Aachen Schanz station is a railway station in Aachen, Germany on the railway line Aachen–Mönchengladbach. The station is located at the western end of the inner city, and is the station with the shortest walking distance to the historic center or the Aachen Cathedral. Several bus lines to western Aachen stop here, including regional buses to Kelmis and Maastricht and the medical centers of the city (Luisenhospital, Franziskushospital, Alexianerkrankenhaus and Klinikum Aachen). It is not a bus hub, but some lines stop at the southern end (Jakobstraße) and some at the northern end (Vaalser Straße), depending on the route of the line.

The accessible developed station lies between Aachen Central Station and Aachen West station at the west end of downtown.

Services
All regional trains stop at this station; it is usually served four times per hour and direction.

References

External links
Map of Aachen Schanz station
 Current departures

Railway stations in North Rhine-Westphalia
Schanz station
Railway stations in Germany opened in 2004

Aachen Schanz station


Palomita Blanca (Spanish for "Little White Dove") is a 1971 novel written by Enrique Lafourcade. More than fifty editions (including "reprintings") have been published, making the novel the most widely sold novel in the history of Chilean literature, with more than a million copies sold. It was written at a conflictive time in Chile's history (events leading into the election of Salvador Allende as President) and it was a sentimental time in world popular culture (events such as rock concerts and drug use). Most critics saw the novel as a knee-jerk response to Erich Segal's Love Story. A New York Times No. 1 bestseller, Segal's book became the top selling work of fiction for all of 1970 in the United States, and was translated into more than 20 languages worldwide.  The motion picture of the same name was the number one box office attraction of 1971.  Thus most media comments in Santiago called Lafourcade's novel "the Chilean love story."  Lafourcade's marriage with Maria Luisa Señoret had ended three years earlier, and he reportedly wrote the novel inspired by his later pareja, about whom he remained quite secretive. A film based on the novel was made in 1973 by Raúl Ruiz, which was at one time believed lost forever, but a print was later found in the vaults of ChileFilms.
Music for the film was written and performed by Los Jaivas.
A translation to Portuguese was published in Brazil, but a translation to English by Joel Hancock of the University of Utah has remained unpublished.

The story is of a working class naive teenage girl (María = Palomita) who meets a posh boy (Juan Carlos) in the Piedra Roja music festival. The love story goes wrong because of the class differences between the characters, and the naiveté of the girl who believes in the Cinderella story of a poor girl rescued by a rich and handsome prince.  Juan Carlos is involved in extreme right-wing terrorism, and needs to leave the country in a hurry, leaving Palomita behind.  The political tension that would later culminate in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état is brilliantly observed and described by writer Lafourcade.

Film adaptation
The novel was adapted into the 1973 film Little White Dove by Chilean director Raúl Ruiz.

Music
It is also the name of a popular tango from 1929 by Anselmo Aieto.

Editions
First: June, 1971, published by Zig-Zag (Santiago de Chile): 5,000 copies.
2nd:   July, 1971: 3,000 copies.
3rd:   August, 1971: 5,000 copies.
4th:   September, 1971: 5,000
5th:   October, 1971:   5,000
6th:   October, 1971:   8,000
7th:   November, 1971: 10,000
8th:   December, 1971:  5,000
9th:   January, 1972:   5,000
10th:  March, 1972:     5,000
11th:  May, 1972:      10,000
12th:  September 1972: 10,000
13th:  April, 1973:    10,000

In 1982: The publication changed to Lafourcade's own in-house publisher:
—Ediciones de Lafourcade, Santiago de Chile.

1984: —First special edition: Colección "Los Grandes de la Literatura Chilena", Editorial Zig-Zag.
—17th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1986: —18th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1987: —19th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1992: —24th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1994: —27th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.
—28th edition, Colección "Top Sellers", Editorial Zig-Zag.
—29th edition, Colección "Viento Joven" / Youthful breeze, Editorial Zig-Zag.
—Special Edition on the occasion of the showing the film made decades earlier by Raúl Ruiz:  Ediciones del Paraíso Perdido.

1995: —30th edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1996: —31st edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.
—32nd edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

1997: —Special Edition: Colección "Los mejores Libros de la Literatura Chilena", Ercilla, Santiago de Chile.

1999: —33rd edition, Editorial Zig-Zag.

References

1971 novels
Novels by Enrique Lafourcade
Comedy novels
Novels set in Chile

Palomita Blanca


The Groeninge Monument is a monument in the Belgian city of Kortrijk. The gilded statue was inaugurated to commemorate the 600th anniversary of the Battle of the Golden Spurs. The statue is situated in the Groeningepark, where during the Middle Ages the Groeninge battlefield was situated. In this park one can also find the Groeningegate, a triumphal arch, which gives access to the park.

The Groeninge Monument was designed by sculptor Godfried Devreese. It was planned to be inaugurated in 1902, but was not ready until 1906, when it was unveiled on 5 August. The gilded statue represents the Virgin of Flanders, who holds aloft a spear whilst holding in the other the Flemish Lion.

Buildings and structures in Kortrijk
History of Kortrijk
Gates in Belgium
Monuments and memorials in Belgium
Tourist attractions in West Flanders

Groeninge Monument


Telepresence refers to a set of technologies   which allow a person to feel as if they were present, to give the appearance or effect of being present via telerobotics, at a place other than their true location.

Telepresence requires that the users' senses interact with specific stimuli in order to provide the feeling of being in that other location. Additionally, users may be given the ability to affect the remote location. In this case, the user's position, movements, actions, voice, etc. may be sensed to transmit and duplicate in the remote location to bring about this effect. Therefore information may be traveling in both directions between the user and the remote location.

A popular application is found in telepresence videoconferencing, the highest possible level of videotelephony. Telepresence via video deploys greater technical sophistication and improved fidelity of both sight and sound than in traditional videoconferencing. Technical advancements in mobile collaboration have also extended the capabilities of videoconferencing beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices, enabling collaboration independent of location.

A similar or identical concept is telexistence, which was first proposed by Susumu Tachi in Japan in 1980 and 1981 as patents and the first report was published in Japanese in 1982 and in English in 1984.

History

In a pioneering paper, the U.S. cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky attributed the development of the idea of telepresence to science fiction author Robert A. Heinlein: "My first vision of a remote-controlled economy came from Robert A. Heinlein's prophetic 1948 novel, Waldo," wrote Minsky. In his science fiction short story "Waldo" (1942), Heinlein first proposed a primitive telepresence master-slave manipulator system.

The Brother Assassin, written by Fred Saberhagen in 1969, introduced the complete concept for a telepresence master-slave humanoid system. In the novel, the concept is described as follows: "And a moment later it seemed to all his senses that he had been transported from the master down into the body of the slave-unit standing beneath it on the floor. As the control of its movements passed over to him, the slave started gradually to lean to one side, and he moved its foot to maintain balance as naturally as he moved his own. Tilting back his head, he could look up through the slave's eyes to see the master-unit, with himself inside, maintaining the same attitude on its complex suspension."

The term telepresence, a neologism due to the futurist Patrick Gunkel, was introduced to the public in a 1980 article by Minsky, who outlined his vision for an adapted version of the older concept of teleoperation that focused on giving a remote participant a feeling of actually being present at a different location.  One of the first systems to create a fully immersive illusion of presence in a remote location was the Virtual Fixtures platform developed in 1992 at the U.S. Air Force's Armstrong Labs by inventor Louis Rosenberg.  The system included stereoscopic image display from the remote environment as well as immersive touch feedback using a full upper-body exoskeleton.

The first commercially successful telepresence company, Teleport (which was later renamed TeleSuite), was founded in 1993 by David Allen and Herold Williams. Before TeleSuite, they ran a resort business from which the original concept emerged because they often found businesspeople would have to cut their stays short to participate in important meetings. Their idea was to develop a technology that would allow businesspeople to attend their meetings without leaving the resorts so that they could lengthen their hotel stays.

Hilton Hotels had originally licensed to install them in their hotels throughout the United States and other countries, but use was low.  The idea lost momentum, with Hilton eventually backing out. TeleSuite later began to focus less on the hospitality industry and more on business-oriented telepresence systems. Shareholders eventually held enough stock to replace the company's original leadership, which ultimately led to its collapse. David Allen purchased all of the assets of TeleSuite and appointed Scott Allen as president of the new company called Destiny Conferencing.

Destiny Conferencing licensed its patent portfolio to HP which became the first large company to join the telepresence industry, soon followed by others such as Cisco and Polycom (now called Poly). After forming a distribution agreement with Pleasanton-based Polycom (now Poly), Destiny Conferencing sold on January 5, 2007, to Polycom (now Poly) for $60 million.

A telepresence research project has started in 1990.  Located at the University of Toronto, the Ontario Telepresence Project (OTP) was an interdisciplinary effort involving social sciences and engineering. Its final report stated that it "...was a three year, $4.8 million pre-competitive research project whose mandate was to design and field trial advanced media space systems in a variety of workplaces in order to gain insights into key sociological and engineering issues. The OTP, which has ended in December 1994, was part of the International Telepresence Project which linked Ontario researchers to their counterparts in four European nations. The Project's major sponsor was the Government of Ontario, through two of its Centres of Excellence—the Information Technology Research Centre (ITRC) and the Telecommunications Research Institute of Ontario (TRIO)."

Benefits

An industry expert described some benefits of telepresence: "There were four drivers for our decision to do more business over video and telepresence. We wanted to reduce our travel spend, reduce our carbon footprint and environmental impact, improve our employees' work/life balance, and improve employee productivity.".

Rather than traveling great distances in order to have a face-face meeting, it is now commonplace to use a telepresence system instead, which uses a multiple codec video system (which is what the word "telepresence" most currently represents). Each member/party of the meeting uses a telepresence room to "dial in" and can see/talk to every other member on a screen/screens as if they were in the same room. This brings enormous time and cost benefits. It is also superior to phone conferencing (except in cost), as the visual aspect greatly enhances communications, allowing for perceptions of facial expressions and other body languages.

Mobile collaboration systems combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities using newest generation hand-held mobile devices to enable multi-party conferencing in real-time, independent of location. Benefits include cost-efficiencies resulting from accelerated problem resolution, reductions in downtimes and travel, improvements in customer service and increased productivity.

Implementation

Telepresence has been described as the human experience of being fully present at a live real-world location remote from one's own physical location. Someone experiencing video telepresence would therefore be able to behave and receive stimuli as if part of a meeting at the remote site. The aforementioned would result in interactive participation of group activities that would bring benefits to a wide range of users.

Implementation of human sensory elements

To provide a telepresence experience,  technologies are required that implement the human sensory elements of vision, sound, and manipulation.

Vision and sound

A minimum system usually includes visual feedback. Ideally, the entire field of view of the user is filled with a view of the remote location, and the viewpoint corresponds to the movement and orientation of the user's head. In this way, it differs from television or cinema, where the viewpoint is out of the control of the viewer.

In order to achieve this, the user may be provided with either a very large (or wraparound) screen, or small displays mounted directly in front of the eyes. The latter provides a particularly convincing 3D sensation. The movements of the user's head must be sensed, and the camera must mimic those movements accurately and in real time. This is important to prevent unintended motion sickness.

Another source of future improvement to telepresence displays, compared by some to holograms, is a projected display technology featuring life-sized imagery.

Sound is generally the easiest sensation to implement with high fidelity,  based on the foundational telephone technology dating back more than 130 years. Very high-fidelity sound equipment has also been available for a considerable period of time, with stereophonic sound being more convincing than monaural sound.

Manipulation

The ability to manipulate a remote object or environment is an important aspect for some telepresence users and can be implemented in a large number of ways depending on the needs of the user. Typically, the movements of the user's hands (position in space and posture of the fingers) are sensed by wired gloves, inertial sensors, or absolute spatial position sensors. A robot in the remote location then copies those movements as closely as possible. This ability is also known as teleoperation.

The more closely the robot re-creates the form factor of the human hand, the greater the sense of telepresence. The complexity of robotic effectors varies greatly, from simple one axis grippers, to fully anthropomorphic robot hands.

Haptic teleoperation refers to a system that provides some sort of tactile force feedback to the user, so the user feels some approximation of the weight, firmness, size, and/or texture of the remote objects manipulated by the robot. A new form of technology, called collaborative telepresence, is currently being developed which will eventually be used to collaborate with others while seeming like you are in the same room as the other person, keeping a normal social distance. Collaborative telepresence uses haptic sensors like these to allow a sense of touch.

Freedom of movement

The prevalence of high quality video conferencing using mobile devices, tablets and portable computers has enabled considerable growth in telepresence robots to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in the office, home or school when one cannot be there in person.  The robot avatar can move or look around at the command of the remote person. Drivable telepresence robots – typically contain a display (integrated or separate phone or tablet) mounted on a roaming base. Some examples of roaming telepresence robots include Beam by Suitable Technologies, Double by Double Robotics, Ava Telepresence by Ava Robotics, Anybots, Vgo, TeleMe by Mantarobot, and Romo by Romotive.

More modern roaming telepresence robots may include an ability to operate autonomously. The robots can map out the space and be able to avoid obstacles while driving themselves between rooms and their docking stations.

Effectiveness

Telepresence's effectiveness varies by degree of fidelity. Research has noted that telepresence solutions differ in degree of implementation, from "immersive" through "adaptive" to "lite" solutions. At the top are immersive solutions where the environments at both ends are highly controlled (and often the same) with respect to lighting, acoustics, decor and furniture, thereby giving all the participants the impression they are together at the same table in the same room, thus engendering the "immersive" label.

Adaptive telepresence solutions may use the same technology, but the environments at both ends are not highly controlled and hence often differ. Adaptive solutions differ from telepresence lite solutions not in terms of control of environments, but in terms of integration of technology.  Adaptive solutions use a managed service, whereas telepresence lite solutions use components that someone must integrate.

Transparency of implementation

A good telepresence strategy puts the human factors first, focusing on visual collaboration configurations that closely replicate the brain's innate preferences for interpersonal communications, separating from the unnatural "talking heads" experience of traditional videoconferencing. These cues include life–size participants, fluid motion, accurate flesh tones and the appearance of true eye contact. This is already a well-established technology, used by many businesses today. The chief executive officer of Cisco Systems, John Chambers in June 2006 at the Networkers Conference compared telepresence to teleporting from Star Trek, and said that he saw the technology as a potential billion dollar market for Cisco.

Rarely will a telepresence system provide such a transparent implementation with such comprehensive and convincing stimuli that the user perceives no differences from actual presence. But the user may set aside such differences, depending on the application.

The fairly simple telephone achieves a limited form of telepresence using just the human sensory element of hearing, in that users consider themselves to be talking to each other rather than talking to the telephone itself.

Watching television, for example, although it stimulates our primary senses of vision and hearing, rarely gives the impression that the watcher is no longer at home. However, television sometimes engages the senses sufficiently to trigger emotional responses from viewers somewhat like those experienced by people who directly witness or experience events. Televised depictions of sports events as an example can elicit strong emotions from viewers.

As the screen size increases, so does the sense of immersion, as well as the range of subjective mental experiences available to viewers. Some viewers have reported a sensation of genuine vertigo or motion sickness while watching IMAX movies of flying or outdoor sequences.

Because most currently feasible telepresence gear leaves something to be desired; the user must suspend disbelief to some degree, and choose to act in a natural way, appropriate to the remote location, perhaps using some skill to operate the equipment. In contrast, a telephone user does not see herself as  "operating" the telephone but merely talking to another person with it.

Related technologies

Virtual presence (virtual reality)

Telepresence refers to a user interacting with another live, real place, and is distinct from virtual presence, where the user is given the impression of being in a simulated environment. Telepresence and virtual presence rely on similar user-interface equipment, and they share the common feature that the relevant portions of the user's experience at some point in the process will be transmitted in an abstract (usually digital) representation. The main functional difference is the entity on the other end: a real environment in the case of telepresence, vs. a computer in the case of immersive virtual reality.

Presence is very similar to distal attribution or externalization which is like projecting one's presence and mind beyond the limits of our sensory organs and perceiving the environment in such a way. A distinction is made between two separate perceptions. The first being the unmediated perceptions in which we are unable to feel anything beyond our physical surroundings. The second being the mediated presence through technology which forces us to suddenly perceive two different environments at the same time: The one immediately around us and the one projected for us through technology. Mediated experiences are not limited to virtual technology and can also be experienced with spatially distant places such as space with a telescope or a camera.

Applications

Application examples could be cited within emergency management and security services, B&I, and the entertainment and education industries.

Connecting communities

Telepresence can be used to establish a sense of shared presence or shared space among geographically separated members of a group.

Hazardous environments

Many other applications in situations where humans are exposed to hazardous situations are readily recognised as suitable candidates for telepresence. Mining, bomb disposal, military operations, rescue of victims from fire, toxic atmospheres, deep sea exploration, or even hostage situations, are some examples.  Telepresence also plays a critical role in the exploration of other worlds, such as with the Mars Exploration Rovers, which are teleoperated from Earth.

Pipeline inspection

Small diameter pipes otherwise inaccessible for the examination can now be viewed using pipeline video inspection.

Remote surgery

The possibility of being able to project the knowledge and the physical skill of a surgeon over long distances has many attractions. Thus, again there is considerable research underway in the subject. (Locally controlled robots are currently being used for joint replacement surgery as they are more precise in milling bone to receive the joints.) The armed forces have an obvious interest since the combination of telepresence, teleoperation, and telerobotics can potentially save the lives of battle casualties by allowing them prompt attention in mobile operating theatres by remote surgeons.

Recently, teleconferencing has been used in medicine (telemedicine or telematics), mainly employing audio-visual exchange, for the performance of real time remote surgical operations – as demonstrated in Regensburg, Germany in 2002. In addition to audio-visual data, the transfer of haptic (tactile) information has also been demonstrated in telemedicine.

Education

Research has been conducted on the use of telepresence to provide professional development to teachers. Research has shown that one of the most effective forms of teacher professional development is coaching, or cognitive apprenticeship. The application of telepresence shows promise for making this approach to teacher professional development practical.

The benefits of enabling schoolchildren to take an active part in exploration have also been shown by the JASON and the NASA Ames Research Center programs. The ability of a pupil, student, or researcher to explore an otherwise inaccessible location is a very attractive proposition; For example, locations where the passage of too many people is harming the immediate environment or the artifacts themselves, e.g. undersea exploration of coral reefs, ancient Egyptian tombs, and more recent works of art.

Another application is for the remote classroom which allows a professor to teach students in different campuses at the same time. An example of this application is in classrooms of the law schools of Rutgers University. Two identical rooms are located in two metropolitan areas. Each classroom is equipped with studio lighting, audio, and video conference equipment connected to a 200-inch monitor on the wall that students face to give an impression that they are all in the same classroom. This allows professors to be on either campus and facilitates the interaction among students in both campuses during the classes.

Telepresence art

True telepresence is a multidisciplinary art and science that foundationally integrates engineering, psychology, and the art of television broadcast.

In 1998, Diller and Scofidio created the "Refresh", an Internet-based art installation that juxtaposed a live web camera with recorded videos staged by professional actors. Each image was accompanied with a fictional narrative which made it difficult to distinguish which was the live web camera.

In 1993, Eduardo Kac and Ed Bennett created a telepresence installation "Ornitorrinco on the Moon", for the international telecommunication arts festival "Blurred Boundaries" (Entgrenzte Grenzen II).  It was coordinated by Kulturdata, in Graz, Austria, and was connected around the world.

From 1997 to the present Ghislaine Boddington of shinkansen and body>data>space has explored, in a collaboration process she has called The Weave using performing arts techniques, the extended use of telepresence into festivals, arts centres and clubs and has directed numerous workshops leading to exploration of telepresence by many artists worldwide. This methodology has been used extensively to develop skills in tele-intuition for young people in preparation for the future world of work through the body>data>space / NESTA project "Robots and Avatars" an innovative project explores how young people will work and play with new representational forms of themselves and others in virtual and physical life in the next 10–15 years.

An overview of telepresence in dance and theatre through the last 20 years is given in «Excited Atoms» research document by Judith Staines (2009) which one can download from the On The Move website.

Vendors

Popular culture

Telepresence is represented in media and entertainment.

Literature
 The Naked Sun (1957) – a novel mostly occurring on Solaria, a planet with an extremely low population where all personal contact is considered obscene, and all communication occurs through holographic telepresence.
 Neuromancer (1984) – a novel that not only uses telepresence extensively but introduces cyberspace and the Internet (aka the Matrix) as the underlying vehicle to make telepresence possible.

Television

 Space: Above and Beyond (Episode 20, "Star Dust" - April 19, 1996)
24 (2001–2010)
 The Big Bang Theory (Episode 65, "The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification" - September 2010)
 Modern Family (Episode 144, "American Skyper" – May 2015)
 Bob's Burgers (Episode 115, "Ex Mach Tina" – January 2017)
 Community (Episode 102, "Laws of Robotics and Party Rights" – April 2015)

Film

 Iron Man 3 (2013) – Tony Stark uses the Mark 42 suit using telepresence technology.
 Ra.One (2011)
 Darkdrive (1996)
 Avatar (2009)
 G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009)
 Gamer (2009)
 Surrogates (2009)
 Sleep Dealer (2008)
 Avalon (2001)
 The Matrix (1999)
 The Star Wars films (1977–present) with holographic technology used for communication
 A Hologram for the King (2016)  uses telepresence as a main theme

Video games

 Splinter Cell: Conviction (2010)
 Half-Life 2: Episode Two (2007)
 Mass Effect 2 - Commander Shepard communicates with the Illusive Man using a quantum entanglement based telepresence system.
 Elite: Dangerous (2014) - players and non-player characters can utilize telepresence to perform as crew members without risk of death.
 Death Stranding (2019) - telepresence plays a prominent and important role in communication for the denizens of the game's envisioned future.

Comics

Lamar Waldron's M.I.C.R.A.: Mind Controlled Remote Automaton (1986-88), related the story of a college female paralyzed by a neck injury, who volunteered to be the remote pilot of an android body created by one of her professors.
 The Surrogates, a 2005–2006 comic book series, inspired the film Surrogates (2009) and explains about a future where humans have a widespread use of mind-controlled androids.

Virtual reality communities

 Active Worlds and Second Life allow voice chat with 3D avatars.

See also

 Avatar (computing)
 Brain–computer interface
 First-person perspective
 Telecollaboration
 Telerobotics
 Unotchit
 Virtual fixture
 Virtual reality

References

Further reading
 "Telepresence" (Minsky 1980; Sheridan 1992a; Barfield, Zelter, Sheridan, & Slater 1995; Welch, Blackmon, Liu, Mellers, & Stark 1996)
 "Virtual Presence" (Barfield et al., 1995)
 Oliver Grau: Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion, MIT-Press, Cambridge 2003
 Eduardo Kac: Telepresence and Bio Art—Networking Humans, Rabbits and Robot (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005)
 "Being There" (Reeves 1991; Heeter 1992; Barfield et al., 1995; Zhoa 2003)
 "A perceptual illusion of non-mediation" (Lombard & Ditton 1997)
 "The suspension of disbelief" (Slater & Ushoh 1994)
 Sheridan, Thomas B. (1992), "Telerobotics, Automation, and Human Supervisory Control, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Second edition (2003)
 unknown title (Sheridan, 1992, 1992; Barfield & Weghorst, 1993; Slater & Usoh, 1994; Barfield, Sheridan, Zeltzer, Slater, 1995)

External links

Videotelephony

Telepresence


Candelaria ( ) is an unincorporated community in Presidio County, Texas, United States, with approximately 75 inhabitants.

The town stands in the Chihuahuan Desert on the north bank of the Rio Grande, just across from the small Mexican town of San Antonio Del Bravo. The two towns were linked by a bridge across the river that enabled the inhabitants of San Antonio to buy groceries and supplies from Candelaria; some sent their children to school there. However, in 2008 the bridge was controversially removed by the U.S. Border Patrol because of concerns that it had become, in the words of Border Patrol chief John Smietana, "a route for terrorists, drug traffickers and illegals." As of 2019, local United States citizens would still cross illegally due to lack of local service creating some informal reciprocal helps with local Border Patrol agents.

History

It is unclear when Candelaria was founded, but the area was occupied by Native Americans before farmers began to grow crops on the irrigated floodplain of the Rio Grande. It was known initially as Gallina ("chicken" in Spanish) before being renamed as Candelaria. In 1868, an entrepreneur named William Russell came to the area to establish a farm worked by the local people, selling the grain to the US Army at Fort Davis and Fort Stockton. Cotton was also grown locally. With the town's population increasing steadily, it became the seat of one of Presidio County's three school districts in 1893. By 1911 it had grown to two stores, a church and a school, with 307 pupils in the school district and a general population of 1,842, though only a minority of these actually lived in the town.

The remoteness of the area led to concerns about its security during the Mexican Revolution. The US Army responded in 1916 by establishing an army post, Camp Candelaria, that was garrisoned until late 1919. The town's fortunes waned thereafter; with its poor transport links along a 50-mile dirt road to Presidio, its small-scale agriculture could not compete with the industrial farms elsewhere along the Rio Grande. The population fell steadily, from 250 in 1925 to 75 by 1940. By the late 1980s the town had shrunk to a two-room elementary school, a store, a Catholic church, and a cluster of adobe houses.

Candelaria gained its first paved access as late as 1985 when Farm to Market Road 170 to Presidio was surfaced.

Climate

Education
Candelaria is zoned to schools in the Presidio Independent School District.

References

Popular culture
Was referenced recently in the movie The Highway Men - 2019

External links

Unincorporated communities in Presidio County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas
Ghost towns in West Texas

Candelaria, Texas


The Hot L Baltimore is a play by Lanford Wilson set in the lobby of the Hotel Baltimore. The plot focuses on the residents of the decaying property, who are faced with eviction when the structure is condemned. The play draws its title from the hotel's neon marquee with a burned-out "e" that was never replaced.

Production history
The Hot L Baltimore was produced by the Circle Repertory Company on February 4, 1973. It then transferred to the off-Broadway Circle in the Square Downtown on March 22, 1973. The production closed on January 4, 1976, after 1,166 performances. It was directed by Marshall W. Mason, and the cast included Trish Hawkins, Conchata Ferrell, Judd Hirsch, Jonathan Hogan, and Mari Gorman.

The play won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best American Play of 1972–73, multiple Obie Awards (Best American Play, Lanford Wilson; Distinguished Performance, Mari Gorman; Distinguished Direction, Marshall W. Mason), the John Gassner Playwriting Award, and an Outer Critics Circle Award.

It was produced at the Williamstown Theater Festival in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in July 2000, directed by Joe Mantello, with the cast featuring Sam Rockwell, Mandy Siegfried, Lois Smith, Helen Hanft, and Becky Ann Baker. It was then produced by the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago from March through May 2011, directed by Tina Landau.

Adaptations

In 1975, producer Norman Lear adapted the play for a half-hour ABC sitcom. The cast included Conchata Ferrell, James Cromwell, Richard Masur, Al Freeman Jr., Gloria LeRoy, Jeannie Linero, and Charlotte Rae. The sitcom had several controversial elements, including two main characters who worked as prostitutes, one of whom was an illegal immigrant, and one of the first gay couples to be depicted on an American television series. The network supported the show and gave it a full publicity campaign, but the series failed to win an audience and was canceled after 13 episodes.

In 1976, a version of the series, with the title Hôtel Baltimore, was produced for French television. The series, which featured Dora Doll, lasted for a single season.

Critical reception
Mel Gussow, in his review of the 1973 production for The New York Times, wrote that Wilson "writes with understanding and sensitivity about unwanted people... There are moments in this play... when Wilson - with his passion for idiosyncratic characters, atmospheric details and invented homilies - reminds me of William Saroyan and Thornton Wilder... The play seems to meander... there is little plot or action but there is emotion."

Awards
 1973: Drama Critics Circle Award for Best American Play
 1973: Obie Award for Best American Play

References

External links

 The Hot L Baltimore at ThatTheatreSite.com
 Notes and drafts for The Hot L Baltimore are held in the Lanford Wilson Collection at the University of Missouri Libraries

1973 plays
Baltimore in fiction
Fictional hotels
LGBT-related plays
Obie Award-winning plays
Off-Broadway plays
Plays by Lanford Wilson
Plays set in Maryland
Plays set in hotels

The Hot l Baltimore


Rachel Ruth Cosgrove Payes, also known as E.L. Arch and Joanne Kaye (11 December 1922, Westernport, Maryland – 10 October 1998, Brick Township, New Jersey) was an American genre novelist, and author of books on the Land of Oz.

Biography
Born in Maryland to mine foreman Jacob A. Cosgrove and teacher Martha (née Brake), Cosgrove was educated at West Virginia Wesleyan College (B.S. 1943). Trained as a research biologist, she worked as a medical technologist at various hospitals. She married Norman Morris Payes in 1954; they had a son and daughter.

Her first book, The Hidden Valley of Oz, was published by Reilly & Lee in 1951. Her second, The Wicked Witch of Oz (1954) was denied publication on the grounds that the Oz books were not selling. The book was published by The International Wizard of Oz Club in 1993. She had a tendency to dismiss adult Oz fans and insist that Oz books are "for kids!", a view she expressed in the documentary, Oz: The American Fairyland.

The bulk of Cosgrove's work consisted of historical romance novels, many published by Playboy Press, one under the name Joanne Kaye.  She also wrote science fiction novels for Avalon Books under the name "E.L. Arch", an anagram of Rachel, as well as shorter sf and fantasy under her own name.  Payes also wrote gothics, such as The Black Swan.

Publications

The Hidden Valley of Oz (Reilly & Lee, 1951)
Bridge to Yesterday (Avalon Books, 1963)
Planet of Death (Avalon, 1964)
The Deathstones (Avalon, 1964)
The First Immortals (Avalon, 1965)
The Double-Minded Man (Avalon, 1966)
The Man with Three Eyes (Thomas Bouregy & Co.,1967)
"Mattie Harris Galactic Spy" (Vertex, 1974)
"Tower of Babble" (Vertex, 1974)
"The Eyes of the Blind" (Vertex, 1975)
The Black Swan (Berkeley, 1975)
Moment of Desire (Playboy Press, 1978)
The Coach to Hell (Playboy Press, 1979)
Bride of Fury (Playboy Press, 1980)
Satan's Mistress (Playboy Press, 1981)
Seven Sisters Series (Playboy Press, 1981)
Book 1: Love's Charade
Book 2: Love's Renegade
Book 3: Love's Promenade
Book 4: Love's Serenade
Book 5: Love's Escapade
Lady Alicia's Secret (Harlequin Regency, 1986)
The Wicked Witch of Oz (The International Wizard of Oz Club, 1993)
"Percy and the Shrinking Violet" (Hungry Tiger Press, 1995)
"Spots in Oz" (Hungry Tiger Press, 1997)
"Rocket Trip to Oz" (Hungry Tiger Press, 2000)

References

External links

20th-century American novelists
American children's writers
American fantasy writers
American romantic fiction writers
American science fiction writers
American women novelists
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
People from Westernport, Maryland
People from Brick Township, New Jersey
1922 births
1998 deaths
American women children's writers
Women romantic fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
Oz (franchise)

Rachel Cosgrove Payes


Clarksville Independent School District is a rural public school district in Red River County, Texas (USA) and serves all students in the town of Clarksville and small portions of nearby communities. Approximately 690 students were enrolled for the Fall 2011 semester.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.
In 2010, the high school as well as the District received a rating of ""recognized" by the Texas Education Agency.

Schools

Clarksville ISD operates four campuses, including Clarksville High School (grades 9-12), Cheatham Middle School (grades 6-8), Clarksville Elementary School (grades K-5), and the Vocational School/DAEP.

2012-13 Administration
Pam Bryant serves as Superintendent of Schools. After 33 years of service to Clarksville ISD in various capacities such as teacher, principal, special programs director, and assistant superintendent, Bryant was named CEO for the District in 2007.

References

External links
 Official Website

School districts in Red River County, Texas

Clarksville Independent School District


UK Radio Aid was a charitable event in the United Kingdom held on Monday 17 January 2005 to raise money for the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) appeal for the victims of the Asian tsunami.

Format
The event consisted of a twelve-hour radio show broadcast on 268 radio stations with an audience of over 20 million, covering all of the UK's commercial stations including national stations Classic FM and Virgin Radio, as well as several student and hospital stations plus overseas stations such as BFBS. Over £3 million was raised during the broadcast

Reading 107 and Splash FM were amongst a small number of commercial radio stations not to take this show, and instead kept local programming. talkSPORT continued their cricket coverage but regularly updated people on how to donate and how much money was raised.

Presenters
The shows were presented by a variety of celebrity DJs and guests, with live performances and interviews. Many celebrities and companies offered items for auction on eBay; Prime Minister Tony Blair donated a guided tour of 10 Downing Street, Chris Evans agreed that the highest bidder would be his guest at the BRIT Awards, and Frank Skinner donated a shirt worn by Elvis.

Guests
Singers who sang live in the studio include Jamie Cullum, Liam Gallagher, David Gray, Jamelia, Texas, Ronan Keating, Bryan Adams, Il Divo, Melanie C, and Russell Watson. Comedy was provided by Jon Culshaw, Avid Merrion, Ricky Gervais, Matt Lucas and David Walliams.

Theme song
The theme song for the day was a specially recorded version of The Beatles' "Come Together" recorded by Paul Weller.

Timetable
The shows during the day were presented by the following presenters, with some of the principal guests given in parentheses.
06:00-08:00: Davina McCall, Dermot O'Leary
08:00-10:00: Chris Evans, Kate Thornton (Tony Blair)
10:00-12:00: Simon Bates (Frank Skinner, Jade Goody)
12:00-14:00: Zoë Ball, Shane Richie (Jason Donovan)
14:00-16:00: Mark Goodier, Tony Blackburn (Sharon Osbourne)
16:00-18:00: Johnny Vaughan, Liza Tarbuck (Prince Andrew)

External links
UK Radio Aid official site
Press release on UK Radio Aid

UK Radio Aidun
British radio programmes
2005 in radio
2005 in the United Kingdom

UK Radio Aid


Samuel Kofi Date-Bah  (August 26, 1943) is an academic and a former Supreme Court Judge in Ghana and the Gambia.

Early life and education
Justice Professor Samuel Date-Bah was born on February 26, 1943, in Ghana. He entered Achimota School, in 1956, where he completed in 1962.  He was admitted to the Law Faculty of the University of Ghana, Legon, in 1963, and graduated with an LL.B (First Class Honours) in 1965 and a Barrister at Law (BL.) Diploma in 1966. He proceeded immediately to the Yale Law School, United States, from where he obtained a Master's in Law(LL.M) in 1967 and a Ph.D. in law in 1969 from the London School of Economics, University of London. He was called to the Ghana Bar in 1966.

Career

Academia
From 1969 to 1984 he taught various courses in various academic institutions including Contract, Tort, Commercial law and Public International Law.  Academic positions he held include: 1969 to 1981, Lecturer, Senior Lecturer and then Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana; 1979-1980, Associate Professor of Commercial Law, University of Nairobi; 1980–84, Professor and Head of Department of Private Law, University of Calabar, Nigeria; He also held visiting academic positions at Lincoln College, Oxford University (1972), Yale Law School (1976) and at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland (1998).

Justice of the Supreme Court
He was also a Justice of the Supreme Court of Ghana from 2008-2013. In the 1970s, he was a Member of the Ghana Law Reform Commission and Between 1969 and 1979 he was a part-time legal practitioner in Accra. He has since 2000 been a fellow of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences and since 1996 a member of the International Academy of Commercial and Consumer Law. He is currently the Chairman, Ghana Law Reform Commission and Chairman, Council of the University of Ghana, Legon. He is also the Board Chairman of the Data Protection Commission of Ghana.

International engagements
Between 1984 and 2003 Professor Date-Bah was the Special Adviser (Legal) at the Commonwealth Secretariat, London responsible for effective legal advisory and negotiating services to the developing member states of the Commonwealth. He played instrumental role as leader of a multidisciplinary Commonwealth Secretariat team which assisted the first independence Government of Namibia to negotiate a joint-venture agreement with De Beers that has been the bedrock of the Namibian economy since then; and several petroleum exploration agreements with international petroleum companies on behalf of the government.

In the 1970s, Representative of the Ghana Government to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. He was elected Chairman of the commission in 1978.

Since 1966 he has been a member of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law UNIDROIT, Rome, Working Group that produced the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts.

See also
List of judges of the Supreme Court of Ghana
Judiciary of Ghana
Supreme Court of Ghana

References

1943 births
20th-century Ghanaian lawyers
Justices of the Supreme Court of Ghana
Academic staff of the University of Ghana
University of Ghana alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of Achimota School
Fellows of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences
21st-century Ghanaian judges

Samuel Date-Bah


This is a List of trainer aircraft (練習機 Renshuu-ki - Trainer) the Japanese used during World War II.
Names in quotes are Allied code names for clarity for English speakers and do not reflect the Japanese usage.

Purpose-Built Trainers

Basic trainers
 Tachikawa Ki-24 Basic training glider
 Kokusai Ki-86/K9W1 "Cypress" (Bücker Bü 131 built under license)
 Tachikawa Ki-9 "Spruce"
 Tachikawa Ki-17 "Cedar"
 Kawanishi K8K Navy Type 0 Primary Trainer Seaplane
 Mitsubishi K3M Navy Type 90 "Pine" also used by Army as Ki-7
 Yokosuka K5Y Navy Type 93 "Willow"
 Tokyo Koku Ki-107

Advanced trainers
 Mansyu Ki-79 (1 or 2 seat version of Ki-27 fighter modified for training)
 Tachikawa Ki-55 "Ida" (Version of Ki-36 "Ida" modified for training)
 Tachikawa Ki-54 (Model b) "Hickory" (modified for training)
 Nakajima Ki-34 "Thora" (advanced flying and paratroop trainer)
 Kyushu K10W1 Oak Intermediate/Advanced Trainer and Target tug
 Mitsubishi K7M Multi-engine trainer
 Kyushu K11W Shiragiku Navy Operations Trainer
 Mitsubishi A5M A5M2-K "Claude" (2 seat version of fighter)
 Mitsubishi A6M Zero A6M5-K "Zero" (2 seat version of fighter)
 Aichi M6A1-K Nanzan Land based trainer version of Aichi M6A Seiran floatplane.

Combat Aircraft used as Trainers
Many of these were either obsolete types used as trainers, or for crew familiarization similar in concept to the British use of OTU/OCU units and are not strictly trainers.

Fighter trainers
 Nakajima Type 91 (NC)
 Kawasaki Ki-10 "Perry"
 Nakajima Ki-27 "Nate"
 Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar"
 Nakajima Ki-44 Shoki "Tojo"
 Nakajima Ki-84 Hayate "Frank"
 Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien "Tony"
 Kawasaki Ki-100 Goshikisen
 Kawasaki Ki-45 Toryu "Nick" (Heavy Fighter)
 Yokoi (Ku) Ki-13 Shusui (Rocket/Jet)

Reconnaissance trainers
 Mitsubishi Ki-15 "Babs"
 Mitsubishi Ki-46 (II KAI) "Dinah"

Light bomber trainers
 Kawasaki Type 88 (KDA-2)
 Kawasaki Ki-3
 Nakajima Ki-4
 Mitsubishi Ki-30 "Ann"
 Kawasaki Ki-32 "Mary"
 Tachikawa Ki-36 "Ida"
 Kawasaki Ki-48 "Lily"
 Mitsubishi Ki-51 "Sonia"

Twin-engined bomber trainers
 Mitsubishi Ki-1
 Mitsubishi Ki-2 "Louise"
 Mitsubishi Ki-21 "Sally"
 Nakajima Ki-49 Donryu "Helen"
 Mitsubishi Ki-67 Hiryu "Peggy"

Transport trainers
 Kokusai Ki-59 "Theresa"
 Tachikawa Type LO "Thelma"

World War II Japanese fighter aircraft
Imperial Japanese Army
Japan, training

List of Japanese trainer aircraft during World War II


Héctor Luís Camacho Matías (May 24, 1962 – November 24, 2012), commonly known by his nickname "Macho" Camacho, was a Puerto Rican professional boxer and entertainer. Known for his quickness in the ring and flamboyant style, Camacho competed professionally from 1980 to 2010, and was a world champion in three weight classes. He held the WBC super featherweight title from 1983 to 1984, the WBC lightweight title from 1985 to 1987, and the WBO junior welterweight title twice between 1989 and 1992.

In a storied amateur career, Camacho won three New York Golden Gloves tournaments, beginning with the Sub-Novice 112 lbs championship in 1978. During his professional career, Camacho had many notable fights against some of the biggest names in boxing, defeating Roberto Durán twice late in Duran's career, and knocking out Sugar Ray Leonard to send him into permanent retirement. He also fought Julio César Chávez, Félix Trinidad, and Oscar De La Hoya, among others.

During his later years, Camacho expanded his popular role and appeared on a variety of Spanish-language reality television shows including Univision's' dancing show Mira Quien Baila and a weekly segment on the popular show El Gordo y La Flaca, named "Macho News". However, he also had much-publicized troubles with drug abuse and criminal charges. In 2005, Camacho was arrested for burglary, a charge to which he would later plead guilty. In 2011 he was shot at three times by would-be carjackers in San Juan, but was uninjured. In late 2012, Camacho was awaiting trial in Florida on charges of physical abuse of one of his sons.

On November 20, 2012, Camacho was shot and seriously wounded while sitting in a car outside a bar in his native Bayamón; the driver, a childhood friend, was killed in the shooting. Camacho died four days later; after he was declared clinically brain dead, his mother requested the doctors remove him from life support. After lying in repose for two days in Santurce, Camacho's remains were transported to New York for burial at the request of his mother.

Early life and amateur career
Héctor Luís Camacho Matías was born in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, to Héctor Luis Camacho Sr. and his wife María Matías. He was the second youngest of five children, which included a younger brother, Felix and sisters Raquel, Estrella, and Esperanza. When he was three, his parents separated, and his mother took the children with her to New York City. They lived in the James Weldon Johnson housing project in Spanish Harlem. Camacho attended local schools and ran into trouble as a teen, getting into street fights and landing in jail at fifteen. Pat Flannery, a language teacher in high school, helped the youth, teaching him to read and "acting like a father figure". When Camacho learned boxing and karate as a teenager, Flannery guided him to the Golden Gloves competitions. Demonstrating talent as a boxer, Camacho chose that sport as a career.

As an amateur, Camacho won three New York Golden Gloves Championships. Camacho won the 1978 112 lb Sub-Novice Championship, 1979 118 lb Open Championship, and 1980 119 lb Open Championship. In 1979 Camacho defeated Paul DeVorce of the Yonkers Police Athletic League in the finals to win the title, and, in 1980, Camacho defeated Tyrone Jackson in the finals to win the Championship.

In 1980 Camacho won Intercity Golden Gloves, defeating Orlando Johnson of Chicago.

Camacho completed his amateur career, having a hundred fights under his belt, with 96 wins, and 4 losses.

Camacho's nickname of "Macho" has been explained in various ways. According to his father, he gave him the nickname because he was his youngest son. According to the New York Times, his mentor Pat Flannery is the one who gave him the nickname during his teens. According to Camacho himself, the nickname came as a result of American co-workers at a factory who couldn't pronounce his last name.

Amateur Highlights
Camacho's major achievements in the amateur boxing:
  1978 New York Golden Gloves Flyweight Sub-Novice Champion
  1979 New York Golden Gloves Bantamweight Open Champion
  1979 Intercity Golden Gloves 119-Pound Champion
  1980 New York Golden Gloves Bantamweight Open Champion
  1980 Intercity Golden Gloves 125-Pound Champion

Professional career
After a stellar amateur career, Camacho began a quick rise through the professional rankings, first in the featherweight and then in the junior-lightweight division. He was so confident that he claimed he could beat world featherweight champions Salvador Sánchez and Eusebio Pedroza. However, Sánchez died while Camacho was still coming up in the ranks. In the junior-lightweight division, he defeated the top contenders Irleis Cubanito Perez, Melvin Paul, John Montes, and Refugio Rojas.

Super featherweight

When the World Junior Lightweight champion, Bobby Chacón, refused to go to Puerto Rico to defend his title against Camacho, the World Boxing Council (WBC) declared the world championship vacant. Rafael Limón, who had been defeated and lost the championship to Chacon, fought Camacho for the vacant title. It was the first time Camacho was in a ring with a former world champion; he scored a knockdown on Limón late in the third round and twice more in the fifth round before the referee stopped it.

Camacho also fought his first defense in San Juan, where he met Rafael Solis, a fellow Puerto Rican. He knocked out Solis with a right to the chin in round five, and retained the title.

Lightweight
Moving up to lightweight, Camacho won the United States Boxing Association title against Roque Montoya with a twelve-round decision. His victory in the next fight, broadcast on Home Box Office (HBO), made him a two-time world champion. Camacho beat the Mexican defending world champion, José Luis Ramírez in Las Vegas to win the WBC world Lightweight championship. Camacho dropped Ramirez in round three and won the fight by a unanimous twelve-round decision.

The two other reigning world champions in his division at that time, Livingstone Bramble and Jimmy Paul, were reluctant to unify the crown with Camacho. Instead, he beat Freddie Roach before his next fight of importance came along, ten months after beating Ramírez.

He met former WBC lightweight champion Edwin Rosario on June 13, 1986, at Madison Square Garden in New York City, a bout also broadcast on HBO. The fight was notable for the shifts of dominance between the men. Camacho dominated rounds one to four, but had to hang on in rounds five, six and seven, when he felt Rosario's power. He came back to take rounds eight and nine, but Rosario came back to take the last three rounds. It was a close fight, but Camacho retained the title by a split decision of the judges.

Camacho retained his title against Cornelius Boza-Edwards, a former world junior lightweight champion, in Miami in a unanimous decision, after dropping Edwards in the first round.

Light welterweight
He went up in weight and competed at the next level. After a few fights there, he met Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini, the former world lightweight champion who had a record of 29–3 with 23 knockouts, for the vacant WBO Light Welterweight title. Camacho was the fresher of the two and won a split twelve-round decision. He joined that exclusive group of world champion boxers who have become world champions in three weight divisions.

Camacho's next rival of note was Vinny Pazienza, whom he defeated on points. His next challenger was Tony Baltazar, from Phoenix. He defeated Baltazar by points in a fight televised by HBO. His undefeated streak came to an end, and he lost his world championship to Greg Haugen, the former world Lightweight champion. The referee had deducted one point from Camacho for refusing to touch gloves with Haugen at the start of the 12th round. After the fight, an unidentified substance was found in Haugen's urine, and a rematch was ordered. Camacho regained the title, beating Haugen in a close split decision.

In 1992 in Las Vegas, Camacho met Julio César Chávez, a formidable Mexican champion who was undefeated 81–0. Camacho entered the ring in an outfit based on the Puerto Rican flag; the fight was televised by Showtime's Pay Per View. Camacho was later criticized by some in the boxing press for his retreating tactics during the fight; Chávez kept pushing the fight and harassed him with hard punches to the body. The bout ended with a victory for Chávez by unanimous decision.

Since 1992 Camacho's notable fights included two victories (by points) over Roberto Durán, (one in Atlantic City, the other in Denver). In 1997, he knocked out Sugar Ray Leonard in five rounds. This loss sent the forty-one-year-old Leonard into permanent retirement, putting an end to his third comeback attempt six years after a loss to Terry Norris in 1991.

Welterweight and later career
Camacho fought for the World Welterweight Championship against Félix Trinidad (1994) and Oscar De La Hoya (1997), but he lost both matches by unanimous decisions.

On December 5, 2003, Camacho faced Craig Houk. It was an odd fight, as Houk continuously turned his back on Camacho throughout the fight. Camacho had Houk in trouble in the first round before Houk caught an overzealous Camacho with a left hook and floored him, the third knockdown against him in his career. Camacho bounced back up and battered Houk for the remainder of the round. He knocked Houk near the end of the first and eventually won by knockout in round three. He won consecutive unanimous ten-round decisions over Clinton McNeil and Raúl Jorge Muñoz. After that, his boxing career went on hiatus, as he faced criminal charges. He pled guilty to burglary and acknowledged drug abuse, but was given probation.

Camacho returned to boxing on July 18, 2008, competing against Perry Ballard for the World Boxing Empire's Middleweight Championship. The fight lasted seven rounds. Camacho won when Ballard's corner threw the towel. Before this fight, Camacho was trained by Angelo Dundee. His last two fights resulted in a draw and a loss, against Luis Ramón Campas and Saúl Duran, respectively. His last fight against Duran was on May 14, 2010.

Later years and troubles

2005 burglary
On January 6, 2005, Camacho was arrested by police in Gulfport, Mississippi on charges of trying to burgle an electronic goods store and carrying the drug ecstasy on him. In 2007, he pleaded guilty to being under the influence at the time of the burglary. He was sentenced to 7 years in prison, but a judge eventually suspended all but one year of the sentence and gave Camacho probation. He served two weeks in jail after violating that probation.

2011 shooting
On February 12, 2011, Camacho was attacked near the Luis Lloréns Torres housing project in San Juan. Camacho said he was taking a friend to a nearby bar when two men approached his vehicle (a 2005 BMW X5) and tried to carjack him. When he tried to drive away, they shot at him three times.  He said that since "everybody loves me," he didn't think the men had realized who he was. He did not file a police report.

2012 shooting and death
On November 20, 2012, around 7 p.m. AST, Camacho was shot once in the jaw while sitting in a car, on Puerto Rico Highway 167, in Bayamón. Camacho, 50, was seated in the passenger seat of a friend's Ford Mustang when he was shot by unknown individuals from a passing SUV. The driver of the car, Adrian Mojica Moreno, Camacho's childhood friend, was killed in the attack. Camacho was taken to San Pablo Hospital in Bayamón, where he was reported to be in critical condition. Police said a chase took place and that the vehicle from which the shots were fired was found in the area of Jardines de Cataño. There were conflicting media reports, with an early claim that police arrested a suspect around 9 p.m. AST. Police investigating the incident said they found nine bags of cocaine in the car.

The bullet pierced Camacho's left mandible and fractured his fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae, lodging in his right shoulder and forming a lesion on his carotid artery that restricted blood flow to his brain. At one point doctors announced Camacho was expected to survive but might be paralyzed, but after he suffered a cardiac arrest during the night, doctors said they could find only minimal brain activity.  The morning after the shooting, Rafael Rodríguez Mercado, director of the Medical Sciences Campus, reported to El Nuevo Día that Camacho was brain stem dead. "His full recovery would be a miracle; medically there is nothing more that can be done," stated Rodríguez Mercado. This was confirmed the next morning by Ernesto Torres, director of the hospital.

Camacho's mother Maria Matias announced on November 23 plans to have her son taken off life support once his three remaining sons arrived in Puerto Rico to be with him. Héctor Camacho was officially declared dead after a heart attack the following day. It was not possible for any of his organs to be donated to recipients because of the time that had passed between him being found clinically brain dead and when his heart stopped.

He is survived by his parents, his sons, two grandsons, his brother Félix and his sisters Raquel, Estrella and Esperanza.  His oldest son, Hector Camacho Jr., said violence had overtaken Puerto Rico. "Death, jail, drugs, killings," he said. "That's what the streets are now."
Puerto Rico's former governor, Luis Fortuno, said "'Macho' will always be remembered for his spontaneity and charisma in and out of the ring." Puerto Rican governor-elect, Alejandro Garcia Padilla, said Camacho had "united the country"; "We celebrated his triumphs in the streets and we applauded him with noble sportsmanship when he didn't prevail."  Asked how he wished his son to be remembered, his father said for his clowning around and that he was a happy person, that he had revolutionized boxing by how he was dressed upon entering the ring.

Funeral and burial
After Camacho's death, his mother, María Matías, expressed the wish for her son to be buried in New York City, where he had grown up and started his fighting career. Camacho's son Héctor Camacho Jr. thought he should be buried in Puerto Rico, but agreed to his grandmother's and aunts' wishes.

Before being taken to the mainland United States, Camacho's body lay in state at the Puerto Rico Department of Sports and Recreation in Santurce. During the two days Camacho's body was on viewing, hundreds of people visited the facilities to pay tribute to the fighter.

Dozens of retired and active boxers from Puerto Rico and abroad were among those who participated in the funeral services. Among them were Félix "Tito" Trinidad, Wilfred Benítez, Wilfredo Gómez, John John Molina, Samuel Serrano, Román "Rocky" Martínez, Juan Manuel López, Nelson Dieppa, Alex "El Nene" Sánchez, Julian Solís, Manny Siaca, and the brothers McWilliams and McJoe Arroyo. Trinidad was outspoken in praise for his former rival, saying Camacho "put Puerto Rico's flag up high, with a lot of pride like many other champions have done. He was very loved. You can see how everybody has suffered the loss of this great human being, a great champion." Trinidad regretted the circumstances of the fatal shooting.

Camacho's body was flown to New York City on November 29 and presented at Elcock Funeral Home in Queens. On Friday, his body was taken to Saint Cecilia's Church in Manhattan for a religious service. Camacho was buried on December 1 in Saint Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx. Before the burial, a parade was held in Camacho's honor in East Harlem. Two white horses pulled a hearse carriage up First Avenue surrounded by fans, friends and family of the late boxer. Camacho's casket was draped in a Puerto Rican flag. After a visitation and mass at St. Cecilia's Church on East 106th Street on November 30 and December 1, Camacho was buried on the afternoon of December 1, 2012, in Saint Raymond's Cemetery, Bronx in the Throggs Neck section of the Bronx.

Aftermath and investigation
Almost ten years later, on March 9, 2022, the Department of Justice of Puerto Rico arrested five suspects. William Rodríguez Rodríguez, Luis Ayala García, and Joshua Méndez Romero were serving federal sentences for unrelated crimes, and were flown in from Florida as part of what police called "Operation Knockout." The fourth suspect, Jesús Naranjo Adorno, was arrested in morning hours in the same city where Camacho was killed, and the fifth suspect, Juan Luis Figueroa Rivera, remains in prison in Puerto Rico for an unrelated case. Authorities also stated that two other suspects were killed in 2013 and 2015, in unrelated events.

Legacy and honors
Several sports journalists, analysts, and experts from Puerto Rico and United States have praised Camacho's skills and influence in the boxing world. The journalist Rafael Bracero and Francisco Valcárcel, president of the World Boxing Organization, agreed that Camacho was among the "Top 5 Puerto Rican boxers" of all time, along with Félix "Tito" Trinidad, Wilfredo Gómez, and Wilfred Benítez. The boxing historian, Mario Rivera Martinó, praised Camacho, calling him a "complete fighter" in the Lightweight division. José Sulaimán stated that he "revolutionized boxing during his time".

Ed Brophy, director of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, noted Camacho's talents in attracting an audience. He said, "Camacho brought a lot of excitement to boxing. He was bright, colorful, and always gave something to talk about with his walks to the ring, with his unique style of entering, and the costumes he wore." Brophy also praised Camacho's boxing skills, describing him as "an exciting fighter, and one of the greats. He faced the best, going up and down several divisions." Alfredo R. Martínez, senior editor of ESPN Deportes, also noted Camacho's flamboyant approach, saying that "if he wasn't the first, he was one of the firsts that entered the ring with extravagant costumes, feather crests, bright clothes, everything to the rhythm of some pop song".

Hiram Martínez, senior editor of ESPN Deportes, said about Camacho's training:

he transforms into a hungry, focused, and dedicated boxer, that works hours and hours polishing his speed, his wit, and the style that turned him into one of the greats of all time. That's the only way you can explain why all those great hitters he faced during the best moments of his career never knocked him down.

Jaime Vega-Curry (deputy editor of ESPN Deportes), said Camacho was "a character that combined a contagious charisma, impressive boxing quality, a child's soul, a salesman's shrewdness, and a superlative confidence on himself and in the force of his 'Macho Time'"

Brophy noted Camacho would be eligible for the International Boxing Hall of Fame in December 2015. He added that "Camacho is part of boxing history, and that's what the International Boxing Hall of Fame is about."

Camacho, along with Lupe Pintor and Hilario Zapata, among others, was voted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in December 2015 and was inducted in June 2016.

Noted boxing biographer Christian Giudice wrote a book about Camacho's life titled Macho Time: The Meteoric Rise and Tragic Fall of Hector Camacho, which was released on October 20, 2020, by Hamilcar Publications.

Hector's fiancée, Shelly Salemassi, published a book of their real life story called The Lady and the Ten Time World Champ, Going The Distance With Hector Macho Camacho, which was released on December 1, 2021, by Page Publishing.

Marriage and family
Camacho had four sons, his oldest from an early relationship and three from his marriage. His eldest son, Héctor "Machito" Camacho Jr. (born 1978 in New York, when Camacho was 16), also became a professional boxer and has won a championship.

Camacho married Amy Torres in 1991, and they had three sons: Justin (born December 1, 1989), Christian (born 1992), and Tyler Camacho (born 1998). (The New York Times reports the youngest son's name as "Taylor".) In 1998 she obtained a restraining order against Camacho, alleging he had threatened her and one of their sons. They divorced in 2001. In March 2011, his ex-wife Amy Camacho and at least one son were living in Orange County, Florida when an argument between the boxer and his ex-wife caused neighbors to become alarmed and call police. His youngest son, Tyler, is also a boxer, as was his brother, Felix Camacho.

Together for 15 years, Hector was engaged to Shelly Salemassi. In 2003, The Press and Guide of Dearborn, Michigan printed an engagement notice between Camacho and Shelly Salemassi, along with a photograph of the couple.  Although they never married, the New York Post reported she was the only one of his former significant others to fly to Camacho's New York funeral.

Popular influence
During the peak of his career, Camacho became an icon in popular culture. He first appeared on Telemundo's Super Sábados, where he joined a musical sketch, "Macho Time", named after his catchphrase. During the 1990s, Camacho appeared in episodes of El Show del Mediodía, performing staged fights with Melwin Cedeño's character, Chevy, el Ponzoñú.

In 1992, Camacho invited Cedeño to sing a version with him of La Borinqueña before a fight, together with Pedro Guzmán, a fellow comedian/musician. The trio's publicity stunt drew strong criticism at the time. Camacho also appeared in the sitcom, The Wayans Bros., portraying Manuel "Hot Pepper" López. He staged a fight against the main character, Marlon "Suckerpunch" Williams (Marlon Wayans).

Due to his prominence, Camacho became the subject of cultural references in television, music and literature. Harry Mullan devoted a chapter to him, titled "It's Macho Time," in his The Book of Boxing Quotations (1988). In a 2003 episode of King of the Hill, titled "Boxing Luanne", the titular character Hank Hill remarks "Oh, I get it. A little flash… Like Héctor "Macho" Camacho". after placing tassels in the boxing outfit of Luanne Platter. Rapper Lil Wayne referred to Camacho and the professional wrestler "Macho Man" Randy Savage in his 2008 single, "Mr. Carter".

Following retirement, Camacho expanded his role as a television personality. In 2010, he took part in ¡Mira Quien Baila!, a reality show that is the American/Spanish-Speaking version of Dancing with the Stars. He was the first to be eliminated from the competition. Camacho later joined the Univision entertainment news program El Gordo y La Flaca as a Mira Quien Baila critic and entertainment world newscaster. In March 2012, Camacho starred on a dating game show titled It's Macho Time, where women competed to be his "girlfriend". Currently a written biography is being assembled by Emil "Rocco" Filerino, a lifelong friend and personal manager. Another biography, "Macho Time: The Meteoric Rise and Tragic Fall of Hector Camacho", by writer Christian Giudice, was published on October 20, 2020. In addition to those books, his son Hector Camacho Jr. wrote a collaboration with author Dustin Warburton and illustrator Dan Monroe, a comic book named "Macho Dad" in which Camacho is portrayed as a son-carrying, Puerto Rican flag-wearing superhero. Macho Dad was released on September 1, 2014.
Hector's fiancée, Shelly Salemassi, published a book of their real life story called "The Lady and the Ten Time World Champ, Going The Distance With Hector Macho Camacho", which was released on December 1, 2021, by Page Publishing ().

Professional boxing record

Pay-per-view bouts

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
List of boxing triple champions
List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions
Notable boxing families
 Sports in Puerto Rico

References

External links

Héctor Camacho Amateur Record at the BoxingRecords. Last updated March 1, 2006.

The Unsolved Murder of Hector Camacho

1962 births
2012 deaths
American people convicted of burglary
Burials at Saint Raymond's Cemetery (Bronx)
Converts to Christianity
Deaths by firearm in Puerto Rico
Male murder victims
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Bayamón, Puerto Rico
People from East Harlem
People murdered in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican Christians
Southpaw boxers
World Boxing Council champions
World Boxing Organization champions
Puerto Rican murder victims
Puerto Rican male boxers
Welterweight boxers
Light-middleweight boxers
Middleweight boxers
World super-featherweight boxing champions
World lightweight boxing champions
World light-welterweight boxing champions
Super-middleweight boxers
2012 murders in Puerto Rico
People from Bayamón, Puerto Rico

Héctor Camacho


The 4-Hour Body: An Uncommon Guide to Rapid Fat-Loss, Incredible Sex, and Becoming Superhuman is a nonfiction book by American writer Tim Ferriss. It was published by Crown Publishing Group in 2010.

It focuses on diet, with chapters on exercise, sleep, and sexual performance. It debuted at number one on the New York Times Bestseller List and spent three weeks in the top three. The book elicited some controversy for its claims.

Book
Ferriss said that he spent three years interviewing over 200 people, from doctors to athletes to black-market drug salesmen, in preparing the book.

The book advocates what Ferriss calls a "Slow-carb Diet", which imposes three cardinal strictures: eat a very simple set of meals repeatedly; focus on "slow carbs"; and allow one "cheat day" a week when all foods are allowed. The diet prohibits starches and all things sweet (including fruit and all artificial sweeteners), with strong preferences for lean protein and a few specific vegetables.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans do not specifically address the "Slow-carb Diet".

Reception
A review of The 4-Hour Body in WebMD was skeptical of the diet, quoting Barry Sears (creator of the Zone diet): "Skip the 4-hour body and opt for a 24-hour-365-day-a-year body, because you need a plan that makes sense that you can live with." In the same article, Michael Aziz (creator of the Perfect 10 Diet) claims the cheat day is "dangerous". On the other hand, the review praises the avoidance of "white" carbohydrates and the recommendation to eat the same few meals repeatedly.

The Harvard Business Review quoted Dr. Tieraona Low Dog: "many people will lose weight if they follow it, though I don't think that the diet is capable of all the claims in the book." Low Dog also warns about "the very limited number of vegetables to choose from," though in fact apart from starchy vegetables such as potatoes the Slow-carb Diet allows free choice in vegetables.

U.S. News quoted Scott Kahan (codirector of the George Washington University Weight Management Program) describing it "as another cockamamie fad diet" and expressing doubts about its sustainability.

The New York Times review stated "it's among the craziest, most breathless things I've ever read, and I've read Klaus Kinski, Dan Brown and Snooki." Ferriss was criticized for dispensing medical advice while not being a certified physician or dietician.

Marketing and sales
As part of the press for the book, Ferriss appeared as a guest on The Dr. Oz Show and ABC's The View.

Ferris describes a detailed marketing plan for promoting the book, including trailers, aggressively seeking out fitness and exercise bloggers and influencers, and prizes for readers who bought The 4-Hour Body package deals.

The 4-Hour Body debuted at number one on the New York Times Bestseller List and spent three weeks in the top three. It peaked at number four on both the Wall Street Journal and USA Today's lists, and was one of Amazon.com's top 5 bestselling books for December 2010 and January 2011.

See also
 Atkins diet
 List of diets
 Low-carbohydrate diet
 Low-glycemic diet
 Paleolithic diet

References

External links
 http://fourhourbody.com/

2010 non-fiction books
Self-help books
American non-fiction books
Fad diets
Books by Tim Ferriss

The 4-Hour Body


Salah Stétié () (28 September 1929 – 19 May 2020) was a Lebanese writer and poet who wrote in the French language. He also served in various diplomatic positions for Lebanon in countries such as Morocco and France. Although his mother tongue was Arabic, Stetie chose to write in French.

Biography
Salah Stetie was born on 28 September 1929 in Beirut, Lebanon to a bourgeois Sunni family. His father, Mahmoud Stetie, was a teacher and Arabic poet who provided his son with a solid foundation in Arabic and Muslim culture.

In his native country, he studied at the French Protestant College of Beirut, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, and the Graduate School of Arts of Beirut, where he studied Letters and Law under the tutelage of Gabriel Bounoure, whom he considered a spiritual teacher. He then studied Orientalism at the Sorbonne in 1951 under a scholarship. His time in Paris proved influential; he published the books Le Voyage D'Alep and Mercure De France, and became friends with a number of French poets including Yves Bonnefoy. Paris became one of two "mental poles" for Stetie; this is to say, he came to think of himself just as much a Francophone and Parisian as he did an Arab and Lebanese. In 1955 he returned to Lebanon where he taught at the Lebanese Academy of Beaux-Arts, Graduate School of Arts of Beirut, and the University of Beirut, where he taught until 1961 when his diplomatic career began.

In the 1960s,  he served as a Lebanese Cultural Diplomat in Paris and Occidental Europe, and also as UNESCO's delegate for Lebanon. In 1982 he began a tenure as a Lebanese diplomat in the Netherlands, a position he held until 1984 when he was appointed as a diplomat in Morocco. In 1987 he was appointed Secretary General of the Department of Foreign Affairs in his home country, before returning to his diplomatic position in the Netherlands in 1991. In 1992, he retired to Le Tremblay-sur-Mauldre.

He died in Paris on May 19, 2020

Works in English

Works in French
 1964: "La nymphe des rats"
 1972: "La Mort Abeille"
 1973: "L'eau Froide Gardée"
 1973: "Fragments: Poèmes"
 1978: "André Piyere de Mandiargues"
 1979: "Obscure Lampe De Cela"
 1980: "La Unième Nuit"
 1980: "Ur En Poèsie"
 1980: "Inversion de L'arbe et du Silence"
 1983: "L'Etre Poupée"
 1983: "Colombe D'Aquiline"
 1984: "Nuage Avec des Voix"
 1984:  "Firdaws, essai sur les jardins et les contre-jardins de l'Islam"
 1988: "Incises"
 1991: "Le Voyage D'Alep"
 1991: "Les sept Dormants au péril de la poésie"
 1992: " L'épée des larmes"
 1996:  "Archer Aveugle"
 1996: "Lecture D'Une Femme"

References

External links
Banipal - Magazine of Modern Arab Literature
"The Arabic Language Is Outmoded" - Interview with Salah Stétié (Qantara.de)

2020 deaths
Writers from Beirut
Lebanese Sunni Muslims
20th-century Lebanese poets
Saint Joseph University alumni
Lebanese male poets
French-language poets
20th-century male writers
1929 births

Salah Stétié


Marcel Glesener (born 17 April 1937 in Esch-sur-Alzette) is a Luxembourgish politician and trade unionist.  He is a member of the Christian Social People's Party (CSV), sitting in the national legislature, the Chamber of Deputies.

Glesener has been a member of the CSV since 1957.  He was President of the CSV-leaning Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions (LCGB) between 1980 and 1996, succeeding Jean Spautz.  Glesener was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the 1989 elections, representing the Sud constituency.  He has sat in the Chamber ever since, having been re-elected in 1994, 1999, and 2004.

He has been a regular representative of the Chamber of Deputies in international organisations.  Glesener has been a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and a member of, and leader of the Luxembourgian delegation to, the Assembly of the Western European Union (WEU) since 1999.  The latter includes spells as Vice-President (2000 – 03) and President (2003 – 04).

Footnotes

External links
  Chamber of Deputies official profile

|-

Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg) from Sud
Christian Social People's Party politicians
Luxembourgian trade unionists
1937 births
Living people
People from Esch-sur-Alzette

Marcel Glesener


Antonio Iranzo (4 May 1930 – 7 July 2003) was a Spanish film actor in 77 feature films. He gained popularity for his acting in Island of the Damned and Cut - Throats Nine.

Iranzo began his artistic career in the theater, while working as a radio announcer. Later he joined the Nuria Espert Company and made his film debut in 1963 with La chica del auto-stop directed by Miguel Lluch.

His physique and hoarse voice helped him get the chance to play the supporting character in various films including Mario Camus The Legend of Mayor of Zalamea (1973), Gonzalo Suárez's The Regent (1974), Narciso Ibáñez Serrador's Who Can Kill a Child? (1975), Hidden Pleasures (1977), The tobacconist of Vallecas (1986) (the latter two by Eloy de la Iglesia),  the TV miniseries Riders of the Dawn (1990) and Vicente Aranda's Libertarias (1996).

Iranzo had a well known career on stage, which particularly excelled in his interpretations of classics from the Golden Age. Some of the works featuring him were Adolfo Marsillach and Molière's Tartuffe (1969), Felix Lope de Vega's The Star of Seville (1958), Max Frisch's Andorra (1971), Adolfo Marsillach's Flower of Holiness (1973), Arnold Wesker and Irene Gutiérrez Caba's Chicken Soup with Oats (1978), Martín Recuerda's The Arrecogías the Beguinage of St. Mary of Egypt (1977), José María Rodríguez Méndez's Weddings that were famous in the Rag and Fandanga (1978), Miguel de Cervantes's The Baths of Algiers (1979) and The Roll Lavapies (1979), Woody Allen's Aspirin for Two (1980), Santiago Moncada's Ears of the Wolf (1980), Martin Recuerda's The Deceiting (1981), Miguel Mihura's Peach in Syrup (1982), Ibsen's Mallard (1982), Euripides's Fedra (1984), Shakespeare's Julius Caesar (1988), Alejandro Casona's The Third Word (1992).

Iranzo also had a prolific career in television; he played several characters in dramas TVE as Study 1 or Novel, Time Eleven or Fictions.

His deep voice helped him in standing out as a voice actor, remembered for being among other characters as BA Baracus in the television series El equipo A.

He was the winner of the 1966's Silver Frames Award for Best Actor of Spanish cinema for the film Burnt Skin (). The film was directed by Josep Maria Forn and depicted the social problems of Spain during the decade. In the film Iranzo played the character of an Andalusian worker named Jose who works in Costa Brava and falls in love with a Belgian tourist while his family including wife and two children struggle to reach him.

In 2014 the film Who can Kill a Child? was shown at Denver Film Society's Stanley Film Festival.

Selected filmography
 Inquisition (1976)

References

External links

1930 births
2003 deaths
Spanish male film actors
Actors from the Valencian Community
Spanish male stage actors

Antonio Iranzo


Desmond Randolph Chumney (born 8 January 1968) is a Canadian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler. He played 13 One Day Internationals for Canada, including the 2003 World Cup.

When Canada beat Bangladesh in that World Cup, Chumney ran around the field with a Canada flag. He also played in three ICC Intercontinental Cup matches, three ICC Trophy tournaments and the 2004 ICC Americas Championship. He was selected for the 2007 Cricket World Cup and made 27* in his last appearance for Canada.

References

1968 births
Living people
Canadian cricketers
Canada One Day International cricketers
Saint Kitts and Nevis emigrants to Canada
Kittitian cricketers

Desmond Chumney