WCW Backstage Assault is a professional wrestling video game by Electronic Arts (EA). It was the final World Championship Wrestling (WCW) game released before the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) purchased the company's assets three months later. Backstage Assault features commentary by Tony Schiavone and Bobby "The Brain" Heenan. The game is distinguished by the fact that all gameplay takes place outside of a standard wrestling ring. This approach was poorly received, and the game sold only 200,000 copies.

Gameplay
Backstage Assault is vastly different from other games of its genre. Previous wrestling games such as WWF SmackDown! and WCW Mayhem featured backstage areas as auxiliary fighting locations. In Backstage Assault, all of the gameplay takes place in backstage locations. There is no ring, and it is not possible to go into the main arena in front of the crowd.

All of the matches are conducted under "Hardcore Rules". As in traditional wrestling, one person can win by pinfall (holding the back of the opponent's shoulders to the ground while the referee counts to three), submission, or knock out. But these win conditions may be met anywhere, and the use of objects as weapons is encouraged. It is not possible to end a match by disqualification or count out. As gameplay is limited to only two characters, all matches are one-vs-one with no possibility of outside interference or teamwork.

The game takes place in an arena with seven connecting levels, having sixteen rooms in total. While a match may begin in one room, it can end anywhere the players can gain access to. When beginning 'Hardcore Challenge' or 'Hardcore Gauntlet' mode, they are confined to the Truck Arena for the first match. The player may return to rooms they had already visited as they progress through the modes. They do this by walking through open doors. Winning matches in these levels makes them permanently available in Exhibition mode.

Players inflict damage on each other to facilitate meeting one of the three win conditions. They do this by executing strikes, grapple moves, holds, hitting them with weapons, or causing the opponent to run or fall against a hazard. Some moves can be reversed, inflicting damage upon the person who initiated it. Successfully performing moves and taunts without interruption will increase momentum. When a player achieves "Max Momentum", they may perform their finishing move before the momentum drops again. The color of a player's name will change from white to yellow to red to flashing red as they take on damage. The more damage they take, the harder it will be for them to resist losing. Players can bleed if they take on took much damage.

The primary gameplay mode is called 'Hardcore Challenge'. The player will choose one character to pursue a specific championship with. They will then play a series of matches against random opponents. The first match will always be in the Truck Arena. After this initial victory, players may choose which connecting room (and therefore which opponent) they shall face next. The difficulty level and number of matches the player must play is determined by which title they choose. The final match will also be in the Truck Arena, and will be for the selected title. Players earn points based on their victories, moves performed and general skill shown. If they lose a match, they are only offered one further chance to win it. Losing the same match twice ends the campaign. Players can save their progress in between matches. If the player successfully wins the title, they will be added to the High Score chart if they are in the Top 10. Levels, moves and most hidden characters are unlocked through this mode. While players cannot defend the title, the character they used will be the designated champion next time they play the same mode.

'Hardcore Gauntlet' offers the player one chance to win seven matches on normal difficulty. They may not save their progress between rounds. Beating the mode earns a high score, and may unlock hidden characters.

'Exhibition' mode allows the player to play a single match against the computer or a second player. It has only three match types, two of which are exclusive to this mode. Normal matches are standard. 'First Blood' matches are won by causing your opponent to bleed, but can only be played on one-player mode. 'Human Torch' matches can only be played with two players. This match type is limited to the Truck Arena, and requires the winner to set their opponent on fire using the flaming barrel near the exit.

Reception

WCW Backstage Assault received "generally unfavorable reviews" on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Daniel Erickson of NextGen was negative to the PlayStation version. Lamchop of GamePros reviewed Nintendo 64 and Playstation versions. While generally positive to the game, Lamchop also commented that the fans of wrestler games would pick up the title in their collection, while others would avoid or pick them up as rental titles.

Cancelled Playstation 2 Version

The May 2000 edition of PSM featured a cover story on an upcoming game called WCW 2000. Within the magazine, there was an interview with the WCW 2000 game's producers Sr. Producer Chuck Osieja and Producers Gary Lam and Ian Vechere of EA Canada. In the interview, the producers describe a game to be game focused on Hardcore Rules in a "Hardcore Challenge" that would progressively unlock more stars of WCW and more fighting environments, much like what would become Backstage Assault. Later in the magazine, Stephen Frost writes that WCW's newest game will feature "an extremely high polygon count", take place without a ring, and will be released in Q4 2000.

The November 2000 issue of PSM indicated that a Playstation 2 version of Backstage Assault was pushed back to Spring 2001 while a reader asked PSM in their March 2001 issue if the WCW 2000 game that was the featured cover story from the May 2000 issue was simply a port of Backstage Assault for the Playstation 2 and if it was still happening in the magazine's Q&A section. PSM confirmed that WCW 2000 had become WCW Backstage Assault and a Playstation 2 release was still on target for Spring 2001. The Playstation 2 version of WCW Backstage Assault was never released.

See also

 List of licensed wrestling video games

Notes

References

External links

2000 video games
Electronic Arts games
Nintendo 64 games
PlayStation (console) games
World Championship Wrestling video games
Professional wrestling games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Kodiak Interactive games

WCW Backstage Assault


Air Chief Marshal Zulfiqar Ali Khan (Urdu: ذوالفقار علی خان; 10 December 1930 – 8 March 2005) , was the first four-star air officer in the Pakistan Air Force and later a diplomat. He was the Air Force's Chief of Air Staff from 15 April 1974 to 22 July 1978. Upon retirement, he served on a diplomatic assignment, and headed the diplomatic mission to the United States as Pakistan's ambassador from 1989 to 1990.

Biography

Zulfikar Ali Khan was born in Lahore, Punjab, British India, on 10 December 1930. He attended a local school in Lahore where he did his matriculation.

From 1947, he attended the Military College Jhelum, but joined the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) in 1948 when he transferred to the Pakistan Air Force Academy in Risalpur, NWFP in Pakistan. He was commissioned in the Air Force as a pilot officer and passed out from the PAF Academy in 1950 in the class of 7th GD pilot course on 21 December 1950. IN 1956, Flt-Lt. Khan first command assignment was to No. 20 Squadron Eagles.

In the 1960s, Squadron-Leader Khan was educated at the Air War College, where he earned a degree in staff course. In 1965, Sq-Ldr. Zulfikar Ali Khan participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, commanding No. 9 Squadron Griffins against the Indian Air Force. From 1966 to 1968, Wg-Cdr. Zulfiqar Ali Khan was posted in the Foreign ministry and briefly served as air attaché at the High Commission of Pakistan in New Delhi, led by H.E. Arshad Hussain.

In 1968, he was promoted to group captain and was posted in East Pakistan, where he was appointed as officer commanding of operations wing of Dacca Air Base, under its Air Officer Commanding, Air Cdre. Inamul Haq. Air Cdre. Khan participated in Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan against the Indian Air Force.

Gp-Capt. Khan was taken prisoner by the Indian Army after the Eastern Command was surrendered by its GOC-in-C, Lieutenant-General A. A. K. Niazi. In 1973, he was repatriated to Pakistan and was allowed to continue his military service and was promoted to a one-star rank, air-commodore, and took over the Air Force Academy as its commandant in 1973, but later posted as commandant of the Air War College for a short time.

His assignments include Officer commanding No. 11 Squadron Arrows, No. 9 Sq. Griffins, and AOC of the Sargodha Air Force Base.

Chief of Air Staff
In 1974, Air-Cdre. Zulfiqar Ali Khan was promoted to air vice marshal and was appointed as Deputy Chief of the Air Staff of Aerial Planning at the Air Headquarters in Islamabad but was later posted as Director-General of Air Operations.

On 14 April 1974, AVM Zulfiqar Ali Khan was surprisingly appointed the second Chief of Air Staff to take over the command of the Air Force as an air-marshal. The appointment was controversial since Air-Marshal Zafar Chaudhry resigned, and Air-Marshal Khan had succeeded seven senior air officers in the Air Force.

In 1975, he helped established the Northern Air Command, based in PAF Base Kalabagh, oversaw the induction of the MiG-15 as a jet trainer, establishment of the Air Defence Command, and provided his support to rebuilding Mirage III aircraft at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex.

On 1 January 1976, Air-Mshl. Khan was promoted to four-star rank, air chief marshal (ACM), becoming the first four-star officer in the Pakistan Air Force. ACM Zulfiqar Ali Khan was then made senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, and honored with the NI(M) for meritorious services. During this same time, ACM Zulfikar Ali Khan helped establish the Combat Commanders' School set up under Gp-Capt. Cecil Chaudhry.

Over the issue of clandestine atomic bomb programme, ACM Zulfiqar Ali Khan reportedly advised Prime Minister Bhutto against the acquisition of the aging A-7 and F-5 military aircraft in order to stop the work on the reprocessing plant for plutonium development, noting that "atomic bomb programme should not stop for any reason be compromised."

On 5 July 1978, ACM Zulfikar Ali Khan was appointed Deputy CMLA along with naval chief Admiral Moh'd Sharif, army chief General Zia-ul-Haq, and Chairman joint chiefs General Muh'd Shariff after the military coup d'état against the civilian government led by Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto.

On 22 July 1978, ACM Zulfiqar Ali Khan tendered his resignation from the command of the air force over the disagreement with the military take over of the civilian government, and handed over the command to newly appointed ACM Anwar Shamim.

Foreign service

Upon retirement, Zulfikar Ali Khan joined the Foreign Service and was appointed Pakistan's ambassador to Switzerland, serving from 1979 to 1981.

In 1989, he was appointed as chief investigator to lead investigations on possible military funding to political parties by the intelligence community.

In 1989, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto appointed him as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States in Washington DC. However, his tenureship was marked with controversy involving the continuation of atomic deterrence, which he failed to cover up in the United States. In 1990, he was recalled to Pakistan after serving as ambassador for only a year.

Death
On 8 March 2005, Air Chief Marshal Zulfiqar Ali Khan died of cardiac arrest in Islamabad when he suffered a heart attack at his residence and was taken to the PAF Hospital, but the doctors pronounced him dead. He was given a state funeral with full honours. Begum Sajida Zulifqar, wife of Air Chief Marshal Zulifqar Ali Khan, died on 30 September 2012 and her funeral prayers were attended by all former PAF Air Chiefs, politicians, bureaucrats, senior serving and retired military officials and a large number of people from all walks of life.

Awards and decorations

Foreign decorations

References

External links
 Bio of Air Marshal Zulfiqar Ali Khan
 PAF s' Chief of the Air Staffs
 Air Marshal Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Former chief of air staff, dies

|-

1930 births
2005 deaths
Punjabi people
Military personnel from Lahore
Pakistan Air Force Academy alumni
Pakistan Air Force officers
Pakistani military aviators
Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Air marshals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Pakistani prisoners of war
Pakistan Air Force air marshals
Ambassadors of Pakistan to Switzerland
Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States
Pakistani air attachés

Zulfiqar Ali Khan


Kevin Knight (born January 1, 1997) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he is a former IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champion. He also makes appearances for Impact Wrestling.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (2019–2020)
Knight made his debut on August 2, 2019, wrestling for a range of Canadian and American independent promotions for the majority of late 2019 and early 2020.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2020–Present)

Young Lion (2020–2022)
Knight entered the New Japan Pro-Wrestling LA Dojo in 2020 as a Young Lion, training under Katsuyori Shibata. Knight made his NJPW debut on December 12 at Super J-Cup, replacing an injured Karl Fredericks, where he teamed with Ren Narita, losing to Bullet Club's Hikuleo and Kenta.

In 2021, Knight competed on NJPW's American-based show Strong, commonly teaming with fellow LA Dojo members, such as Karl Fredericks, Clark Connors and Alex Coughlin, often losing most of his matches, which is common for NJPW Young Lions. In July, Knight entered the Tag Team Turbulence tournament, teaming with The DKC, however, they were defeated in the first round by The West Coast Wrecking Crew. Knight continued to wrestle on Strong for the remainder of the year. In May 2022, Knight made his debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW), teaming with The DKC, in a losing effort to The Factory's Aaron Solo and Nick Comoroto, after the match The Factory attempted to attack the duo, however, they were saved by their LA Dojo stablemates. This led to a match the following week, where NJPW's Knight, Connors, Fredericks, Coughlin and Yuya Uemura, defeated The Factory's Q. T. Marshall, Solo, Comoroto, Blake Li and Brick Aldridge, in a ten-man tag-team match. At Capital Collision, Knight was defeated by Comoroto in a dark-match. In June, Knight competed at AEW x NJPW: Forbidden Door on the Buy-In, teaming with Coughlin, Uemura and The DKC, in an eight-man tag-team match, losing to The Gunn Club (Billy, Austin and Colten Gunn) and Max Caster. In October at The Night Before Rumble on 44th Street, Knight and The DKC, defeated Forever Hooligans (Rocky Romero and Alex Koslov), who had reunited for one-night only. The following night at Rumble on 44th Street, Knight and The DKC teamed once more, losing to The Motor City Machine Guns and Aussie Open in a three-way tag-team match for the Strong Openweight Tag Team Championship, which The Motor City Machine Guns won.

Teaming with Kushida (2022–Present)
On November 20, Knight made his debut in Japan for NJPW, at Historic X-Over, teaming with Connors, Coughlin and Gabriel Kidd on the pre-show, to defeat Kosei Fujita, Oskar Leube, Ryohei Oiwa, and Yuto Nakashima. It was also announced that Knight would compete in the Super Junior Tag League, teaming with Kushida, who was often a trainer at the LA Dojo, whilst also making his debut in an annual NJPW tournament. During the tournament, Knight dropped the traditional black trunks worn by NJPW Young Lions, instead wearing bright orange gear and sunglasses, in order to better match his partner Kushida, whilst also signaling his graduation as a Young Lion. The duo ended the tournament with 4 points, failing to advance to the finals.

Following the tournament, Knight and Kushida continued to team together, with Knight debuting for Impact Wrestling on January 14, teaming with Kushida to defeat The Good Hands (Jason Hotch and John Skyler). On the January 18 episode of Dynamite, Knight and The DKC returned to AEW, where they accompanied Kushida to the ring, during his TNT Championship match against Darby Allin. On January 20 in Impact Wrestling, Kushida and Knight lost to Bullet Club's Chris Bey and Ace Austin. On February 25, Knight lost to Kenny King. On March 30, at Multiverse United, a co-produced show between Impact and NJPW, Knight competed in a Six-way Scramble match for the Impact X Division Championship, but the title was retained by champion Trey Miguel. In April, Knight and Kushida began teaming under the name Jet Setters. On April 27, Knight and Kushida won the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championships, from Catch 2/2 (T. J. Perkins and Francesco Akira), marking Knight's first NJPW championship.

The following month, Knight competed in his first Best of the Super Juniors tournament, competing in the B block. Knight finished his tournament champaign with 6 points, failing to advance to the semi-finals. On June 4 at Dominion 6.4 in Osaka-jo Hall, Jet Setters lost the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championships back to Catch 2/2 in a rematch.

On June 29, 2023 it was announced that on July 15, 2023 at Impact Slammiversary that Kevin Knight will be facing Mike Bailey,  Kushida, Jonathan Gresham and Alan Angels in a 5-way Ultimate X match to determine the #1 contender to the Impact X Division Championship. Later on Jake Something was added to the match making it a 6-way. During this match, Kevin Knight was not successful as Kushida was victorious at winning the match.

Championships and accomplishments
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kushida
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 252 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2023

References

External links

1997 births
Living people
People from Atlanta
American male professional wrestlers
IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan

Kevin Knight (wrestler)


Washington is a town in McClain County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 673 as of the 2020 census, a 0.2% increase from 2010.

History
A post office called Washington has been in operation since 1904. The town was not named after George Washington, first President of the United States. The post office charter was granted May 10, 1904. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the name was actually chosen to honor Caddo chief "Little Boy" George Washington, who had lived nearby.

When the Oklahoma Central Railway was built through McClain County in 1907, local resident Hoyt Turner and his Chickasaw-Choctaw wife, Daisy Willis, petitioned the federal court at Muskogee to remove the restrictions from a surplus allotment east of their farm so that a townsite could be established. The request was approved on December 24, 1907, shortly after statehood became effective, and Washington became the first townsite to have tribal restrictions removed for that reason.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Washington is located along State Highway 24. It is  northwest of Purcell.</ref>

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 520 people, 186 households, and 146 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 192 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 92.12% White, 2.88% Native American, 1.15% Pacific Islander, 1.92% from other races, and 1.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.23% of the population.

There were 186 households, out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 18.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.18.

31.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.7% were 18 to 24, 31.9% were 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 were 64, and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $36,806. Males had a median income of $31,429 versus $20,089 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,309. About 13.1% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.0% of those under age 18 and 18.8% of those age 65 or over.

School system
Washington is the home of Washington Public Schools, which comprises a single K-12 school at 101 E. Kirby, Washington, OK 73093. The mascot is the warrior and school colors are red and white. Their rivals are the Purcell Dragons. , the graduation rate was 94.7%, there were 17.4 students per teacher, and 916 enrolled students.

Sports played by students include: softball, football, basketball, baseball, cheerleading, golf, and track. Extra-curricular activities include academic team, band, FCCLA, FFA, newspaper, NHS, science club, STUCO, and yearbook.

Notable residents
 Nick Blackburn, former pitcher for the Minnesota Twins, became the baseball coach for Washington High School after retiring from professional baseball in 2015.
 Lometa Odom (19332017) basketball player and coach, member of the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
 James Winchester, long snapper for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League

References

External links

 Washington, OK at City Data

Oklahoma City metropolitan area
Towns in McClain County, Oklahoma
Towns in Oklahoma

Washington, Oklahoma


Richard Kennedy Vosburgh (27 August 1929 – 18 April 2007) was an American-born Grammy and Tony-nominated comedy writer and lyricist, working chiefly in Britain.

Early life
Vosburgh was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States. He persuaded his father to let him study at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London (where he met his future wife, Beryl Roques) and won the Comedy Acting prize. He was soon writing for BBC Radio, starting with scripts for Bernard Braden in 1953.

Career
In the 60s he moved from radio to television, writing (and occasionally performing onscreen) on television comedy shows like The Frost Report, That Was The Week That Was, We Have Ways of Making You Laugh, Do Not Adjust Your Set, At Last The 1948 Show and How To Irritate People. On all these shows Vosburgh worked alongside members of what was to be Monty Python and he formed lasting friendships with them. He later appeared on one episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus as a bearded Russian spy who fights Lemming of the BDA, played by Eric Idle. Vosburgh also provided the serious-sounding voice-over on the theatrical trailer for the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail.

Throughout the 70s he was in the top tier of British comedy writers often partnering with Garry Chambers and Barry Cryer on material, working on the most popular shows of the time like The Two Ronnies, Morecambe and Wise and Who Do You Do? on which he was also script editor. Who Do You Do? pioneered a fast format of cutting between impressionists performing individual jokes against a neutral background which still feels modern today.

From the 70s onwards he wrote for many comedy television shows starring Ronnie Corbett, Ronnie Barker, David Frost, Roy Hudd, Bobby Davro, Frankie Howerd, Bob Monkhouse, Lenny Henry, Tommy Cooper, Freddie Starr and even visiting US stars such as Bob Hope and Joan Rivers.

Late in his career, he made a brief return to radio and worked on material for the radio revival of the Marx Brothers show Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel.

Vosburgh would often get called in to "gag up" an existing movie script (meaning to add extra jokes to make it funnier), and worked on many films including Up Pompeii, Up the Chastity Belt, Carry On Nurse and Call Me Bwana and the sitcom Tell It to the Marines.

According to legend, he did much of his writing while continuously riding the Circle Line of the London Underground to avoid interruptions.

As a trained actor with a deep American voice living in London, Vosburgh was in demand for voice-over work. He voiced Larry Dart in the cult 1962 children's television show Space Patrol. His voice also appeared on many radio and television ads, for example, it was him saying "Flame-Grilled Whopper!" on Burger King's UK television ads for years. He was the recorded voice of The Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia, one of the first commercial CD-ROM titles.

As a lyricist, he had a reputation for being meticulous about the use of words and rhymes, and having a huge knowledge of the Hollywood and Broadway classic musicals. He wrote three West End musicals: the pastiche A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine with composer Frank Lazarus (1979), Windy City (with Tony Macaulay, based on The Front Page, 1982) and A Saint She Ain't (with Denis King, 1999).

His greatest success was the Marx Brothers-parody musical comedy A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine for which he wrote book and lyrics. It started at a small fringe theatre, The New End in Hampstead, London and was an immediate hit. It soon transferred to the West End, running at the Mayfair Theater and was produced on Broadway the following year, 1980, in a significantly reworked version. It was a hit on Broadway, running for two seasons. It was this show that earned Vosburgh his three Tony nominations (Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical and Best Score (with composer Frank Lazarus)). Overall the show got 9 Tony nominations and won 2. The original Broadway cast recording was nominated for a Grammy, earning Vosburgh his Grammy nomination.

In an article for the Times in 1982, Jane Ellison calls him 'a compulsive worrier, perfectionist and master of the wisecrack'. In the same article Dick says of himself:

"Television is not the ideal place for a Virgo to work. In fact, I am a Virgoan son of a Virgo, which is much much worse. I must be the most nit-picking person ever born - I sat up all night writing a speech for the wedding of one of my daughters. On stage, you can see the actors say your lines and you have a better chance to make them better next time. On television, you're reduced to clawing the screen."
He wrote many obituaries of comedians and B-movie actors for the Observer and The Times.

According to writer Garry Chambers, "When you were told you were working with such a [difficult] person again, he would say 'Be sure to give him my loathe.'"
He also created the radio show of good songs from flop musicals Tunes the Backers Whistled While Jumping Off the Roof.

He is mentioned as being depicted in the background in the animated film A Liar's Autobiography

Personal life and death
He and his wife who married in 1953, had six children including actress Tilly Vosburgh and musician Matthew Vosburgh of the band Solid Space. He died in London, aged 77 and was survived by his wife Beryl Vosburgh (née Roques) and their six children.

Obituaries written by Dick Vosburgh
Arnold Auberbach
Joyce Blair
Irving Brecher
Bernard Bresslaw
Bob Crosby
Ted Dicks
George Fenneman
Buddy Feyne
Ken Hoare
Betty Hutton
Paul Jerrico
Leo Killion
Dean Martin
Spike Milligan
Jack Paar
Don Porter
Dinah Shore
Harold Spina

References

External links
The Independent Obituary
BBC Comedy Guide

1929 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of RADA
American comedy writers
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American musical theatre lyricists
Writers from Elizabeth, New Jersey
Male actors from London
Songwriters from New Jersey
Actors from Elizabeth, New Jersey

Dick Vosburgh


Worldview Pictures is an independent film and television production founded in 1989. Its work includes single documentary films such as the Emmy Award winning Nuremberg and the eight-part television series War & Civilization narrated by Walter Cronkite. In 2010 the company's production slate expanded to include science and lifestyle factual entertainment.

Company history
Worldview Pictures was founded by Stephen Trombley in 1989. The company was headquartered in London, England until 2003, when it moved its operations to New York City. The company's first theatrical release was The Execution Protocol (1992), which The New York Times compared to Frederick Wiseman's Titicut Follies . It won Germany's top prize the Adolf Grimme Award along with many other honors. In 1994 Bruce Eadie joined Worldview as producer and managing director. Together with Trombley, he was responsible for over a dozen films and television series in the period 1994–2001. Their first collaboration was The Lynchburg Story (1993), on the forced sterilization of 8,000 children at a Virginia state facility. This was followed by Drancy: A Concentration Camp in Paris 1941-1944, an account of French government complicity in the deportation of 72,500 Jews to Nazi death camps. Raising Hell (1995) is an account of the life of A. J. Bannister, a Missouri death row inmate who had featured in The Execution Protocol. Research gathered in the making of the film led to a last-minute stay of execution. Nuremberg (1996) marked the 50th anniversary of the Nuremberg Trials. Told exclusively from the points of view of participants in the trials, it won an Emmy for Outstanding Historical Programming in 1997. Also in 1997 War & Civilization, an 8-part series  narrated by Walter Cronkite, aired on The Leaning Channel.  Martin Sheen narrated Worldview Pictures' 2001 feature, Stockpile: The New Nuclear Menace, which is the result of two years of research "inside the fence" at Los Alamos Nuclear Laboratory and the Russian nuclear city of Arzamas-16 (Sarov). In 2008 Worldview moved into theatrical production with the musical review Adirondack Awakening. In 2010 it released the DVD Spitzer Uncut, an interview with Stephen Trombley that explores the childhood, education, and political career of the former governor of New York.

Filmography and awards
The Execution Protocol (1992) Adolf Grimme Award, Best Documentary, 1994; Silver Hugo Award, Chicago International Film Festival 1992; nominated Grierson Award for best documentary, British Film Institute Awards 1992; Sesterce d'Argent, Festival International du Film Documentaire, Nyon, 1992.
The Lynchburg Story (1993) Certificate of Merit, San Francisco Film Festival Golden Gate Awards 1994; Banff Television Festival 1994.
Drancy: A Concentration Camp in Paris 1941-1944' CableACE Award, 1995; USA Film Festival 1995.Raising Hell: The Life of A. J. Bannister (1995) Silver Plaque, Chicago Film Festival 1995; International Documentary Film Festival, Amsterdam, 1995.Nuremberg (1996) Emmy Award Outstanding Historical Programming category (1997)Project X: The Castration Experiment (1998)War & Civilization 8 x 60' (1998) Gold World Medal, New York Festivals, 1999.a death in the family (1999)99% Woman (2000)Stockpile: The New Nuclear Menace (2001) Hollywood Film Festival 2001.Spitzer Uncut (2010)Sigrid Close: Space Investigator''. 8 x 44' popular science series.

External links
 Worldview Pictures Corp.
 Stephen Trombley

Film production companies of the United States

Worldview Pictures


Alvin Nnabuife (pronounced "na-boo-fee") (born April 3, 1983) is an American football player who has played at the linebacker, safety and cornerback positions for the SMU Mustangs (2001, 2003–2004), the Green Bay Packers (2006), and the Cologne Centurions (2007).  He holds the NCAA record for most fumbles returned for a touchdown in a single game, having returned two fumbles for touchdowns in a single quarter in 2003.

Biography
Nnabuife was born in Missouri City, Texas, near Houston.  As a senior in high school, he received first-team All-District honors after recording 82 tackles and six pass break-ups during the 2000 season.  Nnabuife also blocked six kicks during his senior year and lettered in track as well as football.

Nnabuife played for SMU as a freshman in 2001, appearing in all 11 games for the Mustangs.  After missing most of the 2002 season as a medical redshirt, he played in all 12 games as a sophomore in 2003.  He recorded 71 tackles as a sophomore.

As a junior in 2003, Nnabuife had a breakout season and became one of the top defensive football players in Conference USA.  After being moved from safety to linebacker, he led the 2003 SMU Mustangs football team with 80 tackles and was named the team's Defensive MVP.  He also earned honorable mention All-Conference honors.  In a November 2003 game against Nevada, Nnabuife tied an NCAA record with two fumble returns for touchdown in the same game—one for 95 yards and another for 17 yards.  Both fumble returns against Nevada came in the third quarter.  The record was set while Nnabuife was playing in only his second game at linebacker, and the 95-yard fumble return also set a school record for the longest fumble return.  Nnabuife also had 12 tackles and returned an interception for a touchdown against Boise State in 2003.  In SMU's 2003 game against Rice, Nnabuife had a team-season-high 17 tackles.

In July 2005, College Football News named Nnabuife to its pre-season All-Conference USA team at the defensive end position.  The publication ranked Nnabuife as the 14th best player in Conference USA.  In his senior year, Nnabuife recorded 53 total tackles and tied for first on team with four interceptions for team-high 119 in return yards.

In May 2006, Nnabuife signed as an undrafted free agent with the Oakland Raiders.  After being released by Oakland, he signed with the Green Bay Packers in October 2006 and became part of the team's practice squad.  He made his first big play with the Packers when he intercepted a forward pass deep thrown deep downfield by quarterback Aaron Rodgers.  However, he did not play in any regular season games with the Packers and in February 2007 the Packers allocated him to the Cologne Centurions of the NFL Europe.  Nnabuife made the roster of the Centurions for the 2007 season.  In September 2007, Nnabuife was released by the Packers organization.

His younger brother Bryant Nnabuife played college football for Blinn College (2007) and the University of California, Berkeley (2008–2010). He also play professional football for the Arizona Cardinals, Toronto Argonauts and the Spokane Shocks.

References

Green Bay Packers players
American football cornerbacks
SMU Mustangs football players
Living people
1983 births

Alvin Nnabuife


Carbazole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a tricyclic structure, consisting of two six-membered benzene rings fused on either side of a five-membered nitrogen-containing ring. The compound's structure is based on the indole structure, but in which a second benzene ring is fused onto the five-membered ring at the 2–3 position of indole (equivalent to the 9a–4a double bond in carbazole, respectively).

Carbazole is a constituent of tobacco smoke.

Synthesis

A classic laboratory organic synthesis for carbazole is the Borsche–Drechsel cyclization.

In the first step, phenylhydrazine is condensed with cyclohexanone to the corresponding imine. The second step is a hydrochloric acid-catalyzed rearrangement reaction and ring-closing reaction to tetrahydrocarbazole. In one modification, both steps are rolled into one by carrying out the reaction in acetic acid. In the third step, this compound is oxidized by red lead to carbazole itself.

Another classic is the Bucherer carbazole synthesis, which uses a naphthol and an aryl hydrazine.

A third method for the synthesis of carbazole is the Graebe–Ullmann reaction.

In the first step, an N-phenyl-1,2-diaminobenzene (N-phenyl-o-phenylenediamine) is converted into a diazonium salt which instantaneously forms a 1,2,3-triazole. The triazole is unstable and at elevated temperatures, nitrogen is released and the carbazole is formed.

Applications
Aminoethylcarbazole is used in the production of pigment violet 23.

Rimcazole is also made from carbazole proper.
Carprofen is another use.

Related aromatic compounds
Indoline
Indole
Carboline
Fluorene
Pyrrole
N-Vinylcarbazole

References

External links

 MSDS

IARC Group 2B carcinogens

Carbazole


Edward Riche (born October 24, 1961) is a Canadian writer. He lives in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Background
Riche was born in Botwood, Newfoundland. For three years he attended Memorial University, and then transferred to Concordia University, Montreal to study film. He graduated in 1984 with a Bachelor of Fine Art in Film production. Riche then returned to St. John's, Newfoundland and worked producing industrial and training films. Finally, he settled down to write for radio television, film, plays and other literature.

Achievements and works
Riche had occasionally performed for the radio, which sparked an interest in co-creating and writing for The Great Eastern. Which received the CBC Vice-President's Award and a Writers Guild of Canada Award. For his other radio works, The Book I Never Wrote, and, A Plane With One Wing, he received the National Radio Award in 1989 and the Atlantic Journalism Award in 1990. He was also a finalist for the 2007 Writers Guild Awards for his piece called, Early Newfoundland Errors. Riche has also written two screenplays for the Canadian television series Life with Derek and The Boys of St. Vincent. Riche also contributes to documentary projects for CTV and the National Film Board of Canada.

Riche also wrote plays, movies, and television series. In 1997, he had his first novel Rare Birds published, His second book, The Nine Planets, was published in 2004 and won the 2005 Thomas Head Raddall Award. He wrote the screenplay adaptation of his novel Rare Birds. The 2001 movie version of the same name starred William Hurt and Molly Parker. Riche has also written scripts for the television comedies Made in Canada (for which he won two Canadian Screenwriters Awards) and Dooley Gardens.

Inspiration
Edward Riche got the inspiration for his novel, The Nine Planets, and
"happened to be reading a book (I cannot remember the title) that discussed, among many things, the relationship of Kepler and Tycho Brahe. Nearly simultaneously to this, on the occasion of some relative's passing, I wondered to my brother John about the family roots."

Overall, the framework for the novel derives from storytelling and, "all that architecture is, I hope, invisible to the reader."

Novels
Rare Birds follows the life of a Newfoundlander, Dave Purcell, who starts up a restaurant after a job loss in the fishing industry. With help from his friend, Phonse, a rumour is started about a rare bird, which gets the business running again.

In The Nine Planets Riche's main protagonist, Marty Devereaux, dislikes everyone and everything. Marty is a principal at a private school and is on a quest to discover a new brand of education from the global market. On top of meeting new people and discovering a new sense of self, Marty is forced to relate with his niece even though he dislikes teenagers.

Film and television screen plays
Made in Canada: "Episode Biopic", "People of the Earth", "Private Sector"
Secret Nation
Life with Derek
The Boys of St. Vincent
Impromptu

Theatre plays
Possible Maps
List of Lights
To Be Loved

Articles
Summer Fiction Parts 1-5- The Globe and Mail
Not So Natural- The Globe and Mail

Bibliography
Rare Birds - 2001
The Nine Planets - 2004
Easy to Like - 2011
Today I Learned It Was You - 2016

References

External links

Living people
1961 births
Canadian male novelists
Canadian television writers
Writers from Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian male screenwriters
People from Botwood
Cinema of Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian male television writers
21st-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian screenwriters

Edward Riche


Judas, My Brother: The Story of the Thirteenth Disciple is a 1968 historical novel by Frank Yerby.  The novel provides a narrative attempting a demythologized account of the events surrounding the life of Jesus and the origin of Christianity.

Plot introduction
Written from the viewpoint of Nathan ('the Thirteenth Disciple'), the heavily footnoted book presents an adventure and romance storyline against the backdrop of the 1st century Roman Empire. Nathan's travels lead him to Rome to fight as a retiarius, and on his return to Palestine to become involved with the Apostles, the Zealots and the Essenes. He loves Shelomith (the disciple Salome, depicted in the novel as a prostitute), who does not return his affections due to her unrequited love for Yeshua (Jesus).

Main themes
This story is simultaneously used as a vehicle for Yerby's examination of the historical personalities  and Christian beliefs through the ideas of critical theological writings. The book is written from a strongly skeptical viewpoint: For miracles  he offers alternative physical explanations, such as mistaken identity, discrepancies in traditional Jewish and Essene calendars, and other explanations of varying plausibility. On the frontispiece, Yerby warns "those emotionally dependent upon the Christian Religion" to read no further. The sleeve notes continue:

 This novel touches on only two issues which, in a certain sense, might be called controversial: whether any man truly has the right to believe fanciful and childish nonsense; and whether any organization has the right to impose, by almost imperial fiat, belief in things that simply are not so. To me, irrationality is dangerous; perhaps the most dangerous force stalking through the world today. This novel, then, is one man's plea for an ecumenicism broad enough to include reasonable men; and his effort to defend his modest intellect from intolerable insult,

Though Yerby is skeptical of Biblical accounts of supernatural 'miracles', he  presents the character 'Yeshua' as a man of strong moral character, deep compassion and keen insight into human nature, with a remarkable ability to inspire loyalty in his followers. Nathan finally concludes that the true miracle of Christianity is that a man could inspire such love in his disciples that they refuse to let him die; by sheer force of love they resurrect Him in their minds because they cannot live on without him.

Faced with this realization, Nathan becomes himself a disciple and devotes his life and wealth to the propagation of his new faith.

1968 American novels
American historical novels
Novelistic portrayals of Jesus
Novels by Frank Yerby

Judas, My Brother


Gomgush is a traditional Armenian banquet stew, resembling dzhash (Ճաշ) but with added ingredients. A gomgush is often served at celebrations including weddings and banquets. Gomgush is a brothy stew including an array of meats and legumes, several vegetables, and spices. Gomgush is typically cooked in the tonir.

Ingredients may include summer squash, green beans, peas, tomato sauce, prunes, garlic, mint, chick peas, Sevan trout, pumpkin, yoghurt, pepper paste, and dill. In Ainteb, gomgush may include the liberal use of dried mint, tomatoes, and lemon juice. Often, when cooked in a tonir or cauldron, the same container may cook hundreds of stews without being washed, contributing to growingly complex tastes.

See also
 List of stews

References
 Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore  By Irina Petrosian, David Underwood

Stews
Armenian cuisine

Gomgush


Stan Kinsey is a former Disney executive and co-founder of Iwerks Entertainment, along with Oscar winner and Disney Legend Don Iwerks. Kinsey is best known as a visionary who sought to take The Walt Disney Company in the direction of computer animated films (chronicled in the books Disney War and The Pixar Touch).

Career
Originally from Indiana, Stan Kinsey completed his undergrad studies at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana and received his MBA at Stanford University. Kinsey was in the same class as Scott McNealy of Sun Microsystems fame.

At Disney, young Kinsey was a considered a "golden boy" by top Disney executives Frank Wells and Ron W. Miller. Kinsey had thrived running the Operations and New Technology group, and was Disney's chief technologist under executive Ron Miller. He championed the direction toward films created using computer animation. He saw the potential of computer animation and wanted the company to purchase Pixar, a collaborator and supplier of high-end computer hardware for the secretive Computer Animation Production System (CAPS) project. Kinsey believed the CAPS could "return Disney animation to its glory days by developing new computer technology." However, he was to be overruled by Miller's replacement and new chairman of Disney's film division, Jeffrey Katzenberg. Katzenberg and Michael Eisner had brought a new culture to the Disney company as profiled in the book Disney War. Kinsey continued to clash with Katzenberg and eventually left the company in 1985. After the departure of Kinsey from Disney, Katzenberg relented and continued the partnership with Pixar and development of the CAPS championed by Kinsey.

The evolution of CAPS and Pixar resulted in the great success envisioned by Kinsey. An Oscar for Scientific and Engineering Achievement was awarded in 1992 to the team that developed the CAPS system. Pixar became the Pixar Animation Studios, which went on to win 26 academy awards, 7 Golden Globes, and 3 Grammy Awards, and generate over $6.3 billion worldwide in revenue by the early 2000s. (The Walt Disney Company did purchase Pixar Animation Studios outright on January 24, 2006, for 7.4 billion.)

Kinsey left Disney in 1985 and founded Iwerks Entertainment with Disney Legend Don Iwerks. Iwerks Entertainment became well known as a leading developer of special films, venues, and virtual reality theaters throughout the world. He was chairman and CEO of Iwerks for 10 years.

Kinsey left Iwerks in 1995 and became CEO of entertainment technology company called NTN Buzztime, an interactive television company. The company was known for its bar trivia online games. He was chairman and CEO of NTN for 10 years.

Kinsey became CEO of Nigel Power LLC in 2005, a manufacturer of wireless communications equipment based in San Diego. Kinsey built and moved the company forward, incorporating in 2006 and becoming an acquisition and subsidiary of Qualcomm in 2009.

Kinsey is currently an advisor with Board-level responsibilities to multiple companies.

References

External links
 SimEx-Iwerks Entertainment

People from Indiana
Corporate executives
Living people
DePauw University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Stan Kinsey


Marion Bayard Folsom (November 23, 1893 – September 27, 1976) was an American government official and businessman. He served as the U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare from 1955 to 1958 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Biography
Folsom was born in McRae, Georgia. He was the son of William Bryant Folsom and Margaret Jane (née McRae).  Folsom graduated from the University of Georgia in 1912, and he received a master's degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration in 1914.

In 1914, Folsom joined the Eastman Kodak Company. After serving with the Army as a captain in World War I, he returned to Kodak as its statistical secretary. As early as 1921, he proposed that Kodak create a private unemployment insurance program. During the Great Depression, he was the architect of the 1931 Rochester Plan, a program by 14 Rochester employers to pay unemployment insurance to any of their laid-off workers. The plan would cover 26,000 workers beginning in 1933. Only eight of the companies involved managed to save enough money for payments, which proceeded from 1933 until 1936. The failure of the program to attract stronger support from the business community convinced Folsom that worker benefits should be provided by the government rather than private enterprise.

In 1934, Folsom was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a member of an Advisory Council on Economic Security, which laid the foundation for the present Social Security program. He served from 1935 to 1953 as a Treasurer of the Eastman Kodak Company.

After resigning from Eastman Kodak, he became the Under Secretary of the Treasury from 1953 to 1955. In this position, he wrote a complete revision of the federal tax code. He served as the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare with President Dwight D. Eisenhower from August 1, 1955, following the resignation of Oveta Culp Hobby, until July 31, 1958.

Folsom married Mary Davenport, on November 16, 1918, with whom he had three children, Jane McRae, Marion Bayard, Jr. and Frances Folsom. He died in Rochester, New York, on September 27, 1976. Folsom was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia.

References

External links

 Arlington National Cemetery

1893 births
1976 deaths
American Presbyterians
United States Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Eisenhower administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
People from McRae, Georgia
Harvard Business School alumni
New York (state) Republicans
University of Georgia alumni

Kodak people

Marion B. Folsom


Young Seven is an Australian television series which aired 1957 to 1960 on Melbourne station HSV-7. Originally hosted by Don Bennetts and later by Madeline Burke, it was a children's series aired in an unusual 45-minute time-slot, though towards the end of its run it aired in a 60-minute time-slot. Running time excluding commercials is not known. It was made up of various segments, including "Youth Takes a Bow" and cartoons. In early 1958 it aired at 5:15PM, aired against Happy Show on GTV-9 and Children's TV Club on ABV-2. All three series consisted of a mix of local and imported segments.

References

External links

1957 Australian television series debuts
1960 Australian television series endings
Black-and-white Australian television shows
English-language television shows
Australian children's television series
Australian live television series

Young Seven


In electrical engineering, electric machine is a general term for machines using electromagnetic forces, such as electric motors, electric generators,  and others. They are electromechanical energy converters: an electric motor converts electricity to mechanical power while an electric generator converts mechanical power to electricity. The moving parts in a machine can be rotating (rotating machines) or linear (linear machines).  Besides motors and generators, a third category often included is transformers, which although they do not have any moving parts are also energy converters, changing the voltage level of an alternating current.

Electric machines, in the form of synchronous and induction generators, produce about 95% of all electric power on Earth (as of early 2020s), and in the form of electric motors consume approximately 60% of all electric power produced. Electric machines were developed beginning in the mid 19th century and since that time have been a ubiquitous component of the  infrastructure. Developing more efficient electric machine technology is crucial to any global conservation, green energy, or alternative energy strategy.

Generator

An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces electrons to flow through an external electrical circuit.  It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the water inside.  The source of mechanical energy, the prime mover, may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanical energy.

The two main parts of an electrical machine can be described in either mechanical or electrical terms. In mechanical terms, the rotor is the rotating part, and the stator is the stationary part of an electrical machine. In electrical terms, the armature is the power-producing component and the field is the magnetic field component of an electrical machine. The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator. The magnetic field can be provided by either electromagnets or permanent magnets mounted on either the rotor or the stator. Generators are classified into two types, AC generators and DC generators.

AC generator
An AC generator converts mechanical energy into alternating current electricity. Because power transferred into the field circuit is much less than power transferred into the armature circuit, AC generators nearly always have the field winding on the rotor and the armature winding on the stator.

AC generators are classified into several types.
In an induction generator, the stator magnetic flux induces currents in the rotor. The prime mover then drives the rotor above the synchronous speed, causing the opposing rotor flux to cut the stator coils producing active current in the stater coils, thus sending power back to the electrical grid. An induction generator draws reactive power from the connected system and so cannot be an isolated source of power.
In a Synchronous generator (alternator), the current for the magnetic field is provided by a DC current source, either separate or rectified from the output of the machine using a full bridge rectifier.

DC generator
A DC generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into Direct Current electrical energy. A DC generator generally has a commutator with split ring to produce a direct current instead of an alternating current.

Motor

An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The reverse process of electrical generators, most electric motors operate through interacting magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate rotational force. Motors and generators have many similarities and many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa.
Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may be powered by direct current or by alternating current which leads to the two main classifications: AC motors and DC motors.

AC motor

An AC motor converts alternating current into mechanical energy. It commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.
The two main types of AC motors are distinguished by the type of rotor used.
Induction (asynchronous) motor, the rotor magnetic field is created by an induced current. The rotor must turn slightly slower (or faster) than the stator magnetic field to provide the induced current. There are three types of induction motor rotors, which are squirrel-cage rotor, wound rotor and solid core rotor.
Synchronous motor, it does not rely on induction and so can rotate exactly at the supply frequency or sub-multiple. The magnetic field of the rotor is either generated by direct current delivered through slip rings (exciter) or by a permanent magnet.

DC motor

The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent magnets, and rotating electrical magnets. Brushes and springs carry the electric current from the commutator to the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor. Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor, and stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts DC to AC.  This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor.
An example of a brushless, synchronous DC motor is a stepper motor which can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps.

Other electromagnetic machines
Other electromagnetic machines include the Amplidyne, Synchro, Metadyne, Eddy current clutch, Eddy current brake, Eddy current dynamometer, Hysteresis dynamometer, Rotary converter, and Ward Leonard set. A rotary converter is a combination of machines that act as a mechanical rectifier, inverter or frequency converter. The Ward Leonard set is a combination of machines used to provide speed control. Other machine combinations include the Kraemer and Scherbius systems.

Transformer

A transformer is a static device that converts alternating current from one voltage level to another level (higher or lower), or to the same level, without changing the frequency. A transformer transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils.  A varying electric current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

There are three types of transformers
 Step-up transformer
 Step-down  transformer
 Isolation transformer

There are four types of transformers based on structure
 core type
 shell type
 power type
 instrument type

Electromagnetic-rotor machines
Electromagnetic-rotor machines are machines having some kind of electric current in the rotor which creates a magnetic field which interacts with the stator windings. The rotor current can be the internal current in a permanent magnet (PM machine), a current supplied to the rotor through brushes (Brushed machine) or a current set up in closed rotor windings by a varying magnetic field (Induction machine).

Permanent magnet machines
PM machines have permanent magnets in the rotor which set up a magnetic field. The magnetomotive force in a PM (caused by orbiting electrons with aligned spin) is generally much higher than what is possible in a copper coil. The copper coil can, however, be filled with a ferromagnetic material, which gives the coil much lower magnetic reluctance. Still the magnetic field created by modern PMs (Neodymium magnets) is stronger, which means that PM machines have a better torque/volume and torque/weight ratio than machines with rotor coils under continuous operation. This may change with introduction of superconductors in rotor.

Since the permanent magnets in a PM machine already introduce considerable magnetic reluctance, then the reluctance in the air gap and coils are less important. This gives considerable freedom when designing PM machines.

It is usually possible to overload electric machines for a short time until the current in the coils heats parts of the machine to a temperature which cause damage. PM machines can less tolerate such overload, because too high current in the coils can create a magnetic field strong enough to demagnetise the magnets.

Brushed machines
Brushed machines are machines where the rotor coil is supplied with current through brushes in much the same way as current is supplied to the car in an electric slot car track. More durable brushes can be made of graphite or liquid metal. It is even possible to eliminate the brushes in a "brushed machine" by using a part of the rotor and stator as a transformer that transfers current without creating torque. Brushes must not be confused with a commutator. The difference is that the brushes only transfer electric current to a moving rotor while a commutator also provides switching of the current direction.

There is iron (usually laminated steel cores made of sheet metal) between the rotor coils and teeth of iron between the stator coils in addition to black iron behind the stator coils. The gap between rotor and the stator is also made as small as possible. All this is done to minimize the magnetic reluctance of the magnetic circuit which the magnetic field created by the rotor coils travels through, something which is important for optimizing these machines.

Large brushed machines which are run with DC to the stator windings at synchronous speed are the most common generator in power plants, because they also supply reactive power to the grid, because they can be started by the turbine and because the machine in this system can generate power at a constant speed without a controller. This type of machine is often referred to in the literature as a synchronous machine.

This machine can also be run by connecting the stator coils to the grid and supplying the rotor coils with AC from an inverter. The advantage is that it is possible to control the rotating speed of the machine with a fractionally rated inverter. When run this way the machine is known as a brushed double feed "induction" machine. "Induction" is misleading because there is no useful current in the machine which is set up by induction.

Induction machines
Induction machines have short circuited rotor coils where a current is set up and maintained by induction. This requires that the rotor rotates at other than synchronous speed, so that the rotor coils are subjected to a varying magnetic field created by the stator coils. An induction machine is an asynchronous machine.

Induction eliminates the need for brushes which is usually a weak part in an electric machine. It also allows designs which make it very easy to manufacture the rotor. A metal cylinder will work as rotor, but to improve efficiency a "squirrel cage" rotor or a rotor with closed windings is usually used. The speed of asynchronous induction machines will decrease with increased load because a larger speed difference between stator and rotor is necessary to set up sufficient rotor current and rotor magnetic field. Asynchronous induction machines can be made so they start and run without any means of control if connected to an AC grid, but the starting torque is low.

A special case would be an induction machine with superconductors in the rotor. The current in the superconductors will be set up by induction, but the rotor will run at synchronous speed because there will be no need for a speed difference between the magnetic field in stator and speed of rotor to maintain the rotor current.

Another special case would be the brushless double fed induction machine, which has a double set of coils in the stator. Since it has two moving magnetic fields in the stator, it gives no meaning to talk about synchronous or asynchronous speed.

Reluctance machines
Reluctance machines have no windings on the rotor, only a ferromagnetic material shaped so that "electromagnets" in stator can "grab" the teeth in rotor and advance it a little. The electromagnets are then turned off, while another set of electromagnets is turned on to move rotor further. Another name is step motor, and it is suited for low speed and accurate position control. Reluctance machines can be supplied with permanent magnets in the stator to improve performance. The "electromagnet" is then "turned off" by sending a negative current in the coil. When the current is positive the magnet and the current cooperate to create a stronger magnetic field which will improve the reluctance machine's maximum torque without increasing the currents maximum absolute value.

Polyphase AC machines
The armature of polyphase electric machines includes multiple windings powered by the AC currents offset one from another by equal phasor angles. The most popular are the 3 phase machines, where the windings are (electrically) 120° apart.

The 3-phase machines have major advantages of the single-phase ones:
 the power is constant (the power consumption of the single-phase motor varies over the cycle);
 smaller size (and thus lower cost) for the same power;
 the transmission over 3 wires need only 3/4 of metal for the wires that would be required for a two-wire single-phase transmission line for the same power;
 better power factor.

Sequence

The winding phases of the 3-phase motor shall be energized in a sequence for a motor to rotate, for example the phase V shall be lagging phase U by 120°, and phase W shall be lagging the phase V (U > V > W, normal phase rotation, positive sequence). If the sequence is reversed (W < V < U), the motor will rotate in the opposite direction (negative sequence). The common current through all three windings is called zero sequence. Any combination of the AC currents in the three windings can be expressed as a sum of three symmetrical currents, corresponding to positive, negative, and zero sequences.

Electrostatic machines
In electrostatic machines, torque is created by attraction or repulsion of electric charge in rotor and stator.

Electrostatic generators generate electricity by building up electric charge.  Early types were friction machines, later ones were influence machines that worked by electrostatic induction.  The Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic generator still used in research today.

Homopolar machines
Homopolar machines are true DC machines where current is supplied to a spinning wheel through brushes. The wheel is inserted in a magnetic field, and torque is created as the current travels from the edge to the centre of the wheel through the magnetic field.

Electric machine systems
For optimized or practical operation of electric machines, today's electric machine systems are complemented with electronic control.

References
Chapman, Stephen J. 2005. Electrical Machinery Fundamentals. 4th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill.

Further reading
 This has a detailed survey of the contemporaneous history and state of electric machines.

Machines
Electrical engineering
Electric motors
Electromechanical engineering

Electric machine


is Mao Abe's second album, released on . The album was released in two versions: a regular version and a limited edition CD+DVD version.

Recording
The album consists of songs Abe wrote in her second and third years of high school. There are three exceptions: "Salaryman no Uta", "Itsu no Hi mo" and . "15 no Kotoba" was written just after Abe's first album was released in early 2009, and "Itsu no Hi mo" in September. Abe has not written any songs since then, blaming personal stress though finding live performance easy in this time, due to its passive nature and the lack of a need to quietly concentrate.

Abe started creating the album in June 2008. Unlike her first album, she made it without a specific theme or concept in mind. Some songs Abe had made a conscious effort to leave until her second album, such as  (which is influenced by the Yasutaka Nakata electro-pop sound of Perfume). Abe found they clashed with the image she created of herself for the first album, instead wanting to focus on songs that would solidify her sound.

Promotion
The album was preceded by three singles. "Tsutaetai Koto/I Wanna See You", Abe's first physically released single, featured tie-ups for both A-sides: "Tsutaetai Koto" was the music variety show Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ'''s ending theme song, while "I Wanna See You" was used in Calpis Water commercials. "I Wanna See You", along with her next single "Anata no Koibito ni Naritai no Desu", were originally released in 2008 on iTunes as acoustic demos. The third single, "Itsu no Hi mo", was used as the ending theme song for the Fuji TV documentary variety talk show .

"Mada" was used as a radio single to coincide with the album's release. It reached #23 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.

An album track, "15 no Kotoba", was used as the theme song to the film Hanbun no Tsuki ga Noboru Sora'', starring Sosuke Ikematsu.

Track listing

CD track list
All songs written by Mao Abe.

DVD track list

Singles

Japan sales rankings

References

Mao Abe albums
2010 albums
Pony Canyon albums

Pop (Mao Abe album)


The Calvin Day House is a historic house at 105 Spring Street in Hartford, Connecticut.  Built in 1852, it is the last survivor of a series of fine Italianate houses that lined a bluff overlooking Hartford's Union Station.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  It now houses a social service agency.

Description and history
The Calvin Day House is located in Hartford's Asylum Hill neighborhood, north of downtown, at the southwest corner of Myrtle and Spring Streets.  It is a two-story brick building, roughly rectangular in shape, with a low-pitch hip roof topped by an octagonal cupola.  The roof has an extended eave with paired decorative brackets, and is pierced by gabled wall dormers.  The main facade faces east toward Spring Street, and is three bays wide.  The ground floor outer bays have tall projecting bays, topped with bracketed roofs. In the center is the main entrance, sheltered by a porch with Corinthian columns supporting a simple entablature.  On the Myrtle Street facade is a secondary entrance, above which on the second floor is a projecting oriel window.  A mid-20th century wing extends to the rear; it has sympathetic styling.  The interior has retained much of its original styling, despite conversion to non-residential use.

The house was built in 1852 for J. Seymour Brown, a bookbinder, who sold it in 1855 to Calvin Day.  Day was a prominent local businessman, whose roles included president of the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad, and of the Wadsworth Atheneum.  He served as Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut from 1857 to 1858 and was active in the affairs of the Republican Party in Connecticut.  The house passed to his daughter, whose heirs sold it in 1921 to a local women's shelter.

Spring Street runs roughly north–south along a bluff that now overlooks Interstate 84, with Hartford's Union Station just beyond.  In Calvin Day's time, the street was lined with similar high quality houses.  All the others have since been torn down, either early in the 20th century to be replaced by apartment blocks, or later during urban renewal.  Similar houses still survive on other streets in the Asylum Hill area.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford, Connecticut
Italianate architecture in Connecticut
Houses completed in 1852
Houses in Hartford, Connecticut

Calvin Day House


Conan Exiles is a survival video game developed and published by Funcom for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. The game is set in the world of Conan the Barbarian, with the custom playable character being rescued by Conan, beginning their journey. Early access versions of the game were released in early 2017, leaving early access on 8 May 2018. An enhanced version of the game for Xbox Series X and Series S released on 8 June 2021.

Gameplay
The most basic premise of Conan Exiles is survival in the fictional prehistoric Hyborian Age. Player characters begin convicted of various crimes, sentenced to death, and are crucified under the scorching desert sun. The player character is rescued by Conan and as an exile must navigate the Exiled Lands, a harsh desert landscape. A later update added a biome called the Frozen North, which added elements to build armors, and a land to explore. It also added Star metal which is used to build strong armor, and better tools and weapons. An additional biome, The Highlands, was added in 2017. A high-level Volcano area followed in Q2 2018 in the northernmost region of the game map. This newest addition added Obsidian, used to create powerful tools and weapons rivaling their Star Metal counterparts. Three additional biomes (The Savannah, The Floodlands, and The Ashlands) were added into the game with the release of the Isle of Siptah expansion DLC in Q1 2021. According to Funcom community manager, Jens Erik, the finished game is around 53km2.

Character creation
Conan Exiles features a fair number of customization options such as gender, voice, and several physical attribute sliders for both head and body. Many races may be chosen from including, Cimmerian, Stygian, Hyborian, Nordheimer, and more.  More controversially, sliders for both breast and penis size are also available, the latter being censored in North America by the ESRB.

Religion plays an important role in Conan Exiles. Players may initially swear allegiance to one of seven pantheon gods, Set, Yog, Mitra, Ymir, Derketo, Crom or Zath. All of the religions can later be learned from NPCs in-game, with the exception of Crom, as choosing this is the equivalent of choosing none at all, and is not represented by any in-game benefit. An additional deity, Jhebbal Sag, may be acquired only by speaking with a non-player character (NPC) and completing a certain dungeon. The player may then use any combination of their benefits at any given time, which mainly consists of special crafting recipes. Upon gathering enough offerings specific to each deity, their avatar may also be summoned by the player as a pinnacle form of offense, most commonly against other player bases.

Mechanics
Utilizing natural resources, the player must manage hunger and thirst gauges in addition to warding off hostile enemies, including other players if participating on a PvP server. NPC enemies include savannah and delta fauna such as crocodiles, hyenas, rhinoceroses, and more. Fictional creatures such as dragons, dinosaur-like "shalebacks", and various undead also populate The Exiled Lands. A number of aggressive human NPCs exist in small encampments, villages, and the small city. These human NPCs may be captured using Conan Exiles's thrall system. Depending on their profession and rank, captured thralls can provide a number of benefits to the player including faster crafting speeds, reduced material costs, exclusive crafting recipes, and melee or ranged defense. As of a 2018 update, pets were added to the game, allowing animals to be captured in the wild in the form of baby animals or eggs, and raised as travel companions or player home defense. A mount system was planned for the game, but was not included in the game's release due to console performance limitations. As of 5 December 2019, the mount system has been implemented in an update, which includes both travel and mounted combat.

Progression
Experience points are earned through successful combat, gathering, and crafting, as well as small amounts simply with the passing of time. Though lacking a formal class system, each level-up allows a degree of customization through the selection of attribute points and crafting recipes.

Backstory
The history of the Exiled Lands is revealed to the player by Warmaker Klael, one of the Giantkings, the ancient rulers of the Exiled Lands. Klael reveals that the humans once came to the Giantkings as refugees, and the Giantkings offered the humans the frozen wastelands of the North to settle. The humans built a city among the trees and practiced weird sciences and worshiped demon gods. There was peace and trade for a thousand years between the humans and Giantkings. However, due to human greed, war eventually broke out. When the war began, the Giantkings created the bracelet, adorned by all players to bend the will of the human prisoners of war, allow them to understand the language of Giantkings, and to prevent the humans from escaping. They came to rely on human prisoners to fight and labor for the Giantkings. The warmaker is now unsure of the bracelet's new purpose. Near the end of the war, humans revealed a new weapon, forged of science, smashing through troops and encasing the survivors in stone. In desperation, the Giantkings created the ritual that summoned the Sandstorm, which scorched and destroyed everything in its path. This is why most of the exiled lands are now a desert like waste. Now all the Giantkings are dead, except Warmaker Klael. After thousands of years, Conan comes to speak with the Warmaker and goes to search for the Serpent Ring of Set.

Voice actors
David  Sobolov - Arcos the Wanderer, Warmaker Klael
Robin Atkin Downes - Mek-kamoses, The Archivist
Neil Kaplan - Nunu the Cannibal
Benjamin Diskin - Gilzan the Treasure Hunter
Bill Millsap - Petruso the Sandstorm Maniac
Matthew Waterson - Conan the Barbarian
Dawn-Lyen Gardner - Jamila the Pirate Queen
Karen Strassman - Muriela the Artisan
Fryda Wolff - Razma of Shem

Reception

In the first week of Conan Exiless early access release on Steam, it sold over 320,000 copies. Within the first 28 days, it had sold over 480,000 net copies (after returns and chargebacks), which was 7,000 short of the amount Funcom had projected to sell in the first year. As of July 2018, the game has sold 1.4 million copies, making it the biggest and fastest selling game in Funcom's history.

Conan Exiles received "mixed or average" reviews on all platforms, according to review aggregator Metacritic.

Notes

References

External links

2018 video games
Action-adventure games
Early access video games
Funcom games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Open-world video games
PlayStation 4 games
Survival video games
Unreal Engine games
Video games based on Conan the Barbarian
Video games developed in Norway
Video games with Steam Workshop support
Video games with customizable avatars
Windows games
Xbox One X enhanced games
Xbox One games

Conan Exiles


The siege and subsequent sacking of Camarina took place in 405 BC during the Sicilian Wars.

The conflict began as a response to the offensive activities undertaken by Hermocrates of Syracuse against Carthaginian territories in Sicily, particularly Selinus, after 408 BC. In response, Carthage dispatched an army under the command of Hannibal Mago and Himilco II, members of the Magonid family, to Sicily. Once in Sicily, they found themselves facing a coalition of Greek Sicilian forces led by Syracuse. The encounter resulted in an extended siege lasting eight months.

The Greek forces were compelled to abandon Akragas in the winter of 406 BC due to the intensity of the siege. During this period, the Carthaginian command suffered a loss as Hannibal Mago succumbed to the plague. In the aftermath, the Carthaginians seized Akragas, and then used it as their winter base.  They launched an assault on Gela in the spring of 405 BC. By this time, Dionysius I had assumed the role of the Supreme Commander of Syracuse. However, his army was defeated at Gela.

Despite relatively few Greek casualties, Dionysius ordered an evacuation of the city. The Carthaginians entered the vacated Gela the subsequent day. The Greek forces then withdrew to Camarina, accompanied by the displaced residents of Gela. Upon reaching Camarina, Dionysius made the controversial decision to order the inhabitants to abandon their city instead of preparing for a defensive stand.

After retreating to Syracuse, internal strife resulted in a faction of the Greek army seizing Syracuse. However, the city was later reclaimed by Dionysius. Meanwhile, the Carthaginians pillaged Camarina and encamped there during the summer. Eventually, a peace treaty was established which affirmed Carthaginian control over Selinus, Akragas, Gela, and Camarina. The Greeks were permitted to inhabit these cities under the new administration, while Dionysius was recognized as the ruler of Syracuse.

This event marked a significant point in the Sicilian Wars, with Carthage attaining peak control over Sicily, a level of dominance that wouldn't be seen again until after the demise of Agathocles in 289 BC.

Background
Carthage had isolated itself from Sicilian affairs for almost 70 years, following the defeat at Himera in 480 BC, during which time Greek culture had started to penetrate the Elymian, Sikanian and Sicel cities in Sicily. However, in 411 BC when the Elymian city Segesta was defeated by the Dorian Greek city Selinus. Segesta appealed to Carthage for aid, and the Carthaginian Senate agreed to intervene on behalf of Segesta. Hannibal Mago of Carthage led an army which took the city of Selinus by storm in 409 BC and then also destroyed the city of Himera. Syracuse and Akragas, the leading Greek cities in Sicily did not confront Carthage at that time and the Carthaginian army withdrew with the spoils of war. For 3 years, no treaties were signed between the Greeks and Carthaginians to signal a closure of hostilities.

The Carthaginian Expedition of 406 BC, and the raids of the exiled Syracusan general Hermocrates on Punic territory around Motya and Panormus provoked Carthage into sending another army to Sicily in 406 BC under Hannibal Mago, who brought his cousin Himilco as his second in command.   The leading Greek cities of Sicily, Syracuse and Akragas, had prepared for conflict by hiring mercenaries and expanding the fleet, along with keeping the city walls in good repair. Although Syracuse was involved in the Peloponnesian War and with disputes with her neighbours, their government sent an appeal for support to Magna Graecia and mainland Greece once the Carthaginians landed in Sicily.

Fall of Akragas
Hannibal besieged Akragas in the summer of 406 BC, which withstood the initial assault. While building siege ramps for future attacks the army was struck by plague and Hannibal along with thousands of Carthaginians perished. Part of the Carthaginian army under Himilco, Hannibal's kinsmen and deputy, was defeated by the Greek relief army led by Daphnaeus, and the city was temporarily relieved. The Akragans were not satisfied with the decision of the generals (who refrained from chasing the defeated Carthaginians), which resulted in 4 of them being stoned to death. The Greeks then halted supplies to the Carthaginian camp and causing panic within the Punic army. Himilco saved the situation by managing to defeat the Syracusan fleet and capturing the grain convoy bound for Akragas. The Greeks, faced with starvation, abandoned Akragas, which was sacked by Himilco. The siege had lasted for 8 months. After wintering at Akragas, Himilco moved on Gela. It is not known if the Carthaginians had received any reinforcement during the winter to make up their losses, but Himilco had left the Punic fleet at Motya, thus becoming dependent of a long supply line.

Dionysius takes over Syracuse
While the Carthaginians wintered at Akragas, Akragan refugees made accusations against the Syracusan generals after reaching that city. In the assembly, Dionysius, who had fought bravely at Akragas, supported these accusations. Although he was fined for breaking meeting rules, his friend Philistos paid the fine, keeping him eligible for political office. The assembly then deposed Daphnaeus and the other generals and appointed replacements, Dionysius among them. The Akragan refugees left Syracuse after this and ultimately found shelter in Leontini. Gela requested Syracuse for aid, as the Carthaginians were approaching that city.

Power Politics
Dionysius started scheming to expand his power prior to sending help to Gela. He got the government to recall political exiles (former followers of Hermocrates like himself – and potential allies), and then marched to Gela with 2,000 foot and 400 horse, which was then under the command of the Spartan Dexippus. Dionysius dabbled in the political feud of Gela and managed to condemn their generals to death. He gave his soldier double pay from the confiscated property of the dead generals, then returned to Syracuse with the army, happened upon a gathering of citizens enjoying a play  and as the people came to greet him, Dionysius promptly accused his fellow generals of taking bribes from Carthage. The Syracusan government deposed the others the following and made Dionysius sole commander. Dionysius then marched to Leontini, held a military assembly, and after some stage-managed theatrics, got the citizens present to give him a bodyguard of 600 men, which he eventually increased to 1,000 mercenaries. Then he sent Dexippus away and had Daphnaeus and other Syracusan generals executed. The tyranny of Dionysius (405 -367 BC) had begun. After securing his political base, Dionysius turned his attention to countering the Carthaginian threat to Gela which had managed to repulse the Carthaginians without outside help.

Gela abandoned
The political machinations of Dionysius had delayed aiding Gela, but once there Dionysius promptly took effective action. Encamping beside the mouth of River Gela, he kept harassing the Carthaginian supply lines for 3 weeks, but after his soldiers demanded direct action he devised a complex battle plan to lead a 3 pronged attack on the Carthaginian camp situated to the west of Gela. Clumsy coordination between the individual detachments of the Greek army caused a defeat in detail for its divisions instead of achieving a double envelopment of the Carthaginian force. At this moment Dionysius decided to evacuate Gela, although the Greek army was nearly intact despite the defeat and in high sprites. Leaving 2,000 light troops in Gela and keeping the camp fires burning, the people of Gela and the rest of the army fell back to Camarina.

Camarina: Location and defences
The city of Camarina was located 112 km west from Syracuse, between the rivers Hipparis and Oanis. The city was built on the south bank of River Hipparis, was surrounded by a circuit wall, and had two harbours at the river mouth. The harbours were not big enough to accommodate a large fleet, and ships had to be beached on the shore. Founded by Syracuse in 598 BC, it rebelled against its mother city with the aid of Sicels and was sacked in 552 BC, becoming part of the Syracuse domain. Hippocrates conquered it in 492 BC, Gelo relocated its population to Syracuse in 484 BC. It was Resettled by Gela in 461 BC and it had allied with Leontini and Athens in 437 BC against Syracuse. It aided Syracuse during the Athenian Expedition. Camarina had sent soldiers to Akragas in 406 BC and to Gela in 405 BC.

Camarina was located on the south bank of the river, which also acted as a moat for the city. It was closer to Syracuse than Gela, so Greek supply lines would be shortened considerably, and Dionysius also could use the cities of Acrae and Kasmenae as supply depots in addition to using the fleet to bring in provisions. The land north of the river had contained marshes, which would have caused difficulty for the Carthaginians as they would have a hard time approaching the city directly or camping near the town, if the marshes had not been drained before 405 BC.

Opposing Forces
Carthage had initially sent an army probably numbering 50,000 men along with 120 triremes to Sicily in 406 BC. The army had suffered casualties at Akragas and Gela, plus the plague had also diminished its ranks. It is not known if Carthage had reinforced Himilco or Sicilians had sent reinforcements, so he could have commanded and army numbering 30,000 – 40,000 souls. The Punic navy was stationed at Motya, far from the area of operation.

Dionysius had commanded an army of 30,000 foot and 1,000 horsemen at Gela along with 50 triremes. The losses at Gela were slight and the whole force had reached Camarina safely. Camarina had sent 500 hoplites, 600 light troops and 20 horse to Akragas in 406 BC,   and cities like Camarina and Gela probably could muster between 3,000 – 6,000 soldiers. Volunteers from the Gelan refugees would have augmented the Greek numbers.

Carthaginian Cohorts
The Libyans supplied both heavy and light infantry and formed the most disciplined units of the army. The heavy infantry fought in close formation, armed with long spears and round shields, wearing helmets and linen cuirasses. The light Libyan infantry carried javelins and a small shield, same as Iberian light infantry. The Iberian infantry wore purple bordered white tunics and leather headgear. The Heavy infantry fought in a dense phalanx, armed with heavy throwing spears, long body shields and short thrusting swords. Campanian, Sardinian and Gallic infantry fought in their native gear, but often were equipped by Carthage. Sicels and other Sicilians were equipped like Greek Hoplites.

The Libyans, Carthaginian citizens and the Libyo-Phoenicians provided disciplined, well trained cavalry equipped with thrusting spears and round shields. Numidia provided superb light cavalry armed with bundles of javelins and riding without bridle or saddle. Iberians and Gauls also provided cavalry, which relied on the all out charge. Carthage at this time did not use elephants, but Libyans provided bulk of the heavy, four horse war chariots for Carthage,    none were present with the army at Camarina. Carthaginian officer corps held overall command of the army, although many units may have fought under their chieftains.

Greek forces
The mainstay of the Greek army was the Hoplite, drawn mainly from the citizens, but Dionysius had a large number of mercenaries from Italy and Greece as well. Sicals and other native Sicilians also served in the army as hoplites and also supplied peltasts. The Phalanx was the standard fighting formation of the army. The cavalry was recruited from wealthier citizens and mercenaries.

Evacuation of Camarina
Dionysius had ordered the evacuation of Gela after his defeat probably because he did not wish to take the Carthaginians on in a head on clash. Reasons included: he was outnumbered, the Greek soldiers had refused to continue the harassing tactics he was using against the Carthaginian foragers and supply ships, and getting besieged in Gela during the winter would cut him off from Syracuse, where his political position was secure but not solid, and might lead to his opponents moving to depose him. Dionysius ordered the evacuation of Camarina probably for the same reasons the moment his army reached the city. The whole population moved out, carrying whatever they could, and leaving behind the sick and the infirm, they began to trek towards Syracuse.

Dionysius: brilliant strategist or traitor?
The rapid surrender of two Greek cities without a fight was detrimental to the reputation of an aspiring war leader, even if it was based on sound military reasoning and correct political judgement. Pursued by the fear of Carthaginians, but not the Carthaginians themselves, the refugees from Gela and Camarina headed towards Syracuse. The suffering of women, old folk, and children on the road affected the mood of the soldiers escorting the throng, and rumours began to spread on the motives of Dionysius. The Greeks speculated that he was in league with Carthage because:
Dionysius had abandoned two easily defendable cities without any compelling military reason. The army was intact and ready to fight, the fleet held command of the sea while there was no shortage of provisions at Gela or Camarina.
Dionysius had been slow to come to Gela when that city first came under Carthaginian attack, and at the battle his most loyal soldiers, the mercenaries, did not suffer any loss while the other detachments were mauled.
The Carthaginians were not coming after the refugees as they should have, and letting the opportunity to catch the Greeks off balance slip away probably because they had a deal with Dionysius.

The Greeks were convinced that Dionysius had made a secret pact with Carthage and intended to rule over Syracuse using the fear of Carthage as his cause and his mercenaries as his tool. As rumours to that effect spread among the Greek mass, many began to contemplate the removal of Dionysius from power by any means necessary.

Fragmentation of the Greek Army
The Italian Greeks were first to take action – they had suffered the most casualties at Gela and they left the army and marched off to Messina. The cavalry of Syracuse, made of noblemen and former oligarchs, considered assassinating Dionysius, but he was too well guarded by his mercenaries for them to find an opportunity. They also left the army, rode to Syracuse, gained admittance without suspicion, then plundered the house of Dionysius and abused his wife, and spread rumours that the Greeks had been defeated and Dionysius had fled. After securing the city, they shut the gates against all outsiders.

Dilemma of Dionysius
Dionysius was now in a tight spot, caught between the hostile Carthaginians in the west and the rebels in the east who had occupied Syracuse, his political base and safe haven, and had the Carthaginians attacked they would probably have prevailed over the diminished Greek army. The speedy action of Dionysius, combined with Carthaginian inactivity and rebel incompetence, saved the day for him. Dionysius picked 100 horse and 600 foot from his mercenaries and left the refugees and marched to Syracuse. He reached the city in the dead of night. Finding the gates shut and refused admittance; he burnt down the gate by setting fire to heaps of reeds and then entered the city. The rebels had neglected to man the gates properly and had not organised the remaining citizens for battle. Only a small number of the rebels faced Dionysius in the Agora and were massacred. Some of the remaining rebels were captured and executed; some were exiled while many fled the city to gather at Inessa. The refugees reached Syracuse the following day, and the refugees from Gela and Camarina joined the Greeks of Akragas at Leontini, no longer willing to support Dionysius or live under his rule.

Dealing with Carthage
Dionysius had managed to secure Syracuse, but he was not out of danger. The Sicels were neutral, but the Greeks at Leontini were hostile while Carthaginians were approaching the city. Had Himilco managed to persuade the Sicels and the discontented Greeks to turn against Syracuse Dionysius might have faced turmoil in Syracuse itself. However, The Carthaginian army was in no hurry, Himilco approached Syracuse at a leisurely pace, encamped by the marshes and did nothing. This inactivity became politically embarrassing for Dionysius, as he had been elected warlord to fight the Carthaginians who now showed little interest in fighting. After some time Himilco sent a herald to dictate terms for peace, which was accepted by Dionysius.

Peace of 405 BC
Reasons for signing the treaty instead of continuing the war are speculated as:
Dionysius was indeed in communication with Himilco and agreed to a treaty favourable to Carthage in exchange for peace and recognition of his authority. This is highly probable based on the future events in the career of Dionysius, when he launched four wars against Carthage over 37 years and made treaties when the going got bad for him, allowing him time to prepare for the next war.
The army of Himilco was struck by plague again. During the entire campaign, the army had lost more men to the plague than in battle. Himilco chose not to battle Syracuse in his weakened state and opted for the treaty which gave Carthage control over two-thirds of Sicily and isolated Syracuse.
The goal for Carthage probably was not the conquest of Sicily but to stop the raiding of Punic lands by Greeks – raids by Hermocrates of Syracuse based in Selinus had prompted Carthage to launch the war in the first place. The treaty ensured that if Syracuse chose to renew aggression, it would have to invade Greek or Sicel lands before reaching Carthaginian territory – Carthage had gained "Strategic depth" in Sicily. The tribute from the subject Greek cities would also help maintain Carthaginian garrisons in Sicily – if Carthage chose to station any.
Unlike the Roman Republic, which always fought to achieve a favourable outcome, with treaties seen as temporary interludes, the Carthaginians were mostly willing to negotiate and abide by treaties as long as their commercial infrastructure was intact. Carthage kept to the terms of the treaty after the Battle of Himera in 480 BC for 70 years. In 149 BC, Carthage continually submitted to the ever harsher demands of the Roman consuls until they demanded Carthaginians move to an inland location, ending their commercial activities. Only then did the Carthaginians renege on the treaty.

The terms of the treaty were:
Carthage keeps full control on the Phoenician cities in Sicily. Elymian and Sikan cities are in Carthaginian "Sphere of Influence".
Greeks are allowed to return to Selinus, Akragas, Camarina and Gela. These cities, including the new city of Therma, would pay tribute to Carthage. Gela and Camarina were forbidden to repair their walls.
The Sicals and Messene were to remain free of Carthaginian and Syracusan influence, as was Leontini. This isolated Syracuse from the rest of Sicily.
Dionysius was confirmed as ruler of Syracuse.
Both sides agreed to release prisoners and ships captured during the campaign.

Aftermath
It is a matter of speculation whether or not Dionysius could have successfully defended Camarina in face of determined Carthaginian assault, but with the general distrust Sicilian Greeks held for him the peace of 405 BC might not have taken place. This would often prove to be his undoing, The Greeks would often desert him in his future wars against Carthage.

On the other hand, Himilco had succeeded in expanding Carthaginian control over Sicily to its largest extent. The Carthaginians left Sicily soon after the treaty was signed, while Greeks returned to repopulate Akragas, Camarina and Gela, but these cities never reached their former prominence and never again threatened the position of Syracuse – which would help Dionysius in his wars against Carthage and the Sicels. The question of whether Dionysius and Himilco had played a "Fixed Game" - Carthaginians were allowed to plunder the potential rivals of Syracuse in exchange for setting Dionysius in power - can only be speculated on in absence of Carthaginian records. The plague was carried back to Africa, where it ravaged Carthage and weakened her for some time to come. Himilco was elected as "king" by 398 BC. He would lead the Carthaginian response to the activities of Dionysius in 398 BC. Gela and Camarina never recovered, Akragas regained some semblance of her former power but not her status as the wealthiest city in Sicily. Carthaginian rule over the newly gained territories was harsh and caused them to rebel at the first opportunity.

Peace in Sicily was to last until 404 BC when Dionysius started a war against the Sicels. As Carthage took no action, Dionysius increased his power and domain in Sicily and finally in 398 BC launched a war against the Carthaginians by attacking Motya. Ironically, Carthage had helped keep Dionysius in power by providing him with Campanian mercenaries when the Syracusan rebels had him besieged in Syracuse. They would fall victim to repeated false promises of Dionysius over the next 37 years.

References

Diodorus Siculus translated by G. Booth (1814) Complete book (scanned by Google)

Bibliography

Camarina, Sack of
405 BC
400s BC conflicts
5th century BC
Looting in Europe

Sack of Camarina