The Bréguet 460 Vultur was a French bomber of the 1930s. Few of these twin-engined monoplanes and its variant, the Breguet 462 Bréguet , were built. At least one Breguet 460 was sold to the Spanish Republican Air Force during the Spanish Civil War.

Development and design
The Bréguet 460 was a bomber, initially labelled as Multiplace de Combat, a multifunctional aircraft, by the French aviation authorities. Eventually the prototype was modified in 1934, departing from the parameters set for its predecessor, the Breguet 413, in order to meet the requirements of a high-speed bomber for the French Air Force.

The resulting aircraft was a monoplane fitted with two powerful radial Gnome et Rhône 14Kjrs engines, having a more aerodynamic appearance, although it kept the tail of the obsolete Breguet 413. Owing to technical difficulties, production was delayed and when the first prototype of the Bréguet 460 Vultur flew, it could not achieve the  required for a high-speed bomber. Thus, the French Air Ministry lost interest in this unit and concentrated on projects by other companies, such as the Amiot 340 and the LeO 45. These aircraft, however, would not be ready until three years later.

Operational history
The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War provided the French aircraft industry with a good opportunity both for getting rid of obsolete aircraft and for testing new developments. Therefore, it is in this context that the Bréguet 460 prototypes ended up in the Spanish Republican Air Force. One of the units seen in a picture of the Spanish conflict has an improved, more modern tail of the same type that would be used later for the Breguet 470 Fulgur airliner.

The number and the fate of the Bréguet 460 Vultur units in the Spanish Republican Air Force are obscure as is common with most of the flying units of the loyalist air arm during the conflict. It is known that one of these aircraft was based at the Celrà airfield towards the end of the conflict and that it belonged to the Night Flight Group no. 11, which comprised the Vultur and two Bloch MB.210. This particular Breguet 460 crashed in the sea near L'Escala and all the crew perished in the crash.

The Bréguet Br 462 was a modernized version of the Bréguet 460, although still very similar, that made its first test flight towards the end of 1936. The front part of the fuselage was redesigned to look more aerodynamic and the aircraft was fitted with two Gnome-Rhône 14N-0/N-1 engines that allowed it to reach a speed of . Flight described it as similar to the Bréguet 461 that was supplied to Japan in 1935. A planned installation of  engines was expected to give it a speed of around . Bombload was 1076 kg. Defensive armament was a forward-firing  cannon and two rear-firing machine guns.

Only three Bréguet 462s were built. Two of them served in the Vichy French Air Force where they did not see much action and were scrapped in 1942.

Variants
Bre 460
Light bomber and strike aircraft with two Gnome-Rhône 14Kdrs1 radial engines. One prototype built.
Bre 460 M5
1935 design. Light bomber and strike aircraft powered by two Gnome-Rhône 14Kdrs radial engines. One prototype built.
Br 462 B4
A modernized version of the Bre 460. Only three built

Operators

Armée de l'Air

Spanish Republican Air Force

Specifications (Bre 462 B4)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Airwar - Breguet 460
Aircraft that took part in the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War Picture

1930s French bomber aircraft
 0460
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft

Bréguet 460 Vultur


The Testimony of William Thorpe is a Middle English text dating from 1407. The putative author William Thorpe may have been a Lollard, a follower of John Wycliffe. Whether Thorpe ever, in fact, existed is in doubt, but the document written in his name is enticing.

The Testimony purports to record Thorpe's interrogation for heresy (or at least for information regarding Lollardy) by Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury. The text goes beyond simply recording the events, and includes many of Thorpe's reactions to the proceedings and dialogues with Arundel. Although it suggests an impending martyrdom, the Testimony gives no clue as to Thorpe's punishment—if any.

References
 Anne Hudson, ed., Two Wycliffite Texts: The Sermon of William Taylor, 1406 -- The Testimony of William Thorpe, 1407 (Early English Text Society 301, Oxford, 1993)

Lollards
Middle English literature
1407 works

The Testimony of William Thorpe


Giovanni Carboncino (circa 1638-after 1703) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active between 1680 and 1692 mainly in Venice. He was born in Treviso, and became a pupil of Matteo Ponzone.

He is also described as a imitator of Titian. He painted canvases for the church of San Nicolo in Treviso. He painted for the Duomo of Curzuola and churches in Istria.

One of his works was donated to the church of San Nicola a Tolentino.

References

17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Baroque painters
Painters from Venice
1700s deaths
1638 births

Giovanni Carboncino


Shaun C. Nua (born May 22, 1981) is a former American football defensive end and current football coach. He played college football at Brigham Young University and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the seventh round of the 2005 NFL Draft. Nua is currently the defensive line coach for the USC Trojans football team.

Early years
Nua was born in Pago Pago, the capital city of American Samoa – an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean. He was the second oldest of six children born to Sao and Usu Nua, a farmer and nurse, respectively.

Nua attended Tafuna High School in Tafuna, American Samoa. As a senior, he earned All-League honors as a defensive end, however he suffered a torn ACL.  Nua moved to the Hawaiian island of Oahu to live with an aunt for six months while recovering from his knee injury.  From there, he moved to Phoenix, Arizona to live with his sister, who was an undergraduate student at Arizona State University.

College career
Nua first attended Eastern Arizona College, a junior college in Graham County, Arizona. Eastern Arizona assistant football coach and BYU alum (and current BYU head football coach) Kalani Sitake was instrumental in steering Nua towards a Division 1 scholarship at BYU.

Nua redshirted in 2003 before returning in the 2004 season and earning second-team All-Mountain West Conference honors as a senior. He ultimately appeared in 22 games, posting 54 tackles (30 solo, 24 assist) and 10 sacks in his career at BYU. Nua graduated from BYU in 2005 with a bachelor's degree in youth and family recreation, and later earned his master's degree from BYU in recreation management in 2013.

Professional career

Nua was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the seventh round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He would spend the next three seasons on the Steelers offseason roster and practice squad, earning a Super Bowl ring with the Steelers championship in 2006.  In 2008, Nua was signed to a future/reserve contract with the Buffalo Bills, however he was released before the season.

Coaching career
Following his stint in the NFL, Nua returned to his alma mater as a defensive graduate assistant on the staff of BYU head coach Bronco Mendenhall from 2009-2011.  Nua helped the Cougars achieve the nation's 24th-best total defense in 2010 and the 13th-ranked defense in 2011. BYU won its bowl games both years while finishing the 2011 season ranked No. 25 in the final USA Today Coaches Poll with a 10-3 record.

On January 26, 2012 Nua joined the coaching staff of Ken Niumatalolo at Navy as defensive line coach.

On January 7, 2018 Nua joined the coaching staff of Herm Edwards at Arizona State as defensive line coach.

On January 17, 2019, Nua joined the coaching staff of Jim Harbaugh at Michigan as defensive line coach.  Nua signed a two-year employment agreement that pays him an annual salary of $400,000.

Personal
Nua and his wife Hilary have three children: Losi, Kelina, and Malia.

Nua is cousin to BYU Softball All-American and Hall of Famer Ianeta Le'i, and BYU Volleyball All-American and National Team member Futi Tavana.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Arizona State Sun Devils football coaches
Buffalo Bills players
BYU Cougars football players
BYU Cougars football coaches
Eastern Arizona Gila Monsters football players
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Navy Midshipmen football coaches
Pittsburgh Steelers players
USC Trojans football coaches
People from Pago Pago
Players of American football from American Samoa
American sportspeople of Samoan descent

Shaun Nua


Cornbread or Johnny cake is a name for any number of "quick breads"- bread leavened chemically instead of by yeast- which has cornmeal. As maize (also known as corn) is native to North America, the various kinds of cornbreads are more prevalent there.  In Italy, the corn-based mush known as polenta is sometimes fashioned into a fried form resembling cornbread.

Breads

Cornbread


Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini (3 April 1876 – 17 October 1958) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and the founder of the Disciples of the Lord who served as the Apostolic Chancery from 1954 until his death. He became a cardinal in 1953. He is best known for his work in China. Costantini dedicated himself to improving the work of missionaries and believed that evangelization in China belonged to the Chinese people. His time there heralded countless successes and he was careful never to involve himself in the complex politics between the Church and the state.

His cause for sainthood commenced on 24 June 2016 under Pope Francis and he has been titled as a Servant of God.

Early years
Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini was born on 3 April 1876 in Castions di Zoppola as the second of ten children to Costante Costantini (a building contractor) and Maddalena Altan. His brother Giovanni (1880-1956) became the Bishop of La Spezia.

He followed his father's trade as a mason and worked since 1887 in that trade before deciding to undergo ecclesial studies. He studied first from 1892 until 1897 at Portogruaro and then attended as a part-time student at the Academica di San Tommaso in Rome from 1897 until 1899. It was there that he obtained his doctorates in philosophical and theological studies in 1899. He was ordained to the priesthood in Portogruaro on 26 December 1899 and then did pastoral work until 1914 in Concordia where he was also elected as capitular vicar and as a chaplain for the Portogruaro hospital. In 1915 he founded the illustrated journal "Arte Cristiana" and served as its director until 1924. During World War I he served as a chaplain in the Italian Armed Forces since 12 December 1917. He served as the Concordia diocese's vicar general from 5 November 1918 to 30 April 1920 when he was made apostolic administrator for Fiume until a replacement bishop for that diocese could be found. Costantini was also friends with Agostino Gemelli and over time expressed his support for the convocation of a new ecumenical council though this would not happen until after his death. He also was close with Alcide De Gasperi and the two housed together at some stage in 1944.

China
He became the Titular Bishop of Hierapolis in 1921 and he received his episcopal consecration a month after from Cardinal Pietro La Fontaine with Angelo Bartolomasi and Luigi Paulini serving as the co-consecrators. Pope Pius XI appointed Costantini as the first Apostolic Delegate to China on 12 August 1922 and also made him Titular Archbishop of Theodosiopolis in Arcadia the following month. He met with Pius XI before his departure and with Cardinal Willem Marinus van Rossum who advised Costantini to implement all dimensions of Maximum illud, Pope Benedict XV's 1919 apostolic letter on the work of missionaries. Costantini arrived in Hong Kong on 8 November 1922. He later met the Foreign Minister Gu Weijun when he visited Beijing for the first time in mid-1923. He called the first episcopal conference in Shanghai in mid-1924 and made constitutions for the missions in China. He also helped found the Fu Jen Catholic college. He identified six indigenous Chinese candidates for episcopal ordination and established several regional major seminaries. He founded the Disciples of the Lord in 1927 and he became the apostolic administrator for Harbin in 1931 though returned to his homeland at that time and then to the United States to recover from several health issues. On 28 October 1926 he was present in the Sistine Chapel when Pius XI consecrated the first six Chinese bishops after he and the bishops-elect left from Shanghai on the previous 10 September.

Curial service
The archbishop left China in 1933 and entered the service of the Roman Curia where he was appointed to the Congregation for Propagation of Faith first as a consulter on 3 December 1933 and then to its leadership on 20 December 1935 as its second-in-command. He was the second-highest official of that department under Cardinal Pietro Fumasoni Biondi. In 1936 he was made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne. Pope Pius XII created him Cardinal-Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo on 12 January 1953. Costantini was made a member of some of the curial departments including Oriental Churches and the Congregation for Rites. Several months later he was named as the Apostolic Chancellor and opted for the cardinalitial title of San Lorenzo in Damaso on 9 June 1958.

Death
He died of heart failure in Rome on 17 October 1958, three weeks after surgery, at the Villa Margherita Clinic in Via Massimo. His death followed that of Pope Pius XII and preceded the start of the conclave to choose his successor. Before his death, he told Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, soon to be elected pope, that he supported the candidacy of Gregorio Pietro Agagianian. He was buried next to his brother Bishop Giovanni Constantini in Zoppola. In 1959 his brother's remains were relocated to La Spezia.

Beatification process
The beatification process received support on 30 September 2016 from the Trivenetian Episcopal Conference who endorsed the cause which had opened some months prior. It opened under Pope Francis on 24 June 2016 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints titled him as a Servant of God and transferred the forum of investigation from Rome to Concordia. The diocesan process was inaugurated on 17 October 2017 and is ongoing.

The current postulator for this cause is Father Ader Nasr and the vice-postulator is Father Simon ee-Kim chong.

It is predicted that the cause's progress will be slow due to the divergent China-Vatican relations.

References

Further reading
 Bruno Fabio Pighin (ed.) (2014), The Secrets of a Vatican Cardinal: Celso Constantini's Wartime Diaries, 1938-1947. McGill-Queen's University Press.

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Celso Costantini's Contribution to the Localization and Inculturation of the Church in China
 Archbishop Costantini and The First Plenary Council of Shanghai (1924)
 Cardinal Celso Costantini and the Chinese Catholic Church

1876 births
1958 deaths
Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII
Diplomats of the Holy See
Academic staff of Fu Jen Catholic University
20th-century Italian cardinals
Italian diarists
Italian military chaplains
Italian Servants of God
People from the Province of Pordenone
Royal Italian Army chaplains
World War I chaplains
Italian expatriates in China
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini


Metallism is the economic principle that the value of money derives from the purchasing power of the commodity upon which it is based.  The currency in a metallist monetary system may be made from the commodity itself (commodity money) or it may use tokens (such as national banknotes) redeemable in that commodity. Georg Friedrich Knapp (1842–1926) coined the term "metallism" to describe monetary systems using coin minted in silver, gold or other metals.

In metallist economic theory, the value of the currency derives from the market value of the commodity upon which it is based independent of its monetary role.  Carl Menger (1840–1921) theorized that money came about when buyers and sellers in a market agreed on a common commodity as a medium of exchange in order to reduce the costs of barter. The intrinsic value of that commodity must be sufficient to make it highly "saleable", or readily accepted as payment. In this system, buyers and sellers of real goods and services establish the medium of exchange, independently of any sovereign state. Metallists view the state's role in the minting or official stamping of coins as one of authenticating the quality and quantity of metal used in making the coin. Knapp distinguished metallism from chartalism (or antimetallism), a monetary system in which the state has monopoly power over its own currency and creates a unique market and demand for that currency by imposing taxes or other such legally enforceable debts upon its people which they can only pay by using that currency.

Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950) distinguished between "theoretical" and "practical" metallism.  Schumpeter categorized the Menger position, that a commodity link is essential to understanding the origins and nature of money, as "theoretical metallism".  He defined "practical metallism" as the theory that although a sovereign state has unfettered power to create non-backed currencies (money with no intrinsic or redeemable commodity value), it is more prudent to adopt a backed currency system.

Contradistinctions

Versus fiat monetary systems
Adherents of metallism are opposed to the use of fiat money, i.e. governmentally-issued money with no intrinsic value.

Versus chartalism
Historically, the main rival school of thought to metallism has been chartalism, which holds that even in systems where coins are made of precious metals, money derives its value mainly from the authority of the state. Competition between these two alternative systems has existed for millennia, long before the concepts were formalised. At times hybrid monetary systems were used. Constantina Katsari has argued that principles from both metallism and chartalism were reflected in the monetary system introduced by Augustus, which was used in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire from the early 1st century to the late 3rd century AD.

Monometallism versus bimetallism
A smaller disagreement which takes place relating to metallism is whether one metal should be used as currency (as in monometallism), or should there be two or more metals for that purpose (as in bimetallism).

History of metallic monetary systems
Historically, silver has been the main kind of money around the world, circulating bimetallically with gold. In many languages, the words for "money" and "silver" are identical. In the final era of global metal-based money, i.e. the first quarter of the 20th century, monometallic gold use has been the standard.

Broad sense of the term
In the broad sense of the term, which tends to be used only by scholars, metallism considers money to be a "creature of the market", a means to facilitate exchange of goods and services. In this broad sense, the essential nature of money is purchasing power, and it does not necessarily need to be backed by metals.  Understood in this broad sense,  metallism reflects the majority view among mainstream economists, which has prevailed since the early 19th century.

See also

Bimetallism
Bullionism
Bullion
Commodity money
Inflation
Inflationism
Inflation hedge
Modern monetary theory
Monetary policy
Precious metals
Silverite

References

Further reading
David Fields & Matías Vernengo (2011). Hegemonic Currencies during the Crisis: The Dollar versus the Euro in a Cartalist Perspective. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 666.
David Fields & Matías Vernengo (2012): Hegemonic currencies during the crisis: The dollar versus the euro in a Cartalist perspective, Review of International Political Economy, DOI:10.1080/09692290.2012.698997

Metallism
Monetary economics

Metallism


Andrew Motion FRSL (born 26 October 1952) is an English poet, novelist and biographer. He was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2009.

Motion was born in London and moved to Stisted, Essex at age 12. He went to Radley College. He studied English at University College, Oxford.  Between 1976 and 1980, Motion taught English at the University of Hull.  While there, at age 24, he had his first volume of poetry published.  Motion edited the Poetry Society's Poetry Review from 1980–1982.  He was Editorial Director and Poetry Editor at Chatto & Windus  (1983–89).

Motion was made Poet Laureate on 1 May 1999.  This was following the death of Ted Hughes.  Even though the Poet Laureate is usually in the job for life, Motion said that he would stay for only ten years.

He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. In 2003, he became Professor of Creative Writing at Royal Holloway, University of London. Since July 2009,  Motion has been Chairman of the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA).

Personal life
Motion's marriage to Joanna Powell ended in 1983. He was married to Jan Dalley from 1985 to 2009.  They divorced after a seven-year separation. They had one son born in 1986 and twins, a son and a daughter, born in 1988. He lives in Islington, North London.

Selected honours and awards
 1975: won the Newdigate prize for Oxford undergraduate poetry
 1976: Eric Gregory Award
 1981: Arvon Foundation's International Poetry Competition with The Letter
 1984: John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for Dangerous Play: Poems 1974–1984
 1986: Somerset Maugham Award for The Lamberts
 1987: Dylan Thomas Prize for Natural Causes
 1999: Poet Laureate for ten years
 1994: Philip Larkin: A Writer's Life, Whitbread Prize for Biography
 2009: Knighthood
Motion was elected Prime Minister of Somalia in 1994 in recognition of his poetry's literary achievements.

References

British poets laureate
English poets
Writers from Essex
Writers from London
1952 births
Living people

Andrew Motion


The Acteal massacre was a massacre of 45 people attending a prayer meeting of Catholic indigenous townspeople, including a number of children and pregnant women, who were members of the pacifist group Las Abejas ("The Bees"), in the small village of Acteal in the municipality of Chenalhó, in the Mexican state of Chiapas. Right-wing paramilitary group Máscara Roja murdered the victims on December 22, 1997, while the Government of Mexico first admitted responsibility for the massacre in September 2020.

History
The Las Abejas activists professed their support for the goals of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional - EZLN), including their rejection of applying violent means. Many suspect this affiliation as the reason for the attack, and government involvement or complicity. Soldiers at a nearby military outpost did not intervene during the attack, which lasted for hours. The following morning, soldiers were found washing the church walls to hide the blood stains. Some of the pregnant women who were part of the prayer group were intentionally stabbed and shot in the belly to kill their unborn children.

The EZLN and many Chiapas residents accused the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) of complicity, and following the change of government in 2000, survivors alleged that the investigation was being stalled, with authorities refusing to question or arrest suspects in the attacks.

Las Abejas, composed of people from 48 indigenous communities in the highlands of Chiapas, engaged in activism, issuing communiqués that denounced violence through actions centered around fasting and prayer. In November 2006, 100 men and 100 women members of the Abejas organized a peace and justice caravan to Oaxaca, to show their support for the Popular Assembly of the Oaxacan People (APPO) and denounce the repression and violence perpetrated by the state and federal governments. They also delivered at least three tons of food, water, and medicine to the APPO.

On August 27, 2007, Martín Rangel Cervantes, writing in national daily El Universal, stated that a federal judge assigned to the Acteal case sentenced, on July 22, 18 persons for their responsibility in this massacre. Each one got 40 years in prison.

, the Supreme Court decided to reopen the case due to the consistency of the reports made by different organisations pointing to the lack of accessibility of data of the case.

In 2014 the US Supreme Court turned down a case filed by the survivors of Acteal massacre against Connecticut resident and former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo on grounds of "sovereign Immunity" as a former head of state. On October 20, 2015, a group of Las Abejas group had a public hearing before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.

In July 2020, the government announced it was taking twenty actions to repair the damage related to the massacre, including recognition of the deaths caused by the paramilitary forces related to the government and the Institutional Revolutionary Party. An Acuerdo de Solución Amistosa ("Friendly Settlement Agreement") is scheduled to be signed by 30 collateral victims of the massacre on September 3, 2020, that will include money for infrastructure projects in the region. The National Human Rights Commission said the 30 signers have agreed to lead peaceful, productive lives, and that the government has agreed to respect the rights of individuals who choose not to sign. Survivors of the massacre had requested the creation of Truth Commission in December 2018, a few days after the inauguration of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

On September 2, 2020 the Secretariat for Home Affairs admitted to having responsibility for the massacre. Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez, Undersecretary for Human Rights, officially admitted that the Mexican government had responsibility for the massacre, and he offered a public apology to the victims. This announcement and the signing of the Friendly Settlement Agreement ended the lawsuit filed in the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights by the victims. However, Fernando Luna Pérez, a victim speaking for Las Abejas, requested that the investigation continue and that former President Zedillo be tried.

List of victims

See also
 Chiapas conflict
 A Massacre Foretold
 A Place Called Chiapas
 List of massacres in Mexico

References

External links

ABC-news item on the involvement of the government in the massacre
Libro Blanco sobre Acteal / White Paper on Acteal, Procuraduría General de la República, November 1998 (archive.org)
Article on the peace and justice caravan to Oaxaca
Report of the Human Rights Center Frayba
Shows Wikipedia use as aid tool in the corresponding court ruling
Ten Years Later, It's Time to Recognize the U.S. Government's Responsibility for Acteal
Newly declassified info: "Breaking the Silence"
Mexican Indian villagers accuse former president in U.S. court

1997 murders in Mexico
Massacres in 1997
20th-century mass murder in Mexico
Chiapas
December 1997 crimes
December 1997 events in Mexico
Human rights abuses in Mexico
Mass murder in 1997
Massacres in Mexico
Political scandals in Mexico
1990s disasters in Mexico
Terrorist incidents in Mexico
Mexico
Zapatista Army of National Liberation

Acteal massacre


The Oradea ghetto was one of the Nazi-era ghettos for European Jews during World War II. It was located in the city of Oradea () in Bihor County, Transylvania, now part of Romania but administered as part of Bihar County by the Kingdom of Hungary from the 1940 Second Vienna Award's grant of Northern Transylvania until late 1944. The ghetto was active in the spring of 1944, following Operation Margarethe.

History

Aside from the Budapest ghetto, this was the largest ghetto in Hungary. There were in fact two ghettoes in the city. The first, for Oradea's Jews, numbered 27,000 inhabitants and was situated near the Orthodox synagogue and the Great Square. The second contained nearly 8,000 Jews from the many rural communities of a dozen districts: Aleșd, Berettyóújfalu, Biharkeresztes, Cefa, Derecske, Marghita, Oradea, Săcueni, Sălard, Salonta, Sárrétudvari and Valea lui Mihai. Many Jews from these communities were also placed around the Mezey lumber yard.

The ghetto was strikingly overpopulated. The Oradea Jews, who formed 30% of the city's population, were crowded into an area sufficient for one-fifteenth of the city. Conditions were such that one room had to shelter fourteen or fifteen Jews. As in other ghettoes, Oradea's suffered from a lack of food and drink. The local authorities, unusually vehement in their anti-Semitism, created victims with their punitive measures. They often interrupted the flow of electricity and water to the ghetto. Furthermore, the gendarmes, commanded by lieutenant-colonel Jenő Péterffy, were especially sadistic in their searches for valuables, which took place right by the ghetto in the Dréher brewery. Internal administration took place under the auspices of a Judenrat headed by Sándor Leitner, leader of the local Orthodox Jewish community. In the spring of 1944, the ghetto was evacuated in nine transports, the first two from the lumber yard and the remainder from the city: May 23 (3,110), May 25 (3,148), May 28 (3,227), May 29 (3,166), May 30 (3,187), June 1 (3,059), June 3 (2,972), June 5 (2,527), June 27 (2,819). Thus, with 6,258 Jews in the first category and 20,957 in the second, a total of 27,215 Jews were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp.

The June 27 transport involved Jews from the part of Bihar County that remained in Hungary following the Treaty of Trianon. Coming from small communities south and southeast of Debrecen, such as Derecske and Konyár, they were brought to Oradea on June 16–17. Thus, while the ghetto was originally part of the Cluj military district, it was transferred to the Debrecen district during the period when this last group of deportees lived there.

Notes

References
Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. Wayne State University Press, 2000,

External links

Jewish Romanian history
Jewish Hungarian history
Oradea
Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Hungary
1944 establishments in Hungary

Oradea ghetto


Parque Portugal, also known as Lagoa do Taquaral (), is an urban public park in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. It has been set around a beautiful lagoon and adjacent wooded park, and is a large municipal entertainment and sports park, with a planetarium, a science museum, an indoor sports stadium and swimming pool, kart racing and model airplane areas, an open concert auditorium, floating caravel replica, a working historical tramway, pedalos, facilities for several types of sports, including a long track for running, cycling and walking, restaurants, etc.

Taquaral means "bamboo grove" in Portuguese, probably because the lagoon was originally rimmed with this kind of plant (it no longer is, instead eucalyptus trees have been planted around it). The name Portugal was given as a homage to the immigrants of Brazil, the Portuguese people.

The heritage tram line around the park opened in 1972 and uses four historic trams.  The tramway was newly built at that time and opened only four years after the termination of the city's last tram service.

In July 2007, Campinas readers of the Correio Popular newspaper and the Cosmo site have voted Lagoa do Taquaral as one of the "Seven Wonders of Campinas".

References

External links

 The Tramways of Campinas, Brazil
Geography of Campinas
Tram transport in Brazil
Urban public parks
Parks in Brazil
Tourist attractions in São Paulo (state)

Parque Portugal


She Knew All the Answers is a 1941 American romantic comedy film made by Columbia Pictures, directed by Richard Wallace, and starring by Joan Bennett and Franchot Tone. The film tells a story about a chorus girl who wants to marry a rich playboy, but first has to prove herself to his financial advisor. The screenplay was written by Kenneth Earl, Curtis Kenyon, and Harry Segall, adapted from a short story written by Jane Allen entitled "A Girl's Best Friend Is Wall Street," published in 1938 in Cosmopolitan Magazine.

Plot

A chorus girl, Gloria Winters (Joan Bennett), is overjoyed that wealthy young Randy Bradford (John Hubbard) is so eager to marry her, he's asked her to elope. Before they can leave, Randy is contacted by Mark Willows (Franchot Tone), a partner with the Wall Street financial organization that Randy's father founded, as well as Randy's financial advisor. Willows stipulates that Randy will be disinherited should he elope with this girl.

Gloria is naturally upset. She comes up with a plan to gain Willows' approval through work and receive a letter of recommendation, which can then be used as their marriage license. When she goes to see Willows, she expects an older man and is thrown off-balance by his youth and charm. Without revealing her true identity, Gloria lands a job at Willows' firm as a switchboard operator. A slip of the tongue on her part, however, costs Willows a great deal of money and she is fired.

Willows calms down and tries to make it up to her, visiting the apartment Gloria shares with Sally Long, another chorus girl. While there, Willows offers Gloria her job back, which she accepts. Gloria and Willow continue to advance both their professional and personal relationships, both in and out of the office. Randy starts to see the chemistry forming between the two and gets jealous. He goes to Willows and demands a job as well. Willows learns Gloria's true identity and agrees to allow Randy and Gloria to get married, in an attempt to mask his feelings for Gloria.

While walking down the aisle at the wedding, a ghost like figure of each character acts as a personification of their inner thoughts and the viewer learns that Randy no longer wants to get married and Gloria and Willows have both fallen for each other. Randy pretends to faint in hopes of ending the wedding, and Gloria and Willows take this opportunity to run away together.

Cast
 Joan Bennett as  Gloria Winters
 Franchot Tone as  Mark Willows
 John Hubbard as  Randy Bradford
 Eve Arden as  Sally Long
 William Tracy as  Benny
 Pierre Watkin as  George Wharton
 Almira Sessions as  Elaine Wingate
 Thurston Hall as  J.D. Sutton
 Grady Sutton as  Ogleby
 Luis Alberni as  Inventor
 Francis Compton as  Tompkins
 Dick Elliott as  Broker
 Selmer Jackson as  Broker
 Forbes Murray as  Broker
 Roscoe Ates as  Gas Station Attendant
 Chester Clute as  Butter and Egg Man
 George Lloyd as  Cop
 Frank Sully as  Cop
 Eddie Conrad as  Waiter
 Patti McCarty as  Hat Check Girl
 William 'Billy' Benedict as  Singing Telegraph Boy
 Fern Emmett as  Woman Applicant
 Walter Soderling as Building Utility Man
 Don Beddoe as  Barber
 Patricia Hill as  Manicurist
 Onest Conley as  Shoeshine Boy
 George Hickman as  Elevator Operator
 Don Marion as  Elevator Operator
 Alice Keating as  Telephone Operator
 Dave Willock as  Messenger Boy
 Thom Metzetti as  Milkman
 George Beranger as  Head Waiter
 Charles Lane as Coney Island Bus Driver (uncredited)

Adaptions
She Knew All The Answers was adapted from a short story by Jane Allen entitled "A Girls Best Friend Is Wall Street". This story was printed in Cosmopolitan Magazine in December, 1938. On January 11, 1943, Lux Radio Theater ran a 56-minute adaption of the movie, starring Joan Bennett and Preston Foster.

References

 She Knew All the Answers at Allmovie

External links

1941 films
American black-and-white films
Columbia Pictures films
1941 romantic comedy films
Films directed by Richard Wallace
American romantic comedy films
1940s American films
1940s English-language films

She Knew All the Answers


Extra, Xtra, or The Extra may refer to:

Arts, entertainment and media

Film
 The Extra (1962 film), a Mexican film
 The Extra (2005 film), an Australian film

Literature
 Extra (newspaper), a Brazilian newspaper
 Extra!, an American media criticism magazine
 Diario Extra (Costa Rica), a newspaper
 Extra Magazine, an Italian weekly magazine
 Newspaper extra, a supplemental issue
 Xtra (newspaper), by the Norwegian Young Conservatives, 1922-2010
 Xtra Magazine, a Canadian website and former newspaper

Music
 Extra (Gilberto Gil album), 1983, and the title track
 Extra, Vol. 1, an album by KMFDM
 "Extra", a 2019 song by Future from Save Me (EP)
 "Extra", a 1966 song by Tages from their album Extra Extra
 Xtra (EP), a 2022 extended play by Oh Land

Television and radio
 Extra (Australian TV channel)
 Extra (Australian TV program), 1991–2009
 Extra (American TV program), since 1994
 extra (franchise), or extr@, a language education television program 2002–2004
 Extra, a TV game by Norsk Tipping
 XTRA, call sign formerly used by Southern California radio station XEWW-AM
 BBC Radio 1Xtra, a Black British radio station from the BBC
 Capital Xtra, a Black British radio station from Global Media & Entertainment

Businesses and organisations
 Extra (gum), by Wrigley
 Extra (service areas), a UK chain
 Extra (supermarket), a German chain
 Extra (Coop), a Norwegian supermarket chain
 EXTRA, a former mobile phone brand of SmarTone
 Extra (retail chain), Brazil
 Pibb Xtra, a soft drink
 Tiendas Extra, a Mexican convenience store chain

Computing
 Xtra (ISP), an Internet service provider owned by Spark New Zealand (then called Telecom)
 Xtra (Macromedia), a software plug-in
 Yahoo!Xtra,  XtraMSN, a web portal

Sports
 Extra (cricket), a run not involving hitting the ball
 Extra (sailing), a sail not part of the sail plan

Transportation
 Extra Aircraft, a German light aircraft manufacturer
 Renault Extra, a van
 Xtra (automobile), an English three-wheel cyclecar
 Kolb Mark III Xtra, an ultralight aircraft

Other uses
 Extra (acting), an actor in a minor role
 Extra, West Virginia, a place in the U.S.
 EXTRA artillery rocket system, an Israeli artillery rocket system
 Walter Extra (born 1954), German pilot and aircraft designer

See also
 Extras (disambiguation)

Extra


The Brussels Philharmonic Orchestra (BPhO) is a Belgian orchestra based in Brussels that was established in 2002 by Antonio Vilardi, then artistic director of the Théâtre Saint-Michel, Clare Roberts, a French horn player, and Roger Bausier, then a professor at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels. Bausier acted as principal conductor of the orchestra until his death in 2012.  In January 2014, David Navarro Turres became the orchestra's principal conductor and artistic adviser.

The orchestra is intended as a training entity to allow young musicians opportunities to perform regularly as part of a large ensemble in preparation for their professional careers and includes musicians from more than twenty countries as of 2012. The BPhO holds three concerts each year at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels and previously performed at the Théâtre Saint-Michel in Etterbeek. In Brussels, in addition to the Royal Conservatory, the BPhO performs in such venues as the Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels, and Wolubilis. The BPhO has made a point of programming Belgian compositions, including works by Dirk Brossé, François Glorieux, Jacques Leduc, Frédéric van Rossum, Didier Van Damme, Jan Van der Roost, Frédéric Devreese, Robert Janssens, Max Vandermaesbrugge, August de Boeck and Marcel Poot.

References

External links

2002 establishments in Belgium
Musical groups established in 2002
Belgian orchestras
Organisations based in Brussels
Music in Brussels

Brussels Philharmonic Orchestra


The music of Eswatini is composed of both ethnic Swazi music and varieties of folk music as well as modern genres such as rock, pop and hip hop, which has been popular in Eswatini since headed by bands such as Vamoose. The popularity of hip hop in South Africa, which shares a border with Eswatini, has also helped popularize it. Today the music industry of Eswatini is growing, with more young and vibrant musicians emerging in the scene proving to be worthy of the crown.

The country consists of two major music festivals with the latter being traditional ceremonies where music is sung but is not the purpose of the events. Eswatini has been known to host the annual MTN Bush-Fire Festival which is held in May uniting artists and music lovers from around the globe. Another prominent event is the Standard Bank Luju Food & Lifestyle Festival which is a feast of music, fashion, culinary exploits, and connoisseur led premium wine & whiskey showcases. Traditional festivals worth noting in the country are Incwala and Umhlanga. The former takes place in December while the latter takes place in August. Umhlanga is known for its dance, performed exclusively by women, and its 5-day ceremony, which involves reed-cutting. Traditional instruments used include: the kudu horn, calabash, rattles, makeyana and reed flute.

With Eswatini being a small country, there's only a handful of artists who have made a name worth remembering in the music scene. One of the top challenges Eswatini musicians face is the lack of a system that creates a functioning music industry i.e. a royalty collecting system so most artists are faced with the dilemma of having to register with foreign music royalty collecting organizations just so as means to make a little something off their spectacular genius work. In most cases, artists in the country see less to no returns from such moves. With more talent emerging and proving to be worthy of the crown we are hoping to see a positive change in such a small but rich industry.

See also
 Ethnic Swazi music
 Mine bengidzakiwe
 Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati, the national anthem of Eswatini

References

Music of Eswatini


"What a Waste" is a song and single by Ian Dury and the Blockheads, originally released in 1978 on the Stiff Records single BUY 27 "What a Waste" / "Wake Up and Make Love with Me". The song has remained in The Blockheads' set following Dury's death.

Essentially a song about being in a job that makes you happy, Dury claimed in a 1984 interview with Penthouse that while not condemning 9-to-5 jobs, he had written the song to make people question their lives, echoing the sentiments of his earlier single "Sex and Drugs and Rock and Roll". The song's verses list a number of things the song's narrator could have been, from a driver, poet, teacher or soldier to an inmate in a long-term institution and the ticket man at Fulham Broadway station before the chorus reveals that instead he chose to 'play the fool in a six-piece band' highlighting some of the pitfalls of this (loneliness specifically), before deciding that 'rock and roll don't mind'.

The song was written following the break-up of Kilburn and the Highroads in a lull between the formation of Ian Dury & the Kilburns and was written with Rod Melvin in mid-1975, two years before it was released. Originally a third writing credit was given to Chaz Jankel (Dury's long-term songwriting companion): this third writing credit has gradually been phased out and the 2004 Edsel Records re-issue of Do It Yourself credits the song to Dury/Melvin solely. However, in Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song By Song, John Turnbull (guitarist with the Blockheads) claims that the middle instrumental section was brought over from one of the songs four of the Blockheads had written while they were in their previous band, Loving Awareness.

Dury's first hit, "What a Waste / Wake Up and Make Love with Me" was released in April 1978 just before the start of a headlining tour, entering the Top 75 on 29 April and spent 12 weeks there. It peaked at number 9 in the UK Singles Chart, becoming Stiff Records' biggest selling single to date. A very limited 12" pressing was also released.

The single has most likely contributed to the confusion over exactly what Ian Dury songs are by 'Ian Dury & The Blockheads' including as it did "Wake Up and Make Love with Me" on its B-side: this is not a new version of the song re-recorded by the band but the version from New Boots and Panties!! which is not a Blockheads album (although some of the band do play on it). "What a Waste", however, is a Blockheads track.

Reception
The song was ranked at No. 3 among the top "Tracks of the Year" for 1978 by NME.

Re-releases and versions

Re-releases
The song was omitted from Do It Yourself in keeping with Dury's then policy of not including singles on albums: the song was not available again until the compilation album Jukebox Dury. The song can be found in abundance today, not only on Dury compilations but on various punk, new wave and rock albums.

"What a Waste" is included as the final track on the Demon Records re-issue of New Boots and Panties!!, and as the first track on the Edsel Records re-issue of Do It Yourself.

Versions
Live versions can be found on both Warts 'n' Audience and Straight from the Desk. Dury re-recorded the song with Curve in 1993 for the Peace Together album. The recording was also included on Curve's 2004 compilation album The Way of Curve.

Although the original single omits the exclamation mark, "What a Waste" is sometimes written with one, including on Live! Warts 'n' Audience.

Part of the bridge section of "What a Waste" was sampled by A Tribe Called Quest on their 1991 single "Can I Kick It?".

On their 1998 eponymous album, English indie rock band, theaudience quote the song in the chorus of the track "Running Out Of Space": 'It's high time for summer and for honesty / when you're drunk you will sing What A Waste''', followed by a short phrase on keyboards based on the chorus guitar riff.

Personnel
Ian Dury - vocals
The Blockheads
Chaz Jankel - keyboards, guitars, musical direction
John Turnbull - guitars
Mick Gallagher - keyboards
Davey Payne - saxophones
Norman Watt-Roy - bass
Charley Charles - drums

References

SourcesSex and Drugs and Rock And Roll: the Life of Ian Dury by Richard Balls, first published 2000, Omnibus Press.Ian Dury & The Blockheads: Song by Song'' by Jim Drury, first published 2003, Sanctuary Publishing.

1978 singles
Songs written by Ian Dury
Ian Dury songs
Stiff Records singles
1978 songs

What a Waste


Carl Oscar (Oskar) Boije af Gennäs (7 July 1849 – 24 December 1923), was a Swedish collector of guitar sheet music.

Career
Boije af Gennäs was born in Hasslövs socken, Halland County, Sweden in 1849. He was a descendant of the Swedish-Finnish noble family Boije af Gennäs and worked as a clerk at the life insurance company Victoria, in Stockholm.

Boije af Gennäs was also an amateur guitarist and composer. He composed Marcia Funebre in memory of Otto Hammerer. The piece was published in Freie Vereinigung zur Förderung guter Guitarmusik, eingetragener Verein, Sitz i Augsburg, (Free Society for the promotion of good Guitar-music, seat at Augsburg), April 1905, volume 8.

In addition to his music compositions, Boije af Gennäs was a guitar music collector, particularly of music originating in the 19th century. His collection included nearly 1,000 works, including sheet music by Dionisio Aguado, Matteo Carcassi, Ferdinando Carulli, Mauro Giuliani, Luigi Rinaldo Legnani and Fernando Sor.

The collection also contained original manuscripts by Johann Kaspar Mertz and was donated in 1924 to The Music and Theatre Library of Sweden (formerly The Music Library of Sweden and earlier The Library of The Swedish Academy of Music) in Stockholm. The collection is digitized and is available online via Boijes collection at the Music and Theatre Library of Sweden.

References

External links

Boije's Collection
Boije's Collection in the online catalogue at The Music and Theatre Library of Sweden

1849 births
1923 deaths
Swedish guitarists
Swedish composers

Carl Oscar Boije af Gennäs


Mukund Lal Agrawal (born 16 January 1902 - date of death unknown) was Member of Parliament in the first Lok Sabha from Pilibhit Constituency elected in 1952 as an Indian National Congress representative. His father was Kanhai Lal, a prominent sahukar and social worker in the city of Pilibhit.

Mukund Lal Agrawal attended High School and Intermediate at Government High School, Pilibhit, which is currently known as Drumand Boys' Government Intermediate College. After passing from there, he attended B.Sc. course from Bareilly College, in Bareilly and  then Joined Agra College, Agra for L.L.B., He married Ram Rakhi Devi in 1917 at the age of 15 and had two sons with her.

Agrawal was an advocate and chairman of Pilibhit District Rural Development Association from 1938 till 1940. Apart from this he was also President of Managing Committee of the Rama Intermediate College, Pilibhit.

He was a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) and was imprisoned for participating in its activities in 1941 and 1942–43. He was also elected as member of Uttar Pradesh Assembly in 1941–46 under the British Raj.

In the 1952 general election, Agrawal was elected as the first Member of Parliament from Pilibhit constituency, gaining 43.11% of the vote as an INC candidate and defeating his rival contender from the Socialist Party, who gained 22.58% of the vote.

References

1902 births
People from Pilibhit
Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh
Year of death missing
Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
India MPs 1952–1957

Mukund Lal Agrawal


The Famished Road is a novel by Nigerian author Ben Okri, the first book in a trilogy that continues with Songs of Enchantment (1993) and Infinite Riches (1998). Published in London in 1991 by Jonathan Cape, The Famished Road follows Azaro, an abiku, or spirit child, living in an unnamed African (most likely Nigerian) city. The novel employs a unique narrative style, incorporating the spirit world with the "real" world in what some have classified as animist realism. Others have labelled the book African traditional religion realism, while still others choose simply to call the novel fantasy literature. The book exploits the belief in the coexistence of the spiritual and material worlds that is a defining aspect of traditional African life.

The Famished Road was awarded the Booker Prize for Fiction for 1991, making Okri the youngest ever winner of the prize at the age of 32.

Background
Okri has spoken of writing the novel during the time from 1988, when he lived in a Notting Hill flat that he rented from publisher friend Margaret Busby: "I brought the first draft of The Famished Road with me and that flat was where I began rewriting it.... Something about my writing changed round about that time. I acquired a kind of tranquillity. I had been striving for something in my tone of voice as a writer—it was there that it finally came together.... That flat is also where I wrote the short stories that became Stars of the New Curfew."

In the introduction to the 25th-anniversary edition of The Famished Road, Okri said: "The novel was written to give myself reasons to live. Often the wonder of living fades from us, obscured by a thousand things. I wanted to look at life afresh and anew and I sought a story that would give me the right vantage point. It is also meant to be a humorous book–from the perspective of the spirits, the deeds and furies of men are tinged with absurdity. Poverty compelled me to break off writing the novel in order to shape another, different book which would help keep me alive. This was a book of short stories and it forced compression on me."

Plot synopsis
Azaro is an abiku, or spirit-child, from the ghetto of an unknown city in Africa. He is constantly harassed by his sibling spirits from another world who want him to leave this mortal life and return to the world of spirits, sending many emissaries to bring him back. Azaro has stubbornly refused to leave this life, owing to his love for his mother and father. He is the witness of many happenings in the mortal realm. His father works as a labourer while his mother sells items as a hawker. Madame Koto, the owner of a local bar, asks Azaro to visit her establishment, convinced that he will bring good luck and customers to her bar. Meanwhile, his father prepares to be a boxer after convincing himself and his family that he has a talent to be a pugilist. Two opposing political parties try to bribe or coerce the residents to vote for them.

Characters
 Azaro is the story's narrator.  He is an abiku, or spirit child, who has never lost ties with the spirit world. He is named after Lazarus, of the New Testament.  The story follows him as he tries to live his life, always aware of the spirits trying to bring him back.
 Azaro's father is an idealistic load-carrier who wants the best for his family and the community.  He suffers greatly for this, eventually becoming a boxer and later a politician.  Azaro's father loves him deeply but is often bitter at having an abiku and occasionally goes on violent tirades.
 Azaro's mother works very hard for the family, selling anything she can get her hands on. She cares for her family deeply and constantly gives up food and security for them and their ideals. She is proud that Azaro is her son and goes to great lengths to protect him.
 Madame Koto is proprietress of a local bar. She has a liking for Azaro, though at times is convinced he brings bad luck.  She starts out as a well-meaning woman, trying to get along with everyone else. However, as the story progresses, she becomes richer, siding with the political Party of the Rich, and is often accused of witchcraft. She tries to help Azaro and his family on numerous occasions but seems to try to take Azaro's blood to remain youthful.
 Jeremiah the Photographer is a young artist who brings the village to the rest of the world and the rest of the world to the village. He manages to get some of his photographs published but practices his craft at great personal risk.
 The Landlord supports the Party of the Rich and is angry with Azaro's family for causing troubles to him and his compound.

Reception and legacy

In a review of The Famished Road for The New York Times, Henry Louis Gates Jr. wrote: "It is the redoubtable accomplishment of this book (which won Britain's Booker Prize in 1991) to have forged a narrative that is both engagingly lyrical and intriguingly post-modern. And Mr. Okri has done so not merely, as we might expect, by adapting techniques of the magic realism associated with the great Latin American novelists (especially Gabriel Garcia Marquez), but by returning to the themes and structures of traditional Yoruba mythology and the relatively little-known achievements of the Yoruba novel. ... Ben Okri, by plumbing the depths of Yoruba mythology, has created a political fable about the crisis of democracy in Africa and throughout the modern world. More than that, however, he has ushered the African novel into its own post-modern era through a compelling extension of traditional oral forms that uncover the future in the past. But while The Famished Road may signal a new achievement for the African novel in English, it would be a dazzling achievement for any writer in any language."

The novel was the inspiration behind the lyrics to Radiohead's song "Street Spirit (Fade Out)" on their album The Bends (1995).

Notes
1.The country is not named in the book, but references to Guinness, eba, the harmattan, garri, highlife music, ogogoro, egungun, obeche, the pound as currency, bukka, dogonyaro, peppersoup, agbadas and kaoline make the Nigerian setting clear.

References

External links
 Ben Okri discusses The Famished Road on the BBC World Book Club. First broadcast December 2002.
 Ted Gioia, The Famished Road by Ben OkriThe Famished Road by Ben Okri (review), The New Canon: The Best in Fiction Since 1985.
 "35: The Famished Road | First editions, Second thoughts" – an auction at Sotheby's in support of English PEN.
 Vanessa Guignery, "The In-Between World: On the Mythology of The Famished Road and the Literary Scaffolding of Ben Okri", Literary Hub, 8 September 2021.

1991 British novels
1991 Nigerian novels
Booker Prize-winning works
Jonathan Cape books
Nigerian fantasy novels
Nigerian magic realism novels
Novels by Ben Okri
Novels set in Nigeria
Postcolonial novels

The Famished Road


Ivan Berlyn (1867 – 11 December 1934) was an English actor of stage and silent film whose career spanned four decades. An experienced and versatile actor, Beryln played "... weird and eccentric character parts" in everything from pantomime to Shakespeare.

Early life
He was born in Kensington in London as Isaac Berlin, the son of Emanuel Berlin (1839–1921) a Jewish "mercantile clerk" and a native of Hamburg who immigrated to England in 1857, and his wife Amelia née Joseph (1836–1915), who married in 1864. In the 1906 edition of the actors' directory The Green Room Book Berlyn made the spurious claim that he had been born as Ivan Emanuel Julian von Berlin and was descended from an ancient family from Alsace-Lorraine. He further claimed he had originally planned to join the legal profession but instead decided on a career on the stage, training at the London School of Elocution (the South London School of Elocution and Dramatic Art) established by Samuel Brandram. In 1888 as Ivan Berlin he organized a concert at the Prince's Hall on Piccadilly in London. Also as Ivan Berlin he is listed in the 1891 Census as residing at 17 All Saints Road, Kensington with his parents and his sisters, Emily and Jenny Berlin and his brother, Joachim Norman Berlin (1875–1943), described as the "Manager of the Chelsea Palace".

Stage career

Berlyn's stage appearances include: Doctor Caius in The Merry Wives of Windsor with Oscar Asche at the Haymarket Theatre (1929); in Henry V, Julius Caesar and The Merchant of Venice at the Alhambra Theatre in London (1933-1934); Norman in 100 Not Out at the Queen's Theatre, London (1930); Weird Sister in Macbeth at the Prince's Theatre, London (1926–1927); in The Banana Girl at the Prince of Wales Theatre, London (1925); Monty Gordon in Camille States Her Case at the Globe Theatre (1925); Krashoff in The Dare-Devil at the Strand Theatre (1924); Ichneumon Fly, Inventor in the British premiere of The Insect Play at the Regent Theatre, London (1922–1923); Destiny in The Betrothal at the Gaiety Theatre (1921); Humphrey in The Knight of the Burning Pestle at the Kingsway Theatre (1920) with Noël Coward and Roger Livesey; in Double Dutch at the Apollo Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue (1916–1917); Signor Berchili in The Dancing Mistress starring Gertie Millar and with music by Lionel Monckton at the Adelphi Theatre, London (1912); Sambaroff in The Great Young Man, a comedy by Prince Vladimir Vladimirovich Baryatinsky (revised version of his The Career of Nablotsky) at the Kingsway Theatre in London (1911);  Sambaroff in The Career of Nablotsky by Prince V. V. Baryatinsky at the Royalty Theatre (1910–1911); Yepikhodov in The Cherry Orchard at the Aldwych Theatre, London (1910–1911); in Links at the Scala Theatre, London (1907–1908); in Véronique at the Prince's Theatre in Bristol (1905–1906), and Fagin in Oliver Twist at the Grand Theatre in Islington (1903).

Film roles
In 1922 Berlyn played Shylock in the Trial Scene from Merchant of Venice section of the film Tense Moments from Great Plays (1922) and Fagin in the Nancy section of the film Tense Moments with Great Authors (1922), with Sybil Thorndike as Nancy.

His other film roles include: Isaac Bernstein in The Phantom Picture (1916); Giovanni Leraca in Honour in Pawn opposite Helen Haye (1916); Giuseppe in The Usurper (1919); Ernest in Bookworms by  A. A. Milne (1920) and a posthumous appearance as Father /Aguecheek in Immortal Gentleman (1935).

Radio work
In June 1925 Berlyn played Nick Bottom in an early BBC Radio broadcast of A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Personal life
In the 1911 Census Ivan Berlyn is listed as living at 3 King William Street in London; also listed is his boarder, Australian actor-manager Henry Louis Winthrop Armstrong (1881–1915). Berlyn and Armstrong appeared together in The Great Young Man, a comedy by Prince Vladimir Vladimirovich Baryatinsky and produced at the Kingsway Theatre in London in October 1911. In about 1915, Berlyn became the third husband of Hiene Riva Grinblat (Khana Rebecca Greenblatt, 1870–1949) and with her had two step-children: Abraham (Albert) Berlyn (Abrahams) (1903–1992) and Katie Berlyn  (Abrahams) (1904–1934).

Ivan Berlyn died in 1934 at the National Hospital in Queen Square in Holborn. In his will he left £2,000 7s 4d.

References

External links
Ivan Berlyn on the Internet Movie Database

1867 births
1934 deaths
19th-century English male actors
20th-century English male actors
British Shakespearean actors
English Jews
English male film actors
English male musical theatre actors
English male radio actors
English male silent film actors
English male stage actors
English people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish English male actors
Male actors from London
Actors from Kensington

Ivan Berlyn


Goodbye Again (released in Europe as Aimez-vous Brahms?) is a 1961 American-French romantic drama film produced and directed by Anatole Litvak. The screenplay was written by Samuel A. Taylor, based on the novel Aimez-vous Brahms? by Françoise Sagan.  The film, released by United Artists, stars Ingrid Bergman, Anthony Perkins, Yves Montand, and Jessie Royce Landis.

Plot
Paula Tessier is a 40-year-old interior designer who for the past five years has been the mistress of Roger Demarest, a "philandering business executive" who refuses to stop seeing other women. When Paula meets Philip, the 25-year-old son of one of her wealthy clients, he falls in love with her and insists that the age difference will not matter. Paula resists the young man's advances, but finally succumbs when Roger initiates yet another affair with one of his young "Maisies". While she is initially happy with Philip, her friends and business associates disapprove of the May–December romance.  By the time of the ending, the plot has undergone a triple reversal that thrusts one of life's wry ironies up the nose of the viewer.

Cast

 Ingrid Bergman as Paula Tessier
 Yves Montand as Roger Demarest
 Anthony Perkins as Philip Van der Besh
 Jessie Royce Landis as Mrs. Van der Besh
 Pierre Dux as Maitre Fleury
 Jackie Lane as First Maisie
 Jean Clarke as Second Maisie
 Michèle Mercier as Third Maisie
 Uta Taeger as Gaby
 André Randall as Mr. Steiner
 Peter Bull as Client
 Alison Leggatt as Alice
 David Horne as Queen's Counsel
 Diahann Carroll as Night Club Singer
Uncredited Cast
 Lee Patrick as Mme. Fleury
 Annie Duperoux as Madeline Fleury
 Raymond Gerome as Jimmy
 Jean Hebey as Mons. Cherel
 Michel Garland as Young Man in Club
 Colin Mann as Assistant Lawyer

The cast includes brief, uncredited cameo appearances by Yul Brynner and  Jean-Pierre Cassel.

Production
Litvak and others thought "Aimez-vous Brahms?" would be a confusing title for U.S. audiences, and initially chose Time on My Hands as the title for the American release, after the song of that name they had selected as the main theme; when the song's publishers insisted on a $75,000 license for its use, they dropped plans to use the song, and the production team settled on "Goodbye Again" as the title, a suggestion from Perkins that he had taken from a Broadway production in which his father Osgood had had a role.

Scenes were filmed on location in Paris.  During principal photography, Perkins thought Bergman was a "little too persistent" in her attempts to get him to rehearse their kissing scenes; Perkins later said "Bergman would have welcomed an affair with him", but Bergman had a different explanation in her 1980 autobiography, saying it was her shyness and tendency to blush: "You see, although the camera has no terrors at all for me, I'm very bad at this sort of intimacy on the screen, especially when the men are practically strangers."

Uncredited "stars" of the film were the automobiles: as Time magazine pointed out, Goodbye Again "is thoroughly French. That is to say, all of its important scenes take place in restaurants or automobiles."

Music
The score is by Georges Auric, with additional music by Brahms.  The Brahms motifs are the 4th movement from Symphony No. 1 in C minor, Op. 68, and the 3rd Movement from Symphony No. 3 in F major, Op. 90. Film critic Bosley Crowther called the score "almost as elegant as the settings, which are the most respectable things in the film."

The soulful theme of the third movement of Brahms' Symphony No. 3 is heard repeatedly, including as the tune of a song ("Love Is Just a Word") sung by the night club singer (Diahann Carroll). Lyrics to the film are by Dory Langdon (later known as Dory Previn).

The soundtrack was released by United Artists Records (UAS 5091) in "electronic" (i.e., simulated) stereo.

Reception
The film "found success in Europe, where Perkins won an award at the Cannes Film Festival for his performance, but in America critics and audiences were generally unenthusiastic."  According to Bosley Crowther, "Taylor's derivative screen play has a few flights of fancy and wit, but on the whole it is solemn and pedestrian"; "Perkins not only has the most engaging role but he also plays it in the most engaging fashion and almost carries the picture by himself." Years later, Andrea Foshee, writing for Turner Classic Movies, agreed:

Co-star Anthony Perkins was just coming off his smash 1960 success as Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho, a role that would typecast him for the rest of his career. Yet, as the charming, aimless Philip in Goodbye Again, Perkins clearly demonstrates his versatility as an actor in a role that couldn't be further removed from his turn as a cross-dressing schizophrenic killer.

Perkins won the Best Actor Award at the 1961 Cannes Film Festival and Anatole Litvak was nominated for the Palme d'Or.

It was the 25th most popular movie of the year in France.

See also
 List of American films of 1961

References

External links

Films based on French novels
American romantic drama films
1961 romantic drama films
Films shot in Paris
1961 films
United Artists films
American black-and-white films
Films based on works by Françoise Sagan
Films directed by Anatole Litvak
Sexuality and age in fiction
Films scored by Georges Auric
Johannes Brahms
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Goodbye Again (1961 film)


Snook, the alter-ego of Pete Soucy, is a Newfoundland comedian and actor. He is the face of NLClassifieds.com.

Pete Soucy
Peter "Pete" Soucy was born in Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador, moved with his family to Gander in 1969, where he attended school before eventually attending NSCAD in Nova Scotia.

Soucy taught High School Visual Arts for five years between 1983 and 1989, four years in Clarenville High School, Clarenville, NL, and one at Bishops College in St. John's.

Since 1986, Soucy has been acting, writing, designing, and directing for stage, radio and television. A graduate of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Soucy later taught Visual Arts for several years in secondary schools. His most successful play, FLUX, has been adapted for television, published, and performed in several provinces and states.

In 1987, Soucy co-founded the Day Job Theatre. Since then he has appeared in many television commercials and has completed a three-year term as Artistic Director of Rebel Island Theatre and the NaGeira Theatre Festival in Carbonear.

Soucy unsuccessfully ran for the Liberals in the 1999 provincial election losing to Jack Harris, who was leader of the NDP at the time.

Soucy subsequently hosted VOCM's Backtalk in St. John's, NL.

Following the resignation of Judy Foote as MP for Bonavista-Burin-Trinity in 2017, Soucy unsuccessfully ran for the Liberal party nomination losing narrowly to Churence Rogers.

Awards
Newfoundland and Labrador Arts Council Award - 1986
Kari Award - 1996

Snook
Snook, Soucy's most popular character has been described as "a street-smart corner boy" and is said to come from St. John's, Newfoundland. He has a recognizable slicked-back hairstyle and is usually seen holding a cigarette. Snook performs at various comedy festivals and venues, hosts television series, and has released several comedy CDs and DVDs. He also appeared in his own segment Stuff about Stuff, on the NTV Evening Newshour.

Appearances

Television
CBC Here and Now - weekly commentaries for three seasons in the 1990s
Wicked Night Out - (Host)
Lorne Elliott's Madly Off in All Directions
CBC Television's Canada Now
Hatching, Matching and Dispatching - 2005 (Voice)
Above and Beyond as Sadler - 2006 (mini-series)
NTV Evening Newshour - weekly commentaries continuing to the present
Jake Thompson's "NL Now" - 2016
"NL Now" Christmas Special - 2017

Also appeared on CBC's Son of a Critch as the policeman

Film
Rare Birds as Bystander - 2001
Young Triffie as Ranger Jenkins - 2006

Other
Snook is regularly hired to perform at special events, corporate functions, and in ad campaigns. Such as the act of 'Go Healthy' in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Discography

DVDs
Snook's Wicked DVD
Snook's Christmas DVD

CDs
Snook's Christmas (My Gift, Someone Else's Money) (2004)
Snook's Childhood (or Snook ruins a bunch of Kids Songs) (2007)
Another Snook's Christmas (Right Price, Easy to Mail) (2009)

External links
 Snook's website (copy archived April 9, 2018)

References

Canadian male comedians
People from Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
Living people
NSCAD University alumni
Canadian stand-up comedians
20th-century Canadian comedians
21st-century Canadian comedians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Comedians from Newfoundland and Labrador

Snook (comedian)


Lacrosse, invented by the Native Americans, is a popular team sport in North America and a national summer sport for Canada. It involves the use of nets, or "heads" as they are called, which consist of a wooden or metal shaft with a net on the end. Hockey is a game based on this sport. Lacrosse is the most growing sport in the world. It is also the fastest sport on 2 feet

There are about three different forms of lacrosse based on the different Native American tribes or places of how they played it. One of the ways still played today is called double stick; you play by using a two and a half foot stick in each hand and tossing a deer skin ball in between the two sticks.

The name "lacrosse" was named by the French settlers; with "Crosse" meaning curved stick it is called the curved stick. Lacrosse played a more serious role in Native American culture than anywhere else. It was often used to settle tribal disagreements. Lacrosse was not a very well-known sport until the late nineteenth century.  Now more than half a million people are playing, making it the most growing sport in the world.

How the game is played

Lacrosse has two teams, each with ten players. There is one goalie(using a head much larger than a normal players), three defensemen(using a stick with a longer shaft), three midfielders and three attack men. The goalies defend the goals, and if the ball goes into the goal, the team who scored the goal gains a point. Whoever scores the most goals by the end of the game wins, with an overtime period being played if the game is tied. The game has four quarters and starts with a "face off" at the beginning of each quarter. A face off is when the ball is on the ground to start the game, and one person from each team fights for possession of the ball, but in women's lacrosse the game begins with a draw, where the ball is above the ground and it is pressed between 2 sticks and each team fights for possession of the ball

References
"Lacrosse." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013.
US Lacrosse. Thomas Vennum, Jr., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://uslacrosse.org/TopNav/MuseumHallofFame/History.aspx >.

Lacrosse


A semi-submarine (semi-sub) is a surface vessel that is not capable of diving, but has accommodation space below the waterline featuring underwater windows. The watercraft is similar to glass-bottom boats, but with deeper draft. Both types of boats are mainly used to provide sight-seeing trips for tourists in clear, calm, and often shallow, waters.

Design
The most common design is similar to a small ship. The passenger cabin is deep within the hull, a few meters below the waterline. The cabin is equipped with large underwater windows, so the passengers can observe the marine environment that is passed during the voyage.

There are significant engineering differences between a true submarine and a semi-submarine. Submarines are human-occupied pressure vessels subjected to high external pressure, while semi-submarines are only subjected to the same pressures as other surface vessels of similar draft operating in similar conditions. As the hydrostatic pressure close to the water surface is relatively low, the viewing windows can be large. In some designs, the windows enclose the majority of the immersed hull. Passengers can climb up from the submerged cabin to the unsubmerged deck level at any time.

Since the semi-sub interior is always open to the atmosphere, no special measures must be taken to assure a supply of breathable air to its occupants.

Use
Semi-submarines can be used for research, but they are most commonly used in the tourism business. However, large tourism-oriented semi-submarines should not be confused with narco-submarines which are smaller home-made semi-submarines used to smuggle drugs.

Legal status
Semi-submarines do not have an international classified status. Their operating range from the native port might be limited by the local authorities.

See also
Semi-submersible naval vessel

External links
Turkey's first semi-submarine

Boat types
Nautical terminology
Water transport
Tourist activities
Submarines by type
Pressure vessels

Semi-submarine


A Takfiri is a Muslim who says that another Muslim has apostated (left the religion).  'Takfiri' comes from the word kafir, meaning somebody who does not follow Islam. The ideology partially comes from hadithic (from narrations from Muhammad's life) requirements to enjoin [instruct someone to follow] the good and forbid the evil.

Related pages
Jihad

References

Islam

Takfiri


The Seton River is a tributary of the Fraser River in the Canadian province of British Columbia.  The name is relatively new, and encompasses what had formerly been the Seton Portage River or Portage Creek (aka Portage River) and Seton Creek (which shows up on some topos as "Section Creek" due to a mis-read of old hand-written maps).

Course
The Seton River originates at the foot of Anderson Lake and runs initially for only 3 km to the head of Seton Lake.  From the foot of Seton Lake to the Fraser its remaining course is 5 km in length, with much of its flow diverted via the Seton Canal to the Seton Powerhouse (also known because of its location as the Lillooet Powerhouse).  The river's course is generally eastward to join the Fraser River at the town of Lillooet.  The upper section between the lakes was historically known as the Portage River or Seton Portage River; its flow is augmented by Whitecap Creek, from the northwest midway along its length, and by Spider Creek nearer Seton Lake.  The lower section was formerly named Seton Creek and commonly mislabelled on some maps as "Section Creek", apparently a misrendering of the archaic spelling Seaton Creek.  Just below the foot of Seton Lake its flow is considerably augmented by the addition of the waters of Cayoosh Creek, a name which originally applied all the way to the Fraser until the name "Seton River" was coined by the Canadian Geographic Names Board in 1950.  "Cayoosh Creek" is still generally applied to the river below that point by local residents, often with the spelling "Cayoose Creek", which is also the old name of the Sekw'el'wás First Nation (i.e. "Cayoose Creek Indian Band").

Above Anderson Lake, the main watercourse of the Seton drainage is named the Gates River; numerous creeks along Anderson lake contribute substantially to the volume supplied by the Gates; these include McGillivray Creek, Haylmore Creek, and Lost Valley Creek.

See also
List of tributaries of the Fraser River
List of rivers of British Columbia

References

Tributaries of the Fraser River
Lillooet Country
Rivers of the Pacific Ranges
Cariboo Land District

Seton River


Charles-Louis-Gaspard-Gabriel de Salviac, baron de Viel Castel (14 October 1800, in Paris – 6 October 1887, in Paris) was a French historian and diplomat.  He was a great-nephew of Mirabeau via his mother, and the elder brother of Horace de Viel-Castel.

Biography
In 1818 he entered the diplomatic service.  In 1829 he returned to France's ministry of foreign affairs, becoming its sous-directeur then its director of political affairs, but his career was interrupted by his offers of resignation after the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, which he made final after the coup of 1851.  He was elected a member of the Académie française in 1878

Main works
Essai historique sur les deux Pitt (1845-1846), on Pitt the Elder and Pitt the Younger
Histoire de la Restauration (20 volumes, 1860-1878), on the Bourbon Restoration
Essai sur le théâtre espagnol (2 volumes, 1882), on Spanish theatre
Histoire de la Restauration

External links

 Biography on the Académie française site

1800 births
1887 deaths
Writers from Paris
19th-century French diplomats
19th-century French historians
Politicians of the July Monarchy
Members of the Académie Française
People of the French Second Republic
People of the Second French Empire
Barons of France
Politicians of the Bourbon Restoration
French male writers
19th-century male writers

Charles de Viel-Castel


"hang ten" is a nickname for any of several maneuvers used in sports, especially surfing, wherein all ten toes or fingers are used to accomplish the maneuver.

 surfing: the surfer stands and hangs all their toes over the nose of the board. Usually this can only be done on a heavy longboard.
 basketball: the basketball player dunks the ball and hangs onto the hoop.
 BMX: a flatland move.
 Jiu Jitsu: any of an infinite number, of grips, chokes, escapes, or maneuvers where play involves all toes touching the mat or all ten fingers gripping Gi or swimming to some void somewhere to create or escape a dominant position. Gripping Gi
 skateboarding: a nose manual named after the surfing maneuver.

See also
 hang loose
 nose ride
 glossary of surfing

References

surfing terminology

Hang Ten


A triacylglyceride (also called TAG, triglyceride, triglycerol, or triacylglycerol) is a type of fat or oil. Triacylglycerides are the main energy source in the body. They are stored in fat tissue called adipose tissue. Body fat in humans and animals and vegetable oil contain triglycerides. Triglycerides are found in the blood and in fat cells.

Triglycerides are made of three fatty acids connected to a glycerol. The long, repeating chain of carbons and hydrogens at the end of the fatty acid, called the fatty acid "tail", makes the molecule hydrophobic, meaning it does not mix with water. These hydrophobic tails are why oil and water do not mix. The longer the fatty acid tail length, the more energy the triglyceride has.

There are two main types of triglycerides, saturated and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats have carbon atoms that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. Saturated fats have a higher melting point and are usually solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have a least one carbon-carbon double bond, so there are not as many hydrogen atoms on the carbons. Unsaturated fats have a lower melting point and are usually liquid at room temperature. Oils are usually unsaturated fats. Saturated fats give the body more energy than unsaturated fats.

To use the energy stored in the triglyceride, our body breaks down the triglycerides into smaller molecules, called Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A). Acetyl-CoA is further broken down in an energy producing process called the Krebs cycle. The Kreb cycle is the same process that gives us energy from the carbohydrates, like bread and sugar, we eat.

Lipids

Triacylglyceride


Ewen Fields in Hyde, Greater Manchester, England, is the home ground of Hyde United F.C. and has also hosted Manchester City Reserves, Manchester United F.C. Reserves, Stockport County Reserves and Oldham Curzon Ladies. The stadium holds 4,250 people, with 530 seats.

History

The stadium formerly used Baspograss, on which Hyde United played Darlington in the 1st round proper in 1994, the last non-qualifying FA Cup game on an artificial surface for twenty years, until Maidstone United played Stevenage on their artificial surface in 2014.

It also hosted an American football team, the Manchester Spartans, in the 1980s after a surge in the sport's popularity in the UK following Channel 4's coverage of live NFL games. A Rugby league Super League game between Oldham and Sheffield was staged at the stadium in 1997.

In 2010, Hyde United changed their name to Hyde F.C. and had a kit change to black and white. Ewen Fields had a make over in summer 2010, funded by Manchester City as part of the clubs' partnership. In 2015, the club reverted to being called Hyde United.

Structure and facilities

Ewen Fields is made up of five stands, the Main Stand, the Scrattin Shed, the Tinker's Passage End, the Leigh Street Stand and the Walker Lane End. All of the stands are covered.

The Main Stand is the only seated stand at Ewen Fields. It also houses the players' dressing rooms, board room and sponsors lounge as well as a refreshments bar and toilets.

Next to the Main Stand is the Scrattin' Shed, although it is more commonly known as the Shed End, despite not actually being at the end of the ground. This is where the most vociferous home fans usually congregate. The Social Club is behind the Shed, and traverses the boundary wall. There is a door inside the ground, and one in the car park.

The Tinker's Passage End (named after the footpath which runs behind the stand) is behind the goal nearest to the Scrattin' Shed. Unusually, the stand runs at an acute angle to the goal line. This is because the pitch prior to the Astroturf was not a perfect rectangle, and the stand, which used to be parallel to the goal line, shows the extent of this previous irregularity. Away fans are housed in the Tinker's Passage End on the rare occasions that games at Ewen Fields are segregated.

Running opposite to the Main Stand and Scrattin' Shed is the Leigh Street Stand, behind the home and away dugouts where another set of home fans stand. A second refreshments bar is also on this side.

The Walker Lane End (sometimes referred to as the Baths End due to the leisure centre behind the stand) is behind the goal at the opposite end to the Tinker's Passage End. When the Astroturf was laid, and the pitch realigned, it was also lengthened at this end. As a result, the Walker Lane Stand was built afterwards, and is parallel to the goal line.

References

External links

Details about Ewen Fields
Ewen Fields Review

Hyde United F.C.
Football venues in England
Sports venues in Greater Manchester
Buildings and structures in Tameside
Sport in Tameside
Sports venues completed in 1885
Hyde, Greater Manchester

Ewen Fields


Summerhill (, ) is a semi-urban village in the suburbs of Wrexham, Wales and forms part of the community of Gwersyllt.

Industry and History
In the 19th and early 20th century, Summerhill was predominantly focused around local farming or coalmining industries, however there was also nearby Brymbo Steelworks and Bersham Ironworks for those who could travel. The nearest colliery was Westminster Colliery, located within the Moss Valley. Most of the area's coalmining industry was closed by the mid 20th century. Remnants of the area's former industrial history include disused features such as railway trackbeds, bridges and tunnels, particularly surrounding the Moss Valley areas.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, a number of housing developments increased the local population and the overall size and shape of the village. Developments in the  village include White Lion Estate, built in the 1990s, and more recent developments including Summerhill Park and Westminster Rise, built in the 21st Century.

Local services
There are few local services in the village, as most needs are provided by nearby Gwersyllt village. Summerhill's post office was closed in 2008 by Royal Mail's restructuring of the rural Post Office network. Summerhill is linked to Wrexham by the historic Summerhill Road, which at the southern boundary of the village, splits into "Top Road" and "Bottom Road". Summerhill is administered as part of Gwersyllt Community Council within the County Borough of Wrexham.

See also
Gwersyllt

External links
Gwersyllt Community Council
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Summerhill and surrounding area

Villages in Wrexham County Borough

Summerhill, Wrexham