Australian Aboriginal myths, also known as Dreamtime stories and Songlines, are the stories traditionally performed and told by the indigenous people of Australia. Each of the language groups across Australia has its own stories.

All the myths explain important features and meanings within each Aboriginal group's local landscape. They give cultural meaning to the Australian physical landscape. People who know these stories have access to the wisdom and knowledge of Australian Aboriginal ancestors back beyond the reach of memory.

David Horton wrote in the Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia that:
"A mythic map of Australia would show thousands of characters, varying in their importance, but all in some way connected with the land. Some emerged at their specific sites and stayed spiritually in that vicinity. Others came from somewhere else and went somewhere else."

"Many were shape changing, transformed from or into human beings or natural species, or into natural features such as rocks but all left something of their spiritual essence at the places noted in their stories."

Australian Aboriginal myths have been described as parts of a catechism, a liturgical manual, a history of civilization, a geography textbook, and to a much smaller extent a manual of the world and the universe.

Antiquity
An Australian linguist, R. M. W. Dixon, collected many Aboriginal myths in their original languages. He discovered some landscape details in myths were the same as scientific discoveries being made about the same landscapes. For example, on the Atherton Tableland, myths tell of the origins of Lake Eacham, Lake Barrine, and Lake Euramo. Geologists have dated the volcanic explosions which formed the lakes, and were described by Aboriginal myth tellers, as having happened more than 10,000 years ago. Pollen fossil sampling from the bottom of the craters agrees with the Aboriginal myth-tellers' story. When the craters were formed, the  area was eucalyptus forest, not the current wet tropical rain forests.

Dixon said that Aboriginal myths about the origin of the Crater Lakes might be accurate back to 10 000 years ago. Further investigation by the Australian Heritage Commission led to the Crater Lakes myth being listed on the Register of the National Estate, and included within Australia's World Heritage nomination of the wet tropical forests. It is an "unparalleled human record of events dating back to the Pleistocene era."

Since then, Dixon has found many similar examples of Australian Aboriginal myths that accurately describe landscapes of an ancient past. He particularly noted many myths telling of previous sea levels, including:

the Port Phillip myth collected by Robert Russell in 1850, described Port Phillip Bay as once dry land. The course of the Yarra River was once different, following the Carrum Carrum swamp. This was an oral history that accurately described a landscape from 10 000 years ago.
the Great Barrier Reef coastline myth collected by Dixon in Yarrabah, south of Cairns, described the coastline which stood at the edge of the current Great Barrier Reef. It named places now completely covered by the sea This was an oral record that was accurate for the landscape 10 000 years ago.
the Lake Eyre myths collected by J. W. Gregory in 1906, described Central Australia as a fertile, well-watered plains. The deserts around Lake Eyre were one continuous garden. This oral story matches geologists' understanding that there was a wet phase to the early Holocene when the lake would have had permanent water.

Aboriginal mythology: Whole of Australia
There are at least 400 Aboriginal groups across Australia. Each group has its own name, its own language and often their own dialects. Each group had its own myths, and the words and names of individual myths come these language groups.

With so many different Aboriginal groups, languages, beliefs and practices, it is not possible to describe under a single heading, the full range and diversity of all myths across the entire continent.

The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia does however note that "One intriguing feature [of Aboriginal Australian mythology] is the mixture of diversity and similarity in myths across the entire continent."

The similarity in Aboriginal myths and mythology includes:
"..they generally describe the journeys of ancestral beings, often giant animals or people, over what began as a featureless domain. Mountains, rivers, waterholes, animal and plant species, and other natural and cultural resources came into being as a result of events which took place during these Dreamtime journeys. Their existence in present-day landscapes is seen by many indigenous peoples as confirmation of their creation beliefs.."

"..The routes taken by the Creator Beings in their Dreamtime journeys across land and sea.. link many sacred sites together in a web of Dreamtime tracks criss-crossing the country. Dreaming tracks can run for hundreds, even thousands of kilometres, from desert to the coast [and] may be shared by peoples in countries through which the tracks pass.."

Australian anthropologists describe Aboriginal myths still being performed across Australia by Aboriginal peoples as having an important social function. The myths explain the order of their daily lives; helping shape peoples' ideas; and assisting to influence others' behaviour. Also the performance often adds and "mythologises" historical events in the service of these social purposes in a rapidly changing modern world. As R.M. W. Dixon writes:
"It is always integral and common.. that the Law (Aboriginal law) is something derived from ancestral peoples or Dreamings and is passed down the generations in a continuous line. While...entitlements of particular human beings may come and go, the underlying relationships between foundational Dreamings and certain landscapes are theoretically eternal...the entitlements of people to places are usually regarded strongest when those people enjoy a relationship of identity with one or more Dreamings of that place.

This is a central strong feature of Aboriginal identity. It is more than just a matter of believing. The Dreaming existed, and continues to exist, while humans are only temporary.

Aboriginal myths across Australia are a kind of unwritten (oral) library. From this library, Aboriginal people learn about the world and see an Aboriginal 'reality' with concepts and values vastly different from those of western societies:
"Aboriginal people learned from their stories that a society must not be human-centred but rather land centred, otherwise they forget their source and purpose....they are interconnected with the rest of creation, that they as individuals are only temporal in time, and past and future generations must be included in their perception of their purpose in life."

"People come and go but the Land, and stories about the Land, stay. This is a wisdom that takes lifetimes of listening, observing and experiencing...There is a deep understanding of human nature and the environment...sites hold 'feelings' which cannot be described in physical terms...subtle feelings that resonate through the bodies of these people.. It is only when talking and being with these people that these 'feelings' can truly be appreciated. This is.. the intangible reality of these people.."

Australia wide myths

Rainbow Serpent

In 1926 a British anthropologist, Professor Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, noted many Aboriginal groups across Australia shared versions of a single myth. The myth told of a powerful, creative, dangerous snake or serpent, usually of enormous size. This serpent was linked with rainbows, rain, rivers, and deep waterholes.

Radcliffe-Brown used the words "Rainbow Serpent" to describe this common, recurring myth. He listed the different names used across Australia for this "Rainbow Serpent":

Kanmare (Boulia, Queensland)
Tulloun: (Mount Isa, Queensland)
Andrenjinyi (Pennefather River, Queensland)
Takkan (Maryborough, Queensland)
Targan (Brisbane, Queensland)
Kurreah (Broken Hill, New South Wales)
Wawi (Riverina, New South Wales)
Neitee & Yeutta (Wilcannia, New South Wales)
Myndie (Melbourne, Victoria)
Bunyip (Western Victoria)
Arkaroo (Flinders Ranges, South Australia)
Wogal (Perth, Western Australia)
Wanamangura (Laverton, Western Australia)
Kajura (Carnarvon, Western Australia)
Numereji (Kakadu, Northern Territory).

This 'Rainbow Serpent', a snake of enormous size, lives in the deepest waterholes. It came from a larger being which can be seen as a dark streak in the Milky Way. It shows itself to people in this world as a rainbow as it moves through water and rain, shaping landscapes, naming and singing of places, swallowing and sometimes drowning people; strengthening the knowledgeable with rainmaking and healing powers; blighting others with sores, weakness, illness, and death.

Even Australia's 'Bunyip' was identified as a 'Rainbow Serpent' myth of the above kind. The words used by Radcliffe-Brown are now commonly used by government agencies, museums, art galleries, Aboriginal organisations and the media to refer to Australian Aboriginal myth specifically, and as a shorthand term for Australian Aboriginal mythology generally.

Captain Cook myths

Another myth found across Australia is about a person who arrives from the sea. This person, usually from England, either offers gifts or brings great harm. The person is most often called 'Captain Cook', and portrayed as a villain.

The Aboriginal myths about 'Captain Cook' are not oral history. They are not part of James Cook's exploration of the east coast of Australia in 1770. Aboriginal people did meet with Cook, especially during his seven-week stay on the Endeavour River. The Guugu Yimidhirr people may remember these meetings.

The Australia wide Captain Cook myth, however, tells of a symbolic British character who arrives from across the oceans sometime after the Aboriginal world was formed and the original social order founded. This Captain Cook signals dramatic changes in the social order, into which present-day Aborigines have been born.

In 1988 Australian anthropologist Kenneth Maddock examined several versions of this 'Captain Cook' myth as recorded from a number of Aboriginal groups around Australia:
Batemans Bay, New South Wales: Percy Mumbulla told of Captain Cook's arriving on a large ship which anchored at Snapper Island. He gave people clothes (to wear) and hard biscuits (to eat). Then he went back to his ship and sailed away. Mumbulla told how his ancestors rejected Captain Cook's gifts, throwing them into the sea.
Cardwell, Queensland: Chloe Grant and Rosie Runaway told of how Captain Cook and his group seemed to stand up out of the sea. With white skin they were thought to be ancestral spirits, coming back to their descendants. Captain Cook arrived first offering a pipe and tobacco to smoke (which was dismissed as a 'burning thing.. stuck in his mouth'), then boiling a billy of tea (which was dismissed as scalding 'dirty water'), next baking flour on the coals (which was rejected as smelling 'stale' and thrown away untasted), finally boiling beef (which smelled well, and tasted okay, once the salty skin was wiped off). Captain Cook and group then left, sailing away to the north, leaving Chloe Grant and Rosie Runaway's ancestors beating the ground with their fists, fearfully sorry to see the spirits of their ancestors leave in this way.
South-eastern side of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland: Rolly Gilbert told of how Captain Cook and others sailed the oceans in a boat, and decided to come to see Australia. Cook met a couple of Rolly's ancestors whom he was going to shoot. Instead he tricked them into showing him the local population's main camping area, after which they:
"set up the people [cattle industry] to go down the countryside and shoot people down, just like animal, they left them lying there for the hawks and crows...So a lot of old people and young people were struck by the head with the end of a gun and left there. They wanted to get the people wiped out because Europeans in Queensland had to run their stock: horses and cattle."
Victoria River (Northern Territory): it is told in a Captain Cook myth that Captain Cook sailed from London to Sydney to get land. He landed bullocks and men with firearms, following which local Aboriginal peoples in the Sydney area were killed. Captain Cook made his way to Darwin, where he sent armed horsemen to hunt down the Aborigines in the Victoria River country. He set up the city of Darwin gave police and cattle station managers orders on how to treat Aborigines.
 Kimberley (Western Australia): Many Aboriginal myth-tellers say that Captain Cook is a European culture hero who landed in Australia. Using gunpowder, he set an example for the treatment of Aboriginal peoples throughout Australia, including the Kimberley. On returning to his home, he claimed he had not seen any Aboriginal peoples, and said that the country was a vast and empty land which settlers could come and claim for themselves. In this myth, Captain Cook introduced 'Cook's Law', upon which the settlers rely. The Aboriginals say that this is a recent, unjust and false law compared to Aboriginal law.

Examples of myths

Murrinh-Patha people

The Murrinh-Patha people live in the saltwater country inland from the town of Wadeye. They describe a Dreamtime in their myths which anthropologists believe is a religious belief but different from most of the world's other religious beliefs.

The Murrinh-patha have a oneness of thought, belief, and expression without equal in Christianity. They see all parts of their lives, thoughts and culture as being influenced by their Dreaming. They do not see a difference between spiritual or material things. There is no difference between things that are sacred and things that are not. All life is  'sacred', all conduct has 'moral' results. All life's meaning comes out of this eternal, everpresent Dreaming.
"The sacred is everywhere within the physical landscape. Myths and mythic tracks cross over.. thousands of miles, and every particular form and feature of the terrain has a well-developed 'story' behind it."

This Murrinh-patha mythology is based on a view of life that believes life is "...a joyous thing with maggots at its centre.". Life is good and caring, but during life's journey, there are many painful sufferings that each person must come to understand and live through as he grows. This is the message being told within the Murrinh-patha myths. It is this philosophy that gives Murrinh-patha people reason and meaning in life.

The following Murrinh-patha myth, for example, is performed in Murrinh-patha ceremonies to initiate young men into adulthood.
"A woman, Mutjinga (the 'Old Woman'), was in charge of young children, but instead of watching out for them during their parents' absence, she swallowed them and tried to escape as a giant snake. The people followed her, spearing her and removing the undigested children from the body."

Within the myth and in its performance, young children must first be swallowed by an ancestral being who changes into a giant snake. The children are then vomited up before being accepted as young adults with all the rights and benefits of young adults.

Pintupi people

The Pintupi peoples from Australia's Gibson Desert region have a mostly 'mythic' form of understanding their identity, All events happen and are explained by the social structures and rules told of, sung about, and performed within their superhuman mythology. That is, the structures of society come from the myths, not from their own political actions, decisions or influences of local individuals.
"The Dreaming.. provides a moral authority lying outside the individual will and outside human creation.. although the Dreaming as an ordering of the cosmos is presumably a product of historical events, such an origin is denied."

"Current action is not understood as the result of human alliances, creations, and choices, but is seen as imposed by an embracing, cosmic order."

Within this Pintupi view of the world, three long geographical tracks of named places control and guide society. They are interrelated strings of important places named and created by mythic characters on their way through the Pintupi desert region during the Dreaming. It is a complex mythology of stories, songs and ceremonies known to the Pintupi as Tingarri. It is most completely told and performed by Pintupi peoples at larger gatherings within Pintupi country.

Related pages
Dreamtime
Myth
Rainbow Serpent

Bibliography
Beckett, J. (1994) "Aboriginal Histories, Aboriginal Myths: an Introduction", Oceania, Volume 65. pp. 97–115
Berndt, R. M. & Berndt, C. H. (1989) The Speaking Land. Penguin. Melbourne
Cowan, James (1994) Myths of the dreaming: interpreting Aboriginal legends. Unity Press. Roseville, N. S. W.
Dixon, R. M. W. (1996)  "Origin legends and linguistic relationships." Oceania, Volume 67. No. 2 pp. 127–140
Elkin, A. P. (1938) Studies in Australian Totemism. Oceania, Monography No. 2. Sydney
Haviland, John B., with Hart, Roger. 1998. Old Man Fog and the Last Aborigines of Barrow Point, Crawford House Publishing, Bathurst.
Hiatt, L. (1975) Australian Aboriginal Mythology: Essays in Honour of W. E. H. Stanner, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Canberra
Horton, David (1994) The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society, and Culture, Aboriginal Studies Press. Canberra.
Isaacs, J. (1980). Australian Dreaming: 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History, Lansdowne Press, Sydney,
Koepping, Klaus-Peter (1981) "Religion in Aboriginal Australia", Religion, Volume 11. pp. 367–391
Maddock, K. (1988).  "Myth, History and a Sense of Oneself." In Beckett, J. R. (ed) Past and Present: The Construction of Aboriginality. Aboriginal Studies Press. Canberra. pp. 11–30.
Morphy, H. (1992) Ancestral Connections.. University of Chicago Press. Chicago
Mountford, C. P. (1985) The Dreamtime Book: Australian Aboriginal Myths Louis Braille Productions
Pohlner, Peter. 1986. gangarru. Hopevale Mission Board, Milton, Queensland.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1926) "The Rainbow-Serpent Myth of Australia" The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 56. pp. 19–25
Roth, W. E. 1897. The Queensland Aborigines. 3 Vols. Reprint: Facsimile Edition, Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, W. A., 1984.
Rumsey, Allen (1994)  "The Dreaming, human agency and inscriptive practice". Oceania. Volume 65, Number 2. pp. 116–128
Smith, W. Ramsay (1932) Myths and Legends of the Australian Aborigines.  Farrar & Rinehart, New York, reprinted by Dover, 2003, excerpts available on Google Books.
Sutton, P. (1988)  "Myth as History, History as Myth". In Keen, I (ed.) Being Black: Aboriginal Cultures in 'Settled' Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press. Canberra. pp. 251–68
Stanner, W. E. H. (1966) "On aboriginal religion", Oceania Monograph No. 11. Sydney
Van Gennep, A (1906) Mythes et Legendes d'Australie. Paris
Yengoyan, Aram A.(1979) "Economy, Society, and Myth in Aboriginal Australia". Annual Review of Anthropology. Volume 8. pp. 393–415

References

Other websites
Australian Museum 2004 Collection of Aboriginal myths/stories
Australian Government 'portal' on Aboriginal 'Dreamings' and associated mythology
Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)Online Display for 'Aboriginal Relationships to Country'
Ngadjon jii -Earthwatch Web Page

Australian Aboriginal mythology


Beverly Robison Marrero (born January 23, 1939) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Tennessee Senate District 30, which is a part of Shelby County. She was first elected to the 103rd General Assembly in the House by-election  after Rep. Carol Chumney resigned to become a member of the Memphis City Council.

In the House, she was Secretary of the Children and Family Affairs Committee, and a member of the Government Operations Committee.  She chairs the Family Justice Subcommittee, and is a member of the Health and Human Resources Committee, the Domestic Relations Subcommittee, and the Public Health and Family Assistance Subcommittee. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention, she represented Tennessee on the Rules Committee. She is a member of the Tennessee Economic Council on Women.

In March 2007, Marrero won special election for the state senate seat vacated by newly elected U.S. Representative Steve Cohen.  She is currently the Vice Chair of the Government Operations Committee and serves of the Judiciary Committee for the 2007 Legislative Session.

Beverly Marrero was one of only seven members of the House to vote against a measure to hold a referendum advocating amending the Tennessee State Constitution to ban gay marriage. In April 2006, in the Public Health and Family Assistance Subcommittee, Marrero voted against another proposed amendment that would have removed all guarantees of a right to an abortion from the state constitution. Marrero also sponsored a bill to stop death penalty executions for three years, while a newly created committee would perform a study of the fairness of death penalty administration.

Before entering politics, Beverly Marrero was a real estate consultant. She began politics working for the election of John F. Kennedy by going door to door in her neighborhood. She worked in Tennessee, Missouri, Ohio, and New Hampshire for Jimmy Carter's campaign.

References

1939 births
Living people
Politicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Democratic Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Tennessee
21st-century American women

Beverly Marrero


The Ciudad Deportiva de Paterna is a state-of-the-art training complex, home to Primera Division club Valencia CF. Located in Paterna, it was opened in 1992.

The Ciudad Deportiva extends across an area of 180,000 square-metres. It is not only a school for future footballers and residence, but also a modern rehabilitation centre provided with different rooms for the recovery of footballers that are injured or in rehabilitation period.

There are several special rooms, like those for the physiotherapists, for jacuzzi, sauna and swimming pool. The large gym, with its different and modern machines, is the perfect complement for the appropriate physical training of the footballers. On the first floor, the main building has ten rooms to lodge the footballers, as well as a living room and a dining room. The coach can play videos in order to analyse his team play and study their rival teams in the audiovisuals room. The dressing rooms for the first and second team are on the ground floor.

Facilities
Estadio Antonio Puchades with a capacity of 3,000 seats, is the home stadium of Valencia CF B, the reserve team of Valencia CF and its women's team.
5 grass pitches.
1 artificial pitch.
7 mini artificial pitches.
1 service building.

References

External links
Official website
Estadios de España

Valencia CF
Paterna
Sports venues in Valencia
Sports venues completed in 1992
1992 establishments in Spain
Valencia CF Femenino

Ciudad Deportiva de Paterna


Cyrus Kurtz Holliday (April 3, 1826 – March 29, 1900) was a prominent Kansas businessman who was part of the free-state movement during the period called Bleeding Kansas. Holliday was one of the founders of the city of Topeka, Kansas and was its first president. He was also the founder of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. He served in the Kansas Senate. Holliday was president of the Merchants National Bank and also the Excelsior Coke and Gas Company, both of Topeka. In 1890, he was the president of the Kansas State Historical Society. In 2012, Holliday was inducted into the Kansas State Hall of Fame.

Early career
Holliday was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania on April 3, 1826. His parents were David and Mary (Kennedy) Holliday. Holliday attended public school and in 1852 graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He intended to become a lawyer but instead became a businessman. Holliday made a considerable profit of $20,000 in a short-line railroad in Pennsylvania.

Career in Kansas

Political
In 1854, when Kansas Territory was opened up for settlement, he became one of the first settlers. His wife, Mary Dillon Jones, remained behind in Pennsylvania until after the birth of their two children, Lillie and Charles. Holliday settled first at Lawrence, Kansas and became active in the Free State movement. Believing Kansas would become a free state, he and several business associates decided to establish the town of Topeka as the capital of the new state of Kansas. He was Topeka's delegate to the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention in July 1859. That same year he was elected to the first of several terms as mayor of Topeka. He helped found the Kansas Republican Party. Holliday was a member of both the  territorial and state legislatures.

Railroad
He obtained a charter for a new railroad to run from Atchison, Kansas to the state capital at Topeka in 1859. In 1863, Holliday decided to extend the railroad along the route of the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Once there he intended it to go all the way to the Pacific Ocean in California. The name of the railroad was changed to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company (AT&SF). A severe drought followed by the Civil War starting in 1861 prevented the railroad from making much progress. The line was completed through Kansas by December 1872. By 1880, the line was completed to Santa Fe. The railroad experienced hardships in 1893 and almost had to declare bankruptcy. Holliday was able to refinance and reorganize the railroad. He remained president of AT&SF until his death on March 31, 1900.

Military
In 1855, he supervised a regiment of Free-Staters in the Wakarusa War during the violent period known as Bleeding Kansas. For this he was given the honorary title of colonel which he used for the rest of his life. During the Civil War he served as the adjutant general of Kansas.

References

Other websites
 Cyrus K. Holliday diary
 The Iconic Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
 Cyrus K. Holliday Papers, 1854-1934; Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas

1826 births
1900 deaths
Bleeding Kansas
History of Kansas
Politicians from Pennsylvania

Cyrus K. Holliday


Mandalaband is a progressive rock band formed in England in 1974. The band is led by David Rohl who writes, arranges, mixes and produces their material. Rohl is also a controversial Egyptologist, once featured on the London Sunday Times front page with the caption "the real Indiana Jones".

History

1970s
In 1974, Rohl had taken an interest in Tibetan Buddhism and the Tibetans' resistance to the Chinese invasion in the 1950s. In the process he had begun writing what became a 20 minute musical piece titled "Om Mani Padme Hum", and began to build up a team of musicians in order to record the first movement of the piece. These musicians evolved into a band and started to write other songs about the same subject.  Demo tapes soon interested Chrysalis Records, who then signed the band.

Chrysalis wanted the band to gel together as a live outfit so that the recording would have a 'band feel' rather than just a bunch of session musicians playing in a sterile studio environment.  Prior to recording an album, the label sent them out as the opening act for Robin Trower's first major UK tour, playing to 2,000 fans each night for about twenty shows. The band played all the tracks from what would become their first album (including the whole twenty minutes of "Om Mani Padme Hum"). The live band consisted of David Rohl on piano, Vic Emerson on Hammond, Moog and Claviolines, Ashley Mulford on guitar, John Stimpson on bass, Tony Cresswell on drums and Dave Durant on lead vocals.

Mandalaband's first album, simply titled Mandalaband was released by Chrysalis Records in 1975. It included the 20 minute track entitled "Om Mani Padme Hum" – a four-movement work for rock band and choir. The lineup for this album were lead singer Dave Durant (accompanied by the London Chorale), and original band members Vic Emerson (keyboards), Ashley Mulford (guitars), Tony Cresswell (drums) and John Stimpson (bass), with David Rohl as founder, writer and studio engineer for the band.

David Rohl left the band on the first day of recording the album after having been removed by Chrysalis as producer/engineer and replaced by another producer. When the tapes were delivered to the label however, Rohl was asked to remix the album as the record company executives were unhappy with the results.  Although the album was released and well received, Rohl was always dissatisfied with the outcome stating "I did not record the actual instruments, so the album never got close to the quality I had envisaged and feel could have been achieved".

The band went its separate ways the following year, and David Rohl went to work at Indigo Sound in Manchester at the time, having left Mandalaband. This studio was closely connected to the TV and film industries and he was asked to write the music for a proposed film version of The Lord of the Rings. This original version was to be made in Ireland but the producers never managed to raise all the necessary funding to undertake such a massive project. "The Eye of Wendor" overture was written as the title music for the movie, and the track that came to be called "Silesandre" was originally entitled "Black Riders". When the movie production was cancelled Rohl decided to write "The Eye of Wendor" story and compose a whole triple album of music for it. He did not have a working band at that point, so he called on his friends in the UK music industry to help out, and they played most of the instruments and sang the vocals while Rohl engineered and produced the recordings.

The result was The Eye of Wendor – a concept album based on a Tolkienesque fantasy set in a world of warlocks, witches, battling heroes, and a magical gemstone of supernatural power. Vocalists on this album included: Justin Hayward, Eric Stewart, Maddy Prior, Graham Gouldman, Kevin Godley, Lol Creme, Friday Brown and Paul Young. Musicians included: Ritchie Close, David Rohl and Woolly Wolstenholme on keys; Noel Redding, Les Holroyd, Graham Gouldman on bass; Steve Broomhead and John Lees on guitars; Kim Turner and Mel Pritchard on drums & percussion; plus orchestration from the Halle orchestra for all the classical bits. The Eye of Wendor was released in 1978.

The overture of The Eye of Wendor became the trademark closing theme in the Norwegian comedy adventure TV series about Brødrene Dal, in all four series. The three first series used Mandalaband's own version, the fourth series used a new rendition recorded by the Norwegian Radio Orchestra (Kringkastingsorkestret).

2000s
Rohl left music in the 1980s to pursue his interest in Egyptology.  But eventually he felt that he still had 'unfinished business' with his music. He moved to Spain in 2003 and built a studio on top of a mountain overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. He then assembled a new Mandalaband consisting of both new and former band members, and began recording new material.

The musicians and singers who played their part in this new Mandalaband project were: David Rohl (writer, engineer, producer, vocalist and keyboards), Ashley Mulford (guitars and vocals), Troy Donockley (Uilleann pipes, whistles, guitars and bouzouki), Marc Atkinson (acoustic guitar and vocals), Jose Manuel Medina (keyboards, Spanish guitar and backing vocals), Sergio Garcia (acoustic guitar), Kim Turner (drums, percussion and mandolin), David Clements (bass guitar), Craig Fletcher (bass guitar and backing vocals), Morten Vestergaard (bass guitar), Pablo Lato (bass guitar), Alison Carter (backing vocals), Lynda Howard (backing vocals), and Barbara & Briony Macanas (backing vocals). Woolly Wolstenholme (keyboards and vocals) who died during the last stages of recording AD - Sangreal, and that album is dedicated to his memory.

This line-up of Mandalaband released BC – Ancestors in 2009 and a follow-up AD – Sangreal in July 2011. The double CD Resurrection (a completely re-mixed and re-mastered special edition of the two original 1970s albums) was released in November 2010.

Discography

Studio albums
 Mandalaband (1975)
 The Eye of Wendor (1978)
 BC – Ancestors (2009)
 AD – Sangreal (2011)

Compilation albums
 Resurrection (2010)

References

External links
 Official website
 Label - Legend Records

English rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1974
Symphonic rock groups
Chrysalis Records artists

Mandalaband


A cheesesteak is a sandwich made in Philadelphia.  It is made of a long hoagie roll, cut in half and filled with thin slices of steak and covered with melted cheese. The cheese is either provolone or cheddar in the form of whiz. Some cheesesteaks also have onions or green peppers.  Pat's King of Steaks and Geno's are two famous places in Philadelphia that make cheesesteaks. Pat's is thought to be the place that popularized the cheesesteak.

Sandwiches
American food

Cheesesteak


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Stinger is a  shoot-'em-up video game developed and published by Konami. It was originally released for the Family Computer Disk System (FDS) in Japan in 1986, and later for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in late 1987, making it one of the few games in the series to have a release outside of Japan. As with Konami's other FDS titles, Castlevania and Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa, it was later re-released in 1993 as a standard Famicom game with some minor changes. Moero TwinBee was the second game in the TwinBee series, as well as the first of two TwinBee sequels released for the Famicom, followed by TwinBee 3: Poko Poko Daimaō in 1989.

Gameplay
Moero TwinBee can be played by up to three players simultaneously: the first two players control TwinBee and WinBee (the ships from the previous game) using the standard Famicom controllers, while the third player controls GwinBee (a green ship) by connecting an additional controller into the console's expansion port. Unlike the original TwinBee, which only featured vertical-scrolling stages, Moero TwinBee adds side-scrolling stages to the mix as well. There are seven stages in the game. Stage 1, 3, and 7 are side-scrolling stages, while the rest are vertical-scrolling stages. The controls remain the same between the two styles of gameplay, with the only difference being that in the side-scrolling segments, the A button shoots hearts over the ship instead of dropping bombs into the ground like the vertical-scrolling segments, which helps the player keep the power-up bells afloat in the side-scrolling stages.

The player's primary power-up items are once again bells that uncovered by shooting floating clouds throughout the stages. There are six types of bells in this installment: the regular yellow bells give the player bonus points as usual, the blue bell increases the ship's speed; the white bell upgrades the player's gun into a twin cannon; the pink bell gives the player a laser beam cannon; the flashing pink/white bell gives the player's ship mirror options for added firepower; and the flashing blue/white bell will surround the player's ship with a barrier for extra protection from enemy fire. Some power-ups are mutually exclusive, such as the white and pink bells. Other power-ups can be obtained by destroying ground enemies such as a moon item and star item which gives the player's ship a three-way shot and a five-way shot respectively. If two players are playing the game, they can align their ship together to turn their gun into a ripple laser.

Notes

References

1986 video games
Famicom Disk System games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
TwinBee games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Kiyohiro Sada
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U

Stinger (1986 video game)


Steam and water analysis system (SWAS) is a system dedicated to the analysis of steam or water. In power stations, it is usually used to analyze boiler steam and water to ensure the water used to generate electricity is clean from impurities which can cause corrosion to any metallic surface, such as in boiler and turbine.

Steam and water analysis system (SWAS)
Corrosion and erosion are major concerns in thermal power plants operating on steam. The steam reaching the turbines need to be ultra-pure and hence needs to be monitored for its quality. A well designed Steam and Water Analysis system (SWAS) can help in monitoring the critical parameters in the steam. These parameters include pH, conductivity, silica, sodium, dissolved oxygen, phosphate and chlorides. A well designed SWAS must ensure that the sample is representative until the point of analysis. To achieve this, it is important to take care of the following aspects of the sample:

 Sample Extraction
 Sample Transport
 Conditioning
 Analysis
 Controls

These aspects are well explained in international standards like ASME PTC 19.11-2008 and VGB S006 -00 2012_09_EN. The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) also gives good information on important measurement points and its significance.

Sample handling system components are the most important pressure parts of sample handling system and need to have certification from ASME Section VIII Div1 & Div2 or PED. Also many times country-specific certifications required like

 American: ASME Section VIII Div 1 and Div 2/ ASME U and S Stamp
Europe: Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
India: Indian Boiler Regulation (IBR) form IIIC
 Malaysia: DOSH
 Russia: CU TR Certification

Sample extraction
To ensure that the sample that is going to be extracted for analysis represents the process conditions exactly, it is important to choose the correct sample extraction probe. The validity of the analysis is largely dependent on the sample being truly representative. As the probe is going to be directly attached to the process pipe work, it may have to withstand severe conditions. For most applications, the sample probe is manufactured to the stringent codes applicable to high-pressure, high-temperature pipework.

The selection of the right type of probe is a challenge. Its use depends on the process stream parameter to be measured, the required sample flow rate and the location of the sampling point (which is also called the 'tapping point'). An important aspect of the sample extraction probe design is that the steam must enter the probe at the same velocity as the steam flowing in the pipeline from where the sample (it can be steam or water) was extracted. These probes are designed as per ASTM D1066 standard for steam extraction and must be designed and tested for their structural integrity in High pressure, High Temperature and Higher velocity of samples.

Sample extraction probes are extremely important and necessary of proper analysis of suspended impurities like Corrosion products, Total Iron, copper, carryover effects.

Sample Transport
Section#4 in ASME PTC 19.11-2008 standard describes details for designing of sample transportation lines. Following care need to take while designing of this sample transportation lines:

(1) Line Size Selection:

Following aspects are very important while designing of sample Transportation lines.

(a) Transportation time i.e. (Velocity) of sample from Isokinetic sample extraction probes to sampling system should be as minimum. SWAS room must be located close to low pressure water (condensate) samples from CEP discharge and condensate Polishing plants with lesser velocities.

(b) Pressure drops in lines is an important aspect. It is very important that the sample meets least resistance. Hence joints and bends in the pipeline need to be minimal. Also, sample lines must be continuously sloping to avoid accumulation of samples in lines.

(2) Line Material:

Minimum Stainless steel SS316 Grade material must be used for sample Transport Lines. This is to avoid corrosion of lines which leads to wrong measurement and analysis. For High pressure and Temperature samples (Super heated steam, Reheated Steam, Saturated Steam, Separator drains,  Feed water at Economizer inlets) SS316H must be used which withstand High Temperature of samples.

Sample conditioning system
Sample conditioning system in some countries is also called sampling system, Wet Panel or Wet Rack. This is intended to house various components for sample conditioning. This may be an open rack or a closed enclosure with a corridor in between. The system contains sample conditioning equipment and a grab sampling sink. In this system stage, sample is first cooled in Sample Coolers, depressurized in Pressure Regulator and then fed to various analyzers while the flow characteristics is kept constant by means of Back Pressure Regulator.

The need to condition the sample exists, because the sensors used for online analysis are not able to handle the water/steam sample at high temperatures or pressures. To maintain a common reference of analysis, the sample analysis should be done at 25 °C. However, due to temperature compensation logic being available in most of the analyzers today, it is a practice to cool the sample to 25–40 °C. with the help of a well engineered sample conditioning system and then feed the conditioned sample to the analyzers.

However, if an uncompensated sample is to be analyzed, it becomes essential to cool the sample to 25 °C +/- 1 °C. This can be achieved by two-stage cooling. In the first stage cooling (also known as 'primary cooling'), the sample is cooled by using available cooling water. In most of the countries, cooling water is available in the range of 30–32 °C. This cooling water can cool the sample unto 35 °C(considering an approach temperature of 3 to 5 °C). A sample cooler is used to achieve this. Sample cooler is a heat exchanger specially designed for SWAS applications. Preferred sample cooler for primary cooling is a double helix coil in shell type design providing contraflow heat exchange.

The remaining part of cooling (i.e. from 35 to 25 °C) is achieved by using chilled water in the secondary cooling circuit. A chilled water supply is required from the plant or else an independent chiller package can be considered for this purpose along with SWAS.

The sampling system can be an 'open-frame free standing' type design or a fully or partially closed design, depending on the choice of the user, the environment it is supposed to operate in & the criticality of operation.

Sample coolers

In the sampling system, sample coolers play a major role in bringing down the temperature of hot steam (or water) to a temperature acceptable to the sensors of the on-line analyser. Some of the important design aspects of sample coolers are:
 Preferably a sample cooler design should be double helix, coil in shell type, so designed as to provide contra-flow heat exchange. This makes the sample cooler more compact, yet highly effective in terms of heat exchange.
 Sample coils made of stainless steel SS-316 are suitable for normal cooling water conditions. However, if the chloride content in the cooling water is high (more than 35 ppm), then other suitable coil materials such as Monel or Inconel need to be used depending upon the quality of cooling water.
 A "built-in" safety relief valve on shell side of the cooler is a must, so as to prevent explosion of the shell in event of sample coil failure.
 The sample cooler design must be meeting ASME PTC 19.11 standard requirements.
These sample coolers handle very high pressure and Temperature steam and Water samples and thus it is very important to design these Helical Tube Heat Exchangers inline with Pressure vessel standards

These are unfired pressure vessels and thus designed inline with ASME Section VIII Div 1&2, Pressure Equipment Directives (PED) Standards. Also many countries asked for local certification like

 American: ASME Section VIII Div 1 and Div 2/ ASME U and S Stamp
Europe: Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
India: Indian Boiler Regulation (IBR) form IIIC
 Malaysia: DOSH
 Russia: CU TR Certification

Pressure reducers
After the sample is cooled, the pressure of the sample must be reduced to meet the requirement of the sensors that receive this sample. Usually, the sensors like pH, conductivity, silica, sodium, and hydrazine require low pressure sample for healthy operation.

A rod-in-tube type of pressure reducer is the most effective method of pressure reduction recommended in ASME PTC19.11-2008 standard.

As per the latest technology, a Sample rod-in-tube pressure reducer with thermal and safety relief valve device is considered to be the most reliable and safe device. Single Rod in Tube System is a system in itself that takes care of some important aspects of sample conditioning. The pressure reducer in the Sampling system is rated for high very high pressure 450 Bar. There is no need of filters before the Rod in tube Pressure Reducers, as cleaning is on-line, without using any tools. For maintenance, no-shut-down is required for cleaning these pressure reducer.

Safety of analyzers against high temperature
Analyzers must be protected from high temperature samples. This is to avoid situations in case of failure of cooling water to primary sample coolers. There are various methods for stopping sample to analyzer in such a situation. The most popular and simple method is use of mechanical thermal shut off valves. These valves close and block samples to analyzer in case of cooling water failures.

These valves must be with:

(1) High pressure rating and designed inline with ASME standards to assure safety of operator and instruments downstream.

(2) This valves must be with MANUAL RESET design as recommended in ASME PTC 19.11-2008 standards.

(3) These valves must be equipped with potential free alarm contact for operator indication in Control system.

Online Analysis of Steam and Water Cycle Chemistry Parameters
A sample analysis system in some countries is also called Analyser Panel, Dry Panel or Dry Rack. It is usually a free-standing enclosed panel. The system contains the transmitter electronics, usually it is mounted on panels. In this system stage, sample is analyzed on its conductivity, pH, silica, phosphate, chloride, dissolved oxygen, hydrazine, sodium etc.

Online Conductivity measurements in SWAS
In Steam and Water Cycle conductivity measurement is very basic, but the most important measurement. Specific conductivity (total conductivity), acidic conductivity (conductivity after cation exchanger CACE) and degassed cation conductivity are measured at different location in steam and water cycle continuously Conductivity measurements give indication of contamination of water / steam with any kind of salts.  These salts can get added to the water / steam from atmosphere or due to leakages in heat exchangers etc.  The conductivity of ultra pure water is almost close to zero(as low as 0.05 microsiemens/cm), while with addition of even 1 ppm of any salt, the conductivity can shoot up to even more than 100 micro siemens/cm.  Thus conductivity is a very good general purpose watch dog which can give a quick indication of plant malfunctioning or possible leakages.

Typical points in the steam circuit where conductivity should be monitored are . Drum steam, Drum water, High pressure heaters, Low pressure heaters, Condenser, Plant effluent, D.M. plant, Make-up water to D.M. plant.

Three types of conductivity measurement are usually done:
 Specific conductivity,
 Cation conductivity and
 De-gassed cation conductivity.

There is a difference between these three types of measurements.
 Specific conductivity gives overall conductivity value of the sample and is the most generic measurement
 Cation conductivity is conductivity measurement after the Cation Column. At the Cation Column, the H+ resins replace the positive ions of all dissolved matter in the solution. When this happens, the treatment chemicals, which are desired ones (and are of basic or alkaline in nature) get converted to , i.e. water. (e.g. NH4OH + H(+) gives NH4+ and ). The impurities are nothing but salts of different natures These get converted to respective acids (e.g. NaCl + H(+) gives HCl and Cl-). Thus masking effects of treatment chemicals on the conductivity value are eliminated, while the conversion of salts to corresponding acids has an effect of increase in their corresponding conductivity value to around three times its original value. Thus, in effect, cation conductivity acts as amplifier of conductivity due to impurities and eliminator of conductivity due to treatment chemicals.
 De-gassed conductivity is the finest level of conductivity measurement. Here one removes the masking effects of dissolved gases, mainly , on the conductivity measurement. In the De-Gassed conductivity system, there is a reboiler chamber to heat the sample, so that the dissolved gases are liberated and then there is cooling mechanism, by which the hot liquid is cooled again. The conductivity measured after this process is indeed the 'real' value of conductivity because of 'dissolved' impurities after eliminating the dissolved gases. Degas columns are designed inline with ASTM D4519 Standard. These measurements are also recommended in standards like ASME PTC 19.11-2008 and VGB S006 -00 2012_09_EN. You can also refer IAPWS guidelines for more information.
These Three conductivity measurement are very important and also used to calculate pH and dissolved  values in steam and water cycles.

Online pH Measurement
pH measurement is also very basic yet very critical measurement for steam and water cycle. Monitoring the pH value of the feed water gives direct indication of alkalinity or acidity of this water.  The ultra pure water has pH value of 7.  In steam circuit it is normal practice to keep the pH value of feed water at slightly alkaline levels using chemical dosing.  This helps in preventing the corrosion of pipe work and other equipment.

Typical points in the steam circuit where pH should be monitored are : Drum water, High pressure heaters, Make-up condensate, Plant effluent, Condenser, Cooling water.

Online Dissolved Oxygen Measurement
In Steam and Water Circuit temperature of water is increased from room temperature to superheated steam temperatures. In temperature range of 200to 250°C (feed water), dissolved oxygen causes corrosion of components and piping. Iron reacts with dissolved oxygen in feed water circuit resulting pitting may eventually cause puncturing and failures of Parts in Steam water circuits. Parts like condensers, Low Pressure Heaters (LPH), Feed water tanks, High pressure Heaters and Economizers need to be protected from dissolved oxygen attack. Dissolved oxygen also promotes electrolytic action between dissimilar metals causing corrosion and leakage at joints and gaskets.

In power plants various feed water treatments like

(1) All Volatile Treatment (AVT-R or AVT-O)

(2) Oxygenated Treatment (OT)

(3) Combine Water Treatment (CWT) are adopted to minimize corrosion.

Thus it is very important and critical to monitor and control Dissolved oxygen and pH values in Feed water systems. The typical points in steam circuit where dissolved oxygen monitoring is required are . Condenser outlet, L.P. heaters, Economizer inlet.

Online Hydrazine (Oxygen Scavenger) Measurement
In All Volatile Treatment-Reducing (AVT-R) treatment chemicals Like Hydrazine/ Carbohydrazine or DEHA are dosed in Boiler feed water. Such treatments are used for Steam water circuits with mixed metallurgy. These Chemicals act as an oxygen scavenger and a source of feed water alkalinity has well known advantages e.g. :

a)        It prevents foaming and carryovers from boiler.

b)        It minimizes deposits on metal surfaces.

c)         Reduce Dissolved oxygen corrosion

In addition to its oxygen-scavenging function, hydrazine helps to maintain a protective magnetite layer over steel surfaces, and maintain feed water alkalinity to prevent acidic corrosion.  The nominal dosage rate for hydrazine in feed water is about three times its oxygen level.  Under dosing of hydrazine leads to increased corrosion; overdosing represents a costly waste.  Monitoring the dissolved oxygen levels is not sufficient to control the optimum concentration because its provides no measure of any excess hydrazine.

The typical points in steam circuit where hydrazine monitoring is required are .  Re-heaters, Economizer inlet, L.P. heaters.

Online Silica (SiO2--) Measurement

When it comes to safety and efficiency of the steam turbine and boiler in a power plant, silica becomes one of the most critical factors to be monitored. Deposition of various impurities on turbine blades has been identified as one of the most common problems. Various compounds deposit on the turbine blades. Of all these compounds, silica (SiO2) deposits can occur at lower operating pressures also, Therefore, silica deposition is quite common in turbines than other types of deposits. Silica usually deposits in the intermediate-pressure and low-pressure sections of the turbine. These deposits are hard to remove, disturb the geometry of turbine blades and ultimately result in vibrations causing imbalance and loss of output from turbine.

Another important area of concern as far as silica deposition is concerned is boiler tube. Silica scale is one of the hardest scale to remove. Because of its low thermal conductivity, a very thin silica deposit can reduce heat transfer considerably, reducing efficiency, leading to hot spots and ultimately ruptures.

Because of all these issues, it is extremely important to closely monitor silica levels by using on-line silica analyzers that can measure silica levels to a ppb (parts per billion) level.

Online Sodium (Na+) Ion measurement
Sodium Measurement is one of the most critical measurement in Steam and Water Cycle for leak detections in circuit. The measurement of sodium is recognized - among other chemical parameters - as an effective telltale to reveal the condition of a high-purity water/steam circuit. The presence of sodium signals contamination with potentially corrosive anions, e.g. chlorides, sulfates etc.  Under conditions of high pressure and temperature, neutral sodium salts exhibit considerable steam solubility.  NaCl and NaOH, in particular, are known to be associated with stress corrosion cracking of boiler and super heater tubes. The measurement of sodium, acting as a carrier of potentially corrosive anions, is now recognized as an effective means to monitor steam purity.

DM Water after Cation and Mixed bed: Sampling after cation exchange is one of the most important parameters in trace sodium monitoring because it rapidly alerts the operator about resin bed exhaustion. Sodium measurement is particularly valuable in plants cooled by saline waters, especially if there is a high risk of condenser leakage and no provision for condensate polishing. Consequently, while small leaks may be extremely difficult to locate and eliminate, their detection and escalation is most readily monitored by sodium measurement. SWAN's sodium analyzers can detect up to 0.001 ppb or 1 ppt of trace sodium in water treatment facilities. This sensitivity allows operators to follow trend changes before any leakage requires immediate action. Additionally, this advantage can be converted over time to analyze the origin of the leakage and to plan either a production reduction, or even to stop production far enough in advance to avoid costly and unexpected emergency shut downs.

Boiler: Solid conditioning agents, such as Tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) and sodium hydroxide (Caustic) used for boiler drum water treatment. In case these chemicals are carried over with steam, They may cause deposits in the turbine and therefore need to be considered as potentially corrosive impurities.

Steam: Sodium is also measured in power plant water and steam samples because it is a common corrosive contaminant and can be detected at very low concentrations in the presence of higher amounts of ammonia and/or amine treatment which have a relatively high background conductivity. Steam purity can be more accurately assessed by measuring sodium concentration in both steam and condensate, thus determining the "sodium balance". The two concentrations should be equal. A higher level of sodium in the condensate indicates a condenser leakage. A lower level of sodium in the condensate indicates deposition of sodium in the steam circuit.

Condensate: Sodium measurement should be the preferred option for early warnings of leakages of impurities in condensates. It also plays key role in Condensate Polishing plant controls.

Online Phosphate Measurement in Boiler Drum Water
Phosphate measurement is important only for Drum Type boilers. Solid conditioning agents, such as Tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) are widely used as a dosing chemical in Boiler Drums. In case of excess dosing of these chemicals can lead to issues like Foaming, Carry over of salts to Steam. Controlling dosing of phosphate under variable steam loads is challenging task mainly because of Phosphate hideouts. Thus mainly users preferred Phosphate measurement in Drum water samples

See also
 Boiler (power generation)
 Supercritical steam generator

References

Steam power

Steam and water analysis system


Goodbye Solo () is a 2006 South Korean television series starring Chun Jung-myung, Yoon So-yi, Kim Min-hee, Bae Jong-ok, Lee Jae-ryong, Kim Nam-gil (credited as Lee Han), and Na Moon-hee. It aired on KBS2 from March 1 to April 20, 2006 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes.

In the urban melodrama, seven lead characters of different generations and backgrounds are all haunted by loneliness; they gradually interact and form a "family" borne out of emotional connection and mutual understanding.

Renowned for her in-depth, realistic portrayals of ordinary lives, writer Noh Hee-kyung said that the drama's theme is that all human beings are beautiful just the way they are, simply by existing in the world.

Plot
Kim Min-ho (Chun Jung-myung) is the son of a rich business tycoon, but works as a bartender. Because he is illegitimate, he feels estranged from his family, and has a strained relationship with his father (Jang Yong), his older brother Min-jae (Kim Hyun-kyun), and especially his mother (Jung Ae-ri). Min-ho has been secretly in love for a long time with Chung Soo-hee (Yoon So-yi), an artist who is also the girlfriend of his best friend, Yoo Ji-an (Kim Nam-gil). Soo-hee despises her mother for her constantly changing partners, and thus is determined to be faithful to Ji-an, despite her growing attraction to Min-ho. Ji-an works as a secretary for Min-ho's father and his lies hide painful family secrets. Cheerful, seemingly frivolous Choi Mi-ri (Kim Min-hee) is a restaurant owner who is living with third-rate gangster Kang Ho-chul (Lee Jae-ryong). Despite their love for each other, Mi-ri agonizes over Ho-chul's refusal to marry her and her family's disapproval. Oh Young-sook (Bae Jong-ok), who calls herself "crazy," is a flamboyant and eccentric divorcee who recently moved next door to Mi-ri and Ho-chul's apartment. All these people are linked together by an old woman named Mi-young (Na Moon-hee), the mysterious owner of an eatery in the neighborhood, who hasn't spoken a single word in decades.

Cast

Main characters
Chun Jung-myung as Kim Min-ho
Yoon So-yi as Chung Soo-hee
Kim Min-hee as Choi Mi-ri
Bae Jong-ok as Oh Young-sook
Lee Jae-ryong as Kang Ho-chul
Kim Nam-gil as Yoo Ji-an
Na Moon-hee as Mi-young

Supporting characters
Jang Yong as Kim Joo-min
Jung Ae-ri as Park Kyung-hye
Kim Hyun-kyun as Kim Min-jae
Uhm Soo-jung as Im Ji-soo
Kim Mi-kyung as Ahn Hae-young
Yoon Yoo-sun as Lee Mi-ja
Park Ji-il as Young-sook's husband
Kim Tae-hoon as Shin Sik
Jang Tae-sung as Moodugi
Joo Jin-mo as Ji-ahn's father
So Do-bi as Yong-woon

References

External links
 Goodbye Solo official KBS website

2006 South Korean television series debuts
2006 South Korean television series endings
Korean Broadcasting System television dramas
Korean-language television shows
Television shows written by Noh Hee-kyung
South Korean mystery television series
South Korean romance television series

Goodbye Solo (TV series)


Nymphaea alba, the white waterlily, European white water lily or white nenuphar , is an aquatic flowering plant in the family Nymphaeaceae. It is native to North Africa, temperate Asia, Europe and tropical Asia (Jammu and Kashmir).

Description
It grows in water that is  deep and likes large ponds and lakes.

The leaves can be up to  in diameter and take up a spread of  per plant. The flowers are white and they have many small stamens inside.

Cytology
The chromosome count is n = 42. The genome size is 1950 Mb.

Taxonomy
It was first published and described by Carl Linnaeus in his book 'Species Plantarum', on page 510 in 1753.

The red variety (Nymphaea alba f. rosea) is cultivated from lake Fagertärn ("Fair tarn") in the forest of Tiveden, Sweden, where it was discovered in the early 19th century. The  discovery led to large-scale exploitation which nearly made it extinct in the wild before it was protected.

Nymphaea candida  is sometimes considered a subspecies of N. alba (N. alba L. subsp. candida ).

Distribution and habitat
It is found all over Europe and in parts of North Africa and the Middle East in fresh water.
In Africa, it is found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In temperate Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Siberia, Iran, Iraq, Palestine and Turkey. It is found in tropical Asia, within the Indian provinces of Jammu and Kashmir. Lastly, within Europe, it is found in Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine,
Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, France, Portugal and Spain.

Phytochemistry
It contains the active alkaloids nupharine and nymphaeine, and is a sedative and an aphrodisiac/anaphrodisiac depending on sources. Although roots and stalks are used in traditional herbal medicine along with the flower, the petals and other flower parts are the most potent. Alcohol can be used to extract the active alkaloids, and it also boosts the sedative effects. The root of the plant was used by monks and nuns for hundreds of years as an anaphrodisiac, being crushed and mixed with wine. In the earliest printed medical textbooks, authors  maintained this use, though warning against consuming large and frequent doses.

References

alba
Flora of Europe
Flora of Asia
National symbols of Kazakhstan
Medicinal plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Nymphaea alba


Arche or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2002, and got the designation .

Arche is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,717,000 km in 746.185 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.149.

It was named in 2005 after Arche, whom some Greek writers described as one of the four original Muses, an addition to the earlier three (Aoede, Melete, and Mneme).

Arche belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References

Jupiter's moons

Arche (moon)


Beware the Creeper is the name of two comic book series published by DC Comics. The first series debuted in 1968 and starred the Creeper. This series was cancelled after six issues. The second was a five-issue limited series published in 2003 by DC under their Vertigo imprint.

1968 series

Beware the Creeper began in the March/April dated, Showcase #73 in 1968, in a story plotted and drawn by Steve Ditko, with Don Segall assisting with the dialog. DC's policy at the time was to give a character a single appearance in Showcase as an introduction before launching their series. Two months later, the first issue of Beware the Creeper was released with a cover date of June 1968.

Beware the Creeper was cancelled after six issues, the victim, per columnist and artist Fred Hembeck, of "bean-counters [who] were a little quick to yank the rug out from underneath a new series during that particular stage of DC's history...."

The storyline started in the six issues of Beware the Creeper would eventually be concluded seven years later in Super-Team Family #2, published in 1975.

Creators
 Denny O'Neil - writer
 Steve Ditko - penciller and inker (co-writer issue #1)
 Mike Peppe - inker (issues #5 and #6)
 Jack Sparling - penciller (pages #12-24 of issue #6)

2003 series

With no obvious connection to the original series (though with subtle ties to DC Universe continuity), DC released Beware the Creeper, a five issue limited series, under their Vertigo imprint in 2003.

Set in 1925 Paris, Beware the Creeper tells the story of Judith and Madeline Benoir, twin sisters, one a surrealist painter, the other a playwright.

Plot
After Judith is beaten by Mathieu Arbogast, a man from a rich upper-class family, a woman calling herself the Creeper begins to terrorize the Arbogast family. The Creeper uses methods that appear to be based out of the surrealist movement.

The situation quickly spirals out of control as the Arbogasts begin to seek revenge in turn, and lives are eventually lost.

There is also a major sub-plot involving Ric Allain, the inspector in charge of the Creeper investigation. He is in love with Judith based on letters sent to him while he was fighting in the Great War. Unbeknownst to him, Madeline wrote the letters but was too shy to sign them, instead having Judith sign them for her.

Creators
 Jason Hall - writer
 Cliff Chiang - penciller and inker
 Dave Stewart - colourist
 John Workman - letterer

Notes

References
 Toonopedia listing for The Creeper mentioning 1968 series
 Hembeck.com overview of the 1968 series

External links
 The FourthRail review of first issue of 2003 series
 Comicsbulletin.com review of first issue of 2003 series
 Comic Readers review of first issue of 2003 series
 The X Axis review of first issue of 2003 series

1968 comics debuts
2003 comics debuts
Creeper (DC Comics)
Comics by Steve Ditko
Crime comics
DC Comics titles
Vertigo Comics limited series

Beware the Creeper


Garrick Salisbury Palmer (20 September 1933 – 9 July 2023) was an English painter, wood engraver, photographer and teacher.

Early life and education
Garrick Salisbury Palmer was born on 20 September 1933 in Portsmouth, England, where he would live for the rest of his life. From 1945 to 1949, he was educated at St. John's College, Southsea, followed by a National Diploma of Design in painting and engraving from the Portsmouth College of Art and Design. Studying postgraduate courses at the Royal Academy, London, between 1955 and 1959, he was awarded David Murray Landscape Scholarships in 1955, 1956 and 1957, the Leverhulme Scholarship in 1957, and the Royal Academy Gold Medal and the Edward Scott Travelling Scholarship in 1958.

Artist career
While still at the RA, Palmer began teaching part-time at Winchester School of Art, where he became a full-time tutor in 1962, and in 1966, the head of the Foundation Department.

In 1967, he received his first commission, from the Folio Society, to illustrate Three Stories  by Herman Melville, which included Palmer's first full-page illustration to Benito Cereno of the head of Babo, the rebellious slave, on a pike in the market square.  The Society commissioned him again in 1971 for The Destruction of the Jews, by Josephus,  and in 1974 for Moby Dick, by Melville.  Similarly the short-lived Imprint Society in Barre, Massachusetts, commissioned Palmer to illustrate  H. M. Tomlinson's The Sea and The Jungle in 1971 and Benito Cereno, by Melville, in 1972.  The motif of the head of Babo on a pole returned, reflecting changes in Palmer's artistic style. Palmer also illustrated Ship of Sounds, The Gruffyground Press, 1981 (130 copies), a poem by  John Fuller.

Palmer retired from Winchester School of Art in December 1986, thereafter devoting himself full-time to his art. The Old Stile Press, in Llandogo, persuaded Palmer to return to his boxwood blocks to illustrate The Ballad of Reading Gaol, by Oscar Wilde, in 1994 (225 copies). In February of the same year, Palmer took part in a major examination of art created for Coleridge's Poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. "The Mariner Imagined, Coleridge's Poem and the Artist, 1831-1994", held at Lauderdale House, Highgate Hill, London, also featured works by David Scott, Joseph Noel Paton, Gustave Dore, Willy Pogany, David Jones, Duncan Grant, Mervyn Peake and Patrick Procktor. The following November his work was shown in an "Exhibition of Wood Engravings used as Book Illustrations", at Oxford University Club, Halifax House, Oxford. His next participation was in the "Society of Wood Engravers Touring Exhibition", April 1995 - January 1996.

An exhibition at Garden Gallery, Pallant House, Chichester, West Sussex, to mark the forthcoming publication of "LAND", by the Old Stile Press, Llandogo, December 1995 (240 copies), featured landscape wood engraving in Palmer's "instantly recognizable style" and text by Eric Williams and soon sold out. Palmer featured in further exhibitions at the "LINE" Gallery, Linlithgow, Scotland in January 1996, and Twentieth Century Word Engineering, Exeter City Museums and Art Gallery, February 1997.

In November 2012, the Society of Wood Engravers awarded its 75th Anniversary Prize to Palmer for his chef d'oeuvre, "Circular Forms", which exists in several editions. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers (retired), the Society of Wood Engravers associate of the Royal Engravers, the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers (retired), and the Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers (retired).

Photography career
From the early 1980s he had a second career as a photographer. Beginning in 1983, he had numerous commissions and exhibitions, including: an exhibition of Orkney & Shetland in The Winchester Gallery, 1983; a grant from Southern Arts for a Portsmouth project in 1985; and a commission to produce photographs of sculptures in Hampshire for the newly formed Hampshire Sculpture Trust in January 1987, followed by its opening exhibition in May 1987 and an exhibition of the prints at the Winchester Gallery in July 1987.

In November 1987, the City of Portsmouth Museum and Art Gallery held an exhibition of his photographs, entitled "Portsmouth, A Personal Reflection",  which moved to the Havant Museum and Gallery in July 1988. October 1990 saw an "Exhibition of Architectural Photographs" at the Spitfield Gallery, London. Palmer participated in "A Southern Eye" - Six Photographers, at the Winchester Contemporary Art Gallery in September 1996. In April 1997 he exhibited photographs of contemporary sculpture at the New Art Centre, Roche Court.

Hampshire County Council awarded Palmer a three-year grant in 1997 to photograph "Early Churches in Hampshire", a selection of photographs being shown at Winchester Cathedral in 1999. Other exhibitions include: photographs of historic churches and landscapes around the area of Butser shown at the Queen Elizabeth Country Park Centre in August and September 2001; "Photographs of Sculpture" at the Hampshire Sculpture Trust Gallery in Winchester, November–December 2002; "FOREST", an exhibition at the Winchester Gallery plus a Southern Arts Touring Exhibition 2002–2003; photographs at the Queen Elizabeth Country Park Centre in 2004. In February–March 2006, Palmer's show of church interiors, "Places of Worship", was held at Portsmouth Cathedral; in October–November 2006 "At Any Time" was shown at the Winchester Gallery.

In 2001 Palmer was commissioned to document the demolition of the site next to Pallant House and the building of the New Pallant House Gallery in Chichester, a project that he worked on until 2006.  He has since photographed works by the young New Zealand artist Makoure Scott for Twenty-First Century Works, a limited edition publication, (Paul Holberton, 2006).

Personal life and death
While a student at art college Palmer met the young Ellis Leach-Moore, like him a native of Portsmouth. Her study encompassed jewellery making and silversmithing. They married on 11 July 1959, and had three daughters. Ellis Palmer died of cancer in 1998.

Garrick Palmer died in Portsmouth on 9 July 2023, at the age of 89.

Work in public collections
Kennet Lock (1977) Tate Gallery
Circular Forms No. 15 (1972) Reading Museum and Town Hall
Lazarus Raised from the Dead (1961) Towner Gallery, Eastbourne
Winchester Landscape, Southampton City Art Gallery

Exhibitions – Paintings and engravings
Palmer has shown work at the following exhibitions:
RAA Summer Exhibition in 1956/57/58/60
Wildenstein Gallery, London, 1961
Piccadilly Gallery, 1961
Ashgate Gallery, Farnham, 1962 and 1967
Reading Art Gallery (engravings only), 1964
Ash Barn Gallery, Petersfield, 1965–66
Southampton University, 1969-1976
Atelier d'Art, Amsterdam, 1970
Retrospective, Portsmouth Museum and Art Gallery, 1973
Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, 1975
"Five Artists", Southampton Art Gallery, 1975
Yew Tree Gallery, Derbyshire, 1977
Galerie Ismene, Pyrenees, France, 1978
"Xylon - International Triennial Exhibition of Wood Engravings", Fribourg, Switzerland, 1979
Portsmouth/Duisburg Exhibition, Portsmouth Museum and Art Gallery, 1980
the "International Exhibition of Wood Engraving", Hereford Art Gallery, by invitation, 1984
"Engraving Then and Now", the retrospective 50th exhibition of the Society of Wood Engravers, 1988
Southern Arts Exhibition of contemporary wood engraving, 1989
Artists Prints, Hill Court Gallery, Abergavenny, Wales, May 1994

References

External links
 http://www.garrickpalmer.co.uk

1933 births
2023 deaths
English engravers
British illustrators
English wood engravers
English illustrators
Photographers from Hampshire
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
Artists from Portsmouth
20th-century British printmakers
South Downs artists
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists
20th-century engravers

Garrick Palmer


Bhiria is a city in the Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh in Pakistan.

Bhiria city is situated at National Highway Pakistan. It is Tehsil of District Naushahro Feroze. It had remained the city of Education in the days of Indo-Pak. This city has produced many literate persons who had served at distinct posts of Pakistan like; in Juidiciary, education, politics, economy, engineering, business. The population of the city is around 15 thousands inhabitants. The most important of this city is its sweat known as "Pera". It is somewhat made of milk, sugar, & other some stuff. Other cities nearby this city are Bhiria Road, Tharooshah, Kandiaro, & Mehrapur.

Cities in Sindh
Tehsils of Naushahro Feroze District

Bhiria


Hugh Ernest Butler FRSE MRIA FRAS (27 December 1916 – 10 May 1978) was a pioneering Welsh-born astronomer. Wartime work included important contributions to anti-aircraft gunnery followed in peacetime by major contributions to galactic and extragalactic research particularly via ballistic rockets. He promoted the idea of an orbiting space telescope as early as 1958.

Life

He was born on 27 December 1916 in Llandaff in Glamorganshire in Wales.

He was educated firstly at Cardiff High School and then at Whitgift School in Croydon before being awarded a place at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, winning a scholarship to read Mathematics.

In 1940 he received an Isaac Newton Studentship and commenced work on a PhD but the telescope on which he was working was dismantled as a result of the war and the academic work had to be put on hold.
In the same year he was asked to join Prof Patrick Blackett to do operational research in anti-aircraft guns in Richmond, in relation to defending the country during the Second World War. He spent much of the war at various anti-aircraft installations around the country and while not engaged in work he was spending what time he could seeing one Gwendoline Harrison, a scholarship student who he had met at Cambridge when she was evacuated from London.

In 1946 he returned to Cambridge to be based at the Cambridge Observatory as Senior Observer and was able to complete the observational work on his PhD In 1947 he transferred to Dunsink Observatory, part of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies in Ireland, where he stayed until 1953.

At Dunsink he produced a number of papers concerning the photoelectric recording of stellar occultations

and stellar scintillation

, topics that led ultimately to the technologies that support the discovery of exoplanets and the construction of large ground-based optical telescopes respectively. He was also intensely practical and gained a significant reputation for the design and implementation of novel instruments. At Dunsink these skills were put to good effect in building it up as a modern observatory. He also took part in the commissioning of the Armagh-Dunsink-Harvard (ADH) Schmidt telescope

at Bloemfontein, South Africa which produced much valuable early material for galactic and extragalactic research.

In 1953 he moved to Edinburgh Observatory where he continued for the rest of his life in the role of senior astronomer.

There he set up a large Hewitt-Schmidt Camera as an outpost observatory near Peebles. The 'Hewitt' was specifically designed for the observation and tracking of satellites and in October 1957 he and Dr. Vincent Reddish were jointly two of the first astronomers in the UK to observe the track of the Sputnik 1 satellite
.

At Edinburgh Dr. Butler turned his attention to the embryonic field of space research and as Head of the new Space Division he oversaw and contributed to the design and launch of a number of observational payloads mounted on ballistic rockets

.
Central to these were the Skylark launchers

which were launched from Sardinia or from the Woomera Instrumented Range

.
He authored numerous articles for the press and was called upon to comment in print or on television on topics such as comets, satellites, eclipses and astronomy in general

. He was for instance the expert of choice when a large and fresh crater was discovered in Stornoway (he concluded that it was not, as had been suggested a meteorite).

As early as 1958 Dr Butler was promoting the idea of a large astronomical satellite (LAS) as part of his work with the British National Committee for Space Research (BNCSR) and he had a leading role in explaining the research that could be conducted from such a platform both to the scientific community

and to the public at large
.
He followed this up in 1963 by chairing a group that prepared a specification for the European Space Research Organisation's first LAS. By the 1970s Dr. Butler was fully involved in European space research collaboration and in 1972 he edited a report on aspects of the ESRO Stabilised Satellite TD 1
.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1959 and served as its Vice-President from 1967–69 and Curator from 1969 until his death.

He retired from the observatory in 1976 and moved to rural Peeblesshire though he retained access to the observatory's facilities.

His interests were wide-ranging and in his personal life he was fascinated by atmospheric phenomena and everything to do with wildlife and the natural world. He and Gwen were keen tennis and badminton players and Hugh applied his practical skills to a number of significant DIY construction projects. He was colourblind and presented a BBC radio programme on the subject in 1964.

He died at home in Peeblesshire suddenly on 10 May 1978.

Family

He married Gwen in 1943 - it is a sad commentary on attitudes at the time that Gwen was forced to choose between marriage and a teaching career and so in getting married she had to give up the career.
They were a devoted couple until Hugh Butler's untimely death in 1978 and there was never the slightest suggestion that she regretted this choice. She never remarried and died in 2016 aged 97. Throughout those 38 years she spoke of him often. They had one son, John, born in 1953.

References

1916 births
1978 deaths
20th-century British astronomers
People associated with Edinburgh
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People educated at Whitgift School
Academics of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

Hugh Ernest Butler


Kohei Saito (born 31 January 1987) is a Japanese philosopher and researcher. He studies the history of economics. He is especially interested in Karl Marx and his philosophy and economics. He is an associate professor at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo. He was one of the winners of 17th Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Prize for 2020. He won the award for his work on "An Ecological Turn in Marxian Economics."

His book, "Marx in the Anthropocene : Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism" (人新世のマルクス:脱成長のコミュニズムへの道) became a surprise best-seller. It is especially popular with younger Japanese people. It is part of a new popularity for Marx in Japan.

Education
 He graduated from Shiba High School. Saito entered University of Tokyo and studied there for three months. He went to Weslyan University because he got a scholarship.
 2009 Graduated Weslyan University
 2012 Completed Masters Degree in Philosophy Free University of Berlin
 2014 Submitted "Doctoral Thesis Natur gegen Kapital" to the Department of Philosophy, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
 2015 Completed doctoral course in philosophy, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
 Visiting Researcher at Brandenburg Academy of Sciences
 2016 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Overseas Research Fellow at California University Santa Barbara Visiting Researcher
 2017 Associate Professor, Osaka City University
 2022 Associate Professor University of Tokyo

Writing
 Hegel and Capitalism, Andrew Buchwalter, Michalis Skomvoulis, Kohei Saito, Ardis B. Collins, Nicholas Mowad, Giorgio Cesarale, C. J. Pereira Di Salvo, Michael J. Thompson, Richard Dien Winfield, Lisa Herzog, Nathan Ross, Tony Smith, Louis Carré (SUNY Press, 2015)
 The Unfinished System of Karl Marx: Critically Reading Capital as a Challenge for Our Times, Judith Dellheim, Frieder Otto Wolf, Riccardo Bellofiore, Fred Moseley, Joachim Bischoff, Kohei Saito, Georgios Daremas, Jan Toporowski, Patrick Bond, Michael Brie (Palgrave, 2018)
 2018 Karl Marx's Ecosocialism: Capital, Nature, and the Unfinished Critique of Political Economy, Received the Deutscher Memorial Award for Marxist Research. Monthly Review Press, 2017. At the age of 31, he was the youngest to win the prize. He also became the first Japanese to win the award.
 2021 New Book Award for his "People's Theory of Capital" (人新世の「資本論」)

Other websites
 東京大学 大学院総合文化研究科・教養学部 齋藤 幸平

 Researchmap: Kohei Saito

References

Marxists
Japanese philosophers
1987 births
Living people

Kohei Saito


was a Japanese noble lady, calligrapher, poet and scholar. She was the eldest daughter of Katsunuma Nobutomo (勝沼 信友), a samurai of the Sengoku period. She lived as a Buddhist nun at Daizen-ji temple at Mount Kashiwao and is most notable for her military history, Rikei-ni no Ki, or "Nun Rikei's Account."

Influence
In 1582, the daimyō (大名) or warlord Takeda Katsuyori (武田 勝頼) rebelled against the rival Hojo clan, but because of his poor leadership skills, he was defeated by Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu. He, his young formal wife, and about ninety of their followers, mostly women, fled to Rikei's nunnery. However, because of Katsuyori's failure as an administrator, no one wanted to welcome or pity this retinue.  Rikei, on the other hand, pitied their fate. She was familiar with the style of military tales, so she wrote Rikei-ni no Ki or "The Nun Rikei's Account" to honor them so that their names at least could remain.

The Rikei-ni no Ki is one of three military accounts written by women in this time period (1600s), the others being the Oan Monogatari and the Okiku Monogatari. Rikei's work starts with a description of the Takeda clan's genealogy, and then she moves into a description of the killings and ritualistic suicides that the retinue committed in order to preserve their honor and avoid capture.  She also incorporated a myougouka, or prayer verse, in her account. After describing the death of Katsuyori's formal wife, she lists seven poems. The beginning of these verses form the acrostic "na-mu-a-mi-ta-hu-tsu," which is a Buddhist prayer that translates loosely to "Glory to Amitābha" or "May they rest in peace.".

See also

 Ono Otsū

References

1530 births
1611 deaths
Japanese women poets
Japanese women historians
16th-century Japanese women writers
16th-century Japanese writers
17th-century Japanese women writers
Japanese writers of the Edo period
People of Sengoku-period Japan
Women of medieval Japan
17th-century Japanese women
Edo period Buddhist clergy
17th-century Japanese poets

Rikei