In internal combustion engines with carburetors, a choke valve or choke modifies the air pressure in the intake manifold, thereby altering the air–fuel ratio entering the engine. Choke valves are generally used in naturally aspirated engines to supply a richer fuel mixture when starting the engine. Most choke valves in engines are butterfly valves mounted upstream of the carburetor jet to produce a higher partial vacuum, which increases the fuel draw.

In heavy industrial or fluid engineering contexts, including oil and gas production, a choke valve or choke is a particular design of valve with a solid cylinder placed inside another slotted or perforated cylinder.

Carburetor

A choke valve is sometimes installed in the carburetor of internal combustion engines. Its purpose is to restrict the flow of air, thereby enriching the fuel-air mixture while starting the engine. Depending on engine design and application, the valve can be activated manually by the operator of the engine (via a lever or pull handle) or automatically by a temperature-sensitive mechanism called an automatic choke.

Choke valves are important for naturally-aspirated gasoline engines because small droplets of gasoline do not evaporate well within a cold engine. By restricting the flow of air into the throat of the carburetor, the choke valve reduces the pressure inside the throat, which causes a proportionally greater amount of fuel to be pushed from the main jet into the combustion chamber during cold-running operation. Once the engine is warm (from combustion), opening the choke valve restores the carburetor to normal operation, supplying fuel and air in the correct stoichiometric ratio for clean, efficient combustion.

The term "choke" is applied to the carburetor's enrichment device even when it works by a totally different method. Commonly, SU carburettors have "chokes" that work by lowering the fuel jet to a narrower part of the needle. Some others work by introducing an additional fuel route to the constant depression chamber.

Chokes were nearly universal in automobiles until fuel injection began to supplant carburetors. Choke valves are still common in other internal-combustion engines, including most small portable engines, motorcycles, small propeller-driven airplanes, riding lawn mowers, and normally-aspirated marine engines.

Industrial
In the extraction of petroleum (and other heavy-duty fluid handling contexts), a choke valve (or "choke") is an adjustable flow limiter that is designed to operate at a large pressure drop, at a large flow rate, for a long time. A choke is often a part of the "Christmas tree" at the wellhead.

The most familiar choke design is a solid cylinder (called a "plug" or "stem") that closely fits inside another cylinder that has multiple small holes through it (the "cage"). Gradually withdrawing the plug uncovers more and more holes, progressively reducing the resistance to flow. If the holes are regularly placed, then the relationship between the position of the valve and the flow coefficient (Cv) (the flow rate per unit pressure) is roughly linear. Another design places a closely fitted cylindrical "sleeve" around the outside of the cage rather than a plug inside the cage. A choke may also include a conical valve and valve seat, to ensure complete shutoff.

Fluids flowing into the cage (through all uncovered holes) enter from all sides, producing fluid jets. The jets collide at the center of the cage cylinder, dissipating most of their energy through fluid impinging on fluid, producing less friction and cavitation erosion of the metal valve body. For highly erosive or corrosive fluids, chokes can be made of tungsten carbide or inconel.

References

External links
Short video of a choke valve operating on a chainsaw carburetor from HowStuffWorks

Automotive engine technologies
Carburettors
Valves

Choke valve


Miyawaki (stylized in all capital letters, born June 28, 1977) is a Japanese professional wrestler, best known for his work in the Kaientai Dojo and Osaka Pro Wrestling promotions. He has also wrestled in the United States for Chikara and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG).

Professional wrestling career
Miyawaki made his professional wrestling debut in Puerto Rico, facing Super Crazy on October 18, 2001. Upon his return to Japan, he joined the Apache Pro-Wrestling Army promotion, where he spent his first years in the business, before making Kaientai Dojo his new home promotion. Miyawaki won his first professional wrestling title on May 6, 2007, when he and Yoshiya defeated Saburo Inematsu and Yuji Hino for the Strongest-K Tag Team Championship. A year later, Miyawaki won the title for the second time with Kazma.

Miyawaki has also made several wrestling trips to the United States. In February 2006, he took part in Chikara's 2006 Tag World Grand Prix, where he and Yoshiaki Yago made it to the second round before losing to compatriots Kudo and Mikami. Miyawaki and Yago returned to the promotion the following May to unsuccessfully challenge The Kings of Wrestling (Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli) for the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas. In February 2007, Miyawaki took part in Chikara's first-ever King of Trios tournament, where he, Yago and Kudo made it all the way to the finals, before losing to Jigsaw, Mike Quackenbush and Shane Storm. A year later, Miyawaki, Kudo and Susumu made it to the quarterfinals of the 2008 King of Trios tournament, before losing to Eddie Kingston, Joker and Ruckus. The following July, Miyawaki made his debut for Southern California-based Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), teaming with Kazma in a three-way tag team match, where they were defeated by The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson).

On November 20, 2008, Miyawaki made his debut for Osaka Pro Wrestling as the masked character Orochi. He initially joined the rudo army, but in 2010 turned on the group and joined a new stable named Joker, as a member of which he went on to become a two-time Osaka Pro Wrestling Tag Team Champion and a one-time Osaka Pro Wrestling Owarai and Independent World Junior Heavyweight Champion. In April 2013, Orochi, along with Joker stablemates Hayata, Hideyoshi, Kuuga and Masamune left Osaka Pro to join Kuuga's new Doutonbori Entertainment System promotion. In June, during the promotion's inaugural event, Miyawaki revealed that he had wrestled under the Orochi mask and made all subsequent appearances for the promotion unmasked and under his original ring name. On June 22, 2014, Miyawaki defeated Saburo Inematsu to win Kaientai Dojo's top singles title, the Strongest-K Championship, after Inematsu legitimately dislocated his left shoulder and was unable to continue the match. Initially, Miyawaki refused the title, but the Kaientai Dojo commission recognized him as the official champion on June 25. He lost the title to Kengo Mashimo in his second defense on August 24.

Championships and accomplishments
Doutonbori Pro Wrestling
WDW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hub
DDT Pro-Wrestling
Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (2 times)
Kaientai Dojo
Strongest-K Championship (1 time)
Strongest-K Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Yoshiya (1) and Kazma (1)
K-Survivor Tournament (2003) – with Kengo Mashimo, Kunio Toshima, Mike Lee Jr., Super-X and Yuu Yamagata
Osaka Pro Wrestling
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Osaka Pro Wrestling Owarai Championship (1 time)
Osaka Pro Wrestling Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Kuuga (1) and Tadasuke (1)

References

External links

Kaientai Dojo profile

Official blog

1977 births
Living people
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Osaka
Masked wrestlers
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Champions
Ironman Heavymetalweight Champions
Strongest-K Champions
Strongest-K Tag Team Champions
Osaka Owarai Champions
Osaka Tag Team Champions

Miyawaki (wrestler)


Torsten Stålhandske (Porvoo, Finland, 1 September 1593 – Haderslev, 21 April 1644) – Swedish for "Torsten Steelglove",  sometimes written "Stålhansch" in the Swedish of the times, and referred to in German literature as Torsten Staalhansch, was a Swedish officer in the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War.

The son of Torsten Svensson (Stålhandske), a noble military officer of Swedish ancestry from West Gothland, and Carin Lydiksdotter Jägerhorn, of Finnish nobility from southern Finland, Torsten Stålhandske married Kristina Horn in 1643. Albeit a short man, he was exceptionally strong; when a captured enemy officer, particularly a Pole or an Austrian, was led into the Swedish camp, he would shake their hands so hard that blood would appear under their fingernails in what he called "an honest Swedish handshake". Hence, his nickname.

Stålhandske started his military career as a squire to Patrick Ruthwen, with whom he had a task of recruiting military in Scotland. He followed Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to Prussia, as an Ensign in his Personal guard in 1626. In the same year he was promoted to the rank of major in the Regiment of Arvid Horn. In 1627 he joined the cavalry led by Åke Henriksson Tott.

In 1629 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the Nylands och Tavastehus Cavalry regiment, leading Finnish horsemen, also known as Hakkapeliitat, for the first time into the Thirty Years' War. At the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) they rode with the right wing personally led by King Gustavus Adolphus. In 1632 he was promoted to the rank of colonel.  At the siege of Nuremberg he assaulted the "invincible warriors"  of Austrian Colonel Cronberg and, thanks to his mighty and successful charges, largely determined the outcome of the Battle of Lützen, where Gustavus Adolphus was killed, but the battle nonetheless won.

In June 1634, Stålhandske was wounded at the Battle of Hamelin. In 1635, a major-general, he joined the main army led by Banér. At the Battle of Wittstock he personally captured 35 flags and, at a critical juncture of the battle, forced the enemy to flee. Similarly, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Chemnitz as well as in Silesia, where he defended his positions during the whole year of 1640 against Count Mansfeld.

Finally, in April 1642, he joined his forces with Torstenson's Army and took part in the Second Battle of Breitenfeld (also known as the First Battle of Leipzig), where he was seriously wounded. In May he was appointed general in Chief of the Cavalry. In 1643 Stålhandske followed Torstenson in Bohemia. In 1644 he crushed a hostile army corps in the Jutland, but then fell ill and died in Haderslev on 21 April 1644.

Torsten Stålhandske's mausoleum can be seen in the Cathedral of Turku (Finland).

1593 births
1644 deaths
People from Porvoo
Finnish generals
Swedish generals
Finnish people of Swedish descent
Swedish-speaking Finns

Torsten Stålhandske


Rabbi Nochum Partzovitz (he: נחום פרצוביץ) (died November 26, 1986) was a rabbi and Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivas Mir and is known worldwide for erudite explanations of Talmudic topics.

Biography
Partzovitz was born in Trakai, Poland to its Chief Rabbi, Rabbi Aryeh Tzvi Partzovitz. Rabbi Aryeh Tzvi was a grandson of the posek of Vilna, Rabbi Shlomo HaKohen and son-in-law to Rabbi Nochum Greenhouse.

As a young boy, Partzovitz was reputed to have been so eager to engage in Torah study that he would run to cheder in the morning barefoot because putting on shoes took up too much time.

Rabbi Partzovitz learned from an early age in the Baranovich Yeshiva under the leadership of Rabbi Elchonon Wasserman and Rabbi Dovid Rappaport. However, when he reached the age of thirteen, the yeshiva's administration decided that his level of Talmudic study was too advanced for their school, so he was sent to learn under Rabbi Boruch Ber Leibowitz.

At the age of fifteen, Rabbi Aryeh Tzvi, an alumnus of Yeshivas Mir, convinced his son to relocate to the Mirrer Yeshiva, where he was warmly welcomed by its Rosh Yeshiva, Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Finkel. Soon after joining the yeshiva, the Mir Yeshiva was exiled to Shanghai to escape the horrors of the Holocaust which annihilated much of European Jewry during World War II. In Shanghai, Reb Nachum continued to learn with tremendous diligence, earning the respect and admiration of the Yeshiva's Mashgiach, Rabbi Yechezkel Levenstein, and acting Rosh Yeshiva, Rabbi Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz. During this time, Reb Nochum—known as Reb Nochom Troker—is reputed to have studied daily for twelve hours straight with his colleague Rabbi Shmuel Berenbaum. He also studied in China with Rabbi Abba Berman.

After briefly immigrating to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, following World War II, Partzovitz moved to Israel and joined the newly established Mir Yeshiva of Jerusalem. There he married Ettel, the daughter of Rabbi Shmuelevitz. Partzovitz studied as a partner with Rabbi Berenbaum's brother-in-law, Rabbi Elya Svei, during the latter's brief stay in Israel.

Following the death of Rav Shmuelevitz in 1979, Partzovitz was promoted to Rosh Yeshiva of Mir, however, due to physical illness, his active reign as Rosh Yeshiva was short-lived. As a Talmudic lecturer and later Rosh Yeshiva in Mir Yeshiva, Partzovitz is known for having close personal relationships with his students.

Partzovitz was survived by his two sons, Rabbi Tzvi Partzovitz (Rosh Yeshiva of Mir Brachfeld) and Rabbi Refael Partzovitz and his three sons-in-law, Rabbi Chaim Mendel Brodsky [Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshiva Gedolah of Toronto], Rabbi Yitzchok Hellman, and Rabbi Asher Arieli.

Partzovitz's daily and general lectures are being printed posthumously by his children and students as Chiddushei Reb Nochum and Shiurei Reb Nochum. A Haggadah featuring words of Torah from the various Rosh Yeshivas of Mir also includes commentaries and lectures from Rabbi Nachum (Haggadah Shel Pesach, Mir (HE)).

Notable Students
 Chaim Mendel Brodsky - son-in-law
 Eliyahu Boruch Finkel
 Avigdor Nebenzahl
 Asher Arieli - son-in-law
 Aaron Lopiansky (Rosh Hayeshiva at Yeshiva of Greater Washington)
 Chaim Kamil
 Hanoch Teller
 Eli Baruch Shulman (Rosh Hayeshiva at Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary)

References
Many parts of this article were adapted from "Sunset: Stories of Our Contemporary Torah Luminaries zt"l and Their Spiritual Heroism" (Chapter "Nochum Percowiz") by Hanoch Teller.(on Google Books)

External links
Lectures by Rav Nachum in Yiddish (Kol HaLashon)
Rav Nochum Partzovitz's Yartzheit

1986 deaths
Rosh yeshivas
Year of birth missing
Mir rosh yeshivas
Mir Yeshiva alumni
Burials at Har HaMenuchot

Nochum Partzovitz


Ignacio Mieres (born April 6, 1987, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine rugby union player. He previously played for Worcester Warriors in the RFU Championship

Mieres was signed on trials for Leicester Tigers in March 2008. After only being able to play sevens for the Tigers, Loffreda got sacked from Leicester and Mieres decided to move forward. It was then when he decided to move to Stade Francais, where he wasn't able to play because of his Argentinean passport, and Stade Francais already having two foreign players, Roncero and Gasnier.

Mieres joined Perpignan as back-up for Dan Carter and spent 4 months there. The next season, he returned to Stade Francais, where he played 10 matches in the Top 14 and Heineken Cup. When the season finished, Mieres was released and went back to Argentina, where he played for the Pampas for a couple of months before moving to Exeter Chiefs.
He started his career at Exeter as the third choice fly-half, and after waiting a couple of months, he started the last two games of the Premiership scoring 25 points.
For 2011/2012 Mieres was picked as the first-choice number 10 for the Chiefs scoring over 270 points across Premiership and Amlin Challenge Cup matches. After having an outstanding season, qualifying for Heineken Cup and being picked as the player of the season, he signed a two-year contract with Exeter, and is waiting for his chance in the  "Pumas" team.

It was announced on 6 February 2013 that at the conclusion of the season Mieres will be joining Worcester Warriors.

He kicks post, and is able to play at fly-half, centre or full back.

References

1987 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Buenos Aires
Argentine rugby union players
Argentina international rugby union players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Rugby union fly-halves
Stade Français Paris players
Exeter Chiefs players
US Dax players
Argentine expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in England
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England

Ignacio Mieres


Yankee Stores was an American discount department store chain begun in Flint, Michigan. Partners Joseph Megdell and Wilbert Roberts
opened their first store in 1948 to sell military surplus under the name U.S. Surplus. By 1964, it had become a discount chain with 21 stores throughout southeastern Michigan, primarily around Flint. Many of its locations were paired with local supermarket chain Hamady Brothers. Some larger stores, including those in Lansing and Bay City, were called Yankee Stadium.

Megdell and Roberts sold the chain to Borman Foods, then-parent of Farmer Jack supermarkets, in 1965. Borman unsuccessfully expanded the chain into Metro Detroit, closing those stores by 1971. Many of the Detroit stores were sold to Shoppers Fair. In 1972, Borman sold the Yankee chain to California-based Zody's. Zody's closed its Michigan operations in 1974 as part of the chain's bankruptcy proceedings.

References

Defunct discount stores of the United States
Defunct companies based in Michigan
Defunct department stores based in Michigan
Companies based in Genesee County, Michigan
Retail companies established in 1948
American companies disestablished in 1972
1948 establishments in Michigan
1972 disestablishments in Michigan
American companies established in 1948

Yankee Stores


Badnaam, is a Pakistani Urdu language movie, the movie was released on September 2, 1966.

Badnaam was based on Saadat Hasan Manto's short story "Jhumkay" ("earrings"). It was adapted for the screen by Riaz Shahid. The movie was directed and produced by Iqbal Shehzad, It is his debut movie as a director. Badnaam starred Allaudin, Nabeela, Neelo, Ejaz, Diljeet Mirza, Hamid Wain and Rangela.

1960s Pakistani movies
1966 movies
Urdu-language movies

Badnaam (1966 movie)


KWKH (1130 AM) is a sports radio station serving Shreveport, Louisiana. The 50-kilowatt station broadcasts at 1130 kHz. Formerly owned by Clear Channel Communications and Gap Central Broadcasting, it is now owned by Townsquare Media. Its studios are shared with its other five sister stations on Westport Avenue in West Shreveport (one mile west of Shreveport Regional Airport), and the transmitter is a three-tower array in Belcher, Louisiana.

KWKH is no longer the local affiliate of the New Orleans Saints, but still broadcast the LSU Tigers (hence its nickname, "1130 The Tiger") as well as Fox Sports Radio. It is a 50,000-watt clear-channel station, one of two in Louisiana; the other being WWL in New Orleans. A single tower is used during the day, providing at least secondary coverage to most of northern Louisiana (as far east as Monroe and as far south as Alexandria, northeastern Texas and southwestern Arkansas. At night, power is fed to all three towers in a directional pattern to protect WBBR in New York City, the other Class A station on 1130 AM. Even with this restriction, KWKH can be heard across much of the central portion of North America at night.

History
KWKH has a colorful history. It was founded by W. K. Henderson, owner of Henderson Iron Works and Supply Company, and native of Bastrop, Louisiana. Henderson signed KWKH on the air from his country estate at Kennonwood, north of Shreveport, in 1926 after selling his earlier venture into radio the year prior, which had also bore the call letters KWKH at the time. Henderson developed a celebrated on-air persona amongst the station's listenership, and a notorious reputation with government regulators. He often sparred with the Federal Radio Commission over his profanity-laced rants against chain stores and the United States government, as well as over his desire to operate the station in the manner he wished, using as much radiated power as he felt necessary. The broadcaster initially enjoyed the patronage of Governor Huey P. Long Jr., whose son, Russell B. Long, was born in 1918 in Shreveport. Ultimately, the outspoken Henderson lost Long's support and his radio license as well.

KWKH's future came into question in 1932 when Henderson filed for personal bankruptcy during the Depression. An article in the trade publication Broadcasting reported that the bankruptcy "may be made an issue at a hearing involving the KWKH license renewal to be held probably in February [1933]." Bowing to this pressure and at the advice of his attorneys, Henderson sold the station in September, 1932 to International Broadcasting Corporation, a firm composed of local investors. At that time, KWKH operated nighttime on 850 kHz, the same frequency as WWL in New Orleans, Louisiana. WWL had applied for full-time status, and "a local insurance company" had applied for the 850 kHz frequency in Shreveport. Under this new ownership, KWKH became affiliated with the CBS network in 1934.

On May 28, 1935, the Federal Communications Commission approved transfer of ownership of KWKH to the Times Publishing Company Ltd. of Shreveport. Broadcasting magazine reported, "KWKH is listed as being assigned to 850 kc. with 10,000 watts, but with special authorization to operate on 1100 kc. unlimited time." The company simultaneously became the owner of KWEA in Shreveport, which operated on 1210 kHz with 100 watts (unlimited).

In April, 1948, KWKH launched the Louisiana Hayride, a live country music show broadcast from the Municipal Auditorium in Shreveport. The successful show helped launch the careers of a number of important music artists. In the mid-1950s, KWKH was the first major radio station to feature the music of Elvis Presley on the Louisiana Hayride. Horace Logan, long-term KWKH Program Manager and originator of the "Hayride", and Frank Page introduced Presley on Hayride. The station carried games for the Shreveport Steamer during the 1974 World Football League season. Larry King was the color commentator for the Steamer games.

International Broadcasting Corporation sold KWKH in 1977 and the station's music format was changed to strictly country. Prior to the sale, KWKH maintained a full-service format – airing a variety of music, news, sports, farm reports, and other locally-produced programming.

On May 31, 2012 KWKH changed its format to sports, branded as The Tiger.

KWKH is a Federal Primary Entry Point station for the National Public Warning System and a Louisiana State Relay of the Emergency Alert System, and is in charge of The Shreveport Area EAS operations.

References

External links
KWKH official website

FCC History Cards for KWKH

Sports radio stations in the United States
Radio stations in Louisiana
Radio stations established in 1926
Townsquare Media radio stations
Clear-channel radio stations
Fox Sports Radio stations
1926 establishments in Louisiana

KWKH


James Dougherty (November 16, 1839 – November 25, 1897) was a U.S. Marine in the 1871 Korean Campaign. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition. He was serving as a private aboard . His Medal of Honor was issued on February 8, 1872. Private Dougherty was one of fifteen United States sailors and Marines who received the Medal of Honor for this little known American military action.

He is buried in Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Section 6, Grave 12374.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

On board the  in various actions of that vessel. Wounded several times, Dougherty invariably returned to duty, presenting an example of constancy and devotion to the flag.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

Note/Another James Dougherty
There may have been either two James Doughertys awarded the medal during the Korean Expedition. One served on board the Carondelet, while the other may have served on the . Alternatively, the medals may have been awarded to the same Marine.

The U.S.S. Carondelet does not appear to have served in Korea, raising the possibility that two James Doughertys received the Medal of Honor (on-line resources do not support this point) or that the citation for Private Dougherty's medal refers incorrectly to the U.S.S. Carondelet instead of to another ship (possibly the U.S.S. Benicia) involved in the Korean campaign.

1897 deaths
1839 births
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients

James Dougherty (Medal of Honor)


Shennongjia Forestry District () is a county-level administrative unit (a "forestry district") in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, directly subordinated to the provincial government. It occupies  in western Hubei, and, as of 2007 had the resident population estimated at 74,000 (with the registered population of 79,976). On July 17, 2016, Hubei Shennongjia was listed as a World Heritage Site, the 50th World Heritage Site in China, because of its exceptional floral and faunal biodiversity and its protection of many rare, endangered, and endemic species.

The population is predominantly (95%) Han Chinese, the remaining 5% being mostly Tujia.

Administration

The administrative status of Shennongjia is rather unusual, in that it is the only county-level administrative unit of the People's Republic of China designated a "forestry district" (), rather than a more usual county or county-level city.

Shennongjia's status within Hubei is also somewhat unusual, in that this county-level unit is directly administered by the provincial government as opposed to be part of a prefecture-level city or prefecture, as are Hubei's all "normal" counties. However, this arrangement is not unique to Shennongjia, as Hubei also has three county-level cities (Xiantao, Tianmen, Qianjiang) which are directly under the provincial government, without being part of a prefecture-level unit.

The district was created on May 28, 1970, from the adjacent areas of Badong County, Baokang County, Fang County and Xingshan County.

Shennongjia is further divided into 6 towns, 1 township, and 1 ethnic township.

The county seat is in Songbai Town in the northern of the district; the main tourist center is Muyu Town, near the southern border of the district.

There are numerous tourist attractions throughout the district,

Geography

Shennongjia Forestry District is named after the Shennongjia mountainous massif, which is  usually considered to be the eastern (and the highest) section of the Daba Mountains (Daba Shan). The mountains of Shennongjia form a divide between two parts of the district: the central and northern part drains north, into the Han River (a tributary of the Yangtze which joins the Yangtze much farther east, in Wuhan), while the southern section drains into the Yangtze in a more direct way, via a number of short streams flowing south, such as Shen Nong Stream. Some of Hubei's highest mountains - which are also the highest mountains of the Daba Shan - are located within the district. The three tallest peaks, located west of Muyu town, are Shennong Deng ( elevation), Da Shennongjia (), and Xiao Shennongjia (, on the border with Badong County). Laojun Shan,  tall, is located northeast of Muyu.

Biodiversity and Conservation
Shannongjia Forestry District lies within the Daba Mountains evergreen forests ecoregion.

There are a number of conservation areas in the district's mountains and wetlands, in particular the world-famous Shennongjia National Nature Reserve (), listed on UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The reserve includes  of forest, and, due to a variety of natural conditions at different elevations, has high plant diversity. One survey by Chinese botanists reports 3,479 higher plant species found in a certain area. Of those species, 1793 are endemic to China. In fact, the district contains the highest diversity of deciduous woody plant species in the world.

In addition to fostering high plant diversity, the variation in topography and the stability of the region's climate through past glaciation events has allowed for the maintenance of high animal diversity. The protected animal species include golden snub-nosed monkey, whose population in the district was reported to have grown between 1990 and  2005 from 500 to over 1200. A specially protected 100-square-km area is designated for this endangered primate species. Other species in the district include the Chinese giant salamander, the clouded leopard, and the Asiatic black bear Overall, 600 vertebrate species have been observed in the Nature Reserve (92 mammals, 399 birds, 55 fish, 53 reptiles, and 37 amphibians), in addition to 4365 insect species. This district is the type location for many Chinese species.

Shennongjia has sites of scientific interests to paleontologists as well. The Rhino Cave in Hongping Town has been described by Chinese paleontologists as the richest fossil site in the country after Zhoukoudian.

Climate
Köppen Cwa

Economy

The district is mountainous and (as its name suggested) heavily forested, which, historically, made forestry the main industry. Over 100,000 cubic meters of timber was produced in the district annually from the 1960s to 1980s (over  in the 1970s), but in the late 1990s the focus was switched from logging to forest conservation. Officially, felling of natural forest completely ceased in March 2000.

The district's low population, compared to a typical Hubei county of a similar size, means comparatively small amount of agriculture; nonetheless, the district tries to put itself on the world map as a  tea producer.  There are mining operations throughout the district.

As elsewhere in the mountainous western Hubei, numerous small hydroelectric plants utilize the energy of  Shennongjia's rivers and streams.

Numerous tourist facilities operate along the China National Highway 209, in particular in and around Muyu Town.

On average, the area remains comparatively poor, with the GDP per capita lower than any of Hubei's prefecture-level units. Of course, direct comparison between Shennongjia and a prefecture-level unit of Hubei such as Yichang or Huangshi can be misleading, since nearly all of Hubei's prefecture-level units have a large urbanized core (with corresponding higher incomes), while Shennongjia does not.

Transportation

The main north–south route throughout the district is China National Highway 209 (G209), which, however, as of 2009 is still "unimproved" in many places both within district (north of the national park entry at Yazikou) and in Badong County south of it. In practice most visitors enter the district from its southern border, traveling along a provincial highway from Yichang, which merges with G209 near Gaoyang in Xingshan County. This route is a good paved road, designated as the Yi-Shen (Yichang-Shennongjia) Route.

Hubei Provincial Route 307 (S307) runs through the northeastern part of the district, from G209 east to Songbai Town and on into the neighboring Baokang County (part of Xiangyang prefecture-level city).

In May 2021, Shennongjia was connected to the expressway network through the Baoshen Expressway, a branch expressway of the G59 Expressway.

Due to the mountainous terrain, the district has no rail or water transport, and until recently, no air transportation. Despite the difficult and fragile terrain, construction of Shennongjia Hongping Airport started in April 2011 with an investment of 1 billion yuan. Located west of Hongping Town, the airport opened in May 2014.

Mythology
The name Shennongjia comes from the name of the mythical deity/legendary emperor Shennong and jia, meaning ladder: literally, "Shennong's ladder", after a mythical rattan ladder which Shennong was said to use to climb up and down the mountain (later, the ladder was said to have magically transformed into a deep forest).

The people of Shennongjia preserved the Epic of Darkness, a collection of tales and legends of primeval China in epic poetry.

References

External links

County-level divisions of Hubei
World Heritage Sites in China
Biosphere reserves of China
Forests of China

Shennongjia


John Ewing (May 19, 1789 – April 6, 1858) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana.

Early life
He was born in County Cork, Ireland. As a child his family moved to the United States and settled in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1813 he moved to Vincennes, Indiana. He was involved in both business and in publishing a local paper.

Judicial career
From 1816 until 1820 he was an Associate Justice of the Circuit Court of Knox County, Indiana. He resigned from this post in 1820. In both 1816 and 1821, he ran unsuccessfully for the Indiana State Senate.

In 1825 he was appointed a lieutenant colonel of the State Militia. He also began serving in the Indiana Senate that year. He continued to serve in the State Senate until 1833 when he was elected to the United States Congress.

Six candidates vied for the seat he won, with only 20.94% of the vote. He only led his closest opponent by two votes. At this point he is most often identified as an anti-Jacksonian.

He was also elected to the congress that convened in 1837, this time as a Whig, and with a greater percentage of the votes cast.

References

1789 births
1858 deaths
Politicians from County Cork
Irish emigrants to the United States
National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana

John Ewing (Indiana politician)


Kim Young-moo (김영무, 1944 – 26 November 2001) was a South Korean poet, literary critic and translator born in Paju near Seoul.

Life
Kim Young-moo did his BA and MA from Seoul National University, and then got his PhD from SUNY at Stony Brook in 1987.  His dissertation was Between Social Liberation and Individual Liberation:  Ambivalences in George Eliot's Moral and Social Thinking.  He became a professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at his first alma mater in 1981. From early in 2001, he was bedridden, unable to walk on account of cancer. With his wife's devoted care, he was able to remain at home, writing, translating, and meeting friends, until the pain became too intolerable. He was taken to hospital on Tuesday, 20 November and died at 7:30 pm on Monday, 26 November 2001. Three days before he died, he wrote a final poem:

무지개

김영무

이 땅에 시인 하나
풀꽃으로 피어나
바람결에 놀다 갔다.

풀무치 새 울음소리 좋아하고
이웃 피붙이 같은 버들치
힘찬 지느러미 짓
더욱 좋아했다.

찬 이슬 색동보석 맺치는
풀섶세상—참 다정도 하다.

2001.11.23평촌
Rainbow
Kim Young-Moo

In this land one poet
blossomed—a wild flower,
played in the wind, then went away.

He enjoyed the songs of crickets and birds,
enjoyed even more
the sturdy fin-strokes
of minnows, neighborly, kin-like.

The world of wild greenery
where cool drops of dew hang, many-hued jewels—it's so full of tenderness.

Work
He published three volumes of his own poetry and worked with Brother Anthony as co-translator on a number of works including, The Sound of My Waves, Beyond Self, and The Thousand Lives (Maninbo). His first published article on Korean poetry, 이육사론 (창작과 비평, 1975년 여름호) signified his recognition as a literary critic. He published a number of translations from English: 침묵 속에 떠오르는 소리 (1977),블레이크 시선집 (1987, a volume of translations of poems by William Blake), 예수, 그 낯선분 (1989), 술례자 한느님 (1991, by Brother John of Taize) and more. He published a volume of personal essays 제비꽃에 너를 보며 (1988) and a volume of literary criticism 시의 언어와 삶의 언어 (1990), which received the prize for criticism in the 1991 Republic of Korea Literary Awards. He and Brother Anthony together translated The Sound of my Waves and Beyond Self by Ko Un, Back to Heaven by Ch'on Sang-Pyong, Faint Shadows of Love by Kim Kwang-kyu, and Farmers' Dance by Shin Kyong-Nim. Their volume of Kim Kwang-Kyu won the Translation Prize in the 1991 Republic of Korea Literary Awards, and the Ch'on Sang-Pyong volume was awarded the 1996 Korean PEN Translation Prize.
In 1991, during a 2-year stay as visiting professor in Toronto (Canada), he began publishing poems in a local Korean-language newspaper. In 1992, he and five others published in Toronto a collection of their poems: 얼음비 온 다음 날. He first published poems in Korea in 1993 and his first volume, 색동 단풍숲을 노래하라, was published in May 1993. A second volume, 산은 새소리마저 쌓아 두지 않는구나, was published while he was still in hospital recovering from an operation for lung cancer in August 1998

Awards
 Republic of Korea Literary Award (criticism), 1991
 Republic of Korea Literary Award (translation), 1991
 Korean Pen Translation Award (1996)
 Third Paeksok Literary Award (2001)

Publications in English
 The Sound of my Waves and Beyond Self by Ko Un; translated by Kim and Brother Anthony
 Back to Heaven by Chon Sang-Pyong; translated by Kim and Brother Anthony
 Faint Shadows of Love by Kim Kwang-kyu; translated by Kim and Brother Anthony
 Farmers' Dance by Shin Kyong-Nim; translated by Kim and Brother Anthony
 "Pablo Neruda and Today's Korean Poetry," Korea Journal Vol.36 No.2 Summer 1996 pp. 92~104
 "The Poetry of Kim Kwang-Kyu: From Spirit Mountain to Kunak Mountain," Korea Journal Vol.30 No.5 May 1990 pp. 27~32

Translation of Kim's last poem, "Rainbow"
 http://hompi.sogang.ac.kr/anthony/KimYM.htm

References

1944 births
2001 deaths
South Korean translators
English–Korean translators
Seoul National University alumni
20th-century translators
People from Paju

Kim Young-moo


Tahitoe (1808–1881) was the king of Raiatea from 1871 to 1881.

Tahitoe and other leading chiefs and governors of Raiatea and Tahaa refused to accept the rule of Tamatoa V in 1858. Tamarii, the chief of the council, and others attempted to petition the United States to put the islands under an American protectorate. Letters were sent by the United States Consul to Raiatea Henry Owner to Secretary of State Lewis Cass. The diplomatic ploy was discovered by the French colonial officials in Tahiti and the Raiatean nobles scapegoated two Americans residents: Joseph Jordan and Thomas Croft and a native named Poare. Tahitoe, who had not signed the request for a protectorate, opposed the secret plan and wrote to President James Buchanan saying the proposal was not approved by the people. Consul Owner was recalled by the United States for fear of French reprisal for his involvement in the affair. Tamatoa was reinstated on 4 December 1859 after he agreed to cooperate with the governors.

Biography

Tahitoe was born in 1808. He was son of prince Hihipa of Raiatea and his wife, Te-opua. His father was a grandchild of the king Tamatoa III of Raiatea and Tahaa.

Tahitoe married in 1810 Te'eva. He remarried in 1836 with Metua'aro. He had 8 children.
 Princess Rere-ao Tahitoe.
 Prince Tehaupoto
 Princess Tetuaiterai
 Princess Teihotua
 Princess Vaira'atoa
 Princess Ari'itiria
 Prince Tahitorai
 Princess Tetupaia

Another daughter was Queen Tuarii who ruled a resistance government against France from 1888 to 1897.

References

1808 births
1881 deaths
French Polynesian royalty
People from Raiatea
19th-century monarchs in Oceania

Tahitoe


The Battle of Hudson's Bay, also known as the Battle of York Factory, was a naval battle fought during the War of the Grand Alliance (known in England's North American colonies as "King William's War"). The battle took place on 5 September 1697, when a French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville defeated an English squadron commanded by Captain John Fletcher. As a result of this battle, the French took York Factory, a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company.

Prelude

During King William's War, France several times sent forces to Hudson Bay to capture or destroy the fort. In 1690, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville tried but was driven away by a larger English ship. In 1694, d'Iberville returned and captured York Factory with a show of force; he renamed it Fort Bourbon. English naval forces returned the next year and retook the fort from its small French garrison.

In 1697, D'Iberville's flagship, Pélican (44-guns), was part of a larger French squadron dispatched to contest English control of Hudson Bay.
D'Iberville commanded Le Pélican (50 [44] cannons, captain Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville), a third-rate man-of-war cut for fifty guns, and with one hundred and fifty men ship's company. Serigny commanded the Le Profond (frigate/'storeship') (460 t, flûte de 32 canons [+2 from Le Pélican], commanded by Pierre Du Gué, Sieur de Boisbriand.). Boisbriant commanded Le Vesp/Weesph (frigate) (Capt. Chatrie (chevalier de Chastrier) a vessel of about 300 t with about 20–26 guns). Le Palmier (frigate) (fifth-rate man-of-war, 300t, captain Joseph Le Moyne de Serigny) a vessel of about 20–26 guns, and originally the "Violent" renamed L'Esquimau/Esquimaux (the Eskimo), a supply ship (150 ton brigantine) Jean Outelas, Capt., capable of carrying from 10 to 12 guns; one report says the last was crushed by the ice pack.

Before the battle, Pélican became separated from the rest of the French squadron in heavy fog, but D'Iberville elected to forge ahead. This set the stage for a little-known but spectacular single-ship action against heavy odds.

As Pélican sailed south into clearer weather, she approached the trading post of York Factory, and a group of soldiers went ashore to scout out the fort. Captain D'Iberville remained on board Pélican. While the shore party was scouting the fort, D'Iberville saw the sails and masts of approaching ships. Thinking the rest of his squadron had arrived, he set off to meet them. D'Iberville realized that the ships were not French, but were, instead, an English squadron when one fired a shot across the bow of Le Pélican.

The English squadron comprised the warship  under Captain Fletcher, mounting 50 guns, HBC Royal Hudson's Bay (200 t) commanded by Capt. Nicholas Smithsend and mounting 32 guns, and HBC Dering (a third of this name owned by the HBC) (260 t) (Capt. Michael Grimington) mounting 36 guns.  Fireship HMS Owner's Love (217 t) (Capt. Lloyd), which also joined the expedition, was crushed by ice earlier in the passage of the Hudson Strait.

Battle

D'Iberville, his shore party out of reach, elected to give battle. The battle began as a running fight, but after two and a half hours, D'Iberville closed with the English and a brutal broadside-to-broadside engagement took place between Pélican and Hampshire. The English seemed to be gaining the upper hand with blood running from the scuppers of Pélican into the water. Captain Fletcher demanded that D'Iberville surrender, but D'Iberville refused. Fletcher is reported to have raised a glass of wine to toast D'Iberville's bravery when the next broadside from Pélican detonated Hampshire's powder magazine. Hampshire exploded and sank.

Aftermath

Hudson's Bay and Dering seem to have played only a limited supporting role in the final stage of the engagement. Hudson's Bay was damaged and struck her colors to Pélican after Hampshire blew up. Dering broke off the engagement and fled, but Pélican was too badly damaged to pursue.

Pélican was also fatally damaged in the battle. Holed below the waterline, the ship had to be abandoned, but the arrival of the remainder of the French squadron shortly thereafter led to the surrender of York Factory on 13 September 1697, and the continuation of D'Iberville's remarkable career.

York Factory was held by the French until 1713, when it was returned to the British in the Peace of Utrecht.

See also
 List of Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay
 List of conflicts in Canada

References

External links

King William's War
Naval battles involving England
Naval battles involving France
1697 in France
Conflicts in Canada
Naval battles of the Nine Years' War
1697 in North America
Conflicts in 1697

Battle of Hudson's Bay


Vicenzo Caccianemici (active 1530) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period. He was born in Bologna, and trained under Parmigianino. Vasari mentions a picture by this artist in the chapel of the family of Elefantuzzi in San Petronio at Bologna, representing The Decollation of St. John and another picture of the same subject, differently treated, in the Cappella Macchiavelli in San Stefano. There are a few etchings including Diana returning from the Chase and a Landscape, with a Nymph and Dogs, The Death of Abel, The Adoration of the Shepherds probably after a design by Parmigianino, and finally a St. Jerome in a Grotto.

References

16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Bologna
Renaissance painters
Italian etchers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Vicenzo Caccianemici


Zenon Clayton Raymond Hansen (July 23, 1909 – October 19, 1990) was chairman and CEO of Mack Trucks, Inc. from 1965 to 1974.  He was the fifth president of the company.  Zenon C.R. Hansen was active in the Boy Scouts of America and he was an Eagle Scout. Zenon C.R. Hansen was elected to the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1983.

Hansen died in 1990. The Zenon C.R. Hansen Foundation helped to start a leadership program at Doane College  in Crete, Nebraska.

The Hansen Leadership Program is designed to develop the leadership skills of Doane College students, area high school students, and community residents.

Early years
Zenon Clayton Raymond Hansen was born July 23, 1909, in Hibbing, Minnesota. His parents were Nelson Christian Martin Hansen, a Protestant tailor and son of Swedish immigrants, and Ivah Delle Raymond Hansen, a Catholic housewife of French and Irish descent. His parents divorced when Hansen was four.

Recollections
"I started at Mack Trucks in June 20 1969.  I started at 5C plant on the heavy Line. My twin was just above me mounting bogies (rear axles). It got to the point they had to place me on the Lite Line because my twin brother worked up from me on the same line & the bosses were giving orders to the wrong man in their area.They had to put me on the MB utility work on the Lite Line. Mr. Hansen was the best CEO that I ever worked under. The reason I say this , he was a fair man to his employees & a kind gentleman to ALL HIS EMPLOYEES. He did a lot for all the people in the Lehigh Valley & Allentown Pa.I put 32 years at Mack Trucks, from 1969-1974 were the best years of my life , thanks to Mr. Hansen. A Proud Mack Man" - Clinton L. Trumbauer

Later life
Zenon died of cancer on October 19, 1990, at the age of 81. His obituary was featured in the New York Times and other papers across the country.

In popular culture
Hansen was featured in the 2014 biography Legacy of Leadership: Zenon C.R. Hansen-The Untold Story of a Dedicated Boy Scout's Rise to Captain of Industry by Steve J. Myers.

References

1990 deaths
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
1909 births
20th-century American businesspeople

Zenon C.R. Hansen


Jalaun district is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The district is named after the town of Jalaun, which was the former headquarters of a Maratha governor, but the administrative headquarters of the district is at Orai. Other major towns in the district are Konch, Kalpi, and Madhogarh,

Geography

Jalaun District is a part of the Jhansi Division. The district has an area of 4,565 km², and a population of 1,689,974 (2011 census), and a population density of 370 persons per km².

The district lies entirely within the level plains of Bundelkhand, north of the hill country, and is almost surrounded by the Yamuna River, which forms the northern boundary of the district, and its tributaries the Betwa, which forms the southern boundary of the district, and the Pahuj, which forms the western boundary. The central region thus enclosed is a dead level of cultivated land, almost destitute of trees, and dotted with villages. The southern portion presents an almost unbroken sheet of cultivation. The Non River flows through the centre of the district, which it drains by innumerable small ravines.

The districts of Etawah and Kanpur lie to the north across the Yamuna, while Hamirpur District lies to the east and southeast, Jhansi District lies to the southeast, and Bhind District of Madhya Pradesh lies to the west cross the Pahuj.

The district has been under severe drought for the last four years with the average rainfall being about 399 mm which is way behind the average of about 800 mm.

Districts of Uttar Pradesh

Jalaun district


The University of Maryland, College Park (University of Maryland, UMD, or simply Maryland) is a public land-grant research university in College Park, Maryland. Founded in 1856, UMD is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. It is also the largest university in both the state and the Washington metropolitan area. Its 12 schools and colleges offer over 200 degree-granting programs, including 92 undergraduate majors, 107 master's programs, and 83 doctoral programs. UMD is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference.

The University of Maryland's proximity to Washington, D.C., has resulted in research partnerships with the federal government; faculty receive research funding and institutional support from many agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health, NASA, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Security Agency, and the Department of Homeland Security. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and has been labeled a "Public Ivy".

In 2016, the University of Maryland, College Park and the University of Maryland, Baltimore formalized their strategic partnership after their collaboration aimed to create more innovative medical, scientific, and educational programs, as well as greater research grants and joint faculty appointments than either campus has been able to accomplish on its own. According to the National Science Foundation, the university spent a combined $1.1 billion on research and development in 2020, ranking it 16th overall in the nation and 10th among all public institutions. As of 2021, the operating budget of the University of Maryland is approximately $2.2 billion.

History

Early history

On March 6, 1856, the forerunner of today's University of Maryland was chartered as the Maryland Agricultural College. Two years later, Charles Benedict Calvert (1808–1864), a future U.S. Representative (Congressman) and descendant of the first Lord Baltimores, purchased  of the Riversdale Mansion estate nearby today's College Park, Maryland. Later that year, Calvert founded the school and was the acting president from 1859 to 1860. On October 5, 1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College. The school became a land grant college in February 1864.

Civil War

During the Civil War, Confederate soldiers under Brigadier General Bradley Tyler Johnson moved past the college on July 12, 1864, as part of Jubal Early's raid on Washington, D.C. By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off  of land, and the continuing decline in enrollment sent the Maryland Agricultural College into bankruptcy. The campus was used as a boys' preparatory school for the next two years.

The Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school in 1866. The college thus became, in part, a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students. In 1868, the former Confederate admiral Franklin Buchanan was appointed president of the school. Enrollment grew to 80 at the time of his resignation, and the school soon paid off its debt. In 1873, Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, became president of the college.

Twenty years later, the federally-funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. During the same period, state laws granted the college regulatory powers in several areas—including controlling farm disease, inspecting feed, establishing a state weather bureau and geological survey, and housing the forestry board. Morrill Hall (the oldest instructional building still in use on campus) was built the following year.

Great Fire of 1912

On November 29, 1912, a fire destroyed student housing, school records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving only Morrill Hall untouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two students returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing. A new administration building was not built until the 1940s.

20th century

The state took control of the school in 1916 and renamed it Maryland State College. That year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9, 1920, the college became part of the existing University of Maryland, replacing St. John's College, Annapolis as the university's undergraduate campus. In the same year, the graduate school on the College Park campus awarded its first Ph.D. degrees and the university's enrollment reached 500 students. In 1925 the university was accredited by the Association of American Universities.

By the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women. Before 1951, many black students in Maryland were enrolled at the University of Maryland, Eastern Shore.

In 1957, President Wilson H. Elkins pushed to increase the university's academic standards. His efforts resulted in creating one of the first Academic Probation Plans. The first year the plan went into effect, 1,550 students (18% of the total student body) faced expulsion.

On October 19, 1957, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom attended her first and only college football game at the University of Maryland after expressing interest in seeing a typically American sport during her first tour of the United States. The Maryland Terrapins beat the North Carolina Tar Heels 21 to 7 in the historical game now referred to as "The Queen's Game".

Phi Beta Kappa established a chapter at UMD in 1964. In 1969, the university was elected to the Association of American Universities. The school continued to grow, and by the fall of 1985 reached an enrollment of 38,679. Like many colleges during the Vietnam War, the university was the site of student protests and had curfews enforced by the National Guard.

In a massive restructuring of the state's higher education system in 1988, the school was designated as the flagship campus of the newly formed University of Maryland System (later changed to the University System of Maryland in 1997). It was formally named the University of Maryland, College Park. All five campuses in the former network were designated distinct campuses in the new system. However, in 1997 the Maryland General Assembly passed legislation allowing the University of Maryland, College Park, to be known simply as the University of Maryland, recognizing the campus' role as the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland.

In 1994, the National Archives at College Park completed construction and opened on a parcel of land adjoining the campus donated by the University of Maryland, after lobbying by President William Kirwan and congressional leaders to foster academic collaboration between the institutions.

21st century
In 2004, the university began constructing the  "M Square Research Park", which includes facilities affiliated with the U.S. Department of Defense, Food and Drug Administration, and the new National Center for Weather and Climate Prediction, affiliated with The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In May 2010, ground was broken on a new $128-million,  Physical Science Complex, including an advanced quantum science laboratory.

The university suffered multiple data breaches in 2014. The first resulted in the loss of over 300,000 student and faculty records. A second data breach occurred several months later. The second breach was investigated by the FBI and Secret Service and found to be done by David Helkowski. Despite the attribution, no charges were filed. As a result of the data breaches, the university offered free credit protection for five years to the students and faculty affected.

In 2012, the University of Maryland, College Park and the University of Maryland, Baltimore united under the MPowering the State initiative to leverage the strengths of both institutions. The University of Maryland Strategic Partnership Act of 2016 officially formalized this partnership.

The University of Maryland's University District Plan, developed in 2011 under President Wallace Loh and the College Park City Council, seeks to make the City of College Park a top 20 college town by 2020 by improving housing and development, transportation, public safety, local pre-K–12 education, and supporting sustainability projects. As of 2018, the university is involved with over 30 projects and 1.5 million square feet of development as part of its Greater College Park Initiative, worth over $1 billion in public-private investments.

In 2017, the university received a record-breaking donation of $219.5 million from the A. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation, ranking among the country's largest philanthropic gifts to a public university.

Darryll J. Pines became the 34th president of the university in 2020. Pines was a professor of Aerospace Engineering at the university before becoming president.

In 2021, the university announced it had raised $1.5 billion in donations since 2018.

Academics

Profile
As of 2023, The University of Maryland ranked #46 in National Universities and #19 in Top Public Schools in the United States. The University of Maryland offers 127 undergraduate degrees and 112 graduate degrees in thirteen colleges and schools:

 A. James Clark School of Engineering
 College of Agriculture and Natural Resources
 College of Arts and Humanities
 School of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures
 School of Music
 College of Behavioral and Social Sciences
 College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences
 College of Education
 College of Information Studies
 Philip Merrill College of Journalism
 Robert H. Smith School of Business
 School of Architecture, Planning & Preservation
 School of Public Health (formerly the College of Health & Human Performance)
 School of Public Policy
 Office of Undergraduate Studies
 The Graduate School

Faculty

The university's faculty has included four Nobel Prize laureates. The earliest recipient (1956), was Juan Ramón Jiménez, a Spanish language and literature professor. Four decades later, physics professor William Daniel Phillips won a prize in physics for his contributions to laser cooling. In 2005, Thomas Schelling was awarded the prize in economics for his contributions to game theory. In 2006, John C. Mather was awarded the prize in physics alongside George Smoot for their work in the discovery of blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. In addition, two University of Maryland alumni are Nobel Prize laureates; Herbert Hauptman won the 1985 prize in chemistry, and Raymond Davis Jr. won the 2002 prize in physics.

The university has many notable academics. Professor of mathematics, Sergei Novikov won the Fields Medal in 1970, followed by alumnus Charles Fefferman in 1978. Alumnus George Dantzig won the 1975 National Medal of Science for his work in the field of linear programming. Professor of physics Michael Fisher won the Wolf Prize in 1980 (together with Kenneth G. Wilson and Leo Kadanoff) and the IUPAP Boltzmann Medal in 1983. James A. Yorke, a distinguished university professor of mathematics and physics and chair of the mathematics department, won the 2003 Japan Prize for his work in chaotic systems. In 2013, professor of physics Sylvester James Gates was awarded the National Medal of Science.

Research
UMD is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". In FY 2020, the university spent about 1.103 billion dollars in total R&D expenditures, ranking it 16th in the nation.

On October 14, 2004, the university added  in an attempt to create the largest research park inside the Washington, D.C. Capital Beltway, formerly known as "M Square" and now known as the "Discovery District".

Many of the faculty members have funding from federal agencies such as the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, NASA, the Department of Homeland Security, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the National Security Agency.

The Space Systems Laboratory researches human-robotic interaction for astronautics applications and includes the only neutral buoyancy facility at a university.

The Joint Global Change Research Institute was formed in 2001 by the University of Maryland and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The institute focuses on multidisciplinary approaches to climate change research.

The Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) was formed in 1985 at the University of Maryland. CALCE is dedicated to providing a knowledge and resource base to support the development of electronic components, products, and systems.

The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) launched in 2005 as one of the Centers of Excellence supported by the Department of Homeland Security in the United States. START is focused on the scientific study of the causes and consequences of terrorism in the United States and worldwide.

Living-Learning Programs

The university hosts "living-learning" programs (LLPs) that allow students with similar academic interests to live in the same residential community take specialized courses and perform research in those areas of expertise. These include CIVICUS, focused on politics and community service; Hinman CEOs, an entrepreneurship program; and the Language House, where students learning a shared target language live together. Several LLPs exist under the university's Honors College, with focuses in topics including cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, and life sciences. College Park Scholars is another LLP umbrella that includes programs in the arts, public health, and legal thought, among other things.

Admissions

Undergraduate

Admission to Maryland is rated "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report. For the Class of 2026 (enrolled fall 2022), Maryland received 56,766 applications and accepted 19.451 (34.3%). Of those accepted, 4,742 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24.4%. Maryland's freshman retention rate is 95.5%, with 88.3% going on to graduate within six years.

Of the 34% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1340–1490. Of the 9% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 30 and 34.

The University of Maryland, College Park is a college sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 58 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 69 freshman students were National Merit Scholars.

In 2020, the university announced it was joining the Common App. Beginning with the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of Maryland uses the application provided by The Coalition for Access, Affordability, and Success. From 2026, the University of Maryland will make gender X option available on forms and documents alongside male and female options for student enrollment - as announced in May 2022.

Rankings

The university is tied for 46th in the 2024 U.S. News & World Report rankings of "National Universities" across the United States, and it is ranked tied for 19th nationally among public universities. The Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked Maryland as 43rd in the world in 2015. The 2017–2018 Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed Maryland 69th worldwide. The 2016/17 QS World University Rankings ranked Maryland 131st worldwide.

The university was ranked among Peace Corps' 25 Top Volunteer-Producing Colleges for the tenth consecutive year in 2020. The University of Maryland is ranked among Teach for America's Top 20 Colleges and Universities, contributing the greatest number of graduating seniors to its 2017 teaching corps. Kiplinger's Personal Finance ranked the University 10th for in-state students and 16th for out-of-state students in its 2019 Best College Value ranking. Money Magazine ranked the university 1st in the state of Maryland for public colleges in its 2019 Best College for Your Money ranking.

For the fourth consecutive year in 2015, the university was ranked 1st in the U.S. for the number of Boren Scholarship recipients – with nine students receiving awards for intensive international language study. The university is ranked as a Top Producing Institution of Fulbright U.S. Students and Scholars for the 2017–2018 academic year by the United States Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.

In 2017, the University of Maryland was ranked among the top 50 universities in the 2018 Best Global Universities Rankings by U.S. News & World Report based on its high academic research performance and global reputation.

In 2021, the university was ranked among the top 10 universities in The Princeton Reviews annual survey of the Top Schools for Innovation & Entrepreneurship; this was the sixth consecutive such ranking.

Campus

The university's campus is noted for its red-brick Georgian buildings and its large central lawn, named McKeldin Mall and nicknamed "The Mall", which is the largest academic mall in the United States. White columns decorate many buildings, with around 770 columns on campus. Spanning the university's  are 7,500 documented trees and garden plantings, leading the American Public Gardens Association to designate the campus the University of Maryland Arboretum & Botanical Garden in 2008. The designation has allowed the university to showcase species and gardens, including native plantings. There are arboretum tours, such as the centralized Tree Walking Tour, which is based around McKeldin Mall and features 56 specimen trees.

There are also nearly  of urban forest on campus and the Arbor Day Foundation has named the university to its 'Tree Campus USA' list. The recreational Paint Branch Trail, part of the Anacostia Tributary Trails system, cuts through campus, as does the Paint Branch stream, a tributary of the Northeast Branch Anacostia River.

McKeldin Mall serves as the center of campus. On the east and west of McKeldin Mall lies the Thomas V. Miller, Jr. Administration Building and McKeldin Library. Academic buildings surround McKeldin Mall on the north and south ends. They are the homes to many departments in the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, College of Arts and Humanities, and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. West of McKeldin Mall is the North Hill Community, and south of McKeldin Mall lies Morrill Hall and the Morrill Quad, which was the original center of campus. South of the Morrill Quad are the South Hill and South Campus Commons Communities, and the Southwest Mall and the Robert H. Smith School of Business to the southwest. Running parallel to McKeldin Mall to the north is Campus Drive, the main thoroughfare through campus.

Another thoroughfare, Regents Drive, runs perpendicular to McKeldin Mall and is home to the Memorial Chapel and the Campus Farms. Regents Drive crosses Campus Drive at the campus hallmark, "M" Circle, which is a traffic circle with a large "M" formed by flowers in its center. The northeast quadrant of campus, formed by Campus and Regent Drives, is home to many of natural sciences and applied sciences departments.

The Rossborough Inn, which, was built during the years 1798 to 1812, is the oldest building on campus (and is older than the university itself). There are five regularly used entrances to campus; the main entrance, off of Baltimore Avenue and onto Campus Drive, is referred to as North Gate and features the Gatehouse, an ornate gateway honoring the university's founders. The , 18-hole University of Maryland Golf Course sits at the northern edge of campus, as does the Observatory.

An Office of Sustainability was created in the summer of 2007 after University President Dan Mote became a charter signatory of the American College and Universities Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC). The university's first Leed Gold building, Knight Hall, opened in April 2010 as the new home for the Philip Merrill College of Journalism. In 2021, President Pines pledged that the University of Maryland would achieve carbon neutrality by Earth Day 2025.

Student life

Residential life

There are two main residential areas on campus, North Campus and South Campus, further divided into seven residential communities. North Campus is made up of Cambridge Community (which consists of five residence halls and houses the College Park Scholars program), Denton Community (which currently consists of four halls, including Oakland Hall, which opened in the fall semester of 2011), and Ellicott Community (consisting of three halls). The new Heritage community features two new halls for students (Pyon-Chen Hall and Johnson-Whittle Hall) and a new dining hall.  Pyon-Chen opened in 2021 and Johnson-Whittle opened in 2022.

South Campus includes the North Hill Community, made up of nine Georgian-style halls and Prince Frederick Hall (which opened in the fall semester of 2014) immediately west of McKeldin Mall, South Hill Community, made up of fourteen small residence halls for upper-level students, Leonardtown Community, which offers apartment-style living and is further divided into Old Leonardtown (consisting of six buildings) and New Leonardtown (also composed of six buildings), the South Campus Commons Community, which consists of seven apartment-style buildings (the seventh and most recent building being opened in January 2010), and the Courtyards, a garden-style apartment community in north campus consisting of seven buildings.

Dining
There are three dining halls on campus. In addition, a food court in the Stamp Student Union provides many fast food dining options for the university community. The university's newest dining facility, Yahentamitsi Dining Hall, is the first building on campus named in honor of Indigenous people.

Transportation

 The university is accessible through the three airports in the greater Washington metropolitan area: Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Washington Dulles International Airport, and Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport. A small public airport in College Park, College Park Airport, lies nearly adjacent to campus, but operations are limited. This airport is the world's oldest continually operating airport and the site of many significant aviation firsts.

A free shuttle service, known as Shuttle–UM, is available for UMD students, faculty, staff, and some residents of College Park and Greenbelt. The university is served by an off-campus stop on the Washington Metro's Green and Yellow Lines called College Park – University of Maryland. The station is also served by the Camden Line of the MARC Train and Route 104 of the Shuttle-UM bus system.

The university has attempted to make the campus more bike-friendly by installing covered bike parking and bike lockers on campus, introducing a bike-sharing program, and plans to add more bike lanes on campus. As of Spring 2011, the university has encouraged cycling on campus by installing covered bike storage outside of the newly built Oakland dorm as well as security lockers in the Mowatt Lane Garage.

In 2011, the university signed on to the state's Purple Line program. The Purple Line route will have five stops on and around the university's campus: M Square, the College Park Metro station, the main entrance to the campus on Route 1, near Stamp Student Union on Campus Drive, and on the other edge of campus on Adelphi Road, along with a parallel running bike path.

The Diamondback

The Diamondback is an independent student newspaper. It was founded in 1910 as The Triangle and renamed in 1921 in honor of a local reptile, the Diamondback terrapin, which became the school mascot in 1933. The newspaper is published daily during the spring and fall semesters, with a print circulation of 17,000 and annual advertising revenues of over $1 million.

For the 2008–2009 school year, The Diamondback earned a Mark of Excellence award from the Society of Professional Journalists, placing second nationally for Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper and first in its region in the same category. Three years earlier the newspaper had finished third place nationally for Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper and first in its region.

Notable journalists who have been with the paper include David Simon of HBO's The Wire and NBC's Homicide: Life on the Street; Jayson Blair, editor-in-chief in 1996 (he did not graduate, taking a job with The New York Times and then leaving amid a plagiarism scandal); Norman Chad, who was editor-in-chief in 1978; cartoonists Jeff Kinney, who created the Diary of a Wimpy Kid fiction series and whose Igdoof strip appeared in The Diamondback; Aaron McGruder, who first published his cartoon The Boondocks in The Diamondback; and Frank Cho, who began his career with the popular University Squared for The Diamondback.

Other student activities
WMUC-FM (90.5 FM) is the university's non-commercial radio station, staffed by UMD students and volunteers. WMUC is a freeform and sports broadcasting station broadcast at 10 watts. Its broadcasts can be heard throughout the Washington metropolitan area. Notable WMUC alumni include Connie Chung, Bonnie Bernstein, Peter Rosenberg and Aaron McGruder.
Approximately 15% of men and 20% of women in Maryland's undergraduate student body are involved in Greek life.

Athletics

The university sponsors varsity athletic teams in 20 men's and women's sports. The teams, named the "Terrapins", represent Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I competition. Maryland became a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1952 but left to join the Big Ten Conference on July 1, 2014. As of 2017, Maryland's athletic teams have been awarded 44 national championships by the NCAA, USILA, AIAW, and NCA. In 2008 and 2010, The Princeton Review named the University of Maryland's athletic facilities the best in the nation. The Terrapins nickname (often shortened to "Terps") was coined by former university president, football coach, and athletic director H. C. "Curly" Byrd in 1932. The mascot is a diamondback terrapin named Testudo, which is Latin for "tortoise". Since the early 20th century, the school athletic colors have been some combination of those on the Maryland state flag: red, white, black, and gold. Maryland is the only NCAA Division I school to have four official school colors.

Basketball and football

Men's basketball is the most popular sport at the university. Long-time head coach Lefty Driesell began the now nationwide tradition of "Midnight Madness" in 1971. Beginning in 1989, alumnus Gary Williams revived the program, which was struggling in the wake of Len Bias's death and NCAA rules infractions. Williams led Maryland basketball to national prominence with two Final Four appearances, and in 2002, a national championship. On February 7, 2006, Williams won his 349th game to surpass Driesell and became Maryland's all-time leader among basketball coaches. Mark Turgeon became head coach in 2011. Maryland football is also popular at the university. The Terrapins were awarded the national championship by the wire services in 1953, and 1951, by several retroactive selectors. Women's basketball has become one of the most celebrated sports on campus, due to significant success in the Brenda Frese era. After experiencing a period of national prominence under head coach, Chris Weller in the 1980s, including a pair of trips to the Final Four in 1982 and 1989, the Maryland Terrapins reached their full potential in 2006, winning the NCAA national championship. In the ACC, Maryland was regularly a threat to win regular season and conference tournament championships, doing so on five and ten occasions, respectively. Since joining the Big Ten in the 2014–2015 season, Maryland has featured in every Big Ten Tournament Championship game (as of 2021), winning five titles, and has won six of seven regular season championships.

Lacrosse

Maryland men's lacrosse remains one of the sport's top programs since its beginnings as a squad in 1865. The team most recently won the national championship in 2022, completing an undefeated season, the first since Virginia in 2006, and the first to go undefeated across 18 games. The team has won ten USILA and NCAA national championships since its promotion to varsity status in 1924 and is a regular fixture in the NCAA tournament. The Maryland women's lacrosse team has won 15 national championships, the most of any program in the nation. The team has produced the National Player of the Year/Tewaaraton Award winner eight times, more than any other collegiate program. The Terrapins have also made the most NCAA tournament appearances, won the most tournament games, and made the most NCAA championship game appearances of any program. They most recently won the NCAA championship in 2019.

Soccer
The men's soccer team has won four NCAA Division I College Cup national championships, most recently in 2018. Under the guidance of head coach Sasho Cirovski, the soccer team has reached nine Final Fours and won three College Cups since 1997. The soccer team has developed a large, devoted fan base among students and the local community. The attendance record at Ludwig Field was set in 2015 when 8,449 fans saw Maryland win over top-ranked UCLA in extra time. The annual total attendance increased dramatically from 12,710 in 1995 to 35,631 in 2008.

Field hockey
The Maryland field hockey team has won a total of eight NCAA national championships and 13 conference championships (10 in the ACC and 5 in the Big Ten).

Marching band
The Mighty Sound of Maryland marching band attends all home football games and provides pre-game performances. During basketball season, the marching band provides music in the stands.

Notable alumni

Notable alumni include House Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer; Google co-founder Sergey Brin; The Muppets creator Jim Henson; The Wire creator David Simon; former NFL Quarterback Norman "Boomer" Esiason; CBS host Gayle King; journalist Connie Chung; and Seinfeld co-creator and Curb Your Enthusiasm creator Larry David. Prominent alumni in business include Ed Snider, former chairman of Comcast Spectacor and former owner of the Philadelphia Flyers; journalist Jim Walton, former president and CEO of CNN; Kevin Plank, founder and executive chairman of the athletic apparel company Under Armour; Chris Kubasik, former president of Lockheed Martin; and Carly Fiorina, former CEO of Hewlett-Packard. Journalist Carl Bernstein, who won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for his coverage of the Watergate scandal, attended the university but did not graduate.

Attendees within the fields of science and mathematics are Nobel laureates Raymond Davis Jr., 2002 winner in Physics; Herbert Hauptman, 1985 winner in Chemistry, and Fields Medal winner Charles Fefferman. Other alumni include George Dantzig, considered the father of linear programming; late NASA astronaut Judith Resnik, who died in the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger during the launch of mission STS-51-L; and NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin.

Several donors have distinguished themselves for their sizable gifts to the university. Businessman Robert H. Smith, who graduated from the university in 1950 with a degree in accounting, gave over $45 million to the business school that now bears his name and to the Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, which bears his wife's name. Construction entrepreneur A. James Clark, who graduated with an engineering degree in 1950, donated over $45 million to the college of engineering, which also bears his name. Another engineering donor, Jeong H. Kim, earned his Ph.D. from the university in 1991 and gave $5 million for the construction of a state-of-the-art engineering building. Philip Merrill, a media figure, donated $10 million to the College of Journalism. Robert E. Fischell, physicist, inventor, and holder of more than 200 U.S. and foreign medical patents donated $30 million to the A. James Clark School of Engineering, establishing the Fischell Department of Bioengineering. Brendan Iribe, a co-founder of Oculus VR, donated $31 million to the university in 2014 towards a new computer science building and scholarships.

See also

 Shuping Yang commencement speech controversy
 Monroe H. Martin Prize

Notes

References

External links

 Maryland Athletics website

 Fear the Turtle Project collection at the University of Maryland Libraries

College Park, University of Maryland
University of Maryland, College Park
University of Maryland, College Park
Flagship universities in the United States
Land-grant universities and colleges
University of Maryland College
Universities and colleges established in 1856
1856 establishments in Maryland

University of Maryland, College Park


St Mary's Butts is a thoroughfare in the English town of Reading, Berkshire. On its west side is the Broad Street Mall. It is connected to the north with Broad Street, the pedestrianised primary high street of Reading. St Mary's Church and Butts are where the town of Reading originally grew from.

To the south, St Mary's Butts reaches a cross-roads, where it meets Gun Street (the western continuation of Minster Street) to the east, Castle Street to the west, and Bridge Street to the south.

History

In the Middle Ages, Edward IV made it compulsory for all yeomen in England to learn archery. An archery butts was set up on the land in front of the Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin. It was used by the adult males of Reading to practice on Sundays. Some of the archers who fought at the Battle of Agincourt trained at St Mary's Butts. In 1631 the town paid £3 to have the archery grounds closed. Located in the southern end is the Jubilee Fountain, erected in 1887 for Queen Victoria's Jubilee.

References

External links

Tourist attractions in Reading, Berkshire
Shopping streets in Reading, Berkshire
History of archery
Archery in the United Kingdom

St Mary's Butts


Lloyd Brevett OD (1 August 1931 – 3 May 2012) was a Jamaican double bassist, songwriter, and a founding member of The Skatalites. He was a Rastafarian, and the uncle of The Melodians member, Tony Brevett.

Biography
Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Brevett was a founding member in 1964 of the ska band The Skatalites.

He toured many countries with The Skatalites, and produced two Skatalites' albums, African Roots (1975) and The Legendary Skatalites (1976). He once stated, "Ska was our type of music that could lift the youth and make Jamaica known around the world".

Brevett was awarded the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican government in 1981, and the silver Musgrave Medal in October 2010.  He toured and recorded with The Skatalites from the beginning of their reunion until 2004, when he was removed from the group after conflicts with newer members.  Brevett toured briefly with his own band, and then retired to Jamaica in 2005.

On 3 May 2012, Brevett died at Andrews Memorial Hospital in St. Andrew, Jamaica at the age of 80. Brevett had suffered a stroke in March, two weeks after the fatal shooting of his son, Okine, one of ten children that he had. He was buried at May Pen Cemetery.

References

External links
 Photos of Lloyd Brevett
 Lloyd Brevett's interview to Peter I
 The Skatalites official website.

1931 births
2012 deaths
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
The Skatalites members
Jamaican double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Recipients of the Musgrave Medal
Recipients of the Order of Distinction
Jamaican Rastafarians

Lloyd Brevett


Paul Francis Lester Stenhouse  (9 December 1935 – 19 November 2019) was an Australian Catholic priest and editor. A member of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart, he was a scholar, linguist, expert on Samaritan studies, writer, historian, and editor of the longest lasting journal in Australia's history, Annals Australasia: Journal of Catholic Culture.

Early life and education
Paul Francis Lester Stenhouse was born on 9 December 1935, in Casino, northern New South Wales. His father, Richard, was born in New Zealand but later moved to Australia. He married Paul's mother, May Kathleen Huntley Skinner in 1933 in Camden, NSW. Soon afterwards, the Stenhouses moved to Casino. Paul's father had obtained work as a journalist in Casino but was forced to change his line of work to do painting. Paul was born during this time. Not long afterwards his father died from complications of pneumonia. So Paul and Richard (Paul's elder brother) and May Stenhouse moved back to Camden, to the area near where she had grown up.

His early schooling was at home because of poor health. Later he attended St Paul's Convent School in Camden, run by the Sisters of St Joseph. He left school after only a few years in high school and took a job as a journalist with the Camden Times and other local newspapers.

In 1953 he entered the minor seminary of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart at Douglas Park and he then completed his Novitiate for the priesthood there. He took vows on 26 February 1957, and then went to the MSC Seminary in Croydon in Melbourne. He was ordained a priest on 20 July 1963.

Editing career
After his ordination, Fr Stenhouse was appointed Business Manager of the Catholic journal popularly known as the Annals which was produced at the Sacred Heart Monastery. He was then appointed editor, and apart from some breaks, was editor of the Annals for 51 years.
After his graduation and a period in Rome, Fr Stenhouse resumed editorship of Annals in 1981. His scholarship and journalistic flair boosted its circulation. Apart from investigative reports from various parts of the world where the church was persecuted, he formed a team of writers who wrote on subjects as varied as history, computing, literature, theology, philosophy, psychology, politics, science and art history. Its circulation rivalled that of the Bulletin at times. The Annals achieved the distinction of being the longest lasting journal in Australian history.

Samaritan studies
Fr Stenhouse began a Bachelor of Arts course at the University of Sydney, majoring in Modern Hebrew and Arabic and graduating with Honours in 1972. While enmeshed in his studies of Hebrew and Arabic Fr Stenhouse had become fascinated by the Samaritans. He was influenced in this by Professor Alan Crown, who taught in the Semitic Studies Department at Sydney University, who became a lifelong friend. His Honours thesis was entitled: "A Critical Edition of the historical sections of the Samaritan Hebrew Hilukh" and Fr Stenhouse's interest in the Samaritans was extended into a doctoral thesis. He became proficient at many languages including Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Greek, Latin, German, Italian, French and Croatian.

In 1980, he returned to Australia with the doctorate finally completed and waited for it to be assessed and when it was, he obtained his PhD from the University of Sydney, graduating in 1982. His thesis was a critical edition of the middle Arabic Samaritan text, the Kitab al Tarikh of Abu'l-Fath.

Pastoral work
From the beginning of his priesthood, Father Stenhouse reached out to a wide network of friends in many communities. He was especially helpful to many Asian students studying in Australia, helping them with practical needs and being a mentor to them.

He worked on the Board for Aid to the Church in Need (ACN) with Phillip Collignon who was its director for 27 years. Fr Stenhouse and Phillip travelled to the Ukraine, East Timor and China, among other places, giving readers of Annals and ACN News eyewitness accounts of how the church was surviving there. He also worked with Karl Schmude in the early phases of setting up Campion College in Sydney (established in 2006). Fr Stenhouse gave regular lectures there and gave his last public lecture there on 19 October 2019 one month before his death. Fr Stenhouse was awarded Doctor of the University (honoris causa) of the Australian Catholic University in 2015, "in recognition of his significant contributions to knowledge and the life of learning in Australia and internationally, to higher education, to journalism and Catholic culture, and to priestly service and pastoral care of the Catholic community."

Final years

Fr Stenhouse suffered from cancer in his final years, though continuing to work while sick. He finally was moved to the Sacred Heart Hospice Sydney several weeks before he died.

Fr Stenhouse died on 19 November 2019. Archbishop Anthony Fisher said at his funeral that with the death of Fr Paul Stenhouse, "a light has been extinguished in our world, even if for him it has merely been a change of address." He was posthumously awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia on 26 January 2021.

Books by Paul Stenhouse
 1985, The Kitab al-Tarikh of Abu 'l-Fath, Sydney: Mandelbaum,
 1988, Catholic Answers to "Bible" Christians, Kensington, NSW: Chevalier Press,
 1992, Annals Almanac of Catholic Curiosities, Kensington, NSW: Chevalier Press,
 2003, The Conquest of Abyssinia, by Shihab al-Din Ahmad bin 'Abdu 'l Qader bin Salem bin Uthman, Hollywood CA: Blackwell, ;
 2008, John Farrell: Poet, journalist and social reformer, 1851-1904, North Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing, ;
 2019, Islam: Context and complexity, North Melbourne: Pamphleteer, .

Books about Paul Stenhouse
 2020, Peter Malone, Paul Stenhouse: A Distinctive and Distinguished Missionary of the Sacred Heart, North Melbourne, Australian Scholarly Publishing,
 2021, Wanda Skowronska, Paul Stenhouse MSC: A Life of Rare Wisdom, Compassion and Inspiration,

References

External links
 Hundreds farewell Fr Paul Stenhouse, The Catholic Weekly, 28 November 2019

1935 births
2019 deaths
Australian magazine editors
Australian Roman Catholic priests
Missionaries of the Sacred Heart
University of Sydney alumni
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
People from Casino, New South Wales

Paul Stenhouse


Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kobekin (Владимир Александрович Кобекин) (b. 22 July 1947, Berezniki) is a Russian composer best known for his opera compositions.

He studied under Sergei Slonimsky at the Leningrad Conservatory. After graduating in 1971 he taught music composition at the Urals Mussorgsky State Conservatoire (1971–1980). From 1992 to 1995 he served as chairman of the Ural branch of the Union of Soviet Composers. Since 1995 he has been a senior lecturer in the composition department at the  Urals Mussorgsky State Conservatoire. Among his notable pupils is opera composer Anastasia Bespalova. In 1987 he won the Honoured Representative of the Arts Award, and later that year he was made a laureate of the USSR State Prize.

Works

Operas
 Hamlet (Danish) a (Russian) Comedy ("Гамлет Датский, или Российская комедия") - musical comedy. premiered at the Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Moscow Academic Music Theatre in 2008.
 Margarita "Маргарита"
 The Prophet ("Пророк") libretto after Pushkin; 1984 Sverdlovsk Opera, conductor Titel.
 Pugachev ("Пугачев") from the poem by Sergei Esenin; 1983, Leningrad, Maly Opera and Ballet Theater
 Swan Song ("Лебединая песня") 1980, Moscow Chamber Musical Theatre, after Anton Chekhov.
 Diary of a Madman ("Дневник сумасшедшего") 1980, after Lu Xun
 The Idiot ("Идиот") 1995, after Dostoevsky

Sources

 Alla Vladimirovna Grigor′yeva. "Kobekin, Vladimir Aleksandrovich", in Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.

1947 births
Living people
Russian male classical composers
Russian opera composers
Male opera composers
People from Berezniki
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century Russian male musicians
21st-century Russian male musicians

Vladimir Kobekin


George Adeniji Garrick of Siluko, MB ChB (8 April 1917 – 12 July 1988) held Nigeria's high jump record from 1938 until 1952.

Background
Born in Lagos on 8 April 1917, George Adeniji Garrick was the eldest son of Stanley David Garrick, a senior administrator and courtier to the Oba of Benin in the Kingdom of Benin, now in southwestern Nigeria. His grandfather was a Sierra Leone Creole catechist in Brass, Nigeria called J.D. Garrick.

George Garrick attended King's College, Lagos where he was Head Boy. He excelled academically and was also noted for his prowess at games including cricket, football, squash and athletics.

National record
In 1938, Garrick enjoyed his finest moment when he established the Nigerian High Jump record with a clearance of 6 feet 3 and 1/2 inches during an athletic competition in Lagos. His record remained unbeaten for fourteen years and earned him national recognition. An exercise book illustration was created to honour his contribution to sports in general and High Jump in particular; one which millions of Nigerian students are very familiar with.

Overseas success
The outbreak of World War II in 1939 ended Garrick's hopes of a medal at the British Empire Games which, ordinarily, would have been held in 1942. Nevertheless, he went on to register several athletic successes as a medical student at Glasgow University during the war years. In October 1946, he was awarded his Full Athletics Blue by the university; then, in 1947, he gained international honours representing Scotland against England and Ireland. Subsequently, he was appointed Captain of University Athletics for the 1948–49 season.

Professional and personal life
Returning to Nigeria after qualifying as a medical doctor, George Garrick entered the Government Medical Service and served in several parts of the country before going into private practice. In 1953, he married Princess Comfort Odinchezo Amobi of Ogidi, a granddaughter of Igwe Amobi I of Ogidi.

Upon his father's death in 1958, Garrick's inheritance of the lands and seigniorial standing of the Siluko barony bestowed by the Oba of Benin led him to settle permanently in Benin City to continue his medical career.

Garrick and his wife had two children together. Kola (d. 2009) and Tayo, the reclusive younger boy who is the present holder of the lands and title.

Final years
Dr. Garrick later served as vice president of the Bendel State Medical Association and on the state board of medical examiners, among others. In 1978, together with fellow practitioner Dr. N.O. Azinge, he was credited with important clinical observations regarding patient reactions to medication for the Stevens–Johnson syndrome.

Over time, as George Garrick's health declined, his interest in and patronage of sports in Nigeria at state and national level waned but he remained enthused by international athletics and cricket until the end of his life.

Biographical sources
 Estate of George Adeniji Garrick of Siluko
 National Archives of Nigeria
 Estate of Princess Comfort Odinchezo Amobi
 Glasgow University
 National Library of Medicine
 Garrick Family Archives
 Niger Delta Congress
 The Royal House of Amobi
 National Center for Biotechnology Information
 King's College, Lagos

1917 births
1988 deaths
Nigerian male high jumpers
Athletes from Lagos
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Sportspeople from Benin City
Yoruba sportspeople
Yoruba physicians
King's College, Lagos alumni
20th-century Nigerian medical doctors
Nigerian people of Sierra Leonean descent
People from colonial Nigeria
People of Sierra Leone Creole descent

George A. Garrick


Frank R. Reid (April 18, 1879 – January 25, 1945) was an American lawyer and politician who served six terms as a U.S. Representative from Illinois from 1923 to 1935.

Biography

Born in Aurora, Illinois, Reid was one of eleven children of an Irish grocery store owner. He was christened without a middle name and later chose the letter "R" for an initial. Reid attended the public schools, the University of Chicago, and the Chicago College of Law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1901 and commenced practice in Aurora, Illinois.

Early political career
He served as prosecuting attorney of Kane County 1904–1908.
State's attorney 1904–1908.
He served as assistant United States attorney at Chicago 1908–1910.
He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1911 and 1912.
He served as chairman of the Kane County Republican central committee 1914–1916.
Secretary of the League of Illinois Municipalities in 1916 and 1917.

Congress
Reid was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-eighth and to the five succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1935).
He served as chairman of the Committee on Flood Control (Sixty-ninth through Seventy-first Congresses).

While serving on the House Aircraft Committee, he met Gen. Billy Mitchell, who was testifying before the committee. On October 3, 1925, he was requested by Mitchell to act as defense counsel during Mitchell's court-martial in Washington, D.C. for "conduct to the prejudice of good order and discipline," and represented him pro bono. In the dramatic film about the trial, The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell, Reid was portrayed by Ralph Bellamy.

He was not a candidate for renomination in 1934.

Later career and death
After leaving Congress, he engaged in the general practice of law at Chicago and Aurora, Illinois.

He died in Aurora, Illinois, on January 25, 1945.
He was interred in Spring Lake Cemetery.

References

1879 births
1945 deaths
Politicians from Aurora, Illinois
University of Chicago alumni
Illinois lawyers
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois

Frank R. Reid