Porter's Mills, also called Porterville, was a logging boomtown in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, United States, between Brunswick and Eau Claire, at 44° 46' 15" N 91° 34' 01" W. at an elevation of 771 feet.

History
The first sawmill at the site of Porter's Mills was built in 1863. The prime mill sites in Eau Claire had already been taken, so Charles Warner built this mill four miles below Eau Claire on the Chippewa River, near a natural slough which worked reasonably well for holding logs.

In 1864 Warner sold the mill to the firm of Porter, Brown & Meredith, who operated it for two years until it burned in 1866. After the fire, Gilbert E. Porter bought out the shares of his partners. He and his men rebuilt the mill in 30 days, with twice the capacity. Porter had grown up on a farm in Michigan, taught school there, worked for the Chapman and Thorp Lumber Company in Eau Claire, and managed the Eau Claire Free Press. In 1867 Delos R. Moon bought half the business. Porter and Moon's enterprise later became the Northwestern Lumber Company, after adding other partners.

The mill was chiefly fed pine logs which were cut upstream in the Chippewa valley and floated down in spring log drives. They were held floating in the mill's booms until they could be sawed. Early on, the mill used circle saws and gang saws. Later some of these were replaced by a band saw. There was also a shingle mill, a planing mill, trimmers, edgers, kilns, and drying sheds. In the early years, most of the output - lumber, shingles and lath - was floated down the Chippewa to Northwestern's lumberyard in Hannibal, Missouri. In 1883 the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul Railroad built a line through Porter's Mills, and began shipping products west by rail, to places like Minnesota and South Dakota.

By 1873 Porter's Mills provided thirty-two houses for married employees. Other employees owned their own homes in town. The town was dry like many company towns. Relations were generally good between company and employees. For example, when millworkers in Eau Claire went on strike for a ten-hour workday in 1881, the workers at Porter's Mills outside of town didn't join the strike. The town suffered various floods and fires, but people pulled together and the town grew.

In 1888, the mill produced 45,000,000 feet of lumber, 25,000,000 shingles, and 10,000,000 lath. At its peak around 1890, it employed almost 500 workers. The town had a public school, a post office, churches, a blacksmith, the company store, candy stores, a shoe shop, a hotel, a library association, and a population of over 1,100. Many of the residents were of Scandinavian origin and in 1890 a resident complained that the town hadn't seen an English-speaking preacher in three months.

Eventually the pine timber upriver ran out. Northwestern Lumber started to cut back its operations at Porter's Mills in 1891, moving the offices to Stanley, Wisconsin, where Northwestern Lumber had another mill. The last mill in Porter's Mills was dismantled in 1899, and the population moved on, to Stanley, Eau Claire or elsewhere. By 1904, the town had ceased to be.

Notable residents

William Lyman Smith, later to be a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and Wisconsin State Senate, grew up and went to public school in Porter's Mills.

References

Further reading
 Randall Rohe's book is the source of almost everything above.  Along with a lot more detail, it contains old photos and maps.
 "Former Residents of Porter's Mills will Hold Reunion Today on Site of Old Town, Now Fields of Waving Grain", Eau Claire Leader, July 27, 1919

Populated places in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin
Ghost towns in Wisconsin
Logging communities in the United States

Porter's Mills, Wisconsin


Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German born American anthropologist. He is considered by many to have been the 'Father of American Anthropology.' While today archaeology, cultural anthropology , linguistics, and Biological anthropology are often considered somewhat separate discipline, Boas had a holistic approach, meaning to him they were a unified discipline.

Early life
Boas was born in Germany to Jewish parents. His parents were rich, well educated, and sought to expose him to the values of the enlightenment. This resulted in Boas did not identifying as Jewish, and left him with a dislike of religion. Because of parents, he received a very strong early education. Boas studied natural history in primary school, and in secondary school he researched the natural range of plants.

Early Academic Career
Franz Boas attended Heidelberg University for one semester, before transferring to Bonn University where he studied mathematics, physics, and geography.

He received a doctorate in physics in 1881 from the University of Kiel. By today's standards Boas' doctorate would be closer to a degree in geography than physics.

Emigration to America
Boas first traveled to Baffin Island in 1883 to study the native Inuit to see what role the environment plays in their migrations. He published his findings in 1888. Boas returned to Germany for a time, but due to rising antisemitism he decided to emigrate to the United States. He worked as an editor for Science and as a docent of anthropology at Clark University. He left the university in 1892. He went north to collect ethnographic material for the 1893 World's Colombian Exposition. After the exposition the material was given to the Field museum in Chicago, here Boas became the curator for anthropology. During this time Boas became involved in the Fin de Siècle debates. It was here he argued for separating natural sciences from the humanities. He also began the ground work that would eventually grow into historical particularism: the idea that every aspect of a culture has a unique history.

University of Colombia
Boas eventually settled at the University of Colombia in 1896. There, he created the first PhD program for anthropology in the United States. He taught his most famous students, who included: Alfred Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Edward Sapir, and Zora Neale Hurston.

Later life
Franz Boas was censored by the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in December 1919 for a publication he wrote denouncing anthropologists who became involved with the war effort during the First World War. This persisted for the remainder of his life, not being reversed until 2005. He was very critical of Nazism as well as critical of the radical the war effort in the United States. Boas was also involved with combating racism. In 1963 Thomas Gossett claimed that "It is possible that Boas did more to combat race prejudice than any other person in history." Franz Boas died of a stroke on December 21, 1942.  According to legend he died in the arms of none other than Claude Levi-Strauss.

Contributions to Anthropology
Franz Boas is often credited with the development of 'historical particularism', as well as 'cultural relativism.' Boas was a founding member of the American Anthropology Association (AAA) and served as one of the organization's first vice presidents.

References

1858 births
1942 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German geographers
American geographers
American anthropologists

Franz Boas


An audio signal is a representation of sound, typically using either a changing level of electrical voltage for analog signals, or a series of binary numbers for digital signals. Audio signals have frequencies in the audio frequency range of roughly 20 to 20,000 Hz, which corresponds to the lower and upper limits of human hearing. Audio signals may be synthesized directly, or may originate at a transducer such as a microphone, musical instrument pickup, phonograph cartridge, or tape head. Loudspeakers or headphones convert an electrical audio signal back into sound.

Digital audio systems represent audio signals in a variety of digital formats.

An audio channel or audio track is an audio signal communications channel in a storage device or mixing console.  It is used in operations such as multi-track recording and sound reinforcement.

Signal flow
Signal flow is the path an audio signal will take from source to the speaker or recording device. Signal flow may be short and simple as in a home audio system or long and convoluted in a recording studio and larger sound reinforcement system as the signal may pass through many sections of a large mixing console, external audio equipment, and even different rooms.

Parameters
Audio signals may be characterized by parameters such as their bandwidth, nominal level, power level in decibels (dB), and voltage level. The relationship between power and voltage is determined by the impedance of the signal path. Signal paths may be single-ended or balanced.

Audio signals have somewhat standardized levels depending on the application. Outputs of professional mixing consoles are most commonly at line level. Consumer audio equipment will also output at a lower line level. Microphones generally output at an even lower level, known as mic level.

Digital equivalent
The digital form of an audio signal is used in audio plug-ins and digital audio workstation (DAW) software. The digital information passing through the DAW (i.e. from an audio track through a plug-in and out a hardware output) is an audio signal.

A digital audio signal can be sent over optical fiber, coaxial and twisted pair cable. A line code and potentially a communication protocol are applied to render a digital signal for a transmission medium. Digital audio transports include ADAT, TDIF, TOSLINK, S/PDIF, AES3, MADI, audio over Ethernet and audio over IP.

See also

Analog recording
Audio editing software
Audio engineer
Audio signal processing
Digital recording
Equalization (audio)
Professional audio
Psychoacoustics
Sound intensity
Sound recording and reproduction
Stereophonic sound
Surround sound

References

External links

Musical terminology
Sound production technology
Audio engineering

Audio signal


Spook-a-Rama is a dark ride haunted attraction from the Pretzel Amusement Ride Company located at Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park on Coney Island and run by Million Amusement Corp. It opened in 1955. The rider is pulled around in a car resembling an old wooden barrel. These barrels look like connected cars, but separate from each other at the beginning of the ride, so the rider must go in alone, passing paintings that change imagery, and a skeleton before the car itself forces the doors open. Inside, the ride is one large, poorly lit room. The ride had a major renovation done by Scarefactory Inc of Columbus, Ohio prior to the 2013 season.

Some of the old views included zombies, the face of an ogre composed of light bulbs, a demon slashing an axe toward the rider, a man in a straitjacket being electrically shocked, heads popping out of barrels, and a gruesome man being killed in an electric chair. On the way out of the ride, stringy objects hang from the ceiling that provided an extra fright.

These old scenes inside the ride have been replaced. New scenes include several skeletons emerging from a crypt and two giant rats. At least two air cannons have been installed in the ride. There is also a camera that takes photos of guests when they're hit with the first air cannon.

The ride would last about 45 seconds and proceed in roughly a u-shape, with small sharp curves. At one time, the ride ran over ten minutes and was billed as the longest ride on Coney Island, and the longest spook ride in the world. The current area is less than one-third of the original ride, and its views may be quite different from what was once located there. The arcade and shooting gallery that now stand next to it were once part of the ride, while another portion of the ride was outdoors, the displays there lit only at night. This area is now the walled walkway to the children's portion of the park.

 the admission price is $8.00, or 8 credits at Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park.

See also
 Dante's Inferno
 Ghost Hole
 Haunted Mansion, dark rides at Disney theme parks

References

External links
 Spook-a-Rama 50th birthday

Dark rides
Coney Island

Spook-a-Rama


KMTV-TV (channel 3) is a television station in Omaha, Nebraska, United States, affiliated with CBS. Owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, the station has studios on Mockingbird Drive in southwest Omaha, and its transmitter is located on a "tower farm" near North 72nd Street and Crown Point Avenue in north-central Omaha. It also doubles as a secondary CBS station in the Platte Purchase area (northern portions of the St. Joseph, Missouri television market) alongside local affiliate KCJO-LD.

History
KMTV began broadcasting on September 1, 1949, as the second oldest television station in Nebraska. It operated as a CBS affiliate, but carried secondary affiliations with ABC and the DuMont Television Network. The station's call letters were originally intended to be KMA-TV, reflecting its first owner, Shenandoah, Iowa-based May Broadcasting, which owned KMA (960 AM) in that community. However, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) refused to authorize those calls, as Shenandoah was not considered to be part of the Omaha market at the time. FCC regulations of the era did not allow television and radio stations to share the same base call sign if they were located in separate markets. May requested the alternate KMTV calls instead. The station originally operated from studios located at 2615 Farnam Street in downtown Omaha, seven blocks east of WOW-TV (channel 6, now WOWT, at 3501 Farnam).

KMTV briefly dropped ABC programming when KFOR-TV signed on from Lincoln in 1953. The network returned to KMTV when the FCC separated Lincoln to form its own market a year later. In 1956, KMTV switched affiliations with WOW-TV and became an NBC affiliate. This was part of CBS' multi-year, five-station affiliation deal with Meredith Corporation, as a compensation for Phoenix sister station KPHO to lose affiliation with network (KCMO-AM-FM-TV also switched to the network several months earlier). It also lost DuMont programming that same year when that network ceased operations. In September 1957, KMTV dropped its secondary ABC affiliation when KETV signed on as an exclusive affiliate of the network, from studios on Douglas Street just north of channel 3's facility.

In 1978, KMTV relocated to its current studio facilities near 108th and Mockingbird Drive; the station's auxiliary transmitter remains at the station's former studio location. In 1986, KMTV and WOWT entered into an agreement which allowed them to return to their original affiliations; as a result, KMTV rejoined CBS after 30 years with NBC on June 29, 1986. A few months after returning to CBS, May sold both of its television stations—KMTV and KGUN-TV in Tucson, Arizona—to Lee Enterprises after over 37 years of ownership. Lee sold its entire broadcasting division, including KMTV, to Emmis Communications in October 2000. In 2005, Emmis announced its exit from television station ownership to concentrate on its radio station properties, selling most non-license assets of KMTV as well as outright ownership of KGUN to the Journal Broadcast Group. The sale closed in late December of that year. At that point, Journal took over control of KMTV through a time brokerage agreement.

In late January 2007, Journal announced the sale of radio station KOMJ (1490 AM) to Cochise Broadcasting LLC, in order to purchase KMTV outright. The sale of KOMJ was necessary because Journal already owned the maximum number of broadcasting properties in the Omaha media market as designated by the FCC. The transactions were completed on March 27, 2007.

As of July 2013 within a month-long dispute between Journal and Time Warner Cable, KMTV was removed from the Time Warner system in Lincoln and replaced by GSN, and KOLN was solidified as the only CBS affiliate on that system.

On July 30, 2014, it was announced that The E. W. Scripps Company would acquire Journal Communications in an all-stock transaction. The combined firm will retain their broadcast properties, including KMTV, and spin off their print assets as Journal Media Group. The FCC approved the deal on December 12, 2014. It was approved by shareholders on March 11, 2015. The merger was completed on April 1, 2015.

Programming
KMTV formerly served as the Omaha "Love Network" affiliate of the MDA Labor Day Telethon, until the organization's 2013 move from a syndicated broadcast to a network telecast on ABC.

Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune both formerly ran on KMTV, which respectively carried the game shows at 4:30 and 6:30 p.m. weekdays until Jeopardy! moved to WOWT and Wheel moved to KETV, both in September 1994 (Jeopardy! initially ran on KETV from 1984 to 1986, when it moved to KMTV; it began airing Wheel in January 1984). Live! with Kelly also aired on KMTV (as far back as the Regis and Kathie Lee era) until 2012, when the show moved to Fox affiliate KPTM.

The station also ran a long-running children's religious show that debuted in 1961 called Ms. Jean's Storytime, which ended in September 2011 after a 50-year run.

In August 2012, the station began carrying Green Bay Packers preseason football games, as part the team's "official broadcaster" deal with Journal, which in addition to owning KMTV and WTMJ, also owns Green Bay's WGBA-TV, a deal which continues under Scripps ownership.

News operation
KMTV presently broadcasts 29 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with five hours each weekday and two hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). For most of the time since the early 1960s, KMTV has been the third rated station in the Omaha market.

Over the years, KMTV underwent many identity changes to keep up with broadcasting trends, as well to keep up in the local ratings race. The station's newscasts were once known as KMTV News; NewsCenter 3; Channel 3 News; KMTV News 3; KM3 News; and most recently as Action 3 News; today, the station's newscasts are known as 3 News Now. Former NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw worked at the station as a reporter from 1962 to 1965.

In 2002, KMTV discontinued its 6 p.m. newscast and replaced it with syndicated tabloid programs. That same year, sports segments were dropped from the 10 p.m. newscast, and were replaced with a nightly commentary segment called "For What It's Worth" that was presented by then-sports director Travis Justice. In late 2005, KMTV discontinued "For What It's Worth," returning to the traditional sports segment.

KMTV returned a newscast to the 6 p.m. timeslot on September 5, 2006, coinciding with Katie Couric's debut as anchor of the CBS Evening News. The station has also taken on the glossy imaging and graphics packages seen on most other Journal stations, though with differing fonts and colors. On December 22, 2006, the station announced it would not be renewing the contracts of evening news anchors Deborah Ward and Greg Peterson; the two were replaced by Carol Wang and Carlo Cecchetto on January 22, 2007.

On July 11, 2009, KMTV became the first commercial television station in Omaha, and the second commercial station in the state of Nebraska (after KOLN and PBS member station NET, both in Lincoln) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in 16:9 widescreen standard definition. In October 2013, KMTV became the third commercial station in Omaha (after WOWT and KPTM) to broadcast its newscasts in high definition.

In late 2013 and early 2014, KMTV added one and one-half hours worth of new news programming. On July 15, 2013, KMTV announced that it would launch a weekday half-hour 4:00 p.m. newscast; the program made its debut September 23, 2013, the newscast was then expanded to an hour. In January 2014 KMTV began broadcasting an early morning show focused on weather. Early Riser runs from 4:30 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. and features Ryan McPike covering the weather for the upcoming day. The station's 4 p.m. newscast became Upfront at 4 with the 2015–16 season, its first full season under Scripps ownership.

On March 8, 2017, KMTV introduced a new virtual set and re-branded its newscasts as 3 News Now. The station also switched to the standard Scripps graphics package and Stephen Arnold's "Inergy" music package to match other Scripps sister stations.

In January 2019, KMTV slashed at least half of its newscast schedule. The noon newscast was dropped to make way for Right This Minute, one of Scripps' original co-productions; the hour-long 4 p.m. newscast was also dropped to make way for The List and Entertainment Tonight; the 5 p.m. newscast became a mix of local and national stories and was renamed The NOW Omaha; the weeknight 6 p.m. newscast was expanded to a full hour; and the early-evening weekend half-hour newscasts on Saturdays at 6 p.m. and on Sundays at 5:30 p.m. were discontinued in favor of syndicated programming. As of May 2020, a traditional newscast has returned to the weekday 5 p.m. slot and the half-hour noon newscast has been reinstated.

Notable former on-air staff
 Tom Brokaw – reporter (1960s; former anchor of the NBC Nightly News, later contributor at NBC News; retired)
 Dick Fletcher – meteorologist (late 1970s; moved to WTSP in St. Petersburg in 1980; died February 26, 2008)
 Bill Fries - commercials (1950–1960; later become more famous for his character C. W. McCall)
 Dale Hansen – sports reporter (1970s; now sports director for WFAA in Dallas; retired)
 Mary Hart – anchor (mid-1970s; later co-anchor of syndicated entertainment news show Entertainment Tonight)
 Floyd Kalber – anchor (1950s; later with NBC News; died in 2004)
 Jon Kelley – reporter (1990–1991; later weekend co-host of syndicated entertainment news show Extra, later host of The Mole on ABC, later with KNTV in San Jose/San Francisco/Oakland, now host of Funny You Should Ask)
 Chuck Roberts – anchor (1975–1981; later at CNN Headline News)

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

KMTV was the last television station in the market to begin carrying a digital subchannel; digital subchannel 3.2 was originally affiliated with TheCoolTV starting in late 2010 or early 2011, but dropped the network on October 1, 2011, in favor of Live Well Network as part of a compensation dispute between Journal Broadcast Group and TheCoolTV's parent company Cool Music Network, LLC. In turn, Antenna TV took LWN's place on December 29, 2014.

In late 2021, Grit and Court TV switched places at 3.2 and 3.5.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KMTV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 3, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 45, using PSIP to display KMTV's virtual channel as 3 on digital television receivers. Although KMTV never had a "-TV" suffix affixed to its call sign from the beginning, it (along with other Journal-owned television stations which previously did not have a -TV suffix in their calls) officially added one to the callsign on June 19.

References

External links

Television stations in Omaha, Nebraska
CBS network affiliates
Court TV affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
Grit (TV network) affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1949
E. W. Scripps Company television stations
College World Series
1949 establishments in Nebraska

KMTV-TV


Douglas Ahlstedt (born 16 March 1945, Jamestown, New York) is an American operatic tenor who had an international performance career with major opera houses from the 1970s through the 1990s. He currently teaches on the voice faculty at Carnegie Mellon University.

Early life and career
Born in Jamestown, New York, Ahlstedt attended and performed with the American Boychoir School in Princeton, NJ in his youth. He sang in his first opera while still a child, portraying the role of Miles in the United States premiere of Benjamin Britten's The Turn of the Screw with the New York College of Music in 1958. He earned a bachelor's degree in vocal performance from the State University of New York at Fredonia and a master's degree in vocal performance from the Eastman School of Music.

In 1972 Ahlstedt made his debut at the San Francisco Opera as Koby in the United States premiere of Gottfried von Einem's Der Besuch der alten Dame. That same year he made his debut at the Tanglewood Music Festival as the Boy in Ian Strasfogel's The Yes Men, and was also heard at Tanglewood that year as Soldato pretoriano in L'incoronazione di Poppea.

In 1973 Ahlstedt won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions. He made his debut on the Met stage in September 1973 as Borsa in Rigoletto with Louis Quilico in the title role. He appeared at the Met in multiple roles, both leading and minor, over the next three seasons, including Benvolio in Roméo et Juliette, Brighella in Ariadne auf Naxos, Count Almaviva in The Barber of Seville, Danieli in I vespri siciliani, Edmondo in Manon Lescaut, Fenton in Falstaff, the First Prisoner in Fidelio, Froh in Das Rheingold, Gastone in La traviata, Lindoro in L'Italiana in Algeri, the Lover in Il tabarro, Major-domo in Der Rosenkavalier, Nathanael in The Tales of Hoffmann, a Priest in The Magic Flute, the Sailor's Voice in Tristan Und Isolde, and the Third Esquire in Parsifal.

In 1973, Ahlstedt appeared on the TV game show To Tell The Truth.(episode 1643). He received two of the four votes from the panel, and sang the Italian Tenor's aria from Der Rosenkavalier (with piano).

Later life and career
From 1975-1984 Ahlstedt was a resident artist at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein in Düsseldorf, Germany. He then became a resident artist at the Vienna State Opera for the next decade. He also made guest appearances at the Holland Festival (1977), the Grand Théâtre de Genève (1978), the Dutch National Opera (1979), the Zurich Opera (1980-1981), the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux (1981), the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma (1982), the Hamburg State Opera (1982-1984), the Opéra d'Avignon (1983), the Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe (1984-1987), the Vlaamse Opera (1985), the Municipal Theatre of Santiago (1985 and 1987), the National Theatre Prague (1987), the Teatro di San Carlo (1988), the Teatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro) (1989), the Bavarian State Opera (1990), and the Stuttgart State Opera (1991) among others. He also performed at the 1985 and 1987 Salzburg Festival as Anfinomo in Monteverdi's Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria.

In 1979 Ahlstedt made his debut at the Opera Company of Philadelphia as Don Ramiro in La cenerentola with Maria Ewing in the title role. He also made guest appearances at the Florentine Opera in 1976 and the Dallas Opera in 1987.

In 1983 Ahlstedt returned to New York City to sing Idreno in a concert version of Semiramide at Avery Fisher Hall presented by the American Symphony Orchestra with June Anderson in the title role, Marilyn Horne as Arsace, and Samuel Ramey as Assace. That same year he returned to the Met after a seven-year absence as Iopas in Les Troyens. He appeared in several more operas at the Met over the next five years, including Count Almaviva, Fenton, Lindoro, and the title role in Pelléas et Mélisande. His final appearance on the Met stage was on April 14, 1988 as Ferrando in Così Fan Tutte.

References

1945 births
Living people
American operatic tenors
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Eastman School of Music alumni
People from Jamestown, New York
State University of New York at Fredonia alumni
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
20th-century American male opera singers
Singers from New York (state)

Douglas Ahlstedt


Devon Gearhart (born May 5, 1995) is an American actor.

Early life
Gearhart was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, and began acting at the age of seven, landing national commercials with Burger King, PBS, Pizza Hut and the Cartoon Network. Gearhart's movie debut came in 2004 when he landed the role of Young Bobby in Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius. He currently lives in Los Angeles, California.

Career
Gearhart appeared in the television movies The Brooke Ellison Story directed by Christopher Reeve and Warm Springs, playing the son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

Gearhart landed lead roles in two independent films, with the stories of each film being told through the eyes of his characters. The first of the films was Canvas, in which he starred opposite Marcia Gay Harden and Joe Pantoliano. The second film was Dog Days of Summer in which he starred opposite Will Patton and Colin Ford. Earlier in 2005, Gearhart had starred as Jake in the Life Is My Movie production Little Men.

Gearhart portrayed Naomi Watts' and Tim Roth's son in Michael Haneke's Funny Games, which premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. Gearhart also appeared in Clint Eastwood's Changeling in 2008.

In 2009, he appeared in the Robert Rodriguez film, Shorts. In addition to films, Gearhart has appeared in television shows including Lost and Law & Order: SVU.

Filmography

Television

References

External links

1995 births
American male film actors
American male child actors
Living people
Male actors from Atlanta

Devon Gearhart


The University of Warsaw (, ) is a public research university in Warsaw, Poland. Established in 1816, it is the largest institution of higher learning in the country, offering 37 different fields of study as well as 100 specializations in humanities, technical, and the natural sciences.

The University of Warsaw consists of 126 buildings and educational complexes with over 18 faculties: biology, chemistry, journalism and political science, philosophy and sociology, physics, geography and regional studies, geology, history, applied linguistics and philology, Polish language, pedagogy, economics, law and public administration, psychology, applied social sciences, management and mathematics, computer science and mechanics.

Among the university's notable alumni are heads of state, prime ministers, Nobel Prize laureates, including Sir Joseph Rotblat and Olga Tokarczuk as well as several historically important individuals in their respective fields, such as Frédéric Chopin, Hilary Koprowski, Bohdan Paczyński, Bolesław Prus, Wacław Sierpiński, Alfred Tarski, Ludwik Zamenhof and Florian Znaniecki.

History

Beginnings under Alexander I (1816–1918)

In 1795, the partitions of Poland left Warsaw with access only to the Academy of Vilnius when the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, became part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1815, the newly established semi-autonomous polity of Congress Poland found itself without a university at all, as Vilnius was incorporated into the Russian Empire. In 1816, Alexander I permitted the Polish authorities to create a university, comprising five departments: Law and Administration, Medicine, Philosophy, Theology, and Art and Humanities. The university soon grew to 800 students and 50 professors. After most of the students and professors took part in the November 1830 Uprising the university was closed down; it was again closed after the failed January Uprising of 1863. As a consequence, all Polish-language schools were prohibited by the Imperial Russian government which controlled Congress Poland. During its short existence, the university educated thousands of students, many of whom became part of the backbone of the Polish intelligentsia.

In 1915, during the First World War, Warsaw was seized by German Empire and the occupying German authorities allowed a certain degree of liberalization to gain military support from the Poles. In accordance with the concept of Mitteleuropa, the Germans permitted several Polish social and educational societies to be recreated, including the University of Warsaw. The Polish language was reintroduced, but, in order to maintain Polish patriotic movement in control, the number of lecturers was kept low. No limits on the number of students; between 1915 and 1918 the number of alumni rose from a mere 1,000 to over 4,500.

Second Polish Republic (1918–1939)

After Poland regained its independence in 1918, the University of Warsaw began to grow very quickly. It was reformed; all the important posts (the rector, senate, deans and councils) became democratically elected, and the state spent considerable amounts of money to modernize and equip it. Many professors returned from exile and cooperated in the effort. By the late 1920s the level of education in Warsaw had reached that of western Europe.

By the beginning of the 1930s the University of Warsaw had become the largest university in Poland, with over 250 lecturers and 10,000 students. However, the financial problems of the newly reborn state did not allow for free education, and students had to pay a tuition fee for their studies (an average monthly salary, for a year). Also, the number of scholarships was very limited, and only approximately 3% of students were able to get one. Despite these economic problems, the University of Warsaw grew rapidly. New departments were opened, and the main campus was expanded. After the death of Józef Piłsudski the Senate of the University of Warsaw changed its name to "Józef Piłsudski University of Warsaw" (Uniwersytet Warszawski im. Józefa Piłsudskiego). The Sanacja government proceeded to limit the autonomy of the universities. Professors and students remained divided for the rest of the 1930s as the system of segregated seating for Jewish students, known as ghetto benches, was introduced.

World War II (1939–1945)

After the Polish Defensive War of 1939 the German authorities of the General Government closed all the institutions of higher education in Poland. The equipment and most of the laboratories were taken to Germany and divided amongst the German universities while the main campus of the University of Warsaw was turned into military barracks.

German racial theories assumed that no education of Poles was needed and the whole nation was to be turned into uneducated serfs of the German race. Education in Polish was banned and punished with death. However, many professors organized the so-called "Secret University of Warsaw" (Tajny Uniwersytet Warszawski). The lectures were held in small groups in private apartments and the attendants were constantly risking discovery and death. However, the net of underground faculties spread rapidly and by 1944 there were more than 300 lecturers and 3,500 students at various courses.

Many students took part in the Warsaw Uprising as soldiers of the Armia Krajowa and Szare Szeregi. The German-held campus of the university was turned into a fortified area with bunkers and machine gun nests. It was located close to the buildings occupied by the German garrison of Warsaw. Heavy fights for the campus started on the first day of the Uprising, but the partisans were not able to break through the gates. Several assaults were bloodily repelled and the campus remained in German hands until the end of the fights. During the uprising and the occupation 63 professors were killed, either during fights or as an effect of German policy of extermination of Polish intelligentsia. The university lost 60% of its buildings during the fighting in 1944. A large part of the collection of priceless works of art and books donated to the university was either destroyed or transported to Germany, never to return.

Post-war and the People's Republic (1945–1989)

After World War II it was not clear whether the university would be restored or whether Warsaw itself would be rebuilt. However, many professors who had survived the war returned, and began organizing the university from scratch. In December 1945, lectures resumed for almost 4,000 students in the ruins of the campus, and the buildings were gradually rebuilt. Until the late 1940s the university remained relatively independent. However, soon the communist authorities started to impose political controls, and the period of Stalinism started. Many professors were arrested by the Urząd Bezpieczeństwa (Secret Police), the books were censored and ideological criteria in employment of new lecturers and admission of students were introduced. On the other hand, education in Poland became free of charge and the number of young people to receive the state scholarships reached 60% of all the students. After Władysław Gomułka's rise to power in 1956, a brief period of liberalization ensued, though communist ideology still played a major role in most faculties (especially in such faculties as history, law, economics, and political science). International cooperation was resumed and the level of education rose.

By the mid-1960s the government started to suppress freedom of thought, which led to increasing unrest among the students. A political struggle within the communist party prompted Zenon Kliszko to ban the production of Dziady by Mickiewicz at the Teatr Narodowy, leading to 1968 Polish political crisis coupled with anti-Zionist and anti-democratic campaign and the outbreak of student demonstrations in Warsaw, which were brutally crushed – not by police, but by the ORMO reserve militia squads of plain-clothed workers. As a result, a large number of students and professors were expelled from the university. Nonetheless, the university remained the centre of free thought and education. What professors could not say during lectures, they expressed during informal meetings with their students. Many of them became leaders and prominent members of the Solidarity movement and other societies of the democratic opposition which led to the collapse of communism. The scientists working at the University of Warsaw were also among the most prominent printers of books forbidden by censorship.

Third Polish Republic (1989–present)
In 1999, a new University of Warsaw Library building was opened in Powiśle.  After Poland joined the European Union in 2004, the university obtained additional funds from the European Structural and Investment Funds for the construction of additional buildings including the Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Centre of New Technologies, and a new building for the Faculty of Physics.

In recent years, the University of Warsaw has been ranked among best Polish universities. It was ranked by Perspektywy magazine as the best Polish university in 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2019, and 2022. ARWU ranked the university as the best Polish higher level institution in 2012, 2017, 2018, and 2020. The university is especially well-regarded in science. ARWU ranked the mathematics and physics branches of the institution in the global top 150 and top 75, respectively, in 2022.

Campus

University of Warsaw owns a total of 126 buildings. Further construction and a vigorous renovation program are underway at the main campus. The university is spread out over the city, though most of the buildings are concentrated in two areas.

Main campus

The main campus of the University of Warsaw is in the city center, adjacent to the Krakowskie Przedmieście street. It comprises several historic palaces, most of which had been nationalized in the 19th century. The chief buildings include:
 Kazimierzowski Palace (Pałac Kazimierzowski) – the seat of the rector and the Senate;
 Uruski Palace (Pałac Uruskich) – left side of main gate entrance, houses the Department of Geography and Regional Studies
 the Old Library (Stary BUW) – since recent refurbishment, a secondary lecture building;
 the Main School (Szkoła Główna) – former seat of the Main School until the January 1863 Uprising, later the faculty of biology; now, since its refurbishment, the seat of the Institute of archaeology;
 Auditorium Maximum – the main lecture hall, with seats for several hundred students.

The Warsaw University Library building is a short walk downhill from the main campus, in the Powiśle neighborhood.

Natural sciences campus

The second important campus is located near Banacha and Pasteura streets. It is home to the departments of chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, computer science, and geology, and contains several other university buildings such as the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, the Environmental Heavy Ion Laboratory that houses a cyclotron and a facility for the production of PET radiopharmaceuticals, and a sports facility. Several new buildings have been constructed within this campus in recent years, and the Department of Physics moved here from its previous location at Hoża Street.

Together with buildings of other institutions, such as the Institute of Experimental Biology, Radium Institute and the Medical University of Warsaw, the campus is part of an almost contiguous area of scientific and educational facilities covering approximately .

Faculties

 Faculty of Applied Linguistics
 Faculty of Applied Social Sciences and Resocialization
 Faculty of Archaeology
 Faculty of "Artes Liberales"
 Faculty of Biology
 Faculty of Chemistry
 Faculty of Culture and Arts
 Faculty of Economic Sciences
 Faculty of Education
 Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies
 Faculty of Geology
 Faculty of History
 Faculty of Journalism, Information and Book Studies
 Faculty of Law and Administration
 Faculty of Management
 Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics
 Faculty of Modern Languages
 Faculty of Oriental Studies
 Faculty of Sociology
 Faculty of Philosophy
 Faculty of Physics
 Faculty of Polish Studies
 Faculty of Political Science and International Studies
 Faculty of Psychology

Other institutes

 American Studies Center
 British Studies Centre
 Centre de Civilisation Française et d'Études Francophones auprès de l'Université de Varsovie
 Centre for Archaeological Research at Novae
 Centre for Environmental Study
 Centre for Europe
 Centre for European Regional and Local Studies (EUROREG)
 Centre for Foreign Language Teaching
 Centre for Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in the Humanities
 Centre for Latin-American Studies (CESLA)
 Centre for Open Multimedia Education
 Centre for the Study of Classical Tradition in Poland and East-Central Europe
 Centre of Studies in Territorial Self-Government and Local Development
 Chaire UNESCO du Developpement Durable de l`Universite de Vaersovie
 Comité Polonais de l'Alliance Français
 Digital Economy Lab (DELab) – joint institute with Google
 Erasmus of Rotterdam Chair
 Heavy Ion Laboratory
 Individual Inter-faculty Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences
 Institute of Americas and Europe
 Institute of International Relations – host of GMAPIR
 The Robert B.Zajonc Institute for Social Studies
 Inter-faculty Study Programme in Environmental Protection
 Interdisciplinary Centre for Behavioural Genetics
 Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling
 Physical Education and Sports Centre
 Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology
 University Centre for Technology Transfer
 University College of English Language Teacher Education
 University of Warsaw for Foreign Language Teacher Training and European Education

Institutions
 Academic Radio Kampus 97,1 FM
 Institute of Information Science and Book Studies
 The Institute of Polish Language and Culture 'Polonicum'
 University of Warsaw Libraries

The university in popular culture
 In Ian Fleming's 1961 novel Thunderball, the ninth book in the James Bond series, one of the main characters, Ernst Stavro Blofeld who is the  head of the global criminal organisation SPECTRE, is said to be a graduate of the University of Warsaw.
 In 2016, the Polish Post issued commemorative stamps on the 200th anniversary of the founding of the university depicting the Column Hall of the building of the Faculty of History.

Notable people

Alumni

 Jerzy Andrzejewski (1909–1983), author
 Szymon Askenazy (1865-1935), Polish jurist, historian, educator, first Polish representative to the League of Nations
 Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński (1921–1944), poet, Home Army soldier killed in the Warsaw Uprising
 Menachem Begin (1913–1992), 6th Prime Minister of Israel (1977–1983), Nobel Peace Prize winner (1978)
 Małgosia Bela (born 1977), fashion model and actress
 Marek Bieńczyk (born 1956), writer, historian of literature, essayist and translator, Nike Award winner (2012)
 Adam Bodnar (born 1977), lawyer, human rights activist, Polish Ombudsman
 Tadeusz Borowski (1922–1951), poet, writer
 Kazimierz Brandys (1916–2000), writer
 Jan Brzechwa (1898–1966), poet, author
 Andrzej Buras (born 1946), Danish physicist, recipient of 2020 Max Planck Medal
 Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849), pianist, composer
 Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (born 1950), politician, Prime Minister of Poland (1996–1997), Marshal of the Sejm (2005)
 Tomasz Dietl (born 1950), physicist
 Roman Dmowski (1864–1939), politician, statesman
 Adam Dziewonski (1936–2016), geophysicist
 Samuel Eilenberg (1913–1998), mathematician, computer scientist, art collector
 Barbara Engelking (born 1962), sociologist
 Joseph Epstein (1911–1944), communist leader of French resistance
 Lech Gardocki (born 1944) lawyer, judge, former First President of the Supreme Court of Poland
 Krzysztof Gawędzki (1947–2022), mathematical physicist
 Marek Gazdzicki (born 1956), nuclear physicist
 Bronisław Geremek (1932–2008), historian, politician
 Małgorzata Gersdorf (born 1952), lawyer, first President of the Supreme Court of Poland
 Maciej Gliwicz (born 1939), biologist
 Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969), writer
 Jan Grabowski (born 1962), Polish-Canadian professor of history
 Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (born 1952), politician, President of the National Bank of Poland (1992–2001), Mayor of Warsaw (2006–2018)
 Jan T. Gross (born 1947), historian, writer, Princeton University professor
 Jarek Gryz, computer scientist, data analyst
 Taco Hemingway (born 1990), rapper, songwriter, and musician
 Gustaw Herling-Grudziński (1919–2000), journalist, writer, Gulag survivor
 Richard B. Hetnarski (born 1928), Polish-American engineer
 Leonid Hurwicz (1917–2008), economist, mathematician, Nobel Prize in Economics (2007)
 Maria Janion (1926–2020), literary critic
 Monika Jaruzelska (born 1963) fashion designer, journalist, daughter of former Polish President Wojciech Jaruzelski
 Jerzy Jedlicki (1930–2018), historian of ideas, anti-communist activist
 Jarosław Kaczyński (born 1949), politician, Prime Minister of Poland (2006–2007)
 Lech Kaczyński (1949–2010), politician, Mayor of Warsaw (2002–2005), President of Poland (2005–2010)
 Andrzej Kalwas (born 1936), lawyer, businessman, and former Polish Minister of Justice
 Aleksander Kamiński (1903–1978), writer, leader of Polish Scouting and Guiding Association
 Ryszard Kapuściński (1932–2007), writer and journalist
 Mieczysław Karłowicz (1876–1909), composer and conductor
 Jan Karski (1914–2000), Polish resistance fighter
 Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska (born 1957), politician, lawyer, and sociologist, 14th Marshal of the Sejm
 Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska (1925–2015), paleobiologist
 Leszek Kołakowski (1927–2009), philosopher, historian of philosophy
 Bronisław Komorowski (born 1952), politician, Marshal of the Sejm (2007–2010), 5th President of Poland (2010–2015)
 Alpha Oumar Konaré, (born 1946), 3rd President of Mali (1992–2002)
 Hilary Koprowski (1916–2013), virologist and immunologist
 Janusz Korwin-Mikke (born 1942), conservative-liberal politician and journalist
 Marek Kotański (1942–2002), psychologist and streetworker
 Jacek Kuroń (1934–2004), historian, author, social worker, and politician
 Irena Lasiecka (born 1948), mathematician
 Jacek Leociak (born 1957), literary scholar and historian
 Maciej Lewenstein (born 1955), theoretical physicist
 Jan Józef Lipski (1926–1991), literature historian, politician
 Ewa Łętowska (born 1940), lawyer, first Polish Ombudsman for Citizen Rights
 Olga Malinkiewicz (born 1982), physicist
 Tadeusz Mazowiecki (1927–2013), author, social worker, journalist, Prime Minister of Poland (1989–1991)
 Adam Michnik (born 1946), journalist, historian, public intellectual
 Karol Modzelewski (1937–2019), historian, politician
 Jerzy Neyman (1894–1981), mathematician, statistician, University of California professor
 Jan Olszewski (1930-2019), lawyer, politician, Prime Minister of Poland (1991–1992)
 Janusz Onyszkiewicz (born 1937), politician
 Maria Ossowska (1896–1974), sociologist
 Bohdan Paczyński (1940–2007), astronomer
 Rafał Pankowski (born 1976), sociologist and political scientist
 Longin Pastusiak (born 1935), politician, Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland (2001–2005)
 Bolesław Piasecki (1915–1979), politician
 Krzysztof Piesiewicz (born 1945), lawyer, screenwriter
 Marian Pilot (born 1936), writer, journalist and screenwriter, Nike Award winner (2011)
 Moshe Prywes (1914–1998), Israeli physician and educator; first President of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
 Adam Przeworski (born 1940), political scientist, New York University professor
 Bolesław Prus (1847–1912), writer
 Mikhail Reisner (1868-1928), Russian and Soviet jurist, historian and academic.
 Emanuel Ringelblum (1900–1944), historian, founder Emanuel Ringelblum Archives of Warsaw Ghetto
 Ireneusz Roszkowski (1910–1996), precursor of prenatal medicine
 Józef Rotblat (1908–2005), physicist, Nobel Peace Prize (1995)
 Agata Różańska (born 1968), astronomer and astrophysicist
 Yitzhak Shamir (1915–2012), 7th Prime Minister of Israel (1983–1984 and 1986–1992)
 Wacław Sierpiński (1882–1969), mathematician
 Andrzej Sobolewski (born 1951), physicist
 Alexander Soloviev (1890-1971) Russian émigré jurist, historian, academic
 Dmitry Strelnikoff (born 1969), Russian writer, biologist, journalist for the media
 Kazimiera Szczuka (born 1966), literary critic, feminist, LGBT rights activist, television personality
 Adam Szymczyk (born 1970), art critic and curator
 Magdalena Środa (born 1957), philosopher and feminist
 Alfred Tarski (1902–1982), logician, mathematician, member of the Lwów-Warsaw school of logic
 Władysław Tatarkiewicz (1886–1980), philosopher, historian of esthetics
 Olga Tokarczuk (born 1962), writer, essayist, psychologist, Nobel Prize in Literature (2018)
 Rafał Trzaskowski (born 1972), politician, academic teacher, Mayor of Warsaw
 Julian Tuwim (1894–1953), poet and writer
 Andrzej Udalski (born 1957), astronomer and astrophysicist
 Kostiantyn Voblyi (1876-1947), Ukrainian economist, academic, active in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union.
 Andrzej Kajetan Wróblewski (born 1933), experimental physicist
 Janusz Andrzej Zajdel (1938–1985), physicist and science-fiction writer
 Ludwik Zamenhof (1859–1917), physician, inventor of Esperanto
 Paweł Zarzeczny (1961–2017), sports journalist, columnist and TV personality
 Maciej Zembaty (1944–2011), poet, writer, translator of Leonard Cohen's works
 Rafał A. Ziemkiewicz (born 1964), writer
 Florian Znaniecki (1882–1958), philosopher and sociologist
 Anna N. Żytkow (born 1947), astrophysicist

Staff

Professors
 Osman Achmatowicz (1899–1988), chemist, rector of the Technical University of Łódź (1946–1953)
 Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii (1860–1917), paleontologist
 Szymon Askenazy (1866–1935), historian
 Aleksandr Nikolaevich Bartenev (1882-1946), zoologist
 Maria Ludwika Bernhard (1908–1998), archaeologist
 Karol Borsuk (1905–1982), mathematician
 Franciszek Bujak (1919–1921) historian
 Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929), linguist, introduced the concept of a phoneme
 Zygmunt Bauman (1925–2017), sociologist
 Tomasz Dietl (born 1950), physisct, Laureate of Agilient Technologies Europhysics Prize of The European Physical Society (2005)
 Samuel Dickstein (1851-1939), mathematician, proponent of Jewish assimilation in Poland
 Benedykt Dybowski (1833–1930), biologist and explorer of Siberia and Baikal area
 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Evlakhov (1880-1966), literary critic
 Michel Foucault (1926–1984), French philosopher, at the university dean-faculty of the French Centre 1958–1959
 Stanisław Grabski (1871–1949), economist
 Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920), botanist, pioneer in the discovery and study of viruses
 Henryk Jabłoński (1909–2003), historian, nominal head of state of Poland (1972–1985)
 Feliks Pawel Jarocki (1790–1865), zoologist
 Barbara Jaruzelska (1931–2017), philologist and German studies professor, First Lady of Poland (1985–1990)
 Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev (1850-1931), philosopher, historian
 Yefim Fyodorovich Karsky (1861-1931) linguist, ethnographer, paleographer
 Jerzy Kolendo (1955-1983), classical archaeologist and historian
 Leszek Kołakowski (1927–2009), philosopher
 Kazimierz Kuratowski (1896–1980), mathematician
 Joachim Lelewel (1786–1861), historian, politician and freedom fighter
 Antoni Leśniowski (1867–1940), surgeon and medic, one of the discoverers of Crohn's disease
 Edward Lipiński (1888–1986), economist, founder of the Main Statistical Office
 Jan Łukasiewicz (1878–1956), mathematician and logician
 Mieczysław Maneli (1922–1994), jurist
 Leszek Marks (born 1951), geologist
 Kazimierz Michałowski (1901–1981), archaeologist, explorer of Deir el Bahari and Faras
 Andrzej Mostowski (1913–1975), mathematician
 Nikolai Viktorovich Nasonov (1855-1939), zoologist
 Maria Ossowska (1896–1974), sociologist
 Stanisław Ossowski (1897–1963), sociologist
 Vladimir Ivanovich Palladin (1859-1922), biochemist, botanist
 Grigol Peradze (1899–1942), Orthodox theologian
 Leon Petrażycki (1867–1931), jurist, philosopher and logician, one of the founders of sociology of law
 Ladislaus Pilars de Pilar (1874–1952), literature professor, poet and entrepreneur
 Adam Podgórecki (1925–1998), sociologist of law
 Dmitry Yakovlevich Samokvasov (1843-1911), archaeologist, legal historian
 Henryk Samsonowicz (1930–2021), historian, rector (1980–1982)
 Wacław Sierpiński (1882–1969), mathematician
 Alfred Sokołowski (1849–1924), physician and a pioneer in tuberculosis treatment
 Hélène Sparrow (1891–1970), bacteriologist and public health pioneer, especially typhus
 Nikolay Yakovlevich Sonin (1849–1915), mathematician
 Jan Strelau (born 1931), psychologist
 Jerzy Szacki (1929–2016), sociologist and historian
 Andrzej K. Tarkowski (born 1933), zoologist, Laureate of Japan Prize (2002)
 Stanisław Thugutt (1873–1941), politician, rector (1919–1920)
 Georgy Feodosevich Voronoy (1868-1908), mathematician
 Tadeusz Wałek-Czarnecki (1889–1949), professor of Ancient History
 Ewa Wipszycka (born 1933), historian and papyrologist
 Władysław Witwicki (1878–1948), psychologist, philosopher, translator and artist
 Georgy Viktorovich Wulff (1863-1925), crystallographer
 Włodzimierz Zonn (1905–1985), astronomer

Rectors

 Wojciech Szweykowski (1818–1831)
 Józef Karol Skrodzki (1831)
 Józef Mianowski (1862–1869)
 Piotr Ławrowski (1869–1873)
 Nikołaj Błagowieszczański (1874–1884)
 Nikołaj Ławrowski (1884–1890)
 Michaił Szałfiejew (1895)
 Pawieł Kowalewski (1896)
 Grigorij Zenger (1896)
 Michaił Szałfiejew (1898)
 Grigorij Uljanow (1899–1903)
 Piotr Ziłow (1904)
 Yefim Karskiy (1905–1911)
 Wasilij Kudrewiecki (1911–1912)
 Iwan Trepicyn (1913)
 Siergiej Wiechow (1914–1915)
 Józef Brudziński (1915–1917)
 Antoni Kostanecki (1917–1919)
 Stanisław Thugutt (1919–1920)
 Jan Karol Kochanowski (1920–1921)
 Jan Mazurkiewicz (1921–1922)
 Jan Łukasiewicz (1922–1923)
 Ignacy Koschembahr-Łyskowski (1923–1924)
 Franciszek Krzyształowicz (1924–1925)
 Stefan Pieńkowski (1925–1926)
 Bolesław Hryniewiecki (1926–1927)
 Antoni Szlagowski (1927–1928)
 Gustaw Przychocki (1928–1929)
 Tadeusz Brzeski (1929–1930)
 Mieczysław Michałowicz (1930–1931)
 Jan Łukasiewicz (1931–1932)
 Józef Ujejski (1932–1933)
 Stefan Pieńkowski (1933–1936)
 Włodzimierz Antoniewicz (1936–1939)
 Jerzy Modrakowski (1939)
 Stefan Pieńkowski (1945–1947)
 Franciszek Czubalski (1947–1949)
 Jan Wasilkowski (1949–1952)
 Stanisław Turski (1952–1969)
 Zygmunt Rybicki (1969–1980)
 Henryk Samsonowicz (1980–1982)
 Kazimierz Albin Dobrowolski (1982–1985)
 Rector electus Klemens Szaniawski (1984)
 Grzegorz Białkowski (1985–1989)
 Andrzej Kajetan Wróblewski (1989–1993)
 Włodzimierz Siwiński (1993–1999)
 Piotr Węgleński (1999–2005)
 Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow (2005–2012)
 Marcin Pałys (2012–2020)
 Alojzy Nowak (since 2020)

Staff

 Czesław Miłosz – janitor at Warsaw University Library during World War II; recipient of 1980 Nobel Prize in Literature.

See also
 List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)
 Open access in Poland
 Warsaw School of History (Askenazy school)
 Warsaw School of Mathematics
 Main building of Warsaw University (Rostov-on-Don)

Notes

External links

 The WU Students Association
 Website of The University New Library

Educational institutions established in 1816
1816 establishments in the Russian Empire
1810s establishments in Poland

University of Warsaw


TVE Internacional is a Spanish satellite free-to-air and pay television channel owned and operated by Televisión Española (TVE), the television division of state-owned public broadcaster Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE). It is the corporation's international television service, and is known for broadcasting mainstream, generalist and cultural programming, including Telediario news bulletins, primetime drama and entertainment from both TVE's La 1 and La 2.

It was launched on 1 December 1989. It broadcasts to Latin America, Western Sahara, Equatorial Guinea, Americas and the Philippines, in which the vast majority of Spanish-speaking people are located.

Several news bulletins are provided during the day, covering a mixed Spanish and International agenda. Telediario is a bulletin produced for and also broadcast in Spain, simulcast on the international station. However, editions of Telediario Internacional are also produced specially for the channel.

A limited number of advertisements are shown on the channel. More usually, network commercial breaks on programmes broadcast live in Spain are covered with a clock and short information films about Spain and its wildlife, although sometimes the advertisements are shown.

History
TVE International began its test broadcasts on 1 December 1989 and officially on 1 December 1990. In its early years, the channel broadcast a single program for America and Europe, consisting of a re-broadcast of slots premiered on La 1 and La 2. From 15 April 1991, differentiated programming was designed for one and other continents. Since 1992, TVE Internacional has been broadcasting via the Astra and Hispasat satellites for Latin America.

The signal of TVE International has been received in Asia and Oceania since December 1995 and in Africa since 12 October 1999.

Signal structure
America: covers all Latin American countries, as well as the United States and Canada. Use as reference the timetables of Argentina (UTC-3), Mexico (UTC-6) and Miami (UTC-5).
Europe-Africa: covers the entire European continent, the Middle East and Africa. Use as reference the timetables of Central Europe (UTC+1/+2 DST), Moscow (UTC+3) and the United Arab Emirates (UTC+4).
Asia-Oceania: Part of the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands
Canal 24 Horas Internacional: America and Europe (simultaneous signal with the channel in Spain, with advertising from the international channel replacing commercials).

Distribution
In Europe, it is available free-to-air on Eutelsat Hot Bird 13° East. Due to economic reasons, it moved its satellite distribution for Europe to Astra 19.2°E along with 24 Horas and the RTVE radios (RNE Radio Nacional, RNE Radio Clásica, RNE Radio 3, RNE Ràdio 4, RNE Radio 5, Radio Exterior) between January 2014 and February 2020.

The channel no longer be seen in Britain and Ireland through the Sky television platform on Eutelsat 33C at 28.5° East. In the Americas, it is available as part of RTVE's Digital Package for America on Hispasat 1C (encrypted). In Asia, it is available on AsiaSat 5 at 100.5° E and Intelsat 19 at 166° E (both unencrypted).

See also
 Cubavision International
 Las Estrellas Internacional

References

External links
Official Website
TVE Internacional at LyngSat Address
TVEi leaves the Sky platform

RTVE channels
Television stations in Spain
Television channels and stations established in 1989
Spanish-language television stations
International broadcasters

TVE Internacional


David Arnott (born 1963) is an American actor, screenwriter and musical composer living in Southern California. Among his credits, Arnott co-wrote Last Action Hero, and starred in The Last Man with Jeri Ryan. David is a member of the legendary "Pad O' Guys" screenwriting group, including Shane Black and Fred Dekker, and is the son of banjo player Peter R. Arnott. He also provided additional voices in Happy Feet Two and Finding Dory.

Arnott also appeared as "Cal Evans" in the 1995 UPN sitcom Pig Sty. He also appeared in a 1992 television remake of the classic film, "Christmas in Connecticut" directed by Arnold Schwarzenegger. This gives Arnott the probably unique distinction of both having written for, and having been directed by Schwarzenegger.

David is also a board game enthusiast, and can be seen on GameNight!, a YouTube web series in which he and 2-4 other participants play different designer board games.

Partial filmography
 Amazing Stories (1986) (Umpire) (Magic Saturday)
You Again? (1986) (Dirk) (Sports Fantasy)
House II: The Second Story (1987) (Banana)
 The Facts of Life (1987) (Nick Drexler) (Rumor Has It)
Three Fugitives (1989) (Bank teller)
 Day by Day (1989) (Fantasy David Gannon) (The Reunion)
Freddy's Nightmares (1989) (Michael Bowman) (1 episode)
CBS Summer Playhouse (1989) (Kevin Nesbite) (B-Men)
Shannon's Deal (1990) (Bushman) (Hitting Home)
The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990) (Club Guy)
 Doctor Doctor (1990) (Ken the Usher) (1 episode)
 Career Opportunities (1991) (Voiceover)
 Timebomb (1991) (Stan)
 Christmas in Connecticut (Crazed Director)
Mad About You (1992) (Lester) (Met Someone)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993) (Clifford) (1 episode)
The Second Half (1993) (Ed) (1 episode)
Little Big League (1994) (Little League Manager)
Murphy Brown (1995) (Secretary 78) (1 episode)
The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper (Voice) (1997) (1 episode)
Code Name Phoenix (Sasha) (2000)
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001) (Additional voices)
Final Fantasy X (2001) (Additional voices)
 Imagine That (2002) (Dr. Testosterone) (The Macho Therapist)
 The Last Man (2002) (Alan)
 ER (2006) (Clivus) (Graduation Day)
Happy Feet Two (2011) (Additional Voices)
Good Luck Charlie (2010-12) (Mitch) (3 episodes)
Finding Dory (2016) (Additional voices)
 Sing (Additional voices)
Lucha Underground (2017-18) (Benjamin Cook) (3 episodes)
Wish Dragon (2021) (Additional voices)

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
20th-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American composers
American male television actors
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male composers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Screenwriters from California
Male actors from California
20th-century American male writers

David Arnott


David Koresh (; born Vernon Wayne Howell; August 17, 1959 – April 19, 1993) was an American cult leader who played a central role in the Waco siege of 1993. As the head of the Branch Davidians, a religious sect and offshoot of the Seventh-day Adventists, Koresh claimed to be its final prophet. His apocalyptic Biblical teachings, including interpretations of the Book of Revelation and the Seven Seals, attracted various followers.

Coming from a dysfunctional background, Koresh was a member and later a leader of the Branch Davidians, a movement originally led by Benjamin Roden, based at the Mount Carmel Center outside Waco, Texas. Here, Koresh competed for dominance with another leader, Benjamin Roden's son George, until Koresh and his followers took over Mount Carmel in 1987. In the early 1990s, he became subject to allegations about polygamy and child sexual abuse by former Branch Davidian associates.

Further allegations related to the Branch Davidians' stockpiling of weapons led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) and later the FBI to launch a raid on the group's Mount Carmel compound in February 1993. During the 51-day siege and violence that ensued, Koresh was wounded by ATF forces and later died of a gunshot in unclear circumstances as the compound was destroyed in a fire.

Early life
David Koresh was born Vernon Wayne Howell on August 17, 1959, in Houston, Texas, to 20-year-old father Bobby Wayne Howell and a 14-year-old single mother, Bonnie Sue Clark,. Before Koresh was born, his father met another teenaged girl and abandoned Bonnie Sue, who began cohabitating with a violent alcoholic.

In 1963, Koresh's mother left with her boyfriend and placed her four-year-old son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Earline Clark. His mother returned when he was seven, after her marriage to a carpenter named Roy Haldeman. Bonnie Sue and Haldeman had a son together, named Roger, who was born in 1966.

Koresh did not meet his father until he was 17.

Koresh described his early childhood as lonely. Due to his poor study skills and dyslexia partially caused by poor eyesight, he was put in special education classes and nicknamed "Vernie" by his fellow students. Koresh dropped out of Garland High School in his junior year.

At age 19, Koresh statutorially impregnanted a 15-year-old girl. Koresh claimed to have become a born-again Christian in the Southern Baptist Church and soon joined his mother's denomination, the Seventh-day Adventist Church. There, Koresh became infatuated with the pastor's daughter; and while praying for guidance, he allegedly opened his eyes and found the Bible open at Isaiah 34:16, stating that "none should want for her mate". Convinced this was a sign from God, Koresh approached the pastor and told him that God wanted him to elope the pastor's 12-year-old daughter. The pastor ordered him to leave, and when Koresh continued persistance of pursuing of the daughter, Koresh was expelled from the congregation.

In 1981, when Koresh was 22, he settled in Waco, Texas, whereby upon joining the Branch Davidians (splinter group of Davidian Seventh-Day Adventist Church). Benjamin Roden, who died in 1978, had originated the Branch group in 1955 with new teachings that were not connected with the original Davidians.

Ascent to leadership of the Branch Davidians
In 1983, Koresh began claiming the gift of prophecy. David Thibodeau, in his 1999 book, A Place Called Waco, speculated that he had a sexual relationship with Lois Roden, the widow of Benjamin Roden and leader of the sect, who was then in her late 60s. Koresh eventually began to claim that God had chosen him to father a child by Lois, who would be the Chosen One. In 1983, Lois allowed Koresh to begin teaching his own message, called "The Serpent's Root", which caused controversy in the group. Lois's son George Roden, intended to be the group's next leader, considered Koresh an interloper.

When Koresh announced that God had instructed him to marry Rachel Jones (who then added Koresh to her name), a period of calm ensued at the Mount Carmel Center, but it proved only temporary. A fire destroyed a $500,000 administration building and press; Roden said Koresh started the fire, but Koresh replied that "no man set that fire" and that it was a judgment of God. Roden, claiming to have the support of the majority of the sect, forced Koresh and his group off the property at gunpoint. Koresh and around 25 followers set up camp at Palestine, Texas,  from Waco, where they lived under rough conditions in buses and tents for the next two years. During this time, Koresh undertook recruitment of new followers in California, the United Kingdom, Israel, and Australia. That same year, he traveled to Israel, where he claimed he had a vision that he was the modern-day Cyrus.

The founder of the Davidian movement, Victor Houteff, wanted to be God's implement and establish the Davidic kingdom in Israel. Koresh also wanted to be God's tool and set up the Davidic kingdom in Jerusalem. At least until 1990, he believed the place of his martyrdom might be in Israel; however, by 1991, he was convinced that his martyrdom would be in the U.S. instead of in Israel. He said the prophecies of Daniel would be fulfilled in Waco and that the Mount Carmel Center was the Davidic kingdom.

After being exiled to the Palestine camp, Koresh and his followers eked out a primitive existence. When Lois died in 1986, the exiled Branch Davidians wondered if they would ever be able to return to the Mount Carmel Center, but despite the displacement "Koresh now enjoyed the loyalty of the majority of the [Branch Davidian] community". In 1987, Roden exhumed at least one body from the community cemetery. Roden said he was just moving the cemetery, while Koresh claimed that Roden had issued a challenge to resurrect the body (and that whoever resurrected the body would be the new leader). Koresh went to authorities to file charges against Roden for illegally exhuming a corpse, but was told he would have to show proof (such as a photograph of the corpse).

Koresh seized the opportunity to seek criminal prosecution of Roden by returning to the Mount Carmel Center with seven armed followers, allegedly attempting to get photographic proof of the exhumation. Koresh's group was discovered by Roden, and a gunfight broke out. When the sheriff arrived, Roden had already suffered a minor gunshot wound and was pinned down behind a tree. As a result of the incident, Koresh and his followers were charged with attempted murder. At the trial, Koresh explained that he went to the Mount Carmel Center to uncover evidence of criminal disturbance of a corpse by Roden. Koresh's followers were acquitted, and in Koresh's case, a mistrial was declared.

In 1989, Roden murdered Wayman Dale Adair with an axe blow to the skull after Adair stated his belief that he himself was the true messiah. Roden claimed the man was sent by Koresh to kill him. He was judged insane and confined to a psychiatric hospital at Big Spring, Texas. Since Roden owed thousands of dollars in unpaid taxes on the Mount Carmel Center, Koresh and his followers were able to raise the money and reclaim the property. Roden continued to harass the Koresh faction by filing legal papers while imprisoned. When Koresh and his followers reclaimed the Mount Carmel Center, they discovered that tenants who had rented from Roden had left behind a meth lab, which Koresh reported to the local police department and asked to have removed.

Name change
Vernon Howell filed a petition in California State Superior Court in Pomona on May 15, 1990, to legally change his name "for publicity and business purposes" to David Koresh. On August 28, 1990, Judge Robert Martinez granted the petition.

His first name, David, symbolized a lineage directly to the biblical King David, from whom the new messiah would descend. Koresh (כּוֹרֶשׁ, Koresh) is the Biblical name of Cyrus the Great, a Persian king who is named a messiah for freeing Jews during the Babylonian captivity. By taking the name of David Koresh, he was "professing himself to be the spiritual descendant of King David, a messianic figure carrying out a divinely commissioned errand."

Allegations of child abuse and statutory rape
Koresh was alleged to have been involved in multiple incidents of physical and sexual abuse of children. His doctrine of the House of David did lead to "marriages" with both married and single women in the Branch Davidians. This doctrine was based on a purported revelation that involved the production of twenty-four children by chosen women in the community. These twenty-four children were to serve as the twenty-four ruling elders over the millennium after the return of Christ. These women purportedly chosen through this doctrine included at least one underaged girl, Michelle Jones, who was the younger sister of Koresh's legal wife Rachel and the daughter of lifelong Branch Davidians Perry and Mary Belle Jones.

A six-month investigation of sexual abuse allegations by the Texas Child Protection Services in 1992 failed to turn up any evidence, possibly because the Branch Davidians concealed the spiritual marriage of Koresh to Michelle, assigning a surrogate husband (David Thibodeau) to the girl for the sake of appearances. Regarding the allegations of physical abuse, the evidence is less certain. In one widely reported incident, ex-members claimed that Koresh became irritated with the cries of his son Cyrus and spanked the child severely for several minutes on three consecutive visits to the child's bedroom. In a second report, a man involved in a custody battle visited the Mount Carmel Center and claimed to have seen the beating of a young boy with a stick.

Finally, the FBI's justification for forcing an end to the 51-day stand-off was predicated on the charge that Koresh was abusing children inside the Mount Carmel Center. Allegations had been made that he had fathered children with underaged girls in the Branch Davidians. In the hours that followed the deadly conflagration, Attorney General Janet Reno told reporters, "We had specific information that babies were being beaten." However, FBI Director William Sessions publicly denied the charge and told reporters that they had no such information about child abuse inside the Mount Carmel Center. A careful examination of the other child abuse charges found the evidence to be weak and ambiguous, casting doubt on the allegations.

The allegations of child abuse largely stem from detractors and ex-members. The 1993 Justice Department report cites allegations of child sexual and physical abuse. Legal scholars point out that the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) had no legal jurisdiction in the matter of child protection, and these accounts appear to have been inserted by the ATF to inflame the case against Koresh. For example, the account of former Branch Davidian Jeannine Bunds is reproduced in an ATF affidavit. She claimed that Koresh had fathered at least 15 children with various women and girls, and that she had personally delivered seven of these infants. Bunds also claims that Koresh would annul all marriages of couples who joined the group and had exclusive sexual access to the women and girls. Thibodeau, a student of Koresh and one of the few to escape the fire that destroyed the compound, stated in 2018 that while he considered Koresh a friend, he "certainly was guilty of something. He was either a polygamist or he was guilty of statutory rape. Probably both."

In his book, James Tabor states that on a videotape that was sent out of the compound during the siege, Koresh acknowledged that he had fathered more than 12 children by several "wives". On March 3, 1993, during negotiations to secure the release of the remaining children, Koresh advised hostage negotiators that: "My children are different than those others," referring to his direct lineage versus those children whom he had previously released.

Dr. Bruce Perry, the chief of psychiatry at Texas Children's Hospital who led the team that cared for the twenty-one children that survived the siege of the Davidian compound, wrote after a two-month investigation that "the children released from Ranch Apocalypse do not appear to have been victims of sexual abuse." However, while Dr. Perry noted that the Children of Waco were not physically abused, he reported that they were "likely exposed to inappropriate concepts of sexuality," and subject to "a whole variety of destructive emotional techniques ... including shame, coercion, fear, intimidation, humiliation, guilt, overt aggression and power." Perry has reiterated this view as late as 2018.

In 1993, The Houston Chronicle reported that Koresh was obsessed with American entertainer Madonna and wanted to kill her.

Raid and siege by federal authorities

The Waco siege began on February 28, 1993, when the ATF raided Mount Carmel Center. The ensuing gun battle resulted in the deaths of four ATF agents and six Branch Davidians. Shortly after the initial raid, the FBI Hostage Rescue Team took command of the federal operation, because the FBI has jurisdiction over incidents involving the deaths of federal agents. The negotiating team established contact with Koresh inside the compound. Communication over the next 51 days included telephone exchanges with various FBI negotiators.

Koresh himself had been seriously injured by a gunshot. As the standoff continued, he and his closest male associates negotiated delays, so that he could possibly write religious documents, which he said he needed to complete before his surrender. Koresh's conversations with the negotiators were dense and they also included biblical imagery. The FBI negotiators treated the situation as a hostage crisis.

The siege of the Mount Carmel Center ended on April 19, 1993, when U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno approved recommendations of FBI officials to proceed with a final advance in which the Branch Davidians would be removed from the Mount Carmel Center by force. In an attempt to flush Koresh out of the stronghold, the FBI resorted to pumping CS gas into the compound with the aid of an M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle, which was equipped with a battering ram. In the course of the advance, the Mount Carmel Center caught fire under circumstances that remain disputed. Barricaded inside the building, 79 Branch Davidians perished in the ensuing blaze; 21 of these victims were children under the age of 16.

Koresh, then 33, died of a gunshot wound to the head during the course of the fire. It is unknown whether he committed suicide or if he was killed. According to the FBI, Steve Schneider, Koresh's right-hand man, who "probably realized that he was dealing with a fraud," shot and killed Koresh and then committed suicide with the same gun. The medical examiner reported 20 people, including five children under the age of 14, had been shot, and a three-year-old had been stabbed in the chest.

Legacy
Koresh is buried at Memorial Park Cemetery, Tyler, Texas, in the "Last Supper" section. Several of his albums were released, including Voice of Fire, in 1994. In 2004, Koresh's 1968 Chevrolet Camaro, which had been damaged during the raid, sold for $37,000 at auction. It is now owned by Ghost Adventures host Zak Bagans.

Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols cited the Waco siege as their motivation for the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, which was timed to coincide with the second anniversary of the Waco assault.

Three documentary films have been made about the siege, including different versions of Waco: The Rules of Engagement, Waco: A New Revelation, and Waco: Madman or Messiah. In 2018, BBC Radio 5 live created a radio podcast titled End of Days, which was about the death and life of Koresh, his involvement in the Waco siege, and the recruitment of people who lived in Nottingham, Manchester, and London into the Branch Davidians. The Court TV (now TruTV) television series Mugshots released an episode about Koresh.  A Mexican movie was made entitled "Tragedia en Waco" or  "Tragedia: Sucedio en Monte Carmelo Waco Texas", 1993, written by Ulf Kjell Gür. aired by EstrellaTV in April 2021.

Koresh is portrayed by Taylor Kitsch in the 2018 miniseries Waco. However, in the sequel series Waco: The Aftermath he is portrayed by Keean Johnson. He was also one of the sources of inspiration used to create the fictional cult leader Joseph Seed in the 2018 action-adventure video game Far Cry 5. In 2011, British indie rock band The Indelicates released a concept album, David Koresh Superstar, about Koresh and the Waco siege. He was also one of the sources of inspiration used to create the fictional cult leader Salem Koresh in the 2021 action-adventure video game Outriders

A Netflix series called Waco: American Apocalypse, was released in March 2023. The series encompasses three episodes and features real and never before released footage and interviews with surviving cult members and others involved.

See also
 List of messiah claimants
 List of people claimed to be Jesus
 List of Seventh-day Adventists
 Messiah complex

References

Further reading
 Lewis, J. R. (ed.), From the Ashes: Making sense of Waco (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994).
 Wright, Stuart A. (ed.), Armageddon in Waco: Critical perspectives on the Branch Davidian conflict (Chicago, U. of Chicago Press, 1995).
 Tabor, James, and Gallagher, Eugene, Why Waco? Cults and the battle for religious freedom in America (Berkeley, U. of California Press, 1995).
 Reavis, Dick J.  The Ashes of Waco: An Investigation (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).
 Samples, Kenneth et al.  Prophets of the Apocalypse: David Koresh & Other American Messiahs (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994). .
 Newport, Kenneth G. C. The Branch Davidians of Waco: The History and Beliefs of an Apocalyptic Sect (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006).
 Shaw, B. D., "State Intervention and Holy Violence: Timgad/Paleostrovsk/Waco," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 77,4 (2009), 853–894.

External links

1959 births
1993 deaths
20th-century apocalypticists
American conspiracy theorists
American former Protestants
American religious leaders
American shooting survivors
Branch Davidians
Burials in Texas
Child sexual abuse in the United States
Christian conspiracy theorists
Christian messianism
Crimes in religion
Cult leaders
Deaths by firearm in Texas
Founders of new religious movements
Garland High School alumni
People with dyslexia
People disfellowshipped by the Seventh-day Adventist Church
People from Garland, Texas
People from Houston
People from Waco, Texas
Polygamy in the United States
Prophets in Christianity
Religious scandals
Waco siege

David Koresh


A modular software music studio consists of a plugin architecture that allows the audio to be routed from one plugin to another in many ways, similar to how cables carry an audio signal between physical pieces of hardware.

All aspects of signal synthesis and manipulation are handled entirely by the plugin system. Signal synthesis is performed by "Generators" such as synthesizers, noise generator functions, samplers, and trackers. The signal can then be manipulated further by "Effects" such as distortions, filters, delays, and mastering plugins.

List of software with modular capabilities

Free audio software
 SpiralSynthModular
 Pure Data
 jMax
 SynFactory
 aRts
 Jeskola Buzz
 Psycle is a tracker combined with modular capabilities
 SuperCollider is a platform for audio synthesis and algorithmic composition
 Buzztrax
 Aldrin
 Carla
 VCV Rack
FAUST

Other audio software
Audulus
Reaktor
AudioMulch
Max/Msp
Bidule
Reason
SynthEdit
SynthMaker
SunVox
AudioGL
Bespoke
Integra Live
Modulince
Jasuto
Trilobite
VSTforX
Metaplugin
Audulus
MUX Modular
CPS
Cabbage Studio
Praxis Live

Music software plugin architectures

See also

 LV2

Modular software music studio


Yulia Vladimirovna Drunina (; May 10, 1924 – November 20, 1991) was a Soviet poet who wrote in the Russian language. She was a nurse and a combat medic during World War II and known for writing lyrics and poetry about women at war. Her works are characterized by moral clarity, sincere intonation and based on her real life experience, including participation in the war as a source of inspiration for her writings.

Biography
Yulia grew up in Moscow. Her father was a history teacher and her mother worked in a library and gave music lessons.  Julia started writing poetry when she was 11 and in the late 1930s one of her poems won a contest and was published in a newspaper.

After the USSR was attacked by Germany in June 1941, 17-year-old Julia joined the Red Cross, trained as a nurse and began volunteering at a local hospital.  Later that summer, as the German army approached Moscow, she was dispatched to help build fortifications near Mozhaisk, about 100 km to the West of the capital.  There, during an air strike, she got separated from her party and was picked up by a group infantrymen, who needed a combat medic.  The group later found itself encircled by the enemy and spent 13 days breaking out through occupied territory.  During those 13 days, Yulia fell in love with the battalion commander and described him in several poems written throughout her life, by referring to him simply as "Commander".  The commander, along with several other infantrymen from the group, did not make it out of the encirclement, having been killed by a landmine explosion.

Yulia returned to Moscow in the fall of 1941 but soon left for Siberia, together with her father, as part of the civilian evacuation. She did not want to leave Moscow and agreed to evacuate only because of her ailing father, who had suffered a stroke at the beginning of the War.  After her father died in early 1942, Yulia went to Khabarovsk, in the Russian Far East, where she enrolled in a school for aviation technicians but, wanting to fight on the frontlines, she soon joined a rifle unit as a combat medic and was sent to the Belorussian Front, where she served alongside Zinaida Samsonova (also a combat medic), who in 1944 died in combat and was posthumously awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union. Drunina later wrote one of her most heartfelt poems, "Zinka", about Samsonova.

In 1943 Drunina was seriously injured when a shell fragment struck her in the neck several millimeters from her carotid artery. Unaware of the severity of her injury, she simply wrapped her neck in bandages and continued to work. Eventually, she was hospitalized in critical condition and was said to have barely survived.  She wrote her first poems about the War while in the hospital. After recovering, she returned to Moscow where she applied to the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute but was denied admission, her writing having been deemed not mature enough.  She then returned to the front and fought near Pskov and in the Baltic region.  She was wounded again in November 1944 and spent the rest of the War in Moscow where she again tried her luck at the Literature Institute and this time was allowed to enroll as a war veteran.

She married her classmate and fellow war veteran Nikolai Starshinov in 1944 and gave birth to her only daughter, Elena, in 1946.  The family lived in a communal apartment in extreme poverty in post-war Moscow, while Julia continued to write.  Several of her poems were published in the 1940s, including her first book in 1948, followed by several more in the subsequent decades. She also wrote a short story, "Aliska" and an autobiographical novel, "From Three Peaks".

In 1960, she divorced her first husband and married screenwriter Alexei Kapler, whom she had met in 1954. Drunina and Kapler remained happily married until Kapler's death in 1979.  Drunina devoted many poems to her husband.

During the perestroika era, she was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. During the August Coup, 1991, she was one of the many intellectuals to take part in defending the "White House". However, she was terribly depressed later by dissolution of the Soviet Union and publications critical of the Soviet system. She committed suicide on November 21, 1991.

She was buried next to her husband, Alexei Kapler at the Starokrymskoe cemetery in Stary Krym.

A minor planet 3804 Drunina, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh in 1969 is named after her.

References

External links
 Yulia Drunina. Poems
 Yulia Drunina in Moshkov's Library
 http://www.aif.ru/online/longliver/69/21_01 Recollections on Y.Drunina

1924 births
1991 suicides
1991 deaths
Soviet women poets
Suicides in the Soviet Union
Writers from Moscow
Defenders of the White House (1991)
Russian women poets
20th-century Russian women writers
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni

Yulia Drunina


Jyamrukot  is a market center in Beni Municipality in Myagdi District in the Dhaulagiri Zone of western-central Nepal. The former village development committee was annexed to form the new municipality on May 18, 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2825 people living in 578 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Myagdi District

Populated places in Myagdi District

Jyamrukot


The biconic cusp was one of the earliest suggestions for plasma confinement in a fusion reactor. It consists of two parallel electromagnets with the current running in opposite directions, creating oppositely directed magnetic fields. The two fields interact to form a "null area" between them where the fusion fuel can be trapped.

Most early work on the cusp design was carried out at the Courant Institute in New York by Harold Grad in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Variations on the basic concept include the picket fence reactor built at Los Alamos in the 1950s and ring reactors. All of these devices leaked their fuel plasma at rates much greater than predicted and most work on the concept ended by the mid-1960s. Mikhail Ioffe later demonstrated why these problems arose.

A later device that shares some design with the cusp is the polywell concept of the 1990s. This can be thought of as multiple cusps arranged in three dimensions.

Description

The magnetic fields in this system were made by electromagnets placed close together.  This was a theoretical construct used to model how to contain plasma.  The fields were made by two coils of wire facing one another.  These electromagnets had poles which faced one another and in the center was a null point in the magnetic field.  This was also termed a zero point field.  These devices were explored theoretically by Dr. Harold Grad at NYU's Courant Institute in the late 1950s and early 1960s.  Because the fields were planar symmetric this plasma system was simple to model.

Particle behavior

Simulations of these geometries revealed the existence of three classes of particles.  The first class moved back and forth far away from the null point.  These particles would be reflected close to the poles of the electromagnets and the plane cusp in the center.  This reflection was due to the magnetic mirror effect.  These are very stable particles, but their motion changes as they radiate energy over time.  This radiation loss arose from acceleration or deceleration by the field and can be calculated using the Larmor formula. The second particle moved close to the null point in the center.  Because particles passed through locations with no magnetic field, their motions could be straight, with an infinite gyroradius.  This straight motion caused the particle to make a more erratic path through the fields.  The third class of particles was a transition between these types.  Biconic cusps were recently revived because of its similar geometry to the Polywell fusion reactor.

References

Further reading

Biconic cusp simulation work

Magnetic devices
Plasma physics

Biconic cusp


Reel Zombies is a  2008 Canadian zombie film directed by David J. Francis and Mike Masters.  It is the third film in a loose trilogy that includes Zombie Night and Zombie Night 2: Awakening.  Shot in documentary style, it depicts a film crew that attempts to follow up on their low budget zombie films during an outbreak of a real zombie apocalypse.

Synopsis
When a zombie outbreak erupts, zombie films are made illegal.  Undeterred, a low budget film crew set out to create the sequel to their two previous, unsuccessful zombie films, reasoning that once the zombie plague ends, there will once again be a market.  The filmmakers attempt to film around the hostile zombies, while also using them as extras in their film.

Cast

Release
Reel Zombies premiered at the 2008 Lisbon International Horror Film Festival.  Synapse Films released it on DVD on 11 February 2014.

Reception
Michael Gingold of Fangoria wrote, "Reel Zombies is a mix of big laughs and smiles of recognition, and will likely be most appreciated by anyone who's spent time in the indie filmmaking trenches themselves."  Dave Murray of JoBlo.com rated it 3/4 stars and wrote that it "couldn't be funnier".  HorrorNews.Net wrote that the film is very funny and offers many surprises.  Geoff Bough of Revenant Magazine wrote that the film "is honestly one of my favorite films of the year and provides an         explosive dose of hilarity to the zombie subgenre."  Olie Coen of DVD Talk rated it 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "If you like the genre check this out; it's a refreshing take on an old storyline that's surprisingly entertaining and smart."  Gordon Sullivan of DVD Verdict wrote, "Though it has some good ideas—having actors play themselves, tying the film into the real world, making zombies slightly less threatening, and making a zombie film with "real" zombies—these additions to the formula aren't utilized effectively."

References

External links

2008 films
2008 comedy horror films
English-language Canadian films
Zombie comedy films
Canadian comedy horror films
Canadian zombie films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
Apocalyptic films
Films about filmmaking

Reel Zombies