was a Japanese philosopher. He was a scholar of the Kyoto School and a disciple of Kitarō Nishida. In 1924, Nishitani received his doctorate from Kyoto Imperial University for his dissertation "Das Ideale und das Reale bei Schelling und Bergson". He studied under Martin Heidegger in Freiburg from 1937 to 1939.

Career
Nishitani held the principal Chair of Philosophy and Religion at Kyoto University from 1943 until becoming emeritus in 1964. He then taught philosophy and religion at Ōtani University. At various times Nishitani was a visiting professor in the United States and Europe.

According to James Heisig, after being banned from holding any public position by the United States Occupation authorities in July 1946, Nishitani refrained from drawing "practical social conscience into philosophical and religious ideas, preferring to think about the insight of the individual rather than the reform of the social order."

In James Heisig's Philosophers of Nothingness Nishitani is quoted as saying "The fundamental problem of my life … has always been, to put it simply, the overcoming of nihilism through nihilism."

Thought
On Heisig's reading, Nishitani's philosophy had a distinctive religious and subjective bent, drawing Nishitani close to existentialists and mystics, most notably Søren Kierkegaard and Meister Eckhart, rather than to the scholars and theologians who aimed at systematic elaborations of thought.  Heisig further argues that Nishitani, "the stylistic superior of Nishida," brought Zen poetry, religion, literature, and philosophy organically together in his work to help lay the difficult foundations for a breaking free of the Japanese language, in a similar way to Blaise Pascal or Friedrich Nietzsche. Heisig argues that, unlike Nishida who had supposedly focused on building a philosophical system and who towards the end of his career began to focus on political philosophy, Nishitani focused on delineating a standpoint "from which he could enlighten a broader range of topics," and wrote more on Buddhist themes towards the end of his career.

In works such as Religion and Nothingness, Nishitani focuses on the Buddhist term Śūnyatā (emptiness/nothingness) and its relation to Western nihilism. To contrast with the Western idea of nihility as the absence of meaning Nishitani's Śūnyatā relates to the acceptance of anatta, one of the three Right Understandings in the Noble Eightfold Path and the rejection of the ego in order to recognize the Pratītyasamutpāda, to be one with everything. Stating: "All things that are in the world are linked together, one way or the other. Not a single thing comes into being without some relationship to every other thing." However, Nishitani always wrote and understood himself as a philosopher akin in spirit to Nishida insofar as the teacher—always bent upon fundamental problems of ordinary life—sought to revive a path of life walked already by ancient predecessors, most notably in the Zen tradition.  Nor can Heisig's reading of Nishitani as "existentialist" convince in the face of Nishitani's critique of existentialism—a critique that walked, in its essential orientation, in the footsteps of Nishida's "Investigation of the Good" (Zen no Kenkyū).

Among the many works authored by Nishitani in Japanese, are the following titles: Divinity and Absolute Negation (Kami to zettai Mu; 1948), Examining Aristotle (Arisutoteresu ronkō; 1948); Religion, Politics, and Culture (Shūkyō to seiji to bunka; 1949); Modern Society's Various Problems and Religion (Gendai shakai no shomondai to shūkyō; 1951); Regarding Buddhism (Bukkyō ni tsuite; 1982); Nishida Kitaro: The Man and the Thought (Nishida Kitarō, sono hito to shisō; 1985); The Standpoint of Zen (Zen no tachiba; 1986); Between Religion and Non-Religion (Shūkyō to hishūkyō no aida; 1996).  His written works have been edited into a 26-volume collection Nishitani Keiji Chosakushū (1986-1995). A more exhaustive list of works is accessible on the Japanese version of the present wikipage.

List of works
Collected Works [西谷啓治著作集] 26 vols. (Tokyo: Sōbunsha [創文社], 1986–95) [CW].

CW1: Philosophy of Fundamental Subjectivity, Vol. 1 [根源的主体性の哲学 正] (Tokyo: Kōbundō [弘文堂], 1940)
 Part I: Religion and Culture [宗教と文化]
 'Nietzsche's Zarathustra and Meister Eckhart' [ニイチェのツァラツストラとマイスター・エックハルト] (Festschrift for Professor Hatano Sei'ichi [哲学及び宗教とその歴史——波多野精一先生献呈論文集], Iwanami Shoten, September 1938)
 'Religion, History, Culture' [宗教・歴史・文化] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 250, January 1937)
 'Modern Consciousness and Religion' [近代意識と宗教] (Keizai Ōrai [経済往来], Vol. 10, No. 7, July 1935)
 'Modern European Civilisation and Japan' [近世欧羅巴文明と日本] (Shisō [思想], No. 215-16, April–May 1940)
 Part II: History and Nature [歴史と自然]
 'Timeliness and Untimeliness in Morality' [道徳における時代性と恒常性] (Risō [理想], No. 48, 1933)
 'The Historical and the Congenital' [歴史的なるものと先天的なるもの] (Shisō [思想], No. 109-10, June–July 1931)
 'Patterns of Human Interpretation and Their Significance' [人間解釈の類型性とその意義] (Risō [理想], No. 55-56, 1935)
 'Individuality and Universality in Life' [生における個別と一般] (Ōtani Gakuhō [大谷学報], Vol. 12, No. 3, October 1931)

CW2: Philosophy of Fundamental Subjectivity, Vol. 2 [根源的主体性の哲学 続]
 Part III: Thought and Will [思惟と意志]
 'On the Problem of Evil' [悪の問題について] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 142, 1928)
 'Schelling's Identity Philosophy and the Will: The Real and the Ideal' [シェリングの同一哲学と意志——実在的なるものと観念的なるもの] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 104-5, 1924)
 'Transcendentality of the Object: Spiritualism of No Spirit' [対象の超越性——無心の唯心論] (Shisō [思想], No. 44, June 1925)
 'Kant's Aesthetic Ideas: The Link between Intuition and Feeling' [カントの審美的理念——直観と感情との聯関] (Shisō [思想], No. 51, January 1926)
 'Miscellaneous Thoughts on Religion' [宗教雑感] (Shisō [思想], No. 77, March 1928)
 'Dialectic of Religious Existence' [宗教的実存の弁証法] (Shisō [思想], No. 159-61, August–October 1935)

CW3: Studies on Western Mysticism [西洋神秘思想の研究]
 'A History of Mysticism' [神秘思想史] (Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku [岩波講座・哲学], Vol. 4, 1932)
 'Mysticism's Ethical Thought' [神秘主義の倫理思想] (Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku [岩波講座・倫理学], Vol. 14, 1941)
 'The Problem of Mysticism' [神秘主義の問題] (Tetsugaku Kenkyū [哲学研究], No. 334, 1944)
 'Mysticism' [神秘主義] (Gendai Kirisutokyō Kōza [現代キリスト教講座], Vol. 4, 1956)
 'Plotinus' Philosophy' [プロティノスの哲学] (Naganoken Suwa Tetsugakukai [長野県諏訪哲学会], Summer 1929)
 'The Problem of Evil in Augustine' [アウグスティヌスにおける悪の問題] (Tetsugaku [哲学], Vol. 1, No. 3, 1946)
 'The Problem of Knowledge in Augustine' [アウグスティヌスにおける知の問題] (Kirisutokyō Bunka [基督教文化], No. 31,  November 1948)
 'Augustine and the Position of Contemporary Thought' [アウグスティヌスと現代の思想境位] (Kirisutokyō Bunka [基督教文化], No. 34, March 1949)

CW4: Contemporary Society's Problems and Religion [現代社会の諸問題と宗教]
 Part I: Contemporary Society's Problems and Religion [現代社会の諸問題と宗教]
 Religion, Politics and Culture [宗教と政治と文化] (Kyoto: Hōzōkan [法蔵館], 1949)
 'Problems of Contemporary Religion' [現代における宗教の諸問題]
 Contemporary Society's Problems and Religion [現代社会の諸問題と宗教] (Kyoto: Hōzōkan [法蔵館], 1951)
 Part II: Philosophy of World History and Historical Consciousness [世界史の哲学と歴史的意識]
 'Philosophy of World History' [世界史の哲学]
 Worldview and Stateview [世界観と国家観] (Tokyo: Kōbundō [弘文堂], 1941)
 'Historical Consciousness' [歴史的意識]

CW5: Aristotle Studies [アリストテレス論考] (Tokyo: Kōbundō [弘文堂], 1948)
 'Aristotle's Theory of Sensation' [アリストテレスの感性論]
 'Aristotle's Theory of Imagination' [アリストテレスの構想論]
 'Aristotle's Theory of the Intellect' [アリストテレスの理性論]

CW6: Philosophy of Religion [宗教哲学]
 'Prolegomena to Philosophy of Religion' [宗教哲学——序論]
 'Religion and Philosophy' [宗教と哲学]
 'Introduction to Philosophy of Religion' [宗教哲学——研究入門]
 'Marxism and Religion' [マルクシズムと宗教]
 'The Problem of Evil' [悪の問題]
 'Buddhism and Christianity' [仏教とキリスト教]
 'The Problem of Mythology' [神話の問題]
 'The Transethical' [倫理を超えるもの]
 'Science and Religion' [科学と宗教]

CW7: God and the Absolute Nothing [神と絶対無]
 God and the Absolute Nothing [神と絶対無] (Tokyo: Kōbundō [弘文堂], 1948)
 'German Mysticism and German Philosophy' [ドイツ神秘主義とドイツ哲学]

CW8: Nihilism [ニヒリズム]
 Nihilism [ニヒリズム] (Tokyo: Kōbundō [弘文堂], 1949)
 'Nihilism and Existence in Nietzsche' [ニイチェにおけるニヒリズム=実存]
 Russian Nihilism [ロシアの虚無主義] (Tokyo: Kōbundō [弘文堂], 1949)
 'Problems of Atheism' [無神論の問題]

CW9: Nishida's Philosophy and Tanabe's Philosophy [西田哲学と田辺哲学]
 Nishida Kitarō [西田幾多郎] (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō [筑摩書房], 1985)
 'On Tanabe's Philosophy' [田辺哲学について]
 'Professor Tanabe's Thought in His Final Years' [田辺先生最晩年の思想]

CW10: What Is Religion: Essays on Religion, Vol. 1 [宗教とは何か——宗教論集I] (Tokyo: Sōbunsha [創文社], 1961)
 'What Is Religion' [宗教とは何か]
 'Personhood and Non-Personhood in Religion' [宗教における人格性と非人格性]
 'Nihil and Śūnyatā' [虚無と空]
 'The Position of Śūnyatā' [空の立場]
 'Śūnyatā and Time' [空と時]
 'Śūnyatā and History' [空と歴史]

CW11: The Standpoint of Zen: Essays on Religion, Vol. 2 [禅の立場——宗教論集II] (Tokyo: Sōbunsha [創文社], 1986)

CW12: Hanshan's Poetry [寒山詩] (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō [筑摩書房], 1986)

CW13: Philosophical Studies [哲学論考]
 'The Problem of Being and the Problem of Ontology' [存在の問題と存在論の問題]
 'Prajñā and Reason' [般若と理性]
 'On Satori' [「覚」について]
 'Śūnyatā and Pṛthak' [空と即]
 'Schelling's Absolute Idealism and Bergson's Pure Duration' [シェリングの絶対的観念論とベルグソンの純粋持続]
 'A Brief Biography of Schelling' [シェリング略伝]
 'Schelling and Bergson: A Survey of Their Works' [シェリング及びベルグソン(著作解題)]

CW14: Lectures on Philosophy, Vol. 1 [講話 哲学I]

CW15: Lectures on Philosophy, Vol. 2 [講話 哲学II]

CW16: Lectures on Religion [講話 宗教]

CW17: Lectures on Buddhism [講話 仏教]

CW18: Lectures on Zen and Jōdo [講話 禅と浄土]

CW19: Lectures on Culture [講話 文化]

CW20: Occasional Essays, Vol. 1 [隨想I]

CW21: Occasional Essays, Vol. 2 [隨想II]

CW22: Lectures on Shōbōgenzō, Vol. 1 [正法眼蔵講話I]

CW23: Lectures on Shōbōgenzō, Vol. 2 [正法眼蔵講話II]

CW24: Lectures at Ōtani University, Vol. 1 [大谷大学講義I]

CW25: Lectures at Ōtani University, Vol. 2 [大谷大学講義II]

CW26: Lectures at Ōtani University, Vol. 3 [大谷大学講義III]

English translations
Monographs

 Nishitani Keiji. 1982. Religion and Nothingness. Translated by Jan Van Bragt. Berkeley: University of California Press. ()
 Nishitani Keiji. 1990. The Self-Overcoming of Nihilism. Translated by Graham Parkes and Aihara Setsuko. Albany: State University of New York Press.
 Nishitani Keiji. 1991. Nishida Kitarō. Translated by Yamamoto Seisaku and James W. Heisig. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Nishitani Keiji. 2006. On Buddhism. Translated by Yamamoto Seisaku and Robert E. Carter. Albany: State University of New York Press.
 Nishitani Keiji. 2012. The Philosophy of Nishitani Keiji 1900-1990 - Lectures on Religion and Modernity. Translated by Jonathan Morris Augustine and Yamamoto Seisaku. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. ()

Articles

 Nishitani Keiji. 1960. "The Religious Situation in Present-day Japan." Contemporary Religions in Japan, 7-24.
 Nishitani Keiji. 1984. "Standpoint of Zen." Translated by John C. Maraldo. The Eastern Buddhist 17/1, 1–26.
 Nishitani Keiji. 1989. "Encounter with Emptiness." In The Religious Philosophy of Nishitani Keiji (edited by Taitetsu Unno). Jain Publishing Company. 1-4.
 Nishitani Keiji. 1990. "Religious-Philosophical Existence in Buddhism." Translated by Paul Shepherd. The Eastern Buddhist (New Series) 23, 1-17.
 Nishitani Keiji. 2004a. "The Awakening of Self in Buddhism." In The Buddha Eye - An Anthology of the Kyoto School and Its Contemporaries (edited by Frederick Franck). World Wisdom: Bloomington, Indiana. 11–20.
 Nishitani Keiji. 2004b. "The I-Thou Relation in Zen Buddhism." In The Buddha Eye - An Anthology of the Kyoto School and Its Contemporaries (edited by Frederick Franck). World Wisdom: Bloomington, Indiana. 39–53.
 Nishitani Keiji. 2004c. "Science and Zen." In The Buddha Eye - An Anthology of the Kyoto School and Its Contemporaries (edited by Frederick Franck). World Wisdom: Bloomington, Indiana. 107–135.
 Nishitani Keiji. 2008. "My Views on "Overcoming Modernity"." In Overcoming Modernity - Cultural Identity in Wartime Japan (translated and edited by Richard Calichman). New York: Columbia University Press. 51-63.

Notes

References
 James Heisig, Philosophers of Nothingness, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2001,

External links

1900 births
1990 deaths
20th-century Japanese philosophers
Academic staff of Kyoto University
Buddhism and other religions
Buddhist existentialists
Existentialists
Japanese scholars of Buddhism
Kyoto School
Kyoto University alumni
Ontologists
People in interfaith dialogue
Philosophers of nihilism
Philosophers of religion

Keiji Nishitani


West Kennebunk is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Kennebunk in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,176 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
West Kennebunk is located at  (43.409001, -70.578649).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all  land.

Demographics

As of the 2000 Census, there were 809 people, 316 households, and 223 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 332 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.90% White, 0.12% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.24% of the population.

There were 316 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 37.1% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,125, and the median income for a family was $47,333. Males had a median income of $30,972 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,922. About 2.3% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

References

Census-designated places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Census-designated places in York County, Maine

West Kennebunk, Maine


Bart Andrew Kosko (born February 7, 1960) is a writer and professor of electrical engineering and law at the University of Southern California (USC). He is a researcher and popularizer of fuzzy logic, neural networks, and noise, and the author of several trade books and textbooks on these and related subjects of machine intelligence. He was awarded the 2022 Donald O. Hebb Award for neural learning by the International Neural Network Society.

Personal background
Kosko holds bachelor's degrees in philosophy and in economics from USC (1982), a master's degree in applied mathematics from UC San Diego (1983), a PhD in electrical engineering from UC Irvine (1987) under Allen Stubberud, and a J.D. from Concord Law School. He is an attorney licensed in California and federal court, and worked part-time as a law clerk for the Los Angeles District Attorney's Office.

Kosko is a political and religious skeptic. He is a contributing editor of the libertarian periodical Liberty, where he has published essays on "Palestinian vouchers".

Writing
Kosko's most popular book to date was the international best-seller Fuzzy Thinking, about man and machines thinking in shades of gray, and his most recent book was Noise. He has also published short fiction and the cyber-thriller novel Nanotime, about a possible World War III that takes place in two days of the year 2030. The novel's title coins the term "nanotime" to describe the time speed-up that occurs when fast computer chips, rather than slow brains, house minds.

Kosko has a minimalist prose style, not even using commas in his book Noise.

Research
Kosko's technical contributions have been in three main areas: fuzzy logic, neural networks, and noise.

In fuzzy logic, he introduced fuzzy cognitive maps,  fuzzy subsethood, additive fuzzy systems,  fuzzy approximation theorems, optimal fuzzy rules, fuzzy associative memories, various neural-based adaptive fuzzy systems, ratio measures of fuzziness, the shape of fuzzy sets, the conditional variance of fuzzy systems, and the geometric view of (finite) fuzzy sets as points in hypercubes and its relationship to the ongoing debate of fuzziness versus probability.

In neural networks, Kosko introduced the unsupervised technique of differential Hebbian learning, sometimes called the "differential synapse," and most famously the BAM or bidirectional associative memory family of feedback neural architectures, with corresponding global stability theorems.

In noise, Kosko introduced the concept of adaptive stochastic resonance, using neural-like learning algorithms to find the optimal level of noise to add to many nonlinear systems to improve their performance. He proved many versions of the so-called "forbidden interval theorem," which guarantees that noise will benefit a system if the average level of noise does not fall in an interval of values. He also showed that noise can speed up the convergence of Markov chains to equilibrium.

Books
Nonfiction

  (with coauthor Simon Haykin)

Fiction

References

External links
 Official site

1960 births
Living people
American libertarians
University of California, San Diego alumni
University of Southern California alumni
University of Southern California faculty
Probability theorists
Applied mathematics
American male novelists

Bart Kosko


Mauveine was also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve. It was the first synthetic organic chemical dye, discovered by accident in 1856.

History

In 1856, William Henry Perkin, then 18, was given a challenge by his professor to synthesize quinine. His professor, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, was the first director of the Royal College of Chemistry in London.

In one attempt, Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate. This failed, but cleaning the flask with alcohol, Perkin noticed the alcohol had turned purple.

The dye turned out to be suitable for silk and other textiles. It was patented by Perkin, who the next year opened a dyeworks mass-producing it at Greenford on the banks of the Grand Union Canal in London.

It was originally called aniline purple or Tyrian purple, the name of an ancient natural dye got from a mollusc.  In 1859, the colour got the name mauve in England from the French name for the mallow flower, and chemists later called it mauveine. By 1870, the huge demand dropped when other colours were launched in the synthetic dye industry. Mauvine was the first of many.

The structure of mauveine was not fully identified until 1994.

References

Chemical compounds

Mauveine


Prominence in topography is a measure of the independence of a summit.

Prominence or Prominent may also refer to:

Celebrity, fame and public attention accorded by the mass media to individuals or groups
Prominence (phonetics), stress given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a word in a sentence
Prominence (2015 video game), a science fiction point and click adventure game
Maxillary prominence, part of the face
Solar prominence, a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface
 "Prominent" (song), a song by Bonez MC and RAF Camora
Prominents, moths in the family Notodontidae

See also

Emphasis (disambiguation)
Eminence (disambiguation)

Prominence (disambiguation)


Montague Island, known in Spanish as Isla Montague, is an island at the mouth of the Colorado River in the municipality of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, and is part of the Colorado River Delta and part of a broader region called the Salton Trough.  It is about  in length along its longest axis.

The Colorado River Delta region experiences some of the highest tidal ranges in the world, up to , and at the highest tides, Montague Island is completely inundated.  Although the islands in the delta have changed much over time, a map of the region shows Montague Island in 1873. The island is uninhabited, as the climate is very hot, arid and the area occasionally floods. The nearest inhabited town is El Golfo de Santa Clara.

Ecology
The climate in the region of the Island is extremely hot and arid, with average annual rainfall of 2.4 in (60 mm). Montague Island, as part of the Colorado river delta, has had its ecology radically altered by diversion and use of water upstream in the river.  The only water reaching the delta, with the exception of occasional floods, is agricultural wastewater.

At least seven species of water birds are known to breed on Montague Island.  The island is one of two known active breeding colonies of elegant tern in Mexico. During two years, a large number of nests were destroyed by tidal flooding, but there were only low levels of nests lost to predation. The birds nesting on Montague Island have reacted strongly to El Niño, with brown boobies being replaced by blue-footed boobies, and an increase in nesting of least, elegant, and royal terns, as well as black skimmers.

Montague Island is one of the few locations where Mulinia coloradoensis, an endangered species of clam, is found.  This species was once extremely abundant near the mouth of the Colorado river, but now only exists in a few isolated places.  The decline of this clam is explained by the increase in salinity of the water due to diversion of and use of water from the Colorado river.

Energy resources

In 1981, Pemex discovered natural gas near the island, prompting a scramble for oil and gas leases in the nearby city of Yuma, Arizona.  The area has also been studied for the potential use of tidal power.

References

Islands of Mexicali Municipality
Islands of the Gulf of California
Islands of the Colorado River
Lower Colorado River Valley
Nature reserves in Mexico
Protected areas of Baja California
San Luis Río Colorado Municipality, Sonora
Steamboat transport on the Colorado River
Uninhabited islands of Mexico

Montague Island (Baja California)


De Haven is an unincorporated community in northern Frederick County, Virginia. Originally known as Duck Race, De Haven sprang up as a farming community on Back Creek at its confluence with Babbs Run. De Haven is located on Green Spring Road (VA 671) at Hodges Lane (VA 741).

Historic sites
Pine Grove School
Pine Grove United Methodist Church

References

Unincorporated communities in Frederick County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia

De Haven, Virginia


Helium-3 (3He) is a light, stable isotope of helium. It has two protons and one neutron. Helium-3 was discovered in 1939.

Helium-3 occurs as a primordial nuclide. It escapes from the Earth's crust into the atmosphere. It then escape into outer space over millions of years. Helium-3 is also thought to be a natural nucleogenic and cosmogenic nuclide. The amount of helium-3 is thought to be greater on the Moon than on Earth.

References

Isotopes
Helium

Helium-3


Steven Eugene Grove (born November 27, 1962), better known as Euge Groove, is an American  smooth jazz saxophonist.

Early life and career
Born in Hagerstown, Maryland, he graduated from the University of Miami School of Music in 1984. Grove did not record his first solo album until 2000.  Prior to that, he had replaced Richard Elliot in the Tower of Power when Elliot decided to pursue a solo career; he also did session work with various pop acts, most noticeably the Miami girl group Exposé.  He has a sax solo on their No. 1 hit "Seasons Change," and another on their 1993 hit "I'll Never Get Over You (Getting Over Me)."

Grove adopted the name Euge Groove; initially presumed to be coined by fans who saw him perform in Europe, Grove later indicated in an interview on XM Radio in 2006 that his mother-in-law conceived the idea for his stage name.

Euge Groove's best-known solo hits include "Sneak a Peek," "Slam Dunk," "Rewind," "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight," "Livin' Large" and "XXL."  His most recent hits include "Get 'Em Going", "Chillaxin', and "S7ven Large". Albums include: S7ven Large (2011), Born 2 Groove (2006), Livin' Large (2004) and Play Date (2002). He has recently released another album, titled "Sunday Morning."  In 2008 he went on tour with Tina Turner.

Discography

References

External links
Official Website

1962 births
Living people
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Narada Productions artists
Smooth jazz saxophonists
Tower of Power members
University of Miami Frost School of Music alumni
People from Hagerstown, Maryland
21st-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Maryland
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

Euge Groove


Sunday Morning at the Centre of the World was written by Louis De Bernieres in 2001 and released as a play for voices.

It received one performance in a BBC Radio 3 broadcast, and is a popular text for A-level or GCSE courses in drama or performing arts.

Sunday Morning consists of a diverse culture, Earlsfield, of people of different ethnic and social backgrounds and their interactions and, sometimes dramatic, confrontations.

It is said to be roughly based on De Bernieres' own experiences living above a shop for several years, in a South London community.

It has been said to have been influenced by Dylan Thomas's Under Milk Wood.

2001 plays

Sunday Morning at the Centre of the World (play for voices)


The Laws of the Indies () are the entire body of laws issued by the Spanish Crown for the American and the Asian possessions of its empire. They regulated social, political, religious, and economic life in these areas. The laws are composed of myriad decrees issued over the centuries and the important laws of the 16th century, which attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives, such as the Laws of Burgos (1512) and the New Laws (1542). Throughout the 400 years of Spanish presence in these parts of the world, the laws were compiled several times, most notably in 1680 under Charles II in the  (Compilation of the Laws of the Kingdoms of the Indies). This became considered the classic collection of the laws, although later laws superseded parts of it, and other compilations were issued.

History
The Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas generated conflict between indigenous peoples ('Natives' or 'Indians') and the Spanish colonists. The Spanish attempted to control the Natives to force their labor. At the same time, conflicts on policy and implementation occurred between the  and the Crown.

Two of the main sets of laws issued in the 16th century regulated Spanish interaction with the Native peoples, an issue about which the Crown quickly became concerned soon after the voyages of Christopher Columbus and his governorship. The Laws of Burgos (1512), signed by King Ferdinand II of Aragon, focused upon the welfare of the conquered native peoples. The issue was revisited after Bartolomé de las Casas brought attention to abuses being carried out by encomenderos. The Laws of Burgos were revised by the New Laws of 1542 issued by Carlos I and quickly revised again in 1552, after the laws met resistance from colonists. These were followed by the Ordinances Concerning Discoveries in 1573, which forbade any unauthorized operations against independent Native Americans.

The Valladolid debate (1550–1551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. According to the French historian Jean Dumont, the Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history, saying "In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights".

To guide and regularize the establishment of presidios (military towns), missions, and pueblos (civilian towns), King Phillip II developed the first version of the Laws of the Indies. This comprehensive guide was composed of 148 ordinances to aid colonists in locating, building, and populating settlements. These ordinances would be used throughout what is now called South America, Central America, Mexico, the US American West, and the Spanish East Indies. They codified the city planning process and represented some of the first attempts at a general plan. Signed in 1573, the Laws of the Indies are considered the first wide-ranging guidelines towards design and development of communities. These laws were heavily influenced by Vitruvius' Ten Books of Architecture and Leon Battista Alberti's treatises on the subject.

Effects on town planning
In Book IV of the 1680 compilation of the Laws of the Indies, plans were set forth in detail on every facet of creating a community, including town planning. Examples of the range of rules include:

	Those [Colonists] who should want to make a commitment to building a new settlement in the form and manner already prescribed, be it of more or less than 30 vecinos (freemen), (know that) it should be of no less than twelve persons and be awarded the authorization and territory in accordance with the prescribed conditions.
	Having made the selection of the site where the town is to be built, it must, as already stated, be in an elevated and healthy location; [be] with means of fortification; [have] fertile soil and with plenty of land for farming and pasturage; have fuel, timber, and resources; [have] fresh water, a native population, ease of transport, access and exit; [and be] open to the north wind; and, if on the coast, due consideration should be paid to the quality of the harbor and that the sea does not lie to the south or west; and if possible not near lagoons or marshes in which poisonous animals and polluted air and water breed.
	They [Colonists] shall try as far as possible to have the buildings all of one type for the sake of the beauty of the town.
	Within the town, a commons shall be delimited, large enough that although the population may experience a rapid expansion, there will always be sufficient space where the people may go to for recreation and take their cattle to pasture without them making any damage.
 The site and building lots for slaughterhouses, fisheries, tanneries, and other business which produce filth shall be so placed that the filth can easily be disposed of.

These rules are part of a body of 148 regulations configuring any settlement according to the rule of Spain and its colonies. This continued as a precedent in all towns under Spanish control until the relinquishing of the land to others, as in the case of the American colonies and their growth. The Laws of the Indies are still used as an example to design guidelines for communities today.

The Laws specify many details of towns. A plan is made centered on a Plaza Mayor (main square) of size within specified limits, from which twelve straight streets are built in a rectilinear grid. The directions of the streets are chosen according to the prevailing winds, to protect the Plaza Mayor. The guidelines recommend a hospital for non-contagious cases near the church, and one for contagious diseases further away.

Most townships founded in any part of the Spanish Empire in America before the various parts became independent countries were planned according to the Laws. These include many townships with Spanish names located in what is now the United States. The creation of a central square and rectilinear grid of streets was different from the haphazard and organic growth that led to meandering streets in many old townships in Iberia.

Laws in the Viceroyalty of New Spain
In the Viceroyalty of New Spain, specific laws were applied in order to regulate life and work.

In terms of work, provisions were issued that tried to benefit the indigenous, called natural at that time. The economic interests of the upper classes were harmed if these provisions were applied in their entirety.

The following points would be applied:

 Protect minors, Law 3a, Title 13, Book VI
 Regulate the duration of the work contract to 8 hours a day, making Spain the first country in the world to apply the 8-hour day, ahead of England by more than 200 years, Law 13a, Title 13, Book VI
 Humane and fair treatment in worker-employer relations, Law 13a, Title 5, Book VI
 Obligation to make payments punctually each week, with money and not in kind, Law 12a, Title 15, Book VI
 Freedom of work

Laws in the Viceroyalty of Peru
In terms of guarantees for social conditions of dignified life, the Peruvian viceroys, after receiving reports of mistreatment and exploitation of the workers of the Indian Political Society, made multiple efforts to abide by compliance with Indian laws and respect for the natural law of the Indian. and mestizo as a human person:

 In 1664, Viceroy Diego de Benavides consolidated in the Viceroyalty of Peru the public work schedule (9-10 hours), the minimum wage, and exceptions to work based on sex, age, and residence. Likewise, he ordered the closure and destruction of numerous informal mills where indigenous people were exploited for more than 14 hours and where even children were forced to work.
 In the years 1668-1670, Viceroy Pedro Fernández de Castro restructured the labor system of the Indians in the mines, haciendas and obrajes, to prevent them from being exploited and abused. He also forbids "the owners of plantations, mills, mines and factories" from forcing orphaned children to work against their will.
 In 1680, Viceroy Melchor de Liñan ordered that employers (miners, encomenderos, landowners, ranchers and workers) must issue employment contracts for all their workers. The Governor also establishes that the "miserable Indians", who are not subject to the mitas, have the freedom to change jobs, if their emperor does not comply with paying their salary or requires additional work hours that have not been fixed in their contract. In 1681 he also ordered the destruction of various mills that did not comply with the ordinances and imprisoned many mill owners.
 In 1687, Viceroy Melchor de Navarra prohibited employers from haciendas and obrajes from paying their workers with utensils, food or any type of merchandise, establishing that they should be paid their corresponding salaries according to the rates established by the government.

See also
 Laws of Burgos
 New Laws
 Derecho indiano
 Indian Reductions
 Jesuit Reductions
 Urban planning

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Spain/Council of the Indies and Juan Manzano Manzano. Recopilación de leyes de los reynos de las Indias. 4 vols. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1973 [1681]
 Spain/Council of the Indies. Recopilación de leyes de los reynos de las Indias, 1681. 5 vols. Mexico: M. A. Porrúa, 1987.
 Spain/Council of the Indies. Recopilación de leyes de los reynos de las Indias. 3 vols. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitutionales: Boletín Oficial del Estado, 1998 [1681].
 Tyler, S. Lyman. The Indian Cause in the Spanish Laws of the Indies: With an Introduction and the First English Translation of Book VI, Concerning the Indians, from the Recopilación de leyes de los reinos de las Indias, Madrid, 1681. Salt Lake City: American West Center, University of Utah, 1980.
 Tyler, S. Lyman. Spanish Laws Concerning Discoveries, Pacifications, and Settlements among the Indians: With an Introduction and the First English Translation of the New Ordinances of Philip II, July 1573, and of Book IV of the Recopilación de leyes de los reinos de las Indias, Relating to these Subjects. Salt Lake City: American West Center, University of Utah, 1980.

External links
 Three volumes can be found in Spain's Digital Law library
 Recopilación de las leyes de los reynos de Indias  , links to PDF files, facsimile (non-searchable) version of the compilation on site of the Congress of the Republic of Peru.
 Recopilación de las leyes de los reynos de Indias , Microsoft Word .DOC format

Spanish colonization of the Americas
History of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Land use
Legal codes
Legal history of Spain
Urban planning by country
New Spain
Spanish East Indies
Spanish West Indies
Captaincy General of the Philippines
Latin American caste system

Laws of the Indies


Francisco de Tutavilla y del Tufo, Duque de San Germán, (Naples, Italy, 1604 – Madrid, Spain, 30 January 1679), Commander of Peñausende from the Spanish Military Order of Santiago and Sieur of Campana de Albalá and Saucedilla, was an Italian - Spanish military and Viceroy, serving Kings Philip IV of Spain and Charles II of Spain.

Biography

At the time of the Portuguese Restoration War, 1657–1663, he was a General of the Extremadura Army fighting at the Sieges of Olivenza, Badajoz and Monção. His troops were defeated at Elvas, in 1659, and heavily defeated at Ameixial, in 1663, which ended his participation in the campaign of Portugal.

From April 1664 until February 1668, he was Viceroy of Navarre. At the end of 1668, he was the successor of the assassinated Viceroy of Sardinia, Manuel de los Cobos, 4th Marquis of Camarasa, a post he held until January 1673.
He then became Viceroy of Catalonia, (August 1673 - October 1675).

In 1674 he captured the Fort de Bellegarde, held by the French since the Peace of the Pyrenees of 1659 between France and Spain, and won the Battle of Maureillas over a French army led by Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg. The eruption of a revolt in Messina against the Spanish rule in 1675, however, forced him to send many of his troops to suppress the rebellion, and Schomberg was able to take back Bellegarde.

Duke Francisco de Tutavilla y del Tufo was married to a Spanish noblewoman, mainly of Portuguese ancestors, Catalina de Cárdenas Colón de Toledo y Portugal, 14th Countess of la Puebla del Maestre and 5th Marchioness of Bacares, who died in Madrid on 4 January 1701. The couple had no children.

References

Sources
 http://www.nobili-napoletani.it/Tufo.htm
 http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterat/del%20Tufo/DEL%20TUFO-LAVELLO.htm

1604 births
1679 deaths
Italian nobility
17th-century Neapolitan people
Spanish generals
Viceroys of Navarre
Viceroys of Sardinia
Viceroys of Catalonia
Dukes of San Germán
Order of Santiago

Francisco de Tutavilla y del Rufo, Duque de San Germán


A crystal monochromator is a device in neutron and X-ray optics to select a defined wavelength of the radiation for further purpose on a dedicated instrument or beamline. It operates through the diffraction process according to Bragg's law.

Similar devices are called crystal analyzer for the examination of scattered radiation.

Neutron instrumentation
X-ray instrumentation
Synchrotron instrumentation

Crystal monochromator


In chemistry, a halogen bond occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Like a hydrogen bond, the result is not a formal chemical bond, but rather a strong electrostatic attraction. Mathematically, the interaction can be decomposed in two terms: one describing an electrostatic, orbital-mixing charge-transfer and another describing electron-cloud dispersion. Halogen bonds find application in supramolecular chemistry; drug design and biochemistry; crystal engineering and liquid crystals; and organic catalysis.

Definition

Halogen bonds occur when a halogen atom is electrostatically attracted to a partial negative charge.  Necessarily, the atom must be covalently bonded in an antipodal σ-bond; the electron concentration associated with that bond leaves a positively charged "hole" on the other side.  Although all halogens can theoretically participate in halogen bonds, the σ-hole shrinks if the electron cloud in question polarizes poorly or the halogen is so electronegative as to polarize the associated σ-bond.  Consequently halogen-bond propensity follows the trend F < Cl < Br < I.

There is no clear distinction between halogen bonds and expanded octet partial bonds; what is superficially a halogen bond may well turn out to be a full bond in an unexpectedly relevant resonance structure.

Donor characteristics
A halogen bond is almost collinear with the halogen atom's other, conventional bond, but the geometry of the electron-charge donor may be much more complex.

 Multi-electron donors such as ethers and amines prefer halogen bonds collinear with the lone pair and donor nucleus.
 Pyridine derivatives tend to donate halogen bonds approximately coplanar with the ring, and the two CN \cdots X angles are about 120°.
 Carbonyl, thiocarbonyl-, and selenocarbonyl groups, with a trigonal planar geometry around the Lewis donor atom, can accept one or two halogen bonds.

Anions are usually better halogen-bond acceptors than neutral species: the more dissociated an ion pair is, the stronger the halogen bond formed with the anion.

Comparison to other bond-like forces
A parallel relationship can easily be drawn between halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding. Both interactions revolve around an electron donor/electron acceptor relationship, between a halogen-like atom and an electron-dense one.  But halogen bonding is both much stronger and more sensitive to direction than hydrogen bonding.  A typical hydrogen bond has energy of formation ; known halogen bond energies range from 10–200 kJ/mol.

The σ-hole concept readily extends to pnictogen, chalcogen and aerogen bonds, corresponding to atoms of Groups 15, 16 and 18 (respectively).

History

In 1814, Jean-Jacques Colin discovered (to his surprise) that a mixture of dry gaseous ammonia and iodine formed a shiny, metallic-appearing liquid. Frederick Guthrie established the precise composition of the resulting I2···NH3 complex fifty years later, but the physical processes underlying the molecular interaction remained mysterious until the development of Robert S. Mulliken's theory of inner-sphere and outer-sphere interactions.  In Mulliken's categorization, the intermolecular interactions associated with small partial charges affect only the "inner sphere" of an atom's electron distribution; the electron redistribution associated with Lewis adducts affects the "outer sphere" instead.

Then, in 1954, Odd Hassel fruitfully applied the distinction to rationalize the X-ray diffraction patterns associated with a mixture of 1,4-dioxane and bromine. The patterns suggested that only 2.71 Å separated the dioxane oxygen atoms and bromine atoms, much closer than the sum (3.35 Å) of the atoms' van der Waals radii; and that the angle between the O−Br and Br−Br bond was about 180°.  From these facts, Hassel concluded that halogen atoms are directly linked to electron pair donors in a direction with a bond direction that coincides with the axes of the orbitals of the lone pairs in the electron pair donor molecule.  For this work, Hassel was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Dumas and coworkers first coined the term "halogen bond" in 1978, during their investigations into complexes of CCl4, CBr4, SiCl4, and SiBr4 with tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, pyridine, anisole, and di-n-butyl ether in organic solvents.

However, it was not until the mid-1990s, that the nature and applications of the halogen bond began to be intensively studied.  Through systematic and extensive microwave spectroscopy of gas-phase halogen bond adducts, Legon and coworkers drew attention to the similarities between halogen-bonding and better-known hydrogen-bonding interactions.

In 2007, computational calculations by Politzer and Murray showed that an anisotropic electron density distribution around the halogen nucleus — the "σ-hole" — underlay the high directionality of the halogen bond. This hole was then experimentally observed using Kelvin probe force microscopy.

In 2020, Kellett et al. showed that halogen bonds also have a π-covalent character similar to metal coordination bonds. In August 2023 the "π-hole" was too experimentally observed

Applications

Crystal engineering

The strength and directionality of halogen bonds are a key tool in the discipline of crystal engineering, which attempts to shape crystal structures through close control of intermolecular interactions.  Halogen bonds can stabilize copolymers or induce mesomorphism in otherwise isotropic liquids.  Indeed, halogen bond-induced liquid crystalline phases are known in both alkoxystilbazoles and silsesquioxanes (pictured).   Alternatively, the steric sensitivity of halogen bonds can cause bulky molecules to crystallize into porous structures; in one notable case, halogen bonds between iodine and aromatic π-orbitals caused molecules to crystallize into a pattern that was nearly 40% void.

Controlled polymerization
Conjugated polymers offer the tantalizing possibility of organic molecules with a manipulable electronic band structure, but current methods for production have an uncontrolled topology.  Sun, Lauher, and Goroff discovered that certain amides ensure a linear polymerization of poly(diiododiacetylene).  The underlying mechanism is a self-organization of the amides via hydrogen bonds that then transfers to the diiododiacetylene monomers via halogen bonds.  Although pure diiododiacetylene crystals do not polymerize spontaneously, the halogen-bond induced organization is sufficiently strong that the cocrystals do spontaneously polymerize.

Biological macromolecules
Most biological macromolecules contain few or no halogen atoms.  But when molecules do contain halogens, halogen bonds are often essential to understanding molecular conformation.  Computational studies suggest that known halogenated nucleobases form halogen bonds with oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur in vitro.  Interestingly, oxygen atoms typically do not attract halogens with their lone pairs, but rather the π electrons in the carbonyl or amide group.

Halogen bonding can be significant in drug design as well.  For example, inhibitor IDD 594 binds to human aldose reductase through a bromine halogen bond, as shown in the figure.  The molecules fail to bind to each other if similar aldehyde reductase replaces the enzyme, or chlorine replaces the drug halogen, because the variant geometries inhibit the halogen bond.

Notes

References

Further reading

 An early review:

Chemical bonding
Intermolecular forces

Halogen bond


Dane Bradford Mark O'Hara is a New Zealand former rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. At the time of his retirement he held the record for most international matches for New Zealand.

Early years
O'Hara attended St. Paul's College in Auckland and played for the Bay Roskill Vikings when they amalgamated in 1979. He toured Australia in 1973 with the Auckland under-23 side.

Playing career
After establishing himself in the Auckland Rugby League competition and representing Auckland, O'Hara moved to England and joined Hull F.C. in 1981, playing alongside fellow Kiwis Gary Kemble and James Leuluai and then, from 1983, another New Zealand Captain, Fred Ah Kuoi. He began his Hull career on 27 September 1981 when 16,159 turned out to the Boulevard to see both O'Hara and Leuluai début in a 42–24 win (Kemble had already appeared) against Castleford. O'Hara suffered a punctured lung and rib damage after being hit by the knee of a Castleford player. He was fortunate to recover quickly, missing only three games, and went on to play 9 seasons for the club and to the age of 35, becoming an automatic choice in the Hull line up. Achievements in that first year included helping Hull to win the John Player Trophy, also being Premiership runners up, and to lift the Challenge Cup in 1982, the first victory for Hull since 1914. Recognised throughout the game as a true gentleman, both on and off the field, by the time he left Hull for Doncaster in 1990, where injuries restricted him to just 8 appearances, no overseas player had ever made more appearances or scored more tries for Hull than O'Hara.

Amongst his many outstanding performances, Dane O'Hara played , i.e. number 2 (Clive Sullivan played in the replay), and scored a try in Hull FC's 14-14 draw with Widnes in the 1982 Challenge Cup Final during the 1981–82 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 1 May 1982, in front of a crowd of 92,147, he was ruled out of Hull's 18–9 win in the replay at Elland Road through injury. In the final O'Hara scored Hull's second try which tied the game at 14 all. He also played a crucial part in chasing Stuart Wright the Widnes wing when Wright intercepted a pass and forced him to score too wide out for the try to be converted, setting up the draw, and subsequent successful replay, the first time the Cup had returned to the Boulevard since 1914. O'Hara played  in Hull FC's 24-28 defeat by Wigan in the 1985 Challenge Cup Final during the 1984–85 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 4 May 1985, in front of a crowd of 99,801, in what is regarded as the most marvellous cup final in living memory, which Hull narrowly lost after fighting back from 12-28 down at half-time. O'Hara captained the side in his last full season, 1990, leading Hull to a (losing) Premiership play-off final at Old Trafford, the only major trophy to elude him in his time in England. O'Hara played  and scored a try in Hull FC's 13-2 victory over Castleford in the 1983 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1983–84 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 15 October 1983, played  in the 29-12 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1984 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1984–85 season at Boothferry Park, Kingston upon Hull on Saturday 27 October 1984, and played left- and scored 2-tries in the 24-31 defeat by Castleford in the 1986 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1986–87 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 11 October 1986. O'Hara played  and scored 4-conversions in Hull FC's 12-4 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1981–82 John Player Trophy Final during the 1981–82 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 23 January 1982, played  in the 12-0 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1984–85 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1984–85 season at Boothferry Park, Kingston upon Hull on Saturday 26 January 1985. Such was the commitment of those early Kiwis to British Rugby League that in 1986 the Government and Rugby Football League agreed to change rules and by-laws to enable such overseas players to qualify as non quota players. When Hull hit financial difficulties and were forced to sell Lee Crooks to Leeds for a then record fee O'Hara agreed to take a pay cut in his contract renewal, staying with Hull through good times and bad. He received a testimonial year in 1989 / 1990, having achieved a remarkable 300 appearances for Club and Country, becoming the first overseas player ever to be awarded such a benefit.

His last game in the UK was for Doncaster in January 1992.

Representative career
O'Hara was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1977, playing in the 1977 World Cup. He went on to play thirty six test matches between 1977 and 1986, captaining the Kiwis twice in 1980.

O'Hara was the fastest sprinter in New Zealand's 1980 tour of Britain party, scoring most tries (6) and making most appearances (9 plus 2 as sub) on tour. He finished his international career with a total of 36 tests, 75 appearances and 15 tries*—equaling Phil Orchards long standing record.

Testimonial match
Dane O'Hara's Testimonial match at Hull F.C. took place in 1990.

References

External links
 Dane O'Hara nzleague.co.nz

New Zealand national rugby league team players
New Zealand rugby league players
Auckland rugby league team players
Hull F.C. players
Living people
Rugby league wingers
Bay Roskill Vikings players
Rugby league fullbacks
New Zealand national rugby league team captains
People educated at St Paul's College, Auckland
1953 births

Dane O'Hara


Karel Michal (pen name of Pavel Buksa, 28 December 1932 in Prague - 30 June 1984 in Basel, Switzerland) was a Czech writer.

After gymnasium he was not allowed by the regime to study at the university. He worked in several professions and later used this experience in his writings. Later, when the political obstacles were reduced, he started to study medicine at the Charles University in Prague but left it after seven semesters.

In 1960 Michal started to write for literary journal Plamen ("Flame"), in 1961 he published successful collection of short stories. He worked as publish house editor, screen writer, as an editor in literary journal Literární noviny ("Literature News") and then as a professional writer.  His novels were translated into foreign languages. Movie Bílá paní ("White Lady") directed by Zdeněk Podskalský was based on one of Michal's short stories.

In 1968, after suppression of Prague Spring, he emigrated to Switzerland.
Here he worked as a guard, then as a teacher at a gymnasium.
He married Viola Fischerová.
Hardness of being separated from his family and the nation contributed to premature death.

Selected works
 1961: Bubáci pro všední den, collection of short stories, one filmed as Bílá paní in 1965
 1961: Krok stranou, a detective novel.
 1966: Čest a sláva, a historical novel, filmed in 1968
 1967: Gypsová dáma, a novel.
 1976: Tak to na tom světě chodí, a theatre play.
 1973: My občané mélští (We, citizens of Melos), a theatre play. A historical parallel between fate of island Melos during the Peloponnesian War and modern Czechoslovakia. Written by order of Swiss TV which however failed to show it for political reasons.
 1977: Rodný kraj, collection of humorous historic stories, by an exile publishing house.
 Collection of Michal's works was published in 2001, .

See also the Book Database of the Czech Republic.

Literature
 Milan Jungmann: Literárky - můj osud. Kritické návraty ke kultuře padesátých a šedesátých let s aktuálními reflexemi. (Literární noviny - my fate), 1999, . History of the journal since 1952 to 1969, when it was closed down. Jugnmann also wrote short biography of Michal for the posthumous collection of works.

References

1932 births
1984 deaths
Czech male writers
1984 suicides
Charles University alumni

Karel Michal


A dual-sport motorcycle is a type of street-legal motorcycle that is designed for both on and off-road use. The terms all-road, on/off road, and dual-purpose are also used for this class of motorcycles. Dual-sports are equipped with street-legal equipment such as lights, speedometer, mirrors, horn, license plate mounting, and muffler and can, therefore, be registered and licensed.

Evolution of dual-sports

The concept of a versatile motorcycle equally at home on dirt and pavement is as old as motorcycling itself.  Most roads were still unpaved when motorized bicycles first appeared around 1900. In a sense, all motorcycles at that time were dual-sports, intended to be used on dirt as well as pavement. Advertisements well into the 1920s depict motorcycles on dirt roads, raising clouds of dust. By 1940, most roads in developed countries were paved and motorcycles had become heavier and more oriented to the street. In the 1950s and 1960s British manufacturers such as Triumph and BSA offered versions of their relatively light street motorcycles with high exhaust pipes, and called them scramblers.

Yamaha is credited with rekindling popular interest in dirt worthy motorcycles that could also be ridden on the street. In 1968 they introduced the hugely successful DT-1 based on a 250 cc two-stroke engine. Other manufacturers soon followed with similar models called "enduros". These light weight machines were good on trails and adequate on pavement. Some manufacturers approached the trend from the opposite direction, beginning with a street motorcycle and modifying it for adequate off-road performance. For instance, the Honda CL350 Scrambler was a variation on the Honda CB350 street motorcycle with high exhaust pipes, a larger front wheel, dirt-oriented tires, and lower gearing. As a partial response to Yamaha's success with the DT-1, in 1969 Honda produced the SL350 K0. Considered Honda's first real production Dual Sport, the SL350 still borrowed heavily from the CB350 platform. By 1971, the Honda SL350 K1 and the later K2 had been completely transformed from a heavy, unyielding, unpredictable, unequipped off-roader into a nimble, user friendly, trail champion. This line of Dual Sports continued to evolve into the popular XL series of Honda Dual Sports.

BMW changed the game with the introduction of the R80 G/S in 1980, the first large dual sport machine and the ancestor of the adventure sport category that is so popular today.  Modified versions of the R80 G/S won the gruelling Paris Dakar race four times in five years between 1981–85, and Helge Pedersen rode one for 10 years and 250,000 miles in an around-the-world journey that helped cement the G/S's place in motorcycling history.

Over the next 20 years, manufacturers began producing heavier and less dirt worthy enduros based on four-stroke engines, as they searched for better combinations of weight, power, durability, performance and comfort. The heavier machines were less popular with "real" dirt riders, who began modifying them to create lighter and more competent trail machines.

Suzuki introduced the DR350 in 1990 and promoted it as a DualSport  or "dirt bike with a license plate".  The terms "dual-sport" and "dualie" were quickly adopted by riders and the motorcycle press.

Manufacturers use several different names for their dual-sport models.  Suzuki uses DualSport to describe its products. Kawasaki describes its offerings as dual purpose, Honda lists its entry under off-road, and other manufacturers describe machines as enduros, or simply list them as model numbers. A few models are described as "adventure bikes". Despite these differences in terminology, these models can be described as dual-sports, which are street-legal motorcycles that can be operated on pavement, dirt roads and trails. Dual-sport motorcycles are the most practical choice in rural areas in many parts of the world, and when traveling on unpaved trails they can often be a necessity.

Types of dual-sports

Terms such as  dual-sport, enduro and adventure bike are marketing descriptions, not strict definitions of weight, power, and intended usage. Generally a dual sport is less than 400 pounds while bikes above 400 pounds are considered adventure bikes.  For example, the lightest dual-sport offered by Suzuki Motor Corporation in 2008 weighs about  and has a small single-cylinder engine with barely enough power for highway use. The heaviest dual-sport offered by Suzuki Motor Corporation in 2008 weighs about  and has a large two-cylinder engine with plenty of power for long freeway trips. Accordingly, it is necessary to refer to the manufacturers specifications for a particular model to learn more about its intended use.

There are four ways of creating dual-sports. Some manufacturers add street-legal equipment to existing off-road motorcycles. These bikes are usually light and powerful, at the expense of shorter service life and higher maintenance. This approach is currently taken by European manufacturers such as KTM and Husqvarna. Other manufacturers start with a clean sheet of paper and design a new model designed for a specific combination of dirt and street use. These motorcycles are usually heavier and more durable than the models derived from off-road motorcycles. This approach is currently taken by Aprilia, BMW, Honda, Kawasaki, Moto Guzzi, Suzuki, and Yamaha. Several manufacturers modify street motorcycles to make them more dirt worthy. These bikes are usually more at home on pavement. Finally, owners add street-legal equipment to off-road bikes. In the US, some states license only motorcycles that met highway emissions requirements when first sold, while others allow off-road vehicles to be converted to on-road.

Dual-sports may be grouped by weight and intended purpose.

Lightweight dual-sports weigh about . They have high fenders and ground clearance plus long travel suspension, and usually come with aggressive dirt oriented tires known as "knobbies". Lightweights are closest to pure dirt bikes and are most at home on rough trails and two-track roads with occasional forays onto pavement.
Middleweight dual-sports weigh about . They usually have less suspension travel and ground clearance than lightweights, and often come with tires that offer a compromise between dirt and pavement performance. Middleweights are most at home on smooth trails, graded dirt roads and pavement.
 dual-sports weigh over . They are designed primarily for riders who want to travel long distances on pavement with occasional forays onto dirt roads. They usually come with smoother tires that perform better on pavement. Motorcycles of this type are increasingly favored by a subset of touring riders who never intend to ride off-pavement, as they tend to offer comfortable riding positions, reasonable range, and the ability to carry luggage, while weighing less and performing more nimbly than a traditional touring bike. These motorcycles are also called adventure or adventure-touring bikes by some manufacturers.

These types are only approximate and new models that split the boundaries and offer different combinations of features appear each year. However, the laws of momentum and inertia always favor lighter dual-sports for tight, rough trails. Heavier dual-sports that emphasize rider comfort, wind protection and the capacity to carry luggage are better choices for long highway trips at higher speeds.

Dual-sports, by definition, are compromises - giving up some dirt performance to be ridden on the street and some street performance to be ridden in the dirt. The merits of a particular model can only be judged relative to the owner's intended mix of dirt and street riding. Although aficionados may argue the merits of different models, versatile dual-sports can be desirable alternatives to more specialized motorcycles that can only be ridden in one environment.

Accessories
It is common for dual sport owners to customise their bike to match the type of terrain or roads on which they ride. Changing tires, handlebars, seats, bash plates or foot pegs are common modifications. Adding large petrol tanks, racks, luggage and wind screens are common for riders intending to travel far. Dual sport aftermarket parts and accessories are manufactured and available worldwide.

Related motorcycles
When dual-sports are fitted for long-distance travel with accessories such as oversized gas tanks, luggage, and other distance-oriented gear, they are often referred to as "adventure bikes".  These motorcycles offer touring capabilities, but are less comfortable on long pavement trips than full-fledged touring motorcycles such as the Honda Goldwing series.

A supermoto (also known as a supermotard or motard) is typically a converted motocross bike with less suspension travel, smaller front and rear wheels (typically 17" at both ends), road tires and an oversized front brake designed to be primarily run on asphalt. When made street legal, these bikes may also be considered to be a type of dual-sport. In this case, these motorbikes could be seen as somewhere between a sport bike and a dual-sport.

See also
 Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling

References

Motorcycle classifications
Dirt biking

Dual-sport motorcycle


Count nouns are nouns that can be easily be counted. In languages like English, count nouns can be written without having to use any extra measure words. Since the nouns themselves, like "dog", "car", "people", "book", etc., are easy to count, the nouns themselves are treated as they were their own measure words. However, in East Asian languages, like Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, all nouns, both count and mass nouns, must have measure words.

Parts of speech

Count noun


Norbert George Moutier (17 March 1941 – 27 January 2020), also known by the pseudonym N.G. Mount, was a French publisher, writer, director, and actor.

A professional filmmaker, Moutier had a passion for Z movies, similar to those of Jean Rollin and William Lustig.

Biography
Although he was fascinated by film at a young age, Moutier studied law. During his time as an accountant, he maintained his passion for film and comics while leading a film club and contributing to two fanzines, titled Monster Bis and Le Petit bédéraste du 20e siècle. Monster Bis has been gaining notoriety among fans of Z movies.

Moutier began shooting films in 1982. He worked as the director, screenwriter, producer, and sometimes as an actor in his movies. The majority of his films were low-budget and rather amateur. These films were self-published on VHS tapes with a limited distribution. Actors such as Jean-Pierre Putters, Jean Rollin, Quélou Parente, Christophe Bier, Christophe Lemaire, and Christian Letargat acted in some of his films, and were occasionally cameos for main roles.

Moutier officially stopped working as an accountant in 1986 and opened up a comic book shop in Paris, called "BD - Ciné". He wrote in the magazine Fantasyka and made other contributions until 2002.

During the 2000s decade, Moutier transformed his comic shop into a bookstore specializing in rare films, comics, and souvenirs linked to cinematography. He continued to publish new editions of Monster Bis. He retired in 2012 and moved to Orléans.

Norbert Moutier died on 27 January 2020 at the age of 79.

Filmography
 Ogroff a.k.a. Mad Mutilator (1983)
Hemophilia (1985)
Opération Las Vegas (1988)
Trepanator (1991)
Alien Platoon (1992)
Dinosaur from the Deep (1994)
Le syndrome d'Edgar Poe (1995)
Death Camp (unfinished) (1997)
Brooklyn Cop (1999)

References

1941 births
2020 deaths
20th-century French male actors
20th-century French writers
21st-century French male actors
21st-century French writers
French directors
French publishers (people)

Norbert Moutier


Acat was a deity in Maya mythology associated with the process of tattooing. The Maya placed great importance on the tattooing process, believing that tattoos in the image of a god would imbue a person with some of that god's power. Because of the importance and difficulty of this art form it was only natural that there was a god responsible for it. Acat was said to bless the ink, needles, and work spaces, and steady the hands of the artists for better results.

Acat was first mentioned by J. Eric S. Thompson, in his book "Tattooing and Scarification among the Maya." (Carnegie Institution of Washington Division of Historical Research, June 18th, 1946.) Thompson also added that Acat is a Nahuatl day name
meaning "reed", while the pronunciation "Ah Cat" would be "He of the Storage Jar." Most likely because hollow reeds were thought to be used in the tattooing process.

In addition, Thompson writes (in relation to the designation of the deity's name) "Acat is translated as 'inkstand' in the Pio Perez dictionary; as a doctor's instrument case or a scribe's pen case in the Motul dictionary."
Loosely, Acat as a deity is also associated with the development of the fetus in the womb.

References

Citations

Sources

 "Tattooing and Scarification among the Maya." by J. Eric S. Thompson, 1946.

Maya gods
Tattooing and religion

Acat (deity)


Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAM11 gene.

This gene encodes a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) protein family. Members of this family are membrane-anchored proteins structurally related to snake venom disintegrins, and have been implicated in a variety of biological processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, including fertilization, muscle development, and neurogenesis. This gene represents a candidate tumor suppressor gene for human breast cancer based on its location within a minimal region of chromosome 17q21 previously defined by tumor deletion mapping.

References

Further reading

External links
 The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M12.976

Proteases
Human proteins
EC 3.4.24

ADAM11


Do Knot Disturb is a 2009 Indian comedy film directed by David Dhawan. The film is a remake of the 2006 French film The Valet (French: La Doublure). The film stars Govinda, Riteish Deshmukh, Lara Dutta, Sushmita Sen, Ranvir Shorey, Sohail Khan and Rajpal Yadav. It released on 2 October 2009, and received generally positive reviews upon release, though failed to make an impact at the box office. It was an inspiration for the 2014 Punjabi comedy Disco Singh which was also remade in Bengali as Haripada Bandwala.

Indiagames also released a mobile video game based on the film.

Plot
The film is based on Raj (Govinda) who has a girlfriend, supermodel Dolly (Lara Dutta), and a wife, Kiran (Sushmita Sen). Raj fires Mangu (Rajpal Yadav), a cook, because of attempting to seduce the female staff. To take revenge, Mangu takes a picture of Raj with Dolly and gives it to Kiran. Kiran gets suspicious but then Raj says that Dolly is not his girlfriend. He says that there are three people in the picture, Raj, Dolly and Govardhan (Ritesh Deshmukh). Raj tells Kiran that the guy, who came into the picture as he was walking by, is Dolly's boyfriend and tells Govardhan to live with Dolly for a couple of days so Kiran's suspicions will go away.

Govardhan gets really troubled when Dolly's ex-boyfriend Diesel (Sohail Khan) shows up and threatens Govardhan that, when he finds out who Dolly's boyfriend is, Diesel will beat him up. Meanwhile, Kiran has a detective (Ranvir Shorey) follow Dolly and Govardhan. The twist in the story comes when Kiran tells Raj that she is going to Pune to meet her mom, when she is actually making a plan with the detective to catch Dolly and Raj red-handed. As soon as Kiran leaves, Raj calls and books the presidential suite at a hotel for Dolly and him, just like Kiran expected. While Dolly and Raj are enjoying themselves, Kiran's detective starts his job. But he gets crushed by the window as he is trying to climb into Raj and Dolly's room. When Raj and Dolly notice, they call Govardhan to help get rid of the body because they think he is dead. Just as Govardhan shows up, so does Dolly's ex, Diesel. While trying to get rid of the body, Raj's ex-cook, Mangu, shows up (he is now working at the hotel).

The story takes a twist when they discover that the detective is alive. Lucky for them, he has lost his memory from the fall he suffered. Raj tells him he is John Matthews and he is married. Dolly tells him he is John Matthews and divorced. Govardhan tells him he is John Matthews, still a bachelor. Mangu tells him he is his friend and that he has a memory problem; under this pretense, he takes his watch and necklace saying that he forgot that Mangu actually gave it to him. Diesel runs into Govardhan and is about to beat him up when he tells him that Raj is her boyfriend. When Diesel runs into Raj, he tells him Govardhan is Dolly's boyfriend. Govardhan finds Dolly and tells her that instead of lying about love, she should be with the one who really loves her, Diesel. Dolly agrees and hugs Govardhan telling him he is a good guy. Unfortunately, Diesel mistakes the situation and starts to beat up Govardhan. Dolly saves Govardhan by telling Diesel that Govardhan convinced her to go back to him. Dolly leaves with Diesel.

Govardhan goes back to his sick mother in the hospital. (She is the one he did this all for. He needs money for her hospital bill and agreed to go along with everything Raj said.) He agrees to marry the woman of his mother's choice, Mala (Rituparna Sengupta) the nurse taking care of her. And Raj convinces Kiran that nothing is going on and they go home as well. In the midst of all this, the detective gets his memory back and goes to Kiran with the proof of her husband's infidelity. As he gets there, Kiran and Raj are about to leave for a second honeymoon. When the detective sees the love between Kiran and Raj, he loses hope and throws the camera with the proof of Raj and Dolly's affair. The camera lands on Kiran's foot, and she sees the pictures. The story ends with Raj crying.

Cast
Govinda as Rajiv Saxena "Raj"
Ritesh Deshmukh as Govardhan / Pappu Plumber
Lara Dutta as Dolly
Sushmita Sen as Kiran Saxena
Rajpal Yadav as Mangu
Sohail Khan as Diesel Bhai
Ranvir Shorey as Jhon Matthews/Nunnu/Kiran's Detective
Manoj Pahwa as Buntu
Himani Shivpuri as Govardhan's Mom
Rituparna Sengupta as Nurse Mala
Ali Asgar as Bagga
Satish Kaushik as Govardhan's Boss
Sheela Sharma as Hotel Heritage's Hostess

Songs
The music for the album has been composed by the music director duo Nadeem–Shravan, who made their comeback after their split in 2006. with popular songs like 'Bebo', "mere naal". The songs in this album were of very different taste than the previous albums of Nadeem-Shravan. The lyrics were penned by Sameer.
"Zulfein Khol Khaal Me" – Sonu Nigam, Anuradha Sriram
"O Meri Bebo, O Aaja Bebo" – Neeraj Shridhar, Anushka Manchanda
"Do Not Disturb" – Anushka Manchanda
"Dont Ever Leave Me" – Shreya Ghoshal, Shaan
"Mere Naal Mere Naal Chal Soniye" – Shreya Ghoshal, K. K., Earl Dsouza
"She Is A Beautiful Woman" – Sowmya Raoh, Neeraj Shridhar

Reception
The film received positive reviews from critics. Taran Adarsh rated it 3.5/5 and described it as one of David Dhawan's best works yet. However, the film opened to a poor response and grossed $213,525. Overall, a net gross of  65 million, and also faced competition with Wake Up Sid which surpassed Do Knot Disturb completely. The film was rated a flop by Boxofficeindia.

References

External links

2009 films
2000s Hindi-language films
Indian comedy films
Films directed by David Dhawan
Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan
Films scored by Surinder Sodhi
Indian remakes of French films
Hindi films remade in other languages
2009 comedy films
Hindi-language comedy films
Romance film remakes
Films about interclass romance
Films adapted for other media

Do Knot Disturb


The Church of the Holy Ascension (), also known as the Holy Ascension Orthodox Church, is a prominent landmark in Unalaska, the major community of the western Aleutian Islands in southwestern Alaska.  The current church was built in 1894, probably on the site of an 1826 church, and likely using timbers and other elements (including one iconostasis) from the older church.  It is one of the oldest churches in Alaska, and is significant as the site from which missionaries brought their religion to the local Aleut people.  This evangelization effort was so successful that today's Aleut population is still strongly Orthodox.  The church was declared a National Historic Landmark for its architecture, and for its role in the history and culture of Alaska.  It is the second cathedral church of the  Orthodox Church in America Diocese of Alaska, after St. Michael's Cathedral in Sitka (which is also a National Historic Landmark).

Description
The Church of the Holy Ascension is located in Unalaska, a community of about 4,000 on the north side of Unalaska Island, the largest of the western Aleutian Islands.  It stands roughly midway on a peninsula dividing the Ililiuk River and Ililiuk Bay, west of the main part of the community.  The church stands on a property known as the "Russian Greek Mission Reserves", a  area on which the bishop's residence also stands.

The church is a wood-frame structure, cruciform in shape, with a belltower at its western end.  The tower is  tall, starting as a square structure, which rises to a cornice with shallow center gables on each cornice, and an octagonal cupola topped by a green onion dome, which is capped by an Orthodox cross.  The tower is connected to the nave of the church by a gable-roofed narthex.  The nave is rectangular, with a hip roof capped by a cupola similar to, but smaller than, that on the tower.  Hip-roofed wings containing chapels extend north and south from the near the eastern end of the nave.  The apse is at the far eastern end of the structure, with a hip roof that rises only to the level of the cornice of the nave.  All of the roofs are covered in wooden shingles painted red; the domes are covered in tarpaper which is painted green.

The interior of the church has a fairly uncomplicated layout.  The first floor of the tower acts as a vestibule, while the narthex area provides spaces for storage and stairs leading to the choir loft and the belfry, the latter occupying the tower's second level.  The floors of the church are wooden, and painted red throughout.  A red carpet leads through the nave to the eastern end of the building, where the main iconostasis and altar are located.  The chapel to the north is dedicated to Saint Innocent of Irkutsk; that to the south is dedicated to Saint Sergius of Radonezh.

The structure has undergone only modest alterations since its construction in 1894 to 1896, and underwent a major restoration in 1998.

Bishop's house
The bishop's house stands several hundred feet from the church.  It is a modest two-story wood-frame structure,  by , clad in shiplap siding.  Single-story wings extend to the east and west of the main block.  The cornices of the second story roofline have elaborately carved friezes and carved wooden corbel blocks.

History
The Aleutian Islands were discovered by Russian fur hunters in the mid-18th century, and a Russian establishment existed at Unalaska as early as 1778, when British Captain James Cook explored the area.  The first known religious building, a small chapel, was built in Unalaska in 1808, but there was no regular priest.  The first significant effort by the Russian Orthodox establishment to evangelize the local Aleut population began in 1795, when a monk named Macarius arrived at Unalaska and baptized most of the native population.  In 1824 Reverend Ivan Veniaminov arrived in Unalaska as its first permanent priest, and led the construction of a church not far from the site of the 1808 chapel.  Veniamov, later canonized as Innocent of Alaska, was an energetic force in the growth of the church in western Alaska.  He developed an alphabet for the Aleut language, and established a school to teach the natives to read and write.  Veniaminov spent ten years in Unalaska before being assigned to Sitka, where he engaged in similar activities with respect to the Tlingit people.  He was, during his long career in Alaska, a significant ethnographic resource, noted even by modern historians for the quality of his observations.

By 1858 the church Veniaminov built was failing due to the harsh climate, and a new church was built, using timbers from the older one.  In the 1880s, after a period of decline in the church, Bishop Nestor commissioned the construction of the bishop's house after a visit to Unalaska in which his accommodations were in the living quarters of the local cannery workers.  As part of this work a school building was also erected, to which the bishop's house was originally attached; this survived until it was destroyed by fire in 1960, singing the walls of the house in the process.

The present church was built from 1894 to 1896, after the arrival of Reverend Alexander Kedrovsky.  By this time Unalaska had achieved its place as the major port in the western Aleutians, and had grown into a small town.  The district Kedrovsky oversaw extended to include the Fox and Pribilof island groups, and to communities on the Alaskan peninsula.  It is believed that the north chapel of the present church is on the location of the original 1826 church, and that timbers were used from the old structure in construction of the new one.  There is also evidence suggesting that the iconostasis in that chapel is Aleut craftsmanship dating to 1824.

During World War II, the native population of the area was evacuated to southeastern Alaska.  The valuables of the church were preserved, despite the use of the church facilities by the nearly 60,000 troops stationed at Dutch Harbor.  Although the population returned, the effects of the relocation were profound, and the church has declined in the region since the war.  Icons from smaller community churches are now displayed in the chapel of St. Sergius.

See also
Oldest churches in the United States
List of the oldest buildings in Alaska
List of National Historic Landmarks in Alaska
National Register of Historic Places listings in Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska

References

External links

19th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Unalaska, Alaska
Buildings and structures in Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
Russian Orthodox church buildings in Alaska
Churches in Russian America
National Historic Landmarks in Alaska
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Historic American Buildings Survey in Alaska
Churches completed in 1826
Religious organizations established in 1826
Tourist attractions in Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
1826 establishments in the Russian Empire
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska

Church of the Holy Ascension


In Buddhism, an anagārika (Pali, 'homeless one', ; f. anagārikā ) is a person who has given up most or all of their worldly possessions and responsibilities to commit full-time to Buddhist practice. It is a midway status between a bhikkhu or bhikkhuni (fully ordained monastics) and laypersons. An anagārika takes the Eight Precepts, and might remain in this state for life.

Anagārikas usually wear white clothes or robes, depending on the tradition they follow. Some traditions have special ordination ceremonies for anagārikas, while others simply take the eight precepts with a special intention.

Given the lack of full ordination for women in most Theravada-majority countries since the late modern period, women who wish to renounce live as anagārikās under names such as maechi in Thailand, thilashin in Myanmar, and dasa sil mata in Sri Lanka. Women who are nonetheless intent on total renunciation may be fully ordained under certain nikāyas, even in historically Theravada countries. In Vajrayana Buddhism, many nuns are technically anagārikās or śrāmaṇerikās (novitiates).

History
In monastic settings, lay attendants for monks or nuns are needed. The monastic rules restrict monks and nuns from many tasks that might be needed, including the use of money, driving, cooking, digging and cutting plants, so lay attendants help bridge this gap. Anagārikas differ from laity by their commitment to Buddhism, to their precepts, and to monastics. There is usually a notable difference in their manner, appearance and attire. In many cases, they are full-time residents at the vihara where they ordained. Anagārikas often have the intention of becoming a monk or nun at a later point, though not always. In some monasteries a period as an anagārika, often one year, is required in order to take novice ordination.

The main difference between the Eight Precepts of an anagārika and the Ten Precepts of a novitiate is the rule of not handling money. Therefore, anagārika ordinations usually take place in viharas where the vinaya (monastic rules), including the rules about not handling money, are strictly followed.

Notable Anagārikas
 Anagārika Dharmapāla
 Anagārika Govinda
 Anagārika Munindra
 Anagārika Prajñānanda
 Anagārika Dhammadinna

External links
 "Monastic: Training,"  from "BuddhaMind Info".
 "Anagarika Life" from Abhayagiri Monastery Newsletter Spring 2007.
 Anagarika Ordination Questions from DhammaWheel forum, 2014.
 A proper preparation for becoming an anagarika from DhammaWheel forum, 2011.
 Question about Anagarikas from DhammaWheel forum, 2014
 Anagarika is post-canonical invention from DhammaWheel forum, 2017.

Buddhist ascetics
Buddhist titles
Buddhist religious occupations
Buddhist monasticism

Anagārika


John Gifford (1758 – 6 March 1818) was an English political writer. He was born John Richards Green until changing his name at the age of 23.

Gifford wrote a History of England (two volumes, 1790), History of France (four volumes, 1791-3), and The Reign of Louis XVI: a Complete History of the French Revolution (1794). A staunch supporter of William Pitt the Younger's government, Gifford wrote loyalist pamphlets such as A Plain Address to the Common Sense of the People of England with an annex titled 'An abstract of Thomas Paine's life and writings' (1792). His 1798 Short Address to Members of Loyal Associations was said to have sold 100,000 copies. Gifford also translated a few French émigré royalist pamphlets. He founded the Anti-Jacobin Review in 1798 after the demise of The Anti-Jacobin. It published until 1821. His Short Address included a scenario of Jacobin Britain: Thomas Paine, John Horne Tooke, John Thelwall, Thomas Hardy and Thomas Muir would be members of Directories for England, Scotland and Ireland, with policies such as disbanding the Royal Navy to be given away to France, Holland and Spain with England, Scotland and Ireland having token ships.

Gifford died in Bromley, Kent, aged about 60.

Notes

External links

1758 births
1818 deaths
18th-century English historians
English male non-fiction writers

John Gifford (writer)


4789 Sprattia (1987 UU2) là một tiểu hành tinh vành đai chính được phát hiện ngày 20 tháng 10 năm 1987 bởi Jeremy B. Tatum và David D. Balam ở Victoria, British Columbia.

Tham khảo

The following citation is from MPC 18465:

(4789) Sprattia = 1987 UU2

Tênd in honor of Christopher E. Spratt, an active amateur member of
the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada for 20 năm, with special
interests in comets, minor planets, meteors và variable stars. He has
written numerous articles ngày these subjects, including some ngày Canadian
meteorites, in the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, and
he has been of much practical help to the astrometric program carried out at
the University of Victoria. Spratt maintains a carefully chosen
representative collection of meteorites và was coordinator for the
northwest North American section of the Amateur Observation Network of the
International Halley Watch. He has contributed more than 32 000
observations of long-period và semiregular variable stars và dwarf novae
to the American Association of Variable Star Observers và in 1976 was the
most prolific observer of that year. The Chant Medal of the Royal
Astronomical Society of Canada was bestowed upon him in 1988. Spratt holds
an honors diploma in horticulture and, as a professional member of the
gardening staff ở the University of Victoria, does much to make the
university a pleasant place in which to work. Citation provided bởi J. B.
Tatum ở the request of the discoverer.

Liên kết ngoài
JPL Small-Body Database Browser ngày 4789 Sprattia

Tiểu hành tinh vành đai chính
Thiên thể phát hiện năm 1987

4789 Sprattia


Jay Newland is an American music producer, engineer and mixer, perhaps best known for his work with Norah Jones on her 2002 debut album Come Away with Me, one of the best-selling albums of all time, with 27 million units sold worldwide to date.

Career
Newland was educated at and graduated from Berklee College of Music. Newland is a twelve-time Grammy Award winner. Newland's first four Grammy awards came from his work as producer and engineer/mixer on Norah Jones' world-wide 27-million-selling album Come Away with Me (2002), including Record of the Year and Album of the Year at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards. Newland co-produced and mixed her biggest hit, "Don't Know Why", from that album, and recorded and mixed her 12-million-selling second album, Feels Like Home (2004).

Newland worked with singer Gregory Porter, recording and mixing Porter's million-selling album, Liquid Spirit (2013) and the platinum follow-up, Take Me to the Alley (2016).

Ayọ's debut album, Joyful (2007), was produced and mixed by Newland. It reached Double-Platinum status in France, Platinum in Germany and Poland, Gold status in Switzerland, Italy and Greece. Newland produced Ayọ's first two albums.

Newland co-produced the last album by Richie Havens, Nobody Left to Crown (2008), released five years before Havens' death.  The album contains Havens' version of The Who's "Won't Get Fooled Again".

In addition, Newland has worked with many other artists in numerous genres, including Eric Clapton, Paul Simon, Stevie Wonder, Johnny Hallyday, Charlie Haden, Pat Metheny, Missy Higgins, Dolly Parton, Etta James, Abbey Lincoln, Tom Tom Club, Stan Getz, Lucky Peterson, Mavis Staples, Linda Thompson, Boz Scaggs, Herbie Hancock, Esperanza Spalding, James Cotton, Buddy Guy, Bo Diddley, Pinetop Perkins, Junior Wells, Sun Ra, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, Keith Jarrett, Taj Mahal, Eddy Mitchell, Juliette Gréco, Michel LeGrand, Randy Weston, Bobby Womack and Dizzy Gillespie.

Newland won his 11th and 12th Grammys in 2016, as recording and mix engineer on John Scofield's album Country for Old Men and engineer and mixer on Gregory Porter's Take Me To The Alley.  Jay is represented by Joe D'Ambrosio of Joe D'Ambrosio Management, Inc.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Berklee College of Music alumni
American audio engineers

Jay Newland


Luciano Gaucci (December 28, 1938 – February 1, 2020) was an Italian entrepreneur and sportsman. He was the owner of various clubs:
 Perugia Calcio, a football club based in Perugia, Umbria.
 Viterbese Calcio, a football club based in Viterbo, Lazio.
 S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio, a football club based in  San Benedetto del Tronto, Marche
 Calcio Catania, a football club based in Catania, Sicily.

He was also vice-president of the A.S. Roma football club during the presidential period of Dino Viola in the 1980s. He was born in Rome, Kingdom of Italy.

Gaucci was owner of the famous castle Torre Alfina in Acquapendente, Lazio.

Ahn controversy

During the 2002 World Cup, South Korean player Ahn Jung-Hwan - then on loan to Gaucci's Perugia football club - scored a golden goal that eliminated Italy from the World Cup. Furious, Gaucci immediately made public comments about cancelling Ahn's contract and was quoted as saying, "I have no intention of paying a salary to someone who has ruined Italian football." While he soon took back his words, and offered to outright buy Ahn's contract, Ahn rejected his penitence, with his agent stating, "He will never play again for Perugia... We will never consider his transfer to Perugia, which mounted a character assassination against Ahn just because he scored against Italy."

Thoroughbred horse racing
Luciano Gaucci also owned Allevamento White Star, a Thoroughbred horse breeding and racing operation who gained international fame in the late 1980s with the European Champion thoroughbred Tony Bin, winner of six Group One races including France's most prestigious event, the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. Gaucci also owned multiple stakes race winner Sikeston as well as Dr Devious, a colt he sold to American weight loss guru Sidney H. Craig and who won England's 1992 Epsom Derby.

Bankruptcy and escape
After Perugia Calcio went bankrupt in 2005, the Italian magistrature started an inquiry into he and his sons Alessandro and Riccardo. Following these events, Luciano Gaucci escaped to Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic where he stayed for four years in hiding. He was subsequently sentenced to a three-year suspended jail sentence. Gaucci returned to Italy in March 2009, but died in Santo Domingo, aged 81.

References

External links
 Copy of October 5, 2003 article by Peter Popham on Luciano Gaucci in The Independent

1939 births
2020 deaths
Businesspeople from Rome
Italian football chairmen and investors
Italian racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winners
People of Marchesan descent

Luciano Gaucci


The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) is an office of the United Nations Secretariat which deals with the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries, and Small Island Developing States. It was founded in 2001 by United Nations resolution 56/227.

Mandate
The office has several roles for its client group. For the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries, it helps to ensure implementation of the program and supports the UN Economic and Social Council in assessing progress.
It supports follow-up of the Almaty Declaration and Programme of Action for Transit Transport Cooperation between Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries, and the UN Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.
It carries out relevant advocacy and seeks international support for its client group with the UN and society generally and it supports consultation within its client group.

For SIDS the office supports them in intergovernmental processes, advocates for their special consideration and resource mobilization as well as coordinates the support provided by the UN and the international community for sustainable development in SIDS. The SAMOA Pathway is a central policy document for sustainable development in SIDS and the work of OHRLLS.

List of High Representatives
 2002–2007: Anwarul K. Chowdhury
 2007–2012: Cheick Sidi Diarra
 2012–2017: Gyan Chandra Acharya
 2017–2021: Fekitamoeloa 'Utoikamanu
 2021–2022: Earle Courtenay Rattray
 2022- Present: Ms. Rabab Fatima

References

Further reading

Organizations established in 2001
United Nations Development Group
United Nations Secretariat


Jose Antonio "Bong" Nieva Carrion (June 19, 1948 – March 27, 2017) was a Filipino politician, who was a governor of the province of Marinduque, in the Philippines. He was born in Calapan, Oriental Mindoro, and his grandfather, Juan Morente Nieva, also served as the Governor of Marinduque from 1907 to 1916. In 2011, Carrion was implicated in the assassination of broadcaster Gerry Ortega, although ultimately all charges against him were dismissed. He was married to Filipina singer and politician Imelda Papin.

Governor of Marinduque
Carrion first became the governor of Marinduque during the 1995 gubernatorial election. He served from 1995 to 1998. It was during his term as governor that the Marcopper mining disaster happened in Boac, Marinduque. Known as one of the largest mining disasters in the Philippines, it was estimated it would take 25 years and 300 million pesos to rehabilitate the area.

Carrion unsuccessfully ran for re-election thrice as a member of the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino party, in 1998, 2001, and in 2004. Carrion ran again in 2007 as an independent and successfully won the election, defeating the incumbent Carmencita Reyes. Carrion promised to focus on transforming Marinduque to an eco-tourism spot during his second incumbency as governor, detailing an 8-point Execute Agenda during his State of the Provincial Address. Carrion also spent his second term building infrastructure in the province, through coordinating with baranggay units in the creation of farm-to-market roads, construction of school buildings, and institution of agricultural programs.

In 2010, Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez ordered the stoppage of a "midnight deal" involving allegedly overpriced personal computers worth over P18 million. Carrion denied all charges of overpricing, and that no midnight realignment of funds occurred. He has claimed that the allegations were incorrect and misleading.

Carrion served until 2010, but was again unsuccessful in securing the re-election in 2010 and 2013. His final bid for re-election in 2013 was unsuccessful, and he was defeated by Reyes.

Assassination of Gerry Ortega

On January 24, 2011, Palawan journalist Gerry Ortega was assassinated after finishing his radio show. One of the suspects, Rodolfo Edrad, Jr. confessed shortly after and claimed to be a former bodyguard of Carrion's. In Edrad's confession, he named Carrion and former Palawan governor Joel Reyes as the masterminds of the assassination. Carrion confirmed that Edrad was indeed a former security aide, however, he denied ever talking to him about any plot.

Ultimately, the Department of Justice dismissed all charges against him and 5 others implicated in the assassination plot due to lack of sufficient evidence to indict them.

Personal life
Carrion was married to Filipina singer Imelda Papin, with whom he had one daughter Maria France Imelda Papin Carrion. Maria France graduated as a Bachelor of Mass Communication at the University of Nevada Las Vegas, and is now a paralegal. However, Carrion and Papin had their marriage annulled. Prior to his marriage to Papin, Carrion also had one son, Chino. After his marriage to Papin, Carrion went on to marry Armi Carrion. Carrion had one sister, Maria Rosa "Bing Carrion-Buck, who is an author.

Death
On March 27, 2017, Carrion died in Manila, due to complications arising from lung cancer. He is survived by his wife, Armi, his son, and his daughter.

References

External links
 Official website

1948 births
2017 deaths
Governors of Marinduque
People from Marinduque
Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino politicians
People from Oriental Mindoro
Lakas–CMD politicians

Jose Antonio Carrion