WNUV (channel 54) is a television station in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, affiliated with The CW. It is owned by Cunningham Broadcasting, which maintains a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of Fox/MyNetworkTV affiliate WBFF (channel 45), for the provision of programming and certain services. However, Sinclair effectively owns WNUV, as the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. Sinclair also operates TBD affiliate WUTB (channel 24) under a separate shared services agreement with Deerfield Media. The stations share studios on 41st Street off the Jones Falls Expressway on Television Hill in the Woodberry neighborhood of north Baltimore; WBFF and WNUV are also broadcast from the same tower on the hill.

WNUV began broadcasting on July 1, 1982. During the day, it ran specialty programming from the Financial News Network, which was subsidized by its nighttime broadcast of Super TV, a subscription television service that operated in the Washington and Baltimore areas. Super TV peaked at 30,000 Baltimore subscribers in August 1983, but even though the city of Baltimore was late to be wired for cable, the industry suffered a national decline in the mid-1980s, and WNUV ceased airing Super TV on March 31, 1986. In preparation for its closure, the station had begun to recast itself as a general-entertainment independent station as early as 1984. The founding owner and namesake, New-Vision, Inc., sold the station to ABRY Communications in 1989; ABRY upgraded the transmitter and increased the station's visibility with a campaign allowing residents to vote on programming choices.

ABRY attempted to sell WNUV to Glencairn, Ltd.—a forerunner to Cunningham, owned by former Sinclair employee Edwin Edwards and the mother of the Smith children that controlled Sinclair—in 1993. The deal was met with public scrutiny, and though it initially fell apart, ABRY signed an LMA directly with Sinclair in 1994 before transferring the license to Glencairn the next year. WNUV affiliated first with UPN in 1995 before switching to The WB in a group deal in 1998 and The CW upon those two networks' merger in 2006. The station aired a WBFF-produced early evening newscast from 1997 to 2005; for most of its history since Sinclair began programming channel 54, it has been used as a test bed for television transmission technologies.

History

Early years: Super TV
There had been several expressions of interest in Baltimore's ultra high frequency (UHF) channel 54 in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Two applications were considered for the channel in 1967, and the Zamoiski Company held a construction permit for channel 54 as WUHF-TV in the early 1970s. However, it was not until June 23, 1977, when New-Vision, Inc. tendered for filing an application for channel 54, specifying possible use for subscription television (STV) programming. New-Vision found itself in competition with Peter and John Fellowship, a Christian broadcaster, which had filed by late 1978. The latter group dropped out, leaving New-Vision uncontested for the channel and resulting in the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granting the firm a construction permit in June 1979. From the name of the company, channel 54 took the call letters WNUV. Also signed before the station was built was a contract that would have seen the station broadcast Wometco Home Theater as its subscription service.

Construction of the station's tower in Catonsville began in April 1982, ahead of a July 1 launch. The independent station aired syndicated reruns and the Financial News Network during the day leading into the subscription service Super TV at night and on weekend afternoons. Super TV was already in business in Washington, where its scrambled programs had been airing on WCQR since November 1981. The star attraction on Super TV was a package of Baltimore Orioles baseball games. For a $20 decoder deposit, a $49 installation charge, and a $19 monthly service fee (plus an optional package of late-night adult movies), subscribers could watch the Orioles, special events, and 70 movies a month. Super TV's entry in the Baltimore market convinced competing independent WBFF (channel 45) to abandon its plans to pursue subscription programming despite receiving FCC approval, and it also accumulated 30,000 subscribers in Baltimore (alongside 55,000 more in greater Washington) within a year of starting up. The ad-supported portion of the station also experimented with some local programming, such as a daily newsmagazine, Say Baltimore, that aired in 1984.

However, as the early 1980s progressed, subscription television would experience headwinds nationally due to a recession and the development of cable television in major cities. As early as January 1984, WNUV general manager Mark Salditch realized that Super TV likely was not going to be around much longer and began preparing the station for a future without subscription programming. For the 1984–85 television season, channel 54 overhauled its daytime schedule to be more typical for a general-entertainment independent, and the station launched a promotion campaign to make viewers aware that it offered more than subscription programming. One element of the revamped channel 54 was a series of "Pet of the Day" station IDs featuring the dogs, cats, and birds of regional viewers, an idea taken from KTZO in San Francisco.

In October 1985, Subscription Television of Greater Washington, which owned Super TV, announced it would cease broadcasting over WCQR in Washington at year's end and retune subscribers' equipment to receive WNUV if they fell within its coverage area. However, the number of subscribers continued to fall rapidly, from 28,000 in late 1985 to 14,000 in early 1986. As a result of the company's failure and WNUV's desire to become a full-time commercial independent, Super TV broadcast for the last time on March 31, 1986.

Going full-time independent
With Super TV no longer broadcasting, WNUV overhauled its evening programming and made aggressive moves in an effort to become what Salditch called "the Cadillac of independents". Later that year, the station picked up The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, an NBC program not cleared by WMAR-TV; the program had previously aired on WBFF, which dropped Carson to make room for The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers.

New-Vision sold WNUV to a company formed by Boston investors Andrew Banks and Royce Yudkoff in a deal announced in December 1988. Banks and Yudkoff formed ABRY Communications—named from their initials. The FCC approved of their purchase in March 1989, and the new owners embarked on a campaign to upgrade the station's transmitting equipment; the power levels that had been adequate for specially designed antennas as an STV station were insufficient for typical over-the-air receiving equipment. In addition, ABRY moved its corporate headquarters to Baltimore. ABRY also aimed to capitalize on WBFF's commitment to the expanding Fox network to case channel 54 as Baltimore's only true independent station. It launched a campaign allowing the public to vote on programs for its schedule, a promotional tool successful enough that ABRY duplicated it in relaunching KSMO-TV in Kansas City in 1991.

In 1994, WNUV picked up the broadcast rights to some Baltimore Orioles games produced by Home Team Sports. The station showed Orioles games through 2006, sharing what ultimately was a package of 65 over-the-air telecasts with WJZ-TV; only WJZ-TV carried games in 2007. From 1993 to 1994, the station aired Late Show with David Letterman in lieu of WBAL-TV, which declined to carry the show.

Sale to Glencairn, Ltd.

In August 1993, ABRY announced that it had sold two stations—WNUV and WVTV in Milwaukee, the latter of which it managed and held an option to buy—to Edwin "Eddie" Edwards, who already owned WPTT in Pittsburgh. The deal concerned some in the broadcasting industry. Edwards had a close connection to Sinclair Broadcast Group; he had previously worked for the company, and in Pittsburgh, Edwards brokered most of WPTT's broadcast day to Sinclair. The move represented some turnabout given that two years prior, when Edwards bought WPTT so that Sinclair could purchase Pittsburgh Fox affiliate WPGH-TV, ABRY had filed through a third party a petition to deny on the transaction, alleging that Sinclair exercised continued control by way of seller financing. It had explicitly done so through counsel in fear that Sinclair would retaliate by encouraging program suppliers to bypass WNUV in favor of WBFF. In addition, some program syndicators fretted that possible Sinclair combinations such as WBFF–WNUV gave the company excessive leverage over the buying of syndicated shows in those markets.

Scripps-Howard Broadcasting, owner of Baltimore station WMAR-TV, filed a petition to deny on the transfer of WNUV to Edwards in October. It charged that Edwards and Carolyn Smith ( Cunningham), the mother of the four Smith brothers that owned Sinclair, were being used by the brothers as a vehicle to create what in essence would be a duopoly—ownership of two TV stations in a market—which at the time was not allowed by the FCC. It cited the structure of the proposed buyer's parent company. While Edwards was the only voting shareholder in Glencairn, Ltd., 70 percent of the non-voting shares in the firm were held by Carolyn Smith, and Scripps's petition to deny also pointed to prior business dealings between her and Sinclair as well as to a proposed local marketing agreement (LMA) to allow Sinclair to manage WNUV's affairs. The Scripps petition was dismissed by Edwards as an attempt to set up roadblocks to Black ownership of broadcasters and as retaliation for a 1991 challenge by the Smiths to WMAR-TV's broadcast license.

The original application for Glencairn to purchase WNUV was withdrawn in April 1994, but ABRY continued to express interest in selling the station to Sinclair. ABRY then signed an LMA directly with Sinclair for WNUV and WVTV, concurrently with the company selling two stations outright to the firm. With the LMA in place, Scripps ultimately decided that continued protest was pointless and dropped its objection to a revised version of the sale, leading to WNUV becoming a Glencairn property.

Affiliations with UPN and The WB
WBFF–WNUV management opted to affiliate channel 54 with the United Paramount Network (UPN) over The WB when both networks began in January 1995 because UPN had more conventional affiliation agreements, specifying network compensation payments, than The WB. That network was forced to settle for coverage on local cable systems and a low-power UHF station, Towson State Television.

However, on July 21, 1997, Sinclair signed an affiliation agreement with The WB to switch the affiliations of WNUV and four other UPN affiliates to the network. The move put UPN on the back foot; the network contested the validity of the action in Maryland courts, where it lost twice. WNUV became a WB affiliate on January 16, 1998. One of UPN's corporate parents, United Television, acquired home shopping outlet WHSW (channel 24) and hastily relaunched it as UPN affiliate WUTB to give the network a continued presence in Baltimore.

The relationship between Sinclair and Glencairn received renewed attention in 1999, when the company sought to acquire more stations and the FCC detected contradictions in its financial representations. By this time, Edwards only owned three percent of Glencairn's equity, with the rest being held by Carolyn Smith and trusts for the benefit of her grandchildren. In December 2001, Sinclair was fined $40,000 by the FCC for illegally controlling Glencairn. Sinclair filed to acquire WNUV outright from the company, renamed Cunningham Broadcasting, in 2002; it attempted again in 2003, when it appeared that the FCC would remove a restriction only allowing new duopolies in markets with more than eight independent TV station owners (which Baltimore lacked).

In 2006, The WB and UPN were shut down and replaced with The CW, which offered programming from both predecessor networks. However, Sinclair was late to sign an agreement with the network. The news of the merger resulted in Sinclair announcing, two months later, that most of its UPN and WB affiliates would join MyNetworkTV, a new service formed by the News Corporation, which was also owner of the Fox network; the core stations for this effort were Fox's UPN stations, including WUTB. It was not until May 2, 2006, that Sinclair entered into a deal to affiliate WNUV and five other stations it operated with The CW.

Testing new technologies
Since the late 1990s, Sinclair has used WNUV as a testing ground for new television transmission technologies. Sinclair was the first Baltimore broadcaster to start airing digital simulcasts of its stations, with WBFF and WNUV both beginning digital broadcasts on February 27, 1998. WNUV's analog signal on UHF channel 54 was shut down on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 40, using virtual channel 54.

In July 2009, Washington, D.C.-area TV stations became a test market for Mobile DTV, and WNUV was one of the participating stations.

WNUV received FCC authorization in 2013 to begin conducting tests of the OFDM-based DVB-T2 terrestrial television standard and other future television broadcast standards, with the aim of identifying the feasibility of next-generation standards for mobile device usage and 4K ultra HD; the experimental broadcasts began on the morning of March 27, 2013. The tests ran between 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. and did not interrupt cable reception; the lost programs were aired on a subchannel of WBFF.

As a part of the repacking process following the 2016-2017 FCC incentive auction, WNUV was reassigned to UHF channel 25 and was to relocate by March 2020. Because it did not have to wait for any other stations to move first, WNUV moved to channel 25 on September 1, 2018, to allow new spectrum licensee T-Mobile to begin operations.

WNUV's signal became the Baltimore market's ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) lighthouse station on June 24, 2021. As required by FCC rules, WNUV's existing ATSC 1.0 channels relocated to other stations in the market to preserve service to existing ATSC 1.0 receivers. In November 2022, Sinclair signed a memorandum of understanding with South Korean automaker Hyundai for development of ATSC 3.0 technologies in the automotive industry; WNUV began broadcasting information to support a demonstration of an in-car entertainment platform being conducted at a Hyundai dealership in Baltimore.

Newscasts

WNUV launched a 6:30 p.m. newscast in March 1997 called UPN 54 News at 6:30 (changed to WB 54 News at 6:30 in January 1998). The newscast shared the same news set and anchors as WBFF's 10 p.m. newscast; the idea of news in this evening time slot had been first floated in 1995. In January 2005, Sinclair replaced WNUV's 6:30 p.m. newscast with a new half-hour early evening newscast on WBFF, airing at 5:30 p.m. weeknights.

Technical information

Subchannels
WNUV offers four subchannels, which are broadcast under hosting arrangements by five Baltimore TV stations. To more accurately replicate the WNUV coverage area, the main CW subchannel is broadcast from two Maryland Public Television transmitters.

ATSC 3.0 lighthouse service
In turn, WNUV broadcasts most of the market's major stations in ATSC 3.0 format:

References

External links

1982 establishments in Maryland
The CW affiliates
Antenna TV affiliates
Stadium (sports network) affiliates
Comet (TV network) affiliates
Sinclair Broadcast Group
Television channels and stations established in 1982
NUV
Woodberry, Baltimore
ATSC 3.0 television stations

WNUV


Joseph Jonas (1845 – 22 August 1921) was the German-born Lord Mayor of Sheffield, England in 1904–05.

Background
Jonas was born in Bingen am Rhein, in the Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1845, and became a naturalized British citizen in 1876. The same year he married Lucy Ann Earle; they had five sons and one daughter. He had fled his home country in 1867 to avoid military service. He went to Sheffield in about 1870 to start a steel business. About two years later, Robert Colver of Western Bank joined him and the business became Jonas, Meyer and Colver. He prospered and with partners ran the Continental Steel Works, which by 1890 was one of the most successful in the area, particularly with its production of high speed steel.

He became a town councillor in 1890 and Lord Mayor in 1904. In 1905 he received a knighthood. He was a Justice of the Peace and a benefactor of the University of Sheffield, particularly the Applied Sciences, and also helped establish chairs in German and French.  His picture now hangs in Mappin Hall of the University, and his mansion became student accommodation, Halifax Hall.

Trial
In 1918, Jonas was charged with two others of conspiring to contravene the Official Secrets Act 1911 with regards to discussions about munitions with a German friend and customer in 1913. One of the defendants was released before the trial was concluded as there no evidence against him and Jonas and the other defendant were found not guilty of the main felony charges, but guilty of two minor misdemeanour charges. Jonas was fined £2,000 (equivalent to approximately £ today) and the co-defendant £1,000 and ordered to pay the prosecution's costs. Following his conviction, Jonas's Knighthood was removed in August 1918. In addition, his British citizenship was revoked, but he was not deported.

Death
Joseph Jonas died in August 1921 from a stroke. He was buried in All Saints Church, Ecclesall. His funeral on 25 August 1921 was attended by many local dignitaries, including the Lord Mayor of Sheffield, the local MP and representatives of Sheffield University and the local chamber of commerce. After Jonas's death his widow remarried, to William Clegg.

See also
Edgar Speyer

References and notes

1845 births
1921 deaths
People from Bingen am Rhein
Politicians from Rhenish Hesse
People associated with the University of Sheffield
Lord Mayors of Sheffield
Councillors in Sheffield
People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour
Date of birth unknown
Place of death missing

Joseph Jonas


Sesame Street: Old School is the title of a series of DVD releases produced by Sesame Workshop, featuring episodes from the early years of the PBS series, Sesame Street, plus highlights from that era. The first volume, 1969–1974, was released by Sony Wonder in Region 1 (North America) on October 24, 2006. The second volume, 1974–1979, was released by Genius Entertainment on November 6, 2007. The third volume, 1979–1984, was released by Warner Home Video on November 6, 2012. Each set featured three discs in a box set, with the exception of the third set, which instead features two discs.

The first DVD set was also released by Abbey Home Media in the United Kingdom on October 27, 2008, coded Region 2, and rated "U" by the BBFC. It has not been announced when the second volume will be released in the U.K.

While most DVD releases by Sesame Workshop focus on segments from more recent years of  Sesame Street, these DVDs are aimed primarily at adult viewers who grew up watching the series in the 1970s and 1980s and even comes with a warning for adults only on the package.

Among the most notable extra segments is one of James Earl Jones counting to 10 (which was actually created before production of the series officially began (it was a test film shown to children to gauge effectiveness of the format)), and Jesse Jackson leading a group of children in reciting his poem, "I Am - Somebody".

Given the format of Sesame Street, many of the animated and Muppets segments featured in this set, especially those seen in the first episode, would be replayed on the series well into the 1990s.

Included on Volume 1 is a half-hour promotional film from early 1969 hosted by Muppet creator Jim Henson's trademark characters Kermit the Frog and Rowlf the Dog that was created to sell the idea to potential sponsors. The second set features one of the test pilots that were shown to groups of Philadelphia children in July 1969. The third set features commentary on Episode 1316 by Sonia Manzano, an interview with Caroll Spinney, behind-the-scenes footage, an excerpt about Mr. Hooper's death from Episode 1839, and a narration of an on-screen version of the 1976 book; How to Be a Grouch, by Caroll Spinney.

On the first release, each episode is preceded by a newly made animated segment introducing the episode, featuring "Bob" (a blobbly-type human not related to Bob McGrath, done in the style of the era) telling his memories of the show, and how it developed; notably, the segment that precedes the first episode from November 1969 includes Bob reading a disclaimer warning parents that the DVD is aimed at adults and that these early episodes no longer necessarily reflect the most commonly accepted practices in preschool programming. This disclaimer is also used on Volume 2, where each episode opens and closes with new animated segments featuring the anthropomorphic typewriter created by Jeff Hale.

Alterations
Several segments were replaced on the DVD versions of the episodes because of rights issues, including a musical number by Stevie Wonder produced specifically for the show, 123 Sesame Street (this musical segment, cut from the end of the 1973 season premiere, was a rerun segment from an earlier episode from that year).

References

Old School
Television videos and DVDs

Sesame Street: Old School


The Florida Railroad Museum  is a railroad museum located in Parrish, Florida. The museum operates a heritage railroad and offers round-trip tourist excursions along six miles of the former Seaboard Air Line Sarasota Subdivision in Manatee County between Parrish and Willow.

History
The museum was founded in 1981 as the Florida Gulf Coast Railroad Museum, and has been operating weekend excursions out of Parrish since 1992. The museum is also active in the ghost town of Willow, where it has maintenance facilities. At Willow, there is a railroad spur that leads east off of the mainline to a Florida Power & Light Company plant. CSX Transportation provides rail service to the plant. The area of Willow is accessible from Willow Road east off of US 301. The museum has a fence around its facilities at Willow and cameras for security. It has constructed a new depot at Willow within this secured property.

The railroad line that the Florida Railroad Museum uses is a very small part of a 55-mile route that was built south from Durant to Manatee County and into Sarasota with construction starting in 1895. It was first incorporated in 1902 as the United States & West Indies Railroad and Steamship Company. It became the Florida West Shore Railway on May 9, 1903. On November 4, 1909, it was acquired by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad Company. In 1967, the merger of the Seaboard Air Line and the Atlantic Coast Line created the Seaboard Coast Line. The Seaboard Coast Line would later become a part of the Family Lines System. This would lead to the Seaboard System and that would become a part of CSX Transportation in the 1980s, although the segment from Durant to Willow was pulled up in 1986. The line is currently part of the CSX Palmetto Subdivision's Parrish Spur. It is Class I track with jointed, 75-pound rails.

The Florida Railroad Museum is one of three Official State Railroad Museums in Florida. It became a Florida state railroad museum in 1984 when it received statutory recognition by the Florida Legislature as meeting the following four criteria: its purpose is to preserve railroad history, it is devoted primarily to the history of railroading, it is open to the public, and it operates as a non-profit organization. It is open Saturdays and Sundays from 10a.m. to 4p.m. year-round. The train departs from Parrish at 11a.m. and 2p.m. on these days, and the excursions from Parrish to Willow last about an hour and a half round trip. The museum also offers specials events throughout the year such as Day Out With Thomas, Pumpkin Patch Express, and North Pole Express.

Rolling stock

Locomotives

Cars

Gallery

See also

Gold Coast Railroad Museum
Royal Palm Railway Experience

References

External links
Official site

Railroad museums in Florida
Heritage railroads in Florida
Museums in Manatee County, Florida
1981 establishments in Florida

Florida Railroad Museum


Geoffrey Burnand (1 January 1912 – 17 August 1997) was an English painter, theatrical designer and mural artist. His distant relatives included the 19th Century Swiss painter Eugène Burnand and Sir Francis Burnand, editor of Punch magazine from 1880-1906.

Biography

Early life
Geoffrey Burnand was born in Hastings, Sussex to an English father, a Colonel in the British Army, and an Irish mother. His first noted ambition was at the age of six, when he wished to be a composer. His father was not keen on such idea, as alluded to in Geoffrey's later recollection of his father's reaction when his ambitions turned towards painting: "My father agreed I could become a painter because he felt there was more chance of making a career in that field." His love of classical music would remain and serve as the basis for a series of later expressionist paintings, particularly after 1980.

Education
Geoffrey attended the Imperial Service College, Windsor until the age of 14½ when an agreement with his father enabled him to leave for Farnham School of Art, Farnham, Surrey. "We struck a bargain and I think it was a fair one. I could train to be a painter as long as I didn't let my hair grow long or let any of my funny friends from the Royal Academy walk across his barrack square." He studied at Farnham under the Principal Otway McCannell, A.R.A. R.B.A. from 1929 through to 1931.

He went on to study at the Royal Academy Schools under the tutelage of Sir Walter Thomas Monnington from 1931 to 1932.

Winning the prestigious British Prix de Rome award (Painting Category) in 1932, at the age of 20, provided Geoffrey with a scholarship to the British School at Rome. He studied the history and techniques of the Old Masters at the BSR from 1933 to 1935.

Further travel
The Prix de Rome award, in addition to providing a scholarship to the British School at Rome, also provided Geoffrey with the funds to make several study trips to Germany in the early-mid 1930s. It was on these trips he discovered the works of the German expressionist artists George Grosz, Franz Marc and Max Beckmann, the latter of whom he met in person during a trip to Berlin. He found considerable stimulus in their work and the influence of it latterly informed much of his own.

Military service
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Burnand returned to England and was ushered into the army. Having spent most of the previous few years of his life in Italy and Germany, it was difficult to now consider them enemies. He would later say "Then I had to go and fight them. Didn't think much of that." Following his attendance of Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Burnand was commissioned and would go on to become a captain and serve in his father's old regiment until the conclusion of the war in 1945. During this period he produced sketches and drawings of some of the troubling sights he encountered but only painted during periods of leave.

Scenic Painting
When demobbed, Geoffrey was determined not to return home without first obtaining a job. He went to his local rep, the Little Theatre in Nottingham (later to become the Nottingham Playhouse) and became a Scenic Painter. He had no prior experience of scenic painting but was hired on the basis of photographs of his work. While employed there he would have to paint up to three different sets every Sunday. Similar work followed at various other rep theatres including the Liverpool Playhouse and Royal Hippodrome Theatre in Eastbourne.

Regard for Burnand's work in the medium was sufficiently high for him to be hired to work at a number of famous opera houses, including the Royal Opera House in the London district of Covent Garden, Glyndebourne opera house near Lewes in East Sussex, and the Teatro di San Carlo opera house in Naples, Italy, on a production of Boris Godunov. He also worked on various panto productions and variety shows at the London Palladium and painted the original sets for a production of My Fair Lady in New York City, from designs by Cecil Beaton.

Film and television
Geoffrey painted audience stills for the BBC, which were used in early television programmes, and was one of the first painters hired by the fledgling ITV in 1955. He worked for over a decade at Wembley Studios in Wembley, London for ITV's London contractor Associated-Rediffusion (later renamed Rediffusion London).

In time he worked on a number of feature films. Examples of his work can be seen in Diamonds For Breakfast (1968) (including four large portraits of star Marcello Mastroianni) and The Pied Piper (1972) (including many of the mediaeval monsters in the dungeons).

Draftsman and portrait painter
Burnand was an accomplished draftsman and often-painted large multi figured compositions in the style of Max Beckmann. He was also an accomplished portrait painter. The artist painted almost exclusively on canvas, and signed his work with his initials. He lived at Bordon, Hampshire after the war and later moved to Little Baddow, Essex.

References

1912 births
20th-century English painters
English male painters
1997 deaths
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
People educated at the Imperial Services College
English muralists
Prix de Rome (Britain) winners
People from Hastings
People from Bordon
People from the City of Chelmsford
20th-century English male artists
British Army personnel of World War II
British Army officers
Military personnel from Sussex

Geoffrey Burnand


A lolcat is a common Internet meme  which is made up of picture of a cat with a funny caption. The caption is usually in bad English that makes fun of Internet slang. like chez and haz. "Lolcat" is a mix of the words lol and cat. Lol is internet slang for "laughing out loud."  A different word for lolcat is cat macro because it is a type of image macro.  The first time the media talked about lolcats was when Time Magazine covered them in an article. The article said that lolcats and other things like them are becoming rare. It also said that they have a "distinct...Usenet feel to [them]."

Image
Lolcats are pictures of cats doing something out of the ordinary quoted words in big, sans serif letters (letters without feet). Sometimes the picture is changed with a computer to make it funnier.

There are lots of different lolcat memes, like ceiling cat, monorail cat, and 'i eated a butter' cat

References

Internet memes

he:תופעת אינטרנט#Lolcat

Lolcat


Texan English or Texas English are the two main varieties of English native to Texas. A Southern American variety and a Spanish influenced one.

Texas English
In the eastern part of the state, there's what some call a Southern accent with a twist. This twist refers to the other southern accents which came to Texas throughout the history of English being spoken there.

Features include:

Monothongization of ai (i dipthong), making words like ride, dice and dike sound like rod (or rad), dace and dock. Such glide deletion is found in most varieties of Southern American English.
The cot-caught merger in which words like stalk and stock, are pronounced exactly the same.
The o in words like majority, orange and horrible is always pronounced like the o in whore rather than that in stop.

Tejano English
The second major Texas English variety is Tejano English - the Hispanic variety common in the southwest part of the state.

Features include:

 Dropping of t and d in words that end in these letters.
 Pronunciation of the i monothong as ee.
 Conversion of th to t or d, so called dentalization''.

American English
Texas

Texan English


Lower Shelton is a village in the civil parish of Marston Moreteyne  in Bedfordshire, England.
It is made of  Lower Shelton Road, Stratford Way, The Rickyard, Franklin Close and Chequers Close and another small close known locally as "The jetty" although there is no water in view. The area is made up of many sizes and types of houses of differing ages.

Shelton Manor is located halfway between the A421 and Upper Shelton and located close to the disused Shelton Farm.
The road is in a rural setting between fields with views of Lidlington and the ancient church of Marston Moreteyne. Near the top the road is crossed by a high voltage power line from Toddington switching station.

The last main housing estate to be built within the village was The Rickyard, which was completed in 2005.

References

External links

Villages in Bedfordshire
Marston Moreteyne

Lower Shelton


Mirzapur Cadet College () is a Military high school in Tangail, Bangladesh. Like other cadet colleges it  follows the national curriculum prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB) with English version and gives emphasis to extracurricular and co-curricular activities.

Location
Mirzapur Cadet College is situated at 90°9' east longitude and 24°5.3' north latitude. The Bangshi River runs through the east side of the college and on the south and south-west side the Barinda River flows. The Footjani River joins with Barinda River at the west side. It is on the edge of Tangail District, and the nearby Kaliakair Upazila in Gazipur District HQ is 3 km from the college. The college is 8 km south of Mirzapur town, 37 km south-east from Tangail city and 58 km north-west from the capital city, Dhaka.

History
After the establishment of Faujderhat Cadet College in Chittagong district and Jhenaidah Cadet College in the Khulna division the foundation of Momenshahi Cadet College (former name of Mirzapur Cadet College) was planned. The objective of the new college was to  prepare army officers for the Pakistan Army.

East Pakistan period
The then president of Pakistan Field Marshal Ayub Khan laid the foundation stone of Momenshahi Cadet College at the Mirzapur Upazila in the then Mymensingh District (now Tangail district) of Bangladesh on 29 November 1963. The foundation stone is still there on the wall of the main academic building of the college.

Major General Fazle Mukim Khan formally opened the college on 9 January 1965. The first principal was Mr. Michael William Pitt.

Academic activities started from that year with intakes in Classes 7, 8 and 9.

Liberation War period
After 7 March speech a violent procession by an angry mob entered the college campus on the 8th. Principal Wng Comd Sulaiman Haider Kayani closed the college then and sent all the cadets home. During the liberation war the college was opened in the first week of November 1971 with Mr Wahab as acting Principal.

Bangladesh period

Each year at thousands of  7th graders compete to earn the 50 seats available. Other cadet colleges were established after liberation war. Today there are 12 cadet colleges, including three for girls only.

Academic system
Cadets are enrolled in the seventh grade and continue their study for six years. The Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) is the final examination to pass.

Each class generally has fifty students. The Secondary School Certificate (SSC) and the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) examinations are administered under direct control of the Board of Education of Dhaka Division. Cadets secure top positions in board examinations each year. In this cadet college student apply for application to study .Written exam date of 2017: 6 January 2017

Departments

 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology

 Mathematics
 Bengali
 English

 Economics
 Civics
 History

 Islamic Studies
 Arts and crafts
 Geography
 ICT

In accordance with the National Education Policy, Mirzapur offers only the science and humanities educational sections for the cadets from the 9th grade. However, the cadets are encouraged to study science.

Photo Gallery

Infrastructure

Museum

The museum is situated just beside the Arts and crafts and Geography department. Some items are:
 Pictures of the historical events regarding MCC and the cadet colleges in Bangladesh.
 A map of the college.
The curator is Naina Akhter, Head of the Department of Arts and Crafts.

Dining hall
All cadets take their meals together in the dining hall. There are separate seating facilities for the prefects and the duty master generally known as the " High Table". Five meals are served every day.Dining hall prefect from class 12 nominatated by college authority lead the dining hall.

Houses

When the academic activities of the college started on 9 January 1965, there were only two houses - Jinnah (now Fazlul Huq House) and Liaqat (now Suhrawardy House) for students' accommodation. Later Ayub House (now Nazrul House) was constructed to accommodate more students. Points are awarded to houses on the basis of different house competitions. At the end of the year house championship is determined depending on total house points.

 Fazlul Haque House: is the first house and initially  named "Jinnah House". After the independence of Bangladesh the current name was chosen. The motto of the house is Search, Struggle, Victory. The house color is blue and the symbol is a tiger. It is also called Tiger's' Den.
 Suhrawardy House: is the middle house, named after the leader of Bangladesh Hussein Shahid Suhrawardy. The house color is red. The motto of this house is "Vini Vidi Vici". Initially, the house was named "Liaqat House".
 Nazrul House: is the green house, named after the national poet of Bangladesh, Kazi Nazrul Islam. The house logo is lion and so the house is also called Lion Castle. The motto of this house is 'Ever Erect is my Head', a line of a poem of Kazi Nazrul Islam. Initially, the house was named "Ayub House".

Mosque
There is a central air conditioned mosque where all the cadets say their evening prayers. The cadets also says their Jumma prayer there.

Hospital
Mirzapur Cadet College has a hospital for cadets and for employees. A full-time doctor from the Army Medical Corps is appointed along with assistants. All the medicines are free of cost. The hospital is open 24 hours to accommodate any special needs.

Critical cases are directly referred to the Combined Military Hospital (CMH) in Saver Cantonment.

Designer

The MCC Campus was designed by the architect Mr. Thariani.

Library

The college library is named Shahid Khurshid Smriti Granthagar, after the martyr of the Liberation War of Bangladesh who was a cadet of the college. There is a portrait of Khurshid Ali on the wall of the library.

The library has 18000 books, and daily newspapers and weekly magazines are available.

Clubs and societies
 Quranic Society : Members practice recitation of the Quran and are taught principles and significance of the verses revealed to Muhammad. They also study the lifestyle of Muhammad.
 Bangla Literary and Cultural Society : Members explore Bengali literature. They practice acting by playing characters portrayed by Bengali dramatists. Also poetry recitation, debate and extempore speeches are practiced.
 English Society : The society generates enthusiasm for English language and literature and further the cadet's ability to use English. Members practice recitation, elocution, public speaking and debate.
 Geography Society
 Hiking Club
 Photography Club
 Biology Club
 Natural Study Club
 Physics Club
 Chemistry Club
 Computer Club
 First Aid Club
 Wood Work Club
 Music Club : The members of this club practice and play instruments under the guidance of a music teacher. It includes practice on Tagore song, Nazrul song, Rural (Bangla-পল্লী) song, modern song, classical song and band song as well.
 General Knowledge and Current Affairs Club
 Arts and Crafts Club
 Robotics and Programming Club
 ROAR- Enlighten, Entertain, Encourage : ROAR is an independent public speaking platform organized on a monthly basis, by cadets

First administration
 Principal: Mr. Michael William Pitt
 Adjutant: Captain Sayed Ali Ansar
 Doctor: Dr. Hafizul Hasan
 Vice Principal: Professor A Wahab
 House Masters:
 Jinnah (now Fazlul Huq) House: Mr. Abdul Gafur
 Liaquat (now Suhrawardy) House: Mr. Saifuddin Ahmed
 Ayub (now Nazrul) House: Mr. Masud Hasan
 OIC, Dining Hall: Mr. R M M Yakub
 Senior Cadet: Jahangir Haque (also called College Captain, now entitled as College Prefect)
 College Cultural Prefect: Ziaur Rahman
 College Dining Hall Prefect: M M Matin
 House Leaders:
 Fazlul Huq House: Zia Uddin Ahmed
 Suhrawardy House: Zia Uddin Ahmed
 Nazrul House: Yousuf Habibur Rahman
 Official activities began from: 7 January 1965

Current administration
 Principal: Colonel Reaz Ahmed Chowdhury, PBGM, psc
 Vice Principal: Mr. Md. Kamruzzaman
 Adjutant: Major Abu Saleh Md. Yahya, BIR
 Medical Officer: Capt. Md Alauddin Saddam, AMC
 OIC, Dining Hall: Md Samsuzzaman
 College Prefect: Cadet Tasfin
 House Leaders:
 Fazlul Huq House: Cadet Munna
 Suhrawardy House: Cadet Shefaur
 Nazrul House: Cadet Fahad

Notable alumni
 Lieutenant General Sina Ibn Jamali,(retd), last served as Commandant of the National Defense College,
 Major General(Retd.) Md Saiful Abedin
 Atiur Rahman, economist, former governor of Bangladesh Bank,
 General Md Abdul Mubeen, Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army.
 Ahmed Ataul Hakeem, 10th Comptroller and Auditor General of Bangladesh.
 Alamgir, pop singer
 Shahaduz Zaman (Notable writer of Bangladesh and a medical anthropologist working at the university of Glasgow)

References

External links

 Mirzapur Cadet College, website maintained by Bangladesh Army

Military high schools
1963 establishments in East Pakistan
Educational institutions established in 1963
Cadet colleges in Bangladesh
Schools in Tangail District
Educational Institutions affiliated with Bangladesh Army

Mirzapur Cadet College


Takobeya is a room. When Japanese bureaucrats make a new law, they establish a takobeya. In general, 5-6 bureaucrats are gathered in takobeya to make a new law. Mainly a takobeya is changed from a conference room in the buildings of central government ministries.

Originally, takobeya means an accommodation hut for harsh labors at construction sites in the Meiji period. The work of bureaucrats in takobeya for laws are so harsh that bureaucrats call their room "Takobeya".

Government of Japan
Japanese language
Rooms

Takobeya (Japanese bureaucrats)


Greg Baldwin (born September 13, 1960 in Grants, New Mexico) is an American actor and voice actor. Raised in Spring, Texas, he currently lives in the San Fernando Valley with Melissa Baldwin twenty-five year old wife and their two children, Sydney and Cooper.

He has worked in the theatre extensively, appearing as (among others) Mushnik in Little Shop Of Horrors, Dr. Zubritsky in Neil Simon's Fools and Count Otto Von Bruno in Bullshot Crummond. He is also a voice actor, with some of his roles including Boris The Cosmonaut Monkey in Brandy & Mr. Whiskers, Daddy Bailey in Xiaolin Showdown and Jack M. Crazyfish in Spongebob SquarePants.  His voice can also be heard in many video games, such as Rainbow 6: Lockdown, F.E.A.R. and Bioshock, among others.  He was chosen to take over the roles of Iroh on Avatar: The Last Airbender and Aku of the final season of Samurai Jack after the death of the original voice actor, Mako. He also voices the ancient Jedi Master Tera Sinube on Star Wars: The Clone Wars.

Greg Baldwin attended the University of Houston.

Other websites

1960 births
Living people
American voice actors
American stage actors

Greg Baldwin


Donato Squicciarini (24 April 1927 – 5 March 2006) was an Italian Catholic archbishop who acted as Nuncio to Austria from 1989 to 2002.

Squicciarini was born at Altamura, Apulia on 24 April 1927. He was ordained priest 12 April 1952, and ordained bishop and titular Archbishop of Tiburnia 26 Nov 1978. He was Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Gabon, Cameroun, and Equatorial Guinea from 1981 till 1989, and Apostolic Nuncio to Austria  from 1 July 1989 until retirement on 8 October 2002.

He was involved in a controversy about an Order of Pius IX conferred on Kurt Waldheim. Donato Squicciarini received the "Austrian Decoration of Honor" in 2000. He died in Rome on 5 March 2006.

References

1927 births
2006 deaths
People from Altamura
Apostolic Nuncios to Burundi
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
21st-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Apostolic Nuncios to Austria
Apostolic Nuncios to Gabon
Apostolic Nuncios to Cameroon
Apostolic Nuncios to Equatorial Guinea
Italian expatriates in Austria
Italian expatriates in Cameroon
Italian expatriates in Gabon
Italian expatriates in Equatorial Guinea

Donato Squicciarini


Elżbieta Ettinger (September 19, 1924 – March 12, 2005) was a Polish-American Jewish writer.

Early life and education
The daughter of Emmanuel Ettinger and Regina Stahl, she was born in Łódź. Along with her family, she was transferred to the Warsaw Ghetto but in 1942, she was able to escape the ghetto with the help of her mother and, using forged identity papers, adopted the name Elżbieta Chodakowska. She worked with the Polish resistance during World War II. In 1946, she received a degree in English and German philology from Jagellonian University and, in 1949, a MA in English philology from Warsaw University. In 1966, she earned a PhD in English and American literature from Warsaw University.

Career
She worked at various jobs in post-war Poland, including journalism, translation, editing and research. Her career in Poland took a downturn after she refused a permanent post in the country's National Security office and she sought employment in the United States. Rising anti-Semitism in Poland at the time may have also contributed to her departure. From 1967 to 1974, she was a senior fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. From 1975 to 1996, she was a professor of writing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; she helped establish the program in writing and humanistic studies there. Ettinger and her daughter later became American citizens. She also taught at the Pine Manor College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts from 1971 to 1973 and at the Harvard Extension School from 1972 to 1973.

Ettinger described her experiences during World War II in her first novel Kindergarten published in 1968. Her second novel Quicksand, published in 1989, described her life in post-war Poland. In 1987, she published a biography Rosa Luxemburg, A Life. In 1995, she published the controversial work, Hannah Arendt-Martin Heidegger about the relationship between a Jewish philosopher and her Nazi mentor.

Personal life
In 1943, she married Gierek, a partisan sympathizer. The couple separated after the war and she had a relationship with university professor Manfred Lachs; they had a daughter.

Ettinger died of heart failure at home in Cambridge at the age of 80.

References

Bibliography

1924 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American biographers
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American women writers
American women biographers
American women novelists
Harvard Extension School faculty
Jewish American novelists
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty
People from Łódź
Polish emigrants to the United States
University of Warsaw alumni
Warsaw Ghetto inmates

Elzbieta Ettinger


Boris is a song by The Melvins on their 1991 album, Bullhead. The song is a fan favorite and appears on the Melvins retrospective album/book Neither Here nor There and the live album Alive at the Fucker Club. The Japanese doom/drone metal band Boris named themselves after this song. The Boris song "Vomitself" from their album Amplifier Worship has a similar but slower riff at the start of the song.

The song was covered by Isis and Agoraphobic Nosebleed on the 2005 tribute album We Reach: The Music of the Melvins, and by Boris and Japanese noise musician Merzbow on their 2020 collaborative album 2R0I2P0.

References

Melvins songs
1991 songs

Boris (song)


Middlesex County is a rural county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. According to the Canada 2011 Census, it had a population of 70,796. The county seat is in the city of London, even though London is politically independent of the county.

Middlesex County has eight incorporated municipalites: Adelaide Metcalfe, Lucan Biddulph, Middlesex Centre, Newbury, North Middlesex, Southwest Middlesex, Strathroy-Caradoc, and Thames Centre. There are also three reservations of the First Nations in the county: Chippewas of the Thames 42, Munsee-Delaware 1, and Onedia 41.

Counties of Ontario

Middlesex County, Ontario


Samuel Stienneck Willaman (April 4, 1890 – August 18, 1935) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at Iowa State University (1922–1925), Ohio State University (1929–1933), and Western Reserve University (1934), compiling a career college football record of 47–26–9. At Iowa State, Willaman integrated the team by playing Jack Trice.

Playing career
In college, Willaman played for Ohio State at end, halfback, and fullback. He lettered in 1911 and 1913. In 1913 he was named All-Ohio. In 1921 he was selected to the Ohio State football all-time team at second-team halfback behind Chic Harley and Pete Stinchcomb.

While a student at Ohio State, Willaman was a member of the Sigma Pi Fraternity. After graduating in 1915, he became a high school football head coach. He had earlier coached at a high school in Alliance, Ohio, and in 1915 he was hired as head coach at Cleveland's East Technical High School. At this time he also began playing halfback for Peggy Parratt's Akron Indians football team. Playing professional football was not forbidden in Willaman's East Tech contract, but playing football for money was frowned upon at the time in academic circles. For this reason, Willaman played professionally under the name "Sam Williams".

In 1917, Willaman joined the Canton Bulldogs, where he played with Jim Thorpe. In Canton, Willaman moved to end, the position where he had started his college playing career. He was also Thorpe's backup at halfback. The Bulldogs finished the season 9–1 and won the championship of the "Ohio League", which was the direct predecessor to the National Football League.

Coaching career
World War I disrupted professional football, and Willaman began focusing primarily on coaching. His success at East Tech caught the attention of colleges.

Iowa State
In 1922 he took the head coaching position at Iowa State University. Willaman was the 13th head football coach for the Iowa State University Cyclones, and held that position for four seasons, from 1922 until 1925. At the time Willaman came to Iowa State, the school had not had much success in football; they had employed three head coaches in the prior three years. In his first season, Willaman's team finished with a 2–6 record, but posted a winning record in each of the three years that followed. His career coaching record at Iowa state was 14–15–3. This ranks him 16th in total wins and 13th in winning percentage in Iowa State football history.

When Willaman first arrived at Iowa state, he brought with him six of his East Tech players, including an African-American named Jack Trice. Trice was the first African-American player at Iowa State, and one of the first to play college football in that region of the country. Trice suffered a severe injury during a game at the University of Minnesota in 1923, and died from complications. In 1999, Iowa State University's Cyclone Stadium was renamed Jack Trice Stadium in his honor.

Ohio State
In 1926, Willaman's former coach at Ohio State, John Wilce, invited him to return to his alma mater as an assistant coach. Wilce designated Willaman as his successor. Following the 1928 season, Wilce resigned. Immediately following, Notre Dame's coach Knute Rockne informed Ohio State that he was interested in the position. Rockne was trying to get a better deal at Notre Dame and was using the open Ohio State job as leverage. Willaman waited while Ohio State and Rockne negotiated. Ultimately, Rockne stayed at Notre Dame, and Ohio State hired Willaman.

Willaman posted a 26–10–4 record at Ohio State. The Dunkel College Football Index named Willaman's 1933 Ohio State team as the best that season in the country. Despite his success, Willaman's teams were accused of underperforming. Despite fielding many All-American players, including the legendary Wes Fesler, Ohio State never won a Big Ten Conference title under Willaman. Worse, he held a losing record (2–3) against the Buckeyes' arch rival, Michigan. Yielding to pressure, Willaman resigned after the 1933 season to take the head coaching position at Western Reserve University.

Western Reserve

Willaman coached Western Reserve, present-day Case Western Reserve University, to a 7–1–1 record in 1934, including winning the school's first Cleveland Big Four Conference title with a perfect 3–0 league record. He set up what would be the last matchup between the Ohio State Buckeyes and the Western Reserve Red Cats, which was held at League Park. Western Reserve was also the last Ohio opponent played by Ohio State for nearly six decades, until again in 1992 against Bowling Green. Willaman's coaching career at Western Reserve was tragically cut short, when he died following an emergency operation on August 18, 1935.

Head coaching record

College

References

External links

1890 births
1935 deaths
American football ends
American football fullbacks
American football halfbacks
Case Western Spartans football coaches
Iowa State Cyclones football coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
Akron Indians (Ohio League) players
Canton Bulldogs (Ohio League) players
High school football coaches in Ohio
People from Salem, Ohio
Coaches of American football from Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio

Sam Willaman


The grunt gallery is a Canadian artist-run centre, founded in 1984 and located in Vancouver, British Columbia. They show work by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists.

History
Established in 1984, and founded by Glenn Alteen, Kempton Dexter, Danielle Peacock, Susan MacKinley, Garry Ross, Dawn Richards, Billy Gene, Hillary Wood, and Daniel Olson. The grunt gallery was part of the second generation of Vancouver's artist-run centres, such as Main Exit (1980–84), Unit/Pitt (1980-), Reflections (1982–83), Or Gallery (1983-), (N)on Commercial (1984–1985), the Convertible Showroom (1984–86), Artspeak (1986-), Clochard (1987-) and Gallery T.O.O (1988–89).

The first meetings for the Vancouver Fringe Festival happened at grunt gallery in 1985 and grunt was a venue for the festival until 1989. From 1987 until 1994 singer Kate Hammett Vaughan and guitarist Ron Samworth produce a weekly jazz improv series called Jazz in the Gallery. After 1990 grunt developed a number of Performance Series that ran at the same time as the Vancouver Fringe Festival including the 1990 Vancouver Performance Art Series, 1991 The Chicago Series, Performance Poets Series Masque of the Red Death and 1992 First Nations Performance Series. In 1993 Queer City Festival and Two Spirit Performance Series were produced. In 1994, grunt and artist Pat Beaton produced the Mount Pleasant Community Fence, one of Vancouver's first engaged public art projects. In 1995, grunt produced the series Halfbred, that focused on issues of miscegenation, bisexuality and transgender communities with the Pitt Gallery. This is also the year when grunt obtained its own space. In 1996, production of the Mattering Map by Pia Masse, another engaged community public art focused on the working class diners of East Vancouver. In 1999, grunt produced Live at the End of the Century, a six-week performance festival celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Living Art Festival in 1979. Thanks to this event's success, grunt created "Live Biennial of Performance Art" in 2001, which still exists today. In 2008, grunt produced the Medicine Project, a website by Dana Claxton and Tania Willard. In 2009, the Vancouver Art in the 60's web site was produced  by Lorna Brown with the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery at UBC. In 2010, grunt launched Media Lab Campaign and Activating The Archive Project begins. In 2011, the Media lab opened and ATA series of web site projects were developed. grunt gallery has exhibited artists such as Rebecca Belmore, Syrus Marcus Ware, Derya Akay, Aileen Bahmanipour, and Paul Wong.

Involvement in First Nations Art

With over 20 years work with the First Nations artists' communities, grunt's archive contains documentary reproduction of many works: performances on video, black and white photography and exhibitions on slides, more recently accompanied by digital photography. The gallery specialized throughout the 1990s in First Nation's artists of all levels of experience and media could exhibit their works. Among the important of the events developed by grunt gallery is, the 1997 computer generated performance "An Indian Act Shooting the Indian Act" by Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun.

In 2002, grunt gallery produced the conference, Indian Acts - Aboriginal Performance Art with TRIBE. In 2005, as a part of LIVE Biennial, grunt created the community project Nova Library and also its first archival Website First Nations Performance. In 2006, grunt gallery launched the First Visions Project with three websites, this is also the year when Grunt Gallery Legacy Endowment was set up through the Vancouver Foundation. In 2007, Live In Public- The Art of Engagement Conference and Aboriginal Creators Project with websites by Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun, Rebecca Belmore and Dana Claxton were created.

Beat Nation project

Working with a diverse group of artists and musicians, grunt gallery director Glenn Alteen initiated a project for an online gallery in 2008 and invited Tania Willard and Skeena Reece, Aboriginal artists and curators, both with ties to Aboriginal youth communities, to curate an online exhibition.  Beat Nation took off, and continues to grow, from an art exhibition and performance at SAW Gallery as part of British Columbia art scene in Ottawa, Ontario to performance art events with Beat Nation artists in Saskatoon and co-curator Skeena Reece's performance as part of the 2010 Sydney Biennale in Australia.

References

External links

Art museums and galleries in British Columbia
Museums in Vancouver
Contemporary art galleries in Canada
Art galleries established in 1984
1984 establishments in British Columbia

Grunt gallery


Katharine McCook Knox was an American art historian, best known for her history of the Frick Art Reference Library, and for curatorial work on presidential portraits.

Personal life
Katharine McCook was born in Washington, D.C., in 1889 and was raised in New York City. Her parents were Anson George McCook, a Civil War general and Secretary of the Senate from New York, and Hettie Beatty. In 1911, she married Hugh Smith Knox, the son of Senator Philander Chase Knox, but divorced in 1916. She had one daughter, Kathleen Knox Smith.

Career
Knox is known for her history of the Frick Art Reference Library, and for her work on presidential portraits, particularly on George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Early in her career, she catalogued works of art in the White House art collection during the Herbert Hoover administration. She also served as consultant for exhibitions at the Smithsonian Institution, the Phillips Collection, the Textile Museum, the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution Museum, and the Corcoran Gallery of Art, all in Washington, D.C. She was awarded the Corcoran Gallery of Art's Medal of Merit in 1966. A member of the Washington, D.C., Republican Central Committee and program chair of the League of Republican Women of the District of Columbia, she rediscovered a portrait by G. P. A. Healy of Abraham Lincoln, and convinced the U. S. Post Office to select it for a commemorative stamp during the Lincoln Sesquicentennial celebration in 1959. In honor of this discovery, the Lincoln Sesquicentennial Commission awarded Knox the Abraham Lincoln medallion in 1960. She served as consultant in 1963 for the book published by the United States Capitol Historical Society about the U.S. Capitol, We, the People. Knox was a Trustee of the Frick Art Reference Library.

Knox died in Washington, D.C., on July 10, 1983.

Publications
 Knox, Katherine McCook. 1932. "Washington and his associates". American Magazine of Art. XXIV (6): 399–408.
 Surprise Personalities in Georgetown, D.C. 1958.
 The Story of the Frick Art Reference Library : The Early Years New York: The Library. 1979.
 The Sharples: Their Portraits of George Washington and his Contemporaries: A Diary and an Account of the Life and Work of James Sharples and his Family in England and America. New York Kennedy Graphics. 1972.

References

External links
 Library of Congress Katharine McCook Knox papers
 White House Archives

American art historians
People associated with the Frick Collection
Frick Art Reference Library
Women art historians
1889 births
1983 deaths
American women historians
20th-century American women
20th-century American people

Katharine McCook Knox


Jearl Dalton Walker (born 1945 in Pensacola, Florida) is a physicist noted for his book The Flying Circus of Physics, first published in 1975; the second edition was published in June 2006. He teaches physics at Cleveland State University.

Walker has also revised and edited the textbook Fundamentals of Physics with David Halliday and Robert Resnick.

Walker is a well-known popularizer of physics, and appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Walker is known  for his physics demonstrations, which have included sticking his hand in molten lead, walking barefoot over hot coals, lying on a bed of nails, and pouring freezing-cold liquid nitrogen in his mouth to demonstrate various principles of physics.  Such demonstrations are included in his PBS series, Kinetic Karnival, produced by WVIZ in Cleveland, Ohio.

Walker was born in Pensacola, Florida, and grew up in Fort Worth, Texas. He graduated with a degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in 1973.

Walker authored  The Amateur Scientist column in Scientific American magazine from 1978 to 1988. During the latter part of this period, he had been the Chairman of the Physics Department at Cleveland State University. He appeared regularly around this time on the long-running CBC radio science program Quirks and Quarks.

From 1981 to 1982 he hosted The Kinetic Karnival of Jearl Walker, a six-episode series for PBS syndication in the US. In each 30-minute program he performed humorous demonstrations before a live audience. The show was distributed to schools as a teaching aide.

He is the first recipient, in 2005, of the Outstanding Teaching Award from Cleveland State University's College of Science. The College's Faculty Affairs Committee selected Walker as the first honoree based on his contributions to science education over the last 30 years. The award was thereafter named "The Jearl Walker Outstanding Teaching Award" in his honor.

References

External links
Walker's blog
His faculty profile which shows his photograph
Another photograph (in the middle)
Prof. Walker's essay about his stunts. Boiling water and the leidenfrost effect
Website of his latest book Flying Circus of Physics
Bed of Nails Demonstration

1945 births
Living people
21st-century American physicists
Cleveland State University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Science communicators

Jearl Walker


Harry Holden Adams (1918-1985) was an African-American photographer who worked for the California Eagle and Los Angeles Sentinel.

Life and education
Adams was born in Arkansas to Hunter Adams and Robbie Lee Evans Adams. The Adams family moved to Santa Ana, California where they eventually helped establish Johnson Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church. Adams attended Santa Ana College where he studied music and political science. He worked as a janitor for Santa Ana Recreation and Park Department while attending Whittier College until he was drafted into the Army, serving as a military police officer and eventually sergeant until his discharge from Camp Harahan in 1946. He then moved to Los Angeles, where he graduated from Moler Barber College and became a security guard for the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department. Four years later, in 1950, he attended the California School of Photography and Graphic Design and the Fred Archer School of Photography where he earned the nickname "One Shot Harry" for his quick work.

He later resigned from the Sheriff's Department to open a barbershop and studio at 4223 Avalon Blvd., which he would move to 4300 South Central in 1971.

Personal life
Adams married Marjorie Harris Adams in 1939 and had two children, a son, born that same year and a daughter, born in 1941. Adams and Harris divorced and he remarried Lorraine Proctor in 1956. Adams died from a heart attack in 1985.

Work
Adams' work was known for being "worklike and of-the-moment" but not dramatic or provocative.  The Los Angeles Times said that "His photographs captured everyday life in the city's African American community. His work also includes images of dignitaries such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, a young Tom Bradley, former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and many others."

Collections
Photographic collections of Adams' work are held at Yale University and California State University, Northridge.

References

Other websites
 Yale University Archive

1918 births
1985 deaths
African-American photographers
People from Arkansas

Harry Adams (photographer)


Anastasiia Kostiantynivna Mulmina (, born 27 April 1997) is a Ukrainian group rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2012 European Junior bronze medalist in ball.

Career

Junior
In 2009, Mulmina moved from Nikopol, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, into the School of Olympic Reserve until in 2011, she began training under the Deriugins School (also known as the Deriugina School). She competed in level 4 (Gymnast born 1996~1997) at the 2009 Pader-Gymnastics Cup in Paderborn, Germany, finished 3rd in the all-around ahead of Azeri gymnast Lala Yusifova. On April 1–4, Mulmina competed at the 2011 Junior Irina Deleanu Trophy finished 4th in all-around, she qualified to 4 apparatus finals: she ranked 3rd in ball and hoop, 2nd in ribbon, 4th in clubs.

On March 16–18, Mulmina won team silver medal at the 2012 Kyiv Junior World Cup with Eleonora Romanova. Then Mulmina and Eleonora Romanova competed at the 2012 European Junior Championships were Team Ukraine finished 4th, she qualified to 2 event finals taking a bronze medal in ball and finished 6th in clubs. On June 14–17, Mulmina burst onto the junior international scene at the 2012 Junior Irina Deleanu Trophy where she won gold in the all-around and event finals in hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon. On September 28–30, Mulmina together with teammates Ganna Rizatdinova and Viktoria Mazur represented Team Deriugins School at the Aeon Cup in Tokyo, Japan, Mulmina finished 4th in junior individual all-around finals behind Azeri gymnast Marina Durunda with team Ukraine taking 4th in the overall standings.

Senior
Mulmina debuted as a Senior in the 2013 Season, she won the all-around bronze medal at the Ukrainian National Championships behind Viktoriia Mazur. On March 9–10, Mulmina competed at the Schmiden Gymnastik International 2013 (Internationales Turnier Fellbach-Schmiden), she qualified to 4 apparatus finals: she won bronze medal in ribbon and finished 5th in hoop, 4th in ball, 6th in clubs. In 2014, she competed at the Miss Valentine Cup finishing 9th in the all-around and won silver medal in ribbon final. On March 8–9, She finished 15th in the all-around at the 2014 Thiais Grand Prix. She competed at the 2014 World Cup series finishing 13th in the all-around in Lisboa, 35th in Pesaro and 32nd in Minsk. She finished 3rd in the all-around at the Ukrainian National Championships ahead of Eleonora Romanova.

In 2015, Mulmina started her season competing at the 2015 L.A. Lights finishing 9th in the all-around. On March 14–15, she competed at the 2015 Baltic Hoop finishing 9th in all-around. On March 28–29, she competed at the 2015 Dalia Kutkaite Cup finishing 2nd in the all-around ahead of Mariya Trubach. On May 15–16, Mulmina competed in senior International tournament at the Holon Grand Prix taking bronze in all-around, silver in ball and clubs final. She later began competing as a member of the Ukrainian Group. She was a member of the Ukrainian Group (with Oleksandra Gridasova,
Olena Dmytrash, Valeriia Gudym, Yevgeniya Gomon) that competed at the 2015 Summer Universiade in Gwangju, South Korea. They won silver medals in Group all-around, 5 ribbons and a gold medal in 6 clubs + 2 hoops. Mulmina competed as an individual gymnast at the 2015 Ukrainian National Championships where she won the all-around bronze medal.

References

External links

Living people
1997 births
Ukrainian rhythmic gymnasts
Universiade medalists in gymnastics
Sportspeople from Dnipro
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Ukraine
Universiade silver medalists for Ukraine
Medalists at the 2015 Summer Universiade
21st-century Ukrainian women

Anastasiia Mulmina


A fifth is a unit of volume which was used for beverages, in the United States. It was called fifth, because it was the fifth part of a  US liquid gallon. This means, that it held . In Europe, it was soon replaced by a bottle size of 750ml, which is one of the common sizes for bottles of wine, sparkling wines, but also of many liquors. The size of 750ml is sometimes called metric fifth, because it uses the metric system.

Units of volume

Fifth (unit)


Web Authentication (WebAuthn) is a web standard published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). WebAuthn is a core component of the FIDO2 Project under the guidance of the FIDO Alliance. The goal of the project is to standardize an interface for authenticating users to web-based applications and services using public-key cryptography.

On the client side, support for WebAuthn can be implemented in a variety of ways. The underlying cryptographic operations are performed by an authenticator, which is an abstract functional model that is mostly agnostic with respect to how the key material is managed. This makes it possible to implement support for WebAuthn purely in software, making use of a processor's trusted execution environment or a Trusted Platform Module (TPM). Sensitive cryptographic operations can also be offloaded to a roaming hardware authenticator that can in turn be accessed via USB, Bluetooth Low Energy, or near-field communications (NFC). A roaming hardware authenticator conforms to the FIDO Client to Authenticator Protocol (CTAP), making WebAuthn effectively backward compatible with the FIDO Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) standard.

Similar to legacy U2F, Web Authentication is resilient to verifier impersonation; that is, it is resistant to phishing attacks, but unlike U2F, WebAuthn does not require a traditional password. Moreover, a roaming hardware authenticator is resistant to malware since the private key material is at no time accessible to software running on the host machine.

The WebAuthn Level 1 and 2 standards were published as W3C Recommendations on 4 March 2019 and 8 April 2021 respectively. A Level 3 specification is currently a First Public Working Draft (FPWD).

Background
FIDO2 is the successor to FIDO Universal 2nd Factor (U2F). Whereas U2F only supports multi-factor mode, having been designed to strengthen existing username/password-based login flows, FIDO2 adds support for single-factor mode. In single-factor mode, the authenticator is activated by a test of user presence, which usually consists of a simple button push; no password is required. In multi-factor mode, the authenticator (something you have) performs user verification. Depending on the authenticator capabilities, this can be:

 something you know: a secret such as a PIN, passcode or swipe pattern
 something you are: a biometric such as fingerprint, iris or voice

Regardless of mode, the authenticator never shares its secrets or biometric data with the website. Moreover, a single user's secret or biometric works with all websites, as the authenticator will select the correct cryptographic key material to use for the service requesting authentication after user verification was completed successfully.

A secret and biometric on the authenticator can be used together, similarly to how they would be used on a smartphone. For example, a fingerprint is used to provide convenient access to your smartphone but occasionally fingerprint access fails, in which case a PIN can be used.

Overview
Like its predecessor FIDO U2F, W3C Web Authentication (WebAuthn) involves a website, a web browser, and an authenticator:

 The website is a conforming WebAuthn Relying Party
 The browser is a conforming WebAuthn Client
 The authenticator is a FIDO2 authenticator, that is, it is assumed to be compatible with the WebAuthn Client

WebAuthn specifies how a claimant demonstrates possession and control of a FIDO2 authenticator to a verifier called the WebAuthn Relying Party. The authentication process is mediated by an entity called the WebAuthn Client, which is little more than a conforming web browser.

Authentication

For the purposes of illustration, we assume the authenticator is a roaming hardware authenticator (see below for other options). In any case, the authenticator is a multi-factor cryptographic authenticator that uses public-key cryptography to sign an authentication assertion targeted at the WebAuthn Relying Party. Assuming the authenticator uses a PIN for user verification, the authenticator itself is something you have while the PIN is something you know.

To initiate the WebAuthn authentication flow, the WebAuthn Relying Party indicates its intentions to the WebAuthn Client (i.e., the browser) via JavaScript. The WebAuthn Client communicates with the authenticator using a JavaScript API implemented in the browser. A roaming authenticator conforms to the FIDO Client to Authenticator Protocol.

WebAuthn does not strictly require a roaming hardware authenticator. Alternatively, a software authenticator (e.g., implemented on a smartphone) or a platform authenticator (i.e., an authenticator implemented directly on the WebAuthn Client Device) may be used. Relevant examples of platform authenticators include Windows Hello and the Android operating system.

The illustrated flow relies on PIN-based user verification, which, in terms of usability, is only a modest improvement over ordinary password authentication. In practice, the use of biometrics for user verification can improve the usability of WebAuthn. The logistics behind biometrics are still poorly understood, however. There is a lingering misunderstanding among users that biometric data is transmitted over the network in the same manner as passwords, which is not the case.

Registration

When the WebAuthn Relying Party receives the signed authentication assertion from the browser, the digital signature on the assertion is verified using a trusted public key for the user. How does the WebAuthn Relying Party obtain that trusted public key in the first place?

To obtain a public key for the user, the WebAuthn Relying Party initiates a WebAuthn registration flow that is very similar to the authentication flow illustrated above. The primary difference is that the authenticator now signs an attestation statement with its attestation private key. The signed attestation statement contains a copy of the public key that the WebAuthn Relying Party ultimately uses to verify a signed authentication assertion. The attestation statement also contains metadata describing the authenticator itself.

The digital signature on the attestation statement is verified with the trusted attestation public key for that particular model of authenticator. How the WebAuthn Relying Party obtains its store of trusted attestation public keys is unspecified. One option is to use the FIDO metadata service.

The attestation type specified in the JavaScript determines the trust model. For instance, an attestation type called self-attestation may be desired, for which the trust model is essentially trust on first use.

Support

The WebAuthn Level 1 standard was published as a W3C Recommendation by the Web Authentication Working Group on 4 March 2019. WebAuthn is supported by Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari and Opera.

The desktop version of Google Chrome has supported WebAuthn since version 67. Firefox, which had not fully supported the previous FIDO U2F standard, included and enabled WebAuthn in Firefox version 60, released on 9 May 2018. An early Windows Insider release of Microsoft Edge (Build 17682) implemented a version of WebAuthn that works with both Windows Hello as well as external security keys.

Existing FIDO U2F security keys are largely compatible with the WebAuthn standard, though WebAuthn added the ability to reference a unique per-account "user handle" identifier, which older authenticators are unable to store.

One of the first FIDO2-compatible authenticators was the second-generation Security Key by Yubico, announced on 10 April 2018. The first FIDO2-compatible authenticators with a display was Trezor Model T by SatoshiLabs, announced on 6 November 2019. Trezor Model T was also the first authenticator that allowed users to select which FIDO2 resident credential should be used directly on a device.

The first Security Level 2 certified FIDO2 key, called "Goldengate" was announced one year later by eWBM on 8 April 2019.

Dropbox announced support for WebAuthn logins (as a 2nd factor) on 8 May 2018.

Apple announced that Face ID or Touch ID could be used as a WebAuthn platform authenticator with Safari on 24 June 2020.

API

WebAuthn implements an extension of the W3C's more general Credential Management API, which is an attempt to formalize the interaction between websites and web browsers when exchanging user credentials. The Web Authentication API extends the Credential Management navigator.credentials.create() and navigator.credentials.get() JavaScript methods so they accept a publicKey parameter. The create() method is used for registering public key authenticators as part of associating them with user accounts (possibly at initial account creation time but more likely when adding a new security device to an existing account) while the get() method is used for authenticating (such as when logging in).

To check if a browser supports WebAuthn, scripts should check if the window.PublicKeyCredential interface is defined. In addition to PublicKeyCredential, the standard also defines the AuthenticatorResponse, AuthenticatorAttestationResponse, and AuthenticatorAssertionResponse interfaces in addition to a variety of dictionaries and other datatypes.

The API does not allow direct access to or manipulation of private keys, beyond requesting their initial creation.

Reception
In August 2018, Paragon Initiative Enterprises conducted a security audit of the WebAuthn standard. While they could not find any specific exploits, they revealed some serious weaknesses in the way the underlying cryptography is used and mandated by the standard.

The main points of criticism revolve around two potential issues that were problematic in other cryptographic systems in the past and therefore should be avoided in order to not fall victim to the same class of attacks:

 Through the mandated use of COSE (RFC 8152) WebAuthn also supports RSA with PKCS1v1.5 padding. This particular scheme of padding is known to be vulnerable to specific attacks for at least twenty years and it has been successfully attacked in other protocols and implementations of the RSA cryptosystem in the past. It is difficult to exploit under the given conditions in the context of WebAuthn, but given that there are more secure cryptographic primitives and padding schemes, this is still a bad choice and is not considered to be best practice among cryptographers any more.
 The FIDO Alliance standardized on the asymmetric cryptographic scheme ECDAA. This is a version of direct anonymous attestation based on elliptic curves and in the case of WebAuthn is meant to be used to verify the integrity of authenticators, while also preserving the privacy of users, as it does not allow for global correlation of handles. However, ECDAA does not incorporate some of the lessons that were learned in the last decades of research in the area of elliptic curve cryptography, as the chosen curve has some security deficits inherent to this type of curve, which reduces the security guarantees quite substantially. Furthermore, the ECDAA standard involves random, non-deterministic signatures, which already has been a problem in the past.

Paragon Initiative Enterprises also criticized how the standard was initially developed, as the proposal was not made public in advance and experienced cryptographers were not asked for suggestions and feedback. Hence the standard was not subject to broad cryptographic research from the academic world.

Despite these shortcomings, Paragon Initiative Enterprises still encourage users to continue to use WebAuthn but have come up with some recommendations for potential implementers and developers of the standard that they hope can be implemented before the standard is finalized. Avoiding such mistakes as early as possible would prevent the industry from any challenges that are introduced by broken standards and the need for backwards compatibility.

ECDAA was only designed to be used in combination with device attestation. This particular feature of WebAuthn is not necessarily required for authentication to work. Current implementations allow the user to decide whether an attestation statement is sent during the registration ceremony. Independently, relying parties can choose to require attestation or not. ECDAA was removed from WebAuthn Level 2 as it was not implemented by browsers nor relying parties.

References

External links
Web Authentication: An API for accessing Public Key Credentials
Web Authentication Working Group
Web Authentication API on MDN
WebAuthn Awesome

Authentication methods
Identification
World Wide Web Consortium standards
Internet security
Web technology

WebAuthn