A dividend tax is a tax imposed by a jurisdiction on dividends paid by a corporation  to its shareholders (stockholders). The primary tax liability is that of the shareholder, though a tax obligation may also be imposed on the corporation in the form of a withholding tax. In some cases the withholding tax may be the extent of the tax liability in relation to the dividend. A dividend tax is in addition to any tax imposed directly on the corporation on its profits. Some jurisdictions do not tax dividends.

To avoid a dividend tax being levied, a corporation may distribute surplus funds to shareholders by way of a share buy-back. These, however, are normally treated as capital gains, but may offer tax benefits when the tax rate on capital gains is lower than the tax rate on dividends. Another potential strategy is for a corporation not to distribute surplus funds to shareholders, who benefit from an increase in the value of their shareholding. These may also be subject to capital gain rules. Some private companies may transfer funds to controlling shareholders by way of loans, whether interest-bearing or not, instead of by way of a formal dividend, but many jurisdictions have rules that tax the practice as a dividend for tax purposes, called a "deemed dividend".

History

In the beginning of income tax history, dividends paid to shareholders were exempt from taxation, as such tax was considered a form or double taxation on money earned by companies and subject to corporate tax.

Currently, in most jurisdictions, dividends from corporations are treated as a type of income and taxed accordingly at the individual level. Many jurisdictions have adopted special treatment of dividends, imposing a separate rate on dividends to wage income or capital gains.

Here is a brief history of dividend taxation:

 17th century: The first dividend taxes were imposed in the 17th century in the Netherlands and England.
 19th century: Dividend taxes became more common in the 19th century, as more countries adopted income taxes.
 United States: Dividend taxes were first imposed in the United States in 1913, with the passage of the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
 1936-1939: During the Great Depression, dividends were taxed at an individual's income tax rate.
 1954: The Tax Reform Act of 1954 created a separate rate for dividends, which was lower than the individual income tax rate.
 1981: The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 further reduced the tax rate on dividends.
 2003: The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 reduced the tax rate on dividends to 15% for most investors.
 2013: The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA) increased the tax rate on dividends to 20% for taxpayers in the top income tax bracket.

In the United States, the Revenue Act of 1913, authorized via the 16th Amendment, created a federal personal income tax of 1% with additional surtaxes of 1–5%, and exempted dividends from the general income tax but not the surtaxes which applied above the $20,000 level. This was to avoid the double taxation of income as there was a 1% corporate tax as well. After 1936, dividends were again subject to the ordinary income tax, but from 1954–1983 there were various exemptions and credits, taxing dividends at a lower rate. Following this, there was an eighteen-year period (1985-2003) in which dividends were fully taxed at an individual's income tax bracket. During this period, the top tax bracket ranged between 28% and 50%. However, in 2003 former president George W. Bush enacted the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, which changed tax rates significantly. These 2003 tax cuts created a new category of qualified dividend that was taxed at the lower long-term capital gains rate instead of the ordinary income rate.

The current tax rate on dividends in the United States is 20% for taxpayers in the top income tax bracket, and 15% for taxpayers in the lower income tax brackets. There are also special rules for qualified dividends, which are dividends that are paid by companies that have met certain requirements. Qualified dividends are taxed at a lower rate of 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on the taxpayer's income.

The history of dividend taxation outside the US is just as varied as it is in the US. Here is a brief overview of dividend taxation in some major countries:

 United Kingdom: Dividends in the UK are taxed at a rate of 7.5% for basic rate taxpayers, 32.5% for higher rate taxpayers, and 38.1% for additional rate taxpayers. There is also a dividend allowance of £2,000 per year, which means that dividends up to £2,000 are tax-free.
 Canada: Dividends in Canada are taxed at a rate of 50% for non-residents, and 15% for residents. There is also a dividend tax credit that can be used to reduce the amount of tax that is owed on dividends.
 Australia: Dividends in Australia are taxed at a rate of 30% for non-residents, and 15% for residents. There is also a dividend imputation system that allows shareholders to claim a credit for the taxes that the company has already paid on its profits.
 Japan: Dividends in Japan are taxed at a rate of 20% for non-residents, and 15% for residents. There is also a dividend exemption system that allows shareholders to exempt dividends from tax if they meet certain conditions.
 Germany: Dividends in Germany are taxed at a rate of 25% for non-residents, and 26.375% for residents. There is also a dividend tax credit that can be used to reduce the amount of tax that is owed on dividends.

Collection

In many jurisdictions, companies are subject to withhold obligations of a prescribed rate, paying this to the national revenue authorities and paying to shareholders only the balance of the dividend.

Debate

Taxation of dividends is controversial, based on the issues of double taxation. Depending on the jurisdiction, dividends may be treated as "unearned income" (like interest and collected rents) and thus liable for income tax.

Arguments in favor
A corporation is a legal entity separate from its shareholders with a "life" of its own.  As a separate entity, a corporation has the right to use public goods as an individual does, and is therefore obligated to help pay for the public goods through taxes.

Professor Confidence W. Amadi of West Georgia University has argued:

Once it is established that a corporation is, for all important purposes, a separate legal entity, the issue becomes how transfers from one legal entity (corporations) to another legal entity (shareholders) should be taxed, not whether the money should be taxed. It can be argued that it is unfair and economically unproductive, to tax income generated through active work at a higher rate than income generated through less active means.

A 2022 study in the American Economic Review found that a substantial increase in dividend tax rates in France led to reduced dividend payments by firms and greater re-investment of profits back into the firms. The study also found that the dividend taxes did not contribute to a misallocation of capital, but may instead have reduced a capital misallocation.

Arguments against
Critics, such as the Cato Institute, argue that a dividend tax is an unfair "double taxation". Cato's position is:

Besides discussed above issues of whether taxing dividends is right and fair, a major issue is tax-induced distortions of economic incentives. For instance, quoting from: "Efforts to avoid the double tax on corporate earnings have created a misallocation of investment between the corporate and non-corporate sectors and rapid growth in the use of S corporations, partnerships, and other entities that do not pay corporate income tax."

The taxpayers retain the post-tax income, while the whole pre-tax income, tax including, forms the national resources. A mismatch between the actual income as perceived by taxpayers and the taxable income distorts economic incentives by providing tempting ways to boost their difference. It promotes tax planning to maximize the post-tax income to the detriment of the pre-tax one: "We have seen how preferences in the tax code cause taxpayers to devote more resources to tax-advantaged investments and activities at the expense of other more productive alternatives."

Shareholders control corporations and bear their tax burdens: "Economists at both the Treasury Department and the Congressional Budget Office assume that the burden of the corporate income tax is borne entirely by owners of capital." Both corporate tax and personal taxes on dividends and capital gains in combination reduce shareholders comprehensive income which includes the change in their stock portfolio value.

Changes of stock value are hard to legally define and timely tax. Parts of these changes have a legally recognizable source. E.g., cash earned by corporations can be taxed at the corporate level. But there are other "hidden" parts, e.g., when corporations gain valuable patents or see favorable markets shifts. They increase stock values but cannot be legally measured and timely taxed at the corporate level.

These parts can be realized and taxed at the shareholders level when dividends are paid or stock trade yields capital gains. However, when owners take dividends from their shares (or gains from selling them) their cash portfolio grows but the value of their stock portfolio shrinks by the same amount, resulting in no net comprehensive income. Instead, the earlier growth of stock values gets legally recognized and (belatedly) taxed. However, this also includes growth that reflects previously taxed corporate income, resulting in double taxation.

Many remedies have been discussed to reduce misallocation of investment, disincentive for trading shares and taking dividends that chills capital movement, and other distortions mentioned above. Some propose lower rates of taxes on dividends, capital gains, and corporate income or complete elimination of some of them. Others aim at a better match between undertaxed and overtaxed parts of income: "Dividends and capital gains taxes have low rates but apply largely to income already taxed at the corporate level. This is widely criticized. Making dividends paid from taxed income tax-free and allowing companies to deduct capital losses (up to per-share taxed income) on share repurchase would be more consistent than lower tax rates on dividends, capital gains, and corporate income.". Broadly accepted solutions to the problem are yet to be found; the issue remains highly controversial.

Dividend tax policy

OECD tax rates

Share buy-backs are more tax-efficient than dividends when the tax rate on capital gains is lower than the tax rate on dividends.

United States
In 2003, President George W. Bush proposed the elimination of the U.S. dividend tax saying that "double taxation is bad for our economy and falls especially hard on retired people". He also argued that while "it's fair to tax a company's profits, it's not fair to double-tax by taxing the shareholder on the same profits."

Soon after, Congress passed the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA), which included some of the cuts Bush requested and which he signed into law on May 28, 2003. Under the new law, qualified dividends are taxed at the same rate as long-term capital gains, which is 15 percent for most individual taxpayers. Qualified dividends received by individuals in the 10% and 15% income tax brackets were taxed at 5% from 2003 to 2007. The qualified dividend tax rate was set to expire December 31, 2008; however, the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 (TIPRA) extended the lower tax rate through 2010 and further cut the tax rate on qualified dividends to 0% for individuals in the 10% and 15% income tax brackets.  On December 17, 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act of 2010. The legislation extends for two additional years the changes enacted to the taxation of dividends in the JGTRRA and TIPRA.

In addition, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act created a new Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) of 3.8% that applies to dividends, capital gains, and several other forms of passive investment income, effective January 1, 2013. The NIIT applies to married taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income over $250,000, and single taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income over $200,000. Unlike the thresholds for ordinary income tax rates and the qualified dividend rates, the NIIT threshold is not inflation-adjusted.

Had the Bush-era federal income tax rates of 10, 15, 25, 28, 33 and 35 percent brackets been allowed to expire for tax year 2012, the rates would have increased to the Clinton-era rate schedule of 15, 28, 31, 36, and 39.6 percent. In that scenario, qualified dividends would no longer be taxed at the long-term capital gains rate, but would revert to being taxed at the taxpayer's regular income tax rate. However, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (H.R. 8) was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in the first days of 2013. This legislation extended the 0 and 15 percent capital gains and dividends tax rates for taxpayers whose income does not exceed the thresholds set for the highest income tax rate (39.6 percent). Those who exceed those thresholds ($400,000 for single filers; $425,000 for heads of households; $450,000 for joint filers; $11,950 for estates and trusts) became subject to a top rate of 20 percent for capital gains and dividends.

Canada
In Canada, there is taxation of dividends, which is compensated by a dividend tax credit (DTC) for personal income in dividends from Canadian corporations. An increase to the DTC was announced in the fall of 2005 in conjunction with the announcement that Canadian income trusts would not become subject to dividend taxation as had been feared. Effective tax rates on dividends will now range from negative to over 30% depending on income level and different provincial tax rates and credits. Starting 2006, the Government introduced the concept of eligible dividends. Income not eligible for the Small Business Deduction and therefore taxed at higher corporate tax rates, can be distributed to the shareholders and taxed at a lower personal tax rate.

India
In India, earlier dividends were taxed in the hands of the recipient as any other income. However, since 1 June 1997, all domestic companies were liable to pay a dividend distribution tax on the profits distributed as dividends resulting in a smaller net dividend to the recipients. The rate of taxation alternated between 10% and 20% until the tax was abolished with effect from 31 March 2002. The dividend distribution tax was also extended to dividends distributed since 1 June 1999 by domestic mutual funds, with the rate alternating between 10% and 20% in line with the rate for companies, up to 31 March 2002. However, dividends from open-ended equity oriented funds distributed between 1 April 1999 and 31 March 2002 were not taxed. Hence the dividends received from domestic companies since 1 June 1997, and domestic mutual funds since 1 June 1999, were made non-taxable in the hands of the recipients to avoid double-taxation, until 31 March 2002.

The budget for the financial year 2002–2003 proposed the removal of dividend distribution tax bringing back the regime of dividends being taxed in the hands of the recipients and the Finance Act 2002 implemented the proposal for dividends distributed since 1 April 2002. This fueled negative sentiments in the Indian stock markets causing stock prices to go down. However the next year there were wide expectations for the budget to be friendlier to the markets and the dividend distribution tax was reintroduced.

Hence the dividends received from domestic companies and mutual funds since 1 April 2003 were again made non-taxable at the hands of the recipients. However the new dividend distribution tax rate for companies was higher at 12.5%, and was increased with effect from 1 April 2007 to 15%. Also, the funds of the Unit Trust of India and open-ended equity oriented funds were kept out of the tax net . The taxation rate for mutual funds was originally 12.5% but was increased to 20% for dividends distributed to entities other than individuals with effect from 9 July 2004. With effect from 1 June 2006 all equity oriented funds were kept out of the tax net but the tax rate was increased to 25% for money market and liquid funds with effect from 1 April 2007.

Dividend income received by domestic companies until 31 March 1997 carried a deduction in computing the taxable income but the provision was removed with the advent of the dividend distribution tax. A deduction to the extent of received dividends redistributed in turn to their shareholders resurfaced briefly from 1 April 2002 to 31 March 2003 during the time the dividend distribution tax was removed to avoid double taxation of the dividends both in the hands of the company and its shareholders but there has been no similar provision for dividend distribution tax. However the budget for 2008–2009 proposes to remove the double taxation for the specific case of dividends received by a domestic holding company (with no parent company) from a subsidiary that is in turn distributed to its shareholders. Budget 2020-2021 saw abolishment of DDT(dividend distribution tax) and the dividend income being taxed in the hands of investor according to income tax slab rates.

Korea
Korea regulates the amount of possible dividends, payment time of dividends, and how to make decisions on dividends in the commercial law, since dividends are considered an outflow of profits from the company. Currently, 15.4 percent of dividend tax is collected as soon as the dividend is paid (private : 14% of the dividend income tax, residence tax : 1.4% of the dividend income tax). Separate taxation is possible below ₩20 million(€15 thousand) of dividend income, and if it is exceed, they become subject to total taxation. In addition, if the financial income (interest, dividend income) exceeds ₩20 million, a report of total income tax must be made. In the relationship between shareholders and creditors, the main principle of the commercial law is that the rights of company creditors should take precedence over those of shareholders who have limited liability to the property of the company. Stockholders always want to receive more money, but from the firm point of view, if they allocate too much money, the reduction of equity capital could lead to the failure of the company. That's why government regulates the possible amount of dividends.

Other countries
Australia, Chile and New Zealand have a dividend imputation system, which entitles shareholders to claim a tax credit for the franking credits attached to dividends, being a share of the corporate tax paid by the corporation. A recipient of a fully franked dividend on the top marginal tax rate will effectively pay only about 15% tax on the cash amount of the dividend. In effect, when distributed as dividends, the profits of a corporation are taxed at the average of the shareholders' marginal tax rates; otherwise they are taxed at the corporate tax rate.

In Armenia there hasn't been a dividend tax until the recently adapted tax law upon which citizens of Armenia pay 5% and non-citizens 10% of the annual income.

In Austria the KeSt (Kapitalertragsteuer) is used as dividend tax rate, which is 27.5% on dividends.

In Belgium there is a tax of 30% on dividends, known as "roerende voorheffing" (in Dutch) or "précompte mobilier" (in French). Citizens can claim back their taxes on the first 800 EUR (2021) of received dividends through their tax declaration.

In Brazil, dividends are tax-exempt.

In Bulgaria there is a tax of 5% on dividends.

In China, the dividend tax rate is 20%, but since June 13, 2005, 50% of the dividend is taxed.

In the Czech Republic there is a tax of 15% on dividends. Government in 2012 wanted to reduce double taxation on corporates income, but this did not pass in the end.

In Estonia, the regular dividend tax rate is 20%. Since a new law was conducted in 01.01.2018, companies can pay dividends with a tax rate of 14% ONLY to resident and non-resident juridical persons.

In Finland, there is a tax of 25,5% or 27,2% on dividends (85% of dividend is taxable capital income and capital gain tax rate is 30% for capital gains lower than 30 000 and 34% for the part that exceeds 30 000). However, effective tax rates are 45.5% or 47.2% for private person. That's because corporate earnings have already been taxed, which means that dividends are taxed twice. Corporate income tax is 20%.

In France the taxpayer chooses either a tax of 30% on dividends, or to include the dividend in his income tax calculation with a 40% rebate, plus 17.2% social tax.

In Germany there is a tax of 25% on dividends, known as "Abgeltungssteuer", plus a solidarity tax of 5.5% on the dividend tax. Effectually there is a tax of 26.375%.

In Greece there is a tax of 5% on dividends for private persons.

In Hong Kong, there is no dividend tax.

In Iran there are no taxes on dividends, according to article (105).

In Ireland, companies paying dividends must generally withhold tax at the standard rate (, 20%) from the dividend and issue a tax voucher to include details of the tax paid. A person not liable to tax can reclaim it at the end of year, while a person liable to a higher rate of tax must declare it and pay the difference.

In Israel there is a tax of 28% on dividends for individuals and 33% for major shareholders (=above 10%). If a company receives a dividend, the tax is 0%.

In Italy there is a tax of 26% on dividends, known as "capital gain tax".

In Japan, there is a tax of 10% on dividends from listed stocks (7% for Nation, 3% for Region) while Jan 1st 2009 - Dec 31 2012, by tax reduction rule. After Jan 1st 2013, the tax of 20% on dividends from listed stocks (15% for Nation, 5% for Region). In case of an individual person who has over 5% of total issued stocks (value or number), he/she can not apply the tax reduction rule, so after Jan 1st 2009, should pay 20%(15%+5%). There is a tax of 20% on dividends from Non-listed stocks (20% for Nation, 0% for Region).

In Luxembourg, only 50% of dividends paid out by corporations is subject to tax in the hands of an individual tax payer at the applicable marginal tax rate. Therefore, dividends are taxed at up to 21% if received from a corporation that is subject to tax and up to 40% if received from a corporation that does not satisfy the "subject to tax" test.

In the Netherlands there's a tax on the assumed return on assets in general (except bank savings, for which a separate rate applies), regardless of the actual dividend, as part of the tax on savings and investments. For major shareholders (over 5%) there is a different tax scheme, based on the actual dividend (in addition to the profit tax paid by the company).

In Norway dividends are taxed as capital gains, at a flat 31.7% tax rate. However a "shelter deduction" is applied to the dividend income to compensate for the lost interest income. The size of the shelter deduction is based on the interest rate on short term government bonds and was 1.1% in 2013. For example, if NOK 100,000 has been invested in a company stock that gave a dividend of NOK 4,000, the shelter deduction is NOK 1,100 (1.1% of NOK 100,000) and the remaining NOK 2,900 is taxed at 27%.

In Pakistan income tax of 10% as required by the Income Tax Ordinace, 2001 on the amount of dividend is deducted at source. A surcharge of 15% on income tax is withheld and will be duly paid by the company to Government of Pakistan as per Income Tax (Amendment) Ordinance, 2011.

In Poland there is a tax of 19% on dividends. This rate is equal to the rates of capital gains and other taxes.

In Romania there is a tax of 5% paid to private investors and 16% when paid to companies, on dividends since 1 February 2017. Additionally, private investors must pay a 5.5% healthcare tax on earnings from dividends.

In Singapore, there is no dividend tax.

In Slovakia, tax residents' income from dividends is not subject to income taxation in the Slovak Republic pursuant to Article 12 Section 7 Letter c) for legal entities and to Article 3 Section 2 Letter c) for individual entities of Income Tax Act No. 595/2003 Coll. as amended. This applies to dividends from profits relating to the calendar year 2004 onwards (regardless of when the dividends were actually paid out). Before that, dividends were taxed as normal income. The stated justification is that tax at 19 percent has already been paid by the company as part of its corporation tax (in Slovak "Income Tax for a Legal Entity"). However, there is no provision for residents to reclaim tax on dividends withheld in other jurisdictions with which Slovakia has a double-taxation treaty. Foreign resident owners of shares in Slovak companies may have to declare and pay tax in their local jurisdiction. Shares of profits made by investment funds are taxable as income at 19 percent. Resident natural persons have to pay 14% of received dividends as health insurance with maximum payment of €14,000, non-resident natural persons and companies are not subject of this "capital gain health tax".

In South Africa there is a tax of 20% on dividends.

In Spain, dividends are taxed between 19 and 23%, based on yearly dividend income. This tax rate is applicable between 2016 and 2019.

In Sweden there is a tax of 30% on dividends.

In Taiwan, the dividends are taken into account in the taxation of one's gross income, though varying from one stock to another, there is a specific deduction rate to the gross income tax if one holds this corresponding stock on the in-dividend date (once per year). Beginning from January 2013, there will be an additional 2% "tax" on all dividends, serving as the supplemental premium for the second-generation National Health Insurance (NHI) of Taiwan.

In Turkey there is an income tax withholding of 20% on dividends. Dividend income from foreign sources are taxed at the marginal tax rates. As of 2020, highest marginal tax rate is 40%.

In the United Kingdom, companies pay UK corporation tax on their profits and the remainder can be paid to shareholders as dividends. From April 2018, the first £2,000 of dividend income is untaxed, regardless of the taxpayer's other income; dividends above this amount are taxed at 7.5% in basic rate income tax band, 32.5% in higher rate income tax band and 38.1% in additional rate income tax band.

See also
Corporate tax: company shareholder taxation
Passive income
Estate tax (United States)
State income tax
Double taxation
Taxation in the United States
Withholding tax

Notes

References

External links
United States
Double Taxation Double Speak: Why Repealing Dividend Taxes Is Unfair from Dollars & Sense magazine
The new U.S. dividend tax cut traps from Tennessee CPA Journal (archived 28 November 2007)
IRS Publication 17 on taxation of dividends
India
The Hindu Business Line : How FMs have been spraying Budgets with DDT

Tax
Withholding taxes

Dividend tax


Allogamy or cross-fertilization is the fertilization of an ovum from one individual with the spermatozoa of another. By contrast, autogamy is the term used for self-fertilization. In humans, the fertilization event is an instance of allogamy. Self-fertilization occurs in hermaphroditic organisms where the two gametes fused in fertilization come from the same individual. This is common in plants (see Sexual reproduction in plants) and certain protozoans.

In plants, allogamy is used specifically to mean the use of pollen from one plant to fertilize the flower of another plant and usually synonymous with the term "cross-fertilization" or "cross-pollination" (outcrossing). The latter term can be used more specifically to mean pollen exchange between different plant strains or even different plant species (where the term cross-hybridization can be used) rather than simply between different individuals.

Parasites having complex life cycles can pass through alternate stages of allogamous and autogamous reproduction, and the description of a hitherto unknown allogamous stage can be a significant finding with implications for human disease.

Avoidance of inbreeding depression
Allogamy ordinarily involves cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals leading to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.  By contrast, close inbreeding, including self-fertilization in plants and automictic parthenogenesis in hymenoptera, tends to lead to the harmful expression of deleterious recessive alleles (inbreeding depression).

In dioecious plants, the stigma may receive pollen from several different potential donors.  As multiple pollen tubes from the different donors grow through the stigma to reach the ovary, the receiving maternal plant may carry out pollen selection favoring pollen from less related donor plants. Thus post-pollination selection may occur in order to promote allogamy and avoid inbreeding depression.  Also, seeds may be aborted selectively depending on donor–recipient relatedness.

See also
Heterosis
Outcrossing
Self-incompatibility in plants

References

Reproduction

Allogamy


In diatonic set theory, a bisector divides the octave approximately in half (the equal tempered tritone is exactly half the octave) and may be used in place of a generator to derive collections for which structure implies multiplicity is not true such as the ascending melodic minor, harmonic minor, and octatonic scales. Well formed generated collections generators and bisectors coincide, such as the perfect fifth (circle of fifths) in the diatonic collection. The term was introduced by Jay Rahn (1977), who considers any division between one and two thirds as approximately half (major third to minor sixth or 400 to 800 cents) and who applied the term only the equally spaced collections. Clough and Johnson both adapt the term to apply to generic scale steps. Rahn also uses aliquant bisector for bisectors which may be used to generate every note in a collection, in which case the bisector and the number of notes must be coprime. Bisectors may be used to produce the diatonic, harmonic minor, and ascending melodic minor collections. (Johnson 2003, p.97, 101, 158n10-12)

The diatonic scale may be derived from a chain of perfect fifths:
  P5 P5 P5 P5 P5 P5
 F  C  G  D  A  E  B = C  D  E  F  G  A  B  C.
 5, 0, 7, 2, 9, 4, e = 0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, e, 0.
  +7 +7 +7 +7 +7 +7 (mod 12)

For example, the octatonic scale may be derived similarly to derivations of the diatonic scale by a chain of perfect fifths (a generator), by using a bisector of 5 scale steps (3 may also be used). However, five steps in the octatonic scale alternates between 7 and 8 semitones, so it is a bisector and not a generator:
  A5 P5 A5 P5 A5 P5 A5 P5
 C  A♭ E♭ B  G♭ D  A  F  C = C  D  E♭ F  G♭ A♭ A  B  C.
 0, 8, 3, e, 6, 2, 9, 5, 0 = 0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, e, 0.
  +8 +7 +8 +7 +8 +7 +8 +7

References
Johnson, Timothy (2003). Foundations of Diatonic Theory: A Mathematically Based Approach to Music Fundamentals. Key College Publishing. .
Rahn, Jay (1977). "Some Recurrent Features of Scales", In Theory Only 2, no. 11-12: 43-52

Diatonic set theory
Musicology

Bisector (music)


The International Peace Museum (formerly the Dayton International Peace Museum) is a non-profit, peace museum located on historic Courthouse Square in downtown Dayton, Ohio, United States. The museum's mission is to promote, through education and collaboration, a more equitable, civil, and peaceful world. Its programs and exhibits are non-partisan, secular, and feature themes of conflict resolution, equity, social justice, tolerance, and protecting our natural world. It commemorates the 1995 Dayton Agreement that ended the war in Bosnia. It is "America's only brick-and-mortar peace museum."
In addition to functioning as a traditional museum, the Peace Museum serves as an activities center for those who seek a community of peace. The Museum features permanent, temporary, and traveling exhibits that highlight the rich history of, and potential for, nonviolent solutions to conflict and sustainability in the natural world. The Museum hosts two to three guest exhibits annually.

Located in the Courthouse Plaza Building on Dayton's Courthouse Square, the Peace Museum includes a library, an interactive children's room, a studio, the Jack Meagher Gallery, traveling and permanent collections, a stage, and small gift shop. The Museum holds events such as book discussions and live music, storytelling, and guest speakers.

The museum is open from 10 A.M to 5 P.M Friday and Saturday for visitors and Tuesday -Thursday for scheduled school visits and group tours. The admission is $5, and it is free for members.

History

The Dayton International Peace Museum was founded in 2004 by farmers Ralph and Christine Dull, along with J. Frederick Arment, Lisa Wolters, and Steve Fryburg. The world's first peace museum opened in 1902 in Lucene, Switzerland. The museum is run by Executive Director Kevin Kelly. It was the second peace museum to be created in the United States; the first was The Peace Museum in Chicago, Illinois, which closed in 2006. It is the only  comprehensive peace museum in the Western Hemisphere still with a physical location. Peace Museum Colorado opened in 2018, focusing on Peace Heroes.

In 2005, the museum moved into Dayton's historic Isaac Pollack House. In 2014, the 1877 structure was refitted with modern technology. The new equipment allowed the Peace Museum to produce multimedia, interactive exhibits, and to broadcast programs and virtual exhibits to multiple rooms.

Ralph and Christine Dull were long-time peace activists and members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, receiving numerous awards for books published and their work around the local area. Ralph received the 2009 Pioneer of Ohio Award from Green Energy Ohio and the National EPA Award for Environmental Stewardship in 2010.

Since their departure, the museum has maintained a focus on local change, meeting with local leaders and encouraging broader interpretations of peace within the community. In 2017, the museum participated in the local "Building Peace Through the Arts" initiative alongside the University of Dayton, Dayton Philharmonic, and other local arts institutions. More recently, in response to the 2019 Dayton shooting and rising gun violence in the U.S., the museum partnered with the Facing Project to publish a collection of 16 stories detailing the experience of gun-violence survivors. The book Facing Gun Violence: It's Always Close to Home for Someone was released on August 1, 2020.

In September 2021 the museum temporarily closed for visitors due to the pandemic. During that time, it hosted regular virtual yoga classes, discussions, and educational presentations. It opened again in May 2022 in a new facility on Courthouse Square. Its first new exhibit since the pandemic was a photography series by Bernard Kleina on Martin Luther King Jr.'s Chicago Freedom Movement.

Current initiatives

The museum is an active member of the Peace in Our Cities global initiative, the Austrian Service Abroad program, the Association of Children's Museums, and are on the advisory board of the International Network of Museums of Peace based in Kyoto. The Museum partners with the International Cities of Peace, University of Dayton Human Rights Center, ThinkTV, the Kyiv Peace Museum, and the Srebenica Genocide Memorial in Bosnia and Herzegovina, among others.

The museum hosts a number of different permanent and temporary exhibits, notably featuring an extensive exhibit on the Dayton Peace Accords, complete with interactive panels and touchscreens. Their exhibit on the peace accords is the most extensive of its kind and was digitized for the 25th anniversary in 2020. It is currently available on the museum's website. The museum features the "positive work people are doing all over the world to promote peace", including Dayton Peace Heroes.

Outside of their exhibitions, the museum's standing programs include several discussion based events, with "Building Peace" talks given on a variety of topics by guest speakers and a series of community discussions on Martin Luther King Jr.'s writings called "MLK Dialogues." Outside of the talks, they also host an annual summer camp for children, and periodic programs on Kingian Nonviolence, mediation, peace literacy education, and compassionate education. The Dayton Peace Trail honors the local "spaces of peace and justice."

The museum has also held larger events for the community, partnering with former NFL player and Dayton native Chris Borland in the wake of the 2019 Dayton shooting for the inaugural Dayton Peace Festival. Held over three days, the event combined music and free yoga sessions with serious discussions on the gun violence and the community.

The Museum's current Executive Director, Kevin Kelly, has also been active within local media, writing guest opinion columns in the Columbus Dispatch and Dayton Daily News on racial and social justice. He has most recently written on the legacies of civil rights icons Martin Luther King Jr. and John Lewis in the contexts of the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, political tension, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Museum is also the official repository of each fiction and nonfiction book submitted annually to the Dayton Literary Peace Prize. Recent winners of the Richard Holbrooke Award include John Irving, Alice Hoffman, Elie Wiesel, Chanel Miller, and Hala Alyan.

Isaac Pollack House

Built in 1877, the Isaac Pollack House has been the home of the Dayton International Peace Museum since 2004. After emigrating to Dayton from Riedseltz, France in 1854, Isaac Pollack went into business with Soloman Ruah, a fellow immigrant, as whisky and wine dealers. Both men grew to be important civic leaders, with Pollack especially recognized for his service as defending Cincinnati during the Civil War.

Following the end of the war, both men started development on identical houses next to each other. Constructed in Renaissance and Baroque styles, no expense was spared for either house. Hand carved stonework and oak floors filled the interior, all capped off with an ornate Mansard roof. After building finished in 1877, the families flipped a coin to decide which house each got, with Pollack ending up with the house at 319 West Third Avenue. Pollack retired and moved out of the house in 1903, passing away soon after in 1908.

After leaving the Pollack family, the house passed through several hands, largely serving as a home and dance studio. In 1954 Montgomery County bought both houses and, while demolishing Ruah's neighboring house, kept the Pollack House standing against pressure to redevelop the area. In 1974, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places and, three years later in 1977, was bought from the county and was moved to its current location on Monument Avenue.

In 2005, the Isaac Pollack House became the museum's home until September 2021. On May 27, 2022, the Museum reopened with a ribbon-cutting ceremony in their new location at 10 N Ludlow St off Courthouse Plaza.

See also
Peace museum
The International Peace Museum
List of peace activists
The Peace Museum, Chicago

References

McCarty, Mary. Give peace a chance. Dayton Daily News.

Walsh, Andrew. Courthouse Square's Resilience: Challenges and Possibilities for Tomorrow. Dayton Vistas. 27 Sept. 2023.

External links

 Museums for Peace

Museums in Dayton, Ohio
Peace museums in the United States
History museums in Ohio
Museums established in 2004
2004 establishments in Ohio

The International Peace Museum


Wayne (Wendel) Cody (September 4, 1936 – June 7, 2002) was an American popular radio and television sportscaster who spent the bulk of his career in Seattle, broadcasting on KIRO and KIRO-TV. In all, he spent 14 years on KIRO TV and 21 on KIRO Radio. In radio alone, he made more than 43,000 sportscasts.

Early life and career
Cody was born on September 4, 1936, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. He was the only son of Wendel Wayne Cody (1904–1985), a Vaudeville musician and radio broadcaster and Ethel (Sack) Cody (1895–1957), a Vaudeville musician and actress on Broadway. The family moved to Philadelphia shortly after Cody's birth. He often described his early childhood as being very lonely and sheltered, a situation compounded by his obesity. At a young age he would appear on his father's radio program (The Uncle Wip Show). Cody's Father and Mother divorced when he was 12 and his father remarried and moved the family to Salt Lake City, Utah. Cody attended East High School where he was an average student but enjoyed music and drama class. At age 16, Cody decided to pursue a career in radio and acting. After graduation, he began his career working in the mailroom at KNEB, an AM radio station in Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Almost immediately, he was asked to fill in for the vacationing weatherman, and within a few months he was announcing station breaks. He also had a stint in Kokomo, In. at WIOU radio as sports voice of the Kokomo HS Wildkats.

Cody met Judy Carter (1943- ) who is related to Lynda Carter, in Danville, Illinois, when he was working at the local Radio Station (WDAN)  and television station WICD Channel 24 owned by Adam Young Television who also owned Channels 33 and 3 in Champaign-Urbana. Cody had his own daily television show The Wayne Cody Show where he was known for his amazing ability to improvise and ad-lib. In addition, he became quite popular through the entire Tri-State region for his hilarious and informative weather broadcasts. Cody performed in hundreds of live television commercials and interviewed Dick Van Dyke live on television during Danville's "Dick Van Dyke Day" in 1962. He was also an avid golfer. Wayne Cody and Judy Carter were married in 1963 and two years later set off for Hollywood on the advice of his friend Dick Van Dyke who was also from Danville. Van Dyke was starring in his popular CBS sitcom at the time. Cody's original ambition was to be an actor, but his success in this field was limited. Cody had been a regular in summer-stock musicals and plays. On the way to L.A. they had their first baby in Visalia, California - Shay Cody (1965 - ). Cody was cast in a pilot that was never picked up, and had a brief appearance on The Red Skelton Show.

Cody moved back to the midwest and became the radio play-by-play announcer for the Indiana Pacers of the American Basketball Association. During this time his daughter, Shannon Lee Cody (1969- ) was born in Indianapolis. Soon after he moved to Ohio and became the traveling public relations spokesman for the Professional Bowler's Association which was headquartered in Akron. He divorced Judy in 1970 and met Jeanne Boyce in Seattle when the PBA tour had come to town. They were married in 1971 and Cody moved to Seattle to start a new career in sports broadcasting at KTW.

Cody is best known for being the sports anchor on KIRO (channel 7 / CBS) television and hosting KIRO (710AM) "Sportsline", a weeknight sports radio talk show that was the only one of its kind at the time in Seattle. He was also the original sideline reporter for the Seattle Seahawks radio network with play-by-play announcer Pete Gross, Steve Raible and game analyst Don Heinrich. Cody's other play-by-play experience in the Pacific Northwest included the Seattle SuperSonics (NBA) during the late 1970s thru the mid-1980s, Seattle Sounders of the North American Soccer League and University of Washington Huskies college football games. Earlier in his career, he also was the sideline reporter for the Seattle SuperSonics (NBA).

He was Nicknamed the "Mound of Sound" by Brent Musburger of CBS Sports, because of both his rich voice and his large size. The bearded and rotund Cody, who estimated his own weight at 325 pounds (147.4 kg), vitalized the sports scene in Western Washington for more than 20 years. He was well known for his on-camera antics and his entertaining style of broadcasting. In the 1980s, KIRO TV ran a promotion called "Watch Wayne Disappear." The sportscaster was to lose 100 pounds over nine months and collect a $25,000 bonus. He was 25 pounds too heavy by deadline day.

In the late 80's Cody had a stake in a chain of sports-themed restaurants licensed under the name "Cody's Restaurant and Bakery". There were three locations in the Seattle area.

In 1991, he appeared as himself in the movie Singles interviewing then Supersonic player Xavier McDaniel during a dream scene. His son Shay was also in the movie and was working on the TV show Northern Exposure at the time.

Death
Cody had been in declining health for a number of years, suffering from obesity, diabetes and other ailments.
He died from complications of a heart attack (coronary thrombosis) on June 7, 2002, in Renton, Washington, at age 65.

Cody had a son, Shay, a graphic designer, and a daughter, Shannon, a model.

Filmography
Singles (1992)

References

External links
 "Colorful sportscaster Wayne Cody dies" Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 8, 2002

American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
Seattle SuperSonics announcers
Seattle Seahawks announcers
Indiana Pacers announcers
Washington Huskies football announcers
American Basketball Association announcers
Association football commentators
College football announcers
People from Seattle
1936 births
2002 deaths

Wayne Cody


The Yokohama Silk Museum is a museum located in Naka-ku, Yokohama, Japan that covers the silk trade in Japan. The museum displays silk kimono and covers the importance of Yokohama as a silk port.

The objective of the museum is, according to their website:

To disseminate an understanding of the science and technology of silk production, display beautiful costumes for people to admire and promote the demand for silk.

References

External links

Silk Museum

Museums in Yokohama
Naka-ku, Yokohama
Textile museums in Japan
Silk

Yokohama Silk Museum


Horsforth is a town and civil parish within the City of Leeds, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north-west of Leeds city centre. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census.[1] Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village in the United Kingdom during the latter part of the 19th century. It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974. In 1999 the community created a civil parish to cover the area, which voted to rename itself a town council. The area sits within the Horsforth ward of Leeds City Council, which also includes the southern part of Rawdon.

Towns in West Yorkshire

Horsforth


Ko Ko Maung (; born 13 November 1950) is a Myanmar Dental Professor. He served as the professor in University of Dental Medicine, Yangon from 1999 to 2012; he is the director of the Cleft Lip and Palate Association in Myanmar from 2012 to present. He is giving free of charge treatment to the hundreds of cleft lip and palate patients throughout Myanmar with volunteer Myanmar dental surgeons. Ko Ko Maung was born in Yangon, Myanmar on 13 November 1950. He graduated from University of Dental Medicine, Yangon in July, 1975.

Gallery

See also
 Cleft Lip and Palate Association

References

Burmese dental professors
1950 births
Living people
People from Yangon

Ko Ko Maung


Two Mothers for Zachary is a 1996 ABC television film directed by Peter Werner and starring Valerie Bertinelli and Vanessa Redgrave. It is a true story adaptation of the Bottoms v. Bottoms family custody battle brought by a mother who disapproves of her daughter's lesbianism and the impact on her grandchild. It premiered on 22 September 1996. It was awarded a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Made for TV Movie.

Premise
Nancy (Redgrave) disapproves of her daughter, Jody Ann's (Bertinelli) lesbianism and resolves to seek custody of her grandson, Zachary. A Virginia court grants custody of the boy to Nancy and now Jody is desperate to regain her son.

Cast
 Valerie Bertinelli as Jody Ann Shaffell
 Vanessa Redgrave as Nancy Shaffell
 Colleen Flynn as Maggie Fergus
 Brian McGuire as Dwayne
 Kim Dickens as Jan
 Marietta Marich as Melba
 Marco Perella as Reporter 2
 James Gammon as Chalmer
Adam and Aaron Rehmann as Zachary

Production
Although the film is based on Sharon Bottoms's real-life custody battle, characters were renamed for the adaptation. Bertinelli explained, "I'm so much older than Sharon Bottoms is. But once we changed her name to Jody Ann Shaffell, it became much easier to see myself playing this role. I didn't have to play Sharon Bottoms but my interpretation of what would happen to a woman in that situation."

Bertinelli had previously learned of the Bottoms case years earlier when she appeared on the same edition of Larry King Live with Sharon Bottoms. Bottoms was appearing with her lawyer and argued her case against a Christian leader. Instead of concentrating on what she was intending to promote, Bertinelli became engaged in the previous debate and criticized the views of the religious representative.

References

External links

1996 drama films
1996 LGBT-related films
1996 films
1996 television films
American LGBT-related films
Films directed by Peter Werner
Child custody
Films set in Virginia
LGBT in Virginia
LGBT-related drama films
LGBT-related films based on actual events
American drama television films
1990s American films

Two Mothers for Zachary


The Oberbergtal is the largest tributary valley of the Stubaital, branching north above Milders and curving south-west to the road-head at OberIss. 2 hours up the path is the Franz Senn Hut.

Location
The Oberbergtal joins the main valley from the left at Milders (1,026 m, Neustift im Stubaital). The head of the valley is formed by the glaciated Alpeiner Berge (Schrankogel 3,497 m, Ruderhofspitze 3,474 m, Östliche 3,416 m and Westliche Seespitze 3,355 m), which surround the Alpeiner Ferner and several side glaciers. Heading down he valley the line of mountains on the right descends gradually to the Brennerspitze (2,877 m) and on the left runs over the Hohe Villerspitze (3,087 m) to the Hoher Burgstall (2,611 m).

Valleys of Tyrol (state)
Valleys of the Alps
Innsbruck-Land District

Oberbergtal


Stephen Lanza (born May 10, 1957) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who served as commanding general, I Corps at Joint Base Lewis–McChord from February 6, 2014 to April 3, 2017, when he transferred authority to Lieutenant General Gary J. Volesky. He retired from active service on June 2, 2017.

Early life and education
Lanza was commissioned into the Field Artillery in 1980, after graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point. He is a graduate of the United States Army Command and General Staff College and the School for Advanced Military Studies at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He has a bachelor of science degree from the United States Military Academy, a Master of Science in Administration from Central Michigan University and a Master of Science in National Security and Strategic Studies from the National War College at Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington D.C. He has also served as a National Security Fellow at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Military career
Lanza has commanded soldiers at all levels including the 7th Infantry Division; 5th Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Hood, Texas and Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq; and the 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery, 1st Infantry Division, Fort Riley, Kansas.

Lanza's senior staff assignments include the aide-de-camp to the Commander in Chief, United States Army Europe/Commander, NATO Peace Stabilization Force; Concepts Team Chief for the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, G3, Pentagon; Chief, Joint Capabilities Division, J8, the Joint Staff, Pentagon; Deputy Commanding General for V Corps, U.S. Army Europe and Seventh Army, Germany; G3, Chief of Operations, U.S. Army Europe and Seventh Army, Germany; J9, Director for Strategic Effects, Multi-National Forces-Iraq (MNF-I), Iraq; Spokesman, United States Force-Iraq (USF-I), Iraq; and the Army's Chief of Public Affairs for the Secretary of the Army, Washington D.C.  His operational deployment experience includes Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Saudi Arabia; Operation Joint Guard, Bosnia-Herzegovina; Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq; and Operation New Dawn, Iraq.

Awards and Recognitions

References

1957 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
United States Military Academy alumni
Central Michigan University alumni
National War College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals

Stephen Lanza


Reparation is a Christian theological concept closely connected with those of atonement and satisfaction. In ascetical theology, reparation is the making of amends for insults given to God through sin, either one's own or another's. The response of man is to be reparation through adoration, prayer, and sacrifice. In Roman Catholic tradition, an act of reparation is a prayer or devotion with the intent to expiate the "sins of others", e.g. for the repair of the sin of blasphemy, the sufferings of Jesus Christ or as Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary.

Theological perspective
According to Professor Thomas Slater S.J., writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, reparation is a theological concept closely connected with those of atonement and satisfaction. Although God could have chosen to condone the sins of humanity, in divine providence, he instead judged it better to demand satisfaction through reparation and penance for sins of humanity. In Catholic teaching, it is better for the education of man that wrongdoing on humanity's part should entail the necessity of making satisfaction; this satisfaction was made adequately to God by the suffering, passion and death of Jesus Christ. By voluntarily submitting to his passion and death on the cross, Jesus thus atoned for man's disobedience and sin, and made reparation to God for the offenses of humanity.

In Catholic teaching, through the merits obtained by the death of Jesus, mankind is restored to grace, which enables humanity to add prayers, works and trials to those of Jesus "and fill up those things that are wanting of the sufferings of Christ, in my flesh, for his body, which is the church" (Colossians 1:24). Mankind thus makes reparation to the justice of God for their sins, and by virtue of the Communion of the Saints, the oneness and solidarity of the mystical Body of Christ, can also make satisfaction and reparation for the sins of others.

Duty of reparation

In the encyclical  Pope Pius XI said:

History
In 1654 Catherine de Bar founded the Benedictine Nuns of Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament in Paris. Some Catholic organizations whose focus was reparation included the Archconfraternity of Reparation for blasphemy and the neglect of Sunday, founded by Bishop Pierre Louis Parisis in 1847; and the Archconfraternity of the Holy Face, founded by Leo Dupont in 1851.

The Mass, the re-presentation of the sacrifice of Calvary, was according to Thomas Aquinas specially suited to make reparation for sin. The Mass of Reparation is a particular apostolate of the Norbertines. A confraternity to promote the devotion was founded by the Norbertine sister Rose of Bonlieu. Members promise to attend one extra Mass during the week in reparation for all those who neglect their Sunday obligation. In 1886 Pope Leo XIII raised the group to an Archconfraternity of the Mass of Reparation.

The Prayerful Sodality founded by Hildebrand Gregori in 1950 became the Congregation of the Benedictine Sisters of the Reparation of the Holy Face in 1977.

Scriptural studies in Catholic theology after the Second Vatican Council have developed a Trinitarian focus on "the self-offering of believers in union with Christ by which they share in his covenant relationship with the Father."

Some Marian apparitions have purportedly mentioned the need for reparation.

Acts of Reparation to The Holy Trinity
The Fatima prayer to the Holy Trinity is based on the purported 20th century apparitions of Our Lady of Fatima, and is attributed to an angel who appeared to the visionaries. It is sometimes called the Angel Prayer.

Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ

Catholic tradition includes specific prayers and devotions as acts of reparation for insults and blasphemies against Jesus Christ. Pope John Paul II referred to reparation as the "unceasing effort to stand beside the endless crosses on which the Son of God continues to be crucified".

First Thursdays adoration

Practicing Eucharistic adoration before the tabernacle (especially made in front of the most forgotten and abandoned tabernacles) as part of the first Thursdays devotion is a Catholic devotion to offer reparation for the Holy Wounds of Christ.

First Fridays

The idea of reparation is an essential element in the Roman Catholic devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Receiving Holy Communion as part of the first Fridays devotion is a Catholic devotion to offer reparations for sin. In the visions of Christ reported by Margaret Mary Alacoque in the 17th century, several promises were made to those people that practiced the first Friday devotions, one of which included final perseverance. In many Catholic communities the practice of the Holy Hour of meditation during the exposition of the Blessed Sacrament during the First Fridays is encouraged.

The Golden Arrow Prayer
The "Golden Arrow prayer" is part of devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus first introduced by Discalced Carmelite Sister Mary of Saint Peter in 1844. She wrote that an act of sacrilege or blasphemy is like a "poisoned arrow", hence the name "Golden Arrow" for this reparatory prayer.

Rosary of the Holy Wounds
The Rosary of the Holy Wounds is a Rosary based prayer directed to the sufferings of Jesus and was first presented by Marie Martha Chambon, a Visitation nun who lived in Chambéry, France and died in 1907.

Institutions
Specific Roman Catholic organizations exist for this purpose. The Archconfraternity of Reparation for blasphemy and the neglect of Sunday was founded by Msgr. Pierre Louis Parisis in 1847 and the Archconfraternity of the Holy Face was founded in 1851 by Leo Dupont, the "Holy Man of Tours". In 1950, the abbot Hildebrand Gregori formed the organization "Prayerful Sodality" which in 1977 became the Pontifical Congregation of the Benedictine Sisters of the Reparation of the Holy Face.

Prayers
A number of prayers such as the Act of Reparation to the Virgin Mary appeared in the Raccolta, a collection of Catholic prayers and good works with attached indulgences. The Raccolta included a number of diverse prayers for reparation. The Raccolta was deprecated in 1968.

See also
Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary
 Apostle of the Holy Face
 Visions of Jesus and Mary

Notes

References

Sources

External links
 Archconfraternity of the Mass of Reparation

Acts of reparation
Catholic spirituality
Catholic devotions
Catholic adoration of Jesus

Acts of reparation


Gyula Donáth (March 13, 1850 – September 27, 1909), was a Hungarian sculptor.

He was born in Pest and studied in  Vienna with G. Semper. From 1880 onwards he worked in Budapest. His sculptural style integrated elements of classicism and academic as well as the Art Nouveau styles. Much of his output as a sculptor was creating plastic art for tombs, though he also created public monuments for both the Millennium of Hungary (1898) and the Imperial Jubilee, (1908).  It was Donáth who sculpted the "Statue of Werbőczi" (since then demolished).

Donáth's huge bronze Turul on the railing of Buda Castle, high above the Danube, was erected in 1903. It is one of the symbols of Budapest.

The representation of women in Art Nouveau is limited to iconographical types developed from a preoccupation with relatively few themes: the mystery of life and death, the relationship between the sexes, and women as an emblem of whatever was enigmatic or mysteriously attractive.
The author then goes on to include Donáth's opus Song of Lament as an example. (Berend)

Donáth died in Budapest.

Sources & resources
Berend, Ivan T., A Golden Age: Art and Society in Hungary  1896 - 1914, Corvina/Barbican Art Gallery, Miami, Florida  1990
Mackay, James, The Dictionary of Sculptors in Bronze, Antique Collectors Club,  Woodbridge, Suffolk  1977

Hungarian sculptors
Sculptors from Austria-Hungary
1850 births
1909 deaths
Art Nouveau sculptors
People from Pest, Hungary

Gyula Donáth


The cat righting reflex is a cat's natural ability to turn itself around as it falls so it will land on its feet. This righting reflex starts to happen at 3–4 weeks of age. The cat has entirely learned how to do this by 6–7 weeks. Cats are able to do this because they have a flexible backbone and a clavicle that does not move. The minimum height needed for this to happen safely in most cats is about 12 inches.

Cats without a tail can also do this. This is because a cat mostly moves its hind legs and does not use much angular momentum to set itself up for landing. So a tail is not really needed for this skill.

Using this righting reflex, cats can often land without injury. But, this is not always true, since cats can still break bones or die from extreme  falls.

In a 1987 study, written in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 132 cats were looked at after having fallen from buildings. The injuries per cat were more, depending on the height fallen; up to seven stories high. Above seven stories, the injuries were less. The study authors think that after falling five stories, the cats reached terminal velocity.  At that time, the cats relaxed and spread their bodies to increase drag.

How the cat does it
First, cats decide which is up or down, by looking to see or by using senses in the inner ear. Then, cats manage to twist themselves to face downward, without ever changing their angular momentum. They do this in these steps:
Bend in the middle so that the front half of their body turns in the opposite direction than the rear half.
Tuck their front legs in to reduce the moment of inertia of the front half of their body.
Stretch out their rear legs to increase the moment of inertia of the rear half of their body. This happens so that they can turn their front half very far (as much as 90°), while the rear half is turning opposite very much less (as little as 10°).
Extend their front legs and tuck their rear legs; so they can turn their rear half quite far, while their front half turns opposite quite a bit less.
If the cat is not flexible enough (able to bend easily), it may need to do steps two and three again in order to completely right itself.

Terminal velocity
Besides this righting reflex, cats have body features that help keep them safe in a fall. Their small size, light bones, and thick fur decrease their terminal velocity. Also, once righted they may also spread out their body to increase drag and slow how fast they are falling. They also relax as they fall, which protects them some when they land.

Related pages
 Buttered cat paradox

References

Other websites
Why cats land on their feet
National Geographic video on the cat righting reflex
The miracle of the falling cat
How do cats always land on their feet? Very slow motion video of the African caracal.

Cats
Reflexes

Cat righting reflex


Wiz 'n' Liz: The Frantic Wabbit Wescue is a platform game developed by Raising Hell Software for the Amiga and Sega Mega Drive and published by Psygnosis in 1993. It is a humorous, cutesy platform game. With the exception of some end-of-level bosses, the game contains no enemies.

Gameplay

The game takes place on a series of levels, each divided into eight worlds. Each world has a distinct graphical style and music, but the basic gameplay remains the same. Wiz and/or Liz must run through the landscape collecting wabbits against a strict time limit. To win, the player must collect floating letters that appear when a wabbit is collected to spell out a magic word shown at the top of the screen. Once an entire word is collected, the player then must rescue all remaining wabbits on the level, who now release collectable fruit, stars, and clocks to increase the time limit. The limit starts at three minutes and is only restarted when the player character dies. This time limit can however be extended by collecting a glowing orange orb which appears in the last ten seconds of a countdown and gives thirty seconds of bonus time.

At the end of each stage, collected fruit can be mixed in a cauldron and depending on the fruit, the effect can be bonus points, a minigame, a weird graphical effect, a bit of silliness (such as declaring a "Game Over" and killing the player's character, only to put them back with a sheepish "Only joking..."), turning the wabbits different colours, or "Absolutely Nothing".

Wiz 'n' Liz features a number of cameo appearances from other Psygnosis characters, including Puggsy and Lemmings.

The bonus game was featured in the original mid-90s run of the competitive gaming television show Games World (broadcast on Sky One in the UK) as one of the challenges. Players took turns to play the bonus game of collecting the blue wabbits and the highest scorer won that particular challenge.

Plot
Wiz 'n' Liz takes place on the magical planet of Pum, where a group of "wabbits" (rabbits) have been taken by a spell gone awry and it's the job of two wizards – Wiz and Liz – to rescue them.

Reception

A review from the SEGA MegaZone magazine described the game as 'cute, original and very, very fast'. Amiga Action described the game as 'an all out, fast action platform extravaganza, with nice graphics and sound and an endearing storyline'.

References

External links

1993 video games
Amiga games
Bizarre Creations games
Cooperative video games
Fantasy video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Platformers
Psygnosis games
Sega Genesis games
Side-scrolling platform games
Video games about old age
Video games about witchcraft
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Matt Furniss

Wiz 'n' Liz


Lynn Marie Kirby is an artist, filmmaker and teacher. She currently lives and works in San Francisco.

Biography
Lynn Marie Kirby was born in 1952 in Washington, D.C., USA. She received her Bachelor of Fine Arts and Master of Fine Arts degrees from the San Francisco Art Institute.

With a background in cinema and conceptual performance, Kirby works with shifting recording technologies, creating film/video hybrids, site interventions and mappings that become records of time, technologies and places. Her improvisational and collaborative projects manifest at the intersection of events and archives, looking at the links between public and private, biographical and historical systems. She has recently collaborated with Etel Adnan, Xiaofei Li, Alexis Petty and Lisa Robertson.

Kirby's interest in the histories of place is closely connected to having grown up nomadically, living in Hong Kong, Libya, Belgium, Sweden and France. Kirby moved to the US to finish her undergraduate education at the San Francisco Art Institute's conceptually driven sculpture program. While continuing to work in performance, video and installation, she began working in film and completed the MFA film program at the San Francisco Art Institute. Kirby currently teaches at the California College of the Arts where she is a Professor of Graduate and Undergraduate Fine Arts, Film and Interdisciplinary Studies. Her work often incorporates emerging media technology such as using Skype to connect the congregation at Saint Ignatius Church (San Francisco) and the Bay Area art community to the  Sisters of the Holy Cross in São Paulo, Brazil for conversations on social justice, compassion and transformation.

Exhibitions and awards
Kirby's work has been widely exhibited in galleries and museums, including the Whitney Museum of American Art; the Museum of Modern Art, New York; Olympic Museum, Sarajevo; the Pompidou Centre in Paris; Arsenal in Berlin; Manage in St. Petersburg; Portland Museum of Art; the Kennedy Center and the Corcoran Gallery in Washington DC; LACE and MOCA in Los Angeles, the Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley; the Oakland Museum of California in Oakland; the San Francisco Cinematheque, Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, the de Young Museum, the Museum of Modern Art and Triple Base Gallery in San Francisco.

Her films and videos have shown at film festivals around the world, including Oberhausen, Toronto, London, San Francisco, and Athens. She is the recipient of grants and fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation
, Djerassi Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, Film Arts Foundation, Jerome Foundation, Kelsey Street Press, and the San Francisco Arts Commission.

References

External links
 Interview at SFMOMA
 Ping-Pong Show Belgrade
 Biography at CCA
 24th Street Mission Listening Project
 An Evening with Lynn Marie Kirby at MoMA NY

Artists from Washington, D.C.
American contemporary artists
Living people
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
California College of the Arts faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Lynn Marie Kirby


Scott Jackson (born January 19, 1979) is a former American football offensive lineman for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He was originally signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2004 and ended his five-year NFL career on the Houston Texans. He played college football at Brigham Young University.

High school

Jackson was a star offensive lineman for Palos Verdes Peninsula High School in Rolling Hills Estates, California. A three-year letterwinner, Jackson was named all-west, all-state and Los Angeles Times Lineman of the Year as a senior. He graduated from Peninsula High School in 1997. He was heavily recruited by Stanford, USC, Cal, UCLA, Washington, and Colorado State ultimately choosing to accept a full scholarship to BYU.

College career

Jackson reshirted his freshman year at Brigham Young University in 1997. After returning from a two-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jackson started at center position. A broken fibula caused him to miss most of the 2000 season, and a knee injury cut his 2001 season short. During his junior year (2002), Jackson  earning All-Mountain West Conference honors his senior season. At the 2004 NFL Scouting Combine, Jackson ran the 40-yard dash in 4.94 seconds, the fastest of any offensive lineman at the Combine.

Professional career

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

Undrafted in the 2004 NFL Draft, Jackson was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as a free agent. Jackson failed to make the active roster out of training camp, but was signed to the team's practice squad, where he remained the rest of the season.

In 2005, Jackson again was signed to the practice squad following training camp, then was promoted to the active roster after the fourth game. A backup to the guard and center positions, Jackson did not appear in a game.

In the 2006 preseason, Jackson showed impressive improvement over his earlier preseason form and earned public praise from Buccaneers head coach John Gruden, however, Jackson was again cut by Tampa Bay and signed to its practice squad. Prior to the first game, however, injuries to other offensive linemen forced Jackson to again be promoted to the active roster, with the Buccaneers cutting former standout wide receiver David Boston to make room for him. Jackson saw no action, and was cut within days to make room for a long snapper, again being re-signed to the practice squad.

Houston Texans

A month later, Jackson was signed from Tampa Bay's practice squad by the Houston Texans. Jackson finished the 2006 season on the Texans' active roster, but did not see action in a regular season game. A season-ending shoulder injury during the 2007 training camp sidelined him on the Texans' injured reserve. After a foot injury during the 2008 preseason, Jackson underwent surgery and retired from the NFL in 2009.

Personal life

Jackson served as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to the Spanish-speaking residents in the Dallas area in 1998 and 1999. He is an Eagle Scout. Scott married Ashley McKinnon of Winter Park, Florida in 2002. Together they have four boys.

Education

During his time in the NFL, Jackson participated in several NFL Business Management and Entrepreneurial programs: Northwestern in 2005, Stanford in 2007 and Harvard in 2008. After retiring from the NFL, Jackson entered the Class of 2012 at the Darden Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Virginia. Following graduation, Jackson accepted a position with Boston Consulting Group. He and his family currently live in Houston.

External links
BYU Football bio
Houston Texans bio
NFL Player bio
Tackling Autism Foundation
Sugar Land Family Tackles Autism
Texans Tackling Autism
All eyes will be on BYU's offensive line against Virginia

1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Whittier, California
Players of American football from Los Angeles County, California
American football centers
American football offensive guards
BYU Cougars football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Houston Texans players
University of Virginia Darden School of Business alumni

Scott Jackson (American football)


Spratt Mountain is a  mountain summit located in the North Cascades, in Whatcom County of Washington state. It is situated on the western side of the Cascade crest, at the western edge of the Pasayten Wilderness, on land managed by the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. Spratt Mountain is part of the Hozameen Range, a subset of the North Cascades which also includes Skagit Peak four miles to the north, and Jack Mountain six miles to the south. Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains into Ross Lake via Three Fools Creek and Dry Creek.

Geology
The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, granite spires, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to various climate differences.

The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.

During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The "U"-shaped cross section of the river valleys are a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

Climate
Spratt Mountain is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Due to its temperate climate and proximity to the Pacific Ocean, areas west of the Cascade Crest very rarely experience temperatures below  or above . During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger. The months July through September offer the most favorable weather for viewing or climbing this peak.

See also

 Geography of the North Cascades
 Geology of the Pacific Northwest

References

External links
 Weather forecast: Spratt Mountain
 Spratt Mountain aerial photo: PBase

Mountains of Washington (state)
Mountains of Whatcom County, Washington
Cascade Range
North Cascades
North Cascades of Washington (state)
North American 2000 m summits

Spratt Mountain


The Rains of Ranchipur is a 1955 American drama and disaster film made by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Jean Negulesco and produced by Frank Ross from a screenplay by  Merle Miller, based on the 1937 novel The Rains Came by Louis Bromfield. The music score was by Hugo Friedhofer and the cinematography by Milton Krasner.

The film stars Lana Turner, Richard Burton, Fred MacMurray, Joan Caulfield and Michael Rennie with Eugenie Leontovich.

Made in DeLuxe Color, Cinemascope, and four-track stereophonic sound, the film is a remake of the black-and-white film The Rains Came (1939), also made by Fox, directed by Clarence Brown and starring Tyrone Power and Myrna Loy. However, the 1955 film changes the novel's ending.

Plot
In India to purchase some horses, British aristocrat Lord Esketh (Michael Rennie) and his wife Edwina (Lana Turner) come to the town of Ranchipur at the invitation of the elderly Maharani (Eugenie Leontovich). Their marriage is an unhappy one, and Lord Esketh announces his intention to return to England and begin divorce proceedings. The spoiled, insensitive and notoriously promiscuous Edwina (she took a lover on their honeymoon) scoffs at this.

She renews in Ranchipur an acquaintance with an old friend and former lover, Tom Ransome (Fred MacMurray), once a brilliant engineer, now a dissolute alcoholic. She also meets and attempts to seduce a distinguished Hindu physician, Dr. Rama Safti (Richard Burton), a decent man who is the elderly Maharani's personal choice to succeed her someday.

At the end of the reception welcoming Lord and Lady Esketh to Ranchipur, the Maharani, who prepared for Edwina's arrival by reading newspaper clippings, sees that she has already begun to seduce Safti and confronts her. She is unworthy of her protégé, the Maharani says, telling Edwina about Safti's life. He is a very wise man, but "not experienced in matters of the heart." The Maharani warns Edwina that for Ranchipur, she will do what is necessary.

Safti at first resists, but ultimately succumbs to Edwina's charms and falls hopelessly in love with her. Lord Esketh becomes aware of this, and when Safti saves him after he is mauled by a wounded tiger, he asks Safti about Edwina. Safti admits his love and Lord Esketh, now sympathetic toward this good man's plight, describes their marriage in blunt terms. Safti says he already knows about Edwina's past; he forgives anything she has done.

When Safti and Edwina talk about this, she finally confesses that her attraction to him has grown into something "so much more" that it frightens her. Safti believes that she can grow and change. Edwina says it isn't possible. Everything about it is wrong.

Meanwhile, Fern Simon (Joan Caulfield) has returned home after graduating from the University of Iowa. The daughter of missionaries, she grew up in Ranchipur watching Ransome from afar. Her dreams of going back to teacher's college for graduate study are fading because they cannot afford it. At the reception, she diffidently asks Ransome for a loan of $1,000. He points out that this would wreck her reputation in Ranchipur, and moved by her disappointment, he agrees to help her get back to school somehow.

It has been raining off and on, but it begins in earnest, now, and continues through the film until the end.

Fern runs away from home and turns up soaking wet in Ransome's bungalow. She is thrilled with her plan—to ruin her reputation so her mother will have to let her go away to school, even though nothing will have happened because she will sleep on the sofa. He tells her she must go home immediately, bundles her into a raincoat—and kisses her. He apologizes and tells her the truth about himself: a disillusioned idealist who grew sick of the postwar world and hid in Ranchipur and the bottle. She meekly goes home.

At a party, Ransome, drunk and angry, warns Edwina to stay away from Safti, a friend whom he admires. Off-camera, the Maharani has ordered Edwina to leave the palace and Ranchipur. Safti says he will go with her.

Suddenly, Ranchipur is ravaged by a two-fold natural disaster: a series of earthquakes that shatter the dam and many buildings, and the ensuing flood, exacerbated by pouring rain, which wipes out buildings and bridges. After the first tremors, Safti runs for the hospital, leaving Edwina in a frenzy, partly caused by the fact that she is sick. Ransome takes her home to care for her. In the morning, Ranchipur is a lake, dotted with ruins, and it still rains. Debris blocks the narrows downriver, and plague spreads in the flooded areas.

Ransome's home is above the flood. A skiff pulls up to the porch. It is Fern, exhausted, cold and drenched. She has been out all night trying to get to him. Ransome settles her to rest and gently promises that he will not leave Ranchipur ever. He takes Edwina to the mission to Mrs. Smiley. In her delirium, and believing (correctly) that she may be dying, Edwina begs to have a message sent to Dr. Safti. It is delivered to Lord Esketh by mistake, and he begs Dr. Safti to go, admitting that he loves Edwina and always has. Dr. Safti is so busy saving lives that he cannot go.

An explosion echoes through the town: The blockage has been exploded by dynamite, causing the flood waters to recede. At the mission, Dr. Safti figures out that it was Ransome who risked his life to save the people of Ranchipur.

Shafti comes to Edwina at last. She is shaken by his statement that he would not have come to her, even if he had known she was dying, because of all the people depending on him for their lives. And when he talks of how much work there will be rebuilding Ranchipur, she realizes that his heart is there.

Leaving at last, Edwina tries to explain to the Maharani that her love for Safti has become true, so much so that she will make the sacrifice of leaving him for his own good. The Maharani refuses to accept this and taunts Edwina. Edwina warns the Maharani that someday there will be a woman she can't stop.

Safti comes to say goodbye, and tells her that she has given him a great gift, the knowledge that a man cannot live without love. In return, he tells her of the qualities he cherishes in her. They kiss gently.

She drives away from Ranchipur with her husband, wiping a tear from her cheek.

Cast
 Lana Turner as Lady Esketh
 Richard Burton as Dr. Rama Safti
 Fred MacMurray as Tom Ransome
 Michael Rennie as Lord Esketh
 Joan Caulfield as Fern Simon
 Eugenie Leontovich as the Maharani
 Gladys Hurlbut as Mrs. Simon
 Madge Kennedy as Mrs. Smiley
 Carlo Rizzo as Mr. Adoani
 Argentina Brunetti as Mrs. Adoani

Production
The film was a remake of The Rains Came (1939), which had been co-written by Philip Dunne. Dunne later wrote about the remake:
All I ever contributed to the remake was the title: The Rains of Ranchipur. The writer and producer, both friends of mine, tactlessly, unkindly and repeatedly informed me that their script was infinitely superior to the one Julien Josephson and I had written, which they dismissed as too old fashioned and corny for our purposes. They decided not to use any of it, and in fact didn't. Unfortunately for them, in the process they eliminated the most important event of all, the naughty lady's death, thereby violating the very essence of author Bromfield's original design. They turned a noble tragedy, corny or not, into a mere romantic interlude and thus achieved what they deserved: a resounding flop.

Criticism
Film scholar Richard Dyer has argued that The Rains of Ranchipur, like a number of other contemporary (post-WWII; and post-Colonial) films, are orientalist, besides "ultra-colonialist" and "white supremacist", and that the function of those movies is to "attempt to recapture the supposed scrutiny of an inequitable past".

See also
 List of American films of 1955

References

External links

1955 films
1955 drama films
20th Century Fox films
American drama films
Remakes of American films
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Louis Bromfield
Films directed by Jean Negulesco
Films scored by Hugo Friedhofer
Films set in India
Films set in the British Raj
Films shot in Lahore
Films shot in Pakistan
CinemaScope films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

The Rains of Ranchipur


Gero von Schulze-Gaevernitz (27 September 1901 in Freiburg, Germany – 6 April 1970 in Canary Islands) was a German economist. He became a crucial assistant of Allen Dulles in Europe and was awarded the U.S. Medal of Freedom in 1945 for his skillful negotiations in Ascona, Switzerland, for the surrender of a million Nazi forces in World War II, with specific reference to Italy (Operation Sunrise). He was the son of Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz, professor of Political Science at Freiburg University and a member of the Weimar parliament (b. Breslau, Silesia, 25 July 1865 - d. Krainsdorf, Silesia, 10 July 1943). His mother was Johanna Hirsch, (b. Mannheim, Germany, 23 May 1876 - d. Ascona, Switzerland, 1938).
Von Schulze-Gaevernitz had two sisters: Ruth Gaevernitz, a historian; and Margiana von Schulze-Gävernitz, who married entrepreneur and philanthropist Edmund Stinnes.

1901 births
1970 deaths
German diplomats
20th-century  German economists
Recipients of the Medal of Freedom

Gero von Schulze-Gaevernitz


Emergency Mobile Alerts (EMA) is an alerting network in New Zealand designed to disseminate emergency alerts to mobile devices. Emergency Mobile Alerts are messages about emergencies sent by New Zealand authorised emergency agencies to capable mobile phones. The alerts are sent to participating wireless providers who will distribute the alerts to their customers with compatible devices via Cell Broadcast, a technology best suitable for public warning as it simultaneously delivers messages to all phones using a Mobile Cell tower. Similar solutions are implemented in the United States (Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA)), The Netherlands (NL-Alert), European Union (EU-Alert), Canada, Japan, Taiwan, Chile, Philippines.
One2many B.V. provides this modern Emergency Mobile Alert system including the Cell Broadcast systems and the CAP (Common Alerting Protocol) based centralised Public Warning management system.

Adoption Rate
Emergency Mobile Alerts has been used in New Zealand since November 2017, and every year a test message is sent which is broadcast throughout New Zealand. The reach of the Control Cell Broadcast message among New Zealanders who have access to a mobile phone has increased since the first test message resulting that on 24 November 2019 8 out of 10 mobile handsets (79%) received a test emergency alert message sent out by Civil Defence and a further eight (8%) percent didn't personally receive the alert but were near someone who did reaching in the end 87% of the New Zealand population.

26 November 2017 - 58% of NZ population with access to mobile phone either received the nationwide test alert or was near someone who did receive the Cell Broadcast message
25 November 2018 - 79% of NZ population with access to mobile phone either received the nationwide test alert or was near someone who did receive the Cell Broadcast message
24 November 2019 - 87% of NZ population with access to mobile phone either received the nationwide test alert or was near someone who did receive the Cell Broadcast message

National Public Warning System implementations
Many countries have implemented location-based alert systems based on Cell Broadcast. The alert messages to the population, already broadcast by various media, are relayed over the mobile network using Cell Broadcast.

Canada – Alert Ready
Chile – LAT-Alert
European Union – EU-Alert
Greece – GR-Alert
Italy – IT-Alert
Japan – J-Alert
Lithuania – LT-Alert
Netherlands – NL-Alert
Norway – Emergency Alert System
Oman – OMAN-Alert
Peru – SISMATE
Philippines  – Emergency Cell Broadcast System (ECBS)
Romania – RO-Alert
Saudi Arabia – SAUDI-Alert
South Korea – Korean Public Alert Service
Sri Lanka – Disaster and Emergency Warning Network (DREWN)
Taiwan – Public Warning System
United Arab Emirates – UAE-Alert
United States – Wireless Emergency Alerts

Notable uses

22 October 2019 - New Zealand International Convention Centre fire, Auckland.
25 March 2020 - Announcement of impending move to COVID-19 Alert Level 4, nationwide.
29 and 31 January 2023 - 2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods, Auckland.
14 February 2023 - Evacuation notice due to Cyclone Gabrielle, Muriwai

References

External links
 (National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA))
 Emergency Mobile Alert Video Commercial
List of Cell Broadcast capable cell phones with instructions to enable EMA

Emergency services in New Zealand
Emergency population warning systems

Emergency Mobile Alert


Rookwood is a suburb in western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia located  west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Cumberland Council. It is the easternmost suburb in greater western Sydney.

Rookwood Cemetery is the largest cemetery in the Southern Hemisphere.

History
Rookwood was named from a title of an 1834 novel by William Harrison Ainsworth (1805–1882). A railway station called Haslam's Creek was opened in this area in 1859, on the railway line from Sydney to Parramatta. Samuel Haslam owned various grants beside the creek from 1804. Haslam's Creek was the site of the first railway disaster in New South Wales in July 1858, which resulted in two deaths.

When the necropolis opened in 1867, it was known as Haslam's Creek Cemetery. Residents disliked the association with the burial ground and in 1876 the suburb was renamed Rookwood. The name of the railway station was changed to Rookwood in 1878; and, by the 1880s, shops were established in the area.

Population
Rookwood is part of a contiguous area with no or very low population between the Inner West area to the east and the Greater Western Sydney area to the west, alongside neighbouring suburb like Chullora. In the 2021 Australian census, Rookwood was reported as having "no people or a very low population".

Transport
Rookwood railway station was on Sydney's Main Suburban railway line until its closure in 1967. The Rookwood Cemetery Line serviced Rookwood Cemetery and originally ran from Mortuary railway station, on Regent Street near Central railway station but has since closed.

The Cemetery railway line opened on 22 October 1864. At the time of its opening the line went as far as Cemetery Station No. 1. On 26 May 1897 an extension of the line to Cemetery Station No. 3 was opened. The extension required the removal of a waiting room on the rear wall of the Cemetery Station No. 1, so the line could pass right through the building. A final extension, to Cemetery Station No. 4 opened on 19 June 1908. The line closed in 1948.

References

The Book of Sydney Suburbs, Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia

Suburbs of Sydney
Cumberland Council, New South Wales

Rookwood, New South Wales


Immune Attack is an educational video game created by the Federation of American Scientists and Escape Hatch Entertainment. Early development of the game was done by Brown University, in collaboration with the University of Southern California, under a grant from the National Science Foundation. The game is designed to teach immunology to high school students, although later versions will cater to college aged students as well.

The game was officially released in May 2008, and is freely available for download.

Game summary

The protagonist of Immune Attack is a teenaged prodigy in the near-future with a unique immunodeficiency in which the immune system is "present, yet non-functional" - as if all the immune cells have forgotten what to do. The hero decides to take matters into her own hands, and allies herself with a team of scientists to create a nanobot with the abilities to teach cells how to fight bacterial and viral infections.

The player assumes the role of a pilot remote-controlling the nanobot Explorer. With the help of advisors, the player must learn about the different cells and environments in the human body in order to determine how to train the immune system. Visual and audio clues in the game provide the information needed to accomplish this goal.

Each subsequent level of Immune Attack features a different infection, and a different cell type the player must train. Cells trained on previous levels are available for deployment as well, allowing the user to make use of a wide range of agents to accomplish their mission.

Immune Attack was evaluated in 5th grade though 12th grade classrooms across the US from 2009 through 2013.  A research paper was published in 2014 by Dr. Melanie Stegman, the Director of the Learning Technologies Program at the Federation of American Scientists (FAS). In 2014, Stegman was asked by FAS to take the Learning Technologies Program away from FAS, as FAS was interested in focusing on nuclear non proliferation and secrecy. Stegman started a company called Molecular Jig Games and is working on making commercial quality video games that continue to teach serious molecular cell biology. Melanie Stegman's research demonstrates that learning games can teach the terms and abstract concepts of molecular cell biology.

In the news

References

External links
 Official Immune Attack Website
 Escape Hatch Entertainment website
 Link to the research paper on Immune Attack (2014)
 Immune Attack and Dr. Stegman's follow up game, Immune Defense are available on Itch.io

Science educational video games
Medical video games
Video games developed in the United States

Immune Attack


Piazza dei Signori is a city square in Verona, Italy.

Buildings around the square
 Palazzo della Ragione, Verona (Palazzo del Comune)
 Palazzo Domus Nova
 Casa della Pietà
 Palazzo di Cansignorio
 Palazzo del Podestà, Verona
 Loggia del Consiglio

Monument to Dante
The monument to Dante Alighieri is a statue representing him, made in memory of his 6th centenary from his birth. When Dante was exiled from Florence he was a long guest in Verona. The statue is made of marble, three meters high and resting on a marble pedestal.

Piazzas in Verona

Piazza dei Signori, Verona


Len Strazewski (born February 16, 1955) is an American comic book author who wrote Starman after Roger Stern. He has also worked on The Flash, Justice Society of America, Phantom Lady, The Fly, and many other titles for DC comics. He also worked on a comic version of Speed Racer for NOW Comics. His Street Fighter II comic for Malibu Comics was canceled after three issues by Capcom because of his choice to have Ken Masters murdered in the second issue. Also on Malibu, he wrote Prime, Elven and Prototype. He is a professor of journalism at Columbia College Chicago and a member of the school's Board of Trustees.

References

1955 births
American comics writers
American educators
Living people

Len Strazewski


The Peoplepedia: The Ultimate Reference on the American People is a 1996 book by Les Krantz and Jim McCormick. Covering "Americans and their habits...from serious to silly", it "purports to illuminate 'who we are and how we see ourselves'". It was written in three parts providing "statistical snapshots of American life": "The American Mindset" with popular opinions; "The American Collective" with facts about broad categories such as education or religion; and "Notable Americans" with biographical sketches. A review said it was "entertaining but, in some places, deceptive" and concentrated on men's biographies over women.

References

External links
 (free checkout available)

1996 non-fiction books
Books about the United States

The Peoplepedia