Aphasia is an American rock band based in California.

History
Forming in 1999, the band solidified their sound and lineup in high school, and began playing shows around the Bay Area, their local area.

The band cited their main influences to be Deftones, Foo Fighters, Green Day, Refused, Incubus, Blindside, Hoobastank and Cursive.

Aphasia's music and style was directly influenced by their collaborative approach to writing, its members being proficient in several forms of instrumentation and contributing to all aspects of the creative process.

The band earned their first studio time after winning a local battle of the bands. In 2001, they recorded and released their first three-song demo in Oakland, California. After that, the band continued the writing and recording independently using a portable, makeshift recording studio that Harber had slowly begun to accumulate.

By 2002 they had come to the attention of Trapt, another Northern Californian post-grunge band. Trapt's management, Zig-Zag Communications, mentored Aphasia and provided them with industry and record-release assistance. Their first release was a three-song teaser EP; shortly thereafter, in 2004, they released their first self-titled album. In 2005, DRT Entertainment re-sequenced, re-titled, and re-released the album as Fact and Fiction.

In 2005, the band toured as an opener for Trapt, alongside Blindside. Eventually going on to tour throughout the United States with various independent acts spanning a broad range genres. Later that year, their single "Flatline" was featured in the movie War of the Worlds.

In early 2006, Aphasia wrote, recorded and released their final EP, "Make Out Like Bandits", which many cited as being the beginning of a drastic stylistic shift. The four-song EP contained major and minor counterpoint tonality, atypical instrumentation, and pop vocal hooks. The reaction of their listeners was ultimately mixed, acclaimed by some while being criticized by others due to their hard rock following.

In mid 2007, the band announced they had parted ways with Will Peng and would disband as "Aphasia". It has been verified and confirmed by the entire band that parting ways was a mutual decision. Admittedly, there were differences that went unresolved for several years but eventually maintaining the relationship that originally brought them together far outweighed perpetuating a collaboration performing music that its members had long since outgrown. Their differences have since been resolved.

Aphasia has changed their music style and name to DownDownDown.

Band members
Jeff Harber (vocals)
Drew DeHaven (guitar); replaced by: Aaron Prim
Jayce Basques (bass)
Nick Allen (drums); replaced by: William Peng

Discography

Albums
Debut S/T (released in 2001, self-produced)
Industry Sampler (released in 2003)
Aphasia S/T (released in 2004, under Joint Venture)
Fact and Fiction (released in 2005, under DRT entertainment)
Make Out Like Bandits (released in 2006)

Singles
 "Flatline"
 "Away from You"
 "House of Cards"

Burlingame, California
Musical groups established in 2001
Alternative rock groups from California
American post-hardcore musical groups
Arts & Crafts Productions artists
2001 establishments in California

Aphasia (American band)


C News is a leading monthly information and communications technology (ICT) magazine of Bangladesh.  In print since 2001, it is the second most circulated ICT magazine in Bangladesh.  C News also runs an ICT web portal which is updated daily with news, views, and analysis on various aspects of ICT.

External links

2001 establishments in Bangladesh
Magazines published in Bangladesh
Computer magazines
Magazines established in 2001

CNEWS (Bangladeshi magazine)


Alexander Bruce Bielaski (April 2, 1883 – February 19, 1964) was an American lawyer and government official who served as the director of the Bureau of Investigation (now the Federal Bureau of Investigation) from 1912 to 1919.

Early life and education
Bielaski was born in Montgomery County, Maryland to the son of Methodist minister Alexander Bielaski. His grandfather was the Civil War Captain Alexander Bielaski and his uncle was the first Polish American in Major League Baseball, Oscar Bielaski. His sister, Ruth Shipley, would head the Passport Division of the United States Department of State for 27 years.

He received a law degree from The George Washington University Law School in 1904 where he was a founding father of the Gamma Eta chapter of Delta Tau Delta fraternity.

Career
That same year he joined the Department of Justice. Like his predecessor Stanley Finch, Bielaski worked his way up through the Justice Department. He served as a special examiner in Oklahoma where he "straightened out the court records" and aided in the reorganization of Oklahoma's court system when the Oklahoma Territory became a state. Returning to Washington, Bielaski entered the Bureau of Investigation and rose to become Finch's assistant. In this position he was in charge of administrative matters for the Bureau. At the end of April 1912, Attorney General George W. Wickersham appointed Bielaski to replace Finch. As Chief, Bielaski oversaw a steady increase in the resources and responsibilities assigned to the Bureau.

After leaving the Bureau in 1919, Bielaski entered into private law practice. According to The New York Times, while on a trip to Cuernavaca, Mexico in 1922, Bielaski was kidnapped.  " He escaped three days later, saving himself and the ten thousand dollars gathered to rescue him.  The local Mexican press accused him of "self-abduction" to gain notoriety.  Two weeks later, after he testified before a judge, the case was closed.

Bielaski was very involved in the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and the greater fraternity community. He served three terms as international president of Delt from 1919 to 1925. In 1924 He was elected Chairman of the National Interfraternity Conference (currently known as the North American Interfraternity Conference).

Bielaski worked undercover as a Prohibition agent operating a decoy speakeasy in New York City. From 1929 to 1959 he headed the National Board of Fire Underwriters' team of arson investigators. In 1938, he served as president of the Society of Former Special Agents. He died on February 19, 1964, at the age of eighty.  , The New York Times, February 20, 1964, p.

References
Footnotes

Sources

External links

 Official FBI bio of Alexander Bielaski  (basis of original version of this article)

1883 births
1964 deaths
American people of Lithuanian descent
American people of Polish descent
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
George Washington University Law School alumni
People from Montgomery County, Maryland

A. Bruce Bielaski


Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann  (; 2 October 1826 – 24 March 1899) was a German physicist and scientific author.

Life
Wiedemann was born in Berlin the son of a merchant who died two years later. Following the death of his mother in 1842 he lived with his grandparents.

After attending a private school as well as the Cölnische Humanistische Gymnasium, he entered the University of Berlin in 1844 where took his doctor's degree three years later under the supervision of Heinrich Gustav Magnus. His thesis on that occasion was devoted to a question in organic chemistry, for he held the opinion that the study of chemistry is an indispensable preliminary to the pursuit of physics, which was his ultimate aim. In Berlin he made the acquaintance of Hermann von Helmholtz at the house of Heinrich Gustav Magnus and was one of the founders of the Berlin Physical Society.

In 1854 he left Germany to take on the role of Professor of Physics in Basel, nine years later he moved to Braunschweig and in 1866 to Karlsruhe. In 1871 he accepted the chair of physical chemistry at Leipzig. The attention he had paid to chemistry in the earlier part of his career enabled him to hold his own in this position, but he found his work more congenial when in 1887 he was transferred to the professorship of physics. With Rudolph Franz, Wiedemann developed the Wiedemann–Franz law relating thermal and electrical conductivity in 1853.

August Hagenbach was one of his students in Leipzig.

He died in Leipzig on 24 March 1899.

Literary work
His name is probably most widely known for his literary work. In 1877 he undertook the editorship of the Annalen der Physik und Chemie in succession to Johann Christian Poggendorff, thus starting the series of that scientific periodical which is familiarly cited as Wied. Ann. Another monumental work for which he was responsible was Die Lehre van der Elektricitat, or, as it was called in the first instance, Lehre von Galvanismus und Elektromagnetismus, a book that is unsurpassed for accuracy and comprehensiveness. He produced the first edition in 1861, and a fourth, revised and enlarged, was only completed a short time before his death.

Scientific research
But his original work was also important. His data for the thermal conductivity of various metals were for long the most trustworthy at the disposal of physicists, and his determination of the ohm in terms of the specific resistance of mercury showed remarkable skill in quantitative research. He carried out a number of magnetic investigations which resulted in the discovery of many interesting phenomena, some of which have been rediscovered by others; they related among other things to the effect of mechanical strain on the magnetic properties of the magnetic metals, to the relation between the chemical composition of compound bodies and their magnetic properties, and to a curious parallelism between the laws of torsion and of magnetism (see Wiedemann effect). He also investigated electrical endosmosis and the electrical resistance of electrolytes.

Family
In 1851 he married Clara Mitscherlich.

Their eldest son, Eilhard Ernst Gustav, born in Berlin on 1 August 1852, became professor of physics at Erlangen in 1886, and his younger son, Alfred, born in Berlin on 18 July 1856, was appointed to the extraordinary professorship of Egyptology at Bonn in 1892.

References

Attribution:

Works

External links

1826 births
1899 deaths
19th-century German physicists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German physical chemists
Scientists from Berlin
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala

Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann


Susanne Hoder is Moderator of the Interfaith Peace Initiative and a member of the Divestment Task Force of the United Methodist Church New England Conference. Since visiting Israel and the West Bank in 2004, she has been an advocate for a just peace in the region based on equality, international law and human rights. She has spoken at numerous conferences and written articles on the situation in the Holy Land.  She has compiled research on publicly held companies that support the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land, urging churches and other organizations to withdraw their investments in these companies until Israel complies with international law.

References
http://www.interfaithpeaceinitiative.com/
http://www.neumc.org/pages/detail/178
http://www.unitedmethodistdivestment.com/,
http://umportal.org/article.asp?id=2654

Living people
American United Methodists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Susanne Hoder


Elliott Anthony "Ellie" Mannette (5 November 1927 – 29 August 2018) was a Trinidadian musical instrument maker and steel pan musician, also known as the "father of the modern steel drum".

Life
Born in Sans Souci, Trinidad, Mannette as a young child developed a passion for metal and tools for metalworking, and would become engaged in the evolution of the phenomenon of sounding steel. At the age of 11, he was a member of Alexander's Ragtime Band created by Alexander Ford. From the middle of the 1930s, percussion bands of different quarters of Port-of-Spain were in competition with each other. Legend says that Mannette was the first person to use a discarded oil barrel to build a steel pan: "He sank the lid to create a tensed playing surface and fired the metal to improve the acoustic properties." From about 1939 to 1941, he performed with his own band, the Oval Boys (the name taken from the oval sports pavilion opposite the band's rehearsal space).

In 1951, TASPO (Trinidad All Steel Percussion Orchestra) traveled to Great Britain to present the new musical instrument at the Festival of Britain. Mannette was a member and tuner for this orchestra, which consisted of leader figures of different Trinidadian steel bands.

In 1948, Mannette was formally offered a scholarship to study music in London which he turned down in order to be able to build more steel pans.

After having visited the United States in the beginning of the 1960s to build up the US Navy Steel Band, he was invited to New York City to build instruments for an inner city youth program. This invitation had been carried out by Murray Narell, a New York social worker and father of Jeff and Andy Narell. At this time, Mannette tuned his instruments by ear. Eventually he learned about the necessity of concert pitch A440Hz and the use of strobe tuners.

Since 1967, Mannette had been building up several hundred steel bands all over the United States mainly in colleges and universities, but also for private institutions. In 1991, he was invited by West Virginia University to show interested students how to build and play steel pans. What was meant to be a guest-semester eventually turned into a longtime relationship called the University Tuning Project and later on the company Mannette Steel Drums.

"I always knew in my heart one daythat my work would find its way,I could not tell you how,there was no one there for me to show the waybut I figured it out.I figured it all through for all of you to see today."~Ellie Manette

Mannette died on 29 August 2018, in Morgantown, West Virginia, United States, of kidney failure. He is survived by his second wife, Jacqueline Edwards, six children, four stepchildren, and many grand- and great-grandchildren.

Merits
Mannette was credited with several innovations which have proven to be essential for the evolution of steel pan. He was the first to use a 55-gallon oil barrel instead of biscuit tins or soap boxes. Furthermore, Mannette was the person to sink the top of the drum into a concave shape, thus having more space to place notes as well as achieving a better isolation between the different pitches. Mannette has developed many instruments of the steel pan family. His use of the whole tone scale on two resonance bodies has become a widely common standard.

Mannette developed his own unique skills and style over many years. Within the University Tuning Project at West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia, US, he passed on his knowledge of pan building and tuning to many students, thereby ensuring that his experience is passed on to future generations of pan makers. His creations can be admired in many museums and galleries including the Smithsonian Institution, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Contemporary Art Gallery in New York.

Awards
In 1969, Mannette was awarded the Hummingbird Medal (Silver) of Trinidad and Tobago for his innovations in pan making. For more than 30 years, he was at the forefront of the steelband movement in the United States; in recognition of his contributions to the art form, he received a 1999 National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. In November 2000, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of the West Indies and returned home to Trinidad, after a 33-year absence, to accept it. The same year he also received the Chaconia Medal Silver from his home country, for outstanding cultural achievement.

In 2003, Mannette was admitted to the Hall of Fame of the Percussive Arts Society of the United States, when he was quoted as saying: "Looking back more than half a century during my humble beginnings in this unique art form, no one during that period could have envisioned the rapid growth of this instrument. Through the years as I developed my skills, my entire mindset was sharing my knowledge with others for the betterment of this instrument."

See also
Steelpan
Electronic tuner

References

Notes
a. Spelled in some sources as "Elliot" instead of "Elliott"

Citations

Further reading
 Felix I. R. Blake: The Trinidad and Tobago Steel Pan. History and Evolution.
 Nurse, A. Myrna: Unheard Voices: The Rise of Steelband and Calypso in the Caribbean and North America. iUniverse, Inc.  (pbk)
 Tiffe, Janine. "The Arrival of Steel Pan in the United States" in Percussive Notes, the journal of the Percussive Arts Society (45, no. 3, June 2007, pp. 10–16)

External links
 Ellie Mannette: Father of the Modern Steel Drum by the Smithsonian Institution

Steelpan musicians
Trinidad and Tobago musicians
1927 births
2018 deaths
Recipients of the Hummingbird Medal
Recipients of the Chaconia Medal
National Heritage Fellowship winners

Ellie Mannette


The white-eyes are a family, Zosteropidae, of small passerine birds native to tropical, subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia. White-eyes inhabit most tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, the western Pacific Ocean, and the Gulf of Guinea. Discounting some widespread members of the genus Zosterops, most species are endemic to single islands or archipelagos. The silvereye, Zosterops lateralis, naturally colonised New Zealand, where it is known as the "wax-eye" or tauhou ("stranger"), from 1855. The silvereye has also been introduced to the Society Islands in French Polynesia, while the Japanese white-eye has been introduced to Hawaii.

Characteristics
White-eyes are mostly of undistinguished appearance, the plumage being generally greenish olive above, and pale grey below. Some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast, or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their common name implies, many species have a conspicuous ring of tiny white feathers around their eyes. The scientific name of the group also reflects this latter feature, being derived from the Ancient Greek for "girdle-eye". They have rounded wings and strong legs. Like many other nectarivorous birds, they have slender, pointed bills, and brush-tipped tongues. The size ranges up to  in length.

All the species of white-eyes are sociable, forming large flocks that only separate on the approach of the breeding season. They build trees nests and lay two to four eggs which are usually pale blue. Though mainly insectivorous, they eat nectar and fruits of various kinds. The silvereye can be a problem in Australian vineyards, by piercing the grape allowing infection or insect damage to follow.

Systematics
The family Zosteropidae was introduced (as a subfamily Zosteropinae) in 1853 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte. The white-eyes were long considered a distinct family Zosteropidae because they are rather homogeneous in morphology and ecology, leading to little adaptive radiation and divergence.

The genus Apalopteron, formerly placed in the Meliphagidae, was transferred to the white eyes in 1995 on genetic and behavioral evidence. It differs much in appearance from the typical white-eyes, Zosterops, but is approached by some Micronesian taxa; its color pattern is fairly unusual save the imperfect white eye-ring.

In 2003, Alice Cibois published the results of her study of mtDNA cytochrome b and 12S/16S rRNA sequence data. According to her results, the white-eyes were likely to form a clade also containing the yuhinas, which were until then placed with the Old World babblers, a large "wastebin" family. Previous molecular studies (e.g. Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Barker et al. 2002) had together with the morphological evidence tentatively placed white-eyes as the Timaliidae's closest relatives already. But some questions remained, mainly because the white-eyes are all very similar birds in habitus and habits, while the Old World babblers are very diverse (because, as we now know, the group as formerly defined was polyphyletic).

Combined with the yuhinas (and possibly other Timaliidae), the limits of the white-eye clade to the "true" Old World babblers becomes indistinct. Therefore, the current (early 2007) opinion weighs towards merging the group into the Timaliidae, perhaps as a subfamily ("Zosteropinae"). Few white-eyes have been thoroughly studied with the new results in mind, however, and almost all of these are from Zosterops which even at this point appears over-lumped. Also, many "Old World babblers" remain in unresolved relationships. Whether there can be a clear delimitation of a white-eye subfamily or even a young or emerging family is a question that requires a more comprehensive study of both this group and Timaliidae to resolve (Jønsson & Fjeldså 2006).

For example, a revision of the yuhinas and the genus Stachyris (Cibois et al. 2002), based on the same genes as Cibois (2003), revealed that the Philippine species placed in the latter genus by some were actually yuhinas. However, when the review by Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006) was published, no study had tried to propose a phylogeny for the newly defined yuhinas including the white eyes. Therefore, Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006) give a rather misleading phylogeny for the group. It appears as if the yuhinas are polyphyletic, with the white-collared yuhina being closer to the ancestor of the Zosterops white-eyes than to other yuhinas including the species moved from Stachyris (Cibois et al. 2002).

In the past, the Madanga (Madanga ruficollis) was included in this family but studies now place it as an atypical member of the Motacillidae.

The cladogram below showing the relationships between families is based on a study of babblers by Tianlong Cai and collaborators published in 2019.

The cladogram below showing the relationships between the genera is based on the study by Carl Oliveros and collaborators that was published in 2021. The genera Apalopteron, Tephrozosterops and Rukia were not sampled in this study. The genus Megazosterops was found to be nested in Heleia. The earlier study by Cai and collaborators found a generally similar phylogeny but with Cleptornis as sister to Heleia. Cai's study found that Apalopteron was nested within Heleia with weak support and that Tephrozosterops was sister to Zosterops.

List of genera
The family contains 149 species divided into 13 genera:

 Parayuhina  – white-collared yuhina
 Staphida – (3 species)
 Yuhina – yuhinas (7 species)
 Dasycrotapha – babbler and pygmy babblers (3 species)
 Sterrhoptilus – babblers (4 species)
 Zosterornis – striped babblers (5 species)
 Cleptornis – golden white-eye
 Rukia – white-eyes (2 species)
 Megazosterops – giant white-eye
 Heleia – heleias (10 species)
 Apalopteron – Bonin white-eye
 Tephrozosterops – rufescent darkeye
 Zosterops – (110 species including 3 recently extinct)

References

Sources

Further reading

 del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions.

 Sibley, Charles Gald & Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990): Phylogeny and classification of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

External links

Videos, photos and sounds – Internet Bird Collection
 Finsch, Otto (1901) Zosteropidae. Verlag von R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin.

White-eye


In logic, a metatheorem is a statement about a formal system proven in a metalanguage. Unlike theorems proved within a given formal system, a metatheorem is proved within a metatheory, and may reference concepts that are present in the metatheory but not the object theory.

A formal system is determined by a formal language and a deductive system (axioms and rules of inference). The formal system can be used to prove particular sentences of the formal language with that system. Metatheorems, however, are proved externally to the system in question, in its metatheory. Common metatheories used in logic are set theory (especially in model theory) and primitive recursive arithmetic (especially in proof theory). Rather than demonstrating particular sentences to be provable, metatheorems may show that each of a broad class of sentences can be proved, or show that certain sentences cannot be proved.

Examples
Examples of metatheorems include:
 The deduction theorem for first-order logic says that a sentence of the form φ→ψ is provable from a set of axioms A if and only if the sentence ψ is provable from the system whose axioms consist of φ and all the axioms of A.
 The class existence theorem of von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory states that for every formula whose quantifiers range only over sets, there is a class consisting of the sets satisfying the formula.
 Consistency proofs of systems such as Peano arithmetic.

See also
 Metamathematics
 Use–mention distinction

References
 Geoffrey Hunter (1969), Metalogic.
 Alasdair Urquhart (2002), "Metatheory", A companion to philosophical logic, Dale Jacquette (ed.), p. 307

External links
 Meta-theorem at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics

Metalogic
Mathematical terminology

Metatheorem


The Broad Street Historic District in Augusta, Georgia is a  historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1980. It includes 158 contributing buildings.

The Historic District portion of Broad Street stretches from 13th to 5th Streets. Starting at 13th Street (U.S. Route 25 Business/Georgia State Route 4), Broad Street picks up the US 25 Business designation. This section has double-sided median parking. At 11th Street, the open parking in the median ends and a shaded, submerged parking pit in the median begins. This is Broad Street at its widest point. At the intersection with 6th Street, the chamber of commerce building can be found in the median.

Notable buildings

 Imperial Theatre
 Lamar Building, at 753 Broad Street, a building which is separately NRHP-listed.
 Miller Theater — reopened in January 2018
 News Building — home of The Augusta Chronicle

Haunted Pillar

The Haunted Pillar was a landmark left standing near the remains of a farmer's market that once stood at 5th and Broad Streets in downtown Augusta, Georgia. The market stood from 1830 until February 7, 1878, when it was destroyed by a tornado. A year later, the column was moved to the opposite corner of what is now 5th Street and used to display advertisements by Theodore Eye's Broad Street Grocery. In 1930, the town of Augusta hired a press agency to help stimulate its economy. The New York City-based firm AuLockhart International, Inc. was hired and given a budget of $37,500 to $50,000 to create and publish an advertising campaign aimed at attracting tourists. The firm published a ghost story about the pillar in newspapers across the country. The story refers to the pillar as "The Haunted Pillar."

According to local folk-lore, a preacher who was denied the right to preach there, "... threatened that a great wind would destroy the place except for one pillar and that whoever tried to remove this remaining pillar would be struck dead," according to a person interviewed by The Augusta Chronicle.

The market was located directly in the middle of Broad Street, and once it was removed Augustans were reluctant to build there again. "Now that the Market House is in ruins, we think it may be opportune to suggest that it never be rebuilt upon the same spot. It was, at best, an unsightly edifice and marred the grand boulevard upon which it was mistakenly located," said an article in The Augusta Chronicle a week after the market was destroyed.

On December 17, 2016, the pillar was destroyed in a car collision.

See also

 Augusta Downtown Historic District
 History of Augusta, Georgia

References

External links
Broad Street Artists' Row
Gallery on the Row — various artists

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Geography of Augusta, Georgia
History of Augusta, Georgia
U.S. Route 25
National Register of Historic Places in Augusta, Georgia

Broad Street Historic District (Augusta, Georgia)


Texas Tower 2 (ADC ID: TT-2) was a former United States Air Force Texas Tower General Surveillance Radar station, first operational in 1955. It was located   east of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in .  The tower was closed in 1963 and dismantled.

Located on Georges Bank, Texas Tower 2 was one in a series of manned radar stations that were so named because they resembled the oil-drilling platforms of the Gulf of Mexico. Air Defense Command (ADC) estimated that the Texas Towers would help extend contiguous East Coast radar coverage some  seaward. In terms of Soviet military capabilities, this would provide the United States with an extra 30 minutes of warning time in the event of an incoming bomber attack.

History
Texas Tower 2 began construction in 1955 at Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts. In June 1955, it was successfully floated and towed to its site east of Cape Cod. Beginning in December 1955 enough of the structure was complete that one AN/FPS-3 search radar and two AN/FPS-6 height finder radars  developed by Air Force Rome Air Development Center [RADC] New York, were installed.

Personnel from the 762d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, stationed at North Truro Air Force Station, MA performed the operational use of the tower. It was manned by a crew of 6 officers and 48 airmen. The 4604th Support Squadron (Texas Towers) at Otis AFB (now Otis Air National Guard Base) provided logistical support. Life aboard Texas Tower 2 was difficult. Both the structure and its crew suffered from the near-constant vibration caused by rotating radar antennas and diesel generators. The surrounding ocean and tower footings also transmitted distant sounds along the steel legs, amplifying them throughout the entire structure.

With the advent of Soviet ICBMs and the bomber threat was reduced in importance, the tower was decommissioned in 1963 and demolished shortly thereafter.

During the demolition, the remains of the tower sank to the sea floor. It remains there and has become a site for scuba diving.

Units and assignments
Units:
 762d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (Flight), (Operations unit based at North Truro AFS, MA), May 1956-15 January 1963
 4604th Support Squadron (Texas Towers) (Logistics support unit based at Otis AFB, MA), May 1956-15 January 1963
Assignments:
 4704th Defense Wing, May 1956
 4622d Air Defense Wing, 18 October 1956
 Boston Air Defense Sector, 8 January 1957 – 15 January 1963

See also
 List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations

References

 Winkler, David F. (1997), Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.
  A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 - 1980,  by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
 Information for Texas Tower No.2 (Georges Shoal)
 The Texas Towers

External links
Gallery of the construction of the tower

Radar stations of the United States Air Force
Military installations closed in 1963
Aerospace Defense Command military installations
Installations of the United States Air Force in Massachusetts
Military installations established in 1958
1958 establishments in Massachusetts
1963 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures demolished in 1963

Texas Tower 2


Caribbean philosophy is the study of thought by philosophers of the Caribbean. It also deals with people and situations within Caribbean societies.

Subject
Caribbean philosophy often asks questions about race, slavery, freedom, emancipation, gender issues, and decolonization. Caribbean philosophy examines thought practices in other fields such as literature, music, and historical writings.

Afro-Caribbean philosophers write about the Afro-Caribbean intellectual tradition.

Caribbean philosophical texts are written in several languages such as English, and French, Spanish. For example,José Martí and Eugenio María de Hostos wrote in Spanish about Cuban and Puerto Rican independence. Caribbean women philosophers include Ofelia Schutte, Sylvia Wynter, and Giannina Braschi. They write on many different subjects including racism, sexism, economy, and oppression.

American and Latin American philosophy receive more academic attention than Caribbean philosophy. To combat that, the Caribbean Philosophical Association was founded on June 14, 2003 in Mona, Jamaica.

Experts

Cuban philosophers

 Rafael García Bárcena
 Jorge J. E. Gracia

 José de la Luz y Caballero

 José Martí
 Ofelia Schutte

Haitian philosophers

 Jean-Claude Bajeux

Jamaica philosophers

 Sylvia Wynter

Puerto Rican philosophers

 Giannina Braschi
 Eugenio María de Hostos
 Francisco José Ramos

References

Branches of philosophy

Caribbean philosophy


The Jurisdiction in Liberties Act 1535 (27 Hen. 8. c. 24) was an Act of the Parliament of England curtailing the independent jurisdiction of liberties and counties palatine, bringing them more in line with the royal government of the shires. It was promoted by Thomas Cromwell. The geographical area of many of the liberties corresponded to monasteries which were to be dissolved. Opposition to the Act was a factor in the Pilgrimage of Grace revolt in Yorkshire in 1536.

The Laws in Wales Act 1535 similarly abolished the Marcher Lordships of Wales. In the Lordship of Ireland, the 1537 Act of Absentees had similarities, extinguishing the palatine privileges of English absentee lords whose undergoverned lands had provided succour to Silken Thomas' 1534 rebellion.

Provisions

Notes

References
Halsbury's Statutes,

Acts of the Parliament of England (1485–1603)
1535 in law
1535 in England

Jurisdiction in Liberties Act 1535


Alan Gray (born in York, 23 December 1855; died in Cambridge, 27 September 1935) was a British organist and composer.

Gray was born in York.  He went to St Peter's School in York, and Trinity College, Cambridge. From 1883 to 1893, he was Director of Music at Wellington College, Berkshire. In 1893, when Stanford left the post of organist at Trinity College, Alan went back there to become organist, and stayed there until 1930.

From 1922-1923 he was president of the Royal College of Organists.

Gray wrote several cantatas as well as chamber music and organ music, but he is mainly remembered for his church music, including an  Evening Service in F minor (Magnificat and Nunc dimittis).  He also composed several descants to various hymn tunes, several of them are still sung today.  He did a lot of work as editor of the Purcell Society.

Alan Gray was a very tall man: 2 metres (nearly 6 ft 7in).

References
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; , vol 7

1855 births
1935 deaths
English organists
English composers
People from York

Alan Gray


Ehwaz (ᛖ) is the Elder Futhark rune for the letter "e" and horse.  Elder Futhark runes were created by the Vikings. The literal meaning is horse but it has a deeper meaning.

Ehwaz may mean travel. This is because horses were used to travel by the Vikings. Ehwaz can also mean loyalty or trust. Horses are normally loyal to their owners.

Runes

Ehwaz


Victor Gerard Marie "Vic" Marijnen (February 21, 1917 in Arnhem - April 5, 1975 in The Hague) was a Dutch politician of the Catholic People's Party (KVP).

Marijnen studied law at Radboud University Nijmegen.  He worked at the trade and agricultural departments, and was secretary of Catholic employers' organizations.

From 1959 to 1963 he was government minister of Agriculture and Fishery. From 1963 to 1965 he prime minister of the so-called Marijnen cabinet. From 1965 to 1966 he was an MP. From 1968 till his death he was mayor of The Hague.

Marijnen was a Roman Catholic. He died in 1975, aged 58.

References
  Bio at Parlement.com

1917 births
1975 deaths
Catholic People's Party politicians
Dutch civil servants
Dutch jurists
Dutch Roman Catholics
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Mayors of The Hague
People from Arnhem
Politicians from Gelderland
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands

Victor Marijnen


The Northwest Seaport Alliance is a port authority based in the Puget Sound region of the United States, comprising the seaports of Seattle and Tacoma in Washington state. The combined port authority is the third largest cargo port in the United States and by container volume.

The two seaports, which had been rivals for most of the 20th century but lost ground to nearby ports in British Columbia, proposed a merger of marine cargo operations in 2014. A public development authority was created in 2015 and approved by the Federal Maritime Commission, resulting in the formation of The Northwest Seaport Alliance on August 4, 2015.

History

Background

In 1911, the Washington State Legislature authorized the creation of port districts through public referendums. The ports of Seattle and Tacoma were formed separately in 1911 and 1918, respectively, to establish public control of municipal waterfronts. The two ports, located  apart, facilitated exports of the state's natural resources and imports from Asia, which intensified during World War I at the end of the decade. During World War II, the ports were used for military shipyards and other wartime uses, reverting to civilian trade afterwards.

The rise of cargo containerization in the 1960s helped offset declining traffic to the Port of Seattle, leading to a $80 million modernization and expansion program begun in 1968. The Port of Tacoma debuted its own cargo container-ready facilities in 1970, and gradually lured away several large shipping lines from Seattle through the 1990s, including Alaska-based Totem Ocean Trailer Express (1976), SeaLand (1983), Maersk (1985), K Line (1988), and Evergreen Marine (1991). The Port of Seattle's largest line, Hyundai Merchant Marine, moved to a new, $65 million terminal in Tacoma in 1996.

By the turn of the 21st century, Tacoma eclipsed Seattle to become the largest port in the state and 7th largest in the nation, but fell behind ports in Los Angeles and nearby Vancouver. In 2009, Seattle regained its title as the larger of the ports, but both suffered losses in overall cargo volume and revenue. Tacoma lost Maersk to Seattle after Maersk signed a vessel sharing agreement with CMA-CGM in 2009, but three years later attracted an alliance of three major international shippers from Seattle who had comprised 20 percent of cargo for the port.

Merger proposals

At a 1985 meeting of the Port Development Task Force of the Greater Seattle Chamber of Commerce, visiting Port Authority of New York and New Jersey executive director Peter C. Goldmark suggested that the merger of the ports of Seattle and Tacoma would give the region "decades of advantage" over competitors in Southern California. The Port of Tacoma called a merger unnecessary and costly to their city, citing lower costs to expand in Tacoma and scaring off possible operators with higher fees; the Port of Seattle stated they were uninterested in a merger unless they could guarantee an equal partnership with Tacoma.

The two ports met in the late 1990s to discuss collaboration or a potential merger, amid the consolidating of shipping lines (favoring centralized distribution centers in fewer ports) and the  merging of the state's railroad system into BNSF Railway. In 2012, Port of Seattle staff estimated that rate competition with Tacoma had reduced cargo revenue by $35 million annually (approximately $70,000 per acre), based on comparisons with the Port of Oakland, which has no competing port in the region. Both ports were supported by taxpayer subsidies by their respective counties and lost revenue as shipping and terminal operators used their rivalry to  negotiate lower rates. Both factors led to the Washington State Legislature proposing a merger of the ports of Seattle, Tacoma and Everett in 2008, which stalled after the Port of Tacoma opposed.

Competition for the two ports intensified in the late 2000s and early 2010s, coming primarily from the new Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, an amalgamation of three Vancouver-area ports, as well as Los Angeles and the East Coast (as a result of the Panama Canal expansion project). In 2014, the market share of ports in British Columbia tripled and overtook the combined traffic of Seattle and Tacoma for the first time. The port commissions began talks of a merger in early 2014, including an agreement to share rates and other information under federal oversight and an "unusual" joint announcement for the transfer of a local shipping line to Tacoma.

Formation of alliance

On October 7, 2014, the ports of Seattle and Tacoma formally announced their intention to move management of their marine cargo businesses to a joint alliance in March, ending decades of competition, because of increased threats from British Columbia and other ports. A full merger, including the two port commissions, was opposed by Tacoma, who feared that the more populous King County would have more votes on the combined commission than Pierce County, who were more dependent on the cargo port. In March 2015, the plan was pushed back to August while working on specifics of the alliance, including a decision on which legal entity it would fall under. The Washington State Legislature and Governor Jay Inslee approved the creation of a port development authority, similar to Washington's existing public development authority designation, in late April.

On June 5, 2015, the two port commissions voted unanimously to merge their marine cargo operations into the alliance, christened "The Northwest Seaport Alliance", pending approval from the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC). The FMC approved the planned alliance on July 23, 2015. On August 4, 2015, at the Federal Way city hall, the two port commissions unanimously approved a formal agreement creating The Northwest Seaport Alliance. Under the agreement, properties from both ports would be placed in a common pool and the operations would be overseen by both elected port commissions. Port of Tacoma CEO John Wolfe was selected to be the alliance's first chief executive while remaining with Tacoma. The combined port authority became the third largest cargo port in the United States and by container volume.

Early years

On February 29, 2016, The Northwest Seaport Alliance invited the CMA CGM Benjamin Franklin, the largest cargo ship to visit the United States, to dock at the Port of Seattle's Terminal 18. The move was used to test the terminal's capabilities in handling a ship of that size (in the range of 18,000 twenty-foot equivalent units, or TEUs) and promote expansion of Terminal 5 into a facility to handle larger ships. In April 2016, the alliance approved $141 million in funding to upgrade piers and cranes at the Port of Tacoma's Husky Terminal.

The alliance celebrated its first anniversary in August 2016 with a new joint operations center and continued growth in traffic, despite a drop in shipping caused by slower growth in Asia. Later that month, Hanjin Shipping, a major operator in Seattle, filed for bankruptcy and was barred from the Port of Seattle over fears of unpaid terminal fees. The bankruptcy sent the global shipping industry into a panic, with several Hanjin ships anchored off the Pacific coast awaiting approval to unload cargo. In December, Hanjin's Terminal 46 in Seattle was sold to an affiliate of Mediterranean Shipping Company for $78 million; the move was opposed by the Port of Seattle, who filed a request to block the sale over a lack of correspondence about the new lease and security deposit.

Governance

The Northwest Seaport Alliance is a port development authority created by chapter 53.57 of the Revised Code of Washington. It is governed by the port commissions of Seattle and Tacoma, whose members are elected by the citizens of King and Pierce counties, respectively, to four-year terms. The alliance is a separate legal entity from the Port of Seattle and Port of Tacoma, for contracting, auditing and reporting purposes.

The Northwest Seaport Alliance budget for 2017 consists of $96.8 million in operating expenses, $93.4 million in revenue, and a separate capital expenses fund of $270.4 million.

Economy

The ports of Seattle and Tacoma funded a joint economic impact study in 2013 and found that the ports' marine cargo divisions support a combined $138.1 billion in economic activity, equivalent to a third of Washington state's gross state product. The ports support more than 48,000 jobs, including 18,900 direct jobs, and produced $379 million in state and local taxes.

Cargo

For the year of 2016, The Northwest Seaport Alliance reported its container traffic totaled 3.6 million TEUs, an increase of 2 percent from 2015, and 28 million metric tons.

The two ports serve 22 international container carriers, as well as 30 other carriers, providing regular service to seaports in East Asia, Alaska, Hawaii, Central America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Morocco. The alliance's top imports include industrial machinery, electronics, vehicles, toys, and furniture; its top exports include oil seeds and grains, industrial machinery, prepared vegetables and fruits, fish and seafood, edible fruits, and metals.

Connections

The Northwest Seaport Alliance has direct rail connections to the Pacific Northwest and Midwest regions of the United States, provided by BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad. The Port of Seattle owns Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, the region's primary airport for passengers and cargo, located  from Seattle and  from Tacoma. The two ports of Seattle and Tacoma are also connected to the state highway system, including Interstate 5 between both ports and Interstate 90 in Seattle. The Washington State Department of Transportation plans to enhance road connections between the two ports and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport through the Puget Sound Gateway Program. Approved in 2015 by the state legislature, the $1.6 billion program will extend State Route 167 to the Port of Tacoma and State Route 509 to Interstate 5, creating a direct freeway connection between the three areas.

Facilities

The Northwest Seaport Alliance owns a total of  of property in King and Pierce counties, including  from the Port of Tacoma (South Harbor) and  from the Port of Seattle (North Harbor). The two harbors have 10 total container terminals with 23 berths and 47 cranes; there are also 7 non-container terminals used primarily for breakbulk cargo and automobiles via roll-on/roll-off ships.

References

External links

2015 establishments in Washington (state)
Port authorities in the United States
Ports and harbors of Washington (state)
Transportation in Seattle
Water transport in Seattle

Northwest Seaport Alliance


Cary Kaplan is the president and co-owner of the sports marketing firm Cosmos Sports & Entertainment with his wife Amelia Kaplan, which launched in 2003.  The company specializes in consulting for sports teams and leagues in sales, marketing and business operations. High-profile clients have included the NHL CFL, MLS, the Chicago Cubs the Houston Rockets and the Phoenix Suns.

Biography
In 1995, Kaplans's marketing firm Sports Marketing Results had an affiliation with the Canadian National Soccer League. Kaplan then worked for the Edmonton Oilers hockey team for six years, the last two as the president and alternate governor of the Oilers top affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs, of the American Hockey League (AHL). In 1999, he won the Ken McKenzie Award as the AHL's top marketing executive. In Hamilton, he was credited with keeping the team in Hamilton when he organized the 'Stay Dogs Stay' campaign in 2000, resulting in increased attendance and tickets sold. He also initiated the process that brought the Montreal Canadiens to take over the Bulldogs franchise and AHL team in the city when the Oilers withdrew following the 2002–03 season.

Kaplan has been owner and president of sports marketing firm Cosmos Sports & Entertainment since August 2003 when he and his wife Amelia opened the business.

From 2005 until October 2009, he served as the commissioner and chairman of Canada's only professional soccer league, the Canadian Soccer League. During his tenure, the league gained affiliations with Canada's governing body, the Canadian Soccer Association, as well as with Canada's top two professional teams Toronto FC and the Montreal Impact, the establishment of a television contract with Rogers TV, and reserve divisions for the league.

In 2013, Kaplan assumed the role of the president of the new Brampton Beast hockey team in the Central Hockey League (CHL). Kaplan was a minority owner that helped bring the first Canadian franchise in the CHL. The seven remaining CHL teams joined the ECHL prior to the 2014–15 season. The Beast folded in February 2021 after not being able to play since March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2019, Kaplan further added the role of being Chief Revenue Officer (CRO) of Global T20 Canada, managing all revenue for the largest cricket event in Canada.

References

Living people
Canadian ice hockey owners
Dalhousie University alumni
1969 births

Cary Kaplan


Steven A. Rosenberg (born 2 August 1940) is an American cancer researcher and surgeon, chief of Surgery at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland and a Professor of Surgery at the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences and the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences. He pioneered the development of immunotherapy that has resulted in the first effective immunotherapies and the development of gene therapy. He is the first researcher to successfully insert foreign genes into humans.

Early life
Rosenberg was born in 1940, in the Bronx, the youngest of three children of Jewish immigrants from Poland, who owned a luncheonette. He met his wife to be, Alice O'Connell during his residency at Boston's Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, who was the chief nurse at the time. They got married in 1968 and have three daughters.

Methodology
He is credited with developing the use of IL-2 and immune cells for the treatment of patients with melanoma in a procedure termed adoptive cell transfer.   He has shown that expanding immune cells (known as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes) in the lab can be  used to treat patients with melanoma and has published two important studies describing their use. The first in 2002, demonstrated that some patients with advanced melanoma can be treated to complete remission with a combination of chemotherapy, immune cells and high doses of IL-2. The second, in 2006, demonstrated that the receptor of T cells can be transferred to immune cells and in combination with chemotherapy and high doses of IL-2 can be used to treat patients with melanoma. Although, this was the first time that the T cell receptor was used for gene therapy, it was not the first time that gene therapy was used in cancer.  Tumor cells modified with a gene for immune growth factors such as GM-CSF, had been used many years previously and continue to be used, although the efficacy of GM-CSF modified tumor lines as a cancer vaccine remain extremely modest, at best. There has been some debate as to the role of the T cells in treating the cancer in these studies as high-dose IL-2 and chemotherapy have also been shown to have anti-cancer properties. Nevertheless, the combination of chemotherapy, T cells and high-dose IL-2 was shown to be effective even in patients who had previously failed high-dose IL-2 treatment.

Rosenberg has pioneered the use of adoptive immunotherapy.

Education
Rosenberg graduated from the Bronx High School of Science.  He received his B.A. (biology, 1961) and M.D. (1964) degrees from Johns Hopkins University. He served a surgical internship and residency at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, completing it in 1974.  During his residency he also earned a Ph.D. in biophysics from Harvard University with thesis titled The proteins of human erythrocyte membranes (in 1968/1969). Following the completion of his surgical residency, he became the Chief of Surgery at the National Cancer Institute, a position he continues to hold. His research has focused on the immunotherapy of cancer.

Awards and honors
 1992 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 2011 William B. Coley Award for Distinguished Research in Tumor Immunology of the Cancer Research Institute
 2013 Keio Medical Science Prize
 2015 Medal of Honor of the American Cancer Society
 2018 Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research
 2019 Edogawa NICHE Prize
 2019 Szent-Györgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research
 2021 Dan David Prize
 2022 Pezcoller Foundation-AACR International Award for Extraordinary Achievements in Cancer Research
 2023 Clarivate Citation Laureates
 2023 National Medal of Technology and Innovation

See also
 Cell therapy
 Chimeric antigen receptor
 Immunotherapy
 Iovance Biotherapeutics

References

External links
 Gene therapy rids men of cancer, BBC News (2006 coverage of cancer breakthrough discovered by his team)
 "Cancer Miracles", Robert Langreth, Forbes, 2009

1940 births
American medical researchers
American oncologists
Cancer researchers
Fellows of the AACR Academy
Harvard University alumni
Jewish physicians
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Living people
Massry Prize recipients
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

Steven Rosenberg


Cardiaxx is a science-fiction scrolling shooter video game for the Amiga. It was developed by Eclipse Design and published by Electronic Zoo in 1991, although it was originally published by Electronic Zoo. The game features a spaceship as it flies through various levels of varying graphic styles. Each level has a boss at the end, and each level is separated by a sub-level of avoiding asteroids while the next level loads from the floppy disk.

Cardiaxx was developed by David Mariner and Jon Mitchell of Eclipse Design, with Josef Karthauser later joining them.  The game's original publisher, Electronic Zoo, failed to release funds owed to Eclipse Design for its development shortly after its public release in 1991. As a result, the Atari ST version was never released, and legal action followed. However, Electronic Zoo closed down during the legal proceedings. The game was later released by Team17, but again no funds beyond the initial signing fee were ever released. Therefore, Mariner and Mitchell still retain all rights to Cardiaxx to this day.

1991 video games
Amiga games
Amiga-only games
Science fiction video games
Scrolling shooters
Team17 games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Matthew Simmonds
Electronic Zoo games

Cardiaxx


WATN-TV (channel 24) is a television station in Memphis, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with ABC. It is owned by Tegna Inc. alongside dual CW/MyNetworkTV affiliate WLMT (channel 30). Both stations share studios at the Shelby Oaks Corporate Park on Shelby Oaks Drive in the northeast section of Memphis, while WATN-TV's transmitter is located in the Brunswick section of unincorporated northeast Shelby County.

Channel 24 in Memphis began broadcasting in September 1978 as WPTY-TV, the first independent station in the Memphis area. It was originally owned by Petry Television, an advertising sales representative for TV stations. Under the station's third owner, Chase Broadcasting, WPTY cemented its status as the leading independent over channel 30 by securing the rights to Memphis State University basketball and the Fox affiliation, which had both been on its competitor. Clear Channel Television purchased WPTY-TV in 1992 and then began programming WLMT in 1993.

In 1995, Fox acquired WHBQ-TV (channel 13), then the ABC affiliate. As a result, WPTY-TV became the ABC affiliate in Memphis and started a local news department, though it has met with little ratings success. Clear Channel spun off its television stations to Newport Television in 2007; when Newport liquidated, channels 24 and 30 were purchased by Nexstar Broadcasting. Nexstar initiated a comprehensive overhaul of the station, moving it to its present studios and changing the call sign to WATN-TV. When Nexstar merged with Tribune Media in 2019, the company kept the higher-rated WREG-TV and spun off WATN–WLMT to Tegna.

History
The first proposal for a channel 24 television station in Memphis was made by Connecticut-based Gamma Television Corporation in 1965. Gamma president Al Hartigan promised a station focused on local events and news coverage. Two other applicants also sought channel 24 at this time: John McLendon and a consortium of Victor Muscat and Cliff Ford. The Muscat–Ford group was granted a construction permit by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in April 1968, having merged with McLendon's group and paid Gamma in exchange for its withdrawal. Muscat never built the station: he ultimately pled guilty in a legal case involving giving false and misleading information to the FCC, and when the FCC asked him to build the station after the trial concluded, he was unable to sell the permit in a timely manner and surrendered it to the commission.

As an independent station
Petry Television, a national advertising sales firm and representative to television stations nationally, applied through subsidiary Delta Television in 1977 for a construction permit to build channel 24. John Serrao, the operations director for Petry, noted that Memphis was the largest market lacking an independent station or a station on the ultra high frequency (UHF) band. The FCC granted the construction permit in December, and by June, construction was under way on studios at 2225 Union Avenue in Memphis.

WPTY-TV began broadcasting on September 10, 1978. In the weeks leading up to its launch, local dealers reported a surge of interest in UHF antennas to receive the new station. The schedule focused on counterprogramming the city's three network affiliates with alternative offerings. It also filled a void in sports coverage: syndicated Southeastern Conference basketball, which appeared on the station's schedule in its first year, had gone unaired in Memphis the year before. In addition, the station offered the live discussion program Memphis Forum.

WPTY was the only independent station in Memphis until April 18, 1983, when TVX Broadcast Group launched WMKW-TV on channel 30. With two independents in town, the stations engaged in competition among themselves, though WPTY led WMKW in the ratings. A year later, Petry sold the station to Robert H. Precht, a former producer of The Ed Sullivan Show, for $13 million; Precht also owned television stations in western Montana. Less than two years later, Precht sold WPTY-TV to Chase Broadcasting, owner of WTIC-TV in Hartford, Connecticut; the original sale price of $12.5 million was discounted to $11.2 million because of the state of some of channel 24's equipment.

Fox affiliation
In 1989, as part of a process of divesting its smaller-market stations, TVX Broadcast Group sold WMKW-TV to MT Communications, which renamed it WLMT. In the span of a year, channel 30 would lose its two main programming attractions to channel 24. First to go was Memphis State University basketball; WPTY-TV presented a proposal to the university that paid three times as much money per game.

The next year, the Fox affiliation came up for renewal, and WPTY-TV intensively lobbied the Fox network; it had stronger ratings than channel 30, drawing a 7.4 percent share of total-day ratings to WLMT's 4.1. On WLMT, some Fox shows had less than half the audience they did in other cities. Fox chose to move its affiliation to channel 24 effective July 1, 1990. Memphis was one of four markets, all in the South, where Fox moved its affiliation during 1990; of the other three, two (Little Rock, Arkansas, and Nashville) involved ex-TVX stations, with the Nashville station losing its Fox affiliation also owned by MT.

Chase Broadcasting announced in 1991 it would sell some or all of its properties in order to invest in new business ventures in Eastern Europe after the end of the Cold War, particularly successful cable television systems in Poland. Three months later, Chase announced the sale of WPTY-TV to Clear Channel Television for $21 million, with WPTY-TV becoming Clear Channel's sixth Fox affiliate and its largest-market station when the new owners took over on April 1. Clear Channel fended off a bid by WLMT for Tigers basketball when the rights came up for renewal in 1992; the next year, it assumed most of channel 30's operations under a local marketing agreement (LMA), allowing the once-rivals to pool resources and programming.

Affiliation switch to ABC
In May 1994, Fox announced a 12-station affiliation switch agreement with New World Communications in major markets; Fox was actively looking for upgrades from UHF stations like WPTY-TV to stations in the very high frequency (VHF) band. Memphis was not involved in the New World switches, but a rumor circulated and was quickly quashed that the Memphis NBC affiliate, WMC-TV, was seeking to move to Fox; its owner, Ellis Communications, owned four Fox stations, even though Clear Channel had become the second-largest group owner of Fox affiliates. However, in August, Fox made its move by purchasing local ABC affiliate WHBQ-TV (channel 13) from Communications Corporation of America, which had just taken over ownership.

Movement around the switch was initially slow because Fox needed to wait for FCC approval to purchase WHBQ-TV; the FCC at the time was considering petitions from NBC about whether Fox was a foreign-owned entity not allowed to own broadcast stations. As part of a series of attempts to prevent News Corporation, the parent company of Fox, from acquiring additional stations, NBC had filed a request to the FCC to reject a pending trade of Denver's KDVR for Fox-owned KDAF in Dallas, as well as the network's purchase of WFXT in Boston, on the grounds that the company was in violation of foreign ownership rules (which prohibit a foreign-owned company from maintaining more than a 25 percent interest in a U.S. television station). The Memphis deal had still not been filed with the FCC by January 1995, four months after being announced. Foreign ownership had been a sensitive issue for Fox even prior to the New World deal. In 1993, its attempt to acquire WGBS-TV in Philadelphia was derailed after an objection was filed on ownership grounds. In the wake of the objection, the FCC opened a foreign ownership review into Murdoch's existing station holdings; had it ruled negatively, a forced ownership change or license loss could have meant the end of the network.

On June 12, 1995, the FCC notified WHBQ-TV that the commission had approved its sale to Fox, which was officially announced the next month. By then, channel 13 had already notified ABC that it would disaffiliate from the network on December 1, and WPTY-TV was named as the new ABC affiliate.

To prepare for launching a news operation, Clear Channel purchased a building at 2701 Union Avenue Extended to be renovated to house WPTY–WLMT; this also allowed channel 30 to move in with channel 24. The affiliation switch and launch of local news programming took place December 1, 1995.

In 1999, WPTY-TV took on a secondary affiliation with The WB, airing its prime time programs in late night slots. The WB had no full-time affiliate in Memphis; a local cable channel, "TV Memphis", aired its programming until the WPTY-TV affiliation. WB programs moved to WLMT in 2003.

WPTY-TV and WLMT began digital broadcasting on May 1, 2002. WPTY-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over channel 24, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television; it continued to broadcast on channel 25, using virtual channel 24.

Both stations were included in the sale of Clear Channel's television station portfolio to Newport Television, controlled by Providence Equity Partners, for $1.2 billion on April 20, 2007 (equivalent to $ in ). The sale was made so Clear Channel could refocus around its radio, outdoor advertising and live event units. The sale received FCC approval on December 1, 2007; after settlement of a lawsuit filed by Clear Channel owners Thomas H. Lee Partners and Bain Capital against Providence to force the deal's completion, consummation took place on March 14, 2008.

WATN-TV: Nexstar and Tegna ownership
As part of a liquidation of Newport Television's assets, Nexstar Broadcasting Group purchased WPTY-TV and WATN-TV in a 12-station deal worth $285.5 million (equivalent to $ in ) on July 19, 2012. Nearly immediately, Nexstar announced that it would move the stations from their aging five-story building in midtown Memphis into a former MCI call center on the city's northeast side. The relocation, in addition to providing more up-to-date facilities for the stations, was done because the impending replacement of the adjacent Poplar Viaduct would create vibrations and noise making the building unsuitable for television production. As part of a major rebrand, WPTY-TV became WATN-TV after moving into the new studios.

In 2019, Nexstar acquired Tribune Media, owner of Memphis CBS affiliate WREG-TV. Nexstar opted to retain WREG-TV (as well as WJKT in Jackson, which had been associated with WATN–WLMT) and sold WATN-TV and WLMT to Tegna Inc. Tegna reintroduced the ABC 24 brand to the station on September 27, 2021, with a new logo.

News operation
WPTY-TV had no plans for a newscast as late as July 1994, even though other Fox affiliates were starting local newscasts. To plot the station's expansion into news, Clear Channel hired Los Angeles market veteran and consultant Jeff Wald. While several of the station's assignment desk and production staff members were hired from other local stations, the news talent largely came from elsewhere, ranging from Kennewick, Washington, to Duluth, Minnesota. One exception was Brian Teigland, a weatherman cut by WREG-TV in a dispute over disability benefits.

News Watch 24 newscasts debuted on December 1, 1995, the same day the station switched to ABC. The newsroom initially offered local news at 5, 6, and 10 p.m. on channel 24, as well as a 9 p.m. newscast known as News Watch 30 on WLMT. The 9 p.m. newscast, anchored by two Black men (Robb Harleston and Ken Houston), was intended to feature increased coverage of the city's minority communities.

The debut of News Watch 24 was particularly rough, owing to the simultaneous move to a new building and a lack of time to rehearse the newscasts. Sound issues plagued the 5 and 6 p.m. newscasts; the opening to the 10 p.m. news played out three times in a row. On the 9 p.m. show, sports anchor Greg Gaston called the University of Memphis "Memphis University". Such errors continued to be noticeable on WPTY's newscasts for months. Less than two weeks after starting, the anchor lineup for the weeknight newscasts was changed, with original lead anchor Wendell Stacy demoted to weekends and replaced with Bill Lunn and Teigland moved to weeknight weather. Ratings were low, with the newscasts at 5 and 10 p.m. attracting just three percent of the available audience in the May 1996 sweeps. The original news director was fired less than a year after the first newscast aired.

Measured ratings improved substantially, to about 8 percent of the viewing audience, once Nielsen Media Research introduced meters for ratings purposes in 1997; the station's 10 p.m. news ratings were even stronger among younger viewers. However, the station's most successful newscast was its 9 p.m. news for WLMT, which held its own against WHBQ-TV's newscast at that hour and drew more viewers than WPTY at 10.

The news product was overhauled in 2003 under the brand Eyewitness News and with new news talent; four existing anchors were replaced with the duo of Cameron Harper and Dee Griffin, who were cited as "high-energy", and a new weather radar system was installed. In September 2006, WPTY began airing a local morning newscast, coinciding with a visit by Good Morning America to Beale Street. Ratings continued to sit firmly in fourth place during this period.

Under Nexstar, in 2013, the station rebranded as "Local 24" coinciding with the call sign change to WATN-TV and relocation to the Shelby Oaks studio. WATN began broadcasting newscasts in high definition upon the move, using a surplus news set that Nexstar shipped from KLRT-TV in Little Rock, Arkansas; WATN also replaced the syndicated Live! with Kelly and Michael at 9 a.m. with a local lifestyle program, Local Memphis Live.

Notable former on-air staff
 Dayna Devon – weeknight anchor/reporter (1997–1999, now at KTLA)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

See also
WLMT

References

External links
Official website

1978 establishments in Tennessee
ABC network affiliates
Charge! (TV network) affiliates
Comet (TV network) affiliates
Cozi TV affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Quest (American TV network) affiliates
Tegna Inc.
Television channels and stations established in 1978
ATN-TV
True Crime Network affiliates
Twist (TV network) affiliates

WATN-TV


Enlarged to Show Detail is a 1996 documentary created by the multi-genred band 311. The set contains a documentary (first released on VHS in 1996 and in 2001 on DVD) and a bonus CD EP. This was the first video documenting their experiences as a band promoting peace and a positive outlook on life. It features backstage footage, clips of music videos and live concert footage.

Enlarged to Show Detail was certified as a Platinum selling video by the RIAA.

Bonus CD EP

The second disc is a CD EP that includes the following tracks that are studio outtakes from the band's self-titled third album.  It was produced by the band and Ron Saint Germain.
Tribute 	4:16
Let The Cards Fall 	3:27
Gap 	2:10
Firewater 	3:32

References

Documentary films about rock music and musicians
311 video albums
1996 EPs
1996 video albums

Enlarged to Show Detail


A rice noodle roll, also known as a steamed rice roll and cheung fun, and as look funn or look fun in Hawaii, is a Cantonese dish originating from Guangdong Province in southern China, commonly served as either a snack, small meal or variety of dim sum. It is a thin roll made from a wide strip of shahe fen (rice noodles), filled with shrimp, beef, vegetables, or other ingredients. Seasoned soy saucesometimes with siu mei drippingsis poured over the dish upon serving. When plain and made without filling, the rice noodle is also known as jyu cheung fun, literally "pork intestine noodle", a reference to its resemblance of a pig's intestines. There is no official recording of the history of rice noodle rolls; most cookbooks claim that it was first made in the 1930s. In Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, people called the dish laai cheung () because it is a noodle roll that pulled by hand.

Preparation
The rice noodle sheets are made from a mixture of rice flour and tapioca or glutinous rice flour and water. The mixture has the consistency of heavy cream. The rice flour provides bulk and flavor, while the tapioca flour gives the noodle elasticity and springiness. The tapioca or glutinous rice flour may be omitted when using rice flour made from certain kinds of aged rice, as chemical changes in the aged rice produce the same texture as the addition of the second starch.

This liquid mixture is poured into a specially made flat pan with holes (similar to a flat colander). Commercial restaurants instead use special oversized steamers that are lined with a steam-permeable cloth. The noodle mixture is steamed in the pan from the bottom up to produce the square rice noodle sheets. The noodles are typically very thin (roughly  thickness).

Once the liquid mixture is ladled and set, fillings such as shrimp or beef may be added before the noodle is fully cooked. As the noodle is cooking, it will start to set around the filling and take hold without falling out when transferring from steamer to dish. After steaming for several minutes, the entire freshly steamed noodle sticks to the cloth and must be scraped off, usually on to a metal surface with a thin coat of oil to prevent sticking. The resulting noodle is lightly folded about three times. Traditionally, the noodles are finished with the addition of a warm, sweetened soy sauce just before serving. Cantonese/Hong Kong style cheungfan is usually lightly folded when there is filling inside.

The actual noodle by itself has little flavor. The fillings and the soy sauce that accompanies it provides the bulk of the flavor. Traditional fillings are marinated fresh or dried shrimp, beef (heavily mixed with rice flour), or pork and chopped green onions.

The rice noodle roll is generally served in multiples of three and usually scored to reveal the filling inside. Most other countries  will roll them plain with no filling inside and instead serve them with toppings and a thick sauce on top. The rice noodle roll is served hot and fresh and accompanied with a splash of plain or flavoured (fried shallot) oil with a generous amount of warm sweet soy sauce added right before serving. Most establishments will have a slightly different flavor of sweet soy sauce such as an addition of hoisin sauce.

Regional

Cantonese cuisine

In Cantonese cuisine, rice noodle rolls are most often served in dim sum. The most common types traditionally offered as part of dim sum cuisine are:

 Beef rice noodle roll ()
 Shrimp rice noodle roll ()
Dried shrimp rice noodle roll ()
Char siu rice noodle roll ()
Zhaliang ()

Other modern varieties that may be offered include:

 Rice noodle roll with chicken and bitter melon
 Rice noodle roll with conpoy and pea shoot
 Rice noodle roll with fish
 Stir-fried rice noodle roll with XO sauce

A version of cheungfan notably absent outside of Guangzhou is the sliced meat filling variety. This variety is typically found in street side restaurants as a meal in itself, and uses whole meat pieces, typically beef or pork, rather than ground meat. Prior to rolling the crepe, briefly blanched lettuce or romaine is added as part of the filling, giving the cheungfan a crunch as well as volume.

Southeast Asian cuisine
The Malaysian Penang style chee cheong fun is served with a shrimp paste called hae ko in the Hokkien dialect and petis udang in the Malay language.

In Ipoh, chee cheong fun is mainly served in two ways, the dry or wet versions. In the dry version, it is served with bright red sweet sauce and in most cases, chilli sauce as well as pickled green chilli. In the wet version, it is served with curry with pork rind and long bean or minced meat and shiitake mushroom gravy. Both dry or wet versions are topped with sesame seeds and fried shallots.

Teluk Intan, one of the towns in the state of Perak, has other variations of chee cheong fun that contain turnips, shallots and deep-fried shrimp.

Chee cheong fun is a popular breakfast food in Singapore and Malaysia. Chee cheong fun is frequently served in kopitiams and Chinese restaurants. Chee cheong fun can also be found in Bagansiapiapi, a small town in Riau, Indonesia. It is called tee long pan or tee cheong pan in the Hokkien dialect. Tee long pan is served with red chilli sauce, crushed roasted peanuts, fried shallots, and dried shrimp.

Vietnamese cuisine

In Vietnamese cuisine, there is a similar dish called bánh cuốn, and it is mostly eaten for breakfast. It is a crêpe-like roll made from a thin, wide sheet of rice noodle (similar to shahe fen) that can be filled with ground pork and other ingredients. Side dishes usually consist of chả lụa (Vietnamese pork sausage) and bean sprouts, while the dipping sauce is called nước chấm. Sometimes, a drop of cà cuống, which is the essence of a giant water bug, Lethocerus indicus, is added to the nước chấm for extra flavor, although this ingredient is scarce and quite expensive.

See also
 List of steamed foods
 List of stuffed dishes
 Zhaliang

References

Cantonese cuisine
Chinese rice dishes
Dim sum
Hong Kong cuisine
Steamed foods
Stuffed dishes

Rice noodle roll


Hit So Hard is a 2011 American documentary film directed by P. David Ebersole. The film details the life and near death story of Patty Schemel, drummer of the seminal '90s alternative rock band Hole, and charts her early life, music career, and spiral into crack cocaine addiction. The film weaves together Hi8 video footage Schemel recorded while on Hole's 1994-95 world tour with contemporary interviews with her, bandmates Courtney Love, Eric Erlandson, and Melissa Auf der Maur, as well as her family members. The film also features interviews with other female drummers and musicians, including Nina Gordon, Kate Schellenbach, Gina Schock, Debbi Peterson, and Phranc.

The film's score is written by Roddy Bottum of Faith No More. It was produced by Todd Hughes and Christina Soletti and was released theatrically in North America in 2012 by Well Go USA via Variance Films. It also screened a series of film festivals, including South by Southwest, the Marché du Film at Cannes, the Seattle Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, The Portland Queer Documentary Film Festival, and Outfest. The title is a reference to a song on Hole's 1998 album Celebrity Skin.

Background
Hit So Hard was conceived after Schemel discovered a cache of Hi8 video footage which she had recorded herself during her world tour with Hole promoting their second album, Live Through This (1994). In the process of digitizing the footage to preserve it from deterioration, Schemel and Ebersole sought to utilize the footage in order to tell Schemel's story.

Plot
The film begins with discussion amidst Hole's 1994 and 1995 world tour, then works backwards to Schemel's childhood growing up in Marysville, Washington, and details her coming out to her family as a lesbian, as well as her immersion in Seattle's music scenes, where she would eventually cross paths with Kurt Cobain. Through contemporary interviews with Schemel's bandmates Courtney Love, Eric Erlandson, and Melissa Auf der Maur, her beginnings in Hole are detailed, including her audition with Love and Erlandson in Los Angeles amidst the Rodney King riots, as well as her time living with Love and husband Kurt Cobain, and the songwriting process between Love, Schemel, and Erlandson. Additional commentary from fellow female drummers, musicians, peers, and friends of Schemel's are provided throughout. After the death of Hole's bassist Kristen Pfaff in 1994 (only two months after the death of Kurt Cobain), the band embarked on a world tour with Auf der Maur as Pfaff's replacement, and Schemel, along with Love, began heavily using heroin. Schemel's drug use leads to a breakup with her girlfriend, who acted as Love's personal assistant on the tour, and Schemel reflects on her time in a rehabilitation facility she checked into with Love after the conclusion of the tour in 1995.

In 1998, the band enters the studio to record their third album, Celebrity Skin, where Schemel is eventually replaced by a session drummer at the suggestion of the record's producer, Michael Beinhorn, who had been given authorization by the rest of the band after providing them with studio loops of Schemel's weaker drum tracks. This leads to a rift between Schemel and the band, and her eventual resignation. After leaving Hole, Schemel becomes addicted to crack-cocaine and ends up living on the streets in Los Angeles for two years, only occasionally maintaining contact with Love. The film then charts Schemel's recovery from her addiction, mending with the band, her marriage to wife Christina Soletti, and her newfound passion for animals, opening her own animal boarding and dog walking business. The film concludes with Schemel teaching drum lessons in her spare time.

Cast

Patty Schemel
Courtney Love (of Hole)
Eric Erlandson (of Hole)
Melissa Auf der Maur (of Hole)
Nina Gordon (of Veruca Salt)
Kate Schellenbach (of Luscious Jackson)
Gina Schock (of The Go-Go's)
Alice de Buhr (of Fanny)
Debbi Peterson (of The Bangles)
Izzy (of Care Bears on Fire)
Phranc
Roddy Bottum (of Faith No More)
Dallas Taylor
Sarah Vowell
Chris Whitemyer
Larry Schemel (of Midnight Movies)
Terry Schemel
Joe Mama-Nitzberg
Kristen Pfaff (archival footage)
Kurt Cobain (archival footage)
Evan Dando (archival footage)
Dexter Holland (archival footage)
Leslie Mah (archival footage)
Sheri Ozeki (archival footage)
Fred Schneider (archival footage)
Jenny Shimizu (archival footage)
Pat Smear (archival footage)
Metallica (archival footage)

Release
Hit So Hard opened at New York City's Cinema Village on April 13, 2012 before playing in theaters in a limited release around the United States and Canada, via WellGo USA and Variance Films.
Hit So Hard was released theatrically in Japan via King Records : it opened in Tokyo at Theater N on April 28, 2012.
Hit So Hard was released theatrically in the UK via Peccadillo Pictures: it opened in London at ICA London on November 16, 2012.

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 66% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. On Metacritic, Hit So Hard holds a rank of 52 out of a 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the film a "touching story", while Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said that "[when it comes to] read[ing] between the lines of the empowering story of Hole's drug-addicted drummer Patty Schemel, [the feeling of] uncompromising picture of Courtney Love is also there".

According to Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter, the "emotions run raw in this behind-the-scenes look at drummer Patty Schemel and her drug-fueled run with the 90s grunge rock band, Hole".

Varietys Ronnie Scheib cautioned that Hit So Hard is "stylistically incoherent at times", adding that "[the] picture benefits from the percussionist's plainspokenness".

Accolades
2011: Opening Night Film at Beat Film Festival in Moscow
2011: Won Jury Award for Best Documentary (Honorable Mention) at Frameline Film Festival
2011: Documentary Centerpiece Gala at Outfest
2011: Closing Night Film at Birmingham Shout at the Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival
2011: Won Audience Award - Sight & Soundtrack at Philadelphia Film Festival
2012: Nominated for Outstanding Documentary for the 24th GLAAD Media Awards

References

External links

Hit So Hard: The life and near-death story of Patty Schemel

2011 documentary films
2011 films
Documentary films about women in music
2011 LGBT-related films
Documentary films about lesbians
Variance Films films
2010s English-language films
Films directed by P. David Ebersole
2010s American films
American LGBT-related documentary films
Documentary films about punk music and musicians

Hit So Hard


The P-90 (sometimes written P90) is a single coil electric guitar pickup produced by Gibson Guitar Corporation since 1946, as well as other vendors. Compared to other single coil designs, such as the ubiquitous Fender single coil, the bobbin for a P-90 is wider but shorter. The Fender style single coil is wound in a taller bobbin, but the wires are closer to the individual poles.  This makes the P-90 produce a different type of tone, somewhat warmer with less edge and brightness. As with other single-coil pickups, the P-90 is subject to mains hum unless some form of hum cancellation is used.

History
Around 1940, Gibson offered a new bridge pickup cased in metal for the ES-100/125 series as an alternative to the classic Charlie Christian pickup.

Officially, P-90 pickups were introduced in 1946, when Gibson resumed guitar production after World War II. The name refers to the part number as designated by the company. They were initially used to replace Gibson's original "bar" or "blade" pickup, also known as the Charlie Christian pickup, on models such as the ES-150, and by the end of the 1940s it was the standard pickup on all models. The soap bar-style P-90 debuted with the Les Paul electric guitar in 1952.

The P-90's reign as the Gibson standard pickup was short-lived, as a new design of pickup, the humbucker, was introduced in 1957. Equipped with double coils, the new pickup boasted greater output and less hum, although with less high end response. This new pickup, occasionally named PAF (or Patent Applied For), very quickly took over as the preferred choice for all Gibson models, relegating the P-90 to budget models such as the ES-330, the Les Paul Junior and Special, and the SG Junior and Special, such as those used by Pete Townshend and Carlos Santana for their brighter, rawer, sound. This trend continued throughout the 1960s and particularly in the early 1970s, where the P-90 all but disappeared from the entire Gibson range. By the 1970s, smaller single-coil pickups, mini-humbucking pickups, and uncovered humbucking pickups began replacing the P-90 pickups on Gibson's budget and lower-end models.

In 1968, Gibson reissued the original, single-cutaway Les Paul, one version being a Goldtop with P-90 pickups. In 1972, they produced Limited Edition reissues, called the "58 Reissue" though actually based on the 54 Goldtop Les Paul, with a stopbar tailpiece; and the 54 Custom, the "Black Beauty," equipped with a P-90 in the bridge and an Alnico 5 pickup at the neck. Total production of these guitars was quite small. In 1974, Gibson put the P-90 pickup in their Les Paul '55, a reissue of the Les Paul Special from that era. It was followed in 1976 by the Les Paul Special double-cutaway (DC) model and in 1978 by the Les Paul Pro (which had an ebony fingerboard with trapezoid inlays). Since the 1970s, the P-90 pickup has seen some success in various models in the Gibson line, mostly through reissues and custom versions of existing models. Currently it is featured most prominently on the Les Paul Faded Doublecut, and certain models in the Historic range.

In the early 1970s, punk rock guitarists such as Johnny Thunders of The New York Dolls began using Les Paul Juniors and Les Paul Specials equipped with P-90s because of the cutting overdriven sound and the inexpensive nature of the guitars. In both The Dolls and The Heartbreakers, Thunders influenced younger punk rock guitarists who adopted his look and choice of guitar. Mick Jones of The Clash and Steve Jones of The Sex Pistols both owned Les Paul Juniors, and the double-cutaway Junior became the first choice for punk rock guitarists.

The P-90 was also marketed by Gibson in the 1970s as the "Laid Back" pickup, as part of a line of "named" pickups.

For the 2014 model year, the Les Paul Melody Maker featured a variant of the P-90 pickup called the P-90S, inspired by the original pickup of the Gibson ES-125. This variant possesses six rectangular Alnico-slug pole pieces with no individual height adjustment.

Varieties

There are three major varieties of P-90 casing:

 Soap bar, which have a rectangular shape and mounting screws contained within the coil perimeter, is positioned between the pole pieces of the second and third, and fourth and fifth, strings. The resulting irregular and somewhat unusual pattern causes the screws to occasionally be mistaken for pole pieces. The soap bar nickname most probably comes from its shape and proportions, and that the P-90s shape and white color on the original Gibson Les Paul gave birth to the retroactive nickname "soap bar" as a means of distinguishing them and others sharing their basic configurations from latter generation P90 pickups.

 Dog ear have mounting screw extensions on both sides of the pickup. These were commonly mounted on Gibson's hollow-body guitars like the ES-330 and occasionally on solid-body models like the Les Paul Junior. The same pickups were also available on Epiphone models (since Gibson was building Epiphone guitars in the 1950s) and the design is best remembered among them for its appearance on the hollow body Epiphone Casino of the mid to late 1960s.
 Humbucker style allows a P-90 to be retroactively installed on guitars that came with humbuckers. The existing route in the guitar body must be altered to fit a standard P-90; the humbucker style casing minimizes the effort to install one and any potential alignment issues. As a result, pseudo P-90s in a humbucker style casing are common (see below).

Sound
Being a single-coil design, the tone of a P-90 is somewhat brighter than a humbucker, though not quite as crisp and snappy as Fender's single-coil pickups. The tone therefore shares some of the single coil twang, but having large amounts of midrange and often described as "thick". The reason behind the tonal difference between P-90s and Fender single-coil pickups is due to construction methods. P-90s use bar magnets set under the polepieces, much like a humbucker, whereas Fender single-coils use rod magnets as the polepieces.  Popular guitars that use or have the option of using P-90s are the Gibson SG, Gibson Les Paul, Ernie Ball Axis series and the Epiphone Casino. Fender Jazzmaster pickups are often confused with the P-90; however, their only similarity is cosmetic, since there are many significant visual, dimensional and electrical differences.

The placement of the guitar pickups by Gibson before World War II was such that they emphasised the treble response to compensate for the low frequencies of the electronics in the bass. The increased output and high end afforded by the P-90 design allowed the company to position the pickup closer to the neck.

All Gibson P-90 pickups (vintage and otherwise) were machine wound on Leesona coil winding machines, although their electrical specifications may vary slightly due to operator error. In common with many other modern pickup types, there are two versions of modern P-90: neck and bridge version. Their DC resistance tends to be around 8 kΩ. Early P-90 pickups made before approximately 1974 were manufactured with no difference in the bridge and neck position and were interchangeable. After winding, pickups were hung on a rack holding twenty pickups and assembled according to the model of guitar they were to be used on (Soap-Bar or Dog Ear). Earlier pickups (around 1952) had Alnico 3 magnets, but in 1957 Gibson switched to Alnico 5.

References

External links
 Electric guitar pickup analysis results, a massive load of data on various pickup models, obtained in UIUC Physics 406 "Physics of Music" course.
 All About P-90s

Guitar pickups
Gibson Brands

P-90


Percy Osborn (1901-1991) was an Australian racing cyclist.

Osborn from Koo Wee Rup, Victoria competed in the 1928 Tour de France with fellow Australians Hubert Opperman and Ernest Bainbridge and New Zealander Harry Watson where he finished 38th. He was 22 hours 1 minute and 49 seconds behind the winner Nicolas Frantz. The Australians cycling tour of Europe was financed by a fund raising campaign run by The Sporting Globe.

In 1927 Osborn was the fastest professional in the Goulburn to Sydney Classic with a time of 5hrs 54mins, the first time the race has been completed in less than 6 hours. The feature race of 1927 was the Dunlop Grand Prix, which at the time was the biggest cycling race in the British Empire and the richest race in the world. The race was held in four stages from the 14-19 November, 1927, covering 690 miles (1110 km). Osborn finished sixth behind Opperman, Watson and Bainbridge.

Osborn lived and worked in Koo Wee Rup for the rest of his life, and died while a resident at Koo Wee Rup's Killara hostel.

References

External links

Official Tour de France results for Percy Osborn
Official CyclingRanking page for Percy Osborn

Australian male cyclists
Cyclists from Melbourne
1901 births
1991 deaths
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)

Percy Osborn


The MultiProcessor Specification (MPS) for the x86 architecture is an open standard describing enhancements to both operating systems and firmware, which will allow them to work with x86-compatible processors in a multi-processor configuration. MPS covers Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC) architectures.

Version 1.1 of the specification was released on April 11, 1994.
Version 1.4 of the specification was released on July 1, 1995, which added extended configuration tables to improve support for multiple PCI bus configurations and improve expandability.

The Linux kernel and FreeBSD are known to support the Intel MPS.
Windows NT are known to support MPS 1.1 and Windows 2000 or higher are known to support MPS 1.4.
OS/2 are known to support MPS 1.1 only.
Mac OS X are known to support MPS 1.4 only.

There is a utility called 'mptable' which can be used to examine the MPS table on motherboards.

Since most newer machines support Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) which subsumes the MPS functionality, MPS has for the most part been supplanted by ACPI. MPS can still be useful on machines or with operating systems that do not support ACPI.

External links
MultiProcessor Specification
MPS Specification 1.4 (May 1997)
Intel MP Specification compatibility

Intel products
X86 architecture

BIOS

MultiProcessor Specification