This list of Honorary Graduates of the University of Leeds is a year-by-year list of people recognized by the University of Leeds for their achievements in their given field with an honorary award.

An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa (Latin: 'for the sake of the honour') is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived the usual requirements (such as matriculation, residence, study and the passing of examinations). The degree itself is typically a doctorate or, less commonly, a master's degree, and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution.

2020s
2023
 Anita Rani (DLitt)
 Ondrej Krivanek (DSc)

2022
 Nina Gualinga (LLD)
 Mark Tucker (LLD)
 Brenda Hale (LLD)
 David Grey (LLD)
 Eleanor Dodson (DSc)
 Alison Lowe (LLD)
 Rachel Skinner (LLD)
 Gillian Leng (DSc)

No honorary degrees were awarded in 2020 or 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2010s
2019
 Peter Dhillon (LLD)
 Jane Featherstone (DLitt)
 Richard Henderson (DSc)
 Lubaina Himid (DLitt)
 Michael Pepper (DEng)
 Norman Williams (DSc)

2018
 Kenton Cool (LLD)
 Mary Fowler (DSc)
 Peter Gibbs (LLD)
 Gabriele Hegerl (DSc)
 Alice Roberts (DSc)
 Jane Rumble (DSc)
 Clare Marx (DSc)
 Wendy Burn (DM)
 Robert Mair, Baron Mair (DEng)
 Iain Mattaj (DSc)
 David Olusoga (DLitt)
 Anne Owers (LLD)
 Christopher Senyonjo (LLD)
 Leslie Valiant (DEng)

2017
 Malcolm Brown (LLD)
 Anne Chamberlain (DSc)
 Grace Clough (LLD)
 Barry Cryer (DLitt)
 Karen Darke (LLD)
 Richard Farnes (DMus)
 John Hardy (DSc)
 Colin Low (Baron Low of Dalston) (LLD)
 Nicola Mendelsohn (LLD)
 Helen Rappaport (DLitt)
 Martin Rees (Baron Rees of Ludlow) (DSc)
 Andrew Shovlin (DEng)
 Paul Workman (DSc)

2016
 Athene Donald (DSc)
 John Fisher (DEng)
 Anne-Marie Hutchinson (LLD)
 Steve Jackson (DSc)
 Vivien Jones (DLitt)
 Wayne McGregor (DLitt)
 Peter Morgan (DLitt)
 Isobel Pollock-Hulf (DEng)
 Julia Slingo (DSc)
 John Stoddart-Scott (LLD)
 Andrea Sutcliffe (DSc)

2015
 Nicola Adams (LLD)
 Simon Armitage (DLitt)
 David Baulcombe (DSc)
 Margaret Jull Costa (DLitt)
 Ann Dowling (DEng)
 Arthur France (LLD)
 Peter Hendy (LLD)
 Howard Morris (DSc)
 Michelle Pinggera (LLD)
 John Tooke (DSc)

2014
 Michael Arthur (LLD)
 John Dyson, Lord Dyson (LLD)
 Jane Francis (DSc)
 Andras Schiff (DMus)
 Patrick Stewart (DLitt)

2013
 Alistair Brownlee (LLD)
 Jonathan Brownlee (LLD)
 Claire Cashmore (LLD)
 Stephanie Flanders (DLitt)
 Samuel Kargbo (DSc)
 Linda Pollard (LLD)
 Susan Solomon (DSc)
 Martin Wainwright (DLitt)

2012
 Onora O'Neill (LLD)
 Eliza Manningham-Buller (LLD)
 Keir Starmer QC (LLD)
 Ian Kershaw (DLitt)

2011
 David Stuart (DSc)
 Corinne Bailey Rae (DMus)
 Jonathan Wild (LLD)
 Sally Davies (DM)
 Peter Blake (DMus)
 Keith Howard (LLD)

2010
 Alan Yentob (LLD)
 José Ángel Gurría (LLD)
 Elaine Surick Oran (DSc)
 Ingrid Roscoe (LLD)
 John Sentamu (LLD)
 John Simpson (LLD)
 Lesley Dixon (LLD)
 Sir Stuart Rose (LLD)

2000s

2009
 Sayyid Saud bin Ibrahim Al-Busaidi (LLD)
 Yahya bin Saud bin Mansoor Al-Sulaimi (LLD)
 Nicola Brewer (LLD)
 Malcolm Chaikin (DSc)
 Bekele Geleta (LLD)
 Simon Mason (LLD)
 Sunil Bharti Mittal (LLD)
 Richard Mantle (DMus)
 Michael Nyman (DMus)
 Lord Oxburgh of Liverpool (DSc)
 Peter Robinson (DLitt)

2008

 Mark Byford (LLD)
 Albert Fert (DSc)
 Baroness Flather (LLD)
 David Hessayon (DSc)
 Sir Christopher Rose (LLD)
 Martin Scicluna (LLD)
 Polly Toynbee (LLD)

2007

 David Ansbro (LLD)
 Dame Josephine Barstow (DMus)
 Steve Bell (DLitt)
 Dr Sydney Brenner (DM)
 Arthur Cockcroft (LLD)
 Anita Desai (DLitt)
 Ruth Errington (LLD)
 Al Garthwaite (LLD)
 Mabel Parris (LLD)
 Harold Pinter (DLitt)
 Dr Piers Sellers (DSc)
 Professor Janet Thornton (DSc)
 Fiona Wood (DM)
 Tony Wren (DEng)

2006

 Lynne Brindley (DLitt)
 Gurinder Chadha (DLitt)
 Sara Courtneidge (DSc)
 John Elderfield (DLitt)
 Alexander Markham (DSc)
 Arthur Stone (LLD)

2005

 Bill Bryson (DLitt)
 Sir David Cox (DSc)
 Andy Kershaw (DMus)
 Dame Nancy Rothwell (DSc)
 Marjorie Ziff (LLD)

2004

 Zygmunt Bauman (Emeritus Professor)
 Maurice Beresford (Emeritus Professor)
 Jack Charlton (LLD)
 Duncan Dowson (Emeritus Professor)
 Tony Harrison (DLitt)
 Professor Dame Julia Higgins (DSc)
 Sir Ian McKellen (DLitt)
 Sir Kenneth Morrison (LLD)
 Baroness Usha Prashar (LLD)
 Professor David Rhodes (DEng)
 Ngugi wa Thiong'o (DLitt)
 Professor Sir Alan Wilson (LLD)

2003

 Anthony Hunt (DEng)
 Caryl Phillips (DLitt)

2002
 Dame Judi Dench (DLitt)
 Roderic Lyne (LLD)
 Paul Nurse (DSc)

2001
 Dame Betty Boothroyd (LLD)
 Susan Greenfield (DSc)
 Seamus Heaney (DLitt)
 Craig Jordan (DMed)

2000
 Melvyn Bragg (DLitt)
 Alan Bullock (DLitt)
 Jocelyn Bell Burnell (DSc)
 David Hockney (Dlitt)
 Jude Kelly (DLitt)
 Robert Ogden (LLD)
 Alan Roberts (LLD)

1990s

1999
 Jeremy Paxman (LLD)
 Murray Perahia (DMus)
 Jack Straw (LLD)
 Professor Sir John Ernest Walker (DSc)

1998
 No honors conferred in this academic year.

1997

 Harold 'Dickie' Bird (LLD)
 Ben Gill (DSc)
 Peter Gray (DSc)
 John Hougham (LLD)
 Douglas Jefferson (DLitt)
 Bill Kilgallon (LLD)
 Gerald Di Piazza (DEng)
 Derek Roberts (DSc)
 Nayantara Saghal (DLitt)
 Richard Sykes (DSc)

1996

 James Cronin (DSc)
 Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (LLD)
 Ernest Hall (LLD)
 David Jenkins (DD)
 Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller (DLitt)
 Dame Kathleen Raven (LDD)
 Ismail Zawawi (DEng)

1995

 Sir Alan Bowness (DLitt)
 Stuart Hall (DLitt)
 Sir John Houghton (DSc)
 Tom Jackson (LLD)
 Mark Knopfler (DMus)
 Professor Sir Hans Leo Kornberg (DSc)
 Lin Ma (LLD)
 Jean Muir (DLitt)
 Manmohan Singh (LLD)
 Lord Justice Taylor, Baron Taylor of Gosforth (LLD)
 Chad Varah (LLD)

1994

 Emeka Anyaoku (LLD)
 Margaret Atwood (DLitt)
 Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn (LLD)
 Sir Sam Edwards (DSc)
 Professor Sir Gordon Higginson (LLD)
 Raymond George Hardenbergh Seitz (LLD)
 Cecil Thompson (MA)
 Victor Watson (LLD)

1993
 Rev (Albert) Kenneth Cragg (DD)
 Maurice Godet (DEng)
 Anish Kapoor (DLitt)
 Dame Anne Laura Dorinthea McLaren (DSc)
 Sir Simon Denis Rattle (DMus)
 Edward Thompson (DLitt)
 Dr. James Walsh (LLD)
 Arnold Ziff (LLD)

1992

 Sir Frederick Charles Frank (DSc)
 Professor Stephen Jay Gould (DSc)
 Raymond Head (LLD)
 Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan (LLD)
 Professor Dan McKenzie (DSc)
 Cristopher Mowll (LLD)
 David Terence Puttnam, Baron Puttnam (DLitt)
 Merlyn Rees, Baron Merlyn-Rees (LLD)
 Dame Enid Diana Elizabeth Rigg (DLitt)
 Dame Fanny Waterman (DMus)

1991
 Denis Healey, Baron Healey (LLD)
 Rev. Trevor Huddlestone (LLD)
 Professor Walter Kunzel (DM)
 Sir Gordon Linacre (LDD)
 Janusz Onyszkiewicz (DSc)
 Pat Solk (LLD)
 Sir Peter Thompson (LLD)

1990
 Alan Bennett (DLitt)
 Barbara Taylor Bradford (DLitt)
 Lt Cdr. Allan Crockatt (LDD)
 Ray Cullingworth (MA)
 Ralph Goodall (DEng)
 Professor Yves Jeannin (DSc)
 Sir Gustav Victor Joseph Nossal (DM)
 Colin Sampson (LLD)
 Tōru Takemitsu (DMus)
 Sir Erik Christopher Zeeman (DSc)

1980s

1989
 Joseph Dickinson (MSc)
 Sir Joseph Gilbert (LLD)
 H Peter Jost (DEng)
 Professor Heinrich Noth (DSc)
 Tan Sri Rashdan (LLD)
 Esther Simpson (LLD)
 Caspar Weinberger (DM)

1988

 Doreen J Bayley (MA)
 Professor Richard Cobb (DLitt)
 Geoffrey Hill (DLitt)
 Susan Cunliffe-Lister, Dowager Countess of Swinton, Baroness Masham of Ilton (LLD)
 Roy McMurtry (LLD)
 Patricia Ruanne (DLitt)
 William P Thackray (LLD)
 Jean M Tyrrell (LLD)
 Professor Sir David Weatherall (DM)

1987

 Jack Ashley, Baron Ashley of Stoke (LLD)
 Sir Alan Ayckbourn (DLitt)
 Sir Lawrence Byford (LLD)
 Bernard Haitink (DMus)
 Professor Stephen Hawking (DSc)
 Professor Jerzy Kroh (DSc)
 Yves Lesage (LLD)
 Anthony J Moyes (LLD)
 Dame Margaret Kate Weston (DSc)

1986

 Professor Sir Geoffrey Allen (DSc)
  Reverend Professor William Owen Chadwick (DLitt)
 Janusz Fibras (DLitt)
 David Lloyd-Jones (DMus)
 Sir David Lean (DLitt)
 Sir James Wilson Vincent Savile (LLD) – revoked 2012
 Noel Stockdale (LLD)

1985

 Douglas Gabb (MEng)
 Emeritus Professor Irene Manton (DSc)
 Ronald King Murray, Lord Murray (LLD)
 John Piper (DLitt)
 Professor Robert Shackleton (DLitt)
 Douglas Shortridge (LLD)
 Rev. Gordon Wheeler (DD)
 Xie Xide (DSc)

1984

 Julian Bream (DMus)
 Professor Brian Leonard Clarkson (DSc)
 Richard Arthur Dalley (MSc)
 James Hanson, Baron Hanson (LLD)
 Sir Paul Leonard Fox (LLD)
 Sir Stanley George Hooker (DSc)
 Syed Ali Mohammed Husain Khusro (LLD)
 Emeritus Professor Owen Lattimore (DLitt)
 Sir James Lighthill (DSc)
 Sir Rex Richards (DSc)
 R. E. Rowe (DEng)
 Margaret Susan Cheshire, Baroness Ryder of Warsaw and Baroness Cheshire (LLD)
 Emeritus Professor William Walsh (LLD)
 James Westoll (LLD)

1983

 Imogen Clare Holst (DMus)
 George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy of Rhondda (LLD)
 Robert Stewart Rowe (DLitt)
 Roy Colin Strong (DLitt)

1982

 Stephen Towers Anning (MPhil)
 Willy Brandt (LLD)
 Denis Parsons Burkitt
 Sir Henry Chilver, Baron Chilver (DSc)
 Jacqueline du Pré (DMus)
 Derek Ezra, Baron Ezra (LLD)
 Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone (LLD)
 Ronald Stanley Illingworth (DSc)
 Leo Arthur Kaprio (LLD)
 Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (DLitt)
 Sir Rudolph Lyons (LLD)

1981
 Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington (LLD)
 Professor David Donnison (LLD)
 Sarah Gilchrist (MA)
 Robert Gittings (DLitt)
 Jean Philippe Inebnit (MA)
 Sir Alec Merrison (DSc)
 Richard Morris (DSc)
 Norah Smallwood (DLitt)

1980
 Dame Janet Abbott Baker (DMus)
 Reverend Henry Chadwick (DD)
 John Cedric Goligher (DSc)
 James MacGregor (LLD)
 Sir Denis Rooke (DSc)
 Sir Tom Stoppard (DLitt)
 Shirley Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby (LLD)

1970s
1979
 S.P.S. Andrew (DSc)
 Sir Robert Bradlaw (DSc)
 Baron Diamond of Gloucester (LLD)
 Professor M.E. Howard (DLitt)
 Dennis Irvine (DSc)
 Queenie Dorothy Leavis (DLitt)
 Lord Hunt of Llanvair Waterdine (DLitt)
 Baroness Seear (LLD)
 E.J. Read (MA)
 Sydney Percy Smith (DSc)
 William Taylor (DLitt)
 Professor Sir John Walton (DSc)

1978
 Reinhard Bendix (DLitt)
 Richard Wood, Baron Holderness (LLD)
 Sir John Charnley (DSc)
 Kristján Eldjárn, President of Iceland (DLitt)
 Professor Philip Grierson (DLitt)
 Dr Theodore Morris Sugden (DSc)
 Clement Charles Tapp (MA)
 Lord Arnold Weinstock (DLitt)
 Richard F Wood (DLitt)

1977

 Sir Kenneth Lyon Blaxter (DSc)
 Professor Sheppard Sunderland Frere (DLitt)
 Arthur Koestler (DLitt)
 Professor William Norton Medlicott (DLitt)
 Sir Claus Moser (PhD)
 Innocentina Tomasini Pearmain (MA)
 Lord Alexander of Potterhill (DLitt)
 John Collins Siddons (MSc)
 Edmund Williamson (LLD)

1976
 Claude Thomas Bissell (DLitt)
 Aaron Copland (DMus)
 Norma Franklin (DSc)
 Margaret Gowing (DLitt)
 Helena Hayward (MA)
 Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (LLD)
 Charles Rosen (DMus)
 Sir Rodney Smith (DSc)
 Lord Widgery (LLD)

1975
 Rupert Cross (LLD)
 Kenneth Fourness (MSc)
 Donald Hunt (DMus)
 Harold Macmillan (DLitt)
 Rosemary Murray (DSc)
 Charles Pannell (LLD)
 David Woodbine Parish (LLD)
 Stephen Roskill (DLitt)
 Arnold Smith (LLD)
 Professor Sir John Stallworthy (DSc)
 Humphrey Trevelyan (DLitt)
 Emeritus Professor Ronald Tunbridge (Dsc)
 Ralph C Yablon (LLD)

1974
 Pierre Boulez (DMus)
 Asa Briggs (DLitt)
 Richard Crossman (DLitt)
 Arthur Dower (LLD)
 Sir Reginald Goodall (DMus)
 David Hockney (MA)
 Sir Brynmor Jones (LLD)
 Alexander MacLennan (MEd)
 Frederick Sidney Snow (LLD)
 Andre Varga (LLD)

1973
 Kenneth John Bonser (MA)
 Sir John Francis Boyd (LLD)
 Arnold Stanley Vincent Burgen (DSc)
 George Sidney Roberts Kitson Clark (DLitt)
 Professor Sir Frederick Sidney Dainton (DSc)
 Jean Esther Floud (DLitt)
 Arthur Gilpin (MSc)
 Professor Sydney Goldstein (DSc)
 Harold Gray (LLD)
 Bernard Lyons (LLD)
 George Frederick Sedgwick (MA)
 Wole Soyinka (DLitt)
 Professor Julius Stone (LLD)

1972
 Baroness Bacon (Alice Martha) (LLD)
 Lady Barbirolli (Evelyn Rothwell) (MA)
 Nadia Boulanger (DMus)
 Sir Colin Douglas Buchanan (DSc)
 Sir Alec Clegg (LLD)
 Professor V.L. Ginzburg (DLitt)
 Vaughan Loach (LLD)
 Arthur Stanley Maney (MA)
 Victor Sawdon Pritchett (DLitt)
 Arthur Raistrick (DLitt)
 Baron Butler of Saffron Walden (DLitt)
 Professor Helmut Zahn (DSc)

1971
 Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon(LLD)
 Sir Ronald Gould (DLitt)
 Roy Jenkins (LLD)
 Sir Donald MacDougall (DLitt)
 Professor Sir George Porter (DSc)
 Georg Solti (DMus)
 Sir Roger Stevens (LLD)
 Dorothy Whitelock (DLitt)
 Professor Rudolf Wittkower (DLitt)

1970
 Geoffrey Crowther, Baron Crowther (DLitt)
 Clifford Curzon (DMus)
 Alexander Graeme Dickson (LLD)
 Kenneth Hargreaves (LLD)
 Sir Howard Lesley Kirkley (MA)
 Robert Lowell (DLitt)
 William Pitts (MA)
 Professor Tadeus Reichstein (DSc)
 Professor Bazaryn Shirendyb (DLitt)
 Professor Henri Talon (DLitt)
 Dame Janet Maria Vaughan (DSc)

1960s
1969
 Professor Philip Rowland Allison (DSc)
 Professor Damaso Alonso (DLitt)
 Frank Beckwith (MPhil)
 Sir Maurice (Richard) Bridgeman (LLD)
 Sir Derman (Guy) Christopherson (LLD)
 James Richard Gregson (MA)
 Donald Hopewell (LLD)
 Professor Sir Fred Hoyle (DSc)
 Sir Bernard Kenyon (LLD) Walter Pagel (LLD)
 Dowager Marchioness of Reading (LLD)
 Elizabeth Grace Watts (LLD)

1968
 Douglas Crockatt (LLD)
 Marie Hartley (MA)
 Harold Himsworth (DSc)
 Archer John Porter Martin (DSc)
 Davidson Sylvester Hector Willoughby Nicol (LLD)
 Nikolaus Pevsner (DLitt)
 Pierre-Paul Schweitzer (LLD)
 Eric Treacy (LLD)
 Lady Dorothy Tunbridge (MA)
 Sir Ernest George Woodroofe (LLD)

1967
 David William Currie (DSc)
 Sir Frank Francis (DLitt)
 King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden (LLD)
 Lord Jackson of Burnley (LLD)
 Sir Henry Jones (LLD)
 David Henry Lewis (MSc)
 Dame Kathleen Lonsdale (LLD)
 John Primatt Redcliffe Maud (LLD)
 Robert Mayer (LLD)
 Irene McAdam (MA)
 Mary Moorman (DLitt)
 Rasipuram Krishnaswamy Narayan (LLD)
 Jean-Paul Sartre (DLitt)
 Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (DSc)
 Julius Adams Stratton (LLD)
 U. Thant (LLD)
 Emeritus Professor Henry Cherry Versey (LLD)
 Joshua Samuel Alderman Walsh (LLD)
 Sir William Worsley (LLD)
 Sir Norman Wright (LLD)

1966
 Air Vice-Marshal Geoffrey Hill Ambler (LLD)
 David Curie (MSc)
 Baroness Gaitskell of Egremont (LLD)
 Sir Frank Kearton (LLD)
 HRH Duchess of Kent (LLD)
 Emeritus Professor Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell (DSc)
 Sir Alexander Oppenheim (LLD)
 Lord Stewart of Fulham (LLD)
 Mr Justice Geoffrey De Paiva Veale (LLD)
 Dame Fanny Waterman (MA)

1965
 Professor Saul Alder (DSc)
 Lord Edward Boyle (LLD)
 Lord Brock (LLD)
 Professor Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich (DLitt)
 Sir Charles Illingworth (LLD)
 Frank Leavis (DLitt)
 Shrimati Hansa Mehta (LLD)
 Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (DSc)
 Professor Johannes Franciscus Nuboer (LLD)
 Frederick Oppenheim (LLD)
 Henry Platt (LLD)
 Emeritus Professor Leslie Norman Pyrah (DSc)
 Sir Michael Kent Tippett (DMus)
 Canon Rowland John Wood (MA)

1964
 Elsa M. Carroll (MA)
 Harry Dawson (MA)
 Margaretha Albertina Maria Klompe (LLD)
 Sir Hans Krebs (DSc)
 Sir Simon Marks (LLD)
 Sir Harry Melville (DSc)
 Rt. Rev. John Moorman (DLitt)
 Baron Morris of Grasmere (LLD)
 W.T. Oliver (MA)
 A.D. Waley (DLitt)
 Leslie G Wilson (LLD)

1963
 Professor Alfred Gustave Herbert Bachrach (DLitt)
 Ralph Chislett (MSc)
 Charles Henry Crabtree (LLD)
 Frank Dawtry (MA)
 Lord Denning (LLD)
 Kenneth Onwuka Dike (LLD)
 Frederick George Baxendale Hutchings (MA)
 Col. Geoffrey Kitson (LLD)
 Lord Lever (LLD)
 Lady Mary Helen Oglivie (LLD)

1962
 Professor William Beare (LLD)
 Eirikur Benedikz (MA)
 Lord Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (DSc)
 Professor Edmund Charles Blunden (DLitt)
 Sir Christopher Cox (LLD)
 Charles William Duncombe (LLD)
 Sir Harry Hylton-Foster (LLD)
 Louis Harold Gray (DSc)
 Alexander Hollaender (DSc)
 Professor Alexander Mikhajlovich Kuzin (DSc)
 Raymond Laterjet (DSc)
 Professor Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (DSc)
 Alva Myrdal (DLitt)
 Professor Willem Jacob Verdenius (LLD)
 Very Rev. Eric Milner-White (DLitt)

1961
 Arthur Richard Baines (LLD)
 Professor Adolph Butenandt (DSc)
 Professor Richard Lester Cahn (DSc)
 James Percy Cocker (M.Ch.D)
 Sir Henry Hallett Dale (DSc)
 Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (DSc)
 Sir John Hammond (DSc)
 Barbara Hepworth (DLitt)
 William Jones (LLD)
 Professor Charles MacAfee (DSc)
 Sir Robert Menzies (LLD)
 Sir Jeremy Raisman (LLD)
 Sir James Wilson Robertson (LLD)
 Rev. Norman Snaith (DLitt)
 Martha Steinitz (MA)
 Professor Jens Waerhaug (DSc)

1960
 Ivy Compton-Burnett (DLitt)
 Barker Thomas Clegg (LLD)
 Philip Gooding (MSc)
 Sir Edwin Herbert (LLD)
 William Colley Monckton Matterson (MSc)
 Sir John Neale (DLitt)
 Sir George Sansom (DLitt)

1950s
1959
 Professor Alfred Ewert (DLitt)
 Sir Edward Hale (LLD)
 Earl of Harewood (LLD)
 Sir George Raymond Hinchcliffe (LLD)
 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (DSc)
 Sir Rudolph Peters (DSc)
 Jonas Edward Salk (DSc)
 Sir Phillip Manderson Sherlock (LLD)
 Sir Harold Smith (LLD)
 Norma Sykes (DLitt)

1958
 Professor Oene Bottema (LLD)
 Mary Lucy Cartwright (DSc)
 Frederick Donald Coggan (DD)
 Professor Sir John G Edwards (DLitt)
 Professor Peter Racine Fricker (DMus)
 William Harrison (LLD)
 George Kirk (MA)
 Professor Walter Von Wartburg (DLitt)

1957
 Lord Janner (LLD) Sir Ivor Jennings (LLD)
 Margaret Mead (DSc)
 Professor Gunnar Myrdal (LLD)
 Lord Ramsey of Canterbury (DD)
 Mary Stocks (LLD)
 E.W. Taylor (DSc)
 Lord Weeks (LLD)

1956
 Alderman/Cuthbert Lowell Ackroyd (LLD)
 Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (DSc)
 James Bryant Conant (LLD)
 Sir George Dyson (LLD)
 James Digby Firth (MA)
 Walter Freudenberg (DSc)
 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (LLD)
 Rev. Arthur Reeve (DD)
 Professor Sir Ian Richmond (DLitt)
 Edward Rickerby (MA)
 Sir Oliver Graham Sutton (DSc)

1955
 Sir William Linton Andrews (DSc)
 Major Philip Maurice Beachcroft (LLD)
 Sydney Clayton Fryers (MA)
 Lord Middleton (LLD)
 Emeritus Professor William Milne (LLD)
 Edwin Muir (DLitt)
 John Henry Nicholson (LLD)
 Dorothy Phillips (LLD)
 Joseph Slepian (DSc)
 Professor Bruno Snell (DLitt)

1954
 Duchess of Devonshire (widow of 10th Duke) (LLD)
  Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (LLD)
 Professor Evarts Ambrose Graham (LLD)
 John Hindley (LLD)
 Sir David Owen (LLD)
 Professor Wilder Graves Penfield (LLD)
 Fred Rankin (LLD)
 Sir Harry Shackleton (LLD)
 Sir Arthur Trueman (LLD)
 Sir Cecil Wakeley (LLD)

1953
 Professor John Baker (DSc)
 Goodwin Batterson Beach (DLitt)
 Professor Petrus Johannes Enk (DLitt)
 Margot Fonteyn (DLitt)
 Eugene Freyssinet (DSc)
 Thomas Girtin (LLD)
 Eric Craven Gregory (LLD)
 Professor Charles Huggins (DSc)
 Professor Christopher Kelk Ingold (DSc)
 Cyril Meggitt (MA)
 Lord Milner of Leeds (LLD)
 Alfred Prior (MA)
 William Hunter Rose (MSc)
 Viscount Herbert Louis Samuel (DLitt)
 Percy Scholes (DLitt)
 Ronald Ogier Ward (DSc)
 John Wilkinson (MSc)

1952
 Albert Herman Aldridge (LLD)
 Professor Marius Adolphus Van Bouwdijk Bastiaanse (LLD)
 Ernest Green (LLD)
 Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (DSc)
 Sir Eardley Holland (LLD)
 Wyndham Lewis (DLitt)
 Arthur Ransome (DLitt)
 William Riley-Smith (LLD)
 Sir James Turner (LLD)

1951
 Alderman David Beevers (LLD)
 Viscountess Margaret Boyne (LLD)
 Kathleen Chambers (LLD)
 Rev. George Armitage Chase (DD)
 Lady Helen Cynthia Colville (LLD)
 Dame Julia Myra Hess (LLD)
 Sir Hubert Houldsworth (LLD)
 Sir John Huggins (LLD)
 John James Ilett (MA)
 Gertrude Illingworth (MA)
 James Laybourn (MA)
 Dame Hilda Nora Lloyd (LLD)
 Thomas Lodge (DLitt)
 Lawrence Lumley (LLD)
 Sir George Martin (LLD)
 John Morrell (LLD)
 Angela Pery (LLD)
 Brigadier James Noel Tetley (LLD)

1950
 Sir Robert Birley (LLD)
 Lord (David) Cecil (DLitt)
 Lord (Francis Raymond) Evershed (LLD)
 Professor Barker Fairley (DLitt)
 Emeritus Professor Robert Whytlaw-Gray (DSc)
 Alexander Lindsay (LLD)
 Louis Harold Mountbatten (LLD)
 William Pickles (DSc)
 Major Walter Pothecary (LLD)

1940s
1949
 Phyllis Eleanor Bentley (DLitt)
 Professor James Couper Brash (DSc)
 Sir James Chadwick (DSc)
 General Dwight David Eisenhower (LLD)
 Arnold Trevor Green (DSc)
 Bernard Jones (LLD)
 Dame Lillian Penson (LLD)
 Emile Victor Rieu (DLitt)

1948
 Lewis William Douglas (LLD)
 Sir Percival Hartley (DSc)
 Rev. William Hughes (DD)
 Lord MacKintosh of Halifax (LLD)
 Dame Edith Sitwell (DLitt)
 Sir Bracewell Smith (LLD)
 Terry Thomas (LLD)

1947
 Charles Frederick Ratcliffe Brotherton (LLD)
 Professor Henry Buckley Charlton (DLitt)
 Andrew Browne Cunningham (LLD)
 Lt. General Sir William George Dobbie (LLD)
 Wilfred Joseph Halliday (PhD)
 Thomas Edmund Harvey (LLD)
 Lt. Col. Sir John Alexander Dunnington-Jefferson (LLD)
 Henry Mahony (PhD)
 Professor Sigurður Nordal (DLitt)
 Michael Polanyi (DSc)
 William Goodwin Senior (PhD)
 Croydon Whittaker (DSc)

1946
 Herbert Vere Evatt (LLD)
 The Viscount Leathers (LLD)
 Sir Frederick Pile (LLD)
 Lord (William) Slim (LLD)
 Arthur Tedder (LLD)
 Lord Waverley (LLD)

1945
 Sir Robert Anthony Eden (LLD)
 Elinor G. Lupton (LLD)
 Henry Moore (DLitt)
 James Francis Tait
 George Thompson (MA)
 Sir Henry Tizard (DSc)
 Gerard Veale (LLD)

1944
 Gordon Bottomley (DLitt)
 Sir Montague Burton (LLD)
 Jessie Kitson (LLD)
 Harold Whitaker (PhD)
 Sir Percy Winfield (LLD)

1943
 Col. Hugh Delabere Bousfield (LLD)
 Sir Charles Travis Clay (DLitt)
 Edward Victor Evans (DSc)
 Rev. Cyril Forester Garbett (DD)
 Margaret Storm Jameson (DLitt)
 Henry Raper (LLD)

1942
 John Winant (LLD)

1941
 Emeritus Professor Paul Barbier (DLitt)
 Emeritus Professor John William Cobb (DSc)
 Emeritus Professor Alexander Thompson (LLD)

1930s
1939
 Stanley Baldwin (LLD)
 Sir William Lawrence Bragg (DSc)
 Edward William Cavendish (LLD)
 John Whelan Dulanty (LLD)
 Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (DSc)
 Thomas Stearns Eliot (DLitt)
 Dowager Countess of Halifax (LLD)
 Sir William Holdsworth (DLitt)
 John Edward Humphery (LLD)
 John Kirk (PhD)
 Sir John Charles Ledingham (DSc)
 Rev. Charles Lunt (DD)
 Sir Charles McGrath (LLD)
 William Morrison (LLD)
 Frank Parkinson (LLD)
 Leonard Rowden (DSc)
 Sir Frank Stenton (DLitt)
 Sir John Stopford (DSc)
 Rev. Vincent Taylor (DD)

1938
 Rupert Beckett (LLD)
 William Sawney Bisat (MSc)
 Arthur Neville Chamberlain (LLD)
 Cecil John Turrell Cronshaw (DSc)
 Professor Alfred Fowler (DSc)
 Professor Edmund Johnston Garwood (DSc)
 Giovanni Gentile (DLitt)
 Walter Parsons (PhD)

1937
 Lord George Ranken Askwith (LLD)
 Viscount Stanley Melbourne Bruce of Melbourne (LLD)
 Professor George Stuart Gordon (DLitt)
 Professor John Jamieson (LLD)
 Joseph Jones (LLD)
 Rev. Frederick Wiseman (DLitt)

1936
 Sir Edward Bairstow (DMus)
 John Jeremy Brigg (LLD)
 Raymond Wilson Chambers (DLitt)
 Sir Henry Herbert Craster (DLitt)
 Henry Drysdale Dakin (LLD)
 Richard James Gordon (MA)
 Professor Arthur Berriedale Keith (LLD)
 Professor Frederic Stanley Kipping (DSc)
 Henry Lanchester (DLitt)
 Langford Price (LLD)
 Sir Josiah Stamp (LLD)
 Norman Walker (MSc)

1935
 Professor Harvey Cushing (DSc)
 Walter Elliot (LLD)
 Rev. Canon George Garrod (PhD)
 The Earl of Harewood (Henry Lascelles) (LLD)
 Ernest Rutherford (DSc)
 Emeritus Professor William Stroud (DSc)

1934
 Sir Robert Wilfred De Yarburgh Bateson (LLD)
 Emeritus Professor Joseph Shaw Bolton (DSc)
 Professor John Harold Clapham (DLitt)
 Beryl Katherine Gott (LLD)
 Sir Henry Stuart- Jones (DLitt)
 Arthur Mann (LLD)
 Sir Robert Muir (DSc)
 Elizabeth Mary Wright (DLitt)

1933
 Francis Askew (LLD)
 Frederick Delius (DLitt)
 Frank Elgee (PhD)
 Emeritus Professor Arthur James Grant (DLitt)
 Sir Charles Peers (DLitt)
 Sir John Simon (LLD)
 Col. Charles Harold Tetley (LLD)
 Sir Joseph Thomson (DSc)
 Elizabeth Winfield (MA)
 Henry Worth (MSc)

1932
 Sir James Hinchcliffe (LLD)
 Osbert John Howarth (PhD)
 Dame Ellen Musson (LLD)
 Professor Sir Herbert Read (DLitt)

1931
 Emeritus Professor Alfred George Barrs (LLD)
 Bertrand Dawson (LLD)
 Sir Walter Morley Fletcher (DSc)
 Arthur Hawkyard (LLD)
 Sir Frederick Hopkins (DSc)
 Sir George Newman (LLD)
 Sir John Bland-Sutton (LLD)
 Jane Harriett Walker (LLD)

1930
 Henry Crowther (MSc)
 Arthur Greenwood (LLD)
 Sir William Hadow (DLitt)
 Walter Hargreaves (LLD)
 Sir Owen Richardson (DSc)
 Rev. William Temple (LLD)
 Sir Henry Walker (LLD)

1920s
1929
 William Edwards (DLitt)
 Sir Algernon Freeman Firth (LLD)
 Rt. Rev. Walter Howard Frere (DLitt)
 Emeritus Professor Thomas Griffith (DSc)
 Lucy Lowe (DLitt)
 Charles Mayo (DSc)

1928
 Sir Albert Ernest Bain (LLD)
 Alexander Campbell (LLD)
 Edwin Kitson Clark (LLD)
 Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (LLD)
 Morton Latham (LLD)
 Walter Marston (MSc)
 Charles Onions (DLitt)
 Charles Rippon (PhD)
 William Thorburn (MSc)
  Henry Whitley (LLD)

1927
 Katharine Stewart-Murray, Duchess of Atholl (LLD)
 Fred Barraclough (MA)
 Frederick Orpen Bower (DSc)
 Thomas Robinson Ferens (LLD)
 James Graham (PhD)
 John Scott Haldane (DSc)
 Sir Arthur Keith (LLD)
 Robert Millikan (DSc)
 Sir Charles Parsons (LLD)
 Emeritus Professor Arthur Perkin (DSc)
 Sir James Roberts (LLD)
 Professor Nevil Sidgwick (DSc)
 Philip Snowden (LLD)

1926
 Emeritus Professor Percy Kendall (DSc)
 Sir David Milne-Watson (LLD)

1925
 Dame Sidney Jane Browne (Diploma in Nursing)
 Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles(LLD)
 Mary Rundle, (Diploma in Nursing)
 Sir Arthur Stanley (LLD)

1924
 Edmund George Arnold (LLD)
 Arthur Balfour (LLD)
 George Robinson Brench (MA)
 Col. Stephenson Robert Clarke (LLD)
 Emeritus Professor Julius Behrend Cohen (DSc)
 Emeritus Professor John Edwin Eddison (DSc)
 William Foot Husband (LLD)
 Sir Percy Jackson (LLD)
 Joseph Lowden (LLD)
 Professor Sir Berkeley Moynihan (LLD)
 Hannah Robertson (DLitt)
 Sir Michael Sadler (DLitt)
 Herbert Thompson (DLitt)

1923
 Sir Edward Allen Brotherton (LLD)
 Major John William Dent (LLD)
 Lawrence Dundas, Marquess of Zetland (DLitt)
 Frank Kidson (MA)
 William Mayo (DSc)
 Frederick Peaker (MA)
 Professor Arthur Smithells (DSc)
 Edwin Talbot (LLD)
 James Williams (LLD)
 Sir Charles Henry Wilson (LLD)
 Sir William Henry Worsley (LLD)

1922
 David Beatty (LLD)
 Henry Illingworth Bowring (LLD)
 Benjamin Broadbent (LLD)
 Maurice de Broglie, Duc de Broglie (DSc)
 Sir Dugald Clerk (DSc)
 Edith Bessie Cook (MA)
 Sir Frank Watson Dyson (DSc)
 David Lloyd George (LLD)
 Sir Richard Arman Gregory (DSc)
 Richard William Haydon (MSc)
 Rev. Bernard Horner (MA)
 Henry McLaren (LLD)
 Sir Arthur Peake (LLD)
 Carl Peterson (DSc)
 Sir Bruce Richmond (DLitt)
 Sir Charles Sherrington (DSc)
 Sir Harold Stiles (DSc)
 Rt. Rev. Thomas Strong (DLitt)
 Charles Francis Tetley (LLD)
 Professor Pierre Weiss (DSc)
 Archibald Wheeler (MA)

1920
 William Henry Barber (LLD)
 John Bickersteth (LLD)
 Rev. Canon John Neale Dalton (LLD)
 Peter Macintyre Evans (LLD)
 Sir Douglas Haig (LLD)

1910s
1919
 John Gilbert Baker (DSc)
 Sir William Henry Bragg (DSc)
 John Rawlinson Ford (LLD)
 Francis Vaughan Hall (MA)
 Sir Charles Holmes (DLitt)
 Sir Henry Jackson (DSc)
 Sir Alfred Keogh (DSc)
 Charles Lupton (LLD)
 John Mews (LLD)
 General Sir Herbert Charles Plumer (LLD)
 Sir Almroth Wright (DSc)

1917

 Herbert Austin Fricker (MA)

1915
 David Forsyth (LLD)
 Rev. Charles Hargrove (DLitt)
 Thomas Nelson (MSc)
 William Roebuck (MSc)
 Thomas Sheppard (MSc)
 John William Taylor (MSc)
 Harold Wager (DSc)
 Rev. Philip Wicksteed (DLitt)
 John Grimshaw Wilkinson (MSc)
 Thomas Woodhead (MSc)

1914
 Thomas Scales Carter (MSc)
 Emeritus Professor Henry Procter (DSc)
 Emeritus Professor Charles Vaughan (DLitt)
 Emile Verhaeren (DLitt)

1912
 Charles Carpenter (DSc)
 Arthur Cooper (LLD)
 Anna Paulina Eddison (LLD)
 Sir William Edward Garforth (LLD)
 Adolph Greiner (DSc)
 Sir Robert Hadfield (DSc)
 Rev. William Keeling (LLD)
 Thomas Newbigging (DSc)
 Sir Swire Smith (LLD)
 Kommerzienrat Friedrich Springorum (DSc)
 John Stead (DSc)
 Sir Corbert Woodall (DSc)

1910
 H. H. Asquith (LLD)
 Sir Hugh Bell (LLD)
 Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire (LLD)
 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (LLD)
 Francis John Haverfield (DLitt)
 Sir Alfred Hopkinson (LLD)
 James Lowther (LLD)
 Arthur Lupton (LLD)
 Sir Clements Markham (DSc)
 Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes (LLD)
 William Nicholson (LLD)
 Sir William Osler (DSc)
 Arthur Sidgwick (DLitt)
 John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (DSc)

1900s
1909
 Sir James Crichton-Browne (DSc)
 Thomas Walter Harding (LLD)
 Baron Lang of Lambeth (Cosmo Gordon Lang) (LLD)
 Ronald Ross (DSc)

1907
 Robert Collyer (DLitt)

1906
 Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt (DSc)
 Heinrich Caro (DSc)
 William Boyd Carpenter (DLitt)
 Alfred Grandidier (DSc)
 Albin Haller (DSc)
 Sir Charles Holroyd (DLitt)
 Sir Edwin Lankester (DSc)
 Beilby Lawley (LLD)
 Carl Liebermann (DSc)
 Carl Von Martius (DSc)
 Paul Pelseneer (DSc)
 Sir William Perkin (DSc)
 Sir Owen Roberts (LLD)
 Heinrich Rubens (DSc)
 Thomas Percy Sykes (MA)
 Herbert Hall Turner (DSc)

1904
 Sir Arthur Herbert Dyke Acland (LLD)
 Tempest Anderson (DSc)
 Alfred Austin (DLitt)
 Sir John Barran (LLD)
 Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell (DSc)
 Sir William Bousfield (LLD)
 Sir William Henry Broadbent (DSc)
 Lady Frederick Cavendish (LLD)
 Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire (LLD)
 Richard Assheton Cross (LLD)
 William Dalrymple Maclagan (Archbishop of York) (LLD)
 Sir Henry Walford Davies (LLD)
 Sir Edward Elgar (LLD)
 Rev. Andrew Martin Fairbairn (DLitt)
 Charles George Milnes Gaskell (LLD)
 Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (DSc)
 John Hughlings Jackson (DSc)
 William Jackson (LLD)
 Sir James Kitson (DSc)
 Henry Lascelles, 5th Earl of Harewood (LLD)
 Marmaduke Francis Constable-Maxwell (LLD)
 Professor Louis Miall (DSc)
 Sir Charles Hubert Parry (LLD)
 Lawrence Parsons (DSc)
 Sir Francis Powell (LLD)
 Sir Arthur Mayo-Robson (DSc)
 Sir Arthur Rollit (DLitt)
 Sir Arthur Rucker (DSc)
 Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (LLD)
 Thomas Teale (DSc)
 William Thomson (DSc)
 Sir Edward Thorpe (DSc)
 Claudius Wheelhouse (DSc)
 Charles Wood (LLD)
 Joseph Wright (DLitt)

Sources

References

Honorary graduates
Lists of honorary degree recipients
England education-related lists

List of honorary graduates of the University of Leeds


The Chrysler 200 is a mid-size sedan that was manufactured and marketed by Chrysler from model years 2011 to 2017 across two generations in four-door sedan and two-door convertible (first generation only) body styles.

The 200 nameplate debuted on the 200C, a prototype hybrid vehicle shown at the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit and based on the Chrysler 300. The 200C concept was engineered to accept either traditional gasoline, hybrid or full-electric powertrains.

First generation (2011)

The first generation Chrysler 200 was a restyled, rebadged and re-engineered version of the third generation Chrysler Sebring that began production in 2006. Although the JS platform, of Mitsubishi origins, had been retained, there were many cosmetic and powertrain changes to the 200.

The 2.4 L four-cylinder   engine with either a four-speed or six-speed automatic transmission carried over. Chrysler's new Pentastar 3.6 L V6 engine was also offered with a six-speed automatic transmission, generating  and  of torque. A flex-fuel version of the 3.6 L Pentastar engine was also available. Other changes included stiffer body mounts, revised suspension geometry with a softer ride rate, a new rear sway bar, and upgraded tires. The 200 was also more highly equipped than the Sebring. Chrysler added features such as LED lighting, thicker seat cushioning with higher quality materials, along with new measures to decrease noise, vibration, and harshness.

The Chrysler 200 was manufactured at Sterling Heights Assembly (Sterling Heights, Michigan) and arrived at dealers in December 2010. A 2-door convertible model was added in early 2011 with the same engine choices.

The 200 and its platform mate, the Dodge Avenger, were ranked the "Most American Made" sedans and convertibles by The Kogod Made in America Auto Index in 2013.

According to Edmunds' Acevedot, "by changing the name, Chrysler was able to let its midsize offering ride the coattails of the Chrysler 300 and to encourage consumers to think of the 200 as the younger brother of the flagship 300"; as an all-new generation of the 300 was released at the same time. Acevedot also noted that the name change has the added benefit of distancing itself from its predecessor, a vehicle notorious for quality issues and fleet pervasiveness.

In early 2013, Chrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne announced that the first generation model will be short lived and a redesigned next generation model would appear in auto shows January 2014.

Changes

2013

The 2013 Chrysler 200 Convertible featured revised suspensions. Prior to the 2013 model year, the suspension on convertibles was largely shared with the Sebring that preceded it. The softtop convertible now matches the sedan's revised suspension. The retractable-hardtop could not fully accommodate the changes because the stiffer suspension would have made the ride too harsh. The retractable-hardtop version was also updated to the steering rack and rear toe link that the softtop received.

In 2013 the S trim was removed and became two appearance options, S Interior and S Exterior options - that could be added to other 200 models. The two exceptions to this was the 200 S Special Edition and 200 Super S.

Mid-year in the 2013 model year, Chrysler unveiled the 2013.5 Chrysler 200 S Special Edition, made in conjunction with Carhartt. It was offered in sedan form only, and had a suggested retail price of $28,870. The car featured unique Mopar parts and suspension that were not offered previously, which lowered the car and stiffened the suspension. It also featured custom Carhartt embroidery atop the most premium interior options for the 200.

The 200 S Special Edition evolved into the 200 Super S the following year, with additional performance improvements.

2014
The limited edition 2014 Chrysler 200 Super S was a Mopar modified version and included two stages. Stage One enhancements include a chin spoiler, mesh upper and lower grilles with the upper grille finished in gloss black, as well as satin chrome grille and fog light trim. Side sills are included with gray or hyper black 18-inch wheels, while black chrome badges and satin chrome side molding differentiate the Super S. Additional satin chrome finishes include the rear light bar, as well as a new trunk lid spoiler and a matte black diffuser.

Stage Two enhancements are mechanical. A cold-air intake is fitted under the hood while a cat-back exhaust replaces the stock setup. A coil-over suspension provides a lowered ride height and a lower center of gravity.

Lancia Flavia

In Europe between 2012 and 2014, the 200 Convertible was rebranded and marketed under the Italian Lancia marque.
 Both convertible and sedan versions were displayed at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show as concepts, but only the convertible saw production. The Lancia Flavia was only available in left-hand drive markets, and thus not sold in the United Kingdom or Ireland.

Chrysler discontinued production in 2014.

Engines

Safety

Second generation (2015)
The 2015 model year Chrysler 200 debuted on January 13, 2014 at the 2014 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan. Based on the Fiat Compact platform, FCA (Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) used the long wheelbase version dubbed CUSW (Compact US Wide) for the second generation Chrysler 200. It is offered in four trim levels, LX, Limited, S as well as C — and is positioned as a mid-size entry intended to compete with Toyota Camry, Nissan Altima, Honda Accord, Mazda6, Volkswagen Passat, Chevrolet Malibu, and Ford Fusion.

Becoming available in mid-2014 as an early 2015 model year vehicle, the second generation debuted at the 2014 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan, and became available in dealership showrooms shortly after.

The second-generation 200 also had the best V6 horsepower the lowest drag-coefficient (0.27), and was the first car in its segment to have a dial-based gear shift.

The second generation is only offered in sedan form. Chrysler noted the declining demand for convertibles, and high costs to create a convertible version using the all-new platforms, as reasons for not offering a convertible version.

Models
At its launch, the 200 was available in base LX, Limited, sporty 200S, and top-of-the-range 200C trim levels. Midway through the 2016 model year, new Touring, Limited Platinum, and 200C Platinum trims were added in place of the previous Limited and 200C.

Production
The 200 continued in production at Sterling Heights Assembly with the plant's paint shop received upgrades to facilitate production. 2015 Chrysler 200 production assembly began in May 2014, a month prior to going on sale.

The 200 is equipped with either a 2.4 L TigerShark producing  and  of torque or 3.6 L Pentastar engine producing  and , both matched to a 9-speed automatic transmission. An all wheel drive system is available with the 3.6 L engine, including a fully disconnecting rear drive axle to improve fuel efficiency. The system detects adverse road conditions and engages, sending power to all 4 wheels. The system disengages when increased traction is no longer needed. The 200 would also offer a stop/start system to aid fuel efficiency with the 2.4 L TigerShark engine.

Production of the Chrysler 200 ended on December 2, 2016 at Sterling Heights Assembly. Chrysler restructured the 200's final model lineup to add new models and packages with fewer options for 2017. The new models debuted midyear 2016 as 2016.5 models. The new models included Touring, Limited Platinum, 200S Alloy Edition, and 200C Platinum, which replaced the Limited (Touring) and 200C (200C Platinum) models respectively. The 2017 model year production run was exactly four months, with enough dealer supply to last through midyear 2017.

Safety

Discontinuation
After its first year in production, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles CEO Sergio Marchionne said the Chrysler 200 would "run its course" under the current Compact US Wide architecture, pointing to the car being discontinued. While in his initial announcement of this news, he criticized the car's rear-door entry - some have argued this may not be due to the car's quality or success - particularly as the second-generation Chrysler 200 has been a high volume seller for FCA.

According to CEO Marchionne: "The 200 failed because somebody thought that the rear-seat entry point inside the 200 — which is our fault, by the way — is not up to snuff. The problem: The slope of the roof crimps the entry portal. The Hyundai which we copied [presumably the Sonata] has the same problem. We didn't copy the car, we copied the entry point to the rear seat. Dummies. I acknowledge it. Some people from design left some of their private parts on the table after we came up with that determination. But I think we're learning from this process."

Instead, more evidence points to FCA's stronger sales in trucks and SUVs being a primary reason for discontinuation. FCA also discontinued the Dodge Dart, FCA's other CUSW car - while maintaining production of the Jeep Cherokee SUV, and Chrysler Pacifica minivan, which are mechanically similar to the Chrysler 200, share a platform and many parts.

Marchionne had said that he would be willing to continue production of the Chrysler 200, if another automaker continued it - though he did not specify if he was seeking another manufacturer to produce the 200 as-is, or as a captive import of another vehicle. Either solution would not impact FCA's CAFE margins, thus allowing it to continue selling the cars while existing as primarily a truck manufacturer in the United States.

On July 26, 2016, FCA announced that Chrysler 200 production at the Sterling Heights plant would end in December 2016. After a short run as a 2017 model, production of the Chrysler 200 ended on December 2, 2016.

At the 2017 Detroit Auto Show, Marchionne explained the decision to end production, and not offer a replacement for the US or Canada: "I can tell you right now that both the Chrysler 200 and the Dodge Dart, as great products as they were, were the least financially rewarding enterprises that we've carried out inside FCA in the last eight years," adding "I don't know one investment that was as bad as these two were."

This strategy positions FCA in the US as largely a manufacturer of SUVs and trucks. The company had to find additional capacity for Jeep and Ram. FCA plans to move production of its Ram pickup to Sterling Heights.

Marketing and sales

Marketing
For Super Bowl XLV, Chrysler purchased a 2-minute-long advertisement featuring Eminem with the motto Imported from Detroit. Chrysler was thinking about using the Chrysler 300 in the advertisement, since it had a higher retail price than the 200 and also enjoyed better press-reviews, but quickly rejected the idea since the 300 is not manufactured in the United States, but in Ontario, Canada and would not fit the company's new branding. This commercial enjoyed great popularity among viewers, with the term "Chrysler 200" being the second most-searched term on Google the day after the Super Bowl and search traffic for the vehicle going up by 685 percent on AOL Autos. Shortly after being uploaded to YouTube after the Super Bowl, the ad quickly received over 5 million views.

The Chrysler 200 also featured heavily in the London-based 24: Live Another Day spinoff series of 24. This is despite the fact that the vehicle was never sold in the UK. A legally required front numberplate is not present, the rear numberplate details are for a Ford Mondeo.

Sales

Notes

References

External links

Official website

200
2010s cars
Compact executive cars
Mid-size cars
Sedans
Convertibles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2010
Hardtop convertibles

Chrysler 200


Placidus Böcken (or Böckhn) (13 July 1690 – 9 February 1752) was a German Benedictine canon lawyer, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Salzburg.

Life
Böcken was born in Munich, in Bavaria. He entered the Order of St. Benedict at an early age, made his religious profession at the Abbey of St. Peter, Salzburg, in 1706, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1713. Having been made a Doctor of Canon and Civil Law (1715), he was sent to Rome and on his return was chosen, in 1721, to succeed Benedict Schmier, as professor of canon law at the Benedictine University of Salzburg, where he remained for a period of twenty years.

He was also attached to the theological faculties of Salzburg and Fulda, was secretary of the university, and an ecclesiastical councillor of four successive archbishops in the See of Salzburg and of the Prince-Abbot of Fulda. Eventually he appears to have incurred the displeasure of Archbishop Leopold of Salzburg, and in consequence of repeated friction resigned his position in 1741. He was then made pastor of Dornbach, a suburb of Vienna, and, two years later, superior of Maria-Plain near Salzburg, where he spent the last nine years of his life as confessor to the many pilgrims.

Works
The "Commentarius in Jus Canonicum universum" which Böcken published at Salzburg (1735–39), and dedicated to his friend and patron the Prince-Abbot of Fulda, is his major work. He had previously (1722–28) issued a number of separate treatises on the five books of the Decretals; these were updated in his larger work, to the third volume of which, in an appendix, he also added a lengthy disquisition "De praescriptionibus". A reprint of the "Commentarius" appeared at Paris in 1776.

Theology
Böcken held rather extreme views on the subject of the veneration due the saints. He maintained that the special veneration and invocation of the saints, particularly of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is absolutely necessary for salvation. A sermon which he preached on this subject in 1740 precipitated an acrid discussion at the university between the members of the "Old School" and the "New School" of theology, between the Sycophantae and the Illuminati as they were called. The sermon appeared also in print, with annotations wherein Böcken characterized as erroneous the contrary opinion of Muratori.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
 Chronicon noviss. monasterii S. Petri, 674–677;
 SATTLER, Kollectaneenblatter (1890), 337 sqq.;
 SEDELMAYER, Hist. Univ. Salisburg., 405;
 Ziegelbauer, Hist. rei lit. O.S.B. (Augsburg, 1754), III, 484, 485.

18th-century German people
German Benedictines
Jurists from Bavaria
18th-century Austrian lawyers
Canon law jurists
Clergy from Munich
Academic staff of the University of Salzburg
People from Hernals
1690 births
1752 deaths

Placidus Böcken


The Army of Thessaly () was a field army of Greece, activated in Thessaly during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the First Balkan War in 1912, both times against the Ottoman Empire and commanded by Crown Prince Constantine.

1897

In preparation for the war, two of the three infantry divisions in the Hellenic Army, 1st Infantry Division under Major General Nikolaos Makris and 2nd Infantry Division under Colonel Georgios Mavromichalis were mobilized and moved to Larissa and Trikala respectively. On 25 March, Crown Prince Constantine was named commander-in-chief of the Army of Thessaly, comprising these two divisions and support units, with Colonel Konstantinos Sapountzakis as his chief of staff. The Army of Thessaly comprised 36,000 men, 500 cavalry and 96 guns.

When hostilities broke out on 18 April, the Army of Thessaly was defeated in successive battles on the border passes, the Battle of Farsala and the Battle of Domokos. By the time of the armistice on 20 May, the Army of Thessaly had been pushed out of Thessaly proper by the Ottoman advance.

1912

As war with the Ottoman Empire increasingly became a possibility in the early autumn of 1912, the bulk of the Hellenic Army was gathered in Thessaly, once again under Crown Prince Constantine, comprising the four peacetime infantry divisions and three newly formed from reservists, a cavalry brigade, and auxiliary units, for a total of some 100,000 men, of which ca. 80,000 effectives.

In the course of the First Balkan War, the Army of Thessaly overcame the fortified Ottoman positions along the border in the Battle of Sarantaporo and advanced north. Despite a setback of a detached division in the Battle of Sorovich, the main army broke through the Ottoman defences at the Battle of Yenidje, forcing, after a few days, the surrender of Thessaloniki and its garrison. Having effected the union with the allied Serbian and Bulgarian armies, the Army of Thessaly was deactivated, with some units going to reinforce the Epirus front and others settling along the new demarcation line in Macedonia.

References

Thessaly
Military units and formations of Greece in the Balkan Wars
Greco-Turkish War (1897)
Modern history of Thessaly

Army of Thessaly


Bray Lock is a lock and weir on the River Thames in England near Bray and Dorney Reach, and is just above the M4 Bridge across the Thames. The lock is on the Buckinghamshire side of the river on the opposite bank from Bray itself and Maidenhead which are in Berkshire. Here, the county line stands roughly halfway between the lock and the opposite bank, following the course of the Thames itself. The pound lock was built by the Thames Navigation Commission relatively late, in 1845. The lock keeper's cottage is on an island (Parting Eyot) between the lock and the weir.

The weir is almost level with the lock and runs straight across to the opposite bank from the other side of the lock island.

History

There was a mill recorded on the site in the Domesday book and in 1328 there was a reference to "Richard atte Lock of Bray" occupying a weir called Braibrok. Fifty years later in 1377 there are records of travellers complaining of the excessive tolls at a flash lock on the site called Hameldon Lock. Both the lock and the weirs were removed in 1510 by order of the Commissioner of Sewers.

In 1622 a new flash lock was built by Thomas Manfield and presence of water pens is noted in 1632. Navigation may in earlier times have used York Stream which went on the other side of Bray to Maidenhead. A pound lock and weir were first proposed in 1833 for the "improvement of navigation two or three miles above". The fall between Maidenhead and Boveney was large, leading to shallows and a strong current. The towpath was on the Buckinghamshire bank, and navigation on the Berkshire side, so tow ropes had to pass across the island. The suggestion of a lock was made again in 1843 and a lock house built on Parting Eyot with an open-sided lock the following year. The miller contributed to the cost of the weir. The lock was often left open except when river levels were low and no tolls were collected. Sides were added before 1877 and the lock and weir were rebuilt in 1885. Prior to the rebuilding Charles Dickens had described Bray Lock as a "rotten and dangerous structure".

Incidents
On 2 August 2015, a privately owned cabin cruiser carrying four adults and four children suffered a catastrophic explosion of its propane canisters, caused by the ignition of fuel that had accidentally been poured down a waste pipe. Six of the eight people involved, including a three-year-old boy, were rushed to St. George's Hospital in London and John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxfordshire by Air Ambulance for treatment. Another man suffered minor injuries, but was treated at the scene. Members of the public, including the Lock keeper, assisted in the efforts, evacuating the injured from the destroyed boat onto a hire craft for triage.

Reach above the lock

Immediately above the lock is Headpile Eyot. Bray is on the Berkshire bank while the Buckinghamshire bank has open fields. Further along the reach is Brunel's Maidenhead Railway Bridge, known as the "Sounding Bridge" from the spectacular echo underneath it. The Maidenhead bank is lined with large Edwardian houses up to Maidenhead Bridge beside which is the Skindles Hotel once a notorious rendez-vous for illicit coupling.

Along the banks of the reach are multiple mansions and boathouses, many of which have been or are owned by high-profile British Celebrities such as Michael Parkinson and Rolf Harris.

Above the bridge are the islands of Bridge Eyot and Grass Eyot before Boulter's Lock with Taplow on the Buckinghamshire side.

Maidenhead Regatta takes place below the railway bridge in August, and is followed by the annual Thames Punting Championships. The Maidenhead Junior regatta is held in May.

Sports clubs
Maidenhead Rowing Club

Thames Path

The Thames Path follows the Bucks (Eastern) bank to Maidenhead Bridge, which it crosses, and then proceeds on the Berkshire side to Boulter's Lock.

See also
 Locks on the River Thames
 Rowing on the River Thames

References

1845 establishments in England
Locks of Buckinghamshire
Locks on the River Thames
Weirs on the River Thames
Bray, Berkshire

Bray Lock


Koskenkorva Viina (also known simply as Koskenkorva or Kossu) is a traditional clear spirit drink (38%) in Finland, produced by Anora Group at the Koskenkorva distillery in Ilmajoki and bottled in Rajamäki, Nurmijärvi.

The grain (barley) alcohol is produced using 200-step continuous distillation designed to produce high-purity industrial ethanol. The drink is produced by diluting this alcohol with spring water and a very small amount of sugar. Although commonly called a vodka in English, in Finland it is not called a "vodka", but viina (see brännvin), although the word "vodka" is found in the label due to EU regulations. Koskenkorva Vodka is the same beverage (but with 40% or 60% alcohol instead of the traditional 38%) intended for foreign markets.

Besides the standard 38% near-unflavored there are several variants of Koskenkorva on the market, most notably the famous Salmiakki Koskenkorva, better known as Salmiakkikossu or Salmari, which is salmiakki-flavored. Another variant is the same Koskenkorva with rye instead of barley, marketed under the same concept as Koskenkorva Viina Ruis. There also exists a vanilla variant called Vanilja Koskenkorva.  Finlandia Vodka, a vodka classified as "imported premium", is the same as Koskenkorva 40%, except that sugar is not added. Altia sold this brand, intended for foreign markets, to the American Brown-Forman Corporation, but remains the sole producer of Finlandia Vodka at least until 2017.

Koskenkorva is typically enjoyed cold, but can be also mixed with cola (commonly referred to as Kossukola), carbonated water (Kossuvissy), orange juice ("screwdriver"), energy drink, or certain (hard) salty liquorice candies. The latter is often made by mixing ground tyrkisk peber candies with the drink, though other similar candies are also used, and there exists a premade salmiakki mixer for this particular purpose. A similar way of enjoying kossu is by mixing ground Fisherman's Friend lozenges to the drink; the resulting cocktail is known as "Fisu" (Helsinki slang for "fish").

References

External links

Official site

Finnish alcoholic drinks
Finnish brands
Finnish vodkas

Koskenkorva Viina


Philip William Ingham FRS, FMedSci, Hon. FRCP (born 19 March 1955 Liverpool) is a British geneticist, currently the Toh Kian Chui Distinguished Professor at the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, a partnership between Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Imperial College, London. Previously, he was the inaugural Director of the Living Systems Institute at the University of Exeter, UK and prior to that was Vice Dean, Research at the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine.

Career
Ingham was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby near Liverpool and then at Queens' College in the University of Cambridge where after initially reading Philosophy and Theology he graduated in Genetics. He gained his Doctorate of Philosophy from the University of Sussex under the supervision of J Robert S Whittle before moving to the Laboratoire de Génétique Moleculaire des Eukaryotes in Strasbourg, France, as a Royal Society European Exchange Programme fellow. He returned to the UK in 1982, joining the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF, now known as Cancer Research UK) as a post-doctoral research fellow in the laboratory of David Ish-Horowicz. After a brief spell as a Research Scientist at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, he re-joined the ICRF as a staff scientist, remaining there for ten years before moving to the University of Sheffield, where he established the MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics. He was elected a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization in 1995, a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 2001 and Fellow of the Royal Society in 2002. In 2005, he became the second recipient of the Medal of the Genetics Society of Great Britain and in 2007 was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He has served on numerous international Scientific Advisory Boards and funding committees and was President of the International Society of Developmental Biologists from 2013-2017. In 2014 he was awarded the Waddington Medal by the British Society for Developmental Biology. He has lived and worked in Singapore since 2005.

Scientific contributions
As a graduate student, Ingham isolated a novel homoeotic mutation in Drosophila, which he named trithorax (trx). Using genetic mosaic analysis, he showed that the trx gene is required for the maintenance of the determined state of cells, presaging the current understanding of the Trithorax-group proteins as key epigenetic regulators throughout the animal kingdom. Subsequently, he pioneered the molecular analysis of the process of segmentation in the Drosophila embryo, through the simultaneous analysis the expression of patterns of pair rule genes using the technique of in situ hybridisation. These studies led to his interest in what is now known as the Hedgehog signalling pathway; Ingham's genetic studies identified the core components of this pathway and in particular the role of the Patched protein as the receptor for the Hedgehog ligand. In 1993, in collaboration with Andy McMahon and Cliff Tabin, Ingham's research group discovered the vertebrate homologues of the Drosophila hedgehog gene, including Sonic hedgehog. This finding set in train a surge of interest in this pathway, leading amongst other things, to the recognition of its role in a number of human cancers and to the development of a novel anti-cancer drug that specifically targets the pathway.
Ingham was in the vanguard of researchers to adopt the zebrafish, Danio rerio, as a model for the analysis of vertebrate development and more recently for the study of processes related to human diseases.

Publications
Ingham has authored or co-authored over 180 peer-reviewed scientific primary research papers and review articles. Notable amongst the latter are his 1988 review of the Molecular Genetics of embryonic Pattern formation in Drosophila and his 2001 review, co-authored with Andrew McMahon, on the Principles and Paradigms of Hedgehog signalling.

References

External links
Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org

British geneticists
1955 births
Scientists from Liverpool
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Living people
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge

Philip Ingham


Maria Erika Olofsdotter Aittamaa (22 February 1866 – 15 December 1952) was a Swedish artisan of Tornedalian descent, famed as the inventor of the Lovikkavante mitten.

Aittamaa was born to a poor family with many children. A part of the Finnic Meänkieli-speaking population of the Norrbotten County in northern Sweden, she lived in Lovikka with her husband and children and started to sell mittens to make money. In 1892 she invented the Lovikkavante, a special kind of mittens. Demand for Erika's mittens became so great that she taught others how to make them. During the 1930s a local teacher found that she could patent the design. The process however cost money and although the teacher found people who would fund the cost, Aittamaa refused to take charity.

References

Further reading

19th-century Swedish businesspeople
20th-century Swedish businesspeople
1866 births
1952 deaths
Gloves
Swedish fashion designers
Swedish women fashion designers
Tornedalians
20th-century Swedish businesswomen
19th-century Swedish businesswomen
People from Pajala Municipality

Erika Aittamaa


South of Heaven, West of Hell is country singer Dwight Yoakam's 12th studio album, and the first soundtrack album to the motion picture of the same name in which he starred, co-wrote and directed. Yoakam portrays a lawman in the early 1900s in the "wild west" of the Arizona Territory. Half of the tracks in the album are country music tracks. The other tracks are short snippets of straight dialog scenes from the film itself. There are many well-known co-stars in the movie, including Peter Fonda, Bridget Fonda, Paul Reubens, Billy Bob Thornton, Warren Zevon and Vince Vaughn. This was also Yoakam's only album for Warner Bros. after leaving Reprise.

Background
Yoakam, a former drama student who received good reviews for playing an assortment of weirdos and psychopaths in the Nineties, decided to write, produce, score, and star in his own film.  On just about every front, the project was an unmitigated disaster.  Shortly before production began, the financier backed out and Yoakam made the decision to finance the film on his own, partially through the sale of his home in Malibu. His production company (A Cast of Strays) ultimately filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, and several crew members registered complaints with unions and filed lawsuits in small claims court against the company. Yoakam said it was "the hardest experience I've ever gone through in my professional life in terms of executing art". To help pay off the debt accrued while making the movie, Yoakam hired a cheaper backing band in 2002, which resulted in a falling out with his longtime producer, bandleader, and guitarist Pete Anderson.   Anderson later recalled, "He'd started a film company with Billy Bob Thorton, and I thought it was a great opportunity for them. But I said, 'Just don't be in it.' That'll come later.  Have a little film company and develop something and get your name away from the splatter if it blows up.  If you write, direct, produce, act, tap dance, costume – man, every finger's going to point at you if it's not successful."

Recording and composition
Likely inspired by Quentin Tarantino's habit of inserting snippets from his films between cuts, Yoakam chose to do the same here. The album's songs have been described as some of Yoakam's "most inspired efforts." The soundtrack is anchored by four gospel songs, including a contemporary take on the hymn "Who at the Door Is Standing" (a duet with Bekka Bramlett), the traditional "The Darkest Hour," the Yoakam-original "The Last Surrender," and "It Is Well with my Soul," which Yoakam sings with only piano accompaniment.  In his book A Thousand Miles from Nowhere, biographer Don McCleese writes, "Rarely had Dwight illuminated the religious underpinnings of his music as brightly as he did on 'Who at My Door Is Standing' and 'The Darkest Hour.'" He also enlisted two famous rock legends as songwriting collaborators: ZZ Top's Billy Gibbons on the bluesy "The First thing Smokin'" and Rolling Stone Mick Jagger for the stone-country lament "What's Left of Me." Anderson supplies atypical arrangements on "Tears for Two" and the longing "Somewhere," the latter of which sounding like the material found on Yoakam's 1995 album Gone, with David McGee in The New Rolling Stone Guide deeming it "an instant Yoakam classic."

Reception
AllMusic:  "While the album certainly has its strong points, it is no substitute for a complete Dwight Yoakam record."

Track listing
"Words" (Dwight Yoakam) - 5:21
"[Old Friend]" performed by Joe Unger - :51
"Who at the Door Is Standing" [with Bekka Bramlett] (M.B.C. Slade, A.B. Everett) - 2:31
"[Good Afternoon]" performed by Vince Vaughn and Yoakam - :30
"Tears for Two" (Yoakam, Holly Lamar) - 3:23
"[Ma'am]" performed by Audrey Lowe and Luke Askew - :41
"The Darkest Hour" (Traditional) - 3:28
"[When You Was Shot]" performed by Natalie Canerday and Otto Felix - :15
"The First Thing Smokin'" (Yoakam, Billy Gibbons) - 3:40
"[How Long Was It?]" performed by Terry McIlvaine and Billy Bob Thornton - :10
"What's Left of Me" (Yoakam, Mick Jagger) - 4:55
"[All Anybody Can Do]" performed by Bridget Fonda - :07
"Somewhere" (Yoakam) - 3:48
"[A Lotta Good People]" performed by Bo Hopkins - :11
"The Last Surrender" (Yoakam) - 2:44
"[Show 'Em Your Badge]" performed by Yoakam, Joe Unger, and Terry McIlvaine - :23
"No Future in Sight" (Yoakam) - 7:07
"[Existence]" performed by Vince Vaughn and Yoakam - :40
"It Is Well with My Soul" (Horatio Spafford, Philip Bliss) - 3:25
"Words" [instrumental performed by Lee Thornburg] (Yoakam) - 4:47

Personnel
 John Acosta - cello
 Pete Anderson - banjo, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, baritone guitar, mandolin, percussion, piano
 Chris Bleth - bass clarinet, oboe, violin
 Bekka Bramlett - background vocals
 Jim Christie - drums
 Jonathan Clark - background vocals
 Skip Edwards - keyboards
 Otto Felix - background vocals
 Tim Goodwin - classical guitar
 Scott Joss - fiddle
 Jim Lathem - string arrangements
 Gary Morse - lap steel guitar, pedal steel guitar
 John Noreyko - tuba
 Taras Prodaniuk - bass guitar
 Lee Thornburg - trombone, trumpet, horn arrangements
 Billy Bob Thornton - background vocals
 Vince Vaughn - background vocals
 David Woodford - saxophone
 Dwight Yoakam - dobro, acoustic guitar, lead vocals

Chart performance

References

Bibliography

Dwight Yoakam albums
Albums produced by Pete Anderson
Western film soundtracks
2001 soundtrack albums
Warner Records soundtracks

South of Heaven, West of Hell (soundtrack)


Craig Cameron Mello (born October 18, 1960) is an American biologist and professor of molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Andrew Z. Fire, for the discovery of RNA interference. This research was conducted at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and published in 1998. Mello has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 2000.

Early life
Mello was born in New Haven, Connecticut on October 18, 1960. He was the third child of James and Sally Mello. His father, James Mello, was a paleontologist and his mother, Sally Mello, was an artist. His paternal grandparents immigrated to the US from the Portuguese islands of Azores. His parents met while attending Brown University and were the first children in their respective families to attend college. His grandparents on both sides withdrew from school as teenagers to work for their families. James Mello completed his Ph.D. in paleontology from Yale University in 1962. The Mello family moved to Falls Church in northern Virginia so that James could take a position with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in Washington, DC. He was raised as Roman Catholic.

After a brief stay in Falls Church, the family moved to Fairfax, Virginia, when James Mello switched from the USGS to a position as assistant director at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Among Craig's fondest early memories were field trips with his father and the whole family to Colorado and Wyoming and more frequent trips to the Blue Ridge mountains in Virginia.

The Mello family had a very strong tradition of discussions around the dinner table and this experience was very important to young Mello. He learned to argue, to listen, and to admit it when he was wrong about something. At a time when young Mello was not performing so well in school, these daily discussions helped to build his confidence and self-esteem. Mello struggled during the first few years of grade school. He started first grade at the age of five in a local private school because he was too young to enter first grade in the public system. He doesn't know if he was a slow learner, or just not interested, but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade. In second grade, Mello only pretended that he could read and he was embarrassed by being called on in class. He much preferred playing outdoors, in the woods and creeks, to time spent in the classroom. Meanwhile, his older siblings were model students, raising the teacher's expectations for him. During these early years, Mello had no doubt that he would be a scientist when he grew up.  He is now the father of two daughters and a step-daughter and step-son.

Education
Mello attended Fairfax High School (Fairfax, Virginia). After receiving his high school diploma, Mello attended Brown University as a biochemistry and molecular biology major. Kenneth Miller, his cell biology instructor, recounted that although he did not receive the "best grades of the class," he was intensely curious and thus a "real pain in the ass." Mello would never let Miller finish a lecture without asking him for more references, questions, or evidence for concepts discussed in the lecture. He received his Sc.B. from Brown in 1982.

Mello attended the University of Colorado, Boulder for graduate studies in molecular, cellular and developmental biology with David Hirsh. After Hirsh decided to take a position in industry, Mello moved to Harvard University where he could continue his research with Dan Stinchcomb. Mello completed his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1990. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in the laboratory of James Priess.

Nobel prize

In 2006, Mello and Fire received the Nobel Prize for work that began in 1998, when Mello and Fire along with their colleagues (SiQun Xu, Mary Montgomery, Stephen Kostas, and Sam Driver) published a paper  in the journal Nature detailing how tiny snippets of RNA fool the cell into destroying the gene's messenger RNA (mRNA) before it can produce a protein - effectively shutting specific genes down.

In the annual Howard Hughes Medical Institute Scientific Meeting held on November 13, 2006 in Ashburn, Virginia, Mello recounted the phone call that he received announcing that he had won the prize. He recalls that it was shortly after 4:30 am and he had just finished checking on his daughter, and returned to his bedroom. The phone rang (or rather the green light was blinking) and his wife told him not to answer, as it was a prank call. Upon questioning his wife, she revealed that it had rung while he was out of the room and someone was playing a bad joke on them by saying that he had won the Nobel prize. When he told her that they were actually announcing the Nobel prize winners on this very day, he said "her jaw dropped." He answered the phone, and the voice on the other end told him to get dressed, and that in half an hour his life was about to change.

The Nobel citation, issued by Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said: "This year's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information."

Mello and Fire's research, conducted at the Carnegie Institution for Science (Fire) and the University of Massachusetts Medical School (Mello), had shown that in fact RNA plays a key role in gene regulation. According to Professor Nick Hastie, director of the Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, said: "It is very unusual for a piece of work to completely revolutionize the whole way we think about biological processes and regulation, but this has opened up a whole new field in biology."

Philosophical outlook
Mello admired and worked with Stephen J. Gould and has been inspired by his essays on natural history and the philosophy of science.

He believes that "The science vs. religion debate is over" and that it is possible to "unite rationality and spirituality in a worldview that celebrates the mysteries of existence and inspires each human being to achieve a higher purpose in life"

In his October 2015 acceptance speech for a China Friendship Award from Premier Li Keqiang Mello said,

Involvement in RNAi biotechnology industry

Mello is involved in several RNAi-based biotechnology companies. He is a co-founder of RXi Pharmaceuticals where he Chairs the Scientific Advisory Board. In June 2010, he joined the Technology Advisory Board of Beeologics, a company focused on development of RNAi products for honeybee health and various veterinary and agricultural applications, which, according to Mello, "could very well be the first
company to obtain FDA approval for an RNAi therapy". In September 2011 Monsanto acquired Beeologics.

Awards and honors
(By chronological year of award )
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology in 2003.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire, Thomas Tuschl and David Baulcombe) of the Wiley Prize in the Biomedical Sciences from Rockefeller University in 2003.
 Elected member National Academy of Sciences in 2005.
 Co-recipient (with Victor Ambros, Andrew Fire and Gary Ruvkun)  of Brandeis University's Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award for Distinguished Work in Medical Research in 2005.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 2005.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire and David Baulcombe) of Massry Prize in 2005.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 2006.
 Inaugural recipient of The Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research by Johnson & Johnson in 2006.
 Co-recipient (with Andrew Fire) of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2006.
 Recipient of an honorary doctorate by Brown University in 2007. He gave the keynote Baccalaureate Address at Commencement ceremonies.
 Recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 2007.
 Recipient of an honorary doctorate by Simmons College in 2008.
 Recipient of the Hope Funds Award of Excellence in Basic Research in  2008.

References

External links
  including the Nobel Lecture Return to the RNAi World: Rethinking Gene Expression and Evolution
 Nobel Prize information press release
 Nobel announcement from Stanford University
 Nobel announcement from the University of Massachusetts
 US Patent 6506559 Genetic inhibition by double-stranded RNA (patent)
 Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans, in Nature, via University of Massachusetts Medical School

1960 births
American Nobel laureates
Brown University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
Living people
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut
American people of Azorean descent
Duke University faculty
UMass Chan Medical School faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Massry Prize recipients
21st-century American biologists
American people of Portuguese descent

Craig Mello


Katherine Mari Stevens (born December 8, 1992) is an American actress and singer, known for finishing in eighth place on the ninth season of American Idol and starring as Karma Ashcroft in Faking It and Jane Sloan in The Bold Type.

Early life
Stevens grew up in Middlebury, Connecticut, the daughter of Mark and Clara (née Francisco) Stevens. She graduated from Pomperaug High School in Southbury in June 2010. She was named the 2009 Westbury Outstanding Teen at the Greater Watertown Scholarship Pageant.

Stevens is of Portuguese descent on her mother's side and speaks Portuguese. She was instrumental in the creation of the Evan Gagnon Memorial Scholarship Fund, which gives college scholarships to the seniors of Pomperaug High School (Evan Gagnon, who died in January 2009 at the age of two, was the son of Stevens' Spanish teacher.) She was a member of Pomperaug High School's varsity swim team for four years. Stevens first performed for an audience at the age of five years, when she sang the national anthem at a party for a politician in her hometown.

When she was seven years old, she sang "From This Moment On" at an aunt's wedding. She has long been active in her local theater community. She played Dorothy in both BSS Children's Theater and Main Street Theater's production of The Wizard of Oz. At Main Street Theater Stevens also played the role of Sharpay in High School Musical and "The Cat" in Honk. She played Nellie Forbush in Pomperaug High School's South Pacific alongside Gary Dwyer as Emile DeBeque. She performed at Carnegie Hall at the age of 13.

Career

2009–2010: American Idol

On August 13, 2009, she auditioned for American Idol in Boston, Massachusetts and sang "At Last", where all four judges (including guest judge Victoria Beckham) advanced her to Hollywood. At the Boston audition, judge Kara DioGuardi called her one of the most talented 16-year-olds she had ever seen. In Hollywood, DioGuardi made the prediction, "You could be the potential winner." On March 24, 2010, Stevens landed in the bottom 3 during elimination night, along with Paige Miles and Tim Urban. She was proclaimed safe, giving her a spot on the American Idol summer tour.

Most of the critiques the judges gave her had been with regard to her pitch, age, and song choice. In her performance of "Chain of Fools", DioGuardi told her she had found where she belonged: R&B-pop, but she needed to work on being younger. She landed in the bottom three the following night but was declared safe, putting her into the Top 9.

In her Top 9 performance of "Let It Be", all of the judges thought it was a huge improvement. Ellen stated that she wouldn't be in the bottom 3 after that performance. Simon said that she had done what she was told by being Country, while Kara and Randy disagreed, opining that she has more of an R&B sensibility. Nonetheless, her performance secured her a position in the Top 8. However, the Top 9 remained intact for another week due to the judges' save of Michael Lynche. She was eliminated from American Idol the following week on April 14, along with Andrew Garcia. Her elimination came second on the double elimination night. From July 1 to August 31, 2010, Stevens toured with the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2010. On tour, she sang "Here We Go Again" and "Fighter".

Performances

 Stevens was saved first from elimination.
 Due to the judges using their one save to save Michael Lynche, the Top 9 remained intact for another week.
 Because of the judges' save on April 7, Stevens was eliminated along with Andrew Garcia on April 14.

2010–present: Faking It and The Bold Type

After her elimination, Stevens made several appearances on talk shows. On April 16, 2010, she appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show where she performed "Over the Rainbow". Stevens also appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman along with Andrew Garcia, where they sang "Superhuman" by Chris Brown and Keri Hilson. She and Garcia appeared on the Wendy Williams Show where she performed "Big Girls Don't Cry".

As of early November 2010, she has written 9 songs. Stevens was a guest performer on Ídolos Portugal on December 12, 2010, where she sang "All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Mariah Carey. In June 2012, Stevens played the title role in Todrick Hall's YouTube sensation "Beauty and the Beat".

Stevens was cast to portray Nadia McConnell in Bare: A Pop Opera in the 2013 Los Angeles revival.

She won the role of Karma Ashcroft in Faking It, which premiered on April 22, 2014. In 2015, Stevens was cast as Lindsey Willows in the CSI finale movie Immortality.

In 2015, Stevens originated the role of Kathryn Merteuil in Cruel Intentions: The '90s Musical in Los Angeles.

In 2016, Stevens was cast as Jane Sloan in The Bold Type which premiered on June 20, 2017, and ran for five seasons.

Personal life
In October 2019, Stevens married musician Paul DiGiovanni after over five years of dating. The couple resides in Nashville, Tennessee. In November 2022, they announced that they are expecting their first child.

Filmography

References

External links

 Katie Stevens at the Music Television
 Katie Stevens at American Idol

1992 births
Living people
American women singer-songwriters
American Idol participants
American child singers
American people of Portuguese descent
Child pop musicians
People from Middlebury, Connecticut
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women singers
American television actresses
American film actresses
Actresses from Connecticut
Singer-songwriters from Connecticut

Katie Stevens


Eucalyptus is a 1998 novel by Australian novelist Murray Bail. The book won the 1999 Miles Franklin Award and the 1999 Commonwealth Writers' Prize.

Plot introduction
Eucalyptus tells the story of Ellen Holland, a young woman whose "speckled beauty" and unattainability become legend far beyond the rural western New South Wales town near the property where she grows up. Her protective father's obsession with collecting rare species of Eucalyptus trees leads him to propose a contest - the man who can correctly name all the species on his property shall win her hand in marriage.

Thematic concerns

The novel contrasts a detailed, scientific classifying of Eucalyptus trees, with the story of Ellen told from a parodied fairy tale perspective. This fits well with Bail's status as a writer of fiction and non-fiction.

The novel begins with a discussion of Australian culture "the poetic virtues which have their origins in the bush of being belted about by droughts, bushfires, smelly sheep and so on; and lets not forget the isolation, the exhausted shapeless women, the crude language, the always wide horizon, and the flies." But concludes that: "it really doesn't matter." This sets a major theme for the novel to explore. The novel could easily be interpreted as a renegotiation of Australian identity. Bail at once glorifies Australian tradition and attacks the notion of "a sun burnt country".

Ellen's story begins with "Once upon a time." This fairy tale beginning is furthered by markedly one-dimensional characters. Ellen's beauty is renowned across states and oceans, yet apart from this the reader is given little else to go by. Likewise Holland, Ellen's father, a man who likes to plant trees. Mr. Cave is a brilliant, albeit boring, older man. Likewise the unnamed lover is a storyteller. These flat characters contrast against the scientifically intricate details of the Eucalypt trees.

Each short story accelerates the narrative frame and is analyzed within the scientific eucalypt theme. This contrast is well implemented, maintaining flow and cohesion in spite of the fragmented medium.

The reader is encouraged to guess ahead at what the story may contain. "There once was a man on a property outside a one horse town, who couldn't come to a decision about his daughter. He then made an unexpected decision. Incredible. For a while people talked of little else". This encourages a responder to expect a feminist reading where his daughter is empowered.

Not so, instead, he designs a test in which a potential suitor must identify every eucalypt growing on his property.
Ellen remains disenchanted with the whole scheme, as countless suitors try and fail at this test. This is until Mr. Cave, a botanical genius arrives. Cave appears to be the only man on earth capable of success. Tragically enough just as Cave nears his goal, Ellen finds her own love elsewhere.

Proposed adaptations

Film
A film version of Eucalyptus was once in the works and was highly publicised in the media, set to star Nicole Kidman and Russell Crowe. The film, whose budget was estimated sometimes at $15 million and sometimes at $25 million, was reportedly shut down by production company Fox Searchlight because of disputes between Crowe and director Jocelyn Moorhouse.

Talks began in early 2004; the production was originally intended to star Geoffrey Rush, Bryce Dallas Howard and Crowe, to be directed by Moorhouse, written by her and Michelle Joyner and produced by Uberto Pasolini and Lynda House. Howard was reportedly dropped from the project because Crowe reportedly did not want to act with someone outside his home-country, and Kidman subsequently joined. In early February 2005, Fox Searchlight announced that the film had been postponed to allow time for further work on the script.

Filming was set to commence in Bellingen, New South Wales in February 2005, but was cancelled because of "irreconcilable differences" between Crowe (who was also executive producer) and Moorhouse. Sets costing $6.4 million had been built at Bellingen, and a studio established at nearby Coffs Harbour, had to be abandoned, film crew numbering around 80 had to be paid off and property rentals around the town cancelled. After rumours he would direct the project himself, Crowe was cited as preferring either Driving Miss Daisy director Bruce Beresford or Last Orders creator Fred Schepisi to helm the project.

Opera
The Australian-British composer Sir Jonathan Mills is working on an operatic treatment of Eucalyptus.

Awards and nominations
 1999 Miles Franklin Award - winner
 1999 Commonwealth Writers' Prize - winner Best Book

References

External links
Eucalyptus Film at About.com

1998 Australian novels
Miles Franklin Award-winning works
Novels set in New South Wales
Text Publishing books
ALS Gold Medal winning works

Eucalyptus (novel)


Isabella Steven or Tibbie Stein was the daughter of a tenant farmer from Littlehill or Little Hill Farm (NS467305) that adjoined the Burns's farm at Lochlea. 'Stein' is an alternative form of the surname 'Steven'. Littlehill had three acres of land that are said to have been little better than peat moss. She is also said to have lived in Tarbolton.Life and character
Isabella or Tibbie was regarded as having been very good looking and at the age of seventeen Robert Burns was greatly attracted to her. The poet "deemed himself doing well in his courtship" until 'Tibbie' came into a legacy and dowry of £75 at which point she decided herself above a mere farmer's son. She married a more prosperous suitor soon after.

Aged nine or ten at the time of these events, Isobel Burns, sister of the poet, is the only source of Isabella Stevens identification as being the 'Tibbie' of the song.  A Tarbolton tradition holds that 'Tibbie' lived in the village on the west side of Burns Street on the corner of Garden Street. Her father is said to have been a wealthy farmer.

Association with Robert Burns

The poet is said to have visited her home one evening only to be politely informed that 'Tibbie' was not available as she was engaged with another admirer. Burns turned on his heels and never visited her again. Tibbie married her beau to become Mrs Isabella Allan and Robert turned his attention to Elizabeth Paton.

The poet wrote the caustic song "O Tibbie, I Hae Seen The Day" with the chorus:

The love song, one of Burn's first in this category, is set to the tune "Invercauld's Reel", appears (no. 196) in Johnson's The Scots Musical Museum in 1788:

Tibbie however was proud enough to acknowledge that the song was about her and that she once held some affection for the poet. On an occasion when her grandson recited the song she told him that she was the heroine of the piece.

The poet scorns the heiress:

A thousand marks or merks at the time would amount to around £56, close enough with poetic licence to £75. It is thought that the "lass beside yon park" refers to Elizabeth Paton although Burns never confirmed this.

Micro-history
The National Trust for Scotland holds Isabella Steven's wedding spoon and spectacles at the Burns Birthplace Museum in Alloway.Spectacles Retrieved : 2012-10-10

See also

Jean Armour
Lesley Baillie
Alison Begbie
Nelly Blair
May Cameron
Mary Campbell (Highland Mary)
Jenny Clow
Kate Kemp
Nelly Kilpatrick
Jessie Lewars
Elizabeth Paton
Anne Rankine
Peggy Thompson

References
Notes

Sources

 Boyle, A.M. (1996). The Ayrshire Book of Burns-Lore. Darvel : Alloway Publishing. .
 Hill, John C. Rev. (1961). The Love Songs and Heroines of Robert Burns. London : J. M. Dent.
 Mackay, James (2004). A Biography of Robert Burns. Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing. .
 Purdie, David; McCue Kirsteen and Carruthers, Gerrard. (2013). Maurice Lindsay's The Burns Encyclopaedia''. London : Robert Hale. .

Robert Burns
18th-century Scottish women
History of South Ayrshire
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Isabella Steven


Elton Julian (born August 16, 1974) is an American racecar driver and team owner. After driving at the International Formula 3000 and the FIA World Endurance Championship, he has entered DragonSpeed at the FIA WEC, WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, European Le Mans Series and IndyCar Series.

Personal life

Julian was born in the Canary Islands of Spain. He grew up in Ecuador and the United States. He speaks English, French and Spanish fluently.

Racing career

Single Seat Formula Cars

Early career
Julian began his racing career in Southern California at age 13, racing go karts before moving on to Formula Ford at the Skip Barber Racing School where he won 36 races from 49 starts and four championships in 1990.

Formula Three
In 1992, he raced in the British Formula 3 Championship for the Alan Docking Racing and Fortec Motorsport teams finishing 8th in the championship with one pole position and one win, becoming the youngest winner in series history. That same year he also competed in the Indy Lights series at Vancouver and finished 8th. In 1993, he raced in the French Formula Three Championship and finished third in the drivers championship for the Formula Project team.

Formula One
In 1994, Julian signed a multi-year test and reserve driver contract with the French Larrousse Formula One team, completing several tests at Circuit Paul Ricard in Le Castellet, France. In his first test he was over half a second faster than regular driver Érik Comas and Julian was considered a potential candidate for a race seat in 1995. However, the Larrousse team closed its doors for financial reasons just before the start of the 1995 season despite last minute attempts to save the squad by the F3000 racing team DAMS and other interested parties.

Formula 3000/Formula Atlantic/Formula Nippon
In preparation for his testing duties with Larrousse, Julian entered the FIA International Formula 3000 series for three races in 1994 and made his debut at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium for the Omegaland team. He competed in the remaining races of the 1994 International Formula 3000 season and finished 13th in France at Magny-Cours. He returned to Europe for the 1996 International Formula 3000 season and competed full-time for Nordic Racing. The season was not particularly successful as the team failed to come to grips with the all new Lola chassis and Julian only broke into the points at the final race of the season at the Hockenheimring in Germany with a fifth-place result. He finished 14th in the championship. In 1997 he tested a Formula Nippon car at the Suzuka Circuit in Japan and was offered a contract for the following season but a lack of funding kept him out of racing until 1999 when he made two Atlantic Championship starts for the PDR team resulting in a fifth-place finish at Long Beach and a DNF in Montreal.

Sports Cars
When the Larrousse Formula One team shut down in 1995, Julian turned to sports cars and drove in two World Sportscar Championship races with Euromotorsport in a Ferrari F333SP prototype finishing second in class at the 24 Hours of Daytona and setting a new lap record at the 12 Hours of Sebring. After the end of his single seater career and another long absence from racing which lasted from 1999 until 2005, he raced a DOME S101 LMP1 prototype in the 2005 24 Hours of Le Mans with Jan Lammers and the Racing for Holland team. He finished fifth in the prototype class and seventh place overall, recorded the teams fastest race laps and was the highest finishing rookie in the race. He then drove a Courage C65 LMP2 prototype in the American Le Mans Series' Petit Le Mans for Kruse Motorsport and finished fourth in class. In 2006, he drove in the LMP2 prototype class at the 12 Hours of Sebring for Barazi Epsilon with another fourth-place finish in the LMP2 category. In 2010 with the introduction of the American Le Mans Series' new LMPC prototype class, Julian signed on to race the Oreca FLM09 chassis for Gunnar Racing. He finished the season third in the drivers championship, with seven podium finishes in eight starts and four wins (Long Beach, Lime Rock, Road America and Mosport).  He ended the 2011 American Le Mans Series season fourth in the LMPC prototype class championship with five podium finishes in seven starts including a win from pole position at Lime Rock and a first-place finish at the six-hour Laguna Seca round. Julian also drove the Oreca prototype in the FLM class of the 2011 Le Mans Series season finishing 2nd at Circuit Paul Ricard in France, 2nd at Spa Francorchamps in Belgium and 4th at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, Italy. He finished the European Le Mans Series championship third in the drivers standings. For 2012, Julian signed with the Greaves Motorsport team to drive the Zytek-Nissan Z11SN LMP2 prototype chassis in the eight round 2012 FIA World Endurance Championship season, which included the 80th running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans.  He ended the inaugural FIA WEC season with eight points finishes from eight starts.  His professional driving record in sports cars stands at 6 wins, 16 podiums (including the 12 Hours of Sebring, 24 Hours of Daytona, 1000 km of Spa-Francorchamps and Petit Le Mans), two pole positions, two fastest laps, one new lap record, and 29 finishes from 30 starts.

Team Principal
Starting in 2007 Julian began to focus on team ownership, founding DragonSpeed and entering cars in the American Le Mans Series, Rolex Grand-Am Series, Blancpain Lamborghini Super Trofeo, Pirelli World Challenge, Ferrari Challenge and Pirelli Drivers Cup Series. In 2011 Julian entered the DragonSpeed Ferrari F430 GT in the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona and acting as team owner/team manager, brought the Ferrari home to a 15th-place finish in the GT class, making the car the highest finishing F430 in the history of the event. As a result of the performance at Daytona, DragonSpeed and Julian were asked to provide technical support for the new Ferrari 458 Italia GA (Grand Am) development program which began testing in July 2011 at Daytona. In 2012 DragonSpeed ran an extensive test program with their new Audi R8 LMS ultra FIA GT3 in preparation for the 2013 Dubai 24 Hours endurance race, marking the international debut for the team. DragonSpeed had a successful run in Dubai under the direction of Julian, finishing 11th overall from 80 cars and 5th in the A6-Am class and followed that up with a 17th-place finish for the Audi R8 LMS Ultra at the 2013 12 Hours of Bathurst in Australia. Julian then brought the team back to the United States to contest the 2013 American Le Mans Series in the Prototype Challenge class with Mirco Schultis, Renger Van Der Zande and Pierre Kaffer sharing driver duties. For 2014 DragonSpeed raced in the Pirelli World Challenge series, running a Ferrari 458 GT3 Italia race car in the GT-A class for driver Henrik Hedman.

Racing record

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races
in italics indicate fastest lap)

American open-wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Atlantic Championship
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

References

External links

1974 births
American Le Mans Series drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
French Formula Three Championship drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
Indy Lights drivers
Living people
European Le Mans Series drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
Blancpain Endurance Series drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
IndyCar Series team owners
Nordic Racing drivers
Greaves Motorsport drivers
Alan Docking Racing drivers
DragonSpeed drivers
EuroInternational drivers
Racing drivers from Los Angeles
Sportspeople from the Canary Islands

Elton Julian


The Panhandle Coalfield is a coalfield located in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia counties of Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel. Mining is primarily in the Pittsburgh coal seam, sometimes called the No. 8 seam, which is of a steam rather than metallurgical nature in this region. Currently CONSOL Energy maintains two large mines in this field - Shoemaker (one of the last large mines in America to use rail haulage in the mine) and McElroy. Also, the first new mine in Ohio County in forty years was being developed on Short Creek by Alliance Coal Co. in 2009.

Most coal miners in this coalfield have lived in commercial towns such as Weirton, Wheeling, Benwood, and Moundsville. However, there were a few "coal camp" coal towns, such as Triadelphia, Cliftonville, and Windsor Heights.

The Panhandle Coalfield was once served by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad but currently ships most or all of its coal by barge on the Ohio River.

This field could probably be considered to extend into the western parts of Greene County, Pennsylvania and Washington County, Pennsylvania. It could also be grouped with the Pittsburgh No. 8 Coalfield across the river in Ohio.

See also
 Pittsburgh coal seam

External links
Coalfields of the Appalachian Mountains - Panhandle Field

Coal mining regions in the United States
History of West Virginia
Mining in West Virginia

Panhandle Coalfield