OP-20-G or "Office of Chief Of Naval Operations (OPNAV), 20th Division of the Office of Naval Communications, G Section / Communications Security", was the U.S. Navy's signals intelligence and cryptanalysis group during World War II. Its mission was to intercept, decrypt, and analyze naval communications from Japanese, German, and Italian navies. In addition OP-20-G also copied diplomatic messages of many foreign governments. The majority of the section's effort was directed towards Japan and included breaking the early Japanese "Blue" book fleet code. This was made possible by intercept and High Frequency Direction Finder (HFDF) sites in the Pacific, Atlantic, and continental U.S., as well as a Japanese telegraphic code school for radio operators in Washington, D.C.

Prewar
The Code and Signal Section was formally made a part of the Division of Naval Communications (DNC), as Op-20-G, on July 1, 1922. In January 1924, a 34-year-old U.S. Navy lieutenant named Laurance F. Safford was assigned to expand OP-20-G's domain to radio interception. He worked out of Room 2646, on the top floor of the Navy Department building in Washington, D.C.

Japan was of course a prime target for radio interception and cryptanalysis, but there was the problem of finding personnel who could speak Japanese. The Navy had a number of officers who had served in a diplomatic capacity in Japan and could speak Japanese fluently, but there was a shortage of radiotelegraph operators who could read Japanese Wabun code communications sent in kana. Fortunately, a number of US Navy and Marine radiotelegraph operators operating in the Pacific had formed an informal group in 1923 to compare notes on Japanese kana transmissions. Four of these men became instructors in the art of reading kana transmissions when the Navy began conducting classes in the subject in 1928.

The classes were conducted by the Room 2426 crew, and the radiotelegraph operators became known as the "On-The-Roof Gang". By June 1940, OP-20-G included 147 officers, enlisted men, and civilians, linked into a network of radio listening posts as far-flung as the Army's.

OP-20-G did some work on Japanese diplomatic codes, but the organization's primary focus was on Japanese military codes. The US Navy first got a handle on Japanese naval codes in 1922, when Navy agents broke into the Japanese consulate in New York City, cracked the safe, took photographs of pages of a Japanese navy codebook, and left, having put everything back as they had found it.

Before the war, the Navy cipher bureau operated out of three main bases:
 Station NEGAT at headquarters in Washington, D.C.
 Station HYPO (or FRUPAC), a section at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
 Station CAST, a section in the fortified caves of the island of Corregidor, in the Philippines, with codebreakers and a network of listening and radio direction finding stations.
 FRUMEL was established in Melbourne when Navy signals intelligence personnel from the Philippines were evacuated to Australia. Evacuated Army signals intelligence personnel went to the Central Bureau.

The US Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) and OP-20-G were hobbled by bureaucracy and rivalry, competing with each other to provide their intelligence data, codenamed "MAGIC", to high officials. Complicating matters was that the Coast Guard, the FBI, and even the FCC also had radio-intercept operations.

The Navy organization at OP-20-G was more conventionally hierarchical than the Army at Arlington Hall which went more on merit rather than rank (like Bletchley Park), though commissions were handed out to "civilians in uniform" with rank according to age (an ensign for 28 or under, a lieutenant to 35 or a lieutenant commander if over 35). But control was by "regular military types". The Navy wanted the Army to forbid civilians to touch the SIGABA cipher machine like the Navy; though it was developed by a civilian (William Friedman). A Royal Navy visitor and intercept specialist Commander Sandwith reported in 1942 on "the dislike of Jews prevalent in the US Navy (while) nearly all the leading Army cryptographers are Jews".

In 1940, SIS and OP-20-G came to agreement with guide lines for handling MAGIC; the Army was responsible on even-numbered days and the Navy on odd-numbered days. So, on the first minute after midnight on 6 December 1941 the Navy took over. But USN Lt-Comdr Alwin Kramer had no relief officer (unlike the Army, with Dusenbury and Bratton); and that night was being driven around by his wife. He was also responsible for distributing MAGIC information to the President; in January 1941 the Army agreed that they would supply the White House in January, March, May, July, September and November and the Navy in February, April, June, August, October and December. But in May 1941 MAGIC documents were found in the desk of Roosevelt's military aide Edwin "Pa" Watson and the Navy took over; while the Army provided MAGIC to the State Department instead.

The result was that much of the MAGIC was delayed or unused. There was no efficient process for assessing and organizing the intelligence, as was provided postwar by a single intelligence agency.

Attack on Pearl Harbor
In the early hours of the morning of 7 December 1941, the U.S. Navy communications intercept station at Fort Ward on Bainbridge Island, Washington, picked up a radio message being sent by the Japanese government to the Japanese embassy in Washington, D.C. It was the last in a series of 14 messages that had been sent over the previous 18 hours.

The messages were decrypted by a PURPLE analogue machine at OP-20-G and passed to the SIS for translation from Japanese, early on the morning of December 7. Army Colonel Rufus S. Bratton and Navy Lieutenant Commander Alwin Kramer independently inspected the decrypts.

The decrypts instructed the Japanese ambassador to Washington to inform the US Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, at 1:00 PM Washington time that negotiations between the United States and Japan were ended. The embassy was then to destroy their cipher machines. This sounded like war, and although the message said nothing about any specific military action, Kramer also realized that the sun would be rising over the expanses of the central and western Pacific by that time. The two men both tried to get in touch with Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall.

After some agonizing delays, Marshall got the decrypts and methodically examined them. He realized their importance and sent a warning to field commanders, including Major General Walter Short, the Army commander in Hawaii. However, Marshall was reluctant to use the telephone because he knew that telephone scramblers weren't very secure and sent it by less direct channels. Due to various constraints and bumblings, Short got the message many hours after the Japanese bombs had smashed the US Navy's fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor.

After Pearl Harbor
In February 1942 power struggles within the Navy resulted in the sidelining of Laurance Safford, with the support of Admirals Ernest King and Richmond K. Turner (and Joseph Redman) for the centralizing of control of naval intercept and codebreaking in Washington. So two new sections were headed by John R. Redman (Communications Combat Intelligence section) and Joseph Wenger (Communications Cryptanalytical section; to handle decryption and translation). Safford was shifted to an administrative support and cryptographic research role; thus was sidelined for the remainder of the war, as ultimately was Joseph Rochefort in Hawaii.

With Japanese advances in the Philippines, a possible invasion of Hawaii, and greater demand for intelligence, OP-20-G undertook two courses of action:
 The staff and services of CAST were progressively transferred to a newly formed US-Australian-British station, FRUMEL in Melbourne, Australia.
 Another signals intelligence center, known as NEGAT was formed in Washington, using elements of OP-20-G headquarters.

Naval Communications Annex
In Summer 1942 the Navy went through the motions of perhaps co-locating with the Army's SIS but Commander Joseph Wenger had picked out the "perfect new home" for the rapidly expanding OP-20-G and commandeered a private girls' school Mount Vernon College for Women for $800,000 (a fraction of what the buildings and grounds were worth), in 1944, compensated $1.038  million. So on 7 February 1943 it opened at what was called the "Naval Communications Annex", and staff moved in over the next two months.

Section evolution

 (July 1922-March 1935) Code and Signal Section (Op-20-G), Division of Naval Communications (DNC), OCNO (July 1922-March 1935).
 (March 1935-March 1939) Communications Security Group (Op-20-G), DNC, OCNO
 (March 1939-September 1939) Radio Intelligence Section (Op-20-G), DNC, OCNO
 (October 1939-February 1942) Communications Security Section (Op-20-G), DNC, OCNO
 (February 1942-October 1942) Radio Intelligence Section (Op-20-G), DNC, OCNO
 (October 1942-July 1946) Communications Intelligence Organization (Op-20-G), DNC, OCNO
July 10, 1946 All Naval communications intelligence elements were collectively designated "Communications Supplementary Activities" of the 20th Division of the Office of Naval Communications, Section 2, (Op-20-2)

See also
 Andrew Gleason, one of the OP-20-G members during World War II
 Fleet Radio Unit
 United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory
 US Army SIS
 United States Coast Guard Unit 387

References and further reading

External links

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Cryptography organizations
Military communications of the United States
Defunct United States intelligence agencies
Signals intelligence agencies of World War II

OP-20-G


Robert Empie Rogers (March 29, 1813 – September 6, 1884) was a United States chemist.

Biography
Rogers was born in Baltimore, Maryland on March 29, 1813. The youngest of four brothers, he was educated first under the care of his father, and then by his elder brothers. It was intended that he should be a civil engineer, and for a time he acted as assistant in the survey of the Boston and Providence Railroad, but he abandoned this in 1833.

He graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1836, where he followed a full course of chemistry under Robert Hare. The active practice of medicine not being congenial to him, in 1836 he was appointed chemist to the geological survey of Pennsylvania being administered by his brother Henry. He continued in this position for six years. In 1841-42 he was temporary instructor in chemistry at the University of Virginia and was elected, in March 1842, to the professorship of general and applied chemistry and materia medica there. There he remained until 1852, when he was called to succeed his brother James as professor of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania, where he became dean of the medical faculty in 1856. In 1877 he resigned these appointments to accept the professorship of chemistry and toxicology in Jefferson Medical College, which he then retained till 1884, when he was made professor emeritus.

During the American Civil War, he served as acting assistant surgeon at the West Philadelphia military hospital 1862–63. There he suffered a serious accident which necessitated the amputation of his right hand.
In 1864, caught up by the "oil fever" sweeping the United States, he made a significant investment in the Humboldt Oil Company, of which he was one of the founders.  By 1873, the investment turned out to be a total loss, his more than anyone's since he was the largest shareholder.

Rogers was appointed in 1872 by the United States Department of the Treasury as one of a commission to examine the melters' and refiners' department of the United States Mint in Philadelphia. He visited the mint in San Francisco in 1873, and in 1874 the assay office in New York, and subsequently until 1879 he was frequently engaged on government commissions for the various mints, making valuable reports, in addition to which he served on the annual assay commissions from 1874 to 1879. From 1872 until his death, he was one of the chemists that were employed by the gas trust of Philadelphia to make analyses and daily photometric tests of the gas.

The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Dickinson College in 1877. He was a fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, member of various scientific societies, one of the incorporators of the National Academy of Sciences, and president of the Franklin Institute 1875–79.

Besides various articles in the transactions of the societies of which he was a member, and in scientific journals, he was associated with his brother James in editing Elements of Chemistry (Philadelphia, 1846), and edited Charles G. Lehman's Physiological Chemistry (2 vols., 1855).

In 1843 he married Fanny Montgomery.  She died in 1863, and he married Delia Saunders in 1866. There were no children.  He died, aged 71, died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Further reading
William S. W. Ruschenberger,  "A Sketch of the Life of Robert E. Rogers, with Biographical Notices of His Father and Brothers," in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, v. XXIII (1886).

Notes

References

1813 births
1884 deaths
American chemists
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Scientists from Baltimore
University of Virginia faculty
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Thomas Jefferson University faculty
Dickinson College alumni
Members of the United States Assay Commission

Robert Empie Rogers


My Blood My Compromise is a feature documentary film on Kosovo by Albanian-American director Nuhi de Stani.

Synopsis
The director, Nuhi de Stani uses a wide range of interviews to delve into the very complicated conflict in Kosovo during the demise of Yugoslavia. The story is told in three parts: a brief history, the crimes against humanity and the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence. The history aspect of the story is told by author of Kosovo: A Short History, Noel Malcolm. The crimes against humanity aspect is told through Luljeta Selimi, who created a women's foundation that provides help to women and children who were raped during the conflict. The quest for independence is channeled through Albin Kurti, a leading activist and leader of the Vetëvendosje  movement and current serving Prime Minister of Kosovo.

Film Festivals
 Titanic Budapest International Film Festival World Premiere
 Brooklyn International Film Festival United States Premiere
 Milano Film Festival Italian Premiere
 Montreal Human Rights Film Festival Canadian Premiere

Release and distribution
The final version of My Blood My Compromise was released in January, 2010 through the National Film Network.

Critical reviews
My Blood My Compromise has been reviewed and recommended by K. Fennessy of Video Librarian Magazine.
"...The filmmaker also talks with a U.N. representative, a member of the Serbian parliament, experts on ethnic cleansing, and ordinary Kosovans who recount their experiences fighting and defending themselves against the Serbs (one mother remains too traumatized to speak). The destruction of property and disruption of lives would force many into Albania and Montenegro, leaving Kosovo a broken territory inhabited by people suffering from physical and emotional scars. DVD extras include deleted scenes and the short documentary, "In a Word, 'Democracy'," which looks at the treatment of Macedonian Albanians in the wake of independence."

References

External links
 http://mybloodmycompromise.com/

Works about the Kosovo War
2007 documentary films
Kosovo Serbs
Kosovo Albanians
Serbian–Albanian conflict
Cultural depictions of Slobodan Milošević
Films set in Kosovo
American documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

My Blood My Compromise


Mugdock Country Park is a country park and historical site located partly in East Dunbartonshire and partly in Stirling, in the former county of Stirlingshire, Scotland. It is around  north of Glasgow, next to Milngavie (from which the park is easily accessible), and covers an area of .

The park includes the remains of the 14th-century Mugdock Castle, stronghold of the Grahams of Montrose, and the ruins of the 19th-century Craigend Castle, a Gothic Revival mansion and former zoo. The park has a moot hill and gallowhill, historical reminders of the baronial feudal right, held by lairds, of "pit and gallows". Also located in the park are the remains of numerous anti-aircraft trenches, which were established during World War II as part of the Clyde Basin anti-aircraft defense system.

The park was also the home of the Mugstock Music Festival, at which performers have included Emma Pollock, Dodgy and Beats Antique.

Natural features include the Allander Water, Mugdock Loch and Drumclog Muir, all of which provide popular walking and cycling routes with tourists. Visitor facilities include a visitor centre and cafe in the former Craigend Castle stable block, and a garden centre and restaurant in the walled garden.

The park is served by the Mugdock and East Dunbartonshire Countryside Ranger Service.

The West Highland Way, a linear long distance footpath between Milngavie and Fort William, passes through the outer areas of the park alongside the local Clyde Coastal Path.

Close again to the country park is Milngavie water treatment works, another popular walking and tourist attraction. It is situated just south of Mugdock and connects to the park via Drumclog Moor.

References

External links
 Clyde Coastal Path website
 Mugdock Country Park

 Mugdock Country Park on Canmore, Historic Environment Scotland.
 Video footage of the Moot Hill, Gallows Knowe and Drowning Pit

See also
List of places in East Dunbartonshire
List of places in Scotland

Country parks in Scotland
Parks in Stirling (council area)
Protected areas of East Dunbartonshire
Milngavie

Mugdock Country Park


An isolation transformer is a transformer used to transfer electrical power from a source of alternating current (AC) power to some equipment or device while isolating the powered device from the power source, usually for safety reasons or to reduce transients and harmonics. Isolation transformers provide galvanic isolation; no conductive path is present between source and load. This isolation is used to protect against electric shock, to suppress electrical noise in sensitive devices, or to transfer power between two circuits which must not be connected. A transformer sold for isolation is often built with special insulation between primary and secondary, and is specified to withstand a high voltage between windings.

Isolation transformers block transmission of the DC component in signals from one circuit to the other, but allow AC components in signals to pass.  Transformers that have a ratio of 1 to 1 between the primary and secondary windings are often used to protect secondary circuits and individuals from electrical shocks between energized conductors and earth ground.
Suitably designed isolation transformers block interference caused by ground loops. Isolation transformers with electrostatic shields are used for power supplies for sensitive equipment such as computers, medical devices,  or laboratory instruments.

Some specifications require that Isolation transformers be a part of the lightning protection on the AC circuits.

Terminology
Sometimes the term is used to emphasize that a device is not an autotransformer whose primary and secondary circuits are connected. Power transformers with specified insulation between primary and secondary are not usually described only as "isolation transformers" unless this is their primary function. Only transformers whose primary purpose is to isolate circuits are routinely described as isolation transformers.

Operation
Isolation transformers are designed with attention to capacitive coupling between the two windings.  The capacitance between primary and secondary windings would also couple AC current from the primary to the secondary. A grounded Faraday shield between the primary and the secondary greatly reduces the coupling of common-mode noise. This may be another winding or a metal strip surrounding a winding.
Differential noise can magnetically couple from the primary to the secondary of an isolation transformer, and must be filtered out if a problem occurs.

Applications

Pulse transformers

Some small transformers are used for isolation in pulse circuits.

Electronics testing
In electronics testing and servicing, an isolation transformer is a 1:1 (under load) power transformer used for safety.  Without it, exposed live metal in a device under test is at a hazardous voltage relative to grounded objects such as a heating radiator or oscilloscope ground lead (a particular hazard with some old vacuum-tube equipment with live chassis). With the transformer, as there is no conductive connection between transformer secondary and primary, only a small leakage current will flow if the exposed live metal is connected to earth.

Electrical isolation is considered to be particularly important on medical equipment, and special standards apply. Often the system must additionally be designed so that fault conditions do not interrupt power, but generate a warning.

Supply of equipment at elevated potentials
Isolation transformers are also used for the power supply of devices not at ground potential. An example is the Austin transformer for the power supply of air-traffic obstacle warning lamps on radio antenna masts. Without the isolation transformer, the lighting circuits on the mast would conduct radio-frequency energy to ground through the power supply.

See also
Balun
Power quality
Transformer types
Zigzag transformer

References

External links
 Transformer Isolation

Electric transformers
Electric power conversion
Electrical safety

Isolation transformer


Dirty Pictures is a 2000 American docudrama television film directed by Frank Pierson, written by Ilene Chaiken, and starring James Woods, Craig T. Nelson, and Diana Scarwid. The film focuses on the 1990 trial of Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center director Dennis Barrie (Woods), who was accused of promoting pornography by presenting an exhibit of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe that included images of naked children and graphic displays of homosexual sadomasochism.

The film premiered on Showtime on May 20, 2000. It later was released on both videotape and DVD.

Plot synopsis
Dennis Barrie books a potentially controversial exhibit of Robert Mapplethorpe's nude photography for the Contemporary Arts Center and, with the support of his board of directors, opts to keep it on the schedule even after the prestigious Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., removes it from theirs.

Even before the exhibit opens, controversy about its content arises and is fueled by the local media, and after it does, Barrie is indicted and put on trial on pandering and obscenity charges, and he and his family become the center of the highly charged case. As time passes, they become the targets of ongoing harassment and ridicule, are ostracized by their friends, offered a substantial bribe by the shady spokesman for a right-wing organization, and bullied by Monty Lobb, leader of the conservative group People for Community Values, but also find themselves receiving a great deal of support from not only the art community at large, but local citizens as well. As his marriage begins to disintegrate and the prospect of a jail sentence looms before him, he finds himself torn between his devotion to his family and his determination to defend the doctrines of the First Amendment.

Barrie ultimately is found not guilty. Via an epilogue we learn his marriage eventually ended in divorce and, despite his legal victory, his experience and the wide publicity it received consequently impacted on other museum curators and boards who opted to avoid presenting potentially controversial exhibits in their venues for fear of a similar backlash.

Throughout the film, scripted scenes intermingle with archival interviews with George H. W. Bush, Jesse Helms, Patrick Buchanan, Barney Frank, William Buckley, Susan Sarandon, and Salman Rushdie.

Principal cast
James Woods – Dennis Barrie
Craig T. Nelson – Sheriff Simon Leis
Diana Scarwid – Dianne Barrie
Leon Pownall – District Attorney Prouty
Matt North – Monty Lobb
David Huband – Sirkin
Judah Katz – Mizibov
Rachael Crawford – Bosworth
Marnie McPhail – Reising
R.D. Reid – Albanese
Allegra Fulton – Angela
Michele Muzzi – Brenda
Martin Roach – Ed
Tony De Santis – Floyd
Kenneth McGregor – Gil
Jeff Pustil – Harry
Sally Cahill – Liz
Linda Goranson – Mary
Geoffrey Bowes -Suit
John Evans – Tucker
Jonathan Whittaker – Muntz
Colin Fox – Walsh
Michael Seater – Ian
Stephen Joffe – Kevin Barrie
Nicky Guadagni – Kardon
Nancy Beatty – Reisman
Lawrence Bayne – Stein
Dave Nichols – Johnson
Michael Dyson – Bailiff
Frank Moore – Ruberg

Production notes
Many of the actual Mapplethorpe photographs displayed in the exhibit, including some of the more controversial ones, are seen in the film. A warning at its start advises viewers of the film's content and explains the necessity of displaying the images to allow both an understanding of the graphic nature of the handful of provocative pictures that prompted Barrie's arrest and an appreciation for the overall beauty of the photographer's portraitures and depictions of nature.

The film was shot in Toronto, with Old City Hall used as the setting for the courtroom scenes.

Critical reception
In his review in the San Francisco Chronicle, John Carman said the film "labors to apply a semigloss coat of dramatic entertainment to a thorny social issue . . . But the best efforts of veteran director Frank Pierson and screenwriter Ilene Chaiken can't turn the trick . . . We may not know much about art, or First Amendment niceties, but who can't relate to a family in turmoil? Problem is, there's a de rigueur movie feel to it. Real or not, these story points pull our chain too obviously. The movie is drier but more rewarding when it sticks to the point."

In Time, James Poniewozik described the film as a "mechanical, insultingly didactic placard . . . that wants to be an agitprop documentary, interrupting its storyline with interviews of mostly pro-Mapplethorpe notables. The film isn't obligated to be neutral, but it's so bullying and one-sided that a viewer feels guilty for agreeing with it. Defending an artist who preferred aesthetics to righteousness, Dirty Pictures sadly advances exactly the opposite."

Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly called the film "titillatingly titled but artistically timid" and added, "Chaiken and Pierson drain Dirty Pictures of engaging drama by denying the opposition any believability; they present Barrie's persecutors as hostile idiots and hopeless prudes . . . The director further hobbles the movie's pace by interrupting the narrative with commentator interviews . . . [which], while occasionally eloquent, are also entirely predictable . . . Will viewers come away with renewed respect for Mapplethorpe's artistic intentions? Maybe. But they might also feel the way the jury does here: condescended to, as if we aren't capable of grappling with disturbing images without an art expert guiding us through them like a therapist."

Channel 4 describes it as "flawed but still engaging . . . more notable for what it says than the way it actually says it . . . it's a thought-provoking trip driven by the reliably charismatic Woods. While the issues themselves get a thorough airing however, other aspects are less satisfying. Supporting characters are underwritten, odd legal issues are over-emphasised and the domestic scenes scream 'made-for-TV'. In purely dramatic terms the most powerful moment comes right at the end and the stark conclusion goes a long way to redeeming the film's inadequacies, even if the events that inspired it are profoundly depressing."

Time Out London says, "Coming over at times like a radical left-field essay film . . . [it] lifts off from its factual origins to deliver a major plea for tolerance and minority understanding, and against political censorship in culture generally."

Awards and nominations
Golden Globe Award for Best Mini-Series Or Motion Picture Made for Television (winner)
Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television (James Woods, nominee)
Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (nominee)
Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie (nominee)
Satellite Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or TV Film (Woods, winner)
Satellite Award for Best TV Film (nominee)
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie (Woods, nominee)
American Cinema Editors Eddie Award for Best Edited Motion Picture for Non-Commercial Television (winner)
Monte Carlo TV Festival Golden Nymph Award for Best Film (winner)

References

External links

2000 television films
2000 films
2000 drama films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s legal drama films
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners
American docudrama films
American drama television films
American films based on actual events
American legal drama films
Films about freedom of expression
Films directed by Frank Pierson
Films scored by Mark Snow
Films set in Cincinnati
Films shot in Toronto
Showtime (TV network) films
Television films based on actual events

Dirty Pictures


Dan Guenther (born 1944 in Waukegan, Illinois), is an American novelist and poet. A graduate of Coe College, he has a Master of Fine Arts from the Iowa Writers' Workshop. He was a captain in the U.S. Marine Corps. His poems and letters from Vietnam, during the Vietnam War, were included in the acclaimed novel, The Stones of Summer by Dow Mossman, published by Bobbs-Merrill in 1972 and republished by Barnes & Noble in 2003. In 2002, Guenther appeared in the documentary film Stone Reader by Mark Moskowitz. The film chronicled the director's attempt to revive and have republished the acclaimed book of seemingly vanished author Dow Mossman, a lifelong friend of Dan Guenther. The revival was successful.

High Country Solitudes (Grand River, 1997) is Dan Guenther's first book of poetry. He also has published poems in small magazines

and anthologies, most recently, Open Range: Poetry of the Reimagined West, Ghost Road Press, 2007, and The Quadrant Book of Poetry 2001 – 2010, Quadrant Books, 2012, Sydney, Australia.

China Wind, the first novel in the Vietnam trilogy, was originally published in 1990. Dodge City Blues, the second novel in the trilogy, was published in 2007 and has been praised by Veteran Magazine for its realism. The third novel, Townsend's Solitaire, was published in 2008 and has been described by Veteran Magazine as Sam Gatlin's "readjustment blues."

Glossy Black Cockatoos, Guenther's fourth novel, was published in late 2009. It is set in Australia and Asia, among the Hmong.
The Colorado Authors' League judged Glossy Black Cockatoos the Best Genre Fiction of 2010.

The Crooked Truth, Dan Guenther's second volume of poetry, was the 2011 winner for Poetry book in the Colorado Authors' League
open competition. About The Crooked Truth, Vietnam Veterans Magazine literary critic David Willson stated, "There is no mawkish sentimentality anywhere in this little book because of Guenther's plain-yet-elegant language. Dan Guenther remains one of the finest poets of the Vietnam War."

Bibliography
Fiction
China Wind, (Ivy Books, 1990); Redburn Press, 2006
Dodge City Blues, Redburn Press, 2007
Townsend's Solitaire, Redburn Press, 2008
Glossy Black Cockatoos, Redburn Press, 2009
Poetry
High Country Solitudes, Grand River Press, 1997
The Crooked Truth, Redburn Press, 2010

Anthologies containing poetry
Open Range: Poetry Of The Reimagined West, Ghost Road Press
The Quadrant Book of Poetry 2001 – 2010, Quadrant Books, Sydney, Australia

Anthologies containing essays

An Elevated View, Colorado Writers on Writing, Seven Oaks Publishing, 2011

Documentary Film Credits
Stone Reader (2002)

Awards
Colorado Author Award 2008

Colorado Author Best Genre Fiction 2010

Colorado Author Award 2011

Military awards and decorations

  Bronze Star with 'V' for Valor (Vietnam 1969)
  Combat Action Ribbon
  Navy and Marine Corps Presidential Unit Citation
  Meritorious Unit Commendation
  National Defense Service Medal
  RVN Vietnam Campaign Medal
  RVN Staff Service Medal - 1st Class (Vietnam 1969)
  RVN Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with Palm
  RVN Civil Action Unit Citation
  Vietnam Service Medal (4 campaign stars, Vietnam 1968-70)

References

External links
Colorado Authors League
Colorado Poets Center Biography
Colorado Poets Center Interview, 2012
Best Fiction Writers from the Denver Area
Arts of War on the Web
Vietnam Veterans of America Books in Brief

1944 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
Coe College alumni
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
American male poets
United States Marine Corps officers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers

Dan Guenther


Alexander Roux (1813–1886) was a French-trained ébéniste, or cabinetmaker, who emigrated to the United States in the 1830s. He opened a shop in New York City in 1837. The business grew quickly: by the 1850s he employed 120 craftsmen in his shop and introduced then-new industrial technologies, such as steam-powered saws.

Roux specialized in the ornate Rococo Revival style, but practiced many others. His work is highly sought by collectors, with larger and more complex pieces fetching large sums. One of his sideboards was featured in a 2000 exhibit at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.

External links
Roux sideboard at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Roux sideboard at Yale University Art Gallery

References

French furniture designers
American furniture designers
American cabinetmakers
American woodworkers
Artists from New York City
French emigrants to the United States
1813 births
1886 deaths

Alexander Roux


Developmental coordination disorder (DCD), also known as developmental motor coordination disorder, developmental dyspraxia or simply dyspraxia (from Ancient Greek praxis 'activity'), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired coordination of physical movements as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. Deficits in fine or gross motor skills movements interfere with activities of daily living. It is often described as disorder in skill acquisition, where the learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age. Difficulties may present as clumsiness, slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills (e.g., catching objects, using cutlery, handwriting, riding a bike, use of tools or participating in team sports or swimming). It is also often accompanied by difficulty with organisation and/or problems with attention, working memory and time management.

A diagnosis of DCD is reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease. The condition is lifelong and its onset is in early childhood. It is thought to affect about 5% of the population.

Signs and symptoms

The World Health Organisation (WHO) recognise DCD as a condition, and have published  their definition in the International Classification of Diseases. This describes DCD as:

The American Psychiatric Association (APA)'s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, DSM-5 classifies Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) as a discrete motor disorder under the broader heading of neurodevelopmental disorders. It is often described as a disorder in skill acquisition or motor learning, where the learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age. Various areas of development can be affected by DCD and these may persist into adulthood.

In children, DCD may exhibit as delays in early development of sitting, crawling, walking; poor ability or difficulties with childhood activities such as running, jumping, hopping, catching, sports and swimming; slowness; frequent tripping and bruising; poor handwriting skills; difficulties with self care; difficulties with skills such as using cutlery or tying shoelaces; poor spatial understanding; difficulty following instructions; poor time management; and often losing objects.

In adulthood, in addition to a childhood history as above, the condition may manifest as a difficulty learning new motor skills or applying skills in a different or busy environment, poor organisation and time management skills, missed deadlines and lateness for appointments (or earliness as a coping strategy), and awkward pauses before answering in conversation. There is often a history of underachievement in education or the workplace. Although skills can be acquired, such as neat handwriting, handwriting speed will then be much lower than expected.

Evidence from research and clinical practice indicates that DCD is not just a physical disorder, and there may be deficits in executive functions, behavioural organisation and emotional regulation that extend beyond the motor impairments and which are independent of diagnoses of co-morbidities. In addition to the physical or motor impairments, developmental coordination disorder is associated with problems with memory, especially working memory. This typically results in difficulty remembering instructions, difficulty organizing one's time and remembering deadlines, increased propensity to lose things or problems carrying out tasks which require remembering several steps in sequence (such as cooking). Whilst most of the general population experience these problems to some extent, they have a much more significant impact on the lives of dyspraxic people. However, many dyspraxics have excellent long-term memories, despite poor short-term memory. Many dyspraxic people benefit from working in a structured environment, as repeating the same routine minimises difficulty with time-management and allows them to commit procedures to long-term memory.

People with developmental coordination disorder sometimes have difficulty moderating the amount of sensory information that their body is constantly sending them, so as a result these dyspraxic people may be prone to sensory overload and panic attacks.

Moderate to extreme difficulty doing physical tasks is experienced by some people with dyspraxia, and fatigue is common because so much energy is expended trying to execute physical movements correctly. Some dyspraxic people have hypotonia, low muscle tone, which can also detrimentally affect balance.

Gross motor control
Whole body movement and motor coordination issues mean that major developmental targets including walking, running, climbing and jumping can be affected. The difficulties vary from person to person and can include the following:

 Poor timing.
 Poor balance (sometimes even falling over in mid-step). Tripping over one's own feet is also common.
 Difficulty combining movements into a controlled sequence.
 Difficulty remembering the next movement in a sequence.
 Problems with spatial awareness, or proprioception.
 Trouble picking up and holding onto simple objects such as pencils, owing to poor muscle tone or proprioception.
 Clumsiness to the point of knocking things over, causing minor injuries to oneself and bumping into people accidentally.
 Difficulty in determining left from right.
 Cross-laterality, ambidexterity, and a shift in the preferred hand are also common in people with developmental coordination disorder.
 Problems with chewing foods.

Fine motor control
Fine-motor problems can cause difficulty with a wide variety of other tasks such as using a knife and fork, fastening buttons and shoelaces, cooking, brushing teeth, styling hair, shaving, applying cosmetics, opening jars and packets, locking and unlocking doors, and doing housework.

Difficulties with fine motor co-ordination lead to problems with handwriting,
Problems associated with this area may include:

 Learning basic movement patterns.
 Developing a desired writing speed.
 Establishing the correct pencil grip.
 Handwriting that is difficult to read and may miss words in sentences or place words in the incorrect order
 The acquisition of graphemes – e.g. the letters of the Latin alphabet, as well as numbers.

Developmental verbal dyspraxia
Developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD) is a type of ideational dyspraxia, causing speech and language impairments. This is the favoured term in the UK; however, it is also sometimes referred to as articulatory dyspraxia, and in the United States the usual term is childhood apraxia of speech (CAS).

Key problems include:

 Difficulties controlling the speech organs.
 Difficulties making speech sounds.
 Difficulty sequencing sounds within a word, and
 Difficulty sequencing sounds forming words into sentences.
 Difficulty controlling breathing, suppressing salivation and phonation when talking or singing with lyrics.
 Slow language development.

Associated disorders and secondary consequences
DCD is known to co-occur with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Most commonly, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) co-occurs in an estimated 50% of cases, but other co-occurring conditions are autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), Developmental Speech and Language Disorder and Developmental Learning Disorder.

People who have developmental coordination disorder may also have one or more of these other co-morbid conditions:

 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
 Dyscalculia (difficulty with numbers).
 Dysgraphia (an inability to write neatly or draw).
 Dyslexia (difficulty with reading and spelling).
 Hypotonia (low muscle tone).
 Nonverbal learning disorder.
 Sensory processing disorder.
 Visual perception deficits.

However, a person with DCD is unlikely to have all of these conditions. The pattern of difficulty varies widely from person to person; an area of major weakness for one dyspraxic person can be an area of strength or gift for another. For example, while some dyspraxic people have difficulty with reading and spelling due to dyslexia, or with numeracy due to dyscalculia, others may have brilliant reading and spelling or mathematical abilities. Co-morbidity between ADHD and DCD is particularly high.

Sensory processing disorder

Sensory processing disorder (SPD) concerns having oversensitivity or undersensitivity to physical stimuli, such as touch, light, sound, and smell. This may manifest itself as an inability to tolerate certain textures such as sandpaper or certain fabrics such as wool, oral intolerance of excessively textured food (commonly known as picky eating), being touched by another individual (in the case of touch oversensitivity) or it may require the consistent use of sunglasses outdoors since sunlight may be intense enough to cause discomfort to a dyspraxic person (in the case of light oversensitivity). An aversion to loud music and naturally loud environments (such as clubs and bars) is typical behavior of individuals with dyspraxia who have auditory oversensitivity, while only being comfortable in unusually warm or cold environments is typical of a dyspraxic person with temperature oversensitivity. Undersensitivity to stimuli may also cause problems, as individuals do not receive the sensory input they need to understand where their bodies are in space. This can make it even more challenging to complete tasks. Dyspraxic people who are undersensitive to pain may injure themselves without realising it. Some dyspraxic people may be oversensitive to some stimuli and undersensitive to others.

Developmental Language Disorder

Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) research has found that students with developmental coordination disorder and normal language skills still experience learning difficulties despite relative strengths in language. This means that, for students with developmental coordination disorder, their working memory abilities determine their learning difficulties. Any strength in language that they have is not able to sufficiently support their learning.

Students with developmental coordination disorder struggle most in visual-spatial memory. When compared to their peers without motor difficulties, students with developmental coordination disorder are seven times more likely than typically developing students to achieve very poor scores in visual-spatial memory. As a result of this working memory impairment, students with developmental coordination disorder have learning deficits as well.

Psychological and social consequences
Psychological domain: Children with DCD may struggle with lower self-efficacy and lower self-perceived competence in peer and social relations. Some demonstrate greater aggressiveness and hyperactivity.

Social domain: Children may be more vulnerable to social rejection and bullying, possibly resulting in higher levels of loneliness.

Diagnosis

Assessments for developmental coordination disorder typically require a developmental history, detailing ages at which significant developmental milestones, such as crawling and walking, occurred. Motor skills screening includes activities designed to indicate developmental coordination disorder, including balancing, physical sequencing, touch sensitivity, and variations on walking activities.

The American Psychiatric Association has four primary inclusive diagnostic criteria for determining if a child has developmental coordination disorder.

The criteria are as follows:
 Motor coordination will be greatly reduced, although the intelligence of the child is normal for the age.
 The difficulties the child experiences with motor coordination or planning interfere with the child's daily life.
 The difficulties with coordination are not due to any other medical condition
 If the child does also experience comorbidities such as intellectual or other developmental disability; motor coordination is still disproportionally affected.

Screening tests
Currently there is no single "gold standard" assessment test for DCD. Various screening tests may be used, including the following.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%; border:solid 1px #999999; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|-
!Screening tests that can be used to assess developmental coordination disorder
|-
|
 Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement-ABC – Movement-ABC 2)
 Peabody Developmental Motor Scales- Second Edition (PDMS-2)
 Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP-BOT-2)
 Motoriktest für vier- bis sechsjährige Kinder (MOT 4–6)
 Körperkoordinationtest für Kinder (KTK)
 Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2)
 Maastrichtse Motoriek Test (MMT)
 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III and WAIS-IV)
 Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WAIT-II)
 Test Of Word Reading Efficiency Second Edition (TOWRE-2)
 Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCD-Q). The DCD-Q has been translated into many languages. For French-speaking populations, a Canadian-French version  and a European-French version are available.
 Children's Self-Perceptions of Adequacy in, and Predilection for Physical Activity (CSAPPA)
|}

A baseline motor assessment establishes the starting point for developmental intervention programs. Comparing children to normal rates of development may help to establish areas of significant difficulty.

However, research in the British Journal of Special Education has shown that knowledge is severely limited in many who should be trained to recognise and respond to various difficulties, including developmental coordination disorder, dyslexia and deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP). The earlier that difficulties are noted and timely assessments occur, the quicker intervention can begin. A teacher or GP could miss a diagnosis if they are only applying a cursory knowledge.

A diagnosis of DCD is reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.

Classification
Developmental coordination disorder is classified in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a motor disorder, in the category of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Prevalence
The exact proportion of people with the disorder is unknown since the disorder can be difficult to detect due to a lack of specific laboratory tests, thus making diagnosis of the condition one of elimination of all other possible causes/diseases. Approximately 5–6% of children and adults are affected by this condition. and approximately 2% are severely affected.

DCD is a lifelong neurological condition that is expected to be as common in males as it is in females. Currently however, the diagnosis criteria favour males which results in over 80% of males being diagnosed before the age of 16 compared to only 22% for females.

Management
There is no cure for the condition. Instead, it is managed through therapy. Physical therapy or occupational therapy can help those living with the condition.

Some people with the condition find it helpful to find alternative ways of carrying out tasks or organizing themselves, such as typing on a laptop instead of writing by hand, or using diaries and calendars to keep organized. A review completed in 2017 by Cochrane of task-oriented interventions for DCD resulted in inconsistent findings and a call for further research and randomized controlled trials.

History
Collier first described developmental coordination disorder as "congenital maladroitness". A. Jean Ayres referred to developmental coordination disorder as a disorder of sensory integration in 1972, while in 1975 Sasson Gubbay, MD, called it the "clumsy child syndrome". Developmental coordination disorder has also been called "minimal brain dysfunction", although the two latter names are no longer in use.

Other names include developmental apraxia, disorder of attention and motor perception (DAMP) dyspraxia, developmental dyspraxia, "motor learning difficulties", perceptuo-motor dysfunction, and sensorimotor dysfunction.

The World Health Organization currently lists developmental coordination disorder as "Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function".

In popular culture

Fictional characters
 Helen Burns, a character from Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, is alleged to have been based on the author's dyspraxic elder sister Maria Brontë.
 Ryan Sinclair, a companion of the Doctor in the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who, has the disorder. The character debuted in 2018.

Public figures
People who have publicly stated they have been diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder include:

 actor Daniel Radcliffe,
 photographer David Bailey,
 model Cara Delevingne,
 singer Florence Welch,
 politician Emma Lewell-Buck,
 Rugby Union player Ellis Genge,
 actor Will Poulter,
 singer Mel B,
 actor Olive Gray,
 author Holly Smale,
 games critic John "TotalBiscuit" Bain,
 musician Toyah Willcox,
 comedian Harriet Kemsley.

See also

 Asperger syndrome
 Nonverbal learning disorder
 Autism spectrum
 Aging movement control
 Apraxia
 Deficits in attention, motor control and perception
 KE family
 Lists of language disorders
 Motor coordination
 Motor control
 Multisensory integration
 Sensory-motor coupling
 Working memory
 Hypermobility
 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

References

Sources

Further reading

Motor control
Neurological disorders
Specific developmental disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders

Developmental coordination disorder


Esther Heideman is an American operatic soprano.  She has performed with several orchestras including the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera, the Chicago Symphony, the Baltimore Symphony, the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony, the Atlanta Symphony, the Cincinnati Symphony, and the Seattle Symphony. Her debut appearance with the Metropolitan Opera led The New York Times  to report that when "hearing this lively redheaded coloratura sing, it's impossible not to think: Beverly Sills."  In the press her work has been largely well received.  The Boston Globe reported that Heideman possesses a "drop dead gorgeous voice."  The Washington Post wrote that Heideman sings in "sweet tones, like an angel."  The Star Tribune called her a "silvery-voiced" singer." Heideman has won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions and is a winner of the Licia Albanese competition. She was educated at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. In 2000 she won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions.

References

Living people
American operatic sopranos
University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire alumni
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
20th-century American women opera singers
21st-century American women opera singers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Esther Heideman


Randall Telfer (born May 16, 1992) is a former American football tight end. He played college football at the University of Southern California (USC). He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2015 NFL Draft.

High school career
Telfer was born on May 16, 1992, in Rancho Cucamonga, California. His mother was a physical therapist.

Telfer attended Rancho Cucamonga High School, where he received a 3.5 grade point average. He had no familiarity with football and had never played the game, but head coach Nick Baiz convinced him to begin playing in his freshman year. His height and swiftness led to his being cast as a wide receiver, but he was so poor at catching footballs that he didn't play that year. He played only minimally his sophomore year, but had so rapidly developed as an athlete that he became the team's second receiver in his junior year. In the 2008 season, he caught 42 passes for  and five touchdowns. Rancho Cucamonga won the Southern Section Central Division high school championship football game 21-7 over Upland High School. Telfer caught a touchdown that helped win the game for RCHS.

By his senior year, Telfer had developed into a ,  receiver with superb blocking skills. Considered one of the state's top college football recruits, he had only played in 14 games.

College career

College recruiters saw Telfer more as a tight end than a receiver. He was recruited by eight schools: Arizona State University, Stanford University, the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Oregon, the University of Southern California (USC), the University of Tennessee, the University of Washington, and Vanderbilt University. He favored Oregon and USC.

Head coach Pete Carroll successfully recruited Telfer for the University of Southern California (USC), where he attended upon receiving an athletic scholarship. He was redshirted his freshman year (the 2010 season), after which Carroll left USC to coach professionally for the Seattle Seahawks. In the spring, the NCAA punished USC for numerous rules and recruiting violations, banning the team from playing in Pac-10 conference championship games and bowl games for two seasons. Telfer had the right to transfer to another school, but declined to do so.

As a sophomore in 2011, Telfer had an outstanding season under head coach Lane Kiffin, catching 26 passes—five of them for touchdowns. He suffered several injuries during the season, but continued to play.

In his junior year, USC began the season ranked Number 1 in the USA Today Coaches' Poll. Telfer had numerous additional injuries, and according to press reports probably should not have continued practicing or playing. Nevertheless, Telfer asked to continue playing, and received permission from coaching staff to do so. Telfer caught a touchdown pass that led USC to defeat the University of Oregon 38-35, a victory that ended the Oregon Ducks 21-home game winning streak. USC's 2012 season was a dismal one, as the team finished 7-6. The team played in the Sun Bowl, losing 21-7 to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. A violent altercation (which some media reported as a fistfight, while others said it was verbal) broke out in the USC locker room after the game, in which some younger players criticized senior quarterback Matt Barkley for not playing even though injured and for generally poor leadership throughout the season.

Telfer played with numerous leg injuries in the 2013 season. Coaching staff permitted him to play, but counseled him several times that he should take a more prudent approach to his health. USC lost three of its first five games of Telfer's senior season, and Kiffin was fired as head coach on September 29, 2013. Defensive line coach Ed Orgeron was named the interim head coach, and led the team to a 6–2 record. Over the past two seasons, Telfer caught another 18 passes, five for touchdowns.

Steve Sarkisian was named USC's permanent head coach at the end of the 2013 season. Telfer had arthroscopic surgery on a knee in the spring of 2014, which kept him out of spring training camp. Although many in the press predicted he would have the breakout fifth-year season, and Coach Sarkisian told Telfer he would be an "offensive weapon" in the coming year, Telfer was relegated largely to a role as a blocker. The Trojans ended their season playing in the Holiday Bowl, winning 45-42 over the University of Nebraska Cornhuskers. Telfer ended his college football career with 63 receptions, 12 of them for touchdowns. His USC teammates voted to give him the Chris Carlisle Courage Award for starting every game his final year, despite his significant injuries.

Randall Telfer graduated from the University of Southern California in 2013 with a bachelor's degree in political science. In the fall of 2014, he began work at USC on a master's degree in communications management, with an emphasis on marketing.

Telfer suffered a left mid-foot fracture of the tarsometatarsal articulations while playing in the Holiday Bowl. The injury was difficult to diagnose, and he did not undergo surgery to correct the fracture until mid-February 2015. Healing and rehabilitation for such injuries generally lasts four to six months, although eight months is not uncommon.

Professional career

Cleveland Browns
The Cleveland Browns drafted Telfer in the sixth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. Telfer signed a four-year contract with the Browns on May 6, 2015, although terms of the deal were not immediately disclosed. A later report said the terms were worth $2.397 million, which included a $117,537 signing bonus.

On July 28, 2015, head coach Mike Pettine announced that Telfer would sit out training camp and remain idle until at least midseason. Pettine said that although some athletes return from mid-foot surgery in four to six months, the team would wait eight months and reevaluate Telfer's ability to play in October.

Telfer played 14 games in the 2016 season under new head coach Hue Jackson, catching two passes for four yards and spending most of his time as a blocker.

On May 2, 2018, Telfer was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs in exchange for linebacker Dadi Nicolas. However two days later, the trade was called off and voided. Telfer was waived by the Browns.

Indianapolis Colts
On May 7, 2018, Telfer was claimed off waivers by the Indianapolis Colts, only to be waived the next day after failing his physical.

On August 24, 2018, Telfer announced his retirement from the NFL.

References

External links

 USC Trojans bio
 College stats

1992 births
Living people
Players of American football from San Bernardino County, California
Sportspeople from Rancho Cucamonga, California
African-American players of American football
American football tight ends
USC Trojans football players
Cleveland Browns players
Indianapolis Colts players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
Rancho Cucamonga High School alumni

Randall Telfer


Thomas J. Josefiak (born in Adams, Massachusetts) is an American lawyer who was Chief Counsel of Republican National Committee (RNC) and Chairman of the Federal Election Commission (FEC) during the 1988 U.S. presidential election.  Josefiak is currently a partner with the law firm of HoltzmanVogelJosefiak PLLC in Washington, D.C.

Education
Josefiak received his B.A. from Fairfield University and J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center.

Legal career
Josefiak successfully represented the appellants before the US Supreme Court in a Maryland redistricting case organized by the Fannie Lou Hamer Political Action Committee which brought African Americans and Republicans together. The appellants in  Patricia Fletcher, et al., v. Linda H. Lamone et al. opposed the Democratic-passed 2011 plan.

Prior to joining HoltzmanVogel, subsequently renamed HoltzmanVogelJosefiak, Josefiak was of counsel at the RNC and of counsel to the 2008 Republican National Convention. Josefiak served as the chief counsel of the RNC from 1995 to 2007 after serving in various legal positions at the RNC beginning in 1992.

In 2012, Josefiak was reported to be a legal adviser to American Crossroads, the Super PAC established by Karl Rove.

Josefiak served as general counsel for Bush-Cheney '04 during the 2004 presidential election, where he was responsible for all of the campaign's legal matters. Following the election, he served as general counsel to the 55th Presidential Inaugural Committee. At the conclusion of the United States presidential inauguration, Josefiak returned to the RNC as chief counsel.

President Ronald Reagan appointed Josefiak to a six-year term as commissioner on the FEC in August 1985. He served as the Chairman of the FEC during the 1988 presidential election, and as vice chairman of the FEC and chairman of the Finance Committee in 1987.

Josefiak voted with the other two Republicans on the FEC not to pursue concerns that the influential Willie Horton ad in the 1988 presidential campaign involved illegal coordination between the George H. W. Bush campaign and the group which created and placed the ad, the National Security Political Action Committee. The vote was deadlocked along party lines.

Josefiak was special deputy to the Secretary of the United States Senate from 1981 to 1985, representing the Secretary as a full-time, ex officio commissioner at the FEC. As special counsel to the minority of the United States House Committee on House Administration from 1977 to 1979, he assisted Republican members in proposing and amending election law legislation, resulting in the passage of the 1979 amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act. He was counsel to the National Republican Congressional Committee from 1977 to 1980, and served as a legislative assistant to U.S. Rep. Silvio Conte (R-Mass).

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Adams, Massachusetts
American lawyers
Fairfield University alumni
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Members of the Federal Election Commission
Massachusetts Republicans
Reagan administration personnel
George H. W. Bush administration personnel

Thomas J. Josefiak


Tolia Nikiprowetzky (12 or 25 September 1916 – 5 May 1997) was a French composer and musicologist of Russian birth. His compositions include four operas (Les Noces d'Ombre, La Fête et les masques, Le Sourire de l'Autre and La Veuve du Héros); a symphony (Symphony Logos 5); concertos for saxophone, piano, cello, and trumpet; a piece for wind quintet and string orchestra; two large religious works (Numinis Sacra and Ode Funèbre); a few cantatas; several pieces for solo piano; and numerous chamber works among others. Some of his works experimented with serialism, electronic music, and reflected his interest in African music.

Born in Feodosiya, Nikiprowetzky immigrated with his parents to France in 1923 where they settled in Marseilles. He began his musical studies at the Marseilles Conservatory but left there in 1937 to enter the Conservatoire de Paris where he was a student of Simone Plé-Caussade and Louis Laloy. After World War II he pursued further studies privately with René Leibowitz. From 1950 to 1955 he worked as musical director of the Moroccan Radio, then in Paris for the overseas radio service. Tolia wrote the first national anthem of independent Mauritania.
He also ran a few nightclubs in Paris, where he died in 1997.

1916 births
1997 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
20th-century French musicologists
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
French classical composers
French male classical composers
French opera composers
Male opera composers
National anthem writers
Soviet emigrants to France
People from Feodosia

Tolia Nikiprowetzky


Events from the year 1351 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: Edward III
Chief Baron: Robert de Emeldon

Events

Aodh, son of Toirdhealbhach Ó Conchobhair, recovers kingship of Connacht; expels Aodh mac Feidhlimidh Ó Conchobhair.
Robert de Emeldon, former Lord High Treasurer disgraced due to corruption, is appointed as Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer
 October 17 – Great council occurs in Dublin.
 October 31 – Great council occurs in Kilkenny; ordinances to curtail Gaelisization of Anglo-Irish, and the statute of labourers applied to Ireland.
 Christmas – 'Nodlaig na Garma'; convention of poets and men of learning is held by Uilliam Buide Ó Ceallaigh; commemorated in Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh's poem, .

Births

Deaths

References

"A New History of Ireland VIII: A Chronology of Irish History to 1976", edited by T. W. Moody, F.X. Martin and F.J. Byrne. Oxford, 1982. .
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001B/index.html
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005C/index.html
http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100010B/index.html

Years of the 14th century in Ireland
1350s in Ireland
Ireland

1351 in Ireland


Karl Heinrich Emil Becker (14 September 1879 – 8 April 1940) was a German weapons engineer and artillery general. He advocated and implemented close ties of the military to science for purposes of advanced weapons development. He was the head of the Army Ordnance Office, Senator of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, first president of the Reich Research Council, the first general officer to be a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, as well as being a professor at both the University of Berlin and the Berlin Technical University. He was an early and key supporter of the development of ballistic rockets as weapons. The military-scientific infrastructure he helped implement supported the German nuclear energy program, known as the Uranium Club. Being depressed over heavy criticism from Hitler for shortfalls in munitions production, he committed suicide in 1940. He was given a State funeral.

Career

From 1898, Becker was a military engineer.

From 1901 to 1903, Becker studied at the Munich Artillery and Engineering School. From 1906 to 1911, he studied at the Berlin Military Engineering Academy, specializing in ballistics under Carl Julius Cranz; from 1908 to 1911, he was a teaching assistant at the Ballistics Laboratory there. From 1911 to 1914, he was a member of the Artillery Examining Board.  In 1913, Becker co-authored a revision of Cranz' classic text, Lehrbuch der Ballistik.

During World War I, Becker held two positions. From 1914 to 1916, he commanded a 42-cm mortar battery. From 1917 to 1919, he was an advisor on artillery ballistics at the Weapons and Equipment Inspection (Inspektion für Waffen und Gerät), which later became the Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office).

From 1919 to 1923, Becker studied chemistry and metallurgy. He was awarded a doctorate of engineering in 1922, with a thesis on cathodic change of phenol.

From 1922, Becker was an advisor to the HWA inspections office.

Becker was aware of the advantages of a close relationship between the military and science in the development of future weapons technology. As early as 1924, he recommended the establishment of a central laboratory of chemistry and physics. But only when he was director of the Ballistics and Ammunition Department of the Weapons and Equipment Inspection (Inspektion für Waffen und Gerät) was he able to implement his recommendation. The Central Office of Army Physics and Army Chemistry (Zentralstelle für Heeresphysik und Heereschemie) was formed in 1926 and recognized as an Armed Forces department in 1929. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, this department took on greater importance and received generous funding from the Reich. Its Research Department established top-quality facilities, one of them was the Heeresversuchsanstalt (Armed Forces testing station) in Gottow; it was under the direction Kurt Diebner and played a central role in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranverein (Uranium Club).

Becker, head of the ballistics and munitions section of the HWA Weapons Testing Division, was a key early supporter of Germany's development of the rocket as a weapon. In 1929, Becker got permission of the Reichswehrministerium (RWM, Reich Ministry of Defense) to do so. He was interested in the development of both solid-fuel and liquid-fuel rockets. Later, one of his subordinates, Walter Dornberger became important as leader of the V-2 rocket program. Wernher von Braun was hired in 1932.

From 1932, Becker was an Honorary Professor of military sciences at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (later, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, i.e. University of Berlin). From autumn 1933, he was an ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) of technical physics at the Technische Hochschule Berlin in Berlin Charlottenburg (later, the Technical University of Berlin). From 1935, he was ordentlicher Professor of defense technology, physics, and ballistics, as well as dean of the military engineering department (Wehrtechnische Fakultät), which had been newly created in 1933, at the Technische Hochschule Berlin. He was on the supervisory board of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft, the umbrella organization for numerous technical institutes. From 1935, he was the first general officer to be a member of the Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (PAW, Prussian Academy of Sciences). In 1937, Becker significantly expanded the Wehrtechnische Fakultät.

From November 1933,  Becker was head of the research department and the Weapons Testing Office, and from February 4, 1938, head of the HWA, in addition to his positions at the Technische Hochschule Berlin and the University of Berlin. From 1937, he was also first president of the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council), appointed by Bernhard Rust, Minister of the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Ministry of Education).

On 8 April 1940, just one day before the invasion of Denmark and Norway (Operation Weserübung), Becker committed suicide. Becker had been depressed for months, as he had been heavily criticized by Hitler and others for shortfalls in munitions production. Becker's suicide was covered up by a State funeral on 12 April 1940.

Notes

Bibliography

. This book is a collection of 121 primary German documents relating to physics under National Socialism. The documents have been translated and annotated, and there is a lengthy introduction to put them into perspective.

External links

1879 births
1940 deaths
German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Artillery (Wehrmacht)
20th-century German chemists
Ballistics experts
German Army personnel of World War I
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Research and development in Nazi Germany
German military personnel who committed suicide
People from Speyer
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Academic staff of the Technical University of Berlin
Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery
Military personnel of Bavaria
Lieutenant generals of the Reichswehr
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Suicides in Germany
1940 suicides
Military personnel from Rhineland-Palatinate

Karl Heinrich Emil Becker


The Fresno Raisin Eaters were a minor league baseball team which played in the Pacific Coast League in 1906. The Sacramento Solons, a charter member of the PCL which began play in 1903, moved to Tacoma in 1904, where the team won the PCL pennant playing as the Tacoma Tigers. The team returned to Sacramento during the 1905 season, then moved to Fresno for the 1906 season.

A crowd of 2,500 (considered large by the standards of the day) greeted the Raisin Eaters for their home opener against the Portland Beavers, which Portland won, 1-0. That was the high-water mark of the season, as fan support eroded as a result of the team's poor play.

The Raisin Eaters finished dead last in the six-team league, with a record of 64-117 (.353). The one-year wonders dropped out of the PCL after that year, returned to Sacramento, and re-entered the League in 1909 as the Sacramento Solons once more.

Although Fresno would field teams in the California State League and the California League in subsequent years (most notably the Fresno Cardinals) and the Fresno Giants , the Pacific Coast League would not return to Fresno for another 92 years, when the Fresno Grizzlies were admitted to the league in 1998.

During the 2006 season, the Grizzlies honored the 100th anniversary of their short-lived PCL predecessors in Fresno by wearing Raisin Eaters jerseys on the field during each Wednesday home game.

References

O'Neal, Bill. The Pacific Coast League 1903-1988. Eakin Press, Austin TX, 1990. .
Snelling, Dennis. The Pacific Coast League: A Statistical History, 1903-1957 McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC, 1995. .

Baseball teams established in 1906
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1906
Defunct Pacific Coast League teams
Sports in Fresno, California
Professional baseball teams in California
Defunct baseball teams in California
Baseball in Fresno, California
1906 establishments in California
1906 disestablishments in California
Baseball teams disestablished in 1906

Fresno Raisin Eaters


Jakku is a desert planet from Star Wars. The planet first appeared in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, the first installment in the Star Wars sequel trilogy. Jakku is very sparsely populated because of its harsh climate. After the Battle of Endor, Jakku was the sight of a big battle between the remaining Imperial fleet and the newly formed New Republic fleet. As soldiers fought each other in the desert and dogfights took place above, the large cruisers from the fleets started to drag each other to the surface of the planet with their tractor beams. Ships crashed to surface causing a "graveyard" of ships to form. The Republic fleet won the battle and the remaining Imperial forces fled into the unknown regions of the galaxy. Rey Skywalker is from Jakku and helped Finn escape the planet with BB-8 after the First Order massacred a village and started to look for Finn, after he deserted. A year later the people of Jakku rose up against the First Order as part of a galaxy wide rebellion after the Battle of Exegol in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker.

References

Star Wars planets

Jakku


Loudwire is an American online media magazine that covers news of hard rock and heavy metal artists. It is owned by media and entertainment business Townsquare Media. Since its launch in August 2011, Loudwire has secured exclusive interviews with high-profile artists such as Slipknot, Ozzy Osbourne, Metallica, Judas Priest, Guns N' Roses, Megadeth, Iron Maiden, Kiss, Mötley Crüe, Suicidal Tendencies and many others. Loudwire has also exclusively premiered new material from Judas Priest, Anthrax, Jane's Addiction, Stone Sour, Phil Anselmo, and many more of rock and metal's notable acts.

Loudwire Nights is Townsquare's nationally syndicated radio program, airing on its rock stations throughout the country, hosted by Toni Gonzalez.

One of Loudwires web series is Wikipedia: Fact or Fiction?.

Loudwire Music Awards
The magazine organizes the Loudwire Music Awards, an annual awards ceremony. The first ceremony and concert, hosted by Chris Jericho, were held on October 24, 2017, at The Novo in Los Angeles. Awards are given based on votes cast by the readers of the website.

References

External links

American music websites
Magazines established in 2011
Online music magazines published in the United States
Rock music mass media

Loudwire


==Fluvii și râuri din Canada==

Fluvii și râuri din Alberta
Alkali Creek, Amisk River, Râul Athabasca, Battle River, Bearberry Creek, Beaver River, Belly River, Berland River, Berry Creek, Birch River, Blackmud River, Blindman River, Bow River, Brazeau River, Brown Creek, Castle River, Cataract Creek, Chinchaga River, Christina River, Clear River, Clearwater River, Cold River, Crowfoot Creek, Cutbank River, Deep Valley Creek, Drywood Creek, East Prairie River, Elbow River, Firebag River, Fish Creek, Freeman River, Gold Creek, Groat Creek, Gros Ventre Creek, Hangingstone River, Hay River, Haynes Creek, Heart River, Highwood River, Hines Creek, House River, Iron Creek, Jackpine Creek, James River, Jumpingpound Creek, Kakwa River, Keg River, Kneehills Creek, Lafond Creek, Lee Creek, Lesser Slave River, Little Bow River, Little Paddle River, Little Red Deer River, Little Smoky River, Logan River, Mackay River, Manyberries Creek, Matzhiwin Creek, McLeod River, Medicine River, Michichi Creek, Miette River, Milk River, Monitor Creek, Mosquito Creek, Muskeg River, Nordegg River, North Ram River, North Saskatchewan River, Oldman River, Onetree Creek, Owl River, Paddle River, Parlby Creek, Peace River, Peigan Creek, Pembina River, Pinto Creek, Pipestone Creek, Pony Creek, Ram River, Raven River, Red Deer River, Redwillow River, Renwick Creek, Richardson River, Rose Creek, Rosebud River, Ross Creek, Saddle River, Sage Creek, St. Mary River, Sand River, Sawridge Creek, Sheep River, Simonette River, Râul Sclavilor, Smoky River, Sounding Creek, Sousa Creek, South Heart River, South Saskatchewan River, Steen River, Steepbank River, Stimson Creek, Strawberry Creek, Stretton Creek, Sturgeon River, Swan River, Threepoint Creek, Twelve Mile Creek, Vermilion River, Wabasca River, Wabash Creek, Waiparous Creek, Wandering River, Wapiti River, Waskahigan River, Waterton River, West Prairie River, Whitemud Creek, Whitemud River, Wildhay River, Willow Creek, Wolf Creek, Wolf River

Fluvii și râuri din Columbia Britanică
Akie River, Alouette River, Atnarko River, Ayton Creek, Barriere River, Beaver River, Bella Coola River, Big Creek, Blue River, Bonaparte River, Bridge River, Browns River, Bulkley River, Bull River, Camp Creek, Capilano River, Carnation Creek, Cayoosh Creek, Cedar Creek, Chase Creek, Cheakamus River, Chemainus River, Chilcotin River, Chilko River, Chilliwack River, Clearwater River, Clowhom River, Coldstream Creek, Coldwater River, Columbia, Coquihalla River, Coquitlam River, Cowichan River, Dean River, Duncan River, Eagle River, Eastcap Creek, Ecstall River, Elaho River, Elk River, Englishman River, Eutsuk River, Exchamsiks River, Farrell Creek, Finlay River, Fitzsimmons Creek, Fraser River, Gold River, Goldstream River, Granby River, Halfway River, Harris Creek, Harrison River, Heber River, Homathko River, Horsefly River, Hurley River, Illecillewaet River, Ingenika River, Iskut River, Jamieson Creek, Karsiks River, Kemano River, Kicking Horse River, Kispiox River, Kitimat River, Kitlope River, Klinaklini River, Kluane River, Kootenay River, Kwinitsa River, Peace River, Liard River, Lillooet River, McGregor River, Mesilinka River, Mission Creek, Moberly River, Nanaimo River, Nass River, Nation River, Nechako River, Nicola River, Nicomekl River, Nithi River, Norrish Creek, North Thompson River, Okanagan River, Omineca River, Osilinka River, Ospika River, Oyster River, Pack River, Parsnip River, Peace River, Penfold Creek, Piggott Creek, Pine River, Pugh Creek, Quesnel River, Quinsam River, Salloomt River, Salmo River, Salmon River, Seymour River, Shuswap River, Similkameen River, Skagit River, Skeena River, Slesse Creek, Slocan River, Snake River, South Thompson River, Squamish River, Stave River, Stikine River, Swift River, Theodosia River, Thompson River, Toad Creek, Tofino Creek, Tsolum River, Tulameen River, Vaseux Creek, Vernon Creek, Watt Creek, Whiteman Creek, Yakoun River

Fluvii și râuri din Manitoba
Angling River, Antler River, Arrow River, Assiniboine River, Aux Marais, Badger Creek, Big Grass River, Birch River, Bird River, Birdtail Creek, Bloodvein River, Boyne River, Brokenhead River, Buffalo Creek, Burntwood River, Carrot River, Churchill River, Conjuring Creek, Cooks Creek, Cypress Creek, Cypress River, Dauphin River, Deadhorse Creek, Deer River, Devils Creek, Elgin Creek, Elm Creek, Epinette Creek, Fairford River, Fisher River, Gainsborough Creek, Garland River, Gauer River, Gopher Creek, Graham Creek, Grass River, Grassmere Creek, Gunisao River, Hayes River, Icelandic River, Joubert Creek, Kettle River, La Salle River, Limestone River, Little Beaver River, Little Churchill River, Little Morris River, Little Saskatchewan River, Little Souris River, Long River, Marsh River, McKinnon Creek, Medora Creek, Mink Creek, Morris River, Mossy River, Mowbray Creek, Nelson, Netley Creek, North Duck River, Oak Creek, Oak River, Ochre River, Odei River, Overflowing River, Pelican Creek, Pembina River, Pine Creek, Pipestone Creek, Plum Creek, Rat River, Red River, Roaring River, Rolling River, Roseau River, Roseisle Creek, Sapochi River, Saskatchewan, Scissor Creek, Seal River, Seine River, Shannon Creek, Shell River, Silver Creek, Snowflake Creek, Souris River, South Tobacco Creek, Sturgeon Creek, Swan River, Taylor River, Tobacco Creek, Tourond Creek, Turtle River, Valley River, Vermilion River, Waskada Creek, Waterhen River, Weir River, Whitemouth River, Whitemud River, Whiteshell River, Wilson River, Winnipeg River, Woody River

Fluvii și râuri din New Brunswick
Anagance River, Aroostook River, Barnaby River, Bartibogue River, Bartholomew River, Becaguimec Stream, Big Presque Isle Stream, Big Tracadie River, Black River, Canaan River, Cains River, Caraquet, Coal Branch River, Dennis Stream, Dungarvon River, Eel River, Forest City Stream, Grande Rivière, Green River, Hammond River, Iroquois River, Jacquet River, Jemseg River, Kedgwick River, Kennebecasis River, Keswick River, Kouchibouguac River, Lepreau River, Little River, Little Southwest Miramichi River, Madawaska River, Magaquadavic River, Meduxnekeag River, Memramcook River, Middle Branch Nashwaaksis Stream, Middle River, Miramichi River, Musquash River, Nackawic Stream, Napan River, Nashwaak River, Nepisguit River, North Branch Oromocto River, North Renous River, North River, Northwest Miramichi River, Oromocto River, Patapedia River, Petitcodiac River, Point Wolfe River, Pokemouche River, Pollett River, Quiddy River, Restigouche River, Richibucto River, Rusagonis River, St. Croix River, St. Francis River, St. John River, Salmon River, Serpentine River, Shepody River, Shogomoc Stream, Southwest Miramichi River, Tabusintac River, Tobique River, Tracadie River, Turtle Creek, Upper Salmon River, Upsalquitch River

Fluvii și râuri din Newfoundland și Labrador
Alexis River, Atikonak River, Bartletts River, Bay du Nord River, Churchill River, Come by Chance River, Conne River, Eagle River, East Metchin River, Exploits River, Gander River, Garnish River, Great Rattling River, Grey River, Harrys River, Highlands River, Humber River, Isle aux Morts River, Kepimits River, La Poile River, Little Barachois River, Little Mecatina River, Little Salmonier River, Lloyds River, Long Harbour River, Main River, Minipi River, Naskaupi River, Northeast Pond River, Northwest River, Notakwanon River, Peters River, Pinus River, Pinware River, Pipers Hole River, Rocky River, Romaine, St. Shotts River, Salmon Cove River, Salmon River, Salmonier River, Shoal Harbour River, South River, Southern Bay River, Terra Nova River, Torrent River, Ugjoktok River, Upper Humber River, White Bear River

Fluvii și râuri din Teritoriile de Nordvest
Anderson River, Arctic Red River, Baker Creek, Blackstone River, Cameron River, Camsell River, Carcajou River, Caribou Creek, Coppermine River, Flat River, Great Bear River, Hanbury River, Hans Creek, Hay River, Hornaday River, Indin River, Jean-Marie River, Keele River, La Martre River, Liard River, Lockhart River, Mackenzie River, Martin River, Peel River, Redstone River, Rengleng River, Root River, Scotty Creek, Snare River, South Nahanni River, Taltson River, Trail Valley Creek, Travaillant River, Trout River, Waldron River, Willowlake River, Yamba River, Yellowknife River

Fluvii și râuri in Nova Scoția
Abrams River, Afton River, Alder River, Annapolis River, Apple River, Aspy River, Avon River (Nova Scotia), Baddeck River, Barneys River, Barnhill River, Barrington River, Bass River, Bear River, Belliveau River, Big Caribou River, Black Avon River, Black River, Broad Cove River, Broad River, Caribou River, Chebogue River, Chezzetcook River, Chiganois River, Clam Harbour River, Clyde River, Cogmagun River, Cornwallis River, Costley River, Country Harbour River, Debert River, Dewar River, Diligent River, East Noel River, East River, Economy River, Ecum Secum River, Farrells River, Five Mile River, Five Rivers, Folly River, Fox River, French River, Garry River, Gaspereau River, Gays River, Georges River, Gold River, Goose River, Graham River, Grand Anse River, Grand River, Great Village River, Grosses Coques, Habitant River, Harrington River, Herbert River, Indian River, Ingonish River, Ingram River, Isaacs Harbour River, James River, Jordan River, Kelley River, Kennetcook River, La Planche River, La Have River, Larrys River, Liscombe River, Little Bass River, Little East River, Little Forks River, Little River, Little Sackville River, Little Salmon River, Little Shulie River, Little Tracadie River, MacCarrons River, Maccan River, MacKenzie River, Margaree River, Martins River, Medway River, Mersey River, Meteghan River, Middle River, Milford Haven River, Mira River, Missaguash River, Moose River, Moser River, Mushamush River, Musquodoboit River, Nappan River, New Harbour River, Nictaux River, Nime Mile River, Noel River, North River, Northeast Margaree River, Ohio River, Pereaux River, Petite Rivière, Pomquet River, Portapique River, Prospect River, Pugwash River, Quoddy River, Ramshead River, Rights River, River Denys, River Hebert, River John, River Philip, Roman Valley River, Roseway River, Round Bay River, Sable River, Sackville River, St. Andrews River, St. Croix River, St. Francis Harbour River, St. Marys River, Salmon River, Sand River, Shelburne River, Shubenacadie River, Shulie River, Sissiboo River, Shinimicas River, Skye River, South River, Southampton River, Southwest Margaree River, Stewiacke River, Sutherlands River, Sydney River, Tennycape River, Terence Bay River, Tidnish River, Toney River, Tracadie River, Tusket River, Vaughns River, Wallace River, Walton River, Waughs River, West Bass River, West River, Wrights River

Fluvii și râuri din Nunavut
Armark River, Arrowsmith River, Asiak River, Aua River, Aukpar River, Back River, Baillie River, Barrow River, Bloody River, Boas River, Borden River, Bullen River, Burnside River, Cleveland River, Coppermine River, Counsel River, Croker River, Curtis River, Dease River, Diana River, Dubawnt River, Ellice River, Fairy Lake River, Ford River, Freshwater Creek, Gifford River, Gordon River, Hantzsch River, Harding River, Harnady River, Hayes River, Hone River, Hood River, Isortog River, Isurtuq River, James River, Jungersen River, Kagloryuak River, Kaleet River, Kazan River, Kellett River, Kendall River, Koukdjuak River, Kunuak River, Lorillard River, Mara River, McConnell River, McKeond River, McNaughton River, Murchison River, Nanook River, Perry River, Quoich River, Rae River, Richardson River, Roscoe River, Rowley River, Simpson River, Snowbank River, Soper River, Sutton River, Sylvia Grinnell River, Tammarvi River, Tha-anne River, Thelon River, Thlewiaza River, Tree River, Western River, Wilson River

Fluvii și râuri din Ontario
Agawa River, Agnes River, Albany River, Alder Creek, Amable du Fond River, Arrow River, Asheweig River, Atikokan River, Attawapiskat River, Aubinadong River, Ausable River, Aux Sables River,
Avon River, Baldhead River, Bar River, Barron River, Batchawana River, Bayfield River, Bear Creek, Beaudette, Beaver Creek, Beaver River, Beaverton River, Beeton Creek, Berens River, Big Carp River, Big Creek, Big Otter Creek, Bighead River, Black Creek, Black River, Black Duck River, Black Sturgeon River, Blackwater River, Blanche River, Blind River, Bloodvein River, Bonnechere River, Boyne River, Bronte Creek, Brunswick River, Buck River, Buckshot Creek, Buells Creek, Burnley Creek, Burnt River, Canard River, Carp River, Carrick Creek, Castor River, Cat River, Cataraqui River, Catfish Creek, Cedar Creek, Cedar River, Centreville Creek, Chalk River, Chapleau River, Cheepash River, Chippewa Creek, Chukuni River, Clare River, Clyde River, Cold Creek, Coldwater River, Collins Creek, Commanda Creek, Conestoga River, Coniston Creek, Credit River, Crowe River, Current River, Detroit River, Dingman Creek, Dodd Creek, Don River, Duffins Creek, East Humber River, East Oakville Creek, East River, Emerson Creek, English River, Etobicoke Creek, Fall River, Fawn River, Fire River, Forks River, Fourteen Mile Creek, Frederick House River, French River, Gananoque River, Ganaraska River, Garden River, Gargantua River, Goulais River, Grand River, Grindstone Creek, Gull River, Harmony Creek, Harricanaw River, Hay River, Highland Creek, Hog Creek, Holland River, Hollow River, Hopkins Creek, Horner Creek, Humber River, Hunsburger Creek, Indian River, Innisfil Creek, Ivanhoe River, Jackson Creek, Jeanettes Creek, Jersey Creek, Jock River, Junction Creek, Kagawong River, Kaministiquia River, Kapuskasing River, Kattawagami River, Kemptville Creek, Kenogami River, Kettle Creek, Kopka River, Kwataboahegan River, La Vase River, Lady Evelyn River, Laurel Creek, Layton River, Little Maitland River, Little Pic River, Little River, Little Rouge River, Little White River, Long-Legged River, Lynde Creek, Lynn River, Mad River, Madawaska River, Magnetawan River, Magpie River, Maitland River, Manitou River, Maskinonge River, Matawitchewan River, Mattagami River, Mattawa River, McGregor Creek, McIntyre River, McKellar River, McKenzie Creek, McVicar Creek, Medway River, Michipicoten River, Middle Maitland River, Middle Thames River, Millhaven Creek, Mimico Creek, Mindemoya River, Minsinakwa River, Missinaibi River, Mission River, Mississagi River, Mississippi River, Moira River, Montreal River, Moon River, Moose Creek, Moose River, Mountjoy River, Muskoka River, Musquash River, Nagagami River, Nanticoke Creek, Napanee River, Nat River, Neebing River, Niagara River, Nine Mile River, Nipigon River, Nipissing River, Nith River, Nonquon River, Norberg Creek, North French River, North Magnetawan River, North Penetangore River, North River, North Thames River, North West Ganaraska River, Nottawasaga River, Oakville Creek, Ogoki River, Old Woman River, Ombabika River, Onaping River, Opasatika River, Opeongo River, Oshawa Creek, Oswego Creek, Otonabee River, Ottawa, Oxbow Creek, Oxtongue River, Pagwachuan River, Parkhill Creek, Penetangore River, Perch Creek, Petawawa River, Pic River, Pickerel River, Pigeon River, Pine River, Pineimuta River, Pipestone River, Pivabiska River, Pottawatomi River, Pottersburg Creek, Pretty River, Proctors Creek, Pukaskwa River, Rainbow Creek, Rainy River, Raisin River, Rankin River, Rawdon Creek, Red Hill Creek, Remi River, Restoule River, Reynolds Creek, Rideau River, Rigaud River, Robinson Creek, Root River, Roseberry River, Rouge River, Ruscom River, Sachigo River, Sankt-Lorenz-Strom, St. Marys River, Salmon River, Sand River, Sauble River, Saugeen River, Schomberg River, Scugog River, Seine River, Seguin River, Serpent River, Severn River, Shamattawa River, Shebandowan River, Sixteen Mile Creek, Skootamatta River, South River, South Maitland River, South Nation River, South Parkhill Creek, South Raisin River, South Saugeen River, Soweska River, Spanish River, Speed River, Spencer Creek, Spey River, Steel River, Stokes River, Stoney Creek, Sturgeon River, Sydenham River, Talbot River, Tatachikapika River, Tay River, Taylor Creek, Teeswater River, Thames River, Trent River, Trout Creek, Turkey Creek, Turtle River, Twenty Mile Creek, Usiske River, Vermilion River, Wabigoon River, Wanapitei River, Wapesi River, Waubuno Creek, Welland River, West Humber River, White River, Whitefish River, Whitemans Creek, Whitesand River, Whitson River, Wilket Creek, Wilmot Creek, Wilton Creek, Winisk River, Winnipeg River, Wolf River, Wye River, York River

Fluvii și râuri din Prince Edward Island
Bear River, Dunk River, West River, Wilmot River, Winter River

Fluvii și râuri din Québec
Aguanus, Arnaud, Ashuapmushuan, Aulnaies, Aux Feuilles, Aux Mélèzes, Aux Outardes, Baleine, Betsiamites, Caniapiscau, Rivière au Castor, Coulonge, Delay, Dumoine, Eastmain, Sankt-Lorenz-Strom, Gatineau, George, Grande Baleine, Gué, Harricana, Kanaaupscow, Kipawa, Koksoak, La Grande Rivière, Lièvre, Magpie, Manicouagan, Manouane, Matapédia, Métabetchouan, Mille Îles, Mistassini, Moisie, Mouchalagane, Nabisipi, Natashquan, Naustapocca, Nottaway, Olomane, Opinaca, Outaouais, Ouiatchouane, Patapédia, Péribonka, Mécatina, Petite Baleine, Prairies, Restigouche, Richelieu, Romaine, Rupert, Saint-Augustin, Saint-Jean, Saint-Maurice, Saint-Paul, Sainte-Marguerite, Saguenay, Sakami, Sérigny, Témiscamie, Trenche River, Turgeon River, Vermillon, Wheeler River

Fluvii și râuri din Saskatchewan
Antelope Creek, Antler River, Assiniboine River, Bare Creek (Kanada), Battle Creek, Bear Creek, Belanger Creek, Birch Creek, Boggy Creek, Boxelder Creek, Brightwater Creek, Canoe River, Carrot River, Churchill River, Cooke Creek, Cottonwood Creek, Cutarm Creek, Denniel Creek, Dillon River, Dore River, Douglas River, Fond du Lac River, Frenchman River, Geikie River, Gibson Creek, Haultain River, Inverness Creek, Ironspring Creek, Jewel Creek, Jumping Deer Creek, Lanigan Creek, Lightning Creek, Lilian River, Lodge Creek, Long Creek, Lyons Creek, Macfarlane River, Magnusson Creek, McDonald Creek, Middle Creek, Moose Jaw River, Moose Mountain Creek, Moseley Creek, Mosquito Creek, North Saskatchewan River, Notukeu Creek, Pheasant Creek, Pipestone Creek, Quappelle River, Quill Creek, Red Deer River, Reindeer River, Ridge Creek, Romance Creek, Roughbark Creek, Rushlake Creek, Saline Creek, Saskatchewan River, Shepherd Creek, Short Creek, Smith Creek, Souris River, South Saskatchewan River, Stony Creek, Swift Current Creek, Wascana Creek, Waterfound River, Wathaman River, Wheeler River, White Gull Creek, Whitesand River, Wood River, Yorkton Creek

Fluvii și râuri din Yukon
Aishihik River, Alsek River, Beaver River, Big Creek, Black River, Dezadeash River, Firth River, Giltana Creek, Râul Klondike, Liard River, Nisling River, Old Crow River, Pelly River, Porcupine River, Stewart River, Tatshenshini River, Yukon

Vezi și
 Listă de fluvii din America

Listă

Fluvii

Listă de fluvii din Canada


Chris & Moira were a Maltese duo, formed by Moira Stafrace and Christopher Scicluna. They were best known for representing Malta in the 1994 Eurovision Song Contest.

Life and career
Stafrace was born in Malta in 1970. At the age of 12 she started her singing career. She bought a guitar and she started to sing with many bands. She took part in numerous festivals where she won many awards. In 1992 she was given the award for Best Personality in the music industry of her country. In 1993 she met and fell in love with a guitarist, Chris Scicluna.

Scicluna was born in Malta in 1959 and started music studies at the age of 8 and spent most of the 1980s freelancing in the United Kingdom. He recorded his first album in 1979, 'Starlights' as a singer composer with a band. In 1990 'Ever Changing Moods' was released by a band called Getting Closer. One of the songs from Getting Closer's second album 'This Time'  was chosen to represent Malta in the 1993 Eurovision with William Mangion. In this event Chris met Moira and in 1994 composed the music for the song More than Love, which represented their country at the contest in Dublin. They ranked 5th with 97 points – one of the best results for Malta.

In 1999, the duo returned to Eurovision, this time writing a song entitled Believe 'n Peace for the girlband Times Three. The leading singer of the group was Moira's sister. Both Chris and Moira were on stage as backing vocalists.

Scicluna died in February 2022, at the age of 62.

References

External links
Eurovision Song Contest Today Unofficial Site
The official site of the Eurovision Song Contest

See also
Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest

1994 establishments in Malta
2022 disestablishments in Malta
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Malta
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1994
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups disestablished in 2022

Chris and Moira