This is about the German philologist. For Theodor Benfey (born 1925) who developed a spiral periodic table of the elements in 1964, see Otto Theodor Benfey.

Theodor Benfey (; 28 January 1809, in Nörten near Göttingen26 June 1881, in Göttingen) was a German philologist and scholar of Sanskrit. His works, particularly his Sanskrit-English dictionary, formed a major contribution to Sanskrit studies.

Biography
Benfey was born into a Jewish family in the small town of Nörten, near the city of Göttingen in Lower Saxony. He was born during the political upheaval of the Napoleonic War, when Lower Saxony was occupied by the French Army (1806–1814). His father, Isaak Benfey (died 1832), was a merchant and Talmud scholar, and the family had 8 children.  In 1810, when Theodor was one year old, the family relocated to Göttingen. The French occupation ended when Benfey was 5, and Gottingen, which belonged to the Electorate of Hanover, became part of the Kingdom of Hanover, then ruled over by the British House of Hanover (1814–66). Most of Benfey's childhood and youth was lived during the post-war period, which was marked by economic impoverishment and political oppression of nationalists and liberals.  Benfey attended secondary school at the Gottingen gymnasium, and was tutored in Hebrew by his father Isaak.

Theodor showed exceptional talent for languages, and the Hebrew he studied with his father had given him a taste for philology. At the age of 16, Benfey began studies at the University of Göttingen, where he studied Greek and Latin languages under Ludolph Dissen and Otfried Müller. In 1827, he traveled to Munich, where he studied under Friedrich Wilhelm Thiersch. He returned to Göttingen, where he defended in thesis, titled De Liguris. His defense was successful, and he was granted his Ph.D. at the age of 19. He immediately began working towards a university teaching license. In 1830, he successfully presented his dissertation, Observationes ad Anacreontis Fragmenta Genuina, and was granted a venia legendi, or license to teach university courses.

Benfey began his teaching career that year in the city of Frankfurt, where he worked and lived for two years. He then took up a position in Heidelberg, where he remained for two years as well. These were to be the last paid teaching position that Benfey would have for nearly 14 years. In 1834, he returned to his home-town of Göttingen, where he took up a position at his alma mater, the University of Göttingen. He worked at the university as a privat-docent, a lecturer who is unpaid and untenured. It is likely that he lived with family during this time, as he had no means of income for quite some time. He searched unsuccessfully for paid work, even looking so far as France.

Initially, Benfey lectured in classical languages such as Greek and Latin, which had been the subject of his University studies and Ph.D. dissertation. While teaching in Frankfurt, he had published his first book, a translation of the comedies Roman playwright Terence. During his first few years lecturing at the University of Gottingen, he had also begun work on a lexicon of Greek roots. It was actually by chance that Benfey was first introduced to Sanskrit: There was a wager made that Benfey could not teach himself Sanskrit in time to review a new translation of a Sanskrit book, a mere 4 weeks. But Benfey did teach himself the language, and was able to review the Latin-Sanskrit edition of the Markandeya Purana for an academic journal. This feat of learning is made all the more impressive by the fact that the only books on Sanskrit available at the time were H. H. Wilson's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, and Monier Monier-Williams's Sanskrit grammar, neither of which were particularly helpful, as they only superficially covered Vedic Sanskrit. The subject matter he lectured on began to broaden, and in 1836, he collaborated on Ueber die Monatsnamen Einiger Alten Völker (Month Names of Ancient Peoples) with his friend Moritz A. Stern, a jewish mathematician who also taught at the University of Gottingen. This work demonstrated the Hebrew month-names are derived from Persian. In 1839, he also wrote an article on India for Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste ("Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts").

In 1839, Benfey published his first major work, his Griechisches Wurzellexikon (Lexicon of Greek Roots). This work brought him degree of financial and professional success, and enabled him to marry Fanny Wallenstein in 1840. In 1842, The Institut de France awarded Benfey the prix Volney for his Lexicon, which brought him international recognition in the world of philology and comparative languages. By this time, Benfey had been working at the University of Gottingen as an unpaid privet-docent for over 8 years, and despite his experience and publications, he had never been granted a paid position. Younger, less accomplished lecturers were promoted and hired ahead of him, leading many to believe that this was a purposeful snub, and a display of prejudice against Benfey's Jewish religion and heritage. When the university's snub became more widely know, it sparked an international controversy, and the university was subsequently shamed into offering him a tenured position. Instrumental in securing Benfey a position was Alexander von Humboldt, a famous 19th century naturalist and explorer, who was particularly close to the Prussian monarch Frederick William IV. Alexander's brother Wilhelm von Humboldt had also been an accomplished linguist, and had recently died. Alexander showed religious tolerance towards Judaism, and petitioned the University for a tenured position on Benfey's behalf.

The much-deserved promotion to a paid, entry-level "assistant-professor" (Professor extraordinarius) did not come until 1848, and only when Benfey and his family had converted from Judaism to Christian protestantism. It has been surmised that Benfey's conversion was not sincere, and that was made mainly for social advantages.

From this time Benfey's attention was principally given to Sanskrit. In 1848 he became an assistant professor, and published his edition of the Samaveda; in 1852–1854 his Handbuch der Sanskritsprache ("Manual of Sanskrit"), comprising a grammar and chrestomathy; in 1858 his practical Sanskrit grammar, afterwards translated into English; and in 1859 his edition of the Panchatantra, with an extensive dissertation on the fables and mythologies of primitive nations. All these works had been produced under the pressure of poverty, the government, whether from parsimony or from prejudice against a Jew, refusing to make any substantial addition to his small salary as an assistant professor at the university.

At length, in 1862, the growing appreciation of foreign scholars shamed it into making him a full professor, and in 1866 Benfey published the laborious work by which he is on the whole best known, his great Sanskrit-English Dictionary. In 1869 he wrote a history of German philological research, especially Oriental, during the 19th century. In 1878 his jubilee (50th anniversary) as doctor was celebrated by the publication of a volume of philological essays dedicated to him and written by the top scholars in Germany. He had designed to close his literary labours by a grammar of Vedic Sanskrit, and was actively preparing it when he was interrupted by illness, which terminated in his death at Göttingen.

A collection of Benfey's various writings was published in 1890, prefaced by a memoir by his son. Among his pupils was James Murdoch. Some of his ideas were developed in Russia by Fyodor Buslaev.

Works (titles translated into English)
Selected works:

De Liguris, 1828, Ph.D. thesis.
Observationes ad Anacreontis Fragmenta Genuina (Observations on Anacreontis and Genuine Fragments), 1830. Venia Legendi dissertation.
Ueber die Monatsnamen Einiger Alten Völker (Month Names of Ancient Peoples), 1836, in collaboration with Moritz A. Stern.
Griechisches Wurzellexikon (Lexicon of Greek Roots), 1839.
Ueber das Verhältniss der Aegyptischen Sprache zum Semitischen Sprachstamm (On the relationship of the Egyptian language to the Semitic language group), 1844
The Cuneiform Inscriptions, 1847.
The Hymns of Sama-Veda, 1848.
The History of Oriental Philosophy in Germany, 1868.
A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language for the Use of Early Students, 1868.
A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: With References to the Best Edition of Sanskrit Author and Etymologies and Comparisons of Cognate Words Chiefly in Greek, Latin, Gothic and Anglo-Saxon, 1866.

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Willibald Kirfel (1955), Benfey, Theodor, in: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB), vol. 2, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. , p. 46
 Adalbert Bezzenberger (1902), Benfey, Theodor. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 46, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 358
 Renate Heuer (ed.) (1993), Lexikon deutsch-jüdischer Autoren, vol. 2, München: Saur, pp. 31–50

1809 births
1881 deaths
People from Northeim (district)
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
German people of Jewish descent
German orientalists
German philologists
German Sanskrit scholars
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Theodor Benfey


was a village located in Higashiyamanashi District, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village has an estimated population of 1,495 and a density of 34.74 persons per km². The total area is 43.03 km².

History
The village was established in 1941 by merging five villages from two different districts: Hajikano, and Tsuruse from Higashi-yamanashi; Tokusa, Tano, and Hikage from Higashi-yatsushiro.

On November 1, 2005 Yamato, along with the city of Enzan, and the town of Katsunuma (also from Higashiyamanashi District), was merged to create the city of Kōshū.

External links
 Kōshū official website

Dissolved municipalities of Yamanashi Prefecture

Yamato, Yamanashi


Benjamin K. Sovacool is an academic at the Vermont Law School. He has written several books and many journal articles.

Research work

Sovacool's research interests include energy policy and environmental issues. He has published more than 90 academic papers in journals like The Electricity Journal and Energy Policy. He has also appeared on the BBC World News, Bloomberg Live!, and Channel News Asia and been interviewed by Newsweek International, Associated Press, United Press International. His work on carbon emissions from nuclear power stations has also been reviewed in Nature.

Books
In 2007, Sovacool edited Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths which has been reviewed in Energy Policy and the Annals of the Association of American Geographers. In 2008, he wrote The Dirty Energy Dilemma: What's Blocking Clean Power in the United States which was published by Praeger and won a 2009 Nautilus Award.

In Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power (2011) Sovacool says that "energy efficiency programs and renewable power technologies are better than nuclear power plants".

His other books include:
 Miguel Mendonça, David Jacobs and Benjamin K. Sovacool (2009). Powering the Green Economy: The Feed-In Tariff Handbook, Earthscan.
 Benjamin K. Sovacool (2010). Climate Change and Energy Security: A Global Overview of Technology and Policy Options, MIT Press.
 Benjamin K. Sovacool (Ed.) (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Energy Security, Routledge.
 Benjamin K. Sovacool et al. (forthcoming). International Politics of Nuclear Power.

Related pages
 Amory Lovins
 Renewable energy commercialization
 Mycle Schneider

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Academics from Vermont

Benjamin K. Sovacool


S. W. Erdnase is a pseudonym used by the author of The Expert at the Card Table, a book detailing sleight of hand, cheating and legerdemain using playing cards. Still considered essential reading for any card magician, the book (usually known as just Erdnase, Expert, EATCT, or sometimes the Bible) has been in publication since 1902. Erdnase's true identity is one of the enduring mysteries of the magic community.

Identity

S. W. Erdnase was most likely a way for the author to conceal his real identity so he would not be arrested, since Federal laws at the time prohibited the publication and distribution of "obscene" material. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many judges considered books on gambling methods obscene (see Comstock laws).

S. W. Erdnase spelled backwards is "E. S. Andrews", leading many investigators to search for people named Andrews as possible candidates.

Milton Franklin Andrews
Martin Gardner has proposed that a small-time con man named Milton Franklin Andrews was the author. Another proponent who researched this theory was Barton Whaley, in his book The Man Who Was Erdnase, which contains eyewitness interviews from the 1940s. Andrews was wanted by police for questioning in relation to a murder inquiry. When the police found Andrews he shot himself dead after fatally shooting his female companion. Andrews was only 33, as stated in The Man Who was Erdnase.

Others argue against Andrews being Erdnase because the known examples of his writing are very much inferior to the exceptional writing of The Expert at the Card Table.

There has been newer evidence since the year 2000 that puts to rest the assumption that Milton Franklin Andrews was Erdnase. It is obvious that Andrews was a card cheat but that is as far as his connection goes. Other historians have also found other men that could have indeed been S.W. Erdnase.

Wilbur Edgerton Sanders
Some argue that Erdnase was probably a well-educated, locally prominent individual, hiding behind an alias to protect his social standing. The late David Alexander, a magician and private detective, did quite a bit of work to find a better and more possible candidate than Milton Franklin Andrews, and he proposed that Erdnase was a prominent mining engineer named Wilbur Edgerton Sanders; "S. W. Erdnase" is an anagram of "W. E. Sanders".

Since Alexander's death, others have researched Wilbur Edgerton Sanders. Genii Magazine devoted a large portion of its September 2011 issue to an exploration of Alexander's theory, providing substantial circumstantial evidence that links Sanders to Erdnase.

Edward Gallaway
Chris Wasshuber has identified the printer and circus performer (door talker, Punch and Judy, magic) Edward Gallaway as an extraordinary good match for Erdnase. Edward Gallaway worked at the time at the printer, James McKinney, the book was printed at. Later Gallaway published other books in remarkable similar fashion (self-published, copyright registered, contact address given as place of work, and price printed on the title page). A forensic linguistic analysis by Dr. John Olsson confirmed that the writing style of Gallaway and Erdnase are a very good match, and in particular a much better match than other possible candidates such as Wilbur Edgerton Sanders. Gallaway also matches the physical description provided by the illustrator M. D. Smith (identified and interviewed by Martin Gardner in 1947).

E. S. Andrews
Todd Karr has identified a Midwestern-based con artist and business swindler named E. S. Andrews who was active around the turn of the century and whose biography and range of known locations seems to fit Erdnase's. Also, E.S. Andrews spelled backwards is S.W. Erdnase.

L'Homme Masqué

Juan Tamariz has advanced the theory that Erdnase was written by the Peruvian magician named "L'Homme Masqué" (The Masked Man), who lived in Europe:

Juan Tamariz has the hypothesis that Erdnase was written by the 19th century Peruvian magician "L'Homme Masqué" (The Masked Man), who lived in Europe and is considered one of the greatest magicians in history, even Dai Vernon himself considers him among the three greatest. During the 9th Congress of the Latin American Federation of Magic Societies (FLASOMA 2009) held in Peru, he explained the reasons and grounds for which the author of Erdnase has to be L'Homme Masqué. During the explanation of this theory Gaetan Bloom was present, supporting this hypothesis.

Others
Many other people have also been proposed, including James Andrews, James DeWitt Andrews, Robert Frederick Foster and Herbert Lee Andrews, which have been discussed and debated on the Erdnase topic on the Genii magazine forum since 2003.

Bibliography

References

External links
 Artifice, Ruse, and Subterfuge at the Card Table: a Treatise on the Science and Art of Manipulating Cards, from the Harry Houdini Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
 Erdnase film official movie website

American gambling writers
American magicians
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
20th-century pseudonymous writers
Unidentified people

S. W. Erdnase


Amar Radio is a community radio channel, aimed at the Asian community. Based in Southall, London, it was launched on 27 June 2002 as Akash Radio.

During May 2010, Akash Radio had a change of management with the name, imaging and content all undergoing a refresh. Akash Radio became known as Amar Radio. In December 2010, Jaswant Singh, the President of Southall's Miri Piri Gurdwara bought Amar Radio with plans to give the station an overhaul.

Amar Radio is accessible via its website worldwide and features popular discussion, cultural, and bhangra shows. Amar Radio was available across the United Kingdom and Ireland from Sky Digital until 15 August 2011.

The station has won two Asian award nominations for best radio station, and is a sponsor of shows and melas within the local community.

References

External links
 Official website

Radio stations established in 2002
Radio stations in London
Community radio stations in the United Kingdom
2002 establishments in England

Amar Radio


Kontusz (Polish plural kontusze; , Lithuanian: kontušas; originally from Hungarian köntös- "robe") - a type of outer garment worn by the Hungarian and Polish-Lithuanian male nobility. It became popular in the 16th century and came to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth rule via Hungary from Turkey. In the 17th century, worn over an inner garment (żupan), the kontusz became a notable element of male Polish national and Zaporozhian cossack attire.

The kontusz was a long robe, usually reaching to below the knees, with a set of decorative buttons down the front. The sleeves were long and loose, on hot days worn untied, thrown on the back. In winter a fur lining could be attached to the kontusz, or a delia worn over it. The kontusz was usually of a vivid colour, and the lining was of a contrasting hue. The kontusz was tied with a long, wide sash called a pas kontuszowy.

The kontusz was more of a decorative garment than a useful one. Tradition states that the first kontusze were worn by szlachta who captured them from Ottomans to display as loot, which itself possibly originated from Mongol Haiqing which had openings in armpit.

Throwing kontusz sleeves on one's back and stroking one's moustache was considered to be a signal of readiness for a fight.

In 1776, Sejm deputies from different voivodeships of Poland were obliged to wear different coloured żupany and kontusze denoting their voivodeships.

In Poland, kontusz was worn mainly by the nobility, but it was also adopted by the Zaporozhian cossacks when Ukraine and Ruthenia were under Polish rule.

See also
 Delia (clothing)
 Pas kontuszowy
 Sukmana
 Żupan

Sources
 Jan Samek: Polskie Rzemiosło Artystyczne, Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe, Warszawa 1984,

External links

Short description, sketch

Polish clothing
Lithuanian clothing
Lithuanian nobility
Belarusian clothing
Ukrainian folk clothing
Coats (clothing)

Kontusz


Robert "Sput" Searight (born c. 1975) is an American drummer, composer and producer best known for his work with jazz fusion band Snarky Puppy and as co-founder of the percussion-based band Ghost-Note. His background spans several genres including jazz, funk, hip-hop and gospel. He has toured and recorded with a variety of artists including Kirk Franklin, Snoop Dogg, Justin Timberlake, Erykah Badu and Toto. He has received a Grammy award for his work on the album God's Property.

Life and career

Searight was born and raised in Dallas, Texas. He grew up in a musical family with a variety of instruments in his childhood home. His mother, Linda Searight, was an operatic singer and music teacher. He received his first drum kit at the age of five and started playing drums. He grew up listening to gospel music exclusively, but that changed at age eight with access to a diverse library of vinyl albums. He started taking music lessons in junior high school and, later, attended Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing Arts, where he played piano and received his first exposure to improvisation in the arts. He names gospel drummer Joel Smith as his biggest early influence.

In 1992, while in high school, Searight and his mother Linda founded the gospel choir God's Property. He studied jazz-piano and drums in junior college and then attended University of North Texas and majored in percussion. Soon after, in 1997, God's Property and Kirk Franklin collaborated to produce the eponymous album God's Property, for which Searight won a Grammy award in the category Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album. He started touring extensively in support of the album and settled in Los Angeles. There, he worked as a drummer and producer with a variety of artists, including Snoop Dogg, Justin Timberlake, Kendrick Lamar and Timbaland.

In mid-2000s Searight moved back to Dallas and performed in the Dallas R&B-gospel music scene, working with Erykah Badu, Tamela Mann, The Clark Sisters and others. In weekly jam sessions he met members of the jazz fusion band Snarky Puppy, at the time a Dallas-based band. Around 2006, he joined Snarky Puppy, first as a keyboardist and then as a drummer. He has received three Grammys with the ensemble.  In 2014, Searight and Snarky Puppy percussionist Nate Werth founded Ghost-Note, a percussion-based funk-hip hop-jazz band. He has released two albums with Ghost-Note, Fortified in 2015 and Swagism in 2018. In 2020, he joined Toto as the band's drummer, and in 2022 he toured with the band on the Dogz of Oz tour.

Discography

God's Property
 God's Property from Kirk Franklin's Nu Nation (1997)

Ghost-Note
 Fortified (2015)
 Swagism (2018)

with Snarky Puppy
Bring Us the Bright (2008)
Tell Your Friends (2010)
GroundUP (2012)
Family Dinner – Volume 1 (2013)
Sylva with Metropole Orkest (2015)
Family Dinner – Volume 2 (2016)
Culcha Vulcha (2016)

with Toto
With a Little Help from My Friends (2021)

Sessions and production credits selected works

Notes

References

External links

Snarky Puppy drummers: Interview and gear, Modern Drummer magazine, 2016

American jazz drummers
American funk drummers
Rhythm and blues drummers
American session musicians
American male drummers
Songwriters from Texas
Musicians from Dallas
21st-century American drummers
21st-century American male musicians
American male songwriters
African-American drummers
Living people
Year of birth unknown
1970s births

Robert Searight


God on Trial is a 2008 British television play written by Frank Cottrell-Boyce, starring Antony Sher, Rupert Graves and Jack Shepherd. The play takes place in Auschwitz during World War II. The Jewish prisoners put God on trial in absentia for abandoning the Jewish people. The question is whether God has broken his covenant with the Jewish people by allowing the Germans to commit genocide on them. It was produced and shown by the BBC on 3 September 2008.  Production was supported by PBS, which screened the play as part of its Masterpiece anthology.

The play is based on the Elie Wiesel play The Trial of God. Cottrell-Boyce describes this tale as "apocryphal". Wiesel later stated that the event was true, and that he had witnessed it. According to Cottrell-Boyce, producer Mark Redhead "had been trying to turn the story into a film for almost 20 years by the time he called me in 2005 to write the screenplay."

Plot
Jewish prisoners in a barrack at Auschwitz question why God has let this happen to them, His chosen people, and decide to try God in absentia to get at the answer. This becomes an extended debate on why God permits evil. The first theory proposed, that God must allow people to choose actions that lead to horrible results because human freedom of will is such an important value—a solution many consider the true one—is rejected with contempt, and the debate continues. Finally, one of the men, a rabbi, reviews the record of God's deeds against Israel's enemies in the Hebrew Bible, and draws the conclusion that God is not good, and that he has simply been on their side throughout history. He recounts that he had seen the phrase "God is with us" engraved on the belts of the German guards, concluding that God has now turned against the Jews once and for all. The account is so powerful that the others accept it, and there is a moment of silence. "So what do we do?" says one. "We pray," says the proposer of the theory grimly, and they rise, face one way and begin to pray. The scene fades to the present day, with visitors to Auschwitz standing stunned in the same space; the ghostly figures of the prisoners are seen among them, praying.

Cast
 Joseph Alessi - Kapo
 Josef Altin - Isaac
 Ashley Artus - Ricard
 Alexi Kaye Campbell - Doctor (presumably Josef Mengele)
 Dominic Cooper - Moche
 Lorcan Cranitch - Blockaltester
 Stephen Dillane - Schmidt
 Rupert Graves - Mordechai
 François Guetary - Jacques
 David de Keyser - Hugo
 Agnieszka Liggett - Tour Guide
 Louise Mardenborough - Emily
 Eddie Marsan - Lieble
 André Oumansky - Jacob
 Blake Ritson - Idek
 Jack Shepherd - Kuhn
 Antony Sher - Akiba
 Stellan Skarsgård - Baumgarten
 René Zagger - Ezra
 Dailly Hilaire

Score
The music for the film was especially commissioned and composed by Nick Green and Tristin Norwell.

Reception
Reviews were overwhelmingly positive. Sam Wollaston in The Guardian found it "powerful and thoughtful stuff, with some fine performances by some fine actors – Antony Sher, Rupert Graves, Dominic Cooper."  Remarking that Cottrell-Boyce wrote the piece from a position of personal faith, James Walton in The Telegraph observed, "Yet, as each of the characters put forward a different view on the question of God and suffering, it was clear that he was willing to interrogate his beliefs with real ferocity." This was a complex piece, and "as the fierceness of the intellectual and emotional grip tightened, it was impossible to imagine any halfway-thoughtful viewers, of whatever prior convictions, not having a disturbing sense of their own ideas coming under sustained and convincing attack." In a long review for The Times, Tim Teeman had great praise for the cast: "The performances were so strong it felt a privilege to watch the actors, among them Antony Sher, Rupert Graves, Stephen Dillane and Jack Shepherd." He also praises director Andy de Emmony's "brilliant, arresting sleight of hand... [mixing] the prisoners, naked and shorn, together with the present-day touring party in the gas chamber."  For The Independent, Thomas Sutcliffe remarked on Sher's role as the play's smouldering fuse: "Every now and then you saw Antony Sher, davening silently in a corner of the barracks. Like a loaded gun in a Chekhov play, you knew he was going to go off eventually and that it would be significant when he did, and indeed it was his explosive inventory of God's biblically attested crimes that finally swung the judges in favour of a guilty verdict."

Opposite fierce competition from the much-trailed, eagerly awaited debut episode of ITV's four-part-time travel fantasy series, Lost in Austen, and an episode of the BBC's celebrity genealogy show, Who Do You Think You Are?, featuring Esther Rantzen, God on Trial attracted 700,000 viewers on BBC2, a 3% share of the audience, according to overnight returns.

When the show was shown in the United States on PBS, the Los Angeles Times said "They are big topics addressed with a striking lack of sentimentality, quite a feat considering the setting."  The San Francisco Chronicle echoed the British reviewers in praising the "brilliant script" the "subtle wonders at every turn" in DeEmmony's direction, and remarked that "It seems trivial even to try to single out one superb performance from virtually every other superb performance."

Distribution

God on Trial aired on BBC2 on Wednesday 3 September 2008 and on PBS in the Masterpiece Contemporary strand on 9 November 2008.

See also
 Lawsuits against God

References

External links

2008 television films
2008 films
Holocaust films
Fictional lawsuits against God
Films about lawsuits against God
British drama films
Films with screenplays by Frank Cottrell-Boyce
2008 drama films
Television Academy Honors winners
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

God on Trial


A creator is someone who brings something into being.

Film
 Creator, a 1985 film starring Peter O'Toole, Vincent Spano, Mariel Hemingway, and Virginia Madsen
 The Creator (1999 film), a French film written and directed by and starring Albert Dupontel
 The Creator (2023 film), an American science fiction film directed by Gareth Edwards

Literature
 Creators (comics), fictional sorcerers in Marvel Comics
 Creators (Guyver), characters in the manga Bio Booster Armor Guyver
 "The Creator" (novelette), a 1935 sci-fi short story by Clifford D. Simak
 The Creator (poetry collection), a 2000 compilation by Dejan Stojanović
 The Creators, a 1992 history book by Daniel Boorstin
 The Creator (Sword of Truth), in Terry Goodkind's fantasy novel series

Music
 Kreator, a German thrash metal band
 Creator (album), a 1988 album by The Lemonheads
 "Creator", a 2018 song by Front Line Assembly from WarMech
 "The Creator", a 1991 song by Pete Rock & C.L. Smooth
 "Creator" (song), a 2008 song by Santigold

Religion
 Creator deity, a deity responsible for the creation of the Earth, world, and universe
 Great Spirit, or similar deity in Native American religions is often known as "The Creator"
 The Creator, 35th Sura of the Qur'an
An adherent of Creativity

Other uses
 A television program creator develops the characters, concept, and format for a television show

See also
 Creation (disambiguation)

Creator


Phoebe Ann Babcock Patten Bentley (c. 1807 – January 15, 1841) was an early member and missionary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, as well as a caretaker during the 1838 Mormon War and wife of early church leader and apostle David W. Patten. Little is known about her childhood except that she was born "Ann Babcock" sometime around 1807. At age 21, Babcock met David W. Patten. The two married in 1828, and Babcock adopted Patten's surname.

After her husband joined the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) in 1832, Ann was converted and baptized in the same year. While David was away on various missions, Ann Patten lived with other members of the church in Ohio and Missouri and supported herself financially by working as a seamstress. Ann also served a mission to Tennessee with her husband, an assignment almost unheard of at the time.

Following her husband's death at the Battle of Crooked River in 1838, Ann remarried Benjamin R. Bently, a young carpenter and non-Mormon who was living with the Pattens when David died. After a couple of years of marriage, Ann died of consumption on January 5, 1841, at the age of 34.

Early life
Little is known about Phoebe Ann Babcock's early life. Born sometime around 1807, Babcock was living in Dundee, Michigan with her family when she met David W. Patten, a farmer who had recently moved to Michigan from New York and who was seven years her senior. The two married in 1828 in Dundee. It is not known how many children they had, but not one survived to adulthood.

Conversion and membership
David W. Patten joined the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) in 1832 after hearing about it from his older brother, John Patten. After her husband's conversion, Ann joined the church the same year. In the years that followed, David was sent on several missions throughout the United States. During this time, Ann Patten supported herself by working as a seamstress and sharing housing with other members of the church in Ohio and Missouri.

Ann continued to support her husband for the rest of his life as he served as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. When David was called to serve a mission to Tennessee, Ann decided to accompany him. A wife traveling with her husband on a mission was almost unheard of in the early days of the church. In addition, during conflicts between Mormons and non-Mormons during the 1838 Mormon War, while many of the leaders of the church were imprisoned or away, Ann served as a caretaker for many of the members in the area. Helen Mar Whitney, a member at the time, wrote about Patten:

"She was a noble and self-sacrificing woman, who left all for the gospel's sake... she was early thrown upon her own resources, and though she had a slight and delicate frame she had a persevering and energetic spirit..."

In 1838, David W. Patten was mortally wounded at the Battle of Crooked River. During this time, Ann was living in Far West, Missouri and was quite ill. Ann went with Joseph Smith, Jr., Hyrum Smith, and Heber C. Kimball to where David was dying. Right before he died, David spoke to Ann and said "Whatever you do else, Oh do not deny the faith." Soon afterwards he died.

Immediately after David's death all of the men in Far West were compelled to surrender their weapons and several members of a mob were looting houses in Far West, as a result of Missouri Executive Order 44. Vilate Kimball, a Mormon in Far West, said of Ann Patten's response to the mobs:
"I can never forget her fearless and determined look. Around her waist was a belt to which was attached a large Bowie knife. She had a fire in her stove and a large iron kettle full of boiling water and a big tin dipper in her hand intending, she said, to fight if any of the demons came there. She did not seem in the least excited, her countenance was perfectly calm and she shed no tears."

Despite her illness, during this time Ann Patten took care of several members of the church, including several women whose husbands were imprisoned at the time.

Remarriage
During this time of turmoil, Ann remarried Benjamin R. Bently soon after David W. Patten's death. Bently was a young non-Mormon carpenter who had been living with the Pattens at the time of David's death. Unable to work because she was seriously ill with consumption, Ann accepted when Bently proposed, even though the marriage was deemed inappropriate for the wife of an Apostle to marry a non-Mormon. Bently later joined the church.

Death
Following the expulsion of the Mormons from Missouri, the couple moved to Quincy, Illinois, where they rented a two-bedroom home. However, Ann Patten Bently finally died of consumption on January 5, 1841, after having the disease for five years, at the age of 34.

After Ann's death, Benjamin Bently remarried Rhonda Ann Thompson in 1846.

References

1807 births
1841 deaths
American Latter Day Saint missionaries
Latter Day Saints from Illinois
Converts to Mormonism
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Female Mormon missionaries
Latter Day Saint missionaries in the United States
People from Quincy, Illinois
People from Dundee, Michigan
People from Far West, Missouri
Tuberculosis deaths in Illinois

Phoebe Ann Patten


Durban ( ) (, from  meaning 'the port' also called  for the mountain range that terminates in the area), nicknamed Durbs, is the third most populous city in South Africa after Johannesburg and Cape Town and the largest city in KwaZulu-Natal. Durban forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, which includes neighbouring towns and has a population of about 3.44 million, making the combined municipality one of the largest cities on the Indian Ocean coast of the African continent. Durban was also one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Durban was formerly named Port Natal due to its position as the chief seaport of South Africa, and its location on the Natal Bay of the Indian Ocean. Durban is one of the fastest growing cities in the world, and along with Johannesburg is one of the largest cities in Africa. Durban is a rich ethnically diverse city, with large Zulu, White, and Indian/Asian populations.

History

Archaeological evidence from the Drakensberg mountains suggests that the Durban area has been inhabited by communities of hunter-gatherers since 100,000 BC. These people lived throughout the area of KwaZulu-Natal until the expansion of agro-pastoralists and pastoralists from the north saw their gradual incorporation. Oral history has been passed down from generation to generation by the Zulu nation, who were inhabitants of the land before colonisers, but there is no written history of the area until it was sighted by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, who sailed parallel to the KwaZulu-Natal coast at Christmastide in 1497 while searching for a route from Europe to India. He named the area "Natal", or Christmas in Portuguese.

Abambo People
In 1686, a ship from the Dutch East India Company named Stavenisse was wrecked off the eastern coast of South Africa. Some of the survivors made their way to the Bay of Natal (Durban) where they were taken in by the Abambo tribe, which was led by Chief Langalibale. The crew became fluent in the tribe's language and witnessed their customs. The tribe told them that the land where the Abambo people lived was called Embo by the natives and that the people were very hospitable.

On 28 October 1689, the galiot Noord travelled from Table Bay to the Bay of Natal to fetch the surviving crew of the Stavenisse and to negotiate a deal for purchasing the bay. The Noord arrived on 9 December 1689, whereafter the Dutch Cape Colony purchased the Bay of Natal from the Abambo people for £1,650.  A formal contract was drawn up by Laurens van Swaanswyk and signed by the Chief of the Abambo people, with the crew of the Stavenisse acting as translators.

First European Colonizers
By 1822, James Saunders King, captain of the British ship , together with Lt. Francis George Farewell, both men being former Royal Navy officers from the Napoleonic Wars, were engaged in trade between the Cape and Delagoa Bay. On a return trip to the Cape in 1823, they were caught in a severe storm and decided to risk the Bar and anchor in the Bay of Natal. The crossing went off well and they found safe anchor from the storm. Lt. King decided to map the Bay and named the "Salisbury and Farewell Islands". In 1824 Lt. Farewell, together with a trading company called J. R. Thompson & Co., decided to open trade relations with Shaka, the Zulu King, and establish a trading station at the Bay. Henry Francis Fynn, another trader at Delagoa Bay, was also involved in this venture.

Fynn left Delagoa Bay and sailed for the Bay of Natal on the brig Julia, while Farewell followed six weeks later on the Antelope. Between them they had 26 possible settlers, although only 18 stayed. On a visit to King Shaka, Henry Francis Fynn succeeded in befriending the king by helping him recover from a stab wound that he had suffered as a result of an assassination attempt by one of his half-brothers. As a token of his gratitude King Shaka granted Fynn a "25-mile strip of coast a hundred miles in depth".

On 7 August 1824, they concluded negotiations with King Shaka for a cession of land, including the Bay of Natal and land extending  south of the Bay,  north of the Bay and  inland.
Farewell took possession of this grant and raised the Union Jack with a Royal Salute, which consisted of 4 cannon shots and twenty musket shots. Only six of the original eighteen would-be settlers remained, and these six can be regarded as the founders of Port Natal as a British colony. These six were joined by Lt. James Saunders King and Nathaniel Isaacs in 1825.

The modern city of Durban thus dates from 1824, when the settlement was established on the northern shores of the bay near today's Farewell Square. During a meeting of 35 European residents in Fynn's territory on 23 June 1835, it was decided to build a capital town and name it "D'Urban" after Sir Benjamin D'Urban, who was the governor of the Cape Colony at the time.

Republic of Natalia

The Voortrekkers established the Republic of Natalia in 1839, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg.

Tension between the Voortrekkers and the Zulus prompted the governor of the Cape Colony to dispatch a force under Captain Charlton Smith to establish British rule in Natal, for fear of losing British control in Port Natal. The force arrived on 4 May 1842 and built a fortification that was later to be The Old Fort. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 the British attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella. The attack failed, and the British had to withdraw to their camp which was put under siege. A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni were able to escape the blockade and rode to Grahamstown, a distance of  in fourteen days to raise reinforcements. The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later; the Voortrekkers retreated, and the siege was lifted.

Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban, and eventually the Afrikaners accepted British annexation in 1844 under military pressure.

Durban's historic regalia
When the Borough of Durban was proclaimed in 1854, the council had to procure a seal for official documents. The seal was produced in 1855 and was replaced in 1882. The new seal contained a coat of arms without helmet or mantling that combined the coats of arms of Sir Benjamin D'Urban and Sir Benjamin Pine. An application was made to register the coat of arms with the College of Arms in 1906, but this application was rejected on grounds that the design implied that D'Urban and Pine were husband and wife. Nevertheless, the coat of arms appeared on the council's stationery from about 1912. The following year, a helmet and mantling was added to the council's stationery and to the new city seal that was made in 1936. The motto reads "Debile principium melior fortuna sequitur"—"Better fortune follows a humble beginning".

The blazon of the arms registered by the South African Bureau of Heraldry and granted to Durban on 9 February 1979. The coat of arms fell into disuse with the re-organisation of the South African local government structure in 2000. The seal ceased to be used in 1995.

Government
 With the end of apartheid, Durban was subject to restructuring of local government. Its first mayor was Sipho Ngwenya. In 1996, the city became part of the Durban UniCity in July 1996 as part of transitional arrangements and to eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality in 1999, with the adoption of South Africa's new municipal governance system. In July 1996, Obed Mlaba was appointed mayor of Durban UniCity; in 1999 he was elected mayor of the eThekwini municipality and re-elected in 2006. Following the May 2011 local elections, James Nxumalo, the former speaker of the council, was elected as the new mayor. On 23 August 2016 Zandile Gumede was elected as the new mayor until 13 August 2019. On 5 September 2019 Mxolisi Kaunda was sworn in as the new mayor.

The name of the Durban municipal government, prior to the post-apartheid reorganisations of municipalities, was the Durban Corporation or City of Durban.

Geography
Durban is located on the east coast of South Africa, looking out upon the Indian Ocean. The city lies at the mouth of the Umgeni River, which demarcates parts of Durban's north city limit, while other sections of the river flow through the city itself. Durban has a natural harbour, Durban Harbour, which is the busiest port in South Africa and is the 4th-busiest in the Southern Hemisphere.

The extent of urban sprawl the Greater Durban agglomeration has experienced, virtually adjoining surrounding smaller towns, has made boundaries in the metropolitan area quite complicated. Durban proper, which is the main city, is demarcated by its administrative city limits which are only as large to include the city centre, the Bluff, Berea, Durban North, Mobeni as well as Umbogintwini, Athlone Park, Isipingo and Prospecton to the south among other suburbs.

However, the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality is an amalgamation of Durban proper and over 120 other nearby formerly independent towns and suburbs such as Amanzimtoti, Cato Ridge, Chatsworth, Hillcrest, KwaMashu, Inanda, oThongathi, Pinetown, Queensburgh, uMhlanga, Umlazi, Verulam and Westville among others which have organically merged yet still retain their legal boundaries.

The name "Durban" is commonly referred to by residents as not just the city proper but the Greater Durban metropolitan area which sometimes extends beyond eThekwini to include Scottburgh, Ballito and KwaDukuza. Similarly, the demonym of a "Durbanite" not only refers to people who live within Durban proper but to residents of the Greater Durban metropolitan area.

Climate
Durban has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa/Cwa), with hot, humid summers and warm, quite dry winters, which are snow and frost-free. Durban has an annual rainfall of . The average temperature in summer ranges around , while in winter the average temperature is .

Climate change
A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~ by 2100, the climate of Durban in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Kigali. The annual temperature would increase by , and the temperature of the coldest month by , while the temperature of the warmest month would be  lower. According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with , which closely matches RCP 4.5.

Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Durban is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda and Maputo) which would be the most severely affected by future sea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of USD 65 billion under RCP 4.5 and USD 86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to 137.5 billion USD in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to USD 187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, USD 206 billion for RCP8.5 and USD 397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario. Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.

Demographics

Durban is ethnically diverse, with a cultural richness of mixed beliefs and traditions. Zulus form the largest single ethnic group. It has a large number of people of British and Indian descent. The influence of Indians in Durban has been significant, bringing with them a variety of cuisine, culture and religion.

In the years following the end of apartheid, there was a population boom as black Africans were allowed to move into the city. The population grew by an annual average of 2.34% between 1996 and 2001. This led to shanty towns forming around the city which were often demolished. Between 2001 and 2011, the population growth slowed down to 1.08% per year and shanty towns have become less common as the government builds low-income housing.

The population of the city of Durban and central suburbs such as Durban North, Durban South and the Berea increased 10.9% between 2001 and 2011 from 536,644 to 595,061. The proportion of black Africans increased while the proportion of people in all the other racial groups decreased. Black Africans increased from 34.9% to 51.1%; Indians or Asians decreased from 27.3% to 24.0%; whites decreased from 25.5% to 15.3%; and Coloureds decreased from 10.26% to 8.59%. A new racial group, "Other", was included in the 2011 census at 0.93%.

The city's demographics indicate that 68% of the population is of working age, and 38% of the people in Durban are under the age of 19 years.

Durban has the highest number of dollar millionaires added per year of any South African city, with the number having increased 200 percent between 2000 and 2014.

Economy
Sugar refining is one of Durban's main industries. South Africa produces 19.9 million tons of sugar cane a year and most of it comes from KwaZulu-Natal.

Informal sector
Durban has a number of informal and semi-formal street vendors. The Warwick Junction Precinct is home to a number of street markets, with vendors selling goods from traditional medicine, to clothing and spices.

The city's treatment of shack dwellers was criticised in a report from the United Nations linked Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions and there has also been criticism of the city's treatment of street traders, street children and sex workers. The cannabis strain called 'Durban Poison' is named for the city.

Civil society
There are a number of civil society organisations based in Durban. These include: Abahlali baseMjondolo movement, the Diakonia Council of Churches, the Right2Know Campaign, the South Durban Community Environmental Alliance and the South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement.

Tourism
Durban has been named the greenest city in the world by Husqvarna Urban Green Space Index.

 Burman Bush
Durban Botanic Gardens
Durban Art Gallery
Durban Natural Science Museum
 Hawaan Forest
 New Germany Nature Reserve
 Pigeon Valley Nature reserve
 Umgeni River Bird Park
 Umhlanga Lagoon Nature Reserve
Kenneth Stainbank Nature Reserve
Mitchell Park Zoo
 Moses Mabhida Stadium - Activities include a skycar ride or adventure walk to the top of the arch with 360-degree views over Durban; Guinness World Record bungee swing; segway gliding tours of the stadium; cafes and restaurants; monthly I Heart Durban market;
 Kingsmead Cricket Ground - a major test match and one-day cricket venue.
 Kings Park Stadium - home ground of the internationally renowned Sharks rugby team.
 Greyville Racecourse - home of the Durban July Handicap and Durban Country Club and golf course.

Media

Two major English-language daily newspapers are published in Durban, both part of the Independent Newspapers, the national group owned by Sekunjalo Investments. These are the morning editions of The Mercury and the afternoon Daily News. Like most news media in South Africa, they have seen declining circulations in recent years. Major Zulu language papers comprise Isolezwe (Independent Newspapers), UmAfrika and Ilanga. Independent Newspapers also publish Post, a newspaper aimed largely at the Indian community. A national Sunday paper, the Sunday Tribune is also published by Independent Newspapers as is the Independent on Saturday.

A major city initiative is the eZasegagasini Metro Gazette.

The national broadcaster, the SABC, has regional offices in Durban and operates two major stations there. The Zulu language Ukhozi FM has a huge national listenership of over 6.67 million, which makes it the second largest radio station in the world. The SABC also operates Radio Lotus, which is aimed at South Africans of Indian origin. The other SABC national stations have smaller regional offices in Durban, as does TV for news links and sports broadcasts. A major English language radio station, East Coast Radio, operates out of Durban and is owned by SA media giant Kagiso Media. There are a number of smaller stations which are independent, having been granted licences by ICASA, the national agency charged with the issue of broadcast licences.

Sport

Durban was initially successful in its bid to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games, but needed to withdraw in March 2017 from the role of hosts when the government withdrew its subsidy due to financial constraints. Birmingham, England replaced Durban as the host city.

Durban is home to The Sharks rugby union club, also known as the Cell C Sharks, who compete in the domestic Currie Cup competition as well as in the international United Rugby Championship and Heineken Champions Cup competition. The Sharks' home ground is the 54,000 capacity HollywoodbetsKings Park Stadium, sometimes referred to as the Shark Tank. The Sharks are home to many South Africa national rugby union team players such as Thomas du Toit, Bongi Mbonambi, Eben Etzebeth, Makazole Mapimipi,  Lukhanyo Am and the 2019 Rugby World Cup captain Siya Kolisi.

The city has two clubs in the Premier Soccer League — AmaZulu, and Golden Arrows. AmaZulu play most of their home games at the Moses Mabhida Stadium. Golden Arrows play most of their home games at the King Zwelithini Stadium in the nearby township of Umlazi, but sometimes play some of their matches at Moses Mabhida Stadium or Chatsworth Stadium. It is also a home to some teams that are playing in the National First Division such as Royal Eagles FC and Royal Kings

Durban is host to the KwaZulu-Natal cricket team, who play as the Dolphins when competing in the Sunfoil Series. Shaun Pollock, Jonty Rhodes, Lance Klusener, Barry Richards, Andrew Hudson, Hashim Amla, Vince van der Bijl, Kevin Pietersen, Dale Benkenstein and David Miller are all players or past players of the Natal cricket team. International cricketers representing them include Malcolm Marshall, Dwayne Bravo and Graham Onions. Cricket in Durban is played at Kingsmead cricket ground.

Durban hosted matches in the 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup. In 2007 the city hosted nine matches, including a semi-final, as part of the inaugural ICC World Twenty20. The 2009 IPL season was played in South Africa, and Durban was selected as a venue. 2010 saw the city host six matches, including a semi-final, in the 2010 Champions League Twenty20.

Durban was one of the host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and A1 Grand Prix held a race on a street circuit in Durban from 2006 to 2008. Durban hosted the 123rd IOC Session in July 2011.

The city is home to Greyville Racecourse, a major Thoroughbred horse racing venue which annually hosts a number of prestigious races including the country's premier event, the July Handicap, and the premier staying event in South Africa, the Gold Cup. Clairwood racecourse, south of the city, was a popular racing venue for many years, but was sold by the KZN racing authority in 2012.

Durban hosts many famous endurance sports events annually, such as the Comrades Marathon, Dusi Canoe Marathon and the Ironman 70.3.

The city hosted several continental basketball tournaments such as the 1994 FIBA Africa Championship for Women or the 2006 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship.

Transport

Air

King Shaka International Airport services both domestic and international flights, with regularly scheduled services to Dubai, Doha, Istanbul, Harare, Lusaka & Manzini as well as eight domestic destinations. Flights to Luanda start on 16 January 2024. The airport's position forms part of the Golden Triangle between Johannesburg and Cape Town, which is important for convenient travel and trade between these three major South African cities. The airport opened in May 2010. King Shaka International Airport handled 6.1 million passengers in 2019/2020, up 1.8 percent from 2018/2019. King Shaka International was constructed at La Mercy, about  north of central Durban. All operations at Durban International Airport have been transferred to King Shaka International as of 1 May 2010, with plans for flights to Hong Kong, Singapore, Mumbai, Kigali, Luanda, Lilongwe and Nairobi.

Sea

Durban has a long tradition as a port city. The Port of Durban, formerly known as the Port of Natal, is one of the few natural harbours between Port Elizabeth and Maputo, and is also located at the beginning of a particular weather phenomenon which can cause extremely violent seas. These two features made Durban an extremely busy port of call for ship repairs when the port was opened in the 1840s.

MSC Cruises bases one of their cruise ships in Durban from November to April every year. From the 2023/2024 Southern Africa cruise season MSC Cruises will be basing the MSC Splendida in Durban. Durban is the most popular cruise hub in Southern Africa. Cruise destinations from Durban on the MSC Splendida include Mozambique, Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar and other domestic destinations such as Port Elizabeth and Cape Town. Many other ships cruise through Durban every year, including some of the world's biggest, such as the RMS Queen Mary 2, the biggest ocean liner in the world. Durban has built a brand new R200 million cruise terminal that has been in operation since October 2019, the Durban Cruise Terminal. The tender was awarded to KwaZulu Cruise Terminal (Pty) Ltd which is 70% owned by MSC Cruises SA and 30% by Africa Armada Consortium. The new cruise terminal will be able to accommodate two cruise ships at any given time.

Naval Base Durban on Salisbury Island (now joined to the mainland and part of the Port of Durban), was established as a naval base during the Second World War. It was downgraded in 2002 to a naval station. In 2012 a decision was made to renovate and expand the facilities back up to a full naval base to accommodate the South African Navy's offshore patrol flotilla. In December 2015 it was redesignated Naval Base Durban.

Rail
Durban featured the first operating steam railway in South Africa when the Natal Railway Company started operating a line between the Point and the city of Durban in 1860.

Shosholoza Meyl, the passenger rail service of Spoornet, operates two long-distance passenger rail services from Durban: a daily service to and from Johannesburg via Pietermaritzburg and Newcastle, and a weekly service to and from Cape Town via Kimberley and Bloemfontein. These trains terminate at Durban railway station.

Metrorail operates a commuter rail service in Durban and the surrounding area. The Metrorail network runs from Durban Station outwards as far as Stanger on the north coast, Kelso on the south coast, and Cato Ridge inland.

A high-speed rail link has been proposed, between Johannesburg and Durban.

Roads

The city's main position as a port of entry onto the southern African continent has led to the development of national roads around it. The N3 Western Freeway, which links Durban with the economic hinterland of Gauteng, heads west out of the city. The N2 Outer Ring Road links Durban with the Eastern Cape to the south, and Mpumalanga in the north. The Western Freeway is particularly important because freight is shipped by truck to and from the Witwatersrand for transfer to the port.

The N3 Western Freeway starts in the central business district and heads west under Tollgate Bridge and through the suburbs of Sherwood and Mayville. The EB Cloete Interchange (which is informally nicknamed the Spaghetti Junction) lies to the west of Durban and east of Westville, allowing for transfer of traffic between the N2 Outer Ring Road and the Western Freeway.

The N2 Outer Ring Road cuts through the city from the north coast to the south coast. It provides a vital link to the coastal towns (such as Amanzimtoti, Kingsburgh, Scottburgh, eMkhomazi, Ballito and KwaDukuza) that rely on Durban.

Durban also has a system of freeway and dual arterial metropolitan routes, which connect the sprawling suburbs that lie to the north, west and south of the city. The M4 exists in two segments. The northern segment, named the Ruth First Highway, starts as an alternative highway from the R102 in Ballito and shortly after intersects the N2. It passes through the seaside towns and villages of La Mercy and eMdloti before becoming a dual carriageway in uMhlanga, north of Durban and ending at the northern edge of the CBD. The southern segment of the M4, the Albert Lutuli Highway, starts at the southern edge of the CBD, connecting through to the old, decommissioned Durban International Airport, where it once again reconnects at the southern end of the N2 Outer Ring Road.

The M7 connects the southern industrial basin of Durban with the N3 and Pinetown via Queensburgh via the N2. The M19 connects the inner northern suburbs of Durban with Pinetown via Westville and the M41 connects uMhlanga and Phoenix via Mount Edgecombe and the N2.

The M13 (King Cetshwayo Highway) is an untolled alternative to the N3 Western Freeway (which is tolled at Mariannhill) and is an important commuter route linking the nearby towns and suburbs to the west of Durban such as Hillcrest, Gillitts, Kloof, Pinetown and Westville to the city.

In the late 2000s 107 streets in Durban were renamed, typically to honour individuals involved in the antiapartheid or international revolutionary movements, with two-thirds of the streets named after individuals associated with the governing African National Congress. This was done in two stages; a first, smaller one, which renamed eighteen streets and was met with some trepidation by opposition parties, particularly the Democratic Alliance, the Inkatha Freedom Party, and the Minority Front, and a second, larger stage, which renamed 99 streets and was met with considerably wider opposition after the controversy of the first and the minimal time between them. The first group was met with some opposition from This process was met with outrage from both opposition parties and the parts of the general public, as well as incidents of vandalism against the new road signs. The Democratic Alliance, Inkatha Freedom Party, and Minority Front were concerned with their lack of participation in the process, and that the emphasis on individuals affiliated with the ANC presented a partisan image of the antiapartheid struggle. Among the general public there was significant opposition from middle-class white South Africans, Indian South Africans, and Zulu nationalists, who believed that the new names should have a connection to the people and the history of the locality. In response, the ANC characterized the project as a transformation and part of progressive social change, characterizing their opponents as being "antitransformation" and "pro-apartheid".

Buses
Several companies run long-distance bus services from Durban to the other cities in South Africa. Buses have a long history in Durban. Most of them have been run by Indian owners since the early 1930s. Privately owned buses which are not subsidised by the government also service the communities. Buses operate in all areas of the eThekwini Municipality. Since 2003 buses have been violently taken out of the routes and bus ranks by taxi operators.

Durban was previously served by the Durban trolleybus system, which first ran in 1935.

Since 2017 the newer People Mover Bus System which runs along certain routes has been testing out free Wi-Fi for passengers.

Taxis
Durban has two kinds of taxis: metered taxis and minibus taxis. Unlike in many cities, metered taxis are not allowed to drive around the city to solicit fares and instead must be called and ordered to a specific location. A number of companies service the Durban and surrounding regions. These taxis can also be called upon for airport transfers, point to point pickups and shuttles.

Mini bus taxis are the standard form of transport for the majority of the population who cannot afford private cars. With the high demand for transport by the working class of South Africa, minibus taxis are often filled over their legal passenger allowance, making for high casualty rates when they are involved in accidents. Minibuses are generally owned and operated in fleets, and inter-operator violence flares up from time to time, especially as turf wars over lucrative taxi routes occur.

Ride sharing apps Uber and Taxify have been launched in Durban and are also used by commuters.

Rickshaws
Although rickshaws have been a mode of transportation since the early 1900s, they have been displaced by other forms of motorised transport. The roughly 25 remaining rickshaws mostly cater to tourists.

Education

Private schools
Al Falaah College
Canaan College
Clifton School
Crawford College, La Lucia
Crawford College, North Coast
Durban Girls' College
Eden College Durban
Highbury Preparatory School
Hillcrest Christian Academy
Maris Stella School
Orient Islamic School
Reddam House
Roseway Waldorf School
St. Henry's Marist Brothers' College
St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls, Kloof
Thomas More College
T Thunder College

Public schools

 Asoka Secondary School
 Brettonwood High School
 Durban Academy High School
 Durban Girls' High School (DGHS)
 Danville Park Girls' High School (DPGHS)
 Durban High School (DHS)
 Durban North College
 George Campbell School of Technology
 Glenwood High School
 Glenridge Primary School
 Hillcrest High School
 Insizwakazi Primary School
Isinkontshe Primary School
 Isipingo Secondary School
 Kingsway High School
 Kloof High School
 Kloof Junior Primary School
 Kloof Pre-Primary School
 Kloof Senior Primary School
 Mowat Park High School
 New Forest High School
 Northlands Girls' High School
 Northwood School
 Ogwini Comprehensive High School
 Pinetown Boys' High School
 Pinetown Girls' High School
 Port Natal High School
 Queensburgh Girls' High School
 Savannah Park Secondary School
 Sastri College High School
 St.Anthony Primary School
 Westville Boys' High School
 Westville Girls' High School
 Woodview Secondary school

Universities and Colleges

 Durban University of Technology
 Mangosuthu University of Technology
 Regent Business School
 University of KwaZulu-Natal
 University of South Africa
 Varsity College (South Africa)
 eta College

Culture
 African Art Centre
 Durban Art Gallery
 KZNSA
Phansi Museum
 Ethekwini Municipal Libraries
 Thunee is a popular Jack-Nine card game that originated among communities in Durban

Places of worship
Among the places of worship, there are predominantly Christian churches and temples. These include: Zion Christian Church, Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa, Assemblies of God, Baptist Union of Southern Africa (Baptist World Alliance), Methodist Church of Southern Africa (World Methodist Council), Anglican Church of Southern Africa (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Church of Africa (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Durban (Catholic Church) and the Durban South Africa Temple (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). There are also Muslim mosques and Hindu temples.

Crime and safety
Compared to other South African cities, Durban has a high murder rate. Between April 2018 and March 2019, the Ethekwini Metropolitan Municipality recorded 1,871 murders, gradually increasing from 1,349 seven years earlier and down from 2,042 in 2009.

Criminals usually avoid targeting tourists because they know that the police response will be greater.

Heist or theft is a common crime in the city. Most houses are protected by high walls and wealthier residents are often able to afford greater protection such as electric fencing, private security or gated communities. Crime rates vary widely across the city and most inner suburbs have much lower murder rates than in outlying areas of Ethekwini. Police station precincts recording the lowest murder rates per 100,000 in 2017 were Durban North (7), Mayville (8), Westville (12) and Malvern (12); Kwamashu (76) and Umlazi (69) were some of the most dangerous areas. Other crime comparisons are less valuable due to significant under-reporting especially in outlying areas.

There was a period of intense violence beginning in the 1990s, and the Durban area recorded a murder rate of 83 per 100,000 in 1999. The murder rate dropped rapidly in the 2000s before increasing rapidly throughout the 2010s. Durban is one of the main drug trafficking routes for drugs exiting and entering sub-Saharan Africa. The drug trade has increased significantly over the past 20 years.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Durban is twinned with:
Alexandria, Egypt
Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium
Bremen, Germany
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Chicago, Illinois, US
Gwangju, South Korea
Eilat, Israel
Guangzhou, China
Le Port, Réunion
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Leeds, United Kingdom
Maracaibo, Venezuela
Maputo, Mozambique
Nantes, France
New Orleans, Louisiana, US
Oran, Algeria
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Mombasa, Kenya

Notable residents
 Dianne Lynne Bevelander, South African academic and activist
 Alan Khan, Radio and television presenter
 Gordon Murray, Engineer and Maclaren designer
 Jan-Hendrik S. Hofmeyr, biochemist, born in Durban in 1953
 Raoul Hyman, racing driver
 Bruce Johnstone, racing driver
 Aaron Klug, Nobel prizewinner, educated at Durban High School
 Brausch Niemann, racing driver
 Jayapraga Reddy (1947–1996), writer
 Vivian Reddy, business founder and philanthropist
 Jack Saul, South African-Israeli tennis player
 Billy Tennant, professional flowboarder
 Stephen Watson, racing driver
 Ela Gandhi, peace activist and politician, grandfather was Mahatma Gandhi
 Lara Logan, journalist
 Pearl Thusi, actress
 Chad Le Clos, olympic swimmer
 Jordy Smith, surfer
 Penelope Coelen, Miss World 1958
 Nick Price, major winning golfer
 Black Coffee (DJ), DJ, record producer and songwriter
 Baby Queen, singer-songwriter
 Fernando Pessoa, poet, writer, philosopher

See also

 Art Deco in Durban
 Black December
 Durban International Film Festival
 Durban Youth Council
 Emmanuel Cathedral
 Riverside Soofie Mosque and Mausoleum
 World Conference against Racism 2001 – held in Durban

References

External links

 eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality
 Durban Tourism Bureau
 Snake City, National Geographic Wild
 Gandhi Sites in Durban

1880 establishments in the British Empire
Cities in South Africa
History of KwaZulu-Natal
Port cities and towns of the Indian Ocean
Populated places established in 1824
Populated places in eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality
Port cities in South Africa
Populated coastal places in South Africa

Durban


Seyni Kountché (1 July 1931 – 10 November 1987) was a Nigerien military officer who led a 1974 coup d'état that deposed the government of Niger's first president, Hamani Diori. He ruled the country as military head of state from 17 April 1974 until his death on 10 November 1987. Stade Général Seyni Kountché, Niger's national stadium in Niamey, is named after him.

Military career
Born in 1931 in the town of Damana Fandou, the child of Djerma aristocracy who traced their origins to the Djermakoy Tondikandie, Kountché began his military career in 1949 serving in the French colonial army. In 1957, he was promoted to the rank of sergeant. The French territory of Niger became independent as the Republic of Niger on 3 August 1960. One year after his country gained its independence, Kountché transferred to the Niger Army. From 1965 to 1966, he studied at the officer's training school in Paris and became deputy chief of staff of the armed forces soon after. He was promoted to armed forces chief of staff in 1973.

Niger in 1974
During this same period, the newly independent country of Niger faced many problems. Politically, the nation was ruled as a one-party state led by president Hamani Diori. Opposition to the regime was suppressed, sometimes violently. A severe drought lasted from 1968 to 1974, leading to food shortages and growing dissatisfaction with the government. The economy remained weak despite attempts to exploit the large reserves of uranium in the country. Widespread civil disorder followed allegations that some government ministers were misappropriating stocks of food aid.

1974 coup

On 15 April 1974, Seyni Kountché led a military coup that ended Diori's rule. Kountché's first official acts were to suspend the Constitution, dissolve the National Assembly, ban all political parties, and release political prisoners. A Supreme Military Council (CMS) was established on 17 April 1974 with Kountché as president. Its stated mandate was to distribute food aid fairly and to restore morality to public life. A consultative National Council for Development (CND) replaced the National Assembly. Although political parties were outlawed, opposition activists who were exiled during Diori's regime were allowed to return to Niger.

Military governance
The military government's major preoccupation was planning an economic recovery. Generally amicable relations were maintained with France, and new links were formed with Arab states. Domestically, the country stabilized although personal and policy differences developed within the CMS. Plots to remove Kountché were thwarted in 1975 and again in 1976.

Return to constitutional governance
In 1981 Kountché began to increase civilian representation in the CMS, and in 1982 preparations were undertaken for a constitutional form of government. A civilian prime minister, Mamane Oumarou, was appointed on 24 January 1983. One year later, in January 1984, he established a commission to draft a pre-constitutional document, termed a 'national charter'. It was later approved in a national referendum. The charter provided for the establishment of non-elective, consultative institutions at both national and local levels.

Economic tensions and repression
Economic adjustment efforts during this period were impeded by the recurrence of drought in 1984 and 1985 along with the closure of the land border with Nigeria from 1984 to 1986. Niger's dependence on external financial assistance was increased. Relations with the United States (by now the country's principal source of food aid) assumed considerable importance. Meanwhile, a period of renewed tension between Niger and Libya had fueled Libyan accusations of the persecution of the light-skinned, nomadic Tuareg population by the Kountché regime. Kountché rejected Libyan overtures to join the Organization of Saharan States because of Gaddafi's pronouncement in a speech at Benghazi in October 1980 that "Moors and Arab-Berber people were persecuted and opressed in Mali and Niger". In May 1985, following an armed incident near the Niger-Libya border, all non-Nigerien Tuaregs were expelled from the country.

Death
Kountché's health deteriorated in late 1986 and it continued to worsen during 1987. He died at a Paris hospital of a brain tumor on 10 November 1987. Ali Saïbou succeeded him and on 14 November 1987, he was appointed president of the Supreme Military Council (CMS).

References

External links
Visit of his excellency General Seyni Kountche includes text of speech Kountché made while in the US

1931 births
1987 deaths
French military personnel
People of French West Africa
Presidents of Niger
Nigerien military personnel
Leaders who took power by coup
Deaths from brain cancer in France
People from Tillabéri Region
Zarma people
20th-century Nigerien politicians
20th-century presidents in Africa

Seyni Kountché


The Silver World Award is a distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). It is presented for noteworthy and extraordinary service to youth on an international basis. Recipients must be a citizen of a country with a Scouting program that is a member of the World Scout Conference. Registered members of the BSA are not eligible for this award.

Award
The award consists of a silver medallion enameled in blue with meridian lines, stars and the universal emblem of the BSA suspended from a red and white striped ribbon worn around the neck. The medallion represents the global scope of the award.

Recipients may wear the corresponding square knot, with a design that reflects the award.

History
The Silver World Award was created in 1971 and originally was presented to those who provided international service to the Scouting programs of the BSA, but were not registered members of the BSA.

Nominations were to be approved by the Chief Scout Executive, the national president, the  international commissioner, or the national commissioner, all of whom had the authority to present to any persons they might choose.

Criterion
Today, public nominations for the award are no longer accepted, but it is used by the executive leadership of the BSA for recognition of world leaders in International Scouting, on the following basis and procedure:

The award may be presented to citizens of any country whose Scout association is a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, in recognition of his or her service of exceptional character to the youth of his or her own country, or on an international basis.

The recipient does not have to be a member of a Scout association. United States citizens may receive the Silver World Award for international service to youth, provided they are not registered members of the Boy Scouts of America.

Approved awards may be presented by an authorized member of the Boy Scouts of America either by a personal visit with the recipient or at an official meeting of a National Scout Association, including the BSA.

As evidence of the award, there will be presented a suitable certificate duly authorized by the Boy Scouts of America.

Recipients
, there have been 126 Silver World Awardees.
Note: This list is presented in the order of awards as published by the Boy Scouts of America International Department.
 1971— Charles Dymoke Green, Jr. (United Kingdom); László Nagy (Switzerland); John W. Sharp (Canada); Olave Baden-Powell (United Kingdom)
 1972— Taizō Ishizaka (Japan); Saburō Matsukata (Japan); Tsunao Okumura (Japan); Antonio C. Delgado (Philippines); Charles Celier (France); E. Bower Carty (Canada) A. Wallace Denny (Canada); Misael Pastrana Borrero (Columbia); Adolfo Aristeguieta G. (Venezuela); Ramon Ocando Perez (Venezuela); Julio Montes Taracena (Guatemala); Samuel Hart (Jamaica); Nahim Isaias B. (Ecuador); Sir Paul Hasluck (Australia); Sir John Marshall (New Zealand); Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX (Indonesia); Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Aryamehr Shahanshan of Iran (Iran); Golda Meir (Israel)
 1973— Salvador Fernández Beltrán (Switzerland); Bruce H. Garnsey (Australia); Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya); Haile Selassie I (Ethiopia); Demetrios Alexantos (Greece); Oscar de Oliveira (Brazil)
 1974— Victor Steiner (El Salvador); Dr. Gustavo J. Vollmer (Venezuela); Luis Esteban Palacios W. (Venezuela); Johan Kromann (Denmark); Robin Gold (United Kingdom); Arthur Eugster (Switzerland); Lakshmi Mazumdar (India); Pope Paul VI (Vatican)
 1975— Chuan-kai Teng (Taiwan); Shintarō Negishi (Japan); Odd Hopp (Norway); Sven H. Bauer (Sweden); Hossein Banai (Iran); The Princess Benedikte (Denmark); Emperor Hirohito (Japan); King Olav V (Norway)
 1976— King Carl XVI Gustaf (Sweden); Sherman K. Ramsingh (Trinidad and Tobago); Jorge Toral Azuela (Mexico); Sir William Gladstone, Bt., DL (United Kingdom); Shieh You-Hwa (Taiwan)
 1977— Spencer W. Kimball (United States); Francisco Macías Valadéz (Mexico)
 1978— John Beresford (United Kingdom); Roberto Dorion B. (Guatemala); Kenneth H. Stevens (United Kingdom)
 1979— Col. Sang Myong Ree (Korea); J. Percy Ross (Canada)
 1980— Ivo Stern Becka (Mexico); Wallace B. Smith (United States)
 1981— Daniel Arap Moi (Kenya); Leonard F. Jarrett (Switzerland); Bennett B. Shotade (Africa Region World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM))
 1982— Alexander Gibson (Bahamas); John R. Phillpot (Bahamas); Percival R. Siebold (World Scout Bureau); Yoshio Sakurauchi (Japan)
 1983— Pope John Paul II, (Vatican); Tan Sri Kamarul Ariffin (Malaysia)
 1984— Archbishop Iakovos of America (United States); Jarl Wahlström (Finland); Enrique Alfaro (Mexico); Rolando Gonzalez (Venezuela); Rudolgo Kantor (Chile); Reginald K. Groome, OC (Canada)
 1985— John L. MacGregor (Canada)
 1986— Antonio Pozzi Pardo (Mexico); Kō Yoshida (Japan); Patrick A. McLaughlin (Switzerland)
 1987— Peter Pessoa (Brazil); Suk-Won Kim (Korea)
 1988— Fritz Vollmar (Switzerland); James Blain (Canada)
 1989— Franz Dunshirn (Austria); Morrey Cross (Canada)
 1990— Juan Neiman (Guatemala); Sir Marc Noble (United Kingdom)
 1991— F. O. Ogunlana (World Scout Committee, Nigeria)
 1992— Herbert C. Pitts (Canada); Hartmut Keyler (Germany); Sven Erik Ragnar (Sweden); Garnet de la Hunt (South Africa)
 1993— Jacques Moreillon (Switzerland)
 1995— Garth Morrison (United Kingdom)
 1996— Neil M. Westaway (Australia)
 1997— Geoffrey W. Wheatley (Canada); Aleksander Kwasniewski of Poland; Ezer Weizman (Israel)
 1998— Ryutaro Hashimoto; Carlos Enrique Rivera (Guatemala); President Mary McAleese of Ireland; Francisco Roman (Philippines)
 1999— Joseph Estrada (Philippines); Klaus Johann Jacobs (Switzerland)
 2001— Akira Watanabe (Japan)
 2002— None awarded
 2003— Jørgen G. Rasmussen (Denmark)
 2004— John A. Gemmill (Canada); Howard E. Kilroy (Ireland)
 2007— Lars Kolind (Denmark); Alexander S. Bondar (Ukraine); Emperor Akihito
 2008— John Geoghegan (World Scout Foundation, Ireland); Göran Hägerdal (Sweden)
 2010— Mohamed Ali Khalid (Asia Pacific Region WOSM, India)
 2011— Simon Hang-Bock Rhee (Korea)
 2012— Luc Panissod (Switzerland); Jejomar Binay of the Philippines; Abdullah Rasheed (Maldives)
 2015— Siegfried Weiser, World Scout Foundation
 2018— João Armando Gonçalves (Portugal); Jemima N. Nartey (Vice Chairperson, World Organization of the Scout Movement)
 2019—Ahmad Alhendawi (Secretary-General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement)
 2021— Michael (Mike) D. Scott (Canada); Omar Lugo Aguirre (Mexico)

References

Advancement and recognition in the Boy Scouts of America
Awards established in 1971

Silver World Award


Johar (foaled 1999 in Kentucky, died November 10, 2014) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2003 Breeders' Cup Turf in a dead heat with High Chaparral.

Bred and raced by Prince Ahmed bin Salman's The Thoroughbred Corp., his sire Gone West, a son of the outstanding sire Mr. Prospector, was a millionaire multiple stakes winner and a successful sire and a sire of sires who sold for US$6.1 million. His dam was Windsharp, a multiple Grade 1 winner in the United States and the 1996 Canadian Champion Older Female Horse and Canadian Champion Female Turf Horse . Damsire, Lear Fan, raced in England and France and notably won the Grade 1 Prix Jacques Le Marois.

Trained by Richard Mandella, Johar was unraced at two but at age three made eleven starts from a base in California. He won four times including the Grade 1 Hollywood Derby and Grade 2 Oak Tree Derby. At four in 2003, the colt won the Grade 2 San Marcos Handicap in January at Santa Anita Park but a shoulder fracture kept him out of racing until late summer. In his August 22 comeback he finished third to winner Irish Warrior in the Harry F. Brubaker Handicap at Del Mar Racetrack. Johar then ran second to Storming Home in the September 28 Clement L. Hirsch Memorial Turf Championship  before winning the most important race of his career, the October 25 Breeders' Cup Turf, held that year at Santa Anita Park. Johar, last until the field moved through the backstretch, made a powerful late run down the middle of the homestretch to finish first in a dead-heat with High Chaparral and barely a nose ahead of third-place finisher Falbrav.  As co-winner of the first dead-heat in Breeders' Cup history, Johar defeated other top runners such as The Tin Man (4th), and the betting favorite, Storming Home (7th).

Johar was retired to stud for the 2005 season. As of September 25, 2009, he had sired twenty-three race winners.

References

 Johar's pedigree and partial racing stats
 Johar's complete racing and breeding profile at the Bloodhorse.coms Stallion Register Online
 October 25, 2003 Breederscup.com article titled Turf has first dead-heat
 Details and video of the 2003 Breeders' Cup Turf at the official website

1999 racehorse births
2014 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Breeders' Cup Turf winners
Thoroughbred family 5-j

Johar


Time in Sri Lanka since  is officially represented by the Sri Lanka Standard Time (SLST, UTC+05:30).

Historic UTC offsets were:
 UTC+05:30
 UTC+06:00
 UTC+06:30

Daylight saving time
In history daylight saving time was used too.

IANA time zone database
The IANA time zone database contains one zone for Sri Lanka in the file zone.tab, named Asia/Colombo.

See also
 Sri Lanka Standard Time

External links
 Official website for Sri Lanka Standard Time

Time in Sri Lanka


The Ten-Point Program is a list of goals and guidelines made by the Black Panther Party. It is based on the Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence. It was written by party members Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966.

About
The Ten-Point Program has two parts. The first part is "What We Want Now!" and is a list of demands to American society. The second part is "What We Believe" and describes the philosophy of the party.

Ten-Point Program

What We Want Now!

 We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community.
 We want full employment for our people.
 We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists of our black and oppressed communities.
 We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.
 We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society.
 We want all Black men to be exempt from military service.
 We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people.
 We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails.
 We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black Communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States.
 We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace.

What We Believe

 We believe that Black People will not be free until we are able to determine our own destiny.
 We believe that the federal government is responsible and obligated to give every man employment or a guaranteed income. We believe that if the White American business men will not give full employment, the means of production should be taken from the businessmen and placed in the community so that the people of the community can organize and employ all of its people and give a high standard of living.
 We believe that this racist government has robbed us and now we are demanding the overdue debt of forty acres and two mules. Forty acres and two mules was promised 100 years ago as redistribution for slave labor and mass murder of Black people. We will accept the payment in currency which will be distributed to our many communities: the Germans are now aiding the Jews in Israel for genocide of the Jewish people. The Germans murdered 6,000,000 Jews. The American racist has taken part in the slaughter of over 50,000,000 Black people; therefore, we feel that this is a modest demand that we make.
 We believe that if the White landlords will not give decent housing to our Black community, then the housing and the land should be made into cooperatives so that our community, with government aid, can build and make a decent housing for its people.
 We believe in an educational system that will give our people a knowledge of self. If a man does not have knowledge of himself and his position in society and the world, then he has little chance to relate to anything else.
 We believe that Black people should not be forced to fight in the military service to defend a racist government that does not protect us. We will not fight and kill other people of color in the world who, like Black people, are being victimized by the White racist government of America. We will protect ourselves from the force and violence of the racist police and the racist military, by whatever means necessary.
 We believe we can end police brutality in our Black community by organizing Black self-defense groups that are dedicated to defending our Black community from racist police oppression and brutality. The second Amendment of the Constitution of the United States gives us the right to bear arms. We therefore believe that all Black people should arm themselves for self-defense.
 We believe that all Black people should be released from the many jails and prisons because they have not received a fair and impartial trial.
 We believe that the courts should follow the United States Constitution so that Black people will receive fair trials. The 14th Amendment of the U.S Constitution gives a man a right to be tried by his peers. A peer is a persons from a similar economic, social, religious, geographical, environmental, historical, and racial background. To do this the court will be forced to select a jury from the Black community from which the Black defendant came. We have been, and are being tried by all-white juries that have no understanding of "the average reasoning man" of the Black community.
 When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and nature's god entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, and that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its power in such a form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accused. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, and their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards of their future security.

References

20th century in the United States
American civil rights

Ten-Point Program


Dred Scott (1799 – September 17, 1858) was a slave in the United States of America who took legal action to get his freedom in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case. His case was rejected by the Supreme Court.

Many people were angry at the decision, and slavery became one of the main issues in the American Civil War a few years later. Slavery was ended after the Confederate States of America surrendered.

References

Slaves
1799 births
1858 deaths

Dred Scott


The Simonstown Agreement (sic) was a naval cooperation agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the (then-officially) Union of South Africa signed .  Under the agreement, the Royal Navy (RN) gave up its naval base at Simon's Town, South Africa, and transferred command of the South African Navy (SAN) to the government of South Africa. In return, South Africa promised the use of the Simonstown base to Royal Navy ships.  The agreement also permitted South Africa to buy six anti-submarine frigates, ten coastal minesweepers and four seaward defence boats from the UK valued at £18 million over the next eight years.

In effect, the agreement was a mutual defence arrangement aimed at protecting sea routes between the UK and the Middle East. The agreement was controversial because of South Africa's policy of racial separation known as apartheid.

In the planning stages, the agreement was intended to include:

 the combined use of Simon's Town by the Royal Navy and South African Navy in peace and in war (even if South Africa were neutral in some non-Communist war, a most remote contingency), on the understanding that the base would also be available in war to the allies of the United Kingdom;
 the gradual assumption of responsibility by the South African Navy for the operation and administration of the base for combined use;
 the assumption by South Africa of responsibility in war for the operational and administrative control of a local sub-area of a South Atlantic Strategic Zone; and
 that a Royal Navy officer would continue as Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic in peace, with headquarters and communications at the Cape, and that his designation in war would be Commander of the South Atlantic Strategic Zone.

As actually signed, there were three Simonstown Agreements, in the form of an exchange of letters between Minister Frans Erasmus and Selwyn Lloyd.

These agreements were:

1) Agreement on Defence of the Sea Routes round Southern Africa:

Extracts from the letters and memoranda dated 30 June 1955 exchanged between the Governments of the United Kingdom and South Africa were included in 1974 Cabinet papers published by The National Archives many years later:

4. After the control and administration of the Simonstown Naval Base are handed over to the Union Government in accordance with the provisions of the Agreement relating to that subject, the Royal Naval Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic, will continue to fly the flag to which he is entitled by Royal Naval regulations in the Cape area outside Simonstown and to exercise command over any Royal Naval units in the Union.
5. He will also be designated for purposes of planning and operational command in war as Commander-in-Chief of a maritime strategic zone, the boundaries of which will approximate to those of the Royal Naval South Atlantic Station, and will include the Mozambique Channel.
6 - 8 [not included in extracted text]
9. In peacetime the Commander-in-Chief will be directly responsible only to the United Kingdom Government and will have no executive authority over South African forces, establishments, and services. He will, however, have as one of his primary functions the guiding of maritime war planning in the strategic zone, and will be free to confer on these matters, in consultation with the South African Naval Chief of Staff, with the Union Minister of Defence.
10. A joint maritime war planning committee will be set up, containing representatives of the Royal Navy and the South African Navy, one of whose functions will be to co-ordinate the use of all maritime facilities in British and South African territories in the strategic zone.
11. [not included in extracted text]
12. Since on the transfer of the control of the Simonstown Naval Base in accordance with the provisions of the Agreement relating to that subject, Admiralty House, and the adjacent offices and residences will be transferred  to the Union Government, the Union Government will in agreement with the United Kingdom Government provide headquarters in the Cape area, but outside Simonstown, with requisite communications and operational facilities, for use by the Commander-in-Chief in peace and war.

2) Transfer of the Simonstown Naval Base
3) Ancillary Financial and Administrative arrangements

The government of the UK terminated the agreement on 16 June 1975.  Ships of the Royal Navy continued to call periodically at Simon's Town and other South African ports, however the Royal Navy was not able to use any South African ports during the Falklands War.

South Africa was a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations at the time the agreement was signed, under the name 'Union of South Africa', so the UK and South Africa took the position that the agreement was not an international treaty requiring registration with the United Nations under Article 102 of the United Nations Charter.

See also
Military alliance
Military history of South Africa
List of decommissioned ships of the South African Navy
List of military alliances

References

External links
https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/the-uk-in-south-africa-the-simonstown-agreement/ The UK in South Africa – The Simonstown Agreement
http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/King-Hall_Naval_Conference_Program_2009.pdf
http://dag.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/74361/S_10132-EN.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y - Annex has full text of agreements as published in 1971 via United Nations
African National Congress (ANC): South Africa's Defence Strategy — at the Internet Archive

Cold War treaties
History of the Royal Navy
South African Navy
Maritime history of South Africa
Treaties of the United Kingdom
20th-century military alliances
Treaties concluded in 1955
Treaties of the Union of South Africa
Military alliances involving South Africa
Military alliances involving the United Kingdom
1955 in South Africa
1955 in the United Kingdom
South Africa–United Kingdom relations
South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations
United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations
1955 in South African law
1955 in British law

Simonstown Agreement