Mink are dark-colored, semiaquatic, carnivorous mammals of the genera Neogale and Mustela and part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, otters, and ferrets. There are two extant species referred to as "mink": the American mink and the European mink. The extinct sea mink was related to the American mink but was much larger.

The American mink's fur has been highly prized for use in clothing. Their treatment on fur farms has been a focus of animal rights and animal welfare activism. American mink have established populations in Europe (including Great Britain and Denmark) and South America. Some people believe this happened after the animals were released from mink farms by animal rights activists, or otherwise escaped from captivity. In the UK, under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it is illegal to release mink into the wild. In some countries, any live mink caught in traps must be humanely killed.

American mink are believed by some to have contributed to the decline of the less hardy European mink through competition (though not through hybridization—native European mink are in fact more closely related to polecats than to North American mink). Trapping is used to control or eliminate introduced American mink populations.

Mink oil is used in some medical products and cosmetics, as well as to treat, preserve, and waterproof leather.

Species
The American mink (Neogale vison) is larger and more adaptable than the European mink (Mustela lutreola)  but, due to variations in size, an individual mink usually cannot be determined as European or American with certainty without looking at the skeleton. However, all European mink have a large white patch on their upper lip, whereas only some American mink have this marking. Therefore, any mink without the patch is certainly of the American species. Taxonomically, both American and European mink were placed in the same genus Mustela but the American mink was reclassified as belonging to its own genus, Neovison, though it has recently been reclassified alongside several other weasels into the genus Neogale.

The sea mink (Neogale macrodon), native to the New England area, is considered to be a close relative of the American mink. Its extinction in the late 19th century, was chiefly result of hunting for the fur trade.

Description
A wild male mink weighs about  and is about  in length. Farm-bred males can reach . The female weighs about  and reaches a length of about . The sizes above do not include the tail, which can be from .

A mink's rich glossy coat in its wild state is brown and looks silky. Farm-bred mink can vary from white to almost black, which is reflected in the British wild mink. Their pelage is deep, rich brown, with or without white spots on the underparts, and consists of a slick, dense underfur overlaid with dark, glossy, almost stiff guard hairs.

Mink show the curious phenomenon of delayed implantation. Although the true gestation period is 39 days, the embryo may stop developing for a variable period, so that as long as 76 days may elapse before the litter arrives. Between 45 and 52 days is normal. There is only one litter per year. They typically have between six and 10 kits per litter. Litters as large as 16 have been recorded at fur farms.

The maximum lifespan of a mink is usually around ten years, but rarely exceeds three years in the wild.

Diet

Mink prey on fish and other aquatic life, small mammals, birds, and eggs; adults may eat young mink. Mink raised on farms primarily eat expired cheese, eggs, fish, meat and poultry slaughterhouse byproducts, dog food, and turkey livers, as well as prepared commercial foods. A farm with 3,000 mink may use as much as two tons of food per day.

Habitats
Mink like to live near water and are seldom found far from riverbanks, lakes, and marshes. Even when roaming, they tend to follow streams and ditches. Sometimes they leave the water altogether for a few hundred meters, especially when looking for rabbits, one of their favorite foods. In some places, particularly in Scotland and in Iceland, they live along the seashore. Sometimes they live in towns if suitable water is available. Mink may be present at all hours, even when people are nearby.

Territory
Mink are very territorial animals. A male mink will not tolerate another male within his territory but appears to be less aggressive towards females. Generally, the territories of both male and female animals are separate, but a female's territory may sometimes overlap with that of a male.

The territories, which tend to be long and narrow, stretch along river banks, or around the edges of lakes or marshes. Territory sizes vary, but they can be several miles long. Female territories are smaller than those of males.

Each territory has one or two central areas (core areas) where the mink spends most of its time. The core area is usually associated with a good food supply, such as a pool rich in fish, or a good rabbit warren. The mink may stay in its core area, which can be quite small, for several days at a time, but it also makes excursions to the ends of its territory. These excursions seem to be associated with the defense of the territory against intruders. The mink likely checks for any signs of a strange mink and leaves droppings (scat) redolent of its personal scent to reinforce its territorial rights.

Human uses

Farming
The American mink's fur has been highly prized for use in clothing, with hunting giving way to farming. Their treatment on fur farms has been a focus of animal rights and animal welfare activism. American mink have established populations in Europe (including Great Britain) and South America, after being released from mink farms by animal rights activists, or otherwise escaping from captivity. In the UK, under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981, it is illegal to release mink into the wild. In some countries, any live mink caught in traps must be humanely killed.

In February 2022, the U.S. house passed a ban on commercial mink farming following the global SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on mink farms, however it did not pass the in the senate so did not become law. The ban was attempted to be enacted in an effort to protect public health in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mink farms pose the risk of producing SARS-CoV-2 variants that could be transmitted to humans. The cramped living conditions along with the high volume of immunosuppressed mink inhabiting the farms creates a highly hospitable environment for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. There have been approximately 6.1 million mink infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, with three variants traced back to farms in the U.S, France, and Denmark.

Ireland
There are three mink farms in Ireland, in Donegal, Kerry, and Laois. Mink farming was introduced into the country by two veterinarians. Three thousand mink were released by campaigners into the wild from a farm in the 1960s. It is estimated that there are 33,500 wild mink in Ireland.

The Irish Department of Agriculture stated in November 2020 saying that the Department of Health had advised, following the detection of coronavirus among animals on a Danish mink farm, that the roughly 120,000 farmed Irish mink should be culled. Mink farming was already due to be discontinued under the 2020 Programme for Government but the coronavirus risk had expedited the closure of the industry.

Denmark

Health concerns

Minks are among the animals that can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and that are also known to spread these infections among themselves and to humans. Transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from minks to humans was first documented in the Netherlands by way of genetic tracing, which prompted the government to bring forward to the end of 2020 a ban on mink farming scheduled to go into effect in 2024. The United States Department of Agriculture confirmed that cases of minks infected with COVID-19 had been documented in Utah in August 2020.

In November 2020, Denmark, then the world's largest producer of mink fur, slaughtered its entire mink population of 15 to 17 million animals to stop the spread of Cluster 5, a mutated strain of the virus, which has been linked to the animals and resulted in the infection of 12 humans with the mutated variant. The decision was later deemed to have been illegal, although the law was later changed in support of the action. Infections within mink were also deemed ancestral to a highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 strain found in Canadian white-tailed deer which subsequently spilled back into humans.

Similar to their role of a viral incubator in the COVID-19 pandemic, in October 2022, mink at a farm in Spain became the first observed case of mammal-to-mammal transmission of Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, an avian flu which had only previously jumped to mammals upon close contact or consumption or infected birds. The infected mink in Spain exhibited multiple new mutations when compared to viral sequences obtained from infected birds, one of which helps H5N1 to better replicate within mammals.

Stereotypy
On farms, minks are placed in battery cages, a type of soft, metal wire cage that restricts their ability to move. This often results in a condition referred to as stereotypies, an abnormal behavior. These abnormal, repetitive behaviours are a result of keeping them imprisoned, and is similar to the deterioration of mental health in humans. Stereotypies have also been noted to increase during human presence.

To attempt to eliminate stereotypies in captive mink, the Canadian National Farm Animal Care Council has implemented regulations on incorporating environmental enrichments into mink cages. Enrichments are pen-related alterations or the addition of novel objects to improve the mink's physical and psychological health. Enrichments may help reduce the onset of stereotypies, but rarely decrease or eliminate them entirely. Leaving minks alone plays a large role in the prevention of stereotypies, and the animals' well-being.

References

External links

Mammal common names
Semiaquatic mammals
Mustelinae

Mink


The Japanese immigrant village in Taiwan was established during the Japanese colonial period between 1895 and 1945. The purpose of establishing this village was to provide suitable land for the Japanese immigrant to settle in Taiwan. The land that the government intended to establish as immigrant villages was to undergo a land and forestry survey to verify the land was vacant and assess its suitability to act as immigrant village land. The immigrant villages could be divided as privately conducted or publicly conducted. It could also be divided by occupation, a majority being farming immigrants, but also with fishing, mining, forestry and industrial immigration. The total number of Japanese immigrants during the colonial period was 500,000 people.

Background
There were several reasons why the government promoted 'assimilation immigration; and the establishment of immigration villages for Japanese settlers:

The foremost aim was to lessen the surplus population, in order to solve the problem of limited farming resources in Japan;

Secondly,for the total assimilation of the Taiwanese and the purposes of national defence;

Lastly, to prepare for Japan to move into tropical areas.

The immigration process was divided into four major periods.

The initial privately conducted immigration period 1895–1908, where the first immigrant village was established;

The publicly conducted period by the Karenkō Prefecture 1909–1917, which introduced around 1700 immigrants into Eastern Taiwan;

The privately conducted period by Taitō Prefecture 1917–1932, where the immigrants mainly settled in Taitung (台東);

The later publicly conducted immigration period 1932–1945, with its development based in Western Taiwan.

When Japanese colonial rule ended in October 1945, all Japanese immigrants were sent back to Japan but limited in the resources they could bring home. They were only permitted to take one set of winter and summer clothing, one blanket and with cash of no more than 1000 Yen.

The Main immigrant villages

Kata Immigrant Village
In 1899, the Japanese entrepreneur Katakinsaburou (賀田金三郎) privately recruited immigrants to move to Taiwan. The Kata immigrant village (賀田移民村), established in Wuquan City (吳全城) of modern-day [[Hualien County], was not only the first immigrant village established in Eastern Taiwan, but also the first Japanese immigrant village in the world. There were around 133 families and 385 residences in the village. However, due to its geographic location and the fact of being a privately administrated village,locals lacked trust in the residents. Moreover, the immigrants could not achieve self-sufficiency and so several died and others returned to Japan. Hence, the first period of the Japanese Immigration was not so successful.

Yoshino Immigrant Village
This was the first publicly conduct immigrant village in 1909, after the government had already started actively promoting the immigration process. The Yoshino Immigrant Village (吉野移民村) was located in Hualien Qijiao creek (花蓮七腳川), where sugarcane was the main product. This was originally the land of a group of aboriginals (阿美族). For the purpose of promoting immigration, the government provided three years of free medical service, free land usage as well as subsidies for various expenses. The government also built clinics, primary schools, Japanese shrines and other public facilities.

Immigrantlife
The Japanese immigrant villages were designed in the same way as traditional Japanese villages. The houses were made of bamboo and wood with a layer of hay serving as the roof. Tatami mats also covered the floors. The immigrants' main products were tobacco, sugar and rice. In order to increase the income of the immigrants, the Japanese government imported tobacco leaves to plant. They were then able to sell the tobacco leaves to tobacco factories and earn income. Since Eastern Taiwan had an ideal climate and terrain for growing sugarcane, the immigrants also planted this crop and produced sugar from it. The village also grew "Yoshino rice", which was the only rice the Japanese emperor consumed.

Japanese immigrant villages in Taiwan today
Although all Japanese immigrants were sent back to Japan after Japanese colonial rule ended, several immigrant villages still exist. These include Yoshino immigrant village, Toyota immigrant village (豐田移民村) and Hayashita immigrant village(林田移民村). These villages are open to the public to see how life was for Japanese villagers in Taiwan during this period.

Taiwan under Japanese rule

Japanese Immigrant Villages in Taiwan


Visits to St Elizabeths is a poem by Elizabeth Bishop modelled on the English nursery rhyme This is the house that Jack built. The poem refers to the confinement between 1945 and 1958 of Ezra Pound in St Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D.C. The nursery rhyme style gives an unusual effect to the strange or unsettling descriptions of a psychiatric hospital in the poem. Likewise the poem treats Pound ambivalently describing him by turns as "honored", "brave", "cruel", and "wretched" among other things.

The poem draws on Bishop's visits to Pound during the year she spent in Washington as the Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (a position now known as Poet Laureate) in 1949-50. The poem itself was written in 1956.

External links
Text of the poem

1956 poems
American poems
Cultural depictions of Ezra Pound
Ezra Pound

Visits to St. Elizabeths


Alex Tillman (born May 29, 1991) is a Canadian football defensive back and punt returner who is currently a free agent. He formerly attended the University of North Dakota and the University of Houston.

High school career

Tillman attended North Shore Senior High School, where he played high school football as a quarterback. He earned three district championships at North Shore, and was named the Offensive and Team MVP during his senior year with over 2,000 passing yards and 500 rushing yards.

College career

Tillman first played college football for the Houston Cougars. After redshirting in 2010, he played in 26 games on defense and the special teams from 2011 to 2013. Prior to the 2014 season, Tillman transferred to the University of North Dakota to complete his final year of eligibility. He recorded 31 solo tackles and a 92-yard interception for a touchdown in his final season, playing as a cornerback. He also returned 14 punts for 237 yards, including a school record 95-yard punt return for a touchdown. Tillman was designated an all-conference punt returner in the Big Sky Conference and received an honorable mention as a cornerback.

Professional career

On May 27, 2015, Tillman was signed by the BC Lions as a free agent. He was among several potential candidates to replace Tim Brown as the team's kickoff returner during the preseason, and was also looked at as a potential punt returner. After making the active roster, Tillman made his CFL debut on July 4 against the Ottawa Redblacks, recording a tackle and returning three punts for 22 yards.

References

1991 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
Canadian football defensive backs
American football defensive backs
American football return specialists
Canadian football return specialists
BC Lions players
Houston Cougars football players
North Dakota Fighting Hawks football players
Players of American football from Houston
Players of Canadian football from Houston
North Shore Senior High School (Texas) alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople

Alex Tillman


S.A. Griffin (born March 16, 1954) is an American poet, actor, performance artist, and publisher. He co-edited The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry. He spells his name without a space between the first two initials.

Biography
Griffin was born in San Antonio, Texas, the oldest of six children. He grew up in the San Francisco East Bay, primarily in the Easter Hill Village housing project in Richmond, California. He graduated from Castro Valley High School in the fall of 1972, and voluntarily enlisted in the United States Air Force. Upon completion of his four-year tour of duty, he returned to the East Bay, living in Hayward, California and the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco. In September 1978, he was awarded a scholarship to attend the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera workshop, and relocated to Los Angeles, where he still lives.

Since 1979, Griffin has worked on stage and on camera as a professional actor with notable directors such as Clint Eastwood, Burt Reynolds, Kathryn Bigelow, Ivan Reitman, Douglas Trumbull, Joe Pytka, Jeremy Podeswa, Stephen Kessler, Leslie Dektor, and Jeremiah S. Chechik. He is Drama-Logue Award (stage) and Kari Award (commercials) winner, and has appeared in over 150 commercials.

In the 1980s, Griffin began appearing in poetry anthologies, periodicals, and publishing poetry. His writing is influenced by the Beat Generation, Charles Bukowski, punk rock, and Dada. He is an adviser on the curatorial council of Beyond Baroque Literary Arts Center, and in 2011 was the first recipient of Beyond Baroque's Distinguished Service Award. During the 1990s, until its close in 1998, he was a regular at the Onyx Cafe in Los Feliz, producing a number of performances and poetry-reading series there. He toured extensively throughout the United States with three poetry performance groups of which he was a founding member: The Lost Tribe (1985-1992), The Carma Bums (1989-2009) and White Trash Apocalypse (1995-1997). Writer Wanda Coleman named him "L.A.'s Best Performance Poet" for The LA Weekly in 1989, and editor Lucinda Michele Knapp called him the "should-be poet laureate of Los Angeles" in the Los Angeles Alternative Press.

Griffin founded his imprint, Rose of Sharon press, in 1989 with the publication of Sharktalk by Doug Knott.  He also published and edited the underground poetry journals The Fool, (Sic) Vice & Verse, and MEAT, and worked on the editorial staff for Shattersheet and The Moment. He is the co-editor of The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry which received the Firecracker Alternative Book Award in 2000. He co-founded H.I.P. (Hollywood Institute of Poetics) and WWWRN (World Wide Word Radio Network) Blog Talk Radio. In his attempts to bring poetry to a wider audience, outside of publishing broadsides, chapbooks, and periodicals, Griffin has placed poems on billboards and beer bottles.

In 2010 Griffin adapted a 1970 240-MK Vietnam War-era practice bomb to house poetry instead of explosives, gathering over 900 poems from around the world. American pinstripe artist and fabricator Skratch pinstriped the bomb, which Griffin named Elsie in honor of his paternal grandmother. Between April and June 2010, Griffin toured with Elsie the Poetry Bomb across the United States, appearing at 30 different venues, and inviting people to put their poems inside. Of the inspiration behind the project, he said:

"War, the art, artifact and artifice of war were created to invent and enforce agreements. Hopefully by transforming this piece I have created something that will inspire disagreements. The democratic process depends upon disagreement in order to function.... The Poetry Bomb is a weapon of mass discussion."

In 2015, the S.A. Griffin collection of underground poetry, Scott Wannberg, and The Carma Bums, circa 1950-2015 was archived at UCLA, becoming the first acquisition of UCLA's Punk Archive.

Books

Author
The Lost Tribe (1985) with The Lost Tribe
Without Skin (1989) with Justice Howard
A One Legged Man Standing Casually On Hollywood Blvd. Smoking A Cigarette (Shelf Life Press, 1989)
etc. (Rose of Sharon Press, 1993)
Heaven Is One Long Naked Dance (Rose of Sharon Press, 1994)
Alien Landing Pad (Rose of Sharon Press, 1995) with Iris Berry and Pleasant Gehman
Twisted Cadillac (Sacred Beverage Press, 1996) with The Carma Bums
The Bad Thing (Phony Lid Publications, 2000)
Unborn Again (Phony Lid, 2001) Duckwalking Thru The Apocalypse (Bottle of Smoke Press, 2003)
Armageddon Outta Here! (Rose of Sharon Press, 2004) with The Carma Bums
Harvey Keitel, Harvey Keitel, Harvey Keitel (Butcher Shop Press, Rose of Sharon, Temple of Man, 2005) with John Dorsey and Scott Wannberg
2 (greenpanda press, 2006) with John Dorsey
Virgin Erotica (greenpanda press, 2006) with John Dorsey
Numbskull Sutra (Rank Stranger Press, 2007)
John & Sarah Do D.C. (Bottle of Speech, 2008)
The Electric President (Rose of Sharon Press, 2008)
The Fucker Inside (Tainted Coffee Press, 2008)
They Swear We Don't Exist (Bottle of Smoke, 2010)
Dreams Gone Mad With Hope on (Punk Hostage Press, 2014)
Harvey Korman Harvey Korman Harvey Korman (Spartan Press, 2017) with John Dorsey and Scott Wannberg

Editor
Sharktalk (Rose of Sharon Press, 1988) by Doug Knott
The Electric Yes Indeed! (Shelf Life Press, 1989) by Scott Wannberg
The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry (Thunders Mouth Press, 1999)
The Outlaw's Prayer: Teaching The Dead to Sing (Rose of Sharon Press, 2006) by John Dorsey
Black Ace 8 (Temple of Man, 2007)
An Interview with Ted Berrigan (Rose of Sharon Press, 2013)
Natural Geographics (Rose of Sharon Press, 2014) by M. Lane Bruner
The Official Language of Yes (Perceval Press, 2015) by Scott Wannberg
The Hideous Bible (Rose of Sharon Press, 2016) by The Lost Bums
lost bastard chronicles (Rose of Sharon Press, 2017) by mark hartenbach

Awards
 Drama-Logue Award, for Best Actor as Jud in Oklahoma! (1979)
 LA Weekly'''s Best Performance Poet, (1989)
 Firecracker Alternative Book Award, for The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry (2000)
 Beyond Baroque Distinguished Service Award, first recipient (2011)

FilmographyBattle Beyond the Stars (1980) - Lettress (uncredited)Rimbaud in L.A. (1982) - CarjatPale Rider (1985) - Deputy FolkeIn the Mood (1987) - Cpl. Howard Glatt, USMCNear Dark (1987) - Police Officer at MotelNightmare at Noon (1988) - Albino's Henchman #1Angel III: The Final Chapter (1988) - RogerTwins (1988) - Hollywood Biker #1Let It Ride (1989) - TrainerCool as Ice (1991) - MorriseyBed of Roses (1996) - StanleyLuxor Live (1996) - OsirisVegas Vacation (1997) - Pit BossNo More Baths (1998) - Bud BildmoreSimon Says (1998) - Ed SimonThe Independent (2000) - SlateBuying the Cow (2002) - StanleyWorld Trade Center (2006) - FDNY Lieutenant (uncredited)Cook Off! (2007) - Dave CarriereRed Velvet (2008) - FatherAshes (2010) - Peter EhrlichThe Great Intervention (2010) - Dr. Alan GriffinCalifornia Scheming'' (2014) - Mr. Rourke

References

External links
 The Open Ended It - official site

 S.A. Griffin's poem "Walt Whitman's Beard" - a video
 The Poetry Bomb - a video

1954 births
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male poets
Male actors from California
Poets from California
Outlaw poets
Living people

S.A. Griffin


Don Satijn (born May 5, 1953) is a Dutch musician and artist, lecturer at the Codarts, who works as sculptor and installation artist.

Biography
Born in Maastricht, Satijn grew up in Rotterdam. He started his studies in Delft, and in 1972 moved to study at Codarts in Rotterdam, where in 1977 he obtained his BA in music and composition. From 1988 to 1992 he studied sculpture and fine art at the Willem de Kooning Academy.

During his studies at Codarts Satijn started as teacher, and kept serving at the institute until 2010. Over the years he lectured in music history, music analysis, rhythm, media technique and concept development. In 1980 he also settled as independent visual artist in Rotterdam. From 1992 to 2001 he has also been exhibition designer at CODART. In 2000 he moved to Blanchefosse-et-Bay, a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France, where he is founding director of the Atelier Blanchefosse, centre for the arts and retreat.

In 2008 he became one of the founding members of Apes container, an artists-led cooperative and a platform for transdisciplinary collaboration.

Work

As visual artist Satijn has realized a series of performances, sculptor, and installations. His main theme is the geometric constructions of lines and squares. Satijn (2015) explains:

Since 1980 I'm working on long duration projects all based on squares and cubes. Main goal is to get hold on infinity........ In very simple structural combinations I find billions of possibilities. For me this is a metaphore for infinity. "If in nothing (a choice for black or white; material or non-material) already we can find endless amounts of possibilities, how complex then is the universe, and how humble we should be."

In the early 1990s he developed all this works towards the concept of The Stone Company, with and exhibition of the work in the RAM gallery in 1995. About his working process of Rutger van Houten explained that this "process that takes place between idea and object may be described as an intuitive system, guided by a love and fascination for variation options and harmony." And more in general about his labour:

The first thing that strikes one about Don Satijn's works are their stark austerity and apparent simplicity. All his creations, however, are the result of a labour-intensive process. A process in which rules apply that the artist has set himself, conditions the works must eventually meet. He follows a binary system, by which a space is there or it isn't, it is filled in, or it is open. Within the limits of his own rules he explores possible variations by means of this system. Thus he undertakes a quest for variation options from one single starting point. He is especially fascinated by the scale the number of options takes on, sometimes bordering upon the infinite. By losing himself in his explorations Satijn tries to point us to the infinity and elusiveness of the surrounding cosmos. For him the process of construction is at least as important as the final work of art.

In 2010 Satijn developed the catalogue, entitled Don Satijn 1990 - 2010, which contained an overview of two decades of this sculptures and installations.

Exhibitions, a selection
Over the year Satijn exhibited his work from many cities in the Netherlands, in Germany and France.
 1994, Group exhibition:'The Stone Company', Galerie Rüster, Frankfurt, Germany
 1995, Solo "The Stone Company II," RAM Galerie Rotterdam
 2010, Solo exhibition, Galerie 300%, Rotterdam
 2011, Group summer exhibition, Gallery Nine (9) Amsterdam
 2012, Group exhibition,

References

External links

 Don Satijn.nl, homepage
 Don Satijn at kunstinzicht.nl

1953 births
Living people
Dutch artists
Willem de Kooning Academy alumni
Artists from Maastricht

Don Satijn


Anatoly Anatolevich Emelin (, ); (born October 3, 1964) is a former Russian ice hockey player. He played right winger and scored 229 goals in 596 official games. After 1997-98 season, Emelin finished his player career and became a coach in HC Lada Togliatti. In 2006, he was promoted to head coach of the team.

Playing career
Emelin's player career started in 1982 in the team of his home region capital, Salavat Yulaev Ufa, where he was playing until 1990 (with a two-season break in SKA Sverdlovsk). After that, Anatoly accepted the invitation of newly hired Lada coach Gennadiy Tsigurov, and helped to lead his new team to the highest division of Soviet hockey. During the 1992–93 season, Emelin tried himself in Sweden, but decided to return to Lada. Emelin retired in 1998.

Despite the fact that Anatoly's team became Russian Champions twice and won European Cup during his career, he was invited to the national team only once. In 1994, he participated in World Championship, where he scored 2 goals in six games.

Trivia
As for now (2006), Anatoly Emelin is the youngest head coach of Russian Hockey Super League. Despite of that, he won his first games against former Lada coaches, Gennadiy Tsigurov and Petr Vorobiev, with the same score - 3:1.

Career statistics

International statistics

External links

1964 births
HC Lada Togliatti players
Living people
Ice hockey people from Ufa
Russian ice hockey coaches
Russian ice hockey right wingers
Salavat Yulaev Ufa players
Soviet ice hockey right wingers

Anatoly Emelin


Sankey diagrams are a data visualisation technique or flow diagram that emphasizes flow/movement/change from one state to another or one time to another, in which the width of the arrows is proportional to the flow rate of the depicted extensive property.

Sankey diagrams can also visualize the energy accounts, material flow accounts on a regional or national level, and cost breakdowns. The diagrams are often used in the visualization of material flow analysis.

Sankey diagrams emphasize the major transfers or flows within a system. They help locate the most important contributions to a flow. They often show conserved quantities within defined system boundaries.

History
Sankey diagrams are named after Irish Captain Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey, who used this type of diagram in 1898 in a classic figure  (see diagram) showing the energy efficiency of a steam engine. The original charts in black and white displayed just one type of flow (e.g. steam); using colors for different types of flows lets the diagram express additional variables.

Over time, it became a standard model used in science and engineering to represent heat balance, energy flows, material flows, and since the 1990s this visual model has been used in life-cycle assessment of products.

One of the most famous Sankey diagrams is Charles Minard's Map of Napoleon's Russian Campaign of 1812. It is a flow map, overlaying a Sankey diagram onto a geographical map. It was created in 1869, predating Sankey's first Sankey diagram of 1898.

Science

Sankey diagrams are often used in fields of science, especially physics. They are used to represent energy inputs, useful output, and wasted output.

Active examples
The United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) produces numerous Sankey diagrams annually in its Annual Energy Review which illustrate the production and consumption of various forms of energy.

The US Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore Laboratory maintains a site of Sankey diagrams, including US energy flow and carbon flow.

Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Union, has developed an interactive Sankey web tool to visualise energy data by means of flow diagrams. The tool allows the building and customisation of diagrams by playing with different options (country, year, fuel, level of detail).

The International Energy Agency (IEA) created an interactive Sankey web application that details the flow of energy for the entire planet. Users can select specific countries, points of time back to 1973, and modify the arrangement of various flows within the Sankey diagram.

See also
Alluvial diagrama type of Sankey diagram that uses the same kind of representation to depict how items re-group
Material flow management
Thermodynamics
Time geography

References

External links
Sankey diagram example showing college careers based on degree http://benschmidt.org/jobs/

Diagrams
Irish inventions
British inventions

Sankey diagram


Elections to the Labour Party's Shadow Cabinet took place on 23 October 1991. Under the rules then in effect, the Commons members of the Parliamentary Labour Party elected 18 members of the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet, who were then assigned portfolios by the leader. The Commons members of the PLP separately elected the Chief Whip, and the Labour peers elected the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. In addition, the Leader of the Labour Party and Deputy Leader (Neil Kinnock and Roy Hattersley, respectively) were members by virtue of those offices.

The election did not result in any changes to the Shadow Cabinet.

† Multiple candidates tied for position.

References

1991
1991 elections in the United Kingdom
October 1991 events in the United Kingdom

1991 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election


Fionnuala McCormack (née Britton; born 24 September 1984 in Wicklow) is an Irish runner who has competed at a range of distance running events. She was the gold medallist at the 2011 and 2012 European Cross Country Championships. She has represented Ireland in the steeplechase at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics, the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and 2011 World Championships in Athletics, and twice at the European Athletics Championships. In December 2012, Britton became the first woman to successfully defend the European Cross Country Championship.

Career
She began her international junior career in cross country running in 2001, highlighted by 33rd place at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. She won a steeplechase silver at the 2006 European Cup and also competed in the event at the European Athletics Championships, being eliminated in the heats. She took the under-23 silver medal at the 2006 European Cross Country Championships at the end of the year. She was fourteenth in the senior race at the 2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – the second best European performer behind Jessica Augusto (12th). She made her global track debut at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and was twelfth in the steeplechase final. She ended the year with a seventh-place finish at the 2007 European Cross Country Championships.

She made her Olympic debut at the 2008 Summer Games in Beijing, but did not make the women's steeplechase final. She came eleventh at the 2009 European Cross Country Championships which was held in her home city of Dublin. Britton was also eleventh in the steeplechase final at the 2010 European Athletics Championships. She just missed out on a medal at the 2010 European Cross Country Championships, finishing with the same time as bronze medallist Ana Dulce Félix. She took second place at the Lotto Cross Cup Brussels a week later.

In preparation for the world competition, she ran at the Almond Blossom Cross Country in March 2011 and took second place. She managed 16th place at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Punta Umbría. She ran a personal best of 15:31.26 minutes for the 5000 metres at the FBK Games in June then ran a steeplechase best of 9:37.60 minutes at the Adidas Grand Prix in New York. Britton represented Ireland on the track at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, narrowly being eliminated in the first stage of the steeplechase. In November she came third at the high-level Cross de l'Acier cross country race.
In December 2011, she won the gold medal at the 2011 European Cross Country Championships.

She began 2012 with wins at the Great Edinburgh Cross Country and Antrim Cross Country. She expressed her disappointment that the World Cross Country would not be held that year, and stated that she would focus on track running that year instead. In December of that year she became the first woman to defend the continental cross title claiming victory at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships.

In January 2013, Britton retained her Great Edinburgh Cross Country and Antrim Cross Country titles.

On 3 March 2013, she won a bronze medal in the 3000 metres final at the 2013 European Athletics Indoor Championships in Gothenburg. She placed 13th at the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, being Europe's top performer in the race and one of only two non-Africans in the top 15 (alongside Neely Spence). She competed mainly in European competitions in the following two seasons, coming fourth at the 2013 European Cross Country Championships, ranking eighth in the 10,000 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, then ending in sixth at the 2014 European Cross Country Championships (and taking a team bronze).

She married in 2015 and began competing as Fionnuala McCormack. Her first success under her married name was a team bronze at the 2015 European Cross Country Championships, where she narrowly missed an individual medal in fourth place behind Karoline Bjerkeli Grøvdal. She finished 5th in the 2019 Chicago Marathon.

In 2019, she competed in the senior women's race at the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Aarhus, Denmark. She finished in 18th place.

International competitions

Personal bests
1500 metres – 4:08.35 min (2011)
3000 metres – 8:55.12 min (2012)
3000 metres indoor – 8:53.47 min (2013)
5000 metres – 15:08.69 min (2012)
10,000 metres – 31:18.25 min (2012)
3000 metres steeplechase – 9:17.60 min (2011)
Marathon – 2 hrs 23:58 min (2021)

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
People from Wicklow (town)
Athletes from County Wicklow
Irish female long-distance runners
Irish female steeplechase runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Ireland
World Athletics Championships athletes for Ireland
European Cross Country Championships winners
20th-century Irish women
21st-century Irish women

Fionnuala McCormack


Ruth Behar (born 1956) is a Cuban-American anthropologist and writer. Her work includes academic studies, as well as poetry, memoir, and literary fiction. As an anthropologist, she has argued for the open adoption and acknowledgement of the subjective nature of research and participant-observers. She is a recipient of the Belpré Medal.

Life and work
Behar was born in Havana, Cuba in 1956 to a Jewish-Cuban family of Sephardic Turkish, and Ashkenazi Polish and Russian ancestry. She was four when her family immigrated to the US following Fidel Castro's gaining power in the revolution of 1959. More than 94% of Cuban Jews left the country at that time, together with many others of the middle and upper classes. Behar attended local schools and studied as an undergraduate at Wesleyan University, receiving her B.A. in 1977. She studied cultural anthropology at Princeton University, earning her doctorate in 1983.

She travels regularly to Cuba and Mexico to study aspects of culture, as well as to investigate her family's roots in Jewish Cuba. She has specialized in studying the lives of women in developing societies.

Behar is a professor at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Her literary work is featured in the Michigan State University's Michigan Writers Series. A writer of anthropology, essays, poetry and fiction, Behar focuses on issues related to women and feminism.

Lucky Broken Girl
Lucky Broken Girl (2017) is multicultural coming-of-age novel for young adults, based on the author's childhood in the 1960s.
Ruthie Mizrahi and her family recently emigrated from Castro's Cuba to New York City. Just when she's finally beginning to gain confidence in her mastery of English –and enjoying her reign as her neighborhood's hopscotch queen – a horrific car accident leaves her in a body cast and confined to her bed for a long recovery. As Ruthie's world shrinks because of her inability to move, her powers of observation and her heart grow larger and she comes to understand how fragile life is, how vulnerable we all are as human beings, and how friends, neighbors, and the power of the arts can sweeten even the worst of times. Writing for Cuba Counterpoints, Julie Schwietert Collazo writes, "Behar, without fail, always seems to be writing with the goal of honoring her own history, experiences, and feelings, without ever denying or excluding those of others, and in Lucky Broken Girl the achievement of this goal is evident on every page." Professor Jonda C. McNair also highlights the importance of Ruth Behar using her personal experience as a Cuban American of Sephardic Turkish, Ashkenazi Polish and Russian ancestry to write stories that are culturally authentic.

Traveling Heavy
Traveling Heavy (2013) is a memoir about her Cuban-American family, descended from both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews in Cuba, as well as the strangers who ease her journey in life. Her probings about her complicated Jewish Cuban ancestry and family's immigration to America explore issues about identity and belonging. Kirkus Reviews described her book as "A heartfelt witness to the changing political and emotional landscape of the Cuban-American experience." Behar studies the revitalization of Cuban Jewish life as an anthropologist, but her personal journey back to the island she left as a little girl is the heart of this "memoir I snuck in, between journeys."<ref>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2013/05/07/book-review-traveling-heavy-ruth-behar/63bQLREGr3TWK6bOtobcSN/story.html Review: Ruth Behar, Traveling Heavy'"], Boston Globe, 7 May 2013</ref>

 An Island Called Home An Island Called Home (2007) was written in Behar's quest for a better understanding of Jewish Cuba and particularly her family's roots. She noted, "I knew the stories of the Jews in Cuba, but it was all about looking at them as a community". Traveling the island, Behar becomes the confidante to a host of Jewish strangers, building connections for further anthropological research. Conducting one-on-one interviews, combined with black-and-white photography, she builds readers an image of the diasporic thread connecting Cuban Jews to one another.

Beginning with Jewish immigrants of the 1920s, who fled unrest in Turkey, Russia and Poland, she moves on to stories of later immigrants, Polish and German Jews who fled to Cuba in the 1930s and 1940s in order to escape persecution and the concentration camps of the Nazis. In Cuba immigrants opened mom-and-pop shops, peddled, and gradually adopted Spanish while still speaking Yiddish, settling into Latino life in La Habana Vieja. In the early part of the century, many Jewish immigrants worked in the Cuban garment industry. More than 94% left during and after the 1959 revolution. As her family was among those who left Cuba, Behar intertwines her personal thoughts and feelings with her professional, analytical observations of the current society.

 The Vulnerable Observer The Vulnerable Observer recounts Behar's passage to integrating subjective aspects into her anthropological studies. Suffering her grandfather's death while on a field trip to Spain to study funeral practices, she decided the ethnographer could never be fully detached, and needed to become a "vulnerable observer". She argues that the ethnographic fieldworker should identify and work though, his or her own emotional involvement with the subject under study. She strongly critiques conventional ideas of objectivity. She suggested that the ideal of a "scientific," distanced, impersonal mode of presenting materials was incomplete. Other anthropologists, including Claude Levi-Strauss, Georges Devereux, and Clifford Geertz, had also suggested that the researcher had to claim being part of the process more openly. Behar's six personal essays in The Vulnerable Observer are examples of her subjective approach.

Behar's grandparents emigrated to Cuba from Russia, Poland and Turkey during the 1920s. In 1962 they fled Cuba to escape Castro's communism. At the age of nine, Behar suffered a broken leg from the crash of her family's car. She was immobilized for a year. The experience and recovery period led her to the recognition that "the body is a homeland" of stored memory and pain.

 Translated Woman
In 1985, Behar was working in Mexico when she befriended an Indian witch working as a street peddler. Townspeople said the witch, Esperanza Hernandez, had used black magic to blind her ex-husband after he regularly beat her and then left her for his mistress. Behar's portrayal of Esperanza's story in Translated Woman suggests she alienated her own mother, inspiring Behar to portray Esperanza as a feminist heroine. Esperanza claims she found redemption in a spiritualist cult constructed around Pancho Villa. She blamed pent-up rage about her husband and life as the reason for the deaths in infancy of the first six of her 12 children. Esperanza's rage led her to beat up her husband's lover, throw her son out of the house, beat a daughter for refusing to support her, and disown another son for having an affair with an uncle's ex-mistress because she considered it to be incestuous. Behar reflects on her own life and begins to think that her Latina-gringa conflicts result from a feeling of loss after having tried to model herself according to the American Dream, thus losing some sense of her Cuban Jewish family's past in that island nation. Esperanza's odyssey examines physical borders, margins and separations. Translated Woman contributes to the feminist argument that studying women in anthropology has been undervalued due to traditional academic prejudices that view women-centered analysis as too personally biased.

Awards and honours
In 1988, Behar was the first Latino woman to be awarded a MacArthur fellowship. *In 2011 she gave a Turku Agora Lecture.

Selected bibliography

BooksThe Presence of the Past in a Spanish Village: Santa María del Monte (1986)
Translated Woman: Crossing the Border with Esperanza's Story (1993; second edition, Beacon Press, 2003 )
Bridges to Cuba / Puentes a Cuba, editor, University of Michigan Press, 1995,
Women Writing Culture Editors Ruth Behar, Deborah A. Gordon, University of California Press, 1995,
The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart, Beacon Press, 1996,
An Island Called Home: Returning to Jewish Cuba, Rutgers University Press, 2007,
The Portable Island: Cubans at Home in the World, Editors Ruth Behar, Lucía M. Suárez, Macmillan, 2008,
Traveling Heavy:  A Memoir in Between Journeys., Duke University Press, 2013,

FilmAdio Kerida (Goodbye Dear Love): A Cuban-American Woman's Search for Sephardic Memories'' (2002)

See also
 Cuban American literature
 List of Cuban-American writers

References

External links
Personal website
Adio Kerida: A Cuban Sephardic Journey Official Website
Gabriel Frye-Behar, website

1956 births
Living people
21st-century American anthropologists
American anthropology writers
Anthropology educators
Cuban anthropologists
American women anthropologists
Cuban women anthropologists
Cultural anthropologists
Latin Americanists
MacArthur Fellows
Wesleyan University alumni
Princeton University alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Cuban Jews
Cuban people of Sephardic-Jewish descent
American people of Cuban-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Turkish-Jewish descent
American writers of Cuban descent
20th-century Cuban women writers
21st-century Cuban women writers
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Jewish anthropologists
American women academics
21st-century American women
Jewish women writers

Ruth Behar


Max Bunker, pen name of Luciano Massimiliano Secchi (born 24 August 1939), is an Italian comic book writer, and publisher, best known as the co-author of Alan Ford.

Bunker's career started in 1960 when he co-founded, together with his brother in law Andrea Corno, a publishing house focused on the production of comics called Editoriale Corno. In 1962 Bunker wrote a Western-style comic book, Maschera Nera (Black Mask). He went on to create more comics series in collaboration with Magnus (Roberto Raviola) such as Kriminal and Satanik and Maxmagnus. Bunker and Magnus' arguably most successful creative endeavour is Alan Ford. Originally published in May 1969, the series ran for 75 issues. When Editoriale Corno closed in 1984, Bunker founded Max Bunker Press and continued to publish Alan Ford in collaboration with other artists such as Paolo Piffarerio.

Selected works
 Kriminal (1964)
 Satanik (1964)
 Gesebel (1966)
 Maxmagnus (1968)
 Alan Ford (1969)
 Fouche (1973)
 Daniel (1973)
 Kerry Cross (1994)

Notes

Sources

 Max Bunker dossier FFF

External links
 Max Bunker Press official site

1939 births
Italian comics writers
Living people
Writers from Milan
Italian magazine editors
Italian publishers (people)
Comic book publishers (people)
Businesspeople from Milan
Italian magazine founders
20th-century Italian businesspeople
21st-century Italian businesspeople

Max Bunker


Celso Alejandro Jaque (born September 24, 1960) is an Argentine Justicialist Party (PJ) politician, former Argentine Ambassador to Colombia, former governor of Mendoza Province and a former senator.

Born in Malargüe, Mendoza, Jaque graduated as an accountant at the National University of Cuyo. He joined the Justicialists in 1983, and was elected to the Provincial Legislature in 1991, serving until 1995, when he was elected Mayor of Malargüe. He was re-elected in 1999 and in 2003, was elected to the Argentine Senate.

Jaque chaired the Federal revenue sharing committee until 2005, and the Infrastructure committee until 2007. He was elected Governor of Mendoza in October 2007, replacing Julio Cobos, who was elected Vice President of Argentina. The governor of the fourth most important district in Argentina, Jaque's support was courted by the faction of the Justicialist Party opposed to Kirchnerism. He remained an ally, however, of the embattled President Cristina Kirchner, who lost the support of Vice President Cobos and most Mendoza Justicialists during the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector.

External links
  Mendoza Province

References

1960 births
Living people
People from Mendoza Province
National University of Cuyo alumni
Argentine accountants
Members of the Argentine Senate for Mendoza
Justicialist Party politicians
Mayors of places in Argentina
Governors of Mendoza Province

Celso Jaque


The Ancona is a breed of domestic duck, characterised by an unusual and variable broken-colored plumage pattern. It is not clear whether it originated in the United Kingdom or in the United States. It is not recognised or listed by the American Poultry Association, by the Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture, or by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.

History

It usually reported that the Ancona was first bred in England in the early twentieth century, probably from the same stock that gave rise to the Magpie, and was introduced to the United States in or before the 1970s where it was first shown in 1983. However, an article in the Water Fowl Club of America Yearbook of 1913 reports that a duck of the same name had been developed by one W.J. Wirt, of Knowlesville, New York, who had named it after the Ancona breed of chicken. Birds of this type were shown in subsequent years, and took two first prizes at a poultry show in Boston in 1915. The Livestock Conservancy does not give any description of these early American Anconas, or any comparison to the modern breed of that name.

Characteristics

The Ancona is of medium size, and weighs about . It has an oval head, a slightly concave bill. The plumage is broken-colored, with irregular patches of color on a white ground. The usual color is black and white; other color varieties are: blue and white, chocolate and white, silver and white, and lavender and white. The bill is yellow, spotted with black or dark green, and the shanks are orange, marked with black or brown.

It forages well, is hardy, and is capable of adapting to different environmental conditions.

Use

The Ancona is a good layer, producing some 210–280 eggs per year; these may be blue, green, white, spotted, cream, or tinted.

References

Duck breeds
Duck breeds originating in the United Kingdom
Duck breeds originating in the United States

Ancona duck


Robin Hood of Monterey is a 1947 American adventure film directed by Christy Cabanne and starring Gilbert Roland, Chris-Pin Martin and Evelyn Brent. The film was part of the long-running Cisco Kid series produced by Monogram Pictures. The Cisco Kid travels to Monterey, California (then part of Mexico), where he clears the son of an old friend of a charge of murder.

Plot

Cast
 Gilbert Roland as The Cisco Kid
 Chris-Pin Martin as Pancho
 Evelyn Brent as Maria Belmonte Sanchez
 Jack La Rue as Don Ricardo Gonzales
 Pedro de Cordoba as Don Carlos Belmonte
 Donna Martell as Lolita
 Travis Kent as Eduardo Belmonte
 Thornton Edwards as El Capitan
 Nestor Paiva as The Alcalde
 Ernie Adams as Pablo
 Fred Cordova as Henchman
 Ray Jones as Henchman
 Bob McElroy as Rurale
 Alex Montoya as Juan
 George Navarro as Card player
 Artie Ortego as Alcalde's carriage driver
 Julian Rivero as Doctor Martinez
 Felipe Turich as Jose - Sentry / Servant
 Bob Woodward as Pedro

References

Bibliography
 Baugh, Scott L. Latino American Cinema: An Encyclopedia of Movies, Stars, Concepts, and Trends. ABC-CLIO, 2012.

External links

1947 films
1947 Western (genre) films
1940s historical adventure films
American historical adventure films
Monogram Pictures films
Films set in California
Films set in Mexico
Films directed by Christy Cabanne
Films set in the 19th century
Adaptations of works by O. Henry
Cisco Kid
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Robin Hood of Monterey


Bike rage refers to using bad words, bad gestures, or physcial conflict between cyclists and others on the road, including pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and drivers. Bike rage is similar to other road rage.

A bike rage event can start because a cyclist, driver, or pedestrian thinks that another road user was breaking traffic rules, or in other ways because someone felt that their safety was threatened by another road user. Some people consider that the problem is city planners have mixed bikes and cars together in the same ways and may cause lots of chances for conflict. As such, cyclists feel threatened in traffic and hard done by and under attack.

An article in Toronto Life magazine argued that the source of the problem bike rage is neither the problem of drivers nor the problem of cyclists, but the environment in which they interact. A possible explanation between cyclists and drivers is the anonymity of the big city; all the cyclists and drivers know they will never meet each other again.

Examples

Drivers attacking cyclists

An event from New York Times show that a 41-year-old cyclist, Dan Cooley was injured by a driver who became angry at him after an exchange of insults. The event began when the driver overtake in front of Mr. Cooley. As Mr. Cooley moved off the road, the driver drove the car to him, and used car to hurted him. Mr. Cooley fell on the ground and then the driver got out of the car and attacked him. Mr. Cooley got concussion and a torn ligament when he was taken to hospital.  Mr. Cooley said that the reason for anger between cyclists and drivers is the car had monopolized the road for long time, however, bicyclists become more and more popular to save gas in this time. No one knows how to share the road.

Cyclists attacking drivers

In 2004 Chicago had an event that a cyclist attacked a driver. A Pennsylvania bicyclist shot a truck driver after an altercation. The truck driver, William Nicoletti, 51, when he drove past the cyclist, the man on the bike made obscene gesture to him. Not only for this, but also he drew a pistol and shot Mr. Nicoletti. The man on the bicycle, Robert Urick, 41, was "charged with attempted homicide, aggravated assault and weapons offenses."

In Toronto in January 2006, a driver threw his lunch out the window of his car. A 26-year-old bike courier threw the food back into the car. The driver tossed two cups of hot coffee at the courier. Then the driver attacked the woman and her bike.

A cyclist named Jefferey Guffey from Indiana told a driver to slow down. The driver attacked Guffey and bit part of his ear off. Police charged the driver with an offence.

In Toronto in 2007, a cyclist got angry at a driver. The cyclist then stabbed the driver in the face and neck with a screwdriver.

References

Traffic

Bike rage


Allegheny Airlines Flight 736 was a regularly scheduled flight that crashed while attempting to land at Bradford Regional Airport in Bradford, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1968. Twenty of the 47 occupants on board were killed.

Aircraft and crew
Flight 736 was operated using a Convair CV-580 (registration number N5802). The aircraft was originally certificated as a Convair CV-440 on March 4, 1957, but was modified to include upgraded turbine engines and propellers and re-certificated as a CV-580 on May 25, 1965. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had accumulated a total of 29,173 flight hours. The CV-580 was flown by Captain Gary Lee Mull, aged 33, and first officer Richard Bruce Gardner, aged 30.

Flight
Flight 736 took off from Detroit, Michigan bound for Washington D.C., with intermediate stops in Erie, Bradford, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The flight was uneventful until the aircraft began its approach to Bradford.

At 19:57 Eastern Standard Time, Flight 736 reported passing a DME east of Erie, and was instructed to descend to 4,000 feet and cleared for an approach to Bradford. At the same time, Flight 736 was advised that, at the last hourly observation, Bradford weather reported light snow showers, blowing snow, and one mile visibility. At 20:05, Bradford approach controllers advised Flight 736 again of light snow, blowing snow, and one mile visibility. Flight 736 acknowledged each weather advisory. At 20:08, Flight 736 reported that they were turning inbound for runway 32 and they were informed the wind was 290 degrees at 15 knots. This was Flight 736's last transmission before the crash.

Flight 736 continued to descend until the aircraft first struck trees approximately 2-1/8 nautical miles short of the runway, and under a mile northwest of the Kinzua Bridge. The airplane cut through the trees for a further 800 feet, extensively damaging the engines, until it impacted the ground. The fuselage came to rest inverted with the top portion (roof) of the fuselage torn away. Most of the survivors were seated toward the back of the aircraft and were wearing seatbelts, remaining in their seats until the plane came to a halt. Passengers who were able to free themselves then worked to free the remaining survivors. Due to a blinding snowstorm, rescue workers were initially prevented from reaching the crash site. Survivors started a bonfire outside of the aircraft using wood, seat cushions, and luggage to keep warm and attract rescuers to the crash site.

Investigation
The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident. After reviewing the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder, the NTSB determined that the flight was flawless until the flight reached a DME 2.9 miles from the airport. The minimum altitude at the 2.9 mile DME was 2,900 feet above mean sea level; after reaching the DME, Flight 736 was authorized only to descend to the minimum descent altitude (MDA) of 2,543 feet.  However, the aircraft continued to descend below the MDA until it contacted the trees at an altitude 462 feet below the MDA.  The NTSB concluded that neither pilot was aware of the aircraft's proximity to the ground until initial contact with trees, at which point the first officer yelled, "Pull up." The pilots then attempted to pull up, but one second later the right wing struck a large tree, causing the aircraft to roll over.

The investigators focused on determining why the pilots allowed the aircraft to descend below the MDA. Crew fatigue, instrument or autopilot malfunction, and other mechanical issues were all considered and dismissed as unlikely causes. The NTSB concluded that the most likely explanation was that the descent was unintentional and resulted from both pilots looking away from the instruments, having instead focused on making visual contact with the runway. Based on cockpit conversations and weather data, the NTSB also concluded that while light snow and 1-mile visibility was reported to the pilots from the Bradford airport, weather conditions and visibility may have been substantially worse in the final approach area.

The NTSB determined the probable cause to be "the continuation of the descent from the final approach fix through the Minimum Descent Altitude and into obstructing terrain at a time when both flight crewmembers were looking outside the aircraft in an attempt to establish visual reference to the ground. Contributing factors were the minimal visual references available at night on the approaches to the Bradford Regional Airport; a small but critical navigational error during the later stages of the approach; and a rapid change in visibility conditions that was not known to the crew."

Aftermath
Less than two weeks after Flight 736 crashed, Allegheny Airlines Flight 737 also went down on approach to Bradford Airport. Both aircraft were approaching the same runway but in opposite directions at the time of the crashes. Shortly after Flight 737's crash, Allegheny Airlines self-imposed new rules for landings at airports. The rules required visibility of 1,000 feet up and three miles out for any airport without instrument landing systems. Allegheny cancelled 124 out of 1,409 scheduled flight segments in the first week after the new visibility rules were adopted.

Almost 42 years after the crash, one of its survivors announced she was paying for a plaque for the flight's victims, survivors, and rescuers.

References

External links
 ()

Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1968
Accidents and incidents involving the Convair CV-240 family
Airliner accidents and incidents in Pennsylvania
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Allegheny Airlines accidents and incidents
1968 in Pennsylvania
December 1968 events in the United States

Allegheny Airlines Flight 736


In mathematics, in the representation theory of algebraic groups, an observable subgroup is an algebraic subgroup of a linear algebraic group whose every finite-dimensional rational representation arises as the restriction to the subgroup of a finite-dimensional rational representation of the whole group.

An equivalent formulation, in case the base field is closed, is that K is an observable subgroup of G if and only if the quotient variety G/K is a quasi-affine variety.

Some basic facts about observable subgroups:

 Every normal algebraic subgroup of an algebraic group is observable.
 Every observable subgroup of an observable subgroup is observable.

External links
 Extensions of Representations of algebraic linear groups

Representation theory of algebraic groups

Observable subgroup


Robert Ball Hughes (19 January 1804 – 5 March 1868), often known as Ball Hughes, was a British-American sculptor, born in England and active in the United States.

Biography
Ball Hughes was born in London. His birth year has been confirmed to be 1804 according to his baptismal record on the International Genealogical Index, and not 1806 as has been widely reported. His given name was Robert Balls Hughes according to his baptismal record.

He early exhibited a decided taste for modelling, and at 12 years of age made out of wax candle ends a bas-relief copy of a picture representing the wisdom of Solomon, which was afterward cast in silver. He later studied under Edward Hodges Baily for seven years. During this time, the Royal Academy awarded him a large silver medal for the best copy in bas-relief of the Apollo Belvedere. He also received a silver medal from the Society of Arts and Sciences for a copy of the Barberini Faun, a large silver medal for the best original model from life, and a gold medal for an original composition, "Pandora brought by Mercury to Epimetheus." In 1830 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.

Hughes was commissioned to sculpt busts of various members of Britains nobility and Royal family, including the Duke of Sussex, the Duke of Cumberland and most notably King George IV. Robert Ball Hughes emigrated to New York City in 1829. His first major commission in America, was a high-relief marble memorial to Bishop John H. Hobart for Trinity Church, New York, followed by a statue of New York Governor DeWitt Clinton, and subsequently a statue of Alexander Hamilton (placed atop of the Merchants' Exchange Building New York, but destroyed by fire in 1835).  The original plaster study for that work is held by the Museum of the City of New York.

After a short stay in New York, and then Philadelphia, he settled in Boston, where he produced busts of Washington Irving (1836) and Edward Livingston, and a large bronze of mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch for Mount Auburn Cemetery (1847). Ball Hughes' statue of Nathaniel Bowditch was the first large bronze to be cast in America. He made Little Nell and the group Uncle Toby and Widow Wadman, whose plaster models went to the Boston Athenaeum, but were never carved in marble. Among his later works were a model of an equestrian statue of Washington, intended for the city of Philadelphia, a Crucifixion, and a Mary Magdalen.

Ball Hughes also designed numerous wax medallions, as well as coins for the United States mint, including modifications of Christian Gobrecht's design for the Seated Liberty quarter (1838), and the half dime (1859). In his final years, he began to produce burnt wood pictures (pyroengravings or "poker pictures"), including  The Witches of MacBeth (c. 1840), Babylonian Lions (1856), Don Quixote in His Study (1863), The Trumpeter (1864), General Grant Proclaiming the Surrender of Richmond (1865), The Last Lucifer Match (1865), and The Monk (1866). He also lectured on art. Hughes is buried in the Cedar Grove Cemetery, Dorchester, Massachusetts.

The National Portrait Gallery contains Ball Hughes' busts of Nathaniel Bowditch, Washington Irving, James Kent, John Marshall, and his medallion of John Trumbull.

References

 Robert Ball Hughes biography
 Robert Ball Hughes at the Dorchester Atheneum
 "The Statue of Gen. Hamilton", The Family Magazine, Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge, Vol 3, edited by Origen, New York: Redfield & Lindsay, pp. 41 & 42, 1835-6.
 Gerry, Samuel L. "The Old Masters of Boston", The New England Magazine, vol. 9, issue 6, Feb. 1891.
 Orcutt, William Dana. Good Old Dorchester: A Narrative History of the Town, 1630-1893, Cambridge: The University Press, 1908.
 Edward Daland Lovejoy, "The Poker Drawings of Ball-Hughes", Antiques Magazine, September 1946.
 Examples of Hughes' pyrographic art
 Pyrograffiti
 National Portrait Gallery collection of Ball Hughes' work

Further reading

19th-century American sculptors
19th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
English male sculptors
Artists from Boston
19th century in Boston
1804 births
1868 deaths
Sculptors from London
English emigrants to the United States
Sculptors from Massachusetts

Robert Ball Hughes


The RP Photonics Encyclopedia (formerly Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology) is an encyclopedia of optics and optoelectronics, laser technology, optical fibers, nonlinear optics, optical communications, imaging science, optical metrology, spectroscopy and ultrashort pulse physics. It is available online as a free resource. An earlier version of the encyclopedia appeared as a two-volume book. , the online version of the encyclopedia contains 938 articles.

Since 2012, the encyclopedia is closely interlinked with the RP Photonics Buyer's Guide, a large directory of photonics product suppliers. For the majority of products, there is a one-to-one correspondence between an encyclopedia article and a listing of suppliers for that product.

Other resources linked with the RP Photonics Encyclopedia are a blog named The Photonics Spotlight, a glossary of photonics terms and acronyms, various tutorials, and a photonics quiz.

The author is Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta, founder and managing director of RP Photonics Consulting GmbH in Bad Dürrheim, Germany.

References

External links
 RP Photonics Encyclopedia

Encyclopedias of science
German online encyclopedias
Laser science

RP Photonics Encyclopedia


Azarias Ruberwa Manywa (born August 20, 1964) is a Congolese politician, lawyer, and public figure. During the Second Congo War he was Secretary-General of the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD-G) rebel group. Following the war he was one of the vice-presidents in the transitional government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 2003-2006. He has also been the leader and president of RCD-G's political party since 2003. He is a member of the Banyamulenge community of South Kivu who belong to the Tutsi ethnic group.

Early life and education
Ruberwa was born on August 20, 1964, in the village of Rugezi, located in the highland region of the Fizi territory in the South Kivu province. He belongs to the Banyamulenge community who are a part of the Tutsi ethnic group. Tutsis in the Congo makeup a very small minority.

Ruberwa spent his early years in Minembwe, South Kivu before moving on to the Katanga Province to finish high school and college. He attended the University of Lubumbashi where he received his LLB (degree in Law), specializing in economics and social law and finishing with highest distinction. After graduation, he passed the Zaire national bar exam and became licensed to practice in August 1990.  After three years of working for a law firm in Lubumbashi, Ruberwa opened his own law firm known as "Cabinet Azarias Ruberwa Manywa" in 1993.  He practiced law in Lubumbashi until the war began in 1996.

Congo Civil Wars (1996-2003)
After the First Congo War began, Tutsis in the Congo were being persecuted. Ruberwa and his family were forced to flee the country because they were Tutsis. However, in early 1997, Ruberwa decided to join the AFDL rebel group as a political analyst and speech writer in order to help the group win the war against longtime dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. Ruberwa is credited with writing Laurent-Désiré Kabila's victory speech after the fall of Lubumbashi, often described as the turning point of the war, as well as writing Kabila's inaugural speech.

Once the war ended, Ruberwa was appointed Chief of Staff to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bizima Karaha. Among other things, he led a delegation to Rome during his tenure to represent the Democratic Republic of Congo in the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Rome-which was responsible for creating the International Criminal Court.

The Second Congo War began on August 2, 1998. Ruberwa, along with several other Congolese politicians left the government to create the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), a Rwandan-backed movement based in Goma which went on to amass between 30,000 and 40,000 troops and control about 50 percent of the country. Ruberwa first served as Chief of Cabinet for the RCD's Department of Exterior Relations. He later became a member of the Executive Committee and the Deputy Head (Chief of Adjunct) of the Department of Exterior Relations.

Ruberwa was eventually appointed RCD Secretary General in October 2000, which effectively made him the de facto political leader of the organization. In this capacity, Ruberwa took on the chief negotiator role for the movement at both the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement in Zambia and the Sun City Accords in Pretoria, South Africa.

Ruberwa did not become president of the RCD movement until after the transitional government began in July 2003.

Vice President of the DRC (2003-2006)
Under the Sun City Peace Deal, a power-sharing transitional government was formed and Ruberwa was named Vice President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, along with Jean-Pierre Bemba, Arthur Z'ahidi Ngoma, and Abdoulaye Yerodia Ndombasi. Vice President Ruberwa was given executive control of political affairs, defense, and security. Under this title, he was given a broad range of responsibilities such as being in charge of the process to draft the country's newest constitution, helping to create a unified national army, and helping to organize the first legitimate elections in the country since the independence of Congo from Belgium in 1960. More or less, he successfully accomplished each of the three against many obstacles.

Gatumba Massacre
One of the most difficult decisions Vice President Ruberwa had to make came on the night of August 13, 2004. Having just come back to Congo that day from visiting a refugee camp full of mostly Congolese Tutsi refugees in Gatumba, Burundi, Ruberwa learned of an apparent attack on that same camp. The attack was believed to have been carried out by members of the Forces for National Liberation, (a predominantly Burundian Hutu rebel movement known for its hostility towards Tutsis) and the Mai-Mai, a Congolese rebel group who seem to have also been complicit. It resulted in one of the largest civilian massacres carried out in the history of Burundi and led to at least 166 deaths and another 106 wounded people.

The next day the Vice President returned to the refugee camp to visit the survivors and help bury the victims; some of whom were members of his own family. After further assessing the severity of what had happened, Ruberwa decided on August 23 to suspend his party's participation in the transitional government. While many international observers viewed this as a potential threat to the peace deal, Ruberwa remarked that "this was not a call to go back to war, rather, a call to go back to the negotiating table in order to concretize outstanding issues regarding the protection of Congolese minorities."

The suspension of the government continued for about a week until South African President Thabo Mbeki came to DRC to help mediate the conflict between Ruberwa and the Kinshasa government. After meeting with the South African delegation, Ruberwa and members of the RCD party decided to end the suspension once they secured additional guarantees for a new road map for peace.

Post-Government career (2006-2016)
After running in the 2006 presidential elections and losing in a crowded field to incumbent President Joseph Kabila, Ruberwa decided to step away from politics and to reopen his law practice in Lubumbashi along with two additional offices in Kinshasa and Goma. The firm specializes in corporate transactional work, commercial and white collar litigation, international arbitration, and lobbying. The firm's clients range in industry: banking, mining, telecommunications, international development and non-profit organizations.

Ruberwa previously served on the board of Mercy Ships from 2010-2019. He continues to serve on several other boards such as The International Leadership Foundation, Congo Family Restoration, The Congolese National Prayer Breakfast Group, and a few other organizations. He has also spoken at numerous conferences, seminars and universities throughout Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America.

Return to DRC government (2016-2021)
In November 2016, Ruberwa returned to the DRC government as the Minister of Decentralization and Institutional Reforms. In this capacity, Ruberwa is in charge of the decentralization process for each of the 26 provinces in the country; twenty-one of which were created in the 2015 repartitioning. Ruberwa has been lauded for adopting a strong interdependence approach that favors empowering provincial and local officials in each province and helping them become less dependent on the national government.

In the months leading up to the 2018 Elections, Ruberwa and his party joined the Common Front for Congo coalition, also known as FCC. After the 2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, Ruberwa remained in government and was asked to concurrently serve as Vice Prime Minister and Interim Minister of Transportation after José Makila Sumanda stepped down to join parliament. Ruberwa also served as the Interim Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals after Alexis Thambwe Mwamba stepped down to become the President of the Senate. This was done in accordance with Article 108 of the Congolese Constitution which forbids members of parliament or senate from simultaneously also serving in a cabinet position. Since both Ministers had run in the parliamentary elections and won seats, they could not continue to serve as Ministers. Ruberwa further served as the Acting Prime Minister for several weeks between June and July 2019, while Bruno Tshibala took a medical leave of absence. After the new government was formed in September 2019, Ruberwa was one of a handful of Ministers to retain a Ministerial position in the new Government, keeping the Ministry of Decentralization and Institutional Reforms.

On January 3, 2020, social media reports surfaced alleging that a bomb had gone off at Ruberwa's residence. However, these  reports were quickly denounced by the Chief Police Commissioner of the City of Kinshasa, Mr. Kasongo Kisenge Sylvano, who released a statement warning that "instigators had spread this false information in order to manipulate the opinion and thus to disturb the public order in the capital." He also mentioned that an investigation would be opened to dismantle the network of designers and propagators of false information against Ruberwa and other authorities in the country.

In 2020, he announced the planned community of Lumumbaville to be built in Sankuru province.

In March 2021 he lost his post when a new government under Sama Lukonde was formed.

Personal
Ruberwa is married to the former Chantal Shama. The couple have three adult children.

In preparation for his 2006 presidential campaign, Ruberwa wrote a book titled "Our Vision for the Democratic Republic of Congo: Assessment of an Action, Outline of a Project." It was published by the Paris-based publishing company, L'Harmattan.

References

External links
Azarias Ruberwa for President

1964 births
Living people
People from South Kivu
Vice-presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Candidates for President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rally for Congolese Democracy politicians
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people

Azarias Ruberwa


Nightworld is the seventh and final volume in a series of novels known as The Adversary Cycle written by American author F. Paul Wilson. First published in 1992 by New English Library in England (May) and Dark Harvest in US (August). Nightworld completes The Adversary Cycle, which consists of seven books: The Keep, The Tomb, The Touch, Reborn, Reprisal, Signalz, and Nightworld.

Nightworld was heavily revised for its reprinting in 2012 to include the events that happened in the subsequently written novels in the Repairman Jack series.

Plot
Rasalom returns in reincarnated form to transform the Earth into unrelenting hell. Rasalom is shortening the daylight hours and letting loose a plague of ever-more-fearsome flesh-eating monsters that prey on the world's populace during the ever-lengthening nights. Whole communities turn on one another; riots break out over food; gangs wage war on the public; and Rasalom grows ever stronger as he feeds on the ever-increasing chaos, violence and terror.

The only one who can possibly stop the horror is Glaeken, an enfeebled old warrior who has battled the Adversary across the millennia. Formerly immortal, he became a mortal man in the 1940s (during the events of The Keep) and has grown elderly. Too weak to fight alone, Glaeken gathers together a select band of people to assist him, among them a young boy with mysterious powers, a 150-year-old Indian woman with magical necklaces, a semi-catatonic scientist with a mystical connection to Rasalom, and an all-too-human vigilante named Repairman Jack.

So supremely confident is Rasalom of his eventual victory that he spares Glaeken for an especially gruesome fate and allows him to pursue his desperate plan to save the Earth so that Glaeken's ultimate failure will become both Rasalom's greatest victory as well as Glaeken's - and humankind's - most tragic final defeat.

Glaeken's only hope in defeating Rasalom and reversing the planet's descent into madness is to forge another power-sword out of the widely scattered materials that remain of his first two mystical weapons of Light. To do this he sends a two-man team to Romania to collect as many fragments of the second sword as possible. Another two-man team is dispatched to Maui to collect two very special necklaces containing material from the first power-sword ever to be created many millennia ago before Glaeken himself became the only surviving, reluctant torchbearer for the Legions of Light on this planet.

The raw materials are finally gathered together and then forged into a new power-sword by a peculiar collection of specialists hiding out in a shack on the northeastern shore of Long Island in the little hamlet of Monroe. What remains now is for the weapon to be imbued with the ancient, sentient power that resides in the young boy Jeffy and then, finally, for the power-sword itself to choose a new champion whom it deems worthy of engaging the Powers of Darkness as embodied in the evil Rasalom. Despite the expectation that the sword will choose Repairman Jack or one of the other heroes, the sword chooses the aged Glaeken, who reluctantly resumes his immortality.

Glaeken engages Rasalom in his deep, dark lair where he lies waiting for the completion of his transformation into the reigning creature of terror on Earth. For the second time in a mere 50 years the champion for the Legions of Light gets into a serious bind and only prevails in the end because of major assistance from the throngs of mere mortal humans anxiously awaiting the outcome on the surface.

1992 American novels
American thriller novels
American horror novels
New English Library books

Nightworld (novel)


Lewis Ankeny McArthur (April 27, 1883 – November 8, 1951), known as "Tam" McArthur, was an executive for Pacific Power and Light Company.  He was also the secretary for the Oregon Geographic Board for many years and the author of Oregon Geographic Names.  His book, now in its seventh edition, is a comprehensive source of information on the origins and history of Oregon place names.  It is a standard reference book in libraries throughout Oregon and the Pacific Northwest.  Tam McArthur Rim in the Cascade Mountains is named in his honor.

Personal life
McArthur was born on April 27, 1883, in The Dalles, Oregon.  He grew up on a farm near Rickreall.  His family later moved to Portland, where he attended Portland Academy.  His family had long been associated with Oregon history and government.  His paternal grandfather, Navy Lieutenant William P. McArthur, had conducted the first survey of the Pacific Coast for the United States Coast Survey in 1849 and 1850.  His maternal grandfather, James W. Nesmith, arrived in Oregon in 1843 and played an important role in territorial and early state government, serving as one of Oregon's United States senators from 1861 to 1867 and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1873 to 1875. His father, Lewis Linn McArthur, served as a justice of the Oregon Supreme Court from 1870 to 1878 and then as the United States Attorney for the State of Oregon.  His mother, Harriet Nesmith McArthur, organized of the Oregon Historical Society and served on its board from 1898 until 1924.

McArthur attended University of California, graduating in 1908.  During his college years, he worked for The Oregonian newspaper during the summer.  After graduation, he got a job with the Oregon Electric Railway.  In 1910, McArthur went to work for the Pacific Power and Light Company, as one of its first employees. By 1923, he was appointed vice-president and general manager.  He continued with the company until his retirement in 1946.  McArthur also served as president of the Oregon Historical Society from 1937 until 1945.  He died in Portland on November 8, 1951.

Geographic historian
McArthur's official connection with Oregon geography began when Governor Oswald West appointed him to the Oregon Geographic Board (now the Oregon Geographic Names Board) in 1914. Two years later, he was elected board secretary.  He served in that position until 1949, when he resigned after 35 years on the board.  McArthur's position on the Oregon Geographic Board allowed him the opportunity to research the history of Oregon place names using a wide range of sources.  He studied the journals of early explorers, read pioneer diaries, browsed newspapers archives, researched government documents, and thoroughly reviewed every book on Oregon history he could find.  He also conducted personal interviews with pioneer Oregonians who were still living at the time.

The Oregon Historical Society published his research in eight issues of the Oregon Historical Quarterly in the early 1920s.  In 1928, McArthur paid to have the first edition of Oregon Geographic Names published. The book was quickly recognized as the authoritative source for information regarding the origins and history of Oregon place names.  A second edition was published in 1944.  In that edition, McArthur added a great deal of new information about Oregon post offices and abandoned settlement sites.  The book's third edition was published in 1951, shortly after his death.

Legacy
Today, Oregon Geographic Names remains the authoritative source for information on the origins and history of Oregon place names.  After McArthur's death, his son, Lewis L. McArthur, continued his work, publishing the fourth through seventh editions of his book.  The seventh edition of Oregon Geographic Names was published by the Oregon Historical Society in 2003.  It contains information on over 6,200 Oregon geographic features and communities throughout the state including early settlements that no longer exist.

After his death, the United States Board on Geographic Names named Tam McArthur Rim in his honor.  The rim is a prominent ridge with a high cliff face located on the east side of the Cascade Mountains in Deschutes County, Oregon.  Tam Lake in Central Oregon is also named for McArthur.

References

External links
Oregon Geographic Names Board

1883 births
1951 deaths
Businesspeople from Oregon
Writers from Oregon
Historians of the Pacific Northwest
People from The Dalles, Oregon
University of California, Berkeley alumni
The Oregonian people
20th-century American businesspeople

Lewis A. McArthur