Transformers Generation 2 (Issue #1, November 1, 1993 - Issue #12, October 1, 1994) is a comic book series based on the Transformers: Generation 2 toy line, written by Simon Furman. It was published by Marvel Comics.

No longer restricted by Hasbro, Furman was allowed to kill off as many characters per issue as the story demanded. Furman also introduced a cannon fodder army named the Generation 2 Cybertronians. The story began in the pages of Larry Hama's G.I. Joe comic, with Megatron being rebuilt into his G2 toy line body by Cobra and setting up the Ark siege storyline for Megatron participating in when the G2 comic begins.

Storyline
The story begins several months after the conclusion of the previous comic, with the Decepticons in exile, and the Autobots freed of their merciless hounding. Optimus Prime however, is far from jubilant, as he and the Autobots are still locked in combat long after the great wars have ended, as if looking for a reason to continue serving as soldiers, Prime is also haunted by mysterious visions generated by the Matrix, in which he is consumed by an unidentified plague.

The Autobots are soon overrun by a mysterious new breed of Transformer, or so it would appear, but upon capture, Prime and the Autobots learn that these Transformers are descendants of the Decepticons. Their leader, Jhiaxus, claims that both factions have long ended their war and have become one race of Cybertronians, cooperating in the goal of expanding the Transformer dynasty, Prime is disgusted to find Jhiaxus's troops have been launching attacks on defenseless planets, and escapes with his troops to oppose the new breed.

Meanwhile, on Earth, Megatron, reborn and rebuilt by Cobra, infiltrates the salvaged Ark and begins to take over it, hoping to launch it and use it as a means of attacking Earth, drawing out Optimus Prime so he can seize the Matrix, but his schemes are hampered by a combined attack by both G.I. Joe and Fortress Maximus, and the latter sacrifices himself to destroy the Ark. Delayed, but not defeated, Megatron next turns his attention to destroying Bludgeon, the present day commander of the G1 Decepticons, and to reclaim leadership.

After several encounters with Jhiaxus, and still haunted by his visions, Prime enlists the aid of Cybertronian elders to uncover the origins of the new Cybertronians, he learns that all Transformers once had a reproductive capability that enabled them to create life on their own, but once Cybertron had a sizable population, the capability became dormant. Prime discovers that the Elders reactivated it during the Autobots' absence on Earth, and that since the progress was never intended to be restarted, the Cybertronians were flawed immeasurably. Prime tries to convince Megatron of the threat.

Megatron chooses instead to ambush and defeat Prime than ally with him, he also takes the matrix but he also trusts Prime's warnings and faces Jhiaxus himself, and was defeated and left for dead, the matrix taken from him, to further complicate things, his treacherous lieutenant Starscream allies himself with Jhiaxus to get closer to the Matrix.

Another shocking development begins to occur across several solar systems, The Swarm, a mass of black energy, a by-product of Cybertronian reproduction, is wandering the stars, attracted to any being made of metal, and consuming them entirely, the swarm makes its way to Earth's sector, where a final battle has begun between the allied Transformers against the Cybertronians. During the conflict, Starscream briefly gains control of the Matrix, but eventually returns it to Prime when its inherent goodness corrupts his program, Jhiaxus succumbs to an insanity long repressed that reflected his barbaric side and he nearly destroys Optimus before being consumed by the invading Swarm.

Prime finally grasps the truths behind his visions and realizes the Matrix is the one device that can reach out to the Swarm, so he allows them to kill him, hoping they will soon penetrate the Matrix. They do so, and the resulting energy barrage of knowledge and power transforms The Swarm, giving them a conscience. The Swarm resurrect Prime and give him a new body, before vanishing into the stars. The hostilities between the Autobots and the Decepticons come to a temporary halt, although how long it lasts depends on the outcome of a mysterious conversation taking place within a large complex in the depths of space between a G2 drone and a mysterious omnipotent being known only as the Liege Maximo.

Alignment
The origins of the Liege Maximo were never given a chance to be told in G2, as the comic folded after the first story arc, but writer Simon Furman would revisit the character in a piece of fiction known as Alignment, released through the fan convention Transforce, revealing that the Liege Maximo was one of the original thirteen Transformers.

UK
G2's US run also inspired a brief UK version that, for the first two issues, introduced the storyline differently to reel in new readers, and then reprinted several G2 comics afterwards, the series was not a success and folded after five issues.

Notes
The name of the character Jhiaxus is pronounced "gee, axe us", this was an intentional joke by Simon Furman anticipating the short lifespan of the comic, which proved true.

References

1993 comics debuts
1994 comics endings
Marvel Comics titles
Generation 2
Comics set in the United States

Transformers: Generation 2 (comics)


Christen Jensen (1881–1961) was an American educator who twice served as interim president of Brigham Young University (BYU). The two terms were 1939-1940 while Franklin S. Harris was doing work in Iran and then in Nov. 1949-Feb. 1951 between the presidencies of Howard S. McDonald and Ernest L. Wilkinson.

Jensen was born in Salt Lake City to Christen Jensen Sr. and his wife Nel Sina Johnsen, both of whom were immigrants from Denmark.  Jensen initially went through the Normal school of the University of Utah, and then was a teacher in such southern Salt Lake County towns as Midvale and Riverton as well as Pleasant Green in western Salt Lake County.  While teaching in Midvale Jensen met another teacher there named Juliaetta Bateman.  They had a common interest in music.  They married on August 17, 1904.

Jensen then decided to pursue further studies in political science. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Utah in 1907 and his M.A. from Harvard University in 1908.

Jensen joined the BYU faculty in 1908.  In 1911 he became the chair of the BYU Department of History and Political Science.  He held this position until 1949.

Jensen later took a leave to complete a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, writing his dissertation on the history and uses of the pardoning power. Jensen served as dean of the College of Applied Science there and also from 1929 until 1949 as dean of BYU's Graduate School. He also served as dean of the BYU department of history and political science.

During Jensen's administration a requirement for taking a course in American history and government for graduation was added and the George Albert Smith Fieldhouse was built.

Jensen was a Latter-day Saint.  He had many callings in the Sunday school and also served for a time as a member of the presidency of the Utah Stake, which covered Provo and its immediate vicinity.  At the time of his death Jensen was serving as the Patriarch of the Provo East Stake.

Sources

 Wilkinson, Ernest L., ed., Brigham Young University: The First One Hundred Years. Vol. 2, p. 486-495.; Vol. 4, p. 468-469.
 Political Research Quarterly announcement of Jensen's death
 Jensen, Julia Bateman, Little Gold Pieces 1948.

External links

1881 births
People from Salt Lake City
People from Midvale, Utah
American political scientists
20th-century American educators
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
University of Utah alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Patriarchs (LDS Church)
1961 deaths
Latter Day Saints from Utah
20th-century political scientists

Christen Jensen


North Mississippi Allstars is a blues-rock band from Hernando, Mississippi. It was started in 1996.

Members
The band is made of brothers Luther Dickinson (guitar, vocals) and  Cody Dickinson (drums, keyboards, electric washboard), and Chris Chew (electric bass guitar).  Dickinson also plays a cigar box guitar called the "lowebow".

Albums
Allstars' first album, Shake Hands With Shorty, was nominated for a Grammy for "Best Contemporary Blues Album". 51 Phantom and Electric Blue Watermelon have also received nominations in that same category.  The group also won a W.C. Handy Award for "Best New Artist Debut" in 2001.

Present members
The band now tours with John Hiatt.  They have released an album with him called Master of Disaster.

After 2007, Luther Dickinson plays guitar for The Black Crowes' instead of Marc Ford, and played lead guitar for their album Warpaint. He tours with The Black Crowes.

Cody Dickinson has started a new side project called "Hill Country Revue" with Chris Chew, Garry Burnside, Daniel Coburn, Duwayne Burnside and Kirk Smithart.

Discography
Shake Hands With Shorty (2000)
51 Phantom (2001)
Polaris (2003)
Tate County(Hill Country Blues) (2004) Private Release
Hill Country Revue: Live at Bonnaroo (2004)
Electric Blue Watermelon (2005)
Hernando (2008)

References

Other websites
 Official web site
 Official MySpace profile

American rock bands
Blues bands
Musical groups from Mississippi

North Mississippi Allstars


The Hudson Apartments (formerly The Historic Hillview Hollywood) is a historical building located on Hollywood Boulevard, and is considered Hollywood's first "artist's" high-rise. It was founded in 1917 by movie moguls Jesse L. Lasky, co-founder of Paramount Pictures, and his brother-in-law Samuel Goldwyn, co-founder of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, better known as MGM. It was one of Hollywood's only apartment buildings at the time willing to rent to aspiring actors since they were considered a financial risk by most apartment building owners. In fact, it catered specifically to actors. It quickly became a Hollywood hot spot. The vast basement housed a rehearsal space until Rudolph Valentino reputedly converted it to a speakeasy. Former big-screen residents include Mae Busch, Stan Laurel, and Viola Dana. Charlie Chaplin was once a proprietor of the Hillview. Clara Bow found her first home at the Hillview in 1923.

The Hillview eventually slipped into obscurity and went into ruin. The building was occupied by tenants until it suffered structural damage during the  1994 Northridge earthquake and later, the construction of the subway tunnel.  A fire occurred in early 2002, and was refurbished. The building was  restored and completely redone in 2005-2006 with new kitchens, marble counter tops, washer dryers in each unit and refurbished elevators.

In October 2009 the corporation that owns the Hollywood Hillview Apartments filed for bankruptcy, and the historic Hollywood Hillview was forced into foreclosure. The basement lounge club, the restaurant, and the gym have been closed since January 2009. The name was also changed to The Hudson Apartments.

In July 2010 Hollywood real estate investment group CIM purchased the building out of foreclosure for $13,000,000.

In October 2021, Adolfo Suaya sold The Hillview for $19.2 million, as a 53-unit dwelling, to True Urban USA and JCI Development.

References

External links
  Investment Offering Brochure - Lee and Associates Los Angeles West, Inc.

Landmarks in Los Angeles
Culture of Los Angeles
Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles
Apartment buildings in Los Angeles
Buildings and structures in Hollywood, Los Angeles

The Hillview


Aileen Clark Hernandez (May 23, 1926 – February 13, 2017) was an African-American who fought for the rights of women and people with less rights. During her life, she was the president of the National Organization for Women and also worked in government for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Early life
Hernandez's parents were Charles and Ethel Clark. They moved from Jamaica to the United States. Hernandez grew up in Brooklyn, New York City with her two brothers. Ethel Clark was a worker in a clothing factory. Charles Clark was a worker for an art supply store. All of the children in the Clark family learned to do work around the house such as sewing and cooking.

Education
Hernandez went to Bay Ridge High School. She was a successful student and almost at the top of her class. Later, she went to Howard University, in Washington, D.C. She was educated at other universities, such as University of Oslo, New York University, and the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1959, she received a master's degree from University of California at Los Angeles.

Career
Her first job was with the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union. She also worked with Alan Cranston and at the Fair Employment Practice Commission. Later, she was the first female on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Hernandez started working with businesses to help them hire more women and people with less rights in 1966. She was vice president of the National Organization for Women in 1967 and became president in 1971.

Death
Hernandez died from complications related to dementia at the age of 90.

Honors and awards
 Woman of the Year, Community Relations Conference of Southern California; 1961
 Howard University Distinguished Postgraduate Achievement in Labor and Public Service; 1968
 Ten Most Distinguished Women in the San Francisco Bay Area (The San Francisco Examiner); 1969
 Honoree of the National Urban Coalition for Distinguished Service to Urban Communities; 1985
 Regents Scholar in Residence, University of California, Santa Barbara
 Silver Spur Award (San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association); 1995
 Eleanor Roosevelt Award (Democratic Women's Forum in California); 1996

References

 "Aileen Clarke Hernandez." Contemporary Black Biography, vol. 13, Gale, 1996. Biography in Context. Accessed May 4, 2018.
 "Aileen Hernandez." UXL Biographies, UXL, 2011. Student Resources in Context. Accessed May 4, 2018.
 "Aileen Clarke Hernandez." DISCovering U.S. History, Gale, 1997. Student Resources in Context. Accessed May 4, 2018.
 Sandomir, Richard. "Aileen Hernandez, Ex-NOW President and Feminist Trailblazer, Dies at 90." New York Times, Mar. 1, 2017, p. A28(L). Student Resources in Context. Accessed May 4, 2018.

1926 births
2017 deaths
African-American people
American feminists
American civil rights activists
California State University
People from Brooklyn
Deaths from dementia

Aileen Hernandez


Imtiyaz Husain is an Indian film writer. He wrote the 2000 film Astitva with Mahesh Manjrekar.

Filmography

As an actor
 Vaastav: The Reality (1999)
 Ghulam-E-Mustafa (1997) as Minister Imtiyaz
 Parinda (1989) as Dara

As a writer
 Annarth (2002) (screenplay and story)
 Astitva (2000) (Hindi dialogues)
 Vaastav: The Reality (1999) (dialogues)
 Ghulam-E-Mustafa (1997) (dialogue and screenplay)
 Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin (1996) (dialogues)
 Stunttman (1994) (dialogues)

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Indian male screenwriters
Indian Muslims
Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu

Imtiyaz Husain


Naum Semyonovich Sorkin (; 11 February 1899 – 16 January 1980) was a Soviet military officer and diplomat.

A Red Army veteran of the Russian Civil War, Sorkin was sent to Mongolia as an artillery instructor for the Mongolian People's Army in 1923, where he later served as a consular official in Altanbulag and first secretary at the Soviet embassy in Ulan Bator in 1926-1931. The chief of the Soviet General Staff's Special Operations Department in 1939-1941, he served as intelligence chief for the Far Eastern Front in 1941-1945 and the 1st Far Eastern Front following the Soviet declaration of war on the Japanese Empire in August 1945.

Promoted to major-general in 1944, he graduated from the Voroshilov General Staff Academy in 1952 and was an instructor at the Mozhaysky Military Academy of Aeronautical Engineering until his retirement in 1958.

Life and military career
Naum Sorkin was born in Alexandrovsk (now Zaporizhia), a town in the Yekaterinoslav Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine) to Jewish parents. The town fell into the southeastern part of the Pale of Settlement, the westernmost region of the empire where Jews were permitted permanent residence, and Naum's father was a local official.

Naum Sorkin joined the Bolshevik Party and Red Army in 1919 and took part in the Russian Civil War. He graduated from an artillery commanders' course in Kharkov in 1920 and attended the Higher Artillery School in 1922-1923. Sorkin was dispatched to Soviet-allied Mongolia in 1923, where he was an artillery instructor until 1926. He next held posts in Mongolia as a Soviet consular official in Altanbulag and first secretary at the Soviet embassy in Ulan Bator from 1926 to 1931.

His later assignments in the Soviet Union were with the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs and Revolutionary Military Council from June 1933 to June 1935 and with the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs from June 1935 to June 1936, and he was appointed deputy chief of the 9th Department of the Red Army's Intelligence Directorate (responsible for information concerning Mongolia and Xinjiang) until May 1939. The Intelligence Directorate's 9th Department became the Red Army General Staff's Department of Special Tasks, with Sorkin selected to serve as acting head from May 1939 to February 1941.

Moved to the Soviet Far East, where he was promoted to major-general in 1944, Sorkin was the chief of the intelligence section of the staff of the Far Eastern Front in 1941-1945. He was assigned as intelligence section chief for the staff of the 1st Far Eastern Front at the time of the Far Eastern Front's temporary division into Army General Kirill Meretskov's 1st Far Eastern Front and Army General Maxim Purkayev's 2nd Far Eastern Front on the day of the Soviet entry into the Asian Theatre of World War II in August 1945.

Major-General Sorkin was again appointed intelligence chief for the staff of the Far Eastern Front following its post-war recreation in 1945, then transferred to teach at the Military Diplomatic Academy from 1947 to 1950. He graduated from the Voroshilov General Staff Academy in 1952 and subsequently worked at the Mozhaysky Military Academy of Aeronautical Engineering from 1952 until 1958.

Major-General Sorkin retired from the Mozhaysky Academy and active service in 1958, having spent nearly forty years in the Soviet military. He published a memoir about his 1920s experiences in Mongolia in 1970.

He died in Leningrad, having bequeathed nineteen fine art pieces by Russian painters from his personal collection to the Smolensk State Museum and Preserve.

His military decorations included the Order of Lenin, as well as two Red Banner and three Red Star orders.

Works
Memoir:
 «В начале пути: Записки инструктора монгольской армии»  (Starting the Journey: Notes of an Instructor of the Mongolian Army, V nachale puti: Zapiski instruktora mongolskoy armii). Moscow: Nauka, 1970.

References

1899 births
1980 deaths
Bolsheviks
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Military personnel from Zaporizhzhia
People of the Russian Civil War
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Soviet diplomats
Soviet major generals
Jews from the Russian Empire
Soviet Jews
Ukrainian Jews
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Soviet non-fiction writers
Soviet male writers
20th-century male writers
Soviet Jews in the military
20th-century non-fiction writers
Male non-fiction writers

Naum Sorkin


The Sushruta Samhita () is an ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and surgery, and one of the most important such treatises on this subject to survive from the ancient world. The Compendium of Suśruta is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine), alongside the Charaka-Saṃhitā, the Bhela-Saṃhitā, and the medical portions of the Bower Manuscript. It is one of the two foundational Hindu texts on the medical profession that have survived from ancient India.

The Suśrutasaṃhitā is of great historical importance because it includes historically unique chapters describing surgical training, instruments and procedures which is still followed by modern science of surgery. One of the oldest Sushruta Samhita palm-leaf manuscripts is preserved at the Kaiser Library, Nepal.

History

Date
The most detailed and extensive consideration of the date of the Suśrutasaṃhitā is that published by Meulenbeld in his History of Indian Medical Literature (1999-2002).  All serious consideration of this complex question must show awareness of this work. Meulenbeld stated that the Suśrutasaṃhitā is likely a work that includes several historical layers, whose composition may have begun in the last centuries BCE and was completed in its presently surviving form by another author who redacted its first five sections and added the long, final section, the "Uttaratantra." It is likely that the Suśruta-saṃhitā was known to the scholar  (fl. 300-500 CE), which gives the latest date for the version of the work that has survived into the modern era.

In Suśrutasaṃhitā - A Scientific Synopsis, the historians of Indian science Ray, Gupta and Roy noted the following view, which is broadly the same as Meulenbeld's:"The Chronology Committee of the National Institute of Sciences of India (Proceedings, 1952), was of the opinion that third to fourth centuries A. D. may be accepted as the date of the recension of the Suśruta Saṃhitā by Nāgārjuna, which formed the basis of Dallaṇa's commentary."The above view remains the consensus amongst university scholars of the history of Indian medicine and Sanskrit literature.

Hoernle's view
Regrettably, given its subsequent influence, a century ago, the scholar Rudolf Hoernle (1841 – 1918) proposed that because the author of Satapatha Brahmana, a Vedic text from the mid-first-millennium BCE, was aware of Sushruta's doctrines, Sushruta's doctrines should be dated based on the composition date of Satapatha Brahmana. The composition date of the Brahmana was itself unclear, added Hoernle, but he estimated it to be about the sixth century BCE.

Unfortunately, Hoernle's date of 600 BCE for the Suśrutasaṃhitā continues to be widely and uncritically cited in spite of much intervening scholarship over the last century.  Yet because of further research, scores of scholars have subsequently published more considered opinions on the date of the work, and these many views have been summarized by Meulenbeld in his History of Indian Medical Literature.

Central to the problem of chronology is the fact that the Suśrutasaṃhitā is the work of several hands. The internal tradition recorded in manuscript colophons and by medieval commentators makes clear that an old version of the Suśrutasaṃhitā consisted of sections 1-5, with the sixth part having been added by a later author.  However, the oldest manuscripts we have of the work already include the sixth section, called the Uttara-tantra. Manuscript colophons routinely call the whole work "The Suśrutasaṃhitā together with the Uttara-tantra," reinforcing the idea that this was perceived as a five+one composition.

Selected views on chronology
As mentioned above, scores of scholars have proposed hypotheses on the formation and dating of the Suśrutasaṃhitā.    The following are some of these views that broadly follow Hoernle's old 1907 publication.

Rao in 1985 suggested that the original layer to the Sushruta Samhita was composed in 1st millennium BCE by "elder Sushruta" consisting of five books and 120 chapters, which was redacted and expanded with Uttara-tantra as the last layer of text in 1st millennium CE, bringing the text size to six books and 184 chapters. Walton et al., in 1994, traced the origins of the text to 1st millennium BCE.

Tipton in a 2008 historical perspectives review, states that uncertainty remains on dating the text, how many authors contributed to it and when. Estimates range from 1000 BCE, 800–600 BCE, 600 BCE, 600–200 BCE, 200 BCE, 1–100 CE, and 500 CE. Partial resolution of these uncertainties, states Tipton, has come from a comparison of the Sushruta Samhita text with several Vedic hymns particularly the Atharvaveda such as the hymn on the creation of man in its 10th book, the chapters of Atreya Samhita which describe the human skeleton, better dating of ancient texts that mention Sushruta's name, and critical studies on the ancient Bower Manuscript by Hoernle. These information trace the first Sushruta Samhita to likely have been composed by about mid 1st millennium BCE.

Authorship

Sushruta or Suśruta (Sanskrit: सुश्रुत, IAST: , , an adjective meaning "renowned") is named in the text as the author, who is presented in later manuscripts and printed editions a narrating the teaching of his guru, Divodāsa. A person of this name is said in early texts such as the Buddhist Jatakas to have been a physician who taught in a school in Kashi (Varanasi) in parallel to another medical school in Taxila (on Jhelum river), sometime between 1200 BCE and 600 BCE. The earliest known mentions of the name Sushruta firmly associated with the tradition of the Suśrutasaṃhitā is in the Bower Manuscript (4th or 5th century CE), where Sushruta is listed as one of the ten sages residing in the Himalayas.

Rao in 1985 suggested that the author of the original "layer" was "elder Sushruta" (Vrddha Sushruta), although this name appears nowhere in the early Sanskrit literature. The text, states Rao, was redacted centuries later "by another Sushruta, then by Nagarjuna, and thereafter Uttara-tantra was added as a supplement". It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors called "Suśruta" who contributed to this text.

Affiliation
The text has been called a Hindu text by many scholars. The text discusses surgery with the same terminology found in more ancient Hindu texts, mentions Hindu gods such as Narayana, Hari, Brahma, Rudra, Indra and others in its chapters, refers to the scriptures of Hinduism namely the Vedas, and in some cases, recommends exercise, walking and "constant study of the Vedas" as part of the patient's treatment and recovery process. The text also uses terminology of Samkhya and other schools of Hindu philosophy.

The Sushruta Samhita and Caraka Samhita have religious ideas throughout, states Steven Engler, who then concludes "Vedic elements are too central to be discounted as marginal". These ideas include the use of terms and same metaphors that are pervasive in the Hindu scriptures – the Vedas, and the inclusion of theory of Karma, self (Atman) and Brahman (metaphysical reality) along the lines of those found in ancient Hindu texts. However, adds Engler, the text also includes another layer of ideas, where empirical rational ideas flourish in competition or cooperation with religious ideas.  Following Engler's study, contemporary scholars have abandoned the distinction "religious" vs. "empirico-rational" as no longer being a useful analytical distinction.

The text may have Buddhist influences, since a redactor named Nagarjuna has raised many historical questions, whether he was the same person of Mahayana Buddhism fame. Zysk states that the ancient Buddhist medical texts are significantly different from both Sushruta and Caraka Samhita. For example, both Caraka and Sushruta recommend Dhupana (fumigation) in some cases, the use of cauterization with fire and alkali in a class of treatments, and the letting out of blood as the first step in treatment of wounds. Nowhere in the Buddhist Pali texts, states Zysk, are these types of medical procedures mentioned. Similarly, medicinal resins (Laksha) lists vary between Sushruta and the Pali texts, with some sets not mentioned at all. While Sushruta and Caraka are close, many afflictions and their treatments found in these texts are not found in Pali texts.

In general, states Zysk, Buddhist medical texts are closer to Sushruta than to Caraka, and in his study suggests that the Sushruta Samhita probably underwent a "Hinduization process" around the end of 1st millennium BCE and the early centuries of the common era after the Hindu orthodox identity had formed. Clifford states that the influence was probably mutual, with Buddhist medical practice in its ancient tradition prohibited outside of the Buddhist monastic order by a precedent set by Buddha, and Buddhist text praise Buddha instead of Hindu gods in their prelude. The mutual influence between the medical traditions between the various Indian religions, the history of the layers of the Suśruta-saṃhitā remains unclear, a large and difficult research problem.

Sushruta is reverentially held in Hindu tradition to be a descendant of Dhanvantari, the mythical god of medicine, or as one who received the knowledge from a discourse from Dhanvantari in Varanasi.

Manuscripts and transmission

One of the oldest palm-leaf manuscripts of Sushruta Samhita has been discovered in Nepal. It is preserved at the Kaiser Library, Nepal as manuscript KL–699, with its digital copy archived by Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMCP C 80/7). The partially damaged manuscript consists of 152 folios, written on both sides, with 6 to 8 lines in transitional Gupta script. The manuscript has been verifiably dated to have been completed by the scribe on Sunday, April 13, 878 CE (Manadeva Samvat 301). The first book to publish an edition and translation of part of this manuscript appeared in 2023.

Much of the scholarship on the Suśruta-saṃhitā is based on editions of the text that were published during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This includes the important edition by Vaidya Yādavaśarman Trivikramātmaja Ācārya that also includes the commentary of the scholar Dalhaṇa.

The printed editions are based on the small subset of surviving manuscripts that was available in the major publishing centers of Bombay, Calcutta and elsewhere when the editions were being prepared — sometimes as few as three or four manuscripts. But these do not adequately represent the large number of manuscript versions of the Suśruta-saṃhitā that have survived into the modern era. Taken together, all printed versions of the Suśrutasaṃhitā are based on no more than ten percent of the more than 230 manuscripts of the work that exist today.  These manuscripts exist in the libraries in India and abroad today. More than two hundred manuscripts of the work exist, and a critical edition of the Suśruta-saṃhitā is yet to be prepared.

Contents

The Sushruta Samhita is among the most important ancient medical treatises. It is one of the foundational texts of the medical tradition in India, alongside the Caraka-Saṃhitā, the Bheḷa-Saṃhitā, and the medical portions of the Bower Manuscript.

Scope
The Sushruta Samhita was composed after Charaka Samhita, and except for some topics and their emphasis, both discuss many similar subjects such as General Principles, Pathology, Diagnosis, Anatomy, Sensorial Prognosis, Therapeutics, Pharmaceutics and Toxicology.

The Sushruta and Charaka texts differ in one major aspect, with Sushruta Samhita providing the foundation of surgery, while Charaka Samhita being primarily a foundation of medicine.

Chapters
The Sushruta Samhita, in its extant form, is divided into 186 chapters and contains descriptions of 1,120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources.

The Suśruta-Saṃhitā is divided into two parts: the first five books (Skt. Sthanas) are considered to be the oldest part of the text, and the "Later Section" (Skt. Uttaratantra) that was added by the author Nagarjuna. The content of these chapters is diverse, some topics are covered in multiple chapters in different books, and a summary according to the Bhishagratna's translation is as follows:

Prevention versus cure
Sushruta, states Tipton, asserts that a physician should invest the effort to prevent diseases as much as curative remedial procedures. An important means for prevention, states Sushruta, is physical exercise and hygienic practices. The text adds that excessive strenuous exercise can be injurious and make one more susceptible to diseases, cautioning against such excess. Regular moderate exercise, suggests Sushruta, improves resistance to disease and physical decay.
Sushruta has written Shlokas on the prevention of diseases.

Human skeleton
The Sushruta Samhita states, per Hoernle's translation, that "the professors of Ayurveda speak of three hundred and sixty bones, but books on Shalya-Shastra (surgical science) know of only three hundred". The text then lists the total of 300 as follows: 120 in the extremities (e.g. hands, legs), 117 in the pelvic area, sides, back, abdomen and breast, and 63 in the neck and upwards. The text then explains how these subtotals were empirically verified. The discussion shows that the Indian tradition nurtured diversity of thought, with Sushruta school reaching its own conclusions and differing from the Atreya-Caraka tradition.

The osteological system of Sushruta, states Hoernle, follows the principle of homology, where the body and organs are viewed as self-mirroring and corresponding across various axes of symmetry. The differences in the count of bones in the two schools is partly because Charaka Samhita includes thirty two teeth sockets in its count, and their difference of opinions on how and when to count a cartilage as bone (both count cartilages as bones, unlike current medical practice).

Surgery

The Sushruta Samhita is best known in non-specialist sources on medical history for its approach and discussions of surgery. It is amongst the first medical treatises in history to suggest that a student of surgery should learn about human body and its organs by systematically examining a dead body. A student should practice, states the text, on objects resembling the diseased or body part. Incision studies, for example, are recommended on Pushpaphala (squash, Cucurbita maxima), Alabu  (bottle gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris), Trapusha (cucumber, Cucumis pubescens), leather bags filled with fluids and bladders of dead animals.

The ancient text, state Menon and Haberman, describes haemorrhoidectomy, amputations, plastic, rhinoplastic, ophthalmic, lithotomic and obstetrical procedures.

The Sushruta Samhita mentions various methods including sliding graft, rotation graft and pedicle graft. Reconstruction of a nose (rhinoplasty) which has been cut off, using a flap of skin from the cheek is also described. Labioplasty too has received attention in the samahita.

Medicinal herbs
The Sushruta Samhita, along with the Sanskrit medicine-related classics Atharvaveda and Charak Samhita, together describe more than 700 medicinal herbs. The description, states Padma, includes their taste, appearance and digestive effects to safety, efficacy, dosage and benefits.

Rhinoplasty
Rhinoplasty, surgery to repair the flesh of the nose, is performed to achieve two results:

 To improve the breathing function of the nose
 To improve the cosmetic appearance of the nose

Sushruta's treatise provides the first written record of a cheek flap rhinoplasty, a technique still used today to reconstruct a nose. The text mentions more than 15 methods to repair it.  These include using a flap of skin from the cheek, which is akin to the most modern technique today.

The nose in Indian society has remained a symbol of dignity and respect throughout antiquity. Rhinoplasty was an especially important development in India because of the long-standing tradition of rhinotomy (amputation of the nose) as a form of punishment. Convicted criminals would often have their noses amputated to mark them as untrustworthy, but amputation was also frequently practiced on women accused of adultery – even if they were not proven guilty. Once branded in this fashion, an individual had to live with the stigma for the rest of his or her life. Reconstructive surgery, therefore, offered a hope of redemption and normalcy.

Reception

Transmission outside South Asia
The text was translated to Arabic as Kitab Shah Shun al-Hindi''' in Arabic, also known as Kitab i-Susurud, in Baghdad during the early 8th century at the instructions of a member of the Barmakid family of Baghdad. Yahya ibn Barmak facilitated a major effort at collecting and translating Sanskrit texts such as Vagbhata's Astangahrdaya Samhita, Ravigupta's Siddhasara and Sushruta Samhita. The Arabic translation reached Europe by the end of the medieval period. There is disputed evidence that in Renaissance Italy, the Branca family of Sicily and Gasparo Tagliacozzi (Bologna) were familiar with the rhinoplastic techniques mentioned in the Sushruta Samhita.New Scientist Jul 26, 1984, p. 43

The text was known to the Khmer king Yaśovarman I (fl. 889-900) of Cambodia. Suśruta was also known as a medical authority in Tibetan literature.

 Commentaries
The earliest surviving commentary on the whole text, known as Nibandha-samgraha, was written by Dalhana in ca. 1200 CE.

Earlier commentaries existed but have only been transmitted to modern times in fragmentary form.  These include lost or partially-lost commentaries by Jejjaṭa (ca. 700 CE), Gayadāsa (ca. 1000 CE), and Cakrapāṇidatta (ca. 1025 CE).

Commentaries continued to be written on the work into the nineteenth century, e.g., the Suśrutārthasandīpanī by Haranachandra written in 19th century AD.

 Modern reception
A number of Sushruta's contributions have been discussed in modern literature. Some of these include Hritshoola (heart pain), circulation of vital body fluids (such as blood (rakta dhatu) and lymph (rasa dhatu), Diabetes (Madhumeha), obesity, and hypertension. Kearns & Nash (2008) state that the first mention of leprosy is described in Sushruta Samhita.Aufderheide, A. C.; Rodriguez-Martin, C. & Langsjoen, O. (page 148) The text discusses kidney stones and its surgical removal.

 Editions and translations
The first printed edition of the text was prepared by Madhusudan Gupta (2 vols, Calcutta 1835, 1836). A partial English translation by U. C. Datta appeared in 1883. The first complete English translation of the Sushruta Samhita was by Kaviraj Kunjalal Bhishagratna, who published it in three volumes between 1907 and 1916 (reprinted 1963, 2006).

An English translation of both the Sushruta Samhita and Dalhana's commentary was published in three volumes by P. V. Sharma in 1999.  Scholars of Ayurveda generally consider this to be the most accurate and scholarly translation of the complete work to date.

See also
 Ayurveda, Indian traditional medicine
 Hindu texts, Indian religious literature
 On Ancient Medicine, Greek medical text, written c. 450–400 B.C.

Notes

References

Bibliography

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 Chari PS. 'Sushruta and our heritage', Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery''.

External links
 Sushruta Samhita, Translated by Rudolf Hoernle
 Sushruta Samhita Volume 1, in English, Translated by KK Lal Bhisaghratna
 Sushruta Samhita Volume 2, in English, Translated by KK Lal Bhisaghratna
 Sushruta Samhita Volume 3, in English, Translated by KK Lal Bhisaghratna
 Sutrasthana, Translated by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna
 Nidanasthana, Translated by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna
 Sharirasthana, Translated by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna
 Cikitsasthana, Translated by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna
 Kalpasthana, Translated by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna
 Uttaratantra, Translated by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna
The Sushruta Project: The textual and cultural history of medicine in South Asia based on newly-discovered manuscript evidence.  An academic research project at the University of Alberta (2020-2024).

Ayurvedic texts
Hindu texts
Encyclopedias of medicine
Indian surgeons
Indian encyclopedias
Ancient Indian medical works

Sushruta Samhita


Naata Nungurrayi (born 1932) is an Australian Aboriginal artist.

Life
Nungurrayi was born at the site of Kumil, west of the  in Western Australia in 1932. She is from the Pintupi group from Kintore, Northern Territory and is one of the senior elders of the Kintore women artist movement.

Naata is the sister of George Tjungurrayi and Nancy Nungurrayi, and her son is Kenny Williams Tjampitjinpa who are all well-known artists.

One of her paintings appeared on Australia Post stamps in a 2003 special edition of Aboriginal art.

Naata Nungurrayi was named among the Top 50 of Australia's Most Collectable Artists

References

1932 births
Living people
Australian Aboriginal artists
Indigenous Australians from Western Australia
Artists from the Northern Territory
Pintupi
People from Goldfields-Esperance
20th-century Australian women artists
20th-century Australian painters
21st-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian painters

Naata Nungurrayi


Paradox is a 2010 science-fiction television film starring Kevin Sorbo, Steph Song and Christopher Judge, directed by Brenton Spencer, and based on a three-part graphic novel miniseries by Christos Gage.

Plot
Sean Nault is a detective in a world just like ours — except that magic rules the day and almost nothing is known of science. Someone is killing people using a device that can project a metal slug into the victim's body, the lead revealing no trace of magic when subjected to analysis. Nault is in charge of the investigation, but is somewhat controversial for his non-use of magic in investigations, such as relying on his own perceptions to tell if a suspect is lying rather than using truth spells.

While investigating the weapon's possible origins, Nault encounters Winston Churchill, a 130-year-old sorcerer – one of the few people powerful enough to potentially cloak the spells powering such a weapon – who reveals the existence of a strange parallel universe where there is no magic but science rules supreme, and a way to cross between the two worlds. Churchill explains that the other world has apparently not developed magic due to the higher concentration of iron in that world. He also states that Nault is uniquely qualified to travel into the other world because he is one of the few people who does not have a counterpart in the 'pragmatic' world of science, allowing him to exist with equal ease in both worlds.

When Churchill is injured by a bullet in a subsequent attack, he cannot be treated by magic due to the iron nature of the weapon, leaving Nault to team up with Lenore, a pragmatist — the local term for scientist — to carry out further investigations. Nault and Lenore travel into the other world after Churchill teaches the necessary spell of transference to Helen, the department's necromancer (mortician), due to his own failing state.

Exploring this new world, Nault is fascinated when he watches crime drama and learns about the various scientific methods used to identify bodies and determine guilt, particularly when he learns that his 'trick' of observing suspects is actually a valid scientific method. Nault visits a local police department posing as a Los Angeles detective and learns that their suspect is Professor Hillman, a physicist who recently vanished. He acquires the file on Hillman's disappearance and visits Hillman's house, where he discovers a runed mirror that provides ability to travel between the two worlds, as well as several DVDs of recorded blackmail material. The investigation is hampered when the local police learn that Nault and Lenore do not exist, but they are fortunately returned to their world just as they are cornered by the detectives. Nault determines that the DVDs he found are of a senator involved with drug dealing and corruption. He tracks the senator down, but the man is killed in a car crash when he attempts to run Nault over and passes right through him thanks to the only spell Nault can use, an intangibility spell.

Churchill assures Nault that he has no regrets about dying now and gives Nault a ring, saying that Nault is the person who should possess it. Following Churchill's death, Nault and Lenore discuss the other world, Lenore saying that she actually preferred it there because she has always found magic so inexplicable, noting at the same time that their supposedly 'equal' world is still based on the level of magical skill that each person can control.

Attempting to track the mirror Hillman used to travel to the other world, Nault realises from the file he received in the other world that the Hillman in the morgue is the magic world's version of Hillman, as he lacks the gold fillings the other world's Hillman possessed. Nault goes to Hillman's house and encounters Hillman's twin brother, Glen, and learns about Hillman's dissatisfaction in the magical world due to his lack of magical ability. Nault discovers that his captain, Papillo, is involved in the conspiracy; the senator was just a useful pawn to gain the necessary power. Nault and Lenore are taken hostage and taken to a base where Hillman's counterpart is waiting.

Papillo reveals that he and Hillman, who came in contact with each other during Hillman's experiments to breach the dimensional barrier, intend to collapse the barriers between the two worlds to bring them together so that science and magic can come together as the survivors of the two worlds learn from each other; the drug dealings simply provided the necessary finances to gather the equipment. Although Papillo begins the ritual, Hillman and Papillo are killed when Nault intervenes. As Nault and Lenore escape, Nault promises her that they will never stop trying to return to the other world, although Lenore assures him in return that, for the moment, she belongs where he is, the two kissing as the base collapses behind them.

Cast
 Kevin Sorbo as Detective Sean Nault
 Steph Song as Lenore
 Christopher Judge as Captain Papillo
 Alan C Peterson as Winston Churchill
 Alisen Down as Helen
 Jerry Wasserman as Hillman
 Michael St. John Smith as Senator Booth

Reception
The film has been criticised for having a low-budget feel, and there were plans to develop it for TV.

References

External links

2010 television films
2010 films
2010 fantasy films
2010 science fiction films
American science fantasy films
American science fiction television films
Canadian science fiction television films
English-language Canadian films
Films about parallel universes
Films based on American comics
Films based on Canadian comics
Live-action films based on comics
Films directed by Brenton Spencer
2010s American films
2010s Canadian films

Paradox (2010 film)


North Leominster is a village or neighborhood of the city of Leominster, Massachusetts. Settlement started in 1725, and by 1740 Leominster was separated from the town of Lancaster, Massachusetts. Settlers north of North Nashua River were in the North village. The name changed over time from North Village to North Leominster.

In 1851, a new post office was established in North Leominster giving itself the feel as a separate town. In 1845, when the railroad from Boston was extended to Fitchburg it ran through the North Village parallel to the river.

In 2005, the MBTA finished construction of a new commuter rail station at North Leominster on the Fitchburg Line from Boston. North Leominster is accessible from the Lancaster, MA line on MA Route 2 by taking the exit for Harvard Street, or from the exit for Massachusetts Route 13.

Geography of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Leominster, Massachusetts

North Leominster


Jane Anne Jayroe-Gamble (born October 30, 1946) is an American broadcaster, author, public official and former beauty queen from Laverne, Oklahoma, who was Miss Oklahoma in 1966 and Miss America in 1967. Jayroe worked as an anchor in TV news in Oklahoma City and Dallas-Fort Worth broadcast media markets for 16 years. Later, Governor of Oklahoma Frank Keating appointed her to serve as his Secretary of Tourism and Recreation in his Cabinet. She served in that position from 1999 until 2003. Jayroe has authored numerous articles and books and was spokesman for The Presbyterian Health Foundation.

Early life and education
Jane Anne Jayroe was born on October 30, 1946, to Pete Jayroe and Helene Smith Jayroe in Clinton, Oklahoma. Jayroe grew up in Sentinel and Laverne, Oklahoma.  She has one older sister, Judith Jayroe Wieser Elmore.

Pageantry

As a student at Oklahoma City University, she entered the university's pageant through her sorority, Alpha Chi Omega, and then went on to win the Miss Oklahoma Pageant. Then, at the age of 19, and with no previous pageant experience, Jane was crowned Miss America 1967.  She sang with and conducted an orchestra for her talent. After being crowned Miss America 1967, she traveled around the world and traveled to Vietnam to entertain America's troops abroad.

Professional career

News industry
Jane became a well-recognized and respected primetime news anchor for KOCO and KTVY (now KFOR-TV) in Oklahoma City and KXAS in Dallas/Fort Worth.  She won several awards during her 16-year career including the first female to be awarded "Outstanding News Personality" in the Dallas-Fort Worth television market. She also hosted a health-related public affairs show, "Health Matters" on Oklahoma's PBS network, OETA. Jayroe later went on to co-host a popular television show, Discover Oklahoma promoting tourism within the state of Oklahoma.

Health advocacy
In 1992, Jayroe become the first spokesperson for the Oklahoma Health Center and Vice President of the Presbyterian Health Foundation.

Civic work
She was the first woman elected Chairman of the Oklahoma Academy for State Goals and is on executive committees for the University of Oklahoma Breast Health Institute, Oklahoma City University Board of Trustees and the Oklahoma Health Center Foundation. As a member of the United Methodist Church Church of the Servant in Oklahoma City, Jayroe is on the Women's Ministries Team and a board member for the Education and Employment Ministries. She has taken an active role in issues affecting young people, serving as honorary chair for the Conference on Teen Pregnancy, Youth Arts Month and the Oklahoma Parents and Teachers Association. She is a former trustee for the Sarkey's Foundation.

Government service
Governor of Oklahoma George Nigh appointed Jayroe to the Oklahoma Commission on the Status of Women. Governor David Walters appointed her to the Oklahoma Board on Legislative Compensation.

Other honors
Jayroe Gamble was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in the state centennial year.  A street in her childhood hometown of Laverne, Oklahoma, was renamed in her honor.

Keating Administration
Following his reelection as governor, Frank Keating appointed Jayroe as his Secretary of Tourism and Recreation. In addition to her service as tourism secretary, Keating appointed Jayroe to serve as the Director of the Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation.

Literary work
Jayroe is the author of several articles appearing in McCall's and other publications, such as Out of the Blue, Delight Comes Into Your Life and Chicken Soup for the Mother's Soul. She was producer for "Daily Devotionals," a set of audiocassettes by area ministers and laypeople, and recently created a seminar for women titled "Living Grace-fully." Her most current publications include More Grace Than Glamour: My Life as Miss America and Beyond, and Oklahoma 3, a book published for the Centennial year of Oklahoma's statehood and portraying the diversity of the state.

Personal life
She currently resides with her husband, Gerald Gamble, in Oklahoma City.  She has one son, Tyler Jayroe (born 1976).

References

External links
Jane Jayroe Official Website

1947 births
Living people
Heads of Oklahoma state agencies
Miss America 1960s delegates
Miss America Preliminary Talent winners
Miss America winners
Television anchors from Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City University alumni
People from Clinton, Oklahoma
People from Harper County, Oklahoma
Writers from Oklahoma City
People from Washita County, Oklahoma
State cabinet secretaries of Oklahoma
Women in Oklahoma politics
Politicians from Oklahoma City
American women television journalists
20th-century American people
Beauty queen-politicians
21st-century American women

Jane Anne Jayroe


Michael "Dale" Tallon (born October 19, 1950) is a Canadian ice hockey executive and former player. He played in the NHL for ten years as a defenceman for the
Vancouver Canucks, Chicago Black Hawks and the Pittsburgh Penguins. Following his retirement as a player, Tallon began a broadcasting career with the Blackhawks lasting 16 years. In 1998, he joined the front office as director of player personnel before working his way up to general manager. Serving in the latter capacity from 2005 to 2009, he helped rebuild the team into a Stanley Cup winner in 2010, at which point he had been demoted to assistant general manager. In May 2010, he was named general manager for the Panthers for the 2010–11 NHL season, serving in that position until August 2020. He returned to the Canucks organization in 2022 as a scout and senior adviser. Tallon is also a distinguished golfer, having won the 1969 Canadian Junior Golf Championship and participated in the Canadian PGA Tour.

Playing career

Junior
Tallon played in the 1961 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with Noranda. He began his junior career at sixteen years old with the Oshawa Generals of the Ontario Hockey Association. Highly anticipated in Oshawa, he went on to score 12 goals and 43 points over 50 games as a rookie in 1967–68. Despite leading all General defencemen in scoring and ranking third on the team overall, he was traded to the Toronto Marlboros in the off-season in exchange for five players.

In Toronto, he improved to 17 goals and 49 points over 48 games. In 1969–70, his third and last junior year, Tallon recorded OHA career-highs of 39 goals, 40 assists and 79 points (10th in league scoring) over 54 games. He added 12 goals and 29 points over 18 playoff games, as the Marlboros lost to the Montreal Jr. Canadiens in the J. Ross Robertson Cup Finals. Tallon has recalled "forcing things" in his first two junior years due to his playing in new cities with high expectations of him and that it wasn't until his last year that he "finally relaxed and it all came together."

Professional
Having completed a successful third season in the OHA, Tallon was among the top prospects going into the 1970 NHL Amateur Draft. Selected second overall, he went to the Vancouver Canucks, a new franchise in the NHL. They had lost the first overall pick in a lottery draw to their fellow expansion team, the Buffalo Sabres, who selected Gilbert Perreault. In his rookie season, he scored 14 goals and led the Canucks with 42 assists. His 17 goals for Vancouver in 1971–72 was a career high. A leading scorer on the team, Tallon represented the Canucks in the 1971 and 1972 NHL All-Star Games.

Following his second NHL season, Tallon was selected to Team Canada's roster for the 1972 Summit Series against the Soviet Union. Designated as a reserve, he played in an exhibition game against Sweden, but did not compete in the main series.

Following his third season with Vancouver, in which he scored 13 goals and 37 points, he was traded to the Chicago Black Hawks on May 14, 1973, in exchange for Gary Smith and Jerry Korab. Tallon was widely seen as a replacement for Bobby Hull, whom the Black Hawks had lost to the World Hockey Association that offseason; he was even given Hull's old number 9. In his first preseason game, fans, still upset over losing Hull to the WHA, booed Tallon relentlessly, prompting the Black Hawks to assign him another number almost immediately. His best season in Chicago was in 1975–76, when he scored 15 goals and had a team-high and career-high 47 assists. In five seasons with the Black Hawks, he scored 44 goals and 112 assists for 156 points.

On October 9, 1978, Tallon was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a second-round choice in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He played two seasons with the Penguins, scoring 10 goals with 33 assists, before retiring.

In his ten-season NHL career, Tallon scored 98 goals and had 238 assists for 336 points in 642 games played.

Broadcasting career
Following his retirement as a player, Tallon returned to the Blackhawks franchise as a broadcaster. He went on to spend 16 seasons as an analyst for Blackhawks radio and television broadcasts. Tallon also served the same role in the 2002–03 NHL season between his two stints in the Blackhawks' front office.

Front office

Chicago Blackhawks
In 1998, Tallon joined the Blackhawks front office as director of player personnel, a position he held until 2002. After then serving as assistant general manager, beginning on November 5, 2003, he was named the Blackhawks' eighth general manager in team history on June 21, 2005, succeeding Bob Pulford.

Tallon's first season as the Blackhawks general manager was a busy one. The 2004–05 NHL season was lost to a labor dispute, and the new collective bargaining agreement between the owners and players was signed in July 2005. Between the new financial structure and many rules changes intended to produce a higher scoring game, Tallon was challenged to build a new team. Tallon signed many free agents, including goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin, defenceman Adrian Aucoin, and forward Martin Lapointe, which led to raised expectations. The Blackhawks finished Tallon's first season with 26 wins, 43 losses and 13 overtime losses for 65 points, ranking the Blackhawks 14th in the 15-team Western Conference, and with the third-fewest points in the NHL.

Under Tallon, however, the Blackhawks steadily improved, raising their points totals to 71 and 88 in the next two years. Though not enough to make the playoffs either year, their poor overall standing allowed Tallon high draft picks to work with. In 2006, he selected Jonathan Toews third overall, then Patrick Kane first overall the following year. The two forwards went on to quickly become franchise cornerstones and were joined by fellow young talents Patrick Sharp, Kris Versteeg, Martin Havlát and Brian Campbell, all of whom Tallon either signed or traded for.

With a new core of players in 2008–09, the Blackhawks finished the season with a 46–24–12 record for 104 points. Ranking fourth overall in the Western Conference, the team qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 2002. Chicago made it to the Western Conference Finals, where they were eliminated in five games by the Detroit Red Wings.

Tallon further bolstered his team in the off-season by signing star winger Marián Hossa and Selke Trophy-winning John Madden. That same off-season, however, Tallon and the Blackhawks management came under fire in early July 2009, when the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) claimed the team did not submit qualifying offers to their restricted free agents before the deadline. In the worst-case scenario, the team's unsigned restricted free agents at the time, including Kris Versteeg, would have become unrestricted, earning them additional salary and negotiating rights. Tallon was able to sign all his restricted free agents, although at a cost of millions more than he would have to had he qualified them in time.

Soon thereafter, on July 14, 2009, the Blackhawks demoted Tallon to the position of senior advisor, while Stan Bowman, son of Scotty Bowman, was promoted to general manager. The following day, Martin Havlát, who was no longer a Blackhawk, criticized the team's management and defended Tallon. He stated, "Every single player on that team is with Dale. I still talk to the guys all the time, hockey players know a phony when they see one." He specifically berated John McDonough, the team's president, commenting, "McDonough couldn't stand that Dale was so successful and getting the credit for building the Blackhawks from a last place team to making the Conference Finals in three short years."

The Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup in June 2010, giving Tallon his first championship. Tallon's name was engraved on the Cup and the team issued him a Stanley Cup ring.

Florida Panthers
After serving as a senior advisor with the Blackhawks for nearly a year, Tallon was hired on May 17, 2010, by the Florida Panthers as general manager, replacing Randy Sexton. The Panthers had finished last in their division, the Southeast, the previous season and had not made the playoffs since 2000. Seeking a rebuilding process similar to that which he accomplished in Chicago, Tallon immediately began trading away several players, most notably forward Nathan Horton and defenceman Keith Ballard.

In his first season as general manager, the Panthers finished last in their division for the second straight year, prompting Tallon to fire Head Coach Peter DeBoer (later replacing him with former NHL player Kevin Dineen) and to continue trading for younger players and draft picks. At the NHL trade deadline, he dealt away captain Bryan McCabe, as well as veterans Cory Stillman, Radek Dvořák and Chris Higgins. In the off-season, he acquired three former Chicago players — Brian Campbell, Tomáš Kopecký and Kris Versteeg — while also signing Tomáš Fleischmann and former Panthers fan favourite Ed Jovanovski.

Tallon's personnel changes helped lead the Panthers to their first Southeast Division title in franchise history, improving by 22 points in the 2011–12 season. Qualifying for the 2012 playoffs as the third seed, they were eliminated in the first round by the eventual finalists New Jersey Devils, ironically led by former Panthers head coach, Peter DeBoer. As a result of his leading the team to their first playoff appearance in 12 years, Tallon was nominated for the 2012 NHL General Manager of the Year Award. He signed a contract extension on June 6, 2012. On January 1, 2016, the Panthers gave Tallon a new three-year contract extension. The Panthers promoted Tallon to an executive position within their organization.

The Panthers posted a 47–26–9 in , but were eliminated from the playoffs in the first round by the New York Islanders in six games. The team began the  in last place in the  Atlantic Division with an 11–10–1 record. On November 28, 2016, the Panthers fired head coach Gerard Gallant and moved general manager Tom Rowe to fill the vacancy. Darren Dreger of TSN reported that Tallon would return to "taking a day-to-day management and player management player personnel decisions." However, Vincent Viola, the team's owner, refuted Dreger's report of organizational changes, and clarified that "[Tallon] has always had final say over hockey decisions." He added, "What we had done is bifurcate Dale from some things he didn't need to worry about anymore [negotiating contracts, for example]."

On April 10, 2017, the Panthers announced that Tallon would return as the general manager after his successor Rowe was demoted from the role.

On August 10, 2020, Tallon and the Panthers mutually agreed to part ways.

Vancouver Canucks
On June 24, 2022, the Vancouver Canucks hired Tallon as a senior advisor and professional scout.

Golfing career
In addition to hockey, Tallon was an avid golfer growing up. As a teenager, Tallon's father wanted him to be a hockey player, while his mother aspired for a golfing scholarship at an American college. After winning the 1969 Canadian Junior Golf Championship, he went on to qualify for the Canadian PGA Tour two years later. He was formerly the head professional at Highland Park Country Club in Chicagoland and the Tamarack Golf Club in Naperville, Illinois.

Awards
1971 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
1972 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
2010 – Stanley Cup Champion (as assistant general manager)

Career statistics

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks announcers
Chicago Blackhawks executives
Chicago Blackhawks players
Dallas Black Hawks players
Florida Panthers executives
Florida Panthers general managers
Ice hockey people from Quebec
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League broadcasters
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
National Hockey League general managers
Oshawa Generals players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Sportspeople from Rouyn-Noranda
Stanley Cup champions
Syracuse Firebirds players
Toronto Marlboros players
Vancouver Canucks draft picks
Vancouver Canucks players

Dale Tallon


Manon is a French opera in five acts by Jules Massenet, first performed at the Opéra-Comique in Paris, on March 19, 1884, libretto by Henri Meilhac et Philippe Gile, after the Abbé Antoine-François Prévost's L'histoire du Chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut. An immediate success, it has remained one of the most popular of French operas.

Principal roles and voice types
 Manon - soprano
 Chevalier des Grieux - tenor
 Lescaut - baritone
 Comte des Grieux - bass
 Guillot de Morfontaine - tenor
 Monsieur de Brétigny - baritone

Sources
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Vikings Books, 1989.

1880s operas

Manon


The trial and conviction of Joshua French and Tjostolv Moland followed their arrest in May 2009, and their being charged with killing their hired driver, 47-year-old Abedi Kasongo, on May 5, 2009, at Bafwasende, Tshopo District, Orientale Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. French was arrested on May 9 in the Epulu game reserve, around  from Kisangani. Moland was arrested two days later in the Ituri Province, a few hundred kilometres farther northeast.

After their arrest, French and Moland were charged with killing Kasongo on the Ituri Road, in the vicinity of the 109-kilometre marker between Kisangani and the Ugandan border. Additional charges against the two included attempted murder of a witness, espionage, armed robbery and the possession of illegal firearms.

Their trial, held on August 14, was allowed to take place before a military court because firearms had been used in the crime. However, according to Mirna Adjami, a local representative of the International Center for Transitional Justice, only Congolese police and army soldiers can be tried before a military tribunal; this raised questions as to the court's legitimacy.

Norway's foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre said in 2009, "We have to be realistic about what our Ministry of Foreign Affairs can do". Representatives of the Ministry, including Thorleif Wangen (embassy secretary), observed the trials.

On 18 August 2013 Moland was found dead in his prison cell.

On May 17, 2017 Joshua French was released from prison and was allowed to return to Norway on the grounds of humanitarian and health reasons.

Defendants

French grew up in the municipality of Re in Vestfold county and has both Norwegian and British citizenship. Moland is from Vegårshei in Aust-Agder county.

Until 2006, French served in the Norwegian Armed Forces and was also enlisted in the British Army where he trained as a paratrooper. In 2006, he was admitted to the Telemark Battalion, a  Norwegian Army mechanised infantry unit, but was allegedly forced to resign in 2007 as he and his friend Moland were accused of having recruited military personnel into employment with private security companies.

Moland also has a Norwegian Army background, having served in The King's Guard and later the Telemark Battalion, where he held the rank of second lieutenant before his resignation in 2007. French and Moland later worked as security guards in several places, including pirate guards for a Korean company in the Gulf of Aden. French and Moland were also involved in security missions in various African countries, such as Angola, Sierra Leone, and lately in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

French and Moland were employed by SIG Uganda, a security company started by Moland.

Prosecution evidence
During the criminal investigation, the Congolese authorities found Norwegian military ID cards, counterfeit United Nations caps, and employee ID badges with both the correct and false names of French and Moland. The employee badges were from a little-known security company named Special Interventions Group (SIG) which is owned by and mostly staffed by Norwegians .  The investigators also found SIG-Uganda employee ID badges which bore the identical SIG logo and the false names of "John Hunt" and "Mike Callan" accompanying French and Moland's respective photographs. During a raid on French and Moland's apartment, authorities also confiscated at least one rifle and a camera containing images of French and Moland on their recent travels in Africa. In one image, believed to have been taken by French, Moland is seen smiling as he washes what is alleged to be the blood of Abedi Kasongo from the inside of their car. French and Moland have said that Kasongo was murdered by gunmen who attacked them on a road.

Two witnesses, Gina Kepo Aila and Kasimu Aradjabo, said they were both present during the killing. Both told the court that Moland shot Abedi Kasongo, while French threw himself over Gina Kepo Aila, whom he tried to kill. According to both witnesses, several shots were fired, most probably three.

Verdict
On September 8, 2009, French and Moland were found guilty on all counts and sentenced to death. Along with the death sentence for both, the tribunal ordered the Norwegian government to pay a US$1 compensation to each Congolese citizen, an amount Judge Claude Disimo, head of the military tribunal, said totals more than US$60 million. The prosecution had sought the death penalty for the five charges made against the men. Norwegian authorities have denied that the men were involved in espionage for Norway, and have expressed concern they were not receiving a fair trial. Initially the Congolese claims of compensation had amounted to more than US$500 billion.

The men appealed their conviction on September 9, 2009.  According to Judge Claude Disimo, they will not be extradited back to Norway. On April 22, 2010, the BBC reported that the convictions of French and Moland were overturned on the basis of flawed procedures at their military tribunal.

A new trial with different judges found them guilty of murder and espionage on June 10, 2010. They were again sentenced to death and the Norwegian State was ordered to pay $65m.

Although it remains on the statute books, the death penalty is currently not applied in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The last known execution occurred in 2003, and today capital punishment is usually commuted to life imprisonment.

Reaction
Norway immediately condemned the sentence and rejected the allegations of espionage. Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre said the sentence was "completely unacceptable" and that he would protest to his Congolese counterpart. "We wish to distance ourselves from the conviction of espionage on Norway's behalf," Støre said. "We also wish to distance ourselves from the court's decision that the Norwegian State is responsible for paying damages. Norway is not a party in this case."

French and Moland's defence lawyer, Guillaume Likwela, said the verdict was flawed because the men were not given an interpreter for the trial, carried out in French language, which neither speaks. A spokesman for the oil company Tullow Oil, which operates in the region, pointed out that French and Moland's "unprofessionalism and amateur behavior" were indicators that they were not foreign agents as the prosecutor claimed. Øistein Mjærum, an advisor to former Norwegian prime minister Kjell Magne Bondevik, called the two defendants "idiots". The case has been widely covered in the Norwegian media, which has described much of the evidence presented against French and Moland as "contradictory and seemingly absurd", such as the case with a photo of Rune Folkedal, a photographer in Drammens Tidende, a Norwegian regional newspaper, wearing a beret and pointing at Africa, in which Folkedal is named as French's and Moland's commander for their claimed operation in the Congo.  There are, however, also indications that French and Moland received fairer treatment from the military tribunal than would have been the case with a civil court. The Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter reported a former political advisor to the UN peace mission to the Congo (MONUC) as saying that it appeared evidence existed for the charges and that the trial was procedurally correct. However, she was also quoted as saying that since the rule of law in the country leaves much to be desired, the verdict should be "taken with a grain of salt".

Reprieve and Clive Stafford Smith are involved in the case, as of November 28, 2009. After Moland's death in 2013, The Washington Post said that Reprieve has "sharply criticized the conviction of the two, pointing out there was no physical evidence against the men and that two people were paid to testify against them."

John Mutchalwa has worked for Norway's Foreign Ministry in relation to the case, and has been ordered to stand trial, as of March 2011.

The case was discussed again as part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo–Norway relations during meetings on April 1, 2011, and the following day between Gunvor Alida Endresen (Minister Counsellor at Norway's embassy in Angola) and authorities in Kinshasa. The diplomat visited both prisoners on December 3, 2011 (after their transfer to Ndolo prison). On May 17, 2017 Joshua French was released from prison and was allowed to return to Norway on the grounds of humanitarian and health reasons.

References

External links
Official petition to free French and Moland
The story

Trials in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2009 in case law
2009 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Norway relations
2009 murders in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

no:Tjostolv Moland

Trial and conviction of Joshua French and Tjostolv Moland


Howard Douglas McCurdy  (December 10, 1932 – February 20, 2018) was a Canadian civil rights activist, politician and university professor.

Life and career
Born in London, Ontario, McCurdy's great-great grandfather Nasa McCurdy was an agent on the Underground Railroad by which  African-American slaves escaped to Canada in the 19th century.

He moved to Amherstburg, Ontario, when he was 9 and encountered racism for the first time when he tried to join the Cub Scouts and was excluded, being told to form a Black-only troop. He later traced his activism back to his experiences with discrimination at this young age.

McCurdy studied at the University of Western Ontario, where he received a Bachelor of Arts, and later at Assumption University, where he received a Bachelor of Science. He was awarded a Master of Science and a Ph.D. in microbiology and chemistry from Michigan State University. McCurdy has also served for a time as Michigan State University's president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which he founded.

In 1959, he joined the Biology Department at Assumption College (later the University of Windsor) and, after initially being hired as a lecturer, he eventually became the first person of African descent to hold a tenure track position in a Canadian university. He was Department Head from 1974 to 1979. In 1976–80 he founded and was President of the Canadian College of Microbiologists. McCurdy authored more than 50 scientific papers and served on the editorial boards of Bacteriological Reviews and the Canadian Journal of Microbiology. In 1967–68 he was president of the Canadian Association of University Teachers.

In 1962 he founded the Guardian Club a civil rights organization to fight racial discrimination in Windsor. In 1969 he was the co-founder and the first President of the National Black Coalition of Canada.

McCurdy's speech at the NDP's founding convention is credited with choosing the name New Democratic Party. In 1979, he was elected alderman in the city of Windsor and served two terms until he was elected as the New Democratic MP for the riding of Windsor Walkerville in the federal election of 1984, to become Canada's second Black MP after Lincoln Alexander, and the first Black NDP MP. In the 1988 election he was reelected in the renamed riding of Windsor— St. Clair, where he served until his defeat in the 1993 federal election. He was also a candidate for the party leadership in the 1989 leadership convention which selected Audrey McLaughlin.

McCurdy campaigned for the Ontario New Democratic Party nomination in Windsor—Sandwich in the build-up to the 1995 provincial election, but was unexpectedly defeated by Arlene Rousseau. McCurdy had been endorsed by Premier Bob Rae, while Rousseau was an ally of party dissidents such as Peter Kormos.

In 2003, McCurdy supported Bill Blaikie's campaign for NDP leader.

He served as the president of the Windsor Black Coalition from 2003-2005.

McCurdy died on February 20, 2018, at the age of 85. He was survived by his wife, four children, and 10 grandchildren.

Awards
McCurdy has received many awards, including the Canadian Centennial Medal in 1967, the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977, and in 2001 the J. S. Woodsworth Award for Human Rights.

In 2012, McCurdy was made a member of the Order of Ontario.

In November 2012, McCurdy was designated a Member of the Order of Canada.

References

External links

1932 births
2018 deaths
Black Canadian politicians
Canadian biochemists
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the Order of Ontario
Michigan State University alumni
New Democratic Party MPs
Politicians from London, Ontario
Academic staff of University of Windsor
University of Windsor alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
Windsor, Ontario city councillors
Black Canadian scientists

Howard McCurdy


Alan de St Edmund was a 13th-century English cleric and administrator of the Roman Catholic Church. His name suggests a connection with Bury St. Edmunds Abbey in Suffolk, but there is no direct evidence. He was the chaplain of Hugh of Evesham, another Englishman, from the diocese of Worcester, who in 1282 was made Presbyter-Cardinal of St Laurence in Lucina by Pope Martin IV. After Hervey de Dundee, bishop-elect of Caithness, died while seeking confirmation at the Roman curia, the pope chose Alan - still in Rome - for the bishopric. Alan was provided by Pope Martin on 13 April 1282.

For the remainder of the 1280s his activities are largely obscure. After the death of King Alexander III of Scotland, Alan was one of the figures who pushed for a marriage between Alexander's granddaughter and heiress Margaret, Maid of Norway and Edward of Caernarfon, heir to King Edward I of England. He was one of the three men appointed to negotiate the marriage, the other two being Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow, and John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch.

Although the deal was made, Margaret's death in 1290 put an end to this plan, and the ensuing succession debate was mediated by King Edward, now temporary ruler of Scotland. King Edward showed his fellow Englishman Alan favour, and on 12 June 1291, appointed him Chancellor of Scotland and handed over to him the Seal of Regency. Edward provided one of his own clerks, Walter de Agsmundesham, as an assistant, and ordered the Chamberlain Alexander de Balliol to pay every month to Bishop Alan 20 merks and to Agsmundesham 10 merks. On 26 October Edward ordered that 40 pieces of oak be provided to Alan from the forest of Ternaway in Moray to be used in Dornoch Cathedral.

Bishop Alan, however, was dead by 12 December, and is last attested on 5 November. King Edward, in honour of Alan's services, ordered that all Alan's bona et catalla, goods and chattels, which Edward was entitled to by Scottish custom, be delivered to the Prior of Coldingham - Henry de Horncastre - and to Alan's brother Adam de St Edmund, who was parson of the church of Restalrig.

Notes

References
Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
Keith, Robert, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688, (London, 1924)
Ross-Harper, Ian, Notable Bishops and Ministers of Dornoch Cathedral, (Historylinks Museum, Dornoch)
Watt, D.E.R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)

1291 deaths
Bishops of Caithness
13th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
Lord chancellors of Scotland
Year of birth unknown

Alan de St Edmund


Alice Ping Yee Ho (born 1960) is a Canadian pianist and composer, considered to be "among the most important composers writing in this country".

She was born in Hong Kong and earned a BMus in composition from Indiana University and a MMus in composition from the University of Toronto. She has studied with John Beckwith, Brian Ferneyhough and John Eaton.

Ho performed a solo piano recital for CBC Radio 2. Her works have been featured at music festivals including the ISCM World Music Days, Ottawa Chamberfest, the CRUSH New Music Festival in Denmark and Asian Music Week in Japan.

Her work has been performed by ensembles and solo performers including the China National Symphony Orchestra, Polish Radio Choir, the Lapland Chamber Orchestra, the Esprit Orchestra, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, the Victoria Symphony, the Windsor Symphony Orchestra, the Nieuw Ensemble, the Penderecki String Quartet, violist Rivka Golani and percussionists Sumire Yoshihara and Beverley Johnston.

Ho was nominated for a Juno Award in 2015 and 2018. She has received awards from the 2014 Prince Edward Island Symphony Composers Competition, the 2014 Kitchener Waterloo Symphony Friendship Orchestral Composition Competition, the 2013 Boston Metro Opera International Composition Competition, the du Maurier Arts Ltd. Canadian Composers Competition, the MACRO (Macro Analysis Creative Research Organization) International Composition Competition and the International League of Women Composers Competition. She has been awarded the Luxembourg Sinfonietta International Composition Prize, the K.M. Hunter Artist Award and the 2013 Dora Mavor Moore Award for "Outstanding Original Opera".

She is married to Chan Ka Nin, a composer and University of Toronto Professor Emeritus. The couple live in Toronto.

References

1960 births
Living people
Canadian women pianists
Canadian classical pianists
Canadian classical composers
Indiana University alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Hong Kong emigrants to Canada
21st-century classical pianists
Canadian women classical composers
21st-century women pianists

Alice Ho


The 57th government of Turkey (28 May 1999 – 18 November 2002) was a coalition government led by  Bülent Ecevit of Democratic Left Party (DSP).

Background
The number of seats gained by the most successful party in the elections held on 18 April 1999 was only 136 out of 550. Thus, at least three parties had to form the government. Ecevit asked Motherland Party (ANAP) and Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) to participate in the government.

The government
In the list below, the serving period of cabinet members who served only a part of the cabinet's lifespan are shown in the column "Notes". The main reason for the excessive number of changes in the seats was the formation of a new party. A group of MPs split off from DSP to form  the New Turkey Party, and they resigned from their seats in the government. Also, according to the Turkish constitution, some members of the government were replaced by independent members before the elections.

Aftermath
The government ended because of the elections held in 2002.

Notes

References

Cabinets of Turkey
Democratic Left Party (Turkey)
Motherland Party (Turkey)
Nationalist Movement Party
1999 establishments in Turkey
2002 disestablishments in Turkey
Cabinets established in 1999
Cabinets disestablished in 2002
Coalition governments of Turkey
Members of the 57th government of Turkey

57th government of Turkey


A privilege sign is a retail store sign provided by a manufacturer, with the manufacturer's branding on it. The signs may be provided to the store at no cost, in return for the manufacturer's advertising on the sign. Examples include Coca-Cola signs, bar/tavern signage provided by breweries containing that brewery's brand logo above the establishment's name, and painted signs on sides of shops.

Privilege signs are no longer popular with manufacturers or stores in the United States, slowly disappearing from storefronts in that country. However, it remains a common fixture in other countries, such as sari-sari stores in the Philippines, where common sponsors of privilege signs include soft drinks, telecommunications services, and soap brands.

Similar such signs still appear on independent newsagents in the United Kingdom with Lycamobile and Coca-Cola being among the most prominent of brands to advertise.

See also
 Ghost sign

References

Signage
Advertising
Retail processes and techniques
Retail store elements

Privilege sign


Full Tilt! Pinball is a pinball video game developed by Cinematronics and published by Maxis in 1995. It features pre-rendered 3D graphics and three tables: Space Cadet, Skullduggery, and Dragon's Keep. On each table, side displays show the players' scores, ball numbers, player numbers, various other information, and a table-specific image.

Tables

Space Cadet
The Space Cadet table features the player as a member of a space fleet that completes missions to increase rank. Players can attain nine different ranks (listed from lowest to highest): Cadet, Ensign, Lieutenant, Captain, LT Commander, Commander, Commodore, Admiral, and Fleet Admiral. Players accept a mission by hitting "mission targets" which select which mission they will take, and by going up the "launch ramp". Each mission has a set number of things for players to do, such as hitting the "attack bumpers" (which are a set of four bumpers at the top of the table) eight times (this is the "target practice" mission). Some missions involve a number of steps which must be completed in sequence. Missions end either by being completed, or by being aborted due to running out of "fuel", as indicated by the lights in the passage that passes under the launch ramp. The "fuel" lights go out one by one at a time interval, and can be re-lit by having the ball go over them, or all at once by going up the launch ramp again. Upon completing a mission, some of the blue lights in a circle in the middle of the table turn on. When all of the lights in the blue circle turn on, the player's rank increases, and a light in the orange circle turns on.

Skullduggery

The Skullduggery table features a treasure hunt where the player must find pirate Peg Leg's loot. The player can accomplish that two ways: either by piecing together a treasure map or by activating and completing a series of mini-games on the table called modes. Modes are like missions and quests of the other two tables. They are all pirate themed mini-games, such as ship battle, tavern fight, escape Bermuda Triangle, mutiny, and sword fight.

Dragon's Keep
The Dragon's Keep table features a fantasy environment where players must accomplish various quests, leading to the slaying of a dragon. The quests include Dragon Hoard (steal the hoard), Fire Lizard Attack (defeat the fire-lizard), Rescue Maiden (rescue the damsel in distress), Dragon Pass (find the path to dragon's lair), Wizard's Fury, and Slay Dragon. The player can acquire awards such as spells, weapons, and armors. While weapons simply add points to the score, armors and spells temporarily turn on various gates, magnets, and chutes on the table to change the gameplay.

Elements from each of the three tables were elected for representation by Maxis in the illustration for the box art by Marc Ericksen, creating a montage below a hurtling Pinball.

3D Pinball for Windows – Space Cadet

A version of the Space Cadet table, known as 3D Pinball for Windows – Space Cadet or simply Pinball, was bundled with Microsoft Windows. It was originally packaged with Microsoft Plus! 95 and later included in Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows ME, and Windows XP. This version of Pinball, ported to Windows NT by David Plummer at Microsoft, was a port of the game using the original art and sound. It was developed in C++ for cross-platform support because Windows NT supported RISC processors and prior versions of the game contained x86 assembly language and 16-bit logic. The Windows 98 installation CD has instructions on installing Pinball 3D on this version of Windows which are partly wrong; Microsoft later issued an updated support article. Windows XP was the last client release of Windows to include this game. Raymond Chen said his proudest work on Windows XP was reducing the amount of CPU that Pinball used when it was ported from Windows 95.

The look and feel of Full Tilt! Pinball and 3D Pinball are similar, with a few exceptions: The latter contains only the Space Cadet table and only supports 640×480-pixel resolution, while the former supports three different resolutions up to 1024×768 pixels. The image on the side is a two-dimensional image as opposed to pre-rendered 3D. The words Maxis and Cinematronics have been changed from the yellow to a dark red, making them harder to see. It sports a splash screen that merely says 3D Pinball and shows a small pinball graphic with faded edges. Music is not enabled by default in 3D Pinball. It has fewer soundtracks that are inspired by the original game. A hidden test mode is also available.

There are only a few minor differences between the gameplay of the two versions. The completion of a mission in the Maxis version results in a replay—actually a ball save, rather than a special—being awarded. In addition, hitting a wormhole that has the same color light locks the ball, which if done repeatedly activates the multi-ball round. This is not the case in 3D Pinball: Completing a mission merely awards bonus points and hitting a wormhole in the above circumstances awards a replay. Also, the three yellow lights above the bumpers (both in the launch ramp and in the upper table zone) act differently: In 3D Pinball these are turned off if the ball passes on them while they are on. This is not the case in the original game, where they just remain activated.

Discontinuation
According to Microsoft employee Raymond Chen, 3D Pinball for Windows – Space Cadet was first removed from later releases of Windows due to a collision detection bug during early development of 64-bit versions of Windows, originally for the Alpha AXP architecture. Microsoft was unable to resolve the issue in time for the release of Windows XP 64-Bit Edition for the Itanium architecture in 2002, and it was assumed for some time to be the reason for the game's absence from Windows Vista and subsequent versions.

However, the 2005 release of Windows XP Professional x64 Edition includes an official 64-bit build of Pinball, which was found to have only minor graphical glitches. Following this discovery, a YouTube investigation later cited by Chen in a follow-up post revealed working versions of 64-bit Pinball are also found on the CD-ROM for the 2003 update of Windows XP 64-Bit Edition and even in some early Windows Vista builds (then known as "Longhorn") for both IA-64 and x64.

The final versions of Windows to include the game were the first released builds after the reset of the Longhorn project to start over with a fresh codebase, now for x86 and x64 only. These builds are also the final ones to still feature the other original Windows games from earlier versions, as opposed to the completely redesigned ones by Oberon Games that were publicly introduced in build 5219. This has led to speculation that, like the classic versions of the other games, Pinball was ultimately removed from Windows due to its visual style being considered outdated.

In late 2018, Raymond Chen stated that there were multiple attempts to revive the game as a Microsoft Garage project. They were apparently successful in repackaging the x86 version. However, as Microsoft contacted the legal department to review the original license contract, it was found that newer versions of the game are only permitted to be released pre-packaged with subsequent Windows operating systems and Microsoft Plus! packs. The license also forbade the release of the source code.

Full Tilt! Pinball 2
Full Tilt! Pinball 2 was released in 1996 with three new tables: Mad Scientist, Alien Daze and Captain Hero.

Reception
Reviewing the Windows version, a reviewer for Next Generation said that while the Space Cadet table is fairly good, the other two tables suffer from cluttered graphics and weak ball physics, making them "incredibly difficult to follow." He gave it two out of five stars.

3D Pinball Space Cadet gained a cult following, and tutorials showing how to install it on modern versions of Microsoft Windows have been published.

Impact

On March 6, 2020, the sound effects of Space Cadet were sampled in a song, "You Better Move" by Lil Uzi Vert, containing elements from the game. It captured positive reception from many fans who grew up playing the game.

See also
 List of games included with Windows

References

External links

Full Tilt! Pinball Windows 95 demo
Source code

1995 video games
Electronic Arts franchises
Classic Mac OS games
Maxis games
Pinball video games
Windows games
Windows 95
Discontinued Windows components
Microsoft games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in outer space

Full Tilt! Pinball


Henry D. Sokolski is the founder and executive director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, a Washington, D.C.-based think tank promoting a better understanding of strategic weapons proliferation issues among policymakers, scholars, and the media. He teaches as an adjunct professor at The Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C., and at the University of Utah and has an appointment as senior fellow for nuclear security studies at the University of California at San Diego's School of Global Policy and Strategy.

Sokolski is regularly quoted by journalists covering nuclear issues. When Russia seized Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in 2022, Sokolski was quoted in articles in The New York Times, Reuters, and The Washington Post.

Education
Sokolski attended the University of Southern California and Pomona College and completed graduate studies in political science at the University of Chicago.

Career
From 1989 to 1993, Sokolski served as the Deputy for Nonproliferation Policy in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, for which he received the U.S. Secretary of Defense's Medal for Outstanding Public Service. Prior to this, he worked in the Secretary of Defense's Office of Net Assessment on strategic weapons proliferation issues.

In addition to his executive branch service, Sokolski worked in Congress from 1984 through 1988 as senior military legislative aide to U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee member Dan Quayle and from 1982 through 1983 as special assistant on nuclear energy matters to TVA Subcommittee Chairman Senator Gordon J. Humphrey.

He worked as a consultant on nuclear weapons proliferation issues to the intelligence community's National Intelligence Council, received a Congressional appointment to the Deutch Proliferation Commission, which completed its report in July 1999, served as a member of the Central Intelligence Agency's senior advisory panel from 1995 to 1996, and was a member of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism, which operated until 2010.

Sokolski has been a resident fellow at the National Institute for Public Policy, The Heritage Foundation, and the Hoover Institution. He has taught political science courses at the University of Chicago, Rosary College, Georgetown University, and Loyola University.

He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and IISS and is on the editorial board of The Nonproliferation Review.  In a detailed 2018 profile of Sokolski, Congressional Quarterly described him as one of Washington, D.C.'s key "influencers", a rare Washingtonian willing to play "a longer game." The National Journal recognized Sokolski as one of the ten key individuals whose ideas will help shape the policy debate on the future of nuclear weapons.

Publications
Sokolski has authored and edited a number of books on nuclear proliferation, including Underestimated: Our Not So Peaceful Nuclear Future,  (Carlisle, PA:  Strategic Studies Institute, 2016); Best of Intentions: America's Campaign Against Strategic Weapons Proliferation,  (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001); Should We Let the Bomb Spread? , (Carlisle, PA:  Strategic Studies Institute, 2016); Moving Beyond Pretense:  Nuclear Power and Nonproliferation, (Carlisle, PA:  Strategic Studies Institute, 2014); Nuclear Weapons Security Crises:  What Does History Teach?, (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2013); The Next Arms Race, (Carlisle, PA:  Strategic Studies Institute, 2012); Nuclear Power's Global Expansion:  Weighing Its Costs and Risks,(Carlisle, PA:  Strategic Studies Institute, 2011); Falling Behind: International Scrutiny of the Peaceful Atom, (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2008);and Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction Its Origins and Practice  (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2004).

References

External links
 Nonproliferation Policy Education Center staff bio
 Nonproliferation Policy Education Center – Organization website
 "News Analysis:  Iran Defies U.N. Deadline on Uranium Enrichment" , NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, February 22, 2007
 NPEC Print and Media Citations

Living people
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Pomona College alumni
The Heritage Foundation
The Institute of World Politics faculty
United States Department of Defense officials
University of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago faculty
University of Southern California alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Henry D. Sokolski