October 13, 1703, the marquis Yves d'Alègre, governor of the city, sent the regiment in a counter-attack. Colonel de Polastron was wounded in action during this operation.

45th Line Infantry Regiment
The 45th Line Infantry Regiment participated in the 1792-1793 campaign with the Army of the North (France), and in 1794 with the Army of Sambre and Meuse  ().

See also
Troupes de la marine

References

Sources and bibliographies
 Jean Churchill de Marlborough, Histoire de Jean Churchill, duc de Marlborough, vol. 1, Jean Imprimerie Impériale (Paris), 1808, 409 p. (lire en ligne [archive]).
Oscar, vicomte de Poli, Le Régiment de La Couronne : (1643-1791), Paris, Conseil héraldique de France, 1891, 370 p.

Military units and formations established in 1643
Military units and formations disestablished in 1795
Line infantry regiments of the Ancien Régime

Regiment of the Crown (France)


Freedom. A Plea () is a book by Joachim Gauck, the President of Germany, released on 20 February 2012, the day after his nomination. In the book, consisting of 64 pages, Gauck describes his thoughts on freedom, democracy, human rights and tolerance. The book calls for the defense of freedom and human rights around the globe, particularly in "communist, fanatical islamist or despotic states." He also defends market economy.

The book has been referred to as his political program, and as echoing the peaceful revolution of 1989.

Bibliography
Joachim Gauck, Freiheit. Ein Plädoyer, Kösel, München 2012, .

References

German books
2012 non-fiction books
Books about human rights
Books in political philosophy
Anti-communism in Germany
Joachim Gauck

Freedom: A Plea


Walter Arbuthnot Prideaux, CBE (4 January 1910 – 5 November 1995) was an English rower who won Silver Goblets at Henley Royal Regatta.

Life
Prideaux was born to Walter Treverbian Prideaux and his wife Marion Fenn Arbuthnot in 1910. He was educated Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1930 he was a member of the winning Cambridge boat in the Boat Race and won Silver Goblets at Henley Royal Regatta partnering Harold Rickett. He was in the winning Cambridge boat in the Boat Race again in 1931

Prideaux became a solicitor.  In World War II he served with Kent Yeomanry and was awarded the T.D. and the M.C. He followed in a family tradition and was clerk of the Goldsmiths' Company from 1958.

Prideaux lived at Rusper, Horsham, West Sussex. He died at the age of 85.

Prideaux married Anne Cokayne, daughter of Francis Stewart Cokayne and Dorothy Emily Probyn, on 4 February 1937.

See also
List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews

References

1910 births
1995 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British male rowers
Cambridge University Boat Club rowers
British Yeomanry officers

Walter Prideaux (rower)


The UpTake is a Minnesota-based citizen journalist organization. It was founded in July 2007 and has provided online news coverage on a low budget since.

Because of its role as a provider of citizen journalism, the UpTake is a not-for-profit organization. As such, many of its journalists have to rely on technology, such as cell phone cameras, technically outclassed by professional equipment. This financial disadvantage has spurred the UpTake to develop innovative methods of low-cost information gathering and reporting, such as live broadcasting from cell phone camera feeds.

2008 Minnesota Senate election

The UpTake's profile increased dramatically during the disputed 2008 U.S. Senate election in Minnesota, the home state of the UpTake. The UpTake provided full coverage of the recount process, winning accolades and citations from fellow news blogs FiveThirtyEight.com and MinnPost.com and local Minnesota news outlets such as the Minnesota Independent. On January 5, 2009, when the final batch of absentee ballots in the recount were opened, checked, sorted, and counted, The UpTake broadcast the entire process live via streaming video on TheUpTake.org. Its initial count for Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party candidate Al Franken's lead after the absentee ballots were sorted aloud was 223; the number appeared on breaking reports on other websites, including FiveThirtyEight.com, until an election official announced that Franken's unofficial lead was actually 225.

Recognition

The Center for Public Integrity listed the UpTake as one of its "Top Ten Websites from 2008". In a tongue-in-cheek reference to an infamous ballot challenge by Republican candidate Norm Coleman's campaign, the list identified the UpTake as:

On January 18, 2011, the UpTake announced it had become the first online-only news organization to get a seat in the Minnesota Capitol press room.

See also

Freedom of the Press Foundation

References

External links

News agencies based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Minnesota
2007 establishments in Minnesota
Organizations established in 2007

The UpTake