Widdicomb Furniture Company was an American furniture company.

History
The company was founded in 1858 when George Widdicomb started a cabinet shop in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The company grew and, with twelve employees, moved to a new, larger location. His four sons went into business with him and the company was named George Widdicomb & Sons. All four sons would serve in the American Civil War. The company dissolved in 1863, while all four sons were enlisted.

The oldest sons opened a small furniture shop in 1864, with the other two brothers joining them around when the war ended. Brother George Widdicomb died in March 1866. In 1868 the store had grown considerably and was moved to a new location in Grand Rapids. They had 25 employees. T.F. Richards came into business with the sons on January 1, 1869. They renamed the business Widdicomb Bros. & Richards. They built a larger building and had a capital of $12,000. They formed the Widdicomb Furniture Company on December 1, 1873. Eventually capital would reach $380,000. They had a new building and approximately 150 employees in 1871. At that time, Widdicomb Furniture Company as known for their spindle bed frames.
William Widdicomb, who served as President, retired from the company in 1883.

In 1915, it was sold to Joseph Griswold Sr. and Godfrey von Platen. The company would merge with Mueller Furniture Corporation, becoming Widdicomb-Mueller Corporation, in 1950. Ten years later Mueller would split from Widdicomb. In 1970, the company name is acquired by John Widdicomb Company. From 1943 until 1956, T.H. Robsjohn-Gibbings served as designer for the company, designing Modern furniture. George Nakashima also worked for Widdicomb, from the 1950s to early 1960s. He created the "Origin Group," of pieces.

In 2002, Widdicomb went out of business; design and manufacturing rights for John Widdicomb Company were acquired by Stickley in August 2002. Stickley continues to offer pieces under the John Widdicomb Collection.

Products
As of 1891, Widdicomb Furniture Company shipped products throughout the United States. Their focus products included bed frames, chiffoniers, and bedroom furniture of various kinds made of oak, ash, birch and maple. They also manufactured mirrors, nightstands, wardrobes, and other bedroom furniture. In 1906, pieces were designed in the styles of American Empire style, French design, and the Colonial Revival Movement. They started created photograph cabinets between 1918 and 1920. During the first two decades of the 20th century, bedroom sets were inspired by the Italian Renaissance, Georgian Revival, among others. Traditional pieces like these were no longer made as of 1938, to make way for modern designs.

Modern styles, designed by T. H. Robsjohn-Gibbing in the 1940s and 50s, were inspired by Scandinavian design. George Nakashima's "Origin Collection," was inspired by Japanese and Shaker furniture. The collection consisted of bedroom and dining room pieces.

Legacy
Works by the Widdicomb Furniture Company are found in the collection of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. The company's archive is held in the collection of the Grand Rapids Public Library.

References

External links
Office Furniture
Teak Wood Furniture

Defunct furniture manufacturers
1858 establishments in Michigan
Furniture companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Grand Rapids, Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan

Widdicomb Furniture Company


The 1897 Open Championship was the 37th Open Championship, held 19–20 May at Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Hoylake, England. Harold Hilton, an amateur, won the Championship for the second time, a stroke ahead of James Braid.

This was the second Open to be played in England after the 1894 event staged at Royal St George's. It was also the last Open Championship with no qualifying and no cut. 88 players entered including 20 amateurs. Royal Liverpool was the home club of many of the leading amateurs of the day including John Ball, Jr. and Hilton, both of whom had already won the Championship.

After the first round Ball and Sandy Herd led with scores of 78, with David Brown and Freddie Tait on 79. There were two outstanding rounds in the afternoon. Braid scored 74 gave him the lead on 154 while Hilton's 75 put him second on 155. Tait was third on 158. J.H. Taylor and Harry Vardon were a disappointing 8 and 10 strokes behind the leader.

Despite a few withdrawals, 39 pairs started on the final day. Under the new proposed cut rule, to be introduced in 1898, the field would have been reduced to a more comfortable 41. The leaders had poor third rounds which meant for a close position after the morning's play. Braid led by two from Herd, George Pulford and Tait with Hilton a further stroke behind and Brown and Tom Vardon five behind the leader. Tait was the early leader after a 79 gave him a score of 317 but this was bettered by a round of 75 by Hilton to give him the lead on 314. Hilton had scored just 18 on the opening five holes. Disappointing front nines from Herd and Pulford put them out of contention, leaving only Braid with a chance to match Hilton. After a three at the 15th, Baird reached the 16th tee needing 14 to tie with Hilton. However, with his third shot at the long 16th, he chipped over the green and he took six. He had a long putt at the last to tie but missed and finished a shot behind Hilton. With more withdrawals on the final day only 52 players completed the 72 holes, two players finishing 53 strokes behind the winner.

First day leaderboard
Wednesday, 19 May 1897

Final leaderboard
Source:

Thursday, 20 May 1897

As an amateur Hinton received "£30 in plate" in addition to the "Championship Cup" and "Gold Medal".  The prize-money for the professionals was reduced accordingly to £60. This arrangement had been introduced after the 1892 Open Championship which was also won by Hilton.

References

External links
Royal Liverpool 1897 (Official site)

The Open Championship
Golf tournaments in England
Sport in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Open Championship
Open Championship
Open Championship

1897 Open Championship


K. V. Vijayadas (25 May 1959 – 18 January 2021) was an Indian politician. He was a Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly from the Kongad (State Assembly constituency) from 2011 until his death. He was a member of the Marxist Communist Party.

Vijayadas died of a cerebral haemorrhage on 18 January 2021 in Palakkad, India at the age of 61.

References

1959 births
2021 deaths
Politicians from Kerala

K. V. Vijayadas


Sarguelas is a unique and exotic fruit that thrives in specific regions of the world, celebrated for its remarkable qualities and delightful taste. This mysterious fruit has gained recognition among botanists, horticulturists, and food enthusiasts alike.

Description: Sarguelas is a small, pear-shaped fruit, known for its vibrant colors and distinctive appearance. Its skin is a rich shade of deep purple, with a glossy texture that adds to its visual appeal. The fruit's flesh is sweet and juicy, resembling a blend of tropical flavors, including elements of mango, passion fruit, and hints of citrus. Sarguelas is often praised for its pleasant aroma and delectable taste.

The Sarguelas tree, known scientifically as Sarguelas regalis, is a tropical evergreen that can reach heights of up to 20 feet. Its leaves are broad and leathery, offering ample shade to the fruits that grow beneath their lush canopy. The tree produces these fruits seasonally, and each one ripens to perfection on the tree, ensuring maximum flavor and sweetness.

Cultural Significance: Sarguelas holds a special place in the cultures and traditions of the regions where it is cultivated. It is often used in festive celebrations and is considered a symbol of abundance and good fortune. In some cultures, it is believed that consuming Sarguelas can bring prosperity and happiness.

The fruit is also a popular ingredient in local cuisine, used in a variety of dishes ranging from salads to desserts. Sarguelas jam and preserves are highly sought after for their unique flavor profiles.

Cultivation and Distribution: Sarguelas is primarily grown in regions with a tropical climate, with countries in Southeast Asia and South America being known for their Sarguelas orchards. The fruit is typically harvested by hand to ensure its delicate skin remains intact, and it is transported to markets and stores where it is enjoyed by locals and visitors alike.

Popularity and Export: Over the years, the popularity of Sarguelas has spread beyond its region of origin, with international markets showing a growing interest in this delectable fruit. Exported fresh or in various processed forms, Sarguelas has found its way to culinary establishments and homes worldwide, delighting palates with its exotic and enticing taste.

Sarguelas


Barker is an unincorporated community in western Harris County, Texas, United States.  It lies along local roads off Interstate 10 and seventeen miles west of downtown Houston.  Its elevation is 102 feet (31 m), and it is located at  (29.7843955, -95.6849469).

Barker was originally built along the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad, which built through the area in 1895; the community was named for Ed Barker, a railroad contractor. The community's first postmaster was appointed in 1898.  Although Barker was originally an agricultural community, the area is now primarily residential.

Government and infrastructure
The United States Postal Service operates the Barker Post Office at 211 Baker Road.

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in Harris County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas

Barker, Texas


Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (September 29, 1813, Bermondsey, Surrey – October 30, 1891, Hendon, Middlesex) was a New Testament textual critic and a member of the English New Testament Revision Committee which produced the Revised Version of the Bible. He was prebendary of Exeter, and vicar of Hendon.

Graduating from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1835 after studying at Southwark, he became a teacher of classics at a number of schools in southern England, and from 1846 to 1856 was headmaster of a school in Falmouth, Cornwall. He was also for 15 years rector of Gerrans, Cornwall.

Initially making a name for himself editing the Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, Scrivener edited several editions of the New Testament and collated the Codex Sinaiticus with the Textus Receptus. For his services to textual criticism and the understanding of biblical manuscripts, he was granted a Civil list pension in 1872. He was an advocate of the Byzantine text (majority text) over more modern manuscripts as a source for Bible translations. He was the first to distinguish the Textus Receptus from the Byzantine text. Scrivener compared the Textus Receptus with the editions of Stephanus (1550), Theodore Beza (1565), and Elzevier (1633) and enumerated all the differences. In addition he identified the differences between the Textus Receptus and editions by Lachmann, Tregelles, and Tischendorf. Scrivener doubted the authenticity of texts like Matthew 16:2b–3, Christ's agony at Gethsemane, John 5:3.4, and the Pericope Adulterae.

After the success of his earlier work (Supplement to English Version, 1845), Scrivener was tapped to lead the last major revision to the Authorized English Version, popularly known as the King James Bible (KJV). The KJV had undergone numerous minor revisions since its publication in 1611, the most prominent being the Oxford Edition of 1769. The Cambridge Paragraph Bible, published in 1873, was his magnum opus, becoming the basis for most modern printings of the KJV in England.

In 1874, he became prebendary of Exeter and vicar of Hendon, where he remained for the rest of his life.

Works
 A Supplement to the Authorized English Version of the New Testament: Being a Critical Illustration of its More Difficult Passages from the Syriac, Latin, and Earlier English Versions, with an Introduction, 1845.

 Contributions to the criticism of the Greek New Testament: being the introduction to an edition of the Codex Augiensis and Fifty other Manuscripts (Cambridge: 1859)
 A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, 1861, 1894.
 A Full Collation of the Sinaitic MS. with the Received Text of the New Testament. 1864.
 A full and exact collation of Codex Sinaiticus, 1864.
 Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, written early in the Sixth Century, and presented to the University of Cambridge by Theodore Beza A.D. 1581. Edited, with a critical Introduction, Annotations, and Facsimiles, 1864.
The Cambridge Paragraph Bible of the Authorized English Version, with the text revised by a collation of its early and other principal editions, the use of the Italic type made uniform, the marginal references remodelled, and a critical introduction prefixed, editor, The Rev. F.H. Scrivener, M.A., LL.D, Edited for the Syndics of the University Press, Cambridge, 1873.
 Six Lectures on the Text of the New Testament and the Ancient Manuscripts which contain it, Deighton, Bell, and Co: Cambridge; London, 1875.
 Novum Testamentum : textus Stephanici A.D. 1550 : accedunt variae lectiones editionum Bezae, Elzeviri, Lachmanni, Tischendorfii, Tregellesii (Cambridge 1877).
 The New Testament in the Original Greek according to the Text followed in the Authorized Version, together with the Variations adopted in the Revised Version, 1881.
 Novum Testamentum : Textus Stephanici A.D. 1550 : accedunt variae lectiones editionum Bezae, Elzeviri, Lachmanni, Tischendorfii, Tregellesii, Westcott-Hort, Versionis Anglicanae Emendatorum (1887).
Codex S. Ceaddae latinus: Evangelia SSS. Matthaei, Marci, Lucae Ad Cap. III. 9 Complectens. Cambridge: C.J. Clay and Sons, 1887.

 A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament, for the Use of Biblical Students (published posthumously and coauthored by Edward Miller), 1894.

References

External links

19th-century English Anglican priests
British biblical scholars
British theologians
1813 births
1891 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Anglican biblical scholars
People educated at St Olave's Grammar School

Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener


Ocular oncology is the branch of medicine dealing with tumors relating to the eye and its adnexa. Eye cancer can affect all parts of the eye.

Eye cancers might start in the eye and it can metastatic cancer (spread to the eye from another organ). The two most common cancers that spread to the eye from another organ are breast cancer and lung cancer. Other less common sites of origin include the prostate, kidney, thyroid, skin, colon and blood or bone marrow.

This cancer is most common in children. There is a 95% of finding a cure for this cancer.

References

Cancer

Eye neoplasm


Atheneum Books was a New York City publishing house established in 1959 by Alfred A. Knopf, Jr., Simon Michael Bessie and Hiram Haydn. Simon & Schuster has owned Atheneum properties since its acquisition of Macmillan in 1994 and it created Atheneum Books for Young Readers as an imprint for children's books in the 2000s.

History

Alfred A. Knopf, Jr. left his family publishing house Alfred A. Knopf and created Atheneum Books in 1959 with Simon Michael Bessie (Harpers) and Hiram Haydn (Random House).
It became the publisher of Pulitzer Prize winners Edward Albee, Charles Johnson, James Merrill, Nikki Giovanni, Mona Van Duyn and Theodore H. White. It also published Ernest Gaines' first book Catherine Carmier (1964).
Knopf personally recruited editor Jean E. Karl to establish a Children's Book Department in 1961. Atheneum acquired the reprint house Russell & Russell in 1965.

Atheneum merged with Charles Scribner's Sons to become The Scribner Book Company in 1978. The acquisition included Rawson Associates. Scribner was acquired by Macmillan in 1984. Macmillan was purchased by Simon & Schuster in 1994. After the merger, the Atheneum adult list was merged into Scribner and the Scribner children's line was merged into Atheneum.

In the 2000s, the Simon & Schuster imprint Atheneum Books for Young Readers has published the popular May Bird fantasy series for young adults, inaugurated by May Bird and the Ever After (2005), and the Olivia series of picture books featuring Olivia the pig (from 2000). The Higher Power of Lucky won the 2007 Newbery Medal. In a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association listed Bunnicula: A Rabbit-Tale of Mystery as one of its Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children.

Notes

References

External links
 Atheneum Books for Young Readers imprint at publisher Simon & Schuster

Book publishing companies based in New York (state)
Book publishing company imprints
Children's book publishers
Fantasy book publishers
Simon & Schuster
American companies established in 1959
Publishing companies established in 1959
1959 establishments in New York City
1984 mergers and acquisitions
1994 mergers and acquisitions

Atheneum Books


Mark Powell (born 15 March 1984) is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League. He lived in Narrandera and played for his junior club Narrandera Eagles until he was 15 and then he moved to Albury where he played for Lavington FC to further his AFL ambitions.

He was selected at no 28 in the 2nd round of the 2001 National Draft to the Sydney Swans, and was touted as a key position defender.

In 2002 he played no senior games, in 2003 he played 5 senior games, 3 senior games in 2004, and none in 2005.

Following the end of the 2005 season he was traded to the Kangaroos.  However, in January 2006 Powell quit the club, citing having lost motivation to play football and wanting to move back to Sydney.

External links

1984 births
Living people
Sydney Swans players
Australian rules footballers from New South Wales
Murray Bushrangers players
Lavington Football Club players

Mark Powell (footballer)


Bianca is a one act opera by American composer Henry Kimball Hadley. The opera's libretto was an English-language adaptation of Carlo Goldoni's comedy The Mistress of the Inn by Grant Stewart.  Hadley finished the score in January, 1917, and entered it in a competition for the best American opera without chorus, for which William Wade Hinshaw offered a $1000 prize and a promise to produce the opera in New York City by the American Society of Singers.  It won, and was produced on October 19, 1918, at the Park Theater in Manhattan, with the composer conducting, and soprano Maggie Teyte in the title role.

References
 Boardman, Herbert R. Henry Hadley: Ambassador of Harmony. Banner Press, Emory University, Georgia (1932), pp. 131–132.

One-act operas
Operas by Henry Kimball Hadley
Operas
1918 operas
Operas based on plays
Operas based on works by Carlo Goldoni
English-language operas

Bianca (opera)


Loco Motion is a youth film and media group based in Basildon, Essex.

The club was created and launched in 2004, and is now a fully operating club that meets once a week.  The group of young people completed their first fully funded film in February 2006. The plot of the animated film, Two Different Worlds, follows the Romeo and Juliet-style romance of two young people set against the backdrop of Basildon's Eastgate and Westgate Centres. The group received £4,000 of funding for the film from the UK Film Council's First Light Initiative.

On Friday 7 December 2007, Two Different Worlds was broadcast on BBC2 after being selected as a finalist in a BBC competition.

Loco Motion has formed partnerships with many other organisations, including Woodlands School, Essex, The Basildon District Arts Association, Tech Control and the Basildon Heritage Trail.

In 2007, Loco Motion has been supporting Woodlands School to expand its specialist performing arts status into the local community. Lack of funding by the school into the new theatre meant that essential facilities such as disabled access and new toilets were not constructed. Youth members of Loco Motion applied to Essex County Council's Youth Capital Fund and received £20,000 to complete the construction work.

References
 Newspaper Article containing overview of 'Two Different Worlds' (2006)
 BBC Essex Article detailing the organisation (2006)
 Basic information on 'Two Different Worlds' held by the UK Film Council's First Light Initiative
 List of film finalists in BBC Blast! Competition
 Tech Control partners page

External links
 Official Loco Motion Website

Youth organisations based in the United Kingdom

Loco Motion (Youth Group)


The North Melbourne Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League. It is nicknamed "The Kangaroos".

Club song
Hearts to hearts and hands to hands,
Beneath the Blue and White we stand,
We shout, God bless our native land
North Melbourne, North Melbourne.

Out we come, out we come, out we come to play,
We train so hard, we play the game, we must win every day.
Lots of fun, heaps of fun, enjoy yourself today,
North Melbourne's boys are hard to beat, when they come out to play.

So join in the chorus and sing it one and all,
Join in the chorus, North Melbourne's on the ball.
Good old North Melbourne, they're champions you'll agree,
North Melbourne is the team that plays to win for you and me.

Australian Football League
Australian rules football clubs

North Melbourne Football Club


Kater Mikesch (original title: Kocour Mikeš) is a children's book by the Czech author Josef Lada from the 1930s. It was retold by German author Otfried Preußler, who was awarded therefore with the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1963. In 1964, it was adapted into a German children's television series by the Augsburger Puppenkiste marionette theatre company.

Plot
In the little village of Holleschitz there lives the cobbler Pepik and his grandmother. She has a tomcat called Mikesch. Pepik and Mikesch get friends, and Pepik successfully schools Mikesch to speak. Many people in Holleschitz are startled and staggered by the polite and lovely tomcat and embosom him. The cobbler makes him a pair of boots. And the cuttler makes him a garment, because Mikesch helped him. Besides Mikesch, grandmother owns the dog Sultan and the pig Paschik. Mikesch schools the pig to speak. With the local shepherd, there lives the fierce ramgoat Bobesch, whom the shepherd wants to sell on the local market. Pepik saves him by schooling him to speak. Bobesch pledges the shepherd to behave. Paschik, Bobesch and Mikesch get good friends. One day, Mikesch smashes the cream pot of grandmother. Because of a guilty conscience and fear of her reaction, he runs off and goes out into the world to search for work. He succeeds in this with the circus Klutzki. With a lot of money in his pockets, a new cream pot and lots of presents for his friends, he returns home. There he gets to know Maunzerle, who is a part of the cobblers household and also has learned to speak, but not as well at all as Mikesch.

See also

List of German television series

References

External links

1936 children's books
Czech children's literature
German children's television series
German television shows featuring puppetry
Television shows based on children's books
1964 German television series debuts
1964 German television series endings
German-language television shows
Das Erste original programming
Children's books about cats

Kater Mikesch


Denmark Bay is an Arctic waterway in Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in western M'Clintock Channel, off the eastern coast of Victoria Island. It is separated from Homan Bay by a peninsula with a narrow isthmus.

Geography
There are several islands within the bay, including Falsen Island at its headwaters.

Moraine ridges are found along eastern Victoria Island from Denmark Bay to Greely Haven.

History
The Ekalluktogmiut, a subgroup of Copper Inuit, were traditionally located from Denmark Bay through Dease Strait. However, Copper Inuit traditional hunting area was south of the Denmark Bay/Walker Bay region.

References

Bays of Kitikmeot Region
Victoria Island (Canada)
Former populated places in the Kitikmeot Region

Denmark Bay


Primal Fear is a 1996 American legal mystery thriller film directed by Gregory Hoblit, based on the 1993 novel of the same name by William Diehl, and written by Steve Shagan and Ann Biderman. It stars Richard Gere, Laura Linney, John Mahoney, Alfre Woodard, Frances McDormand, Andre Braugher, Maura Tierney, and Edward Norton in his film debut. The film follows a Chicago defense attorney who believes that his altar boy client is not guilty of murdering a Catholic archbishop.

The film was a box office success and received positive reviews, with Norton's performance earning critical praise. Norton won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.

Plot
Martin Vail is an arrogant Chicago defense attorney, known for his undesirable but high-profile clients, including mob boss Joey Piñero. Fond of the spotlight, Vail is profiled for a magazine cover story, and tries to rekindle a casual relationship with his former colleague, prosecutor Janet Venable.

Beloved Archbishop Rushman is savagely killed in his bedroom and his body mutilated. Aaron Stampler, a 19-year-old altar boy from Kentucky, is caught fleeing the scene covered in blood and charged with murder. Vail offers to defend him pro bono, and the meek, stuttering Aaron claims he is innocent but is prone to amnesia. Vail believes Aaron, while the state's attorney, John Shaughnessy, assigns Venable to prosecute the case and pursue the death penalty.

At Aaron's apartment, Vail's investigator Tommy Goodman is attacked by another altar boy, Alex, who flees. Neuropsychologist Dr. Molly Arrington interviews Aaron for hours about his difficult childhood, his memory lapses, and his missing girlfriend Linda. With help from Piñero, Vail discovers that powerful civic leaders, including Shaughnessy, lost millions in real estate investments due to Rushman's decision not to develop church-owned land. In court, a message carved into Rushman's chest is linked to a passage from The Scarlet Letter, denouncing the archbishop as "two-faced".

Vail and Goodman track down Alex, who was searching for an incriminating VHS cassette. Stealing the tape from the archbishop's closet, Vail and his team discover footage of one of many encounters filmed by the archbishop forcing Aaron, Linda, and Alex to engage in sexual acts. Vail confronts Aaron, who suddenly becomes a violent sociopath without a stutter who identifies himself as "Roy". The aggressive Roy admits to killing the archbishop, but threatens Vail not to introduce the tape at trial, before becoming shy, passive Aaron again, with no recollection of his change in personality.

Dr. Arrington concludes that Aaron has dissociative identity disorder caused by years of abuse at the hands of his father and, later, Rushman. Conflicted, Vail knows that he could acquit his client via an insanity defense, but cannot change his strategy mid-trial. He delivers the evidence anonymously to Venable, forcing her to use the tape as proof of Aaron's motive, at the risk of tarnishing the archbishop and generating sympathy for Aaron. Shaughnessy commands her to destroy the evidence, but she refuses and introduces it in court.

Piñero is discovered murdered, and Vail surprises the court by calling Shaughnessy as a witness. Vail suggests Shaughnessy resented the archbishop for stopping the $60 million land development, and accuses him of concealing previous evidence of the archbishop's sexual predation, and for being complicit in Piñero's death. Judge Shoat intervenes, striking the line of questioning from the record and fining Vail for using the courtroom as a stage for his own vendettas.

Dr. Arrington's testimony that Aaron's "body could be present at a homicide and yet his mind would be unable to recall it" is dismissed by the judge as too close to an insanity plea. Vail calls Aaron to the stand, intentionally triggering his memories of his father's abuse. Venable begins a challenging cross-examination, in which Aaron suddenly becomes Roy, screaming obscenities and choking Venable before he is subdued. The judge dismisses the jury in favor of a bench trial to declare Aaron not guilty by reason of insanity.

A shaken Venable rejects Vail's advances, and Vail informs Aaron that he will be remanded to a psychiatric hospital for treatment with a strong possibility of release. A grateful Aaron asks him to apologize to Venable, and Vail confronts him for being able to remember the attack. No longer stuttering, Aaron brags about faking his multiple personalities, and having murdered Linda and Rushman without remorse. Vail realizes, "There never was a Roy", but the murderer corrects him: "There never was an Aaron". Stunned and disillusioned, Vail leaves the courthouse.

Cast

Several Chicago television news personalities made cameos as themselves as they deliver reports about the case, including WLS's Diann Burns and Linda Yu, WBBM-TV's Mary Ann Childers, Lester Holt and Jon Duncanson, and WGN-TV's Bob Jordan and Randy Salerno.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack includes the Portuguese fado song "Canção do Mar" sung by Dulce Pontes.

Release

Box office
The film was released on April 5, 1996 and opened in the #1 spot, remaining there for two consecutive weeks. It grossed $56.1 million domestically and $46.5 million internationally for a total worldwide gross of $102.6 million.

Home media
The film was released to VHS and LaserDisc on October 15, 1996. On October 21, 1998, it was released to DVD.

Paramount released Primal Fear on Blu-ray on March 10, 2009. The Blu-ray includes an audio commentary track by director Gregory Hoblit, writer Ann Biderman, producer Gary Lucchesi, executive producer Hawk Koch, and casting director Deborah Aquila, as well as the featurettes "Primal Fear: The Final Verdict", "Primal Fear: Star Witness-Casting Edward Norton", and "The Psychology of Guilt".

Reception
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 77% based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Primal Fear is a straightforward, yet entertaining thriller elevated by a crackerjack performance from Edward Norton". Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, lists the film with a weighted average score of 46/100 based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore awarded the film an average grade of B+ on an A+-to-F scale.

Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film has a "good deal of surface charm" but "the story relies on an overload of tangential subplots to keep it looking busy". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded Primal Fear three and a half stars, writing that "the plot is as good as crime procedurals get, but the movie is really better than its plot because of the three-dimensional characters". Ebert described Gere's performance as one of the best in his career, praised Linney for rising above what might have been a stock character and applauded Norton for offering a "completely convincing" portrayal.

The film spent three weekends at the top of the U.S. box office.

Accolades

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
 Aaron Stampler – Nominated Villain
 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
 Nominated Courtroom Drama Film

See also
 Mental illness in films
 Trial movies
 Plot twist
 Deewangee (2002), a Hindi film influenced by Primal Fear.

References

External links

1996 films
1996 crime drama films
1996 crime thriller films
1996 directorial debut films
1996 drama films
1990s legal films
1990s psychological thriller films
American crime drama films
American crime thriller films
American legal drama films
American psychological thriller films
American courtroom films
Films about dissociative identity disorder
Films scored by James Newton Howard
Films about lawyers
Films about religion
Films based on American novels
Films based on crime novels
Films directed by Gregory Hoblit
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in Chicago
Films shot in Chicago
Films shot in West Virginia
Films produced by Gary Lucchesi
Legal thriller films
American neo-noir films
Paramount Pictures films
Rysher Entertainment films
Works about judgement
Courtroom dramas
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

ja:真実の行方#映画

Primal Fear (film)


The Goudey Gum Company was an American chewing gum company started in 1919. The company was founded by Enos Gordon Goudey (1863–1946) of Barrington Passage, Nova Scotia. Formerly an employee of Beemans, he opened a factory in Boston, Massachusetts in 1919 and later in Allston. It operated there from 1924 until it closed in 1962. Goudey sold the business in 1932 but he retained an interest as a consultant. On his retirement in 1933, William Wrigley Jr. dubbed him the "penny gum king of America". Today the Goudey name is mainly associated with its collectible baseball cards which were introduced in 1933. Goudey was the first American company to issue baseball cards with each stick of gum (they had been available with cigarettes and certain lines of candy for many years).

Goudey baseball cards

Most of the unreleased cards, printing plates, and company archives were thrown away in the 1960s, although some were sold to collectors. Today, cards in good condition command a premium, especially those authenticated and graded by respected third-party graders.  Hank Greenberg and Lou Gehrig are prominently featured in the Goudey cards of the 1930s, colorful cards with hand drawn portraits of the players.  Other baseball hall of fame and interesting players depicted on Goudey gum cards from 1933 to 1941 include: Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb, Jimmie Foxx, Bill Dickey, Carl Hubbell, Lefty Grove, Dizzy Dean, Mickey Cochrane, Charlie Gehringer, Tony Lazzeri, Mel Ott, Joe DiMaggio, Hank Greenberg, "Ducky" Joe Medwick and Moe Berg.

1933 set
In 1933, Goudey produced a 240 card set, also called "Big League Chewing Gum".  These cards, issued with bubble gum in each pack, were the first baseball gum cards.  The 1933 Goudey set is considered one of the "Big Three" classic baseball card sets, along with the T206 and 1952 Topps sets.

One of the rarest baseball cards from a mainstream set is card #106 from the 1933 Goudey set. It was not originally issued with the set, so collectors could not complete the set from packs. In 1934, Goudey issued card #106 for the 1933 set with retired player Napoleon Lajoie. Collectors that sent letters to the Goudey Gum Company complaining about the lack of a #106 card received it in the mail. The 1933 Goudey #106 Napoleon Lajoie is known as one of the "Big Three" baseball cards along with two cards from the T206 set depicting Honus Wagner and Eddie Plank.

1934 set
In 1934, Goudey produced a 96 card set that was endorsed by two players, Lou Gehrig and Chuck Klein. The 1934 Goudey set is sometimes called the "Lou Gehrig" set. There are no Babe Ruth cards in the set. The Hank Greenberg rookie card is in this set.

1938 set
In 1938, Goudey produced a 48 card set, also known as the "Heads-Up" set. The cards were numbered from 241 to 288, thus looking like Goudey was trying to extend the 1933 Goudey set.  The first 24 cards in the set depicts pictures of players heads attached to a cartoonish body in baseball action.  The next 24 cards in the set depicts the same players and the same poses.  The difference is the next 24 cards include small cartoonish characters playing baseball along with captions.  Joe DiMaggio, Jimmie Foxx, Hank Greenberg and Bob Feller are the big stars in this set.

Canadian Goudey
Similar cards as the 1933 and 1934 Goudey sets were also released in Canada by the Goudey-owned  World Wide Gum Co, of Granby, Quebec. They are sometimes known as Canadian Goudey sets. There were 94 and 96 cards in these sets, respectively. The 1933 World Wide Gum set was released with two different backs, one with both French and English, and the other with only English. There has not been definitive proof, but one theory is that the French-English backs were sold in Quebec and the English-only backs were sold in Ontario.

List of Goudey baseball card sets
Year of issuance, popular name and designation from The American Card Catalog:

 1933 Goudey R319
 1933 American R338
 1933 World Wide Gum V353
 1934 Goudey R320
 1934 Goudey Premiums R390-1
 1934 World Wide Gum V354
 1935 Goudey 4-in-1 R321
 1935 Goudey Premiums R390-2
 1936 Goudey Wide Pens R314
 1936 Goudey R322
 1936 World Wide Gum V355
 1938 Goudey "Heads-Up" R323
 1939 Goudey Premiums R303
 1939 World Wide Gum V351
 1941 Goudey R324

List of Goudey non-sport sets
Year(s), name, quantity and dimensions:

 1933 Boy Scouts (48) Size: 2⅛ × 3¼ in.
 1933 Sea Raiders (48) Size: 2⅜ × 2⅞ in.
 1933 World War Gum (96X 2⅞ in.
 1933-40 Indian Gum (216) Size: 2⅜ × 2⅞ in.
 1934 Big Thrill Booklets (24) Size: 2-5/16 × 2⅞ in.
 1935 Majik Fold Pictures (9) Size: 5½ × 10¼ in.
 1935 The Goudey Line R.R. 12 × 5 × 5 in.
 1936 Auto License Plates (36) Size: 1½ × 3¼ in.
 1936 History Of Aviation (10) Size: 5½" square
 1937 Auto License Plates (69) Size: 1½ × 3¼ in.
 1938 Auto License Plates (66) Size: 1½ × 3¼ in.
 1938-39 Action Gum (96) Size: 2⅜ × 2⅞ inches
 1939 Auto License Plates (30) Size: 1½ × 3¼ in.
 1940 First Column Defenders (24) Size: 2½ × 3⅛ in.
 1941 Sky Birds (24) Size: 2-5/16 × 2⅞ in.
 1947-48 Indian Gum (96) Size: 2⅜ × 2⅞ in.
 Jungle Gum (48) Size: 2⅜ × 2⅞ in.
 Our Gang Gum Puzzles (25) Size: 3-11/16 × 5⅛ in.
 Rainbow Radio Rascals (6) Size: 4⅜ × 5½ in.
 Soldier Boys (24) Size: 2⅛ × 2⅞ in.

See also
Baseball card
Bowman Gum
Fleer
Topps

Further reading
 "Baseball Card Investors" on Time, August 22, 1977

References

Baseball cards
Food and drink companies established in 1919
Food and drink companies disestablished in 1962
Publishing companies established in 1919
1919 establishments in Massachusetts
1962 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Publishing companies disestablished in 1962

Goudey


The Kumtag Desert (, "kum-tag" meaning "sand-mountain" in a number of Turkic languages), is an arid landform in Northwestern China, which was proclaimed as a national park in the year 2002.

Definitions

Broad
The oval Tarim Basin with its central Taklamakan Desert is bounded on the north, west, and south by mountains. On the east side the Kumtag is an unbroken plain about 100 miles from north to south that runs from the Taklamakan to Gansu province and Mongolia. Many modern maps do not show a Kumtag in this sense, which implies that the usage may be out of date.

The Kumtag Desert is a section of the Taklamakan Desert that lies east-southeast of the Desert of Lop. It is bordered by Dunhuang in the east, Tian Shan in the north and has an area of more than 22,800 square kilometers. Its southern rim is marked by a labyrinth of hills, dotted in groups and irregular clusters. Between these and the Altyn-Tagh is a broad latitudinal valley, seamed with watercourses that come down from the foothills of the Altyn-tagh. Grapes and other crops are grown in oases in low-lying areas. Elsewhere, the desert supports scrubby desert plants, water reaching them in some instances at intervals of years only. This part of the desert has a general slope northwest towards the relative depression of the Kara-koshun. A noticeable feature of the Kumtag is the presence of large accumulations of drift-sand, especially along the foot of the desert ranges, where it rises into dunes sometimes as much as  in height and climbs the flanks of ranges themselves.

Administratively, the desert is located in the Ruoqiang (Qakilik) County of Xinjiang and Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County and Dunhuang City of Gansu, near their border with Qinghai.

Narrow

A map published by the National Geographic Society shows a much smaller Kumtag. This is a rectangle with a northwest corner south of Lop Nor, a southern edge along the Altyn-Tagh and an eastern edge just beyond the Gansu border. Near the northeast corner is the Jade Gate which is often taken as the western end of the Great Wall. From space it appears as a belt of orange sand dunes. This is probably the 2500 square kilometer area mentioned below.

Ongoing desertification
The Kumtag Desert is expanding and threatening to engulf previously productive lands with its arid wasteland character.  Several years prior the estimated size of the desert was 2500 square kilometres, but with recent expansion, the Kumtag Desert is already considerably larger as of 2008.

The Kumtag Desert is continuing a process of expansion that is the result of centuries of overgrazing of this region that is beyond its carrying capacity.  According to the AFP news report of November, 2007: "Towering sand dunes [of the Kumtag Desert] loom over the ancient Chinese city of Dunhuang".  According to Hogan: "Rapid expansion of the Kumtag Desert and other dunes formations threaten to engulf Yungang and other archaeological sites"; moreover, the desertification adjacent to the Kumtag Desert is part of a larger problem in northern China where the present rate of desertification in this single region of China (e.g. Northern China) now exceeds  per annum.  To mitigate the desertification, the town of Dunhuang has placed severe limitations on immigration, and has also placed restrictions on new water-well development or new farm additions.

Prevailing winds and sands
The prevailing winds in this region would appear to blow from the west and northwest during the summer, winter and autumn. Though in spring, when they certainly are more violent, they no doubt come from the northeast, as in the desert of Lop. The arrangement of the sand here agrees perfectly with the law laid down by Grigory Potanin, that in the basins of Central Asia the sand is heaped up in greater mass on the south, all along the bordering mountain ranges where the floor of the depressions lies at the highest level. The country to the north of the desert ranges is thus summarily described by Sven Hedin: "The first zone of drift sand is succeeded by a region that exhibits proofs of wind modelling on an extraordinarily energetic and well-developed scale, the results corresponding to the jardangs and the wind-eroded gullies of the Desert of Lop. Both sets of phenomena lie parallel to one another; from this we may infer that the winds which prevail in the two deserts are the same. Next comes, sharply demarcated from the zone just described, a more or less thin kamish steppe growing on level ground; and this in turn is followed by another very narrow belt of sand, immediately south of Achik-kuduk Finally in the extreme north we have the characteristic and sharply defined belt of kamish steppe, stretching from east-northeast to west-southwest and bounded on north and south by high, sharp cut clay terraces.

"At the points where we measured them the northern terrace was  high and the southern 853/4 feet....Both terraces belong to the same level, and would appear to correspond to the shore lines of a big bay of the last surviving remnant of the Central Asian Mediterranean. At the point where I crossed it the depression was 6 to , wide, and thus resembled a flat valley or immense river-bed."

The moving sands of the Kumtag are of a concern for the designers of the Golmud–Dunhuang Railway, which will cross  the eastern edge of this desert in the
Shashangou area, between Dunhuang and the Altyn-Tagh-Qilian mountain system. There was a concern that the  "megadunes" characteristic of this area may shift, burying the railway. However, geological research indicated that the "megadunes" are mostly formed by solid subsoil, rather than just sand. Although there is still the issue of drifting sand, it is thought by the experts  that the sand is mostly blown along the direction of the future railway rather than across it, and can be handled with certain precautions.

See also
Taklamakan Desert

References

External links

Sites along the Silk Road
Deserts of China
Geography of Xinjiang
Geography of Gansu

Kumtag Desert


The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), or ventromedial nucleus of the spinal cord, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the medulla oblongata (which develops from myelencephalon in embryonic development). The rostral ventromedial medulla sends descending inhibitory and excitatory fibers to the dorsal horn spinal cord neurons.
There are 3 categories of neurons in the RVM: on-cells, off-cells, and neutral cells. They are characterized by their response to nociceptive input. Off-cells show a transitory decrease in firing rate right before a nociceptive reflex, and are theorized to be inhibitory.  Activation of off-cells, either by morphine or by any other means, results in antinociception. On-cells show a burst of activity immediately preceding nociceptive input, and are theorized to be contributing to the excitatory drive. Neutral cells show no response to nociceptive input.

Involvement in neuropathic pain

Research has shown the RVM to be important in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Ablation of μ-opioid-expressing neurons in the RVM with a dermorphin-saporin conjugate reduced the duration of allodynia and hyperalgesia caused by a nerve injury. Treatment with the dermorphin-saporin conjugate did not alter baseline pain thresholds, or affect sensitivity in the first 5–10 days after nerve injury. This suggests that the RVM contributes to the persistent pathology caused by nerve injury.

Further research determined that a large majority of μ-opioid-expressing neurons also expressed CCK2 receptors. Microinjection in the RVM with either a CCK-saporin or a dermorphin-saporin conjugate eliminated neurons expressing either receptor. Injection of the CCK-saporin conjugate also reversed allodynia and hyperalgesia in a nerve injury model, producing the same results as the dermorphin-saporin conjugate. This destruction of neurons was relatively specific, as less than 10% of neurons in the RVM were destroyed. This suggests that the targeted neurons are the ones responsible for maintaining chronic neuropathic pain states, and that the observed effect was not due to diffuse destruction of RVM neurons.

In addition, lidocaine microinjections into the RVM temporarily reversed allodynia and hyperalgesia caused by nerve injury.

To help determine whether the persistent pain state was centrally or peripherally mediated, non-noxious stimuli were applied to the nerve-injured limb. In animals receiving vehicle injections into the RVM, there was an increase in c-Fos expression in the superficial and deep dorsal horn of the spinal cord, indicating activation of nociceptive neurons. Animals receiving the dermorphin-saporin conjugate into the RVM had significantly less c-Fos expression. This indicates that a persistent neuropathic pain state is centrally mediated.

Role of serotonin in pain modulation

Serotonin receptors have been hypothesized to play a bidirectional role in the modulation of pain. Based on previous experiments, a 5-HT3 antagonist, ondansetron, and a 5-HT7 antagonist, SB-269,970, were chosen to study.

Systemic or intra-RVM injections of morphine produced dose-dependent antinociception. Spinal administration of SB-269970 reduced morphine-induced antinociception, whereas spinal administration of ondansetron had no effects. SB-269970 and ondansetron were then tested for their efficacy in reducing nociceptive responses. Allodynia and hyperalgesia were experimentally induced by administration of CCK into the RVM. Spinal administration of SB-269970 had no effect on nociception, whereas ondansetron completely reversed the effects of CCK injection. Spinal ondansetron also reversed allodynia and hyperalgesia caused by a peripheral nerve injury. Taken together, these findings indicate a role for 5-HT7 receptors in opioid-induced antinociception, and a role for 5-HT3 in pro-nociceptive facilitation.

One limiting factor is that SB-269970 was also found to be a potent α2-adrenergic antagonist. Since the study using SB-269970 did not use a
α2-adrenergic antagonist as a control, it is possible that some of the effects of SB-269970 are from its adrenergic effects.

Effects of Substance P and Neurokinin 1 receptors
The RVM contains high levels of both the neurokinin 1 receptor and its endogenous ligand, Substance P (SP). Microinjections of SP into the RVM resulted in transient antinociception to noxious heat stimuli but not mechanical stimuli. Pretreatment with a neurokinin 1 (NK1) antagonist prevented the antinociception induced by SP injection, but the NK1 antagonist had no effects on pain threshold by itself. To test the effects of an NK1 antagonist during injury states, an NK1 antagonist was microinjected into the RVM after application of Freund's Complete Adjuvant (CFA), a chemical used for inflammation models. Administration of the NK1 antagonist reversed the heat hyperalgesia caused by CFA. In contrast, the administration of an NK1 antagonist further increased the tactile hyperalgesia induced by CFA. However, the NK1 antagonist did prevent some tactile hyperalgesia induced by a different compound, capsaicin. In yet another induced injury model using mustard oil (a TRPA1 agonist), NK1 antagonists did not affect thermal or tactile hyperalgesia.

In contrast to the study above, another group of researchers found that microinjection of SP into the RVM resulted in transient thermal hyperalgesia, which persisted long-term when continuous infusion pumps were implanted. To look more at the SP-NK1 signaling, they performed Western Blots of RVM slices, looking for NK1 receptor expression. NK1 receptor expression was increased from 2 hours to 3 days after administration of CFA.

NK1 agonism induced hypersensitivity is dependent on 5-HT3 receptors, and modulated by GABAA and NMDA receptors as well. Animals were pretreated with spinally administered Y-25130 or ondansetron, both 5-HT3 antagonists, before having RVM injections of SP. Both Y-25130 and ondansetron inhibited SP-induced thermal hyperalgesia. GABAA receptor involvement was demonstrated by intrathecal administration of gabazine, a GABAA antagonist, in animals receiving continuous infusions of SP into the RVM. Gabazine treatment completely reversed the thermal hyperalgesia. The mechanism behind GABA involvement was investigated using in vitro recordings from animals treated with continuous infusions of SP or saline into the RVM. In SP-treated neurons, GABA evoked depolarization, whereas, in saline-treated neurons, it caused hyperpolarization. "These results suggest that descending facilitation induced by RVM SP administration produces GABAA receptor-evoked depolarization and an increase in excitation of dorsal horn neurons." Next, the GABA A agonist muscimol was tested in conjuncture with SP. Intrathecal muscimol significantly enhanced SP-induced hypersensitivity, which was blocked by intrathecal gabazine. Next, the researchers looked at threonine phosphorylation of NKCC1 proteins, which are an isoform of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter. Phosphorylation of these proteins results in increase activity of the cotransporter. Chronic administration of RVM SP or acute SP combined with intrathecal muscimol resulted in significantly higher levels of phosphorylated NKCC1.

Involvement of NMDA receptors
The role of NMDA receptors in non-inflammatory noxious stimuli was examined. The injury model consisted of two injections of acidic saline (pH = 4.0), and was designed to model non-inflammatory muscular pain. Intra-RVM administration of AP5 or MK-801, NMDA receptor antagonists, resulted in a reversal of the mechanical sensitivity induced by the acidic saline.

Behavioral hyperalgesia in inflammatory pain states is closely correlated with phosphorylation of spinal NMDA receptors. To find out more about the role of NMDA receptors in RVM pain facilitation, intrathecal MK-801 was administered before a RVM SP injection. Pretreatment with MK-801 significantly reduced SP induced hyperalgesia. Intrathecal MK-801 also blocked hyperalgesia resulting from continuous SP infusions. SP also increased the phosphorylation of the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors.

In order to find out the relationship between GABA, NMDA, and SP, MK-801 was administered intrathecally to determine the effect on muscimol potentiation of SP hyperalgesia. MK-801 reduced the exaggeration of SP hyperalgesia induced by muscimol. Also, low doses of SP and intrathecal muscimol increased the expression of phosphorylated NR1 subunits of NMDA receptors. Intrathecal gabazine treatment before muscimol blocked the increase in phosphorylated NR1 expression.

Purinergic involvement
On- and off-cells were both activated by local administration of ATP, a P1 and P2 agonist, whereas neutral cells were inhibited. However, on-cells and off-cells differed in their response to P2X and P2Y agonists.

On-cells displayed a greater response to P2X agonists vs P2Y agonists. For example, α,β-methylene ATP, a P2X agonist, activated all on-cells, whereas 2-methylthio-ATP, a P2Y agonist, activated only 60% of on-cells tested. All on-cells showed a response to the non-specific P2 agonist uridine triphosphate (UTP). Activation of on cells by ATP was reversed by using the P2 antagonists suramin and pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′disulphonic acid (PPADS), but not with the P2Y antagonist MRS2179.

In contrast, off-cells were more responsive to P2Y agonists. 2-Methylthio-ATP activated all off-cells, whereas α,β-methylene ATP, a P2X agonist, activated only one-third of off-cells. Off-cells were also activated by UTP, but lacked any response to adenosine, a P1 agonist. Activation of off-cells by ATP was inhibited by suramin, PPADS, and MRS2179.

Neutral cells are inhibited by adenosine, a P1 agonist, whereas on-cells and off-cells lack a response to adenosine.

Histological staining by another research group examined the distribution of purinergic receptor subtypes throughout the RVM. P1, P2X1, and P2X3 all showed moderate labeling density, with slightly greater densities observed in the nucleus raphes magnus and the raphe pallidus. In contrast, P2Y1 showed lower levels of labeling. P1 and P2Y1 were shown to be co-localized, as well as P2X1 and P2Y1. Presence of the raphe nuclei in the RVM also led to staining for tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), a marker for serotonin (5-HT) positive neurons, and looking for co-localization of 5-HT neurons with purinergic receptors. Only about 10% of RVM neurons were TPH positive, but, of those labeled for TPH, a large majority were co-labeled with purinergic antibodies. Fifty-five percent of TPH+ neurons stained for P1, 63% for P2X1, 64% for P2X3, and 70% P2Y1.

References

Medulla oblongata

Rostral ventromedial medulla


Hildreth Cemetery is a small cemetery located on Hildreth Street at Sutherland and By Streets in the Centralville neighborhood of Lowell, Massachusetts. The cemetery's history dates back to the mid-18th century, when it was designated as a burial ground by Major Ephraim Hildreth before his death in 1740. Though located within the Lowell city limits, it is actually administered by the nearby town of Dracut because the cemetery was built when Centralville was still a part of Dracut.

In 1913, the City of Lowell attempted to sell the cemetery after the Town of Dracut neglected to pay a tax on a new sidewalk on Hildreth Street; this would have resulted in the forced relocation of many of the remains at the cemetery.   After an injunction in Suffolk County court to prevent the sale, the town continues to maintain the cemetery.  The nearby private cemetery containing the graves of General Benjamin Butler and his wife, Sarah Hildreth, was not affected.

Vandalism, October 2009

On October 3, 2009, a teenager from Centralville became angry over a "personal matter" and damaged over 150 headstones in Hildreth Cemetery, many of them around two centuries old. 90 of them were damaged beyond repair due to age or the materials they were made from (some older ones carved in slate, others in marble). The cost of the damage was estimated to be around $10,000. The Hildreth Family Cemetery, gated and locked all year, was untouched. The perpetrator turned himself in two weeks later upon seeing pictures of the destroyed headstones in the Lowell Sun.

In June 2010, the town of Dracut authorized the allocation of $30,000 towards the repair of Hildreth Cemetery, so that the work would begin before the winter. In October, work began on the restoration. Several stones were repaired on site, as they were merely knocked over or were easily repaired, but those damaged beyond repair were flagged for replacement by Hudson Monuments in Hudson, New Hampshire. Much of the work was completed by March 2011.

Hildreth Family Cemetery
The Hildreth family's private cemetery is set behind the public cemetery and entered via two locked gates accessible only from Hildreth Street. The cemetery is closed all year, with the exception of the annual commemoration of General Butler's birthday and the replacement of the flag, held the first Sunday in November.

Several generations of the Hildreth family are buried in the cemetery. The more well-known members include:
 Benjamin Franklin Butler (1818–1893): A controversial Union general during the American Civil War and later a Congressman and Governor of Massachusetts. He married Sarah Hildreth (1816–1876) in 1844.
 Adelbert Ames (1835–1933): A highly decorated Union general during the Civil War, who served as a U.S. Senator and Governor of Mississippi during Reconstruction. He married Butler's daughter Blanche (1847–1939) in 1870, while serving in the Senate. (Ames' date of birth is erroneously listed on the monument as October 30 while all known records, as well as the Medal of Honor plaque at the base of the monument, list his birthday as October 31.)
 Charlotte Ellison Butler (1782–1870): Benjamin Butler's mother.
 Andrew Jackson Butler (1815–1864): Benjamin Butler's elder brother, a colonel in the United States Army who accompanied him to New Orleans and died of fever in February 1864.
 Dr. Israel Hildreth (1791–1859): Noted physician of the Greater Lowell area, and father of Sarah Hildreth Butler.
 Benjamin and Sarah Hildreth Butler's other three children, all sons:
 The first Paul Butler (1845–1850)
 The second Paul Butler (1852–1918): Inventor and businessman.
 Ben-Israel Butler (1855–1881): West Point graduate (1877) and lawyer who died before he was able to practice.
 Five of Adelbert and Blanche Butler Ames' children:
 Butler Ames (1871–1954): West Point graduate (1894) and Colonel in the U.S. Army during the Spanish–American War and Congressman from Massachusetts. His wife Fifille Willis Ames (1886–1940) is buried alongside him.
 Edith Ames Stevens (1873–1958) and her husband C. Brooks Stevens (1864–1949)
 Sarah Ames (1874–1931)
 Blanche Ames Ames (1878–1969): Artist and suffragist, who wrote the first full-length biography on her father in response to the biased interpretation of his administration of Mississippi in John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage.
 Jessie Ames Marshall (1882–1967)

Ames' youngest son, Adelbert Ames, Jr., has his name inscribed on the monument; however, he is actually buried at the cemetery on the grounds of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.

Gallery

References

External links

 Hildreth Cemetery at Find A Grave
 Hildreth Family Cemetery at Find A Grave
 YouTube video of the broken stones in Hildreth Cemetery

Buildings and structures in Lowell, Massachusetts
Cemeteries in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Cemetery vandalism and desecration
Benjamin Butler
Butler–Ames family

Hildreth Cemetery


Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike (17 April 1916 – 10 October 2000) was a Sri Lankan politician. She served as prime minister three times and was the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. She was the first female to be elected head of government in the world. Bandaranaike was the widow of a previous prime minister, Solomon Bandaranaike, who was murdered in 1959. Her policies were based in socialism and similar to her husband's. All three of their children later served in the Sri Lankan government.

She spent 40 years in political office. She resigned on 10 August 2000. Exactly two months later she died, aged 84, of a heart attack.

Family life
Sirimavo Bandaranaike was born on 17 April 1916, as Sirimavo Ratwatte. Her family was part of the aristocracy. She was a Buddhist, but went to school at a convent in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where she was taught by Roman Catholic nuns. In 1940, she married Solomon Bandaranaike, who was a member of parliament at the time. He became prime minister in 1956 as the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP). Sirimavo and Solomon had three children, Chandrika, Sunethra and Anura.

Political career
Sirimavo did not begin a career in politics until after her husband was shot dead on 26 September 1959. She was named successor to her husband's leadership of the party. She led that party to win elections in July 1960, promising to continue her husband's policies. Bandaranaike became Prime Minister on 21 July 1960. She was the first female prime minister in the world, and the first woman to be elected head of government.

Bandaranaike was a socialist. She continued her husband's policies of nationalising major sectors of the economy. She also brought all schools that were owned by the Roman Catholic Church under the government's control. The most famous of her early policies was the Sinhala Only Act, also started by her husband but never finished. This included a plan to wikt:repatriate, send Tamil residents to India (get them Indian citizenship and deport them). It also made Sinhala the state's only official language by removing English. This was seen as discriminatory and was the beginning of human rights protests and Tamil militancy.

The government's takeover of foreign businesses, particularly petroleum companies, upset Britain and the United States, who both ended aid to Sri Lanka. As a result, Bandaranaike made a closer relationship with China and the Soviet Union. In 1962, Christian officers of the military made an unsuccessful attempt at a coup d'état. Bandaranaike lost a vote of confidence in 1964, and her party was defeated in the resulting elections in 1965. Before she was replaced, Bandaranaike's government signed an agreement with India over the status of about one million Tamils: 600,000 were to be granted Indian citizenship and repatriated, and 375,000 were to be granted Sri Lankan citizenship.

Bandaranaike became prime minister again in the 1970 elections.  military aid from India and Pakistan.

A new constitution was introduced in 1972. The monarchy was abolished, and the Commonwealth realm known as Ceylon was replaced by the modern republic of Sri Lanka. The President of Sri Lanka replaced Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.

During her second term, Bandaranaike became more and more intolerant of criticism. She forced critical media outlets to shut down. She also nationalised the country's largest newspaper, Lake House. Bandaranaike was chosen chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1976. Despite success in foreign affairs, she was losing popular support in Sri Lanka very quickly. Her government was accused of corruption while the economy was quickly declining. Elections were scheduled to be held in 1975, but Bandaranaike used a clause of the new constitution to delay them indefinitely. The elections took place in 1977, and her party was defeated severely. In 1980, Bandaranaike was charged with abusing her power for delaying the elections. She was forced out of her seat in parliament and banned from public office for seven years.

Bandaranaike stayed as leader of the SLFP despite losing every general election in the next ten years. Her party led a coalition (the People's Alliance) to win the general elections in 1994. Bandaranaike's daughter, Chandrika, became prime minister, and was then elected president the same year. Bandaranaike became prime minister again, but the constitution had changed since her last term. As prime minister she was now subordinate to her daughter, the President. She stayed in office until a few months before her death, but had little real power. She resigned on 10 August 2000. Exactly two months later she died, aged 84, of a heart attack.

References

Other websites
 Website of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
Sirimavo Bandaranaike, The Telegraph

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1916 births
2000 deaths
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka

Sirimavo Bandaranaike


Dīs Pater (Latin: "Father of riches") was a god of the underworld in Roman mythology. Originally a chthonic deity associated with riches and fertility, he became commonly equated with the Greek god Hades alongside the Roman deity Orcus, and so came to be associated with the dark and dismal realm of the dead. The god's name, Dīs Pater, was often shortened to simply Dīs, which came to be used as an alternative name for the underworld, as is the case in Dante's The Divine Comedy, in which the City of Dis comprises Lower Hell.

Roman gods and goddesses

Dīs Pater


The Azores () is an archipelago of nine volcanic islands in the North Atlantic Ocean; they are about  west of Lisbon and about  southeast of Newfoundland. The islands, and their Exclusive Economic Zone, form the Autonomous Region of the Azores, one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal.

There are nine major Azores islands and several very small islands (islets), in three main groups. They extend for more than  and lie in a northwest-southeast direction.

The archipelago is part of the Macaronesia islands.

History

Officially, the islands were discovered in the 15th century (in 1431) by Gonçalo Velho Cabral a Captain in the service of Infante Dom Henrique, although credit is also given to the explorer Diogo de Silves (in 1427).

The archipelago was settled over the centuries, mostly from mainland Portugal. Portuguese settlers came from the provinces of Algarve, Minho, Alentejo and Ribatejo, as well as Madeira.

In 1976, the Azores became the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), an autonomous region of Portugal.

Geography

The archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean between 36º and 43º latitude North and between 25º and 31º longitude West. They have a very humid oceanic climate with relatively small annual variations.

The nine islands are in three natural geographic groups, each group separated by more than  of water. These groups are:
 The eastern group, with the islands of São Miguel and Santa Maria;
 The central group, with the islands of Faial, Terceira, Graciosa, São Jorge, and Pico;
 The western group, with the islands of Flores and Corvo.

The eastern group also has, to the northeast of Santa Maria, a group of very small islands (islets) and reefs that are named Ilhéus das Formigas (Islets of the Ants), or just Formigas ("Ants"); these smalls islands, together with the Dollabarat reef, form the Reserva Natural do Ilhéu das Formigas.

The nine islands have a total area of . Their individual areas vary between  of the largest island (São Miguel) to  of the smallest (Corvo).

All the islands have volcanic origins, although some, such as Santa Maria, have had no recorded activity since the islands were settled. The last volcano to erupt in the archipelago was the Capelinhos Volcano () in 1957, in the western part of the island of Faial. Earthquakes are common on most of the islands.

The Azores are on place where three of the world's large tectonic plates (the North American Plate, the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate) meet. The westernmost islands of the archipelago, (Corvo and Flores), are in the North American Plate, while the remaining islands are located within the region where the Eurasian plate is separated from the African Plates.

The volcano Mount Pico, on the Pico island, is the highest point in Portugal, at .

Climate
Daily maximum temperatures usually range between  and . The average annual rainfall increases from east to west, and it ranges from 700 to 1600 annual millimetres (27.6–63 in) on average, reaching  on Mount Pico.

The sea around the Azores is warmed by the Gulf Stream and sea water temperature varies from  to .

Hurricanes
A total of 11 tropical or subtropical cyclones have affected the region in history. Most of them were either extratropical or tropical storms when they impacted the region, although several hurricanes of Category 1 have reached the Azores.

Administration
When the Azores became an Autonomous Region of Portugal, the cities of Ponta Delgada, Angra and Horta were considered capital/administrative cities to the regional government: homes to the President (Ponta Delgada), the Judiciary (Angra) and the Regional Assembly (Horta).

The Azores are divided into 19 municipalities (); each municipality is further divided into parishes (), of which there is a total of 156 in all of the Azores.  The municipalities, by island, are:

Cities

There are five cities () in the Azores:
Ponta Delgada (), São Miguel island, with 68,809 inhabitants: 33,516 men and 35,293 women.
Ribeira Grande (), São Miguel island, with 32,112 inhabitants: 16,187 men and 15,925 women.
Angra do Heroísmo (), Terceira island, with 35,402 inhabitants: 17,270 men and 18, 132 women.
Praia da Vitória (), Terceira island, with 21,035 inhabitants: 10,434 men and 10,601 women.
Horta (), Faial island, with 14,994 inhabitants: 7,324 men and 7,670 women.

Population
According to the 2011 Census, the total population in the Azores was 246,746: 121,533 men and 125,213 women. The density for the whole Archipelago is 106 persons/km2.

Economy
The Azores economy is based mainly on agriculture, fisheries and tourism.

In the agriculture sector, cattle-raising is very important. Some of the most important crops in the Azores are pineapples, grapes, potatoes, tobacco and tea. Fisheries are an important economic activity on all islands. Fishing methods are highly traditional among Azorean fishermen. Industry in the Azores is based mainly on the production of dairy products (milk, cheese) and transformation of fisheries products, such as tuna.

It is tourism, however, that has been growing more in recent years. It is far less developed than those industries of its Macaronesian neighbours, Madeira and Canary Islands.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Azores Regional Government

Archipelagos

Azores


Raymond James Donovan (August 31, 1930 – June 2, 2021) was an American business executive and politician.  He served as U.S. Secretary of Labor under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1985.  He resigned after being the first serving member of the Cabinet of the United States to be indicted, but was ultimately acquitted in 1987.

Early life and career
Donovan was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, on August 31, 1930.  He was the seventh of twelve children of David and Eleanor Donovan, who both died by the time he was 18 years old. He attended St. Peter's Preparatory School, before studying at Notre Dame Seminary in New Orleans, Louisiana.  Although he contemplated becoming a priest, he returned to Bayonne after graduating in 1952 in order to look after his younger siblings.

Donovan was employed as a laborer responsible for unpacking Ballantine beer trucks, and became part of the electrical workers union.  He then worked for the American Insurance Company until 1959, when he joined Schiavone Construction Company as its vice president in charge of labor relations, finance, bonding, and real estate.  He was promoted to executive vice president in 1971.

Political career

Reagan appointed Donovan the Secretary of Labor on February 4, 1981. Under his stewardship, he reduced the department's staff and budget, reduced regulations on businesses through changes in the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) enforcement practices, revised the Davis–Bacon rules, modified Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) rules, created new industrial homework rules, and revised the federal compliance regulations.

Throughout his tenure, Donovan was noted for his frosty dealings with leaders of organized labor.  His implementation of Reagan's conservative business agenda – of free enterprise with limited regulation from the government – was seen by them as reducing protections in the workplace and rolling back the hard-fought improvements they had achieved under the previous Carter administration.  He resigned from his position on March 15, 1985, five months after he was indicted.  He was the first serving member of the Cabinet of the United States to be indicted.

Criminal investigation and exoneration
In a highly publicized case, Donovan and six other defendants were indicted by a Bronx County, New York, grand jury for larceny and fraud in connection with a project to construct a new line extension for the New York City Subway, through a scheme involving a Genovese crime family associate and a minority-owned subcontractor. Schiavone Construction was required by its contract with the NYCTA to subcontract part of the work to a minority-owned enterprise. The essence of the charge was that the minority-owned firm (Jo-Pel Contracting and Trucking Corp) leased equipment from Schiavone and therefore was not truly independent of Schiavone. On May 25, 1987, Donovan (and all of the other defendants) were acquitted with a number of jurors openly applauding the verdict, after which Donovan was famously quoted as asking, "Which office do I go to to get my reputation back?"  Reagan supported Donovan throughout the trial, and upon the latter's acquittal, affirmed how he had "always known Ray Donovan as a man of integrity" and "never lost confidence in him."

A second criminal investigation saw Donovan investigated by a federal special prosecutor.  This was over allegations that he had ties to individuals in organized crime and claims that he was present when a union leader received an illegal payoff.  No charges were pressed and the investigation was brought to an end.

Later life
Donovan held 50% ownership in Schiavone Construction until its late 2007 sale to Spanish conglomerate, Grupo ACS. He also co-founded and was a part-owner of the Fiddler's Elbow Country Club.  He was noted for his philanthropy in the field of education and to the Catholic Church.  He also participated in a local program that assisted in exonerating individuals who had been wrongfully convicted.

Personal life
Donovan married Catherine Sblendorio in 1957.  They remained married until his death.  Together, they had three children: Kenneth, Mary Ellen, and Keith.

Donovan died on June 2, 2021, at his home in New Vernon, New Jersey.  He was 90, and suffered from congestive heart failure prior to his death.

References

External links
 General
  U.S. Department of Labor Biography
 Raymond J Donovan at NameBase (Archive)

 Court filings
 Schiavone v Donovan et al., March 6, 2008

1930 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians
American businesspeople in insurance
American chief executives of financial services companies
American construction businesspeople
Businesspeople from New Jersey
New Jersey Republicans
Notre Dame Seminary alumni
Politicians from Bayonne, New Jersey
Reagan administration cabinet members
United States Secretaries of Labor

Raymond J. Donovan


Binary fission ("division in half") is a kind of asexual reproduction.  It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the Amoeba and the Paramoecium. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously.

In binary fission, the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two pools. After replicating its genetic material, the parent cell divides into two equal sized daughter cells. The genetic material is replicated, then equally split. The daughter cells are genetically identical (unless a mutation occurs during replication).

During binary fission, the DNA molecule divides and forms two DNA molecules. The cell then grows to create room for each molecule to move towards the opposite side of the bacterium. At the same time, the cell membrane divides to form 2 daughter cells. After division, the new cells grow and the process repeats itself.

Binary fission occurs in eukaryotic tissue cells, but the process is more complicated: see mitosis.

Basically, a cell copies its DNA, and then splits down the middle, creating two daughter cells.

References

Methods of reproduction
Bacteria

Binary fission


Lepa-lepa is a traditional canoe from the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago. They are short range coastal fishing craft, but they can also be used for inter island voyages. The routes they took, among others are between Seram and Ambon-Lease, Geser island and Seram Laut, within Banda and Kei group of islands. They are already existed since at least 1500 A.D.

Description

Traditional lepa-lepa canoe is made from single piece of hollowed wood (dugout base). The wood can be of various sizes. They can be used with or without a sail, as they can be propelled with paddles (called wosa in native language) and quant poles (doan). Some of them may be equipped with double outrigger. Lepa-lepa may be enlarged by adding additional planks to its sides. A boat that has been added with a kalulis prow is called lepa-lepa kalulis. The sails used are from nade, gaff, and tanja types. After 1980s lepa-lepa began to be modernized by adding outboard motor. Modern lepa-lepa is made by fiberglass. A lepa-lepa may be 3.4–9.3 m long, with 40–80 cm width, and depth of 30–55 cm.

Role
Lepa-lepa is mainly used for fishing. They are also used for transporting, such as transporting trading products (sago, fish, green vegetables), and people. Lepa-lepa is suitable for maneuvering through narrow shallow channel using combination of quant poles and paddles. In the present however, it is not considered appropriate to sail or paddle for long distances using them, and motorized lepa-lepa are more often used.

See also

 Orembai
 Kalulis
 Lambo

References

Further reading

 Ellen, R. F. (2003). On the Edge of the Banda Zone: Past and Present in the Social Organization of a Moluccan Trading Network. University of Hawaii Press.

Austronesian ships
Sailboat types
Indonesian inventions
Types of fishing vessels
Sailing ships
Boats of Indonesia
Outrigger canoes

Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)


is a Japanese professional wrestler. Prior to becoming a pro wrestler, he played rugby. After starting his career in Toryumon, Kondo eventually joined All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), where he became one of the promotion's top junior heavyweights, winning the World Junior Heavyweight Championship three times and the All Asia Tag Team Championship once. Upon leaving AJPW in 2013, Kondo joined Wrestle-1, where he became half of the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions. Kondo also worked as the vice president, booker and trainer for Wrestle-1 until its closure in 2020. He now works as a freelancer in promotions like Pro Wrestling Basara and DragonGate.

Professional wrestling career

Toryumon/Dragon Gate

Kondo was part of the T2P class in Toryumon. At first he was a face in the Toryumon Seikigun.

He would turn heel and join the Italian Connection, changing his name to Condotti Shuji, after the shopping district. One of his stablemates in the ItaCon was "brother" Yasshi, who has remained a firm ally of his ever since.

In 2003, the ItaCon was divided over the face/heel issue, with Kondo leading the heel side. He would lead the turn, briefly rename to Dotti Shuji, and soon after revert to his real name. He and Yasshi formed a group called Hagure Gundam (Rogue Corps in English) with fellow ItaCon member Shogo Takagi, and Toru Owashi. When Hagure Gundam was joined by Masaaki Mochizuki, it was renamed Aagan Iisou. Mochizuki would later be kicked out of the stable after he and Kondo feuded over who was leader, and Takuya Sugawara was added to the group.

On December 31, 2004, all five members of Aagan Iisou – Kondo, Yasshi, Sugawara, Owashi, and Shogo – were fired from Dragon Gate, the newly renamed Toryumon, for alleged behavioral problems.

Dragondoor

Kondo was built up as the heel ace of the Dragondoor promotion. All five members of Aagan Iisou were on the roster, but Kondo only aligned himself with YASSHI and Sugawara. Despite the three of them being the heels, they received most of the fan support over the babyfaces.

All Japan Pro Wrestling

He soon joined AJPW, where he and long-time associate "brother" Yasshi would ally themselves with Taru's Voodoo Murders stable and even hold the All-Asia Tag Team Titles for a short time. The Voodoo Murderers were previously in an intense feud against RO&D, but defeated their long-time foes after D'Lo Brown and Buchanan turned on RO&D and joined the Voodoo Murderers. Kondo also became the World Junior Heavyweight Champion  having won the title from junior ace Taka Michinoku. On February 17, 2007, Kondo lost the Jr. Heavyweight Title to Katsuhiko Nakajima, thus ending his 1-year, 4-month title reign. Kondo would remain a regular top player in AJPW's junior division for the next several years – a run which included a tag-team with Kaz Hayashi and occasionally working with the heavyweights in tag-team action as a partner of Suwama. His allegiance with both men would be defining parts of his tenure through his working with both men across multiple factions in big-match scenarios. As AJPW and Pro Wrestling NOAH began working together more in 2011–2013, Shuji began working NOAH as a part-time outsider and, as an AJPW representative, would defeat NOAH's Yoshinobu Kanemaru for the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship on September 29, 2012. Before the year was out, Kondo would return twice to NOAH for successful defenses against Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki, respectively. His third defense would be on January 2, 2013, in a dual-title match against reigning AJPW World Junior Heavyweight Champion Hiroshi Yamato. With the victory over Yamato, Kondo became the first person to hold both AJPW and GHC Junior Championships simultaneously; though, the dual-title run would be short lived as Kondo would lose the GHC Junior Title to old dragondoor rival Taiji Ishimori on January 28. In that same month, the new incarnation of the Burning faction – Jun Akiyama, Go Shiozaki, Yoshinobu Kanemaru, Kotaro Suzuki, and Atsushi Aoki – would invade AJPW after leaving their old home of Pro Wrestling NOAH the month prior. All members immediately challenged for AJPW gold and on February 23, Kondo would fall to Kanemaru to end his second reign. On March 4, 2013, Kondo joined Suwama and Joe Doering as a member of the stable, Last Revolution. In June 2013, Kondo announced his resignation from All Japan in the aftermath of Nobuo Shiraishi taking over as the president and Keiji Mutoh leaving the promotion. His final match as an AJPW roster member was on June 30 when he and Kaz Hayashi challenged unsuccessfully for the All Asia Tag Team Championship being held by Burning's Aoki and Suzuki.

On January 25, 2018, Kondo returned to AJPW as a Wrestle-1 representative for an eight-man tag team match. Despite having competed for the heavyweight division there and in other promotions, Kondo participated in the Jr. Battle of Glory. Kondo would win his block with a 4–1 record, and go on to defeat 2017 tournament winner, Koji Iwamoto, in the Final. The tournament victory would lead to an unsuccessful challenge for Atsushi Aoki's World Junior Heavyweight Championship on March 25. Kondo would next return on August 3, teaming with freelancer Kotaro Suzuki for a run in the Junior Tag Battle of Glory which ended at an even 3–3 record. Though unsuccessful in the tournament, Kondo did get another direct pinfall over Koji Iwamoto in their league match which led to Kondo being nominated as Iwamoto's first challenger for Koji's newly-won Junior Title. On September 22, Kondo regained the World Junior Heavyweight Championship for a third time. His third reign would last two months – passing a defense against Hikaru Sato before losing the title back to Koji Iwamoto on November 29.

El Dorado

Kondo is also one of the main players in dragondoor's successor, El Dorado.  Unlike in dragondoor, Kondo was set up to be the face ace of the promotion.  He and YASSHI split for the first time in years, with YASSHI briefly leading his own faction.  Kondo started a faction called Sukiyaki, named after his famous love of meat dishes.  When his friend and fellow Dragon Gate exile Naoki Tanisaki abruptly left El Dorado and returned to Dragon Gate, Kondo disbanded Sukiyaki.  After defeating Magnitude Kishiwada on August 15, 2008 to win the Greatest Golden League, Kondo announced his departure from El Dorado.

Wrestle-1

On July 10, 2013, Kondo was announced as part of Keiji Mutoh's new Wrestle-1 promotion. During the promotion's inaugural event on September 8, Kondo teamed with Kaz Hayashi in a tag team match, where they were defeated by the Big Japan Pro Wrestling team of Daisuke Sekimoto and Yuji Okabayashi. As part of a working relationship between Wrestle-1 and American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), Kondo and Hayashi earned a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship by defeating Desperado (Kazma Sakamoto and Masayuki Kono) on February 15, 2014. On March 2 at Kaisen: Outbreak, Kondo and Hayashi unsuccessfully challenged The Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards) for the TNA World Tag Team Championship in a three-way match, which also included The BroMans (Jessie Godderz and Robbie E), who went on to win the match and become the new champions. On September 22, Kondo entered the Wrestle-1 Championship tournament, defeating his tag team partner Hayashi in his first round match. The following day, he defeated Hiroshi Yamato to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On October 8, Kondo was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Kai. Through Wrestle-1's relationship with Pro Wrestling Zero1, Kondo and Seiki Yoshioka won the NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship on November 7 by defeating "brother" Yasshi and Takuya Sugawara. In November, Kondo and Hayashi took part in the First Tag League Greatest tournament, set to determine the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions, where they finished second in their block with a record of three wins and one loss, advancing to the semifinals. On November 30, Kondo and Hayashi first defeated Kai and Ryota Hama in the semifinals and then Akira and Manabu Soya in the finals to win the tournament and become the inaugural Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions. On March 1, 2015, Kondo and Yoshioka lost the NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship back to Yasshi and Sugawara. After seven successful title defenses, Kondo and Hayashi lost the Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship to Jun Kasai and Manabu Soya on July 12, 2015.

On October 9, 2015, Kondo broke off his partnership with Hayashi and formed a new stable with Masayuki Kono and rookies Hiroki Murase and Shotaro Ashino. On October 31, the stable was named TriggeR. On November 27, Kondo and Kono won the Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Kazma Sakamoto and Yuji Hino on March 6, 2016. On December 9 Kondo with Jun Kasai and Nosawa Rongai defeated Andy Wu, Daiki Inaba and Seiki Yoshioka to win the UWA World Trios Championship.

On March 27, 2017, it was announced that Kondo would become Wrestle-1's new executive vice president on April 1, serving under new president Kaz Hayashi.

Championships and accomplishments
All Japan Pro Wrestling
All Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with "brother" Yasshi
World Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 Junior League/Jr. Battle of Glory (2009, 2018)
Junior Tag League (2012) – with Kaz Hayashi
Mika Kayama Cup (2010) – with Kohei Suwama
Aquamarine Cup Tag Tournament (2005) – with "brother" Yasshi

Dragon Gate
Open the Twin Gate Championship (1 time, current) - with Kenoh

El Dorado Wrestling
Treasure Hunters Tag Tournament (2006) – with Dick Togo
Greatest Golden League (2008)

Pro-Wrestling Basara
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time, current) – with Takuya Sugawara and Toru Owashi

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #236 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013

Pro Wrestling Noah
GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Hajime Ohara

Pro Wrestling Zero1
NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Seiki Yoshioka
Tokyo Sports
Match of the Year (2008) – vs. Naomichi Marufuji on November 3, 2008
Tag Team Of The Year (2006) – with Taru, Suwama, & "brother" Yasshi
Toryumon Japan
British Commonwealth Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
UWA World Trios Championship (2 times) – with Milano Collection A.T. & Yossino (1) and Toru Owashi & "brother" Yasshi (1)

Wrestle-1
UWA World Trios Championship (3 times) – with Jun Kasai and Nosawa Rongai (1), Kaz Hayashi and Masayuki Kono (1), and Kaz Hayashi and Manabu Soya (1)
Wrestle-1 Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Kaz Hayashi (2), Koji Doi (1), Masayuki Kono (1), and Seigo Tachibana (1)
Tag League Greatest (2014) – with Kaz Hayashi
Wrestle-1 Tag League (2018) – with Koji Doi

References

External links
Wrestle-1 profile

Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
1978 births
Sportspeople from Shizuoka Prefecture
Professional wrestling trainers
Professional wrestling executives
GHC Junior Heavyweight Champions
All Asia Tag Team Champions
World Junior Heavyweight Champions (AJPW)
British Commonwealth Junior Heavyweight Champions
UWA World Trios Champions
Wrestle-1 Tag Team Champions

Shuji Kondo


The Claisen condensation is a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction that occurs between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl compound in the presence of a strong base.  The reaction produces a β-keto ester or a β-diketone. It is named after Rainer Ludwig Claisen, who first published his work on the reaction in 1887.  The reaction has often been displaced by diketene-based chemistry, which affords acetoacetic esters.

Requirements
At least one of the reagents must be enolizable (have an α-proton and be able to undergo deprotonation to form the enolate anion). There are a number of different combinations of enolizable and nonenolizable carbonyl compounds that form a few different types of Claisen.

The base used must not interfere with the reaction by undergoing nucleophilic substitution or addition with a carbonyl carbon. For this reason, the conjugate sodium alkoxide base of the alcohol formed (e.g. sodium ethoxide if ethanol is formed) is often used, since the alkoxide is regenerated. In mixed Claisen condensations, a non-nucleophilic base such as lithium diisopropylamide, or LDA, may be used, since only one compound is enolizable. LDA is not commonly used in the classic Claisen or Dieckmann condensations due to enolization of the electrophilic ester.

The alkoxy portion of the ester must be a relatively good leaving group. Methyl and ethyl esters, which yields methoxide and ethoxide, respectively, are commonly used.

Types
 The classic Claisen condensation,  a self-condensation between two molecules of a compound containing an enolizable ester.

 The mixed (or "crossed") Claisen condensation, where one enolizable ester or ketone and one nonenolizable ester are used.

 The Dieckmann condensation, where a molecule with two ester groups reacts intramolecularly, forming a cyclic β-keto ester. In this case, the ring formed must not be strained, usually a 5- or 6-membered chain or ring.

 Retro-Claisen condensation is the reverse of the title reaction, i.e., the base-induced cleavage of 2-ketoesters

Mechanism

In the first step of the mechanism, an α-proton is removed by a strong base, resulting in the formation of an enolate anion, which is made relatively stable by the delocalization of electrons. Next, the carbonyl carbon of the (other) ester is nucleophilically attacked by the enolate anion. The alkoxy group is then eliminated (resulting in (re)generation of the alkoxide), and the alkoxide removes the newly formed doubly α-proton to form a new, highly resonance-stabilized enolate anion. Aqueous acid (e.g. sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid) is added in the final step to neutralize the enolate and any base still present. The newly formed β-keto ester or β-diketone is then isolated. Note that the reaction requires a stoichiometric amount of base as the removal of the doubly α-proton thermodynamically drives the otherwise endergonic reaction. That is, Claisen condensation does not work with substrates having only one α-hydrogen because of the driving force effect of deprotonation of the β-keto ester in the last step.

See also
Aldol condensation
Stobbe condensation
Fatty acid synthesis
Polyketide synthase
Dieckmann condensation

References

External links

Condensation reactions
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Name reactions

Claisen condensation


Sorbie is a smaw veelage in the Machars in the historical coonty o Wigtounshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland.

It is locatit midwey atween Wigtoun an Whithorn on the A714 road.

Fermin forms the principal local industry in the aurie.

The Sorbie Veelage Haw is uised bi a nummer o groups.

Sorbie Pairish Kirk, in the centre o the veelage, dates fae aroond 1755 an is a lairge T-plan structur, noo de-ruift.

Millisle Kirk, 0.6 mile wast o Garlieston, wis designt bi Alan Stewart, 10t Yerl o Gallowa.

An infaw on the Wigtownshire Railway appent in Millisle in 1876. Sorbie railwey station on the Wigtownshire Railway brainch o the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Railway that closed in 1964 umwhile served Sorbie veelage.

For mony years Sorbie hid a creamery locatit aside the railwey station, some o whase products wis aince exportit via the port at nearby Garlieston. The creamery closed feenal in the 1990s an the site is noo occuppee'd bi a granite warks. Galloway Granite his noo flittit tae Newtoun Stewart an the warks noo appear tae be abandont an in a state o ruination.

History

Sorbie pairish wis a 17t century amalgamation o Sorbie, Kirkmadrine, an Cruggleton. Timothy Ponts 17t century map shaws Kirck o Cruggletown.

Ainslie's 1782 map shaws Sorby Parish an the kirk by the Veelage o Sorbie.

In 1846 the pairish wis an aurie aboot 6 mile lang and atween 3.5 mile til awmost 6 mile wide, composed o 9,000 acre, o that 7,700 acre is arable wi a moderate skarin o pasturs an meidaes, 400 acre is wuidland an plantations, an the lave is muirland.

Cruggleton Castle that wis abandont in the 17t century is a wheen o miles sooth o Garlieston.

Sorbie Tour, ae mile east o Sorbie, wis the seat o the Clan Hannay.

Thare is an early medieval motte near Sorbie Tour.

The auld places o Broughton Skeog an Broughton Mill is shawn juist wast o Gallowa Hoose, Sorbie, in John Ainslie's 1782 map.

Gallowa Hoose, the seat o the Yerl o Gallowa, is a stately big hoose biggit aboot the mid o the 18t century, an situatit on the nearby coast atween Garliestoun Bay an Rigg Bay.  Locatit within Gallowa Hoose Gairdens is the runs o a wheen o cots. The cots merk the site o Carswell veelage that wis situatit in Rigg Bay. Whan the Yerl o Gallowa decidit he wantit tae built a grand new hoose cried Gallowa Hoose nearby, he muived the people fae Carswell.

On Ainslie's 1782 map Dowalton Loch (Langcastle) is shawn tae be in the pairish o Sorbie.

In wast Sorbie is the site o Dowalton Loch, cried an aw Ravenston an Langcastle. The loch wis aboot 3 mile aroond an fae sax tae twinty fit deep that, whan soukit, wis fund tae conteen twa smaw islands o crannogs o the prehistoric woners. Five canoes wis fund in the loch. On the islands, an in thair neebourheid, wis diskivert an aw several veshels o bronze, beads o gless, vitreous glouter, lammer, queerns, whatstanes, etc. (ref. Dr Stuart's address til the Archeological Society of Glasgow, 1865-6).

Doon Hill fort o sattlement is juist ablo the heichest pynt o Doon Hill, on a sclent facin the soothwast, conseestin o twa yirden rampairts wi a medial ditch, meisurin aboot 144 fit east-tae-wast bi abbot 111.5 fit thort fae centre tae centre o the inby rampairt. An ingang micht hae been in the nor'wast side. The bind an form o the yirdwark, thegither wi its situation on teh sclentin grund, place it in a cless common in Wigtounshire.

Eggerness Airn-Age Promontory Fort is in Sorbie.

Leetit biggins in Sorbie

 Garlieston, 20 And 21 South Crescent

 Garlieston, 23 South Crescent

 Garlieston,11 South Street

 Garlieston, 13 South Street And Cowgate

 Kirkmadrine, Church And Burial Ground

 Millisle, Sorbie Parish Church (Church Of Scotland) And Churchyard

 Sorbie, 2 Wigtown Road, The Pheasant Inn

 Garlieston, 10 North Crescent

 Garlieston,1 High Street The Queens Hotel And Outbuilding

 Garlieston, Home Farm

 Garlieston, 9 And 10 South Crescent

 Garlieston, 5 South Street Kildarroch House

 Garlieston, 7 South Street

 Garlieston, 25 South Street

 Galloway House And Park Walls

 Galloway House, High Lodge

 Galloway House, Walled Garden Including Gardener's Cottage And Garlieston House

 Garlieston, 11 And 12 South Crescent

 Garlieston, 14 North Crescent

 Garlieston, 6 Cowgate

 Garlieston,6 South Crescent Lynwood

 Garlieston, 15 And 16 South Crescent

 Garlieston, 21 South Street

 Old Place Of Sorbie Also Known As Sorbie Tower

 Sorbie Old Parish Church And Churchyard

 Garlieston, 2 South Crescent

 Galloway House, Wigtown Lodge

 Garlieston, Harbour And Warehouses

 Garlieston 7 North Crescent

 Galloway House, Cruggleton Lodge, Policy Walls And Gates

 Garlieston, 17 South Crescent

 Garlieston,9 South Street Dunroamin

 Sorbie, 5 St John's, St John's Croft

 Garlieston, 15 North Crescent

 Garlieston, 15 Culderry Row Lincoln Cottage

 Garlieston, High Street Mirfield

 Cruggleton Church And Walled Burial Ground

 Galloway House, Garlieston Lodge

 Garlieston, 18 And 19 South Crescent The Harbour Inn

 Garlieston, 22 South Crescent

 Old Manse Of Sorbie

 Sorbie Former Uf Church

 Garlieston, 16 North Crescent

 Garlieston, 17 North Crescent

 Garlieston, 8 North Crescent

 Garlieston, 5 South Crescent

 Garlieston, 3 South Street Oakmere

 Garlieston, 19 South Street Southview

 Pouton Mains

 Garlieston, 4 South Crescent

 Garlieston, 13 South Crescent

 Garlieston, 14 South Crescent

 Garlieston, 2 South Street Garden Walls And Outbuilding To Rear

 Garlieston, North Crescent Garlieston Mill Bridge

 Garlieston 1 South Crescent Torwood

 Cults Farmhouse

 Galloway House, Park Cottage

 Galloway House, Whithorn Lodge

References

Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa
Pairishes in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

Sorbie