Nick Davila (born May 22, 1985) is an arena football quarterback who is currently a free agent. A three-time AFL champion, and three-time MVP, he also played for the Arizona Rattlers from 2010 to 2016. Davila is of Mexican American descent. He is nicknamed the "Latin Laser". In 2017, he was the quarterbacks and wide receivers coach for the Rattlers of the Indoor Football League (IFL), who went on to win the 2017 United Bowl.

He played college football at the University of Cincinnati, after playing two seasons at Chaffey College. While at Chaffey, Davila set multiple school records for passing. When he chose Cincinnati to continue his football career, Davila found himself backing up Dustin Grutza. It wasn't until his senior season that Davila got his first start playing against the #7 ranked, and undefeated, Rutgers team. Davila lead the Bearcats to a 30-11 upset win over the Scarlet Knights, ending Rutgers hopes at a national championship. After going undrafted in the 2007 NFL Draft, Davila tried out for the Cleveland Browns, but never made their team. He was signed by the Spokane Shock as a street free agent in 2008. Davila lead the Shock to a 15-1 regular season record in 2009, leading them to a 74-27 rout of the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Pioneers. With the af2 becoming Arena Football 1 in 2010, Davila left Spokane and signed with the Rattlers. Davila led them to five West Division championships, five National Conference championships, and three ArenaBowl championships.

Early life
Born the son of Fernando and Marsha Davila, Nick attended Damien High School in La Verne, California. While at Damien, Davila was a standout quarterback on the football team, as well as a first baseman on the baseball team. His junior year, Davila put up what was at the time, the fifth best season in Damien history, throwing for 1,880 yards and 11 touchdowns. This set Davila up with an opportunity to play at an NCAA Division I college. His senior year, he accepted a scholarship to play for Oregon State. However, in the second game of Davila's senior season of football, he broke his clavicle, and Oregon State Head Coach, Dennis Erickson reduced the size of scholarship he was offering. He was a high school teammate of Ian Johnson.

College career

Chaffey College
After high school, Davila attended Chaffey College where he could continue playing football, while showing larger schools that he had recovered from his broken clavicle. In his final game, Davila took a heartbreaking loss 14-21, to the El Camino College Warriors in the Verizon Southern California Bowl. After two impressive All-American seasons, Davila signed with the University of Cincinnati to continue his football career.

Davila committed to Cincinnati on December 15, 2004. Davila wasn't heavily recruited, as he only received a FBS scholarship from Cincinnati.

Cincinnati
Davila joined the Cincinnati Bearcats in 2005, and played in five games as the backup quarterback to Dustin Grutza. He completed 58 percent of his passes for 344 yards and four touchdowns. Davila saw the most playing time, of his junior year, against Louisville. Davila came in to replace a struggling Grutza, and completed 9-of-15 passes for 136 yards and two touchdowns, but it was too little too late, as the Bearcats fell 22-46 to the Cardinals.
In 2006, Davila was once again the backup quarterback behind Grutza, despite the chance to win the starting job throughout the summer and fall practices. After seeing some playing time in a few games, Davila got his first start playing against the #7 ranked, and undefeated, Rutgers team. Davila lead the Bearcats to a 30-11 upset win over the Scarlet Knights, ending Rutgers hopes at a national championship in 2007. Davila went on to lead the Bearcats to another victory over Connecticut, as they finished with a 7-5 regular season record, making the team bowl eligible. After the team finished strong, head coach Mark Dantonio left the program to become the head coach at Michigan State. The university wasted no time in naming Brian Kelly the team's new head coach. The Bearcats were then extended an offer to the International Bowl against Western Michigan of the Mid-American Conference. Kelly made the choice to start Davila in the bowl game, and Davila lead the Bearcats to a 27-24 victory.

Statistics

Source:

Professional career
Prior to the 2007 NFL Draft, Davila was projected to be undrafted by NFLDraftScout.com. He was rated as the 60th-best quarterback in the draft. Davila was not invited to the 2007 NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis.

After going undrafted, Davila attended minicamp with the Cleveland Browns but did not sign a contract.

Spokane Shock
After sitting out the 2007 season, Davila signed with the Spokane Shock of af2 for their 2008 season. Davila had a terrific first season of arena football, as he threw for a franchise-record 2,935 yards and 66 touchdowns, while leading the Shock to a 15-1 regular season record, and a berth in ArenaCup IX. The Shock lost the ArenaCup to the Tennessee Valley Vipers 55-56. With Davila's stellar season, he received multiple Arena Football League offers, but re-signed with the Shock for 2009 when they were no longer available to him. The Shock beat the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Pioneers by a score of 74-27 in ArenaCup X. In two seasons with the Shock, the team was 38-3 with two championship game appearances, and Davila passed for 6,798 yards and 152 touchdowns.

Arizona Rattlers

2010
With the Shock moving into the Arena Football League in 2010, and Davila a free agent, Arizona Rattlers head coach, Kevin Guy, convinced Davila to sign with the Rattlers, rather than re-signing with the Shock, by convincing Davila that the Rattlers would "win a lot of football games." Coach Guy's statement would turn out to be true, as the Rattlers began to rise with Davila leading the way.

In 2010, Davila and the Rattlers finished 2nd in the Western Division right behind their new rivals and Davila's former team the Spokane Shock. They finished the year at 10-6, as the 4th seed heading into the playoffs. In the opening round, Arizona matched up against the Shock on the road, but were knocked out, and Spokane would go on to win ArenaBowl XXIII.

2011
The following year, Nick set a league record for touchdowns, passing yards, and also earned AFL MVP honors. He and the Rattlers accumulated their best record in franchise history, finishing atop the National Conference at 16-2. As the #1 seed heading into the playoffs, the Rattlers yet again faced the Spokane Shock. This time they were victorious in their rematch with Spokane, defeating them handily 62-33. With the win, Arizona advanced to the Conference Championship to play the Chicago Rush. Chicago was one of only two teams to defeat the Rattlers in the regular season, thanks to a game-winning field goal by Chris Gould. In a tightly contested 54-48 shootout, the Snakes squeaked by the Rush, to earn Davila his very first ArenaBowl berth. Arizona would face the American Conference Champion Jacksonville Sharks led by veteran quarterback Aaron Garcia. In another tight back and forth contest, the two teams posted one of the best performances in ArenaBowl history. It appeared as though the Rattlers had scored the game-winning touchdown after Nick hit Kerry Reed with a 12-yard reception with 21 seconds left in the game. However, on 4th down Garcia countered, throwing  the game-winning touchdown pass to Jeron Harvey as time expired and stunning the Rattlers. With the dramatic finish, the Sharks earned their first ArenaBowl championship, crushing Davila's championship aspirations. The final score ended 73-70.

2012
With the sting of defeat still fresh in their minds, Davila and the Rattlers were determined to make 2012 (his 3rd AFL season) a year of redemption. Nick once again led the Rattlers to a division crown at 13-5, and entered the post-season as the number two seed behind Aaron Garcia and the San Antonio Talons. They defeated division rival San Jose in the opening round, narrowly escaping with a 54-48 victory. In the 2nd round they faced off against their other West conference rivals, the Utah Blaze who had managed to upset Garcia's Talons the week before. In again another close contest, the Rattlers held on to defeat the Blaze 75-68, clinching their 2nd straight National Conference Title. Davila and the Rattlers returned to the ArenaBowl and were determined to make sure this trip would have a much different result. Arizona faced the American Conference Champion Philadelphia Soul, who entered the game as the AFL's top ranked team at 15-3 and heavy favorites in the match-up. Nick and his squad were not intimated. In convincing fashion they shredded the Soul, forcing them to commit 3 key turnovers early in the contest and pounding them into submission for a 72-54 victory. Nick Davila was named the MVP of ArenaBowl XXV and the Rattlers earned their 3rd title in franchise history. With the win, the Rattlers redeemed themselves from their heartbreaking last second loss in the title game the previous season.

2013
Davila re-signed with the Rattlers in 2013, signing a two-year contract. He led the Rattlers to their 3rd consecutive ArenaBowl appearance. During ArenaBowl XXVI, Davila threw 6 touchdown passes, hitting game MVP, Rod Windsor, 10 times (50% of Davila's completions). The Rattlers defeated the Philadelphia Soul again 48-39, and became the first squad since the 1995 and 96 Tampa Bay Storm, to repeat as back to back Arenabowl Champions. The Rattlers also became the first team in AFL history to repeat as champions the following year against the same opponent.

2014
In 2014, Davila lead the Rattlers to a 15-3 regular season record. He threw for 4,778 yards and 127 touchdowns, completing 66.5% of his passes, and throwing only 11 interceptions, en route to a fourth consecutive appearance for the Rattlers in the ArenaBowl.  In ArenaBowl XXVII, Davila threw eight touchdowns, went 19-for-24 for 237 yards, and threw only one interception in their 72-32 route of the American Conference champion Cleveland Gladiators.  This victory made the Rattlers only the second team to win three consecutive ArenaBowls, and earned Davila the Russell Athletic Offensive Player of the Game award, as well as his second ArenaBowl MVP award.

2015
In 2015, the Rattlers finished at 14-4 with two of their losses coming at the hands of the San Jose SaberCats. Davila suffered a lower body injury in week 5 against the Los Angeles Kiss and missed the next four games. Back-ups  B. J. Coleman and Shane Boyd filled the void at quarterback by splitting the starts and carrying the Snakes to a 3-1 record until Nick's return. Despite this set back, Arizona managed to win their fifth consecutive division title. In the playoffs the Rattlers crushed the visiting Spokane Shock 72-41 in the opening round. It set the stage for a post-season match-up with the SaberCats for the fourth straight season. It was also the 2nd straight season the two teams met in the Western Conference Championship game. Only this time, San Jose hosted the Rattlers due to a better regular season record of 17-1. The game was a back and forth affair until the last minute of the game. Davila made a touchdown pass with 40 seconds left in the game to put the Rattlers up 67-63, but the SaberCats managed a late touchdown with 8 seconds remaining to pull off the exhilarating 70-67 victory. As the new Western Conference champions, San Jose advanced to ArenaBowl XXVIII eliminating Davila and the Rattlers from contending for a fourth straight championship or appearing in a fifth straight championship game.

2016
In 2016, the Rattlers finished with a 13-3 record as Davila threw for 4,198 yards and 110 touchdowns. Entering the post season as the AFL's top ranked seed, the Rattlers faced the Portland Steel in their opening round of the playoffs. Portland was simply no match for Arizona's arial assault. the Snakes crushed the Steel 84-40 and set a record for most points scored in franchise history. The win advanced Davila and company to their 6th consecutive National Conference championship game. Together, they faced off with the Cleveland Gladiators, who managed to upset the Los Angeles Kiss on the road 56-52, the previous week. In the game, Davila completed 20 of his 27 passes for 222 yards and seven touchdowns. Offensively, Nick and the Rattlers were just unstoppable. Arizona's defense was also stifling, forcing  Cleveland to commit five turnovers, and only allowing 41 points. Cleveland's quarterback Arvell Nelson was never able to get into any sort of rhythm, as he threw several errant passes and two costly interceptions. The Rattlers trounced the Gladiators 82-41, en route to their 5th National Conference Championship and a spot in ArenaBowl XXIX. Davila was named the AFL MVP for the third time in his career in 2016. The Rattlers lost ArenaBowl XXIX to the Philadelphia Soul by a score of 56-42. The Rattlers moved to the Indoor Football League after the 2016 season.

Washington Valor
On March 19, 2018, Davila was assigned to the Washington Valor. On April 28, 2018, he suffered a season-ending neck injury.

AFL statistics

Stats from ArenaFan:

Coaching career
In December 2016, Davila was announced as the quarterbacks and wide receivers coach of the Rattlers, who had recently left the AFL for the Indoor Football League (IFL). On July 8, 2017, the Rattlers defeated the Sioux Falls Storm in the United Bowl by a score of 50–41. He left after one season.

References

External links
Arizona Rattlers bio
Cincinnati Bearcats bio

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Downey, California
Players of American football from Los Angeles County, California
American football quarterbacks
Cincinnati Bearcats football players
Spokane Shock players
Arizona Rattlers players
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
Chaffey Panthers football players
Arizona Rattlers coaches
Washington Valor players
Damien High School alumni

Nick Davila


Anna Margareta Momma née von Bragner (1702–1772), was a Swedish publisher, chief editor and journalist.

She was the chief editor and publisher of the political essay Samtal emellan Argi Skugga och en obekant Fruentimbers Skugga (1738-1739) as well as the chief editor and publisher of the Stockholm Gazette (1742-1752). Chronologically, she may be counted as the first identified female journalist in Sweden.

Early years

Margareta Momma was born in the Netherlands, possibly as a descendant of French Huguenots.

In 1735, she married the Swedish publisher Peter Momma (d. 1772), himself of a Swedish family of Dutch origin, and settled in the Swedish capital of Stockholm.  She was the mother of Petter (1738-1758), Wilhelm (1740-1772) and Elsa (1744–1826). Peter Momma was the owner of the Royal Printery and the publisher and editor of popular papers such as the Stockholm Gazette (1742) and the Stockholms Weckoblad (1745), and she played an active part as his business partner.

Career

Momma was identified as the author behind the Swedish language essay paper Samtal emellan Argi Skugga och en obekant Fruentimbers Skugga (English: 'Conversation between the Shadow of Argus and the unfamiliar Shadow of a Female'), or popularly Samtal (Conversation), which has become her most known work. As a female journalist, she was rare in Europe and possibly the first identifiable one in Sweden. The essay aroused great attention in contemporary Sweden, but the author was anonymous and unknown during her own lifetime.
The essay was published in ten issues in connection with the Riksdag of 1738-1739.  Essay papers was a new form of media in contemporary Europe, and hers was among the first to introduce this media form in Sweden.  The paper was contemporary to similar publications in Sweden such as Skuggan Af den döda Argus (The Death Shadow of Argus), Samtal, I The Dödas Rijke, Emellan Den Sedo-Lärande Mercurius (Conversation, In the Kingdom of the Dead, With the Instructive Mercurius) and Den Swänska Argus, and was likely inspired by them.

Samtal discussed foreign policy, social policy, morality, and independence and subjects of the age of enlightenment. The essay numbers were written in the form of a fictive argumentative conversation - hence the name of the paper - between two fictions figures, the male Argi skugga (Shadow of Argi) and the female Fruentimbers skugga (Shadow of a Female), of various topics. Other characters sometimes participate in the conversation, such as Muselmanen (The Moslem) and Philosophen (The Philosopher).   Criticism against the Catholic church within the subject of enlightenment, until then uncommon in Sweden but common in the Netherlands, was often presented.   In the conversations, the essay promoted freedom of speech, freedom of religion, advocated to translate knowledge to the Swedish language to make it available to more people rather than to restrict most such literature to foreign languages in the universities, and stated that women should also been given higher education and participate in public debate.   In it, she satirizes the letters from some readers who criticize the thought of a woman discussing philosophy.  Affected strongly by the continental ideas of enlightenment, it was regarded as radical and progressive and came in conflict with the contemporary censorship laws.  It was not banned by the censorship, but discontinued for unknown causes after ten issues in 1739, despite having planned further issues.

During the 18th-century Age of Liberty and the Gustavian Age, there were several publications in Sweden written by and for women which, except for the more common topics of the Age of Enlightenment, discussed and questioned the rights and status of women in society, often written in the form of essays, letters and fictions conversations, of which the publication of Margareta Momma was arguably the first.  Most of the female journalists and writers in 18th-century Sweden wrote under pseudonym (normally a French name), and few have been identified.

Momma is also identified as the editor behind the French language edition of the Stockholm Gazette, which she published between 1742 and 1752.
In 1772, she died along with her spouse and her remaining son, and the family business was inherited by her daughter Elsa Fought.

Legacy
The award "Mommapriset - Årets Utgivare" ('Momma Award - The Publisher of the Year') is named after Margareta Momma.

See also
 Catharina Ahlgren, another female publisher who wrote about women's rights during the Swedish age of liberty.

References

 Samtal emellan Argi Skugga och en obekant Fruentimebers Skugga. Nyligen ankommen til de dödas Rijke (1738–39).
 Stockholm Gazette: redacteur tussen 1742 en 1752.
 Margareta Berger, Pennskaft. Kvinnliga journalister i svensk dagspress 1690-1975 (Stockholm 1977).
 Lisbeth Larsson, 'Min kære søster og uforlignelige ven! Om 1700-tallets svenske presse og dens fruentimmer tidsskrifter', in: Eva Haettner Aurelius en Anne-Marie Mai red., Nordisk kvindeliteraturhistorie 1 (Kopenhagen 1993) 427-439.
 Lotte Jensen, 'Bij uitsluiting voor de vrouwelijke sekse geschikt'. Vrouwentijdschriften en journalistes in Nederland in de achttiende en negentiende eeuw (Hilversum 2001) 55-56.
 Ann Öhrberg, Vittra fruntimmer. Författarroll och retorik hos frihetstidens kvinnliga författare (Uppsala 2001) 165-187, 339-345.
 Mikaela Lirberg en Anna-Karin Skoglund, 'Ett vittert fruntimmer'. En studie av boktryckaränkor och speciellt fru Fougt (Magisteruppsats i bilioteks- och informationsvetenskap vid bibliotekshögskolan/biblioteks- och informationsvetenskap 2002) 49 [ook op http://www.hb.se/bhs/slutversioner/2002/02-49.pdf].
 Signum Svenska kulturhistoria: Den Gustavianska tiden
 Mikaela Lirberg och Anna-Karin Skoglund: Ett vittert fruntimmer

Further reading

18th-century Swedish writers
18th-century Dutch people
Swedish people of Dutch descent
1702 births
1772 deaths
Feminist writers
Swedish feminists
Swedish-language writers
18th-century Swedish women writers
18th-century publishers (people)
Age of Liberty people
18th-century newspaper publishers (people)
18th-century Swedish journalists
People of the Age of Enlightenment
18th-century women journalists

Margareta Momma


is a Japanese cant term for . In popular culture, it is often used for female shinobi or practitioner of ninjutsu (ninpo). The term was largely popularized by novelist Yamada Futaro in his novel Ninpō Hakkenden (忍法八犬伝) in 1964.

Although kunoichi have appeared in numerous creative works, including novels, TV-dramas, movies, and manga, Mie University historians have concluded that there are no historical records of female ninja performing reconnaissance and subversive activities in the same manner as their male counterparts. However, the late 17th century ninja handbook Bansenshukai describes a technique called kunoichi-no-jutsu (くノ一の術, "the ninjutsu of a woman") in which a woman is used for infiltration and information-gathering, which Fujita Seiko considers evidence of female ninja activity.

Etymology

The term is thought to derive from the names of characters that resemble the three strokes in the Japanese kanji character for  in the following stroke order:

 "く" is a hiragana character pronounced "ku"
 "ノ" is a katakana character pronounced "no"
 "一" is a kanji character pronounced "ichi" (and meaning "one").

The word "kunoichi" was not used frequently in the Edo period. This is probably because in this era, the kanji letter "女" was not written in regular script but usually in cursive script, and the cursive script of "女" cannot be decomposed into "く", "ノ", and "一".

History of use
Recent research by Mie University historians Yūji Yamada, Katsuya Yoshimaru, and others indicates that there are no historical records of the existence of female ninja who conducted reconnaissance and subversive activities in the same manner as their male counterparts. According to Yoshimaru, kunoichi came to mean "female ninja" in the creative works largely due to the influence of Futaro Yamada's Ninpōchō series.

During the Edo period, kunoichi was used as a cant term to refer to a woman and had no meaning for a female ninja. However, the term has very few examples of usage, most likely because the writing style at the time was not composed of the three strokes attributed to kunoichi.

The eighth volume of the ninja handbook Bansenshukai written in 1676 describes Kunoichi-no-jutsu (くノ一の術, the ninjutsu of a woman), which can be interpreted as "a technique to utilize a woman". The Bansenshukai compiles the knowledge of the ninja clans in the regions of Iga and Kōka. According to this document, the main function of the kunoichi was espionage, finding functions in enemy house services, to gather knowledge, gain trust or listen to conversations. This "technique to utilize a woman" was employed for infiltration purposes when it was difficult for a man to infiltrate. There is a technique in which a kunoichi uses a double-bottomed wooden chest to infiltrate a person into a building by telling the wife of the house that she is retrieving a wooden chest. Both of these techniques however are described as "techniques through the usage of a woman", and while Seiko Fujita considers these techniques to be evidence of female ninja, Yoshimaru and Yamada consider 'female ninja' not to have existed as such.

Another early mention of kunoichi exists in the poem compilation Enshūsenkuzuke by Waki Enshū from 1680, and was used to refer to Sei Shōnagon, a female poet.

Iga FC Kunoichi, a women's football club which is based in the city of Iga, takes its name from the term.

See also
 Onna-musha, female warriors in feudal Japan
 Umemura Sawano, an alleged 16th–17th century female ninja
 Mochizuki Chiyome, an alleged 16th-century female ninja in the service of Takeda Shingen.
 Hatsume no Tsubone, a legendary female ninja
 Tsunade, a fictional female ninja from the folktale Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari

References

Japanese martial arts terminology

Ninja

Kunoichi


Alan Carl Stewart (September 27, 1893 – July 26, 1958) was a Canadian provincial and federal politician.

Born in Moosomin, Saskatchewan, the son of Robert Whiteside Stewart and Savilla Mary Maud, he was educated in Moosomin and at the University of Manitoba. Stewart was first elected to the Saskatchewan Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in 1929. He won as an independent for the constituency of Yorkton, but was given a position as Minister of Highways within the coalition government led by Tory premier James Thomas Milton Anderson. He served as Minister of Highways until the fall of the government in 1934. In the 1934 election he ran as a Conservative, but lost to the Liberal candidate, Vincent Reynolds Smith. He was re-elected in 1938 under the Unity party, serving until 1944.

Stewart was elected as a Liberal to the House of Commons representing the federal riding of Yorkton, serving as a member of the Liberal government led by Louis St. Laurent from 1949 to 1953. He retired from politics due to ill health.

Stewart served in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I; he was severely injured at Passchendaele. A lawyer by profession, he served as solicitor for the city of Yorkton. He was also president of the Yorkton Board of Trade and Yorkton's first mayor. In 1922, he married Gladys Mae McDougall.

He died in Long Beach, California at the age of 64.

References

1893 births
1958 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan
Independent MLAs in Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Liberal Party MLAs
People from Moosomin, Saskatchewan
Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan MLAs
Mayors of places in Saskatchewan

Alan Carl Stewart


Woodstock '99 was the second music festival (after Woodstock '94) that tried to copy the feel of the original Woodstock festival. It was held between July 22 and 25, 1999, in Rome, New York, 200 miles (320 kilometres) from the original event.

Unlike the original Woodstock and Woodstock '94, this had several problems that became more famous than the actual event. Firstly, it was very hot in the area, often reaching 100 °F (38 °C) and the area, an old air base, had no trees to keep people cool. Secondly, people were not allowed to bring their own food and drink into the festival, and they had to buy from food sellers in the festival, which was very expensive, costing $12 for a single slice of pizza, and a 590ml bottole of water cost $4. Thirdly, there was a very small amount of toilets for all the people, and within a short time, they were broken.

The festival also had a big violence problem, including the audience tearing plywood from the walls during the performance of the Limp Bizkit song "Break Stuff". On one occasion, a group handed out candles for a candlelight vigil, but the audience instead used them as a bonfire, throwing water bottles at it to burn longer.

1999 in music
Music festivals

Woodstock '99


The Capitol Diner is a historic diner at 431 Union Street in Lynn, Massachusetts.  Built in 1928 by the J. G. Brill Company, it is believed to be that company's last operating diner.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

Description and history
The Capitol Diner is located in downtown Lynn's Central Square area, a short way east of the Lynn MBTA commuter rail station on the west side of Union Street, and just southeast of the elevated viaduct carrying the railroad.  It is set on a lot of , oriented with its long side perpendicular to the street.  It rests on a foundation mainly of brick, with a section built out of glass bricks.  At the back of the property is a single-story brick building housing the kitchen; the balance of property is landscaped as a courtyard, with a low brick wall at the sidewalk on the right, and a walkway that elevates to provide graded access to the kitchen and the rear diner entrance.  The diner entrances are located in the end bays on the long side; that in the front os accessed by a flight of concrete steps.  The diner itself is three bays wide and ten long, and is covered by a monitor-style roof with covered-over clerestory windows.  The interior of the diner retains a significant number of early features, despite damage caused by a fire in 1978.

The site where the diner is located was documented to house a dining establishment as early as 1898, when it was the site of a "lunch wagon".
The Wason Manufacturing Company, a Massachusetts-based subsidiary of the J. G. Brill Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, built the diner unit in 1928.  It was permanently set in place, with the existing foundation and kitchen building, by 1934.  The restaurant was originally named the "Miss Lynn Diner" and after it was sold in 1938, it was renamed the "Capitol Diner" after the Capitol Theatre formerly across the street.  It is believed to be the last operating Brill Diner in the United States.  The diner is owned by Robert Fennell, and has been in his family since 1938.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynn, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

List of diners

References

Commercial buildings completed in 1928
Diners on the National Register of Historic Places
Diners in Massachusetts
Restaurants on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Lynn, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Essex County, Massachusetts
Restaurants established in 1928
National Register of Historic Places in Lynn, Massachusetts
1928 establishments in Massachusetts
J. G. Brill Company

Capitol Diner


In classical music theory, the English cadence is a contrapuntal pattern particular to the authentic or perfect cadence. It features a flattened seventh scale degree against the dominant chord, which in the key of C would be B and G–B–D.

Popular with English composers of the High Renaissance and Restoration periods in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the English cadence is described as archaic or old-fashioned sounding. It was first given its name in the twentieth century.

The hallmark of this device is the dissonant augmented octave (compound augmented unison) produced by a false relation between the split seventh scale degree.

Characteristics
In beat 3 of the example below, the tenor's B sounds concurrently with the soprano's B. This voice leading entails the seventh degree's dual functionality, or its capacity for opposing voice-leading tendencies. That is, a lowered seventh degree resolves downward to the sixth (e.g., B–A), while a raised seventh (i.e., a leading tone) resolves upward to the first degree (e.g., B–C).

In harmonic terms, the basis of the English cadence is the authentic cadence, which follows the chord progression V–I. This variant is characterized by a penultimate, dominant chord with a split third, thereby creating a false relation between the germane parts. The two notes which create this false relation need not necessarily occur simultaneously, but must both be present in the dominant chord of the cadence. Such instances may include a voice exchange whereby the flattened seventh scale degree is replaced by the raised seventh (leading tone) all within the context of the dominant chord.

The contrapuntal nature of the device dictates a minimum of three parts, though it is generally found in works with four or more parts. Where this musical device is used in music written in a minor key, it is common for it to be combined with a Picardy third, ultimately producing a major tonic.

The Corelli cadence is another "clash cadence" containing a dissonant half-step.

History and usage

The English cadence was primarily used in choral music, though it is also present in contemporaneous music for consorts of viols and other instruments.

The cadence is found as early as Machaut (c. 1300–1377).

The origins of this cadential form are unclear. The end of Tallis's Spem in alium contains an example.

Described as "stale" by Morley in 1597, the device fell out of use in the early part of the seventeenth century, though we still find many examples of it in Purcell's anthems ("My heart is inditing" or "Rejoice in the Lord alway" for instance). This was due partly to a period of decline for music and composition in England, as well as to the development of generally accepted rules of harmony in which the false relation was no longer acceptable.

References

Cadences
Chromaticism

English cadence


The 1970 Torneo Descentralizado was the 54th season of the highest division of Peruvian football. Torino and SIMA made their debut in the first division this season. The national champion was Sporting Cristal while SIMA and Grau were relegated.

Competition modus
The season was divided into two phases. In the first phase the 14 teams played each other twice playing at least one home match and one away match. The teams that finished in first to seventh place advanced to the championship group which contested the national title. The teams that finished in eighth to fourteenth place advanced to the relegation group where they determined the two teams that would be relegated from the division. Teams carried their first phase results in the second phase and played the teams in their group at least once.

The points system during the season varied. In the first leg of the first phase—the first 13 rounds—2 points were awarded for a win, 1 point for a draw and no points for a loss; in the second leg of the first phase—the last 13 rounds—and in the second stage a win was awarded 4 points, a draw was awarded 2 points and no points were awarded for a loss.

Teams

First stage

Second stage

Liguilla Final

Liguilla Descenso

External links
Peru 1970 season at RSSSF

Peruvian Primera División seasons
Peru
1970 in Peruvian football

1970 Torneo Descentralizado


Island dwarfism, or insular dwarfism, is the reduction in size of large animals over a number of generations.

The same process can happen in evolution on a mainland: an example is the evolution of the dwarfed marmosets and tamarins among New World monkeys. The smallest member is Cebuella pygmaea.

The main cause is their population's range being limited to a small environment, and this happens most often on islands. This process has occurred many times throughout evolutionary history. Examples include dinosaurs, like Europasaurus, and modern animals such as elephants and their relatives.

This process may occur not only on traditional islands, but also in other situations where an ecosystem is isolated from external resources and breeding. This may include caves, desert oases, isolated valleys and isolated mountains ("sky islands"). Insular dwarfism is one aspect of the more general "island rule": when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, perhaps because the island may not have key predators. On the other hand large species may  evolve smaller bodies because food supplies are limited.

Possible causes of island dwarfism
There are several proposed explanations for the mechanism which produces such dwarfism.

One is based on the idea that a smaller territory means a smaller food supply. A process where only smaller animals trapped on the island survive, as food declines to a borderline level. Population declines and, as smaller animals need fewer resources and smaller territories, they will survive longer. Eventually food sources replenish, and the survivors flourish.  Smaller size is also advantageous from a reproductive standpoint, as it leads to shorter gestation periods and generation times.

Among carnivores, the main factor is thought to be the size and availability of prey resources, and competition is believed to be less important. In tiger snakes, insular dwarfism occurs on islands where available prey is restricted to smaller sizes than are normally taken by mainland snakes. Since prey size preference in snakes is generally proportional to body size, small snakes may be better adapted to take small prey.

Naming
The occurrence of small species on islands is known as Foster's Rule, and was first used by van Valen in 1973.

References

Evolutionary biology
Islands

Island dwarfism


Barley Hall is a reconstructed medieval townhouse in the city of York, England. It was built around 1360 by the monks of Nostell Priory near Wakefield and extended in the 15th century. The property went into a slow decline and by the 20th century was sub-divided and in an increasingly poor physical condition. Bought by the York Archaeological Trust in 1987, it was renamed Barley Hall and heavily restored in a controversial project to form a museum. It is open to the public and hosts exhibitions.

History

14th – 20th centuries

The earliest parts of the building were constructed by Thomas de Dereford, prior of Nostell Priory, around 1360.  The priory was important in Yorkshire, and the monks used the building as a hospice, or townhouse when visiting the city. By the 1430s, however, the priory had fallen on hard times and the monks decided to rent the building out to raise additional revenue. Around this time there was new building work on the site, involving the poor-quality reconstruction of parts of the great hall. In the 1460s the building was rented to William Snawsell, a prominent local goldsmith, who paid 53 shillings and 4 pence for the property. This was a very high rent for the period. Snawsell was a supporter of Richard III during the troubled period of the Wars of the Roses and had given up the property by 1489.

The priory was closed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536-1541) and the later history of Barley Hall is less clear. By the 17th century the building had been divided into smaller units, with part of it turned into an alleyway.  The once internal corridor is a shortcut from Stonegate to Swinegate and is still a public right of way. By the Victorian era, the property had been subdivided into yet smaller units, partitioned by brick walls, and this pattern of use continued into the 20th century. By the 1970s, the property was used by a local plumber as a storage unit and showroom.

Late 20th – 21st centuries

By the early 1980s, the building was in a dangerously unsafe condition and was scheduled for demolition to make way for offices and apartments. As part of this process, however, the medieval architecture of the building was rediscovered in 1980; the site was sold for redevelopment in 1984 and then purchased by the York Archaeological Trust in 1987 when a further process of archaeological investigation began to inform a decision on the final use of the site.

The decision on what to do with the building proved controversial. Its original wooden timbers had degraded significantly. Only 30% were still usable and the site had been extensively altered since the medieval period. The Trust decided to reconstruct the building as it might have appeared in 1483, with the intention of converting it into a museum, naming it Barley Hall after the Trust's chairman, Professor Maurice Barley. The post-medieval fabric of the building was largely destroyed and a new timber frame was built off-site and then moved into York over a ten-day period, a challenging operation due to the physical constraints of the immediate neighborhood. Replica furniture and fittings were created for the property, based on an inventory made in 1478. Supporters of the scheme, including English Heritage, viewed this as an attempt to produce an innovative way of presenting the past, similar to the Trust's work at the nearby Jorvik Viking Centre. The care and accuracy of the work was praised and the new museum received a generally positive public reaction.

Critics of the reconstruction raised concerns over the nature of the preservation work. Academic Raphael Samuel noted that the restoration was heavily influenced by the late-20th century tradition of living history, in which "reinterpretation" gives way to "retrofitting", and where the past is "faked up to be more palatable than the here and now". The chairman of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings critiqued the work as producing a replica, rather than a restored building, condemned the destruction of the later periods of the hall and noted that it was "another contribution to our Disneyland heritage". Historian Sarah Beckwith suggests that York is now so heavily "museumized that very few of its features escape the construction of an imaginary and commodified past", a problem she argues is typified by Barley Hall.

Architecture

On the ground floor, Barley Hall comprises several rooms. The storeroom, used as an admissions area, contains a large quantity of original 1360 woodwork, which leads onto a second storeroom, now called the Steward's room. At the heart of the building is the Great Hall, a 1430 construction, decorated on the basis of equivalents elsewhere in the city of York. The building also includes a pantry and a buttery. On the first floor is the parlour, which overlooks the hall, a gallery, and several bedchambers. Barley Hall is a grade II listed building.

Exhibitions
Exhibitions have included:
 "Plague, Poverty And Prayer", which opened in the hall in 2013, designed by children's author Terry Deary and using costumes from the BBC's Horrible Histories television programme.
 Costumes from the 2015 TV series Wolf Hall. The series was nominated for a BAFTA award for costume design, and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Period Costumes.

See also
Economy of England in the Middle Ages

Bibliography

 Beckwith, Sarah. (2001) Signifying God: Social Relation and Symbolic Act in the York Corpus Christi Plays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. .
 Gerrard, Christopher M. (2003) Medieval Archaeology: Understanding Traditions and Contemporary Approaches. London: Routledge. .
 Holloway, J. Christopher and Neil Taylor. (2006) The Business of Tourism. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. .
 Roskams, S. and M. Whyman. (2007) Yorkshire Archaeological Research Framework: research agenda. London: English Heritage.
 Samuel, Raphael. (1996) Theatres of Memory. London: Verso. .

References

External links

Grade II listed buildings in York
Historic house museums in North Yorkshire
Museums in York
Timber framed buildings in Yorkshire
York Archaeological Trust

Barley Hall


The ionocaloric refrigeration cycle is an advanced cooling technology that utilizes the ionocaloric effect, driven by an electrochemical field, to achieve efficient and eco-friendly refrigeration. By manipulating the electrochemical potential through ion addition or removal, significant temperature changes and entropy variations are achieved. This cycle offers a sustainable alternative to traditional refrigeration systems, with potential applications in various industries. Ongoing research is focused on optimizing ionocaloric materials and system design to enhance its performance and viability.

It was developed by Drew Lilley and Ravi Prasher at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

Overview

The ionocaloric refrigeration cycle is a cutting-edge cooling technology that offers high efficiency and zero global warming potential. This novel cycle utilizes the ionocaloric effect, which is driven by an electrochemical field, to achieve significant adiabatic temperature changes and isothermal entropy changes. Developed as a solution to the pressing need for sustainable and environmentally-friendly refrigeration systems, the ionocaloric refrigeration cycle shows promising results in terms of performance and energy efficiency.

Traditional refrigeration technologies, such as vapor-compression (VC) systems, have relied on hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as refrigerants. However, HFCs have a high global warming potential and contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. To address these environmental concerns, researchers have explored solid-state caloric materials that exhibit refrigeration effects under external fields. While previous caloric materials have shown limited performance and low coefficient of performance (COP), the ionocaloric cycle demonstrates remarkable improvements.

The ionocaloric effect operates by manipulating the electrochemical field surrounding a solid phase through the addition or removal of ions. This electrochemical mixing of species induces significant energetic changes, resulting in a thermal response and temperature variation within the system. Unlike other caloric effects, where the applied field interacts with the material's conjugate field pair, the ionocaloric effect operates in reverse. The control of the electrochemical potential is achieved by altering the concentration of chemical species through various field variables such as temperature, pressure, and voltage.

The ionocaloric refrigeration cycle incorporates the ionocaloric effect into a thermodynamic cycle to provide continuous and efficient refrigeration. The cycle involves four steps: isentropic mixing, isocompositional and isothermal melting via heat absorption, isentropic separation, and isocompositional and isothermal crystallization via heat rejection. By following these steps, the cycle achieves Carnot-like behavior and enables efficient cooling.

Among various ionocaloric systems, the ethylene carbonate-sodium iodide system has shown particular promise. It exhibits high latent heat of fusion, a melting point above room temperature, and environmental compatibility, making it an attractive option for practical applications. The ionocaloric effect in this system surpasses other caloric effects reported to date, demonstrating significantly higher adiabatic temperature changes and entropy changes per unit mass and volume.

The practical implementation of the ionocaloric refrigeration cycle involves the use of desalination techniques, such as electrodialysis, to separate the solution and regenerate the system. While the theoretical properties of the EC/NaI system show competitive performance, real-world efficiency will depend on the details of the separation process. Electrochemical techniques like electrodialysis offer high efficiencies without requiring high operating pressures or fields, making them suitable for practical application.

Ideal ionocaloric materials require substantial enthalpy of fusion, elevated cryoscopic constant, and large dielectric constant, indicative of high salt solubility. The ethylene carbonate-sodium iodide system is a promising candidate for experimentation. While salts like 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 and 𝐻𝑔𝐶𝑙2 have high solubilities, their passage through cation exchange membranes is impeded, and they risk producing toxic chlorine gas. Conversely, 𝑁𝑎𝐼 and 𝐾𝐼, with high solubilities and ionic conductivity, are suitable for ionocaloric devices, NaI being preferred for superior salt solubility.

In conclusion, the ionocaloric refrigeration cycle represents a promising approach for efficient and eco-friendly cooling systems. Notably, the use of specific ionocaloric materials such as the ethylene carbonate-sodium iodide system and NaI, known for their high solubilities and ionic conductivity, further enhances this innovative technology's effectiveness. By harnessing the ionocaloric effect and integrating it into a carefully designed thermodynamic cycle, we are steering towards zero global warming potential and a more sustainable future. Continued research and development in the selection and application of these ionocaloric materials are crucial to fully realize this new cooling technology's potential.

Principle of operation

The ionocaloric heat pump is a solid-liquid based heat pumping technology with high efficiencies over very-high temperature spans. It utilizes the ionocaloric effect by changing the concentration of a salt in a mixture to modulate a material's melting point, and therefore heat content. The ionocaloric effect is defined as a thermal response to an applied electrochemical field (i.e. ionic field).  Ionocaloric heating/cooling utilizes the ionocaloric effect within an appropriate thermodynamic cycle (e.g. Reverse Carnot or Stirling cycle).

Ionocaloric cooling works by surrounding a solid phase with ions (i.e. applying an electrochemical field to the solid), which makes the solid more stable as a liquid . To transition to a liquid, it must melt, which means it must absorb energy. If melted adiabatically (and therefore isenthalpically), it will increase its energy so that it can become a liquid by stealing energy from itself, which cools the whole material down. Once the material is cooled down, the solid can continue melting, but at a now lower temperature, thus absorbing energy from its surroundings (i.e. refrigeration).

Ionocaloric heating works in reverse. By removing the ions from a liquid, the liquid -- if chosen carefully -- becomes more stable as a solid. To transition to its solid phase, it must crystallize and release energy. If crystallized adiabatically, it will heat itself up (i.e., "recalescence"). Once the material is heated up, it will continue releasing energy by crystallizing, but now releasing heat to the environment (i.e. heat pumping).

By stepping through these four processes, a Carnot-like heat pump cycle emerges with zero global warming potential.  The first demonstrated prototype was published in Science last year and is -negative, environmentally benign, non-hazardous, zero-GWP, non-toxic, and non-flammable.

Advantages

Ionocaloric refrigeration has several advantages over traditional refrigeration technologies.
 It does not require any harmful refrigerants, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are known to contribute to global warming and ozone depletion.
 Has the potential to offer high energy efficiency, which can lead to significant cost savings and reduced environmental impact.

See also
 Refrigerant
 Refrigeration
 Refrigeration cycle
 Vapor-compression refrigeration

References

External links
 Berkeley Lab Scientists Develop a Cool New Method of Refrigeration

2022 introductions
American inventions
Cooling technology
Thermodynamic cycles

Ionocaloric refrigeration


Ernst Moritz Ludwig Ettmüller (5 October 180215 April 1877), German philologist, was born at Gersdorf near Löbau, in Saxony.

Biography
He was privately educated by his father, the Protestant pastor of the village. He entered the gymnasium at Zittau in 1816, and studied from 1823 to 1826 at the University of Leipzig. After a period of about two years during which he was partly abroad and partly at Gersdorf, he proceeded to Jena, where in 1830 he delivered, under the auspices of the university, a course of lectures on the old Norse poets. Three years later he was called to occupy the mastership of German language and literature at the Zürich gymnasium; and in 1863 he left the gymnasium for the university, with which he had been partially connected twenty years before. He died at Zürich in April 1877.

Published works
Ettmüller contributed to the study of English with an alliterative translation of Beowulf (1840), an Anglo-Saxon chrestomathy entitled Engla and Seaxna scopas and boceras (1850), and a well-known Lexicon Anglo-Saxonicum (1851), in which the explanations and comments are given in Latin, but the words unfortunately are arranged according to their etymological affinity, and the letters according to phonetic relations.

He edited a large number of standard German and Low German texts, and to the study of the Scandinavian literatures he contributed an edition of the Völuspá (1831), a translation of the Lieder der Edda von den Nibelungen (1837) and an old Norse reading book and vocabulary. He was also the author of a Handbuch der deutschen Literaturgeschichte (1847), which includes the treatment of the Anglo-Saxon, the Old Scandinavian, and the Low German branches; and he popularized a great deal of literary information in his Herbstabende und Winternächte: Gespräche über Dichtungen und Dichter (1865–1867). The alliterative versification which he admired in the old German poems he himself employed in his Deutsche Stammkönige (1844) and Das verhängnissvolle Zahnweh, oder Karl der Grosse und der Heilige Goar (1852).

Additional works
 Chronick von Coellen : aus der Cronica der hilligen statt van Coellen v. 1499. — Leipzig : Verlagsbureau, 1847. Digital Ed.

References

1802 births
1877 deaths
German philologists
German scholars
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
Leipzig University alumni

Ernst Moritz Ludwig Ettmüller


Alfred Henry John Cochrane (26 January 1865 – 14 December 1948) was an English  cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire between 1884 and 1886, and for Oxford University between 1885 and 1888. He subsequently made his name as a writer on sporting subjects and of light verse.

Cochrane was the second son of Rev. David Crawford Cochrane, Master of Etwall Hospital (almshouses) and his wife Jane Tomlinson. He was born Moka, Mauritius where his father was at the time Chaplain to the Bishop. He was educated at Repton School and made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1884 season in August against Lancashire, when he took 6 for 51. He played two more matches for Derbyshire during the season. He also played football for Derby County in 1884 in its pre-league days.

Cochrane went on to Hertford College, Oxford and played cricket more regularly for University over the next four years, taking part three times in the Varsity match. He played two matches for Derbyshire in the 1885 season, neither of which was against a first-class side, and played only in the Derbyshire match against the Australians in the 1886 season. In 28 first-class matches he took 103 wickets with his left arm medium pace, with a best performance of 7 for 66, at an average of just 18.99.

Cochrane moved to Northumberland when he joined Armstrong Whitworth, becoming secretary of the company. There, he played minor county cricket for Northumberland. In January, 1910 he unsuccessfully contested Tyneside, and from 1912 to 1927 he served as a member of the River Tyne Commission. Cochrane was a governor of his old school, Repton, from 1921 to 1944.

Cochrane had a skill at writing light verse, and his writing had a graceful touch. He wrote of cricket – the "uncertain game" – and of "the man who snicketh the length ball." He was interested in the nineteenth-century writers of light verse, especially in J K S (James Kenneth Stephen) and Winthrop Mackworth Praed with whom his verse was compared. Of football he wrote in the poem "To Anthea".

I once admitted—to my shame—
That football was a brutal game.
Because She hates it.

Later he recalled with nostalgia the expeditions in the Highlands of his youth, and lamented that "the way, though once it was short, is long."   He contributed to The Times for many years on sporting topics, especially on cricket.

Cochrane died at Batheaston, Somerset at the age of 83.

Cochrane married in 1895 Ethel Noble youngest daughter of Sir Andrew Noble, 1st Baronet. He was the brother of Sir Arthur Cochrane a distinguished member of the College of Arms and Charles Walter Hamilton Cochrane of the Federated Malay States service.

Publications

"The Kestrel's Nest" 1894
"Leviore Plectro" 1896
"Told in the Pavilion" 1896
"Collected Verses" 1903
"The Sweeper of the Leaves" 1908
"Later Verses" 1918
"Records of the Harlequins" 1930
 and verses and articles for Newspapers and Magazines.

References

External links

cricinfo

1865 births
1948 deaths
People educated at Repton School
Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford
Oxford University cricketers
Northumberland cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers
Derby County F.C. players
English writers
English cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Men's association football players not categorized by position
English men's footballers
British Mauritius people

Alfred Cochrane


Stone Carpenter Gossard (born July 2, 1966) is an American musician. He plays the guitar and writes songs for Pearl Jam. He made the band with Eddie Vedder, Jeff Ament, and Mike McCready. He was put in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2017 for being in Pearl Jam.

Gossard is also known for being in other grunge bands before Pearl Jam, such as Mother Love Bone. He was also in Temple of the Dog and Brad. Gossard has also made music by himself. He has released two albums: Bayleaf (2001) and Moonlander (2013).

References

1966 births
Living people

Stone Gossard


Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses. This is achieved by transforming a target molecule into simpler precursor structures regardless of any potential reactivity/interaction with reagents. Each precursor material is examined using the same method. This procedure is repeated until simple or commercially available structures are reached. These simpler/commercially available compounds can be used to form a synthesis of the target molecule. E.J. Corey formalized this concept in his book The Logic of Chemical Synthesis.

The power of retrosynthetic analysis becomes evident in the design of a synthesis. The goal of retrosynthetic analysis is a structural simplification. Often, a synthesis will have more than one possible synthetic route. Retrosynthesis is well suited for discovering different synthetic routes and comparing them in a logical and straightforward fashion. A database may be consulted at each stage of the analysis, to determine whether a component already exists in the literature. In that case, no further exploration of that compound would be required. If that compound exists, it can be a jumping point for further steps developed to reach a synthesis.

Definitions
Disconnection A retrosynthetic step involving the breaking of a bond to form two (or more) synthons.
Retron A minimal molecular substructure that enables certain transformations.
Retrosynthetic tree A directed acyclic graph of several (or all) possible retrosyntheses of a single target.
Synthon A fragment of a compound that assists in the formation of a synthesis, derived from that target molecule. A synthon and the corresponding commercially available synthetic equivalent are shown below:

Target The desired final compound.
Transform The reverse of a synthetic reaction; the formation of starting materials from a single product.

Example
Shown below is a retrosynthetic analysis of phenylacetic acid:

In planning the synthesis, two synthons are identified. A nucleophilic "-COOH" group, and an electrophilic "PhCH2+" group. Both synthons do not exist as written; synthetic equivalents corresponding to the synthons are reacted to produce the desired product. In this case, the cyanide anion is the synthetic equivalent for the −COOH synthon, while benzyl bromide is the synthetic equivalent for the benzyl synthon.

The synthesis of phenylacetic acid determined by retrosynthetic analysis is thus:

 PhCH2Br + NaCN → PhCH2CN + NaBr
 PhCH2CN + 2 H2O → PhCH2COOH + NH3

In fact, phenylacetic acid has been synthesized from benzyl cyanide, itself prepared by the analogous reaction of benzyl bromide with sodium cyanide.

Strategies

Functional group strategies
Manipulation of functional groups can lead to significant reductions in molecular complexity.

Stereochemical strategies
Numerous chemical targets have distinct stereochemical demands. Stereochemical transformations (such as the Claisen rearrangement and Mitsunobu reaction) can remove or transfer the desired chirality thus simplifying the target.

Structure-goal strategies
Directing a synthesis toward a desirable intermediate can greatly narrow the focus of analysis. This allows bidirectional search techniques.

Transform-based strategies
The application of transformations to retrosynthetic analysis can lead to powerful reductions in molecular complexity. Unfortunately, powerful transform-based retrons are rarely present in complex molecules, and additional synthetic steps are often needed to establish their presence.

Topological strategies
The identification of one or more key bond disconnections may lead to the identification of key substructures or difficult to identify rearrangement transformations in order to identify the key structures.
 Disconnections that preserve ring structures are encouraged.
 Disconnections that create rings larger than 7 members are discouraged.
Disconnection involves creativity.

See also
 Organic synthesis
 Total synthesis

References

External links

 Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics
 Presentation on ARChem Route Designer, ACS, Philadelphia, September 2008 for more info on ARChem see the SimBioSys pages.
 Manifold, Software freely available for academic users developed by PostEra
 Retrosynthesis planning tool: ICSynth by InfoChem
 Spaya, Software freely available proposed by Iktos

Chemical synthesis
Organic chemistry
Chemical reaction engineering

Retrosynthetic analysis


Milestone Records is an American jazz record company and label founded in 1966 by Orrin Keepnews and Dick Katz in New York City. The company was bought by Fantasy Records in 1972. Since then, it has produced LP reissues (including items from Keepnew's earlier Riverside label) as well as new recordings. Sonny Rollins and McCoy Tyner are among the musicians who recorded for the label.

Milestone has reissued many historic jazz recording sessions, including the Jelly Roll Morton, King Oliver, and the New Orleans Rhythm Kings sides made for Gennett Records in the 1920s. The label also issued blues albums, most of them produced by Pete Welding. They include Driftin' Slim & His Blues Band's Somebody Hoo-Doo'd The Hoo-Doo Man, in addition to LPs by Mississippi Fred McDowell and Big Joe Williams.

Another company called Milestone Records was active in the late 1950s, releasing music by acts such as The Jodimars and The Blue Jays. This label was owned by rockabilly musician Werly Fairburn.

Discography

References

External links
Milestone Records listing
Illustrated Milestone Records discography (emphasis on blues recordings)

American record labels
American jazz record labels
Jazz record labels
Record labels established in 1966

Milestone Records


Northfield Mountain is a pumped-storage hydroelectric plant and reservoir located on and under the similarly named Northfield Mountain in Erving and Northfield, Massachusetts.  It is currently owned by FirstLight Power Resources (formerly NE Energy), which purchased the facility from Northeast Utilities in 2006.

History
Engineering studies for the plant began in October 1964, with early site preparation starting three years later. In 1972 its 1,168 megawatt hydroelectric plant became operational as the largest such facility in the world. The facility was built to balance the supply from the nearby Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant.

Design
The plant was built entirely underground, and located about  up the Connecticut River from Turners Falls Dam. A stretch of the Connecticut River, extending some  north from this dam to the Vernon Dam, Vermont, serves as the station's lower reservoir. During periods of lower electrical power demand, the plant pumps water from this lower reservoir through the Northfield Mountain Tailrace Tunnel to a man-made upper reservoir. At times of high demand, water is released to flow downhill from this upper reservoir through a turbine generator, where it then collects in the lower reservoir to be stored until again pumped to the upper reservoir.

Northfield Mountain's upper reservoir covers  at  above the river, with total storage of   of water. Its underground powerhouse lies at  below the surface and is accessible through a -long tunnel; it includes four large reversible turbines, each of which can pump  of water per second and release  of water per second to generate 1,143 MW of electricity. The turbines can ramp up in 10 minutes, and deliver full power for 8 hours.

References

External links

Energy infrastructure completed in 1972
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in the United States
Hydroelectric power plants in Massachusetts

Northfield Mountain (hydroelectricity facility)


Opus Pro is a Latvian hard rock group, established in 1986. The core group consists of lead singer Oleg Andreyev (Alex), and guitarist and songwriter Harry Zarins. Opus Pro was one of the most popular Latvian groups in the 1980s and 1990s. The band released two original albums "Dzimene" and "I'm going to steal you" and a "Greatest Hits".
Andreyev released an album "You and I" with daughter Alexa Aija, commonly known as Aisha. Aisha started performing with the group in 2004. After a 6-year break, in 2012 the group recorded the song We'll be together more after club performances in 2011.

The group's most popular and best-known songs are Freedom of the Baltics, Me and You, Pink Rain, Tonight and Sweetie.

Discography

Studio albums
 "Dzimene (1996)
 "I'm going to steal you" (2000)
 "The Greatest Hits" (2002)
 "You and I" by Aisha (2006)

References

Musical groups established in 1986
Latvian rock music groups
Latvian hard rock musical groups
1986 establishments in the Soviet Union
Soviet rock music groups

Opus Pro


The Prison Commission was a public body of the Government of the United Kingdom established in 1877 and responsible for overseeing the operation of HM Prison Service. It was merged into the Home Office on 1 April 1963 to become the Prisons Department.

History
The Prison Commission was established under the Prison Act 1877 as a statutory board to administer and inspect prisons in England and Wales in accordance with the general or special directions of the Secretary of State (the Home Secretary). It took over the executive powers and the property rights of the Home Secretary, but considerable powers remained with the Home Office, including the appointment of a chairman from among the commissioners, of HM Prison Inspectorate and of the senior officers of each prison, the approval of appointments of staff made by the commissioners and the regulation of visiting committees of justices. The commissioners were appointed by royal warrant on the recommendation of the Home Secretary and were salaried.

The commission was a body corporate of not more than five members and was empowered to hold property for the purposes of the Act. Its duties included the maintenance of all prisons, the appointment of subordinate prison staff, the inspection of prison buildings and the condition of prisoners, and the exercise of powers formerly vested in visiting justices and inspectors of prisons. It also submitted annual reports on every prison to the Home Office for presentation to Parliament, together with other returns. The reports included details of manufacturing processes carried on by prisoners within the prisons. The commissioners were assisted in their work by a central staff, by the Prison Inspectorate and by visiting committees of justices, which acted under regulations drawn up by the Home Office.

In 1881 the staffs of the directors of convict prisons and of the Prison Commission were merged, and under the Prisons Act 1898 the office of commissioner was made to carry that of director also. The commission thus became responsible for all prisons in England and Wales. It was closely associated with the Criminal Department of the Home Office and was frequently referred to as the Prison Department of the Home Office. The commission later took charge of borstal institutions (1908) and remand centres and detention centres (1948), and from 1877 to 1895 was responsible for maintaining the register of habitual criminals; in the latter year this was returned to the Metropolitan Police Office. The commission developed secretariat, establishment and finance branches, as well as an Industries and Stores Division concerned with industries in the prisons and borstals and a Works Division dealing with buildings.

Abolition and merger
The directors of convict prisons were abolished in 1948, and on 1 April 1963 the Prison Commission was transferred to the Home Office as its new Prison Department. The merger was made by Order in Council, the Prison Commissioners Dissolution Order 1963 (S.I. 1963/597), under powers granted by section 24 of the Criminal Justice Act 1961. The merger was relatively contentious, and the Order was only passed after over three hours of debate in the House of Commons, and two and a half hours in the House of Lords. The former commissioners remained members of a Prisons Board. The Industries and Stores Division became a distinct section of the new department, but the common service divisions of the commission were merged with the appropriate divisions of the Home Office.

References

See also
Prison Commission (Scotland), the sister body to the Commission in England & Wales
Scottish Prisons Commission, a review body established in 2007 to report on the prison service in Scotland
This article uses text from The National Archives - Catalogue: Department code PCOM and The National Archives - Catalogue: Series reference PCOM 9, which are licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0 which permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL.

Home Office (United Kingdom)
Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
Penal system in England
1877 establishments in the United Kingdom

Prison Commission (England and Wales)


The Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union or (SYRCU) () is an organization with members from different protest coordination groups from all around Syria. Its members represent their areas and cities for the activities of the Syrian uprising that began in 2011 against the Syrian government. The Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union has been active since the beginning of the revolution in peaceful resistance

The Union includes more than 216 coordination group, local council and group of activists of the protests in Syria. It aims to "end to the ruling of the 40-years-old al-Assad family ruling Syria, particularly after that government started using lethal force against peaceful protest asking for reform and freedom in May 2011 in the southern Syrian city of Daraa". The SRCU aims to "build Syria as country of democracy and rule of law; where civil and human rights are obeyed by citizens and authorities".

Supporting Social Journalism
The Union has helped a number of individual activists and social journalists to relay the news about their areas by providing basic equipment and training.

Projects
 Syrian FM opposition radio station.
 The ROP Project (Will be launched soon)

Humanitarian & Medical Work
The Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union has conducted, through its local humanitarian and medical member groups, many humanitarian activities and field hospitals equipment. Particularly since the government's activities has practically disabled the work of any Syrian or foreign NGOs to help injured people and refugees. The SRCU has provided through donors inside and out Syria a number of food boxes, shift clinic equipment and medical supplies to different areas in distress.

Since the beginning of the Syrian uprising against the government, any civilian or protester injured by the regime forces, army or Shabiha militias will have to be treated by volunteer medics or doctors in improvised sites, houses or dedicated shift clinics. Equipping and hiding field treatment locations has been one of the most threatening and resources consuming task during the uprising. The government security forces in a number of occasions used local paid informants to locate and destroy treatment locations equipped by the SRCU.

SYRCU Approach

The Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union (SYRCU) is a civilian, non-for-profit entity that gathers coordinators of anti-government protests from all around Syria.
The SYRCU claims it believes in "protests, strikes, social campaigns, civil disobedience and other non-violent tools as the most efficient ones to achieve the goal of the Syrian revolution". The SYRCU also believes that this is the best life-saving approach in the Syrian people struggle to achieve democracy and build Syria as a country for everyone to share, rather than just a single family to control, i.e. Assad Family.

Even though we the SYRCU does not take up arms to for their cause, they still believe in the legitimacy of the fight that defected officers and soldiers, ex-military personnel and other have decided to take. Those people who are now called the Free Syrian Army (FSA) have seen families murdered in cold blood in front in their own eyes and decided that they should defend their neighborhoods, families and property using a lethal forces that is so little compared to that used by the Assad family government.

The SYRCU believes that medical care and humanitarian aid should be provided to any one in need regardless of their belonging. This even applies to arrested soldiers who were just fighting to the Assad government's side. They also believe and approve of the International conventions in this regard, including but not limited to the four Geneva Conventions and the three protocols agreed upon after them.

The SYRCU also believes that the international community, represented by its major entities like the United Nations, the Arab League and others, are and should be always responsible for making everyone who commits crimes against the Syrian people become accounted by the law. They have supported all the plans presented by the international community in such context including the initiative by Kofi Annan that aimed to end the violence and release all prisoners.
Considering all the plans that have been presented, the SYRCU has made it clear several times before that it aims for exactly the same points. The SYRCU believe in its rights to keep its social movement and refuse any dialogue with the government before it withdraws the army from the cities, release all political prisoners and activists, confess to the crimes it did and become prepared to hand-over the power in Syria.

See also
 Syrian Revolution Network
 Local Coordination Committees of Syria
 Syrian Revolution General Commission
 Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution

References

External links
 www.SYRCU.org - Official website of the Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union
 Facebook page of the Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union
 @syrcu- Twitter of the Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union

Organizations of the Syrian civil war
2011 establishments in Syria
Syrian opposition groups
Syrian democracy movements

Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union


The Berkeley Jazz Festival is held once a year at the outdoors Hearst Greek Theatre on the University of California, Berkeley campus. The theatre overlooks the San Francisco Bay at Hearst & Gayley Road. The festival was started in 1967 by Darlene Chan.

Notable performers

Original Festival

1967
The first festival was scheduled to be held April 7–8 at the Greek Theater on the Berkeley campus of the University of California, but due to heavy rain it was moved indoors into Harmon Gym. Friday evening saw sets by Miles Davis, the Modern Jazz Quartet, and the Gerald Wilson Big Band. On Saturday, the Bill Evans Trio, the Horace Silver Quintet, the John Handy Concert Ensemble, and Big Mama Thornton performed.  The festival was planned and sponsored by the Union Program Board of the Associated Students of the University of California and the Interfraternity Council with Ralph J. Gleason, columnist of the S.F. Chronicle, as friend and advisor. Darlene Chan was the festival's founder and its first director.

1968

The second annual festival was sponsored by the Union Program Board of the Associated Students Of the U of California and held in April–May. Miles Davis, Carmen McRae, Bobby Hutcherson and Harold Land Quartet, Billy Taylor, Thelonious Monk, Cecil Taylor. He was not there. Billy Taylor was both a performer (piano) and the Emcee of the piano workshop and the evening concerts --> and the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Big Band with Joe Williams . Davis appeared with the Gil Evans Orchestra, the first time the two men had played together since their 1961 Carnegie Hall concert. Wayne Shorter composed some of the music played by Davis and Gill Evan's Orchestra.The 1968 performance was Davis' last one with that group. Lalo Schifrin lectured on jazz music on April 20. Guitarist Wes Montgomery appeared with his two brothers: Monk on piano and Buddy on electric bass. Pianist Thelonious Monk gave a concert and conducted a workshop which was delayed until six small space heaters could be located and brought to the stage, as his hands were cold. At first he performed wearing gloves with cut-out fingers.Denny Zeitlin, a Marin County Psychiatrist who had recently done a record for Columbia joined Taylor and Monk at the afternoon workshop. Jamie Bennett was the Chair of UPB and the Director of the Festival.

1969

Held in April–May, 1969, with Cannonball Adderley Quintet, Sonny Rollins, Max Roach and Abbey Lincoln, Nina Simone, Herbie Hancock Sextet, Tony Williams, Zutty Singleton, Roy Haynes, Albert King, Archie Shepp, and King Errison. Martha and the Vandellas canceled due to illness and were replaced by the Ed Hawkins Singers.

1974
Saxophonist Prince Lasha, leading an eight-piece group which included pianist Herbie Hancock and bassist Ron Carter, played a set three songs of which were released by ENJA Records.

1975 - The Ninth Annual Berkeley Jazz Festival

Stanley Turrentine - Grover Washington, Jr. - Donald Byrd and the Blackbyrds - Taj Mahal (musician) - Joe Bataan - Freddie Hubbard - Gil Scott-Heron - Les McCann - Eddie Harris
Cannonball Adderley and Nat Adderley

1976 - The Tenth Annual Berkeley Jazz Festival

Friday May 28:     Charles Mingus Quintet with Nat Adderley - Rahsaan Roland Kirk and the Vibration Society - George Benson
Saturday, May 29: Weather Report - Hubert Laws featuring Patrice Rushen - Lonnie Liston Smith and the Cosmic Echoes
Sunday, May 30:    McCoy Tyner - Ramsey Lewis - Betty Carter - Ronnie Laws and Pressure

1977 - The Eleventh Annual Berkeley Jazz Festival

Friday May 27:     McCoy Tyner/Tony Williams/Ron Carter - Elvin Jones with Ryo Kawasaki - Jean Carn - Bill Summers & Julian Priestley Summers Heat
Saturday, May 28: Grover Washington, Jr. - Dexter Gordon with Woody Shaw & Louis Hayes - Al Jarreau - Pyramids
Sunday, May 29:    Ella Fitzgerald - Toshiko Akiyoshi-Lew Tabackin Big Band - Billy Harper - Bishop Norman Williams - Elements Precise George Duke appeared as well.

1978 - The Twelfth Annual Berkeley Jazz Festival
(Dedicated to Rahsaan Roland Kirk, 1936–1977)

Saturday May 20 - Bay Area Jazz Band Day:   Ridd'm - Sadaka - Gregory James Quartet - Listen with Mel Martin
Saturday, May 27: Airto Moreira & Flora Purim - Ramsey Lewis - Freddie Hubbard - Hubert Laws - Michael Franks
Sunday, May 28:    Night Flyte - Noel Pointer - Oscar Peterson/Ray Brown/Louis Bellson - Herbie Hancock/Ron Carter/Tony Williams - Eddie Jefferson featuring George Cables & Richie Cole

1979 - The Thirteenth Annual Berkeley Jazz Festival

Friday May 25:     Al Jarreau - John Klemmer - Betty Carter - Tony Williams Band
Saturday, May 26: Weather Report - Sonny Rollins - Pat Metheny - Art Lande & Rubisa Patrol
Sunday, May 27:    A Special Tribute to Charles Mingus: Joni Mitchell, Jaco Pastorius, Don Alias, Herbie Hancock and Tony Williams - Dizzy Gillespie - Eddie Jefferson with Richie Cole

1980 - The 14th Annual Berkeley Jazz Festival

John McLaughlin,  Sheila Escovedo,  Tom Browne, The Manhattan Transfer and Christian Escoudé

1981 - The 15th Annual Berkeley Jazz Festival

1982 - The 16th Annual U.C. Berkeley Jazz Festival (A SUPERB/ASUC Production)

Friday, May 28: Elvin Jones & the Jazz Machine - Benny Carter Jazz All Stars (with George Bohanon, Snooky Young, Llew Matthews, Richard Reid, Paul Humphrey) - Mark Murphy

Saturday, May 29: McCoy Tyner and Friends with guest vocalist Phyllis Hyman - Freddie Hubbard All Stars featuring Bobby Hutcherson and Joe Henderson - Ray Barretto Orchestra with guest soloist Dizzy Gillespie - Full Faith & Credit Big Band

Sunday, May 30: Jean-Luc Ponty - Max Roach Quartet - Flora Purim & Airto with Joe Farrell - Free Flight

1986
August 29–31.

Another Planet Entertainment

2005

Rachelle Ferrell, Lalah Hathaway, Unwrapped All-Stars, Ray Obiedo & the Urban Latin Jazz Project, Mimi Fox, Bobby Caldwell, Boney James, and Kem.

2006

Performers included Chaka Khan, Will Downing, George Duke & Stanley Clarke, Norman Brown, Poncho Sanchez Latin Jazz Band, and Pieces of a Dream

2007

A line-up featuring Rachelle Ferrell, Arlington Houston, Joe Sample & Randy Crawford, Brian Culbertson, Najee, the Superstars of Jazz Fusion starring Roy Ayers, Jean Carne, Lonnie Liston Smith, Jon Lucien and Wayne Henderson.

2008

Kenny G, Will Downing, Brian Culbertson, The Escovedo Family featuring: Pete Escovedo, Sheila E. plus Juan and Peter Michael Escovedo Maysa Leak

References

External links
2005 Berkeley Jazz Festival Highlights
2005 Concert Review: Berkeley Jazz Festival
Hearst Greek Theatre at UC Berkeley
Bay Area Productions

See also

 List of San Francisco Bay Area festivals and fairs

Culture of Berkeley, California
Festivals in the San Francisco Bay Area
Jazz festivals in California
Jazz clubs in California
Music of the San Francisco Bay Area
Recurring events established in 1967
1967 establishments in California
Tourist attractions in Berkeley, California

Berkeley Jazz Festival


The Tizguit Valley is a river-cut landform in the Middle Atlas mountain range, in the Fès-Meknès region of Morocco.

Much of the valley is characterised by basaltic rock. This valley is associated with forested areas that may provide habitat for the endangered Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus, a primate that prehistorically had a much wider range in northern Morocco.

References
 C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
 J.J. Macaire and C. Cocirta. 1994. Basalt Weathering and Fluvial Sedimentary Particles: Comparison of Two Watersheds in the Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco, Journal of Sedimentary Research. Volume 64a.

Line notes

Valleys of Morocco
Geography of Fès-Meknès
Atlas Mountains

Tizguit Valley


Hollywood Cavalcade is a 1939 American film featuring Alice Faye as a young performer making her way in the early days of Hollywood, from slapstick silent pictures through the transition from silent to sound.

Production
In the wake of Alice Faye's 1938 success Alexander's Ragtime Band, which took a nostalgic look at the musical scene of the 1910s, screenwriter Lou Breslow approached studio chief Darryl F. Zanuck with an idea to do another period piece, this time in Technicolor, concerning the early days of silent movies. The film was directed by Irving Cummings, with comedy sequences directed by Mal St. Clair. St. Clair's old crony Buster Keaton staged some of the gags, and a host of silent-era comedians re-created slapstick sight gags. The romance in the storyline was based on the real-life relationship between pioneer producer Mack Sennett (he also served as technical advisor) and his first star, Mabel Normand.

Atypical for Faye's 20th Century-Fox output, Hollywood Cavalcade has no musical numbers, and the tone is more dramatic than comic. (The working title was Falling Stars.)  The film presents a fictionalized look at silent-era performers and their productions, and ends just after the silent-film industry converts to sound films.

Plot

In 1913, movie director Michael Linnett Connors (Don Ameche), chooses Broadway ingenue Molly Adair (Alice Faye) to be in his next film. He makes her a major star in slapstick comedies. Although she is in love with him, she can't understand his preoccupation with the picture business, and wrongly thinks that Connors regards her only in terms of movies. When she marries her co-star Nicky Hayden (Alan Curtis), Connors misunderstands her and fires her. The disillusioned director's career quickly declines, but his ice-cold demeanor changes when he sees the first talking feature film. Inspired, he approaches Molly and eagerly plans her first sound film.

Cast

 Alice Faye as Molly Adair Hayden
 Don Ameche as Mike Connors
 J. Edward Bromberg as Dave Spingold
 Alan Curtis as Nicky Hayden
 Stuart Erwin as Pete Tinney, Mike's cameraman
 Jed Prouty as Keystone Cop Police Chief
 Buster Keaton as himself
 Donald Meek as Lyle P. Stout, producer
 George Givot as Claude, Molly's suitor opposite Keaton
 Al Jolson as himself
 Eddie Collins as Keystone Cop
 Russell Hicks as Roberts, film executive
 Hank Mann as Keystone Cop
 Heinie Conklin as Keystone Cop
 James Finlayson as Keystone Cop
 Chick Chandler as Chick, Mike's assistant director
 Snub Pollard as Keystone Cop
 Robert Lowery as Henry Potter
 Ben Welden as Agent
 Willie Fung as Willie
 Paul Stanton as Filson
 Mary Forbes as Mrs. Gaynes
 Joseph Crehan as Attorney
 Irving Bacon as Clerk
 Ben Turpin as Bartender in Western
 Chester Conklin as Sheriff in Western
 Marjorie Beebe as Telephone Operator
 Frederick Burton as Thomas
 Lee Duncan  as Lee Duncan, the Dog Trainer
 Rin Tin Tin Jr. as Rin-Tin-Tin
 Mack Sennett as himself

References

External links

Turner Classic Movies page

1939 films
Films about Hollywood, Los Angeles
1930s color films
Films directed by Irving Cummings
20th Century Fox films
Films directed by Malcolm St. Clair
Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck
American comedy-drama films
1939 comedy-drama films
Rin Tin Tin
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
Films set in the 1910s
Films set in the 1920s

Hollywood Cavalcade


The Franklin River is a major perennial river located in the Central Highlands and western regions of Tasmania, Australia. The river is located in the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park at the mid northern area of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Its source is situated at the western edge of the Central Highlands and it flows west towards the West Coast.

The river is named in honour of Sir John Franklin, a Governor of Tasmania, who later died searching for the Northwest Passage.

Location and features
The river rises below Mount Hugel west of Derwent Bridge on the western slopes of the Central Highlands and flows generally west and south through remote and rugged mountainous country until meeting its confluence with the Gordon River. From source to mouth the river is joined by sixteen tributaries including the Surprise, Collingwood, Lucan, Loddon, Andrew and the Jane rivers. In its upper reaches, the Franklin is impounded by two reservoirs, Lake Undine and Lake Dixon. The river is crossed by the  Lyell Highway, also in its upper reaches. There are some archaeological sites that have identified pre-European activity. The upper reaches of the Franklin River were traversed by explorers in the nineteenth century, in their attempts to access Frenchmans Cap.

In the early twentieth century, access to the river was mostly pine logging in the lower reaches.

In the middle of the century, adventurous canoers sought to conquer the river's formidable challenges. The book Shooting The Franklin : Early canoeing on Tasmania's wild rivers identifies three trips in the 1950s.

Named places on the Franklin

In the case of earlier travellers, few locations of the river were named at all. During his initial journeys down the river, Bob Brown submitted names for some features.  Before and since, rafters and canoers have added names for many of the bends and rapids on the river:

Franklin River conservation battle

In the 1980s, the Franklin River become synonymous with Australia's largest conservation movement of the time, the movement battled to block Hydro Tasmania's proposed hydro-electric power plan, from building on the Franklin.

The focus on the dam and the issues of wilderness experience led to the development of people utilising the river at levels never previously experienced. The result of a drowning on the river led to stricter guidelines for users of the river. Richard Flanagan's Death of a River Guide is a fictional account of a drowning, by a writer with an academic and historical understanding of the area.

See also

 Commonwealth v Tasmania

References

Further reading

Gee, H and Fenton, J. (Eds) (1978)  The South West Book - A Tasmanian Wilderness Melbourne, Australian Conservation Foundation.
Griffiths, Peter, and Baxter, Bruce (1997) The ever varying flood : a guide to the Franklin River  Richmond, Vic.Prowling Tiger Press
 Lines, William J. (2006) Patriots : defending Australia's natural heritage  St. Lucia, Qld. : University of Queensland Press, 2006.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060821115426/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/wha/wherein/detail.html location within the World Heritage Area

Lists of coordinates
Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
Franklin River, Tasmania

Franklin River


Carl Christian Frederik Jacob Thomsen (6 April 1847 – 4 October 1912) was a Danish painter and illustrator. He specialized in genre painting and also illustrated the works of several Danish authors.

Biography
Born in Copenhagen, Thomsen was the son of Chamber Councillor (kammerråd) Ludvig Frederik Thomsen and the brother of the acclaimed linguist Vilhelm Thomsen (1842–1927). From an early age, Thomsen was interested in drawing but his parents first encouraged him to study philosophy. After he had graduated in 1866, he began studying art with Frederik Vermehren the same year. He then attended the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts under Wilhelm Marstrand, graduating in 1871. He completed his studies in Italy at the end of the 1870s together with Kristian Zahrtmann and August Jerndorff.

Thomsen exhibited in Carlottenborg from 1869. His earlier works include the genre paintings Ved eksamensbordet (At the Examination Desk, 1874) and Moder og datter (Mother and Daughter, 1875). In 1888, his Middag i en præstegård efter en bispevisitats (Dinner in a Rectory after a Bishop's Visit) earned him several awards including the Neuhausen Prize and gold medals in Munich and Antwerp. Unlike some of his contemporaries, Thomsen did not follow any of the modern trends from Paris but maintained his Historicist approach, often painting literary subjects.

As an illustrator, he contributed woodcuts to both books and journals including works by Adam Oehlenschläger, Johan Ludvig Heiberg, Steen Steensen Blicher and B.S. Ingemann. In 1901, he became a professor of the Royal Danish Academy.

Awards
In 1887, Thomsen was awarded the Eckersberg Medal and, in 1888, the Thorvaldsen Medal. In 1892, he was decorated a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog.

References

Literature

External links
Artworks by Carl Thomsen in Danish museums
Examples of Carl Thomsen's works on Artnet

1847 births
1912 deaths
19th-century Danish painters
Danish male painters
Danish genre painters
Artists from Copenhagen
Recipients of the Thorvaldsen Medal
Recipients of the Eckersberg Medal
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Academic staff of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
20th-century Danish painters
19th-century Danish male artists
20th-century Danish male artists

Carl Thomsen


Proportionality for Solid Coalitions (PSC) is a voting system criterion for ranked voting systems. It is important for giving proportional representation for voters in multiple-winner ranked voting systems.

Solid coalitions
A group of voters  is a solid coalition for a group of candidates , if every voter in  ranks every candidate in  ahead of every candidate that is not in .

Let  be the number of voters,  be the number of seats to be filled and  be some positive number.

–PSC
–PSC is based on the Hare quota . If  is a solid coalition for  and the number of voters in  is at least  Hare quotas, then at least  candidates from  must be elected (if  has less than  candidates at all, then all of them have to be elected). This criterion was created by Michael Dummett.

–PSC
–PSC is defined like –PSC, but is based on the Hagenbach-Bischoff quota  instead of the Hare quota, and the number of voters in  must exceed  Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas. It is a more general form of the majority criterion because it allows for groups of supported candidates (solid coalitions) instead of just one candidate, and there may be more than one candidate that will be elected. Because some authors call the fraction  a Droop quota, –PSC is also known as the Droop proportionality criterion.

Droop proportionality means that a majority-size solid coalition will always be able to elect at least half of the seats. This is because a majority is always over n/2 voters, and that will contain half of the Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas (There are (k+1) Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas in an election, since (n/(k+1)) * (k+1) = n, so (k+1)/2, which is half of the quotas * n/(k+1), which is the quota, = n/2).

References

Voting systems

Proportionality for Solid Coalitions


Abraham Ramos  (born 13 February 1974 in Mexico City) is a Mexican actor who has appeared in many telenovelas and television series. He was born in Mexico City, Mexico.

Career

Abraham is the youngest of the four siblings. His first role was in Retrato de familia, a telenovela of Lucy Orozco, in 1995, together with Helena Rojo and Alfredo Adame. In 1995 he also acted in La paloma. Other telenovelas in which he has acted are: Canción de amor, Mi querida Isabel, María Isabel, Sin ti, Camila, Laberintos de pasión amongst others.

In 2002 he played the role of Enrique Mendoza in the telenovela Las vias del amor. His character was obsessed with Perla (Aracely Arambula) and went so far as to kill his father on their wedding night out of jealousy, but it was revealed in the ending of the telenovela that she was in fact his cousin.

In 2004 he played Efraín in the telenovela Inocente de ti together with Helena Rojo and Carolina Tejera.

In January 2012, Ramos confirmed that he was in a relationship with Olivia Collins, whom he had acted with in the series Dos hogares.

Telenovelas
 Por amar sin ley (2018)....Abogado Ornelas
 Quiero amarte (2013/2014)....David Serrano
 Dos hogares (2011)....Claudio Ballesteros
 Cuidado con el ángel (2008)-(2009)....Adrián Gonzáles
 Al diablo con los guapos (2007)....Sergio
 Bajo las riendas del amor (2007)....Sebastián Corcuera
 Peregrina (2005)....Iván
 Inocente de ti (2004–2005)....Efraín
 Las vías del amor (2002)....Enrique
 Mujer bonita (2001)....Orlando
 Siempre te amaré (2000)....Leonardo Reyes
 Laberintos de pasión (1999–2000)....Cristóbal Valencia
 Camila (1998–1999)....Pablo
 Sin ti (1997–1998)....
 Maria Isabel (1997–1998)....Ramón
 Mi querida Isabel (1996–1997)....Rolando
 Canción de amor (1996)....Adrián
 Retrato de familia (1995–1996)....Jaime

Television series
 Sin miedo a la verdad (2018-2019)...Ramón
 Como dice el dicho (2011–2015) 6 episodes
 Tiempo final (Fox) (2009) Capítulo "El Clown"
 Mujeres asesinas (2008)....Julián Castaño
 Mujer casos de la vida real 16 episodes (1995–2006)

Movies
 La ultima llamada (1996).... Mario Cortés (age 20)
 Como tú me has deseado (2005)....Aníbal Soler

References

1974 births
Living people
Male actors from Mexico City
Mexican male telenovela actors
Mexican male television actors

Abraham Ramos


A screenshot (also known as screen capture or screen grab) is a digital image that shows the contents of a computer display. A screenshot is created by the operating system or software running on the device powering the display.

Additionally, screenshots can be captured by an external camera, using photography to capture contents on the screen.

Screenshot techniques

Digital techniques
The first screenshots were created with the first interactive computers around 1960. Through the 1980s, computer operating systems did not universally have built-in functionality for capturing screenshots. Sometimes text-only screens could be dumped to a text file, but the result would only capture the content of the screen, not the appearance, nor were graphics screens preservable this way. Some systems had a BSAVE command that could be used to capture the area of memory where screen data was stored, but this required access to a BASIC prompt. Systems with composite video output could be connected to a VCR, and entire screencasts preserved this way.

Most screenshots are raster images, but some vector-based GUI environments like Cairo are capable of generating vector screenshots.

Photographic techniques
Screenshot kits were available for standard (film) cameras that included a long antireflective hood to attach between the screen and camera lens, as well as a closeup lens for the camera. Polaroid film was popular for capturing screenshots, because of the instant results and close-focusing capability of Polaroid cameras. In 1988, Polaroid introduced Spectra film with a 9.2 × 7.3 image size more suited to the 4:3 aspect ratio of CRT screens.

Screenshot tools

Notable software for capturing screenshots include:

 Bandicam
 Camtasia
 CamStudio
 CloudApp
 Greenshot
 Gyazo
 IrfanView
 Jing
 KSnapshot
 Lightscreen
 Microsoft Snipping Tool
 Snip and Sketch
 Monosnap
 PrintKey 2000
 scrot
 ShareX
 Shotty
 Snagit
 Snapz Pro X
 VVCap
 Window Clippings
 Xfire
 XnView
 Xwd
 PicPick
Some web browsers, for example Firefox and Microsoft Edge, have a screenshot tool which can be used to capture a whole web page or part of it.

Common technical issues

Hardware overlays

On Windows systems, screenshots of games and media players sometimes fail, resulting in a blank rectangle. The reason for this is that the graphics are bypassing the normal screen and going to a high-speed graphics processor on the graphics card by using a method called hardware overlay. Generally, there is no way to extract a computed image back out of the graphics card, though software may exist for special cases or specific video cards.

One way these images can be captured is to turn off the hardware overlay. Because many computers have no hardware overlay, most programs are built to work without it, just a little slower. In Windows XP, this is disabled by opening the Display Properties menu, clicking on the "Settings" tab, clicking, "Advanced", "Troubleshoot", and moving the Hardware Acceleration Slider to "None."

Free software media players may also use the overlay but often have a setting to avoid it or have dedicated screenshot functions.

Screen recording

The screen recording capability of some screen capture programs is a time-saving way to create instructions and presentations, but the resulting files are often large.

A common problem with video recordings is the action jumps, instead of flowing smoothly, due to low frame rate. Though getting faster all the time, ordinary PCs are not yet fast enough to play videos and simultaneously capture them at professional frame rates, i.e. 30 frame/s. For many cases, high frame rates are needed for a pleasant experience.

Copyright issues

Some companies believe the use of screenshots is an infringement of copyright on their program, as it is a derivative work of the widgets and other art created for the software. Regardless of copyright, screenshots may still be legally used under the principle of fair use in the U.S. or fair dealing and similar laws in other countries.

See also

 Comparison of screencasting software
 Codeless test automation
 Print screen
 Screencast
 Thumbshot
 Video capture

References

External links
 Use Snipping Tool to capture screenshots at Microsoft

Graphical user interfaces

Screenshot