Alexander Rosenberg (who generally publishes as "Alex") is an American philosopher and novelist. He is the R. Taylor Cole Professor of Philosophy at Duke University, well known for contributions to philosophy of biology and philosophy of economics.

Rosenberg describes himself as a "naturalist".

Education and career
Rosenberg graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1963 (along with Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Richard Axel) and from the City College of New York in 1967. He received his Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University in 1971. He has taught philosophy at Dalhousie University, Syracuse University, University of California, Riverside, University of Georgia and, since 2000, at Duke University. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota, the University of California, Santa Cruz, Oxford University, the Australian National University and Bristol University.

He was a Guggenheim fellow in 1981, an American Council of Learned Societies fellow in 1983, won the Lakatos Award in 1993 and was the National Phi Beta Kappa Romanell Lecturer in 2006.

Rosenberg is an atheist, and a metaphysical naturalist.

Philosophical work
Rosenberg's early work focused on the philosophy of social science and especially the philosophy of economics. His doctoral dissertation, published as Microeconomic Laws in 1976, was the first treatment of the nature of economics by a contemporary philosopher of science. Over the period of the next decade he became increasingly skeptical about neoclassical economics as an empirical theory.

He later shifted to work on issues in the philosophy of science that are raised by biology. He became especially interested in the relationship between molecular biology and other parts of biology. Rosenberg introduced the concept of supervenience to the treatment of intertheoretical relations in biology, soon after Donald Davidson began to exploit Richard Hare's notion in the philosophy of psychology. Rosenberg is among the few biologists and fewer philosophers of science who reject the consensus view that combines physicalism with antireductionism (see his 2010 on-line debate with John Dupré at Philosophy TV).

Rosenberg also coauthored an influential book on David Hume with Tom Beauchamp, Hume and the Problem of Causation, arguing that Hume was not a skeptic about induction but an opponent of rationalist theories of inductive inference.

The Atheist's Guide to Reality
Alex Rosenberg asserts the radical opinion that there is no enduring self on atheism. The existence of the self, he says, is "an illusion."

In 2011 Rosenberg published a defense of what he called "Scientism"—the claim that "the persistent questions" people ask about the nature of reality, the purpose of things, the foundations of value and morality, the way the mind works, the basis of personal identity, and the course of human history, could all be answered by the resources of science. This book was attacked on the front cover of The New Republic by Leon Wieseltier as "The worst book of the year".  Leon Wiseltier's claim, in turn, was critiqued as exaggeration by Philip Kitcher in The New York Times Book Review. On February 1, 2013, Rosenberg debated Christian apologist William Lane Craig on the question 'Is Faith in God Reasonable?' during which some of the arguments of the book were discussed.

Rosenberg has contributed articles to The New York Times Op/Ed series The Stone, on naturalism, science and the humanities, and meta-ethics, and the mind's powers to understand itself by introspection that arise from the views he advanced in The Atheist's Guide to Reality.

How History Gets Things Wrong: The Neuroscience of our Addiction to Stories
In 2018 Rosenberg published How History Gets Things Wrong: The Neuroscience of our Addiction to Stories. This work develops the eliminative materialism of The Atheist's Guide to Reality, applying it to the role 'the theory of mind' plays in history and other forms of story telling.  Rosenberg argues that the work of Nobel Prize winners, Eric Kandel, John O'Keefe and May-Britt Moser along with Edvard Moser reveals that the ''theory of mind'' employed in every day life and narrative history has no basis in the organization of the brain. Evidence from evolutionary anthropology, child psychology, medical diagnosis and neural imaging reveals it is an innate or almost innate tool that arose in Hominini evolution to foster collaboration among small numbers of individuals in immediate contact over the near future, but whose predictive weakness beyond this domain reveals its explanatory emptiness.

Critical discussions of Rosenberg's work
In How History Gets Things Wrong Rosenberg claims people never really think about anything. Therefore, it is simply an illusion that people possess intentional states. He admits that therefore the (apparently derived) intentionality of inscriptions and speech cannot be derived from the (original) intentionality of thought. Rosenberg has not provided an account of the intentionality of speech and writing, and may in fact deny that they bear any either. In The Atheist's Guide to Reality he states that its sentences are tools for moving information into the reader's brain, triggering new neural firings.  However, critics note that doing so cannot be Rosenberg's purpose in writing the book because on his position no one really has any purposes.

While attracting some interest for its arguments about the philosophy of mind, Rosenberg's critique of narrative history in How History Gets Things Wrong has attracted criticism in academic reviews. Reviewers including Alexandre Leskanich in The English Historical Review, Jacob Ivey in Philosophia, and Michael Douma in Journal of Value Inquiry faulted the book for failing to engage with literature in the philosophy of history and narratology and for oversimplified treatment of historical examples. Ivey also argued that Rosenberg's call for a Darwinian approach to historical explanation failed to acknowledge the limitations of past attempts to apply this approach and the complicated relationship in practice between Darwinian and humanistic methods in history.

Rosenberg's treatment of fitness as a supervenient property, which is an undefined concept in the theory of natural selection, is criticized by Brandon and Beatty. His original development of how the supervenience of Mendelian concepts blocks traditional derivational reduction was examined critically by C. Kenneth Waters. His later account of reduction in developmental biology was criticized by Günter Wagner. Elliott Sober's "Multiple realization arguments against reductionism" reflects a shift towards Rosenberg's critique of anti-reductionist arguments of Putnam's and Fodor's.

Sober has also challenged Rosenberg's view that the principle of natural selection is the only biological law.

The explanatory role of the principle of natural selection and the nature of evolutionary probabilities defended by Rosenberg were subject to counter arguments by Brandon and later by Denis Walsh. Rosenberg's account of the nature of genetic drift and the role of probability in the theory of natural selection draws on significant parallels between the principle of natural selection and the second law of thermodynamics.

In the philosophy of social science, Rosenberg's more skeptical views about microeconomics were challenged first by Wade Hands, and later by Daniel Hausman in several books and articles. The financial crisis of 2007–08 resulted in renewed attention to Rosenberg's skeptical views about microeconomics. Biologist Richard Lewontin and historian Joseph Fracchia express skepticism about Rosenberg's claim that functional explanations in social science require Darwinian underlying mechanisms.

Literary work

The Girl From Krakow
Rosenberg's 2015 novel, The Girl From Krakow, Lake Union Publishing, is a narrative about a young woman named Rita Feuerstahl from 1935 to 1947, mainly focusing on her struggles to survive in Nazi-occupied Poland and later in Germany, under a false identity. A secondary plot involves her lover's experiences in France and Spain during its Civil War in the 1930s and then in Moscow during the war. Rosenberg has acknowledged that the novel is based on the wartime experiences of people he knew. He has also admitted the incongruity of writing a narrative, given his attack on the form in The Atheist's Guide to Reality. He has said that The Girl from Krakow began as an attempt to put some of the difficult arguments of The Atheist's Guide to Reality into a form easier to grasp". The Girl From Krakow has been translated into Italian, Hungarian, Polish, Hebrew and Croatian.

Autumn in Oxford
In 2016 Rosenberg's second novel, Autumn in Oxford, appeared, also published by Lake Union Publishing. An afterword identifies the large number of real persons—academics, civil rights advocates, military officers, politicians and intelligence agents from the 1940s and '50s who figure in the narrative.

The Intrigues of Jennie Lee
in 2020 Rosenberg's third novel was published by Top Hat Books. An afterword identities the large number of public figures from Great Britain in the '30s who figure in the novel, including Jennie Lee, Aneurin Bevan, Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon--the subsequent centenarian Queen Mother, Lady Astor, Ellen Wilkinson, Ramsay MacDonald and Oswald Mosley.

In the Shadows of Enigma
Rosenberg's fourth historical novel,  a sequel to "The Girl from Krakow", was published in 2021, also by Top Hat Books. This novel offers an explanation of why the Western Allies—the US, Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand and Australia—kept the breaking of the German Enigma code secret for 30 years after the end of the Second World War. Four characters from his earlier novel figure in the sequel, Rita Feuerstahl, her partner Gil Romero, her son Stefan and a former Gestapo detective still working for the German Federal Republic, Otto Schulke.

Role in Duke Lacrosse controversy
During the 2006 Duke University lacrosse case, Rosenberg was one of the so-called Group of 88 professors who, shortly after members of the university's lacrosse team were accused of rape, signed a controversial letter attacking the players and thanking protesters for "making a collective noise" on "what happened to this young woman." The following year, North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper, a Democrat, dropped all charges and declared the accused players innocent, stating that the players were victims of a "tragic rush to accuse."

Bibliography
 Microeconomic Laws: A Philosophical Analysis (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1976)
 Sociobiology and the Preemption of Social Science (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980; Basil Blackwell, 1981)
 Hume and the Problem of Causation (Oxford University Press, 1981) (with T.L. Beauchamp)
 The Structure of Biological Science (Cambridge University Press, 1985)
 Philosophy of Social Science (Clarendon Press, Oxford and Westview Press, 1988, fifth Edition, 2015), translation in Greek
 Economics: Mathematical Politics or Science of Diminishing Returns? (University of Chicago Press, 1992)
 Instrumental Biology, or the Disunity of Science (University of Chicago Press, 1994)
 Darwinism in Philosophy, Social Science and Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
 Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Approach (Routledge, 2000, third edition 2011), translations in Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese and Turkish.
 Darwinian Reductionism or How to Stop Worrying and Love Molecular Biology (University of Chicago Press, 2006)
 The Philosophy of Biology: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge, 2007) (with Daniel McShea)
 Philosophy of Biology: An Anthology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) (with Robert Arp)
 The Atheist's Guide to Reality (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011)
 The Girl From Krakow (Lake Union, 2015), translations in Polish, Italian, Hebrew, Hungarian, and Croatian
 Autumn in Oxford (Lake Union, 2016)
 The Routledge Companion to the Philosophy of Social Science (Routledge, 2017) (with Lee McIntyre)
 How History Gets Things Wrong: The Neuroscience of Our Addiction to Stories (MIT Press, 2018)
 The Intrigues of Jennie Lee (Top Hat Books, 2020)
 Reduction and Mechanism (Cambridge University Press, 2020)
 In the Shadow of Enigma (Top Hat Books, 2021)

See also
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers
 List of City College of New York people
 List of Stuyvesant High School people
 Antireductionism
 Philosophy and economics
 Philosophy of Biology
 Reductionism
 Lakatos Award
 Guggenheim Fellows

References

External links

 Alex Rosenberg's home page
 Alex Rosenberg and David Levine on Economics at Bloggingheads
 John Dupré and Alex Rosenberg on Reductionism at Philosophy TV
 Owen Flanagan and Alex Rosenberg on Naturalism at Philosophy TV
 "The Disenchanted Naturalist's Guide to Reality."

 Alex Rosenberg on Atheist's Guide to Reality at Minnesota Atheists
 Richard Marshall reviews "Atheist's Guide to Reality" in 3:AM Magazine
 Alex Rosenberg on Atheist's Guide to Reality at American Free Thought
 Alex Rosenberg, Samir Okasha, Julian Baggini on "Atheist's Guide to Reality" at Microphilosophy
 Talking Philosophy interview with Alex Rosenberg on "Atheist's Guide to Reality" [now hosted on Rosenberg's homepage]
Alex Rosenberg, "Bodies-in-Motion-An Exchange."
 Alex Rosenberg and Tyler Curtain, "What Is Economics Good For?"
 Alex Rosenberg, "Can moral disputes be resolved?"
Alex Rosenberg, "Why you don't know your own mind"
 Alex Rosenberg, an extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series
 Alex Rosenberg "The making of a non-patriot"
 Alex Rosenberg, "Why most narrative history is wrong"
 Alex Rosenberg, "Can we learn from history?"
 Alex Rosenberg, "Humans are hardwired to tell history in stories"
 Alex Rosenberg, "What kind of a problem is climate change?

Philosophers from North Carolina
American atheists
Atheist philosophers
City College of New York alumni
Duke University faculty
Syracuse University faculty
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Stuyvesant High School alumni
Living people
Philosophers of biology
1946 births
Philosophers of social science
Writers about religion and science
20th-century atheists
21st-century atheists
Lakatos Award winners

Alexander Rosenberg


The Case of the Dean of St Asaph, formally R v Shipley, was the 1784 trial of William Davies Shipley, the Dean of St Asaph, for seditious libel. In the aftermath of the American War of Independence, electoral reform had become a substantial issue, and William Pitt the Younger attempted to bring a Bill before Parliament to reform the electoral system. In its support Shipley republished a pamphlet written by his brother-in-law, Sir William Jones, which noted the defects of the existing system and argued in support of Pitt's reforms. Thomas FitzMaurice, the brother  of British Prime Minister  Earl of Shelburne, reacted by indicting Shipley for seditious libel, a criminal offence which acted as "the government's chief weapon against criticism", since merely publishing something that an individual judge interpreted as libel was enough for a conviction; a jury was prohibited from deciding whether the material was actually libellous. The law was widely seen as unfair, and a Society for Constitutional Information was formed to pay Shipley's legal fees. With financial backing from the society Shipley was able to secure the services of Thomas Erskine KC as his barrister.

Shipley was tried in 1784 by Mr Justice Buller and a specially convened jury at Shrewsbury. Edward Bearcroft, counsel for the prosecution, argued that on the basis of the existing system the jury could not decide on the nature of the pamphlet, while Erskine argued not only that they could, but that the material did not constitute seditious libel, containing as it did "a solemn protest against all sedition". Persuaded by Erskine's arguments, the jury ruled that Shipley was neither "guilty" or "not guilty", but instead "guilty of publication only", a confusing and non-standard ruling which, after a long dialogue, Mr Justice Buller declared to mean "guilty on all charges". Erskine appealed the decision to the Court of King's Bench on 8 November, where the judges again ruled that juries could not decide whether material was libellous, but nevertheless released Shipley on a technicality; his freedom was greeted with fireworks and bonfires, and Erskine was rewarded with the Freedom of the City of Gloucester. Still seeking to reform the law, Erskine sent the court records to Charles James Fox and Lord Camden, who, after much effort, passed the Libel Act 1792, which secured the right of juries to decide whether material was libellous.

Background
Following the end of the American War of Independence, British public attention had turned to the need for Parliamentary reform – specifically, the lack of franchise in many towns and the presence of rotten boroughs. In response, William Pitt the Younger brought the idea of reform before Parliament and, in support of his actions, Sir William Jones wrote and published a pamphlet titled A Dialogue between a Farmer and a Country Gentleman on the Principles of Government, which covered the "virtues of government and defects in the representation of the people". In 1783 Shipley, Jones's brother-in-law, recommended it to a group of Welsh constitutional reformers and had it reprinted in Welsh with his own preface suggesting it was "just, rational and constitutional". As a result, Thomas FitzMaurice, the brother of the Earl of Shelburne, indicted Shipley for seditious libel, specifically for "publishing a false, scandalous and malicious libel ... to raise seditions and tumults within the kingdom, and to excite His Majesty's subjects to attempt, by armed rebellion and violence, to subvert the state and constitution of the nation".

The law dealing with seditious libel was particularly strict. Acting as "the government's chief weapon against criticism", it followed principles laid down in De Libellis Famosis and R v Carr: that seditious libel was a criminal offence, that the intention of the publisher or the truth of the allegations was irrelevant, that mere publication was sufficient for a conviction, and that juries were only allowed to deliver a verdict on whether the material had been published by the defendant, not whether it was libellous. Traditionally, matters of fact were left to the jury and matters of law to the judge, but with seditious libel "matters of law" was construed very widely; it was the judge's job to decide if the material was libellous, what constituted "seditious libel", and the nature of "publication", which was understood to include almost anything. Even a private letter, if intercepted, could lead to a prosecution.

Because of public disquiet with these principles, Shipley's trial acted as a "test case" for the law of seditious libel; a Society for Constitutional Information was formed by concerned citizens and began raising money to pay for his defence. Able to afford the best representation, the society gave the brief to Thomas Erskine KC, a noted defence barrister. The trial was to be heard by Lord Kenyon, then Chief Justice of Chester, at Wrexham; after travelling 200 miles to the court Erskine discovered that a paper had been circulated in the area arguing that in libel cases juries were allowed to decide whether a publication was libellous, as well as whether it had been published. Citing the paper's circulation, the prosecution asked for a postponement; ignoring claims that a delay would cause Shipley hardship, Kenyon agree to postpone the trial. The case was eventually heard on 6 August 1784 by Mr Justice Buller, at Shrewsbury.

Trial and appeal

Edward Bearcroft, lead counsel for the prosecution, described the Dialogue as libel and argued that the truth of this was not a question for the jury to decide on; they were bound to convict the defendant as long as they decided that he had published the Dialogue, regardless of the contents. Those contents, Bearcroft went on, sought to persuade the public that "every man of age had a right to choose his own representative in Parliament". Erskine, in his reply, argued that the Dialogue was not libellous (it opened with a preface containing "a solemn protest against all sedition"), and insisted that the jury had the right to decide what constituted libel:

To demonstrate his feelings on the subject, Erskine asked the jury to consider him a fellow defendant, since he intended to publish the pamphlet himself as soon as possible; he then went through the Dialogue line by line, showing that not only would most people agree with it, but that it was the foundation of Pitt's Reform Bill. After Erskine concluded his arguments, again stating that the jury should feel free to debate whether the material constituted libel, Mr Justice Buller began his summing up, instructing the jury that they were only allowed to decide on whether Shipley had published the work. The jury retired, and after half an hour of discussion returned to declare Shipley "guilty of publishing only". After a long and "confounding" debate between Erskine, Buller, and the jury, Buller declared Shipley guilty on all counts.

Erskine immediately appealed the decision to the Court of King's Bench, where he argued on 8 November that Buller's statement had misdirected the jury, and that as the jury was traditionally not given the right to investigate Shipley's actual guilt, the previous trial was invalid; a jury should be permitted to determine not only whether a statement was published, but whether it was libellous. With the exception of Mr Justice Wiles, the court unanimously declared that Erskine's arguments were incorrect, and that the jury had no such role; accordingly, his appeal was denied. Shipley was, however, later freed when the King's Bench held that the initial indictment had been invalid because "there were no averments to point the application of the paper as a libel on the king and government".

Lord Mansfield, giving the main judgment in the case, expressed his concern that Erskine's argument about the law of seditious libel would lead to uncertainty. If each jury was able to define 'libel' for itself, the law could descend into anarchy. Erskine had attempted to pre-empt this objection by arguing that it was the trial judge's duty to direct the jury on the law of seditious libel. In this way, the jury could give a full verdict on the defendant's guilt, while respecting the judiciary's expertise regarding legal matters. Crosby has argued that Mansfield's argument

This debate about the true nature of the jury's verdict subsequently formed an important part of the debate on the jury's role in nineteenth-century America.

Aftermath
Although the case did not directly lead to legal change, it was nevertheless widely seen as a victory; upon his release Shipley was greeted with fireworks and bonfires, and Erskine was rewarded with the Freedom of the City of Gloucester. Erskine, however, perceived it differently, and had records of the entire trial printed and sent to Charles James Fox and Lord Camden. Taking this as a hint, Fox (after much delay) introduced a Bill to Parliament in May 1791, seeking to reform the law relating to libel. After it was passed through the Commons it went to the House of Lords, where members of the judiciary attempted to delay it; in response Lord Camden, then 78, rose and bluntly stated that if the judges were to be the sole arbiters of public opinion, nothing would be able to appear that criticised the government, leading to a stifling of the freedom of the press. His appeal was successful – without it, historian H.M. Lubasz writes, the Bill would never have passed the Lords – and within three weeks Parliament had formally passed the Libel Act 1792, commonly known as Fox's Libel Act, allowing juries for the first time to decide precisely what constituted libel.

References

Bibliography

`
    Page, Anthony, "The Dean of St Asaph's trial: libel and politics in the 1780s", Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 32:1 (2009), pp. 21–35

1784 in case law
1784 in British law
Lord Mansfield cases
English criminal case law
English defamation case law
Court of King's Bench (England) cases
Trials in the Kingdom of Great Britain

Case of the Dean of St Asaph


Robinow syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder characterized by short-limbed dwarfism, abnormalities in the head, face, and external genitalia, as well as vertebral segmentation. The disorder was first described in 1969 by human geneticist Meinhard Robinow, along with physicians Frederic N. Silverman and Hugo D. Smith, in the American Journal of Diseases of Children. By 2002, over 100 cases had been documented and introduced into medical literature.

Two forms of the disorder exist, dominant and recessive, of which the former is more common. Patients with the dominant version often suffer moderately from the aforementioned symptoms. Recessive cases, on the other hand, are usually more physically marked, and individuals may exhibit more skeletal abnormalities. The recessive form is particularly frequent in Turkey. However, this can likely be explained by a common ancestor, as these patients' families can be traced to a single town in Eastern Turkey. Clusters of the autosomal recessive form have also been documented in Oman and Czechoslovakia.

The syndrome is also known as Robinow-Silverman-Smith syndrome, Robinow dwarfism, fetal face, fetal face syndrome, fetal facies syndrome, acral dysostosis with facial and genital abnormalities, or mesomelic dwarfism-small genitalia syndrome.  The recessive form was previously known as Covesdem syndrome.

Signs and symptoms

Robinow noted the resemblance of affected patients' faces to that of a fetus, using the term "fetal facies" to describe the appearance of a small face and widely spaced eyes. Clinical features also may include a short, upturned nose, a prominent forehead, and a flat nasal bridge. The upper lip may be "tented", exposing dental crowding, "tongue tie", or gum hypertrophy.

Though the eyes do not protrude, abnormalities in the lower eyelid may give that impression. Surgery may be necessary if the eyes cannot close fully. In addition, the ears may be set low on the head or have a deformed pinna.

Patients suffer from dwarfism, short lower arms, small feet, and small hands. Fingers and toes may also be abnormally short and laterally or medially bent. The thumb may be displaced and some patients, notably in Turkey, experience ectrodactyly. All patients often suffer from vertebral segmentation abnormalities. Those with the dominant variant have, at most, a single butterfly vertebra. Those with the recessive form, however, may suffer from hemivertebrae, vertebral fusion, and rib anomalies. Some cases resemble Jarcho-Levin syndrome or spondylocostal dysostosis.

Genital defects characteristically seen in males include a micropenis with a normally developed scrotum and testes. Sometimes, testicles may be undescended, or the patient may suffer from hypospadias. Female genital defects may include a reduced size clitoris and underdeveloped labia minora. Infrequently, the labia majora may also be underdeveloped. Some research has shown that females may experience vaginal atresia or haematocolpos.

The autosomal recessive form of the disorder tends to be much more severe. Examples of differences are summarized in the following table:

Associated conditions
Medical conditions include frequent ear infection, hearing loss, hypotonia, developmental problems, respiratory problems, eating difficulties, light sensitivity, and esophageal reflux.

Data on fertility and the development of secondary sex characteristics is relatively sparse. It has been reported that both male and female patients have had children. Males who have reproduced have all had the autosomal dominant form of the disorder; the fertility of those with the recessive variant is unknown.

Researchers have also reported abnormalities in the renal tract of affected patients. Hydronephrosis is a relatively common condition, and researchers have theorized that this may lead to urinary tract infections. In addition, a number of patients have suffered from cystic dysplasia of the kidney.

A number of other conditions are often associated with Robinow syndrome. About 15% of reported patients suffer from congenital heart defects. Though there is no clear pattern, the most common conditions include pulmonary stenosis and atresia. In addition, though intelligence is generally normal, around 15% of patients show developmental delays.

Genetics
Genetic studies have linked the autosomal recessive form of the disorder to the ROR2 gene on position 9 of the long arm of chromosome 9. The gene is responsible for aspects of bone and cartilage growth. This same gene is involved in causing autosomal dominant brachydactyly B.

The autosomal dominant form has been linked to three genes - WNT5A, Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 (DVL1) and Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 (DVL3). This form is often caused by new mutations and is generally less severe than the recessive form. Two further genes have been linked to this disorder - Frizzled-2 (FZD2) and Nucleoredoxin (NXN gene). All of these genes belong to the same metabolic pathway - the WNT system. This system is involved in secretion for various compounds both in the fetus and in the adult.

A fetal ultrasound can offer prenatal diagnosis 19 weeks into pregnancy. However, the characteristics of a fetus suffering from the milder dominant form may not always be easy to differentiate from a more serious recessive case. Genetic counseling is an option given the availability of a family history.

Diagnosis
Robinow syndrome is suspected by clinical findings and family history and confirmed by typical ROR-2 biallelic pathogenic variants identified by molecular genetic testing.

Treatment
Treatment of the various manifestations will usually be addressed by a multidisciplinary team.

History
The disorder was first described in 1969 by the German-American Human Geneticist Meinhard Robinow (1909–1997), along with physicians Frederic N. Silverman and Hugo D. Smith, in the American Journal of Diseases of Children. By 2002, over 100 cases had been documented and introduced into medical literature.

References

Further reading

External links

 GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on ROR2-Related Robinow Syndrome

Cell surface receptor deficiencies
Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting stature
Syndromes affecting the tongue
Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities

Robinow syndrome


New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy introduced by Lenin after the failed methods of War communism. These New Economic Policies were to revive the Russian economy. The new policy was a combination of private enterprise and state socialism. This is because the people did not believe in War communism.

The New Economic Policies meant that Russia returned to a partly capitalist society. This sorted out the problems of mass starvation and Famine which War communism had caused.

Lenin did not want Russia to stay in this way, he only introduced them to be supported again by the Russian people, and to revive the economy. In 1928 Joseph Stalin abolished the NEP.

History of the Soviet Union
1921 establishments
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union

New Economic Policy


Albemarle Barracks was a prisoner-of-war camp for British prisoners during the American Revolutionary War.

History
Following Gen. John Burgoyne's defeat at the Battle of Saratoga, in 1777, several thousand British and German (Hessian and Brunswickian) troops, of what came to be known as the Convention Army, were marched to Cambridge, Massachusetts. For various reasons, the Continental Congress desired to move them south. One of Congress' members, Col. John Harvie/Harvey, Sr. and sons  offered some of his lands outside of Charlottesville, Virginia. The remaining soldiers (some 2,000 British, upwards of 1,900 German, and roughly 300 women and children) marched south in late 1778 - arriving at the site (near Ivy Creek) in January, 1779. As the barracks were barely sufficient in construction, the officers were paroled to live as far away as Richmond, Virginia and Staunton, Virginia. The camp was never adequately provisioned, and yet the prisoners did manage to make something of the site, including building a theater. Hundreds escaped Albemarle Barracks, owing to lack of an adequate number of guards.

As the British army moved northward from the Carolinas, in late 1780, the remaining prisoners were moved to Frederick, Maryland, Winchester, Virginia, and perhaps elsewhere.

Current status
The former site of Albemarle Barracks is on private property, northwest of downtown Charlottesville at the foot of Barracks Farm Rd. and marked by a Virginia State historical marker. In 1983, the Albemarle County Historical Society erected a plaque for the Albemarle Barracks burial site. Located on what is now Ivy Farm Drive, the spot marks the location of several graves found when the land was developed for residential use.  To see the marker, drive west of Charlottesville on Barracks Road to Barracks Farm Road. The marker is located on the north side of Ivy Farm Drive, in a private yard, a couple hundred yards from where this road separates from Barracks Farm Road.

Note: Though the marker was almost totally obscured by the twin boxwoods growing on either side, in 2006, as of November 2010, it could easily be seen from the road.

Further reading
 Philander D. Chase, " 'Years of Hardships and Revelations': The Story of the Convention Army at the Albemarle Barracks, 1779-1781," The Magazine of Albemarle County History Volume 41 (1983): 9-53".

External links
 Albemarle County Historical Society
 Albemarle Barracks Burial Site marker

Tourist attractions in Albemarle County, Virginia
Landmarks in Virginia
Prisoner-of-war camps in the United States

Albemarle Barracks


The Mandher Devi temple stampede occurred on Tuesday, 25 January 2005 at Mandher Devi temple near  Wai in Satara district in Indian state of Maharashtra.  The stampede broke out as 300,000 people converged on the Mandher Devi temple to undertake the annual pilgrimage on the full moon day of Shakambhari Purnima, in January and for participation in a 24-hour-long festival that includes ritual animal sacrifices to the goddess. Festivities also include the devotees breaking coconuts at Mangirbaba temple near the entrance and dancing with the Goddess Kalubai's idol held high.

Witnesses said the rush started around midday after some pilgrims slipped on the temple's steep stone steps, which were wet with coconut water spilled from fruit presented as offerings to the goddess Kalubai. A fire then broke out in shops nearby and gas cylinders exploded. Scores were crushed to death on the steep and narrow hill path leading to the temple and many others were charred. It was alleged that some drunk people had created the chaos which led to the disaster, as also mentioned by Justice (retd.) Rajan Kochar of Bombay High Court, in his report. 291 pilgrims died in the stampede.

References

External links
The Hindu Jan. 27, 2005
BBC News Jan 26, 2005
The Hindu Jan 26, 2005
Express India Jan 26, 2005
News India Jan 26, 2005

Human stampedes in India
2005 disasters in India
History of Maharashtra (1947–present)
Disasters in Maharashtra
Human stampedes in 2005

Mandher Devi temple stampede


Onwuchekwa Jemie is a Nigerian scholar, poet, journalist, and professor.

Biography
Jemie was born in Abia State, Nigeria, and was educated at the Hope Waddell Training Institution at Calabar. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia College, Columbia University, and a master's degree from Harvard University, before returning to Columbia University for a PhD in English and comparative literature. Alongside colleagues Stanley Macebuh, Femi Osofisan, and Chinweizu Ibekwe, Jemie spearheaded the founding of The Guardian newspaper, considered by many as the flagship of the Nigerian print media, serving as the newspaper's first editorial page editor and chairman of the editorial board. He has also published books, notably Langston Hughes: An Introduction to the Poetry (1976) and Biafra Requiem (1970), as well as Toward the Decolonization of African Literature (1983), co-authored with Chinweizu and Ihechukwu Madubuike, and Yo' Mama!: New Raps, Toasts, Dozens, Jokes and Children's Rhymes from Urban Black America (2003). After serving as a professor of English literature, African literature, and African-American literature at a number of American universities, Jemie became Editor-in-Chief of Nigeria's Business Day.

References

Chinweizu, Onwuchekwa Jemie and Ihechukwu Madubuike, Toward the Decolonization of African Literature Vol. 1, Howard University Press, 1983.

Nigerian male poets
Harvard University alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Nigerian poets
Year of birth missing (living people)

Onwuchekwa Jemie


Mordred is a character from Arthurian legend. In some of the legends, he betrayed King Arthur and killed him. He is said to be Arthur's son by his half-sister Morgause. Mordred was also said to have been killed by Arthur after he stole Excalibur from him. He was killed while Arthur was fatally wounded. His name comes from old Welsh. He was a knight of the Round Table.

Mordred in one legend was known to be the thief of king Arthur's second sword Clarent, which was known as Arthur's sword of peace. This being the reason why it is not as well known as Excalibur, which was Arthur's sword of war that was used to protect of Camelot. Clarent was a sword that would be present whenever Arthur would make a covenant of peace. The exception to the usually peaceful status of Clarent being the legend in which Mordred stole it and later used it to mortally wound Arthur just before being cut down in turn by Arthur.

Arthurian legend

Mordred


Rounaq Jahan (; born 2 March 1944) is a Bangladeshi political scientist, feminist leader and author. A former faculty of the University of Dhaka, Jahan teaches and researches at the Columbia University since 1990. She was a representative of Bangladesh to the 32nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1977. She founded Women for Women, one of the first feminist research centres in Bangladesh, in 1973, and is the director of Research Initiatives Bangladesh (RIB).

Early life
Jahan received her MA in political science from University of Dhaka in 1963 and from Harvard University in 1968. She earned her PhD from Harvard University in 1970.

Career
Jahan joined the University of Dhaka in 1970, where she taught undergraduate and graduate courses on comparative politics, political development, and research methodology. She also supervised MPhil and PhD theses till she left the University in 1993. From 1973 to 1975 she was the chairperson of the Department of Political Science of the University. She had been a research fellow at the Chr. Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway in 1979; a research fellow at the Department of Political Science and Committee on South Asia, University of Chicago in 1975–76; a visiting fellow at the Committee on South Asia, University of Chicago in 1980; a senior research associate at the Center for Asian Development Studies, Boston University in 1978; and a research associate at the Center for International Affairs and the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University from 1971 to 1972.

During her tenure at Dhaka University Jahan served several policymaking bodies established by the Government of Bangladesh in an advisory capacity in the fields of education, culture, rural development, women, and population. She had also served as a consultant to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as NGOs like International Women's Health Coalition.

Jahan was the head of the Programme on Rural Women, Employment and Development Department at the International Labour Organization (ILO) in Geneva, Switzerland from 1985 to 1989. She was the coordinator of the Programme on Integration of Women in Development, United Nations Asia Pacific Development Centre (APDC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for two years. She was a member of the advisory board of Human Rights Watch in New York, the board of trustees of the Population Council, the international council of the Asia Society, and the advisory committee on rural development at the ILO.

Since 1990, Jahan is working as a senior research scholar at the Southern Asian Institute, Columbia University and an adjunct professor of international affairs at School of International and Public Affairs of the University. There she has taught for the graduate courses on Women and Development: Key Policy Issues (1991–95), Gender, Politics and Development (1998), and Arsenic Crisis in Bangladesh (2000).

Bibliography

Most of Jahan's research is on gender and development, governance, health, and politics of Bangladesh. She is also a prolific author of articles published in edited books, academic journals, magazines and newspapers. Her notable books include:
Bangladesh: Promise and Performance (edited, Zed Books, 2000)
 The Elusive Agenda: Mainstreaming Women in Development (St. Martin's Press, 1995)
 Bangladesh Politics: Problems and Issues (University Press, 1980)
 Women and Development: Perspectives from South and South-East Asia (coedited with Hanna Papanek, Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs, 1979)
 Pakistan: Failure in National Integration (Columbia, 1972).

References

1944 births
Living people
Bangladeshi women academics
Bangladeshi feminists
Bangladeshi women writers
Harvard University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Dhaka
University of Dhaka alumni
Columbia University faculty
20th-century Bengalis
21st-century Bengalis

Rounaq Jahan


Speed is a locality in Victoria, Australia, located approximately 143 km from Mildura, Victoria and about 410 km from Melbourne.  Speed was named after William, Harold and Gordon Speed, who settled in the district in 1903. Settlement by the Speed brothers coincided with the opening of the railway line and the opening up of the Mallee lands for farm selection. The Speed township was surveyed in 1910.

The population at the  was 78.

Speed is the venue of the Mallee Machinery Field Days, first held in 1979. It is run over two days in August and has over 8,000 people attend.  It is run by the Lions Club of Speed which has about 25 members.  The event relies on volunteers from the district and has raised a great deal of money to go towards many different local, state and national charities and organisations.
Speed Post Office opened on 1 October 1910.

Speed was once notable for the roadsigns on the highway each side of the town reading "WELCOME TO SPEED" but these have been replaced with council signs "Welcome to Speed – Where Time Ticks Faster."  These signs also advertise the dates of the Speed Lions Club Machinery Field Days.

Golfers play at the course of the Speed Golf Club.

Speed State School (No. 3861) opened in 1913. It has since closed and has been sold into private ownership. Speed East State School (No. 4129) opened in October 1922 and closed in 1944, with the building being removed to Robinvale.

In January 2011, the residents of Speed started a safety campaign to get the name of the town to be renamed "SpeedKills" to raise awareness of the dangers of speeding. By mid-February 2011 the Facebook campaign had exceeded the designated 32,000 "likes" required to rename the town "SpeedKills". The outcome was to rename the town for one month.

References

External links

 Wikinews article
 Opinions/Suggestions

Towns in Victoria (state)
Mallee (Victoria)

Speed, Victoria


James "Jim" Osborn (born Wichita, Kansas, United States) also known as Red Osborn, Double X and Dr. X is an American retired professional wrestler who was active throughout the United States and Japan in the 1960s and '70s. He wrestled primarily in the National Wrestling Alliance and the American Wrestling Association and is a former NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion.

Professional wrestling career

Jim Osborn began wrestling in the early 1960s under the ring name Paddy Osborne for Gulas Wrestling Enterprises and the NWA Tri-State territory. He switched to his real name in 1963 and spent his rookie years competing primarily for NWA Tri-State, "Wrestling Promotions, Inc." in Arizona, the Gulf Athletic Club in Houston. From there, he worked San Francisco, Arizona and Los Angeles and Georgia Championship as "Red Osborn". On August 10, 1967, Osborn and Johnny Kostas captured the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship in the Pacific Northwest territory. During this time, Osborne also wrestled in Vince J. McMahon's World Wide Wrestling Federation. There, he competed against Pat Patterson in San Francisco on August 12, 1967 in Patterson's first bout for the WWWF.

The following year, 1968, on July 17, Osborn defeated Mil Mascaras on July 17 for LA's NWA Hollywood territory before heading to the American Wrestling Association. Still competing under his real name, he had notable rivalries with Bob Mulligan and Billy Red Lyons before "leaving" the promotion.

Osborn's absence from the AWA was pre-planned. He returned later the same year in 1970 and teamed with Dr. X (Dick Beyer; perhaps the most hated heel in the AWA's history) as "Double X". It was an open secret that Double X was indeed Red Osborn and the pair competed as a tag team, using their similar appearances and masked identities to their advantage during matches. On July 18 in St. Paul, Double X was "unmasked" by AWA's original masked wrestler; Mr. M (Bill Miller).

In 1972 Beyer left for a wrestling tour of Japan and Osborn left the Minnesota territory and went to work for Leroy McGuirk and Tri-State in Oklahoma using the ring name "Dr. X". As Dr. X, Osborn was introduced in Tri-State as a masked man sitting ringside during a televised event who eventually interfered in the aid of the heel wrestlers.

Osborn made the Dr. X persona his own and became perhaps the most successful masked heel the McGuirk territory had seen
. He defeated Ramón Torres (wrestler) in December 1971 to win the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship and soon thereafter entered a programme with Danny Hodge, with the two engaging in a series of stiff matches. The rivalry culminated with Hodge capture the Junior Heavyweight title in Shreveport.

In January 1973, Osborn traveled to Japan to compete for the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance (JWA) as Dr. X. He had previously competed in Japan in 1970, headlining bouts with Antonio Inoki under his real name. He would compete primarily with Billy Red Lyons. He returned to the Oklahoma territory in 1977, having notable rivalries with Dick Murdoch and Bill Watts. During this tenure in the late 1970s, Osborn (as Dr. X) competed as a fan favourite and went on to win the NWA United States Tag Team Championship with Porkchop Cash, Ciclón Negro and The Brute respectively.

Championships and accomplishments
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship
NWA Tri-State
Mississippi Heavyweight Championship
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Tri-State version) (three times)
Pacific Northwest Wrestling
NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship

References

External links

American male professional wrestlers
People from Wichita, Kansas
Professional wrestlers from Kansas
20th-century professional wrestlers
NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champions

Red Osborn


Glenrowan is a small town in the northeast of Victoria, Australia. It is 184km northeast of Melbourne and 14km from Wangaratta. It is near the Warby Ranges and Mt. Glenrowan. At the 2006 census, Glenrowan had a population of 952. It used to be on the main road between Melbourne and Sydney, the Hume Highway. The new Hume Freeway now goes around the town.

History
The first people to live in the area were the Australian Aboriginal tribal group called the Pallanganmiddang. Glenrowan was named after farmers James Hutton Rowan and George Christian Rowan who had large farms in the area between 1846 and 1858. The township was laid out and land sold in 1857. In 1862 Cobb and Co had a stopping place for changing horses on their stagecoaches. The Post Office was opened on February 22, 1870. The small town had a police station, hotels and a boot maker.

In 1873 railroad was built, and the town moved about a mile to be closer to the station. In 1876 the first school was built and Thomas Curnow was the teacher. He would become famous as the Hero of Glenrowan,  the man who stopped the train.

The Siege of Glenrowan
It is famous for the bushranger Ned Kelly, who was captured there in 1880 after a siege and shootout with police. The Kelly Gang had captured many of the people living in the town and held them hostage in a hotel. The hotel was called the Glenrowan Inn and was owned by Mrs.Ann Jones. They had pulled up the railway track hoping that the train carrying extra policemen would crash. The school teacher Thomas Curnow got out of the hotel and was able to stop the train. The police surrounded the hotel and began shooting at the bushrangers. It is estimated that 15,000 bullets were fired during the shooting. The Kelly Gang had made suits of armour to stop the bullets from hurting them. The police set fire to the hotel. Eventually Ned Kelly was shot and captured. The rest of the gang, Dan Kelly, Steve Hart and Joe Byrne were killed.

Mrs. Jones took the government to court. She wanted to be paid £1050 for the destruction of her hotel during the siege.

In May 2008, archaeologists dug up the ruins of the Glenrowan Inn to learn more about the siege and shoot out.

Today
Glenrowan is a popular rest point for those travelling on the Hume Freeway. In the township of Glenrowan, off the highway, tourists can rest, walk and examine the famous Kelly siege sites.

Related pages
Ned Kelly

References

Other websites

Localhero: History of Glenrowan
History of the siege of Glenrowan
 Australian National Heritage listing for the Glenrowan Heritage Precinct
 Google Street View- Ned Kelly animated theatre

Ned Kelly

Glenrowan, Victoria


Ter Hachatrjan () is the name of a Russian noble family during the 18th century.

History

Ter Hachatrjan
Duke Aleksandr Ter Hachatrjan (around 1870–1917) was born as an Armenian aristocrat. He also belonged to the Russian nobility. He married a Greek duchess named Sofia. They had two sons together: Duke Anton Aleksandrovich (around 1891–1950) and Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich (1892–1981).

During the revolution in Petrograd in 1917, Duke Aleksandr and his wife were killed by the Bolsheviks. Their two sons then escaped from Petrograd and went to the Caucasus. Bagrat was separated from his brother Anton.

Anton later appeared in the city Rostov on Don. He married Barinova Elena Aleksandrovna. They had no children.

Bagrat got married to Elizaveta Danilovna in 1923. They had a daughter and a son together: Emma Bagratovna (1924–2005) and Yuri Bagratovich. Bagrat divorced Elizaveta in 1927. In the year 1932, Bagrat married Petrachuk Olga Alekseevna, the daughter of merchant from Ukraine. They had two daughters together: Amalia Bagratovn (born 1933) and Inessa Bagratovna (born 1936). Bagrat was an officer in the Imperial Army. He was awarded the Military Order of the Saint Grand Martyr and the Triumphant George. It was one of the highest awards of the Russian Empire.

The Ter Hachatrjan family fell under the repression of NKVD in 1937. They were arrested and placed in jail in the city of Goris. Bagrat Aleksandrovich was accused of taking part in the execution of 26 Baku Commissars. As was the case with all noble families, Duke Bagrat was found guilty of treason and was declared an enemy of the Soviet State. Under the pressure of the government, Duke Bagrat had to stop using his title and rid himself of all his possessions that were brought from Petrograd. The family were then given amnesty.

After, that Bagrat Aleksandrovich worked as a director and actor of movies in Armenia. He died in Kafan in 1981.

Amalia Bagratovna married Saidoff N. S., a rich man from Baku. They had two children together: Saidoff A. N. (born 1961) and Saidoff S. C. N. (born 1963).

Since this time, all the descendents of the Ter Hachatrjan family are named as Saidoff–Ter Hachatrjan.

Ter-Khachatryants from Mush

Ter-Khachatryan or Ter-Khachatryants is an Armenian family, known from the XVIII century. First well-known representative of this family - Daniel-Bek of Sassun Ter Khachatryan or Ter Khachatryan (born in province Sassun or Sason of Western Armenia) about 1785 - died in (town Mush of Western Armenia), in 1829). He was originally an Armenian nobleman, descendant of South or Sout-West branch, i.e. Tarawn-Aldznik branch of Bagratouni or Bagratids dynasty  (Actually son of the Armenian priest of Khachatur and, who was a descendant of the Armenian princely dynasty Bagratid, the south or south-west branch of them in 13-14 centuries saved shallow possessions in the district of Sassun or Sason of Western Armenia and province of Aldznik, as well as in the district of Mush in the province of Tarawn of Western Armenia). As a result of the hard oppressions of Kurd feudal lords, Daniel-Bek of Sassun transmigrated from Sason to the town Mush, where his family had a house in the Armenian quarter of Berd, near the church Saint Marineh. The eldest son of Daniel-Bek of Sassun, Avdal bek Ter-Khachatryants (1805-1867) also lived in Mush. The son of Avdal bek Ter-Khachatryants and grandson of Daniel-Bek of Sassun was Jakob bek (Hakob bek) Ter-Khachatryants. The son of Jakob bek (Hakob bek) Ter-Khachatryants was Khachatur-Bek of Mush (the town Mush of Western Armenia), who lived in the first half of the 19th century. Khachar and Garegin Khachatryan, both prominent Armenian artists and ideologists of Armenian liberation movement, were descendents of his House.

Russian nobility
Noble families

Ter Hachatrjan


() is a Japanese technique of assembling wooden pieces without the use of nails.

Method
Thinly slit wooden pieces are grooved, punched and mortised, and then fitted individually using a plane, saw, chisel and other tools to make fine adjustments. The technique was developed in Japan in the Asuka Era (600–700 AD).  panels slot together and remain in place through pressure alone, and that pressure is achieved through meticulously calculating, cutting, and arranging interweaving joints. The end result is a complex pattern that is used primarily in the creation of shoji doors and screens. Traditionally, the wood of choice was the hinoki cypress.

Patterns
The designs for  pieces aren't chosen randomly. Many of the nearly 200 patterns used today have been around since the Edo era (1603–1868). Each design has a meaning or is mimicking a pattern in nature that is thought to be a good omen. The patterns are designed to look good, but also to distribute light and wind in a calming and beautiful way.

Traditionally it is made with hand tools only, but in the western society they have made new techniques to make these kinds of patterns, it involves a table saw, a sharp chisel and some guides made by yourself, some can be made with plywood and some need to be made with hard or soft wood.

See also

References

Japanese woodwork
Woodworking techniques

Kumiko (woodworking)


Elma Mary Gove (1832–1921) was an American painter.

Biography

Born in Weare, New Hampshire, Gove was the daughter of Hiram and Mary Sargent Gove; her father was a hatmaker who later became a self-trained physician, and her mother was an early advocate for women's rights.  By 1848 the couple was estranged.  They divorced in that year – one precipitating event was Hiram's kidnapping of Elma, which her mother soon put right.  Mary soon remarried, and Elma travelled to New York City to study as an artist; in 1848 she enrolled in the antique class of the National Academy of Design for the year.  She identified herself upon registration as a "painter", suggesting that she already had some experience in the role.  With the annual show of 1849, at which she exhibited three crayon portraits, she began to participate in the Academy's exhibitions.  Over the following fifteen years she continued to work in crayon, but she branched out into oils as well; at the 1851 annual exhibition she showed two portraits, including one of Eliphalet Nott.  Gove continued showing at the Academy until 1864; she also presented work at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Boston Athenaeum.  She was mainly a portraitist, but produced genre pieces and religious works as well.  Her paintings were owned by James Renwick Brevoort and Edward W. Nichols, among others, and a portrait by her of Nichols is in the collection of the National Academy of Design.

Gove lived in New York from around 1849 at least until 1855; in 1857 and 1858 she is known to have been in Cincinnati. While there, she received a medal in 1857 for her crayon drawings, which she exhibited at the annual show of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute. Among her patrons in the city was Henry Worrall, who loaned one of her charcoal portraits to an exhibition of the Cincinnati Associated Artists in 1866. By 1859 she was back in Brooklyn, briefly, before establishing a studio at 806 Broadway.  There she remained at least until 1864.  By 1866 she was giving her address as Paris when providing work for exhibits; in 1870 she was noted as being on her way to Great Malvern.  She married one Thomas Letchworth soon after arriving in England, and the couple had two children.  It appears that she remained in England for the rest of her life.

References

1832 births
1921 deaths
19th-century American painters
19th-century American women artists
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American painters
People from Weare, New Hampshire
Painters from New Hampshire
American expatriates in England
National Academy of Design alumni
American portrait painters

Elma Gove


was a province of Japan in the area that today forms the western half of Aichi Prefecture, including the modern city of Nagoya.  The province was created in 646. Owari bordered on Mikawa, Mino, and Ise Provinces. Owari and Mino provinces were separated by the Sakai River, which means "border river." The province's abbreviated name was .

Owari is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the Engishiki classification system, Owari was ranked as a "superior country" (上国) and a "near country" (近国), in relation to its distance from the capital.

History
Owari is mentioned in records of the Nara period, including the Kujiki, although the area has been settled since at least the Japanese Paleolithic period, as evidenced by numerous remains found by archaeologists. Early records mention a powerful "Owari clan", vaguely related to, or allied with the Yamato clan, who built massive kofun burial mounds in several locations within the province, from which archaeologists have recovered bronze artifacts and mirrors dating from the 4th century. Atsuta Shrine is of very ancient origin, ranking with Ise Shrine in importance, and is the repository of one of the Imperial Regalia of Japan, the Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi.

Under the Engishiki classification system, Owari was divided into eight counties, which persisted as administrative units into the Edo period.
The exact location of the provincial capital is not known, but is traditionally considered to have been located in what is now the city of Inazawa, although the Ichinomiya of the province is located in what is now Ichinomiya.

During the Heian period, the province was divided into numerous shōen controlled by local samurai clans. However, by the Sengoku period, the province had fragmented into many small territories largely dominated by the Oda clan. Under Oda Nobunaga, the province was reunified. Nobunaga began his campaign to reunify Japan from his stronghold at Kiyosu Castle.  and many of his retainers (who later became daimyōs under the Tokugawa shogunate) were natives of Owari, including Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Katō Kiyomasa.

Under Tokugawa Ieyasu, the province was assigned as a feudal domain to his ninth son, Tokugawa Yoshinao with official revenues of 619,500 koku, the largest domain in the Tokugawa clan holdings outside of the shogunate itself.  Yoshinao was founder of the Owari Tokugawa clan, one of the Gosanke, which had the hereditary right of succession to the position of shōgun should the main line fail.  The castle town of Nagoya prospered during this period, and Owari Province was especially known for its ceramics industry.

Following the abolition of the han system in 1871 after the Meiji Restoration, former Owari Domain and Inuyama Domain were transformed into short-lived prefectures, which were joined with Nukata Prefecture, which was the former Mikawa Province, to form the new Aichi Prefecture in January 1872.  At the same time, the province continued to exist for some purposes.  For example, Owari is explicitly recognized in treaties in 1894 (a) between Japan and the United States and (b) between Japan and the United Kingdom.

Bakumatsu-period domains in Owari Province

Historical districts
Owari Province consisted of eleven districts:

 Aichi Prefecture
 Aichi District (愛知郡)
 Chita District (知多郡)
 Haguri District (葉栗郡) – dissolved
 Kasugai District (春日井郡)
 Higashikasugai District (東春日井郡) – dissolved
 Nishikasugai District (西春日井郡)
 Kaisei District (海西郡; West Ama) – merged with Kaitō District to Ama District (海部郡) on April 4, 1913
 Kaitō District (海東郡; East Ama) – merged with Kaisei District to Ama District on April 4, 1913
 Nakashima District (中島郡) – dissolved
 Niwa District (丹羽郡)
 Yana District (八名郡) – dissolved

Notes

References
 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).  Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128
 Papinot, Edmond. (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha. OCLC 77691250

External links

 Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

History of Aichi Prefecture
Former provinces of Japan
1868 disestablishments in Japan
States and territories disestablished in 1868

Owari Province


William Reierson Arbuthnot (b. 14 Upper Wimpole Street, London 28 January 1826 - d. 31 May 1913) was a British businessman and legislator. He served as a member of the Madras Legislative Council from 1861 to 1864 and 1866 to 1870. He worked with Arbuthnot & Co and was Chairman of the Bank of Madras and the Chamber of Commerce of Madras and Director of Commercial Union Insurance Co and of the Midland Bank Ltd.

Personal life

Willy Arbuthnot was born on 28 January 1826 to George Arbuthnot and Elizabeth Fraser of Plawhatch, Sussex. He belonged to the Scottish Arbuthnot family that was involved in business in Madras.

Willy married Mary Helen Anstruther, the eldest daughter of Philip Anstruther, the Colonial Secretary of Ceylon on 9 December 1858. The couple had eight sons and six daughters. One of their sons was (William) Reierson Arbuthnot who also worked in India.

References

External links

1826 births
1913 deaths
British people in colonial India
William Reierson
Members of the Madras Legislative Council

William Reierson Arbuthnot


Sir Keppel Archibald Cameron Creswell    (13 September 1879 – 8 April 1974) was an English architectural historian who wrote some of the seminal works on Islamic architecture in Egypt.

Early life
Creswell was born on 13 September 1879 in London.  He was educated at Westminster School before going on to study electrical engineering at Finsbury City and Guilds Technical College in 1896.  During this time he developed his considerable skills in draughtsmanship.  He worked for Siemens Brothers and then, from 1914, the Deutsche Bank in London.

Creswell was interested in eastern buildings and places from childhood.  By 1910 he had become so drawn to Islamic architecture that he started collecting a library that was eventually to become one of the most comprehensive private collections of its kind.  As well as working at his engineering day job, he spent time studying eastern architecture.  He published an article in The Burlington Magazine in 1913, and soon after gave a paper to the Royal Asiatic Society, which was well received.  Both concerned domes in Persian architecture.

His interest in Islamic architecture spurred him to look for more satisfying employment, and in May 1914 he applied, unsuccessfully, to join the Archaeological Survey of India.  The First World War broke out in August of that year, and in April 1916 he was selected on probation for appointment as Assistant Equipment Officer in the Royal Flying Corps.  Some time afterwards he was posted to Egypt.  He rose through the ranks, and by July 1919 had been appointed (as an Army Captain) as Inspector of Monuments under General Allenby's Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in Palestine and Syria.  He travelled extensively, making measured drawings and notes as well as recording the monuments photographically, producing nearly a thousand photographs. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 New Year Honours.

Early Muslim Architecture (EMA) and The Muslim Architecture of Egypt (MAE)
In May 1920 Creswell drew up a proposal for a History of the Muslim Architecture of Egypt.  He intended this to be an exhaustive study of the subject.  As well as detailed descriptions of individual monuments, bolstered with plans, drawings and photographs, there were also to be chapters on the development of certain features, such as minarets, domes and madrasas.  He submitted the proposal to King Fuad I of Egypt, who recognised the importance of such a work and was an enthusiastic patron.  Creswell was granted 800 Egyptian pounds for three years to finance the work.  Creswell hastily returned to England for demobilisation, and returned to Cairo on 13 October 1920.

The work proved to be even more monumental than Creswell had anticipated.  Archaeological excavations had significantly increased the number of known monuments, and no draughtsman was made available to him.  He undertook all the work without assistance.  Five volumes had been published by 1969, totalling 1,769 pages, with a sixth volume in preparation but unpublished on his death in 1974.  This massive work was split into two: Early Muslim Architecture (Volume I published in 1932; Volume II published in 1940; Volume I second edition in 1969) and The Muslim Architecture of Egypt (Volume I published in 1952; Volume II published in 1959).

Other works
Creswell first started work on the Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts and Crafts of Islam in 1912; it was finally published in 1961.  This drew together all the books, articles and periodical volumes that concerned this very wide field, and comprised the listing of some 12,300 books and nearly as many periodical volumes.  A supplement appeared in 1973.

As well as these huge undertakings, Creswell produced an additional sixty-odd articles and other writings.

Teaching and other posts held; honours awarded
Creswell was appointed a lecturer at Fuad University (now Cairo University) in Cairo in 1931, and within three years was made Professor of Islamic Art and Architecture.  He held this post until 1951.  In 1956 he was appointed a Distinguished Professor of Islamic Art and Architecture at the American University in Cairo.

In 1939 he became a member of the Higher Council for the Conservation of Arab Monuments, holding this post for 12 years.  He was keenly involved in the recording and preservation of the twelfth-century wall and gates of medieval Cairo.  From 1949 until 1967 he was a Trustee of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem.

Creswell was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1947, became a C.B.E. in 1955 and was knighted in 1970, at the age of ninety.

Later years
In 1956 the Suez Crisis ensured the unpopularity of the British in Egypt.  The government advised Creswell to leave the country.  On learning that his library could not be exported, Creswell resolved to stay.  The American University in Cairo offered to house the books on his behalf, and Creswell accepted, albeit with some exceedingly strict strings attached: the students, for example, were not allowed to touch the books.

In 1959 he was awarded the Triennial Gold Medal by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

In June 1973, his health failing, Creswell returned to England.  He died on 8 April 1974 and is Buried in Acton Cemetery in West London in grave number 53BM. He never married.

Creswell bequeathed his library of 3,000-plus volumes to the American University in Cairo, along with his collection of some 11,000 photographic prints.  The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford received the photographic negatives. More than 2,700 prints were sent to art historian Bernard Berenson, a friend of Creswell.

See also
Pro-Jerusalem Society (1918-1926) - Creswell was a member of its leading Council
Photo collection at the Rare Books and Special Collections Library http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/digital/collection/p15795coll14
AUC's Creswell Cairo Collection Exhibition held in 2020 at the American University in Cairo on the occasion of his relocation to Cairo:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QB1D9vJIdhQ&feature=emb_logo

References

Sources
Stefano Anastasio, 2023, Mesopotamia, Syria and Transjordan in the Archibald Creswell Photograph Collection of the Biblioteca Berenson, Archaeopress
C. L. Geddes et al., 1965, Studies in Islamic Art and Architecture in Honour of Professor K. A. C. Creswell Cairo
Grabar, O. (ed), 1991, K. A. C. Creswell and His Legacy  Muqarnas, an Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture Vol 8 Leiden: E J Brill
Hamilton, R. W., 1974, 'Keppel Archibald Cameron Creswell 1879–1974'  Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume LX, 459–476
Karnouk, Gloria, 1991, 'The Creswell Library: A Legacy' Muqarnas, an Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture  Vol. 8, 117–124

Articles

External links
Bibliography of Creswell's works
Creswell photographic negative archive, digitised, at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Creswell photographic print archive and library at The American University, Cairo
Very informative website about a 2004 exhibition of Creswell's photographs
Some of Creswell's photographs and architectural drawings
Photographs collected and taken by Creswell
The Creswell photos at the Berenson Library

1879 births
1974 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Islamic architecture
Historians of Islamic art
British architecture writers
English architectural historians
Fellows of the British Academy
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Iran's Book of the Year Awards recipients
Writers from London

K. A. C. Creswell


Kid-Thing is a 2012 American drama film written and directed by David Zellner. The film was shown in 2012 at various festivals, including the Sundance Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival. In the USA, the film was released on May 22, 2013 for cinemas.

Plot
Ten-year-old Annie lives with her father Marvin on a goat farm somewhere in Texas. Annie is often bored, having no pleasure for school, and her alcoholic father does not care about her. Since Marvin spends time with Demolition Derby and his goats, Annie is often alone. Out of sheer boredom, she makes forays into the countryside, where Annie lives out her lust for destruction.

When Annie is traveling in the nearby forest she hears a woman's voice calling for help. She follows the voice and finds a dry well in the ground. The woman (calling herself Esther) is in the well, and she asks Annie to save her. Annie reacts skeptical and believes it is the devil who wants to outsmart her. Frightened, she runs away and goes home. Arriving home, Marvin shows her how to hypnotize a chicken, wanting to show her with what is unconditional love. But Annie replies that the animals just love him because he gives them food.

The next day Annie returns to the well, bringing Esther sandwiches, Capri Sun, toilet paper and a walkie-talkie. Esther thanks Annie, but begs her to get adult help. Still, Annie remains skeptical and cannot be persuaded. One evening she radios Esther with the walkie-talkie and asks how she's doing. Esther is angry because she could not reach Annie and calls Annie a bad person. Annie is insulted and calls Esther a wicked witch.

The next morning Annie tries to talk to Esther, but the walkie-talkie issues only a faint hiss. She wanders the countryside, checking the walkie-talkie, but no matter where she goes the walkie-talkie is silent. Annie brings drinks and bananas for Esther, tossing the food into the well. She then lights and drops a fire cracker into the well, but there's still no response from Esther.

Annie goes home and watches as Marvin has a heart attack while feeding the goats, but she doesn't go for help. She goes back to the well and sits down on the edge, her legs dangling into the abyss. Then she jumps down into the dark unknown.

Production
The shooting of the film took place in a suburb of Austin, Texas. It was produced and directed by the Zellner Bros. Part of the costs were from a Kickstarter funding. This lavish sound design is by Nathan Zellner. For the role of Annie, the Zellner brothers cast the daughter of acquaintances.

Reception
Critics received the film favorably. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 6.08/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on seven critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

The New York Timess Neil Genzlinger reviewed Kid-Thing favorably with "Ms. Aguirre captures Annie's bottled-up anger nicely, though the role asks a limited amount of her, since it has little dialogue. The film is, if nothing else, an interesting meditation on how a child who grows up without guidance might react to a situation that requires judgment. You can even take a sliver of hope from it. This girl raised by wolves, as it were, may not make the best decisions, but she at least knows instinctively that she should be doing something." The Hollywood Reporters Todd McCarthy critiqued the film with "The Zellners' frequent fixed-frame compositions, oddball ideas for scenes, slow-burn sense of humor, unusually dense sound design and ongoing collaboration with The Octopus Project for the score create some engaging aesthetic effects. But, with the possible exception of Aguirre's performance, there's little here to stick to the ribs and the film's ultimate impact is slight." Varietys Ronnie Scheib opined that "Spearheaded by phenomenal pint-sized lead Sydney Aguirre, this challenging third feature from the Zellner Brothers retains much of their provocative trademark idiocy but navigates darker waters."

References

External links

2012 films
American drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Kid-Thing


Mario Lanza Sings Songs from The Student Prince and The Desert Song is a 1989 compilation album by Mario Lanza.

This RCA Victor CD features most of the songs recorded by Mario Lanza for the 1954 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film The Student Prince. These include several that would become closely identified with the tenor: "Serenade," "Drink! Drink! Drink!," "Beloved," and "I'll Walk With God." The last two selections are not by Sigmund Romberg, the original composer of The Student Prince, but were written especially for the film version by Nicholas Brodszky and Paul Francis Webster. Generally regarded as being among Lanza's finest renditions of English-language songs, The Student Prince was recorded in 1952, with one remake ("Beloved") in May 1953. For contractual reasons, the singing of soprano Ann Blyth (who originally sang with Lanza on two of the numbers) has been replaced by that of Elizabeth Doubleday on this disc. Constantine Callinicos was appointed Mario Lanza's musical director for the film, and most of the soundtrack recordings were made with Constantine Callinocos conducting the MGM Orchestra.

The second half of the CD consists of highlights from another Romberg operetta, The Desert Song. Recorded in Rome in August and September 1959 at a time when Lanza was recovering from a bout of double pneumonia, these are the tenor's final recordings. He died on October 7, 1959, shortly after the recordings were made. Lanza is accompanied here on several selections by soprano Judith Raskin, who recorded her contributions in New York a year after the tenor's death. Constantine Callinicos conducted these 1959 selections.

Track listing
All tracks for The Student Prince written by Sigmund Romberg and Dorothy Donnelly, unless otherwise noted.

All tracks for The Desert Song written by Sigmund Romberg, Oscar Hammerstein II, Otto Harbach and Frank Mandel

References
Cesari, Armando. Mario Lanza: An American Tragedy (Fort Worth: Baskerville 2004).

Mario Lanza albums
RCA Victor albums
1980s classical albums
1989 compilation albums


In organic chemistry, an alicyclic compound contains one or more all-carbon rings which may be either saturated or unsaturated, but do not have aromatic character. Alicyclic compounds may have one or more aliphatic side chains attached.

The simplest alicyclic compounds are the monocyclic cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, and so on. Bicyclic alkanes include bicycloundecane, decalin, and housane. Polycyclic alkanes include cubane, basketane, and tetrahedrane.

Spiro compounds have two or more rings that are connected through only one carbon atom.

The mode of ring-closing in the formation of many alicyclic compounds can be predicted by Baldwin's rules.

Otto Wallach, a German chemist, received the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on alicyclic compounds.

Cycloalkenes

Monocyclic cycloalkenes are cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, and so on. Bicyclic alkenes include norbornene and norbornadiene.

Two more examples are shown below, methylenecyclohexane on the left and 1-methylcyclohexene on the right:

An exocyclic group is always shown outside the ring structure, take for instance the exocyclic double bond of the former molecule. Isotoluenes are a prominent class of compounds with exocyclic double bonds.

The placement of double bonds in many alicyclic compounds can be predicted with Bredt's rule.

References

Organic compounds

Alicyclic compound


A stop price is the price in a stop order that triggers the creation of a market order.

In the case of a Sell on Stop order, a market sell order is triggered when the market price reaches or falls below the stop price. For Buy on Stop orders, a market buy order is triggered when the market price of the stock rises to or above the stop price.

In addition, if a Stop Limit is also indicated in the stop order, the resultant order will be a corresponding limit order as opposed to a market order.

External links
 http://www.investorwords.com/4761/stop_price.html

Share trading

Stop price


The Fløyfjell Tunnel () is a road tunnel in the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. The tunnel goes through the Fløyfjellet mountain massif between the city neighborhoods of Sandviken and Kalfaret.  The tunnel was built to provide a fast route around the city centre.

The twin-tube tunnel was built in the late 1980s as part of the city's motorway network, and is part of the main route between the borough of Åsane and the rest of the city. Each of the tubes carries two lanes of traffic on the European route E39/European route E16. The two tubes differ slightly in length; the southern tube, which carries southbound traffic, is  long and was opened in 1988, while the northern tube is  long and was opened the following year.

The traffic through the tunnel is increasing rapidly. In 2007, the average daily traffic was 41,707 vehicles, up from 34,779 vehicles in 2000. The speed cameras in the tunnel detected this section of road to have the most speeding vehicles in all of Vestland county.

Incidents
The Fløyfjell Tunnel has been named the most-frequently closed tunnel in Bergen. During 2010 for example, it was closed a total of 216 times.

In July 2011, a car crash occurred inside the Fløyfjell Tunnel. A man was driving the car south when he crashed into the mountain wall, suffering only minor injuries. The local police were notified by witnesses and arrived promptly, and subsequently closed the tunnel. It remained closed for several days, causing a problem for local residents.

References

Road tunnels in Bergen
European route E39 in Norway
1988 establishments in Norway
European route E16 in Norway
Tunnels completed in 1988

Fløyfjell Tunnel


The University of Worcester is a university, in Worcester, England. It started in 1946.

History
In 1946, it started as a teaching college. It was on unused bases for the Royal Air Force. In 1997 the Privy Council renamed it iversity College Worcester. In 2005, the Privy Council let it become a university. The institution was renamed "University of Worcester" in September of that year.

Locations
Since 2005, the University has got many new sites in the city of Worcester.

St John's Campus
St John's is the main campus. It is the central place for all courses, support departments and academic institutes. it does have any places that does business, computing, marketing or management.

City Campus
The university's second campus is known as City Campus. The Worcester Business School is here.

Riverside and Worcester Arena
In addition, the University occupies a large site adjacent to the River Severn, now known as "Riverside".  This includes an Art Space & Exhibition building and a 2,000-seat capacity Sports Arena built as a new facility for sports, events, a base for the Worcester Wolves basketball team, a national centre of excellence for disability sports and as a further teaching and office space. The facility, known as Worcester Arena is also accessible to the local community.

The Hive
The Hive was opened in July 2012. It has a bunch of services for adults, children and adamic sections. It has 250,000 books, and huge archive collections. It also has meeting rooms, exhibition spaces and a studio theatre.

Environmental standing
The institution has been awarded the Carbon Trust Standard. The university has been recgonized for efficiency.

Academic profile
The University of Worcester is the UK's fastest growing University. Applications increased by 10.6% in 2009 and by 100% since 2004.  The University has consistently recorded the largest increases in applications of any UK University for 7 years in a row.

Funding
As of April 2011, the University of Worcester has proposed to set its undergraduate Tuition Fees at £8,100 under the new regime announced by the Coalition Government.

Reputation and rankings
The university guide of the Times newspaper rates the university at place 81 out of 114 institutions.

In the National Student Survey students from the University rated their overall satisfaction at 80% in 2008/09. A number of subject areas received excellent levels of satisfaction, with an overall student satisfaction of 92% in Sports Science and 89% in Initial Teacher Training.

In March 2010, the University was ranked 54th of the top public sector places to work.

The Complete University Guide 2015 says it the University is 104th out of 123 institutions.

Research
In August 2010, the University was granted Research Degree awarding powers, enabling it to confer the awards of MPhil and PhD. Before this the Coventry University assisted in the academic awarding of these degrees. The university includes eight national research centres:
 The National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit from where all UK national pollen forecasts originate,
 The Centre for Rural Research, which examined the psychological effects of the mass flooding in the UK in recent years.
 The International Centre for Children's Literature, Literacy and Creativity is, with University of Cambridge and Roehampton University, one of the three UK university centres to employ full-time children's literature professors.
 The Motion Performance Centre which looks at sports injuries, and rehabilitation techniques using motion capture technology.  The Human Performance Laboratories work alongside to provide data on exercise and how it affects the body.
 The Centre for People @ Work
 The Centre for Applied Health Research
 The Association for Dementia Studies was launched at the University in February 2010. It will work with people with dementia, their families, health professionals, care providers, commissioners, and government agencies to provide high quality research, training and education.
 The Centre for Ethical Leadership, which will be officially launched in November 2010.  The Centre will work with leaders at different levels and sectors to help them think about decision making within an ethical framework. This will enable them to reflect on decisions that acknowledge and respect contested values in areas such as the environment, social justice and governance. It provides sessions to enable leaders to develop their skills in this area, develops and supports networks of individuals to discuss ethical dilemmas and provide forums for discussion, engages with others debating this area, stimulates and conducts research in the area of ethical leadership, and draws together and makes available existing research.

Student life
Worcester Students' Union is the student government organization for students at the University of Worcester. The Union a President, a Vice-President (Education), a Vice-President (Student Activities), and 7 other officers.

Sports activities
The University is home to the Worcester Wolves basketball team.

Notable alumni

Waqar Azmi OBE, diplomat and former Chief Adviser to the Prime Minister, Cabinet Office
Jacqui Smith (politician)
Daryl Mitchell (cricketer)
Swaroop Sampat (actress and Femina Miss India 1979)
Alan Dickens (rugby player)
John Shimmin (politician)
Rob Taylor (footballer, born 1985)
Adam Willis (footballer)
Imogen Thomas (model)
Kyle Pryor (actor, Home and Away)
Matthew Raggett (educationalist)
Rosie Spaughton (youtuber)
Crispin Boden-Tebbutt (Digital Marketer)

References

Other websites
 University of Worcester (official website)
 Worcester Students' Union (official website)
 Worcester Wolves (official website)
 Guardian Newspaper Official University Guide
 British Council website
 What Uni review site

Worcester
Universities in England
1946 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in England

University of Worcester


Haiti (; ) is a country in the Caribbean. It occupies the western three-eighths of Hispaniola; the Dominican Republic occupies the eastern five-eighths (63%) of the island.

The country has a total area of , of which 27,560 km² is land and 190 km² is water. Haiti has  of coast-line and a  border with the Dominican Republic.

The limits of the country are the Dominican Republic to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north, and the Caribbean Sea to the south and west. The capital, Port-au-Prince, is a seaport located on the west coast.

Cuba is to the northwest and Jamaica to the southwest of Haiti; the Winward Passage separates Cuba from Haiti (and Hispaniola), and the Jamaica Channel separates Haiti from Jamaica.

There are two large peninsulas: the Northwestern on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Southern peninsulas on the Caribbean Sea. The Northwestern, or just Northern, Peninsula () is also known as the Saint-Nicolas Peninsula; it was the first part of the Hispaniola visited by Christopher Columbus on 1492. The historical name of the Southern Peninsula () was Tiburón Peninsula.

Between those two large peninsulas there is a gulf (a very large bay): the Gulf of Gonâve. It is named so after the Gonâve Island that is in the middle of the gulf. It was called also Gulf of Léogane after the city of Léogane, one of the oldest in Haiti.

Climate
Haiti has a tropical climate but modified by elevation and the Trade winds (winds that come from the northeast, from the Atlantic Ocean, full of water vapour), which blow from the Atlantic all year long. In low lands with mountains to the northeast, the climate is arid (dry) because the trade winds leave their water in those mountains rather than the valleys and plains.

There are two rainy seasons, in spring and fall to the south, and in spring and winter to the north. From June to November (mainly from August to October), tropical storms and hurricanes are frequent and can do much damage in the country.

Islands
There are several smaller islands and cays that are part of Haiti. The largest islands are:
 Gonâve (), in the Gulf of Gonâve; it is part of the Ouest Department. It has an area of 743 km².  Its Taíno name was Guanabo.
 Tortuga (), located off the northwest coast of Hispaniola, in the Atlantic Ocean; it is part of the Nord-Ouest Department. It has an area of . Its Taíno name was Baynei. It is very famous because many pirates lived here. The island's name comes from the turtle-like shape of the island (in Spanish, turtle is a "tortuga").
 Île à Vache, also called Île-à-Vaches, close to the soutwestern coast of Hispaniola. It is part of the Sud Department and has an area of . Its Taíno name was Iabaque.
 Cayemites, two islands, Petite Cayemite and Grand Cayemite, in the Gulf of Gonâve. They are part of the Grand'Anse Department, and have a total area of . The Taíno name was Cahaimi.

Mountains and valleys
The chains of mountains show a direction northwest-southeast, except in the Southern Peninsula, where they have a direction west-east. The mountains are separated by valleys with the same general direction.

From north to south, the main mountain ranges and valleys are:
 The Plaine du Nord ("Northern Plain"), along the north coast from Cap-Haïtien to the Dominican Republic, where it is called the Cibao Valley.
 The Massif du Nord ("Northern Massif"), which in the Dominican Republic is called Cordillera Central. The highest Haitian mountain of this mountain range is Gros Morne (1,198 m).
 The Plateau Central ("Central Plateau") is a large high valley.
 The Bombardopolis Plateau (640 m), Montagnes de Terre Neuve (1,100 m, Morne Goreille), Montagnes Noires (1,700 m, Pic Bonhomme). All this chains form one group of mountains.
 Artibonite Plain and Valley, between those mountains mentioned above and below. It is the valley formed by the river Artibonite and its Haitian tributaries.
 Chaîne des Matheux (Morne Delpech, 1,600 m) and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau (Morne Ma Pipe, 1,510 m) form one group that get together with the previous group of mountains to form, in the Dominican Republic, the Sierra de Neiba.
 The Cul-de-Sac (Haiti) or Hoya de Enriquillo (Dominican Republic), is a remarkable valley, with a west-east direction, of low elevation (on average 50 m with some points below sea level) and with the Êtang Saumatre lake in the eastern end, on the border with the Dominican Republic. Port-au-Prince is on the western end of this valley.
 Massif de la Hotte (Pic Macaya, 2,405 m) and Massif de la Selle (Pic or Morne La Selle, 2,680 m, the highest Haitian mountain) are in the Southern Peninsula. The Massif de la Selle is called Sierra de Bahoruco in the Dominican Republic. The Gonâve Island (Morne La Pierre, 776 m) belongs, in geological terms, to the Massif de la Selle.

Rivers and lakes
The river Artibonite is the longest river of the island and of Haiti. It is 321 km long (68 km in the Dominican Republic, 253 km in Haiti). Its sources are in the Cordillera Central (Dominican Republic) and flows into the Gulf of Gonâve. Its watershed has an area of 6,399 km² in Haiti and 2,614 km² in the Dominican Republic.

Another important Haitian river is the Trois Rivières (Three Rivers). It is 150 km long and its sources are in the Massif du Nord and flows into the Atlantic Ocean, near the city of Po//

Others lakes are Étang de Miragoâne (25 km²), of fresh water at 4 km southeast from the city of Miragoâne; and Trou Caïman (16.2 km²), a small lake at 6 km from Étang Saumâtre.

https://www.shrek.com for more information

References

Geography of Haiti


Royal Cercle Sportif La Forestoise was a Belgian football club from the municipality of Forest, Brussels.  It was founded in 1909 and received the matricule n°51 following its registration to the FA in 1911.  The club first reached the first division in 1926 but it was yet too weak to survive at that level and was back in the second division for the next season.

The best years of the club were the 1940s since it played 4 seasons at the top level (1942 to 1947, missing the 1944–45 season due to World War II).  The Green and White achieved their best ranking in 1944 with a 10th position.

In 1996 it merged with Royal Uccle Léopold F.C. to become Royal Léopold Uccle Forestoise and the matricule n°51 was consequently erased.

Honours
Belgian Second Division:
Winners (1): 1941–42

Notable players
 Raymond Braine, Belgian international, won several championships in Belgium and Czechoslovakia
 Florent Lambrechts, Belgian champion in 1929 and 1931, top scorer of the Belgian championship in 1936 with 36 goals

References

 RSSSF Archive
 Belgian football clubs history

Association football clubs established in 1909
Defunct football clubs in Brussels
Association football clubs disestablished in 1996
1909 establishments in Belgium
1996 disestablishments in Belgium
Defunct football clubs in Belgium
Organisations based in Belgium with royal patronage
Belgian Pro League clubs

R.C.S. La Forestoise


The Battle of Deal took place on 3 July 1495 in the port town of Deal in Kent when forces of the pretender Perkin Warbeck attempted a landing and were driven off by supporters of the Tudor monarch Henry VII. Warbeck's 1,500 men included many Continental mercenaries hired on his behalf by Margaret of York, while the Tudor fighters were mainly Kentish locals. Fierce fighting took place on the steeply sloping beach. After withdrawing by sea, Warbeck then went to Ireland where he launched an equally unsuccessful Siege of Waterford where two of his ship were sunk and the nine other ships were repelled.

References

Bibliography
 Thomas Penn. Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England. Simon and Schuster, 2013.
 Linda Porter. Crown of Thistles: The Fatal Inheritance of Mary Queen of Scots. Macmillan, 2013.

1495 in England
Deal
Deal, Kent
Military history of Kent
Perkin Warbeck

Battle of Deal


Mark Risley is an American writer, animator, storyboard artist, producer and director specializing in children's television. He is best-known for his work on Rugrats, The Wild Thornberrys, The Mr. Men Show, Space Racers, and Yo-kai Watch.

Career
Risley began his career as an animator on several television programs including Attack of the Killer Tomatoes, Gladiators 2000 and the CBS Prime-time special The Magic Paintbrush. Later he worked in the story department on the Kids' Choice Awards winning film The Rugrats Movie, then moved on to produce and direct Rugrats, The Wild Thornberrys (1998), Rocket Power (1999), and As Told by Ginger (2000–2004) for Nickelodeon and Klasky Csupo.

After directing selected sequences of the theatrical feature, The Wild Thornberrys Movie (2002) Risley went to DreamWorks Animation where he directed Father of the Pride for NBC television.

His credits also include Nickelodeon's Tak & the Power of Juju, Cartoon Network's The Mr. Men Show, Disney's Pixie Hollow Games, NFL Rush Zone, PBS Kids' Space Racers (which won the 2015 American Public Television award for Excellence in Broadcasting) and the anime television series Yo-kai Watch.

He is currently directing the film Fairest of Them All for Rokit Pictures.

Awards and nominations

Daytime Emmy Awards
 2001, The Wild Thornberrys, "Outstanding Children's Animated Program"
 2003, Rugrats, "Outstanding Children's Animated Program"

Emmy Awards
 2001, As Told by Ginger, "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)"
 2002, As Told by Ginger, "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)"
 2003, As Told by Ginger, "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)"

American Public Television Award
2014 "Space Racers", "Excellence in Broadcasting"

People's Choice Awards
2005, Father of the Pride, Favorite New TV Comedy Program

Genesis Awards
 2000, "The Wild Thornberrys, "Outstanding Children's Program (animated)"

Annecy Awards
 2002 As Told by Ginger episode And She Was Gone, "Outstanding Direction (For Programming Less Than One Hour)"

Banff Rockie Awards
 2001 As Told by Ginger episode "Hello Stranger", "Best Animation Program"

American Public Television Excellence in Broadcasting
2014, Space Racers, Best New Preschool Program

Cynopsis Award
2015, Space Racers, Best New Animated Preschool Program

References

External links

 The Mr. Men Show
 Space Racers
 Mark Risley's website

Interviews
 Culture Shock interview
Mr. Men Show Blog interview
Tribune News Service Interview (link dead as of 2009-01-15)

American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
American animators
American animated film producers
American animated film directors
American storyboard artists
Television producers from California
American television directors
American casting directors
American voice directors
Nickelodeon Animation Studio people
Writers from San Diego
Screenwriters from California
Year of birth missing (living people)

Mark Risley