Neithhotep or Neith-hotep was an ancient Egyptian queen consort who lived and ruled during the early First Dynasty. She was once thought to be a male ruler: her outstandingly large mastaba and the royal serekh surrounding her name on several seal impressions previously led Egyptologists and historians to the erroneous belief that she might have been an unknown king. As the understanding of early Egyptian writings developed, scholars learned that Neithhotep was in fact a woman of extraordinary rank. She was subsequently considered to be the wife of unified Egypt's first pharaoh, Narmer, and the mother of Hor-Aha.

More recent discoveries suggest that Neithhotep might have instead been a spouse of Hor-Aha, and the mother and co-regent of successive ruler Djer. Archeological evidence also indicates that she may have ruled as pharaoh in her own right, and as such would have been the earliest known female monarch in history.

Identity

Name
Neithhotep's name is connected to Neith, the goddess of war and hunting. This followed a tradition notably practiced during the first dynasty: many queens (such as Merneith/Meritneith, another possible female pharaoh and descendant of Neithhotep) and princesses (such as Aha-Neith, Her-Neith, Nakht-Neith and Qa'-Neith) also had names referencing the deity.

Titles

As a queen, Neithhotep bore several elite and pious titles:
 Foremost of the Women (Egypt. Khenty wat)
 Consort of the Two Ladies (Egypt. Semat Nebty)

It is possible that Neithhotep bore more royal titles, but these haven't yet been discovered. At the time Neithhotep ruled, many royal titles for kings and queens had not yet been introduced. At this early state of hieroglyphic development, the early Egyptians may not have known how to express certain titles. Alternatively, the belief in the dynastic roles of queens was different from what it was in Meritneith's time.

Attestations
Neithhotep's name was found at Helwan, Abydos and Naqada. It appears on clay seal impressions, on ivory tags, and as inscriptions on stone bowls. Most of the objects were found in her burial complex and in the tombs of Aha and Djer. On several clay seals, Neithhotep's name was written inside a double serekh, and between the merged serekhs perches the divine standard of Neith. One unusual seal impression gives the name Hetepjw.

New discoveries
A new discovery site of Neithhotep's name lies in the Wadi Ameyra at the Sinai Peninsula. At the site, several rock carvings date to the kings Iry-Hor, Narmer, Djer and Nebra. King Djer's inscription depicts at its left a procession of royal festive boats, at the right a royal serekh with Djer's name inside. The Horus-falcon atop the serekh holds a war mace, clubbing a kneeling foe. Neithhotep's name appears at the left side diagonally above the serekh.

Historical evaluations
After the discovery of her mastaba, Neithhotep was thought to be a male ruler: her outstandingly large tomb and the royal serekh bearing her name on several seal impressions led Egyptologists and historians to the erroneous belief that she might have been a yet unknown king. However, as the understanding of early Egyptian writings developed, scholars learned that Neithhotep was in fact a female noble of extraordinary rank. Along with this realization, scholars viewed her now as the wife of king Narmer and mother of Hor-Aha. This view was promoted by clay seal impressions found in her tomb showing the serekhs of Narmer and Aha.

Neithhotep's name appears on several clay seal impressions inside a serekh – a fashion that was commonly reserved for male rulers only. Secondly, her tomb is of extraordinary size and it has its own cultic enclosure. Such a case is otherwise known only from queen Meritneith. Thirdly are the Wadi Ameyra inscriptions themselves: these reveal that Neithhotep arranged and ordered an expedition through the Wadi in attempt to mine ore and harvest feedstocks. But such an act commonly required royal powers that a mere queen consort didn't have – not unless she was in fact an independent, fully authorized ruler.

The case of queen Neithhotep shows astonishing similarities to that of queen Meritneith, who had held the royal office for her still minor son, king Hor Den. This realization lead Egyptologists now to the theory that Queen Neithhotep may have also held the royal office for an infant child king as some kind of substitute king. Such an act is now known to have been fairly common in early Egyptian times. Royal dynasties were founded in early times by royal mothers, not by inheritance from father to son.

Some scholars even believe that Neithhotep may be identical to a king Teti listed in the Ramesside king lists and indirectly mentioned on the famous Palermo Stone. The Palermo Stone provides an interregnum between king Aha and Djer by mentioning a "double date of death" in column I of the event years. The discrepancy between the date of death for Hor-Aha and the second death note spans around 1 year, 1 month and 15 days. Such a time span seems too short for a "real" ruler such as Hor-Aha, Djer or Wadj. It would rather fit someone who ruled as a substitute for the original pharaoh. And this, in turn, is now proven for Queen Neithhotep. Thus, the entry on the Palermo Stone may indeed be a reference to the interregnum of Queen Neithhotep. This would also explain why no contemporary artifact from the 1st Dynasty mentions the royal name Teti, but the others (Itetj and Ita).

Equating Queen Neithhotep with Teti I is not commonly accepted. Egyptologists such as Werner Kaiser and Walter B. Emery point to several clay seal fragments with the Horus names of all kings from Narmer to Den. Such seals were discovered in Den's and Queen Meritneith's tombs and they all consequently begin their list with Narmer, who was the husband of Neithhotep. Kaiser and Emery see this as evidence that it was Narmer, not Hor-Aha, who started the First Dynasty. In addition, Kaiser points to seal fragments which mention the name Menj beside the serekh of Narmer. Thus, it is at least likewise possible that Narmer is identical to king Menes. This, in turn, would mean that the cartouche name "Teti" belongs to Hor-Aha, not to Queen Neithhotep.

Tomb

Neithhotep's tomb was discovered in 1897 by French archaeologist Jacques de Morgan at the site of Naqada, who spent just 15 days excavating the structure. The tomb was investigated again by German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt in 1898. John Garstang re-excavated the tomb in 1904 and uncovered hundreds of objects left behind by the previous excavations, around two hundred of which are now housed in the Garstang Museum at the University of Liverpool.

The superstructure consisted of a huge mastaba made of hardened mudbricks, of which the outer walls were niched. It is now completely destroyed due to time-conditional erosion. Because of its huge size the tomb was once believed to be that of King Menes. The choice of place for the tomb may indicate that Neithhotep had connections to the ruling elite of a power centre based at Naqada, rather than coming from Lower Egypt, as has been traditionally assumed. It was once believed that Neithhotep married Narmer in an attempt to facilitate Narmer's unification of Egypt.

References

31st-century BC Pharaohs
31st-century BC women
Female pharaohs
Queens consort of the First Dynasty of Egypt
Narmer
Regents of Egypt

Neithhotep


In physics, especially in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a change of basis. In modern mathematical notation, the role is sometimes swapped.

A simple illustrative case is that of a vector.  For a vector, once a set of basis vectors has been defined, then the components of that vector will always vary opposite to that of the basis vectors.  A vector is therefore a contravariant tensor.  Take a standard position vector for example. By changing the scale of the reference axes from meters to centimeters (that is, dividing the scale of the reference axes by 100, so that the basis vectors now are  meters long), the components of the measured position vector are multiplied by 100.  A vector's components change scale inversely to changes in scale to the reference axes, and consequently a vector is called a contravariant tensor.

In contrast, a covector, also called a dual vector, has components that vary with the basis vectors in the corresponding vector space.  It is an example of a covariant tensor.  A covector is an object that represents a linear map from vectors to scalars. It is actually not a vector, but an object that lives in a dual vector space.  Some good examples of covectors are dot product operators involving vectors.  For example if  is a vector, then a corresponding object in the dual space would be the linear operator  . Sometimes, the components of the covector  are referred to as the covariant components of , although this is potentially misleading, (due to a vector having components that always vary in the contravariant sense). Despite potential confusion, this is what will be meant when the "covariant components of a vector" are referred to herein.

The gradient is often cited as an example of a covector, but this is incorrect.  If the components of the gradient of a function  ,   , are expressed in terms of a given basis,  , then these components will in fact still vary oppositely to that of the basis vectors, as can be seen by observing (using the Einstein summation convention):

where  is the kronecker delta symbol, and  represents the components of some transformation matrix corresponding to the transformation . As can be seen, whatever transformation acts on the basis vectors, the inverse transformation must act on the components.

A third concept related to covariance and contravariance is invariance.  A scalar (also called type-0 or rank-0 tensor) is an object that does not vary with the change in basis.  An example of a physical observable that is a scalar is the mass of a particle.  The single, scalar value of mass is independent to changes in basis vectors and consequently is called invariant. The magnitude of a vector (such as distance) is another example of an invariant, because it remains fixed even if geometrical vector components vary.  (For example, for a position vector of length  meters, if all Cartesian basis vectors are changed from  meters in length to  meters in length, the length of the position vector remains unchanged at  meters, although the vector components will all increase by a factor of ).

Under more general changes in basis:
 A vector or tangent vector, has components that contra-vary with a change of basis to compensate. That is, the matrix that transforms the vector components must be the inverse of the matrix that transforms the basis vectors. The components of vectors (as opposed to those of covectors) are said to be contravariant. In Einstein notation (implicit summation over repeated index), contravariant components are denoted with upper indices as in

 A covector or cotangent vector has components that co-vary with a change of basis in the corresponding vector space. That is, the components must be transformed by the same matrix as the change of basis matrix in the vector space. The components of covectors (as opposed to those of vectors) are said to be covariant. In Einstein notation, covariant components are denoted with lower indices as in

Curvilinear coordinate systems, such as cylindrical or spherical coordinates, are often used in physical and geometric problems.  Associated with any coordinate system is a natural choice of coordinate basis for vectors based at each point of the space, and covariance and contravariance are particularly important for understanding how the coordinate description of a vector changes by passing from one coordinate system to another.

The terms covariant and contravariant were introduced by James Joseph Sylvester in 1851 in the context of associated algebraic forms theory. Tensors are objects in multilinear algebra that can have aspects of both covariance and contravariance.

In the lexicon of category theory, covariance and contravariance are properties of functors; unfortunately, it is the lower-index objects (covectors) that generically have pullbacks, which are contravariant, while the upper-index objects (vectors) instead have pushforwards, which are covariant.  This terminological conflict may be avoided by calling contravariant functors "cofunctors" in accordance with the "covector" terminology.

Introduction
In physics, a vector typically arises as the outcome of a measurement or series of measurements, and is represented as a list (or tuple) of numbers such as

The numbers in the list depend on the choice of coordinate system.  For instance, if the vector represents position with respect to an observer (position vector), then the coordinate system may be obtained from a system of rigid rods, or reference axes, along which the components v1, v2, and v3 are measured.  For a vector to represent a geometric object, it must be possible to describe how it looks in any other coordinate system.  That is to say, the components of the vectors will transform in a certain way in passing from one coordinate system to another.

A vector, which is an example of a contravariant tensor, has components that transform inversely to the transformation of the reference axes, (with example transformations including rotation and dilation). The vector itself does not change under these operations; instead, the components of the vector change in a way that cancels the change in the spatial axes.  In other words, if the reference axes were rotated in one direction, the component representation of the vector would rotate in exactly the opposite way. Similarly, if the reference axes were stretched in one direction, the components of the vector, would reduce in an exactly compensating way.  Mathematically, if the coordinate system undergoes a transformation described by an  invertible matrix M, so that the basis vectors transform according to , then the components of a vector v in the original basis (  ) must be similarly transformed via .  The components of a vector are often represented arranged in a column.

By contrast, a covector has components that transform like the reference axes.  It lives in the dual vector space, and represents a linear map from vectors to scalars. The dot product operator involving vectors is a good example of a covector.  To illustrate, assume we have a covector defined as   , where  is a vector.  The components of this covector in some arbitrary basis are  , with  being the basis vectors in the corresponding vector space. (This can be derived by noting that we want to get the correct answer for the dot product operation when multiplying by an arbitrary vector  , with components ).  The covariance of these covector components is then easily seen by noting that if a transformation described by an  invertible matrix M were to be applied to the basis vectors in the corresponding vector space, , then the components of the covector  will transform with the same matrix , namely, .  The components of a covector are often represented arranged in a row.

Definition

The general formulation of covariance and contravariance refer to how the components of a coordinate vector transform under a change of basis (passive transformation).  Thus let V be a vector space of dimension n over a field of scalars S, and let each of  and  be a basis of V.  Also, let the change of basis from f to f′ be given by

for some invertible n×n matrix A with entries .
Here, each vector Yj of the f′ basis is a linear combination of the vectors Xi of the f basis, so that

Contravariant transformation

A vector  in V is expressed uniquely as a linear combination of the elements  of the f basis as

where v[f] are elements of the field S known as the components of v in the f basis. Denote the column vector of components of v by v[f]:

so that () can be rewritten as a matrix product

The vector v may also be expressed in terms of the f′ basis, so that

However, since the vector v itself is invariant under the choice of basis,

The invariance of v combined with the relationship () between f and f′ implies that

giving the transformation rule

In terms of components,

where the coefficients  are the entries of the inverse matrix of A.

Because the components of the vector v transform with the inverse of the matrix A, these components are said to transform contravariantly under a change of basis.

The way A relates the two  pairs is depicted in the following informal diagram using an arrow.  The reversal of the arrow indicates a contravariant change:

Covariant transformation

A linear functional α on V is expressed uniquely in terms of its components (elements in S) in the f basis as

These components are the action of α on the basis vectors Xi of the f basis.

Under the change of basis from f to f′ (via ), the components transform so that

Denote the row vector of components of α by α[f]:

so that () can be rewritten as the matrix product

Because the components of the linear functional α transform with the matrix A, these components are said to transform covariantly under a change of basis.

The way A relates the two  pairs is depicted in the following informal diagram using an arrow.  A covariant relationship is indicated since the arrows travel in the same direction:

Had a column vector representation been used instead, the transformation law would be the transpose

Coordinates
The choice of basis f on the vector space V defines uniquely a set of coordinate functions on V, by means of

The coordinates on V are therefore contravariant in the sense that

Conversely, a system of n quantities vi that transform like the coordinates xi on V defines a contravariant vector (or simply vector).  A system of n quantities that transform oppositely to the coordinates is then a covariant vector (or covector).

This formulation of contravariance and covariance is often more natural in applications in which there is a coordinate space (a manifold) on which vectors live as tangent vectors or cotangent vectors.  Given a local coordinate system xi on the manifold, the reference axes for the coordinate system are the vector fields

This gives rise to the frame  at every point of the coordinate patch.

If yi is a different coordinate system and

then the frame f' is related to the frame f by the inverse of the Jacobian matrix of the coordinate transition:

Or, in indices,

A tangent vector is by definition a vector that is a linear combination of the coordinate partials .  Thus a tangent vector is defined by

Such a vector is contravariant with respect to change of frame.  Under changes in the coordinate system, one has

Therefore, the components of a tangent vector transform via

Accordingly, a system of n quantities vi depending on the coordinates that transform in this way on passing from one coordinate system to another is called a contravariant vector.

Covariant and contravariant components of a vector with a metric

In a finite-dimensional vector space V over a field K with a symmetric bilinear form  (which may be referred to as the metric tensor), there is little distinction between covariant and contravariant vectors, because the bilinear form allows covectors to be identified with vectors.  That is, a vector v uniquely determines a covector α via

for all vectors w.  Conversely, each covector α determines a unique vector v by this equation.  Because of this identification of vectors with covectors, one may speak of the covariant components or contravariant components of a vector, that is, they are just representations of the same vector using the reciprocal basis.

Given a basis  of V, there is a unique reciprocal basis  of V determined by requiring that

the Kronecker delta.  In terms of these bases, any vector v can be written in two ways:

The components vi[f] are the contravariant components of the vector v in the basis f, and the components vi[f] are the covariant components of v in the basis f.  The terminology is justified because under a change of basis,

Euclidean plane
In the Euclidean plane, the dot product allows for vectors to be identified with covectors.  If  is a basis, then the dual basis  satisfies

Thus, e1 and e2 are perpendicular to each other, as are e2 and e1, and the lengths of e1 and e2 normalized against e1 and e2, respectively.

Example
For example, suppose that we are given a basis e1, e2 consisting of a pair of vectors making a 45° angle with one another, such that e1 has length 2 and e2 has length 1.  Then the dual basis vectors are given as follows:
 e2 is the result of rotating e1 through an angle of 90° (where the sense is measured by assuming the pair e1, e2 to be positively oriented), and then rescaling so that  holds.
 e1 is the result of rotating e2 through an angle of 90°, and then rescaling so that  holds.
Applying these rules, we find

and

Thus the change of basis matrix in going from the original basis to the reciprocal basis is

since

For instance, the vector

is a vector with contravariant components

The covariant components are obtained by equating the two expressions for the vector v:

so

Three-dimensional Euclidean space

In the three-dimensional Euclidean space, one can also determine explicitly the dual basis to a given set of basis vectors e1, e2, e3 of E3 that are not necessarily assumed to be orthogonal nor of unit norm. The dual basis vectors are:

Even when the ei and ei are not orthonormal, they are still mutually reciprocal:

Then the contravariant components of any vector v can be obtained by the dot product of v with the dual basis vectors:

Likewise, the covariant components of v can be obtained from the dot product of v with basis vectors, viz.

Then v can be expressed in two (reciprocal) ways, viz.

or

Combining the above relations, we have

and we can convert between the basis and dual basis with

and

If the basis vectors are orthonormal, then they are the same as the dual basis vectors.

General Euclidean spaces
More generally, in an n-dimensional Euclidean space V, if a basis is

the reciprocal basis is given by (double indices are summed over),

where the coefficients gij are the entries of the inverse matrix of

Indeed, we then have

The covariant and contravariant components of any vector

are related as above by

and

Informal usage
In the field of physics, the adjective covariant is often used informally as a synonym for invariant. For example, the Schrödinger equation does not keep its written form under the coordinate transformations of special relativity. Thus, a physicist might say that the Schrödinger equation is not covariant. In contrast, the Klein–Gordon equation and the Dirac equation do keep their written form under these coordinate transformations. Thus, a physicist might say that these equations are covariant.

Despite this usage of "covariant", it is more accurate to say that the Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations are invariant, and that the Schrödinger equation is not invariant. Additionally, to remove ambiguity, the transformation by which the invariance is evaluated should be indicated.

Because the components of vectors are contravariant and those of covectors are covariant, the vectors themselves are often referred to as being contravariant and the covectors as covariant.

Use in tensor analysis

The distinction between covariance and contravariance is particularly important for computations with tensors, which often have mixed variance. This means that they have both covariant and contravariant components, or both vector and covector components. The valence of a tensor is the number of variant and covariant terms, and in Einstein notation, covariant components have lower indices, while contravariant components have upper indices.  The duality between covariance and contravariance intervenes whenever a vector or tensor quantity is represented by its components, although modern differential geometry uses more sophisticated index-free methods to represent tensors.

In tensor analysis, a covariant vector varies more or less reciprocally to a corresponding contravariant vector.  Expressions for lengths, areas and volumes of objects in the vector space can then be given in terms of tensors with covariant and contravariant indices. Under simple expansions and contractions of the coordinates, the reciprocity is exact; under affine transformations the components of a vector intermingle on going between covariant and contravariant expression.

On a manifold, a tensor field will typically have multiple, upper and lower indices, where Einstein notation is widely used. When the manifold is equipped with a metric, covariant and contravariant indices become very closely related to one another. Contravariant indices can be turned into covariant indices by contracting with the metric tensor. The reverse is possible by contracting with the (matrix) inverse of the metric tensor. Note that in general, no such relation exists in spaces not endowed with a metric tensor. Furthermore, from a more abstract standpoint, a tensor is simply "there" and its components of either kind are only calculational artifacts whose values depend on the chosen coordinates.

The explanation in geometric terms is that a general tensor will have contravariant indices as well as covariant indices, because it has parts that live in the tangent bundle as well as the cotangent bundle.

A contravariant vector is one which transforms like , where  are the coordinates of a particle at its proper time . A covariant vector is one which transforms like , where  is a scalar field.

Algebra and geometry

In category theory, there are covariant functors and contravariant functors. The assignment of the dual space to a vector space is a standard example of a contravariant functor. Some constructions of multilinear algebra are of "mixed" variance, which prevents them from being functors.

In differential geometry, the components of a vector relative to a basis of the tangent bundle are covariant if they change with the same linear transformation as a change of basis.  They are contravariant if they change by the inverse transformation.  This is sometimes a source of confusion for two distinct but related reasons.  The first is that vectors whose components are covariant (called covectors or 1-forms) actually pull back under smooth functions, meaning that the operation assigning the space of covectors to a smooth manifold is actually a contravariant functor.  Likewise, vectors whose components are contravariant push forward under smooth mappings, so the operation assigning the space of (contravariant) vectors to a smooth manifold is a covariant functor.  Secondly, in the classical approach to differential geometry, it is not bases of the tangent bundle that are the most primitive object, but rather changes in the coordinate system.  Vectors with contravariant components transform in the same way as changes in the coordinates (because these actually change oppositely to the induced change of basis).  Likewise, vectors with covariant components transform in the opposite way as changes in the coordinates.

See also
 Active and passive transformation
 Mixed tensor
 Two-point tensor, a generalization allowing indices to reference multiple vector bases

Notes

Citations

References

 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

External links

 Invariance, Contravariance, and Covariance

Tensors
Differential geometry
Riemannian geometry
Vectors (mathematics and physics)

Covariance and contravariance of vectors


Karlheinz Martin (May 6, 1886 – January 13, 1948) was a German stage and film director, best known for his expressionist productions.

After enjoying success with experimental productions in Frankfurt am Main and Hamburg, Martin went to Berlin, where he premiered Ernst Toller's anti-war drama, Transfiguration (Die Wandlung) on September 30, 1919. Performed in a hall seating fewer than 300 spectators, the production used the intimacy of the space to drive home the horrors of Toller's script. The sets were jagged flats placed against blackness, and lit with harsh white spotlights. Scenes ended in blackouts not, as was customary at the time, with the curtain falling. Fritz Kortner became famous for his intense portrayal of the young hero.

Martin turned to film in 1920, when he directed a cinematic adaptation of one of the most celebrated expressionist dramas, Georg Kaiser's From Morn to Midnight (Von morgens bis mitternachts) with actor Ernst Deutsch as the Cashier who embezzles money from a bank and goes on a desperate search for meaning in his life in a nightmarish metropolis.

After World War II, Martin revived Bertolt Brecht's The Threepenny Opera in Berlin, and
premiered Georg Kaiser's pacifist drama, The Soldier Tanaka (Der Soldat Tanaka).

Selected filmography
From Morn to Midnight (1920)
The House on the Moon (1921)
The Pearl of the Orient (1921)
 Punks Arrives from America (1935)
The Voice of the Heart (1937)

Further reading
Michael Patterson. The Revolution in German Theatre: 1900-1933. (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981).

External links

Film people from Freiburg im Breisgau
1886 births
1948 deaths

Karlheinz Martin


KTFM (94.1 FM, "94.1 San Antonio's Sports Star") is a commercial radio station licensed to Floresville, Texas, and serving Greater San Antonio.  It broadcasts a sports radio format and is owned by Alpha Media.  On weekdays it has local personalities hosting sports shows, with ESPN Radio heard nights and weekends.  The studios are on Eisenhauer Road in San Antonio.

KTFM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 19,000 watts.  The transmitter is on South Foster Road near Hildebrandt Road in San Antonio.  KTFM broadcasts using HD Radio technology.  On its HD-2 digital subchannel it plays hip hop music and on its HD-3 subchannel it simulcasts Tejano music from co-owned KLEY-FM.

History

Texas Music KRIO-FM
At 6 a.m. on March 25, 1991, the station signed on the air as KRIO-FM.  It carried a Texas music format. The station was owned by longtime San Antonio-area broadcaster John Barger. It was meant to appeal to listeners of the former KFAN-FM (101.1), which gave up its Texas music format the previous year, becoming a simulcast of Oldies station KONO 860 AM.  KONO was also operated by Barger. Steve Coffman and Ron Houston, both formerly of KFAN, were the station's two initial air personalities.  KRIO-FM's initial program director Lee Woods billed the format as "certified South Texas country."  Woods said that unlike KFAN, who included rock and reggae in its playlist, KRIO would only play country.

The country format was short-lived and lasted just a little over a year.  On Tuesday, March 31, 1992, the station flipped to a Tejano format, providing competition to established Tejano outlet KXTN (107.5 FM). Barger initially wanted to sign the station on with Tejano music, but was dissuaded by friends who felt that the format had not yet matured. Barger believed that KXTN's growth within the past year proved that the format had matured and the station was now ready for competition.

KLEY and KTFM
In September 1998, the station flipped to Regional Mexican as KLEY ("La Ley 94.1").  On January 7, 2005, BMP revived the KTFM call sign after it acquired KLEY from Spanish Broadcasting System. (For many years, the KTFM call sign was at 102.7 FM under the name "FM 103 The New KTFM", "KTFM 103", "Hot 103 KTFM", and "102.7 KTFM", where it was first an automated adult contemporary station, then album rock, them various flavors of Top 40 including an Urban AC-leaning version of Top 40 trying to top then-rival KSJL.  It later switched to a Rhythmic/Freestyle-leaning Top 40, and then back to rock.  Today, 102.7 carries the adult hits "Jack FM" format and uses the call letters KJXK.

When KTFM was revived, its name was "Jammin' 94.1", and its focus was on Rhythmic Oldies. As the station struggled in the ratings, KTFM shifted to a Rhythmic AC direction by adding more current product and putting less emphasis on older material.  It was aiming at a mostly female 25-44 and Hispanic demographic.  By November 2008, KTFM began shifting to a rhythmic contemporary direction and was added to the BDS Top 40/Rhythmic reporting panel.

Hot AC and Top 40
In February 2009, KTFM tweaked its format to Hot AC. By April 2010, BMP shifted KTFM to Top 40/CHR, with a heavy emphasis on Dance crossovers.

On January 7, 2016, at 9 a.m., KTFM began stunting, at the conclusion of the "Blondie & Nugget in the Morning" show.  The last song was "Here" by Alessia Cara.  KTFM began calling itself "94.1 El Taco," giving away free tacos at various locations around San Antonio, playing the Parry Gipp novelty song "It's Raining Tacos" (a spoof of "It's Raining Men" by The Weather Girls).  Its website emitted a green lightning strike with the word "Energize." At 4 p.m. that same day, KJXK began stunting with country music, leading listeners and rivals to believe KTFM was moving back to 102.7.  At the same time as KTFM's relaunch, the stunt on 102.7 was revealed to be a publicity stunt.

At 5 p.m., KTFM transitioned back to Rhythmic Top 40 and relaunched as "Energy 94.1", with the first song being "Sorry" by Justin Bieber. The rebranding was done to emphasize its Rhythmic/Dance-focused presentation of current hits and club mixes featuring local talent, as well as distinguishing the station from KBBT and KXXM, two stations with similar formats.

On February 23, 2016, "Blondie & Nugget in the Morning" were released from the station.  On March 1, KTFM began carrying the nationally syndicated wake up show "Brooke & Jubal in the Morning".  On August 1, 2016, the nationally syndicated "Tino Chochino Radio" was added for weeknights.

On August 20, 2018, "The Dana Cortez Show", hosted by Dana Cortez and Anthony Almanzar, began airing on KTFM after transferring from Rhythmic CHR rival KBBT, as the show became syndicated by ABC Radio.  By July 2019, KTFM shifted back to a more mainstream Top 40/CHR.

Sports Radio
On the morning of June 2, 2022, KTFM abruptly dropped the Top 40/CHR format.  It began simulcasting sister station KZDC 1250 AM as "San Antonio's Sports Star".  This gave the sports format a full-power FM simulcast after it was already picked up on FM translator K277CX (103.3 FM).

Sports Star afternoon host Jason Minnix was excited about being on KTFM.  He described the new signal as "37 times bigger than what we had yesterday" and comparing it as "like going from Wolff Stadium to Jerry's World." The change took KTFM out of the Top 40 battle with KXXM, giving KXXM a monopoly on the format in San Antonio. KXXM, at the time of the move, ranked seventh in the market with a 4.7 share, while KTFM was eighteenth at a 2.0.

In February 2023, the AM-FM simulcast ended on weekdays.  KZDC 1250 AM began carrying the national feed from ESPN Radio around the clock.  KTFM continued with local hosts on weekdays, using ESPN Radio only on nights and weekends.

KTFM-HD2
On February 10, 2015, KTFM launched an alternative rock format on its HD2 sub channel, branded as "103.3 The App", relayed on translator K277CX (103.3 FM) in Terrell Hills. The first song on "The App" was "Take Me to Church" by Hozier. The station was named "The App" because it heavily promoted listeners to download the station's mobile application from iTunes and/or Google Play due to the station's weak signal over San Antonio, in addition to the lack of HD radios. Throughout the month of February and March, "The App" started off with 10,000 songs in a row, with a blend of 90's and 2000's rock and alternative mixed with today's alternative, but tended to be more indie rock leaning. Eventually, the station began airing short commercial breaks and promoted concerts, such as the Maverick Music Festival and Vans Warped Tour, and bands such as Smashing Pumpkins, Awolnation, Falling in Reverse, and Breaking Benjamin. By late 2015, the App began hosting concerts in the Alamo Lounge, owned and operated by Alpha Media, with bands such as Jimmy Eat World, Saint Motel, Blue October, Nothing But Thieves, Colours, and several local rock bands. By late April 2015, The App added one live personality, DJ Mighty Iris, and until May 2016, more personalities have been added such as REZ, Sam (from KJXK), and even a morning show hosted by Tony Cortez from KTFM.

On April 21, 2017, at 5 p.m., after playing "Steady, As She Goes" by The Raconteurs, KTFM-HD2/K277CX flipped to classic hip-hop (a format that was dropped by KMYO two days earlier, as both KMYO and KZEP-FM (which aired a classic-leaning Rhythmic Top 40 format) flipped to Spanish Top 40/CHR) as "G103.3". The flip comes as the ratings for the alternative rock format failed to attract listeners, posting a 0.8 in the March 2017 Nielsen Audio book. The first song on "G" was "Hypnotize" by The Notorious B.I.G.

On June 1, 2020, KTFM-HD2/K277CX changed their format to hip hop, branded as "WE 103.3".

On February 1, 2022, KTFM-HD2 rebranded as "WE 94.5", switching its translator from K277CX to K233DB (94.5 FM).

KTFM-HD3
On June 9, 2022, KTFM launched a simulcast of Tejano-formatted KLEY-FM on its HD3 subchannel; the format is simulcasted on translator K277CX (103.3 FM).

References

External links

Sports radio stations in the United States
TFM
Radio stations established in 1991
Alpha Media radio stations
ESPN Radio stations
1991 establishments in Texas

KTFM


Aleyn (fl. c. 1400) was an English composer. Two of his works survive in the Old Hall Manuscript, one a Gloria (no. 8), the other a Sarum Agnus Dei discant (no. 3, Old Hall, no. 128), later scratched out, which is ascribed to W. Aleyn. If this inscription is correct, the conflation of this composer and Johannes Alanus, who wrote Sub Arturo Plebs, is incorrect. David Fallows ascribed this Agnus to W. Typp, however it seems that he was mistaken.

References

15th-century composers
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
English male classical composers
14th-century composers
Medieval male composers

Aleyn


The George W. Scott Plantation was a 1036-acre (4 km2) cotton plantation in central Leon County, Florida, United States established by George Washington Scott in 1852 and located 2 miles (3 km) south of Tallahassee.

Plantation specifics
The Leon County Florida 1860 Agricultural Census shows that George W. Scott Plantation had the following:
 Improved Land: 60 acres (¼ km2)
 Unimproved Land: 50 acres (¼ km2)
 Cash value of plantation: $4000
 Cash value of farm implements/machinery: $1500
 Cash value of farm animals: $5000
 Number of slaves: N/A
 Bushels of corn: N/A
 Bales of cotton: N/A

The owners
Colonel George W. Scott, merchant and farmer, came to Leon in 1852 from Pennsylvania. He was said to have a model farm. Scott fought in the American Civil War as head of "Scott's Cavalry".

In 1868 Scott ran for governor as a Democratic-Conservative but was defeated. Scott experimented in a variety of crops and planted  of sugar cane, cabbage, collards, rutabagas, Dutch turnips. Scott also created a 16-foot (5 m) overshot waterwheel from a pond going to corn, sugar and cotton processing.

Scott came up with a revolutionary fertilizer which combined cottonseed with bone meal. Bone was obtained by black farm hands who earned a gallon of cane syrup for every 100-pound sack of animal bones. The bone were crushed with a heavy cast-iron stamp powered by a waterwheel and the meal mixed with sulfuric acid. This was then mixed with cottonseed cake to make a final product.

In 1870 Scott moved to Savannah, Georgia, then Atlanta, where he built his business. By 1887, the Gossypium Phospo made by the George W. Scott Company had become one of the most noted fertilizers in the south. (Tallahassee Weekly Floridian, January 28, 1886). In 1889, Scott founded Agnes Scott College.

Around 1884 or 1885 the Scott plantation was sold to a J. P. Castleman, who had moved to Tallahassee from the Dakota Territory.

Sources
Rootsweb Plantations
Largest Slaveholders from 1860 Slave Census Schedules
Paisley, Clifton; From Cotton To Quail, University of Florida Press, c1968.

Plantations in Leon County, Florida
1852 establishments in Florida

George W. Scott Plantation


The Endicott Estate is a mansion built in the early twentieth century, located at 656 East Street in Dedham, Massachusetts "situated on a 15-acre panorama of lush green lawn that is punctuated by stately elm, spruce and weeping willow trees." It was built by Henry Bradford Endicott, founder of the Endicott Johnson Corporation, and donated to the Town by his adopted stepdaughter, Katherine. After she died it was briefly owned by the state and intended to be used as the official residence of the governor, but was quickly returned to the Town. Today it is used for a variety of civic events and is rented out for private parties.

Construction
On January 12, 1904, Henry Endicott's home burnt to the ground while he and his family were away. The fire department was not able to get to the estate in time as they were dealing with three other fires simultaneously, including one at the fire house, and deep snow. The fire was discovered around 10 p.m. by a caretaker who lived in the house. It took several hours to extinguish the flames. The house and furnishings were valued at more than $15,000.

It is said that "Henry took the burning of the homestead as a divine command to rebuild, and rebuild he did, although not without incident." He cleared the ashes away and built a new homestead on the  parcel, today known as the Endicott Estate, and bought a new fire truck for the Town.

The three-story house he constructed has nine bathrooms, eight bedrooms, a library, a music room, a ballroom, a mirrored parlor, a butler's kitchen, a linen room, and servants' quarters. When a radiator burst during the construction, "causing a raging river to crash down the main stairway," he tore down one end of the house and burned a pile of beautiful wall paneling, parquet floors, and elegant woodwork, much to the dismay of his neighbors. An additional 70' was then added onto the house. Construction cost $60,000.  A gardener's cottage was built across the street at 132 Sanderson St.

When complete, it included "carved moldings that couldn't be reproduced at any cost," large all marble bathrooms, "intricate wall sconces," and a pipe organ. Katherine would never allow a tree, no matter how old, to be cut down.

Donation to Dedham
When he died in 1920 he left the building to his wife, who in turn left it to her daughter Katherine in 1944. In 1955, Katherine wrote a letter to the Board of Selectmen, indicating that she intended to leave the house and grounds, then-valued at $600,000, to the Town when she died. At the time, it was speculated that it may become the site of a new high school, swimming pool, and town hall.

Katherine, who lived with a staff of 12 on the Estate, died in 1967 without any children and willed the land and the estate to the town for "public educational purposes, public recreational purposes, or other exclusively public purposes." At the time the "town didn't know quite what to do with it," leaving them with "a most pleasant problem." The several schools that were in need of construction in 1955 had already been built by this point.

Governor's mansion
Not knowing what else to do, Town Meeting voted to offer it to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to be used as the Massachusetts Governor's Mansion after going to Probate Court to change the terms of the will. The state agreed to pay $160,000, plus $20,000 a year to partially recoup the taxes that would be lost on it. The year before Katherine died, taxes were $50,000.

The effort to purchase the Estate was a bipartisan effort, with Dedham's Republican representative, Harold Rosen, and Boston's Gerald Morissey, a Democrat, filing the legislation to take the Estate. The chairmen of both state parties issued statements supporting the purchase. Governor John Volpe took the title to the 25 room estate, which became his first choice after touring it in May, in a ceremony on December 7, 1967. The public was invited to attend a reception where Volpe's wife, Jennie, chatted with residents. Locals believed the town would become "the second capital" of Massachusetts. The Volpes sold their home in Winchester, Massachusetts in early-1968.

Renovations to the house were needed, which was described as "a mixture of elegance and impracticality" for the beautiful construction but lack of dishwasher, garbage disposal, and electric wiring that could not handle air conditioning. It was said that it was a "sprawling, fascinating house that needs a lot of the most careful kind of renovation." A five-member commission was created to oversee the work, and William G. Perry of Perry, Dean, Hepburn & Stewart was hired to develop the plans.

Original estimates ran around $100,000, and the commission asked for an initial $300,000 appropriation to "convert it from a home to a spacious place for the state to entertain." The kitchen was to be updated, and the dining room expanded to seat at least 60 people, much more than the original 16. The commission planned to install air conditioning and to furnish and decorate the home with historic pieces from the Museum of Fine Arts and other wealthy citizens. While the home had multiple bathrooms, it only had one shower, a "a cocoon-like metal contraption that sprays water from all directions" with undependable water temperature.

Parking for 100 cars was planned, a helicopter landing pad was also discussed, as was a gym and swimming pool. The caretaker's home was to be converted into a permanent residence for five or six Massachusetts state troopers who would provide security. An additional staff of five to 12 people, possibly inmates from state prisons, to run the house was considered. A fence and additional landscaping was also planned. Plans alone cost $20,000.

Jennie Volpe, who was made an honorary commission member to provide "realistic advice," wanted an upstairs work room so that her husband would not disturb her while she was in bed, as well as a chapel. It soon became apparent that it would be cheaper to build a brand new mansion than to remodel the estate to Jennie Volpe's "lavish taste" and "crazy notions," including ripping out the "incomparable mahogany and sycamore wood paneling" and replacing it with pastel plaster. The Massachusetts General Court denied a request for an additional $385,000.

By May 1968, cost estimates ran as high as $1 million, and the Commonwealth gave the Estate back to the Town in 1969. In his inaugural address, new Governor Francis W. Sargent said "Massachusetts, in 1969, cannot afford the luxury of a million dollar Governor's Mansion."

Modern usage
The Endicott Estate is now used to host a multitude of events, both formal and informal. This ranges from "weddings, receptions, and cocktail parties, to business meetings, art shows and more", such as the Annual BSAAC Antique Car Show, Car Corral & Trading Bee Family Fun Day. The mansion's main floor houses a Grand Ballroom, which is "framed by Ionic columns and duel balustrades, adds a classical touch to holiday parties, art shows, concerts and seminars." The lower level of the structure is complete with a library, dining room, mirrored parlor, music room, as well as a fully functional kitchen. There are also six rooms on the upper level, which are mostly used for workshops and business meetings.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. What was a nine car garage on the Mt. Vernon Street side of the property today serves as the Endicott branch of the Dedham Public Library. A fire destroyed the barn, which was built in 1932, in the early morning hours of November 16, 2019.

A fundraising group, the Friends of the Endicott Estate, was founded by Virginia Schortmann. Another organization, the Katherine Endicott Foundation, was founded in the 2000s.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Norfolk County, Massachusetts

Notes

References

External links

Endicott Estate - official site
https://web.archive.org/web/20110726195107/http://www.bsaac.com/directions.html
https://www.facebook.com/TheEndicottEstate

Houses completed in 1904
Buildings and structures in Dedham, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts

Endicott Estate


Lake Claire is the largest lake which is entirely in Alberta, Canada. It is located entirely in Wood Buffalo National Park, west of Lake Athabasca. It lies between the mouths of Peace River and Athabasca River, and is part of the Peace-Athabasca Delta system.

The lake has a total area of , with  island area, and lies at an elevation of . It is the largest lake located entirely within Albertan boundaries. Lake Athabasca, which straddles the border with Saskatchewan, is larger.

The lake is fed by Birch River and McIvor River, and the lake system also contains Baril Lake and Mamawi Lake. The waters are discharged in the Peace River, finding their way to the Arctic Ocean through the Slave River, Great Slave Lake and Mackenzie River.

See also
Lakes of Alberta

References

Claire
Wood Buffalo National Park

Lake Claire (Alberta)


Marion McKinley Bovard (January 11, 1847 – December 29, 1891) was the first president of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California. He held office from the school's founding in 1880 until his death in December 1891.  At the time of its founding, the city of Los Angeles had only 11,000 people.  Bovard oversaw the establishment of the College of Letters, Arts and Sciences (1880), School of Music (1884), College of Medicine (1885) and what would become the School of Fine Arts (1887).  He was also the president during the creation of the precursor to the Spirit of Troy and the school's first college football game in 1888.

Upon his death, the fledgling school was still facing financial hardships that became the focus of his successor, Joseph P. Widney, M.D.

References

History of USC

Presidents of the University of Southern California
1891 deaths
1847 births

Marion McKinley Bovard


In finance, a bullet strategy is followed by a trader investing in intermediate-duration bonds, but not in long- and short-duration bonds.

The bullet strategy is based on the acquisition of a number of different types of securities over an extended period of time, but with all the securities maturing around the same target date. One of the main benefits of the bullet strategy is that it allows the investor to minimize the impact of fluctuations in the interest rate, while still realizing excellent returns on the investments.

Advantages
Bullet strategies are relatively simple to implement and construct. The first step is to determine at what point on the yield curve the series of investments should mature. This will help lead to the incremental acquisition of additions to the portfolio that will reach maturity on the same target date. Staggering the acquisition dates of the assets means that the risk associated with interest rates is diluted. The investor is able to pick up good deals on various bonds and other securities along the way, arranging the maturities to coincide with the desired final date.

One of the advantages of the bullet strategy is that the investments are acquired and then set aside until the maturity date arrives. Of course, this means that the funds used to acquire the securities should not be used until the date of maturity. However, for people who are thinking in terms of creating a windfall in revenue at a given point in time, this approach is an excellent solution. The earnings realized from the bullet strategy may be used to make final payments on property, handle a balloon payment that is due, or fund a college education.

The bullet strategy can be composed of any number of different types of bonds and other securities. With no limit on the number of assets that can be employed as part of this investment scheme, it is possible for the investor to gradually accumulate all the assets needed to ensure the level of return that is desired at a certain point in time. Both small investors as well as investors who deal in major stocks and bonds can employ the bullet strategy, and create an attractive return for the investment.

Alternatives
By comparison, in a barbell strategy the maturity of the bonds included in the portfolio is concentrated at two extreme maturities, while in the strategy referred to as laddering or ladder strategy the portfolio is constructed to have approximately equal amounts of each maturity.

See also

 Barbell strategy
 Laddering

Bond market

References

Bullet strategy


Silas Lee (July 3, 1760 – March 1, 1814) was a lawyer, judge, and United States Representative from Massachusetts. Born in Concord in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, he pursued classical studies and graduated from Harvard University in 1784. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1793, 1797, and 1798.

Lee was elected as a Federalist to the 6th and 7th Congresses and served from March 4, 1799, until August 20, 1801, when he resigned. He was appointed by President Thomas Jefferson to be United States Attorney for the District of Maine on January 6, 1802, and served until his death; he was justice of the peace and of the quorum in 1803, and probate judge from 1805 to 1814. In 1810 he was chief judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He died in Wiscasset (at the time, a part of Massachusetts' District of Maine). His interment was in Evergreen Cemetery.

References

1760 births
1814 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from the District of Maine
United States Attorneys for the District of Maine
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

Silas Lee


In Sharia (Islamic Law) niṣāb (نِصاب) is the minimum amount of wealth that a Muslim must have before being obliged to give zakat. Zakat is determined based on the amount of wealth acquired; the greater one's assets, the greater the zakat value. Unlike taxable income in secular states, niṣāb is not subject to special exemptions.

Niṣāb of gold and silver
The value of the niṣāb was originally set at 20 dinār or 200 dirham. The dinār is a gold coin weighing one mithqal (4.25 grams) and the dirḥam is a silver coin weighing 0.7 mithqal (2.975 grams). The relation of 20 dinār and 200 dirḥam reflects the contemporary exchange value between the dinār and the dirḥam of 1 to 10 in the early days of Islam. Over time, the exchange rate between gold and silver has shifted, so 20 dinār has become more expensive in market value than 200 dirḥam. Despite this, the definition of niṣāb has not been altered throughout Islamic history. Both values are accepted in Shariah, and so one can choose to pay zakat if his wealth reached the value of either of them.

The niṣāb is applicable to the cumulative stock of dinār, dirḥam and any other zakatable valuables, such as merchandise that has been in store for at least one year. As long as the total value of the zakatable valuables exceeds the value of the niṣāb, zakat must be paid.

Some modern scholars have accepted that since dinārs and dirhams are no longer readily available the best solution is to calculate the niṣāb using a mithqal of pure gold as a reference. Although this is not an exact calculation it is considered a valid approximation given current circumstances.

Modern interpretation
The nisab of gold and silver has been interpreted to extend to modern currencies, and the modern value of the nisab is determined each year using the gold and silver exchange rates.

Another modern problem regarding nisab is whether to use the value of gold (dinar) or silver (dirham). To overcome this problem, most contemporary jurists follow one of two approaches:

 Use gold as an evaluation reference. This is rationalized by the fact that gold is the origin of modern currency, and is considered more precious than silver.
 Use whichever satisfies best the interests of the poor.

Niṣāb for livestock
The niṣāb for the three zakatable livestock is as follows:

 Cattle (including buffalo, bison, yaks, etc.): thirty animals
 Sheep and goats: forty animals
 Camels: five animals

The Hanafi school is unique in extending zakat to horses under certain conditions. When it is applicable, there is no nisab and one mithqal is to be paid for each horse.

Someone who owns fewer animals than the above nisab is not obliged to pay zakat. Also, the nisab of one kind of animals is not be mixed with another. For example, having twenty cows and thirty goats would be considered below the nisab as it does not reach the threshold of 30 cows and 40 goats.

Niṣāb for agricultural products
There is consensus among Muslim jurists that zakat is applicable to dates, grapes, wheat and barley. According to the majority opinion, zakat is also applicable to staples which could be stored like: corn, rice, lentils, dry peas and dry beans, while it is not applicable to fruits and vegetables like cucumbers, zucchini, onions, oranges and apricots. The Hanafi school applies zakat on all agricultural produce according to the opinion of Imam Abu Hanifa. According to Imam Abu Yusuf and Muhamad bin Al Hasan, it only applies to plants whose produce can last (through storage) for a year.

When zakat applies to a plant, the nisab is five Wasaq. Each wasaq is valued as sixty Sa'. Contemporary equivalency of Sa' according to one approximation is 2.03 liters. Therefore, the total nisab for agricultural produce is 609.84 kg.

References

Islamic jurisprudence
Islamic economic jurisprudence
Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
Sharia legal terminology

Nisab


William Edward Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. Crystal is known as a standup comedian, and for his film and stage roles. Crystal has received numerous accolades, including six Primetime Emmy Awards and a Tony Award as well as nominations for three Grammy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. He was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1991, the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in 2007, the Critics' Choice Lifetime Achievement Award in 2022 and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2023.

He gained prominence for television roles as Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom Soap from 1977 to 1981 and as a cast member and frequent host of Saturday Night Live from 1984 to 1985. Crystal then became known for his leading roles in films such as Running Scared (1986), The Princess Bride (1987), Throw Momma from the Train (1987), Memories of Me (1988), When Harry Met Sally... (1989), City Slickers (1991), Mr. Saturday Night (1992), Hamlet (1996), Deconstructing Harry (1997), Analyze This (1999), and Parental Guidance (2012). He provided the voice of Mike Wazowski in the Pixar animated Monsters, Inc. franchise. He has hosted the Academy Awards nine times, beginning in 1990 and most recently in 2012.

He made his Broadway debut in his one man show 700 Sundays in 2004 for which he won the Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event. He returned to the show again in 2014 which was filmed by HBO and received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special nomination. He wrote and starred in the Broadway musical Mr. Saturday Night based on his film in 2022 for which he received two Tony Award nominations for Best Actor in a Musical and Best Book of a Musical. He wrote his memoir Still Foolin' Em in 2013.

Early life and education

William Edward Crystal was born at Doctors Hospital on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, and initially raised in the Bronx. As a toddler, he moved with his family to 549 East Park Avenue in Long Beach, New York, on Long Island. He and his older brothers Joel, who later became an art teacher, and Richard, nicknamed Rip, were the sons of Helen (née Gabler), a housewife, and Jack Crystal, who owned and operated the Commodore Music Store, founded by Crystal's grandfather, Julius Gabler. Crystal's father was also a jazz promoter, a producer, and an executive for an affiliated jazz record label, Commodore Records, founded by Crystal's uncle, musician and songwriter Milt Gabler. Crystal is Jewish (his family emigrated from Austria, Russia, and Lithuania), and he grew up attending Temple Emanu-El (Long Beach, New York) where he had his bar mitzvah. The three young brothers would entertain by reprising comedy routines from the likes of Bob Newhart, Rich Little and Sid Caesar records their father would bring home. Jazz artists such as Arvell Shaw, Pee Wee Russell, Eddie Condon, and Billie Holiday were often guests in the home. With the decline of Dixieland jazz and the rise of discount record stores, in 1963, Crystal's father lost his business and died later that year at the age of 54 after having a heart attack. His mother died in 2001.

After graduating from Long Beach High School in 1965, Crystal attended Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia, on a baseball scholarship, having learned the game from his father, who pitched for St. John's University. Crystal never played baseball at Marshall because the program was suspended during his first year. He did not return to Marshall as a sophomore, instead deciding to stay in New York to be close to his future wife. He studied acting at HB Studio. He attended Nassau Community College with her and later transferred to New York University, where he was a film and television directing major. He graduated from NYU in 1970 with a BFA from its then School of Fine Arts. One of his instructors was Martin Scorsese, while Oliver Stone and Christopher Guest were among his classmates.

Career

Television

Crystal returned to New York City. For four years, he was part of a comedy trio with two friends. They played colleges and coffee houses and Crystal worked as a substitute teacher on Long Island. He later became a solo act and performed regularly at The Improv and Catch a Rising Star. In 1976, Crystal appeared on an episode of All in the Family. He was on the dais for the Dean Martin celebrity roast of Muhammad Ali on February 19, 1976, where he did impressions of both Ali and sportscaster Howard Cosell. He was scheduled to appear on the first episode of NBC Saturday Night on October 11, 1975 (The show was later renamed Saturday Night Live on March 26, 1977), but his sketch was cut. He did perform on episode 17 of that first season, doing a monologue of an old jazz man capped by the line "Can you dig it? I knew that you could." Host Ron Nessen introduced him as "Bill Crystal".  He made a guest appearance on "The Love Boat" Season 2 Episode 5, which aired on 10/20/1978.  Crystal also made game show appearances such as The Hollywood Squares, All Star Secrets and The $20,000 Pyramid. To this day, he holds the Pyramid franchise's record for getting his contestant partner to the top of the pyramid in the winner's circle in the fastest time: 26 seconds.

Crystal's earliest prominent role was as Jodie Dallas on Soap, one of the first unambiguously gay characters in the cast of an American television series. He continued in the role during the series's entire 1977–1981 run.

In 1982, Billy Crystal hosted his own variety show, The Billy Crystal Comedy Hour on NBC. When Crystal arrived to shoot the fifth episode, he learned it had been canceled after only the first two aired. After hosting Saturday Night Live twice, on March 17, 1984, and the show's ninth season finale on May 5, he joined the regular cast for the 1984–85 season. His most famous recurring sketch was his parody of Fernando Lamas, a smarmy talk-show host whose catchphrase, "You look... mahvelous!", became a media sensation. Also in the 1980s, Crystal starred in an episode of Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre as the smartest of the three little pigs.

In 1991, Crystal created and produced the HBO six-part comedy miniseries Sessions starring Michael McKean and Elliott Gould. The Los Angeles Times praised the project describing it as "swankily written, elegantly staged and perfectly cast". In 1996, Crystal was the guest star of the third episode of Muppets Tonight and hosted three Grammy Awards Telecasts: the 29th Grammys; the 30th Grammys; and the 31st Grammys. Crystal was a guest on the first and the last episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, which concluded February 6, 2014, after 22 seasons on the air.

He directed the made-for-television movie 61* (2001) based on Roger Maris's and Mickey Mantle's race to break Babe Ruth's single-season home run record in 1961. This earned Crystal an Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special.

In 2015, Crystal co-starred alongside Josh Gad on the FX comedy series The Comedians, which ran for just one season before being canceled. His series received mixed reviews with many critics noting the chemistry developed further as the series went on. The series was compared to backstage shows such as The Larry Sanders Show and 30 Rock. Kate Kulzick of The A.V. Club wrote "The odd-couple pairing of Crystal and Gad works well, with their generational divide providing many of the show's early highlights...The friendly rapport that develops between the fictionalized Billy and Josh allows them to relax a bit and get to know each other better".

Film career

Crystal's first film role was in Joan Rivers' 1978 film Rabbit Test, the story of the "world's first pregnant man." Crystal appeared briefly in the Rob Reiner "rockumentary" This Is Spinal Tap (1984) as Morty The Mime, a waiter dressed as a mime at one of Spinal Tap's parties. He shared the scene with a then-unknown, non-speaking Dana Carvey, stating famously that "Mime is money." He later starred in the action comedy Running Scared (1986) opposite Gregory Hines.

He reunited with director Rob Reiner in The Princess Bride (1987), in a comedic supporting role as "Miracle Max". Reiner got Crystal to accept the part by saying, "How would you like to play Mel Brooks?" Reiner also allowed Crystal to ad-lib, and his parting shot, "Have fun storming the castle!" is a frequently quoted line. Critic Roger Ebert described Crystal as a highlight of the film writing "the funniest sequences in the film stars Billy Crystal and Carol Kane, both unrecogizable behind makeup, as an ancient wizard and crone who specialize in bringing the dead back to life".

Reiner directed Crystal for a third time in the romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally... (1989). Crystal starred alongside Meg Ryan, Bruno Kirby and Carrie Fisher in a script written by Nora Ephron. The Hollywood Reporter praised the film and Crystal's performance writing, "Crystal's lustrous, deeply-shaded performance is certain to win him legions of new fans; indeed, his prowess as a comic reaches its deepest human dimension here." Crystal was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy losing to Morgan Freeman in Driving Miss Daisy (1989). The film has since become an iconic classic for the genre and is Crystal's most celebrated film. In 2019 the BBC named the film the greatest romantic comedy of all time.

Crystal then starred in the award-winning buddy comedy City Slickers (1991), which proved very successful both commercially and critically and for which Crystal was nominated for his second Golden Globe. The film was followed by a sequel, which was less successful. The name of his company is Face Productions. Entertainment Weekly praised Crystal's performance writing, "It's also the first movie ever to do the talented Billy Crystal justice...he's far more pleasureful to watch in this sort of dramatic-comedy role than, say, Robin Williams, because his comfy, urban-shlemiel personality helps ground the jokes". Following the significant success of these films, Crystal wrote, directed, and starred in Mr. Saturday Night (1992) and Forget Paris (1995). In the former, Crystal played a serious role in aging makeup, as an egotistical comedian who reflects back on his career.

Crystal later films include a supporting roles in Kenneth Branagh's William Shakespeare epic Hamlet (1996), and Woody Allen's critically acclaimed comedy ensemble film Deconstructing Harry (1997). Crystal had starred opposite Robin Williams in Father's Day (1997) and had success alongside Robert De Niro in Harold Ramis' mobster comedy Analyze This (1999). More recent performances include roles in America's Sweethearts (2001), the sequel Analyze That (2002), and Parental Guidance (2012).

In 1992, he narrated Dr. Seuss Video Classics: Horton Hatches the Egg. Crystal was originally asked to voice Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story (1995) but turned it down, a decision he later regretted due to the popularity of the series. Crystal later went on to provide the voice of Mike Wazowski in the blockbuster Pixar film Monsters, Inc. (2001), Cars (2006), during the epilogue in the end credits, and to reprise his voice role in the prequel, Monsters University (2013). Crystal also provided the voice of Calcifer in the English version of Hayao Miyazaki's Howl's Moving Castle (2004).

Albums and music career

Due to the success of Crystal's standup and SNL career, in 1985, he released an album of his stand-up material titled Mahvelous!.  The title track You Look Marvelous, written by Crystal and Paul Shaffer, had an accompanying music video that debuted on MTV. Both the song and video features Crystal in character as his SNL persona of talk show host Fernando Lamas. The video features Lamas cruising around in what was at the time the world's longest stretch limousine, built by custom-coach designer and builder Vini Bergeman, surrounded by models in bikinis. The single peaked at No. 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, and No. 17 in Canada. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Recording at the 1986 Grammy Awards.

In 2013, Crystal released his autobiographical memoir Still Foolin' Em. The audiobook version was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

Academy Awards host
Crystal hosted the Academy Awards broadcast a total of 9 times, from 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004 and 2012. His hosting was critically praised, resulting in two Primetime Emmy Award wins for hosting and writing the 63rd Academy Awards and an Emmy win for writing the 64th Academy Awards. He returned as the host for the 2012 Oscar ceremony, after Eddie Murphy resigned from hosting. His nine times is second only to Bob Hope's 19 in most ceremonies hosted. At the 83rd Academy Awards ceremony in 2011, he appeared as a presenter for a digitally inserted Bob Hope and before doing so was given a standing ovation. Film critic Roger Ebert said when Crystal came onstage about two hours into the show, he got the first laughs of the broadcast. Crystal's hosting gigs have regularly included an introductory video segment in which he comedically inserts himself into scenes of that year's nominees in addition to a song following his opening monologue.

Broadway
Crystal won the 2005 Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event for 700 Sundays, a two-act, one-man play, which he conceived and wrote about his parents and his childhood growing up on Long Island. He toured throughout the US with the show in 2006 and then Australia in 2007.

Following the initial success of the play, Crystal wrote the book 700 Sundays for Warner Books, which was published on October 31, 2005. In conjunction with the book and the play that also paid tribute to his uncle, Milt Gabler, Crystal produced two CD compilations: Billy Crystal Presents: The Milt Gabler Story, which featured his uncle's most influential recordings from Billie Holiday's "Strange Fruit" to "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley & His Comets; and Billy Remembers Billie featuring Crystal's favorite Holiday recordings.

In the fall of 2013, he brought the show back to Broadway for a two-month run at the Imperial Theatre. HBO filmed the January 3–4, 2014 performances for a special, which debuted on their network on April 19, 2014 entitled Billy Crystal: 700 Sundays. The televised special received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations including Outstanding Variety Special, and Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special.

In 2022, Crystal adapted his 1992 movie Mr. Saturday Night into a Broadway musical with the same name. Crystal stars in the musical reprising his role from the film alongside David Paymer. The production began previews on Broadway at the Nederlander Theatre on March 29, 2022, prior to officially opening on April 27. Crystal earned the Drama League Award for Contribution to the Theater Award for "his extraordinary work on stages across the country and commitment to mentorship in the field". Crystal performed a number with the ensemble from his musical at the 75th Tony Awards. He also performed what he described as Yiddish scat singing. He went into the crowd teaching Lin-Manuel Miranda and Samuel L. Jackson as well as the rest of the audience. The New York Times praised Crystal on his bit, describing it as a highlight of the telecast writing, "one of the few moments that broke through...is when [Crystal] brought it out into the audience, and threw it up to the balcony, he showed how precision delivery and command of a room can make even the oldest, silliest material impossibly compelling."

Other appearances
In 2014, Crystal paid tribute to his close friend Robin Williams at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards. In his tribute he talked about their friendship, saying, "As genius as he was on stage, he was the greatest friend you could ever imagine. Supportive. Protective. Loving. It's very hard to talk about him in the past because he was so present in all of our lives. For almost 40 years, he was the brightest star in the comedy galaxy…[His] beautiful light will continue to shine on us forever. And the glow will be so bright, it'll warm your heart. It'll make your eyes glisten. And you'll think to yourselves: Robin Williams. What a concept." Crystal stated that paying tribute to Williams so publicly and so soon after Williams had died was one of "the hardest things I've had to do" and that "I was really worried that I wasn't going to get through it." Crystal soon after appeared on The View where he and Whoopi Goldberg shared stories about Williams, reminiscing about their friendship, and their collaborations together on Comic Relief.

In 2016, Crystal gave one of the eulogies for Muhammad Ali at his funeral. In his remembrance of Ali, Crystal talked about his admiration for Ali as a boxer, and humanitarian. He also shared stories of their unlikely friendship after Crystal did a series of impersonations of him. Crystal stated of Ali's legacy, "Only once in a thousand years or so, do we get to hear a Mozart, or see a Picasso, or read a Shakespeare. Ali was one of them. And yet, at his heart, he was still a kid from Louisville who ran with the gods and walked with the crippled and smiled at the foolishness of it all."

In the fall of 2021, Crystal reprised the role of Buddy Young Jr., in a theatrical musical staging of Mr. Saturday Night at the Barrington Stage Company in Pittsfield, MA.

Discography

Albums
Mahvelous!, (A&M Records, 1985) [#65 US]

Singles
"You Look Marvelous", (A&M Records, 1985) [#58 US]
"I Hate When That Happens", (A&M Records, 1985)
"The Christmas Song", (A&M Records, 1985)

Bibliography

Awards and nominations

Crystal has received numerous accolades including six Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program as the host of the 31st Annual Grammy Awards (1989), 63rd Academy Awards (1991), and 70th Academy Awards (1998) and the Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series for writing his comedy special Midnight Train to Moscow (1990), and the 63rd Academy Awards and 64th Academy Awards (1992). For his Broadway debut, his one man show 700 Sundays (2005), he won the Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event, and the Drama Desk Award. He received further Tony nominations for Best Actor in a Musical and Best Book of a Musical for Mr. Saturday Night (2022).

He received nominations for three Grammy Awards for Best Comedy Album for You Look Marvelous (1986), Best Spoken Word Album for Still Foolin' Em (2014), and Best Musical Theatre Album for Mr. Saturday Night (2023). He also received three Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performances in the romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally... (1989), the western comedy City Slickers (1991), and Crystal's directorial debut Mr. Saturday Night (1992).

He has also received numerous honors including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1991, and was awarded with the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in 2007 where he was honored by Robin Williams, Whoopi Goldberg, Robert De Niro, Martin Short, and Rob Reiner at the John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in Washington D.C. He was made one of the Disney Legends in 2013 and also received the Critics' Choice Lifetime Achievement Award in 2022 and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2023.

Personal life
On June 4, 1970, Crystal married his high school sweetheart, Janice Goldfinger. Crystal has long credited his parents, "who always looked like they loved being together," with setting an example for his own marriage. They have two daughters: actress Jennifer and Lindsay, a producer, and are grandparents. They live in the Pacific Palisades  neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.

Crystal received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from New York University in 2016 and spoke at the commencement at Yankee Stadium.

Philanthropy

In 1986, Crystal started hosting Comic Relief on HBO with Robin Williams and Whoopi Goldberg. Founded by Bob Zmuda, Comic Relief raises money for homeless people in the United States.

On September 6, 2005, on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Crystal and Jay Leno were the first celebrities to sign a Harley-Davidson motorcycle to be auctioned off for Gulf Coast relief.

Crystal has participated in the Simon Wiesenthal Center Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles. Crystal's personal history is featured in the "Finding Our Families, Finding Ourselves" exhibit in the genealogy wing of the museum.

Sports
On March 12, 2008, Crystal signed a one-day minor league contract to play with the New York Yankees, and was invited to the team's major league spring training. He wore uniform number 60 in honor of his upcoming 60th birthday. On March 13, in a spring training game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Crystal led off as the designated hitter. He managed to make contact, fouling a fastball up the first base line, but was eventually struck out by Pirates pitcher Paul Maholm on six pitches and was later replaced in the batting order by Johnny Damon. He was released on March 14, his 60th birthday.

Crystal's boyhood idol was Yankee Hall of Fame legend Mickey Mantle, who had signed a program for him when Crystal attended a game where Mantle had hit a home run. Years later on The Dinah Shore Show, in one of his first television appearances, Crystal met Mantle in person and had Mantle re-sign the same program. Crystal would be good friends with Mantle until Mantle's death in 1995. He and Bob Costas together wrote the eulogy Costas read at Mantle's funeral, and George Steinbrenner then invited Crystal to emcee the unveiling of Mantle's monument at Yankee Stadium. In his 2013 memoir Still Foolin' 'Em, Crystal claimed that after the ceremony, near the Yankees clubhouse, he was punched in the stomach by Joe DiMaggio, who was angry at Crystal for not having introduced him to the crowd as the "Greatest living player".

Crystal also was well known for his impressions of Yankees Hall of Famer turned broadcaster Phil Rizzuto. Rizzuto, known for his quirks calling games, did not travel to Anaheim, California in 1996 to call the game for WPIX. Instead, Crystal joined the broadcasters in the booth and pretended to be Rizzuto for a few minutes during the August 31 game.

Although a lifelong Yankees fan, he is a part-owner of the Arizona Diamondbacks, even earning a World Series ring in 2001 when the Diamondbacks beat his beloved Yankees.

In City Slickers, Crystal wore a New York Mets baseball cap. In the 1986 film Running Scared, his character is an avid Chicago Cubs fan, wearing a Cubs' jersey in several scenes. In the 2012 film Parental Guidance, his character is the announcer for the Fresno Grizzlies, a Minor League Baseball team, who aspires to announce for their Major League affiliate, the San Francisco Giants.

Crystal appeared in Ken Burns's 1994 documentary Baseball, telling personal stories about his life-long love of baseball, including meeting Casey Stengel as a child and Ted Williams as an adult.

Crystal is also a longtime Los Angeles Clippers fan and season ticket holder.

References

External links

Website for Billy Crystal's book Still Foolin' 'Em

1948 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American comedy musicians
American film directors
American film producers
American impressionists (entertainers)
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male screenwriters
American male singers
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male television writers
American male voice actors
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American sketch comedians
American stand-up comedians
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Arizona Diamondbacks owners
Audiobook narrators
Comedians from New York (state)
Comedy film directors
Film directors from New York City
Film producers from New York (state)
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American film directors
Jewish American film producers
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American male comedians
Jewish American screenwriters
Jewish American writers
Jewish male actors
Jewish male comedians
Long Beach High School (New York) alumni
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Marshall Thundering Herd baseball players
Marshall University alumni
Nassau Community College alumni
People from Long Beach, New York
People from Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Television producers from New York (state)
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Tony Award winners

Billy Crystal


North America is the third largest continent in the world. There are 23 countries in North America. The languages people speak the most in North America - which includes Central America and the Caribbean - are English, Spanish, and in some places French and creole languages.

There are lots of languages which are spoken by indigenous peoples - in the Arctic these include Eskimo-Aleut languages, such the Aleut language, which are spoken in the Aleutian Islands; the Yupik languages, which are spoken in Alaska; and Inuit languages, which are spoken by people in places including Alaska, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Greenland.

A group of languages which are called Na-Dené languages are spoken in Alaska and north-west Canada. Southern Athabaskan languages are spoken in the South-western United States. Algic languages, which include Algonquian languages, are spoken by a lot of people in Canada and the United States. Some of these are Ojibwe, Cree, Miꞌkmaq, and Blackfoot.

A group of languages called the Iriquoian languages are spoken by a lot of people who live near the Saint Lawrence River and the eastern Great Lakes. These include Cherokee.

A group of languages called the Uto-Aztecan languages are spoken by people in the Western United States, in northern and central Mexico, and El Salvador. Some of these are Hopi, O'odham, and Nahuatl.

A group of languages called the Mayan languages are spoken by people in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala.

A group of languages called the Mixe–Zoque languages are spoken by people in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico.

In the Caribbean a lot of people used to speak Arawakan languages. Some of these are the Ta-Arawakan languages, which are spoken in Central and Southern America. These are still spoken by a lot of people in South America.

Introduced languages
Languages which have been introduced to North America include English, Spanish, and French. Most people speak English. These languages were introduced to America by people who lived in Europe. English is also spoken in Canada, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, and is spoken alongside Creole languages in Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the Virgin Islands.

The most spoken language in Mexico is Spanish. Most people in Central America also speak Spanish, including people in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. A lot of people in the United States also speak Spanish.

Some places in Canada speak French. These include Quebec and Saint Pierre and Miquelon. French is also spoken in Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.

Lots of people in Alaska used to speak Russian, because the United States bought Alaska from Russia.

Some places in the United States speak German, including the Pennsylvania Dutch, the Hutterite Germans, and the Texas Germans. The Plautdietsch dialect is spoken by descendants of people from the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Nearly everybody in Greenland speaks Danish, where it is spoken because of colonization by the Danish. Dutch is spoken by a lot of people in Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles, and descendants of settlers who live in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Lots of Asian languages are spoken in the United States and Canada, including Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Kashmiri, Dogri, Gujarati, Konkani, Marathi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Odia, Maithili, Nepali, Balochi, Pashto, Assamese, Meitei, Santali, Kokborok, Tamil, Telugu, Tulu, Malayalam, and Kannada. Lots of Indians came to the Caribbean during the 19th and 20th centuries to work on the sugar cane, cocoa bean, rice and coffee bean plantations after slavery was abolished.

Languages of North America


In organic chemistry, a phenacyl group is an aromatic substituent that consists of a phenyl group attached to an acyl group. A molecule containing a phenacyl group has the formula RCH2(CO)C6H5 and the structure shown to the right. Here, R denotes the remainder of the molecule; for instance, if R is Br, then the compound could be called "phenacyl bromide". Note however that in the standard IUPAC nomenclature this compound would instead be called "2-bromo-1-phenylethanone".

Examples
 Phenacyl chloride is also known as CN gas.
 Phenacyl bromide, a toxic chemical mainly used in the production of other chemicals.
 N-phenacyl thiazolium bromide, a compound that breaks cross-links in Advanced glycation end products.

External links

Aryl groups
Ketones

Phenacyl group


The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have come from Jutland (called Iutum in Latin) in modern Denmark inclusive Southern Schleswig in Northern Germany and part of the Frisian coast. The Jutes, along with the Angles, Saxons and Frisians, were mentioned amongst the Germanic tribes who sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Great Britain.

It is believed that the Jutes settled particularly in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The land where the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons settled became the country of England.

Other websites
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jute." Encyclopedia Britannica, December 21, 2016.
Were the West Saxons guilty of ethnic cleansing?

Germanic tribes

Schleswig-Holstein

Jutes


A hingel is a type of dumpling found in North Caucasus that is similar to manti. The meat version of the dish is often associated with the Turkish province of Çorum but there is a  stuffed potato variety said to hail from Erzurum in eastern Anatolia. The stuffed meat variety resembles a larger than average Turkish manti, but unlike manti, the filling includes onion, garlic and parsley as well as ground meat. It is served with a sauce of melted butter and yogurt.

The stuffed potato version is also sometimes called Sivas mantisi, named after the Sivas Province. In some versions from Sivas, the hingel dough may be shaped triangularly and boiled plain without any filling. Like other versions, this version is also served with a yogurt and butter sauce.

See also
 Khinkali

References

Circassian cuisine
Dumplings

Hingel


Conostylis androstemma (common name trumpets) is a tufted perennial plant species in the family Haemodoraceae. It is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. Plants grow to between 10 and 30 cm high and produce cream to pale yellow flowers between May and August in the species' native range.

Description
Conostylis androstemma has green, hairless, terete leaves which are 10 to 30 cm long and about 1 mm in diameter. The flower has stems (pedicels) that are  less than 1 mm long,  and bracts which are about 5 mm long and  2 mm wide. The cream to pale yellow perianth is hairy and radially symmetrical It is 30–50 mm long with a tube which is usually straight. The lobes are not reflexed and are 15 to 25 mm long. There are six stamens, all at the one level. The filaments are 8–17 mm long and the yellow anthers 3–5.5 mm long and without an appendage. The style is 30–50 mm long.

It flowers from May to August.

The plant resprouts from its rhizomes, after fire.

It is easily distinguished from Conostylis argentea by its terete hairless leaves.

Habitat
It grows in lateritic gravel and yellow sand on screes and hilltops,

Distribution
It occurs in south-western Western Australia from Kalbarri National Park to Perth and York.

Taxonomy
Originally named Androstemma junceum and described by John Lindley in 1840 in A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony, the species was assigned to the genus Conostylis by botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1873 in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae and renamed Conostylis androstemma.

References

Commelinales of Australia
Angiosperms of Western Australia
Plants described in 1873
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
androstemma

Conostylis androstemma


Kevin Foote (born May 9, 1967) is an American sportscaster, radio host,  and professional wrestling color commentator, executive, manager, pundit, and former ring announcer, better known by his ring name Kevin Kelly. Foote has worked as an English-language commentator for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) since 2015. He also works as a commentator for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) for its Saturday Collision program. He previously worked for WWE from 1996 to 2003, Major League Wrestling in 2004, and Ring of Honor (ROH) from 2010 to 2017.

Early life
Kelly was born in New York City, New York, but his family relocated to Stuart, Florida when he was ten. He graduated from Florida State University in January 1990.

Broadcasting career

Radio
Kelly first became involved in broadcasting when he began working as a disc jockey, playing music from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.

Kelly once hosted a segment named "Plan B" on the Voice of Wrestling Internet radio program. In August 2007, Kelly started his own show on the Wrestling Radio Network called The Kevin Kelly Show. Kelly also hosts The Big Picture audio show on ClubWWI.com. In 2014, Kevin Kelly began hosting a wrestling and pop culture podcast, The Kevin Kelly Show, on Place to Be Nation.

Professional wrestling

Independent circuit (1991–1996, 1999–2005, 2011)
Kelly debuted on the professional wrestling independent circuit in 1991. He originally worked as a ring announcer for Eddie Mansfield's Orlando, Florida-based International Wrestling Federation.

In November 1999, Kelly debuted in the Delaware-based East Coast Wrestling Association as a manager, forming several heel stables. On April 7, 2001 in Wilmington, Delaware, Kelly defeated Cheetah Master for the ECWA Heavyweight Championship with the help of Billy Fives and Rick Fuller, members of Kelly's "Alliance of Defiance" stable. He was stripped of the title on May 5, 2001, with Scoot Andrews defeating Billy Fives for the vacant title. On December 3, 2005, Kelly was inducted into the ECWA Hall of Fame.

From 2003 to 2004, he worked for the first incarnation of Major League Wrestling.

From May 28, 2011 to October 22, 2011, Kelly was an announcer for Lucha Libre USA Season 2.

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1996–2003)
Kelly received a try-out with the World Wrestling Federation as a ring announcer due to the intervention of fellow IWF alumnus Billy Gunn. He was hired by the WWF in June 1996, and began working as a backstage interviewer. From August to October 1996, Kelly served as commentator for Raw is War, the flagship television program of the WWF, alongside Jim Ross and Jerry Lawler. From December 1997 to March 1998, Kelly again served as a commentator for Raw is War, alongside Jim Ross and Michael Cole. Afterward, Kelly resumed serving as an interviewer on Raw is War and (upon its premiere) SmackDown!.

As an interviewer, Kelly was involved in numerous angles. The most publicized was the controversial "Pillman's got a gun" angle, which took place on the November 4, 1996 episode of Monday Night Raw, which was filmed in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The angle was set against the backdrop of an ongoing feud between Brian Pillman and Stone Cold Steve Austin. Throughout the broadcast of Monday Night Raw, live footage was shown of Kelly interviewing Pillman in his home in Walton, Kentucky alongside Pillman's wife Melanie. After Dok Hendrix informed Monday Night Raw announcer Vince McMahon that Austin was supposedly traveling to Pillman's home, Pillman, upon being apprised of this development, produced and loaded a 9 mm pistol and stated that he would "blow [Austin's] sorry ass straight to hell!" A frightened Kelly delivered the line "Pillman's got a gun!" In the course of the interview, Austin arrived at Pillman's home and, after fighting off several of Pillman's friends who had surrounded the house to protect him, broke into the house and advanced on Pillman. Pillman responded by pointing his pistol at Austin, with the live camera feed subsequently fading to black as Kelly and Melanie Pillman screamed. When the camera feed returned, Pillman was being restrained by his friends, and Kelly informed McMahon that there had been two explosions, but no-one had been injured. At that point, Austin re-entered the house, with Pillman's friends forcing him out again as Pillman pointed his pistol at Austin while screaming obscenities and threats. Kelly shouted for someone to "call the police" as Monday Night Raw color commentator Jerry Lawler instructed him to "get the gun". The broadcast ended with Austin being driven from the house as Melanie Pillman cried. The WWF and Pillman would later apologize for the segment.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Kelly would frequently be mocked by The Rock during interviews, with The Rock labeling him an "ugly hermaphrodite" and nicknaming him "Hermie". At Unforgiven on September 24, 2000, Kelly was attacked by the returning Stone Cold Steve Austin while attempting to interview him.

Kelly would later begin hosting the weekly WWF webcast Byte This!. In addition to his on-screen roles, Kelly served as a WWF talent scout, monitoring wrestlers in the Heartland Wrestling Association, Memphis Championship Wrestling, Ohio Valley Wrestling, and Urban Wrestling Alliance developmental territories. Kelly was responsible for watching and evaluating tapes of matches sent to the WWF by prospective employees. Kelly also had a minor degree of influence on the creative direction of the WWF, and was the creator of the storyline that saw Stephanie McMahon marry Triple H, creating the McMahon-Helmsley Faction. In addition, Kelly produced WWE Confidential.

On March 21, 2003, Kelly was released by World Wrestling Entertainment as part of a series of budget cuts. Since his release, Kelly has criticized the corporate policies and creative direction of his former employer.

Major League Wrestling (2004)

In 2004, Kevin Kelly would replace Joey Styles as the announcer for Major League Wrestling, but the promotion would cease operations shortly thereafter.

Ring of Honor (2010–2017)
On March 2, 2010, Jim Cornette announced that Kelly had signed an agreement to be the voice of Ring of Honor on Internet pay-per-view Between 2011 and 2017, Kelly served as main play-by-play announcer for Ring of Honor television tapings and pay-per-views.

On February 2, 2017, it was reported that Kelly had given his notice to ROH and left his position as the company's head play-by-play announcer. Kelly remained with ROH in a part-time role until July 11, when he announced he was no longer working for the company, although he will still call ROH matches held as part of New Japan Pro-Wrestling events as he is associated with the Japanese promotion as their English language play-by-play announcer.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2015–present)
On October 12, Kelly and Matt Striker served as the English language commentators for New Japan Pro-Wrestling's King of Pro-Wrestling on NJPW World.

Kelly returned to NJPW English commentary at Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome on January 4, 2016, again working alongside Matt Striker as well as NJPW wrestler Yoshitatsu. He returned as part of NJPW English commentary at Invasion Attack 2016 alongside Steve Corino, who filled in Matt Striker's position. In January 2017, Corino was replaced by Don Callis.

On September 5, 2023, Kelly announced that he would be leaving NJPW after Wrestle Kingdom 18 on January 4, 2024. He will be replaced by Game Changer Wrestling commenter Walker Stewart.

All Elite Wrestling (2023-present)
Kelly officially joined AEW on June 17th, where he debuted as part of the commentary team for the inaugural episode of AEW Collision alongside Nigel McGuinness and Jim Ross.

Championships and accomplishments
East Coast Wrestling Association
ECWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)
ECWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Television Announcer (2018, 2019, 2022)
Best Announcer of the Decade (2010s)

References

External links

 Kevin Kelly Show

 Ring of Honor profile

1967 births
American color commentators
American male professional wrestlers
American radio personalities
American sports announcers
Florida State University alumni
Living people
Professional wrestling announcers
Professional wrestling executives
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Sportspeople from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Television personalities from Florida
Television personalities from New York City

Kevin Kelly (announcer)