Comcast Cable Communications, LLC, doing business as Xfinity, is an American telecommunications business segment and division of Comcast Corporation used to market consumer cable television, internet, telephone, and wireless services provided by the company. The brand was first introduced in 2010; prior to that, these services were marketed primarily under the Comcast name.

Its CEO is Dave Watson, its chairman is Brian L. Roberts, and its CFO is Catherine Avgiris. Xfinity went from $23.7 billion in revenue in 2007 to $50.04 billion in 2016.

Branding

In February 2010, Comcast began to re-brand its consumer triple play service offerings under the name Xfinity; Comcast Digital Cable was renamed "Xfinity TV", Comcast Digital Voice became "Xfinity Voice", and Comcast High-Speed Internet became "Xfinity Internet". The re-branding and an associated promotional campaign were scheduled to coincide with the 2010 Winter Olympics.

The rebranding was characterized by the media as an effort to sidestep the negativity of the Comcast brand. Time considered Xfinity to be among the worst corporate renamings of all time, asking "Will the name change work? Probably not, but at least it'll sound a bit edgier when you're put on hold...with Xfinity."

Internet service

Comcast Internet availability by state

Comcast is the largest provider of cable internet access in the United States, servicing 40% of the market in 2011. As of July 26, 2018, Comcast has 26.5 million high-speed internet customers.

Comcast began offering internet services in late 1996, when it helped found the @Home Network, which sold internet service through Comcast's cable lines. The agreement continued after @Home's merger with Excite. When the combined company Excite@Home filed for bankruptcy in 2002, Comcast moved their roughly 950,000 internet customers completely onto their own network.

Along with the price of internet subscriptions, Comcast charges users an additional $14.00/month to rent a cable modem. This fee has been seen by some as unfair, but is waived for customers who buy their own modems. Comcast charges $20 for internet installation, but the fee is waived for customers who opt to install themselves.

In 2011, Comcast launched its "Internet Essentials" program, which offers low-cost internet service to families with children who qualify for free or reduced price school lunches. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required this budget service as a condition for allowing Comcast's acquisition of NBCUniversal in January 2011. Of an estimated 2.60 million households eligible for the program, about 220,000 households participate in the program as of June 2013. A similar program is available from other internet providers through the non-profit Connect2compete.org. Comcast has stated that the program will accept new customers for a total of three years. In March 2014, as he met with FCC concerning the Time Warner Cable merger, Comcast vice president David Cohen told reporters that the internet essentials program will be extended indefinitely.

At the 2017 Consumer Electronics Show, Comcast unveiled a new software platform for its Arris 1682G and Cisco 3941T/3939 modems, which would offer a redesigned configuration interface, support for remote setup and management via an Xfinity mobile app, and enabling integration of supported smart home devices with other Xfinity platforms such as Xfinity TV. The new platform launched under the brand xFi in May 2017. Comcast also unveiled the xFi Advanced Gateway, a new router designed to facilitate faster Wi-Fi speeds, including support for 802.11ac Wave 2, as well as internal support for Bluetooth Low Energy, Thread, and Zigbee for finer integration with Internet of things devices, and support for an accompanying line of Wi-Fi extenders (manufactured by Plume).

Xfinity WiFi
Comcast operates a network of public Wi-Fi hotspots for Xfinity internet subscribers known as Xfinity WiFi, which consists of a mixture of hotspots installed in public locations and businesses, and those generated by supported Xfinity home gateways on an opt-out basis. Users on the "Performance" tier or higher receive unlimited usage of these hotspots after signing in with their Xfinity Account. By default, all dual-band Xfinity home gateways operate both a private network, and a public network with the SSID "xfinitywifi". To conserve bandwidth, these hotspots are capped at 5 simultaneous users. Customers can opt out of providing Xfinity WiFi through either the Comcast website, or by installing a third-party router.

Comcast has received criticism for this practice, with critics arguing that the company was abusing customer resources (including bandwidth and electricity) to provide services for other customers, as well as concerns regarding security, and liability for actions performed by users while connected to these home hotspots; in 2014, a proposed class action lawsuit was filed in California, citing violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and similar state laws for these reasons. Comcast defended the service by stating that the public Wi-Fi is firewalled from devices connected to the in-home network, was designed to have minimal bandwidth impact to "support robust usage", and that customers would not be liable for the actions of other users, as abusers can be traced by means of the Xfinity account they used to sign into the network. The lawsuit was taken to arbitration.

In the wake of Hurricane Irma, all Xfinity WiFi hotspots in Florida were opened to non-Comcast subscribers.

Data cap
Initially, Comcast had a policy of terminating broadband customers who use "excessive bandwidth", a term the company refused to define in its terms of service, which once said only that a customer's use should not "represent (in the sole judgment of Comcast) an overly large burden on the network". Company responses to press inquiries suggested a limit of several hundred gigabytes per month. In September 2007, Comcast spokesman Charlie Douglas said the company defined "excessive use" as the equivalent of 30,000 songs, 250,000 pictures or 13 million emails in a month.

Comcast introduced a 250 GB monthly bandwidth cap to its broadband service on October 1, 2008, combining both upload and download towards the monthly limit. If a user exceeded the cap three times within six months, the customer's residential services may have been terminated for one year. A spokesperson stated that this policy had been in place for some time, but was the first time Comcast has announced a specific usage limit.

As the cap provoked a strongly negative reaction from some, Comcast decided to modify its policy in 2012. Under the new system, the cap was replaced with a data threshold and increased to 300GB in some markets, and consumers who exceed this threshold are charged $10 for every 50 GB above the limit. Customers could purchase a $30 add-on for "unlimited" data. In a leaked memo, Comcast employees were instructed to state that the policy is for "Fairness and providing a more flexible policy to our customers", and not for controlling network congestion.

On April 27, 2016, Comcast announced that it would raise its data threshold in trial markets to 1 TB by June 2016; the company stated that "more than 99 percent of our customers do not come close to using a terabyte." The decision to raise the cap came following implication of increased scrutiny surrounding them by the FCC: in its approval of Charter Communications' purchase of Time Warner Cable, the Commission stipulated that Charter must not implement caps. As previously, a $10 overage fee is charged for every 50 GB above the limit, and customers can purchase an add-on for "unlimited" data, but its price was increased to $50. In October 2016, Comcast announced that bandwidth thresholds would be implemented in the majority of its markets (outside of New York and the northeast) beginning November 1, 2016. The data usage plan does not currently apply to the Gigabit Pro tier of service, Business Internet customers, customers on Bulk Internet agreements, and customers with Prepaid Internet.

On November 23, 2020, Comcast announced a new 1.2TB data cap will be implemented for all of the remaining areas in the northeast by March 2021. However, it was postponed due to pressure from the Pennsylvanian attorney general due to concerns on how it would impact customers, especially for those working at home during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Network management and peering
In September 2007, a rumor emerged among tech blogs that Comcast was throttling or even blocking internet traffic transmitted via the BitTorrent protocol. Comcast vehemently denied the accusations of blocking traffic, stating that "Comcast does not, has not, and will not block any Web sites or online applications, including peer-to-peer services", and that "We engage in reasonable network management". After more widespread confirmation that Comcast was throttling BitTorrent traffic, Comcast said it occasionally delayed BitTorrent traffic in order to speed up other kinds of data, but declined to go into specifics. Following the announcement of an official investigation by the FCC, Comcast voluntarily ended the traffic discrimination. The FCC investigation concluded that Comcast's throttling policies were illegal. However, after filing a lawsuit in September 2008, Comcast overturned the illegality of its network management in 2010, as the court ruled that the FCC lacked the authority to enforce net neutrality under the FCC's then current regulatory policy. The court suggested instead of its current framework, the FCC move to a common carrier structure to justify its enforcement. As of February 2014, the FCC has announced a new justification, but avoided the more extensive regulation required by the common carrier framework.

In 2010, Netflix signed an agreement with Level 3 Communications to carry its data. Shortly after, Level 3 entered a heated dispute concerning whether Level 3 would have to pay Comcast to bridge their respective networks, in an agreement known as peering. The disagreement continued as Netflix's current carrier, Cogent Communications, explicitly placed blame for Netflix bottlenecks on Comcast and several other ISPs. In February 2014, after rumors surfaced that Comcast and Netflix had reached an unspecified agreement, the companies confirmed that Netflix was paying Comcast to connect to its network. The details of the agreement are not public, and speculation disagrees about whether the agreement is a precedent against net neutrality, or a continuation of normal peering agreements.

Land line telephone
Xfinity Voice (formerly Comcast Digital Voice) is a landline telephone service that was launched in 2005 in select markets, and to all of Comcast's markets in 2006. Comcast's older service, Comcast Digital Phone, continued to offer service for a brief period, until Comcast shut it down around late 2007. In 2009, after completing transition from their old service, Comcast had 7.6 million voice customers. As of the end of 2013, Comcast Digital Voice had reached 10.7 million subscribers.

At the start of 2012, Comcast stood as the United States' third-largest residential telephone provider. At that time the company supplied 9.34 million residential telephone lines.

Xfinity Voice allows communication over the internet using VoIP, but uses a private network instead of a public IP address, which allows Comcast to prioritize the voice data during heavy traffic. In technical terms, on Comcast's Hybrid Fiber Coaxial network, calls are placed into individual Unsolicited Grant Service flows, based on DOCSIS 1.1 Quality of service standards. For the customer, this has the benefit of preventing network congestion from interfering with call quality. However, this separation of traffic into separate flows, or Smart pipe, has been seen by some as a violation of net neutrality, who call instead for equal treatment of all data, or dumb pipe. Other, non-Comcast VoIP services on Comcast's network must use the lower priority public IP addresses. The practice was questioned by the FCC in 2009. In their response, Comcast stated that services that use telecommunications are not necessarily telecommunications services, and noted the FCC's current designation of Comcast Digital Voice as an information service exempted it from telecommunications service regulations. Comcast also said that because Comcast Voice was a separate service, it was unfair to directly compare the data for Comcast Voice with the data for other VoIP services.

Because telephone services over VoIP are not automatically tied to a physical address, Xfinity Voice utilizes E911 to help 911 service operators to automatically locate the source of the 911 call. Voice calls are delivered as a digital stream over the Comcast network, signal is converted to analog plain old telephone service lines at the cable modem, which outputs on standard analog RJ-11 jacks.

Cable television
Comcast's cable television customers peaked in 2007, with about 24.8 million customers. Comcast had lost customers every year since. However, the first quarterly gain in customers since their peak occurred in the fourth quarter of 2013. As of the end of 2013, Comcast had a total of 21.7 million cable customers. The average cost of Comcast's Digital Basic cable subscription had increased 72% from 2003 to 2012. In the fourth quarter of 2015, Comcast got 89,000 new video subscribers. This was their highest gain since 2007.

Comcast also charges a Regulatory Recovery Fee of varying size(s) with their Digital Basic cable subscription in order to "recover additional costs associated with governmental programs". Since January 2014, Comcast has also charged a Broadcast TV Fee to "defray the rising costs of retransmitting broadcast television signals(sic)."

In May 2012, Comcast softlaunched X1 (codenamed "Xcalibur"), a new hardware and software platform for its television services in Boston. It features wider support for internet content and video streaming apps, and a remote control with voice recognition input. X1 was scheduled for nationwide availability by the end of 2013. Comcast has licensed the X1 platform as middleware to other providers, including Cox Cable (as "Cox Contour"), and Canadian providers Shaw (as "Shaw BlueCurve TV"), Rogers (as "Rogers Ignite TV") and Vidéotron (as Helix TV).

Retransmission fees
Beginning in the mid-2000s, the prices of retransmission fees, requirements for cable companies to retransmit television broadcasters content, have become more expensive. These fees (and the arguments over them between broadcasters and distributors) caused blackouts of certain (influential) television programming. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission then reviewed its rules for broadcasters and distributors to make any possible changes to them in response to the high-profile blackouts. Comcast has had ten year agreements with CBS Disney, and Fox Broadcasting Company for distributing and reproducing content. The financial details of the deals are not known.

Due to retransmission fees becoming more expensive every year, broadcasters pay more expensive substantial fees for retransmitting broadcast television. Comcast instated Broadcast TV Fee (as a part of the Digital Basic cable subscription) to gain lost profit from paying more expensive fees to retransmit programming content. Comcast's subsidiary, NBCUniversal, was one of several broadcasters party to American Broadcasting Cos. v. Aereo, Inc., over the question of whether Aereo is a retransmitter (which would require it to pay retransmission fees). The case was decided on June 25, 2014 in favor of the broadcasters in a 6–3 decision.

Home security and automation
Comcast has a home security and home automation service known as Xfinity Home in some of its service areas. The service has a burglar and fire alarm, surveillance cameras, and wireless motion sensors put on doorways and windows to detect when said doorway or window was opened, and to detect when someone was in a house when it was vacant, However, Xfinity Home had a vulnerability that when exploited, falsely reported that all was well. The wireless motion sensors Xfinity Home used could also be easily jammed, and thus disabled, by radio frequencies.

Xfinity Mobile

On April 6, 2017, Comcast launched Xfinity Mobile, a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) on the Verizon mobile network.

Xfinity Mobile provides prepaid (with users able to purchase data in 1 GB bundles) and monthly unlimited plans, with the latter throttled after 20 GB of use. The service is sold exclusively to Comcast internet subscribers. Access to Xfinity WiFi hotspots is also included, which is promoted as a means to help conserve bandwidth caps.

Analysts perceived Xfinity Mobile as being a response to AT&T's acquisition of DirecTV, which added the national satellite provider alongside its existing wireline and wireless services, and an increased push towards mobile television. In the third quarter of 2018, Xfinity Mobile surpassed 1 million subscribers. On May 18, 2020, Xfinity Mobile announced plans with 5G data.

Comcast Business

In addition to residential consumers, Comcast also serves businesses as customers, targeting small businesses with fewer than 20 employees and mid-sized businesses of 20–500 employees. In 2009, Minneapolis–Saint Paul became the first city in which Comcast Business Class offered 100 Mbit/s Internet service, which includes Microsoft Communication Services. Comcast Business Class Internet service does not have a bandwidth usage cap.

Comcast Business services used to be sold exclusively through direct sales employees. In March 2011, Comcast created an indirect sales channel called the Solution Provider Program, a comprehensive indirect channel program that enables telecommunications consultants and system integrators to sell Comcast's services such as Business Class Internet, Voice, and high-capacity Ethernet services to small and mid-market businesses. The program offers recurring commissions for sales partners based on monthly revenue, and Comcast will provide, install, manage and bill for these services. For the initial launch of the Solutions Provider Program, Comcast enlisted three national master representatives—Telarus, based in Salt Lake City, Utah; Intelisys, based in Petaluma, California; and Telecom Brokerage Inc (TBI), based in Chicago. Sub-agent sales partners must work with one of these three partners in the early stages of the program.

NASCAR sponsorship
Xfinity currently sponsors the NASCAR Xfinity Series and is a premier sponsor of the NASCAR Cup Series. They sponsored NASCAR Cup Series driver Carl Edwards in 2016 at Richmond Raceway. Edwards won the race with a bump and run on teammate Kyle Busch.

Controversies
Xfinity and its parent company, Comcast, were sued in August 2016 in King County Superior Court by the State of Washington (AG Ferguson, Washington's Attorney General) for 100 million dollars over claims that Comcast violated the state's Consumer Protection Act 445,000 times over its Service Protection Plan by overly charging for call service fees, knowingly using improper credit screening practices, and by lying about the costs of its Service Protection Plan to 49,660 customers on support calls. The amount that the customers unknowingly paid for the plan from 2011 to 2015 was 71 million dollars. However, when asked for recorded customer service calls discussing the Service Protection Plan, Comcast said that it was "too burdensome". Eventually it gave 4,500 samples of the requested calls, but was accused of deleting many other calls by Washington. In response, Comcast said that it was "not under any obligation to preserve them" and that it deleted customer service calls routinely. It accused Washington of only "listening to 150 calls when we gave 4,500 of them", and said that "customers receive an email confirmation when they sign up for the protection plan". The lawsuit lasted until June 2019, when a King County court judge, Judge Timothy Bradshaw, ruled in favor of Washington State and against Comcast, ordering Comcast to pay 9.1 million dollars in penalties, 12 percent interest on restitution to Washington State customers, and refund all affected customers within 60 days.

Xfinity and its parent company Comcast were sued through putative class action on June 19, 2018, by Illinois customer Elizabeth O' Neill, over accusations of opening Xfinity Mobile accounts for customers without their consent, and failing to notify customers when the same accounts were infiltrated without their authorization to buy new cell phones from Comcast's website. They had done this by using information from the customer's already established internet and cable accounts. The case was ruled to be solved in arbitration in accordance with the subscriber agreement she had agreed to.

In 2023, the National Advertising Division of the Better Business Bureau (BBB) ruled that Comcast's marketing of its broadband service as the "Xfinity 10G Network" was misleading, as "10G" could be insinuated as referring to 10 gigabit service (which is not available to all households and requires a specific service plan).

References

External links

Comcast subsidiaries
Internet service providers of the United States
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Cable television companies of the United States
VoIP companies of the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1981

Xfinity


A fish farm is a place where fish are bred. In most cases, this is done for food. There are two basic types of fish farms:
Those where the fish are raised in tanks
Those where fish are raised in specially prepared areas of the oceans, lakes or rivers.

The most common fish species raised by fish farms are salmon, carp, tilapia, catfish and cod.

There are many problems related to fish farming:
Sometimes fish can escape. This is only an economical impact if the fish also occur naturally, but can have a big impact if they do not.
The fish in the farms need to be fed, for this other (smaller) fish need to be raised.
Diseases and parasites may be a problem, because they spread much easier
Fish farms have a bad effect on the surrounding habitat

References

Aquaculture

Fish farm


Adriaen van Diest (1655–1704) was a Dutch painter, who worked in England.

Life
He was born at the Hague in 1655, the son of Jeronymus van Diest, a painter of sea-pieces, by whom he was instructed in the art. When he was seventeen years old he moved to London, where he was employed by Granville, Earl of Bath, for whom he painted several views and ruins in the west of England. He also painted portraits, but did not meet with much encouragement, although his pictures, particularly his landscapes, possess considerable merit; as a proof of which Horace Walpole states that there were seven pictures by Van Diest in Sir Peter Lely's collection. He etched several landscapes from his own designs, in a slight, masterly style. Van Diest died in London in 1704.

Unfortunately for his reputation, he is generally known by his worst pictures, which are frequently found in old houses, on wainscots, or over doors, and are executed in a hasty manner, with much mountainous background. His better pictures have changed their name.

References

Sources

1655 births
1704 deaths
17th-century Dutch painters
Painters from The Hague
Dutch expatriates in England
Dutch landscape painters

Adriaen van Diest


The Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST; ) is a public university located in Wuhan, Hubei, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 985, Project 211, and the Double First Class University Plan.

History

Founding (1952–1954)
In 1952, the Central Government of China sought to construct a new higher education system for the rapid development of economy, science and technology after Chinese Civil War. Three technical institutes were planned to be established in Wuhan, including Huazhong Institute of Technology (HIT, 华中工学院), South-Central China Institute of Power Engineering () and South-Central China Institute of Water Conservancy and Electric Power (). In March 1953, the institute's charter was signed by the South-Central China Government under the approval of the Central Government of China. In the original planning, the land south of the Yujia Hill was chosen for the three campuses. Physicist  was appointed as chair of the three-institute initiative. Economist Zhang Peigang was appointed as chief in planning to lead the HIT initiative. In June 1953, the land south of the East Lake was chosen as the campus of South-Central China Institute of Water Conservancy and Electric Power. The same year, the South-Central China government decided not to establish an independent South-Central China Institute of Power Engineering. All the programs related to power engineering were administered by Huazhong Institute of Technology. The institute formally opened on October 15, 1953.

Early development (1954–1966)
All the programs and departments at HIT were organized and formed from the programs related to electrical engineering, power engineering, electricity and mechanical engineering in Wuhan University, Hunan University, Guangxi University and South China Institute of Technology. HIT's first classes were held in spaces at those institutions. There were eight undergraduate programs, 314 full-time faculty members and 2,639 undergraduate students at that time. The first president is physicist Qian Zha, Dean of School of Engineering of Wuhan University. The first provost is Gancai Liu.

In 1960, HIT was evaluated to be a national key university under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education of China.

Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)
In 1971, most of the Wuhan Mechanical Institute () was merged into the institute.

Six departments were established. There were 20 undergraduate programs, 1,097 faculty members. The number of undergraduate students reached to 6,087.

New mission, global view (1976–1988)
Graduate students began to be enrolled in 1978, and in 1984, the institute became one of 22 universities to be approved by the State Council to establish a graduate school. By approval of the State Education Committee, the institute was renamed Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST, 华中理工大学) in 1988.

Leading the Reform in Tech-Schools (1988–2000)
With China's global strategy and the reform of the economy, HUST led a series of pivotal reforms among technical institutions in China. HUST is the first technical school to establish the Department of Journalism and Communication, the Department of Economics, and Department of Literature, and to host nationwide lectures in humanities.

Merger
On May 26, 2000, the former Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical University, Wuhan Urban Construction Institute (), and Wuhan Science and Technology Vocational College () combined to form the new Huazhong University of Science and Technology (); the Chinese name was changed, but the English name remained the same.

Tongji Medical College
The history of Tongji Medical College can be traced back to 1907 when Tongji German Medical School was founded by Erich Paulun in Shanghai. The name Tongji suggests cooperating by riding the same boat. In 1927, with the development of the institution, it expanded to include engineering programs. After the establishment of National Tongji University in 1927, the Tongji Medical College was affiliated to the university as one of the schools. In 1950, the medical school was moved to Wuhan from Shanghai and merged with Wuhan University School of Medicine to become South-Central China Tongji Medical College. The college was later renamed as Wuhan College of Medicine in 1955, as Tongji Medical University in 1985, and as Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 2000.

Presidents
 Zha Qian: (1953–1979)
 Zhu Jiusi: (1979–1984)
 Huang Shuhuai (1984–1993)
 Yang Shuzi (1993–1997) Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
 Zhou Ji (1997–2001) Member and former President of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
 Fan Mingwu (2001–2005) Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, former President of China Institute of Atomic Energy
 Li Peigen (2005–2014) Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
 Ding Lieyun (2014–2018) Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
 Li Yuanyuan (2018–present) Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering

Campus

Huazhong University of Science and Technology has two campuses: Main Campus at Wuchang and Tongji Medical Campus at Hankou. The area of single campus is more than 7000 mu. The campus reaches 72% green rate and thus is also known as "Forest University".

Main Campus at Wuchang
1037 Luoyu Road, Wuchang, Wuhan

Tongji Medical Campus at Hankou
13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan

Schools and departments

Sciences and Engineering
 School of Physics
 School of Artificial Intelligence & Automation
 Department of Electronic Sci. & Tech.
 Department of Electronics & Information Engr.
 Department of Mathematics
 School of Architecture & Urban Planning
 School of Chemistry & Chemical Engr.
 School of Computer Sciences & Engr.
 School of Civil & Hydraulic Engineering.
 School of Cyber Sciences & Engr.
 School of Electrical & Electronic Engr.
 School of Energy & Power Engineering
 School of Environmental Science & Engr.
 School of Life Sciences & Technology
 School of Materials Science & Engr.
 School of Mechanical Science & Engr.
 School of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engr.
 School of Aerospace Engineering
 School of Optical & Electronic Information
 School of Software Engineering
 School of Transportation Sci. & Engr.

Social Sciences
 Department of Chinese Literature
 Department of Philosophy
 Department of Political Science
 Department of Sociology
 School of Economics
 School of Education
 School of Foreign Language
 School of Humanities & Social Sciences
 School of International Education
 School of Journalism & Communication
 School of Law
 School of Management
 School of Public Administration

Medicine (Tongji Medical College)
 Department of Forensic Medicine
 Basic Medical School
 School of Clinical Medicine I
 School of Clinical Medicine II
 School of Drug & Health Administration
 School of Nursing
 School of Pharmacy
 School of Public Health

Academic Power

Faculty and staff
 Faculty: 3,448
 Staff (main campus): 7,659
 Staff (hospitals): 5,259
 Distinguished Youth Scholars awarded by National Science Fund: 69
 Chang Jiang Scholars (Distinguished Professors): 65
 Members of Chinese Academy of Sciences: 12
 Members of Chinese Academy of Engineering: 17

National scientific platforms

National Laboratory
 Wuhan National Laboratories for Opto-electronics (WNLO), one of the five national laboratories in China

National major science and technology infrastructure
 Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, one of Top 4 magnetic field centers in the world, Top 1 in Asia.
 Precision gravity measurement research facility, known as "World Gravity Center" by the international physics circle, measuring the most accurate gravitational constant in 2018.

National Innovation Institute
 National Innovation Institute of Digital Design and Manufacturing

State Key Laboratory
 State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology
 State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion
 State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology
 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology (AEET)

National Engineering (Technology) Research Center
 National Engineering Research Center for Laser Processing
 National Engineering Research Center for Digital Manufacturing Equipment
 National Engineering Technology Research Center for Enterprise Information Technology (CAD) Application Support Software (Wuhan)
 National NC System Engineering Research Center
 National Anti-counterfeiting Engineering Technology Research Center
 National Nanomedical Engineering Technology Research Center

National Engineering Laboratory
 National Engineering Laboratory of Next Generation Internet Access System

National Professional Laboratory
 National Professional Laboratory of New Motor
 National Professional Laboratory of External Storage Systems

Essential Science Indicators(ESI)
In ESI ranking in January 2021, Huazhong University of Science and Technology is ranked in 183rd in the world, and 9th among all the Double First Class Universities in China. The numbers of top 1‰ and 1% disciplines of HUST in the world are 4 and 16 respectively.
Top 1‰ disciplines include Engineering, Computer Science, Materials Science and Clinic Medicine. Top 1% disciplines include Engineering, Computer Science, Materials Science, Clinic Medicine, Chemistry, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Biology & Biochemistry, Physics, Neuroscience & Behavior, Social Sciences, Molecular Biology & Genetics, Mathematics, Environment/Ecology, Agricultural Sciences, Botany and Zoology.

Discipline category
Undergraduate|Graduate
Engineering: #6 | #3;
Medicine: #2 | #2;
Management: #10 | #15;
Science: #16 | #17;
Economics: #20 |-;
Literature: #36 |-;
Natural Sciences (Engineering, Medicine, Science overall): #7 | #6;
Social Sciences (History, Management, Economics overall): #17 | #18

Programs
Mechanical Engineering: #1;
Electrical Engineering: #2;
Optical Engineering: #1;
Public Health: #1;
Public Administration: #4;
Biomedical Engineering: #5;
Control Engineering: #5 ;
Power Engineering: #6;
Computer Science: #9;
Electronics: #9;

Subjects
Preventive Medicine
Epidemiology: #5;
Environmental Health: #1;
Nutrition: #5;
Gynecology: #2;
Toxicology: #6;

Computer Science
System Structure: #3;
Software: #12 ;

Journalism & Communication
Journalism: #3;
Communication: #7;

Others
Statistics: #6;
Quantitative Economics: #3;

Rankings and reputation
Internationally, Huazhong University of Science and Technology is regarded as one of the most reputable Chinese universities by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where it ranked 151st globally. HUST graduates are highly desired nationwide; in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2017, HUST was ranked # 71-80 in the world.

HUST consistently features in the global top 200 research universities according to some of the most widely cited university rankings in the world such as ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.
 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities: 89th in the world, 15th in Asia, and 8th in China.
 2023 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking (U.S. News): 109th in the world, 15th in Asia and 6th in China.
 2024 Times Higher Education: 158th in the world and 9th in China.
 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities: 101–150th in the world, 11th in Asia, and 5th–8th in China.
 2018 China University Ranking issued by Wu Shulian: the 8th in China.
 2020 China University Ranking issued by Wu Shulian: the 7th in China.
 2015 Best Chinese Universities Ranking issued by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy: the 9th in China.
 2022 Best Chinese Universities Ranking issued by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy: the 8th in China.

Services

Libraries

There are four libraries at HUST: the Old Library, the Shaw Library (New Library), the Medical Library and the Architecture Library. The Old Library and the Shaw Library are located in the center of main campus. The Old Library was designed and constructed in Soviet Union style in the 1950s. It plays a major role in book circulation and conference hosting. It also provides classrooms for audio-video teaching program and some group-study programs. The first floor of the east wing is the Center for Reader's Services, which is a branch of University Bookstore System. The Shaw Library was donated by Sir Run Run Shaw and built in the 1990s. It has more than 30 reading rooms, including Chinese/English social sciences reading rooms, Chinese/English natural sciences reading rooms, Chinese/English archive reading rooms and electronic journal reading rooms. It also houses a multi-media center and a major branch of Center for Computing & Networking. Medical Library is located in Tongji Medical Campus in Hankou. It provides the same services to the medical students as the libraries in main campus. The Architecture Library is on the east side of the main campus. It accommodates books and journals in architecture and urban planning. The University Libraries have a total collection of 3.49 million volumes.

Student life

Student demographics
Undergraduate students: 36,275
Graduate & professional students: 20,044
International students: 4,100

Athletics
HUST men's basketball team won the national championship (CUBA) in 2004. HUST men's team also won fourth place in CUBA 1999. HUST women's basketball team lost the national champion title and won the second places in WCUBA 2005 and 2006, respectively.

Notable alumni

Politicians
 Lou Qinjian, HUST Class 1981, CPC Secretary of Jiangsu Province, former Governor of Shaanxi Province and Vice Minister of Information Industry
 Qian Xinzhong, Tongji Class 1928, Minister of Health, China (1965–1973, 1979–1983)
 Xie Fuzhan, HUST Class 1980, President of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the former Governor of Henan Province, China.
 Zhou Ji, HUST Class 1980, President, China Academy of Engineering (2010–2018), Minister of Education, China (2003–2009), Mayor of Wuhan (2001–2002)
 Wang Cheng, HUST Class 1981, President, Hohai University.

Sportspeople
 Li Ting, HUST Class 2006, tennis player, Gold Medal Winner at the 2004 Summer Olympics in women's doubles.
 Li Na, HUST Class 2005, tennis player, Winner of Australian Open (2014) and French Open (2011), highest world ranking for Singles: No. 2.

Businesspeople
 Gong Hongjia, HUST Class 1982, billionaire businessman, 137th in 2018 Forbes World billionaires list in 2018
 Meng Wanzhou, chief financial officer and deputy board chairperson of Huawei.
 Zhang Xiaolong, HUST Class 1991, Senior Vice President of Tencent, creator of WeChat.

Scientists

 Deng Julong, the founder of Grey system theory.
 Liu Sifeng, the Marie-Curie Fellow (UK), IEEE Fellow and the renowned expert of grey systems. He was one of the 10 shortlisted promising scientists in the MSCA (EU-funded Marie Curie Actions) 2017 Prizes.
 Chunying Chen, Chinese chemist and professor of chemistry at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
 Gang Chen, professor at MIT and elected member of the National Academy of Engineering (2010)
 Lihong V. Wang, professor at Caltech and elected member of the National Academy of Engineering (2018)
 Alan Luo, professor at Ohio State University and elected member of the National Academy of Engineering (2023)
 Frank Hu, professor at Harvard and elected member of the National Academy of Medicine(2015)

Members of the China Academy of Sciences
 Bei Shizhang, elected in 1955, Tongji Med BS (1921).
 Liang Boqiang, elected in 1955, Pathologist, Tongji Med BS (1922).
 Qiu Fazu, elected in 1993, Senior Member of CAS, Tongji Med BS (1936).
 Wu Mengchao, elected in 1991, 2005 National Supreme Science and Technology Awardee, Tongji Med BS (1949).
 Yang Shuzi, elected in 1991, HUST BS (1956).
 Fang Fuquan (方复全), elected in 2017, Vice President of Capital Normal University, HUST BS (1986).

Members of the China Academy of Engineering
 Zhou Ji, elected in 1999, President of Chinese Academy of Engineering, foreign member of National Academy of Engineering (US), HUST MS (1980).
 Hou Yunde, National Supreme Science and Technology Awardee (2018), Vice president of Chinese Academy of Engineering, HUST Tongji Med BS (1955).
 Li Dequn (李德群), elected in 2015, HUST MS (1980).
 Ma Ding (马丁), elected in 2017, HUST Tongji Med BS (1982), MS (1986), Ph.D. (1990).
 Luo Xiwen (罗锡文), elected in 2009, Vice president of South China Agricultural University, HUST BS (1969).
 You Zheng (尤政), elected in 2013, Vice president of Tsinghua University, HUST BS (1985), MS (1987), Ph.D. (1990).
 Wu Weiren (吴伟仁), elected in 2015, Chief Designer of Lunar Exploration Engineering, HUST Ph.D. (2004).
 Zou Xuexiao (邹学校), elected in 2017, President of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, HUST Ph.D. (2002).

References

External links

 Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Universities in China with English-medium medical schools
Universities and colleges in Wuhan
Vice-ministerial universities in China
Project 985
Project 211
Universities and colleges formed by merger in China


The Image: Volume 1 is a book commemorating the 10th year of Bae Yong-joon's career as an actor. On his tour of Japan between November 25 and November 29, 2004, Bae officially launched his book.

The book is a collection of photographs, divided into two booklets. Secret Hysteria consists of images of his body, built by months of weight-training and strict diet. The Traveller consists of his travel photos: swimming and cooking at the resort, walking in the streets of Phuket and Ipoh. The collection also includes an exclusive 62-minute DVD about the making of the photo-book and an interview of the actor about the project and his tour to the Southeast Asian countries.

References
 Bae's interview on The Image in Japan
 YesAsia.com

Biographies about actors

The Image: Volume 1


Yankees Universe is a charity that supports the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan. Created by Mindy Franklin Levine, the wife of New York Yankees President Randy Levine, the program raises money for the New York Yankees Universe fund. Proceeds for the fund are generated by donations, special events, and the sale of Yankees Universe T-shirts, and this money is made available to the cancer center. According to the MSKCC web site, the proceeds "go directly to support pediatric cancer research and care, helping to contribute to advancements in the treatment of children with cancer."

Since the inception in April 2006 the phrase has gained popularity and now frequently appears in the press – including the New York Post, May 2007: "Roger Clemens pitches well nobody will criticize him for coming and going in the Yankees' Universe". However, the phrase has been found in the popular press at least as early as 2001. As a result, some fans now consider "Yankees Universe" the unofficial name of the Yankee fanbase, as the team has a nationwide following and often attracts large crowds of its own fans at other Major League ballparks, especially Baltimore, Kansas City and Seattle.

See also
Bills Mafia
Red Sox Nation
Cardinal Nation
Steeler Nation
Raider Nation

References

External links
Yankees Universe
Fox Sports Article: "Torre not to blame for Yankees' loss"
New York Times Article: "Yankees' Universe Has Two El Duques"
CancerWar.com
New York Post: "Carl Takes a Sunday Test Drive
USA Today: "Thorne: 2007 show about to open with intrigue"
New York Post: MO EXPECTED TO TAKE YANKS' 3-YEAR OFFER
MLB.com Article: "Red Sox Nation to Visit Yankee Universe."

New York Yankees
Gatherings of baseball fans
Sports charities
Charities based in New York (state)

Yankees Universe


Georg Philipp Eduard Huschke (26 June 18017 February 1886) was a German jurist and authority on church government.

He was born at Hannoversch Münden, a town in Lower Saxony, Germany.  In 1817 Huschke went to Göttingen to study law. He was encouraged by Friedrich Carl von Savigny to go to Berlin, but returned to Göttingen and established himself as privatdozent, lecturing on the orations of Cicero, on Gaius and the history of law. Later he was appointed to a professorship in Rostock. In 1827 he accepted the position of professor of Roman law in Breslau.

Soon after his arrival in Breslau he became interested in the dissension caused by the Evangelical Union which were forced upon the orthodox Old Lutherans by the state rulers, and took a prominent part in the debates. Huschke tried to solve the problem practically as soon as he came to Breslau. This dispute led to the creation of the independent Lutheran Church, and Huschke, as the defender of its rights, was appointed head of the supreme church college.

Huschke was intensely hostile to the papacy, which he saw the realization of a demoniac power. He was an eager student of the apocalypse. The fruit of his studies was a work entitled Das Buch mit sieben Siegeln (Dresden, 1860). His ideas on church government were laid down in Die streitigen Lehren von der Kirche, dem Kirchenamt, dem Kirchenregiment und der Kirchenregierung (Leipzig, 1863). Huschke also published many important writings on law.

Huschke died at Breslau on 7 February 1886.

References

1801 births
1886 deaths
People from Hann. Münden
German Lutherans
Jurists from Lower Saxony
Christian writers
German male writers
19th-century Lutherans
19th-century Lutheran theologians

Eduard Huschke


Samotność po zmierzchu is the debut studio album by Polish singer Ania, released in 2004.

Background
The album's title translates Solitude After Dusk. Ania worked on it with acclaimed Polish producer, Bogdan Kondracki. Album presented wide range of styles: pop, soul, chillout, rhythm and blues. It contained two reworkings of songs by A Camp and OMD.

It gathered strongly favourable reviews and achieved great commercial success, reaching #1 in Polish albums chart. The album went Gold in Poland and was one of the bestselling records in that country in 2004. It spawned five singles, most notably major hits "Tego chciałam" and "Charlie, Charlie". Samotność po zmierzchu was re-released twice in 2004.

Track listing
 "Pamiętać chcę" - 3:41
 "Tego chciałam" - 2:59
 "Nie ma nic w co mógłbyś wierzyć" - 4:25
 "Charlie, Charlie" - 2:59
 "Czy ktoś spytać chce czemu stało się tak" - 3:37
 "Nie mogę cię zapomnieć" - 3:21
 "Zima '81" - 5:28
 "Gangsta" - 3:47
 "Tylko słowa zostały" - 3:23
 "Inna" - 5:36
 "Glory" - 4:18
 "Souvenir" - 3:47

Singles
 2004: "Tego chciałam"
 2004: "Glory"/"Nie ma nic w co mógłbyś wierzyć"
 2004: "Charlie, Charlie"
 2004: "Inna"

References

2004 debut albums
Ania (singer) albums

Samotność po zmierzchu


Utuy Tatang Sontani (May 31, 1920 – September 17, 1979) was an Indonesian writer and university lecturer. He was born in Cianjur, West Java. In 1938 he attended an adult school in Bandung, and then became a civil servant. After the independence of Indonesia in 1945, he successively worked for National Broadcasting Station and Books Compilation & Translation Bureau. In 1959 he joined the People's Culture Association, and became a member of its central committee. He lived abroad after 1965, mainly in the Soviet Union, taught at Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University, died and was buried in Moscow.

Utuy initially wrote in Sundanese, but under the Japanese rule during World War 2 he started writing in the Indonesian language. He preferred to write plays and short stories, and the protagonists in his works were always poor people. His first play Suling (1948) describes the Indonesian fight for independence. The second play Bunga Rumah Makan (1948) tell a story of a hotel waitress yearning for freedom and not willing to tender mercies. His historical novel Tambera (1948) concerns with the anti-Dutch struggle in the late 16th century and early 17th century. After the transfer of sovereignty, Utuy was quite disappointed with the social reality. His short story collection Orang-orang Sial (1951) mainly expresses tragic fate of the little people and corruption of the officialdom. The play Awal dan Mira (1952) reflected his disillusionment won him the first prize. His other plays comprise Di Langit Ada Bintang (1955), Sang Kuriang: opera dua babak (1955), Si Kabajan: komedi dua babak (1959), Tak Pernah Mendjadi Tua (1963), Manusia Kota: empat buah drama (1961) etc.

References

Bibliography
 Harry Aveling&Utuy Tatang Sontani. Man and society in the works of the Indonesian playwright Utuy Tatang Sontani. Honolulu : Southeast Asian Studies Program, University of Hawaii, 1979.
 Herman S. Sorotan atas drama "Awal dan Mira", karangan Utuy Tatang Sontani : paper. Bandung : Djurusan Bahasa dan Sastera Indonesia IKIP Bandung, 1964.

Indonesian male novelists
Indonesian novelists
Indonesian male short story writers
Indonesian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indonesian writers
20th-century male writers
20th-century novelists
Indonesian expatriates in the Soviet Union
People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union
Members of the Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat
Academic staff of Moscow State University
1979 deaths
1920 births
People from Cianjur
Sundanese people

Utuy Tatang Sontani


In woodworking, veneer refers to thin slices of wood and sometimes bark that typically are glued onto core panels (typically, wood, particle board or medium-density fiberboard) to produce flat panels such as doors, tops and panels for cabinets, parquet floors and parts of furniture. They are also used in marquetry. Plywood consists of three or more layers of veneer. Normally, each is glued with its grain at right angles to adjacent layers for strength. Veneer beading is a thin layer of decorative edging placed around objects, such as jewelry boxes. Veneer is also used to replace decorative papers in wood veneer HPL.

Background
Veneering dates back to at least the ancient Egyptians who used expensive and rare wood veneers over cheaper timbers to produce their furniture and sarcophagi. During the Roman Empire, Romans also used veneered work in mass quantities.

Production

Veneer is obtained either by "peeling" the trunk of a tree or by slicing large rectangular blocks of wood known as flitches. The appearance of the grain and figure in wood comes from slicing through the growth rings of a tree and depends upon the angle at which the wood is sliced. There are three main types of veneer-making equipment used commercially:
 A rotary lathe in which the wood is turned against a very sharp blade and peeled off in one continuous or semi-continuous roll. Rotary-cut veneer is mainly used for plywood, as the appearance is not desirable because the veneer is cut concentric to the growth rings.
 A slicing machine in which the flitch or piece of log is raised and lowered against the blade and slices of the log are made. This yields veneer that looks like sawn pieces of wood, cut across the growth rings; such veneer is referred to as "crown cut".
 A half-round lathe in which the log or piece of log can be turned and moved in such a way as to expose the most interesting parts of the grain, creating a more textured feel and appearance; such veneer is commonly referred to as "rift cut".

Each slicing process gives a very distinctive type of grain, depending upon the tree species. In any of the veneer-slicing methods, when the veneer is sliced, a distortion of the grain occurs. As it hits the wood, the knife blade creates a "loose" side where the cells have been opened up by the blade, and a "tight" side.

Veneers are cut as thin as . Depending on the cutting process used by the veneer manufacturer, very little wood is wasted by the saw blade thickness, known as the saw kerf. Some manufacturers use a very wide knife to slice off the thin veneer pieces. In this process, none of the wood is wasted. The slices of veneer are always kept in the order in which they are cut from the log and are often sold this way.

Historically, veneers were also sawn in approximately  thick layers.

Veneer falls within the category of natural materials, hence it is called natural veneer.

Types of veneers
There are a few types of veneers available, each serving a particular purpose.
 Raw veneer has no backing on it and can be used with either side facing up. It is important to note that the two sides will appear different when a finish has been applied, due to the cell structure of the wood.
 Paper backed  veneer is as the name suggests, veneers that are backed with paper. The advantage to this is it is available in large sizes, or sheets, as smaller pieces are joined prior to adding the backing. This is helpful for users that do not wish to join smaller pieces of raw veneers together. This is also helpful when veneering curves and columns as the veneer is less likely to crack.
 Phenolic backed veneer is less common and is used for composite, or artificial wood veneers. Due to concern for the natural resource, this is becoming more popular. It too has the advantage of being available in sheets, and is also less likely to crack when being used on curves.
 Laid up veneer is raw veneer that has been joined to make larger pieces. The process is time-consuming and requires great care, but is not difficult and requires no expensive tools or machinery. Veneers can be ordered through some companies already laid up to any size, shape or design.
 Reconstituted veneer is made from fast-growing tropical species. Raw veneer is cut from a log, and dyed if necessary. Once dyed, the sheets are laminated together to form a block. The block is then sliced so that the edges of the laminated veneer become the "grain" of the reconstituted veneer.
 Wood on Wood Also called 2-ply is a decorative wood veneer face with a utility grade wood backer applied at an opposing direction to the face veneer.

See also
 Bookmatching
 Engineered wood
 Formaldehyde
 Multilaminar veneer
 Plywood
 Sawdust
 Veneer hammer
 Wood glue
 Wood preservative

References

 Benson, Jonathan, Woodworker's Guide to Veneering and Inlay, Fox Chapel Publishing

External links

 European Panel Federation

Timber preparation
Woodworking materials
Wood products
Surface decorative techniques in woodworking

Wood veneer


Teofil Aleksander Lenartowicz (27 February 1822 in Warsaw – 3 February 1893 in Florence) was a Polish ethnographer, sculptor, poet and Romantic conspirator. Linked to Bohemians among Warsaw intellectuals, Lenartowicz was associated with Oskar Kolberg and Roman Zmorski in the anti-Tsarist independence movement, and participated in the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848 during his stay in Kraków. While in exile he taught Slavic literature at the University of Bologna, composed patriotic and religious poems, as well as lyrical and historical epics based on the folklore of his beloved region of Mazowsze. He did portrait-sculptures, and designed tombstones.

Teofil Aleksander came from the master mason family of Lenartowicz Pobóg coat of arms. He was the son of Karol and Maria née Kwasieborska Cholewa coat of arms. While in Florence, he married sculptor Zofia Szymanowska Młodzian COA, with whom he had a son John (Jan). His remains were brought from Italy to Poland and interred in the Crypt of the Distinguished in the St. Stanislaus Church at Skałka in Kraków.

Literature
Owing to his fascination with the folklore of the Polish Masovia (which Lenartowicz used as the chief motif of his poetry), he used to call himself Mazurzyna, a versifier of Masovia region. He was friends with Elżbieta Bośniacka, a playwright, poet and journalist associated with Dziennik Literacki.

The best-known of his poems is "The Golden Cup" ("Złoty kubek", 1853), based on a traditional Polish Christmas carol, in which an orphaned girl asks the heavenly goldsmith to make her a golden cup from golden apples and leaves fallen from the golden . The cup is to be decorated with engravings depicting the idealized Polish countryside. Because of its symbolism of transcendent light, the poem can be interpreted in different ways, including as advice on art-making. It was favorably received by Norwid, as well as by Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, who wrote a poem, "Lenartowicz," about the concept of his "Golden Cup".

He published two collections of poetry: Lirenka and Zachwycenie (Rapture, 1855).  Among his many notable poems, Teofil Lenartowicz wrote also: "Dwaj Towiańczycy" (The two followers of Towiański), in which he describes the death of his former co-conspirators Michał Szweycer (Ludwik Szwejcer) and Adolf Rozwadowski; "Moje strony" (My homeland), "Rosła kalina" (Hearty viburnum), "Tęsknota" (Longing), "Wiersz do poezji" (Poem to poetry), "Duch sieroty" (Spirit of an orphan), "Jan Kochanowski", "Lirnik. Baśń" (A minstrel. Tale), "Łzy" (Tears), "Czajka", "Pustota" (Emptiness), "O powrocie do kraju" (On the return to the country), "Zaproszenie" (Invitation), and "Staruszek" (Old Man).

Poland's eminent poet Czesław Miłosz described Lenartowicz longer poems "Zachwycenie" ("Rapture") and "Błogosławiona" ("The Blessed One"), both published in 1855, as having a "curious treatment of religious themes."  The heaven encountered by a departing soul is expected to look just like a village in Poland.

Between 1888 and 1893, Lenartowicz was an honorary member of the Poznań Society of the Friends of Science, according to Bolesław Erzepki in 1896.

See also
Mizerna cicha, a song written by Lenartowicz

Notes and references

External links

Polish male writers
Cultural history of Poland
Romanticism
1822 births
1893 deaths

Teofil Lenartowicz


Kateřina Jalovcová (born 1978 in Rakovník) is a Czech operatic mezzo-soprano who has had an active international career since 2004. She is a principal singer at the National Theatre in Prague.

Career
Jalovcová is a graduate of the Prague Conservatory where she studied voice under Brigita Šulcová. In 2004 she joined the roster of principal artists at the , singing roles there for two years. During this time she also worked as a guest artist at the National Theatre in Prague and the . Among the roles she portrayed during these years were Azucena in Verdi's Il trovatore, Ulrica in Verdi's Un ballo in maschera, Preziosilla in Verdi's La forza del destino, Siebel in Gounod's Faust, and Fyodor in Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov.

In 2006 Jalovcová became a principal singer at the National Theatre, and has since performed a wide variety of roles at that house. Among the roles she has sung in Prague are, Annio in Mozart's La clemenza di Tito, Cherubino in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro, Dalila in Saint-Saëns's Samson et Dalila, Kate in Dvořák's The Devil and Kate, Meg Page in Verdi's Falstaff, Olga in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin, the Shepherdess in Janáček's Jenůfa, and Turnspit in Dvořák's Rusalka.

In June 2007, Jalovcová was honored with the Most Talented Young Singer award at the Wexford Festival Opera for her portrayal of the Witch in Rusalka. She returned to Wexford the following year to portray Lel in Rimsky-Korsakov's The Snow Maiden with conductor Dmitri Jurowski. She has also made appearances at Oper Graz in the roles of Suzuki in Puccini's Madama Butterfly and Fenena in Nabucco.

On the concert stage Jalovcová has appeared in concert with the Prague Symphony Orchestra on a number of occasions, most notably singing Jocaste in Stravinsky's oratorio Oedipus Rex and performing as a feature soloist in Dvořák's Requiem under the baton of Jiří Kout.

References

21st-century Czech women singers
Czech opera singers
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
Prague Conservatory alumni
Living people
1978 births

Kateřina Jalovcová


Guttation is the exudation of drops of xylem sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular plants, such as grasses, and a number of fungi, which are not plants but were previously categorized as such and studied as part of botany.

Process

At night, transpiration usually does not occur, because most plants have their stomata closed. When there is a high soil moisture level, water will enter plant roots, because the water potential of the roots is lower than in the soil solution. The water will accumulate in the plant, creating a slight root pressure. The root pressure forces some water to exude through special leaf tip or edge structures, hydathodes or water glands, forming drops. Root pressure provides the impetus for this flow, rather than transpirational pull. Guttation is most noticeable when transpiration is suppressed and the relative humidity is high, such as during the night.

Guttation formation in fungi is important for visual identification, but the process causing it is unknown. However, due to its association with stages of rapid growth in the life cycle of fungi, it has been hypothesised that during rapid metabolism excess water produced by respiration is exuded.

Chemical content
Guttation fluid may contain a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, mainly sugars, and potassium. On drying, a white crust remains on the leaf surface.

Girolami et al. (2009) found that guttation drops from corn plants germinated from neonicotinoid-coated seeds could contain amounts of insecticide consistently higher than 10 mg/L, and up to 200 mg/L for the neonicotinoid imidacloprid. Concentrations this high are near those of active ingredients applied in field sprays for pest control and sometimes even higher. It was found that when bees consume guttation drops collected from plants grown from neonicotinoid-coated seeds, they die within a few minutes. This phenomenon may be a factor in bee deaths and, consequently, colony collapse disorder.

Nitrogen levels
If high levels of nitrogen appear in the fluid, it is a sign of fertilizer burn.

See also
 Homeostasis
 Osmosis
 Soil plant atmosphere continuum

References

Plant physiology

Guttation


At , the Wilseder Berg is the highest point on the Lüneburg Heath in North Germany. Due to its position in the middle of the nature reserve Lüneburg Heath it is a popular tourist destination, especially in the period when the heather is in flower.

Description
The Wilseder Berg is part of a nature reserve within the Lüneburg Heath and lies near the villages of Wilsede and Bispingen in the Heidekreis. The hill was formed during the penultimate ice age, the Saale glaciation, and was part of a terminal moraine. It has a broad plateau and a flat summit. Around it lies a varied landscape of hollows, valleys and small ravines. The surrounding area has leached, gravelly-sandy soils with layers of hardpan, covered by open sand, large areas of heathland and extensive coniferous forest. The heathland is grazed by a variety of moorland sheep, known as the Heidschnucke.

The Wilseder Berg lies on a watershed, from which several headstreams emerge, such as those of the Este, Luhe, Wümme and Böhme. Some of these streams feed the river system of the Weser, others flow eventually into the Elbe.

There is a stone on the summit plateau on which there is a metal cone engraved with the directions and distance of neighbouring hills and towns, near and far.

Totengrund and Steingrund
The best-known valley in the vicinity of the hill is the Totengrund hollow, several hectares in area, south of the museum village of Wilsede. It is an old dead-ice kettle hole with sides up to 40 metres high, covered in heather and juniper bushes. The name means "dead ground" and was probably so called because of its very infertile, i.e. dead, soil, because the valley is very dry. The Totengrund became the heart of the present-day nature reserve when Egestorf priest, Wilhelm Bode, purchased it in 1906 with donations. There is a controversy involving current plans to build seven wind turbines of a height in excess of 180 metres (over 600 feet) near Behringen. These would be visible from the Totengrund and according to local environmentalists spoil the view.

Another nearby valley is the Steingrund, which is covered thickly with stones deposited during the ice age and is a typical heathland dry valley.

Triangulation station

In 1820 George IV of the United Kingdom, who was also the King of Hanover, tasked the Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Observatory at Göttingen University, Carl Friedrich Gauss, to survey the Kingdom of Hanover. Gauss used the summit of the Wilseder Berg, amongst others, as a triangulation station for his land surveys. Other central triangulation points were the Falkenberg (150 m above NN) to the south and the Haußelberg (118 m above NN) to the east.

Part of the triangulation network, depicting the Wilseder Berg, was represented on the reverse side of the 4th series of 10 Deutschmark banknotes.

Tourism

The picturesque landscape is popular with tourists. There are horse-drawn carriages for hire to the Wilseder Berg from the villages of Oberhaverbeck, Niederhaverbeck, Undeloh, Döhle or Sudermühlen and it can also be reached on foot from Volkwardingen.

On a clear day the TV tower at Hamburg can be seen on the horizon. There are also scenic views over the heath towards the west and north.

Gallery

References

External links

Landscape profile with map from the Federal Office for Nature Conservation
Wilseder Berg in the nature photograph archives of NABU Uelzen

Lüneburg Heath
Heidekreis
Hills of Lower Saxony

Wilseder Berg


Antonín Koláček (7 August 1959, Přílepy (Kroměříž District) is a former Czech manager and entrepreneur. In 2008 he sold his shares in his companies and became an advocate and practitioner of buddhism. He was involved in the voucher privatization of Mostecká uhelná společnost (now Czech Coal); later he became its CEO.

Early career
After his studies at the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, he worked as a personalist for a Prague chocolate factory (1983-1990) and since 1990 for Komerční banka. Between 1993 and 1997 he was also a member of the supervisory board (non-executive) of Komerční banka.

In 1994, he founded (together with Petr Kraus) Newton Financial Management Group, a company that focused on trading on financial markets and related advisory services. In 1995, he became a member of the board of directors (executive board) of Mostecká uhelná společnost as the chief personalist of Komerční banka, which hold shares of Mostecká uhelná společnost (MUS). He became the most influential manager of MUS, and the CEO of Appian Group, which took control over MUS in 1998. In 2005 he bought 40% share of Appian Group (Luboš Měkota obtained another 40%); both their shares were bought in 2005/2006 by Pavel Tykač.

MUS case
For more than a decade, Czech police has been investigating him in relation with MUS and Appian Group. In Switzerland he was accused together with his former partners Jiří Diviš, Petr Kraus, Marek Čmejla and Jacques de Groote, and in 2013 he was sentenced for fraud, money laundering and other crimes in connection with MUS and Appian Group to 52 months in jail. An appeal is being prepared.

Other activities
From 1999 to 2004 he acted as the CEO of the newly created University of Finance and Administration.

In 2006 he founded MAITREA, a center for spiritual and personal development in Říčany. In 2008 he sold his shares in his companies and became and advocate and practitioner of buddhism.

References

External links
Koláček: Vlády věděly, kdo stojí za společností Appian Group, Česká televize, 16. října 2013

Living people
1959 births
Czech businesspeople
People from Přílepy (Kroměříž District)
Czech Buddhists
University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague alumni

Antonín Koláček


Anthelm of Belley (1107–1178) was a prior of the Carthusian Grand Chartreuse and bishop of Belley.

He was born near Chambéry in 1107. He would later receive an ecclesiastical benefice in the area of Belley. When he was thirty years old, he resigned from this position to become a Carthusian monk at Portes. Only two years after joining the order, he was made the prior of the Grande Chartreuse, the motherhouse of his order, which had recently incurred substantial damage.

He was an effective administrator there. While under his direction, the community increased in numbers and fervency. He restored and improved the buildings, including constructing a defensive wall and an aqueduct. The rules of the order were standardized, and changed to allow women the opportunity to enter the order in their own houses. He also brought the other houses of the order into closer alignment with the motherhouse. The monks under his direction included Hugh of Lincoln, who expressed great fondness for Anthelm.

Anthelm continued in his office almost constantly for twenty-four years, barring a period of a few years when he was a hermit. After that period, in 1152, Anthelm returned to the Grand Chartreuse, and helped defend the sitting Pope Alexander III against the antipope Victor IV. Alexander III appointed Anthelm bishop of Belley in 1163. In that position, he is said to have been fearless and uncompromising, working to reform the clergy and regulate the affairs of the diocese. One example of his fearlessness occurred in 1175, when Anthelm excommunicated Count Humbert of Maurienne for having taken one priest captive and murdering another priest who had tried to free him. Humbert appealed his excommunication to Pope Alexander III, who reversed Humbert's excommunication. Anthelm, who believed that Humbert was not penitent for his misconduct, withdrew from his diocese in protest.

Pope Alexander then commissioned Anthelm to travel to England to try to reconcile Henry II of England and Thomas Becket. Anthelm's health was such that he was unable to take the journey. Anthelm returned to Belley to help care for the poor and the lepers of the area.

Anthelm died at Belley in 1178. On his deathbed, he received Humbert, and recognized that at that time Humbert truly had repented of his earlier acts.

Veneration
He is considered a saint of the Roman Catholic Church, with a feast day of June 26. His feast has been celebrated by the Carthusians since 1607. His relics were enshrined in Belley.

In art, Anthelm is depicted holding a lamp lit by a divine hand.

References
Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .
Catholic online article on St. Anthelm, retrieved 23 May 2007

External links

1107 births
1178 deaths
Carthusian saints
Bishops of Belley
12th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
Medieval French saints
12th-century people from Savoy
12th-century Christian saints

Anthelm of Belley


François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil (1761, in Paris – 29 October 1819, in Ville-d'Avray) was a French novelist, poet and songwriter.

Career
Born in Paris, from 1790 onward, Ducray-Duminil was the literary editor of Les Petites Affiches where he was  known for the great forbearance of his reviews. A member of several literary societies,  most notably of the  Société du Caveau, he wrote poetry and lyrics as well as a few plays that were never produced.

He is best known as a writer for children and young adults, a genre in which he became extremely popular. Worried about the moral message of his works, he saw to it that virtue and innocence should prevail after a series of ingenious twists in the plot.

In Les Misérables Victor Hugo refers to his works as "stupid romances" which the favourite reading of Madame Thénardier. Critics ridiculed his style and syntax, but he mainly aimed at clarity, an essential quality considering the type of audience he was addressing. His imagination was fertile, and the enduring success of his work is largely due to his talent as a story-teller. Many playwrights borrowed from his plots.

He died in Ville-d'Avray.

Works
Most of his novels ran into several editions, for example : Lolotte et Fanfan, ou Histoire de deux enfants abandonnés dans une île déserte (Lolotte and Fanfan, the Story of Two Children Abandoned on a Desert Island ) ( Paris, 1788, 4 vol. in-12) ; Alexis, ou la Maisonnette dans les bois (Alexis or the small house in the woods)  (1789, 4 vol. in-12) ; Petit Jacques et Georgette, ou les Petits montagnards auvergnats (The Little Mountaineers of Auvergne, Or, The Adventures of James and Georgette)  (1791, 4 vol. in-12) ; Victor, ou l'Enfant de la forêt (Victor, a Child of the Forest) (1797, 4 vol. in-12) (available at Gutenberg.org) ; Cœlina, ou l'Enfant du mystère  (Celina, or the Mystery Child)(1798, 5 vol. in-12), one of his two most popular works ; les Cinquante Francs de Jeannette (Jeanette's Fifty Francs)  (1798/9, 2 vol. in-12) ; les Petits orphelins du hameau (The young orphans from the hamlet)  (1800), 4 vol. in-12 ; Paul, ou la Ferme abandonnée (Paul or the abandoned farmstead)  (1800, 4 vol. in-12 ; Elmonde, ou la Fille de l'hospice (Edmonde, the charity girl)  (1804, 5 vol. in-12) ; Jules, ou le Toit paternel (Jules, or Under his father's roof) (1804, 4 vol. in-12) ; le Petit Carillonneur (The small bellringer) (1809, 4 vol. in-12) ; Jean et Jeannette, ou les Petits aventuriers parisiens (Jean and Jeanette, Two Young Adventurers in Paris) (1816, 4 vol. in-12), L'Hermitage Saint-Jacques ou Dieu, le Roi et la Patrie, (Saint James's Hermitage ; or For God, King and Country) 1815, etc.

His other works include a poem upon the death of the duke of Brunswick (Poème sur la mort du duc de Brunswick) (1787, in-8°) ; la Semaine mémorable ou Tableau de la révolution depuis le 12 juin 1789 (1789, in-18) ; Codicille sentimental, ou recueil de discours, contes, anecdotes, idylles, romances et poésies fugitives (1793, 2 vol. in-12) ; Soirées de la chaumière (1794, 8 vol. in-18, which ran into several editions) ; les Veillées de ma grand'mère, nouveaux contes de fées (1799, 2 vol. in-18) ; Journées au village, ou Tableau d'une bonne famille (1804, 8 vol. in-18) ; le Bon oncle et les neveux, annuaire moral (1812, in-18) ; Contes de Fées (1817, vol. in-18), etc.

Bibliography
 Michel Manson, Les Livres pour l'enfance et la jeunesse sous la Révolution, Paris, INRP, 1989, pp. 85–89
 Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des littératures, Paris, Hachette, 1876, p. 666

External links
 François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil on Data.bnf.fr
 François Ducray-Duminil on Dictionnaire des journalistes

Ducray-Duminil's following works are available  online at Gallica ( Bibliothèque nationale de France) :
 Alexis, ou La maisonnette dans les bois
 Coelina, ou L'enfant du mystère
 Elmonde, ou La fille de l'hospice
 Les Cinquante francs de Jeannette
 Les Soirées de la chaumière
 Les Veillées de ma grand-mère
 Victor, ou L'enfant de la forêt

French children's writers
18th-century French male writers
18th-century French poets
19th-century French poets
18th-century French novelists
19th-century French novelists
French literary critics
Writers from Paris
1761 births
1819 deaths

François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil


Sepia aureomaculata is a species of cuttlefish native to the northwestern Pacific Ocean, specifically the Kii Channel, Tosa Bay, Hyuga-Nada, and the East China Sea. It lives at a depth of between 190 and 350 m.

Sepia aureomaculata grows to a mantle length of 160 mm.

The type specimen was collected in Tosa Bay, Japan and is deposited at the National Science Museum of Japan in Tokyo. Marine biota in Tosa Bay have been found to have relatively high concentrations of PCBs, DDT and a variety of organochlorine chemical pesticides, compared to similar biota in the Sulu Sea.

References

External links

Cuttlefish
Molluscs described in 1987

Sepia aureomaculata


Franklin Court is complex of museums, structures, and historic sites within Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located at the site which American printer, scientist, diplomat, and statesman Benjamin Franklin had his Philadelphia residence from 1763 to his death in 1790.

The complex was designed by the firm of Venturi and Rauch, and opened in 1976 as part of the United States Bicentennial celebration. The site consists of the archaeological remnants of the Benjamin Franklin's house and nearby buildings, "ghost" reconstruction of the form of the house and print shop, an underground museum focused on Franklin, and historic structures facing Market Street, including what are now a working post-office and printing-shop.

History of the site
The court was the site of the house which Benjamin Franklin had built in 1763, which he owned until his death in 1790. Though Franklin was overseas during a significant portion of that time, he was in Philadelphia during much of his tenure and involvement with both the Second Continental Congress and the United States Constitutional Convention. Franklin permanently moved into the house in 1785.

The house itself was built within a large courtyard in the middle of the block, accessed through an alleyway from Market Street.

In 1787, Franklin built a print shop within the lot for his grandson Benjamin Franklin Bache, who would publish the Philadelphia Aurora there. Franklin died at the site in 1790.

The house (and with it, it is suspected, the print shop) was demolished in 1812 during a redevelopment of the courtyard to an income-producing property. From 1950 on, the Park Service began purchasing and assembling the lots, and in the 1950s and 60s conducted archaeological excavations there in search of what remained of the Franklin-era structures.

Architecture

With the approach of the United States Bicentennial celebration two years away, in 1974, the Philadelphia architectural firm of Venturi and Rauch created the design for the landscape and museum at Franklin Court.

Most notable are the two "ghost structures" made of square tubular steel, recreating and suggesting the outline of the long-demolished buildings within the courtyard. The design resulted from inadequate historical information to properly reconstruct the structures, couple with emerging philosophical views at the time towards reconstruction of structures. The design concept has since been emulated at other historic sites. Ten years after their construction, in 1986, the National Park Service specifically noted that the "ghost structures" should be evaluated upon reaching the 50-year limit for the National Register of Historic Places, and were listed as "non-historic, contributing." According to the National Register nomination, the larger frame, depicting the Franklin House, is 49'5" x 33', by 50'6" tall at the crest of the roof, while the smaller frame, depicting the Print Shop, measures 48' by 20', with 48 feet to the crest of the roof. Pavement changes demarcate the arrangement of rooms, and concrete hoods permit visitors to look down to the archaeological remains beneath.

Benjamin Franklin Museum
The museum itself is located beneath much of the surface of the court, and was built around the archaeological remains of the house. It was listed as non-contributing in the National Register nomination.

From 2011 to 2013, the Franklin Court Museum underwent a multi-year total renovation. Venturi and Denise Scott Brown (who also worked for the firm at the time) expressed disapproval of the plan, insofar as it negatively altered the 1974 design considerations and failing to recognize those considerations. The museum reopened to the public in August 2013.

The Benjamin Franklin Museum exhibit area contains a series of five rooms that contain short films, and interactive examples of language, pastimes, ideas, and inventions based on prominent character traits of Benjamin Franklin and other individuals who share his time and place in history. Each room contains videos, touch screen interactive, mechanical interactive, and artifacts.

The five character traits exemplified by Benjamin Franklin that are highlighted by the rooms in the museum are: ardent and dutiful, ambitious and rebellious, motivated to improve, curious and full of wonder, and strategic and persuasive.

Franklin Court Printing Office
The Franklin Court Printing Office contains several exhibits, including a typesetting area, a bindery, two reproduction 18th century presses, and the newspaper office that once belonged to Benjamin Franklin's grandson, Benjamin Franklin Bache. Park rangers are stationed in the Printing Office to demonstrate typesetting and use of the 18th century printing press to visitors.

See also
Ben Franklin House - historic Philadelphia hotel
Benjamin Franklin House - London residence
Founding Fathers of the United States

References

External links

Franklin Court - official NPS site
Benjamin Franklin Museum - official NPS site
Architect's statement by Venturi, Scott, Brown and Associates
NPS Planning Documents (regarding renovation)

1976 establishments in Pennsylvania
Independence National Historical Park
Benjamin Franklin
Museums in Philadelphia
Robert Venturi buildings
Franklin
Old City, Philadelphia
Historic district contributing properties in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Homes of United States Founding Fathers

Franklin Court


Fixed pixel displays are display technologies such as LCD and plasma that use an unfluctuating matrix of pixels with a set number of pixels in each row and column. With such displays, adjusting (scaling) to different aspect ratios because of different input signals requires complex processing.

In contrast, the CRTs electronics architecture "paints" the screen with the required number of pixels horizontally and vertically. CRTs can be designed to more easily accommodate a wide range of inputs (VGA, XVGA, NTSC, HDTV, etc.).

References

Digital imaging

Fixed pixel display


R L Glasspool Charity Trust, known as Glasspool Trust, is a British charitable trust established in 1939 by businessman and philanthropist Richard Louveteau Glasspool.

History
The organisation was founded in 1939 by a wealthy businessman Richard Louveteau Glasspool. Glasspool decided that it would be more cost-effective to establish his own charity, thereby reducing his income tax liabilities.

Mission
The Trust describes its aim as  "the relief of persons who are in need, hardship or distress; or sick, convalescent, disabled or infirm". The Trust assists such individuals and families by providing grants of financial assistance; providing goods, services and facilities; and making grants to other organisations with similar aims.  More than 86% of the grants made in 2012/13 were made to those receiving social welfare benefits.

Controversy
In 2016, the Trust attracted controversy after selling 63 investment properties it owned in Walthamstow to a newly formed property investment company, which took steps soon after the sale to evict some of the established tenants, and re-sold two of the properties in February 2016. Tenants argued that the Trust had failed to give them an opportunity to purchase the properties they were renting before selling the properties. The Charity Commission subsequently launched an investigation into the sale amid concerns the Trust might have breached obligations to dispose of charity assets for a fair market price. The Guardian suggested the terms of the sales meant the charity "could have lost more than £3m, or almost twice the total it awarded in charitable grants last year".

During what was described by The Guardian as a 'bad tempered' meeting with the Labour MP for Walthamstow, Stella Creasy, Dr Keith Nunn, the Glasspool Trust Chair of Trustees, was accused by Creasey of making dismissive remarks about the effected tenants. Creasy was reported to have ended the meeting and asked a police officer to escort Nunn out of the Palace of Westminster as he was 'no longer welcome'.

References

1939 establishments in the United Kingdom
Charities based in London
Social welfare charities based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1939
Charitable trusts

Glasspool Trust


127 Hours is a 2010 American biographical drama movie directed by Danny Boyle. It stars James Franco as real-life canyoneer Aron Ralston, who became trapped by a boulder in Blue John Canyon, southeastern Utah, in April 2003. It received positive reviews, especially from Roger Ebert, Richard Roeper, and Peter Travers. It was released on November 12, 2010.

2010 drama movies
British adventure movies
British biographical movies
2010s British drama movies
2010s American adventure movies
2010s American biographical movies
2010s American drama movies
French biographical movies
French drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 2000s
Survival movies
Movies set in Utah
American independent movies
Movies directed by Danny Boyle

127 Hours


All Hallows Church, Great Mitton, is in the village of Great Mitton, Lancashire, England.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Whalley, the archdeaconry of Blackburn, and the Diocese of Blackburn. Its benefice is united with that of St. John's Church, Hurst Green. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.

History
The oldest fabric in the church dates from the late 13th century.  The tower was added in the early 15th century, followed by the north chapel in the 16th century. The church was refurbished in 2000.

Architecture
All Hallows is constructed in sandstone with a stone slate roof. The south wall of the chancel is pebbledashed.  The plan consists of a nave, a narrower chancel, a north (Shireburne) chapel, a south porch, and a west tower.  The tower is in three stages, with diagonal buttresses.  It has a west doorway, a four-light west window, and two-light bell openings.  On its summit is an embattled parapet.  The windows along the sides of the nave have two lights with Y-tracery.  There is a priest's door on the south wall of the chancel.  The east window has five lights. Inside the church is a west gallery.  The chancel screen includes some medieval woodwork, which possibly came from Sawley Abbey.  In the chancel are a triple sedilia and a piscina.  The chapel contains memorials to the Shireburn family, dating from the late 16th to the early 18th century. There is a ring of six bells.  The earliest two were cast in 1567, possibly in France.  These are followed by a bells of 1624 by William Oldfield, of 1726 by Samuel Smith II, of 1834 by Thomas Mears II from the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, and of 1872 by John Taylor and Company.

External features
In the churchyard is a sandstone sundial dated 1683, with a brass gnomon and plate. It has been listed at Grade II. Also listed at Grade II is a cross of 1897 with a 14th-century head, again in sandstone.  It has a square base, which broaches to a tapering octagonal shaft.

See also

Grade I listed churches in Lancashire
Listed buildings in Great Mitton

References

Church of England church buildings in Lancashire
Diocese of Blackburn
Grade I listed churches in Lancashire
English Gothic architecture in Lancashire
Churches in Ribble Valley

All Hallows Church, Great Mitton


Carleton Square is a sub-neighbourhood of Carleton Heights in the River Ward of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.  It is bounded on the west by Fisher Avenue, to the south Meadowlands Drive, Dynes Road to the north and Claymor Avenue to the east.  According to the Canada 2011 Census the population for this area was 719.

Most of the homes are townhouses occupied by a mostly younger population.

The neighbourhood is home to St. Pius X High School. Features Dynes Park.

References

Neighbourhoods in Ottawa

Carleton Square


The 11th Rajputs was an infantry regiment of the Bengal Army and later of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1825, when they were the 2nd Extra Battalion, Bengal Native Infantry. In 1828, they were renamed the 70th Bengal Native Infantry and a number of changes in name followed - the 11th Bengal Native Infantry 1861–1885, the 11th Bengal Infantry 1885–1897, the 11th (Rajput) Bengal Infantry 1897–1901, the 11th Rajput Infantry
1901–1903. Finally in 1903, after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army - the 11th Rajputs.

During this time, the regiment took part in the Second Anglo-Sikh War in the Battle of Chillianwala and the Battle of Goojerat (or Gujrat, Gujerat), the Second Opium War in China, the Third Afghan War, the Third Anglo-Burmese War and World War I. During World War I the regiment was first assigned to the Presidency Brigade, 8th Lucknow Division on internal security duties. They then served in the 33rd Indian Brigade, 12th Indian Division during the Mesopotamia Campaign.

After World War I the Indian government reformed the army again moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. The 11th Rajputs now became the 5th Battalion, 7th Rajput Regiment. After independence this was one of the regiments allocated to the new Indian Army.

Notes

Sources

British Indian Army infantry regiments
Honourable East India Company regiments
Military units and formations established in 1825
Military units and formations disestablished in 1922
Bengal Presidency

11th Rajputs


Baptista is a Portuguese surname.

People with this name include:

Alba Baptista (born 1997)
Alexandre Baptista (born 1941), Portuguese footballer
Ana Filipa Baptista (born 1990), Portuguese chess player
António Maria Baptista (1866–1920), Portuguese military officer and politician
Arnaldo Baptista (born 1948), Brazilian rock musician
Baptista Mantuanus (1447–1516), Italian Carmelite reformer, humanist, and poet
Baptista Minola, a character in Shakespeare's Taming Of The Shrew
Baptista Varani (1458–1527), Italian nun and Catholic saint
Christopher Baptista, Canadian drag queen
Cyro Baptista (born 1950), Brazilian musician
 (born 1962), Brazilian botanist
Eduardo Baptista (born 1970), Brazilian football manager
Ezequiel Baptista (born 1926), Portuguese footballer
Felipe Oliveira Baptista (born 1975), Portuguese fashion designer
Firmino Baptista, Portuguese athlete
Hélder Baptista (born 1972), Portuguese footballer
Joao Luiz Ferreira Baptista (born 1971), Brazilian footballer
Jorge Carlos Santos Moreira Baptista (born 1977), Portuguese footballer
Joseph Baptista (1864–1930), Indian-freedom activist known as Kaka Baptista
Juan Alfonso Baptista (born 1976), Venezuelan actor and model
Júlio Baptista (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
Mariano Baptista (1832-1907), President of Bolivia
Mawete João Baptista, Angolan ambassador
Miguel Baptista (born 1993) Portuguese footballer
Nelsinho Baptista (born 1950), Brazilian football player and manager
Pedro Ernesto Baptista (fl. 1931–1936), Brazilian surgeon and politician
Serafim Baptista (born 1925), Portuguese footballer
Silverio Pinto Baptista (born 1969), East Timorese ombudsman
Vítor Baptista (1948–1999), Portuguese footballer

See also
 Baptist (surname)
 Baptiste (name) (French surname and given name) French term meaning "Baptist"
 Battista (Italian surname) Italian term meaning "Baptist"
 Bautista (Spanish surname) Spanish term meaning "Baptist"
 Batista (Portuguese/Spanish surname)

Portuguese-language surnames

Baptista


Pursuit of Honor is a novel by Vince Flynn and the tenth novel in the Mitch Rapp series. It was published on December 1, 2009.

Synopsis
The book opens days after Muslim extremists have blown up a power lunch restaurant filled with members of Congress and staffers. After that, a second squad attacks the National Counter Terrorist Center killing dozens more until Mitch Rapp and his partner Mike Nash send the bad guys off to paradise. With nearly 200 dead, the nation is in no mood to negotiate with the Islamic extremists. The President has given Rapp a green light to be the judge, jury and executioner. The sharp edge of the CIA's sword has been let loose with few strings attached. The story takes place over the following week.

Rapp is on the trail of a liberal lawyer inspector general of the CIA who has been giving out information that some consider to aid the enemy. Meanwhile, three of the cell that helped carry out the DC attack are hiding out in rural Iowa, waiting for the heat to die down. Hakim is the mastermind who knows about the US after living here for a long time while Karim is the hotheaded soldier who wants a legacy as The Lion of al Qaeda. One day, a dad and son walk up to their farmhouse asking for permission to hunt nearby. Hakim gave them his permission because he knows that's all they want, but Karim is convinced they are undercover police and kills them both. Now they are on the run, trying to stay a step ahead of the police. Neither trusts the other and they ended up splitting. Hakim to Nassau to get money and hide somewhere while Karim and Ahmed, their loyal servant went to Washington to wreak more havoc.

After the President award a medal to Nash (set up by Mitch for Nash to give Nash a better life), Karim kidnapped Nash's daughter while Nash and his wife have dinner in a restaurant. Karim and Ahmed brought Nash's daughter to the Lincoln Memorial and decided to make a deal with Nash. At the exchange point, Mitch successfully killed Karim.

Novels by Vince Flynn
2009 American novels
Atria Publishing Group books

Pursuit of Honor


Lombard Street is a major street in Baltimore. It forms a one-way pair of streets with Pratt Street that run west–east through downtown Baltimore. For most of their route, Pratt Street is one-way in an eastbound direction, and Lombard Street is one-way westbound. Both streets begin in west Baltimore at Frederick Avenue and end in Butcher's Hill at Patterson Park Avenue. Since 2005, these streets have been open to two-way traffic from Broadway until their end at Patterson Park; in addition, Lombard is also two-way from Fulton Avenue to Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, near the University of Maryland at Baltimore campus.

To the east of Patterson Park, both Pratt and Lombard Streets start again at Linwood Avenue. Lombard Street continues mostly as a multilane street until Kane Street, short of reaching Interstate 95. Lombard, which is known as Lombard Street East in this area, with part of an interchange with the Harbor Tunnel Thruway and access to Bayview Medical Center.

Lombard Street is one of Downtown Baltimore's older streets. Its name comes from the Italian town Guardia Lombardi, as Lombard Street was originally an Italian settlement. It has undergone many changes over the past hundred years but became famous for its Corned Beef row.

Corned Beef Row
"Corned Beef Row" is a stretch of East Lombard Street that was once the center of Jewish life in Baltimore.  Today, only a few landmarks remain.  Notable is Attman's Delicatessen, founded in 1915, which is famous throughout the city for its hot corned beef sandwiches.  Attman's Delicatessen was founded by Harry Attman.  Harry had 3 sons:  Edward Attman (founder of Acme Paper & Supply), Seymour Attman, and Leanord Attman (founder of Attman Properties).  Since Harry, the deli has been operated by his son Seymour and now Harry's grandson Marc Attman.  Attman's Delicatessen is the oldest Jewish deli in the country still operated by the original family.

Jewish Museum and B'nai Israel
The Jewish Museum of Maryland is located on Lloyd Street near Lombard.  The museum campus includes the historic Lloyd Street and B'nai Israel Synagogue and a modern museum building with changing exhibition galleries and research library.
B'nai Israel Synagogue is an active, 200 family congregation housed in a 133-year-old building. The synagogue currently holds services every Shabbat and Jewish HolyDay, and classes covering various topics three weeknights.  Rabbi Alan Yuter is the current spiritual leader.

Other notable landmarks
 Little Italy neighborhood
 Baltimore City Community College Harbor Campus
 Port Discovery (nearby)
 Bromo Seltzer Tower

See also
 Lombard Street Bridge

External links
Jewish Downtown

References

Downtown Baltimore
Italian-American culture in Baltimore
Jewish communities in the United States
Jews and Judaism in Baltimore
Streets in Baltimore

Lombard Street (Baltimore)


The Château de Javarzay is a château incorporating remains of an earlier castle in the commune of Chef-Boutonne in the Deux-Sèvres département of France.

History

The early castle comprised an enceinte flanked by twelve towers, of which only two remain.

The castle was reconstructed in 1514 by members of the House of Rochechouart. The property has had a number of owners; the Rochefoucauld-Roye family bought it from François de Rochechouart of Chandeniers in 1655; Jérôme Phélypeaux, Count of Pontchartrain and minister of Louis XIV; Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, lawyer of Louis XVI. Jérôme Phélypeaux, Secretary of State for the Navy, son of the Chancellor of France Louis, bought the estate of Javarzay in 1712 for the sum of 100,000 livres, but there was a family connection: his wife was Eléonore-Christine de La Rochefoucauld, daughter of Frédéric-Charles, Count of Roucy and Roye (known as "mademoiselle de Chef-Boutonne"). In 1785, at least, the owner was Joseph Michel Le Blois, advocate at the military tribunals during the French Revolution. His daughter, Marie-Anne (born in the château in 1787) married Ange Achille de Brunet, Count of Neuilly.

What remains of the château, the most imposing of the period in Deux-Sèvres, is the building which joins the two towers and the chapel. The left wing has been destroyed and the right wing is a later construction. The enceinte was demolished between 1820 and 1824 and the sculptures have disappeared. The  orangery dates from 1854.

The Château de Javarzay is the property of the commune. It was classified as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture in 1862.

Architecture
The Château de Javarzay combines both Renaissance and feudal aspects with its machicolations and its moat as well as conical roofs covered with slate. Its entrance pavilion is flanked by four corbelled turrets.

Park and gardens
The park surrounding the château is open to the public every day, free of charge.

Numerous walks are possible around the fish lake, along the Boutonne, the river which borders the park, as well as laid out Balades et Découvertes circuits. Picnic and play areas are available.

Visits
A visit to the château de Javarzay includes:
 the Renaissance château, its chapel and the round walk
 the headdress museum with a remarkable collection of nearly 400 antique headdresses and hats from several French regions
 a permanent exhibition dedicated to the life and work of Jean-François Cail (1804-1871), a great 19th century industrialist (railways, sugar, agriculture), born in Chef-Boutonne

A Balades et Découvertes circuit starts from in front of the château. It follows the Boutonne river and goes around  Chef-Boutonne, taking in the 1th century market hall, the house where Jean-François Cail was born and the source of the Boutonne.

See also
List of castles in France

References

Bibliography
 Prahecq, Châteaux, manoirs, logis des Deux-Sèvres, Éditions Patrimoines et Médias, 1993,

External links

 Château de Javarzay official web site
 Heritage page of the Chef-Boutonne web site

Châteaux in Deux-Sèvres
Monuments historiques of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Castles in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Fashion museums in France
Museums in Deux-Sèvres

Château de Javarzay