Terramare, terramara, or terremare is a technology complex mainly of the central Po valley, in Emilia, Northern Italy, dating to the Middle and Late Bronze Age c. 1700–1150 BC. It takes its name from the "black earth" residue of settlement mounds. Terramare is from terra marna, "marl-earth", where marl is a lacustrine deposit. It may be any color but in agricultural lands it is most typically black, giving rise to the "black earth" identification of it. The population of the terramare sites is called the terramaricoli. The sites were excavated exhaustively in 1860–1910.

These sites prior to the second half of the 19th century were commonly believed to have been used for Gallic and Roman sepulchral rites. They were called terramare and marnier by the farmers of the region, who mined the soil for fertilizer. Scientific study began with Bartolomeo Gastaldi in 1860. He was investigating peat bogs and old lake sites in north Italy but did some investigations of the marnier, recognizing them finally as habitation, not funerary, sites similar to the pile dwellings further north.

His studies attracted the attention of Pellegrino Strobel and his 18-year-old assistant, Luigi Pigorini. In 1862 they wrote a piece concerning the Castione di Marchesi in Parma, a Terramare site. They were the first to perceive that the settlements were prehistoric. Starting from Gaetano Chierici's theory that the pile dwellings further north represented an ancestral Roman population, Pigorini developed a theory of Indo-European settlement of Italy from the north.

Settlements

The Terramare, in spite of local differences, is of typical form; each settlement is trapezoidal, with streets arranged in a quadrangular pattern. Some houses are built upon piles even though the village is entirely on dry land and some are not. There is currently no commonly accepted explanation for the piles. The whole is protected by an earthwork strengthened on the inside by buttresses, and encircled by a wide moat supplied with running water. In all over 60 villages are known, almost entirely from Emilia. In the Middle Bronze Age they are no larger than  placed at an average density of 1 per . In the Late Bronze Age many sites have been abandoned and the ones that were not are larger, up to .

The remains discovered may be briefly summarized. Stone objects are few. Of bronze (the chief material) axes, daggers, swords, razors, and knives are found, as also minor implements, such as sickles, needles, pins, brooches, etc. Also remarkable is the finding of a large number of stone moulds, needed to obtain the bronze objects. There are also objects of bone and wood, besides pottery (both coarse and fine), amber, and glass paste. Small clay figures, chiefly of animals (though human figures are found at Castellazzo), are interesting as being practically the earliest specimens of plastic art found in Italy.

Society

The occupations of the Terramare people as compared with their Neolithic predecessors may be inferred with comparative certainty. They remained hunters, but also had domesticated animals; they were fairly skilful metallurgists, casting bronze in moulds of stone and clay; they were also agriculturists, cultivating beans, grapes, wheat, and flax.

According to William Ridgeway the dead were given a burial: further investigation, however, of the cemeteries shows that both burial and cremation were practiced, with cremated remains placed in ossuaries; practically no objects were found in the urns. Cremation may have been a later introduction.

Development and collapse

Around 1200 BC a serious crisis began for the Terramare culture that within a few years led to the abandonment of all the settlements; the reasons for this crisis, roughly contemporaneous with the Late Bronze Age collapse in the eastern Mediterranean, are still not entirely clear.  It seems possible that in the face of an incipient overpopulation (between 150,000 and 200,000 individuals were calculated) and depletion of natural resources, a series of drought periods led to a deep economic crisis, famine, and consequently the disruption of the political order, which caused the collapse of society. Around 1150 BC the Terramare were completely abandoned, with no settlements replacing them. The plains, especially in the area of Emilia, were abandoned for several centuries, and only in the Roman era did they regain the density of population reached during the Terramare period.

It has been suggested that the memory of the fate of the Terramare culture may have lasted for centuries, until it was recorded by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in his first book on the Roman Antiquities, as the fate of the Pelasgians. In his record the Pelasgians occupied the Po Valley up to two generations before the Trojan War, but were forced, by a series of famines of which they could not understand the reason, nor to which find a solution, to leave their once-fertile land and move to the south, where they merged with the Aborigines.

Theories of ethnic identity
Significant differences of opinion have arisen as to the origin and ethnographic relations of the Terramare population.

Edoardo Brizio, in his Epoca preistorica (1898), advanced a theory that the Terramare population had been the original Ligurians. Brizio believed that the Ligures, at some early point, took to erecting pile dwellings, although why they should have abandoned their previously unprotected hut-settlements for elaborate fortifications is unclear. While Brizio did not envision invading peoples until long after the Terramare period, the pile dwellings, ramparts and moats at Terramare sites have usually seemed more akin to military defenses, than the prevention of inundation during regular flooding; for instance, Terramare buildings usually stood on hills. There are other difficulties of a similar character with Brizio's theory.

Luigi Pigorini (1842–1925) proposed that a population derived from the Terramare culture was a dominant component of the Proto-Villanovan culture—especially in its northern and Campanian phases and the Terramare culture has been an Indo-European-speaking population, the ancestors of the Italici, i.e. the Italic-speaking peoples. Pigorini also attributed to the Italici a tradition of lake dwellings, modified in Italy into Terramare-style pile dwelling on dry land.

More recently, Italian archeologist Andrea Cardarelli has proposed re-evaluations of contemporaneous Greek accounts, such as that of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and to link the Terramare culture to the Pelasgians whom the Greeks generally equated with the Tyrrhenians and specifically, therefore, the Etruscans.

List of sites
Santa Rosa di Poviglio, in Poviglio - see Terramare of Santa Rosa
Fondo Paviani, in Legnago - see Centro ambientale archeologico di Legnago
Case del Lago
Case Cocconi, in Parma
Anzola dell'Emilia

Gallery

See also
Bronze Age Italy
Genetic history of Italy
Villanovan culture
Polada culture
Ancient peoples of Italy
Dark earth

References

Sources

Further reading
 See specifically pp. 721–726.

Archaeological cultures of Europe
Chalcolithic cultures of Europe
Bronze Age cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Italy
Prehistoric Italy
Pelasgians

Terramare culture


The Defense Intelligence Headquarters (情報本部, Jōhōhonbu) is a military intelligence and signal intelligence agency of the Japanese government, under the jurisdiction of the Japanese Ministry of Defense. It is currently one of the biggest Japanese intelligence agencies.

The DIH is under the jurisdiction of the Joint Staff and is controlled by the Defense Intelligence Committee, which is made up of the Chiefs of Staff of the JGSDF, JMSDF and JASDF along with the Chief of Staff, Joint Staff, State Minister of Defense and the Minister of Defense.

Command
Command of the DIH was given directly to the Japanese Minister of Defense in March 2006. The deputy officer is usually a civilian officially appointed by the MOD.Four Defense Intelligence Officers (DIOs) are also appointed with three being colonels from the JGSDF or the JASDF with one a civilian official.

SIGINT
The SIGINT facilities managed by the Chobetsu (Chosa Besshitsu) or the Annex Chamber, Second Section, Second Investigation Division in English, from 1958 to 1997 is managed by the DIH. Command of the SIGINT division is usually filled by a senior officer from the NPA.

Role
The main role of the DIH is to collect information and analyse for planning defense and operation policy. The agency collect information from open sources, signals and image intelligence as well as from other Japanese government ministries, Japanese embassies and other affiliated ministries and organizations. In addition, they also gather intelligence through surveillance activities.

Seal
The seal of the DIH consist of the following symbols:

 Pheasant – Quality of intelligence gathering at high speed
 Red oval shapes around Earth – Positions of spy satellites
 Lightning – Radio waves
 Star – Section and Stations of the DIH

References

1997 establishments in Japan

Defense Intelligence Headquarters


The 216th Infantry Division () was a German Army division that was created during the Second World War; it was active from 1939–1943. It served on the Western Front in 1940 and later took part in the Eastern Front campaign, being involved in the disastrous Battle of Kursk.

Operational history
The division was created on 26 August 1939 by reorganizing several Border Defense and Army Reserve units from Lower Saxony, primarily in the area surrounding the city of Hannover. It was organized under the pre-war infantry division "alter Art," structure; consisting of three 3-battalion infantry regiments (brigades), an artillery regiment of four battalions, a combat engineer battalion, a signal battalion, and an antitank battalion, as well as divisional services. Its total strength was approximately 17,200 men. The division was based at Hameln and was part of Wehrkreis XI.

The 216th Infantry Division did not participate in the Invasion of Poland, since it was occupying defensive positions in the Ardennes Forest along the 'Westwall'. It did take part in the invasion of the Low Countries and France in May and June 1940. When Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, began on June 22, 1941, the Division was performing occupation duties in France along the English Channel coast.

Following the success of the Soviet winter counteroffensive of December 1941, the Division was rushed to the Eastern Front as reinforcement and was soon split into several smaller battlegroups urgently needed for defending key localities. One of these battlegroups, formed from the 348th Infantry Regiment, was surrounded by the Soviet 10th Army in January 1942, outside of the town of Sukhinitchi. The regiment managed to hold out for several weeks until relief forces of the XXIV Panzer Corps broke through to the beleaguered troops on January 24, 1942.

There followed over a year of positional warfare in Army Group Center, where the division took part in battles at Rshev, Briansk, Orel, Spass Demensk and Gomel. In July 1943, the 216th Infantry Division participated in the Battle of Kursk, where it sustained heavy casualties while fighting on the northern shoulder of the Kursk salient as part of Generalfeldmarschall Model's Ninth Army.

The division was disbanded on 17 November 1943 after suffering heavy casualties during the retreat to the Dnieper River Defensive Line. The division's staff, most of the 348th Grenadier Regiment, the Artillery Regiment, the Combat Engineer Battalion and supply units were moved to Belgium, where they were used to form the framework for the new 272nd Infantry Division. Most of the surviving combat troops remained behind in the Soviet Union and were grouped into Divisions-Group 216, formed on 12 November 1943 and assigned to the 102nd Infantry Division.

Commanding officers
Lieutenant General Hermann Böttcher 26 August 1939
Lieutenant General Kurt Himer 8 September 1940
General of the Infantry Werner Freiherr von und zu Gilsa, 1 April 1941
General of the Infantry Friedrich August Schack, 7 May 1943
Lieutenant General Egon von Neindorff, 3 October 1943
Major General Gustav Gihr, 20 October 1943

Order of battle
Division Headquarters
348th Infantry Regiment
396th Infantry Regiment
398th Infantry Regiment
216th Artillery Regiment
Panzerabwehr/Schnelle Abteilung 216
Pionier (Combat Engineer) Battalion 216
Infantrie-Nachrichten Abteilung 216
Infantrie-Division Nachschubfuehrer 216
Feldersatz Battalion 216

See also
 Division (military), Military unit, List of German divisions in World War II
 Army, Wehrmacht
 272nd Infantry Division
 272nd Volksgrenadier Division

References
 Hogg, Ivan V., German order of battle 1944, Arms and Armour Press, London, 1975
 Jenner, Martin: Die niedersächsiche 216./272. Infanterie-Division 1939–1945. (Nauheim: Podzun-Pallas Verlag, 1964)
 Wendel, Marcus (2004). "216. Infanterie-Division".
216. Infanterie-Division". German language article at www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de. Retrieved March 17, 2008.

Infantry divisions of Germany during World War II
Military units and formations established in 1939
1939 establishments in Germany
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

216th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)


Kearney Nick Jones, better known by his stage name Nick 13, is the lead vocalist, guitarist and main songwriter of psychobilly band Tiger Army, as well as a solo artist in the alternative country genre.

Career

Tiger Army

Tiger Army was signed to Hellcat Records in 1996 shortly after forming and released their self-titled full-length debut album in October 1999. That album was followed by 2001's Tiger Army II: Power of Moonlite, 2004's Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise and 2007's Music from Regions Beyond before leaving the label. Their latest album, V •••–, was released in 2016 on Luna Tone Records/Rise Records.

Solo career
In an interview, Nick 13 was asked why the sole songwriter for a band would launch a solo career. "The first person to give me the idea of a primary songwriter making a solo record was Paul Fenech of The Meteors," he said. "I always thought there was something cool about that: You write all the songs for the band, and there's a certain sound people expect. But while Tiger Army has always tested those kinds of boundaries, there are certain things that relate to heaviness and aggression that aren't part of my solo project, at all." When asked about the status of Tiger Army, he said, "Tiger Army aren't going anywhere—we will be back."

His first full performance as a solo artist was at the Stagecoach Festival in Indio, California, in spring, 2010, where he opened for Merle Haggard and Ray Price. A handful of small club dates in California followed, leading up to an appearance at the Hootenanny Festival in Orange County just before Chuck Berry. Press reviews for both festival events were favorable.

Nick revealed in an interview with No Depression that he had recorded with a wide-ranging group of notable musicians including Greg Leisz, Eddie Perez, Lloyd Green, Joshua Grange, and Mitch Marine. According to Nick's official Twitter page updates, album work continued as of December 2010. The album was co-produced by Greg Leisz and James Intveld.

Following Nick's performance at South By Southwest, Sugar Hill Records announced that they would be releasing Nick's debut solo album on June 7, 2011. He kicked off touring in support of the album with two nights at The Troubadour in West Hollywood, followed by national touring through October 2011.

The album has been very well received by the Americana press. Nick's road support of the album included an appearance at Austin City Limits Music Festival. Nick made several appearance's on Nashville's WSM Radio in November 2011, including a performance at Americana Carnival. Great American Country added the video for "All Alone" to their "Out of the Box" program in December 2011 and has continued to air it throughout 2012. In January 2012, Nick appeared at the NAMM Show where he performed and met with fans at the booth operated by Gretsch, his guitar endorser. In the summer of 2012, Nick headlined two nights at the El Rey Theatre in Hollywood and released a music video for "Carry My Body Down."

The video for "Carry My Body Down" began airing on Great American Country's "Out of the Box" program and on Country Music Television in late summer, 2012. The video reached No. 1 on CMT Pure's "12-Pack Countdown" in November 2012. Nick appeared at the 2013 Stagecoach Festival with Dwight Yoakam, Marty Stuart and more, broadcast on AXS TV. The video for "Nighttime Sky" arrived around the same time, eventually debuting at No. 1 on CMT Pure's "12-Pack Countdown" and staying there for 6 consecutive weeks. Nick tweeted plans to shoot and direct a fourth video himself, for the track "In the Orchard." This video was released in July 2014.

According to his official Twitter account, Nick intends to write and record a second solo album before creating a new Tiger Army album. Nick 13 is a practitioner of Transcendental Meditation.

Nick has stated that he does not mix politics with music, but has criticized George W. Bush and the religious right.

Discography

Studio albums

Music videos

References

External links

Living people
American alternative country singers
American male singer-songwriters
American country singer-songwriters
American country guitarists
American male guitarists
American punk rock singers
American punk rock guitarists
Musicians from San Jose, California
Psychobilly musicians
People from Ukiah, California
Year of birth missing (living people)
Singer-songwriters from California
Guitarists from California
Country musicians from California

Nick 13


Road Rage is the title of an audiobook published in February 2009 by HarperAudio.

It combines two short stories: Richard Matheson's Duel and its homage called Throttle written by Stephen King and his son Joe Hill (writer).

Both stories of the audiobook are read by the American actor Stephen Lang.

Information
Throttle originally appeared in He Is Legend, a book collecting short stories that are inspired by the work of Richard Matheson.
The CDs are tracked as follows:
 CD 1: Duel (Tracks 1 - 7); Throttle -beginning (Tracks 8+9)
 CD 2: Rest of Throttle (Tracks 1 - 7); Credits (Track 8)

Audiobooks by title or series
HarperCollins books
2009 books

Road Rage (audiobook)


A block (known as UIB when referenced to being blocked from editing Wikipedia) is action taken to stop certain people having access to information. If a website activates a block based on the internet protocol address (IP address) of a user, that block can effect other users that share the address. Some blocked users try to get around the block by making a different account or using a proxy server.

Effects
Blocked users may be completely unable to access all or part of a site's content, which is usually the case when censoring or filtering mechanisms are responsible for the block. Under a shadow ban, a user is given the false impression that their content is still being posted to the site, when in reality it is being hidden from all other users.

Internet

Block (Internet)


Vordingborg () is an old ferry town in Vordingborg Municipality in Denmark with around 12.000 (2022) inhabitants. Because of three large estates surrounding the town, a coherent urban development has not been possible, which is the reason why three satellite towns (former villages) have emerged around the town. Within the ring of estates, the town has 12,000 inhabitants, and 17,868 inhabitants when including the three satellite towns of Ørslev, Nyråd, and Stensved, situated 1, 3 and 5 kilometres, respectively, from the town of Vordingborg.
Vordingborg Municipality (Kommune) has a population of 45,352.

Long term head coach of the Denmark national football team, Morten Olsen, was born in Vordingborg.

History
On 1 January 2007 the old Vordingborg municipality was, as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), merged with Langebæk, Møn,  and Præstø municipalities to form an enlarged Vordingborg municipality.

Geography
Vordingborg is situated 37 km from Nykøbing Falster, roughly 50 km from Gedser, and roughly 100 km from Copenhagen and Odense. The town is situated on the island of Zealand and is linked to the island of Falster with Farø Bridges and Storstrøm Bridge.

Economy
Vordingborg Municipality is home to 9,500 jobs. Companies headquartered in Vordingborg include Vordingborg Køkkener, a kitchen manufacturer. Udbetaling Danmark, a public institution under ARP, has one of its five regional centres in the town.

Transportation

Rail

Vordingborg is served by Vordingborg railway station which is located on the South Line which connects Copenhagen with the islands of Falster and Lolland. It offers direct regional rail services to Copenhagen and . From the station there is also bus connection to the towns of Stege, Præstø, Næstved and Maribo, as well as city bus lines.

Attractions
The ruins of Vordingborg Castle, the old royal castle which was built around 1364, is the town's most famous attraction.  The only fully remaining part of the castle, the 26 meter tall Goose Tower (Gåsetårnet), is the symbol of the city.  It is the largest of King Valdemar Atterdag's nine main castle towers.  The name comes from the golden goose perched on top of the tower's spire.  Legend has it that Valdemar Atterdag used the symbol to taunt the Hanseatic League. The current goose was put there in 1871. It is not certain what was on top of the tower before 1871 and maybe it was just a weather vane made of gold.  The tower was transferred into the national trust on 24 December 1808 and is thus the first protected historic monument in Denmark.

A historic garden is also located on the site of the ruin.

Vordingborg is the home of the South Zealand Museum (Sydsjællands Museum).

The city holds an annual festival, Vordingborg Fest Week (Vordingborg Festuge) in July.

The Vordingborg Transmitter is one of the tallest towers in Denmark.

The Danish Army operates a barracks facility on the edge of town, known as Vordingborg Kaserne.

Notable people

 Valdemar II of Denmark (1170–1241 in Vordingborg Castle), King of Denmark 1202-1241.
 Anne Lykke (1595 in Vordingborg Castle – 1641) a Danish noblewoman and royal mistress of Christian, Prince Elect of Denmark
 Jacob Baden (1735 in Vordingborg – 1804) a philologist, pedagogue, critic and academic
 Peter Andreas Heiberg (1758 in Vordingborg - 1841) a Danish author and philologist
 Frederik Christian Kielsen (1774-1850) a Danish schoolmaster, published copiously illustrated books on natural history;  he lectured at the Latin School in Vordingborg from 1819 to 1833
 N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783 in Udby near Vordingborg – 1872) a Danish pastor, author, poet, philosopher, historian and politician
 Martin Hammerich (1811 - 1881 in Iselingen) an art historian, educator, author and translator.
 Meïr Aron Goldschmidt (1819 in Vordingborg – 1887) a publisher, journalist and novelist
 Carl Lange (1834 in Vordingborg – 1900) a physician, worked on neurology, psychiatry and psychology
 Julius Lange (1838 in Vordingborg – 1896) a Danish art historian and critic
 Astrid Stampe Feddersen (1852 in Christinelund – 1930) a Danish women's rights activist
 Jacob Ellehammer (1871 in Bakkebølle – 1946) a Danish watchmaker, inventor and contributor to powered flight
 Johannes Friis-Skotte (1874 in Vordingborg – 1946) a Danish politician and minister
 Jesper Ewald (1893 in Vordingborg – 1969 in Copenhagen) an author, journalist and translator
 Jesper Juul (born 1948 in Vordingborg) a family therapist and author on parenting
 Anders Trentemøller (born 1974 in Vordingborg) an electronic music producer and multi-instrumentalist

Sport
 Vagn Ingerslev (1885 in Vordingborg – 1952) a tennis player, competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics
 Morten Olsen (born 1949) former footballer with 531 club caps and 102 for Denmark with whom he was head coach from 2000 until 2015
 Birger Pedersen (born 1950 in Vordingborg) a Danish former footballer, 14 caps for Denmark
 Steven Lustü (born 1971 in Vordingborg) a Danish former footballer with 9 caps for Denmark

Twin towns
Vordingborg is twinned with:
 Słupsk, Poland - since 1994.

See also

Vordingborg Castle
Farø Bridges
Masnedsund Bridge
Storstrøm Bridge

References

External links

Official site of Vordingborg

Municipal seats of Region Zealand
Municipal seats of Denmark
Cities and towns in Region Zealand
Vordingborg Municipality

Vordingborg


Ronald 'Ron' Turner (born 1945) is an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s. A New South Wales state and Australia national representative , he played in Sydney's New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership for the Cronulla-Sutherland and Newtown clubs.

Playing career
Originally from Gunnedah, New South Wales, Ron Turner joined the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in 1970. He became the Shark's first Australian representative player when he was selected for the 1970 World Cup tour of England, and is listed on the Australian Players Register as Kangaroo No. 447. Turner played hooker in the World Cup Final in which Australia defeated England at Leeds.

Turner represented New South Wales on one occasion in 1972. He played in the courageous Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks side that played in the 1973 NSWRFL season's Grand Final against Manly-Warringah. In 1974 Turner made his one test appearance when he played for the Kangaroos in the final Ashes Test against England, and also Ron Turner retired in 1976 after spending his final season with Newtown.

References

1945 births
Living people
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian rugby league players
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players
Newtown Jets players
New South Wales rugby league team players
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from New South Wales

Ron Turner (rugby league)


"Once" is a song by English singer and songwriter Diana Vickers, written by Cathy Dennis and Eg White for Vickers' debut studio album, Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree (2010). "Once" was produced and mixed by Mike Spencer and released as the album's lead single and Vickers' debut single on 16 April 2010. It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, making it Vickers' most successful single release to date.

Release
"Once" was given its first play on the Big Top 40 as part of the New Year's Eve special in 2009. It later premiered on BBC Radio 1's Switch show on 31 January 2010. The song was A-listed on MTV and Radio 1's playlist. The song "Sunlight", which Vickers performed during her stint in the West End as Little Voice featured on the single as a B-side.

Critical reception

Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating: If her pop career doesn't take off, Diana Vickers can always write a book called How Not To Do Things The Simon Cowell Way. Instead of taking the Syco lucre after finishing fourth on The X Factor back in '08, she signed to RCA - yes, we know it's part of the same label group - lined up a genuinely intriguing cast of collaborators for her debut album (Ellie Goulding, Lightspeed Champion, Guy Sigsworth), and even took time out to star in the West End revival of Little Voice. Leon Jackson, watch and weep. Said album promises all manner of offbeat pop treats, but this debut single is a straight up brain-invader - well, what else would you expect from an Eg White/Cathy Dennis co-write? To be a little more precise, 'Once' is an electro-pop-rock monster whose key lyrical idea - "I'm only gonna let you kill me once" - could probably send Eoghan Quigg cross-eyed. Vickers's hiccupy yelp still won't be to all tastes, but there's no denying that the huge, guitar-powered chorus is as hard to ignore as... well... her trademark hand gesture. .

Popjustice additionally gave "Once" a positive review for Vickers' debut single commenting: We were fans of Diana throughout the 2008 X Factor run so it was something of a relief when, after all that, 'Once' turned out to be the sort of song you can point at and go "THAT, ladies and gentlemen, is not only a very good pop song but a very good song regardless of genre", which is in itself just as well because while it's obviously a big pop song 'Once' is more than just pop - a debut single that sounds odd and instantly familiar, fragile and bold at the same time.

Chart performance
The single first entered the Irish Singles Chart on 22 April 2010 at its peak of number 3. The following week the single fell 5 places to number 8 before climbing to number 6 on its third week in the chart. On 25 April 2010, "Once" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 1 selling 58,385 copies in the first week of release. In its second week in the chart, the single fell 3 places to number 4, being replaced at number 1 by Roll Deep's "Good Times". "Once" has sold over 204,000 copies in the UK. The song debuted at number 5 in the European Hot 100 Singles and in late May 2010, "Once" was added to radio playlists in New Zealand and Australia.

Music video
The video for the song was filmed in London on 7 February 2010. It was directed by Harvey Brown. It shows Vickers in various places and wearing different costumes with male dancers playing instruments around her. The video premiered on 3 March on Play.com's website, encouraging anyone to pre-order Vickers upcoming album.

Promotion
The first live performance of "Once" was at The Cooler in Bristol on 20 March 2010 on the first leg of her Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree Tour. Since then, Vickers made a series of television appearances, including Scottish lifestyle show The Hour on 8 March 2010 and children's magazine programme Blue Peter on 13 April 2010. She performed for GMTV and BBC Switch on 14 and 17 April 2010, respectively. Vickers also appeared on BBC Radio 1 for an interview with Scott Mills on 12 April 2010, while he was the standby presenter on The Chris Moyles Show. In addition, she performed "Once" and a cover of "Just Say Yes" by Snow Patrol in the Live Lounge on 22 April 2010. She also went on the BBC2 show Something for The Weekend and ITV1's Loose Women but did not perform on either.

Track listings
CD single

iTunes

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2010 debut singles
2010 songs
Diana Vickers songs
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Cathy Dennis
Songs written by Eg White
UK Singles Chart number-one singles

Once (Diana Vickers song)


Port Moresby Stock Exchange is the principal stock exchange of Papua New Guinea.  It is located in Port Moresby and it was founded in 1999.  Its name is abbreviated to "POMSoX"

At the time of its founding POMSox was funded by the Bank of Papua New Guinea, which is the central bank of Papua New Guinea.

According to POMSoX's website, "POMSoX is closely aligned to the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). The ASX has licensed to POMSoX its Business and Listing Rules. POMSoX procedures are a mirror image of the ASX."

In July 2019, Port Moresby Stock Exchange was renamed to PNGX Markets Limited.

See also
 Economy of Papua New Guinea
 List of East Asian stock exchanges
 List of South Asian stock exchanges
 List of stock exchanges
 List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations

External links
Port Moresby Stock Exchange
PNG Markets Limited

Economy of Papua New Guinea
Stock exchanges in Oceania
Port Moresby

Port Moresby Stock Exchange


Padina (; ) is a village in Serbia in the municipality of Kovačica. Majority of the population are Slovaks (96.78%).

Geography and climate

Padina lies in the middle of South Banat, at the border of Deliblato's shoal, on 52.75 km2, and in a southeast-northwest course. Geographical width of village is 45°7' N and 20°44' E. Altitude is between 105 and 120 meters above sea level (the church is on 111 m). Its name means slope or downhill. Padina covers 13% of Kovačica municipality, that is parting of the ways of roads to Belgrade, Zrenjanin, Novi Sad and Vršac.

System of valleys surrounding Padina has two directions, which cross on southern part called BAUK. Northern part is called Upper valley (Horná Dolina), and southern - Lower valley (Dolná Dolina).

Characteristic of Padina are large differences between summer and winter temperatures and low precipitation. July is the warmest month with average temperature about 22°C, and January is the coldest month with average about -1°C. Divergence between the lowest and the highest absolutely measured temperature is 70°C.

The highest precipitation is in May and June and also in November and December. It totals between 650 and 700 mm of rain per year.

The wind, which often blows from southeast is called "koshava". Košava blows from Montenegro for one to seven days (or even longer) with a speed of 100 km/h. It is most frequent in spring and autumn. Northern wind is dry, like koshava, but much colder. It comes in winter months and brings the coldest and driest weather.

Underground water is being found in depths about 30 meters. On deeper places water is more clear, and people are supplied from there. The soil in Padina is muddy.

History
Padina was first settled by Romanians and later by Serbs but these settlements were abandoned. The current village was founded in 1806 by Slovak immigrants. There were two waves of Slovak immigration, each containing 80 families. The second wave came two years after the foundation of the village by the first wave.

The settlement was initiated by Archduke Ludwig to strengthen the Military Border between Austrian and Ottoman Empires. The official name was related to the initiator - Ludwigsdorf in German or Lájosfalva in Hungarian (both meaning Ludwig's village). The inhabitants, however, kept calling it Padina.

In the beginning, the settlers had problem with drinkable water, as it is being found deep underground and the soil is unstable. The archduke promised them to build wells, which unfortunately took many years (until 1817) to fulfill. Thus in the first years of settlement, the settlers were  depending on wells in Kovačica several kilometres away.

Name
"Padina" is a Slavic word for "slope".

Historical population
1961: 6,197
1971: 6,362
1981: 6,367
1991: 6,076
2002: 5,760
2011: 5,531

See also
List of places in Serbia
List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina

References
Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996.

External links

Populated places in Serbian Banat
Populated places in South Banat District
Slovak communities in Serbia
Kovačica

Padina (Kovačica)


Endemol Southern Star (also known as Southern Star Endemol until February 2004) was an Australian television production company made up of a joint venture between Australian production company Southern Star Group and its Dutch production company Endemol. On 23 February 2004, Southern Star Endemol changed its name to Endemol Southern Star with both names switching their places. In 2010 the joint company ceased to exist after Endemol bought Southern Star from Fairfax in January 2009. Following this, all programmes under the ESS name were credited to Southern Star.

Programs
Big Brother Australia – Network Ten (2001–2008), Nine Network (2012–2014), Seven Network (2020–present) as Endemol Shine Australia
Y? – Nine Network (1999–2002)
Burgo's Catch Phrase – Nine Network (1997–2004)
Deal or No Deal – Seven Network (2003–2013, joint by a Seven News production)
Fear Factor – Nine Network (2002)
Shafted – Nine Network (2002)
Friday Night Games – Network Ten (2006)
The Power of One – The Comedy Channel (2006–2007)
Ready Steady Cook – Network Ten (2005–2013)
The Up-Late Game Show – Network Ten (2005)
1 vs. 100 – Nine Network (2007–2008)
Download – Network Ten (2007–2008)
Gladiators – Seven Network (2008)
Wipeout Australia – Nine Network (2009)
Beauty and the Geek Australia – Seven Network (2009–2014)

References

External links
 Southern Star Group

Television production companies of Australia
Southern Star
Banijay
2009 establishments in Australia
2013 disestablishments in Australia
Australian companies established in 2009
Mass media companies established in 2009
Mass media companies disestablished in 2013

Endemol Southern Star


Harold Greenwald (July 28, 1910 – March 26, 1999) was a noted psychotherapist who pioneered a variation on rational emotive behavior therapy, "direct decision therapy." He was an expert on the psychology of prostitution, and authored a dissertation on call girls that became a best-selling book and movie.

Early life and education
Greenwald was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the son of Abraham Greenwald, a barber, and his wife, Lillian, who were refugees from Czarist Russia.  His younger brother, Milton, later known by the stage name Michael Kidd, became an acclaimed choreographer and occasional actor on Broadway and in Hollywood movies.

Harold Greenwald graduated from the City College of New York in 1933, and worked for the New York City Housing Authority and  city planning board. He was a civilian instructor for the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II.

Direct Decision Therapy

Greenwald turned to the study of psychology while in his 40s, and in 1956 earned a doctorate from Columbia University. He became prominent among psychoanalysts circles as a leading student of Theodore Reik, a disciple of Sigmund Freud. He became president of the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis, which promotes Freudian therapy, early in his career. However, Greenwald chafed at the long periods of quiet listening required in Freudian psychoanalysis, so he developed direct decision therapy.  He believed that decisions were at the root of understanding dysfunctional behavior and personality disorders, and that people are free to change their decisions as they go through life. He even believed that happiness "could be made as a decision."

Greenwald, who was founder and president of the Direct Decision Therapy Institute, found that there were geographic differences in happiness, with people living on the West Coast more likely to say that they were happy than people living in the east. He said in a 1984 interview that "people who live on the East Coast seem to think it makes you more superficial to be happy. It's scary to be happy. Some people think that if you're happy, other people will hate you" and make demands.

Prostitution research
In the 1950s, Greenwald carried out work for a doctoral dissertation on the psychology of prostitutes. He interviewed 16 prostitutes, of whom six were in analysis with him, with the other ten interviewed by three of the other prostitutes who were his patients. His dissertation, published in 1958 as The Call Girl: A Social and Analytic Study, humanized the women and explored the reasons for their career choice. He explained in the book that most came from unhappy childhoods and suffered from insufficient parental love.

Greenwald's research found that prostitutes utilized defense mechanisms to cope with their profession, which included masochism, and denying to themselves that they were having sex.

The book became a best seller, translated into seven languages and selling more than a million copies. It was adapted into the 1960 film Girl of the Night, starring Anne Francis and featuring Lloyd Nolan as  psychotherapist.  Greenwald became a popular speaker at psychological gatherings a result of the book.

In 1970, a new edition of the book was published, titled The Elegant Prostitute. The book was retitled to emphasize how call girls were better looking and more refined than their "street walking" counterparts.

Academic posts
Greenwald taught at Hofstra University, and was a Visiting Fulbright Fellow  at the University of Bergen in Norway. He became a distinguished professor at the United States International University, and served as president of the Academy of Psychologists in Marital and Family Therapy. He was president of the division of Humanistic Psychology of the American Psychological Association .

References

American psychotherapists
City College of New York alumni
Columbia University alumni
Humanistic psychologists
1910 births
1999 deaths
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American psychologists

Harold Greenwald


The Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition, or Hague Trust Convention is a multilateral treaty developed by the Hague Conference on Private International Law on the Law Applicable to Trusts. It concluded on 1 July 1985, entered into force 1 January 1992, and is as of September 2017 ratified by 14 countries. The Convention uses a harmonised definition of a trust, which is the subject of the convention, and sets conflict rules for resolving problems in the choice of the applicable law. The key provisions of the Convention are:
 each party recognises the existence and validity of trusts.  However, the Convention only relates to trusts with a written trust instrument.  It would not apply trusts which arise (usually in common law jurisdictions) without a written trust instrument.
 the Convention sets out the characteristics of trusts under the convention.
 the Convention sets out clear rules for determining the governing law of trusts with a cross-border element.

Background
Many states do not have a developed law of trusts, or the principles differ significantly between states. It was therefore necessary for the Hague Convention to define a trust to indicate the range of legal transactions regulated by the Convention and, perhaps more significantly, the range of applications not regulated. The definition offered in Article 2 is:
...the legal relationship created, inter vivos or on death, by a person, the settlor, when assets have been placed under the control of a trustee for the benefit of a beneficiary or for a specified purpose.
A trust has the following characteristics:
(a) the assets constitute a separate fund and are not a part of the trustee's own estate;
(b) title to the trust assets stands in the name of the trustee or in the name of another person on behalf of the trustee;
(c) the trustee has the power and the duty, in respect of which he is accountable, to manage, employ or dispose of the assets in accordance with the terms of the trust and the special duties imposed upon him by law. The reservation by the settlor of certain rights and powers, and the fact that the trustee may himself have rights as a beneficiary, are not necessarily inconsistent with the existence of a trust.

Article 3 provides that the Convention only applies to express trusts created voluntarily and evidenced in writing. It will therefore not cover oral trusts, resulting trusts, constructive trusts, statutory trusts or trusts created by judicial order. But signatory states are free to apply the Convention to any form of trust. There are incidental question problems if the trust is testamentary and, under Article 4, if it is alleged that the testator lacked capacity, or that the will is formally or substantively invalid, or that it had been revoked, these issues must be determined first under the lex fori Conflict rules on characterisation and choice of law before the Convention rules can apply. This will include, for example, a detailed consideration of any marriage settlement or applicable law containing community property provisions which might prevent the testator alienating property from a spouse or child of the family (see succession (conflict)). Obviously, if the will purporting to create the trust is held invalid, there are no trusts to adjudicate upon.

The applicable law
Article 6 allows the settlor to select the applicable law in the inter vivos or testamentary document. Under normal circumstances, the settlor will be acting on professional advice and will make an express selection or it will be implied from the facts of the case. But, under Article 6(2), if the settlor selects a law with no relevant provisions or the provisions in the municipal law selected would be inappropriate, or there is no selection, Article 7 applies to select the law which is most closely connected with the transaction. This is judged by reference to four alternative connecting factors which are to be considered as at the time the putative trust is created:
 the place where the trust is to be administered;
 the place where the assets are to be found (for immovables, there is no problemthe lex situs is easily identified; for movables, the most common form is choses in action such as shares and bonds, and their location does not change (bearer bonds and other instruments where title is determined by mere possession are relatively uncommon), but for tangible assets, this will usually be the place where the assets are located at the time of the hearing given that this represents the place where any Court Order would have to be enforced: see property (conflict));
 the place where the trustee is resident or conducts his or her business;
 the place where the purpose or object of the trust is to be fulfilled.
Despite the identification of these four factors, the court must actually perform a rounded evaluation of all the circumstances. Thus, it would be relevant to consider the distribution of the assets if in separate states, the purpose of the trust (which might be the evasion of taxation or other provisions in some of the states where the assets are located), the lex domicilii or lex patriae of the settlor and the beneficiaries (particularly if the legal transaction is a marriage settlement or testamentary), the legal form of the document, and the law of the place where the document was executed (this latter factor may either be accidental and so of marginal value, or contrived to take advantage of a favourable law and so highly significant).

The scope of the applicable law
Under Article 8, the  law specified by Article 6 or 7 shall govern the validity of the trust, its construction, its effects, and the administration of the trust. In particular that law shall govern:
(a) the appointment, resignation and removal of trustees, the capacity to act as a trustee, and the devolution of the office of trustee;
(b) the rights and duties of trustees among themselves;
(c) the right of trustees to delegate in whole or in part the discharge of their duties or the exercise of their powers;
(d) the power of trustees to administer or to dispose of trust assets , to create security interests in the trust assets, or to acquire new assets;
(e) the powers of investment of trustees;
(f) restrictions upon the duration of the trust, and upon the power to accumulate the income of the trust;
(g) the relationships between the trustees and the beneficiaries including the personal liability of the trustees to the beneficiaries;
(h) the variation of termination of the trust (because variation is expressly within the scope of the Applicable Law, this may be a significant factor in any issue of forum non conveniens raised if an application to vary is made to a forum other than a forum of the Applicable Law);
(i) the distribution of the trust assets;
(j) the duty of trustees to account for their administration.

Severance
Articles 9 and 10 allow the Applicable Law by which the validity of the trust has been established, to sever aspects of the trust and its administration so that separate laws shall apply to each component. In fact, the settlor may expressly select an Applicable Law for each component and the forum court should respect his or her wishes. But, in general terms, it is desirable that a single law should be applied to the administration and the fact that there may be assets located in separate states should not, per se, justify severing the trust. The relevant lex situs can be applied to micromanage the asset(s) by the trustee(s) without having to apply the situs law to the administration of the trust in that state. Equally, this is not an argument for a judicial approach which favours the law of the place of administration as the Applicable Law. Although the administration must comply with the municipal laws for general purposes, the duty to honour the intentions of the settlor may make the law of the place where the most significant part of that intention is to be realised the most significant single law.

Recognition
Under Article 11, a trust complying with the Applicable Law shall be recognised as a trust which implies, as a minimum, that the trust property constitutes a separate fund, that the trustee may sue and be sued in his capacity as trustee, and that he or she may appear or act in this capacity before a notary or any person acting in an official capacity. In so far as the law applicable to the trust requires or provides, this recognition implies in particular:
(a) that personal creditors of the trustee shall have no recourse against the trust assets;
(b) that the trust assets shall not form part of the trustee's estate upon his insolvency or bankruptcy;
(c) that the trust assets shall not form part of the matrimonial property of the trustee or his spouse nor part of the trustee's estate upon his death;
(d) that the trust assets may be recovered when the trustee, in breach of trust, has mingled trust assets with his own property or has alienated trust assets.
However, the rights and obligations of any third party holder of the assets shall remain subject to the law determined by the choice of law rules of the lex fori. Thus, although the Convention makes provision for the trustee(s) and any third parties, it fails to address the position of the beneficiaries who, for example, might wish to pursue assets intermixed with the trustee's personal property through actions for tracing. One of the problems that beneficiaries might encounter is addressed in Article 12 which considers the problem where the situs law does not have a title registration system which reflects ownership registration in a representative capacity. While recognising that the Convention cannot require states to modify their existing registers, it provides that the trustee shall be entitled, in so far as this is not prohibited by or inconsistent with the law of the State where registration is sought, to do so in his capacity as trustee or in such other way that the existence of the trust is disclosed. This implicitly recognises the desirability of all registration systems distinguishing between beneficial and representative titles.

This general difficulty of municipal laws failure to support trusts is addressed in Article 13, which considers the situation of those who wish to create a trust but can only do so by invoking laws entirely outside their own state. As an application of comity, no forum state is bound to recognise a trust the significant elements of which, except for the choice of the applicable law, the place of administration and the habitual residence of the trustee, are more closely connected with States which do not have the institution of the trust or the category of trust involved. But, because this could be interpreted as an invitation not to validate otherwise perfectly appropriate financial arrangements for deserving beneficiaries, Article 14 provides that the Convention shall not prevent the application of rules of law more favourable to the recognition of trusts. This reflects the positive rules of public policy which require that the validity of a transaction (whether commercial or not) be upheld if at all possible where this will give effect to the reasonable expectations of the parties. The only exceptions shall be where this will produce consequences offending against the mandatory policies of the forum court in which case Article 18 empowers the court to deny the Applicable Law, even if it has been expressly selected by the settlor. But Article 15(2) nevertheless requires the forum court to consider adopting an approach that will preserve the overall validity of the trust insofar as that generality does not offend against the mandatory policy.

States parties
As of September 2017, 14 countries have ratified the convention: Australia, Cyprus, Canada (9 provinces: all except Quebec, and none of the territories), China (Hong Kong only), Italy, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands (European territory only), Panama, San Marino, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (including 12 dependent territories/crown dependencies: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Bermuda, British Antarctic Territory, British Virgin Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, Saint Helena, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands).

References

External links
 Text of the Convention, Hague Conference on International Private Law
 Status of ratification and signatories,  Hague Conference on International Private Law

Conflict of laws
Treaties concluded in 1985
Treaties entered into force in 1992
Wills and trusts
Equity (law)
Trusts
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Canada
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Monaco
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Liechtenstein
Treaties of San Marino
1985 in the Netherlands
Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Treaties extended to Bermuda
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to Montserrat
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
20th century in The Hague

Hague Trust Convention


Marco Anthony Rivera (born April 26, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Green Bay Packers and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for the Penn State Nittany Lions.

Early years
Rivera attended Elmont Memorial High School, where he played at guard, defensive end and linebacker. As a senior, he received All-New York, All-county and honorable-mention All-American honors. He helped his team win 3 conference titles, while making  almost 300 tackles, 16 sacks and 6 interceptions.

He also received All-conference honors in basketball and lacrosse.

College career
Rivera accepted a football scholarship from Penn State University from 1992 to 1995. As a freshman he was a backup at guard. As a sophomore, he became a starter at right tackle, but was lost for the season with a shoulder injury he suffered in the ninth game against the University of Illinois.

As a junior, he was moved to right guard, contributing to the team leading the nation in scoring (47.8 points-per-game) and total offense (520.2 yards-per-game).

He played in 41 career games (31 starts), including three bowl games – the Outback, Rose and Blockbuster. He earned second-team All-Big Ten honors in both his junior and senior seasons. He earned his Bachelor of Science in Administration of Justice from Penn State in 1995.

Professional career

Green Bay Packers
Rivera was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the sixth round (208th overall) of the 1996 NFL Draft. During his first year, he was inactive for all 16 regular season games. He was a key practice contributor to the Packers run to their twelfth title in Super Bowl XXXI.

In 1997, Rivera was allocated to the Scottish Claymores of the World League and started all ten games, helping his team finish third in the league in total offense. He was named honorable-mention All-World League by Pro Football Weekly. Rivera returned to Green Bay and saw action in 14 regular season games, primarily on special teams as a member of the field goal and extra point units and on kickoffs. He was inactive for the Packers first two contests before seeing action in the club's final 14 games as well as all three playoff contests.

In 1998, Rivera started 15 of 16 regular season games at the left guard spot after winning the job in training camp over another ex-Claymore, Joe Andruzzi. He also started the Packers NFC Wild Card playoff game at San Francisco.  In 1999, Rivera started all 16 games for the first time in his career, playing the entire season at right guard after successfully making the transition from the left side where he had started the year before.  In 2000 and 2001, Rivera started 32 consecutive games at right guard for the three straight seasons.

In 2002, Rivera raised his game to a higher level in his fifth season as a starter with a performance that earned him his first career Pro Bowl selection. He started every game of the season – despite playing with torn medial collateral ligaments in both knees.

In 2003,  Rivera battled through a knee injury that he suffered late in the preseason and went on to start all 16 games (and two playoff games) for the fifth straight year. He was named as a starter on the NFC Pro Bowl squad after serving as a backup for his initial appearance in the NFL's annual all-star game in 2002. He was also a second-team All-Pro selection of the Associated Press and Football Digest as well as being named to the All-NFC team as selected by Pro Football Weekly.

In 2004, Rivera was the anchor on the Green Bay offensive line, Rivera completed his seventh straight season as a starting guard. In starting all 16 regular season games, plus the playoff contest against Minnesota, Rivera earned the starting guard spot on the NFC Pro Bowl squad for a second straight season and also was named to the All-NFC squad by Pro Football Weekly.

Rivera was named to the 2011 class of the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.

Dallas Cowboys

On March 3, 2005, the Dallas Cowboys acquired Rivera in free agency, after he was coming off his third consecutive Pro Bowl nomination and had a streak of 106 consecutive games played. He signed a five-year, $20 million contract with a signing bonus of $9 million (tying the largest ever given to a guard). He injured his back during an offseason workout while running on a treadmill and underwent microdiscectomy surgery to repair a herniated disc. He recovered in time for training camp and the regular season, but suffered a sprained neck injury against the Washington Redskins in week 15 and would miss the final two games. He also underwent offseason surgery in his two elbows.

In 2006, he started 16 games at right guard, but injured his back in the wildcard playoff loss against the Seattle Seahawks and underwent his second back surgery in two years to repair a herniated disc. On June 7, 2007, Rivera was released due to serious back problems and eventually retired. The Cowboys signed free agent Leonard Davis to replace him.

Rivera played in 155 games starting a total of 141, while registering 12 tackles and 3 fumble recoveries as an offensive lineman. He received three Pro Bowl selections.

See also

List of Puerto Ricans

Personal life
Rivera is of Puerto Rican descent. He spent time as a volunteer coach with the Miami Dolphins, under two of his previous coaches from the Cowboys and Packers (Tony Sparano, Joe Philbin).

References

1972 births
Living people
Players of American football from Brooklyn
American football offensive guards
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Green Bay Packers players
Scottish Claymores players
Dallas Cowboys players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Puerto Rican players of American football
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame

Marco Rivera


The British Government dispatched the Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stanford Cripps, to speak with Indian officials in order to gain their cooperation and commitment for Britain's efforts in World War II.

The Indian leaders were assured that they would be given full self-government after the war.

However, both Congress and Muslim league rejected this proposal for different reasons.
Gandhi did not like the idea of states separated from united India.
Mr Jinnah did not wish to compromise on the constitution-making process even though he could see the making of Pakistan built into this proposal.

In response to this proposal, a new movement was formed, 'QUIT INDIA', led by Mahatma Gandhi.

1940s in India

Cripps Mission


Symphony No. 8  is a 2005 symphony by Philip Glass commissioned by the Bruckner Orchestra Linz. It was premiered on November 2, 2005 at Brooklyn Academy of Music by Bruckner Orchester Linz conducted by Dennis Russell Davies. The symphony is in three movements and features extended solo writing. Critic Allan Kozinn described the symphony's chromaticism as more extreme, more fluid, and its themes and textures as continually changing, morphing without repetition, and praised the symphony's "unpredictable orchestration", pointing out the "beautiful flute and harp variation in the melancholy second movement". Alex Ross remarked that "against all odds, this work succeeds in adding something certifiably new to the overstuffed annals of the classical symphony. (...) The musical material is cut from familiar fabric, but it's striking that the composer forgoes the expected bustling conclusion and instead delves into a mood of deepening twilight and unending night."

Orchestration:  2 flutes (dbl. picc.), 2 cor anglais, 2 clarinets (E-flat & bass), 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets (2 in E-flat), 3 trombones (2+1 bass), tuba, timp, 4 percussion (harp + piano), strings.

References

External links
Philip Glass – Symphony No. 8

 08
Philip Glass albums
Glass 08
2005 compositions

Symphony No. 8 (Glass)


The Iglehart House is an Italianate style house in the Morgan Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States, and one of the city's oldest surviving buildings.

Located at 11118 S. Artesian Avenue, the original portion of the house in the back was built in 1857 by an unknown architect for Charles D. Iglehart, whose farmstead comprised the land now bounded by 111th, 115th, and Rockwell streets and Western Avenue. Iglehart's daughter Mary, who was born in the house in 1857, is the first child whose birth is recorded in what would become the village of Morgan Park. Iglehart was one of the founders of The Church of the Mediator, whose first building was built in 1889 at 110th and Hoyne Avenue on land that was donated for it by the Blue Island Land and Building Company. Due to the space required of a growing family, the two-story front portion of the house was added in the 1870s. It  was designated a Chicago Landmark on July 13, 1994.

References

Houses completed in 1857
Houses in Chicago
Chicago Landmarks
1857 establishments in Illinois

Iglehart House


Robert Charles "Bob" Berring Jr. (born November 20, 1949) is a noted figure in law, as a professor, librarian, scholar and researcher.

Biography
Born in 1949 in Canton, Ohio, Berring received his undergraduate degree from Harvard (1971), his J.D. degree from University of California, Berkeley School of Law (1974), and his library degree from U.C. Berkeley's then-named library school.

Since 1982, Berring (a University of California, Berkeley School of Law graduate) has been a Professor of Law and Law Librarian there. He currently holds the Walter Perry Johnson Professor of Law Chair appointment.

From 1986 to 1989, he held a joint appointment as dean of the School of Library and Information Studies. He also served as interim dean of the law school from January 2003 to June 2004.

Berring has written numerous works. Recent publications include Finding the Law (with Beth Edinger, 11th ed., 1999) and Legal Research Survival Manual, (with Edinger, 2002). He also created the award-winning video series Legal Research for the 21st Century.

Personal life
Berring is married, has two children, and lives in Berkeley, California.

Berring writes an advice column under the pseudonym "Uncle Zeb."  Uncle Zeb claims to be an "ectoplasmic entity" and his comments are often irreverent and humorous in tone.  Many of Uncle Zeb's writings have been compiled in The Green Bag. The law school's cafe, Cafe Zeb, was named after Uncle Zeb by popular vote.

Recognition
Berring has won significant recognition for teaching and law librarianship. He was awarded the University of California, Berkeley's Distinguished Teaching Award in 1987. Berring received the Frederick Charles Hicks Award from the American Association of Law Libraries (AALL) for contributions to law librarianship in 2003. The AALL also recognized him as the most influential author in law librarianship with the Centennial Award for having most significant contribution to law librarianship from 1957 to 2006.

References

Further reading
 How I Became a Law Librarian
 Chaos, Cyberspace and Tradition: Legal Information Transmogrified 12 Berkeley Technology Law Journal 189 (Spring 1997).

External links
 Berring website
 Berring Research Guide

1949 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American legal scholars
American librarians
Law librarians
Lawyers from Berkeley, California
Harvard University alumni
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
UC Berkeley School of Law faculty
University of California, Berkeley School of Information alumni

Bob Berring


Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test, commonly called as EAMCET, is an entrance examination held separately in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for admission into various colleges across both the states in the streams of Engineering, Medicine and Agriculture.

Examination
The EAMCET is a yearly examination taken by a large number of engineering and medical aspirants in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana State. This is the entrance exam for engineering ('E' category) and medicine ('AM' category: Agriculture and Medicine) for admission to BE/BArch/BTech (Agril Engg/Dairy Tech).

Eligibility
Candidates should have passed or appeared for the final year of intermediate examination (10+2) with Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry as optional or related vocational courses in the fields of Engineering and Technology held by the Board of Intermediate Education or Diploma Examination in Engineering/Architecture conducted by the State Board of Technical Education & Training or equivalent. Candidates must have Indian nationality.

2014
In 2014, the EAMCET exam was conducted on 22 May 2014. There has been controversy regarding the EAMCET counselling after the state of Andhra Pradesh was split into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The APSCHE (Andhra Pradesh State Council for Higher Education) has issued the notification for counselling starting 1 August of the academic year and all seats should be positively filled by 15 August. The Telangana government has filed a suit in Supreme court to delay the counselling. The Supreme Court on Monday 1 August 2014 reserved verdict on Telangana State's application seeking extension of the time schedule for counselling for admissions to engineering and medicine for 2014-15 till 31 October. The Supreme court has made it clear that it could extend the counselling for one month and not beyond 31 August. The bench also said there could be no question of preference being given to 'locals' in admission to colleges within Telangana.

2016
AP EAMCET 2016 exam was held on 29 April 2016. This was conducted by JNTU on behalf of APSCHE. TS EAMCET 2016 exam was held on 15 May 2016. TS Eamcet 3 exam was held on 11 September 2016.

2020
Both AP EAMCET and TS EAMCET extended the application form deadline due to COVID-19. TS EAMCET 2020 Exam Dates has been revised. The examination will be conducted from 9 to 14 September 2020 (for Engineering) and 9 & 11 September 2020 (for Agriculture). APEAMCET-2020 test will be conducted on 17th to 25th, September 2020.

Organizing body
Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education and Telangana State Council of Higher Education conducts the exams AP EAMCET and TS EAMCET respectively.

Organizing institutes
The below list shows the institute that conducts the exam.

References

Education in Telangana
Education in Andhra Pradesh
Standardised tests in India
Engineering entrance examinations in India
Year of establishment missing


Frank Henry Westheimer NAS ForMemRS APS (January 15, 1912 – April 14, 2007) was an American chemist.  He taught at the University of Chicago from 1936 to 1954, and at  Harvard University from 1953 to 1983, becoming the Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry in 1960, and Professor Emeritus in 1983. The Westheimer medal was established in his honor in 2002.

Westheimer did pioneering work in physical organic chemistry,
applying techniques from physical to organic chemistry and integrating the two fields.
He explored the mechanisms of chemical and enzymatic reactions,
and made fundamental theoretical advances.

Westheimer worked with John Gamble Kirkwood on  the Bjerrum electrostatic analysis of carboxylic acids;
with Joseph Edward Mayer  on the calculation of molecular mechanics;
explored the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis with Birgit Vennesland
and determined the mechanisms of chromic acid oxidations and kinetic isotope effects.

He received the National Medal of Science in 1986 "For his series of extraordinary, original and penetrating investigations of the mechanisms of organic and enzymic reactions, which have played an unequaled role in the advancement of our knowledge of the ways in which chemical and biochemical processes proceed."

Early life and education
Frank Henry Westheimer was born on January 15, 1912, to Henry F. Westheimer (1870–1960) and Carrie C (Burgunder) Westheimer (1887–1972) of Baltimore, Maryland.

He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1932. He went on to  Harvard University, where he earned his masters in chemistry in 1933 and his doctorate in chemistry in 1935.

Westheimer came to Harvard hoping to do research with James Bryant Conant. When told that Conant would not take on new students, Westheimer outwaited him and was finally accepted as his last graduate student. Westheimer did some work on semicarbazone at Conant's suggestion. Conant also suggested that Westheimer work during the summer with Alsoph Corwin at Johns Hopkins University. By doing porphyrin synthesis with Corwin, Westheimer gained needed laboratory experience.

In 1933, Conant became president of Harvard in 1933 and ceased doing research. Nonetheless, Conant's interactions with Westheimer had a lasting effect, impressing Westheimer with the need "to do important things".

Westheimer completed his Ph.D. with E.P. Kohler. Although Westheimer described Kohler's organic chemistry class as "marvelous", Kohler gave Westheimer little direction or feedback about his research, which was largely self-directed. Another of Kohler's students, Max Tishler, expanded upon some of  Westheimer's research, leading to a co-publication on the derivation of a furanol.

In 1935 and 1936, as a National Research Council Fellow, Westheimer worked with physical chemist Louis P. Hammett at Columbia University. Hammett was a founder of the field of physical organic chemistry.

Career
Westheimer taught at the University of Chicago from 1936 to 1954, and at  Harvard University from 1953 to 1983.
He served as Chairman of the chemistry department at Harvard  from 1959 to 1962.
He became the Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry at Harvard in 1960. He retired from teaching to become Professor Emeritus in 1983, and retired from research in 1988.

University of Chicago
Westheimer's first academic appointment was an independent Research Associateship at the University of Chicago, from 1936 to 1937. He became an instructor in 1937 and a Professor in 1948. As a lecturer in chemistry he taught the university's first course in physical organic chemistry.

During Westheimer's second year at Chicago, John Gamble Kirkwood taught there.  Westheimer worked with Kirkwood on problems in organic chemistry involving electrostatics. Westheimer related electrostatics to their effects on the properties of organic compounds. Kirkwood and Westheimer published four classical papers developing fundamental ideas in enzymology about the theory of the electrostatic influence of substituents on the dissociation constants of organic acids.  They developed a Bjerrum electrostatic analysis of carboxylic acids.
Their Kirkwood-Westheimer model for an ellipsoid cavity reconciles the work of Niels Bjerrum on dibasic acids with that of Arnold Eucken on dipole substituted acids, showing that they could coexist in the same physical world. Elaborations and fuller testing of their ideas have required forty years and the development of computers.

During World War II, from 1943 to 1945, Westheimer worked for the National Defense Research Committee. He was a supervisor at the Explosives Research Laboratory in Bruceton, Pennsylvania. He did research on nitric acid, discovering a new acidity function for nitration reactions. He hesitated to discuss his work on the triphenyl carbinol series with physical chemists because of the secrecy requirements of the project. Other researchers such as Christopher Ingold were first to publish in the area.

Westheimer was also influenced by the development of statistical mechanics by physicists Joseph Edward Mayer and Maria Goeppert-Mayer, who moved to the University of Chicago in 1945. Westheimer applied the principles of statistical mechanics to the structure of organic molecules, to better understand the ways in which molecules are assembled from atoms.  Westheimer first consulted Mayer about applying techniques from statistical mechanics to the racemization of optically active biphenyls.  All of his calculations were worked out by hand. The work became a model for studies of other elements and is considered foundational.  The field of molecular mechanics, as it is now known, has wide applications.

In 1943, Westheimer began publishing on the mechanisms of chromic acid oxidations, publishing a "masterly
review" of the area in 1949.

In 1950, University of Chicago biochemist Birgit Vennesland approached Westheimer about a project she and her student Harvey Fisher were doing, involving isotopes in enzyme reactions. Vennesland had developed a project involving the fate of hydrogen atoms in alcohol dehydrogenase. Vennesland and Fisher's results were puzzling in that a specific hydrogen in the pair at C1 in ethanol appeared to be uniquely reactive in the presence of the enzyme. Westheimer joined the project and helped develop an explanation based on the idea of enantiotopicity to explain how the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase removed hydrogen from the alcohol molecule, enabling the body to metabolize alcohol.
The researchers published two classic papers in 1953, "the first demonstration of the enzymatic discrimination between the two enantiotopic hydrogen atoms on the methylene carbon atom of ethanol."
The phenomenon they reported was not named enantiospecificity until much later. Westheimer designed additional experiments that proved their initial conjecture and established the isotope-based chirality of  enzymes. This work was essential to understanding topicity, the enantiotopic and diastereotopic relationships between groups (or atoms) within molecules. In 2006, their 1953 paper (part I) received a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society.

Harvard University
In 1953, soon after completing the work on alcohol dehydrogenase, Westheimer moved to Harvard University. He continued his interest in reaction mechanisms, isotopes and oxidation. In 1955, Westheimer published the first of many articles on the chemistry of phosphate esters and phosphorus derivatives.

He proposed that ATP transfers phosphate through a reactive monomeric metaphosphate species. While this did not turn out to be the literal case, many enzymic reactions do proceed through transition states that have this as a significant component.

In a 1961 article, Westheimer applied ideas from statistical mechanics to the effects of isotopic substitution on the reactivity of organic molecules. His work on the magnitude of kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) is still the basis of understanding in the field.
Transition state structure's dependence on the kinetic isotope effect is known as the Westheimer Effect.
The standard nontunnelling approach to KIEs is developed from Westheimer and Lars Melander. The Melander-Westheimer postulate has successfully predicted the ways in which KIEs and transition state (TS) structures vary.

Westheimer introduced the idea of photoaffinity labeling of the active site of proteins. The identification of the "active sites" of an enzyme is difficult in cases where proteins have hydrocarbon-rich sites.
In 1962, Westheimer and others demonstrated the synthesis of p-nitrophenyl diazoacetate and the subsequent acylation of chymotrypsin to form diazoacetylchymotrypsin, which was then photolyzed. The introduction of an aliphatic diazo group into a bifunctional reagent enabled it to react with the enzyme. The photolabel generated a reactive carbenoid species capable of inserting into hydrocarbon C-H bonds.

Westheimer also approached the reactions of phosphate transfer through mechanisms that involve five-coordinate intermediates. In 1968, Westheimer examined pseudorotation in phosphate ester chemistry and predicted the occurrence of pseudo-rotation of oxyphosphoranes.
He showed the significance of this route and the importance of stereochemical rearrangements of the intermediates.
Westheimer developed a set of guidelines, based on experimental observations, also known as Westheimer's rules. They have been widely used for describing and predicting the products and stereochemistry of substitution reactions involving phosphorus.

Westheimer's 1987 paper in Science, "Why nature chose phosphates", discusses the importance of phosphates as signaling and building blocks for living organisms. Phosphates possess a value of pKa that allows them to be doubly ionized at physiological pH. The singly ionized form in the phosphodiester linkages of nucleic acids resists being hydrolyzed by water, but is not so stable that it won't undergo enzymatic hydrolysis.
This work continues to challenge and inspire researchers studying biological chemistry and reactions in RNA, DNA, and ribozymes.

Awards and honors
Westheimer became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1954, a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1976, and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1983.

He chaired the National Academy of Sciences Committee for the Survey of Chemistry from 1964 to 1965. Chemistry: Opportunities and Needs, also known as the "Westheimer Report", encouraged the federal government to increase spending on fundamental research in chemistry, to achieve parity with other physical sciences.
It identified biochemistry as a promising and overlooked area for medical and pharmaceutical research.
The report's recommendations were implemented, and it is still considered to be "comprehensive, definitive, and forward-looking".

Westheimer was a member of President Lyndon Johnson's science advisory committee from 1967 to 1970.

Westheimer served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences for two terms, from 1973 to 1975 and 1976-1978, as well as  being a Councillor of the American Philosophical Society (1981-1984), and Secretary of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1985-1990).

As well as emphasizing the need for fundamental research, Westheimer was concerned about other political issues. He argued against wars in Vietnam and Iraq. He was aware of environmental issues, supporting measures to decrease pollution, combat global warming, increase energy conservation, and develop alternative energy sources. He advocated that science needed to be taught in new ways, to better educate nonscientists about scientific issues.

Among Westheimer's many honors are the U.S. National Academy Award in Chemical Sciences in 1980, the Robert A. Welch Foundation Award in 1982, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1981, the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1986, the Priestley Medal in 1988; the Repligen Award for the Chemistry of Biological Processes in 1992; and the Nakanishi Prize in 1997.

The Westheimer medal was established in his honor in 2002. The medal is awarded by Harvard University "for distinguished research into the field of chemistry", particularly in the areas of organic and biological chemistry.

Family
Frank H. Westheimer was married in 1937 to Jeanne E. Friedman. They had two children, Ellen Westheimer and Ruth Susan Westheimer.

References

External links

 McLafferty, Fred W.; Abruña, Héctor D. A Conversation with Fred W. McLafferty 2006, 90 minute video, for Cornell University.

Obituaries

1912 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American chemists
Jewish American scientists
National Medal of Science laureates
Harvard University faculty
Dartmouth College alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Frank Westheimer


Al-Jebbah (; also spelled al-Jibbeh) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located northeast of Damascus in the Qalamoun Mountains. Nearby localities include Ma'loula and al-Qutayfah to the southeast, Hosh Arab and al-Tawani to the south and Assal al-Ward and Rankous to the southwest. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, al-Jibbah had a population of 2,829 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.

References

Bibliography

Populated places in Yabroud District

Al-Jebbah


Einar Normann Rasmussen (22 August 1907 – 14 August 1975) was a Norwegian ship-owner and politician for the Liberal Party.

He was born in Vestre Moland as a son of a shipmaster, but moved to Kristiansand where he started his career as an office clerk in Christianssands Skibsassuranceforening from 1923 to 1936. In 1931 he took the examen artium as a privata candidate at Kristiansand Cathedral School. From 1936 he was a ship-owner.

He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Vest-Agder during the terms 1954–1957 and 1958–1961. In total he met during 31 days of parliamentary session. He was a member of Kristiansand city council from 1945 to 1955.

He was decorated with the Order of the Three Stars.

References

1907 births
1975 deaths
Norwegian businesspeople in shipping
Politicians from Kristiansand
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Deputy members of the Storting

Einar Normann Rasmussen


The Woody Guthrie Center is a public museum and archive located in Tulsa, Oklahoma that is dedicated to the life and legacy of American folk musician and singer-songwriter Woody Guthrie. The Center also contains the archives of folk singer, songwriter, and fellow social activist Phil Ochs.

Description
The Woody Guthrie Center is located at 102 East Reconciliation Way in the Tulsa Arts District.  It features an interactive museum where the public may view musical instruments used by Guthrie, samples of his original artwork, notebooks and lyrics in his own handwriting, and photographs and historical memorabilia that illustrate his life, music, and political activities.  Visitors may also view a short biographical film and listen to samples of his music and that of other artists who were influenced and inspired by Guthrie.  Various folk music events are sponsored by the Center.

The Woody Guthrie Archives, which is the world's largest collection of material relating to Guthrie's life, are housed on-site in a climate-controlled facility that is partially visible through windows from the public museum area.  The archives contain manuscripts, lyrics, correspondence, artwork, scrapbooks, musical recordings, books, and photographs, and are open to researchers by appointment.

History
The Woody Guthrie Center officially opened on April 27, 2013 after the archives were acquired by the Tulsa-based George Kaiser Foundation. Previously, the archives were owned by the Woody Guthrie Foundation, which was headed by Guthrie's daughter, Nora Guthrie.

Phil Ochs archives
In September 2014, Meegan Lee Ochs announced that she was donating the archives of her father, singer-songwriter Phil Ochs, to the Center.  Ochs was heavily influenced by Guthrie, and was a troubadour and social activist in his own right. The donation of notebooks, photographs, videotapes, and other memorabilia is the first collection included in the center from an artist other than Guthrie.

Virtual Reality "Dust Bowl" exhibit
In 2018, the Woody Guthrie Museum announced its plan to host a new program bowl that is intended to offer visitors the opportunity to experience Dust Bowl conditions in the Oklahoma Panhandle during 1934–1938.   While wearing a virtual reality headset, they will sit on a replica of a front porch, watching a dust cloud roll in across the prairie to envelop them. The Dust Bowl inspired a number of Guthrie's musical works, and led him to take up the causes of migrant workers and other people disenfranchised by an ecological disaster.

See also
 List of music museums

Notes

References

External links
 Woody Guthrie Center website

Museums in Tulsa, Oklahoma
Guthrie
Music museums in Oklahoma
Woody Guthrie
Phil Ochs
Museums established in 2013
Music archives in the United States

Woody Guthrie Center


Film Geek is a 2005 independent film  written and directed by James Westby and starring Melik Malkasian as Scotty Pelk. The story revolves around Pelk's life as a super film geek and a love interest that develops with a girl named Niko (Tyler Gannon).

Plot
Scotty Pelk is a socially inept film geek who works at a video store called Video Connections in Portland, Oregon.  His biggest claim to fame is his website, www.scottysfilmpage.com (which has yet to receive a hit).  He is a hard worker, but eventually gets fired for being too much of an annoyance to the customers. In a funk, he visits several video stores around town to try to find a job, but none of the stores are hiring.

While traveling on the MAX to the Portland Staffing Resources office, Scotty sees a young woman, Niko, reading a book called The Films of David Cronenberg.  He is infatuated and chases her down to talk to her about Cronenberg, but she essentially brushes him off.

At the Portland Staffing Resources office, Scotty finds a job working with auto parts. He is confused and lost during his first day at work, all the while continuing to talk about movies with his co-workers. On the way home, he sees Niko again and joins her for coffee, and she invites him to her art show later that night.  During the show, Niko kisses Scotty to make her ex-boyfriend, Brandon, jealous. Later, the two go out and sit in Niko's car to talk.  Scotty smokes marijuana with her, and they head to a party afterwards. At the party, Scotty gets drunk with two guys who are also film fans.

Scotty constantly calls Niko over the next few days, trying to ask her for a date.  She eventually says yes, and they go out to eat at a Mexican restaurant.  Afterwards, they watch a movie and then go to a bar.  Brandon shows up at the bar and upsets Niko, ending their date.

Scotty continues to obsess and call Niko frequently, but she does not answer her phone.  Eventually Niko picks up, but she brushes him off.  On the way to visit Niko with flowers and a balloon, Scotty sees Niko and Brandon kissing.  Niko then informs Scotty that she and Brandon have gotten back together, indicating that her interest in Scotty had been a ruse to make Brandon jealous.

Scotty goes home and, in a fit of rage and self-loathing, destroys the bouquet of flowers and balloon he had bought for Niko.

Scotty is shown masturbating in his bathroom (one of several such scenes), when he is interrupted by the phone ringing.  A Willamette Week newspaper editor is calling Scotty to do an article on him after hearing about his website from the two guys at the party.  Once the article is published, Scotty's website becomes popular around the city and he becomes a local celebrity, and eventually gets his own office.  While Scotty is signing autographs at Video Connections, Niko walks in after having a fight with Brandon.  After talking a little, Niko and Scotty get back together and kiss. Finally, the film cuts back to Scotty masturbating, with the implication that the phone call and all that followed was only a masturbatory fantasy.

Cast
 Melik Malkasian as Scotty Pelk
 Tyler Gannon as Niko
 Matt Morris as Brandon
 John Breen as Mr. Johnson
 Tara Walker as Kaitlin
 Michelle Garner as Cindi

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 64% based on reviews from 22 critics.

Reviewer D.K. Holm compared the surprise ending to Nabokov's An Affair of Honor and Ambrose Bierce's An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.

References

External links
 FilmGeek Official Website

2005 films
2005 comedy films
American comedy films
Films shot in Oregon
Films set in Oregon
Films set in Portland, Oregon
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Film Geek


Maria Michi (24 May 1921 – 7 April 1980) was an Italian supporting actress who worked with Roberto Rossellini on his two early neorealism masterpieces: Rome, Open City and Paisà.

Michi worked first as a typist at a law firm, then as an usherette at Teatro Quattro Fontane in Rome. She was noticed and given small parts in the company of Sergio Tofano and Diana Torrieri during the 1942-1943 season. Critic Irene Bignardi called her "a woman very near the resistance and the Communist Party". In 1948, she worked with Christian-Jaque in La Chartreuse de Parme. She was married in September 1949 to Duke Augusto Torlonia, and left the world of cinema for the theater, particularly working with director Guido Salvini. The marriage was annulled in San Marino in 1956. She resumed her film career in the 1960s and 1970s, when she did 12 films, including Bernardo Bertolucci's Last Tango in Paris and Tinto Brass's Salon Kitty, her last film.

Filmography
1945: Roma, città aperta (directed by Roberto Rossellini) - Marina Marini
1946: Paisà (Paisan) (directed by Roberto Rossellini) - Francesca
1947: Fatalità (directed by Giorgio Bianchi) - Paola
1947: L'altra (directed by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia) - Thea 'Angelo' Morelli
1947: Preludio d'amore (Shamed) (directed by Giovanni Paolucci) - Alida
1947: La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma) (directed by Christian-Jaque) - Marietta
1961:  (Law of War) (directed by Bruno Paolinell) - Signora Macumer
1969: The Lady of Monza, (original title is La monaca di Monza") (directed by Eriprando Visconti) - Sister Bianca Homati
1970: The Breach (directed by Claude Chabrol) - La troisième parque
1970: Mont-Dragon (directed by Jean Valère) - Hortense Dubois - la femme d'Armand
1972: What Have You Done to Solange? (directed by Massimo Dallamano) - Brenda's mother (uncredited)
1972: Last Tango in Paris (directed by Bernardo Bertolucci) - Rosa's mother
1973: Redneck (directed by Silvio Narizzano) - Princess
1973: Blu Gang e vissero per sempre felici e ammazzati (directed by Luigi Bazzoni) - Mama Blue
1975: Down the Ancient Staircase (directed by Mauro Bolognini)  - Folle
1975: Irene, Irene (directed by Peter Del Monte)  - Maria
1976: Salon Kitty (directed by Tinto Brass) - Ilde

References

External links

1921 births
1980 deaths
Actresses from Rome
20th-century Italian actresses

Maria Michi


Clinton McKamy Winkler (October 19, 1821 – May 13, 1882) was an American soldier, judge and legislator. Winkler was elected to the Texas Legislature in 1847 and 1873. He practiced law in Corsicana, Texas through the 1850s. Winkler served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and was seriously injured at the Battle of Gettysburg. He returned to law practice in Corsicana after the war. From 1876 until his death, Winkler served as a judge in the Texas Court of Appeals. Winkler County, Texas is named for him.

Biography
Winkler was born in Burke County, North Carolina on October 19, 1821. He moved to Indiana with his parents in 1835. When he was 19, Winkler moved to Franklin, Texas, located in Robertson County. Winkler was a clerk for the district court in Robertson County in 1844 and was admitted to the bar the following year. Winkler was elected to the House of Representatives for the Second Texas Legislature in 1847. He introduced a petition that resulted in the creation of Navarro County, Texas from a portion of Robertson County.

In 1848, Winkler married Louisa Bartlett-Smith, who was recently widowed from Texas legislator Thomas Ingles Smith. After his service in the legislature, Winkler practiced law in Corsicana, Texas in Navarro County for several years. After Abraham Lincoln was elected president, Winkler was one of a few men who organized a Texas secession movement in Navarro County.

In the Civil War, he commanded a unit known as the Navarro Rifles, a Confederate States Army unit that belonged to Hood's Texas Brigade. Winkler's wife died in 1861 while he was at war. He married writer Angelina V. Smith, the sister of Thomas Ingles Smith, in January 1864. She founded and edited a literary publication known as the Corsicana Prairie Flower. Winkler sustained a serious wound to the leg during the Battle of Gettysburg. He continued to fight in the Civil War up to Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox. Smith later wrote an autobiography which included her experiences during the war.

In 1872, Winkler was elected to the Thirteenth Texas Legislature as a representative for District 20. His legislative district included Ellis, Hill, Kaufman and Navarro Counties. He became a judge on the newly established Court of Appeals of Texas in 1876. Winkler died of dysentery in Austin, Texas while serving on the court.

In 1887, a new county was established in West Texas with land that had been part of Tom Green County. It was named after Winkler. The county's population was 60 in 1900, but it increased to 442 by 1910. The population peaked at over 10,000 in 1950; it had 8,626 residents in 1990.

References

1821 births
1882 deaths
Confederate States Army officers
Democratic Party members of the Texas House of Representatives
People from Burke County, North Carolina
Republic of Texas politicians
Texas lawyers
Winkler County, Texas
19th-century American politicians
People from Franklin, Texas
19th-century American lawyers
Military personnel from Texas

Clinton McKamy Winkler


Downton Castle is a grade I listed  18th-century country house in the parish of Downton on the Rock in Herefordshire, England, situated about  west of Ludlow, Shropshire.

Description
The south-facing entrance front has a central square tower, six bays to the left terminating in an octagonal tower and five bays to the right flanked by a square tower, the whole resembling a medieval castle with embattled parapets. Pevsner considered the inspiration to be the French semi-fortified houses in paintings by Claude Lorraine or Gaspard Poussin.

History
The estate of Downton was acquired by Richard Knight (1659–1749) a wealthy ironmaster from Madeley, Shropshire, and proprietor of the Bringewood Ironworks. It passed to his grandson the art connoisseur and MP Richard Payne Knight (1750-1824), who rebuilt the house in the Gothic revival style. Payne Knight was an enthusiast of the picturesque style, and commissioned the landscape artist Thomas Hearne to produce  drawings of the grounds. Construction started in 1772/3 and was largely completed by 1778.

In 1824 the estate was inherited by the horticulturalist Charlotte Knight (c.1801-1843), niece of Payne Knight, the daughter and heiress of his brother, the botanist Thomas Andrew Knight. She was the wife of Sir William Edward Rouse-Boughton, 2nd and 10th Baronet (1788-1856), of Downton Hall, Stanton Lacy, Shropshire, (about  to the NE of Downton Castle), a Member of Parliament for Evesham in Worcestershire. As her eldest son was heir to his father's estates and two baronetcies, she bequeathed the Downton Castle estate to their second son Andrew Johnes Rouse-Boughton-Knight (1826-1909), who in 1857 adopted the additional surname of Knight. He served as High Sheriff of Herefordshire in 1860 and at that time began improvements and extensions to the house, including a new entrance and porch, a north west tower, and a chapel. He added terraced gardens in 1865 to the design of W.A. Nesfield. In 1881 the family resided there with twelve servants. He died at Downton Castle in 1909.

During the Second World War, pupils from Lancing College, a boarding school on the South Coast, were evacuated to Downton Castle as the school was taken over as a naval training facility, HMS King Alfred. The castle remained in the possession of the Payne-Knight family until 1986 when it was sold along with its 5,000 acre (2,000 hectare) estate to the Primat family, co-heirs to the Schlumberger fortune. It remains a private home and is not open to the public.

See also
 Knight v Knight — 1840 legal suit over the inheritance of Downton Castle

References

Grade I listed buildings in Herefordshire
Country houses in Herefordshire
Mock castles in England

Downton Castle