Tipik is a Belgian national television channel, owned and operated by the French-language public-service broadcasting organization RTBF.

History

From RTbis to Télé 2
On March 26, 1977, RTB launched a second television channel called RTBis, which only broadcast on Monday and Wednesday from 8 pm to 10 pm, airing programs aimed at a restricted audience, such as Walloon-language plays and cultural or educational programmes, but also reruns of successful series. Although it was officially created to broadcast regional programs produced by RTB's two regional TV centers (Charleroi and Liège), adult education programs and public service blocks, the second channel aimed to occupy the old network of black and white transmitters of the first channel, which had converted to color so that no commercial station could claim it. RTBis relayed RTB1 programs most of the time, which made it attractive by broadcasting popular soap operas, movies, variety shows and game shows, although it mostly tried to be complementary, without being specialized, by releasing space and time for full relays of events such as figure skating, tennis tournaments, and the Queen Elisabeth Competition.

RTBF renamed it Télé 2 at the end of 1979 and adopted an event-based schedule mainly focused on sports.

On October 16, 1983, a wind of 130 km/h damaged one of the  RTBF pylons in Wavre, which deprived the access of the channel to 100,000 viewers for one year.

The RTBF activity report submitted in 1984 to the Parliament of the French Community presented several options concerning the future of Télé 2. It was a question of making it either a pay television channel or of reinforcing it in its own right in the regional dimension, either to make it a sports, event and (rerun) entertainment channel, or even make it a "sport/events" channel where it was simultaneously attempted to value RTBF1's own production at peak viewing times.

Télé 2 disappeared on March 20, 1988 to make room for the new channel Télé 21.

Télé 21, reformats and RTBF La Deux
On March 21, 1988, RTBF launched Télé 21 on its second network, a new second full-fledged channel that took its name from the youth radio station Radio 21, whose spirit and dynamism it wanted to capture on television. It no longer relayed the first channel, except for their news programme simulcast with sign language.

In the autumn of 1989, Télé 21, whose ratings fluctuated from high to low (from 16 to 18% to less than 0.85), was repositioned as the channel of events and repeats of very expensive programmes that a good part of the public could not follow on RTBF1. It also rebroadcast the main evening news of the first channel at 10pm. All of its staff was transferred to RTBF1, and RTBF hoped to save 100 million francs.

At the beginning of 1992, the RTBF general director, Robert Stéphane, submitted to the board of directors the idea of remodeling Télé 21, whose audience was moribund, by associating it with Eurosport or Canal J. He then contemplated the break-up of Télé 21 into three channels: a cultural one, a regional one and a sports one. Arte 21 would broadcast the cultural programs of the Franco-German channel Arte, but with Belgian cultural opt-outs. Also, during the Queen Elisabeth competition, the evenings would be RTBF opt-outs. Euro 21 would be a European regional channel that would concretise FR3's approachment with RTBF, but the FR3 news slots would be replaced by the rebroadcasting of the regional news bulletin and by RTBF's Journal Télévisé. Finally, Eurosport, following convention involving RTBF, the European Broadcasting Union and TF1, would broadcast Eurosport's French programmes and make opt-outs to broadcast Belgian sports.

Two of these three projects were taking shape. RTBF signed a partnership agreement with Arte GEIE on 4 February 1993, which enabled it to broadcast the French version of the programmes of the Franco-German cultural channel every day at 7pm on Télé 21 and to offer 50 hours of Belgian programmes in the service. Arte/21 started its programmes on March 21, 1993, completed by the start-up at 3:30pm until the start of Arte at 7pm with RTBF cultural programmes and the children's programme Nouba Nouba. The Télé 21 sports programmes that no longer had their place in this programme were grouped together on a new sports mini-channel called Sports 21, which continued broadcasting major sporting events live, but remained primarily the relay of the first channel including news from RTBF1 with sign language translation every evening at 7:30pm, sports reports already being previously scheduled and the repeat of Weekend in Sports on Sunday evening. The network of transmitters of Télé 21 is split to broadcast the two channels, Arte/21 incorporating most of the transmitters of Télé 21 and its channel on cable television networks. Sports 21 programs are transmitted by other transmitters and another channel on cable.

The partnership agreement between RTBF and Arte was suspended on March 28, 1994, ending the broadcast of Arte/21 and Sports 21. Télé 21 was then broadcast under the simple name of 21 in its original format, along with children's programmes like Ici Bla-Bla, also broadcast on RTBF1. At the same time, the late edition of Journal Télévisé began airing live on that channel instead of its sister channel, RTBF1.

On 1 March 1997, Télé 21 divided its programme offerings between La Deux, a multicast channel for cultural programmes, documentaries and the reception channel for non-sporting live events (Parliamentary Committees, Queen Elisabeth Music Competition, for example) and Eurosport 21, which offered windows of sports programs produced by RTBF, inserted into the complete programme of Eurosport France.

On 1 March 1997, RTBF 21 split for the second time, but this time, it was known as Eurosport 21, which became more of an events channel and simulcast with Eurosport on some days. Because of this, several programmes moved to a new channel called RTBF La 2, which took over that frequency. RTBF La 2's programming consisted of documentaries, cultural, live sports or non-sports coverage. During the FIFA World Cup 1998,  RTBF decided to air all matches on its two main channels, La 1 and La 2. So that the wider public had access to full coverage, a redistribution of transmitters that transmitted La Une and La Deux was implemented on cable networks, and also by analogue terrestrial networks, in the whole territory of the French Community of Belgium. This scheme continued after the World Cup by the Board of Directors on July 13, 1998. RTBF Eurosport 21 ceased transmission in February 1999, when a contract between RTBF and Eurosport was broken and caused all sports content to be broadcast on both free-to-air channels, La 1 and La 2.

La Deux (2001–2020)
On 1 November 2001, Carine Bratzlavsky was designated to draft a reformatting of the channel. Bratzlavsky had been production coordinator of Arte-Belgium, the interface created between the RTBF and the team of the European cultural channel, since 1995. Previously Bratzlavsky was in charge of the second channel of the RTBF, at the time called Télé 21.

In December 2001, while working on the RTBF news program schedules for the start of January 2002, the date of 21 March is advanced to re-launch the new version of La Deux. However, following the resignation of the director-general of RTBF, Christian Druitte, doubts were raised about the timing and a delay was considered. In March, the information was confirmed: the new La Deux would be launched in September, and September 2 was finally fixed as the launch date. The aim was to break the image unmethodical or catchall, La Deux, giving it a strong identity, and making a channel of its own. The channel was renamed La Deux instead of La 2, and adopted a new round logo. The exterior of the ident is fully reviewed, and plays on the colours to distinguish between time slots for children (yellow tones), adolescents (greens) and adults (mauve and purple tones). The whole thing is accompanied by a sound design and ident produced by Marc Moulin.

Besides maintaining old programs, such as Ici Bla-Bla (for children), many new programs are produced. The show G'nôme, aimed at 9–14 years, followed by Tu passes quand tu veux (produced by Barbara Louys and hosted by two newcomers: Maureen Louys and David Antoine), whose target audience are teenagers. Also note: the debut of Screen (movie block), Clips en ligne, or to Extratime (dedicated to urban or indoor sports, martial arts, etc.). The show also aired the French TV channel Téva's programme Sex in the TV.

On 26 January 2004, together with RTBF's main channel La Une, La Deux changes its look and logo again and reorganizes its programming in complementarity with La Une. In December 2005, the channel switches to 16:9 format completely.

In 2007, RTBF launched a third channel, La Trois and an international channel, RTBF Sat.

On 15 February 2010, RTBF Sat ceased transmission. The children's programming block Ici Bla Bla stopped in June 2010, to be replaced by Ouftivi, the new RTBF children brand, broadcast all day on La Trois since 26 September 2010.

In March 2011, RTBF analogue transmitters ceased transmissions.

Tipik, a unified young adult media
From 7 September 2020, La Deux merged with RTBF's youth radio station Pure to form a new brand for young people called Tipik. Tipik is available on TV as a channel replacing La Deux, on radio replacing Pure, and online.

PureVision, the TV channel version of the radio Pure, rebranded as TipikVision at the same time.

Programming
La Deux's programming consisted of talkshows, local dramas, dramas from the US and the UK, news, sports, movies, current affairs and also youth programmes, complementing RTBF's main channel, La Une. La Deux was also considered to be the equivalent to its Flemish (Dutch-language) counterpart, VRT Canvas, which also follows the same programming structure.

Some programmes from the French public channels, France 2 and France 3, were also broadcast on this channel.

Following the arrival of Yves Bigot, former director of entertainment for France 2, as the program director of RTBF, the programming of the channel underwent a revamp, with the following characteristics:

 Transferring American cult series from La Une to La Deux.
 Broadcasting American soap operas in the afternoon.
 Thursday evening was the best evening for humor with the broadcasting of French comedy performances.
 Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday nights were reserved for movies, with a bonus and decryption games hosted by Cathy Immelen, the "Miss Cinema" of RTBF, following each film.
 Mondays & Sunday nights were reserved for documentaries.
 The youth programme Bla-Bla evolved with the use of a virtual set.

The channel, which previously lacked an identity and variable programming, ran on specific themes:
 Documentary
 Series and cult serials
 Cinema for moviegoers
 Comedy
 Culture, music and society
 Sports

Since 7 September 2020, Tipik targets young adults.

News
Prior to the launch of La Trois on 30 November 2007, La Deux previously simulcast its main channel La Une's 19:30 news bulletins in sign language. La Deux later ceased simulcasting its main channel La Une's bulletins.

From 1994 to 2000, La Deux aired JT Soir, alternating with its sister channel, La Une on some days. La Une also broadcast this edition as a rerun, prior to closedown.

In 2000, JT Soir began broadcasting daily on RTBF La Deux and continued to do so until the end of the channel. From 2006, La Deux aired Le 12 Minutes. Every night, it was presented by Eric Boever.

On 21 March 2011, as part of RTBF's major revamp in their news broadcasts and new intros, La Deux later premiered another bulletin for this channel, Le 15 Minutes, which was presented by Ophélie Fontana and Jonathan Bradfer and broadcast at 19:00.

Logos and identities

See also
 RTBF
 La Une
 La Trois
 Arte
 Eurosport
 List of television channels in Belgium

References

External links
 Official site of La Deux
 Official site of RTBF

Television channels in Belgium
Television channels and stations established in 1977
French-language television stations in Belgium

Tipik (TV channel)


Robert de Grantmesnil (de Grandmesnil) also known as Robert II, was a Norman nobleman; a member of a prominent Norman family. He first became a monk, then abbot at the Abbey of Saint-Evroul in Normandy and later Bishop of Troina in the Norman Kingdom of Sicily.

Career
Robert was the second son of Robert I de Grantmesnil and Hawisa d'Échauffour, daughter of Giroie, Lord of Échauffour. His family was from Calvados, arrondissement of Lisieux, in the canton of Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives. As a child he applied himself to learning and came to be known for his retentive memory and seemed to be destined for the church. But Robert also had a love of arms and fighting and was for five years an esquire to Duke William, who at the end of that period knighted him and rewarded him generously for his service. In 1040 when Robert I died, his three sons, including Robert, all shared in their father's inheritance.

In 1050, Robert and his elder brother Hugh de Grandmesnil had decided to found a monastery and asked their uncle, William fitz Giroie, to advise them. William pointed out that the site the two chose was unsuitable and also advised them to restore the ancient abbey of Saint-Evroul instead. The brothers agreed and compensated the monks of Bec who owned the old ruins and then generously funded, along with contributions from their mother's fitz Giroie family, the restoration of the abbey. In his confirmation charter to this refounding of Saint-Evroul, Duke William subscribed it with the sign of the cross and had added to the charter a warning against anyone doing any harm to the abbey or any of its members under pain of excommunication. That same year Robert entered the abbey as a monk and became abbot there in 1059.

Troubles at Saint-Evroul
About 1059 there were several quarrels between Duke William's barons, in particular members of the Giroie family and Mabel de Belleme. In one instance she and her husband Roger convinced Duke William to confiscate the lands of Arnold d'Échauffour (Robert's uncle), and turn them over to her. Also caught up in this and having his lands suddenly taken was Hugh de Grandmesnil (Robert's brother). At the same time Robert de Grandmesnil, as abbot of Saint-Evroul, was summoned before the duke to answer charges. Upon learning these were false and discovering the duke had intentions of harming him, Robert consulted Bishop Hugh of Lisieux. The bishop advised Robert to guard against William's wrath and for his own safety he should remove himself from Normandy. Duke William then had Osbern, a monk of the Holy Trinity, Rouen, installed as abbot of Saint-Evroul in Robert's place.

Robert then went to Italy to gain audience with Pope Nicholas II. Explaining his position in Normandy had become untenable, that he had been falsely accused, and that no ecclesiastical court had been convened, he asked the pope for his help. Nicholas agreed and sent Robert back to Normandy armed with apostolic letters accompanied by two cardinal's clerks to reestablish Robert as abbot and punish Osbern as an intruder. Hearing that a papal commission that included Robert was approaching, Duke William became enraged and stated he would accept the papal envoys "but if any monk brought charges against him, he would hang him with contempt on the highest tree in the neighboring forest." Bishop Hugh warned Robert not to come into Normandy and Robert stopped at Saint-Denis Abbey near Paris and was received by his cousin Hugh, the Abbot there. Robert then sent a summons to Abbot Osbern at Saint-Evroul that both of them should appear before the Cardinals at Chartres and abide by their judgment. Osbern agreed but at the appointed time and place he did not appear. Robert then sent Osbern letters on the Pope's authority excommunicating him. The monks of Saint-Evroul on being notified of Osbern being judged an intruder and being excommunicated, left to join their lawful abbot Robert. Those too young or too old to travel remained behind.

Sicily and southern Italy
Robert removed himself again to Italy in 1061. He brought with him a total of eleven monks from Saint-Evroul, and all were well received by Pope Alexander II, who had just succeeded Pope Nicholas II, and who, after hearing of their troubles in Normandy, gave Robert and his monks the temporary use of the church of Saint-Paul the Apostle in Rome. To find a more permanent situation Robert sought help from his cousin, William of Montreuil, then in the service of Pope Alexander II, who gave Robert and his monks half the town of Aquino. He also sought help from Richard I of Capua, Prince of Capua who, as it turned out, made Robert many empty promises. In disgust Robert turned to Robert Guiscard, Duke of Calabria, who treated the abbot with great respect and invited him and his monks to settle in Calabria. In  Robert founded the abbey of Sant'Eufemia Lamezia in Calabria and in 1062 Guiscard also granted him the abbey of Venosa. In 1080 the duke then granted him the church of Saint-Michael of Mileto. The same year Roger I Duke of Apulia selected Robert as Bishop of Troina. Robert died on November 21,  and was interred in his church of Saint-Mary, Mother of God, which he built.

Family
Robert was a member of the de Grandmesnil family and also identified closely with his mother's Giroie family of Échauffour and Montreuil-l'Argillé, members of which family were vassals as well as rivals of the de Bellême family. Robert's mother eventually retired to become a nun at Montivilliers along with two of Robert's sisters, their brother Hugh providing for them. Hugh, who left Normandy with Robert, returned in time to accompany William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings, and subsequently was sheriff of Leicester and held sixty-seven manors at Domesday. Orderic Vitalis, himself a monk at Saint-Evroul, made no mention of Robert ever being married or of having any children.

Notes

References

Year of birth missing
1083 deaths
Bishops of Lucera
Medieval French nobility
11th-century Normans
11th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
11th-century French writers

Robert de Grandmesnil


Thomas Warton, the elder (c. 168810 September 1745), was an English clergyman and schoolmaster, known as the second professor of poetry at Oxford, a position he owed to Jacobite sympathies.

Life
He was born about 1688, son of Antony Warton (1650–1715), vicar of Godalming. He matriculated at Hart Hall, Oxford, on 3 April 1706, but soon migrated to Magdalen College, where he held a demyship from 1706 to 1717, and a fellowship from 1717 to 1724. He graduated B.A. on 17 February 1710, M.A. in 1712, and B.D. in 1725.

In 1717-18, Warton circulated both in manuscript and in print a satire in verse on George I, which he entitled The Turnip Hoer, and wrote lines for the "Old Pretender" James III's picture. No copy of either composition is now known. His Jacobite sympathies made him popular in the university, and he was elected professor of poetry, in succession to Joseph Trapp, on 17 July 1718. He was re-elected, in spite of the opposition of the Constitution Club, for a second term of five years in 1723. He retired from the professorship in 1728. He possessed small literary qualifications for the office, and his election provoked the sarcasm of Nicholas Amhurst, who satirized Warton across three numbers of his Terrae Filius; "Squeaking Tom of Maudlin" is the sobriquet Amhurst conferred on him.

After 1723 Warton ceased to reside regularly in Oxford. In that year he became vicar of Basingstoke, Hampshire, and master of the grammar school there. Among his pupils was the naturalist Gilbert White.

He remained at Basingstoke until his death, but with the living he held successively the vicarages of Framfield, Sussex (1726), of Woking, Surrey, from 1727, and of Cobham, Surrey. He died at Basingstoke on 10 September 1745, and was buried in the church there.

Family
He married Elizabeth, second daughter of Joseph Richardson, rector of Dunsfold, Surrey, and left two sons, Joseph Warton and the better-known Thomas Warton, and a daughter, Jane Warton.

Works
Warton was a writer of occasional verse, but published none collectively in his lifetime. After his death his son Joseph issued, by subscription, Poems on several Occasions by the Rev. Thomas Warton, London, 1748. Some 'runic' odes are included, and are said to have drawn the attention of the poet Thomas Gray to those topics. The chronology of his work has been discussed.

Notes

References
Attribution:

1688 births
1745 deaths
17th-century English clergy
18th-century English Anglican priests
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
18th-century English poets
English Jacobites
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
Oxford Professors of Poetry
English male poets

Thomas Warton the elder


Rhonda Varnes (born April 14, 1984 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian curler. She currently skips her own team out of Winnipeg.

Career
Varnes grew up in Manitoba, where she won the 2001 Manitoba Juvenile Provincial Championship. As a junior curler, she played in three provincial junior championships as a skip. Her first season on the World Curling Tour was 2005–06. That season, she was the youngest skip at the 2006 Manitoba Scotties Tournament of Hearts where she led her Stonewall Curling Club rink to a 3–4 record. After the season she joined the Linda Stewart rink for one season. The team made it to the 2007 Manitoba Scotties, finishing with a 4–3 record. After one more season as a skip in Manitoba, Varnes moved to Ottawa in 2008.

In 2015, Varnes and her team of Melissa Gannon, Erin Macaulay and Rebecca Wichers-Schreur qualified for their first Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts.

References

External links

 Team Website

Living people
1984 births
Curlers from Winnipeg
Curlers from Ottawa
Canadian women curlers

Rhonda Varnes


Lasipalatsi (; meaning literally "glass palace") is a functionalist office building designed in the 1930s, located on Mannerheimintie in the Kamppi district of Helsinki, Finland. Lasipalatsi is one of Helsinki's most notable functionalist buildings.

History
An earlier building at the same location was the Turku barracks, which was destroyed in the Finnish Civil War in 1918. Lasipalatsi, designed by three young architects Viljo Revell, Heimo Riihimäki and Niilo Kokko, was built on the same site in 1936. Lasipalatsi, containing offices, restaurants and a film theatre, was originally designed as a temporary building, later to be torn down to allow a larger office building to be constructed in its place. The Varuboden grocery, Oy Siemens AB and the HOK ice cream bar were Lasipalatsi's most prominent businesses for decades. At the time of its opening, the film theatre Bio Rex was one of the biggest film theatres in the city, and many formal premieres of Finnish films were shown there.

The original plans to tear down Lasipalatsi were postponed decade after decade, but the building also wasn't renovated, because its final fate was still left open. In the 1980s, large sheets advertising the Ale Pub underlined the shameful state of the worn building. Only when the Board of Construction set a threat fee, the Apartment Bureau renovated the building's outer walls. In summer 1985, the old grayish paint was replaced with through-coloured white mortar. Helsinkians opposed the destruction of the building several times, and the Museum Bureau also supported its protection.

After decades of deterioration, Lasipalatsi was protected and renovated into a culture and media centre in 1998, also containing cafés and many corporations in the media business. The building also hosted Internet services and exhibition halls. The Yleisradio Morning TV used to be broadcast from Lasipalatsi, and next to it was the Yle Shop. The film theatre Bio Rex is specialised in showing non-mainstream cultural films.

Lasipalatsi has been included in the selection of Finnish masterpieces of modernism in architecture by the Docomomo International organization.

The building is undergoing extensive renovations as of October 2016. A new museum, Amos Rex, has been built under the Lasipalatsi square with some parts of the museum residing in Lasipalatsi.

Gallery

See also
 Architecture of Finland

References

External links

 Lasipalatsi home page

Buildings and structures in Helsinki
Streamline Moderne architecture
Modernist architecture in Finland
Kamppi

Lasipalatsi


The Inbetweeners Movie, known simply as The Inbetweeners in North America, is a 2011 British coming-of-age teen adventure comedy film based on the E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners, written by series creators Damon Beesley and Iain Morris and directed by Ben Palmer.

The film follows the misadventures of a group of teenage friends on holiday in Malia after the end of their final year at school together, and was intended as an ending to the TV series. It stars Simon Bird, Joe Thomas, James Buckley and Blake Harrison. The Inbetweeners Movie was released on 17 August 2011 in the UK and Ireland by Entertainment Film Distributors, to favourable reviews, although its later release in the United States received mixed reviews from American critics. It was a considerable commercial success, setting the record for the biggest opening weekend for a comedy film in the UK. A sequel, The Inbetweeners 2, was released on 6 August 2014.

Plot
Teenage friends Will McKenzie, Simon Cooper, Jay Cartwright, and Neil Sutherland finish their A-levels and prepare to leave Rudge Park Comprehensive. To celebrate, the boys decide to go on a "lads holiday" together to Malia, Crete. Arriving in the country, the boys find their accommodation to be a rundown hostel, and venture out later to experience the country's nightlife. In the town centre, the boys are tricked by a rep into visiting a deserted bar, and they meet a group of four girls who are holidaying: Alison, Lucy, Lisa, and Jane. While their initial meeting and conversations do not go smoothly, and Alison is already in a relationship with a local Greek waiter called Nicos, the girls arrange to meet the boys again at the girl's hotel the following day. Simon sees his former girlfriend Carli across the street, but is introduced to her new love interest, James, a cocky, arrogant club rep. Carli reveals that she is going to an all-day boat party later in the week before she returns to England, and Simon promises to meet her there.

The next day, the boys meet the girls at their hotel, but after several mishaps involving Jay and Will, they are kicked out. Jay and Simon get into an argument over Simon's obsession with Carli and they briefly fight each other in the street. Desperate to buy a ticket for the boat party to try to reconcile with Carli, Simon naïvely "sells" all of his clothes to James without receiving payment. It is revealed Jay had bought four boat party tickets, but had torn up Simon's after the fight. Jay and Neil go to a club where they encounter James and his friends and try to befriend them, but James verbally abuses the pair, forcing them to leave. That evening, the four boys meet up and reconcile. The girls appear and Will and Alison, Simon and Lucy, and Jay and Jane all grow closer to each other, while Neil disappears with an older woman. The girls suggest that they all go skinny dipping at the local beach. Jay becomes embarrassed when two men laugh at Jane for being overweight, and an upset Jane leaves him. Alison removes Will's glasses as they strip naked. While trying to find them, Will stumbles upon her boyfriend, Nicos, having sex with another woman and Alison leaves, distraught. In the sea, Lucy and Simon prepare to kiss, but Simon sees Carli on the beach and leaves Lucy alone, angering her. With the girls having left, the boys decide to visit various bars and clubs to get drunk.

On the day of the boat party, the group meet the girls again at the beach, where Alison reconciles with Will and gives him Nicos' ticket to join her on the boat. Elsewhere, Simon apologises to Lucy and she offers him her boat party ticket so that he can be with Carli. On board, Simon witnesses an argument between Carli and James. Carli kisses Simon passionately, but he realises that she is just using him to make James jealous; finally seeing Carli for her true colours, he leaves her. Will and Alison admit their feelings toward each other and Jay apologises to Jane and both start a relationship, while Neil and Lisa do the same. Jay and Jane encounter James who mocks Jane's weight and demands a banknote from Jay so that he can snort cocaine. Jay gets revenge on him by giving James a €20 note that was concealed in his anus, leaving James to unknowingly have faeces on his nose. Simon realises that Lucy is more worthy of his attention than Carli, and decides to swim back to shore to her as a romantic gesture; however, he nearly drowns on the way there. As he is taken back to the beach via air ambulance, Lucy kisses him and they reconcile.

During the credits, the four boys and the girls spend the rest of their holiday together as couples. When the holiday ends, upon their return to England, the group say goodbye at Gatwick Airport and the girls are introduced to the boys' parents.

Cast

 Simon Bird as Will McKenzie
 James Buckley as Jay Cartwright
 Blake Harrison as Neil Sutherland
 Joe Thomas as Simon Cooper
 Emily Head as Carli D'Amato
 Laura Haddock as Alison
 Tamla Kari as Lucy
 Jessica Knappett as Lisa
 Lydia Rose Bewley as Jane
 Theo James as James
 Theo Barklem-Biggs as Richard
 Anthony Head as Mr McKenzie
 Belinda Stewart-Wilson as Polly McKenzie
 Martin Trenaman as Alan Cooper
 Robin Weaver as Pamela Cooper
 David Schaal as Terry Cartwright
 Victoria Willing as Mrs Cartwright
 Alex Macqueen as Kevin Sutherland
 Greg Davies as Mr Gilbert
 Henry Lloyd-Hughes as Mark Donovan
 Lauren O'Rourke as Nicole
 David Avery as Nicos
 Cush Jumbo as Jaime
 Storme Toolis as Wheelchair Girl
 Aimee Kelly as Party Girl (uncredited)

Soundtrack
The official soundtrack consists of:

 Miles Kane – "Quicksand"
 Mike Skinner – "No Problemo"
 "Mental Holiday" (from The Inbetweeners)
 The Vines – "Gimme Love'"
 Ke$ha – "Blow (Cirkut Remix)"
 "Introduce Yourself" (from The Inbetweeners)
 Yolanda Be Cool – "We No Speak Americano (Radio Edit)"
 Axwell – "Nothing but Love (Radio Edit)"
 Mike Skinner – "Fernando's Theme"
 "You're a Virgin" (from The Inbetweeners)
 Mike Skinner – "Twenty Euros"
 Mike Skinner – "Waving Not Drowning"
 "He Shoots He Scores" (from The Inbetweeners)
 Mike Skinner – "Clunge in a Barrel"
 Deer Tick – "Twenty Miles"
 Calvin Harris – "Feel So Close (Benny Benassi Remix)"
 "Smack in the Balls" (from The Inbetweeners)
 Mike Skinner – "We Are Go"
 Everything Everything – "MY KZ, YR BF (Grum Remix)"
 Mike Skinner – "Moanatronic 5000"
 The D.O.T – "Whatever It Takes"
 "Two Man Job" (from The Inbetweeners)
 Mike Skinner – "Do It"
 Sean Kingston – "Party All Night (Sleep All Day)"
 Morning Runner – "Gone up in Flames" (The Inbetweeners theme tune)
 Mike Skinner – "Pussay Patrol"
 "To The Pussay" (from The Inbetweeners)

Songs not on the official soundtrack but featured in the film:
 Demetrios Kousathanas - "Pes to Mou to Nai"
 Pixie Lott – "All About Tonight"
 Plan B – "Stay Too Long"
 Funky G – "Kafana na Balkanu"
 Edward Maya & Mia Martina – "Stereo Love"
 Diana Vickers – "The Boy Who Murdered Love"

Production

A first draft for The Inbetweeners Movie was completed before the third series was even written. The story remained mostly similar besides small changes such as a scene in which Jay hires a motorbike, pretending he knows how to ride it, but failing by crashing into a wall. This scene was removed during the writing process for the third series as the pair needed a humorous way to open the episode and thought the motor bike scene would be better suited to the episode than the movie.

Principal photography took place in the United Kingdom (London, West Sussex), Magaluf, and Malia, Crete. A YouTube video shows the lads walking down the Malia Strip, walking past popular clubs 'Corkers', the strip club 'GoGo Lap Dancing Club' and 'Candy Club'. The Interiors of the empty club where Neil shows off his dance moves were shot in Infernos night club on Clapham High Street, London.

Release

Box office
On its first day of release, The Inbetweeners Movie grossed over £2.5 million in 409 cinemas. The film then went on to set a record for the most successful opening weekend ever achieved by a comedy film in the UK, overtaking Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason and The Hangover Part II after earning £13.22 million, compared to second-place Rise of the Planet of the Apes which took £2.4 million. The Inbetweeners Movie was confirmed as having the biggest opening weekend for an independent British film. It retained its number 1 position in the UK film charts for four weeks before being overtaken by Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy on 20 September 2011, by which time The Inbetweeners Movie had grossed £41.8 million overall. The film saw a limited theatrical release in the United States on 7 September 2012, where it grossed $36,000 making its total box office revenue $88,025,781.

Critical reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 53% based on 51 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It arguably plays most strongly to fans of the British series, but even viewers who have never seen The Inbetweeners on TV may find themselves won over by the film's surprisingly tender ribaldry." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 44 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Ian Freer of Empire gave the film four stars out of five, observing that "Like any holiday, it is episodic and suffers from repetition but this is gag-for-gag the funniest film of the summer and a fitting end to a much-loved series." Steve Rose of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five, giving particular praise to Simon Bird's performance and arguing that the film "updates the teen summer holiday formula surprisingly entertainingly, considering it doesn't subvert its one iota and the formula was already done previously with Holiday on the Buses and Kevin & Perry Go Large among others." Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph also gave a positive assessment of the film, praising it as "an enormous hit, a Mamma Mia! for the Hangover demographic." Screen Daily, on the other hand, gave a mixed review, praising the performances of the main cast and proclaiming the film "Britain's delayed riposte to American Pie", yet simultaneously arguing that it "can't quite shake off its TV roots, and plot-wise, this is nothing the Greek tourist board would want to advertise." Australian critic Margaret Pomeranz from At the Movies called the characters "gormless" and said, "I'm giving this one star really generously." She also said that the style of humour in the film was the reason that the British Empire collapsed.

Home media
On 12 December 2011, The Inbetweeners Movie was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the UK by 4DVD, with the latter version sold as a triple pack containing both formats along with a digital copy of the film. Both versions include a number of special features, such as a making-of documentary, footage from the film's London premiere, various deleted scenes, cast commentaries and a blooper reel.

Following its appearance in UK stores, the DVD quickly became a major financial success. Within less than a week, the film became the third fastest-selling British home media release of 2011 after Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, with approximately 575,000 copies sold in the first day of its release. By 17 December, estimated sales reached one million, resulting in the film displacing the home media release of Paul as one of the five best-selling DVDs of the year in the UK.

In December 2014, parallel with the release of the film's sequel, a special edition with both films was released on DVD.

Extended version
The Blu-ray release also features an extended cut of the film that restores approximately four minutes of material omitted from the theatrical release, most notably an additional scene in which Will and Simon encounter a drunken Mr Gilbert on a Malia stag weekend.

Sequel

A sequel to the film, titled The Inbetweeners 2, was released in British and Irish cinemas on 6 August 2014. It is set in Australia.

See also
 List of films based on British sitcoms
 List of 2011 box office number-one films in the United Kingdom

References

External links

Inbetweeners Movie
2011 films
2010s buddy comedy films
2010s coming-of-age comedy films
2010s teen comedy films
British buddy comedy films
British coming-of-age comedy films
British independent films
British teen comedy films
Films about teenagers
Films about vacationing
Films about virginity
Films based on television series
Films set in Crete
Films shot in London
Films shot in Spain
Films shot in Greece
Films shot in Crete
Film4 Productions films
2011 comedy films
2011 independent films
2010s English-language films
Films directed by Ben Palmer
2010s British films

The Inbetweeners Movie


Did You Hear About the Morgans? is a 2009 American romantic comedy thriller movie directed and written by Marc Lawrence. The movie stars Hugh Grant and Sarah Jessica Parker as Paul and Meryl Morgan, a separated power couple from New York City. Their lives take an unexpected turn when they witness a murder involving one of Meryl's clients. To ensure their safety, they are placed in witness protection, given new identities, and relocated to a small town in Wyoming. The supporting cast includes Sam Elliott, Mary Steenburgen, Elisabeth Moss, and Wilford Brimley. It is the second collaboration between Grant and Parker, following the 1996 movie Extreme Measures.

The movie premiered in December 2009 and received negative reviews from critics. Despite the critical reception, it had a successful box office run, grossing $85 million worldwide.

Other websites

2009 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies directed by Marc Lawrence

Did You Hear About the Morgans?


The Chronica Naierensis or Crónica najerense (originally edited under the title Crónica leonesa) was a late twelfth-century chronicle of universal history composed at the Benedictine monastery of Santa María la Real in Nájera. In Latin it narrates events from Creation to its own time, with a focus on the Bible, classical history, the Visigothic in Spain, and the kingdoms of Castile and León. It was an important model for later Spanish Latin historiographers, notably the De rebus Hispaniae of Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, the Chronicon mundi of Lucas de Tuy, and the Estoria de España of the patronage of Alfonso X of Castile.

Besides its classical and Biblical authorities, the Chronica Naierensis relied heavily on material culled from the cantares de gesta. The Chronica is not an original work in any rigorous sense, but rather a compilation. Its Visigothic history is based squarely on Isidore of Seville and its more recent Spanish history incorporates the Corpus Pelagianum, a work supervised by Pelagius, Bishop of Oviedo, mid-century. The date of the Chronica'''s completion was long dated to 1160, but the 1995 critical edition published by Juan Estévez Sola revised the terminus post quem to 1173, for it was not until that year that Pedro Coméstor finished his Historia Scholastica, which the Chronica uses as a source. The terminus ante quem of the Chronica can be placed in 1194, the earliest date for the composition of the Linage del Cid, which used it as a source. These dates make it contemporary with the Historia Roderici, though the influence of the latter in the Chronica is evident.

Editions
Antonio Ubieto Arteta (ed.), Crónica najerense. Zaragoza: Anubar, 1985. .
Juan A. Estévez Sola (ed.), Chronica Hispana saeculi XII, Pars II: Chronica Naierensis, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis, LXXI A. Turnhout: Brepols, 1995. .
Juan A. Estévez Sola (ed.), Crónica najerense, Clásicos Latinos Medievales y Renacentistas, 12. Tres Cantos (Madrid): Akal, 2003. .

References
Deyermond, Alan D. (2001 [1973]). Historia de la literatura española, vol. 1: La Edad Media. Barcelona: Edicions Ariel. .
Montaner Frutos, Alberto, and Escobar, Ángel (2001). "El Carmen Campidoctoris y la materia cidiana", en Carmen Campidoctoris o Poema latino del Campeador'', pp. 13–120. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal España Nuevo Milenio. .

Iberian chronicles
12th-century history books
12th-century Latin books

Chronica Naierensis


Khojkī, Khojakī, or Khwājā Sindhī ( (Arabic script) खोजकी  (Devanagari)), is a script used formerly and almost exclusively by the Khoja community of parts of the Indian subcontinent, including Sindh, Gujarat, and Punjab. However, this script also had a further reach and was used by members of Ismaili communities from Burma to East and South Africa. The name "Khojki" is likely derived from the Persian word khoja, which means "master", or "lord".

As a scholarly article from 2022 has demonstrated, referring to the script as "Khojki" is a relatively new phenomenon, coined by the Russian scholar Wladimir Ivanow., This neologism began to replace the original terms used by Ismailis such as Sindhi and (when necessary to distinguish it from other forms of Sindhi script) Khwajah Sindhi. By this, they did not necessarily mean the Sindhi language, but rather the script utilized by their community, known as the Khwajahs or Khojas. To avoid confusion, the British administrative bureaucracy added the term Khwajah, referring to the script as "Khwajah Sindhi" The Ismailis sometimes did the same to distinguish the script from the language, as well as from other scripts used in Sindh.

The Khwajah Ismaili community continued using the traditional term 'Sindhi' alongside the neologism 'Khojki.' However, many scholars writing in English and other Western languages dropped the traditional term 'Sindhi' was adopting the invented term 'Khojki.'

The script was employed primarily to record Ismaili religious and devotional literature; most notably in the form of poetry called gināns (a term derived from the Sanskrit jnāna meaning contemplative knowledge). Khojkī belongs to a family of scripts classified as landā or 'clipped' alphabets primarily employed as commercial and mercantile scripts by various Hindu communities of Sind and Punjab. It is one of the two Landā scripts used for liturgy, the other being the Gurmukhī alphabet, which is associated with Sikhism.

History and evolution of the script

According to the Nizari Ismaili tradition Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn, the 15th-century dā'ī (preacher), invented the Khojkī script.  While it is now firmly established through epigraphic evidence that the script predates the arrival of the dā'ī in the form of the Lohānākī or Lārī script, scholars argue that it is very likely that Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn did in fact play a pivotal role in the evolution, refinement, and the more widespread use of the script. Dr. Ali Asani, a leading scholar of Ismaili literature and one of the very few academics to systematically study Khojkī manuscripts concludes: "we may surmise that Khojkī is most likely a polished or more developed from of Lohānakī with the legendary Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn perhaps having played a role in its evolution."

The early versions of this script were primarily used for trade and mercantilist documentation and by their nature were not well equipped to record literature. Several main issues included: a very limited vowel system, lack of separation between words, inconsistent orthography, together with redundant and ambiguous characters. However, it is important to note that despite the apparent deficiencies of the script this did not mean that there were not already widespread local literary traditions, but rather that they existed primarily in oral forms. Over time solutions to some of these major issues were introduced into the script, with one of the most significant being the development of medial vowel marks called lākanā. A colon-like form of punctuation was also introduced to distinguish between words. Although these developments came rather early and facilitated the recording of gināns, based on manuscript evidence, it can be inferred that the scrip was continuously evolving right up until the late 19th century. However, it was a common practice for old and deteriorating manuscripts to be respectfully destroyed upon being recopied, thus making tracing the evolution of the script across time a challenge. Apart from the unknown number of manuscripts in private collections, there are currently three institutional collections at the ITREB-Pakistan (Ismaili Tariqa and Religious Education Board) in Karachi, at the IIS (Institute of Ismaili Studies) in London, and at Harvard University.

In adapting to new printing technologies, the Khojkī script entered a new stage of its development in the early 20th century under the auspice of Lāljī Devrājī, who compiled, edited, and published a range of materials in Khojkī through his Khoja Sindhi Printing Press in Bombay. Despite these efforts to utilize various new printing technologies, Dr. Asani reflects that "ironically, the introduction of printing may have also sounded the deathknell for the script." Several factors contributed to this decline. During the early 20th century, the "publication of religious literature was centralized and brought under the control of community institutions." While on the one hand this larger institutional backing aided in more widespread availability and distribution of texts in Khojkī. On the other, "regional variations were a serious problem" because of the "lack of uniformity in the script in different geographical areas." Additionally, efforts made by the Ismaili Imamate institution to standardize rituals and shift away from the more "Indic" elements that became part of religious, cultural, and linguistic identity of Khoja communities also played a significant role in the shift away from using the Khojkī script.  Even though Khojkī is no longer a "living script" access to this corpus can provide unique insights into the ways in which the Ismaili tradition grew and adapted in this specific cultural context, as well as offering insights into how this community envisioned and constructed their own history and identity.

Script and identity
As is explained by Michel Boivin, for the contemporary Khoja community, because the gināns are at the core of the Khoja religious heritage, "they quickly became a crucial stake in the process of identity construction." Asani argues that "in the Ismaili case the adoption of the Khojkī script, a 'local' script, was probably part of the attempt to make religious literature more accessible by recording it in a script with which the local population had the greatest familiarity."  In reflecting upon the larger history of the script and the literary tradition Asani also posits several other reasons as to why Khojkī was adopted and continuously refined by the local Ismaili community:…by providing an exclusive means of written expression commonly shared by Ismailis living in the three regions (Sind, Punjab and Gujrat), was influential in the development of the cohesion and self-identity within a widely scattered and linguistically diverse religious community. No doubt the script facilitated the flow and the transmission of religious literature from one area to another. Use of the script may have also served to confine religious literature within the community—this precaution being necessary to avoid persecution from outsiders not in agreement with the community's doctrines and practices. In this respect, Khojkī may have served the same purpose as the secret languages, such as the so-called Balabailān language, used by Muslim mystics to hide their more esoteric thoughts from the common people.

Characters
Traditionally, diphthong vowels were written as a combination of vowel forms, and there were multiple forms of writing some of them. This is also true of the virama. There are also contextual variants of consonant-vowel combinations for some vowels, as is found in the Modi script. For conjuncts, there are a few 'inherent' conjuncts found in most Indic scripts, such as ksa, jna, and tra, and dra is also found in addition. Most consonants are written using the virama pattern, as is found in the Saurashtra script or in the Tamil script, but some are written with a reduced consonant form on the second consonant in the cluster, typically with ra and ya. Gemination is indicated with the Arabic shadda, while nasalization is indicated with an anusvara that is reminiscent of Devanagari in position but of Telugu, Kannada, or Malayalam in shape. The nukta is composed of three dots, similar to the three dots found in modifying historically Arabic letters in the Persian script, and it is added to certain letters to form Arabic sounds. They can sometimes be ambiguous, with the nukta over the same letter sometimes mapping to multiple Arabic letters, as in ja or as in sa. Punctuation exists for marking word boundaries using colon-like marks, section boundaries using a combination of colon-like marks and double danda-like marks, and other Latin punctuation is also present. Abbreviation marks are represented by a small circle to the side, as is found in Modi and in Goykanadi. Verse numbering is indicated by an overline and digits and number forms typically use those found throughout North India in the region. Some additional letters and forms have been found, are detailed in the Unicode Proposal, and are being researched.

Over time some of the characters represented different sounds, which makes it difficult to read certain texts with the historical phonological values as compared to those with the modern phonological values known to most modern readers of published Ismaili literature. This is particularly true of the implosives, aspirants, and normal forms of ba, da, and ja, which shifted to render the implosive letter as a normal letter phonologically, the normal letter as an aspirant letter phonologically, and rendered the aspirant letter unnecessary. The implosive for ja began to represent za.

Unicode

Khojki script was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

The Unicode block for Khojki is U+11200–U+1124F:

Number forms and unit marks used in Khojki documents are located in the Common Indic Number Forms Unicode block (U+A830–U+U+A83F):

See also
 Khoja
 Ginans
 Sindhi
 Kutchi language

References

Obsolete writing systems
Ismailism
Brahmic scripts
Gujarati language
Sindhi language

Khojki script


The Bitburg controversy involved a ceremonial visit by U.S. President Ronald Reagan to a German military cemetery in Bitburg, a town in extreme western Germany near the border with Luxembourg, in May 1985, designed to celebrate the end of World War II in Europe 40 years earlier.

The visit caused some controversy, both in the United States and around the world, when it became known that members of the Waffen-SS, the military arm of Nazi Germany's SS (Schutzstaffel), were also buried there. The entire SS was judged to be a criminal organisation at the Nuremberg trials. The fact that Reagan had not been scheduled to visit former Nazi concentration-camp sites compounded the controversy, and a trip to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was later added to his itinerary.

On Sunday 5 May, Reagan and Kohl appeared at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. The U.S. President's speech there, according to Time, was a "skillful exercise in both the art of eulogy and political damage control." Reagan said:

All these children of God, under bleak and lifeless mounds, the plainness of which does not even hint at the unspeakable acts that created them. Here they lie, never to hope, never to pray, never to live, never to heal, never to laugh, never to cry.... And then, rising above all this cruelty, out of this tragic and nightmarish time, beyond the anguish, the pain and suffering, and for all time, we can and must pledge: never again.

Reagan responded about the controversy: "This visit has stirred many emotions in the American and German people too. Some old wounds have been reopened, and this I regret very much, because this should be a time of healing."

References

20th century in Germany
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Controversies in the United States

Bitburg controversy


The pincer movement, or double envelopment, is a tactic in which forces attack both flanks (sides) of an enemy formation at the same time. The pincer movement can be used when opposing forces advance towards the center of an army. That army responds by moving its outside forces to the enemy's flanks to surround it. At the same time, a second layer of pincers may attack on the more distant flanks to cut off the enemy reinforcements.

Description

A full pincer movement leads to the attacking army facing the enemy in front, on both flanks, and in the rear.  If attacking pincers link up in the enemy's rear, the enemy is encircled.  Such battles often end in surrender or destruction of the enemy force. The encircled force can try to break out or counterattack. A successful flanking maneuver can be difficult to accomplish.

History

Sun Tzu, in The Art of War, talked about the maneuver. But he made the point to leave a surrounded enemy an escape route. Otherwise, faced with death, a surrounded enemy would fight much harder. This advice seems to have been followed by General George Patton when his sweeping pincer movement trapped the German army in the Falaise pocket in August 1944.

 The maneuver may have first been used at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC.  The historian Herodotus describes how the Athenian general Miltiades used it. During the battle, the weaker central formations retreated. this allowed the wings to come together behind the Persian battle line. It drove the Persians to retreat in panic.

 A famous example is at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC by Hannibal. Military historians view this as one of the greater battlefield maneuvers in history.

 It was a favorite tactic used by Charlemagne against his enemies. He routinely divided his command into two armies in order to trap his enemy between them.

 Daniel Morgan used it effectively  at the Battle of Cowpens in 1781 in South Carolina. The British troops thought Morgan's men were retreating and charged right into the trap.

 Flanking maneuvers were a major part of the German blitzkrieg during World War II. It involved fast movement by tanks, artillery and aircraft to overwhelm their enemies.

Related pages

 Flanking maneuver
 Turning movement
 Attrition warfare
 Feigned retreat
 Oblique order
 Shock tactics
 Envelopment
 Rearguard
 Ambush

References

Other websites

 Pincer Movement
 Blitzkrieg

Military terminology
Military tactics

Pincer movement


Caladenia xantha, commonly known as the primrose spider orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, hairy leaf and up to three yellow flowers with a cream-coloured, brown-striped labellum.

Description
Caladenia xantha is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect, hairy leaf, 80–200 mm long and 3–5 mm wide. Up to three pale to bright yellow flowers, 60–100 mm long and 70–100 mm wide are borne on a stalk 180–260 mm tall. The sepals and petals have dark brown, thread-like tips. The dorsal sepal is erect, 60–80 mm long and about 2 mm wide. The lateral sepals are 40–60 mm long, about 3 mm wide and curve downwards. The petals are 30–50 mm long, 2–3 mm wide and arranged like the lateral sepals. The labellum is 10–15 mm long, 7–10 mm wide and creamy-yellow with brown stripes and spots. The sides of the labellum are serrated, the tip is curled downwards and there are two rows of anvil-shaped, cream-coloured calli along the mid-line. Flowering occurs from July to early September.

Taxonomy and naming
Caladenia xantha was first formally described in 2001 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Phillip Brown from a specimen collected near Katanning and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet xanthos is an Ancient Greek word meaning "yellow", "yellowish-red", "orange" or "golden" referring to the flower colour of this orchid.

Distribution and habitat
The primrose spider orchid is mostly found between the Mogumber Nature Reserve and Kendenup in the Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions where it grows in well-drained soil under wandoo and sheoak trees.

Conservation
Caladenia xantha is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

References

xantha
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of Western Australia
Plants described in 2001
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Taxa named by Stephen Hopper
Taxa named by Andrew Phillip Brown

Caladenia xantha


In medicine, the word blackout is a form of amnesia. The amnesia may be complete or partial. Such an amnesia can be provoked by:
 Stress (biology) for example, before an examination.
 Alcohol: People suffering from such a conditions may also lose consciousness for a certain time.
 Interrupting the supply of oxygen or blood to the brain
 Injuries to the brain
 Various illnesses

After the cause is gone full mental powers are usually restored, although there may be a blank in memory.

Health problems

Blackout


Francis Henry Bennett Skrine (1847–1933) was an English traveller, orientalist and official in British India.

Life
He was the son of the Rev. Clarmont Skrine of Warleigh Lodge, Wimbledon, previously an army officer, and his wife Mary Anne Auchmuty Bennett, daughter of Major Charles Butson Bennett. He was educated at Blackheath School and entered the Indian Civil Service in 1868.

In 1870 Skrine was appointed assistant magistrate and collector in Nadia district. He worked on famine relief in Bihar during 1874, and in Madras in 1877–8. He was officiating commissioner of Bhagalpur in 1893–4. He became collector of customs at Calcutta in 1895, and commissioner of Chittagong division, retiring in 1897.

Subsequently Skrine travelled in Central Asia.

Works
Memorandum on the Material Condition of the Lower Orders in Bengal During the Ten Years from 1881–82 to 1891–92 (1892), an investigation covering the condition of agricultural workers. In 1891 Skrine had compiled a census report for Shahabad district.
Laborious Days: Leaves from the Indian Record of Sir Charles Alfred Elliott (1892)
An Indian Journalist: being the life, letters and correspondence of Dr. Sambhu C. Mookerjee, late editor of "Reis and rayyet" Calcutta (1895)
The Life of Sir William Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I (1901), on William Wilson Hunter, an authorised biography.
The Heart of Asia: a History of Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates (1899) with Denison Ross Annette Meakin questioned some of the reporting of this book on Central Asian women.
The Expansion of Russia, 1815–1900 (1904)
Fontenoy and Great Britain's Share in the War of the Austrian Succession, 1741–48 (1906)
 Bahaism, the religion of brotherhood and its place in the evolution of creeds (1912)
Gossip about Dr Johnson and Others being Characters from the Memoirs of Miss Laetitia Matilda Hawkins (1926), from Laetitia Matilda Hawkins.

Family
Skrine married Helen Lucy Stewart, and was the father of Clarmont Percival Skrine.

Notes

External links

1847 births
1933 deaths
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
English biographers
19th-century English historians
English travel writers
20th-century English historians

Francis Henry Skrine


The Volvo PV800 Series (nicknamed the Volvo Sugga, literally the Sow) is a taxicab manufactured by Volvo from 1938 until 1958. The Sow series dominated the Swedish taxicab market during the 1940s and 1950s.

During World War II and in the 1950s, Volvo built a four-wheel drive off-road vehicle for the Swedish Armed Forces and Belgian Armed Forces, using the mechanical parts from Volvo's small trucks, combined with much of the body from the PV-800 series Sow.

PV800-810

The PV801 (with a glass division between the front and rear seat) and the PV802 (without the glass division) were introduced in 1938 and superseded the TR670 Series. The chassis and body were all new but the side-valve engine was the same as in the older cars. The front end was also used on Volvo's smallest lorry, the LV100 Series.

The PV802 could be used as a spare ambulance. After folding all seats on the car's right side, a stretcher could be loaded through the bootlid. Volvo continued to build commercial chassis versions, which were often used as basis for proper ambulances.

During the Second World War Volvo built a four-wheel drive off-road vehicle, called Terrängpersonvagn m/43 (TPV), for the Swedish Armed Forces and Belgian Armed Forces. The mechanical parts were based on Volvo's smaller lorries and the body came from the Sow.

Versions
PV800: 1940-47, 37 cars built, commercial chassis
PV801: 1938-47, 550 cars built, with glass partition
PV802: 1938-47, 1081 cars built, without glass partition
PV810: 1938-47, 180 cars built, commercial chassis on  wheelbase
TPV: 1944-46, 210 cars built, military off-road vehicle

PV821-824

In 1947 the PV800 was succeeded by PV821 and PV822. The cars were updated with the slightly stronger ED engine and the column-mounted gear lever from the PV 60.

Versions
PV821: 1948, 200 cars built, with glass partition
PV822: 1947-48, 300 cars built, without glass partition
PV823: 1947-48, 150 cars built, commercial chassis
PV824: 1947-48, 150 cars built, commercial chassis on  wheelbase

PV831-834

In the autumn of 1950 the model returned with a new front, similar to the front of the PV444 and the small lorry L340. The cars were renamed PV831 and PV832, respectively. In 1953 independent front suspension became optional. That same year, a civilian executive version, Disponent, saw the light of day.

By the end of the 1950s the Sow was quite outdated. Volvo planned for a successor, project P358, which was to be a large car powered by a V8, but that car never materialized, so when production of the PV800 Series ended in 1958 Volvo left the taxi market unattended. The recently introduced P120 Amazon was too small to serve as a taxicab and there were almost ten years before Volvo presented a new car, suitable for taxi use, the 144.

TP21

In 1953 Volvo introduced  a successor to the TPV for the armed forces, the four-wheel drive
Raptgb 915 (military name), TP21/P2104 (Volvo military designation), P2104 (Volvo civilian designation). It was powered by the well proven , 3.67 litre inline 6 mated to a Volvo E9 gearbox. The military version used to be called "Terräng-Sugga", though today the enthusiasts of this particular model seem to have somewhat high-jacked the nickname "Suggan".

Versions
PV831/832: 1950-57, 4135 cars built
PV833/834: 1950-58, 2081 cars built, commercial chassis
TP21: 1953-58, 720 cars built, military off-road vehicle

Also see the Volvo L-3314.

Gallery

References
Volvo Personvagnar-från 20-tal till 80-tal by Björn-Eric Lindh, 1984.

External links

Volvo Cars Heritage.
Volvo Museum.
Storvolvoklubben
Volvo TP21 sidan

PV800 Series
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1938
Cars introduced in 1950
Cars introduced in 1953
Taxis of Sweden

Volvo PV800 Series


A greedy algorithm is an algorithm used in solving optimization problems. Greedy algorithms select the best result at each iteration. The global optimum is obtained by repeatedly selecting the local optimum.

Examples
Kruskal's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
Prim's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path in a graph with non-negative edge lengths.

There are some problems where greedy algorithms do not produce the best possible solution. In such cases, they often produce the worst possible one. Again look at the coin-changing example above, and imagine that there are coins for 25 cent, 10 cent and 4 cent. Now imagine that the sum of 41 cent needs to be changed. A greedy algorithm would pick 25 cent, 10 cent, and 4 cent, for a total of 39 cent. The algorithm is then stuck, because the remaining 2 cent cannot be changed. One possible way of solving the is to use the 25 cent coin, and four coins of 4 cent.

Greedy algorithm


The Ojai Tennis Tournament, often shortened to The Ojai, is an annual tennis tournament in Ventura County, California, headquartered at Libbey Park in downtown Ojai, about  north of Los Angeles. The event, first held in 1896, is the oldest and largest amateur tennis tournament in the United States held in one location.

Overview
The Ojai Tennis Tournament is one of North America's largest amateur tennis tournaments, with 1,500 tennis players, up from the 12 players in the initial tournament in 1896 and 500 entrants in 1949. The tournament is played over several days throughout the Ojai Valley and elsewhere in western Ventura County, with final matches and marquee events held at Libbey Park in Ojai. Venues include parks, schools, private clubs, hotels, and even private residences.

As of 2021, the event features 27 divisions, including men's and women's open divisions and several dedicated to collegiate and youth players. The Pac-12 Conference conducts its team championships at The Ojai, and the California Community College Athletic Association additionally crowns singles and doubles champions. The Ojai also features CIF Southern Section high school boys' singles and doubles competition as the tournament falls within the association's boys' tennis season. Other divisions include NCAA Division III athletes, men's independent college players (i.e., from non-Pac-12 four-year institutions), and juniors.

History
The Ojai Tennis Tournament can trace its beginnings to 1887, when Sherman Day Thacher arrived in the Ojai Valley to pursue citrus farming. To raise funds for his enterprise, he started tutoring students on his  ranch known as Casa de Piedra. With the later arrival of his brother William Thacher, a collegiate tennis champion at Yale, the ranch became home to the valley's first tennis court in 1892 and hosted Ojai's first tennis tournament the following year. (Casa de Piedra evolved into The Thacher School, the oldest boarding school in California still in operation.) William Thacher established the Ojai Valley Tennis Club in 1895. The inaugural Ojai Tennis Tournament matched the Ojai Valley and Ventura tennis clubs, with the pool of eligible entrants later expanding to include neighboring counties and eventually all of California. By 1912, it was the largest amateur tennis tournament in the US with 272 competitors in 12 events.

The Ojai was forced to move to the YMCA courts in Los Angeles because of World War I and two big fires in 1918, and to Santa Barbara in 1919.

In 1922, tournament entrance fees were $1 ($ in current dollar terms), and grounds admission (including afternoon tea) was $.50 ($ in current dollar terms) on the first day and $.75 ($ in current dollar terms) on the last day. In 1924, an outbreak of a cattle disease called hoof-and-mouth disease led to a halt to travel, and the consequent cancellation of the tournament.

In 2018, for the first time its history, the Ojai Tennis Tournament offered equal prize money to men and women in its Open divisions.

The Ojai Tennis Tournament has been canceled seven times since its inception. In addition to its 1924 cancellation, the tournament was not held from 1943 to 1946 because of World War II. The Ojai was again canceled in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Notable participants in the Ojai Tennis Tournament include May Sutton, Bill Tilden, Tony Trabert, Bobby Riggs, Jack Kramer, Billie Jean King, Allen Fox,Arthur Ashe, Stan Smith, Jimmy Connors, Tracy Austin, Lindsay Davenport, Pete Sampras, Michael Chang, Mackenzie McDonald, and the Bryan twins.

References

External links

Recurring sporting events established in 1896
Tennis tournaments in California
Annual sporting events in the United States
Sports in Ventura County, California
1896 establishments in California
Ojai, California
Hard court tennis tournaments in the United States

Ojai Tennis Tournament


Clause-by-clause consideration is the consideration of a bill (a legislative proposal) on an in-depth basis, considering each clause in a separate division of debate.  This phase of consideration is generally seen to be the most scrutinous and technical in nature.

Clause-by-clause consideration in Canada
Clause-by-clause consideration in the Canadian federal parliament takes place in a committee designated to study the bill in question.  Generally speaking, clause-by-clause consideration in committee takes place in-between the second and third readings of the bill; however, the House of Commons (or the Senate, as the case may be) do have the authority to refer a bill to a committee before the second reading stage has been completed.  While studying the clauses of the bill, the committee can choose to adopt them, delete them, or amend them.  However, any amendments made must remain true to the principal goal of the bill (unless the bill has not yet passed second reading in the House).

Reporting the consideration to the House
After considering the clauses of the bill, a committee must report the bill back to the House either "with amendment" (where any range of minor, major or sweeping changes may have been made), or "without amendment" (in exactly the same form in which the bill was originally referred).  If amendments were made, then the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole in order to consider the committee's recommendations.  The House can (and often does) change, overrule in part, or entirely ignore the recommendations of a committee.

Special provisions for financial bills
If a committee fails to return a budget, or a bill that would appropriate funds to the House with its report of recommendations by a deadline defined in the Standing Orders of the House in question, then any recommendations of the committee would be deemed to have been withdrawn and the bill will be deemed to have been reported back to the House, without any amendments.  This convention is in place in order to prevent a committee from attempting to withhold supply from the government.

Parliamentary procedure

Clause-by-clause consideration


ABT-418 is a drug developed by Abbott, that has nootropic, neuroprotective and anxiolytic effects, and has been researched for treatment of both Alzheimer's disease and ADHD. It acts as an agonist at neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, subtype-selective binding with high affinity to the α4β2, α7/5-HT3, and α2β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors but not α3β4 receptors  ABT-418 was reasonably effective for both applications and fairly well tolerated, but produced some side effects, principally nausea, and it is unclear whether ABT-418 itself will proceed to clinical development or if another similar drug will be used instead.

See also
 Epiboxidine
 Anabaseine

References

Isoxazoles
Nicotinic agonists
Nootropics
Pyrrolidines
Stimulants

ABT-418


John I (died 1007) was the duke of Amalfi (1004–1007) and prince of Salerno (981–983). He was the son of Manso I. His father associated him in the principality of Salerno, but their rule was unpopular and they were overthrown by John II. John inherited Amalfi on his father's death and ruled a short three years.

References
Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: LV Ginammi – Giovanni da Crema. Rome, 2000.

1007 deaths
John I
Princes of Salerno
10th-century Lombard people
11th-century Lombard people
Year of birth unknown

John I of Amalfi


Stimmen... Verstummen... (Russian Слышу... Умолкло..., English  Voices... Silence...) is a symphony in twelve movements by Russian-Tatar composer Sofia Gubaidulina. It was written in 1986 and dedicated to the conductor Gennady Rozhdestvensky, who gave the first performance in West Berlin with the Moscow State Symphony Orchestra on September 4, 1986. It takes the two words of its title from a poem by Francisco Tanzer.

Stimmen... Verstummen... is primarily organized around two themes. The first is that of a major triad, occurring as D-major in the first, third, and fifth movements and as a G-major triad in the tenth and twelfth movements. The second theme, that of "effort and ruin", occurs in the second, fourth, and sixth movement. Movements I, III, V, and VII become progressively shorter according to the proportions of the Fibonacci sequence.

The symphony is notable for its careful and innovative use of silence. Though the eighth movement has the largest proportions of the work, the climax actually takes place in the ninth movement when the conductor motions before a silent orchestra. The motions the conductor makes are meant to make his hands move increasingly farther apart from each other according to the Fibonacci sequence. This "conductor solo" is repeated at the end of the work, when after the last note is sounded the conductor continues to motion for several minutes.

Compositions by Sofia Gubaidulina
1986 in the Soviet Union
Gubaidulina

Stimmen Verstummen


South of the Pumphouse is a 2006 novella by rock musician Les Claypool.  The book can be described as a tragic tale containing themes of family, racism, drugs, and misconceptions.  The book describes the San Francisco and San Pablo Bays, and the fishing areas they have to offer. The novella was published by Akashic Books and is also available on the Amazon Kindle store.

Plot summary
Two brothers get together for a fishing trip in memory of their recently deceased father. But while one, Ed, has left the small town of El Sobrante (the actual town where Claypool grew up) to go live in the town of Berkeley, California, the other, Earl, has stayed in the town and has become a methamphetamine addict. When Earl invites his best friend, Donny, along on a fishing trip things get heated between the left wing Ed and right wing racist Donny. When Earl mistakenly concludes that Donny has slept with his wife, he beats him to death with a boat pole. The rest of the novel is concerned with the brothers' efforts to dispose of Donny's body, a twist in the tale which explains Earl's mistake and a brief epilogue concerning the sturgeon which the three men were trying to catch during their day's fishing.

Claypool fleetingly addresses the themes of racism and urban decay in his novel.

External links
Akashic Books
South of The Pumphouse on www.lesclaypool.com

2006 American novels
Novels set in San Francisco
American novellas

South of the Pumphouse


The Museum of Flying is a private non-profit aerospace museum in Santa Monica, California. It was founded in 1974, closed in 2002, and reopened in 2012 in a new facility. The Museum exhibits the history of aviation, focusing on aviation history, with an emphasis on Donald Douglas and the Douglas Aircraft Company, in Southern California.

History
In 1974, Douglas Museum and Library was located on the South side of the Santa Monica Airport, the Museum migrated to the North side of the Airport and reopened as the Museum of Flying in April 1989. The Museum gradually grew to a collection of over 50 vintage aircraft, many of which were built in Southern California and are still in flight-ready condition.

The museum's collection of artifacts, exhibits, and aviation art chronicle the development of aviation in Southern California. The anchor aircraft for the Museum was the Douglas World Cruiser, "New Orleans" which made the first circumnavigation of the globe along with its sister ship, "Chicago", in 1924. The "Chicago" now resides at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.

Over the next several years, the museum played host to many historic and memorable special events and activities, including "A Walk on the Moon" in 1999 in which seven NASA lunar astronauts were present .

One of the most popular programs was the children's A's Award Flight Program. On pre-selected dates, children achieving the letter grade "A" in any academic subject could receive a free airplane ride as a reward for dedication toward education. The museum also featured a number of other educational programs for both children and adults; including weekend family workshops and a volunteer presentation series.

The museum was forced to temporarily close in July 2002 due to economic problems. Since that time, museum officials executed a lease agreement with the City of Santa Monica for the leasehold at 3100 Airport Avenue. The expansion and remodeling project had an estimated cost of nearly $2 million. Construction at the new location was completed in 2012.

Exhibits and features

The museum features a display and exhibit area of nearly .

The museum provides displays and interpretive exhibits on the history of flight and the development and growth of the aviation and aerospace industry in Southern California and places heavy emphasis on the Douglas Aircraft Company and the history of the Santa Monica Airport.

The museum features approximately a dozen aircraft chronicling flight from its beginning with a replica Wright Flyer and Lockheed Vega both of which are featured in the film Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian. Both of these artifacts were donated by 20th Century-Fox studios. Static models of the North American F-86 Sabre and Douglas A-4 Skyhawk dominate the front of the Museum. A partially exterior nose section from a Boeing 727-200 donated by Federal Express that they operated in their fleet for twenty years is accessible to all and is a highlight of the museum. The Museum also features a broad collection of aviation art, rare artifacts, and ephemera from famous aviators, as well as an extensive collection of photographs of historic aircraft and aircraft manufacturing.

The Mezzanine features a recreation of the Douglas Aircraft Company Executive Board room, and a recreation of the office of Donald W. Douglas, Founder & Chairman of the Douglas Aircraft Company. The mezzanine also houses the new Museum Theater and Screening Room.

The museum also features a Max Flight FS 3000 simulator which offers 360 degrees of full range motion with surround sound and HD capabilities. This is the only simulator of its kind in the Los Angeles area.

See also
List of aviation museums

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Ogden, Bob. Aviation Museums and Collections of North America. Sudbourne, UK: Air-Britain, 2007. .
 Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II. Cypress, California: Dana T. Parker Books, 2013. .

External links

 Official website

Aerospace museums in California
Museum of Flying
Museums established in 1974
Buildings and structures in Santa Monica, California
Tourist attractions in Santa Monica, California
Museums in Los Angeles County, California
Organizations based in Santa Monica, California

Museum of Flying


Pari passu is a Latin phrase that literally means "with an equal step" or "on equal footing". It is sometimes translated as "ranking equally", "hand-in-hand", "with equal force", or "moving together", and by extension, "fairly", "without partiality".

Etymology
pari is the ablative singular masculine (since it must grammatically agree with passu) of the adjective par, "equal". If it were nominative, "an equal step" it would be par passus.
passu is the ablative of the Latin noun passus, "step".

This term is commonly used in law. Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed., 2004) defines pari passu as "proportionally; at an equal pace; without preference".

Usage

In inheritance
In inheritance, a pari passu (per capita) distribution can be distinguished from a per stirpes (by family branch) distribution.

For example, suppose a testator had two children A and B. A has two children, and B has three.

 If the testator leaves his or her entire estate to his or her grandchildren in equal shares pari passu, each grandchild would inherit one fifth of the estate.
 In contrast, if the estate was left to the grandchildren per stirpes (by family branch), the children of A would share one half of the estate equally between the two of them, and the children of B would share one half of the estate equally amongst the three of them.

In lending, bankruptcy and default
This term is also often used in the lending area and in bankruptcy proceedings, where creditors are said to be paid pari passu, or each creditor is paid pro rata in accordance with the amount of his claim. Here its meaning is "equally and without preference".
There have been cases where decisions were based on different interpretations of the term.

In the European Union, as the result of the Greek government-debt crisis, a retroactive collective action clause passed by the Greek government with the support of the ECB and IMF, enabled the debtor (who also controlled the courts) to impose a 70% loss on the creditors, more than 75% of whom had voted in favour of the cut.  In this case, pari passu means that all private-sector investors are equally treated.

See also
Statute of Bankrupts Act 1542, introducing the pari passu principle for creditors of insolvent persons. Pari passu means treat at par from the previous issue.
Seniority (finance)
List of Latin Phrases
Collective action clause
Rights upon future offers

References

Notes

Further reading
law.georgetown.edu the pari passu clause in sovereign debt instruments
An analysis of Section 334 of the Companies Act and its effect on proceedings for the enforcement of Judgments - Section 334 and the pari passu principle

Fixed income
Bankruptcy
Latin legal terminology
Latin mottos

Pari passu


The Alaska State Museum is a museum in Juneau, Alaska, United States. The museum's collections include cultural materials from the people of the Northwest Coast (Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian), the Athabascan cultures of Interior Alaska, the Inupiaq of the north coast, and the Yup'ik of the southwest of Alaska, the Alutiiq people of Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, and the Unangax from out along the Aleutian chain. Artifacts from the state's Russian colonial eras, state and political history, fine art (including contemporary art), natural history, industry and trades can also be found on exhibit.

After a $139 million renovation, it re-opened after a two-year and three-month closure. The museum closed temporarily on February 28, 2014, for the creation of a new facility that joined the State Libraries, Archives and Museum (SLAM) together in a comprehensive research facility. The old structure, designed by Linn A. Forrest, was demolished in August 2014, and a new facility opened on the same footprint (but larger), on June 6, 2016. The new building was named after the first curator for the Alaska State Museum, the Russian Orthodox priest, Father Andrew P. Kashevaroff. This building is also known as the APK.

References

External links

Alaska Native culture in Juneau
History museums in Alaska
Museums in Juneau, Alaska
Native American museums in Alaska
Museum

Alaska State Museum


Marcus is a masculine given name of Ancient Roman pre-Christian origin derived either from Etruscan Marce of unknown meaning or referring to the god Mars. Mars was identified as the Roman god of War.

The name is popular in Europe, particularly in Sweden, Norway, Italy and Germany, and increasingly, in the Netherlands.  It is also popular in English language countries, although less common than the shortened variation 'Mark', associated with the Gospel writer Mark the Evangelist. There are other variants.  Marcus ranks in the top 100 most popular boy names in Australia, Canada, England, Scotland, Sweden, and Wales since the 1990s, as well as the top 200 most popular boy names in the US since the 1960s.

Marcus developed as a patronymic or toponymic surname in Italy, southern France, and Spain around 1000 A.D., attributable to religious monasteries and sanctuaries named Sanctus Marcus (or its many variants). The surname was used as an identifier for the area of origin. The first historical record of the surname was in the year 1390 in Biberach an der Riß, Germany.

People with the name Marcus or its variants include:

Given name

Arts and entertainment
In art and literature
 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Flemish artist
 Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Flemish artist
 Marcus Harvey, British artist
 Marcus Jansen, American painter.

In television and film
 Marcus Brigstocke, British comedian
Marcus Chang, Taiwanese actor and singer-songwriter
 Marcus Dillistone, British film director
 Marcus Carl Franklin, American actor
 Marcus Toji, American actor

In music
 Marcus Adoro (born 1971), Philippine musician
 Marcus Collins (born 1988), runner-up on The X Factor 2011
 Marcus Ramone Cooper, a former member of the Miami, Florida R&B group Pretty Ricky
 Markus Feehily, lead vocalist of Irish pop vocal band Westlife
 Marcus Gunnarsen, member of Norwegian Pop Duo Marcus & Martinus
 Markus Grosskopf, bass player for the German power metal band Helloween
 Marcus Hopson, rapper, hook singer, music video director, and hip hop producer
 Markus James, current bassist for the rock group Breaking Benjamin
 Markus Kaarlonen, Finnish musician, songwriter, and producer
 Markus Löffel, disc jockey, musician and producer from Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 Marcus Miller, American bassist and clarinetist
 Marcus Mumford, singer, songwriter for Mumford and Sons
 Marcus Paus, Norwegian composer
 Markus Schulz, German trance music DJ and producer who currently resides in Miami, Florida, USA
 Marcus Siepen (born 1968), German guitarist in Blind Guardian
 Markus Stockhausen, German trumpeter and composer
 Markus Stopholese, American rock guitarist
 Marcus Cabais (born 2009), Filipino singer, dancer and member of Filipino global pop group Hori7on

In fictional characters
 Marcus, a paladin from the video games Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade and its prequel, Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade
 Marcus, a vampire from the Twilight Saga
 Marcus (Ninjago), a character in Ninjago
 Marcus Barnes, a fictional character from  The Electric Company
 Marcus Brody, a fictional character from The Last Crusade
 Marcus Burnett, a fictional police officer from the Bad Boys films
 Marcus Tullius Cicero (Rome character), a historical figure who features as a character in the HBO/BBC2 television series Rome
 Marcus Cole, a character in the novel and Netflix series 13 Reasons Why
 Marcus Cole (Babylon 5), fictional character in Babylon 5
 Marcus Corvinus, the protagonist in David Wishart's historical detective novels. Also the name of a primary antagonist in the Underworld films
 Marcus Didius Falco, the protagonist in Lindsey Davis Ancient Rome historical mystery fictions
 Marcus Fenix, the primary protagonist from the Gears of War video game series
 Marcus Flint, Slytherin House Quidditch Team captain in the Harry Potter series
 Marcus Johnson, the alias of a Marvel Comics character and son of Nick Fury
 Marcus Ray, main character in Knock Off (film)
 Markus, one of the three android protagonists of the videogame Detroit: Become Human

Government
In Ancient Rome
 Marcus (son of Basiliscus), son and co-emperor of Basiliscus
 Marcus (usurper), emperor from Roman Britain in AD 406
 Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, member of the Second Triumvirate
 Marcus Antonius, commonly known in English as Mark Antony
 Marcus Aurelius, 16th Roman emperor from 161 to 180
 Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman patrician of the late Roman Republic
 Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman general and politician who suppressed the slave revolt led by Spartacus
 Marcus Opellius Macrinus, Roman emperor from 217 to 218
 Marcus Porcius Cato, better known as Cato the Elder
 Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis, better known as Cato the Younger
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and philosopher
 Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Roman emperor from 98 to 117
 Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Roman statesman and general

In politics
 Markus Buchart, Manitoba politician
 Markus Feldmann, Swiss politician
 Markus Ferber, German politician and Member of the European Parliament for Bavaria with the Christian Social Union in Bavaria
 Marcus Fernando (1864–1936), Sri Lankan Sinhala physician, banker, and member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon
 Markus Ganserer, German politician
 Marcus Garvey, Jamaican/African-American activist
 Markus Kallifatides (born 1972), Swedish politician
 Markus Pieper, German politician and Member of the European Parliament for North Rhine-Westphalia
 Marcus Reno, United States career military officer

Sports
 Marcus Allbäck, Swedish footballer and coach
 Marcus Allen (disambiguation), multiple people
 Marcus Aurélio, (born 1973), Brazilian mixed martial artist
 Markus Babbel, German footballer and coach
 Markus Bailey (born 1997), American football player
 Marcus Baugh (born 1994), American football player
 Markus Beyer, German boxer
 Marcus Bingham Jr. (born 2000), American basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 Marcus Camby, American basketball player
 Marcus Cor Von, American wrestler, real name Monty Brown
 Marcus Vinicius de Morais, Brazilian footballer
 Marcus Davenport (born 1996), American football player
 Markus Dieckmann, German beach volleyball player
 Marcus Dove (born 1985), American basketball player
 Markus Egger, Swiss beach volleyball player
 Marcus Epps (disambiguation), multiple people
 Marcus Ericsson, Swedish Formula 1 driver
 Marcus Foligno, Canadian-American ice hockey player
 Marcus Gaither (1961–2020), American-French basketball player
 Marcus Green (disambiguation), multiple people
 Marcus Grönholm, Finnish rally driver
 Marcus Haber, Canadian soccer player
 Marcus Hatten, basketball player in Israel Basketball Premier League
 Markus Halsti, Finnish footballer
 Marcus Hardison, American football player
 Markus Heikkinen, Finnish footballer
 Marcus Henry (disambiguation), multiple people
 Marcus Hinton, American football player
 Marcus Horan, Ireland and Munster rugby player
 Markus Howard (born 1999), American basketball player
 Marcus Jensen, American baseball player and coach
 Marcus Johnson, American football offensive lineman
 Marcus Johnson, American football wide receiver
 Markus Keller (triathlete), Swiss triathlon athlete
 Marcus Keyes (born 1973), American gridiron football player
 Marcus Mailei, American gridiron football player
 Marcus Mariota, American gridiron football player
 Marcus Mattioli, Brazilian swimmer
 Markus Mattsson, Finnish ice hockey player
 Marcus Maye, American gridiron football player
 Markus Merk, German football referee
 Markus Näslund, Swedish ice hockey player
 Markus Neumayr, German footballer
 Markus Niemelä, Finnish racing driver
 Marcus Nilson, Swedish ice hockey player
 Marcus Norris (born 1974), American basketball player
 Markus Oscarsson, Swedish flatwater canoeist
 Markus Paatelainen, Finnish footballer
 Markus Paul (1966–2020), American football coach and player
 Markus Penz, Austrian male skeleton racer
 Marcus Peters (born 1993), American football player
 Markus Pröll, German footballer
 Marcus Rashford, English footballer
 Marcus Relphorde (born 1988), American basketball player in the Israeli National League
 Markus Rogan, Austrian swimmer
 Marcus Rose, English rugby player
 Markus Rosenberg, Swedish footballer
 Markus Rühl, German bodybuilder
 Marcus Sandell, Finnish alpine skier
 Marcus Santos-Silva (born 1997), American basketball and football player
 Marcus Semien (born 1990), American baseball player
 Marcus Smart (born 1994), American basketball player
 Marcus Stoinis, Australian cricketer
 Marcus Stroman, American baseball player
 Marcus Thames, American baseball player and coach
 Marcus Thigpen, American gridiron football player
 Marcus Thuram, French footballer
 Marcus Trescothick, English cricketer
 Marcus Urban, German footballer
 Marcus Velado-Tsegaye, Canadian soccer player
 Markus Wasmeier, German alpine skier
 Markus Weise, German field hockey player and coach
 Markus Weissenberger, Austrian footballer
 Marcus Wilson (disambiguation), multiple people
 Markus Winkelhock, German auto racing driver
 Marcus Williams (basketball, born 1985), American basketball player
 Marcus Williams (safety), American football player

Other
 Marcus (Manichean), missionary in Spain
 Marcus (Marcosian), founder of the Marcosians
 Marcus Gavius Apicius, Roman gourmet
 Marcus Benedict, alternative name of Mordecai Benet, chief rabbi of Moravia
 Markus Breitschmid, Swiss Architectural theoretician and author
 Markus J. Buehler, American materials scientist
 Marcus Butler, English YouTube vlogger
 Marcus du Sautoy, English mathematician
 Marcus Einfeld (born 1938), Australian former Superior Court Judge
 Markus Hess, computer prodigy and hacker
 Markus Kuhn (computer scientist), German computer scientist
 Marcus Loew, American business magnate, founder of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio
 Markus Meechan, Scottish Youtuber
 Markus Mosse, German physician
 Markus Persson, Swedish indie game developer
 Marcus Sarjeant, UK man who fired blanks at the Queen
 Marcus Schenkenberg, Swedish male supermodel
 Markus Selin (born 1978), Swedish politician
 Marcus B. Toney (c. 1840–1929), American Confederate veteran, Klansman, Masonic leader and memoirist
 Markus Nissa Weiss, Hungarian advocate of reform
 Markus Wolf, former East German spymaster

Surname

 Adam W. Marcus (born 1979), American mathematician
 Claude-Gérard Marcus (1933–2020), French politician
 David Marcus (1924–2009), President of PayPal
 Eric Marcus (born 1958), nonfiction author and journalist
 Ernst Gustav Gotthelf Marcus (1893–1968), malacologist
 Eveline Du Bois-Reymond Marcus (1901–1990), zoologist
 Frank I. Marcus (1928–2022), American physician
 Gary Marcus (born 1970), research psychologist and author
 George Marcus (disambiguation), several people
 George E. Marcus, American anthropologist
 George M. Marcus (born 1941), American billionaire real estate broker, founder of Marcus & Millichap
 Greil Marcus (born 1945), American author
 Jacob Rader Marcus (1896–1995), US reform rabbi
 James S. Marcus (1929–2015), American investment banker and philanthropist
 Joan Marcus, American theatrical photographer
 Jürgen Marcus (1948–2018), German singer
 Ken Marcus (born 1946), American photographer
 Lauren Marcus, American actress
 Lee Marcus (1893–1969), American filmmaker
 Louis W. Marcus (1863–1923), American lawyer and judge
 Mickey Marcus (1901–1948), American jurist and colonel
 Morton Marcus (1936–2009), American poet and author
 Nancy Marcus (1950–2018), American biologist and college administrator
 Rudolph A. Marcus (born 1923), chemist and Nobel Prize winner
 Siegfried Marcus (1831–1898), German-Austrian inventor
 Simon Marcus (born 1986), Canadian-Jamaican Muay Thai kickboxer
 Sol Marcus (1912–1976), American songwriter
 Solomon Marcus (1925–2016), Romanian mathematician
 Stanley Marcus (1905–2002), co-founder of Neiman Marcus

Markus

 Dov Markus (born 1946), Israeli-American soccer player
 Gabriela Markus, Brazilian model
 Hazel Rose Markus, American psychologist
 Kurt Markus, American photographer
 Louis Marcoussis, former name Ludwik Kazimierz Wladyslaw Markus, Polish-born French painter and engraver
 Louise Markus, Australian politician
 Rixi Markus, Austrian and later British bridge player

Márkus
 Erzsébet Márkus, Hungarian weightlifter
 György Márkus, Jewish Hungarian philosopher
 Robert Markuš, Serbian chess Grandmaster

References

See also
 Marcus (praenomen)
 Marques (disambiguation)
 Mark (given name)
 Marcus Vinicius (disambiguation)
 DeMarcus, given name
 Jamarcus, given name

Danish masculine given names
English masculine given names
German masculine given names
Norwegian masculine given names
Swedish masculine given names
Masculine given names
Surnames of Sephardic origin
Surnames of Jewish origin
Surnames from given names

Marcus (name)


John Allen Manton (17 August 1807 – 9 September 1864) was an English-born Australian Methodist minister, school principal and founding President of Newington College, Sydney.

Early life
Manton was born in Biggleswade, Bedfordshire. As a teenager he became aware of his vocation and after a trial with the Methodist Society he was made a local preacher before being ordained in 1830. The following year he left for missionary service in New South Wales.

Australian ministry
On his arrival in Australia in 1831, Manton was appointed to Parramatta. He transferred six months later to a penal settlement at Macquarie Harbour, Van Diemen's Land and then to Port Arthur as chaplain. There, he also organized and conducted convict schools for adult convicts and convict boys. From 1834, Manton conducted a successful ministry in Launceston. After several short appointments he was reappointed to Port Arthur, remaining there until Wesleyan chaplains were withdrawn from service. He later served as superintendent minister in Hobart.

Schoolmaster
In 1855 he opened Horton College, Campbell Town, Tasmania, as its first principal. He asked to be relieved of its oversight in 1857 and moved to New South Wales, where he proposed the establishment of a Wesleyan collegiate institution. In 1862 Newington House was leased and, with Manton as President, it was opened in July as Newington College. His health had never been robust and he died at the college in the following year, survived by his widow, Anne, and several children.

References
J. Colwell (ed.), A Century in the Pacific (Sydney, 1914)
D. S. Macmillan, Newington College 1863–1963 (Sydney, 1963)
P. L. Swain, Newington Across the Years 1863–1998 (Sydney, 1999)

1807 births
1864 deaths
Staff of Newington College
Australian Methodist ministers
English Methodist missionaries
Methodist missionaries in Australia
People from Biggleswade
19th-century Australian Methodist ministers

John Manton


Pyramid of Doom is a text adventure game written by Alvin Files and published by Adventure International in 1979. It is the eighth in the Scott Adams' Adventure series. Files independently reverse engineered Adams' Adventure engine, wrote a new game, and submitted it to Adams, who then tweaked it for release as part of the series.

Gameplay
Gameplay involves moving from location to location, picking up any objects found there, and using them somewhere else to unlock puzzles. Commands are of the form verb and noun, e.g. "Take Shovel". Movement from location to location is limited to North, South, East, West, Up, and Down.

The object of the game is to enter an Egyptian pyramid and plunder its treasures. The player faces a variety of challenges, such as an angry mummy, a purple worm, and an irate desert nomad.

References

External links
Review in Personal Computer World

1979 video games
1970s horror video games
Adventure games
Adventure International games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit family games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore PET games
VIC-20 games
Dragon 32 games
TI-99/4A games
TRS-80 games
TRS-80 Color Computer games
Video games based on Egyptian mythology
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Egypt

Pyramid of Doom