Quadriga Fintech Solutions was the owner and operator of QuadrigaCX, which was believed to be Canada's largest cryptocurrency exchange at the time of its collapse. In 2019 the exchange ceased operations and the company filed for bankruptcy with C$215.7 million in liabilities and about C$28 million in assets.

The company's CEO and founder, Gerald William Cotten, died in 2018 after traveling to India. Up to C$250 million (US$190 million) in cryptocurrency owed to 115,000 customers was missing or could not be accessed because only Cotten held the password to off-line cold wallets.

Quadriga likely never invested the funds entrusted to it, according to Chainalysis, a cryptocurrency tracking firm. Either the funds were never received or quickly went missing. "What Quadriga really did with the money that customers gave it to buy Bitcoin remains a mystery," according to Chainalysis.

Ernst & Young was appointed as an independent monitor while Quadriga was granted temporary legal protection from its creditors under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act. On 8 April 2019 the firm entered bankruptcy under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act as the possibility of a successful reorganization appeared to be remote.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were reportedly investigating the company. Lawyers for the customers of the exchange have asked that Cotten's body be exhumed.

History

Early life and education of Cotten
Gerald Cotten (born 11 May 1988) lived in Belleville, Ontario before attending the Schulich School of Business at York University in Toronto. He graduated from York with a bachelor of business administration in 2010.

Cotten was already involved in Ponzi schemes as a teenager, using the online handle Sceptre on the online forum TalkGold. There, Cotten would promote HYIPs (high-yield investment programs) that "promised very high returns but were unregulated and anonymous, disclosing little or no details about the investment or who was behind it", while transactions were anonymous and hidden using digital currency. Cotten secretly cooperated with Michael Patryn (see below) on these Ponzi schemes. Cotten also sold a "proxy service that would reroute a user's internet connection so that their IP address would be hidden".

Founding
Cotten learned about Bitcoin in Toronto and travelled to Vancouver, British Columbia, where he founded Quadriga in November 2013 with Michael Patryn. Cotten and Patryn were previously involved in online Ponzi schemes, but whereas Patryn had caught the attention of authorities, Cotten's involvement had not been discovered yet, so Cotten's sterling reputation enabled him to be the public face of Quadriga.

Quadriga started by doing only local trades. Their online exchange launched after the first month. In January 2014 they installed the second Bitcoin ATM in Vancouver. In 2014 only C$7.4 million worth of bitcoin were exchanged on Quadriga. In a 2014 interview, founder Gerald Cotten explained that the company stored customer funds on paper wallets in safe deposit boxes: "So we just send money to them, we don't need to go back to the bank every time we want to put money into it. We just send money from our Bitcoin app directly to those paper wallets, and keep it safe that way."

The company tried to raise money and list on the Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE) working with Patryn. The company raised C$850,000 but cancelled plans to list on the exchange in early 2016. Quadriga had four employees in 2015 with offices in Vancouver and Toronto, but ran out of money by June 2015.

In 2016, Cotten became the sole director of Quadriga when all the other directors resigned. Other than a few contractors, it had no employees, offices, or bank accounts thereafter.

In 2017, Bitcoin experienced a speculative frenzy rising in price from about US$1,000 to almost US$20,000. About C$1.2 billion worth of bitcoin was exchanged on Quadriga. While the large increase in volume increased commissions, it also caused cash-flow problems due to the exchange's reliance on external payment processors and its lack of a proper accounting system. In June 2017, Quadriga announced that they had lost ethereum worth US$14 million due to a smart contract error.

Throughout 2018, as Bitcoin prices crashed, customers of the exchange reported delays when attempting to withdraw dollars. C$28 million held by Costodian, a Quadriga payment processor, was frozen by the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) in January 2018. CIBC stated that they could not determine the ownership of the money and could not contact Cotten or Quadriga. In November 2018 the case was decided with the accounts going to the court to decide the ownership individually. Neither Costodian or Quadriga could access the funds.

According to court filings, Quadriga also used WB21 as a payment processor. Michael Gastauer, Chief Executive of WB21, has been named in a civil lawsuit by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as part of a US$165 million fraud. Another payment processor used by Quadriga, Crypto Capital, was named in a civil suit filed by the New York Attorney General in April 2019. In that case, $851 million entrusted to Crypto Capital had been "lost, stolen or absconded with", according to the suit.

Quadriga used an unusual teller-window system for customers to withdraw their money. Rather than pay customers via bank wires, they were told to come to a nondescript building in Laval, Quebec to pick up the cash. Customers reported that once they arrived, there was nobody in the office, or that there was no cash to be disbursed.

In January 2019 Ernst & Young reported that Quadriga did not have a bank account, but instead used third-party payment processors. It apparently had no formal accounting system. The business was run from Cotten's encrypted laptop from Cotten's home in Fall River, Nova Scotia.

Omar Dhanani

Quadriga co-founder Michael Patryn was identified by The Globe and Mail as Omar Dhanani, who was convicted on identity theft charges in the U.S. and served 18 months in Federal prison. Dhanani also had pleaded guilty to burglary and grand theft charges and had been deported to Canada. Bloomberg also identified Patryn as Dhanani, showing that he had officially changed his name from Omar Dhanani to Omar Patryn in British Columbia in March 2003 and changed it again to Michael Patryn in October 2008.

CEO's death
According to Jennifer Robertson, Cotten's widow, he died on 9 December 2018 while travelling in India. She had accompanied him to a hospital in Jaipur the previous day and he was diagnosed with septic shock, perforation, peritonitis, and intestinal obstruction. On the 9th, he allegedly died after episodes of cardiac arrest. On 10 December, a death certificate was issued by the local municipality as well as a "no objection certificate" from the police to return the body to Nova Scotia.

Robertson filed an affidavit on behalf of the company which included a "Statement of Death" for Cotten, filed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 12 December 2018. It also stated that Quadriga has 363,000 registered users and a sum of C$250 million is owed to 115,000 affected users.

Cotten's will was signed 27 November 2018, twelve days before he allegedly died. It left Robertson the entire C$9.6-million estate and named her as the trustee. The estate includes an airplane, a sailboat, a 2017 Lexus, and real estate in Nova Scotia and Kelowna, British Columbia. A C$100,000 trust fund was made to provide lifelong care for Cotten's two chihuahuas in case of Robertson's death.

On 14 January 2019, Quadriga announced that their CEO, Gerald Cotten, had died the month prior from Crohn's disease while doing volunteer work at an orphanage in India. After the exchange was put into maintenance mode for several days in January, they announced on the 31st that they were applying for creditor protection. Quadriga continued to accept deposits until 26 January 2019.
According to an affidavit by the CEO's widow, approximately 115,000 customers are owed C$250 million (US$190 million), most of which was cryptocurrency held in Quadriga's cold wallet in the laptop that only the deceased CEO had access to. Blockchain analysts have reported that they are unable to find evidence of Quadriga's cold wallets on the blockchain, a public ledger used for cryptocurrencies.

According to some of Cotten's family members, there was a crypto "dead man's switch" that would provide Quadriga with operating information in the event of his death; however, "neither the monitor nor others involved with the organization are aware of a dead-man switch email having been received."

Ernst & Young found five Quadriga cold wallet addresses, but they were empty, containing no cryptocurrency since April 2018. Another "appears to have been used to receive Bitcoin from another cryptocurrency exchange account and subsequently transfer Bitcoin to the Quadriga hot wallet" on 3 December. Another three empty wallets were believed to possibly be owned by Quadriga. Fourteen trading accounts that were also examined were used to trade on other exchanges.

Ponzi scheme
Some Reddit users suggested that Cotten faked his own death in order to defraud customers through an exit scam, while others believe that Cotten's death exposed a Ponzi scheme. On 13 December 2019, the court-appointed law firm representing the exchange's former users sent a letter to the RCMP asking that they exhume Cotten's body to confirm his identity and verify a cause of death.

In June 2020, the Ontario Securities Commission officially concluded that Quadriga was indeed a fraud and a Ponzi scheme. It stated that Gerald Cotten committed fraud by opening accounts under aliases and crediting himself with fictitious currency and crypto asset balances, which he traded with unsuspecting clients, and that "What happened at Quadriga was an old-fashioned fraud wrapped in modern technology."

Gerald Cotten's widow has maintained that she knew nothing about her husband's activities and agreed to forfeit $12 million in assets.

Insolvency proceedings
On 5 February 2019, Nova Scotia Supreme Court Justice Michael J. Wood ordered a "30-day stay that precludes the filing of claims against Quadriga", which is a temporary legal protection from its creditors under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, a legal status that allows insolvent corporations to restructure their business and financial affairs. Meanwhile, in order to manage the finances of the company during the process, a third-party monitor, Ernst & Young, was appointed. Aaron Matthews served as Director of Operations.

Ernst & Young reported on 6 February 2019 that C$468,675 (US$354,300) of bitcoin were "inadvertently" sent to an inaccessible cold wallet.

On 5 March 2019, Justice Wood extended Quadriga's court protection to 23 April. He appointed Peter Wedlake of Grant Thornton to be chief restructuring officer. Quadriga's customers are owed C$260 million in cryptocurrency and cash. A C$24.7 million disbursement fund has been planned with C$300,000 to go to Cotten's widow, Jennifer Robertson, who advanced that amount to start the court proceedings; C$200,000 will go to Ernst & Young and another C$250,000 to its lawyers; C$229,842 will go to Quadriga's lawyers; and C$17,000 to independent contractors.

Quadriga's lawyer, the firm Stewart McKelvey, withdrew from the case due to a potential conflict of interest.

On March 10, 2023, the trustee in bankruptcy Ernst & Young declared a first interim dividend at the rate of C$0.13 per CAD of proven claim value. The aggregate amount of the First Interim Dividend is approximately $40,000,000. Payment of the First Interim Dividend is subject to the Superintendent of Bankruptcy's Levy of approximately 0.39% of the dividend. The interim dividend provides for a distribution of approximately 87.0% of the funds the Trustee is currently holding.

In popular media
A documentary titled Dead Man's Switch: A Crypto Mystery about the story of Gerald Cotten premiered at the 2021 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival.

The CBC released a 6-episode podcast about Quadriga and the death of its founder called A Death in Cryptoland. The podcast was hosted by Takara Small.

A Netflix documentary titled Trust No One: The Hunt for the Crypto King about the story of Gerald Cotten was released in March 2022.

A 2021 8-episode podcast entitled Exit Scam followed the buildup of Quadriga, and investigated whether Gerald Cotten had faked his own death. The podcast was reported by Aaron Lammer and Lane Brown.

References

Further reading

External links
Exchange website

Financial services companies established in 2013
Canadian companies established in 2013
Crypto Ponzi schemes
Cryptocurrency scams
Former Bitcoin exchanges
Companies based in Vancouver
Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Canada
Fraud in Canada
Corporate scandals

Quadriga Fintech Solutions


Optical cross section (OCS) is a value which describes the maximum amount of optical flux reflected back to the source.  The standard unit of measurement is m2/sr.  OCS is dependent on the geometry and the reflectivity at a particular wavelength of an object.  Optical cross section is useful in fields such as LIDAR.  In the field of radar this is referred to as radar cross-section.  Objects such as license plates on automobiles have a high optical cross section to maximize the laser return to the speed detector gun.

Flat mirror
Optical cross section of a flat mirror with a given reflectivity at a particular wavelength  can be expressed by the formula

Where  is the cross sectional diameter of the beam.  Note that the direction of the light has to be perpendicular to the mirror surface for this formula to be valid, else the return from the mirror would no longer go back to it source.

In order to maximize the return a corner reflector is used.  The alignment of a corner reflector with respect to the source is not as critical as the alignment of a flat mirror.

Other optical devices
Optical cross section is not limited to reflective surfaces.  Optical devices such as telescopes and cameras will return some of the optical flux back to the source, since it has optics that reflect some light.  The Optical cross section of a camera can vary over time due to the camera shutter opening and closing.

References

Cross section
Lidar

Optical cross section


Ludwig Roselius (2 June 1874 – 15 May 1943) was a German coffee merchant and founder of the company Kaffee HAG.  He was born in Bremen and is credited with the development of commercial decaffeination of coffee.  As a patron, he supported artists like Paula Modersohn-Becker and Bernard Hoetger and turned the Böttcherstrasse street in Bremen into an artwork.

Life
Roselius was born in Bremen.  In 1902, Ludwig Roselius purchased the centrally located No. 4 Böttcherstrasse. It soon became the head office of his business Roselius & Co. which in 1906 established Kaffee HAG (Kaffee Handels Aktien Gesellschaft).

He was a supporter of Die Brücke institute and started publication of the famous heraldic Coffee Hag albums in the described formats of the Brücke. In his home town he built an entertaining house known as the Glockenspiel House.

During the Third Reich, "Politically a conservative, Roselius had a positive attitude towards National Socialism and initially supported Hitler with whom he had a private meeting in Bremen in 1922." Roselius applied for Nazi Party membership twice and was rejected twice because he promoted 'degenerate art' in his Böttcherstrasse

Apparently he had later a falling-out with Hitler – though not with the Nazi ideology – because Roselius believed in the existence of or lobbied for the creation of a purebred "Lower German race" ("Lower" as a geographical term – as in "Lower Saxony") and Hitler did not.  4 Million RM was raised by Heinz Puvogel shortly after Ludwig Roselius died but when questioned after World War II by IARA, investigators lied and turned a blind eye due to a coverup about U.S. multinational ITT Corporation owning 29% of Focke-Wulf and possible future class action payouts as the U.S. government failed to nationalize the ITT Corporation after Pearl Harbor.

In 1928, Roselius expanded his house in the Böttcherstrasse to accommodate his art collection.

Roselius took an early interest in the aircraft industry and in 1925 he became Chairman of Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau A.G.. In early 1933 he handed over to his brother Friedrich who died in 1941. In 1938 the Bremen-based company was reconstituted as Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH and Roselius' HAG group increased its holding to 46%. Lorenz A.G., a subsidiary of I.T.T., came in with 28% and supplied the latest technology. At this time a substantial capital injection was made. Ludwig Roselius joined the German Resistance in 1942 after Barbara Goette urged for better conditions regarding the forced workers and POWs at Focke-Wulf.

In 1934, Roselius had his left leg amputated due to bone cancer. He also suffered from recurring fevers and other illnesses. In early 1935 his youngest daughter married tenor Ivo Götte. When Roselius met Ivo's sister Barbara Goette, who had just completed her state examinations in mathematics, physics and philosophy with distinction at Kiel University, he immediately offered her a position with the concern. Although she had intended to commence her Ph.D. in philosophy, she accepted the offer. Over time she became his carer, companion, and closest collaborator. He needed someone to look after him on his many worldwide voyages and help him with his books and publications. Barbara's academic credentials complemented his 'streetwise' business acumen. They became a formidable team. Roselius credited Barbara with having saved his life when Hitler denounced the art and architecture in his Böttcherstasse and Roselius's Nordic views at the September 1936 Nuremberg Nazi party rally. Later, his daughter recognized that Barbara had been responsible for Roselius finding his way back to a more moderate political outlook. As a debt of gratitude and to cement her place in aviation history, he had the new FW200c 4-engined passenger airliner fitted with 26 seats as Barbara's birthday was on the 26th. Barbara looked after Roselius for the final nine months of his life in the now demolished Hotel Kaiserhof in Berlin and she held his hand shortly before he died. They were very much in love but it was always a platonic relationship.

Legacy
Böttcherstrasse was declared to be degenerate art in the 1930s and was largely destroyed during the war. After the war the houses were rebuilt by Roselius's coffee company and it is now open to the public. The museums include Ludwig Roselius Museum which exhibits his collections.

See also

 Böttcherstrasse
 Barbara Goette

References

External links

Businesspeople in the drink industry
German company founders
20th-century German businesspeople
Businesspeople in coffee
1874 births
1943 deaths

Ludwig Roselius


Praxias () and Androsthenes (), were Greek sculptors, who are said by Pausanias (x. 19, 4) to have executed the pediments of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Both were Athenians, Praxias a pupil of Calamis. The statement raises historic difficulties, as, according to the leaders of the recent French excavations at Delphi, the temple of Apollo was destroyed about 373 BC and rebuilt by 339 BC, a date which seems too late for the lifetime of a pupil of Calamis. In any case no fragments of the pediments of this later temple have been found, and it has been suggested that they were removed bodily to Rome.

References

4th-century BC Greek sculptors
Ancient Athenian sculptors

Praxias and Androsthenes


Jacob Thomas Matthews (born February 11, 1992) is an American football offensive tackle for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Falcons sixth overall in the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at Texas A&M. He is a member of the Matthews family of football players.

High school career
Matthews attended Elkins High School in Missouri City, where he was a standout offensive lineman for the Elkins Knights high school football team. He was teammates with D. J. Hayden. In his senior season, Matthews was a first-team all-district and all-greater Houston honoree as his team finished the season with a 9–3 record. Matthews was invited to play in the 2010 U.S. Army All-American Bowl and also earned 2009 High School All-American honors by USA Today, Parade, and SuperPrep.

Regarded as a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, he was listed as the No. 7 offensive tackle prospect in the class of 2010. He chose Texas A&M over offers from Oklahoma, Alabama, Arkansas, Oregon, Texas, Texas Tech, Southern California, and Stanford.

College career
As a junior in 2012, Matthews was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection in recognition of his successful season. He also received first-team All-American honors by the Football Writers Association of America. During his senior season, Matthews played left tackle after playing right tackle for the previous three seasons.

As a senior in 2013, Matthews was again a first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection.

Professional career

Matthews was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons with the sixth overall pick in the 2014 NFL Draft. With Luke Joeckel having been selected second overall in the 2013 NFL Draft by the Jacksonville Jaguars, Texas A&M became the first school with consecutive top-10 selected offensive lineman since USC's Tyron Smith and Matt Kalil in 2011 and 2012, respectively.

In his first NFL game, Matthews suffered a high ankle sprain in a season-opening win against the Saints. Despite the injury, Matthews started in all but one game in his rookie season. In 2015, Matthews' blocking improved, allowing only 38 quarterback pressures compared to 51 in 2014. That season, Matthews was named as the third most improved player of 2015 by Pro Football Focus.

In the 2016 season, Matthews and the Falcons reached Super Bowl LI, where they faced the  New England Patriots. In the Super Bowl, Matthews played all offensive snaps, as the Falcons as they fell in a 34–28 overtime defeat.

On April 25, 2017, the Falcons picked up the fifth-year option on Matthews' contract. He started all 16 games at left tackle for the third straight year for the Falcons in 2017.

On July 27, 2018, Matthews signed a five-year, $75 million contract extension with the Falcons.

On January 23, 2019, Matthews was named to his first Pro Bowl as a replacement for Redskins offensive tackle Trent Williams.

During the 2020 season, Matthews played in all 16 games, allowing only three quarterback sacks, six quarterback hits, and three total penalties on 1,113 offensive snaps. For his 2020 performance, he earned a 75.5 overall Pro Football Focus grade, with a 84.0 grade in pass blocking and 57.4 grade in run blocking. His pass blocking ranked 9th among all tackles in the NFL and his run blocking ranked 47th. The 75.5 overall grade was the lowest he received since the 2016 season. Matthews has played at least 1,000 snaps every season since 2015.

On March 14, 2022, Matthews signed a three-year, $52.5 million extension with the Falcons. By the end of November 2022, Matthews started 138 consecutive regular season games, the longest active streak for a left tackle in the NFL.

Personal life

Matthews was born in Houston, Texas. He is the son of Pro Football Hall of Famer Bruce Matthews and the younger brother of Kevin Matthews, a center who also played for the Aggies and last played for the Carolina Panthers in 2015. His younger brother, Mike, last played center for the Miami Dolphins. He is also the cousin of former linebacker Clay Matthews III, who spent the majority of his career playing for the Green Bay Packers, and Casey Matthews, a linebacker who last played for the Minnesota Vikings. He is the nephew of NFL veteran Clay Matthews Jr., the grandson of NFL veteran Clay Matthews Sr., and the great-grandson of H. L. Matthews. He is married to Meggi Matthews and they have one son, Beckett Matthews.

References

External links

Atlanta Falcons bio

1992 births
Living people
Players of American football from Missouri City, Texas
Players of American football from Harris County, Texas
All-American college football players
American football offensive tackles
Texas A&M Aggies football players
Atlanta Falcons players
Matthews football family
National Conference Pro Bowl players

Jake Matthews (American football)


Exanet, Ltd. was an Israeli software company that provided scalable network-attached storage software solutions to partners.
Exanet software was hardware independent. Their clustered NAS software storage solution provided single-file system scalability, and was compatible with Linux, Mac, and Windows operating systems. After the company went into temporary receivership, on February 19, 2010 Exanet's intellectual property was acquired by Dell.

History
Exanet was founded in 2000 by Giora Yaron and Yossi Ben-Shoshan, and raised $30 million in two rounds of venture capital funding.

In 2003, ExaStore started shipping its first products. In January 2006, Exanet joined the Intel Storage Community. In November 2006, Exanet introduced ExaStore-ICM, providing automated data storage and delivery services. In March 2008, Exanet introduced its "solution" products: ExaStore Clustered NAS system and ExaStore Clustered NAS Server.
Exanet was headquartered in Israel with offices in the USA, UK, Germany, France, Ukraine, and Japan. Investors included Eitan Wertheimer's Microdent Ltd., Evergreen Venture Partners, Coral Group, and LTG Development Capital.

On December 12, 2009, Exanet went into temporary receivership, after failing to secure an additional round of financing. The company had an estimated 80 employees.

Acquisition by Dell
In February 2010 the company IP was acquired by Dell Inc. for $12 million.

Dell continued development of the NAS capability, which was marketed as the Dell Fluid File System or FluidFS. This product comes as an appliance, where the controller running the software is a Dell PowerEdge server and the storage can be any of the three Dell storage product-lines: Dell PowerVault, EqualLogic or Compellent using iSCSI or Fibre Channel connections.

Products
Exanet was an OEM provider of enterprise storage software called ExaStore. ExaStore had the following components:

 ExaStore software
 Intel-based servers (nodes)
 Standard Gigabit Ethernet or 10 Gigabit Ethernet networking components
 Fibre Channel attached disk array storage

ExaSearch

ExaSearch is a search engine, which integrates with Exanet's scalable, ExaStore, network attached storage (NAS) software, allowing customers to turn stored data into accessible information.

ExaSearch includes a search engine capable of searching multiple sources: file servers, email systems, groupware, databases and employee directories. It can process unstructured data and queries, and allows immediate access to newly generated content through real-time indexing. The product is designed to integrate with ExaStore software resulting in a clustered NAS solution combined with enterprise-class search capabilities.

References

External links
 Exanet Ltd.

Software companies of Israel
Defunct companies of Israel
Defunct computer companies of Israel
Dell acquisitions

Exanet


Oscar Palmer Robertson (born November 24, 1938), nicknamed "the Big O", is an American former professional basketball player who played for the Cincinnati Royals and Milwaukee Bucks in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Robertson played  point guard and was a 12-time All-Star, 11-time member of the All-NBA Team, and one-time winner of the MVP award in 14 seasons. In 1962, he became the first player in NBA history to average a triple-double for a season (the only player in history besides Russell Westbrook). In the 1970–71 NBA season, he was a key player on the team that brought the Bucks their first NBA title. His playing career, especially during high school and college, was plagued by racism.

Robertson is a two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee, having been inducted in 1980 for his individual career, and in 2010 as a member of the 1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team and president of the National Basketball Players Association. Also in 1980, Robertson was named to the NBA 35th Anniversary Team. He was again voted as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. The United States Basketball Writers Association renamed their College Player of the Year Award the Oscar Robertson Trophy in his honor in 1998, and he was one of five people chosen to represent the inaugural National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame class in 2006. He was ranked as the 36th best American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN. In October 2021, Robertson was honored as one of the league's greatest players of all-time by being named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team.

Robertson was also an integral part of Robertson v. National Basketball Ass'n of 1970. The landmark NBA antitrust suit, which was filed when Robertson was the president of the NBA Players' Association, led to an extensive reform of the league's strict free agency and draft rules and, subsequently, to higher salaries for all players. He was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2009.

Early life
Robertson was born into poverty in Charlotte, Tennessee. When he was approximately 18 months old, his parents moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he grew up in a segregated housing project. He preferred to play basketball over baseball, which was more popular in the neighborhood because it was "a poor kids' game". He learned how to shoot by using tennis balls and rags wrapped with rubber bands and tossing them into a peach basket in the back of his family's home.

High school career
Robertson attended Crispus Attucks High School, an all-black high school, where he was coached by Ray Crowe, whose emphasis on a fundamentally sound game had a positive effect on his style of play. As a sophomore in 1954, he starred on an Attucks team that lost in the semi-state finals (state quarterfinals) to eventual state champions Milan, a story that would later be the basis of the 1986 movie Hoosiers. When Robertson was a junior, Crispus Attucks dominated its opposition, going 31–1, and winning the 1955 state championship, the first for any all-black school in the nation. It was also the first state championship won by an Indianapolis team in the Hoosier tournament. In 1956, the team finished with a 31–0 record and won a second straight IHSAA Men's Basketball Championship, becoming the first team in Indiana to secure a perfect season and compiling a state-record 45 straight victories. After their championship game wins, the team was paraded through town in a regular tradition, but they were then taken to a park outside downtown to continue their celebration, unlike other teams. Robertson stated: "[Officials] thought the blacks were going to tear the town up, and they thought the whites wouldn't like it."

In his senior season, Robertson scored 24.0 points per game and was named Indiana Mr. Basketball in 1956. After his graduation that year, Robertson enrolled at the University of Cincinnati.

College career

Robertson continued to excel while playing for the Cincinnati Bearcats, recording a scoring average of 33.8 points per game, the third-highest in college history. In each of his three years, he won the national scoring title, was named an All-American, and was chosen College Player of the Year, while setting 14 NCAA and 19 school records.

Robertson's stellar play led the Bearcats to a 79–9 overall record during his three varsity seasons, including two Final Four appearances; however, a championship eluded Robertson, something that would become a repeated occurrence until late in his professional career. When Robertson left college, he was the all-time leading NCAA scorer until fellow Hall-of-Fame player Pete Maravich topped him in 1970. Robertson took Cincinnati to national prominence during his time there, but the university's greatest success in basketball took place immediately after his departure, when the team won national titles in 1961 and 1962, missing a third consecutive title in 1963 by just two points. He continues to stand atop the Bearcats' record book and the many records he still holds include points in one game at 62 (one of his six games of 50 points or more), career triple-doubles at 10, career rebounds per game at 15.2, and career points at 2,973.

Robertson had many outstanding individual game performances, including 10 triple-doubles. His personal best may have been his line of 45 points, 23 rebounds, and 10 assists against Indiana State in 1959. Despite his success on the court, Robertson's college career was soured by racism. In those days, Southern university programs such as Kentucky, Duke, and North Carolina did not recruit black athletes, and road trips to segregated cities were especially difficult, with Robertson often sleeping in college dorms instead of hotels. Years later, he told The Indianapolis Star: "I'll never forgive them." Decades after his college days, Robertson's stellar NCAA career was rewarded by the United States Basketball Writers Association when they renamed the trophy awarded to the NCAA Division I Player of the Year the Oscar Robertson Trophy in 1998. This honor brought the award full circle for Robertson, as he had won the first two awards ever presented.

1960 Olympics
After college, Robertson and Jerry West co-captained the 1960 U.S. basketball team at the 1960 Summer Olympics. The team, described as the greatest assemblage of basketball talent ever at that point, steamrolled the competition to win the gold medal. Robertson was a starting forward along with Purdue's Terry Dischinger, but played point guard as well. He was the leading scorer of the team, as the U.S. team won its nine games by a margin of 42.4 points. Ten of the twelve college players on the American squad later played in the NBA, including Robertson as well as future Basketball Hall-of-Famers West, Jerry Lucas, and Walt Bellamy.

Professional career

Cincinnati Royals

Prior to the 1960–61 NBA season, Robertson made himself eligible for the 1960 NBA draft. He was drafted by the Cincinnati Royals as a territorial pick. The Royals gave Robertson a $33,000 signing bonus. In his NBA debut, Robertson recorded 21 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists in a 140–123 win over the visiting Lakers. On November 15, 1960, Robertson recorded a then-career-high of 44 points to go along with 15 rebounds and 11 assists in a 124–115 win over the Philadelphia Warriors. In his rookie season, Robertson averaged 30.5 points, 10.1 rebounds, and 9.7 assists (leading the league), almost averaging a triple-double for the entire season. He was named NBA Rookie of the Year, was elected into the All-NBA First Team—which would happen in each of Robertson's first nine seasons—and made the first of 12 consecutive All-Star Game appearances. In addition, he was named the 1961 NBA All-Star Game MVP following his 23-point, 14-assist, 9-rebound performance in a West victory; however, the Royals finished with a 33–46 record and stayed in the cellar of the Western Division. On February 10, 1962, Robertson recorded 32 points, 21 rebounds, and 16 assists in a 134–118 win over the Hawks.

In the 1961–62 season, Robertson became the first player in NBA history to average a triple-double for an entire season, with 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds and 11.4 assists. Robertson also set a then-NBA record for the most triple-doubles during the regular season with 41 triple-doubles; the record would stand for over half a century until 2016–17, when Russell Westbrook recorded 42 and joined Robertson as the only other player to average a triple-double for an entire season. He broke the assists record by Bob Cousy, who had recorded 715 assists two seasons earlier, by logging 899, and joined Johnny Green and Elgin Baylor as the only players in NBA history with the height of 6'5 or smaller to have grabbed 900+ rebounds in a season. The Royals earned a berth to the 1962 NBA playoffs; however, they were eliminated in the first round by the Detroit Pistons. In the 1962–63 season, Robertson further established himself as one of the greatest players of his generation, averaging 28.3 points, 10.4 rebounds and 9.5 assists, narrowly missing out on another triple-double season. The Royals advanced to the Eastern Division Finals, but succumbed in a seven-game series against a Boston Celtics team led by Bill Russell.

In the 1963–64 season, the Royals achieved a 55–25 record, which put them second place in the Eastern Division. Under new coach Jack McMahon, Robertson flourished. Robertson led the NBA in free-throw percentage, scored a career-high 31.4 points per game, and averaged 9.9 rebounds and 11.0 assists per game. The averages for his first five NBA seasons are a triple-double: 30.3 points, 10.4 rebounds and 10.6 assists per game. He won the NBA MVP award and became the only player other than Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain to win it from 1960 to 1968. Robertson also won his second All-Star Game MVP award that year after scoring 26 points, grabbing 14 rebounds, and dishing off 8 assists in an East victory. In the 1964 NBA playoffs, the Royals defeated the Philadelphia 76ers, but then were dominated by the Celtics 4 games to 1.

Robertson averaged a triple-double over his first five seasons in the NBA with the Royals, recording averages of 30.3 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 10.6 assists per game in 451 contest. On December 18, 1964, Robertson recorded a career-high 56 points on 17-for-33 shooting from the field, to go along with 9 rebounds and 12 assists in a 111–107 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. From the 1964–65 season on, things began to turn sour for the franchise. Despite Robertson recording averages of at least 24.7 points, 6.0 rebounds and 8.1 assists in the six following seasons, the Royals were eliminated in the first round from 1965 to 1967, then missed the playoffs from 1968 to 1970. In the 1969–70 season, the sixth disappointing season in a row, fan support was waning. To help attract the public, 41-year-old head coach Bob Cousy made a short comeback as a player. For seven games, the former Celtics point guard partnered with Robertson in the Royals' backcourt, but they missed the playoffs.

Milwaukee Bucks

Prior to the 1970–71 season, the Royals stunned the basketball world by trading Robertson to the Bucks for Flynn Robinson and Charlie Paulk. No reasons were officially given, but many pundits suspected head coach Bob Cousy was jealous of all the attention Robertson was getting. Robertson himself said: "I think he was wrong and I will never forget it."

The relationship between Oscar and the Royals had soured to the point that Cincinnati had also approached the Lakers and Knicks about deals involving their star player; the Knicks players who were discussed in those scenarios are unknown, but Los Angeles stated publicly that the Royals asked about Jerry West and Wilt Chamberlain, with the Lakers saying they would not consider trading either star. The trade proved highly beneficial for Robertson. After being stuck with an under-performing team the last six years, he now was paired with the young Lew Alcindor, who would years later become the all-time NBA scoring leader as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. With Alcindor in the low post and Robertson running the backcourt, the Bucks charged to a league-best 66–16 record, including a then-record 20-game win streak, a dominating 12–2 record in the 1971 NBA playoffs, and crowned their season with the NBA title by sweeping the Baltimore Bullets 4–0 in the 1971 NBA Finals. In his first NBA finals game, Robertson recorded 22 points, 7 rebounds and 7 assists for the Bucks. For the first time in his career, Robertson had won an NBA championship.

From a historical perspective, Robertson's most important contribution was made not on a basketball court but  in a court of law. It was the year of the landmark Robertson v. National Basketball Ass'n, an antitrust suit filed by the NBA's Players Association against the league. As Robertson was the president of the Players Association, the case bore his name. In this suit, the proposed merger between the NBA and American Basketball Association was delayed until 1976, and the college draft, as well as the free agency clauses, were reformed. Robertson himself stated that the main reason was that clubs basically owned their players: players were forbidden to talk to other clubs once their contract was up, because free agency did not exist until 1988. Six years after the suit was filed, the NBA finally reached a settlement, the ABA–NBA merger took place, and the Oscar Robertson suit encouraged signing of more free agents and eventually led to higher salaries for all players.

On the hardwood, the veteran Robertson still proved he was a valuable player. Paired with Abdul-Jabbar, two more division titles with the Bucks followed in the 1971–72 and 1972–73 season. In Robertson's last season, he helped lead Milwaukee to a league-best 59–23 record and helped them to reach the 1974 NBA Finals. There, Robertson had the chance to end his stellar career with a second ring. The Bucks were matched up against a Boston Celtics team powered by an inspired Dave Cowens, and the Bucks lost in seven games. As a testament to Robertson's importance to the Bucks, in the season following his retirement the Bucks fell to last place in their division with a 38–44 record in spite of the continued presence of Abdul-Jabbar.

In 1995, Robertson was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame.

Post-NBA career

After he retired as an active player, Robertson stayed involved in efforts to improve living conditions in his native Indianapolis, especially concerning fellow African-Americans. In addition, he worked as a color commentator with Brent Musburger on games televised by CBS during the 1974–75 NBA season. His trademark expressions were, "Oh, my!" and "Oh, Brent, did you see that!" in reaction to flashy or spectacular situations such as fast breaks, slam dunks, player collisions, etc. He also returned to the booth for the 1988–89 season calling games on TBS with Hot Rod Hundley.

After his retirement, the Kansas City Kings (the Royals moved there while Robertson was with the Bucks) retired his No. 14; the retirement continues to be honored by the Kings in their current home of Sacramento. The Bucks also retired the No. 1 he wore in Milwaukee. In 1994, a nine-foot bronze statue of Robertson was erected outside the Fifth Third Arena at Shoemaker Center, the current home of Cincinnati Bearcats basketball. Robertson attends many of the games there, viewing the Bearcats from a chair at courtside. In 2006, the statue was relocated to the entrance of the Richard E. Lindner Athletics Center at the University of Cincinnati.

Starting in 2000, Robertson served as a director for Countrywide Financial Corporation, until the company's sale to Bank of America in 2008. In July 2004, Robertson was named interim head coach of the Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team for approximately a  month while head coach Bob Huggins served a suspension stemming from a drunk-driving conviction.

After many years out of the spotlight, Robertson was recognized on November 17, 2006, for his impact on college basketball when he was chosen to be a member of the founding class of the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame. He was one of five people, along with John Wooden, Bill Russell, Dean Smith, and James Naismith, selected to represent the inaugural class. In January 2011, Robertson joined a class action lawsuit against the NCAA, O'Bannon v. NCAA, challenging the organization's use of the images of its former student athletes.

In 2015, Robertson was among a group of investors that placed a marijuana legalization initiative on the Ohio ballot.  The initiative sought exclusive grow rights for the group members while prohibiting all other cultivation except small amounts for personal use.  Robertson appeared in a television advertisement advocating for passage of the initiative, but it was ultimately defeated.

Legacy
Robertson is regarded as one of the greatest players in NBA history, a triple threat who could score inside, outside and also was a stellar playmaker. His rookie scoring average of 30.5 points per game is the third-highest of any rookie in NBA history, and Robertson averaged more than 30 points per game in six of his first seven seasons. Only three other players in the NBA have had more 30+-point-per-game seasons in their career. Robertson was the first player to average more than 10 assists per game, doing so at a time when the criteria for assists were more stringent than today. Robertson is also the first guard in NBA history to ever average more than 10 rebounds per game, doing so three times. It was a feat that would not be repeated until Russell Westbrook managed to achieve it during the 2016–17 season. In addition to his 1964 regular-season MVP award, Robertson won three All-Star Game MVPs in his career (in 1961, 1964, and 1969). He ended his career with 26,710 points (25.7 per game, ninth-highest all time), 9,887 assists (9.5 per game), and 7,804 rebounds (7.5 per game). He led the league in assists six times; at the time of his retirement, he was the NBA's all-time leader in career assists and free throws made, and was the second all-time leading scorer behind Wilt Chamberlain.

Robertson also set yardsticks in versatility. If his first five NBA seasons are strung together, Robertson averaged a triple-double over those, averaging 30.3 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 10.6 assists. For his career, Robertson had 181 triple-doubles, a record that had never been approached for decades until by Westbrook in the 2020-21 season. These numbers are even more astonishing if it is taken into account that the three-point shot, which benefits sharpshooting backcourt players, did not exist when he played. In the 1967–68 season, Robertson became the first of only two players in NBA history to lead the league in both scoring average and assists per game in the same season (also achieved by Nate Archibald). The official scoring and assist titles went to other players that season because the NBA based the titles on point and assist totals (not averages) prior to the 1969–70 season. During his career, Robertson won a total of six NBA assist titles, and was the first to reach the 7,000, 8,000, and 9,000 career assist milestones. For his career, Robertson shot a high .485 field goal average and led the league in free-throw percentage twice—in the 1963–64 and 1967–68 seasons.

Standing , Robertson is recognized by the NBA as the first legitimate "big guard", paving the way for other oversized backcourt players like Los Angeles Lakers legend Magic Johnson. Furthermore, he is also credited with having invented the head fake and the fadeaway jump shot, a shot which Michael Jordan later became famous for. For the Cincinnati Royals, now relocated and named the Sacramento Kings, he scored 22,009 points and 7,731 assists, and is the all-time leader in both statistics for the combined Royals/Kings teams.

Robertson was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on April 28, 1980. On October 30, 1980, Robertson was named to the NBA 35th Anniversary Team. In 1996, Robertson was honored as one of the league's greatest players of all-time by being named to the NBA 50th Anniversary Team. He received the "Player of the Century" award by the National Association of Basketball Coaches in 2000 and was ranked third on SLAM "Top 75 NBA Players" in 2003, behind fellow NBA legends Jordan and Chamberlain. Furthermore, in 2006, ESPN named Robertson the second greatest point guard of all time, praising him as the best post-up guard of all time and placing him only behind Johnson. In 2022, to commemorate the NBA's 75th Anniversary The Athletic ranked their top 75 players of all time, and named Robertson as the 12th greatest player in NBA history. He was the second highest ranked point guard on the list again behind only Johnson. In 2017, it was announced that a life-sized bronze sculpture of Robertson would be featured alongside other Indiana sports stars at The Children's Museum of Indianapolis' Old National Bank Sports Legends Avenue of Champions, located in the museum's sports park opening in 2018. In October 2021, Robertson was honored as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team.

In 1959, the Player of the Year Award was established to recognize the best college basketball player of the year by the U.S. Basketball Writers Association. Five nominees are presented and the individual with the most votes receives the award during the NCAA Final Four. In 1998, it was renamed the Oscar Robertson Trophy in his honor, as the player that won the first two awards, because of his outstanding career and his continuing efforts to promote the game of basketball. In 2004, an 18" bronze statue of Robertson was sculpted by world-renowned sculptor Harry Weber. In 2022, the NBA renamed its Western Conference championship trophy after Robertson.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

Personal life
Robertson is the son of Mazell and Bailey Robertson. He has two brothers, Bailey Jr. and Henry. He remembers a tough childhood, plagued by poverty and racism. When a biography was going to be written about him in the 1990s, Robertson joked that his life had been "dull" and that he had been "married to the same woman for a long time". In 1997, Robertson donated one of his kidneys to his daughter Tia, who suffered lupus-related kidney failure. He has been an honorary spokesman for the National Kidney Foundation ever since. In 2003, he published his own autobiography, The Big O: My Life, My Times, My Game. Robertson also owns the chemical company Orchem, based in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Regarding basketball, Robertson has stated that legendary Harlem Globetrotters players Marques Haynes and "clown prince" Goose Tatum were his idols. In his eighties, he still follows basketball on TV and attends most home games for the University of Cincinnati, his alma mater. He lists woodworking as his prime hobby. Robertson adds that he still could average a triple-double season in today's basketball and that he is highly skeptical that anyone else could do it; it was later done by Russell Westbrook, whose first of four seasons doing so was the 2016–17 season. On June 9, 2007, Oscar received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the University of Cincinnati for both his philanthropic and entrepreneurial efforts. He is also a member of the Beta Eta chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity.

In August 2018, Robertson auctioned off his 1971 championship ring, Hall of Fame ring, and one of his Milwaukee Bucks game jerseys. Each item sold between $50,000 and $91,000. On July 20, 2021, on the eve of the Bucks winning their second championship and first since his tenure, Robertson wrote a piece in The Players' Tribune voicing his support for Giannis Antetokounmpo and the Bucks.

See also
 List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career triple-double leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders
 List of National Basketball Association career playoff triple-double leaders
 List of National Basketball Association annual minutes leaders
 List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders
 List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks
 List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game
 List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages
 List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career free throw scoring leaders
 List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds
 List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game
 List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season scoring leaders

References

Further reading
Aromando, Damian; Robertson, Oscar (2000). Parquet Chronicles.
Bradsher, Bethany (2011). The Classic: How Everett Case and His Tournament Brought Big-Time Basketball to the South. Houston, Texas: Whitecaps Media. .
Bradsher, Bethany (2011). Oscar Robertson Goes to Dixie (E-book ed.). Houston, Texas: Whitecaps Media. .
Grace, Kevin; Hand, Greg; Hathaway, Tom; Hoffman, Carey (1998). Bearcats! The Story of Basketball at the University of Cincinnati. Louisville, Kentucky: Harmony House.
Grace, Kevin (2003). Cincinnati Hoops. Chicago, Illinois: Arcadia.
Roberts, Randy (1999). But They Can't Beat Us: Oscar Robertson and the Crispus Attucks Tigers.
Robertson, Oscar (1998). The Art of Basketball: A Guide to Self-Improvement in the Fundamentals of the Game. .
Robertson, Oscar (2003) The Big O: My Life, My Times, My Game. . Autobiography.

External links

Basketball Hall of Fame bio
Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame profile

1938 births
Living people
African-American basketball coaches
African-American basketball players
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 1959 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Indianapolis
Basketball players from Tennessee
Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball players
Cincinnati Royals draft picks
Cincinnati Royals players
FIBA Hall of Fame inductees
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Milwaukee Bucks players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award winners
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
National Basketball Players Association presidents
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
People from Dickson County, Tennessee
Sportspeople from the Nashville metropolitan area
Point guards
United States men's national basketball team players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
National Basketball Association first-overall draft picks

Oscar Robertson


Ezra Sims (January 16, 1928 in Birmingham, Alabama — January 30, 2015 in Boston, Massachusetts) was one of the pioneers in the field of microtonal composition. He invented a system of notation that was adopted by many microtonal composers after him, including Joseph Maneri.

His professional debut (12 note ET music) occurred on a Composers Forum program in New York, 1959. In 1960, compelled by his ear, he began writing microtonal music, and continued to do so for the rest of his life, with the occasional exception being taped music for dancers. His last composition in quarter tones (his sixth microtonal one) was his Third Quartet (1962). Since 1971, whatever music he has composed that is not purely electronic has employed a system of asymmetrical modes of 18 pitches per octave, drawn from a 72-note division of the octave.
 I seem finally to have identified and made transcribable what my ear was after all along: a set of pitches ordered in an asymmetrical scale of 18 (or 19) notes, some of them acoustically more important than others, transposable through a chromatic of 72 pitches in the octave. (1978)

He has received a Guggenheim Fellowship, a Koussevitsky commission, and an American Academy of Arts & Letters Award, as well as numerous commissions from organizations like the Arizona Friends of Chamber Music and private individuals. He was a co-founder of the Dinosaur Annex Music Ensemble, with Rodney Lister and Scott Wheeler, for which he served as president from 1977 to 1981 and as a member of the Board of Directors from 1981 to 2003.

He has lectured on his music in the US and abroad, most notably at the Hamburger Musikgespräch, 1994; the second Naturton Symposium in Heidelberg, 1992; and the 3rd and 4th Symposium, Mikrotöne und Ekmelische Musik, at the Hochschüle für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Mozarteum, Salzburg, in 1989 & 1991.  In 1992–93, he was guest lecturer in the Richter Herf Institut für Musikalische Grundlagenforschung in the Mozarteum.

He has published articles on his technique in Computer Music Journal, Mikrotöne III,  Mikrotöne IV, Perspectives of New Music, and Ex Tempore. With the American cellist Theodore Mook, he designed a font, now widely adopted, for use with computer printing programs, based on his set of accidentals, which are sufficient for 72-note music. His music is published by Frog Peak Music and Diapason Press (Corpus Microtonale).

As his award citation from the American Academy of Arts and Letters attests:
Ezra Sims has already contributed an outstanding body of works, many of which have explored with singular imagination, conviction and success the beautiful but elusive world of microtonal music.

Discography
Ezra Sims (1998). CRI American Masters CD 784. Originally released on CRIS SD 223 and CRI SD 377.
String Quartet No. 2 (1962) (1974) Boston Musica Viva
Elegie – nach Rilke (1976) Elsa Charlston & Boston Musica Viva
Third Quartet (1962) The Lenox Quartet
CRI 643
Concert Piece (1990)
Night Piece: In Girum Imus Nocte et Consumimur Igni (1987)
Flight (1989)
Solo in four movements (1987)
Quintet (1987)
Northeastern NR 224
Sextet (1981)
Two for One (1980)
All Done From Memory (1980)
-- and, as I was saying...  (1979)
CRI 578
Come Away (1978)
Ezra Sims: Quintet, Night Piece, Solo in Four Movements, Flight, Concert Piece. Gisele Ben-Dor, conductor, Pro Arte Orchestra, Dinosaur Annex Members. Composers recordings, 1994.

References

External links

information and examples.
Interview with Ezra Sims, June 6, 1987

Listening
Ezra Sims at the Avant Garde Project has FLAC files made from a high-quality LP transcription available for free download.
arizonachambermusic.org

1928 births
2015 deaths
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Microtonal composers
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Pupils of Darius Milhaud
20th-century American composers

Ezra Sims


Temple Hoyne Buell (September 9, 1895 – January 5, 1990) was an American architect, real estate developer and entrepreneur namesake of the Buell Theatre in Denver Center Complex, Buell & Company, and the Temple Buell Foundation.

Buell was born to a prominent Chicago family and the great-grandson of Thomas Hoyne. After graduating from Lake Forest Academy, he studied architecture at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and completed graduate studies at Columbia University. He served in France during World War I. In the battle of Château-Thierry, he was exposed to phosgene. In 1921, he moved to Denver, Colorado for treatment of tuberculosis. After he regained his health he established the largest architectural firm in the Rocky Mountain area.

He was responsible for the design and/or construction of some of the state's most distinguished buildings, including Lincoln, Kennedy, Regis and Mann schools; some of the buildings on the University of Colorado campus in Boulder; the new Customs House downtown and the Paramount Theater - Denver's Art-Deco show-case.   Over 300 buildings in Colorado were designed by Buell. He designed the first ever shopping mall in 1949, which is now called the Cherry Creek Shopping Center.

Buell was the 16th National President of Chi Psi fraternity.

His charitable contributions have led to many buildings being named after him. In addition to numerous examples in Colorado, Template Hoyne Buell Hall on the Urbana campus of the University of Illinois houses the graduate division of the School of Architecture, as well as the Department of Landscape Architecture and the Department of Urban and Regional Planning. The Temple Hoyne Buell Foundation emphasizes programs and initiatives for children, especially in the areas of early intervention, prevention, and improvement of the social and educational systems critical to the well-being of Colorado's youngest citizens.

The Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture at Columbia University was established in 1982 through a beneficent gift from Buell, along with the Kaplan Foundation and Phyllis Lambert. The Buell Center's founding director was Robert A. M. Stern. Buell Hall at the university is named for him.

Temple Buell was inducted into the Colorado Business Hall of Fame by Junior Achievement-Rocky Mountain and the Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce in 2013.

References

External links

20th-century American architects
1895 births
1990 deaths
Lake Forest Academy alumni
University of Illinois School of Architecture alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni
Chi Psi
Architects from Chicago
Architects from Colorado
People from Denver
American military personnel of World War I

Temple Hoyne Buell


This is a list of the winners and nominees of the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for film, television, children's film and television, and interactive media.

Winners and nominees

BAFTA Awards

BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film


Comparison of orthotics refers to podiatrists molding custom orthotics to address patients' foot malformations. There are multiple means developed to create the basis for the molds, including plaster casts, foam box impressions, and three-dimensional computer imaging. The molds are used to create custom inserts that generally fit into three categories: firm, flexible, and soft.

History
Comparison of orthotics stems from podiatrists having molded custom orthotics to address patients' foot malformations. Over the years they have developed numerous means to create the basis for their molds, plaster casts, foam box impressions, or three-dimensional computer imaging. None is very accurate: all produce proper fit under 80% of the time.

Traditionally, they were created from plaster casts made from the patient's foot. These casts were made by wrapping dipped plaster or fiberglass strips around the foot to capture the form, then letting it dry and harden. Once the cast was hardened, the doctor would carefully remove it from the patient's foot and ship it, along with a prescription, to an orthotics lab which would use the negative of the cast to create an orthopedic insert. Research studies demonstrate that inter-practitioner variability is a major factor in orthotic intervention in treating a single patient and for a specific pathology

Recently, several companies have developed digital foot scanners that use specialized software to scan a patient's foot and create a "virtual" cast. These scans are made by having the patient place the foot onto a specialized flat image scanner that uses light and software to capture and create a 3D model. This 3D model is then electronically submitted (along with a prescription) to an orthotics lab, where it is used to program a CNC machine that will ultimately produce the orthopedic insert.-->

Styles
Manufacturers of these products choose various materials.
Firm supports stay in one exact position.
Flexible supports maintain the arch positions while moving with the foot through the stride.
Soft supports might use materials like foam rubber of varying intensity, memory foam, EVA, carbon fiber, silicone gel or filled leather. Because they are soft, their contour is less relevant. Instead, these tend to flatten, serving as shock absorbers. These give the proprioception of support, causing muscles to trigger in response, without true articulated support of the firmer models. Many shoe manufacturers, including athletic shoes, include similar pads with their shoes. Some products might be rubber pads shaped for a specific problem spot. Some of those could include a wrapping apparatus to hold them in place. Currently, there is a paucity of research providing recommendations on the type of orthotic or material used in its construction for different patient requirements.

The firm or flexible models might require a period of adjustment. Depending on the severity of the arch collapse and the body's previous conditioning in response to that collapse, sudden readjustment can seem painful. Many attribute the feeling to walking on a walnut. It is recommended new users build up to wearing firm arch supports, starting with only a couple of hours the first day and adding an hour each successive day until the foot is adjusted to full-time usage. To mitigate this adjustment period, many manufacturers sell covering pads or have different gradations to build up to solid support. Some manufacturers cover their products in leather, which somewhat moderates the intensity of the correction while also adding to the stylistic look.

References

Superfeet Insoles
Footwear accessories

Comparison of orthotics


Aldermaston Gravel Pits is a    biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Aldermaston in Berkshire. It was purchased by Natural England in 2003.

This site consists of mature flooded gravel workings surrounded by dense fringing vegetation, trees and scrub, affording a variety of habitats for breeding birds and a refuge for wildfowl. The irregular shoreline, with islands, promontories, sheltered eutrophic pools and narrow lagoons provides undisturbed habitat for many water birds including surface feeding ducks such as teal (Anas crecca) and shoveler (Anas clypeata). The surrounding marsh and scrub are important for numerous birds including nine breeding species of warblers, water rails (Rallus aquaticus), kingfishers (Alcedoa atthis) and an important breeding colony of nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos).

References

Kennet and Avon Canal
Nature reserves in Berkshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Berkshire
West Berkshire District
Aldermaston
Quarrying in the United Kingdom

Aldermaston Gravel Pits


Son of Lassie (also known as Laddie, Son of Lassie) is a 1945 American Technicolor feature film produced by MGM based on characters created by Eric Knight, and starring Peter Lawford, Donald Crisp, June Lockhart and  Pal (credited as Lassie). A sequel to Lassie Come Home (1943), the film focuses on the now adult Joe Carraclough after he joins the Royal Air Force during World War II and is shot down over Nazi-occupied Norway along with a stowaway, Lassie's son "Laddie" – played by Pal. Son of Lassie was released theatrically on April 20, 1945, by Loew's.

Plot
In Yorkshire, at the estate of the Duke of Rudling (Nigel Bruce), the British Army converted the grounds into a training camp for war dogs. The camp is placed under the supervision of Sam Carraclough (Donald Crisp), the kennel caretaker, who immediately begins the process of selecting the best dogs for training, including Laddie, the young pup of the champion collie, Lassie. Joe Carraclough (Peter Lawford), now an adult, joins the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. Departing for training school, he is forced to leave behind his dog Lassie and her pup, Laddie.

Laddie, being considered as a "war dog", follows Joe to training school and then stows away on his master's bomber, just as it takes off on a dangerous mission over Nazi-occupied Norway. The two are forced to parachute when hit by enemy fire. Laddie then seeks help for his injured master. While they are separated, Joe is captured, and the dog is pursued by enemy soldiers. Laddie is sheltered, first by young Norwegian children who find him, and later by a freedom-fighter who is killed. Laddie finally reaches the prisoner-of-war camp where his master had been taken.

The German guards use Laddie to seek out his master who had escaped. In his search for Joe, who is forced into a labor detail on a coastal gun emplacement, Laddie is reunited with his master and thereafter the two race for their lives to reach friendly lines as the Nazis pursue them. Finally free, both Joe and Laddie make their way back to the Rudling estate to reunite with Lassie, Sam Carraclough, Joe's father and Priscilla (June Lockhart), the Duke of Rudling's granddaughter.

Cast

 Pal (credited as "Lassie") as Lassie and grown-up Laddie
 Peter Lawford as Joe Carraclough
 Donald Crisp as Sam Carraclough, Joe's father
 June Lockhart as Priscilla, the Duke of Rudling's granddaughter
 Nigel Bruce as Duke of Rudling, grandfather to Priscilla
 Donald Curtis as Sgt. Eddie Brown
 Robert Lewis as Sgt. Schmidt
 Nils Asther as Olav
 William Severn as Henrik
 Leon Ames as Anton
 Fay Helm as Joanna
 Terry Moore as Thea (as Helen Koford, her birth name)

Production
Produced under the working title, Laddie, Son of Lassie, the film originally had Elsa Lanchester playing the role of the adult Priscilla. Shortly after filming began, June Lockhart took over the role. It was the first movie filmed using the Technicolor Monobook method.

Principal filming took place from May 22 to mid-November 1944, in various locations throughout western Canada, including Vancouver Island and Christopher Point in British Columbia and Banff National Park in Alberta. Other locations included Jackson Hole, Wyoming and Los Angeles in the United States.

The wartime airfield scenes were shot at the air base at Patricia Bay which is now Victoria International Airport. The aircraft used included Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters, Bristol Bolingbroke and Lockheed Ventura bombers of the Royal Canadian Air Force.

According to The Hollywood Reporter, John Charles Reed sued MGM in October 1947 for plagiarism, claiming the film script was based on his 1943 story "Candy". The jury disagreed and the suit was dismissed.

Son of Lassie reportedly popularized the name "Lad" for male dogs. Pal, the original male collie who played Lassie in Lassie Come Home (1943) played Laddie. A 20-year-old June Lockhart, whose screen career had consisted of bit parts, had a more meaningful connection to the iconic Lassie story when in 1958, she took on the role of Ruth Martin, who adopts orphan Timmy (Jon Provost) in the long-running TV series Lassie.

Music
In 2010, Film Score Monthly released the complete scores of the seven Lassie feature films released by MGM between 1943 and 1955 as well as Elmer Bernstein's score for It's a Dog's Life (1955) in the CD collection Lassie Come Home: The Canine Cinema Collection, limited to 1000 copies. Due to the era when these scores were recorded, nearly half of the music masters have been lost so the scores had to be reconstructed and restored from the best available sources, mainly the Music and Effects tracks as well as monaural ¼″ tapes.

The score for Son of Lassie was composed by Herbert Stothart. Many of the Norwegian scenes use themes from Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg, notably the Piano Concerto and the Peer Gynt Suite.

Track listing for Son of Lassie (Disc 2)

 Main Title/Laddie (beginning)* - 2:14
 Mischievous Puppy/My First Cake - 3:42
 Say It/Rudling Kennels - 3:24
 Training Routine (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 2:41
 That's Where His Heart Is/Lowering the Colors - 2:20
 Bull Terrier/Infraction of Regulations - 3:13
 Laddie at Airfield & Waiting Dog (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 3:21
 Planes Taxiing/Plane Overdue - 4:52
 Parachute Landing (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 4:20
 Underground (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco)/Disconsolate Laddie (damaged) (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 4:14
 Occupied Village/Locked Storage - 3:40
 Injured Dog* (Castelnuovo-Tedesco)/Of Viking Ancestry - 5:49
 It Should Be Christmas -  0:54
 Frantic Dog (Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 4:43
 Leading the Blind (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 1:15
 Reprise (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 1:14
 Passport - 2:13
 It's Laddie (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 0:40
 Seeking His Master (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 1:41
 Clown Sergeant/The Escape (Stothart–Castelnuovo-Tedesco)/Through the Rapids (Castelnuovo-Tedesco) - 8:34
 Back to the Yorkshire Moors - 0:38
 Final Episode - 2:04
Overseas Title - 0:15

Contains Sound Effects

Total Time: 68:48

Release
Son of Lassie was released to theaters on April 20, 1945. A VHS home video release came on September 1, 1998. It was first released to Region 1 DVD by Warner Home Video on August 24, 2004. It was re-released on November 7, 2006 in a three-movie, 2-disc set along Lassie Come Home and Courage of Lassie.

Reception
Bosley Crowther in The New York Times of June 11, 1945, felt the sequel to Lassie Come Home fell short of "being a worthy heir to the champion."

Variety characterized the principal actors as "excellent" but the film was "sticky sentiment, and flamboyant adventures, carry[ing] sufficient interest to move it along."

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Collins, Ace. Lassie: A Dog's Life, The First Fifty Years. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .
 Farmer, James H. Celluloid Wings. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books, 1984. .
 Haines, Richard W. Technicolor Movies: The History of Dye Transfer Printing. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2003. .
 Junker, Reynold Joseph Paul. Subway Music. Bloomington, Indiana: Iuniverse, 2005. .

External links

1945 films
Films shot in British Columbia
American aviation films
Films directed by S. Sylvan Simon
Films scored by Herbert Stothart
Lassie films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1945 drama films
Films shot in Alberta
American drama films
Films set in Norway
Norwegian campaign
World War II films made in wartime

Son of Lassie