1888 is the debut EP by English metal band The Defiled.  It was released on 26 October 2009 through the IATDE Records. The band's first music video for the song "The Resurrectionists" was released a couple of months after the EP was released. This same song was re-recorded for their debut album, Grave Times, which was released on 14 February 2011. The band toured with the Jägermeister Stage and headlined this stage during the 2009 Sonisphere Festival.

Critical reception

"The Defiled's meld of industrial, Marilyn Manson-esque swagger with a more serrated hardcore edge has seen them become lauded as one of the UK's most aggressively vital new live bands," according to Kerrang!s October 2009 review. "Dealing exclusively in a vicious-chorus/big-verse songwriting format, the short running time is more blast than whimper... What you discover is a band with more witty lyrical nous and thematic depth than their energetic stage presence would suggest," wrote reviewer Sam Law, giving it 4 K's out of 5.

Track listing

References

2009 debut EPs
The Defiled EPs

1888 (EP)


Chiara Offreduccio (16 July 1194 – 11 August 1253), known as Clare of Assisi (sometimes spelled Clara, Clair or Claire; ), was an Italian saint and one of the first followers of Francis of Assisi.

Inspired by the teachings of St. Francis, she founded the Order of Poor Ladies, a monastic religious order for women in the Franciscan tradition. The Order of Poor Ladies was different from any other order or convent because it followed a rule of strict poverty. Clare wrote their Rule of Life, the first set of monastic guidelines known to have been written by a woman. Following her death, the order she founded was renamed in her honor as the Order of Saint Clare, commonly referred to today as the Poor Clares. Her feast day is on 11 August.

Early life

Clare was born in Assisi to the Offreduccio household during the High Middle Ages, the eldest daughter of Favarone or Favorino Sciffi, Count of Sasso-Rosso, and his wife Ortolana. Traditional accounts say that Clare's father was a wealthy representative of an ancient Roman family, who owned a large palace in Assisi and a castle on the slope of Mount Subasio. Ortolana belonged to the noble family of Fiumi, and was a very devout woman who had undertaken pilgrimages to Rome, Santiago de Compostela and the Holy Land. Later in life, Ortolana entered Clare's monastery, as did Clare's sisters, Beatrix and Catarina (who took the name Agnes and was later declared a saint herself).

As children, Clare and her sisters were taught the ways of Christianity by their mother; they all became very religious and devoted to prayer. When Clare was 12 years old, her parents wanted her to marry a wealthy young man; however, she protested and said that she did not want to marry until she turned 18. As a teen, she heard Francis preach during a Lenten service in the church of San Giorgio at Assisi.

Inspired by his words and knowing that marriage was rapidly approaching, Clare went to Francis and asked him to help her to live after the manner of the Gospel. On the evening of Palm Sunday, 20 March 1212, with the consent of Guido II, bishop of Assisi, Clare left her father's house accompanied by her aunt Bianca and another companion proceeded to the chapel of the Porziuncula to meet Francis. There, her hair was cut, and she exchanged her rich gown for a plain robe and veil. Fully cutting a woman's hair was a symbolic act showing that she was no longer bound by the laws of man or society but rather that she followed the will of God.

Life in the convent

Francis placed Clare in the convent of the Benedictine nuns of San Paulo, near Bastia. Her father, along with other members of her family, attempted to convince her to return home. At first, they tried to entice her with wealth, promises, and other allurements, but she resisted each attempt, professing that she would have no other husband but Jesus Christ.

Finally, when they tried to use force she clung to the altar of the church and threw aside her veil to show her cropped hair. It was only after seeing her cropped hair that her family relented and left her in peace. In order to provide the greater solitude Clare desired, a few days later Francis sent her to Sant' Angelo in Panzo, another monastery of the Benedictine nuns on one of the flanks of Subasio.

Her sister Catarina unexpectedly joined Clare 16 days later and took the name 'Agnes'. This caused a tremendous uproar in Clare's family as now two of their girls had refused marriage and left the family. Clare's uncle Monaldo, who was head of the family, came to Sant' Angelo with a group of men to bring Agnes back. He confronted Agnes forcefully while Clare was praying for her sister's safety. In the end, Monaldo left empty-handed as he and his men failed to force Agnes to return home.

The sisters remained with the Benedictines until a small dwelling was built for them next to the church of San Damiano, which Francis had repaired some years earlier. The dwelling was built hastily, as Francis and the Benedictines feared further conflict with Monaldo and other relatives of Clare and Agnes. Other women joined the sisters, and they became known as the "Poor Ladies of San Damiano". They lived a simple life of poverty, austerity and seclusion from the world, according to a Rule which Francis gave them as a Second Order (Poor Clares).

San Damiano became the centre of Clare's new religious order, which was known in her lifetime as the "Order of Poor Ladies of San Damiano". San Damiano is traditionally considered the first house of this order; it may have been affiliated with an existing network of women's religious houses organised by Hugolino (who later became Pope Gregory IX). Hugolino wanted San Damiano as part of the order he founded because of the prestige of Clare's monastery. San Damiano emerged as the most important house in the order, and Clare became its undisputed leader. By 1263, just ten years after Clare's death, the order had become known as the Order of Saint Clare.

Unlike the Franciscan friars, whose members moved around the country to preach, Clare's sisters lived in enclosure, since an itinerant life was hardly conceivable at the time for women. Their life consisted of manual labour and prayer. The nuns went barefoot, slept on the ground, ate no meat and observed almost complete silence. This was in accordance with the strict teachings of poverty assigned to Clare by Francis. Francis and Clare believed that through poverty they could become closer to Jesus as they would live the way he did. They were not inconvenienced by this lifestyle, but rather they believed it was a blessing, as they were following in the footsteps of Jesus Christ.

For a short period, the order was directed by Francis himself. In 1216, however, Clare reluctantly accepted the role of abbess of San Damiano. As abbess, Clare had more authority to lead the order than when she was the prioress and required to follow the orders of a priest heading the community. Clare did not care for titles or power within the Order, and took on the role of abbess only on the instruction of Francis. Clare referred to herself by such terms as mother, handmaid, or servant rather than an abbess. She was very shy and did not like giving orders. On the rare occasions when she would give orders, she would do so with great humility and shyness. Clare would purposefully save the most tedious tasks for herself because she always wished to take care of her sisters. Clare sought to imitate Francis's virtues and way of life so much so that she was sometimes titled , 'another Francis'. She also played a significant role in encouraging and aiding Francis, whom she saw as a spiritual father figure, and she took care of him during his final illness.

After Francis's death, Clare continued to promote the growth of her order, writing letters to abbesses in other parts of Europe, including Agnes of Prague, with whom she had formed a close friendship. However, with Francis gone, she faced another challenge.

The fourth Lateran council of 1215 decreed that any new religious communities that had not yet been approved would have to adopt an established order. This established order was very similar to the Rule of Saint Benedict, which was the common rule that monasteries followed. Clare vigorously fought to keep her rule of strict poverty. Ultimately, when the other priests and bishops refused to accept her rule of strict poverty, she sought to get a special privilege from the pope. If granted, this special privilege of poverty () from the pope would allow her order to keep living in strict poverty as they wanted. But, although Innocent III had approved Clare's privilege and his successor Honorius III had no problem with it, Gregory IX, successor of Honorius III did have a problem with Clare's lifestyle of strict poverty. Gregory IX was the Cardinal Huglino who had previously known and worked with Clare and her order at San Damiano.

During this time, he came to care for Clare and she became very dear to him. Gregory IX worried that the health of the sisters would suffer unduly under the strict vow of poverty Clare wanted. During a visit to San Damiano, Gregory IX urged Clare to give up her way of strict poverty, stating that "if you fear because of your vow, We dispense you from it," to which she immediately responded, "Holy Father, never and in no way do I wish to be dispensed from following Christ!" At that moment, the Pope had no more objections, and during his second year as Pope reapproved the .

Late life
Following the Order's approval from the Pope, Clare wanted to make a Rule based on Francis's teachings, which her sisters would be able to follow long after she died. Clare began writing her own Rule, keeping Francis's teachings at the forefront of her mind. Her Rule especially emphasized the absolute non-possession of property. She had her Rule approved by both Cardinal Rainaldo and Pope Innocent IV. Clare's Franciscan theology of joyous poverty in imitation of Christ is evident in the Rule she wrote for her community and in her four letters to Agnes of Prague.

As Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II battled Pope Gregory IX for control of Italy during the Crusades era, separately in September 1240 and June 1241, a pair of Saracen armies attacked the monastery of San Damiano and the town of Assisi. Both targets were successfully defended as Clare prayed to Christ, present in the Blessed Sacrament.

In her later years, Clare endured a long period of poor health. She died on 11 August 1253 at the age of 59, one day after having her Rule approved by Pope Innocent IV. Her last words are reported to have been, "Blessed be You, O God, for having created me."

Death

On 9 August 1253, two days before her death, the papal bull Solet annuere of Pope Innocent IV confirmed that Clare's rule would serve as the governing rule for Clare's Order of Poor Ladies. Her remains were interred at the chapel of San Giorgio while a church to hold her remains was being constructed. At her funeral, Pope Innocent IV insisted the friars perform the Office for the Virgin Saints as opposed to the Office for the Dead. This move by Pope Innocent ensured that the canonization process for Clare would begin shortly after her funeral. Pope Innocent was cautioned by multiple advisers against having the Office for the Virgin Saints performed at Clare's funeral. The most vocal of these advisers was Cardinal Raynaldus, who would later become Pope Alexander IV and, in two years' time, would canonize Clare. At Pope Innocent's request the canonization process for Clare began immediately. While the whole process took two years, the examination of Clare's miracles took just six days. On 26 September 1255, Pope Alexander IV canonized Clare as Saint Clare of Assisi. Construction of the Basilica of Saint Clare was completed in 1260, and on 3 October of that year Clare's remains were transferred to the newly completed basilica where they were buried beneath the high altar. In further recognition of the saint, Pope Urban IV officially changed the name of the Order of Poor Ladies to the Order of Saint Clare in 1263.

On her deathbed, Clare was heard to say to herself, "Go forth in peace, for you have followed the good road. Go forth without fear, for He Who created you has made you holy, has always protected you, and loves you as a mother. Blessed be You, my God, for having created me."

Some 600 years later in 1872, Clare's relics were transferred to a newly constructed shrine in the crypt of the Basilica of Saint Clare, where her relics can still be venerated today.

Legacy

Clare was canonized on 26 September 1255 by Pope Alexander IV, and her feast day was immediately inserted in the General Roman Calendar for celebration on 12 August, the day after her death, as 11 August was already assigned to Saints Tiburtius and Susanna, two 3rd-century Roman martyrs. The celebration was ranked as a Double (as in the Tridentine Calendar) or, in the terminology adopted in 1960, a Third-Class Feast (as in the General Roman Calendar of 1960). The 1969 calendar revision removed the feast of Tiburtius and Susanna from the calendar, finally allowing the memorial of Saint Clare to be celebrated on 11 August, the day of her death.

Construction of the Basilica di Santa Chiara began a year after Clare's canonization, and her remains were transferred there on 3 October 1260 from the church of St George, also in Assisi. Her bones are now in the crypt at the Basilica, having been rediscovered in 1850.

In art, Clare is often shown carrying a monstrance or pyx, in commemoration of the occasion when she warded away the invading soldiers of Frederick II at the gates of her convent by displaying the Blessed Sacrament and kneeling in prayer.

Pope Pius XII designated Clare as the patron saint of television in 1958 on the basis that when she was too ill to attend Mass, she had reportedly been able to see and hear it on the wall of her room.

There are traditions of bringing offerings of eggs to the Poor Clares for their intercessions for good weather, particularly for weddings. This tradition remains popular in the Philippines, particularly at the Real Monasterio de Santa Clara in Quezon City and in the town of Obando, Bulacan. According to the Filipino essayist Alejandro Roces, the practice arose because of Clare's name. In Castilian clara refers to an interval of clear weather, and also to the white or albumen of the egg.

Many places, including churches, convents, schools, hospitals, towns, and counties are named for Saint Clare, Santa Clara, or other variants. Lake Saint Clair between Lake Erie and Lake Huron was navigated and named on her feast day in 1679. The Saint Clair River, St. Clair Shores, Michigan, and St. Clair County, Michigan were also consequently named for her.

Mission Santa Clara, founded by Spanish missionaries in Northern California in 1777, has given its name to the university, city, county and valley in which it sits, nicknamed "Silicon Valley" since the 1970s. Southern California's Santa Clara River is hundreds of miles to the south and gave its name to the nearby city of Santa Clarita. The early California missions were founded by Franciscan Friars, who had a special devotion to Saint Clare. Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, celebrates its Santa Clara Feast Day annually on 12 August, as the feast was celebrated before the 1969 calendar change.

The first convent in Cuba, Convento de Santa Clara de Asis, was dedicated to Saint Clare, as well as her namesake city and its cathedral, Catedral de Santa Clara de Asís. Columbus's ship known as Niña, which visited Cuba twice, was officially named Santa Clara.

Clare is one of five characters in the oratorio Laudato si', composed in 2016 by Peter Reulein on a libretto by Helmut Schlegel, the others being an angel, Mary, Francis of Assisi and Pope Francis.

Clare of Assisi is remembered in the Church of England and other churches of the Anglican Communion with a Lesser Festival on 11 August.

See also
 Saint Clare of Assisi, patron saint archive

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Acta Sanctorum, August II (in Latin), 1867 [orig. 1735]. pp. 739–768.
 Armstrong, Regis J. (ed. and trans.). The Lady: Clare of Assisi: Early Documents, 3rd ed. New York: New City Press, 2006 [orig. 1216–1260].
 Brady, Kathleen. Francis and Clare: The Struggles of the Saints of Assisi. New York: Lodwin Press, 2021
 Caxton, William. The Life of the Holy Virgin St. Clare. Fordham University, 2000 [orig. 1483].
 Fiege, Marianus. The princess of poverty: Saint Clare of Assisi and the Order of Poor Ladies, 2nd ed. Evansville, Indiana: Poor Clares of the Monastery of Saint Clare, 1909.
 The Roman Breviary, III. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1908 [orig. 1570]. pp. 815–816.
 Thomas of Celano (attributed). The Life of Saint Clare. Translated by Paschal Robinson. Philadelphia: Dolphin Press, 1910 [orig. c. 1258].

External links

  – Nine windows depicting the Life of Clare, with detailed narratives by an abbess from her religious order.

1194 births
1253 deaths
13th-century Christian saints
Pre-Reformation Anglican saints
Franciscan mystics
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Franciscan spirituality
Franciscan saints
Italian Roman Catholic saints
People from Assisi
Poor Clare abbesses
Poor Clares
Female saints of medieval Italy
13th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
13th-century Christian mystics
Anglican saints
Women founders

Clare of Assisi


Debrah Ann Miceli (born February 9, 1963), better known as Madusa, is an American monster truck driver and former professional wrestler. She is currently working for National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) as a producer. In professional wrestling Miceli is also known by the ring name Alundra Blayze, which she used while in the WWF/WWE. Outside of the WWF, she wrestled under her professional name of Madusa, which was shortened from "Made in the USA". Her early career was spent in the American Wrestling Association, where she once held the AWA World Women's Championship. In 1988, she was the first woman to be awarded Pro Wrestling Illustrated's Rookie of the Year. The following year, she signed a contract with All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling, making her the first foreign wrestler to do so.

She later joined World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where she was a member of The Dangerous Alliance, a group of wrestlers managed by Paul E. Dangerously. In 1993, she joined the rival World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the name Alundra Blayze. In the WWF, she feuded with Bull Nakano and Bertha Faye, while holding the WWF Women's Championship three times. Two years after joining the WWF, Miceli returned to WCW, showing up on an episode of Monday Nitro to throw the WWF Women's Championship belt into a trash can; she was blacklisted by the WWF for the next 20 years as a result. In her second WCW run, Miceli feuded with Bull Nakano and Oklahoma, and became the first woman to hold the WCW World Cruiserweight Championship. After training wrestlers such as Torrie Wilson, Stacy Keibler, and Nora Greenwald (Molly Holly) at the WCW Power Plant, she left the company in 2001. On March 28, 2015, she was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2015, under the Alundra Blayze moniker. In 2015, she additionally served as the commissioner of Japanese promotion World Wonder Ring Stardom.

Miceli is a former monster truck driver, and second longest tenured female driver in the sport to Scarlet Bandit.  She drove a truck named Madusa, and won the 2004 co-championship at the Monster Jam World Finals for freestyle in the first-ever three-way tie. The following year, she won the Racing Championship in the Monster Jam World Finals.

Early life
Miceli was born in Minneapolis. Before entering professional wrestling, she participated in both gymnastics and track, and at age 14, she worked at an Arby's fast-food restaurant. During the beginning of her wrestling career, she also worked as a part-time nurse.

Professional wrestling career

American Wrestling Association (1986–1989)

In 1984, Miceli trained with Eddie Sharkey in Minneapolis and began working on the independent circuit for $5 a match. In 1986, she started wrestling in the American Wrestling Association (AWA) feuding with Sherri Martel as Madusa Miceli. After Martel left the AWA, she replaced her as "Mr. Magnificent" Kevin Kelly's manager, who often teamed with Nick Kiniski as "The Perfect Tag Team". In a tournament final, she won the AWA World Women's Championship over Candi Devine on December 27, 1987. At that time Madusa also began managing the AWA World Heavyweight Champion Curt Hennig. She later lost the title to Wendi Richter on November 26, 1988. Hennig and Madusa joined the Diamond Exchange, a stable led by Diamond Dallas Page that included Badd Company. With Badd Company she faced the team of the Top Guns (Ricky Rice and Derrick Dukes) and Wendi Richter at the only AWA pay-per-view SuperClash III. Both Badd Company's Tag-Team Title and Wendi Richter's AWA World Women's Championship were on the line, but since Richter pinned Miceli, Badd Company remained the champions. In 1988, Miceli was also the first woman to be awarded Pro Wrestling Illustrateds Rookie of the Year.

 All Japan Women's Pro Wrestling (1989–1991)
Miceli wrestled a six-week tour for All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling at the beginning of 1989, where she won the IWA Women's title from Chigusa Nagayo before dropping it back to her the very next day. She then began training in Japan, learning the Japanese wrestling style, as well as Muay Thai, kickboxing, and boxing. She eventually signed a three-year deal with All Japan, which made her the first non-Japanese wrestler to do so. In addition, she worked for the TWA, feuding with Luna Vachon, whom she faced in a Hair vs Hair Mixed Tag Team match in September 1991. Miceli and her partner Eddie Gilbert defeated Vachon and Cactus Jack, which resulted in Vachon having her head shaved.

 World Championship Wrestling (1991–1993)

She then went to WCW and helped Paul E. Dangerously form his Dangerous Alliance. She acted primarily as Alliance member Rick Rude's valet. On October 25, Dangerously kicked her out of the Dangerous Alliance at Halloween Havoc. She, however, defeated him by count-out on November 18, 1992, at Clash of the Champions XXI.

 World Wrestling Federation (1993–1995)

In 1993, the WWF reinstated its Women's Championship, a title that had been vacant since 1990, and Miceli was brought in by the company to revive the women's division. She debuted under the ring name Alundra Blayze, because WWF owner Vince McMahon did not want to pay Miceli to use the name Madusa, which she had trademarked. She wrestled in a six-woman tournament to crown a new Women's Champion, and in the finals, she pinned Heidi Lee Morgan on December 13 to win the title.
After the tournament, Miceli asked WWF management to bring in new women for her to wrestle. In mid-1994, Bull Nakano joined the WWF roster and began feuding with Blayze. Blayze defeated Nakano at SummerSlam, but lost the belt to her on November 20, 1994, in Japan at the Big Egg Wrestling Universe event. Five months later on April 3, 1995, Blayze regained the title from Nakano on an edition of Monday Night Raw. As part of the storyline, immediately following the win, she was attacked by Bertha Faye, who broke her nose. According to Rhonda Sing (Faye), the storyline was written so Miceli could take time off to get breast implants and a nose job. She returned to the ring in August 1995, losing the Women's Championship to Faye at SummerSlam on August 27. Two months later, she won the title a third time, defeating Faye on October 23. In December, due to financial troubles the WWF was having at the time she was released from her contract and was stripped of the title following her jump to rival company World Championship Wrestling, and the WWF Women's Championship remained vacant until 1998. Miceli was blacklisted by the WWF for the next 20 years, owing to her participation in a controversial incident upon returning to WCW during which she dropped the WWF Women's championship belt into a trash can.

 World Championship Wrestling (1995–2001)
In December 1995, Miceli signed with WCW, and as part of a storyline by booker Eric Bischoff, showed up on WCW Monday Nitro on December 18, where she threw the WWF Women's belt into a trash can. She later admitted that she regretted the action and would not have done it had Bischoff not coerced her. Miceli immediately began using the Madusa name again. Upon her debut she attacked Sherri Martel during her wedding to Col. Robert Parker. She had a match the following Monday on Nitro against Sherri Martel which she lost. After that, the company brought in Bull Nakano to feud with her; they battled in a match at Hog Wild in August 1996. Due to pre-match stipulations, Madusa was allowed to destroy Nakano's motorcycle after the match.

The company then decided to establish the WCW Women's Championship, but Madusa lost to Akira Hokuto in the finals of the tournament to crown the first champion on December 29 at Starrcade. On June 15, Hokuto retained the title against Madusa at The Great American Bash in a Title vs. Career match. The latter then took a nearly two-year hiatus from the company.

Madusa returned to WCW in April 1999 as part of Randy Savage's faction Team Madness with Gorgeous George and Miss Madness. After that storyline ended, Madusa entered into a tournament for the WCW Championship, but she was defeated and eliminated from the tournament. She was later re-entered into the tournament in a match against Evan Karagias, but was eliminated the next week. After her elimination, Madusa put all her focus on managing Karagias. After Karagias won the WCW World Cruiserweight Championship at Mayhem, he was found flirting with Spice of the Nitro Girls. At Starrcade, however, Spice gave Karagias a low blow during the match, and Madusa pinned him to become the first female ever to win the WCW World Cruiserweight Championship. Spice then aligned herself with Madusa and became her manager for a short time.

In January 2000, Madusa developed a rivalry with Oklahoma. In a farcical Evening Gown match on an episode of WCW Thunder on January 12, Madusa defeated Oklahoma by stripping off his dress, but he attacked her after the match. She eventually lost the Cruiserweight belt to Oklahoma at Souled Out on January 16, 2000.

In the meantime, Miceli became an instructor at the WCW Power Plant, where she helped train women such as Nora Greenwald (Molly Holly) to wrestle. Before WCW's collapse, she engaged in a brief feud with Torrie Wilson and Shane Douglas, who defeated her and partner Billy Kidman at Fall Brawl in a Mixed Tag Team Scaffold match. Madusa took a big bump during this match and wasn't seen again on WCW TV. She left the company when she heard that Vince McMahon, the owner of the World Wrestling Federation, was going to buy WCW. Because she had a previous falling-out with McMahon, she opted not to stay with the company. She retired from professional wrestling for good in 2001 because she did not like the direction in which women's wrestling was going; according to her, it was becoming less about real wrestling and more about Bra and Panties matches.

 Late career (2001–present)
On March 2, 2015, it was announced that Miceli would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2015, under her Alundra Blayze moniker. On Twitter, she said this was a sign of respect, since that was her name in WWE, but "that bitch Madusa will be on stage speaking." During her speech, in response to constant questions about her dumping the WWF Women's Championship belt in the trash on Monday Nitro, her inductor, Natalya, wheeled a trash can onstage. Miceli (calling herself both Madusa and Alundra Blayze) withdrew the belt, which she stressed was a good-looking "women's wrestling belt", and said it was finally "back home where it belongs" after 20 years. She held the belt on her shoulder, and referred to herself as the reigning WWF Women's Champion. Following her Hall of Fame induction, she made a special appearance during the WrestleMania 31 event the following day on March 29, along with the other Hall of Fame inductees.

In September 2015, Miceli was appointed the commissioner of Japanese women's promotion World Wonder Ring Stardom.

On January 27, 2016, Miceli appeared on WWE Network's program Table for 3, along with fellow wrestlers Ivory and Molly Holly.

In September 2017, the WWE Network released a documentary entitled "TrailBlayzer" detailing Miceli's careers in both wrestling and monster truck driving.

Miceli as Alundra Blayze was announced as an entrant into the battle royal for a women's championship opportunity at WWE Evolution, marking a return to the ring after an 18-year hiatus, however she was eliminated by Nia Jax

On July 22, 2019, Alundra Blayze appeared as a heel and attacked 24/7 Champion Candice Michelle, after which she captured the title from Candice by forcing her to submit, with Melina acting as the official, becoming the third woman to win the title, while also becoming the first individual to win the title via submission. She also became the second woman to hold both the WWE Women's Championship, and the 24/7 Championship. She later attempted to toss the 24/7 Championship into the trash (similar to when she did the same to the WWF Women's Championship in 1995), only to instead sell the title to WWE Hall of Famer Ted DiBiase.

Returning to TNT for the first time in 20 years, Miceli was presenter of the All Elite Wrestling (AEW)'s Women's Tag Team Cup Tournament: The Deadly Draw, which began on August 3, 2020. The tournament concluded on the August 22, 2020 Saturday episode of AEW Dynamite, where she gave the championship cup to the tournament winners Ivelisse and Diamante.

Miceli would also appear in WWE on the July 26, 2022 episode of NXT in a backstage segment with Roxanne Perez and McKenzie Mitchell, announcing a fatal four-way elimination match for the vacant NXT Women's Tag Team Championship.

On January 23, 2023, Miceli appeared backstage during Raw is XXX, celebrating the 30th anniversary of Monday Night Raw.

 Monster truck career

Miceli entered the monster truck business under Dennis Anderson in 1999. She made her first American hot rod appearance at the Trans World Dome. Afterward, she purchased her own truck and named it Madusa, as she still held the rights to the name. She began winning freestyle competitions in 2001. Miceli won the 2004 co-championship at the Monster Jam World Finals for freestyle in the first-ever three-way tie. In March 2005 in Las Vegas, she beat her trainer Dennis Anderson in the final bracket of the Monster Jam World Finals for the Racing Championship, thus making her the first woman to win the Monster Jam World Finals racing championship. Also in 2005, she was the only female competitor in the Super Bowl of Motorsports.

As of January 2008, she is also the Executive Vice President of the Major League of Monster Trucks. In 2009, she returned to Monster Jam for the first time since 2006.

On October 10, 2014, she was injured in a Monster Jam event in Melbourne, Australia, and was taken to a Melbourne hospital for treatment.

 Other media
She appeared in the video game WCW Nitro, WCW Backstage Assault, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18 and WWE 2K19.

 Personal life
After a brief first marriage to Eddie Gilbert in 1990, Miceli's second marriage was on February 14, 1998, to NFL player Ken Blackman, eight months after they met in June 1997. They shared homes in Cincinnati and Homosassa, Florida. In 1998, they opened a motorcycle shop called Spookee Custom Cycles, which made motorcycles for other NFL players such as Kimo von Oelhoffen, Darnay Scott, Bradford Banta, and Dan Wilkinson. The couple later divorced in 2008.

On June 25, 2011, Miceli married Alan Jonason, a sergeant major in the U.S. Army, in Memphis. The wedding took place at Graceland and was broadcast over the internet for over 22,000 fans.

In 1995, she appeared in the films Shootfighter II, Death Match, and Intersanction II. In Japan, she released a CD of songs sung in Japanese. She owns a grooming, pet spa, and doggy bakery called Koolkats and Hotdogs in Lecanto, Florida. In February 2004, she provided commentary for boat races.

 Championships and accomplishments

 Professional wrestling
 All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling IWA World Women's Championship (2 times)
 Tag League the Best (1989) – with Mitsuko Nishiwaki
 American Wrestling Association AWA World Women's Championship (1 time)
 Cauliflower Alley Club Iron Mike Mazurki Award (2020)
 International World Class Championship Wrestling IWCCW Women's Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated'' Rookie of the Year (1988)
 Stanley Weston Award (2020)Women's Wrestling Hall of FameClass of 2023
 World Championship Wrestling WCW Cruiserweight
Championship (1 time)
 World Wrestling Federation/WWE WWF Women's Championship (3 times)
 WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
 WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2015)

 Motorsports
 United States Hot Rod Association'''
 USHRA Monster Jam World Finals Freestyle Co-Championship (2004)
 USHRA Monster Jam World Finals Racing Championship (2005)

See also
 List of Jewish professional wrestlers

Notes

External links

1964 births
American female professional wrestlers
American podcasters
American professional wrestlers of Italian descent
AWA World Women's Champions
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian female professional wrestlers
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish professional wrestlers
Living people
Monster truck drivers
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Professional wrestling trainers
Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
Sportspeople from Milan
Dangerous Alliance members
WWE 24/7 Champions
WWE Hall of Fame inductees
WWF/WWE Women's Champions
American women podcasters
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women
20th-century female professional wrestlers
WCW/WWE Cruiserweight Champions
IWA World Women's Champions
Tag League the Best winners

Madusa


Eric Stoddard (born 24 June 1975), is an automobile and industrial designer who has worked for DaimlerChrysler and Hyundai Kia Automotive Group.

Background
Stoddard was raised in Rochester, New York and is the son of a violinist for the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra.

Early career
After graduating from the Cleveland Institute of Art in Cleveland, Ohio with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Industrial Design, Eric worked as a designer at DaimlerChrysler from 1998 to 2002.

In 2002 he was recruited to work for Hyundai Motor Company in Irvine, California.  In 2008, Eric joined Hyundai in Korea.

DaimlerChrysler

While at the Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center in Auburn Hills, Michigan, Eric worked under Don Renkert to design the Chrysler Crossfire Concept  released at the North American International Auto Show in 2001.  Eric went on to become the lead exterior designer of the production model of the Chrysler Crossfire under Andrew Dyson.

Eric was also the lead exterior designer on the Dodge SRT-4 as well as a contributing designer to the Chrysler Pacifica, 2003 Dodge Viper and Chrysler Sebring.

Hyundai

In 2002, Eric was recruited as a senior designer to Hyundai Kia Automotive Group in Irvine, California.  At Hyundai, under Design Chief Joel Piaskowski, Eric lead the exterior design of the Hyundai Genesis Coupe Concept unveiled at the 2007 LA Auto Show, the Production 2010 Hyundai Genesis Coupe, the HCD-9 Talus Concept, the 2007 Hyundai Elantra and KCD-1 Slice Concept.

Awards
Eric Stoddard is the recipient of a Red Dot Design Award in 2009 for a bicycle design concept called the Zoomla and was a finalist for the 2010 Taipei Cycle Show for his bicycle entry the AutoVelo.

References

American automobile designers
Chrysler designers
People in the automobile industry
Hyundai people
DaimlerChrysler
Living people
1975 births

Eric Stoddard


Wilhelm Aleksander Thesleff  (27 July 1880, Viipurin maalaiskunta, Grand Duchy of Finland - 26 March 1941, Helsinki) was a Finnish general, first Minister of Defence of Finland and briefly the commander in chief of the Finnish army.

Thesleff began a military career in 1894 Hamina Cadet School from which he graduated in 1901. He continued his military studies in St Petersburg, Nicholas General Staff Academy in the years 1904–1907, and the Officers Cavalry School 1910–1911. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, 12 June 1912.

Thesleff attended the first world war the Russian army in 1914–1917, until he was taken prisoner by the Germans in Riga in September 1917. In October 1917 he was transferred by request of the military committee to serve as a liaison officer between the Finnish Jäger battalion fighting under the German command and the Germans. He deposed the unpopular Colonel Nikolai Mexmontan. He was commander of the 27th Jäger Battalion from 6 November 1917 until 25 February 1918. In March 1918 he was appointed as a liaison officer with the Baltic Sea Division during the Finnish Civil War.

After the Finnish Civil War Thesleff became the War Minister, 27 May 1918 – 27 November 1918 in the first cabinet of Juho Kusti Paasikivi. He was promoted to the rank of Major General, 14 June 1918. After the resignation of Major General Wilkman, as a war minister, Thesleff became commander in chief of the Finnish military forces on 13 August 1918.

Paasikivi cabinet had been leaning towards Imperial Germany. When Germany was defeated in the First World War the cabinet resigned. This also meant the end of Thesleff's political career.

1880 births
1941 deaths
People from Vyborg District
Military personnel from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish major generals
Finnish senators
Military personnel of the Russian Empire
Russian military personnel of World War I
People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
Ministers of Defence of Finland

Wilhelm Alexander Thesleff


Ferdinand Joseph L'Herminier (1802–1866) was a French botanist and zoologist born in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe. He was the son of naturalist Félix Louis L'Herminier (1779–1833), and a student of Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777–1850), of whom he published a revision of works in 1827.

As a botanist, L'Herminier specialized in the study of pteridophytes and bryophytes found in Guadeloupe. Alone, and with his father, he conducted ornithological studies on the island, however notes and specimens associated with this research were destroyed during the earthquake of 1843. As a physician, he was director of the island's hospital.

In 1832, Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemin and George Samuel Perrottet named the botanical genus Herminiera after him. For his services in Guadeloupe, especially in the earthquake in 1843 and during the cholera epidemic of 1866, he was honored with a membership in the Legion of Honor.

Ferdinand L'Herminier died at Pointe-à-Pitre in 1866.

References

 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia.

1802 births
1866 deaths
People from Basse-Terre
19th-century French botanists
French ornithologists

Ferdinand Joseph L'Herminier


The Pittston Coal strike was a United States strike action led by the United Mine Workers Union (UMWA) against the Pittston Coal Company, nationally headquartered in  Pittston, Pennsylvania.  The strike, which lasted from April 5, 1989 to  February 20, 1990, resulted from Pittston's termination of health care benefits for approximately 1,500 retirees, widows, and disabled miners.  The strikers also cited the refusal of the company to contribute to the benefit trust established in 1950 for miners who retired before 1974 and the refusal of the company to bargain in good faith as grounds for their action. The company cited declining coal prices, decreasing demand, and recession as its reason for limiting health care benefits.

The strike affected production in mines mostly in Virginia, but a few in West Virginia and Kentucky as well.  Mine workers and their families engaged in acts of civil disobedience, work stoppage, protests, and rallies.  At its peak in June 1989, the strike involved approximately 2,000 miners daily staying at Camp Solidarity with thousands more sending donations and holding wildcat walkouts that involved around 40,000 people. The participation of women in the labor action through the ad hoc formation of the Daughters of Mother Jones—reminiscent of the early days of union organization—proved an essential element of the successful strike.

Background
During the 1980s, the price, adjusted for inflation, of coal declined, which put economic pressure on coal companies. Many of them began employing non-union workers, who would work for less money, to be able to maintain a profit.

By 1987, Pittston Coal had dropped from being the 7th-largest coal operator in the United States to the 15th, and coal production was at an all-time low. The Pittston Coal Company had worked with the Bituminous Coal Operators (BCOA), which regulated health and retirement benefits offered to Pittston workers. The Pittston mines continued to lose money, however, and in 1987, the Pittston Coal Company terminated its contract with the BCOA to establish its own health and retirement benefit contract with the UMWA. Through collective bargaining, the UMWA and the Pittston Coal Company established two different retirement plans for the miners: one for those who retired before 1974 and one for those who retired after 1974 in the hopes that would help the company gain a profit.

In 1988, Pittston still felt the strain of providing benefits, with the cost per miner increasing by $3,746 from the 1979 amount. The company was still going into debt and having a difficult time paying for the miners' benefits. To avoid losing more money, Pittston doubled health deductibles, lowered the coverage from 100% to 80%, and discontinued benefits to miners who retired before 1974. That change in the health care plan was still not enough for the company to gain a profit and so it decided to keep the mines running 24 hours a day and seven days a week, with no overtime for the workers. Pittston also did away with successorship clauses, which meant that the miners of Pittston would not have job security or transfer of job rights in mines that were leased or sold.

Miners were now working longer hours with more expensive health care plans, and the mine was losing no production time because it was never closed.

The UMWA took action against Pittston's new plan of operation and offered to reach a settlement. The coal company stayed quiet, and when the time came to renew the health care and retirement benefit plans for its workers, Pittston refused. The refusal to renew the contract left about 1,500 people without health care. The people were not just miners employed by Pittston but also families, widows, and disabled miners in the Virginia area.

UMWA declares strike

In April 1989, after the miners had worked 14 months without benefits, UMWA President Richard Trumka declared a strike against the Pittston Coal Company. Around 2,000 UMWA members who worked for Pittston walked out of the mines and reported to the picket line. Pittston responded to the strike by hiring replacement workers. To ensure that production would continue, Pittston also had help from the state police to escort the replacement miners and coal trucks across the picket line.

The UMWA used civil disobedience to attract attention to the needs of the miners. The union stressed that all actions of the strike had to remain peaceful. However, many miners still used violent methods during the strike. The strike gained the news media's attention. People came from all across the country to support the UMWA's cause, and around 50,000 people went to southwestern Virginia during the course of the strike.

During the strike, Pittston's production was reduced by about a third. Low production could have been a result of the strike taking place in several mines owned by Pittston. The main mine involved was the Clinchfield Coal Company in Dickenson County, Virginia.  Some of the other mines that participated in the strike of 1989 were the Moss 3 Preparation Plant in Russell County, Virginia, McClure Mine, and the Westmoreland Coal Complex. Pittston refused to give in to the UMWA's demands although it operated at a loss, and the strike continued. Unable to meet the financial needs of the strikers, the UMWA started to suffer as well. As the strike progressed, members of the union were paid less than $210 a week on average, less than a third of the average salary of $640 a week.

Although the union members were getting less pay than promised, they did not lose their faith in the UMWA's ability to negotiate a settlement. Trumka's efforts made the miners keep their spirit and morale during the strike. He knew that giving into the demands of Pittston would lead to other mine companies revoking health care benefits. On August 20, 1989 Trumka was questioned by B. Drummond Ayers Jr., a local reporter from the New York Times, about how long he expected the strike to continue. Trumka responded to the question by saying, "People keep asking how long we can hold out. The answer: one day longer than Pittston."

The strike continued until February 1990, when a settlement was agreed upon by both parties. The settlement was reached after taking the demands to court several times and after many ratifications were made. The miners of the Pittston Coal Company once again received health and retirement benefits.

Tactics
During the Pittston strike, the UMWA wanted to use only nonviolent means of protest against the company. Many union members practiced that method of civil disobedience and found creative ways for their message to be heard such as mass sit down strike and road blockades. However, many wildcat strikers ignored the request of the UMWA and used violence to express the anger that they felt toward the Pittston Coal Company. When the strike ended, over 4,000 people had been arrested for their actions.

Violent actions
Most of the people who carried out violent acts were nonunion members and wildcat strikers. Actions included destruction of the Pittston Company's mining equipment; pelting coal trucks with rocks to break their windows; and stopping the trucks by slashing their tires usually by using Jack rocks, which were sharp tools made up of nails welded together with their points facing out designed to puncture the tires. Wildcat strikers also began to organize walkouts, which were illegal for UMWA members, but since the wildcats were not affiliated with a union, they continued to organize walkouts throughout Virginia.  By June 1989, nearly 37,000 wildcat strikers had become involved with the Pittston strike.

The strike acts soon spread past Virginia and into other parts of the country and other coal companies. Additional violent acts included the making of car bombs that were placed along roadsides that coal trucks would travel. Shotguns were used to shoot employees at the Hampden Coal Company when they tried to enter the coal mines. Some strikers shot into the windows of cars and houses of the replacement miners and Pittston Coal Company owners. There were many different violent strike tactics carried out and although many people were injured, including one striker shot, there were no deaths associated with the strike.

Civil disobedience
The UMWA tried to focus the strikers on civil disobedience and often stepped in to stop the wildcat strikers. The union members used many different nonviolent strike tactics. The acts included standing and blocking the roads that the coal trucks would travel, mass sit-down strikes, and large groups of people picketing outside of the Pittston coal mines. Those methods of protesting helped the UMWA gain support from other people around the country.
Another method of peaceful protesting was demonstrated in the formation of Camp Solidarity, which was in the center of the protesting, in southern Virginia. Supporters came from all over the country to show their outrage against the actions of Pittston, but there was no place that they could stay. Although many people in the local towns would offer shelter, they could not provide enough beds and food for all of the people who came. Union member supporters found a solution to the problem. A local recreational park near Castlewood, Virginia, was turned into a campground where those supporters could stay. A small shelter equipped with bunk beds was built and an already-existing snack bar was opened to provide food for the people staying at Camp Solidarity. Because the location was a recreational park, there was plenty of space for others to bring campers and tents into the area.

As a result of the protests, more than $30 million in fines were levied against the UMWA by Russell County Circuit Court Judge Donald A. McGlothlin Jr. In what many saw as an act of retaliation, the miner and union official Jackie Stump was recruited to mount a write-in campaign for the state legislature against McGlothlin's father, Delegate Don McGlothlin. Stump, who was cellmates with UMWA Vice President Cecil Roberts during the strike, went on to win the November election by more than two to one.

Moss 3
The most important act of civil disobedience during the Pittston strike was Moss 3. Since the strike had been going on for a few months, with no settlement expected in the near future, union members began to lose hope. Thousands of people had already been arrested, and a lot of money had been spent on a cause that seemed to be never ending. Union members knew that something had to be done to regain the spirit of the strike and to make it clear to Pittston that they would not give up.

The plan that the Union officers devised was called Moss 3, named after the Pittston's Moss 3 Preparation Plant, which was then its primary coal processing plant. The officials were very secretive about planning that act of nonviolent strike. They wanted Pittston to know nothing about what was about to take place. Officials selected 99 union members out of Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky to participate in Moss 3 and the selected miners met in Virginia and were told about the plan.

Moss 3 was set up to be an unexpected mass nonviolent sit-down strike within the preparation plant. The 99 strikers walked into the plant peacefully and sat down inside the plant to halt production. Meanwhile, thousands of other supporters gathered outside the plant to encourage the strikers inside. An estimated 5,000 supporters at the height of Moss 3 were gathered outside the production plant.

The sit-down strike inside Moss 3 lasted from Sunday to Wednesday. After four days, the strikers felt they made their point to Pittston and walked out. Local miners said that Pittston had called in the National Guard and state police to remove the miners if they did not leave within an hour. The Pittston owners felt that the miners inside had been tipped off to that information and that they had left to avoid being arrested.

Women's involvement
Although the Pittston strike involved coal miners, many of the supporters of the strike were not miners. Most of the support that the union members received was from women. Many of the women were wives or daughters of miners who worked for Pittston, bur some had no affiliation with Pittston Coal Company or mining. Some women sat down in the middle of roads and caused causing blockages, and others would drive slowly in front of coal trucks to cause delays. Two groups of women supporters arose during that time: "The Daughters of Mother Jones" and "The Freedom Fighters." At the peak of the strike, around 500 women were involved in supporting the miners, most of them housewives.

Daughters of Mother Jones

One group of women that formed during the strike were the "Daughters of Mother Jones." The group took their name from Mary Harris Jones, also known as "Mother Jones," a famous mine union activist, in support of the miners. The Daughters provided similar support as other women supporters during the strike, including organizing housing, preparing food, and raising money for the miners.

The Daughters of Mother Jones also conducted a regular protest outside of the Pittston Coal State Headquarters in Lebanon, Virginia, coordinated with UMWA leadership.  They picketed outside every Monday and Wednesday outside of the Pittston company headquarters to gain media attention and support for the miners. On April 18, 1989, a group of 39 women went into the Pittston Coal headquarters and held a 36-hour sitdown protest, which shut down coal production for one-and-a-half days. They refused to individually identify themselves to the company management and instead referred to themselves as the Daughters of Mother Jones. They left voluntarily after 36 hours.

Freedom Fighters
Another women's group that developed during the strike was the Freedom Fighters. They ran Camp Solidarity at Castlewood, Virginia, and the Daughters of Mother Jones provided food and lodging on land donated by a retired UMWA miner. The Freedom Fighters also set up a phone bank to inform other people of the types of food that they could donate and how much food was needed. After Pittson, the Freedom Fighters continue to exist as a group of women who help to support the benefits for miners across the United States.

Aftermath
In February 1990, the Pittston Coal Company and the UMWA came to a settlement. The current miners of Pittston would receive health and retirement benefits once again. Pittston Coal Company also had to pay around $10 million for the retirement benefits plan for pre-1974 miners. In return, Pittston was permitted to operate seven days a week as long as they were closed from 8am to 4pm on Sundays. Miners were also put on a rotating schedule in which every 28 days, they would work one week for 4 days and 10 hours each day.

Both groups had lost a considerable amount of money, Pittston from the slowdown of production and the UMWA for the cost of organizing the strike. At the end of the strike, the UMWA was fined around $64 million because of their actions during the strike. Many of the fines were not only because of violence that had erupted but also for the road blockages and other forms of civil disobedience. Union officials were personally charged $13,000 a day for the strike, and the union was charged $200,000 for their actions at Moss 3. Many people opposed the charges that were made against the UMWA and petitioned for Them to be dropped. Although not all charges were, the vast majority were cleared. In return, union officials had to do 10,000 hours of community service to compensate for the removal of the fines.

Miners of the Pittston Coal Company were glad that a settlement had been reached and that they would once again be receiving health and retirement funds. However, because they were without benefits for such a long time, many people had gotten into financial trouble. During the strike, the costs of health care had to be paid out of pocket, and many miners did not have the resources to do so. As a result, many miners had accumulated debt. Another direct result of the Pittston Strike was the formation of the Coal Act, which was established in 1992 and made it mandatory by law for mining companies to provide health and retirement benefits for its workers.

At the time of the strike, Pittston was a strong coal company and the area was full of strikers protesting. After the strike, many of Pittston's coal plants were sold to Alpha Natural Resources. Pittston finally exited the coal business in 2001, and Alpha eventually became one of the nation's top three coal companies.  Alpha Natural Resources declared bankruptcy in 2015. After the strike ended, Moss 3 was demolished, and a new plant was built and named after it (the new plant has been since demolished and the land reclaimed), and the recreational park that became Camp Solidarity has been reclaimed by nature and is now an open field. Though the physical aspects of the area have changed since the strike has ended, what has not changed is the feeling that the miners of Pittston accomplished, a win for their own benefits as well as benefits for the UMWA. The union's actions during the strike made it possible for thousands of miners to receive health care and retirement funds for years to come.
Even though the miners were able to reach a settlement in early 1990, the case of the UMWA vs. Pittston Coal Company did not end in 1990. The fines of over $60 million did not come into bargaining until 1994 (~$ in ), and Pittston agreed to drop most of the charges. However, since the case was now in the court system, many courts wanted the UMWA to be responsible for all of the fines. The UMWA appealed all of the fines, and the case remained undecided for many years.

References

Notes and citations

Bibliography
Ayres Jr., B. Drummond. "Coal Strike: Armageddon for U.M.W. and Leader?" The New York Times 15 August 1989: 1–2.
Beckwith, Karen. "Women, Gender, and Nonviolence in Political Movements". PS, Political Science & Politics, 35(1), 75–81.  Retrieved March 20, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID: 1332165031).
Birecree, Adrienne M. "The importance and implications of women's participation in the 1989–1990 Pittston coal strike". Journal of Economic Issues. Lincoln: Mar 1996. Vol. 30, Iss. 1; pg 187, 14 pgs.
Brisbin, Richard A. Jr. A Strike like No Other Strike: Law & Resistance during the Pittston Coal Strike of 1989–1990. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. .
"Coal Strike: First the Calm, Now the Storm." Time [New York City] 24 June 1989: 1.
Crow, Peter. Do, Die, or Get Along: A Tale of Two Appalachian Towns. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007. .
Demers, Raymond Y., C. William Michaels, Robert Frank, Kathy Fagan, Melissa McDiarmid, and Theresa Rohr. "Termination of Health Care Benefits for Pittston Mine Workers: Impact on the Health and Security of Miners and Their Families." Journal of Public Health Policy (1990): 474–80.
Dotter, Earl. Tricities "1989 Pittston Coal Strike A Battle." Bistol Herald Courier. 6 September 2009. Accessed 25 March 2010.
Hayes, Sharon. Times News."Twenty Years Later, Impact of Bitter Dispute between Pittston, UMWA Still Felt." Kingsport Times News | Kingsport, Tennessee. 26 June 2009. Accessed 26 March 2010.
Laslett, John Henry Martin. The United Mine Workers of America: a Model of Industrial Solidarity? University Park: Pennsylvania State UP in Association with the Pennsylvania State University Libraries, 1996. .
McNeil, Bryan. "Do , Die, or Get Along: A Tale of Two Appalachian Towns". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Richmond: 2007. Vol. 115, Iss. 4; pg 596, 2 pgs.
Mulcahy, Richard P." A Strike like No Other Strike: Law & Resistance during the Pittston Coal Strike of 1989–1990". The Journal of American History. Bloomington: Jun 2004. Vol. 91, Iss. 1; pg. 342, 2 pgs.
"A Strike like No Other Strike: Pittston Strike Holds Lessons for Today." United Mine Workers Journal 120.2 (2009): 4–12.

External links
Youtube video
"Justice in the Coalfields trailer.
UMW website.

Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers of America
1989 labor disputes and strikes
1990 labor disputes and strikes
Coal in the United States
History of Virginia
Mining in Virginia
Dickenson County, Virginia
1989 in Virginia
1990 in Virginia
Miners' labor disputes in the United States
Labor disputes in Virginia

Pittston Coal strike


Galen Cranz is a Professor of the Graduate School, Architecture at the College of Environmental Design at the University of California, Berkeley, who studies the social and cultural bases of architectural and urban design. She is a certified teacher of the Alexander Technique, a kinesthetic educational system, who founded the new field "Body Conscious Design."

She is the author of The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America (1982), which surveys the rise of the park system from 1850 to the present through four stages -- "the pleasure ground, the reform park, the recreation facility and the open space system,"  and the 1998 book The Chair: Rethinking Culture, Body, and Design.

Educational philosophy
Paying close attention to social practices can inspire architectural innovation. Social patterns are not a "straight jacket," but rather a muse. Professor Cranz wants to help students become better artistically by helping them interpret and feel social forces. Accordingly, she emphasizes ethnography in environmental design pedagogy.  Her approach to teaching is learning-centered, rather than teaching-centered, so she emphasizes experiential learning. As a teacher of the Alexander Technique, she is passionate about bringing experience of the unified self back into the classroom and workplace. She established the term "Body Conscious Design"to describe a body centered approach to both product and architectural design.

Major fellowships, grants, prizes, and honors
1964-65, Reed College-Keele, University Exchange Scholar to England
1966-71, Multiple Research Fellowships, University of Chicago
1972-74, Princeton University Committee on Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences
1973, Graham Foundation, rooftop use in New York City
1976-2014, Multiple Research Grants, University of California at Berkeley
1977, Honor award (7th through 10th entries) in State of California's energy-conscious office building design competition
1981-84, Kellogg National Fellowship
1983, First Place, Parc de la Villette, Paris; member of Tschumi's design team
1983, Seventh Place, Design of Spectacle Island, Boston Inner Harbor
1985, First Prize, National Endowment for the Arts Cityscape Design Competition for St. Paul, Minnesota, co-designer and team leader
1986-88, National Institute of Health, "Residential Quality for the Oldest Old"
1996, Graham Foundation for Advanced Study in Architecture, "Defining the Sustainable Park"
1998, Hewlett Packard cross-disciplinary teaching grant, "Office for the Future" with Seth Roberts, Psychology
2004, EDRA (Environmental Design Research Association) Achievement Award for The Chair
2005-2007, Principal Investigator, Latrobe Fellowship of the AIA (American Institute of the Architects) for collaboration among the Kaiser Permanente, Gordon Chong Architects, and University of California, Berkeley's Department of Architecture.
2009  Berkeley Engaged Scholarship Initiative (BESI) for developing a community-based service-learning course
2010-2011 Senior Fellow, Townsend Humanities Fellowship, UC Berkeley.
2011 Career Award of the Environmental Design Research Association (EDRA).

Selected publications
Galen Cranz, Ethnography for Designers (Routledge, 2016).
Galen Cranz, "Sitting, Still" Architecture Boston, (2014).
Galen Cranz and Eleftherios Pavlildes, Environmental Design Research:  Body, City and the Buildings In between (Cognella, San Diego, 2012)
Galen Cranz with Jess Wendover, Iris Tien, Mark Gillem, and Jon Norman, "College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley Temporary Home," Designing for Designers, J. Nasar, W. F. E. Preiser & Tom Fisher (Eds.) (New York: Fairchild Books, 2007), pp.
Galen Cranz with EunAh Cha, "Body Conscious Design in a Teen Space: Post Occupancy Evaluation of an Innovative Public Library," Public Libraries, Sept/Nov. 2006, pp. 48–56.
Galen Cranz and C. Young, "The role of design in inhibiting or promoting use of common open space: The case of Redwood Gardens, Berkeley, CA." In S. Rodiek & B. Schwarz (Eds.), The Role of the Outdoors in Residential Environments for Aging (New York: Haworth Press, Inc., 2006), pp. 71–94.
Galen Cranz and Michael Boland, "Defining the Sustainable Park: A Fifth Model for Urban Parks," Landscape Journal, Fall 2004, pp. 102–120.
"A New Way of Thinking about Taste," The Nature of Craft and the Penland Experience (Lark, NY, 2004), pp. 130–136.
"The Alexander Technique in the World of Design: Posture and the Common Chair, Part I: The Chair as Health Hazard," Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Vol 4, No. 2 (April 2000), pp. 90–96.
"The Alexander Technique in the World of Design: Posture and the Common Chair, Part II: Body-conscious Design for Chairs, Interiors and Beyond," Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Vol. 4, No. 3 (July 2000), pp. 155–165.
The Chair: Rethinking Culture, Body and Design.  (Norton, New York, 1998, paperback 2000).
"Now you aren't sitting comfortably," The Independent (UK), Design Notes section, October 3, 1998, p. 11.
"Parks" entry in American Cities in Suburbs, An Encyclopedia, (Larry Schumsky, Ed.) (ABC-CLIO), pp. 554–58.
"Community and Complexity on Campus: A Post-Occupancy Evaluation of the University of California, Haas School of Business," with Amy Taylor and Anne-Marie Broudehoux, Places, A Forum of Environmental Design.  1997 Vol. II, No.1 pp. 38–51.
"The Chair is Where the Body Meets the Environment," in Curiosity Recaptured: Exploring Ways We Think and Move, Jerry Sontag, Ed. (Mornum Time Press, San Francisco, 1996), pp. 3–20.
"How Principles of Sustainable Development Can and Must Shape Our Cities and Parks: The Case of Riverside South," in Aristides and Cleopatra (Eds.) International Association for Person-Environment Studies (IAPS) 12 Conference Proceedings (Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1992), pp. 85–89.
The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America (1982)
Galen Cranz, Amy Taylor, Anne-Marie Broudehoux, "Community and Complexity on Campus. A Post-Occupancy Evaluation of the University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business," Places, A Forum of Environmental Design, Winter 1997, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 38–51.
"Four Models of Municipal Park Design in the United States," Denatured Visions: Landscape and Culture in the Twentieth Century, Wrede, S. and Adams, W. Eds.  (NY: Museum of Modern Art: Abrams distributor, 1992), pp. 118–123.
"Berkeley's Free Speech Controversy," Op. ed., Oakland Tribune, Jan. 31, 1990.
The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1982; paperback 1989).
"Public Housing for the Elderly: A Study of Eight Housing Projects in New Jersey" in Housing for the Elderly: Design Directives and Policy Considerations, (Elsevier, New York, 1985).
"Women in Urban Parks," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 5 No. 3 (Spring 1980) reprinted in Stimpson (Ed.) Women & the American City (University of Chicago, 1981).
"The Useful and the Beautiful: Urban Parks in China," Landscape, Volume 23, No. 2 (1979) pp. 3–10.
"Photography in Chinese Popular Culture," Exposure: Journal of the Society of Photographic Educators, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Winter 1978), pp. 24–29.
"Changing Roles of Urban Parks: From Pleasure Garden to Open Space," Landscape Magazine, Summer 1978, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 9–18.

References

American architects
Reed College alumni
UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Galen Cranz


Lamitta Frangieh (; born 15 November 1980) is a Lebanese actress, former beauty pageant contestant and fashion model.

Beauty pageants and modeling
She claimed first runner-up at Miss Lebanon 2004 Competition held at the LBC studios in Adma, Lebanon. Despite receiving the highest scores from nine independent jury members, she was only rewarded the position of first runner-up. She received the highest score in Swimwear, with a score of 9.882. Frangieh was voted as the most likely contestant to win the Miss Lebanon 2004 pageant, with local media on her side. However, due to political and religious interferences, she finished first runner-up then proceeded to Miss World 2005 pageant, where she placed in the Top 12.
She started her modeling career at the age of 13. She was the youngest model in this field in Lebanon. Her modeling career reached its summit in July 2005 when she modeled for Robert Abi Nader in Paris with famous super models, She has also been featured in major catwalks, magazines and photo-shoots around the world.she worked with 2 big magazines for 3 years as a fashion art director (Hia and al Rajol Magazine), she represented many episodes about tourism in Lebanon, called Shou fi bi Libnan.

Acting
In her acting career, she has filmed various movies and series, her start was with Lebanese series called 3asser el harim. In 2009, she moved to Egypt, where she was acting in various movies, Had Same' Haga with Ramez Galal, Mohtaram Ella Rob''' with Mohammad Ragab, 365 days of happiness with Ahmad Ezz, Ana badi3 ya Wadi3, Omar w Salma'' 3 with Tamer Hosny.

Personal life
In 2014, Lamita Franjieh married Lebanese businessman Freddy Makhraz in a private ceremony in Paris. They spent their honeymoon in Monaco and Thailand. She gave birth to their child, a son called Justin (b. 2016) at an American hospital in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.

References

Living people
Lebanese beauty pageant winners
Lebanese film actresses
People from Zgharta
Miss World 2005 delegates
Lebanese female models
1980 births
Lamitta
Lebanese television actresses
Lebanese socialites
Lebanese Christians

Lamitta Frangieh


Aberlour distillery is a Speyside single malt Scotch whisky distillery, in Aberlour, Strathspey, Scotland, at the confluence of the Lour Burn and River Spey near Ben Rinnes.

History

James Fleming (1830-1895) was born and baptised on the first day of June at Inveravon, the only son of a tenant farmer at Tomfarclas on the Ballindalloch estate. James helped his father on the farm until manhood and then sought a wider and more financially rewarding direction for his future, firstly as a commission agent and dealer in the grain trade.

In the mid-1860s he acquired a lease of the Dailuaine distillery at nearby Carron and held it for ten years, making connections in the spirit markets. By the 1871 Census, James had moved to Aberlour, and in 1874 established and developed a new branch agency for the North of Scotland Bank. He became a prominent and respected member of the local community; as an elder of the parish church and in several public positions: chairman of the School Board, county councillor, and town Provost.

In 1879 Fleming secured a feu from the Earl of Fife on the land where he would build his new Aberlour distillery and on its completion produced whisky there from December 1880. He sold the business to his acting agents, Robert Thorne & Sons in 1892. James Fleming died aged 65, leaving a significant and tangible legacy. He built Aberlour's first public meeting place, The Fleming Hall in 1889. This was followed in 1900 by the Fleming Cottage Hospital providing isolation accommodation to limit the spread of infectious diseases. In James Thomson's 1902 book Recollections of a Speyside Parish the author wrote: "The hospital that has been built and endowed by his [Fleming's] liberality will always remain a memorial to his Christian philanthropy. I can well remember more than one epidemic that devastated many a home in the village. Had there been at the time such an institution in the place, many lives might have been saved."

Fleming's commitment to improving the welfare of local people is evidenced by another bequest made on 11 June 1895, two weeks before his death: "I leave a sum of five hundred pounds for the purpose of erecting a steel wire footbridge over the river Spey at Aberlour at a place as near as possible to the mouth of the burn of Ruthrie [the Lour Burn] so as to connect the village of Charlestown with the parish of Knockando." Safety, as well as convenience, being his concern following a number of reported drowning tragedies in the fast-flowing waters during his lifetime. After delays in its approval by an obstinate landowner, the Victoria Bridge, Aberlour - often referred to as the Penny Bridge locally - was completed and opened without ceremony in 1902. James Fleming is buried in the town's cemetery almost opposite the distillery site.

Robert Thorne & Sons Ltd. sold the Aberlour distillery in 1920 to a brewing family, W.H. Holt & Sons, based near Manchester, England. In 1945 ownership passed to S. Campbell & Sons Ltd and the distillery was later re-equppied with four stills in 1973. In 1975 Pernod Ricard acquired Campbell Distilleries, and they joined with Chivas Brothers in 2001 forming a portfolio of 14 single malt distilleries and 1 grain distillery in Scotland, and 2 gin distilleries in England. In 2002 a new modernised visitor centre was opened for public visits and tours. In 2014, over 3.5 million bottles of Aberlour were sold.

Bottlings
The whisky comes in a variety of ages, including a 10, 12, 15, 16, 18 and a rare 30-year-old 1970 vintage malt, as well as a cask strength release, A'bunadh, with no age statement. Most of the variants are aged in American ex-bourbon casks, a standard for many single malts. Aberlour also releases a range of malts that, after aging in bourbon casks, are finished in casks previously used to mature varieties of fortified wines or sherries, a method applied to appeal particularly to the French market.

Reviews
Since 1986, Aberlour Single Malt Scotch Whisky has won 58 Gold awards and 8 Trophies in the Tasting categories of two leading industry competitions, the International Wine and Spirits Competition (IWSC) and International Spirits Challenge (ISC).

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Details on how to visit Aberlour distillery

Distilleries in Scotland
Pernod Ricard brands
Scottish malt whisky

Aberlour distillery


Alexandros Alexandrakis (Athens, 1913 – Athens, 1968) was a Greek painter, who became widely known from his particularly dynamic depictions of the Greco-Italian War of 1940.

Alexandrakis showed an early talent for design and painting. In the age of 17, he exhibited 23 works in the group show organised by HAN. He then studied painting in Athens School of Fine Arts under the supervision of masters Spyridonas Vikatos and Umbertos Argyros. Later, he attended classes in engraving by the master Giannis Kefallinos. He graduated from the school in 1937, and went on to participate in various exhibitions.

In World War II, which in Greece is called the Greco-Italian War, Alexandrakis and his five brothers were called to military duty to the Greek-Albanian borders. He found himself in the high mountainous area of 'Pindos' where he served as corporal. Inspired by his situation, he sketched and painted his memories in a series of artworks that made him popular in Greece in the post-war years. A collection of them was published in 1968 with the title 'Thus we fought' (original in Greek: Έτσι πολεμούσαμε).

He also spent considerable time with Art nude and in 1958 Alexandrakis was the illustrator of public junior school book for the fifth grade. He became known outside Greece when he started collaborating with institutions such as the Guggenheim Museum and USA Senator Library. He died at the age of 55.

In 1980, the National Gallery of Greece honoured Alexandrakis with a Retrospection Exhibition. Gallery K in London presented works by him in 1998 and 2005.

Bibliography
 Α. Αλεξανδράκης, Έτσι πολεμούσαμε 1940-41, εκδ. Πάπυρος, Αθήνα 1968. (Publication in 4 languages  Greek, English, French και German.)
 A. Alexandrakis, The War We Fought, 1940-41, The Hellenic Centre, London 1995, .

External links
«The Paintings of A.Alexandrakis for the 1940 War» — Some known paintings by Alexandrakis
Alexandrakis, Alexandros (1913-1968) — From gallery 'K', London, 2005 (στα αγγλικά).

1968 deaths
1913 births
20th-century Greek painters
Artists from Athens

Alexandros Alexandrakis


Benjamin Gilbert Brocklehurst (18 February 1922 – 17 June 2007) was an English first-class cricketer and publisher.

Biography
Brocklehurst was born at Knapton Hall, in Knapton, Norfolk. His father was a Canadian rancher. He was educated at Bradfield College, where he played football, tennis, squash and athletics for the school, and was captain of cricket. He was Victor Ludorum at the public school sports event held at White City in 1938, winning the discus and the high jump. During the Second World War, he served initially in the 10th (Home Defence) Battalion of The Devonshire Regiment, spending time on coastal defences in East Anglia. He was wounded by shrapnel during the Bristol Blitz, and was commissioned as an officer in The Royal Berkshire Regiment before transferring to the Indian Army. He joined the Frontier Force Rifles, posted to Wana on the North West Frontier. He was attacked by a bear in Kashmir, and then volunteered for service in Burma, where he commanded a Pashtun company in the 4th Battalion of the 12th Frontier Force Regiment in 17th Division, a reconnaissance unit. He was mentioned in dispatches and promoted to acting lieutenant colonel, taking charge of thousands of Japanese prisoners.

He returned to England and became a farmer in Berkshire for eight years. A right-handed batsman, he represented Somerset County Cricket Club in 64 first-class matches between 1952 and 1954. He captained Somerset in 1953 and 1954, and he was one of the last amateur captains in county cricket. His captaincy did not change the fortunes of the side: they came bottom in the County Championship in the year before he was appointed, and remained bottom in both of his years in charge, losing 37 of the 56 games they played under his leadership. He was also relatively unsuccessful on a personal level, scoring 1,671 runs in 116 innings in first-class cricket, at a batting average of 15.61. Nevertheless, he also played cricket for a number of clubs, including the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), I Zingari, Free Foresters, Hampshire Hogs and Bradfield Waifs.

After farming, he turned to publishing, first working on Country Life. He joined the publishing company Mercury House, and persuaded his employer to buy the loss-making cricket magazine The Cricketer. He bought the magazine from his employer in 1972 and left to run it with his wife Belinda. He merged the magazine with Playfair Cricket Monthly in 1973, and it thrived under his ownership. Under the stewardship of his youngest son Tim, The Cricketer went online in 1996 and formed a partnership with Cricinfo in 1997. It was bought by Sir Paul Getty in 2003 and amalgamated with Wisden Cricket Monthly to form The Wisden Cricketer.

He was involved with the establishment of The Cricketer Cup in 1967, an annual competition contested by the "old boys" of public schools, and the National Village Knockout competition in 1972. He also had the idea to stage a Cricket World Cup years before the first such event was staged. His approach to the Marylebone Cricket Club about it, in 1974, did not progress because it was "too commercial". He also sat on the council of the Lord's Taverners. He was also an amateur artist.

He married twice, first to Mary Wynn in 1947; they had a son and a daughter. He married Belinda Bristowe in 1962; they had two sons. He was survived by his second wife, and three sons and a daughter. His daughter Charmaine married the cricketer Richard Hutton, son of Sir Len Hutton. Their sons, Ben and Ollie have both played first-class cricket; Ben was the captain of Middlesex in 2005 and 2006. He died in Tunbridge Wells.

References

 Ben Brocklehurst at Cricinfo
 Ben Brocklehurst at CricketArchive
 Obituary, The Times, 19 June 2007
 Obituary on Yahoo
 Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 23 June 2007
 Independent obituary, 30 June 2007

1922 births
2007 deaths
English cricketers
Somerset cricket captains
Free Foresters cricketers
Berkshire cricketers
Royal Berkshire Regiment officers
British Indian Army officers
English publishers (people)
People from North Norfolk (district)
Military personnel from Norfolk
People educated at Bradfield College
British Army personnel of World War II
Devonshire Regiment soldiers
Indian Army personnel of World War II
20th-century English businesspeople
British people in colonial India
Cricketers from Norfolk

Ben Brocklehurst


An 'implied assertion' is a statement or conduct that implies a side issue surrounding certain admissible facts which have not necessarily complied within rules of relevance. There is varying opinion on whether hearsay evidence of implied assertions should be admissible in court to prove or justify the issue within contents. Implied assertions are generally considered less reliable than regular statements, because of how easy it is to fabricate them.

In R vs. Sukadeve Singh [2006] EWCA Crim. 660, [2006] 2 Cr.App.R 12, Rose LJ giving the judgment of the court said this in paragraph 14:
"When section 114 and section 118 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 are read together they, in our judgment, abolish the common law hearsay rules (save those which are expressly preserved) and create instead a new rule against hearsay which does not extend to implied assertions. What was said by the callers in Kearley would now be admissible as direct evidence of the fact that there was a ready market for the supply of drugs from the premises, from which could be inferred an intention by an occupier to supply drugs. The view of the majority in Kearley, in relation to hearsay, has been set aside by the Act."

As per Sukadeve Singh, various telephone entries are held not to be a matter stated within section 115 but to be implied assertions that are admissible because they were no longer hearsay.

References

Evidence law

Implied assertion


The Yaoundé Convention was a convention signed in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon between the European Economic Community (EEC) and the AASM (Associated African States and Madagascar) in 1963 (ASMM (African States, Madagascar and Mauritius) in 1969 respectively).

The First Convention (1964–1969)

The first association agreement between the EEC and the 18 African ex-colonies that had recently gained independence, was signed in Yaoundé on 20 July 1963 and entered into force on 1 June 1964. It was mainly based on the previous treaty between the EEC and its overseas territories and had a validity period of 5 years.

The Second Convention (1971–1975)
After the first treaty expired, a new one was signed on 29 July 1969. It later entered into force on 1 January 1971, with Madagascar and Mauritius becoming the 19th African states to take part in the convention. There was a tight link between the ASMM and the African Great Lakes countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The EEC therefore wanted the Arusha Agreement with the three nations to enter into force on the same date as the Second Yaoundé Convention. Both agreements ended and constituted the basis for the broader Lomé Convention of 1975.

See also
African and Malagasy Union

References

External links
http://www.europarl.eu.int/facts/6_4_5_en.htm

Trade blocs
Treaties entered into by the European Union
1963 in Cameroon
1969 in Cameroon
20th century in Cameroon
1963 in Africa
Treaties concluded in 1963
Treaties entered into force in 1969
Treaties concluded in 1969
Treaties entered into force in 1971
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Uganda
Treaties of Tanzania
Events in Yaoundé

Yaoundé Convention


Wonoboyo hoard is an important archaeological find of golden and silver artifacts from the 9th century Mataram Kingdom in Central Java, Indonesia. It was discovered in October 1990 in Plosokuning hamlet, Wonoboyo village, Klaten, Central Java, near Prambanan.

Discovery
The hoard was discovered on 17 October 1990 in Plosokuning hamlet, Wonoboyo village, Klaten, Central Java, when a paddy field owned by Mrs. Cipto Suwarno was being dug by Witomoharjo and five other workers as part of an irrigation project. After digging down 2.5 metres, Witomoharjo hit a hard surface that he thought was a stone. However, after digging further they unearthed three large terracotta jars containing large numbers of coins and amounts of gold artifacts. The discovery was reported to village authorities, and reached the attention of the Culture and Education Authority.

The treasure

The total weight of treasure was 16.9 kilograms of valuable artifacts, of which 14.9 kilograms were gold and 2 kilograms silver. It consists of more than 1,000 ceremonial objects, including:
 a bulbous golden bowl carved with Ramayana scene
 a Ramayana carved golden wide-sided bowl. ("Bokor emas berhias relief cerita Ramayana" in Indonesian) This artifact has been identified as one of the cultural properties of Indonesia in 2013.
 6 golden lids
 3 golden water dippers
 1 tray
 97 golden arm bracelets
 22 small bowls
 a pipe
 a large Tang dynasty terracotta jar as the container
 2 smaller jars
 11 golden rings
 7 plates
 8 golden earrings
 a golden handbag
 a golden keris handle or probably a parasol golden tip ornament
 some beads
 some cornseed-like golden coins

In addition to the above artifacts there were more than 6,000 gold and silver coins.

The Wonoboyo hoard is displayed in Treasure Room in National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta, and a replica of the treasure is on display at the Prambanan museum. The hoard has also been exhibited in Australia.

The Wonoboyo hoard  is one of the most important archaeological findings in Indonesia. Next to the high value of the gold and silver artifacts, it also a significant to reveal the wealth, economy, art and culture of 9th century Javanese Mataram Kingdom. The artifacts shows the intricate artworks, also displays the aesthetic and technical mastery of ancient Java goldsmith. On the surface of the gold coins engraved with a script "ta", a short form of "tail" or "tahil" a unit of currency in ancient Java. Also revealed the scripts "Saragi Diah Bunga" engraved in one of the treasure written in Kawi language, which probably was the name of the owner. The hoard was estimated dated from the reign of King Balitung (899–911). The treasure has been identified as belonging to a noble or the member of royal family.

References

Further reading
  Miksic, John N. Old Javanese gold  Singapore : Ideation, c1990.

External links
  Tempo: Warisan Saragi Diah Bunga

Archaeology of Indonesia
Mataram Kingdom
1990 in Indonesia
Gold objects
Treasure troves of Asia
National Museum of Indonesia

Wonoboyo hoard


James Ernest Smith (1881–1973) was an American engineer, entrepreneur, educator, and businessman. He was the co-founder and president of the National Radio Institute (NRI) in Washington D.C., which trained 1.5 million students through home study over its 88-year history. Smith was born on February 3, 1881, in Rochester, New Hampshire. He held a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering (B.S.E.E., 1906) from Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) and began his career at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh, but he took an extended leave of absence in 1907 to teach what remained in the term of an applied electricity course at McKinley Manual Training School (moved in 1926 to its present location in Washington, D.C., and now known as McKinley Technology High School) for a colleague who had become ill. It went well and Smith was offered a permanent position at the school, which he accepted.

After a while, students began coming to Smith for private formal instruction. The National Radio School (NRI's name during the first few years of existence) began with a small classroom set up for four students inside the U. S. Savings Bank Building at 14th and U Street N.W. in Washington. Additional students quickly began to seek enrollment. Smith taught at McKinley until 1918, at which point he began to devote his time fully to the National Radio School. In 1926, he helped organize the National Home Study Council. James E. Smith held honorary doctorates from WPI, Southeastern University, and Brevard Engineering College (now the Florida Institute of Technology).

Smith and his family prospered from the continued success and expansion of NRI, eventually becoming quite wealthy. The family lived in a large luxurious home (built in 1938, and still a private residence) in McLean, Virginia, located in a wooded area on the banks of the Potomac River off the George Washington Memorial Parkway (on Crest Lane). James E. Smith's wife was Sarah Morrison Smith, who was a graduate of the Washington School of Law, and was admitted to practice before the District Bar. They traveled extensively, both domestically and internationally. The couple was married for 54 years before she died in January 1965 at the age of 83. The Smiths had two daughters, Marjory (1912–2004, married surname was Sarich) and Carol (1914–2007, married name was Galbraith), and one son, James Morrison (1916–2010, he went by his middle name). In 1956, at age 75, Smith retired as president of NRI and handed the role over to his son Morrison, who was also a graduate of WPI (B.S.I.E., 1937). James E. Smith died on September 30, 1973, at his home in Virginia at the age of 92.

Smith was a strong believer in giving back. He was in leadership roles at Washington area nonprofits like the YMCA and Rountable, as well as the George Everett Partridge Memorial Foundation for handicapped children (since forfeited). Through the years, James E. Smith, his son Morrison, and his grandson Michael M. Galbraith (B.S., 1958, WPI), were generous benefactors to a variety of causes, including their alma mater, where three four-year full-tuition endowed scholarships were established through the Macamor Foundation, which Smith established in the mid-1950s to continue all of his philanthropic interests after his death. In their lifetimes, they donated, in totality, over one million dollars to WPI. The foundation's name was derived from the first syllables of Smith's three children's names. As of 2015, Smith's descendants were serving as the officers of the Macamor Foundation, now based in South Carolina. In 1955, Smith also established the National Radio Institute Charitable Trust, which contributed regularly to charitable, religious, and educational purposes while it was in existence.  An additional career education plan was set up for NRI employees, which paid full tuition costs for further education in fields related to their work.

Sources

1881 births
1973 deaths
People from Rochester, New Hampshire
American electrical engineers
Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni

James Ernest Smith


Witch of the Wave was a long-lived extreme clipper in the California trade, with a sailing life of over 34 years. In 1851, she sailed from Calcutta to Boston in 81 days, setting a record. It was renamed the Electra in 1871.

Construction
Her figurehead was a young woman in a flowing white gossamer dress, with gold. One arm was extended, and she stood atop the crest of a wave in bare feet. The stern ornament was a seashell with a child, being drawn by dolphins. Both decorations were designed by John W. Mason, of Boston.

The cabins and staterooms featured luxurious finish work, "the wainscot of the main cabin being of rosewood, birdseye maple, satin and zebra wood, exquisitely polished, with cornices and mouldings of white and gold."

Clark describes a party of two hundred people greeting the arrival of the Witch of the Wave in Salem, Massachusetts.
At about eleven o'clock, everything being ready, the Witch of the Wave, with colors flying and the Boston Cadet Band on board playing "The Star Spangled Banner," was towed out into the stream amid the shouts and cheers of a multitude of people, who thronged the wharves and shipyards along the river. After passing through the Narrows and rounding New Castle Point, the R. B. Forbes, which had been towing alongside, took her hawser out ahead and shaped a course for Cape Ann, which brought the wind well over the starboard quarter. The breeze had freshened, though the sea was still quite smooth, and this, with the clear, blue sky and bright sunshine, made a day altogether too fine to be spent on shore.

Many of those on board were interested to see what effect some canvas would have on the new clipper, so Mr. Raynes said to Captain Bertram that he thought it might perhaps be a good plan to set some sail, "just to assist the tow-boat a little." Captain Bertram, with a twinkle in his eye, said he thought so, too, and gave orders to loose the topsails, jib, and foretopmast staysail. The Witch of the Wave had a crew of Portsmouth riggers ... and it did not take them long to put the topsails on her. As soon as the yards were braced, she began to dart through the water like a fish, and soon ranged up on the weather beam of the R. B. Forbes, the hawser towing between them with the bight skipping along among the blue waves in showers of sparkling spray. On board the R. B. Forbes the safety valve was lifting, with steam at thirty pounds pressure ... There was great joy on board the Witch of the Wave, with clapping of hands and waving of handkerchiefs, while the band struck up "A Life on the Ocean Wave." The log was hove, and she took nine and one half knots off the reel. The topsail yards were then lowered on the caps, and the reef tackles hauled out, yet with only this small canvas, the R. B. Forbes did not have much towing to do ...

Career

Witch of the Wave set the record for the passage from Sand Heads, Calcutta, to Boston—81 days, in 1853. During this passage, Witch of the Wave also tied a record set by the clipper Typhoon—37 days from Calcutta to the Cape of Good Hope.

On January 23, 1853, Witch of the Wave put into Singapore, just nine days out from Hong Kong. She had sustained damage to her rudder as the result of a collision with the barque Spartan.

On August 16, 1853, Witch of the Wave left Boston bound for San Francisco as a participant in a race with six other ships. She sailed the voyage under Capt. Lewis F. Miller and arrived in San Francisco after 117 days, beating the Raven, the Comet, and the Trade Wind. Six clippers in all arrived in San Francisco within 30 hours of Witch of the Wave, the other two being Mandarin and Hurricane.

In 1855, Witch of the Wave was renamed the Electra by new owners in Amsterdam. She was still listed in Amsterdam in 1871, with Van Eeghen & Co. as owners.

Voyages
Boston to San Francisco
Capt. J. Hardy Millet, 123 days, 1851
Capt. Benjamin Tay, 119 days, 1852
Capt. Lewis F. Miller, 117 days, 1853
Whampoa to London, 91 days, 1852
19,000 chests of tea as cargo
Best day's run for this voyage was 338 mi.
San Francisco to Singapore, Capt. Lewis F. Miller, 46 days, 1854
Singapore to Calcutta, 18 days, 1854
Calcutta to Boston, 102 days, 1855
Boston to Batavia, Capt. Shreve, 76 days, 1855
Batavia to Amsterdam; chartered for repeat voyage, 1855

References

External links
Clippers of the Port of Portsmouth, image of Witch of the Wave
Witch of the Wave, clipper ship card
Witch of the Wave, oil on canvas painting
Witch of the Wave, color lithograph
Witch of the Wave Reel, fiddle tune

California clippers
Tea clippers
Barques
Individual sailing vessels
Age of Sail merchant ships of the United States
Merchant ships of the Netherlands
Ships built in New Hampshire
Maritime incidents in January 1853
1851 ships
Extreme clippers

Witch of the Wave