Borani () is a salad dish from Iranian cuisine. It is also found in Turkish cuisine where it is associated with certain provinces like Isparta, Urfa and Van. Some versions are made with spinach and yogurt, while the Ancient Persian borani was made with eggplant, and a regional version from Urfa is made with lamb and vegetarian meatballs. Borani is also popular in the Caucasus and Afghanistan.

Terminology

Borani was the name of an eggplant dish in Ancient Persian cuisine. In the cuisine of Urfa province borani is a lamb and bulgur kofta dish made with chard and chickpeas, sometimes called "Urfa borani". There is also a form of the dish made with spinach and yogurt, and other versions made with different ingredients combined with yogurt. In southern Albania the term describes a baked egg and spinach dish. In Gaziantep there is version without any yogurt, called borani, and made with black-eyed peas and ground lamb.

In a study on the 'Foods and Breads of the Selçuk Period', Mehmet Zeki Oral defined borani as follows:

"Dishes in which the vegetables are boiled, then sautéed, are called borani. Herbs such as spinach, amaranth, dock, mallow and sorrel are simmered in water and then drained. They are then sautéed in oil/butter and topped with yoghurt flavored with garlic. These are called borani in Anatolia, while in Senirken, only the variety made with spinach is called borani. Borani also refers to dishes where vegetables are cooked with rice or bulgur and then topped with yoghurt."

Borani is present among the Aromanians of the Pindus region of Greece, made with locally gathered nettles into a soup thickened with flour.

Variations

Borani-e Esfanaj is a cold Persian salad made with spinach and yogurt, and other types of borani salad dishes are found in Turkish cuisine and other Middle Eastern cuisines.

Borani-e Khiar is an Iranian salad with yogurt, cucumber and walnut.  The spinach yogurt salad is known as Sabzi Boranee in Afghanistan. Borani-e Bademjan is a Persian version made with eggplant, also with yogurt.

References

See also
Tzatziki

Iranian cuisine
Azerbaijani cuisine
Israeli cuisine
Mizrahi Jewish cuisine
Turkish cuisine
Aromanian cuisine
Yogurt-based dishes
Caucasian cuisine
Afghan cuisine
Salads

Borani


The Baltimore Plot was a plan by pro-slavery owners in late February 1861 to assassinate President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln. The plan was to kill Lincoln while he was on his way to his inauguration.

Allan Pinkerton, founder of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, played a key role by being in charge of Lincoln's security throughout the journey. Though scholars debate whether or not the threat was real, clearly Lincoln and his advisors believed that there was a threat and took actions to make sure he traveled safely through Baltimore, Maryland. This was where Lincoln's plotted assassination would have happened.

Lincoln arrived secretly in Washington, D.C. on February 23, 1861.   A planned train route through Bellaire, Ohio, to Wheeling, Virginia (West Virginia had yet to break off from Virginia) and eastward, was redirected up through the Pittsburgh through Pennsylvania, into  Maryland and eventually to Washington.

For the remainder of his presidency, Lincoln's many critics would call him a coward because he was in disguise while travelling secretly to Washington.

References

1861
Abraham Lincoln
Baltimore

Baltimore Plot


Until 1 January 2007 Nørre Aaby municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Funen County on the north and west coasts of the island of Funen in southern Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 65 km², and had a total population of 5,626 (2006).  Its last mayor was Hanne Christensen, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Nørre Aaby. To the north are the waters of Båring Cove (Båring Vig) and beyond that the Kattegat.  To the west are the waters of Fem's Cove (Fems Vig) and beyond that the Little Belt.

Part of the former municipality formed a spit of land that juts out into the surrounding waters of the Little Belt.  The water between the spit and the main part of the municipality is called Gamborg Fjord.  Close to the head of the spit is the island of Fænø, and beyond that the Jutland mainland, all in proximity to each other.  The waters to the north of this area are called Snævringen ("The Narrowing"); and to the south as there becomes more room they are called Bredningen ("The Broadening").

Nørre Aaby  municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It was merged with Ejby and Middelfart municipalities to form an enlarged Middelfart municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 297 km² and a total population of 36,417 (2006).  The municipality belong to Region of Southern Denmark.

References
 Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
 Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

External links
 The new Middelfart municipality's official website (Danish only)

Former municipalities of Denmark

Nørre Aaby Municipality


Dély Ibrahim is a suburb of the city of Algiers in northern Algeria. Here is located Serbian Military cemetery, created between 1916 and 1919. At the time in several coastal towns and villages in Algeria were more French military hospitals where the wounded and exhausted Serbian soldiers were treated. Those soldiers were from the island of Corfu and Vido transported for further treatment in the Allied military hospital in North Africa.

Notable people

Population

The population of Dély Ibrahim, Algiers, Algeria, was approximately 55,000 inhabitants.

Culture

Arabic is the official language of Algeria and is widely spoken in Dély Ibrahim. Berber languages are also spoken by some inhabitants. Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse, and you can find many traditional dishes in Dély Ibrahim. Common ingredients include couscous, lamb, beef, chicken, and various vegetables. Some popular dishes are couscous, tagines, and brik. Algerians in Dély Ibrahim celebrate several cultural and religious festivals throughout the year, such as Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and the Algerian Independence Day.

Religion

The predominant religion in Dély Ibrahim, Algiers, Algeria, is Islam. Algeria is a predominantly Muslim country, and the majority of its population adheres to the Sunni branch of Islam. Muslims in Dély Ibrahim, as in the rest of Algeria, practice their religious beliefs, observe Islamic traditions, and participate in religious events. Mosques are essential places of worship in Dély Ibrahim, and you can find them throughout the municipality to accommodate the religious needs of the local Muslim population. Muslims in Dély Ibrahim, like in many other places, observe the five daily prayers and fast during the holy month of Ramadan.

References

Suburbs of Algiers
Communes of Algiers Province
Algiers Province

Dély Ibrahim


Charles Appleton (15 May 1844 – 26 February 1925)  was an English amateur cricketer, who played three matches of first-class cricket for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1865, which happened to comprise three of Yorkshire's heaviest defeats.  In his six first-class innings he scored 56 runs, with a best of 18, at an average of 11.20.  He did not bowl or take a catch.  He played against Surrey, an 'All England XI' and Kent, all the matches being held at Bramall Lane, Sheffield.  He is notable for making his first-class debut at the advanced age of 41.

Life and career
Appleton was born in Kirk Ella, East Riding of Yorkshire.

Yorkshire lost to Surrey in mid June by ten wickets, with Appleton scoring 5 and 16 batting at number five.  Yorkshire opened with 188, thanks to Greenwood's 83, but Surrey's reply put the game out of reach as four batsman passed 50 in a score of 327.  Yorkshire forced Surrey to bat a second time, just, with 143 but a target of six runs hardly tested the brown caps' openers.

Appleton's second match saw Yorkshire beaten by an 'All England XI' by an innings and 255 runs in mid July.  After the England XI had compiled a mammoth 524 in 320 overs, Appleton, batting down at number ten, scored an unbeaten 14 in Yorkshire's reply of 125.  Promoted to open the innings as Yorkshire followed on, Appleton continued his defiance to post eighteen runs, but Yorkshire were soon destroyed by Wooton, who took all 10 wickets for 54 runs in 31.3 overs.  Appleton's score, though the third biggest of the innings, was dwarfed by Darnton's unbeaten 81.

Appleton's final match saw yet another defeat for his team, this time by an innings and 70 runs against Kent.  Having restricted the visitors to a manageable 159, Yorkshire were skittled for a hundred runs less with Appleton contributing two runs from number three in the order.  Things went from bad to worse as Yorkshire were bowled out for 30 as they followed on, with no batsman making double figures.  In his last ever first-class innings,  Appleton fell for a single.  Willsher, for Kent, completed match figures of 12 for 28.

Appleton died at Bradley Hall in Standish, Wigan, Lancashire, at the age of 80.

References

External links
Cricinfo Profile
Cricket Archive Statistics

1844 births
1925 deaths
People from Kirk Ella
Yorkshire cricketers
English cricketers
Cricketers from Yorkshire

Charles Appleton (cricketer)


Gábor Béla Fodor (December 5, 1915 – November 3, 2000) was a Hungarian-American chemist, medical research scientist, and professor of chemistry.  His work in academia, which spanned six decades in Europe and later in North America, specialized in research of antidotes, painkillers, tropane alkaloids, and derivatives of vitamin C. His research helped in finding  treatments for  cancer, strokes, Alzheimer's disease, and other illnesses.

Early life
Gábor Fodor was born in Budapest. His father was Domokos Fodor, an ethnic Hungarian born in Transylvania, Romania. His mother was Paola Maria Bayer,  a Roman Catholic of Jewish ancestry from Budapest. Gábor Fodor attended the University of Szeged, and he earned his Ph.D magna cum laude.  He isolated scopolamine, during his years working at the University of Szeged.  He was awarded the highest recognition of Hungary, the Kossuth Prize in 1950. He later worked at Budapest's Chinoin Laboratories. Scopolamine was a highly important compound  during World War II.
Fodor succeeded twice in escaping imprisonment, and possible internment at a concentration camp due to his Jewish ancestry, during Nazi Germany's control of Hungary. He became part of the faculty of chemistry of the University of Szeged after World War II. He remained there as Provost until 1957, when he was forced to flee the country due to his participation in faculty and student rebellions during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 against the Soviet domination of Hungary.

Career
He received asylum in London and then in Canada. In 1964, he joined Laval University in Canada, where he taught until 1968. In 1969 he moved to the United States to accept a faculty position in the Department of Chemistry at West Virginia University.  He taught for the rest of his life at West Virginia University Professor,  first as Professor of Chemistry,  then as a Centennial Professor of Chemistry (1969–1986); finally, as Professor Emeritus until his death on November 3, 2000. He was an active member of the university community, and one of the founders of West Virginia University's annual Benedum Lecture Series. In the year after his death, the next Benedum Lectures Series were held in his memory.

Fodor's specialized field of research concentrated on tropane alkaloids. Fodor conducted early studies of powerful drugs of this group found in natural sources. Such studies included an early configuration of cocaine, as well as early studies of its medicinal uses. Numerous studies of other compounds followed. He worked with friend and fellow countryman, Albert Szent-Györgyi (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1937), under whose direction he isolated new vitamins and derivatives. Their work connection and friendship had a profound effect on the rest of Fodor's work,  especially on his successive work with Vitamin C derivatives.  In the last decades of his life, he remained active in collaborations with American pharmaceutical laboratory research, scientific publications, and  continued to work as a retired professor in the West Virginia University Department of Chemistry. He wrote for scientific journals in Canada and the United States.

Fodor was diagnosed with third-stage lung cancer in late 1999, and he moved to San Diego, California, for specialized treatment.  He died on November 3, 2000. Posthumously, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences published his memoirs: Egy magyar kémikus élete.

References

1915 births
2000 deaths
University of Szeged alumni
West Virginia University faculty
Hungarian chemists
Hungarian scientists
American medical researchers
Hungarian emigrants to the United States

Gábor Fodor (chemist)


Mike Zwerin (May 18, 1930 – April 2, 2010) was an American cool jazz musician and author. Zwerin as a musician played the trombone and bass trumpet within various jazz ensembles. He was active within the jazz and progressive jazz musical community as a session musician. Zwerin found a way to pursue both his interests as an author living in New York, where he was born, and his passion for music by taking positions as a broadcaster, and other journalistic and media positions while maintaining his musical  career as well. Although he gained notoriety for his writing, he may be best known to the public for his work with Miles Davis in 1948 as part of his Birth of the Cool band. Additionally, Zwerin also worked with Maynard Ferguson, Claude Thornhill, Archie Shepp and Bill Russo, among many others.

After a period as jazz critic of New York's Village Voice (1964–69), he was the publication's European editor (1969–71). Zwerin was also the Paris-based jazz critic for the International Herald Tribune for 21 years, then later for Bloomberg News.

Mike Zwerin died at the age of 79 in Paris on April 2, 2010.

Life and career

Early life
Michael Zwerin was born into an affluent family in Queens, New York City, United States, where his father was president of the Capitol Steel Corporation. Zwerin studied at the High School of Music and Art, and began leading bands in his teens, in which he employed several up-and-coming musicians.

At the age of 18, while on his summer holidays from the University of Miami, Mike Zwerin was the trombonist in Miles Davis's nonet at the Royal Roost club in New York This band was famously to record its music the following year in the album that became immortalized as Birth of the Cool, but by then Zwerin had graduated and gone into his father's steel business.

He abandoned his musical life for much of the 1950s but after a spell in France he returned to New York in 1958 and played the trombone in several big bands.

Steel business
His father's death in 1960 threw Zwerin back into the world of business and he took over the presidency of the company. He combined this with jazz, and worked in John Lewis's big band Orchestra USA, with whom he recorded and directed a small group. He later worked briefly with the pianist Earl Hines. In the mid-1960s he gradually withdrew from business.

In his autobiography, Close Enough for Jazz (1983), he lampooned this period of his life, which lasted four years (1960–64), by turning the usual biographical note on its head: "In his spare time, Mike Zwerin is president of Dome Steel Corporation."

Musical career
Zwerin was spotted by Miles Davis at Minton's in Harlem, while sitting in with Art Blakey. The great man's approach is sometimes stated as "I like your sound", but Mike's hipper version was: "You keep pretty good time ... for a white cat". He was immediately drafted into the rehearsal band for what become known as Birth of the Cool, while the regular trombonist Kai Winding was indisposed. Also present were Gerry Mulligan, Max Roach and Lee Konitz. Zwerin's contribution, in particular his solo on the track "Move", can be heard on The Complete Birth of the Cool. As his obituary in the Times put it, "A few muddy recordings exist of radio broadcasts by the band during Zwerin's time in it, which gave him a lifelong reputation as a jazz musician lucky enough to have been at the cutting edge of a new movement."

Among his other recordings are Getting Xperimental over U, and Mack the Knife, an album of Kurt Weill songs that he produced and arranged himself. He also appears on Archie Shepp's 1968 album The Magic of Ju-Ju.

Zwerin moved to London in 1969 and then, in 1972, to Paris, which would be his home for the rest of his life. Nevertheless, he kept his hand in as a trombonist throughout the 1980s, working with his fellow expatriate Hal Singer and with the guitarist Christian Escoudé. In 1988, he toured with the Big Band Charles Mingus, having played briefly with the Swiss bandleader George Gruntz. He also played with the French fusion band Telephone.

Writing
Zwerin always mixed writing with playing. Before moving permanently to Paris in 1969, he was jazz critic for the Village Voice and focusing on journalism, writing for Down Beat, Rolling Stone and Penthouse before joining the International Herald Tribune. Along with fellow journalists Tim Page and Yvonne Chabrier, Zwerin was arrested in New Haven, Connecticut, on December 9, 1967, at a Doors concert where Jim Morrison was arrested onstage. Zwerin was charged with disturbing the peace, but charges against Zwerin and the other journalists were later dropped due to lack of evidence.

Zwerin also wrote several books about his own life in the world of jazz, most notably Close Enough for Jazz and The Parisian Jazz Chronicles: An Improvisational Memoir. The most ambitious of his books may be La Tristesse de Saint Louis: Swing Under the Nazis (1985). It included the story of the Kille Dillers and the Ghetto Swingers, two bands that played in concentration camps. He also translated the jazz writings of Boris Vian (Round About Close to Midnight, 1988), who was, like Zwerin, both writer and musician.

In his 1969 book, The Silent Sound of Needles, Zwerin wrote about his struggles with drug addiction. Using drugs was "part of the ethic of what I thought was being hip, which was really stupid," he said in a 2005 interview with Bloomberg News. "When you're that age, you're immortal."

Disappointment with the reception of his books led him to stick to journalism. He spent two years researching La Tristesse de Saint Louis: Swing Under the Nazis (1985). He traveled across France, Austria, Poland, and Germany to interview survivors and analyze how jazz was banned by the Nazi government as "degenerate music" Zwerin issued an expanded version of La Tristesse de Saint Louis as Swing Under the Nazis in 2000.

Discography

As leader
 Not Much Noise (Spotlite, 1979)

As sideman
 Tony Allen, Afrobeat Express (Cobalt, 1989)
 Miles Davis, Pre-Birth of the Cool (Durium, 1974)
 Miles Davis, The Complete Birth of the Cool (Capitol, 1998)
 Maynard Ferguson, Newport Suite (Columbia, 1960)
 George Gruntz, For Flying Out Proud (MPS, 1978)
 George Gruntz, GG-CJB (MPS, 1979)
 Alexis Korner, The Party Album (Intercord, 1979)
 Alexis Korner, Alexis Korner and Friends (Amiga, 1981)
 John Lewis, Essence (Atlantic, 1962)
 Charles Mingus, Live at the Theatre Boulogne-Billancourt Paris Vol. 1 (Soul Note, 1989)
 Charles Mingus, Live at the Theatre Boulogne-Billancourt Paris Vol. 2 (Soul Note, 1993)
 Michel Petrucciani, Flash (Bingow, 1980)
 Bill Russo, Seven Deadly Sins (Roulette, 1960)
 Archie Shepp, The Magic of Ju-Ju (Impulse!, 1967)
 Alan Silva, The Shout: Portrait for a Small Woman (Sun, 1979)
 Alan Silva, Desert Mirage (I.A.C.P ,1982)
 Sugar Blue, Cross Roads (Blue Sound, 1979)
 Sugar Blue, From Paris to Chicago (EPM Musique, 1988)

References

External links

Official website
Amanda Petrusich, "The Jewish Trumpeter Who Entertained Nazis to Survive the Holocaust", The New Yorker, April 22, 2019. Information contributed by Mike Zwerin.
Mike Zwerin: "Siberia – Out Of The Very Cool", The Wire, #54, August 1988.
page at Allmusic

1930 births
2010 deaths
American jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
American jazz trumpeters
American male trumpeters
American music critics
Cool jazz trombonists
Cool jazz trumpeters
International Herald Tribune people
Musicians from Queens, New York
University of Miami alumni
American expatriates in England
American expatriates in France
Journalists from New York City
The High School of Music & Art alumni
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
American male jazz musicians
Orchestra U.S.A. members

Mike Zwerin


is a tube shooter video game originally developed by Llamasoft and published by Atari Corporation for the Atari Jaguar in North America on 13 April, 1994. It was released in Europe on 27 June and in Japan on 15 December of the same year, with the Japanese release being published by Mumin Corporation. Part of Atari Corp.'s 2000 series, it is a remake by Jeff Minter of Dave Theurer's 1981 arcade game Tempest, which used Atari's QuadraScan vector color display technology.

Taking control of the claw-shaped Blaster spacecraft from the original game, the player has to survive and travel across multiple levels until the end of an intergalactic war, battling against a variety of enemies that appear on the playfield. Originally an exclusive for the Jaguar, Tempest 2000 was ported to MS-DOS, Macintosh, Sega Saturn, PlayStation and Windows, each with several changes and additions from the original version.

Tempest 2000 was critically acclaimed when it was released on the Jaguar, with critics praising the graphics, gameplay and soundtrack. It has often been called one of the best games released for the Jaguar and as of 1 April 1995, the Jaguar version has sold more than 30,000 copies during its lifetime, making it one of the best-selling games for the system. Critical reception to the various ports, though still mostly positive, was more mixed than reception for the original version, owing to the aging of the game and differing opinions of the enhancements the ports offered.

Gameplay

Tempest 2000 modifies the gameplay of the original Tempest by adding power-ups, bonus levels, more sophisticated enemy types and wildly varying web level designs. The game features a total of 100 web levels, with new frame colors and variations after every 16 levels completed. In all versions, progress is automatically saved after completing a couple of levels and players are allowed to resume by using "Keys" to return into the last stage the game saved at. There are also three gameplay modes in addition to the main game. Completing all 100 web levels in Tempest 2000 unlocks "Beastly Mode", which is a harder difficulty setting where enemies move faster, fire more often and are more resilient to the player's shots; in addition, the player's ship fires at a lower rate than in the original difficulty.

The main objective of the game is to survive and score many points as long as possible by clearing the playfield on the screen from enemies that appear at the bottom of the web. The player's ship has rapid-fire capacity to shoot down enemies fast within the same segment the player is positioned at. The ship is also equipped with a Superzapper smart bomb that destroys all current enemies on the playfield, while recharging the Superzapper and using it a second time destroys a random enemy on-screen.

New to Tempest 2000 are power-ups, which appear as capsule-shaped polygon objects after destroying a number of enemies or enemy bullets. Catching the power-up will activate one of a number of progressively more useful capabilities such as the Particle Laser, which enhances the ship's firepower and allows much faster destruction of enemies and spikes left by Spike Layers. Jump allows the player to jump off the web to avoid enemy fire and enemies that travel along the edge of the playfield such as the Fuseball and electrified attacks from the Pulsars. The A.I. Droid is an autonomous vectorial ship that appears floating above the web and shoots at the enemies; in addition, grabbing a power-up while warping into a new level will play an increasingly high-pitched sound of a woman screaming "Yes! Yes! Yes!" and after arriving into the next level, the first power-up that the player will receive is the A.I. Droid.

Also new to the game are Warp Bonus tokens, which allow the player access into any of the three types of bonus stages after collecting three tokens and completing the level. Completing the bonus level grants 25,000 points and the player skips five levels ahead, but failing will warp the player to just one level. Outta Here! is a power-up that appears randomly and collecting it will destroy all enemies on-screen and warps the player into the next level, however, spikes left by Spike Layers will not be eliminated, so it is possible to lose a life by hitting one as the ship warps down the web. Between certain power-ups, players can also gain 2000 point bonuses as well.

Other modes include Traditional Tempest, which is a recreation of the original arcade game; Tempest Plus, which is a mix between Traditional and Tempest 2000 modes and Tempest Duel, a two-player versus mode where players compete in a series of matches against each other; in addition, this mode includes an exclusive Mirror power-up, which deflects shots from the rival back at him, alongside other objects to use in the playfield and regular enemies from the main game.

Development
At a gaming convention, Atari held a conference with prospective developers for the Atari Jaguar at which they listed off arcade games that they were considering having converted to the Jaguar, asking the developers to raise their hands at ones they wanted to work on. Jeff Minter volunteered to do Tempest as it was one of his favorite games. At the launch party for the Jaguar in New York, the creator of the Atari Jaguar took Minter aside and told him that he felt Tempest 2000 was a poor demonstration of the Jaguar's capabilities. Though discouraged, Minter continued to work on the game until it was finished and also regarded the Jaguar hardware as easy to develop for. Tempest 2000 was developed in Wales. Carrie Tahquechi, wife of ex-Atari producer Ted Tahquechi did the female voice work in Tempest 2000.

The most common criticism with the Jaguar version of Tempest 2000 was the lack of a rotary controller similar to the controller on the Tempest arcade machine. In fact, the game was programmed with an option to use just such a controller, despite the fact that Atari never released one. Such a controller was planned for development and release by Atari, but no prototypes exist. However, several homebrew options exist by using parts from a Jaguar controller and either an Atari 2600 Driving Controller or new, higher-precision rotary encoders. The one used by Jeff Minter during testing was made from a hacked-up 2600 driving controller.

Audio

The original Atari Jaguar version's music was created by Ian Howe, Alastair Lindsay and Kevin Saville of Imagitec Design (a.k.a. Dream Weavers), who also created the music for Jeff Minter's Defender 2000 on the Jaguar as well.

The music was composed in the Commodore Amiga MOD file format, although non-Jaguar releases of the game played music from a CD. At the time of its release, the music soundtrack could also be purchased on CD directly from Atari. The CD was also bundled with the short-lived Atari Jaguar CD to demonstrate the system's Virtual Light Machine music visualizer. It became the basis for the audio for all conversions of the game to come including the PC, PlayStation and Saturn versions. Several tracks, however, were not used in the Jaguar version due to cartridge space constraints.

Release
Tempest 2000 was originally released for the Atari Jaguar in 1994 in all regions including Japan, where it came with an exclusive Japanese manual for the region. The game was ported to MS-DOS, Macintosh, Sega Saturn and PlayStation, the latter version with several changes to the design under the name of Tempest X3. The Jaguar version was included as part of the Atari 50: The Anniversary Celebration compilation for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Steam, and Xbox One, marking the game's first re-release.

PCs
The MS-DOS version, programmed by Imagitec Design, contains optional AdLib and Roland MT-32 versions of the music, but lacks several of the visual effects of the console versions, such as the "Melt-O-Vision" transition effects. The Windows version is rendered in higher resolution, and has some unique glitches, like registering bonus level scores incorrectly. The Macintosh version was developed and published by Logicware in 1998.

Tempest X3
Tempest X3, the Sony PlayStation version, was released in 1996, with updated graphics and sound, although the following gameplay differences from the original version were identified by Jeff Minter in a Usenet post:
 The "AI Droid" only follows the player, instead of acting autonomously. A new, "Mega Droid" powerup rectifies this somewhat, but it takes a very long time within a level to acquire it.
 Pulsars now move slowly around the top of the Web if they reach it (rather than electrifying the whole top edge the moment they arrive).
 The Particle Laser is no more effective than the normal laser against Spikes (in the original, it destroys them very quickly).
 Some of the harder, "sticking point" webs have been removed from the game entirely.

Entering the name "YIFF!" or "H_V_S" on the top highscore position activates a secret mode, allowing the user to choose to play the original Tempest 2000 game. Any high scores made in this mode are not saved, the music (wave-captured from the original modules) is muffled and the effectiveness of the Particle Laser against spikes is not restored.

The PlayStation version of Tempest X3 supports the PlayStation Mouse, Nyko Trackball and Namco's rotary neGcon analog controller.

Saturn
The Saturn version, programmed by High Voltage Software, is close to the original Jaguar version, except for the removal of the third type of bonus level. It uses most of the audio tracks from the Tempest 2000 soundtrack CD for gameplay. The speech samples were redone.

Reception

Tempest 2000 received general critical acclaim when released for the Jaguar. GamePro praised the graphics and high speed, said the music included "the best techno-rave tracks anywhere", and deemed the two-player competitive mode "well worth the price of the cart." Electronic Gaming Monthly gave it their "Game of the Month" award, citing the "superb" techno soundtrack and "graphics that surpass the arcade version". GameFan also gave the Jaguar version a positive review. In a 1995 overview of Atari's history, Next Generation said of Tempest 2000 that "This single game probably did more for Atari's reputation than anything the company's marketing team had managed in the last five years." Tempest 2000 sold more than 30,000 copies, making it the second best-selling game on the platform behind Alien vs Predator, though it is unknown how many were sold in total during its lifetime as of 1 April 1995.

The PlayStation version was much less well received. Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot and Scary Larry of GamePro both said that it offers too few enhancements or additions over the by-then more than two years old Jaguar version. Dan Hsu and Crispin Boyer of Electronic Gaming Monthly questioned why the Jaguar game had received such acclaim in the first place, opining that it was simply an outdated arcade game with some extra "glitter" which has no bearing on the essence of the game, and that the PlayStation version was essentially the same. Sushi-X felt that it paled against the Jaguar version, lacking the smoothness of the original release. Gerstmann, Hsu, Boyer, and Sushi-X all also complained that the game suffers from poor control in the absence of a rotary controller like the original Tempests. However, a Next Generation critic gave it a positive review, opining that it retained the elements that made the Jaguar version great and that the enhancements were strong enough to make it fresh.

Reviewing the Saturn version, Paul Glancey of Sega Saturn Magazine recalled the impact of the game's original release on the Jaguar: "... Jeff Minter had pepped up the gameplay with a barrage of eye-warping pixel explosions, swirling, smearing colour effects and a 'banging' ravey soundtrack. ... Turn down the lights, turn up the colour, run the sound through your hi-fi then jam up the bass and the volume and you could enjoy a gaming experience so hypnotic as to be almost mind-altering." He concluded that the Saturn port, though slightly inferior to the Jaguar original, effectively recreated this experience for Saturn owners.

Entertainment Weekly gave the game an A- and wrote that "An update of the arcade shooting classic, Tempest 2000 is multimedia in the truest sense, with psychedelic graphics, a CD-quality soundtrack, breathy voice samples (the words superzapper recharge have never sounded more erotic), even text that scrolls past at dizzying speeds. The one weakness is the often-unresponsive Jaguar control pad."

In 1996, GamesMaster ranked the game 17th on their "Top 100 Games of All Time." Tempest 2000 was also awarded Best Jaguar Game of 1994 by Electronic Gaming Monthly.

Legacy
In 1996, the game's Melt-O-Vision trademark was abandoned, while the trademark renewal for the title was also cancelled in 2006. It was cited by Ultra/United Games as an influence during development of Battle-Girl. VM Labs licensed Tempest for their Nuon DVD system and hired Jeff Minter to produce a sequel, Tempest 3000. Minter also produced the unofficial "inspired by" follow-ups Space Giraffe and TxK on the Sony PlayStation Vita. On 24 August 2008, the source code of Tempest 2000 was released by the defunct Jaguar Sector II website under a CD compilation for PC titled Jaguar Source Code Collection. Also, two unofficial clones of Tempest 2000 named Typhoon 2001 and Cyclone 2000 were launched for PC and Android devices, by Thorsten Kuphaldt and NoCrew Mobile respectively. Another sequel, Tempest 4000, was released in July 2018. The title was a reworking of an earlier clone by Minter titled TxK, which incorporates classic Tempest 2000 music and enemies, alongside other enhancements.

Notes

References

External links
 Tempest 2000 at AtariAge
 Tempest 2000 at GameFAQs
 Tempest 2000 at MobyGames

1994 video games
Atari games
Atari Jaguar games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
DOS games
Fixed shooters
High Voltage Software games
Imagitec Design games
Llamasoft games
Classic Mac OS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation (console) games
Sega Saturn games
Trackball video games
Video game remakes
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Alastair Lindsay
Video games scored by Ian Howe
Video games scored by Kevin Saville
Windows games
Logicware games

Tempest 2000


Mayengbam Suranjoy Singh (born 2 April 1986) is an amateur boxer from Manipur, India. The diminutive pugilist is a livewire inside the ring and is known for his aggressive style. He is affectionately called by his team-mates as the Little Tyson.

Career
In the initial years of his career, besides several gold medals at the State and National Level championships Suranjoy also won a bronze medal in 2004 at the Junior World Championship.

2009
The 24-year-old Manipuri lad also ended a 15-year wait for India by winning gold at the Asian Boxing Championships, at Zhuhai, China, in June 2009. He was also the lone Indian boxer to win a gold medal at that event. The last gold medal for India in the Asian championship came in the 1994 edition in Tehran where Rajkumar Sangwan finished on top in the super heavyweight category. He also became the first Indian boxer to win the gold medal in the 51 kg Flyweight Category at the Inter-Continental President's Cup in Baku, Azerbaijan in December 2009, the first-ever by an Indian in an Amateur International Boxing Association (AIBA) organised event. He was also the first Indian to be declared the 'best boxer' of any Senior Men's Boxing Championships at the world level. He is supported by Olympic Gold Quest.

2009 has been a memorable year for Suranjoy. Starting with the A K Mishra International event in Chandigarh, Suranjoy went on to finish at the top in the European Grand Prix, the Asian Championships and the President's Cup. In between he also claimed the national title in the flyweight category.

2010
He won a gold medal at the Commonwealth Boxing Championships held in New Delhi in March 2010.  He won the flyweight gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi on 13 October 2010. In the final of the event, he won by a walkover after his opponent, Benson Njangiru of Kenya failed to show.

References

1986 births
Asian Games medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 2010 Asian Games
Boxers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Indian male boxers
Living people
Boxers from Manipur
Asian Games bronze medalists for India
Commonwealth Games medallists in boxing
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Flyweight boxers
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games

Suranjoy Singh


Dawn Landes (born December 5, 1980) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She is originally from around Louisville, Kentucky but spent many years living and performing in Brooklyn, New York. As a recording artist she has released five full-length albums: dawn's music (2005), Fireproof (2008), Sweetheart Rodeo (2010), Bluebird (2014) and Meet Me At The River (2018) as well as five EPs: Straight Lines (2006), Two Three Four (2006), Mal Habillée (2012), Covers EP (2014) and Desert Songs (2015). In support of her releases, Landes has toured extensively in the US, Europe and around the world, often sharing the stage with artists such as Ray Lamontagne, Feist, Andrew Bird, José González, The Weakerthans, Midlake, Suzanne Vega, and Sufjan Stevens.

As an instrumentalist, she has toured as part of New York City American roots music band Hem. and Sufjan Stevens' touring band (2015-2016). A producer and engineer, she worked at Stratosphere Sound in New York City and at Philip Glass' own personal recording studio. In 2007 Landes helped found Saltlands Studio in Brooklyn, NY. She has collaborated with contemporaries like  Justin Townes Earle, Will Oldham and Josh Ritter in the studio. Her songs have been featured in popular films and TV shows, including The Good Wife, Bored to Death, Skins, House, Gossip Girl and United States of Tara. She composed original scores for two feature films Blackbird and Familiar Strangers and wrote the end credit song for Savage Grace starring Julianne Moore.  Landes has appeared with The American Songbook Series, Boston Pops, TED and in 2012 with the NYC Ballet at the Lincoln Center for the Benjamin Millepied ballet "Two Hearts" singing a ballad entitled "The Brown Girl" as part of composer Nico Muhly's score.

In June 2012, she released Mal Habillée, a collection of original French songs in the style of Ye-Ye. It features guest vocals by Matthew Caws (Nada Surf) and Tunde Adebimpe (TV on the Radio) and an interactive ebook with illustrations by the artist Danica Novgorodoff to accompany the text. In February 2014, she released Bluebird which features guest appearances by Norah Jones and others Bluebird won the 2015 14th Annual Independent Music Awards for '"Folk/Singer-Songwriter Album of the Year".

On October 2, 2020, Landes released her latest album, ROW, featuring the music from the upcoming musical of the same name, written with book-writer Daniel Goldstein, under commission from New York Voices. The album project began with a Ted Talk Landes presented in 2015 on the musical's subject, transatlantic rower, Tori Murden McClure. The album features Will Oldham, Rachel Grimes, and Ben Sollee. The show was originally set to premiere in the summer of 2020 at the Williamstown Theatre Festival but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Williamstown Theatre Festival announced a partnership with Audible to release all seven of the productions originally expected to be performed during the 2020 festival.

Landes also performs as a member of all-girl trio The Bandana Splits. Landes was once married to musician Josh Ritter, with whom she also toured.  She now lives in Chapel Hill, North Carolina and is married to composer Creighton Irons, with whom she has two children, Callan and Wright.

Discography
 Albums
 dawn's music (2005)
 Fireproof (2008)
 Sweetheart Rodeo (2010)
 Bluebird (2014)
 Meet Me at the River  (2018)
 ROW (2020)

 EPs
 Straight Lines (2005)
 Two Three Four (2006)
 Mal Habillée (2012)
 Covers EP featuring Jim James (My Morning Jacket) (2014)
 Desert Songs EP with Piers Faccini (2016)
 My Tiny Twilight (2019)

Songs in other media

 Two of her songs, "Kissing Song" and "You Alone", are featured in the 2005 film Winter Passing. "Kissing Song" was played during the ending credit.
 She also contributed a song (Lullaby for Tony) for the closing credits of the 2007 film Savage Grace.
 The song "Straight Lines" was used in an episode of the Showtime series United States of Tara. It was also used in a commercial for the Chrysler Town and Country.
 "Straight Lines" was also used in a television advertisement for Transport for London in the UK.
 "Straight Lines" was also used at the end of the documental "When Harry Left Hogwarts" released as special feature in the Blu-ray version of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2.
 The song "Drive" was used in the "Under My Skin" episode of the fifth season of the Fox series House M.D.
 The hidden track "Won't Back Down", a cover of Tom Petty, was used for a Human Rights Campaign video supporting the repeal of Proposition 8.
 The track "Toy Piano" from the album Fireproof was used in an episode of Californication and Bored to Death.
 The track "Twilight" from the album Fireproof was used as incidental music in an episode of Holby City.
 The track "Mud and Stars" was used in the fifth episode of the Australian mini-series Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities.
 "All Dressed in White" was used in the series four premiere of Skins.
 Landes has scored two feature films, Blackbird (2007) and Familiar Strangers (2008).
 The song "Home" was featured on the CBS series The Good Wife.

References

External links
 Official homepage
 Official MySpace page
 No Depression Town and Country Featured Artist
 The Bandana Splits Facebook Page

1980 births
Living people
Singers from Brooklyn
Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American folk guitarists
American women singer-songwriters
New York University people
Record producers from New York (state)
American audio engineers
American women composers
21st-century American composers
Artists from Brooklyn
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky
Country musicians from Kentucky
Folk musicians from Kentucky
Rock musicians from Kentucky
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Women audio engineers
Guitarists from Kentucky
Guitarists from New York (state)
Kentucky women musicians
Singers from Kentucky
Engineers from New York (state)
21st-century American women singers
Country musicians from New York (state)
American women record producers
21st-century American women guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Western Vinyl artists
21st-century women composers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Yep Roc Records artists
Cooking Vinyl artists

Dawn Landes


Nicholas Cleobury (born 23 June 1950) is an English conductor.

Cleobury was organ scholar at Worcester College, Oxford, conductor of Schola Cantorum of Oxford and held assistant organist posts at Chichester Cathedral and Christ Church, Oxford before turning to orchestral and operatic work. He is founder-laureate of the Britten Sinfonia and has been particularly active in the promotion of contemporary music. He was from 1997 to 2015 principal conductor of the Oxford Bach Choir.

Cleobury's elder brother Stephen was director of music at King's College, Cambridge.

Cleobury joined the Queensland Conservatorium as head of opera in 2016.

References

External links
Nicholas Cleobury web site (accessed May 2006)
Interview by Bruce Duffie, 2001

1950 births
Living people
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Musicians from Bromley
People educated at King's School, Worcester
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Cathedral organists
English classical organists
British male organists
Assistant Organists of Chichester Cathedral
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century organists
21st-century British male musicians
Male classical organists

Nicholas Cleobury


Audris Rijo (born April 8, 1985) is a Dominican beauty pageant titleholder, professional model, actress, presenter and journalist. She represented her country at Miss Turismo Dominicana, Reinado Internacional del Café, and Nuestra Belleza Latina.

In 2013, Rijo became first runner-up of Nuestra Belleza Latina 2013. In 2015 she became the host of entertainment for Telemundo 47 New York. She also was the host of the morning show Acceso Total Nueva York.

Career

Rijo won the National Title of Miss Dominican Tourism 2009, and also Miss Elegance and Miss Culture.

In 2010 Rijo took part in the International Queen of Coffee pageant in Manizales, Colombia, where she won the title of Queen of the Waters and Perfect Face. She also won Queen of the Americas in Guatemala City, Guatemala.

Audris also works in the area of fashion design, she launched her line of children's bathing suits call "Kisses Audris Rijo by DM", a creation in collaboration with designer Diany Mota. The official presentation of the brand took place on June 8, 2014 during Kids Fashion Week NY, and featured her on the catwalk.

Currently, she works for Telemundo 47 New York. She is the host of Acceso Total Nueva York.

Nuestra Belleza Latina 2013

In 2011, Audris auditioned for the Univision's reality show, Nuestra Belleza Latina. However, she took time off from her career to focus on other personal interests. Rijo returned to her career in 2013 and was first runner-up on Nuestra Belleza Latina. During the competition, she won the 50 Mas Bellos challenge and was featured among People en Español magazine's "50 most beautiful people of 2014". Audris Rijo finished as first runner-up. The eventual winner was Marisela Demontecristo of El Salvador. Since participating in Univision contract, Rijo has worked as a reporter for Univision and was a presenter on Premios Juventud. She also appeared on People en Español. She has made appearances on ¡Despierta América!, El Gordo y la Flaca, and Don Francisco.

NBL VIP "All★Star"- Nuestra Belleza Latina 2016

Audris  has been chosen by the fans to compete in the first ever "All★Star" season of Nuestra Belleza Latina, The season of Nuestra Belleza Latina 2016 will premiere on Sunday February 28, 2015, but on March 6, 2016 she was eliminated because she did not receive enough votes to continue in the competition.

Magazine/newspaper covers
 Mujer Unica
 El Especialito
 Universal
 L'Estilo magazine
 Eventos magazine
 El Mundo del ShowBiz
 Metro.pr
 People en Español
 Latin Show magazine
 All the Picture

Awards
She received the Model of the Year Award and Gruperos Latinos Show Awards 2014.

She was presented with a Dominican of the Year award by Senator Adriano Espaillat of the United States Senate.

References

External links

 Univision
 Telemundo
 Nuestra Belleza Latina
 Nuestra Belleza Latina Biografia
 NBL 2013 Official NBL Page

1985 births
Living people
Univision
Dominican Republic female models

Audris Rijo


Joseph Harris (1703 – 1764) was a British blacksmith, astronomer, navigator, economist, natural philosopher, government adviser and King's Assay Master at the Royal Mint.

Of Joseph Harris, the eldest, who married one of the daughters, and heiress, of Thomas Jones, of Tredustan, little has been recorded beyond the information derived from his monument in the church.  His talents were highly respectable, and indeed pre-eminent.  But though he wrote several astronomical treatises, which are highly thought of, and was esteemed by the learned and great of his day, no biographer has written his life:  no anecdotes of him have been preserved; nor have his virtues or talents been recorded farther than as they appear in his works, which in general are anonymous.  Indeed, that modesty, which is so amiable in him, seems to have descended to his posterity where he was born, for after all the enquiries I have made with respect of him, instead of learning any other particulars of his life, I have received only general encomiums and empty praise.  I am much hurt that this self-taught philosopher, who was an honour to this county of Brecon, should pass almost unnoticed.  The blame lies not with me, for it seems to have been destined, that his record should be only in heaven.  Theophilus Jones, A History of the County of Brecknock (1805)

Early life
As far as biographies of Joseph Harris are concerned, things remain much the same now as they had been in 1805, when Theophilus Jones was writing.  The Harris family history of three brothers, all highly successful in entirely unrelated avocations, has until now concentrated on the youngest of the three, Howell Harris, known as the Apostle of Wales.  But now, three hundred years after his birth, attention may be paid to Joseph, the polymath eldest son of this extraordinary family.

From the moment of his baptism there are uncertainties.  He was baptised on 16 February 1703 in the ancient church of Saint Gwendolen, Talgarth, on the slopes of the Black Mountains in the Welsh county of Brecknock, now subsumed into the county of Powys.  His baptismal record falls between the beginning of January and the end of March, a period that until 1752 was in flux between the Julian and the Gregorian calendars, and with those three months considered in the Old Style as being part of the year that had just passed and in the New Style part of the year ahead; before 1752 this was expressed in the form of a fraction, the OS year uppermost and the NS year below.  But it seems likely that the person who made the entry was confused, reversing the year dates; record keeping in Saint Gwendolen's had after all started only eight years earlier.  It was at a later date that the incorrect OS year in that and similar entries was scored through, as well as recording a name change from Powell to Harries.  Joseph was the first-born of Howell Powell, a joiner, and Susanna Powell, both of the same surname before, as well as after, their union, but how closely they were related, if at all, is not known.  Their marriage is recorded in the parish register of Saint Gwendolen on 5 September 1702 and they lived in a small cluster of houses, the hamlet of Trefeca, (but then written Trevecka which sounds the same) about a mile south of, and in the parish of, Talgarth in the valley of the Breconshire Afon Llynfi, a tributary of the Welsh River Wye.  Certainly by the time of the September 1704 baptism of the next child, daughter Anne, the family name of all its members had changed to Harries, an English name; nonetheless, all family members were bilingual in Welsh and English.  Three further children were born in the next eleven years, of whom Thomas (bapt. June 1707) and Howell (bapt. February 1715 NS) survived beyond infancy to old age, while both Anne and an earlier Thomas (bapt. January 1706 NS) died soon after birth.

A similar, and related, confusion attends the record of Joseph's death on 26 September 1764.  Both the memorial in Saint Gwendolen's and the record in Saint Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London, in whose crypt he is buried, record him as being sixty-two years of age, which means he would have had to have been born before 26 September 1702; but in those days of high infant mortality it was thought essential to baptise a baby as soon as possible after birth to ensure his or her acceptance into Heaven, rather than Purgatory, should he or she succumb.  A gap of five and a half months would have been negligent.  The explanation for this discrepancy may well be that the sole source of the information was Joseph's only surviving offspring, Anna-Maria Harris, and the Harris family had in the past been vague about birthdays.

For Joseph's life in Trefeca before he moved to London, aged 21, the authority, apart from the church records and some reminiscences in his letters home from London, is the sometimes unreliable work of Theophilus Jones's History, which found little to say of him, as the quotation above shows.  But we are told that he was apprenticed to his uncle Thomas Powell, a blacksmith, and that he met and fell in love with Anne Jones, one of three daughters of an eminent Brecknock family, whom he courted respectfully for at least 12 years and then married soon after he was appointed to the Royal Mint in 1736.  From the fact that, despite the difference in their social position, Anne's father, Thomas Jones II, High Sheriff of Brecknock for 1722, recommended that she treat Joseph's attentions with respect, we may guess that his brilliance was well known locally.  It may be that father and son Thomas Jones I and II had, as was common in Wales, thrown their library open to a gifted but poor village boy, thus explaining the description of Joseph as 'self-taught'.  By the time of Joseph's arrival in London the family name had firmly become Harris.  A surprising aspect of the failure of Theophilus Jones to find any information about Joseph is that Joseph's only surviving child, Anna-Maria, heiress to both Joseph and his wealthy middle brother, Thomas, living, like Theophilus, in the Brecon area, and by then married to Samuel Hughes, himself High Sheriff of Brecon in 1790, was one of the subscribers to Theophilus's work.

In the last weeks of 1724 Joseph moved to London with letters of introduction from Brecknock MP Roger Jones.  Within a few days of Joseph's arrival in London he met the Governor of New England at Roger Jones's home, and Edmond Halley was showing him 'a quadrant worth at least £300', so it may not be far from the truth to assume that the introductions included one to the then Astronomer Royal.  Joseph's letter home is the first in a collection of more than 3300 documents made by Howell, Joseph's youngest brother, now available in digest form in Boyd Stanley Schlenther and Eryn Mant White's Calendar of the Trevecka Letters (2003). The manuscripts themselves now lie in the Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru/National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.  They are in the trusteeship of the Calvinist Methodist Church of Wales, who have not permitted transcriptions of the manuscript correspondence to be published.

Stellarum Fixarum Hemisphaerium Australe and Boreale
From instructions to his family on how to address replies Joseph seems to have moved in with John Senex (1678-1740), notable chart- and map-maker.  He then writes about how kind his 'Master' is and how he has given him 'German radish' seeds which he sends on to his family in Trefeca to try out; he was perhaps apprenticed to, but certainly working with, Senex.  They co-operated to produce at least two star-maps, Stellarum Fixarum Hemisphaerium Australe and Boreale; in the plane of the equator; Joseph's name is writ large in the headline text, though the copyright remained in the hands of Senex, as after his death his wife sold it.  A copy of Joseph's chart was in the library of Mme. Emilie du Chatelet, mistress and colleague of Voltaire, which may be the one now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France and perhaps seized from her son's library when he was beheaded during the French Revolution.  Although the pair of star maps in the plane of the equator are well represented in astronomy museums, there may also be a further pair in the plane of the ecliptic.  It is likely that production of these charts was related to the premature, much contested and hotly resented publication by Halley and Newton of Flamsteed's long delayed observations of the stars.  In the Australe chart Joseph commemorates Polish astronomer Hevelius and King Jan III Sobieski's defeat of the invading Ottoman Turks in the 1683 Battle of Vienna, for the constellation Scutum is named Scutum Sobiescanum and illustrated with a glowing crucifix and the initials INRI. It is not easy to date the first publication of these charts, partly because the date 1690 too is large in the title and the facile tendency has been to take that as the publication date; but 1690 is before Joseph was born and during the childhood of Senex.  The most likely period for its creation is when Joseph was working for John Senex, from January 1725 until he left on a voyage to Vera Cruz in June of that same year.  When he returned from Vera Cruz in April 1728 he immediately started work on self-publishing his Treatise of Navigation and producing for Thomas Wright, instrument maker, his Description and Use of the Globe; and the Orrery.  But it is an area that calls for more research.  Wolfgang Steinicke in 'William Herschel, Flamsteed Numbers and Harris's Star Maps' says that these star-maps were still being relied on by William Herschel towards the end of the century.

South Sea Company Expedition
Only six months after his arrival in London, in late summer 1725, Joseph boarded a ship for the Gulf of Mexico.  The South Sea Company traded there in slaves and goods under the Asiento agreement; the trade agreement allowed the company to send one ship of a limited size each year to sell goods in the fairs of Vera Cruz and Portobelo, but the company was stretching the agreement to send TWO ships, both loaded to the gunwales with goods.  One ship would remain offshore while the other would sell its own cargo at the Fair, return to sea to be restocked by the first and again return to land to sell that second cargo.  In 1725 the two ships were the Prince Frederick, under Captain Williams, and the Spotswood, under Captain Bradly; Joseph writes of going aboard a ship with £300,000 of goods and 250 men, but it isn't yet clear which of the two ships he was in.  The South Sea Company had no difficulty in selling its goods, which were much in demand for their quality; but the Spanish government, faced with policing vast territories with inadequate forces, was not so keen and, in protest, seized the Prince Frederick, detaining her in the Gulf for several years while a complex international dispute played out.  During his time in Vera Cruz Joseph observed and described a partial eclipse of the sun and was unable, because of overcast skies, to observe a predicted eclipse of the moon.   He established the latitude of Vera Cruz as 19° 12'N and its longitude as 97° 30'W to within 1° of its actual position (but the site of Vera Cruz has been changed more than once in its existence because of disease generated by surrounding swamps and forest); this was done decades before the development of Harrison's chronometer which facilitated the establishment of longitude by providing accurate timekeeping. These observations, sponsored by Halley, are recorded as "Astronomical Observation Made at Vera Cruz" in the Transactions of the Royal Society, but the astronomical dates in the Transaction need to be corrected for the calendar shift in September 1752.  By our calendar now the eclipse of the Sun viewed in Vera Cruz occurred on 22 March 1727 (NS).

A Treatise of Navigation
By 11 April 1728 Joseph had returned to London, some years ahead of the Prince Frederick, and several of his subsequent letters speak of its continued detention, the death of its Captain Williams in Vera Cruz and the political events around the negotiations.  Joseph's months at sea (three in each direction for Vera Cruz) had not been wasted and early in 1730 he published at his own expense A Treatise of Navigation, full of advice to improve techniques of seamanship and offering two new models of nautical instrument; he deposited for copyright several copies of the treatise at the Stationers' Hall in the middle of February 1730(NS). The sale price was 12shillings (60p) and its subscribers are many, varied and of much interest still:  they included five members of the Royal Society (Halley among them), the Earl of Godolphin, Alexander Pope, Ann Knight (wealthy daughter of James Craggs, Postmaster General in the Government, who in March 1721 had taken a lethal dose of laudanum the night before he was due to be questioned by a Parliamentary Inquiry into the South Sea Bubble), as well as many other Brecknock and London luminaries.  One subscriber not otherwise known is listed as Joseph Harris, Esq.  At the sale of his library six months after his death, the catalogue included over 100 unsold, and probably unbound, copies of this work.  The work became a best-seller in Italy for the next 100 years, and this entry in the catalogue raises the possibility that those very copies, purchased in February 1765, were the precipitating factor in its popularity there.

What I was not looking for when I opened a book on navigation published in 1730 was clarity, but to my surprise that is exactly what I got.  There is strong internal evidence that Harris writes with some considerable experience of deep sea voyaging.  This practical background is combined with a solid understanding of those principles you would expect a "teacher of the mathematicks" to know and an evident determination to improve the practice of navigation by "persons of ordinary capacity".  The result is a book which positively seeps best practice, well described.

In some places his prose approaches a poetic rhythm, not I think consciously, but because of a deep sympathy with his subject.  Again and again he talks of "the wide and pathless Ocean, where nothing is visible but Sky and Water" almost as if he were reciting in the oral tradition of poetry.  For an extraordinarily lucid description of the force and effects of gravity, we have only to turn to the first paragraph of Navigation, Chapter 1, Section 1:  "Of the Figure and Magnitude of the Earth".  Joseph Harris is easy reading.

It is evident that the essential principles of sound navigation were already in place by the time he put quill to paper.  What was missing was the technology to exploit them to the full; an accurate timepiece, the sextant, the gyro compass, the electro-mechanical log, radar.  (Satellite technology is not included in this list as it depends on a completely different set of principles to those of classic sea navigation.) To one such as myself, who devoted much of his working life to the conduct of Her Majesty's ships about what Harris calls "the terraqueous globe whereon we live", it was refreshing to discover that the precepts drilled into me when I was young were old then, and certainly not new in 1730.  There are several passages here which made me laugh out loud with the shock of familiarity in an unexpected place.  The necessity of keeping up the log, of frequent examination of the elements, of taking the sun's bearing at sunset when the lower limb is half a width above the horizon; all these and many more were the meat and drink of my time as midshipman.

Harris shares with certain other authors of navigational books, (though not the anonymous writers of The Admiralty Manual of Navigation Vols I to IV), an urgent desire to instruct and a certain amount of ill-hidden scorn for those who won't take his instruction on board, especially when he is advocating new methods.  "And it is as difficult to prevail upon People to leave any old Custom, however erroneous; I have sometimes been very plain in shewing the Absurdities of some things".  Much time and space, for example, perhaps rather too much, is devoted to the utter destruction of the false notion that the departure and the meridional distance are one and the same; he comes back and back to this theme throughout the book.  In this he anticipates the impatience of Captain STS Lecky, who in his famous Tables of 1890 reserves the epithets 'Mugwump' and 'not fit to navigate an Essex barge or a Runcorn flat' for those who might fail to act upon his advice.  Even the urbane Captain JAG Troup, Royal Navy, in his truly excellent 1934 work "On the Bridge", has a chuckle at the expense of those who don't observe ordinary caution and good practice at sea.  And in our own day, the sharp-witted, stressed out guardian of bridge standards can be a formidable teacher of would-be officers of the watch.  There is, it seems, a style of instruction common to didactic, experienced navigators and Harris belongs in the mainstream of this convention.

It is not clear why he refrains from burdening his readers with spherical trigonometry, a knowledge of which is so essential to successful astro-navigation.  For reasons which seem inadequate now, he confines himself to an explanation of "plain trigonometry" and one can only speculate that the true reason is that before Mr. Harrison did his famous work on sea-going chronometers, the navigator's need for spherical trig was relatively undeveloped.  On the other hand Harris's evident delight in the new chart projection "commonly called Mercator's" is clearly and amusingly explained in the text.

This is probably not a book for the general reader, and even for the historian of the 18th century it is specialist stuff.  The navigator, however, is bound to read him with respect and admiration; he describes many enduring maritime truths in an engaging and entertaining style.  Were I starting out again upon a career at sea, I could do worse than acquaint myself with Joseph Harris's writings.  For others with an interest in the period he casts a light on the state of knowledge in the early 18th Century which will be surprising to some and pleasing to all.

Description and Use of the Globes; and the Orrery
Just after the publication of the Treatise of Navigation another work appeared over Joseph's name:  Description and Use of the Globes; and the Orrery.   An instruction manual, it proved very popular and ran into many editions over the rest of the century.  Oddly though, it is never mentioned by Joseph or his family in their correspondence, all references to 'my book' being apparently to the Treatise; and in the eighth edition in 1757 the name of Joseph Harris appears over a description of him as 'Teacher of the Mathematics' despite his having by this time been King's Assay Master for eight years and in the Royal Mint for twenty-one.  Sadly for Joseph's fame, the first edition carried only his initials, J.H., perhaps because the publisher or bookseller was hoping to cash in on the then greater fame of the late John Harris, F.R.S.; unfortunately the idea was floated in the Bibliotheca Britannica (perhaps by a sleepy clerk) that Joseph's was simply an edition of a similarly titled work of John Harris, but they are entirely different from each other.  Although an excellent teaching volume, it was basically a puff for large orreries, beautifully illustrated in the actual volume (though not in the current reproductions, which have mostly failed to open out the large folded illustrations) and for sale at the Fleet Street shop of Thomas Wright, such as had been supplied, according to later editions, to 'His Majesty at Kensington', the Duke of Argyll and the New Royal Academy at Portsmouth.  The long-standing mistake in the authorship is only now being corrected.

Voyage to Jamaica
Late in 1730 he sailed westward again, this time to Jamaica.  He went as an employee of the Hon. Colin Campbell, to carry out an experiment devised by George Graham and to supervise a cargo of astronomical instruments destined to establish an observatory there. The instruments were eventually bequeathed to Glasgow University by the later purchaser, Alexander Macfarlane, and returned to Scotland between 1757 and 1760, where they formed the basis of the university's Macfarlane Observatory.  Colin Campbell wrote that Joseph Harris was taken ill in Jamaica and returned home early as a result; but although Joseph suffered an initial bout of what he (and later in another context Mungo Park) called 'sever seasoning' (perhaps malaria), and said was unavoidable for all newcomers, he afterwards wrote an extensive and interesting letter home describing the island and claiming full health; indeed he stayed until April 1732, longer than he had anticipated before he left London. On his way home during the summer of 1732 he made two observations which were subsequently published in the Transactions of the Royal Society, this time sponsored by George Graham:  "An Account of Some Mathematical Observations Made in the Months of May, June and July 1732; as also the Description of a Water-Spout".

Back in London in early July he looked again for work. At the beginning of September 1732 Joseph travelled to Cranbury in Hampshire to stay for a month at the home of John Conduitt MP.   Conduitt had succeeded Sir Isaac Newton as Master of the Royal Mint and was married to Newton's half-niece, Catherine Barton Conduitt; Newton lived there for his last years until his death in 1727.  Joseph's eventual appointment in January 1736 to a junior position at the Royal Mint may well have owed something to this visit.

In 1733 Joseph hoped to get an appointment to a Portsmouth mathematical school, but commented sadly that other candidates were 'backed by great interests'; so in August of the same year he started to work at Gossfield Hall, Essex, for the family of Ann Knight, née Craggs, and John Knight MP; he was almost certainly tutoring James Newsome, her son by an earlier marriage, perhaps in navigation for a career in the Navy.  There he certainly came to know well Walter Harte, and a year or so later was thanked by him, for help with what Harte called his 'Pamphlet', by date likely to have been Harte's Essay on Reason.  The Essay was written after the sudden and unexpected death of John Knight in October 1733 and contains an elegy to him.  Ann Knight subsequently appointed Walter Harte Rector of Gossfield's St. Catherine's church.  Shortly after this, Joseph used his friendship with Walter Harte in an apparently unsuccessful attempt to get his youngest brother Howell into Saint Mary Hall, Oxford, now part of Oriel College.  The only record of Howell's presence at Saint Mary Hall is the single day of his matriculation, 25 November 1735, and there is no sign that he ever slept or ate there, although his registration fees continued to be paid until 1738.

Marriage
Throughout his years in London, Joseph loved Anne Jones (who moved with her family from Trefeca, Joseph's birthplace, to nearby Tredustan just across the Llynfi river), but he doubted that it was reciprocated.  But about 1730, just before he left for Jamaica, he began to suspect, perhaps from his mother Susanna, that maybe all was not lost, and early in 1733 wrote a passionate letter to Howell about how his despairing love for her had made it impossible for him to settle down.  A correspondence started, and when Joseph wasn't in Wales, Howell was the intermediary; we know from Joseph's letters that he enclosed missives and books for her in his letters home, but we don't know how often she replied.  Howell kept almost every scrap of writing that came to the Trefeca Teulu, but no comparable collection by Joseph of letters he received has come down to us.  At that time a woman's reputation had to be protected at all costs as her future marriageability depended on it; Joseph was aware of this and secured Anne from gossip.  He wanted to marry her, but knew that he could not until he was financially secure; shortly after Joseph took up his appointment at the Mint, Anne Jones and he were married on 31 October 1736 at Saint Benet's Church, Paul's Wharf near Saint Paul's Cathedral. There is no mention of the ceremony in any of the family's correspondence, and we have no idea how many of his Welsh family came to London to celebrate with them!  They had no fewer than five children, two boys and three girls.  The baptisms of the last four of them and the burials of all but one daughter are listed in Mint records.  Only Anna-Maria survived to adulthood.  This mortality is perhaps not surprising when one considers the position of their Tower home:  the foetid River Thames on one side, the filthy London streets on another, and the graves of many executions alongside.

Appointment to the Royal Mint
By early 1736 Joseph knew that he had been appointed to the Royal Mint, as assistant to Hopton Haynes, Master's Assay Master.  He and his younger brother Thomas, a tailor, had been sharing lodgings, but Thomas now wrote that Joseph was to move into the Mint on Lady Day 1735/6 (25 March 1736). The appointment was confirmed by Treasury warrant on 6 April 1737.

Joseph occupied a house at the Royal Mint in the Tower of London until his death in 1764, though he did have a second home in what was then countryside and market gardens in the Grove Street area of Hackney.  Howell mentions it in diary entries from June 1746 to September 1749, and there are Poor Rate levies on Joseph there to 1752. From early 1760 he spent a lot of time at a country house he rented, or had placed at his disposal, in Lewisham, called Place House.

Despite his position at the Mint, Joseph retained his interest in navigation, and in the Transactions of the Royal Society 1739-41 41 an article by him was published, entitled "An Account of an Improvement on the Terrestrial Globe".  As an indication, perhaps, of the increasing respect the Royal Society accorded him, he was entitled 'Gentleman' and needed no intermediary.

Dispute within the Family
There is a gap in the exchange of letters from 1738 to 1740, which is filled by legal documents in the National Archive rediscovered in 2015.  It seems that Joseph's father-in-law, Thomas Jones II, became Sheriff of Brecon for the year 1722, and during that notoriously expensive period of office he overspent disastrously.  As a result, he resorted to the device of sharing his land with his daughters, of whom one, of course, was Anne, and requiring them to collect rents due in return for a small allowance of £40 per annum for himself.  Of extra interest is that the court papers reveal the existence of a third daughter, JoAnna, in addition to the already known Anne and Mary, though it doesn't provide any more primary evidence of any of their dates of birth.  Joseph and Anne now lived in London, and this may be the reason that a third, local person, Lewis Jones, acted as the Harris's agent.  Complicating the court action JoAnna married her attorney, John Meredith, scion of a dominant local family, in the course of the case; he too had collected rents at times and had promised the tenants protection from legal action when they did so.  Several of the witnesses in the case no longer even remembered Joseph, who had left the area in 1724.  The evidence showed dispute over the recording of payments and receipts. This is a fascinating new piece of information for the area, taking evidence as it does from many of the Brecknock worthies who appear again and again in other contexts.  The outcome is not known, as the court papers do not include the decision (if there was one, rather than an out-of-court settlement), but Joseph and Anne remained in possession of the land which had been transferred to her, and were able to commission his youngest brother's artisanal/religious community, or Teulu to do building work on the family's main possession, Tredustan Court.

Lima Treasure
In 1745 two English privateers captured two of three French ships returning from the Gulf of Mexico with Treasure from Lima.  The haul, valued by some at £800,000 (approximately £120,000,000 nowadays) was taken to the Mint to be melted down and some of the coins stamped with the word LIMA.  In Joseph's letters home at this time he talks of working under enormous pressure all hours around the clock.

Promotion to the King's Assay-master
In 1749 Joseph was promoted to the senior position of King's Assay-master in the Mint, with a specific requirement that he set up a training structure to ensure an orderly succession for the future.  Such structure as there was involved two parallel hierarchies:  the senior branch was the King's assayers, and the junior branch the Master's assayers, each originally keeping an eye, one assumes, on the work of the other.  Joseph arranged that, starting at the lowest position in the ranks of the Master's assayers, the next promotion would be to the same position in the King's assayers, then back to the Master's assayers until eventual arrival at the top as King's assay-master.  This orderly system laid a stable foundation for decades to come for the increasing influence and importance of the Mint.

Founding the Brecknockshire Agricultural Society
"At a Ploughing Match near Trevecka in 1754, Howell Harris and some other people from the locality discussed the formation of a Brecknockshire Agricultural Society.  There was at that time a County Club for Gentlemen in existence at Brecon and in March 1755 this became the Brecknockshire Agricultural Society.  Howell Harris was not one of the original members of the Society.  Howell and his brother Joseph Harris, were made Honorary Members in 1756 'in recognition of the offer of soldiers and contribution to their funds'"  John Davies  "Howell Harris and the Trevecka Settlement'. It is likely that a January 1756 'Report of the Agricultural Society to prepare a scheme to develop a market in the county for woollen yarns' was written for them by Joseph.  This agricultural society was the second established in the country.

On 2 April 1757 Joseph, after another period of serious illness, wrote to his brother, Howell, that 'His Majesty hath been graciously pleased to grant me for life an additional allowance of £300 a year and I am to have a deputy to assist me in the office.  I expect my Patent next week.'

Essay upon Money and Coins: Parts One, Two and Three
Harris's Essay has received plaudits from many eminent writers.  J.R. McCulloch rated it "one of the best and most valuable treatises on the subject of money ever written".  Joseph Schumpeter said it "has some claim to being considered one of the best eighteenth century performances in the field of monetary analysis."  Hayek described it as "one of the first systematic treatises on money in the English language."

The themes of the Essay were originally developed in conversations between Harris and the then prime minister, Henry Pelham.  Pelham had apparently intended to implement the regulations for money and coins proposed by Harris but was prevented by his unexpected death in 1754.

Parts I and II of the Essay were published respectively in 1757 and 1758.  It was these that received the plaudits mentioned.  Only in recent years has a manuscript Part III come to light.  This was transcribed and edited in the three months between Harris's unexpected death in 1764 and the end of the year, from notes he left behind, by his assistant, Stanesby Alchorne.

Part I was designed to "unfold the theories of commerce, money and exchanges"; Part II to "show that the established standard of money should not be violated or altered under any pretence whatsoever"; Part III proposes "some regulations for remedying the present bad state of our coin, and for obviating all cause of complaint about our money for the future".

There are striking differences between the three Parts not only in subject matter but also in what they reveal about contrasting aspects of Harris's character.  Part I is a lucid and balanced statement of economic and monetary principles (particularly interesting on the division of labour but deficient on interest rates and the velocity of circulation).  Part II is largely a vehement attack, bitter in irony and sarcasm, on any obtuse enough to dispute the principles of Part I; these advocates of debasement are "assassins in the dark", "wrong-headed politicians", "wily projectors".  Part III shows Harris the innovative but essentially practical monetary reformer.

Some of the authors who seem to have helped to crystallise Harris's opinions, even when he disagreed with them, were Locke, John Law, Newton, Cantillon and Hume.  But what influence did he, in turn, have on subsequent writers and statesmen?  I think one can reasonably trace two threads of this kind, one to Adam Smith, the other to the Bank Charter Act of 1844.

Alfred Marshall named Harris, along with Petty, Barbon, Locke and Cantillon, as "a principal guide to Adam Smith".  Professor Mizuta, in his fine catalogue of Smith's library, says Harris's Essay "seems to be one of the works on political economy most frequently used by Adam Smith."

The Bank Charter Act of 1844 enshrined an almost unalloyed gold standard which preserved the value of money through the years of Britain's economic and political pre-eminence.  The Act's chief architects were Robert Peel and the formidable banker later to be ennobled as Lord Overstone.  There is an authenticated line of filiation from Harris's Essay to the first Lord Liverpool, from the first Lord Liverpool to his son, prime minister Liverpool, and from the second Lord Liverpool to Robert Peel.  Similar filiation can be traced from the Essay to J.R. McCulloch and from McCulloch to Lord Overstone.  The latter, of course, was also an influence on Peel.

Joseph Harris was arguably the sternest of all champions of hard money and of an immutable standard of value.  Today there is a consensus that an inflation rate of 2% is an appropriate target and that crises are legitimately washed away by a flood of new money.  Management good, automatism bad.  Should circumstances ever cause us to question our present certainties and to search in older texts for new perspectives, awareness of Harris's Essay would not go amiss.

Concern with Weights and Measures
Increasingly seen as a safe pair of hands, in 1758 he produced a Report of the Parliamentary Committee appointed to enquire into the original Standards of Weights and Measures.  This remained a pre-occupation for the rest of his life, and on 6 April 1763, Jérôme Lalande (then Professor of Astronomy at the Collège Royale and eventually director of the Paris Observatory), on a journey round London and the home counties and having persuaded friends to arrange a meeting with Joseph at the Tower of London, wrote that 'he promised me a standard weight as soon as there was one from the workbench'.  The standard weights and measures made by him (or to his order) can be seen now in the Science Museum, London.

The Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion
Joseph Harris's connections with Wales remained strong all his life.  Shortly after the inception of the Cymmrodorion as 'a social, cultural, literary and philanthropic institution', a London-based Welsh learned society, he is listed in 1759 as a Corresponding Member with an abode in the Mint Tower.

Observation of the 1761 Transit of Venus
In 1760, after yet another long bout of ill health, he decided to make his own observations of 6 June 1761 Transit of Venus across the Sun, and to make them from the village of his birth, Trefeca, where his brother Howell was building up a Teulu or 'Family', a religious commune of artisans.  Sending down equipment ahead of his own arrival, Joseph used his telescope first to create a meridian line in the Teulu building (now the Methodist Coleg Trefeca).  This denoted the exact time of midday there (an adjunct of longitude and therefore varying as to what line of longitude the observer was on), and became for a while the arbiter of time for the area as neighbours dropped in to set their watches at midday.  Having created the meridian line, he observed the departure of Venus across the sun's edge (Venus being already part of the way across the face of the sun at sunrise at Trefeca).  This work was written up and towards the end of November 1761 he arranged to send the account to Lord Macclesfield, then President of the Royal Society. It maybe wasn't sent to, or was mislaid by, Lord Macclesfield, and the first publication of Joseph's "Account of the Transit of Venus over the Sun 6 June 1761" was in January 2010, when a transcript of it and other contemporary letters and diary entries appeared in the journal Brycheiniog. Coleg Trefeca still displays a Newtonian telescope which Joseph is said to have made himself and to have used for the observations; but two or three dents in it are evidence of the lack of help that he received during his observations. The meridian line was never of interest to Howell, (who dismissed Joseph's learning as mere 'head knowledge') and, forgotten, it was later destroyed in new building works.

Boodles Club
Surprisingly, in 1762 Joseph appears, perhaps at the request of Lord Shelburne, then President of the Board of Trade, to have joined, and perhaps acted as Membership Secretary of, the newly founded Boodle's Club.  The names of other members on the same page as his own listed only Adam Smith, David Hume and other members of the Scottish Enlightenment.  This membership book, in handwriting indistinguishable by this writer from Joseph's own, ceased suddenly at about the same time as the death of Joseph's wife in April 1763.

Death
In Spring 1763 Joseph's wife Anne died unexpectedly; she was buried on 25 April.  Joseph was bereft but, as always, expressed patient resignation to what he saw as God's will, though he and his daughter, Anna-Maria, travelled extensively afterwards to expunge sad memories. A year and a half later, on 26 September 1764, he too died unexpectedly after a short illness and was buried on 5 October in the crypt of Saint Peter ad Vincula in the Tower, a site now lost in later alterations.  His epitaph in Saint Gwendolen's Church, Talgarth, reads:
His great Abilities, and unshaken Integrity were uniformly directed to the Good of his Country by indefatigable Attention having gained Proficiency in every branch of Scientific Knowledge.  As an author published several Tracts on different Subjects.  Invented many Instruments, Monuments of his Mathematical Genius.  Yet superior to the love of Fame, forbore even having his name engraven on them.  His political Talents were well known to the Ministers of Power in his Days, who fail'd not to improve on all the Wise and learned Ideas, which greatness of Mind, Candour with love of his Country led him to Communicate.  His Reward --- In HEAVEN!

Essay upon Money and Coin:  Part Three
In the three months immediately after his death, his assistant, Stanesby Alchorne, wrote by hand a Part III to the Essay Upon Money and Coins and had it bound with a printed copy each of Parts I and II, '...proposing some regulations, for remedying the present bad state of our Coin, and for obviating all cause of complaint about our Money for the future'.  Stanesby Alchorne attributed his familiarity with Joseph's thoughts to 'having had frequent opportunities, during seven years close intimacy with Mr Harris, of perusing the original manuscript, and hearing the several parts repeatedly explained and enlarged upon'. The complete manuscript came to this writer's attention only during the year 2012 and has not so far been published; as soon as it is, a reference will be placed on this Wikipedia article.

 A Treatise of Optics
In his Tower of London home Joseph left behind a number of experiments set up to establish the nature of light and of optics.  Eleven years later friends published a volume based on as many of the experiments as they could.  The volume, published over his name in 1775, was A Treatise of Optics'', but unfortunately the compilers declared themselves to have been unable to reconstruct more than a small proportion of them.

His surviving daughter Anna-Maria remained in the Tower of London house for some time after his death, and was probably responsible for arranging the sale of her father's library on 11 February 1765.  It was either she or her uncle, Thomas Harris (disapproving father-in-law of actress and writer Mary Robinson) who placed the elegant memorial plaque to Joseph in Saint Gwendolen's church, Talgarth, Powys. Eventually she moved back to Brecon and, with the money from her parents and the large, unexpected inheritance of the estate of her wealthy uncle Thomas, Joseph's younger brother, started a respected line of descendants in Brecknockshire.

References

1702 births
1764 deaths
18th-century British astronomers
People from Brecknockshire

Joseph Harris (astronomer)


Cornelia Stuart Cassady Davis (1870–1920) was an American painter known for her portraits of Native Americans of the American west.

Biography

Davis née Cassady was born a twin on December 18, 1870 in Cleves, Ohio to George and Anna Cassady. She studied at the Art Academy of Cincinnati where her teachers included Frank Duveneck. She taught at the Art Academy of Cincinnati from 1891 through 1897. In 1893, she exhibited work at the Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.

In 1897 she married Edward C. Davis and the couple spent their two-year honeymoon in New Mexico and Arizona. Davis painted on the trip, depicting Navajo and Hopi in portraits and sacred ceremonies. She was the first to paint Hopi snake dancers in their ceremonial wear and her paintings are known for their historic and ethnographic qualities. After the Davis' honeymoon, the couple relocated to Chicago, Illinois, where Davis exhibited at the Chicago Art Institute and at Moulton's Gallery with 22 oil paintings primarily featuring the Hopi Indians. In 1898, she exhibited at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition in Omaha, Nebraska. She painted a portrait of President William McKinley which was commissioned for the Westminster Central Hall in London, England.

In 1905 she settled in Cincinnati, Ohio and was a member of the Cincinnati Women's Art Club. In 1913, she was the first women to be admitted to the all-male life class of the Cincinnati Art Club.

Davis died in Cincinnati on December 23, 1920 and is buried at Spring Grove Cemetery.

Her works are in the J.L Hubbell Collection, in Ganado, Arizona, the Butler Institute of American Art in Youngstown, Ohio, and the Santa Fe Collection in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

References

External links

images of Davis's art on ArtNet

1870 births
1920 deaths
19th-century American women artists
20th-century American women artists
Artists from Ohio

Cornelia Cassady Davis


The New Middle Party (in Dutch: Nieuwe Midden Partij, NMP) is a Dutch small business-interest political party. The NMP is a marginal party and was only successful during the 1971 elections.

History
The NMP was founded in 1970. It entered in the 1971 elections, and won two seats. Several months after the elections one of its MPs, De Jong, came into conflict with the party's chair, Te Pas, because he was involved in lawsuits over corruption. De Jong continued as independent MP. In the 1972 election the party won no seats.

The party continues to exist and unsuccessfully competed in the 2002 election.

Name
The party saw itself as the continuation of the pre-war Middle Class Party, as such it styled itself as "New Middle Class Party" or "New Middle Party".

Ideology & Issues
The NMP is a party for businesspeople and shopkeepers. It also appeals to forgotten groups like the elderly, unmarried and disabled. It wants to spread taxes and benefits more equally between social groups. It is fiscally conservative and seeks to reduce bureaucracy and government debt. Meanwhile, it wants to protect the value of old age pensions and increase spending on healthcare. Furthermore, it wants to end "car bullying", that is taxes on petrol, driven kilometers and car-purchases. It advocates limited migration into the EU and cutting spending on development cooperation.

Representation
This table show the NMP's results in elections to the House of Representatives and Senate, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader.

Electorate
The NMP was supported in the 1971 elections by floating voters, especially those who supported a similar party, the Farmers' Party during the 1967 elections.

International Comparison
As a protest party of the middle class the NMP is comparable to the Norwegian or Danish progress parties, they were however far more successful.

Liberal parties in the Netherlands
Political parties established in 1970
Defunct political parties in the Netherlands

New Middle Party


Vietnam People's Public Security is the key armed force of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the state of Socialist Republic of Vietnam as the core and shock in the cause of protecting national security and maintaining the order and safety of the commune. Association of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The People's Public Security Forces has the function of advising the Communist Party of Vietnam and the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the protection of national security and preservation of social order and safety; To exercise unified management over the protection of national security and preserve social order and safety; To fight against the conspiracy, activities of hostile forces, assorted crimes and violations of the law on national security, social order and safety. The Vietnamese People's Police is placed under absolute and direct leadership in all aspects of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the domination of the State President, the unified management of the Government and direct and direct management. Next of the Minister of Public Security. The slogan of the force from the early days was "Protecting Homeland Security.

References

Organizations based in Vietnam

Vietnam People's Public Security