Ingrid Roxana Baldetti Elías (born May 13, 1962) is a Guatemalan politician who served as the first female Vice President of Guatemala from 2012 until her resignation amid a corruption scandal in 2015. She was convicted of fraud in 2018.

Early life
Baldetti was born in Guatemala City. She comes from a conservative, Catholic family. Her parents were Alejandro Baldetti and Gladys Elías de Baldetti. She attended primary school in the Colegio Monte Carmelo, graduating as a primary education teacher in El Sagrado Corazón de Jesús at the Historic Center of Guatemala. She obtained a bachelor's degree in Journalism at the University of San Carlos of Guatemala.

Career
Previously an elementary school substitute teacher, Baldetti started in journalism on the television news program Aquí el Mundo. She was co-founder of the news program TV Noticias. She worked at Univisión as a correspondent from Guatemala for the show Primer Impacto.

She worked in favor of women for the United Nations at a national level, including conferences within the Republic in partnership with Kellogg's Central America. She was founder of a beauty products company, also she founded a spa and hair salon chain.

Political career
In the 1990s, she was designated as the Subsecretary of Public Relations for the Presidency of the Republic. In 2001, she helped found the Patriot Party alongside Otto Pérez Molina. She was elected to Congress in 2004, she held the position of national-list congressional deputy for the Patriot Party. However, she presented her resignation to the Congress president before August 15, 2011, as she was going to participate as the vice presidential candidate for the same party, as Pérez Molina's running-mate. and she announced the elections day that she will retake her position as deputy. She has been the General Secretary of the Patriotic Party since 2009.

Personal life
In 1987 she married Mariano Paz, and they have two children, Luis Pedro and Mario.

Unexplained wealth
In 2013, Guatemalan newspaper El Periódico published details of Baldetti's purchases of multimillion-dollar homes and other luxury goods with unexplained wealth. Baldetti owns five properties and a helicopter worth over US$13 million, which could not be accounted for by her or her husband's income.

In response to the investigation into unexplained wealth, a Guatemalan judge initiated legal proceedings against the editor of El Periódico, José Rubén Zamora. The Inter American Press Association subsequently denounced the judicial action as a form of censorship.

Resignation, arrest, trials and sentence

Baldetti resigned from her post as Vice President on May 8, 2015, after a UN anti-corruption investigation arrested 24 individuals, including her personal secretary Juan Carlos Monzón Rojas, for involvement in an import bribery scheme known as La Línea (the Line) in which officials received bribes to reduce duties paid by importers.  Baldetti was detained on fraud charges on August 21, 2015, while at the hospital. Reportedly, wiretaps of those implicated in the scandals appears to refer to her involvement with references to "the R", "the No.2" and "the lady." Her arrest was followed by allegations by prosecutor Thelma Aldana against President Molina, and protests calling for his resignation.

On October 27, 2017, Judge Miguel Ángel Gálvez of Guatemala City ordered Baldetti, Pérez, and another 26 people, including former senior officials from Guatemala's customs duty system, to face trial on charges related to bribes channeled to officials helping businesses evade customs duties.

On October 9, 2018, Baldetti was sentenced to 15½ years in prison for fraud and other charges related to the issuance of government contracts to clean Lake Amatitlan. Additionally, she faces drug trafficking charges in the United States.

On January 18, 2022, another "La Linea" related trial began for Baldetti, where she would this time serve as Pérez's co-defendant. She was sentenced on 7 December 2022 to 16 years in prisons for the graft case, but she can appeal.

References

External links
 in Spanish.
Roxana Baldetti at the Patriotic Party website in Spanish.

1962 births
Living people
Vice presidents of Guatemala
Patriotic Party (Guatemala) politicians
Members of the Congress of Guatemala
Guatemalan journalists
Guatemalan women journalists
Politicians from Guatemala City
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala alumni
Women government ministers of Guatemala
Guatemalan people of Italian descent
21st-century Guatemalan women politicians
21st-century Guatemalan politicians
Guatemalan politicians convicted of crimes
Women vice presidents in North America

Roxana Baldetti


GeoSUR is a regional initiative led by spatial data producers in Latin America and the Caribbean to implement a regional geospatial network and to help establish the basis of a spatial data infrastructure in the region. GeoSUR supports the development of free access geographic services useful to find, view and analyze spatial information through maps, satellite images, and geographic data.

Participation in the network is open to any spatial data producer that is willing to place their geospatial information at the public's disposal and for the development of the region. Participation by institutions that generate useful information for decision making and development activities is emphasized.

The network is headed by CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean and the Pan-American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH), with more than 90 regional and national institutions participating, among which the ministries of planning and public works, ministries of the environment, and geographic institutions of the region stand out as early adopters.

GeoSUR has received five international awards:

 Special Achievement in GIS 2010, ESRI International User Conference 2010
 Latin American Geospatial Excellence Award, Latin American Geospatial Forum 2011
 NASIG 2012 Award, ESRI Venezuela
 Presidential Award for GeoSUR, Portal of the Americas, ESRI International User Conference 2012
 MundoGeoConnect 2013 Award, Special Award.

History

In Latin America and the Caribbean, the construction of some of the key technical components of a regional spatial data infrastructure has taken over 15 years of efforts by multiple players. Following are the key milestones of this process:
 The establishment of SIRGAS at the International Conference for the Definition of a Geocentric Reference System for South America, in Asuncion (Paraguay, 1993).
 The establishment of the Inter-American Geospatial Data Network (IGDN) in 1995.
 The resolutions adopted by the four United Nations Regional Cartography Conferences for the Americas.
 The resolution of February 2000 in Bogota, Colombia, in which 21 American nations created the Permanent Committee for SDI in the Americas (CP-IDEA).
 The resolutions of the Consultation Meetings of the Cartography Commission of PAIGH in 2001 and 2005, and of PAIGH's 18th General Assembly (Venezuela, 2005).
 The declaration Development of Spatial Data Infrastructures in America by PAIGH's Executive Council,  issued in Bogota in 2007.
 The Inter-American Science and Technology Program of the Organization of American States (OAS) (Peru, 2003) which incorporated the Hemispheric Cooperation Initiative in the Field of Geographic Information for the Comprehensive Development of the Americas, and Resolution 2328 of the 37th General Assembly of the OAS (Panama, 2007).
 The world conferences of the Association for the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure carried out in the region (Colombia, 2001; Chile, 2006, Trinidad and Tobago, 2008 and Canada, 2012).

The Geographic Information Network of Latin America and the Caribbean was launched in 2007, during PAIGH's annual meeting in Brasilia, it is supported by the GeoSUR Program, and aimed at the development of national and regional geoservices open to the public. During the first years of the Network's operation, diverse regional geoservices were developed and staged on the web, and the participation of a large number of national institutions was consolidated. From a cradle of around 10 agencies in 2007, GeoSUR grew exponentially and managed to incorporate more than 80 new agencies in the following six years.

In 2012, in the framework of the 44th Meeting of PAIGH's Executive Board, which took place in Buenos Aires, a document was subscribed with the purpose of strengthening, harmonizing, and accelerating the development of the spatial data infrastructures of the Americas in a coordinated and effective manner. The document was subscribed by representatives from CAF (GeoSUR Program), PAIGH, SIRGAS, and GGIM Americas.

Toward the end of 2013, more than 90 institutions from 24 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean participated in the Program. These institutions provide geographic information which is useful for the planners of the region, using modern technologies to manage geo-information, spatial data infrastructures, and several geospatial components.

GeoSUR Architecture

The Network's architecture is ruled by the basic guidelines for the development of geoservices defined for the spatial data infrastructures (SDI), it is decentralized, and it is based on the use of OGC and ISO standards and protocols that enable interoperability between the different nodes and components that make up the Network.

The Network's regional geoservices are operated and maintained by CAF and PAIGH, with support from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Most of the geoservices with national, sub-national, and urban datasets are maintained and operated directly by the participating institutions.

The GeoSUR Platform is made up of five components:

 The Latin America and Caribbean Regional Portal
 The Regional Map Service
 The Regional Topographic Processing Service
 A network of geoservices
 The Online ArcGIS Regional Portal.

Components

1. The Latin America and Caribbean Regional Portal

With the support of the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center (EROS), GeoSUR developed the first regional portal for Latin America and the Caribbean in March 2007. The portal offers free access to an important collection of regional geospatial information, it contains detailed descriptions of thousands of spatial datasets, and connects the user to a great variety of maps and geographic services operated and maintained by participating institutions from 24 countries.

The Portal has a complete data base of metadata that describes the spatial data that have been developed by the participating institutions. This data base is connected to similar catalogues operated by these institutions and is periodically updated through an automatic metadata collection mechanism. The Portal has more than 13,000 metadata records in its central data base, and offers access, through a search mechanism, to more than 500,000 metadata records found in other catalogues. The GeoSUR Portal also provided access to a regional map viewer and a topographic processing service that will be described further on.

The Portal was developed with ESRI's Geoportal Server and uses the Joomla content management system.

2. The Map Regional Service

This spatial data visualization service was designed by CAF and it was developed and it is hosted by EROS. The service contains information on supranational maps generated by third party institutions, and it offers access to national and local maps available in viewers operated by participating institutions. Most of the supranational information is public and is available for free download. The service has been in operation since January 2008 and it was built with ArcGIS Server 10.1. The service viewer was built using Flex technology.

The viewer also provides access to more than 10,000 digital maps contained in more than 350 OGC-based geoservices operated by participating institutions, integrates GeoRSS data, provides tools to evaluate the impact of infrastructure projects on-line and to derive data from digital elevation models, among others.

As part of a project advanced by CAF and the Dartmouth Flood Observatory of the University of Colorado, daily regional flood maps in near-real-time and historical maps of flood are being incorporated to the viewer. Also, a system to estimate daily river flow in more than 2,000 river points in the region is being implemented using remote sensing techniques.

Institutions such as the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Andean Community, the World Resources Institute, Nature Serve, Conservation International, NASA, the USGS, Woods Hole, the University of Colorado, the University of Buffalo, the University of Maryland, Guyra Paraguay, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Department of the Interior in the US, the US Forest Service, the Lincoln Institute, and the geographic institutes of Mesoamerica have contributed regional spatial data which is available at the Regional Map Service.

To date, the viewer has more than 700 regional maps, among which the following stand out:
 near-real-time daily flood maps and historic flood maps of Colorado University,
 biodiversity data from the North Andean area of the Nature Serve,
 coral reef maps of the Caribbean islands from the World Resources
 maps of Central American ecosystems from the World Bank and of Andean ecosystems from the Andean Community,
 mangrove maps of South America of the USGS.
 biomass and height of forest tree tops data from NASA,
 monthly deforestation maps of the Gran Chaco Americano,
 Change in forest cover from 2000 to 2010 in the region,
 Land use/cover of Latin America from the European Spatial Agency,
 climate maps from Worldclim,
 hydropower potential of selected regions of South America,
 geology maps of South America from the OneGeology initiative,
 maps of mineral resources and flood maps from the USGS,
 and land use/cover maps for the Caribbean islands.

3. The Regional Topographic Processing Service

GeoSUR developed a free access Topographic Processing Service (TPS) which is available on the web and allows for the generation of data derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) of Latin America and the Caribbean. Users may execute the computer models available in this service by using a varied set of DEMs with 1 km., and 500, 250, 90, and 30 meter resolutions. The models available in the TPS include: elevation profile, classification of slopes, watershed delineation, shaded relief, elevation classifications, aspect, viewshed analysis, dam flood areas and rain drop, among others. Users may select and download the DEM of any area of interest in Latin America and the Caribbean (with the exception of the 30 meter DEM) from the TPS.

EROS filled the information gaps of the DEM generated by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM, resolution: 30 meters) with ASTER, GDEM and GTOPO30 data for all the Latin American and Caribbean region, and created derived and consistent maps for the region which include shaded relief, slope, and aspect, and which may be visualized and downloaded from the Regional Maps Service.

Access to the SRTM 30-meter DEM of Latin America and the Caribbean has allowed CAF, with the support of CAF's Energy Program and some ministries of energy, to carry out detailed assessments of the hydroelectric potential of the State of São Paulo, Peru and Bolivia (the power potential of each 1 km. segment of river is calculated).

4. The geoservices network operated by participating institutions
The Regional Map Service described above basically contains regional information. The national and local geospatial information for the region is available through a decentralized network of map services operated by participating institutions, where each institution is committed to the development of map services and metadata catalogues under the standards of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). The participants act as data editors and have accounts in the GeoSUR Portal which allows them to register and manage their geoservices.

The participating institutions have the liberty to choose the hardware and software platforms to share data with the Network, under the condition that they use regionally recognized standards.

Currently, the GeoSUR Portal offers access to more than 100 viewers, more than 350 WMS services, and more than 40 WFS services. It offers access to more than 10,000 digital maps available in geoservices operated by participating institutions. GeoSUR offers capacity-building, technical assistance, and support to the institutions that are planning - or in the process of developing - their geoservices, and also helps stage some of them to the Cloud.

5. The Regional Portal in ArcGIS Online
During 2013, it was decided to complement the information and services offered in the GeoSUR Portal by launching a Regional Portal based on ESRI's ArcGIS Online. Through this Portal, access is offered to part of the information included in the www.geosur.info Portal in a more user friendly platform.

Participating institutions

The GeoSUR Award

The GeoSUR Award is granted annually and recognizes the application of spatial data and the development of geospatial information services which, due to their innovative and relevant characteristics, contribute to the fulfillment of the general objectives of the GeoSUR Program and promote the use of geographic information for decision making in Latin America and the Caribbean.  Institutions or individuals from any country in the region may apply for the award. The bases of the award are announced at the beginning of each year in the PAIGH and GeoSUR websites.

The GeoSUR 2012 Award for innovation was granted to the Project for the Integration of geospatial Data for Mesoamerica, presented by the National Geographic and Land Registry Institute of El Salvador; while that year's award for relevance corresponded to the Geoserver of the Ministry of the Environment of Peru.

The GeoSUR 2013 Award was granted to the Project "Terra-i, a system that monitors natural vegetation change in Latin America and the Caribbean in real time, presented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Two projects were awarded honorable mention: the "Computer platform for the development of motoring, analysis, and alert systems for environmental extremes", presented by the National Institute for Spatial Research (INPE) in Brazil, and the "Registry System for Geographic Items" presented by the Spatial Data Infrastructure for Bogota (IDECA).

References

External links
Official Website.

Geographic data and information regulation

GeoSUR


LaFayette Guild (November 25, 1825 – July 4, 1870) was a surgeon in the antebellum United States Army, a noted pioneer in the study of yellow fever, and then a leading medical administrator in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He served directly under General Robert E. Lee as the medical director for the Army of Northern Virginia for all its major campaigns, including the Gettysburg Campaign and the Overland Campaign.

Biography

Early life and career
LaFayette Guild was the third of eight children and second of four sons of Mary Elizabeth Williams (1802–1885) and Dr James L Guild (1799–1884).  His mother was a daughter of Agnes Payne (1775–1850) and Judge Marmaduke Williams (1772–1850). His grandmother Agnes was a first cousin of Dolley Madison. Judge Williams was an early settler of Alabama and was the losing candidate in the first Alabama gubernatorial race in 1819; he was also a longtime trustee of the University of Alabama.  LaFayette's father was the brother of Judge Josephus Conn Guild (1802–1883) of Tennessee. (See Rose Mont.)

A native of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Guild briefly moved to Texas but returned to Alabama for college. He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1845 and then from Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1848. He was appointed as assistant surgeon in the U.S. Army on March 2, 1849. He served in various assignments, then became the medical director of the army post on Governor's Island in New York Harbor.

Guild studied the impact of the quarantine station, and found that isolating ill soldiers and United States Navy sailors did not prevent the spread of certain diseases such as yellow fever. In his opinion, the disease was not merely contagious, but infectious and portable. His observations were used to combat and limit an outbreak of yellow fever in 1856.

The following year, he moved to the West Coast to direct the military hospital in the Presidio of San Francisco, where he was stationed when the Civil War erupted.  According to several sources, including the 1860 U.S. census, Guild was also stationed at Fort Humboldt as that post's surgeon.

Civil War
In July 1861, still with the rank of assistant surgeon, Guild was dismissed from the Federal army after refusing to take the oath of allegiance. He subsequently traveled to the South and accepted a surgeon's commission in the Confederate forces in Richmond, Virginia. He became chief surgeon and medical director of the Army of Northern Virginia during the Peninsula Campaign in 1862 after Robert E. Lee replaced Gen.Joseph E. Johnston in command and established his own leadership staff. He remained in that role until the army's surrender at Appomattox Court House.

Following the Battle of Chancellorsville, Guild worked directly with Jonathan Letterman, his counterpart in the Union Army of the Potomac, to arrange a truce and a procedure so that each army could collect its wounded from the contested battlefield. During Lee's retreat following the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, Guild oversaw the evacuation of the Confederate wounded and their subsequent protection by cavalry under Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden.

Guild was often frustrated by the inability of the Confederate government to maintain a consistent source of medical supplies to the army in the field. However, his pre-war observations of the spread of infectious or communicable diseases helped him establish a series of protocols within the doctors of the Army of Northern Virginia to help combat the spread of venereal diseases such as syphilis, as well as other potentially deadly illnesses.

Guild served for much of the war as Lee's personal physician and medical consultant, and from the Siege of Petersburg until the end of the war, he was often accompanied by his wife Martha Aylette Fitts "Pattie" Guild (1831–1902), who moved to Virginia to be near her husband.

Postbellum
Following the war, Guild moved to Mobile, Alabama, and fought yellow fever as the medical inspector for the Port of Mobile. He published many of his observations, which formed the basis for future research in combating the deadly disease.

Guild died in San Francisco, California, and was interred in Evergreen Cemetery in his native Tuscaloosa, Alabama. His wife Pattie died in 1902 and is buried beside him.

The Lafaytte Guild chapter of the Gorgas Medical Society at the University of Alabama is named in his honor.

References

Freemon, Frank R., Gangrene and Glory: Medical Care During the American Civil War, University of Illinois Press, 1998. .
Heitman, Francis, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army 1789–1903, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1903.
Palmer, Thomas Waverly, A Register of the Officers and Students of the University of Alabama, 1831–1901, Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama, 1901. p. 75.

1826 births
1870 deaths
Confederate States Army surgeons
University of Alabama alumni
People of Alabama in the American Civil War
United States Army Medical Corps officers

Lafayette Guild


The Texas Two-Step is a dance that originated in 1845 when Texas was first founded. Within 2 months, the founders of Texas (Davie Rocket, John Menger III, Chris Alamo, and Antonio Sanders) adopted the dance as a staple of Texas heritage. Historians still argue about if the dance originated after the successful Battle of the Bulge or the war of 1899 with Houston.

The dance is performed by putting your lead foot behind your support foot while simultaneously twisting your pelvis in a counter-clockwise motion, being sure to point your toes toward your partner. Keep in mind, the entirety of the dance is completed by two Texas sized steps (around 4.2x as large as a standard U.S. step). What follows these two steps is a series of freestyle movements that vary between performers. For example, Davie Rocket adopted the "Hemisfair" movement, where you proceed to grab your partner by the pinky and swing her around your head similar to the motion of a lasso.

Importance
The Texas Two-Step and other forms of step related lone star dances have become a cultural staple of the state down under. Bordering states have attempted to plagiarize this dance in ways of their own, but to no avail. For example, Louisiana created the Boot Stompin' Bop, until it faded into obscurity in 1923 after the housing market crash. Arkansas native Dick Rutherford created the Whiskey Slammer Toe Spinner, but 2 minutes into the debut of the dance, Dick was shot in the Golden Monkey Saloon. The only dance to remain a southern tradition as much as the Texas Two-Step, is the Texas Two-Step.

Notable Sightings
Many notable individuals have been seen in public performing the famous dance. Tom Alamodome, John "Hand-Standin'" Johnson, and Brett were all sighted at Shiner Park performing the moves of the golden days. They were all sighted by Eva Longoria, former Spurs trophy wife.

References

Dance types
Folk music
Texas

Texas Two-Step


The Peshawar Club Ground is a cricket ground in Peshawar, Pakistan, used for one Test match between India and Pakistan in February 1955. It staged first class cricket matches from 1938 to 1987.

History of matches
The history of first class cricket at the Peshawar Club Ground began with the North West Frontier Province in the Indian Ranji Trophy. With the separation of Pakistan in 1949, the NWFP team was admitted into the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, and again played at Peshawar until they were replaced in the Trophy by a Peshawar city team in 1956. Before that, in February 1955, Pakistan had entertained India for the only Test match to be played here. In a drawn four-day encounter, Polly Umrigar hit a century for India before he was run out.

The following year, New Zealand played a Governor-General of Pakistan's XI here, while a full-strength Pakistan side beat a non-Test touring team from Marylebone Cricket Club. For Quaid-e-Azam Trophy matches, the Peshawar team switched between this ground and the Peshawar Gymkhana Ground until 1971. In 1957, Peshawar off spinner Haseeb Ahsan achieved the best figures on the ground with 13 for 47 in a match against Punjab B.

Touring teams occasionally visited the ground, though no more Test matches were played. In 1967, an MCC Under-25 side played a Pakistan North Zone team, a match which is notable for Mike Brearley's highest first class score. The visitors' captain made 312 not out in a day as MCC piled up 514 for four against opposition including the later Test captain Intikhab Alam, declared, then won by an innings and 139 runs on the third day. He shared double century stands with Alan Knott and Alan Ormrod (records for the first and fifth wickets at the ground), and his innings remains the highest on the ground, despite Zakir Butt's 290 for Pakistan Railways six years later. Brearley was dropped several times after reaching his double-century and there appears to have been some suggestion that at some stage the scorers may have got Brearley and his batting partner Ormrod mixed up.

Matches by touring teams became more common in the 1970s, with England, India, New Zealand, Sri Lanka (then not a Test nation) all playing a team at this ground. Most matches were drawn, though England won by the use of two declarations, while New Zealand lost against a team with nine players who would appear in the Test series against them. An International XI captained by Vanburn Holder also beat a near full-strength Pakistan here in 1976 in a 40-over match.

By November 1984, the new Arbab Niaz Stadium in Peshawar was ready, and the Club Ground was disused. It hosted Peshawar for the last time in their 1986–87 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy campaign, where they played eight home matches, and since then the Arbab Niaz has taken over as Peshawar's international and first class ground of choice.

International centuries
A single Test century was scored at the venue.

International five-wicket hauls
Two five-wicket hauls in Test matches were taken at the venue.

See also
List of Test cricket grounds
 One-Test wonder
1938–39 Ranji Trophy

References

External links
 First-Class Matches played on Peshawar Club Ground (62)
 List A Matches played on Peshawar Club Ground (5)

Test cricket grounds in Pakistan
Football venues in Pakistan
Stadiums in Pakistan
Cricket grounds in Pakistan
Sport in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Sport in Peshawar

Peshawar Club Ground


Crime in France is combated by a range of French law enforcement agencies.

Crime by type

Murder

Though France's homicide rate fluctuated substantially in recent years, it tended to decrease through 2000 - 2014 period ending at 1.2 cases per 100,000 population in 2014.

Many terrorist attacks have occurred in France, especially from the mid-1970s onwards. These include the 1995 France bombings, January 2015 Ile-de-France attacks, the November 2015 Paris attacks, the 2016 Magnanville stabbing, the 2016 Nice truck attack, the 2016 Normandy church attack, and the 2018 Paris knife attack. These attacks have been one of the reasons for the homicide rate fluctuation after 2014.

In September 2018, a police chief was stabbed to death in the city of Rodez. "The attacker was known to police. He had defaced the city hall door on 11 April," said Christian Teyssèdre, the Mayor of Rodez.

On 31 August 2019, a 19-year-old man was stabbed to death and eight others wounded, in Villeurbanne, Lyon. Two men, armed with a knife and a skewer, carried out the attack.

On 29 October 2020, Mayor Christian Estrosi said that 3 people were killed and several more were wounded in a suspected terror attack inside the Notre Dame Basilica church in the French city of Nice. Officials claim that this was a terror attack.

Rape

In 1971, the rape rate stood at 2.0 per 100,000 people. While in 1995, it was 12.5. In 2009, it stood at 16.2. According to a 2012 report, about 75,000 rapes take place each year.

According to a 2014 article, about 5,000 to 7,000 of the rapes are gang rapes.

Organized crime

 is a category of organized crime in France. Criminal groups associated with the  work in every major city in France, but are mostly concentrated in Marseille, Grenoble, Paris, and Lyon.

Corruption

In 2011, Transparency International concluded in its annual report for 2011 that France does not do enough to stop corruption. A TNS Sofres poll in October 2011 indicated that 72% of the French public had the perception that politicians are corrupt.

By location

Priority Security Zones

In August 2012, the French Government announced the creation of fifteen "Priority Security Zones"' in an effort to target crime hotspots. Extra police, riot police, detectives and members of the intelligence services are to be mobilised. Social services, educational bodies and charities also put extra resources into the selected areas.

The Neuhof area of Strasbourg was selected because of a need to tackle violent crime, and the historic rural town of Chambly to the north of Paris is being focused on because of rising burglary rates and car theft. The northern quarter of Amiens in the Somme region and areas of Seine-Saint-Denis to the north of Paris, which witnessed fierce rioting in 2005, are priority zones because of widespread drug dealing and a rampant black market.

Paris
Violent crime is relatively uncommon in the city centre. Pickpockets are the most significant problem and are commonly children under the age of 16 because they are difficult to prosecute. Pickpockets are very active on the rail link from Charles de Gaulle Airport to the city centre.

The Paris Police Prefecture publishes a pamphlet entitled "Paris in Complete Safety" that provides practical advice and useful telephone numbers for visitors. In an emergency, dialling 17 will connect the caller to the police. You can also dial the Europe-wide emergency response number 112 to reach an operator for any kind of emergency service (similar to the U.S. and Canadian 911 system). Non-French speakers may experience a delay while an English speaker is located.

References

External links

Crime in France


Shades of Grey: The Road to High Saffron (2012, simply titled Shades of Grey originally) is a dystopian novel, the first in the Shades of Grey series by novelist Jasper Fforde. The story takes place in Chromatacia, an alternative version of the United Kingdom wherein social class is determined by one's ability to perceive colour.

Plot
Chromatacia is a future dystopian society that exists at least five hundred years (although possibly more) after the collapse of our own society, identified as 'the Previous'. All life is governed by the laws set by Munsell, the supposed and revered founder of Chromatacia. The rules range from sensible, such as outlawing murder, to bizarre, such as outlawing the manufacture of spoons (though old spoons are often kept as personal heirlooms). The social hierarchy of Chromatacia is defined by the ability to see colour, which is limited in most people to varying degrees of one hue, or at most two. Those who can see red predominantly are in the second-lowest social order (only ranking above 'Greys', who cannot perceive colour), and 'Ultra Violets' hold the highest rank. The perception of colour also affects their health and wellness: certain colours have medical effects on people. Doctors in this world are called "swatchmen", since they show swatches of colour to their patients. Shades of green, especially Lincoln green, act as a narcotic, and are often abused as recreational drugs. Surnames and names of towns are usually derived from various shades of colour, such as jade, carmine and saffron.

Protagonist Eddie Russett is a 'Red' sent to the outer-fringe town of East Carmine to conduct a chair census, which he speculates is punishment for a practical joke played on the son of a prefect. There he meets Jane, a Grey with an upturned nose and a fierce temper, who often causes personal injury to whomever she meets. Eddie's father becomes the swatchman of the village and is well liked by the Greys. In the course of the story, Eddie discovers that much of what the government has told the public is not true. Specifically he learns that misfits, supposedly sent to Emerald City to be brainwashed, are taken to the deserted town of High Saffron where they are killed by looking at a building whose colour is poisonous.

Details reveal that East Carmine is located in Wales (the A470 road is mentioned), and the description of the town close to the lower of a series of five dams suggests it is Rhayader, at the foot of the Elan Valley. Nearby Rusty Hill was once Builth Wells. The town of Vermillion used to be Hereford. The town of High Saffron is on the coast beyond the dams, which suggests Aberystwyth.

The colour values as described in the book supposedly come from the Munsell color system as described by Albert Henry Munsell, but are derived from the HSV color model. The "Ishihara", a test used to determine one's colour vision, is a reference to Shinobu Ishihara, the inventor of the Ishihara colour perception test.

Characters
 Eddie Russett: Protagonist, a Red with good perception. He has unquestioningly toed the line for twenty years but learning the truth behind the Collective disrupts his life.
 Jane G23: A rather violent and short-tempered Grey who has some rare abilities.
 Violet deMauve: A spoilt brat on the Blue side of Purple (her mother was Navy) who always gets her way and is determined to marry Eddie to bring her family line back to full Purple.
 Tommo Cinnabar: A Red with a huge array of scams, deals and negotiations going on. He would sell his own grandmother if the price was right, and did on one occasion.
 Dorian: A Grey, the editor of the local newspaper and a very talented photographer. Wishes to elope with Imogen.
 Courtland Gamboge: The Yellow Deputy Prefect who abuses his power and is interested only in making himself look good. He and Eddie do not see eye to eye on anything.
 Sally Gamboge: East Carmine's Yellow Prefect, a nasty piece of work who looks out for her own family.
 Holden Russett: A Red, Eddie's father and the village Swatchman.
 Travis Canary: A fallen Yellow who is escaping from Reboot. He runs out of the village into the night one evening.
 Bunty McMustard: An officious Yellow.
 Imogen Fandango: A low-level Purple who is in love with Dorian. They want to elope.
 Carlos Fandango: The lowest-level Purple in East Carmine, and the Janitor, responsible for maintaining the two cars and the street lights.
 Lucy Ochre: A young Red girl with an obsession with hidden harmonies in the Earth.
 George deMauve: Purple Prefect, and Head Prefect of East Carmine. He is interested only in getting his daughter married to a strong Red and the family getting back up to hue.
 Mr Turquoise: East Carmine's Blue Prefect
 Mr Yewberry: East Carmine's Red Prefect
 Constance Oxblood: Eddie's sweetheart, although the feeling is mostly on Eddie's side. She is a wealthy Red and has to choose between marrying Eddie or Roger Maroon.
 Mrs Lapis-Lazuli: A Blue ninth-generation librarian in East Carmine
 Matthew Gloss: An employee from National Colour who is in East Carmine to conduct the Ishihara tests and supposedly fix a leaking magenta pipe. It is implied that he is a Red. He encourages Eddie to join National Colour, but appears to have a darker side.
 Velma Ochre: A slightly eccentric Red who wishes to marry Holden Russett.
 Bertie Magenta: A posh Purple from Jade-under-Lime, on whom Eddie plays a prank that results in him getting sent to East Carmine.
 Zane: A grey who disguised as a purple in Vermillion, we later find out he's part of a bigger picture.

Inspiration
The beginning of the book contains a quote from philosopher Alfred North Whitehead on the subject of colour:

Series
In a 2009 interview, the author mentioned two further books in the series. In February 2021 Jasper Fforde announced on twitter @jasperfforde that
"In March I start work on Shades of Grey II, which should be published 2023. Now, those pesky swans.."

, Fforde has said that the sequel, Red Side Story, is scheduled for publication in the UK in February 2024.

References

External links
 jasperfforde.com

2009 British novels
Novels by Jasper Fforde
2009 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
2009 fantasy novels
British fantasy novels
Dystopian novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Novels set in the future
Bureaucracy in fiction

Shades of Grey


The Jeep DJ (also known as the Dispatcher) is a two-wheel drive variant of the four-wheel drive CJ series. Production started in 1955 by Willys, which was renamed Kaiser Jeep in 1963. In 1970, American Motors Corporation (AMC) purchased Kaiser's money-losing Jeep operations and established AM General, a wholly owned subsidiary that built the DJ through 1984.

DJ-3A
The DJ-3A was introduced in 1955 for the 1956 model year. It was an inexpensive design because it used Jeep's existing tooling and technology. At the time, it was the most inexpensive production car offered in the United States, with a 1956 base price of . It used the body style of the older CJ-3A, along with the L-134 engine. Unlike the CJ-3A, it came with either a column shift or floor shift three-speed Borg-Warner T-96 manual transmission.

It was offered with many different body options including a soft top, metal top, or a full van body with sliding doors. The marketing focused on it being "perfect for economical deliveries" and "for carefree business and pleasure transportation." One model was a postal delivery vehicle with the driver's position on the right side for mailbox delivery.

In early 1959, Willys introduced the Jeep Gala to the export markets and users desiring the nimble size and open bodywork, but no need for four wheel-drive. This model gained popularity as a "fun car" at resorts in Hawaii, Mexico, and islands in the Caribbean area. It was finished in pink, green, or blue and trimmed with matching white striped fabric, as well as with fringe on its top.

In fall 1959, a similar model called the Jeep Surrey was introduced in the US market. The primary target market were resort hotels and vacation centers. It also served as a low-cost rental vehicle for their guests. The Surrey came with a standard striped fabric top, as well as a matching fabric cover for what was advertised as a "Continental tire mount."

DJ-5 and DJ-6
The DJ-3A was replaced by the right hand drive DJ-5 Dispatcher 100 in 1965. It was based on the CJ-5 and used the Hurricane and Dauntless engines. A  longer wheelbase DJ-6 model was built from 1965 to 1973 alongside the CJ-6.

DJ-5A through DJ-5M

The United States Postal Service held a competition in 1968 to select a light delivery vehicle, evaluating the Ford Bronco, International Harvester Scout, and the Jeep Dispatcher 100 (DJ-5).

Common features
The DJ-5 models used by the United States Post Office had right-hand drive (without power steering), and were built in a lighter, less durable design than the standard Jeep. These changes included the use of C-channel frame rails (as opposed to the box rails of the CJ-5) and, while the hood was the same dimensions as (and interchangeable with) the CJ, it did not have the reinforced design of the original. The standard configuration had only a driver's seat and a letter tray installed. This decreased curb weight, combined with different leaf springs than other models, allowed carrying more cargo weight behind the driver.

The metal side doors were also designed to slide open and closed, and could be locked open while driving. They were supported by ball bearings, which ran in a channel just under the rain gutter, and a plastic retainer ran in a small channel along the body. A worn, damaged or lost retainer would allow the door to swing outward, fail to engage the rubber stop on the rear bumper, and slide completely off of the channel (and the vehicle). A single, hinged rear door gave access from the floor to the bottom of the hard top, and was the width of the open area between the wheel wells.

AM General used a variety of powerplants during production. DJ production was ended in 1984 with the DJ-5M, which used the  AMC straight-4 engine.

DJ-5A
The DJ-5A was introduced in 1967, beginning the lettering system indicating changes within the series. As initially produced by Kaiser Co., the DJ-5A used a standard CJ front end, and was equipped with a four-cylinder Chevrolet 153 engine, shared with the contemporary Nova, and two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission, with a T-handle shifter located on the floor next to the driver's seat. The main body was a single unit, resembling the earlier Jeep when equipped with the metal Extreme Cold Weather Enclosure hard top.

There were no cutouts in the body for the rear wheels, which made tire changes more difficult, as even when the frame was jacked well off the ground, the axle did not fall enough for the tire to clear the body. The DJ-5A used standard 15-inch passenger car tires, with no provision for carrying a spare. While the front bumper was of the standard CJ design (though thinner and lighter than the original), the rear bumper was a unique design, a single stamped part that ran the full width of the vehicle. At each end was a rubber stopper for the sliding doors. The 10-gallon fuel tank was under the rear body, just ahead of the bumper.

DJ-5B

After American Motors purchased Kaiser-Jeep in 1970, the AMC Straight-6 engine replaced the Chevy 153. In 1971, a unique five-slot grille without turn signals that was used only on postal Jeeps was introduced. The 1971 model actually has the grille extend past the front of the hood edge. This allowed more room for the larger engine and radiator. Like the DJ-5A, while resembling the CJ series, these were built as a completely enclosed, rear-wheel drive vehicle, with sliding side doors (which could be opened while driving), and a swinging rear door. Most models only had the driver's seat and a mail tray where the second seat would normally be located. One improvement over earlier Jeeps was mounting the rear springs outside of the frame rails, thus providing greater stability for the vehicle with its top-heavy enclosed cargo area, especially at highway speeds. Most models were also equipped with a limited slip differential and a heavy-duty steering gearbox. Other improvements include a vent in the roof and cut-outs around the rear tires.

DJ-5E Electruck

American Motors experimented with electric vehicles and starting in 1974 mass-produced the DJ-5E, a rear-wheel drive electric delivery van, also known as the Electruck.

Similar in appearance and in most of its dimensions, the DJ-5E was powered by a set of two 27-volt lead-acid batteries with a 54-volt  compound wound DC motor with electronic regulation made by Gould Electronics. The U.S. Postal Service purchased 352 vehicles for the use in cities with serious air pollution. The Electruck was capable of cruising at  with a range of  with 20% of its battery power still remaining in reserve.

Model numbers
DJ-3A (1955–65):  Willys Go Devil straight-4 L-head engine, three-speed manual
DJ-5 (1965–67):  Willys Hurricane straight-4 F-head engine, three-speed manual
DJ-5A (1968–70):  Chevy Nova straight-4, two-speed Powerglide automatic
DJ-5B (1970–72):  AMC Straight-6 engine, BorgWarner T-35 three-speed automatic
DJ-5C (1973–74):  AMC Straight-6 engine, T-35 or M-11 automatic
DJ-5D (1975–76):  AMC Straight-6 engine, 727 TorqueFlite automatic
DJ-5E (1976): Electruck Electric
DJ-5F (1977–78):  or  AMC Straight-6 engine, 727 TorqueFlite automatic
DJ-5G (1979): AMC (Audi)  straight-4, 904 TorqueFlite automatic or  or  AMC Straight-6 engine, 727 TorqueFlite automatic
DJ-5L (1982): GM Iron Duke engine  straight-4, Chrysler 904 transmission
DJ-5M (1983–84):  AMC straight-4 engine, Chrysler 904 transmission

See also

References

External links

Jeep DJ - Postal Jeep Facebook community
Postal Jeep Homepage
Jeep Engine Specs
The Dispatcher Jeeps page

DJ
Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century
Vehicles introduced in 1955
1950s cars
1960s cars
1970s cars
1980s cars
Kaiser Motors
Willys vehicles
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
United States Postal Service
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Production electric cars
Electric car models

Jeep DJ


In media terms, an interview disc is a recorded disc with spoken word recordings in an interview style format, with a specific person or group of people, as opposed to the usual music features.  The source of the recording can vary.

Description
Some of them feature recordings of a standard interview, others may feature recordings of a press conference, however these are still often referred to as an interview disc as they would feature questions and answers in the usual format, with the main difference only there would be more than one interviewer.  In both instances, such discs seldom contain actual music.

The term Interview disc started referring to vinyl discs of such recordings but the term can also be used to refer to CDs of the same nature.  Some of them are limited edition release.  Some of them are released on lesser known record labels as a bootleg recording, these are usually not recorded in studio conditions and as a result are not always of good sound quality.  One well known name for such labels is Baktabak.  Permission for distribution is not legally required.  As a result of this, interviewees tend to be advised to avoid negative remarks, especially about other parties.

Distribution forms
Interview discs can often be distributed in many forms including picture disc, flexi disc and shaped compact disc, as well as other types of unusual appearances.

References

Spoken word
Interviews

Interview disc


Earl Amherst (), of Arracan in the East Indies, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 19 December 1826, for William Amherst, 2nd Baron Amherst, the Governor-General of India. He was made Viscount Holmesdale, in the County of Kent, at the same time, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Lord Amherst had succeeded his uncle Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, as second Baron Amherst in 1797. The latter was a distinguished military commander best known as one of the victors of the French and Indian War. In 1776, he was raised to the Peerage of Great Britain as Baron Amherst, of Holmesdale in the County of Kent, with normal remainder to heirs male of his body. In 1788, he was created Baron Amherst, of Montreal in the County of Kent, also in the Peerage of Great Britain, with special remainder to his nephew William Pitt Amherst and the heirs male of his body.
The 1776 barony became extinct on his death in 1797, while he was succeeded in the 1778 barony as second Baron according to the special remainder by his nephew, William Amherst, who later was elevated to an earldom in 1826.

The first Earl was succeeded in 1857, by his second but eldest surviving son, the second Earl, who prior to his ennoblement had represented East Grinstead in the House of Commons. On his death in 1886 the titles passed to his eldest son, the third Earl. He was a soldier and politician, who in 1880 had been summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Amherst. He died childless in 1910 and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Earl. The latter was  one of the 112 peers who voted against the passing of the Parliament Act 1911. In 1927, he was succeeded by his son, the fifth Earl, on whose death in 1993, the titles became extinct.

John Amherst (), brother of the first baron, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. William Amherst, brother of the first baron and father of the first earl, was a Lieutenant-General in the British Army.

Barons Amherst; first creation (1776)
With the territorial designation of Holmesdale in the County of Kent
 Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst (1717–1797)

Barons Amherst; second creation (1788)
With the territorial designation, of Montreal in the County of Kent
 Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst (1717–1797)
 William Pitt Amherst, 2nd Baron Amherst (1773–1857) (created Earl Amherst in 1826)

Earls Amherst (1826)
 William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst (1773–1857)
 Hon. Jeffrey Amherst (1802–1826)
 William Pitt Amherst, 2nd Earl Amherst (1805–1886)
 William Archer Amherst, 3rd Earl Amherst (1836–1910)
 Hugh Amherst, 4th Earl Amherst (1856–1927)
 Jeffery John Archer Amherst, 5th Earl Amherst (1896–1993)

See also
 Amherst (surname)

References

External links

 Amherst family, Earls Amherst collections descriptions from The National Archives
 William Pitt and Sarah Archer Amherst Family Collection, 1808-1830 finding aid at Amherst College
 Obituary for the 5th (and final) Earl Amherst, Jeffery Amherst, 5th Earl Amherst, who died without issue

1826 establishments in the United Kingdom
1993 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1826

Earl Amherst


Mary Jarred (9 October 189912 December 1993) was an English opera singer of the mid-twentieth century.  She is sometimes classed as a mezzo-soprano and sometimes as a contralto.

Biography
Jarred was born in Brotton, Yorkshire, (now in Redcar and Cleveland), and studied at the Royal College of Music.

Opera
Jarred began her career singing minor roles at Covent Garden beginning in 1929. On the recommendation of Lauritz Melchior, she was invited to the Hamburg State Opera and remained there as a guest artist for the following three years. Her roles included the Nurse in Richard Strauss's Die Frau ohne Schatten and several in contemporary works by Hans Pfitzner and Alban Berg.  In 1933, she sang Orpheus in Gluck's Orpheus and Eurydice for Sadler's Wells Opera.

At Covent Garden she sang every year from 1933 until 1939, when the theatre closed at the outbreak of war. She sang Erda in Wagner's Das Rheingold and Siegfried, and Fricka in Die Walküre. In 1934, she sang Margret in the first British broadcast performance of Alban Berg's Wozzeck for the BBC, conducted by Adrian Boult.  During and immediately after the Second World War, Jarred performed in recitals and concerts. She returned to opera in 1953, as the brothel keeper in the British stage première of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress.

Concerts and later years
In concert, she was famed as contralto soloist in Handel's Messiah, J.S. Bach's St Matthew Passion, Mendelssohn's Elijah and Beethoven's Choral Symphony. She was also a well-known Angel in Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius. The Times commented: "In all these parts her commitment, sincerity and warmth of personality were abundantly evident." On 5 October 1938, she was one of the original 16 singers in Vaughan Williams's Serenade to Music.

After her retirement, she was a professor at the Royal Academy of Music from 1965 to 1973. Along with Eva Turner and Roy Henderson, Mary Jarred took part in a BBC Radio broadcast written and presented by John Steane in 1989 celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Serenade to Music.

Jarred died at the age of 94.

Recordings
Jarred's recordings include the following:
  Bedřich Smetana: The Bartered Bride Marko Rothmüller (baritone), Sabine Kalter (mezzo-soprano), Stella Andreva (soprano), Heinrich Tessmer (tenor), Fritz Krenn (bass), Richard Tauber, Mary Jarred (mezzo-soprano), Arnold Matters (bass), Hilde Konetzni (soprano), London Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Opera House Covent Garden Chorus, Sir Thomas Beecham (conductor),  Somm 14
 Richard Wagner: Der Fliegende Holländer - abridged Ben Williams (tenor), Herbert Janssen (baritone), Kirsten Flagstad (soprano), Ludwig Weber (bass); Mary Jarred (contralto), Max Lorenz (tenor), Royal Opera House Chorus, Covent Garden Choir, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Fritz Reiner (conductor), Standing Room Only
 Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No 9: Arturo Toscanini conductor, BBC S.O., Isobel Baillie, Mary Jarred, Parry Jones, Harold Williams. Live performance, 3 November 1937, Queen's Hall, London. Music & Arts 1144
 Ludwig van Beethoven: Mass in D major, Missa solemnis, Op. 123, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Leeds Festival Chorus, Isobel Baillie soprano, Mary Jarred (contralto), Heddle Nash tenor, Keith Faulkner (bass), Sir Thomas Beecham (conductor) Somm SOMM-BEECHAM 11
 Mary Jarred, contralto; The BBC Orchestra, Section F; Clarence Raybould, conductor  Elgar's Interpreters on Record, Volume 5:  Broadcasts from the Leech Collection at the British Library (1935-1950)  Elgar Society  EECD003-005 (Sea Pictures "Sea Slumber Song" complete, "Sabbath Morning at Sea" to bar 84, "The Swimmer" bars between 74 and 107 are missing)

Notes

1899 births
1993 deaths
English mezzo-sopranos
English contraltos
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Voice teachers
20th-century British women opera singers
British music educators
British women music educators

Mary Jarred


Jesse Bledsoe (April 6, 1776June 25, 1836) was a slave owner and Senator from Kentucky.

Life and career
Bledsoe was born in Culpeper County, Virginia in 1776. When he was very young, his family migrated with a Baptist congregation through Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. Many of the adults in this traveling congregation were property: Negro slaves. Jesse attended Transylvania Seminary and Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar about 1800 and commenced practice.

In 1808, Bledsoe was appointed Secretary of State. He was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1812. Afterwards he was elected as a Democratic Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1813, until his resignation on December 24, 1814. He then became a member of the Kentucky State Senate in 1817, serving until 1820.

Bledsoe was judge of the Lexington circuit in 1822. He settled in Lexington and was professor of law in Transylvania University. He then became minister in the Disciples Church. He moved to Mississippi in 1833 and to Texas in 1835. He died near Nacogdoches, Texas under circumstances his contemporaries and kinfolk could only describe as a significant fall from grace.

Sometimes a volatile being, he earned the sobriquet "Hot headed" Jesse Bledsoe. Besides being a brilliant jurist he was a fascinating maternal uncle to 1) Robert Emmett Bledsoe Baylor, who studied law with him, 2) Thomas Chilton who likewise represented Kentucky in Congress, and 3) William Parish Chilton who would rise to political prominence in Alabama and the Confederacy.

References

Sources

1776 births
1836 deaths
Kentucky lawyers
Kentucky state senators
Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
United States senators from Kentucky
Transylvania University alumni
People from Culpeper County, Virginia
American Disciples of Christ
Secretaries of State of Kentucky
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators
Kentucky Democratic-Republicans
American emigrants to Mexico
People of Mexican Texas
19th-century American lawyers

Jesse Bledsoe


In computing, a command is a directive to a computer program to perform a specific task. It may be issued via a command-line interface or as input to a network service as part of a network protocol, or as an event triggered in a graphical user interface.

Specifically, the term command is used in imperative programming languages. The name arises because statements in these languages are usually written in a manner similar to the imperative mood used in many natural languages. A statement in an imperative programming language would then be a sentence in a natural language, and the command would be the predicate.

Many programs allow specifically formatted arguments, known as flags or options, which modify the default behaviour of the program, while further arguments may provide objects, such as files, to act on. As an analogy to a natural language, the flags are adverbs, while the other arguments are objects.

Distinction between command and expression, statement and function
The meaning of command is highly dependent on context. For example, some authors refer to conditionals as commands  while they are called expressions in Python or Bash and statements in JAVA.
Similarly, writing to stdout is done in Bash with the builtin command printf, while it is done with the built-in function print() in Python.

Examples
Here are some commands given to a command-line interpreter (Unix shell).

The following command changes the user's working position in the directory tree to the directory /home/pete. The utility program is cd and the argument is /home/pete:
 cd /home/pete

The following command prints the text Hello World on the standard output stream, which, in this case, just prints the text on the screen. The program name is echo and the argument is "Hello World". The quotes are used to prevent Hello and World being treated as separate tokens:
 echo "Hello World"

The following commands are equivalent. They list files in the directory /bin. The program is ls, having three flags (l, t, r), and the argument is the directory /bin:
 ls -l -t -r  /bin
 ls -ltr  /bin

The following command displays the contents of the files ch1.txt and ch2.txt. The program name is cat, having two file name arguments:
 cat ch1.txt ch2.txt

Here are some commands for the DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows command prompt processor. The following command displays the contents of the file readme.txt. The program name is type and the argument is readme.txt.
 type readme.txt

The following command lists the contents of the current directory. The program name is dir, and Q is a flag requesting that the owner of each file also be listed.
 dir /Q

See also
 Gesture recognition
 List of Unix commands
 List of DOS commands
 Formal grammar

References

External links

command from FOLDOC
Windows Commands | Microsoft Docs

User interfaces
Computing terminology

Command (computing)


Bartok the Magnificent is a 1999 American direct-to-video animated adventure comedy film directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman. It is a spin-off to the 1997 film Anastasia which was also directed by Bluth and Goldman.

The film centers on the kidnapping of the young czar prior to the Russian Revolution. Hank Azaria reprises his role from the previous film as Bartok, a bumbling small albino bat, who becomes a magician.

While several of Bluth's films have received sequels, spin-offs and television shows, this is the only such project he has been involved with.

Plot
Bartok the Magnificent, an albino bat magician and a con artist, arrives in Moscow and makes himself known by performing for the locals. His grand finale involves defeating a savage bear. Delighted with Bartok's bravery, the young czar Ivan Romanov gifts Bartok with a royal ring, much to the chagrin of his adviser, Ludmilla. After the show, Bartok counts his earnings and is startled by the stirring bear, revealed to be his business partner, Zozi. Although Zozi is apprehensive about the ring and tells Bartok that he should return it, Bartok refuses stating that it was a gift.

When Ivan is apparently captured by the witch Baba Yaga, there is an immediate investigation. In seeking a rescuer, two children nominate Bartok, who, with Zozi, was already on his way to St. Petersburg when spotted by Cossacks. Bartok is brought before the townspeople, who are relying on his courage to save Ivan. Reluctantly, Bartok accepts, despite Zozi's objection. Bartok and Zozi set out for the Iron Forest. Upon arriving at Baba Yaga's hut, the duo must answer a riddle given by the entrance, a giant talking skull. With the riddle solved, Bartok is then captured by Baba Yaga, who explains that, in order to save Ivan, Bartok must retrieve three artifacts from the forest, without any assistance: her pet pink snake-like creature named Piloff, Oble's crown, and the Magic Feather. However, Bartok quickly finds that these tasks are difficult, as Piloff is frozen to a metal boulder; Oble, a giant red ogre blacksmith surrounded by an aura of fire, must be tricked into letting his crown be stolen; and the Magic Feather must be obtained without flight, utilizing only the previous two items, with Piloff removed from the boulder when Bartok brought them to the Skull. Meanwhile, back at Moscow, in between Bartok's second and third tasks, Ludmilla takes Ivan's throne.

Returning to Baba Yaga with the objectives completed, the witch reveals that she needs something from Bartok himself. Baba Yaga rejects all his offers and, outraged, Bartok lashes out at her, accusing her of lying and cheating. Suddenly stricken with guilt, Bartok apologizes and cries, allowing Baba Yaga to obtain the most important ingredient: tears of compassion from the heart. She conjures up a potion from a portion of Piloff's essence, energy from one of the crown's jewels, the magic feather's magic, and Bartok's tear. Baba Yaga reveals that she never kidnapped Ivan, as she has Bartok see Moscow's castle's tower, implying that Ivan is imprisoned there. Baba Yaga also reveals that the potion was intended for Bartok himself; it will make whatever he is in his heart ten times on the outside. Bartok and Zozi return to town. Bartok explains to Ludmilla and people in the throne room his adventure. He then leads Ludmilla and Vol, the Captain of the Guard, up to the top of the tower, where Ivan is imprisoned.

Ludmilla imprisons Bartok and angrily scolds at Vol about Ivan being imprisoned, revealing that she had Vol impersonate Baba Yaga and kidnap the prince while she framed the real Baba Yaga as part of her plan to steal the throne. Ludmilla wanted Vol to kill Ivan after kidnapping him, but Vol mistakenly imprisoned him. Ludmilla imprisons Vol as punishment for his confusion, steals Bartok's potion, and leaves her prisoners in a well tower, which quickly floods with water. Ludmilla drinks the potion, thinking that it will make her a much more powerful leader who would show her inner beauty, but instead, it slowly transforms her into a giant, purplish-pink, wingless, morbidly obese, horned dragon, reflecting her evil heart, conceit, and greed. After seeing her reflection, Ludmilla gets surprised at her new form, making her so shocked that her mind becomes that of a savage beast and she goes on a rampage, burning the town with her fiery breath.

Zozi comes and rescues Bartok, Ivan, and Vol. Bartok battles Ludmilla. He uses his skills from his tasks in the Iron Forest to trick her into climbing the tower. When Ludmilla reaches the top, her increased weight causes it to collapse, crushing her and unleashing a wave of gushing water that douses the flames. As the townsfolk gather around the wreckage, Zozi discovers that Baba Yaga is not really wicked, and hails Bartok as a true hero; not only for defeating Ludmilla, but also for showing Baba Yaga compassion. Ivan and the people praise Bartok for his heroism. Bartok returns Ivan's ring and when Bartok sees Baba Yaga and Piloff flying to see and congratulate him for his heroism, he thanks Baba Yaga for his skills. The three hug before Bartok bids farewell to them, and he undoubtedly counts on seeing them again someday.

Cast
 Hank Azaria as Bartok the Magnificent
 Kelsey Grammer as Zozi, the Bear.
 Catherine O'Hara as Ludmilla, Ivan's advisor who is the true main antagonist of the film.
 Andrea Martin as Baba Yaga
 Tim Curry as The Skull, the entrance/guard to Baba Yaga's hut.
 Jennifer Tilly as Piloff, Baba Yaga's pet pink snake-like creature who is talkative. She can retract her arms.
 French Stewart as Oble, a fiery red ogre and metalworker.
 Phillip Van Dyke as Tsar Ivan Romanov, the young prince of Moscow who admires Bartok.
 Diedrich Bader as Vol, Ivan's friend and the Captain of the Guard who secretly works for Ludmilla on her evil plan without knowing it.
 Glenn Shadix as Townspeople Ensemble
 Danny Mann as Head Cossack
 Zachary B. Charles as Little Boy
 Kelly Marie Berger as Little Girl

Bartok's master in Anastasia, Grigori Rasputin, makes a silent cameo appearance among the many townsfolk who gather around the wreckage of Ludmilla's crashed tower during the film's epilogue.

Production
A spin-off film was devised as "Hollywood audiences went batty over the impish Bartok in Fox's 1997 animated musical Anastasia". Chris Meledandri, then-president of 20th Century Fox Animation, said: "Once we thought about a lot of ideas, our favorite idea was the one you see".

Music
The film's songs were written by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens, both returning from Anastasia.

Songs

Release

Marketing
In late 1999, pancake purveyor IHOP started selling two versions of Bartok, as part of promotion. The company planned "to sell about 500,000 of the six-inch-high toys - Bartok Puppet and Turban Bartok - for $2.99 with any food purchase". It was "also offering $2 mail-in rebate coupons for the $20 video...and free activity books for children".

Home media
Bartok the Magnificent was first released on VHS and DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on November 16, 1999, and was later re-released in 2005 as part of a 2-disc set alongside Anastasia entitled Family Fun Edition. Bartok the Magnificent was also included as a special feature on Anastasia Blu-ray, released in March 2011.

The tape and DVD conclude with sing-along segments that reprise the original tunes by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens - "Bartok the Magnificent", "A Possible Hero", "Someone's in My House" and "Once Upon a December" (from Anastasia). Other DVD extras also include Bartok and Anastasia trailers, and a Maze Game that features three mazes.

 Visual and audio
The aspect ratio is 1.33:1 – Full Frame. The DVD release has the original aspect ratio, and it is not anamorphic. As the source is video and not film, and because there is no widescreen aspect ratio available, the quality is at the same level of the original film. Digitally Obsessed says: "The colors are nicely rendered, with a minimum of bleeding" but when viewed on "a 115 foot projection screen through a progressive scan player...the image was fairly grainy and uneven". The film has English and French audio. Digitally Obsessed says: "The DS2.0 mix is more than adequate for this fun little bat romp [though there is a] lack of directionality in the mix. The dialogue is clear and center speaker weighted". It concluded by saying that "this is a great DVD for kids, because besides just watching the movie they can enjoy the three sing-alongs or try to find Prince Ivan in the mazes. Bartok teaches moral values in a way that kids can understand". According to LoveFilm, the film has been dubbed into English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, and Dutch. It has subtitles in Dutch, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Swedish. Fort Worth Star-Telegram implied this was one of the rare direct-to-video films that is great quality, saying "the made-for-tape bin can yield an undiscovered bargain [such as] Bartok the Magnificent". Lexington Herald-Leader said "to my surprise...the movie overall [is] quite good".

Critical response
Dan Jardine of Apollo Guide gave the film a score of 71 out of 100. Michael Dequina of The Movie Report wrote a review in which he scored it 1.5 out of 4, writing the film as uninspired and short fun adventure for kids, but boring for everyone else. Family Video said that "the film is marked by imaginative scenery, catchy songs, comic characters and Bartok's own funny and neurotic commentary". Hartford Courant described the film as "enjoyable". Indianapolis Star said "'Bartok' is quite good for video-only release". Digitally Obsessed gave the film a Style grade of B+, Substance rating of A, Image Transfer rating of C, Audio Transfer rating of B, and Extras rating of B+ - averaging out to a B+ rating of the film as a whole. It said "Stephen Flaherty's score is very nice". On Love Film, the film has a rating of three of five stars based on 222 member ratings.

John Laydon of Variety explained: "Tykes will likely be charmed by the brisk pacing, vibrant (albeit stereotypical) characters and engaging storyline, while parents may be especially grateful for a cartoon with much better production values than Pokémon". He noted that "even very small children will notice early on that Ludmilla...a duplicitous regent, is the real villain of the piece". He said co-directors Bluth and Goldman "do a respectable job of establishing what promises to be a new direct-to-video franchise", also adding that "though certainly not as lavish as its bigscreen predecessor Anastasia, the sequel is attractive and involving, with Tim Curry and Jennifer Tilly well cast as supporting-character voices". He said Azaria has "amusing brio", while Grammer "is the real scene-stealer this time". He described the songs as "pleasant but unremarkable". Fort Oglethorpe Press described the film as "spectacular", "frolicking" and "fun-filled", adding that it is "loaded with breathtaking, feature-quality animation", and "spectacular music", and "enchanting new songs".

The Trades questioned its existence, saying: "I am unsure what reason this spin-off was made, but regardless, it was a well done one". It added that "the same team directed and produced the second movie, and unlike many direct to video movies, it is animated as well as the first and uses a healthy portion of CGI, something many movies of that nature tend to lack. Backgrounds have the same detail as the original movie, making this a definite worthwhile watch". The Dallas Morning News notes "Bartok the Magnificent does even more disservice to Russian history than Anastasia did".

Accolades
Bartok the Magnificent was nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Home Video Production" at the 28th Annie Awards in 2000, losing to Disney's An Extremely Goofy Movie. It also received Gold Reel Award nominations for "Best Sound Editing" for both television films and direct-to-video presentations from the Motion Picture Sound Editors that same year, beaten by Shake, Rattle and Roll: An American Love Story and Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein, respectively.

References

External links

1999 animated films
1999 films
1999 direct-to-video films
1990s American animated films
1999 fantasy films
1990s musical films
American children's animated fantasy films
American children's animated musical films
Anastasia (franchise)
20th Century Fox animated films
20th Century Fox Animation films
20th Century Fox direct-to-video films
Fox Animation Studios films
Albinism in popular culture
American direct-to-video films
Cultural depictions of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
1990s children's fantasy films
Direct-to-video animated films
Film spin-offs
Animated films about bats
Animated films about shapeshifting
Animated films based on Russian folklore
Films directed by Don Bluth
Films produced by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman
Films directed by Gary Goldman
Films set in Moscow
Baba Yaga
Animated films about bears
Animated films about dragons
Animated films based on Slavic mythology
1990s children's animated films
1990s English-language films

Bartok the Magnificent


Frederick Volpe (31 July 1865 – 7 March 1932), sometimes printed Volpé, was an English actor. He made his stage debut in his early twenties. From 1894 until his death he was a familiar figure on the West End stage, generally in undemanding comedies and other ephemeral productions. Among others, he created the role of Alexis in The Girl in the Taxi (1913). He made several films, beginning in 1917.

Life and career
Volpe was born in Liverpool, the son of Raffaele Volpe. He was educated at the Liverpool Institute High School for Boys (now the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts), and made his stage debut in 1887 at Rhyl in north Wales. He first came to public prominence in 1894 when he appeared in The Gentleman Whip at Terry's Theatre, London, under the management of Weedon Grossmith. He remained a member of Grossmith's team for more than two years, appearing in The New Boy, The Ladies' Idol, Poor Mr. Potion and The Romance of the Shopwalker. For the rest of the century he played in light comedies and other ephemeral productions in the West End. In 1900 he visited America with E. S. Willard's company.

Between the turn of the century and the First World War, Volpe's roles included Pecksniff in Tom Pinch, based on Martin Chuzzlewit (1903), Lord Amersteth in a play based on the Raffles stories (1906), Paul Bultitude in a stage version of Vice Versa, and Alexis in The Girl in the Taxi (1913). Among his post-war roles were Chancellor Teppich in The Prisoner of Zenda (1923), Mr Cattermole in The Private Secretary (1923) and Sir Joshua Grimshaw in The Truth Game in a starry cast including Lily Elsie, Ivor Novello, Lilian Braithwaite, Viola Tree and Glen Byam Shaw (1928).

Volpe was married to the actress Alice Beet, whom he outlived by two months. He died at his home in Kew, Surrey aged 66.

Partial filmography
 The Labour Leader (1917)
 Once Upon a Time (1918)
 The Adventures of Mr. Pickwick (1921)
 Lord Richard in the Pantry (1930)
 The Middle Watch (1930)
 Bed and Breakfast (1930)
 Captivation (1931)

Notes

References

External links

1865 births
1932 deaths
English male film actors
English male silent film actors
Male actors from Liverpool
20th-century English male actors

Frederick Volpe


The Brottby Concert () was a Neo-Nazi rock concert. It was held at the Yesterday dancing venue in Brottby, Sweden on Saturday evening, 3 January 1998. Participating bands and audience came from several countries. Swedish police stroke against the concert. Several persons suspected for hate speech were arrested. Totally the police arrested circa 250 personer people. Participants from other countries, for example the USA said during the trial that they didn't knew doing a nazi salute was considered hate speech in Sweden. The concert and the following trials were brought major attention by Swedish newspapers.

Many bands appeared at the concert. Major attention was brought to, among others Max Resist and Vit aggression. The police stroke as Vit aggression played. During their 2002 album Keep Fighting, Max Resist also recorded the song Battle of Brottby with references to the Brottby Concert.

References

1998 in music
1990s in Sweden
Neo-Nazism
1998 in Europe

Brottby Concert


Sylvia Weve (born 28 May 1954) is a Dutch illustrator.

Weve has illustrated over 150 books and she has received numerous awards for her work, including the Gouden Penseel award, the Woutertje Pieterse Prijs and the Max Velthuijs-prijs.

Career

In 1983, Weve made her debut as children's book illustrator by illustrating the book Een noom op school written by Corrie Hafkamp. Early in her career, Weve illustrated many books by Rindert Kromhout. Weve went on to illustrate many books by numerous authors including Karel Eykman, Veronica Hazelhoff, Ted van Lieshout, Bies van Ede and Edward van de Vendel. In 2006, she published Kip en ei, a book which she both wrote and illustrated herself.

Later in her career she started collaborating with Bette Westera and they both won various awards for their work, including the Woutertje Pieterse Prijs in 2015. They also won this award in 2020 for their book Uit elkaar.

In 2019, she won the prestigious Max Velthuijs-prijs for her entire oeuvre.

Weve also created illustrations for children's magazines including Okki, Taptoe, Jippo, Ezelsoor and St. Kitts van de Bovenwindse. Weve's work can also be found in magazines and newspapers such as Viva, Elsevier, Opzij, NRC Handelsblad and De Volkskrant.

Awards

 1983: Vlag en Wimpel, Wie verliefd is gaat voor (written by Karel Eykman)
 1984: Zilveren Penseel, Oma, waar blijft de taart? (written by Veronica Hazelhoff)
 1990: Vlag en Wimpel, Lastige portretten (written by Karel Eykman)
 1991: Zilveren Penseel, Het bad van de zandloper (written by Rindert Kromhout)
 1998: Vlag en Wimpel, Magische tekens
 2007: Vlag en Wimpel, Kip en ei
 2013: Gouden Penseel, Aan de kant, ik ben je oma niet! (written by Bette Westera)
 2013: Vlag en Wimpel, Aan de kant, ik ben je oma niet! (written by Bette Westera)
 2013: Vlag en Wimpel, Dat zou ik nooit doen! (written by Bette Westera and Naomi Tieman)
 2015: Vlag en Wimpel,  Doodgewoon (with Bette Westera)
 2015: Woutertje Pieterse Prijs, Doodgewoon (with Bette Westera)
 2019: Max Velthuijs-prijs, entire oeuvre
 2020: Woutertje Pieterse Prijs, Uit elkaar (with Bette Westera)

References

External links

 Sylvia Weve, Nederlands Letterenfonds
 Sylvia Weve (in Dutch), Digital Library for Dutch Literature
 Sylvia Weve (in Dutch), jeugdliteratuur.org

1954 births
Living people
Dutch children's book illustrators
Woutertje Pieterse Prize winners
Max Velthuijs Prize winners
Dutch women illustrators
Dutch illustrators
Gouden Penseel winners

Sylvia Weve


French was the official language of Vietnam under French colonial rule during the 19th and early 20th centuries. After 1954, French fell into disuse in North Vietnam, and maintained a high status in South Vietnam. Since the Fall of Saigon in 1975, French has declined in modern Vietnam: in 2018, slightly under 1% of the population was fluent in French.

Vietnam is the largest Francophone country in Asia and is a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). Since the 1990s, the Vietnamese government in cooperation with the French government, has promoted French-language education in the country's schooling system, acknowledging the cultural and historic value of the French language. The language also continues to be used as a prestige language in certain professional sectors.

History
The French language's presence in Vietnam began in the 18th century when French explorers and merchants began sailing near the Indochina coast. When the French replaced the Portuguese as the primary European power in Southeast Asia in the 1790s by helping to unify Vietnam under the Nguyen Dynasty and later colonizing Southern Vietnam, they introduced the French language to locals. French became the governing language of French Indochina, which included present-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Many Vietnamese began learning French, which replaced the native Vietnamese and royal court Classical Chinese languages; and eventually the Latin alphabet became the official script of the Vietnamese language. The building of missionary and government schools spread the French language among educated Vietnamese and it soon became the language of the elite classes by the end of the nineteenth century. By the early twentieth century, the French language began spreading to the urban masses and became the primary language of education. A French pidgin called Tây Bồi was developed among Vietnamese servants in French households and those who spoke partial French. Nevertheless, at the French language's height in Vietnam between the 1900s and 1940s, many Vietnamese did not speak French well or learn the language and some revolutionaries refused to learn the colonial language, though ironically speeches and papers written to promote independence were written in French. During World War II, Japan briefly occupied Vietnam and established Vietnamese as the sole official and educational language.

The influence of the French language in Vietnam slowly began to decline after World War II as revolutionary movements increased and their works began to be written more in Vietnamese. Poorer and generally, more rural populations began to resist French rule and guerrilla forces, the Viet Minh attacked the French and sparked the First Indochina War.
The French language however, continued its presence in government, education and media in areas not held by the Viet Minh. At the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the Viet Minh defeated the French and Vietnam gained its independence, though the nation was soon divided into a communist, Soviet-orientated north, and a capitalist, US-orientated government in the south. Fearing persecution by the communist government, hundreds of thousands fled to the south, including French-educated and speaking elite. Despite the Vietnam War erupting shortly afterwards, French continued a healthy presence in South Vietnam, where it was an administrative and educational language. The sharpest decline of the French language in Vietnam was after the Fall of Saigon in 1975 as the communist government imposed Vietnamese as the sole official and educational language on the entire nation, including the south, which was in a transitional phase until 1976.

The number of students receiving their education in French in Vietnam declined to about 40% by the 1980s and continued to decline well into the 1990s. Additionally, many French-speakers who were anti-communist fled Vietnam and immigrated to nations such as the United States, France, Canada (most particularly Quebec and Ontario) and Australia. As of 2000, only about 5% of students received their education in French. Meanwhile, the rise of the English language caused a further decline in the status of French in Vietnam as English became seen as the language of international trade, commerce and diplomacy. Whilst English has displaced French as the most studied first foreign language, since the 2000s, French language education has been on the rise. By 2022, it had become the primary foreign language course at schools in over half of the country's provinces.

Citing historic, sociopolitical, and cultural contexts, the Vietnamese government has implemented projects to promote or reintegrate French into education systems as a foreign language, especially at the secondary and higher levels. Notably, many university programs in engineering, science, medicine, and law remain taught in French and an increasing number of schools in urban areas such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, and Cần Thơ use the language as either the main medium of instruction or alongside Vietnamese. Teacher training programs to enhance the quality of French instruction have been agreed upon with France, Belgium, Canada, and the other Francophone Asian countries of Laos and Cambodia. Vietnam has also become a destination for students from other parts of Asia to come and study French. The nation remains a member of La Francophonie. Furthermore, French has somewhat of a diplomatic language position in Vietnam.

Current status

Official figures in 2019 estimate that about 675,000 Vietnamese are fluent in French, many of whom are older individuals educated during the colonial era. Its usage in everyday life has greatly declined since 1975, however, with the number of people using French on a regular basis being between 5,000 to 6,000.

French retains a strong influence on Vietnamese education and society despite the rise of English language education facilitated by American-influenced globalization. The number of schools and university programs reimplementing or teaching French has greatly increased since the first decade of the 21st century. This is in large part due to government policies promoting the knowledge of more than one foreign language, with French and English as priority second languages.

French also continues to be regarded as a cultural language in Vietnam, with its usage associated with the elite society and links to family tradition and national history, while English and other foreign languages are regarded as commercial vernaculars used with foreigners. The language also continues to be used as a working language in the medical, scientific, and diplomatic fields.

Dialect characteristics

Vietnamese French is based on standard French, but contains words that have been influenced not only by Vietnamese but also by Chinese and English, the latter due to U.S. presence in the south during the Vietnam War. Additionally, the pronoun  used as the formal and plural form of you can be used not only to address elders but also to adults of the same age unlike Standard French, where  is used among adult friends of the same age.

Despite these minor differences, the form of French taught at Vietnamese schools and colleges is that of standard French.

Influence on Vietnamese

The Vietnamese language contains a significant number of French loanwords and placenames. The majority of words having French origin are those relating to objects, food and technology introduced to the Vietnamese during the colonial era.  Additionally, the Vietnamese alphabet came to be written in a Latin-based script instead of Chữ Hán traditionally used by the former royal court. It became heavily promoted by the French colonial government, which got rid of Chinese influence on the Vietnamese education system by imposing a French-based system.

Below are some notable words that have made their way into standard Vietnamese from French:

Media
Despite the decline of French in the late 1970s to early 2000s, Vietnam continues to have a French-media market and presence. A small number of French-language newspapers used to circulate in the country, most dominantly the now extinct Saigon Eco and the only remaining state-owned paper Le Courrier du Vietnam. Additionally, the state-run Vietnam News Agency operates a French edition of its online newspaper VietnamPlus. News broadcasts as well as television programs in French are shown on Vietnamese television channels daily. Radio broadcasts in French are also present.

See also

French language in Laos
French language in Cambodia
French Indochina
French Cochinchina
Annam (French protectorate)
Tonkin (French protectorate)

Notes and references

 Vu Ngu Chieu (February 1986). "The Other Side of the 1945 Vietnamese Revolution: The Empire of Viet-Nam". Journal of Asian Studies. 45 (2).

External links
 Official website of Le Courrier du Vietnam
 Official website of La Francophonie

Vietnam
Languages of Vietnam
French dialects
France–Vietnam relations

French language in Vietnam


Dorothy Hannah Cox (1892-1977) was an American archaeologist and spy known for her work in excavation architecture and numismatics, and for engaging in espionage during World War II.

Early life and education
Born in 1892, Dorothy Hannah Cox was the daughter of Lewis J. Cox, and was the sister of American inventor and businessman Frank Cox. She completed her undergraduate studies Bryn Mawr College in 1914 and received a Master's degree in architecture from Columbia University. She was fluent in French, Turkish, and Greek, and served as a nurse in World War I.

Archaeological career
Cox was involved in Hetty Goldman's excavation of the ancient Greek cities of Eutresis and Colophon from 1924 - 1927 as architect and trench supervisor. The two recorded the architectural plan of the Metroon at Colophon together. Cox also assisted J.P. Harland in processing the archaeological finds and making detailed drawings of the architecture at Tsoungiza, a Late Bronze Age site in Greece. From 1934 - 1939, she worked with Goldman once more on her excavations at Tarsus, Turkey. During her lifetime, Cox authored several works on numismatics, pottery, and the findings of her excavations.

Espionage in WWII
At the beginning of World War II, Cox was selected by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) to join the Greek Desk led by American archaeologist turned spy-ringleader Rodney Young. Young recommended Cox because he found her to be reliable and cooperative, and because her work compared favorably with those of the men selected to join the operation. To prepare for this mission, Cox was briefed in skills related to field espionage, including covert communications, cryptography, identifying German and US military equipment, interpreting and creating intelligence reports, and firearms training. Cox was referred to by the codename "Hiram" by her colleagues in the OSS.

The British Chief of Middle East Relief and Rehabilitation advised Cox to remain in Cairo, saying that she could only be of use if she worked under him in Egypt. She ignored this and travelled to İzmir where she established her own intelligence operations independent of British intervention. While in Izmir, she reported to her superiors and colleagues in Cairo, Washington, D.C. and the Office of Naval Intelligence on the activities of enemy deserters, Greek refugees, and special agents who ended up in Turkey.

Cox operated in Turkey under the pretense of being a civilian relief worker with the Greek War Relief Association, and interviewed refugees in Sinai Peninsula, Aleppo, and Beirut. Her position allowed her to utilize resources from organizations like the Red Cross. A sympathizer of the National Liberation Front, Cox aided Greek leftist guerillas by supplying them with money, food and supplies in exchange for information. She believed that "it was impossible for anyone but supermen or super morons to be neutral". Her position allowed her to gather intelligence on conditions within Greece, and to use Turkish officials to gather more information. Cox reflected that "as representative of the Greek War Relief, [they] came to [her] for supplies of clothes, food and medicine. In exchange they gave information."

She gained a reputation for her fearlessness, discernment, and ability to coax information from people. Despite her effectiveness as a spy, Cox was only paid secretarial wages and was repeatedly denied supplies and support by her superiors Washington, D.C.

Later life and death
After the conclusion of the war in 1945, Cox returned to the US where she became the curator of coins for Yale University. During the 1950s and 1960s, Cox reunited with some of her colleagues from the OSS on excavations in Gordium, Turkey and Balkh, Afghanistan. She died in 1977.

Selected bibliography

 The Numismatic Iconography of Justinian II (685-695, 705-711 A.D.). American Numismatic Society. 1958.
 A Third Century Hoard of Tetradrachms from Gordion. University of Pennsylvania. 1953.
 The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters. Yale University Press. 1949.
 The Greek and Roman Pottery. Yale University Press. 1949.
 A Tarsus Coin Collection in the Adana Museum. American Numismatic Society. 1941.
 The Silver Dollars of the United States of America: With a Short Sketch of the 1804 Dollars. American Numismatic Society. 1940.
 Greek and Roman Plated Coins: By William Campbell. American Numismatic Society. 1933.
 The Tripolis Hoard of French Seignorial and Crusades Coins. American Numismatic Society. 1933.
On the Coins of Narbonensis with Iberian Inscriptions. American Numismatic Society. 1929.

See also

 Virginia Grace
 Hetty Goldman
 Rodney Young (archaeologist)

References

1892 births
1977 deaths
American spies
American women nurses
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni
American women archaeologists
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century American women

Dorothy Cox (archaeologist)