Scent gland are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. These odor-messengers indicate information such as status, territorial marking, mood, and sexual behaviour. The odor may be subliminal—not consciously detectable. Though it is not their primary function, the salivary glands may also function as scent glands in some animals.

In even-toed ungulates
The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) have many specialized skin glands, the secretions of which are involved in semiochemical communication. These glands include the sudoriferous glands (located on the forehead, between the antlers and eyes), the preorbital glands (extending from the medial canthus of each eye), the nasal glands (located inside the nostrils), the interdigital glands (located between the toes), the preputial gland (located inside the foreskin of the penis), the metatarsal glands (located outside of the hind legs), the tarsal glands (located inside of the hind legs), and the inguinal glands in the lower belly or groin area.

Like many other species of Artiodactyla, deer have seven major external scent glands distributed throughout their bodies. Deer rely heavily on these scent glands to communicate with other members of their species, and possibly even with members of other species. For example, male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are often seen working over a scrape. First, the animal scrapes at the dirt with its hooves, depositing the scent from his interdigital gland on the ground. After that, he may bite the tip off an overhanging branch, depositing secretions from his salivary glands onto the branch. He may then rub his face on the overhanging branch, depositing secretions from the sudoriferous and preorbital glands on it.

The tarsal gland appears to operate by a different mechanism than the other external scent glands. A behavior called rub-urination is central to this mechanism. During rub-urination, the animal squats while urinating so that urine will run down the insides of its legs and onto its tarsal glands. The tarsal glands have a tuft of hair which is specially adapted to extract certain chemical compounds from the animal's urine. For example, in the black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), the major constituent of the tarsal gland secretion is a lipid, (Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide. This compound does not originate in the tarsal gland itself, but rather it is extracted from the animal's urine by the tarsal hair tuft during the rub-urination process. In white-tailed deer, the presence and concentration of certain chemical compounds in the urine depend on the season, gender, reproductive status and social rank of the animals. This fact, along with the observation of rub-urination behavior in this animal (at least in the male) indicates that urine probably plays a role in olfactory communication in deer.

In carnivorans
Canids have several scent glands that are used in olfactory communication. The fossa has several scent glands. Like herpestids it has a perianal skin gland inside an anal sac which surrounds the anus like a pocket. The pocket opens to the exterior with a horizontal slit below the tail. Other glands are located near the penis or vagina, with the penile glands emitting a strong odor. Like the herpestids, it has no prescrotal glands.

Anal glands are found in all carnivora including wolves, bears, sea otters and kinkajous.

In other animals
 Apocrine sweat glands, such as in the armpits of humans
 Sebaceous glands, such as the cranial surface glands of the red-bellied lemur
 Flank glands, such as in voles or shrews
 Various glands producing pheromone signals found in nonavian reptiles, including Amphisbaenians, lizards, snakes, and Crocodylians
 Castor sacs, found in beavers
 Perineal glands, found in viverrids, guinea pigs, and porcupines
 Preputial glands, found in many species including mice, pigs, and wolves
 Supracaudal glands, found in canids

See also
Deer musk
Red fox#Scent glands
White-tailed deer#Marking
Ozadenes, defensive glands of some arthropods that emit noxious compounds

References

Glands
Mammal anatomy

Scent gland


Anthony Fothergill (c.1732–1813) was an English physician.

Life
Fothergill was born in 1732, or, according to other accounts, 1735, in Sedbergh, Yorkshire. He was educated at Sedbergh School and went on to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. October 1763 with a dissertation 'De Febre Intermittente,' and afterwards continued his studies at Leyden and Paris.

Medical career
On the advice of Dr. John Fothergill (a friend, but not a close relation), he settled as a physician at Northampton. After some early difficulties, he was successful in practice, and was in 1774 appointed physician to the Northampton Infirmary. He was admitted licentiate of the College of Physicians 30 September 1779, and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1778. On the death of John Fothergill, in 1780, Anthony moved to London, and established himself in the house in Harpur Street, Red Lion Square, formerly occupied by his namesake, in the hope of succeeding to his professional business. Not prospering in London he moved in 1784 to Bath, where he acquired a large and lucrative practice. In 1792, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.

Retirement
In 1803 he retired from active life, and went to Philadelphia, where he lived for some years, and where he apparently intended to pass the rest of his days, but was recalled to England by the prospect of war in 1812, and died in London 11 May 1813. By his will he left a considerable part of his large fortune to charitable institutions in London, Bath, and Philadelphia. In particular his will made provision for the awarding of an annual prize by the London Medical Society for the best essay on a given topic. The prize is known as the Fothergillian prize and is now awarded every three years.

Works
His will also set aside £1,000 to publishing his works: the editing and selection he desired to be undertaken by his friend Dr. Lettsom. Lettsom died two years later, and no selection from the manuscripts, in twelve folio volumes, was made for publication.

Fothergill had chemical knowledge, which he made use of in analysing mineral waters. But he was best known for his researches and publications on the methods of restoring persons apparently dead from drowning; for his essay on this subject he received, in 1794, a gold medal from the Royal Humane Society. His other medical books have mostly some reference to health or diet, and he published a number of records of cases.

Bibliography

Hints for Restoring Animation, and for Preserving Mankind against Noxious Vapours, 3rd ed., London: Munk, 1783.
Experimental Enquiry into Nature of the Cheltenham Water, Bath, 1785, 1788, etc.
Cautions to the Heads of Families, in Three Essays, Bath and London: Printed by R. Cruttwell, 1790.
A New Enquiry into the Suspension of Vital Action in Cases of Drowning and Suffocation, London, 1795; Bath, 1795, etc. (prize essay).
Essay on the Abuse of Spirituous Liquors, Bath, 1796.
A Preservative Plan, or Hints for Preservation of Persons Exposed to Accidents which Suspend Vital Action, London, 1798.
On the Nature of the Disease produced by Bite of a Mad Dog, Bath, 1799.
On Preservation of Shipwrecked Mariners, London, 1799, in answer to prize questions of the Royal Humane Society.

Some of these books are virtually repetitions of earlier ones; the fourth and sixth were translated into German:

In Philosophical Transactions, volume LXIX, he wrote "On a Cure of St. Vitus's Dance by Electricity", and one other paper.
He contributed seven papers to Memoirs of Medical Society of London, including "On the Epidemic Catarrh, or Influenza, at Northampton in 1775" (volume III).
On Arteriotomy in Epilepsy, volume V, etc.
Also memoirs in Medical Observations and Enquiries, volume III, 1767, and in Medical Commentaries, volume II.
In Gentleman's Magazine, volume LXXXI, part I, page 367, he published a poem on the "Triumvirate of Worthies, Howard, Hawes, and Berchtold".

References

Attribution

1732 births
1813 deaths
18th-century English medical doctors
19th-century English medical doctors
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
English medical writers
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
19th-century English non-fiction writers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Leiden University alumni
People from Sedbergh

Anthony Fothergill (physician)


The Italo-Normans (), or Siculo-Normans (Siculo-Normanni) when referring to Sicily and Southern Italy, are the Italian-born descendants of the first Norman conquerors to travel to southern Italy in the first half of the eleventh century. While maintaining much of their distinctly Norman piety and customs of war, they were shaped by the diversity of southern Italy, by the cultures and customs of the Greeks, Lombards, and Arabs in Sicily.

History
Normans first arrived in Italy as pilgrims, probably on their way to or returning from either Rome or Jerusalem, or from visiting the shrine at Monte Gargano, during the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. In 1017, the Lombard lords in Apulia recruited their assistance against the dwindling power of the Byzantine Catapanate of Italy. They soon established vassal states of their own and began to expand their conquests until they  were encroaching on the Lombard principalities of Benevento and Capua, Saracen-controlled territories, as well as Greek, and territory under papal allegiance. Their conquest of Sicily, which began in 1061, was completed by 1091.

Italo-Normans were the primary Norman mercenaries in the employ of the Byzantine emperors, and many found service in Rome under the pope. Some went to Spain to join the Reconquista, and in 1096 the Normans of Bohemond of Taranto joined the First Crusade and set up the principality of Antioch in the Levant.

In 1130 under Roger II, they created the Kingdom of Sicily, encompassing the whole of their conquests on the peninsula and the island. Between 1135 and 1155 Roger II also created an Italo-Norman Kingdom of Africa in coastal Tunisia and Tripolitania. He intended to unite this African kingdom with his Kingdom of Sicily, but his untimely death in 1154 put an end to these plans.

When founded in 1130, this Italo-Norman kingdom united the whole of Southern Italy under the same rule for the first time since Justinian's brief reconquest of the peninsula as a whole. The Norman dynasty established by Roger II continued with William I, and then William II. After the latter's death without heirs in 1189, and following the brief reign of his illegitimate cousin Tancred of Lecce, the German Emperor Henry VI of Swabia (who had married Constance, aunt and legitimate successor of William II) conquered the kingdom in 1194, defeating William III of Sicily (son of Tancred) and ending the Italo-Norman dynasty.

Italo-Norman families
Hauteville family
Drengot family
Filangieri
Paulo family Baroni di Sessa
Pellegrino -baroni di San Demetrio (Adrano, Sicily)
Parisi or Parisio -conti di Aderno (Adrano, Sicily)
 Trittoni family, deriving from the Anglo-Norman surname "Tritton"

Notes

Further reading
Loud, Graham A. The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest (series The Medieval World) Essex: Longman 2000.

See also
Norman conquest of southern Italy
Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture
Normans in France
Anglo-Norman, the Normans in England
Cambro-Norman, the Normans in Wales
Hiberno-Norman, the Normans in Ireland
Scoto-Norman, the Normans in Scotland

Ethnic groups in Sicily
Norman conquest of southern Italy
Medieval Sicily
Normans
Ethnonyms

Italo-Normans


Imperial may mean:

1. The things associated with a country led by a powerful leader (an empire) or with that leader (Emperor) as a person.

2. A system of weights and measures (Imperial units) formerly used by the old British Empire, and in places it controlled or affected, including inches, feet, ounces, pounds, and other measurements which are frequently used by English-speaking people, as opposed the International System based on meters and liters.

Imperial


René Bull was a British illustrator and photographer. He was born in Dublin on 11 December 1872 to a French mother and an English father. He went to Paris to study engineering, but embarked on an artistic career after meeting and taking drawing lessons from the French satirist and political cartoonist Caran d'Ache (Emmanuel Poiré). Bull returned to Ireland to contribute sketches and political cartoons to various publications, including the 'Weekly Freeman'.

Moving to London in 1892, Bull drew for "Illustrated Brits" and created cartoons in the style of Caran d'Ache for 'Pick-Me-Up' from 1893. In 1896 Bull joined Black and White illustrated newspaper as a special artist and photographer. In 1898, he covered the Tirah Campaign in India and went on to Sudan for the campaign culminating in the Battle of Omdurman. He went to South Africa to record the Boer War until the relief of Ladysmith in March 1900. As he was wounded in 1900, Bull was invalided out.

He settled in England and drew cartoons for such magazines as Bystander, Chums, London Opinion, Lika Joko. In The Sketch Bull created cartoons of humorous inventions, predating those of William Heath Robinson. From 1905 he illustrated books, starting with an edition of Fontaine's 'Fables'. Other major titles he illustrated included The Arabian Nights (1912), Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (1913), The Russian Ballet (1913), Carmen (1915), Andersen's Fairy Tales. In 1914, Bull joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve as a lieutenant and was eventually transferred to the Royal Air Force where he reached the rank of Major. In World War II Bull joined the Air Ministry for technical duties. He died on 14 March 1942.

Illustrated books
 Jean De La Fontaine – Fables (Nelson, 1905)
 Frank A. Saville - Fate's Intruder: A Novel (Heinemann, 1905)
 Joel Chandler Harris - Uncle Remus (Nelson, 1906)
 The Arabian Nights (Constable, 1912)
 Alfred Edwin Johnson - The Russian Ballet (1913)
 Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (Hodder, 1913)
 Prosper Mérimée (Trans. A. E. Johnson) – Carmen (Hutchinson, 1915)
 Hubert Strang – The Old Man Of The Mountain (Hodder, 1916)
 Jonathan Swift – Gulliver's Travels (1928)
 Rose Fyleman - A Garland of Roses: Collected Poems (Methuen, 1928)
 Hans Christian Andersen – Fairy Tales (Clowes, c. 1928)
 Joel Chandler Harris – Brer Rabbit Plays (Retold by Elizabeth Fleming) (Nelson, 1930)
 Jean De La Fontaine – Fables: A Selection (Trans. Shirley Edward) (1935)
 Zoo Friends (Blackie, 1939)
 Various – The Children's Golden Treasure Book of 1939

Contributions
'Black and White' (1892), 'Chums' (1892), 'Pall Mall Budget' (1893), 'ILN' (1893), 'St. Paul's' (1894), 'Lika Joko' (1894), 'English Illustrated Magazine' (1894–96), 'Pick-Me-Up: The New Budget' (1895), 'The Sketch' (1895-1918), 'The Ludgate Monthly' (c. 1896), 'The Bystander' (1904), Punch (1906–07).

References

External links

1872 births
1942 deaths
British illustrators
19th-century British photographers
British war artists
British comics artists
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I
Artists from Dublin (city)
Place of death missing
Photographers from Dublin (city)

René Bull


Bloom (sometimes referred to as light bloom or glow) is a computer graphics effect used in video games, demos, and high-dynamic-range rendering (HDRR) to reproduce an imaging artifact of real-world cameras. The effect produces fringes (or feathers) of light extending from the borders of bright areas in an image, contributing to the illusion of an extremely bright light overwhelming the camera or eye capturing the scene. It became widely used in video games after an article on the technique was published by the authors of Tron 2.0 in 2004.

Theory

There are two recognized potential causes of bloom.

Imperfect Focus

One physical basis of bloom is that, in the real world, lenses can never focus perfectly. Even a perfect lens will convolve the incoming image with an Airy disk (the diffraction pattern produced by passing a point light source through a circular aperture). Under normal circumstances, these imperfections are not noticeable, but an intensely bright light source will cause the imperfections to become visible. As a result, the image of the bright light appears to bleed beyond its natural borders.

The Airy disc function falls off very quickly but has very wide tails (actually, infinitely wide tails). As long as the brightness of adjacent parts of the image are roughly in the same range, the effect of the blurring caused by the Airy disc is not particularly noticeable; but in parts of the image where very bright parts are adjacent to relatively darker parts, the tails of the Airy disc become visible and can extend far beyond the extent of the bright part of the image.

In HDRR images, the effect can be reproduced by convolving the image with a windowed kernel of an Airy disc (for very good lenses), or by applying Gaussian blur (to simulate the effect of a less perfect lens), before converting the image to fixed-range pixels. The effect cannot be fully reproduced in non-HDRR imaging systems, because the amount of bleed depends on how bright the bright part of the image is.

As an example, when a picture is taken indoors, the brightness of outdoor objects seen through a window may be 70 or 80 times brighter than objects inside the room. If exposure levels are set for objects inside the room, the bright image of the windows will bleed past the window frames when convolved with the Airy disc of the camera being used to produce the image.

CCD Sensor Saturation

Bloom in digital cameras is caused by an overflow of charge in the photodiodes, which are the light-sensitive elements in the camera's image sensor. When a photodiode is exposed to a very bright light source, the accumulated charge can spill over into adjacent pixels, creating a halo effect. This is known as "charge bleeding."

The bloom effect is more pronounced in cameras with smaller pixels, as there is less room for the charge to dissipate. It can also be exacerbated by high ISO settings, which increase the camera's sensitivity to light and can result in more charge accumulation.

While the bloom effect can be distracting in some images, it can also be used creatively to add a dreamy or otherworldly quality to photos.

Practical implementation
Current generation gaming systems are able to render 3D graphics using floating-point frame buffers, in order to produce HDR images. To produce the bloom effect, the linear HDRR image in the frame buffer is convolved with a convolution kernel in a post-processing step, before converting to RGB space. The convolution step usually requires the use of a large gaussian kernel that is not practical for realtime graphics, causing programmers to use approximation methods.

Use in games
Some of the earliest games to use the bloom effect include the pre-rendered CGI game Riven (1997), the voxel game Outcast (1999), and the real-time 3D polygon games The Bouncer (2000) and Ico (2001). Bloom was later popularized within the game development community in 2004, when an article on the technique was published by the authors of Tron 2.0. Bloom lighting has been used in many games, modifications and game engines such as Quake Live, Cube 2: Sauerbraten and the Spring game engine.

The effect was popular in 7th-generation games, which were released from 2005 through to the early 2010s. Several games from the period have received criticism for overuse of the technique. The heavy bloom lighting in RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 (2005) was described as "disgusting" at the time by GameSpot. Gaming Bolt described the trend as a gimmick that had died with the generation, and criticised the heavy use of the technique in major releases of the time such as The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion (2006), the Xbox 360 port of Burnout Revenge (2006), and Twilight Princess (2006). Syndicate (2012) has also been described as featuring "eye-melting" bloom.

See also
 Chromatic aberration
 Contre-jour
 Tone mapping

References

External links
 Real-Time Glow

Demo effects
Shading

Bloom (shader effect)


Goal can mean more than one thing. These meanings are listed below:
Goal (sport), the result of a score (it is like getting a point). It can also be the actual thing the player aims at to make a score, e.g. a goalpost in football.
 A goal can be a task.
 Game Oriented Assembly Lisp

Goal


The Asturias Railway Museum or Gijón Railway museum (Museo del Ferrocarril de Asturias), in Gijón, Asturias, Spain, is an institution dedicated to restore, preserve and display to the public the railway history of Asturias. It was inaugurated on October 22, 1998 by the current king Felipe VI as Prince of Asturias in that moment. The centre is economically supported by Gijón City Council, and it's integrated in the museums municipal network. It's one of the most important Spanish railways museums.

The museum is located at the old North Train Station of Gijón, very near Poniente Beach. It occupies more than 14,000 m2 and includes the original station, built in 1874, two new buildings and railway tracks.

Collection

It has more than 1,000 objects, of which 140 are rolling stock including steam and diesel locomotives, wagons, trams and other material related with the history of train technologies in Spain. Those materials are Iberian gauge, narrow gauge and others until seven different track gauges types. The collection is closely connected with the large Asturias industrial history, in fact Asturias has the most dense rail network in the country.

Some of the museum steam locomotives come from Ferrocarril de Langreo, a line connecting Langreo and Gijón and was the fourth railway line built in Spain in 1852 and the third in Iberian Peninsula. The collection includes locomotives from other disappeared companies like Ferrocarriles del Norte, Vasco Asturiano and many locomotives used in coal and iron mines in Asturias.

The museum is a reference centre for the study of Spanish railway history and have many documentation (books, photographs, maps, statistics, companies shares, technical documents, economic studies, working and social conditions descriptions) available for researchers. An important part of that documentation is digitalized.

Activities

Many locomotives are still operatives and several times during the year some steam locomotives are started and circulate over the rail tracks, these events are called Steam days. Steam days are very popular, and many people go these days to the museum platforms to see the old locomotives to move again and to travel in them.

One weekend per month, a train related market is held in museum platforms.

The museum has a room dedicated to railway modelling.

Other very important activity is the restoration workshop, in which the old locomotives and material recovered from industries, mines and train companies by the museum staff are restored to its originally state and if it is possible to a working state. In some cases, this is a difficult process that implies consulting technical and historic documents and takes a lot of time and money.

Gallery
Stand out in the collection the following equipment:

External links

 Museum Website
 Museum's Facebook page

References

Railway museums in Spain
Museums in Asturias
Defunct railway stations in Spain
Gijón

Gijón Railway Museum


Hatzic Lake is an oxbow lake north of and draining into the Fraser River, immediately south of Hatzic Valley, and east of the benchland neighbourhood of Hatzic.

Neilson Regional Park and the district of Mission is on the immediate west shore of Hatzic Lake, while the centre of the oxbow is Hatzic Island. Northeast of the lake is Dewdney Peak (Hatzic Mountain) which forms the southmost endpoint of the Douglas Ranges.  In addition to a large number of private residences the locality has a few commercial campgrounds.

Hatzic Valley's Lagace Creek, Scorey Creek, and Hatzic Slough drain into the northern end of Hatzic Lake, providing it with water. Since these tributaries are intermittent, the water freshness and level of Hatzic Lake can vary seasonally.

The length of the lake, on its north–south axis, is approximately 3.7 km, while Hatzic Island is approximately 2.6 km in length, with the widest parts of the lake off the northern end of the oblong island at about 775 m.  The width of the lake inclusive from its extreme west to east is about 2.5 km.  BC Highway 7 and the mainline of the Canadian Pacific Railway cross its southern end, just south of the southernmost parts of Hatzic Island.

The depth of the lake is a uniform 2 to 3 meters, except immediately north of Hatzic Island to west of Hatzic Island where depth varies between 3 and 15 meters. Because the lake is surrounded with private residences launch sites for non-residents' boats are limited and smaller boats tend to be launched from Neilson Regional Park or near Hatzic bridge on Lougheed Highway.

Because the lake is very shallow it is warm, and is popular for swimming, water sports and water-skiing. The lake water temperature and farm fertiliser run-off introduced via Scorey Creek has been blamed for invasive flowering rush and algal bloom issues, the latter of which has led to Fraser Health-imposed swimming bans. In 2019 the BC Government funded over a quarter million dollars for addressing invasive plant concerns in Hatzic Lake.

References

Lakes of the Lower Mainland
Oxbow lakes of Canada
New Westminster Land District

Hatzic Lake


Dagenham () is a town in East London, England, within the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham. Dagenham is centred  east of Charing Cross.

It was historically a rural parish in the Becontree Hundred of Essex, stretching from Hainault Forest in the north to the River Thames in the south. Dagenham remained mostly undeveloped until 1921, when the London County Council began construction of the large Becontree housing estate. The population significantly increased as people moved to the new housing in the early 20th century, with the parish of Dagenham becoming Dagenham Urban District in 1926 and the Municipal Borough of Dagenham in 1938. In 1965 Dagenham became part of Greater London when most of the historic parish become part of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham.

Dagenham was chosen as a location for industrial activity and is perhaps most famous for being the location of the Ford Dagenham motor car plant where the Ford sewing machinists strike of 1968 took place. Following the decline of industry, the southern part of Dagenham adjacent to the River Thames forms part of the London Riverside section of the Thames Gateway redevelopment area, with a new district of Beam Park under construction on the former site of Ford Dagenham.

History

Toponymy
Dagenham first appeared in a document (as ) in a charter of Barking Abbey dating from 666 AD (though alternative 7th century dates have been suggested for the charter). The name almost certainly originated with a small farmstead, the "ham" or farm of a man called Daecca, as  in Old English means home of a man called Dæcca. The charter was made to reflect a transfer of land from Aethelred, kinsman of King Saebbi of Essex, to Barking Abbey.

Manor of Barking
Dagenham has been historically defined by its ancient parish boundaries. The parish of Dagenham was formed in the medieval period from part of the huge manor of Barking, which was owned by the Nunnery of Barking Abbey. The Barking manor also included Barking and Great Ilford, which reversed the usual situation where a parish would be divided into one or more manors. As with other manors, the area held declined over time, and Barking Abbey was dissolved in 1539. The parish boundaries remained constant and were used to define Dagenham right up until the Municipal Borough of Dagenham was abolished in 1965.

Pre-urban landscape
Like most Essex Thames-side parishes, Dagenham was laid out on a N-S axis to give it a share of the marshes by the river, the agricultural land in the centre and the woods and commons on the poorer soils on the high ground in the north. Dagenham included a significant part of the now mostly lost Hainault Forest.

Dagenham Breach

South of Dagenham was a low-lying area including the Dagenham levels and Dagenham Marsh, these having been subject to periodic flooding from the Thames, and flood banks were built to protect the farmland, culminating in defences and a flood gate on the Beam River being built in the 17th century by Dutch engineers. In 1707 an exceptionally high tide swept away fourteen feet of embankment and flooded over 1,000 acres of land, the description given by Daniel Defoe when he visited eight years later giving the area inundated as being 5000 acres is today considered an exaggeration. The "Dagenham Breach" widened over time to a width of 400 feet, allowing the Thames to strip the top layer of marsh clay from the flood plain and deposited it as a mud bank in the Thames where it became a danger to shipping. Despite various remedies, the breach was not securely filled and a further flood occurred in 1718 after which, under an act of parliament, over £40,000 of public money was spent on successfully closing the breach roughly at the location of Dagenham Dock. The closure of the gap left behind a large lake, also known as "Dagenham Breach" which became a popular spot for anglers. The lake is still there but much of it has silted up or been filled in and is now surrounded by industry, but parts can still be identified as the lakes to the north of Ford's plant and also where Breach Lane follows the now lost western outline of the lake.

Whitebait Dinners
Dagenham was formerly home to the famous annual whitebait feast. The custom appears to have been started by the King's Commissioner of Works to celebrate the closure of the breach in the seawall around 1714–20, and was held every subsequent spring, on or around Trinity Sunday.

Many years later, Sir Robert Preston MP, invited his friend George Rose the Secretary of the Treasury and others to celebrate the feast, and on another occasion Rose invited the Prime Minister, William Pitt. Thereafter it became an obligatory ritual of government for the entire cabinet to come to Dagenham and celebrate the security of the Thames and over time this simple but hearty meal based on Whitebait and local Essex Ale grew more lavish, including turtle, grouse, champagne and a range of other luxury food and drink. Eventually the cabinet tired of the long trip to Dagenham and moved the event to Greenwich.

Economic development
In 1931 the Ford Motor Company relocated from Trafford Park in Manchester, to a larger new plant in Dagenham, which was already the location of supplier Briggs Motorway Bodies. A  riverside site was developed to become Europe's largest car plant, a vast vertically integrated site with its own blast furnaces and power station, importing iron ore and exporting finished vehicles. By the 1950s Ford had taken over Briggs at Dagenham and its other sites at Doncaster, Southampton, Croydon and Romford. At its peak the Dagenham plant had  of floor space and employed over 40,000 people, although this number gradually fell during the final three decades of the 20th century as production methods advanced and Ford invested in other European factories as well. Some of Britain's best selling cars, including the Fiesta, Escort, Cortina and Sierra, were produced at the plant over the next 71 years.

On 20 February 2002, full production was discontinued due to overcapacity in Europe and the relative difficulty of upgrading the ageing site compared with mostly newer European production facilities such as Almussafes (Valencia, Spain) and Cologne. Other factors leading to the closure of the Auto-assembly line were the need of the site for the new Diesel Centre of Excellence, which produces half of Ford's Diesel Engines worldwide, and the UK employment laws when compared to Spanish, German and Belgian laws.

In 2005 Cummins went into a joint venture and offered $15 million (US) to reinstate the factory. Ford and Cummins offered a good redundancy package, billed as one of the best in UK manufacturing. It is the location of the Dagenham wind turbines. Some 4,000 people now work at the Ford plant. The movie Made in Dagenham (2010) is a dramatisation of the 1968 Ford sewing machinists strike at the plant, when female workers walked out in protest against sexual discrimination and unequal pay.

Sterling, who manufactured British Army weapons and Jaguar car parts, were also based in Dagenham until they went bankrupt in 1988.

Other industrial names once known worldwide were Ever Ready, whose batteries could be found in shops throughout the Commonwealth, Bergers Paint and the chemical firm of May & Baker who in 1935 revolutionized the production of antibiotics with their synthetic sulfa-drug known as M&B 693. The May & Baker plant, owned and run by Sanofi-Aventis, occupied a 108-acre site in Rainham Road South, near Dagenham East Underground station. It was abandoned in 2013 when the company closed it. BeFirst, a company working on behalf of the council, began to redevelop the site for commercial opportunities. NTT have their London1 data centre on this site, and the Eastbrook Studios is currently under construction.

Local government
Dagenham was an ancient, and later civil, parish in the Becontree hundred of Essex. The Metropolitan Police District was extended in 1840 to include Dagenham. The parish formed part of the Romford Rural District from 1894. Dagenham Parish Council offices were located on Bull Street.

The expansion of the Greater London conurbation into the area caused the review of local government structures, and it was suggested in 1920 that the Dagenham parish should be abolished and its area divided between Ilford Urban District and Barking Town Urban District. Separately, the London County Council proposed that its area of responsibility should be expanded beyond the County of London to cover the area. Instead, in 1926 the Dagenham parish was removed from the Romford Rural District and designated as an urban district. In 1938, in further recognition of its development, Dagenham became a municipal borough. In 1965 the Municipal Borough of Dagenham was abolished and its former area became part of the London Borough of Barking, which was renamed Barking and Dagenham in 1980. For elections to the Greater London Council, Dagenham was part of the Barking electoral division until 1973 and then the Dagenham electoral division until 1986.

Market gardens to suburban estate

In 1205 Dagenham was large enough to have a chaplain, and the Parish Church of St Peter and St Paul was probably built at around that time. In 1854, the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway was built through the south of Dagenham, near the River Thames. In 1885 a new direct route from Barking to Pitsea, via Upminster, was built with Dagenham station opened just north of the village. Dagenham Dock station opened on the original southern route in 1908. Dagenham was still an undeveloped village, when building of the vast Becontree estate by the London County Council began in the early 1920s. The building of the enormous council estate, which also spread into the neighbouring parishes of Ilford and Barking, caused a rapid increase in population. In 1932 the electrified District line of the London Underground was extended to Upminster through Dagenham with stations opened as Dagenham and Heathway and today called Dagenham East and Dagenham Heathway. Dagenham East was the location of the Dagenham East rail crash in 1958. Services on the London Tilbury & Southend line at Dagenham East were withdrawn in 1962.

Governance
The 2010 wards of Eastbrook, Heath, River, Village and Whalebone are in the Dagenham and Rainham Parliamentary Constituency. The 2010 wards of Alibon, Mayesbrook, Parsloes, Thames and Valence are in the Barking Parliamentary Constituency. Each ward in B&D elects two or three councillors to Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council. The whole area is within the City and East London Assembly Constituency.

Geography

Dagenham is located approximately  east of Charing Cross in Central London. The Becontree estate is largely in the pre-1965 borough of Dagenham, which also included Becontree Heath, part of Rush Green, Old Dagenham village, and the southern section around Dagenham Dock and adjacent to the River Thames. This southern section, which includes Ford Dagenham, is part of the London Riverside section of the Thames Gateway redevelopment zone. The Dagenham post town includes the whole of the Becontree estate, including those sections that were in the former (pre 1965) boroughs of Barking and Ilford. Parts of the former borough of Dagenham - part of Chadwell Heath, part of Collier Row and part of Rush Green - are in the Romford Post town. It is adjacent to Barking to the west, Romford to northeast and Hornchurch to the east.   Dagenham Dock on the River Thames is to the south.

Demography
Dagenham is a working class area. During the 2000s there was a large influx of migrants, in particular Africans. The current population of the former (pre 1965) Borough of Dagenham could be approximated from the population of the current wards which together most closely match the area, but the former boundary between the borough and neighbouring Barking, with which it merged in 1965, no longer corresponds to any ward boundaries.

At the time of the 2011 census, the Alibon ward (north of Heathway station) was 61% White British and 15% Black African. Goresbrook ward (southwest from Heathway) was 57% White British and 17% Black African. River ward (south of Heathway) was 51% White British and 19% Black African. Village ward (east from Heathway) was 58% White British and 19% Black African. Eastbrook ward (around Eastbrookend Country) was 69% White British and 11% Black African. Heath ward (north of Heathway) was 60% White British and 17% Black African.

Economy
The former May and Baker plant site at Dagenham East is now a centre of film and television production.

Transport
Dagenham is connected to the London Underground services from three stations, Becontree (in the pre-1965 borough of Barking), Dagenham East and Dagenham Heathway, all on the District line.  c2c, part of National Rail operated by Trenitalia since February 2017, runs a train service through Dagenham Dock station. TfL Rail services also operate from nearby Chadwell Heath station.

A proposed, and as yet unfunded Docklands Light Railway extension from Gallions Reach to Dagenham Dock. It was anticipated that the project could be completed and open for use by 2017. However the public inquiry has been postponed due to concerns about funding.

Dagenham Heathway is served by the following Transport for London contracted routes: London Buses routes 145,173,174,175 and 364. Routes 5, 103, 128, 150, 173, 174, 175, 499, and N15 and East London Transit service EL2 operate from Becontree Heath or the nearby Dagenham Civic Centre. Route 128 and EL1 runs a 24-hour service, while the N15 runs through the night.

Culture
Valence House, in Becontree Avenue, is the only surviving of the five manor houses of Dagenham.
Dating back to the 13th century, it is sited in parkland and there is a moat around part of it. Valence House is the London Borough of Barking & Dagenham's local history museum, displaying artifacts and archives that tell the story of the lives of the people of Barking and Dagenham. The collection also includes portraits, family papers and other mementos of the Fanshawe family, who occupied Parsloes Manor, since demolished, from the sixteenth century.
The Fanshawe collection is "one of the best collections of gentry portraits in the country and is of international importance", according to Valence House.
Among members of the Fanshawe family was the diplomat Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet, whose portrait is at Valence House. Nine successive members of the Fanshawe family served as Remembrancer to the Crown, following Henry Fanshawe's appointment to the position by Queen Elizabeth I in 1566. The appointment made possible the family's rise to prominence.

In the post town of Romford and the pre-1965 borough of Dagenham, on the corner of Whalebone Lane and the Eastern Avenue, diagonally opposite the Moby-Dick public house, is the site of Marks Manor House, a large 15th-century moated building demolished in the early 19th century. During World War II the adjoining fields were used by the Royal Artillery for an anti-aircraft battery; later a prisoner-of-war camp for Germans was erected there. Further south down Whalebone Lane on the corner of the High Road is the Tollgate pub. This stands on the site of the milestone which marked the  limit from the City of London and the turnpike toll-gate.

The Roundhouse public house on the junction of Porters Avenue and Lodge Avenue (in the pre-1965 borough of Barking) became eastern Greater London's premier rock-music venue between 1969 and 1975, incorporating the Village Blues Club. Notable performers at the pub included Jethro Tull, Supertramp, Queen, Pink Floyd, Eric Clapton, Status Quo, and Led Zeppelin (on 5 April 1969). The Eastbrook is a Grade II* listed pub. Given the influence of U.S. blues on the English musicians who played at the Roundhouse, journalist Nik Cohn called the London of the late 1960s and early 1970s the "Dagenham Delta".

Media
The Barking & Dagenham Post is printed weekly and also published online.

Sport

Dagenham & Redbridge F.C., based at Victoria Road were relegated to the  in the 2015/16 season from the Football League Two, after being relegated from the Football League One which they had reached having been promoted as playoff-winners of League two after beating Rotherham United F.C. 3–2, in the 2010/11 season. They were also the Nationwide Conference champions of the 2006/07 season.

Motorcycle speedway was staged at the greyhound stadium in Ripple Road in the mid to late 1930s. The club run events focussed on training but a team called the Dagenham Daggers did take part in local competitions. It is possible that the venture was operational as early as 1931 a meeting at Caxton (Cambridgeshire) was advertised as Caxton Speedway v Dagenham Speedway.

Dagenham's leading cricket club Goresbrook Cricket Club are based at the May & Baker Sports Club in Rainham Road South, in 2011 the club won the Essex County Cricket League for the first time in its history.

Dagenham has a King George's Field in memorial to King George V. The park was renamed in 1953 by Queen Elizabeth II. Dagenham also has many other parks such as Valence - and Parsloes (which lies partly in the pre-1965 borough of Barking). Dagenham Crusaders Drum and Bugle Corps, founded by John Johnson, was the first British Drum Corps and performed in the United States for the first time in 1983. In 2010 they reformed to perform for DCUK's 30th anniversary, fielding a competitive corps for the first time in 22 years.

The town is also home to the Dagenham Girl Pipers, a bagpipe marching band founded in 1930 by the Revd Joseph Waddington Graves.

Notable people
Please see 'Geography' above for various definitions of 'Dagenham'.
Actress Adelayo Adedayo was raised in Dagenham.
 Abraham Blackborne, long-serving vicars of Dagenham.
 England international footballer and World Cup-winning manager Alf Ramsey was born in Dagenham in 1920.
 St Peter and St Paul's Church in Dagenham was once the Parish Church of the former archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey.
Musician and comedian Dudley Moore was brought up in Dagenham, which was the home of Peter Cook and Dudley Moore's famous comic alter-egos Pete and Dud.
Sandie Shaw, 1960s pop singer, who had a string of hit singles in the decade and won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1967 with Puppet on a String.
 Arsenal and England footballer Tony Adams grew up in Dagenham, attending both Hunters Hall Primary School and Eastbrook Comprehensive School.
 Rap artist Devlin was born in Bermondsey but grew up in Dagenham.
Australian singer John Farnham  was born in Dagenham before migrating.
Former darts player Wayne Mardle was born in Dagenham before living in Romford.
British singer, TV presenter, and personality Stacey Solomon is from Dagenham.
British singer, Steve Ignorant of the original anarcho-punk collective Crass grew up in Dagenham.
Richard Wisker actor, was born in Dagenham.

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Terry Cooper Death by Dior: Françoise Dior, (Dynasty Press, 2013, )

Further reading

External links

Areas of London
Districts of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Vehicle manufacture in London
District centres of London

Dagenham


Child custody is a legal term regarding guardianship which is used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a parent or guardian and a child in that person's care. Child custody consists of legal custody, which is the right to make decisions about the child, and physical custody, which is the right and duty to house, provide and care for the child. Married parents normally have joint legal and physical custody of their children. Decisions about child custody typically arise in proceedings involving divorce, annulment, separation, adoption or parental death. In most jurisdictions child custody is determined in accordance with the best interests of the child standard.

Following ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in most countries, terms such as parental responsibility, "residence" and "contact" (also known as "visitation", "conservatorship" or "parenting time" in the United States) have superseded the concepts of "custody" and "access" in some member nations. Instead of a parent having "custody" of or "access" to a child, a child is now said to "reside" or have "contact" with a parent.

Legal custody
Legal custody involves the division of rights between the parents to make important life decisions relating to their minor children. Such decisions may include choice of a child's school, physician, medical treatments, orthodontic treatment, counseling, psychotherapy and religion.

Legal custody may be joint, in which case both parents share decision-making rights, or sole, in which case one parent has the rights to make key decisions without regard to the wishes of the other parent.

Physical custody
Physical custody establishes where a child lives and who decides day-to-day issues regarding the child. If a parent has physical custody of a child, that parent's home will normally be the child's legal residence (domicile). The times during which parents provide lodging and care for the child is defined by a court-ordered custody parenting schedule, also known as a parenting plan.

Forms
The different forms of physical custody include:
 Sole custody, an arrangement whereby only one parent has physical custody of the child. The other non-custodial parent would typically have regular visitation rights.
 Joint physical custody, a shared parenting arrangement where both parents have the child for approximately equal amounts of time, and where both are custodial parents.
 Bird's nest custody, a type of joint physical custody whereby the parents go back and forth from a residence in which the child always reside, placing the burden of upheaval and movement on the parents rather than the child.
 Split custody, an arrangement whereby one parent has sole custody over some children, and the other parent has sole custody over the remaining children.
 Alternating custody, an arrangement whereby the child lives for an extended period of time with one parent and an alternate amount of time with the other parent. This type of arrangement is also referred to as Divided custody.
 Third-party custody, an arrangement whereby the children do not remain with either biological parent, and are placed under the custody of a third person.

Joint physical custody

Joint physical custody, or shared parenting, means that the child lives with both parents for equal or approximately equal amounts of time. In joint custody, both parents are custodial parents and neither parent is a non-custodial parent. With joint physical custody, terms such as "primary custodial parent" and "primary residence" have no legal meaning other than for determining tax status. The term "visitation" is not used in joint physical custody cases, but only for sole custody orders. In joint physical custody, the actual lodging and care of the child is shared according to a court-ordered custody schedule, also known as a parenting plan or parenting schedule.

Sole custody

Sole physical custody means that a child resides with only one parent, while the other parent may have visitation rights with their child. The former parent is the custodial parent while the latter is the non-custodial parent.

Prevalence
Comparing 36 western countries in 2005/06, Thoroddur Bjarnason studied the proportion of 11-15-year-old children living in different child custody arrangements. The percent of children living in intact families with both their mother and father were highest in Macedonia (93%), Turkey (89%), Croatia (89%) and Italy (89%), while it was lowest in the United States (60%), Romania (60%), Estonia (66%) and Latvia (67%). In the other anglophone countries, it was 70% in the United Kingdom, 71% in Canada and 82% in Ireland. Among the children who did not live with both their parents, the percent in a shared parenting versus sole custody arrangement was highest in Sweden (17%), Iceland (11%), Belgium (11%), Denmark (10%), Italy (9%) and Norway (9%). At 2% or less, it was lowest in Ukraine, Poland, Croatia, Turkey, the Netherlands and Romania. It was 5% in Ireland and the United States and 7% in Canada and the United Kingdom. Shared parenting is increasing in popularity, and by 2016/17, the percentage in Sweden had increased to 34% among the 6-12 year old age group and 23% among 13-18-year-old children.

Jurisdiction
A child custody case must be filed in a court that has jurisdiction over the child custody disputes. Jurisdiction normally arises from the presence of the children as legal residents of the nation or state where a custody case is filed. However, some nations may recognize jurisdiction based upon a child's citizenship even though the child resides in another country, or may allow a court to take jurisdiction over a child custody case either on a temporary or permanent basis based upon other factors.

Forum shopping may occur both between nations and, where laws and practices differ between areas, within a nation. If a plaintiff files a legal jurisdiction that the plaintiff believes to have more favorable laws than other possible jurisdictions, that plaintiff may be accused of forum shopping.

The Hague Convention seeks to avoid this, also in the United States of America, the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act was adopted by all 50 states, family law courts were forced to defer jurisdiction to the home state.

The "best interest" rule

In the context of cases regarding custody, the "best interest" rule suggests that all legal decisions made to accommodate the child are made with the goal of ensuring a child's happiness, security and overall well being. There are many different factors that go into the decision that is made in a child's best interest, which include: the child's health, environment and social interests, the relationship each parent has with the child, and the ability of each parent to address the needs of the child.

Problems with the "best interest" rule
The "best interest" rule has been considered to be a standard in determining child custody for the most recent 40 years in history. Although it has been so widely favored amongst legal systems, there are some deficiencies to the concept. Robert Mnookin, an American lawyer, author, and a Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, claimed that the best interest rule is indeterminate. It is considered to be a broad and vague set of guidelines that only leads to increased conflict amongst the parents instead of promoting cooperation that would actually lead to the best interest of the child being met. Some of these problems specifically include:
 The current test for best interest generates high costs, which can impose on both the court and opposing parties.
 The verifiability of the best interest standard is hard to achieve. The privacy of family life makes assessing the evidence provided difficult. The best interests standard only worsens the problem, in which both parties are encouraged to introduce evidence of the quality of their parenting (which also promotes trying to disprove the opposing party's capabilities of taking the child into custody).
 In an example of divorce, both parties are experiencing high levels of stress, which could make for a poor basis for assessing family behaviors and relationships.
In order to better analyze the "best interest" of children, several experiments were conducted to observe the opinions of children themselves. Children of divorce were found to want equal time with both of their parents. Studies conducted by Wallerstein, Lewis and Blakeslee (2002) show that children from all age ranges indicate that equal or shared parenting is of their best interest 93 percent of the time. Several other studies were able to produce similar results, including Smart (2002), Fabricus and Hall (2003), Parkinson, and Cashmore and Single (2003). As a result, there has been a push to allow for joint custody of children in the most recent years, which strives to best meet the interests of the children and most evidently favors a gender neutral stance on the custody issue. However, the decision is highly situational, for joint custody can only be achieved in the absence of certain exceptions. For example, history of domestic violence found from either parent can most certainly trump the possibility of joint custody for a child.

Economics
In an economic analysis, Imran Rasul has concluded that if one parent values child quality more than the other, the spouses prefer that parent to have sole custody, while joint custody is optimal for parents with relatively equal valuation of child quality. He has further concluded that "joint custody is more likely to be optimal when divorce costs fall, so that children retain contact with both parents" and that "this may improve child welfare".

Gender issues
As the roles of children have changed over the past couple of centuries from economic assets to individuals, so has the role of mothers and fathers in who would provide the best care for the child. Many courts and judges lean more towards the maternal figure when there is a trial for custody of a child. According to Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families study done at UCLA, women allocate about 13.9 hours a week to child care while men allocate about 7 hours a week. Additionally, according to the Current Population Survey, in 2013, custodial mothers were more likely to have child support agreements (52.3 percent) comparative to custodial fathers (31.4 percent).. It is evident that because of gender stereotypes, there is a preference for mothers to have primary custody. There is an idea that having the attribute of being "warm" was something commonly associated with mothers, which is another reason for mothers gaining primary custody despite how they parent.

Women's and father's rights activists often become involved in matters of child custody since the issue of equal parenting is controversial, most of the time combining the interests of the child with those of the mothers or fathers. Women's rights activists are concerned about "family violence, recognizing primary caregiving, and inequities associated with awarding legal joint custody without a corresponding responsibility for child care involvement". Father's rights activists are more concerned about their "disenfranchisement from children's lives, the importance of parent-child attachment, combating parental alienation, and access enforcement". Courts cannot determine an individual child's best interests with certainty, and judges are "forced to rely on their own interpretations of children's interests, and idiosyncratic biases and subjective value-based judgments, including gender bias". Judges are currently using the 'best interest of the child' standard that was made to consider the interests of the child before the mothers and fathers, including the child's mental, emotional, physical, religious, and social needs.

Child poverty, lack of resources, and women's economic dependence on men all remain pressing issues that are not effectively noted during the custody trials.

Australia
Each parent has a responsibility under the Australian Family Law Act 1975 for their children. The parental responsibility does not change in cases of separation or dysfunction between the two parents.

In the case of divorce or separation of parents many hurdles can fall in the way regarding the custody of their children, deciding who will be the custodial parent and so forth. In Australia when parents cannot come to an agreement which meets both of their needs when it comes to the custody of their child/ren cases are taken to the Family Court of Australia, which happens in more scenarios than expected. When parents cannot agree on these arrangements and take matters to court, the court makes orders about parental responsibilities, and have the power to approve and make consent orders.

Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, both parents are entrusted with child's custody until a court decides otherwise.

A divorce is possible only after a court decision on custody was rendered. A decision should be made within six months, however when parents fail to reach agreement the cases typically take much longer. The court decides with the child's best interest in mind. In case of children 12 years and older, the child's preference becomes key to the court ruling. Court may also refer parents to mediation, try "test modes" of various custody arrangements or request psychological and psychiatrical evaluation of children and parents. In exigent circumstances, a parent can file for preliminary injunction for custody or child support payments. The court must decide on whether to grant the injunction within seven days.

India
In India, child custody laws primarily fall under personal laws specific to different religions and the secular Guardians and Wards Act, 1890. Here's an overview:

Hindu Law: For Hindus, the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, govern child custody. The custody of a child under the age of five is usually granted to the mother, and for children above five, the court considers the child's welfare as the paramount factor.

Muslim Law: For Muslims, custody is governed by the personal laws of the parties involved. Generally, the mother gets custody of children until a certain age (Hizanat), after which the father gets custody.

Christian Law: For Christians, the Divorce Act, 1869, govern child custody. It is usually decided based on the welfare principle, considering the best interests of the child.

Parsi Law: Child custody for Parsis is governed by the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936, where the court considers the welfare of the child as the main criterion.

Secular Law: The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, is applicable to all communities and provides provisions for the appointment of guardians for minors and custody issues.

In custody matters, the courts in India focus on the best interests and welfare of the child. They consider factors such as the child's age, education, health, and emotional well-being while deciding custody. It is common for courts to grant joint custody or visitation rights to the non-custodial parent to ensure both parents maintain an active role in the child's life.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 is the principal law that governs child custody. Pursuant to that statute and case law, the governing principle in child custody determinations, whether to a parent or third party, is the welfare of the minor.

United States

Looking at the history of child custody demonstrates how the views of children and the relationship between husbands and wives have changed over time. The view of children has changed from economic assets to individuals with their own interests. Fathers were also once seen as the head of the household compared to today, when fathers and mothers have more equal standing in the care of their children.

The colonial era and early republic: 1630-1830
During this time period, custodial issues arose with occasions other than divorce such as the death of the father or both parents, inability of parents to care for the children, or with situations involving illegitimate children. Children at the time were seen as economic assets with labor value. In addition to this, the only other important consideration in determining custody was the ability of the adults to supervise and raise the child. Widows would lose their children because they would not be able to support them. These children would be taken from the mother and given to another family that would support the child in return for the child's labor services. Otherwise, fathers were seen as the head of the household and had complete custody rights to children.

The nineteenth century
The view of children as servants to their fathers and economic assets began to change in the nineteenth century. Children were seen to have interests of their own that were often associated with the care of a nurturing mother. The women's movement of the time also fought for women's right to child custody in their campaign. Judges eventually began to favor the "best interests of the child," which, especially for young and female children, was associated with mothers. Maternal presumption was judicially developed through legislature such as the "Tender Years Doctrine" that presumed that children should be placed with their mothers in custody debates. Granting custody to the father was seen "to hold nature in contempt, and snatch helpless, puling infancy from the bosom of an affectionate mother, and place it in the coarse hands of the father" when the mother was "the softest and safest nurse of infancy". This maternal presumption continued for over a hundred years. The only exception to maternal presumption was if the mother was considered to be "unfit." Most often, this occurred when women had committed adultery or left their husband.

The early twentieth century
By the early twentieth century, divorce cases became more common, and custody disputed simultaneously became an issue that affected many families. With the changing attitudes of the Roaring 20's, a woman's sexual conduct no longer prevented her from receiving custody for her children. The double standard on sexual conduct of fathers and mothers was removed. The new rule according to Keezer on the Law of Marriage and Divorce stated that "Where the children are of tender years, other things being equal, the mother is preferred as their custodian, and this more especially in the case of female children, and this though she may have been guilty of delinquencies in the past but there is no evidence that she was delinquent at the time of determining the matter by the court."

The late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries
In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, divorce rates increased dramatically. Due to the nature of divorce, the rules governing child custody became increasingly difficult to determine. It was at this time that the idea of mothers being favored to gain custody of children in the event of a divorce was challenged. "The simple fact of being a mother does not, by itself, indicate a capacity or willingness to render a quality of care different from that which the father can provide", a New York court stated in 1973. It was at this time that the basis of the "best interest rule" was changed to address many aspects of the child's care in order to promote gender neutrality in decisions regarding custody. These aspects include the child's mental, emotional, physical, religious, and social needs. All children have the right to services that prevent them from physical or psychological harm. This means that when assessing the best interest of the child, it is not only important to assess the parents who are fighting for custody, but also the environments in which the child would be placed under the custody of either parent. In a situation where neither parent would be deemed an appropriate caretaker for a child, custody would be given to a foster care center.

In some states joint physical custody creates a presumption of equal shared parenting, however in most states, joint physical custody creates an obligation to provide each of the parents with "significant periods" of physical custody so as to assure the child of "frequent and continuing contact" with both parents. For example, U.S. states such as Alabama, California, and Texas do not necessarily require joint custody orders to result in substantially equal parenting time, whereas states such as Arizona, Georgia, and Louisiana do require joint custody orders to result in substantially equal parenting time where feasible. Courts have not clearly defined what "significant periods" and "frequent and continuous contact" mean, which requires parents to litigate to find out.

See also
By country or culture

Other topics

References

Adoption parenting
Juvenile law
Divorce
Family law
Parenting
Fathers' rights
Mothers' rights

Child custody


Symphony No. 77 in B major, Hoboken I/77, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn completed in 1782.

Early set of symphonies for London

In 1782, almost a decade before Haydn composed the first of his famous London symphonies, he composed a trio of symphonies – 76, 77 and 78 – for a trip to London which fell through.  Haydn wrote the following to his Paris music publisher Boyer on 15 July 1783:
Last year I composed 3 beautiful, magnificent and by no means over-lengthy Symphonies, scored for 2 violins, viola, basso, 2 horns, 2 oboes, 1 flute and 1 bassoon – but they are all very easy, and without too much concertante – for the English gentlemen, and I intended to bring them over myself and produce them there: but a certain circumstance hindered that plan, and so I am willing to hand over these 3 Symphonies.

Boyer wanted exclusive rights, but Haydn refused.

It is not known how much Haydn knew of the tastes of English audiences, but the three symphonies do possess a polish and style typical of London composers such as Johann Christian Bach and Carl Friedrich Abel.  As noted in the letter, the winds have very few measures where they do not support the strings, they are used primarily to add colour.

Movements
The symphony is scored for flute, two oboes,  two bassoons, two horns and strings.  There are four movements:
Vivace,
Andante sostenuto,
Menuetto & Trio: Allegro,
Finale: Allegro spiritoso,

Notes

Symphony 077
Compositions in B-flat major
1782 compositions

Symphony No. 77 (Haydn)


Quality Food Centers, better known as QFC, is an American supermarket chain based in Bellevue, Washington, east of Seattle. It is a subsidiary of Kroger and has 62 stores in western Washington and northwestern Oregon, primarily located in the Puget Sound region and Portland–Vancouver metropolitan area.

History

Jack Croco began his career in the grocery business in the 1940s in Boise, Idaho, working for Albertsons. By 1950, he had become the district manager in the Northwest and was responsible for opening the first Albertson's stores in the Seattle area. Soon afterward in 1955, Croco opened his own grocery store in Bellevue, called Lake Hills Thriftway.

The grocery concern that would come to be named QFC in 1963 was founded in 1955 with the first store at 6600 Roosevelt Way N.E. in Seattle by a group headed by Vern Fortin, the former president of Van de Kamp's Holland Dutch Bakeries and founder of Vernell's Fine Candies. Croco merged his store with QFC in 1960, and remained involved in the company until his death in 1991 at the age of 65, though in 1986 he sold QFC to Seattle investment firm Sloan, Adkins & Co., which took QFC public in 1987.

Christopher A. Sinclair became the CEO in 1996; the following year, QFC purchased the Uddenberg grocery company, which operated Thriftway and Stock Market stores throughout western Washington. In late 1997, QFC was sold to Portland-based Fred Meyer, and several months later in May 1998, Kroger announced its intention to acquire Fred Meyer (and QFC), which was approved a year later. The Roosevelt store operated until 2012; it closed on May 5 to make way for construction of the Roosevelt light rail station.

A Fred Meyer store at the Broadway Market on Seattle's Capitol Hill was replaced by a QFC in 2004.

Expansion

Over the years, QFC has expanded aggressively through acquisitions. When A&P abandoned the Seattle area in 1974, QFC took over several locations. They expanded to surrounding counties in the 1990s by acquiring and renaming Olson's Food Stores, Johnny's Food Centers, Stock Market Grocery Stores, and several Thriftway stores. Between 1990 and 1996, thirty stores were acquired from eleven independent grocery chains. Reed's Super Valu in Port Hadlock and Stock Market Foods in Port Townsend were acquired in 1997, and the company also expanded into Oregon in the Portland metro area.

In the mid-1990s, QFC expanded to Southern California by acquiring Hughes Family Markets (which kept its name). By the mid-1990s, many Hughes store locations were sold to Ralphs, which was soon sold to Fred Meyer, later  acquired by Kroger. A new flagship store opened in downtown Kirkland in 2019, with  of space.

Philanthropy and labor relations

In 1996, Stuart Sloan, former owner and chairman of QFC, promised to spend at least $1 million a year for the next eight years to overhaul one of Seattle Public Schools's most challenged schools, T.T. Minor Elementary. The funds were donated in addition to public dollars and helped to pay for uniforms, smaller class sizes and a year-round schedule, though the manner in which the funds were applied sparked controversy.

Fred Meyer and QFC workers are primarily represented by UFCW Local 3000. After the union distributed Black Lives Matter buttons in 2020, Kroger managers prohibited their use by employees. The action was found to violate federal labor law by a National Labor Relations Board judge in May 2023.

References

External links

Kroger
1955 establishments in Washington (state)
Companies based in Bellevue, Washington
Retail companies established in 1955
Economy of the Northwestern United States
Supermarkets of the United States
1980s initial public offerings
1997 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1955

QFC


Sri Satyatma Tirtha, is an Indian Hindu philosopher, guru and scholar. He is the Swamiji of the Sri Uttaradi Matha, a Matha belonging to the Dvaita school of philosophy, founded by Sri Madhvacharya. Sri Satyatma Tirtha is the 42nd in the lineage of the Uttaradi Matha, starting from Madhvacharya. Satyatma Tirtha was born in Mumbai, India. He is the founder of Vishwa Madhwa Maha Parishat.

Social responsibility
Shri Satyatma Tirtha, through Uttaradi Math, encouraged water harvesting and management expert, the waterman of India and  Ramon Magsaysay Award winner Rajendra Singh to give lecture on water conservation and other topics. Through Uttaradi Math and jointly with Vishwa Madhva Maha Parishat, he is instrumental in helping needy students every year to the tune of Rs.5.00 lakhs (About US$10,000).

Flood relief
He has supplied relief materials to flood victims of Bellary, Bijapur, Raichur and Bagalkot districts during 2009 floods and also took measures to construct 100 low cost houses to those who lost houses in the flood. He has also adopted a rural village in Raichur, Karnataka for integrated development of the village. He is reportedly trying to redefine the role of religious 'math' in modern day society, so that present day 'math' should try to get rid of evils of modern society.

Spiritual discourses
His spiritual discourses (pravachana) attract large gatherings, mainly from followers of Madhvacharya and he specialises in talks on Vedic subjects. He has given spiritual discourses at several places like Bangalore, Gulbarga, Malkheda, Udupi, Rajahmundry, Hyderabad (India), Pune, Raichur, Dharwad and Chennai. He has also conducted personality development programmes and has written several books on topics like personality development, religion and philosophy. Satyatma Tirtha, as the present head of Uttaradi Matha, has also encouraged other authors to write books on religious experiences.

References

Bibliography

Other websites
 Official website of Uttaradi Math
 Dheemahi (English)

Living people
Hindu gurus
1973 births
Hindu saints

Satyatma Tirtha


Alwin Schroeder (15 June 1855, Neuhaldensleben – 17 October 1928, Boston) was a German-American cellist. He was well known for playing with the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO first cellist from 1891 to 1903 and from 1910 to 1912, and section cellist member from 1918 to 1925). He was the cellist of the Kneisel Quartet from 1891 to 1907.

Alwin was the youngest of four sons of Carl Schroeder (Karl Schröder I, 1816–1890 or 1823–1889), the music director in Neuhaldensleben. He had three older brothers that were also musicians: Hermann Schroeder (1843–1909) became a composer and violin professor in Berlin, Germany; Carl Karl Schröder II II (1848–1935) became a cello professor in the Leipzig Conservatory before being appointed as court conductor to the Prince of Sondershausen in 1881; and Franz (born before 1855 – ?) would work as a conductor in St. Petersburg, Russia. Alwin was seven years old when he began his music studies, he received piano lessons from his father and violin lessons from his eldest brother. Later, he studied the piano with J. B. Andre at Ballenstedt and attended the Berlin Hochschule fur Musik, studying violin with De Ahna and music theory with Tappert.

It was during his tenure at the Leipzig Conservatory that he had the idea for a progressively ordered compilation of etudes by various cellists. He published it many years later in the United States as the three-volume and called it 170 Foundation Studies for Violoncello. Among Schroeder's publications during the Leipzig years were his Neue Tonleiter-Studien and Technische Uebungen for the development of left-hand technique for cellists and his edition of the six solo cello suites by J. S. Bach.

External links

1855 births
1928 deaths
German classical cellists
19th-century German musicians
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
Musicians from the German Empire

Alwin Schroeder


Lurg Mhòr is a remote  mountain, a Munro, in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland at the high point of an east–west range of hills comprising Meall Mor (974 metres), Lurg Mhòr and Bidein a' Choire Sheasgaich (945 metres).

Geographical situation and topography

Lurg Mhòr, is situated west of Loch Monar and east of the strath of Bearneas and the Attadale Forest, is one of a horseshoe of Munros around the loch.  Glen Carron lies to the north and Glen Shiel to the south. The west ridge of Lurg Mhòr curves round to the north before rising to Bidein a' Choire Sheasgaich, a separate Munro. Lurg Mhòr has a long, relatively flat east ridge where  Meall Mhor (a Munro Top) is situated. The ridge is narrow in places and some scrambling (which cannot be avoided easily) is required between Lurg Mhòr and Meall Mhor. This ridge has steep cliffs facing north but on the southern side the slope is gentle and grassy. The ridge leads down to Loch Monar at Pait Lodge.

The mountain is located on the Attadale Estate. The bedrock is of the Glenfinnan Group of the Moine Supergroup – highly metamorphosed sedimentary sandstone.

Approaches to the mountain

Lurg Mhòr and Bidein a' Choire Sheasgaich are, according to Cameron McNeish, "two of the lonliest Munros in the land" An approach can be made from the north, the east or the west. All the approach routes are long and arduous but, if a two-day expedition is planned, three open bothies are available as an alternative to wild camping.

The route from the east is along, and possibly around, Loch Monar which is reached through Glen Strathfarrar. From Struy a private road goes along the glen to the foot of the loch at Monar Lodge. Cycling is allowed and a very limited number of vehicles are also permitted access. Even if using a mountain bike the expedition is, according to Dan Bailey "a single epic trip, which can be undertaken either as an appealingly brutal one-day assault or a slower overnighter". The route round the loch traversing these Munros and the three immediately north of the loch is  plus  cycling – 18 hours.

The shortest route to the mountain from a public road is from Achnashellach (Lair) in Glen Carron to the north on the A890 but to start off it is necessary to wade across the River Carron or use the two-wire bridge – cycling is not an option. Otherwise, from Craig nearby there is a somewhat longer route which may be cycled for the first  – this way the total distance to Lurg Mhòr is  – 5 hours 30 minutes on foot.

Bearnais bothy is a Mountain Bothies Association bothy not far off these routes and for a stop-over it is conveniently located. However, a less hilly route to get there directly is from Achintee (Strathcarron station) from where it may be reached by a stalkers' path of .

From the west at Attadale there is an  track along which a mountain bike may be ridden, with difficulty, to the open bothy at Ben Dronaig Lodge which is maintained by the Attadale Estate to a very high standard. From bothy to Lurg Mhòr is another  on a stalkers' path. A shorter  stalkers' path leads to this bothy from Achintee (Strathcarron station).

Maol Bhuidhe bothy is an MBA bothy which can be reached from Atterdale or Killian (Camus-luinie carpark) on mountain bike by tracks at least  long.

Rock climbs
On the north of Lurg Mhòr's west ridge a crag of quartzite provides several routes, two of which are graded very severe.

Notes

References

Citations

Works cited

Mountains and hills of the Northwest Highlands
Munros
Marilyns of Scotland

Lurg Mhòr


Play More is a Belgian premium television service owned by Telenet, the Belgian content division of Liberty Global. Prime launched together with its sister service Prime Sport (later Sporting Telenet and now Play Sports) on September 3, 2005 and replaced the Canal+ Flanders television channels. The service offers multiple film channels with Belgian and international productions many of which are television premières.

The service launched with five channels and a timeshift version of the main channel. Starting March 2015, all channels are broadcast exclusively in HD, the timeshift version PRIME Star +1 has thus been closed down. The channels are only available on Telenet and its Yelo Play service with the Play More package.

On 13 December 2016, Prime was rebranded as Play More, with a SVOD service and the new channel Play More Black.

On 1 January 2019, Play More Cinema merged with Play More Series, and Play More Relax merged with Play More Select.

On 1 June 2020, Play More Relax / Select will be closed, merged in Play More Kicks.

On January 28, 2021, all three channels rebranded under the Play name. Alongside the rebrand, the channel also unveiled a new rebrand and on-air imaging.

Channels
 Play More Cinema: a TV premiere every day at 9 p.m. and a blockbuster every Saturday and a children's film every Wednesday afternoon. This channel used to be called PRIME Star, but there was also a version with the same programming until 27 March 2015 that broadcast an hour later under the name PRIME Star +1. Merged with Play More Series (formerly PRIME Series) since 1 January 2019.
 Play More Kicks: suspense, action, horror, fantasy. This channel used to call PRIME Action. Merged with Play More Relax / Select (formerly PRIME Family) since 1 June 2020.
 Play More Black: Broadcasts daily from 7 p.m. Consists of horror films and a hint of eroticism in the late hours. New channel since December 13, 2016. Since January 1, 2019 it is already broadcasting at 19 instead of 9 p.m.

See also
 Play Sports
 Television in Belgium
 BeTV, its French-language equivalent owned by its competitor VOO

External links
 prime.be
 yeloplay.be

References

Television channels in Flanders
Television channels in Belgium
Liberty Global
Television channels and stations established in 2005

Play More


Logan Sindre Paulsen (born February 26, 1987) is a former American football tight end. He was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2010.  He played college football at UCLA. Before that, he played at Chaminade College Preparatory High School in West Hills, California.

Professional career

Washington Redskins

Paulsen was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent following the 2010 NFL Draft. He was made the third-string tight end behind Chris Cooley and Fred Davis. Paulsen made his NFL debut in Week 3 against the St. Louis Rams. He scored his first career touchdown against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 12, 2010, on a one-yard pass from Donovan McNabb. At the end of the 2010 season, Paulsen played 11 games and recorded two receptions for 10 yards total and one touchdown.

During the 2011 season, against the Carolina Panthers, Paulsen caught two passes for 48 yards. Late in the season, Paulsen was made the starting tight end with Cooley on injured reserve and Davis suspended. Playing 16 games, starting six of them, Paulsen recorded 11 receptions and 138 receiving yards at the end of the season.

By the start of the 2012 season, Paulsen was once again named the third-string tight end behind Fred Davis and Niles Paul. In the Week 7 game against the New York Giants, he had the best offensive performance in his career subbing in for Davis after the former tore his Achilles tendon early in the first half. He would score his second career touchdown in the Week 11 win against the Philadelphia Eagles.

Set to be a free agent in the 2013 season, Paulsen re-signed with the Redskins to a $4 million, three-year contract with another $3 million in incentives, on March 9, 2013.

After it was announced that Paulsen would miss the entire 2015 season due to needing toe surgery, the Redskins placed him on injured reserve on August 16, 2015.

On March 11, 2016, Paulsen re-signed with the Redskins on a one-year contract. On September 3, 2016, Paulsen was released by the Redskins.

Chicago Bears
On September 4, 2016, the Chicago Bears signed Paulsen to their active 53-man roster.

San Francisco 49ers
On March 9, 2017, Paulsen signed a one-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers. He was released on October 17, 2017, but was re-signed two days later. On October 24, 2017, Paulsen was again released by the 49ers. He was re-signed yet again on November 6, 2017.

Atlanta Falcons

On March 21, 2018, Paulsen signed a one-year contract with the Atlanta Falcons. In Week 4, in the 37–36 loss the Cincinnati Bengals, he scored his first receiving touchdown as a Falcon and his first overall since the 2014 season.

On March 16, 2019, Paulsen re-signed with the Falcons. He was released on August 30, 2019.

Houston Texans
On September 2, 2019, Paulsen signed with the Houston Texans. On October 22, 2019, the Texans released Paulsen.

References

External links
Atlanta Falcons bio
UCLA Bruins bio

1987 births
Living people
American football tight ends
American people of Norwegian descent
Atlanta Falcons players
Chicago Bears players
Houston Texans players
People from Northridge, Los Angeles
Players of American football from Los Angeles
San Francisco 49ers players
Chaminade College Preparatory School (California) alumni
UCLA Bruins football players
Washington Redskins players

Logan Paulsen


John Worth Kern (December 20, 1849 – August 17, 1917) was a Democratic United States Senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, he is considered to be the first Senate majority leader (and in turn, the first Senate Democratic Leader), while serving concurrently as chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus. He was also the Democratic vice presidential nominee in the 1908 presidential election.

Born in Alto, Indiana, Kern practiced law in Kokomo, Indiana, after graduating from the University of Michigan Law School. He won election to the Indiana Senate before serving as the city solicitor of Indianapolis. After running unsuccessfully for the position of Governor of Indiana, Kern was selected as the vice presidential nominee at the 1908 Democratic National Convention. The Democratic ticket of William Jennings Bryan and Kern was defeated by the Republican ticket of William Howard Taft and James S. Sherman.

Kern won election to the United States Senate in 1910, becoming a progressive ally of President Woodrow Wilson. He was elected Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus and helped pass several major pieces of legislation, including the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Revenue Act of 1913, and the Federal Reserve Act. He also introduced the Kern Resolution, which led to the investigation of conditions in coal mines, and supported passage of the Seventeenth Amendment. He was defeated for re-election in 1916, losing to Republican Harry Stewart New, and Kern died the following year.

Early life
Born in Alto, Indiana, Kern was the eldest of eight boys. He studied at the University of Michigan Law School, and began the practice of law in Kokomo, Indiana.

Early career
He served as Kokomo's city attorney from 1871 to 1884.  Kern was elected to the Indiana Senate in 1893, serving for four years, serving at the same time as assistant U.S. Attorney for Indiana. In that body, he established a reputation as a "pro-union progressive defender of the poor." He helped pass legislation to protect employees who attempted to form a union, an employer liability law, and a child labor law.

In 1895 he went to Europe to rest from his health problems. When in London, he met Alton B. Parker, with whom he established a lasting friendship. In 1896, he initially was not a fan of the idea of free silver, but when the Democrats adopted it in their 1896 party platform, he stuck with the platform. He also met the Democratic nominee for president that year, William Jennings Bryan, and they became close friends as well.

From 1897 to 1901 he was city solicitor of Indianapolis. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Governor of Indiana in 1900 and 1904. In 1904, he was asked to run by Parker, who by that time was on his way to becoming the Democratic nominee for president that year, to run for governor to try and boost the party in Indiana. However, it did not work, with both Parker and Kern losing the state in a landslide. After these defeats, he returned to his law practice, traveled to Europe, and spent six months at a sanatorium in Asheville, North Carolina, for reasons of health.

In the 1908 election, he was the Democratic candidate for Vice President, the running mate to Bryan on his third try to the presidency. His friendship with Bryan, as well as the fact that he was from the electorally important region of the Midwest, helped secure his place on the ticket, even over his objection. Thomas R. Marshall was the one who nominated Kern for the second spot on the ticket. In the end, the Bryan/Kern ticket was defeated by William Howard Taft. Kern then sought election to the United States Senate from Indiana (the legislature then being Democratic-controlled), but was outmaneuvered by fellow Democrat Benjamin F. Shively.

United States Senate
Indiana's other Senate seat came up for election in 1910, and this time, the legislature elected Kern. He entered the Senate in 1911, one of ten new Democrats, most of them progressives. Joining Shively, Kern became a progressive Democrat and an opponent of monopolistic corporate power. He quickly became involved in an effort to shake up his party's conservative leadership. In 1912, he helped write the Democratic platform, which had progressive planks in favor of banking and tariff reform and direct popular election of senators.

In the election of 1912, Woodrow Wilson was elected president, Democrats gained a majority in the House, and eleven more progressive Democrats entered the Senate. Kern's national stature as a progressive, his skill at conciliation, and his personal popularity resulted in his unanimous election as Chairman of the Democratic Caucus and de facto majority leader. He worked closely with Wilson and often met with him privately. He kept the peace and promoted unity that helped propel Wilson's initiatives through the Senate. They included tariff reform, the nation's first income tax (as permitted by the Sixteenth Amendment), the Federal Reserve Act, antitrust laws, and the Federal Trade Commission.

In 1913, Kern was contacted by the labor activist Mary Harris Jones ("Mother Jones"), who had been imprisoned by a military court in West Virginia during the Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912. In response, Kern introduced the Kern Resolution, adopted by the Senate on May 27. The resolution led to the Senate Committee on Education and Labor investigation into conditions in West Virginia coal mines. Congress almost immediately authorized two similar investigations: into conditions in copper mining in Michigan and coal mining in Colorado.

Kern advocated direct popular election of senators and helped enact the Seventeenth Amendment to establish it in 1913. However, when Kern sought re-election in 1916 under the new system, he was defeated by the Republican Harry S. New and narrowly lost the popular vote (47.8% to 46.1%).

Retirement and death
At Bryan's urging, Wilson considered Kern for appointment to various offices, but Kern was in poor health and unable to serve. He died on August 17, 1917, in Asheville, five months after leaving the Senate. He was originally interred at his summer home near Hollins, Virginia, and re-interred in Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis twelve years later. He was survived by his wife Araminta C. Kern, who died at age 85 in 1951, and his son John W. Kern Jr., a future judge and mayor of Indianapolis.

References

External links

Further reading

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1849 births
1917 deaths
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
American prosecutors
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Democratic Party United States senators from Indiana
Democratic Party Indiana state senators
People from Kokomo, Indiana
1908 United States vice-presidential candidates
University of Michigan Law School alumni

John W. Kern


Runtime error detection is a software verification method that analyzes a software application as it executes and reports defects that are detected during that execution. It can be applied during unit testing, component testing, integration testing,  system testing (automated/scripted or manual), or penetration testing.

Runtime error detection can identify defects that manifest themselves only at runtime (for example, file overwrites) and zeroing in on the root causes of the application crashing, running slowly, or behaving unpredictably. Defects commonly detected by runtime error detection include:
 Race conditions
 Exceptions
 Resource leaks
 Memory leaks
 Security attack vulnerabilities (e.g., SQL injection)
 Null pointers
 Uninitialized memory
 Buffer overflows

Runtime error detection tools can only detect errors in the executed control flow of the application.

See also
 Development Testing
 Software testing
 Memory debugger
 BoundsChecker
 Runtime verification

References

Software testing

Runtime error detection