Charles Robert Redford Jr. (born August 18, 1936) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has received numerous accolades such as an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, and two Golden Globe Awards as well as the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1994, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 1996, the Academy Honorary Award in 2002, the Kennedy Center Honors in 2005, the Presidential Medal of Freedom 2016 and the Honorary César in 2019. He was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2014.

Appearing on stage in the late 1950s, Redford's television career began in 1960, including an appearance on Alfred Hitchcock Presents in 1961 and The Twilight Zone in 1962. His greatest Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband in Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park (1963). Redford made his film debut in War Hunt (1962). He gained success as a leading man in films such as Barefoot in the Park (1967),  Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), Jeremiah Johnson (1972) and Candidate (1972). He received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the crime caper The Sting (1973). He continued to star in such films as The Way We Were (1973), All the President's Men (1976), and The Electric Horseman (1979).

Redford made his directorial film debut with Ordinary People (1980), winning four Academy Awards including Best Picture and the Academy Award for Best Director for Redford. During this time he starred in films such as Brubaker (1980), The Natural (1984), and Out of Africa (1985). He released his third film as a director, A River Runs Through It, in 1992. He went on to receive Best Director and Best Picture nominations in 1995 for Quiz Show. In 1981 Redford co-founded the Sundance Resort and Film Institute. His later film roles include All Is Lost (2013), Truth (2015), Our Souls at Night (2017), and The Old Man & the Gun (2018). Redford portrayed Alexander Pierce in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014).

Early life and education
Redford was born on August 18, 1936, in Santa Monica, California, to Martha Woodruff Redford (née Hart; 1914–1955) and Charles Robert Redford Sr. (1914–1991), an accountant. He has a paternal half-brother, William. Redford is of English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry. His patrilineal great-great-grandfather, a Protestant Englishman named Elisha Redford, married Mary Ann McCreery, of Irish Catholic descent, in Manchester. They emigrated to New York City in 1849, immediately settling in Stonington, Connecticut. They had a son named Charles, the first in line to have been given the name. Regarding Redford's maternal lineage, the Harts were Irish from Galway and the Greens were Scots-Irish who settled in the United States in the 18th century. Redford's family lived in Van Nuys while his father worked in El Segundo.

Robert attended Van Nuys High School, where he was classmates with baseball pitcher Don Drysdale. He has described himself as having been a "bad" student, finding inspiration outside the classroom in art and sports. He hit tennis balls with Pancho Gonzales at the Los Angeles Tennis Club to help Gonzales warm up for matches.

After graduating from high school in 1954, he attended the University of Colorado in Boulder for a year and a half, where he was a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity. While there, he worked at a restaurant/bar called The Sink, where a painting of his likeness still figures prominently among the bar's murals. While at Colorado, Redford began drinking heavily and, as a result, lost his half-scholarship and was kicked out of school. He went on to travel in Europe, living in France, Spain, and Italy. He later studied painting at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn and took classes at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (Class of 1959) in New York City.

Career

1959–1966: Early roles
Redford's career, like that of many major stars who emerged in the 1950s, began in New York City, where the actor found work both on stage and in television. His Broadway debut was in a small role in Tall Story (1959), followed by parts in The Highest Tree (1959) and Sunday in New York (1961). His biggest Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband of Elizabeth Ashley in the original 1963 cast of Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park. Starting in 1960, Redford appeared as a guest star on numerous television drama programs, including Naked City, Maverick, The Untouchables, The Americans, Whispering Smith, Perry Mason, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Route 66, Dr. Kildare, Playhouse 90, Tate, The Twilight Zone, The Virginian, and Captain Brassbound's Conversion, among others.

Redford made his screen debut in Tall Story (1960) in a minor role. The film's stars were Anthony Perkins, Jane Fonda (her debut), and Ray Walston. After his Broadway success, he was cast in larger feature roles in movies. In 1960, Redford was cast as Danny Tilford, a mentally disturbed young man trapped in the wreckage of his family garage, in "Breakdown", one of the last episodes of the syndicated adventure series, Rescue 8, starring Jim Davis and Lang Jeffries. Redford earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont (ABC, 1962). One of his last television appearances until 2019 was on October 7, 1963, on Breaking Point, an ABC medical drama about psychiatry. In 1962 Redford got his second film role in War Hunt, and was soon after cast alongside screen legend Alec Guinness in the war comedy Situation Hopeless ... But Not Serious, in which he played a US soldier falsely imprisoned by a German civilian even after the war has ended. In Inside Daisy Clover (1965), which won him a Golden Globe for best new star, he played a bisexual movie star who marries starlet Natalie Wood, and rejoined her along with Charles Bronson for Sydney Pollack's This Property Is Condemned (1966) — again, as her lover, though this time in a film which achieved even greater success. The same year saw his first teaming (on equal footing) with Jane Fonda, in Arthur Penn's The Chase. This film marked the only time Redford would star with Marlon Brando.

1967–1979: Career stardom

Fonda and Redford were paired again in the popular big-screen version of Barefoot in the Park (1967) and were again co-stars many years later in Pollack's The Electric Horseman (1979), followed 38 years later with a Netflix feature, Our Souls at Night. After this initial success, Redford became concerned about his blond male stereotype image and refused roles in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and The Graduate. Redford found the niche he was seeking in George Roy Hill's Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), scripted by William Goldman, in which he was paired for the first time with Paul Newman. The film was a huge success and made him a major bankable star, cementing his screen image as an intelligent, reliable, sometimes sardonic good guy.

While Redford did not receive an Academy Award or Golden Globe nomination for playing the Sundance Kid, he won a British Academy of Film and Television Award (BAFTA) for that role and his parts in Downhill Racer (1969) and Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here (1969). The latter two films and the subsequent Little Fauss and Big Halsy (1970), and The Hot Rock (1972) were not commercially successful. Redford had long harbored ambitions to work on both sides of the camera.  As early as 1969, Redford had served as the executive producer for Downhill Racer. The political satire The Candidate (1972) was a moderate box office and critical success.

Starting in 1973, Redford experienced an almost-unparalleled four-year run of box office success. The western Jeremiah Johnsons (1972) box office earnings from early 1973 until its second re-release in 1975 would have placed it as the No. 2 highest-grossing film of 1973. The romantic period drama with Barbra Streisand, The Way We Were (1973), was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1973. The crime caper reunion with Paul Newman, The Sting (1973), became the top-grossing film of 1974 and one of the top 20 highest-grossing movies of all time when adjusted for inflation, plus landed Redford the lone nomination of his career for the Academy Award for Best Actor. The following year he starred in the romantic drama The Great Gatsby (1974) starring Mia Farrow, Sam Waterston, and Bruce Dern. The film was the No. 8 highest-grossing film of 1974. Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) placed as the No. 10 highest-grossing film for 1974 as it was re-released due to the popularity of The Sting. In 1974 Redford became the first performer since Bing Crosby in 1946 to have three films in a year's top ten grossing titles. Each year between 1974 and 1976, movie exhibitors voted Redford Hollywood's top box-office star.

In 1975, Redford's hit movies included 1920s aviation drama, The Great Waldo Pepper (1975), and the spy thriller Three Days of the Condor (1975), alongside Faye Dunaway, which finished at Nos. 16 and 17 in box office grosses for 1975, respectively. In 1976 he co-starred with Dustin Hoffman in the No. 2 highest-grossing film for the year, the critically acclaimed All the President's Men. In 1975, 1977 and 1978, Redford won the Golden Globe for Favorite World Film Star, a popularity-based award that is no longer awarded. In 1976, Robert Redford published The Outlaw Trail: A Journey Through Time.  Redford states, "The Outlaw Trail. It was a name that fascinated me - a geographical anchor in Western folklore. Whether real or imagined, it was a name that, for me, held a kind of magic, a freedom, a mystery. I wanted to see it in much the same way as the outlaws did, by horse and by foot, and document the adventure with text and photographs."

All the President's Men (1976), in which Redford and Hoffman play Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, was a landmark film for Redford. Not only was he the executive producer and co-star, but the film's serious subject matter — the Watergate scandal — and its attempt to create a realistic portrayal of journalism also reflected the actor's offscreen concerns for political causes. The film landed eight Academy Award nominations, including for Best Picture and Best Director (Alan J. Pakula), while winning for the Best Screenplay (Goldman).  It actually won the New York Film Critics Award for Best Picture and Best Director. In 1977, Redford appeared in a segment of the war film A Bridge Too Far (1977). Then he took a two-year hiatus from movies, before starring as past-his-prime rodeo star in the adventure-romance The Electric Horseman (1979).  This film reunited him with Jane Fonda, finishing at No. 9 in the box office for 1980.

1980–1998: Directorial debut
His first film as director was the drama film Ordinary People (1980), a drama about the slow disintegration of an upper-middle class family after the death of a son. Redford was credited with obtaining a powerful dramatic performance from Mary Tyler Moore, as well as superb work from Donald Sutherland and Timothy Hutton, who also won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor. The film is one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Academy Awards, including Best Director for Redford himself, and Best Picture. Critic Roger Ebert declared the film as a "is an intelligent, perceptive, and deeply moving film." Later that year he appeared in the prison drama Brubaker (1980), playing a prison warden attempting to reform the system.

Soon after that, he starred in the baseball drama The Natural (1984). Sydney Pollack's Out of Africa (1985), with Redford in the male lead role opposite Meryl Streep, became a large box office success (combined 1985 and 1986 grosses placed it at No. 5 for 1986), won a Golden Globe for Best Picture, and won seven Oscars, including Best Picture. Streep was nominated for Best Actress but Redford did not receive a nomination. The movie proved to be Redford's biggest success of the decade and Redford and Pollack's most successful of their seven movies together. Redford's next film, Legal Eagles (1986) alongside Debra Winger, was only a minor success at the box office. After that, his second directorial project, The Milagro Beanfield War (1987), failed to generate the same level of attention as Ordinary People.

Redford did not direct again until The Milagro Beanfield War (1988), a well-crafted, though not commercially successful, screen version of John Nichols's acclaimed novel of the Southwest. The Milagro Beanfield War is the story of the people of Milagro, New Mexico (based on the real town of Truchas in northern New Mexico), overcoming big developers who set about to ruin their community and force them out with tax increases.  Other directorial projects have included the period drama A River Runs Through It (1992), based on Norman Maclean's novella starring Craig Sheffer, Brad Pitt, and Tom Skerritt. Redford received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director. In 1994 he directed the exposé Quiz Show about the quiz show scandal of the late 1950s. In the latter film, Redford worked from a screenplay by Paul Attanasio with noted cinematographer Michael Ballhaus and a strong cast that featured Paul Scofield, John Turturro, Rob Morrow, and Ralph Fiennes. David Ansen of Newsweek wrote, "Robert Redford may have become a more complacent movie star in the last decade, but he has become a more daring and accomplished filmmaker. "Quiz Show" is his best movie since "Ordinary People".

Redford continued as a major star throughout the 1990s and 2000s. He released his third film as a director, A River Runs Through It, in 1992, which was a return to mainstream success for Redford as a director and brought a young Brad Pitt to greater prominence. In 1993, he played what became one of his most popular and recognized roles, starring in Indecent Proposal as a millionaire businessman who tests a couple's morals; the film became one of the year's biggest hits. He co-starred with Michelle Pfeiffer in the newsroom romance Up Close & Personal (1996), and with Kristin Scott Thomas and a young Scarlett Johansson in The Horse Whisperer (1998), which he also directed. Redford also continued work in films with political contexts, such as Havana (1990), playing Jack Weil, a professional gambler in 1959 Cuba during the Revolution, as well as Sneakers (1992), in which he co-starred with River Phoenix and Sidney Poitier.

1999–2012

Redford also directed Matt Damon and Will Smith in The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000). He appeared as a disgraced Army general sent to prison in the prison drama The Last Castle (2001), directed by Rod Lurie. In the same year, Redford reteamed with Brad Pitt for Spy Game, another success for the pair but with Redford switching this time from director to actor. During that time, he planned to direct and star in a sequel of The Candidate but the project never happened. Redford, a leading environmental activist, narrated the IMAX documentary Sacred Planet (2004), a sweeping journey across the globe to some of its most exotic and endangered places. In The Clearing (2004), a thriller co-starring Helen Mirren, Redford was a successful businessman whose kidnapping unearths the secrets and inadequacies that led to his achieving the American Dream.

Redford stepped back into producing with The Motorcycle Diaries (2004), a coming-of-age road film about a young medical student, Ernesto "Che" Guevara, and his friend Alberto Granado. It also explored the political and social issues of South America that influenced Guevara and shaped his future.  With five years spent on the film's making, Redford was credited by director Walter Salles for being instrumental in getting it made and released. Back in front of the camera, Redford received good notices for his role in director Lasse Hallström's An Unfinished Life (2005) as a cantankerous rancher who is forced to take in his estranged daughter-in-law (Jennifer Lopez)—whom he blames for his son's death—and the granddaughter he never knew he had when they fled an abusive relationship.  The film, which sat on the shelf for many months while its distributor Miramax was restructured, was generally dismissed as clichéd and overly sentimental.

Meanwhile, Redford returned to familiar territory when he reteamed with Meryl Streep 22 years after they starred in Out of Africa, for his personal project Lions for Lambs (2007), which also starred Tom Cruise. After a great deal of hype, the film opened to mixed reviews and disappointing box office. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Lions for Lambs is so square it's like something out of the gray twilight glow of the golden age of television. Even the military plot, which clunks, seems to be taking place on stage." In 2010, Redford released The Conspirator, a period drama revolving around the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Redford appeared in the 2011 documentary Buck by Cindy Meehl, where he discussed his experiences with title subject Buck Brannaman during the production of The Horse Whisperer. In 2012, Redford directed The Company You Keep, in which he starred as a former Weather Underground activist who goes on the run after a journalist discovers his identity. The film starred himself, Shia LaBeouf and Julie Christie.

2013–present

In 2013, he starred in All Is Lost, directed by J.C. Chandor, about a man lost at sea. He received acclaim for his performance in the film, in which he is its only cast member and there is almost no dialogue. Redford was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, and won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor, his first time winning an acting honour from that group (he had been nominated in 1969 for Downhill Racer). Ali Arikan wrote in RogerEbert.com, "Chandor plays to Redford's strengths: his battered visage, calm determination, and detachment from the vagaries of a "normal" existence. In return, Redford gives the performance of the latter half of his career in a role that is not just physically, but also psychologically demanding".

In April 2014, Redford played the main antagonist of the Marvel Studios superhero film Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Alexander Pierce, the head of S.H.I.E.L.D. and leader of the Hydra cell operating the Triskelion. Redford was a co-producer and, with Emma Thompson and Nick Nolte, acted in the film A Walk in the Woods (2015), based on Bill Bryson's book of the same name. Redford had optioned the film rights for the book from Bryson after reading it more than a decade earlier, with the intent of costarring in it with Paul Newman, but had shelved the project after Newman's death.

The same year, he played news anchor Dan Rather in James Vanderbilt's Truth alongside Cate Blanchett. The film received mixed reviews with Justin Chang of Variety noting, "Redford, who bears a solid resemblance to Rather but not quite enough to make you forget whom you're watching, plays the veteran newsman with easy gravitas, inner strength and a gentle paternal twinkle, with little display of the anger and volatility for which he was often known over the course of his storied career." In 2016, he took the supporting role of Mr. Meacham in the Disney remake  Pete's Dragon. The next year, Redford starred in The Discovery and Our Souls at Night, both released on Netflix streaming in 2017. The latter film, which was also produced by Redford, reunited him with co-star Jane Fonda for the fourth time and garnered positive reviews.

Redford played bank robber Forrest Tucker in the David Lowry directed drama film The Old Man & the Gun, which was released in September 2018, and for which he received a Golden Globe nomination. Alissa Wikinson wrote in Vox, "In The Old Man & the Gun, both Redford and Lowery are returning to their roots. For Redford, a role as a lifelong bank robber feels like a fitting cap to a career effectively launched half a century ago with his role alongside Paul Newman in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid." In August 2018, Redford announced his retirement from acting after completion of the film, though the following month, Redford stated that he "regretted" announcing his retirement because "you never know".

He briefly reprised his role as Alexander Pierce for a cameo appearance in Avengers: Endgame, filmed in 2017 prior to the completion of the former film.

Filmography

Awards and honors

In his directing debut, Redford won the 1980 Academy Award for Best Director for the film Ordinary People.  He was a 2002 Academy Honorary Award recipient at the 74th Academy Awards. In 2017, he was awarded the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement at the 74th Venice Film Festival. On February 22, 2019, Redford received the Honorary César at the 44th César Awards in Paris.

Redford attended the University of Colorado in the 1950s and received an honorary degree in 1988. In 1989, the National Audubon Society awarded Redford its highest honor, the Audubon Medal. In 1995, he received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Bard College. Redford received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Brown University at the 240th Commencement exercises on May 25, 2008, with the actor also speaking at the ceremonies. He was a 2010 recipient of the New Mexico Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts. On May 24, 2015, Redford delivered the commencement address and received an honorary degree from Colby College in Maine.

In 1996, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts from President Bill Clinton. On October 14, 2010, Redford was appointed chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by President Nicolas Sarkozy.
On November 22, 2016, President Barack Obama honored Redford with a Presidential Medal of Freedom. In December 2005, he received the Kennedy Center Honors for his contributions to American culture. The honors recipients are recognized for their lifetime contributions to American culture through the performing arts: whether in dance, music, theater, opera, motion pictures or television.

In 2008, Redford received The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the arts, given annually to "a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind's enjoyment and understanding of life." The University of Southern California (USC) School of Dramatic Arts announced the first annual Robert Redford Award for Engaged Artists in 2009.  According to the school's website, the award was created "to honor those who have distinguished themselves not only in the exemplary quality, skill and innovation of their work, but also in their public commitment to social responsibility, to increasing awareness of global issues and events, and to inspiring and empowering young people."

Sundance Institute
With the financial proceeds of his acting success, starting with his salaries from Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid  and Downhill Racer, Redford bought a ski area on the east side of Mount Timpanogos northeast of Provo, Utah, called "Timp Haven". He renamed it "Sundance" after his Sundance Kid character. Redford's wife Lola was from Utah and they had built a home in the area in 1963. Portions of the movie Jeremiah Johnson (1972), a film which is both one of Redford's favorites and one that has heavily influenced him, was shot near the ski area.

Redford went on to found the Sundance Film Festival, which became the country's largest festival for independent films. In 2008, Sundance exhibited 125 feature-length films from 34 countries, with more than 50,000 attendees in Salt Lake City, and Park City, Utah.

Robert Redford also founded the Sundance Institute; Sundance Cinemas; Sundance Catalog; and the Sundance Channel; all in and around Park City, 30 miles (48 km) north of the Sundance ski area. Redford also owned a Park City restaurant, Zoom, that closed in May 2017.

Wildwood Enterprises, Inc.
Robert Redford is the co-owner of Wildwood Enterprises, Inc., with Bill Holderman, producer, with the following film credits: Lions for Lambs; Quiz Show; A River Runs Through It; Ordinary People; The Horse Whisperer; The Legend of Bagger Vance; Slums of Beverly Hills; The Motorcycle Diaries; and The Conspirator.

Sundance Productions
Redford is the president and co-founder of Sundance Productions, with Laura Michalchyshyn.

Most recently, Sundance Productions produced Chicagoland (CNN), Cathedrals of Culture (Berlin Film Festival), The March (PBS) and Emmy nominee All The President's Men Revisited (Discovery), Isabella Rossellini's Green Porno Live!, and To Russia With Love on Epix.

Since founding the nonprofit Sundance Institute in Park City, Utah, in 1981, Redford has been deeply involved with independent film. Through its various workshop programs and popular film festival, Sundance has provided support for independent filmmakers. In 1995, Redford signed a deal with Showtime to start a 24-hour cable television channel devoted to airing independent films. The Sundance Channel premiered on February 29, 1996.

Personal life
On August 9, 1958, Redford married Lola Van Wagenen in Las Vegas. A second reception was held at Lola's grandmother's home on September 12. They had four children: Scott Anthony Redford (September 1, 1959 – November 17, 1959), Shauna Jean Redford (born November 15, 1960), David James Redford (May 5, 1962 – October 16, 2020), and Amy Hart Redford (born October 22, 1970).

In 1982, entertainment columnist Shirley Eder reported that the pair "have been very much apart for a number of years," and in 1991, Parade magazine stated "it is unclear whether the divorce has been finalized." Many websites say they were divorced in 1985.

Scott Redford died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of  months and is buried at Provo City Cemetery in Provo, Utah. Shauna Redford is a painter and married to journalist Eric Schlosser. James Redford was a writer and producer, while Amy Redford is an actress, director, and producer. Redford has seven grandchildren.

In July 2009, Redford married his longtime partner, Sibylle Szaggars, at the Louis C. Jacob Hotel in Hamburg, Germany. She had moved in with Redford in the 1990s and shared his home in Sundance, Utah.

In May 2011, Robert Redford: The Biography was published by Alfred A. Knopf, written by Michael Feeney Callan over fifteen years with Redford's input and drawn from his personal papers and diaries.

Political activism

Redford supports environmentalism, Native American rights, LGBT rights, and the arts.  He also supported advocacy groups, such as the Political Action Committee of the Directors Guild of America. Redford has supported Republicans, including Brent Cornell Morris in his unsuccessful campaign for the Republican nomination for Utah's 3rd congressional district in 1990. Redford also supported Gary Herbert, another Republican and a friend, in Herbert's successful 2004 campaign to be elected Utah's Lieutenant Governor. Herbert later became Governor of Utah.

As an avid environmentalist, Redford is a trustee of the Natural Resources Defense Council. He endorsed Democratic President Barack Obama for re-election in 2012. Redford is the first quote on the back cover of Donald Trump's book Crippled America (2015), saying of Trump's candidacy, "I'm glad he's in there, being the way he is, and saying what he says and the ways he says it, I think shakes things up and I think that is very needed." A representative later clarified that Redford's statement, taken from a longer conversation with Larry King, was not intended to endorse Trump for president.

In 2019, Redford penned an op-ed in which he referred to Trump's administration as a "monarchy in disguise" and stated "[i]t's time for Trump to go."
Redford later co-authored another op-ed in which he criticized Trump's handling of the coronavirus pandemic while also citing the collective public response to the pandemic as a model for how to respond to climate change. He criticized the decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. In July 2020, Redford penned an op-ed in which he stated President Trump lacks a "moral compass." In the same piece, he announced that he would be voting for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election.

Redford was opposed to the TransCanada Corporation's Keystone Pipeline. In 2013, he was identified by its CEO, Russ Girling, for leading the anti-pipeline protest movement. In April 2014, Redford, a Pitzer College Trustee, and Pitzer College President Laura Skandera Trombley announced that the college will divest fossil fuel stocks from its endowment; at the time, it was the higher education institution with the largest endowment in the US to make this commitment. The press conference was held at the LA Press Club. In November 2012, Pitzer launched the Robert Redford Conservancy for Southern California Sustainability at Pitzer College. The Redford Conservancy educates the next generation of students to create solutions for the most challenging and urgent sustainability problems.

References

Further reading

External links

 Robert Redford on IBDB (Internet Broadway Database)
 Sundance Founder Robert Redford on His Life, His Activism and the Importance of Independent Films – Democracy Now, January 2010
 Robert Redford appearances on C-SPAN

1936 births
20th-century American male actors
20th Century Studios contract players
21st-century American male actors
Academy Honorary Award recipients
Activists from California
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
American environmentalists
American film producers
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American philanthropists
Best Actor BAFTA Award winners
Best Directing Academy Award winners
Best Director Golden Globe winners
California Democrats
Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners
César Honorary Award recipients
Knights of the Legion of Honour
David di Donatello winners
Directors Guild of America Award winners
Film directors from Los Angeles
Film festival founders
Kennedy Center honorees
American LGBT rights activists
Living people
Male actors from California
Male actors from Santa Monica, California
Male Western (genre) film actors
New Star of the Year (Actor) Golden Globe winners
Pratt Institute alumni
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
Van Nuys High School alumni
Warner Bros. contract players
Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement recipients

Robert Redford


A Troll is a Nordic mythological creature, may be: elves, dwarves, or monsters. Is a usually a giant that lives in caverns or undergrounds. It is also a well known internet meme.

They are quite short in stature and are violent in nature as their name suggests. Their appearance is similar to that of a goblin. They tend to live in caves and under bridges. Some say they are huge others say they're dwarves. These monsters live under bridges, in burrows underground or in caves. They rarely leave their lairs during the day because sunlight turns them into stone. Water trolls are agile in water but clumsy on land. But they all have strong teeth and jaws.

Gallery
Gallery of trolls as imagined by various Nordic artists.

Other websites

Legendary creatures

Troll


Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford is a biographical reference work by Joseph Foster (1844–1905), published by Oxford University Press, listing the alumni of the University of Oxford. Foster's work was compiled principally from the colleges' matriculation registers and the university archives, but it also relies on numerous printed and other sources.

Publications

Alumni Oxonienses (1500–1714) (two volumes, 1891–92): online version at british-history.ac.uk
 Alumni Oxonienses (1715–1886) (two volumes, 1891–92):
 Surnames beginning A-D online version
 Surnames beginning E-K online version
 Surnames beginning L-R online version
 Surnames beginning S-Z online version
Oxford Men and their Colleges (1880–1892) (two volumes, 1893): online version

See also
 Alumni Cantabrigienses

1891 non-fiction books
1892 non-fiction books
1893 non-fiction books
Alumni Oxonienses
British biographical dictionaries
Oxford University Press books

Terminology of the University of Oxford

Alumni Oxonienses


Warp drive (also called warp technology) is a hypothetical technology created in science fiction. As far as we know, it does nor exist. Its invention allowed writing books and making television and film media.

If it takes centuries or thousands of years to get anywhere in space, then the limitations of human life becomes an obstacle.  That's even assuming we could travel without humans being riddled with holes by radiation of various kinds. We are so protected on planet Earth that we forget what it's like in deep space, which is flooded with radiation.

So warp drive is invented, and so is its cousin wormholes in space. There are no wormholes, or if they exist, we don't know it.

Warp drive and wormholes are the inventions of smart guys who make media. It is a way of moving objects faster than the speed of light. There are many examples of how this idea is used. A well-known one is found in the Star Trek universe, where faster-than-light travel is needed to tell the story.

Current technology does not allow anything or anyone to go at, or faster than, the speed of light. Unless the current theories are proven wrong, this will always be true. However, warp technology as a fictional idea has been an interesting way of shaping the story line to let spaceships move at speeds greater than 186,000 miles per second (speed of light through a vacuum: the known limit of speed in the universe).

Warp technology, as the name implies, 'warps space' in effect bringing a destination closer by bending space rather than the traditional 'thruster' means of propelling a spacecraft at high speeds.

Warp technology allows ships to move at warp speed. In the Star Trek universe, for example, the measurement of the speed that the spaceship is moving is called the warp factor. However, thrusters and impulse power propel spaceships at sub-light speed. Warp factor 1 is equal to the speed of light. The speed ranges up to warp factor 9.99. In some circumstances Star Trek spaceships can go faster than warp 10, although rarely.

Most of that is pure science fiction, and no evidence has been produced of any "warp drive".

In the field of quantum mechanics physicists have produced tiny wormholes, but they don't warp space time in the same way the "warp drive" concept does, rather they connect two separate points of spacetime through quantum entanglement.

References

Science fiction

Warp drive


{{DISPLAYTITLE:AC0}}
AC0 is a complexity class used in circuit complexity.  It is the smallest class in the AC hierarchy, and consists of all families of circuits of depth O(1) and polynomial size, with unlimited-fanin AND gates and OR gates (we allow NOT gates only at the inputs).  It thus contains NC0, which has only bounded-fanin AND and OR gates.

Example problems
Integer addition and subtraction are computable in AC0, but multiplication is not (specifically, when the inputs are two integers under the usual binary or base-10 representations of integers).

Since it is a circuit class, like P/poly, AC0 also contains every unary language.

Descriptive complexity
From a descriptive complexity viewpoint, DLOGTIME-uniform AC0 is equal to the descriptive class FO+BIT of all languages describable in first-order logic with the addition of the BIT predicate, or alternatively by FO(+, ×), or by Turing machine in the logarithmic hierarchy.

Separations
In 1984 Furst, Saxe, and Sipser showed that calculating the parity of the input bits (unlike the aforementioned addition/subtraction problems above which had two inputs) cannot be decided by any AC0 circuits, even with non-uniformity.
It follows that AC0 is not equal to NC1, because a family of circuits in the latter class can compute parity.  More precise bounds follow from switching lemma.  Using them, it has been shown that there is an oracle separation between the polynomial hierarchy and PSPACE.

References

Circuit complexity
Complexity classes

AC0


Budcat Creations, LLC was an American video game developer based in Iowa City, Iowa, United States and was a wholly owned subsidiary of Activision, though they formerly had partnerships with Electronic Arts and Majesco Entertainment. They were largely responsible for porting titles to non-target consoles. They had worked on a number of blockbuster gaming franchises, among them Guitar Hero, Madden NFL, and Medal of Honor. They have also produced a few original titles, including Blast Works: Build, Trade, Destroy and The New York Times Crosswords.

History
Budcat was founded by Jason Andersen and Jonah Stich who met on the precursor to AOL, via a shared interest in the Apple IIgs.  A few months into the companies initial year, Isaac Burns joined as a partner.  Isaac, and Jason met in High School, in their hometown of Iowa City, IA.

The company went on to produce a string of sports titles for EA over the next five years, including entries in the NASCAR Thunder, NHL Hockey series, and FIFA Manager series, as well as the PlayStation 2 version of Psychonauts for Majesco Entertainment.

In 2005, Budcat moved to its ultimate location in Iowa City in order to facilitate expanding their offices. Budcat worked in partnership with Majesco Entertainment, Electronic Arts, and Activision on multiple titles before being purchased by Activision Blizzard on November 10, 2008, where they mostly worked on the Guitar Hero brand.

Budcat Creations was shuttered by Activision Blizzard on November 16, 2010.

Games

References

External links

Defunct video game companies of the United States
Video game development companies
Video game companies established in 2000
Video game companies disestablished in 2010
Defunct companies based in Iowa
Former Vivendi subsidiaries
Defunct Activision subsidiaries
2000 establishments in Iowa
2010 disestablishments in Iowa

Budcat Creations


Brett Halsey (born Charles Oliver Hand; June 20, 1933) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in European-made B-movies beginning in the 1960s. He was credited as as Montgomery Ford in some movies. He starred in movies such as High School Hellcats (1958), Return of the Fly (1959), Jet Over the Atlantic (1959), The Best of Everything (1959), Return to Peyton Place (1961) and Twice-Told Tales (1963), The Avenger of Venice (1964), Espionage in Lisbon (1965), Kill Johnny Ringo (1966), Today We Kill, Tomorrow We Die! (1968), All on the Red (1968), Twenty Thousand Dollars for Seven (1969), Roy Colt and Winchester Jack (1970) and The Godfather Part III (1990). He also appeared in the soap opera The Young and the Restless and TV series The Dukes of Hazzard. In 1961, Halsey won the Golden Globe Award for "New Star of the Year".

Halsey was born in Santa Ana, California. He is a great-nephew of William Halsey Jr., a U.S. Navy admirable. He has been married four times, including to Italian actress Luciana Paluzzi. He has three children.

References

Other websites

1933 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Santa Ana, California

Brett Halsey


China Girl is a 1942 drama film which follows the exploits of an American newsreel photographer in China and Burma against the backdrop of World War II. The film stars Gene Tierney, George Montgomery, Lynn Bari and Victor McLaglen, and was directed by Henry Hathaway. It is also known as A Yank In China, Burma Road and Over The Burma Road.

Plot summary
In Luzhou, China, news cameraman Johnny Williams (George Montgomery) is taken into custody by the Japanese military.  He is offered $20,000 to take pictures of the Burma Road, a vital link for Allied supply that had been built to support the Chinese war effort. He isn't interested.

Johnny is put back into his cell, together with a Canadian, "Major" Bull Weed (Victor McLaglen), who claims to be serving as a Chinese irregular. His confederate, 'Captain' Fifi (Lynn Bari), smuggles a gun in during a faked tempestuous farewell, and the two men escape.

They rendezvous with Fifi, who says she saw a plane nearby at an abandoned airfield. Johnny, an ex-barnstormer expert at flying biplanes, pilots them all through a hail of Burmese anti-aircraft fire to safety in Mandalay. Upon their arrival, he bumps into his old pal, Captain Shorty Maguire (Myron McCormick), a mercenary pilot with the U.S. staffed "Flying Tigers" defending China against the Japanese.

Johnny is asked to join up, but again declines to take sides. He discovers that instead of grabbing his confiscated press credentials while fleeing Luchow, the document he picked up is something in Japanese. Bull manages to decipher just two words, and Johnny quickly loses interest upon sighting a beautiful woman nearby.

Haoli Young (Gene Tierney) has just returned from New York, where she is in school at Vassar.  She tells him that her father, Dr. Young (Philip Ahn), has a home in the city, and that she is selling off the last of her family's valuable possessions to fund a mission school he runs for orphans in Kunming.  Johnny ends up walking there, and is introduced to him.  Once alone, he presses a kiss on her, which is dispassionately received by the reserved Eurasian woman. Feeling jilted, he goes back to his hotel and picks up Fifi.

When he brings Fifi back to his room, Haoli is there waiting for him.  He promptly drops Fifi, only to learn from Haoli that Fifi and Bull are Japanese agents, and, by association, Johnny is suspected of being one too. Johnny realizes that he has been played by the pair, but tricks them into replacing the camera equipment he needs to photograph the Burma Road - this time for a big payday from the Western press.  He then tells them to get out of Mandalay or he will turn them in as Japanese agents.

Johnny stays in Mandalay, waiting to be flown over the Burma Road by his pal Shorty by tagging along on one of his solo reconnaissance flights. He meets with Haoli again and over a week of courting falls in love with her. However, just that fast she is gone with her father to Kunming, at the far end of the Burma Road. The shock sends Johnny on a bender.

Bull reports back to his Japanese commander, and is ordered to retrieve the document Johnny accidentally had taken, evidently containing military plans for an upcoming campaign against the Burma Road. When Johnny wakes up in his hotel after his night out drinking Fifi is there to warn him that Bull is coming for him. She has fallen in love with him and wants him to run away with her. She tells him that Kunming will be bombed by the Japanese shortly, which instead only sends Johnny racing there after Haoli.

He flies there with Shorty, arriving immediately after a terrible air raid, which killed her father. Johnny helps save some children that were trapped in the toppled building. During the rescue, Haoli is also killed, sending Johnny mad with grief. He rushes up to the top of a building, mans a machine gun, and downs a harrying Japanese fighter, belatedly beginning his personal war with the Japanese.

Cast
 Gene Tierney as Haoli Young
 George Montgomery as Johnny Williams
 Lynn Bari as Captain Fifi
 Victor McLaglen as Major Bull Weed
 Alan Baxter as Flyer Bill Jones
 Sig Ruman as Jarubi
 Myron McCormick as Shorty McGuire
 Robert Blake as Chandu
 Ann Pennington as Sugar Fingers, the Entertainer
 Philip Ahn as Dr. Kai Young
 Tom Neal as Captain Haynes
 Paul Fung as Japanese Governor
 Lal Chand Mehra as Desk Clerk
 Kam Tong as Japanese Doctor

References

External links

1942 films
1942 drama films
Films directed by Henry Hathaway
Pacific War films
Films with screenplays by Ben Hecht
World War II films made in wartime
Films set in Myanmar
20th Century Fox films
American drama films
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Films scored by Hugo Friedhofer
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films

China Girl (1942 film)


Thibaut Nicolas Marc Courtois (born 11 May 1992) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for La Liga club Real Madrid and the Belgium national team. Regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in the world, he is known for his reflexes, acrobatic saves, and command of the penalty area.

Courtois began his career with Genk and made his senior debut in 2009, at age 16; he went on to establish himself as the club's starting goalkeeper and won the Belgian Pro League. In 2011, Courtois signed for Chelsea in a transfer worth a reported £8 million (€9 million), but then joined Atlético Madrid on loan. At Atlético, Courtois won a La Liga title, the Copa del Rey, the Europa League, and reached the UEFA Champions League final. He returned to Chelsea in 2014 and won two Premier League titles and the EFL Cup. In 2018, Courtois signed for Real Madrid in a deal worth a reported £35 million (€38.8 million), becoming La Liga's most expensive goalkeeper, and where he has gone on to win two La Liga titles and the Champions League.

Courtois made his senior international debut for Belgium in 2011 at age 19, becoming their youngest senior international goalkeeper. He has since earned over 100 caps, ranking seventh-highest for appearances, while he has appeared in five major tournaments. At the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Courtois won the Golden Glove as the best goalkeeper as he helped Belgium finish third, their highest-ever finish at the competition.

Courtois has won the Ricardo Zamora Trophy three times, the Premier League Golden Glove once, and was named the third-best goalkeeper of the decade (2011–2020) by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS).

Club career

Early career and Genk

Courtois was born in the city of Bree in Flanders, to a Walloon father and a Flemish mother. He began his career with local side Bilzen V.V., as a left back. Soon after, in 1999, he joined Racing Genk at the age of seven, and it was there that he was converted into a goalkeeper.

Courtois progressed through the Genk youth system, where Koen Casteels was initially regarded as the primary goalkeeper, but during an injury crisis Courtois, aged 16 years and 341 days, made his first team debut on 17 April 2009 against Gent. After turning down a transfer to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim of the Bundesliga, Courtois was made first-choice goalkeeper for the 2010–11 season ahead of Casteels, when Laszlo Koteles' registration ran into issues.

He was a key figure in Genk's title victory in the 2010–11 season in the Belgian Pro League. He received the Goalkeeper of the Year and Genk's Player of the Year award, only conceding 32 goals over the course of 40 league matches and keeping 14 clean sheets for Genk.

Atlético Madrid
In July 2011 Courtois joined Premier League club Chelsea for a reported €9 million, signing a five-year deal. Within weeks of joining Chelsea, Courtois was sent on a season-long loan to Atlético Madrid.

2011–12 season
Courtois made his debut for Atlético in a 4–0 UEFA Europa League victory over Vitória de Guimarães on 25 August, and three days later kept a clean sheet on his La Liga debut, a goalless draw against Osasuna at the Vicente Calderón Stadium. Courtois became first-choice goalkeeper over Sergio Asenjo, keeping four clean sheets in his first six La Liga games. On 26 November 2011, Courtois received his first red card of his professional career after fouling Real Madrid's Karim Benzema for a penalty in the Madrid derby. Cristiano Ronaldo put the penalty past substitute goalkeeper Asenjo as Atlético lost 1–4. Atlético reached the 2012 UEFA Europa League final, and Courtois kept a clean sheet as the club won 3–0 over fellow Spanish side Athletic Bilbao.

2012–13 season

Courtois' loan to Atlético was extended to cover the 2012–13 season. His first game of the loan extension was against parent club Chelsea in the 2012 UEFA Super Cup in Monaco, which ended in a 4–1 victory for Atlético Madrid. Later in the season Courtois set a new Atlético Madrid record of 820 minutes without conceding a goal at the Estadio Vicente Calderon, ended by being beaten in a 1–0 loss to Real Sociedad. Atlético reached the 2013 Copa del Rey Final, and Courtois was named man of the match in a 2–1 victory against Real, the first time that Atlético had beaten their city rivals in 14 years.

2013–14 season
For the 2013–14 season, Courtois' loan to Atlético was extended by a further 12 months.

When Atlético were drawn to play Chelsea in the Champions League semi-final, it was reported that a clause in Courtois' contract required Atlético to pay Chelsea €3 million per match if they selected him against his parent club, and that Atlético could not afford such a sum. UEFA made it clear that considerations of sporting integrity made such a clause "null, void and unenforceable", and confirmed that Atlético were free to select Courtois without making any such payment.

By conceding the fewest goals in a substantial number of matches during the 2013–14 season, Courtois won the Ricardo Zamora Trophy and made an important contribution to Atletico's 2013–14 La Liga title, their first since 1996. He was nominated for the La Liga Award for the best goalkeeper in the league, alongside Willy Caballero of Málaga and Keylor Navas of Levante, which Navas eventually won. Atletico, however, lost the UEFA Champions League final 1–4 a.e.t. against neighbours Real Madrid on 24 May in Lisbon.

Chelsea

2014–15 season

In June 2014, Chelsea manager José Mourinho confirmed that Courtois would return to Chelsea for the upcoming season. He was assigned the number 13 shirt, last worn by Victor Moses. On 18 August, Mourinho announced that Courtois would start the Premier League opener against Burnley in place of Petr Čech. Although he conceded the first goal to Scott Arfield at Turf Moor, Chelsea won 3–1. Courtois kept his first Premier League clean sheet in his second game, making several crucial saves in a 2–0 home win over Leicester City.

On 11 September 2014, Courtois signed a new five-year contract with Chelsea, keeping him at the club until 2019. Upon signing, Courtois said: "It's really nice to have signed this new contract for five years."

Courtois suffered a head injury in the first half of Chelsea's 2–0 home win over Arsenal on 5 October due to a collision with Alexis Sánchez; he was substituted and then taken to hospital. He was treated for a minor cut to his ear and released from hospital that night.

He won his first trophy with Chelsea on 1 March 2015, as they defeated Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 in the League Cup final, with Čech instead playing in that match; Chelsea also finished the season as league champions.

2015–16 season

Courtois opened the season by playing in the 2015 FA Community Shield on 2 August, a 1–0 loss to Arsenal. Six days later, as the Premier League campaign opened with a home fixture against Swansea City, he was given a straight red card for conceding a penalty with a foul on Bafétimbi Gomis, who converted the penalty past replacement Asmir Begović for a 2–2 draw. On his return on 23 August, Courtois saved a penalty from James Morrison in a 3–2 win at West Bromwich Albion. Courtois suffered a leg injury in training on 11 September which required surgery and meant that he was expected to miss the next three months of competition.

On 16 April, he was sent off at home to Manchester City for conceding a penalty with a foul on Fernandinho; Sergio Agüero converted it past Begović to seal a 3–0 win. He became the sixth Premier League goalkeeper to be sent off twice in the same season.

2016–17 season
On 17 August 2016, Courtois dismissed any transfer rumours and stated he would stay at Chelsea for many years to come. Ten days later in the 3–0 home victory over Burnley, Courtois kept the first clean sheet of the season and broke a run of thirteen home Premier League games without a clean sheet since November 2015. From 1 October to 20 November, Chelsea earned a run of six games without conceding a single goal; with Courtois playing in all six of them. From 11 to 26 December, Courtois kept four clean sheets, as Chelsea were at the top of table in time for Christmas.

In April 2017, Courtois was ruled out for the match against rivals Manchester United, as a result of suffering a reported ankle injury, which he sustained in training. Chelsea would go on to lose the match 0–2. On 12 May 2017, Courtois kept his third consecutive clean sheet in a 1–0 away win over West Bromwich Albion, in which Chelsea secured the title. Courtois also played for Chelsea in the FA Cup final; which Chelsea lost 2–1 to Arsenal.

Courtois kept a total of 16 clean sheets in the Premier League and won the Golden Glove.

Real Madrid

2018–2020

Following the 2017–18 season, Courtois mentioned he would want to live closer to his children, reigniting the rumours about a transfer to Real Madrid. After a strong performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, where he won the Golden Glove for best goalkeeper, Courtois expressed his interest in moving on. Chelsea stated they would not let him go unless they were able to find a replacement for him. Courtois responded by not showing up for training after the summer break, trying to force his exit from Chelsea. On 8 August 2018, Real Madrid announced that they had signed Courtois on a six-year contract. A day later, Chelsea confirmed the transfer for a fee believed to be £35 million.

He made his debut for Madrid on 1 September 2018, where he started in a 4–1 win over Leganés.

On 12 January 2020, Real Madrid beat Courtois' former club Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout to win their eleventh Supercopa de España title. In the shootout, Saul saw his spot-kick hit the post before Thomas' effort was saved by Courtois, giving Ramos the chance to secure Real's 11th Spanish Super Cup triumph.

On 5 July 2020, Courtois kept his 17th clean sheet of the 2019–20 La Liga season in a 1–0 away win over Athletic Bilbao, becoming the first Real Madrid goalkeeper to do so in a single season since Francisco Buyo in 1994–95. He was the undisputed starter during the league season, as Real Madrid won the La Liga, becoming the first player since José Luis Pérez-Payá in 1954 to be crowned champion with both Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid. He won the Zamora Trophy for the third time in his career, after conceding just 20 goals in 34 matches.

2021–2023
On 16 August 2021, he signed a new four-year contract, running until 2026. On 6 February 2022, he reached his 100th win with Real Madrid in 161 appearances, in a 1–0 victory over Granada. Courtois won his second Spanish title with Real Madrid in the 2021–22 La Liga season.

On 28 May 2022, Courtois was named man of the match in the 2022 UEFA Champions League final, where he managed to make a total of nine saves, which helped Real Madrid to beat Liverpool 1–0. Courtois' nine saves are a record in the final since Opta began keeping records in 2003–04. His 59 saves during the campaign also set a new Champions League single-season record since Opta began keeping records.

On 10 August 2023, Real Madrid announced that Courtois was diagnosed with a torn anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee. He was scheduled to undergo surgery in the coming days, and could be out for several months.

International career

Early career

Courtois was first called up to the Belgium squad in October 2011 and made his debut the following month in a friendly 0–0 draw against France at the Stade de France, making him the youngest goalkeeper to play for the Belgian national team.

2014 World Cup
Courtois played every minute during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign, as Belgium qualified for its first major tournament since the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Throughout these qualifiers, he kept six clean sheets in ten matches.

On 13 May 2014, Courtois was named in the squad to go to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. At the tournament, he played all five games of the Belgian team, starting with a 2–1 win against Algeria in Belo Horizonte. Courtois then managed to keep consecutive clean sheets in 1–0 wins against Russia and South Korea as the Red Devils reached the quarter-finals, where Argentina eliminated Belgium with Gonzalo Higuaín scoring the only goal of the match in the eighth minute.

Euro 2016
Courtois played every minute during Belgium's first eight games of their UEFA Euro 2016 qualification campaign, helping seal qualification for the first time in 16 years. However, he missed their last two games due to injury.

Courtois and his side made it to the quarter-final, where they lost to Wales despite taking an early lead. Afterwards, Courtois hinted that Belgium coach Marc Wilmots was at fault for the loss and also stated that the defeat was the "biggest disappointment" of his career.

2018 World Cup

Courtois was selected to Belgium's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He was Belgium's first-choice goalkeeper throughout the tournament, and played a key role in Belgium's 2–1 win over Brazil in the quarter-final, which saw Belgium advance to the semi-finals of the tournament for the first time since 1986. He posted two clean sheets in the group stage (against Panama and England), allowed only one goal in Belgium's loss to eventual champion France in the semi-final, and posted another clean sheet against England in the 3rd place game. Courtois made 27 saves in seven World Cup games, more than any other goalkeeper. He was awarded the Golden Glove as best goalkeeper of the tournament.

UEFA Euro 2020
On 17 May 2021, he was selected to the final squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.

2022 World Cup
In November 2022, he was named in the final squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. On 1 December, he played his 100th match for Belgium in a goalless draw against Croatia, becoming the first Belgian goalkeeper to achieve this feat.

Style of play

Considered a highly promising prospect in his youth, Courtois subsequently established himself as one of the best players in the world in his position. Due to his wide range of skills, he has been described as a "complete goalkeeper", with few weaknesses. A consistent keeper, he possesses an excellent positional sense, good mentality, composure, strength of character, and an ability to communicate well with his defenders; he also excels in one on one situations, due to his ability to time his runs effectively when rushing out of goal to face opponents, and has even functioned as a sweeper-keeper on occasion. An excellent shot-stopper between the posts, he has also distinguished himself for his agility and quick reflexes, in spite of his size and imposing physique. During the 2016–17 season, he credited his goalkeeping coach with Chelsea under manager Antonio Conte, Gianluca Spinelli, for helping him to improve his overall game and goalkeeping technique, in particular his foot-work and diving, which enabled him to be more explosive and get to ground more quickly. Due to his height and reach, he excels in the air, and is also known for his command of his area, as well as his excellent technique, anticipation, handling, and confidence when coming off his line to claim crosses. Moreover, he is known for his ability to distribute the ball to his teammates with long throws.

Outside football

Personal life
Courtois speaks both Dutch and French, as well as Spanish and English. Thibaut's older sister Valérie Courtois is a volleyball player who plays as a libero for Stade Français Paris Saint Cloud and Belgium. His parents were volleyball players, and he played the sport in his childhood but decided to focus on football when he was 12.

On 26 May 2015, his Spanish girlfriend Marta Domínguez gave birth to their daughter, Adriana. The couple ended their relationship in April 2017 while Domínguez was pregnant with their son Nicolás, who was born a month later.

He has been in a relationship with Israeli model Mishel Gerzig since July 2021. They adopted a dog together a month later. In June 2022, they got engaged. They got married a year later.

In popular culture
Inspired by Courtois' pose from a particular save in January 2013, a Colombian fan created a new widespread social media meme called 'Thibauting' to pay homage to the Belgian goalkeeper. In November 2013, the word was included in a shortlist composed by leading Dutch dictionary Van Dale to be polled to determine the best new sports/amusement word of the year in Belgium, and ended second. The term is based on and pronounced the same way as "Tebowing", and is also similar to the worldwide 'planking' meme which was popular in 2011.

In 2021, Courtois participated in the 2021 F1 Virtual Grand Prix championship as an Alfa Romeo driver.

Controversies
In February 2014, Courtois caused some stir in the national team, by saying of Simon Mignolet, his rival for the starting goalkeeper spot, "You have to know how to stay humble and respectful, and he should remember that." This was despite the fact that in previous interviews, Mignolet had only said that it was his ambition to keep working and try to regain his spot in the national team.

In April 2018, Wilmots, by then out of a job, accused Courtois and his father Thierry of leaking Belgium's line-ups before they should have been revealed to the public. He denied the allegations.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours

Genk
Belgian Pro League: 2010–11

Atlético Madrid
La Liga: 2013–14
Copa del Rey: 2012–13
UEFA Europa League: 2011–12
UEFA Super Cup: 2012
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2013–14

Chelsea
Premier League: 2014–15, 2016–17
FA Cup: 2017–18; runner-up: 2016–17
Football League Cup: 2014–15

Real Madrid
La Liga: 2019–20, 2021–22
Copa del Rey: 2022–23
Supercopa de España: 2019–20, 2021–22
UEFA Champions League: 2021–22
UEFA Super Cup: 2022
FIFA Club World Cup: 2018

Belgium
FIFA World Cup third place: 2018

Individual

Belgian Professional Goalkeeper of the Year: 2011
Belgian Bronze Shoe: 2011
La Liga Zamora Trophy: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2019–20
La Liga Goalkeeper of the Season: 2012–13
La Liga Player of the Month: January 2020, February 2022
Best Belgian Player Abroad: 2013, 2014
ESM Team of the Year: 2013–14, 2021–22
UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: 2013–14, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23
Belgian Sportsman of the year: 2014
Premier League Golden Glove: 2016–17
 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove: 2018
FIFA World Cup Fantasy Team: 2018
FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2018
The Best FIFA Goalkeeper: 2018
IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper: 2018, 2022
IFFHS Men's World Team: 2018, 2022
La Liga Team of the Season: 2021–22
Yashin Trophy: 2022
FIFA FIFPRO World 11: 2022

See also
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links

Profile at the Real Madrid CF website

1992 births
Living people
People from Bree, Belgium
Footballers from Limburg (Belgium)
Belgian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
K.R.C. Genk players
Chelsea F.C. players
Atlético Madrid footballers
Real Madrid CF players
Belgian Pro League players
La Liga players
Premier League players
UEFA Champions League winning players
UEFA Europa League winning players
Belgium men's youth international footballers
Belgium men's international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA Men's Century Club
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in England
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Spain

Thibaut Courtois


Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes tumours (areas of not normal growth) to grow along your nerves. The tumours are usually non-cancerous (benign) but may cause a range of symptoms. NF1 is a condition you're born with, although some symptoms develop gradually over many years. The severity of the condition can vary considerably from person to person.

In most cases, the skin is affected, causing symptoms such as:

 birthmarks known as café au lait spots, which are light or dark brown patches that can be anywhere on the body
 soft, non-cancerous tumours on or under the skin (neurofibromas)
 clusters of freckles in unusual places – such as the armpits, groin and under the breast
 problems with the bones, eyes and nervous system
 Certain health problems are often associated with NF1, such as learning difficulties. Less commonly, NF1 is associated with a type of cancer known as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours.

Treatment
 surgery – to remove tumours and treat problems with bones
 medicine – to control secondary conditions, such as high blood pressure
 physiotherapy
 psychological support
 pain management

Careful monitoring and treatment can help people with NF1 live a full life. However, there's a risk of developing serious problems, such as certain types of cancer, that can reduce life expectancy.

Diseases and disorders of the nervous system
Genetic disorders

Neurofibromatosis type I


Eric Schaeffer (born January 22, 1962) is an American actor, writer, and director.

Early life and education
Schaeffer was born in New York City, New York, and later graduated with a degree in drama and dance from Bard College. After graduating, he drove a New York City taxi for nine years, during which time he wrote two stage plays, a novel, twenty screenplays and various other works.

Career
Schaeffer rose to fame with fellow actor/writer/director Donal Lardner Ward  on the independent film My Life's in Turnaround (1993), which was made in fifteen days for only $200,000. Schaeffer and Ward parlayed the film's success into Too Something (1995–1996), a short-lived sitcom that was briefly renamed New York Daze.

He signed on as a client of Creative Artists Agency and made a deal to direct the 1996 romantic comedy If Lucy Fell for a budget of $3.5 million for Columbia TriStar.

Schaeffer starred opposite model Amanda de Cadenet in the 1997 romantic drama Fall, about a cab driver who begins a passionate affair with a model he first met in his cab.

In 2000, he released the comedy Wirey Spindell, a semi-autobiographical tale. This was followed by the 2001 romantic comedy Never Again, starring Jill Clayburgh and Jeffrey Tambor, and Mind the Gap in 2004.

In recent years Schaeffer has been writing an autobiographical blog, I Can't Believe I'm Still Single, about his relationships and ongoing search for love. Schaeffer has turned the blog into a book, I Can't Believe I'm Still Single – Sane, Slightly Neurotic (But in a Sane Way) Filmmaker into Good Yoga, Bad Reality TV, Too Much Chocolate, and a Little Kinky Sex Seeks Smart, Emotionally Evolved ... Oh Hell, At This Point Anyone Who'll Let Me Watch Football.

In 2008, Schaeffer debuted a reality television series on Showtime, also called I Can't Believe I'm Still Single.

In 2009, Schaeffer and Jill Franklyn created the half-hour dramedy series Gravity for Starz. The series, which was about people who failed at suicide – originally titled Failure to Fly – starred Schaeffer along with Krysten Ritter, Ivan Sergei, Ving Rhames and Rachel Hunter. It began airing in April 2010 and on June 30, 2010, the show was cancelled.

Filmography and television work

Actor, director and screenwriter

Actor (only)

Books
 Schaeffer, Eric (2007). I Can't Believe I'm Still Single – Sane, Slightly Neurotic (But in a Sane Way) Filmmaker into Good Yoga, Bad Reality TV, Too Much Chocolate, and a Little Kinky Sex Seeks Smart, Emotionally Evolved ... Oh Hell, At This Point Anyone Who'll Let Me Watch Football.  New York City:  Thunder's Mouth Press.  .

See also
Lists of American writers
List of film and television directors
List of people from New York City

References

External links

 Bankrate.com interview
 UGO interview

1962 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from New York City
American bloggers
American male film actors
American film directors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
Bard College alumni
Screenwriters from New York (state)
American male bloggers
21st-century American screenwriters

Eric Schaeffer


Wharton Esherick (July 15, 1887 – May 6, 1970) was an American sculptor who worked primarily in wood, especially applying the principles of sculpture to common utilitarian objects. Consequently, he is best known for his sculptural furniture and furnishings. Esherick was recognized in his lifetime by his peers as the "dean of American craftsmen" for his leadership in developing nontraditional designs and for encouraging and inspiring artists and artisans by example. Esherick's influence is evident in the work of contemporary artisans, particularly in the Studio Craft Movement. His home and studio in Malvern, Pennsylvania, are part of the Wharton Esherick Museum, which has been listed as a National Historic Landmark since 1993.

Life and career
Born in Philadelphia, Esherick studied at the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art (now the University of the Arts) and at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. He married Leticia Nofer (1892–1975) in 1912. In 1913 the couple moved to a farmhouse near Malvern, Pennsylvania, to pursue his painting career, grow their own food, and raise their children in accordance with the precepts of the progressive education movement. They became immersed in the progressive education movement while visiting the Marietta Johnson School of Organic Education in Fairhope, Alabama, in 1919. It was Marietta Johnson who first suggested that Esherick explore woodcarving. He began carving decorative frames for his paintings in 1920, which led to making woodcut prints and finally to sculpture.

Esherick's early furniture was derived from the Arts and Crafts style and decorated with surface carving. In the late 1920s he abandoned carving on his furniture, focusing instead on the pure form of the pieces as sculpture. In the 1930s he was producing sculpture and furniture influenced by the organicism of Rudolf Steiner, as well as by German Expressionism and Cubism. The angular and prismatic forms of the latter two movements gave way to the free-form curvilinear shapes for which he is best known. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

From furniture and furnishings he progressed to interiors, the most famous being the Curtis Bok House (1935–37). Though the house was demolished in 1989, Esherick's work was saved and the fireplace and adjacent music room doors can be seen in the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the foyer stairs in the Wolfsonian Museum in Miami, Florida.

In 1940 the architect George Howe used Esherick's Spiral Stair (1930) and Esherick furniture to create the "Pennsylvania Hill House" exhibit in the New York World's Fair "America at Home" Pavilion. Esherick's work was featured in a 1958 retrospective at the Museum of Contemporary Craft and in the 1972 "Woodenworks" exhibition at the Renwick Gallery. He exhibited hundreds of times during his life, and his work is in the permanent collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston, and many other museums and galleries. Most of his work remains in private hands.

His home and studio, outside of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, were his largest piece of art. The buildings evolved over forty years as Esherick lived and worked there. He continued working on the studio until his death in 1970. In 1972 the studio was converted into the Wharton Esherick Museum. The property, known as the Wharton Esherick Studio, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993. The Diamond Rock Schoolhouse, which served as Esherick's painting studio during the 1920s, was acquired by the Wharton Esherick Museum in 2019.

Esherick was the father of Ruth Bascom (wife of architect Mansfield Bascom, curator emeritus of the Wharton Esherick Museum) and the uncle of American architect Joseph Esherick.

See also
 Margaret Esherick House, with a kitchen designed by Wharton Esherick
 Wharton Esherick Museum

References

Further reading
 Bascom, Mansfield, Wharton Esherick: The Journey of a Creative Mind, New York, Abrams, 2010, .
 Clark, Emily, Stuffed Peacocks, by Emily Clark; Woodcuts by Wharton Esherick, New York, London, Knopf, 1927.
 Eisenhauer, Paul, ed., Wharton Esherick's Illuminated and Illustrated Song of the Broad-Axe by Walt Whitman, Atglen, Pennsylvania, Schiffer Publishing, 2011.
Eisenhauer, Paul, and Lynne Farrington, eds., Wharton Esherick and the Birth of the American Modern, Atglen, Pennsylvania, Schiffer Publishing, 2010.
 Esherick, Wharton, and Gene Rochberg, Drawings by Wharton Esherick, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978.
 Renwick Gallery, Woodenworks; Furniture Objects by Five Contemporary Craftsmen: George Nakashima, Sam Maloof, Wharton Esherick, Arthur Espenet Carpenter, Wendell Castle, St. Paul, Minnesota Museum of Art, 1972.
 Silverman, Sharon Hernes, "A Passion for Wood", Pennsylvania Heritage, vol. 23, no. 4, 1997.
 Wharton Esherick Museum, The Wharton Esherick Museum, Studio and Collection, Paoli, Pennsylvania, Wharton Esherick Museum, 1977.
 Wharton Esherick Museum, The Wharton Esherick Museum, Studio and Collection, 3rd ed., Atglen, Pennsylvania, Schiffer Publishing, 2010.

External links
 Official website of the Wharton Esherick Museum

1887 births
1970 deaths
Artists from Pennsylvania
Sculptors from Pennsylvania
American woodworkers
American printmakers
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
People from Paoli, Pennsylvania
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Arts and Crafts movement artists
American furniture makers
Artists from Philadelphia
Architects from Philadelphia
20th-century American architects
20th-century American male artists
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American painters

Wharton Esherick


The Ruskin Colony (or Ruskin Commonwealth Association) was a utopian socialist colony in the southern US at the end of the 19th century.

It was located near Tennessee City in Dickson County, Tennessee from 1894 to 1896. The colony moved to a more permanent second settlement on an old farm five miles north from 1896 to 1899, and saw another brief incarnation near Waycross, in southern Georgia, from 1899 until it finally dissolved in 1901.  Its regional location within the Southern United States set it apart from many other similar utopian projects of the era.

At its high point, the population was around 250.  The colony was named after John Ruskin, the English socialist writer. A cave on the colony's second property in Dickson County still carries his name. The site of the colony's second settlement in Dickson County is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Origins and goals

The Ruskin Colony was founded by Julius Augustus Wayland (1854-1912), a newspaper editor and socialist from Indiana.  The roots of the Ruskin project can be found in the movement within American socialism at the time, towards the creation of new model colonies which would, in theory, challenge the American industrial system by creating ethical alternatives built in rural settings.  The idea that new settlements such as Ruskin would eventually bring forth a revolution referred to as the "co-operative commonwealth" stood in contrast to socialists who believed that it was more important to do political and social organizing within the cities, the centers of industry.  According to W. Fitzhugh Brundage in the book A Socialist Utopia in the New South: "The wastefulness and ugliness of competitive individualism, so glaringly apparent in late nineteenth-century cities, would be replaced by the efficient creation and collective control of wealth and technology" in this new settlement.

Cooperative economics

By requiring that all members of the colony become equal shareholders in the endeavor, Wayland constructed Ruskin so that it operated more as a legally-sanctioned corporation.  Every colonist was then, in essence, a stockholder.  The colony, with its elected board of directors, was to run much like any other company, except that it would "do all things necessary to make a success, financially and socially, of a co-operative colony."  (The Coming Nation, Feb. 3, 1894) Ruskin colonists manufactured and marketed pants, "cereal coffee," a vapor bath cabinet, chewing gum, belts and suspenders.  The system of work itself changed little from that of the world outside Ruskin, in terms of hours devoted to the various industries, however the hours, schedules and rates of pay, and industries selected were all determined by the workers.  Ruskinites eventually abolished cash wages and adopted a system of scrip which was used in exchange for goods within the colony.  In securing their economic dependence, members of the settlement also gave ample time to creative crafts, theater, and other intellectual pursuits.  At one time late in the history of the colony, there existed a band which toured southern Georgia.

Many of the products created in Ruskin were intended to supplement the income from the newspaper, The Coming Nation, which was the primary source of financial stability.  The majority of the colony's money and time was put into the paper, which had at its peak in 1896 around 60,000 subscribers.  Besides being the chief flow of assets, the paper also gave voice to the people of the colony throughout its many editors.  Although Julius Wayland almost single-handedly founded the colony, he left in 1895 due to conflicts about ownership of the newspaper that ran counter to his claims of collective ownership.  Under Alfred S. Edwards, who succeeded Wayland, The Coming Nation included articles from the likes of George D. Herron, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Herbert Casson (who later took up the editorial reigns after Edwards left the colony).

The eventual breakup of the Ruskin colony was due to several elements, the most problematic being the unequal distribution of membership rights of colonists complicated by the "shareholder"-type initial investment fees.  Much of the blame lay with the original charter members, who had become entrenched in leadership and direction of Ruskin.  One particular issue which drew ideological divisions through the colony was that of polyamorous relationships, or the practice of "free love", within members of the colony.  Ruskinites opposed to these beliefs brought harsh criticism down on those who harbored free love sympathies, which were in linked to anarchist currents that had been growing within the colony.  This could be traced to Alfred Edward's editorial slant towards anarchism during his time as editor of The Coming Nation.

Georgia
The colony eventually became mired in constant litigation over issues of property, with charter members who were now being pushed out of Ruskin seeking to dismantle the group through legal means.  The final auction of the Ruskin Colony site at Cave Mills, and most of the communal property, left the remaining members with only a fraction of what they had spent five years struggling to build.  The 240 members moved what they did have, which still included the newspaper and the printing apparatus for it, 613 miles on a chartered train to their new home in Georgia, where they merged with the Duke Colony in Ware County and formed the Ruskin Commonwealth.

However, after its first year in Georgia, the number of colonists dropped by half.  The new settlement, an old lumber mill, was not surrounded by the fertile land and good sources of water that the previous location had.  Ruskinites were plagued with disease, unprofitable business ventures, and a continual slide into poverty that eventually led to the auction of the property by the county sheriff to settle its debts.  The Ruskin Commonwealth was effectively disbanded in the autumn of 1901.

Florida
The Ruskin Commongood Society platted Ruskin, Florida on February 19, 1910.

See also
Ruskin Colleges

Footnotes

Further reading
 W. Fitzhugh Brundage, A Socialist Utopia in the New South: The Ruskin Colonies in Tennessee and Georgia, 1894-1901. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
 Francelia Butler, "The Ruskin Commonwealth: A Unique Experiment in Marxian Socialism," Tennessee Historical Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4 (Dec. 1964), pp. 333–342. In JSTOR

External links

By-Laws of the Ruskin Co-Operative Association
Last Days of the Ruskin Co-Operative Association'''

Communalism
Dickson County, Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Dickson County, Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Populated places established in 1894
Utopian communities in the United States

Ruskin Colony


Sérgio Britto (, born Sérgio de Britto Álvares Affonso(September 18, 1959) is a Brazilian musician, best known as a member of the rock band Titãs, for which he contributes with lead vocals, keyboards and, more recently, the bass guitar. He has also released three solo albums.

Childhood
Sérgio Britto is the only carioca of the group, but left Rio de Janeiro when he was a baby. He lived with his siblings Rui and Gláucia in Brasília when in 1964 the military took over Brazil. Their father, the federal deputy Almino Afonso, head of PTB at the Chamber of Deputies and enemy of the dictatorship had to leave the country in order not to be arrested. One year later, when Sergio's younger brother Fábio was born, they left the country. During his nine years of exile in Chile, he was alphabetized in Castellano.

He grew up listening to Beethoven, Chopin, and other classical music composers, which his father listened to frequently. Until he turned 13, he wished to be a painter. He discovered The Beatles' Help! album, and from there on he would be strongly interested in music. When he was 14, he was back to Brazil and began taking piano lessons. At that time, he listened to Yes, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, The Who, Led Zeppelin, The Beach Boys and much MPB. Meanwhile, he would try to play his sister's guitar.

In São Paulo, he studied at Colégio Equipe. While the others Titãs members took part of festivals and shows, he would compose alone at home or read the texts of Torquato Neto. Those texts helped Britto when composing songs like "Go Back", a hit that would appear in Titãs' debut album. Simultaneously, he would compose the song "Os Olhos do Sol", which was recorded only in 2000, when Britto released his first solo album. At Equipe, he met Arnaldo Antunes and they started to co-write songs. When Titãs unofficially met, in 1981, Britto made his debut in a band.

He once started studying Philosophy at University of São Paulo, but left the course before its end to focus on the music.

Career with and without Titãs

Britto has co-composed the majority of Titãs' songs, including hits like "Marvin", "Homem Primata", "Comida", "Miséria" and "Epitáfio".

In 1994, Britto formed the band Kleiderman, with the drummer Roberta Parisi and Titãs member Branco Mello. The group released only one album, Con el Mundo a Mis Pies (With the World at my Feet). In 2001, Britto showed his solo works with the album A Minha Cara (My Face), reuniting songs composed by him, with the help of Marcelo Fromer and Arnaldo Antunes.

Five years later, he released another solo CD, called Eu Sou 300 (I am 300).

In 2009, Titãs released Sacos Plásticos, the first album in which Britto played the bass guitar. After original bassist Nando Reis left the group, Titãs hired Lee Marcucci as a session musician from 2002 to 2009. Since then, Britto and Mello have been sharing bass duties, with Britto taking over the bass only on the songs with vocals by Mello.

In 2019, singer Érika Martins released the song "A Verdade Liberta", written by Britto.

Personal life
Britto lives in São Paulo, is married to Raquel Garrido and is the father of José, born in 1999 and Raquel. He composed one tribute song for each of them in his album Eu Sou 300: "Raquel (DDD)" and "José". In 2007, his daughter Julia was born.

Discography

With Titãs

Solo albums
 2000 - A Minha Cara (My Face)
 2006 - Eu Sou 300 (I Am 300)
 2010 - SP55

With Kleiderman
 Con el mundo a mis pies

Guest appearances

References

 Britto's page at Titãs official web site

External links
Titãs official website
Sérgio Britto official website

1959 births
Living people
Brazilian keyboardists
20th-century Brazilian male singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
Brazilian male songwriters
Brazilian composers
Musicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Titãs members
Brazilian rock musicians
Brazilian bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Melodica players
University of São Paulo alumni

Sérgio Britto


Zielin   () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfice, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north of Gryfice and  north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

Before 1637 the area was part of Duchy of Pomerania. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

References

Zielin

Zielin, Gryfice County


Richard Grieve (born 25 January 1970) is an Australian actor, who has worked extensively in film, television, theatre and musical theatre, but is perhaps best known for his roles in the British soap Emmerdale, and two Australian television series, Neighbours and Home and Away.

Career

Australia
Grieve was born in Melbourne, and began his career in 1988 studying drama and dance at Victoria University. He then completed his formal training in Sydney, at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA). He joined the cast of Neighbours in 1994, playing the part of Sam Kratz until 1996, when he joined Home and Away, playing Dr Lachlan Fraser. His other television credits include The Man From Snowy River, the series, Newlyweds, E Street, State Coroner and Wintertime for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

He has performed with the State theatre companies of Australia. He played Julian in the Melbourne Theatre Company's production of Molière's The Misanthrope, the role of Otto in Noël Coward's Design For Living for the Sydney Theatre Company, and Chavalier in The Will for the Harold Park Theatre, also by Molière.

He has also performed in several musical theatre productions in Australia. He played Older Patrick in Mame, Greg Connell in the world premiere of The Boy From Oz, Prince Charming in Cinderella, and as Ovington in How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying.

England
In October 2003, Grieve went to England to play the role of Gaston in Beauty & The Beast, and has since performed in the London premiere of Europe by Australian playwright Michael Gow at the Finborough Theatre, and in a showcase of the new musical Paradise by the Dashboard Lights. He toured the UK in a new stage production of Dial M For Murder by Frederick Knott, and also appeared in the lead role of Frederick Winterbourne in Daisy Miller, directed by Christopher Morahan.

In 2005, he filmed a cameo in London for Neighbours' 20th Anniversary. In 2006, he guest starred as James Clarke, a Forge operative, in the Doctor Who audio adventure, The Gathering and then as Major Brogan in the spin-off series I, Davros: Innocence.

He appeared in the world premiere of Teen Scream at the Theatre Royal, Lincoln and also at the 2006 Edinburgh Festival. From September to December 2006, Grieve toured the UK as the character of John Brotherston in the play There's No Place Like A Home.

Grieve toured the UK in Footloose, based on the hit 1980s film of the same name. He played Reverend Moore.
He played Tick/Mitzi Del Bra in Priscilla: Queen of the Desert - The musical at the Palace Theatre in London. Grieve later played the lead role of Bernadette in the musical on tour.

Emmerdale
In February 2007 Grieve made a television comeback when he landed the role of farrier Jonny Foster in the rural-based British soap opera Emmerdale. His character set his sights on barman Paul Lambert, played by actor Matthew Bose, almost immediately on arrival and the two were together for several months. His character was also the centre of Emmerdale's first gay proposal when he asked Paul to marry him.

In 2009 Grieve reprised his role as Jonny Foster in Emmerdale, which coincided with his character's husband Paul Lambert's departure.

Charity work
In September 2009, Grieve played a politician in a viral video for Friends of the Earth, which aims to raise awareness of the dangers of intensive farming.

TV adverts
In 2013, Grieve starred in a January McDonald's advert playing the part of a pilot who purchases a £1.49 Double Cheeseburger, much to the delight of his crew and patient passengers.

References

External links

Living people
Australian male film actors
Australian male stage actors
Australian male television actors
1970 births

Richard Grieve


Emma Lou Diemer (born November 24, 1927 in Kansas City, Missouri) is an American composer.

Diemer has written many works for orchestra, chamber ensemble, keyboard, voice, chorus, and electronic media.  Diemer is a keyboard performer and over the years has given concerts of her own organ works at Washington National Cathedral, The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, Grace Cathedral and St. Mary's Cathedral in San Francisco, and others.

Works include many collections and single pieces for organ as well as many for solo piano, piano 4 hands, and two pianos. Her major chamber works include a piano quartet, string quartet, two piano trios, and sonatas and suites for flute, violin, cello, and piano as well as settings of the psalms for organ with other instruments.  Diemer has written many choral works as well. She has written numerous hymns, several of which appear in church hymnals. Her songs number in the dozens, using texts by many contemporary and early poets including Walt Whitman, Amy Lowell, Sara Teasdale, Alice Meynell, Thomas Campion, Shakespeare, John Donne, her sister Dorothy Diemer Hendry, Emily Dickinson, Robert Lowell, and many others.

Diemer's compositional style over the years has varied from tonal to atonal, from traditional to experimental. She has written works for non-professional and professional performers, originally under the "Gebrauchsmusik" philosophy, but has produced many works, particularly for keyboard, that are difficult and challenging. The latter category includes her "Fantasy" for piano; Seven Etudes for piano; Homage to Cowell, Cage, Crumb, and Czerny for two pianos; Variations for Piano Four Hands (Homage to Ravel, Schoenberg, and May Aufderheide); Four Biblical Settings for organ, Concerto for Organ ("Alaska"); and many psalm setting collections. The totally serial "Declarations" for organ (1973) contrasts to the more tonal 2013 concerto for violin and orchestra "Summer Day".  Her work in the electronic field during her years on the faculty of the University of California influenced a number of works including her Toccata for piano that has a number of performances on YouTube.

Academics
Diemer received both her B.M. and her M.M from the Yale School of Music in 1949 and 1950, respectively. She then went on to study composition in Brussels, Belgium on a Fulbright Scholarship from 1952 to 1953, ultimately returning to the United States to receive her Ph.D from the Eastman School of Music in 1960. She was professor of theory and composition at the University of Maryland 1965-70, and joined the faculty of the University of California (UCSB) in 1971. She is professor emerita, 1991–present.

While at UCSB, Diemer helped to establish the computer/electronic music program.

Notable works
She was composer-in-residence with the Santa Barbara Symphony 1990-92. The symphony premiered 4 of her works:
Concerto in One Movement for Piano (which received a Kennedy Center Friedheim award in 1992), recorded in Volume X of the MMC New Century series of CDs (MMC 2067, released in 1998), performed by Betty Oberacker, soloist, and the Czech RSO led by Vladimir Valek. One of its features is that it sporadically employs dampened piano strings.
Santa Barbara Overture
Homage to Tchaikovsky
Chumash Indian Dance Celebration

Other notable works:

Songs for the Earth, commissioned by the San Francisco Choral Society, performed in Davies Hall, 2005. The work is for chorus and orchestra, with texts by Emily Dickinson, Mary Oliver, Dorothy Diemer Hendry, Omar Khayyam, and Hildegard von Bingen
Fragments from the Mass for chorus, 2 pianos, percussion.
Concerto in One Movement for Marimba (1991), commissioned by the Women's Philharmonic of San Francisco.
Fantasy for Carillon (2009), commissioned by Margo Halsted. It premiered in September 2009, at the 40th anniversary of the Storke Carillon at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Two important collaborations, among many, with fellow musicians were with Joan Devee Dixon, organist, who commissioned over 50 works for organ and various instruments and instrumental ensembles from Diemer during the 1990s and early 2000, and Philip Ficsor, violinist, who commissioned several violin and piano compositions from Diemer and recorded her complete works for violin and piano and including the concerto for violin (2013).

Awards
 Eastman School of Music
 Yale School of Music
 National Endowment for the Arts
 ASCAP (annually since 1962)
 American Guild of Organists (1995 Composer of the Year)
 Mu Phi Epsilon
 honorary doctorate in 1999 from the University of Central Missouri

Family
Diemer's parents were George Willis Diemer (1885-1956), American educator, college president, one of a group of American educators who were sent by the U.S. Dept. of State to reorganize the educational system of Japan after World War II; and Myrtle Diemer née Casebolt (1889-1961), church worker and homemaker. Diemer's siblings were poet/teacher Dorothy Diemer Hendry (1918-2006); George Willis Diemer II (1920-1944), Marine fighter pilot, musician/teacher; John Irving Diemer (1920-1964), school principal/musician in Overland Park, KS.

References

External links
Interview with Emma Lou Diemer, April 16, 1988
Interview with Emma Lou Diemer NAMM Oral History Library (2016)
 PIPEDREAMS program featuring Emma Lou Diemer music and interview, January 25, 2010

1927 births
20th-century classical composers
Living people
Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Yale School of Music alumni
Eastman School of Music alumni
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
University of California faculty
American women classical composers
American classical composers
Pupils of Paul Hindemith
American women in electronic music
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Missouri
Composers for carillon
20th-century women composers
American women academics
21st-century American women

Emma Lou Diemer


The Homes of Tomorrow Exhibition was part of the 1933 Chicago World's Fair.  The Fair's theme that year was a Century of Progress, and celebrated man's innovations in architecture, science, technology and transportation. The "Homes of Tomorrow" exhibition was one of the most noteworthy exhibits of the Fair, and showcased man's modern innovations in architecture, design, and building materials.

In addition to several unique art deco and contemporary designs for a dozen model homes, futuristic home furnishings and accoutrements such as a personal helicopter pad were anticipated. Several architects and firms used the model homes to demonstrate their techniques for the pre-fabricated home and new materials.  Baked enamel and Rostone — a man-made type of masonry that could be molded into specific shapes and produced in various colors — were hailed as affordable and durable home construction options.

Five of the houses exist today viewable to the public, as the Century of Progress Architectural District.

Exhibits
The following homes were showcased in the exhibit which ran the duration of the fair:
Weiboldt-Rostone House, Walter Schuler, Architect
Good Housekeeping Stran-Steel House and Stran-Steel Garden Home, O'Dell & Wirt C. Rowland, Architects
House of Tomorrow, George Fred Keck, Architect
Masonite House: Frazier & Raftery, Architects
Armco Ferro Enamel Frameless Steel House, Robert Smith, Jr. Architect
House for Brick Manufacturers Association of America: Andrew N. Rebori, Architect
Florida Tropical House, Robert Law Weed, Architect
American Forest Products & Lumber Industries House: Ernest A. Grunsfeld, Jr. Architect
General House, Inc., Howard T. Fisher, Architect
Design for Living Home, John C.B. Moore and Horsley & Wood, Architects
Cypress Log Cabin
Universal Houses' Country Home.

Legacy
After the exposition ended in 1934, Robert Bartlett purchased five of the homes, the Wieboldt-Rostone House, the House of Tomorrow, the Florida Tropical House, the Cypress Log Cabin, and the Armco-Ferro House, loaded them on barges and floated them across Lake Michigan to Beverly Shores, Indiana.  The original homes have survived the last 75 years on the shores of Lake Michigan and are being restored through a partnership between the National Park Service, Indiana, the Indiana Landmarks, and private individuals. As visitors passed through the homes during the fair, many bought plans and erected the designs in other states.

Also at the close of the exposition, in November 1934, the Lumber Industries House (designed by architect Ernest A. Grunsfeld, Jr.) was sold to Harry Joseph. A Chicago lumber company executive, Joseph had the home taken down and shipped to his estate in Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin, where it was reassembled.

References and sources
References

Sources
Century of Progress Anticipates Homes of Tomorrow. American Home, 10:18-19, June 1933.
Chicago and Tomorrow's House? Pencil Points, 14:245-251, June 1933.
Exhibits at Century of Progress Exhibition: Houses Constructed for the Home and Industrial Arts Exhibit (Floor Plans).
Architectural Record, 73: supplement, May 1933.

External links
Homes of Tomorrow - Dr. Monica Brooks
1933 Chicago Worlds Fair Homes.

Century of Progress
Housing in the United States
World's fair architecture in the United States

1933 Homes of Tomorrow Exhibition