James John Joicey FES (28 December 1870 – 10 March 1932) was an English amateur entomologist, who assembled an extensive collection of Lepidoptera in his private research museum, called the Hill Museum, in Witley, Surrey. His collection, 40 years in the making, was considered to have been the second largest in the world held privately and to have numbered over 1.5 million specimens. Joicey was a fellow of the Zoological Society of London, the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Entomological Society, the Royal Horticultural Society, and the Linnean Society of London.

Joicey employed specialist entomologists including George Talbot to curate his collection and financed numerous expeditions throughout the world to obtain previously unknown varieties. More than 190 scientific articles were produced during the active period of the Hill Museum. This body of research was described as "a contribution to the study of the exotic Lepidoptera of very great scientific value".

Joicey's donations from his collection, made during his life and continuing after his death, contributed significantly to the Lepidoptera collection of the Natural History Museum in London. Joicey's obituary in The Entomologist described him as "undoubtedly the most lavish patron of Entomology, in so far as butterflies and moths are concerned, that this country has ever boasted".

Life

Background
James John Joicey was born on 28 December 1870 in Newcastle upon Tyne, the only child of Major William James Joicey, a wealthy coal owner, and Mary Anne Joicey née Clark. He was educated at Aysgarth School, Yorkshire, and Hertford College, Oxford, and was an Associate Member of the Institute of Mining Engineers from 1891. He was also a member of the Junior Carlton Club.

Joicey married Maud Muriel Fisher (later Baroness de Satgé) in London in 1896. He lived at The Hill in Witley, Surrey, from about 1912.

Collecting
Joicey's boyhood interest in insects was encouraged by his parents, and at the age of sixteen he put together a small collection of British and foreign butterflies. As an adult, he rediscovered his boyhood collection and was inspired to start collecting in earnest, his active interest dating from 1906. He used his resources to "indulge a taste for collecting butterflies and moths which remained with him throughout his life". He travelled "in the East" as a young man and, although he employed experts to collect most of his specimens, also collected "on his own account both here and abroad", including "Europe, India, China, Japan, Burma and America". In 1913, he built and financed a private research museum, the Hill Museum, at his home in Witley, employing a curator and seven assistants. In one twelve-month period he collected some 17,000 specimens from across the world and was spending up to £10,000 (approximately ) a year on the collection. Joicey said,

How did I manage to spend £10,000 a year on this collection? Well, these did not come from my back garden. I have had to send collectors to the far ends of the earth. ... When my work is done – that is, when I die – I will present the collection to the nation.The work has been the ruling passion of my life, ... I don't think I am extravagant, as my researches and investigations will be of great value to the nation.

Joicey became a fellow of the Zoological Society of London in 1890, a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1903, a fellow of the Entomological Society in 1908 (council member 1920–1923), a fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1912, a fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1913, a life member of the Société entomologique de France in 1921, and a member of the London Natural History Society in 1928.

Joicey was also an amateur orchidist, and exhibited at meetings of the Royal Horticultural Society.

Finances
Joicey could afford to build his collection of Lepidoptera through his family connection with the firm of "Messrs. James Joicey & Co., Ltd, coalowners, Newcastle", founded by his grandfather. Although described as having been "nominally on the Stock Exchange from 1896 to 1899", then, in 1901, as a "coal owner & ship owner", and, in 1913, as a director of the family coal mining firm, Joicey effectively had no occupation and throughout his life relied on allowances from his parents. His income proved insufficient for his "extravagance in living" and the interest rates charged by money-lenders. Joicey became bankrupt in 1909 with a deficiency of over £185,000 (approximately ), and again in 1922 with a deficiency of over £430,000 (approximately ) despite his mother having given him £300,000 (approximately ) in the interim. The latter bankruptcy was discharged in October 1931.

Joicey's father, at one time a millionaire, had left over £700,000 (approximately ) in his estate in 1912, but his will ensured that no money went directly to his son. The Witley house and estate were bought for Joicey after his first bankruptcy. When sued by creditors in 1919, the judge said, "He seems hardly to have grown up. He seems to have infantile tastes which his mother helps him gratify." When counsel stated that Joicey was "susceptible to the wiles of the money-lenders", the judge responded, "And to the wiles of the butterflies." During the 1922 bankruptcy hearing, Joicey said, "I think the money seems to have gone like snow in an oven."

Death
Joicey's mother died in 1930, leaving an estate valued at over £300,000 (approximately ). Towards the end of his life, Joicey became an invalid. He died of heart failure on 10 March 1932 at his home, The Hill, in Witley, Surrey, aged 61, and was buried at Holy Trinity Church, Sunningdale. Joicey's estate was valued at £1,151 (approximately ), his collection and museum having been principally paid for and owned by his mother.

Collections

As an adult, Joicey began collecting Lepidoptera in 1906 and by 1908 was advertising as far away as Australia for:

Fresh-caught Specimens of Butterflies and Large Moths, in papers. Send Samples and state price per hundred.

He acquired the Henley Grose-Smith collection in 1910. Two years later he bought the Herbert Druce collection. To house his growing collection, he founded the Hill Museum at his Witley home in 1913. Joicey employed curators, including Alfred Noakes (from 1906) and George Talbot (from 1915), with a staff of assistants.

Between 1913 and 1921 Joicey bought further collections: those of Ernst Suffert, , Fritz Ludwig Otto Wichgraf, 1913, Col. Charles Swinhoe, 1916, Roland Trimen, 1917, Lt.-Col. C. G. Nurse, 1919, Hamilton Druce, 1919, Heinrich Riffarth, 1919, Henry John Elwes, 1920, and Paul Dognin, 1921. He added to these by sending special collectors to explore various regions on his behalf; for example, the Pratt family to South America and New Guinea, and T. A. Barns to Central Africa (Barns dedicated his 1922 book on the Eastern Congo to Joicey, his "friend and patron"). W. J. C. Frost, who visited the Islands of Tenimber, Am, Key, Misol, Obi and Sula during 1915–1918, donated his collection. Another collector, C. Talbot Bowring, sent many thousands of specimens from Hainan Island between 1918 and 1920.

In 1916, when granting Joicey's curator conditional exemption from military service, General Sir J. Wodehouse described the collection as "probably the finest of its kind in England", and Oxford professor E. B. Poulton wrote that "to leave the collection without a competent head would be a national disaster".

In 1919, the collection was valued at £50,000 (approximately ). It consisted of 1.5 million specimens held in a room containing chests of drawers with "5000 compartments neatly arranged round the room, and in addition 4000 cases, all carefully labelled". It was reported that,

Here were butterflies of all sizes, of all colours – all arranged in an effective colour grouping. In one compartment were ... great winged beauties half a foot from wing tip to wing tip. In another were creatures so small that it needed a microscope to discern their beauty.

An annexe to the museum "over eighty feet long by twenty feet wide" (approximately 24 by 6 m) was built in 1920. In 1927 it was reported that the main building of the Museum was "as large as a dance hall. The specimens are kept in special cabinets stacked almost to the roof. Here, all day long, Mr. Joicey and his assistants ... work at arranging and naming the fresh arrivals." Some specimens dated from the 1830s, and others were from the Stanley expedition of 1871. Some were caught 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from land, others on the Alpine snowfields. They ranged in size from 1/2 inch to 10 inches (approximately 1 cm to 25 cm) wing spread. By 1930 the Hill Museum contained over 380,000 specimens.

Joicey and his Hill Museum colleagues published more than 190 scientific articles on world Lepidoptera and "produced some excellent work, especially on the Lepidoptera of New Guinea, Hainan Island, and Central and Eastern Africa". These include the four volumes of The Bulletin of the Hill Museum, 1921–1932, edited by Joicey and Talbot, and A Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Lepidoptera Rhopalocera in the Hill Museum, 1932, by Alfred George Gabriel.

During his lifetime, Joicey "presented to the Nation" between 200,000 and 300,000 Lepidoptera specimens including about 75,000 to the Natural History Museum. The latter figure included 15,500 moths and a number of butterflies (1923), his whole collection of over 30,000 Hesperiidae butterflies (1926), 6,000 Lymantriidae moths (1928), and, in 1931, a series of 800 type butterflies being "the most valuable, both scientifically and intrinsically ... received for the past two decades", some thousands of moths including over 600 type and paratype moths, and 1,500 butterflies including 750 type specimens. In 1932, the collection numbered over 500,000 specimens.

Shortly after Joicey's death in 1932 the Hill Museum was closed and the property sold by his mother's executors. Joicey's obituary in The Entomologist stated that,

The closing of the Hill Museum and the disbanding of its staff are events which will have serious repercussions throughout the ranks of lepidopterists in all parts of the world, and will definitely retard the advance of this science. In a comparatively short space of time Mr Joicey accomplished much for his favourite study.

Legacy
Joicey's Hill Museum produced more than 190 research articles which were published in a range of scientific journals. In 1934, the Natural History Museum received more than 300,000 specimens as part of the Joicey Bequest. Together with the Oberthür and Rothschild collections, the Joicey collection contributed significantly to the quality and number of the Lepidoptera collection held by the Natural History Museum, London.

A report in Nature stated that,

During his life-time, the late J. J. Joicey probably did more to stimulate the study of butterflies and moths, especially those of Africa, than any other private individual in Great Britain.

Works

Joicey and Talbot (partial list)

 New Species of Heterocera from Dutch New Guinea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Eighth series) 15 (87): 295–301, pl. XII (1915)
 New Lepidoptera from the Dutch New Guinea (with A. Noakes). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 63 (3,4): 361–386, pls LV–LXII (1916)
 New Lepidoptera from the Schouten Islands. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 64 (1): 65–83, pls 3–6 (1916)
 New Heterocera from Dutch New Guinea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Eighth series) 20 (115): 50–87, pls 1–4 (1917)
 New Lepidoptera from Waigeu, Dutch New Guinea and Biak. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Eighth series) 20 (117): 216–229 (1917)
 New South-American Rhopalocera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1917: 259–264, pl I (1918)
 New South-American Arctiidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1917: 265–270, pl I (1918)
 New butterflies from Africa and the east. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1917: 271–272 (1918)
 A Gynandromorph of Papilio lycophron Hbn. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1917: 273, pl II (1918)
 Three Aberrations of Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1917: 275–276, pl I (1918)
 New forms of Indo-Australian butterflies. Bulletin of the Hill Museum 1 (3): 565–569 (1924)
 New forms of Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Encyclopedia of Entomology (B III Lepidoptera) 2: 1–14 (1926)
 New forms of Rhopalocera in the Hill Museum. Bulletin of the Hill Museum 2 (1): 19–27 (1928)
 Also see the BioNames database linking taxonomic names to their original descriptions

Associated with the Hill Museum
The Bulletin of the Hill Museum (111 articles and 80 plates)
 1921
 1921–1924
 1924
 1928
 1929
 1931

Other journals (82 articles) (partial list)
 1914–1916
 1916–1921
 1921–1924
 1924–1927

Notes

Summaries
 Anon. 1932: [Joicey, J. J.] Entomological News 43: 140
 Anon. 1932: [Joicey, J. J.] London Naturalist 1931: 38
 Anon. 1932: [Joicey, J. J.] Nature 129: 535, 896
 Anon. 1932: [Joicey J. J.]  Orchid Review 40: 118
 Anon. 1932: [Joicey J. J.] The Times (16 March) p. 9
 Gilbert, P.  2000: Butterfly Collectors and Painters: Four Centuries of Colour Plates from the Library Collections of the Natural History Museum, London. Singapore, Beaumont Publishing Pte Ltd: X+166 S, pp. 31–33
 Riley, N. D. 1932: [Joicey, J. J.] Entomologist 65: 142–144
 Turner, H. J. 1932: [Joicey, J. J.] Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation 44: 68

References

External links

1870 births
1932 deaths
British entomologists
English lepidopterists
Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
People from Sunningdale
People from Witley, Surrey
People educated at Aysgarth School
British businesspeople in the coal industry

James John Joicey


Der Jacob B. Weber (1844-1915) waar en zerickghaldener (conservative-minded) mennischder Bischof in Juniata Kaundi, Pennsilfaani.

En Quote vun em Jacob B. Weber

"I profess there is nothing in the language, but in that what arises through it. If the English would lead to humility in place of pride, I would support it. But where is our Mennonite Church since the English has so much influence and power that the dutch must knuckle under and if they don't they are despised and forsaken? (Weiler (aus Amos B. Hoover (1982)The Jonas Martin Era Persented in a Collection of Essays, Letters and Documents that Shed Light on the Mennonite Churches During the 50 Year Ministry of Jonas H. Martin, Denver, Pennsilfaani: Schreiwer, p. 510), 1993:6)."

Gwuelle
Weiler, Lloyd M. (1993) An Introduction to Old Order Mennonite Origins in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: 1893-1993, Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage, Vol. 16, No. 4.

Breddicher, Parre unn Bischof
Gebore 1844
Gschtaerewe 1915

Jacob Weber


Fritz Erler (15 December 1868 – 11 December 1940) was a German painter, graphic designer and scenic designer. Although most talented as an interior designer, he is perhaps best remembered for several propaganda posters he produced during World War I.

Education and early career

He was born in Frankenstein (Schlesien).  Beginning in 1886 he studied under Albrecht Bräuer at the school of art in Breslau. He also attended the Académie Julian in Paris. In 1895 he moved to Munich and lived from 1918 in Holzhausen am Ammersee. His first designs date from 1893: vases, glass windows, book covers, later furniture, theatrical sets, and interior decorations. In 1896 he was a founding member of the magazine Jugend. He also painted several portraits around the start of the 20th century, most notably of Richard Strauss and Gerhart Hauptmann.

World War I and afterward
Along with Arthur Kampf Erler was one of the official military painters for the Oberste Heeresleitung. His paintings were commissioned as war propaganda.

The promotional poster for the sixth war bond (sechste Kriegsanleihe) was adorned with his painting Helft uns siegen! (1917), perhaps Erler's best-known work. It brought in at least 13.1 million marks more than any other campaign. Its power of moral exhortation has been compared to James Montgomery Flagg's iconic poster of Uncle Sam, while the idea ultimately derives from the influential Lord Kitchener Wants You poster of 1914. A soldier, his face darkened from the muck of the trenches, gazes beyond the viewer into No Man's Land with eyes that shine as if from an inward light. This heroic image depicts the widespread contemporary belief that trench warfare would somehow be a morally cleansing experience.

During the National Socialist period Erler's portraits of Adolf Hitler, Franz von Epp, and Wilhelm Frick were very remunerative.

Erler died in Munich in 1940.

See also
 List of German painters

References

External links

Entry in the Getty List of Artist's Names
Posters by Erler in the collection of the Imperial War Museum

19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German Symbolist painters
1868 births
1940 deaths
People from Ząbkowice Śląskie
People from the Province of Lower Silesia
German war artists
World War I artists
Académie Julian alumni

Fritz Erler


Dracula is a stage play written by the Irish actor and playwright Hamilton Deane in 1924, then revised by  the American writer John L. Balderston in 1927. It was the first authorized adaptation of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula. After touring in England, the original version of the play appeared at London's Little Theatre in July 1927, where it was seen by the American producer Horace Liveright. Liveright asked Balderston to revise the play for a Broadway production that opened at the Fulton Theatre in October 1927. This production starred Bela Lugosi in his first major English-speaking role.

In the revised story, Abraham Van Helsing investigates the mysterious illness of a young woman, Lucy Seward, with the help of her father and fiancé. He discovers she is the victim of Count Dracula, a powerful vampire who is feeding on her blood. The men follow one of Dracula's servants to the vampire's hiding place, where they kill him with a stake to the heart.

The revised version of the play went on a national tour of the United States and replaced the original version in London. It influenced many subsequent adaptations, including the popular 1931 film adaptation starring Lugosi. A 1977 Broadway revival featured art designs by Edward Gorey and starred Frank Langella. It won the Tony Award for Best Revival and led to another movie version, also starring Langella.

History

Background
The Irish author Bram Stoker wrote the novel Dracula while working as a manager for Henry Irving's Lyceum Theatre in London; he continued to work for Irving after it was published in May 1897. Stoker secured his theatrical rights to the story that same month by holding a staged reading at the Lyceum; this hasty adaptation was never performed again. In 1899, Hamilton Deane, a young Irish actor whose family owned an estate next to one belonging to Stoker's father, joined Irving's company. In the early 1920s, after both Irving and Stoker had died, Deane founded his own theatrical troupe, the Hamilton Deane Company. He began working on a theatrical version of Dracula in 1923, and in 1924 he secured the permission of Stoker's widow Florence to stage an authorized adaptation. At the time, Florence Stoker was engaged in a copyright dispute with the German film studio Prana Film over the film Nosferatu, which adapted the plot of Dracula without authorization, and she needed the money from the play royalties. Deane's play was the first dramatization authorized by Stoker's estate.

Original production
To stage the production, Deane was required to submit the completed script to the Lord Chamberlain for a license under the Theatres Act of 1843. The play was censored to limit violence – for example, the count's death could not be shown to the audience – but was approved on 15 May 1924.

Deane's Dracula premiered on 15 May 1924 at the Grand Theatre in Derby, England. Deane had originally intended to play the title role himself but opted for the role of Van Helsing. This production toured England for three years before settling in London, where it opened at the Little Theatre in the Adelphi on 14 February 1927. It later transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre and then the Prince of Wales Theatre to accommodate larger audiences.

Broadway production

In 1927 the play was brought to Broadway by producer Horace Liveright, who hired John L. Balderston to revise the script for American audiences. In addition to radically compressing the plot, Balderston reduced the number of significant characters. Lucy Westenra and Mina Murray were combined into a single character, making John Seward Lucy's father and disposing of Quincey Morris and Arthur Holmwood. In Deane's original version, Quincey was changed to a woman to provide work in the play for more actresses.

Directed by Ira Hards with scenic design by Joseph A. Physioc, Dracula opened on 5 October 1927 at the Fulton Theatre in New York City. It closed on 19 May 1928 after 261 performances. The Broadway production starred Bela Lugosi in his first major English-speaking role; Edward Van Sloan as Van Helsing; and Dorothy Peterson as Lucy Seward. Raymond Huntley, who had performed the role of Dracula for four years in England, was engaged by Liveright to star in the U.S. touring production. The national tour began on 17 September 1928 in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

1951 UK tour
By the late 1940s, Lugosi's movie career had stalled, and he hoped to revive it by successfully bringing Dracula back to the West End. Producers John C. Mather and William H. Williams staged a touring production across the UK. It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Brighton on 30 April 1951. Lugosi's involvement got considerable press coverage, but the production received little interest from London theatres and never appeared on the West End. The tour ended at the Theatre Royal, Portsmouth on 13 October 1951. It was Lugosi's last performance as Count Dracula.

1977 revival

In 1973, the producer John Wulp staged the play with the Nantucket Stage Company in Nantucket, Massachusetts. He asked Edward Gorey, an illustrator known for his macabre, surrealist imagery, to design the sets and costumes. Gorey, who had never worked in theatre before, created a mostly black-and-white design accented with red. Dennis Rosa directed and Lloyd Battista starred as Dracula. Wulp subsequently moved the production to the off-Broadway Cherry Lane Theatre in New York.

In 1976, the producer Eugene Wolsk decided to revive Dracula on Broadway, using the Gorey designs. He worked with Wulp and several co-producers, including Jujamcyn Theaters, to stage the revival. The revival opened on 20 October 1977 at Jujamcyn's Martin Beck Theatre, with Rosa directing. It closed on 6 January 1980 after 925 performances.

The original cast of the revival included Frank Langella as Count Dracula (later replaced by Raúl Juliá), Alan Coates as Jonathan Harker, Jerome Dempsey as Abraham Van Helsing, Dillon Evans as Dr. Seward, Baxter Harris as Butterworth, Richard Kavanaugh as R. M. Renfield, Gretchen Oehler as Miss Wells, and Ann Sachs as Lucy Seward. The show won two Tony Awards for Most Innovative Production of a Revival and Best Costume Design (Edward Gorey).

The Broadway producers established a road company that toured the U.S. in 1978 and 1979, with Jean LeClerc as Dracula and George Martin as Van Helsing. Jeremy Brett starred as Dracula in Denver, Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, and Chicago. The U.S. revival also sparked a new production in London, where it opened on 13 September 1978 at the Shaftsbury Theatre. Terence Stamp took the title role, with Derek Godfrey as Van Helsing and Rosalind Ayres as Lucy.

Plot of the play

Plot of original  version by H. Deane
Jonathan Harker and Dr. Seward discuss the condition of Harker's wife, Mina.  She has had bad dreams and grows pale and weak.   Dr. Seward has sent for Professor Van Helsing.  They also talk about Harkers' extravagant new neighbor, Count Dracula.  Harker helped him to buy property in London, including Carfax Abbey, next door to both the Harkers' residence and to Dr. Seward's asylum. Dracula, meanwhile, comes on a visit and hypnotizes the Harkers' maid to do his bidding at his command.  Abraham Van Helsing arrives to help with Mina's case. Seward tells Van Helsing about Lucy Westenra, a friend of Mina's, who complained about bad dreams and had two small marks on her throat before inexplicably wasting away and dying.  Seward was in love with Lucy, but she chose his friend, Lord Godalming, instead. Van Helsing sends for Mrs. Harker, who tells Van Helsing about her bad dreams.  Upon examination, he finds two small marks on her neck.  Van Helsing also meets Harker, Godalming and Quincy Morris, a young feisty American girl and close friend of the Harkers, as well as of Godalming and Seward.  Suddenly Mina tries to leave the room in a trance, saying "He is calling me," but Van Helsing stops her and persuades her to go to her room to rest.  He asks Miss Morris to fetch a package he had shipped in from Holland and urges Harker and Godalming to keep an eye on Mina and to not leave her alone even for a moment.  Van Helsing tells Seward that Mina has been attacked by a vampire, an undead creature that feeds on the blood of the living.  They hear a commotion coming from Dr. Seward's asylum  from one of his patients called Renfield, who is obsessed with eating flies.  After Seward leaves to check on him, Van Helsing is approached by Dracula.  Van Helsing points to him that he didn't notice how he entered the room, as he didn't see his reflection in room's mirror.   Dracula considers smashing the mirror, but changes his mind.  Miss Morris returns with a parcel for Van Helsing, who shows Dracula what he has prescribed for Mina - garlic flowers. This enrages Dracula, who promptly leaves.  Van Helsing decides to watch Mina in her sleep to catch the vampire.  He invites Mina to come lie down on the couch.  After Van Helsing turns off the lights, Dracula appears in the dark near Mina, expressing his pleasure of seeing her alone at last, causing her to scream.  When others burst into the room and switch on the lights, Dracula has vanished.  Moments later, Dracula returns through the door the others had just entered and asks if Mina is better.

Van Helsing, Harker, Seward and Miss Morris gather to discuss what they have learned.  Van Helsing says that Dracula is the vampire, who is causing Mina's illness and they must stop him, but nobody else must know about it.  They hear Renfield laugh and realize he has been spying on them.  Renfield enters and asks to be sent away to save his soul.  Mina and Godalming join the group and Renfield begs Mina to leave the place in order to save herself.  Renfield is interrupted when a bat flies past, outside the window. He calls the bat "Master" and swears he is loyal.  He is taken away back to his room. Van Helsing hangs garlic flowers around Mina's neck and instructs her not to remove them. They leave Mina as she is about to go to bedroom.  Suddenly she feels dizzy, the maid enters and removes the flowers.  Just as the maid is about to open the window, she sees a bat flutter against the glass, trying to enter, and runs to fetch Harker.  The window's glass breaks, billowing mist creeps into the room, solidifying into Dracula as Mina looks on in horror.

Three days later Godalming, Harker and Miss Morris have located and purified five of Dracula's boxes of earth, leaving the sixth in Carfax to trap the Count there.  Miss Morris also points to latest newspaper describing mysterious cases of missing children, who tell stories of spending the night with a strange beautiful lady and were found in the morning with wounds on their necks.  Van Helsing explains that the wounds were caused by undead Lucy and that they should put a stake through her heart to save her soul after they're done with Dracula - much to the shock of Godalming. When others leave the room, Renfield bursts in and begs remaining Dr. Seward to save him, as Dracula intends to kill Renfield for betraying him.  Seward runs to fetch Van Helsing, but Dracula appears and snaps Renfield's neck, breaking his spine.  Dracula wants to leave but is thwarted by Seward, Van Helsing, Godalming, Miss Morris and Harker, who block the exits and close in on Dracula.  Dracula snarls at them and vanishes. The men go to Carfax, where they find Dracula in his coffin and drive a stake through his heart.  Miss Morris and Mina stand in the doorway. Mina covers her face with her hands as Dracula is staked.  Van Helsing says a short prayer.

Plot of revised version by John L. Balderston

John Harker visits his fiancée, Lucy Seward, at the sanatorium run by her father, Doctor Seward. Abraham Van Helsing arrives to help with Lucy's case. Seward tells Van Helsing about Mina Weston, a friend of Lucy's who complained about bad dreams and had two small marks on her throat, then wasted away and died. R. M. Renfield, a lunatic patient who has been eating insects, enters and asks to be sent away to save his soul. Van Helsing waves wolfsbane at Renfield, who jumps back and becomes enraged. An attendant drags Renfield away. Lucy tells Van Helsing about her bad dreams, and he finds two small marks on her neck. Count Dracula, a visitor from Transylvania who stays nearby, arrives to offer help with Lucy. When Dracula leaves, Van Helsing tells Seward and Harker that Lucy has been attacked by a vampire, an undead creature that feeds on the blood of the living. They can exist for centuries, have supernatural powers, and hate the smell of wolfsbane. Van Helsing considers whether Dracula might be the vampire, but dismisses the idea because vampires must sleep in the soil where they were buried, and Dracula is not from England. He decides to watch Lucy in her sleep to catch the vampire. After Van Helsing turns off the lights, Dracula appears in the dark near Lucy, causing her to scream. When Van Helsing switches on the lights, they see a bat fly out the window. Moments later Dracula comes back through the door and asks if Lucy is better.

The next evening, Dracula hypnotizes Lucy's maid, saying he will send her orders. Van Helsing, Harker, and Seward gather to discuss what they have learned during the day. Harker reveals that Dracula arrived three days before Mina became ill, and he had six large boxes of Transylvanian dirt with him. Van Helsing realizes Dracula is able to stay in England by sleeping in these boxes. He says they must purify the boxes with holy water so they will no longer be usable by a vampire. They hear Renfield laugh and realize he has been spying on them. Renfield says Van Helsing's plan is the only way to save his soul and Lucy's. Renfield is interrupted when a bat flies in the room. He calls the bat "Master" and swears he is loyal. The bat flies away, and the attendant takes Renfield back to his room. After the others leave, Dracula returns and attacks Van Helsing, who repels him with a bag of sacramental bread. Van Helsing tells Seward and Harker he has proof that Dracula is a vampire. Van Helsing identifies him as "the terrible Voivode Dracula himself." He places wolfsbane and a crucifix in Lucy's room, but the hypnotized maid removes them so Dracula can enter.

The next night just before sunrise, Seward and Van Helsing have purified five of Dracula's boxes of earth, but did not find the sixth. Lucy attempts to seduce Harker and bite him, but Van Helsing stops her with a crucifix. Van Helsing plans to lure Dracula into the house and trap him there until sunrise. Dracula arrives and says he will return to his box for a century, but will then rise and claim Lucy from her grave. As the sun rises, Dracula escapes up the chimney. Renfield follows him using a hidden passage behind a bookcase. The men follow Renfield into an underground vault, where they find Dracula asleep in his box and drive a stake through his heart. After the theatre's curtain falls, Van Helsing addresses the audience with a warning that "there are such things".

Characters and cast

1924 original

Deane's 1924 version of the play had several significant productions with different casts, including the debut production at the Grand Theatre in Derby, the initial London production at the Little Theatre, and a continuation in London at the Duke of York's Theatre, with the following casts:

1927 revision

The 1927 revision by Balderston was first performed at the Fulton Theatre on Broadway, then opened in London at the Windsor Theatre; it was revived in 1977 at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway, then returned to London at the Shaftesbury Theatre, with the following casts:

Dramatic analysis

Characterization of Count Dracula
Stoker's Count Dracula is old, unattractive and bestial, with pointed ears, hairy palms, and putrid breath. Deane revised the character into a suave aristocrat, who dresses formally and displays the polite manners expected in a Victorian drawing room. Although the Count continues to be a foreign visitor in England, he no longer reflects negative stereotypes of eastern Europeans and Jews as he does in the novel. These changes allowed Deane to have Dracula converse with the other characters on stage, rather than looming in the background as a monstrous threat. In addition to evening clothes, Deane had Dracula wear a long cape with a high collar, which served the practical purpose of hiding the actor as he slipped through a trapdoor when the vampire was supposed to magically disappear. The revised portrayal of Dracula is used by most later adaptations, including ones promoted as being faithful to the novel.

Other changes from novel
Deane made several other changes from Stoker's novel in his adaptation. He streamlined the story by omitting all scenes set outside of England, including the opening sequence of Jonathan Harker visiting Transylvania and the final sequence of Dracula being chased through Europe. Jonathan Harker did help Dracula to buy property in London, but he did it without ever leaving England and met the Count only after he arrived in London and became the Harkers' neighbor.
At the start of the story, the Harkers are already married, Dracula is in England, and Lucy Westenra (renamed Westera in the play) is dead. The action of the play occurs primarily in the Harkers' home. To better match the actors available in Deane's company, he changed the character of Quincy Morris from a man to a woman. Other characters, such as Dracula's vampire brides, were omitted. Deane also modernized the setting to the 1920s; Dracula arrives by airplane instead of a ship.

Changes between original version and revised version

Balderston's revisions for the Broadway production included removing characters to reduce the total cast from eleven to eight. The characters of Arthur Holmwood and Quincey Morris (in any form) were completely removed, while Dr. Seward was aged up from one of the suitors to father of main female character.
He switched the names of female characters, now Mina character was called Lucy Seward, who is the daughter of Dr. Seward and fiancee of Jonathan Harker (named now John Harker).He changed the setting to Seward's sanatorium instead of the Harker residence.
Harker now has nothing to do with bringing Dracula to England, it was some other unnamed real estate agent, who helped the Count to buy property in England. Ironically it is mentioned that Harker did visit Transylvania once and even heard some stories about Dracula's castle, but this journey was completely unrelated to Dracula himself or his relocation to England and is simply treated as one of many Harker's trips across Europe.
Dracula is directly said to be Vlad the Impaler - John Harker  mentions, that when he was in Transylvania he heard of Castle Dracula and of a famous Voivode Dracula  who lived in the castle centuries ago and fought the Turks. Van Helsing later identifies Dracula as this very Voivode. Dracula also himself says that he is 500 years old, placing his origin in the 15th century.
Renfield now is not killed by Dracula.

Reception
The Era gave a positive review to the original production in 1924, calling it "very thrilling". The paper also gave a positive review to the Little Theatre production in London, praising its "breathtaking excitements" and comparing it favorably to the Grand Guignol shows in Paris.

Theatre Magazine complimented Peterson's performance as Lucy in the 1927 Broadway production, calling her "the lightmotif of Dracula ... [whose] fair comeliness shines through every scene like a flood of sunlight in a chamber of horrors".

Adaptations

Radio adaptation
During the original Broadway run, members of the Dracula cast presented an adaptation of the play on 30 March 1928, on the short-lived NBC Radio series Stardom of Broadway. Lugosi, Van Sloan, Peterson, Neill, and Jukes performed on the 30-minute program.

Films

The 1931 Dracula film directed by Tod Browning was based on the play. The film was originally intended for Lon Chaney, who would play both the Count and the Professor--a stunt he had performed in several silent films. On his sudden death, casting the title role proved problematic. Initially, producer Carl Laemmle Jr. was not interested in Lugosi, in spite of good reviews for his stage portrayal. Laemmle instead considered other actors, including Paul Muni, Chester Morris, Ian Keith, John Wray, Joseph Schildkraut, Arthur Edmund Carewe and William Courtenay. Lugosi happened to be in Los Angeles with a touring company of the play when the film was being cast. Lugosi lobbied hard and ultimately won the executives over, thanks in part to him accepting a paltry $500 per week salary for seven weeks of work, amounting to $3,500.

Frank Langella, star of the 1977 Broadway revival, reprised the role of Count Dracula in the 1979 film version directed by John Badham.

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Dracula on the Boards at The Dracula Guide
Dracula at National Players

1924 plays
1927 plays
Horror plays
Irish plays adapted into films
Plays based on Dracula
West End plays
Plays set in London
Bela Lugosi

Dracula (1924 play)


Marquette Plaza is a highrise in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, located at 250 Marquette Avenue.

Design
Designed by Gunnar Birkerts, it was home to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis from 1973 to 1997 (hence, many people refer to it as "the old Federal Reserve building"). Designed much like a suspension bridge, most of the original floors are supported by two sets of catenary cables. Underground chambers were used for vault space, and an external elevator shaft was attached on the east face of the building to connect a ground-floor lobby with the rest of the building. There was originally a gap between the lobby and the rest of the above ground structure to emphasize the construction method.

While the building's design has been highly praised as an engineering achievement, it was plagued with design defects that led to leaky windows and other problems. In addition, asbestos had been heavily used in the building's construction. The Minneapolis Federal Reserve decided to build a new complex a few blocks away rather than renovate the structure, and it passed to private hands. The building was remodeled in 2002 for about US$65 million, a process which included adding office space to the east side and into the aboveground gap, while also converting a concrete plaza into a grassy park. A skyway connection was added to the ING ReliaStar 111 Building.

Early designs for the building included sketches for an addition on top that included an inverted catenary, resulting in a shape resembling an oval. The building is credited with influencing the decision to add an observation bridge with a catenary arch above the dramatic opening in Saudi Arabia's Kingdom Centre. Local design company Ellerbe Becket contributed to the work for that structure.

Notable tenants
Major tenants after the move have included telecommunications companies that made use of the vault space. The Minneapolis Public Library's central location had also been temporarily located there while waiting for the 2006 completion of a new building a block away.

Re-emergence
Marquette Plaza re-established its status in 2011 as it became the first downtown Minneapolis building to earn LEED Platinum certification. This status, granted by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), is the highest level of LEED certification to achieve and illustrates the building's transformation and leadership in the greening of downtown.  Marquette Plaza made its mark as the first large multi-tenant building in Minnesota to receive Platinum certification, due to a series of efforts and implementations set forth by property manager Base Management and 23 building tenants, which include: The Scoular Company, Federal Government agencies, Foley & Mansfield, Meet Minneapolis and CenturyLink. Platinum certification is more challenging to receive when multiple tenants are involved in the process.  The sustainability consultant that helped Marquette Plaza attain LEED Platinum certification was Sustology, a Minneapolis-based sustainable developer and consultant with its headquarters in Marquette Plaza.  The property was up for recertification ins 2016 and again attained LEED Platinum status with the help of consultant Sustology and is currently the only LEED Platinum Certified building in Minnesota as of 2016.

See also
510 Marquette Building - The first building for the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis

References

External links
 Marquette Plaza home page
 Emporis: Marquette Plaza
 Steven Dahlman: Marquette Plaza

Skyscraper office buildings in Minneapolis
Government buildings completed in 1973
Federal Reserve Bank buildings
Government buildings in Minnesota

Marquette Plaza


Brucamps is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France.

There are still many sculpted and decorated farmhouses from the 19th century, built of stone and brick (which are no longer in use today).

Several of these farms had arched gateways. That helped avoid damage from incoming carriages.

Communes in Somme

Brucamps


The Old Farm, now known as Strawberry Hill/Barmup is located on Strawberry Hill in the suburb of Mira Mar in Albany, Western Australia. It is known as being the first farm in Western Australia.

The hill on which the property is situated rises to a height of  and is a spur of Mount Clarence. The soil is a mixture of clay and gravel with rich black loam on the lower side.

The farm was initially established in 1827 as a government farm when the first Europeans settled at King George Sound. Edmund Lockyer, Alexander Collie and John Lawrence Morley selected the site as a government farm. Originally it occupied an area of  but only  remain today. The next three commandants of the settlement, Captain Wakefield, Lieutenant Sleeman and Captain Collet Barker, followed Lockyer's plan of continuing to develop the farm.

Alexander Collie was appointed Government Resident of Albany in 1831 and moved into a wattle and daub cottage situated on the farm. He named the property Strawberry Hill after the small plot of strawberries he was cultivating. Collie retired in 1832 and his successor was D. H. Macleod but it was the farm superintendent John Lawrence Morley who handed the property onto Richard Spencer.

Spencer was appointed as Government Resident in 1833; he acquired the farm and resided there with his wife, Ann, and his ten children. Spencer arranged for the erection of a granite two-storey building at the rear end of the original wattle and daub structure at a cost of £100. The garden was now well established and producing blood oranges, raspberries, grapes, asparagus, figs and almonds. The first visitors to stay in the new building included Charles Darwin and Captain Robert FitzRoy, of  HMS Beagle.

The old thatched roof wattle and daub part of the main residence burned down in 1870. A second cottage was built by Charles Miner in the same year.

Francis Bird, the Chief Architect of Western Australia, acquired the property in 1889 and changed the name from Strawberry Hill to the Old Farm. His family retained ownership of the farm until the 1950s.

The site lay derelict for many years until being purchased by the Federal Government in 1956 and it was then vested in the National Trust of Australia in 1964. Conservation work commenced shortly afterward and it was later opened to the public.

See also
 List of places on the State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Albany

References

Heritage places in Albany, Western Australia
1827 establishments in Australia
National Trust of Western Australia
Middleton Road, Albany
State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Albany

Old Farm, Strawberry Hill


Timothy David Llewelyn Hughes (born 23 July 1977) is a British worship leader, singer, songwriter, and Anglican priest. Formerly the director of worship at Holy Trinity Brompton, a large Anglican church in central London, he has since been ordained as a minister in the Church of England and appointed Vicar of St Luke's, Gas Street Birmingham. He leads Worship Central, an international worship training and resource centre. Hughes has written a number of songs that are sung worldwide, including the Dove Award-winning "Here I Am to Worship", "Happy Day", "Beautiful One", "Jesus Saves", "At Your Name", and "The Way".

Personal life
Hughes, the son of an Anglican vicar, grew up in High Wycombe, before moving to Birmingham as a teenager when his father was appointed vicar of St John's Church, Harborne. He studied history at Sheffield University, graduating in 2000.

Hughes is married to Rachel and has four children.

Career

Worship leader
Hughes began his music career in 1997, when he was invited by Mike Pilavachi to lead worship at a Soul Survivor festival. After the departure of Matt Redman from Soul Survivor Watford Church, Hughes succeeded him as Worship Pastor. In 2005, he moved to Holy Trinity Brompton, an Anglican church in central London, as director of worship. In 2015, he and his family moved to Birmingham where they have launched and now head up Gas Street Church.

He is a member of Compassionart, a charity founded by musician Martin Smith, the front man of Delirious?.

Ordained ministry
Hughes trained for ordination at St Mellitus College, a non-residential Anglican theological college in London. On 29 June 2013, he was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon by Richard Chartres, Bishop of London, during a service at St Paul's Cathedral, London. On 22 June 2014, he was ordained as a priest by Paul Williams, Bishop of Kensington, during a service at St Mary Abbots, Kensington.

From 2013 to 2015, Hughes served his curacy at Holy Trinity Brompton (HTB) in the Diocese of London. In 2015, he was appointed priest-in-charge of St Luke's, Gas Street, Birmingham in the Diocese of Birmingham. This was a church plant from HTB, and involved the renovation and consecration of a derelict warehouse to use as a church for Hughes and his team. The church officially launched on 5 February 2016.

Worship Central
With Holy Trinity Brompton's associate director of worship, Al Gordon, Hughes established Worship Central, a worship training and resource centre, aiming to have an international impact.

Music recording
Hughes' songs were published in the UK by Survivor Records and distributed globally by EMI CMG, a major music label documented as market share leader from 1998 to 2009.  He is currently signed under Integrity Music.

Hughes has recorded and released six albums: Here I Am to Worship in 2001, When Silence Falls in 2004, Holding Nothing Back in 2007, Happy Day in 2009, Love Shine Through in 2011, and Pocketful of Faith in 2015.

Here I am to Worship
Hughes' album, Here I Am to Worship was released in 2001. The album introduced the worship songs "Jesus, You Alone" and the Dove Award-winning song "Here I Am to Worship". Both songs have become world-renowned worship anthems.

When Silence Falls
Released in 2004, When Silence Falls featured well-known tracks, "Beautiful One", "Consuming Fire", and "Whole World in His Hands". The bonus track on the album, "Saviour" featured the hip hop group 29th Chapter, from west London.

Holding Nothing Back
Hughes' third album, Holding Nothing Back, was released on 3 April 2007, and includes songs like "Living for your glory", "The Highest and the Greatest", "God of Justice", "Everything", and "Happy Day". In 2007, prior to the recording of Holding Nothing Back, Christian Today interviewed Hughes, asking him, "Do you think any of the songs have the potential to become worldwide hits like some of your previous singles ("Here I am to Worship" and "Beautiful One")?" Hughes responded that what connected with people was often a surprise and hard to predict.

Happy Day
In July 2008, Hughes recorded a live album and DVD, Happy Day, at a Worship Central event held on 16 September 2008 at the Shepherds Bush Empire, London. The recording featured a mix of previously released material and brand new songs, including "Give us your courage". The album was released at the Worship Central Global Day on 14 March 2009, in London's Westminster Central Hall.

Love Shine Through
On 11 March 2011, a fourth studio album was released, Love Shine Through. The recording was produced by Martin Smith and featured musicians Marc James, Michael Guy Chislet and members of Northern Irish band, Rend Collective Experiment.

Pocketful of Faith
On 17 July 2015 Hughes released his fifth studio album, Pocketful of Faith. The album was produced by Nathan Nockels and includes songwriting collaborations with Martin Smith, Matt Redman, Reuben Morgan, Phil Wickham, Jonas Myrin and Tim's Worship Central teammates Nick Herbert, Luke Hellebronth and Ben Cantelon.

Literary publishing
Hughes published Passion For Your Name in 2003, in which he gives his advice on many issues, including worship leading and songwriting.

Hughes has published a book called Holding Nothing Back (the same name as his third album) and was interviewed by Premier.tv's Christian TV On Demand, to promote the book.

Honours
In June 2017, he was awarded the Cranmer Award for Worship by the Archbishop of Canterbury "for his outstanding contribution to contemporary worship music".

Discography

Albums
 Reward with Martyn Layzell (1999, Survivor Records)
 Here I Am to Worship (2001, Worship Together Records)
 When Silence Falls (2004, Survivor Records)
 Holding Nothing Back (2007, Survivor Records)
 Happy Day (2009, Survivor Records)
 Love Shine Through (2011, Survivor Records)
 Pocketful of Faith (2015, Integrity Music)

With Worship Central
 Lifting High (2009, Survivor Records)
 Spirit Break Out (September 2011, Kingsway)
 Let It Be Known (March 2013, Kingsway)
 Set Apart (October 2014, Kingsway)
 Mercy Road (May 2017)

Soul Survivor Event albums
 Your Name's Renown - Soul Survivor Live 2001 (2001)
 Soul Survivor Live 2002: Glimpses Of Glory (2002)
 Soul Survivor: Anthem Of The Free (2003)
 Soul Survivor Live 2004: Living Loud (2004)
 Soul Survivor: We Must Go (2005)
 Soul Survivor: Love Came Down (2006)
 Soul Survivor: Living For Your Glory (2007)
 Complete - Live Worship From Soul Survivor 2008 (2008)
 Soul Survivor: Not Ashamed (2009)
 Soul Survivor: Light the Sky (2010)
 Soul Survivor: We Are the Free (2011)
 Soul Survivor: Love Takes Over (2015)

Published works
 Hughes, Timothy R. Passion for Your Name, Kingsway Publications, 2003.
 Hughes, Timothy R. Holding Nothing Back, Kingsway Publications, 2007.
 Hughes, Tim; and Gordon, Al. Worship Central, Alpha International, 2011.

References

External links
 Tim Hughes Info and Discography

1977 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
British performers of Christian music
Christian hymnwriters
Christian music songwriters
English male songwriters
Performers of contemporary worship music
English evangelicals
Evangelical Anglican clergy
21st-century English Anglican priests
Holy Trinity Brompton people
Alumni of St Mellitus College

Tim Hughes


The history and presence of the Walloon people, i.e. francophone Belgians, in the Netherlands goes back to the foundation process of the Dutch state. Even more so, the region now known as Wallonia was part of the historical Southern Netherlands, a region now divided between the Netherlands, Belgium and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

Walloons in the Meuse-Rhine Region

However, even after the foundation of the previously mentioned nations cross-border migration continued towards the Netherlands. Particularly, this was the case in the border area now of the Netherlands (Limburg province), Belgium (Limburg and Liège provinces) and Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia). In 1840, 10 years after the independence and incorporation of Wallonia into Belgium, the population of the Dutch Limburgian capital Maastricht comprised 8.6% Belgian-born persons with 40% of these persons originating from Wallonia fuelling the competition between the Dutch and French languages in the city.

Notes

Dutch people of Belgian descent
Ethnic groups in the Netherlands

History of Wallonia

Walloons in the Netherlands


Khabib Yunich (; , ; ,  in Uyghur; 1905–1945) was a politician, pedagogue and journalist in the Xinjiang province of Western China. He was an ethnic Tatar and a Muslim.

After returning to China from Turkey, where he studied, he organized the first Uyghur language gazette in the Ili district of Xinjiang and was its editor from 1934 to 1944. He was also the first person to organize a public library in the city of Ghulja (Kuljia). In the 1940s, he taught at the Tatar school in Ghulja.

Yüniç was one of the few leaders of a movement for Xinjiang's independence. He was also one of the composers of the Declaration of the People's Republic of East Turkistan, the first ethnic Uighur state, albeit one of the earliest satellite states of the USSR. Yüniç was also an education minister of the unrecognized state, while working as an editor of the "Free East Turkistan Gazette". He died during a typhus epidemic. The Soviet Union later dropped its support for the secessionist state, which collapsed and was reabsorbed into China.

References

1905 births
1945 deaths
Chinese Tatars
Republic of China journalists
20th century in Xinjiang
Tatar people
Writers from Xinjiang
Chinese Muslims
Chinese people of Tatar descent

Xabib Yunich


The flag of the state of Rhode Island, United States, is white and consists of a gold anchor in the center (a symbol for hope) surrounded by thirteen gold stars (for the original Thirteen Colonies and Rhode Island's status as the 13th state to ratify the Constitution). A blue ribbon below the anchor bears the state's motto in gold: "HOPE". The flag is frequently depicted with golden fringe around the edges of the flag, although the fringe is never actually on the flag unless it is used in federal-level displays, much like the national flag.

History

The present flag of the state of Rhode Island was formally adopted in 1897. As early as the 1640s, the anchor and "hope" were found on the Rhode Island seal, and the seal's words and emblems were likely inspired by the biblical phrase "hope we have as an anchor of the soul," found in Hebrews, Verse 6:18-19. Rhode Island's earliest colonists were fleeing persecution in Massachusetts due to their religious beliefs.

Statute
The state of Rhode Island enacted legislation making this the official flag:
§ 42-4-3  State flag. – The flag of the state shall be white, five feet and six inches (5'6") fly and four feet and ten inches (4'10") deep on the pike, bearing on each side in the center a gold anchor, twenty-two inches (22") high, and underneath it a blue ribbon twenty-four inches (24") long and five inches (5") wide, or in these proportions, with the motto "Hope" in golden letters thereon, the whole surrounded by thirteen (13) golden stars in a circle. The flag shall be edged with yellow fringe. The pike shall be surmounted by a spearhead and the length of the pike shall be nine feet (9'), not including the spearhead.

Gallery

Other flags

Another commonly flown flag is the flag of the Rhode Island Regiment.  Many houses throughout the state display the flag alongside the current flag, or in lieu of the state flag. The flag can also be seen flying at home football games of the University of Rhode Island Rams.

Flag of the governor

The flag of the governor of Rhode Island is based on an earlier state flag. Like most U.S. governors' flags, there are four five-point stars at the corners of the field.

See also

State of Rhode Island
Symbols of Rhode Island
Seal of the State of Rhode Island

References

External links
 Rhode Island State Laws: § 42-4-3 State flag
 Flags of the World, Rhode Island (U.S.)

United States state flags
Flag
Flag
Flags introduced in 1897
1897 establishments in Rhode Island

Flag of Rhode Island


Tamchy (, Tamçı, تامچى; , Tamčy, previously Тамчи, Tamči) is a village in the Issyk-Kul District of the Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 2,412 in 2021.

The name used to be transcribed into English as Tamchi, and some local road signs have it, surprisingly, as Tamczy, which seems to be based on the Polish orthography.

Geography
Tamchy is located on the north shore of Lake Issyk Kul, between Balykchy and Cholpon Ata on highway A363. To the west is Kosh Kol.

Natural environment

The village stretches for a couple kilometers along the shore of a bay formed by promontories at Kosh Kol (to the west) and Choktal (to the east). A gently raising desert plain stretches for more than ten kilometers north of the village, towards the foothills of the mountain range  that separates Issyk Kul basin from the Kemin Valley farther north. Remote snow-covered mountain tops can be seen from the village, and, on a clear day, one can see the Tian Shan mountains across the lake to the south.

A creek flows from the mountains to the shore, bringing fresh water to the village. Along much of its course, the creek is artificially rerouted (and thus locally known as an aryk) to run not along the bottom of ravines and gulches, but on a high ground, so that it is possible to divert water from it for irrigation. However, as the amount of water in the creek is quite limited, only a few square kilometers of land around the village is actually irrigated. Village houses are often surrounded by orchards, apples and walnuts being local favorites.

Tamchy is one of the popular family beach vacation destinations on Issyk Kul's north shore. Much less developed and more low-key than Cholpon Ata, it is popular with both the Bishkek middle class and budget travellers from as far away as central Russia and Siberia. Unlike its western neighbor, Kosh Kol, Tamchy was spared the large-scale resort development during the Soviet era, and its hospitality industry consists mostly of smaller, family-run guesthouses.

Transportation
Tamchy is located on the highway that runs along the north shore of Issyk Kul, and is served by passenger vans and buses operating on Bishkek-Balykchy-Cholpon Ata-Karakol route.

The Tamchy Airport, the largest on the lake, is located approximately 5 kilometers to the east of the village. In 2006 plans were announced for a major upgrade.

References

External links

Populated places in Issyk-Kul Region

Tamchy


Ludwig Schwabe (June 24, 1835 – February 20, 1908) was a German classical philologist and professor of classical archaeology born in Giessen.

He studied classical philology and archaeology at the Universities of Giessen and Göttingen, receiving his doctorate in 1857 at Giessen. In 1863 he became an associate professor at Giessen, and soon afterwards relocated to the University of Dorpat as a professor of classical philology. In 1872 he was appointed professor of classical philology and chair of classical archaeology at the University of Tübingen, where in 1881–82 he was university rector.

Literary works
Among his better written works was an influential examination of the Roman poet Catullus titled Quaestiones Catullianae (1862), and a revision of Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel's Geschichte der römischen Literatur (1882). Other noted publications by Schwabe include:
 Ludovici Schwabii In Cirin carmen Observationes pars I, 1871
 Zu Plautus Menaechmen, 1872
 Ludovici Schwabii de Musaeo Nonni imitator liber, 1876
 Pergamon und seine Kunst, 1882
 Die kaiserlichen Dezennalien und die alexandrinischen Münzen, 1896

References
 Translated biography at Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
 Open Library (list of publications)
 Krmnicek, S. 2017. Ludwig Schwabe und das Archäologische Institut. In: P. Baas, S. Krmnicek and J. Lipps (eds) Klassische Archäologie im Wandel. Zum 150-jährigen Bestehen des Tübinger Instituts. Tübinger Archäologische Forschungen Sonderschriften 1. Rahden/Westf.: Marie Leidorf, 67-76.

German classical philologists
People from Giessen
Academic staff of the University of Tartu
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
1835 births
1908 deaths
University of Giessen alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Place of birth missing

Ludwig Schwabe


was a Japanese painter and printmaker of the Torii school, in the genre of ukiyo-e. Like the other Torii artists, his primary focus was on Kabuki billboards, advertisements, actor prints, and other related material. Many scholars believe Kiyomasu to have been the younger brother or son of Torii Kiyonobu I, one of the founders of the school, or to have been an alternate art-name (gō) for the same man.

In the 1710s, prints signed with Kiyomasu's name far outnumber those with the signature of Kiyonobu. If the two were distinct artists, this could indicate that the elder artist, the head of the school, devoted more time to the kabuki billboards and other works which were more the official province of the workshop, while the younger was left to do prints. On the other hand, even if the two were the same person, this could simply be explained by the use of different names on different types of work.

Though his style is said to be somewhat more graceful than Kiyonobu's, they are difficult to tell apart, as are most works by other Torii artists. However, there are certain stylistic elements that do stand out as differences between the two artists. While Kiyonobu's work was based largely on that of Hishikawa Moronobu, and was very masculine in nature, with sharp, bold lines, Kiyomasu's works, while very similar at first glance, are in fact softer and more graceful; they are said to show a "lack of seriousness of intent". This shift is attributed to an emulation of the styles of Moronobu's chief competitor, Sugimura Jihei.

See also
Torii Kiyomasu II

References
 Lane, Richard. (1978).  Images from the Floating World, The Japanese Print. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ;  OCLC 5246796

Ukiyo-e artists
Japanese printmakers
Torii school

Torii Kiyomasu


Baratti is a village frazione of the comune of Piombino in the Province of Livorno, with roughly only 15 residents.

History
Just like its neighbour Populonia, Baratti has Etruscan origins, confirmed by various burial mounds found around the area and reflecting the colonization of this civilization. The main activity pursued here during the Etruscan period and then the Roman Empire was centered on the port of Populonia, which mainly dealt with goods such as iron ore from the nearby Island of Elba and finished metal products found in the local area. The accumulation of iron debris covered the entire area of Baratti overlooking the sea, allowing rare archaeological insight into the area's heritage. The first archaeological expeditions resulted in impressive discoveries preserved in the area. In 1968, a 6th-century silver vase, or anfora, from Antioch and lost in a shipwreck was found off the gulf. This was later renamed the "Anfora Baratti" and has been preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Populonia in Piombino.

Geography

Gulf of Baratti
This small bay sits between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north of the peninsula, which forms much of the town of Piombino. The basin lies between the promontory of Populonia and Torraccia, which is part of the municipality of San Vincenzo.

Location
Baratti stands on the Tyrrhenian coast, at the foot of Populonia, which is 1.5 km away, 12 km from Piombino, 15 from San Vincenzo, and about 80 km from Livorno in the north and Grosseto in the south.

Places of interest
Baratti's location is ideal for tourists seeking a coastal retreat. It is included in the Archaeological Park of Baratti and Populonia and is one of the largest parks in the Val di Cornia. The influx of the archaeological tourist is secured not only by the presence of the Etruscan ruins but also because of the proximity of Populonia and its necropolis, which is reachable by a road that passes by Baratti.

At the port stands the fifteenth-century Baratti Tower, while farther north along the bay is the chapel of San Cerbone.

Nearby lies the Saldarini House, a remarkable testimony of contemporary architecture, designed and built by Vittorio Giorgini, an Italian Architect from Florence, Italy.  The Saldarini house takes a beautiful organic shape, made of wire mesh and ferrocement.  It was completed by the architect in 1962.

Bibliography
 Andrea Semplici: "Parco Archeologico di Baratti e Populonia. Percorsi di visita per conoscere un territorio". – Edizioni Polistampa – Firenze, 2000

See also

References

External links

Comune of Piombino
Parks in Val di Cornia
Tourism in Baratti
Why you should visit the Gulf of Baratti, Tuscany

Frazioni of Piombino
Etruscan sites

Baratti (town)


Barbara Ann "Bobbie" Margolis (October 4, 1929 – July 3, 2009) was an American prisoners' rights advocate who served as the official greeter of New York City under the administration of Mayor of New York City Ed Koch. She established Fresh Start, a program under which inmates at Rikers Island receive culinary training from professional chefs.

Early life and education
She was born as Barbara Ann Schneider in Malden, Massachusetts on October 4, 1929, and attended Boston's Simmons College, where she was awarded a bachelor's degree in retailing. While working as a security officer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1958, she met David Margolis. They married six months later, and moved to New York City in 1959.

While a volunteer at Rikers Island, she and her husband met future mayor Ed Koch when they were all seated at the same table while attending a 1967 dinner honoring a prison warden. Koch was sworn into office as mayor on December 31, 1977 at the Margolis home at 30 East 72nd Street. In 1979, she was named official greeter of New York City — officially the vice chairman of the City Commission for Distinguished Guests — the first woman to hold the honorary post which paid a salary of $1 per year. As greeter, she welcomed individuals such as Diana, Princess of Wales and Pope John Paul II.

Rikers Island
Though her friends and family could not explain what triggered her involvement there, Margolis was involved in creating a wide range of programs for inmates at the Rikers Island prison facility operated by the New York City Department of Corrections.

In 1980, she helped re-establish The Rikers Review, a magazine that includes literature and advice produced by inmates for the prisoner population.

She ran Fresh Start from its creation in 1989 until 1997, with the goal of helping inmates to be released from prison find lower-level jobs in the food industry. As the program developed, it trained 60 people per year in classes given eight hours per day for a 10-week period covering the full range of restaurant jobs from preparing food to fixing equipment. The classes, some of which feature guest instructors from New York City restaurants, covers such areas as wine tasting, taught using different varieties of grape juice to address a prison ban on alcohol.

Efforts by Margolis to help ex-prisoners rehabilitate included drug treatment and therapy while at Rikers, as well as continuing interaction after release. Margolis would take calls from former program participants at all hours of the day, often months after their release, and she would reach out to ensure that they had items such as ties that they might need for an interview. While 46% of the general population released from city prisons were back in jail within a year of release, the one-year recidivism rate for graduates of the Fresh Start program was 25%. Inmates held her in such regard that after her car was stolen from the prison parking lot it was immediately returned once it was discovered that it was her car that had been taken.

Personal
In addition to her apartment on the Upper East Side, she also had residences in Quogue, New York and Tourrettes-sur-Loup, France.

Margolis died at age 79 at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan on July 3, 2009, due to complications from cancer. She was survived by a daughter, three sons and five grandchildren. Her husband died at age 78 on December 13, 2008, due to cardiac arrest.

References

1929 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American Jews
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
People from Malden, Massachusetts
People from the Upper East Side
People from Quogue, New York
Simmons University alumni
Greeters
21st-century American Jews

Barbara Margolis


Ferdinand III (; 1199/120130 May 1252), called the Saint  (el Santo), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. Ferdinand III was one of the most successful kings of Castile, securing not only the permanent union of the crowns of Castile and León, but also masterminding the most expansive southward territorial expansion campaign yet in the Guadalquivir Valley, in which Islamic rule was in disarray in the wake of the decline of the Almohad presence in the Iberian Peninsula.

By military and diplomatic efforts, Ferdinand greatly expanded the dominions of Castile by annexing the crown of Guadalquivir river valley in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the boundaries of the Castilian state for the next two centuries. New territories included important cities such as Baeza, Úbeda, Jaén, Córdoba and Seville, that were subject of Repartimiento, given a new general charter and repopulated in the following years.

Ferdinand was canonized in 1671 by Pope Clement X. Places such as the cities of San Fernando, Pampanga and San Fernando, La Union; the Diocese of Ilagan and the San Fernando de Dilao Church in Paco, Manila in the Philippines; and in the United States, in California the City of San Fernando, the San Fernando Valley, and in Texas the Cathedral of San Fernando in San Antonio were named in his honor.

Early life

The exact date of Ferdinand's birth is unclear. It has been proposed to have been as early as 1199 or even 1198, although more recent researchers commonly date Ferdinand's birth in the summer of 1201. Ferdinand was born at the Monastery of Valparaíso (Peleas de Arriba, in what is now the Province of Zamora).

As the son of Alfonso IX of León and his second wife Berengaria of Castile, Ferdinand descended from Alfonso VII of León and Castile on both sides; his paternal grandfather Ferdinand II of León and maternal great grandfather Sancho III of Castile were the sons of Alfonso VII between whom his kingdom was divided. Ferdinand had other royal ancestors from his paternal grandmother Urraca of Portugal and his maternal grandmother Eleanor of England a daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.

The marriage of Ferdinand's parents was annulled by order of Pope Innocent III in 1204, due to consanguinity, but the legitimacy of the children was recognized. Berengaria then took their children, including Ferdinand, to the court of her father, King Alfonso VIII of Castile. In 1217, her younger brother, Henry I, died and she succeeded him on the Castilian throne with Ferdinand as her heir, but she quickly surrendered it to her son.

Alfonso of León considered himself tricked, and the young king had to begin his reign by a war against his father and a faction of the Castilian nobles. His and his mother's abilities proved too much for the king of Leon and his Castilian allies. Berengaria continued to be a key influence on Ferdinand, following her advice in prosecuting wars and even in the choice of a wife, Elisabeth of Swabia.

Unification of Castile and León

When Ferdinand's father died in 1230, his will delivered the kingdom to his older daughters Sancha and Dulce, from his first marriage to Teresa of Portugal.  But Ferdinand contested the will, and claimed the inheritance for himself.  At length, an agreement was reached, negotiated primarily between their mothers, Berengaria and Teresa. The resulting treaty of Benavente was signed on 11 December 1230, by which Ferdinand received the Kingdom of León, in return for a substantial compensation in cash and lands for his half-sisters, Sancha and Dulce.  Ferdinand thus became the first sovereign of both kingdoms since the death of Alfonso VII in 1157.

Early in his reign, Ferdinand had to deal with a rebellion of the House of Lara.

Reconquest of al-Andalus

Since the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 halted the advance of the Almohads in Spain, a series of truces had kept Castile and the Almohad dominions of al-Andalus more-or-less at peace.  However, a crisis of succession in the Almohad Caliphate after the death of Yusuf II in 1224 opened to Ferdinand III an opportunity for intervention.  The Andalusian-based claimant, Abdallah al-Adil, began to ship the bulk of Almohad arms and men across the straits to Morocco to contest the succession with his rival there, leaving al-Andalus relatively undefended.  Al-Adil's rebellious cousin, Abdullah al-Bayyasi (the Baezan), appealed to Ferdinand III for military assistance against the usurper. In 1225, a Castilian army accompanied al-Bayyari in a campaign, ravaging the regions of Jaén, vega de Granada and, before the end of the year, had successfully installed al-Bayyasi in Córdoba.  In payment, al-Bayyasi gave Ferdinand the strategic frontier strongholds of Baños de la Encina, Salvatierra (the old Order of Calatrava fortress near Ciudad Real) and Capilla (the last of which had to be taken by siege).  When al-Bayyari was rejected and killed by a popular uprising in Córdoba shortly after, the Castilians remained in occupation of al-Bayyasi's holdings in Andújar, Baeza and Martos.

The crisis in the Almohad Caliphate, however, remained unresolved. In 1228, a new Almohad pretender, Idris al-Ma'mun, decided to abandon Spain, and left with the last remnant of the Almohad forces for Morocco. Al-Andalus was left fragmented in the hands of local strongmen, only loosely led by Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami. Seeing the opportunity, the Christian kings of the north – Ferdinand III of Castile, Alfonso IX of León, James I of Aragon and Sancho II of Portugal – immediately launched a series of raids on al-Andalus, renewed almost every year. There were no great battle encounters – Ibn Hud's makeshift Andalusian army was destroyed early on, while attempting to stop the Leonese at Alange in 1230. The Christian armies romped through the south virtually unopposed in the field. Individual Andalusian cities were left to resist or negotiate their capitulation by themselves, with little or no prospect of rescue from Morocco or anywhere else.

The twenty years from 1228 to 1248 saw the most massive advance in the reconquista yet. In this great sweep, most of the great old citadels of al-Andalus fell one by one.  Ferdinand III took the lion's share of the spoils – Badajoz and Mérida (which had fallen to the Leonese), were promptly inherited by Ferdinand in 1230; then by his own effort, Cazorla in 1231, Úbeda in 1233,  the old Umayyad capital of Córdoba in 1236, Niebla and Huelva in 1238, Écija and Lucena in 1240, Orihuela and Murcia in 1243 (by the famous 'pact of Alcaraz'), Arjona, Mula and Lorca in 1244, Cartagena in 1245, Jaén in 1246, Alicante in 1248 and finally, on 22 December 1248, Ferdinand III entered as a conqueror in Seville, the greatest of Andalusian cities.  At the end of this twenty-year onslaught, only a rump Andalusian state, the Emirate of Granada, remained unconquered (and even so, Ferdinand III managed to extract a tributary arrangement from Granada in 1238).

Ferdinand annexed some of his conquests directly into the Crown of Castile, and others were initially received and organized as vassal states under Muslim governors (e.g. Alicante, Niebla, Murcia), although they too were eventually permanently occupied and absorbed into Castile before the end of the century (Niebla in 1262, Murcia in 1264, Alicante in 1266). Outside of these vassal states, Christian rule could be heavy-handed on the new Muslim subjects. The range of Castilian conquests also sometimes transgressed into the spheres of interest of other conquerors. Thus, along the way, Ferdinand III took care to carefully negotiate with the other Christian kings to avoid conflict, e.g. the treaty of Almizra (26 March 1244) which delineated the Murcian boundary with James I of Aragon.

Ferdinand divided the conquered territories between the Knights, the Church, and the nobility, whom he endowed with great latifundia. When he took Córdoba, he ordered the Liber Iudiciorum to be adopted and observed by its citizens, and caused it to be rendered, albeit inaccurately, into Castilian.

The capture of Córdoba was the result of a well-planned and executed process whereby parts of the city (the Ajarquía) first fell to the independent almogavars of the Sierra Morena to the north, which Ferdinand had not at the time subjugated.  Only in 1236 did Ferdinand arrive with a royal army to take the Medina, the religious and administrative centre of the city. Ferdinand set up a council of partidores to divide the conquests and between 1237 and 1244 a great deal of land was parcelled out to private individuals and members of the royal family as well as to the Church. On 10 March 1241, Ferdinand established seven outposts to define the boundary of the province of Córdoba.

Domestic policy

On the domestic front, Ferdinand strengthened the University of Salamanca and erected the current Cathedral of Burgos. He was a patron of the newest movement in the Church, that of the mendicant Orders. Whereas the Benedictine monks, and then the Cistercians and Cluniacs, had taken a major part in the Reconquista up until then, Ferdinand founded houses for friars of the Dominican, Franciscan, Trinitarian, and Mercedarian Orders throughout Andalusia, thus determining the future religious character of that region. Ferdinand has also been credited with sustaining the convivencia in Andalusia. He himself joined the Third Order of St. Francis, and is honored in that Order.

He took care not to overburden his subjects with taxation, fearing, as he said, the curse of one poor woman more than a whole army of Saracens.

Death

Ferdinand III had started out as a contested king of Castile.  By the time of his death he had delivered to his son and heir, Alfonso X, a massively expanded kingdom. The boundaries of the new Castilian state established by Ferdinand III remained nearly unchanged until the late 15th century. His biographer, Sister María del Carmen Fernández de Castro Cabeza, A.C.J., asserts that, on his deathbed, Ferdinand said to his son "you will be rich in land and in many good vassals, more than any other king in Christendom."

Ferdinand's death was attributed to a dropsy he contracted in the winter of 1251. His death took place on 30 May 1252, and he was buried in the Cathedral of Seville by his son, Alfonso X. The funeral took place on 1 June 1252 and was officiated by Remondo, Bishop of Segovia, in the cathedral. In the city there were royal vassals, bishops, abbots and wealthy men of the kingdom, who had come to show their lament. His tomb was inscribed in four languages: Arabic, Hebrew, Latin, and an early version of Castilian.

He was canonized as Saint Ferdinand by Pope Clement X in 1671. Today, the incorrupt body of Saint Ferdinand can still be seen in the Cathedral of Seville, for he rests enclosed in a gold and crystal casket worthy of the king. His golden crown still encircles his head as he reclines beneath the statue of the Virgin of the Kings. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire in his honor. His supposed likeliness, enthronement, sword and orb are depicted on the crest of Sevilla Fútbol Club.

The symbol of his power as a king was his sword Lobera.

Patronage
Saint Ferdinand is the patron saint of Seville, Aranjuez, San Fernando de Henares, Maspalomas, Pivijay, and of several other localities. He is also the patron of the Spanish Army's Corps of Engineers, and engineers generally.

Since the establishment in 1819 of the Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, also called "Diocese of Tenerife" (Canary Islands), Saint Ferdinand is the co-patron of the diocese and of its Cathedral pursuant to the papal bull issued by Pope Pius VII. This is because La Laguna is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Seville whose capital city has Saint Ferdinand as one of its co-patrons, together with the Virgen de los Reyes.  Saint Ferdinand is also the patron of the University of La Laguna, since this institution was founded under the name of Universidad Literaria de San Fernando (Literary University of Saint Ferdinand).

Family

First marriage

In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Swabia (1203–1235). She was the fourth daughter of Philip, Duke of Swabia, and Irene Angelina. Their children were:

 Alfonso X (1221–1284), his successor
 Frederick (1223–1277)
 Ferdinand (1225–1243/1248)
 Eleanor (born 1227), died young
 Berengaria (1228–1288/89), a nun at Las Huelgas
 Henry (1230–1303)
 Philip (1231–1274). He was promised to the Church, but was so taken by the beauty of Christina of Norway, daughter of Haakon IV of Norway, who had been intended as a bride for one of his brothers, that he abandoned his holy vows and married her. She died in 1262, childless.
 Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233–1261)
 Manuel of Castile (1234–1283)
 Maria, died an infant in November 1235

Second marriage
After he was widowed, he married Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter:
 Ferdinand (1238–1264/1269), Count of Aumale
 Eleanor (c. 1241–1290), married Edward I of England.
 Louis (1243–1269)
 Simon (1244), died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo
 John (1245), died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba

See also
 San Fernando (disambiguation)

Notes

References

Sources

González, Julio. Reinado y Diplomas de Fernando III, i: Estudio. 1980.

Saint Ferdinand at the Christian Iconography web site

External links

Novena to St. Ferdinand III of Castile by Diego José de Cádiz
Ferdinand at Patron Saints Index
Saint Fernando III
The death of Saint Ferdinand III, the very noble King of Castile and Leon

1199 births
1201 births
1252 deaths
13th-century Castilian monarchs
People from the Province of Zamora
Castilian House of Burgundy
Leonese infantes
13th-century Leonese monarchs
13th-century Galician monarchs
Spanish Roman Catholic saints
People of the Reconquista
13th-century Christian saints
Burials at Seville Cathedral
Franciscan saints
Members of the Third Order of Saint Francis
Roman Catholic royal saints
Year of birth uncertain
Canonizations by Pope Clement X
Beatifications by Pope Alexander VII

Ferdinand III of Castile


Port La Tour is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Barrington of Shelburne County.

The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada asserts that Fort Saint Louis is located at Port La Tour, although this has been disputed. It has also been claimed that the fort at Port La Tour was Fort Lomeron (also known as Fort La Tour) and that Fort St. Louis was located at the neighbouring community of Villagedale, Nova Scotia.

French Colony

Cape Sable and Eel Bay, Nova Scotia were first settled by the Acadians who migrated from Port Royal, Nova Scotia in 1620. The French governor of Acadia, Charles de la Tour, colonized Cap de Sable giving it the present name, meaning Sandy Cape. La Tour built up a strong post at Cap de Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova Scotia) beginning in 1623, called Fort Lomeron in honour of David Lomeron who was his agent in France. (The fur trading post called Fort Lomeron was later renamed Fort La Tour although – erroneously – identified as Fort Saint-Louis in the writings of Samuel de Champlain.) Here he carried on a sizable trade in furs with the Mi'kmaq and farmed the land.

During the Anglo-French War (1627–1629), under Charles I, by 1629 the Kirkes took Quebec City, Sir James Stewart of Killeith, Lord Ochiltree planted a colony on Cape Breton Island at Baleine, and Alexander's son, William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling established the first incarnation of "New Scotland" at Port Royal, Nova Scotia. This set of British triumphs in what had otherwise been a disastrous war was not destined to last.  King Charles' haste to make peace with France on the terms most beneficial to him meant that the new North American gains would be bargained away in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632).  There were three battles in Nova Scotia during the colonization of Scots: one at Saint John; another battle at Balene, Cape Breton; and one on Cape Sable (Port La Tour).

Siege of 1630

In 1627, as a result of these Scottish victories, Cape Sable was the only major French holding in North America.  There was a battle between Charles and his father at Fort St. Louis (See National Historic Site - Fort St. Louis), the latter supporting the Scottish who had taken Port Royal, Nova Scotia. The battle lasted two days.  Claude was forced to withdraw in humiliation to Port Royal.

As a result, La Tour appealed to the King of France for assistance and was appointed lieutenant-general in Acadia in 1631.

By 1641, La Tour lost Cape Sable Island, Pentagouet (Castine, Maine), and Port Royal, Nova Scotia to Governor of Acadia Charles de Menou d'Aulnay de Charnisay.

La Tour retired to Cap de Sable with his third wife Jeanne Motin, wed in 1653, and died in 1666.

Port La Tour was the site of the first recorded conflict between New England and the Mi'kmaq (see  Battle off Port La Tour (1677)).

Father Le Loutre's War
During Father Le Loutre's War there were various naval battles just off shore as the French vessels carried war munitions and supplies from Quebec to the Saint John River for Boishebert at Fort Menagoueche.

French and Indian War
The British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.  The Acadians and Mi'kmaq from Cape Sable Island raided the Protestants at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia numerous times.

During the French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia. In April 1756, Major Preble and his New England troops, on their return to Boston, raided a settlement near Port La Tour and captured 72 men, women, and children.

In the late summer of 1758, the British launched three large offensives against the Acadians.  One was the St. John River Campaign, another was the Petitcodiac River Campaign, and the other was against the Acadians at Cape Sable Island. Major Henry Fletcher led the 35th regiment and a company of Joseph Gorham's Rangers to Cape Sable Island.  He cordoned off the cape and sent his men through it.  One hundred Acadians and Father Jean Baptiste de Gray surrendered, while about 130 Acadians and seven Mi'kmaq escaped. The Acadian prisoners were taken to Georges Island in Halifax Harbour.

En route to the St. John River Campaign in September 1758, Moncton sent Major Roger Morris, in command of two men-of-war and transport ships with 325 soldiers, to deport more Acadians.  On October 28, his troops sent the women and children to Georges Island.  The men were kept behind and forced to work with troops to destroy their village.  On October 31, they were also sent to Halifax.  In the spring of 1759, Joseph Gorham and his rangers arrived to take prisoner the remaining 151 Acadians. They reached Georges Island with them on June 29.

See also
 List of communities in Nova Scotia

References

External links
Fort St. Louis - National Historic Site
 Port La Tour  on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Shelburne County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia
Populated coastal places in Canada
1620 establishments in the French colonial empire

Port La Tour, Nova Scotia


Rabbi Moshe Chalava (),  was a prominent 14th century Rabbi. He is also known as Maharam Chalava ().

Biography
Rabbi Moshe Chalava was born circa 1290 in Barcelona. Having first studied under the Rashba, he continued learning under the latter's son, R' Yehuda, after the Rashba's passing in 1310. He was the Rabbi of Tortosa, in Spain, for 30 years. During this time, many Halakhic questions from all parts of Spain were addressed to him. These responsa were in manuscript form until 1987, when they were published for the first time.

The Maharam Chalava died circa 1370, at the age of 80.

Works

The Maharam Chalava wrote a commentary on the whole Talmud; only his commentary on Tractate Pesahim is extant. It was published for the first time in 1873. This commentary often focuses on elucidating Rashi and introduces novel and innovative approaches to the text.
A collection of responsum known as Responsa of Maharam Chalava ().

https://www.scribd.com/doc/31200594/Untitled

https://books.google.com/books?id=3mvL6tUMIA0C&q=+halava&pg=PA61

References

1290 births
1370 deaths
People from Barcelona
Spanish rabbis

Moshe Chalava


Final Fantasy Chronicles is a compilation of Square's role-playing video games Final Fantasy IV (1991) and Chrono Trigger (1995), released for the North American Sony PlayStation on July 2, 2001. TOSE ported both titles from the Super Nintendo Entertainment System; each had been previously released as individual Japanese PlayStation ports in 1997 (Final Fantasy IV) and 1999 (Chrono Trigger). Several bonus features were added to each game, such as art galleries, bestiaries, and cutscenes—including computer-generated full motion video used at the beginning of Final Fantasy IV and anime scenes used throughout Chrono Trigger.

Final Fantasy Chronicles was received well by players and critics, who praised the peripheral features and the fact that Square was offering RPG classics to a new generation of gamers. Conversely, reviewers sharply criticized "long and frequent loading" between areas and battles due to poor emulation. Enough copies of Chronicles were sold to warrant a second release as part of Sony's Greatest Hits in June 2003.

Gameplay
In Final Fantasy IV and Chrono Trigger, the player controls a set of characters, closely following the role-playing video game genre. The methods of viewing and controlling the characters are separated by three different "screens": the overworld, where the characters traverse to different locations; the field map, where the characters explore locations such as towns and dungeons; and the battle screen, where the characters fight with monsters or other enemies.

Final Fantasy IV

Final Fantasy IV introduced the Active Time Battle, a system designed by Hiroyuki Ito. It centers around the player inputting orders for the characters in "real time" during battles. Each character is balanced through certain strengths and weaknesses; for instance, a strong magic user may have low defense, while a physical fighter may have low agility.

Chrono Trigger

Chrono Triggers gameplay deviates from traditional role-playing games in that, rather than random encounters, most enemies are openly visible on field maps or lie in wait to ambush the party. Contact with enemies on a field map initiates a battle that occurs directly on the field map itself rather than on a separate battle screen. Chrono Trigger uses an updated form of the Active Time Battle introduced in Final Fantasy IV, with additions such as "Techs" that rely on enemy positioning and abilities of characters. Other features are the employment of time travel and a "New Game Plus" option.

Development
Final Fantasy Chronicles features two previously released ports by TOSE; Final Fantasy IV and Chrono Trigger were released separately, and IV was re-released as a part of Final Fantasy Collection, all published in Japan. Chronicles was designed and directed by Kazuhiko Aoki, supervised by Fumiaki Fukaya, and produced by Akihiro Imai. It was created as a follow-up to Final Fantasy Anthology, a compilation of Final Fantasy V and VI.

The original Final Fantasy IV was released in North America as Final Fantasy II in 1991, with various "Easytype" modifications. These were removed in the Final Fantasy Chronicles version, and the game was re-localized, achieving a script closer Takashi Tokita's original scenario. Chrono Trigger, released in 1995, was already localized by Ted Woolsey, but the Final Fantasy Chronicles version has additional modifications.

A primary addition to both games is full-motion video. Final Fantasy IV features computer animated cutscene sequences, while Chrono Trigger features anime-style sequences designed by Akira Toriyama and animated by Toei Animation that "help further tell the story of Chrono Trigger". Final Fantasy IV was given gameplay features such as a two-player mode, a "Sprint Feature" to "enhance and quicken gameplay", and the "Memo File" system to "reduce saving time". Chrono Trigger, instead of added gameplay features, has an "Extras Mode". This features databases such as a bestiary and a gallery of artwork created in development.

Promotion and merchandising

A compilation of Final Fantasy IV and Chrono Trigger was in consideration in December 2000, with Final Fantasy Anthologys success a key decision factor. Final Fantasy Chronicles was announced by Square Electronic Arts in April 2001. President Jun Iwasaki mentioned an "overwhelming number" of requests to re-release Chrono Trigger, and believed the compilation of it and Final Fantasy IV would "appeal to fans of the original games and introduce a new generation of gamers to some of our classic titles". An event was held on July 10 in San Francisco, primarily to celebrate the film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within and release of Final Fantasy Chronicles. It featured a cosplay contest, a memorabilia raffle, and booths to play Final Fantasy Chronicles and Final Fantasy X.

Music from Final Fantasy Chronicles is a set of two separately released compact discs published by TokyoPop. Final Fantasy IV Official Soundtrack and Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack were both released on August 21, 2001. Final Fantasy IV Official Soundtrack is nearly the same release as Final Fantasy IV: Original Sound Version, the soundtrack album for the original game, except that the songs were rerecorded by TOSE, resulting in minor differences, some song titles were slightly changed, and a 45th track was added, "Theme of Love (Arranged)", which had previously only been released as a piano version on the second track of Piano Collections Final Fantasy IV. This release has the catalog number TPCD 0210–2, and its 45 tracks had a length of 62 minutes. Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack was the corresponding album for Chrono Trigger. The album was heavily based on Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack, the soundtrack album for the PlayStation release of Chrono Trigger; the first 21 tracks of the album out of 25 were identical to Chrono Trigger Original Soundtrack, while the next three tracks corresponded to tracks 22, 23, and 29 of the Original Soundtrack and the final track was the same as the first track of Brink of Time, an arranged album of Chrono Trigger music. The album is 1:13:03 long, and has a catalog number of TPCD 0209–2. In addition to the albums, a strategy guide for Final Fantasy Chronicles written by Dan Birlew and was published by BradyGames on July 2, 2001.

Reception

Final Fantasy Chronicles was commercially and critically successful, becoming the top selling PlayStation title for two weeks, and scoring an average of 89 out of 100 in Metacritic's aggregate, a review tallying website. Gaming website IGN rated it 9.4 and awarded an "Editor's Choice Award", calling the game a "must buy" for RPG fans. It was a runner-up for GameSpots annual "Best PlayStation Game" award, which went to Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3.

GameSpot reviewer Brad Shoemaker gave the game an 8.5, but cited "muffled sound effects" in Final Fantasy IV, and was displeased with frequent loading in Chrono Trigger. He added that the visuals were "stupendous" when the games were originally released, but they now look dated and will "turn off those looking for a bigger thrill for their gaming dollar". Marcus Lai of Gaming Age was disappointed with a lack of additions, calling the ports "barebone games" and claiming that the full motion videos are "nice touches to both games but don't add much".

See also
 List of Square Enix video game franchises

References

External links

Role-playing video games
Chrono (series)
Final Fantasy video games
Final Fantasy IV
North America-exclusive video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Square Enix video game compilations
Multiplayer and single-player video games
2001 video games
Video games developed in Japan

Final Fantasy Chronicles