Lewis Strong Casey Smythe [pronounced "Smith"] (Washington, D.C. January 31, 1901 – June 1, 1978) was a sociologist and an American Christian missionary to China who was present during the Nanjing Massacre.

The son of Lewis Strong Smythe (of DeRuyter, New York) and Annie Amelia Casey (of New Brunswick, Canada), Smythe spent most of his early life in Great Falls, Montana where he finished high school and worked on a cattle ranch.  During his undergraduate studies he met Margaret "Mardie" Lillian Garrett, an American born in Nanjing, China, to missionary parents; the couple married in 1924 and had two daughters – Margaret "Peggy" Ann (1931 – 2016) and E. Joan (1934 – 1963).  Smythe enrolled at Drake College in 1918, where he received his Bachelor of Science in Law and BA degrees in 1923.  In March 1927, he earned an MA (Department of Practical Theology, Chicago Divinity School) for his dissertation "The Social Background of the Shanghai Incident and Its Influence Upon Christian Missions in Chicago".   In August 1928, he earned a Ph.D. (Department of Christian Theology and Ethics, Chicago Divinity School) for his dissertation "Bibliographic Details Changes in the Christian Message for China by Protestant Missionaries".  He was also influenced by and affiliated with faculty from the University of Chicago's prestigious Chicago School (sociology), notably Ernest Burgess and Robert E. Park.

In 1928, the Smythes were dispatched to Nanjing (Nanking) by the United Christian Mission Society (Indianapolis, Indiana). Smythe served as Professor of Sociology at Nanking University (1928 – 1951)  while his wife, a physician (MD from Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, served as a medical missionary.

Smythe was in Nanjing during the Battle of Nanking and its aftermath, the Nanjing Massacre.  He served as Secretary of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone from December 14, 1937 to February 10, 1938.  In that role, he and the Committee's chairman, John Rabe, recorded the atrocities committed by Japanese troops and made daily reports complaining to the Japanese embassy.  Smythe reported that while the Japanese embassy continually promised to do something about the atrocities, it was not until February 1938 that anything substantive was done to restore order to the city.

After the end of World War II, Smythe was among members of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone who testified about the Nanjing Massacre to the International Military Tribunal of the Far East.

The Smythes were forced by the Communists to leave China in 1951.  Smythe subsequently worked as an adviser to several organizations and wrote several articles and books relating to social change in China.  He served as a Professor and Chair of the newly established Department of Christian Community (1952 – 1964) at The College of the Bible (Lexington, Kentucky  During a one-year sabbatical (1957 – 1958), he served as the Assistant to the President of Silliman University (Dumaguete, Philippines) and instituted a local, rural development program.

In the documentary film Nanking, Smythe was portrayed by actor Stephen Dorff.

References

See also
War Damage in the Nanking area Dec.1937 to Mar.1938
Minnie Vautrin
John Rabe

People assisting Chinese during the Nanjing Massacre
1901 births
Year of death missing
Witnesses of the Nanjing Massacre
American expatriates in China

Lewis S. C. Smythe


Barrie Dunsmore (1939 – 26 August 2018) was a Canadian journalist who covered foreign affairs for ABC News, the American television network, for 30 years.

Dunsmore was born in 1939 in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. From 1965 to 1995, Dunsmore reported from Washington and more than one hundred countries on virtually every major international event: from wars, to summits, to the policies of seven U.S. presidents from Johnson to Clinton. From the height of the Cold War until its end, Dunsmore was regularly present when American presidents and Soviet leaders met. He was with Israeli troops when they captured the Suez Canal from Egypt in 1967 and when General Ariel Sharon put the city of Suez under siege in 1973. He was on Henry Kissinger's Middle East Shuttles in the aftermath of the 1973 war and was with President Jimmy Carter in the Middle East six years later when he finally cemented the historic Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Dunsmore covered the fall of South Vietnam in 1975, conducted the first American television interview with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, and was with three former presidents (Nixon, Ford and Carter) who attended Sadat's funeral. He watched SCUD missiles fall on Saudi Arabia during the 1991 Gulf War. He had a worldwide scoop on the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and he did the first American television report on the destruction of the Amazon rainforests in 1988.

As ABC's senior foreign correspondent from 1984 to 1991, Dunsmore focused on events in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union as the Iron Curtain began to disintegrate.  Throughout 1989, he witnessed dramatic moments in the collapse of communism and reported live for ABC News Nightline from the Berlin Wall the night it began to fall. After retirement in 1995, Dunsmore became a Fellow at the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He received the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University's Edward Weintal Prize in 1995.

Barrie Dunsmore was the author of "There and Back: Commentary by a Former Foreign Correspondent," published in 2011 by Wind Ridge Publishing, Inc.

Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said of Dunsmore's book, "This compilation of essays dating from the weeks when he accompanied me on the Mideast shuttles in the early 1970's, to his commentaries on the Arab Spring will mark Dunsmore firmly as one of the significant journalists of our era."

Dunsmore moved to Charlotte, Vermont, after retirement, and wrote a Sunday column for the Rutland Herald. He died on Sunday, August 26, 2018, at the age of 79.

References

1939 births
2018 deaths
American television journalists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Harvard Kennedy School staff
Journalists from Saskatchewan
People from Regina, Saskatchewan

Barrie Dunsmore


"The Musk Who Fell to Earth" is the 12th episode of the 26th season of The Simpsons. It was first shown on the Fox network on January 25, 2015. Elon Musk is a guest star in the episode.

Story

Elon Musk lands a Dragon 2 in the Simpson family's backyard. Elon tells the family that he is looking for ideas. Homer takes Elon to the power plant he works at. Elon thinks that Homer is able to give him many new ideas. Elon goes to Mr. Burns, the owner of the power plant. He talks to him about adding a machine to the power plant so it can be environmentally friendly. Burns goes through with the idea and tells their town about it.
Elon makes many new machines around the town to save or make electrical energy, for example, a Hyperloop and self-driving cars. However, Burns learns that the town will lose $50 million every three months because of the machines. Burns must fire some of his employees at the power plant. Homer is sad because Musk's machines made his friends fired. On the next day, Burns tries to assassinate Elon. Elon stops a bullet from hitting him or hitting Homer. Homer thanks him but says to him that they should not be friends anymore. Elon agrees and starts to go in a rocket. He gives Lisa a birdhouse so that she does not have to be sad. Elon starts the rocket and goes back to outer space.

Production

"The Musk Who Fell to Earth" was written by Neil Campbell. Matthew Nastuk is the director of the episode. Elon Musk said that he was a fan of the show. He watched it many times while he was at the University of Pennsylvania. The episode was made after Elon had a meeting with James L. Brooks. Brooks said he wanted to see Elon in fiction.

Reception

3.29 million people watched the episode when it was first shown on television. Dennis Perkins from The A.V. Club said that the episode is "more like a love letter to Musk than a proper Simpsons episode." He sees the episode as if the writers learned that Elon is a fan of the show and agreed to make an episode about him.

References

Other websites

The Simpsons (season 26) episodes
2015 television episodes
Elon Musk

The Musk Who Fell to Earth


The Khamseh () is a tribal confederation in the province of Fars in southwestern Iran. It consists of five tribes, hence its name Khamseh, "the five". The tribes are partly nomadic, Some are Persian speaking Basseri, some are Arabic speaking Arabs, and some are Qashqai Language speaking (Inalu, Baharlu and Nafar). They are sheep breeders, which they herd mounted on camels.

The history of the Khamseh confederation of tribes starts in 1861–1862 when Naser al-Din Shah Qajar created the Khamseh Tribal Confederation. He combined five existing nomadic tribes, the Arab, Nafar, Baharlu, Inalu, and the Basseri and placed them under the control of the Qavam ol-Molk family. The pattern of forcibly uniting tribes was not a new idea, as the Safavid Shahs previously created homogenous Qizilbash confederations to temper the increasing strength of the Qashqai, who were gaining so much power.
The Khamseh tribes were a mixture of Persians, Turks, and Arabs.

Tribes
The Basseri (Persian)
The Inalu (Qashqai - Turkic)
The Baharlu (Qashqai - Turkic)
The Nafar (Qashqai - Turkic)
The Arab (Arabic)

See also
Demographics of Iran
Ethnic minorities in Iran

References

Further reading
 Nomads Of South Persia (1961) by Fredrik Barth about the Basseri Tribe (read book)
 Nomads Of Persia (2014) by Ehsan Yousefi about the Basseri Tribe
 Ali Mohammad Najafi. Khamseh Tribes happenings

Persian tribes
Ethnic groups in Iran
Fars Province
Iranian Arab people by location
1861 establishments in Iran
Turkic peoples of Asia

Khamseh


Paulo Ezequiel Londra (born April 12, 1998) is an Argentine rapper and singer. His music has topped Argentine charts and been highly successful across Argentina and Latin America.

Early life

Londra was inspired to become a rap artist by watching Eminem's 8 Mile film. The urge to interpret his lyrics outside of a recording studio led him to improvise and rap in Argentinian squares with friends, gradually creating a local buzz. Leaving his comfort zone and freestyling in squares helped with his shyness, and launched a competitive period spanning around five years. He forged his style battling in freestyle contests as the so-called El Quinto Escalón, and rapidly stepped up to Latin trap.

Career
His professional career kicked off with "Relax", a song he uploaded in early 2017. Londra's music avoids themes prominent in urban music, such as violence and drugs.

Londra became well known through his hit songs "Nena Maldición" (featuring Lenny Tavarez), "Te Amo" (with Piso 21), and "Cuando Te Besé" (with Becky G). The latter peaked at number 45 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and became the first song to ever top the Billboard Argentina Hot 100. His song "Adán y Eva" also topped Billboard's Argentina Hot 100.

In 2019, he was featured on Ed Sheeran's No.6 Collaborations Project, performing on the song "Nothing on You" along with British rapper Dave. On 26 September of the same year, Londra released the song "Party", a collaboration with the American rapper and singer A Boogie wit da Hoodie. In May 2020, a conflict between Paulo and his label Big Ligas was made public through Instagram, where Ovy on the Drums and Kristoman were accused of manipulating Londra's contract and defrauding him to have the rights to his songs without the consent of the latter. Londra would later publish an open letter in which he would disclose the reasons for the conflict, claiming that they made him sign with Warner Music without his consent to record his first album, and that they scammed him into signing a contract that linked him to Big Ligas until 2025. This resulted in Paulo not being able to release more music until he could solve the court case that his lawyers are carrying out to be able to terminate his contract with Warner and Big Ligas.

Discography

 Homerun (2019)
 Back to the Game (2022)

Tours
Leones Con Flow Tour (2018)
Homerun Tour (2019–2020)

Awards and nominations

References

1998 births
Living people
Argentine rappers
Hispanic and Latino American rappers
Argentine trap musicians
Latin trap musicians
21st-century Argentine singers
Warner Music Latina artists

Paulo Londra


Dr. Charles Boarman (October 28, 1828 – November 22, 1880) was an American pioneer and frontier physician. He was among the original pioneers to settle in present-day Amador County, California, serving as its first county physician from 1863 until 1880, and was one of the founding members of the Society of California Pioneers. He was also the son of Rear Admiral Charles Boarman and uncle of fellow pioneer doctor Charles B. Harris.

Biography
Charles Boarman was born in Martinsburg, Virginia on October 28, 1828. He was one of ten children born to Mary Ann "Nancy" Abell and Rear Admiral Charles Boarman (1795–1879), then a lieutenant in the United States Navy. The young Boarman earned a medical degree at Georgetown University and, shortly after graduating from St. Mary's School, he headed for California at age 23. Boarman settled in Sacramento County in 1851 and eventually married Mary Anna Hills. His wife was a member of an old New England family; her mother, Mary Morse Hills, was a descendant of Anthony Morse who arrived from Wiltshire, England, in 1635 to help found Newbury, Massachusetts. Mary Anna's cousin was Samuel Morse, the inventor of the telegraph. Charles Boarman and Mary Ann Hills had seven children together, one of whom died.

In early 1859, Boarman and his family moved to Lancha Plana, a booming mining town on the Mokelumne River, and were among the first to permanently settle in Amador County, California. In the summer of that year, he and another doctor treated at least one Native American, using squaws as nurses, after fighting broke out between settlers and Jackson Valley Indians. His wife was also commended for her actions during the emergency, when it was believed that a 300-man Tuolumne war party was about to raid Lancha Plana, being a voice of reason to calm the worried residents.

He was a charter member of the Amador Society of California Pioneers and presided over the Amador County chapter's first session in Jackson, California on September 9, 1877. Boarman spent seventeen years as the county physician until his death on November 22, 1880, while fighting a smallpox epidemic. His wife Mary Ann died in San Francisco in December 1897, and was buried in Jackson alongside her late husband and mother. Their daughter Emma, with her husband James J. Wright, occupied the family home and, as of 1928, was the last of the family still living in the region.

References

External links

1828 births
1880 deaths
Boarman family
California pioneers
People from Martinsburg, West Virginia
Physicians from West Virginia
People from Amador County, California
Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni
Deaths from smallpox

Charles Boarman (pioneer)


Itzhak Perlman (; born August 31, 1945) is an Israeli-American violinist. He has performed worldwide and throughout the United States, in venues that have included a state dinner for Elizabeth II at the White House in 2007, and at the 2009 inauguration of Barack Obama. He has conducted the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Westchester Philharmonic. In 2015, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Perlman has won 16 Grammy Awards, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and four Emmy Awards.

Early life
Perlman was born in 1945 in Tel Aviv. His parents, Chaim and Shoshana Perlman, were Jewish natives of Poland and had independently emigrated to Palestine in the mid-1930s before they met and later married. Perlman contracted polio at age four and has walked using leg braces and crutches since then and plays the violin while seated. , he uses crutches or an electric scooter for mobility.

Perlman first became interested in the violin after hearing a classical music performance on the radio. At the age of three, he was denied admission to the Shulamit Conservatory for being too small to hold a violin. He instead taught himself how to play the instrument using a toy fiddle until he was old enough to study with Rivka Goldgart at the Shulamit Conservatory and at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv (now the Buchmann-Mehta School of Music), where he gave his first recital at age 10. He moved to the United States at age 13 to study at the Juilliard School and Meadowmount School of Music with the violin teacher Ivan Galamian and his assistant Dorothy DeLay.

Career

Performing

Perlman gained national attention when he appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show twice in 1958, and again in 1964, on the same show with the Rolling Stones. His performances on the show included pieces such as Rimsky-Korsakov's "Flight of the Bumblebee", Wieniawski's "Polonaise Brillante", and Mendelssohn's first violin concerto.

Soon after, Perlman began touring cities in the U.S. and Canada as a soloist, with sponsorship from the Zionist Organization of America, and quickly established himself as a leading virtuoso. He made his Carnegie Hall debut performing Wieniawski's Violin Concerto No. 1 in 1963 and won the Leventritt Competition in 1964. As a soloist, Perlman debuted with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1968, and at the Salzburg Festival with the Vienna Philharmonic in 1972. In the following years, he toured as a soloist worldwide.

In addition to an extensive recording and performance career, Perlman has continued to make appearances on television shows such as The Tonight Show and Sesame Street as well as playing at a number of White House functions.

Although Perlman has never been billed or marketed as a singer, he sang the role of "Un carceriere" ("a jailer") on a 1981 EMI recording of Puccini's "Tosca" that featured Renata Scotto, Plácido Domingo, and Renato Bruson, with James Levine conducting. He had earlier sung the role in an excerpt from the opera on a 1980 Pension Fund Benefit Concert telecast as part of the Live from Lincoln Center series with Luciano Pavarotti as Cavaradossi and Zubin Mehta conducting the New York Philharmonic.

On July 5, 1986, Perlman performed at the New York Philharmonic's tribute to the 100th anniversary of the Statue of Liberty, which was televised live on ABC. The orchestra, conducted by Mehta, performed in Central Park.

In 1987, Perlman joined the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (IPO) for its concerts in Warsaw and Budapest as well as other cities in Eastern bloc countries. He toured with the IPO in the spring of 1990 for its first-ever performance in the Soviet Union, with concerts in Moscow and Leningrad, and again in 1994, performing in China and India.

In 2015, on a classical music program titled The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center produced by WQXR in New York City, it was revealed that Perlman performed the uncredited violin solo on the 1989 Billy Joel song "The Downeaster Alexa".

While primarily a solo artist, Perlman has performed with a number of other musicians, including Yo-Yo Ma, Pinchas Zukerman, Jessye Norman, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Isaac Stern, and Yuri Temirkanov at the 150th anniversary celebration of Tchaikovsky in Leningrad in December 1990.

As well as playing and recording the classical music for which he is best known, Perlman has also played jazz, including an album made with jazz pianist Oscar Peterson, klezmer, and bluegrass music. He has been a soloist in a number of film scores, such as the theme of the 1993 film Schindler's List by John Williams, which won an Academy Award for Best Original Score. More recently, he was the violin soloist in the 2005 film Memoirs of a Geisha along with cellist Yo-Yo Ma. Perlman played selections from the musical scores of the movies nominated for "Best Original Score" at the 73rd Academy Awards with Ma and at the 78th Academy Awards.

Selected performances

Perlman played at the state dinner attended by Queen Elizabeth II on May 7, 2007, in the East Room at the White House.

He performed John Williams's "Air and Simple Gifts" at the 2009 inauguration ceremony for Barack Obama along with Ma (cello), Gabriela Montero (piano), and Anthony McGill (clarinet). The quartet played live, but the music played simultaneously over speakers and on television was a recording made two days earlier due to concerns that the cold weather could damage the instruments. Perlman was quoted as saying: "It would have been a disaster if we had done it any other way."

He made an appearance in Disney's Fantasia 2000 to introduce the segment Pines of Rome, along with Steve Martin.

On November 2, 2018, Perlman reprised the 60th anniversary of his first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show as a guest on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.

Teaching
In 1975, Perlman accepted a faculty post at the Conservatory of Music at Brooklyn College. In 2003, he was named the Dorothy Richard Starling Foundation Chair in Violin Studies at the Juilliard School, succeeding his teacher, Dorothy DeLay. He also teaches students one-on-one at the Perlman Music Program on Long Island, NY, rarely holding master classes.

The Perlman Music Program
The Perlman Music Program, founded in 1994 by Perlman's wife, Toby Perlman, and Suki Sandler, started as a summer camp for exceptional string musicians between the ages of 12 and 18. Over time, it expanded to a yearlong program. Students have the chance to have Perlman coach them before they play at venues such as the Sutton Place Synagogue and public schools. By introducing students to each other and requiring them to practice together, the program strives to have musicians who would otherwise practice alone develop a network of friends and colleagues. Rather than remain isolated, participants in the program find an area where they belong.

Conducting
At the beginning of the new millennium, Perlman began to conduct. He took the post of principal guest conductor at the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. He served as music advisor to the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra from 2002 to 2004. In November 2007, the Westchester Philharmonic announced his appointment as artistic director and principal conductor. His first concert in these roles was on October 11, 2008, in an all-Beethoven program featuring pianist Leon Fleisher performing the Emperor Concerto.

Instruments
Perlman plays the Soil Stradivarius violin of 1714, formerly owned by Yehudi Menuhin and considered one of the finest violins made during Stradivari's "golden period." Perlman also plays the Guarneri del Gesù 1743 'Sauret' and the Carlo Bergonzi 1740 'ex-Kreisler'.

Personal life
Perlman lives in New York City with his wife, Toby, also a classically trained violinist. They have five children, including Navah Perlman, a concert pianist and chamber musician. Perlman is a distant cousin of the Canadian comic and television personality Howie Mandel. He has synesthesia and was interviewed for Tasting the Universe by Maureen Seaberg, which is about the condition.

Discography
 Tradition (1987)
 Duos (1987)
 Vivaldi: The Four Seasons/3 Violin Concertos (1992)
 Dvořák in Prague: A Celebration (Sony Classical, 1994, and Kultur Video, 2007)
 The American Album (1995)
 In the Fiddler's House (1995)
 Holiday Tradition (1998)
 Concertos from My Childhood (EMI, 1999)
 The Essential Itzhak Perlman (Sony Classical, 2009)
 Eternal Echoes: Songs and Dances for the Soul  (Sony Classical, 2012) with Yitzchak Meir Helfgot
 Violin Sonatas (Universal Music Classics/Deutsche Grammophon, 2015)
 The Perlman Sound (Warner Classics, 2015)

With Andre Previn
 The Easy Winners (Angel Records, 1975)
 A Different Kind of Blues (EMI/Angel, 1980)
 It's a Breeze (EMI/Angel, 1981)

With Oscar Peterson
 Side by Side (TELARC CD-83341 1994)

Honors and awards
1964: Leventritt Competition – Winner
1977: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra): Antonio Vivaldi: The Four Seasons
1978: Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance:Beethoven: Sonatas for Violin and Piano (w/ Vladimir Ashkenazy)
1978: Grammy Award for Best Classical Album: Brahms: Concerto for Violin in D
1980: Grammy Award: Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra): The Spanish Album
1980: Grammy Award: Best Chamber Music Performance: Music for Two Violins (w/ Pinchas Zukerman)
1980: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra): Brahms Violin and Cello Concerto in A Minor (w/ Mstislav Rostropovich) (TIE)
1980: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra): Berg: Violin Concerto/Stravinsky: Violin Concerto in D (TIE)
1981: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra): Isaac Stern 60th Anniversary Celebration (w/ Isaac Stern & Pinchas Zukerman)
1981: Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance: Tchaikovsky: Piano Trio in A Minor (w/ Lynn Harrell & Vladimir Ashkenazy)
1982: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra): Elgar: Violin Concerto in B Minor
1987: Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance: Beethoven: The Complete Piano Trios (w/ Lynn Harrell & Vladimir Ashkenazy)
1987: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra): Mozart: Violin Concertos Nos. 2 and 4
1990: Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance: Brahms: The Three Violin Sonatas (w/ Daniel Barenboim)
1990: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra): Shostakovich Violin Concerto No.1 in A Minor/GlazunovL Violin Concerto in A Minor
1995: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra): The American Album—Works of Bernstein, Barber, Foss
1997: Elected member of the American Philosophical Society
2003: Kennedy Center Honors
April 1980: Newsweek magazine featured Mr. Perlman with a cover story.
1986: Honored with the Medal of Liberty by President Reagan.
1992: Emmy Award: Outstanding Classical Program in the Performing Arts: Perlman in Russia
1994: Emmy Award: Outstanding Individual Achievement: Cultural Programming
1996: Emmy Award: Outstanding Cultural Music-Dance Program: Itzhak Perlman: In the Fiddler's House
1999: Emmy Award: Outstanding Classical Music-Dance Program: Itzhak Perlman: Fiddling for the Future
2000: Awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Clinton
2002: Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2005: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Elie Wiesel.
2008: Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
2015: Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Obama
2016: Awarded the Genesis Prize by the Prime Minister of Israel.
2017: Subject of the documentary Itzhak directed by Alison Chernick.

References

External links

Itzhak Perlman Primo Artists

Itzhak Perlman biography in the World Concert Artist Directory

PBS American Masters: Itzhak
Itzhak Perlman interview on The Charlie Rose Show (video), August 9, 2010
Itzhak Perlman question and answer session, March 19, 2011
Itzhak Perlman & John Williams interview on The Charlie Rose Show (video), August 8, 1997
The Perlman Music Program

1945 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American violinists
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century Israeli male musicians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American violinists
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century Israeli male musicians
American classical violinists
American male conductors (music)
American male violinists
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Angel Records artists
Brooklyn College faculty
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Edison Classical Music Awards Oeuvreprijs winners
EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists
Grammy Award winners
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Israeli classical violinists
Israeli conductors (music)
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Jewish Israeli musicians
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
Jewish American classical musicians
Jewish classical violinists
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
Leventritt Award winners
Male classical violinists
Musicians from Tel Aviv
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Primetime Emmy Award winners
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
Wheelchair users
National Arts Club Medal of Honor Recipients
Kennedy Center honorees

Itzhak Perlman


Perry White is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is the editor-in-chief of the Metropolis newspaper the Daily Planet. The character maintains very high ethical and journalistic standards and is an archetypal image of the tough, irascible, but fair-minded boss.

In other media, the character has been portrayed by Pierre Watkin in Superman serial, Jackie Cooper in the  Christopher Reeve Superman films, Frank Langella in Superman Returns and Laurence Fishburne in the DC Extended Universe, with John Hamilton and Lane Smith in Adventures of Superman, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman TV series and Paul Jarrett in the series Superman & Lois.

Publication history
The character Perry White was created for the radio serial The Adventures of Superman, voiced by actor Julian Noa. He appeared in the second episode, "Clark Kent, Reporter", which aired on February 14, 1940. He transitioned into the comic books later that year, appearing in Superman #7 (November 1940).

In the Adventures of Superman television series episode "Crime Wave" and the Post-Crisis comic continuity, he was an award-winning journalist who served a term as Mayor of Metropolis. He worked as an assistant editor in the Daily Star under George Taylor before becoming editor-in-chief of the Daily Planet.

His most well-known catchphrases are "Great Caesar's ghost!" and "Don't call me chief!".

Fictional character biography

Golden and Silver Age
The earliest Superman comics shows Clark Kent and Lois Lane working for the newspaper the Daily Star and an editor named George Taylor. However, this was soon changed, with Perry White first appearing as the editor of a newly renamed the Daily Planet. In The Adventures of Superman, it was established White had a law degree but had never practiced law, journalism having a greater attraction for him.

In the 1960s and 1970s DC Comics, after the multiverse method of continuity tracking was implemented, the above inconsistency was explained away by declaring that on Earth-One (the Silver Age universe), Perry White is Clark and Lois' employer at the Daily Planet, while on Earth-Two (the Golden Age universe), George Taylor is that world's editor-in-chief of the Daily Star. The Perry White of Earth-Two is a lead reporter for the Daily Star and, according to a Superman Family tale, has "filled in" as editor from time to time while Taylor was away.

Prior to the changes detailed in Crisis on Infinite Earths, Perry begins his career as a freelance reporter for various newspapers, including a Chicago newspaper and Gotham City's Gotham Gazette. He eventually goes to work at the Daily Planet as a reporter, and earns his first Pulitzer Prize by being the first to write about Superboy's extraterrestrial origins, thanks to an exclusive interview with the Boy of Steel.

Later still, Perry's reporting skills earn more praise after being the first to discover that Superboy has moved to Metropolis from Smallville. (Superboy had intended to keep his move quiet for an undefined period of time, so as not to alert anyone to Superboy and Clark Kent leaving Smallville around the same time.)

Finally, during Clark Kent's junior year of college, Perry is promoted to editor-in-chief of the newspaper, after the retirement of the paper's previous editor, the Earth-One version of George Taylor.

In the early 1970s, the Daily Planet is bought by Morgan Edge, president of the media conglomerate Galaxy Communications, with much of Perry's power in running the paper overtaken by Edge. In the months just prior to the Crisis "reboot" in 1985, it is implied that Perry White is beginning to succumb to Alzheimer's disease, manifesting in increased forgetfulness and confusion.

Modern Age
With writer John Byrne's post-Crisis on Infinite Earths revamp of Superman's origin in the Man of Steel miniseries and his subsequent Superman comics, Perry's history was fleshed out more fully.

Post-Crisis, Perry is born in Metropolis' Suicide Slum area, growing up with a father missing after heading off to war overseas. He becomes a copy boy at the Daily Planet, beginning a lifetime career that will take him up the newspaper's career ladder. Perry goes to school with Lex Luthor while they are children (Luthor was also born in Suicide Slum).

After Luthor becomes a successful businessman, he begins diversifying his holdings in his newly founded LexCorp company, which includes buying the Daily Planet. Luthor soon sells it after deciding to pursue technology and television investments. Turning down an offer from Luthor to become part of Luthor's new television station WLEX, Perry finds an investor who saves the Daily Planet on the condition that Perry is promoted from reporter to managing editor. The entire episode, not the least of which is what Perry felt as having been forced out of his active writing career, leaves Perry bitter and angry with Luthor.

Perry marries Alice Spencer and has a son, Jerry White. Much later, after Jerry is fully grown, Perry learns that Lex Luthor is Jerry's biological father. Luthor briefly seduces Alice while Perry is overseas reporting on a war and thought to be killed.

Perry White's two greatest moves as the editor are hiring of Lois Lane and (later) Clark Kent. When she was 15, Lois had impressed Perry with her persistence in trying to get employment at the newspaper (by lying about her age). After Jerry White dies from a gunshot, Perry and Alice grieve for some time, resulting in Perry taking a leave of absence from the Daily Planet.

Later, Perry and Alice adopt an orphaned African-American boy named Keith Robert Parks, who soon has his name changed to Keith Robert White. At about this time, Perry takes another leave of absence for lung cancer treatment, putting Clark Kent in charge as the Planet'''s temporary editor. After many grueling months of chemotherapy, the cancer goes into remission.

One of Perry's proudest moments is attending the wedding of Lois and Clark. He sits in the front row beside Lois' parents (Lois considers him as close a relative as her own family).

As the paper continues to struggle, the Planet's owner Franklin Stern sells the paper to Lex Luthor. Luthor, acting out of pure malice, dismantles the paper. He fires everyone except Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen, and two others who are relocated to Lexcom, Lex' new Internet-based news company. Shortly thereafter, Lex sells the Planet to Bruce Wayne for $1 (thanks to a secret deal with Lois Lane). White is hired back as editor-in-chief, and the entire former staff is hired back as well.

Though Perry's knowledge of Clark's alter ego is uncertain, it is known that he has found a dusty suit of his star reporter's clothes in a supply closet, including his passport. For this reason, Perry may well suspect that Clark and Superman are the same person, but due to his personal admiration for both Clark and Superman, he has never confided this suspicion or knowledge to anybody. Bruce Wayne believes that because of White's superior skill as a reporter, he knows that Clark is Superman ("Perry White is too good a reporter not to have uncovered Clark's secret. And yet, he acts otherwise... reminding me how good a detective Jim Gordon is back in Gotham City..." -Batman: Hush).

Perry's editorship keeps the Daily Planet as one of the few newspapers that dare to heavily criticize Luthor (even after Luthor's successful election as President of the United States).

Because of the changes in Superman's history in recent years, including 2003-2004's miniseries Birthright, much is not certain about Perry's history.

In Final Crisis #2, Lois and Perry are caught in an apparently fatal explosion triggered by Clayface at the Daily Planet. As of Final Crisis #3, it was revealed that Perry is alive, but on life support. Perry has since then recovered, however, and is now back to running the paper.

When the world begins to grow increasingly more paranoid towards the new population of Kryptonians, Lois begins to investigate the conspiracies executed by the US Government, and her father General Lane in particular. However, the government becomes aware of Lois' actions, and attempt to shut her down. As a result, Perry is unable to print any of Lois' stories because of General Lane's power. Unwilling to let this slide, Perry suggests that Lois 'quit' the paper so as to continue her investigation.

New 52
When Superman's identity is exposed by Lois to protect Clark from being blackmailed by a secret conspiracy, Perry fires Clark, outraged and bitter at the perceived betrayal, accusing Clark of only working at the Planet so that he can profit from his own headlines.

When the Superman of this reality dies, he is replaced by his predecessor from the pre-Flashpoint universe, while Mister Mxyzptlk impersonates Clark Kent to create the illusion that the previous revelation of Superman's identity was an elaborate fake. This storyline culminates in the displaced Lois and Clark merging with the essence of their counterparts in this universe, creating a new timeline where Lois and Clark took a leave of absence from the Planet to raise their newborn son Jon Kent, with Perry as his godfather.

In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Perry White has changed the name of the article revolving around "The Superman Theory" much to the dismay of Lois Lane at the time when she and Clark Kent think that someone is pulling the strings behind this theory.

When Clark decides to go public with his identity, Perry is one of the first people he tells, with his friend warmly accepting the revelation in this version of events.

When Lex Luthor uses Manchester Black to erase all public knowledge of Superman's secret identity, Perry is the first to demonstrate what will happen if anyone is reminded of this secret; Black's telepathic command nearly causes Perry to have a seizure as his brain can no longer accept the idea that Superman and Clark Kent are the same person.

Other versions
In the limited comic series DC Universe Online: Legends, Perry White was captured, alongside Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen, in the Daily Planet by Brainiac, but was saved by Superman, with Lex Luthor in possession of the canister containing them.DC Universe Online Legends #9 (August 2011) Later, Perry became one of the people who has gained metahuman abilities from Braniac's Exobytes, transforming his body into a being of Ice and granting him Ice powers, which has surprised him. Later he adopted the code name Frost.
In the limited series All-Star Superman, Perry remains the boss of the Daily Planet and publishes an article that incriminates Lex Luthor, resulting in his arrest and sentenced execution.
In the limited series Superman: Red Son, Perry is the editor-in-chief of the Daily Planet, eventually succeeded by Lois Luthor.
 In the tie-in comic to Young Justice, Perry is at Bibbo's Diner, where Bibbo comments on the behavior of his other guests, but Perry doesn't respond. Five years later, Perry was at the front door of the Daily Planet when a spaceship launched a device that hovered over Metropolis, burrowing into the ground. Perry walks over to the crater and watches as it starts digging a hole through the ground.

In other media

Animation
 Perry White appears in The New Adventures of Superman, voiced by Jackson Beck.
 Perry White appears in Challenge of the Superfriends episode "Super Friends, Rest In Peace", voiced by William Woodson.
 Perry White appears in Superman (1988), voiced by Stanley Ralph Ross.
 Perry White appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU):
 White first appears in Superman: The Animated Series, voiced by George Dzundza.
 He also makes non-speaking cameo appearances in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited.
 Perry White appears in Superman: Brainiac Attacks, voiced again by George Dzundza.
 Perry White appears in Superman: Doomsday, voiced by Ray Wise. This version is bald.
 Perry White appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Battle of the Superheroes!", voiced by Richard McGonagle.
 Perry White appears in All-Star Superman, voiced by Ed Asner.
 Perry White appears in Superman: Unbound, voiced by Wade Williams.
 Perry White appears in the Justice League Action episode "Superman's Pal, Sid Sharp", voiced by Piotr Michael.
 Perry White appears in the DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU) films The Death of Superman and Reign of the Supermen, voiced by Rocky Carroll. After Lois Lane gives Doomsday his name on live television during the creature's battle with Superman across Metropolis, Perry orders the Daily Planet's staff to name Doomsday as the headline of the newspaper's new page 1, which Cat Grant speculates no one will be left to read it if Doomsday is not stopped.
 Perry White appears in My Adventures with Superman, voiced by Darrell Brown. This version is an old college friend of Vicki Vale, and is additionally depicted as African-American, similar to the DCEU incarnation of the character.
Perry White appears in the crossover film Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!, voiced by Fred Tatasciore.Television
 Perry White appears in Adventures of Superman, portrayed by John Hamilton. The series originated the character's iconic phrases of "Great Caesar's ghost!" and "Don't call me chief". Additionally, its version of White has a sister, Kate, and a nephew, Chris.
 Perry White appears in It's a Bird... It's a Plane... It's Superman, portrayed by Allen Ludden.
 Perry White's son, T. J. White, was a supporting character in the Superboy television series. Perry White himself never appeared in the show; however, he did appear in the second issue of the tie-in comic book series, in which T.J. was kidnapped by an organized crime family on which Perry did an exposé.
 Perry White appears in the 1990s television series Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, portrayed by Lane Smith. Perry was a Baby Boomer with an abiding fondness for rock and roll, particularly Elvis Presley. Instead of "Great Caesar's ghost!", he sometimes said "Great shades of Elvis!", and the comics briefly followed suit. In a subplot that carried over many episodes, Perry is portrayed as having marital difficulties with his wife Alice due to his dedication to the paper. The couple later reunites just before the series finale.
 Perry White appears in Smallville, portrayed by Michael McKean.  In this show, he is a multiple Pulitzer-nominated reporter formerly working for the Daily Planet, who gets reduced to tabloid television after attempting to expose Lionel Luthor's corrupt dealings. He attempts to regain some of his old reputation by exposing Clark's powers, but the plan backfires when a solar flare temporarily nullifies Clark's abilities, although Clark's subsequent heroism despite his currently-powerless status prompts Perry to both abandon the idea that Clark has powers and cause him to consider turning over a new leaf. The season 4 episode "Gone" that Perry is working his way back up with an article on Lionel's conviction.  He reprised his role in the season 9 episode "Hostage" as the new boyfriend of Senator Martha Kent, who returns from Washington to visit her son Clark. In the series finale, it is shown that Perry White became the editor-in-chief of the Daily Planet.
 Perry White appears in the pilot episode of Superman & Lois portrayed by Paul Jarrett. He is seen in the earlier part of the episode giving Clark a tour of the Daily Planet and partnering him with Lois Lane. In the present, Perry is no longer the editor-in-chief due to the Daily Planet being bought out by Morgan Edge who had his minion Samuel Foswell be the new editor-in-chief.

Film
 Pierre Watkin played Perry White, in the serials Superman (1948) and Atom Man vs. Superman (1950).
 In the 1978 film Superman: The Movie (and its three sequels from the 1980s), Jackie Cooper played Perry as a tough character, who never let his reporters forget he had worked for the Planet nearly all his life. The "don't call me 'chief'" line was worked into a gag about ordering coffee, and became "don't call me 'sugar'!" (when he orders a coffee with sugar, and Jimmy Olsen calls him "chief" and he tells him not to call him "sugar"). Cooper's Perry was also fond of aphorisms such as "A good reporter doesn't get great stories — a good reporter makes them great." In the commentary track for Superman, director Richard Donner reveals that Cooper got the role because he had a passport, and thus was able to be on set in a few hours, after Keenan Wynn, who was originally cast, suffered a heart attack.
 In Bryan Singer's Superman Returns, Perry White was originally going to be portrayed by Hugh Laurie, but when it was determined that there would be a schedule conflict involving Laurie's TV series House (which was, incidentally, executive produced by Singer), Laurie was forced to drop out and Frank Langella stepped in to play Perry White. In this film, Perry has a nephew, Richard White, who is engaged to Lois and serves as a father figure to her son Jason, although it is implied over the course of the film that Jason's biological father is Superman himself.
 Laurence Fishburne portrays Perry White in the DC Extended Universe:
 In Man of Steel, while his position does not deviate from the comics, his view of Superman is somewhat different. Rather than seeing his existence as a major scoop, he believes such a discovery will warrant a negative reaction from the people of Earth. When a blogger that Lois Lane met with about Superman appears on TV and mentions Lois' encounter with him, Perry White calls up Lois stating that the FBI have visited the Daily Planet and advises her to turn herself over to them. At the film's climax, he and Steve Lombard aid a reporter named Jenny Jurwich when she is trapped under debris. At the end of the film, White introduces Lois and Lombard to Clark.
 In Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, he tries to convince Clark to focus on publishing a sports article rather than investigate the actions of Batman in Gotham. When Superman is killed, Perry is shown holding a paper which has both Superman and Clark Kent's deaths published (with a cover-up story by Lois claiming that Clark was a bystander killed in the fight against Doomsday) and silently mourned for their deaths. In the Ultimate Edition, Perry and fellow reporter Jenny Jurwich attend Clark Kent's funeral in Smallville.

Video games
 Perry White appears in Superman for the NES.
 Perry White appears in Superman: Shadow of Apokolips, voiced again by George Dzundza.
 Perry White appears in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Brian Bloom.
 Perry White appears as an NPC in Lego DC Super-Villains'', voiced by Fred Tatasciore.

References

External links
Supermanica: Perry White

Fictional newspaper editors
Fictional reporters
Superman characters
Comics characters introduced in 1940
DC Comics male characters
Fictional mayors

Perry White


Haggs Castle is a 16th-century tower house, located in the neighbourhood of Pollokshields, in Glasgow, Scotland. The richly decorated building was restored in the 19th century, and today is once more occupied as a residence.

History
The carved stone above the door records that Haggs was built in 1585 by Sir John Maxwell of Pollok and his wife Margaret Conyngham (Cunningham). It was built to replace the Maxwells' former residence, the Laigh Castle, a 14th-century building which stood to the west. Although built as the Maxwells' main residence, it was later used as a jointure house, or dower house, being occupied by the lord's widow. The Maxwells, a covenanting family, were fined for nonconformist activities, although the change of government resulting from the revolution of 1688 saved them from paying up. In 1753 Haggs in turn was replaced as a residence and abandoned when Pollok House was completed.

The castle basement was later used as a smithy. In the 1850s the remains were consolidated, and in the 1860s the castle was restored for the Maxwells' factor. Further restorations and additions were undertaken by Sir John Stirling-Maxwell in 1899–1900. A renovation scheme was prepared by architects MacGibbon and Ross, although their plans for a faithful restoration were not followed.

In 1943 the castle was requisitioned by the military, and was later divided into flats. In 1972 the Glasgow Corporation bought the castle, converting it to serve as the Museum of Childhood. When this closed in 1998, the house once more became a private dwelling.

Architecture

Haggs Castle is an altered L-plan tower, of 4 storeys. The main block measures around 17 m by 7.2 m. The ground floor contained two chambers and a kitchen with a large fireplace. The main stair led up to the first floor, where a private room was located behind the main hall. Smaller corbelled stairs led to the upper storeys, which included a square cap house above the stair tower. Square and round gun loops were located around the tower. The most striking feature is the carved decoration, including cable-moulded string courses, moulded corbels, and the carving over the door.

In the 19th century, the upper parts of the walls were rebuilt with larger dormer windows. Other windows were also enlarged, and the stair wing was rebuilt. Most obviously, a new entrance and stair were added to the south, and a new wing to the north.

Notes

References
"Haggs Castle and its story", in Alison, Robert The Anecdotage of Glasgow, 1892
Coventry, Martin The Castles of Scotland (3rd Edition), Goblinshead, 2001
Mason, Gordon The Castles of Glasgow and the Clyde, Goblinshead, 2000
Salter, Mike The Castles of South West Scotland, Folly Publications, 1993
Williamson, E, Riches, A and Higgs, M The Buildings of Scotland: Glasgow, Penguin, 1990
Historic Scotland Listed Building Report
National Monuments Record of Scotland Site Reference NS56SE 41.00

Castles in Glasgow
Category B listed buildings in Glasgow
Listed castles in Scotland
Country houses in Glasgow
Clan Maxwell
Lowland castles
Pollokshields
Dower houses
Tower houses in Scotland

Haggs Castle


Melaleuca sapientes is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small shrub with silky grey leaves and small heads of pinkish flowers in spring or early summer. The attractive, silvery foliage has made this melaleuca a popular garden plant under the incorrect name of Melaleuca holosericea, a similar but much rarer species.

Description
Melaleuca sapientes is a dense, spreading shrub growing to  tall with whitish-grey, papery bark and silvery foliage. Its leaves are arranged alternately, mostly  long,  wide, linear to very narrow egg-shaped, usually half moon-shaped in cross section and covered with soft, silky hairs.

The flowers are a shade of pink or purple, arranged in heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering and sometimes also in the upper leaf axils. The heads are up to  in diameter and contain two to six groups of flowers in threes. The outer surface of the flower cup (the hypanthium) is silky-hairy. The petals are  long and fall off as the flower matures. Five bundles of stamens are seen around the flower, each with seven to nine stamens. Flowering occurs between August and January and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules,  long and usually in small clusters along the stem.

Taxonomy and naming
Melaleuca sapientes was first formally described in 1999 by Lyndley Craven in Australian Systematic Botany from a specimen collected  north of Salmon Gums. The specific epithet (sapientes) honours Rob and Ann Smart, farmers near Jerramungup, for their assistance with research into the Melaleuca genus. Sapientes is derived from the Latin word sapiens meaning "wise", hence "Smart".

Distribution and habitat
This melaleuca occurs in and between the Jerramungup, Hyden, Salmon Gums, and Ponier Rock districts in the Coolgardie, Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions. It grows in gravel, sandy clay, or loam on slopes.

Conservation
Melaleuca sapientes is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Use in horticulture
This species of melaleuca has been cultivated as Melaleuca holosericea, mainly because of its attractive, silvery foliage. It grows well in a range of soils.

Gallery

References

sapientes
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1999
Rosids of Western Australia
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Taxa named by Lyndley Craven

Melaleuca sapientes


Frankie Newton ( William Frank Newton; January 4, 1906 – March 11, 1954) was an American jazz trumpeter from Emory, Virginia, United States. He played in several New York City bands in the 1920s and 1930s, including those led by Sam Wooding, Chick Webb, Charlie Barnet, Andy Kirk and Charlie "Fess" Johnson.

In the 1940s, he played with bands led by Lucky Millinder and Pete Brown. He played in clubs in New York and Boston, with musicians such as pianist Art Tatum, pianist James P. Johnson, drummer Sid Catlett and clarinetist Edmond Hall. He accompanied Bessie Smith on her final recordings (November 24, 1933), Maxine Sullivan on 'Loch Lomond', and Billie Holiday on her original "Strange Fruit" session in 1939.

Between March 1937 and August 1939, eight recording sessions issued under Newton's name were produced.  Three sessions in 1937 were made for Irving Mills's Variety label.  In 1939, Newton recorded a six-song session with Victor, a four-song session for Vocalion, two individual one-song sessions for Blue Note, and finally one two-song session for Vocalion — 14 records in all.

He also played with Art Tatum on extended versions of "Sweet Georgia Brown" and "Oh, Lady Be Good!", recorded in Harlem after hours. These finally came out in 1973 as part of Tatum's album God Is in the House, first on LP and later on CD.

Politically, Newton was known to be a communist. In homage, the communist historian Eric Hobsbawn wrote jazz criticism for the New Statesman under the pen name "Francis Newton".

References

1906 births
1954 deaths
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
Vocalion Records artists
20th-century American musicians
American communists
20th-century trumpeters
American male jazz musicians
Mills Blue Rhythm Band members
20th-century American male musicians

Frankie Newton


Concordia Lutheran College is an independent, co-educational, day and boarding school of the Lutheran Church of Australia, located in Toowoomba on the Darling Downs of Queensland, Australia.

Concordia Memorial College was renamed Concordia College and later renamed Concordia Lutheran College, after merging with Martin Luther Primary School and Concordia Primary School.

It is made up of Hume Street Campus (formerly Martin Luther Primary School), Warwick Street Campus (formerly Concordia Primary School) and Stephen Street Campus (formerly Redlands Campus). Stephen Street Campus is the site of the heritage listed Redlands building).

Concordia participates in Rotary International's Interact Club program, in which students raise money and volunteer for various programs and charities in the school, the wider community and internationally.

Concordia's students frequently participate in charity events such as The Cancer Council's Relay for life, World Vision's 40 Hour Famine as well as sponsoring a child, also through World Vision.

Curriculum
Concordia's Students study a variety of subjects in a range of categories including: Arts, Sciences, sports, Numeracy, Literacy, Languages, Studies of Society and Environment, Religious Education, Business, Technology, Furnishing and Metalwork. TAFE, University Headstart and Work Experience Programs are also frequently undertaken.

Concordia offers a unique Independent Learning Centre, where students can opt to study a unit of their own choice (E.g. World War I, The Mona Lisa, fashion design) This has proven to be a highly successful program, with students choosing and learning from units that will benefit their chosen careers later in life.

In 2007, Concordia was ranked among the 20 best schools in Queensland, from year 12 Overall Position results.

Sport
As with most Australian schools, Concordia Lutheran College uses a house system.  The three houses of the college are:
 Altus - Red
 Kessler - White
 Stedman - Yellow

General Sporting days were held on Wednesdays until 2019, however many students choose to participate in extracurricular sporting teams such as 'Wednesday Night Volleyball' and 'Friday Night Basketball'

Annually, Concordia holds an athletics carnival, usually in the third term. A swimming carnival is held in the first term along with cross-country events in the first or second term.
Concordia also competes in Regional and Inter-Lutheran sporting events in Athletics, Cross Country and swimming. These are generally held in Brisbane and are contended by many Lutheran schools from South East Queensland.
There are also two sport captains nominated each year. The two captains participate in and run many events throughout the year.

Principals / Head of College

See also
 List of schools in Queensland

References

External links
 Concordia Lutheran College

Private primary schools in Queensland
Private secondary schools in Queensland
Lutheran schools in Australia
Boarding schools in Queensland
Educational institutions established in 1964
Schools in Toowoomba
1964 establishments in Australia
High schools and secondary schools affiliated with the Lutheran Church
Elementary and primary schools affiliated with the Lutheran Church

Concordia Lutheran College


Ulpia Severina (fl. 3rd century) was a Roman Empress, the wife of the emperor Aurelian. There is evidence that she reigned on her own for some period of time after Aurelian's death in 275, which would  make her the only  woman to have ruled over the classical Roman Empire. Very little is known about her, as few sources mention her existence. Almost everything known about her, including her name, is gathered from coins and inscriptions.

Life
Nothing certain is known about Ulpia Severina before her marriage to Aurelian. It haes been suggested that she was the dochter ofUlpius Crinitus, a figure appearing in the Historia Augusta. This Ulpius is said tae hae been a stryndant o the line o Trajan an tae hae supportit an adoptit Aurelian. Housomeivver, the Historia Augusta is notoriously unreliable, an the story, an aiblins Ulpius hissel, mey hae been inventit bi propagandists treein tae connect Aurelian wi the "Guid Emperor" Trajan. Some scholars believe that Ulpia Severina wis frae Dacie, whaur the nomen Ulpius wis common due tae the influence o Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus).

At any rate, Ulpia Severina marriet Aurelian probably afore he became emperor in 270. It is kent they haed a dochter. Accordin tae coinage depictin her, Ulpia gained the title Augusta in the hairst o 274, tho it is possible she haed the title even afore that. She receivit the titles o Pia ("pious") an mater castrorum et senatus et patriae ("mither o the barracks (airmies), senate, an kintra").

Thare is considerable numismatic evidence for Ulpia Severina rulin in her awn richt atween the daith o Aurelian an the election o Marcus Claudius Tacitus. Sources mention a interregnum atween Aurelian an Tacitus, an some o Ulpia's coins appear tae hae been mintit efter Aurelian's daith. As such she mey hae been the anerly wumman tae rule ower the whole Roman Empire in her awn pouer.

References

3rd-century Romans
3rd-century female rulers
Creesis o the Third Century
Roman empresses
Ulpii

Ulpia Severina


Hunz is an electronic pop music group from Brisbane, Australia. The name Hunz can refer to either the group or its composer, keyboardist and vocalist, Hans van Vliet.

The group was formed in 2005 by Johannes (Hans) van Vliet (born 15 December 1976), who is better known by his pseudonym Hunz. Hunz was raised in Brisbane, Australia and began working on tracker music in his early teens using Protracker, Fast Tracker 2, and Jeskola Buzz. Hunz is noted for being one of the first trackers to make the unconventional move of adding vocals to his compositions. He was also affiliated with the tracking groups Heretics, Analogue, Five Musicians (FM) and Hellven.

From 1999 to 2002, Hunz toured the United States as vocalist for the band Beanbag, who released two albums, Free Signal (2000) and Welladjusted (2001), on American label Inpop Records following their Australian independent debut, Guttersnipe (1998). The group disbanded in 2002 after a van accident that left Hunz hospitalized for three days with lung damage.

Hunz returned to the music community in 2005 with When Victims Fight, which was his first release under the Hunz moniker. The album was released on Apegenine Recordings on 20 June 2008 and was accompanied by a promotional video that displayed Hunz's motion design and visual art. When Victims Fight was critically acclaimed by Cyclic Defrost, Tokafi and Brisbane street press Time Off.

In February 2009, Hunz entered the RPM Challenge, in which musicians across the world attempt to write and record an album within a month. Second album Thoughts That Move was Hunz's RPM Challenge submission, which was independently released in May 2009 as a free high-quality download on Bandcamp. Hunz also included the Renoise (.XRNS) source files, which allows Renoise users to see how each of the album's ten tracks were arranged. The track Soon, Soon was included with the release of digital audio software application Renoise version 2.1. Thoughts That Move received positive reviews on Australian music site FasterLouder.com.au, Brisbane music blog Before Hollywood and in Brisbane street press Rave Magazine.

References

External links
 Official Site

1976 births
Living people
Demosceners
Australian electronic musicians
Renoise users
Musical groups from Brisbane

Hunz


The , commonly abbreviated with the acronym BHVP, is a public library specializing in the history of the city of Paris, France. Formerly in the Hôtel Saint-Fargeau (now part of the Musée Carnavalet), when it was also known as the Bibliothèque Saint-Fargeau, since 1969 the BHVP has been located in the Hôtel d'Angoulême Lamoignon at 24 rue Pavée, in the Marais (4th arrondissement) in Paris.

The old city library was located in the Paris Hôtel de Ville (city hall), which fire destroyed in May 1871. In 1872, pursuant to a bequest by Jules Cousin (1830 - 1899), the city moved to create a library devoted entirely to the history of the capital: the .

The BHVP collection brings together documents dating from the 16th century through the present on the history of Paris and the Île-de-France region. The BHVP is open to the public, allowing access to approximately one million books and booklets, 21,000 manuscripts, as well as plans, maps, and photographs that cover a variety of aspects of Paris including topographic, historic, social, artistic, literary, etc.

The BHVP is one of the specialized libraries integrated into the network of Paris municipal libraries, and houses the city's historical research service.

The public access to its garden named Hôtel-Lamoignon - Mark Ashton garden is located at 25, rue des Francs-Bourgeois.

References

External links
Presentation and history of the BHVP on paris.fr (in French)
 On-line catalogue of the BHVP (in French)

Public libraries in France
Libraries in Paris
1872 establishments in France
Libraries established in 1872

Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris


Pauline Marie Ghislaine de Bassano, née van der Linden d'Hooghvorst (23 September 1814 in Meise – 9 December 1867), was a French courtier. She served as dame d'honneur to Empress Eugénie de Montijo in 1853–1867.

Life
She was born to the Belgian politician . In 1843, she married the French diplomat , 3rd Duc de Bassano. Her mother-in-law, , had been  to the Empresses Josephine and Marie-Louise.

Court career

In 1853, her spouse was appointed chamberlain to Emperor Napoleon III of France, and she appointed  to the Empress. The ladies-in-waiting of the new Empress consisted of a  or senior lady-in-waiting, the Princesse d'Essling; a Dame d'honneur or deputy, the Duchesse de Bassano, who both attended court on grand functions; and six (later twelve) Dame du Palais, who were selected from among the acquaintances to the Empress prior to her marriage, and who alternated in pairs fulfilling the daily duties.

It belonged to her task to receive the applications from the women wishing to be presented at court, instruct them in etiquette, approve them and finally present them, which was an important part of the Imperial protocol of representation. She also supervised the other female courtiers. Alongside the princesse d'Essling, de Bassano had a very visible public position as it belonged to her duty to accompany the empress at all grander representational public events. Being a public figure who dealt with those wishing admission to the court, she is also frequently depicted in contemporary memoirs.Pauline de Bassano have been described as attractive, stable, imposing and somewhat arrogant. A contemporary described her as "a very distinguished looking woman, had a most charming manner and performed her duties with much discretion."

She had an apartment in the Tuileries, and hosted private functions attended by the Parisian elite, which the empress sometimes attended, and which played a valuable role in recruiting connections and supporters of value for the Second Empire regime.
She served until her death in 1867, and was replaced by Marie-Anne Walewska.

Legacy
She belonged to the ladies-in-waiting depicted with Eugenie in the famous painting Empress Eugénie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting by Franz Xaver Winterhalter from 1855.

References

 Seward, Desmond: Eugénie. An empress and her empire.  (2004)
 Allison Unruh: Aspiring to la Vie Galante: Reincarnations of Rococo in Second Empire France
 Philip Walsingham Sergeant: The last empress of the French (1907)
 Carette Madame:  Recollections of the court of the Tuileries (1890)

1814 births
1867 deaths
French duchesses
French ladies-in-waiting
People of the Second French Empire
Belgian nobility
Ladies-in-waiting to Eugénie de Montijo

Pauline de Bassano


A mobile home park, trailer park or manufactured home community is a residential subdivision where the dwelling units are mobile homes. Usually, the land lots in a mobile home park are leasehold, where residents pay ground rent. In other such communities, residents own the lots and may pay fees.
Housing

Mobile home park


Alfred Pullen Gleave (June 6, 1911 – August 19, 1999) was a Member of Parliament for Saskatoon—Biggar, Canada from  25 June 1968 to 9 May 1974. He was a farmer and grain grower, and became an outspoken agricultural advocate. He was born in Ontario, educated in one room school houses of Saskatchewan. Turning 19 at the start of the 1930s, he understood the many difficulties farmers faced during this era of drought and Depression. He also lived through farming advances, technological changes and industrial revolution of the 1940s and 1950s which followed World War II. In the early 20th century, Gleave helped to establish many varied agricultural organizations. As a member of the New Democratic Party (NDP), he became a Member of Parliament on two occasions. Gleave served as an Agriculture Committee member. He was inducted into the Saskatchewan Agricultural Hall of Fame.

Early education
His father, William Gleave, successfully proved up his homestead at SW 24 TWP 32 R.7 W3.

Elementary schooling was completed at a one-room school house in Swanson (SE 1/4 Sec.36, Twp.31, R.9, W3) as well as at Donavon.  This was followed by secondary schooling at a high school in Perdue.

Agricultural history

His family moved from Oxford County, Ontario, in 1918 to the Swanson area. He was involved in number of community farm organizations including the United Farmers of Canada Saskatchewan section, Saskatchewan Farmers Union, (SFU), Interprovincial Farm Union Council, Canadian Federation of Agriculture (CFA), National Farmers Union (NFA), Canadian Wheat Board and he was a representative at the International Wheat Agreement negotiations.

During his time with the United Farmers of Canada, the Dominion Government desired wheat economy stability and negotiated the British Wheat Agreement of 1946 which  provided for British purchases of large amounts of Canadian wheat at prices considerably below the world market. Gleave was one of those who advocated for a farmers' nondelivery strike.

Awards
As a strong voice for the agricultural community, he has been inducted posthumously 2000 into the Saskatchewan Agricultural Hall of Fame.

Political history

Gleave was successful in two elections for the Saskatoon—Biggar federal electoral district as a candidate of the New Democratic Party (NDP) which he joined November 8, 1965. The NDP won a total of 22 seats in the 1968 election Gleave was elected in the Saskatoon—Biggar federal electoral district on June 25, 1968, and again on October 30, 1972. During 1972 election the NDP won a total of 31 seats.

However Gleave started out representing the NDP in the Rosetown—Biggar federal electoral district in the 1965 election held November 8, 1965.  At this time he lost to Ron D. McLelland of the Progressive Conservative Party (PC Party).

Following this defeat, Gleave was successful twice in the Saskatoon—Biggar federal electoral district in the 1968 election and the 1972 election.

He tried again in the 1974 election representing the NDP party in Saskatoon—Biggar, however was defeated by Ray Hnatyshyn of the PC Party.

He later moved to the Kindersley—Lloydminster federal electoral district and lost to Bill McKnight (PC Party) in the 1979 election.

Member of Parliament
The 28th Canadian Parliament was set up September 12, 1968, and was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.  He was member of both the agriculture committee as well as the Library of Parliament joint committee.

The 29th Canadian Parliament set up October 30, 1972, and was again controlled by a Liberal Party minority under Trudeau.  Here he was member of the Trends in Food Prices, agriculture committee, and the Finance, Trade and Economic Affairs committee.  He also was a special member of the Restaurant joint committee.

Published works
During his retirement years, he wrote a book about politics and farm organization, United We Stand, Prairie Farmers 1901–1975. He died in Ottawa on August 19, 1999.

External links
United We Stand: Prairie Farmers 1905-1975:0921633661:Gleave Alfred

References

1911 births
1999 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan
New Democratic Party MPs
Canadian socialists
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation MPs
20th-century Canadian politicians
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian Unitarians

Alfred Gleave


Dynasty of Death was the debut novel of the Anglo-American writer Taylor Caldwell (1900–1985). When Caldwell submitted the manuscript to Maxwell Perkins in 1937, she was an unknown housewife from Buffalo, New York. Dynasty of Death launched her prolific career.

Background
The novel is set in Windsor, Pennsylvania, a fictional mill town on the Allegheny River north of Pittsburgh.

It is an epic multigenerational saga, stretching from 1837 to the eve of World War I, about the Bouchard and Barbour families, who grow their small munitions factory into a great international corporation.

Joseph Barbour is a servant who becomes a successful businessman and arms manufacturer. His younger son Martin is not interested in money and is an idealist and altruist. Elder son Ernest is an egoist who believes that money is the greatest power in the world. Ernest loves Amy Drumhill, the niece of Gregory Sessions, owner of a steel factory. Amy marries Martin, however, who establishes a hospital and dies in the American Civil War. Ernest's hardness ruins Joseph, and he is cursed by his mother.

This story of the Bouchard clan is continued through World War II in Caldwell's later novels The Eagles Gather (1940) and The Final Hour (1944), although the Pittsburgh setting is largely left behind as the family takes its place on the world stage.

References

1938 American novels
Novels by Taylor Caldwell
Novels set in Pennsylvania
Family saga novels
1938 debut novels
Charles Scribner's Sons books

Dynasty of Death


"Hair Braider" was the first promotional single released from R. Kelly's album 12 Play: 4th Quarter, which was never released, due to the album being leaked to the internet about a month before its planned release date and bootlegging. The song is about having sexual relations with a lady who braids his hair. The song was written and produced by Tha Bizness and Kelly himself.

The video leaked onto the internet on April 23, 2008 and features Kelly having his hair braided by multiple women. The release of the single as a digital download followed on April 29.

Music video
The music video is directed by R. Malcolm Jones.

Chart performance

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
R. Kelly songs
Jive Records singles
Songs written by R. Kelly
Song recordings produced by R. Kelly
Song recordings produced by Tha Bizness

Hair Braider


The Gay-Munroe House is an historic house located at 64 Highland Avenue in Auburn, in the U.S. state of Maine.  Built in 1878 for Charles Gay, a local shoe manufacturer, it features an architecturally eclectic mix of Late Victorian decorations.  It is also notable as the home for many years of Willard Noble Munroe, another leading shoe manufacturer.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

Description and history
The Gay-Munroe House stands on the west side of Highland Avenue, in a residential area northwest of Auburn's central business district.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a roughly T-shaped plan that has a hip roof and cross gable projecting section, with a hip-roof ell extending to the rear.  A square cupola with pyramidal roof stands atop the roof between brick chimneys.  The building is clad predominantly in vinyl siding, but most of its 19th-century decorative trim elements have been preserved.  The front facade consists of a single projecting bay, two stories in height, with a narrow gable-roof dormer projecting from the roof.  The dormer is decorated with Stick style woodwork, a detail repeated in the larger projecting side gable section.  A single-story porch stands in the corner made by that section, supported by turned posts and balustrade.  String courses of trim band the building at the lintel and sill levels of the windows on both levels.

The house was designed by the Lewiston firm of Stevens & Coombs, and was built in 1878 for Charles Gay, who was involved in Auburn's shoe industry, its major economic force.  In 1894 the house was purchased by Willard Noble Munroe, founder and first president of the Auburn Shoe Manufacturer's Association.  He also served as treasurer of Quebec's Brompton Pulp and Paper Company, one of Canada's largest paper companies at the time.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Androscoggin County, Maine

References

Houses completed in 1878
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Houses in Auburn, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Androscoggin County, Maine

Gay-Munroe House


True Reportory is the short-title of a 24,000 word early American colonial narrative, A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight; vpon, and from the Ilands of the Bermudas: his comming to Virginia, and the estate of that Colonie then, and after, vnder the gouernment of the Lord La Warre, Iuly 15. 1610. The author William Strachey was a passenger on the Sea Venture, the flagship of the supply fleet that sailed to the English colony of Virginia from Plymouth in June 1609. During a hurricane it wrecked off the coast of Bermuda, where the survivors built two pinnaces, Patience and Deliverance, to continue the journey. They arrived in Jamestown in May 1610 and found the colony suffering from famine and Indian attacks that had reduced the 600 colonists to fewer than 70. True Reportory is Strachey's account of these incidents, first published in 1625 in an anthology of new world colonial literature assembled by Samuel Purchas.

In 2001, Ivor Noël Hume published a much shorter and less literary version of the text transcribed from a manuscript discovered in Bermuda in 1983, which he suggests is a copy of a rough draft that was later revised by Strachey.

Aside from its historical and literary importance, Strachey's narrative has become a subject of scholarly debate because of its alleged influence on Shakespeare's The Tempest. Since the 19th century it has been generally accepted that one or more of the 1609 Bermuda shipwreck documents must have been a source for Shakespeare's play, and thus was used to establish a terminus a quo for its date of composition. In the 19th century Sylvester Jourdain's pamphlet, A Discovery of The Barmudas (1609), was proposed as that source, but this was superseded in the early 20th century by the proposal that "True Reportory" was Shakespeare's source because of perceived parallels in language, incident, theme, and imagery. While this theory reflects the current scholarly consensus, it is not universally accepted; some scholars think it a probable but not proven source and some flatly oppose the claim.

References

Bibliography

Cawley, RobertR. "Shakespeare's Use of the Voyagers in The Tempest," PMLA 41 (1926), 688-726.
Gayley, Charles Mills, Shakespeare and the Founders of Liberty in America, (1917).
Hunter, Rev. Joseph. A Disquisition on the Scene, Origin, Date, etc. etc. of Shakespeare's Tempest (1839).
Jourdan, Sylvester. A Discovery of the Barmudas, otherwise called the Ile of Divels. (1610). STC #14816. Reprinted A Voyage to Virginia in 1609, Louis B. Wright, ed. (1965), 105-116.
Strachey, William. "The True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates" (f.p. 1625) in A Voyage to Virginia in 1609, Louis B. Wright, ed. (1965), 1-101.
Vaughan,  Alden. "William Strachey's 'True Reportory' and Shakespeare: a Closer Look at the Evidence" in Shakespeare Quarterly 59 (2008), 245-73.
Woodward, Hobson. Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest. New York: Viking, 2009.
Wright, Louis B. The Elizabethan's America: A Collection of Early Reports by Englishmen in the New World. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. 1965.

External links
 Virtual Jamestown
 True Declaration

1610 books
Colony of Virginia
The Tempest

True Reportory


Gysbert Johannes Muller, more commonly known as Johann Muller (born 6 January 1980 in Mossel Bay, South Africa), is a South African former rugby union player. Muller played as a lock for the  (Currie Cup), Sharks in (Super Rugby) and his country's national side Springboks, before he moved to Northern Ireland to play with Ulster in 2010, where became team captain, before retiring at the end of the 2013–2014 season.

Career
Muller made his debut for the Springboks against Scotland in 2006 at ABSA Stadium. He would then earn a further 5 caps, 4 of which being as a member of the starting 15. Muller made his provincial debut in 2001 and his Super 14 debut the following year. Muller was selected into the Springboks squad for the 2007 home tests and the 2007 Tri Nations on the basis of a strong 2007 Super 14 performance.

2007 Tri Nations
During the latter part of the competition, Springbok coach Jake White decided to rest his top players from touring Australia and New Zealand. White stated that the players that were taken on this tour would be playing for places in the Springboks 2007 Rugby World Cup squad. Muller was included in the squad chosen to tour.

He was named captain in the match against the All Blacks on 14 July 2007 after original tour captain Bob Skinstad was injured in the match against the Wallabies. Muller performed well in both matches. He was then rewarded with a place in the squad for the 2007 Rugby World Cup.

Ulster Rugby
Johann Muller joined Ulster Rugby in 2010, where his solid performances saw him selected as the captain of the team. Though his regular game-time was diminishing due to the more regular onset of injury, he brought to the table his organisation skills and leadership. On 7 February 2014, it was announced that Johann Muller would retire at the end of the season.

References

External links

Sharks profile

1980 births
Living people
People from Mossel Bay
Afrikaner people
South African people of German descent
Rugby union locks
South African rugby union players
South Africa international rugby union players
Sharks (Currie Cup) players
Sharks (rugby union) players
Rugby union players from the Western Cape
Ulster Rugby players
South African expatriate sportspeople in Northern Ireland
Expatriate rugby union players in Northern Ireland
South African expatriate rugby union players
2007 Rugby World Cup players
2011 Rugby World Cup players

Johann Muller (rugby union)


Agha Faisal (born 8 November 1972) is a Pakistani jurist who has been Justice of the Sindh High Court since 6 February 2018.

Biography
Born in Karachi on 8th November 1972. He has a B.Sc. Finance from Miami University, LLB (Hons) from University of Buckingham and was called to the Bar of England and Wales by Lincoln's Inn. He was enrolled to practice in 1998; certified to appear before the High Courts in 2000; and signed the roll at the Supreme Court in 2012. Whilst in practice, he remained an honorary lecturer at S. M. Law College Karachi and occasionally penned articles for national newspapers. He was elevated to the bench on 6th February 2018. The remit of his duties has included serving as the Senate Tribunal Sindh, for the 2021 Senate Elections, and on the Sindh Subordinate Judiciary Service Tribunal. Administratively, he has served on the High Court's Selection Committee for Promotion - Grade 16 and above and on the committees for Development, Building Maintenance and Horticulture. He is the monitoring and inspecting Judge for the District of Naushahro Feroze; wherein he has seeded and overseen the creation of a law library at Moro. He has lectured at the Sindh Judicial Academy; serves on the syndicates of the University of Karachi, SZAB University of Law Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi and BBS University Khairpur; and is a member of the board of governors of the law colleges of Karachi. He was the Sindh High Court's delegate to the US Pakistan consultations on digital economy issues held in autumn 2021 at Washington DC.

References

1972 births
Living people
Judges of the Sindh High Court
Pakistani judges

Agha Faisal


The Oxford Murders is a 2008 drama film directed by Álex de la Iglesia. This thriller film is adapted from the 2003 novel of the same name by Argentine mathematician and writer Guillermo Martínez. The film stars Elijah Wood, John Hurt, Leonor Watling and Julie Cox.

Plot

In 1993, Martin (Elijah Wood), a US student at the University of Oxford, wants Arthur Seldom (John Hurt) as his thesis supervisor. He idolises Seldom and has learned all about him. He takes accommodation in Oxford at the house of Mrs. Eagleton (Anna Massey), an old friend of Seldom. Also in the house is her daughter, Beth (Julie Cox), who is her full-time caregiver – which she resents bitterly – and a musician by occupation.

In a public lecture, Seldom quotes Wittgenstein's Tractatus to deny the possibility of absolute truth. Hoping to impress his idol, Martin disputes this, asserting his faith in the absolute truth of mathematics: "I believe in the number pi". Seldom humiliates him, ridiculing his arguments and making him look foolish in front of the audience. Disillusioned, Martin decides to abandon his studies and goes to his office to collect his belongings. There, he encounters his office-mate, a bitter mathematician Podorov (Burn Gorman), who also failed to become a student of Seldom's.

Martin then returns to his residence, where he finds Seldom arriving to visit Mrs. Eagleton. The two men enter the house together and find Martin's landlady murdered. Seldom tells the police that he had received a note with his friend's address marked as "the first of a series". As Seldom is an authority on logical series, he argues that a serial killer is using murder as a way to challenge his intelligence. According to Seldom, "The only perfect crime that exists is not the one that remains unsolved, but the one which is solved with the wrong culprit."

Martin and Seldom discuss how easily the murder of the old lady might have been overlooked, particularly as she already suffered from terminal cancer. Martin suggests that the murderer is committing "imperceptible murders", meaning that the killer is choosing victims who are already dying therefore meaning that the police would be less likely to suspect foul play.

Martin goes to the hospital where his girlfriend Lorna (Leonor Watling) works. There he meets a religious fanatic (Dominique Pinon), who has a daughter in dire need of a lung transplant. He also runs into Seldom, who is visiting Kalman (Alex Cox), a former student who went mad and suffers from a debilitating cancer, with bone involvement. Soon after, the patient who shares the room with Seldom's friend dies of an apparent lethal injection and the authorities receive a second symbol: two interlocking arcs.

Martin and Lorna's relationship becomes strained as he becomes more obsessed with Seldom and the murders and discovers that Lorna had once been Seldom's lover. At a Guy Fawkes Night concert, Martin sees Podorov acting suspiciously and the police give chase, only to discover that Podorov had merely intended to hang an insulting banner from the school roof. While they are distracted a member of the orchestra collapses and dies from respiratory failure. A drawing of a triangle is found on his music stand. Afterwards, Seldom tells Martin a story about a nineteenth century man who had written a diary listing ways to kill his wife. When the wife discovered the diary she killed her husband but was acquitted by a jury on grounds of self-defence. Decades later, the diary was discovered to have been forged by the woman's lover. Seldom uses this story to explain that the perfect crime is not one which is never solved, but one which is solved incorrectly.

All of Oxford's mathematics community is excited as a local researcher claims to have solved Fermat's Last Theorem. The mathematicians, including Seldom and Martin, board a bus to travel to the conference, but Martin jumps out after seeing Lorna passing on the street. The two reconcile and agree to take a long holiday away from Oxford, mathematics, and Seldom. After making love with Lorna, Martin realises that the sequence the killer has sent them all consist of Pythagorean symbols and that the fourth one will be a tetractys, consisting of ten points.

The police, thinking that the killer is obsessed with Seldom, believe that he means to target the bus which Seldom and the other mathematicians are travelling in. However, the killer, as Martin realises, is actually the man he had met at the hospital. The man is a bus driver for a school for developmentally challenged children. Seeing the students as unfit to live and wanting to provide organ donors to save his own daughter's life, he blows up the bus, killing the children and himself. Afterwards, the police theorise that he had planned to escape the blast alive and had committed the other murders to present the deaths of the schoolchildren as the work of a serial murderer, thus shifting any blame from himself.

Afterwards, Lorna and Martin prepare to leave Oxford. However, Martin realises that Seldom has been lying to him the entire time. As Lorna leaves in disgust, Martin travels to meet Seldom. He explains what he has worked out.

Beth, wanting to be relieved of the responsibility of caring for her mother, had murdered the old woman as the police had initially suspected. In a panic, she had called Seldom, who came over to help cover up the crime. But Seldom arrived just as Martin did and so could not clean up the crime scene. Instead, he invented the story about receiving a note from the killer to direct suspicion away from Beth. The man at the hospital had died of natural causes with Seldom merely creating a false injection mark and leaving a symbol behind. The death of the musician at the concert was a fortuitous accident which Seldom took advantage of.

Seldom argues that while he did indeed lie, his actions resulted in no deaths. However, Martin points out that the bus bomber took his inspiration from Seldom's string of murders. Seldom counters that all actions have consequences, some unintentional, and that one of Martin's casual remarks to Beth had led to her murdering her mother.

Mathematical and philosophical references
The characters debate several mathematical, physical and philosophical concepts such as logical series, Wittgenstein's rule-following paradox, Heisenberg's Principle of Uncertainty, Gödel's Theorem, circles, the Vesica Piscis, the possibility of perfect crime, Fermat's Last Theorem and its proof by Professor Wiles, the Taniyama conjecture, the tetraktys and the Pythagoreans. There are references, also, of the Butterfly effect.

Artistic license
"Logic series" is not actually an established topic in mathematical logic or mathematics. Contrary to what Seldom states in his lecture at the beginning of the film, the argument of Wittgenstein's Tractatus does not actually proceed by the use of equations (with the exception of a few simple equations in Wittgenstein's introduction of the truth tables) and it is not expressed in the formal language of mathematical logic; the argument is rather a philosophical argument expressed in normal, albeit idiosyncratic, language.

Moreover, Professor Andrew Wiles, who solved Fermat's Last Theorem, is represented as "Professor Wilkin" of Cambridge University in the film, and Fermat's Last Theorem is represented as "Bormat's Last Theorem".

Contrary to a statement made early in the film, electromechanical computers (namely the "Bombe") played a crucial role in the breaking of the German "Enigma" cipher by British (and earlier, Polish) cryptographers during WW2.

Cast
 Elijah Wood as Martin, a US student
 John Hurt as Arthur Seldom, a British authority on logical series
 Leonor Watling as Lorna, a Spanish nurse
 Julie Cox as Beth Eagleton, a musician, daughter of Mrs. Eagleton
 Dominique Pinon as Frank, father of an ill girl waiting for an organ transplant
 Burn Gorman as Yuri Ivanovich Podorov, a crank mathematician
 Jim Carter as Inspector Petersen
 Danny Sapani as Scott
 Anna Massey as Mrs. Julia Eagleton, Martin's landlady and Seldom's friend
 Alex Cox as Kalman, a demented mathematician with terminal cancer

Production

The film is a Spanish-British-French production directed by Spanish Álex de la Iglesia. Before the confirmation of Elijah Wood in the film, Mexican actor Gael García Bernal had been considered for the role of the mathematics student. There were some weeks of speculation on who would play the lead. On 26 December 2006 Tornasol Films announced that Wood was cast in the lead role. de la Iglesia commented that he convinced Wood to accept the role for the script. De la Iglesia also praised Wood: "I'm delighted to work with Elijah, who undoubtedly has the most powerful eyes in the industry and who is perfect for the part".

British actor John Hurt was cast in the role of a professor of the university, who helps the young student in his quest to try to stop a series of murders. Actor Michael Caine had been considered for this role.

De la Iglesia described daily in his blog the peculiar situations that happened during the production of the film. The film is his first foray outside his typical black comedy genre into more dramatic fare.

Filming began on 22 January 2007 and finished on 24 March, with locations in Oxford and the Cast Courts of the Victoria and Albert Museum of London.

Release
The film was picked up for UK release by Odeon Sky Filmworks, opening on 25 April 2008, and had a DVD release in the UK on 1 September 2008. However in the US, it was not picked up for release until 2010, with VOD set for 2 July 2010 and also theatres on 6 August 2010, distributed by Magnolia Pictures.

The DVD and Blu-ray Disc versions of the film were released on 5 October 2010.

Reception
The Oxford Murders received mostly negative reviews. David Lewis, a critic for the San Francisco Chronicle, wrote that despite the fact that "there were plenty of talented people involved", the film had a "clunky script" and was "just plain boring, from beginning to end". Jonathan Holland from Variety was less critical, calling the film a "polished but verbose whodunit", though he found fault with the dialogue and the romantic subplot. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of . Geoffrey Pullum, a professor of linguistics, wrote a scathing review.

See also
 List of films about mathematicians

References

External links

2000s thriller films
2008 films
British crime thriller films
British crime drama films
British mystery films
English-language Spanish films
English-language French films
Films about mathematics
Films based on Argentine novels
Films based on thriller novels
Films directed by Álex de la Iglesia
Films set in 1993
Films set in London
Films shot in Oxfordshire
Films shot in London
Murder mystery films
Spanish crime thriller films
Spanish crime drama films
Spanish mystery films
French crime thriller films
French crime drama films
French mystery films
Films set in the University of Oxford
Films scored by Roque Baños
Films with screenplays by Jorge Guerricaechevarría
Films produced by Álvaro Augustin
Tornasol Films films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
2000s French films
2000s Spanish films

The Oxford Murders (film)


Project Juno was a privately funded campaign which selected Helen Sharman to be the first Briton in space.

As the United Kingdom did not, at that time, have a human spaceflight programme (until the UK joined the human spaceflight elements of ESA's exploration programme in December 2012, which led to Tim Peake's ESA mission in 2015), a private consortium was formed to raise money to pay the Soviet Union for a seat on a Soyuz mission to the Mir space station. The Soviet Union had recently flown Toyohiro Akiyama, a Japanese journalist, under a similar arrangement.

Selection

A call for applicants was publicized in the UK (one ad read "Astronaut wanted. No experience necessary"), leading to 13,000 applications. Juno selected four candidates to train in the Soviet Union:
 Gordon Brooks (Royal Navy physician, then 33)
 Major Timothy Mace (Army Air Corps, 33)
 Clive Smith (Kingston University lecturer, 27)
 Helen Sharman (food technologist, 26)

Eventually Mace and Sharman were selected to continue full-time training at Star City. After learning Russian and familiarising themselves with the science programme, Smith and Brooks were employed to teach the other two how to perform the experiments and then to conduct them in a life sized mock up of Mir for live media during the mission.

Funding
The cost of the flight was to be funded by various innovative schemes, including sponsoring by private British companies and a lottery system. Corporate sponsors included British Aerospace, Memorex, and Interflora, and television rights were sold to ITV.

The flight cost £7 million.

Ultimately the Juno consortium failed to raise the entire sum, and the Soviet Union considered cancelling the mission. However Mikhail Gorbachev directed the mission to proceed at Soviet cost. The ambitious microgravity experiments originally planned were dropped when time ran out for sending required equipment on an automated 'Progress' flight. Helen did perform experiments designed by British schools that could be done with existing equipment aboard Mir along with a British microbiology screening investigation taken over by the Russians.

Flight and after
Sharman was launched aboard Soyuz TM-12 on 18 May 1991, and returned aboard Soyuz TM-11 on 26 May 1991.

Both Sharman and Mace were candidates but not selected in the 1992 and 1998 European Space Agency selection rounds for its astronaut corps. Brooks was also put forward for the European Astronaut Corps in 1982, but dropped out when employed on AI systems elsewhere. Mace did not fly in space, but married the daughter of cosmonaut Vitali Zholobov. He  was later the helicopter pilot for President of South Africa Nelson Mandela. He died in September 2014 from cancer.

See also
British National Space Centre
British space programme
British astronauts

References

External links
 BBC article
Spacefacts bio of Timothy Mace
Article about Gordon Brooks and Juno
JUNO Amateur Radio Contacts with Schools

Human spaceflight programs
Science and technology in the United Kingdom
Russia–United Kingdom relations
Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations
Soyuz program
Space programme of the United Kingdom

Project Juno