Cameron Norrie (; born 23 August 1995) is a British professional tennis player. He has reached career-high rankings of world No. 8 in singles (on 12 September 2022) and No. 117 in doubles (on 13 June 2022). Norrie has won five ATP Tour singles titles, including a Masters 1000 title at the 2021 Indian Wells Masters, and one doubles title. He has been the British No. 1 in men's singles since October 2021.

Born in South Africa, he represented New Zealand, where he grew up, before switching nationality in May 2013. From 2014 to 2017 he studied at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth playing for its Horned Frogs team on the U.S. college tennis circuit. He was based in London from 2018 until 2022 when he moved his main residency to Monaco.

Early and personal life
Norrie was born in 1995 in Johannesburg, South Africa, to British microbiologist parents: his father David is from Glasgow and his mother Helen is from Cardiff.

In 1998, when Norrie was three, he and his family moved to Auckland, New Zealand, after being victims of a burglary in South Africa. Norrie said: "I don't remember too much about it, but my mum told me it got a little bit too dangerous so we moved to New Zealand." His parents lived in New Zealand until 2023, when they moved back to the United Kingdom.

In 2011, at age 16, he moved to his parents' native United Kingdom, where he lived in London for three years before attending Texas Christian University in Fort Worth from 2014 to 2017.
In June 2017, he ended his studies at TCU to turn professional during the grass court season of the 2017 ATP Tour.

Since turning professional he has been based in Putney, southwest London (close to Wimbledon). When the Indian Wells Masters was cancelled in March 2020 at the beginning of the pandemic lock-downs, Norrie decided to fly to New Zealand to live with his parents for the rest of the year.

Cameron Norrie is a supporter of South Sydney Rabbitohs, the New Zealand All Blacks, and Newcastle United F.C..

Junior career
Norrie represented New Zealand as a junior, becoming No. 10 in the world, but received only a few thousand dollars from Tennis NZ, so his parents had to finance his overseas travel. At fifteen, he toured the ITF's European junior circuit for five months.

In April 2013, Norrie switched his allegiance at 17 to Great Britain, the nationality of both his parents, partly due to available funding, spending three years in London by himself. He lived and trained at the National Tennis Centre, later residing with a host family for two years while he continued his training. In 2013, he competed in all the Junior Grand Slams; the Australian Open for New Zealand, then for Great Britain at the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open, but only won one match, in Australia.

Norrie had difficulty on the European tennis circuit, so he considered training at an American university (Intercollegiate Tennis Association).

University career

2014–17
Norrie studied sociology on a sports scholarship at Texas Christian University (TCU) and joined the Horned Frogs university team, where he became the top-ranked male college tennis player in the US, being the first time that TCU had such an honour. In addition, Norrie was ranked All-American three times.

In the 2016–17 season, Norrie was the only player to win every Big 12 match he participated in, with a 10–0 record in singles and doubles. In spite of being seeded No 1, Norrie missed the end of season NCAA Championships and put a hold on his studies, so that he could turn professional.

Davis Cup
In 2018, Norrie won his debut Davis Cup match in Spain against world No. 23 Roberto Bautista Agut, despite only turning professional eight months previously, and last playing on clay in 2013. Norrie, ranked No. 114, came from two sets down, in what former Davis Cup captain John Lloyd said was "one of the most impressive debuts of all time".

Senior career

2013–15
In January 2013, Norrie played his first senior tournament at the ATP Auckland Open, winning the first qualifying round. Norrie played three clay-court events in 2013; the Great Britain Futures F9 second round and F11 quarterfinals, followed by the Boy's French Open first round. He didn't play another match on clay until the 2018 Davis Cup against Spain.

Turning 18, Norrie was ranked No. 1348 in August 2013, but a semi-final showing at the Canada Futures F6 improved his ranking to No. 973, rising to No. 637 by June 2014. Whilst studying at university, he played only sporadically on the tour, falling to No. 1114 in October 2015. On 11 October 2015, Norrie won the USA Futures F29 at Mansfield, Texas, and became ranked 706.

2016
Back-to-back titles at the USA Futures F21 and USA Futures F23 pushed him to No. 422 in July. A month later, at the all-British final of the Aptos Challenger, Norrie was beaten by Dan Evans and rose to No. 298.

Professional career

2017: ATP and Grand Slam debut
Norrie played three events in January, reaching the semi-final of the Maui Challenger to become world No 238. For the Davis Cup World Group match against France, Norrie joined the British team as a hitting partner. After completing three years of his four-year university course, Norrie turned professional in June, competing at the Surbiton and Nottingham Challengers, but still had a training base at TCU in Fort Worth.

Norrie made his ATP main-draw debut at the Aegon Championships, after receiving a wild card into the singles main draw, where he was defeated by Sam Querrey in the first round. Norrie earned his first ATP main-draw victory by beating Horacio Zeballos at Eastbourne, which was his first win over a top-50 player.

Awarded a wildcard for Wimbledon, Norrie was beaten by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, the 12th seed, in the opening round. In July, Norrie won his first Challenger title at Binghamton, which had previously been won by Kyle Edmund in 2015, and Andy Murray in 2005.

He qualified for the main draw of the US Open, where he progressed to the second round.

Reaching the Cary Challenger final, followed by successive Challenger titles in Tiburon and Stockton, pushed Norrie to world No. 111 in October. In December, his Argentine coach Facundo Lugones arranged a four-week training camp in Buenos Aires, where Norrie hit with Juan Martin Del Potro and Diego Schwartzman.

2018: Top 100 debut and first ATP doubles title
Norrie was seeded sixth in the qualifying draw for the Australian Open, but failed to advance into the main draw, losing to world No. 221 John-Patrick Smith. The following week, seeded fifth, he lost in the first round of the Newport Beach challenger event, losing to Michael Mmoh. In February, Norrie was selected for the Davis Cup team for the first time, for Great Britain's World Group first round match against Spain. He recorded the biggest win of his career in his first match, coming from two sets down to defeat world No. 23 Roberto Bautista-Agut in five sets.

Norrie made his ATP main-draw debut at Delray Beach as a lucky loser. He lost in the first round to Hyeon Chung. He qualified for Acapulco, losing to world No. 6 Dominic Thiem in the first round in three tight sets.
He qualified for his ATP World Tour Masters 1000 main-draw debut at the Indian Wells Masters in March 2018, but lost in the first round to Taro Daniel. He qualified for his second successive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 at the 2018 Miami Open, but lost to Nicolás Jarry in the first round.

His next main draw event was the Estoril Open. He lost in the second round to Roberto Carballés Baena. He teamed up with fellow Brit Kyle Edmund in doubles and won his maiden ATP Title, beating Wesley Koolhof and Artem Sitak. The pair did not drop a set the whole tournament. Norrie failed to qualify for the Italian Open, losing in the first round of the qualification draw to Federico Delbonis. At Lyon, he beat his first top 10 opponent, John Isner, and reached his first ATP Semifinal.

At the 2018 French Open Norrie was a direct entrant into a grand slam for the first time. He played Peter Gojowczyk in the opening round, and won after Gojowczyk retired through injury. In the second round he faced Frenchman Lucas Pouille on the Philippe Chatrier court. Norrie eventually lost to the French number one in 5 sets, after darkness interrupted play at the end of the fourth set.

Norrie lost in the first round of the Nottingham Challenger, Queen's Club and Wimbledon. He did reach the quarter finals at Eastbourne, however, despite self-admittedly not being a big fan of the grass surface. After an early exit in 2018 Wimbledon, he won through to reach his second ATP Semifinal in 2018 BB&T Atlanta Open after beating Malek Jaziri, no.6 seed Jérémy Chardy and no. 2 seed Nick Kyrgios. Norrie then lost to Ryan Harrison in three sets, despite winning the first set. A week later he continued his good form on hard courts, by reaching the quarterfinal of 2018 Los Cabos Open.

2019: First ATP final, first ATP 500 semi-final, top 50 debut
Norrie received a wildcard into the main draw of the 2019 Auckland Open, in which he beat Benoît Paire, João Sousa, Taylor Fritz and Jan-Lennard Struff to reach his debut ATP final. He lost to Tennys Sandgren in straight sets. In the first round of the 2019 Australian Open, Norrie lost to Taylor Fritz in straight sets. He then entered Acapulco, in which he beat Yoshihito Nishioka, fourth seed Diego Schwartzman and Mackenzie McDonald, reaching his first ATP 500 semi-final. He lost to second seed Alexander Zverev in straight sets. As a result, he reached the top 50 for the first time in his career.

He reached the third round of an ATP Masters 1000 event for the first time in his career at the 2019 Monte-Carlo Masters singles, where he beat Adrian Mannarino and Márton Fucsovics before he lost to qualifier Lorenzo Sonego. In the first round of the 2019 French Open men's singles, Norrie lost to qualifier Elliot Benchetrit in straight sets. At Wimbledon, Norrie reached the second round, losing to eighth seed Kei Nishikori in straight sets. He again reached the semi-finals in Atlanta, again losing to Fritz, but this time in three sets.

Norrie lost to qualifier Grégoire Barrère in a five-set thriller at the US Open, losing in a tiebreaker in the fifth set. He reached the second round of the 2019 Zhuhai Championships, losing to Gaël Monfils in three sets. As the fourth seeded qualifier, Norrie beat He Yecong and Damir Džumhur to qualify. He reached the second round after Cristian Garín retired trailing one set and 1–0. He lost to Andy Murray in the second round in a highly competitive three-set match, losing 6–1 in the third.

Norrie qualified for the Shanghai Masters after beating Brayden Schnur and Thomas Fabbiano, and beat Gilles Simon to reach the second round, where he lost to third seed Daniil Medvedev in straight sets. At the 2019 European Open, Norrie lost to Feliciano López in straight sets. Norrie qualified for the Paris Masters, but lost to Milos Raonic in straight sets in the first round.

2020–21: First ATP & Masters title, British No. 1, Top 20 & ATP Finals debut

In the opening round of the 2020 US Open, Norrie upset the fifth seed Diego Schwartzman in a five set marathon. He then defeated Federico Coria before falling in the third round to Alejandro Davidovich Fokina, marking his best career result at a major. He matched this performance by reaching the same round at the 2021 Australian Open, where he was defeated by the world No. 2 Rafael Nadal.

Norrie reached his second ATP Tour singles final at the Estoril Open, defeating second seed Christian Garín and sixth seed Marin Čilić before losing to Albert Ramos Viñolas in the final. In May 2021, he achieved his biggest career win by beating world No. 4 Dominic Thiem at the Lyon Open. He continued by reaching the final after defeating eighth seed Karen Khachanov, where he was beaten by second seed Stefanos Tsitsipas. Norrie reached the third round of a major once again at the French Open, where he lost to Rafael Nadal in straight sets. At the Queen's Club Championships, he defeated world No. 24 Aslan Karatsev and Denis Shapovalov to reach the final, where he fell to Matteo Berrettini. With this run, he reached the top 40 in rankings for the first time, becoming the world No. 34. At Wimbledon, Norrie reached the third round of a major yet again, where he was defeated by the sixth seed Roger Federer in four sets.

Norrie won his first ATP title at the Los Cabos Open, beating Brandon Nakashima in the final. As a result, he entered the top 30 in rankings, at world No. 29 on 26 July 2021. In the Atlanta Open, Norrie defeated Nick Kyrgios in the first round before losing in straight sets to Emil Ruusuvuori. Norrie also paired with Taylor Fritz in the doubles, but lost in the first round to Matthew Ebden and John-Patrick Smith. At the 2021 Citi Open, he also entered the singles and doubles tournaments with Luke Saville, where he reached the round of 16 and the quarterfinals respectively.

At the US Open, Norrie was defeated in straight sets in the opening round by Carlos Alcaraz. In September, he was called as an alternate for the 2021 Laver Cup, but did not play. Norrie won his 40th match win of the season at the San Diego Open, defeating world No. 13 Denis Shapovalov. In the semi-finals, Norrie came from a set down to defeat world No. 5 and top seed Andrey Rublev and reach his fifth final of the season. There, he was decisively defeated by Casper Ruud.

In October, Norrie reached his first Masters 1000 final at Indian Wells. Seeded 21st, he beat Tennys Sandgren, Roberto Bautista Agut and Tommy Paul. He then decisively defeated Diego Schwartzman to advance to the semi-finals and surpass Dan Evans as the British No. 1 in men's singles. He beat Grigor Dimitrov in straight sets to advance to the final, where he came from a set and a break down to beat Nikoloz Basilashvili and win the title. Norrie entered the top 20 in rankings after the tournament.

At the Paris Masters, Norrie defeated Federico Delbonis for his 100th career win. He next defeated Reilly Opelka before falling to Taylor Fritz in the third round. Norrie's performance during the season earned him the second alternate spot at the ATP Finals. He entered the tournament as an alternate for Stefanos Tsitsipas after both Matteo Berrettini and Tsitsipas withdrew due to injuries. He played Casper Ruud and Novak Djokovic as part of the Green Group, but was defeated in both matches. Norrie ended the season as the world No. 12.

2022: Wimbledon semi-final, Top 10 debut

At the Delray Beach Open, Norrie dropped just one set en route to his third career singles title, defeating Reilly Opelka in the final.

Norrie reached his 9th ATP final in Acapulco, beating Daniel Altmaier, John Isner, Peter Gojowczyk and world No. 4 Stefanos Tsitsipas en route. He lost to current world No. 5 Rafael Nadal 6–4 6–4 in the final.

Norrie then entered Indian Wells as the defending champion. He defeated Nikoloz Basilashvili in the third round in a rematch of the previous year's final, and then eliminated Jenson Brooksby to reach the quarterfinals. There, he lost to 18 year-old Carlos Alcaraz in straight sets.

The following week at the Miami Open, Norrie lost in the fourth round to eventual finalist Casper Ruud. Following the tournament, Norrie ascended into the top 10 of the rankings for the first time on 4 April 2022.

Norrie won his fourth title in Lyon, beating Francisco Cerúndolo in straight sets, then Sebastián Báez, Holger Rune and Alex Molčan in three sets becoming the fifth player to win multiple tour-level titles in 2022. At the French Open, Norrie lost in the third round to Karen Khachanov in four sets.

At Wimbledon he reached the fourth round in a Grand Slam for the first time in his career, by beating Steve Johnson in three sets. Another three set win, over Tommy Paul, saw him through to the quarterfinals, after which he secured a place in the semi-finals by defeating David Goffin in five sets. He lost to the top seed and eventual champion Novak Djokovic in four sets in the semi-finals after being a set up.

On his way to US Open, Norrie played at the Canadian Open and Western & Southern Open. He lost in the third round to Felix Auger Aliassime at the Canadian Open. At the Western & Southern Open he lost in the semi-finals to Borna Coric. At the US Open, Norrie lost in the fourth round to Andrey Rublev in straight sets.

2023: Rio title and two Top-2 wins
Norrie started the season at the 2023 United Cup with two top-10 wins where he defeated world No. 2 Rafael Nadal and world No. 9 Taylor Fritz.
Next he reached his twelfth final at the ASB Classic where he lost to Richard Gasquet. At the Australian Open, Norrie lost in the third round to Jiri Lehecka in a five set match.

In February, during the Golden Swing Norrie reached his second final of the season at the 2023 Argentina Open where he lost to top seed Carlos Alcaraz.
Norrie made his second back to back final and his third of the year at the Rio Open. In the final, Cameron avenged his previous week loss by beating defending champion and top seed Carlos Alcaraz in three tight sets.

At the Indian Wells Masters, Norrie reached the quarterfinals after defeating sixth seed Andrey Rublev in the third round. Next he lost in straight sets to 14th seed Frances Tiafoe. In Miami, Norrie lost in the second round to Grégoire Barrère after receiving a first-round bye.

Playing style and coaching
With unorthodox but consistent ground strokes, Norrie is a modern counter-puncher. The vast difference in style between his ground stroke swings is unique – his heavy topspin forehand with a long back-swing in contrast with the short take-back on his flat backhand. Norrie's strength lies in his shot tolerance and ability to neutralise pace and spin with good court positioning and speed. He lacks the raw power of many contemporary players, but excels at constructing points and frustrating opponents with consistent retrieval and injections of pace midway through rallies. Additionally, he possesses a solid net game and occasionally serve-and-volleys.

Norrie has had several different coaches. David Roditi (2014–2017), Devin Bowen (2014–2017), and since 2017 both James Trotman and Facundo Lugones.

Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

Current through the 2023 US Open.

Significant finals

Masters 1000 finals

Singles: 1 (1 title)

References

External links

LTA profile

1995 births
Living people
British male tennis players
Naturalised tennis players
Tennis players from Johannesburg
British expatriate sportspeople in the United States
TCU Horned Frogs men's tennis players
New Zealand male tennis players
New Zealand emigrants to England
New Zealand people of Welsh descent
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
South African emigrants to New Zealand
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
South African male tennis players
South African people of Welsh descent
South African people of Scottish descent
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in England
South African expatriate sportspeople in England
People with acquired British citizenship

Cameron Norrie


A playpen is a piece of furniture in which an infant or young toddler is placed to prevent self-harm when her/his parent or guardian is occupied or away. The earliest use of the word "playpen" cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is 1902.

History
Playpens were traditionally made of wood, and consisted of a flat rectangular platform, usually square in shape, with vertical bars on four sides, so that the child can see out. The floor of the playpen is usually a soft mat. The walls of the playpen are usually higher than the height of the child, so as to avoid climbing injuries; playpens may also have a detachable lid. There are many more modern and portable designs.

Modern playpens are portable and typically consist of a basic metal and plastic support system and mesh, soft plastic or nylon sides.  An optional removable bassinet can be attached at the top for the child to sleep in or be changed in until four months of age.  Some models have attachments such as mobiles, side pockets for supplies and toys, change table attachment, night lights, music boxes, and clip-on adapter for CD player for the child to listen to music while sleeping or playing.  Portable playpens come in different sizes, but most are expected to be collapsed into a small roll for easy storage and transport.

External links

Playpen safety information from the American Academy of Pediatrics

Child safety
Furniture
Pen

Playpen


Trampolining is a competitive Olympic sport in which gymnasts perform airborne acrobatics while bouncing on a trampoline. These can include simple jumps in the pike, tuck or straddle position to more complex combinations of forward or backward somersaults and twists.

There are two related competitive rebound sports: synchronized trampoline and double mini-trampoline.
The currently accepted basic format for individual trampoline competitions usually consists of two or three routines, one of which may involve a compulsory set of skills. The skills consist of various combinations of somersaults, shaped bounces, body landings and twists performed in various body positions.

History
In the early 1930s, an American gymnast George Nissen observed trapeze artistes performing tricks when bouncing off the safety net. He made the first modern trampoline in his garage to reproduce that net on a smaller scale and used it to help with his diving and tumbling activities. It was the beginning of a new sport.

In the USA, trampolining was quickly introduced into school physical education programs and was also used in private entertainment centers. Since trampolining became an Olympic sport in 2000, many countries have started developing programs for producing very competitive athletes.

Other

  Directory of Trampoline Clubs worldwide at Open Directory Project (DMOZ)
 Everything about trampolining and acrobatic sports

References

Gymnastics

Trampolining


John Harry Dunning  (26 June 1927 – 29 January 2009) was a British economist and is widely recognised as the father of the field of international business. He researched the economics of international direct investment and the multinational enterprise from the 1950s until his death. In the 1980s, he published the eclectic paradigm or OLI-Model/Framework as further development on Internalization theory. OLI remains the predominant theoretical perspective to study international business activities, notably foreign direct investment and multinational enterprises. His first book, American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry (1958), is the first seminal work in the international business field.

Biography
John Dunning was born in Sandy, Bedfordshire on 26 June 1927. At the age of 15 he took a junior clerical position with S.E. Higgins & Co., a London insurance brokerage. Shortly thereafter he took a position in London with Banco de Bilbao and began taking classes in English, Elements of Banking and Accounting, and Foreign Exchange.

As World War II drew to a close, Dunning joined the Royal Navy and was posted to Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) in 1945. Upon completing his naval tour, he earned his BSc in Economics from the University College London. He joined the Department of Economics at the University of Southampton in 1952 as an assistant lecturer and earned the position of senior lecturer in 1962. In 1953 Dunning began research on the FDI of American firms into the UK and its effect on UK economic performance, which resulted in the seminal 1958 book, American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry.

In 1964 Dunning was appointed Foundation Chair of Economics at the University of Reading. During his tenure as head of the economics department at Reading, he published much of his influential work on the eclectic paradigm. He and other Reading colleagues published work on the theory of the multinational enterprise that influenced the academic field of international business to such a degree that the stream of MNE research based on the eclectic paradigm is considered the Reading School of International Business.

There are two institutions greatly influenced by John Dunning, one of which he created and one which he presided over and took to new heights. The first of these is the University of Reading, where he created a rich intellectual environment, starting in the 1970s, in which deep theoretical analysis and rich empirical work was fostered to explain the activities of multinational enterprise. He recruited scholars to the University who included Mark Casson, Peter Buckley, John Cantwell, Bob Pierce, Rajneesh Narula, Klaus Meyer, Sarianna Lundan, and many others who have made significant scholarly contributions. Dunning supervised several dozen doctoral students at Reading including Professor James H Landi, prominent among them being Jeremy Clegg. Dunning subsequently started a doctoral program in international business at Rutgers University in New Jersey, United States.

The second institution fostered by Dunning is the Academy of International Business, of which he served as President and also as Dean of the Fellows of AIB. Dunning regularly presented new papers and inspired new areas of research, such as his recent work on corporate governance and the ethics of multinationals. Dunning was also a founder of the European International Business Academy.

Since August 2008 the triple-accredited Henley Business School at the University of Reading has been home to the John H. Dunning Centre for International Business, formerly the Centre for International Business and Strategy (CIBS). The Centre was renamed in 2008, in honour of the late professor Dunning, and stands as one of the world's premier research centres in the field. Internationally renowned members of the Centre include professors Alan Rugman, Mark Casson and Rajneesh Narula (one of Dunning's notable doctoral students, and the founding director of Dunning Centre).

Dunning died on 29 January 2009, a year after being diagnosed with cancer. In the same year, Journal of International Business Studies, the most prestigious academic journal in international business, commented, "John Dunning is widely recognized as the father of the field of international business" and "Today, John's influence is demonstrated by a citation count on Google Scholar of over 30,000, many times that of any other scholar in the field of international business."

Publications
 American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry (1958)
 Globalization of Firms and the Competitiveness of Nations (1990)
Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy (1992) Addison-Wesley Publishers Ltd.
 Alliance Capitalism and Global Business (1997)
 Making Globalization Good: the Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism (2005)
 Seasons of a Scholar: Some Personal Reflections of an International Business Economist (2008)

Honorary doctorates
 Uppsala University (Sweden, 1975)
 Autonomous University of Madrid (Spain, 1990)
 University of Antwerp (Belgium, 1997)
 Chinese Culture University (Taiwan, 2007)
 Lund University (Sweden, 2007)
 University of Reading (UK, 2008)

See also
 Alliance capitalism

References

External links
Obituary: John H. Dunning – The Times of London
Obituary – The Guardian

1927 births
2009 deaths
British development economists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Writers about globalization
People from Sandy, Bedfordshire
Royal Navy sailors
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Military personnel from Bedfordshire

John Harry Dunning


A dual-mass flywheel (DMF or DMFW) is a rotating mechanical device that is used to provide continuous energy (rotational energy) in systems where the energy source is not continuous, the same way as a conventional flywheel acts, but damping any violent variation of torque or revolutions that could cause an unwanted vibration. The vibration reduction is achieved by accumulating stored energy in the two  flywheel half masses over a period of time but damped by arc springs, doing that at a rate that is compatible with the energy source, and then releasing that energy at a much higher rate over a relatively short time. A compact dual-mass flywheel often includes the whole clutch, including the pressure plate and the friction disc.

History

Dual-mass flywheels were developed to address the escalation of torque and power, especially at low revs. The growing concern for the environment and the adoption of more stringent regulations have marked the development of more efficient new engines, lowering the cylinder number to 3 or even 2 cylinders, and allowing the delivery of more torque and power at low revolutions. The counterpart has been an increase in the level of vibration which traditional clutch discs are unable to absorb. This is where the dual-mass flywheels play a key role, making these mechanical developments more viable.

The absorption capacity of the vibration depends on the moving parts of the DMF, these parts are subject to wear. Whenever the clutch is replaced, the DMF should be checked for wear. The two key wear characteristics are freeplay and sideplay (rock). These should be measured to determine whether the flywheel is serviceable. The wear limit specifications can be found in vehicle or flywheel manufacturer's published documentation. Other failure modes are severely grooved/damaged clutch mating surface, grease loss, and cracking.

Types

The main type is called a planetary DMF. The planetary gear and the torsional damper are incorporated into the main  flywheel. For this purpose, the main flywheel is divided into primary and secondary pinion-connected masses, and between them there are four different types of bent springs:

Individual bent spring
The simplest form of the bent spring is the standard single arc spring.

One-phase bent springs in parallel
The standard arc springs are called parallel springs of one phase. These consist of an outer and an inner arc spring of almost equal lengths and connected in parallel. The individual characteristic curves of the two arc springs are added to form the characteristic curve of the spring pair.

Two-phase bent springs in parallel

In the case of two-stage spring there are two curved parallel arc springs, one inside the other, but the internal arc spring is shorter so that it acts later. The characteristic curve of the outer arc spring is adapted to increase when the engine is started. The softer outer arc spring only acts to increase the problematic resonance frequency range. When the torque increases, reaching the maximum value, the internal arc spring also acts. In this second phase, the inner and outer arc springs work together. The collaboration of both arc springs thus ensures good acoustic isolation at all engine speeds.

Three-phase bent spring
This curved spring consists of an outer and two inner arc springs with different elastic characteristics connected in series. This category of bent spring uses the two concepts together: parallel and series connection in order to ensure optimal torsional compensation for each value of torque.

See also
 Centrifugal pendulum absorber
 Clutch
 Flywheel
 Flywheel energy storage
 Harmonic balancer
 List of moments of inertia

References

External links

  dual-mass flywheel.

Flywheels
Articles containing video clips
Automotive transmission technologies

Dual-mass flywheel


Iris Daphne Temperley (née Donovan; 2 March 1927 – 3 February 2010) was an Australian woman who was murdered in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.

18-year-old David Samuel Aubrey Ray randomly attacked and raped 82-year-old Temperley in the backyard of her home in George Street in the suburb of Rockhampton City on the morning of 26 January 2010. He inflicted extensive injuries to Temperley in the particularly violent attack, which caused considerable anger within the Rockhampton community.

Temperley died from her injuries at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital on 3 February 2010 without having regained consciousness.

Background
Temperley was born Iris Daphne Donovan at Springsure, Queensland on 2 March 1927. She married Gordon Temperley on 1 December 1949 at St Paul's Cathedral in Rockhampton, and together they had five children.

After spending some time managing a cattle property north of Duaringa, the Temperley's moved to Rockhampton in 1959 and purchased a house in George Street where the family settled.

At the time of her death, Temperley had 11 grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.

Murder
Temperley was raking leaves in the backyard of her George Street home when she was set upon by Ray who used a fire extinguisher in the attack, causing Temperley to sustain extensive injuries including skull swelling, broken nose, fractured ribs, fractured sternum, collapsed lung, and tearing to her genitals, causing profuse bleeding.

Ray attacked Temperley after having stolen alcohol from the Leichhardt Hotel in Bolsover Street, and before committing a burglary at a neighbouring house.

Temperley was admitted to the intensive care unit at Rockhampton Hospital in a critical condition before being flown to Brisbane, where she died from her injuries on 3 February 2010.

After Temperley's death, a public memorial was held at St Paul's Cathedral, which was attended by more than 100 people.

Member for Rockhampton Robert Schwarten said that Temperley's death had affected the Rockhampton community, stating: "Disbelief, revulsion, anger and fear has riled through this community."

Arrest
On 27 January 2010, Ray attended the Rockhampton Police Station with a relative where he admitted to assaulting an elderly lady but claimed to be having difficulty remembering specific details.

He was arrested and ultimately charged with murder and rape as well as stealing and property offences.

After a mention in the Rockhampton Magistrates Court in September 2010, a committal hearing was scheduled for November 2010. Following the three-day committal hearing, magistrate Annette Hennessy ordered Ray to stand trial for the rape and murder of Iris Temperley.

Trial
Ray's trial in the Rockhampton Supreme Court was held in September 2011 where he pleaded guilty to one count of murder and two counts of rape for which he received life sentences. An additional 15 years was added to his prison term for the burglary at Temperley's home as well as numerous other offences.

A psychiatrist's report was tendered to the court but Justice Duncan McMeekin said despite the report indicating that Ray had felt genuine remorse while also detailing his long-standing substance abuse problem, there was no psychiatric excuse for what Ray had done.

McMeekin described the facts of the case as "appalling" given that Temperley was "a frail elderly lady of 82 years" and told Ray: "You murdered her by causing injuries which caused her death some days later... The doctors were unable to stop the bleeding. Fortunately, she did not regain consciousness after your attack."

Appeal
Ray argued that some of the sentences were manifestly excessive and successfully appealed to have his sentence reduced. In a judgement, the Queensland Court of Appeal reduced Ray's sentence for Temperley's rape to 14 years and his sentence for burglary to three years.

Despite this, the sentences were still to be served concurrently with his life sentence for Temperley's murder.

Legacy
In 2020, Temperley's name was added to an online memorial called The Red Heart Campaign, designed by journalist Sherele Moody to honour women and children who had died as a result of acts of violence.

As of April 2023, Ray was still incarcerated at the Capricornia Correctional Centre.

Temperley's nephew, Vern Donovan, who served as Fitzroy Shire Council's chief executive officer from 1965 to 2000, briefly wrote about Temperley's death in his autobiography You're Sincerely: My life's experiences and lessons learned, thus far.

Donovan said his elderly mother Merle Donovan was close to her sister-in-law and would speak regularly to Temperley on the phone. He said that Temperley's "sudden and cruel murder" had caused his mother who was residing in a Yeppoon retirement village to go into a "severe state of shock", and arrangements had to be made to have her transferred into a more calming area of the facility.

References

Violence against women in Australia
People murdered in Queensland
1927 births
2010 deaths
2010 murders in Australia
January 2010 events in Australia
2010s in Queensland
Female murder victims
Deaths by person in Australia

Murder of Iris Temperley


King of the Jews or King of the Judeans may refer to:

History
Ruler of historic kingdoms and client states:
 Kings of Israel and Judah
 Kings of Judah (c.931 – 586 BCE)
Others:
 Mocking epithet applied to Peter of Castile (1334–1369) by Henry of Trastamara
 In the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the future figurehead envisaged by the Elders.

Religion
 A title of the Jewish Messiah
 Jesus, King of the Jews
 See also Davidic line and Jewish Messiah claimants

Literature
King of the Jews, play by Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia
King of the Jews, book by Waverley Root
King of the Jews, 1979 novel by Leslie Epstein
King of the Jews (Nick Tosches book), 2005 book by Nick Tosches

Music
 "The King of the Jews", incidental music by  Alexander Glazunov for the play by the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia
 "King of the Jews", a track on the 1973 Christian Rock album What a Day by Phil Keaggy
 "Tiny, King of the Jews", a track on the 1987 noise rock album Songs About Fucking by Big Black.
 King of the Jews (album), a 1991 album by the band Oxbow
 "King of the Jews", a track on the 1992 doom metal album Fall Babylon Fall by Veni Domine.

See also
 King of Judea (disambiguation)

Biblical phrases

King of the Jews


Nesareh-ye Bozorg (, also Romanized as Nes̄āreh-ye Bozorg; also known as Nathārah, Nes̄ār-e Bozorg, Nes̄āreh-ye Borzog, Noşāreh, and Nos̄s̄āreh) is a village in Darkhoveyn Rural District, in the Central District of Shadegan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 394, in 82 families.

References

Populated places in Shadegan County

Nesareh-ye Bozorg


Zachary Adams Eflin (born April 8, 1994) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Philadelphia Phillies.

The San Diego Padres selected Eflin in the first round (33rd overall) of the 2012 MLB draft, and he spent three seasons in the Padres' minor league system. In December 2014, Eflin was traded twice in the course of 24 hours, first to the Los Angeles Dodgers as part of a package for all-star outfielder Matt Kemp, and then to the Phillies as part of a package for franchise star Jimmy Rollins. Eflin made his MLB debut with the Phillies in  and bounced between the major league and minor league levels for several seasons. Beginning in 2019, he landed in the major leagues and became an anchor of the Phillies' starting rotation in 2019–21 seasons, but a right knee contusion resulted in a stint on the 60-day injured list, and Eflin was moved to the bullpen after his return in September 2022. He signed with the Rays as a free agent after the 2022 season.

Eflin relies heavily on a sinking fastball that he pairs with a slider and curveball. Although he has experimented with being a power pitcher, he relies more on his command and pitching to contact. He is a Christian and credits his faith as having helped him through a challenging upbringing that included several family tragedies.

Early life
Eflin was born in Orlando, Florida. Eflin's older sister Ashley died of leukemia at age seven.  Another sister, Candace, Eflin has said, is his greatest inspiration. Candace has had special needs since birth (global developmental delay). Growing up, Eflin says he leaned heavily on his Christian faith; his paternal grandfather has been a pastor for 60 years.

Eflin attended Paul J. Hagerty High School in Oviedo, Florida, where he played baseball. His junior year of high school, Eflin planned to quit the baseball team to join the golf team, but he ultimately abandoned that plan. While he was in high school, he grew seven inches and became a dominant starting pitcher who attracted attention from colleges and professional scouts. In his senior year, he had an 0.51 earned run average (ERA) and 59 strikeouts in 43 innings pitched. Although Eflin signed a National Letter of Intent (NLI) to attend UCF on a college baseball scholarship, he ultimately signed with the San Diego Padres after being drafted.

Career

San Diego Padres
Following his high school career, the San Diego Padres selected Eflin in the first round, with the 33rd overall selection, of the 2012 MLB draft. Rather than enroll at UCF, Eflin signed with the Padres, receiving a $1.2 million signing bonus. Eflin began his professional career in 2012 with the AZL Padres in the Arizona Fall League, with a win–loss record of 0–1 and a 7.71 ERA in seven innings. He missed time after he contracted mononucleosis. After his first season, scouts thought that he had a good chance to have a strong career in the major leagues, but injury concerns had already begun to mount.

The next year, in his first full professional season, he pitched for the Fort Wayne TinCaps of the Class A Midwest League. Eflin posted a 7–6 record and a league-leading 2.73 ERA. He recorded 86 strikeouts in  innings. After the season, baseball analyst Keith Law ranked Eflin the eighth-best prospect in the Padres' minor league system, noting he was at a more advanced stage of development as a pitcher than two of the higher-ranked pitching prospects but might have a slightly lower ceiling. In 2014, Eflin pitched for the Lake Elsinore Storm of the Class A-Advanced California League, and he finished the season with a 10–7 win–loss record and a 3.80 ERA, with 93 strikeouts in 128 innings. After the season, he was ranked the number five prospect in the Padres' system, recognized by scouts for his "stellar control" who avoided issuing walks to opposing hitters.

Philadelphia Phillies

Prospect (2015–2017)
On December 18, 2014, the Padres traded Eflin, Joe Wieland, and Yasmani Grandal to the Los Angeles Dodgers in exchange for all-star outfielder Matt Kemp, Tim Federowicz, and cash. Less than 24 hours later, Eflin came to the Phillies with Tom Windle from the Los Angeles Dodgers in a trade that moved Jimmy Rollins, the longest-tenured athlete in all of Philadelphia sports, the Phillies' all-time hits leader, and the face of the franchise for more than a decade, to Los Angeles. The trade was the first move in what Phillies general manager Rubén Amaro Jr. characterized an "arduous rebuilding process", The Phillies had zeroed in on Eflin on the advice of Gorman Heimueller, a former Phillies instructor working in the Padres organization, who said that Eflin "had a lead-pipe sinker and the makings to pitch at the top of a rotation once he could master the slider." During spring training in 2021, Eflin—the last player acquired during Amaro's 2015 rebuilding efforts still to be in the Phillies organization—reflected on the trade as a turning point for his career, noting that the moment made it feel "like someone wanted me more."

After Baseball America named him the fourth-best prospect in the Phillies minor league system prior to the 2015 season, the Phillies invited Eflin to spring training as a non-roster player before assigning him to the Class AA Reading Fightin Phils. Eflin spent the 2015 season in the Eastern League as part of a starting rotation that included top Phillies prospects Aaron Nola, Jesse Biddle, Ben Lively, and Windle, the anticipated cornerstones of a new Phillies pitching staff. He finished the 2015 season with an 8–6 record with a 3.69 ERA and a 1.21 WHIP (tied for ninth in the league), with 68 strikeouts in  innings pitched. He was the April 12 Eastern League Pitcher of the Week, and a mid-season Eastern League All Star. After the season, he pitched for Team USA in the 2015 Pan American Games, which won the silver medal. 2015 marked the first time Eflin would work with catcher Andrew Knapp, with whom he developed a strong rapport that lasted once both reached the major leagues; although Knapp has been the Phillies' backup catcher, he often plays when Eflin pitches, and Eflin has recorded better statistics with Knapp behind the plate than other Phillies' catchers. Eflin has said of Knapp, "Sometimes, I feel like he knows me better than myself ... A great thing about Knappy is he cares a lot more about the pitch calling and defensive catching than he does hitting. I'm not saying he doesn't care about hitting, but his main goal is to be a catcher that pitchers trust."

Eflin received another invitation to spring training in 2016. Eflin began the 2016 season with the Lehigh Valley IronPigs of the Class AAA International League, and was named the league's Pitcher of the Week on April 18. With Lehigh Valley, he was 5–2 with a 2.90 ERA and 55 strikeouts in  innings. Eflin made his MLB debut on June 14, 2016, at 22 years of age (making him the fourth-youngest pitcher to debut for the Phillies since 2000), allowing eight earned runs by the Toronto Blue Jays in  innings on nine hits, three of which were home runs. Eflin's game score of five was the sixth-worst debut in major league history, and worst in Phillies franchise history. Eflin rebounded with two complete games in the month of July, including a Maddux shutout of the Atlanta Braves. The Phillies placed Eflin on the disabled list on August 9 due to patellar tendinopathy in both knees, and he underwent a pair of season-ending knee surgeries in August and September, respectively. In 2016 with the Phillies, he was 3–5 with a 5.54 ERA, and 31 strikeouts in  innings.

Eflin began the 2017 season on the 10-day disabled list in an effort to continue recovery from both knees. He was activated on April 11 and optioned to Triple-A. He was the April 17, 2017, International League Pitcher of the Week. On April 18, he was recalled by the Phillies to replace an injured Clay Buchholz in the rotation. His season debut was the same night against the New York Mets, and he began a 29-inning streak of not allowing any runs to opposing hitters that spanned four starts. At the end of May, he returned to the minor leagues, and in June, he missed time due to an injured elbow. In 2017 with the Phillies, he was 1–5 with a 6.16 ERA, and 35 strikeouts in  innings, following a strong start to the season by struggling to its finish. That season—his time split between Lehigh Valley, the Class A-Advanced Clearwater Threshers, and the GCL Phillies—he combined to go 2–4 with a 3.74 ERA and 50 strikeouts in  minor league innings.

Major league starter (2018–2022)
Eflin once again opened the 2018 season in Triple-A Lehigh Valley, but he returned to the major leagues by the end of April. Armed with a new approach on the mound, he recorded career-high strikeout totals throughout the season and spent almost the entire remainder of the season with the big-league club. For the season, Eflin was 11–8 with a 4.36 ERA, and 123 strikeouts in 128 innings. With Lehigh Valley, he was 2–2 with a 4.05 ERA and 15 strikeouts in 20 innings. From 2019 onward, Eflin remained entirely in the major leagues. He began the 2019 season in the starting rotation before being placed on the disabled list on May 31 with a back injury. In 2019 with the Phillies, Eflin was 10–13 with a 4.13 ERA. In 28 starts, he pitched two complete games (leading the National League) and one shutout. In total, he pitched  innings and gave up 28 home runs, eighth most in the National League. During the 2018 and 2019 seasons, Phillies manager Gabe Kapler and pitching coach Chris Young advised Eflin to try to be a power pitcher, overpowering hitters with high fastballs and hard breaking pitches. Although the approach initially showed signs of success, leading to speculation he could be an all-star candidate, he eventually began to struggle before suffering an injury midway through the season and losing his spot in the Phillies' starting rotation. He eventually abandoned that approach, returning to focus on his sinker and not being afraid to pitch to contact during the abbreviated 2020 season. He also, for the first time in his career, became more aggressive in throwing a curveball that became central to his repertoire. He ultimately made 11 starts in 2020, and the Phillies won eight of them; he also posted a career-best 10.9 strikeouts per nine innings to accompany a 3.97 ERA and 4–2 record.

Entering the 2021 season, analysts, coaches, and teammates suggested Eflin could be a candidate for a breakout season near the top of the Phillies' starting rotation. New Phillies pitching coach Caleb Cotham said in his opening press conferences that the Phillies' starting rotation has three potential candidates for the Cy Young Award, which the media has interpreted to mean Nola, Zack Wheeler, and Eflin. Eflin worked to a 4–7 record and 4.17 ERA with 99 strikeouts in 18 starts for the Phillies in 2021. On September 8, 2021, it was announced that Eflin would undergo season-ending knee surgery to repair a tear in his right patellar tendon.

In the 2022 regular season he was 3–5 with one save and a 4.04 ERA over 75.2 innings in 20 games (13 starts). But later Eflin suffered a right knee contusion and he was placed on the 60-day injured list. After he was reactivated in September, Eflin was moved to bullpen, and he had a 3.38 ERA over 10 2/3 playoff innings in 10 games, and earned a save in Phillies' series-clinching win over Cardinals in Game 2 of the NL Wild Card Series.

On November 7, 2022, two days after Phillies lost the 2022 World Series, Eflin declined his end of the mutual option for 2023 season, and became a free agent for the first time in his career, receiving a $150,000 buyout.

Tampa Bay Rays
On December 13, 2022, the Tampa Bay Rays signed Eflin to a three-year, $40 million contract. This was the largest free agent deal in Rays history, topping the five-year, $35 million contract given to Wilson Álvarez before their inaugural 1998 season. Eflin was reportedly offered the exact same contract terms by the division-rival Boston Red Sox, but declined, citing his Orlando roots and the opportunity to work with Rays pitching coach Kyle Snyder.

Pitcher profile
Eflin was a middle-of-the-rotation starting pitcher when with the Phillies, and is known for relying on a sinker () and slider () combination in pursuit of groundball outs and for having strong command of his pitches, issuing few walks. Long prone to pitch to contact, in 2018, Eflin began to throw harder, aiming to blow pitches past hitters and record strikeouts. He moved away from that approach after struggling in 2019, and, by 2020, he had largely returned to his roots in terms of how he approached batters. In 2020, he began to incorporate a  curveball more regularly in his repertoire, diminishing his reliance on a changeup. This decision helped him record more strikeouts and fueled expectations entering the 2021 season that he could be a number one starting pitcher. He has had a history of knee injuries, however, and has never pitched more than  innings in a single season—he has acknowledged that his durability is a concern.

Personal life
Eflin married his longtime girlfriend Lauren Dennen in December 2020. They have three children together, a daughter born October 9, 2021, and twin girls born March 2023.  He has done work to support pediatric patients in Philadelphia hospitals, including appearances at sleepovers in the Phillies' clubhouse.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Arizona League Padres players
Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Baseball players from Orlando, Florida
Clearwater Threshers players
Fort Wayne TinCaps players
Florida Complex League Phillies players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Sportspeople from Seminole County, Florida
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reading Fightin Phils players
Tampa Bay Rays players
United States national baseball team players
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Christians from Florida

Zach Eflin


Horkelia hispidula is a species of flowering plant in the rose family known by the common name White Mountains horkelia. It is endemic to the White Mountains, a small mountain range that straddles the border between California and Nevada east of the Sierra Nevada. It is a resident of dry scrub and alpine and subalpine forest habitat. This is a perennial herb producing a low mat of hairy, glandular greenish gray foliage about a woody base. The leaves are cylindrical and sometimes taper to a point, growing erect in a patch around the caudex. Each leaf is up to 10 centimeters long and is made up of crowded pairs of hairy leaflets. The inflorescence is an array of up to 15 flowers atop an erect stalk, each flower made up of five hairy, pointed, reflexed sepals and five white petals.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

hispidula
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Horkelia hispidula


Don Cossacks (, ) or Donians (, ), are Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. Historically, they lived within the former Don Cossack Host (, ), which was either an independent or an autonomous democratic republic in present-day Southern Russia and parts of the Donbas region of Ukraine, from the end of the 16th century until 1918. As of 1992, by  presidential decree of the Russian Federation, Cossacks can be enrolled on a special register. A number of Cossack communities have been reconstituted to further Cossack cultural traditions, including those of the Don Cossack Host.
Don Cossacks have had a rich military tradition - they played an important part in the historical development of the Russian Empire and participated in most of its major wars.

Etymology
The name Cossack (; ) was widely used to characterise "free people" (compare Turkic qazaq, which means "free men") as opposed to others with different standing in feudal society (i.e., peasants, nobles, clergy, etc.). The name "cossack" was also applied to migrants, free-booters and bandits.

It has the same etymological root as "Kazakh", an unrelated Central Asian Turkic people.

Origins
The exact origins of Cossacks remain unclear. In the modern view, Don Cossacks descend from Slavic people connected with Russian lands like the Povolzhye, the Novgorod Republic, and the Principality of Ryazan, and Ukrainian lands like the Dnieper. As well as nomadic Turkic tribes inhabiting the Steppes. Gotho-Alans could also have played a role in forming Don Cossack culture, which originated in the western part of the North Caucasus.

Turkic theory
The theory of Russian historian A. M. Orlov is that Cossacks hosts were formed among Turkic nomads. He then thinks, that the Don Cossacks were originally formed largely by "Meshchera Tatars" under the Golden Horde, which he also connects to later Mishar Tatars.

A. V. Mirtov wrote that the life and language of Don Cossacks were heavily influenced by "Tatars from Meshchera". G. Shtekl on the other hand wrote that the first Russian Cossacks were simply "Russified Tatars." V. N. Tatishchev: "Some of them lived in the small cities of Meshchera, their capital being Donskoy, where the Donskoy Monastery is now." A. A. Gordeyev connects them to the Golden Horde also, and states: "They did not fall under the Khans of the Orda, did not accept serfdom, were pained by all kinds of social injustice, and rebelled against feudal rule".

History

Early history
More than two thousand years ago the Scythians lived on the banks of the river Don. Many Scythian tombs have been found in this area. Subsequently, the area was inhabited by the Khazars and the Polovtsians. From the 16th to the 18th centuries the steppes of the Don River were part of "the Wild Field" (). In the late Middle Ages the area was under the general control of the Golden Horde, and numerous Tatar (especially Crimean Tatar) armed groups roamed there, attacking and enslaving merchants and settlers.

The first Christians to settle on the territories around the Don were the Jassi and Kosogi tribes of the Khazar Kaghanate of the 7th to 10th centuries. After the fall of the Golden Horde in 1480, more colonists started to expand onto this land from the Novgorod Republic after the Battle of Shelon (1471), and from the neighboring Principality of Ryazan. Until the end of the 16th century, the Don Cossacks inhabited independent free territories.

15th–17th centuries
Cossacks of Ryazan are mentioned in 1444 as defenders of Pereslavl-Zalessky against the units of Golden Horde and in a letter of Ivan III of Russia from 1502. After the Golden Horde fell in 1480, the area around the Don River was divided between the Crimean west side and the Nogai east side. On their border since the 14th century the vast steppe of the Don region was populated by those people who were not satisfied with the existing social order, by those who did not recognize the power of the land-owners, by runaway serfs, by those who longed for freedom. In the course of time they turned into a united community and were called "the Cossacks". At first the main occupation of these small armed detachments was hunting and fishing—as well as the constant struggle against the Turks and the Tatars who attacked them. Only later they began to settle and work on the land.

16th century
The first records relating to the Cossack villages: the "stanitsas", date back to 1549. In the year 1552 Don Cossacks under the command of Ataman Susar Fedorov joined the Army of Ivan the Terrible during the Siege of Kazan in 1552. On 2 June 1556 the Cossack regiment of Ataman Lyapun Filimonov, together with the Army of Moscovits comprising strelets, conquered and annexed the Astrakhan Khanate.

During the reign of Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV), the ataman Yermak Timofeyevich went on an expedition to conquer Siberia. After defeating Khan Kuchum in the fall of 1582 and occupying Isker, the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Yermak sent a force of Cossacks down the Irtysh in the winter of 1583. The detachment, led by Bogdan Bryazga (according to other sources, the Cossack chieftain Nikita Pan) passed through the lands of the Konda-Pelym Voguls and reached the walls of the town of Samarovo. Surprised by the Cossack attack, the Ostyaks surrendered. In fall 1585, shortly after Yermak's death, Cossacks led by voevoda (army commander) Ivan Mansurov founded the first Russian fortified town in Siberia, Obskoy, at the mouth of the Irtysh river on the right bank of the Ob river. The Mansi and Khanty lands thus became part of the Russian state, finally secured by the founding of the cities of Pelym and Berezov in 1592 and Surgut in 1594. As a result of Yermak's expedition, Russia was able to annex Siberia.

17th century

In the 17th century Cossacks waged war against the Ottomans and the Crimean Khanate. In 1637 the Don Cossacks, joined by the Zaporozhian Cossacks, captured the strategic Ottoman fortress of Azov, which guarded the Don. The defense of the Azov Fortress in 1641 was one of the key actions in Don Cossack history. After total taking of the Free Territories of Don Cossacks under the Moscovy control, Don Cossack history became more intertwined with the history of the rest of Russia. In exchange for protection of the Southern borders of medieval Russia, the Don Cossacks were given the privilege of not paying taxes and the tsar's authority in Cossack lands was not as absolute as in other parts of Russia.

During this period, three of Russia's most notorious rebels, Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin and Emelian Pugachev, were Don Cossacks.

18th–19th centuries

After 1786, the territory of the Don Cossacks was officially called Don Voisko Lands, and was renamed Don Voisko Province (Oblast' Voyska Donskogo) in 1870 (presently part of the Rostov, Volgograd, and Voronezh regions of the Russian Federation as well as part of the Luhansk region of Ukraine).

In 1805 the Don Cossack capital was shifted from Cherkassk to Novocherkassk (New Cherkassk).

Don Cossacks are credited with playing a significant part in repelling Napoleon's Invasion of Russia. Under the command of Count Matvey Ivanovich Platov, the Don Cossacks fought in a number of battles against the Grande Armée. In the Battle of Borodino, Don Cossacks made raids to the rear of the French Army. Platov commanded all the Cossack troops and successfully covered the retreat of the Russian Army to Moscow. The Don Cossacks distinguished themselves in subsequent campaigns, and took part in the capture of Paris. Napoleon is credited with declaring, "Cossacks are the finest light troops among all that exist. If I had them in my army, I would go through all the world with them."

In the general census of 1884, the male population of the Don Cossacks was reported to number 425,000. The Don Cossacks were the largest of the ten cossack hosts then in existence, providing over a third of total cossack manpower available for military service.

20th century

World War I
On the eve of World War I, the Don Cossack Host comprised 17 regular regiments plus 6 detached sotnias (squadrons). In addition two regiments of the Imperial Guard were recruited from the Don territory. By 1916 the Don Host had expanded to 58 line regiments and 100 detached sotnias. The central location of the Don territories meant that these units were employed extensively on both the German and Austro-Hungarian fronts, though less so against the Ottoman Turks to the south. The continued value of the Don and other Cossacks as mounted troops was illustrated by the decision taken in 1916 to dismount about a third of the regular Russian cavalry, but to retain the cossack regiments in their traditional role.

February 1917 Revolution
At the outbreak of the February 1917 Revolution, three regiments of Don Cossacks (the 1st, 4th and 14th) formed part of the garrison of St. Petersburg. Consisting partly of new recruits from the poorer regions of the Host territory, these units were influenced by the general disillusionment with the Tsar's government. Accordingly, they did not act effectively when ordered to disperse the growing demonstrations in the city. Reports that the historically loyal Don Cossacks could no longer be relied on were a significant factor in the sudden collapse of the Tsarist regime.

Bolshevik persecution

The Don Cossack Host was disbanded on Russian soil in 1918, after the Russian Revolution, but the Don Cossacks in the White Army and those who emigrated abroad, continued to preserve the traditions, musical and otherwise, of their host. Many found employment as trick riders in various circuses throughout Europe and the United States. Admiral Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak, one of the leaders of the White movement during the Russian Civil War, was of Don Cossack descent.
Following the defeat of the White Army in the Russian Civil War, a policy of decossackization ("Raskazachivaniye") took place on the surviving Cossacks and their homelands, since they were viewed as a threat to the new Soviet regime.

The Cossack homelands were often very fertile, and during the collectivisation campaign many Cossacks shared the fate of the kulaks. According to historian Michael Kort, "During 1919 and 1920, out of a population of approximately 1.5 million Don Cossacks, the Bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300,000 to 500,000". Others, such as Peter Holquist, estimate a figure of 10,000 deaths during this period, while a far greater number would die during the engineered Soviet famines of 1932–33 and the Holodomor.

Don Cossacks in World War II
On 20 April 1936 the earlier ban on Cossacks serving in the Red Army was lifted. Later the same year two existing Red Army cavalry divisions were re-designated as Don Cossacks. By 1939 a number of these regiments had been issued with traditional Cossack uniforms in ceremonial and field service versions. The dress of the Don Cossack units included dark-blue breeches with broad red stripes which had distinguished them prior to the Revolution. The Don Cossack Cavalry Corps saw extensive active service until 1943, after which its role diminished (as did that of the other remaining horse-mounted units in the Red Army). However Don Cossack cavalry was still in existence in 1945 and participated in the Victory Parade in Moscow.

During World War II, the Don Cossacks mustered the largest single concentration of Cossacks within the German Army, the XVth SS Cossack Cavalry Corps, a great part of them former Soviet citizens. The XVth SS Cossack Cavalry Corps included the 1st Cossack Division and the 2nd Cossack Division.

The majority of the Cossacks remained loyal to the Red Army. In the earliest battles, particularly the encirclement of Belostok Cossack units such as the 94th Beloglisnky, 152nd Rostovsky and 48th Belorechensky regiments fought to their death.

In the opening phase of the war, during the German advance towards Moscow, Cossacks became extensively used for the raids behind enemy lines. The most famous of these took place during the Battle of Smolensk under the command of Lev Dovator, whose 3rd Cavalry Corps consisted of the 50th and 53rd Cavalry divisions from the Kuban and Terek Cossacks, which were mobilised from the Northern Caucasus. The raid in ten days covered 300 km and destroyed the hinterlands of the 9th German Army, before successfully breaking out. Whilst units under the command of General Pavel Belov, the 2nd Cavalry Corps made from Don, Kuban and Stavropol Cossacks spearheaded the counter-attack onto the right flank of the 6th German Army delaying its advance towards Moscow.

The high professionalism that the Cossacks under Dovator and Belov (both generals would later be granted the title Hero of the Soviet Union and their units raised to a Guards (elite) status) ensured that many new units would be formed. In the end, the Germans during the whole war only managed to form two Cossack Corps, while the Red Army in just 1942 alone had 17. Many of the newly formed units were filled with ethnically Cossack volunteers. The Kuban Cossacks were allocated to the 10th, 12th and 13th Corps. However, the most famous Kuban Cossack unit would be the 17th Cossack Corps under the command of general Nikolay Kirichenko.

During one particular attack, Cossacks destroyed up to 1,800 enemy soldiers and officers, took 300 prisoners, and seized 18 artillery pieces and 25 mortars. The 5th and 9th Romanian Cavalry divisions fled in panic, and the 198th German Infantry division, carrying large losses, hastily departed to the left bank of the river Ei.

During the opening phase of the Battle of Stalingrad, when the Germans overran the Kuban, the majority of the Cossack population, long before the Germans began their agitation with Krasnov and Shkuro, became involved in Partisan activity. Raids onto the German positions from the Caucasus mountains became commonplace. After the German defeat at Stalingrad, the 4th Guards Kuban Cossack Corps, strengthened by tanks and artillery, broke through the German lines and liberated Mineralnye Vody, and Stavropol.

21st century

Modern Don Cossacks

The Don Cossacks were revived in the early 1990s and were officially recognised by the Russian Government in 1997, its Ataman holding the rank, insignia and uniform of a full Marshal.

In 1992 they joined the separatist forces during the Transnistria War.

Don Cossacks volunteered by hundreds to fight in South Ossetia during the 2008 Russo-Georgian war.

In 2009, the Ukrainian Security Service banned a leader of the Don Cossacks from entering Ukraine in order to prevent the creation of an illegal parliamentary formation on Ukrainian territory.

Since 2014, members of Don Cossacks have participated in the war in Eastern Ukraine as independent volunteers for the pro-Russian Donbass militias.
Reportedly several military formations were formed though most of these groups were subsequently disbanded and integrated into the armed forces of the DPR and LPR.

National symbols of Don Cossacks

Flag of Don Cossacks

The Don Cossacks flag 3:4 was inaugurated during the Don Cossacks assembly in Novocherkassk, Don Republic, on 4 May 1918 under chiefing of Ataman Pyotr Krasnov. The flag has three colours: blue, yellow, and red. The flag is similar to that of the Ukrainian State, also established in 1918, which the Don Republic bordered to its west.

Coat of arms
The Don Cossacks Coat of Arms was known from the 17th century. It was adopted as a symbol of the Don Republic on 15 September 1918.

Uniform
Until 1914 the distinguishing colour of the Don Cossack Host was red: worn on the cap bands and wide trouser stripes of a dark blue uniform of the loose-fitting cut common to the Steppe Cossacks. Tall lambskin hats were worn on occasion, with red cloth tops edged in white lace. Silver metal scrolls were worn on the headdress to denote the distinguished conduct of individual regiments. Officers had silver braiding on their collars and epaulettes plus silver/black girdles. Shoulder-straps of other ranks were the same dark blue as the caftan (coat). A whip was used instead of spurs. Prior to 1908, individual cossacks from all Hosts were required to provide their own uniforms (together with horses and harness). However the size and relative affluence of the Don Cossack Host permitted the setting up of communally owned clothing factories.

A khaki field tunic was adopted in 1908, replacing the dark blue coats or white (summer) blouses previously worn for ordinary duties. However the blue riding breeches with broad red stripes long characteristic of the Don Host, continued to be worn even on active service during both World Wars.

The Don Cossack Battery of the Imperial Guard wore a "Tsar's green" (a dark shade common to the army) uniform, with the black and red distinctions of the artillery as a branch.

Anthem of Don Cossacks
Всколыхнулся, взволновался православный Тихий Дон written by Fedor Anisimov in 1853.

Religion
Most Don Cossacks are Russian Orthodox, who consider themselves guardians of the faith. However, a large percentage of Don Cossacks were Starovers. Even in 1903, a minimum of 150,000 from a total of the 2,500,000 parish members of the Don Eparchy were Starovers. Ataman count Matvei Platov was of a Popovtsy Old Believers Family. Don Cossacks were tolerant of other religions – with the exception of Jews – and accepted Buddhists, Muslims, Old Believers, and pagans into their communities.

Traditions and culture

The Cossacks had a democratic society where the most important decisions were made during a Common Assembly (Казачий Круг). The assembly elected temporary authorities — atamans.

Don Cossacks were skilled horsemen and experienced warriors, due to their long conflict with the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. They sold their military services to different powers in Eastern Europe. Together with the Polish King, they raided Moscow during the Time of Troubles (Смутное Время) and, under Russian authority, carried out raids and expeditions against Ottoman Turkey and Qajar Persia.

Isolated between Russian and Muslim territory, the Don Cossacks developed a distinct culture and language which fused Ukrainian, Russian, Kalmyk, and Tatar elements.

The Don Cossacks have a tradition of choral singing and many of their songs, such as Chyorny Voron (Black Raven) and Lyubo, Bratsi, Lyubo (It's good, brothers, good) became popular throughout the rest of Russia. Many of the songs are about death in war.

Up to the 18th century marriages and divorces were held in the Common Assembly (Казачий Круг). If a Cossack wanted to marry a woman he was expected to bring her to the Common Assembly for presentation. If the Common Assembly gave approval, the marriage followed. The same procedure took place if there was a divorce. Peter I banned these practices in the Common Assembly, requiring Cossacks to marry only in church.

A Cossack marriage is a complex ritual, accompanied by songs, dances and performances. A bridegroom arrives on horseback and takes his bride to the church, followed by a marriage train. After the wedding all present would adjourn to the bridegroom's house. There, the parents would bless the couple, break a loaf of bread above their heads, and sprinkle them with wheat, nuts, sweets and hops. The bride's hair would then be unbraided according to traditional rites.

When a son was born to a Cossack family, his parents presented him with an arrow, a bow, a cartridge, a bullet and a gun. All of these items were hung on the wall, over the boy's bed. At the age of three, the boy began to ride a horse. At the age of 7 to 8 he was allowed to ride in the street, to go fishing and hunt with adults.

Horse racing was a popular pastime with Don Cossacks. Riders competed to hit a target, firing weapons from horseback. The most dexterous were able to do this standing on the horses back. It was traditional practice for Cossack families to provide a young Cossack with two horses, a uniform and weapons.

Cossack leave-taking was always festive. All departing Cossacks would gather in the church, then hang a small bag around their necks containing a pinch of their native soil before setting off singing. Having left their stanitsa, they drank a cup of vodka and said good-bye to their native land.

Don Cossack Choir Serge Jaroff

The Don Cossack Choir Serge Jaroff was a group of former officers of the Russian Imperial Army who were discovered singing in Çilingir (near Constantinople), where they had fled after the defeat of their army in the Crimea. They made their formal concert debut in Vienna in 1923, led by their founder, conductor and composer, Serge Jaroff.

The choir became popular in America, Japan and Europe, touring the world in the 1930s, 40s and 50s, till today. The men, dressed as Cossacks, sang a cappella in a repertory of Russian sacred and secular music, army, folk and art songs. Cossack dancing was eventually added to their programme.

In popular culture
Mikhail Sholokhov's monumental work, "And Quiet Flows the Don", deals sympathetically with the Don Cossacks and depicts the destruction of their way of life as a result of World War I and the Russian Civil War.

See also
 Azov Sea Region Museum of Cossacks
 Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II

Notable Don Cossacks
 Don Cossacks noble families
 Kondraty Bulavin
 Alexei Kaledin
 Pyotr Krasnov
 Matvei Platov
 Stepan Razin
 Yermak Timofeyevich
 Ivan Turchaninov — Union army brigadier general in the American Civil War.
 Aleksandr Khanzhonkov

Don Cossacks government and policy
 Don Republic
 Don Army
 Cossacks in Turkey
 List of Imperial Russian Army Don Cossack regiments

Don Cossack books
 "And Quiet Flows the Don"

Genocide and Don Cossacks
 Kiev pogroms of 1919 "Carried by Don Cossacks".
 Decossackization
 Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II — "betrayal of the Cossacks".
 "Victims of Yalta" — 1977 book.
 Ethnic Cleansing of Circassians
 Genocides in history
 Human rights in the Soviet Union
 Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Footnotes

Further reading

 Peter Holquist, "'Conduct Merciless Mass Terror': Decossackization on the Don, 1919," Cahiers du Monde russe, vol. 38, no. 1/2(Jan.-June 1997), pp. 127–162. In JSTOR
Noël Bonneuil, Elena Fursa. 2020. "Nuptiality to regulate the commons? The case of the Don Cossacks (South Russia), 1867–1916." Oxford Economic Papers

External links

 Doncossacks.ru: The Don Cossack Museum — in Novocherkassk.
 Novocherkassk.net: Novocherkassk—the Capital of Don Cossacks
 Kuban.in.ua: History of the Don Cossacks

Separatist forces of the war in Donbas

Cossack hosts
Don Host Oblast
Don basin
Euromaidan

Don Cossacks


Cal Henrik Max Magnus Norman (born July 30, 1973) is a Swedish artist, painter, and sculptor.

Norman was born in Sundsvall, Medelpad, he currently resides in Prague. He paints visions and dreamlike images as accurately as possible, which results in paintings with a photorealistic quality. His works are intended to spread virally among social networks on the Internet; his art and stunts often deal with everyday events spiced up with a touch of the absurd.

A few examples of such works created for the Internet are the illustrated essay "The LED (minor) Artcrime Tutorial" and the Moose graffiti stunt, where the artist sneaks up on a wild moose and paints graffiti on it. His sculpture and plastic arts projects have received some exposure in Sweden, such as his art project that consisted of a woodpecker placed on a traffic camera on the E4 near Stockvik.
In another of Max Magnus Norman's art projects the artist created an unknown (but huge) number of plastic monkeys, about 1 metres in length. One night in early May 2009 he put up these monkeys in different settings all over the small city Sundsvall. One monkey was riding a crocodile in the middle of the central stream Selångersån and one was placed upon a traffic light making it look like the monkey controlled the traffic, some monkeys were even placed under water. A few of these monkeys still remain, amongst other one flying 20 metres up in the air, holding a beer can above the intersection Köpmangatan-Thulegatan.

In 2008, a statue of his, "Kuken ska ha sitt," which includes a 30 cm. long penis, caused some local outcry which was noticed by the Swedish press: the "obscene sculpture" drew notice and commentary from the two largest Swedish papers, Aftonbladet and Expressen. As it happened, Norman's sculpture coincided with a few other "phallic" Swedish works of art that year, including a full-frontal nude Jesus; the fact that Norman's sculpture was provided with a warning for the young enhanced its reputation, as well as that of the artist.

Alchemy

In 2014 Max Magnus Norman published the book Magnum Opus (2014, ) where he describes how he unsought managed to create the philosopher's stone. The book, written in Swedish, is built up as a manual on how to reach spiritual and physical enlightenment, layered with self biographical anecdotes. The book is written with serious intent and received a few positive reviews in Sweden.

References

External links
 Max Magnus Norman

1973 births
Living people
People from Sundsvall
20th-century alchemists
20th-century sculptors
20th-century Swedish painters
21st-century alchemists
21st-century sculptors
21st-century Swedish painters
Fantasy artists
Swedish alchemists
Swedish male painters
Spiritual teachers
20th-century Swedish male artists
21st-century Swedish male artists

Max Magnus Norman


Virginia Coffey (1904–2003), was an American social reformer and civil rights activist who worked for improved race relations in and around Cincinnati, Ohio. She advised and directed several organisations during her career, including a variety of boards and committees.

Early life
Virginia Keys Jones was born to Edward and Mary Jones in Wheeling, West Virginia on December 14, 1904. The family moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, when Virginia was four years old in order to ensure that she would attend an integrated school. In the 1920s, she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to teach at Stowe School, the first all-black school in the city. She sought to leave the city, because of the segregation she saw, but was encouraged to stay and join the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People by Ted Berry. After working as a teacher for a few more years, she chose to dedicate herself fully to working for racial equality.

Education
She attended Western Michigan University, where she graduated with a degree in education. Virginia was a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. She later attended the University of Cincinnati where she studied sociology. Virginia was awarded a master's degree from the Cleveland-based Case Western Reserve University. She was made an honorary Doctor of Law by Xavier University in 1972.

Political activism
She was secretary of the Young Women's Christian Association's West End chapter between 1926 and 1931, becoming the executive director afterwards. Virginia married William A. Coffey in the 1940s, afterwards forming the first Girl Scouts troop for African-American girls. In 1948, she was named Deputy Director of the Mayor of Cincinnati's Friendly Relations Committee, a position she held until 1962 when she left to be community relations supervisor for Seven Hills Neighborhood Houses for the following three years. While on the Friendly Relations Committee, Virginia worked to help integrate parts of the city. This included the swimming pools from 1950 onwards, and the Coney Island amusement park in 1961.

Virginia advised several industrial cities in the UK in 1963, helping them to manage community tensions caused by large numbers of immigrants from the West Indies. Between 1965 and 1968, she was director of the Memorial Community Center and became a human relations consultant for the University of Cincinnati. Virginia was on the board of the Hamilton County Welfare Department, as well as the president's council of Xavier University. She became executive director of the Cincinnati Human Relations Commission between 1968 and 1973. Virginia retired in 1978.

Awards and recognition
Virginia Coffrey was named an Enquirer Woman of the Year in 1968. In Cincinnati, she received the Governor's Award for Community Action in 1973, the Good Neighbor Award in 1989, and the Great Living Cincinnatian Award in 1993.

References

1904 births
2003 deaths
Educators from Wheeling, West Virginia
Western Michigan University alumni
University of Cincinnati alumni
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Xavier University alumni
Schoolteachers from Ohio
American social activists
American civil rights activists
Women civil rights activists
20th-century American educators
20th-century American women educators
Activists from West Virginia
21st-century American women
Schoolteachers from West Virginia

Virginia Coffey


Delmon Damarcus Young (born September 14, 1985) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and designated hitter. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays, Minnesota Twins, Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Phillies, and Baltimore Orioles. He is the younger brother of former major league outfielder and first baseman Dmitri Young. He was the first-overall pick in the 2003 MLB draft.

Minor league career
Young graduated from Adolfo Camarillo High School in 2003, located in Camarillo, California, whereupon he was drafted first overall in the 2003 Major League Baseball draft.

In 2005, Young hit .336 with 20 home runs, 71 RBI and an OPS of .968 in 84 games with the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits, winning the Southern League Most Valuable Player Award despite playing in just 60% of the games. Young was promoted to the Triple-A Durham Bulls on July 15, 2005, where he batted .285 with six home runs and 28 RBIs in 52 games. After the season was over, he was named Baseball America's Minor League Player of the Year and its number one overall prospect for the 2006 season. Young finished his minor league career with a .318 batting average.

Umpire controversy and suspension
On April 26, 2006, while playing for the Durham Bulls in a game against the Pawtucket Red Sox, Young was ejected for arguing a third strike call, after which he stared at the umpire for some time and refused to leave the batter's box. On his way back to his dugout, Young turned and tossed his bat underhand, end-over-end, toward the umpire. The bat hit the umpire on his chest and arm, but he was not seriously hurt.

The next day, Young issued an apology through his agent, claiming that he had not intended for the bat to actually strike the umpire, but acknowledging that it was unacceptable to have thrown the bat at all. The International League suspended Young for 50 games, without pay. Young had the option to appeal the suspension, but chose not to do so. The suspension ended on June 19, 2006.

This altercation was not the first Young had with an umpire during a game. In 2005, while playing for the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits, he had received a three-game suspension for bumping an umpire.

Major league career

Tampa Bay Devil Rays
On August 28, 2006, the Devil Rays called Young up to the major leagues after it was decided that Jonny Gomes had to undergo season-ending surgery. His first game at the Major League level was against the Chicago White Sox and occurred on August 29, 2006, ten years to the day his older brother Dmitri played in his first major league game. In Delmon's first major league plate appearance, White Sox pitcher Freddy García hit Young with a first-pitch fastball. After striking out in his first official at-bat, Young stroked a curveball for a  two-run home run, which was his first Major League hit.

As a 21-year-old in 2007, Young finished second in American League Rookie of the Year voting to Boston second baseman Dustin Pedroia, hitting .288 with 13 home runs and 93 RBIs. Young was also a unanimous selection to the 2007 Topps Major League Rookie All-Star Team. The selection was the result of the 49th annual Topps balloting of Major League managers.

On November 28, 2007, the Rays traded Young, along with Brendan Harris and Jason Pridie, to the Minnesota Twins for Jason Bartlett, Matt Garza, and Eduardo Morlan.

Minnesota Twins
Young had an impressive spring training. In 36 at-bats, he batted .361 with two doubles, one home run, and seven RBIs, locking up his spot in left field for opening day. Young finished the season with eight errors, more than any other left fielder in the majors, while his 11 assists led AL left fielders.

In 2008, Young played in 152 games with the Minnesota Twins, batting .290 with 10 home runs and 69 RBIs. He got off to a slow start in 2009, but had a good September, finishing with 12 home runs, 60 RBIs and a .284 batting average.

With the trade of Carlos Gómez to the Milwaukee Brewers, Young became the Twins' starting left fielder for the 2010 season. During the off-season Young shed 35 pounds, down to 200. The 2010 season ended up being Young's best offensive season to date. Young hit .298 with 21 home runs and 112 RBIs, finished tenth in the voting for AL MVP, and was a finalist for a spot on the American League All-Star roster through the online All-Star Final Vote.  On defense, he led AL left fielders in errors, with four, and had the lowest fielding percentage, at .984.

Detroit Tigers
Young was traded to the Detroit Tigers in a waiver trade on August 15, 2011, for minor league pitchers Cole Nelson and Lester Oliveros. That night, the Tigers played the Twins, and he batted in the number three spot in front of Miguel Cabrera. In his first at bat with the Tigers, Young hit a home run to left field. In 2011, he batted a combined .268 with 12 home runs (8 with the Tigers), while on defense he tied for the major league lead in errors by a left fielder, with seven.

In his first at bat in the playoffs as a Tiger, Young hit a home run to right field off CC Sabathia. In addition to his earlier post-season home run, Delmon hit the game-winning home run in the bottom of the seventh inning off Rafael Soriano, giving Detroit a 2–1 lead over the Yankees in the ALDS.  In Game 5, Young suffered a strained oblique muscle and was left off the ALCS roster. He was activated to play in Game 2. During Game 5 of the ALCS against the Texas Rangers, Young hit two home runs off C. J. Wilson, scoring three runs. He is the fourth Detroit Tiger to hit more than one home run in a postseason game (after Alan Trammell, Kirk Gibson and Magglio Ordóñez).

Delmon continued his postseason prowess in 2012. In the 2012 American League Championship Series, Young was named series MVP after hitting .353 with two home runs and six RBI in the Tigers 4–0 sweep of the New York Yankees. He batted .357 in the 2012 World Series and hit his first World Series home run in Game 4 as the Tigers lost the series to the San Francisco Giants in a four-game sweep. He is currently the Tigers all-time leader in postseason home runs, with a total of eight.

Young, who earned a reported $6.75 million for 2012, became a free agent after the season concluded.

Philadelphia Phillies
On January 22, Young and the Phillies agreed on a one-year contract worth $750,000, which could become worth as much as $3.5 million based on roster and performance bonuses.  The incentives included provisions that could allow Young to earn up to an additional $600,000 for losing weight and keeping it off during the season.  The Phillies intended for Young to start in right field. Young began the season on the 15-day disabled list after having ankle surgery in the off-season. On August 9, after batting .261 with 8 HR and 31 RBI through 80 games, he was designated for assignment to make room for Casper Wells on the active roster. On August 14, 2013, the Philadelphia Phillies released Young after he refused to play in the minors.

Back to Tampa
On August 22, 2013, Young signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays, who assigned him to the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits. It was his second stint with the franchise. He was added to the major league roster on September 1 when the rosters expanded and was on the Rays' postseason roster as they made it to the American League Division Series.

Baltimore Orioles
Young signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles in January 2014. On March 29, 2014 it was announced that Young had earned a spot on the Orioles' Opening Day roster. Young hit his first home run as a member of the Orioles on April 8, 2014 in a 14–5 victory over the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium.

On October 3, 2014, Young came in as a pinch hitter with 1 out and the bases loaded in the bottom of the 8th inning of game 2 of the 2014 American League Division Series against the Detroit Tigers. He swung at the first pitch and hit a base-clearing double that gave the Orioles a 7–6 lead.  The Orioles won the game and took a 2–0 lead in the series.

On December 24, 2014, Young re-signed with the Orioles on a one-year, $2.25 million deal that could reach $3 million if he hits all of the deal's incentives. He was designated for assignment on July 1, 2015. He was released on July 9.

Melbourne Aces
On October 10, 2017, it was announced that Young had signed a contract to play for the Melbourne Aces of the Australian Baseball League in an attempt to resurrect his Major League career.

Acereros de Monclova
On February 21, 2018, Young signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. He was released on April 18, 2018.

Pericos de Puebla
Young later signed with the Pericos de Puebla on June 18, 2018.

Venezuelan Winter League
During the 2018/2019 season, Young played for Navegantes del Magallanes of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, becoming the first Magallanes player to earn the MVP award for the league.  Young played in 61 of 63 games, hitting 19 home runs in 252 at bats.  No other player had more than 10 home runs that same season.

Back to Melbourne
After spending the 2018/19 winter season in Venezuela, Young returned to Australia in 2019/20 to play for the Melbourne Aces. Young signed on to play for the Aces again in the 2020/21 season.

Legal issues
On April 27, 2012, Young was arrested for aggravated harassment as a hate crime in New York City. The Tigers had been scheduled to play the Yankees later that evening. The New York Police Department said he yelled an anti-Semitic slur while he was intoxicated. Later in the day, Young issued a statement apologizing for his actions. Young was released on $5,000 bail. The Tigers subsequently put Young on the restricted list pending action by Major League Baseball.  Young was suspended by MLB for seven days without pay, retroactive to Friday, April 27, for the incident, and ordered to undergo counseling. On November 7, 2012, Young pleaded guilty to aggravated harassment. He was sentenced to perform 10 days of community service and ordered to attend a program at the Museum of Tolerance.

On February 7, 2016, Young was arrested for battery after he allegedly choked and threatened a valet at a hotel in Miami, Florida. The incident occurred when Young tried to enter a club in the hotel that was closed. After being denied entry, Young was said to have made anti-Hispanic comments towards the valet, choked him and threatened to kill him.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Australia
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
American League Championship Series MVPs
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Montgomery, Alabama
Charleston RiverDogs players
Clearwater Threshers players
Detroit Tigers players
Durham Bulls players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Major League Baseball outfielders
Melbourne Aces players
Mesa Solar Sox players
Mexican League baseball right fielders
Minnesota Twins players
Montgomery Biscuits players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
People from Camarillo, California
Pericos de Puebla players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Rochester Red Wings players
Baseball players from Oxnard, California
Tampa Bay Rays players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Toros del Este players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people
Adolfo Camarillo High School alumni

Delmon Young