Jay and Silent Bob are fictional characters portrayed by Jason Mewes and Kevin Smith, respectively. They appear in the View Askewniverse, a fictional universe used in most of the films, comics, and television programs written and produced by Kevin Smith.

Jay and Silent Bob are the only characters that have appeared in every Askewniverse film. This excludes Smith's other projects: Jersey Girl, Zack and Miri Make a Porno, Cop Out, Red State, Tusk, and Yoga Hosers. The characters are shown spending most of their time selling marijuana in front of the convenience store in the Clerks films. In Clerks: The Animated Series, they were also shown selling illegal fireworks.

Character profiles

Jay and Silent Bob, sometimes presented as Jason "Jay" Derris and Robert "Silent Bob" Bluntowski, were born in Leonardo, New Jersey in the 1970s, according to Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back. They met as infants in front of Quick Stop Groceries while their mothers shopped inside The Record Rack, which would eventually become RST Video.

Silent Bob's distinguishing features are his former heavy smoking habit, long coat which turns into a Jedi robe, long dark hair, beard, and white backward baseball cap. He was raised Catholic and is a gadgetry genius. Silent Bob rarely speaks. When he does, he often has something eloquent or logical to say, delivering thought-provoking monologues to the other characters as a form of deus ex machina that prompts them to change the outlook they've had prior. In Clerks II, when Dante complains that the two never say anything intelligent, Jay calls for Silent Bob to "do his thing", to which Silent Bob can only say "I got nothing." Otherwise, he relies on hand gestures and facial expressions to communicate. Silent Bob is often angered by Jay, and when he breaks his silence he sometimes trashes Jay, particularly in Chasing Amy and Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back. In Clerks II he says he usually speaks to say something intelligent, whereas Jay says something stupid. In Clerks: The Animated Series, Silent Bob is called "Blutarsky". However, Smith has clarified it was a joke referencing Animal House and he never gave Silent Bob a last name. In Jay and Silent Bob Reboot, he has lost weight. In reality, Kevin Smith had a near-fatal heart attack and adopted a vegan diet.

Jay is slim, has long blonde hair, and towers over Silent Bob. In several of the later View Askewniverse films, Jay wears a black knit cap. In contrast to Silent Bob, Jay speaks frequently and offensively and often treats people with aggression or bullying, including Silent Bob. Jay's excessive cursing is influenced by his uncaring mother, who is shown continually using profanity in front of him. His first word was "fuck". In Clerks, Jay wears a San Jose Sharks baseball cap.

Jay is depicted trying to seduce several women. Kevin Smith has stated that he sees Jay as ambisexual. He stated, "Jay—who's always talking about women—is a character a lot of young hetero guys identify with. But I think Jay's really ambisexual. So it's nice to throw them a curveball to open up their perspective a bit. If I can lead a few cats into being a bit more tolerant, I feel pretty good." In issue #2 of the Chasing Dogma comic series, Jay launches into a lengthy and impassioned impromptu speech on gay rights and tolerance before he notices Silent Bob's astonished expression and brushes the matter off. In Dogma, 13th Apostle Rufus asserts that Jay masturbates more than anyone else and that he thinks about men when doing so. In response to Silent Bob's shocked expression, Jay claims merely that he does not 'always' think of men while doing so. In the prison scene in Clerks II, Jay wants Dante and Randal to fellate each other in exchange for Silent Bob and him loaning them the money to reopen the Quick Stop and RST. He may say this merely to get Dante and Randal to humiliate themselves, but after Silent Bob's disgusted look, he retracts the demand. In a cut version of the same scene, Silent Bob tells Jay he is a deeply repressed gay man. Silent Bob himself was confirmed as gay by Kevin Smith while discussing Jay and Silent Bob Reboot.

Filmography

Clerks (1994)

Clerks, released in 1994, is the first film to feature Jay and Silent Bob. In the View Askewniverse timeline, it takes place the day after Mallrats. Jay and Silent Bob return to their primary business location in front of Quick Stop. Throughout the day, they are seen dancing, loitering, and harassing pedestrians. Silent Bob enters the store to buy powdered sugar while Jay goes inside to steal food. They deal marijuana to various people (including Willam Black), much to the chagrin of Quick Stop clerk Dante Hicks (Brian O'Halloran). In addition, the duo hangs out with Silent Bob's Russian cousin Olaf, who runs a heavy metal band and is looking to do a gig in New York City.

Aware of Dante's love triangle with Caitlin Bree and Veronica, Silent Bob says to him, "You know, there's a million fine-looking women in the world, dude. But they don't all bring you lasagna at work. Most of 'em just cheat on you."

The end credits of Clerks contain a reference to the return of Jay and Silent Bob in Dogma.

Mallrats (1995)

Although it was filmed one year later, the events in Mallrats occur one day before the events in Clerks. In the film, Jay and Silent Bob are loitering at a local New Jersey mall (filmed in Minnesota at the Eden Prairie Center Mall). There they are met by Brodie Bruce (Jason Lee) and T.S. Quint (Jeremy London), who have broken up with their girlfriends—Rene (Shannen Doherty) and Brandi (Claire Forlani), respectively. A local game show called Truth or Date is set to be filmed at the mall that day, which is to feature Brandi. Brodie asks Jay and Silent Bob to make sure the show does not happen, and Jay says they were going to destroy the stage anyway, for lack of anything better to do.

They make several attempts to destroy the stage but fail. Later, they help Brodie and T.S. win back their girlfriends. Jay incapacitates the male contestants on Truth or Date by getting them stoned, which allows Brodie and T.S. to take their places. Silent Bob overrides the production's video input, allowing him to play a videotape of Rene's new boyfriend, Shannon Hamilton (Ben Affleck), having sex with a minor. The film concludes with Brodie and T.S. reconciling with their girlfriends. Jay and Silent Bob walk off into the distance with an orangutan named Susanne.

In this film, Silent Bob is revealed to be an electronics expert and won a science fair in eighth grade by turning his mother's vibrator into a CD player using "chicken wire and shit".

After the credits roll, Jay and Silent Bob are announced to return in Chasing Amy.

Chasing Amy (1997)

Chasing Amy reveals that in the years since the events of Clerks, Jay and Silent Bob have found out that comic book writers/artists Holden McNeil (Ben Affleck) and Banky Edwards (Jason Lee) created a popular independent comic book series entitled Bluntman and Chronic starring the duo.

This film centers on Holden's romantic relationship with Alyssa Jones (Joey Lauren Adams), a self-identified lesbian. Though their love is initially passionate, the relationship begins to deteriorate when Holden discovers Alyssa's past. Toward the end of the film, Jay and Silent Bob meet Holden to accept their likeness rights payment, and during this meeting, Silent Bob tells Holden the story of his former girlfriend Amy.

In his longest speech to date, Silent Bob explains that, much like in Holden's relationship with Alyssa, he became distressed at the revelation of Amy's sexual past, specifically that she had engaged in a threesome. Upon discovering this, he broke up with her. Bob later realized he was not annoyed at her; rather, he felt inadequate given his lack of experience. By the time he realized this, it was too late, and she had moved on. He has since spent his life "chasing Amy, so to speak".

Moved by Silent Bob's story, Holden devises a plan to fix his relationship with Alyssa, but as in Silent Bob's past relationship, it is too late. Holden passes the reins of power over the Bluntman and Chronic comic and creates a new comic named Chasing Amy, based on the relationship.

The scene in which Jay and Silent Bob meet Holden at the cafe to accept payment is their only appearance in Chasing Amy. However, their voices were heard again during the end credits of the movie, which contained a reference to the return of Jay and Silent Bob in Dogma, released two years after the events of Chasing Amy.

Dogma (1999)

The events in Dogma take place after their disappointing adventure in the fictional Shermer, Illinois. These events are chronicled in the comic book story "Chasing Dogma". Jay and Silent Bob decide to go back home to New Jersey. Before they leave, they meet Bethany Sloane (Linda Fiorentino), a Roman Catholic abortion clinic worker who has lost her faith in God.

Though she is unaware of it, Bethany is the last living relative of Jesus. She has been charged with the holy quest of stopping two fallen angels, Bartleby (Ben Affleck) and Loki (Matt Damon), from entering a church in New Jersey. The angels were expelled from Heaven after Loki got drunk, quit his position as the Angel of Death, and gave the finger to God. They realize that they can exploit a doctrinal loophole and get back into heaven if they lose their wings, are absolved of their sins, and then die by some means other than suicide. Bartleby reasons that entering the church in New Jersey will automatically forgive all of their sins, as total remission of sins had been granted to whoever visited that specific church on a specific date, thus allowing them to return to Heaven. Though they do not know it, if the two were to return to heaven this way, they would overturn God's decision, thus "proving God wrong" and unmaking all of existence. The Metatron (Alan Rickman) tells Bethany that she is to follow two people who refer to themselves as "prophets". This is revealed to be Jay and Silent Bob, who rescue Bethany from some thugs. She believes they are the prophets due to mis-hearing Jay's statement that he "could have stayed in Jersey and at least made himself a 'profit'". Though initially only interested in sex, Jay and Silent Bob agree to let her come with them.

Jay and Silent Bob fulfill their roles as prophets. They predict the arrival of Rufus (Chris Rock), the 13th apostle, who was left out of the Bible because he was black, and they lead the others to former Muse Serendipity (Salma Hayek). They procure the divine instrument that will stop Azrael, and Jay reveals the location of God ("John Doe Jersey"). Ultimately, though inadvertently, they provide Bethany with the solution to preventing Armageddon. The Apostle Rufus also reveals that Jay entertains homosexual fantasies when masturbating. Jay reassures an uncomfortable Silent Bob, by explaining that he does not 'always' think about men. During the journey, they also encounter Bartleby and Loki, and a host of demons who (in rebellion against Hell) are trying to help the angels cause the end of the world. Silent Bob also speaks, saying "no ticket" (a reference to Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade) after throwing the rebel angels off a moving train, then being stared at by a speechless and concerned passenger.

Once at the church, Jay and Silent Bob, along with the others, try to stop the angels from entering. Loki has a change of heart and tries to help them out, but is killed by Bartleby. Though their efforts to fight Bartleby are unsuccessful (in fact, Jay accidentally helps Bartleby out by shooting his wings off with a MAC-10, turning him to a mortal), God (Alanis Morissette) arrives, and proceeds to set things in order. After Jay spouts an obscenity-filled tirade on Serendipity and Rufus, the movie ends with Jay suggesting that Silent Bob and he take Bethany to the Quick Stop.

The ending credits claim that Jay and Silent Bob would return in Clerks II.

Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)

Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back takes place eight years after the events of Clerks. Due to their excessive disturbances, drug dealing and starting rumors about Dante and Randal Graves (Jeff Anderson) being a gay couple, Dante and Randal file a restraining order against Jay and Silent Bob. It prohibits them from coming within  of the Quick Stop or RST Video for least a year. Having no place to loiter, they decide to pay a visit to Brodie (Jason Lee), where they learn that Miramax Films is making a Bluntman and Chronic film.

They visit Holden and ask for the money that belongs to them for using their likenesses in the film, only to find out that he sold his half of the rights to Bluntman and Chronic to the other co-creator Banky Edwards (also Jason Lee); after Holden introduces them to the internet, they also discover that a number of people have bashed the upcoming film and insulted Jay and Silent Bob numerous times for alleged "selling out" to Miramax. Jay and Silent Bob decide that they must defend their honor, and embark on a road trip to Hollywood to stop the movie from being made and protect their reputations, or at least get their money.

After being refused passage on a bus for not having tickets, they decide to hitch-hike there and stop at a local Mooby's restaurant, whereupon Jay falls victim to love at first sight with Justice (Shannon Elizabeth), an international jewel thief posing as an animal rights activist. Justice offers them a ride under the pretense that they are traveling cross country to release animals from an animal-testing facility, much to the unhappiness of her partners Chrissy (Ali Larter), Missy (Jennifer Schwalbach Smith), and Sissy (Eliza Dushku).

Once inside the facility, Jay and Silent Bob find a tranquilizer gun and the ape, an orangutan named Suzanne (a reference to the ending scene in "Mallrats"). After springing her from her cage, Silent Bob becomes sympathetic for the other animals, so they let them loose, as well. In the meantime, the four women escape with the diamonds and place a bomb on the van; Jay and Silent Bob witness the van explode, and while assuming that Justice is dead, they manage to escape just as the authorities arrive.

Federal Wildlife Marshall Willenholly (Will Ferrell) arrives to take over the case, as it involves the release of animals. Suzanne is subsequently taken by the occupants of a car labeled "Critters of Hollywood". Jay laments that they will never see Suzanne again, only to have Silent Bob angrily, and loudly, explain that the sign on the car (also calling Jay a dumbfuck for not getting what Silent Bob's gesturing right after Suzanne was stolen was about) indicated that they will probably meet up with Suzanne in Hollywood.

They are eventually able to hitch a ride and make it to Hollywood. There, they evade a security guard (Diedrich Bader) and make their way through multiple movie sets, including Good Will Hunting 2: Hunting Season. They are reunited with Suzanne on the set of the then-fictional Scream 4, where Suzanne is playing the part of a masked killer.

Pursued by a group of security guards, they are able to escape by riding a bicycle over a ramp (a reference to the iconic E.T., the Extra-Terrestrial moon scene), propelling them through the window of a nearby building. By sheer luck, they land in the dressing room of James Van Der Beek (of Dawson's Creek) and Jason Biggs (of American Pie), who happen to be playing Jay and Silent Bob in The Bluntman and Chronic Movie; Silent Bob is appalled that his comic-book counterpart is being played by the "pie fucker".

After learning this, Jay and Bob form a huddle in the corner and decide to beat up Biggs and Van Der Beek, but while their backs are turned, Suzanne does this for them. Jay and Silent Bob then give the ape the tranquilizer gun and set her loose in the ventilation ducts.

They put on the Bluntman and Chronic outfits, so they will not be noticed, but are mistaken for Biggs and Van Der Beek, and are escorted to the set of the movie. Despite the fact that they do not know what they are doing, once on set, filming begins. Jay and Silent Bob battle with Bluntman and Chronic's nemesis, Cockknocker (Mark Hamill), eventually cutting off his hand.

At this point, Justice enters the set to confess her love for Jay and admits her profession as a professional jewel thief; an unassuming Jay forgives her and they kiss. Willenholly reappears with a shotgun, soon followed by Missy, Chrissy, and Sissy. Justice and Sissy fight hand-to-hand, while Missy and Chrissy get into a gun battle with Willenholly.

During the chaos, Jay and Silent Bob locate Banky and demand their money. After Banky refuses on account of Miramax paying him a lot of money for the film, Silent Bob breaks his silence and explains why Banky can be sued if he does not heed to their demands. Banky finally agrees to give them half of whatever he makes from the movie.

After the fight, Willenholly stands up, believing he has killed Missy and Chrissy. Suzanne takes this opportunity to shoot him in the buttocks with a tranquilizer dart, incapacitating him; Justice uses the situation to her advantage and offers Willeholly an opportunity to get into the FBI by turning herself in along with Missy, Sissy, and Chrissy, as long as she gets a reduced sentence and the charges against Jay and Silent Bob are dropped. He agrees and Justice tells Jay to wait for her.

Banky approaches Jay and Silent Bob and tells them that they are now rich. Jay expresses his displeasure at the fact that, despite all of their efforts, they were still unable to stop the internet insults. They decide that the only way to achieve this, using their newfound wealth, is to visit and beat up everyone who had insulted them, including children and members of the clergy, to the tune of "Kick Some Ass" by Stroke 9.

The ending credits claim that Jay and Silent Bob "have left the building".

Clerks II (2006)

Thirteen years after the events in Clerks, and five years after the events in Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Clerks II, released in 2006, takes place. Now in their early 30s, Jay and Silent Bob had recently bought a car, but they were pulled over for driving with a deployed airbag. During the search, the police found a stash of marijuana, and they were sentenced to six months of rehabilitation, where they become devoutly sober Christians.

Once out of rehab, they are clean, but continue to deal while trying to teach the word of God, in a manner similar to evangelists. In one scene, Jay even suggests to a couple of buyers that they should read the "Holy Fucking" Bible. The Quick Stop where Dante worked was burned in a fire due to Randal leaving the coffee pot on, and Randal and Dante moved over to the Mooby's fast food restaurant. Jay and Silent Bob follow the two there.

At the beginning of the film, Jay expresses some disillusionment at being a drug dealer and weighs on other ideas of what to do in life. At one point during the movie, Jay, knowing boredom is the first step to relapse, dances to the song "Goodbye Horses" by Q Lazzarus after Silent Bob puts the tape in the boom box. He parodies exactly the same dance done by Buffalo Bill in The Silence of the Lambs, complete with the "tuck", although it is alleged Jay has been doing this in real life before Silence of the Lambs was released.

Near the end of the film, they are jailed with Dante, Elias, and Randal, in which a donkey show is hired to celebrate Dante moving away. Jay and Silent Bob were charged for possession of drugs, which violated their probation. They bear witness to Dante and Randal's fight in the jailhouse, but at first provide no meaningful help, with Silent Bob unable to come up with his usual wisdom and instead criticizing Jay for never contributing to a conversation. Randal wants to reopen the Quick Stop with Dante, but neither of the two has the money, so Jay and Silent Bob offer some of the Bluntman and Chronic movie royalty money under the condition that the two are allowed to loiter outside the shop and that the police cannot be called to arrest them. After the Quick Stop is reopened, Jay and Silent Bob return to where they started so many years ago, and promptly restart the "Goodbye Horses" routine.

Jay & Silent Bob's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie! (2013)

After winning $10 million from a scratchcard they bought at the Quick Stop, Jay & Silent Bob decide to become superheroes Bluntman and Chronic (a parody of Batman and Robin). They build a secret Fortress of Solitude beneath RST Video and acquire all the necessary gadgets and accessories to make them ideal crime-fighters. They also hire their own butler, Albert (a parody of Alfred Pennyworth).

Throughout their crime-fighting ordeals, they manage to accidentally create a few super-powered enemies of their own, who together form "The League of Shitters". The League of Shitters consists of Lipstick Lesbian, Dickhead, NewsGroup, Cocknocker, and the Diddler. While at a ceremony in which Bluntman and Chronic are to be awarded the key to the city of Red Bank, The League of Shitters attack the dynamic duo and knock them unconscious. They then attempt to infiltrate the "Bluntcave", resulting in the deaths of NewsGroup and Diddler (they are crushed by a wall that reveals the entrance to the hideout). Lipstick Lesbian mortally stabs Albert in the back and places Bluntman and Chronic into a giant bong that is slowly filling up with water. After leaving the heroes to die, the villains descend upon Red Bank, killing everyone in their path. Albert uses the last of his strength to free the heroes before dying.

Vowing to avenge Albert, Bluntman, and Chronic fly to Red Bank in the Blunt Jet to save the city from The League of Shitters' mayhem. An epic fight ensues in which Bluntman subdues Dickhead by tricking him into entering a gay bar and Chronic kills Cocknocker with a broken beer bottle. Lipstick Lesbian draws a gun and attempts to shoot Bluntman and Chronic, but they are miraculously saved by a new heroine, Bluntgirl. Bluntgirl defeats Lipstick Lesbian single-handedly and begins to show romantic interest in Bluntman. Chronic is jealous and expresses his desire for anal sex. Bluntgirl agrees to this, however, she penetrates Chronic with a dildo, much to Chronic's distaste. Bluntgirl asks Bluntman if he's ever experienced anything of the like, to which he replies, "Yeah, when Ben Affleck played Daredevil.". During the credits, it is noted that "Jay and Silent Bob will return in Clerks III."

After the credits, Jay and Silent Bob are visited by Stan Lee, who wishes to speak to them about the "Avenger Initiative". Shortly after, they are all picked up by Doc Brown, who requests their help in getting back to the future.

Jay and Silent Bob Reboot (2019)

In the years after Clerks II, Jay and Silent Bob convert the former RST Video into a fake chicken sandwich shop, which they use as a front for an illegal marijuana dispensary. The film opens with them getting arrested, and subsequently lose a court case to Saban Films, who are making a new Bluntman and Chronic film, Bluntman V Chronic. The two also learn they have lost their naming rights, and can no longer self-identify as "Jay and Silent Bob".

Jay and Bob visit Brodie Bruce (Jason Lee), who tells them about the Bluntman and Chronic reboot, which is being directed by Kevin Smith. The film is largely completed, but a major scene is to be shot at the annual fan convention "Chronic-Con" in Hollywood. Jay and Bob have three days to get to Los Angeles to stop the film from being completed and win back their identities. The two depart for California.

They arrive in Chicago, where Jay learns his former girlfriend Justice (Shannon Elizabeth) works as a local weatherperson. Jay and Bob visit Justice, who tells Jay he left her heartbroken by never visiting her in jail. She has since married and given birth to their love child, Millennium "Milly" Faulken (Harley Quinn Smith). She introduces Jay to their daughter and her best friend Soapy (Treshelle Edmond) but urges him to never reveal his identity to her.

Justice leaves for vacation, and Milly forces Jay to take her and Soapy to Hollywood with him and Bob. Milly drugs Jay and Bob with a strong edible, and they wake up on a highway in New Orleans, where they meet Milly's two other friends, Jihad (Aparna Brielle) and Shan Yu (Alice Wen). They tell Jay that they want to visit Chronic-Con because Shan Yu is a huge fan of the first Bluntman and Chronic film and it is her dream to attend Chronic-Con. They steal a van and drive to California. Milly admits to Jay that her bad behavior is attributed to her never knowing her father.

Jay and Bob are abandoned by the group and set off in search of the van. They find it in a vacant area, where the Ku Klux Klan have kidnapped the girls and are having a rally. Bob steals a klan hood and passes himself off as the new Grand Dragon to distract them using Alec Baldwin's speech from Glengarry Glen Ross while Jay rescues the girls. They throw a portable toilet at the Klansmen and flee.

The group makes it to Chronic-Con and sneaks in. Jay and Bob plan to ruin the shoot, while the girls want to be extras in the film to fulfill Shan Yu's dream. They agree to part ways, with Jay hugging Milly and letting her know he is proud of her.

After attempting to sneak past a familiar security guard (Diedrich Bader), Jay and Bob are pursued throughout the con. They hide in an empty panel room where they are met by Holden McNeil (Ben Affleck), who has just finished recording a podcast with Alyssa Jones (Joey Lauren Adams). Holden has donated his sperm to Alyssa and her wife (Virginia Smith) so they may have a child, whom he helps co-parent. Holden tells Jay that fatherhood gave him a new purpose. This inspires Jay to abort their mission and be a father to Milly. Holden gives them VIP badges, which grants him and the girls access to the panel with Kevin Smith.

Noticing that Bob bears a resemblance to Smith, Milly sneaks backstage and knocks out Smith, giving Smith's clothes to Bob as a disguise. They bring Milly and Shan Yu on stage to film the scene, but Shan Yu sees through their ruse and knocks Bob unconscious, bringing out the real Kevin Smith. Bob is thrown out of the hall and Shan Yu reveals herself to be a Russian spy, bent on destroying American pop culture conventions. Jay reveals to Milly that he is her father. Bob regains consciousness outside and steals a large metal "Iron Bob" suit that was to be used in the filming of the scene. Controlling the suit, Bob incites a riot at the panel and disarms Shan Yu and her henchmen.

After making their way back home, Jay shows Milly the Quick Stop and tells her the stories of his and Bob's adventures, including meeting Justice. Dante Hicks (Brian O'Halloran) arrives to open Quick Stop and bemoans the fact that the steel shutters are once again jammed closed. Jay then reveals it has been him and Silent Bob doing it the whole time.

Clerks III (2022)

Sometime later, Jay and Silent Bob open another (legally this time) marijuana dispensary in the former RST Video, although they still deal outside the store for old time's sake. The pair are recruited to appear as themselves in Randal's film about their lives at the Quick Stop, and also join in as cinematographers. Silent Bob has the idea to shoot the film in black-and-white, arguing that it will hide the poor color in the store while also exemplifying a metaphor for corporate culture sapping the color out of their lives. Jay proves to be a self-conscious actor, refusing to dance in a pivotal scene until everyone present on their small film crew leaves, and having trouble delivering the lasagna aesop in his story to Dante, prompting an exasperated Silent Bob to offer to take the line (all of these, of course, referencing actual incidents during the filming of the original Clerks).

While filming the "salsa shark" scene, Jay and Silent Bob film Dante's outburst at first with interest, only to quietly turn off their equipment upon realizing they are witnessing an emotionally charged argument between him and Randal. They witness Dante's heart attack, and later help Randal distract the hospital staff so he can show Dante the final cut of the movie. After Dante's death, they attend his funeral along with Milly, who later joins Quick Stop as an employee. When Blockchain and Elias's NFT is a hit, Jay and Silent Bob offer the two some marijuana to celebrate, before running off to fly a kite with them.

Television

Clerks: The Animated Series (2000-2002)

Clerks: The Animated Series continues Jay and Silent Bob's adventures in front of the Quick Stop with Dante and Randal. In one episode, Jay and Silent Bob sell illegal fireworks instead of drugs. These events are not necessarily contiguous with events depicted elsewhere in the View Askewniverse. Silent Bob follows the film format and only speaks once during the episodes. In the show, it is revealed that Jay is 26 years old (a year younger than Dante and Randal), but still in the fourth grade, having been held back "a lot".

In most of the episodes, Jay and Silent Bob have some public service announcement videos, where they talk about safety tips, science lessons, or magic tricks. When they introduce themselves to kids, Charles Barkley also appears, but is immediately shooed away by Jay. In the "Science Sez" skit, Barkley attempt to tell a kid the importance of science, when Jay and Silent Bob arrive and beat him up, reminding him that only they do the segments. Silent Bob is more vocal in these segments.

In the series' final episode "The Last Episode Ever", Jay is revealed to be the show's animator, as he constantly redraws the physical forms of Dante and Randal (similar to one of Bugs Bunny's antics in Duck Amuck) toward the end of the episode.

Comics

Clerks (1998)

The two appear in many of the Clerks comics in supporting roles.
In Clerks: The Comic Book, Jay and Silent Bob's drug dealing is compromised by the recent popularity of Star Wars action figures. In an attempt to strike up business, the two hijack a toy store delivery truck and drive it into a secret compound behind the store. The two sell the figures at extremely low prices, ruining their value.
In Clerks The Holiday Special, the two are seen working for Santa Claus, who is working in the apartment in between the Quick Stop and RST Video. The duo works on the toy-making machines.
In Clerks: The Lost Scene, the two are seen in the bookend segments of the comic, which parodied the "Tales from the Crypt" comic books.

Chasing Dogma (1998-1999)

In between the events of Chasing Amy and Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob decide to go to be the "blunt connection" in Shermer, Illinois, (where most of John Hughes' films are set) because they believe that all the guys there are jerks and that there would be girls crawling all over them. They discover in Chicago that Shermer, Illinois, does not exist.

Since many of the events were reused in the 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, not all the events depicted here are necessarily continuous with those depicted elsewhere in the View Askewniverse.

Video games

Jay and Silent Bob: Mall Brawl
Interabang Entertainment and Spoony Bard Productions produced Jay and Silent Bob Mall Brawl as a Limited Run Games release for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was later announced that the game would be available on digital platforms. The 8-bit-style game, a tribute to 1980s beat 'em up games, was released on May 7, 2020, on Steam , and Nintendo Switch. PlayStation 4 also got a release from Limited Run Games that included the last patch known as the Arcade Edition.  This patch also dropped to the Steam and Nintendo Switch versions of the game.  The NES release is still the original unpatched release of the game.

Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch
In February 2016, Interabang announced the development of Jay and Silent Bob: Chronic Blunt Punch, a beat 'em up video game in the style of Castle Crashers featuring the title characters fighting through miscreants in the "mall of purgatory" down the street from the Quik Stop. In addition to combat, the game includes a means to use insults as finishing moves in combat. The game is being developed with input from Smith and considered part of the View Askewniverse. Interabang used the Fig crowdfunding to raise $400k to complete the title, which successfully raised over $435,000 at the completion of the campaign.

Jay and Silent Bob VR
In April 2018, Kevin Smith announced that he had signed a deal to make a live-action VR project for STX Entertainment's virtual reality division, STXsureal.

Other
Two mobile games featuring Jay and Silent Bob were released on IOS devices in 2012. One was titled Too Fat To Fly, in which Silent Bob is launched from a slingshot and must keep flying without hitting obstacles. The other was Let Us Dance, a dancing game in the style of Dance Dance Revolution.

Other appearances

Film
 Scream 3 (cameo) (Note: While their appearance in Scream 3 suggests that the Scream series and the View Askewniverse are on the same plane of existence, other factors may contradict this; in the first Scream film, a VHS tape of Clerks is shown in the background; also, in Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Jay and Silent Bob see the filming of the then fictional Scream 4. However, there is also a Clerks hat seen in Mallrats, which is officially part of the View Askewniverse).
 Drawing Flies (Kevin Smith is credited as Silent Bob in the film. Jason Mewes also appears in the film, but as a different character. Smith's character wears the same leather outfit he wore in Mallrats)
 Fanboys (cameo) Not actually "Jay and Silent Bob", they are a close facsimile. (The roles were reversed. Smith's character was hanging out in front of the gas station bathroom, pimping out Jason Mewes' character.)

Television
MTV Mallrats Premiere Party
MTV's Jay and Silent Bob Shorts
VH1's I Love the '90s ("Jay and Silent Bob Re-name Your Favorite TV Show" and "Guys We'd Go Gay For")
Degrassi: The Next Generation (appeared (with Alanis Morissette) for the filming of the fictional film Jay and Silent Bob Go Canadian, Eh? over three episodes in the fourth season, and returned for two episodes of the fifth season for the film's world premiere).
Yes, Dear season 4, episode 19, Kevin Smith appears as himself in the show, but in the end does a little skit as Silent Bob.
 In The Flash episode "Null and Annoyed" (directed by Smith), Smith and Mewes appear as security guards who resemble Jay and Silent Bob.
 In the 200th episode of Impractical Jokers, Jay and Silent Bob appear in the "Pants Party" challenge where the Jokers have to get someone to untangle a set of headphones before Jay and Silent Bob pants them. Jay and Silent Bob pantsed all the Jokers except for Sal, who was pantsed by Rob Emmer.

Comic books
Jay and Silent Bob made a brief appearance in one panel of Green Arrow (vol. 3) #6, standing outside Jason Blood's Safe House in Star City. This issue was written by Kevin Smith during his 15-issue run on the title character.
Another book written by Smith, Daredevil (vol. 2) #1, features "JAY" and "BOB" as Braille letters on two speed dial keys on Matt Murdock's telephone-
Demonic versions of Jay and Silent Bob can be seen in one panel on the second page of Angel: After the Fall issue #5, standing outside of a cafe in the safe haven of Silverlake. Writer Brian Lynch confirmed the reference and attributed their inclusion to artist Franco Urru.
They also appeared in the Star Wars Infinities comic Tag and Bink where they say they are from the Jedi Council.
In a 2005 issue of Total Film, a comic strip illustrating Kevin Smith's version of the Passion of the Christ was published, featuring Jay and Silent Bob in the final panel.
In 2001, The New York Times ran a comic book telling how Smith met and first kissed his wife Jennifer Schwalbach Smith. Jay and Silent Bob appear in one panel, promoting the then-forthcoming film Jay & Silent Bob Strike Back.
Jay and Silent Bob made a cameo in issue #79 of Terry Moore's long-running comic book Strangers in Paradise.
They also appear in a Desperate Times comic strip included in issue #53 of Savage Dragon.

Music videos
"Can't Even Tell" by Soul Asylum
"Build Me Up Buttercup" by The Goops
"Because I Got High" by Afroman
"Kick Some Ass" by Stroke 9
"Problem" by Nova Rockafeller
"You Can't Stop Me" by Suicide Silence (Jay only)
"I'm Upset" by Drake
"Loser" by Moby Rich
"Highlife" by Logic

References

External links
Radio Interview with Kevin Smith about his favorite characters from FBI 94.5 Sydney Australia
Jay and Silent Bob controversy  Screen Sensations

Characters created by Kevin Smith
American comedy duos
Fictional characters from New Jersey
Film characters introduced in 1994
Fictional drug dealers
Fictional film duos
Fictional prophets
View Askew characters
Fictional bisexual men
Male characters in animation
Male characters in comics
Male characters in film

Jay and Silent Bob


The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Swift), legally S.W.I.F.T. SC, is a Belgian cooperative society providing services related to the execution of financial transactions and payments between certain banks worldwide. Its principal function is to serve as the main messaging network through which international payments are initiated. It also sells software and services to financial institutions, mostly for use on its proprietary "SWIFTNet", and assigns ISO 9362 Business Identifier Codes (BICs), popularly known as "Swift codes".

The Swift messaging network is a component of the global payments system. Swift acts as a carrier of the "messages containing the payment instructions between financial institutions involved in a transaction". However, the organisation does not manage accounts on behalf of individuals or financial institutions, and it does not hold funds from third parties. It also does not perform clearing or settlement functions. After a payment has been initiated, it must be settled through a payment system, such as TARGET2 in Europe. In the context of cross-border transactions, this step often takes place through correspondent banking accounts that financial institutions have with each other.

As of 2018, around half of all high-value cross-border payments worldwide used the Swift network, and in 2015, Swift linked more than 11,000 financial institutions in over 200 countries and territories, who were exchanging an average of over 32 million messages per day (compared to an average of 2.4 million daily messages in 1995).

Though widely utilised, Swift has been criticised for its inefficiency. In 2018, the London-based Financial Times noted that transfers frequently "pass through multiple banks before reaching their final destination, making them time-consuming, costly and lacking transparency on how much money will arrive at the other end". Swift has since introduced an improved service called "Global Payments Innovation" (GPI), claiming it was adopted by 165 banks and was completing half its payments within 30 minutes. The new standard which included Swift Go was supposed to be utilised in receiving and transferring low-value international payments. One of the significant changes was the transaction amount, which would not differ from start to the end. However, , uptake was mixed. For instance, Alisherov Eraj, Alif Bank Treasury Department Swift Transfers & Banking Relationship Expert in the Republic of Tajikistan, describes that the leading cause for the late Swift Go adoption in Tajikistan was the Core Banking System itself. To connect to Swift Go, he adds, banking system interfaces needed to be upgraded and integrate with their software to be fully compatible, this hindered many banks from adopting the technology earlier.

As a cooperative society under Belgian law, Swift is owned by its member financial institutions. It is headquartered in La Hulpe, Belgium, near Brussels; its main building was designed by Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura and completed in 1989. The chairman of Swift is Graeme Munro of United Kingdom, and its CEO is Javier Pérez-Tasso of Spain. Swift hosts an annual conference, called Sibos, specifically aimed at the financial services industry.

History
SWIFT was founded in Brussels on 3 May 1973 under the leadership of its inaugural Swedish CEO, Carl Reuterskiöld (1973–1989), a Wallenberg-associate, and was supported by 239 banks in 15 countries. Before its establishment, international financial transactions were communicated over Telex, a public system involving manual writing and reading of messages. It was set up out of fear of what might happen if a single private and fully American entity controlled global financial flows – which before was First National City Bank (FNCB) of New York – later Citibank. In response to FNCB's protocol, FNCB's competitors in the US and Europe pushed an alternative "messaging system that could replace the public providers and speed up the payment process". SWIFT started to establish common standards for financial transactions and a shared data processing system and worldwide communications network designed by Logica and developed by the Burroughs Corporation. Fundamental operating procedures and rules for liability were established in 1975, and the first message was sent in 1977. SWIFT's first international (non-European) operations centre was inaugurated by Governor John N. Dalton of Virginia in 1979.

Standards
SWIFT has become the industry standard for syntax in financial messages. Messages formatted to SWIFT standards can be read and processed by many well-known financial processing systems, whether or not the message travelled over the SWIFT network. SWIFT cooperates with international organizations for defining standards for message format and content. SWIFT is also Registration authority (RA) for the following ISO standards:

 ISO 9362: 1994 BankingBanking telecommunication messagesBank identifier codes
 ISO 10383: 2003 Securities and related financial instrumentsCodes for exchanges and market identification (MIC)
 ISO 13616: 2003 IBAN Registry
 ISO 15022: 1999 SecuritiesScheme for messages (Data Field Dictionary) (replaces ISO 7775)
 ISO 20022-1: 2004 and ISO 20022-2:2007 Financial servicesUniversal Financial Industry message scheme
In RFC 3615 urn:swift: was defined as Uniform Resource Names (URNs) for SWIFT FIN.

Operations centres
The SWIFT secure messaging network is run from three data centres, located in the United States, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. These centres share information in near real-time. In case of a failure in one of the data centres, another is able to handle the traffic of the complete network. SWIFT uses submarine communications cables to transmit its data.

Shortly after opening its third data centre in Switzerland in 2009, SWIFT introduced new distributed architecture with two messaging zones, European and Trans-Atlantic, so data from European SWIFT members no longer mirrored the U.S. data centre. European zone messages are stored in the Netherlands and in part of the Swiss operating centre; Trans-Atlantic zone messages are stored in the United States and in another part of the Swiss operating centre that is segregated from the European zone messages. Countries outside of Europe were by default allocated to the Trans-Atlantic zone, but could choose to have their messages stored in the European zone.

SWIFTNet network
SWIFT moved to its current IP network infrastructure, known as SWIFTNet, from 2001 to 2005, providing a total replacement of the previous X.25 infrastructure. The process involved the development of new protocols that facilitate efficient messaging, using existing and new message standards. The adopted technology chosen to develop the protocols was XML, where it now provides a wrapper around all messages legacy or contemporary. The communication protocols can be broken down into:

InterAct
SWIFTNet InterAct Realtime
SWIFTNet InterAct Store and Forward

FileAct
 SWIFTNet FileAct Realtime
 SWIFTNet FileAct Store and Forward

Browse
 SWIFTNet Browse

Architecture
SWIFT provides a centralized store-and-forward mechanism, with some transaction management. For bank A to send a message to bank B with a copy or authorization involving institution C, it formats the message according to standards and securely sends it to SWIFT. SWIFT guarantees its secure and reliable delivery to B after the appropriate action by C. SWIFT guarantees are based primarily on high redundancy of hardware, software, and people.

SWIFTNet Phase 2
During 2007 and 2008, the entire SWIFT network migrated its infrastructure to a new protocol called SWIFTNet Phase 2. The main difference between Phase 2 and the former arrangement is that Phase 2 requires banks connecting to the network to use a Relationship Management Application (RMA) instead of the former bilateral key exchange (BKE) system. According to SWIFT's public information database on the subject, RMA software should eventually prove more secure and easier to keep up-to-date; however, converting to the RMA system meant that thousands of banks around the world had to update their international payments systems to comply with the new standards. RMA completely replaced BKE on 1 January 2009.

Products and interfaces
SWIFT means several things in the financial world:
 a secure network for transmitting messages between financial institutions;
 a set of syntax standards for financial messages (for transmission over SWIFTNet or any other network)
 a set of connection software and services allowing financial institutions to transmit messages over SWIFT network.

Under 3 above, SWIFT provides turn-key solutions for members, consisting of linkage clients to facilitate connectivity to the SWIFT network and CBTs or "computer based terminals" which members use to manage the delivery and receipt of their messages. Some of the more well-known interfaces and CBTs provided to their members are:

 SWIFTNet Link (SNL) software which is installed on the SWIFT customer's site and opens a connection to SWIFTNet. Other applications can only communicate with SWIFTNet through the SNL.
 Alliance Gateway (SAG) software with interfaces (e.g., RAHA = Remote Access Host Adapter), allowing other software products to use the SNL to connect to SWIFTNet
 Alliance WebStation (SAB) desktop interface for SWIFT Alliance Gateway with several usage options:
 administrative access to the SAG
 direct connection SWIFTNet by the SAG, to administrate SWIFT Certificates
 so-called Browse connection to SWIFTNet (also by SAG) to use additional services, for example Target2
 Alliance Access (SAA) and Alliance Messaging Hub (AMH) are the main messaging software applications by SWIFT, which allow message creation for FIN messages, routing and monitoring for FIN and MX messages. The main interfaces are FTA (files transfer automated, not FTP) and MQSA, a WebSphere MQ interface.
 The Alliance Workstation (SAW) is the desktop software for administration, monitoring and FIN message creation. Since Alliance Access is not yet capable of creating MX messages, Alliance Messenger (SAM) has to be used for this purpose.
 Alliance Web Platform (SWP) as new thin-client desktop interface provided as an alternative to existing Alliance WebStation, Alliance Workstation (soon) and Alliance Messenger.
 Alliance Integrator built on Oracle's Java Caps which enables customer's back office applications to connect to Alliance Access or Alliance Entry.
 Alliance Lite2 is a secure and reliable, cloud-based way to connect to the SWIFT network which is a light version of Alliance Access specifically targeting customers with low volume of traffic.

Services
There are four key areas that SWIFT services fall under in the financial marketplace: securities, treasury & derivatives, trade services. and payments-and-cash management.

Securities
 SWIFTNet FIX (obsolete)
 SWIFTNet Data Distribution
 SWIFTNet Funds
 SWIFTNet Accord for Securities (end of life October 2017)

Treasury and derivatives
 SWIFTNet Accord for Treasury (end of life October 2017)
 SWIFTNet Affirmations
 SWIFTNet CLS Third Party Service

Cash management
 SWIFTNet Bulk Payments
 SWIFTNet Cash Reporting
 SWIFTNet Exceptions and Investigations

Trade services
 SWIFTNet Trade Services Utility

SWIFTREF
Swift Ref, the global payment reference data utility, is SWIFT's unique reference data service. Swift Ref sources data direct from data originators, including central banks, code issuers and banks making it easy for issuers and originators to maintain data regularly and thoroughly. SWIFTRef constantly validates and cross-checks data across the different data sets.

SWIFTNet Mail
SWIFT offers a secure person-to-person messaging service, SWIFTNet Mail, which went live on 16 May 2007. SWIFT clients can configure their existing email infrastructure to pass email messages through the highly secure and reliable SWIFTNet network instead of the open Internet. SWIFTNet Mail is intended for the secure transfer of sensitive business documents, such as invoices, contracts and signatories, and is designed to replace existing telex and courier services, as well as the transmission of security-sensitive data over the open Internet. Seven financial institutions, including HSBC, FirstRand Bank, Clearstream, DnB NOR, Nedbank, and Standard Bank of South Africa, as well as SWIFT piloted the service.

U.S. government involvement

Terrorist Finance Tracking Program

A series of articles published on 23 June 2006 in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and the Los Angeles Times revealed a program, named the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program, which the US Treasury Department, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and other United States governmental agencies initiated after the 11 September attacks to gain access to the SWIFT transaction database.

After the publication of these articles, SWIFT quickly came under pressure for compromising the data privacy of its customers by allowing governments to gain access to sensitive personal information.  In September 2006, the Belgian government declared that these SWIFT dealings with American governmental authorities were a breach of Belgian and European privacy laws.

In response, and to satisfy members' concerns about privacy, SWIFT began a process of improving its architecture by implementing a distributed architecture with a two-zone model for storing messages (see Operations centres).

Concurrently, the European Union negotiated an agreement with the United States government to permit the transfer of intra-EU SWIFT transaction information to the United States under certain circumstances.  Because of concerns about its potential contents, the European Parliament adopted a position statement in September 2009, demanding to see the full text of the agreement and asking that it be fully compliant with EU privacy legislation, with oversight mechanisms emplaced to ensure that all data requests were handled appropriately. An interim agreement was signed without European Parliamentary approval by the European Council on 30 November 2009, the day before the Lisbon Treaty—which would have prohibited such an agreement from being signed under the terms of the codecision procedure—formally came into effect.  While the interim agreement was scheduled to come into effect on 1 January 2010, the text of the agreement was classified as "EU Restricted" until translations could be provided in all EU languages and published on 25 January 2010.

On 11 February 2010, the European Parliament decided to reject the interim agreement between the EU and the US by 378 to 196 votes. One week earlier, the parliament's civil liberties committee had already rejected the deal, citing legal reservations.

In March 2011, it was reported that two mechanisms of data protection had failed: EUROPOL released a report complaining that requests for information from the US had been too vague (making it impossible to make judgments on validity) and that the guaranteed right for European citizens to know whether their information had been accessed by US authorities had not been put into practice.

Monitoring by the NSA
Der Spiegel reported in September 2013 that the National Security Agency (NSA) widely monitors banking transactions via SWIFT, as well as credit card transactions. The NSA intercepted and retained data from the SWIFT network used by thousands of banks to securely send transaction information. SWIFT was named as a "target", according to documents leaked by Edward Snowden. The documents revealed that the NSA spied on SWIFT using a variety of methods, including reading "SWIFT printer traffic from numerous banks". In April 2017, a group known as the Shadow Brokers released files allegedly from the NSA which indicate that the agency monitored financial transactions made through SWIFT.

Use in sanctions

Belarus
The European Union issued the first set of sanctions against Belarus - the first was introduced on 27 February 2022, which banned certain categories of Belarusian items in the EU, including timber, steel, mineral fuels and tobacco. After the Lithuanian prime minister proposed disconnecting Belarus from SWIFT, the European Union, which does not recognise Lukashenko as the legitimate President of Belarus, started to plan an extension of the sanctions already issued against Russian entities and top officials to its ally.

Iran
In January 2012, the advocacy group United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) implemented a campaign calling on SWIFT to end all relations with Iran's banking system, including the Central Bank of Iran.  UANI asserted that Iran's membership in SWIFT violated US and EU financial sanctions against Iran as well as SWIFT's own corporate rules.

Consequently, in February 2012, the U.S. Senate Banking Committee unanimously approved sanctions against SWIFT aimed at pressuring it to terminate its ties with blacklisted Iranian banks. Expelling Iranian banks from SWIFT would potentially deny Iran access to billions of dollars in revenue using SWIFT but not from using IVTS. Mark Wallace, president of UANI, praised the Senate Banking Committee.

Initially SWIFT denied that it was acting illegally, but later said that "it is working with U.S. and European governments to address their concerns that its financial services are being used by Iran to avoid sanctions and conduct illicit business". Targeted banks would be—amongst others—Saderat Bank of Iran, Bank Mellat, Post Bank of Iran and Sepah Bank. On 17 March 2012, following agreement two days earlier between all 27 member states of the Council of the European Union and the Council's subsequent ruling, SWIFT disconnected all Iranian banks that had been identified as institutions in breach of current EU sanctions from its international network and warned that even more Iranian financial institutions could be disconnected from the network.

In February 2016, most Iranian banks reconnected to the network following the lift of sanctions due to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.

Russia

Similarly, in August 2014 the UK planned to press the EU to block Russian use of SWIFT as a sanction due to Russian military intervention in Ukraine. However, SWIFT refused to do so. SPFS, a Russian alternative to SWIFT, was developed by the Central Bank of Russia as a backup measure.

During the prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the United States developed preliminary possible sanctions against Russia, but excluded banning Russia from SWIFT. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the foreign ministers of the Baltic states Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia called for Russia to be cut off from SWIFT. However, other EU member states were reluctant, both because European lenders held most of the nearly $30 billion in foreign banks' exposure to Russia and because Russia had developed the SPFS alternative. The European Union, United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States finally agreed to remove few Russian banks from the SWIFT messaging system in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine; the governments of France, Germany, Italy and Japan individually released statements alongside the EU.

On 20 March 2023, the Russian Federation banned the use of SWIFT.

Israel
In 2014, SWIFT rejected calls from pro-Palestinian activists to revoke Israeli banks' access to its network owing to the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory.

Competitors
Alternatives to the SWIFT system include:

 CIPS: sponsored by China, for RMB related deals. 1467 financial institutions in 111 countries and regions have connected to the system. The actual business covers more than 4,200 banking institutions in 182 countries and regions around the world.
 SFMS: sponsored by India
 SPFS: developed by the Russian Federation
 INSTEX: sponsored by the European Union, limited to non-USD transactions for trade with Iran, largely unused and ineffective

Security

In 2016 an $81 million theft from the Bangladesh central bank via its account at the New York Federal Reserve Bank was traced to hacker penetration of SWIFT's Alliance Access software, according to a New York Times report. It was not the first such attempt, the society acknowledged, and the security of the transfer system was undergoing new examination accordingly. Soon after the reports of the theft from the Bangladesh central bank, a second, apparently related, attack was reported to have occurred on a commercial bank in Vietnam.

Both attacks involved malware written to both issue unauthorized SWIFT messages and to conceal that the messages had been sent. After the malware sent the SWIFT messages that stole the funds, it deleted the database record of the transfers then took further steps to prevent confirmation messages from revealing the theft. In the Bangladeshi case, the confirmation messages would have appeared on a paper report; the malware altered the paper reports when they were sent to the printer. In the second case, the bank used a PDF report; the malware altered the PDF viewer to hide the transfers.

In May 2016, Banco del Austro (BDA) in Ecuador sued Wells Fargo after Wells Fargo honoured $12 million in fund transfer requests that had been placed by thieves. In this case, the thieves sent SWIFT messages that resembled recently cancelled transfer requests from BDA, with slightly altered amounts; the reports do not detail how the thieves gained access to send the SWIFT messages. BDA asserts that Wells Fargo should have detected the suspicious SWIFT messages, which were placed outside of normal BDA working hours and were of an unusual size. Wells Fargo claims that BDA is responsible for the loss, as the thieves gained access to the legitimate SWIFT credentials of a BDA employee and sent fully authenticated SWIFT messages.

In the first half of 2016, an anonymous Ukrainian bank and others—even "dozens" that are not being made public—were variously reported to have been "compromised" through the SWIFT network and to have lost money.

In March 2022, Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported about the increased security precautions by the State Police of Thurgau at the SWIFT data centre in Diessenhofen. After most of the Russian banks have been excluded from the private payment system, the risk of sabotage was considered higher. Inhabitants of the town described the large complex as a "fortress" or "prison" where frequent security checks of the fenced property are conducted.

See also

 ABA routing transit number
 Bilateral key exchange and the new Relationship Management Application (RMA)
 Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS)
 Cryptocurrency / Digital currency
 Digital renminbi
 Digital Rupee
 Electronic money
 Indian Financial System Code (IFSC)
 Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS)
 Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX)
 International sanctions
 Internationalization of the renminbi
 ISO 9362, the SWIFT/BIC code standard
 ISO 15022
 ISO 20022
 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
 Routing number (Canada)
 Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA)
 Sibos conference
 SPFS
 Terrorist Finance Tracking Program
 TIPANET
 Value transfer system

References

Further reading
 Farrell, Henry and Abraham Newman. 2019. Of Privacy and Power: The Transatlantic Struggle over Freedom and Security. Princeton University Press.

External links

1973 establishments in Belgium
Financial markets software
Financial metadata
Financial services companies established in 1973
La Hulpe
Market data
Network architecture
Ricardo Bofill buildings
Cooperatives
Cooperatives in Europe
Cooperatives in Belgium

SWIFT


The Mary Ward Centre is an adult education college in Stratford, London.

History
The centre was founded by Mary Augusta Ward, a Victorian novelist and founding president of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League, better known by her married name Mrs Humphry Ward. The original name of the institution was the Passmore Edwards Settlement, as it was part of the settlement movement, and was financed by John Passmore Edwards. The settlement began in 1890 as University Hall, located in Gordon Square.

Its 1898 building - still named Mary Ward House - is located just off Tavistock Square. It was designed by Arnold Dunbar Smith and Cecil Claude Brewer and is Grade I listed, considered to be a masterpiece of late Victorian architecture and one of the best Arts and Crafts buildings in London.

In a speech to mark the opening of the Settlement in 1898 Mary Ward stated its mission as: "education, social intercourse, and debate of the wider sort, music, books, pictures, travel". She added: "It is these that make life rich and animated, that ease the burden of it, that stand perpetually between a man and a woman and the darker, coarser temptations of our human road".

Over time the activities at the Settlement expanded to include fully equipped classrooms for children with disabilities, one of the first in England; pioneering the importance of play within children's education. the equivalent of an after school club; youth club for teenagers and a centre for pre and ante natal advice, among many others. It was the site of the historic debate on women's suffrage between Millicent Garrett Fawcett and Mrs Humphry Ward in February 1909, when the host was decisively defeated. In 1920 Mary Ward died and the following year the Settlement was renamed as the Mary Ward Settlement in memory of her work. In addition to the educational centre, the organisation includes the Mary Ward Legal Centre.

The settlement was renamed the Mary Ward Centre in the 1970s. In 1982 it relocated to the Grade II listed 42–43 Queen Square, formerly the Stanhope Institute. The building and its attached cast-iron railings are Grade II listed.

In late 2018, The Mary Ward Adult Education Centre announced in a letter to students their plans to move to new premises in Stratford, East London. In the letter, students were told the organisation had purchased a new building in Queensway House on Stratford High Street, citing the "unaffordable" cost of their current location and the need for specialist educational provision in East London as factors influencing their decision to move.

Present
Since September 2023 the Mary Ward Adult Education Centre is based on Stratford High Street in East London.

The Mary Ward Legal Centre is based at 10 Great Turnstile in Holborn. The Mary Ward Legal Centre provides free, independent advice to people who live and work in London to help them access their legal rights and entitlements.

Art on display
The Mary Ward Centre houses the painting John Passmore Edwards (1823–1905) by Felix Moscheles. Also on display are two works by Marc Breen, Untitled and Rooftops of Queen Square, as well as a 1904 portrait in chalk of Mary Ward by Albert Sterner.

See also
 Guild of Play

References

External links
 Mary Ward (Adult Education) Centre website - current activities of the Centre (Accessed 24 February 2008).
 Bluffton University page on the Mary Ward Settlement and its architects (accessed 8 October 2009).
 Mary Ward Settlement - part of the London Metropolitan Archives Collection (Accessed 26 November 2013)

Further education colleges in London
Education in the London Borough of Camden
Learning and Skills Beacons
Adult education in the United Kingdom

Mary Ward Centre


The Bombardier CRJ550, CRJ700, CRJ705, CRJ900, and CRJ1000 are a family of regional jet airliners that were designed and manufactured by Canadian transportation conglomerate Bombardier (formerly Canadair) between 1999 and 2020. Their design was derived from the smaller CRJ100 and 200 airliners, the other members of the Bombardier CRJ aircraft family. The CRJ program was acquired by the Japanese corporation Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 2020, which ended production of the aircraft.

During the 1990s, Bombardier initiated development on the CRJ-X, a program to produce enlarged derivatives of its popular CRJ100/200 family. Officially launched in 1997, the CRJ700's maiden flight took place on 27 May 1999; it was soon followed by the stretched CRJ900 variant. Several additional variants of the type were subsequently introduced, including the elongated CRJ1000 and the CRJ550 and CRJ705, which were modified to comply with scope clauses. Competitors included the British Aerospace 146, the Embraer E-Jet family, the Fokker 70, and the Fokker 100.

In Bombardier's lineup, the CRJ Series was formerly marketed alongside a family of larger jets, the CSeries (now majority-owned by Airbus and marketed as the Airbus A220), and a twin-turboprop, the QSeries (now owned by De Havilland Canada and marketed as the Dash 8). During the late 2010s, Bombardier sought to sell off several of its aircraft programs. The CRJ program was acquired by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in a deal that closed 1 June 2020. Bombardier continued to manufacture aircraft at the Mirabel facility until the order backlog was completed in December 2020. Mitsubishi will continue to manufacture parts for existing CRJ operators, but currently does not plan to sell or build any new CRJ aircraft, originally planning to focus instead on their SpaceJet aircraft, for which development has now also ceased.

Development

Origins
During the early 1990s, Bombardier Aerospace became interested in developing larger variants of the CRJ100/200 series; associated design work commenced in 1994. The CRJ-X, as the new range was initially designated, sought to compete with larger regional jets such as the Fokker 70/Fokker 100 or the BAe 146 family. The CRJ-X featured a stretched fuselage, a lengthened wing, and up-rated General Electric CF34-8C engines, while maintaining a common type-rating with the basic CRJ. Leading-edge extensions and high-lift slats improved the wing performance, other aerodynamic changes included an enlarged horizontal tailfin. By March 1995, low-speed wind tunnel testing confirmed a 2,830 km (1,530 nm) range in the 74-seat North American configuration and 2,350 km in the 72-seat European configuration. First deliveries were planned for 1999.

In 1995, the development was projected to cost around C$300 million (US$200 million). In June 1996, Bombardier selected Rockwell Collins' Pro Line 4 avionics suite. During May 1996, General Electric formally launched the previously selected CF34-8C variant. Extensive redesigning resulted in the CRJ700 retaining only 15% of the CRJ200 airframe. The CRJ-X launch was delayed by several months, due to negotiations with suppliers and subcontractors. During September 1996, Bombardier's board authorised sales of the CRJ-X. During January 1997, the CRJ-X was officially launched.

Launch
During September 1998, Bombardier also studied an all-new 90-seat BRJ-X model. The company later shelved it for a less expensive, stretched CRJ-X, later designated CRJ900, while the original CRJ-X was designated as the CRJ700. The CRJ700 incorporated several CRJ900 features, such as its revised wing and avionics improvements. The CRJ700 and CRJ900 share a type rating, permitting cross-crew qualification via a three-day course.

In March 1997, four prototypes were planned for the CRJ700's flight-test program. On 27 May 1999, the first prototype CRJ700 made its maiden flight. At this point, type certification was expected for 2001. By 1999, Bombardier had invested C$650 million (US$440 million) to develop the 70-seat CRJ700, and was set to invest a further C$200 million to develop the CRJ900, stretched to 90 seats; the CRJ700 was listed at $24–25 million then, while the larger CRJ900 was priced at $28–29 million. During May 2000, the CRJ900's launch was delayed for contract negotiations while the certification remained on-track. In July 2000, the CRJ900 was formally launched. The enlarged model was targeted at existing CRJ200/CRJ700 customers looking for larger airliners.

A new final-assembly facility was established at Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, as the CRJ100/200's existing line had insufficient capacity. In January 2001, Transport Canada granted the CRJ700 its type approval. In May 2001, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration certification for the CRJ700 was close, but required two minor avionics-related changes. During October 2000, one of the CRJ700 prototypes was being converted to represent the CRJ900 configuration, later joined by a second purpose-built test aircraft. On 21 February 2001, the maiden flight of the CRJ900 took place five months ahead of schedule. By March 2002, the CRJ900 was anticipated to enter service in 2003.

Further development

During 2007, Bombardier launched the CRJ900 NextGen to replace the initial version. Its improvements and conic nozzle enhanced fuel economy by 5.5%. The new model has improved economics and a new cabin common to the CRJ700 NextGen and CRJ1000 NextGen. Mesaba Aviation (now Endeavor Air), operating at the time as Northwest Airlink (now Delta Connection), was the launch customer, and remains the largest operator of the CRJ900 NextGen. The Endeavor fleet of CRJ900 NextGen aircraft was configured in a two-class seating configuration, with 12 first-class seats and 64 coach seats.

During 2008, the CRJ700 was replaced by the CRJ700 NextGen, which featured improved economics and a revised cabin common to the CRJ900 NextGen and CRJ1000 NextGen. In January 2011, SkyWest Airlines ordered four CRJ700 NextGen aircraft.

During 2016, Bombardier began offering a modernized cabin design for the CRJ Series; this cabin provided a more spacious entryway, larger overhead bins, larger windows situated higher upon the fuselage, newer seats, larger lavatories, and upgraded lighting. Around this time, maintenance intervals were also extended to 800/8,000 flight hours. From summer 2018, "A" checks were performed every 800 flight hours, while "C" checks occurred every 8,000 flight hours. Also, the adoption of a new conic engine nozzle boosted fuel efficiency by 1%.

Over its production life, the CRJ family has latterly competed with the Embraer E-Jet family. A re-engining of the CRJ, akin to the rival Embraer E-Jet E2, with newer and more efficient engines, such as the GE Passport, to replace the current GE CF34 powerplants, would be unlikely to overcome the certification expense, primarily as newer engines are larger and heavier, eroding fuel burn improvements that would be achieved on short regional routes.

Sales history
During April 2000, a substantial early order, valued at US$10 billion, for the CRJ700 (and CRJ200) was issued by Delta Air Lines, involving 500 aircraft along with options for 406 more. Comair, operating as Delta Connection, placed an order of 14 CRJ900s; by November 2007, six of these had entered revenue service. Comair's aircraft feature a two–class seating configuration, comprising 12 first-class seats and 64 coach seats; this is reportedly due to a limitation in Delta's contract with its pilots, limiting its regional carriers to flying aircraft with a maximum capacity of 76 seats.

During September 2011, PLUNA received its 11th airplane (from an eventual total order of 15 with options). Estonian Air ordered three CRJ900 NextGen 88-seat aircraft. Also, SAS ordered 13 of these in March 2008. Iraqi Airways has ordered six Bombardier CRJ900 NextGen airliners and options on a further four of the type. In June 2010, Lufthansa ordered eight off the CRJ900 NextGen. In December 2012, Delta Air Lines ordered 40 CRJ900 NextGen worth $1.89 billion with 30 options.

During February 2012, Garuda Indonesia ordered six CRJ1000s and took options for another 18. Danish lessor Nordic Aviation Capital also ordered 12 for Garuda to operate, with delivery beginning in 2012.

According to Bombardier, by 2015, the CRJ series accounted for over 20% of all jet departures in North America; globally, the family operated in excess of 200,000 flights per month. Bombardier expected the 60–100-seat airliner market to represent 5,500 aircraft from 2018 through 2037.

Divestment
, following Bombardier's decisions to sell the CSeries to Airbus and the QSeries to Viking Air, the company was looking at "strategic options" to return the CRJ to profitability. Analysts suspected that it may decide to exit the commercial aircraft market altogether and refocus on business aircraft.

On 25 June 2019, Bombardier announced a deal to sell the CRJ program to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the parent company of Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, which was developing the SpaceJet. Mitsubishi had a historic interest in the CRJ program, having sounded out risk-sharing options with Bombardier, and at one point expected to take a stake in the venture during the 1990s. Bombardier has stopped taking new sales; production of the CRJ was to continue at Mirabel until the order backlog was complete, with final deliveries then expected in the second half of 2020. The deal was to include the type certificate for the CRJ series; Bombardier was working with Transport Canada to separate the CRJ certificate from that of the Challenger.

Closure of the deal was confirmed on 1 June 2020, with Bombardier's service and support activities transferred to a new Montreal-based company, MHI RJ Aviation Group. MHI RJ has not renamed the aircraft, and its website refers simply to the "CRJ Series".

End of production
The final CRJ to be produced, a CRJ900, was delivered to SkyWest Airlines on 28 February 2021.

Variants

CRJ700

Design work on the CRJ700 by Bombardier started in 1995, and the program was officially launched in January 1997. The CRJ700 is a stretched derivative of the CRJ200. The CRJ700 features a new wing with leading-edge slats and a stretched and slightly widened fuselage, with a lowered floor. Its first flight took place on 27 May 1999. The aircraft model is listed as CL-600-2C10 on the TCCA, FAA, and EASA Type Certificates. The CRJ700 first entered commercial service with Brit Air in 2001.

Seating ranges from 63 to 78.  The CRJ700 was built in three variants, all of which are listed on the TCCA Type Certificate: Regional Jet Series 700, Series 701, and Series 702. The Regional Jet Series 700 is limited to 68 passengers, the 701 to 70 passengers, and the 702 to 78 passengers. The CRJ700 also has three fuel/weight options - standard, ER, and LR. The ER version has an increase in fuel capacity and maximum weight, which in turn increases the range. The LR increases those values further. The executive version is marketed as the Challenger 870.  The CRJ700 directly competes with the Embraer 170, which typically seats 70 passengers.

The early-built aircraft were equipped with two General Electric CF34-8C1 engines, but later-built aircraft are now equipped as standard with the -8C5 model, which is essentially an uprated 8C1. Most airlines have replaced the older-model engines with the newer model, while a few have kept the older -8C1 engines in their fleet.

Maximum speed is  at a maximum altitude of . Depending upon payload, the CRJ700 has a range up to  with original engines, and a new variant with CF34-8C5 engines has a range of up to .

CRJ550

On 6 February 2019, Bombardier launched the CRJ550 Regional Jet Series 550, based on the CRJ700, with 50 seats in three classes. The launch customer, United Airlines, ordered 50 aircraft configured with 10 first-class, 20 Economy Plus, and 20 economy seats. The aircraft are operated under the United Express brand by regional partner GoJet Airlines. To comply with scope clauses in US pilot contracts, the CRJ550 is limited on the TCCA and FAA TCDS to 50 passengers and a lower maximum takeoff weight  (MTOW) than the CRJ700, down from 75,000  to 65,000 lb. Due to the lower MTOW, it has a lower maximum landing weight (MLW). It received TCCA and FAA type certification in the second half of 2019.The aircraft model is listed as CL-600-2C11 on the TCCA and FAA Type Certificates (Bombardier or MHIRJ have not pursued validation by EASA), and the variant name is listed as Regional Jet Series 550. The initial 50 aircraft were sourced by converting existing CRJ700s into CRJ550s, rather than being newly constructed. Each converted aircraft has an added supplemental aircraft identification plate next to the original aircraft identification plate, to redesignate the aircraft model as a CL-600-2C11 (Regional Jet Series 550). On 7 August 2019, United Airlines' regional partner GoJet Airlines took delivery of the aircraft and began with a crew familiarization flight to Chicago-O'Hare International Airport (ORD).

CRJ900

The CRJ900 Regional Jet Series 900 is a stretched 76– to 90-seat version of the CRJ700. Internally designated as the RJX, the first CRJ900 (C-FRJX) was modified from the prototype CRJ700 by adding longer fuselage plugs fore and aft of the wings. It was later converted into the prototype CRJ1000 by replacing the fuselage plugs with longer plugs. The CRJ900 also features strakes located at the rear of the plane. The CRJ900 competes with the Embraer 175, and is more efficient per seat-mile, according to Bombardier. Mesa Air Group was the launch customer for the CRJ900 painted in America West livery.  The aircraft model is listed as CL-600-2D24 on the TCCA, FAA, and EASA Type Certificates, and the variant name is listed as Regional Jet Series 900.

The wing is wider with added leading-edge slats, the tail is redesigned with more span and anhedral.  The cabin floor has been lowered 2 in (5 cm), which gains outward visibility from the windows in the cabin, as the windows become closer to eye-level height. The cabin's recirculation fan aids in cooling and heating. The environmental packs have a target temperature instead of a hot-cold knob. The auxilliary power unit is a Honeywell RE220, which supplies much more air to the AC packs and has higher limits for starting and altitude usage.

The aircraft features two GE CF34-8C5 engines,  thrust with APR. The engines are controlled by FADEC digital engine control instead of control cables and a fuel-control unit. In typical service, the CRJ900 can cruise 8–10,000 ft higher with a slightly higher fuel burn and an average true airspeed of 450–500 knots, a significant improvement over its predecessor. Its maximum ground takeoff weight is 84,500 lb.

In 2018, the CRJ900's list price was $48 million, while its market value was $24M; reportedly, most customers are paying around $20–22M and the American Airlines order for 15 was at below $20M. A six-year old aircraft of 2012 was worth less than $14M and it was to fall by 30% in 2021.

CRJ705

The CRJ705 Regional Jet Series 705 is based on the CRJ900, featuring a business-class cabin and a reduced maximum seating capacity to allow operation with regional airlines. The CRJ705 is limited to 75 passengers. Some regional airlines have scope clauses with their major airlines that limit the maximum passenger capacity of aircraft they operate. The Air Canada Pilots Association negotiated a scope agreement with Air Canada limiting the maximum seating capacity of any jet aircraft at Air Canada Express to 75 seats. Air Canada Jazz was the launch customer for this aircraft in 2005 with 10 Executive Class and 65 Economy Class seats, all fitted with personal audio/video-on-demand systems. The TCCA and FAA Type Certificate designation of the CRJ705 is the CL-600-2D15. Jazz Aviation, a subsidiary of Chorus Aviation, operated 16 CRJ705s on behalf of Air Canada and was the only operator of this version. On 26 April 2016, Jazz Aviation announced that existing CRJ705 aircraft in operation would be converted to CRJ900s with 76 seats. As of late February 2018, all CRJ705s have been reconfigured with 12 Business Class and 64 Economy Class seats, and added supplemental aircraft identification plates to redesignate the aircraft model as a CL-600-2D24 (Regional Jet Series 900).

CRJ1000

On 19 February 2007, Bombardier launched the development of the CRJ1000 Regional Jet Series 1000, previously designated CRJ900X, as a stretched CRJ900, with up to 100 seats. The CRJ1000 completed its first production flight on 28 July 2009 in Montreal; the entry into service was planned for the first quarter of 2010. A month after the first flight, however, a fault in the rudder controls forced the flight-test program to be grounded; the program was not resumed until February 2010, and deliveries were projected to begin by January 2011. Brit Air and Air Nostrum were the launch customers for the CRJ1000.

Bombardier Aerospace announced on 10 November 2010 that its 100-seat CRJ1000 was awarded aircraft Type Certificates from Transport Canada and the European Aviation Safety Agency, allowing for deliveries to begin. On 14 December 2010, Bombardier began CRJ1000 deliveries to Brit Air and Air Nostrum. On 23 December 2010, it was announced that the Federal Aviation Administration had also awarded a type certificate, allowing the CRJ1000 to operate in US airspace. It has a separate type rating. Bombardier states that it offers better performance and a higher profit per seat than the competing Embraer E-190.
The aircraft model is listed as CL-600-2E25 on the TCCA, FAA, and EASA Type Certificates, and the variant name is listed as Regional Jet Series 1000.

In 2018, a new CRJ1000 discounted price was $M, a 2015 model is valued $22.0M, a 2010 one is worth $15.5M for a $155,000 monthly lease, and it would be $12.0M in 2021 for a $145,000 monthly lease, while its D Check costs $800,000 and its engine overhaul costs $0.9 to 2.4M.

Operators

As of July 2018, 290 CRJ700 aircraft (all variants), 425 CRJ900 aircraft (all variants), and 62 CRJ1000 aircraft were in airline service with SkyWest Airlines (123), Endeavor Air (112), PSA Airlines (95), Mesa Airlines (84), GoJet Airlines (54), ExpressJet Airlines (39), Lufthansa CityLine (37), China Express Airlines (36), Jazz Aviation LP (35), Scandinavian Airlines (26), HOP! (25), Air Nostrum (23), Envoy Air (20), Garuda Indonesia (18), and other operators with fewer aircraft of the type.

Deliveries

Data as of 1 January 2021.

Specifications

See also

Popular culture
In 2006, the CRJ700 was featured in Microsoft Flight Simulator X as one of the demo aircraft.

Notes

References

External links

 MHI RJ Aviation – CRJ Series page

1990s Canadian airliners
CRJ700
Twinjets
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1999

Bombardier CRJ700 series


"...To Save Us All from Satan's Power" is the 36th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the 10th of the show's third season. It was written by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, and directed by Jack Bender, and originally aired on April 29, 2001.

Starring
 James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano
 Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi
 Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano
 Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti
 Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano, Jr.
 Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante
 Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri
 Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Meadow Soprano
 Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano, Jr.
 Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva *
 Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano
 John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco
 Kathrine Narducci as Charmaine Bucco
 Steven R. Schirripa as Bobby Baccalieri
 Federico Castelluccio as Furio Giunta
 Robert Funaro as Eugene Pontecorvo

* = credit only

Guest starring
 Jerry Adler as Hesh Rabkin

Also guest starring
 Vitali Baganov as Valery
 Joe Badulucco as Jimmy Altieri (flashback sequences)
 Jason Cerbone as Jackie Aprile, Jr.
 Matthew Cerbone as  Young Jackie Aprile, Jr. (flashback sequences)
 Andrew Davoli as Dino Zerilli
 John Fiore as Gigi Cestone (flashback sequences)
 Dan Grimaldi as Patsy Parisi
 George Loros as Ray Curto
 Vincent Pastore as Big Pussy Bonpensiero (flashback sequences)
 Turk Pipkin as Aaron Arkaway
 Michael Rispoli as Jackie Aprile, Sr (flashback sequences)
 Alik Sakharov as Agron
 Maureen Van Zandt as Gabriella Dante
 Joe Pucillo as Beppy Scerbo (flashback sequences)
 Frank Ciornei as Slava Malevsky

Synopsis
Tony is on the Asbury Park boardwalk, where he is going to meet Paulie. While waiting, he remembers another meeting there five years ago, in 1995, with Pussy and Jackie Aprile, Sr. At the time there was a dispute between Jackie and Junior, and Pussy had been in Boca Raton, Florida arranging a sitdown. However, Pussy did not go to the sitdown, and Tony thinks that was when the FBI flipped him; he believes they had him wear a wire when he dressed up as Santa. Now they need a new Santa and Bobby is compelled to play the part. He is shy, unhappy, and gauche.

When Tony is visiting Janice she starts complaining about a pain in her wrist, which might need an operation, caused by the Russian thug who came to take back Svetlana's prosthetic leg. Tony obtains his name and place of work, and he and Furio beat him up and throw him through the glass window of a store's Christmas display. Though badly shaken at first when she sees on TV what Tony has done, Janice is also grateful, and immediately wants to write a song about brotherhood.

Charmaine, newly separated from Artie, looks glamorous at Nuovo Vesuvio. Tony compliments her, but she responds by blaming him for changes in Artie's character. He angrily walks out, along with Christopher and Silvio. They go to a strip club. Jackie Jr. is there, getting a lap dance.  Enraged, Tony takes him to the bathroom and beats him up. He confiscates the gun Ralphie gave him, and knees him in the groin, leaving him on the floor.

On Christmas morning, the Sopranos are opening their gifts when Jackie arrives with presents from his mother, and his own present for  Meadow, an engraved necklace. She ostentatiously embraces and kisses him, while he glances at Tony. Alone with Tony, Jackie tells him he has flunked out of Rutgers but believes he can be a serious student of men's fashion. He says, "I'm sorry," again and again. Tony says, "I haven't decided what to do with you."  After Jackie leaves, Tony has to fake amusement when Meadow gives him her present, a Big Mouth Billy Bass.

Title reference
 The episode's title is taken from a verse of the Christmas carol "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen".

Cultural references
Christopher states that there is significant money in the Grinch, and references the choice to cast Jim Carrey as the Grinch.
The OJ Simpson Trial is shown throughout the 1995 flashback scenes.

References to prior episodes
 The Big Mouth Billy Bass, including the song "Take Me to the River", was previously featured in the episode "Second Opinion".
 The Asbury Park boardwalk in winter, along with the view of the sea closing the episode, was previously featured in "Funhouse".

Music
The song played over the end credits is "I've Got a Feeling" by the American Sacred Steel gospel group, The Campbell Brothers with Katie Jackson.
During the 1995 Christmas flashback at Satriale's, the jukebox was playing "The Chipmunk Song (Christmas Don't Be Late)", by The Chipmunks.
 The song Silvio has turned off in the Bada Bing is "The Cycle" from Virgos Merlot's Signs of a Vacant Soul album.
 "Funky Drummer Boy", a remixed version of "The Little Drummer Boy" from Thornetta Davis plays at the rival strip club where Tony beats up Jackie Jr.
 The song playing while Bobby Baccalà is playing Santa is "Santa Baby" by Eartha Kitt.
 The song playing while Tony, Silvio, and Paulie are eating in Vesuvio is "White Christmas" by The Drifters.

External links
"...To Save Us All from Satan's Power" at HBO

The Sopranos (season 3) episodes
American Christmas television episodes
2001 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Jack Bender

...To Save Us All from Satan's Power


Nathaniel David is an American scientist and entrepreneur who co-founded a series of technology companies in the biotechnology and sustainable energy sectors, including Syrrx (acquired by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company), Achaogen (NASDAQ: AKAO), Kythera Biopharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: KYTH, acquired by Allergan), Sapphire Energy and Unity Biotechnology. These companies have collectively raised more than $1.5 billion in financing.

Biography
David earned an A.B. in Biology from Harvard University and a Ph.D. in Molecular and Cellular Biology from University of California, Berkeley. He co-founded his first company, Syrrx, during the final year of his doctoral work at UC Berkeley. Syrrx was the first company in the world to build a high-throughput structural biology 'factory,' using automation, nano-scale experiments, and crystallography to make the determination of atomic structures of proteins easier, faster, and cheaper.

In 2002, while at Syrrx, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR35 as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

In 2005, Syrrx was acquired by Takeda, and the FDA-approved drug Nesina arose from Syrrx discovery efforts.

David left Syrrx to co-found Achaogen (NASDAQ: AKAO), an antibiotic company, and Kythera Biopharmaceticals (NASDAQ: KYTH). He served as Chief Science Officer of Kythera while the company created a now-FDA-approved injectable drug Kybella that triggers the selective destruction of fat cells. Kythera went public in October 2012 on the NASDAQ exchange under the ticker symbol KYTH, and was acquired by Allergan in 2015 for $2.1 billion.

Achaogen's antibiotic plazomicin is effective against multidrug-resistant infections of Enterobacteriaceae. In 2016, plazomicin demonstrated noninferiority for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in a pivotal phase III trial against colistin, and against meropenem for complicated UTIs and acute pyelonephritis. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved plazomicin for adults with complicated UTIs and limited or no alternative treatment options in 2018; it is now sold under the brand name Zemdri.
In April 2019, Achaogen declared bankrupt.

In 2007, while still serving as Chief Science Officer at Kythera, David co-founded Sapphire Energy, a company with a mission to develop renewable, algae-derived transportation fuels that are 100% compliant with the existing energy infrastructure. In 2010, the company began construction of the world's first commercial algal bio-refinery, a project that was awarded more than $100 million in federal funding.

In 2011, David co-founded Unity Biotechnology (NASDAQ: UBX), a company dedicated to lengthening human healthspan by selectively clearing senescent cells from the body. UNITY is creating medicines that target multiple diseases of aging. David is currently the President of Unity Biotechnology.

References

Living people
American molecular biologists
1967 births
Harvard College alumni
American company founders
University of California, Berkeley alumni

Nathaniel David


The Eichmühle is an old corn mill on the banks of the river Regen in the village of Regenstauf not far from the city of Regensburg in Bavaria, Germany. The foundation walls of the building, whose water wheel is today used to produce electricity, dates to the late 15th century. In 1686 the mill owner, Anna Bayer, was declared a witch and prosecuted in a witch trial.

Today there is a French restaurant and beer garden in the old Eichmühle at Regenstauf.
At least every two years the Eichmühle is surrounded by floodwaters from the river Regen and becomes an attraction for onlookers.

Watermills in Germany
Buildings and structures in Regensburg (district)

Eichmühle


Carla Ferrari (born 1996) is a young French chef and TV presenter.

Biography
Ferrari has been cooking since she was six years old. Although she was born to a family without a preference for cooking, Ferrari was a candidate in August 2008 for the Cuisine Cup, the first European competition of amateur chefs, in which candidates are evaluated by a jury of recognized chiefs, gastronomic journalists and culinary bloggers.

In February 2009, after the elimination of more than 1,500 contestants, Ferrari reached the semi-finals, the jury having selected her for the "salmon duet in small pots, cucumber velouté and small sweet pepper slippers". During the selection phase, Ferrari presented a recipe for "cooked scallops with macaroons, red pesto and risotto sauce with cracked almonds".

In 2010, with the help of 12-year-old Grégoire Souverain, Ferrari hosted Tfou de Cuisine, a TV cooking show on TF1 for juvenile audiences, and advocated against the consumption of junk food by presenting only recipes with fruits and vegetables.

References

External links
 Les vidéos TFou de Cuisine

French chefs
French television presenters
French women television presenters
Living people
1996 births

Carla Ferrari


Owaraha or Owa Raha (also known as Santa Ana) is an island in Makira-Ulawa Province, Solomon Islands.

Description
This relatively small coral island is 5.6 km long and 4.5 km wide. It is located at the eastern end of Makira (San Cristobal), separated from it by a 7.5 km wide strait, and just north of smaller Owariki (Santa Catalina). The sound between Owaraha and Owariki is only 2.5 km wide. The island has two main villages Gupuna (or Ghupuna) and Nafinotoga. The inhabitants of Owaraha speak the Owa language and share the same culture with the people in Owariki and in the eastern end of Makira Island. The Pagewa and Aiga Tatari clans of Owaraha and other nearby islands claim descent from the refugees from Teonimanu which was washed away.

History
First recorded sighting by Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña on 4 July 1568. More precisely the sighting and also landing in Owahara was due to a local voyage done by a small boat, in the accounts the brigantine Santiago, commanded by Francisco Muñoz Rico and having Hernán Gallego as pilot. They charted it as Santa Ana.

Owaraha was visited by Austrian anthropologist and photographer Hugo Bernatzik in 1932. Bernatzik carefully documented daily life among the island people and published an ethnography a few years later. He also took some of the best and earliest photographs of the islanders, reflecting a culture that he deemed was dying in contact with the modern world.

During his sojourn in Owaraha Bernatzik met Heinrich Küper, a German adventurer who lived in Gupuna village. Küper was married to a respectable local woman, Kafagamurirongo, and was the only white who ever reached the arafa (high person) status within a Melanesian community. Küper's grandchildren still live in Owaraha.

References

External links

Islands of the Solomon Islands

Owaraha