S.C. Automobile Dacia S.A., commonly known as Dacia (), is a Romanian car manufacturer that takes its name from the historical region that constitutes present-day Romania. The company was established in 1966. In 1999, after 33 years, the Romanian government sold Dacia to the French car manufacturer Groupe Renault. It is Romania's largest company by revenue and the largest exporter, constituting 8% of the country's total exports in 2018. In 2021, the Dacia marque sold 537,074 passenger and commercial vehicles.

From January 2021 onwards the Dacia company became part of Renault's Dacia-Lada business unit. In May 2022, Renault sold Lada's parent company AvtoVAZ to Russian state-owned institute NAMI.

History
The first facility in the area was built between 1942 and 1945, as an extension of the IAR aircraft manufacturer. The new factory, built in the Colibași-Pitești area under the order of Marshal Ion Antonescu (conducător of Romania during World War II), was scheduled to produce up to 600 aircraft engines per month. The building work was completed in 1945. After the war, the facility was taken over by the Romanian Railways, later generating the Dacia plants.

Founding
The Dacia automobile company was founded in 1966 under the name  (UAP). The main Dacia factory was inaugurated in 1968, in Colibași (now called Mioveni), near Pitești. Dacia acquired the tooling and basic designs of the Renault 12. However, until the tooling was ready it was decided to produce the Renault 8 under licence; it was known as the Dacia 1100. From 1968 to 1972, 37,546 cars of model 1100 were produced, with a very minor cosmetic change to the front in early 1970. Also produced in very limited numbers was the 1100S, with twin headlamps and a more powerful engine, used by the police and in motor racing.

The first Dacia 1300 left the assembly line ready for the 23 August parade in 1969, and was exhibited at the Paris and Bucharest shows of that year. Romanians were delighted with the modernity and reliability of the car, and waiting lists were always lengthy. By 1970, there were two variants: the standard 1300 and the 1300L (for Lux); in 1974 the 1301 Lux Super was introduced, which had novelties such as a heated rear screen, a radio, wing mirrors on both sides and a more luxurious trim. This was reserved for the Communist Party nomenklatura.

Changes soon followed as export markets opened up. In 1973, the estate variant, 1300 Break, was produced. There were 1300F (estate with no rear seats, for carrying goods) and 1300S (ambulance) variants, and in 1975 the Dacia 1302 pick-up was developed. 2,000 units were made until 1982.

Dacia also produced the Estafette, a complete knock-down version of the Renault Estafette van, in limited numbers, but given the competition of the Bucharest-made T.V. van, numbers were very limited. In the very early 1980s, the Renault 20 was also assembled as the Dacia 2000; because of the exclusivity of this model numbers were always very limited. The 2000 was only available in dark blue or black, and was reserved for the Party elite. In 1978 plans were revealed for the Renault 18 to be assembled by Dacia, but the Renault contract lapsed and Dacia went its own way.

At the Bucharest show in 1979, the restyled 1310 models were presented. These had quad lamps at the front, larger lamps at the rear, re-profiled bumpers, and a new interior. The changes were heavily inspired by Renault's own restyling of its 12 in 1975. After a brief series of "crossover" cars in 1981 (for example, there were no more rectangular headlights available for the 1300, so the last models used the quad lamps of the 1310), the 1310 hit the Romanian market in late 1981. In the UK, where it was known as the Dacia Denem, the top of the range model included such luxuries as a five-speed gearbox, alloy wheels and electric windows. The advertising slogan used for the car was "The Very Acceptable Dacia Denem". Sales were very limited, and the number surviving are not thought to exceed ten, although the Romanian Embassy in South Kensington kept a fleet running until the mid-1990s. Sales of the pick-up version, known as the Shifter, continued until the 1990s, and the ARO 10 was also sold as the Dacia Duster. Production was stopped in late 1982.

At the same time the Sport model was produced. At the 1980 Bucharest international trade fair, crowds admired the Brașovia, a prototype of a sports coupé based on the 1310 and developed at a service station in Brașov. The go-ahead was given for a prestige model, and so from 1983 the two-door Dacia 1310 Sport (and later the 1410 Sport), was available for general consumption. These were very popular for rallies, and racing drivers such as Nicu Grigoraș tuned them to extract extraordinary power from the old Renault engine.

1980s
The designers were still coming up with fresh ideas, many of them shrouded in secrecy. Prototypes such as the 500cc Mini-Dacia, as well as Dacia 1310 variants, were designed; some, such as the Dacia 1310 Maxi Break, are still on the road. These cars are eagerly prized by Dacia enthusiasts, and Dacia web forums are full of evidence about the rarities and oddities produced by Dacia during the 1980s. The Maxi Break was an eight-seater version of the station wagon (also available as an ambulance), stretched by about a half a metre between the doors. 10–12 such cars were actually built, by Dacia Service Pitesti.

In 1982, after the 1302 was dropped, the Dacia 1304 Pick-up and Drop-side models were introduced. Actually, they had been launched from 1981. These were a commercial success and remained in production, gradually being modified along with the rest of the range, until December 2006. In 1985 were added the 1410 was available as a larger-engined variant, while the relatively short-lived 1210 was the economy variant until about 1992.

For the 1984 model year, the de luxe MS and MLS models presented slight modifications on the 1310 platform, with a new spoiler and chunkier, rubber mouldings around the front grille and headlamps. In 1985, the rear vent was changed from a narrow horizontal aperture to a rhomboid aperture, much like that of the Renault 12 phase 2. From late 1985 all models had the large rubber mouldings around the front grille and headlamps, plus a spoiler: the line-up was changed to TX and TLX, though other designations were occasionally seen. A five-speed gearbox also became an option. Models destined for Canada (initially called GTL) sported twin fuel tanks. In parallel, work was developing on the 1320 CN1 model, which was a hatchback based on the 1310. The new front end seen on the 1320 also appeared on the top-of-the-range and special-order models from about 1986; these cars were distinguishable by two large headlights, a much plusher interior clad in blue plastic and a new dashboard known as the CN1, and – occasionally – faired-in door handles. Many were owned by senior officials in the Communist Central Committee. While the 1320 was the most expensive model in the Dacia range when it appeared in 1988, many were used as taxis. The 1320 did not last long, however; as early as 1989 there were prototypes using the front of the 1320 and a new rear, with wrap-around tail lights and other (relatively) modern features.

1990s
The 1320 model emerged in 1991 as the Dacia 1325 Liberta (after the 1989 revolution, themes of liberty were very much in fashion) and stayed in production until 1996.
The last of the quad-lamped models were produced in 1992, and all the Dacia range received the new front end of the 1320, called CN1. An effort was made to rejuvenate the model range: the Sport was dropped, due to lack of sales, and new commercial vehicles were introduced. The 1307 was a double-cabbed pick-up; the 1309 was an estate with a tarpaulin instead of a boot; the car was a cross-over between estate and pick-up and sold very well on the Chinese market. There were also several prototypes, including:
the 1610 diesel estate, powered by Volkswagen, with about 150 units sold
the Dacia Star, with curved side windows
the 1308 Jumbo, a camper-van, and several attempts to give the 1310 a more modern look by grafting the front of contemporary cars such as the Nissan Primera onto it.

The cars of 1992 to 1994 are curiosities: although efforts were obviously being made to renew the model range, there were numerous stylistic hangovers from the quad-lamped models. Thus, the last of the 1983-designed dashboards were seen in 1994 although a new dashboard had been seen on some model ranges since 1987. Similarly, although the CN1 restyling eliminated anachronisms such as a kink upwards at the C-pillar and a rubber rear spoiler, it was not applied consistently.

The 1994 facelift was known within the industry as CN2. A reprojected front end was distinguished by a horizontal metal line in the grille. There were new headlamps, a new radiator grille, and front and rear bumpers. Inside, there was a new dashboard for the base models, while the top-of-the-range cars had luxuries such as body-coloured bumpers, rear head restraints, a radio-cassette, hubcaps, and the ever-present CN1 dashboard, this time in black plastic. This model was not to stay in production for very long; in 1995 the CN3 type was introduced. Practically the only differences were those of trim level and the radiator grille.

From late 1994 little attention was paid to the improvement of the 1310 range, as Dacia launched a new model, the Dacia Nova. This was a compact saloon/sedan or hatchback with a three-box design. The design was rather outdated, because development work had started in 1983. The Nova is a 100% Romanian design, started after the end of any French involvement in Dacia. The model was unpopular, due to reliability and rustproofing issues. However, after improvements in 1996, the Nova became more often seen on Romanian roads. In 1998 a seven-seater prototype was produced using the panels and windows from the standard Nova saloon.

In 1998, the anniversary year of three decades of production since the first Dacia rolled off the assembly line, vehicle number 2,000,000 emerged from the plant; this year saw the last restyling of the 1310. It was known as CN4 and involved a comprehensive restyling of the front end, new door handles, and a lightly restyled rear view mirror. The estate version was fitted with larger tail lights. Even though the model was over thirty years old, it sold exceptionally well due to a starting price of about 4,200 euros and high availability of parts. "Goodies" such as a fuel-injection also helped keep the model relatively modern.

In 1999, a special edition was produced for the first time, known as Dacia Dedicație. This luxury version of the saloon and estate had alloy wheels, body-coloured bumpers, power steering, electric windows, and a far better level of finish. The models were all painted two-tone silver, and sold at a significantly higher price. From 2002, the cars became known as Berlina and Break, with the 1310 lettering being relegated to an insignificant position underneath the side light.

On 21 July 2004, the last models of the 1300 series rolled out the gates of the Mioveni production facility, one month before their 35th anniversary. The last Dacia 1310 (saloon version), number 1,979,730, will be kept in the Dacia Museum.

On 8 December 2006, the utility Dacia Pick-Up suffered the same fate. Although many improvements had been made in recent years, such as four-wheel drive, the introduction of a 1.9 diesel engine, the dashboard from the Dacia Solenza (also seen on the last 1310s) and wheels fastened by five studs as opposed to three, Romania's entry to the European Union effectively prevented the continued production of the old models. The assembly lines will be remodelled and expanded to increase production of the Dacia Logan.

In over 34 years of production, and more than 2.5 million units produced, the Dacia 1300/1310 easily became the most common car on Romanian roads. A large number of people had become adept at carrying out repairs or home-made modifications. For example, many older cars had newer front ends grafted onto them to make them seem more modern, or purely because newer parts were easier to get. Consequently, original early 1300s are quite rare, with prices steadily increasing for the best-preserved models. Tuning of Dacias is also a popular pastime, although the home-made nature of much of the work casts doubt on the level of quality, safety and reliability of the finished product.

According to popular belief, during the Communist era, in the plant where Dacias were made, there were two assembly lines: one line producing Dacias intended for sale in Romania and the other line producing the same car (albeit from superior parts, and assembled with greater care) for export. Romanians living near the border would commonly purchase their Dacia in neighbouring countries expecting a higher level of quality.

Acquisition by Renault

Meanwhile, work was continuing on the other Dacia models. In September 1999, Dacia became the third brand of the Renault group, with a view to making Romania its hub of automobile development in Central and Eastern Europe, and investment was consequently increased. The first sign of this came in 2000, with the introduction of the SupeRNova, an improved version of the Nova with engine and transmission from Renault. The top-of-the range version had air conditioning, electric windows and a CD player. Sales were very good, although the outdatedness of the concept was striking. Dacia sold 53,000 vehicles in 2002, an almost 50 per cent market share in Romania.

In 2003, a restyled version replaced the SupeRNova with Dacia Solenza, featuring a new interior, the options for an airbag. This was, however, only meant to be a stopgap model filling the need for a saloon model before the introduction of the all-important Dacia Logan, as well as to familiarise workers with the demands of manufacturing a model acceptable to Western European markets. Production was stopped in 2005.

2004–2011

The Dacia Logan is the most successful model since the original 1300. It was introduced after considerable media interest in August 2004, and despite design-related criticism, it became one of the top-selling cars in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Russia. The Logan is sold in many countries, occasionally under the Renault brand. It was awarded 3 (out of 5) stars in NCAP crash testing. It remains by far the best-selling car in Romania, comprising a 43% share of Dacia's total Romanian sales in 2015. A diesel version was also introduced in 2005. Before its launch, it was known as the 5000-Euro car due to its projected launch price. This was never quite the case, although it is one of the cheapest cars for its size on the market.

In 2006, the prototype Logan Steppe was exhibited. This showed a speculative 4×4 estate version of the Logan. The estate version was launched in late 2006. The van, basically an estate with the rear windows filled in and a separate cabin for the driver, was launched in February 2007 after the stopping production of the classic utility vehicle, the Dacia Pick-Up.

The Renault Technologie Roumanie engineering centre was set up in 2006, in Bucharest, Romania. Employing approximately 2,500 engineers, its main fields of activity are the development, testing and design of the new vehicles in the Dacia range, as well as the marketing and technical support. The following year, the company also set up a styling office, Renault Design Central Europe.

A pick-up model and the Logan-based hatchback Sandero were launched in 2008, the latter at the Geneva Motor Show. This also marked a point of rebranding for the company, which adopted a new logo and later the same year launched the facelifted Logan model.

In 2009, a new concept called the Dacia Duster was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show, signaling manufacturer's intentions of releasing an SUV model. This was reportedly the inauguration of the platform that would be used for the second generation of the Logan and Sandero models, released in 2012.

In 2010, the Dacia Duster was exhibited at the Geneva Motor Show. It is the first crossover SUV built by Dacia since the Renault acquisition, in 4×2 and 4×4 versions. It was revealed on 8 December 2009, and became available in Europe on 18 March 2010.

In September 2010, a testing center was opened in Titu, Romania, as part of Renault Technologie Roumanie. It is intended for developing and optimizing the new vehicles in the Dacia range and has nine types of track with a total length of 32 kilometres and around 100 test benches, used to test the resistance of vehicles and replacement parts to cold, heat and rain.

2012–2020
In 2012, Dacia Lodgy, a new compact MPV, was revealed at the Geneva Motor Show. It is based on a new platform and is manufactured at an all-new Renault factory in Tangier, Morocco.

The Dokker, released in June 2012, is a slightly smaller leisure activity vehicle, also manufactured in Tangier, sharing the same platform with the Lodgy, available in passenger and panel van variants.

In September 2012, the second generations of the Logan and Sandero were revealed at the Paris Motor Show. They feature a common front end design and come with improved standard safety features, a new engine and other new comfort equipment.

The following year, the facelifted Duster was presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show. It received mild modifications to the front and rear ends, the new interior introduced on the new Logan and Sandero models, as well as a new turbocharged petrol engine.

At the 2017 Frankfurt Motor Show, the second generation Duster model was introduced, bringing new comfort and technical improvements, but retaining similar dimensions and engines.

According to reports, in September 2018, Automobile Dacia gained the 14th place in Top 500 CEE companies.

Dacia's CEO from April 2016 until May 2018 was Yves Caracatzanis. He was replaced by Antoine Doucerain, who left after only four months due to "personal reasons". After a brief stint by interim manager Jerome Olive, the position was filled by Christophe Dridi in December 2018.

In 2020, Dacia announced that they would be releasing an electric car which they showcased in March 2020 with the Dacia Spring Electric concept. The Dacia Spring is said to be based on the Renault City K-ZE and is set to become the cheapest electric car in Europe with the price being estimated by Romanian media at around €15,000 to €20,000.

2021–present
In January 2021, Denis Le Vot became the CEO of the Dacia-Lada business unit. As part of a company revamp, Renault said it would integrate the Dacia and the Lada marques into a new business unit. It also unveiled a new Dacia logo and a product offensive for the Dacia marque, widening its market segments coverage.

In March 2021, the production version of the Dacia Spring EV was shown at the Renault eWays event by Groupe Renault Executive Denis Le Vot. The Spring will be sold in LHD areas of Europe, alongside updated Sandero and Logan models (announced at the end of 2020) and will have a car-sharing version called the Spring Business.

Facilities
The company's single plant is located in Mioveni, Romania, together with its headquarters, and has a production capacity of 350,000 vehicles per year. It is divided into several sections, such as bodywork, painting, assembly, mechanical and chassis, foundry etc. It works in conjunction with the Renault Technologie Roumanie engineering centre, located in Bucharest and set up in 2006, which also comprises a styling office, Renault Design Central Europe, and with the testing centre located in Titu that was opened in 2010.

A large logistical centre was also set near the plant in March 2005, the International Logistic Network, from where complete knock down (CKD) kits are exported to other Renault production sites in Russia, Morocco, Colombia, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Iran and India. It is reportedly the biggest logistic centre of its kind not only in the Renault Group, but in the global automotive industry. In 2012, the total equivalent of the kits sent worldwide from the centre was 920,646 vehicles.

Overseas
Two of the Dacia models, the Lodgy and the Dokker vans, were manufactured at the Renault factory in Tangier, Morocco. The Logan and the Sandero are also manufactured in Casablanca, Morocco, the latter also in Tangier.

Innovation
Faced with the growing demand for automatic gearboxes in Europe and significant demand in Russia, South America and India, Renault has decided to develop a specific automatic gearbox, called Easy-R. Innovative, it replaces hydroelectric technologies (hydraulics controlled by electronics) with electromechanical elements. The result is a more reliable and more affordable automatic transmission. Dacia is indeed offering this equipment from 2015 in Europe at a price of 600 euros, which is at least half the price of the competition. The number of parts has been reduced by a quarter, ensuring better reliability and simplified maintenance. Four modes are available on the Easy-R controlled gearbox, also indicated on the dashboard: D/Drive, N/Neutral, R/Rear and M/Manual impulse. This Easy-R gearbox keeps fuel consumption identical to that of the manual gearbox, while offering the advantages of a traditional automatic gearbox.

Sales
The Dacia brand is marketed in most of the Western and Eastern European countries, as well as in some Northern African countries, such as Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. Western European exports began in the late 1970s, entering markets like Belgium and the Netherlands in 1978. Its models have also been produced by Renault in its production sites on other continents (in Russia, Iran, India, South Africa, Colombia and Brazil) and sold under its own brand or other specific local brands (such as Mahindra, Lada or Nissan for example ).

In 2012, Dacia sold a total of 359,822 vehicles, of which approximately 230,000 were exported to Western Europe, the most of them in France and in Germany. Besides the domestic market, its other key markets have been Algeria, Turkey, Italy and Spain.

For 2014 the company sold 511,465 vehicles in 43 countries, thus breaking another record and exceeding the 500,000 threshold. On the 6th of May 2014, the main Dacia plant Mioveni produced its five millionth car, approximately the three millionth car since Renault owned the brand.

The 3.5 millionth Dacia car, since the Dacia brand revival ten years before, was sold in the UK in November 2015.

In 2015, the company set a new sales record, with a total of 550,920 units marketed.

Dacia cars sales exceeded 700,000 units in 2018 (7% more than in the previous year).

Figures
The historical sales figures of all the models are the following (under the Dacia brand only):

Models

Current
 Dacia Duster II (2017–present)
 Dacia Duster Pick-Up (2020–present)
 Dacia Logan III (2020–present)
 Dacia Sandero III (2020–present)
 Dacia Sandero Stepway III (2020–present)
 Dacia Spring Electric (2021–present)
 Dacia Spring Cargo (2021–present)
 Dacia Jogger (2022–present)

Future
Dacia will launch two new models, after the Bigster, by 2025.
 Dacia Duster III (2024)
 Dacia Bigster (2025)

Former

 Dacia 1100 (1968–1972)
 Dacia 1300 (1969–1979)
 Dacia 1301 (1970–1974)
 Dacia D6 Estafette (1974–1976)
 Dacia 1302 (1975–1982)
 Dacia 1210/1310/1410 (1979–2004; Dacia Denem in the United Kingdom)
 Dacia 1304 Pick Up (1979–2006)
 Dacia 2000 (1980–1982)
 Dacia Duster (1983–1990s; rebadged ARO 10 in the United Kingdom)
 Dacia 1310 Sport/1410 Sport (1983–1992)
 Dacia 1320 (1985–1989)
 Dacia 1305 Drop Side (1985–2006)
 Dacia 500 Lăstun (1988–1991)
 Dacia Liberta (1990–1996)
 Dacia 1309 (1992–1997)
 Dacia 1307 King Cab (1992–2003)
 Dacia 1307 Double Cab (1992–2006)
 Dacia Nova (1994–1999)
 Dacia SuperNova (2000–2002)
 Dacia Solenza (2003–2005)
 Dacia Logan I (2004–2012)
 Dacia Logan I MCV (2006–2012)
 Dacia Logan Van (2007–2012)
 Dacia Logan Pick-Up (2008–2012)
 Dacia Sandero I (2008–2012)
 Dacia Sandero Stepway I (2008–2012)
 Dacia Duster I (2009–2017)
 Dacia Logan II (2012–2020)
 Dacia Logan II MCV (2012–2020)
 Dacia Sandero II (2012–2020)
 Dacia Sandero Stepway II (2012–2020)
 Dacia Logan II Stepway (2019–2020)
 Dacia Dokker (2012–2021)
 Dacia Lodgy (2012–2022)

Prototypes
 Dacia Braşovia coupé (1980)
 Mini-Dacia (1980s) – prototype made from cut-down Dacia 1310 panels and easily changeable from hatchback to pick-up to convertible according to removable panels
 Dacia Jumbo highrise van (1990)
 Dacia Nova minivan (1998)
 Several prototypes of the 1310 with diesel, LPG or smaller engines, throughout the model history
 Dacia Star (1991)
 Dacia 1310 convertible (1987; three produced)
 Dacia 1306 saloon-derived pick-up (1994/5; very small series)
 Dacia 1310 Break Limousine (late 1980s) – stretched estate with seven seats, several produced in normal-roofed and high-roofed variants
 Dacia D33 (1997) – prototype made by IDEA design house in Turin, one model only
 Dacia 1310 4x4 / Aro 12 (late 1980s) – estate-derived 4x4, very small series
 Dacia Duster concept car (2009)

Marketing

Sponsorships
From the 2008–09 season, Dacia was the sponsor of Italian Serie A football club Udinese Calcio and Stadio Friuli.

Dacia became the official car partner of the Rugby League Super League and the Challenge Cup in February 2016 and then deepened their support of the sport by becoming the main sponsors of the men's, women's and wheelchair England teams in June 2017. They also became the principal partner of the Great Britain Rugby League Lions in 2019 for the team's four match tour of New Zealand and Papua New Guinea.

Notes

References

Further reading

Rediscover the history of Dacia 50 years

External links

 Official brand website

Renault
Dacia
Romanian brands
Privatized companies in Romania
Car brands
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1966
1966 establishments in Romania
1999 mergers and acquisitions
Companies of Argeș County

Automobile Dacia


In Australia, the Australasian Inter-Service Incident Management System (AIIMS) is the nationally recognised  system of incident management for the nation's fire and emergency service agencies. Organisational principles and structure are used to manage bushfires and other large emergencies (e.g. floods, storms, cyclones etc.) utilising the all agencies approach. AIIMS was first developed by the Forests Commission Victoria (FCV) in wake of the Ash Wednesday Bushfires in 1983 as a derivative of the United States' NIMS, and is based on the principles of management by objectives, functional management, common terminology and limits to the span of control. AIIMS is a trademark of AFAC and the material in the AIIMS manual and  training materials is copyright of AFAC.

Principles

AIIMS is based on five key principles:
 Management by objectives
 Functional management
 Span of control
 Flexibility
 Unity of command

History
The Forests Commission Victoria (FCV) had begun experimenting with new fire control arrangements from the mid-1970s based on shared experiences with the US Forest Service. Different arrangements had been trialled at Cann River and Warburton during the disastrous 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires. And after the fires there were major changes in how the Forests Commission approached large fire suppression and control on State forest and National Parks. The Country Fire Authority (CFA) were responsible for fires on private land and operated independently on separate radio frequencies under a group structure. Cross agency issues sometimes arose within the "Marginal Mile"; so FCV and CFA liaison officers were often appointed in the event of large or complex bushfires.

During 1984, Kevin Monk from the FCV's Fire Protection Branch travelled on a Churchill Fellowship to California to study the United States National Incident Management System (NIMS). He brought back the NIMS documentation and developed a Victorian version, which became known as the Large Fire Organisation (LFO). Importantly, the LFO was designed to be scalable; from Level 1 for simple local incidents, through to Level 3 for complex multi-agency and campaign bushfires. Brian Potter, Chief of the CFA (1985-91), also visited the US and became an enthusiastic supporter of NIMS, the LFO, and later, AIIMS.

By the summer of 1984-85 the LFO was being progressively adopted, with dedicated Incident Management Teams (IMTs) complete with Incident Controllers, Operations, Planning and Logistics units identified and trained within the new Conservation, Forests, and Lands (CFL) Regions. CFL replaced the Forests Commission in mid 1983.

Athol Hodgson was appointed CFL's first Chief Fire Officer (1984-87) and was a strong advocate of the LFO. The fires of January 1985 in the alps near Mt Buffalo were the first major test for the newly formed department. It was also the largest deployment of firefighting aircraft in Australia up to that time, including 20 helicopters and 16 fixed-wing aircraft from the FCV, Australian Defence Force and NSCA.  The LFO was given a thorough test run at these fires. Later Chief Fire Officers, Barry Johnston (1987-90), Rod Incoll (1990-96) and Garry Morgan (1996-2005) maintained the momentum for changes to command-and-control arrangements at large bushfires in Victoria.

Significantly, in 1986, the Victorian Emergency Management Act provided for a single controller to be appointed for each joint CFA/CFL bushfire. Later in 1988 the Australian Association of Rural Fire Authorities adopted the principals embodied in LFO and NIMS.

The LFO became the forerunner of the Australasian Inter-Service Incident Management System (AIIMS) which was adopted nationally in the early 1990s under newly formed Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council (AFAC).

AIIMS was jointly adopted by the CFA and CFL in 1991 with the intent of bringing emergency services together under one control system with common terminology, A Multi-Agency Incident Management Agreement was signed by the Chief Officers of the CFA and CFL on 14 November 1997 to give more detail on joint firefighting arrangements, although it took many years to make the full transition to other agencies and interstate.

The operation, training and slow uptake of AIIMS were some of the key issues at the Coronial Inquest into the deaths of five CFA firefighters at Linton in December 1998.

Management by objectives

To ensure all incident personnel are working towards one set of objectives, the Incident Controller, in consultation with the Incident Management Team, determines the desired outcomes of the incident. These are communicated to all involved. At any point in time, an incident can have only one set of objectives and one Incident Action Plan for achieving objectives.

Functional management

The control system of AIIMS is based on a structure of delegation with five functional areas: Control, Planning, Public Information, Operations and Logistics. This guarantees that all vital management and information functions are performed.

 Control - The management of all activities necessary for the resolution of an incident. (Coloured White)
 Planning - The collection and analysis of information and the development of plans for the resolution of an incident. (Coloured Yellow)
 Public Information - Provision of warnings, information and advice to the public and liaison with the media and affected communities.  (Coloured Brown)
 Operations - The tasking and application of resources to achieve resolution of an incident. (Coloured Red)
 Logistics - The acquisition and provision of human and physical resources, facilities, services and materials to support achievement of incident objectives. (Coloured Blue)

For every incident, an Incident Controller is appointed who is ultimately responsible and accountable for all of the five functions. Depending on the size and complexity of an incident, the Incident Controller may elect to delegate one or more of the functions of planning, public information, operations and logistics.

Functional management dictates that there can only be one Incident Controller managing an incident at any one time. Delegation of the functions results in an Incident Management Team of up to five people and enables span of control to be maintained.

The Public Information Unit was added the AIIMS 3rd edition (2011) as a result of recommendations from the 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires Royal Commission.

Span of control

Span of control is a concept that relates to the number of groups or individuals that can be successfully supervised by one person. During emergency incidents, the environment in which supervision is required can rapidly change and become dangerous if not managed effectively. Up to five reporting groups or individuals is considered to be desirable, as this maintains a supervisor's ability to effectively task, monitor and evaluate performance.

Where span of control is exceeded, the supervising officer should consider delegating responsibility to others. Conversely, where the span of control is lower or the tasks are fewer (for example in a de-escalating incident), the supervisor may reassume responsibility or reorganise delegation to contract the structure to fit the tasks required.

The way in which AIIMS is "scalable" is that it does not require the full-scale response to every incident – it allows for the build-up of resources and response activity. For example, a single-story house does not require an Incident Control Centre (i.e. control room) with six people managing the incident; however, the 2010–2011 Queensland floods required all functional areas to be filled by a separate individual as other people filling the other roles which come under each functional area (e.g. welfare, catering etc.) as a single person would not be able to handle the logistics, operations, planning etc. all by themselves as would be expected of the single-story fire (at least in the first instance).

This scalability is also demonstrated by AIIMS being used by other agencies such as Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) where they state "the use of the AIIMS system promotes effective joint operations through the use of common structures and terminology" when they collaborate with other agencies using AIIMS to manage public land emergencies (e.g. floods, fires etc.).

Its uses also extended to the management of the locust plague, where they used an AIIMS-like system called the Biosecurity Incident Management System (BIMS) to manage the incident. Like AIIMS, BIMS is a derivative of NIIMS.

As with any system it is not without its criticisms, mainly stemming from when people should delegate (i.e. scale the system) from a single incident controller to an IC plus Operations Officer, or when to involve planning. As demonstrated by Black Saturday bushfires or the 2010-2011 Queensland floods, improvements needed to be made around who is responsible for intelligence, inter-service communication etc. Whether these have been overcome by the promotion of Intelligence and Public Information may become clear as debriefs from the 2019-2020 summer fires take place across Australia.

See also
 Emergency Management Australia

References

Incident management
Emergency management in Australia


Schneider Kreuznach () is the abbreviated name of the company Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH, which is sometimes also simply referred to as Schneider.  They are a manufacturer of industrial and photographic optics. The company was founded on 18 January 1913 by Joseph Schneider as Optische Anstalt Jos. Schneider &  Co. at Bad Kreuznach in Germany. The company changed its name to Jos. Schneider & Co., Optische Werke, Kreuznach in 1922, and to the current Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH in 1998.

In 2001, Schneider received an Oscar for Technical Achievement for their Super-Cinelux motion picture lenses. It is best known as manufacturers of large format lenses for view cameras, enlarger lenses, and photographic loupes. It also makes a limited amount of small- and medium-format lenses, and has at various times manufactured eyeglasses and camera rangefinders, as well as being an OEM lens maker for Kodak and Samsung digital cameras. It has supplied the lenses for various LG devices and the BlackBerry Priv. It also supplied the lenses for the Kodak Regent camera in the 1930s and other classic cameras such as certain models of the Rolleiflex starting in the 1940s, the Kodak Retina and Kodak Retinette camera series in the 1950s and 1960s, and certain specialty lenses for Hasselblad. In 1961, it created Feinwerktechnik GmbH, a manufacturer of electrical-hydraulic servo valves.

In recent years, it has acquired several other companies:
In 1985, it acquired the B+W Filter Manufacturing Company (founded in 1947 by partners Biermann and Weber), maker of the line of B+W filters.
In July 1987, it purchased Rollei Fototechnic GmbH.
In 1989, it purchased Käsemann/Oberaudorf, a manufacturer of glass and plastic polarizing materials.
After 1991 it acquired the former East-German (GDR) camera and lens manufacturer Pentacon/Practica (Dresden)
In 2000, it acquired Century Optics, an American lensmaking firm.

From the start of its production in 1914, Schneider had produced their 500,000th lens by June 1932, its millionth by November 1936, and its 10 millionth lens by January 1967. As of April 2000, it had produced over 14,730,000 lenses. The list below converts any cm designations on earlier lenses to mm (so a 16.5 cm lens is shown as a 165 mm lens).

Small format lenses

Angulon
Schneider Kreuznach lens made for the German 35mm Rolleiflex SL35 and SL350 SLR cameras equipped with Quick Bayonet Mount (QBM)

Rollei SL-Angulon 35 mm f2.8

C-Curtagon
A very small lens, available in M42 screw mount.
28 mm f/4
35 mm f/2.8
35 mm f/4

Curtagon
28 mm f/4 (M42 mount and possibly others)
28 mm f/4 Exakta mount with large silver shutter release knob and clear plastic f stop scale  http://exaktaphile.net/captjack/Schneider%20page.htm
28 mm f/4 (Retina-Curtagon: different exterior design than the M42 mount lens, DKL-mount for Kodak Retina Reflex S and later cameras)
28 mm f/4 Edixa-Curtagon M42 mount, no knurled zebra focus ring
28 mm f/4 Curtagon M42 mount, no knurled zebra focus ring, has dark red f stop scale with different exterior lens barrel design than the Edixa-Curtagon; similar to the 35mm f2.8 Curtagon photo shown to the right of this column
35 mm f/2.8
35 mm f/2.8 Exakta mount with large silver shutter release knob, aperture tab and clear plastic cover over the f stop scale http://exaktaphile.net/captjack/Schneider%20page.htm
35 mm f2.8 Exakta mount, smaller silver shutter release knob with Auto / Manual switch, different style aperture tab, clear plastic cover over f stop scale and connection for selenium light meter http://exaktaphile.net/captjack/Schneider%20page.htm
35 mm f2.8 Exakta mount, smaller overall lens than above zebra Exakta Curtagons, small silver button within a larger shutter release knob no aperture tab, no clear plastic cover over f stop scale and no connection for selenium light meter http://exaktaphile.net/captjack/Schneider%20page.htm
35 mm f/4 Exakta standard mount zebra style focus ring, no shutter release knob, no clear plastic cover over f stop scale and no selenium light meter connection
35 mm f/4 M42 mount zebra style focus ring, no shutter release knob, no clear plastic cover over f stop scale and no selenium light meter connection
35 mm f4 Exakta REAL mount no shutter release knob or clear plastic cover for f stop scale.
Electric 35 mm f/2.8
Edixa 35 mm f2.8 (M42 mount, similar in appearance and design to the standard Curtagon 35mm f2.8 for Exakta with knurled Zebra focus ring)
Edixa 35 mm f2.8 (Edixa bayonet mount, Zebra non-knurled focus ring with 'Schneider Kreuznach - Edixa Curtagon' lettering on front of the lens but placed outside the filter ring)
Edixa 35 mm f2.8 (Edixa bayonet mount, a completely different external design in all silver compared to the previous 2 Edixa-Curtagon designs)
Edixa 35 mm f2.8 (COMPUR printed on outside lens barrel. Design similar in appearance to Schneider Kreuznach Lenses for the German Kodak camera)
Retina 35 mm f/2.8 (a complete lens with focusing ring and aperture control with the DKL Deckel mount)
Alpa 35 mm f2.8
35 mm f2.8, for Rollei SL 35 and SL 350 QBM mount (rare)
35 mm f2.8 Balda-Curtagon - exterior looks like a Retina-Curtagon but has the inscription Balda-Curtagon
35 mm f/4.0

Isogon
40 mm f/4.5 with Exakta mount

PA-Curtagon
A perspective-control lens of 7 elements in 6 groups for 35mm cameras, which allows shifting of up to 7 mm, in an axis defined by a separate rotating ring on the lens.  The PA-Curtagon is available in Praktica (M42), Exakta, Alpa-Reflex, Contarex, Leica R, Minolta, Miranda, Canon, Nikon, Contarex, and Olympus OM mounts. It was also available for Rollei QBM mount under the name PC-Curtagon.
35 mm f/4

Curtar-Xenon
Retina-Curtar-Xenon C 35 mm f/4 (made for the German Kodak Retina IIc/IIC, IIIc/IIIC, and Kodak Retina Reflex cameras, the lens only incorporates the front optical block and has no aperture ring, these are part of the camera)
Retina-Curtar-Xenon C 35 mm f5.6 (made for the German Kodak Retina convertible lens cameras, the lens only incorporates the front optical block and has no aperture ring, these are part of the camera)

Retina-Xenon
Longar-Xenon C 80 mm f/4 (made for the German Kodak Retina IIIc/IIIC. The 50mm f2.8 was usually fitted to the earlier German Kodak cameras.)

Retina-Xenon
Retina-Xenon C 50 mm f/2 (made for the German Kodak Retina IIIc/IIIC. The 50mm f2.8 was usually fitted to the earlier German Kodak cameras.)

Radiogon
35 mm f/4.0
35 mm f/4.0 Braun-Radiogon for Braun rangefinder camera mount

Radionar
A 3-element, 3-group design with a minimum aperture of f/22.
35 mm f/4.0 with a minimum aperture of f/22. Lens is the same as Curtagon version, only serial numbers are earlier.
38 mm f3.5 for Robot Camera
40 mm f/2.8
45 mm f/2.8 Radionar L (fitted to the German Adox Polo 1S rangefinder camera - early 1960s vintage)
50 mm f/2.9 (fitted to an Edinex I camera 1930s)
50 mm f/3.5 with Pronto SV shutter fitted to a Balda Baldinette camera
5.0 cm f/4.5
7.5 cm f/2.9
7.5 cm f/4.5 with a Pronto shutter
80 mm f/2.9 fitted to the Frank Solida III camera - stamped US Zone
105 mm f/4.5 (fitted to the German folding camera Bower X)
105 mm f/4.5 with Prontor SV shutter fitted to Balda Baldalux camera

Reomar
A 3-element, 3-group design with a minimum aperture of f/22.
45 mm f/3.5 lens fitted to a Kodak Retinette camera
45 mm f/2.8 silver with black beauty and focus rings
50 mm f3.5
50 mm f/4.5 lens fitted to a Kodak Retinette camera

Super-Angulon
21 mm f/4.0
A 9/4 wide-angle lens with a minimum aperture of f/22
21 mm f/3.4
An update of the f/4.0 model, with an 8/4 design and slightly increased sharpness.

Super-Angulon R
A 10/8 wide-angle lens with a minimum aperture of f/22.
21 mm f/4

PC-Super-Angulon

A 28 mm f/2.8 shift lens with 67EW filter thread and a lens shade with filter holder for 74R rimless filters and M92x1.00 filter ring. Many user-changeable mechanically-only mount modules available from Schneider Kreuznach. Also available as Leica PC-Super-Angulon R 28 mm f/2.8 with Leica R mount. Can be modified from a shift-only lens to a tilt-only lens by the German company.
 SUPER-ANGULON 28 f/2.8 for Canon EF and Nikon F mount (2014)
 SUPER-ANGULON 50 f/2.8 for Canon EF and Nikon F mount (2014)

Tele-Arton
85 mm f/4  Retina-Tele-Arton for German Kodak camera
85 mm f/4  Braun-Tele-Arton in DKL mount for Braun camera
90 mm f/4

Tele-Variogon
80–240 mm f/4
80-240 mm f/4 Alpa 35mm with pistol grip

Tele-Xenar
5 cm f/5.5 (early 1930s)
75 mm f/3.8
75 mm f/3.8 for C-mount silver and black finished barrel, inscriptions and front portion of lens barrel look very similar to the 150mm f/4.5 C-mount lens described later in this list
75 mm f/3.8 for Robot camera used in bombing assessment with Luftwaffe Eigentum (Luftwaffe Property) stamped on flange; lens barrel is all silver
75 mm f/3.8 for Robot camera - all black exterior and much more modern in appearance than the Robot lens listed above.
90 mm f/3.5
90 mm f/3.5 Exakta mount, all silver lens barrel
90 mm f/3.5 with Diax written in script on the lens barrel. For Diax camera
100 mm f/3.8
135 mm f/3.5
135 mm f/3.5 Edixa
135 mm f/3.5 SL Tele-Xenar for Rollei 35mm cameras
135 mm Alpa-Tele-Xenar for 35mm cameras has shutter release knob
135 mm f/3.5 Exakta mount with large shutter release knob in early zebra finish (alternating black and silver focus ring)
135 mm f/3.5 M42 mount no shutter release knob, with early zebra finish (alternating black and silver focus ring)
135 mm f/4 Edixa-Tele-Xenar - all silver lens barrel different design than the 2 different zebra finish Edixa Curtagons
135 mm f/4 DKL mount for German Kodak camera
135 mm f/4
135 mm f/4 Balda Tele-Xenar for Balda German Rangefinder
150 mm f/4
150 mm f/4 for C-mount, barrel is satin finished, completely different design than the 150mm f/4.5 listed below
150 mm f/4.5
150 mm (15 cm) f/4.5 C-mount - completely different design than the following 150mm f4.5 C-mount lens - this lens has a black and silver barrel - older in design appearance
150 mm f/4.5 Tele-Xenar for C-mount - very well crafted lens barrel, different in appearance than other lenses in the Tele-Xenar series except the 75mm f/3.8 C-mount lens described above
180 mm f/4.5 for Exakta mount
180 mm (18cm) f/5.5 for Exakta mount - completely different barrel design than the 180mm f/4.5 with partial satin finish
200 mm f/4.8 Retina-Tele-Xenar with DKL mount for German Kodak camera, has tripod mount on lens underside
200 mm f/5.5
200 mm f/5.5 for Robot Camera
200 mm f/5.5 for Exakta mount with later version zebra stripes on barrel
240 mm f/4.5
240 mm f/5.5
240 mm f/5.5 for the early 40mm Practiflex mount, in late 1948 Practiflex lenses were manufactured in M42 mount
360 mm f/5.5
360 mm f/5.5 Alpa Tele-Xenar for Alpa cameras
360 mm f/5.5 Exakta mount with tripod mount on lens barrel

Variogon

The first variable-focal-length lens with fixed back focal distance for 35 mm cameras, introduced in 1964.
45–100 mm f/2.8
80–240 mm f/4

These lenses were available with 19 interchangeable mounts (loosen two screws and replace with a different mount).  The mounts each have a small number on them and equate as follows:
 Type of mount
2  = M42 (Pentax Screw, Universal Screw, etc.)
3  = Exacta Bayonet
4  = Alpa Bayonet
10 = Canon FD
11 = C Mount
13 = Nikon F
14 = Leica R
15 = Contare
?  = Arriflex
? = Arri MT?

Production of the 80–240 mm f/4 is said to be approximately 250 units, the 45–100 mm f/2.8 about 57 units.  The 80–240 is split amongst two different variants.

Xenagon
4 elements in 3 groups of genre "Wide Angle Tessar"
 30 mm f/3.5 (Robot 24, and Robot Royal mounts)
 35 mm f/2.8
 35 mm f/3.5 (Voss Diax mount, Akarette mount)
 35 mm f/4.0

Xenar
The Xenar uses a Tessar type optical formula, originally designed by Paul Rudolph for Zeiss (4 elements in 3 groups, with the rear element consisting of a cemented doublet). The formula could only be used by Schneider Kreuznach after the original 1902 Tessar patent had expired in 1919. Many other famous lenses with large production runs were based on this formula (e.g. Leitz Elmar, Voigtländer Skopar, Kodak Ektar).
38mm f/2.8 (for 24x24mm)
40mm f/3.5 (for Rollei 35)
45mm f/2.8
50mm f/2.8 (for 24x36mm)
50mm f/2.8 Karat-Xenar with Compur-Rapid Shutter
50mm f/2.8 Braun-Xenar
50mm f/2.8 Edixa-Xenar M42 mount with 5 blade aperture and hill-valley knurled focus ring
50mm f/2.8 Edixa-Reflex with 10 blade aperture (rare)
50mm f/2.8 Edixa-Xenar with 15 blade aperture (rare) also called Super Xenar in some references
50mm f/3.5
60mm f/3.5
75mm f/2.8
75mm f/3.5 (for 6x6 medium format, e.g. Rolleicord from model III to Vb)
75mm f/4.5 <Kodak (Nagel Factory) Vollenda 127 Film Camera, Compur Shutter 2668918, 1933, Germany>
80mm f/2.8 M42 16 blade aperture rare
105mm f/4.5 for 2&1/2 x 3&1/4 sheet film cameras
13.5 cm f/4.5 (1936)
135mm f4.5 for M42 mount

Xenogon
A wide-angle of type Xenon. 7 elements in 5 groups.
35 mm f/2.8 (a small lens for Leica L39 mount similar to the Leica 35mm f3.5 Summaron)
35 mm f/2.8 (a completely different external lens design for the German Robot Royal 26 bayonet mount camera)

Rollei SL Xenon
50 mm f/1.8

Xenon

Designed in 1925 by Tronnier, it is an asymmetrical derivative of the classical double-Gauss design.
16 mm f/1.9
28mm mm f/2.0  Arri standard mount
25 mm f0.95 industrial C-mount lens
25 mm f1.5 Arri Arriflex 16mm movie camera
35 mm f/1.6 – made for Canon EF and Nikon F Mount 2015
40 mm f/1.9 - for Robot cameras
50 mm f/1.5 – made for Leica M39/Screw Mount ca.1942–1947
50 mm f/1.4 – made for Canon EF and Nikon F Mount 2015
50 mm f/1.9
50 mm f/1/9 - Exakta mount with large shutter release knob and clear plastic cover over f stop scale, zebra finish on focus and aperture rings  http://exaktaphile.net/captjack/Schneider%20page.htm;
50 mm f/1.9 - Retina-Xenon completely different exterior design than Exakta version with DKL Deckel mount for German Kodak
50 mm f/1.9 - Exakta mount with 18 aperture blades, no plastic cover over f stop scale, different design shutter release knob, zebra finish on focus and aperture rings   (rare)
50 mm f/1.9 Exakta mount with smaller, black shutter release knob, no plastic covering over f stop scale, no zebra finish on focus ring. Overall lens is much smaller than the zebra finish lenses previously listed - similar in size to the M42 lens listed next
50 mm f/1.9 M42 mount with no shutter release knob, no plastic covering over f stop scale, no zebra finish on focus ring
50 mm f/1.9 M42 mount with no shutter release knob, no plastic covering over f stop scale, Schneider Krueuznach and Xenon are placed around the extreme outside of the lens beauty ring with focal length and maximum f stop and has vertical zebra stripes but of a different design than the Exakta lenses
50 mm f/1.8
50 mm f/2.3
50 mm f/2.0 1954–1957
80 mm f/2.0 M42 screw mount
17 mm f/0.95
25 mm f/0.95

Medium format lenses

Variogon

Beta-Variogon
75mm - 150mm mm f/4.5 MACRO switch on lens side, zoom lens for medium format, Manual / Auto switch (Hasselblad mount)

The Variogon is a zoom lens.
60-140mm f/4.6 AF (for Rollei 6000)
60–140 mm f/4.6 AFD (for Rollei Hy6)
70–140 mm f/4.5 (for Bronica ETR)
75–150 mm f/4.5 (for Rollei 6000, Bronica SQ & Exakta 66 [1980s–2000 version])
125–250 mm f/5.6 (for Bronica ETR) (Zenzanon-E for Zenza Bronica)
140–280 mm f/5.6 (for Hasselblad 500 C/M, Hasselblad 2000 FC, Rollei 6000 & Exakta 66 [1980s–2000 version])

Super-Angulon
40 mm f/3.5 (for Rollei 6000)
50 mm f/2.8 (for Rollei 6000)
50 mm f/2.8 AF (for Rollei 6000)
50 mm f/2.8 AFD (for Rollei Hy6)

PCS Super-Angulon
PCS stands for "Perspective Control, Scheimpflug", which indicates that this is a tilt and shift version of the Super-Angulon.  This lens will shift up to 12 mm up/10 mm down, and tilt up to 10°, all in the vertical axis.
55 mm f/4.5 (for Bronica ETR, Rollei 6000 & Exakta 66 [1980s–2000 version])

Curtagon
60 mm f/3.5 (for Rollei 6000 & Exakta 66 [1980s–2000 version])

AV Xenotar
150 mm f/2.8 HFT (for 6 x 6 Rollei projector)
90 mm f/2.4 HFT (projector lens)

Xenotar
75 mm f/3.5 (for Rolleiflex E & E3 TLR)
80 mm f/2.8 (for Rollei 6000 & Exakta 66 [1980s–2000 version])
80 mm f/2 (for Rollei 6000)
80 mm f/2.8 AF (for Rollei 6000)
80 mm f/2.8 AFD (for Rollei Hy6)

Apo-Symmar Makro
90 mm f/4 (for Rollei 6000)
150 mm f/4.6 (for Rollei 6000)

Tele-Xenar
150 mm f/4 (for Rollei 6000 & Exakta 66 [1980s–2000 version])
150 mm f/4 AF (for Rollei 6000)
150 mm f/4 AFD (for Rollei Hy6)
180 mm f/2.8 (for Rollei 6000)
180 mm f/2.8 AF (for Rollei 6000)
180 mm f/2.8 AFD (for Rollei Hy6)
250 mm f/5.6 (for Exakta 66 [1980s–2000 version])

Apo-Tele-Xenar
300 mm f/4 (for Rollei 6000)

Leaf Shutter
The Leaf Shutter lenses are designed for the Phase One (company) 645 camera platform.
LS 28 mm f/4,5 Aspherical
LS 35 mm f/3.5
LS 45 mm f/3.5
LS 55 mm f/2.8
LS 80 mm f/2.8
LS 40-80mm LS f/4.0-5.6
LS 110 mm f/2.8
LS 120 mm f/4.0 Macro Lens
LS 75–150 mm f/4,0-5,6
LS 150 mm f/3.5
LS 240 mm f/4,5 IF

APO-Digitar

PC-TS APO-DIGITAR for Mamiya / Phase One. Same lens is available as LEICA TS-APO-ELMAR-S 1:5,6/120 mm ASPH for Leica S. It is a tilt–shift lens.
LS 120 mm f/5.6
Alpa APO Digitar XL 24mm mm F5.6 included Alpa Center Filter
Alpa APO Digitar XL 35mm mm F5.6 included Alpa Center Filter
80 mm f/4.0 lens elements made in Germany, assembled in Japan not a tilt shift lens Copal Press No. O shutter

Large format lenses
Schneider's line of large format lenses has a reputation for high-quality construction and durability, and all lenses carry a lifetime warranty.  Some of the higher-end lenses of the Schneider line are among the most expensive optics available in large format photography.

Angulon
Introduced in 1930, the Angulon is the original Schneider wide-angle lens line. It is a 6-element, 2-group, symmetric anastigmat design somewhat related to the Goerz Dagor. Compared to many modern wide angles, they are quite compact, though the angle of coverage is only 80°, although an early catalogue from 1934 lists this series as having an angle of view of 105° (it is unclear as to the test-conditions or what is deemed an acceptable result). They are color-corrected reasonably well, but suffer from significant softening of the image close to the edge of the circle of illumination. Only the outer elements are supported by the mount, the inner elements are mounted by cementing to the outer elements. For this reason they are prone to "slippage", especially if stored "on end" in hot climates.

Coverage of 90-210mm at f/11
65mm f/6.8 (for 6×9 cm)
90mm f/6.8 (for 4x5")
90mm f/6.8  with COMPUR-RAPID shutter
120mm f/6.8 (for 5x7")
165mm f/6.8 (for 8x10")
210mm f/6.8 (for 10x12")

A catalogue from 1934 also proclaims the Angulon f/6.8 series as a convertible anastigmat: "...the components of which can be used separately and give two different foci". When the elements are used separately, their focal lengths are approximately x1.5 for the Rear and x2 for the Front, the narrower aperture results in the need for 2x and 4x longer exposures, respectively.
90mm Rear 140mm, Front 185mm (for 4x5")
120mm Rear 185mm, Front 250mm (for 5x7")
165mm Rear 260mm, Front 345mm (for 8x10")
210mm Rear 330mm, Front 430mm (for 10x12")

Dagor Gold Dot
355mm f8 (COMPUR 3 shutter)

Super-Angulon

These are wide-angle lenses which have been developed in several steps.  The Super-Angulons are Biogon designs, making for huge, heavy lenses, but also giving very generous angles of coverage.  The f/4 lenses give 95° of coverage, the f/8 models give 100°, and the f/5.6 units give a 105° coverage angle.  The f/4 and f/5.6 lenses are 8-element, 4-group designs, while the f/8 lenses are older 6-element, 4-group, symmetrical designs.  Coating technologies improved along the production life of these lenses, and recent Super-Angulons are multicoated.
47mm f/5.6 (for 6×9 cm)
47mm f/8
53mm f/4 (for 6×7 cm)
65mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
65mm f/8
75mm f/5.6
75mm f/8
75mm f/8 for Linhof Technika
90mm f/5.6
90mm f/8
90mm f/8 SINAR version (SINAR in red letters before Super-Angulon on beauty ring)
120mm f/8 (for 5×7 in)
121mm f/8
165mm f/8 (for 8×10 in)
210mm f/8 (for 11×14 in)

Super-Angulon XL
This is an update of the Super-Angulon lens design, incorporating modern glass and multicoating technologies, and an expanded angle of coverage.
38mm f/5.6 (120°, for 6×9 cm)
47mm f/5.6 (120°, for 4×5 in)
58mm f/5.6 (110°)
72mm f/5.6 (115°, for 5×7 in)
90mm f/5.6 (110°)

Symmar
The Symmar is one of the original Schneider designs, introduced in 1920, and is still relevant and used today. They have a 6-element, 4-group, symmetric design, and give a 70° angle of coverage. The f/5.6 series of lenses are "convertible", meaning that by removing one of the lens cells the user creates a 3 element lens of longer focal length than the complete lens. The resulting 3 element lens has a narrower aperture of f/12 and an angle of view of 40°. These lenses have two aperture markings, one in white for the complete lens and one in green for the converted lens. When "converted" the resulting 3 element lens will produce softer images than the complete lens.

Coverage of the f/6.8-series at "small stop"
60mm f/6.8 (for 6x12cm)
75mm f/6.8 (for 6x12cm)
80mm f/5.6 (for 6×7 cm)
90mm f/6.8 (for 4x5")
100mm f/5.6 & 175mm f/12 (for 6×9 cm)
105mm f/6.8 (for 4×5")
120mm f/6.8 (for 5x7")
135mm f/5.6 & 235mm f/12 (for 4×5")
135mm f/6.8 (for 5x7")
150mm f/5.6 & 265mm f/12 (for 4×5")
150mm f/6.8 (for 5x7")
165mm f/6.8 (for 5x7")
180mm f/5.6 & 315mm f/12 (for 5×7")
180mm f/6.8 (for 8x10")
195mm f/6.8 (for 8x10")
210mm f/5.6 & 370mm f/12 (for 5×7")
210mm f/6.8 (for 10x12")
240mm f/5.6 & 420mm f/12 (for 8×10")
240mm f/6.8 (for 11x14")
270mm f/6.8 (for 14x16")
300mm f/5.6 & 500mm f/12 (for 8×10")
300mm f/6.8 (for 16x18")
360mm f/5.6 & 620mm f/12 (for 11×14")
360mm f/6.8 (for 16x20")

Symmar-S
The Symmar-S is an incremental improvement to the original Symmar design, adding multicoating to the feature set.  The lens is not symmetric like its predecessor and is not convertible. The available focal lengths are slightly different, with the subtraction of the 80 mm, and addition of a 120 mm and two 480 mm lenses of varying speeds.
100 mm f/5.6 (for 6×9 cm)
120 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
135 mm f/5.6
150 mm f/5.6
180 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
210 mm f/5.6
240 mm f/5.6 (for 8×10 in)
300 mm f/5.6
360 mm f/6.8 (for 11×14 in)
480 mm f/8.4
480 mm f/9.4

Apo-Symmar
This is a 6-element, 4-group apochromatic lens design, which has since been replaced by the Apo-Symmar L-Series.  Using low-dispersion glass and multicoating techniques, secondary-spectrum reflections have been greatly reduced.  The Apo-Symmar lenses up to 360 mm have a 72° angle of coverage, and the 480 mm lenses give a 56° angle.
100 mm f/5.6 (for 6×9 cm)
120 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
135 mm f/5.6
150 mm f/5.6
180 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
210 mm f/5.6
240 mm f/5.6 (for 8×10 in)
300 mm f/5.6
360 mm f/6.8 (for 11×14 in)
480 mm f/8.4
480 mm f/9.4

Apo-Symmar L-Series
This is a redesign of the Apo-Symmar line, using new environmentally friendly glass compositions and incorporating slightly more coverage.  These are 6-element, 4-group apochromatic lenses with a 75° angle of coverage.
120 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
150 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
180 mm f/5.6
210 mm f/5.6 (for 8×10 in)
300 mm f/5.6
480 mm f/8.4 (for 11×14 in)

Super-Symmar HM
These are 8-element, 6-group variations of the Symmar line, which feature an 80° angle of coverage.  The HM in the name indicates that these lenses use high-modulation glass elements.
120 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
150 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in and 4x10 in)
210 mm f/5.6 (for 8×10 in)

Super-Symmar XL
These are wide-angle lenses of a 6-element, 5-group aspheric design, which give a 105° angle of coverage.  These lenses are also heavily corrected for chromatic aberrations, and are physically more compact than other wide-angle lenses of similar focal lengths.
80 mm f/4.5 (for 5×7 in)
110 mm f/5.6 (for 5x7 in)
150 mm f/5.6 (for 8×10 in)
210 mm f/5.6 (for 11×14 in)

Xenar
Schneider's inexpensive, classic Xenar asymmetrical, anastigmatic, 4-element, 3-group lens design was introduced in 1919, and is largely unchanged from the original Zeiss Tessar formula.  They feature an angle of coverage of 60–62°.
75mm f/3.5 (for 6×6 cm)
90mm f/4.5 (for 6×9 cm)
90mm f/5.5
100mm f/3.5
105mm f/2.9
105mm f/3.5
105mm f/3.8
105mm f/4.5
105mm f/5.5
120mm f/3.5
120mm f/4.5
120mm f/5.5
135mm f/3.5 (for 4×5")
135mm f/3.8
135mm f/4.5
135mm f/4.7
135mm f/4.7 with Synchro COMPUR-P shutter
135mm f/5.5
150mm f/3.5
150mm f/4.5
150mm f/4.5 with Press-COMPUR shutter
150mm f/5.5
165mm f/3.5
165mm f/4.5
165mm f/5.5
180mm f/3.5
180mm f/4.5
180mm f/5.5
195mm f/4.5 (for 5×7")
195mm f/5.5
210mm f/3.5
210mm f/4.5
210mm f/5.5
210mm f/6.1
240mm f/3.5
240mm f/4.5
270mm f/4.5
300mm f/3.5 (for 8×10")
300mm f/4.5
300mm f/5.6
360mm f/4.5
420mm f/4.5 (for 11×14")
480mm f/4.5 (for 14×17")

Aero-Xenar
250mm f/4.5 (for 4.5x6")
300mm f/4.5 (for 5x7")
500mm f/4.5 (for 5x12")

Press-Xenar
127mm f/4.7 (for 4x5 Linhof)

Tele-Xenar
An inexpensive 4-element, 2-group telephoto lens design featuring 35° of coverage.  The 1000 mm lenses, by comparison, give only an 18° angle of coverage, but require even less focal distance than other telephoto designs (slightly more than 1/2 the effective focal length, as opposed to about 2/3 for a normal tele lens).
180mm f/5.5
180mm f/5.6
240mm f/5.5
270mm f/5.5
300mm f/5.5
360mm f/5.5 (for 4x5")
500mm f/5.5
1000mm f/8
1000mm f/10

Tele-Xenar
90mm f/3.8 fitted with the Robot Camera mount
135 mm f/4 (Retina-Tele-Xenar  DKL mount)
200 mm f/4.8 (Retine-Tele-Xenar for Kodak camera in DKL mount)
245mm f/4.5 fitted with Exakta mount

Apo-Tele-Xenar
These are apochromatic telephoto lenses using a 5-element variation of the Tele-Xenar design.  They can be used on subjects as close as 2 meters without a loss of resolution, and are painted a non-reflective flat grey to reduce thermal absorption and expansion under sunlight or hot studio lights. The 400 mm Compact model is half the length and 70% the weight of the normal Apo-Tele-Xenar 400 mm lens. The 350 mm compact model is actually not a tele-design but a dialyte; however it is called the Apo Tele Xenar 350 Compact.
350mm f/11 Compact (for up to 8x10 in)
400 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
400 mm f/5.6 Compact
600 f/9 - 800 f/12 mm
800 mm f/12 (for 8×10 in)

Xenotar
A 5-element, 4-group design, giving a 60° angle of coverage.  These are fast lenses compared to other lens designs of similar focal length, but with somewhat less coverage.
75mm f/3.5 (for 6×6 cm)
80mm f/2.8 (for 6×7 cm)
100mm f/4
100mm f/2.8 (for 6×9 cm)
105mm f/2.8
135mm f/3.5 (for 4x5")
150mm f/2.8
210mm f/2.8 (for 5×7" – only five examples made)

Tele-Arton
The Tele-Arton is a telephoto design.  Earlier f/4 and f/5.5 models are 5 elements in 4 groups.  The 250 mm f/5.6 is a modern multicoated 5-element, 5-group lens.  All models have a 35° angle of coverage.
85mm mm f/4  Retina -Tele-Arton for DKL Kodak mount
180 mm f/4 (for 6×9 cm)
180 mm f/5.5
240 mm f/5.5
250 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
270 mm f/5.5
360 mm f/5.5 (for 5×7 in)

Fine-Art XXL
The Fine-Art XXL line is designed for ultra-large format shooting, covering 20×24 inches.  Both lenses are large and heavy, but are designed with exceptional image quality and a huge 900 mm circle of coverage in mind.  The 550 mm lens is a 6/2 construction, giving 78° of coverage, while the 1100 mm lens is 4/4 with 45.7° of coverage.  Both lenses are mounted in a Copal 3 shutter, and the longer lens is also available in a barrel mount with Waterhouse stops, if the faster f/14 version is desired.
550mm f/11
770mm f/14.5
1100mm f/22(14)

Isconar
One of Schneider's original lens designs, a symmetric double gauss design, introduced in 1914.

Also known as the "Jsconar", the lens branding refers to "Joseph Schneider & Company -nar"

Radiogon
A 4-element, 4-group design.

Digital lenses

Digitar
The Digitar lenses are designed for use with digital imaging view camera systems, offering focal lengths ideal for the imaging area of digital backs, which are typically smaller than standard sheet film sizes. Digitar lenses also allow excellent results with film as well as digital imagers.
47 mm f/5.6
60 mm f/4.0
80 mm f/4.0
90 mm f/4.5
100 mm f/5.6
120 mm f/5.6
150 mm f/5.6

WA-Digitar
The WA-Digitar is a wide angle lens designed for use with digital imaging systems.
 28 mm f/2.8

M-Digitar
The M-Digitars are macro lenses offering 1:1 magnification, designed for use with digital imaging systems. They may also be used with good result with film cameras.
80 mm f/5.6
120 mm f/5.6

Copy and macro lenses

Claron
One of the original lens designs.

C-Claron
The C-Claron, or Copy-Claron, is a family of lenses designed for 1:1 reproduction.  The f/4.5 lenses are 4 elements in 3 or 4 groups, the f/5.6 are a 6/4 design, and the f/8 is 8/4.  All were supplied from the factory in barrel mount.

The following Claron lens has these markings on the beauty ring  Cy Ξ Claron 1:1,8/50 1:1,6
 50mm 1:1,8 1:1,6
100mm f/8
135mm f/4.5
200mm f/4.5
200mm f/5.6
210mm f/4.5
210mm f/5.6
240mm f/5.6

D-Claron
The D-Claron (Dokumentations-Claron) is a lens family designed for copying of documents onto microfilm.
10mm f/1.8 (for 16mm)
16mm f/2
25mm f/1.4
28mm f/2
35mm f/2
40mm f/2
45mm f/3.5
60mm f/5.6 (for 35mm)
100mm f/4.0
105mm f/5.6 (for 70mm)
180mm f/5.6
210mm f/5.6 (for 105mm)

G-Claron
The Grafik-Clarons are 6-element, 4-group, symmetrical plasmat-type lenses with a 64° angle of coverage, designed for 1:1 flat-field reproduction, but can be used as macro lenses at magnifications up to 5:1 as well. It is recommended to stop down to at least than f/22 for use at infinity.  They are available in barrel mount, as well as mounted in shutters.

Coverage listed at 1:1
150mm f/9 (for 8x10")
210mm f/9 (for 11x14")
240mm f/9 (for 14x17")
270mm f/9 (for 16x20")
305mm f/9
355mm f/9 (for 20x24")
355mm f/11 Copal No. 1

G-Claron WA
A wide-angle process lens with 4 elements in 4 groups, optimized for reproduction ratios between 2:1 and 1:2.  The 270 mm lens has an angle of coverage of 72°, the 240 mm has 80°, and the 210 mm has 86°, which give these lenses gigantic image circles, though the image softens considerably near the edges of coverage.
210mm f/11 (for 20×24 in)
240mm f/11 (for 16×20 in)
270mm f/11 (for 20×24 in)

Repro-Claron

The Repro-Claron is a line of 4-element, 4-group lenses optimized for 1:1 reproduction ratios, but still usable at infinity.  The f/9 lenses also have a slot for between-the-lens filtration or Waterhouse stops, the latter of which are available in f/128, f/180, and f/260.
55mm f/8
135mm f/8
210mm f/9
305mm f/9
355mm f/9
420mm f/9
485mm f/9
610mm f/9

Apo-Artar
Apo-Artar lenses are an apochromatic symmetrical 4-element design, which is optimized for 1:1 reproduction.  These lenses give 46° of coverage up to 480mm, 40° in 890-1065mm, and 38° in 1205mm.

Coverage listed at 1:1.
240mm f/9 (for 4×5")
360mm f/9 (for 11×14")
480mm f/11 (for 11x14")
610mm f/11 (for 20x24")
890mm f/14 (for 30x40")
1065mm f/14 (for 33x46")
1205mm f/14 (for 40x50")

Apo-Artar HM
Apo-Artar HM lenses are an apochromatic symmetrical 6-element design, which is optimized for 1:1 reproduction.  The HM in the name indicates that these lenses use high-modulation glass elements.
 75mm f/4 (up to 6x7 cm)

Macro-Symmar HM

The Macro-Symmar HM is a variation of the Symmar design, engineered for 1:1 macro work and flat-field copying.  The 80 mm is a 6-element, 4-group lens with a 47° angle of coverage, while the other lenses in the line are 8-element, 4-group designs with 55° of coverage.  The HM in the name indicates that these lenses use high-modulation glass elements.
85 f/2.4 HM (for 24×36 mm) for Canon EF and Nikon F mount (2014)
80mm f/5.6 (for 6×9 cm)
90 f/4.5 HM for Canon EF and Nikon F mount (2014)
120mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
180mm f/5.6 (for 8×10 in)

M-Componon
The M-Componon is a special-purpose macro (makro) lens, designed for greater than 1:1 reproduction.
28mm f/4 (4:1 ~ 20:1)
50mm f/4 (2:1 ~ 12:1)
80mm f/4 (1:1 ~ 7:1)

Variomorphot
A process lens with 12 elements in 8 groups and a fixed aperture, optimized for a 1:1 reproduction ratio.  It has the capability of altering the aspect ratio of the image by up to 8% without any image degradation.
480mm f/22 (for 18×20 in)

Enlarger lenses
These lenses are designed for work with a photographic enlarger. They have barrel mounts and many current models feature glow-in-the-dark aperture scales.

Componar
This is the original Schneider line of enlarging lenses, introduced in 1914.  Optical designs are 3 elements in 3 groups.
26 mm f/4.5
50mm f/3,5( for 35mm)
50 mm f/4 (for 35 mm)
50 mm f/4.5
60 mm f/4 (for 4×4 cm)
75 mm f/4.5 (for 6×6 cm)
80 mm f/4.5 (for 6×7 cm)
105 mm f/4.5 (for 6×9 cm)
135 mm f/4.5 (for 4×5 in)

Componar-C

A 3-element, 3-group line of enlarging lenses, optimized for enlargements up to 8×.
50mm f/2.8 (for 24x36mm)
75mm f/4 (for 6×6 cm)

Componar-S

This was the original high-end enlarging lens line, the Componar-Satz.  This is the currently available low-end enlarging lens line.  They are 4-element, 3-group designs, and optimized for enlargements in the 6×-10× range.
50 mm f/2.8
80 mm f/4.5
90 mm f/4.5
105 mm f/4.5

Comparon

A middle-grade (but still very good quality) line of enlarging optics. They are 4-element, 3-group, Tessar-based designs, and optimized for enlargements in the 2×-6× range.
50mm f/3.5 (for 24x36mm)
50mm f/4
75mm f/4.5 (for 6×6 cm)
105mm f/4.5 (for 6×9 cm)
135mm f/4.5 (for 4×5")
150mm f/5.6
210mm f/5.6 (for 5×7")
300mm f/5.6 (for 8×10")

Componon
The Componon is a high-quality enlarging lens line.  These models have been largely superseded by the Componon-S units, though a few Componon lenses are still manufactured today.  Optical designs are 6 elements in 4 groups, and they are optimized for >10× enlargements.
16 mm f/2.8
25 mm f/4
28 mm f/4 (for 18×24 mm)
35 mm f/4 (for 126 film)
40 mm f/4 (for 24x24 mm)
40 mm f/5.6 24mm threaded
50 mm f/4 (for 24x36 mm)
60 mm f/5.6 (for 4×4 cm)
80 mm f/5.6 (for 6×6 cm)
100 mm f/5.6 (for 6×7 cm)
105 mm f/5.6 (for 6×9 cm)
135 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
150 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
180 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
210 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
240 mm f/5.6 (for 8×10 in)
300 mm f/5.6 (for 24×30 cm)
360 mm f/5.6 (for 30×40 cm)

Durst Componon-
50 mm f/4.0  (Durst Componon printed on beauty ring - Durst in red - black lens barrel)
50 mm f/4.0  (Componon printed on beauty ring - Durst printed is Script letters on the silver barrel next to the abbreviation Pat. different design than black barrel version)
80 mm f/5.6  (Durst Componon printed on beauty ring - Durst in red - black lens barrel)
80 mm f/5.6  (Durst Componon printed on beauty ring - Durst in red - silver lens barrel of a different design than the black version)
105 mm f5.6  (Durst Componon printed on beauty ring - Durst in red -black lens barrel)
105 mm f5.6  (Durst Componon printed on beauty ring - Durst in red - barrel is silver rather than black.  Different design than black barreled version)
150 mm f5.6  (Durst Componon printed on beauty ring - Durst in red - black lens barrel)
210 mm f5.0  (Durst Componon printed on beauty ring - Durst in red - black lens barrel looks like a large format lens design)

Componon-S
These are high quality enlarger lenses which are updated versions of the Componon line. Most are 6-element, 4-group lenses except for the 50mm F2.8 which was originally released as a 5-element, 4-group design but which changed (from serial number ...?) to a 6-element, 4-group design. They are corrected for flatness of field, contrast, and color rendition.
50 mm f/2.8 (for 35 mm)
80 mm f/4 (for 6×6 cm)
80 mm f/5.6
100 mm f/5.6 (for 6×9 cm)
105 mm f/5.6
135 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
150 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
180 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
210 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
240 mm f/5.6 (for 8×10 in)
300 mm f/5.6 (for 24×30 cm)
360 mm f/6.8 (for 10x12 in)

WA-Componon
A 6-element, 4-group line of wide-angle enlarging lenses.
40mm f/4 (for 24x36mm)
60mm f/5.6 (for 6×6 cm)
80mm f/5.6 (for 6×9 cm)

G-Componon
A 6-element, 4-group line of lenses optimized for enlargements above 20×.
100 mm f/5.6 (for 6×9 cm)
150 mm f/5.6 (for 4×5 in)
210 mm f/5.6 (for 5×7 in)
240 mm f/5.6
300 mm f/5.6 (for 8×10 in)
360 mm f/6.8
480 mm f/9.4 (for 24×30 cm)

APO-Componon HM
These are 6-element, 4-group apochromatic enlarger lenses, using high-modulation glass elements, designed for critical color rendition and precision industrial applications.
40 mm f/2.8
44 mm f4.5
45 mm f/4
60 mm f/4
90 mm f/4.5
120 mm f/5.6
150 mm f/4

Betavaron
The Betavaron is a zoom enlarging lens for 35 mm film.  The relative positions of the negative, paper easel, and lens remain fixed, while the magnification setting of the lens is changed to alter the degree of enlargement.  The design is 11 elements.  The Betavaron 3...10, the base model, is limited to 3.1–10× magnification, with a maximum aperture of f/4.1-f/5.6 (the aperture changes slightly with the magnification).  Adding a supplementary −0.9 diopter lens turns the unit into a Betavaron 5,3...17, and changes the magnification range to 5.3–17×, and the maximum aperture to f/5.4-f/5.7.

3.0mm - 10mm - 0.08 (zoom / macro capability)
3.5mm - 11mm - 0.08 (zoom / macro capability)

=Repronar

110mm  apertures shown on ring as 1 2 4 8 16   Lens has the brand designation Schneider Gottingen.  Thread mount

Motion picture lenses
Schneider produced its first cinema projection lenses in 1915.

Cinegon
5.3mm f2  CCD close circuit camera lens
6.5mm f1.9  (D-mount)
10mm f 1.8 (16mm format)
10mm f 1.9 (C-mount - used for industrial applications)
11.5mm f1.9
16mm f1.4 C-mount, Arriflex
16mm f1.8 C-mount Ruggedized
18mm f1.8 Arriflex-Cinegon, Arriflex standard mount

Super-Cinelux
A range of projection lenses for 35mm and 70mm motion picture film with an aperture of f/2.

24 mm f/2 (for 35 mm)
26 mm f/2
28 mm f/2
30 mm f/2
32.5 mm f/2
35 mm f/2
37.5 mm f/2
40 mm f/2

42.5 mm f/2
45 mm f/2
47.5 mm f/2
50 mm f/2
52.5 mm f/2
55 mm f/2
57.7 mm f/2
60 mm f/2 (for 35 mm or 70 mm)

65 mm f/2
70 mm f/2
75 mm f/2
80 mm f/2
85 mm f/2
90 mm f/2
95 mm f/2
100 mm f/2

ES Super-Cinelux 2X
Available as either anamorphic converters for prime lenses longer than 42.5 mm, or as standalong anamorphic projection lenses, in focal lengths from 42.5 mm to 100 mm.

Super-35-Cinelux
The Super-35-Cinelux is a line of projection lenses designed for 35 mm film.  Lenses of 55 mm focal length and shorter are 7 elements, and 60 and longer are 6, with no cemented surfaces to avoid any possible damage due to heat.

42.5 mm f/2
47.5 mm f/2
50 mm f/2
55 mm f/2
60 mm f/2
65 mm f/2
70 mm f/2

75 mm f/2
80 mm f/2
85 mm f/2
90 mm f/2
95 mm f/2
100 mm f/2

Cinelux-Ultra
 30–45 mm

Cinelux-Première
A projection lens incorporating aspheric elements to correct for spherical aberration.  They feature a variable aperture with an aperture range from f/1.7 to f/4.  These are available in normal or anamorphic models.

57.5 mm f/1.7
60 mm f/1.7
62.5 mm f/1.7
65 mm f/1.7
67.5 mm f/1.7
70 mm f/1.7

72.5 mm f/1.7
75 mm f/1.7
77.5 mm f/1.7
80 mm f/1.7
82.5 mm f/1.7
85 mm f/1.7

Cine-Xenon
A 6-element double gauss lens.

25 mm f1.4 Cine-Xenon RX for C-mount
26 mm f/2.8
30 mm f/2
35 mm f/2 for Arriflex
35 mm f/2.8
40 mm f/2
45 mm f/2
45 mm f/2.8
50 mm f/2
50 mm f/2 for Bolex
50 mm f/2.8
55 mm f/2
60 mm f/2
60 mm f/2.8

65 mm f/2
70 mm f/2
75 mm f/2
80 mm f/2
85 mm f/2
90 mm f/2
90 mm f/2.5
95 mm f/2
100 mm f/2
105 mm f/2
105 mm f/2.4

110 mm f/2
115 mm f/2
120 mm f/2
125 mm f/2
130 mm f/2
135 mm f/2
140 mm f/2
145 mm f/2
150 mm f/2
150 mm f/2.8

Note that some Xenon formula lenses sold for motion picture use are marked 'Xenon' rather than 'Cine-Xenon'.

Cine-Xenon also refers to projection lenses of the same design.

For 16mm
10 mm f/1.8
16 mm f/2.0
70 mm f/2.0

Cine-Tele-Xenar
For 16mm
150 mm f4.0 (C-mount for Bolex)

Vario-Cine-Xenon
A variable-focal-length projection lens for 35mm slides.
85–210 mm f/3.9

Optivaron
6–66 mm f/1.8 C-mount zoom lens (1.5 m to inf.) with macro control from 0 to 1.5 meters (0 to 59 inches)

PC Cine-Xenon
A 6-element projection lens for 35mm slides with perspective control, to eliminate problems with cross-fading multiple projectors.
45 mm f/2.8
60 mm f/2.8
90 mm f/2.8
105 mm f/2.9

Prolux
Long focal-length projection lenses for 35mm slides.
135 mm f/3
150 mm f/3
180 mm f/3.5
200 mm f/3.5
250 mm f/4.3

Vario-Prolux
Variable-focal-length projection lenses for 35mm slides.
70–120 mm f/3.5

Variogon
A variable-focal-length lens of 13 elements in 9 groups, originally introduced in 1959, after two years of development.
8–48 mm f/1.8 (for 8 mm D mount)
10–40 mm f/2.8
10-35 mm f1.8 (zoom lens for 8mm movie camera - C mount)
10-100 mm f/1.8  C mount CCD lens
12.5-75 mm f1.8 (zoom lens for C mount)

Xenon FF
25 mm  T2.1 Tilt Shift lens for cinema
35 mm  T2.1 Tilt Shift lens for cinema
50 mm  T2.1 Tilt Shift lens for cinema
100 mm T2.1 Tilt Shift lens for cinema
50 mm T2.1 (Xenon 50 FF Prime printed in large letters around lens barrel - Canon EF mount - not a tilt shift lens)

APO-Xenoplan
16 mm f/2.8

Curtar
0.5x  projector lens silver AGFA Moviex 88
0.5x  projector lens black

Vario-Curtar
0.75x  projector lens black with zebra bars around lens barrel - Schneider Kreuznach Vario-Curtar 0.75 x is printed around the beauty ring
0.75x  projector lens black different lens barrel design - shorter than the above listed zebra lens.  Schneider Kreuznach Vario-Curtar 0.75 x is printed around the outside of the lens barrel near the main lens element.

Titanar
35mm mm f/2.0 marked Schneider Kreuznach Titanar 35/2 apparently a type of industrial lens?

Xenoplan
8 mm f/1.7 (C mount)
11 mm f5 (C mount)
13 mm f1.9 (for 8mm movie camera - D mount)
17 mm f1.7 (for M 25 mount)
21 mm f6.7
23 mm f1.4 Industrial camera CCTV lens
25 mm f1.9 (C mount for Bolex movie camera)
28 mm f2.0

Lenses for various mobile phones
LG Dare
LG Viewty KU990
LG Renoir KC910
LG Viewty Smart GC900
LG enV Touch
LG Arena KM900
LG Shine KE970
BlackBerry Priv

Gallery

References

External links

 Homepage of Schneider Kreuznach in English
 Vintage lens data from Schneider-Kreuznach
 Brochure archive from Schneider-Kreuznach (page is in German, but brochures are in German, English, and French)
 Some discussion of the Angulon from APUG

Schneider Kreuznach
Lens manufacturers
Optics manufacturing companies
Photography companies of Germany
Bad Kreuznach
German brands
Schneider Kreuznach PC-TS APO-DIGITAR
German companies established in 1913

Schneider Kreuznach


Werd Island is the main island of the small island group Werd Islands in the westernmost part of the Lower Lake of Lake Constance just before the High Rhine leaves the part of the lake known as .  It is located on Swiss territory between Stein am Rhein and Eschenz.

History
The Werd was already inhabited in 5000 BC, using stilt houses.  Stone tools used by hunter-gatherers in the Middle Stone Age have been found.  In the Neolithic, Werd provided an ideal place to settle. Between 1931 and 1935, the island was excavated under the direction of Karl Keller-Tarnuzzer.  Numerous items such as stone axes, arrowheads, a flint sickle, pottery shards, bone fishhooks from the Neolithic and the Bronze Age came to light.  Tools, weapons and jewelry from the Bronze Age were found.

Water levels of Lake Constance fell to an extreme low in the winter of 2005–2006.  This uncovered a large waterfront areas and some prehistoric artifacts.  A selection of prehistoric, Roman Era and medieval artifacts is on display at the entrance of the refectory on the island.  Other important finds are now housed in the Museum of Archaeology in Frauenfeld and in the local museum in Eschenz.

In 50 BCE, the Romans built a pile bridge between Rhaetia and Magna Germania via the island.  The two bridge sections had a length of 220 and 217 meters and a width of six meters.  This Roman road, known in the literature as the Rheatian Boundary Street led from the Vicus Tasgetium (Eschenz) via Rielasingen, Singen, Friedingen, Steißlingen, Orsingen, Vilsingen and Inzigkofen to a ford across the Danube at Laiz.  In Orsingen there was a junction to Pfullendorf and Burgweiler.  Near Dürren Ast, there was a further junction through the Ablach Valley to Meßkirch, Krauchenwies and Mengen-Ennetach.

Chapel
Saint Othmar, the first abbot of the Abbey of St. Gall was sent into exile to Werd in 759.  He died on Werd on 16 November of that year.  The St. Othmar chapel on the island was erected in his memory in the 15th Century.  It belongs to the Catholic parish of Eschenz.

The island is owned by the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey.  It is, however, leased by the Franciscans; they live in a house attached to the chapel.

Archipelago
Werd is the main island of a small island group.  It has an area of 1.59 hectare belongs to the ward Untereschenz of the municipality of Eschenz, in the Swiss Canton Thurgau.  The highest point of the island is 398 metres above sea level or 2 metres above lake level (396 m).

It is connected to the south bank of the river by a 125 meter long wooden bridge.

The two smaller islands in the group belong to the municipality of Stein am Rhein of Canton of Schaffhausen.  They are uninhabited and form the nature reserve and bird sanctuary Middle and lower Werdli.  Middle Werdli island has an area of 0.4 hectares; Lower Werdli measures 0.6 hectares.

The boundary between the cantons of Thurgau and Schaffhausen, follows the center line of the Rhine here.

The bridge at Stein am Rhein is generally considered to be the boundary between the Lower Lake of Lake Constance and the High Rhine. The Werd islands lie just above the bridge and are therefore inland islands, not river islands.  The Western tip of Lower Werli is about 320 meters upstream from the bridge.

Gallery

References and sources
 Heinz Finke: Inselspaziergänge. Werd, Liebesinsel, Reichenau, Mainau, Dominikanerinsel, Lindau., 1991,
 Karl Keller-Tarnuzzer: Die Inselleute vom Bodensee, 1935

Footnotes

External links

 Franciscan Friars on the island of Werd
 Photo: turf maze at Werd, viewed from the air

Landforms of the canton of Schaffhausen
Landforms of Thurgau
Islands of Lake Constance in Switzerland

Werd (Lake Constance)


McCaysville is a city in Fannin County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,149 at the 2020 census.

History
Prior to European colonization, the area that is now McCaysville was inhabited by the Cherokee people and other Indigenous peoples for thousands of years.

The town is also the center of an adoption scandal.

Geography

McCaysville is located along the northern border of Fannin County and the state of Georgia at  (34.981534, -84.370293). It is bordered to the north by its twin city of Copperhill, Tennessee. The two are situated as a single town along a river, known as the Toccoa River in Georgia and the Ocoee River in Tennessee. The change takes place in the middle of town at the state line, which runs diagonally relative to the street grid, which is aligned with the river rather than the border. The boundary also means that the McCaysville side is in area code 706, while the Copperhill side is in area code 423.

The main street through town is Georgia 60 (Toccoa Avenue) and Tennessee 68 (Ocoee Street). SR 60 leads southeast  to Mineral Bluff, Georgia, while SR 68 leads north  to Ducktown, Tennessee. Georgia State Route 5 crosses the Toccoa River and leads south  to Blue Ridge, the Fannin County seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, McCaysville has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 3.17%, is water.

In the early morning hours of February 16, 1990, a massive flood struck the towns.

Climate

McCaysville's weather is temperate due to its elevation and location in the southern Appalachians. Summers are warm with average highs in the middle 80s and lows in the lower 60s. Winters are cool with average highs in the 40s and average lows in the 20s. Rainfall is abundant with the yearly average approaching 67 inches and occurring on 127 days. Snowfall usually occurs on several occasions during the winter months and can range from a light dusting to the occasional significant storm. The most significant snow storm to hit the area occurred March 12–14, 1993, when the area received approximately 40 inches in what eastern seaboard residents often refer to as "the storm of the century". The average first frost occurs in mid-October with the average last frost occurring in late April.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,149 people, 605 households, and 320 families residing in the city.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,056 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 97.8% White, 0.2% Black, 0.6% Asian and 0.6% from two or more races. 0.9% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,071 people, 540 households, and 324 families living in the city.  The population density was .  There were 604 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the city was 97.11% White, 0.19% African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.93% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population.

There were 540 households, out of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 38.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.57.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.9% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 28.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 77.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $18,583, and the median income for a family was $30,078. Males had a median income of $27,045 versus $20,185 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,904.  About 14.0% of families and 23.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.7% of those under age 18 and 24.8% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person
Joe Tipton, Major League Baseball catcher

References

External links

Blue Ridge Mountain News

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cities in Fannin County, Georgia
Copper Basin (Tennessee)

McCaysville, Georgia


Dwain Weston (31 January 1973 –  5 October 2003) was an Australian skydiver, BASE jumper and wingsuiter. On 5 October 2003, at the end of the inaugural Go Fast Games, Weston was killed while attempting to fly over the Royal Gorge Bridge near Cañon City, Colorado, United States.

BASE jumping career
Weston, who was originally from Sydney, Australia, worked as a software developer and was a skilled gymnast and surfer. In 2002, he won the world title in BASE jumping. He served as president of the Australian BASE Association (ABA). He was among the first BASE jumpers to introduce acrobatic elements into the jumps, and was a pioneer of various jumping techniques. Shortly before his death, Weston was hired by Boeing Defense, Space & Security for classified work developing satellite software.

Death

On 5 October 2003, at the end of the inaugural Go Fast Games, Weston was killed while attempting to fly over the Royal Gorge Bridge near Cañon City, Colorado. Weston was wearing a wingsuit, a skydiving suit with fabric extended below the arms to the body and between the legs to catch air allowing for horizontal travel when skydiving. Weston was to go over the bridge while fellow skydiver Jeb Corliss was to go under it. Just prior to the jump, Weston said to Corliss, "Just remember: whatever happens, happens."

Miscalculating the winds and his distance from the bridge, Weston struck a railing while traveling at an estimated , severing one of his legs. After the impact with the bridge, Weston's parachute deployed and he fell onto a rock face about  from the bottom of the gorge, where he bled to death. Spectators on the bridge witnessed and filmed the event, capturing the reaction of the crowd and the damage to the bridge.

Prizes
 World BASE Cup 2002 (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
 Xtreme Skydive - World Base Cup 2003 Championship (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 6 January 2003)

References

External links

1973 births
2003 deaths
Australian computer programmers
Australian gymnasts
Australian skydivers
Australian surfers
Filmed deaths in sports
Place of birth missing
Sports deaths in Colorado
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Sportspeople from Sydney
Wingsuit flight deaths
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the United States

Dwain Weston


Chlosyne harrisii, or Harris's checkerspot, is a member of the family Nymphalidae that is found in North America. They range from the Canadian Atlantic provinces, excluding Newfoundland and Labrador, to Manitoba and North Dakota south to West Virginia and Ohio. They can often be seen in bogs, meadows and almost anywhere else its host plant occurs. The typical elevations for this species range from 0 to 1,742 feet (531 m). It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut.

Description
The adult is often confused with another member of the same genus, the silvery checkerspot (Chlosyne nycteis). The adult's wingspan is 3.6–5.1 cm. The upperside of the wing is orange with black markings. The underside of the wing has a single red-orange stripe and a reddish-orange, white and black marked pattern on the rest of the hindwing.

Life cycle
There is one flight which occurs between June and July.  The caterpillar of this species feeds on the flat-topped white aster (Aster umbellatus) while adults feed on flower nectar. The female lays eggs in a cluster formation under the leaves of its host plants. The caterpillar overwinters during its third instar.

References

Jim P. Brock, Kenn Kaufman (2003). Kaufman Field Guide to Butterflies of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. .

Butterflies of North America
harrisii
Taxa named by Samuel Hubbard Scudder
Butterflies described in 1864

Chlosyne harrisii


The Battle of Ilava (called also Battle of Rudé Pole, Slovak: Bitka na Rudom poli) was a battle in the Hussite Wars between the Hussites and the Hungarian-Royalists army near Ilava in Upper Hungary (Slovakia) on November 9th, 1431 (sometimes date of November 10th or 11th is given).

In 1430 the army of the Hussites defeated the army of the Hungarians, Serbs and Royalists in the Battle of Trnava, but the casualties of the Hussites were quite big, making the victory not as successful.

In september of 1431 the Hussite army under Prokop the Great, Prokop the Lesser (Prokůpek) and Hanuš of Kolovrat again invaded present day Slovakia (also known as Upper Hungary) for the revenge of the death of Velek Koudelník of Březnice and for food replenishment. The Hussites captured city of Nitra and the Orebite forces conquered the Likava castle in Liptov county, on 29th September. The Taborite forces were looting settlements around cities of Trnava, Nitra and Levice.

Later, seeking to return home, Hussites were following river Váh to the north, hoping to cross the bridge at Hlohovec. They found the bridge destroyed and were forced to march on towards Ilava, where the Hungarians under the leadership of Miklós Rozgoyni (Mikuláš Rozgoň) and István Poharnok (Štefan Pohárnik) prepared a trap. The battle was fought on a field (Rudé pole, lit. red field) between Ilava and settlement of Košeca. Thanks to the intensive rain, the Hussites were not able to properly manoeuver and about 5,000 of them were killed or drowned trying to cross Váh. Around 250 Hussite war wagons and many cannons were captured. Rozgonyi executed many Taborite prisoners and their commander Zikmund Hořovský. Remains of the Hussite army retreated through the valley of Púchov back into Moravia.

Sources
 Illavai ütközet (Magyar katolikus lexikon)

1431 in Europe
Ilava 1431
Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages
Battles involving Bohemia
Military history of Hungary
Conflicts in 1431
History of the Trenčín Region

Battle of Ilava


Parmelia sulcata is a foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.  It is very tolerant of pollution and has a cosmopolitan distribution, making it one of the most common lichens. It harbours a unicellular Trebouxia green algal symbiont.

Taxonomy
First described by Thomas Taylor in 1836 under its current name, Parmelia sulcata has a large number of named varieties and forms, but no subspecies despite its extensive range. Most taxonomists have left the species in the genus to which Taylor originally assigned it, though mycologist Maurice Choisy assigned it to the genus Parmotrema in 1952.

The genus name Parmelia is a compound of two Greek words: parme, meaning "fruit bowl" and -eileo, meaning "enclosed". This likely refers to the lecanorine apothecia of species belonging to the genus. The specific epithet sulcata is derived from sulcatus, meaning "grooved" or "furrowed". The species is known by a number of colloquial names, including hammered shield lichen, cracked-shield lichen, powdered crottle, furrowed shield lichen, powdered shield, and waxpaper lichen.

Description
Parmelia sulcata is a foliose lichen with a generally circular thallus that can range in color from glaucous white to gray on the upper cortex; the lower surface is black. The thallus is broadly lobed. Each lobe measures between  in width, and lobes are overlapping.

The lichen's medulla and soredia react positively with potassium hydroxide (K), turning red-orange. They react positively with para-phenylenediamene (Pd) as well, also turning orange. The lichen does not fluoresce in ultraviolet light.

Distribution and habitat
Parmelia sulcata is a common species throughout much of the world, found from temperate to cold regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Ecology
This species can be used to make dyes, producing a reddish-brown color. Indigenous people in North America used the lichen medicinally. The Métis peoples rubbed it on the gums of teething babies, while the Saanich peoples used it for a variety of ailments, with the medicinal qualities depending on what type of tree it was harvested from.

It often grows in lichen communities with other species. In the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, for example, it regularly occurs with Lobaria pulmonaria and various Nephroma species.

References

sulcata
Lichen species
Cosmopolitan species
Lichens described in 1836
Taxa named by Thomas Taylor (botanist)

Parmelia sulcata