SKRUK is a Norwegian choir which has toured all over the country and many parts of the world for more than 35 years with its conductor, Per Oddvar Hildre. It was founded in 1973.

The choir has released more than 25 records over the years, all of them at the record label Kirkelig Kulturverksted. SKRUK has also been nominated three times for the Norwegian music award Spellemannsprisen.

SKRUK has a varied repertoire, influenced by Norwegian folk music, spirituals, world music, and jazz, and has collaborated with many musicians, including Tord Gustavsen, Henning Sommerro, Mahsa Vahdat, The Brazz Brothers, and Brilliant Dadashova. Erik Hillestad at Kirkelig Kulturverksted has also been a close collaborator through many years, including with lyrics and as record producer.

References

External links
SKRUK's website
Norwegians Find 'The Land We Come From' by Steinar Opheim. Azerbaijan International. #5.4, Winter 1997
SKRUK's Facebook Page

Norwegian choirs
Norwegian Christian musical groups
Musical groups established in 1973
1973 establishments in Norway
Musical groups from Møre og Romsdal

SKRUK


Charles-Georges Boyer (1743 in Paris – 1806 or 1807 in Paris) was an 18th-century French music publisher.

Biography
Boyer was écuyer du Roi when he married Marie-Rose Le Menu in February 1775. In January 1778, his wife joined with her mother Roze Menu in their music publishing company, under the sign "À la clef d'or". The business had been established by Christophe Le Menu in 1758. The association Dames Lemenu et Boyer ended in 1783. That same year, Boyer took over his stepmother's company, after he had invested in the business as soon as 21 January 1779.

The catalogues issued under his name merged works previously published by Madame Le Menu. In 1784, Boyer bought the business of publisher Jean-Baptiste Venier.

His various addresses in Paris from 1778 to 1796 were rue du Roule (1778–83) ; rue Neuve-des-petits-Champs (1783–85) ; rue de Richelieu (1785–93) or rue de la Loi (1793–96, because of name changes during the Revolution), in the former café Foy.

In 1796, he sold his business to publisher Jean-Henri Naderman who presented himself as his successor and kept the sign "À la clef d'or" rue de la Loi.

Boyer's repertory encompassed all that was fashionable: symphonies, sinfonia concertante, concertos, chamber music and less serious pieces such as arrangements to opéra comiques and popular tunes. His catalog included Italian composers Boccherini, Cambini, Clementi, Lorenziti and Sarti ; German ones, such as Haydn, Stamitz, Wanhal, Kreutzer, Leopold Kozeluch and Sterkel. In contrast, French composers were minority

Bibliography

References

Publishers (people) from Paris
1743 births
1806 deaths
French music publishers (people)
Publishing companies of France

Charles-Georges Boyer


Lindsay Hunt is a South African hunter turned conservationist who played an important role in a project to produce Cape buffalo breeding stock free of bovine tuberculosis and foot-and-mouth disease. The project has established disease-free herds in all nine provinces of South Africa, away from the TB-ravaged areas of the Kruger National Park.

Discovered in 1990, buffalo bovine tuberculosis is an airborne bacterial disease. Infected buffalo may carry the disease for long periods, becoming emaciated and eventually succumbing to predation. Tuberculosis has had a devastating effect on wild buffalo herds, crossing the species barrier and widely contaminating predators, scavengers and herbivores, such as lion, leopard, cheetah, baboon, kudu, eland, bongo, oryx, sable antelope and waterbuck. Bovine tuberculosis, first reported in South Africa in 1880 in domestic cattle and in 1928 in wildlife in the Eastern Cape, probably arrived with European settlers and their livestock.

The South African National Parks Board felt the only practical solution to the epidemic was to breed disease-free buffalo. Hunt sourced his first buffalo breeding stock from the gene pool of the Kruger Park and developed systems that have been acclaimed in wildlife management circles.

References

External links
YouTube video on Lindsay Hunt
Amatola Hunters
The man who brought buffalo back to the Cape
Black gold: disease-free buffalo farming (Farmer's Weekly)

see: Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom special Buffalo Warrior.

South African conservationists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Lindsay Hunt


St. John's is an Episcopal church located in Hampton, Virginia, United States, within the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Virginia.  Established in 1610, St. John's is the oldest English-speaking parish in continuous existence in the United States of America.

History
English settlers from Jamestown established a community and church on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula on July 9, 1610, one month after Lord De La Warr arrived at Jamestown with supplies that effectively ended the Starving Time in that settlement.   This new settlement was named after the Algonquian-speaking Kecoughtan who lived in the area.

First parish site, 1610–1623
Excavations in the Church Creek area of Hampton indicate that the earliest English settlements were near present-day LaSalle and Chesapeake Avenues. The first minister of the new parish was the Reverend William Mease who was appointed by the Bishop of London to lead the church at Kecoughtan.  A historical marker on LaSalle Ave marks the approximate location of the first site.

Second parish site, 1623–1667
In 1619 the settlement was renamed Elizabeth Cittie [sic].  By 1623 the town had re-established itself east of Hampton River, where the second church of "Elizabeth City" parish was built.   The site is included within the grounds of what is now Hampton University.   Abandoned in 1667 after a third church was built, the foundations of the second church were discovered in 1910. It was a small wooded structure to which a vestibule was added later. Today, the original foundations and some of the brick floor have been excavated and can be seen at the second site, along with information, conjectural paintings, and a historical marker.   Artifacts found during the excavation are on display in the St. John's Parish House museum.

Third parish site, 1667–1728
The third building of the parish was constructed more than a mile to the west of the second church at "Westwoods Town Quarter", indicating that there was growth of the town on the west side of Hampton River.  Like the previous structure, it was made of wood and was of similar size.  This building continued in use for about 60 years. The site is located off West Pembroke Avenue east of LaSalle Avenue and features a historical marker, building foundations outlined by bricks, several 17th and 18th-century gravestones, and a protective brick wall.

Fourth parish site, 1728–present
In the early 18th century, activity centered about the busy port which has become downtown Hampton. The parishioners petitioned the Governor for permission to relocate their place of worship closer to the population center. It was granted, and construction of the fourth church on one and one half acres on the outskirts of Hampton began.   Henry Cary Jr. of Williamsburg completed the present cruciform building in 1728.  A belfry was added to the west front in 1762.  The building was damaged in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and (most extensively) the Civil War.  It took the parish several decades to complete repair the church after the War of 1812.

After full restoration, on Saturday, 6 March 1830, Bishop Richard Channing Moore, Bishop of Virginia, consecrated the church with its new name St. John's.   The building was damaged again during the Civil War on 7 August 1861.  In an attempt to keep the town from Union occupation, Confederate soldiers set fire to homes, businesses and the church.   The great bell was destroyed, and only the blackened walls remained by the time Union soldiers occupied the town and camped in the churchyard.  As a result of the fire, St. John's is the only surviving colonial structure in downtown Hampton.   At war's end, contributions due to a widespread appeal to rebuild the church were used.  Restoration was finished around 1869/1870.  Although the exterior's colonial appearance was restored (except for the belfry), the interior reflects the late 19th-century Victorian influence.   Early in the 20th century, the rear tower was added, the west gallery was built in 1957, the chapel completed in 1985, and the current manual tracker organ installed in 1993.

Points of interest
The 1618 Communion silver used today have the longest history of continuous use in America of any English church silver.   The pieces were brought from England in 1619 and used in a church founded in 1618 located in Smith's Hundred in Virginia, which lay in the point between the Chickahominy and the James Rivers, eight miles northwest of Jamestown.   The church was nearly destroyed in the Indian Massacre of 22 March 1622(NS).   The silver was carried by Governor George Yeardley to Jamestown and afterward, approximately 1628, given to the second Elizabeth City Church, which had just been built.   St. John's continues to use communion silver on special occasions.   The chalice has inscribed the London date-letter for 1618-1619 and the text "THE COMMVNION CVPP FOR SNT MARYS CHVRCH IN SMITHS HVNDRED IN VIRGINIA".  There are two patens with the same London date-letter.  The first paten has the inscription "Whosoever shall eate this bread and drinke the cupp of the Lord/unworthily shalbe gilty of the body & blood of ye Lord Cor Ixith".   The second paten has written: "If any man eate of this Bread he shall live for ever Jo VIth".

In 1887 the Native American students from the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (now Hampton University) contributed to a stained glass window depicting the baptism of Pocahontas.

On the chapel wall to the left of the main altar is an aumbry.  The door panel consists of pieces of the 13th-century stained glass from St. Helena Church, Willoughby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom - the parish in which Captain John Smith was baptized.  The panel was presented to the St. John's Parish by the rector of Willoughby St. Helena on Sunday, 14 July 1985, as part of St. John's 375th anniversary celebration.

Mission Churches of St. John's

St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Newport News, VA)
Established 1894 in Newport News, to support the families and workers (both local and visiting) in maritime construction and transportation industries.  On 20 July 2019, the church building was secularized (deconsecrated).

Emmanuel Episcopal Church (Hampton, VA)
Established 11 April 1897 in to support the growing community of Phoebus (Hampton).

St. Cyprian's Episcopal Church (Hampton, VA)
Established 1905 in Hampton, VA, as the first all-black Episcopal church supporting Hampton and Phoebus, Hampton University students, and Newport News.

Grace Episcopal Church, (Newport News, VA)
Established 1942 in Newport News.  This congregation left the US Episcopal Church to join the Anglican Mission in the Americas as River's Cross Anglican Church in 2004.  River's Cross, too, possibly disbanded in late 2014 when the property they and the LivingStone Monastery rented had to be vacated. As of October 2014, River's Stone was meeting in an undisclosed home.  Their website and Facebook page have since become unavailable.

St. Mark's Episcopal Church (Hampton, VA)
Established 1963 as a mission of St. John's, Hampton, to serve the growing population of northwestern Hampton. On 25 July 2019, the church building was secularized (deconsecrated).  St. Mark's congregation will continue to meet at St. John's Episcopal Church, Hampton.

Notes
All dates up to 1752 are Old Style dates unless postfixed with "(NS-New Style)."   For example, dates like 1723 and 1724(NS) may be interpreted 1723/1724.

References

External links

 St. John's Episcopal Church, Hampton, VA website
 Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Hampton, VA website
 Saint Cyprian's Episcopal Church, VA website

18th-century Episcopal church buildings
1610 establishments in Virginia
Churches in Hampton, Virginia
Episcopal churches in Virginia
Georgian architecture in Virginia
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Hampton, Virginia
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Churches completed in 1728
1728 establishments in Virginia

St. John's Episcopal Church (Hampton, Virginia)


In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator. Standard Spanish  as in , for example, is an alveolar trill.

A trill is made by the articulator being held in place and the airstream causing it to vibrate. Usually a trill vibrates for 2–3 contacts, but may be up to 5, or even more if geminate. However, trills may also be produced with only one contact. While single-contact trills are similar to taps and flaps, a tap or flap differs from a trill in that it is made by a muscular contraction rather than airstream.

Phonemic trills
Trill consonants included in the International Phonetic Alphabet:
  – Voiced alveolar trill
  – Voiceless alveolar trill
  – Voiced bilabial trill
  – Voiceless bilabial trill
  – Voiced retroflex trill
  – Voiced uvular trill
  – Voiceless uvular trill
  – voiced epiglottal trill
  – voiceless epiglottal trill

In addition,
  – velopharyngeal fricative found in disordered speech sometimes involves trilling of the velopharyngeal port, producing a 'snort'.

The bilabial trill is uncommon. The coronal trill is most frequently alveolar , but dental and postalveolar articulations  and  also occur. An alleged retroflex trill found in Toda has been transcribed  (that is, the same as the retroflex flap), but might be less ambiguously written , as only the onset is retroflex, with the actual trill being alveolar. The epiglottal trills are identified by the IPA as fricatives, with the trilling assumed to be allophonic. However, analyzing the sounds as trills may be more economical. There are also so-called strident vowels which are accompanied by epiglottal trill.

The cells in the IPA chart for the velar, (upper) pharyngeal, and glottal places of articulation are shaded as impossible. The glottis quite readily vibrates, but this occurs as the phonation of vowels and consonants, not as a consonant of its own. Dorso-palatal and velar vibratory motions of the tongue are occasionally produced, especially during the release of dorsal stops, and ingressive velar trills occur in snoring, but not in normal speech. The upper pharyngeal tract cannot reliably produce a trill, but the epiglottis does, and epiglottal trills are pharyngeal in the broad sense. A partially devoiced uvular or pre-uvular (i.e. between velar and uvular) trill  with some frication occurs as a coda allophone of  in the Limburgish dialects of Maastricht and Weert.

Voiceless trills occur phonemically in e.g. Welsh and Icelandic. (See also voiceless alveolar trill, voiceless retroflex trill, voiceless uvular trill.) Mangbetu and Ninde have phonemically voiceless bilabial trills.

The Czech language has two contrastive alveolar trills, one a fricative trill (written ř in the orthography). In the fricative trill the tongue is raised, so that there is audible frication during the trill, sounding a little like a simultaneous  and  (or  and  when devoiced). A symbol for this sound, , has been dropped from the IPA, and it is now generally transcribed as a raised r, .

Liangshan Yi ("Cool Mountain" Yi) has two "buzzed" or fricative vowels  (written ṳ, i̤) which may also be trilled, .

A number of languages have trilled affricates such as  and . The Chapakuran language Wari' and the Muran language Pirahã have a very unusual trilled phoneme, a voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop, .

A nasal trill  has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in rhotacism. However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled. Some languages contrast /r, r̃/ like Toro-tegu Dogon and Inor.

Extralinguistic trills
A linguolabial trill  is not known to be used phonemically but occurs when blowing a raspberry.

Snoring typically consists of vibration of the uvula and the soft palate (velum), which may be described as an ingressive velic trill. Like the uvular trill, the ingressive velic trill does not involve the tongue; it is the velum that passively vibrates in the airstream. The Speculative Grammarian has proposed a jocular symbol for the sound (and also the sound used to imitate a pig's snort), a wide O with a double dot (Ꙫ), suggesting a pig's snout. The Extensions to the IPA identifies an egressive fricative pronounced with this same configuration, common with a cleft palate, as velopharyngeal , and with accompanying uvular trill as  () or  ().

Lateral trills are also possible and may be pronounced by initiating  or  with an especially forceful airflow.  There is no symbol for them in the IPA. Lateral coronal trills are sometimes used to imitate bird calls, and are a component of Donald Duck talk. A labiodental trill, , is most likely to be lateral, but laterality is not distinctive among labial sounds.

Ejective trills are not known from any language although they are easy to produce. They may occur as mimesis of a cat's purr.

Summary

See also
 List of phonetics topics
 Bronx cheer (gesture)

References

Bibliography

Manner of articulation

Trill consonant


Bank fraud is the use of potentially illegal means to obtain money, assets, or other property owned or held by a financial institution, or to obtain money from depositors by fraudulently posing as a bank or other financial institution. In many instances, bank fraud is a criminal offence. While the specific elements of particular banking fraud laws vary depending on jurisdictions, the term bank fraud applies to actions that employ a scheme or artifice, as opposed to bank robbery or theft. For this reason, bank fraud is sometimes considered a white-collar crime.

Types of bank fraud

Accounting fraud
In order to hide serious financial problems, some businesses have been known to use fraudulent bookkeeping to overstate sales and income, inflate the worth of the company's assets, or state a profit when the company is operating at a loss. These tampered records are then used to seek investment in the company's bond or security issues or to make fraudulent loan applications in a final attempt to obtain more money to delay the inevitable collapse of an unprofitable or mismanaged firm. Examples of accounting frauds include the Enron scandal, World Com and Ocala Funding. These companies "cooked the books" in order to appear as though they had profits each quarter, when in fact they were deeply in debt.

Demand draft fraud
Demand draft (DD) fraud typically involves one or more corrupt bank employees. Firstly, such employees remove a few DD leaves or DD books from stock and write them like a regular DD. Since they are insiders, they know the coding and punching of a demand draft. Such fraudulent demand drafts are usually drawn payable at a distant city without debiting an account. The draft is cashed at the payable branch. The fraud is discovered only when the bank's head office does the branch-wide reconciliation, which normally take six months, by which time the money is gone.

Remotely created check fraud

Remotely created checks are orders of payment created by the payee and authorized by the customer remotely, using a telephone or the internet by providing the required information including the MICR code from a valid check. They do not bear the signatures of the customers like ordinary cheques. Instead, they bear a legend statement "Authorized by Drawer". This type of instrument is usually used by credit card companies, utility companies, or telemarketers. The lack of signature makes them susceptible to fraud. The fraud is considered Demand Draft fraud in the US.

Uninsured deposits
A bank soliciting public deposits may be uninsured or not licensed to operate at all. The objective is usually to solicit for deposits to this uninsured "bank," although some may also sell stock representing ownership of the "bank." Sometimes the names appear very official or very similar to those of legitimate banks. For instance, the unlicensed "Chase Trust Bank" of Washington D.C. appeared in 2002, bearing no affiliation to its seemingly apparent namesake; the real Chase Manhattan Bank is based in New York.
Accounting fraud has also been used to conceal other theft taking place within a company.

Bill discounting fraud
Essentially a confidence trick, a fraudster uses a company at their disposal to gain the bank's confidence, by posing as a genuine, profitable customer.  To give the illusion of being a desired customer, the company regularly and repeatedly uses the bank to get payment from one or more of its customers. These payments are always made, as the customers in question are part of the fraud, actively paying any and all bills the bank attempts to collect.  After the fraudster has gained the bank's trust, the company requests that the bank begin paying the company up front for bills it will collect from the customers later. Many banks will agree but are not likely to go whole hog right away. So again, business continues as normal for the fraudulent company, its fraudulent customers, and the unwitting bank. As the bank grows more comfortable with the arrangement, it will trust the company more and more and be willing to give it larger and larger sums of money up front. Eventually, when the outstanding balance between the bank and the company is sufficiently large, the company and its customers disappear, taking the money the bank paid up front and leaving no one to pay the bills issued by the bank.

Duplication or skimming of card information
This takes a number of forms, ranging from merchants copying clients' credit card numbers for use in later illegal activities or criminals using carbon copies from old mechanical card imprint machines to steal the info, to the use of tampered credit or debit card readers to copy the magnetic stripe from a payment card while a hidden camera captures the numbers on the face of the card.

Some fraudsters have attached fraudulent card stripe readers to publicly accessible ATMs to gain unauthorised access to the contents of the magnetic stripe as well as hidden cameras to illegally record users' authorisation codes. The data recorded by the cameras and fraudulent card stripe readers are subsequently used to produce duplicate cards that could then be used to make ATM withdrawals from the victims' accounts.

Cheque kiting
Cheque kiting exploits a banking system known as "the float" wherein money is temporarily counted twice. When a cheque is deposited to an account at Bank X, the money is made available immediately in that account even though the corresponding amount of money is not immediately removed from the account at Bank Y at which the cheque is drawn. Thus both banks temporarily count the cheque amount as an asset until the cheque formally clears at Bank Y. The float serves a legitimate purpose in banking, but intentionally exploiting the float when funds at Bank Y are insufficient to cover the amount withdrawn from Bank X is a form of fraud.

Forged or fraudulent documents
Forged documents are often used to conceal other thefts; banks tend to count their money meticulously so every penny must be accounted for. A document claiming that a sum of money has been borrowed as a loan, withdrawn by an individual depositor or transferred or invested can therefore be valuable to someone who wishes to conceal the fact that the bank's money has in fact been stolen and is now gone.

Forgery and altered cheques

Fraudsters have altered cheques to change the name (in order to deposit cheques intended for payment to someone else) or the amount on the face of cheques, simple altering can change $100.00 into $100,000.00. (However, transactions for such large values are routinely investigated as a matter of policy to prevent fraud.)

Instead of tampering with a real cheque, fraudsters may alternatively attempt to forge a depositor's signature on a blank cheque or even print their own cheques drawn on accounts owned by others, non-existent accounts, etc. They would subsequently cash the fraudulent cheque through another bank and withdraw the money before the banks realise that the cheque was a fraud.

Fraudulent loan applications
These take a number of forms varying from individuals using false information to hide a credit history filled with financial problems and unpaid loans to corporations using accounting fraud to overstate profits in order to make a risky loan appear to be a sound investment for the bank.

Fraudulent loans
One way to remove money from a bank is to take out a loan, which bankers are more than willing to encourage if they have good reason to believe that the money will be repaid in full with interest. A fraudulent loan, however, is one in which the borrower is a business entity controlled by a dishonest bank officer or an accomplice; the "borrower" then declares bankruptcy or vanishes and the money is gone. The borrower may even be a non-existent entity and the loan is merely an artifice to conceal a theft of a large sum of money from the bank. This can also be seen as a component within mortgage fraud (Bell, 2010).

Empty ATM envelope deposits
A criminal overdraft can result due to the account holder making a worthless or misrepresented deposit at an automated teller machine in order to obtain more cash than present in the account or to prevent a check from being returned due to non-sufficient funds. United States banking law makes the first $100 immediately available and it may be possible for much more uncollected funds to be lost by the bank the following business day before this type of fraud is discovered. The crime could also be perpetrated against another person's account in an "account takeover" or with a counterfeit ATM card, or an account opened in another person's name as part of an identity theft scam. The emergence of ATM deposit technology that scans currency and checks without using an envelope may prevent this type of fraud in the future.

Identity theft or Impersonation

Identity theft operates by obtaining information about an individual, then using the information to apply for identity cards, accounts and credit in that person's name. Often little more than name, parents' name, date and place of birth are sufficient to obtain a birth certificate; each document obtained then is used as identification in order to obtain more identity documents. Government-issued standard identification numbers such as "social security numbers" are also valuable to the fraudster.

Money laundering

The term "money laundering" dates back to the days of Al Capone; Money laundering has since been used to describe any scheme by which the true origin of funds is hidden or concealed.

Money laundering is the process by which large amounts of illegally obtained money (from drug trafficking, terrorist activity or other serious crimes) is given the appearance of having originated from a legitimate source.

Payment card fraud

Credit card fraud is widespread as a means of stealing from banks, merchants and clients.

copy just the credit card numbers (instead of drawing attention by stealing the card itself) in order to use the numbers in online frauds.

Phishing or Internet fraud

Phishing, also known as Internet fraud, operates by sending forged e-mail, impersonating an online bank, auction or payment site; the e-mail directs the user to a forged web site which is designed to look like the login to the legitimate site but which claims that the user must update personal info. The information thus stolen is then used in other frauds, such as theft of identity or online auction fraud.

A number of malicious "Trojan horse" programmes have also been used to snoop on Internet users while online, capturing keystrokes or confidential data in order to send it to outside sites.

Fake websites can trick a visitor into downloading computer viruses that steal personal information. A visitor encounter security messages claiming his machine has viruses and instructing him to download new software, which is actually a virus.

Prime bank fraud
The "prime bank" operation which claims to offer an urgent, exclusive opportunity to cash in on the best-kept secret in the banking industry, guaranteed deposits in "primebanks", "constitutional banks", "bank notes and bank-issued debentures from top 500 world banks", "bank guarantees and standby letters of credit" which generate spectacular returns at no risk and are "endorsed by the World Bank" or various national governments and central bankers. However, these official-sounding phrases and more are the hallmark of the so-called "prime bank" fraud; they may sound great on paper, but the guaranteed offshore investment with the vague claims of an easy 100% monthly return are all fictitious financial instruments intended to defraud individuals.

Rogue traders
A rogue trader is a trader at a financial institution who engages in unauthorized trading; at times to recoup the loss they incurred in earlier trades. In those instances, out of fear and desperation, they manipulate the internal controls to circumvent detection to buy more time.

Unauthorized trading activities invariably produce more losses due to time constraints; most rogue traders are discovered at an early stage with losses ranging from $1 million to $100 million, but a very few working out of institutions with extremely lax controls were not discovered until the loss had reached well over a billion dollars. Rogue traders may not have criminal intent to defraud their employer to enrich themselves; they may be merely trying to recoup the loss to make their firm whole and salvage their employment.

Some of the largest unauthorized trading losses were discovered at Barings Bank (Nick Leeson), Daiwa Bank (Toshihide Iguchi), Sumitomo Corporation (Yasuo Hamanaka), Allfirst Bank (John Rusnak), Société Générale (Jérôme Kerviel), UBS (Kweku Adoboli), and JPMorgan Chase (Bruno Iksil).

Wire transfer fraud
Wire transfer networks such as the international SWIFT interbank fund transfer system are tempting as targets as a transfer, once made, is difficult or impossible to reverse. As these networks are used by banks to settle accounts with each other, rapid or overnight wire transfer of large amounts of money are commonplace; while banks have put checks and balances in place, there is the risk that insiders may attempt to use fraudulent or forged documents which claim to request a bank depositor's money be wired to another bank, often an offshore account in some distant foreign country.

There is a very high risk of fraud when dealing with unknown or uninsured institutions.

The risk is greatest when dealing with offshore or Internet banks (as this allows selection of countries with lax banking regulations), but not by any means limited to these institutions. There is an annual list of unlicensed banks on the US Treasury Department web site which  is fifteen pages in length.

Also, a person may send a wire transfer from country to country. Since this takes a few days for the transfer to "clear" and be available to withdraw, the other person may still be able to withdraw the money from the other bank. A new teller or corrupt officer may approve the withdrawal since it is in pending status which then the other person cancels the wire transfer and the bank institution takes a monetary loss.

Banking fraud by country

Australia
The Commonwealth Fraud Control Framework outlines the preventions, detection, investigation and reporting obligations set by the Australian Government for fraud control. The framework includes three documents called The Fraud Rule, Fraud Policy and Fraud Guidance

The Fraud Rule is a legislative instrument binding all Commonwealth entities setting out the key requirements of fraud control.

The Fraud Policy is a government policy binding non-corporate Commonwealth entities setting out the procedural requirements for specific areas of fraud control such as investigations and reporting.

The Fraud Guidance preventing, detecting and dealing with fraud, supports best practice guidance for the Fraud Rule and Fraud Policy setting out the government's expectations for fraud control arrangements within all Commonwealth entities.

Other important acts and regulations in the Australian Government's fraud control framework include the:
 CrimesAct 1914, which sets out criminal offences against the Commonwealth, such as fraud
 Criminal Code 1995, which sets out criminal offences against the Commonwealth, such as fraudulent conduct
 Public Service Act 1999 and the Public Service Regulations 1999, which provide for the establishment and management of the Australian Public Service and its employees
 Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 and the Proceeds of Crime Regulations 2002, which provide for the confiscation of the proceeds of crime.

United States
Under federal law, bank fraud in the United States is defined, and made illegal, primarily by the bank fraud statute in Title 18 of the U.S. Code. 18 U.S.C. § 1344 states:
Whoever knowingly executes, or attempts to execute, a scheme or artifice—
(1) to defraud a financial institution; or
(2) to obtain any of the moneys, funds, credits, assets, securities, or other property owned by, or under the custody or control of, a financial institution, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises;
shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.
State law may also criminalize the same, or similar acts.

The bank fraud statute was enacted by Congress in response to the Supreme Court's decision in Williams v. United States, , in which the Court held that check-kiting schemes did not constitute making false statements to financial institutions (18 U.S.C. § 1014). Section 1344 has subsequently been bolstered by the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA), Pub. L. No. 101-73, 103 Stat. 500.

The bank fraud statute federally criminalizes check-kiting, check forging, non-disclosure on loan applications, diversion of funds, unauthorized use of automated teller machines (ATMs), credit card fraud, and other similar offenses. Section 1344 does not cover certain forms of money laundering, bribery, and passing bad checks. Other provisions cover these offenses.

The Supreme Court has embraced a broad interpretation of both of the numbered clauses within section 1344.  The Supreme Court has held that the first clause only requires the prosecution to show that the crime involved accounts controlled by a bank; the prosecution need not show actual financial loss to the bank or intent to cause such loss.  The Supreme Court has also held that the second clause does not require a showing of intent to defraud a financial institution.

In the United States, consumer liability for unauthorized electronic money transfers on debit cards is covered by Regulation E of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The extent of consumer liability, as detailed in section 205.6, is determined by the speed with which the consumer notifies the bank. If the bank is notified within 2 business days, the consumer is liable for $50. Over two business days the consumer is liable for $500, and over 60 business days, the consumer liability is unlimited. In contrast, all major credit card companies have a zero liability policy, effectively eliminating consumer liability in the case of fraud.

Notable cases
 1873 Bank of England forgeries
 Gone in 60 Seconds (bank fraud)
 2014 Moldovan bank fraud scandal
 Russian Laundromat
 The Resistance Banker

See also

Advance fee fraud (Nigerian 419 scam)
Alfredo Sáenz Abad
Baninter case

Carding (fraud)
Cheque fraud
FBI
Mail and wire fraud
Mortgage fraud
Taylor, Bean & Whitaker, top-10 U.S. wholesale mortgage lending firm that ceased business following multibillion-dollar fraud revelations
United States Secret Service

References

External links

Finance fraud
Fraud

Bank fraud


The Xesibe People are a Nguni-speaking people that are found in the North-Eastern Parts of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and the Southern Parts of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Spirit possession appears among them, and the majority of possessed are married women. The condition of spirit possession among them is called intwaso. Those who develop the condition of intwaso are regarded as having a special calling to divine the future. They are first treated with sympathy, and then with respect as they develop their abilities to foretell the future.

References

Transkei
Xhosa-speaking peoples
Ethnic groups in South Africa

Xesibe people


The Rill Thing is Little Richard's first album for Reprise Records, released in August 1970. It was considered a comeback album for Richard, following a three-year hiatus on new albums and an acclaimed performance at Atlantic City Pop Festival. The album utilizes a soul-influenced sound and contains Little Richard's biggest post-Specialty single in "Freedom Blues", which broke the Billboard top 50. The follow-up single, "Greenwood, Mississippi" made the top 100 and number 56 on Cashbox Black Singles. Despite the success of the singles, the album failed to chart.

Background
In 1970, three years had passed since the last new material from Little Richard. Richard signed with Okeh Records in early 1966, and released two new albums on the label in 1967; The Explosive Little Richard, which utilised a Motown-influenced sound and featured no songs written by Richard, and Little Richard's Greatest Hits: Recorded Live!. Both were produced by Larry Williams but the alliance was troubled; Richard would describe Williams as "the worst producer in the world". Feeling he wasn't given enough respect or support from the label, Richard left Okeh in 1967. Richard then signed with Brunswick Records but clashed with the label over musical direction, leaving it the following year and turning his focus to live performance. Appearing at the Atlantic City Pop Festival in August 1969, Richard "revived his own legend" according to David Dalton of Rolling Stone. His appearance the following month at Toronto Rock and Roll Revival was similarly well received. These successes brought Little Richard to talk shows such as The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Dick Cavett Show, making him a prominent celebrity again. Richard felt "the music business runs in a cycle and my time has come around again". Richard received offers from many record labels including the Beatles' Apple. Aiming to cross over to both black rhythm and blues and white rock audiences, he accepted an offer from Reprise Records. Richard was the first major signing negotiated by Mo Ostin in his position as president of Reprise.

Composition

Musical style

The Rill Thing was Little Richard's first self-produced album. Richard is reported to have been focused on the material and even invested his own money in the project. Richard described the album as "the only thing I've done since I was back in the business that I think is really good", referring to his work since he ceased recording gospel music. Though many of the songs use twelve-bar blues structures like Richard's earlier rock and roll work, the arrangements are more informed by the contemporary soul and R&B music of the time. Reflecting on the album's sound, Little Richard commented "the bass riffs are more predominant, the guitar you'll notice is more out front. The voice is just riding on the rhythm, it's a force and a funk, and it's clean, it's not gutty-gut but it's clean". Reviewing the album in 2009, Kev Boyd of Fatea Magazine described its style as consisting of "blues-inflected R&B, hints of Sly Stone-lite funk, the occasional rambling instrumental and Richard's characteristic scream-singing".

Songs
The album opener Freedom Blues features a message of brotherhood. Richard felt the song's inclusive theme was important to its success, commenting "it's catchy, the little thing is catchy, and the message is universal. It's not like "black people you gotta be free!" I didn't say that. Everybody, everybody got to be free". Richard's stance had not been universally popular; his insistence on performing in front of integrated audiences at the time of the black liberation movement shortly after the Watts riots and the formation of the Black Panthers had caused many black radio DJs in certain areas of the United States, including Los Angeles, to choose not to play his music. "Greenwood, Mississippi" was written by Travis Wammack, whom Richard met at FAME Studios. Wammack told Richard he had recorded a demo of a song that was a cross between Richard's style and John Fogerty of Creedence Clearwater Revival. After sitting in Wammack's truck to listen to the demo cassette, Richard decided to record the song. Richard insisted he record his vocals over the cassette recording, to FAME owner Rick Hall's chagrin. Travis Wammack released his own recording of the song on his 1975 Capricorn Records album Not For Sale.

Several longtime associates of Little Richard contributed to the album. Robert "Bumps" Blackwell, who had produced Richard's 1950s recordings for Specialty, is credited as a co-writer on "Spreadin' Natta, What's The Matter?" alongside Maybelle Jackson, who collaborated with Richard on the lyrics; Jackson had previously contributed lyrics to "Heeby-Jeebies".  Esquerita, an R&B singer, songwriter and pianist whose frenetic performances and flamboyant stage persona influenced Richard, co-wrote "Freedom Blues" and "Dew Drop Inn". "Dew Drop Inn" borrows the drum beat from Richard's recording of "Keep A-Knockin'" for its intro. According to All About Jazz, the song revisits "conventional Little Richard terrain: the patent scream, rollicking piano and booting sax solo of his earliest hits". Travis Wammack felt Richard was at the peak of his vocal prowess at this time, commenting "He was just singing his booty off!". The second side of The Rill Thing opens with its title track, a ten minute instrumental jam featuring Richard on electric piano.

The album concludes with two covers; the first is a version of "Lovesick Blues" in what has been described as a New Orleans rhythm. "Lovesick Blues", a show tune written by Cliff Friend and Irving Mills, is most associated with Hank Williams who recorded a country cover of the song in 1949. It was a staple of Little Richard's live performances at this time alongside the Williams song "Your Cheatin' Heart". Richard commented in 1970; "I don't just do the country sound, I make it mine, you understand, I sing it with an R&B rhythm and it makes it into something else". The final track is a cover of the Beatles "I Saw Her Standing There", a song Richard considered to have been inspired by his music. Richard's version is played at a slower tempo to the original and features a horn section. Little Richard met the Beatles when they supported him on a 1962 European tour, and considered the band "some of the greatest songwriters ever been".

Release
The album was released in August 1970. The cover shot of Little Richard in performance was taken by Ed Caraeff. The album's back cover features an essay describing the album as "the first accurately dazzling reflection of his talent since his beginnings on the Specialty label" and its record labels bear the slogan "The Little Richard Sound". The album was preceded by lead single "Freedom Blues", which became a Billboard top 50 hit, peaking at number 47 on 11 July 1970. It was Little Richard's biggest American pop hit in thirteen years. In Canada the song reached number 70. The album's second single "Greenwood, Mississippi" was less successful; it charted at number 85 on the Billboard chart and number 56 on the Cashbox Black Singles chart. Despite Reprise's promotional efforts and the charting singles, The Rill Thing was a commercial failure and failed to chart in either the United States or United Kingdom. The album made its CD debut in June 2009 as part of a reissue campaign of Little Richard's Reprise albums by Collectors' Choice Music. Collector's Choice ceased releasing recordings the following year. A new CD issue of the album by Omnivore Recordings with four bonus tracks was released on 18 September 2020.

Critical reception

Upon release, The Rill Thing received positive reviews. Billboard described the album as a "stomping, swinging, soulful leap backwards in the rock 'n' rolling '50s with the Muscle Shoals gang". Joel Selvin of Rolling Stone considered the album "a major artistic triumph for Little Richard" that "faithfully exhibits Richard's maturity as an artist both through the selection of material and the contemporary instrumental setting". Selvin praised Richard's vocals and the covers of "Lovesick Blues" and "I Saw Her Standing There", and deemed the album "a most significant chapter in the living legend of the greatest rock and roll singer ever".

Among retrospective reviews, William Ruhlmann of AllMusic described The Rill Thing as "a convincing update" on Little Richard's earlier work, despite "the rambling ten-minute instrumental title track". Reviewing the album upon its 2009 reissue, Doug Sheppard of PopMatters considered The Rill Thing to be "at least partially successful" at updating Richard's sound, remarking that the album "retains Richard's forceful singing, but augments it with bluesy, funky soul rather than his trademark manic R&B". He was critical of the title track, and considered Richard's version of "I Saw Her Standing There" "surprisingly ineffectual". Kev Boyd of Fatea Magazine was similarly critical of the album's second side, considering the title track "all deep bass and blues harp but little in the way of inspiration" and describing the version of "Lovesick Blues" as "ill-advised". In an article about the album for Shindig! in 2020, Martin Ruddock wrote that The Rill Thing "remains a high point in one hell of a catalogue".

Track listing

Side one
 "Freedom Blues" (Richard Penniman, Esquerita) - 3:01
 "Greenwood, Mississippi" (Travis Wammack, Albert S. Lowe Jr.) – 3:32
 "Two-Time Loser" (Larry Lee) – 3:20
 "Dew Drop Inn" (Richard Penniman, Esquerita, Keith Winslow) – 2:41
 "Somebody Saw You" (Richard Penniman) – 3:39
 "Spreadin' Natta, What's The Matter?" (Richard Penniman, Robert "Bumps" Blackwell, Maybelle Jackson) – 4:37

Side two
 "The Rill Thing" (Richard Penniman) – 10:27
 "Lovesick Blues" (Cliff Friend, Irving Mills) – 4:34
 "I Saw Her Standing There" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 3:31

Personnel

Tracks 1,4,7
Little Richard – vocals, piano
Rest of personnel unknown, records not kept by Reprise.

Tracks 3,5,7,8,9
Little Richard – vocals, piano
Harrison Callay - trumpet
Ronnie Eader - baritone saxophone
Harry Thompson - tenor saxophone
Charles Rose - trombone
Clayton Ivey - piano
Jerry Masters - bass
Travis Wammack - guitar
Albert Lowe - guitar
Roger Hawkins - drums
Eddie Fletcher - bass
Jesse Boyce - electric bass
Wade Jackson - tenor saxophone
Technical
Ed Thrasher - art direction
Ed Caraeff - cover photography

References

1970 albums
Little Richard albums
Reprise Records albums

The Rill Thing


The Jackson, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of four counties - Madison, Chester, Gibson, Crockett - in western Tennessee, anchored by the city of Jackson.  As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 180,509.

Counties
Chester
Crockett
Gibson
Madison

Communities
Alamo
Bells
Bradford
Dyer
Enville
Friendship
Gadsden
Gibson
Henderson
Humboldt
Jackson (Principal city)
Kenton (Partial)
Maury City
Medina
Medon
Milan
Milledgeville (partial)
Rutherford
Silerton (partial)
Three Way
Trenton
Yorkville

Crime
Despite a historically poor crime rate for its size, Jackson has been improving by falling further down the list of Metropolitan areas with the worst crime rates. As of 2020, the Jackson Metro Area ranked 38th worst in the United States, with 624.6 violent crimes per 100,000 residents.  This ranked 2nd highest amongst Metro areas in the state of Tennessee, narrowly ahead of the Nashville metropolitan area and Chattanooga metropolitan area. The Memphis metropolitan area ranked worst in the country in violent crime per capita.

According to Morgan Quitno's 2010 Metropolitan Crime Rate Rankings  the Jackson metropolitan area had the 13th highest crime rate in the United States. In 2007, Jackson ranked 9th most dangerous.  In 2006, it had been listed as the 18th most dangerous.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 107,377 people, 41,212 households, and 28,836 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 68.52% White, 29.21% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.62% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.51% of the population.

The median income for a household in the MSA was $35,666, and the median income for a family was $42,861. Males had a median income of $33,066 versus $22,672 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $17,573.

Combined Statistical Area
The Jackson-Brownsville Combined Statistical Area is made up of five counties in west Tennessee. The statistical area includes the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Brownsville Micropolitan Statistical Area (Haywood County).

See also
Tennessee census statistical areas
List of cities and towns in Tennessee

References

Geography of Madison County, Tennessee
Geography of Chester County, Tennessee
West Tennessee

Jackson metropolitan area, Tennessee


The .35 Winchester (colloquially .35 Win) cartridge was created in 1903 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company for use in the Winchester Model 1895 lever-action rifle, and was also available in the bolt action Remington-Lee, or the Model E-10 Factory Sporter Ross Rifle in Canada.

Description and performance
Because of the 1895 rifle's box magazine pointed bullets may be used which enhance the long range effectiveness of the cartridge. While obsolete, it is generally considered sufficient for all large game animals in North America. .30-40 Krag brass can be used to form .35 Winchester cases.

It was intended to be a medium-sized caliber falling between the .30-40 Krag and the .405 Winchester, and so it outperformed the .33 Winchester but was less potent than the .348 or .358.Enough at short or medium ranges against moose, elk, or even brown bear, it is suitable for any big game in North America, though it lacks the versatility of more modern rounds.

It was dropped in 1936, along with the 1895 rifle. Loads developing 45,000 CUP or over should be avoided in the old 1895 lever guns.

Ballistics
Data from the Lyman Ideal Hand Book, 40

See also
 List of rifle cartridges
 9mm caliber

References

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Winchester Repeating Arms Company cartridges

.35 Winchester


Grosseto Cathedral (, Duomo di Grosseto) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy. It is the cathedral of the diocese of Grosseto and is dedicated to Saint Lawrence.

History
Construction began at the end of the 13th century, under the architect Sozzo Rustichini of Siena. Erected over the earlier church of Santa Maria Assunta, it was not finished until the 15th century (mainly because of the continuing struggles against Siena).

The façade of alternate layers of white and black marble is Romanesque in style, but is almost entirely the result of restorations in the 16th century and in 1816–1855; it retains decorative parts of the original buildings, including the symbols of the Evangelists. The groundplan is a Latin cross, with transept and apse. The interior has a nave with two aisles, separated by cruciform pilasters. The main artworks are a wondrously carved baptismal font from 1470 to 1474 and the Madonna delle Grazie by Matteo di Giovanni (1470).

The campanile (bell tower) was finished in 1402, and restored in 1911.

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy
Roman Catholic churches in Grosseto
Cathedrals in Tuscany

Grosseto Cathedral


Silence is an album by saxophonist Anthony Braxton, trumpeter Leo Smith and violinist Leroy Jenkins recorded in 1969 and originally released on the Freedom label in 1975.

Reception

The Allmusic review by Brian Olewnick stated, "They're wonderful works, exploring a terrain similar to that being investigated by the Art Ensemble of Chicago around the same time: barebones themes allowing for substantial free improvisation that dealt as much with sonic space and the generation of unusual textures as anything else. 'Silence,' as the title implies, is largely concerned with the disposition of sounds in space and shows the strong influence that the contemporary classical world, particularly John Cage, had on these musicians in their early years". In JazzTimes Bill Shoemaker wrote, "Silence is the only album Braxton recorded featuring the ostensibly co-op trio with violinist Leroy Jenkins and trumpeter Leo Smith that did not feature Braxton's compositions. Jenkins' 'Off The Top Of My Head' is thematically well-grounded, allowing the trio to peel off layers of the lyrical materials in a loose counterpoint, and to propel the piece with the shifting timbres afforded by their arsenal of 'little instruments.' Smith's title piece juxtaposes short sound events and long periods of silence to create a remarkably coherent fabric".

Track listing
 "Off the Top of My Head" (Leroy Jenkins) - 16:43
 "Silence" (Leo Smith) - 14:42

Personnel
Anthony Braxton - reeds, miscellaneous instruments
Leo Smith - trumpet, miscellaneous instruments
Leroy Jenkins - violin, miscellaneous instruments

References

Freedom Records albums
Anthony Braxton albums
Wadada Leo Smith albums
Leroy Jenkins (jazz musician) albums
1975 albums

Silence (Anthony Braxton album)


John Cameron may refer to:

Military
 John Cameron (British Army officer), British military officer and commander during the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars
 John Cameron (Royal Navy officer) (1874–1939)
 John Du Cameron (died 1753), Scottish sergeant in the French army
 John Cameron of Fassiefern, Scottish military commander

Politics
 John Cameron (Alberta politician) (1845–1919), member of Edmonton's first town council
 John Cameron (British politician) (born 1969)
 John Cameron (chief) (1764–1828), Mississauga Ojibwa chief
 John Cameron (Queensland politician, born 1834) (1834–1902), Brisbane businessman and alderman
 John Cameron (Queensland politician, born 1845) (1845–1914), member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
 John Cameron (Upper Canada politician) (1778–1829), farmer and political figure in Upper Canada
 John Donald Cameron (1858–1923), judge and politician in Manitoba, Canada
 John Hillyard Cameron (1817–1876), French-born Ontario lawyer and politician
 John Macdonald Cameron (1847–1912), British Member of Parliament for Wick Burghs, 1885–1892
 John J. Cameron (1876–1957), Canadian politician
 John Charles Alexander Cameron, member of the House of Commons of Canada

Religion
 John Cameron (Scottish bishop) (died 1446), bishop of Glasgow
 John Cameron (theologian) (c. 1570–1625), Scottish theologian
 John Cameron (Reformed Presbyterian) (1724–1799), Scottish Presbyterian minister in Ulster
 John Cameron (Canadian bishop) (1827–1910), Canadian Roman Catholic priest and Bishop of Antigonish
 John Urquhart Cameron (born 1943), international athlete and leading Scottish churchman
 John Kennedy Cameron (1860–1944), minister of the Free Church of Scotland

Sports
 John Cameron (athlete) (1881–1953), Canadian athlete
 John Cameron (footballer, born 1868) (1868–1???), Scottish footballer
 John Cameron (footballer, born 1872) (1872–1935), Scottish footballer, played for Queen's Park, Everton & Scotland; player-manager for Tottenham Hotspur
 John Cameron (footballer, born 1875) (1875–1944), Scottish footballer
 Jock Cameron (footballer) (1881–1???), played for St. Mirren, Blackburn Rovers and Scotland
 John Cameron (footballer, born 1929), English footballer for Motherwell and Bradford Park Avenue
 John Cameron (New Zealand cricketer) (1898–1988), New Zealand cricketer
 John Cameron (Rangers footballer), played for Rangers and made one appearance for Scotland in 1886
 John Cameron (West Indian cricketer) (1914–2000), West Indian cricketer
 John Joseph Cameron (1882–1954), West Indian cricketer

Other occupations
 John Cameron (anatomist) (1873–1960), Scottish physician and author
 John Cameron (farmer), Scottish farmer involved with ScotRail
 John Cameron, Lord Abernethy (born 1938), Scottish lawyer
 John Cameron, Lord Cameron (1900–1996), Scottish judge
 John Cameron, Lord Coulsfield (1934–2016), Scottish judge
 John Cameron (musician) (born 1944), British composer, arranger, conductor and musician
 John Cameron (police officer) (1807–1873), law enforcement officer remembered for his work in the New York Draft Riots
 John Cameron (baritone) (1918–2002), Australian operatic baritone
 John A. Cameron (1820–1888), Canadian prospector
 John Allan Cameron (1938–2006), Canadian folk singer
 John E. Cameron (died 1852), American pioneer and politician
 John Cameron (1817–1878), executive officer and director-general of the Ordnance Survey
 John William Cameron (1841–1896), English brewer
 John Brewer Cameron, geodetic surveyor in Australia
 John Cameron (chief), Mississauga Ojibwa chief
 Sir John Cameron of Lochiel, chief of Clan Cameron and Jacobite
 John L. Cameron, American surgeon
 John Cameron, guitar player for the Claw Boys Claw
 John Cameron, Hong Kong police officer and host of Police Report
 John Cameron (lithographer) (c. 1828–1876), American artist of Scottish origin
 Stewart Cameron (nephrologist) (John Stewart Cameron, born 1934) British nephrologist

See also
 Jack Cameron (disambiguation)
 John Cameron-Cameron, a character played by Dickie Goodman in a series of novelty records

John Cameron


"Sandrembi Chaisra", also known as "Sanarembi Chaisra", is a folktale of the Meitei ethnicity of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). It is a story of the two stepsisters, Sandrembi, the elder and Chaisra, the younger, born to the same father but from different mothers. The protagonist is Sandrembi, a young lady, living in forsaken environment, that are changed into a remarkable fortune.

She is considered to be a person having the nature of God like mind.

The folk legend is considered a perfect combination of the "Cinderella" and "The Three Oranges".

Story
In the Haya Chak Era, when King Sentreng Apanba reigned in Antique Kangleipak (Ancient Manipur), he had a nobleman named Khulen Nganba who had two wives, the senior named Yangkhuleima (Yangkhureima, Yaibireima or Yaipileima) and the junior named Sangkhuleima (Sankhureima). By the grace of God, the elder one had a daughter named Sandrembi (Sanarembi) ("and also boy" in another version) and the younger one had only one daughter named Chaisra (Cheisra). The father died after sometime. The two widows used to go to market for selling vegetables and go to Shilempat (Shilem lake) to catch fish for livelihood. Sangkhuleima, the younger widow always thought of ways to harm Yangkhuleima, the elder one. One day, it so happened that Yangkhuleima (the elder) caught all types of fish but Sangkhuleima (the younger) caught some snakes and reptiles and not a single fish. Both of them took rest under a fig tree. She grew envious of the fate of the elder one and climbed up the fig tree for plucking the fruits. Once or twice she dropped the fig fruits to the elder one who partook of the juice. At last, the latter was made to close her eyes and open her mouth to swallow the most delicious fruit. Then she poured the snakes from her fish basket. The poor woman swallowed them and died on account of snake bite. Sangkhuleima came down and pushed the dead body of Yangkhuleima into the deep water of the lake. It got transformed into a tortoise (or turtle). Everybody was shocked to hear from Sangkhuleima, the younger co-wife, about news of the tragic death of Yangkhuleima, the elder widow by drowning. In another version of the story, Sangkhuleima told others that stubborn Yangkhuleima didn't want to return home and insisted on staying to catch fish until sunset.

The younger  widow and her daughter Chaisra (Cheisra) began to maltreat lovely Sandrembi (Shanarembi). One night, Yangkhuleima appeared in the dream of her daughter, Sandrembi, and revealed the crime committed by the stepmother. She further instructed Sandrembi to bring her (tortoise form) from the lake and keep her in a pitcher for five days without any break so that she may re-assume human form. Sandrembi did so but before the completion of the five days, Chaisra, the younger step sister, got the knowledge of the tortoise and so, she pretended to be ill in her bed. When Yangkhuleima, her mother came to her, she said that tortoise meat would cure her. "Get that tortoise which Sandrembi had caught from the lake. Boil it for cooking." The stepmother forced poor Sandrembi to boil the tortoise. Sandrembi tried to take away the fuel stick (on hearing the tortoise mother's words from the boiling pan/pot) but she could not save her mother (tortoise) before them.

Chaisra and her mother devoured the tortoise meat to their heart's content and threw away the bones in the verandah. Again Yangkhuleima, the tortoise mother told Sandrembi in her dream to keep the bones of tortoise in a basket after covering it by a piece of cloth and it must not be opened for 7 days. Sandrembi did so. However, before the completion of the said period, out of her anxiety as well as curiosity, she opened the basket and thereby  disturbing the normal process of coming to human shape. The tortoise mother assumed the shape of a sparrow and flew away. Both stepsisters grew up in course of time. Sandrembi, the elder, was beautiful and accomplished but not nicely dressed up. Chaisra, the younger, was ugly although properly dressed. Once the King ("Crown Prince" in another version) went for hunting with a large retinue, horses and elephants. The king saw the two maidens by a riverside. Realising the quality of Sandrembi, the elder, the king made her the chief Queen after a ceremonial marriage. She spent her life with her brother in a joyous mood. A son was also born to her, the boy was named Machi Sana Melei Khomba in Meitei sacred lores. Sangkhuleima, the stepmother and Chaisra, the step sister gnashed their teeth in anger and were planning to kill the Queen. They invited her for a dinner in their house. Sandrembi came
to her stepmother's house with permission of the King. After the dinner, Chaisra, the younger, out of jealousy, dropped the Queen's dress under a bed ("in a hole" in another version). When Sandrembi went down to bring it up, the wicked stepmother poured the hottest water over Queen Sandrembi's body. Poor Queen got transformed into a pigeon and flew away. Chaisra, in the Queen's dress, went to the palace and behaved as if she was the real queen. The suspected king told her in anger, "You are not my queen whose face is as fair as the lily. You are disfigured." Chaisra replied that she contracted mental and physical agony when she wept for her son. The king again continued, "You are not my queen for your nose is too long, your eyes are very deep and the hairs of the eyelids are bushy." Chaisra replied, "I missed you so much, I cried rubbing my eyes all the way." In spite of his suspicion, the King wanted suitable opportunity in order to detect the false queen. In the meantime, the pigeon flew into the Royal Garden, perched on a tree branch and addressed to the Royal Gardener ("grass cutter" in another version) concerning the forgetfulness of the King about Queen Sandrembi, animal epidemic, grievances of the Prince and loss of his own sickle along with a warning for reporting these words to the king. The king on getting the report went in search of the pigeon with grains of paddy in his hands. The King kept the supernatural bird in his palace. Even as a bird, she took away the dirty things from the Prince's eyes. Chaisra killed the bird with a stick and prepared a nice meal for the King. The king refused to taste the flesh of the pet bird and threw it away and buried it behind the Royal Kitchen. But it was the age of the truth and there grew a lucious fruit plant and it bore full of fruits overnight ("only one fruit" in another version). A big lucious fruit also came from the plant. Chaisra, the false queen gave the lucious fruit as a gift to a monk ("servant" in another version). The man kept the fruit in a jar in his house since the same was not yet ripe enough to be eaten. Later it so happened to him that fruit disappeared when the knife was available and vice versa. Early next morning, he went out for work. Returning home, he was surprised to find that his cottage had been washed and the meal cooked. He kept the mystery concealed for some days and was determined to solve it by all means. Long before the first streak of day light came, he got up and had gone some distance secretly in the darkness and entered the cottage silently and peeped into his own room. At Sunrise, he saw a beautiful woman coming out of the jar and roaming in kitchen for house work. "It is a fruit maiden", he muttered. Recognising her as the Queen, he took her to the king. There was a quarrel between Sandrembi and Chaisra, the two step sisters on the issue of the identity of the real Queen. The obstinate Chaisra denied the whole story and called Sandrembi to be a "fruit maiden".

At long last, the king decided to settle the case by appealing to a divine ordeal. The two had to fight a duel with swords. As per the code, the defendant was allowed to use a bright and sharp sword but the plaintiff (Sandrembi) had to use a rusty knife ("wooden knife" in another version) for on her part laid the burden of proof. It was thought that if justice was really on her, she would win inspite of using a rusty sword. Chaisra had no belief in the trial by ordeal and was hopeful that she would be able to kill her rival with one stroke. Her demand for use of the bright sword was a legitimate one. The blunt and rusty sword (or "wooden sword") was given to Sandrembi for she had to prove her own case. Sandrembi, the elder had the faith in her, "If I am innocent, may Chaisra's sword become harmless to me." In the arena, while Chaisra hewed and hacked at her with the sword, Sandrembi remained unhurt. Suddenly, the blunt sword of its own accord, slipped out of Sandrembi's hand and chopped off Chaisra's neck. In another version of the story, there was no fighting between them. Sandrembi, the elder pardoned Chaisra, the younger. Both of them lived together as chief queen and younger queen respectively in great happiness.

Editions
 In 1978, the folk legend was reproduced into a book by N. Manijao.
 In 1993, the folktale was re-written by Memchaubi and published by Aribam Samarendra.

Gallery

Bibliography
 Sandrembi Chaishra - A Manipuri Folk Tale - by Bonny Elangbam

Related pages
 List of Meitei folktales

Other websites

 Sandrembi and Chaisra
 The Forgotten Sandrembi By Omila Thounaojam

 A scene from the film 'Sandrembi Chaishra' :: 26 Sept 2014 ~ Pictures from Manipur
 Manipur - E-Pao! :: Site Search

References

Meitei folklore

Sandrembi Chaisra


Lusonectes (meaning "Portuguese swimmer") is an extinct genus of plesiosaurid from Lower Jurassic (Toarcian stage) deposits of Alhadas, Portugal. It is known from the holotype MG33, a partial skull and articulated mandible. It was found by Henri Émile Sauvage, a French paleontologist, in the 19th century from the São Gião Formation, near Murtede, Portugal. It was first named by Adam S. Smith, Ricardo Araújo and Octávio Mateus in 2012 and the type species is Lusonectes sauvagei. The generic name is derived from the prefix Luso meaning "Portuguese" and nectes ("swimmer" in Greek). The specific name honors Henri Émile Sauvage. It is based on a single autapomorphy, a broad triangular parasphenoid cultriform process that is as long as the posterior interpterygoid vacuities, and also on a unique character combination. Cladistic analysis of Jurassic plesiosauroids found Lusonectes to be "microcleidid elasmosaurs", equivalent to the clade Plesiosauridae after Ketchum and Benson, 2010. Lusonectes is the only diagnostic plesiosaur from Portugal to date.

See also

 List of plesiosaur genera
 Timeline of plesiosaur research

References

Early Jurassic plesiosaurs of Europe
Fossil taxa described in 2012
Taxa named by Octávio Mateus
Sauropterygian genera

Lusonectes


East of Suez is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by Raoul Walsh and starring Pola Negri. It is based on a play, East of Suez (1922), by W. Somerset Maugham. The film was produced by Famous Players–Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures.

Plot
As described in a review in a film magazine, after being raised in England, Daisy Forbes (Negri) returns to China, the country of her birth. She discovers that her father has recently died and that she has become a social outcast, owing to the public revelation that the oriental nurse who raised her was actually her mother. Daisy is in love with George Tevis (Lowe), a nephew of the British Consul (Beery), but she is disappointed by George when he is persuaded by his uncle to renounce her in favor of a diplomatic career. Lee Tai (Kamiyama), a sinister mandarin, uses drugs and hypnotism to kidnap Daisy; she is rescued by Englishman Harry Anderson (Fellowes), whom she soon marries out of desperation. When Anderson discovers that Daisy is an ostracized half caste and that he is now shunned, he bitterly regrets their marriage. Finally deciding to defy conventions and marry Daisy, George searches her out only to find that she is a married woman. Anderson forbids George to see Daisy again, saying that he will kill him, but George defies the ban and meets her at her house to say goodbye. Before he can shoot George, Anderson drinks wine that was poisoned at the orders of Lee Tai and dies. Tevis takes Daisy back to England, and Lee Tai is executed according to Chinese law.

Cast

Preservation
With no prints of East of Suez located in any film archives, it is a lost film.

References

External links

Posters at one and two

1925 films
American silent feature films
Films directed by Raoul Walsh
Lost American drama films
Films based on British novels
Paramount Pictures films
1925 drama films
Silent American drama films
Films based on works by W. Somerset Maugham
American black-and-white films
1925 lost films
1920s American films

East of Suez (film)


Imperium: The Cicero Plays is a stage adaptation of the Cicero trilogy of novels by Robert Harris (Imperium, Lustrum and Dictator). It was premiered by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Swan Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon from 16 November 2017 to 10 February 2018, directed by Gregory Doran and with Richard McCabe as Cicero. It played at the Gielgud Theatre in London from 14 June to 8 September 2018.

Plot summary
The cycle consists of six plays, each roughly one hour long, performed as two groups of three, all narrated by Cicero's slave and later freedman Tiro.

Part I - Conspirator
The first group consists of the plays Cicero, Catiline and Clodius. It includes a brief flashback to Cicero's prosecution of Verres in 70 BC but mainly runs from Cicero's election campaign for consul in 64 BC until his exile in 58 BC, adapting material from the end of Imperium, the whole of Lustrum and the start of Dictator.

Part II - Dictator
The second group adapts the remainder of Dictator into three plays entitled Caesar, Mark Anthony and Octavian. The first opens as Cicero returns to Italy in the wake of Caesar's victory at Pharsalus in 48 BC, followed by a summing-up of the recent Civil War and Caesar's assumption of dictatorial powers. The rest of the three plays then follows Cicero's reaction to the Ides of March and his failed attempts to save the Roman Republic by playing Mark Anthony and Octavian off against each other, culminating in Cicero's execution in 43 BC. The final play ends with an epilogue by Tiro, covering the later fates of Brutus, Cassius, Octavian and Mark Anthony and imagining Cicero's afterlife in words from his own Dream of Scipio.

Cast (premier production)
Nicholas Boulton - Celer, Cicero's patrician ally (Part I) / Cassius, conspirator against Caesar (Part II)
Guy Burgess - Verres (Part I) / Sura, Catiline's ally (Part I) / Lepidus, leader of Caesar's veterans (Part II)
Daniel Burke - Sositheus, Cicero's slave (Part I) / Marcus, Cicero's son (Part II)
Jade Croot - Tullia, Cicero's daughter
Peter de Jersey - Julius Caesar
Joe Dixon - Catiline (Part I) / Mark Antony (Part II)
John Dougall - Rabirius, aged senator (Part I) / Metellus Pius, Chief Pontiff (Part I) / Lucullus, patrician (Part I) / Brutus, one of Caesar's murderers (Part II)
Michael Grady-Hall - Cato (Part I) / Hirtius, consul in 43 BC (Part II)
Paul Kemp - Quintus, Cicero's younger brother
Joseph Kloska - Tiro, Cicero's slave and secretary
Patrick Knowles - Cethegus, one of Catiline's allies (Part I) / Dolabella, Tullia's unfaithful husband (Parts I and II)
Richard McCabe - Cicero
Hywel Morgan - Hybrida, Cicero's fellow consul for 63 BC (Part I) / Popillius, Cicero's murderer (Part II)
Lily Nichol - Camilla (Part I) / Calpurnia, Caesar's wife (Part II)
David Nicolle - Crassus (Part I) / Pansa, consul in 43 BC (Part II)
Pierro Niel-Mee - Clodius, Cicero's pupil and later enemy (Part I) / Agrippa, Octavian's second-in-command (Part II)
Siobhan Redmond - Terentia, Cicero's wife (Parts I and II) / Servilia, Brutus's mother (Part II)
Patrick Romer - Isauricus (Part I) / Piso, Caesar's father-in-law (Part II)
Jay Saighal - Numitorius, witness against Verres (Part I) / Caeparius, one of Catiline's allies (Part I) / Decimus, conspirator against Caesar (Part II)
Christopher Saul - Pompey (Part I) / Murena, consul in 62 BC (Part I) / Vatia, consul in 48 BC and ally of Octavian (Part II)
Eloise Secker - Clodia, Clodius' sister (Part I) / Fulvia, Mark Antony's wife (Part II)
Simon Thorp - Catulus (Part I) / Calenus, ally of Mark Antony (Part II)

Cast (Gielgud production)
Nicholas Armfield - Clodius (Part I) / Agrippa (Part II)
Nicholas Boulton - Celer (Part I) / Cassius (Part II)
Tom Brownlee - Lictor (Part I) / Gladiator 1 (Part II)
Guy Burgess - Verres (Part I) / Sura (Part I) / Lepidus (Part II)
Daniel Burke - Sositheus / Marcus (Part II)
Jade Croot - Tullia
Peter de Jersey - Julius Caesar
Joe Dixon - Catiline (Part I) / Mark Antony (Part II)
John Dougall - Rabirius (Part I) / Metellus Pius (Part I) / Lucullus (Part I) / Brutus (Part II)
Michael Grady-Hall - Cato (Part I) / Hirtius (Part II)
Oliver Johnstone - Rufus / Octavian (Part II)
Paul Kemp - Quintus
Joseph Kloska - Tiro
Patrick Knowles - Cethegus (Part I) / Dolabella (Parts I and II)
Andrew Langton - Numitorius (Part I) / Caeparius (Part I) / Decimus (Part II)
Richard McCabe - Cicero
Hywel Morgan - Hybrida (Part I) / Popillius (Part II)
David Nicolle - Crassus (Part I) / Pansa (Part II)
Siobhan Redmond - Terentia (Parts I and II) / Servilia (Part II)
Patrick Romer - Isauricus (Part I) / Piso (Part II)
Christopher Saul - Pompey (Part I) / Murena (Part I) / Vatia (Part II)
Eloise Secker - Clodia (Part I) / Fulvia (Part II)
Simon Thorp - Catulus (Part I) / Calenus (Part II)
Scott Westwood - Young Officer (Part I) / Gladiator 2 (Part II)
Alisha Williams - Camilla (Part I) / Young Mark Antony (Part I) / Calpurnia (Part II)

References

2017 plays
English plays
Adaptations of works by English writers
Plays based on works
Plays set in ancient Rome
English political plays
Cultural depictions of Cicero
Cultural depictions of Catiline
Cultural depictions of Servilia (mother of Brutus)
Cultural depictions of Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)
Depictions of Julius Caesar in plays
Cultural depictions of Augustus

Imperium (play cycle)