Kristin Estella Lauter (born 1969) is an American mathematician and cryptographer whose research interest is broadly in application of number theory and algebraic geometry in cryptography. She is particularly known for her work in the area of elliptic curve cryptography. She was a researcher at Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington, from 1999–2021 and the head of the Cryptography Group from 2008–2021; her group  developed Microsoft SEAL. In April 2021, Lauter joined Facebook AI Research (FAIR) as the West Coast Head of Research Science. She became the President-Elect of the Association for Women in Mathematics in February 2014 and served as President February 1, 2015 - January 31, 2017.

Education and career
Lauter received her Bachelor of Arts, Master of Science, and Ph.D, all in mathematics, from the University of Chicago, in 1990, 1991, and 1996, respectively.

Prior to joining Microsoft, she held positions as a visiting scholar at Max Planck Institut fur Mathematik in Bonn, Germany (1997), T.H. Hildebrandt research assistant professor at the University of Michigan (1996-1999), and a visiting researcher at Institut de Mathematiques Luminy in France (1999).

In 1999, Lauter joined Microsoft to work on her research in cryptography.  She has worked on developing new cryptographic systems, research on post quantum systems, and researching to find faults in current cryptographic systems.

In 2005, she worked with coworkers at Microsoft to develop a cryptographic algorithm from supersingular isogeny graphs.  She created a HASH function from it and presented it at the NIST hash function competition.

Dr. Kristin Lauter is also known for her work in homomorphic encryption, which has been commonly used in machine-learning, building mathematical models, private AI, and the collection of genomic data.  She has also worked on encryption with the Cloud. She has given many tutorials on homomorphic encryption for broad audiences. A specific tutorial on homomorphic encryption allowed her to meet some iDASH organizers to whom she explained her encryption techniques, such as edit distance and chi-squared statistics.

Beginning in April 2021, Lauter joined Facebook AI Research as West Coast Head of Research Science,  leading the Seattle and Menlo Park Labs with groups in Core Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Robotics, Natural Language Processing, and other areas.

Service
She is a co-founder of the Women in Numbers Network, a research collaboration community for women in number theory.  The first conference was held in 2008 and it was called the WIN Conference.  Groups of number theorists work on research and have published about 50 papers.  She served on the Advisory Board of the Banff International Research Station and on the Council of the American Mathematical Society. She served as president of the Association for Women in Mathematics 2015–2017. From 2014 to 2016, Lauter served as a Council Member at Large for the American Mathematical Society. She currently serves on the board of trustees of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI); her term on the MSRI Board is 2018–2022.

Recognition
Lauter and her coauthors were awarded the Selfridge Prize at ANTS VIII for their paper Computing Hilbert Class Polynomials.  She was elected to the 2015 Class of  Fellows of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to arithmetic geometry and cryptography as well as service to the community."

In 2017, she was selected as a fellow of the Association for Women in Mathematics in the inaugural class.

She was chosen as the Pólya Lecturer for the Mathematical Association of America, lasting from 2018–2020.

In 2020 she was elected a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) with the citation "Kristin E. Lauter, Microsoft Research, is being recognized for the development of practical cryptography and for leadership in the mathematical community."

In 2020, she was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in the Section on Mathematics.

In 2021, Lauter was elected as an honorary member of the Royal Spanish Mathematical Society. Real Sociedad Matemática Española (RSME), founded in 1911, is the oldest mathematical society of Spain.

In 2022 she was selected to be the SIAM Block Community Lecturer.

References

External links
 Meet a mathematician! Video Interview

21st-century American mathematicians
American cryptographers
Number theorists
Living people
Microsoft employees
University of Chicago alumni
University of Michigan faculty
American women mathematicians
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
1969 births
Fellows of the Association for Women in Mathematics
Women cryptographers
20th-century American mathematicians
20th-century women mathematicians
21st-century women mathematicians
20th-century American women
21st-century American women academics

Kristin Lauter


Virgil William Vogel (November 29, 1919 – January 1, 1996) was an American television and film director. His career spanned nearly sixty years, directing episodes of Wagon Train, Bonanza, The Big Valley, and Mission: Impossible, among other series. He was earlier a film editor.  He also directed the pilot episode of Street Hawk. He and the star of that show Rex Smith, both being pilots, enjoyed many adventures, with Virgil as pilot in command and Rex as co-pilot. Virgil was recipient of the Air Medal for 50 missions commanding the B-29 over the skies of Japan.  Rex relates, "We worked till late on Friday's but always were up a six, to play tennis, then fly our military style 'missions', followed by dinner and drinks. He had the energy of a man half his age, and it was a challenge to keep up him!" I miss and admire and am proud to have been accepted as a co pilot and friend, I miss the man and adventures shared."

Career
Vogel was born in Peoria, Illinois. He began his career working for Universal Pictures, editing a number of films namely Mystery Submarine (1950), Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man (1951), The Man from the Alamo (1953) and Touch of Evil (1958) directed by Orson Welles.

In 1956 Vogel made his directorial debut with the science fiction film The Mole People. He also directed the regional comedy film The Kettles on Old MacDonald's Farm and the science fiction adventure film The Land Unknown, both released in 1957. In 1959 he directed the Swedish-American science fiction-horror film Rymdinvasion i Lappland (Space Invasion of Lapland) that was shortened and then reedited with new footage when released in the U.S. as Invasion of the Animal People.

For the remainder of his career, he focused primarily on television, directing episodes of Wagon Train, Bonanza, The Big Valley, M Squad, Mission: Impossible, The Six Million Dollar Man,  The F.B.I., The Streets of San Francisco, Most Wanted, Police Story, The White Shadow, Centennial, Knight Rider, Airwolf, Magnum, P.I., Miami Vice, Spenser For Hire, among other series.

Personal life and death
Vogel is the nephew of cinematographer Lee Garmes.

On January 1, 1996, he died of unspecified causes in Tarzana, Los Angeles, at the age of 76.

References

External links

Virgil W. Vogel at Find a Grave

1919 births
1996 deaths
American television directors
Science fiction film directors
Writers from Peoria, Illinois
Artists from Peoria, Illinois
Film directors from Illinois
American film editors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

Virgil W. Vogel


William James Steel (born 4 December 1959) is a Scottish former professional association footballer. A big, aggressive player, his position was centre forward.

After starting his career with Oldham Athletic in 1978, he moved onto Port Vale in March 1983 for a £10,000 fee, following loan spells at Wigan Athletic and Wrexham. He won promotion with the club in 1982–83, before he joined Wrexham for £10,000 in January 1984. He scored a critical goal in his two European campaigns during his four years with the club, and also lifted the Welsh Cup. After a brief spell on loan at Deportivo de La Coruña, he then enjoyed numerous successes with Tranmere Rovers after joining the club in 1987. During his five years the club won promotion twice, and reached the final of the Football League Trophy twice, winning it in 1990. He retired in 1992, having made 485 league appearances in a fourteen-year career in the Football League, scoring 118 goals.

Career

Oldham Athletic
Steel was born in Dumfries, and raised in nearby Dalbeattie. He began his football career when he was signed as an apprentice by Jimmy Frizzell for Oldham Athletic. After scoring two goals against Cardiff City on his debut, he established himself in the first team as the "Latics" battled away in the lower half of the Second Division table in 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, and 1981–82. During his time he built successful strike partnership with Simon Stainrod and Rodger Wylde. Frizzell was dismissed in early 1982 and Steel was unable to establish himself under new manager Joe Royle. Steel had loan spells with Third Division clubs Wigan Athletic (scoring two goals in his two league games under Larry Lloyd) and Wrexham (where he scored six goals from his nine league games). Steel left Boundary Park in March 1983 after making 108 league appearances and scoring 24 goals.

Port Vale
Aged 23, Steel was bought by John McGrath at Port Vale for £10,000 in March 1983. He played in every game for the rest of that season as the club were promoted from the Fourth Division in third place. Vale struggled in the Third Division in the 1983–84 season, and Steel lost his place in the team in December, and McGrath lost his job.

Wrexham
The month after his 24th birthday, Steel returned to Wrexham (now in the Fourth Division) for £10,000 in January 1984. Of his non-loan moves this was his most prolific period in front of goal with 51 strikes in his 164 league games. Wrexham at the time could not afford the £10,000 transfer fee, but Steel joined the club after an interest-free loan was made to the club by David Wells, a Wrexham supporting businessman from Mold.

Following a Welsh Cup final defeat to Shrewsbury Town, Wrexham took on an F.C. Porto side of numerous Portuguese internationals in the 1984–85 European Cup Winners' Cup (Shrewsbury as an English club could not represent Wales in European competition). Wrexham won the opening leg at the Racecourse Ground 1–0, courtesy of a goal from Steel. He had taken the ball on his chest in the centre circle with his back to goal, volleyed the dropping ball for John Muldoon to attack and cross from the right wing into the penalty area, and then jumped to direct a bullet header past Petar Borota. In the second leg at Estádio das Antas, Porto were 3–0 up after 38 minutes. The Welsh club pulled two goals back before half-time. In the 61st minute Paulo Futre restored Porto's aggregate lead before Wrexham's last minute strike meant the tie finished level at 4–4, with Wrexham advancing on away goals.

The second round draw paired Wrexham with the previous season's European Cup runners up, A.S. Roma, managed by Sven-Göran Eriksson. Wrexham lost 3–0 on aggregate over the two legs. Steel said of the adventure, "We went to Porto and there was a bloody hurricane. We come to Rome and the bloody shops are shut. When we play in Russia, Reagan will probably have the place blown up."

With Steel scoring both goals in a Welsh Cup final replay 2–1 win over Kidderminster Harriers, the "Dragons" appeared in the 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup with a first round draw against Maltese side Żurrieq, whom they beat 7–0 on aggregate. Steel scored in Wrexham in the second leg. This earned a second round tie against Real Zaragoza, which brought two goalless draws. At home in extra time in the second leg Wrexham matched the two goals by Patricio Yáñez to level the fixture at 2–2. However, on this occasion away-goals counted against Steel's side. On 14 October 1986, he score a hat-trick in the league against Peterborough United.

With the Spanish league extended into the summer, Steel was allowed to go out on loan at Deportivo de La Coruña at the end of the 1986–87 season. He featured in four Segunda División games at Estadio Riazor, as Eusebio Ríos's side made an unsuccessful bid for promotion into La Liga.

Tranmere Rovers
Steel, now aged 27, moved on to Tranmere Rovers in late 1987. He moved for a then club record transfer fee, with manager Johnny King looking to use Steel to act as target man for striker Ian Muir. They enjoyed considerable success together in the seasons to follow.

At the end of the 1987–88 season, Tranmere played at Wembley in the 16 team Football League Centenary Tournament. A good mid-season run of form saw Rovers qualify as one of the Fourth Division's two representatives. Tranmere were the surprise package of an otherwise derided tournament, beating First Division sides Wimbledon and Newcastle United before losing on penalties to eventual winners Nottingham Forest in the semi-final. This became the first of five trips to Wembley for Tranmere in Steel's time at Prenton Park.

Tranmere won promotion as Fourth Division runners-up in 1988–89. In the same season Rovers knocked First Division Middlesbrough out of the League Cup. Rovers also went on to knock top-flight Millwall out of the same competition in 1989–90. Steel scored with a massive looping header against the Tottenham Hotspur side of Gary Lineker and Paul Gascoigne in a 2–2 draw in the next round to earn a replay. In October 1991 another top-flight team, Chelsea, took a League Cup exit at Prenton Park when they lost 3–1.

In their first season in the Third Division, 1989–90, Rovers earned a place in the play-offs after finishing in fourth place. They went on to lose 2–0 to Notts County in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium. A week later at the Twin Towers Rovers defeated Third Division champions, Bristol Rovers, 2–1 in the final of the Football League Trophy – this was Tranmere's first national piece of silverware. Club record scorer Ian Muir gave Tranmere an early lead with a volleyed strike. Devon White gave Bristol Rovers an equaliser early in the second half, before Steel headed a late winner.

Tranmere Rovers went one better in the 1990–91 season, winning the Third Division play-offs with a 1–0 win over Bolton Wanderers after a fifth-place finish. Chris Malkin's extra time goal helped the club to promotion to the Second Division for the first time since the 1930s. Once again, Rovers made an appearance in the Football League Trophy Final, this time losing 3–2 to Birmingham City, with Steel again on the scoresheet. This made the play-off victory over Bolton Tranmere's fourth appearance in a Wembley final in just over a year.

The 1991 promotion meant Steel played his last season at the level at which he began his senior career, England's second tier. Rovers finished their first season back at this level, 1991–92, comfortably in mid-table. In total, Steel scored 29 goals in 174 Tranmere league games, before he retired from professional football at the age of 32.

After football
Steel left football to start a career with the Merseyside Police force.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
 Football League Fourth Division third-place promotion: 1982–83
Wrexham
 Welsh Cup: 1986
Tranmere Rovers
 Football League Fourth Division second-place promotion: 1988–89
 Football League Third Division play-offs: 1991
 Football League Trophy: 1990; runner-up: 1991

References

1959 births
Living people
People from Dalbeattie
Footballers from Dumfries
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Deportivo de La Coruña players
Port Vale F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
English Football League players
Segunda División players

Jim Steel (footballer)


Rand McNally is an American technology and publishing company that provides mapping, software and hardware for consumer electronics, commercial transportation and education markets. The company is headquartered in Chicago, with a distribution center in Richmond, Kentucky.

History

Early history

In 1856, William H. Rand opened a printing shop in Chicago and two years later hired a newly arrived Irish immigrant, Andrew McNally, to work in his shop. The shop did big business with the forerunner of the Chicago Tribune, and in 1859 Rand and McNally were hired to run the Tribunes entire printing operation. In 1868, the two men, along with Rand's nephew George Amos Poole, established Rand McNally & Co. and bought the Tribune's printing business. The company initially focused on printing tickets and timetables for Chicago's booming railroad industry, and the following year supplemented that business by publishing complete railroad guides. In 1870, the company expanded into printing business directories and an illustrated newspaper, the People's Weekly. According to company lore, during the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, Rand McNally quickly had two of the company's printing machines buried in a sandy beach of Lake Michigan, and the company was up and running again only a few days later.

The first Rand McNally map, created using a new cost-saving wax engraving method, appeared in the December 1872 edition of its Railroad Guide. Rand McNally became an incorporated business in 1873; with Rand as its president, McNally as vice president, and George Poole as treasurer. The Business Atlas, containing maps and data pertinent to business planning, was first published in 1876. The atlas is still updated today, now titled the Commercial Atlas & Marketing Guide. The Trade Book department was established in 1877, publishing such titles as The Locust Plague in the United States. Rand McNally began publishing educational maps in 1880 with its first line of maps, globes, and geography textbooks, soon followed by a world atlas. The company began publishing general literature in 1884 with its first title, The Secret of Success, and the Textbook department was established in 1894 with The Rand McNally Primary School Geography. Also in 1894, the company opened an office in New York City headed by Caleb S. Hammond, who later started his own map company, C. S. Hammond & Co.

Rand McNally published its first road map, the New Automobile Road Map of New York City & Vicinity, in 1904. In 1910, the company acquired the line of Photo-Auto Guides from G.S. Chapin, which provided photographs of routes and intersections with directions. Andrew McNally II (son of Frederick McNally) personally took photos on his honeymoon for the Chicago-to-Milwaukee edition. The company continued to expand its book publishing business, with best-selling children's books such as The Real Mother Goose in 1916 and Kon-Tiki in 1950.

Rand McNally was the first major map publisher to embrace a system of numbered highways. One of its cartographers, John Brink, invented a system that was first published in 1917 on a map of Peoria, Illinois. In addition to creating maps with numbered roads, Rand McNally also erected many of the actual roadside highway signs. This system was subsequently adopted by state and federal highway authorities. The oil industry quickly developed an interest in road maps, enticing Americans to explore and consume more gasoline. In 1920, Rand McNally began publishing road maps for the Gulf Oil Company, to be freely distributed at its service stations. By 1930, Rand McNally had two major road map competitors, General Drafting and Gousha, the latter of which was founded by a former Rand McNally sales representative. The Rand McNally Auto Chum, later to become the ubiquitous Rand McNally Road Atlas, debuted in 1924. The first full-color edition was published in 1960 and in 1993, it became fully digitized.

Later history
The Goode's School Atlas, named for its first editor, Dr. J. Paul Goode, was published in 1923. It became a standard text for high school and college geography curricula. Later retitled Goode's World Atlas, it is now in its 22nd edition. The first Rand McNally Travel Store was opened in New York City in 1937. In the 1990s it became a chain with 29 locations, but by 2005 all were closed as a cost-saving measure.

Rand McNally moved its headquarters from Chicago to suburban Skokie, Illinois in 1952. The company opened its Versailles, Kentucky, book publishing plant in 1962 with  and 23 employees. In 1994, the plant was the first to implement a new Kodak computer-to-plate printing system. When the plant was sold in 1997, it was over  and employed 1,255 people.

In 1961, because the company was not satisfied with the ability of existing map projections to create intuitive depictions of the entire world, it commissioned Dr. Arthur H. Robinson to develop what became known as the Robinson projection, which became very popular and was used extensively for constructing maps of the entire world. Rand McNally began creating maps digitally in 1982.

In 1980, Rand McNally sold its educational publishing operations to Houghton Mifflin.

In 1989, Rand McNally donated its extensive collection of maps to the Newberry Library. Now in possession of Gousha's archives as well, Rand McNally donated that map archive to the Newberry in late 2002.

With a string of acquisitions and growth throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Rand McNally employed over 4,000 people in four business groups. The company had been majority-owned by the McNally family since 1899, but by 1997 the family had decided to divest its interest.

In late September 2018, Rand McNally moved its headquarters back to Chicago, after more than 60 years in suburban Skokie, Illinois. West Bryn Mawr Avenue was chosen as the location for the site.

Ownership

Rand McNally has always been a privately held company, with stock held by very few parties and very thinly traded. When Rand retired in 1899, he sold his shares in the company to McNally and the other company officers. The McNally family was the majority owner for nearly 100 years, from 1899 until 1997, at which time the family decided to divest its majority stake. The company was sold piecemeal; in January 1997, the company announced it was selling its Book Services Group, which employed 1,700 people in Versailles, Kentucky, and Taunton, Massachusetts, to World Color Press for $155 million. In February 1997, the DocuSystems Group, which printed airline tickets and luggage tags at its Nashville facility, was sold to Code Hennessy & Simmons, a Chicago-based private equity firm. In April 1997, the Media Services Group, which employed 350 people with offices in Nashville, Tennessee; Fremont, California; Shannon, Ireland; and the Asia-Pacific region, was sold to McQueen Ltd., a Scottish software company.

The sole remaining group, publishing, represented the core mapmaking business of the company. In November 1997, the McNally family completed its divestiture by selling its majority ownership to AEA Investors for a reported $500 million. Much of the purchase price was leveraged, meaning the company took on significant debt hedging on future earnings.  AEA intended to capitalize on Rand McNally's brand recognition by bringing digital mapping to the masses and attracting public investors during the dot-com boom. However, the company fell behind the technology curve of upstarts such as MapQuest and fell further into debt. AEA's stake in the company was acquired by Leonard Green & Partners through a prepackaged Chapter 11 restructuring deal on January 15, 2003. In December 2007, Patriarch Partners, which had previously been a minority owner, bought shares owned by Leonard Green and other minority owners to become the sole owner of Rand McNally. In 2020, Teleo Capital purchased Rand McNally as sole owner.

Facilities

Rand McNally had been headquartered in Chicago since its inception. Its 1899 headquarters on West Adams Street was the world's first all-steel-framed skyscraper.

By the 1950s, its Chicago area workforce had grown to over 1,000 employees and larger facilities were needed. In 1952, it opened a new  building in suburban Skokie, bringing corporate offices, printing, and distribution operations under one roof.  Over the ensuing decades, however, printing and distribution operations relocated, eventually resulting in the underutilization of the aging Skokie building.  It was sold in February 2008 to Ida Crown Jewish Academy for $11 million, and the approximately 200 current employees relocated in January 2009 to an office building near Skokie's Old Orchard Mall.

The Irvine, California, facilities from the acquisition of Thomas Bros. Maps in 1997 closed in 2010.

Rand McNally sold its Canadian subsidiary, located in Markham, Ontario, on June 30, 2008 to the newly formed Canadian Cartographics Corporation.

Presidents and CEOs
William Rand founded his print shop in 1856 and Rand, McNally & Co. was formally established in 1868.  The company was incorporated in 1873 with Rand as the first president and McNally vice-president. When Rand retired in 1899, Andrew McNally assumed the role of president until his death in 1904. Andrew's son, Frederick McNally, became president upon his father's death, just as the age of the automobile was beginning.  When Frederick McNally died in 1907, his sister's husband, Harry Beach Clow, became president.  Andrew McNally II took over in 1933. He and his heirs, Andrew McNally III and IV, successively served as president until 1993.

1873–1899: William Rand
1899–1904: Andrew McNally
1904–1907: Frederick McNally (Andrew's son)
1907–1933: Harry Beach Clow (Andrew's son-in-law)
1933–1948: Andrew McNally II (Andrew's grandson)
1948–1974: Andrew McNally III (Andrew's great-grandson)
1974–1993: Andrew McNally IV (Andrew's great-great-grandson)
1993–1997: John S. Bakalar (former Rand McNally CFO)
1997–1999: Henry J. Feinberg (former head of Rand McNally Publishing Group)
1999–2000: Richard J. Davis (former executive at RR Donnelley and GeoSystems, forerunners of MapQuest)
2000–2001: Norman E. Wells, Jr. (former Rand McNally COO)
2001–2003: Michael Hehir (former head of McGraw-Hill Ventures)
2003–2008: Robert S. Apatoff (former head of Allstate marketing)
2008–2009: Andrzej Wrobel (Patriarch Partners IT Platform Managing Director)
2009–Nov 2013: Dave Muscatel
Dec 2013–Nov 2020: Stephen Fletcher
Nov 2020–Present: Joseph Roark, TELEO Capital Operating Partner, Chairman, Interim CEO through June 2021
June 2021 – Jan 2023 Aaron Dannenbring

Acquisitions
Rand McNally has made many acquisitions over the years to consolidate the crowded map publishing industry or to extend its capabilities in new markets.

1980 – Transportation Data Management (TDM) – Makers of transportation mileage and routing software that continues to be used for Rand's commercial trucking products.
1984 –  Denoyer-Geppert –  Assets of the school map and globe publisher were assimilated into Rand's education product line.
1988 – Champion Map – Rand continued to use its facilities in Daytona Beach, Florida, until 2001.  All Champion Map products had disappeared, but in 2007 Rand began using the brand on street maps for selected small markets.
1992 – Nicholstone Holdings – Subsidiary companies (Nicholstone Software Services, Nicholstone Looseleaf, and Nicholstone Bindery) were folded into Rand's Book Services Group, extending its printing and binding businesses and adding capabilities for manufacturing, packaging, and distributing computer software and documentation.
1993 – Allmaps Canada – Became a wholly owned subsidiary company, Rand McNally Canada, and was subsequently sold to Canadian Cartographics Corporation in 2008.  Under contract from Rand McNally, CCC will continue to create Canadian products under the Rand McNally name and distribute U.S. products to the Canadian market.
1996 – Gousha – One of Rand McNally's longtime rivals, its 82 employees unexpectedly found their Comfort, Texas, building locked on the morning of April 18 with a note taped to the door stating that the company had been purchased by Rand McNally and all their jobs had been eliminated. Gousha's entire product line was discontinued.
1998 – Thomas Bros. Maps – The prominent Southern California mapmaker best known for its ubiquitous Thomas Guide. Rand McNally continues to brand its street guide products as "The Thomas Guide" in western U.S. markets.
1999 – King of the Road – Regional map publisher and distributor based in the Pacific Northwest, which had a previous partnership with Thomas Bros. King of the Road titles are no longer available.
2004 – Perly's – Maker of street maps for Toronto, Ontario and the surrounding areas; sold as part of Rand McNally Canada in 2008.

See also
Ranally city rating system
Poole Bros.

Notes

References
"Mapping A Life's Journey: The Legacy of Andrew McNally III" by Janice A. Petterchak, privately printed by Rand McNally, 1995.
 Online digitized versions of Rand, McNally & Co's 1879 Business Atlas and 1897 Indexed Atlas of the World at DavidRumsey.com.

External links

 McNally Family Papers at the Newberry Library
 Rand McNally and Co. Records at Newberry Library
 Rand McNally Map Updates

Map companies of the United States
Map publishing companies
Mass media companies of the United States
Companies based in Skokie, Illinois
Publishing companies established in 1856
1856 establishments in Illinois

Rand McNally


Robert James Smith (born 21 April 1959) is an English musician. He is best known for being the lead singer of The Cure. He has been the only constant member in the band's 37-year history. They have released 13 studio albums and 10 EPs. Their biggest UK hit so far is "Lullaby", which reached number 5. Their biggest US hit is "Lovesong". In 1983, he released an album called Blue Sunshine with Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias' John Scott under the name The Glove. He has worked with other bands like Crystal Castles. He has also sung songs on his own for movie soundtracks.

Personal life
Smith can play guitar, bass guitar, double bass, keyboard, violin, flute and trumpet. He has a tenor vocal range. He is married to Mary Poole, who he met at the age of 14 in a drama class.

Smith was born in Blackpool, Lancashire. In 1959, his family moved to Trafford, Manchester. In 1963, they moved to Salford, Manchester. He was raised Catholic but later became an atheist. His first band, The Crawley Goat Band, was at the age of 14. In 1976, Smith was a member of a punk rock band called Malice. Smith then formed a band with members of Malice called Easy Cure. In 1978 they became The Cure. In 1979 they released their first album, Three Imaginary Boys. It got good reviews. In 1999, Smith was going to end The Cure but Ross Robinson persuaded him not to.

Awards and recognitions
Tim Burton gave Smith the Shockwaves NME Godlike Genius Award in 2006.

There have been lots of references to Smith in pop culture. In 2004 in episode 11 of series 2 of The Mighty Boosh Vince Noir says to Howard Moon that he can spend the evening with two goth girls if he dresses like a goth. Vince gives Howard a can of "Goth Juice: the most powerful hairspray known to man, made from the tears of Robert Smith". Lush made a hair gel inspired by this called Goth Juice that says 'made from the tears of Robert Smith' on the pot, but they don't make it anymore.

Smith appeared in the twelfth episode of season 1 of South Park, "Mecha-Streisand" in 1998. At the time the episode brought South Park their biggest number of viewers for an episode to date.

References

1956 births
Living people
English rock musicians
English rock singers
Musicians from Manchester
New wave singers
People from Salford

Robert Smith


Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular is a Thanksgiving television special with American singer Lady Gaga and the Muppets. The 90-minute program aired on ABC on November 28, 2013, with guest stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Elton John and RuPaul and an appearance by Kristen Bell. It was the second Gaga Thanksgiving special on ABC, after A Very Gaga Thanksgiving in 2011. The singer had previously collaborated with the Muppets on media appearances and in her shows.

The special featured songs from Gaga's third studio album, Artpop, and duets with the guest stars. Critics gave the special mixed reviews, with some praising Gaga for being relatable in the show. Other reviewers were disappointed with its lack of production ideas, other than as a promotion for Artpop. It had lower ratings than other Thanksgiving specials, with a total of 3.62 million viewers and a 0.9 rating in the adult age 18–49 demographic.

Synopsis
Announcer Tom Kane explains to Pepe the King Prawn that the special is being filmed for Lady Gaga, the latter then appears and  explains why she invited the Muppets and then performs "Venus". After Statler and Waldorf's review of the performance, Kristen Bell asks for Gaga's autograph. This annoys Miss Piggy who was planning her own finale and enlists the Muppets to hold auditions. Gaga performs "Applause", followed by "Bennie and the Jets" and "Artpop" with Elton John (with the Muppets joining them for the latter). After discussing ideas for the finale, Gaga performs "Manicure" and the Muppets talk about the most inappropriate gifts they ever received. Kermit the Frog joins Gaga in a duet of "Gypsy", and Joseph Gordon-Levitt duets on "Baby, It's Cold Outside". Kermit's friendship with Gaga angers Miss Piggy; after a performance of "Fashion!" by Gaga and RuPaul, Piggy bemoans the attention paid to the singer. Although she dreams of singing "Santa Baby", she is upstaged in her dream by Youthful Praise. After a trailer for the upcoming Muppets Most Wanted, Gaga asks Piggy to suggest a finale and reprises "Applause" with the Muppets.

Production

In October 2013, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) announced a 90-minute special entitled Lady Gaga and the Muppets' Holiday Spectacular. It was the second Thanksgiving television special on ABC by Gaga, after A Very Gaga Thanksgiving in 2011. The singer collaborated with the Muppets for the special, which aired on November 28, 2013. "I was so excited when ABC called me about doing a holiday special this year. I knew it just wouldn't be a complete night of laughter and memories without the Muppets! Can't wait to see the gang again, and I hope Miss Piggy's still not mad about Kermit ... We're just friends," Gaga said about the special. Guest stars included Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Elton John and RuPaul, with an appearance by Kristen Bell. Gaga performed several songs from her third studio album, Artpop. The singer had collaborated twice with the Muppets in the past; in 2009 Kermit the Frog was her date at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, and she featured Jim Henson's Creature Shop pieces on the Monster Ball Tour (2009–2011).

The special was described in press releases as "an avant-garde twist on the classic holiday variety show as Lady Gaga goes backstage with the Muppets, making a performance dream come true for the multi-platinum singer-songwriter when they combine forces to sing holiday favorites and Lady Gaga hits". It was confirmed that holiday classics like "Deck the Halls" and "Jingle Bells" would be performed by the Muppets, as well as songs from Artpop. A promotional tie-in with the special was the trailer for Muppets Most Wanted, in which Gaga made a cameo appearance. Kory Grow of Rolling Stone called the special a "fitting move" for the singer, since she was releasing Artpop and the Muppets frequently collaborated with celebrities.

The special was acquired by Channel 5 in the United Kingdom, with Dayna Donaldson of the network describing it as "a high energy and truly unique musical show full of fun". After its broadcast, it was obtained by Netflix Canada for 13 months of streaming. Previews of the show, uploaded on Gaga's Instagram account, showed the singer performing "Applause" and planning a party for the special's finale.

Reception

Ratings

The special had 3.62 million viewers and a 0.9 rating in the adult age 18-49 demographic. Its rating was lower than A Very Gaga Thanksgiving, which had a 1.6 rating in the same demographic and 5.4 million viewers. The total rating was the same as Glee, which was concurrently broadcast on Fox. It was down by 25% than the 2012 Thanksgiving special, Bad 25. The rating was adjusted to 1.0 by Nielsen ratings. In comparison, ABC's annual telecast of A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving before Gaga's special was watched by 5.4 million viewers and had a 1.6 rating in the 18–49 demographic.

Critical response
According to Marissa G. Muller of Rolling Stone, Gaga "was at her most accessible during the show, sharing the difficulties of life on the road and her love of the holidays – specifically, how she grew up watching the Muppets and has had a long love for Kermit. The whole affair was relatively conservative for Gaga and weirdly progressive for the Muppets". Muller wrote that the special was aired at an opportune moment for Gaga, since Artpop sales had dropped 82 percent in its second week and the show was hoped to woo back her audience. She called the opening performance of "Venus" one of its top moments. Mark Graham wrote for VH1 that Gaga had a lack of relatability at that point in her career: "To her credit, [she] seems to have recognized this flaw in her brand strategy and has been working overtime of late to humanize herself ... [Anyone] who watches the cable premiere of Lady Gaga & The Muppets Holiday Spectacular ... will definitely gain a new appreciation for [her]". Maricela Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly called Lady Gaga and the Muppets' Holiday Spectacular a "cross-promotional commercial", enabling Gaga to promote Artpop and enhancing the Muppets' popularity. Gonzalez described it as "equal parts warm, fuzzy, cynical, and depressed by consumerism overtaking the so-called 'holiday spirit'. But why fret? It's Lady Gaga and the Muppets!"

Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club gave the special a grade of C, criticizing it as a mere promotional vehicle for Gaga with the Muppets feeling like a last-minute addition. The production was unable to balance Gaga's album promotion with a Muppets holiday special: "Nothing in Lady Gaga & The Muppets' Holiday Spectacular destroys the sanctity of the Muppets ... However, the potential for a Muppets holiday special was never given room to materialize amidst a Lady Gaga concert special designed to sell her new album. The choice to combine the two may have reached out to a broader audience, but the incongruence of the special's various parts ... was bound to frustrate a sizable portion of that audience." Todd Martens of the Los Angeles Times agreed, criticizing the special's commercial nature; he also said its songs were "less fit for a Muppet-like music special, and no one seemed willing to stray too far from the show's message of selling a product. Rather than aim for holiday timelessness, this was self-promotion, with the Muppets often coming to Gaga's world than the other way around." Billboards Chris Willman also gave it a negative review, citing the show's palpably-low budget and its dialogue, guest appearances, Gaga's lip-syncing and production: "If the 90 seemingly endless minutes of Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular had a predecessor, it might be the long-suppressed Star Wars Christmas Special , though nothing here was so outrageously wrong (or right) that people will still be bootlegging this one in 35 years' time. At least there was a familiar 'why is this happening?' question hovering over the star-crossed proceedings, albeit without the benefit of any guest stars as seriously wacky as that one's to show up and redeem the incongruousness. We knew Bea Arthur - we were friends with Bea Arthur - and RuPaul, you're no Bea Arthur."

Personnel
Credits adapted from the special itself.
 Lady Gaga as herself
 Tom Kane as the Announcer

Muppet performers

 Steve Whitmire as Kermit the Frog, Beaker, Rizzo the Rat, Statler and Lips
 Eric Jacobson as Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal and Sam Eagle
 Dave Goelz as Gonzo, Bunsen Honeydew, Waldorf, Zoot and Albert the Rabbit
 Bill Barretta as Rowlf the Dog, Dr. Teeth, Swedish Chef, Pepe the King Prawn, Bobo the Bear and Big Mean Carl
 David Rudman as Scooter and Janice
 Matt Vogel as Camilla the Chicken, Floyd Pepper, Lew Zealand and Norman the Sheep
 Peter Linz as Walter

Guest appearances
 Kristen Bell as herself
 Joseph Gordon-Levitt as himself
 Elton John as himself
 RuPaul as himself
 Youthful Praise as themselves

See also

 List of Thanksgiving television specials

References

External links

2010s American television specials
2013 television specials
American Broadcasting Company television specials
Disney television specials
Lady Gaga
Thanksgiving television specials
The Muppets television specials
Variety shows


This is a list of colleges and universities in North Dakota:

Public
Cankdeska Cikana Community College
Fort Berthold Community College
North Dakota University System
Bismarck State College
Dickinson State University
Lake Region State College
Mayville State University
Minot State University
Minot State University-Bottineau
North Dakota State University
North Dakota State College of Science
University of North Dakota
Valley City State University
Williston State College
Sitting Bull College
Turtle Mountain Community College
United Tribes Technical College

Private
Aakers Business College
Jamestown College
Trinity Bible College
University of Mary

References

North Dakota
Lists of colleges and universities
North Dakota

Colleges and universities in North Dakota


Aura Andreea Munteanu, known as Andreea Munteanu (; born 20 September 1988 in Constanța), is a retired Romanian gymnast.

Career
Munteanu became interested in gymnastics in 1994 after watching a competition on television. She began using her mother's bed as a makeshift vault, prompting her parents to enroll her for lessons at the CSS Farul Constanţa club. She progressed well in the sport and was accepted to train at the national training center in Deva in October 2002.

Less than a year after beginning her training at Deva, in 2003, Munteanu became the Romanian national champion. Later that year, she was selected as part of the Romanian team for the 2003 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. The Romanians had a disappointing team competition, losing the title they had held for eight years; however, they still finished the meet in second place. In the all-around competition, Munteanu finished 15th after a fall on the uneven bars. In the floor exercise final, she finished fourth with a routine choreographed to music from The Mask by Adriana Pop.

Munteanu did not compete at the 2004 European Championships, but was selected for the Romanian team for the 2004 Olympics in Athens. However, days before the Olympics began, she was forced to withdraw, suffering from shin splints. She was replaced by Silvia Stroescu.

Munteanu's recovery was predicted to take six months; however, new injuries and major changes in the Romanian gymnastics system, including the resignation of head coaches Octavian Bellu and Mariana Bitang, delayed her return to competitive form.

In early 2006, Munteanu resumed training with new national team head coach Nicolae Forminte in Deva. She did not compete at the 2006 European Championships, but was still considered to be in contention for the Romanian team at the 2006 Worlds. However, in June, she retired from gymnastics due to nagging back injuries.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Constanța
Romanian female artistic gymnasts
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
21st-century Romanian women

Aura Andreea Munteanu


Day After Day: Live is a CD release by Rykodisc in 1990 of live recordings made by the British rock group Badfinger in 1974.

During a concert tour in the Midwestern United States in 1974, Badfinger learned that the Agora venue in Cleveland, Ohio, contained a 16-track studio capable of live recordings. The group had released five studio albums up to this point but had not made any professional live recordings. Deciding to use the equipment, Badfinger recorded two of their shows at the Agora. Due to audio distortion and essentially a moderate performance by the group, the tapes were not used at the time.

The Agora recordings circulated as bootlegs for several years before band member Joey Molland brought them to the attention of Rykodisc in 1989. Molland performed a great deal of rework to the recordings, including overdubbing his vocals, several guitars, and some of the bass. He also used a computer-sampled drum snare to enhance the original drum track. Molland also rearranged the song order of the performances, placing Pete Ham's compositions at the end of the CD. As a result of Molland's augmentation, the CD has been bitterly reviewed by music critics and fans.

Complications arose for Molland in the mid 1990s when other Badfinger parties objected to the release, citing they were not properly notified. There was also some confusion as to the ownership of the original tapes, which Molland testified were taken by his wife when he resigned from the group in 1974. A lawsuit in Great Britain resolved that Molland should have proceeded differently when releasing the CD, but generally ruled in his favour regarding royalty divisions (which included Molland's compensation for production work).

Track listing
"Sometimes" (Molland) – 2:59
"I Don't Mind" (Molland, Evans) – 3:13
"Blind Owl" (Evans) – 	5:40
"Give It Up" (Molland) – 7:22
"Constitution" (Molland) – 4:13
"Baby Blue" (Ham) – 3:49
"Name of the Game" (Ham) – 5:17
"Day After Day" (Ham) – 3:04
"Timeless" (Ham) – 7:56
"I Can't Take It" (Ham) – 4:58

Personnel

Badfinger
Pete Ham – Guitar, Vocals, Piano
Tom Evans – Bass, Vocals
Mike Gibbins – Drums
Joey Molland – Guitar, Vocals

Production
Joey Molland – Producer, Liner Notes
Mark Healy – Producer, Engineer
Scott Bartel – Engineer, Second Engineer
Dr. Toby Mountain – Digital Mastering, Mastering

References

Badfinger albums
1990 live albums
Rykodisc live albums

Day After Day: Live


The IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award was a Technical Field Award given each year by the IEEE to an individual or team of two people who have made outstanding contributions to information processing systems in relation to computer science. The award was discontinued in 2012.

The award was established in 1976 and named in honor of Emanuel R. Piore. It could be presented to an individual or a team of two. Recipients of this award received a bronze medal, certificate, and honorarium.

Recipients
The following people received the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award:

References

External links
 IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award page at IEEE
 List of recipients of the IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award

Emanuel R. Piore Award

IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award


The Three Little Pigs is a 1933 cartoon in the Silly Symphonies series. It is about the fairy tale of the three little pigs. The pigs make houses with different materials, and the Big Bad Wolf tries to knock them down.

Three Little Pigs (1933) was the second animated short to win an Oscar for Best Animated Short. Three Little Pigs (1933) is included in the 1994 book, The 50 Greatest Cartoons. In December 2007, the Library of Congress selected Three Little Pigs (1933) to placed in the United States National Film Registry.

1933 movies
American animated movies
Movies about pigs
Movies about wolves

Three Little Pigs (movie)


Museum Sang Nila Utama is a heritage museum in Pekanbaru, Indonesia. The museum collects item related to the Riau-Malay culture such as Malay wedding costumes, traditional toys, musical instruments and other traditional artifacts. Not far from the museum is an exhibition and performance building called the Gedung Taman Budaya Riau ("Riau Cultural Park Building).

The name Sang Nila Utama is derived from a Srivijayan prince from Palembang who founded the Kingdom of Singapore in 1299.

See also
List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia

References

Museums in Riau
Pekanbaru

Museum Sang Nila Utama


Finbar Lebowitz is an Irish film, set in Dublin about a working class Irishman called Finbar. It stars David McCarton and The Dubliners founder Ronnie Drew.

Plot summary
Finbar is a working class Irishman who works for a delivery company in Dublin. He holds a somewhat racist and prejudiced view of America. While on delivery he stops at a bookstore run by Shimon Abramsky, an elderly Jewish man who has his niece Leah from New York City stopping with him to help out. After a conversation with Leah, Finbar becomes obsessed with her and makes it his goal to woo her after a dare from his delivery friend. Finbar even tries to convert to Judaism, to the consternation of his strict Catholic priest and family. It takes more than a conversion to win Leah's heart.

References

External links

2000 films
English-language Irish films
2000s English-language films

Finbar Lebowitz


Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748 (2005), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled, 7–2, that a town and its police department could not be sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for failing to enforce a  restraining order, which had led to the murders of a woman's three children by her estranged husband. The decision has since become infamous and condemned by several human rights groups.

Background synopsis

Restraining order and police inaction
During divorce proceedings, Jessica Lenahan-Gonzales, a resident of Castle Rock, Colorado, obtained a permanent restraining order against her husband Simon, who had been stalking her, on June 4, 1999, requiring him to remain at least  from her and her four children (son Jesse, who is not Simon's biological child, and daughters Rebecca, Katheryn, and Leslie) except during specified visitation time.  On June 22, at approximately 5:15 pm, Simon took possession of the three girls in violation of the order. Jessica called the police at approximately 7:30 pm, 8:30 pm, and 10:10 pm on June 22, and 12:15 am on June 23, and visited the police station in person at 12:40 am on June 23. Prior to the second call, Simon had called Jessica and stated that he had the daughters with him at an amusement park in Denver, Colorado. However, since Jessica had allowed Simon, from time to time, to take the children at various hours, the police took no action. At approximately 3:20 am on June 23, Simon appeared at the Castle Rock police station and was killed in a shoot-out with the officers. A search of his vehicle revealed the dead bodies of the three daughters, who were determined to have been killed prior to arrival at the police station. There was no cause of death found, nor was there a time or place of death.

United States District Court for the District of Colorado
Gonzales filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado against Castle Rock, Colorado, its police department, and the three individual police officers with whom she had spoken under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming a federally protected property interest in enforcement of the restraining order and alleging "an official policy or custom of failing to respond properly to complaints of restraining order violations."  A motion to dismiss the case was granted, and Gonzales appealed to the Denver, Colorado Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals. A panel of that court rejected Gonzales's substantive due process claim but found a procedural due process claim; an en banc rehearing reached the same conclusion. The court also affirmed the finding that the three individual officers had qualified immunity and as such could not be sued.

Opinion of the Court
The Supreme Court reversed the Tenth Circuit's decision, reinstating the District Court's order of dismissal.  The Court's majority opinion by Justice Antonin Scalia held that enforcement of the restraining order was not mandatory under Colorado law; were a mandate for enforcement to exist, it would not create an individual right to enforcement that could be considered a protected entitlement under the precedent of Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth; and even if there were a protected individual entitlement to enforcement of a restraining order, such entitlement would have no monetary value and hence would not count as property for the Due Process Clause.

Justice David Souter wrote a concurring opinion, using the reasoning that enforcement of a restraining order is a process, not the interest protected by the process, and that there is not due process protection for processes.

Stevens' dissent
Justice John Paul Stevens wrote a dissenting opinion, in which he wrote that with respect to whether or not an arrest was mandatory under Colorado law, the court should either have deferred to the 10th Circuit court's finding that it was or else certified the question to the Colorado Supreme Court rather than decide the issue itself.  He went on to write that the law created a statutory guarantee of enforcement, which is an individual benefit and constitutes a protected property interest under Roth, rejecting the court's use of O'Bannon v. Town Court Nursing Center to require a monetary value and the concurrence's distinction between enforcement of the restraining order (the violator's arrest) and the benefit of enforcement (safety from the violator).

Subsequent developments

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
In 2011, the case came before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a commission composed of representatives from the members of Organization of American States (the United States is a full member by its ratification of the charter document, which is a treaty itself) which found that "the state failed to act with due diligence to protect Jessica Lenahan and (her daughters) Leslie, Katheryn and Rebecca Gonzales from domestic violence, which violated the state's obligation not to discriminate and to provide for equal protection before the law." The Commission also said that "the failure of the United States to adequately organize its state structure to protect [the Gonzales girls] from domestic violence was discriminatory and constituted a violation of their right to life."

Response
The National Organization for Women has argued the Supreme Court's decision reduced the utility of restraining orders and "effectively gives law enforcement a green light to ignore restraining orders."

See also
 DeShaney v. Winnebago County
 Warren v. District of Columbia
 Domestic violence
 Protective order
 Restraining order
 Refusing to assist a police officer

References

External links

 Jessica Lenahan (Gonzales) v. United States, a case brought by the petitioner before the Inter-American Commission for Human Rights
 Court Backs Town in Domestic Violence Case
 PBS Documentary on case October 2018

United States civil due process case law
United States administrative case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
2005 in United States case law
American Civil Liberties Union litigation
Castle Rock, Colorado
Law enforcement in Colorado
Domestic violence in the United States

Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales


Vasyl Pavlovych Komisarenko (January 1, 1907, Chernyakhiv - April 7, 1993, Kyiv) was a Ukrainian endocrinologist and pathophysiologist, academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine and academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, organizer and director of the Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Head of the Department of Pathophysiology 1955-1960.

Biography
He was born on January 14, 1907 in the village of Chernyakhiv (now Kaharlyk district of Kyiv region). He graduated from the Kyiv Medical School (now the Kyiv Medical School). In 1928 he entered the Kharkiv Medical Institute. After graduating from the institute in 1932, he was enrolled in the graduate school of the Ukrainian Organ Therapeutic Institute in Kharkiv. In 1935, Komisarenko defended his dissertation and worked as a senior researcher at the Ukrainian Organ Therapeutic Institute, and two years later he was appointed director of the institute.

After moving to Kyiv at the invitation of Academician Oleksandr Bogomolets, from 1940, for 25 years, Vasyl Pavlovych headed the endocrinology laboratory of the Institute of Experimental Biology and Pathology, which was later reorganized into the Bogomolets Institute of Physiology Bogomolets under the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941, Komisarenko defended his doctoral dissertation, and then published a book "On the pathogenesis of insulin shock."

Scientific work
Komisarenko is the author of more than 300 scientific papers, including ten monographs. Has prepared 25 doctors and 45 candidates of sciences.

The main scientific works are devoted to the problem of the mechanism of action of hormones. Komisarenko is the founder of the Ukrainian school of endocrinologists.

His main scientific works:

 Adrenal cortex hormones and their role in physiological and pathological processes of the body (1956).
 Splenin (1961).
 Inhibitors of adrenal cortex function (1972).
 Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid hormones (1986).

Memory
The name of Vasyl Komissarenko is assigned to the Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, on the facade of which a memorial table has been installed at 69 Vyshhorodska Street in Kyiv.

References

Vasyl Komisarenko


A Room with a View is a 1908 novel by English writer E. M. Forster, about a young woman in the restrained culture of Edwardian era England. Set in Italy and England, the story is both a romance and a humorous critique of English society at the beginning of the 20th century. Merchant Ivory produced an award-winning film adaptation in 1985.

The Modern Library ranked A Room with a View 79th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century (1998).

Plot summary

Part one

The novel is set in the early 1900s as upper-middle-class English women are beginning to lead more independent, adventurous lives. In the first part Miss Lucy Honeychurch is touring Italy with her overly fussy spinster cousin and chaperone, Miss Charlotte Bartlett. The novel opens in Florence with the women complaining about their rooms at the Pensione Bertolini. They were promised rooms with a view of the River Arno but instead have ones overlooking a drab courtyard. Another guest, Mr Emerson, interrupts their "peevish wrangling" by spontaneously offering to swap rooms. He and his son, George, both have rooms with views of the Arno and he argues, "Women like looking at a view; men don't." Charlotte rejects the offer, partly because she looks down on the Emersons' unconventional behaviour and because she fears it would place them under an "unseemly obligation". However another guest, Mr Beebe, an Anglican clergyman, persuades Charlotte to accept the offer; Charlotte suggests that the Emersons are socialists.

The following day Lucy spends a "long morning" in the Basilica of Santa Croce, accompanied by Miss Eleanor Lavish, a novelist who promises to lead her on an adventure. Lavish confiscates Lucy's Baedeker guidebook, proclaiming she will show Lucy the "true Italy". On the way to Santa Croce the two take a wrong turn and get lost. After drifting for hours through various streets and piazzas they eventually make it to the square in front of the church, only for Lavish (who still has Lucy's Baedeker) to abandon the younger woman to pursue an old acquaintance.

Inside the church Lucy runs into the Emersons. Although the other visitors find Mr Emerson's behaviour somewhat unrefined, Lucy discovers she likes them both; she repeatedly encounters them in Florence. While touring Piazza della Signoria Lucy and George Emerson separately witness a murder. Overcome by its gruesomeness Lucy faints and is aided by George. Recovered, she asks him to retrieve the photographs she dropped near the murder scene. George finds them but as they are covered in blood he throws them into the river before telling Lucy; Lucy observes how boyish George is. As they stop by the River Arno before returning to the pensione they engage in a personal conversation.

Lucy decides to avoid George, partly because she is confused by her feelings and also to placate Charlotte, who grows wary of the eccentric Emersons. She overheard Mr Eager, a clergyman, saying that Mr Emerson, "murdered his wife in the sight of God".

Later in the week Mr Beebe, Mr Eager, the Emersons, Miss Lavish, Charlotte and Lucy go on a day trip to Fiesole, a scenic area above Florence, driven in two carriages by Italian drivers. One driver is permitted to have a pretty girl he claims is his sister sitting next to him on the box seat. When he kisses her Mr Eager promptly orders her to leave. In the other carriage Mr Emerson remarks how it is defeat rather than victory to part two people in love.

On a hillside Lucy abandons Miss Lavish and Miss Bartlett to their gossip and goes searching for Mr Beebe. Misunderstanding Lucy's awkward Italian, the driver leads her to where George is admiring the view. Overcome by Lucy's beauty amongst a field of violets, he takes her in his arms and kisses her. However they are interrupted by Charlotte, who is shocked and upset but mostly is ruffled by her own failure as a chaperone. Lucy promises Charlotte that she will say nothing to her mother about the "insult" George has paid her. The two women leave for Rome the next day before Lucy can say goodbye to George.

Part two
In Rome Lucy spends time with Cecil Vyse, whom she knew in England. Cecil twice proposes to Lucy in Italy; she rejects him both times. As Part Two begins, Lucy has returned to Surrey, England, to her family home, Windy Corner. Cecil proposes yet again and this time she accepts. Cecil is a sophisticated London aesthete whose rank and class make him a desirable match despite his despising country society; he is a rather comic figure, who is snobbish and gives himself pretentious airs.

The vicar, Mr Beebe, announces that a local villa has been leased; the new tenants are the Emersons, who, after a chance meeting with Cecil in London, learned about the villa being available. Cecil enticed them to come to the village as a comeuppance to the villa's landlord, Sir Harry Otway, who Cecil (who believes himself to be very democratic) thinks is a snob. Lucy is angry with Cecil, as she had tentatively arranged for the elderly Misses Alan, who had also been guests at the Pensione Bertolini, to rent the villa.

Fate takes an ironic turn as Mr Beebe introduces Lucy's brother, Freddy, to the Emersons. Freddy invites George for "a bathe" in a nearby pond in the woods. Freddy, George and Mr Beebe go there. Freddy and George undress and jump in, eventually persuading Mr Beebe to join them. The men enjoy themselves, frolicking and splashing in and out of the pond and running through the bushes until Lucy, her mother and Cecil, having taken a short-cut through the woods during their walk, come upon them.

Freddy later invites George to play tennis at Windy Corner. Although Lucy is initially mortified by facing both George and Cecil she resolves to be gracious. Cecil annoys everyone by pacing around and reading aloud from a light romance novel that contains a scene suspiciously reminiscent of George's kissing Lucy in Fiesole. George catches Lucy alone in the garden and kisses her again. Lucy realises that the novel was written by Miss Lavish (the writer-acquaintance from Florence) and that Charlotte must thus have told her about the kiss.

Furious with Charlotte for betraying her secret, Lucy forces her cousin to watch as she orders George to leave Windy Corner and never return. George argues that Cecil sees Lucy only as an "object for the shelf" and will never love her enough to grant her independence, whereas he loves her for who she is. Lucy is moved but remains firm. Later that evening, after Cecil again rudely declines to play tennis, Lucy sees Cecil for what he truly is and ends their engagement. She decides to flee to Greece with the two Misses Alan.

Meanwhile George, unable to bear being around Lucy, is moving his father back to London, unaware Lucy has broken off her engagement. Shortly before Lucy's departure she accidentally encounters Mr Emerson at Mr Beebe's house. He is unaware that Lucy is no longer engaged and Lucy is unable to lie to him.
With open, honest talk Mr Emerson strips away her defences, forcing her to admit she has been in love with George all along. He also mentions how his wife had "gone under"—lost the will to live—because she feared that George's contracting typhoid at the age of 12 was a punishment for his not being baptized. Her fear was the result of a visit by the stern clergyman Mr Eager, and the incident explains Eager's later claim that Mr Emerson had "murdered his wife in the sight of God".

The novel ends in Florence, where George and Lucy have eloped without Mrs Honeychurch's consent. However Lucy has learned that Charlotte knew that Mr Emerson was at Mr Beebe's that fateful day and had not discouraged nor prevented her from going in and encountering him. Although Lucy "had alienated Windy Corner, perhaps for ever" (although the appendix implies a reconciliation with her family), the story ends with the promise of lifelong love for both her and George.

Appendix
In some editions an appendix to the novel is given entitled 'A View without a Room', written by Forster in 1958 relating what occurred between Lucy and George after the events of the novel. It is Forster's afterthought to the novel, and he quite clearly states that "I cannot think where George and Lucy live." They were quite comfortable  until the end of the First World War, with Charlotte Bartlett leaving them all her money in her will, but the war ruined their happiness according to Forster. George became a conscientious objector and lost his government job. He was given non-combatant duties to avoid prison. This left Mrs Honeychurch deeply upset with her son-in-law. Mr Emerson died during the war, shortly after having a confrontation with police over Lucy's playing the music of a German composer, Beethoven, on the piano. Eventually the couple had three children, two girls and a boy, and moved to Carshalton from Highgate to find a home. Despite their wanting to move into Windy Corner after Mrs Honeychurch's death, Freddy sold the house to support his family, as he was "an unsuccessful but prolific doctor".

Immediately after the outbreak of the Second World War George enlisted, seeing the need to stop Hitler and the Nazi regime. He was unfaithful to Lucy during his time at war. Lucy was left homeless when her flat in Watford was bombed and the same happened to her married daughter in Nuneaton. George rose to the rank of corporal but was taken prisoner by the Italians in Africa. Once the fascist government in Italy had fallen George returned to Florence. Finding it "in a mess", he was unable to find the Pensione Bertolini, stating "the View was still there" and that "the room must be there, too, but could not be found." Forster ends by stating that George and Lucy await the Third World War, but with no word on where they live, for even he does not know.

He adds that Cecil served in "Information or whatever the withholding of information was then entitled" during the war and was able to trick an Alexandria hostess into playing Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata by claiming he was Belgian, not German.

Allusions to other works
 Mr Beebe recalls his first encounter with Lucy was hearing her play the first of the two movements of Beethoven's final piano sonata, Opus 111, at a talent show in Tunbridge Wells.
 While visiting the Emersons Mr Beebe contemplates the numerous books strewn around.
"I fancy they know how to read – a rare accomplishment. What have they got? Byron. Exactly. A Shropshire Lad. Never heard of it. The Way of All Flesh. Never heard of it. Gibbon. Hullo! Dear George reads German. Um – um — Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and so we go on. Well, I suppose your generation knows its own business, Honeychurch."
 At the end of chapter two, old Mr Emerson quotes A. E. Housman's 'From far, from eve and morning', from A Shropshire Lad.
 In chapter five, after bemoaning the fact that people do not appreciate landscape paintings any more, Mr Eager misquotes William Wordsworth's poem title 'The World Is Too Much With Us', saying "The world is too much for us."
 Towards the beginning of Part Two, Cecil quotes a few unidentified stanzas ("Come down, O maid, from yonder mountain height", etc.). They are from Tennyson's narrative poem "The Princess".
 In the Emersons' home, the wardrobe has "Mistrust all enterprises that require new clothes" (a quote from Henry David Thoreau's Walden) painted upon it.
 Cecil announces his engagement to Lucy with the words: "I promessi sposi" ("the betrothed") – a reference either to the 1856 Ponchielli opera of that name or the Manzoni novel on which it is based.
 When George is lying on the grass in Part Two Lucy asks him about the view and he replies, "My father says the only perfect view is the sky over our heads", prompting Cecil to make a throwaway comment about the works of Dante.
 Late in the novel Lucy sings a song from Sir Walter Scott's The Bride of Lammermoor, finishing with the lines 'Vacant heart, and hand, and eye,-/Easy live and quiet die'. Forster also incorporated Donizetti's operatic adaptation of Scott's novel, Lucia di Lammermoor, into the concert scene of his first published novel, Where Angels Fear to Tread. Like A Room with a View, The Bride of Lammermoor is centred on a talented but restrained young woman encouraged into an engagement not of her choosing.

Writing
A Room with a View had a lengthy gestation. By late 1902 Forster was working on a novel set in Italy which he called the 'Lucy novel'. In 1903 and 1904 he pushed it aside to work on other projects. He was still revising it in 1908.

Stage, film, radio, and television adaptations
The novel was first adapted for the theatre by Richard Cottrell with Lance Severling for the Prospect Theatre Company, and staged at the Albery Theatre on 27 November 1975 by directors Toby Robertson and Timothy West.

Merchant Ivory produced an award-winning film adaptation in 1985 directed by James Ivory and starring Maggie Smith as Charlotte Bartlett, Helena Bonham Carter as Lucy Honeychurch, Judi Dench as Eleanor Lavish, Denholm Elliott as Mr Emerson, Julian Sands as George Emerson, Daniel Day-Lewis as Cecil Vyse and Simon Callow as The Reverend Mr Beebe.

BBC Radio 4 produced a four-part radio adaptation written by David Wade and directed by Glyn Dearman (released commercially as part of the BBC Radio Collection) in 1995 starring Sheila Hancock as Charlotte Bartlett, Cathy Sara as Lucy Honeychurch, John Moffat as Mr Emerson, Gary Cady as George Emerson and Stephen Moore as The Reverend Mr Beebe. The production was rebroadcast on BBC7 in June 2007, April 2008, June 2009 and March 2010 and on BBC Radio 4 Extra in August 2012, March 2017 and August 2023.

In 2006 Andrew Davies announced that he was to adapt A Room with a View for ITV. This was first shown on ITV1 on 4 November 2007. It starred father and son actors Timothy and Rafe Spall as Mr Emerson and George, together with Elaine Cassidy as Lucy Honeychurch, Sophie Thompson as Charlotte Bartlett, Laurence Fox as Cecil Vyse, Sinéad Cusack as Miss Lavish, Timothy West as Mr Eager and Mark Williams as Reverend Beebe. This adaptation was broadcast in the US on many PBS stations on Sunday 13 April 2008.

A musical version of the novel, directed by Scott Schwartz, opened at San Diego's Old Globe Theatre in previews on March 2, 2012 with opening night March 10, and ran until April 15. Conceived by Marc Acito, the production featured music and lyrics by Jeffrey Stock and additional lyrics by Acito. The cast included Karen Ziemba as Charlotte Bartlett, Ephie Aardema as Lucy Honeychurch, Kyle Harris as George Emerson and Will Reynolds as Cecil Vyse.

A reworked version of the musical opened at Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre on April 15, 2014, following two weeks of previews, and ran through May 11. Directed by David Armstrong (director), the show's cast featured Louis Hobson as George Emerson, Laura Griffith as Lucy Honeychurch, Allen Fitzpatrick as Mr. Emerson, Patti Cohenour as Charlotte Bartlett and Richard Gray as Reverend Beebe.

L.A. Theatre Works recorded an audio adaptation of the novel at UCLA's James Bridges Theater in March 2019. The production featured Julian Sands as Mr. Emerson Sr., Eugene Simon as George Emerson, and Eleanor Tomlinson as Lucy Honeychurch. It is available for streaming online in two parts, Part 1 and Part 2.

In 2020 Kevin Kwan released his novel Sex and Vanity, a contemporary adaptation, in which the characters are well-connected aristocrats and some are Crazy Rich Asians.

In popular culture
Noël Coward composed the 1928 hit song called 'A Room with a View', the title of which he acknowledged as coming from Forster's novel.
A scene from the film adaptation is viewed by the main characters of the US television show Gilmore Girls in the 2004 episode 'A Messenger, Nothing More'. Rory tells Lorelai that she wants to show her home movies from her trip to Europe with her grandmother. A clip of Maggie Smith lamenting their lack of views is shown.
The first verse of Rage Against the Machine's 1992 song 'Know Your Enemy' features the line "As we move into '92/Still in a room without a view".
The title of The Divine Comedy's 2005 album Victory for the Comic Muse is taken from a line in the book. The track 'Death of a Supernaturalist' from their album Liberation opens with George Emerson's line "My father says there is only one perfect view,  and that's the view of the sky over our heads", followed by Cecil's "I expect your father has been reading Dante".
In the 2007 episode 'Branch Wars' of the US television show The Office, the Finer Things Club is seen reading and discussing the book at an English tea party.
The film adaptation is discussed by the main characters of the 2011 British romantic drama Weekend.
Sarah Winman's character Evelyn Skinner in 'Still Life' mentions that she was with E.M. Forster in Florence at the time he was writing 'A Room with a View'.

References

External links

Plot summary and links
A Room with a View at the British Library

1908 British novels
British novels adapted into films
Novels by E. M. Forster
Novels set in Florence
Novels set in Surrey
Novels set in the 1900s

A Room with a View


Alfred Dean Avison (July 7, 1920 – December 1984) was an American comic book artist known for his work on the Marvel Comics characters the Whizzer, which he co-created, and Captain America during the 1930–1940s period known to fans and historians as the Golden Age of comic books.

Biography

Early life and career
Born in Norwalk, Connecticut, the son of artist and WPA muralist George Avison, Al Avison was influenced by the work of his father and of commercial illustrator Albert Dorne. He studied art at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. His first known comics work is co-inking Jack Kirby's lead story in Novelty Press' Blue Bolt Comics #4 (cover-dated Sept. 1940).

Timely Comics
For Marvel Comics' 1940s predecessor, Timely Comics, penciler Avison and an unknown writer co-created super-speedster the Whizzer in U.S.A. Comics #1 (Aug. 1941). The character would appear in most issues of that comic, and was part of Timely/Marvel's first superhero team, the All-Winners Squad.

After Captain America creators Jack Kirby and Joe Simon moved on following Captain America Comics #10 (Jan. 1942), Avison and Syd Shores became regular pencilers of the title, with one generally inking over the other. Avison had been the inker over penciler Kirby on Captain America Comics #4-6 (June-Sept. 1941), and had penciled or inked that character's stories in All Winners Comics as early as issue #3 (Winter 1941-42). Shores would take over as regular penciller, inked by Vince Alascia, while Avison did his World War II military service.

Avison also worked as a penciler or, more often, as inker on characters including the Vision (in Marvel Mystery Comics); the Blonde Phantom; the Young Allies (in Amazing Comics, Kid Komics and Mystic Comics); the Black Marvel (in All Winners Comics); and Tommy Tyme (in Mystic Comics). With Joe Simon, he was one of two inkers on the Kirby-drawn debut of Marvel Boy in Daring Mystery Comics #6 (Sept. 1940). Avison's Timely work appears as late as Captain America Comics #71 (March 1949).

Other work
Avison additionally worked on the original Captain Marvel for Fawcett Comics in 1941-42. He also freelanced for Harvey Comics both during and after his Timely stint, on such features as "The Red Blazer" (introducing him in Pocket Comics #1, Aug. 1941), "Casper the Friendly Ghost", "Captain Freedom" (including inking Jack Kirby's cover art on Speed Comics #16 & #18, Jan. & May 1942), "Joe Palooka", "The Green Hornet", "Humphrey", "Little Dot" and "Shock Gibson" (including the cover of Speed Comics #14, Dec. 1941), through at least the early 1950s.

Avison's last known work is penciling and inking the cover of Harvey's horror anthology Chamber of Chills #26 (Dec. 1954).

Avision was married to Margaret Bernice Callaway, and had children Todd Christopher Avison and  Kimberly Dean Avison. According to his son and widow, Avison was at least one of the artists who contributed to the design of Mr. Met, the New York Mets mascot that debuted in 1963.

Avison died in December 1984 in Darien, Connecticut.

References

External links

 Heroes of the Golden Age (First page only archived 2009-10-24)

American comics artists
Golden Age comics creators
1920 births
1984 deaths
Marvel Comics people
Pratt Institute alumni

Al Avison


Anders Aarum (born 17 December 1974 in Moss, Norway) is a Norwegian jazz pianist, known from numerous albums and international collaborations like Sonny Simmons, Ola Kvernberg, Tine Asmundsen, Sigurd Køhn, Børre Dalhaug, Nora Brockstedt and Even Kruse Skatrud.

Biography
Aarum was educated at Agder Musikkonservatorium, Sibelius Academy in Helsinki, before he headed for Oslo in 1998. His jazz talent impressed the Oslo jazz community, and he was a popular collaborator within several bands, while he continued studying at Norges Musikkhøgskole and graduated with the thesis Stiltrekk som skiller den nordiske jazzen fra den afro-amerikanske.
He led his own Anders Aarum Trio to the debut album Lucky strike (2000) accompanied by Mats Eilertsen (bass) and Torstein Ellingsen (drums). It was followed up with Absence in mind (2004), where Ellingsen was replaced by Thomas Strønen. The third album of the Trio, First communion (2006), included Ole Morten Vågan (bass) and Andreas Bye (drums).

Aarum is also involved in FAQ (Fossum-Aarum Quartet) together with the brothers Håvard (saxophone and flute) and Jens Fossum (bass). The drummer Jarle Vespestad is the last but not least member of the crew. F.A.Q. was nominated for the 2007 Spellemannprisen in the class Jazz, for their debut album Frequently Asked Questions (2007). He is also regular pianist in the band Funky Butt. Otherwise, he has collaborated on releases with Per Høglend, Randi Tytingvåg, Sølvi Hansen, Ola Kvernberg, Majken Christiansen, Tine Asmundsen, Sigurd Køhn, Sonny Simmons, Børre Dalhaug, Hilde Louise Asbjørnsen, Jazzmob, Nora Brockstedt and Even Kruse Skatrud. Aarum was awarded the "No-fear Prize" by "Oslo Jazzradio", and is associated with Norges Musikkhøgskole as lecturer in accompaniment.

Honors
"No-fear" Award 2002 by "Oslo Jazzradio"

Discography

As band leader
Within Anders Aarum Trio
 2000: Lucky strike (Hot Club)
 2004: Absence in Mind (Jazzaway)
 2006: First Communion (Jazzaway)
 2018 Shakin' Our Souls (Ozella) http://www.ozellamusic.com/en/release/shakin-our-souls-4/
Within FAQ (Fossum-Aarum Quartet)
 2007: Frequently Asked Questions (Schmell), recorded in 2004

Collaborations
Within Funky Butt
 2001: Whoopin'  (Sonor)
 2002: The Glove (Sonor)
 2005: Big Mama (Schmell)
 2007: Shakin' da butt (Schmell)

Within Jazzmob
 2001: Pathfinder
 2006: Flashbackrecorded live at Moldejazz 2006

Within The Swing Pack
 2001: The Sinatra Songbook (Island)
 2003: Urban Breeze (Tylden & Co)

With Sonny Simmons
 2005: The Traveller (Jazzaway)
 2006: I'll See You When I Get There (Jazzaway)
 2007: Last Man Standing (Jazzaway)

With Hilde Louise Asbjørnsen
 2005: Birdie Blues (Upnorth Discs)
 2008: Sound Your Horn (Sweet Morning)
 2010: Never Ever Going Back (Sweet Morning)
 2011: Divin' at the Oceansound (Sweet Morning)

With other projects
 2001: Violin (Hot Club), with Ola Kvernberg
 2001: Song for My Father (Hot Club), with Majken Christiansen
 2003: aLive (Hazel Jazz), with Tine Asmundsen – recorded in 2002
 2003: Reporter (Hot Club), with Majken Christiansen live at Herr Nilsen Jazzclub
 2004: Bigbandblast! (Real), within Børre Dalhaug's "Bigbandblast"
 2005: This Place (Køhn), within Sigurd Køhn Quartet
 2005: Eveneven (Eveneven), within Even Kruse Skatrud's Eveneven Big Band
 2005: Christmas Songs (Køhn), with Nora Brockstedt
 2006: Midnight (EMI), with Bertine Zetlitz
 2006: Let Go (Mudi), with Randi Tytingsvåg
 2006: Edvard Grieg in Jazz mood (Universal), within Kjell Karlsen Big Band
 2008: My Letter to the World (Nordic), with Hanne Tveter – words by Emily Dickinson
 2009: Transformation to Paradise (Jazzaway), within Element – recorded in 2002
 2009: Stompin' Feet (Sweet Morning), with Julie Dahle Aagård
 2009: Warrior of Light (EmArcy), with Christina Bjordal
 2010: Bad Dreams And Good Nightmares (Sweet Morning), with Guro von Germeten

See also

 List of jazz pianists

References

External links
Anders Aarum at Jazzaway

20th-century Norwegian pianists
21st-century Norwegian pianists
Norwegian jazz pianists
Norwegian jazz composers
Male jazz composers
1974 births
Living people
Musicians from Moss, Norway
Hot Club Records artists
Jazzaway Records artists
Norwegian male pianists
20th-century Norwegian male musicians
21st-century Norwegian male musicians
Funky Butt (band) members

Anders Aarum


William Bentley (June 22, 1759 – December 29, 1819)  was an American Unitarian minister, scholar, columnist, and diarist.  He was a polymath who possessed the second best library in the United States (after that of Thomas Jefferson), and was an indefatigable reader and collector of information at the local national and international level.  Starting in 1794, he produced a weekly news summary of world events for the local newspaper the Salem Gazette.  He provided a highly sophisticated capsule of current political and cultural news, set in a broad historical context. His unsigned reports were widely copied and reproduced in the young nation's newspapers.  Bentley believed in Republican enlightenment and the widest possible diffusion of knowledge. He was upset by the increasingly shrill tone of the partisan press, and the superficiality of much journalism.

Career
Bentley graduated from Harvard University in 1777, and worked as a schoolteacher and then a tutor of Latin and Greek at Harvard.  On September 24, 1783, he was ordained as a minister and became pastor of the Second Congregational Church in Salem, known as the East Church, where he remained until his death in 1819.

In 1805, Thomas Jefferson asked him to become the first president of the University of Virginia, but Bentley opted to continue with the church. He also declined Jefferson's offer of the role of chaplain for Congress.

In 1811, Bentley was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia.

Bentley was well liked by his parishioners because of his philosophy of emphasizing good works over rigid doctrine.  He himself lived modestly, and was a boarder at the Crowninshield-Bentley House from 1791 until his death in 1819.  He gave almost half his salary to help the poorer members of his congregation.  He often shared the East Church pulpit with pastors of other sects.  He was a strong supporter of public education and frequent tutor and substitute teacher; among the students he taught was Nathaniel Bowditch.  The Bentley School in Salem is named for him.

Scholarship
Bentley spoke 21 languages, 7 fluently, and was an inexhaustible reader and book collector.  He eventually amassed a library of over 4,000 volumes, one of the largest private libraries in America at the time.  In addition to classic Latin and Greek works, Bentley's collection included books on language, philosophy, the sciences, and early Christianity.  Bentley had originally drafted his will to leave his collection to Harvard, but withdrew the bequest because of Harvard's failure to award him an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree until just before his death.  Bentley was one of the American Antiquarian Society's earliest elected members; elected in 1813, he also left his books on history and natural science to the Antiquarian Society in Worcester, Massachusetts in his revised will.  He left the rest of his library to the just-established Allegheny College, founded by fellow Harvard graduate Timothy Alden.  Bentley Hall on the Allegheny College campus is named in his memory.

World news
From 1797 to 1817, Bentley wrote columns twice weekly for the Salem Gazette and Salem Register, discussing American and foreign news and politics on current topics such as the China trade, slavery, and the French Revolution, and often reflecting Bentley's Jeffersonian outlook.  He twice declined Thomas Jefferson's offers of prominent positions, first as chaplain of the United States Congress, and then as first president of the University of Virginia.

Bentley kept a detailed diary recording not only current events in Salem and the world, but also his own thoughts on a broad range of topics.  The diary fills nearly 32 volumes; an abridged 11-volume version was published in 1905.

William Bentley died on December 29, 1819, of a heart attack. The noted orator Edward Everett delivered his eulogy.  He is buried in Harmony Grove Cemetery.

Works on Bentley
 Brown,  Richard D. Knowledge Is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700-1865 (1991)  excerpt and text search pp 197–217
Ruffin, J. Rixey. 2007. A Paradise of Reason: William Bentley and Enlightenment Christianity in the Early Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

References

Further reading
  (4 vols.)

External links
 The Diary of William Bentley, D.D. (Google Books; includes detailed biographical sketch)
Finding aid to William Bentley papers, ca. 1783-1819 at the Tufts Digital Library
 Allegheny College biography

 Ruffin Book
 Digital facsimiles of Christophe Daniel Ebeling letters to William Bentley.  MS Am 576, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

1759 births
1819 deaths
American Unitarian clergy
18th-century Unitarian clergy
19th-century Unitarian clergy
American columnists
American diarists
Harvard University alumni
Writers from Boston
Writers from Salem, Massachusetts
History of Salem, Massachusetts
People from colonial Boston
Burials at Harmony Grove Cemetery
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
People of colonial Massachusetts
19th-century American clergy
18th-century American clergy

William Bentley


The shooting of Michael Brown took place on August 9, 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri, United States. Brown was an 18-year-old African American male who died after he was shot several times by Darren Wilson, a 28-year-old white police officer. Several witnesses corroborate the officer's account of the Michael Brown shooting.  Brown did not have weapons or a criminal record.

There were protests and riots in Ferguson after the shooting. There was a lot of media coverage in the United States. People have been talking about how Brown being killed relates to racism in the United States. They have pointed out that most of the police in Ferguson are white, while most of the people who live in Ferguson are African-American. They have also accused the media of being biased against Brown and the people protesting his killing.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation, also known as the FBI, opened a civil rights investigation into the shooting. President Obama, Rand Paul, Hillary Clinton, Al Sharpton and Bernie Sanders released statements about Brown's death.

A petition asking for a law named after Michael Brown that would require all police to wear a camera has had over 132,000 signatures.

Darren Wilson, the police officer who shot Brown, went on administrative leave.  A jury chose not to legally accuse Wilson of the killing. He resigned on November 29, 2014.

Brown's funeral happened at the Friendly Temple Baptist Church on August 25. At the MTV Video Music Awards, Common asked the audience to have a moment of silence "for Mike Brown and for peace in this country and in the world".

References

2014 deaths
2014 in Missouri
People shot and killed by law enforcement officers in the United States
August 2014 events
Black Lives Matter

Shooting of Michael Brown


Garberia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing the single species Garberia heterophylla. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is distributed in the northern and central counties. The plant is known commonly as garberia and Garber's scrub starts.

Description
This species is a shrub growing about 1 to 2.5 meters tall, with erect, branching stems. The branches are glandular and powdery or lightly hairy in texture when new, and grooved when dry. In a young plant leaves near the base of the stem may be oppositely arranged, but at maturity the branches are mostly lined with alternate leaves. The gray-green blades are glandular, and sticky to powdery when new. They are up to 3.5 centimeters long. The cylindrical flower heads are up to about half a centimeter wide and are borne in open inflorescences. Each head usually contains five aromatic pink or purple disc florets up to a centimeter long. The tips expand into five lobes and the narrow to threadlike style branches protrude. The fruit is a rough-textured, ribbed cypsela with a pappus of many bristles. The fruits remain on the plant, and their long, brown pappi make the shrub stand out among other plants during the winter. The pappi also allow dispersal of the seeds on the wind.

Taxonomy
The genus Garberia was named by Asa Gray in honour of American botanist Abram Paschal Garber.

Ecology
This plant occurs in the Florida scrub and related habitat types, including flatwoods, coastal dunes, and ridges, hills and prairie alongside oaks and pines such as sand pine. It grows in dry, sandy soils low in organic matter. It may flower almost year-round, but its main flowering season is fall.

Garberia provides nectar for many native bees, including Agapostemon splendens, Anthidiellum notatum, Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis metallica, Bombus impatiens, Coelioxys mexicana, Coelioxys sayi, Colletes mandibularis, Dialictus miniatulus, Dialictus nymphalis, Dialictus placidensis, Epeolus carolinus, Megachile mendica, Megachile pruina, Megachile xylocopoides, and Xylocopa virginica.

Classification
Garberia is in the tribe Eupatorieae of the aster family. Like other members of this tribe, the flower heads have disc florets and no ray florets. It is also in the subtribe Liatrinae along with, for example, Carphephorus. Garberia is closely related to the genus Liatris, but can be distinguished because it is a shrub instead of an herbaceous perennial and has a different karyotype.

References

External links
Gilman, E. F. Garberia heterophylla. FPS-221. Environmental Horticulture, Florida Cooperative Extension, University of Florida IFAS. Published 1999. Revised 2007.

Eupatorieae
Monotypic Asteraceae genera
Endemic flora of Florida

Garberia


Seastalker is an interactive fiction game written by Stu Galley and Jim Lawrence and published by Infocom in 1984. It was released simultaneously for several popular computer platforms of the time, such as the Commodore 64, Apple II, and IBM PC compatibles (as a self-booting disk). The game was marketed as an introduction to interactive fiction for preteen players, having difficulty rating of "Junior." It was the only game to ever use this rating, which was replaced by the "Introductory" label given to games such as Wishbringer. It is Infocom's twelfth game.

Galley and Lawrence later wrote Moonmist for Infocom.

Plot
The player's character is a young inventor and marine scientist. A research facility called the Aquadome issues a call for help, indicating that the undersea structure is being attacked by a sea monster. With helpful assistant Tip, the player must navigate to the Aquadome in the new untested two-person submarine Scimitar and investigate the problem. But that isn't all... it looks like there may be a saboteur within the Aquadome as well.

The game has 30 locations.

Release
The package includes the following physical items:
A logbook for the Scimitar, including a letter from "The President" congratulating the player on acceptance into the Discovery Squad
Four double-sided "top secret Infocards", containing hints printed in blue ink beneath a pattern of red ink
A decoder featuring a small square of red plastic to reveal the hints on the Infocards
A nautical chart of Frobton Bay for navigation
A "Discovery Squad "badge" sticker

Reception
Computer Gaming World noted Seastalkers easiness, recommending it only as a beginner's text adventure, particularly for young kids. Exemplifying this are the numerous tips dropped by both in-game characters and the game itself, directing the player to the included Infocards. The review complained of minor inconsistencies like items that could not be interacted with until an in-game character told the player of its existence.

PC Magazine gave Seastalker 10.0 points out of 12. It also noted the game's relatively low difficulty level, praised the prose, and stated, "I enjoyed myself immensely".

References

External links

 Seastalker package, documentation, and feelies
 Seastalker at Infocom-if.org

1980s interactive fiction
1984 video games
Adventure games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Atari 8-bit family games
Atari ST games
Classic Mac OS games
Commodore 64 games
Infocom games
TI-99/4A games
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games

Seastalker


A téléroman ("telenovel" or ''annual drama series'') is a genre of French-language drama television series in Canada, similar to a soap opera or a Spanish language telenovela. In France, the téléroman genre is known as feuilleton télévisé (similar to a serial). Téléromans are one of the most popular television series formats in Québécois culture and are also shown on French television.

In Canada, all of the major francophone television networks air téléromans, including the public broadcaster Radio-Canada, which broadcasts them nationally, and the private networks TVA and Noovo. TFO in Ontario has also produced one téléroman.

In France, the TF1 network and the subscription channel Canal+ air feuilletons télévisés. Some famous téléromans produced in France include Riviera, Sous le soleil, Plus belle la vie and Cinq sœurs.

One of the first téléromans on Canadian television was La famille Plouffe. This téléroman proved highly successful, and has helped the genre become a staple on Canadian French television. English Canadian networks have also adapted a number of Québec téléromans for English viewers, including La famille Plouffe, Lance et Compte and Les Hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin, with varying degrees of success.

Notable téléromans
Les Belles Histoires des pays d'en haut
Au nom de la loi
La Bonne aventure
Chambres en ville
Le Cœur a ses raisons (actually a sitcom parodying soaps)
La famille Plouffe
Francoeur
Grand-Papa
Les Hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin
Lance et Compte
Plus belle la vie
Providence
Les Soeurs Elliot
Terre humaine
Virginie

References

Soap operas

Television genres

Téléroman


An escopetarra is a guitar made from a rifle; it is used as a symbol of peace. The name is a  combination of the Spanish words escopeta (meaning shotgun/rifle) and guitarra (meaning guitar).

Escopetarras were invented in 2003 by a Colombian peace activist named César López. At a gathering after the El Nogal Club bombing in Bogotá, he noticed a soldier holding a gun like a guitar and got the idea for it. The first escopetarra in 2003 was made from a Winchester rifle and a Stratocaster electric guitar.

López made five escopetarras, four of which were given to Colombian musician Juanes, Argentine musician Fito Páez, the United Nations Development Program, and the city  government of Bogotá, while one was kept for himself. Juanes later sold his escopetarra for US$17,000 at a Beverly Hills fundraiser held to help victims of anti-personnel mines, while the escopetarra given to the UN was exhibited at the June 2006 of the UN Conference on Disarmament.

In 2006, López got 12 more decommissioned AK-47s from Colombia's peace commissioner's office. After they are turned into guitars, he plans to give them to popular musicians such as Shakira, Carlos Santana, and Paul McCartney, as well as political figures such as the Dalai Lama. However, a member of the Dalai Lama's staff rejected López' offer, saying it is not appropriate to give a weapon as a gift; López has said he will try to explain his purpose more clearly.

References

Guitars
Weapons

Escopetarra


James Warburton (June 30, 1855 – February 9, 1928) was a physician and political figure in Prince Edward Island, Canada. He represented 5th Queens in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1904 to 1912 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Woodbrook, Lot 10, Prince Edward Island, the son of James Warburton and Martha C. Green, and was educated at St. Dunstan's College, Prince of Wales College and Windsor College. Warburton went on to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh and practiced in Fife for some time. In 1882, he returned to practice in Charlottetown. Warburton was elected mayor of Charlottetown in 1893, in 1900 and in 1902. In 1887, he married Louise Margaretta Hobkirk. He was elected to the provincial assembly in a 1904 by-election held after John Whear resigned his seat.

His brother Alexander was a member of the Canadian House of Commons.

References
 MacKinnon, DA & Warburton, AB Past and Present of Prince Edward Island ... (1906) pp. 352, 512-3

1855 births
1928 deaths
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs
Mayors of Charlottetown

James Warburton