Avram David "Avi" Lewis (born May 1967) is a Canadian documentary filmmaker, former host of the Al Jazeera English show Fault Lines and former host of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) current-affairs programs CounterSpin and On the Map.

Biography

Family
Avi Lewis is the great grandson of Moshe Losz (Lewis), an outspoken member of the Jewish Bund who left Svislach, Poland (absorbed by the Soviet Union during World War II, and today in Belarus), after being interrogated by the Russians and threatened with death or the Gulag for his political activity, he left for Montreal in 1921, with his wife Rose (née Lazarovitch) and three children. Avi Lewis is the grandson of former federal New Democratic Party leader David Lewis and the son of former Ontario NDP leader and diplomat Stephen Lewis and journalist Michele Landsberg. Avi Lewis is married to journalist and author Naomi Klein; his sister Ilana Landsberg-Lewis was the executive director of the Stephen Lewis Foundation.

Lewis grew up in Toronto, Ontario, and attended Jarvis Collegiate and Upper Canada College. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1988.

Lewis was featured on the November 20, 2001, "Life & Times" episode of The Lewis Family.

Avi Lewis's genealogical search was featured on the January 31, 2008, episode of the CBC's Who Do You Think You Are?

Career
Between 1996 and 1998, Avi Lewis was host of The NewMusic, a music magazine show on MuchMusic and Citytv. He also served as MuchMusic's political specialist — by doing extensive special events coverage for the channel designed to engage youth in the political process. Among other events, he covered the 1993 Canadian federal election and the 1995 Quebec referendum. Avi Lewis won a Gemini for Best Event Coverage.

In 1998–2001, Lewis hosted CBC Newsworld's current affairs discussion show counterSpin, where he presided over 500 debates. Avi Lewis was later the host of Counterspin Sunday.

In 2004, Lewis and his wife Naomi Klein collaborated on The Take — a documentary that detailed the "recovered factory" movement in Argentina. The Take, winner of the International Jury Prize, was nominated for four Gemini Awards.

Lewis began hosting CBC Newsworld's The Big Picture with Avi Lewis in the autumn of 2006 and On the Map in 2007. He became host of Frontline USA for Al Jazeera television in 2008. Lewis was a participant in the CBC's Canada Reads 2009 (see below).

Lewis directed the 2015 feature-length documentary This Changes Everything, which finished second in the audience voting, for the documentary category, at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival.

On the Map
In June 2007, CBC Newsworld debuted On the Map with Avi Lewis, a daily (Monday-Thursday) half-hour of international news commentary. Lewis discussed such issues as the "Oil Law" that the United States wished Iraq to adopt, women in Afghanistan, and what exactly is meant by the phrase "ungoverned spaces". The show was officially renewed for November 2007 and then disappeared without ever airing again. On the Map'''s half-hour time slot was replaced with a half-hour summary of the daily hour-long show Politics by Don Newman.

During the same time period, The Hour, which had a mix of news commentary and pop culture and provided a lighter fare than On the Map, became decidedly more oriented to pop culture - even though there has been some creep towards greater news commentary as the season progressed. George Stroumboulopoulos stated during the opening show, that the modification of format was because The Hour would now be shown right after The National (rather than before in previous seasons) when shown on the CBC main channel.The Big Picture with Avi Lewis  CBC.ca

Lewis conducted a June 11, 2007, interview with political writer Ayaan Hirsi Ali. After repeatedly and openly sniggering at Hirsi Ali's complimentary remarks about the United States, Lewis sharply questioned some of her views - including her denial of the existence of Islamophobia, her belief that Islam was inherently misogynistic, and her positive opinions concerning American democracy. Lewis compared Islamophobia to Anti-Semitism, seeing both as equally real, to which Ali replied: "Racism is a universal trait, so is antisemitism, by the way. But I want us not to confuse a set of beliefs such as Islam, with ethnicity such as the hatred against Jews just because they are Jews, or against blacks just because they are black, or against gays just because of- it's something you can't do anything about. Whereas Islam is simply a set of beliefs, and it's not Islamophobic to say ... this is being done in the name of your religion." The interview provoked a strongly critical response from right-wing commentators in the US and Canada.

Lewis has stated  that Hugo Chávez's actions do not match his rhetoric and has criticized Chávez for not doing more to close down the "laboratory" of policies which he had inherited from previous administrations. Naomi Klein, who credited Avi Lewis for his input into her book The Shock Doctrine, links both stifling of dissent and concentration of power with the implementation of these earlier economic policies.

Why Democracy?
From October 8–18, 2007, Avi Lewis hosted the ten-part international documentary series Why Democracy? in Canada.

Frontline USA / Inside USAInside USA was first telecast on Al Jazeera on February 8, 2008, with the episode "Politics of Race". Al Jazeera describes Inside USA as "an in-depth look at the real issues at stake in the US presidential election."Politics Of Race (February 22, 2008) focused on the situation in New Orleans and the disenfranchising of Black voters.Inside USA - Politics of Race - 22 Feb 08 - Pt 2, YouTubeNative Americans (March 1, 2008) focused on Lakota Sioux separatism, social and economic issues surrounding the Lakota Sioux, Navajo and the Shoshone peoples. The last few minutes were devoted to the role online videos play in the American election - including a clip from "Yes We Can".

Canada Reads
Lewis was a panelist in the CBC's Canada Reads, which aired on March 2–6, 2009. Canada Reads is a seasonal show in which celebrities choose a book and advocate on its behalf. He presented, and successfully defended, the winning book, Lawrence Hill's The Book of Negroes.

Leap Manifesto
In September 2015, Lewis, Naomi Klein, and others launched the Leap Manifesto - which proposed broad changes to Canadian society and economics in order to respond to climate change through a policy framework that also addresses issues of wealth and income inequality, racism, and colonialism and in hopes of influencing the policy debate during the 2015 Canadian federal election campaign. In 2016, Lewis spearheaded a motion at the New Democratic Party of Canada's federal election which would have had the party endorse the manifesto - in the end, the motion was amended to refer the manifesto to constituency associations for debate. Lewis and other manifesto signatories launched an organization to promote the manifesto's vision in 2017, called The Leap, which operated until 2021 and was a key convenor of Canada's Pact for a Green New Deal in 2019.

 Electoral politics
In May 2021, Lewis was nominated as the NDP's candidate for West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country, British Columbia for the 2021 Canadian federal election, which was subsequently called for September 20, 2021. Lewis' run for federal parliament was endorsed by environmentalist David Suzuki, actress Jane Fonda, playwright Eve Ensler, folk singer and activist Billy Bragg, and biologist Alexandra Morton. He came in third behind incumbent Liberal Patrick Weiler who has represented the riding since 2019 and Conservative John Weston, who had previously represented the district from 2008 until 2015.

References

External links
 CBC Digital Archives – Avi Lewis, Canada Reads advocate

 100 Days of Resistance: Al Jazeera's Avi Lewis Reports from Honduras - video report by Democracy Now!''

1967 births
Living people
Canadian television journalists
Film directors from Toronto
Jewish Canadian journalists
Journalists from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
Upper Canada College alumni
Avi
Canadian people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Canadian political journalists
People from the Sunshine Coast Regional District
Jewish Canadian filmmakers
New Democratic Party candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Place of birth missing (living people)

Avi Lewis


Vyasa (, , literally "Compiler") is an important figure in most Hindu traditions. He is sometimes called Veda Vyāsa (वेदव्यास, veda-vyāsa, "the one who classified the Vedas") or Krishna Dvaipāyana (referring to his complexion and birthplace). He is the author of the Mahabharata. He is also a character in it. He is considered to be the scribe of both the Vedas and Puranas. According to Hindu beliefs, Vyasa is an avatar of the god Vishnu. Vyasa is also considered to be one of the seven Chiranjivins (long lived, or immortals), who are still in existence according to Hindu belief.

Vyasa born in Nepal lived around the 3rd millennium BCE. The festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to him. It is also known as Vyasa Purnima, for it is the day believed to be both his birthday and the day he divided the Vedas.

In the Mahabharata
Vyasa appears for the first time as the compiler of, and an important character in, the Mahabharata. It is said that he was the expansion of the god Vishnu who came in Dwaparayuga to make all the Vedic knowledge available in writing which was available in only in spoken form at that time.  He was the son of Satyavati, daughter of the fisherman Dusharaj, and the wandering sage Parashara. He is credited with being the author of the first Purana, Vishnu Purana). Vyasa was born on an island in the Yamuna river. There are two different views regarding the place of his birth. One of the views suggests that he was born in the Tanahun district in western Nepal. Another view suggests that he was born on Island in Yamuna river near Kalpi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Vyasa had a dark complexion and may be called by the name Krishna (black), and also the name Dwaipayana, meaning 'island-born'.

References

Hindu saints
Mahabharata
Ancient writers

Vyasa


Global distillation or the grasshopper effect is the geochemical process by which certain chemicals, most notably persistent organic pollutants (POPs), are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth, particularly the poles and mountain tops. Global distillation explains why relatively high concentrations of POPs have been found in the Arctic environment and in the bodies of animals and people who live there, even though most of the chemicals have not been used in the region in appreciable amounts.

Mechanism
The global distillation process can be understood using the same principles that explain distillations used to make liquor or purify chemicals in a laboratory. In these processes, a substance is vapourised at a relatively high temperature, and then the vapour travels to an area of lower temperature where it condenses. A similar phenomenon occurs on a global scale for certain chemicals. When these chemicals are released into the environment, some evaporates when ambient temperatures are warm,  blows around on winds until temperatures are cooler, and then condensation occurs. Drops in temperature large enough to result in deposition can occur when chemicals are blown from warmer to cooler climates, or when seasons change.  The net effect is atmospheric transport from low to high latitude and altitude. Since global distillation is a relatively slow process that relies on successive evaporation/condensation cycles, it is only effective for semi-volatile chemicals that break down very slowly in the environment, like DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, and lindane.

Effect of global distillation
Several studies have measured the effect, usually by correlating the concentrations of a certain chemical in air, water, or biological specimens from various parts of the world with the latitude from which the samples were collected. For example, the levels of PCBs, hexachlorobenzene, and lindane measured in water, lichens, and tree bark have been shown to be greater in higher latitudes.

The effect is also used to explain why certain pesticides are found in Arctic and high altitude samples even though there is no agricultural activity in these areas, and why indigenous peoples of the Arctic have some of the highest body burdens of certain POPs ever measured. Recent studies conclude that for most pollutants slower degradation in colder temperatures is a more important factor in accounting for their accumulation in cold region than global distillation. Exceptions include highly volatile, persistent substances such as chlorofluorocarbons.

See also

 Stockholm Convention

References

Further reading

External links
The Grasshopper Effect and Tracking Hazardous Air Pollutants, Environment Canada.

Global environmental issues
Environmental effects of pesticides
Environment of the Arctic
Pollution
Air pollution

Global distillation


Carlos Roque (April 12, 1936 - July 27, 2006) was a Portuguese comics artist.

Roque was born in Lisbon. He began publishing in 1959, in the Portuguese comic Camarada. Roque relocated to Belgium in 1964, where he found extensive work in the Belgian comics market.

In 1965 Rogue began working for the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Spirou, where he produced several series, including the series "Angélique" in 1968.  The "Angélique" stories were primarily written by his wife Monique, with a few by Raoul Cauvin and Charles Jadoul.  In 1969 Roque and his wife created the adventures of the duckling "Wladimyr", for which they won the Saint-Michel Award in 1976.  Roque also worked for Spirou'''s Dutch edition, Robbedoes''.

Roque died in Leuven, Belgium on July 27, 2006.

External links
 Roque entry at Comiclopedia

1936 births
2006 deaths
Portuguese artists
Portuguese comics artists

Carlos Roque


The Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles  is a Catholic religious institute of the Carmelite Order founded by Mother Maria Luisa Josefa of the Most Blessed Sacrament. It is based in Alhambra, California, a suburb of Los Angeles.

About the Carmelite Sisters
The way of life of the Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles is rooted in the Gospel, the Church, and the spirituality of Carmel as lived out through the charism of their foundress, Venerable Mother Maria Luisa Josefa of the Most Blessed Sacrament. Their mission statement is three-fold: "Educating for Life with the Mind and Heart of Christ" in schools; being "At the Service of the Family for Life" through eldercare; and "Fostering a Deeper Spiritual Life" through individual and group retreats.

History
In the 1920s during the revolution and religious persecution in Mexico, Mother Luisita established schools, hospitals, and orphanages despite being scrutinized by the government. "As the fictional women in The Handmaid's Tale are forced to wear their garb, the real religious women of Mexico were threatened with death for wearing theirs." The very persecution which sought to destroy her work only spread it to another land when Mother Luisita and two companions entered the United States (incognito) as religious refugees on June 24, 1927, the feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. They established roots in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

The community has grown since its humble beginnings with 3 sisters in 1927.  Today, the Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles has grown to 143 professed sisters.

Apostolic Work
Although most Carmelites are cloistered nuns, the Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles are an active community combining the contemplative charism of Carmel and bringing this spirit out to the world through services in elder care, education and retreat work.  They carry out this work at 13 sites located in the states of California, Arizona, Colorado and Florida, serving tens of thousands of people yearly.

Elder Care
Santa Teresita - established 1930 (Skilled Nursing & Assisted Living)
Marycrest Manor - established 1956 (Skilled Nursing)
Avila Gardens - established 2000 (Independent Living)

Retreat Work
Sacred Heart Retreat House - established 1941
St. Joseph's Conference and Evangelization Center

Education

Child Care Centers
 Little Flower Educational Child Care Center - established 1929
Hayden Child Care Center - established 1958

Elementary schools
(formerly) Saint Joseph (La Puente, CA)
Saint Philomena (Carson, CA)
Holy Innocents (Long Beach, CA)
Loretto School (Douglas, AZ)
St. Theresa (Coral Gables, FL)
Saints Peter and Paul (Wheat Ridge, CO)

High schools
 Coleman F. Carroll High School (Coral Gables, FL)
JSerra High School (San Juan Capistrano, CA)

Carmelite Saints
 Our Lady of Mount Carmel
 Saint Teresa of Avila
 Saint John of the Cross
 Saint Therese of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face
 Saint Teresa of Los Andes
 Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein)

Sources

Written by the Sisters
Moments of Grace: True Stories in the Lives of the Carmelites Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles. (2015)
Spirit of Carmel published print newsletters (online: 2014-2020)

Written by others
 Caterine, Darryl V. (2001). Conservative Catholicism and the Carmelites: Identity, Ethnicity, and Tradition in the Modern Church. Indiana University Press.

References

External links
Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles - Official Website

1920s establishments in California
Carmelite Order
Alhambra, California
History of women in California


Santana do Livramento is a city in the state o Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.  It is locatit alang the border wi the eeity o Rivera, Uruguay, shapin thegither an internaitional city o amaist 200,000 inhabitants.

Owerview

It is 208 metres abuin sea level, an is 498 km  frae its caipital city (Porto Alegre). The population in 2005 wis 97,488 inhabitants in a area o 6,950.37 km².
Santana do Livramento wis foondit on 30 Julie 1823 an in 1857 wis emancipatit frae Alegrete as a city.
The economy is mainly fermin, cattle, leather guids an Viniculture Commerce. The city crosses the 31st parallel an aw, makin it a ideal area for wine production. The twa main wineries are Almaden an Santa Colina.

Mony tourists come tae Livramento tae visit the duty-free shops in its neebourin city Rivera.

Landwart tourism is a attractive option in Santana do Livramento an aw.

Leid:
Brazilian Portuguese an Portunhol (a mixtur o Spainyie an Portuguese).

Events:
 Internaitional kite fair;
 20 September day, when the gaúchos commemorate the Revolução Farroupilha;
 Festival o lamb an wine.

Ibirapuitã Park, on BR 293, lees aboot ten kilometres frae the city.

The border community is unusual in that inhabitants frae baith Livramento (Brazil) an Rivera (Uruguay) are free tae muive onywhaur throuoot the twin city commonty. It is easy for ane tae get lost in the suburbs an no ken if he is in Brazil or Uruguay. Customs an checkpoints are locatit ootside the cities.

Transport
Thare is a break of gauge station whaur the railweys o Brazil an Uruguay meet.

Santana do Livramento haes a airport but scheduled flichts tae the Brazilian city uisually uise Pres. Gral. Óscar D. Gestido Internaitional Airport in neebourin Rivera, Uruguay.

Freemit airtin
 Santana do Livramento detailed city Street Map
 Santana do Livramento city haw

Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul
Brazil–Uruguay border crossins
Dividit cities

Santana do Livramento


Highland Park Historic District is a national historic district located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. The residential district includes 12 contributing buildings in the Highland Park subdivision. The houses were built on 18 lots carved from the former farm of Oliver Pryor between 1899 and 1939, and are representative of popular architectural styles during that period.  The district includes the original farmhouse, known as the Pryor-Wilson House, built about 1852 with additions and modifications through 1922.  The district boundaries encompass an area that once included a stone entrance and two homes designed by noted Wheeling architect Frederick F. Faris (1870-1927). The residents of Highland Park were prominent in the areas of steel, insurance, law, hardware, real estate, and banking.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

References

Houses in Wheeling, West Virginia
Historic districts in Wheeling, West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Wheeling, West Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
1993 establishments in West Virginia

Highland Park Historic District (Wheeling, West Virginia)


The US Army Field Manual on Interrogation, sometimes known by the military nomenclature FM 34-52, is a 177-page manual describing to military interrogators how to conduct effective interrogations while conforming with US and international law. It has been replaced by FM 2-22.3 Human Intelligence Collector Operations.

Interrogations during the 'global war on terror'

During the American War on Terror, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld issued a set of so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques" that authorized conduct widely considered to be torture. This authorization was based on a series of controversial legal memos authored by the Office of Legal Counsel that sought to define torture far more narrowly than before. These authorizations were highly controversial, particularly in the wake of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Various revisions of the extended techniques were issued.

Rumsfeld intended the extended techniques to be used only on the captives the United States classified as "illegal combatants".  However, extended interrogation techniques were adopted in Iraq, even though captives there were entitled to protection under the Geneva Conventions.  General Geoffrey D. Miller, who was then the director of interrogation of detainees held in the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp, and some of his staff were sent to Iraq to help transfer their interrogation experience. Military intelligence troops had been using extended techniques in Afghanistan, notably Captain Carolyn Wood. General Ricardo Sanchez, the commander of American ground forces in Iraq, issued his own set of extended techniques after input from Miller and his team, and from Captain Wood.

Detainee Treatment Act
On July 25, 2005, Senator John McCaina prisoner-of-war and torture victim during the Vietnam Warsubmitted an amendment to a military spending bill, intended to restrict all US government interrogators from using interrogation techniques not authorized in the Army Field Manual.

On October 20, 2005, Vice President Dick Cheney met with McCain to try to convince him to agree that his amendment should only apply to military interrogators.  Cheney wanted to continue to allow civilian interrogators, working for US intelligence agencies, to use more extended interrogation techniques.  McCain did not agree.

McCain's amendment passed, and is now called the Detainee Treatment Act.

Plans to revise the manual to allow extended techniques
On April 28, 2005, Defense Secretary Rumsfeld announced that the Army would be revising the manual.  The revised manual would have spelled out more clearly which interrogation techniques were prohibited.

On December 14, 2005, The New York Times reported that the Army Field Manual had been rewritten by the Pentagon. Previously, the manual's interrogation techniques section could be read freely on the internet; the new edition included 10 classified pages in the interrogation technique section, leaving the public no indication about what the government considered not to be torture.

On June 5, 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that the Pentagon's revisions would remove the proscription against "humiliating and degrading treatment", and other proscriptions from article 3 of the third Geneva Convention.
 The LA Times reported that the State Department had argued against the revisions because of the effect it would have on the world's opinion of the United States.

In 2006, there was an ongoing debate over whether the interrogation section should be classified. The New York Times reported that the Pentagon was considering making the interrogation section public once again, but the Pentagon made no formal announcement of its intentions.

On September 6, 2006, the U.S. Army announced the publication of Field Manual (FM) 2-22.3, "Human Intelligence Collector Operations". The Army's news release stated that Field Manual 2-22.3 replaced Field Manual 34-52 (published in 1992).  The new manual specifically prohibits many of the controversial enhanced interrogation techniques (including "waterboarding") which brought the matter to public attention, and also stipulates that the list is not all-inclusive of prohibited actions.

See also
 Detainees in CIA custody

References

External links
.html version of FM 34-52, circa May 8, 1987
.pdf version of FM 34-52, circa September 28, 1992 (Current version, soon to be replaced.)
 .pdf version of Field Manual FM 2-22.3, "Human Intelligence Collector Operations." , circa September 6, 2006  (It replaces Field Manual 34-52.)
Torture: Proposed New Army Field Manual Is a First Step but Must Apply to Everyone, Human Rights First, April 28, 2005
Statement of Senator John McCain Amendment on Army Field Manual, July 25, 2005
Cheney Plan Exempts CIA From Bill Barring Abuse of Detainees, The Washington Post, October 25, 2005
No Place for War Crimes: Redrafting the US Army Interrogation Manual, JURIST

United States Army publications
United States Department of Defense publications
Interrogations
United States Army Field Manuals

FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation


My New Partner, also called  Le Cop, is a 1984 French comedy film directed by Claude Zidi that stars Philippe Noiret and Thierry Lhermitte. Noiret plays a streetwise Paris policeman who takes kickbacks from the minor criminals on his beat to allow them to continue but is assigned an idealistic new partner fresh from training. His efforts to enmesh his colleague in the prevailing corruption succeed spectacularly.

The original French title is Les Ripoux, backslang for les pourris meaning the rotten ones. It won the César Award for Best Film in 1985 and was followed by two sequels: Ripoux contre Ripoux (1990) and Ripoux 3 (2003).

Plot
René has spent 20 years policing a tough quarter of Paris. Passionate about betting on horses, his dream being to become an owner, he lives with Simone, a retired prostitute. He knows all the petty crooks on his patch and lets them earn a living in exchange for favours and information. When François, an idealistic young cop from the provinces, is assigned to work alongside him, he tries to teach the new man the facts of big city life. He also fixes him up with an expensive young prostitute, Natacha.

Slowly, François' irritating high-mindedness is worn down, especially after he is beaten up by Natacha's pimp. When the pair learn that a huge consignment of heroin is to be exchanged for cash, they decide to lift the money. The crooks give chase and François succeeds in getting away with the loot but René is caught by the pursuing police. Because his official record is glowing, he only gets two years in jail. Simone and Natacha greet him on release, and out of the morning mist François arrives with the racehorse he has bought for Réné.

Cast
 Philippe Noiret - René Boirond
 Thierry Lhermitte - François Lesbuche
 Grace de Capitani - Natacha
 Julien Guiomar - Commissioner Bloret
 Régine - Simone
 Claude Brosset - Vidal
 Albert Simono - Inspector Leblanc

Accolades
César Awards (France)
Won: Best Director (Claude Zidi)
Won: Best Editing (Nicole Saunier)
Won: Best Film
Nominated: Best Actor – Leading Role (Philippe Noiret)
Nominated: Best Writing – Original (Claude Zidi)

External links

1980s buddy comedy films
1984 films
Best Film César Award winners
French buddy comedy films
1980s buddy cop films
Films directed by Claude Zidi
Films whose director won the Best Director César Award
1980s French-language films
French satirical films
Films scored by Francis Lai
1984 comedy films
1980s French films

My New Partner


The Prayer of the Apostle Paul is a New Testament apocryphal work, the first manuscript from the Jung Codex (Codex I) of the Nag Hammadi Library. Written on the inner flyleaf of the codex, the prayer seems to have been added after the longer tractates had been copied. Although the text, like the rest of the codices, is written in Coptic, the title is written in Greek, which was the original language of the text. The manuscript is missing approximately two lines at the beginning.

Authorship and Composition
Like other early Christian writings, the author of this prayer identifies themself with the historic Apostle Paul to give authority to the text. Consequently, the prayer is widely understood to be a pseudepigraphical work. Because the prayer lacks its opening lines, it is unclear whether there was a title at its beginning. However, a title written in Greek is preserved at the bottom of the treatise, reading "Prayer of the Apostle Paul" and followed by a colophon. The colophon, also written in Greek, states "In Peace. Holy is Christ." The prayer in its entirety was likely written in Greek and translated into Coptic.

Content
The prayer shows a distinctive Gnostic tone. It begins with a series of invocations addressed to the Redeemer. The term, with numerous meanings in both the Jewish Scriptures and the New Testament, has varied potential implications. The Redeemer is understood to be God in the Book of Job, just as he is known as the "Redeemer of Israel" in the Book of Isaiah. By contrast, in Paul's Letter to the Romans, Jesus is the Redeemer. In 3:24-25, Paul writes that believers "are now justified by his grace as a gift, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, whom God put forward as a sacrifice of atonement by his blood"—in essence, redemption is the saving nature of Jesus' death. The Redeemer might also be understood as the supreme, hidden God of the Gnostic belief system.

Whomever the prayer intends to address, the author employs the formula "you are" four times to characterize the Redeemer as mind, treasury, fullness or pleroma, and repose. With the exception of the word "treasury"—translated into Coptic as aho, the terms remain in Greek as nous, pleroma, and anapausis, respectively. Although these terms are frequent in Valentinian literature, they are also found elsewhere.

Many scholars have dubbed it as a Valentinian work due to characteristic phrases such as the "psychic God"—this would indicate that it was composed between 150 and 300 AD; if it is not of Valentinian origin it could date from as early as 75.

Parallels to other works
Scholars have found parallels to many other works which may be partial sources, including Corpus Hermeticum, the Three Steles of Seth, the Gospel of Philip, and the authentic Pauline letters.

References

External links
A Translation by Dieter Mueller

P The Prayers of Paul the Apostle
Coptic literature
Pseudepigraphy
Nag Hammadi library

Prayer of the Apostle Paul


"Scotty Doesn't Know" is a song from the 2004 sex comedy movie EuroTrip written and performed by the band Lustra. It is about the lead singer having an affair with Fiona and Scotty doesn't know that.

EuroTrip
In the movie, Donny (played by Matt Damon) sang this song at the graduation party. Matt Damon doesn't sing the song but his singing voice was done by the lead of Lustra. The song became an important part of the movie, where it became a famous club song at Bratislava and became a ringtone.

Scott Morrison
The song was put on a loop in Scott Morrison's website by a hacker in October 2018 to criticize Morrison's actions.

2004 songs
Music memes
Pranks
Songs about sexuality

Scotty Doesn't Know


Vasily Ivanovich Belov (; 23 October 1932 – 4 December 2012) was a Soviet and Russian writer, poet and dramatist, who published more than sixty books which sold (as of 1998) seven million copies. A prominent member of the influential 1970s–1980s derevenschiki movement, Belov's best known novels include Business as Usual (Привычное дело, 1966), Eves (Кануны, 1972–1987), Everything's Ahead (Всё впереди, 1986) and The Year of a Major Breakdown (Год великого перелома, 1989–1994).

Vasily Belov was a harsh critic of the Soviet rural policies (particularly collectivization), which he felt were dominated by the cosmopolitan doctrines aiming at repressing the Russian national identity. Even detractors, though, praised Vasily Belov's tough stance on ecological issues and his activities aimed at restoration of the old Russian historic sites and churches. A great admirer of Ivan Ilyin and his legacy, Belov financed the publication of the first Complete Ilyin collection and wrote a preface for it.

Vasily Belov, the USSR State Prize (1981) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2003) laureate, was also a recipient of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1982), the Order of Lenin (1984), the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class (2003) and the Order of Honour (2003).

Biography
Vasily Ivanovich Belov was born in Timonikha, Kharovsky District, Northern Krai, now Vologda Oblast, into a peasant family, the eldest of five children. His father Ivan Belov was killed in 1943 in the Second World War. While at school, Vasily had to work at the local kolkhoz, helping his mother to raise the family. His main memory of childhood, as Belov once recalled, was that of "overbearing hunger, for food and books." In 1949 he joined a professional college in Sokol, Vologda Oblast to learn the craft of carpenter and joiner. After the army he worked in one of the Molotov factories, then in 1956 moved back to Vologda where he started contributing to the regional Communard newspaper. Supported by Aleksander Yashin, an established Vologda writer, Belov in 1959 enrolled into the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow.

Career
In 1961 Vasily Belov's first book of poetry My Small Forest Village was published, along with the Village Berdyaika novella, his debut in prose. In 1963 he became a member of the Union of Soviet Writers and a year later, having graduated the Gorky Institute, returned to Vologda. In 1964 his book of short stories Sultry Summer was published, followed by Beyond the Three Voloks (1965).

It was the novella Privychnoye delo (Business as Usual, 1966) published by Sever magazine, that made Belov a well-known author, its main character Ivan Africanovich soon becoming the village prose movement's token figure. Business as Usual was miles apart from the standards of Socialist realism, and the magazine's editor Dmitry Gusarov even had to place the "To be concluded" tag in the end of it to appease censors who felt the story's finale was "too pessimistic". It was followed in 1968 by the Carpenter Tales short stories collection (published in Aleksandr Tvardovsky's Novy Mir) and then Vologda Bukhtinas (1969) a set of modern local folklore pieces. The leitmotif of the collection Upbringing According to Dr. Spock (1974) was the rural-against-urban lifestyle dilemma, the latter seen by the author as unnatural, amoral and deficient.

In contrast, 1979's Lad (Harmony) compilation of ethnographical essays proved to be Belov's most cheerful book, portraying the traditional Russian rural ways of life as an idyll of man living in harmony with nature. An outspoken opponent of some of the Soviet official policies, Vasily Belov has not for a moment been considered a dissident, having found his ideological stronghold in the opposite corner of the ideological specter. In 1981 he received the USSR State Prize ("For creating works of superb artistic quality"), then the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1982) and Order of Lenin (1984). In the early 1980s he became one of the leading figures in the Soviet Writers Union and the Russian Federation Writers Union's first secretary. His plays Over the Light Waters, On the 206th, The Immortal Koshchey were running in theatres all over the country, all highlighting the idea of fighting amorality (the natural consequence of urbanization, as he saw it) and concentrating upon preserving the Russian natural riches.

The 1986 Everything's Ahead novel, again targeting the urban set of values, caused controversy and brought about heated discussion in the Soviet press. It was followed by Such Was the War (1987), a collection comprising a novel and some short stories. Before that, in 1983, one of Belov's best-known works, the Eves (the novel which he started in 1972) came out, followed by The Year of a Major Breakdown (1989–1991) and The Sixth Hour (The 1932 Chronicle). This epic trilogy, telling the tragic story of three peasant families, became arguably the strongest statement against collectivization in the non-dissident Soviet literature, exploring what the author saw as the conflict between Russian rural traditionalism and the Bolsheviks-imposed 'rootlessness', the latter leading to chaos, mass murder and degradation.

In 1989–1991 Belov published a series of children's books: The Old and the Small, The Little Spring fairytale and others. He started to get involved in the practical politics, first as the People's deputy, then (in 1991–1992) the member of the Supreme Soviet. In 1993–1995 the Sovremennik Publishers issued the first Complete Vasily Belov collection in five volumes. The Honeymoon novella came out in 1996, but by this time Belov became better known as an author of highly emotional essays (appearing mostly in pro-nationalist Moskva, Nash Sovremennik magazines and Zavtra newspaper) on issues like the demise of small Russian villages and the degradation of the Russian language.

In 1997 Vasily Belov became the Honorary citizen of Vologda. In the 2000s he was awarded the Order of Reverend Sergius of Radonezh (2002), the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class (2003) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2004) for literature and arts. In March 2005 he was a signatory to the antisemitic Letter of 5000.

Vasily Belov devoted his last years to the restoration of the Nikolskaya church in Timonikha where he had been baptized as a child. He financed the project and worked on scaffolds himself. In 2011 the church was robbed and desecrated. On the next day Belov suffered a stroke from which he never fully recovered. Vasily Belov died on 4 December 2012, aged 80, in Vologda.

Accolades
 USSR State Prize (1981)
 State Prize of the Russian Federation (2003)
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1982)
 Order of Lenin (1984)
 Order of Reverend Sergius of Radonezh (Russian Orthodox Church, 2002)
 Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class (2003)
 Order of Honour (2008)

Selected works

 My Small Forest Village (Деревенька моя лесная, 1961, poetry collection)
 Village Berdyaika (Деревня Бердяйка, 1961, novelet)
 Sultry Summer (Знойное лето, 1963, short stories)
 Beyond the Three Voloks (За тремя волоками, 1965, novelet)
 Business as Usual (Привычное дело, 1966, novelet)
 The Carpenter's Tales (Плотницкие рассказы, 1968, short stories)
 Vologda's Buktinas (Бухтины волгодские, 1969, a collection of modern local folklore)
 Eves (Кануны, 1972–1983, a novel in three parts)
 The Upbringing According to Dr. Spock (Воспитание по доктору Споку, 1974, short stories)
 Everything's Ahead (Всё впереди, 1986, novel)
 Such Was the War (Такая была война, 1987, a collection of wartime prose)
 The Year of a Major Breakdown (Год великого перелома, 1989–1991, novel)
 The Sixth Hour. The 1932 chronicle (Час шестый. Хроника 1932 года, novel)
 The Old and the Small (Старый да малый, 1990, novelet)
 Honeymoon (Медовый месяц, 1996, novelet)

See also

Village Prose

References

External links

Vasily Belov at booksite.ru.

1932 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Russian male writers
20th-century Russian short story writers
People from Vologda Oblast
Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Non-fiction environmental writers
Russian-language writers
Russian environmentalists
Russian male novelists
Russian male poets
Russian male short story writers
Soviet male poets
Soviet novelists
Soviet short story writers

Vasily Belov


Rod cells are one of two types of photoreceptor cells that can be found in the retina of the eyes of humans and other mammals. Rod cells are very sensitive to light. They allow night vision. They are concentrated at the edge of the retina, where they also allow peripheral vision. Scientists in 1992 counted an average of 60 million rod cells per human retina. They counted only 3 million cone cells, the other kind of receptor, which are bigger and perceive color.

References

Vision

Rod cell


Hammerspace (also known as malletspace) is a fan-envisioned extradimensional, instantly accessible storage area in fiction, which is used to explain how animated, comic, and game characters can produce objects out of thin air. Typically, when multiple items are available, the desired item is available on the first try or within a handful of tries.

This phenomenon dates back to early Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies  and MGM cartoons produced during the Golden Age of American animation. For example, in the 1943 Tex Avery short What's Buzzin' Buzzard, a starving vulture prepares to cook his friend by pulling an entire kitchen's worth of appliances out of thin air.

Origins
The phenomenon of a character producing plot-dependent items seemingly out of thin air dates back to the beginning of animated shorts during The Golden Age of American animation. Warner Bros. Cartoon characters are particularly well known for often pulling all sorts of things—hammers, guns, disguises, matches, bombs, anvils, mallets—from behind their backs or just off-screen. However, this phenomenon was mostly just left to suspension of disbelief. Only decades later was the term hammerspace jokingly coined to describe the phenomenon.

The term itself originates from a gag common in some anime and manga. A typical example would be when a male character would anger or otherwise offend a female character, who would proceed to produce, out of thin air, an over-sized wooden rice mallet (okine) and hit him on the head with it in an exaggerated manner. The strike would be purely for comic effect, and it would not have any long-lasting effects. The term was largely popularized first by fans of Urusei Yatsura and later by fans of Ranma ½. It is believed by some that the term "hammerspace" itself was coined based on the Ranma ½ character Akane Tendo due to the fan perception that she has a tendency to produce large hammers from nowhere. In the original manga she much more frequently uses her fists and/or objects that were pictured in the nearby scenery. The anime makes more use of hammers as a comedic tool than the manga.

Another series that may have contributed to the term is City Hunter. One of the lead characters in City Hunter—Kaori—makes extensive use of the "transdimensional hammers" as they are sometimes called, as they are one of the two main running gags in the series; the other is the extreme lecherousness of the other main character—Ryo—which almost invariably leads to the use of said hammers. The City Hunter hammers also require more explaining in terms of storage, as they are often considerably larger than the characters themselves, and thus more likely to inspire questions like, "Where did she get that from!?" At the very least, City Hunter predates Ranma ½ by two years, and already had an extensive fanbase.

Another series that made extensive use of hammerspace was Kodomo no Omocha, where the mother of the main character would pull toy hammers of varying sizes to tap her daughter on the head to forge breaks in her ranting and offer a chance to glean understanding and wisdom. Trope-laden webcomic Okashina Okashi – Strange Candy also features hammerspace, this time named directly as such, accessible by the weapons nut Petra.

In media

Video games

The oldest use of hammerspace in games is probably the bag of holding of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, a magical item able to hold far more than normally possible, its contents actually being held in a pocket dimension or part of the Astral Plane. An early computer example of the concept is the 1984 Infocom text adventure The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, which contained a "Thing your Aunt gave you which you don't know what it is" as a humorous variant of the bag of holding concept (and which proved critical to finishing the game itself).

The theory of hammerspace can also be applied to many other video games, as game mechanics often defy those of the real world: for instance, a character might be able to carry a sword larger than themselves without any sign of it before use, and most video game characters can carry an implausible number of tools or other objects. This is particularly visible in traditional adventure games and RPGs, such as The Legend of Zelda. In New Super Mario Bros. Wii, the player has endless space to put their items. In many Super Mario games, the Hammer Bros. are capable of throwing an infinite supply of hammers from hammerspace. Early first-person shooter games tend to have the player character carry an entire arsenal of weapons (with full ammunition) without any visible drawback such as loss of pace or fatigue. In the Grand Theft Auto game series, players are capable of holding an arsenal of weaponry and multiple items and equipment in hammerspace. This capability has more a significant appearance in Grand Theft Auto V, where the characters are able to carry multiple pistols, SMGs, LMGs, assault rifles, carbines, shotguns, sniper and marksman rifles, melee weaponry, throwables, rocket and grenade launchers, and a minigun all at once on themselves, all of them previously invisible. In Fallout, the NPCs and player use hammerspaces where they take weapons out of nowhere.

Many comical adventures make gags on space in item inventories. In Space Quest series III and VI, protagonist Roger Wilco crams a full-sized ladder into his pocket. In Simon the Sorcerer, Simon similarly obtains a ladder at one point, which he stores in his hat. In The Secret of Monkey Island, as a recurring gag, Guybrush Threepwood usually barely fits an oversized item in his clothes, from a six-foot-long cotton swab to a huge figurehead, or even a monkey (which is shown moving underneath his coat). At one point early in The Curse of Monkey Island, he makes a "yikes" face after sheathing a bread knife down his pants. A similar concept is evident in Sonic the Hedgehog, most notably with Amy Rose, who actually materializes hammers from hammerspace.

In some non-humorous cases, hammerspace may be recognized as a seemingly normal in-universe phenomenon. Characters from the Kingdom Hearts series are capable of materializing weapons from thin air and making them disappear again, notably in the case of main character Sora and his Keyblade, though it's implied that they are stored as magic in the wielders' hearts.

Although there are numerous examples from the genre, hammerspace usage is not just limited to adventure games. In The Sims 2,The Sims 3 and The Sims 4, the Sims make extensive use of hammerspace, regularly pulling items out of their back pockets which could not possibly fit there. Examples include rakes, hairdryers, watering cans and bags of flour.

Similarly, in the sandbox game Minecraft, a player character can carry thousands of tonnes of material such as gold in the character's inventory without encumbrance, as if an empty inventory were the same as a full one. In reality, even one block of most materials in Minecraft would weigh hundreds or thousands of kilograms, and the player can carry up to a little under 64,000 blocks in their inventory. Since some blocks can be converted into multiple blocks of another type, it is possible to carry enough material to build an entire city in one's inventory invisibly.

Hammerspace is also used frequently in fighting games. In the Super Smash Bros. games, Princess Peach is said to pull a Toad out of hammerspace for a blocking move. In the Punch-Out!! series many characters can pull out objects from hammerspace.

Television
 Bill Smith, a character on The Red Green Show (played by series co-creator Rick Green), regularly employs hammerspace in the "Adventures With Bill" segments. Bill is often seen pulling large objects—hammers, saws, bicycles, weightlifting equipment, camping equipment, sports gear, and the like—out of his trousers.
 In the British sci-fi series Doctor Who many objects are shown to be "bigger on the inside", most notably the TARDIS, although the Doctor has also stated that pockets on their clothes are similar due to Time Lord technology.
 An example of hammerspace working in reverse is Odo, the chief of security from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Odo is frequently seen shapeshifting into much smaller objects, such as birds, drinking glasses, small animals, etc, but with no corresponding increase in mass. What actually happens to Odo's extra mass is never revealed.

Film
The character of Harpo Marx is often seen retrieving large numbers of items from his seemingly bottomless coat pockets.
Curly Howard of the Three Stooges similarly would have tools or other objects in the lining of his jacket, as in, for example, In the Sweet Pie and Pie.
 The title character of the All That sketch Baggin' Saggin' Barry spends the entirety of his sketches pulling whatever item is required at the moment, regardless of its size, from his baggy pants.
The character of Jerry Steiner in the TV show Parker Lewis Can't Lose possessed the same capacity, often using it to feed Larry Kubiac with raw fish he pulls out of his infinite pockets.
In Pirates! Band of Misfits, the Pirate Captain is known to stash various items inside his beard, including an umbrella, an alarm clock and his pet dodo, Polly.
In The Mask film, Jim Carrey's character The Mask produces numerous items from pockets during a fight scene for comic effect.
Mary Poppins's carpetbag easily holds a floor lamp, a hat stand, and other such outlandish items, and their removal from the bag is used for comic effect, and to establish her as a somewhat magical entity.
In Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, Ramona Flowers pulls a hammer from hammerspace to fight.
Within the Potterverse, magical examples akin to hammerspace include the Niffler, a creature prominently featured in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), which can store excessive amounts of loot in its pouch; and Hermione Granger's small handbag, which contains vast quantities of items that she can retrieve on demand.
In Puss in Boots: The Last Wish, Jack Horner carries around a magical bag that stores an excessive amount of tools and weapons,
In Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, Miguel O'Hara mentions hammerspace explicitly when he observes the renaissance universe Vulture pulling a spare set of wings from seemingly nowhere.

Notes
 The term "hammerspace" is often used synonymously with "magic satchel"; however, hammerspace is an actual extra dimension where items are stored, whereas a magic satchel uses magic to either contain these items or to access hammerspace itself.
 More often than not, non-animated occurrences in film or television are explained as a plot hole rather than hammerspace access, and dismissed due to suspension of disbelief. Examples include the live-action Highlander TV series, where the sword-wielding Immortals often have their weapons readily available despite their lack of a suitable container or article of clothing in which to carry a concealed sword.

References

 Hidden Objects: The Hammerspace Phenomenon. Retrieved on October 23, 2006.

Anime and manga terminology
Cartoon physics
Fictional dimensions

Hammerspace


Visakha Steel Employees' Congress, the recognized trade union at the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, in Visakhapatnam, India. VSEC is affiliated to the Indian National Trade Union Congress. The general secretary of VSEC is M. Rajashekar and the President is Gandham Venkata Rao.

Trade unions in India
Trade unions of the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant
Indian National Trade Union Congress
Year of establishment missing

Visakha Steel Employees' Congress


Friedrich Hauser (Stuttgart 1859–Baden-Baden, 1917) was a German classical archaeologist and art historian. His most famous single publication is Die Neuattischen Reliefs (Stuttgart: Verlag von Konrad Wittwer, 1889) in which he identified a style-category he called "Neo-Attic" among sculpture that was being produced in later Hellenistic circles during the last century or so BCE and in early Imperial Rome; the corpus that Hauser called "Neo-Attic" consists of bas-reliefs molded on decorative vessels and plaques, employing a figural and drapery style that looked for its canon of "classic" models to late 5th and early 4th century Athens and Attica, an early form of Neoclassicism.

John Beazley, who established the technique of identifying the artistic personalities of individuals and workshops in Attic vase-painting, to  construct a history of workshops and artists in ancient Athens— much as Giovanni Morelli had recently done for the artists of the quattrocento—considered Hauser and the other German scholars Adolf Furtwängler, who had applied Morellian techniques to Ancient Greek sculpture, and Paul Hartwig among his mentors, though Beazley's method did not simply follow theirs.

Notes

External links
Duke Art Library: Friedrich Hauser

Archaeologists from Baden-Württemberg
German art historians
1859 births
1917 deaths
German male non-fiction writers
Historians from Stuttgart
People from the German Empire

Friedrich Hauser


Senator George Thompson Sekibo CON is a Nigerian senator who represents the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Rivers State. He became a member of the Nigerian Senate in 2007.

Background

George Thompson Sekibo was born on 1 April 1957 in Ogu Town, Rivers State. He obtained a B. Tech Architecture from Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, and a M. Eng. in Environmental Engineering from the University of Port Harcourt, Choba.

He was Chairman/Prefect in some Local Governments in the Rivers State area from 1988 – 1989. He was the organizing secretary of the Democratic Party of Nigeria in Rivers State in 1997 – 1998, Special Adviser on Projects and Special Adviser on works to the Governor of Rivers State 1999 – 2002.

George Thompson Sekibo was elected to the National House of Representatives for the Ogu/Bolo/Okrika constituency of Rivers State for the 2003 – 2007 term.

Senate career

George Thompson Sekibo was elected to the Senate in 2007 as a Senator representing Rivers East. His 2007 election was disputed, but in December 2008 was upheld by the Court of Appeal.
He was appointed to Senate committees on Niger Delta, Gas, Federal Character & Inter-Government Affairs, Environment, Downstream Petroleum and Commerce.

In January 2008, Sekibo raised concern that the Rivers State governor Rotimi Chibuike Amaechi was potentially causing tension between the Okrika and Ikwerre communities by his ultimatum to the Okrika community to produce warlord Ateke Tom. He advised the governor to use his legal security apparatus to apprehend Ateke.
However, in July 2009, Senator Sekibo affirmed his support for governor Amaechi.

In January 2009, Senator Sekibo voiced the strained relations between the senate and president Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, raising a point of order when the president did not formally inform the senate that he was proceeding on a two-week vacation, and on that basis questioning whether the senate should recognize Vice President Goodluck Jonathan as the acting president.

As chairman of the Senate Committee on Solid Minerals Sekibo severely criticized the Solid Minerals Ministry for failing to release $10 million granted by the World Bank to assist artisanal miners in the country.
In February 2009, Senator Sekibo sponsored a probe into misuse of the Development of Natural Resources Fund (DNRF) and related funds operated without National Assembly (NASS) approval.
In April 2009, Sekibo's Committee on Solid Minerals said that Julius Berger Nigeria may have been illegally exporting granites  from quarry sites in Ebonyi State.

In May 2009, a row broke out when it was revealed that ten Senate members had been on an all-expense-paid trip to Ghana, with the implication that they were being influenced by Petroleum and Gas producers. The members were referred to the Committee on Ethics, Privileges and Public Petitions for investigation following a point of order raised by Senator Sekibo.

Sekibo ran for reelection as Rivers East Senator on the PDP ticket in April 2011. He won with 198,414 votes, easily defeating Lasbry Amadi of the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) who gained 58,182 votes and Chigozie Orlu of All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) with 13,605 votes.

References

Members of the Senate (Nigeria) from Rivers State
1957 births
Living people
Advisers to the Governor of Rivers State
Peoples Democratic Party members of the Senate (Nigeria)
Rivers State Peoples Democratic Party politicians
Rivers State University alumni
People from Ogu–Bolo
21st-century Nigerian politicians

George Thompson Sekibo


Alfonso de Ceballos-Escalera y Gila (born March 4, 1957, in Madrid) is a Spanish aristocrat, who holds the title of Marqués de la Floresta & Viscount of Ayala in the Kingdom of Spain and Duke of Ostuni of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italy). He is a city councilor in Segovia for the far-right Vox political party.

A lawyer and historian, the Marquess de la Floresta & Viscount of Ayala is the Chronicler of Arms for the Autonomous Community of Castille & Leon. He also has been bestowed with the title of Duke of Ostuni (in the Two Sicilies). The Marquess is author of many books on jurisprudence, history, royalty, nobility, heraldry and genealogy.

He is a retired lieutenant-commander (OF-3) of the Spanish Navy and holds the rank of captain in the Merchant Marine Fleet. He has also been awarded a doctorate in law, a doctorate in political science and a doctorate in history as well as receiving many orders of knighthood.

King of Arms of Spain
The heraldic office of Spanish King of Arms dates back to the 14th century. Historically heralds were accorded titles of office after Iberian provinces or major cities, whilst the Reyes de Armas represented Spanish kingdoms. Accordingly, chroniclers of arms were variously named for España, Castilla, León, Frechas, Sevilla, Córdoba, Murcia, Granada (created in 1496 to honour the reunification of Spain), Bethune, Estella, Viana, Libertat, Blanc Lévrier, Bonne Foy, Las, Gounzcuant, Lamas, Navarra, Cataluña, Sicilia, Aragón, Nápoles, Toledo, Valencia and Mallorca. Such appointments were for life (ad vitam) and at least fifteen Spanish families produced more than one herald over the past five hundred years. His role as King of Arms combines that of formally registering pedigrees and the granting of new armorial bearings. In the past the nature of continuous border conflict between the Moorish and Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia Peninsula helped to create a sense of ethnic identity, or limpieza de sangre, and heraldry was a significant outlet for expressing national identity; attempts from time to time were made to make arms distinctive of class as well as ethnicity, and the Spanish kings restricted arms to members of the nobility by virtue of Law 64 of the 1583 Cortes de Tudela and was again reiterated by Law 13 of the 1642 Cortes.

After 1915 Cronistas Reyes de Armas were appointed by the Spanish Ministry of Justice on behalf of the Crown, and have authority to certify armorial bearings to subjects of the Spanish Crown and others as well as being tasked with approving the genealogies of claimants to noble titles. As Cronista de Armas de Castilla y León, appointed by Decree of the Junta de Castilla y León, the 9 of May 1991, published in the Official Bulletin, ranked as Director General (High level State Officer), the marquess continues this tradition being mandated to certify arms and verify family pedigrees.

Marriages and children
Alfonso Ceballos-Escallera was married to Ana Moyano y Vital. They have the following children:
 Angelina de Ceballos-Escalera y Moyano, (b. Madrid, August 1, 1984)
 Antonio de Ceballos-Escalera y Moyano, (b. Madrid, September 16, 1987)
 Ignacio de Ceballos-Escalera y Moyano, (b. Madrid, December 9, 1988)
 María Teresa de Ceballos-Escalera y Moyano, (b. Segovia, March 13, 1994)

He married secondly, María Jofre y Gómez, born on January 28, 1969, in Madrid. By her, he has the following issue:
 Ramiro de Ceballos-Escalera y Jofre, (b. Madrid, March 13, 2002)
 Isabel de Ceballos-Escalera y Jofre, (b. Madrid, January 18, 2005)

See also
 Grandees of Spain
 Académie Belgo-Espagnole d'Histoire

References

External links
Francisco Franco, Decreto del 13 de abril de 1951.
Decreto 105/1991, (Boletín Oficial de Castilla y León de 16 May 1991)
Spanish cronistas
Heraldic authorities
Emiliano González Diez, Félix Martínez Llorente et Francisco Trullén Galve, XXV Aniversario de la creación del cargo y oficio de Cronista de Armas de Castilla y León in Cuadernos de Ayala (Revista de la federación española de genealogía y heráldica y ciencias históricas), Número 66, Abril-Junio 2016. pp. 15-17.

1957 births
Living people
Writers from Madrid
Spanish heraldists
20th-century Spanish historians

Alfonso de Ceballos-Escalera y Gila


Camillo Bozzolo (May 30, 1845 – February 28, 1920) was an Italian physician who was a native of Milan.

In 1868 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Pavia, and afterwards continued his studies in Austria and Germany at the laboratories of Johann von Oppolzer (1808–1871), Ludwig Traube (1818–1876) and Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). Later he was an assistant pathologist to Giulio Bizzozero (1846–1901) in Turin, and in 1883 a professor and director of the medical clinic in Turin.

His earlier studies dealt with metastasis of cancer involving the bloodstream and lymph glands. With Edoardo Perroncito (1847–1936) and Luigi Pagliani (1847–1931), he discovered that hookworm  (Ancylostoma duodenale) was the cause of anemia affecting workmen building the St. Gotthard Railway. He is credited for introducing thymol as a treatment for hookworm.

Associated eponyms
 "Kahler-Bozzolo disease": (also "Kahler's disease") a fatal condition with occurrence of multiple myeloma in the bone marrow. Named with Otto Kahler (1849–1893).
 "Bozzolo's sign": Pulsating vessels in the nasal mucous membrane, seen sometimes in aneurysm of the thoracic aorta.

References
 Camillo Bozzolo @ Who Named It

1845 births
1920 deaths
Italian pathologists
Physicians from Milan
Academic staff of the University of Turin

Camillo Bozzolo


The Tenerife meridian was the prime meridian of choice for Dutch cartographers and navigators from the 1640s until the beginning of the 19th century. It lies at 16° 38′ 22″ W of the current international prime meridian, the IERS Reference Meridian through Greenwich.

Cartographers in the Low Countries
Cartographers like Mercator, Hondius and Blaeu played a significant role in the development of cartography around the turn of the seventeenth century. They were also among the first (in Europe) to deviate from the use of the Ferro meridian, which was based on the works of the Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy (c. AD 90 – c. 168). Mercator used prime meridians through Fuerteventura, the Azores and Boa Vista. Other mapmakers put their reference meridians through different places in the Canaries, the Azores, or the Cape Verde. Near the end of his career Mercator came under the influence of the idea that there could be a nature-given reference line where no difference would be observed between geographic and magnetic poles. His lead was followed by cartographers like Abraham Ortelius and Jodocus Hondius. Both inconclusive observations and new scientific theory, in particular that of Henry Gellibrand, put an end to this theory in the first half of the seventeenth century.

Tenerife
Determination of longitude at sea was not possible without a considerable margin of error until the mid 18th century. One of the methods that was used instead was dead reckoning, from the last point of land sighted. Lizard Point in Cornwall was a famous starting point for this, as was the 3,718 metre Teide volcano of Tenerife. From the early 1640s some Dutch cartographers were using Tenerife as a prime meridian in maps, with a significant increase in use after 1662. Joan Blaeu started using it in 1663, Frederik de Wit in 1670, and German mapmakers Weigel and Homann in the 1720s/1730s. After 1675 Tenerife was the predominant meridian on Dutch maps and in 1787 the Amsterdam Admiralty issued a formal statement of support to the meridian.

Decline
Also in 1787, the first Dutch translation of the Nautical Almanac was published. This almanac was one of the things that had spread the fame of the Greenwich meridian. By the turn of the 19th century Greenwich was becoming the meridian of choice for most of the maritime world, with the possible exception of the French and their Paris meridian. In 1826, the Dutch navy switched to Greenwich by royal decree. Without the backing of the Dutch, the meridian of Tenerife was hardly used anymore.

Sources
 A.R.T. Jonkers, Parallel meridians: Diffusion and change in early modern oceanic reckoning, in Noord-Zuid in Oostindisch perspectief, The Hague, 2005.
 Forstner, G., Längenfehler und Ausgangsmeridiane in alten Landkarten und Positionstabelle (dissertation), Munich, 2004. Mainly p. 21-29. On the web here.

References

Named meridians
Geography of Tenerife
Prime meridians

Tenerife meridian


Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai (8 November 1904 – 4 March 1973), known as Elamkulam, was an Indian historian, linguist and academic from southern Kerala, India. He was a pioneering scholar of southern Indian history, Kerala history, in particular. Although only holding academic degrees in Sanskrit and Malayalam, and having no formal training as a historian, Elamkulam is considered one of the pioneers of modern Kerala historiography.

He was one of the major proponents of the unitary/imperial state model in medieval Kerala history. The Elamkulam model of a highly centralised "empire" (unitary/Imperial state model) in medieval Kerala is now considered not acceptable by south Indian historians. Majority of Elamkulam's works are written in Malayalam, with a few in Tamil and English.

He was well versed in Kannada, Tulu (largest nonliterary South Dravidian language) and Pali (language of the Theravada Buddhist canon) also. He was also considered one of the top authorities in Vattezhuthu script and Old/Early Malayalam language.

Elamkulam associated himself for some time with Mortimer Wheeler in the excavation works at Harappa, Chandravally, and Brahmagiri. He is also known for informally guiding M. G. S. Narayanan, a research scholar in University of Kerala in early 1970s.

Life and career
Born in Elamkulam village near Kalluvathukkal in Travancore, Kunjan Pillai had his school education at Trivandrum and Quilon. After taking his honours degree in Sanskrit language from Annamalai University, he started his career as a school teacher and later became lecturer in Malayalam at Government Arts College, Trivandrum. Elamkulam retired as the Head of the Department of Malayalam, University College, Trivandrum.

Elamkulam published most his research findings only in his later years. He published more than 20 books, in Malayalam, including one in Tamil and two in English. Some of his theories regarding early Kerala history have been challenged by later researchers in the light of new evidence.

Pillai died on 4 March 1973. Kanjiracode Valiaveettil Bhargavi Amma was his wife. The couple had five children.

Unitary/Imperial state model
Elamkulam had studied comprehensively Old/Early Malayalam - Vatteluttu inscriptions from the ninth century CE, and with the help of literary texts, claimed they belonged to a single line of kings ("the Kulasekharas") that ruled Kerala from Kodungallur. He had challenged the very foundations of the then existing William Logan-K. P. Padmanabha Menon construction of Kerala history. He proposed a unitary or imperial state model, emphasising centralised administration, for the Kulasekhara kingdom.

The Elamkulam version of historiography had believed that this "Second Chera Empire", or "Kulasekhara Empire" was a highly centralised kingdom. However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s by offered a major corrective to this. Recently (2002), suggestions pointing to the other extreme, that the king at Kodungallur had only a "ritual sovereignty" and the actual political power rested with "a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy" has emerged.

The nature of the Kodungallur Chera/Kulasekhara state is an ongoing academic debate. While the Elamkulam model of a highly centralised "empire" is considered not acceptable by south Indian historians, the third model (2002) is yet to be endorsed by them.

Selected works

In Malayalam
Unnuneeli Sandesam
Koka Sandesam
Leelathlakam
Chandrolsavam
Unnuneeli Sandesam Charithradrishtiyilkoodi
Nalachritham Attakkatha
Gandhidevan
Keralabhashayude Vikasaparinamangal
Bhashayum Sahityavum Noottandukalil
Sahityamalika
108 Shivalaya Sothram
Sahityacharithrasamgraham
Keralacharithrathile Iruldanja Edukal
Annathe Keralam
Chila Kerala Charithra Prasnangal (Part I, II, & III)
Janmi samprdayam Keralathil
Keralam  Anchum Arum Noottandukalil
Cherasamrajyam  Ompathum Pathum Noottandukalil
Samskarathinte Nazhikakkallukal

In English
Studies in Kerala History
Some Problems in Kerala History

In Tamil
Pandai Keralam

References

1904 births
1973 deaths
20th-century Indian historians
Malayalam-language writers
Writers from Kollam
Academic staff of the University College Thiruvananthapuram
Annamalai University alumni
Historians of India
Writers from Kerala
Indian male essayists
20th-century Indian essayists
Historians of Kerala

Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai


Eric Vail (born September 16, 1953) is a Canadian former ice hockey player who played nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Atlanta Flames, Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings. He helped Calgary reach the 1981 NHL playoff semifinals for the first time in club history.

He won the Calder Memorial Trophy in 1975 as the NHL's rookie of the year and played in the 1977 NHL All-Star Game. Also in 1977, Vail played with Team Canada at the World Ice Hockey Championship. At the time of his 1981 trade to Detroit, Vail was the Flames' franchise leader in goal scoring.

Playing career
Vail played three years of junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA).  He spent two seasons with the Niagara Falls Flyers, scoring 48 points in 59 games in 1970–71 and improving to 73 points in 60 games in 1971–72.  He split the 1972–73 OHA season between the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds and the Sudbury Wolves, scoring 48 goals and 105 points combined between the two teams. Vail was selected by both the Atlanta Flames, 21st overall at the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft and the Quebec Nordiques, 29th overall at the 1973 WHA Amateur Draft.

Choosing to play with the Flames, Vail made his NHL debut in 1973–74, appearing in 23 games.  He scored two goals and nine assists, but spent the majority of the season in the Central Hockey League (CHL) with the Omaha Knights. Since he played fewer than 25 NHL games in his first season, Vail was still considered a rookie in 1974–75.  He led all rookies with 39 goals and had 60 points on the campaign.  Vail won the Calder Memorial Trophy as the NHL's rookie of the year, the first player in Flames history to do so.

Injuries reduced Vail's offensive output in 1975–76 as he scored only 16 goals.  Vail rebounded to score 32 goals and 71 points in 1976–77. He played in the 1977 NHL All-Star Game, the only such appearance of his career. He also made his only appearance with the
national team, scoring four goals in nine games for the fourth place Canadians at the World Ice Hockey Championship.

Vail scored 22, 35 and 28 goals in his following three seasons and set a career high with 83 points in 1978–79. In 1979–80, Vail passed Tom Lysiak as the Flames' all-time leading goal scorer. His 174 career goals was the most in the Flames' tenure in Atlanta, and he was second to Lysiak with 383 points. Vail transferred with the franchise when it relocated to Canada, becoming the Calgary Flames in 1980–81. He had 28 goals and 64 points in 64 games in his first season in Calgary.

Though he averaged nearly 30 goals per season, the Flames often felt Vail was playing below his capability.  He was considered to have one of the best shots in the league, but was often accused of coasting on the ice and carried a reputation for "living large" off the ice. He clashed with head coach Al MacNeil, forcing the team to make a move early in the 1981–82 season. Stating that "Eric Vail and the Calgary Flames were no longer compatible", General Manager Cliff Fletcher sent the team's all-time leading scorer to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for Gary McAdam and a draft pick on November 10, 1981. Vail scored 10 goals in 52 games with Detroit.

The Red Wings were similarly frustrated with Vail.  They demoted him to the Adirondack Red Wings, their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, for ten games in 1981–82, then left him there for the entire 1982–83 AHL season. Vail scored 20 goals and 49 points for Adirondack then retired following the season.

Personal life
Vail and his ex-wife Sylvia have two children: Scott and Natasha. He returned to Atlanta following his career, ultimately settling in Lawrenceville, Georgia, where he managed a nightclub.  When the NHL returned to Atlanta in 1999, Vail joined the Thrashers organization in a community relations capacity and served as an in-arena analyst for the team's radio broadcasts.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
Atlanta Flames draft picks
Atlanta Flames players
Calder Trophy winners
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Timmins
National Hockey League All-Stars
Niagara Falls Flyers players
Oklahoma City Stars players
Omaha Knights (CHL) players
Quebec Nordiques (WHA) draft picks
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds players
Sudbury Wolves players

Eric Vail


Faisal Othman Bin Shamlan (1934 – 1 January 2010) (فيصل عثمان بن شملان) (faiṣal bin šamlān) was a Yemeni intellectual, technocrat, political reformist and public figure. He was a Yemeni member of parliament who had held the post of Oil and Mineral Resources Minister in the post-unification government of Yemen.  Prior to the reunification of Yemen in 1990, Shamlan was the Minister of Infrastructure and Oil in the socialist government of South Yemen. He was the recognized presidential candidate of the Yemeni opposition coalition, a coalition which consists of the Islamist Islah, the Yemen Socialist Party and several smaller parties, in the 2006 presidential election, but was defeated by incumbent president Ali Abdullah Saleh.

Early life
Originally from Hadhramaut, Shamlan was educated in the elite Ghayl ba-Wazeer School [ġail bā wazīr], which was one of the best schools in Yemen and beyond at the time. He then got a scholarship to Sudan to further his education in Bakht al-Ridha Institute (bakht al-riḍa). From there he went to study Civil Engineering at Kingston University, in London, United Kingdom.

Bin Shamlan, along with his school mates, played an important role in the history of modern Yemen.  As a young activist, he was a mild Islamic nationalist, who, with other intellectuals from Hadhramaut and other parts of Yemen, was a pioneering activist in a moderate Islamic thought movement. But he preserved an independent position at the centre of the political spectrum.

Role in South Yemen government
During the war of liberation of occupied South Yemen he was part of a broad coalition of activists who overthrew the Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut on 17 September 1967. In the interim period, before independence on 30 November 1967, he was a member of the "Supreme Popular Committee" which was formed by the revolutionaries to run Hadhramaut province. Bin Shamlan was charged with the day-to-day running of the province.

After independence and the unification of South Yemen by the National Front for the Liberation of South Yemen (NLF), he was the first Minister of Public Works and Transport in the first cabinet of the independent People's Republic of South Yemen (President Qahtan Al-Shaabi's government).  Bin Shamlan and Mohammad Abdul Qader Bafaqeeh, the Minister of Education, were the only non NLF members of the cabinet. One of the first tasks assigned to them by the NLF government was taking inventory of the palaces of the Sultans of Hadhramaut. Bin Shamlan and Bafaqeeh took stock of the palaces; made a record inventory; and preserved and stored every item.

In 1969, Bin Shamlan was appointed as Executive Chairman of the Public Corporation for Electric Power which he continued to run successfully and efficiently until 1977. In 1977 he was appointed as Managing Director of the Aden Oil Refinery. Taking over from the BP management team, he ran the refinery professionally. From 1971 to 1990 he was a member of Supreme People's Council (the Parliament of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen).

Role in post-unification Yemeni government
After the 1990 unity, Bin Shamlan was a member of  the Council of Representatives (the parliament of the Republic of Yemen, as the head of the independent block. As the multi-party system was adopted in the new Yemen after unity he founded along with Mr. Omar Tarmoom, Dr. Mohammad A.Q. Bafaqeeh, Dr. Kramah Salyan, and others a new moderate party called the Yemeni Free Forum,  and issued a forum journal.

In the 1993 and 1997 parliamentary elections he ran again for parliament and kept his seat, with a 66% vote. During the 1994 crisis he was in the unity camp. On 29 September 1994, the parliament approved a series of amendments to the constitution which, among other things, abolished the presidential council and replaced it with a one-man presidency. Two days later, parliament elected Ali Abdullah Saleh as president for a five-year term. Faisal Bin Shamlan, (independent) was a candidate along with three other candidates representing Islah, YSP and Ba'ath parties. He continued a Member of Parliament until 2003, when he resigned in protest to the amendment to the Constitution by which the parliament extended its tenure for a further 2 years, which Bin Shamlan deemed an unconstitutional move and resigned on the ground that his 4-year mandate by the people is over.

He was appointed as Minister of Oil and Mineral Resources from October 1994, which he accepted on the condition that he would have power to reorganize and reform the Ministry.  In  March 1995, he resigned. In June 1995, in a Cabinet reshuffle President Saleh replaced Faisal Bin Shamlan with Mohammed Said al-Attar, formerly Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Industry, as Minister of Oil and Mineral Resources, in a move to tie the oil ministry closer to the President's office.

In 1998-99, Bin Shamlan along with several Yemeni public figures including  Dr. Faraj Bin Ghanim (ex Prime Minister, Dr. Abubakar Al-Qirby (Current Foreign Minister), Engineer Mohammed Al-Tayyeb (ex minister, GPC), Mr. Mohammed Abdo Saeed (business man), Dr. Mohammed Al-Afandi (economist, Islah Party), Ahmed Saleh Al-Salami (Yemeni Socialist Party activist), and Abdulaziz Al-Saqqaf (journalist and human rights activist), were working to set up the first Yemeni think tank, under the name of Yemen 21 Forum (Y21F) to help the country's evolution towards democracy, development, harmony and prosperity. The Y21F tasks included providing logistics for non-governmental organizations; addressing national issues and concerns; to co-sponsor  and promote the establishment of the Yemeni Transparency, an anti-corruption NGO;  to help in the ongoing correction and reform efforts; and to publish data and analysis on a periodic basis, and to issue an annual "State of the Nation" report.

Presidential bid
On 2 July 2006 the Joint Meeting Parties (JMP) opposition coalition officially announced that Bin Shamlan would be the JMP candidate for the presidential election of September 2006. In the election, held on 20 September, bin Shamlan received about 22% of the vote according to official results.

Death
Bin Shamlan died in Aden on 1 January 2010 after a lengthy battle with cancer and having sought treatment abroad.

References

External links
Obituary

1934 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of Kingston University
Deaths from cancer in Yemen
Hadhrami people
Yemeni Socialist Party politicians
Government ministers of Yemen
21st-century Yemeni politicians
20th-century Yemeni politicians

Faisal Bin Shamlan


French Dressing is a 1964 British comedy film directed by Ken Russell (in his feature directorial debut) and starring James Booth, Marisa Mell and Roy Kinnear. Its plot concerns a deckchair attendant in the run-down seaside resort of Gormleigh-on-Sea who is promoted to publicity officer. In an effort to drum up interest in the town he organises a film festival and invites a major French film star. The event is soon thrown into chaos by the machinations of jealous mayors from rival towns.

Russell later called it "a very unhappy film as far as I was concerned".

Plot
Jim Stephens is a deckchair attendant working in the flagging seaside resort town of Gormleigh in a job secured for him by his friend, the entertainments manager Henry Liggott. Jim enjoys his easy life in the town with his girlfriend, Judy, a young reporter on the local paper. Things are soon turned upside down when Judy writes an article at Jim's suggestion calling for a film festival featuring Brigitte Bardot to revitalise the town and bring in tourists.

The three of them are summoned to see the mayor to explain Jim's conduct the following morning. When Jim admits he can't get Bardot the mayor threatens him with dismissal. This leads Jim to suggest that instead of getting Bardot, they try to secure the French film star Françoise Fayol, whose latest New Wave film Pavements of Boulogne is premiering in Boulogne. With the mayor's approval, Stephens and Liggott travel across the Channel on the Medway Queen to persuade her to attend the planned film festival.

Once in France they find Fayol by accident when she drives into a group of inflatable dolls on the beach. They burn the dolls. They then find that Fayol is frustrated by being typecast as a sex symbol rather than being given more intellectual roles and wishes to break free from her domineering mentor. The two Englishman are able to win her friendship by helping to destroy a large consignment of inflatable replica models of her which she hates. She accompanies them back to Britain, where the people of Gormleigh organise a pageant based on the links between England and France to welcome her. The floats depict: King Harold getting an arrow in the eye at the Battle of Hastings; Madame Guillotine; and French art. The Napoleon and Josephine float gets jammed and the VIP grandstand accidentally gets launched down a slipway.

Fayol's introduction to life in Gormleigh is not a happy one, and includes being soaked first in the sea, then by rain and then in a puddle. She refuses to leave her hotel room and has to be coaxed out by Jim, for whom she has developed a liking. Jim and Fayol's publicity campaign sets about shaking up the staid town and its old-fashioned inhabitants. As Jim grows closer to Françoise Fayol, Judy becomes increasingly upset.

When the film festival opens, it turns out to be a roaring success as tourists and the media flock in, attracted almost entirely by Fayol's presence and the glamour that comes in her wake. The finale of the festival features the screening of Fayol's new film Pavements of Boulogne, followed the next morning by the opening of a new nudist beach. Fayol is extremely nervous about her new film, as she hates seeing herself on screen, and is eager to win the main prize at the festival – the golden cockle. Things at first seem to be going well at the screening until the show is suddenly disrupted by a violent brawl organised by the jealous mayors of rival towns.

The next morning Fayol, distraught by the fight and the savage reviews of her film by newspapers, including Judy's, decides to go back to the Continent where her domineering mentor has found her a brilliant new film to star in. Despite a desperate rush to the railway station by Liggott to prevent her, she catches the train leaving the heroes urgently needing to find someone to take her place at the opening of the town's first nudist beach. Judy puts on a blonde wig and sunglasses and pretends to be Fayol.

Cast
 James Booth as Jim Stephens
 Roy Kinnear as Henry Liggott
 Marisa Mell as Françoise Fayol
 Alita Naughton as Judy
 Bryan Pringle as The Mayor of Gormleigh
 Sandor Elès as Vladek
 Robert Robinson as himself (presenting the Film Festival)
 Norman Pitt as Mayor of Westbourne
 Henry McCarthy as Mayor of Bridgemouth
 Germaine Delbat as French woman
 Lucille Soong as French starlet

Production

Development
In the early 1960s. Ken Russell established a strong reputation in television, particularly with Elgar (1962). Producer Kenneth Harper later said he "was tremendously impressed with his [Russell's] work on television and thought he would make a first class director." Harper offered him the job of directing the Cliff Richard musical Summer Holiday (1963), but Russell turned it down. The film wound up being directed by Peter Yates and became successful (Russell said Yates "did a very good job, considering the material – better than I could have done, I'm sure.").

Harper then asked Russell to direct French Dressing and promised it would not be a musical. Harper said he wanted Russell to make a Jacques Tati style comedy set at a "seedy English seaside resort." Russell was keen to move out of the BBC and said the treatment (by Summer Holiday writers Cass and Myers) "was promising" and agreed to direct. Associated British agreed to finance a script by Cass and Myers. Russell later said, "One of Ken's great weaknesses is that he's very loyal to his friends, irrespective of their talent."

Harper wanted to shoot the film in Herne Bay, best known at the time for having the second longest pier in the country. Russell called it "a miserable resort on the Thames Estuary."

He went there with the writers "to soak up the atmosphere and inspiration" but Russell found the resulting script "uninspired". He later called it "a script of such monumental unfunniness as to make the Crucifixion seem like a Mack Sennett farce. It was in the style of the old Ealing comedies... but even more forced and artificial."

Russell requested work be done on it by an actor friend of his, Peter Brett, who had been in Elgar. This was done but Russell says "the script remained uninspired. We shot it all the same. I learned a lot." He later said the final script "had not one funny line in it and hardly any comic scenes, because he wasn't a very jokey writer and most of my scenes were forlorn rather than funny."

Alita Naughton had worked with Russell in television. He recalled meeting her through her then boy friend and later husband, the photographer David Hurn.

Shooting
Filming started in May 1963. The film was shot at Elstree Studios, near London and on location at Herne Bay.

Russell later wrote in his memoirs: "The film industry was not ready to accept TV directors. Everything was done by the book, improvisation was frowned upon and there was little team spirit."

It was Russell's first experience working with actors and he was unsure how to do it. "Until then I'd used actors as props, moving them about the landscape like cattle or as set dressing, sitting at tables like tailor's dummies in attitudes of inspiration – hand to head and pen to paper. And as yet they had not been allowed to utter a word." Russell said he was overwhelmed by the concept of actors talking to each other on film "I used to watch in open mouthed wonder and admiration every time it happened."

Ken Harper pulled Russell aside and told him the actors were unhappy he was not talking to them. He told the director "this is supposed to be a comedy. We're not getting many laughs." Russell said defensively "every time Roy Kinnear falls flat on his face the crew kills themselves." Harper said this was "a sure sign we've got a dead duck on our hands."

Harper told Russell that "a film director has to be a psychiatrist" and the director changed accordingly, "but it was too late as far as French Dressing was concerned. The film was a flop."

Russell said the film "featured the opening of a nudist beach, which only escaped the censors as it took place in a torrential rainstorm in extreme longshot."

Harper said he and Russell "had a blazing row" when the film was done "but that was just to clear the air. I told him to get gimmicks out of his system and concentrate more on the characters. After all it's the people who matter and what happens to them and I said you've got to have heart for want of a better cliche. He took it very well."

Russell said Harper showed the film to Tati "who liked the first five minutes and hated the rest."

Reception

Box office
The film was a box office failure. Russell later said he felt the film "sadly turned out to be a little too Gallic in flavour for English tastes."

"No one offered me a second chance", wrote Russell. "The big screen, the big time, had been an illusion. Suitably chastened, I returned, like the prodigal nephew, to Auntie BBC."

Harper said in a 1964 interview that "the film industry is likely to cold shoulder" Russell due to the failure of the film "and he'll be lucky if he's ever given another film to direct...[but] I'm still convinced that within three films he'll come up with a winner." Russell's third feature, Women in Love (1969), would be a huge commercial and critical success.

Critical response
Richard Roud of The Guardian said "the result is disastrous". Kingsley Amis in The Observer said it had "some genuine high spirits". The New Statesman described it as a "seaside rainswept comedy of peculiar charm and freshness."

Reflecting on the film in his 1994 memoir, The Lion Roars, Russell said: "Like oil and vinegar, the ingredients didn't mix. A script by a couple of West End review writers didn't jell with the images concocted by an arty director from TV making his first feature." He added that Booth and Kinnear were "saddled with lousy dialogue and a director who seems more concerned with composition than content. There are a few visual gags, mostly at the expense of the mayor and corporation, but there's only so much comedy you can wring out of extras in top hats and tails making fools of themselves on a beach with buckets and spades and Hula-Hoops.

Russell admitted at one stage he compared the film with Monsieur Hulot's Holiday (1953). "What arrogance! Dream on, Mr Director, dream on. The only truly French touch in your flop of a film came from the pen of Georges Delerue. Undoubtedly, the scintillating score – Georges' first ever outside his native France – was the best thing in the movie."

Reputation
According to Halliwell's Film & Video Guide, Russell's film is paced at "breakneck speed with echoes of Tati, Keaton and the Keystone Kops. Alas lack of star comedians and firm control make its exuberance merely irritating". Oliver Berry writes that, while it "aims to satirise the St Tropez-French Riviera scene by relocating it to Gormleigh-on-Sea", the outcome is "more reminiscent of Benny Hill than Buster Keaton".

In 2008, Russell returned for a screening of the film at Herne Bay. He said: "Nothing about Herne Bay seems to have changed that much. Obviously half the pier has sunk, but that's about it. The vibes are still the same and the town has the same charm it had in 1963. The smell is still the same as well – a bit fishy."

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 French Dressing at the British Film Institute

1964 films
1964 comedy films
1964 directorial debut films
1960s British films
1960s English-language films
British black-and-white films
British comedy films
Films directed by Ken Russell
Films scored by Georges Delerue
Films shot at Associated British Studios

French Dressing (1964 film)


Gliese 667 Cc is an extrasolar planet 22.18 light years away. It orbits around the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C, one of the Gliese 667 triple star system. The system is in the constellation of Scorpius. It is the most Earth-like planet in 50 light years. It's ESI (Earth Similarity Index) is 0.85. It is present in the hot inner edge of the habitable zone than the Earth. It absorbs 90% of light from it's star, as the Earth does but it is tidally locked.

Gliese 667 Cc was first found by the European Southern Observatory on 21 November 2011. They used the wobble method (also known as radial velocity). They watched how the star "wobbled" as Gliese 667 Cc circled around its star. On 2 February 2012 researchers at the University of Göttingen and the Carnegie Institution for Science confirmed the planet's existence.

Physical characteristics
Gliese 667 Cc circles its star every 28 days, and is 0.125 AU away from its star. It fits within the habitable zone. Its mass is 3.8 times that of the Earth. Its size is probably about 50% larger than Earth.

Tidal locking
Because of Gliese 667 Cc's distance from its star, it is predicted to be tidally locked to its star. Just as Earth's Moon always shows the same face to the Earth, the length of Gliese 667 Cc's day would then match the length of its year. This means it would be permanently light on one half and permanently dark on the other half of its surface. Tidal locking also means the planet would have no axial tilt and that means the planet would not experience any seasons.

References

Exoplanets

Gliese 667 Cc