Zhu Zhiyu (; 1600–1682), courtesy name Luyu (魯璵), and commonly known as Zhu Shunshui (朱舜水; romaji: Shu Shunsui) in Japan, was one of the greatest scholars of Confucianism in the Ming dynasty and Edo Japan. Zhu remains the best remembered of the Ming political refugees in Tokugawa Japan and the one who contributed most to Japanese education and intellectual history.

Early life
Born in Yuyao, Zhejiang, China, Zhu sailed to Japan for the first time in 1645 to request military and financial help for the Ming against the Manchus. The Satsuma clan offered 3,000 men, mainly criminals and money but did not follow through on their promise. The Tokugawa, after some debate, offered nothing, preferring not to get involved in potentially risky continental politics. It was less than fifty years since Japan had been forced to bring their troops home from Korea after failing to conquer Korea.

After travelling around other countries asking for help, Zhu again visited Japan in 1651. This time Zhu asked for permission to stay in Japan permanently. In his letter of application he stated:

"I hear that in your honourable country, the [Classics] of Poetry and History are honoured and [the virtues] of propriety and righteousness are valued. Thus, I have come here, without consulting my relatives.... I can no longer go back;  the three men who were my teachers and friends have all died.... I therefore submit this letter ... asking Your Excellency to pass it to higher authorities... so that I may be allowed to remain for a time in Nagasaki...."

His application was refused, and he travelled instead to Annam.

Life in Japan
In 1656, he attempted to sail back to China, but without success– once again ending up in Japan. This time he received letters from Andō Seian who wanted to become his disciple. Through Ando's help he got special permission to live in Nagasaki in 1659. At first, life was hard as he had little money, but in 1664, Zhu received an invitation from Tokugawa Mitsukuni, grandson of Ieyasu and daimyō of Mito to go to Edo as a senior lecturer in the Toku School.

Mitsukuni and Zhu became close friends and he remained under Mitsukuni's protection for the last seventeen years of his life, often in the daimyō's personal company. As Mitsukuni's adviser and teacher, Zhu discussed politics and philosophy, urging Mitsukuni to take special care of the old and the poor, and to be a good ruler. He came into contact with many Japanese scholars, and was also invited to deliver public lectures to large audiences. Several of his disciples later wrote the major Japanese history compilation, Dai Nihonshi (The History of Great Japan), which he also edited. He personally wrote The Collected Works of Zhu Shunshui, and directly influenced Mitogaku and helped to initiate the Confucian intellectual movement known as kogaku (古学). Other disciples were associated with the development of the Zhu Xi school in Japan. Zhu also helped to redesign the Korakuen Garden, which still exists.

Legacy

There is a monument marking where Zhu Shunshui died inside the main gate of the College of Agriculture at the University of Tokyo, which was shifted from the road of Kototoi. His tomb, built in the Ming style, is in Hitachiōta, Ibaraki.

References

1600 births
1682 deaths
Ming dynasty scholars
Chinese Confucianists
History of Tokyo
Chinese emigrants to Japan
People of Edo-period Japan
People from Yuyao
17th-century Chinese diplomats

Zhu Zhiyu


Cleisthenes was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He reformed the constitution of Athens, and set it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC.  For these accomplishments, historians refer to him as "the father of Athenian democracy".  He also increased the power of the Assembly, and he broke up power of the Athenian nobility.

With help from the his clan, he overthrew Hippias the tyrant (dictatorial ruler). After the collapse of Hippias' tyranny, Isagoras and Cleisthenes were rivals for power. Isagoras won the upper hand by appealing to the Spartan king Cleomenes I to help him expel Cleisthenes.

So Cleisthenes left Athens as an exile, and Isagoras held power in the city. Isagoras uprooted hundreds of people from their homes on the pretext that they were cursed, and attempted to dissolve the Council (βουλή, boulé). However, the Council resisted, and the Athenian people declared their support of it. Hence Isagoras and his supporters were forced to flee to the Acropolis, remaining besieged there for two days. On the third, they fled and were banished. Cleisthenes was subsequently recalled, along with hundreds of exiles, and he assumed leadership of Athens.

References

570s BC births
510s BC deaths
Ancient Greek politicians

Cleisthenes


Duchess Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (2 November 1553 – 30 August 1633) was the fifth child of Duke William "the Rich" of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and Maria of Austria, a daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I.

She married in 1579 with Count Palatine John I the Lame of Zweibrücken.  Emperor Charles V had in 1546 granted the Duchy of Jülich-Cleves-Berg the right of female succession.  So, when her brother, Duke John William, died in 1609 without a male heir of his own, both she and William's daughters could play a vital role in the question of who would inherit the important northwest German territory.  Magdalene's husband John claimed the inheritance for Palatinate-Zweibrücken, as did the Elector of Brandenburg, John Sigismund, who was married to Anna, a daughter of Magdalena's sister Marie Eleonore (John Sigismund claimed his marriage contract from 1573 gave him the best claim).  The third claimant was Count Palatine Philip Louis of Neuburg, the husband of Magdalen's other sister Anna.  Finally, the Duchy of Saxony claimed Jülich-Cleves-Berg, based on an agreement to that effect with the Emperor.

Since all claimants were members of comprehensive European coalitions and so the Habsburgs and France were indirectly involved, an international conflict threatened: the War of the Jülich succession.  However, after King Henry IV of France died, the conflict could be settled provisionally by the Treaty of Xanten.  The duchy was divided between Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg.  In the meantime, Magdalena's husband had died in 1604 and his claim had been inherited by her eldest son John II (1584–1635), who did not receive a share under the Treaty of Xanten.

Magdalene's daughter Elisabeth (1581–1637) married Georg Gustav, Count Palatine of Pfalz-Veldenz.  She also had two younger sons: Frederick Casimir (1585–1645) and John Casimir (1589–1652). She died in 1633 and was buried in the Reformed Church of Meisenheim.

1553 births
1633 deaths
16th-century German people
16th-century German women
17th-century German people
17th-century German women
Duchesses of Berg
Duchesses of Cleves
Duchesses of Jülich
House of La Marck
Mothers of monarchs

Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg


Joe Doyle (born 8 May 1977) is the bassist and backing singer for Irish rock band The Frames and The Swell Season. He has been a member of The Frames since 1996, appearing on six albums to date. In addition to appearing on Frames albums, he has also plays bass and contributes backing vocals to two Swell Season albums: the soundtrack to "Once" and "Strict Joy." He is currently touring as a member of the Swell Season, which also includes Glen Hansard (vocals/guitar), Marketa Irglova (vocals/piano), Graham Hopkins (drums/backing vocals), Rob Botchnik (lead guitar/backing vocals) and Colm Mac Con Iomaire (violin/backing vocals). Doyle originates from Allenwood, County Kildare, Ireland.

He left school in 1994, aged 16, to join Kilkenny band My Little Funhouse in 1993, alongside school friend Graham Hopkins. After signing a recording deal with Geffen Records, the band toured their debut album Standunder for about a year, mainly in the United States. Tours included support to Guns N' Roses and The Ramones amongst others. The band then lived in Los Angeles and recorded a second album for Geffen before imploding.
Doyle then went on to join The Frames after bassist Graham Downey left the band.

References

1977 births
Living people
Musicians from County Kildare
Irish rock bass guitarists
The Frames members
The Swell Season members
Irish male bass guitarists
20th-century Irish male musicians
21st-century Irish male musicians
20th-century Irish bass guitarists
21st-century Irish bass guitarists

Joe Doyle (musician)


HMS Nancy was the mercantile vessel Nancy that the Royal Navy purchased in 1794 for use as a fire ship. She was never expended as a fireship but instead served as a small gunboat. The Navy sold her at Deptford in 1801.

Nancy underwent fitting out at Woolwich between May and 9 August 1794. The Navy commissioned her in June 1794 under Mr. Jeremy Brown. A formal listing of the vessels under the command of Captain Sidney Smith lists her, together with five similar fire ships. In September 1795 Nancy was at the Îles Saint-Marcouf, which the Royal Navy had occupied in July 1795, possibly at the same time as the British forces there repelled a French attack.

On 10 March 1796 a court martial convened on , then at Portsmouth, to try Mr. Mark Moore, commander of Nancy, for embezzlement. The court found him guilty and ordered him dismissed the service, never to serve again in His Majesty's naval service.

Nancy was recommissioned in March 1800 under Lieutenant William Fitzwilliam Owen, for the Downs. An account of the "State of the Navy" described her as a fire vessel, with no guns, and under the command of "Owen".

In late 1801 the hired armed cutter King George, under the command of a Mr. Yawkins, served under Nelson at his failed attack on Boulogne. On 25 August Nelson came aboard King George to conduct a reconnaissance of the French fleet. In October Nelson gave Owen command over King George as well, with secret instructions to launch a burning Nancy at the French fleet. The fire attack did not occur and Nancy was sold in December.

Citations

References
Barrow, John (1848) The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, Volume 1. (Bentley).
Byrn, John D. (2009) Naval Courts Martial, 1793-1815. (Ashgate).
Nelson, Horatio, (1st Viscount) (1845) The dispatches and letters of vice admiral ... Nelson, with notes by sir N.H. Nicolas Harris Nicolas, G.C.M.G. (London:Henry Colburn).

Fireships of the Royal Navy
1790s ships

HMS Nancy (1794)


Southmead is a northern suburb and council ward of Bristol, in the south west of England, bordered by Filton in South Gloucestershire and Monks Park, Horfield, Henleaze and Westbury on Trym.

The River Trym rises in Southmead and flows south west through Badock's Wood, a Local Nature Reserve. There is a round barrow near the northern end of the wood, and a Site of Special Scientific Interest, Pen Park Hole.

History
Southmead was a manor of the parish of Westbury on Trym. The manor house, mentioned in a document of 1319, was near the south end of what is now Southmead Road. Most of the estate of  was sold in the late 19th century. By 1888 Southmead was a small hamlet on Southmead Road. Southmead Hospital, formerly the Barton Regis Workhouse, was opened there in 1924.

Large-scale development of the area started in 1931, when the Bristol Corporation built 1,500 houses to the north of Southmead Road, partly to house families cleared from the slums of central Bristol, and partly to address the housing shortage at the time. A further 1,100 houses were built after the Second World War. Since the Second World War, a reference has often been made by the local community, to the 'pre-war estate' of Southmead and the 'post-war estate', with locals also referring to them as "the old estate" and "the new estate".

Southmead today

The centre of Southmead is along Greystoke Avenue, a wide road with grassy areas some distance to the north of the original hamlet on Southmead Road. The area to the south and west falls within Westbury-on-Trym and Henleaze ward since the last boundary review and further to the May 2016 elections. Parts of Southmead to the south east of Southmead Road, including the hospital, are in Horfield ward.

Social issues
Efforts have been made to improve the area's social problems and implement environmental improvements, many of which have been successful. Social policies have led to a more mixed housing offer and to some gentrification, with improved infrastructure and local services. The right to buy has led to an increased transfer of housing provision from tenanted to owner-occupation. Major employment hubs at Filton, MOD Abbey Wood and the increase of services at Southmead Hospital have brought increased affluence and opportunity to the area. A greater selection of shops and facilities have come to the area, allowing those on limited incomes to access food more cheaply and readily. Whilst Southmead as an area looks and feels as though it is improving, it still experiences some deprivation. The central part of Southmead still sits within the most 10% deprived areas of England, and the south west of the ward since 2015 now falls within the bottom 10-20% most deprived areas. Ongoing social policies and economic impacts are taking time to incrementally improve the area.

Residents have good geographical access to services. Despite there having been some transfer of public services away from physical resources to more central, virtual and internet based services; there is still a small police facility at the hospital and a fire station on Southmead Road. Bus services, whilst sometimes locally critiqued, are accessible and more frequent as compared to some other areas of the City. A frequent service connects residents to the Gloucester Road area, City Centre and Cribbs Causeway for shopping. The nearest station is  away at Filton Abbey Wood.

There is provision of health services with a doctor's surgery on Ullswater Road and at the art-deco style Greenway Centre. A regional hospital, and A&E facility can be found at Southmead Hospital. The Lannercost provides facilities for those with physical and learning impairments. There are a selection of care homes and sheltered accommodation about the ward area. Despite access to health facilities Southmead still has poor health outcomes, with life expectancy at 77 years, five years lower than neighbouring Henleaze and above some areas such as the Bedminster at 76.4 years.

The area is well served with a range of local parks and sporting facilities. There is a private members' sports club at David Lloyd near Badock's Wood. There are sports pitches and a gym at Greenway Centre to the south east, and pitches at Charlton Mead to the east. Filton Golf Course abuts Southmead to the north east. There is an MUGA and Adventure Playground off Doncaster Road. There are also play areas off of Glencoyne Square, Charlton Mead and Greystoke Avenue. A mile to the south of Southmead is Horfield Sports Centre with public access to 3G pitches, gym, sports Hall and a swimming pool. Blaise Castle, Coombe Dingle and Kingsweston House offer good green open space only a few miles away.
There is ready access to children's provision through a selection of primary schools at Baddocks Wood, Little Mead and Fonthill. Baddocks Wood Children Centre complements Early Year's provision to the south of the area.

Social cohesion
Southmead has historically had adverse press due to community safety. As with any area there have been mixed experiences by residents and visitors. The area is said by locals to be "a great place [with] ... a strong sense of community spirit, lots of community activity and lots of optimism for the future." The local neighbourhood plan says "our vision is that Southmead is known as a great place for everyone to live, a strong community where residents work together, inspire each other and people of all ages have the skills and confidence to achieve their full potential". This plan was the outcome of significant community consultation and planning. Two of the nine strands of the community plan target community safety and strengthening the community (including inclusion and cohesion). The Southmead Development Trust (SDT) co-ordinates and oversees the plan.

References

Areas of Bristol
Wards of Bristol

Southmead


The Rubik's Triamid is a mechanical puzzle invented by Ernő Rubik and released in 1991 by Matchbox.

The puzzle is similar to the Rubik's Cube in that the objective is to manipulate the puzzle until all sides are uniform in colour. The puzzle itself forms a triangular pyramid, so that there are four sides and colours.

Rules
Unlike the Cube, the Triamid is easy to disassemble as it is made of ten individual pieces (each with four coloured sides) and four joining sections.  Following the rules, to solve the puzzle the user must remove a small pyramid (of four pieces) from any of the four end points, rotate it, and reattach it.

The puzzle is superficially similar to the Pyraminx but, unlike that puzzle, it is possible to move pieces between a side and a corner position.

Pieces
Each piece of the puzzle has four faces. Of the ten pieces:
 six pieces have two colours, and
 four pieces have three colours (that is, they have only one colour repeated).
In the solved state, the four pieces with three colours must lie on the end points of the pyramid.

External links
 Jaap's Puzzle page

Combination puzzles
Educational toys
Hungarian inventions
Mechanical puzzles

Rubik's Triamid


A shower cap (also known as a bath cap) is a hat worn while showering or bathing to protect hair from becoming wet. Alternatively, shower caps for children can be crowns with wide brims that prevent water and shampoo from getting in the eyes while allowing the hair to be washed.

Many designs are produced by joining two layers of fabric together in order to make the shower cap not only waterproof but decorative. However, simpler designs are made from one layer of a waterproof material. Designs invariably contain an elastic edging to keep them in place. Shower caps are used in hair mask treatments or hair dyes. They trap in the heat so that the treatment or color sets in. Plastic bags are often used as shower caps. They are important beauty tools in spas. Shower caps are also worn when receiving a facial mask in a spa.

References

Caps
Bathing

Shower cap


The Nationalist Union of the People (Spanish: Unión Nacionalista del Pueblo, UNP) was a right-wing, pro-military electoral political alliance in Bolivia.

The UNP was formed in January 1978 by:
 Bolivian Socialist Falange, FSB (right-wing pro-military faction led by Gastón Moreira Ostria)
 Nationalist Revolutionary Movement, MNR (pro-military faction led by Rubén Julio Castro)
 Authentic Revolutionary Party, PRA (pro-military faction led by Jorge Ríos Gamarra)
 Committee of National Unity, CUN
 Popular Christian Movement, MPC
 Liberal Party, PL
 Barrientista National Union, UNB
 Republican Socialist Unity Party, PURS
 Social Christian Party, PSC.

It presented as its presidential candidate Juan Pereda Asbún (independent) and Alfredo Franco Guachalla (MNR), as vice-presidential candidate.

Notes

1978 establishments in Bolivia
Defunct political party alliances in Bolivia
Political parties established in 1978
Political parties with year of disestablishment missing
Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
Right-wing parties in South America

Nationalist Union of the People


Sepia pulchra is a species of cuttlefish native to the southeastern Atlantic Ocean, specifically off the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. It lives at depths of between 15 and 50 m.

The type specimen was collected off Llandudno, Cape Peninsula. It is deposited at the South African Museum in Cape Town.

Description
Sepia pulchra grows to a mantle length of 22 mm. It has a warty mantle and is reddish-brown in colour with a large purple patch on the back. It has fins of variable width, which are usually fairly wide, beginning relatively far back on the body. There are three-pronged cirri over each eye.

Ecology
This cuttlefish is usually found on vertical surface, with its head facing downwards. It is seldom spotted because of its excellent camouflage.

References

External links

Cuttlefish
Molluscs described in 1985

Sepia pulchra


Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. Smuggling usually takes place to circumvent taxation or prohibition laws within a particular jurisdiction. The term rum-running is more commonly applied to smuggling over water; bootlegging is applied to smuggling over land.

It is believed that the term bootlegging originated during the American Civil War of 1861–1865, when soldiers would sneak liquor into army camps by concealing pint bottles within their boots or beneath their trouser legs. The Oxford English Dictionary records the word-form "bootlegger" as in use from 1889 onwards.
According to the 2011 PBS documentary Prohibition, the term bootlegging was popularized when thousands of city dwellers sold liquor from flasks they kept in their boot legs all across major cities and rural areas. The term rum-running was current by 1916, and was used during the Prohibition era in the United States (1920–1933), when ships from Bimini in the western Bahamas transported cheap Caribbean rum to Florida speakeasies. However, rum's cheapness made it a low-profit item for the rum-runners, and they soon moved on to smuggling Canadian whisky, French champagne, and English gin to major cities like New York City, Boston, and Chicago, where prices ran high. It was said that some ships carried $200,000 in contraband in a single run.

History

It was not long after the first taxes were implemented on alcoholic beverages that someone began to smuggle alcohol. The British government had "revenue cutters" in place to stop smugglers as early as the 16th century. Pirates often made extra money running rum to heavily taxed colonies. There were times when the sale of alcohol was limited for other reasons, such as laws against sales to American Indians in the Old West and Canada West or local prohibitions like the one on Prince Edward Island between 1901 and 1948.

Industrial-scale smuggling flowed both ways across the Canada–United States border at different points in the early twentieth century, largely between Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan. Although Canada never had true nationwide prohibition, the federal government gave the provinces an easy means to ban alcohol under the War Measures Act (1914), and most provinces and the Yukon Territory already had enacted prohibition locally by 1918 when a regulation issued by the federal cabinet banned the interprovincial trade and importation of liquor. National prohibition in the United States did not begin until 1920, though many states had statewide prohibition before that. For the two-year interval, enough American liquor entered Canada illegally to undermine support for prohibition in Canada, so it was slowly lifted, beginning with Quebec and Yukon in 1919 and including all the provinces but Prince Edward Island by 1930. Additionally, Canada's version of prohibition had never included a ban on the manufacture of liquor for export. Soon the black-market trade was reversed with Canadian whisky and beer flowing in large quantities to the United States. Again, this illegal international trade undermined the support for prohibition in the receiving country, and the American version ended (at the national level) in 1933.

One of the most famous periods of rum-running began in the United States when Prohibition began on January 16, 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect. This period lasted until the amendment was repealed with ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment on December 5, 1933.

At first, there was much action on the seas, but after several months, the Coast Guard began reporting decreased smuggling activity. This was the start of the Bimini–Bahamas rum trade and the introduction of Bill McCoy.

With the start of prohibition, Captain McCoy began bringing rum from Bimini and the rest of the Bahamas into south Florida through Government Cut. The Coast Guard soon caught up with him, so he began to bring the illegal goods to just outside U.S. territorial waters and let smaller boats and other captains, such as Habana Joe, take the risk of bringing it to shore.

The rum-running business was very good, and McCoy soon bought a Gloucester knockabout schooner named Arethusa at auction and renamed her Tomoka. He installed a larger auxiliary, mounted a concealed machine gun on her deck, and refitted the fish pens below to accommodate as much contraband as she could hold. She became one of the most famous of the rum-runners, along with his two other ships hauling mostly Irish and Canadian whiskey as well as other fine liquors and wines to ports from Maine to Florida.

In the days of rum running, it was common for captains to add water to the bottles to stretch their profits or to re-label it as better goods. Often, cheap sparkling wine would become French champagne or Italian Spumante; unbranded liquor became top-of-the-line name brands. McCoy became famous for never adding water to his booze and selling only top brands. Although the phrase appears in print in 1882, this is one of several false etymologies for the origin of the term "The real McCoy".

On November 15, 1923, McCoy and Tomoka encountered the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Seneca just outside U.S. territorial waters. A boarding party attempted to board, but McCoy chased them off with the machine gun. Tomoka tried to run, but Seneca placed a shell just off her hull, and William McCoy surrendered his ship and cargo.

The Rum Row

McCoy is credited with the idea of bringing large boats just to the edge of the  limit of U.S. jurisdiction and selling his wares there to "contact boats", local fishermen, and small boat captains. The small, quick boats could more easily outrun Coast Guard ships and could dock in any small river or eddy and transfer their cargo to a waiting truck. They were also known to load float planes and flying boats. Soon others were following suit, and the three-mile limit became known as "Rum Line" with the ships waiting called "Rum row". The Rum Line was extended to a  limit by an act of the United States Congress on April 21, 1924, which made it harder for the smaller and less seaworthy craft to make the trip.

Rum Row was not the only front for the Coast Guard. Rum-runners often made the trip through Canada via the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway and down the west coast to San Francisco and Los Angeles. Rum-running from Canada was also an issue, especially throughout prohibition in the early 1900s. There was a high number of distilleries in Canada, one of the most famous being Hiram Walker who developed Canadian Club Whisky. The French islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, located south of Newfoundland, were an important base used by well-known smugglers, including Al Capone, Savannah Unknown, and Bill McCoy. The Gulf of Mexico also teemed with ships running from Mexico and the Bahamas to Galveston, Texas, the Louisiana swamps, and Alabama coast. By far the biggest Rum Row was in the New York/Philadelphia area off the New Jersey coast, where as many as 60 ships were seen at one time. One of the most notable New Jersey rum runners was Habana Joe, who could be seen at night running into remote areas in Raritan Bay with his flat-bottom skiff for running up on the beach, making his delivery, and speeding away.

With that much competition, the suppliers often flew large banners advertising their wares and threw parties with prostitutes on board their ships to draw customers. Rum Row was completely lawless, and many crews armed themselves not against government ships but against the other rum-runners, who would sometimes sink a ship and hijack its cargo rather than make the run to Canada or the Caribbean for fresh supplies.

The ships

At the start, the rum-runner fleet consisted of a ragtag flotilla of fishing boats, such as the schooner Nellie J. Banks, excursion boats, and small merchant craft. As prohibition wore on, the stakes got higher and the ships became larger and more specialized. Converted fishing ships like McCoy's Tomoka waited on Rum Row and were soon joined by small motor freighters custom-built in Nova Scotia for rum running, with low, grey hulls, hidden compartments, and powerful wireless equipment. Examples include the Reo II. Specialized high-speed craft were built for the ship-to-shore runs. These high-speed boats were often luxury yachts and speedboats fitted with powerful aircraft engines, machine guns, and armor plating. Often, builders of rum-runners' ships also supplied Coast Guard vessels, such as Fred and Mirto Scopinich's Freeport Point Shipyard. Rum-runners often kept cans of used engine oil handy to pour on hot exhaust manifolds in case a screen of smoke was needed to escape the revenue ships.

On the government's side, the rum chasers were an assortment of patrol boats, inshore patrol, and harbor cutters. Most of the patrol boats were of the "six-bit" variety: 75-foot craft with a top speed of about 12 knots. There was also an assortment of launches, harbor tugs, and miscellaneous small craft.

The rum-runners were often faster and more maneuverable than government ships, and a rum-running captain could make several hundred thousand dollars a year. In comparison, the Commandant of the Coast Guard made just $6,000 annually, and seamen made $30/week. Because of this disparity, the rum-runners were generally willing to take bigger risks. They ran without lights at night and in fog, risking life and limb. Shores could sometimes be found littered with bottles from a rum-runner who sank after hitting a sandbar or a reef in the dark at high speed.

The Coast Guard relied on hard work, reconnaissance, and big guns to get their job done. It was not uncommon for rum-runners' ships to be sold at auction shortly after a trial – ships were often sold back to the original owners. Some ships were captured three or four times before they were finally sunk or retired. In addition, the Coast Guard had other duties and often had to let a rum-runner go in order to assist a sinking vessel or handle another emergency.<ref>"X-boats War On Smugglers" Popular Mechanics, August 1932</ref>

Rum-running in Northern Europe in the 1920s and 1930s

Prohibitive alcohol laws in Finland (total ban of alcohol from 1919 to 1931), Norway (liquor above 20 per cent abv 1917–1927) and the Swedish Bratt System which heavily restricted the sale of alcohol made these three countries attractive for alcohol smuggling from abroad. The main product used for smuggling were rectified spirits produced in Central Europe (Germany, Poland, Netherlands etc.). Alcohol was legally exported on large ships as tax-free produce via ports like Hamburg, Tallinn, Kiel and particularly the Free City of Danzig. Similar to the Rum Row near the U.S. coast, these ships usually did not leave international waters and the alcohol was clandestinely loaded onto smaller boats that illegally brought it into the destination countries. Despite various efforts led by Finland to fight contraband (Helsinki Convention for the Suppression of the Contraband Traffic in Alcoholic Liquors of 1925), the smugglers managed to bypass anti-smuggling laws, e.g., through the use of flags of convenience.

Alcohol smuggling today
For multiple reasons (including the avoidance of taxes and minimum purchase prices), alcohol smuggling is still a worldwide concern.

In the United States, the smuggling of alcohol did not end with the repeal of prohibition. In the Appalachian United States, for example, the demand for moonshine was at an all-time high in the 1920s, but an era of rampant bootlegging in dry areas continued into the 1970s. Although the well-known bootleggers of the day may no longer be in business, bootlegging still exists, even if on a smaller scale. The state of Virginia has reported that it loses up to $20 million a year from illegal whiskey smuggling.

The Government of the United Kingdom fails to collect an estimated £900 million in taxes due to alcohol smuggling activities.

Absinthe was smuggled into the United States until it was legalized in 2007. Cuban rum is also sometimes smuggled into the United States, circumventing the embargo in existence since 1960.

See also

 Alcohol laws of the United States
 Alcohol in Colonial America
 American gangsters during the 1920s
 American Whiskey Trail
 Bootleggers and Baptists
 Bureau of Prohibition
 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
 Dry state
 Govenlock, Saskatchewan
 History of stock car racing
 Iron law of prohibition
 Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith
 MoonshineNellie J. Banks Organized crime
 Prohibition
 Prohibition in Canada
 Prohibition in the United States
 Repeal of Prohibition
 Shebeen
 United States Customs Service
 Volstead Act
 Webb–Kenyon Act

References

Further reading
 Allen, Everett S. The Black Ships: Rumrunners of Prohibition. Little, Brown. 1979. .
 Carse, Robert. Rum Row.
 Cohen, Daniel. Prohibition: America Makes Alcohol Illegal. Millbrook Press. 1995.
 Frew, David. Prohibition and Rum Running on Lake Erie (The Lake Erie Quadrangle Shipwreck Series, Book 4) Erie County Historical Society; 1ST edition (2006) .
 Gervais, Marty. The Rumrunners: A Prohibition Scrapbook. Biblioasis. 1980, Revised & Expanded 2009. .
 Hunt, C. W. Whisky and Ice: The Saga of Ben Kerr, Canada's Most Daring Rumrunner. Dundurn Press. 1995. .
 .
 Karson, Lawrence. American Smuggling as White Collar Crime. New York: Routledge, 2014.
 Mason, Philip P. Rumrunning and the Roaring Twenties: Prohibition on the Michigan-Ontario Waterway. Wayne State University Press, 1995.
 Miller, Don. I was a rum runner. Lescarbot Printing Ltd. 1979.
 Montague, Art. Canada's Rumrunners: Incredible Adventures and Exploits During Canada's Illicit Liquor Trade. Altitude Publishing Canada. 2004. .
 Moray, Alastair. The diary of a rum-runner. P. Allan & Co. Ltd. 1929, Reprint in 2006.
 Snow, Nicholas. "Law of the Rum-Runners: Self-Enforcement Mechanisms Given Weak Focal Points". Grove City College. October 2007.
 Steinke, Gord. Mobsters & Rumrunners Of Canada: Crossing The Line. Folklore Publishing. 2003. . .
 Willoughby, Malcolm F. Rum War at Sea. Fredonia Books. 2001. .
 Mark Thornton, The Economics of Prohibition, Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 1991.
 Yandle, Bruce. Bootleggers and Baptists: The Education of a Regulatory Economist. Regulation 7'', no. 3. 1983: 12.

External links

 Data on Alcohol Smuggling: Havocscope Black Markets
 http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/RumWar.pdf
 http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Seneca1908.pdf
 http://www.providenceri.com/narragansettbay/rum_runners.html#blackduck
 "Bootleggers and Baptists in Retrospect"
 "Submarine on Wheel is Used as Rum Runner" Popular Mechanics, November 1930
 Rum Runner at A History of Central Florida Podcast

Organized crime activity
Prohibition
Prohibition in the United States
Prohibition in Canada
Smuggling in the United States
Water transport
Alcohol industry
Smuggling
Alcohol-related crimes

Rum-running


In computing, a backdoor is a way of bypassing security mechanisms to gain access to a resource that is otherwise secured. Backdoors give illegal access to an otherwise secured resource. A common example for  a backdoor is the existence of default passwords which can be used to access the BIOS of a computer. Very often, special programs that run on a computer provide the functionality of a backdoor.

List of known backdoors in standards
 the MD2 algorithm was found in the 1996 announcement of RFC6149 to have a backdoor
 Ron Rivest's MD4 hash was found in the 2011 announcement of RFC6150 to have a backdoor
 Rivest's MD5 hash was shown to have several weaknesses in 1996 by Hans Dobbertin
 SHA-0 (aka FIPS-180) was withdrawn after CRYPTO '98
 SHA-1 (aka FIPS-180-1) was shown to be attackable in 2005 by Eli Biham and co-authors, as well as Vincent Rijmen and Elisabeth Oswald
 The Dual_EC_DRBG cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator was revealed in 2013 to have a kleptographic backdoor deliberately inserted by NSA, who also had the private key to the backdoor.

References

Computer security

Backdoor (computing)


When a Woman Loves (German: Wenn eine Frau liebt) is a 1950 West German comedy film directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner and starring Hilde Krahl, Johannes Heesters and Mathias Wieman. It is based on the play Don't Promise Me Anything by Charlotte Rissmann, which Liebeneiner had previously made into a 1937 film of the same title.

It was filmed at Afifa Studios in Wiesbaden and on location around the city. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Paul Markwitz and Fritz Maurischat.

Cast
 Hilde Krahl as Monika Pratt
 Johannes Heesters as Martin Pratt
 Mathias Wieman as Felder, Kunsthändler
 Wilfried Seyferth as Konsul Brenkow
 Gusti Wolf as Vera Brenkow
 Fritz Rémond Jr. as Dr. Elk
 Ursula Herking as Fräulein Klette
 Peter Zlonitzky as Gustav
 Clemens Wilmenrod as Präsident
 Arno Hassenpflug as Kunstbeirat
 Hans Mahnke as Herr Lemke
 Käthe Lindberg as Frau Lemke
 Willi Umminger as Fleischer
 Heinz Laube as Kaufmann
 Axel Mentz as Bäckerjunge
 Hilde Kuckertz as Verkäuferin Modesalon
 Eva Jaworsky as Illa - Freundin von Vera
 Gitta Krell as Directrice Modesalon
 Hermann Kunder as Diener bei Felder
 Hannelore Könemann as Marie - Hausmädchen
 Peter Paul as Diener Sportschule
 Beate Rensing as Reporterin

References

Bibliography
 Reimer, Robert C. & Reimer, Carol J. The A to Z of German Cinema. Scarecrow Press, 2010.

External links

1950 films
1950 comedy films
German comedy films
West German films
1950s German-language films
Films directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner
German films based on plays
Remakes of German films
1950s German films

When a Woman Loves (film)


A system of measurement is a set of related measures that are used to give a numeric value to something. A "system of measurement" is also known as a "metric". There are many systems of measurement. Some systems of measurement describe physical systems. Other systems of measurement describe economic systems.

The term "system of measurement" is often used in engineering application to describe a set of operational devices that take measurements.

In metrology, the term "system of measurement" is often used as a synonym for system of units.
The international standard system is the International System of Units. Other systems in common use are the closely related United States customary units and British imperial units.

A system of measurement that describes economic systems is called an econometric system. An econometric system uses quantities such as Gross domestic product and money supply to model an economic system.

References

Related pages
Metric system

Measurement

System of measurement


Lycée Privé La Clairefontaine, also known as the Collège La Clairefontaine or the École La Clairefontaine, is a private French international school, serving preschool through senior high school, with campuses in the Antananarivo area and in Tôlanaro (Fort-Dauphin) in Madagascar.

The main campus serves until senior high school,  the Fort Dauphin campus only goes to junior high.

The school has multiple campuses in the Antananarivo: primary schools in Ivandry, Mandrosoa, and Talatamaty, junior highs in Ambodivoanjo and Antsahabe, and a senior high in Ambodivoanjo. The school also has an annex in Tôlanaro which served junior and senior high school.

History
Madame Gabrielle Radavidra established the school, which opened in 1982 with a campus in Ivandry. The AEFE began recognising the school in 1994.

The Fort-Dauphin annex was established as the result of an agreement with QIT Madagascar Minerals S.A or QMM SA that was signed on 22 April 2005; it opened in September of that year.  it had about 263 students. The Fort-Dauphin campus began its senior high classes in 2010, and the junior high ones were recognised by AEFE that year.

See also
 French people in Madagascar

References

External links
 Lycée La Clairefontaine Anantanarivo
 Lycée La Clairefontaine Tôlanaro

Antananarivo
Elementary and primary schools in Madagascar
French international schools in Madagascar
International high schools
1982 establishments in Madagascar
Educational institutions established in 1982
High schools and secondary schools in Madagascar

Lycée La Clairefontaine


The Pennsylvania Highlands region is a section of the Appalachian Mountains located in Eastern Pennsylvania frequently cited as a candidate for extensive ecological preservation.

The region is home to around 5 million people, with majority of it residing within the eastern half it. Population growth and suburban sprawl occurred in the seventies, and continues to rapidly increase. Every county saw growth from 1990 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2005. The region near Philadelphia is very densely populated, but population density decreases to the west. One onset of such rapid growth has come from immigrants, with extensive influxes of Asian, European, and African peoples to the eastern counties, and Hispanic peoples region wide especially in counties such as Berks, Lehigh, and Lancaster.

The heavily forested region is seen as ecologically significant because, among other things, its dense forests serve to protect and supply clean drinking water to more than 15 million people, including large portions of both New Jersey and New York.  The Pennsylvania Highlands also possess acknowledgement as a rural vacationing area and have even been recognized by the U.S. Forest Service as a "landscape of national significance" and by the State of New Jersey as a "Special Resource Area", none of which helps to protect it from the urban sprawl which threatens its natural resources each year.

Counties
Adams County
Berks County
Bucks County
Chester County
Cumberland County
Dauphin County
Franklin County
Lancaster County
Lehigh County
Lebanon County
Montgomery County
Northampton County
York County

References

External links
Abandoned Mines of the NY, NJ, PA, CT & MA Highlands
The Highlands Coalition
Detailed map

H
Highlands

Pennsylvania Highlands Region


The African Lion Safari was a wildlife park that Stafford Bullen opened in 1968. It operated near Warragamba on the outskirts of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia until 1991.

There was also a dolphinarium in the African Lion Safari.

History
African Lion Safari was opened by Stafford Bullen (1925–2001) in 1968. At the time, Bullen was still operating a travelling circus, but in 1969 he gave this venture a permanent home at Bullen's Animal World. For the opening, a promotional single of The Tokens' "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" was recorded by a band using the name "The Love Machine" (the band turned out to be Tymepiece). The safari was popular in its early years and attracted up to 200,000 visitors each year.

With the suburbs encroaching on the facility, and extensive work required to upgrade the park following legislative changes, it eventually closed in 1991 but continued to hold animals on site that were used in a circus but not displayed to the public.

African Lion Safari originally opened in Warragamba, however sometime after this it relocated to neighbouring Wallacia, where it had a drive through area full of wild animals i.e. lions, tigers and bears.

Incidents
On 7 August 1995, a lioness escaped from the park, roamed the nearby townships of Warragamba and Silverdale, and killed a dog. The lioness responsible for killing the dog was shot by a park employee. As a result of the escape, the park was required to upgrade facilities. A bear also escaped and was shot by residents, as reported by Michael Feeny

Notes

References

External links
  1980s Television Commercial on Youtube

Zoos in New South Wales
1968 establishments in Australia
1991 disestablishments in Australia
Defunct amusement parks in Australia
Former zoos
Safari parks
Zoos established in 1968
Zoos disestablished in 1991
Warragamba, New South Wales

African Lion Safari (Warragamba)


Sir William Roberts (1605–1662), of Neasden House at Willesden in Middlesex, was an English Member of Parliament.

He entered Gray's Inn in 1622, and was knighted in 1624. At the outbreak of the English Civil War he took the Parliamentary side, and was one of the commissioners named to try the king, although he did not take part in the trial. He became a member of the Council of State in 1653, was elected represent Middlesex in the parliaments of 1654 and 1656, and in 1658 was raised to Cromwell's new House of Peers.

In 1646, Roberts had become became one of the contractors to sell church lands, and in 1651 he bought the prebends of Neasden, Oxgate, Harlesden and Chambers and the estate of Westminster Abbey. He had also augmented his estate by his marriage to Eleanor, daughter and heir of Robert Atye, with land in Hampstead and Kilburn. He retained his property after the Restoration, taking leases of the prebends when they reverted to the prebendaries, and leaving a significant fortune on his death.

Some sources mistakenly claim that after the Restoration, Roberts was created a baronet; in fact it was his son, also named William, who was made a baronet (in his father's lifetime), on 4 October 1661.

References
Concise Dictionary of National Biography (1930)
Willesden, The Environs of London: volume 3: County of Middlesex (1795), pp. 611-624. Date accessed: 27 January 2008.
'Willesden: Other estates', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7 (1982), pp. 216-220. Date accessed: 27 January 2008.

1605 births
1662 deaths
English MPs 1654–1655
English MPs 1656–1658
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Members of Cromwell's Other House

William Roberts (Parliamentarian)


The Feltville Historic District, located in the Watchung Reservation in Berkeley Heights, Union County, New Jersey, United States, is a historic area which contains several buildings dating to the 18th century. It is known locally as "Deserted Village."

The district includes eight houses, a church, a carriage house, and a general house. Over the years the "deserted village of Feltville" was a mill town, a farming community, and a summer resort. Only three families remain as permanent residents, while the remainder of the site is open to visitors who wish to learn of its history or to simply enjoy the forested surroundings. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1980 for its significance in agriculture, archaeology, commerce, education, industry and community planning.

History
The first settler of this area was Peter Willcox, an Englishman who moved here from Long Island about 1736. The area then was a frontier.  He built a sawmill, but it was demolished as more people came to the area.

David Felt, a businessman in Boston, Massachusetts, decided to move to New York City in 1825.  By 1844, the production of his mill could not grow fast enough to meet the demands of the merchants he supplied, so Felt began to look for land in New Jersey on which to build a second factory. Eventually he bought land from the descendants of Peter Willcox, and in two years, he had built a mill on Blue Brook, two dams for the mill, and a town for the workers in the mill.  He named this new town "Feltville".  Within the little town, Felt gained the nickname of "King David", for he required the residents to attend services in the churchhouse and their children to attend classes in a one-room schoolhouse.

By 1850, about 175 people lived in Feltville, often four families in each of the larger houses and two in each of the smaller. Also in that year, a nondenominational "Union Church" with a resident pastor was active.  After fifteen years, "King David" Felt sold the property, and after several successor businesses failed, the place became known as "the deserted village".  In 1882, it was bought by Warren Ackerman, who transformed it to a summer resort called Glenside Park.  Interest soon dwindled as more people chose to summer on the shore of New Jersey instead.  After the place was again deserted, the Union Country Park Commission bought it and included it in the Watchung Reservation, renting the houses to families.  The houses were stabilized recently. In September 2011 Masker's Barn, the carriage house built by Warren Ackerman, was restored. The hall served as a cafeteria and lecture hall from 1966 to 1984.

Since many of the main structures are no longer standing, an ongoing preservation effort aims to show visitors how the inhabitants of Feltville-Glenside Park once lived. The main missing buildings are the mill, the Felt Mansion, the dormitories, and the school.  The foundation of the mill is still visible next to Blue Brook, which runs farther downhill of the buildings that still stand.

Tourist attractions
County staff also provides activities on certain weekends where they have children's games, a demonstration of apple cider pressing, and a display of archaeological artifacts.

During the month of October, two weeks before Halloween, there are haunted hayrides for families.  They ride through this town, explaining the noted people throughout this town's history and of course adding special effects.

This is open to the public daily and there is a visitor center where brochures are given.

The Murals de la Selva

In 1916, the Deserted Village fell into decline upon the closure of Glenside Park.  A local civil engineer and travel enthusiast named Edward J. Grassmann purchased a number of properties to serve as a club.  Grassmann was a lifelong Elizabeth resident who made his fortune in land surveying and kaolin processing; the trust that bears his name is still in existence today.

Grassmann decorated two of his structures at the Deserted Village to demonstrate his fondness for the Southwest and Latin America. He called one the "Mexican Cottage" and the other he christened as the "Indian Cottage."

It was Grassmann who apparently persuaded celebrated Nicaraguan/Mexican artist Roberto de la Selva to paint themed murals throughout the first floor interior of the Mexican Cottage.  In the late 1920s, during his first trip to the United States, de la Selva spent months in rural Union County painting the murals, which depict native Mexicans at work, play and worship, including statues of both ancient gods and the Virgin Mary.  As the only murals [that] de la Selva, who was primarily a sculptor, is known to have painted, these murals are significant to both the history of Feltville and the international art world.

In 2013, the murals' site in the Deserted Village  was named by Preservation New Jersey as one of the 10 Most Endangered Historic Sites in New Jersey.

Rumors of ghosts
A popular local legend tells of three ghosts living in the house furthest down the path. The story claims the rumors originated in 1912, when three young sisters all went camping deep in the woods, but did not return.  Locals were only able to find their bonnets, and the fears of the people caused almost half of the residents to move away.  Those that remained never let their children go deep in the woods again without supervision.

References

Union County, NJ - Parks. Union County. Retrieved 2008-04-20
Mountainside History. Mountainside Public Library. Retrieved 2008-04-20

External links

Deserted Village
Watchung Reservation

Berkeley Heights, New Jersey
Company towns in New Jersey
Ghost towns in New Jersey
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Watchung Mountains
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, New Jersey
Historic districts in Union County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places

Feltville Historic District


John Warren Branscomb (1905-1959) was an American bishop of the Methodist Church, elected in 1952.

He was born 11 May 1905 in Union Springs, Alabama.  He attended Emory University and was a clergy member of the Florida Annual Conference.  He was elected to the episcopacy by the Southeastern Jurisdictional Conference of the Methodist Church.  He was assigned to the Jacksonville episcopal area, which included Cuba and the Florida Conference.

He died of a heart attack on 16 January 1959 in Orlando, Florida at Orange Memorial Hospital now known as Orlando Regional Medical Center, the Funeral service was held in Orlando, Fl and he was buried in his hometown of Union Springs, Alabama.

Branscomb Memorial Auditorium is located on the Frank Lloyd Wright campus of Florida Southern College in Lakeland, Florida.  Architect Nils Schweitzer, a protégé of Frank Lloyd Wright, designed the structure to complement Wright's original "Child of the Sun" concept.  Construction was completed in 1963.  Dedicated to Bishop John Branscomb of the Florida Conference of the United Methodist Church, the auditorium hosted its first performance in 1964.  Since that time, the Branscomb Memorial Auditorium stage has presented artists and performing groups from six continents through the college's annual Festival of Fine Arts series.  Not only is Branscomb Memorial Auditorium a historic structure, it is acoustically one of the very best concert halls in the United States.  With a natural audio reverberation time of approximately 1.3 seconds, it has been compared by many artists to Carnegie Hall.

References
Short, Roy Hunter, Bp., History of the Council of Bishops of The United Methodist Church 1939-1979, Nashville, Abingdon, 1980.

See also
 List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

1905 births
1959 deaths
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
Emory University alumni
People from Union Springs, Alabama
United Methodist bishops of the Southeastern Jurisdiction
American evangelists
Methodist evangelists
American Methodist bishops

John Warren Branscomb


Jacques de Noyon (12 February 1668 – 12 May 1745) was a French Canadian explorer and coureur des bois. He is the first known European to visit the Boundary Waters region west of Lake Superior.

Jacques de Noyon was born on 12 February 1668, in Trois-Rivières, New France. His family moved to Boucherville not long after.

In 1688, de Noyon and three others traveled from the Montreal area to Fort Caministigoyan on Lake Superior, located at present-day Thunder Bay, Ontario. From there they traveled inland up the Kaministiquia River.  His group followed the Indigenous canoe route over the Laurentian Divide, past the present-day site of Atikokan, Ontario, through what is now Quetico Provincial Park and Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. He built a fort, established ties to the local Assiniboine people, and spent the winter on the shore of Rainy Lake.  There is some question as to whether de Noyon in fact made it as far as Lake of the Woods or not.

According to the waymarker on Rainy Lake Lookout on the north side of Noden Causeway about 6.5 km east of Fort Frances,

The following summer de Noyon returned to Lake Superior, perhaps along what is now the Canada–United States border and includes Quetico Provincial Park, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, La Verendrye Provincial Park, and Grand Portage National Monument.

English-French animosity prevented Europeans from returning to the area west of Lake Superior for a number of years.  In the 1730s La Vérendrye re-visited this Boundary Waters region, perhaps with assistance from the knowledge gained by de Noyon's travels over 40 years before. The region would become an important part of the North American fur trade, connecting the Great Lakes to the far northwestern interior of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and beyond.

Jacques de Noyon continued to travel throughout New France and New England as a trader and coureur des bois. He married Abigail Stebbins, daughter of John Stebbins, in Deerfield, Massachusetts in 1704. He was still there when the French and Indians made the 1704 Raid on Deerfield. He was captured and brought back to Canada with his wife. Ruined, he became a soldier in Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit (Detroit), finishing sergeant. He died on 12 May 1745 in Boucherville.

See also

 Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye

References

External links

 Atlas of Canada

1668 births
1745 deaths
Canadian explorers
Canadian fur traders
Explorers of Canada
French explorers of North America
People of New France

Jacques de Noyon


Johann Jakob Heckel (23 January 1790 – 1 March 1857) was an Austrian taxidermist, zoologist, and ichthyologist from Mannheim in the Electoral Palatinate. He worked at the Royal natural history cabinet in Vienna which later became the Austrian Museum of Natural History.

Life
Heckel was born in Mannheim, the son of a namesake music teacher and Sophia née Reinhardt. He also had a namesake brother who studied music and was educated at home and lived in Vienna for a while. Another brother was Karl Ferdinand Heckel (1800-1870) who also studied music. In 1805 the family fled the French to Pressburg and then to Pest. Heckel visited the Georgicon agricultural college in 1806. His father bought a farm in Gumpoldskirchen and after the death of his father in December 1811, his mother took over the farm, assisted by his brother. He married Barbara Baumgartner in 1817 and in 1818 he was working at the Vienna Naturaliencabinet (which later became the Naturhistorisches Museum). He studied some botany after meeting Franz Edler von Portenschlag-Ledermayer (1772–1822). He was acquainted with both Joseph Natterer Sr. (1754–1823), as well as Joseph Natterer Jr. (1786–1852). In 1819-20 he went on collecting trip in southern Europe, collecting birds for Natterer as well as plants and other specimens. He met Eduard Rüppell (1794–1884) with whom he climbed Mount Etna. They planned to make a trip to Nubia but it never happened. Heckel developed instruments for measuring fish and some biographers have claimed that he worked briefly as a watchmaker. Though not a formally trained biologist, he worked his way up through the ranks and in 1832 he became an assistant curator. On May 6, 1835, he was given responsibility of the fish collection following the departure of Leopold J. Fitzinger. For the most part, he was not a traveler or explorer like many of the scientists of the time, he remained in Vienna, where he studied and catalogued specimens sent to him from the field. Among those who brought specimens to him were Karl Alexander Hügel, Joseph Russegger and Theodor Kotschy — involving collection activities in Kashmir, the Middle East and northeastern Africa that greatly enriched the Vienna museum. Fish were his specialty and he worked with many of the greatest ichthyologists of his time including Cuvier, Valenciennes, Bonaparte, Müller, and Troschel.

In the fields of systematics and taxonomy, he made significant contributions in his investigations of cyprinids. He wrote more than 60 works, the most notable of which is "The freshwater fishes of the Austrian Danubian monarchy". He worked on it for more than 24 years but died before its final publication, most likely from bacteria he was exposed to while getting a skeleton from a dead sperm whale.

Works
 Cyprinen, Scaphirhynchus und andere ichthyologica (1836–1840), with Johann Natterer — Cyprinidae, Scaphirhynchus and other ichthyologica.
  Fische aus Caschmir, (1838), with Karl Alexander Hügel — Fish of Kashmir.
 Die Süßwasserfische der österreichischen Monarchie, mit Rücksicht auf die angränzenden Länder bearbeitet (with 204 woodcuts) - The freshwater fishes of the Austrian monarchy, processed with regard to adjacent countries, with Rudolf Kner (1858).
 Beiträge zur kenntniss der fossilen fische Österreichs, (1856) — Contribution to the knowledge of Austrian fossil fish.
 Neue Beiträge zur Kenntniss der fossilen Fische Österreichs, (1861), with Rudolf Kner — New contribution to the knowledge of Austrian fossil fish.

Legacy

Fish named after him include:
The cichlid Acarichthys heckelii (J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1849) was named in his honor.
The Pike Cichlid Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989 was named in his honor.

See also
:Category:Taxa named by Johann Jakob Heckel

References

External links
''Austrian Natural History Museum at Naturhistorisches Museum

1790 births
1857 deaths
Scientists from Mannheim
People from the Electoral Palatinate
Taxidermists
Austrian ichthyologists
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Johann Jakob Heckel


Common equity is the amount that all common shareholders have invested in a company. Most importantly, this includes the value of the common shares themselves. However, it also includes retained earnings and additional paid-in capital.

Basel III

Under the new Basel III banking agreement large internationally active banks will be required to hold a minimum of 4.5% of their risk-adjusted assets in common equity. This regulation is to be fully effective as of 1 Jan 2019.

In the United States, the Federal Reserve has decided that all banks will need to adhere to the standard, with the largest banks required to hold an extra buffer.

References

Banking

Common equity


Maurice Tabard (July 12, 1897 – February 23, 1984) was a French photographer. Tabard was one of the leading photographers of the Surrealist movement, which he entered under the influence of his friend, American photographer Man Ray. His work was well known for incorporating solarization, superimposition and photomontage.

Early life
Tabard was born in Lyon, France in 1897 to a silk industrialist and an amateur musician. His first artistic experiences were as a pattern designer for silk textiles. In 1914, he and his father left Paris for New York, where he pursued photography at the New York Institute of Photography. He continued his studies through to 1920 with fellow photographer, Emile Brunel.

Career
Following the death of his father in 1922, Tabard became a professional portrait photographer for Backrach Studio in Baltimore.  He went on to photograph important homes and well-known people, including future President Calvin Coolidge and his family.

In 1928, Tabard returned to Paris and became a fashion photographer. It was there he met Surrealist writer, Philippe Soupault, who in turn acquainted him with various prominent magazine editors including Lucien Vogel, Giron, and Alexey Brodovitch. He went on to work for a number of publications, such as Bifur, Vu, Harper's Bazaar and Le Jardin des Modes. He made the acquaintance of Surrealists Man Ray and René Magritte, with his work beginning to reflect the influence of Surrealism. In the late 1920s, he also met Roger Parry, to whom he taught photography, and André Kertész. In 1929 his work was featured in the Film und Foto exhibition.

In 1951 Francis Quirk would curate an exhibit of his work at Lehigh University along with photographs by Ansel Adams.

References

1897 births
1984 deaths
Fashion photographers
French photographers
Movie stills photographers
Portrait photographers

Maurice Tabard


Mekorot (, lit. "Sources") is the national water company of Israel and the country's top agency for water management. Founded in 1937, it supplies Israel with 90% of its drinking water and operates a cross-country water supply network known as the National Water Carrier. Mekorot and its subsidiaries have partnered with numerous countries around the world in areas including desalination and water management.

History
Mekorot was established as the "Ḥevrat ha-Mayim" ('Water Company') on 15 February 1937 by Levi Shkolnik (later Eshkol, Prime Minister of Israel between 1963-1969), water engineer Simcha Blass, and Pinchas Koslovsky (later Sapir, Minister of Finance between 1963-1968).

Water supply system
Mekorot supplies 80% of Israel's drinking water and 70% of its water supplies. The company runs 3,000 installations throughout the country for water supply, water quality, infrastructure, sewage purification, desalination, rain enhancement, etc. Mekorot oversees operations of 691 pumping stations, 2,565 pumps, 1,200 wells, 12,000 km of large-diameter pipes, 714 concrete and steel pools and tanks and 104 large earth reservoirs.
Mekorot supplies water to the domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors, and to the Kingdom of Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, in accordance with its undertakings in political agreements.
Mekorot's water supply system unifies most of the regional water plants, the National Water Carrier and Yarkon-Negev plant, and draws water from the Sea of Galilee, aquifers, boreholes, seawater, desalinated water, and brackish water.

National Water Carrier

Mekorot's National Water Carrier, known in Hebrew as  Hamovil ha'artzi, runs from Lake Kinneret in the north to the northern Negev Desert in the south. The system has been expanded to pipe water from desalination plants on the Mediterranean coast.

Water tariffs
Water tariffs are set by the Ministry of National Infrastructure and Ministry of Finance, and approved by the Knesset Finance Committee. Tariffs are updated from time to time according to changes in the Consumer Price Index, electricity rates and the average wage index. The rates vary according to use: domestic, consumption and services, industry and agriculture. Rates for industrial and agricultural use are lower than those for domestic consumption and services. The bulk water tariff is the same throughout the country, regardless of the difference in supply costs.

Water filtering
In 2008, Mekorot established a central water filtering plant for water pumped from Lake Kinneret. The company also improved quality control. As a result, water quality has improved and less chlorine is added to the water as a disinfecting agent.

Global presence
Mekorot signed a memorandum of understanding with India-based Jain Irrigation Systems in 2008. The two companies agreed to cooperate in exploring the potential for projects in the areas of desalination, water resource management, and wastewater treatment and reclamation relating to urban infrastructure in India.

In 2012 a subsidiary of Mekorot entered into a major contract with a delegation from India involving the deployment of water control and smart metering systems in Uttar Pradesh in order to prevent water waste.

The government of Cyprus signed an agreement with a consortium consisting of Mekorot Development and Enterprise Ltd and a Cypriot company in 2009 for construction of a desalination plant in Limassol. The Limassol agreement was followed by an agreement to construct a second desalination plant in Larnaca, bringing the projected combined output of the two plants to 40% of Cyprus' drinking water.

Mekorot signed an agreement with Uganda's National Water and Sewerage Corporation in 2011. According to the agreement, the Ugandan government will allocate tens of millions of dollars toward the construction of dams and reservoirs at four locations in the country.

A meeting between Mekorot officials and an Akron, Ohio delegation led by Don Plusquellic in 2012 led to an announcement that Mekorot would be opening its first U.S. office with Akron's Global Business Accelerator. The office will coordinate information exchange relating to water security, water technology and energy technology, with an ultimate objective of commercializing joint ventures, creating jobs, and developing the economy.

The Water Supply Master Plan (WSMP) for the Marathwada region of the state of Maharashtra, India, was awarded to Mekorot Development & Enterprise Ltd. (MDE), a subsidiary of Mekorot, Israel National Water Co., by the Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP), the state government-run water company. The MDE-MJP contract was signed on February 21, 2018 under the umbrella of the memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed between the Government of Israel and the Government of Maharashtra as part of broader government-to-government (G2G) collaboration between India and Israel. According to the contract, the Mekorot team is to prepare a comprehensive water supply master plan, covering all types of water resources and demand categories (potable and urban, livestock and agriculture), in order to help achieve sustainable long-term water balance and minimise water shortage crises.

The Water Conservation and Management Master Plan (WCMMP) for the State of Punjab was awarded to Mekorot water company Ltd, Israel National Water Company, by Punjab Water Resources Management and Development Corporation, under the Managing Director Punjab Water Resources Management and Development Corporation. The contract was signed on April 15, 2019, under the umbrella of the memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed between the parties on October 23, 2018.
According to the agreement, Mekorot prepared a comprehensive water conservation and management master plan, covering all types of water resources and demand categories to help achieve sustainable long-term water balance and minimize any water shortage crises. This was done mainly by promoting State water sector's policy, management regulations and increasing efficiency in water use.

International political controversy
In 2013, Netherlands' largest water company Vitens withdrew from an agreement with Mekorot, citing concern about violation of international law. According to Dutch media the withdrawal followed consultations with the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was caused by Mekorot's role in supplying water to Israeli settlements on the West Bank.

A spokesperson for the Israeli government called the decision "absurd", pointing to Israel having signed an agreement with the Palestinian authorities and Jordan about future water allocations.

See also
 Water supply and sanitation in Israel

References

External links
 Mekorot web site

Government-owned companies of Israel
Hydraulic engineering
Utilities of Israel
Water supply and sanitation in Israel

Mekorot


Leslie Edward Wostall Codd (16 September 1908 in Vants Drift, Dundee, District, Natal – 2 March 1999 in Pretoria), was a South African plant taxonomist.

Life
Codd was born in 1908. He attended the Natal University College where he obtained an M.Sc in 1928. He continued his studies at Cambridge University in 1929, and the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad in 1930, where he met his future wife, Cynthia. He worked with the Department of Agriculture in British Guiana between 1931 and 1936. In 1937 he was appointed to the Pasture Research Section of the Department of Agriculture in Pretoria. In 1941 he was awarded a D.Sc degree by the University of South Africa.

In 1945 he assumed the post of Officer-in-Charge at the Prinshof Experiment Station in the Division of Botany, where he was involved with the selection, growing and testing of pasture grasses. At the same time he was in charge of the Botanical Survey of South Africa.

While stationed at Prinshof he frequently visited the Kruger National Park on plant collecting trips. He saw the need for an informal botanical guide to the reserve and in 1951 produced "Trees and Shrubs of the Kruger National Park", one of the most popular items in the series Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa. With librarian Mary Gunn, he co-authored Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa in 1981, a history of the country's plant collecting, collectors and early botanical illustrations, with a follow-up in 1985. Gunn was known for specialising in non-contemporary botanists. A student once asked her a question about a contemporary botanist to which she replied "...I only deal with dead botanists, either kill him off or ask Codd next door!"

He succeeded Robert Allen Dyer as director of the Botanical Research Institute from 1963 until his retirement in 1973, and worked in the Flora Research Section thereafter.

Codd is commemorated in numerous specific names including Brachystelma coddii Dyer, Agapanthus coddii Leighton etc. His specimens number more than 10,000 (PRE, K, SRGH) and are mainly South African, with about 500 having come from Caprivi and Barotseland in 1952.

Awards & honours
1957–58 President of Section B of SA Assoc. for the Adv. of Sc.
1961 President of the SA Biological Soc.
1977 SA Medal by SA Assoc. for the Adv. of Sc.
1979 SA Medal for Botany
1982 Senior Captain Scott Memorial Medal by the South African Biological Society.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

20th-century South African botanists
South African taxonomists
Agrostologists
1908 births
1999 deaths
Botanists with author abbreviations
South African expatriates in the United Kingdom

Leslie Codd


The Trigger is a 1999 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Michael P. Kube-McDowell. It is an attempt to explore the social impact of technological change.

Plot summary

The Trigger starts in the early to mid-21st century. A group of scientists invent, by accident, a device that detonates all nitrate-based explosive in its vicinity, thus providing good protection against most known modern conventional weapons. The first half of the book explores the reactions of society, government and the scientists themselves as the latter attempt to ensure that their invention will only be used for peaceful ends. Although at first beneficial, other uses for the device are found, such as a faultless at-range detonator.  The novel also traces the scientists' slow progress in understanding the science behind their invention.  The second half of the book begins when the science is sufficiently well understood that a second device can be built - one that does not detonate explosives, but merely renders them permanently harmless. The story ends with the scientists discovering that the hyperdimensional impulse wave can be set to scramble extremely specific DNA – making the device a killer.

References

External links

1999 British novels
Collaborative novels
Novels by Arthur C. Clarke
1999 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Voyager Books books

The Trigger