The Dragon Booster Trading Card Game is an out-of-print collectible trading card game based on the animated television series Dragon Booster.  The initial card set, Release the Dragon, was released in February 2005 by Score Entertainment.

Game summary
Two or more players attempt to win a high speed dragon race by either being the first to cross the finish line (of 30 points), or by completely exhausting (emptying) the decks of all rivals.

Each player needs two decks, a race deck, and a dragon deck.  The race deck is the normal deck from which cards are drawn, while the dragon deck is a pool of cards from which cards can be selected as needed during play.

Play sequence
Turns consist of a number of steps, with each player acting in each step.  The player who is the leader for a given turn acts first during a given step, with other players acting afterwards in a clockwise order.  The following are the steps which make up a turn:

 Draw - Each player draws 2 cards from his or her race deck.
 Gear Up - Each player must either "mag a gear" (attach a piece of equipment) onto his or her dragon, or recruit a crew member.  Players choose the card from their dragon deck, rather than drawing it at random.
 Main - Players gain energy and perform actions and maneuvers.  The amount of energy gained is equal to the turn number (e.g. 2 energy on turn #2), and does not carry over from turn to turn.
 Rush - Players select one or more of their maneuvers to be moved into the zone, after which players battle it out.  When battles resolve, players can earn 0 or more points towards victory.

After all steps of a turn complete, the player sitting clockwise from the leader automatically becomes the new leader for the following turn.

Deck composition
The race deck must contain exactly 60 cards, with no more than 4 copies of any given event or maneuver.  The dragon deck is made up of dragon cards, crew cards, and gear cards.  It must contain at least 1 dragon, and can have no more than 2 copies of any particular card, with a maximum of 10 cards total.

Products
Starter decks contain 60 random cards (39 commons, 18 uncommons, and 3 rares), as well as a demo pack made up of 13 additional cards.  The package also includes a Dragon Pack containing a plastic dragon card plus 4 cards of gear/crew, a playmat, and a rulebook. Booster packs contain 10 cards, made up of 5 commons, 3 uncommons, 1 rare, and 1 plastic dragon/gear/crew card.  On average, 1 out of every 3 booster packs contains a foil card.

References

External links
Score Entertainment took down their web site for the trading card game at the end of October 2006. The card library and rule books have been preserved on the Dragon Booster Fan Site below for fans who are still interested in the game.
Dragon Booster Fan Site
Dragon Booster Website

Card games introduced in 2005
Collectible card games

Dragon Booster Trading Card Game


The Stonyhurst Observatory is a functioning observatory and weather station at Stonyhurst College in Lancashire, England. Built in 1866, it replaced a nearby earlier building, built in 1838, which is now used as the Typographia Collegii.

The records of temperature, which continue to be taken there, began in 1846 and are among the oldest continuous daily records in the world (the very oldest continuous daily temperature records have been taken at the Old Stockholm Observatory since 1756). In 2004, Stonyhurst replaced Ringway as one of four weather stations used by the Met Office to provide central England temperature data (CET); revised urban warming and bias adjustments have since been applied to the Stonyhurst data.

During the course of the twentieth century, the observatory fell out of use for astronomical purposes and after the Second World War its telescope, parts of which dated to the 1860s, was sold. When its private owner came to re-sell it, the College was able to buy it back and restore it to its original home. See: Stonyhurst Refractor

The observatory is currently run by Classics master Fintan O'Reilly, who also teaches GCSE astronomy. Occasionally access is permitted to the observatory for visitors.

History

The observatory was originally established at Stonyhurst College in 1838, and intended primarily to serve as a meteorological station. With the foundation of the Meteorological Office in 1854, it became one of seven key UK stations. The observatory was managed and operated by the Jesuit priests who ran the school. During the mid-nineteenth century, Fathers Weld, Perry and Sidgreaves, broadened the scope of the observatory's operations to include astronomy, geomagnetrometry and seismology.

In 1858, the observatory was chosen as one of the main observing stations by General Sir Edward Sabine, when he was conducting a magnetic survey of England. Five years later, the observatory's first regular series of monthly geomagnetic observations was inaugurated by Fr Sidgreaves. In 1866, the latter installed a set of self-recording photographic magnetographs, donated by the Royal Society, in a specially constructed underground chamber.

Sidgreaves also carried out original research into the solar spectrum, contained in many papers published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. In solar physics he made a long photographic study of the Sun, including hundreds of photographs taken in the violet light of calcium, using a Hilger spectroscope acquired by Father Perry. In this research he showed that the Sun is spectroscopically, a variable star.

During his time as president of the Branch, Sidgreaves carried out original work into the spectroscopy of novae. His work on Nova Aurigae, in 1892, contained some of the first photographs of the spectra of novae ever taken. He recognised in them the similarity between the spectrum of the new star and that of the solar chromosphere, rich in the pink light of ionised hydrogen. Equally significant results were obtained with the spectrum of Nova Perseii, in 1901.

Sidgreaves was particularly interested in the connection between sunspots and fluctuations in Earth's magnetic field. He published several papers on the subject based on observations made at Stonyhurst. In work carried out between 1881 and 1898, he came to the conclusion that although magnetic storms were not directly a result of sunspots, they were due to clouds of electrified particles moving between the Sun and Earth. It is now known that solar mass ejections caused by solar flares can interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce magnetic storms. They are now of great importance, having been known to disrupt national power-grids and cause expensive damage to Earth-orbiting telecommunication satellites.

In 1848, the year in which Sidgreaves first attended the College, the Italian astronomer, Father Angelo Secchi, of the Jesuit Collegio di Romano Observatory, in Rome, had stayed at Stonyhurst, in retreat from revolutionary troubles in Italy. Stonyhurst's astronomical leanings, particularly in solar observation, apparently stemmed from his time in residence.

Stonyhurst heliographic coordinates
The 'Stonyhurst System of heliographic coordinates' is one of two 'heliographic coordinate' systems used for identifying the position of features on the Sun's surface. In the Stonyhurst system the zero point is set at the intersection of the Sun's equator and central meridian as seen from the Earth. Longitude increases towards the Sun's western limb. A solar feature will have a fixed latitude as it rotates across the solar disk, but its longitude will increase. This is in contrast to the Carrington heliographic coordinate system, where the longitude remains approximately fixed in time. The coordinates take their name from the College where they were devised in the nineteenth century.

Stonyhurst disks

A 'Stonyhurst disk' is used to determine the longitude and latitude of sunspots. The Earth doesn't orbit precisely around the Sun's equator, so through the year the center of solar pictures moves up and down a little more than 7 degrees. This angle varies sinusoidally through the year and is called B0. Earth crosses the Sun's equator about December 7 and June 7 each year. This means that the lines of latitude on the sun do not appear as lines from the Earth, but as elliptical arcs. Sunspots and other features will rotate across the face of the Sun along lines of latitude. Stonyhurst disks are transparent overlays that match the size of whole-disk images of the Sun. These disks provide a graphic means of locating sunspots on the solar disk in reference to lines of latitude and longitude. Different disk overlays are produced for different dates.

References

Further reading
 Muir, T.E. (2006) Stonyhurst, (St Omers Press, Gloucestershire) second edition

External links
 Stonyhurst College website
 Article on the observatory
 Virtual tour
 Meteogroup entry
 Met Office entry
 Stonyhurst Refractor
 1927 eclipse at Stonyhurst 1
 1927 eclipse at Stonyhurst 2
 Article on 1927 eclipse at Stonyhurst
 BBC Two programme featuring the Stonyhurst Observatory

Stonyhurst College
Tourist attractions in Ribble Valley
Astronomical observatories in England
Meteorological observatories

Stonyhurst Observatory


Jeffrey Kofman (born May 20, 1959) is a former reporter and co-founder and CEO of Trint.

ABC News London Bureau

As London-based correspondent for ABC News he reported on stories in Europe. Prior to his assignment overseas, Kofman spent 10 years based in Miami for ABC News as correspondent for Florida, the Caribbean and Latin America.

He moved to ABC's  London bureau in January 2010 where he covered the Arab revolutions in North Africa from Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. He has reported from South Africa, Kenya, Norway, Sweden and Italy and the Indian Ocean.

In 2011 he won an Emmy for his coverage of the Libyan Revolution and the downfall of Col. Muammar Gadhafi. Kofman covered the revolution in Libya from its beginning to its end. He reported from Tripoli as Gadhafi struggled to sustain his dictatorship.

ABC News Miami Bureau
While based in Miami, August 2010, Kofman was the first foreign news correspondent on the scene when 33 trapped miners were found alive in a collapsed mine in Chile's northern desert.

During his decade in Miami, Kofman reported on cancer research in Ecuador.

Kofman spent a month in Haiti in early 2004 when guerrillas took control of much of the country. He has traveled throughout Colombia, covering U.S. efforts to wipe out the drug trade in that country.

Kofman also covered Cuba extensively, reporting on the impact of the long stalemate between the U.S. and that country.

ABC News War Reporting
Kofman did six tours in the Middle East after September 11, 2001: four in Iraq, one in the Arabian Sea during the war in Afghanistan, and one in Pakistan.

While in Iraq, Kofman was embedded with U.S. Marines in the southern part of the country. He traveled to some of the most troubled regions, including Fallujah and Samarra. In July 2003, he reported on the declining morale of U.S. troops in the region as their tours of duty kept getting extended. The story was picked up by outlets around the world when one soldier called on Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld to resign. Kofman was reportedly the target of a smear campaign as a reaction to his report.

CBS News
Kofman came to ABC News from CBS News, where he was a correspondent in the network's New York Bureau from 1997 to 2001.

CBC Television
Before joining CBS, Kofman was a correspondent at CBC Television in Toronto.  During his 11 years at the CBC, he was host of a current affairs program, anchor of the CBC's Toronto newscast, a network radio host, and sub-anchor for the CBC's flagship nightly network newscast, The National.

Born in Toronto, he is a graduate of Upper Canada College and then Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where he studied political science.

Trint
Kofman is co-founder and CEO of Trint, an automated transcription service.

References

External links
ABC News profile
Trint

1959 births
Living people
ABC News personalities
Canadian expatriate journalists in the United States
Canadian male journalists
Canadian television reporters and correspondents
Journalists from Toronto
Canadian LGBT broadcasters
Canadian LGBT journalists
American LGBT journalists
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Upper Canada College alumni
Canadian gay men

Jeffrey Kofman


Sandman (William Baker, better known as Flint Marko) is a character and antagonist in Marvel Comics, typically serving as an enemy of Spider-Man. He is a supervillain who can control and manipulate sand. Sandman was created by the late Stan Lee and the late Steve Ditko. He started out as a recurring adversary to the superhero Spider-Man, has been slowly redeemed over time, eventually becoming an antihero. The Sandman has also been an enemy of the Fantastic Four and is a founding member of the supervillain teams the Sinister Six and the Frightful Four.

The character has been adapted into various other media incarnations of Spider-Man, including films, television series, and video games. In live-action, he was portrayed by Thomas Haden Church in Spider-Man 3 (2007) and the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movie Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). A creature based on the Sandman appeared in the MCU film Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), which was actually an illusion created by a series of drones operated by Mysterio. In 2009, the Sandman was ranked as IGN's 72nd Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.

Source
  Some text was copied from Sandman (Marvel) at Villains Wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.

Marvel Comics supervillains

Sandman (Marvel Comics)


Liam Coyle (born 21 May 1968) is a former Northern Irish footballer.

Club career
Coyle made his League of Ireland debut for Finn Harps on the opening day of the 1987-88 League of Ireland First Division season at Buckley Park against EMFA on 13 September 1987. After 3 goals in 9 total appearances he moved to his home town club making his Derry debut alongside Tim Dalton, Kevin Brady, Paul Doolin and Noel Larkin at Finn Park in an Ulster Tyre Cup game on 24 July 1988. His first goal came in a friendly against Clyde F.C. on 7 August.

Liam Coyle really burst onto the League of Ireland scene during the 1988–89 League of Ireland Premier Division season scoring a hat-trick against Cobh Ramblers on his Derry League debut on 6 November. He was also crowned Young Player of the Year, finished the season as "Treble" winner with Derry, and was capped by Northern Ireland in an end-of-season friendly with Chile (following in the footsteps of his father, Fay Coyle).

After starring in a 1989-90 European Cup tie against S.L. Benfica in a league game at Dundalk in September 1989 Coyle sustained a knee injury which turned out to be a condition called osteochondritis dissecans. On doctors' advice he retired at the end of that season. His testimonial was held against Newcastle United on 8 May 1990 at the Brandywell Stadium.

However Coyle never gave up believing that he wouldn't play again. He made an abortive comeback with Coleraine in September 1990, but lasted just one match. Coyle then turned to a faith-healer, and in combination with heavy knee strapping, started playing again for Brandywell Harps where he was spotted by Omagh Town manager Roy McCreadie.

He agreed to sign for Omagh for the 1992-93 Irish League season and made his Irish League debut on 16 August at Carrick Rangers scoring in a 3–2 win.

He had an astounding season playing more games (43) than any other player and ending up with a total of 23 goals.

When McCreadie left new manager Paul Kee signed Coyle for another year but after one league game he was sold to Derry for £10,000 in August 1993, and soon enough was showing the skills and trickery that had brought him such acclaim as a youngster. Coyle scored on his 100th competitive appearance for Derry in November 1994. He added further FAI Cup and League Cup medals to his collection, and was Ireland's double player of the year in 1995.

In December 1995 Coyle moved to Glentoran in a £37,000 deal, a record between Irish clubs. Although scoring on his debut against Cliftonville F.C. he was unhappy about leaving the Brandywell behind and would later describe it as the "low point" of his career. He lasted just six months at the Oval, picking up an Irish Cup medal, before being allowed to leave. Glens' manager Tommy Cassidy put it like this, "(Coyle) is one of the most skilful Irish players in history, but he had to go – he was missing training and other players were taking note". Coyle returned to Derry City for a combined fee of £42,000 (that also included Declan Devine), and immediately helped the Candystripes to another League of Ireland title.

As the years moved on Coyle continued to regularly find the net until the injuries began to take their toll. In April 2002 he scored in the final of the FAI League Cup which Derry lost on penalties. However, in October 2002 he scored his only FAI Cup Final goal in his fifth appearance, as Derry defeated Shamrock Rovers 1–0. His last ever goal for the club proved to be even more important. In December 2003 Derry found themselves in a promotion-relegation play-off with near neighbours Finn Harps. With the game in extra-time it was the 35-year-old Coyle who came off the bench to score the winner, and maintain Derry's Premier Division status.

In January 2004, following years of playing through the pain barrier, Coyle announced his retirement from playing. He had scored a then club record 112 goals in almost 400 games for Derry (since overtaken by Mark Farren), and was acclaimed from all-quarters as the greatest player in their history. He stayed at the Brandywell as Chief Scout, and has since made clear his ambitions to one day manage the club.

International career
Like his father, Fay, who also played with Derry, Coyle played internationally for Northern Ireland. He appeared in the green jersey on one occasion against Chile in 1989, although his pride on that occasion was tempered by a less than welcome reception from some Northern Ireland fans. He has been quoted as saying "While standing for the national anthem, a section of the supporters were giving me dogs abuse, calling me a Provo and shouting 'Go back to Derry, you Fenian scum'", "But I never regretted playing for Northern Ireland.".

Honours
 League of Ireland Premier Division: 2
 Derry City; 1988–89, 1996–97
  FAI Cup: 3
 Derry City; 1989, 1995, 2002
 League of Ireland Cup: 4
 Derry City; 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1993–94
  IFA Cup:
 Glentoran; 1995–96
North West Senior Cup:
Omagh Town F.C. 1992/93
Omagh Town F.C. Player of the Year:
Omagh Town F.C. 1992/93PFAI Players' Player of the Year:
 Derry City – 1995PFAI Young Player of the Year''':
 Derry City – 1989

Bibliography

References

External links
Coyle on Northern Ireland's Footballing Greats

Derry City F.C. players
Finn Harps F.C. players
League of Ireland players
Coleraine F.C. players
Omagh Town F.C. players
Glentoran F.C. players
Association footballers from Derry (city)
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
NIFL Premiership players
Men's association football forwards
League of Ireland XI players
Living people
1968 births

Liam Coyle (footballer, born 1968)


Sayed Jafar Naderi (born 1965) is an ethnic Tajik-Ismaili who controlled Baghlan Province of Afghanistan during the early 1990s. He was born in Kayan, Baghlan and is also known as Sayyid-e Kayan  The son of Sayed Mansoor Naderi, The previous Vice-President of Afghanistan, Sayed Jafar Naderi went to school in England at age 10, after his father was made a political prisoner. He was sent to the United States at age 13 where he became known as Jeff Naderi.

Biography
Prior to his father calling him back to Afghanistan, he lived in Allentown, Pennsylvania, played drums in a heavy metal band and was an athlete.

According to The World's Most Dangerous Places, Jafar was rich when he returned to Afghanistan. He is considered one of the country's most brutal and notorious warlords.

He was quoted in The World's Most Dangerous Places as saying that he came to help the people of Baghlan, and the rest of the country. He risked his life to help his people, inspired by his father and grandfather who helped protect Afghanistan.

During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan Jafar became Baghlan's MP. His army fought the Soviets, producing a stream of refugees who fled to Pakistan. Few returned until after the Taliban government fell.

The 80th Division (Afghanistan) was reportedly formed from tribal militia in the second half of the Soviet–Afghan War. In 1989 it was the major formation in Baghlan Province, under Jafar's command, then 25 years old.

Jafar was the subject of the 1989 documentary "Warlord of Kayan" produced and directed by Jeff B. Harmon. The film won the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival.

Family political background
Sayed Jafar Naderi comes from a highly political family background. His father Sayed Mansur Naderi has been both the religious and political leader of Afghan Ismaili sector in the past 50 years. Jafar's younger brother Sadat Mansoor Naderi who is a business person has been nominated for the post of Urban Development Minister by the president Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai. Sayed Jafar's younger sister Farkhunda Zahra Naderi is a member of Afghan Parliament and a well-known rights activist in the country. His one cousin Sayed Dawood Naderi is another parliamentarian elected from Kunduz province of Afghanistan.

Jafar himself was appointed as security advisor to first vice president Abdul Rashid Dostum.

See also
 Sayed Mansur Naderi
 Sadat Mansoor Naderi
 Farkhunda Zahra Naderi
 Sayed Kayan

Footnotes

External links
 Website devoted to Naderi
 Afghan Ismailis Website

Afghan Ismailis
1965 births
Living people
Governors of Baghlan Province
Hazara politicians
20th-century Ismailis
21st-century Ismailis

Sayed Jafar Naderi


John Cordy Jeaffreson (14 January 1831 – 2 February 1901) was an English novelist and author of popular non-fiction. He also spent periods teaching and as an inspector of historical documents.

Life
Jeaffreson was born at Framlingham, Suffolk, on 14 January 1831. He was the second son and ninth child of William Jeaffreson (1789–1865), a surgeon, and Caroline (died 1863), youngest child of George Edwards, tradesman there; and was named after his mother's uncle by marriage, John Cordy (1781–1828) of Worlingworth and Woodbridge. After education at the grammar schools of Woodbridge and Botesdale, he was apprenticed to his father in August 1845; but matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford, on 22 June 1848, where among his undergraduate friends were the future novelists Henry Kingsley and Arthur Locker.

After graduating B.A. in May 1852, Jeaffreson lived in London for about six years, working as a private tutor and lecturing in schools; and also began to write. From 1856 he was a journalist, writing from 1858 for the rest of his life for the Athenaeum. He became a student at Lincoln's Inn on 18 June 1856 and was called to the bar on 30 April 1859, but did not practise law.

Jeaffreson moved in legal as well as in literary social circles. In 1860 he joined "Our Club", a literary group that was then a dining club, meeting weekly at Clunn's Hotel, Covent Garden. In 1872 Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, a friend and deputy keeper of the Public Records, invited Jeaffreson to become an inspector of documents for the Historical Manuscripts Commission, and after palaeographical training at the Public Record Office he began work in 1874. He then concentrated on preparing reports and calendars of manuscript records.

After years of poor health, which brought his work to an end, Jeaffreson died on 2 February 1901 at his house in Maida Vale, and was buried in Paddington Cemetery, Willesden Lane.

Works
Jeaffreson initially wrote novels, publishing Crewe Rise in 1854 and next year Hinchbrook, which ran as a serial in Fraser's Magazine. During the next thirty years a long series of orthodox three-volume novels followed; Live it Down (1863) and Not Dead Yet (1864) were well received on publication. Novels and Novelists from Elizabeth to Victoria (1858), compiled at the British Museum, opened up a popularising vein that became Jeaffreson's main work, leading to:
A Book about Doctors (1860);
A Book about Lawyers (1866);
A Book about the Clergy (1870);
Brides and Bridals (1872); and
A Book about the Table (1874).

On the recommendation of Hepworth Dixon, Jeaffreson collaborated with William Pole on the authorised biography of Robert Stephenson (1864, 2 vols.). Between 1876 and 1887 he published reports on 29 manuscript collections. Apart from private collections, he dealt with the archives of the boroughs of Chester, Leicester, Pontefract, Barnstaple, Plymouth, Ipswich, Wisbech, Great Yarmouth, Eye, Southampton, and King's Lynn, as well as of the West Riding and North Riding of Yorkshire and the county of Essex. At Leicester he also compiled an index to the muniments (1881). He edited four volumes for the Middlesex County Record Society (1886–92).

Jeaffreson inspected the manuscript collection of Alfred Morrison, and he obtained the owner's permission to edit unpublished correspondence of  Lord Byron and Lord Nelson. In The Real Lord Byron: New Views of the Poet's Life (2 vols. 1883) he wrote on Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley: Abraham Hayward and J. A. Froude wrote hostile reviews. His The Real Shelley: New Views of the Poet's Life (2 vols. 1885), was attacked by Edward Dowden. Jeaffreson's Lady Hamilton and Lord Nelson: an historical biography appeared in 1888 (2 vols.), and The Queen of Naples and Lord Nelson in 1889 (2 vols.; new edit. 1897).

His other main works were:

The Annals of Oxford, 1870 (a popular work, much criticised)
Cutting for Partners, 3 vols. 1890
A Book of Recollections, 2 vols. 1894
A Young Squire of the Seventeenth Century, from the Papers of Christopher Jeaffreson of Dullingham House, Cambridgeshire, 2 vols. 1898

Family
Jeaffreson married on 2 October 1860, at St. Sepulchre's Church, Holborn, Arabella Ellen, only surviving daughter of William Eccles, F.R.C.S.; she survived him with a daughter, who died on 28 September 1909.

Notes

Attribution

External links

1831 births
1901 deaths
English archivists
People from Framlingham
19th-century English novelists
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
English male novelists
19th-century English male writers

John Cordy Jeaffreson


Mapantsula is a 1988 South African crime film directed by Oliver Schmitz and written by Schmitz and Thomas Mogotlane. It tells the story of Johannes 'Panic' Themba Mzolo (Mogotlane), a small-time thief, set against the backdrop of Apartheid. The film's use of flashbacks between Panic's time at the hands of his apartheid jailor 'Stander' (Marcel Van Heerden) and happenings in the Johannesburg township of Soweto display the injustices black South Africans suffered during apartheid and their struggle for suffrage. The film makes extensive use of political rallies, police brutality, and racial difference to example the effects of apartheid on black South Africans. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the South African entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Nag badger chivvy houn critisize nail tack pin brad clout

Plot
Mapantsula begins with cut-scenes between a heated protest and several police vehicles transporting apprehended black South Africans. There is a voice in the background saying that they have violated the Internal Security Act by gathering without permission and inciting a riot. Here we first see Panic who is herded with the rest of the prisoners, including women and children. He is put in a cell with eight other men.

There is a cut-scene to a busy Johannesburg street where Panic and his partner in crime, Dingaan (Darlington Michaels), rob a white South African of his wallet, threatening him with a knife when he attempts to get his money back. After, Panic and Dingaan meet up at a local corner store and recount the event. Laughing, Dingaan says, "Eh man, we should stop this." Panic replies, "You're crazy."

Panic then makes his way home to the Soweto township where he rents a small, one-room house from a landlady he refers to as Ma Mobise (Dolly Rathebe). As he dresses up for a night out, she warns him that she wants him to stay out of trouble, commenting he dresses like a tsotsi, or gangster. Back at the prison, Panic is standing separate of the other prisoners. He demands one of them move out of his way and confronts another when asked why he is there. Panic replies, "The same reason as you." The others do not believe him.

We flashback to Panic at a disco club with his girlfriend Pat and Dingaan. After being hit on by the owner Lucky, she leaves, prompting Panic to go after her. They return to Panic's place. There is another cut to Stander's office where he and Panic are first introduced. Stander asks Panic if he speaks Afrikaans, Panic says he does not. Flashback to Panic's house the morning after they go partying, Panic and Pat part after bickering over him not having a job. Pat leaves and Panic is approached by Ma Mobise about paying his rent. She then lectures him about rising rent prices and how nothing is ever done in Soweto. Her son Sam (Eugene Majola) listens on. Pat in the meantime arrives for work. She is a housemaid to a white South African woman, Joyce (Margaret Michaels). Panic arrives, asking Pat for money. Joyce sends him away.

Back in prison, all of the cells are full. Panic is being interrogated by Stander, who is outlining his extensive criminal history. On the last page, he leans back and notes, "I see you've been working for us." In another flashback, Panic is trailing an obviously rich woman on the street, eyeing her handbag. But before he has a chance, another man grabs it from her. Panic runs after him. He meets up with Dingaan and Pat in a bar, and recounts that he tripped up the thief and the woman rewarded him. The thief is in fact at the bar and confronts Panic. He is angry about Panic getting out of jail on an earlier occasion, accusing him of selling out to the authorities. Panic breaks a bottle and threatens to kill him. The other man runs. A white officers comes into Panic's cell and accuses all the men there of being terrorists. Panic is then taken to Stander's office, where Stander demands, "What do these communists want?"

Back in Soweto, Panic steals a suit and dons it. He goes to Joyce's house to see Pat. Pat sends him away in anger. He refuses to leave. Joyce arrives and demands him to leave. He refuses. Joyce gets her dog and threatens Panic. He backs away from the house. Leaving, he picks up a brick and throws it through Joyce's window. In Stander's office, the police officer offers Panic coffee and food. He demands information from him about a man named Duma (Peter Sephima). Panic says he does not know him. Upon returning to his cell, he is accused by a fellow inmate of selling out to the authorities. Through another flashback, we find out that Pat has been fired. Sam takes Pat to a local gathering of the National African Congress, where the locals demand for the mayor (Steven Moloi) to keep from raising rents. Duma first appears, speaking out against the mayor and the current order.

The next morning, Ma Mobise wakes up a hung over Panic and demands he pay rent. He begrudgingly obliges. Ma Mobise then runs into her son, Sam, on the street. After telling him to stay out of trouble, Sam runs from an approaching police van. Pat, meanwhile, meets with Duma, who urges her to return to Joyce and demand payment for benefits she was denied and the last week's wages. Pat goes to Joyce's, but is rebuffed by her former employer. Panic and Dingaan are in a mall. They spot a rich target and try to once again pull the trick they did earlier in the film. The man resists, grabbing the both of them. Panic stabs him and the two escape to a movie theater. Dingaan tells Panic he wants nothing more to do with him and leaves him. Panic in vain tries to get Pat back by going to her aunt's house. But he is sent away once again.

Back in Stander's office, Panic is standing nearly naked in front of the inspector. Stander and another officer nearly throw him out the window as an intimidation tactic. In another cut scene, we see Panic at a local healer's, she tells him that, "…the past and future are for dreaming about. The present is for living in." We see Pat meet up with Duma. They go to his office, but the police are searching it. They escape. There is a funeral in Soweto which the police attempt to stop. We see them take away Sam before running from the riotous crowd. Panic comes home and discusses this with Ma Mobise, she says he isn't at the police station. He then goes out looking for Sam. He ends up finding out that Sam has been hanging out with Duma, who is in hiding. Knowing Lucky is his brother, Panic goes to Lucky's. He gets nowhere, even after threatening him. Panic leaves, and we see that two detectives are staking out Lucky's house.

Back at the police station, Panic is being humiliated by Stander, crouching naked in a locker room after insisting he does not know Duma. In another flashback, Panic is at Lucky's at night. He finds out Duma is there. Duma runs but Panic catches up with him and demands he leave Pat alone. The detectives staking out Lucky's place chase them but do not catch them.	In his office, Stander places something in front of Panic and demands he sign it. Panic refuses. Stander shows him a recording of a riot. Through a quick series of flashbacks, we realize that this is a riot protesting Sam's death. Ma Mobise runs in front of the crowd and screams for justice. She is shot and the riot turns into a brawl. Panic and Duma flee but are caught by soldiers. Panic fights them and Duma escapes. In the final scene we see that the papers Stander demands Panic sign are actually a confession that Panic was aiding Duma in terrorist activities. Panic looks into the camera and refuses to sign the confession.

Cast
 Thomas Mogotlane as Panic
 Marcel Van Heerden as Stander
 Thembi Mtshali as Pat
 Dolly Rathebe as Ma Mobise
 Peter Sephuma as Duma
 Darlington Michaels as Dingaan
 Eugene Majola as Sam
 Gabriel Dichwabe as Crowd Leader
 Brad Morris as Riot Policeman
 Polite Dlamini as Prisoner
 Duma Nyembe as Prisoner
 Jerry Mokgoko as Policeman
 Similo Makhambi as Charge Office Sergeant
 Boitumelo Dijoe as Sergeant
 Arthur Molepo as Warder

Music
The music in the film is provided by The Ouens, a South African musical group. The word ouen is a local term meaning streetwise men, those often concerned with the wellbeing of their community and not just themselves, setting them apart from amapantsula. Aside from the music heard in Lucky's disco club, the majority of the rest of the music is chanting in Zulu. Most of these songs are sung by the prisoners in the cells with Panic or during the riots.

Themes
Mapantsula heavily criticizes apartheid, showing how many different black South Africans, some law-abiding citizens, others criminals, are unjustly affected by the institutionalized policy of racism. Panic both exploits the system and is still caught in it. The inevitability of the conflict around him forces Panic to make a decision between personal gain (by confessing Duma is a terrorist to the police and being released) and helping the larger social movement by staying silent about Duma's whereabouts. Even though Panic inadvertently helps the police, the very force he's always fought against, he refuses to continue being selfish after Sam's death and Ma Mobisa's murder right in front of him.

The film's depiction of criminal life in the global post-colony is one of self-determination. There is no system of justice in Mapantsula, the authorities are instead more interested in the status-quo that true order in a democratic nation. The mayor of Sowato is not elected by the people he supposedly represents and is accused of pocketing the money he gets from raising the rents. This is an example of private indirect government.

The crime depicted in Mapantsula is common in South Africa, especially pre-apartheid. The pickpocketing Panic commits is common in South Africa and difficult for the police to investigate. His musings on robbing Joyce also represent the fact that the majority of thefts in South Africa occur out of opportunity and not vengeance or racial discrimination.

See also
 List of submissions to the 62nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of South African submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1988 films
1980s crime films
Zulu-language films
Films directed by Oliver Schmitz
Apartheid films
South African crime films

Mapantsula


Glass-filled polymer (or glass-filled plastic), is a mouldable composite material. It comprises short glass fibers in a matrix of a polymer material. It is used to manufacture a wide range of structural components by injection or compression moulding. It is an ideal glass alternative that offers flexibility in the part, chemical resistance, shatter resistance and overall better durability.

Materials
Either thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers may be used. One of the most widely used thermoplastics is a polyamide polymer nylon.

The first mouldable composite was Bakelite. This used wood flour fibres in phenolic resin as the thermoset polymer matrix. As the fibres were only short this material had relatively low bulk strength, but still improved surface hardness and good mouldability.

A wide range of polymers are now produced in glass-filled varieties, including polyamide (Nylon), acetal homopolymers and copolymers, polyester, polyphenylene oxide (PPO / Noryl), polycarbonate, polyethersulphone

Bulk moulding compound is a pre-mixed material of resin and fibres supplied for moulding. Some are thermoplastic or thermosetting, others are chemically cured and are mixed with a catalyst (polyester) or hardener (epoxy) before moulding.

Applications
Compared to the native polymer, glass-filled materials have improved mechanical properties of rigidity, strength and may also have improved surface hardness.

Compared to sheet materials
Bulk glass filled materials are considered distinct from fibreglass or fibre-reinforced plastic materials. These use a substrate of fabric sheets made from long fibres, draped to shape in a mould and then impregnated with resin. They are usually moulded into shapes made of large but thin sheets.  Filled materials, in contrast, are used for applications that are thicker or of varying section and not usually as large as sheet materials.

References

Composite materials
Polymers
Fibre-reinforced polymers

Glass-filled polymer


Upper Demerara-Berbice (Region 10) is a region in the center of Guyana. The regional capital is Linden, which is the second largest city in Guyana.

The region has an area of 17,040 km². As of the 2012 census, 39,452 people lived there. It borders the regions of Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Demerara-Mahaica and Mahaica-Berbice to the north, the region of East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, and the regions of Potaro-Siparuni and Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the west.

Regions of Guyana

Upper Demerara-Berbice


Captain Sir Geoffrey de Havilland,  (27 July 1882 – 21 May 1965) was an English aviation pioneer and aerospace engineer.  The aircraft company he founded produced the Mosquito, which has been considered the most versatile warplane ever built, and his Comet was the first jet airliner to go into production.

Early life
Born at Magdala House, Terriers, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, de Havilland was the second son of The Reverend Charles de Havilland (1854–1920) and his first wife, Alice Jeannette (née Saunders; 1854–1911). He was educated at Nuneaton Grammar School, St Edward's School, Oxford and the Crystal Palace School of Engineering (from 1900 to 1903).

Upon graduating from engineering training, de Havilland pursued a career in automotive engineering, building cars and motorcycles. He took an apprenticeship with engine manufacturers Willans & Robinson of Rugby, after which he worked as a draughtsman for The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company Limited in Birmingham, a job from which he resigned after a year. He then spent two years working in the design office of Motor Omnibus Construction Company Limited in Walthamstow. While there he designed his first aero engine and had the first prototype made by Iris Motor Company of Willesden.

He married in 1909 and almost immediately embarked on the career of designing, building and flying aircraft to which he devoted the rest of his life.

Aviation career

Built with money borrowed from his maternal grandfather, de Havilland's first aircraft took two years to build. Unfortunately, he crashed it during its first very short flight at Seven Barrows near Litchfield, Hampshire in December 1909. He built a fresh biplane, making his first flight in it from a meadow near Newbury in September 1910. A memorial plaque presently marks the event. Subsequent designs were even more successful: in 1912 he established a new British altitude record of 10,500 feet (3.2 km) in an aircraft of his design, the B.E.2. Geoffrey was the designer and his brother Hereward was the test pilot.

In December 1910, de Havilland joined HM Balloon Factory at Farnborough, which was to become the Royal Aircraft Factory. He sold his second aeroplane (which he had used to teach himself to fly) to his new employer for £400. It became the F.E.1, the first aircraft to bear an official Royal Aircraft Factory designation. For the next three years, de Havilland designed, or participated in the design of, a number of experimental types at the "Factory". He was commissioned a second lieutenant (on probation) in the Royal Flying Corps on 2 September 1912, was appointed a reserve officer in the RFC on 24 November and was confirmed in his rank on 25 December.

In December 1913, de Havilland was appointed an inspector of aircraft for the Aeronautical Inspection Directorate. Unhappy at leaving design work, in May 1914 he was recruited to become the chief designer at Airco, in Hendon. He designed many aircraft for Airco, all designated by his initials, DH. Large numbers of de Havilland-designed aircraft were used during the First World War, flown by the Royal Flying Corps/Royal Air Force. De Havilland continued to serve in the RFC during the war.

On 5 August 1914, he was promoted to lieutenant and appointed a flying officer in the RFC from the same date. He was briefly stationed in Montrose on the east coast of Scotland as an officer on war duty. Flying a Blériot, he was to protect British shipping from German U-boats. After a few weeks, he was released from this duty and returned to Airco. However, he nominally remained in the service until the end of the war. On 30 April 1916, he was promoted to captain and appointed a flight commander.

His employer, Airco, was bought in early 1920 by armaments group Birmingham Small Arms Company but discovering it was less than worthless BSA shut down Airco in July 1920. With the help of former Airco owner George Holt Thomas he formed de Havilland Aircraft Company employing some former colleagues. Pleased and impressed by the aircraft they built for him Alan Butler, thereafter company chairman, provided the capital to buy premises and then the airfield at Stag Lane Aerodrome, Edgware, where he and his colleagues designed and built a large number of aircraft, including the Moth family. One of his roles was as a test pilot for the company's aircraft.

In 1928 the subsidiary company De Havilland Canada was created to build Moth aircraft for the training of Canadian airmen. After the Second World War, it went on to design and produce a number of indigenous types, some of which proved highly successful.

In 1933 the company moved to Hatfield Aerodrome in Hertfordshire.

In 1944 he bought out his friend and engine designer Frank Halfords's consultancy firm, forming the de Havilland Engine Company with Halford as the head. Halford had previously designed a number of engines for de Havilland, including the de Havilland Gipsy and de Havilland Gipsy Major. Halford's first gas turbine design entered production as the de Havilland Goblin powering de Havilland's first jet, the Vampire.

De Havilland controlled the company until it was bought by the Hawker Siddeley Company in 1960. His financial backer, Alan Butler, remained a very involved chairman until he retired in 1950.

Retirement and death

De Havilland retired from active involvement in his company in 1955, though remaining as president. He continued flying up to the age of 70 making his final flight in a DH85 Leopard Moth, G-ACMA. He died aged 82, of a cerebral haemorrhage, on 21 May 1965 at Watford Peace Memorial Hospital, Hertfordshire.

Honours

De Havilland was made an OBE (Military Division) in the 1918 Birthday Honours, and was honoured with a CBE (Civil Division) in the 1934 Birthday Honours. He was decorated with the Air Force Cross (AFC) in the 1919 New Year Honours, in recognition of his service in the First World War. He was knighted in the 1944 New Year Honours, and was invested with his knighthood by George VI at Buckingham Palace on 15 February 1944. He was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM) in November 1962. He received numerous national and international gold and silver medals and honorary fellowships of learned and engineering societies, including the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club in 1947 and again in 1963.

In 1972 de Havilland was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame.

A statue of de Havilland was erected in July 1997 near the entrance to the College Lane campus of the University of Hertfordshire in Hatfield. He was a benefactor of the university, having given land adjoining the A1 to Hertfordshire County Council in 1951 for its precursor, the Hatfield Technical College. The statue was unveiled by the Duke of Edinburgh. The De Havilland campus (also known as De Hav) at the university was also named in his honour.

Family

The actresses Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine were de Havilland's cousins; his father, Charles, and their father, Walter, were half-brothers. His younger brother, Hereward de Havilland, was also a noted pioneer aviator and test pilot. Sir Anthony de Havilland (born 1969) is a direct descendent of James de Havilland (1553–1613) who migrated from Guernsey to Poole in Dorset and was granted the trade license for Poole.

In 1909, Geoffrey de Havilland married Louise Thomas, who had formerly been governess to de Havilland's sisters. They had three sons, Peter, Geoffrey and John. Two of the sons died as test pilots in de Havilland aircraft. His youngest son, John, died in an air collision involving two Mosquitoes in 1943.

Geoffrey Jr carried out the first flights of the Mosquito and Vampire and was killed in 1946 flying the jet-powered DH 108 Swallow while diving at or near the speed of sound. Louise suffered a nervous breakdown following these deaths and died in 1949. De Havilland remarried in 1951, to Joan Mary Frith (1900–1974). They remained married until his death.

Posthumous publication

In 1975, de Havilland's 1961 autobiography, Sky Fever, was republished by Peter and Anne de Havilland. It was originally published by Hamish Hamilton.

See also

 de Havilland Aircraft Museum, London Colney, Hertfordshire

References

Notes

Bibliography

 De Havilland, Geoffrey. Sky Fever: The Autobiography of Sir Geoffrey de Havilland. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press Ltd., 1999.
 Smith, Ron. British Built Aircraft: Greater London. Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2002.

External links

Geoffrey de Havilland by BAE Systems
Sir Geoffrey De Havilland (1882–1965), Aircraft designer and manufacturer: Sitter in 11 portraits

1882 births
1965 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
De Havilland
Geoffrey
English aerospace engineers
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Harmon Trophy winners
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of Merit
People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford
People from High Wycombe
People from Fulham
Fulham
History of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal winners
Royal Flying Corps officers
20th-century English businesspeople
Military personnel from Buckinghamshire
British Army personnel of World War I

Geoffrey de Havilland


Posavina () is a geographical region that stretches along the Sava river, encompassing only the inner areas of the Sava river basin, that are adjacent or near to the Sava river itself, namely catch region spanning from the Julian Alps in the northwest to the confluence with the Danube in the southeast. It passes through several countries of former Yugoslavia, namely Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. In Slovene, the term Posavina is not used to describe the parts of Slovenia that lie by the Sava river. Instead, the terms Posavje and Zasavje are used.

Geography

Geography of the Posavina region is defined by geological features of the central (inner) zones of the Sava river basin, that are near or adjacent to the Sava river itself. The region is stretched along the Sava river, that flows from west to east, connecting valleys and plains in transitional regions between the Dinaric Mountains and the Pannonian Plain. Geographical borders of the Posavina region are defined, to the south, by northern zones of the Dinaric mountain system, while Posavina′s northern borders are defined by the Pannonian island mountains. In terms of political geography, the Posavina region is divided into: Croatian Posavina, Bosnian Posavina, and Serbian Posavina.

History
During the Roman era, the region belonged to the province of Pannonia, marking its most southern zone. During the reign of emperor Augustus, it was the epicenter of the Pannonian Uprising. During the 5th century, the region was invaded by several migrating peoples, including Huns and Goths. In post-Roman era, during the 6th century, the region was contested between Ostrogoths, Gepids, Langobards, Avars, and the Byzantine Empire.

By the end the 6th and during the 7th century, the entire region was settled by South Slavs. In 819-823, western parts of the region were center of the Ljudevit's Rebellion against the Frankish Empire. During the 11th and 12th century, almost all parts of Posavina were gradually conquered by the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the first half of the 18th century, Sava-Danube (Posavina-Podunavlje) section of the Habsburg Military Frontier existed in the area. Posavina segment of the Frontier comprised parts of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia – the southern parts of Slavonia and Syrmia, stretching from Nova Gradiška to the confluence of the Drina river into the Sava.

Between 1929 and 1939, one of the provinces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was known as the Croatian region Sava Banovina. The capital city of the province was Zagreb in Croatia. In 1939, Sava Banovina was merged with Littoral Banovina to form new Banovina of Croatia.

Today, one of the counties in Croatia is named Brod-Posavina County and one of the cantons in Bosnia and Herzegovina is named Posavina Canton.

The Bosnian Posavina region was gravely hit by the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–95) to the point that parts of it had become uninhabited , as almost all the houses were plundered, burnt or destroyed. Only a small number of people have returned to their homes. The majority of refugees live in and around the city of Slavonski Brod, Croatia right across the Sava River, while a minority emigrated to the European Union countries, the United States, and Australia.

Cities and towns in Posavina
The towns Sava flows to or in vicinity from northwest to southeast include:

Cities and towns in Slovenia
Brežice
Jesenice
Kranj
Krško
Litija
Ljubljana
Sevnica

Cities and towns in Croatia
Dugo Selo
Ivanić-Grad
Nova Gradiška
Novska
Samobor
Sisak
Slavonski Brod
Zagreb
Zaprešić
Županja

Cities and towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brčko
Brod
Derventa
Modriča
Odžak
Orašje
Šamac

Cities and towns in Serbia
Belgrade
Šabac
Sremska Mitrovica

See also
 Brod-Posavina county
 Posavina Canton
 International Sava River Basin Commission

References

Sources

External links
 Hrvatska enciklopedija: Posavina
 Slavonska Posavina

Regions of Croatia
Regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geographical regions of Serbia
Slavonia
Fields of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Posavina


Laura Duke Condominas (also known as Laura Duke), born in Boston in April 1951, is the daughter of French-American artist and film-maker Niki de Saint-Phalle and American novelist Harry Mathews. As an actress, she is most notable for her portrayal of Guinevere in Robert Bresson's film Lancelot du lac (1974).

She grew up in France in the artistic and film-making milieu of her mother, who was struggling with mental distress. Her parents separated by mutual agreement in 1960, and she and her brother Philip went to live with her father.

She married Laurent Condominas, a model and photographer linked to the "Zanzibar Films" collective of avant garde French film-makers, also known as the "Dandies of May 1968". The group were financed until 1970 by Sylvina Boissonnas, a French heiress with an interest in film production. Laurent appeared in Patrick Deval's film Acéphale (Headless) (1969) which followed a young man wandering through the aftermath of the 1968 Paris protests. A daughter, Bloum (now known as Bloum Cardenas), was born to the couple in 1971 in Bali, Indonesia.

Bresson had been planning a film of the grail legend for a long period. His original choice to play Guenièvre (Guinevere) 20 years previously had been Niki de Saint Phalle, Laura's mother, but the project had been delayed again and again. His final selection of Laura came about by chance when he came across a photograph of the daughter with no prior information about who she was or that she was in fact the direct descendant of his first choice. Lancelot du lac was filmed from the end of June to the start of September 1973 in Noirmoutier-en-l'Île in the Vendée, and first screened at Cannes in May 1974. Laura Duke later appeared in her mother's film Un rêve plus long que la nuit (1976) with Laurent, and a minor part in La Nuit porte-jarretelles (1985) a film by Virginie Thévenet.

In 2008-2009, Duke hosted several key production meetings for the full-dome panoramic film Maya Skies.  During this time, she began to develop The Curved Blackboard, a STEAM arts immersion outreach program, intended to benefit at-risk youth in the San Francisco Bay Area.

During 2015-2017, The Curved Blackboard held its first two years of classes as part of the Berkeley Unified School District, under Laura's direction.  The project was funded by the UC Berkeley Chancellor's Community Partnership Fund and the Berkeley Unified School District BALSA APEX program. The Curved Blackboard was included in the BALSA APEX showcase May 9, 2016.

In the 2017-2018 school year, The Curved Blackboard received funding from the BUSD Strategic Impact Grants for a series of after-school programs combining art, science and practical making.

Duke works as a cultural designer in Oakland, California.

References

External links

1951 births
French film actresses
Living people
Actresses from Boston
French people of American descent
20th-century French actresses

Laura Duke Condominas


Ashtapadis or Ashtapadi refers to the Sanskrit hymns of the Gita Govinda, composed by Jayadeva in the 12th century. The ashtapadis, which describe the beauty of Lord Krishna and the love between Krishna and the gopis, are considered a masterpiece in esoteric spirituality and the theme of 'Divine romance'. The literal meaning of ashtapathi, 'eight-steps', refers to the fact that each hymn is made of eight couplets (eight sets of two lines). It is also the source of the word ashtāpada, an Indian board game, the forerunner of chess. Although the original tunes of the ashtapadis were lost in history, they remain popular and are widely sung in a variety of tunes, and used in classical dance performances, across India. Ashtapadis are regularly performed at Kerala temples in the accompaniment of an idakka; a genre of music called sopana sangeetham.

The lyrical poetry of the Gita Govinda is divided into twelve chapters, each of which is sub-divided into twenty four divisions called Prabandha. The Prabandhas contain couplets grouped into eights, called ashtapadis.
Melody type
Rasa (aesthetics)
Works of Jayadeva

List of Ashtapadis
Today, the ashtapadis are sung in a variety of tunes and the list below is just a sample of some of the raga scales used. The original tunes of the ashtapadis are unknown and likely lost in history.

 1. pralaya payodhi jale (jaya jagadisha hare) - Sowrashtram
 2. shrita kamalā kucha-mandala (jaya jaya deva hare) - Bhairavi
 3. lalita lavanga-latā parishilana (viharati harir-iha) - Huseni / Vasantha
 4. chandana charchita nila kalevara - Panthuvarali
 5. sancharad-adhara sudhā madhura (rāse harim-iha) - Thodi
 6. nibhruta nikunja gruham - Kambhoji
 7. mām iyam chalitā vilokya - Bhupalam
 8. nindati chandanam indu-kirañam (sā virahe tava dinā) - Sowrashtram (also Dwijavanthi)
 9. stana-vinihitam api hāram udāram - Bilahari
10. vahati malaya samire (tava virahe vanamāli) - Anandabhairavi
11. rati-sukha-sāre gatam abhisāre (dhira samire yamunā tire) - Kedaragowla or Pahadi
12. pashyati dishi dishi (nātha hare) - Sankarabharanam
13. kathita samayepi - Ahiri
14. smara-samaro-chita virachita veshā - Saranga
15. samudita madane ramañi vadane - Saveri
16. anila tarala kuvalaya nayanena  - Punnagavarali
17. rajani janita guru-jāgara (yāhi mādhava yāhi keshava mā vada) - Arabhi
18. harir-abhisarati vahati - Yadukulakamboji
19. vadasi yadi kinchid-api (priye chārushile muncha) - Mukhaari
20. virachita chātu-vachana rachanam - Kalyani
21. manju-tara kunja tala keli sadane (vilasa) -     Ghanta
22. rādhā vadana vilokana             -    Madhyamavati
23. kishalaya shayana tale       -     Nadhanamakriya
24. kuru yadu-nandana (nijagāda sā) -     Suruti / Chakravaham

References

External links

 www.odia.org Oriya (Odia) Gita Govinda
 http://www.sangeetasudha.org/jayadeva/index.html
 https://gitagovinda.wordpress.com/
 lyrics of ashtapathi
 Jayadeva Ashtapathi/Geetha Govindam Lyrics in Carnatic/Bhajanais

Carnatic music
Jayadeva

lt:Gitagovinda

Ashtapadi


MacTerminal was the first telecommunications and terminal emulation application software program available for the classic Mac OS. MacTerminal enabled users to connect via modem or serial port to bulletin board systems and online services (e.g., The Source, CompuServe), and to other computers. MacTerminal was capable of emulating the DEC VT100 and other computer terminals.

Apple Computer began retailing MacTerminal in July 1984 following the launch of the Macintosh 128K (the first Apple Macintosh) in January. Although MacTerminal was compatible with the original 128K model using Apple's optional 300 or 1200 bit/s external modem designed for the Apple II, MacTerminal was not available for general release at the 128K's launch date. Apple began bundling MacTerminal with later Macintosh models.

When Apple Computer, Inc. spawned Claris in 1987 as its application software division, Claris continued development of most of Apple's major applications, but development of MacTerminal ceased. However, similar functionality was rolled into ClarisWorks' terminal program.

See also
MacDraw
MacPaint
MacWrite
Terminal (macOS)

Classic Mac OS-only software made by Apple Inc.
Terminal emulators
Discontinued software

MacTerminal


The lithium iron phosphate battery ( battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of lithium-ion battery using  lithium iron phosphate () as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode.
Because of their lower cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power. LFP batteries are cobalt-free. As of September 2022, LFP type battery market share for EVs reached 31%, and of that, 68% was from Tesla and Chinese EV maker BYD production alone. Chinese manufacturers currently hold a near monopoly of LFP battery type production. With patents having started to expire in 2022 and the increased demand for cheaper EV batteries, LFP type production is expected to rise further and surpass lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) type batteries in 2028.

The energy density of LFP batteries is lower than that of other common lithium ion battery types such as nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA). The energy density of CATL's LFP battery is currently 125 Watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) and up to possibly 160 Wh/kg with improved packing technology. BYD's LFP battery energy density is 150 Wh/kg. The best NMC batteries exhibit energy densities of over 300 Wh/kg. Notably, the energy density of Panasonic's "2170" NCA batteries used in Tesla's 2020 Model 3 is around 260 Wh/kg, which is 70% of its "pure chemicals" value. LFP batteries also exhibit a lower operating voltage than other lithium-ion battery types.

History

 is a natural mineral of the olivine family (triphylite). Arumugam Manthiram and John B. Goodenough first identified the polyanion class of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.  was then identified as a cathode material belonging to the polyanion class for use in batteries in 1996 by Padhi et al. Reversible extraction of lithium from  and insertion of lithium into  was demonstrated. Because of its low cost, non-toxicity, the natural abundance of iron, its excellent thermal stability, safety characteristics, electrochemical performance, and specific capacity (170 mA·h/g, or 610 C/g) it has gained considerable market acceptance.

The chief barrier to commercialization was its intrinsically low electrical conductivity. This problem was overcome by reducing the particle size, coating the  particles with conductive materials such as carbon nanotubes, or both. This approach was developed by Michel Armand and his coworkers at the University of Montreal, and patented by Hydro-Québec.
 Another approach by Yet Ming Chiang's group consisted of doping LFP with cations of materials such as aluminium, niobium, and zirconium.

Negative electrodes (anode, on discharge) made of petroleum coke were used in early lithium-ion batteries; later types used natural or synthetic graphite.

Specifications

 Cell voltage
 Minimum discharge voltage = 2.0-2.8 V
 Working voltage =
 Maximum charge voltage = 3.60-3.65 V
 Volumetric energy density = 220 Wh/L (790 kJ/L)
 Gravimetric energy density > 90 Wh/kg (> 320 J/g). Up to 160 Wh/kg (580 J/g).
 Cycle life from 2,700 to more than 10,000 cycles depending on conditions.

Comparison with other battery types

The LFP battery uses a lithium-ion-derived chemistry and shares many advantages and disadvantages with other lithium-ion battery chemistries. However, there are significant differences.

Resource availability
Iron and phosphates are very common in the Earth's crust. LFP contains neither nickel nor cobalt, both of which are supply-constrained and expensive. As with lithium, human rights and environmental concerns have been raised concerning the use of cobalt. Environmental concerns have also been raised regarding the extraction of nickel.

Cost
In 2020, the lowest reported LFP cell prices were $80/kWh (12.5Wh/$) .

A 2020 report published by the Department of Energy compared the costs of large scale energy storage systems built with LFP vs NMC.  It found that the cost per kWh of LFP batteries was about 6% less than NMC, and it projected that the LFP cells would last about 67% longer (more cycles). Because of differences between the cell's characteristics, the cost of some other components of the storage system would be somewhat higher for LFP, but in balance it still remains less costly per kWh than NMC.

Better aging and cycle-life characteristics
LFP chemistry offers a considerably longer cycle life than other lithium-ion chemistries. Under most conditions it supports more than 3,000 cycles, and under optimal conditions it supports more than 10,000 cycles. NMC batteries support about 1,000 to 2,300 cycles, depending on conditions.

LFP cells experience a slower rate of capacity loss (a.k.a. greater calendar-life) than lithium-ion battery chemistries such as cobalt () or manganese spinel () lithium-ion polymer batteries (LiPo battery) or lithium-ion batteries.

Viable alternative to lead-acid batteries
Because of the nominal 3.2 V output, four cells can be placed in series for a nominal voltage of 12.8 V. This comes close to the nominal voltage of six-cell lead-acid batteries. Along with the good safety characteristics of LFP batteries, this makes LFP a good potential replacement for lead-acid batteries in applications such as automotive and solar applications, provided the charging systems are adapted not to damage the LFP cells through excessive charging voltages (beyond 3.6 volts DC per cell while under charge), temperature-based voltage compensation, equalisation attempts or continuous trickle charging. The LFP cells must be at least balanced initially before the pack is assembled and a protection system also needs to be implemented to ensure no cell can be discharged below a voltage of 2.5 V or severe damage will occur in most instances, due to irreversible deintercalation of LiFePO4 into FePO4.

Safety
One important advantage over other lithium-ion chemistries is thermal and chemical stability, which improves battery safety.  is an intrinsically safer cathode material than  and manganese dioxide spinels through omission of the cobalt, whose negative temperature coefficient of resistance can encourage thermal runaway. The P–O bond in the  ion is stronger than the Co–O bond in the  ion, so that when abused (short-circuited, overheated, etc.), the oxygen atoms are released more slowly.  This stabilization of the redox energies also promotes faster ion migration.

As lithium migrates out of the cathode in a  cell, the  undergoes non-linear expansion that affects the structural integrity of the cell. The fully lithiated and unlithiated states of  are structurally similar which means that  cells are more structurally stable than  cells.

No lithium remains in the cathode of a fully charged LFP cell. In a  cell, approximately 50% remains.  is highly resilient during oxygen loss, which typically results in an exothermic reaction in other lithium cells. As a result,  cells are harder to ignite in the event of mishandling (especially during charge). The  battery does not decompose at high temperatures.

Lower energy density
The energy density (energy/volume) of a new LFP battery is some 14% lower than that of a new  battery.   Since discharge rate is a percentage of battery capacity, a higher rate can be achieved by using a larger battery (more ampere hours) if low-current batteries must be used.

Uses

Home energy storage
Enphase pioneered LFP along with SunFusion Energy Systems LifePO4 Ultra-Safe ECHO 2.0 and Guardian E2.0  home or business energy storage batteries for reasons of cost and fire safety, although the market remains split among competing chemistries. Though lower energy density compared to other lithium chemistries adds mass and volume, both may be more tolerable in a static application. In 2021, there were several suppliers to the home end user market, including SonnenBatterie and Enphase. Tesla Motors continues to use NMC batteries in its home energy storage products, but in 2021 switched to LFP for its utility-scale battery product. According to EnergySage the most frequently quoted home energy storage battery brand in the U.S. is Enphase, which in 2021 surpassed Tesla Motors and LG.

Vehicles
Higher discharge rates needed for acceleration, lower weight and longer life makes this battery type ideal for forklifts, bicycles and electric cars. 12 V LiFePO4 batteries are also gaining popularity as a second (house) battery for a caravan, motor-home or boat.

Tesla Motors uses LFP batteries in all standard-range Models 3 and Y made after October 2021 except for standard-range vehicles made with 4680 cells starting in 2022, which use an NMC chemistry.

As of September 2022, LFP batteries had increased its market share of the entire EV battery market to 31%. Of those, 68% were deployed by two companies, Tesla and BYD.

Lithium iron phosphate batteries officially surpassed ternary batteries in 2021 with 52% of installed capacity. Analysts estimate that its market share will exceed 60% in 2024.

In February 2023, Ford announced that it will be investing $3.5 billion to build a factory in Michigan that will produce low-cost batteries for some of its electric vehicles. The project will be fully owned by a Ford subsidiary, but will use technology licensed from Chinese battery company Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL).

Solar-powered lighting systems
Single "14500" (AA battery–sized) LFP cells are now used in some solar-powered landscape lighting instead of 1.2 V NiCd/NiMH.

LFP's higher (3.2 V) working voltage lets a single cell drive an LED without circuitry to step up the voltage. Its increased tolerance to modest overcharging (compared to other Li cell types) means that  can be connected to photovoltaic cells without circuitry to halt the recharge cycle.

By 2013, better solar-charged passive infrared motion detector security lamps emerged. As AA-sized LFP cells have a capacity of only 600 mAh (while the lamp's bright LED may draw 60 mA), the units shine for at most 10 hours.  However, if triggering is only occasional, such units may be satisfactory even charging in low sunlight, as lamp electronics ensure after-dark "idle" currents of under 1 mA.

Other uses
Some electronic cigarettes use these types of batteries. Other applications include marine electrical systems and propulsion, flashlights, radio-controlled models, portable motor-driven equipment, amateur radio equipment, industrial sensor systems and emergency lighting.

A recent modification discussed here  is to replace the potentially unstable separator with a more stable material. Recent discoveries found that LiFePO4 and to an extent Li-ion can degrade due to heat, when test cells were taken apart a brick red compound had formed that when analyzed suggesting that molecular breakdown of the previously believed stable separator was a common failure mode. In this case, the side reactions gradually consume Li ions trapping them in stable compounds so they can't be shuttled.
Also three electrode batteries that permit external devices to detect internal shorts forming are a potential near term solution to the dendrite issue.

See also

 List of battery types
 List of battery sizes
 List of electric-vehicle-battery manufacturers
 Comparison of commercial battery types
 Nanowire battery
 Phosphate
 Power-to-weight ratio
 Solid-state battery
 Super-iron battery
 Blade battery

References

Lithium-ion batteries
Phosphates
Vanadium

ja:リチウムイオン二次電池#リン酸鉄リチウムイオン電池

Lithium iron phosphate battery


An air navigation service provider (ANSP) is a public or a private legal entity providing Air Navigation Services.   It manages air traffic on behalf of a company, region or country. Depending on the specific mandate an ANSP provides one or more of the following services to airspace users
 Air Traffic Management (ATM)
 Communication navigation and surveillance systems (CNS)
 Meteorological service for air navigation (MET)
 Search and rescue (SAR)
 Aeronautical information services/aeronautical information management (AIS/AIM).
These services are provided to air traffic during all phases of operations (approach, aerodrome and en-route).

Air navigation service providers are either government departments, state-owned companies, or privatised organisations. The majority of the world's Air Navigation Service Providers are members of the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation located at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.

List of providers

See also
 List of CANSO members
 List of civil aviation authorities
 E-Learning Developers' Community of Practice

References

External links
CANSO Members

Air traffic control

Air navigation service provider


Dr. Crow is a studio album by Mick Farren and friends released in 2002 under the name The Deviants.

The album was recorded with longtime friends and collaborators Andy Colquhoun and Jack Lancaster and featured Wayne Kramer's backing band. Former Motörhead drummer Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor guests on one track.

The 2004 release on the Japanese label Captain Trip Records differs slightly, as it adds two tracks (covers of "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance") and uses a different running order and artwork (the latter still featuring the Dr. Crow character drawn by Edward Barker).

Track listing
"When Dr. Crow Turns on the Radio"
"You're Gonna Need Somebody on your Bond"
"The Murdering Officer"
"Sold to Babylon"
"Taste the Blue"
"Song of the Hired Guns"
"Diabolo's Cadillac"
"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David)
"Bela Lugosi 2002"
"A Long Dry Season"
"What Do You Want?"

Personnel
Mick Farren – vocals
Andy Colquhoun – guitar, bass, keyboards, vocals
Jack Lancaster – tenor and soprano saxophone
Doug Lunn – bass
Ric Parnell – drums
Michael Simmons – vocals
Johnette Napolitano – vocal duet on "You're Gonna Need Somebody on Your Bond"
The Deviettes (Johnette Napolitano, Carol Phillips, Blare N. Bitch) – vocals
Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor – drums on "A Long Dry Season"

References

The Deviants (band) albums
2002 albums
Track Records albums

Dr. Crow


A Djucu (pronounced joo-ko) is a brown and black nut that comes from the sea. On the Dutch island of Curaçao, it is considered a "lucky stone" that washes up on the shores of Curaçao and Venezuela.

These "stones" get very warm when rubbed. They are said to bring luck and wellness and are common good luck charms in gambling.

The Djucu is very popular in Aruba where it is used to make jewellery and is considered essential when gambling in many of Aruba's casinos. In Aruba, many people have their Djucus set in gold and put on a chain for good luck.

References

Superstitions of the Americas
Aruban culture
Curaçao culture
Amulets
Jewellery making
Edible nuts and seeds

Djucu


The Treaty of Bucharest (; ; ; ) was concluded on 10 August 1913, by the delegates of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. The Treaty was concluded in the aftermath of the Second Balkan War and amended the previous Treaty of London, which ended the First Balkan War. About one month later, the Bulgarians signed a separate border treaty (the Treaty of Constantinople) with the Ottomans, who had regained some territory west of the Enos-Midia Line during the second war.

Background

Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its gains in the First Balkan War, and especially with Greek and Serbian gains in Macedonia, launched an attack on its former allies in June 1913. The attacks were driven back, and the Greek and Serbian armies invaded Bulgarian-held territory in return. At the same time, the Ottomans advanced into Eastern Thrace and retook Adrianople, while Romania used the opportunity to invade Bulgaria from the north and advance against little opposition to within a short distance of the Bulgarian capital, Sofia. Isolated and surrounded by a more powerful coalition of opponents, Bulgaria was forced to agree to a truce and to peace negotiations to be held in the Romanian capital, Bucharest.

All important arrangements and concessions involving the rectification of the controverted international boundary lines were perfected in a series of committee meetings, incorporated in separate protocols, and formally ratified by subsequent action of the general assembly of delegates. Although the Ottomans had also participated in the Second Balkan War, they were not represented at this treaty. Instead, bilateral treaties were later concluded with Bulgaria (Treaty of Constantinople) and Greece (Treaty of Athens).

Gains in territory

Serbia
The eastern frontier of Serbia was drawn from the summit of Patarika, on the old frontier, and followed the watershed between the Vardar and the Struma rivers to the Greek-Bulgarian boundary, except that the upper valley of the Strumica remained in the possession of Bulgaria. The territory thus obtained by Serbia engulfed central Vardar Macedonia, including "Ochrida, Monastir, Kosovo, Istib, and Kotchana, and the eastern half of the Sanjak of Novi-Pazar". These territories would today include Novi Pazar in Serbia, the disputed territory of Kosovo, and Ohrid, Štip, Kočani and Bitola in present-day North Macedonia. By this arrangement, Serbia increased its territory from  and its population by more than 1.5 million.

Greece
The boundary line separating Greece from Bulgaria was drawn from the crest of Belasica to the mouth of the Mesta (Nestos), on the Aegean Sea. This important territorial concession, which Bulgaria resolutely contested, in compliance with the instructions embraced in the notes which the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary presented to the conference, increased the area of Greece from  and its population from 2,660,000 to 4,363,000.

The territory thus gained included large parts of Epirus and Macedonia, including Thessaloniki. The Greek-Bulgarian border was moved eastwards to beyond Kavala, thus restricting the Aegean seaboard of Bulgaria to an inconsiderable extent of 110 km, with only Dedeagach (modern Alexandroupoli) as a seaport. Within this region was also Florina. In addition, Crete was definitively assigned to Greece and was formally taken over on 14 December that year.

Bulgaria

Bulgaria's share of the spoils, although greatly reduced, was not entirely negligible. Its net gains in territory, which embraced a portion of Macedonia, Pirin Macedonia (or Bulgarian Macedonia), including the town of Strumica, Western Thrace, and 110 km of the Aegean littoral, were about , and its population was increased by 129,490.

In addition, Bulgaria agreed to dismantle all existing fortresses and bound itself not to construct forts at Rousse or Shumen or in any of the territory between these two cities, or within a radius of 20 kilometers around Balchik.

Romania

Bulgaria ceded to Romania Southern Dobruja, lying north of a line extending from the Danube just above Tutrakan (Turtucaia) to the western shore of the Black Sea, south of Ekrene (Ecrene); Southern Dobruja has an approximate area of , a population of 286,000, and includes the fortress of Silistra and the cities of Tutrakan on the Danube and Balchik (Balcic) on the Black Sea.

Montenegro
The treaty awarded the regions of Berane, Ipek and Gjakova to Montenegro.

Perception
According to Anderson and Hershey, the severe terms imposed on Bulgaria contrasted the ambitions of its government upon the entry into the Balkan War: the territory eventually gained was relatively circumscribed; Bulgaria had failed to gain Macedonia, which, with its large population of ethnic Bulgarians, was Sofia's avowed purpose in entering the war, and especially the districts of Ohrid and Bitola, which had been a main demand. With only a small outlet to the Aegean around the minor port of Dedeagach, the country had to abandon its project of Balkan hegemony.

According to Anderson and Hershey, Greece, though a winner and triumphant after the acquisition of Thessaloniki and most of Macedonia up to and including the port of Kavala, still had outstanding issues. Italy was opposed to Greek claims to Northern Epirus, and controlled the Greek-inhabited Dodecanese islands. In addition, the status quo of the islands of the Northeastern Aegean, which Greece had taken from the Ottomans, remained undetermined until February 1914, when the Great Powers recognized Greek sovereignty over them. Tensions with the Ottomans remained high, however, in the face of persecutions of Anatolian Greeks, leading to a crisis and a naval race in summer 1914 that was stopped only by the outbreak of World War I. At the end of the war, Greece still had claims to territories inhabited, at the time, by some 3 million Greeks.

Rise of Romania as a regional power
Following the Second Balkan War, in which Romania's intervention proved decisive, and the subsequent 1913 Treaty of Bucharest, Romania's dominant position in Southeastern Europe was confirmed. Romania also gained Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria. Romania also raised the question of the Balkan Vlachs, whom it considered its compatriots. Too distant to be annexed, however, Romania took Southern Dobruja as compensation. Romania was the strongest nation in the Balkans, and thus it believed that it had to acquire territory, given that its neighbors were being aggrandized. Romania's argument that it had turned the scales of the war was accepted without serious objections, due in part to Bulgaria's attitude not attracting much compassion. Despite not annexing the areas inhabited by Balkan Vlachs, Romania nevertheless obtained protection of the schools and churches of the Vlachs in the other Balkan states. Thus, Romania was the only Balkan country to obtain guarantees from all three of its neighbors, which pledged to recognize its interest in, and respect the autonomy of the Balkan Vlachs. The status of the Vlachs in Bulgarian territories was settled on 4 August, in Greek territories on 5 August and in Serbian territories between 5 and 7 August. The 1913 Treaty of Bucharest itself was signed on 10 August. One notable aspect of this treaty was the lack of any real involvement from the European Great Powers. The Balkan states hurried to settle their differences before the Great Powers could again intervene in their affairs. That's not to say, however, that the treaty went unnoticed, but the reactions among the Great Powers were mixed: there were rumblings from the capitals of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia, while the British and the French rejoiced in the "coming of age" of the Balkan states. The Great Powers did not revise the treaty. Overall, the six Powers of the Concert of Europe had proved themselves to be rather helpless in Balkan crises. They had been unable to prevent the wars and subsequently could not ignore their results. The idea of revising the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest had to be abandoned.

Subsequently, in 1914, Romania managed to impose its candidate for the throne of the Principality of Albania and support his reign by deploying military forces up to a battalion in strength. Romania's brief stint as a significant power thus started with the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest, but ended in October 1916. Having joined the First World War on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916, Romania launched an invasion of Transylvania. However, by 16 October, Transylvania had been cleared of Romanian troops. One week later, on 23 October, Romania's chief seaport was captured by the Central Powers.

References

Sources

Further reading

Austria-Hungary in World War I
20th century in Bucharest
History of Greece (1909–1924)
Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
1913 in Bulgaria
1913 in Greece
1913 in Romania
Vardar Macedonia (1912–1918)
Treaties concluded in 1913
Treaties involving territorial changes
Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
Peace treaties of Romania
Treaties of the Kingdom of Bulgaria
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of the Kingdom of Serbia
Treaties of the Kingdom of Montenegro
Peace treaties of Bulgaria
Second Balkan War
Bulgaria–Romania relations
Bulgaria–Greece relations
Greece–Serbia relations
Montenegro–Serbia relations
Diplomatic conferences in Romania
Peace treaties of Serbia
Peace treaties of Greece
Greece–Romania relations
1913 in Serbia
August 1913 events
20th-century military history of Montenegro
Territorial evolution of Romania
Bulgaria–Serbia relations

Treaty of Bucharest (1913)


John Romonosky (July 7, 1929 – October 2, 2011) was an American professional baseball player. A ,  right-handed pitcher, he played parts of three seasons in Major League Baseball, appearing in 32 games for the 1953 St. Louis Cardinals and the 1958–59 Washington Senators. His minor league baseball career spanned 13 seasons between 1949 and 1961.

After his first recall from the minor leagues, Romonosky started two games for the Cardinals at the end of the 1953 campaign, earning no decisions. In fact, in his Major League debut against the Milwaukee Braves, the second game of a Sunday doubleheader at County Stadium, the game ended in a 3–3 tie after eight innings of play.  Romonosky allowed three earned runs and seven hits in six innings, with two bases on balls and three strikeouts.

Sent back to the minors by St. Louis for the 1954 season, Romonosky didn't return to the majors until July 1958 as a member of the Senators. He started five games during that month, but won only one game (losing the other four) and he worked out of the bullpen for the remainder of the 1958 campaign, appearing in 18 total MLB games. He began the next season with Washington, and worked in 12 more contests, two as a starter. He posted a career-best 3.29 earned run average that season, but did not pitch in a big-league game after July 27 and spent part of the season with the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts. However, in his final Major League game in September 1959, he pinch-ran for Senators' slugger Roy Sievers in the eighth inning and scored the winning run in a 5–4 win over the Cleveland Indians at Griffith Stadium.

All told, Romonosky yielded 97 hits and 51 bases on balls in 101⅓ major league innings, with 63 strikeouts.

References

External links

1929 births
2011 deaths
Allentown Cardinals players
Amarillo Gold Sox players
Baseball players from Illinois
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Columbus Red Birds players
Fresno Cardinals players
Houston Buffaloes players
Lynchburg Cardinals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Nashville Vols players
People from Harrisburg, Illinois
Pocatello Cardinals players
Portsmouth-Norfolk Tides players
Richmond Virginians (minor league) players
St. Louis Cardinals players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Winston-Salem Cardinals players
People from Groveport, Ohio
Sportspeople from Franklin County, Ohio
American expatriate baseball players in Cuba
Almendares (baseball) players

John Romonosky


Highlands is a heritage-listed private residence located at 9 Highlands Avenue, Wahroonga in the Hornsby Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Horbury Hunt and built from 1890 to 1893. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
The Highlands was built for Alfred James Hordern, a retail merchant, and his wife, Caroline. During the construction of Highlands the couple lived in a small cottage close to the construction site. It was in this cottage that their first son was born, Alfred Roy. Their second son, Bruce Alexander, was born six years later.

Alfred (1859–1932) married Caroline Doig (1870–1938) in 1890. Caroline was the daughter of Alexander, a planter in Levaka, Fiji, where she was born. Plans for Highlands would have already been drawn up or the house may already have been under construction. Caroline obviously had a hand in the plans. Lesley Horden said of Alfred that "There is nothing in his letters to suggest he had the aestheticism or the spirit of innovation which would move him to commission such an architect. He was not a man to take risks or flout convention, and the robust and distinctive style of this house... bears little relation to his nervous personality." Caroline, however, is described as an artistic and well-educated woman, attributes reflected in Highlands. Other evidence of her influence of the plans is the second kitchen, located next to the household kitchen, which allowed her to "indulge in a culinary orgy." For Caroline, cooking was a creative outlet and was not for the purpose of feeding her family. Once her masterpieces had been formed they were given to local hospitals to feed patients.

The garden was also created and maintained by Caroline, with the help of up to 14 gardeners. The original garden, how much modified, featured colour. Of note was the gravel driveway bordered by hydrangeas, in 1931 the garden was said to contain 100 varieties. Another feature was a  bed of lily-of-the-valley. The garden was not just ornamental, there were extensive kitchen garden beds and, in 1903, Caroline had a grape house constructed. She was also an avid collector and would bring back exotics from her travels in the Pacific Islands and Europe. This had its down side, it is said she introduced a weed of the Oxalidaceace family to Australia.

The Alfred junior and Bruce may not have maintained the house as when it was purchased by Mr and Mrs Norman Jones in 1948 it was in a dilapidated state. The Jones replaced the shingle roof with concrete tiles in the 1960s as part of the restoration.

Description
This distinctive two-storey house comprises two conjoining components. The prominent part is the house proper, the kitchen wing sits a separate pyramidal roof. The separation of these two functional centres was advanced for its time. Both roofs were originally shingled, like the walls. The wall shingles curve out over verandahs and openings, to shed water away from the walls. This is a feature of several of Hunt's Shingle Style houses. The verandahs are supported by massive timber posts, minimally decorated. The verandahs are recessed under the eves, another design element commonly used by Hunt.

Internally, a small stair hall opens into the sitting room on the right and the drawing room on the left. The drawing room was formerly a dining room. Behind the hall was originally Mrs. Hordern's kitchen, but has since been converted into the dining room.

The bedrooms on the second floor open off the stairwell, with the verandah facing north off the main bedroom.

Extensive alterations have been made to the kitchen wing. This wing contains a feature not seen in Hunt's other houses - a wide half-glass door. Reynolds and Hughes describe "the structural brace is treated as a glazing member, to which the normal glazing bars are subservient."

The chimney stack is another unusual feature, "a tall, buttressed slab of brickwork which appears almost freestanding." Externally, the original roof shingles have been replaced by grey roof tiles.

The main framing, including window openings is of NSW hardwood, while the window sashes and doors are cedar.

The house was originally situated on , but subdivisions have left it on a substantially smaller allotment, with the rear of the house to the street.

The garden, although significantly altered, contains a notable period Hoop Pine and provides a sympathetic setting to the house.

Heritage listing
As at 20 September 2006, Highlands was a fine example of John Horbury Hunt's interpretation of the Shingle Style. The house displays many of the elements common to Hunt's Shingle Style houses, including recessed verandahs and sweeping skirts to deposit water well away from the walls. In contrast to these common elements, Highlands also displays several unusual features, a half-glass door and distinctive chimney stack being the most prominent.

Highlands is significant as evidence of women shaping architecture. Mrs Caroline Hordern was a keen cook and the two-storey kitchen wing was heavily influenced by her. The landscaping was also of her creation and Mrs. Horden introduced many exotics from the Pacific Islands to adorn the garden.

Highlands was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

Highlands is representative of John Horbury Hunt's interpretation of the Shingle Style. While each of Hunt's houses has distinctive elements, Highlands displays features common to his Shingle Style houses, namely recessed verandahs and shingles sweeping away from openings to carry water away.

Highlands is currently the only Shingle Style house of this scale on the State Heritage Register.

See also

Australian residential architectural styles

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Hornsby Shire
Houses in Wahroonga, New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
John Horbury Hunt buildings
1893 establishments in Australia
Houses completed in 1893
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Buildings and structures completed in 1893
Horden family

Highlands, Wahroonga