The phrase Shirt of Flame refers either to a specific form of the poison dress trope in folklore, or to a particular type of clothing given to people about to face burning at the stake.

Pre-Christian, non-Christian, and magical usage

Greek mythology

Glauce and Medea
Creusa (daughter of Creon) drew the attentions and favor of the hero Jason, and in revenge the sorceress Medea gave her a shirt or dress to wear, which Medea had cursed to stick to her body and burn her to death.
They [Jason and Medea] went to Corinth, and lived there happily for ten years, till Creon, king of Corinth, betrothed his daughter Glauce to Jason, who married her and divorced Medea. But she invoked the gods by whom Jason had sworn, and after often upbraiding him with his ingratitude she sent the bride a robe steeped in poison, which when Glauce had put on, she was consumed with fierce fire along with her father, who went to her rescue.

Heracles

Heracles, who was both a hero and god, was killed by the Shirt of Nessus, which was also a Shirt of Fire. Heracles used an arrow poisoned with the blood of a Lernaean Hydra to kill the Centaur Nessus. As he lay dying, Nessus told the wife of Heracles, Deianeira, that a shirt stained with his blood would insure the faithfulness of her husband. She gave the shirt, a chiton, to Heracles, and when he put it on, the poisoned shirt began to burn him so much, that he made his own funeral pyre and leaped upon it.

Arthurian legend
According to legend, a cursed mantle was among the items used by Morgan Le Fey to attempt to kill King Arthur.
The next morning there arrived a damsel at the Court with a message from Morgan le Fay, saying that she had sent the King her brother a rich mantle for a gift, covered with precious stones, and begged him to receive it and to forgive her in whatever she might have offended him. The King answered little, but the mantle pleased him, and he was about to throw it over his shoulders when the lady of the lake stepped forward, and begged that she might speak to him in private. 'What is it?' asked the King. 'Say on here, and fear nothing.' 'Sir,' said the lady, 'do not put on this mantle, or suffer your Knights to put it on, till the bringer of it has worn it in your presence.' 'Your words are wise,' answered the King, 'I will do as you counsel me. Damsel, I desire you to put on this mantle that you have brought me, so that I may see it.' 'Sir,' said she, 'it does not become me to wear a King's garment.' 'By my head,' cried Arthur, 'you shall wear it before I put it on my back, or on the back of any of my Knights,' and he signed to them to put it on her, and she fell down dead, burnt to ashes by the enchanted mantle. Then the King was filled with anger, more than he was before, that his sister should have dealt so wickedly by him.

Christian usage

Roman martyrs

During the Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, many early Christians were executed by being doused with tar, pitch and oil, and set alight in Rome. According to Tacitus, the Roman Emperor Nero used Christians as human torches. As such, they martyrs wore the metaphorical "Shirt of Flame" as they were consumed.
Often they were stripped and forced to wear a Tunica molesta or "annoying shirt" that was impregnated with oil, that was also a "Shirt of Flame". "The tunica molesta, or flaming shirt, was commonly used to execute criminals in ancient Greece and Rome."

Roman Catholic

In Roman Catholic countries such as France, Italy and Spain, heretics after their trial were confined until the execution. The shirt of flame in the auto-da-fe under the Inquisition also was worn at different times through the centuries. Often the outfit for those to be burned were funny hats, and a shirt or tabard with flames, and sometimes imps and demons, sewn upon them. These images were used to terrify the convicted heretics, as well to subject them to ridicule and abuse as they were paraded to the place of execution.

In Spain, special clothing such as the sanbenito was worn as part of their penance. Often made of yellow or faded sackcloth, these shirts used special symbols, including the Cross of Saint Andrew, for the convicted. The humiliation of the shirt of flame outfit was part of the punishment, and also was used to warn others of the penalties of nonconformity in faith, speech and practice.

Protestantism

Protestant martyrs in England
Under the De heretico comburendo of 1401, heretics in England would be executed by burning at the stake. Many Protestants were later sentenced to "death by burning" in 16th-century England because of their faith. A number of them were ministers to small congregations, who were arrested and tried for heresy. Sometimes, they were given a special "Shirt of Flame" to wear under their clothes. Then, just before their execution, they were stripped to their underclothes, which would be this special shirt.

When he was sentenced to death by burning, John Bradford was give a special shirt by a Mrs. Marlet, for whom he had previously written a devotional work. This was a clean shirt that was sewn specifically for the burning, made in the style of a wedding shirt. "This clothing with a new shirt to wear at the stake became a common feature at the burnings, a way of signaling support for and honouring the victim, as though he were being dressed as a bridegroom for a wedding." Also, the ceremonial donning of the shirt of flame could be seen as similar to the priest donning his vestments, thus subverting Catholic ritual. "...and so the martyr might pray over and kiss the shirt before putting it on... underlining their oneness with Christ and the fact they were willing to die..."

Biblical references
The white gown or Shirt of Flame used by Protestant martyrs was modeled in part on the long white garments worn by the martyrs "of the great tribulation" in heaven, as mentioned in chapter seven of the Bible's Book of Revelation. "9 After this I beheld, and, lo, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands... 13 And one of the elders answered, saying unto me, What are these which are arrayed in white robes? and whence came they? 14 And I said unto him, Sir, thou knowest. And he said to me, These are they which came out of great tribulation, and have washed their robes, and made them white in the blood of the Lamb."

In popular culture
Oscar Wilde, in his letter "De Profundis," written from prison, writes: "The martyr in his shirt of flame may be looking on the face of God, but to him who is piling the faggots or loosening the logs for the blast the whole scene is no more than the slaying of an ox is to the butcher, or the felling of a tree is to the charcoal burner in the forest, or the fall of a flower to one who is mowing down the grass with a scythe."

T. S. Eliot, after his conversion to Anglicanism, wrote in "Little Gidding" (one of his Four Quartets): "Love is the unfamiliar Name / Behind the hands that wove / The intolerable shirt of flame / Which human power cannot remove."

References

Shirts
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
Protestant martyrs of England
Textiles in folklore

Shirt of Flame


Idyla ze staré Prahy ("Old Prague Idyll") is a 1918 Bohemian/Czech romantic drama film, which was directed by architect, producer and amateur director Max Urban. The film was made in 1913 but released in 1918, which was near the end of the World War I and six weeks before the creation of Czechoslovakia.  The film is now lost, so the plot and runtime aren't known. The main role was played by Anna Sedláčková, the director's wife.

In history of Czech cinema, this film is renowned for one other feature: the movie poster (by Josef Wenig, 1918) is the oldest extant poster of Czech origin.

Cast
 Karel Váňa as Gardener
 Anna Sedláčková
 Miloš Vávra
 Lída Sudová
 Zdenka Rydlová-Kvapilová
 Alois Sedláček

Notes

External links

1918 drama films
1918 films
Austrian black-and-white films
Hungarian black-and-white films
Austro-Hungarian films
Czech silent films
Hungarian silent films
Hungarian drama films
Czech drama films
Czech black-and-white films
Silent drama films
Lost Czech films

Idyla ze staré Prahy


Yveta Synek Graff (November 18, 1933, Prague, Czechoslovakia — November 6, 2015, Montecito, California)  was a vocal and language coach and writer who helped popularize the performances of Czech operas internationally during the last quarter of the 20th century and early 21st century. Considered one of the world's leading authorities on Czech operas, she was described by The New York Times as the "secret weapon of Czech opera's velvet revolution". She was widely admired for her translations of Czech operas into English which were utilized in performances by companies like the Metropolitan Opera and the Lyric Opera of Chicago. She also coached artists for performances in Czech; including working on productions for the Glyndebourne Festival Opera, the Los Angeles Opera, the New York City Opera, the San Francisco Opera, and The Royal Opera in London among others.

References

1933 births
2015 deaths
Czech opera singers
Czech women writers
Vocal coaches

Yveta Synek Graff


In Islam, the Devil is known as Iblīs (Arabic: إبليس), Shayṭān, (Arabic: شيطان, plural: شياطين shayāṭīn) or Shaitan.
His primary activity is to incite humans to commit evil and lead the wrong path through deception. which is referred to as "whispering into the hearts".
The Quran mentions that there is not only one, but many satans. Satans are the assistants of those who disbelieve in God: "We have made the evil ones friends to those without faith."

Muhammad said that every man has his own satan. Some satans are attached to bad people and makes them evil. A satan runs in the blood of human beings. Another satan makes people forgetful or tries to interupt prayers to God.

Thes satans are actually human weakness. They call towards evil things, and influence human's mind. When a human dies, Iblis sometimes sends a satan as a last attempt to make him an unbeliever. This satan is sent to make the dying person disbelieving in God.

Islam

Devil (Islam)


Browning-Ferris Industries was a North American waste management company that was bought out in 1999.

History
BFI was founded in Houston, Texas. The company was initially known as American Refuse Systems, and it opened its first landfill in 1968. The company soon became the first waste hauler on the New York Stock Exchange, after purchasing the Browning-Ferris Machinery Company, and changing their name to Browning-Ferris Industries. BFI was an early competitor to Waste Management, Inc. BFI and Waste Management both began to buy the locally owned companies and create national brands. Many of these companies had failed in the early 1970s after failing to adapt to new environmental regulations.

By 1988, BFI was the second largest publicly company in the waste management industry, serving more than 4.5 million residential customers. By 1992, it had 26,000 employees, operated in ten countries, and reported sales of 3 billion dollars. The company owned more than 90 landfills.

In 1980, a manager at BFI in Burlington, Vermont started a rival waste collection company, Kelco Disposal. As Kelco found success, in 1982, BFI started a campaign of anti-competitive predatory pricing with the purpose of putting Kelco out of business. In 1984, Kelco sued BFI to stop this activity. The US federal courts agreed with Kelco, and ordered BFI to pay penalties of more than 6 million dollars. BFI appealed the cases, claiming that the decision violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of excessive bail, an argument that was rejected by the Supreme Court when it upheld the fine.

In 1997, some local units of BFI were sold to Superior Services, Waste Management, Inc., and Waste Connections, Inc. The remainder of the company was sold to Allied Industries (later Allied Waste Industries), together with private equity firms The Blackstone Group and Apollo Management, in 1999. In 2008, Allied Waste was acquired by Republic Services Group based in Florida.

BFI had its headquarters in the Eldridge Place 1 and 2 buildings in the Energy Corridor area of Houston, Texas.

Services
At its founding in 1967, the company began by collecting residential waste in the suburbs of Houston. By 1968, it had expanded into commercial and light industrial markets, and opened its first landfill. The company entered the recycling business in 1970, processing waste fibers and waste paper. From 1983 to 1990, it also processed toxic waste, such as chemical wastes and asbestos. The company processed medical waste in the 1990s.

See also
 Hal Bernson, Los Angeles City Council member who sued Browning-Ferris for libel in 1992

References

External links
 Browning-Ferris Industries (Archive)

Waste management companies of the United States
Companies based in Houston
1999 mergers and acquisitions

Browning-Ferris Industries


ASV Atletics is a Dutch athletics club based in Nijverdal in the province of Overijssel. It was established in 1986. It has ±260 members. AV Atletics is affiliated to the Netherlands Athletics Federation.

History
Since 1984, there is an organised group of runners in the community of Hellendoorn. In the beginning of 1985, this group decided to found AV Atletics.

Accommodation

Since November, 1997 AV Atletics is situated at their current location, in the middle of a nature reserve called De Groene Mal in the north of Nijverdal.

Events
Each year, on the last Saturday in October, the Diepe Hel Holterbergloop (Diepe Hel Holterberg Run) is held by AV Atletics. The Diepe Hel Holterbergloop is one of the most beautiful and most exciting running events in The Netherlands.

In 2010 and 2011, AV Atletics is organizing the Dutch Cross Country Championships.

1986 establishments in the Netherlands
Sports clubs and teams established in 1986
Sports clubs and teams in Hellendoorn

AV Atletics Nijverdal


Novo-Diveevo Convent (it is often spelled as Novo-Diveyevo, Novo-Diveievo or Novodiveevo,  - "New Diveyevo") is a female monastic community in Nanuet, Rockland County, New York in the United States, that was founded in 1949. It is under the auspices of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. It is also called the Stavropighial Convent of the Holy Dormition. Locally and officially it is simply called The Russian Orthodox Convent.

Cemetery

The Convent is home to one of the largest Russian Orthodox Christian Cemeteries in the United States.
There are over 8,000 graves divided into 5 areas.

 A monument is placed in remembrance for the Russian Liberation Army who fought in World War II against the Soviet Union.
 Prince Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia, second cousin of the last Russian Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
 Princess Vera Constantinovna of Russia, second cousin of the last Russian Tsar.
 Pavel Bermondt-Avalov, General in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and in the White Army during the Russian Civil War.
 Tetos Demetriades, a Greek vinyl record pioneer.
 Andrey Dikiy, a famous Russian Historian and documentalist, who also fought with the White Russian Army.
 Roman Gul, a Russian émigré writer who was prominent in the White Movement.
 Vsevolod K. Gurevich, artist and cartoonist.
 Michael Karpovich, a Russian-American historian of Russia and is remembered as one of the fathers of Slavic Studies in America.
 Margarita Khitrovo, a friend and companion of Tsar Nicholas and Alexandra's daughter Olga.
 Vasily Konovalenko, Russian sculptor, known for his gem carvings
 Boris Koverda, known for the assassination of Pyotr Voykov in Poland.
 Maria Kurenko, notable Metropolitan Opera House singer.
 Plato Malozemoff, chairman and chief executive of the Newmont Mining Corporation.
 Gregory V. Mesniayev (Mesniaeff), noted White Russian author, literary critic, and publicist. Past President of the Pushkin Society in America.
 Sofia Panina, the Vice Minister of State Welfare and Vice Minister of Education in the Russian Provisional Government following the February Revolution (overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution).
 Igor Pantuhoff, famous artist and painter, known for his light-hearted style.
 Alexander Rodzyanko was one of leaders of the White movement in Russia. Member of the elite Chevalier Guard regiment. He was a great promoter of equestrian sport in the United States, participated at the Olympic games in Stockholm in 1912 with the Russian jumping team.
 Anatoly Rogozhin, officer in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and in the White Army during the Russian Civil War.
 Alexander Siloti, a Russian pianist, conductor and composer.
 Seraphim Slobodskoy, was a priest who is noted for creating educational books of Orthodox youth, Law of God.
 Olga Spessivtseva, Russian Ballerina.
 Nicholas Teliatnikow, a photo journalist who was known to record White emigre activity.
 Alexandra Tolstaya, the daughter of the writer and founder of the Tolstoy Foundation.
 Ilya Andreyevich Tolstoy, was President F.D. Roosevelt's envoy in Tibet. He was one of the founders of Marineland of Florida, of the Bahamas National Trust.
 Michael Alexandrovich Verbov, Russian artist, remembered as the portrait painter of famous kings and U.S. presidents.
 Elena Wrangel, daughter of Baron Pyotr Wrangel.
 Vladimir Yourkevitch, was a Russian naval engineer, developer of the modern design of ship hulls, and designer of the famous ocean liner SS Normandie.
 Irina Lomasney, born Chavchavadze, served in the Canadian Navy in WWII, worked for the Tolstoy Foundation in 1970s. She was born in Yalta in 1920, died in Montreal on February 10, 2015. Buried on February 16, 2015.

Adult Home
An Adult Home, which is called the Old Peoples Home (OPH), is also operated by the convent. It houses a 76-bed facility.

Abbots
The head of the Convent is Abbess Makaria.

Gallery

External links
"Russian Orthodox Convent Novo-Diveevo"
"Novo Diveevo: Lest We Forget"
 Novo-Diveevo on Facebook
"Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia"
"Обитель преподобного Серафима"

"White Russian Army"
"Find A Grave"

References

Russian Orthodox monasteries in the United States
Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Churches in Rockland County, New York
Christian organizations established in 1949
Russian-American culture in New York (state)
1949 establishments in New York (state)

Novo-Diveevo


De Jonge is a Dutch surname meaning the younger. People with this surname include::

Bonifacius de Jonge (1567-1625), Grand Pensionary of Zeeland
Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge (1875–1954), Dutch politician
Brendon de Jonge (born 1980), Zimbabwean golfer
Constantin Ranst de Jonge (1635–1714), Dutch whaler
Cornelis Matelief de Jonge (1569–1632), Dutch admiral
Freek de Jonge (born 1944), Dutch cabaret performer
Hugo de Jonge (born 1977), Dutch politician
Jan de Jonge (born 1963), Dutch footballer
Jan Martszen de Jonge (1609–1647) Dutch painter
 (1828–1880), Dutch historian, museum curator, and draftsman
Johannes Cornelis de Jonge (1793–1853), Dutch politician and historian
Laura de Jonge (born 1960), Canadian filmmaker
Maarten de Jonge (born 1985), Dutch racing cyclist
Marc de Jonge (1949-1996), French actor
Mark de Jonge (born 1984), Canadian canoeist
Olivia DeJonge (born 1998), Australian actress
Peter de Jonge (born 1954), American writer
Saskia de Jonge (born 1986), Dutch swimmer

Often "de Jonge" is not part of the surname, but like "junior" indicates that the person's father had the same name. Some examples of these are:
Constantin Ranst de Jonge (1635–1714), Dutch East India Company trader
Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge (1628-1679), Dutch admiral
Jan Jansz de Jonge Stampioen (1610-1690), Dutch mathematician
Ryklof van Goens de jonge (1642-1687), Governor of Dutch Ceylon
Willem van de Velde, de Jonge (1633-1707), Dutch marine painter

See also
De Jong (disambiguation)
De Jongh
Jong (disambiguation)

Dutch-language surnames
Surnames from nicknames

De Jonge


MusicfestNW (MFNW) was a multi-venue music festival that took place every fall in Portland, Oregon from 2001 to 2018. In 2014 the format of the festival changed to a two-day waterfront music festival. The festival was organized by the alternative weekly Willamette Week. Its sister festival, TechfestNW (TFNW), ran from 2012 to 2021.

History
In 1995, the creators of the South by Southwest festival partnered with the Willamette Week to create the North by Northwest Music Festival. In 2001, Willamette Week ended their sponsorship of NXNW, and started MusicfestNW in its place.

At its height, MFNW was the third largest indoor music festival in the United States, with more than 150 bands across 18 of Portland's most popular music venues. The main festival stages included the Crystal Ballroom, Roseland Theater and Doug Fir.

In 2009, MFNW was rated by Time as one of 50 Authentic American Experiences of 2009.

References

External links
 MusicfestNW website
 CNN Fortune Tech May Have Found Its Next SXSW
 Brooklyn Vegan MFNW 2011 Day 4
 Oregon Live MFNW Overview 2011

Festivals in Portland, Oregon
Music festivals in Oregon
2001 establishments in Oregon
Music festivals established in 2001
Annual events in Portland, Oregon

MusicfestNW


The F-4 Object (publicly often known as the Rákosi-bunker, ) is a formerly secret nuclear shelter under the downtown of Budapest. It is located 45-50 metres below the surface, several kilometres long approximately in a "H" shape between Kossuth tér and Szabadság tér. It has a direct connection to the Line 2 of the Budapest Metro and a closed tunnel to the Hungarian Parliament Building. According to other sources, the bunker has a connection with the former headquarters of the Hungarian Working People's Party (located over the structure), and there is no tunnel to the Parliament Building.

History
Its construction began in 1952 parallel with the metro. Its goal was to provide shelter to Mátyás Rákosi and the Central Committee members of the Hungarian Working People's Party in case of a possible nuclear raid, as well as to provide space for offices of the Parliament. When the danger is over, they were supposed to take the metro to Eastern railway station and then change to an armoured train. It was made technologically similarly to a metro (it resembles metro stations and tunnels), so the workers were informed they were building the metro. According to rumours, hundreds of prisoners worked at the construction, while in fact this work was done by miners.

The object, suitable to accommodate 2,200 people, with an area of 3,500–3,800 square metres, was completed in 1962 or 1963. It was equipped with an air filtering mechanism with a capacity of 4,000 cubic metres, appropriate to filter out radioactive dust. A water reservoir of 150 cubic metres and a generator was also installed, capable of producing 30 kW of electricity. An emergency exit was created next to the Hungarian Television headquarters, also serving for ventilation. The object, resembling a labyrinth, houses a separate council hall, intended for the leaders of the country to debate the current tasks. Though never used, it was kept at the ready until the mid-1970s.

The shelter was revealed to the public in the 1994 documentary film titled Pincebörtön (Cellar Prison) by Zoltán Dézsi.

Present state
Its status has considerably degraded. However, the ventilator, the generator, and the other technical appliances work properly, they are maintained regularly and checked every week. Former furniture and equipment were carried away as early as during the détente of the Cold War. Since then, it has been completely empty and unused. It is owned by the state and controlled by the BKV (Budapest Transport Company). It is visited by BKV's maintenance personnel every week, and its technical appliances are checked for functioning.

The entrance of the shelter is available from the inner courtyard of a Classicistic block of flats in Lipótváros (Steindl Imre utca 12.), this is where the high concrete cylinder can be found from which it is possible to reach the shelter by an elevator or by stairs – there are 283 stairs leading down to the depth. This courtyard can be accessed through the iron gate in the courtyard of the house on the opposite side (Zoltán utca 13.). Earlier, it was qualified as a strategically strictly confidential object of civil defence. Its visit was strictly regulated, and it was only to be seen after signing a statement of secrecy.

One of the entrances to the shelter was pulled down in 2009. The total number of entrances and tunnels is unknown.

Gallery

References

External links
 The F4 object (video report)
 Bejutottunk a BKV titkos parlamenti óvóhelyére FigyelőNet, 2007. November 16. 07:00
 A rejtélyes F4-es objektum 168 Óra Online, 2008. április 24. 15:11
 Máig rejtegetik Rákosi szupertitkos bunkerét (Index)
 Rákosi bunkere a Kossuth téren (Origo)
 Ma is titkos Rákosi belvárosi atombunkere (FigyelőNet)
 Talpunk alatt egy atombunker (Reggel.hu)
 Titkos Rákosi-bunker Budapesten, 15 emelet mélységben! (Stop.hu)
 Történelemóra Rákosi Mátyás titkos bunkerében (Múlt-kor)

Hungarian People's Republic
Belváros-Lipótváros
Buildings and structures in Budapest
Budapest Metro
History of Budapest
Continuity of government
Government of Hungary
Nuclear bunkers in Europe

F-4 Object


Wesselsbron (WSL) virus  is an arthropod-borne virus in the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae that causes Wesselsbron disease  in cattle, sheep, goats, camels, pigs, donkeys, horses, ostriches, and wild ruminants with occasional incidental spillover to humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes in the genus Aedes including A. caballus and A. circumluteolus.

History
The first known outbreak was reported in 1955 on a sheep farm in the town of Wesselsbrons in Orange Free State Province, South Africa after an increase of lamb deaths and ewe abortions.  Since the flock had been vaccinated 2 weeks before for protection against the Rift Valley virus, the possibility of a "new" disease was not put into consideration; the vaccine was assumed to be the culprit. Although they both share similarities, the WSL virus was isolated as distinct from the Rift Valley virus after the examination of a dead lamb's liver and brain.

Geographical Distribution
Since 1955, WSL virus has been found in animals and mosquitos from Zimbabwe, Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Senegal, Cameroon, and Ivory Coast. Serologic evidence has also shown the virus to be present in Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, Angola, and Madagascar.  Outside of Africa, WSL virus has been found in Thailand.

Effect on Sheep
Although it can infect a wide variety of animals, WSL virus is most commonly found in sheep.
In newborn lambs, death may occur within 72 hours following an incubation period of 1–3 days. Signs of illness, which include but are not limited to fever, anorexia, listlessness, weakness, and increased respiration, can often go undetected because they are not specific to any disease. Pregnant ewes generally suffer from abortions, but rams and non-pregnant ewes usually only develop a fever. There is no specific treatment for the virus, but sheep can be immunized with an attenuated vaccine that lasts a lifetime.

Human Cases
Most documented human infections have been acquired by field workers bitten by mosquitoes or in the laboratory. Person-to-Person transmission of the virus has yet to be reported, so it is not considered to be contagious in humans. The WSL virus has an incubation period of 2–4 days before leading to a sudden onset of a generally mild, acute phase that includes fever, rigors, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and impaired vision.

References

External links

Bovine diseases
Flaviviruses
Sheep and goat diseases

Wesselsbron virus


The Couvent Saint-Jacques, Grand couvent des Jacobins or Couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Jacques was a Dominican monastery on rue Saint-Jacques in Paris, France. Its complex was between what are now rue Soufflot and rue Cujas. Its teaching activities were the origin of the collège des Jacobins, a college of the historic University of Paris.

History

The Dominican order established a base in Paris in 1217 in a house near Notre-Dame.<ref>Antony Béraud, Pierre-Joseph-Spiridion Dufey, Dictionnarie historique de Paris', 566.  https://books.google.com/books?id=yW4sAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA366  Accessed 2-20-2013</ref>  In 1218 Jean Barastre (also known as Jean de Saint-Quentin, theology professor and doctor to Philip II of France) gave the order a house with a chapel near the city walls. This chapel was the chapel of a pilgrims' hospice - dedicated to Saint James the Great, it gave its name to rue Saint-Jacques and to the French Dominicans, who became known as the 'Jacobins' after their main monastery.

Major benefactions from Louis IX of France allowed the order to complete its church and build a dormitory and schools. In 1245, the Talmud was translated into Latin by the Jacobins. Although limited by the city wall and in competition with the other great monastery-college in Paris, the Cordeliers, the Dominicans expanded up to the wall of Philip II Augustus thanks to Louis XII of France.

A wealthy merchant named Hennequin gave the order a gift in 1556 which enabled it to rebuild its cloister. Its study room, known as the Écoles Saint-Thomas, was also rebuilt in 1563. A few years before the French Revolution this room was used for services, since the church was closed and in disrepair. The monastery was suppressed in 1790 and its buildings demolished between 1800 and 1849.

 Burials

The monastery church housed many notable tombs.

 Royal and princely tombs
Charles, Count of Valois, son of Philip III of France, founder of the house of Valois,
Charles II, Count of Alençon, son of the former,
Maria de La Cerda y Lara, second wife of the former,
Agnes, seventh daughter of John II of France,
Louis, Count of Évreux, son of Philip III of France,
Margaret of Artois, wife of the former,
Robert, Count of Clermont, son of Louis IX of France, founder of the house of Bourbon,
Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, son of the former,
Margaret of Clermont, sister of the former, wife of margrave John I, Marquis of Namur
Peter I, Duke of Bourbon, son of Louis I
Louis, younger son of Louis II, Duke of Bourbon,
Beatrice of Bourbon, daughter of Louis I, wife of Jean de Luxembourg then of Eudes II de Grancey,
Anne de Bourbon, Countess of Montpensier
Philip of Artois, elder son of Robert II, Count of Artois,
Blanche of Brittany, wife of the former,
Gaston I, Count of Foix,
Clementia of Hungary, second wife of Louis X of France,
the hearts of:
Philip III of France
Peter, fifth son of Louis IX,
Charles IV of France,
Philip III of Navarre, son of Louis, Count of Évreux,
Joan II of Navarre, daughter of Louis X of France,
Charles I of Sicily, brother of Louis IX.
the guts of
king Philip V of France
Philip VI of France.

 Other tombs
Humbert II, last Dauphin de Viennois,
cardinal Gui de Malsec,
Nicolas Coeffeteau and Noël Alexandre, Dominicans
Peter Paludanus, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
Agnès d'Orchies, Jeanne La Bricharde and Jeanne Roumaine, all three generals perpetual of the Béguines of Paris
Jean Passerai, professor
George Critton, a Scottish doctor in civil and canon law and royal professor
Nicolas de Paris, substitute for the procureur-général du Parlement.
Claude Dormy, Bishop of Boulogne-sur-Mer,
Pierre de Rostrenen, chamberlain to Charles VII,
the poet Jean de Meung, who continued the roman de la Rose''.

Notes and references

Dominican monasteries in France
Christian monasteries in Paris
Former buildings and structures in Paris
Burial sites of the House of Valois-Alençon
Burial sites of the House of Valois
Buildings and structures demolished in the 19th century


Steven Dale Ittel  (born 1946 in Hamilton, Ohio) is an American chemist specializing in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.

Training
Ittel attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he received a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1968. He was then commissioned as an officer in the United States Public Health Service and studied photochemical smog in the New York City metropolitan area from 1968 to 1970. He attended Northwestern University, where he received his PhD in chemistry under the direction of James A. Ibers in 1974.

Career
Ittel worked on hydride activation of lanthanides for Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) at Monsanto's Mound Laboratories for a short time. Upon receiving his PhD from Northwestern University, he joined DuPont's Central Research Department at the Experimental Station in Wilmington, Delaware.

Ittel is best known for his contributions to organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.  He discovered fluxional processes in both diamagnetic and paramagnetic π-allyl organometallic complexes bearing M-H-C agostic interactions.  He was responsible for a series of C-H activation reactions based upon fleeting zero-valent iron complexes bearing bidentate phosphorus ligands.

While working on the air oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid (an intermediate in the preparation of nylon-66) he discovered a series of bis(pyridylimino)isoindoline complexes of cobalt to be very effective catalysts for the decomposition of the intermediate cyclohexylhydroperoxide.   He led and contributed to DuPont's technology for cobalt-catalyzed chain transfer in acrylic radical polymerization.  The resulting macromonomers are utilized commercially in a broad range of automotive finishes.

As a manager at DuPont, he directed the work of almost 100 DuPont scientists over the years. One major effort was on DuPont Versipol post-metallocene catalysts for ethylene coordination polymerization and copolymerization.

Late in his career, his research interests became more diverse, yet he never left his central focus of transition metal chemistry. Biopanning produced polypeptides that would selectively bind minerals such as clays and calcium carbonate to cellulose, skin, hair, and other surfaces.  His contributions to nanotechnology and the electronics and displays industries include printing carbon nanotubes for plasma displays, spin printing and inkjet printing  of nanomaterials, and fluoro-resists for printing OLED displays.  Ittel coauthored the definitive textbook, Homogeneous Catalysis, with George Parshall, and his work is recorded in over 150 citations in Chemical Abstracts.  He has 60 US Patents, many more foreign patent applications and 90 publications of original research.

Ittel practices the art of bonsai, assists the curation of the bonsai collection at Longwood Gardens, and has displayed trees at Longwood Gardens and the Brandywine River Museum.

Personal life
Ittel's father was a superintendent of a rural school district and a YMCA camp director, so he spent the first 19 summers of his life at Camp Campbell Gard outside Hamilton, Ohio.  His mother was one of the 165 victims of the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire.

He is married to Kathleen P. Ittel, Esq. and they have two children.

References

External links

  Ittels of the World

1946 births
Living people
21st-century American chemists
People from Hamilton, Ohio
Miami University alumni
DuPont people

Steven Ittel


The Chinese head tax was a fixed fee charged to each Chinese person entering Canada. The head tax was first levied after the Canadian parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885. It was meant to discourage Chinese people from entering Canada after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The tax was abolished by the Chinese Immigration Act of 19. That act stopped all Chinese immigration excep business people, clergy, educators, student, and other categories.

Taxation in Canada
History of Canada

Head tax (Canada)


1000 Song Challenge (), also known as Challenge 1000 Songs, is a South Korean karaoke singing competition television series, which aired on SBS from 2000 to 2014. During the show, guests compete by singing popular songs accurately from memory. The songs are chosen randomly from a pool of 1000 songs. Unlike normal karaoke, the lyrics are not shown, so it is easier to make mistakes. The contestants with the highest scores proceed to the next round. In one segment of the show, "Run Karaoke", contestants race to the microphone and whoever gets there first gets to sing a song and gain points. In another segment, the contestants hear the beginning of a song, and the first one to correctly name the song gains points. The winner of the final round receives household items as prizes, such a humidifier or espresso machine. Many popular celebrities were invited to the show, including BoA, Shinhwa and Girls' Generation.

The show began airing on October 22, 2000, and was extremely popular in its early years. It aired on Sunday mornings and had mainly older viewers. SBS cancelled the show in 2014 because advertisement revenue was low, and they wanted to target young people. The last episode aired on June 22, 2014.

Hosts
Various television personalities co-hosted the show throughout its nearly 14-year run. Comedian Lee Hwi-jae began hosting the show (with Jeong Hyeong-don) in April 2008, and continued until the show's cancellation in 2014. Trot singer Jang Yun-jeong first hosted the show for a year and a half, beginning in April 2006, and returned in August 2009. Lee and Jang were praised for their "smooth and entertaining" hosting style, and they won the "Best Couple Award" at the 2013 SBS Entertainment Awards. Jang left the show in April 2014 due to her pregnancy, and was replaced by Hyolyn.

References

External links

2000 South Korean television series debuts
2014 South Korean television series endings
2010s South Korean television series
Korean-language television shows
Singing talent shows
South Korean reality television series
Talent shows
Music competitions in South Korea
Television series by SM C&C
South Korean music television shows

1000 Song Challenge


Peer support is when a peer who has had the same experience helps another person by teaching them and listening to them.  For a person with a disability, peer support is when a disabled person helps another person with the same kind of disability learn about independence and equal rights and how to take part in society. Peer support can help any kind of person who has any kind of problem. Some people can become peer mentors to help younger people.

The Article 26 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires also peer support as rehabilitation.

Sociology

Peer support


Deniz is a Turkish given name meaning "sea". It is used for both females and males.

Originally, Deniz was a masculine name. In a Turkish legend, the oldest Turkish ruler (Khan) Oğuz had six sons.  They were Ay-Han (moon Khan), Gök-Han (sky Khan), Deniz-Han (sea Khan), Yıldız-Han (star Khan), Gün-Han (sun Khan) and Dağ-Han (mountain Khan).

Today, Deniz is a unisex name.

First name
 Deniz Aslan (born 1989), Turkish footballer
 Deniz Aycicek (born 1990), Turkish-German footballer
 Deniz Aydoğdu (born 1983), Turkish footballer
 Deniz Aytekin (born 1978), German football referee of Turkish descent
 Deniz Barış (born 1977), Turkish retired footballer
 Deniz Baykal (1938–2023), Turkish politician
 Deniz Baykara (born 1984), Turkish footballer
 Deniz Bozkurt (born 1993), Turkish-Puerto Rican footballer
 Deniz Çakır (born 1982), Turkish film and television actress
 Deniz Çınar (born 1984), Turkish yacht racer
 Deniz Dimaki (born 1977), Greek triathlete
 Deniz Doğan, German footballer
 Deniz Ertan (born 2004), Turkish swimmer
 Deniz Gezmiş (1947–1972), Turkish political activist
 Deniz Hakyemez (born 1983), Turkish volleyball player
 Deniz Hümmet (born 1996), Turkish footballer
 Deniz Kadah (born 1986), Turkish footballer
 Deniz Kandiyoti (born 1944), Turkish feminist academic
 Deniz Khazaniuk (born 1994), Israeli tennis player
 Deniz Kılıçlı (born 1990), Turkish basketballer
 Deniz Koyu (born 1985), Turkish-German DJ and electronic dance music producer
 Deniz Kurtel, Turkish artist and electronic musician
 Deniz Kuypers, Dutch-American writer
 Deniz Mujić (born 1990), Austrian footballer of Bosnian descent
 Deniz Naki (born 1989), German footballer
 Deniz Nazar (born 1980), Ukrainian-born Turkish swimmer
 Deniz Orhun (born 1974), Turkish-American chef, media personality and businesswoman
 Deniz Seki (born 1970), Turkish pop singer
 Deniz Tek, Australian rock musician of Turkish descent
 Deniz Türüç (born 1993), Dutch-Turkish footballer
 Deniz Undav (born 1996), German footballer
 Deniz Yılmaz (born 1988), Turkish footballer
 Deniz Yücel (born 1973), German-Turkish journalist

Middle name
 Damla Deniz Düz (born 1995), Turkish water polo player
 Dilan Deniz Gökçek, Turkish football referee
 Nazlı Deniz Kuruoğlu (born 1960), Turkish ballet dancer and former beauty contestant

Fictional characters
 Deniz, in Follow Kadri, Not Your Heart

See also
 Deniz (surname), for notable people with this surname
 Denis of Portugal
 Denise (given name), pronounced similarly in French

Notes

Turkish unisex given names

Deniz (given name)


Theophobos () or Theophobus, originally Nasir (), Nasr (), or Nusayr (), was an Iranian commander of the Khurramites who converted to Christianity and entered Byzantine service under Emperor Theophilos (). Raised to high rank and married into the imperial family, Theophobos was given command of his fellow Khurramites and served under Theophilos in his wars against the Abbasid Caliphate in 837–838. After the Byzantines' defeat at the Battle of Anzen, he was proclaimed emperor by his own men, but did not pursue this claim. Instead he peacefully submitted to Theophilos in the next year and was apparently pardoned, until he was executed by the dying emperor in 842 to prevent a challenge to the accession of Michael III.

Biography

Theophobos was born to a family originally belonging to the Iranian aristocracy. He was originally a member of the Khurramite sect in western Iran, which was being persecuted by the Abbasid Caliphate. In October/November 833, they were defeated by the armies of Caliph al-Mu'tasim () under Ishaq ibn Ibrahim. Thus, in 834, Nasr with some fourteen thousand other Khurramites, crossed the Armenian highland and fled to the Byzantine Empire. There, they converted to Christianity, were given widows from military families as wives, and enrolled into the Byzantine army in the so-called "Persian ". Nasr, now baptized Theophobos ('), was placed at the head of these troops, raised to the high rank of   and given the hand of either Theophilos's sister or a sister of Empress Theodora in marriage. The addition of the "Persian" corps greatly strengthened the Byzantine military: not only were its members implacable enemies of the Arabs, but they may have raised the number of effectives in the Byzantine army by as much as a sixth. A seal belonging to Theophobos affords him the style of "  of the Persians", indicating that Theophilos may have intended him to install as a ruler of a Byzantine-allied principality, probably in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan.

Already in 837, Theophobos and the new Khurramite corps campaigned with Theophilos in his campaign in the region of the Upper Euphrates around Melitene, where they brutally sacked the city of Zapetra () or Sozopetra (). In September of the same year, some 16,000 more Khurramites fled into the Byzantine Empire, following the final suppression of their movement by the Abbasid army.

Theophobos also participated in the campaign of 838 against al-Mu'tasim's retaliatory invasion. He was present at the catastrophic Byzantine defeat at the Battle of Anzen, where he according to some accounts saved the emperor's life (other accounts credit Manuel the Armenian with the feat). In the aftermath of the battle, however, the "Persian" troops assembled at Sinope and declared Theophobos emperor, most likely against his will. The exact reason behind this move or the exact sequence of events are unclear. However, after the defeat at Anzen, the rumour had spread to Constantinople that Theophilos had been killed, and it appears that Theophobos, who was possibly an iconodule (as opposed to the staunchly iconoclast Theophilos) was suggested by some among the Byzantine Empire's elite as the new emperor.

Despite being proclaimed and crowned—probably according to Sasanian ritual—by his men, Theophobos made no move against Theophilos, and the "Persian" troops remained quiescent at Sinope. Instead, he quickly engaged in secret negotiations with the emperor, who in 839 led an army against the rebels. Theophobos agreed to surrender and was restored to his high offices, while his men, numbering some 30,000, were reportedly split up into regiments of 2,000 men and divided among the provincial forces of . Theophobos was restored to his previous high position in the army, but this was not to last. Islamic sources report that he died in battle in 839 or 840, but the Byzantine sources contain a different, and more likely, account: in 842, Theophilos, already in declining health and about to die, had Theophobos executed by his brother-in-law Petronas in order to secure the succession of his infant son and heir, Michael III ().

References

Sources

Further reading

842 deaths
9th-century Byzantine military personnel
Converts to Christianity from Zoroastrianism
Byzantine generals
Byzantine usurpers
Patricii
People executed by decapitation
Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
Year of birth unknown
9th-century executions by the Byzantine Empire
Khurramites
Byzantine rebels
9th-century Iranian people
Rebels from the Abbasid Caliphate
Byzantine people of Iranian descent

Theophobos


Jim Eanes (December 6, 1923 – November 21, 1995) was an American bluegrass and country music singer and guitarist.

Biography
Homer Robert Eanes Jr. was born in Mountain Valley, Virginia and grew up in Martinsville.

Eanes learned to play the guitar at an early age despite an injury to his left hand. He had his first musical training as a rhythm guitarist in his father's string band. In 1940, he joined "Roy Hall's Blue Ridge Entertainers" performing at a radio station in Roanoke, Virginia until 1943 when Roy Hall died. In the mid-1940s, Eanes joined "Uncle Joe and the Blue Mountain Boys". He also performed with Flatt & Scruggs, and in 1948, with Bill Monroe's Bluegrass Boys.

In 1949, he made his solo recording debut on the Capitol label together with Homer Sherrill on fiddle and Snuffy Jenkins on banjo. Two years later, in 1951, Eanes formed "The Shenandoah Valley Boys" recording for both the Blue Ridge and Rich-R-Tone label. The Shenandoah Valley Boys performed at radio station "WWVA Wheeling Jamboree". After receiving a recording contract on Decca Records, on the proposal of the A & R man, he changed his musical style from bluegrass to country music. He remained on Decca until 1955, when he began recording for Starday Records renaming his band: "Smilin' Jim and His Boys". His band by now consisted of Roy Russell on fiddle, Allen Shelton on banjo, and Arnold Terry on bass. One of his most popular songs, "Your Old Standby", became his signature song. Another heart touching gospel song he wrote "Not Afraid" was widely recorded by many well known artists.

Eanes worked as a deejay in the 1960s for several radio stations. In the late 1960s, he worked with "Red Smiley and the Bluegrass Cut-Ups" and when Smiley retired, Eanes took over the band calling it "The Shenandoah Cutups". They released a few albums and disbanded shortly after 1970. Eanes began an extensive tour visiting bluegrass festivals in both the United States and Western Europe during the 1970s and early 1980s. He even recorded an album in Belgium with the local band: the "Smoketown Strut". He had a heart attack in 1978.

He died on November 21, 1995, of congestive heart failure.

Selected discography
Bluegrass Ballads – Rebel 1643 (1986)
Reminiscing – Rebel 1653 (1987)
Let Him Lead You – Rebel 1673 (1989)
5oth Anniversary – Rebel 1683 (1990)
Heart of the South (with Bobby Atkins) – Rural Rhythm RHY-1012(1991)

References

Bibliography
Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, All Music Guide to Country: The Definitive Guide to Country Music – 2003
Kurt Wolff, Orla Duane, Country Music: The Rough Guide – 2000

1923 births
1995 deaths
Bluegrass musicians from Virginia
American country singer-songwriters
American people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
American Sephardic Jews
Singer-songwriters from Virginia
Starday Records artists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Jewish American musicians
Foggy Mountain Boys members

Jim Eanes


Boiling Point, known in Japan as , is a 1990 Japanese crime film written and directed by Takeshi Kitano, who also co-stars under his stage name Beat Takeshi. It was Kitano's second film as a director and first film as a screenwriter. Boiling Point is seen as an important first step in his development as an editor and as a director.

Plot outline
Masaki is a shiftless, inattentive young man who is a member of a losing local baseball team, whose coach is threatened and attacked by a local yakuza. He teams up with a friend to go to Okinawa to purchase guns so they can get revenge. A psychotic yakuza member named Uehara befriends them upon their arrival in Okinawa. Uehara has his own agenda of revenge, and as the story progresses the two boys drift further into his orbit, with unsettling results.

Cast
 Takeshi Kitano as Uehara
 Yūrei Yanagi as Masaki
 Yuriko Ishida as Sayaka
 Gadarukanaru Taka as Takashi Iguchi
 Dankan as Kazuo
 Eri Fuse as Miki

Production
Kitano's trademark black humor suffuses the film in many ways: at one point, the boy finally does get a gun, but shoots out the windshield of his girlfriend's car by mistake. The film also features comedian Iizuka Minoru, also known as Dankan, who went on to become a Kitano regular (Getting Any?) and Katsuo Tokashiki, who is famous for his kickboxing skills in Japan. He also played a guard in Takeshi Kitano's Takeshi's Castle in the 1980s.

The original title, 3-4X Jugatsu, is the final score of a baseball game played in the film. "Jugatsu" (October) was added to the title, because the most exciting games of baseball, play-off games, are played in October.

Reception
Boiling Point has an approval rating of 94% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 17 reviews, and an average rating of 7/10.

References

External links

1990 films
1990s action films
1990s crime drama films
Japanese crime comedy films
Films directed by Takeshi Kitano
Films set in Okinawa Prefecture
Japanese crime drama films
1990s Japanese-language films
Shochiku films
Yakuza films
1990 drama films
1990s Japanese films

Boiling Point (1990 film)


"Celeste" / "Así Celeste" (Blue) is a song recorded by Italian singer Laura Pausini for her studio album Inedito, serving as the album's sixth and last single. The song, produced by Paolo Carta, was written by Laura Pausini and Beppe Dati, with the music being composed by Dati and Goffredo Orlandi.

The song was also recorded in a Spanish-language version, titled "Así Celeste", which was not released as a single outside Italy, Europe and Brazil. Outside the selected countries, Pausini choose a duet version of "Las cosas que no me espero" with Carlos Baute to be the final single.

Pausini confirmed on September 15, 2012, during a fan meeting that she was pregnant, and that originally "Troppo tempo" would be the last single promoting Inedito, but when she discovered her pregnancy she changed her mind to "Celeste.

The song was written by Pausini after many years the press having announced she was pregnant when actually she was not. In her words, the song represents what would she tell her daughter when she born.

Both versions of the song were performed during the Inedito World Tour.

The single was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry for domestic downloads exceeding 15,000 units.

Videoclip

Much alike the previous videoclips from "Inedito", "Celeste" was directed by the same Gaetano Morbioli and recorded in October 2012.

The video takes place on a simple background at Pausini's house, with her in front of a piano. Images of dandelions flying and flowers are shown between shots of Pausini herself. During many parts of the music video Pausini is shown crying. In the end, Pausini giggles at the screen and cleans her face.

Track list
Digital Download:
Celeste
Así Celeste
wiser child Celeste

Charts

References

Laura Pausini songs
Atlantic Records singles
Italian-language songs
Spanish-language songs
2012 singles
Pop ballads
Songs written by Laura Pausini
2011 songs

Celeste (song)


Li Kening () (died March 25, 908) was a younger brother of the late Chinese Tang dynasty warlord Li Keyong, the Prince of Jin.  After Li Keyong's death, Li Kening initially served as a key advisor to Li Keyong's son and successor Li Cunxu (the future Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang), but soon was persuaded by his wife Lady Meng to try to take over from Li Cunxu. His plot was discovered, and Li Cunxu put him to death.

Background
It is not known where or when Li Kening was born, but it is known that he was Li Keyong's youngest brother and therefore would have been born after 856, when Li Keyong was born.  Their father was the ethnic Shatuo general Li Guochang, whose name was originally Zhuye Chixin but was later bestowed the Tang Dynasty imperial clan name of Li and a new name of Guochang, but because Li Kening's birth year is unknown, it is not known whether he would have been born with the name of Li or Zhuye.  He was said to be kind and filially pious, and (despite his eventual fate) described to be the most virtuous among Li Keyong's brothers and cousins.

Service under Li Keyong
When Li Keyong rose in rebellion against Duan Wenchu (段文楚) the Tang defender of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern Datong, Shanxi) in 878, Li Kening served under him and carried the title of commander of Fengcheng Base (奉誠軍).  When Li Keyong's enemy Helian Duo subsequently attacked the Shatuo base Huanghua (黃花, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), Li Kening helped defend the city and protect Li Keyong and the other brothers, and also participated in the later defense of Li Keyong's then-power base of Wei Prefecture (蔚州, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei).  Presumably, when Li Keyong subsequently was defeated and forced to flee to the Dada (達靼) tribes, then in the Yin Mountains region, Li Kening followed him, for later, when Li Keyong returned from Dada to aid the Tang cause against the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao's state of Qi in 881, Li Kening was said to be part of that army; he followed Li Keyong in Li Keyong's subsequent campaigns against Huang.

After Li Keyong was made the military governor (Jiedushi) by then-reigning Emperor Xizong of Tang in 883 for his contributions against Huang, Li Kening was made the prefect of Liao Prefecture (遼州, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi), and then the defender of Yun Prefecture (雲州, in modern Datong).  Early in the Qianning era (894-898) of Emperor Xizong's brother and successor Emperor Zhaozong, Li Kening was made the prefect of Xin Prefecture (忻州, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi).  He served under Li Keyong when Li Keyong defeated the warlord Wang Xingyu (the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi)) in 895, and for this achievement was given the honorary title of acting Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies).  There was an incident in 902 when Hedong's capital Taiyuan came under siege by Li Keyong's archrival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan); at that time, Li Kening was set to return from Taiyuan to his post at Xin Prefecture, but hearing of Zhu's attack, returned to Taiyuan and showed determination in helping in the defense by stating, "This city is where I will die.  Where else can I go from here?"  Li Kening's remarks helped the morale of the soldiers, and the city's defenses held.

Early in the Tianyou era (904 and on — used by Emperor Zhaozong, Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai, as well as post-Tang regimes that refused to recognize the subsequent Later Liang, founded by Zhu), Li Kening was made the commander of all Han and non-Han soldiers within Li Keyong's realm, acting Taibao (太保), and the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), and he made the decisions that did not needed to be submitted to Li Keyong.

In 908, Li Keyong — who was then the prince of his own state of Jin after Zhu usurped the Tang throne in 907 and established Later Liang, which he refused to recognize — became deathly ill.  He entrusted his son and heir Li Cunxu to Li Kening, the eunuch monitor of the army Zhang Chengye, the generals Li Cunzhang and Wu Gong (吳珙), and the secretary Lu Zhi (盧質), before dying, on February 23.

After Li Keyong's death
After Li Keyong's death, Li Kening initially took over the discipline of the army, and no one dared to create a disturbance.  By contrast, the officers and the soldiers did not then respect the young (then 22) Li Cunxu, and they were constantly commenting about him.  Li Cunxu, in fear, offered the command of the army to Li Kening, but Li Kening declined, pointing out that he was Li Keyong's lawful heir.  Under Li Kening's and Zhang Chengye's insistence, Li Cunxu took the titles of Prince of Jin and military governor of Hedong.

Many of Li Keyong's adoptive sons who served as officers, however, were older and more accomplished militarily than Li Cunxu, and they did not respect him; many refused to meet him to pay homage, and some refused to bow to him.  One of those, Li Cunhao (李存顥), tried to persuade Li Kening to take over the command himself, but Li Kening refused Li Cunhao's overture, going as far as to threaten him with execution.  However, Li Cunhao and several other adoptive sons sent their wives to persuade Li Kening's wife Lady Meng.  (Lady Meng was a sister to the Jin officer Meng Zhixiang, who would later become the founding emperor of Later Shu.)  Lady Meng agreed with their idea, and therefore urged Li Kening to go with the idea, causing Li Kening's resolve to support Li Cunxu to be shaken.  Further, he was also encountering policy disagreements with Zhang and Li Cunzhang and argued with them frequently.  He thereafter killed an officer, Li Cunzhi (李存質), without Li Cunxu's approval, and also requested to be made the military governor of Datong Circuit.  Li Cunxu agreed.

Despite Li Cunxu's agreement with Li Kening, the conspiracy around Li Kening continued.  Li Cunhao specifically planned, with Li Kening's understanding, to seize Li Cunxu when Li Cunxu would visit Li Kening's mansion, deliver Li Cunxu and his mother Lady Dowager Cao to the Later Liang emperor, and take over Hedong Circuit.  Li Kening met the officer Shi Jingrong (史敬鎔) to try to get Shi to join the plot and to surveil Li Cunxu.  Shi pretended to agree, and then informed the plot to Li Cunxu.  Li Cunxu met with Lady Dowager Cao and Zhang and initially offered to resign to try to avoid a conflict, but Zhang persuaded him to act against Li Kening.  Zhang summoned Li Cunzhang, Wu Gong, as well as the officers Li Cunjing (李存敬) and Zhu Shouyin to prepare against Li Kening.

On March 25, 908, Li Cunxu held a feast at his own mansion, and all the high-level officers attended.  At the feast, soldiers that Li Cunxu had previously hidden seized Li Kening and Li Cunhao.  Li Cunxu, weeping, stated to Li Kening:

Li Kening responded, ambiguously:

That day, Li Cunxu executed Li Kening and Li Cunhao.

Notes and references

 History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 50.
 New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 14.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 263, 266.

9th-century births
908 deaths
Executed Jin (Later Tang precursor) people
People executed by Jin (Later Tang precursor)
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhenwu Circuit
Jin (Later Tang precursor) jiedushi
Zhenwu jiedushi
Jin (Later Tang precursor) government officials
People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation
People from North China
10th-century Asian people
9th-century Asian people

Li Kening


The Duduk is a traditional woodwind instrument of Armenian origins.

History
The duduk is one of the oldest double reed instruments in the world which dates back over 3,000 years. Many different duduks can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC). The instrument is seen in many Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages.

References

Other websites
 Jivan Gasparyan, "Eshkhemed"
 Jivan Gasparyan & Nune Yesayan "Dle Yaman"
 Jivan Gasparyan "Tribute"
 Jivan Gasparyan "Horovel"
 Jivan Gasparyan "Hin U Nor Husher"
 Vatche Hovsepyan "Duduk"
Duduk.com
Duduk.co.uk

Woodwind instruments
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

Duduk


Rubén Mendoza Ayala (2 February 1961 – 16 April 2016) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution. He served as Deputy of the LVII and LIX Legislatures of the Mexican Congress. He served from 2014 until his death in 2016. He represented the State of Mexico.

Ayala was born in Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico. He studied at National Autonomous University of Mexico. Ayala died of cardiac arrest on 16 April 2016 in Ciudad del Carmen, aged 55.

References

1961 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Mexican politicians

Rubén Mendoza Ayala


Antrobus is a civil parish and village in Cheshire, England, about  south of Warrington.  It lies within the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester, and had a population of 832, reducing to 791 at the 2011 Census, and to 767 in the 2021 Census. The parish is the most northeasterly point of Cheshire West and Chester, and as such borders both Warrington and Cheshire East. As well as Antrobus village centre itself, the parish includes other large hamlets at Frandley, about  south-west from the main village, and Crowley, about  to the north-east.

The village shop and post office is owned and run cooperatively by the villagers for the benefit of the community having previously closed in 2003.

Etymology
The placename is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Entrebus, and in the Pipe Rolls of Cheshire of 1282 as Anterbus. The derivation of the name is from the Old Norse personal name Eindrithi or Andrithi, with the Old Norse buski ("shrub, bush or thicket"), the whole name thus signifying "Andrithi's thicket".

History
Antrobus is listed as a township of Great Budworth parish on Cheshire's tithe map, in the Bucklow Hundred and under the deanery of Frodsham. In 1894, Antrobus became a parish in its own right and a part of the Runcorn Rural District. In 1936, the neighbouring parishes of Crowley and Seven Oaks were abolished and brought under the control of Antrobus. Through the 20th century, usage of the term Seven Oaks to describe the south-west of Antrobus declined, and much of that area is now known as Frandley. Seven Oaks has become truncated to Sevenoaks and now refers to the small hamlet surrounding the former Sevenoaks Saddlery and sawmill at the northernmost end of Gibb Hill.

The north-easternmost area of the parish was formerly taken up by a portion of the Arley estate, including all of the village of Arley itself, Crowley Hall Lodge and the surrounding farms. However, when Runcorn Rural District was abolished in 1974, Antrobus was moved into Vale Royal and neighbouring Aston by Budworth (within which the rest of the Arley estate was contained) was transferred into the borough of Macclesfield. This made the Antrobus portion the only remaining part of the estate not under Macclesfield's control. In 1978, for the ease of estate management and the paying of tax, Aston-by-Budworth Parish Council requested that the portion of Antrobus east of Arley Brook, Lodge Lane, and Caldwell's Gate Lane be transferred to their control.

The village was struck by an F1/T3 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day.

Culture

Soul Cakers

Antrobus is known for its Soul Cakers, who travel around the county performing a soul caking play annually between All Souls Night (October 31) and November 12. Based at their 'home pub', the Antrobus Arms, the Antrobus Soul Cakers have the longest unbroken run of soul caking performances in the world.

Religion

Anglicanism
Antrobus' Anglican St Mark's Church is located in the village centre. It was designed by George Gilbert Scott and built in 1848. It is a Grade II listed building.

Quakerism
Local tradition has it that in the 18th century an oak tree in Seven Oaks was where George Fox preached to over 2,000 people. On this site, besides the oak tree, now stands the Frandley Quaker Meeting House one of only a small number of such meeting houses in Cheshire. The first meeting house was built in 1726 and still stands today, but a larger replacement meeting house was built in 1880. The first meeting house now houses the Antrobus Pre-School Nursery.

Methodism
Antrobus' most modern church is a Methodist chapel in the hamlet of Grandsire's Green. The chapel was opened in 1936 and sits at the junction of Brow Lane and Barber's Lane. It forms a part of the Sankey Valley Methodist circuit.

See also

Listed buildings in Antrobus

References

External links

Antrobus at GENUKI

Villages in Cheshire
Civil parishes in Cheshire

Antrobus, Cheshire


James Truitt (died November 18, 1981) was an American journalist who worked for Life and Time magazines. He later became the vice president of Newsweek magazine.

He is known for being quoted by the National Enquirer in 1976 as alleging that Mary Pinchot Meyer, the ex-wife of Cord Meyer, had a two-year affair with John F. Kennedy.

Career
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Truitt was raised in a prominent family in Baltimore, Maryland. He served as a Naval officer in the Pacific theatre of World War II, then returned to work for the US State Department. He married his first wife, the sculptor Anne Truitt, in September 1947 in Washington, D.C.. In spring 1948 he went to work for Life magazine in New York, then became their Washington correspondent. He spent three years with Life in San Francisco, then he returned to Washington, D.C. in May 1960 to become the personal assistant to Philip Graham at the Washington Post, where he rose to become vice president. He also worked for Time, served as publisher of Art News, and became vice president of Newsweek in 1964.

Later in 1963, Truitt left the Post and moved to Tokyo as the Japan bureau chief for Newsweek. The Truitts later returned to Washington and to the Post.

Allegations about Mary Pinchot Meyer
The March 2, 1976 issue of the National Enquirer quoted Truitt as stating Mary Pinchot Meyer, the ex-wife of Cord Meyer, had a two-year affair with John F. Kennedy and that they smoked marijuana in a White House bedroom. According to Truitt, their first rendezvous occurred after Meyer was chauffeured to the White House in a limousine driven by a Secret Service agent where she was met by Kennedy and taken to a bedroom. He stated that Meyer and Kennedy regularly met in that manner, sometimes two or three times each week, until his assassination. Truitt said the two would "usually have drinks or dinner alone or sometimes with one of the aides", and claimed that Meyer offered marijuana cigarettes to Kennedy after one such meeting on April 16, 1962. He said after they smoked three joints she commented, "This isn't like cocaine. I'll get you some of that." According to the Enquirer, Meyer also kept a diary of the affair. The paper quoted Tony Bradlee — Meyer's sister — as confirming the existence of the affair and the diary, stating that Bradlee found the diary in Meyer's studio after her death, then turned it over to James Jesus Angleton who subsequently burned it at CIA headquarters.

In an interview with a correspondent from The Washington Post, Truitt confirmed the Enquirer'''s account, stated that Meyer had told him of the affair, and that he had kept notes about what he had been told. According to Truitt, Meyer and Kennedy met approximately 30 times — frequently when Jackie Kennedy was out of town — from January 1962 until the time of the President's death in November 1963. Truitt stated that the two would occasionally have drinks or dinner with one of Kennedy's aides, whom he identified as David Powers and Timothy J. Reardon Jr. Contradicting his earlier account with the Enquirer, Truitt said Kennedy gave the marijuana to Meyer. Truitt acknowledged that he received payment from the Enquirer, but did not disclose the amount of payment.

Reardon subsequently denied Truitt's account, and Powers was reported to have been unavailable for comment. Kennedy's appointments secretary Kenneth O'Donnell also denied Truitt's allegations of a love affair, stating that Meyer "knew Jackie as well as she knew Jack."  He said Meyer made infrequent visits to the White House through his office, but that none of them were ever arranged privately. When the Associated Press asked Tony Bradlee about the affair, she responded: "I knew nothing about it when Mary was alive. I have no further comment." She also told The Washington Post: "The National Enquirer quoted my words out of context to make it appear as though I corroborated their story." Angleton acknowledged that Meyer had been a "cherished friend" to him and his wife and that he had assisted her family after her death in a "purely private capacity", but refused to say whether there had been a diary. According to the Post, an unidentified source said that Meyer's diary was found, primarily discussing art along with a vague reference to an unnamed friend, then destroyed in keeping with her wishes.

While reporting on the allegations, the AP, UPI and The Washington Post cited records from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia that indicated Truitt's former wife had sought a conservatorship for Truitt as part of their 1969 divorce and support proceedings. Given that a physician certified that Truitt had been suffering from a mental illness that was "such as to impair his judgment and cause him to be irresponsible", a court-appointed conservator was named to manage his financial matters. According to the Post: "Washington attorneys familiar with the matter said he has written many rambling and bitter letters in recent years to Ben Bradlee and others threatening exposure of alleged scandals."

Later years and death
In the years that followed, Truitt's mental health declined. In 1969, Ben Bradlee forced him to resign from the Post, with accusations of mental incompetence. Truitt accepted a settlement in exchange for a signed statement that he would not write anything that was "in any way derogatory" of the Washington Post. Truitt and Anne divorced in 1971, and he moved to Mexico, where he married Evelyn Patterson.

Truitt committed suicide on November 18, 1981 in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. He had been described by his first wife, Anne, as being "so ill".

References

 Sources
 Nina Burleigh, A Very Private Woman : The Life and Unsolved Murder of Presidential Mistress Mary Meyer (Bantam: 1998) (pp. 23, 124, 129, 140-1, 168-9, 171-2, 193, 211-2, 284, 286-8)
 Bradlee, Benjamin C., A Good Life. Simon & Schuster: New York, 1995.  (pp. 270–271, 299).
 Kelly, Tom. The imperial Post: The Meyers, the Grahams, and the paper that rules Washington. 1983 (pp. 120, 157, 213-4)
 Nobilem, Phillip, and Rosenbaum, Ron. "The Circus Aftermath of JFK's Best and Brightest Affair." New Times 9 Jul. 1976: 22-33.
 von Hoffman, Nicholas. "Unasked Questions." The New York Review of Books, 10 June 1976: 3+.
 Ward, Bernie, and Toogood, Granville. "JFK 2-Year White House Romance." National Enquirer'' 2 Mar. 1976: 1.  (Interviews James Truitt, story picked up by Washington Post, NYROB, others.)

American male journalists
American emigrants to Mexico
Suicides in Mexico
Year of birth missing
1981 suicides
1981 deaths

James Truitt


Lehel (; died 955), a member of the Árpád dynasty, was a Magyar chieftain and, together with Bulcsú, one of the most important figures of the Hungarian invasions of Europe. After the Magyar defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld, he was executed in Regensburg.

Origin
The medieval chronicler Anonymus calls Lehel the son of Tas, who was one of the "seven chieftains of the Magyars", and a descendant of late Grand Prince Árpád. Most historians agree that there is a mismatch in the timing, though he should be the son of Tas, who is mentioned as a grandson of Árpád by Emperor Constantine VII.

Lehel's dukedom from about 925 was the Principality of Nitra, where he ruled in the former Kabarian lands. The historic cities of Alsólelóc and Felsőlelóc (in present-day Slovakia) kept the name of Lél. His dukedom could also refer to the status of Lél being a crown-prince and duke-to-be.

Battle of Lechfeld

In the military conflict with East Francia, Lehel, together with Bulcsú, who presumably was not a descendant of Árpád, and Súr, led the Magyar forces under Grand Prince Zoltán into the Battle of Riade in 933. When, in Spring of 954, the Magyars again attacked the Duchy of Bavaria, Lehel also led the Nitrian Kabars. The Hungarian troops advanced up to Lotharingia, where they signed an armistice with the Salian prince Conrad the Red and fought against his rival Duke Bruno the Great. The next year, they met with the united East Frankish forces under King Otto I at the Battle of Lechfeld near Augsburg.

The battle ended with the decisive defeat of the Hungarians. According to the Annales Sangallenses maiores, the three Hungarian military leaders were captured by Bohemian troopers. With Bulcsú and Súr, Lehel was arrested, handed over to King Otto's brother, Duke Henry of Bavaria, and hanged at his residence in Regensburg. By his victory, Otto put an end to the Hungarian invasions; he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962.

Lehel's Horn myth

The 14th-century Chronicon Pictum, written in Latin by Marci de Kalt, tried to picture Lehel as a Hungarian hero who was defiant even in captivity:
In 955, (...) the Hungarians reached the city of Augsburg. Close to the city, at the Lech field, the Germans smashed the Hungarians, part of them were killed brutally, some others were imprisoned. At that place Lehel and Bulcsú were also imprisoned, and taken in front of the emperor. When the emperor asked, why the Hungarians are so cruel against the Christians, they replied, "We are the revenge of the highest God, sent to you as a scourge. You shall imprison us and kill us, when we cease to chase you." Then the emperor called them: "Choose the type of death you wish". Then Lehel replied, "Bring me my horn, which I will blow, then I will reply". The horn was handed to him, and during the preparation to blow it, he stepped forward, and hit the emperor so strongly he died instantly. Then he said: "You will walk before me and serve me in the other world", as it is a common belief within the Scythians, that whoever they killed in their lives will serve them in the other world. They were taken to custody and were hanged quickly in Regensburg.
This fiction cleverly re-interpreted the fact that Duke Henry of Bavaria died shortly after the battle of disease, in Lehel's favour. It may also refer to Lehel's former ally Conrad the Red, who, according to Widukind of Corvey, was killed in the battle, when an arrow pierced his throat.

The legend was already rendered in the 13th-century chronicles by Magister Ákos and then depicted in the Chronicon Pictum, compiled about 1360 under the rule of King Louis the Great. Nowadays there is a horn described as "Lehel's Horn" on display at Jászberény, in the Museum of Jász. This is a Byzantine ivory horn from the 10th to 11th centuries.

References

Magyar tribal chieftains
Medieval Hungarian military leaders
Medieval Hungarian nobility
955 deaths
10th-century Hungarian people
History of Hungary
History of Slovakia

Lehel


Albert Edward Smith (4 June 1875 – 1 August 1958) was an English stage magician, film director and producer, and a naturalized American. He founded Vitagraph Studios with his business partner James Stuart Blackton in 1897.

Biography
Smith was born 4 June 1874 or 1875 in Faversham, Kent. His family immigrated to the United States when he was still a child. He eventually teamed up with fellow English emigrants J. Stuart Blackton and Ronald Reader to form a touring performance, presenting magic, magic lanterns, drawings, ventriloquism, and recitations.

In 1896, they acquired an Edison Vitascope, and in 1897 Blackton and Smith began producing silent films under the names 'Edison Vitagraph', then the 'Commercial Advertising Bureau'. As 'American Vitagraph', Blackton and Smith came to prominence in 1898 with such films as The Battle of Manilla Bay and Tearing Down the Spanish Flag (both propaganda shorts inspired by the Spanish–American War), as well as the short film animation The Humpty Dumpty Circus. In addition to director and producer, he was also an actor and screenwriter in his films. Smith married three times, including the actress Lucille Smith, who used the screen name Jean Paige.

In 1952 Albert E. Smith, along with coauthor Phil A. Koury, published Smith's autobiography, Two Reels and a Crank. The book gives a detailed account of the founding and evolution  of Vitagraph Studios, and Smith's many adventures turning the crank on Vitagraph films which included filming the assassination of President William McKinley, covering the Boer War in South Africa, and filming Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan Hill in Cuba. He gives an insider's account of the Motion Picture Patents Company and the General Film Company, both monopolies accused by independent filmmakers of breaking antitrust laws. He describes the expansion of Vitagraph to foreign sales and the building of a laboratory in Paris, France that quickly expanded to processing four times the amount of film as the US laboratory, up until World War I when their foreign sales all but vanished.  1n 1910, Vitagraph sent a permanent company to California including actors, directors, writers crafts people, and Albert's older brother, W. S. Smith, as business manager. The company shot at locations across the country including Ausable Chasm in upper New York State, and they made the first movie ever shot in the Grand Canyon. In February, 1911 they arrived in Los Angeles and took up housing in a Santa Monica mansion. The frequently overcast skies by the beach quickly led to the establishment of Vitagraph's lot in East Hollywood. The lot is still active in production, and owned by the Walt Disney Company, at the intersection of Prospect and Talmadge Avenues under the name The Prospect Studios. The last chapter includes a long list of people who worked for Vitagraph. March, 1948, Smith received an Oscar Award at the 20th annual awards ceremony. It was presented by Jean Hersholt. The inscription on the base of the Oscar reads: "One of the small group of pioneers whose belief in a new medium, and whose contributions to its development, blazed the trail along which the motion picture has progressed, in their lifetime, from obscurity to world-wide acclaim."

After early legal issues with the Edison company, Vitagraph Studios was very successful in the early silent era, moving to the Flatbush area of Brooklyn in 1905. However, it became financially unstable during World War I and in 1925, Smith sold the company to Warner Brothers and retired.

Smith died on 1 August 1958 in Los Angeles, California.

References

External links

1875 births
1958 deaths
British cinema pioneers
Academy Honorary Award recipients
English film directors
English film producers
American film production company founders
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Vitagraph Studios

Albert E. Smith (producer)


Temple City Unified School District is the governing public school system of Temple City, California, in the West San Gabriel Valley. Encompassing approximately four square miles, the District includes within its boundaries most of the incorporated city of Temple City, small areas of Arcadia and San Gabriel, and some unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County. Nine schools fall under this area: Temple City High School - a comprehensive high school (grades 9–12), one alternative high school (grades 10–12), one alternative junior academy (grades 7–9), one intermediate school, four elementary schools, and an adult education school.

Introduction
Established as a unified school district on July 1, 1954, the population of the District's service area is approximately 35,000, and the District employs approximately 390 full-time personnel and about 350 part-time staff. The District's activities and programs are regulated by The California Education Code and both State and Federal laws. Some programs are mandated, while others are permissive.

Board of education
The Temple City Unified School District Board of Education members are elected at large, composed of five members, elected to a four-year term. The elections were held on a first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of odd-numbered years. Starting in 2018, the elections will now be held on a first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even-numbered years to coincide with the Los Angeles County, California and federal general elections.

Distinguished School Award
The district is recognized as "A District of Distinguished Schools" as all the public schools have been awarded the Distinguished School Award by the California Department of Education, placing each awarded school in the top five percent of California's public schools in the given year.

Cloverly Elementary School (grades 4–6) was the first to receive the award, in 1995. The District's intermediate school, Oak Avenue Intermediate School (grades 7–8), and comprehensive high school, Temple City High School (grades 9–12), received the award in 1996. One year later, in 1997, both Emperor Elementary School (grades K–6) and La Rosa Elementary School (grades K–3) received the award, followed by Longden Elementary School (grades K–6) in 2004.

Schools
Emperor Elementary School
Oak Avenue Intermediate School
Temple City High School
Longden Elementary School
Cloverly Elementary School
La Rosa Elementary School

References

External links

School districts in Los Angeles County, California
School districts established in 1954
1954 establishments in California

Temple City Unified School District


Theogenes was one of the greatest athletes in Ancient Greece. He was born in the city of Thasos on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea in the early fifth century. He was a boxer and a pankrationiast.

He had two victories at the Olympic Games. One was in boxing (480 BCE) and the other in the pankration (476). He won three times in boxing at the Pythian Games; nine times in boxing and once in the pankration at the Isthmian Games; and nine times in boxing at the Nemean Games. He also won the long distance race at Argos. He had 1300 other victories in lesser Games.

It is certain that Theogenes was worshipped as a god in Thasos after his death. One of his enemies whipped his statue. It fell and crushed him to death. The people of Thasos threw the statue into the sea. It was stained with blood. The fields did not produce after this act. The people of Thasos pulled the statue from the sea and put it back in its place. Worship continued. Theogenes was said to heal diseases.

Notes

References

Ancient sportspeople
5th-century BC births
5th-century BC deaths
Ancient Greeks

Theogenes


Lucas Sang (February 12, 1961 - January 1, 2008) was a Kenyan runner who raced at the Olympic Games in 1988. He and his team made it to the final of the 4X100 relay race.

Sang was killed in Kenya during the riots about the election. He was killed when a group of men threw stones and rocks at him. His body was later burned.

Lucas Sang


David Broadfoot GC (21 July 1899 – 31 January 1953) was a Scottish seaman awarded the George Cross for his bravery during the sinking of the .

He was born in Stranraer, Scotland. By 1917, he had gained a radio license and later qualified as a ship's Radio Officer. In this capacity, he served in merchant navy during both World War I and World War II.

In October 1950, he joined the crew of the . He was serving on board the ship on 31 January 1953, when it sank in the North Channel in the worst maritime disaster in United Kingdom waters since World War II.  Broadfoot remained at his post while the ship was sinking, sending messages to shore stations to enable them to locate the ship.  He was posthumously awarded the George Cross, the highest award for bravery to British civilians.

In 1999, his grandchildren donated the George Cross to the Stranraer town museum, where it is now on display along with other memorabilia from the sinking.

George Cross Citation

"The QUEEN has been graciously pleased to make undermentioned award :-

GEORGE CROSS.

David BROADFOOT (deceased), Radio Officer, m.v. "Princess Victoria". (Stranraer.)

"Princess Victoria" left Stranraer on the morning of 31st January, 1953, carrying 127 passengers for Larne. After leaving Loch Ryan she encountered north-westerly gales and squalls of sleet and snow. A heavy sea struck the ship and burst open the stern doors and sea water flooded the space on the car deck causing a list to starboard of about 10 degrees. Attempts were made to secure the stern doors but without success. The Master tried his ship back to Loch Ryan but the conditions were of such severity that the manoeuvre failed. Some of the ship's cargo shifted from the port to the starboard side and this increased the list as the crippled vessel endeavoured to make her way across the Irish Sea.

From the moment when "Princess Victoria" first got into difficulties, Radio Officer Broadfoot constantly sent out wireless messages giving the ship's position and asking for assistance. The severe list which the vessel had taken, and which was gradually increasing, rendered his task even more difficult. Despite the difficulties and danger he steadfastly continued his work at the transmitting set, repeatedly sending signals to the coast radio station to enable them to ascertain the ship's exact position.

When "Princess Victoria" finally stopped in sight of the Irish Coast her list had increased to 45 degrees. The vessel was practically on her beam ends and the order to abandon ship was given. Thinking only of saving the lives of passengers and crew, Radio Officer Broadfoot remained in the W/T cabin, receiving and sending messages although he must have known that if he did this he had no chance of surviving. The ship finally foundered and Radio Officer Broadfoot went down with her. He had deliberately sacrificed his own life in an attempt to save others."

Grave
His gravestone is in the Inch Parish Churchyard in Inch, Scotland; several memorials of the disaster are located on both sides of the North Channel.

See also
 List of George Cross recipients
 List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll

References

External links

1899 births
1953 deaths
People from Stranraer
Scottish sailors
British Merchant Navy officers
British recipients of the George Cross
Deaths due to shipwreck at sea
Accidental deaths in Northern Ireland
British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II
British Merchant Service personnel of World War I

David Broadfoot