Retread, also known as "recap", or a "remold" is a re-manufacturing process for tires that replace the tread on worn tires.  Retreading is applied to casings of spent tires that have been inspected and repaired. It preserves about 90% of the material in spent tires and the material cost is about 20% compared to manufacturing a new one.

Applications

United States
Some applications for retreaded tires are airplanes, racing cars, buses and delivery trucks. Use of retreaded tires was common historically, but as of 2008, it was seldom used for passenger vehicles, mainly due to discomfort on the road, safety issues and cheaper tire brands surfacing on the market. About 17.6 million retreaded tires were sold in North America in 2006.

Process

There are two main processes used for retreading tires, called Mold Cure and Pre Cure. Both processes start with the inspection of the tire, followed by non-destructive inspection method such as shearography to locate non-visible damage and embedded debris and nails. Some casings are repaired and some are discarded. Tires can be retreaded multiple times if the casing is in usable condition. Tires used for short delivery vehicles are retreaded more than long haul tires over the life of the tire body. Casings fit for retreading have the old tread buffed away to prepare for retreading.

Material cost for a retreaded tire is about 20% that of making a new tire.
About 90% of the original tires by weight is retained in retreaded tires. A 1997 study estimates that then current generation of commercial vehicles tires to last up to 600,000 miles if they're retreaded two to three times.

Pre cure
Previously prepared tread strip is applied to tire casing with cement. This method allows more flexibility in tire sizes and it is the most commonly used method, but results in a seam where the ends of the strip meet.

Mold cure
Raw rubber is applied to the tire casing and it is then placed in a mold where tread is formed. A dedicated mold is required for each tire size and tread design.

Bead to Bead molding
In this subtype, retreading is also applied to the side walls. These tires are given entirely new branding and stamps.

Regulations
Some jurisdictions have regulations concerning tire retreading.

Europe
In Europe all retreads, by law, must be manufactured according to EC Regulation 108 (car tires) or 109 (commercial vehicle tires). As part of this regulation all tires must be tested according to the same load and speed criteria as those undergone by new tires.

The Land Fill Directive of 1999 banned tires in landfills in 2003, and banned shredded tires in 2006.

United States
The Department of Transportation requires marking of a "DOTR number" which shows the name of the retreader and when it was retreaded.

Safety
The United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recognizes the public perception that retread tires frequently used by heavy vehicles are less safe than new tires as evidenced by tire debris frequently found on highways.  The NHTSA is continuing research to determine the proportion of tire debris from retreads in comparison to new tires. Additionally, the NHTSA is researching the cause of tire failure and the crash safety problem posed by tire failures.

Federal Executive Order 13149, signed by President Bill Clinton supports the use of retread tires for economic and environmental efficiency by requiring federal vehicles to use retread tires after original factory equipped tires become non serviceable, but only when "such products are reasonably available and meet applicable performance standards".

Environmental impact
Retread tires in service lower the volume of raw materials required for the manufacturing of a new tire. This includes a pronounced reduction in the use of oil. In fact, the US EPA estimated a greater than 75% savings in oil used for a retread as compared to a new tire. This also means significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. A car tire has 40% natural rubber and 60% oil based rubber, a retreading of tires will reduce the need for natural rubber significantly.

In addition to reducing the amount of raw materials extracted, retread tires also minimize the amount of waste that ends up in landfills. The latest figures by the US EPA indicate that over 11.2 M waste tires were dumped into the U.S. municipal solid waste stream. To understand this figure, it is equivalent to lining up passenger tires tread to tread from roughly Los Angeles to San Diego or Philadelphia to Washington DC. Because a retread tire prevents the need for manufacturing a new tire, significant environmental benefits are achieved.

References

Tires
Recycling

Retread


KDFD (760 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Thornton, Colorado, and serving the Denver-Boulder metropolitan area. Owned by iHeartMedia, it broadcasts a conservative talk radio format. Its studios and offices are in Southeast Denver, while the transmitter site is off Colorado Boulevard (County Road 13) in Brighton. Weekdays begin with This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal followed by Glenn Beck, Clay Travis & Buck Sexton, Sean Hannity, Jesse Kelly, Dave Ramsey and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory. Most hours begin with Fox News Radio.

By day, KDFD transmits 50,000 watts, the maximum power permitted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), but the nighttime power is reduced to 1,000 watts and KDFD uses a directional antenna to protect the dominant Class A station on 760 AM, WJR in Detroit. Clear-channel stations are protected within a 750–mile radius of the transmitter site. The station is also simulcast on FM translator K229BS at 93.7 MHz in Lakewood, from which the station derives its current branding.

History

Early history
The station went on the air as KJIM on June 15, 1987. It had a power of 5,000 watts during daytime hours and reduced power of 1,000 watts at night. On January 2, 1990, the station changed its call sign to KRZN, and on December 13, 1993, to KTLK. On January 7, 2002, the station's call sign was changed to KKZN.

The station initially began broadcasting with a Christian talk and teaching format. It was owned by Sudbrink Broadcasting. The station also played Contemporary Christian Music with a Top 40/AOR style. Though the studio was new and built to host talk shows, very little took place there. In November 1987, Jann Scott of Boulder started broadcasting Addiction Free Radio on weekends. In the Spring of 1988, Scott became English talk program director. Scott launched Jann Scott Live, Race Day Radio Magazine and gave people such as Claudia Lamb and Bill Hammel their start in radio. The station programmed Mexican music in the Mornings and evenings up until 1990. Jann Scott is one of the few hosts on the station to win 2 Westword's Best Talk show Host awards: 1988 for Addiction Free Radio and 1989 for Race Day Radio Magazine. He also won Rocky Mountain News Top 10 Ten Colorado Broadcaster award. In 1990 KJIM and KRZN swapped frequencies with KRZN taking its Olides format and calls to AM 760. After a time, KRZN flipped to Adult Standards. In 1993, Jacor Communications (then owners of KOA and KRFX) acquired KRZN and changed its call letters to KTLK (which was previously used on AM 1280 in Denver, broadcasting a Top 40 format during the 1970's) and flipping to a Talk Radio format with long time Denver radio talker Peter Boyles handing morning drive (Boyles previous did an evening shift on KHOW in the early 1980's). Boyles would stay on KTLK until Jacor acquired crosstown KHOW and Boyles having his talk show moved to that respected frequency. Boyles would remain on KHOW until his departure from the station in 2013.

In 2002, the station switched to all-sports as "760 The Zone," from which the KKZN call sign is derived. After that, the station switched to progressive talk as the Denver affiliate of the Air America radio network in August 2004.

Colorado's Progressive Talk
During its previous progressive talk format, the most popular local talk host on KKZN was David Sirota, also a newspaper columnist. In March 2009, Sirota took over the morning time slot of The Jay Marvin Show, hosted by local talk show host Jay Marvin, when Marvin was forced off the air due to ill health. Sirota moved to Clear Channel Communications sister station KHOW in 2012, co-hosting an afternoon show with Michael Brown until Sirota's departure in January 2013.

Besides broadcasting progressive talk shows, KKZN also ran what it called a Blue List. This list included companies that supported progressive causes and interests. The station also sponsored progressive events throughout the Colorado Front Range, such as events for the ACLU and other progressive organizations.

On January 21, 2010, Air America filed for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, and ceased live programming the same night. Reruns of Air America's programming continued to air until Monday January 25, 2010 at 7 pm Mountain Time.

Real Talk 760
On May 7, 2014, Denver Post television critic Joan Ostrow reported that Gloria Neal, who anchors the 6 pm newscast on KCNC-TV along with hosting KKZN's morning show, had been released from her contract, and mentioned on Facebook that the entire staff had been let go, suggesting an oncoming format change.

On May 19, 2014, KKZN shifted their format to lifestyle/advice talk, branded as "Real Talk 760" with all syndicated personalities, including Dave Ramsey, Jim Bohannon, Clark Howard, Dr. Joy Browne, and Tom Martino, along with a late night radio replay of TMZ Live. Weekends, besides Leo Laporte's The Tech Guy, consisted of brokered programming.

Sports radio
On December 10, 2015, KKZN changed its call letters to KDSP, and flipped to sports talk as Denver Sports 760 on January 4, 2016, affiliating with Fox Sports Radio. (KEPN and KKFN were the Fox Sports outlets in Denver but they became the local ESPN Radio network affiliates on the same day.)

On July 27, 2017, KDSP rebranded as Orange and Blue 760, narrowing its content to focus almost-exclusively on the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (whose games are carried by sister station KOA). It carried shows discussing the team, and live coverage of all team press conferences. Former Broncos player Tyler Polumbus also joined the station as a new morning co-host. In addition, KDSP also carried coverage of University of Colorado college basketball, and NBC Sports Radio programming.

Freedom 93.7
On June 25, 2019, KDSP changed its call letters to KDFD. On July 8, 2019, KDFD began stunting with songs relating to patriotism or containing the word "Freedom", interspersed with sweepers stating that "Freedom" was "coming soon". It also began simulcasting on FM translator 93.7 K229BS in Lakewood, which was bought from KCKK owners Hunt Broadcasting for $1.8 million.

On July 15, 2019, KDFD launched a new conservative talk format branded as Freedom 93.7. The station's lineup consists entirely of syndicated programs, primarily from co-owned Premiere Networks. Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity were moved from sister station KHOW, and Rush Limbaugh was moved from KOA. KHOW and KOA continued to air these three programs for a period until they were replaced by local programs. It was reported that iHeartMedia's hiring of former Broncos player and KKFN host Alfred Williams to host a new show on KOA (which officially premiered September 3) was a main impetus for the flip.

References

External links

DFD
Thornton, Colorado
Radio stations established in 1988
Talk radio stations in the United States
IHeartMedia radio stations
1988 establishments in Colorado
Conservative talk radio

KDFD


Bayesian probability figures out the likelihood that something will happen based on available evidence. This is different from frequency probability which determines the likelihood something will happen based on how often it occurred in the past.

You might use Bayesian probability if you don't have information on how often the event happened in the past.

Example
As an example, say you want to classify an email as "spam" or "not spam".  One thing you know about this email is that it has an emoji in the subject line.  Say it's the year 2017, and 80% of the emails you got with emoji in them were spam.  So you can look at an email with emoji in the subject and say it's 80% likely to be spam.

But if only 1% of your emails were spam and 80% of the emojis were spam, that's different than if half your emails are spam and 80% of emoji emails were spam.

Then you can use Bayes's Theorem to determine one probability of whether this email is spam:

p (is_spam | contains_emoji) = [ p(contains_emoji | is_spam) * p(is_spam) ] / p(contains_emoji)

P(xy) = P(xy) * Px / Py

Philosophy of science
Probability theory
Statistics

Bayesian probability


Bathyphysa conifera, is a species of siphonophore. They live about 1000 to 4000 meters below the ocean. This depth is called the bathypelagic zone.

Bathyphysa conifera was nicknamed the "Flying Spaghetti Monster" by the oil workers who first saw it. Its cluster of reproductive structures called gonophores look a bit like cones.

Bathyphysa conifera is found in the Atlantic Ocean: off the coast of Gabon and as far south as Angola. It is also in Monterey Bay in the Pacific Ocean.

These colonial organisms are all composites: they are groups of organisms, not single organisms. This is usual for the jellyfish called siphonophores.
It is a group of polyps with no propulsion. Without propulsion, B. conifera moves by contracting and relaxing the body stem. The tentacles have stinging cells called nematocysts.

The entire animal, including tentacles, is several meters long. The feeding polyps are pink when young, before developing tentacles. A mature feeding polyp is yellow with a single tentacle.

Colonies are unisexual, and reproduce by asexual reproduction.

Ecology
Like many siphonophores, it is carnivorous. The typical siphonophore diet consists of a variety of copepods, small crustaceans, and small fish. B. conifera has been seen eating a lanternfish.

A species of manefish in the genus Caristius associates mutualistically with B. conifera, using it for shelter, stealing meals, and perhaps nibbling on its host as well. The fish protects it from amphipod parasites like Themisto.

References

Cnidarians
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean

Bathyphysa conifera


Beecher Bible and Rifle Church is a historic church at the southeastern corner of Chapel and Elm Streets in Wabaunsee, Kansas. The church is named after Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, a financial backer for the town who helped smuggle rifles past pro-slavery forces in crates marked Bibles.

History
The town of Wabaunsee was founded in 1855 by a group of about 70 New England emigrants from New Haven, Connecticut who established the Connecticut Kansas Colony, alternatively called the New Haven Colony or the Beecher Rifle Colony.  The settlers were inspired by a sermon given by well-known abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher and Beecher gave money to help supply rifles for the men to defend themselves.  The rifles were smuggled through pro-slavery areas in crates marked "Beecher's Bibles," and consequently the rifles themselves became known as Beecher's Bibles. Wabaunsee was staunchly anti-slavery and became part of the Underground Railroad in late 1856 and helped Lawrence after Quantrill's Raid.

In 1862 the Beecher Bible and Rifle Church was completed after four years of construction. The church was built of local limestone by church member Robert Banks, with contrasting stone accents. The overall style is described as Plains Vernacular. The structure  is crowned by a gable roof and a wood bell tower. A central brick chimney vents wood stoves on the perimeter of the church, connecting to the chimney via metal stovepipes. The church is entered through a vestibule that provides access to the choir loft stairs. The main space was divided down the center into men's and women's sides.

The church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

References

External links

Churches in Kansas
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
Churches completed in 1862
Buildings and structures in Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Historic American Buildings Survey in Kansas
1862 establishments in Kansas
National Register of Historic Places in Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Bleeding Kansas

Beecher Bible and Rifle Church


The community college () system in Malaysia provides a wide range of Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) courses. Disciplines covered include accounting, architecture, construction, engineering, draughting, entrepreneurship, hospitality, personal services, multimedia, and visual arts.

Community colleges in Malaysia are administered by the Ministry of Education (MOE) via the Jabatan Pengajian Kolej Komuniti ().

Community college offering four type of programmes:
 Sijil Kolej Komuniti ()
 Sijil Kemahiran Khas (masalah pembelajaran) ()
 Diploma secara Pembelajaran Berasaskan Kerja ()
 Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat (Kursus pendek) ()

Background
In 2000, the Government approved a proposal by the Ministry of Education (MOE) to establish a network of educational institutions whereby vocational and technical skills training could be provided at all levels for school leavers before they entered the workforce. The community colleges also provide an infrastructure for rural communities to gain skills training through short courses as well as providing access to a post-secondary education. This institutions became known as community colleges.

Since the establishment of the first 12 pioneer community colleges in 2001, the number of community colleges across all states in Malaysia with the exception of the Federal Territory, has risen to 91 (as per Oct 2014). Community colleges are synonymous with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) as they provide a multitude of programmes that are based on TVET at certificate and diploma levels.

Program offered
Community college offer 4 programmes which is;
 Sijil Kolej Komuniti ()
 The community college education system provides students with the opportunity of attending full-time and continuous programme for a duration of 3 semesters at community college. To fulfill the certificate, students are required to attend a 4–6 months' industrial training programme.
 Sijil Kemahiran Khas (masalah pembelajaran) ()
 The development of certificate for special skills is based on the needs of those with learning disabilities. The acquisition of knowledge and skills are important to empower them with a means to be more independent and capable of increasing their household incomes. This cert is in line with the need highlighted in the New Economic Model (Malaysia Policy) where the role of societal inclusiveness is emphasised.
 Diploma secara Pembelajaran Berasaskan Kerja ()
 Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat (Kursus pendek) ()
 Apart from offering full-time programmes, community college also offer short courses to fulfill the needs of the local communities. The aims are to inculcate interest, to motivate, to educate the community in Malaysia about lifelong learning and consequently to increase their standard of living through education.

Tuition fees and Financial assistance

Tuition fees for certificate level is standard to RM200.00 (MYR) per semester. For Certificate's student financial assistance is offered by The Ministry of Education to help them bear the financial cost of programmes.

Entry requirement
 Community College Certificate
 Malaysian citizen
 A pass in Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia
 Other requirements as stipulated by MQA (Malaysia Qualification Accreditation)
 Community College Certificate (Special Skills)
 Malaysian citizen
 Applicants must have completed form five (5) in a Special Education School or Special Education Integrated Programme under the preview of Ministry of Education, Malaysia

Community colleges by state
The original plan of the MOE called for the establishment of community colleges in every parliamentary constituency in Malaysia. Currently, community colleges have been established in the following locations:

Johor (7)
 Kolej Komuniti Bandar Penawar, Bandar Penawar
 Branch campus in Bandar Tenggara
 Kolej Komuniti Ledang, Tangkak
 Kolej Komuniti Pasir Gudang, Pasir Gudang
 Branch campus in Tanjung Piai, Pontian
 Kolej Komuniti Segamat, Segamat
 Kolej Komuniti Segamat 2, Batu Aman
 Kolej Komuniti Kluang, Taman Delima

Kedah (4)
 Kolej Komuniti Bandar Baharu, Bandar Baharu
 Kolej Komuniti Bandar Darulaman, Jitra
 Kolej Komuniti Kulim, Kulim
 Kolej Komuniti Sungai Petani, Sungai Petani
 Kolej Komuniti Langkawi, Langkawi

Malacca (4)
 Kolej Komuniti Masjid Tanah, Masjid Tanah,website, https://web.archive.org/web/20170922030409/http://kkmt.edu.my/
 Kolej Komuniti Bukit Beruang, Bukit Beruang
 Kolej Komuniti Jasin, Jasin
 Kolej Komuniti Selandar, Selandar

Negeri Sembilan (2)
 Kolej Komuniti Jelebu, Kuala Klawang
 Kolej Komuniti Jempol, Bahau
 Kolej Komuniti Rembau, Rembau
 Kolej Komuniti Tampin, Gemencheh
 Kolej Komuniti Kuala Pilah, Melang

Pahang (6)
 Kolej Komuniti Bentong, Karak
 Kolej Komuniti Kuantan, Kuantan
 Kolej Komuniti Mentakab, Temerloh
 Kolej Komuniti Paya Besar, Gambang
 Kolej Komuniti Rompin, Kuala Rompin
 Kolej Komuniti Cawangan Raub, Raub

Penang (6)
 Kolej Komuniti Bayan Baru, Air Itam
 Kolej Komuniti Kepala Batas, Kepala Batas
 Kolej Komuniti Bukit Mertajam, Tanah Liat
 Kolej Komuniti Nibong Tebal, Simpang Ampat
 Kolej Komuniti Tasek Gelugor, Teluk Air Tawar
 Kolej Komuniti Seberang Jaya, Seberang Jaya

Perak (6)
 Kolej Komuniti Chenderoh, Kuala Kangsar
 Kolej Komuniti Tapah, Tapah
 Kolej Komuniti Grik, Gerik
 Kolej Komuniti Pasir Salak, Kampung Gajah
 Kolej Komuniti Sungai Siput, Sungai Siput
 Kolej Komuniti Teluk Intan, Seri Manjung
 Kolej Komuniti Taiping, Kamunting
 Kolej komuniti Bagan Serai
 Kolej komuniti bagan datoh

Perlis (1)
 Kolej Komuniti Arau, Arau

Sabah (8)
 Kolej Komuniti Tawau, Tawau
 Kolej Komuniti Semporna, Semporna
 Kolej Komuniti Lahad Datu, Lahad Datu
 Kolej Komuniti Sandakan, Sandakan
 Kolej Komuniti Kota Marudu, Kota Marudu
 Kolej Komuniti Tambunan, Tambunan
 Kolej Komuniti Penampang, Penampang
 Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Beaufort

Sarawak (1)
 Kolej Komuniti Kuching, Kuching

Selangor (5)
 Kolej Komuniti Hulu Langat, Kajang
 Kolej Komuniti Hulu Selangor, Batangkali
 Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat, Kuala Langat
 Kolej Komuniti Sabak Bernam, Sabak Bernam
 Kolej Komuniti Selayang, Batu Caves

Terengganu (1)
 Kolej Komuniti Kuala Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu

See also
 Education in Malaysia
 Malaysian Qualifications Framework
 Vocational education

References

External links
 Community Colleges Management Sector
 Department of Skills Development, Ministry of Human Resources

Community colleges
Colleges in Malaysia
Vocational education in Malaysia
Vocational colleges in Malaysia

Community college (Malaysia)


Crenadactylus pilbarensis is a species of gecko found in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. They resemble other species of the genus Crenadactylus, tiny clawless Australian geckos found across a large area of the continent, but has persisted as an ancient lineage in a region of the northwest.

Taxonomy
Unrecognised as a species before 2016, the first description was published in a revision of the genus that elevated the subspecific ranks of a single species and published this as one of three new species.
The vernacular and specific epithet, pilbaraensis, refers to the only region in which it is recorded, the Pilbara craton in the northwest of Australia. A common name for the species is Pilbara clawless gecko.

Description
The coloration is distinguished by their small size and contrasting light and dark stripes that appear along the length of the body. A large scale at the chin is characteristic of Crenadactylus pilbarensis.

Habitat and range
Crenadactylus pilbarensis  occurs at arid habitat characterised as stony gullies and slopes of hills in association with spinifex, mounds of vegetation formed by Triodia species occupying rocky outcrops in the Pilbara region. The known range extends beyond the Pilbara craton to the Burrup Peninsula and is recorded at Dolphin Island.

Conservation status
Crenadactylus pilbarensis is listed at the IUCN with the conservation status as non-threatened, while noting it as new and poorly known species lacking evidence to the contrary there are no apparent threatening factors. Fire may impact local areas without affecting the trajectory of the population, and the wide distribution range reduces the species vulnerability to rapid ecological changes.
C. pilbarensis is known to occur within two areas listed as protected by conservation legislation, Karlamilyi National Park and Meentheena Conservation Reserve.

References

Crenadactylus
Reptiles described in 2016
Taxa named by Paul Doughty
Taxa named by Ryan J. Ellis
Taxa named by Paul M. Oliver
Reptiles of Western Australia

Crenadactylus pilbarensis


South Park is an American adult animated sitcom about the lives of 24 children in the 4th grade living in the small mountain town of South Park, Colorado. The series is made to be watched by adults, but the series gets a lot of people to watch it because of its humor. It uses satire to make fun of subjects such as current events, religion, politics, and pop culture. The show is controversial because of its use of profanity and sexual humor. Characters in South Park include Butters Stotch, Eric Cartman, Kenny McCormick, Bebe Stevens, Millie Larsen, Heidi Turner, Red McArthur, Nichole Daniels, Allie Nelson, Betsy, Ashley, Kelly-Ann Barlow, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Timmy Burch, Jimmy Valmer, Clyde Donovan, Annie Knitts, Scott Malkinson, Lola, Nate, Adam Borque, DogPoo Petuski and Jason White. These children are 10 years old. The series is about them living in their town.

The series' creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone made a movie about the series, called South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut which Parker directed and was released on .

Origins
 South Park began in  when Trey Parker and Matt Stone met in their film class at the University of Colorado at Boulder. They made a short subject animated short called Jesus vs. Frosty. The short movie had characters that were similar to the main characters in the present-day South Park.

Later on, an executive at FOX saw the movie. He hired Parker and Stone to make a second short movie to send to friends as a video Christmas card. This second video was called Jesus vs. Santa. It had the same style as the South Park that can be seen today.

Characters
The voices in South Park are done by a small number of actors. Most of the male voices are done by Matt Stone and Trey Parker. The female voices are done by April Stewart and Mona Marshall (formerly Mary Kay Bergman and Eliza Schneider). Other voices are done by Adrien Beard (Tolkien black), and Vernon Chatman (Towelie).

Main characters
Before the start of season four, the main characters of the series were four third grade students (often called "the boys" when as a group for easier reference).

Stan Marsh

Stan is usually considered the serious and sensitive of the group. Stan is able to think clearly and is generally good-natured. Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations. Stan's character is loosely based on the persona (public personality) of co-creator Trey Parker. His best friend is Kyle and their relationship is essential in several episodes, such as when he saves Kyle's life in "Cherokee Hair Tampons", "Cartmanland" and "Super Best Friends".

Kyle Broflovski

Kyle is the most easy-going character and the only Jewish one. Even though he is not particularly religious, he hates Cartman because Cartman is always making insulting comments about his faith. Kyle's character portrays the alter-ego of co-creator Matt Stone. Along with Stan, Kyle often gives a reasonable look on the crazy behavior of the adult world around them. Kyle is often shown as the most moral member of the four.

Eric Cartman

Eric is the most irrational of the main characters. Eric is fat and seems to dislike everything except food. He is often the main reason for the plot of each episode. Cartman commonly acts against the other boys. Cartman often insults Kyle for being Jewish and Kenny for being poor. In the earlier episodes, he would also insult Stan for having a girlfriend. Cartman is extremely devious and seems to be intelligent. However, this is shadowed by his racism and bigotry. Cartman sometimes serves as a speaker for some of Parker and Stone's more extreme commentary about society (three times he has dressed as Adolf Hitler). Cartman hates hippies more than anything else. This is seen in the episode "Die Hippie, Die" which showed his career as a 'hippie exterminator'.

Kenny McCormick

Kenny comes from a poor family. He is the most cosmopolitan of the four boys, who often turn to him when encountering an unfamiliar sexual term. Kenny's voice is muffled by his parka. This is mainly because the comments he makes are vulgar. Even though his dialog is not understood by the viewer, Stan, Kyle and Cartman can understand him completely clearly enough.

Butters Stotch

Butters makes very few appearances in early episodes. He only started to became a regular character upon Kenny's death in season 6. He has since been used almost as regularly as the main four boys. Butters is the character that the others usually make fun of. He is nervous, naive, easily manipulated, yet he remains very optimistic. He is often punished by his overbearing parents, and sometimes used by his peers for their own amusement. Butters always gets grounded. To further represent Butters' unluckiness, it is revealed in the episode "AWESOM-O" that his birthday is on September 11. Butters became important after he was the replacement for the semi-permanently dead Kenny in season 6. He also has an alter ego which he named "Professor Chaos". His character is based on animation director Eric Stough.

Wendy Testaburger

A female fourth grader, Stan's girlfriend and Bebe's best friend.

Family members
South Park has a number of different families, who represent a common theme of many episodes. There are five main families who are distinguished from the rest of the townsfolk: the Marshes (Stan's), the Broflovskis (Kyle's)(Jews), the Cartmans (Eric's), the McCormicks (Kenny's), and the Stotches (Butters'). These families are important because their children have been main characters.

Marsh family
Randy Marsh
Randy Marsh has become one of the most common adult characters on the show. His actions in a lot of episodes, such as "Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow" and "Bloody Mary", suggest that Randy is rather foolish. Stan also says that his father is stupid in the episodes "Child Abduction Is Not Funny" and "All About the Mormons?". Like most adults in South Park, he has a tendency to get caught up in any trend. Randy is one of South Park's two geologists along with Clyde's father.

Sharon Marsh
Sharon Marsh is Stan and Shelly Marsh's mother, as well as Randy Marsh's wife.

Shelley Marsh
Shelly Marsh is Randy Marsh and Sharon Marsh's daughter and Stan Marsh's older sister.

Broflovski family
Sheila Broflovski
Sheila Broflovski is Kyle's mother.

Gerald Broflovski
Gerald is Kyle's father, and he works as a lawyer.

Ike Broflovski
Peter Gints, also known as Ike Moisha Broflovski, is Kyle's little brother. He was adopted by Gerald and Shiela. He was born in Canada.

Kyle Schwartz
Kyle Tómas Schwartz is Kyle's stereotypically Jewish cousin from Connecticut.

Cartman/Tenorman family
Liane Cartman
Liane Cartman is Eric's mother.

Jack Tenorman
Jack Tenorman is Eric and Scott Tenorman's father. He is murdered in Season 5.

Scott Tenorman
Scott is Jack's son and Eric's arch-enemy.

Towelie
Towelie is a talking towel who smokes marijuana. He has a collection of novelty stamps. He often reminds the boys to bring a towel. "Don't forget to bring a towel."

Related pages
 South Park (season 1)
 South Park (season 2)

Being banned
With the exception of the South Park games, China has banned the South Park episodes, movies and videos altogether.

References

Other websites
 South Park Official Website
 South Park Archives
 South Park Wiki (German)
 Watch South Park

1997 American television series debuts
1990s American sitcoms
1990s animated television series
1990s satirical television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s animated television series
2000s satirical television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s animated television series
2010s satirical television series
2020s American sitcoms
2020s animated television series
2020s satirical television series
Adult animated television series
American animated television series
American satirical television series
Black comedy television series
English-language television programs

Television series set in Colorado
Television series about dysfunctional families

South Park


The Hillary Coast is a portion of the coast of Antarctica along the western margin of the Ross Ice Shelf between Minna Bluff and Cape Selborne. It was named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1961 for Sir Edmund Hillary, the leader of the New Zealand Party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1956–58. Various New Zealand parties carried out detailed surveys of portions of this coast and pioneered routes up Skelton Glacier and Darwin Glacier to the polar plateau.

References

Coasts of the Ross Dependency
Edmund Hillary

Hillary Coast


Quasars or quasi-stellar radio sources are the most energetic and distant active galactic nuclei (AGN).

They are quite small in comparison with the energy they put out. Quasars are not much larger than the Solar System. The mechanism of brightness changes probably involves relativistic beaming of jets pointed nearly directly toward us. The highest redshift quasar known () has a redshift of 7.085, which means it is about 29 billion light-years from Earth. This estimate is made using the concept of comoving distance.

Scientists now agree that a quasar is a compact region in the center of a massive galaxy surrounding a central supermassive black hole. Its size is 10–10,000 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. The energy emitted by a quasar is gravitational energy, created from mass falling onto the accretion disc around the black hole.

Quasars are extremely luminous. They were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves and visible light. The light (and other energy) appeared to be similar to stars, rather than large sources like galaxies. On the other hand, their spectra had very broad emission lines, unlike any known from stars, hence "quasi-stellar". Their luminosity can be 100 times greater than that of the Milky Way.

The accretion discs of central supermassive black holes can convert about 10% of the mass of an object into energy.
This mechanism explains why quasars were more common in the early universe, as this energy production ends when the supermassive black hole consumes all of the gas and dust near it.

This means that most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, may have gone through an active stage as a quasar or some other class of active galaxy. They are now dormant because they lack a supply of matter to feed into their central black holes to generate radiation.

References

Related pages
Astrophysics
Black Holes
Galaxies

Galaxies
Black holes

Quasar


Bernard Rosecrans Hubbard (November 24, 1888 – May 28, 1962) was an American geologist and explorer who popularized the Alaskan wilderness in American media during the middle of the 20th century. Known as "the Glacier Priest", he was a Jesuit priest, head of the Department of Geology at the University of Santa Clara, California, and for a time was the highest-paid lecturer in the world, leading 31 expeditions into Alaska and the Arctic.

Early life
Hubbard was born in San Francisco, California, on November 24, 1888, the son of George M. Hubbard (d. 1914) and Catherine Wilder Hubbard (d. 1910). His siblings were John, who became a mining engineer, and sister Mary Hubbard Stanley. Hubbard spent his childhood in Santa Cruz, California, living for a while in a house that his brother built in the mountains above Santa Cruz near Ben Lomond. The mountain house is now owned by the Lockheed Corporation and is marked with a commemorative plaque. Hubbard attended Santa Clara College from 1906 to 1908. On September 7, 1908, he entered the Society of Jesus, first studying at the Jesuit novitiate in Los Gatos 1908–1910, then at Los Angeles College 1913–1918. He then studied at the Mount Saint Michaels' Jesuit seminary in Spokane, Washington, where he received a Master of Arts degree in philosophy through Gonzaga University in 1921. Hubbard then studied theology in Innsbruck, Austria, where he was ordained a priest in 1923. During his time in Austria, he became enamored of the mountains and became known as "Der Gletscher Pfarrer" ("the Glacier Priest"). In 1925 and 1926 Hubbard completed his tertianship at St. Andrew-on-Hudson in Hyde Park, New York.

Explorer and lecturer

In 1926, Hubbard returned to Santa Clara College as a lecturer in German, geology and theology, teaching there until 1930. Colleagues noted that "his heart wasn't completely in academics." From 1927 to 1962, Hubbard undertook regular expeditions to Alaska during the summer, touring in the winter as a lecturer. He was described as the highest-paid lecturer in the world by the Literary Digest in 1937, receiving up to $2000 per lecture. Hubbard, with the approval of his Jesuit superiors, donated the proceeds of his lectures to the Jesuit mission in Alaska. Hubbard's first trip to Alaska was a study of the Juneau Icefield. In 1929 he visited the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, sparking his interest in volcanology. In 1930 he undertook the first significant expedition to the largely unknown volcanic crater at Mount Aniakchak, returning in 1931 after the Yukon trip and again in 1932. By a fortunate coincidence, there had been a moderate eruption of the Aniakchak volcano weeks before Hubbard and his party arrived on the second expedition in May 1931. On subsequent trips Hubbard explored the upper reaches of Taku Glacier and made a crossing of the Bering Strait by canoe. Another expedition in 1936 took Hubbard back to the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, farther east on the Alaska Peninsula.

Hubbard's 1931 expedition took him down the Yukon River, visiting missions on the way. He started in the winter from Nenana with a 13-dog sled, ending at Nulato. From there he want to Unalakleet, then to the Holy Cross mission on the Yukon by April 1931. From Holy Cross, he started out for the Alaska Peninsula in a floatplane, the first airplane ride of his life and the first flight along the Bering Sea coast. Hubbard and his flight crew flew directly across the peninsula at Aniakchak, viewing the aftermath of the May 1931 eruption from the air, and nearly crashing in the process. He joined three college students who had brought the expedition's gear to Kujulik Bay on June 12. They climbed to the entrance to the crater, encountering (and killing) bears as they went. They explored the still active crater for 33 days. On the 1932 expedition, Hubbard and pilot Frank Dorbandt made the first successful landing on a lake in a volcano, landing on Surprise Lake in the Aniakchak crater.

Anthropology
Hubbard did not enjoy the high regard of his former colleagues at Santa Clara, who complained that he made "outlandish blunders" in geology. Hubbard offered tart responses to criticisms from those he perceived as armchair academics, but through the 1930s his interests shifted to the culture of native Alaskans. Hubbard's reception from anthropologists was similar to his experience with geologists. Hubbard spent considerable time in 1937–38 documenting the Iñupiat and Yup'ik peoples, particularly the Iñupiat of King Island, advancing theories of linguistic relationships with Asian languages that did not find favor in scholarship. Hubbard produced extensive still photographic and cinematic documentation of King Islander life, totaling 11,000 stills and  of movie film. As with his photographs of volcanic features, his photographic documentation of native culture has been more enduring than his writings.

Lectures

Described as a riveting lecturer, Hubbard was skilled in the creation of early multimedia presentations using still pictures, films and his own dramatic narration. Hubbard used a writing style similar to that of Jack London, who had done his own part to popularize the Alaskan frontier in the early 20th century. A dramatic retelling of his first visit to Aniakchak by Alaskan author Barrett Willoughby entitled "The Moon Craters of Alaska" in the Saturday Evening Post made his reputation in December 1930. Following the eruption at Aniakchak in May 1931, Hubbard was invited to lecture at the Interior Department in Washington, where National Park Service director Horace M. Albright was considering Aniakchak as a new national monument. Hubbard's before-and-after images of Aniakchak in 1930 and 1931 – entitled in typical Hubbard prose as "Paradise Found" and "Paradise Lost" – have provided valuable baseline data for estimates of vegetative growth and recovery after volcanic activity. Hubbard compiled the movie footage he shot on his 1930–1932 expeditions into the 1933 film Aniakchak, which was distributed by Fox Studios and played worldwide. Hubbard maintained a grueling lecture schedule. In 1944–45 he gave 93 lectures in 63 days to audiences of up to 7000 people at such venues as Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., and Carnegie Hall in New York.

Later career
In 1930, Hubbard had started a mutually beneficial relationship with the Alaska Packers' Association (APA), which operated salmon canneries in the region. Hubbard wrote positively about the salmon industry and produced Alaska's Silver Millions, a documentary on salmon and canneries. Hubbard received transportation and logistical assistance from the APA, and was a lobbyist for the APA in Washington while Alaskan statehood was under debate in the 1950s.

During and after World War II, Hubbard advised the U.S. military on matters associated with Alaska, as well as lecturing and ministering to military personnel. Following an evening with Hubbard in late 1945, General George S. Patton described Hubbard as "very anti-Russian and anti-Semitic and talks very well when he forgets to advertise himself." In the war years, he traveled the world to document Jesuit missions that had been damaged or destroyed during the war, raising funds for their reconstruction. In the late 1940s, he established Hubbard Laboratories (also known as Hubbard Educational Films) to produce and distribute documentaries. In 1955, Hubbard suffered a stroke in Hartford, Connecticut, followed by more in subsequent years. Hubbard appeared on the April 30, 1958, episode of This Is Your Life.

Death and legacy
Hubbard reduced his activities until his death by his fifth stroke on May 28, 1962, at the Donohoe Infirmary at the University of Santa Clara, aged 73. Hubbard was remembered by Newsweek in this notice:

Died: The Rev. Bernard Rosencrantz Hubbard, 73, the Glacier Priest, a tireless Jesuit who led 32 expeditions to Alaska and once listed the requisites of an explorer as "a strong back, a strong stomach, a dumb head, and a guardian angel."

Hubbard received honorary doctorate degrees from Marquette University in 1937 and from Trinity College of Connecticut in 1941. He wrote three books and published stories in numerous periodicals, including National Geographic and the Saturday Evening Post.

Works

Books
 Mush, You Malamutes (1932)
 Cradle of the Storms (1935)
 Alaskan Odyssey (1952)

Movies
 Aniakchak (1933)
 Alaska's Silver Millions (1936)

See also
 Gardiner Greene Hubbard, one of the founders of the National Geographic Society, namesake of several Alaskan landmarks
 Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, established in 1978, 41 years after it was first proposed

References

Bibliography
 Ringsmuth, Katherine Johnson (2007) Beyond the Moon Crater Myth: A New History of the Aniakchak Landscape, National Park Service
 Scarborough, Caprice Murray; Kingston, Deanna M. (2001), The Legacy of the "Glacier Priest": Bernard R. Hubbard, S.J. Santa Clara, California: Santa Clara University, Department of Anthropology and Sociology

External links

 Photographs by Hubbard and from his expeditions at Alaska's Digital Archives

 Bernard Hubbard, S.J. Alaskan Footage: King Island, 1937–1938 at the Smithsonian Archives
 Father Bernard Hubbard Collection  at Marywood University

1888 births
1962 deaths
Writers from San Francisco
20th-century American geologists
Explorers of Alaska
20th-century American Jesuits
Scientists from California
Santa Clara University faculty
Educators from California

Bernard R. Hubbard


Never Talk to Strangers is a 1995 erotic thriller film directed by Peter Hall and starring Antonio Banderas and Rebecca De Mornay.

Plot
Psychologist Dr. Sarah Taylor is a guarded, aloof criminal psychologist who interviews a client who is a rapist, and is pleading not guilty by reason of insanity. It is later revealed that she was the subject of daily rapes as a child by her estranged father, who is now shown to be very ill. Sarah meets Tony Ramirez in a shopping mall, and she gives him her number. She begins a relationship with Tony, despite the creepy advances of her neighbor, Cliff, with whom she once had a one-night stand.

Days into this new relationship, Sarah begins to get death threats and strange gifts, such as dead flowers. As she gets more romantic with Tony, the gifts get more extreme. Her cat is dismembered which leads to Sarah going to the police. Sarah then hires a detective and has Tony followed, and breaks into his apartment only to discover that he has a file on her, including information about her mother's death in a gun accident, twenty years before. Tony is actually investigating her, trying to learn the whereabouts of a former boyfriend of hers who had disappeared suddenly.

Ultimately, it is revealed that Sarah suffers from multiple personality disorder, brought on from her abuse as a child, and from her father brainwashing her to cover up the murder of her mother. Her alternate personality is responsible for all of the strange gifts, and for murdering her ex-boyfriend. When Tony goes to her father's house, Sarah (under the control of her alternate personality) follows him, shoots and kills him there, and then kills her father when he tries to intervene. When Sarah reverts to her normal personality, not remembering what has happened, she presumes that Tony was crazy and killed her father, and that she killed Tony in self-defense. In the end, she is seen entering into a relationship with Cliff.

Cast
 Rebecca De Mornay as Dr. Sarah Taylor
 Antonio Banderas as Tony Ramirez
 Dennis Miller as Cliff Raddison
 Len Cariou as Henry Taylor
 Harry Dean Stanton as Max Cheski
 Eugene Lipinski as Dudakoff
 Martha Burns as Maura
 Beau Starr as Grogan
 Phillip Jarrett as Spatz
 Tim Kelleher as Wabash

Reception
Never Talk to Strangers received negative reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 15% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 3.60/10. The site's consensus reads: "Never Talk to Strangers -- and never make the mistake of believing this silly stalker mystery is the best available viewing option". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

Brendan Kelly of Variety wrote: "Never Talk to Strangers is a reasonably entertaining but largely uninspired erotic thriller that's too much a chip off the Fatal Attraction block. The promise of high-impact bedroom aerobics will generate some interest, but the fully clothed drama isn't nearly as enthralling as the steamy scenes, so the pic isn't likely to maintain much [Box Office] ardor." Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle called the film "mysterious and sexy", adding that it is "enough to keep tension alive until, too bad, the whole thing collapses with a twist ending that is nearly laughable". Caryn James of The New York Times called the film's ending "idiotic" and wrote that Peter Hall, the director, "is obviously more at home with Shakespeare than with this material".

Hal Hinson of The Washington Post praised the director of the film, calling him "legendary", while Time Out called it an "adequate psychological thriller on a topical theme".

Soundtrack
The film features "Love Sick" performed by Alfonzo Blackwell.

References

External links

 Never Talk to Strangers at Virtual History

1990s crime films
1995 independent films
1995 films
1990s mystery films
1990s psychological thriller films
1990s romance films
American crime films
American mystery films
American romance films
American psychological thriller films
Canadian psychological thriller films
Films about dissociative identity disorder
German crime films
German psychological thriller films
Erotic romance films
American erotic thriller films
Films shot in Budapest
Films shot in Toronto
American independent films
American neo-noir films
American serial killer films
TriStar Pictures films
Canadian independent films
German independent films
Films produced by Barbet Schroeder
Films scored by Pino Donaggio
Canadian erotic thriller films
English-language Canadian films
English-language German films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990s Canadian films
1990s German films

Never Talk to Strangers


The "Parson's Cause" was a legal and political dispute in the Colony of Virginia. Many people think it was an  important event leading up to the American Revolution. The case was about the payment of clergy of the Anglican Church in Virginia.  At the time, a lot of tobacco was planted in Virginia. It was one of the commodity crops of the colony.  The colony of Virginia had passed laws in  1748: These laws said that  Virginia's Anglican clergy were to be paid 16,000 pounds of tobacco per year.

The problem was that the harvest of tobacco was poor in 1758. Because of that, the price of tobacco in Virginia rose from from two to six pennies per pound. This also meant the salary of clergy effectively tripled, that year. The state of Virginia was forced to act, and passed a law called the Two Pennies Act: This law allowed the state authorities to pay the clergy in currency, instead of tobacco. It also fixed the exchange rate of tobacco: it said that for these payments, the state should take a rate of two  pennies per pound of tobacco.  King George III of Great Britain vetoed the law, causing an uproar in the colony.  Many Virginia legislators saw the king's veto as a breach of their legislative authority.

Colonel John Henry, father of Patrick Henry, was the judge who presided over the court case and jury that decided the issue.  Patrick Henry was the person who argued in favor of colonial rights in the case. He was relatively unknown at the time.

The Reverend James Maury had sued in Hanover County Court (April 1, 1762) for back wages on behalf of all the ministers involved: he effectively became a representative of the British cause.  The court ruled (Nov. 5, 1763) that Maury's claim was valid, but that a jury had to determine the amount of damages. This jury was called for in December  1763. Patrick Henry rose to prominence by defending Hanover County against Maury's claims. Henry argued in favor of the Two Penny Act.  As reported by the plaintiff Maury in a letter (Dec. 12, 1763) to fellow Anglican minister John Camm shortly after the trial, Henry argued in substance "that a King, by disallowing Acts of this salutary nature, from being the father of his people, degenerated into a Tyrant and forfeits all right to his subjects' obedience."

The jury awarded Maury one penny in damages. The award essentially nullified the Crown veto, and no other clergy sued.

The Hanover County Courthouse is still operating; historic U.S. Route 301 passes by it. The courthouse is next to the Hanover Tavern, where Patrick Henry lived while arguing the Parson's Cause. It is the third oldest courthouse still in use in the United States.  The state historic office dates the building's construction between 1737 and 1742.

References

History of Virginia

Parson's Cause


Supimphaa was the king of Ahom kingdom from 1493 CE to 1497 CE. In order to exact revenge on the murderers of his father Suhenphaa, he unleashed a reign of terror among people of both high and low ranks alike.

Due to some minor fault, he even exiled one of his wives to  Naga Hills, who was pregnant at that time. She later gave birth to a son named Konsheng, who would be appointed as the first Borpatrogohain of Ahom kingdom and will be known for his military genius and courage.

Ancestry and accession
Supimphaa was the eldest son of Ahom king Suhenphaa. After his father's assassination in 1493 CE, Susenphaa ascended the throne as the new king of Ahom.

Reign

Punishment of the murderers of Suhenphaa
The first act of Supimphaa, after ascending to the throne, was to trace out and execute the conspirators who had plotted and assassinated his father Suhenphaa. The main accused Lantarunban and his two sons, Taophrong and Khuntao was arrested after some search operations. Later all three of them were executed. Other co-conspirators were also punished for their co-operation in the crime. Khunlung Burhagohain was also suspected to have links in the conspiracy. Therefore, fearing punishment from the king, Khunlung Burhagohain fled from his quarters. Supimphaa immediately dismissed Khunlung Burhagohain from his office, and appointed another member of Burhagohain family, Khunlung Khampeng as the new Burhagohain. Later Khunlung Burhagohain was arrested but he escaped the capital punishment as the nobles requested the king to grant forgiveness. The property of Khunlung Burhagohain was confiscated and he was exiled to his village residence.

Exile of the royal consort and birth of Kancheng
The Nagas had maintained friendly relations since the time of Supimphaa's father, king Suhenphaa. Every year, they come to pay tribute and respect to the Ahom king in the capital. One of the wives of Supimphaa happened to see a Naga chief who had come to pay tribute, and praised his beauty in the king's hearing. The king was so enraged and furious that he immediately ordered her exile to the Naga village, from which that Naga chief belonged. She was pregnant at the time and subsequently gave birth to a son. He was named as Senglung, but he will be become famous as Kancheng. Supimphaa's successor Suhungmung would come to know about Kancheng and his royal origin. He brought Kancheng to his court and appointed him to the newly created office of Borpatrogohain, equal in ranks with the office of Burhagohain and Borgohain. Kancheng Borpatrogohain would serve Suhungmung in many battles and under his military leadership, the Ahom army reached the banks of Karatoya river, the western boundary of ancient Kamrup Kingdom.

Death
During his short reign (1493 CE-1497 CE), Supimphaa tried to trace out all people who were in league with the conspiracy in assassination of his father, Suhenphaa. Many people were traced out and then they along with their relatives were tortured and severely punished. The nobles were terrified by these high handed actions of the king. While these search operations were going on, Supimphaa died, suddenly in 1497 CE. Historical accounts vary regarding the cause of his death. Some accounts attribute his death to natural cause, while some records maintained that he was assassinated. Prominent Assamese historian and writer Gunaviram Burua stated since the assassination of Suhenphaa caused much unrest and terror among the people, therefore, the nobles after assassinating Supimphaa, hide the real facts and spread the news of the death of king due to natural causes.
Supimphaa was succeeded by his son Suhungmung, whose reign was characterized by expansion of Ahom kingdom into the territories of Kachari kingdom and Chutiya kingdom.

See also
 Ahom Dynasty
 Ahom Kingdom
 Assam
 Assassination
 Kachari kingdom
 Nagaland
 Regicide
 Sibsagar district
 Singarigharutha ceremony
 Sukaphaa
 Chutiya kingdom

Notes

References

Ahom kings
Ahom kingdom
15th-century births
1490s deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain

Supimphaa


Alojzy "Alex" Ehrlich (1 January 1914 – 7 December 1992), also called "King of the Chiselers," was a Polish table tennis player, widely regarded as one of the best players in Polish history of this sport, who three times won silver in the World Championships.

Ehrlich was ranked world No. 6 in 1938 by Hon. Ivor Montagu and world No. 9 in 1950.

He was a very popular athlete in interbellum Poland; in 1934 Ehrlich was placed on the 8th position in the prestigious list of 10 most popular sportsmen of Poland, made by readers of the national sports daily Przeglad Sportowy.

Early years
Ehrlich was born in 1914 in the village of Bukowsko in southern Poland (then part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a component kingdom of Austria-Hungary). Some time later (exact year is unknown), he settled in Lwow and started playing table tennis, most probably in the mid-1920s, in the local Jewish sports club Hasmonea Lwow.

Together with Hasmonea, he won first team championships of Poland (Lwow, 1933), and became the top player of the country. In 1934 Erlich and another player from Lwow, Władysław Loewenhertz represented Poland in an international match staged in Danzig where they defeated Germany 7:2. The same team, Erlich and Loewenherz with the addition of Simon Pohoryles, represented Poland in 1935 at the Swaithling Cup competition in London where they achieved second ranking in A Group. In the same year, Erlich reached the semifinals of the World Championships, and in 1935 he won bronze in the same competition. Three times - 1936, 1937 and 1939, Ehrlich was vice-champion of the world, and he is among only four players who played in three finals without winning (together with Hungarian Laszlo Bellak Chinese Li Furong and Chinese Ma Lin ) In 1936 in Prague, he lost to Stanislav Kolar from Czechoslovakia. In 1937 in Baden, he lost to Austrian player Richard Bergmann, and two years later in Cairo, he lost to Bergmann again.

In the early 1930s, Ehrlich, who spoke eight languages, moved to France, but remained loyal to Poland and represented his native land in subsequent tournaments.

Record-breaking exchange
During the 1936 World Table Tennis Championships, which took place in Prague, Ehrlich became famous after a record-breaking one-point exchange with Romanian player Paneth Farkas. The exchange lasted two hours and 12 minutes; after 70 minutes the score was 0-0. Both players suffered, but neither wanted to give up. Altogether, the ball crossed the net more than 12,000 times. After two hours, Farkas' arm began to freeze, and he lost the first point. The referee, Gábor Diner, had to be replaced during the match, because his neck was so sore.

World War II and late years
During World War II, Ehrlich was caught by the Germans and was sent to Auschwitz. He spent four years there and later at Dachau, and was saved from the gas chamber because the Nazis recognised him as a world champion.

After the war, he settled in Paris, where for some time he lived in a tenement building, on the seventh floor. Ehrlich continued playing tennis, with several achievements. However, he did not represent Poland any more, because living in the West led to his being named persona non grata by the Communist government. Between 1952 and 1963, he was a member of the French national team, reaching the quarterfinals of the 1957 World Championships. Also, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Ehrlich many times was international champion of such countries as Ireland, France, Germany and the Netherlands.

In the Irish Open he beat Johnny Leach in straight sets, shortly after Leach had won his first World Singles Title. For the previous 6 weeks, Erlich had been coaching Irish players, from beginners to the National Team, and must have been sorely out of top class practice. After coaching sessions, for practice, he would play his unofficial assistant Zerrick Woolfson of Dublin, giving him 12 points start. He told Woolfson that he gave the National Team members 10 points.

His victory over Leach was highly gratifying to him, since he had not been able to get sponsorship from any country, and was therefore not allowed to partake in the World Championships. He was about 35 years old at this time, and considered long past his best. During this period he was also developing a sports business partnership with French Champion Amouretti.

After finishing his career, Ehrlich became a coach, also developing a table tennis robot, which was presented by him in 1964 in Malmö, Sweden. Furthermore, Ehrlich was the one who introduced military fitness drills, based on backward hops down long staircases. In the French Riviera, he opened a holiday center with table tennis training facilities.

He died in a hospital in the Paris suburb of Saint Denis on 7 December 1992.

References

External links
Aloizy Ehrlich at Table Tennis Media

1914 births
1992 deaths
Polish male table tennis players
20th-century Polish Jews
Jewish table tennis players
Sportspeople from Lviv
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Dachau concentration camp survivors

Alojzy Ehrlich


"Barbie Tingz" is a hip hop song by Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj, released on April 12, 2018. The song has been included as an additional track on the Target and Japanese exclusive versions of Minaj's fourth studio album, Queen. Commercially, the song managed to peak at number one in New Zealand.

References

Nicki Minaj songs
Hip hop songs
2018 songs

Barbie Tingz


Gladys Ewart (1892 – 19 July 1957) was a Canadian pianist and music educator.

Gladys Ewart was born in Ottawa to John S. Ewart and Jessie Campbell Ewart. She studied with Harry Puddicombe at the Canadian Conservatory of Music in Ottawa, with Alexander Siloti in New York City, and with Martinus Sieveking in London. She was active as a concert pianist in North America during the 1920s through the 1940s and made numerous appearances as a soloist with the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra. She also was active as an accompanist during these years, playing in recitals and in concerts with such notable artists as Ernestine Schumann-Heink and Frances Alda. She ran a piano studio for many years in her native city. Among her notable pupils was pianist Evelyn Greenberg. She died in Ottawa in 1957.

Sources

1892 births
1957 deaths
Canadian Conservatory of Music alumni
Canadian women pianists
Canadian music educators
20th-century Canadian pianists
Canadian women music educators
Women classical pianists
20th-century Canadian women musicians
20th-century women pianists

Gladys Ewart


Bonkyll Castle (also variously spelled Bonkyl, Boncle, Buncle, Bunkle or Bonkill) was a medieval fortress situated in the historic Scottish county of Berwickshire, from 1973 the Scottish Borders. It is situated 4 miles north of Duns and 4 miles south of Grantshouse. Few traces survive and the site is protected as a scheduled monument. It was the seat of a junior branch of the Stewart family, known as "Stewart of Bonkyl", from which was descended in another junior branch "Stewart of Darnley", the paternal family of King James VI & I of Scotland and England.

Description
Excepting the motte on which it stood, and a small section of curtain wall there is little left of the structure of what was once a very powerful castle of enceinte.

Descent

de Bonkyll

The seat of the powerful barony of Bonkyll, the castle originally belonged to the de Bonkyll family, which took its name. Their canting arms were three buckles. The last in the male line was Sir Alexander de Bonkyll, whose daughter and heiress Margaret de Bonkyl married Sir John Stewart (d.1298). The castle was slighted in the course of the First War of Independence. After the death of her father in 1300, Margaret reconciled with Edward I in 1304, who restored the lands of Bonkyll to her.

Stewart of Bonkyll

Sir Alexander Stewart of Bonkyll (d.1319), the oldest son of Sir John Stewart (d.1298) and Margaret de Bonkyll, and the first "Stewart of Bonkyll," inherited the Bonkyll estate and title after the death of his mother.
John Stewart, 1st Earl of Angus (d.1331), son, who in 1328 married Margaret de Abernethy, the heiress of the Lordship of Abernethy. In 1329 King Robert I of Scotland created him Earl of Angus. He thus controlled broad territories in Berwickshire, Angus, and Kinross-shire.
Thomas Stewart, 2nd Earl of Angus (b.pre-1331-1361), son, who died without male issue, leaving a daughter and heiress Margaret Stewart.
Margaret Stewart (d.1417), daughter and sole heiress, who inherited the Earldom of Angus and Lordship of Abernethy, and Bunkle Castle. She had an illicit affair with William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, by whom she had a son George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus.

Douglas, Earls of Angus
From the Countess Margaret's death in 1417 Bunkle passed to her son George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus, with whose descendants it remained until the late 18th century.

George Douglas, Master of Angus, lord of the barony of Bonkill, made several charters while residing at the castle. The property passed to his widow Elizabeth Drummond as part of her jointure. Bunkle subsequently belonged to Margaret Tudor as Countess of Angus, and was held by George Douglas of Pittendreich, who had been Bailie of Bonkill since 1514. Her husband Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus was at Bonkill on 28 November 1522. In August 1523 the Earl of Surrey suggested that if Margaret Tudor came to Bunkle with her silver plate and jewels, pretending to intercede for the people of the Scottish borders, he could convey her safely to England.

The poet and laird Patrick Hume of Polwarth was bailie of Bonkyll in 1593 for James VI and he was instructed to use the rents from the houses in the mains of Bonkyll to pay the wages of the king's huntsman John Acheson.

Earls of Home
In the late 18th century ownership of Bunkle Castle passed to the Earls of Home.

In rhyme
A popular Berwickshire rhyme refers to the medieval strengths of Bonkyll and the nearby fortresses of Billie Castle, and Blanerne Castle referring to their construction in the time of David I and to their sad ultimate fates as piles of rubble, an allegory to the effective extinction of the Kingdom of Scotland after the formation of Great Britain in 1707:
Bunkle, Billie and Blanerne
Three castles strong as airn
Built when Davie was a bairn
They'll all gang doon,
Wi' Scotland's Croon
And ilka ane shall be a cairn

See also
Bonkyl Kirk (church)
Preston, Scottish Borders, local village
Buncle, a surname

References

External links
 1862 Ordnance Survey map of Bunkle Castle and Kirk - National Library of Scotland

Berwickshire
Ruined castles in the Scottish Borders
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the Scottish Borders

Bonkyll Castle


Colin Anthony Doyle (born 12 June 1985) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for  club Bradford City, where he is also goalkeeping coach. He has four appearances for the Republic of Ireland national team.

Doyle spent twelve years as a professional with Birmingham City. He made his debut in the Football League in April 2005 while on loan to Championship club Nottingham Forest, and also had loan spells at Chester City, Millwall and Coventry City. He moved on to Blackpool ahead of the 2015–16 season, and a year later began a two-year spell with Bradford City. Doyle joined Heart of Midlothian in 2018, and spent time on loan at Kilmarnock in the 2020–21 season, after which he returned to the club as player-coach.

At international level, Doyle has represented the Republic of Ireland at under-21, B and senior levels. He made his full international debut in May 2007 against Ecuador.

Club career

Early career
Doyle was born in Cork, County Cork, and attended Douglas Community School. He played both Gaelic football and hurling with Douglas GAA, before taking up association football with Douglas Hall. He joined Birmingham City as an academy scholar during 2001, before signing his first professional contract in 2003. He made his first senior appearance for the club during the 4–0 victory over the Malaysian national team during the first Premier League Asia Trophy on 26 July 2003, replacing Ian Bennett with 13 minutes of the match remaining.

Having not yet made a professional appearance for Birmingham, Doyle joined League Two club Chester City on loan in October 2004. Chester's first-choice goalkeeper Wayne Brown was injured and they needed cover for reserve Chris Mackenzie. While at Chester, Doyle played his first match in English senior football as Chester defeated Rochdale in the Football League Trophy.

After returning to Birmingham, Doyle soon linked up with Championship club Nottingham Forest on a short-term loan deal in December 2004. The loan was then extended to keep him at the City Ground for the rest of the season. Doyle made his first-team debut for Forest in a fifth-round FA Cup tie against Tottenham Hotspur on 20 February 2005. As the match approached half-time, Doyle gifted Tottenham the lead as a Jermain Defoe free kick bounced out of his hands and into the net, but Forest were able to equalise in the second half to take the tie to a replay. Even though Doyle only played in a further three league matches for Forest, he said he was glad to be able to play regular reserve-team football and the loan spell had exceeded his expectations. He was rumoured to be returning to Forest on loan for the following season, a move which did not occur.

Doyle's next loan move saw him join Millwall in November 2005 for a month. He went straight into the team for their match against Leeds United on 26 November. With the match goalless going into injury time, Millwall defender Ben May put the ball past Doyle for an own goal to give Leeds a 1–0 victory. Doyle was recalled from loan on 19 December to cover for the suspended Nico Vaesen. Doyle was on the bench for Birmingham's League Cup quarter-final against Manchester United the next day, and then returned to Millwall three days later on an emergency seven-day loan. This loan deal was extended for another seven days before Doyle returned to Birmingham on 5 January 2006 after manager Steve Bruce had refused Millwall permission to use him in the FA Cup. A week later, Doyle agreed to go to Millwall for a third loan spell in the 2005–06 season, this time staying with The Lions until the end of the season. In total, Doyle played 14 matches for Millwall during his three loan spells, keeping two clean sheets.

First-team football with Birmingham
During his loan spell at Millwall, Doyle had suggested he might want to stay with the club on a permanent basis, despite the offer of a new contract from his parent club. However, at the end of the season he signed a two-year deal with Birmingham. Because Vaesen's contract had expired, there was an expectation that Doyle would step up to second-choice goalkeeper behind Maik Taylor. Doyle played his first competitive match for Birmingham in their League Cup first-round match against Shrewsbury Town on 22 August 2006, in which he kept a clean sheet as his club won 1–0. With Taylor injured, Doyle made his first league appearance for Birmingham four days later in a 2–0 defeat away to Cardiff City. Doyle played in the second and third rounds of the League Cup, against Wrexham and Sheffield United, before losing his place in the cup team to Taylor for the quarter-final defeat to Liverpool.

Doyle was preferred to Taylor for the visit to Colchester United in February 2007; according to the Birmingham Mail, "Doyle was unruffled and did himself a lot of good. His handling was sound, he got the game moving quickly and even though some of his kicks were skewed wide, he whacked the ball long and hard." Assistant manager Eric Black said that Doyle had "shown that he's more than capable and he's ready to have a go now and challenge Maik Taylor" for the starting position. He kept his place in the team for the remainder of the season as Birmingham were promoted back to the Premier League. At the club's end of season awards, Doyle picked up both the "Breakthrough Award" and the award for "Magic Moment of the Season", for his penalty save from Wolverhampton Wanderers' Michael McIndoe at Molineux that gained Birmingham a crucial three points. Doyle finished the season with eight clean sheets from 22 appearances.

He remained in the starting line-up for the start of the 2007–08 Premier League season, but after a difficult first three matches, he was dropped in favour of Taylor, and Richard Kingson was selected as substitute goalkeeper. Birmingham were relegated at the end of the season but won immediate promotion back to the Premier League the following season; Doyle played in two league matches.

Return to second choice

Following the loan signing of Joe Hart from Manchester City for the 2009–10 Premier League season, Doyle remained third choice, behind Hart and Taylor, a position he retained after Hart's replacement by England international Ben Foster and Taylor's signing of a contract extension before the 2010–11 season.

On 29 July 2010, Doyle had a trial with Plymouth Argyle, playing 45 minutes of a friendly against Hereford United, but no deal materialised, and on 10 August 2010, Doyle signed on loan for Coventry City. He was signed as emergency cover while Keiren Westwood was away on international duty, coming in for the League Cup match against Morecambe, but was recalled only a day later because of an injury to Foster. In January 2011, Doyle played his first match for Birmingham for nearly two years in a 3–2 defeat of Coventry in the FA Cup fourth round, and kept his place for the fifth-round tie against Sheffield Wednesday, keeping a clean sheet as the home team won 3–0. After his appearance for Coventry versus Morecambe earlier in the season Doyle was cup-tied for Birmingham's victorious run in the 2010–11 Football League Cup; for the final Foster started and Taylor was on the bench. He made his first Premier League appearance since August 2007, as a first-half substitute for the injured Foster, in a 5–0 defeat at Liverpool in April in which he conceded three goals.

After Birmingham were relegated at the end of the season, the club took up their option of an extra year on Doyle's contract, despite accusations of inappropriate late-night drinking after the club's end-of-season dinner. He made 16 appearances in the 2011–12 season, including three matches in Birmingham's UEFA Europa League campaign, and both legs of the Championship play-off semi-final. He made an error in a 2–1 win over Maribor, where he misjudged a pass from Jonathan Spector to allow Dalibor Volaš to score the match's opening goal. In the FA Cup, Doyle saved two penalties from Juan Mata in the FA Cup; one in the initial fifth-round match, which finished 1–1, and one in the replay, which ended in a 2–0 defeat. His performance in the initial match against Chelsea resulted in him being named as the man of the match. At the end of the season, he received a special award for completing ten senior seasons with the club, extended to an eleventh when he signed a one-year contract, despite expectations that youngster Jack Butland might be first choice goalkeeper.

Doyle made his first appearance of the 2012–13 season in a 3–2 League Cup defeat at Coventry City. Despite only playing three matches during the 2012–13 season, Doyle was offered a new two-year contract at the end of the season.

In July 2013, Doyle was brought on as a centre forward for the last six minutes of a pre-season match against Shamrock Rovers because of an injury to striker Matt Green after all the outfield substitutes had been used. Again, he made his first competitive appearance of the season in the League Cup. In the 2014–15 season, he played three cup matches and once in the league, putting in an impressive performance in a 1–0 defeat at Blackburn Rovers when Darren Randolph was suspended. He was released when his contract expired at the end of his twelfth season as a professional with Birmingham City. The Birmingham Mail dubbed his departure the "end of an era".

Blackpool
In June 2015, Doyle signed a two-year contract with Blackpool, newly relegated to League One. He was named club captain, and selected as starting goalkeeper, ahead of Kyle Letheren, for the opening match of the season, away to Colchester United. He made several saves to keep his team in the match, but damaged a shoulder in thwarting Colchester's Gavin Massey and had to leave the field. After an initial prognosis of three months out, a scan suggested he could return to action within a month. He was back in the team for the visit to Scunthorpe United on 5 September, and produced a man-of-the-match performance that earned him a place in the Football League's Team of the Week as Blackpool won their first match of the season. Ankle ligament damage suffered in early November kept him out until the new year.

Bradford City
Following Blackpool's relegation, Doyle joined League One club Bradford City for a fee of £1 after Bradford triggered a release clause in Doyle's contract. He played regularly, making 50 appearances in all competitions, as Bradford reached the play-off final, in which they lost to Millwall.

In March 2018 he played two matches in 24 hoursone for Ireland, one for Bradford City. He was offered a new contract at the end of the 2017–18 season, but did not take it up.

Heart of Midlothian
Doyle signed a two-year contract with Scottish Premiership club Heart of Midlothian on 19 July 2018.

In May 2019 he was linked with a transfer back to former club Bradford City.

Kilmarnock
On 11 August 2020, Doyle signed for another Scottish Premiership club, Kilmarnock, on loan until January. The loan was extended until the end of the season, and he took his total of games played to 18 in all competitions, which included both legs of the play-off by which Kilmarnock were relegated to the Scottish Championship. In June 2021. he rejoined Kilmarnock as a player-coach.

Return to Bradford City
In June 2022 he returned to Bradford City, as a player-coach.

International career
In August 2006, Doyle played for the Republic of Ireland under-21s away against Greece and kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 victory. He went on to make three further appearances for the U21 team. He made his first appearance for the senior national team, starting in a 1–1 friendly draw with Ecuador, on 23 May 2007. The match was at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. Following this match, he made an appearance for the Republic of Ireland B squad, playing 81 minutes of a match against Scotland B on 20 November 2007.

In November 2016, regular football for Bradford Citychasing promotion from League Oneand an impressive performance when watched by Ireland's goalkeeping coach, Jim McDonagh, led to Doyle's recall to the international squad for the first time in seven years. He was an unused substitute for the World Cup qualifier away to Austria; his former Birmingham teammate Darren Randolph kept a clean sheet as Ireland won 1–0. On 23 March 2018, he made his first senior appearance for Ireland in almost 11 years, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 defeat to Turkey.

Personal life
Doyle and his wife Becky have three children.

Career statistics

Club

International

References

External links

Profile at the Bradford City A.F.C. website

1985 births
Living people
Association footballers from Cork (city)
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Republic of Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Republic of Ireland men's B international footballers
Republic of Ireland men's international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Birmingham City F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Douglas hurlers
Douglas Gaelic footballers
Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff

Colin Doyle (footballer)


Nicolas Jack Roeg  (; 15 August 1928 – 23 November 2018) was an English film director and cinematographer, best known for directing Performance (1970), Walkabout (1971), Don't Look Now (1973), The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), Bad Timing (1980) and The Witches (1990).

Making his directorial debut 23 years after his entry into the film business, Roeg quickly became known for an idiosyncratic visual and narrative style, characterised by the use of disjointed and disorienting editing. For this reason, he is considered a highly influential filmmaker, cited as an inspiration by such directors as Steven Soderbergh, Christopher Nolan and Danny Boyle.

In 1999, the British Film Institute acknowledged Roeg's importance in the British film industry by naming Don't Look Now and Performance the 8th- and 48th-greatest British films of all time in its Top 100 British films poll.

Early life
Roeg was born in St John's Wood in North London on 15 August 1928 to Jack Nicolas Roeg and Mabel Gertrude (née Silk). He had an older sister, Nicolette (1925–1987), who was an actress. His father was of Dutch ancestry and worked in the diamond trade, but he lost a lot of money when his investments failed in South Africa. Roeg had said that he entered the film industry only because there was a studio across the road from his home in Marylebone. Roeg was educated at the Mercers' School in London.

Career

Cinematography
In 1947, after completing National Service, Roeg entered the film business as a tea boy moving up to clapper-loader, the bottom rung of the camera department, at Marylebone Studios in London. For a time, he worked as a camera operator on a number of film productions, including The Sundowners and The Trials of Oscar Wilde.

He was a second-unit cinematographer on David Lean's Lawrence of Arabia (1962) and this led to Lean's hiring Roeg as cinematographer on his next film, Doctor Zhivago (1965); however, Roeg's creative vision clashed with that of Lean and eventually he was fired from the production and replaced by Freddie Young, who received sole credit for cinematography when the film was released in 1965. He was credited as cinematographer on Roger Corman's The Masque of the Red Death and François Truffaut's Fahrenheit 451, as well as John Schlesinger's Far from the Madding Crowd and Richard Lester's Petulia; the latter is the last film on which Roeg was solely credited for cinematography and also shares many characteristics and similarities with Roeg's work as a director.

Directing
In the late 1960s, Roeg moved into directing with Performance, alongside Donald Cammell. The film centres on an aspiring London gangster (James Fox) who moves in with a reclusive rock star (Mick Jagger) to evade his bosses. The film featured cinematography by Roeg and a screenplay by Cammell, the latter of whom had favoured Marlon Brando for the James Fox role. The film was completed in 1968 but withheld from release by its distributor Warner Bros. who, according to Sanford Lieberson, "didn't think it was releasable." The film was eventually released with an X rating in 1970 and, despite its initial poor reception, has come to be held in high esteem by critics due to its cult following.

He followed up with Walkabout, which tells the story of an English teenage girl and her younger brother who are abandoned in the Australian Outback by their father after his suicide and forced to fend for themselves, with the help of an Aboriginal boy on his walkabout. Roeg cast Jenny Agutter in the role of the girl, his son Luc as the boy, and David Gulpilil as the Aboriginal boy. It was widely praised by critics despite its lack of commercial success.

His next film, Don't Look Now, is based on Daphne du Maurier's short story of the same name and starred Julie Christie and Donald Sutherland as a married couple in Venice mourning the death of their daughter who had drowned. It attracted scrutiny early on due to a sex scene between Sutherland and Christie, which was unusually explicit for the time. Roeg's decision to inter-cut the sexual intercourse with shots of the couple dressing afterwards was reportedly due to the need to assuage the fears of the censors and there were rumours at the time of its release that the sex was unsimulated. The film was widely praised by critics and considered one of the most important and influential horror films ever made.

Similarly to Performance, he cast musicians in leading roles for his next two films, The Man Who Fell to Earth and Bad Timing. The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) stars David Bowie as a humanoid alien who comes to Earth to collect water for his planet, which is suffering from a drought. The film divided critics and was truncated upon its U.S. release. Despite this, it was entered into the Berlin International Film Festival where Roeg was nominated for the Golden Bear. It is today considered an important science fiction film and is one of Roeg's most celebrated films. Bad Timing was released in 1980 and stars Art Garfunkel as an American psychiatrist living in Vienna who develops a love affair with a fellow expatriate (played by Theresa Russell, to whom Roeg was later married), which culminates in the latter being rushed to hospital due to an incident the nature of which is revealed over the course of the film. At first, it was disliked by critics, as well as by the Rank Organisation, its distributor, who allegedly described it as "a sick film made by sick people for sick people." Rank requested that their logo be taken off the finished film.

Bad Timing marked the beginning of a three-film partnership with Jeremy Thomas. The second of these films Eureka (1983) is loosely based on the true story of Sir Harry Oakes; it received a largely limited release both theatrically and on home video. It was followed up with Insignificance, which imagines a meeting between Marilyn Monroe, Albert Einstein, Monroe's second husband Joe DiMaggio and Senator Joseph McCarthy. Insignificance was screened in competition at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival, with the film being selected to compete for the Palme d'Or.

In 1986, Roeg was approached by then Secretary of State for Health and Social Services Norman Fowler and the advertising agency TBWA to direct the British government's public health campaign AIDS: Don't Die of Ignorance.

His next two films, Castaway and Track 29, are considered minor entries in his oeuvre. Roeg was selected to direct an adaptation of Roald Dahl's children's novel The Witches by Jim Henson, who had procured the film rights to the book in 1983. This would prove to be his last major studio film and proved a great success with critics, although it was a box-office failure. Roeg made only three theatrical films following The Witches: Cold Heaven (1992), Two Deaths (1995) and Puffball (2007). Roeg also did a small amount of work for television, including Sweet Bird of Youth, an adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play, and Heart of Darkness and an episode of George Lucas's Young Indiana Jones.

Style and influence
Roeg's films are known for having scenes and images from the plot presented in a disarranged fashion, out of chronological and causal order, requiring the viewer to do the work of mentally rearranging them to comprehend the story line. They seem to "shatter reality into a thousand pieces" and are "unpredictable, fascinating, cryptic, and liable to leave you wondering what the hell just happened..." This is also the strategy of Richard Lester's 1968 film Petulia, which was Roeg's last film as a cinematographer only. A characteristic of Roeg's films is that they are edited in disjunctive and semi-coherent ways that make full sense only in the film's final moments, when a crucial piece of information surfaces; they are "mosaic-like montages [filled with] elliptical details which become very important later."

These techniques, along with Roeg's foreboding sense of atmosphere, influenced later such filmmakers as Steven Soderbergh, Tony Scott, Ridley Scott, François Ozon and Danny Boyle. In addition to this, Christopher Nolan has said his film Memento would have been "pretty unthinkable" without Roeg and cites the finale of Insignificance as an influence on his own Inception. In addition to this, Steven Soderbergh's Out of Sight features a love scene that is visibly influenced by that in Don't Look Now.

A further theme that can be seen to be running through Roeg's filmography is characters who are out of their natural setting. Examples of this include the schoolchildren in the Outback in Walkabout, the men and women in Venice in Don't Look Now, the alien on Earth in The Man Who Fell to Earth, and the Americans in Vienna in Bad Timing.

Roeg's influence on cinema is not limited to deconstructing narrative. The "Memo from Turner" sequence in Performance predates many techniques later used in music videos. The "quadrant" sequence in Bad Timing, in which the thoughts of Theresa Russell and Art Garfunkel are heard before words are spoken set to Keith Jarrett's piano music from The Köln Concert, stretched the boundaries of what could be done with film.

Legacy and honours
Roeg's cinematic work was showcased at the Riverside Studios from 12–14 September 2008. He introduced the retrospective with Miranda Richardson, who starred in Puffball. The programme included Bad Timing, Far from the Madding Crowd, The Man Who Fell to Earth, The Witches, Eureka, Don't Look Now and Insignificance. The London Film Academy organised this event for Roeg in honour of his patronage of the school.

In 1994, he was awarded a British Film Institute Fellowship. In the 1996 New Year Honours, Roeg was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Personal life
From 1957 to 1977, Roeg was married to English actress Susan Stephen. They had four sons: Waldo, Nico, Sholto and (film producer) Luc Roeg. Luc appeared as an actor, as Lucien John, in Walkabout, Roeg's first film as solo director.

In 1982, Roeg married American actress Theresa Russell and they had two sons: Maximillian (an actor) and Statten Roeg. They later divorced.

Roeg was married to Harriet Harper from 2005 until his death in 2018.

Death
On 23 November 2018, Roeg died in London at the age of 90.

Actor Donald Sutherland (who named one of his sons after Roeg) described Roeg as a "fearless visionary". Filmmaker Duncan Jones, the son of David Bowie, who starred in The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), also paid tribute to Roeg, calling him a "great storyteller" and "inimitable".

Filmography
Roeg is credited on the following films:

Films as director

Shorts

Television

Films as cinematographer

Additional photography credits

References

Citations

Sources
 Nicolas Roeg, Neil Feineman, Boston: Twayne, 1978
 The Films of Nicolas Roeg: Myth and Mind, John Izod, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1992
 Fragile Geometry: The Films, Philosophy and Misadventures of Nicolas Roeg, Joseph Lanza, New York: Paj Publications, 1989
 The Films of Nicolas Roeg, Neil Sinyard, London: Letts, 1991

External links

 Nicolas Roeg @ pHinnWeb
 Best British Directors: Nicolas Roeg
 Interview with Roeg from 1980 by Gerald Peary; accessed 12 July 2014
 Tribute to Nicolas Roeg 2007, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (photos.oscars.org); accessed 12 July 2014
 Book Review: The World is Ever Changing by Nicolas Roeg, independent.co.uk; accessed 12 July 2014
 Nicolas Roeg obituary: From tea-maker to director's chair at bbc.co.uk; accessed 24 November 2018

1928 births
2018 deaths
English cinematographers
English television directors
Film directors from London
People educated at Mercers' School
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English people of Dutch descent

Nicolas Roeg


Caladenia voigtii, commonly known as the mohawk orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, hairy leaf and usually only one greenish-yellow and red flower. When discovered near Salmon Gums in 1977, it was thought to be the extinct Caladenia cristata, but when C. cristata was found near Miling, the Salmon Gums discovery was renamed C. voigtii.

Description
Caladenia voigtii is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect leaf, 50–150 mm long and about 6 mm wide. Usually only one greenish-yellow flower with dark reddish markings and 20–30 mm long, 10–20 mm wide is borne on a stalk 80–200 mm high. The dorsal sepal is erect, 14–18 mm long and 2–3 mm wide. The lateral sepals are 14–18 mm wide, 3–4 mm long and turn stiffly downwards. The petals are 10–15 mm long, about 2 mm wide and spread horizontally or somewhat downwards. The labellum is 10–12 mm long, 8–12 mm wide, greenish with faint red lines and heart-shaped with a small, dark red, down-curved tip. There is a dense band of tall, red-tipped calli along the mid-line of the labellum. Flowering occurs from August to October.

Taxonomy and naming
When discovered near Salmon Gums in 1977, it was thought to be Caladenia cristata which had been considered extinct since 1923, however when C. cristata was located near Miling, the present orchid was recognised as a new species. It was first formally described in 2001 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Phillip Brown from the Salmon Gums specimen and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (voigtii) honours Don Voigt who found the first specimen.

Distribution and habitat
The mohawk spider orchid is found between Bremer Bay and Balladonia in the Coolgardie and Mallee biogeographic regions where it grows in a variety of habitats including on granite outcrops and near salt lakes.

Conservation
Caladenia voigtii is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

References

voigtii
Orchids of Western Australia
Endemic orchids of Australia
Plants described in 2001
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Taxa named by Stephen Hopper
Taxa named by Andrew Phillip Brown

Caladenia voigtii


The city in the state of Tennessee is at Clarksville, Tennessee

Clarksville is a small township. It is located three kilometres southwest of Milton in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand.  State Highways 1 and 8 meet in Clarksville.  The town was also once the location of a railway junction, where the Roxburgh Branch left the Main South Line.  Construction of this branch line began in the 1870s and Clarksville acted as the junction until 1907, when an extension of the branch was built alongside the Main South Line into Milton to improve operations.  This led to Milton being the junction until 1960, when the extension was removed and Clarksville regained its status as a junction until the branch was entirely closed in 1968.

References

Towns in Otago
Clutha District

Clarksville, New Zealand


Elwyn Brooks White (July 11, 1899 – October 1, 1985) was an American writer.

He is most famous for his 1959 manual about how to write well in English, The Elements of Style (which was first written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918), and also for his three children's books Stuart Little (1945), Charlotte's Web (1952), and the Trumpet of the Swan (1970).

He also wrote for magazines and newspapers in the United States.

E.B. White won many awards, including a Pulitzer Prize.

E.B. White had 1 child named  Joel White

References

1899 births
1985 deaths
Writers from New York (state)
Pulitzer Prize winners
People from Mount Vernon, New York
American children's writers
American journalists
American novelists
American poets
American screenwriters
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Maine
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients

E. B. White