Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) also known as mesenchymal stromal cells or medicinal signaling cells are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), myocytes (muscle cells) and adipocytes (fat cells which give rise to marrow adipose tissue).

Structure

Definition
While the terms mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and marrow stromal cell have been used interchangeably for many years, neither term is sufficiently descriptive:

 Mesenchyme is embryonic connective tissue that is derived from the mesoderm and that differentiates into hematopoietic and connective tissue, whereas MSCs do not differentiate into hematopoietic cells.
 Stromal cells are connective tissue cells that form the supportive structure in which the functional cells of the tissue reside. While this is an accurate description for one function of MSCs, the term fails to convey the relatively recently discovered roles of MSCs in the repair of tissue.
 The term encompasses multipotent cells derived from other non-marrow tissues, such as placenta, umbilical cord blood, adipose tissue, adult muscle, corneal stroma, or the dental pulp of deciduous (baby) teeth. The cells do not have the capacity to reconstitute an entire organ.

Morphology

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a term first coined by Arnold I. Caplan in 1991, are characterized morphologically by a small cell body with a few cell processes that are long and thin. The cell body contains a large, round nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, which is surrounded by finely dispersed chromatin particles, giving the nucleus a clear appearance. The remainder of the cell body contains a small amount of Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and polyribosomes. The cells, which are long and thin, are widely dispersed, and the adjacent extracellular matrix is populated by a few reticular fibrils, but is devoid of the other types of collagen fibrils. These distinctive morphological features of mesenchymal stem cells can be visualized label-free using live cell imaging.

Classification
The International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) has proposed a set of standards to define MSCs. A cell can be classified as an MSC if it shows plastic adherent properties under normal culture conditions and has a fibroblast-like morphology. In fact, some argue that MSCs and fibroblasts are functionally identical. Furthermore, MSCs can undergo osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation ex vivo. The cultured MSCs also express on their surface CD73, CD90 and CD105, while lacking the expression of CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD34, CD45, CD79a and HLA-DR surface markers.

Location in the body
MSCs are found throughout the human body.

Bone marrow
Bone marrow was the original source of MSCs, and is still the most frequently utilized source. These bone marrow stem cells do not contribute to the formation of blood cells, and so do not express the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD34. They are sometimes referred to as bone marrow stromal stem cells.

Cord cells
The youngest and most primitive MSCs may be obtained from umbilical cord tissue, namely Wharton's jelly and the umbilical cord blood. However, MSCs are found in much higher concentration in the Wharton's jelly compared to cord blood, which is a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells. The umbilical cord is available after a birth. It is normally discarded, and poses no risk for collection. These MSCs may prove to be a useful source of MSCs for clinical applications, due to their primitive properties and fast growth rate.

These cells have several advantages over bone-marrow-derived MSCs. Adipose-tissue-derived MSCs (AdMSCs), in addition to being easier and safer to isolate than bone-marrow-derived MSCs, can be obtained in larger quantities.

Adipose tissue
Apisode-tissue-derived MSCs (AdMSCs), in addition to being easier and safer to isolate than bone-marrow-derived MSCs, can be obtained in larger quantities.

Molar cells
The developing tooth bud of the mandibular third molar is a rich source of MSCs. While they are described as multipotent, it is possible that they are pluripotent. They eventually form enamel, dentin, blood vessels, dental pulp, and nervous tissues. These stem cells are capable of differentiating into chondrocytes, cardiomyocytes, melanocytes, and hepatocyte‐like cells in vitro.

Amniotic fluid
Stem cells are present in amniotic fluid. As many as 1 in 100 cells collected during amniocentesis are pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells.

Function

Differentiation capacity
MSCs have a great capacity for self-renewal while maintaining their multipotency. Recent work suggests that β-catenin, via regulation of EZH2, is a central molecule in maintaining the "stemness" of MSC's. The standard test to confirm multipotency is differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes as well as myocytes.

MSCs have been seen to even differentiate into neuron-like cells, but doubt remains about whether the MSC-derived neurons are functional. The degree to which the culture will differentiate varies among individuals and how differentiation is induced, e.g., chemical vs. mechanical; and it is not clear whether this variation is due to a different amount of "true" progenitor cells in the culture or variable differentiation capacities of individuals' progenitors. The capacity of cells to proliferate and differentiate is known to decrease with the age of the donor, as well as the time in culture. Likewise, whether this is due to a decrease in the number of MSCs or a change to the existing MSCs is not known.

Immunomodulatory effects
MSCs have an effect on innate and specific immune cells, and research has shown an ability to suppress tumor growth. MSCs produce many immunomodulatory molecules including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and other surface markers such as FasL, PD-L1 and PD-L2.

MSCs have an effect on macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, mast cells and dendritic cells in innate immunity. MSCs are able to migrate to the site of injury, where they polarize through PGE2 macrophages in M2 phenotype which is characterized by an anti-inflammatory effect. Further, PGE2 inhibits the ability of mast cells to degranulate and produce TNF-α. Proliferation and cytotoxic activity of NK cells is inhibited by PGE2 and IDO. MSCs also reduce the expression of NK cell receptors - NKG2D, NKp44 and NKp30. MSCs inhibit respiratory flare and apoptosis of neutrophils by production of cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Differentiation and expression of dendritic cell surface markers is inhibited by IL-6 and PGE2 of MSCs. The immunosuppressive effects of MSC also depend on IL-10, but it is not certain whether they produce it alone, or only stimulate other cells to produce it.

MSC expresses the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, which allow T-lymphocytes to adhere to their surface. Then MSC can affect them by molecules which have a short half-life and their effect is in the immediate vicinity of the cell. These include nitric oxide, PGE2, HGF, and activation of receptor PD-1. MSCs reduce T cell proliferation between G0 and G1 cell cycle phases and decrease the expression of IFNγ of Th1 cells while increasing the expression of IL-4 of Th2 cells. MSCs also inhibit the proliferation of B-lymphocytes between G0 and G1 cell cycle phases.

Antimicrobial properties
MSCs produce several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including human cathelicidin LL-37, β-defensins, lipocalin 2 and hepcidin. These peptides, together with the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), are responsible for the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of MSCs.

Clinical significance

Mesenchymal stem cells can be activated and mobilized in reaction to injury and infection. As of May 2023, ClinicalTrials.gov lists more than 1,100 studies featuring MSCs for more than 920 conditions.

Autoimmune disease
Clinical studies investigating the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in treating diseases are in clinical development around the world, particularly treating autoimmune diseases, graft versus host disease, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis.

Other diseases
Many of the early clinical successes using intravenous transplantation came in systemic diseases such as graft versus host disease and sepsis.  Direct injection or placement of cells into a site in need of repair may be the preferred method of treatment, as vascular delivery suffers from a "pulmonary first pass effect" where intravenous injected cells are sequestered in the lungs.

Further studies into the mechanisms of MSC action may provide avenues for increasing their capacity for tissue repair.

Research
The majority of modern culture techniques still take a colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-F) approach, where raw unpurified bone marrow or ficoll-purified bone marrow mononuclear cells are plated directly into cell culture plates or flasks. Mesenchymal stem cells, but not red blood cells or hematopoietic progenitors, are adherent to tissue culture plastic within 24 to 48 hours. However, at least one publication has identified a population of non-adherent MSCs that are not obtained by the direct-plating technique.

Other flow cytometry-based methods allow the sorting of bone marrow cells for specific surface markers, such as STRO-1. STRO-1+ cells are generally more homogenous and have higher rates of adherence and higher rates of proliferation, but the exact differences between STRO-1+ cells and MSCs are not clear.

Methods of immunodepletion using such techniques as MACS have also been used in the negative selection of MSCs.

The supplementation of basal media with fetal bovine serum or human platelet lysate is common in MSC culture.
Prior to the use of platelet lysates for MSC culture, the pathogen inactivation process is recommended to prevent pathogen transmission.

New research titled Transplantation of human ESC-derived mesenchymal stem cell spheroids ameliorates spontaneous osteoarthritis in rhesus macaques Various chemicals and methods including low level laser irradiation have been used to increase proliferation of stem cell.

History
In 1924, Russian-born morphologist Alexander A. Maximov (); used extensive histological findings to identify a singular type of precursor cell within mesenchyme that develops into different types of blood cells.

Scientists Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till first revealed the clonal nature of marrow cells in the 1960s. In 1970, Dr. Caplan identified certain conditions by which mesodermal cells differentiate into cartilage or myogenic (muscle) tissue and bone.

An ex vivo assay for examining the clonogenic potential of multipotent marrow cells was later reported in the 1970s by Friedenstein and colleagues. In this assay system, stromal cells were referred to as colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-f).

Subsequent experimentation revealed the plasticity of marrow cells and how their fate is determined by environmental cues. Culturing marrow stromal cells in the presence of osteogenic stimuli such as ascorbic acid, inorganic phosphate and dexamethasone could promote their differentiation into osteoblasts. In contrast, the addition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) could induce chondrogenic markers.

The first clinical trials of MSCs were completed by Osiris Therapeutics in 1995 when a group of 15 patients were injected with cultured MSCs to test the safety of the treatment. The first regulatory approvals for MSCs were granted conditional approval in 2012 in Canada and New Zealand for treating Graft vs. Host Disease (GvHD) and, subsequently, in Japan to treat Crohn's Disease-related fistula.

Since then, more than 1,000 clinical trials have been conducted to treat numerous conditions.

Controversies
The term "mesenchymal stem cells" and what constitutes the most scientifically correct meaning for the MSC acronym, has been debated for years. Most mesenchymal cell or "MSC" preps only contain a minority fraction of true multipotent stem cells, with most cells being stromal in nature. Dr. Caplan proposed rephrasing MSCs to emphasize their role as "medicinal signaling cells." Within the stem cell field, the shorthand "MSC" has most commonly now come to refer to "mesenchymal stromal/stem cells" because of the heterogeneous nature of the cellular preparations.

There is also growing concern about the marketing and application of unapproved MSCs and mesenchymal stem cells that lack rigorous data to back up these clinical uses into patients by for-profit clinics.

See also

 Bone marrow
Fibroblast
 Intramembranous ossification
 Mesenchyme
 Multipotency
 Cord lining
 Marrow Adipose Tissue (MAT)
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers

References

Further reading

External links
  scientist-reviewed and not too technical

Stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cell


Genius  (also known as the Genius Math Tool) is a free open-source numerical computing environment and programming language, similar in some aspects to MATLAB, GNU Octave, Mathematica and Maple.  Genius is aimed at mathematical experimentation rather than computationally intensive tasks.  It is also very useful as just a calculator.  The programming language is called GEL and aims to have a mathematically friendly syntax.  The software comes with a command-line interface and a GUI, which uses the GTK+ libraries.  The graphical version supports both 2D and 3D plotting.  The graphical version includes a set of tutorials originally aimed at in class demonstrations.

History

Genius was the original calculator for the GNOME project started in 1997, but was split into a separate project soon after the 0.13 release of GNOME in 1998.  Because of this ancestry, it was also known as Genius Calculator or GNOME Genius.  There was an attempt to merge Genius and the Dr. Geo interactive geometry software, but this merge never materialized.  Version 1.0 was released in 2007 almost 10 years after the initial release.

Example GEL source code

Here is a sample definition of a function calculating the factorial recursively
function f(x) = (
  if x <= 1 then
    1
  else
    (f(x-1)*x)
)
GEL contains primitives for writing the product iteratively and hence we can get the following iterative
version
function f(x) = prod k=1 to x do k

See also

 Comparison of numerical analysis software

Notes

Array programming languages
Free educational software
Free mathematics software
Free software programmed in C
Numerical analysis software for Linux
Numerical analysis software for macOS
Numerical programming languages
Science software that uses GTK
Unix programming tools

Genius (mathematics software)


Paul Hardin III (June 11, 1931 – July 1, 2017) was an American academic administrator who spent 27 years as a leader in higher education. He was the chancellor of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1988 to 1995, president of Wofford College from 1968 to 1972, of Southern Methodist University from 1972 to 1974, and of Drew University from 1974 to 1988.  He was trained as a lawyer at Duke University and at the Duke University Law School.

Early life and education

The son of Paul Hardin Jr., a Methodist bishop, and Dorothy Reel Hardin, Paul Hardin III was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, on June 11, 1931, and grew up in Concord, Waynesville, Wadesboro, Asheboro, Shelby and High Point, North Carolina. He earned both his bachelors and law degrees from Duke University, where he was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, finished first in his law school class, served as editor-in-chief of the Duke Law Journal, and played on the golf team.

Hardin fell in love with Barbara Stone Russell, whose father was also a Methodist minister, the summer before his junior year at Duke (Barbara was a rising freshman at Duke) while they were both vacationing at Lake Junaluska, in the North Carolina mountains. In 1954, he declined an invitation to compete for a Rhodes Scholarship due to his desire to stay at Duke with Barbara. He received his law degree on the same day that Barbara completed her AB, and the two were married the day after graduation in 1954.

After service in the US Army Counter Intelligence Corps, Hardin practiced law in Birmingham. He returned to Duke Law School where he served on the faculty for ten years before becoming President of Wofford College at the age of 37.

Academic administration career

Wofford College (1968-1972)
Hardin assumed the presidency of Wofford College in the late 1960s—a time of student unrest across the country. He is credited with championing openness on campus, introducing an open speakers policy and assuring free student expression. He spearheaded continued efforts to desegregate the student body, and he hired the first African-American administrator at Wofford.

Southern Methodist University (1972-1974)
Hardin went on to serve as President of Southern Methodist University, in Dallas, Texas. Two years into his tenure, he discovered infractions within the SMU football program involving coaches, boosters and university trustees. Hardin reported the violations to the NCAA, a move that was applauded by some, but eventually led to his forced resignation at the hands of powerful members of the SMU Board of Governors. After his departure, the malfeasance continued into the 1990s, eventually leading to the Southern Methodist University football scandal.

Hardin did not view the event as a setback. In fact, he considered it a jumping off point for a successful career in academic administration.

I think some people flinched and they were the people who later got that university into such trouble that they incurred the only death penalty in the history of the NCAA," Hardin said. "So I tried to curb this before it got under way and they really suggested that I go elsewhere. And that's when my career really perked up.

Drew University (1974-1988)
After his ouster from Dallas, Hardin moved to New Jersey to lead Drew University. He built a reputation as a charismatic fundraiser and an energetic leader. Among his legacies at Drew are the United Methodist Church Archives Center, the remodeled Learning Center and the Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (RISE) program. While at Drew, he worked to bolster the sciences at the small liberal arts campus. In 1983, long before it was widespread practice, Drew assigned a personal computer to every student.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1988-1995)
To those familiar with the Tobacco Road rivalry, Hardin may have seemed an unlikely candidate to become Chancellor at North Carolina. But in spite of his Duke pedigree, and after stints at several smaller private institutions, he took the reins at the large public research university in 1988. The Chapel Hill campus offered stark contrast against the backdrop of the tiny, private Wofford and Drew communities, and Hardin encountered the understandable culture shock of operating as an administrator in the public sector.

Hardin was hired to lead UNC into its third century, first by spearheading the largest capital campaign in school history. He led the effort with his characteristic enthusiasm and gusto. In the end the campaign raised $440 million, well over its goal of $300 million. The Bicentennial Observance culminated in a University Day celebration in 1993, during which Hardin conferred an honorary degree upon President Bill Clinton. The 130 events of the Bicentennial Observance was chronicled by executive director Steven Tepper in a book published by the university in 1998.

Hardin's time at UNC was not without conflict. In 1992 he refused student demands to build a freestanding Black Cultural Center on campus, recommending instead to expand the BCC's current space within the existing Student Union. He believed that a freestanding center would promote separatism, but proponents of the idea believed he was degrading the importance of black culture on campus. Emphasizing his position, Hardin stated, "We want a forum, not a fortress." The disagreement led to the largest demonstration movement on campus since Vietnam. The protests garnered national attention, with Rev. Jesse Jackson and filmmaker Spike Lee coming to Chapel Hill to support the cause. In 1993, Hardin appointed a planning committee to assess the situation and recommend a course of action. The committee concluded that a freestanding center was appropriate, but supported Hardin in his belief that the center should be a working classroom building controlled by the Office of the Provost, rather than a separate student union under the Department of Student Affairs. The Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center opened in 2004.

Hardin deemed the period "the greatest personal anguish" of his career. Hardin was active in civil rights issues, and even ran for mayor of Durham in 1967, losing in part due to his liberal views on race relations. He worried that he was being portrayed as a "60s liberal who stopped growing," while in fact throughout his career he worked to promote underrepresented groups and opinions on campuses and in his administrations.

I had always championed diversity and had taken steps to establish diversity on this campus and had said that if you satisfy me that you're establishing an institution that would be open and that will be constructive, I will support it to the hilt."

In the midst of politics, state budget constraints and other roadblocks, his triumphs outweighed his hardships. When he retired in 1995, Hardin left the university with a larger student body, a healthier budget and an endowment that had more than doubled.

Professional and personal legacy
A national leader in higher education, Paul Hardin earned a reputation for bold leadership, formidable fundraising skills, integrity, an open and engaging personality, and a relentlessly positive spirit. He was awarded numerous honorary degrees, served on several corporate boards, was an active lay leader in the United Methodist Church and held numerous community leadership roles. An avid golfer, he competed as an amateur in the 1962 British Open, recorded six career holes in one and shot his age on numerous occasions.

Paul Hardin III died at his Chapel Hill home of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on July 1, 2017, at age 86.

References

1931 births
2017 deaths
People from Charlotte, North Carolina
Leaders of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Wofford College
Presidents of Southern Methodist University
Duke University School of Law alumni
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Neurological disease deaths in North Carolina
Presidents of Drew University

Paul Hardin III


Three Garden Road, Central, is an office building in Central, Hong Kong near Garden Road stop of the Peak Tram, completed in 1992 by the Great Eagle Group.

The building comprises two wings, each with its own service core, which are marketed as separate towers, namely: Champion Tower (formerly known as Citibank Tower), which has 47 storeys, and ICBC Tower, which has 37 storeys. There is also a retail podium.

History
The site on Garden Road was previously part of Murray Barracks. The former Building and Lands Department of the Hong Kong Government put the site up for sale in July 1989. Five tenders were received. On 26 July 1989, the winning bid of HK$2.7 billion was formally announced to have come from Shine Hill Development, a subsidiary of Great Eagle Holdings. As the sale took place shortly after the Tiananmen Square massacre, this sum was considerably less than forecast. The atrocities in Beijing had severely damaged business confidence in Hong Kong's future, and property prices declined sharply. The Garden Road site, which had been expected to fetch $5 billion prior to the events in China, was reassessed at a benchmark figure of $3 billion just prior to tender.

Great Eagle led the development consortium and acted as both project and leasing manager. The development was designed by Hong Kong architect Rocco Yim. The main contractor and construction manager was Sung Foo Kee (now called SFK Construction).

The building was the first "intelligent" office building in Hong Kong with design specifications superior to other office buildings in Hong Kong at that time. It offered facilities such as raised flooring and smart entry gates and its main tenants were international financial institutions.

In 1994, the building won the Hong Kong Institute of Architects' highest award, the Silver Medal, in recognition for its outstanding architectural design.

In 2001, the Chinese name of the building changed from  to .

The building was spun off from Great Eagle and included in the newly formed Champion REIT in 2006. It was renamed "Three Garden Road, Central" on 28 June 2016. Citibank Tower was also renamed as Champion Tower whereas the name of ICBC Tower remained unchanged.

Architectural details
Besides its two characteristic curved reflective facades, the complex contains many distinct architectural features, such as the flexibility to join 26 floors of both towers to provide an enlarged floor plate of up to . Two ten-storey tall frameless glass panels provide the main lobby with natural lighting.

The property offers office space with a lettable floor area of more than 1.22 million square feet, approximately 42,500 square feet of retail space, as well as a three level basement car park capable of accommodating 558 vehicles.

With a gross floor area of almost , Three Garden Road, Central is one of the biggest office complexes in Hong Kong. At 205 metres tall, Champion Tower reaches up to the 47th floor. The highest floor on ICBC Tower is the 37th.

See also

 List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong

References

External links

Skyscraper office buildings in Hong Kong
Office buildings completed in 1992
Citigroup buildings
Central, Hong Kong

Three Garden Road, Central


Renato Micallef (born 19 November 1951) is a Maltese pop singer. His full name is Nazzareno Alessandro Micallef Garrett.  Renato has been active in the Maltese music scene since the age of 12.

Renato has toured North America, Australia and the United Kingdom where his website claims he won an award for Singer Of The Year in 1980.

In 1975, he represented Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest, finishing in 12th place with Singing This Song. In 1990, he represented Malta again in the Cavan International Song Festival, with the song Our Little World of Yesterday, which won first prize.

He has also hosted his own Television and Radio including the popular Separju on Super One Radio and also toured with one of his favourite singers, Shirley Bassey. His record releases include Ave Maria and Lovin' You. Renato is also a very popular local entertainer and performs regularly in leading venues.

References

External links
 Eurovision 1975 website, http://www.eurovision-contest.com/1975/Malta/
 Performance of 'Singing This Song', http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3117796263490940038
 Gensna: A nation's music, http://www.timesofmalta.com/life/view/20090321/features/gensna-a-nations-music

1951 births
Living people
Maltese pop singers
20th-century Maltese male singers
20th-century Maltese singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Malta
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1975

Renato Micallef


Jonathan Harshman Winters III (11 November 1925 – 11 Aprile 2013) wis an actor frae Americae. He wis kent for wis role in Mork an Mindy.

References

1925 births
2013 daiths
20t-century American male actors
American male film actors
American militar personnel o Warld War II
American fowk o Inglis strynd
American fowk o Scotch-Erse strynd
American stand-up comedians
American male televeesion actors
American male vyce actors
Grammy Awaird winners
Kenyon College alumni
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Ootstaundin Performance bi a Supportin Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners
Male actors frae Dayton, Ohio
Fowk frae Knox Coonty, Ohio
Writers frae Springfield, Ohio
Fowk wi bipolar disorder
Unitit States Marines
21st-century American male actors
Comedians frae Ohio
20t-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
American male comedy actors
Fowk frae Bellbrook, Ohio

Jonathan Winters


Old Guildford is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 28 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Fairfield. It is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

History
Old Guildford and Guildford were named after the Earl of Guildford.

Aboriginal culture
Prior to colonization, the Dharug people lived in small groups across the Cumberland Plain, including in the area which is now the Woodville Ward. The Bidjigal clan lived around the area which is now Guildford.

European settlement
Lieutenant Samuel North was granted  here in 1837 and named his property Guildford, as he had ties with the Earl of Guildford. Although the name of the property changed to Orchardleigh in 1843 when it was sold by North, the name Guildford stuck to the region and the small hamlet which developed in the area around Woodville Road. In 1869 a school had opened and a church was built in the 1880s.

In 1876, a railway station was built on the line some distance to the north of the village and named Guildford because it was the closest settlement to the station. The settlement that grew up around the railway station became larger than the original village and ultimately took over the name Guildford with the former settlement becoming known as Old Guildford.

Population
According to the , Old Guildford had a population of 2,663 people with a very substantial Arabic speaking population (46.2%). The majority of the suburb's residents were Australian born with the next most common place of birth being Lebanon (13.1%) followed by Vietnam (2.4%), China (2.1%), Iraq (1.9%) and Syria (1.7%). Top ancestries were Lebanese (35.1%), Australian (11.8%), English (6.8%), Chinese (4.9%) and Syrian (2.9%).

The most common responses for religion were Islam 45.9%, Catholic 20.9%, Not stated 7.9%, No Religion 6.1% and Buddhism 4.7%. Islam was the largest religious group reported overall (49.8%).

Old Guildford had a higher than average number of families with children (58%) and the average family income of $1,035 per week was significantly less than the national average ($1,481).

References

Suburbs of Sydney
City of Fairfield

Old Guildford


Year 27 BC wis aither a common year startin on Sunday, Monanday or Tysday or a leap year startin on Monanday (link will display the full calendar) o the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for maire information) an a common year startin on Sunday o the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it wis kent as the Year o the Second Consulship o Octavian an Agrippa (or, less frequently, year 727 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 27 BC for this year haes ben uised since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

Bi place

Roman Republic/Empire

 Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the seivent time. His pairtner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the third time.
 January 16 – Octavian formally returns full pouer tae the Senate; they gie him the titles o Princeps an Augustus. He accepts this honor, haein declined the alternative title o Romulus, thus becoming first Roman emperor.
 Caesar Augustus starts a new military reform. He reduces the nummer o legions tae 26 an maks the Praetorian Guard (1,000 men).
 Augustus forms the Classis Misenensis, based in the herbour o Portus Julius at Misenum.
 Agrippa divides Hispania Ulterior intae Baetica an Lusitania, an enlairges Hispania Citerior.
 Northern statue o the Colossi o Memnon is shattered bi an earthquake in Egypt (accordin tae Strabo).
 Marcus Agrippa begins the construction o the auld Pantheon, Rome.
 Augustus' first census o the Roman Empire (fermerly the Roman Republic) reported a total o 4,063,000 citizens.

Births

 Emperor Ai o Han (d. 1 BC)

Deiths

 Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman scholar (b. 116 BC)

References

1st century BC

27 BC


The Equality House is a house in Topeka, Kansas. It is painted with the colors of the rainbow flag.

History
The house was bought for $81,000 in March 2013. It was painted with the colors of rainbow flag, because it just across the street from Westboro Baptist Church, who are known to hate LGBT people. A 5 year old girl set up a lemonade stand just outside the house in June 2013 to raise money for Planting Peace, who owns the Equality House. Members of the Westboro Baptist Church tried to get the police to stop her and when that didn't work, began yelling swear words at her. She raised $400.

Later that month, a lesbian wedding was held outside the house.

In October 2013, a drag show was held outside of the house. This was done to raise money for anti-bullying campaigns to stop LGBT youth from killing themselves.

In May 2015, after JK Rowling said she wanted a fake wedding between Dumbledore and Gandalf in Ireland, the Westboro Baptist Church tweeted that they would picket if this were to happen. In June that year, the mock wedding happened in the front yard of the equality house instead. Dumbledore is a gay character, according to JK Rowling, but this is not said in the books.

In October 2016, the house was vandalized with the phrase "Fuk Fags" painted on it and seven bullet holes were found.

Transgender House
Before 2016, the house was painted with the colors of the transgender flag. Later, a house next to it was bought and was made a permanent "transgender house".

Houses in the United States
LGBT in the United States
Buildings and structures in Kansas
Topeka, Kansas

Equality House


Max Bruch (6 January 1838 – 2 October 1920) was a German Romantic composer, violinist, teacher, and conductor who wrote more than 200 works, including three violin concertos, the first of which has become a prominent staple of the standard violin repertoire.

Early life and education
Max Bruch was born in 1838 in Cologne to Wilhelmine (), a singer, and August Carl Friedrich Bruch, an attorney who became vice president of the Cologne police. Max had a sister, Mathilde ("Till"). He received his early musical training under the composer and pianist Ferdinand Hiller, to whom Robert Schumann dedicated his Piano Concerto in A minor. The Bohemian composer and piano virtuoso Ignaz Moscheles recognized the aptitude of Bruch.

At the age of nine, Bruch wrote his first composition, a song for his mother's birthday. From then on, music was his passion. His studies were enthusiastically supported by his parents. He wrote many minor early works including motets, psalm settings, piano pieces, violin sonatas, a string quartet, and even orchestral works such as the prelude to a planned opera, Joan of Arc. Few of these early works have survived, and the whereabouts of most of his surviving compositions are unknown.

The first music theory lesson he had was in 1849 in Bonn. It was given by Professor Heinrich Carl Breidenstein, a friend of his father's. At this time, Bruch was staying at an estate in Bergisch Gladbach, where he wrote much of his music. The farm belonged to an attorney and notary named Neissen, who lived there with his unmarried sister. Later, the estate was bought by the Zanders family, who owned a large paper mill. In later years,  became a friend and patron to Bruch.

The young Bruch was taught French and English conversation by his father, who was very wealthy.

Career
After briefly studying philosophy and art in Bonn (1859), Bruch had a long career as a teacher, conductor, and composer, moving among musical posts in Germany: Mannheim (1862–1864), Koblenz (1865–1867), Sondershausen (1867–1870), Berlin (1870–1872), and Bonn, where he spent 1873–78 working privately. At the height of his career he spent three seasons as conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880–83).

He taught composition at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik from 1890 until his retirement in 1910. His notable students included the Italian composer Ottorino Respighi, American pianist Rudolph Reuter, and the German pianist, composer, and writer Clara Mathilda Faisst (1872–1948).

Personal life and final years
Bruch married Clara Tuczek, a singer whom he had met on tour in Berlin on 3 January 1881. She is believed to have been 26 at the time of the marriage. She belonged to a musical family; her sister was composer Felicia Tuczek. The couple returned to Liverpool and took lodgings in the Sefton Park area. Their daughter, Margaretha, was born in Liverpool in 1882. Their first son, Max Felix Bruch, was born on 31 May 1884 in Breslau and showed great aptitude for music at an early age. They had two further sons, Hans and Ewald.

Death
Bruch died in his home in Berlin-Friedenau in 1920. He was buried next to his wife Clara, who had died on 26 August 1919, at the Old St. Matthäus churchyard at Berlin-Schöneberg. Margaretha Bruch later had carved on the gravestone, "Music is the language of God."

Works

Bruch's complex and well-structured works in the German Romantic musical tradition placed him in the camp of Romantic classicism exemplified by Johannes Brahms, rather than the opposing "New Music" of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. In his time, he was known primarily as a choral composer and often, to his chagrin, was overshadowed by his friend Brahms, who was more popular and widely regarded.

Today, as it was during his life, Bruch's Violin Concerto No. 1, in G minor, Op. 26 (1866) is one of the most popular Romantic violin concertos. It uses several techniques from Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, including the linking of movements, as well as omitting the Classical opening orchestral exposition and other conservative formal structural devices of earlier concertos. Johann Joachim was the main person he referred to while composing and developing his concerto, and it was Joachim's revisions which made it to the final version of the piece that was published. Despite these modifications to the conventional Romantic style, Bruch often was considered a conservative composer.

The two other works of Bruch that still are widely played, also were written for solo string instrument with orchestra: the Scottish Fantasy for violin and orchestra, which includes an arrangement of the tune "Hey Tuttie Tatie", best known for its use in the song "Scots Wha Hae" by Robert Burns; and the Kol Nidrei, Op. 47, for cello and orchestra (subtitled "Adagio on Hebrew Melodies for Violoncello and Orchestra"), which begins and ends with the solo cello's setting of the Kol Nidre ("All Vows ... ") incantation that opens the Jewish (Ashkenazic) Yom Kippur service. This work may well have inspired Ernest Bloch's Schelomo (subtitled "Hebrew Rhapsody") of 1916, an even more passionate and extended one-movement composition, also with a Jewish subject and also for solo cello and orchestra.

The success of Kol Nidrei led to an assumption by many that Bruch was of Jewish ancestry, although Bruch denied this and there is no evidence that he was Jewish. As far as can be ascertained, none of his ancestors were Jews. Bruch was given the middle name Christian, and was raised Protestant. Indeed, despite repeated denials by his surviving family, so long as the Nazi Party was in power (1933–1945), performance of his music was restricted because he was considered a "possible Jew" for having written music with an openly Jewish theme. As a result, his music was largely forgotten in German-speaking countries.

In the realm of chamber music, Bruch is not well known, although his "Eight Pieces for Clarinet, Viola, and Piano" are occasionally revived, there being very little other music written for this rare combination of instruments. As with Brahms, who had produced his clarinet compositions with a particular clarinettist in mind, so did Bruch write these trios for a particular clarinettist, his own son Max. These pieces do not stand alone, however, in Bruch's output. Nevertheless, he wrote many pieces in the chamber music tradition, of which his septet is noteworthy. His first major pieces, composed at the start of his career, are two string quartets that are similar in tone and intensity to Schumann's string quartets (Op. 41). The composition of his second piano quintet is intriguing, as he began the composition while conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic Society. Although written for amateurs, it is a fair composition and was completed only after Bruch, having left Liverpool, was gently persuaded to finish the last movement.

Sir Donald Tovey wrote "I find myself entirely in agreement with the writer of the article in Grove's Dictionary who says that Bruch's greatest mastery lies in the treatment of chorus and orchestra." Tovey went on to praise in particular Odysseus: Szenen aus der Odyssee (Odysseus: Scenes from The Odyssey), op. 41, for chorus, soloists and orchestra, and a Kyrie and Sanctus.

In 1918, toward the end of his life, Bruch once more considered smaller ensembles with the composition of two string quintets, of which one served as the basis for a string octet, written in 1920 for four violins, two violas, cello, and a double bass. This octet is somewhat at odds with the innovative style of the decade. While composers such as Schönberg and Stravinsky were part of the forward-looking modern trend, Bruch and others tried to keep composing within the Romantic tradition, avoiding the revolutionary spirit of the era. All three of these late chamber works exhibit a 'concertante' style in which the first violin part is predominant and contains much of the musical interest. By the time they came to be performed professionally for the first time, in the 1930s, Bruch's reputation had deteriorated and he was known only for the famous Concerto.

Bruch's other works include his two less well-known concerti for violin and orchestra, No. 2 in D minor (1878) and No. 3 in D minor (1891) (which Bruch regarded as at least as fine as the famous first); as well as a Concerto for Clarinet, Viola, and Orchestra, and many more pieces for violin, viola, or cello, and orchestra. His three symphonies contain distinctive German Romantic melodic writing that is orchestrated effectively.

To this triple output he added three orchestral suites in later life, of which the third has a remarkable history. Its origin can be found in Capri, where Bruch had witnessed a procession in which a tune was played on a tuba that "could very well be the basis of a funeral march", and would be the basis of this suite, that he finished in 1909. The American Sutro sisters piano duo, Rose and Ottilie Sutro, however, had asked Bruch for a concerto specifically for them, which he produced by arranging this suite into a double piano concerto, but only to be played within the Americas and not beyond. The Concerto in A flat minor for Two Pianos and Orchestra, Op. 88a, was finished in 1912 for the Sutros, but was never played in the original version. They performed the work only twice, in two different versions of their own. The score was withdrawn in 1917 and rediscovered only after Ottilie Sutro's death in 1970. The sisters also played a major part in the fate of the manuscript of the Violin Concerto No. 1: Bruch had sent it to them to be sold in the United States, but they kept it and sold it only for their own profit.

Violinists Joseph Joachim and Willy Hess advised Bruch on his writing for that instrument, and Hess premiered some of his works, including the Concert Piece for Violin and Orchestra, Op. 84, which was composed for him.

Notes

References

Sources

 Fifield, Christopher (1988). Max Bruch: His Life and Works. New York : G. Braziller. ISBN 0-8076-1204-9.

Further reading

External links

 Recommended recordings of Bruch's music from Classical Net
 [ Max Bruch] on the AllMusic website
 Background information on Bruch's arrangement of Kol Nidrei from Chazzanut Online
 Thomas Wood's Max Bruch Home Page (with a link to a bibliography an unreferenced catalogue of works by opus number)
 Free scores Mutopia Project

1838 births
1920 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
19th-century German composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German composers
20th-century German male musicians
Child classical musicians
German expatriates in England
German male classical composers
German male conductors (music)
German Romantic composers
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Musicians from Cologne
People from Tempelhof-Schöneberg
Pupils of Carl Reinecke
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)

Max Bruch


Pilsens Samlingsparti (or Beer Unity Pairtie) is a poleetical pairtie in Vest-Agder, Norrowey. Aw o the ten pynts brocht up in its action programme is in ae wey relatit tae swats or yill an the brew industry, for sample defens  o employments in brews.

In the 2005 pairliamentary elections the pairtie wun 65 votes.

Politeecal pairties in Norawa

Pilsens Samlingsparti


Pitt & Kantrop is a children's television animated series produced by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and Millimages. It was shown on BBC One and CBBC in the United Kingdom and on Clan in Spain. It follows the journey of a 13-year-old boy named Pitt and his pet pterodactyl Kantrop as they adventure through the wilderness of the Stone Age eras, and solve problems in the tribe's village. It is from the same creators of Watch My Chops.

The series title in French, Pitt et Kantrop, is a pun on pithecanthropus.

The Pittec Tribe
 Pitt: He's creative and determined. He is passionate about justice and equality. Pitt is a very smart and reliable boy, who wants to help his tribe, the "Pitteks" advance in their every day ways of life, as he comes up with new inventions and ideas that will benefit the tribe. Pitt would feel very isolated and helpless if it were not for his best friend Kantrop.
Kantrop: Kantrop is the last pterodactyl of his species, a refugee from the wild world and the first domesticated animal in history, who helps Pitt accomplish many tasks. He's just the friend Pitt needs.
 Drosera: Drosera is Sariac's wife. She likes to look down her nose at other people. She thinks Pitt is a threat to the tribe and thinks he could overturn her world (although she did thank Pitt for saving her life in The Big Wheel).
Sariac: Sariac is the strongest man in the tribe, that's why he's the Big Chief. He doesn't trust anyone and thinks all the other tribesmen want to take his place. Despite this, he cares deeply for the tribe and his family. His catchphrase is: "Sariac has spoken!"
Vegas and Atlas: Vegas and Atlas are great hunters. They are heroic and athletic but not very clever! They obey Sariac's every word and take everything he says as gospel.
Mandas: Pitt's cousin is a young hunter with a brilliant future ahead of him. He's always trying to impress Deena and thinks that one day he will marry her.
Deena: Deena is the Chief's daughter. She is an amazing hunter and fighter and would like to become Chief. She has a secret soft spot for and crush on Pitt. This is confirmed in the episode "The End is Nigh", when she attempts to tell Pitt her feelings, but doesn't get the chance. After the meteor shower ends, Deena kisses Pitt on the cheek, making him blush.
Prosper: Prosper is the shaman and the oldest in the tribe. The tribe think that he holds mysterious powers and always listen to his advice, even though sometimes it's rubbish.
Liane: Pitt's mum, Liane loves to complain! Her hut is the untidiest in the tribe but deep down she reckons that her family is her best ever achievement.
Stef: Stef is Pitt's dad. He is the first to run away at the sight of danger, so he's not a great hunter. He is gentle and kind and secretly very proud of his fearless son.
Grenella: Aunt Grenella's one aim in life is to find a husband. She gets jealous easily and loves to gossip, but don't worry, her bark is worse than her bite. Strangely, although she is Pitt's aunt, and Mandas is Pitt's cousin, they do not seem to be mother and son.

Other characters

Brother Cluckcluck: Shaman, and member of the Brotherhood of Shamans. Holds a chicken beak on a pole, and ends sentences with "Cluck cluck." Appears in Ep 23 - Hocus Pocus.
Sister Fish: Shamaness, and member of the Brotherhood of Shamans. Wears a double-headed fish in her hair, and ends sentences with "Glub glub". Appears in Ep 23 - Hocus Pocus.

Episodes

1 – The End Justifies The Meals:
Herds have not returned from their winter migration and famine hits the Piteks' tribe. Desperate for meat, the tribe starts thinking Kantrop could very well be their next meal. Pitt has to protect Kantrop from being eaten and solve the game disappearance enigma.

2 –  World Peace 0001:
Pitt discovers the Cluck-clucks, a strange tribe of bird worshipers settling nearby. The Piteks want to go to battle against these new neighbours. Pitt pleads for peace, but Mandas lures Kantrop into the Cluck-clucks' village and returns claiming Kantrop has been stolen by the enemy. Can Pitt avoid what seems to be an inevitable war?

3 – Together at Last:
It's a time of fear and suspicion: items have been stolen within the village. Pitt proposes that the whole tribe moves into Sariac's hut for safety. Hell breaks loose in this first communal living experience, while Deena takes on the real thief's trail. Pitt, Kantrop and Mandas go to her rescue.

4 – Problem Pets:
Pitt rescues a sabre-tooth tiger cub from harm. It becomes his friend, learning tricks and making Kantrop jealous. Now every Pitek wants his own cute pet too, while Kantrop grudgingly plays tricks for Deena. Meanwhile, more ferocious cubs are brought into the village, while their no less ferocious parents come looking for their offspring. Can Pitt save the tribe from this dangerous pet craze?

5 – Moby Pitt:
Pitt catches the biggest fish ever to be seen in the Pitek tribe. Sariac thinks he can do better so he orders Stef to build him a raft. Meanwhile, he decides that he's not going to fish in the lake, but the sea. Stef uses mud by mistake and it gets Sariac, Atlas and Vegas into much trouble, but don't worry, Pitt goes to the rescue.

6 – Pearls of Wisdom:
Pitt invents the first currency – pearls. Soon, the pearl frenzy spreads within the tribe, and Pitt's parents are heavily in debt! Meanwhile, Grenella, who secretly found a cave full of pearl oysters, is striking rich and playing bachelorette. Can Pitt teach his tribe that pearls can't buy happiness?

7 – Life is but a dream:
Stef's recent dream of a successful hunt came true by the utmost coincidence. Now the tribe believes that whatever Stef dreams will come true - and even accomplish them for him! Stef abuses this exciting new power, while Prosper, losing his shaman prestige, swears revenge. Worse still: Stef has dreamt he could fly, and, believing it will happen, intends to jump from a cliff. Pitt and Kantrop now have to prevent this dream from becoming a nightmare.

8 – Let the show begin:
Pitt refuses that his dad, Stef, should be put in danger in front of ferocious beasts for a laugh. Sariac accepts Pitt's plea for more intelligent entertainment – if Pitt fails, Stef's banishment in the jungle will become permanent. Pitt's first theatre rehearsals go from one disaster to the next (tribe "actors" turn into prima Donnas, and special effects backfire), while Kantrop, sent into the wild to "protect" Stef, is no help at all. Can Pitt make Sariac laugh to save his dad?

9 – The Big head:
Sariac, stuck into his new bison headdress, can't see a thing. Fearing to be ousted if caught in such ridicule, he leaves the village guided by Prosper, while Pitt will have the Chief's cousin (a dead-ringer for Sariac) impersonate him. But the new chief is much worse than the old one. Now Pitt has to save his tribe from tyranny and give it his real leader back.

10 – Sacred Spear:
To help his pathetic hunter of a dad regain confidence, Pitt lets him believe that he's found a legendary magical spear. Soon, Stef enjoys hunting and even becomes good at it, to the point of feeling invincible. Now Stef wants to confront a herd of mammoths single-handedly. This is going too far, but will Pitt be able to save his dad from his dangerous illusion?

11 – Springtime:
Mandas wants to court Deena by bringing her back some mammoth hairs, right off the beast's back! To save him from a sure death, Pitt teaches Mandas how to win Deena's heart with romance. Meanwhile, the hunters, who are pretending to go on a wild mammoth hair hunt for their spouses, are actually having a picnic and forge their hunting trophies...But Mandas decides to go on with his initial plan. Now Pitt has to save him and the tribe's honour!

12 – The Curse of the Mashamana:
Prosper's ability as a shaman is questioned. To regain prestige (and food offerings) he predicts a curse on the tribe, and stages evidence of a rampaging monster. It works! Despite Pitt who figured out the hoax, Prosper is back in favour and "dispels" the creature for a good price. But Pitt discovers a giant crocodile roaming around the village... He warns his tribe but nobody believes him. How can Pitt get his overconfident tribe out of harm's way?

13 – The Big Wheel:
Stef promises Sariac a new hut for his birthday. Kantrop ends up hauling the stones for its construction on the flank of the mountain. To alleviate his burden, Pitt invents the wheel. But Kantrop's loads are doubled! Pitt, heartbroken, prefers to free Kantrop from this brutal exploitation. He lets Kantrop hide in the jungle, where the pterodactyl has to sharpen his survival skills. Meanwhile, Pitt realises the building site is a volcano about to erupt!

14 – You're a big boy now:
Mandas wants to prove his valour to Sariac's family and become Deena's official suitor. To step into manhood, he must go into a series of trials. Deena calls Pitt to the rescue: if he succeeds in passing these trials, he can counter Mandas' plans. But can he survive the tough competition when Drosera keeps cheating and pulling the (mammoth) rug from under him?

15 – Bridging the gap:
A huge chasm has appeared in the middle of the village, dividing it in two-halves, with tribe members on each side. Pitt invents the postal service with Kantrop, to transmit spoken messages and parcels to each side. He then engineers the building of a bridge to join both halves before they declare war on each other because of miscommunication. Meanwhile, Grenella has fallen into the chasm. Will they notice her in time to save her?

16 – A modern couple:
Stef and Liane are not happy with the way each gender fulfils his role at home. They are convinced they each would do a better job than their spouse! Pitt suggests a switch, for the worst, of course. Despite spectacular results at first, the tribe doesn't take the changes well, and both parents are too proud to admit the switch is a recipe for disaster. Can Pitt help them out of this mess?

17 – Fish and ransom:
Grenella gets kidnapped by the fish tribe scouts, thinking she is the chief's wife. Delighted to meet a possible husband, Grenella let them keep her prisoner. Pitt becomes the ambassador to the tribe, and discovers they're actually holding a more and more unbearable Grenella up for ransom. Only one problem: at the Pitek village, no one seems to want Grenella back, let alone for any price! Can Pitt free Grenella without a diplomatic incident, let alone a war?

18 – Table for 15:
Liane cooks the miserable results of Stef's hunt (a mouse and a bunch of leaves). The aroma smites the whole tribe. Pitt sees this as a way to save his dad from the hunting chore: Liane will trade her cooking against some of the other hunter's game. It's a deal! Drosera, jealous that Sariac deserts her table for Liane's, decides to open her own restaurant. Now both women compete fiercely (and not always honestly), while a chase for the rare leaves is on.

19 – Sport is the name of the game:
The tribe's best hunters are losing stamina: they can't even catch dodo birds any more! Pitt convinces them to get some exercise by running after an inflated skin. Soon, he has to make up rules, and sport is born for the first time in human prehistory! The thing is this sport craze gets quickly out of hand: nobody hunts any more and the dodo birds are gorging on the village winter stores! Will Pitt end this sport fad before the tribe becomes exhausted (and extinct!)?

20 – Life saver:
Pitt has saved Sariac's life. According to the tradition, the Big Chief adopts him as his son. But life in Sariac's hut is far from a picnic. Between the household chores and the learning of his one-day chief-to-be status, Pitt misses his own family. But even Stef and Liane are delighted for Pitt – they're hoping for favours in return for his new position within the tribe. Now the only way for Pitt to return to his parents is to get his own life saved by Sariac.

21 – Pitt the Jinx:
After a couple of unfortunate disasters occurring while Pitt was present, everybody thinks Pitt brings bad luck to the tribe. Pitt has to prove his tribe wrong. But the more he tries, the more they're convinced he's responsible for all of their troubles. Can Pitt persuade them that luck is what you make of it?

22 – Holiday Time!:
After an unexpected record hunt, the tribe is exhausted from smoking meat and tanning skins. Pitt suggests a holiday for the whole tribe. All they have to do is lay back and relax. As they reach a gorgeous beach, all the tribe members take Pitt on his word. They don't want to do a thing, and the relaxing time quickly turns into the holiday from Hell, while Sariac, left behind, misses bossing his tribe around terribly.

23 – Hocus Pocus!:
Much to Pitt's surprise, Prosper introduces Pitt at a shaman's reunion as the apprentice he was supposed to train for a year! Pitt has to play along to protect Prosper, whose knowledge and power amount to zero. Inevitably, the pupil outshines the master. Prosper loses his shaman's title as Pitt is crowned as a sacred child and used by Sariac to shake down other tribes! Now Pitt has to restore Prosper's status. But how?

24 – Trial by fire:
Liane is accused of having put out the tribe's sacred fire. Pitt decides to investigate and discovers quite a few Piteks have something to hide. But the real culprit is the last one he expected. To save his mum, Pitt becomes the first detective and lawyer of human history.

25 – Secret weapon:
A charming but exhausted cave woman is rescued in the wild by Pitt and Kantrop, who bring her back to the Pitek village. Little do they know that their guest is indeed a spy and a scout, on a mission to bring discord into the village so her tribe can move in. While the newcomer divides to conquer, will Pitt see the truth in time to save his village from being taken over?

26 – I am the Chief, the Chief gets all!:
Sariac, who left to attend the wedding of the bear chief's son, forgot to name a chief by default. Now every Pitek wants to take the vacant chief's seat. To avoid a civil war, Pitt invents the majority vote—and his dad is elected. Meanwhile, Mandas, thinking Deena is going to be married to the bear chief's son, decides to interrupt the ceremony.

References

External links
Pitt & Kantrop at Millimages

BBC children's television shows
British children's animated adventure television series
Animated television series about dinosaurs
2000s British animated television series

Pitt & Kantrop


Loewe Technology GmbH, doing business as Loewe (, roughly ), is a German company that develops, designs, manufactures and sells consumer electronics and electromechanical products and systems. The company was founded in Berlin, 1923, by brothers Siegmund and David L. Loewe. Since 1948, the company has based its headquarters and production facilities in the Bavarian town of Kronach, Upper Franconia.

History
The company was started in 1923 in Berlin, when Siegmund Loewe and his brother David Ludwig Loewe established a radio manufacturing company named Radiofrequenz GmbH. Their work with the young physicist Manfred von Ardenne in 1926 led to the development of the Loewe 3NF, an early attempt to combine several functions into one electronic device, similar to the modern integrated circuit.

Television development began at Loewe in 1929. The company worked together with British television pioneer John Logie Baird. In 1931, Manfred von Ardenne presented the world's first fully electronic television to the public on the Loewe stand at the 8th Berlin Radio Show.

When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Siegmund Loewe was forced to emigrate to the US in 1938, where he developed a friendship with Albert Einstein. Funkabwehr agents obtained radio detection-finders vans from Loewe-Opta to be used against espionage in Belgium.

In 1949, Siegmund Loewe regained possession of the company's property and took over as chairman of the supervisory board. In the 1950s, Loewe began producing the Optaphon, a cassette tape recorder, and manufacturing televisions in Kronach. In 1961, Loewe began mass production of the Optacord 500, a video recorder.

In 1962, the family company tradition ended with the death of Siegmund Loewe. Subsidiaries of the Philips group took over the majority of shares. Under this management, which continued until 1985, the company specialised increasingly in the development and production of televisions.

In 1963, Loewe launched the Optaport, a portable television. It had a 25 cm-wide screen and built-in FM radio. The first Loewe colour televisions were launched along with the introduction of colour television in Germany. In 1979, Loewe began production of a fully integrated chassis television.

In 1985, management made Loewe a privately owned company again after Philips sold its shares. In the same year, Loewe created the Art 1, a new generation of TVs with a focus on design.

1998 marked two more milestones in the company history: the launch of the Xelos @ Media, a television with internet access, and that of the Spheros, the first Loewe flat-screen television. In the following year, Loewe AG had its IPO, led by Rainer Hecker (CEO) and Burkhard Bamberger (CFO).

Following financial hardships, in July 2013 the company filed for bankruptcy protection, but on 1 October 2013 the Loewe Group entered into a self-administration process. In March 2014 major assets from Loewe AG were taken by the Munich-based investor Stargate Capital GmbH.

In December 2019, Skytec Group Ltd took 100% ownership of the brand, creating Loewe Technology GmbH and associated subsidiaries. During 2021, Loewe introduced the SL7 streaming TV platform, standalone audio products and a new sub-brand; We.by.Loewe.

In 2021, Loewe acquired 65,000 m2 of land and buildings from the town of Kronach to secure its location for the long term future. The plans consider step-by-step renovation of the complete area with erection of new office and administrative facilities.

Loewe celebrates its 100th anniversary in 2023 adopting a new slogan "Century of Excellence". In partnership with the town of Kronach, Loewe opened an exhibition displaying products from different historical periods at Rosenberg Castle in Kronach, which will operate for the full anniversary year. A book titled "100 years of Loewe design" has been published with another book, "100 years of Loewe history in images", to be released later in 2023.

Products

Type FEB

In 1929 Loewe started producing televisions. Manfred von Ardenne focused on electronic circuits. On 14 December 1930, with the help of the cathode ray tube, he succeeded in full electronic transmission of diapositives.

Loewe Optaport

In 1963, Loewe designed a fully transistorized and portable TV, the "Optaport". The device had a screen diagonal of 9.8 inches and was equipped with an integrated ultra-short wave radio section.

Art 1

In February 1981, Loewe presented the first stereo sound TV in Europe. Four years later they introduced the "Art 1", a newly design-oriented generation of televisions.

D2-MAC

The D2MAC method for TV components allowed digital sound to be transmitted stereo and in various languages. Loewe produced a television with an internally pluggable D2-MAC decoder, Sat-TV turner and PiP modules. However, the 1,250-line HDTV did not manage to establish itself and was taken off the market after the distribution of German programmes via Astra.

CS1

The environmentally friendly "CS1" television went into production in 1995. Television tubes could be disposed of separately while the casing cover and electronics were designed such that they could be completely melted for reuse. Hence, the CS1 was recyclable.

Xelos @ Media & Spheros

From 1995 onwards, Loewe kept evolving from classic consumer electronics to a multimedia specialist. In 1997, Loewe introduced the "Xelos @ Media" – the first TV with internet access. In the same year, the first Loewe flat-screen TV "Spheros" debuted.

MultiTel TV 10

In 1988, the MultiTel TV 10 was released. Telephoning, keeping a name register, database queries, sending telexes and telefax were available.

Individual, Art & Connect

"Individual" was the first flat-screen TV that offered individual housing options and set-up solutions. The "Loewe Connect", introduced in 2008, was a Smart TV that offered wireless access to multi-media files, external hard drive, and PC systems.

In 2010 Loewe developed its first batch-produced LCD TV with LED background lighting, the next generation "Individual SL". In the same year, the LED series "Art" and "Connect" with DR+Streaming, MediaText, HbbTV, CE-HTML and an improved streaming client were introduced at the IFA exhibition. The increasing intelligent networking of modern homes was integrated with functions like "Follow-Me," which enables the user to record or start watching a movie in one room and finish watching it in another room, enabling a multi-room function.

bild, klang, plus

In 2016, Loewe introduced a German nomenclature of its products in order to "authentically communicate its German roots". The German product names are supposed to convey the use of the respective products within the entertainment system: bild (TV devices), klang (speakers), and plus (accessories).

We.by.Loewe brand

In 2021, Loewe Technology introduced a new sub brand called We.By.Loewe which targets younger generation and offers products at more affordable price points. The current range includes LCD TVs (We.See series) and speakers (We.Hear series).

Bibliography
 75 Jahre Loewe (1923-1998). Und die Zukunft geht weiter, author's edition 1998
 Kilian J.L. Steiner: Ortsempfänger, Volksfernseher und Optaphon. Die Entwicklung der deutschen Radio- und Fernsehindustrie und das Unternehmen Loewe 1923–1962. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2005,
 Frank Keuper, Jürgen Kindervater, Heiko Dertinger, Andreas Heim (Hrsg.): Das Diktat der Markenführung. 11 Thesen zur nachhaltigen Markenführung und -implementierung. Mit einem umfassenden Fallbeispiel der Loewe AG, Gabler Fachverlage, Wiesbaden 2009,

References

External links

German brands
Electronics companies of Germany
Companies based in Bavaria
Electronics companies established in 1923
1923 establishments in Germany
Companies acquired from Jews under Nazi rule
Radio manufacturers

Loewe (electronics)