Mangka Mayanglambam is an Indian Manipuri folk, classical and contemporary song performer and a Pena player. She is best known for the Hada Samadon Ayangba, the opening theme song for the 8th Manipur International Polo Tournament in Imphal and Moirang Sai A women's Ballad. she is one of a few artists who is preserving the rich tradition of Meitei folk music, especially the genres of the Moirang Sai Pena, among the present generation. One of her Major Contribution is that she train many Young boys and girls on Manipuri Folk and traditional music. She is an inspiration,a role model to many youngsters and People address her Princess of Manipuri Folk Music She is the first solo performer to represent India at Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union Radio Song Festival Held at Colombo 2014. She is the youngest 'A' grade Folk Singer Of All India Radio Imphal.

More about Mangka Mayanglambam

Daughter of Mayanglambam Mangangsana Meitei and Maibam Rebika Devi

Training acquired in the field of Performing Arts
Mangka acquired the knowledge of Manipuri folk music from her father since childhood. She trained on various Manipuri Folk and other arts forms; Moirang Sai and Basok from Guru Smt. Langathel Thoinu in 2002, Pena from Padma Shri Guru Khangembam Mangi in 2006, Khongjom Parva from Guru Smt Khumanthem Sundari in 2009, Mime from Y. Sadananda in 2012, Hindustani Music from late Guru Mairembam Jiten Singh in 2013, Theatre from Kalakshetra Manipur in 2016, Moirang Sai from Kumbi Inakhunbi in 2019, and Khunung Eshei from Guru Lourembam Bedabati in 2020.

Seminars & Conferences
 'Women of Substance', ETA: North-East Women's Network Group, 2020.
 'The Healing Power of Folk Music', The Art of Living, 2020.
 'Women in Music' (Owning her Space Session I), Zubaan & Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Culture Of Peace 2020.
 'Music Across Boundaries' (Owning her Space Session II), Zubaan & Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Culture Of Peace 2020.
 'Meet the Singing Sensation of the North East', Inside Northeast (INSIDENE) 2020.
 'Women in Music, Art making & Family', Sister Radio 2020.
 'Iris Program' young talent from the North Eastern States of India to Japan, Embassy of Japan, represented Manipur at Tokyo and Hiroshima 2017.

Productions and Publications
 'Khom-In', a digital production on Khomlang Laman Shingba Thouram of Chakpa Phayeng, 2021.
 'Play the Pena', an article on The Sangai Express 2020.
 'Cultural Connection with the Diaspora Manipuri Chidren' , a digital production 2020
 'Langathel Thoinu's Moirang Sai', a song book 2018.
 'Indigenous Games of Manipur (Sagol Kangjei)', a digital production  by DD ARUNPRABHA in collaboration with Ministry of DoNer, 2018.
 "Nura Pakhang" a maiden international song collaboration with Cla an iconic Portuguese band, 2017.
 'Chingda Shatpi' a Manipuri Folk Song Album, Our Village 2015.
 Conducted Workshops and Classes on Manipuri Folk Music:
 'Rejuvinating  Manipuri Folk Culture (Session II)', Laihui & Iputhou Thongnang Thougan Loop, Assam 2020.
 @ Shiraho Elementary School, Sasakawa Peace Foundation and Laihui, Ishigaki Island, Japan 2019.
 @ Taketomi Elementary School, Sasakawa Peace Foundation and Laihui,  Taketomi Island, Japan 2019.
 @ Haebaru Kindergarten, Sasakawa Peace Foundation and Laihui,  Okinawa Japan 2019.
 'Theatre of The Earth', Kalakshetra Manipur & NSD 2018.
 'Play Pena' ongoing classes of Laihui since 2014.

Awards and Recognitions
 'A' Grade folk singer of All India Radio Imphal since 2019.
 ICCR Empanelled Artiste since 2019.
 'B' High folk singer of All India Radio Imphal, 2017.
 State Icon of Election Commission of India, 2017.
 National Young Talent Scholarship Award from CCRT New Delhi in the field of Folk Song 2017-19.
 Approved Folk Singer of All India Radio Imphal, 2015.
 First Ever Indian Solo Performer at Asian-Pacific Broadcasting Union ABU Radio Song Festival, Colombo 2014.
 Merit Scholarship in Class IX - X by Education Dept. Govt. of Manipur 2011.
 First position in Folk Song at District and State Level Youth Festival 2010, by Nehru Yuva Kenda Sangathan, Manipur.
 National Child Talent Scholarship Award from CCRT New Delhi in the field of Folk Song 2010 to 2016.
 Approved child artiste of All India Radio, 2008.

International Performances
 'Asadoya Yunta- Singel' & 'Loi-Kaba', a virtual and collaborative performance with Okinawan Artiste, on the 1st Anniversary of Imphal Peace Museum, organize by Sasakawa Peace Foundation Japan and Manipur Tourism Forum  2020.
 Guest Artiste for 71st Republic Day at Assistant High Commission Of India Sylhet, Sponsored By ICCR. 2020.
 Presented Manipuri folk songs at 30th Nupilan observation at Ramnagar and Bhanugash, Bangladesh, 2019.
 Collaborative performances with Okinawan Jazz Band M'S on 30th Anniversary of Haebaru Town Museum at Okinawa Japan, 2019.
 Cultural Exchange performances with Folk artistes of Ishigaki, at Yayama and Taketomi Island, Japan 2019.
 Presented Manipuri Folk Songs on Awa Khongchat at Mandalay, Myanmar, organised by MamiThawan, hosted by Chief Minister of Sagaing, at Myanmar 2019.
 Rajasthan International Folk Festival 2017 at Jodhpur.
 "Ingelehua - two cultures entwined" Manipuri and Hawaiian music, dance, and poetry maiden collaboration, 2017
 "Shakuhachi meets Pena - A Maiden Collaboration of Manipuri and Japanese Traditional Music 2016, by The Japan Foundation and Laihui at Imphal and New Delhi
 "Esplanade Dan:se Festival", by Esplanade Theastre at Bay, at Singapore 2015.
 "Tapestry of Sacred Music 2013, invited by Esplanade at Singapore.

National Performances
 'Destination North-East 2020', virtual live festival by North East Council, Government of India.
 'World Music day', a virtual festival, by Musik-A, TAFMA Nagaland, ICCR Guwahati 2020.
 A collaboration Performance with Japan Okinawan Artiste for "Commemoration of Platinum Jubilee of Imphal Battle"2019.
 'Songs and Dances of Lai Haraoba', IIC Art Experience, New Delhi 2019
 Monte Music Festival by Fundação Oriente at Goa in 2018.
 "Rhythms of North East 2017" at Jamia Milia Islamia University, New Delhi.
 Songs and Dances of North East, CIDCO, Mumbai 2016.
 Colours of North East, Taj Palace, Mumbai 2016.
 "An Enemy of the People" Kalakshetra Manipur, 2015-16.
 New Horizons from North-East, International Film Festival of India, Goa 2015.
 Silver Waves, AIR NES Shillong 2015.
 Invitee performer of New Delhi World Book Fair 2015.
 Theme song "Hada Shamaton" on 150th Years of Modern Polo observation at Imphal.
 Festival of Manipur, Bangalore 2012.
 IBSEN Festival, New Delhi 2012
 New Performance Festival by India Foundation of Arts, Kolkata 2011.
 Ranga Sankara Theatre Festival, Bangalore 2010.
 Khunung Ishei and Pena Festival, by EZCC Kolkata and Art and Culture Govt. of Manipur 2009.

Documentary on Mangka
 'Purvottar Ke Sitare' DDK National 2016.

References

Other websites
 Stories in a song | Art-and-culture News, The Indian Express
 Manipuri folk musician and performer Mangka Mayanglambam is on a mission to revive folk!
 https://rootsandleisure.com/mangka-manipuri-folk-artist/

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Manipur
Indian musicians

Mangka Mayanglambam


Gaelic Park () is a multi-purpose outdoor athletics facility, located at West 240th Street and Broadway in the Kingsbridge neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City, New York, United States. Since 1926 the grounds has been used as the venue for Gaelic games in New York, and since its purchase by Manhattan College in 1991 it has hosted numerous American college athletic events.

Located just west of Broadway and south and west of Van Cortlandt Park in the northernmost part of the Bronx just south of the city border with Westchester County, Gaelic Park was purchased in 1926 by the Gaelic Athletic Association of Greater New York. It has been given a few different names over time including Innisfail Park, but since the 1950s it has gone by its current name, Gaelic Park, a reflection of the park's decidedly Irish flavor. The park includes a playing field and dance hall. In addition to hurling and football matches, a number of other sporting events take place at Gaelic Park. There are also concerts and dances that feature Irish music both old and new.

History
Gaelic Park was bought by the Gaelic Athletic Association of Greater New York (GAA) in 1926. It started off as a very rough pitch that served as a social center for the many Irish immigrants to The Bronx. With the absence of film centers and other entertainment complexes, hurling at the park was the main entertainment.

The GAA ran the park for about 10 years until it was forced into bankruptcy, after which the city took over the land. The property was then leased again in 1941 to John "Kerry" O'Donnell, who with the help of his family and friends ran the park, dance hall, and tavern. For several years, it was called "Croke Park" after the main GAA stadium in Dublin.

In 1947, John "Lefty" Devine became the public address announcer and the play by play announcer for Gaelic Park. He did both jobs for at least 18 years until 1965.  Devine was born in New York. His father was born in Newmarket-upon-Fergus, County Clare and his mother was born in Mullinahone, County Tipperary. In 1965, it took Mr. Devine about 6 hours to announce the 5 games played there each Sunday. Mr. Devine was the play by play announcer at the Polo Grounds in a  Gaelic football match of Meath vs New York.

In 1964, Robert F Kennedy attended a game at Gaelic Park.  He addressed the crowd with a microphone.  Jokingly, he said to the crowd "Every morning before breakfast my children say 'Up Wexford.'" His paternal grandparents were from New Ross, County Wexford.

As of 1965, Gaelic Park had a capacity of 12,000 people.

The Grateful Dead performed in Gaelic Park on August 26, 1971, to a crowd of 15,000 fans. It would be the last time the band would perform in their original quintet configuration of Jerry, Phil, Pig, Billy and Bobby. Other major bands of the 1970's played here as well, e.g., Chicago, Edgar and Johnny Winter, the J Geils band, and several others.

The park was taken over by Manhattan College in 1991. The college has kept up the traditions of Gaelic Park, as well as doing some significant renovations, and now also uses it for home games of lacrosse, rugby, soccer, and softball.

In early 2007, a $3 million renovation of Gaelic Park began. FieldTurf was laid out to replace the natural pitch, which made it more durable for both American and Gaelic sports. In addition, facilities for softball were improved, and the installation of stadium lighting made night games possible.

In April 2019, the banquet hall of Gaelic Park was torn down and replaced with support from the GAA, the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs, and other donations and sponsors.

New York did not compete in the 2020 and 2021 Connacht Senior Football Championship (a precursor to the 2020 and 2021 Senior All Ireland Football Championships) due to Covid-19 travel restrictions, but returned to competition in 2022 with a first round home game at Gaelic Park against Sligo on Sunday April 17. On April 8, 2023 New York enjoyed their first Connacht championship win at Gaelic Park, beating  after a penalty shootout.

Rugby
The first known rugby game was the final game of the Cambridge Vandals north American tour in 1933. The Vandals with a team including several internationals from the United Kingdom prevailed with a late score to maintain their unbeaten record in all eight games played.

See also
 List of Gaelic Athletic Association stadiums

References

External links
 Gaelic Park

1926 establishments in New York City
College football venues
College lacrosse venues in the United States
College soccer venues in the United States
College softball venues in the United States
Gaelic games grounds
Irish-American culture in New York City
Lacrosse venues in New York City
Major League Rugby stadiums
Manhattan Jaspers football
New York GAA
Kingsbridge, Bronx
Rugby union stadiums in New York City
Rugby New York stadiums
Soccer venues in New York City
Softball venues in New York City
Sports venues completed in 1926
Sports venues in the Bronx

Gaelic Park


Ghananand Mishra (1916- April 2005) Fiji ke ek wakil rahaa. was a Fijian lawyer and judge. He was an Indo-Fijian of Brahmin stock, whose ancestors hailed from the Indian state of Kashmiri.

Mishra served as Director of Public Prosecutions before his appointment to the High Court as a puisne judge. His interpretations of criminal law were pivotal in the development of Fiji's justice system. In 1973, the Leader of the Opposition nominated Mishra for the position of Chief Justice, in opposition to Sir Ronald Kermode, who was favoured by the government. In the end, Governor-General Ratu Sir George Cakobau appointed Sir Timoci Tuivaga instead.

Mishra resigned from the bench in 1987 following the coup on 14 May, led by Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka, saying, "I will not serve under those bandits."

In retirement, Mishra faded from public view. He devoted his time to his family, and to his lifelong passion of reading. He also made occasional trips to Kashmir.

Fiji's current Vice-President, Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi, has called Mishra "a fortress of rectitude and integrity that was never breached."

Mishra, Ghananand

Ghananand Mishra


Juan Leal Goraz (1676–1742 or 1743), also called Juan Leal Gonzal,  was a Spanish settler and  politician who served as the first alcalde (a municipal magistrate with both judicial and administrative functions) of La Villa de San Fernando, which later would become the city of San Antonio, Texas. A native of the Canary Islands, Leal went to San Antonio in 1731 leading a group of settlers from the Canary Islands to populate this municipality, founded by the Spanish government under the sponsorship of King Philip V. Leal had asserted himself as the Canarian emigrants' leader and spokesman since they left the islands. He served as alcade of San Antonio between 1731 and 1732, and again in 1735.

Biography

Early life and first actions as leader of the new settlers
Juan Leal was born in 1676 in the city of Teguise, in Lanzarote (Canary Islands). He was the son of Antonio Goraz and Maria Perez and became a councilor of the municipality of Teguise. He lived in the village of San Bartolomé, on the same island.

In 1730, the Spanish Crown decided to send ten or eleven families from the Canary Islands as emigrants to Villa de San Fernando because of a supposed threat to Spanish interests by the French in Louisiana. Leal was the first Canarian councilor to respond, and agreed to enlist seven families of the ten more needed for the enterprise.

In Santa Cruz, the capital of Tenerife, Bartolomé de Casabuena, Superintendent of the Court of the Indies in the Canary Islands, appointed the oldest male among the chosen settlers, which happened to be Leal, as their leader. He accepted the assignment. On March 27, 1730, Leal, along with his own and the other Canarian families, departed from Santa Cruz on the frigate Santísima Trinidad y Nuestra Señora del Rosario, headed for Veracruz, via Havana. The first impression that the Canarians, who were unaccustomed to sea travel, had of their transport was that the ship was very small for such a long voyage. When many in the group panicked from fear and confusion, Leal's calm demeanor reassured them, and helped them endure a passage on rough seas across the Atlantic. This was the first indication of his natural ability as a leader, although not all his decisions were at first accepted by every one of the Canarian settlers. The group eventually came to the mutual conclusion that they needed a leader to choose a course of action to address any problems.

The settler group arrived in Havana on May 10 and were greeted by its governor, who had been made aware of their impending arrival by a letter from Bartolomé de Casabuena at Tenerife. Here they remained for several weeks and were given food and clothing. On July 9 they embarked on the ship Santísima Trinidad y Nuestra Señora del Rosario for Veracruz, where they landed on July 19 and remained for thirteen days. The alcalde of Veracruz greeted them on behalf of the Viceroy of New Spain, Juan de Acuña, and ordered horses and mules and wagons, and a guide called Francisco Duval to be made available to them. Continuing their journey overland, they reached Cuautitlán Izcalli, a town northwest of Mexico City, on August 27, 1730, where they received food, shelter, and clothing. Leal went to Mexico City for an audience with the viceroy to request better transportation and tools. Viceroy Acuña committed to providing more resources for the trip, and issued letters of introduction instructing the Governor of Texas and the Captain of the Presidio of San Antonio to assist the Canarians in building the new cabildo.

After the arrival of the settlers' caravan at San Luis de Potosí on November 14, 1730, Leal told the alcalde of the city that four Canarian men had abandoned the caravan and fled. The alcalde sent soldiers in pursuit, and they were arrested several days later and imprisoned at San Luis. The alcalde told Leal that if he would agree to be responsible for them, he would release the deserters to his custody. Leal accepted his proposal. The fact that Juan Leal led the four Canarians in handcuffs back to the caravan and did not respond to them while they were incarcerated at San Luis was the source of many problems that divided the Canarian families once they were established in San Antonio. Many days after this, Juan Leal gave a loan to the fugitives, who were not returned until later, when Juan Leal forced them.

After passing through many other towns and cities, the settlers finally reached the Presidio of San Antonio on the morning of March 9, 1731, after eight months of travel in a caravan and almost a year since they had left the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife for Texas. Leal was 54 years old.

Mayor of San Antonio
On August 31, 1731, Leal was elected alcalde (mayor) and regidor of the city. Since departing from Tenerife, he had been the group's leader. Once the Canarian people established themselves in the city, Leal found they had problems, including frequent clashes with the Franciscan missionaries of San Antonio and the soldiers stationed at the presidio. The Franciscans were opposed to the Canarians settling in the middle of an area where they had already established their domain and that they regarded as belonging to them.

Given these considerations and his investment in his own decision to settle in Texas, Leal traveled from San Antonio to Mexico to speak to the viceroy and request that the appropriate orders be given to the Captain of the presidio, Almazan, and thus ensure that the Cabildo (council) constituted by the new settlers in Texas had the greater power in the matter and the Canarian settlers would be enabled to succeed in their mission. He also requested necessary instructions on how to administer the council. The viceroy, again assisted by Brigadier Rivera, sent clear orders to the captain of the presidio to recognize and respect the will of the council. Leal succeeded in establishing the new colony and the city was populated with new families.

During Leal's administration, the settlers twice requested that the viceroy assign Native Americans working in the Spanish missions to farm their lands (whether they were willing or not). The settlers maintained that missionaries should engage in ecclesiastical functions only and forego entering trade or enlarging their farm lands, since they were trained as clerics, and should not compete with the farmers in either endeavor. The viceroy, however, rejected both their requests. The following year, 1733, Leal completed his term as alcade of San Antonio and was replaced by Antonio de los Santos.

In 1735 Leal was appointed as town councilman, and soon after was appointed to a life term as alcalde. Leal was not considered either tolerant or judicious by many among the military, the clergy, and the settlers themselves, and soon gained their general contempt. Consequently, his second term as mayor lasted only a year and he was replaced again by Antonio de los Santos.

Although Leal's administration seems to have been successful, he had clashes with other Canarians in Texas. The first of the Canarians with whom he had problems was Mayor Alguacil Vicente Álvarez Travieso, from whom he was to reclaim a loan in court when they arrived in Coahuila. Leal had made a loan to Travieso in San Luis Potosí, and Travieso had not repaid him by the deadline. This circumstance and the distribution of land lots (Juan Leal had chosen the last one and therefore the worst one) in the city was a trigger for a series of lawsuits and claims against other families like the Traviesos, the Curvelos, the Padróns, and the Santos. These events occurred between 1732 and 1735.

Later years
Juan Leal Goraz died in the Villa de San Fernando in March 1742 or 1743 in San Antonio, Texas. He was buried in the Campo Santo of the Cathedral of San Fernando.

Personal life
According to the Our Lady of the Lake University, Leal married Lucía (Catarina) Hernández in his native Lanzarote,  and they had five children: Juan "El Mozo" (born 1700), José (born 1708), Catalina  (1714–1794),  Bernardo (1717–1751) and  Vicente Leal, but Lucia, exhausted by the rigors of the long journey to San Antonio, became ill and died, as did many other Canarians.

Leal then married María Melano, who bore him three children: Juan Leal Goraz, Jr., Bernardo and Catrina Leal. His son, José Leal, was mayor of San Antonio in 1748. Currently, some of their descendants still live in San Antonio, as in the case of John O. Leal, historian and president of the Canary Islands Descendants Association of San Antonio, Texas. A descendant of Juan Leal was a Bexar County's archivist at the end of the 20th century.

References

External links
Sixteen Families of the Canary Islands
 The Leal family.

1676 births
People from Lanzarote
People of Spanish Texas
Texas Isleño people
People from San Antonio
Mayors of San Antonio
History of San Antonio
1740s deaths

Juan Leal


Barnes Switch (also known as Barnes) is an unincorporated community in Trinity County, Texas. The community is located at the junction of Texas State Highway 19 and Farm to Market Road 1893. Barnes Switch was formed around a railroad switch on the Waco, Beaumont, Trinity and Sabine Railway and was named for the physician S. E. Barnes. As of the early 1990s it had a population of 15.

Samuel E. Barnes attained a notable record as a merchant, cotton factor, banker, real estate broker, and churchman. Parents, Mississippi natives Jacob Pope Barnes and Elizabeth Ann Rankin moved to Texas in 1866 and came to Trinity in 1872.  Jacob opened a mercantile store in partnership with Frank Lister and was serving as county treasurer at the time of his death. Widowed at age 43, Elizabeth reared nine children and operated the mercantile store with the help of her eldest son, Samuel Edward (1861-1914).

References

See also
 Texas
  Trinity County, Texas
 Trinity County California

Unincorporated communities in Trinity County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas

Barnes Switch, Texas


Líneas Aéreas Azteca  was an airline based in Mexico City, Mexico. It operated domestic scheduled services and international services to the USA. Its main base was Mexico City International Airport, with a hub at General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport, Tijuana.

The airline's operations were suspended by the government in March 2007 due to safety problems, and in October 2007 the Mexican government permanently revoked its air operator's certificate because the company hadn't solved those problems. It was fined USD $417,000 for failing to correct the problems or refund airfare for canceled flights to consumers.

History

The airline was established on 9 May 2000 and started operations on 1 June 2000, operating domestic services with Boeing 737 aircraft. It started up after TAESA closed down and some of the staff and assets were taken over.

Under the name Azteca Airlines, the airline was a member of the Airlines Reporting Corporation. Líneas Aéreas Azteca actively sought to expand international routes into the United States. In 2003, Azteca contributed a small amount to traffic through Ontario International Airport, California, constituting ~0.5% of passenger traffic in each of January and October.

During the first two months of 2007, the airline transported 113,592 passengers, or 2.3% of total passengers in Mexico.

Operations suspension
Following weeks of speculation about the airlines' financial situation, on 26 March 2007, the Secretariat of Communications and Transport of Mexico (SCT) issued a 90-day operations-desist claim that immediately halted the airline's operations, in order for it to respond to its financial credit, personnel training, and aircraft maintenance issues. Following an inspection from 5 to 23 March 2007 that revealed problems with safety procedures and employee training, the airline's operators certification was suspended.

Following the suspension of operations, on 27 March 2007 the International Air Transport Association (IATA) also suspended Líneas Aéreas Azteca from its worldwide Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP).

Routes operated by Azteca were covered by 13 other airlines.

End of operations
On 10 October 2007, the General Civil Aeronautics Directorship (DGAC) of Mexico's Communications and Transport Secretariat permanently revoked Líneas Aéreas Azteca's air operator's certificate, because the airline did not have a sound financial statement after the previous suspension.

Destinations served

Mexico
Acapulco
Aguascalientes
Cancún
Chihuahua
Ciudad Juárez
Culiacán
Guadalajara - Focus city
Hermosillo
Mexico City - Hub
Mexicali
Monterrey - Focus city
Morelia
Oaxaca
Puebla
Puerto Vallarta
Tijuana - Hub
Toluca
Uruapan
Zacatecas

United States
California
Oakland
Ontario
New York
New York City
Texas
Laredo
El Paso

Fleet
The Líneas Aéreas Azteca fleet consisted on the following aircraft:
3 Boeing 737-700 - XA-AEP, XA-AEQ, XA-TWF
6 Boeing 737-300 - XA-AAU, XA-AAV, XA-CAS, XA-TWG, XA-UCL, XA-UCP

References

Defunct airlines of Mexico
Airlines established in 2000
Airlines disestablished in 2007

Líneas Aéreas Azteca


Joaquim Pereira Teixeira de Vasconcelos (2 November 1877, Amarante Municipality, Portugal - 14 December 1952, Gatão, Portugal), better known by his pen name Teixeira de Pascoaes, was a Portuguese poet. He was nominated five times for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Life
Teixeira de Pascoaes was the second son (of seven) of João Pereira Teixeira de Vasconcelos, a judge and deputy to the Courts, and of Carlota Guedes Monteiro. He was a solitary, introverted and sensitive child, very prone to the contemplation of Nature.

In 1883, he began his primary studies in Amarante, and in 1887, he entered the Lyceum. In 1895, he moved to Coimbra, where he completed his secondary studies; in Amarante he was not a good student, even failing in Portuguese; and in 1896, he enrolled in the Law course of the Faculty of Law of the University of Coimbra. Unlike most of his comrades, he was not part of the Bohemian Coimbra, spending his time, monastically, in the bedroom, reading, writing and reflecting.

In 1901, he reluctantly established himself as a lawyer, first in Amarante and, from 1906, in Porto. In 1911 he was appointed substitute judge in Amarante, a position that he held for two years. In 1913, with relief, he terminated his judicial career. On those painful years he will say, "I was a Dr. Joaquim in everyone's mouth, I needed to honor the title."

Being a wealthy landowner,  he took up residence in the family manor in São João do Gatão, near Amarante, with his mother and other members of his family. He dedicated himself to the management of properties, to the tireless contemplation of nature and his beloved Serra do Marão, to reading and especially to writing.

Gatão became a place of pilgrimage of countless intellectuals and artists, national and foreign, who would visit him frequently. At the end of his life, he would be friends with the poets Eugénio de Andrade and Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos. The latter would elect him as a poet superior to Fernando Pessoa, and organized reprinting of some of the Pascoal texts, as well as a poetic anthology, in the 1970s and 1980s.

Pascoal died at 75 years old, in Gatão, in 1952.

List of first edition poetic works
Embryões (Porto, 1895)
Bello (Coimbra, 1896 and 1897)
Sempre (Coimbra, 1898)
À Minha Alma (Coimbra, 1898)
Terra Prohibida (Coimbra, 1899)
Profecia, por dois Poetas (in collaboration with Af. Lopes Vieira—Coimbra, 1901)
À Ventura (Coimbra, 1901)
Jesus e Pan (Porto, 1903)
Para a Luz (Porto, 1904)
Vida Ethérea (Coimbra, 1906)
As Sombras (Lisbon, 1907)
Senhora da Noite (Porto, 1909)
Marános (Porto, 1912)
Regresso ao Paraíso (Porto, 1912)
Elegias (Porto, 1912)
O Doido e a Morte (Porto, 1913)
Verbo Escuro (Porto, 1914)
Miss Cavell (Porto, 1915)
Elegia da Solidão (Amarante, 1920)
Cantos Indecisos (Lisbon-Coimbra, 1921)
Elegia do Amor (Lisbon, 1924)
Sonetos (Lisbon, 1925)
Londres (Lisbon, 1925)
D. Carlos (Lisbon, 1925)
Cânticos (Lisbon, 1925)
Painel (Lisbon, 1935)
Versos Pobres (Porto, 1949)
Calvário (Soneto inédito—Porto, 1951)
Últimos Versos (Lisbon, 1953)

References

1877 births
1952 deaths
People from Amarante, Portugal
Portuguese philosophers
Portuguese poets
Portuguese male poets
19th-century Portuguese writers
19th-century male writers
19th-century pseudonymous writers

Teixeira de Pascoaes


The International Freedom Foundation (IFF) was a self-described anti-communist group established in Washington, D.C. founded in 1986 by former lobbyist Jack Abramoff. Its purported aim was to promote individual and collective freedoms worldwide: freedom of thought; free speech; free association; free enterprise; and, the free market principle. It came into being after the Democratic International, a 1985 meeting of anti-Communist rebels held at the headquarters of UNITA in Jamba, Angola. The IFF campaigned against regimes and movements it described as Soviet allies. To achieve its aim the IFF, with offices in London and Johannesburg, sponsored symposia with high-profile speakers such as Henry Kissinger. Among its eight periodicals, the IFF published a monthly newsletter—the Freedom Bulletin—with three editions: International; UK/Europe; and, Republic of South Africa. The IFF ceased its activities in 1993.

Funding
According to a Newsday article entitled "Front for Apartheid: Washington-based think-tank said to be part of ruse to prolong power" of July 16, 1995, the IFF was alleged to have been funded by apartheid South Africa in the amount of $1.5 million per year from 1986. In return for this funding, South Africa was said to have used the IFF as an instrument to portray the African National Congress (ANC) together with its leaders, Oliver Tambo and the imprisoned Nelson Mandela, as terrorists and as sympathetic to Soviet communism. Code-named Operation Babushka, the IFF succeeded in recruiting a large number of Republican politicians and conservative intellectuals to influence US policies towards the apartheid regime, and to counteract growing domestic and international pressure for the imposition of economic sanctions against South Africa.

The IFF's first chairman was Duncan Sellars. Its Washington lobbyist/film producer, Jack Abramoff, was said by Newsday to have recruited willing—but perhaps unwitting—Republican politicians including: Senator Jesse Helms; Rep. Dan Burton; Rep. Philip Crane; Rep. Robert Dornan; and Alan Keyes. None of these five politicians—and neither Sellars nor Abramoff—admitted to being aware of any South African funding. Had they known that they were effectively working to further the interests of a foreign government, they would have been required under US law to register as a foreign agent with the Justice Department. In apparent support of the politicians' denial, a former member of SA's Directorate of Military Intelligence, Major Craig Williamson, told Newsday that Operation Babushka was designed so that the people it recruited would be unaware of the foreign funding—they would simply be reinforcing their own principled views on South Africa and the ANC. But, in relation to Jack Abramoff—who produced a South African-funded movie Red Scorpion in South-West Africa (now Namibia) in 1988—Williamson indicated that Abramoff would undoubtedly have known about the source of the IFF's funding. Another former SA intelligence official, Colonel Vic McPherson, declared to Newsday how pleased he was with the performance of the IFF: "They were not just good in intelligence, but in political warfare." In 1992, under pressure from Nelson Mandela, funding for the IFF was withdrawn by President F. W. de Klerk and it closed down the following year.

Vic McPherson and Craig Williamson spoke to Newsday before the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act became law on July 26, 1995, and therefore before South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) began its case hearings in April 1996. McPherson and Williamson (along with seven others) applied for and were eventually granted TRC amnesty in 1999 for participating in the bombing in March 1982 of the ANC offices in London.

London UK office
The IFF (UK) published an occasional Freedom Bulletin. The January 1989 edition (no.5, 8 pages) was devoted exclusively to opposing the Reagan-Gorbachev Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) agreement, which had been signed at the Washington Summit in December 1987. They called for its abandonment and stated that from a Western angle it was appeasement.

The director of the IFF's London office, at 10 Storey's Gate, Westminster, was Marc Gordon (b. 1966). On January 31, 1989 in a BBC Radio 4 interview, Gordon praised Western Goals (UK) for its activities in "exposing left-wing political activities of charities", such as Oxfam and Christian Aid. The IFF strenuously opposed the June 1989 visit to London of Dr. Andries Treurnicht of the Conservative Party (South Africa), organised by the Western Goals Institute. Gordon stated that the IFF was against apartheid. Gordon was publicly disowned by the UK Conservative Party after he claimed to have gone on a patrol with anti-communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua and was photographed holding an assault rifle.

On August 1, 1989, during the debate about whether or not the Hong Kong Chinese should be given British passports, Gordon stated that "as regards Hong Kong, the IFF believes human labour should not be subject to restrictions on its movement". By September 25, 1992, Gordon was railing against the Western Goals Institute, and urged the Conservative Party to expel WGI members, a move which the London Evening Standard described as "doubtless assisted by his South African paymasters". In response, WGI's Gregory Lauder-Frost wrote to the Jewish Chronicle on 25 September 1992 stating that "the Conservative Party has always been a broad church. However, Marc Gordon's I.F.F.'s support for the importing to our overcrowded island of 3,000,000 Hong Kong Chinese would not, I believe, endear him to the vast majority of grass-roots conservatives."

Without revealing his political past, Gordon got a post with Sir James Goldsmith's Referendum Party, where he was helping to choose candidates in 1996. It emerged that Gordon had been Vice-Chairman of the West Midlands Federation of Conservative Students before it was controversially banned by the then Tory Chairman, Norman Tebbit, in 1987, for "its extremist views".

References

Newsday Sunday July 16, 1995 Dele Olojede (in South Africa) and Timothy M. Phelps (in Washington) Front for Apartheid: Washington-based think-tank said to be part of ruse to prolong power (Dele Olojede, who wrote the Newsday article, was joint winner of the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting.)
 Encyclopedia of Associations 1993

External links
 Text of Newsday article
USSALEP – founded with African-American Institute assistance
Newsday excerpts

Organizations established in 1986
Organizations disestablished in 1993
Organisations associated with apartheid
Front organizations
Defunct organisations based in South Africa
Apartheid government
Apartheid in propaganda
Foreign policy political advocacy groups in the United States
South Africa–United States relations
Anti-communist organizations in the United States
1986 establishments in Washington, D.C.

International Freedom Foundation


Maria Anna Barbara or Babette Ployer (2 September 1765 – before April 1811) was an Austrian piano and composition pupil of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, for whom he wrote two piano concertos in 1784, No. 14 KV. 449 and No. 17, KV. 453, which were both premiered at her residence by her in 1784.

She was born on 2 September 1765 in Sarmingstein, Austria, and died before April 1811, in Bresane, Croatia.  She was the daughter of Franz Kajetan Ployer, a timber-merchant and tax collector.  After her mother died in 1779 she moved to Vienna to live with her uncle, Court Councillor Gottfried Ignaz von Ployer, the agent of the Salzburg court in Vienna, where she came in contact with Mozart.  After her marriage she moved to Kreuz in Croatia, where her spouse Cornelius Bujánovics von Agg-Telek (c1770-1844) had his estate.

Both the concertos that Mozart wrote for her are of the highest quality, and the piano parts are testing, suggesting she was highly accomplished both technically and musically.  Joseph Haydn's Variations in F minor for piano were not written for her, but for Gottfried Ignaz von Ployer's wife Antonia von Ployer, née von Spaun.

Mozart could take pains with a backward pupil, but a good one caused him much pride. On June 9, 1784, he wrote to his father: "I am fetching Paisiello in my carriage, as I want him to hear both my pupil and my compositions." This pupil was Barbara Ployer, of whom he made a portrait-sketch in the margin of one of his compositions, reproduced in the sheet music for Mozart's Sonata in D Major KV. 448 for Two Hands, published in 2014 by Alfred Music.

Notes

References
 Lorenz, Michael: "New and Old Documents Concerning Mozart's Students Barbara Ployer and Josepha Auernhammer", Eighteenth-Century Music, vol. 3, No. 2, September 2006 (Cambridge University Press 2006), 311-22.
Clive, Peter 1993.  Mozart and His Circle: A Biographical Dictionary.  Yale University Press, New Haven and London. .
Dubal, D. 1987 (second edition) The Art of the Piano.  Simon and Schuster.
 Hinson, Maurice "At the Piano With Mozart" Van Nuys, California, Alfred Publishing Company, 1986
 Hinson, Maurice and Nelson, Allison (ed) Mozart Sonata in D Major for two hands. Alfred Music 2014 ()

1765 births
1811 deaths
Joseph Haydn
Austrian classical pianists
Austrian women pianists
18th-century Austrian musicians
Women classical pianists

Barbara Ployer


USCGC Sagebrush (WLB-399) was a  USCG seagoing buoy tender. An Iris class vessel, she was built by Zenith Dredge Corporation.  On 15 July 1943 the keel was laid; she was launched on 30 September 1943 and commissioned on 1 April 1944. She was decommissioned on 26 April 1988 and scuttled at some point after 6 July 1988.

Ship history
Sagebrush was built by the Zenith Dredge Corporation of Duluth, Minnesota during World War II. The original cost for the hull and machinery was $925,134. From March to April 1944 she acted as an icebreaker on the Great Lakes. She spent the rest of her service life home-ported in San Juan, Puerto Rico, from which she maintained floating and fixed aids-to-navigation (AtoN) in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and surrounding waters.

In addition to her main duties, she performed law enforcement, Search-and-Rescue (SAR), drug and illegal alien interdiction patrols, and provided logistical services in her area of operations.  She also made occasional "show the flag" visits to various independent and colonial islands around the Leeward Islands to foster international familiarity and cooperation in the region.

She served as OSC (On Scene Commander) for the search and rescue mission following the crash of the aircraft carrying Roberto Clemente and his supplies for Managua earthquake victims in January 1973.  Sagebrush located the wreckage of the plane in 129 feet of water in the Atlantic Ocean north of Puerto Rico, and recovered the pilot's body, but the body of Clemente was never found. In 1974, her crew, under then Captain, LCDR. Lindon Onstad, also conducted the successful rescue of four persons from an overturned cabin cruiser in the surf on the rocky north coast just west of the entrance to San Juan Harbor. Several members of the crew received personal commendations for that action.

The ship underwent a three-month Service Life Extension & Rehabilitation yard maintenance program at the United States Coast Guard Yard in Curtis Bay, Maryland, in the spring of 1973.  She then returned to San Juan and worked out her service career there.  In 1978 the Sagebrush ran aground on the reef north of the channel that is charted south of the island of Culebra in the Spanish Virgins East of Puerto Rico, a narrow strait of water with numerous corral outcroppings located between Puerto Rico and St. Thomas. The ship was on a return trip to San Juan after a patrol. In 1978 on its return to Puerto Rico from a yard period in Jacksonville, Florida, to repair the damage done in the grounding, the ship captured the M/V Heidi off the Florida East coast. The Heidi carried a record payload of marijuana in excess of 100 tons. In April 1988, she was decommissioned, then salvaged by a group who intended to use her as part of a man-made reef off the Georgia coast between St. Simons Island and Savannah. She was scuttled off of St. Catherines Island, Georgia on 28 April 1988.

The helm from Sagebrush is on display in the National Aids to Navigation Museum in Canfield Hall at the Coast Guard's Training Center Yorktown.

Gallery

References

External links
Brief history at the Coast Guard Channel
http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Sagebrush1944.asp
http://www.coastguardchannel.com/spclFeatures/sagebrush.shtml

1943 ships
Historic American Engineering Record in Puerto Rico
Iris-class seagoing buoy tenders
Icebreakers of the United States Coast Guard
Ships built in Duluth, Minnesota
Ships sunk as artificial reefs
Shipwrecks of the Georgia (U.S. state) coast

USCGC Sagebrush


Reynaud Des Marchais, Chevalier des Marchais was a French cartographer, navigator, and captain of a slave ship who travelled extensively in the west coast of Africa, the West Indies and the northwest coast of South America between 1704 and 1727, under service to the King of France. His maps and manuscripts were published posthumously by Père J. B. Labat in Amsterdam in 1730–31.

Des Marchais mapped the Kingdom of Whydah in 1725, two years before its capture by Dahomey; he also provided the most detailed description of the coronation of King Haffon which he dated from the same year.

References

External links
 http://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/search?submit_val=restore_prev_query&prev_query_num=0

18th-century French cartographers
17th-century births
18th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Place of death unknown

Chevalier des Marchais


Harry Garfield Lumley (September 29, 1880 – May 22, 1938) was a right fielder and manager in Major League Baseball. He spent his entire career with the Brooklyn Superbas in the National League.

Career
Lumley was born in Forest City, Pennsylvania, in 1880. In 1901, he started his professional baseball career with Rome of the New York State League. He batted .350. The following season, he played for St. Paul of the American Association and led the league with 18 home runs. In 1903, Lumley joined Seattle of the Pacific Coast League and led the league with a .387 batting average. After the season, he was drafted by the Superbas.

In Lumley's first major league season, he batted .279 for Brooklyn and led the NL with nine home runs and 18 triples.  Since then, only one other first-year player (Ralph Kiner in 1946) has led his league in home runs.

He then batted .293 in 1905. In 1906, he batted .324 with nine home runs and 12 triples. In 1907, he batted .267 with nine home runs. Suffering from an ankle injury, Lumley struggled in 1908 and finished with a batting average of .216. He was named Brooklyn's manager for 1909. That year, he appeared in 55 games as a player and batted .250 with no home runs. The Superbas had a record of 55–98, and Lumley was replaced as manager before the 1910 season. He appeared in eight games in 1910 before being released.

In 730 games over seven seasons, Lumley posted a .274 batting average (728-for-2653) with 300 runs, 109 doubles, 66 triples, 38 home runs, 305 RBI, 110 stolen bases, 204 bases on balls, .328 on-base percentage and .408 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .946 fielding percentage as a right fielder.

After his MLB career ended, Lumley operated a tavern. He died in Binghamton, New York, in 1938.

See also
List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
List of Major League Baseball player-managers

References

External links

The Baseball Biography Project
Baseball Almanac

1880 births
1938 deaths
Major League Baseball right fielders
Major League Baseball player-managers
National League home run champions
Brooklyn Superbas players
Brooklyn Superbas managers
Minor league baseball managers
Rome Romans players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Colorado Springs Millionaires players
Seattle Siwashes players
Binghamton Bingoes players
Troy Trojans (minor league) players
Scranton Miners players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania

Harry Lumley (baseball)


Bride of Re-Animator is a 1990 American comedy horror film produced and directed by Brian Yuzna and written by Yuzna, Rick Fry, and Woody Keith. It is a sequel to the 1985 film Re-Animator and the second entry in the Re-Animator film series. Like its predecessor, it is loosely based on the serialized story "Herbert West–Reanimator" (1921-1922) by H. P. Lovecraft. Unlike its predecessor, it was released direct-to-video.

The plot of Bride of Re-Animator roughly follows episodes "V. The Horror from the Shadows" and "VI. The Tomb-Legions" of the Lovecraft story, and follows doctors Herbert West and Dan Cain as they attempt to create a living woman from dead tissue. The film stars Bruce Abbott, Claude Earl Jones, Fabiana Udenio, David Gale, and Kathleen Kinmont, with Jeffrey Combs as Herbert West. It was followed by a sequel, Beyond Re-Animator, released in 2003.

Plot
Eight months after the events of Re-Animator, doctors Herbert West and Dan Cain are working as medics in the middle of a bloody Peruvian civil war. In the chaos of battle and with plenty of casualties to work on, they are free to experiment with West's re-animation reagent. When their medical tent is stormed by the enemy troops, West and Cain return home to Arkham, Massachusetts. There, they resume their former jobs as doctors at Miskatonic University Hospital, and West returns to the basement laboratory of Cain's house to continue his research.

Using parts pilfered from both the hospital's morgue and from a cemetery located next door, West discovers that his reagent can re-animate body parts by themselves. He becomes determined to create an entire living person from disparate body parts. West discovers the heart of Megan Halsey, Cain's fiancée, in the hospital morgue. With the promise to use her heart to re-animate a new Megan, West convinces Cain to help him with his project. Also stored in the morgue is the rest of the evidence from the "Miskatonic Massacre". Inside, pathologist Dr. Wilbur Graves discovers a vial of West's reagent and the severed head of Dr. Carl Hill. Using the reagent, he re-animates Hill's head.

Meanwhile, police officer Lt. Leslie Chapham begins investigating West and Cain, as they were the only unaffected survivors of the Miskatonic Massacre; the dead body of Chapham's wife was re-animated into a crazed zombie during the incident (it is implied later in the film that he caused her death). Chapham suspects West and Cain were responsible. When he stops by their house to question them, he discovers West's corpse-filled lab and the two get into a confrontation. A fight ensues and West kills Chapham by means of cloth treated with a chemical which causes cardiac arrest when inhaled (a product of West's research into obtaining the freshest possible corpses for his experiments). West then re-animates the police officer with the intention of covering up his crime. Chapham violently wanders out of the house and into the cemetery next door.

Hill, who bears a grudge against West, uses psychic powers to command Chapham to force Dr. Graves to stitch bat wings onto his neck, giving him back his mobility. He also extends his mental control to all of the zombie survivors of the Miskatonic Massacre.

When one of Cain's patients, Gloria, dies, West collects the last piece he needs for his creation: her head. With a complete body stitched and wired together, West and Cain inject the re-animation reagent into Meg's heart. While waiting for the reagent to take effect, a package is delivered to their house. West retrieves and opens it. From inside, Hill's winged head flies out. Simultaneously, the zombies Hill controls break into the house. West retreats back to the basement lab, where his creation, the Bride, has awoken.

A catfight breaks out between the Bride and Cain's current girlfriend, Italian journalist Francesca Danelli, whom he met in Peru. Cain rejects the Bride's love and sides with Francesca. Heartbroken, the Bride rips Megan's heart out of her own chest and then falls to pieces. West diagnoses this as tissue rejection.

Hill and his zombies force West, Cain and Francesca to retreat through the wall of the lab and into a crypt in the neighboring cemetery. Inside, all of West's prior test subjects arise and make their way towards him, stopping only when Herbert commands them to. The unstable crypt begins to collapse, trapping Hill, West and the zombies. Cain and Francesca escape the debris and claw their way to the surface of the cemetery together. Hill is stuck in the debris, while Megan's heart, still in the hand of the Bride, stops beating.

Cast
 Jeffrey Combs as Dr. Herbert West
 Bruce Abbott as Dr. Dan Cain
 Claude Earl Jones as Lieutenant Leslie Chapham
 Fabiana Udenio as Francesca Danelli
 David Gale as Dr. Carl Hill
 Kathleen Kinmont as Gloria / The Bride
 Mel Stewart as Dr. Wilbur Graves
 Irene Forrest as Nurse Shelley
 Michael Strasser as Ernest
 Mary Sheldon as Meg Halsey
 Friday as Angel

The Re-Animated
 Marge Turner as Elizabeth Chapham
 Johnny Legend as Skinny Corpse
 David Bynum as Black Corpse
 Noble Craig as Crypt Creature
 Kim Parker as Crypt Creature
 Charles Schneider as Crypt Creature
 Rebeca Recio as Crypt Creature
 Jay Evans as Crypt Creature

Production
In an August 1986 interview, Re-Animator director Stuart Gordon commented, "If we do a sequel to Re-Animator, we'll call it Bride of Re-Animator." He indicated that this title would be in homage to the film Bride of Frankenstein, adding that he already had several ideas for a sequel and that given the title, Meg Halsey would have to be a key character in it. One idea for a sequel involved Dan Cain taking the job of a building superintendent to surreptitiously continue working on Meg Halsey's body at night. When government agents discover his whereabouts, they secret him away to the White House where he is reunited with Herbert West and instructed to reanimate the President of the United States. A similar idea was later used for the unproduced sequel House of Re-Animator.

Pre-production on Bride of Re-Animator began in early 1989. Production on the film was scheduled to begin on June 5, 1989, which left the filmmakers with less than one month to finalize the script, finish hiring the cast and crew, and get the special effects underway. Jeffrey Combs was initially not going to reprise his role as Herbert West due to a scheduling conflict, as he was already booked to be in Italy for the filming of The Pit and the Pendulum. However, on May 25, 1989, production on The Pit and the Pendulum was pushed back, and Combs was immediately cast to return as West.

Director Yuzna considered Patricia Tallman for the role of the Bride, but on May 28, 1989, he selected Kinmont to play the part. Actress Barbara Crampton, who starred in the first Re-Animator film, did not return for Bride of Re-Animator. A 1991 issue of Fangoria reported that Crampton declined to reprise her role due to soap opera obligations. In a 2011 interview, Crampton said that her agent convinced her not to make a cameo appearance in Bride of Re-Animator, as he felt that it was beneath her to have such a minor role.

Principal photography began in June 1989 and wrapped the following month, on July 18. A scene in which Dr. Hill's head is found on exhibit at a carnival was shot in mid-June, but this sequence was not included in the finished film.

Special effects
Tony Doublin of Doublin FX created the special effects for the eye/finger creature, which involved the use of a rod puppet, a stop-motion puppet, and a stunt hand. Doublin also created the puppet used to portray Francesca's dog Angel after West reanimates its corpse and attaches a human arm to it. When not depicted with a puppet, Angel was played by dog actor Friday, who was cast after demonstrating that she could walk with a prosthetic arm. West's failed test subjects were designed by Japanese artist Screaming Mad George and his crew, while the effects for Dr. Hill's head were created by Mike Deak and Wayne Toth of John Carl Buechler's Magical Media Industries.

The special effects for the Bride were created by KNB EFX Group, including Robert Kurtzman and Howard Berger. Greg Nicotero, who co-founded KNB EFX with Kurtzman and Berger, was working on the special effects for another film, Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers, during the pre-production of Bride of Re-Animator. However, Nicotero joined the Bride of Re-Animator crew in June 1989, and oversaw the effects during the filming of the sequence in which West and Cain are shown working as wartime medics in a field hospital.

Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 40% based on 20 critics, with an average rating of 5.17/10. Variety recommended it to fans of the first film, but noted that the abundance of gore "will turn off" mainstream audiences. Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that "Bride of Re-Animator is less a sequel to the critically praised 1985 horror film Re-Animator than a rehash based on the same H. P. Lovecraft stories." Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly gave it a rating of "C+" and called it "an anemic shadow of the first film".

Patrick Legare of AllMovie gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, writing that "Re-Animator was a tough act to follow, but Brian Yuzna does an admirable job of keeping with the splattery spirit of the original". In their book Lurker in the Lobby: A Guide to the Cinema of H. P. Lovecraft, Andrew Migliore and John Strysik write: "Bride of Re-Animator is a silly film that is fun solely for the fevered performance of Jeffrey Combs. Unlike the original Re-Animator, Brides script really suffers from a lack of cohesiveness and undeterminable character motivation." Writing in The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, academic Peter Dendle called it "a pointless and forgettable sequel". Bruce G. Hallenbeck, in his book Comedy-Horror Films: A Chronological History, 1914-2008, criticized the discontinuity from the first film (in particular that Herbert West is alive and Megan Halsey is dead at the beginning, when it was the other way around at the end of Re-Animator) and said Yuzna's direction pales against Re-Animator director Stuart Gordon's, but concluded Bride of Re-Animator to be a very respectable sequel which "lacks the wit and originality of the first movie but goes even farther into the gruesome concept of re-animation." He particularly praised the bizarre zombie designs and the performance of Jeffrey Combs, which he described as superior to Combs's already great work in the original.

Bride of Re-Animator was nominated for two awards by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films in 1991. It was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Horror Film and Jeffrey Combs was nominated for Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Sequel
Bride of Re-Animator was followed by Beyond Re-Animator in 2003.

References

Bibliography

External links

1990 comedy horror films
1990 direct-to-video films
1990 films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
1990s science fiction comedy films
1990s science fiction horror films
American body horror films
American comedy horror films
American independent films
American science fiction horror films
American sequel films
American splatter films
American zombie comedy films
Re-Animator (film series)
Resurrection in film
Films based on works by H. P. Lovecraft
Films directed by Brian Yuzna
Films scored by Richard Band
Films set in hospitals
Films set in Massachusetts
Films set in Peru

Bride of Re-Animator


Rabochy (The Worker) was an illegal Bolshevik newspaper, organ of the district organisations of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in the Vyborg and Petersburg Districts of St. Petersburg. The newspaper was published from February 26, 1907, by decision of the St. Petersburg Committee of the R.S.D.L.P. as a mass popular organ. From April 1907 the combat organisation of the St. Petersburg Committee of the R.S.D.L.P. participated in the publication of the paper. Lenin, Y. M. Yaroslavsky and other Bolsheviks were contributors. At the beginning of June 1907 its press was confiscated by the police and publication ceased.

References

Newspapers published in the Russian Empire
Vyborg
Mass media in Saint Petersburg

Rabochy


Ronald Allison Kells Mason (10 January 1905 – 13 July 1971) was a New Zealand poet. Described by Allen Curnow as New Zealand's "first wholly original, unmistakably gifted poet",   he was born in Penrose, Auckland on 10 January 1905.
 He was educated at Auckland Grammar School, where he met fellow poet A. R. D. Fairburn. Mason was the holder of the Robert Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago in 1962. He died in Takapuna, Auckland on 13 July 1971.

Works

Poetry
The Beggar (Whitcombe & Tombs, 1924)
Penny Broadsheet (Whitcombe & Tombs, 1924)
No New Thing (Spearhead Publishers, 1934)
End of Day (Caxton Press, 1936)
This Dark Will Lighten (Caxton Press, 1941)
China Dances and Other Poems (John McIndoe, 1962)
Collected Poems (Pegasus Press, 1962)

Radio Play
Squire Speaks (Caxton Press, 1938)

Prose
Frontier Forsaken: An Outline History of the Cook Islands (Challenge, 1947)
Four Short Stories 1931–1935 (Holloway Press, 2003)

Music
 The Young Man Thinks of Sons by NZ group Ferocious (Bill Direen, Johannes Contag and Mark S. Williams) (Rattle Records, February 2020. Music video (2020).
 New Zealand composer David Farquhar (1928-2007) composed a setting of "On the Swag" for unaccompanied choir. The score can be obtained from SOUNZ.
 On the Swag Christopher Marshall (1956-) for mixed choir, unaccompanied. For details see SOUNZ and the National Library of New Zealand.
 On the Swag by Dunedin hymn writer Colin Gibson, sung by tenor soloist Edmund Hintz, on "Spirited People" by the Festival Singers of Wellington.

References

External links
 Poems:R.A.K. Mason

1905 births
1971 deaths
People educated at Auckland Grammar School
New Zealand male poets
20th-century New Zealand poets
20th-century New Zealand male writers

R. A. K. Mason


Pope Hilarius (or Hilary) was the bishop of Rome from 19 November 461 to his death on 29 February 468.

In 449, Hilarius served as a legate for Pope Leo I at the Second Council of Ephesus. His opposition to the condemnation of Flavian of Constantinople incurred the enmity of Dioscurus of Alexandria, who attempted to prevent him from leaving the city. Hilarius was able to make his escape and returned to Rome by an indirect route. He later erected an oratory at the Lateran in honor of John the Evangelist, to whom he attributed his safe passage.

Much of his pontificate was spent in maintaining ecclesiastical discipline in conformity with canon law, and in settling jurisdictional disputes among the bishops of both Gaul and Spain.

Early career
Hilarius was born in Sardinia. As archdeacon under Pope Leo I, he fought vigorously for the rights of the Roman See.

In 449, Hilarius and Bishop Julius of Puteoli served as papal legates to the Second Council of Ephesus. Pope Leo had sent a letter with the legates to be read at the council. However, the head notary declared that the emperor's letter should be read first and as the Council proceeded, Leo's letter ended up not being read at all. Hilarius vigorously opposed the condemnation of Flavian of Constantinople, pronouncing the single word in Latin, "Contradicitur", annulling the sentence in Leo's name.

For this he incurred the displeasure of Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, who presided over the synod. Flavian died shortly afterwards, on 11 August 449, from injuries incurred from a physical assault by the followers of Dioscurus. According to a letter to Empress Pulcheria collected among the letters of Leo I, Hilarius apologized for not delivering to her the pope's letter after the synod, but owing to Dioscurus of Alexandria, who tried to hinder his going either to Rome or to Constantinople, he had great difficulty in making his escape in order to bring to the pontiff the news of the result of the council. Flavian and Eusebius of Dorylaeum appealed to the pope, and their letters were probably taken by Hilarus to Rome.

Papacy
As pope, he continued the policy of his predecessor, Leo I, who, in his contest with Hilary of Arles, had obtained from Emperor Valentinian III a famous rescript of 444 (called Novel 17) confirming the supremacy of the bishop of Rome. Hilarius continued to strengthen ecclesiastical government in Gaul and Spain.

In Rome, Hilarius worked zealously to counter the new emperor's 467 edict of toleration for schismatic sects, which had been inspired, according to a letter of Pope Gelasius I, by a favourite of Emperor Anthemius named Philotheus, who espoused the Macedonian heresy. On one of the emperor's visits to St Peter's Basilica, the pope openly called him to account for his favourite's conduct, exhorting him by the grave of St Peter to promise that he would allow no schismatical assemblies in Rome.

Ecclesiastical disputes
Hermes, a former archdeacon of Narbonne, had illegally acquired the bishopric of that town. Two Gallican prelates were dispatched to Rome to lay before the pope this and other matters concerning the Church in Gaul. A Roman synod held on 19 November, 462, passed judgment upon these matters. Hilarius sent an Encyclical advising the provincial bishops of Vienne, Lyons, Narbonne, and the Alps that Hermes was to remain titular bishop of Narbonne, but his episcopal faculties were withheld.

Other decisions expressed in an encyclical were in the interests of increased discipline. A synod was to be convened yearly by the bishop of Arles, but all important matters were to be submitted to the Apostolic See. No bishop could leave his diocese without a written permission from his metropolitan, with a right of appeal to the Bishop of Arles. Respecting the parishes (paroeciae) claimed by Bishop Leontius of Arles as belonging to his jurisdiction, the Gallican bishops could decide, after an investigation. Church property could not be alienated until a synod had looked into the purpose of the sale.

Shortly after this, the pope found himself involved in another diocesan quarrel. In 463, Mamertus of Vienne had consecrated a bishop of Die, although this Church, by a decree of Leo I, belonged to the metropolitan Diocese of Arles. When Hilarius heard of it, he deputed Leontius of Arles to summon a great synod of the bishops of several provinces to investigate the matter. The synod took place and, on the strength of the report given him by Bishop Antonius, he issued an edict dated 25 February 464 in which Bishop Veranus was commissioned to warn Mamertus that, if in the future he did not refrain from irregular ordinations, his faculties would be withdrawn. Consequently, the consecration of the Bishop of Die would be sanctioned by Leontius of Arles. Thus the primatial privileges of the See of Arles were upheld as Leo I had defined them. At the same time, the bishops were admonished not to overstep their boundaries and to assemble in a yearly synod presided over by the Bishop of Arles. The metropolitan rights of the See of Embrun over the dioceses of the Maritime Alps were protected against the encroachments of a certain Bishop Auxanius, particularly in connection with the two Churches of Nice and Cimiez.

Hilarius gave decisions to the churches of Hispania, which tended to operate outside the papal orbit in the 5th century. Bishop Silvanus of Calahorra had violated the church laws by his episcopal ordinations, and the pope was asked for his decision. Before an answer came to their petition, the same bishops had recourse to the Holy See for an entirely different matter. Before his death, Nundinarius, Bishop of Barcelona, expressed a wish that Irenaeus might be chosen his successor, and he himself had made Irenaeus bishop of another See. The request was granted and the Synod of Tarragona confirmed the nomination of Irenaeus, after which the bishops sought the pope's approval. The Roman synod of 19 November 465, held in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, which decided that Irenaeus, the nominated bishop, should quit the see of Barcelona and return to his former one, while the Spanish bishops were directed to condone the acts of Silvanus. This is the oldest Roman synod whose original records have survived.

Construction projects
Hilarius erected several churches and other buildings in Rome, for which the Liber Pontificalis, the main source for information about Hilarius, praises him. He also erected a chapel of the Holy Cross in the baptistery, convents, two public baths, and libraries near the Basilica of St. Lawrence outside the Walls. He built two oratories in the baptistery of the Lateran, one in honor of John the Baptist, the other of John the Apostle, to whom he attributed his safe escape from the Council of Ephesus, thus satisfying the question as to which saints the Lateran had been dedicated.

Death
Hilarius died on 29 February 468 and was buried in Basilica of St. Lawrence outside the Walls. His feast day is celebrated on 17 November.

See also

 Hilary of Poitiers
 List of Catholic saints
 List of popes
 Pope Saint Hilarius, patron saint archive

References

Bibliography

468 deaths
5th-century archbishops
5th-century Christian saints
5th-century Romans
Burials at San Lorenzo fuori le mura
Sardinian Roman Catholic priests
Italian popes
Saints from Roman Italy
Papal names
Papal saints
People from Sardinia
Popes
Year of birth unknown
5th-century popes

Pope Hilarius


Helmets in cricket were developed in the 20th century.

History
There are recorded instances of cricketers using scarves and padded caps to protect themselves throughout cricket history.  Patsy Hendren was one of the first to use a self-designed protective hat in the 1930s.  Helmets were not in common use until the 1970s.  The first helmets were seen in World Series Cricket, with Dennis Amiss being the first player to consistently wear a helmet which was a customised motorcycle helmet.

Mike Brearley was another player who wore his own design. Tony Greig was of the opinion that they would make cricket more dangerous by encouraging bowlers to bounce the batsmen. Graham Yallop of Australia was the first to wear a protective helmet to a test match on 17 March 1978, when playing against West Indies at Bridgetown. Later Dennis Amiss of England popularised it in Test cricket.
Helmets began to be widely worn thereafter.

The last batsmen at the highest (Test match) level to never wear a helmet throughout his career was Viv Richards, who retired from the international game in 1991. A number of career ending injuries including to Craig Spearman and Craig Kieswetter and research from the England and Wales Cricket Board  led to the current improvements seen in modern day helmets.

Modern day cricket helmets

Modern day cricket helmets are made in compliance with the recent safety standards of the International Cricket Council (ICC) and have to conform to the British Standard BS7928:2013.

Materials used for making cricket helmets are impact resistance materials like ABS Plastic, Fibreglass, carbon fibre, titanium, steel and high density foam etc. Main parts of a cricket helmets are grill (made with steel, titanium or carbon fibre), chin strap, inner foam material, outer impact resistant shell etc.

In 2019 new standards for helmets were published British Standards BS7928:2013+A1:2019  This provided the introduction of standards for neck protectors to be worn as part of the head protector. The development, testing, manufacturer and accredited standard was brought in expediently as an additional safety feature, following the tragic death of the Australian international batsmen Phillip Hughes. Neck protectors are worn as an attachment to modern helmets and grilles and cover a vulnerable area at the base of the skull. As of October 2022, England and Wales Cricket Board mandated the use of the additional neck protectors in all instance of batting and close fielding.

Legislation
As of 2023, the ICC has made wearing Of Helmets a must For High-Risk Positions which are: (a) batting against fast or medium faced bowling; (b) wicket-keeping up to the stumps; and (c) fielding in a position closer than seven metres from the batter's position on the popping crease on a middle stump line (such as short leg or silly point), with the exception of any fielding position behind square of the wicket on the off side.

In all cricket, as of 2016, England requires all batsmen, wicketkeepers and fielders closer than 8 yards from the wicket to wear helmets. This is mandatory even when facing medium-pace and spin bowling.
New Zealand and India do not require batsmen to wear helmets.
Australia requires helmets to be worn by batsmen if facing fast or medium-paced bowling; wicketkeepers if keeping up to the stumps; and all fielders in positions within 7 metres of the batsman, with the exception of any fielding position behind square of the wicket on the off side.

Opposition from players
Many players refused to wear helmets, either believing that they obstructed their vision when batting, or, just as in the similar debate in ice hockey, feeling helmets were unmanly, a view held by many spectators. Englishman Dennis Amiss was the first player to wear a helmet in the modern game, during a World Series Cricket match, for which both the crowd and other players mocked him.  Australian captain Graham Yallop was booed when he wore one in a 1978 match against the West Indies (the first time a helmet was worn in a test match) and West Indian captain Viv Richards viewed such protection as cowardly. India captain Sunil Gavaskar believed that helmets slowed down a batsman's reflexes and refused to wear one.
In more recent times, many batsmen have felt that modern helmet designs have become increasingly obstructive. Most notably, England captain Alastair Cook for a time refused to wear a new helmet complying with ICC safety regulations since he felt it was distracting and uncomfortable. His England teammate Jonathan Trott also refused for similar reasons, and teammate Nick Compton (a close friend of Phillip Hughes) felt that the new regulations were overzealous.

Cricket helmet manufacturers
There are a number of cricket helmet manufacturers and brands available. Some of them are Gunn & Moore, Sanspareils Greenlands, and Sareen Sports Industries.

Many professional cricket players choose to wear the Masuri cricket helmet with the brand being worn by approximately 70% of players competing in the 2019 Cricket World Cup. Masuri are also the original inventors of the first neck protector, an additional piece of protective equipment that attaches to the back of the cricket helmet, when they launched their Stem Guard in 2015.

See also

 Batting helmet for Baseball or Softball

References

Cricket equipment
Helmets

Cricket helmet


A windstorm inspection, also referred to as a windstorm mitigation inspection, windstorm insurance inspection or wind mitigation inspection, is a kind of home inspection common in the coastal areas of the Southeastern United States.  The purpose of a windstorm inspection is to determine the appropriateness of a given structure's construction in the event of strong winds, such as those present in a hurricane.

Windstorm inspections look for construction features that have been shown to reduce losses in hurricanes, such as a hip roof, concrete block construction, the presence of gable end bracing, shutters and opening protections, the presence of roof to wall attachments such as toe nails, clips or hurricane straps, and the presence of a secondary water resistance barrier.

A homeowner with windstorm insurance can often submit the results of a windstorm inspection to their insurer  to obtain discounts on their windstorm insurance.  In Florida, for example, premium discounts for certain favorable wind mitigation features are mandated by State law and can total 45% of the original policy's premium.  In coastal parts of Texas, the State mandates windstorm inspections prior to certifying a new building.

Florida wind mitigation

In Florida, a wind mitigation inspection is performed by a licensed general contractor, building contractor, architect, engineer, building inspector or home inspector.  The information gathered is presented on a standard wind mitigation form, OIR-B1-1802, commonly referred to as the 1802 form. As of Feb 1, 2012, all inspections must have photos showing each feature listed on the wind mitigation form.

The uniform mitigation verification inspection form (commonly referred to as form 1802) created by the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation is divided into 7 sections and is used to verify the presence of windstorm mitigation features on a policyholder's property so the insurer can calculate proper discounts. The form is valid for up to 5 years, provided that no material changes have been made to the structure.

Inspectors will collect the following information during an inspection, the age of the home to determine what building code was in place at the time of construction, the age of the roof, documentation to prove if the roof was installed to any certain building code, the types of roofing materials, the roof deck attachment, roof to wall connection, roof shape, existence of a SWR and the opening protection of the doors and windows.

See also
Hurricane-proof building

References

External links
Florida Office of Insurance Regulation
Building Inspections Adelaide

Insurance in the United States

Windstorm inspection


Hillingdon Court is a Grade II listed mansion in Hillingdon, within the London Borough of Hillingdon. Originally built in 1858 as the family home of the Mills family, the mansion has formed part of the ACS Hillingdon International School since 1978. Much of the remaining grounds came under public ownership in 1928 and have become public parkland and housing.

History

Construction
Sir Charles Mills, partner in the London bank of Glyn, Mills & Co., bought two houses in rural Vine Lane in 1825, following his marriage to Emily Cox, daughter of the banker Richard Henry Cox. The Coxs had a house in Hillingdon. Mills had both houses demolished and the sites combined to allow for the construction of a new mansion. Designed by Philip Charles Hardwick, the mansion was built of white brick and stone between 1854 and 1858. Mills and ten members of his family lived there, with 33 servants.

Sir Charles' son, Charles Mills, 1st Baron Hillingdon, began purchasing surrounding land following his creation as Baron Hillingdon in 1886. His holdings eventually reached , which Baron Hillingdon used for shooting.

Sale

In 1919, the second Baron Hillingdon, also Charles Mills, died and the estate was put up for sale. Part of the estate was purchased by the Uxbridge Urban District on 31 March 1928 and became Hillingdon Court Park. The Roman Catholic order of the Sacred Heart purchased the mansion in 1920 for use as a nursing home for the elderly. While under the ownership of the order, the drawing room was used as a chapel.

During the Second World War, the mansion was damaged in a bombing raid in October 1940. Seven bombs fell on the building and grounds, with one falling directly down the well shaft in the central courtyard. Another penetrated a bedroom wall, waking the resident inside who had been sleeping. The bomb failed to detonate, and the lady is recorded as having told staff it was time she headed to the air raid shelter.

Educational use
Following the end of the war, the house became a convent school for girls, which it remained until 1977. ACS International Schools purchased the mansion the following year and established a new campus school. New buildings adjoining the mansion were built in 1986 incorporating a gymnasium and cafeteria; a new wing was built in 1997.

Many of the original features of the mansion remain and have been restored under the ownership of ACS International Schools. The drawing room was restored to its original appearance when owned by the Mills, and the oak floor in the main reception room has had a protection cover fitted. The dining room has also been returned to its original appearance. A tunnel connecting the mansion to the tradesman's entrance, constructed to stop anyone inside the mansion from seeing tradesmen approaching or leaving, no longer exists.

The eight main rooms including bedrooms and dressing rooms on the middle floor were converted into classrooms for the school, while the basement which included two bedrooms, a coal cellar, wine cellar, gun room and boiler house, was also restored for the school's use.

References
Citations

Bibliography
 Pearce, Ken. (2007) Hillingdon Village. Stroud: Sutton Publishing

External links
 Photograph of Hillingdon Court
 ACS Hillingdon

Houses completed in 1858
Houses in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Hillingdon
History of the London Borough of Hillingdon
History of Middlesex

Hillingdon Court


The Speciethaler was the currency of Schleswig-Holstein until 1866, located in the border region of present day Denmark and Germany.

It was divided into 60 Schilling Courant, each of 12 Pfennig. The Speciethaler was equal to the Danish rigsdaler specie.

Production
From 1842, Danish coins were issued denominated in both rigsbank skilling (the subunit of the rigsdaler specie) and schilling courant, for use in both Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein.

These were supplemented in 1850 and 1851 with 1 Dreiling (3 Pfennig), 1 Sechsling (6 Pfennig) and 1 Schilling pieces, Schleswig-Holstein's last coins. The Prussian Vereinsthaler was introduced following Schleswig-Holstein's incorporation into Prussia.

Currencies of the Kingdom of Denmark
Currencies of Germany
History of Schleswig-Holstein
Modern obsolete currencies
1866 disestablishments in Europe
Duchy of Schleswig

Schleswig-Holstein speciethaler


Kurd Kisshauer (* December 29, 1886 in Berlin; † November 14, 1958 in Frankfurt/Main) was a member of the German society for astronomy. During the Third Reich he was employed at Amt Rosenberg.

Life
Kisshauer (in German also Kißhauer) possessed a doctorate in political science. He soon gained a greater reputation, however, as an amateur astronomer. In 1919, he was charged with selling the equipment of the closed observatory in Bothkamp. In 1922, Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg engaged him for the newly set-up observatory in Wolfersdorf.

Afterwards Kisshauer moved to the near Jena where he worked at Carl Zeiss and wrote first publications on astronomy and projection planetaria designed by Walther Bauersfeld. In 1926, he founded and led the municipal planetarium of Dresden, situated north-west of Großer Garten. Around 1930 Kisshauer moved to Berlin where he lived in the Großsiedlung Siemensstadt.

As a fellow worker of Alfred Rosenberg he was charged during World War II with psychological warfare, distributing specially written horoscopes. Kisshauer was the contact person of Karl Ernst Krafft, collecting and evaluating his material. In 1941, he got deeply involved in Nazi internal conflicts on astrology after the "Hess affair". Moreover, he imposed some influence to prevent followers of Einstein's theory of relativity from getting professorships in theoretical physics.

After war Kisshauer again gave lectures on astronomy, e.g. at Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and in radio broadcasts. Ellic Howe quoted him in his books on astrology in the Third Reich, regretting that it was not possible to interview Kisshauer because of his death some years before.

Works
 Städtisches Planetarium auf dem Ausstellungsgelände. Dr. Güntz'sche Stiftung, Dresden, 1927.
 Der Sternenhimmel im Feldglas. Hesse & Becker, Leipzig, 1928.
 Horoskop und Familie. In: Praktikum für Familienforscher, Vol. 22, Degener & Co., Leipzig, 1932.
 Sternenlauf und Lebensweg: Betrachtungen über Astrologie. Reclam, Leipzig, 1935 and 1941.

Literature

About the astronomer
 Gudrun Wolfschmidt: Astronomisches Mäzenatentum. BoD – Books on Demand, p. 76, 2009
 Felix Lühning: "--eine ausnehmende Zierde und Vortheil": Geschichte der Kieler Universitätssternwarte und ihrer Vorgängerinnen, 1770-1950: zwei Jahrhunderte Arbeit und Forschung zwischen Grenzen und Möglichkeiten. Wachholtz, 2007

About time with Rosenberg
 Ellic Howe: Nostradamus and the Nazis: a footnote to the history of the Third Reich. Arborfield, 1965
 Ellic Howe: Astrology: a recent history including the untold story of its role in World War II. Walker, 1968
 Ellic Howe: Astrology and psychological warfare during World War II., Rider, 1972

Notes

External links
 Kurd Kisshauer in the Open Library

1886 births
1958 deaths
20th-century German astronomers
Nazi Party politicians

Kurd Kisshauer


SF Norge AS is a Norwegian-to-Swedish adult company for film distribution which was established in 1989. The company buys and sells films and distributes them to Norwegian cinemas. On 1 January 2000, SF signed a deal with the American film company  20th Century Fox. SF has also signed distribution deals with other large companies such as New Line Cinema, MGM and Revolution Studios.

In 2004, SF Norge set up its own production company for Norwegian films. They produce local films, and deal with the rights, launch and investment in Norwegian films from external producers.

References

External links
Official site

Mass media companies of Norway
Norwegian companies established in 1989
Film distributors
Mass media companies established in 1989

SF Norge


Ski cross is a skiing competition which incorporates terrain features traditionally found in freestyle skiing with courses which include big-air jumps and high-banked turns. In spite of the fact that it is a timed racing event, it is often considered a type of freestyle skiing. What sets ski cross apart from other alpine skiing disciplines is that it involves more than one skier racing down the course. Any intentional contact with other competitors like grabbing or any other forms of contact meant to give the competitor an advantage leads to disqualification.

Ski cross is a part of the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships, the world championship organized by the FIS for freestyle skiing. First organized in 1986, the world championship is now held every odd year. In 2010 the sport debuted as a part of the Winter Olympic Games and has been contested ever since. It was a part of the Winter X Games until 2012.

Overview
In a time trial or qualification round, every competitor skis down the course, which is built to encompass both naturally occurring terrain and artificial features like jumps, rollers or banks. After the time trial, the fastest 32 skiers (fastest 16 if not 32 competitors) compete in a knockout series in rounds of four. A group of four skiers start simultaneously and attempt to reach the end of the course. The first two to cross the finish line will advance to the next round. At the end, the big final and small final rounds determine 1st to 4th and 5th to 8th places, respectively.

History
The idea for a multi-racer single run with obstacles seems to have been borne at Alyeska Ski Resort in Alaska (USA) during the late 1970s. A group of racers, led by Scott Hunter an employee at Alyeska wanted to take advantage of the mountain's natural bobsled-like gullies and rollers in a race that was a hybrid between a downhill ski race and Motocross. It eventually evolved into a race using up to 5 skiers on the course at the same time, all racing against each other.And racers were allowed to interfere and contact other racers as much as they wished.  As a result, there were typically several falls (and some injuries) from intentional collisions during each run.  Interest waned in the early 1980s due to athletes graduating high school and leaving for college, while other racers concentrated on USSA and FIS sanctioned events.  The last ski cross event on the original "silvertip" track occurred in the early 1980s.

A similar idea originated with Jim "Too Tall" Essick, one of the founders of Recreational Sports Marketing (RSM), in the late 1980s. Essick wanted to bring the excitement of motocross to skiing, in order to make ski races more exciting for spectators. The idea was pitched to several corporations, but none wanted to sponsor the concept at the time. In 1991, a television programme filmed a snowboard cross segment, and the name "boarder cross" was trademarked. Eventually, similar events were staged with skis and, thus, skier cross was born.

FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships
In addition to moguls and aerials, ski cross competitions were added to the International Ski Federation (FIS)'s FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup calendar in 2004.

Winter Olympic Games
Ski cross debuted in the Olympics at the 2010 Winter Olympics where Michael Schmid won the men's event, and Ashleigh McIvor of Canada won the women's event.

In the 2014 Winter Olympics France's Men swept the podium while in the women's event, Canadians Marielle Thompson and Kelsey Serwa finished first and second respectively. Swedish athlete Anna Holmlund took bronze.

In the 2018 Winter Olympics in Korea, Canada continued its domination of the sport. Kelsey Serwa won her second Olympic medal, this time a gold. Canadian teammate Brittany Phelan took home the silver. Swiss skier Fanny Smith won bronze. On the men's side, Brady Leman got redemption after crashing in the final at Sochi by winning gold in Korea. Swiss athlete Marc Bischofberger won silver and Russian Sergey Ridzik won bronze (competing under the Olympic Flag).

Winter X Games

Ski cross was in the first fifteen Winter X Games, an event which features extreme sports, and was in all Winter X Games until the 2012 Winter X Games. Ski cross, boardercross, and mono ski cross were cut from the 2013 Winter X Games due to the cost of building the cross course.

See also
List of Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
List of Olympic venues in freestyle skiing
Snowboard cross
Ice cross downhill

References

External links

AP Winter Games Video: Ralves, Puckett Debut Skicross at Games
AP Winter Games Video, Sports Explainer: Ski Cross
 CanWest News Service: "Ski Cross glossary" - 2010 Winter Games

Freestyle skiing
Types of skiing
Snow sports

Ski cross


The Godfather is a crime novel by American author Mario Puzo. Originally published in 1969 by G. P. Putnam's Sons, the novel details the story of a fictional Mafia family in New York City (and Long Island), headed by Vito Corleone, the Godfather. The novel covers the years 1945 to 1955 and includes the back story of Vito Corleone from early childhood to adulthood.

The first in a series of novels, The Godfather is noteworthy for introducing Italian words like consigliere, caporegime, Cosa Nostra, and omertà to an English-speaking audience. It inspired a 1972 film of the same name. Two film sequels, including new contributions by Puzo himself, were made in 1974 and 1990.

Summary
The Corleone family, one of the Five Families of the New York Mafia, fights the other four families in a brutal war in the years after World War II. After Don Vito Corleone is shot by men working for drug kingpin Virgil "The Turk" Sollozzo, two of Corleone's sons, Santino (Sonny) and Michael, must run the family business with the help of consigliere Tom Hagen and the family's two trusted caporegimes, Peter Clemenza and Salvatore Tessio. When Michael murders Sollozzo and his bodyguard, corrupt NYPD Captain Mark McCluskey, while meeting with them in a restaurant, the conflict escalates into a full-scale war which results in Sonny's murder. Michael must return from hiding in Sicily to assume control of the family as the new Don. Under his retired father's tutelage, Michael orchestrates a plan to exact revenge, while relocating the Corleone family's power base to Las Vegas in order to further his goal of legitimizing the family and getting them out of organized crime. This encompasses the murder of all of the Corleone family's enemies, including Michael's brother-in-law Carlo Rizzi, who played a part in Sonny's murder. After selling all of the family's remaining businesses in New York, the Corleones permanently move to Las Vegas.

Main characters
The Corleone family patriarch is Vito Corleone (the Don), whose surname represents the Sicilian town of his birth, Corleone. His birth name is Vittorio Andolini, but after immigrating to the United States following the deaths of his parents and brother, he changed it to the name of his home village as one of his few acts of sentimentality. Vito fathered four children: Sonny Corleone, Fredo Corleone, Michael Corleone, and Connie Corleone. He also has an informally adopted Irish son, Tom Hagen, who became the Corleone family's consigliere (counselor). Vito Corleone is also godfather to the famous singer and movie star Johnny Fontane. The godfather referred to in the title is Vito, but the story's main character becomes Michael. The novel's central storyline details Michael's destiny to succeed his father as the head of the family empire, despite his desire to lead an Americanized life with his girlfriend (and eventual wife) Kay Adams.

The Corleone family is a criminal organization with national influence, notably protection, gambling, and union racketeering. Serving as the Don's underboss is his oldest son, Sonny. The operational side of the organization is headed by two caporegimes, Peter Clemenza and Salvatore Tessio. Other significant members of the organization include Connie's abusive husband Carlo Rizzi and enforcers Luca Brasi and Al Neri.

Reception

In The New York Times, Roger Jellinek wrote that the book was "bound to be hugely successful, and not simply because the Mafia is in the news. Mr. Puzo's novel is a voyeur's dream, a skillful fantasy of violent personal power without consequences. The victims of the Corleone 'family' are hoods, or corrupt cops – nobody you or I would actually want to know. Just business, as Don Vito would say, not personal. You never glimpse regular people in the book, let alone meet them, so there is no opportunity to sympathize with anyone but the old patriarch, as he makes the world safe for his beloved 'family.'" The novel remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 67 weeks and sold over nine million copies in two years.

Film adaptation

The 1972 film adaptation of the novel was released with Marlon Brando as Don Vito Corleone and Al Pacino as Michael Corleone, directed by Francis Ford Coppola. Mario Puzo assisted with both the writing of the screenplay and other production tasks. The film grossed approximately $269 million worldwide and won various awards, including three Academy Awards, five Golden Globes and one Grammy. The film is considered to be tremendously significant in cinematic history. The sequel, The Godfather Part II won six Oscars, and became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

The film's plot follows the novel except for such details as backstories of some characters that are excluded, although they were filmed. Some of this footage was included in later re-edited versions such as, "The Godfather Saga." The subplot involving Johnny Fontane in Hollywood was not filmed. The most significant deviation of the film from the novel was that the latter had a more positive ending than the film in which Kay Corleone accepts Michael's decision to take over his father's business. The film ends with Kay's realization of Michael's callousness, a theme that would develop in the second and third films, which are largely not based on the original novel. Vito Corleone's backstory appeared in the second film, with his character portrayed by Robert De Niro.

Sequels
In 1984, Puzo's literary sequel to The Godfather was published. Titled The Sicilian, it chronicles the life of "Giuliano" (Salvatore Giuliano) but the Corleone family is featured heavily throughout, Michael Corleone in particular. Chronologically this story sits between Michael's exile to Sicily in 1950 and his return to the United States. For copyright reasons, the Corleone family involvement was cut from the Michael Cimino film adaptation, which is not considered part of the Godfather film series.

In 2004, Random House published a sequel to Puzo's The Godfather, The Godfather Returns, by Mark Winegardner. A further sequel by Winegardner, The Godfather's Revenge, was released in 2006. These novels continue the story from Puzo's novel.

The Godfather Returns picks up the story immediately after the end of Puzo's The Godfather. It covers the years 1955 to 1962, as well as providing significant backstory for Michael Corleone's character prior to the events of the first novel. The events of the film The Godfather Part II all take place within the timeframe of this novel, but are only mentioned in the background. The novel contains an appendix that attempts to correlate the events of the novels with the events of the films.

The Godfather's Revenge covers the years 1963 to 1964.

Continuing Puzo's habit, as seen in The Godfather, of featuring characters who are close analogs of real-life events and public figures (as Johnny Fontane is an analog of Frank Sinatra), Winegardner features in his two Godfather novels analogs of Joseph, John F. and Robert F. Kennedy, as well as alleged organized crime figure Carlos Marcello (Carlo Tramonti). In The Godfather Returns, Winegardner also dramatizes the sweep of organized crime arrests that took place in Apalachin, New York, in 1957.

Winegardner uses all of the characters from the Puzo novels and created a few of his own, most notably Nick Geraci, a Corleone soldier who plays a pivotal role in the sequel novels. Winegardner further develops characters from the original novel, such as Fredo Corleone, Tom Hagen, and Johnny Fontane.

In 2012, a prequel based on an unproduced screenplay by Mario Puzo titled The Family Corleone, was written by Ed Falco. It tells the story of how Vito Corleone rises to Don and how Sonny Corleone and Tom Hagen enter the family business.

Literary references
The Corleone family closely resembles the Karamazov family in The Brothers Karamazov: a powerful father, an impulsive oldest son, a philosophical son, a sweet-tempered son, and an adopted stepson who is maintained as an employee. Honoré de Balzac's novel Le Père Goriot (1835) has been the inspiration for notable lines that have gained wide popularity in cinema history. Similarly, Puzo opened his 1969 novel with an epigraph popularly attributed to Balzac:  "Behind every great fortune there is a crime." The saying is most likely evolved over time from Balzac's original text: "The secret of a great success for which you are at a loss to account is a crime that has never been found out because it was properly executed."

"I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse" was included in both the original Puzo novel and in the film adaptation. It is the second-ranking cinematic quote included in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes (2005) by the American Film Institute. Its origin may be from the same work to which Balzac is credited with the opening epigraph. Balzac wrote of Vautrin telling Eugene: "In that case, I will make you an offer that no one would decline."

Real-life influences
Large parts of the novel are based upon reality, notably the history of the  "Five Families", the Mafia organization in New York and the surrounding area. The novel also includes many allusions to real-life mobsters and their associates. For example, Johnny Fontane is based on Frank Sinatra, and Moe Greene on Bugsy Siegel. In addition, the character of Vito Corleone was a composite of real-life organized crime bosses Frank Costello and Carlo Gambino.

Notes and references

External links
 The Official Mario Puzo's Library entry for The Godfather
 20th-Century American Bestsellers's Entry for The Godfather

1969 American novels
The Godfather novels
Novels by Mario Puzo
G. P. Putnam's Sons books
American novels adapted into films
Novels set in the 1940s
Novels set in the 1950s
Cultural depictions of the Mafia
Third-person narrative novels
Novels set in New York City

The Godfather (novel)