Gaudete Sunday ( ) is the third Sunday of Advent in the liturgical calendar of Western Christianity, including the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, Lutheran Churches, and other mainline Protestant churches. It can fall on any date from 11 December to 17 December.

Gaudete

The day takes its common name from the Latin word Gaudete ("Rejoice"), the first word of the introit of this day's Mass:

This may be translated as: "Rejoice in the Lord always; again I say, rejoice. Let your forbearance be known to all, for the Lord is near at hand; have no anxiety about anything, but in all things, by prayer and supplication, with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God.  Lord, you have blessed your land; you have turned away the captivity of Jacob." Philippians 4:4–6; Psalm 85 (84):1

Background

The season of Advent originated as a fast of 40 days in preparation for Christmas, commencing on the day after the feast of Saint Martin (11 November), whence it was often called Saint Martin's Lent, a name by which it was known as early as the fifth century. In the ninth century, the duration of Advent was reduced to four weeks (a period starting four Sundays before Christmas), and Advent preserved most of the characteristics of a penitential season, which made it a kind of counterpart to Lent. Gaudete Sunday is a counterpart to Laetare Sunday, and provides a similar break about midway through a season which is otherwise of a penitential character, and signifies the nearness of the Lord's coming.

The spirit of the liturgy throughout Advent is one of expectation and preparation for the feast of Christmas as well as for the second coming of Christ, and the penitential exercises suitable to that spirit are thus on Gaudete Sunday suspended, as it were, for a while, in order to symbolize that joy and gladness in the promised Redemption.

Theme
While the theme of Advent is a focus on the coming of Jesus in three ways: his first, his present, and his final Advent, the readings for Gaudete Sunday deal with rejoicing in the Lord – Christian joy – as well as the mission of John the Baptist and his connection with Advent. The theologian Thomas Aquinas described the difference between joy and happiness. Happiness is the final end of man, eternal contemplation of God, which is an act of the intellect. Joy, however, is itself not a virtue, but is an effect of the virtue of charity ("love"), which is full if its object is eternal and the greatest, i.e. God. Joy admits no sorrow for it is not an act of the sensitive faculties, e.g. enjoying food is a natural joy for Thomas, but supernatural joy which is spoken of on Gaudete Sunday and in the Gospels is an act of the intellectual appetite known as the will.

In his 2014 Gaudete Sunday homily, Pope Francis said that Gaudete Sunday is known as the "Sunday of joy", and that instead of fretting about "all they still haven't" done to prepare for Christmas, people should "think of all the good things life has given you."

Liturgical colour

On Gaudete Sunday rose-coloured vestments may be worn instead of violet (or instead of deep blue, in some Anglican and Lutheran traditions), which is otherwise prescribed for every day in the season of Advent. Gaudete Sunday was also known as "Rose Sunday".

In churches that have an Advent wreath, the rose-coloured candle is lit in addition to two of the violet- or blue-coloured candles, which represent the first two Sundays of Advent. Despite the otherwise somber readings of the season of Advent, which has as a secondary theme the need for penitence, the readings on the third Sunday emphasize the joyous anticipation of the Lord's coming.

In Anglicanism, the use of rose-pink, previously informally observed, was formally noted as an option in the Church of England in the Common Worship liturgical renewal.

See also

Advent Sunday
"Gaudete", a Christmas carol

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Advent
Christian Sunday observances
December observances

Gaudete Sunday


Princess Fiona is a female character of the Shrek franchise. She is voiced by Cameron Diaz. She does not appear in William Steig's original picture book of the same name.

Biography
Princess Fiona of Far Far Away was born as the only child to King Harold and Queen Lilian. A witch cast a spell on her, making her transform into an ogre every night and revert back to a human every morning. Because of this, she was locked away by the Fairy Godmother at the Dragon's Keep until Shrek rescued her.

Fictional characters introduced in 2001
Fictional princesses
Shrek characters

Princess Fiona


Thrombolites are ancient types of microbial communities that photosynthesize. They are similar to stromatolites, but they are formed differently.

Stromatolites are clearly layered, but thrombolites are not. They are "clotted accretionary structures". They formed in shallow water by the trapping, holding, and cementing sedimentary grains by microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria. They were common in the Cambrian and early Ordovician, and few examples still exist today.

References

Fossils
Bacteria
Sedimentary rocks

Thrombolite


Lieutenant Alec George Horwood,  (6 January 1914 – 20 January 1944) was a British Army officer and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Mobilised for war in 1939, Horwood was captured at Dunkirk and managed to escape via Antwerp. He was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his efforts.

Horwood was 30 years old, and a lieutenant in the 1/6th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey), British Army, attached to 1st Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

On 18 January 1944 at Kyauchaw, British Burma (now Myanmar), Lieutenant Horwood accompanied a company into action with his forward mortar observation post. Throughout the day he was in an exposed position and under intense fire, but he came back at night with most valuable information about the enemy. On 19 January he moved forward and established another observation post, directing accurate mortar fire in support of two attacks, and also carrying out personal reconnaissance, deliberately drawing the enemy fire so that their position could be definitely located. On 20 January he volunteered to lead the attack and while doing so was mortally wounded.

His Victoria Cross is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London.

References

External links
 CWGC entry

 Profile

1914 births
1944 deaths
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army personnel killed in World War II
British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross
Escapees from German detention
People from Deptford
Queen's Royal Regiment officers
Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal
Military personnel from London

Alec Horwood


Raray () is a commune in the Oise department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. Raray is located in the agricultural plain of the Valois, 11 km northeast of Senlis and 13 km west of Crépy-en-Valois. The commune of Raray consists of the village that gave it its name and the hamlet of La Borde, located at the northeastern end of the municipal territory. This hamlet is reduced to a farm and a few houses.

History
In 2019, the commune had 127 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known throughout the population censuses conducted in the town since 1793.

Raray has six monuments within its territory, including the Château Raray, its balustrades, and two other related architectural complexes.

Château
Château Raray is a castle whose initial construction dates back to 1522, though little of the original building remains. It was inhabited from 1610 to 1620 by Nicolas de Lancy, advisor to Louis XIII of France and chamberlain of the Duke of Orleans, and later, from 1766 to 1781, by Lord Antoine-Claude Henry and his eldest son Henry Francis. It was modernized between 1890 and 1914 by Henri de La Bédoyère.

In 1945, Château Castle served as the location of some scenes from the movie Beauty and the Beast by Jean Cocteau. In 1988, a golf course was developed in the park.

See also
Communes of the Oise department

References

Communes of Oise
Oise communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

Raray


Ray Alden (July 2, 1942 – September 19, 2009) was active in the Old Time Music community for nearly 40 years. He had taught at The Tennessee Banjo Institute, Augusta Folk Heritage Institute, Banjo Camp North, appeared in concerts, workshops, and on recordings. He was best known for his pioneering work recording traditional and second generation Appalachian banjo and fiddle players and styles, for which he received many awards, including a Grammy nomination. They include "Tommy And Fred - North Carolina Master Fiddle-Banjo Duets", "MountAiry USA", "The Young Fogies", and "The American Fogies". His publications include "Advanced Speaker Systems", "Music From Round Peak" and numerous articles and photographs.

Ray Alden was the founder of and frequent contributor to The Field Recorder's Collective.

Earlier in life Ray worked as a counselor at Trywoodie Camp in Hyde Park, New York.  He also taught mathematics at Stuyvesant High School in New York City for 25 years.

References

External links
The Field Recorder's Collective
Ray Alden Interview 11/2003 Banjo Newsletter
"Advanced Speaker Systems" by Ray Alden

1942 births
2009 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
American banjoists
Old-time musicians
American folk musicians
American folk-song collectors
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee

Ray Alden


Jim Green (May 25, 1943 – February 28, 2012) was an American-Canadian who was a longshoreman, taxicab driver, community activist, non-profit housing developer, municipal politician, university instructor and development consultant.

Early life and education
Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Green moved to Canada to avoid being drafted for the Vietnam War. Green held a Masters in Anthropology from the University of British Columbia, a Bachelor of Arts from the University of South Carolina, and studied at the Sorbonne, the Millennium Film Institute in New York, and the University of Colorado.

Career
Early in his career, Green worked as a longshoreman and a taxicab driver.

Green was an advocate for the city's Downtown Eastside and led the development of many housing projects, including the  experimental Woodward's building redevelopment designed by architect Gregory Henriquez He was a development consultant for developers and non-profit community groups.  In 2009 he left his role as CEO of the Misty Isles Economic Development Society to take a position working with Millennium Developments Ltd. on the 2010 Olympic Village development in Vancouver.

Green taught opera and architecture at the University of British Columbia and Anthropology at Simon Fraser University, and co-founded the University of British Columbia Urban Field School. Green was chair of Four Corners Community Savings, which was closed by the Gordon Campbell led BC Government. He served on the board of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.

Green co-founded the Portland Hotel Society which operates Insite, the first legal safe injection site in North America.

Political career
In 2002 he was elected to Vancouver City Council as a member of the Coalition of Progressive Electors (COPE), and subsequently, with mayor Larry Campbell, councillor Raymond Louie, and councillor Tim Stevenson left to form a new party, Vision Vancouver. Under the Vision Vancouver banner, he unsuccessfully ran for mayor in 2005, losing to Sam Sullivan by 3,747 votes.  Some blamed voter confusion for his loss, as there was an unknown candidate named "James Green" who received 4,273 votes.

It was the second time Green had run for mayor unsuccessfully, having been beaten as a member of COPE by then-NPA mayor Gordon Campbell in 1990. Six years later, Green again faced Campbell, this time in the 1996 provincial election for the MLA seat in Vancouver-Point Grey. Green, a New Democrat, was defeated by BC Liberal leader and future premier Gordon Campbell 12,637 to 11,074.

In 2008 Green supported Gregor Robertson in his successful run for mayor of Vancouver.

Death
In February 2012, his family released a brief statement saying he had suffered a serious recurrence of the lung cancer he had previously battled. At 06:15 PST on February 28, 2012, Green died following his battle with lung cancer.

References

1943 births
2012 deaths
American emigrants to Canada
Canadian schoolteachers
Deaths from cancer in British Columbia
Deaths from lung cancer
Vietnam War draft evaders
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Academic staff of Simon Fraser University
University of British Columbia alumni
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
University of Colorado alumni
University of Paris alumni
University of South Carolina alumni
Coalition of Progressive Electors councillors
Vision Vancouver councillors
American expatriates in France

Jim Green (Canadian politician)


Revolutionary Communist Organising Committee () was a communist group in Nepal. The organ of the group was Rato Jhanda (रातो झण्डा, Red Flag). The group was sometimes known as the Rato Jhanda group. The group had its origins in the faction led by Bharat Mohan Adhikari in the early 1970s, which was formed by a section of the Eastern Koshi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of Nepal (which had practically separated itself from the mother party and functioned in an autonomous manner) and a small splinter section of the Gandaki-based Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Communist Party. However, this tendency had been deserted by Bharat Mohan, when he joined the Central Nucleus. Before constituting itself as the Revolutionary Communist Organising Committee, the group was called the Red Flag District Committee (Rato Jhanda Zilla Samiti).

On September 11, 1978, the group merged into the All Nepal Communist Revolutionary Coordination Committee (Marxist-Leninist).

References

Defunct communist parties in Nepal


Jeanine Rhea is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Management in the William S. Spears School of Business at Oklahoma State University. Rhea taught at Oklahoma State from 1976 until 2004. With the money from an OSU grant, Rhea conducted research in the area of women in management and created a course out of her findings called "administrative strategies for women in business," which later became known as "managing diversity in the workplace." This course gained Rhea nationwide recognition and thousands of students have since participated in the course. In 2005, Rhea was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame. Currently, Rhea works as a performance consultant for Greenwood Performance Systems.

Early life
Jeanine Newton was born in Plattsmouth, Nebraska, a small town located 13 miles south of Omaha, Nebraska. For the first two years of her higher education, Jeanine attended Nebraska Wesleyan University, where she met her husband, James William Rhea. The two were married at the end of their sophomore year and transferred to the University of Nebraska. She earned her bachelor's degree in education from the University of Nebraska in 1960. After their graduation, the young couple moved to Nebraska City, Nebraska where she opened a dance studio. In February of 1962, Jeanine and Jim introduced their first daughter, Jena. And, in April of 1964, came the birth of their second daughter, Jill.  Later that year, Jim decided he wanted to get a master's degree, so the couple moved to Lawrence, Kansas where Rhea began teaching high school in Kansas City, Kansas. Rhea and her husband then moved to Memphis, Tennessee where Rhea began to work on her master's degree. In 1969, she earned a master's degree from Memphis State University. In November of 1969, Jerald William Rhea was born, their first and only son.  After Jim finished his PhD from Ohio University, the young family moved to Stillwater, Oklahoma in 1970. Rhea began working on her doctorate degree upon moving there. In 1975, she received her doctorate from Oklahoma State University.

Career
Rhea was hired at Oklahoma State University after receiving her doctorate, where she began teaching business communications and methods. Around 1975, Rhea began teaching a class titled "women in business." Rhea later applied for an OSU Presidential Challenge Grant to do work in the area of women in business. Once she was awarded the grant, Rhea began a period of research that inspired the class "administrative strategies for women in business," later known as "managing diversity in the workplace." This course gained Rhea nationwide recognition and thousands of students have since participated in the course. Rhea continued teaching at Oklahoma State University until her retirement in 2004, gaining her professor emeritus status with the university. Rhea is currently a Performance Consultant for her husband Jim's company, Greenwood Performance Systems, Inc.

Academic involvement
Rhea has been involved in many organizations, including:
National Communication Association
American Society for Training and Development
Southwest Administrative Services Association
Association for Business Communication
Delta Mu Delta
Beta Gamma Sigma
Delta Phi Epsilon

Awards and recognition
Inductee of the Oklahoma Higher Education Hall of Fame (2007)
Inductee of the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame (2005)
Jeanine Rhea/Oklahoma International Women's Forum (OIWF) Endowed Professorship (2007)

References

External links
Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame Oral History Project -- OSU Library
"All that jazz" - Tulsa People
"On Office Skills" - The Oklahoman

Living people
People from Plattsmouth, Nebraska
University of Nebraska alumni
Oklahoma State University alumni
People from Nebraska City, Nebraska
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jeanine Rhea


William Beaumont Army Medical Center is a Department of Defense medical facility located in Fort Bliss, Texas. It provides comprehensive care to all beneficiaries including active duty military, their family members, and retirees. The hospital is located in the Central/Northeastern part of El Paso, and provides emergency department services for Northeast El Paso. The current 1.1-million-square-foot, 6-building medical complex opened July 10, 2021 on East Fort Bliss. WBAMC is affiliated with the Paul L. Foster School of Medicine which is also located in El Paso, Texas. WBAMC is also a participating hospital for medical residents from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) and nursing students from the University of Texas at El Paso School of Nursing and the El Paso Community College Nursing School.  The current commander of WBAMC is Colonel Brett Venable.

History

The William Beaumont Army Medical Center (WBAMC), formerly the William Beaumont General Hospital (WBGH), is currently situated northwest of Fort Bliss' main cantonment area, between Fred Wilson Road and Hayes Avenue.  The hospital has its beginnings in Fort Bliss during the 1850s.  After several earlier moves, Fort Bliss moved to its permanent location at La Noria Mesa in 1893.  The hospital is named for Army surgeon William Beaumont (1785–1853), the "Father of Gastric Physiology".

Early years (1849–1892)
From its beginnings in 1849, the medical units that supported the Army installation in El Paso have moved several times.  In January 1854, "The Post of El Paso del Norte", was established on Magoffin's Ranch.  This installation at Magoffin's Ranch formally became known as Fort Bliss on 8 March 1854, in honor of Lt. Col. William Wallace Smith Bliss a veteran of the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) who was cited for gallantry in action.  In 1868 the Army installation was moved to Camp Concordia; back to downtown El Paso in 1878; to Hart's Mill in the 1880s; and finally to La Noria Mesa in 1893 on land donated by El Paso citizens. The La Noria Mesa site remains as the permanent station for Fort Bliss and its medical units.

Remains of the original Army Hospital located at Hart's Mill were uncovered by archaeologists in 2012 near the main campus of University of Texas at El Paso.  The Army used military labor to construct the post hospital at Hart's Mill, which was completed in December 1880.

Civil War – under control of Confederate Army (1861–1862)
Fort Bliss was directed to surrender to Confederate forces on 31 Mar 1861 after Texas withdrew from the Union, to include the garrison hospital. Fort Bliss and the hospital remained Confederate until 20 Aug 1862. The retreating Confederate troops destroyed all of Fort Bliss, except for the hospital, which housed their sick and wounded.

Formative years (1893–1898)

The 1890s saw the establishment of a permanent hospital at Fort Bliss in support of a permanent regimental post along the border. Twenty-nine buildings and a parade ground are extant from this period on Fort Bliss and contribute to the Fort Bliss Main Post Historic District, to include the Fort Bliss Fort Hospital, completed in 1893.  This building, now known as Building 8,  is currently the location of the Fort Bliss Inspector General's Office.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1972.

Spanish–American War (1898–1902)
During this period, the hospital supported a skeletal garrison at Fort Bliss, containing never more than 100 soldiers. It was not until 1902 and the end of the Philippine Insurrection that the hospital supported a full complement of troops at Fort Bliss.  By 1902 the hospital, along with all the buildings on Fort Bliss, had fallen into disrepair. Lieutenant Colonel H.H. Adams, of the 18th Infantry Regiment, commanded the post in 1902 and reported the hospital steward's quarters needed "extensive repairs."

New Fort Bliss post hospital (1903–1919)

In his 1903 report, the inspector general found the Fort Bliss hospital was one of several in the Department of Texas showing "defective construction due to inferior material or poor workmanship, or both." The commander of the Department of Texas agreed in the same year, "A new hospital at Fort Bliss is undoubtedly needed." In the summer of 1904, a new department commander, Brigadier General Jesse M. Lee, toured Fort Bliss and wrote a report generally critical of the post. Lee reported a new hospital was being built.

On 1 December 1917, field hospital company 3 departed Fort Bliss, then sailed from Hoboken on 5 December, and arrived at Saint-Nazaire on 22 December, among the last elements of the 1st Infantry Division to arrive in France and later the Western Front.

The first Army dental training school was established at the Fort Bliss Post Hospital in September 1916 by Captain Robert T. Oliver.  The dental school at the Fort Bliss Post Hospital served as a model for similar efforts in the mobilization camps after the April 6, 1917 declaration of war against Germany.

William Beaumont General Hospital (1920–1939)

General Orders No. 40 of the War Department, June 26, 1920, stipulated that this new hospital at Fort Bliss be named after Major William Beaumont, one of the most famous surgeons of the "Old Army."  William Beaumont General Hospital opened on July 1, 1921, and was completed in 1922. It originally consisted of 41 buildings and 403 beds, with an emergency reserve of 100 additional beds.  The new hospital buildings were made of tile and stucco.

The construction of WBGH's 48 buildings in 1920–21 signaled the beginning of Fort Bliss's role as a major military medical center. Over the next two decades WBGH served as both Fort Bliss's station hospital and as a general hospital for the western portion of the Army's 8th Service Command.  On staff were six medical officers, two nurses and 30 medical corpsmen.  WBGH's original mission was to provide general medical care to border patrol troops stationed at Fort Bliss.  By the 1930s, however, the hospital was serving the entire western portion of the Army's Eighth Corps area, providing health care to soldiers stationed at posts in Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas.

World War II and after (1940–1968)

WBGH served as one of many prisoner-of-war hospitals across the United States that supported the prisoner-of-war camps at Fort Bliss and surrounding camps during World War II.

During early 1945, approximately 6,000 inpatients were treated. In addition, a military school for medical technicians offered specialized training in surgical, dental, laboratory, x-ray, pharmacy, and veterinary procedures. The hospital had a fully equipped physical therapy and occupational therapy center. Also, the artificial eye clinic was opened. Later, the hospital expanded into a neuro-psychiatric treatment and orthopedic surgery center.  Following the war, WBGH continued to serve the medical needs of Fort Bliss and surrounding military installations until the Army's needs outgrew the capacity of the hospital.  During the war, the William Beaumont General Hospital trained approximately 16,000 medical technicians, including over a thousand WAC recruits.  The hospital also became a specialty center for plastic surgery, ophthalmic surgery, neuropsychiatry, and deep radiation therapy.  In the last year of the war alone, some 26,358 patients received medical treatment at the hospital.

In late 1945, Wernher von Braun and the original 82 members of the Project Paperclip group used one of the old WBGH buildings as their initial laboratory and headquarters as noted by an Army historian:

Beaumont was one of only ten of the Army's sixty-three general hospitals retained after World War II.  Besides providing medical care to returning wounded soldiers during the conflicts in both Korea and Vietnam, the hospital also provided general medicine and surgical services to veterans and personnel at Fort Bliss and other regional military installations.

William Beaumont Army Medical Center (1969–present)

In 1969, the Army began construction of a new, 12-story hospital to the west of the WBGH area.  Completed in 1972, the new facility became known as the William Beaumont Army Medical Center.  The building is in the modernism architectural style, with a 124 ft tower.  Although originally designed for 611 beds, by the early 1980s the hospital had a capacity of 463. The Omar N. Bradley building, an addition to the west-side of the main hospital, was opened in 1982; it provides an additional  of clinical and administrative space. Today, the hospital has a bed capacity for more than 150 patients; during contingencies, the hospital can expand for 373 patients.  As the Southwest's major regional Army medical center, this modern facility now provides medical care to active and retired military personnel and their dependents in the three-state region of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Maj. Gen. (Dr.) Charles C. Pixley, the hospital commander from September 1975 through December 1976, was promoted to lieutenant general in 1977 and became the Surgeon General of the Army.

Fisher House
The Fisher House Foundation, which provides free lodging for military families with a hospitalized relative, operates a facility at WBAMC.  It celebrated its 20th anniversary of operation on 22 February 2014.

Unit insignia
The design of the WBAMC unit insignia symbolizes some of the highlights of WBAMC's namesake Dr. William Beaumont, Beaumont's patient Alexis St. Martin, the unit's medical tradition, and the unit's location in El Paso.

The fleur-de-lis pointing north refers to Dr. Beaumont's assignment in 1820 to the Northern Michigan outpost of Fort Mackinac.  The circular window at center of the cross refers to Alexis St. Martin's stomach wound which never closed, presenting Beaumont with a window through which he could study the workings of the human stomach.  The white and maroon colors are traditional to the US Army Medical Department.  The Maltese cross refers to the Knights Hospitallers of medieval times as a symbol of the medical profession.  WBAMC's location in El Paso, Texas is symbolized by the vertical arm of the cross passing between the mountains (in reference to the English translation of El Paso as "the pass") and terminating upon the blue wave which represents the Rio Grande.

Notable patients
 Omar N. Bradley, the last American five-star general, lived during his retirement at a special residence at the William Beaumont Army Medical Center.
 William O. Wooldridge, the first Sergeant Major of the Army was treated at WBAMC
 Several of the Prisoner of War (POWs) from the 2003 invasion of Iraq were treated at WBAMC.

Co-located Veterans Health Care Center
The El Paso VA Health Care System has a joint venture with William Beaumont Army Medical Center.  This joint venture allows both activities to maximize resource utilization.  Through the joint venture, VA purchases emergency department service and inpatient care for acute medical, psychiatric and surgical emergencies.  The joint venture has led to unique agreements that have increased patient access in general surgery and vascular surgery.

See also
 MEDCOM
 Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
 Paul L. Foster School of Medicine
 Dr. William Beaumont
 Major General (Dr.) Charles C. Pixley
 Fort Bliss
 General Omar Bradley
 Sergeant Major of the Army William O. Wooldridge

References

External links
 William Beaumont Army Medical Center, official website
 Paul L. Foster School of Medicine

 William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Graduate Medical Education

This article contains information that originally came from US Government publications and websites and is in the public domain.

United States Army medical installations
Military hospitals in the United States
Hospitals in Texas
Hospital buildings completed in 1849
Hospital buildings completed in 1893
Hospital buildings completed in 1904
Hospital buildings completed in 1921
Hospital buildings completed in 1972
Military facilities in Texas
Buildings and structures in El Paso, Texas
Hospitals established in 1849
1849 establishments in Texas
Teaching hospitals in Texas
Hospital buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in El Paso County, Texas
Training installations of the United States Army
Healthcare
El Paso, Texas
Fort Bliss

William Beaumont Army Medical Center


A suicide bombing took place at Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, Afghanistan, on 26 August 2021, at 17:50 local time (13:20 UTC), during the evacuation from Afghanistan. At least 183 people were killed, including 170 Afghan civilians and 13 members of the United States military, the first American military casualties in the War in Afghanistan since February 2020. The Islamic State – Khorasan Province (IS-KP) claimed responsibility for the attack.

On 27 August, the United States launched an airstrike which the US Central Command (USCENTCOM) said was against three suspected IS-KP members in Nangarhar Province. On 29 August, the US conducted a second drone strike in Kabul, targeting a vehicle which they suspected was carrying IS-KP members, but actually carried an Afghan aid worker. Ten Afghan civilians were killed in the drone strike, including seven children.

In 2023, the (unnamed) leader of the IS-KP cell that organized the attack was believed to have been killed by Taliban security forces.

Background

After the fall of Kabul to the Taliban on 15 August 2021, Hamid Karzai International Airport was the only way out of Afghanistan. Security concerns grew after hundreds of members of the Islamic State – Khorasan Province escaped from jails at Bagram and Pul-e-Charkhi. On 16 August, the Pentagon warned the US Congress about the increased threat of a terrorist attack by ISIS following the fall of Kabul the previous day. US President Joe Biden received multiple reports of a possible attack during the week preceding the attack, and warned on 22 August in remarks from the White House that the longer US troops remained in the country, the greater the threat that ISIS would pose to American personnel and civilians near the airport.

Hours before the attack, US diplomats in Kabul warned American citizens to leave the airport because of security threats. United Kingdom Armed Forces Minister James Heappey had also warned of a highly credible threat of attack at the airport by ISIS militants. The embassies of the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia also warned about high-security threats involving the airport.

Attack
Amid the 2021 evacuation from Afghanistan, a crowd of local and foreign civilians fled to the airport to be evacuated. At Abbey Gate, one of the gates into the airport, a suicide bomber detonated an explosive belt. After the explosion, gunfire erupted and all gates to the airport were closed. US officials said that IS-KP gunmen opened fire into the crowd after the explosion and US troops returned fire. According to several reporters, eyewitnesses attributed at least some of the gunfire into the crowd and consequent deaths after the explosion to panic by US troops. The Pentagon acknowledged the possibility of US responsibility for some deaths in a news conference on 28 August.

The explosion occurred by a canal where US forces were checking evacuees' passports, visas and other documentation before allowing them inside the airport. An eyewitness stated that the explosion felt as if someone had pulled the ground from under his feet, and saw other evacuees thrown into the air by the force of the blast. Initial reports erroneously stated that a second explosion had taken place at the nearby Baron Hotel. The following day, it was confirmed that there was no such second explosion.

The attack was carried out by IS-KP, which claimed responsibility and named the bomber as Abdul Rahman Al Logari. The Taliban had fought against IS–KP previously, and were helping the US forces to maintain security at the airport.

Victims

At least 182 people were killed during the attack, including 169 Afghan civilians, and 13 US service members supporting the evacuation operation. Two of the killed civilians were British dual-nationals and one was the child of a British national. It was initially reported that 28 Taliban fighters had also been killed in the attack, but this was later denied by Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid in an interview with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. The dead Americans were identified as eleven marines, one soldier from 8th Psychological Operations Group, and one Navy corpsman. The American deaths were the first US service deaths in Afghanistan since February 2020 and were the largest single loss of life of US military personnel since the 2011 Afghanistan Boeing Chinook shootdown.

At least 150 more people were injured, including 18 US military personnel and a number of Taliban members.

Reactions and response
Through a tweet by their spokesperson, the Taliban condemned the attack, saying "evil circles will be strictly stopped". The Taliban later announced that they would take every possible measure to capture IS-KP leader, Shahab al-Muhajir. Abdullah Abdullah, former Chief Executive of Afghanistan and current National Coalition of Afghanistan leader, condemned the attack. Some civilians claimed to reporters that the attack had strengthened their resolve to leave the country for fear of more attacks.

US President Biden made a public address following the attack. He honored the US service members who were killed, calling them "heroes" and saying they lost their lives "in the service of liberty", and also expressed deep sorrow for the Afghan victims. Biden said to those who wished harm upon the US that "we will hunt you down and make you pay". The United Kingdom government also said that they will continue Operation Pitting, the evacuation from Afghanistan.

Many nations expressed condemnation for the Kabul airport attack and solidarity with the victims and troops conducting evacuations at the airport. The attack was also condemned by the European Commission and the United Nations. German Chancellor Angela Merkel cancelled a planned trip to Israel, instead staying in Germany to monitor the evacuation of German troops. Biden also rescheduled a meeting with visiting Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett because of the attack. The United Kingdom said civilian evacuations would continue in spite of the attack.

US airstrikes

On 27 August, the United States launched an airstrike against what US military said was a vehicle carrying three IS-KP members in Nangarhar Province. Two were killed, who were described by Pentagon Press Secretary John Kirby as "high-profile ISIS targets" and "planners and facilitators"; the third occupant of the vehicle was injured. A US defence official said that one of the strike targets was "associated with potential future attacks at the airport", and that the US had located him with "sufficient knowledge" to strike. CENTCOM identified him on 23 September as Kabir Aidi (alias "Mustafa"), and stated that he was involved in planning attacks and making magnetic IEDs. It also stated that he was directly involved with the orchestrators of the bombing and was reportedly helping distribute explosives and suicide vests to target people during the evacuation. The second person killed in the strike was identified as an ISIS collaborator who had been involved in the 2020 Kabul University attack, but his identity was not known.

On 29 August, a drone strike was carried out by the United States, targeting a vehicle a few kilometers from Kabul Airport. According to relatives, 10 nearby civilians were killed, including seven children. Some of those killed had worked for international organisations and held visas allowing them US entry. US officials said there were a number of explosions following the drone strike, implying explosives at the scene, however victims relatives rejected that any subsequent explosions had occurred and stated the driver of the car did not have any connection with the group. A preliminary investigation conducted into the 29th August drone strike by the American military said the targeted vehicle had visited what was believed to be a safe house for IS-KP by intelligence analysts. It however found no concrete proof that there were explosives inside, though stating it was "possible to probable", and a commander had given the order after seeing no civilians on live feed, only for them to appear a few seconds later.

An investigation conducted by The New York Times however found that the targeted driver, identified as Zemari Ahmadi, was an aid worker for Nutrition and Education International, and that his movements that raised the military's suspicion, was him picking up and later dropping off his office colleagues. It also reported that the packages which were believed to be explosives might have simply been water containers, and there was no evidence of secondary explosions. The newspaper stated that the actual number of dead was 10 people, including 7 children.

Another investigation by The Washington Post reached similar conclusions, with two experts stating that there may have been a smaller secondary explosion due to fuel vapors, which would have appeared more powerful than it actually was, causing the military to believe the vehicle contained explosives. A former US Air force operator claimed the damage was consistent with the car containing explosives.

On 17 September, the head of USCENTCOM Kenneth McKenzie confirmed it was unlikely any IS-KP members were killed in the August 29 drone strike. The Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley confirmed all of those killed in the strike were innocent civilians. The investigation by the United States military also concluded that a supposed secondary explosion they believed to be evidence of explosives, might have been due to a propane or gas tank. A CNN report revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency had warned the military of civilians in the area after they fired the missile and only seconds before it struck.

Reactions to the airstrikes
After the drone strike on 27 August, US President Joe Biden said they had pursued those responsible for the attack on the airport as he had previously said they would, and they would continue to do so.

The Council on American–Islamic Relations, Code Pink and Amnesty International condemned the 29 August drone strike, calling it a continuation of American policy of killing civilians without accountability. Amnesty further called for "a credible and transparent investigation" into the strike, acknowledgment by the United States for its actions and reparations for the deceased, and adherence to international law by the United States. US House Representative Ilhan Omar also condemned the strike on Twitter.

Mark Milley defended the strike on 1 September as "righteous" after doubts were raised about it, while claiming one of the persons killed in it was an IS-KP member and they had followed due procedure. He admitted that others were killed in the strike. White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki on 2 September acknowledged that civilians had been killed in the strike and stated that an investigation was ongoing. After the publishing of journalistic reports casting doubt on the military's account, Pentagon spokesman John Kirby on 13 September defended the strike, saying it prevented an attack on the airport.

After the US military confirmed that the drone strike had killed innocent civilians, House Representative Ruben Gallego termed the admission "devastating" and called on the Department of Defense to brief the House of Representatives on it as soon as they could. A relative of the victim meanwhile stated that an apology was not enough and that the United States must punish the person responsible for the strike, offer compensation, and evacuate some members of the family out of Afghanistan.

Notes

See also
 2023 Kabul Airport attack
 List of terrorist attacks in Kabul

References

Airport attack
2021 murders in Afghanistan
2021 school bombing
21st-century mass murder in Afghanistan
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2021
Attacks on buildings and structures in Kabul
August 2021 crimes in Asia
August 2021 events in Afghanistan
ISIL terrorist incidents in Afghanistan
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2021
Mass murder in 2021
2021 airport attack
Suicide bombings in 2021
2021 airport attack
Terrorist attacks on airports in Asia
Terrorist incidents in Afghanistan in 2021

2021 Kabul airport attack


Dumex is an infants' and children's nutrition company. Its products are growing-up milk and follow-on milk. Dumex is a part of Groupe Danone, which is headquartered in Paris, France.
Dumex products is one of the Danone Group, company of Danone Dumex is headquartered in France.

Until 2005, Dumex was a part of the East Asiatic Company.

Food and drink companies of France
Companies with year of establishment missing
Groupe Danone

Dumex


Farafenni or Farafegni is a town in the Gambia, lying on the Trans-Gambia Highway in the North Bank Division, just south of the border with Senegal. It is an important market town.

The population of Farafenni is around 25,000 and the main local language is Wolof, although Mandinka, Fula and other languages are also fairly common.

Farafenni is the site of a recently built hospital and also contains a military base which was attacked in 1995 by six men later claiming to be Sanyang's collaborators.

It is sometimes called Chakubanta or Faracity.

There is only one senior secondary school, called: Farafenni Senior Secondary School; two junior Secondary: Farafenni Junior Secondary School, and Anglican Junior Secondary School. Both located in the Outskirts of the town; and two primary Schools, namely: Farafenni Lower Basic School, and Mauritani Lower Basic School. Farafenni Upper Basic School is sponsored by John Cabot Academy in Bristol, UK.

Farafenni is a commercial town, were transactions are carried out in various commercial sectors. It has one big market situated opposite Farafenni Gamtel, and nearby there are shops and a small market on Kerewan Highway. Both markets serve the needs of the inhabitants. There is also a weekly market called lumo. The lumo place is located at the outskirts of the town, adjacent to the Farafenni Stadium.

Farafenni is at the northern end of the segment of the Trans-Gambia Highway containing the Senegambia Bridge.

References

North Bank Division
Populated places in the Gambia
The Gambia–Senegal border crossings

Farafenni


Irvin "Zabo" Koszewski (August 20, 1924 – March 29, 2009) was an American professional bodybuilder and a 2007 inductee to the International Federation of BodyBuilders Hall of Fame.

Biography
Koszewski was particularly known for his abdominal muscles. John Balik of Iron Man magazine recalled that "he had a 10-pack of abs when everyone else had a six-pack."

Koszewski appeared in the Cheech and Chong film Nice Dreams (1981) and was the stunt double for Tommy Chong in Things Are Tough All Over (1982). He also appeared in the 2005 documentary film a/k/a Tommy Chong.  A photograph of Koszewski is included in the iconic Pop Art collage Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?

Koszewski died of pneumonia in Doylestown, Pennsylvania at the age of 84.

Titles
1953 Mr. Los Angeles
1953 Mr. California
1954 Mr. California

Filmography (actor)

See also
List of male professional bodybuilders
List of female professional bodybuilders

References

External links

American bodybuilders
1924 births
Professional bodybuilders
2009 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania

Irvin Koszewski


Venison originally meant the meat of a game animal but now refers primarily to the meat of deer (or antelope in South Africa). Venison can be used to refer to any part of the animal, so long as it is edible, including the internal organs. Venison, much like beef or pork, is categorized into specific cuts, including roast, sirloin, and ribs.

Etymology

The word derives from the Latin venari, meaning "to hunt or pursue". This term entered the English language through Norman French venaison in the 11th century, following the Norman conquest of England and the establishment of Royal Forests.

Definition
Venison originally described meat of any game animal killed by hunting and was applied to any animal from the families Cervidae (true deer), Leporidae (rabbits and hares), Suidae (wild boar) and certain species of the genus Capra (goats and ibex).

In Southern Africa, the word venison refers to the meat of antelope, a Bovidae taxon, as there are no native Cervidae in sub-Saharan Africa.

Qualities
Venison may be eaten as steaks, tenderloin, roasts, sausages, jerky, and minced meat. It has a flavor reminiscent of beef. Cuts of venison tend to have a finer texture and be leaner than comparable cuts of beef. However, like beef, leaner cuts can be tougher as well. Venison burgers are typically so lean as to require the addition of fat in the form of bacon, beef, olive oil, or cheese to achieve parity with hamburger cooking time, texture, and taste. Organ meats (offal) of deer can also be eaten. Traditionally, they are called hombres (originally the Middle English hombres). This is supposedly the origin of the phrase "humble pie", meaning a pie made from the organs of the deer.

When sourced correctly from a healthy deer, venison is a very healthy meat for human consumption. Since deer are inherently wild animals living on grass and wild plants, their meat can be consumed as part of a naturally healthy diet. Venison is higher in moisture and protein, and the protein is more diverse in amino acids and lower in calories, cholesterol, and fat than most cuts of grain-fed beef, pork, or lamb.

Health concerns
Since it is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy among deer (similar to mad cow disease, scientifically known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy), can pass from deer to humans through the consumption of venison, there have been some fears of dangerous contamination of the food supply from wild deer carrying CWD. The disease has been found among farmed deer in the US and western Canada, but New Zealand has not identified the disease among its herd.

Deer farmers have had tests developed especially for the particular species they raise to obtain better results than those used on cattle. Hunters are advised not to shoot a deer that appears sick or is acting strangely, and they are also advised to take general precautions in examining the meat from deer they have killed.

Availability

Czech Republic
Venison (as well as other game meats, mainly wild boar) is a part of traditional cuisine and is commonly eaten, not considered a specialty. Dishes such as deer goulash are often on restaurant menus. A variety of venison (roe, red and fallow deer, mouflon) and other game meat is widely available in butcher shops in fresh state, distributed by wholesalers, as well as in big retail chains such as Tesco, at prices similar to beef or pork, around 200 CZK or 8 EUR per kilogram. Despite the popularity and low prices, in recent years the production of venison has surpassed demand, and is therefore often used in production of animal food.

New Zealand
New Zealand has large populations of wild and farmed deer, making venison a relatively common meat. It is widely available in supermarkets.

United Kingdom
In England, hunting rights were restricted in an effort to preserve property rights. As a result, the possession and sale of venison was tightly regulated under English law, although it is readily available commercially.

United States
In the United States, venison is less common at retail due to the requirement that the animal be first inspected by USDA inspectors. There are very few abattoirs which process deer in North America, and most of this venison is destined for restaurants. Where deer are considered an invasive species, companies such as Molokai Wildlife Management and Maui Nui Venison that hunt axis deer in Hawaii, combine culling with USDA certification and retail sale. Most venison sold through retail in the United States are farmed from New Zealand and Tasmania. It is available through some high-end specialty grocers and some chains which focus on more "natural" meats. Non-retail venison is often obtained through hunting and self-processing, or contracting to small meat processing facilities to do the processing for the hunter, but sale of the finished meat is usually illegal.

The American sandwich chain Arby's gained attention in October 2016 when word leaked through social media that they were about to test a venison sandwich. Arby's later confirmed that they had selected 17 stores in Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Wisconsin (all major deer hunting states) to offer a venison sandwich during a four-day test during those states' hunting seasons. Both due to curiosity and heavy demand from hunters, the sandwiches sold out in all markets on the first day of the test.

References

External links

Venison
Native American cuisine
Vermont cuisine
Cuisine of West Virginia
Deer

Venison


In mathematics education at the primary school level, chunking (sometimes also called the partial quotients method) is an elementary approach for solving simple division questions by repeated subtraction. It is also known as the hangman method with the addition of a line separating the divisor, dividend, and partial quotients.  It has a counterpart in the grid method for multiplication as well.

In general, chunking is more flexible than the traditional method in that the calculation of quotient is less dependent on the place values. As a result, it is often considered to be a more intuitive, but a less systematic approach to divisionswhere the efficiency is highly dependent upon one's numeracy skills.

To calculate the whole number quotient of dividing a large number by a small number, the student repeatedly takes away "chunks" of the large number, where each "chunk" is an easy multiple (for example 100×, 10×, 5× 2×, etc.) of the small number, until the large number has been reduced to zeroor the remainder is less than the small number itself. At the same time the student is generating a list of the multiples of the small number (i.e., partial quotients) that have so far been taken away, which when added up together would then become the whole number quotient itself.

For example, to calculate 132  8, one might successively subtract 80, 40 and 8 to leave 4:

       132
        80   (10 × 8)
        --
        52
        40   ( 5 × 8)
        --
        12
         8   ( 1 × 8)
        --
         4
             --------
       132 =  16 × 8 + 4

Because 10 + 5 + 1 = 16, 132  8 is 16 with 4 remaining.

In the UK, this approach for elementary division sums has come into widespread classroom use in primary schools since the late 1990s, when the National Numeracy Strategy in its "numeracy hour" brought in a new emphasis on more free-form oral and mental strategies for calculations, rather than the rote learning of standard methods.

Compared to the short division and long division methods that are traditionally taught, chunking may seem strange, unsystematic, and arbitrary.  However, it is argued that chunking, rather than moving straight to short division, gives a better introduction to division, in part because the focus is always holistic, focusing throughout on the whole calculation and its meaning, rather than just rules for generating successive digits. The more freeform nature of chunking also means that it requires more genuine understandingrather than just the ability to follow a ritualised procedureto be successful.

An alternative way of performing chunking involves the use of the standard long division tableauexcept that the partial quotients are stacked up on the top of each other above the long division sign, and that all numbers are spelled out in full. By allowing one to subtract more chunks than what one currently has, it is also possible to expand chunking into a fully bidirectional method as well.

References

Further reading
 Rob Eastaway and Mike Askew (2010), Maths for Mums and Dads, Square Peg.
Khan AcademyPartial Quotient Method

Mathematics education
Elementary arithmetic
Division (mathematics)

Chunking (division)


Moosa Khan (Urdu: ) is a 2001 film which was directed by Shaan. The film starred Saima, Afzal Khan and Shaan.

Synopsis
The storyline is based around Shaan and Saima. Moosa played by Shaan grows up in a cave due to his father being killed. His father was an Imam  (priest) who died in Moosa's hands when a bunch of pandits came and attacked his Mosque. Saima comes along with her father who dies as well when some evil goons attack and she is taken hostage by Shamoon (Shafqat Cheema). What will Moosa do about this?

Plot
(The following text is a Movie Review by Omar Ali Khan, a film historian available at www.bobbyspakoras.com)
The movie is set in a time warp in the colonial subcontinent Kashmirpur and its environs are seemingly inhabited by Muslims, Hindus and Christians. Beautiful white doves  (symbolizing peace) also fly around in the foreground in idyllic slow motion while an audience is introduced to the local Mosque and its saintly Imam (priest) played by Abid Ali. The Imam completes his prayer and emerges from the distance as pigeons and doves flutter about in a mad frenzy.

Meanwhile, we are shown that across the way there is a temple where instead of doves of peace, there is a python near a large group of snarling, drooling old men in orange robes, with funky hairstyles who are cringing at the voice of the nearby priest. So enraged are they by his voice that they hatch an evil scheme in collusion with the local godless firangi gora's (white men - who worship only money) to bring about the end to the voice once and for all.

As the villains try to gun down the lecturing Imam, their guns suddenly malfunction by divine intervention and when the ghastly Hindus decide to fire some heavy artillery and rocket launchers at the mosque (it appears divine intervention only disables rifles and pistols but not rocket launchers) the super-human maulvi appears magically leaping in the way of the projectiles, thwarting any attempt at desecrating the mosque. Then, while in the background people turn from peace mode to crusade mode, the Maulvi mumbles a few pious utterances and launches his "tasbees" (holy beads) into the air to see it transform in mid-air into a holy sword. He dramatically catches the falling blade and proceeds to hack to death the entire lot of goons who had dared to try to attack the mosque. As the Imam finally caves in, he says to his child Moosa, "sorry Moosa" the maulvi says in slow motion at the death scene, his eyes burning with the fire of vengeance.

Moosa grows up in a cave somewhere, having turned his back on his religion due to the disillusionment that he felt when his father was murdered. He has instead taken to living alone in some distant cave with his horse Sheru to keep him company. Moosa (Shaan) has turned into a cold-hearted mercenary but all that is soon to change with Saima's arrival.

She shows up, dressed to kill with her father. He clearly had his own reasons for bringing his daughter to this place but when the goons start making moves on her, he turns defensive and starts throwing moralizing lecture, and for this he gets shot by one of the goons. Shamoon (Shafqat Cheema) sporting his usual bizarre "get up" with flowing ponytail becomes obsessed by Saima's voluptuousness, Shamoon imprisons Saima. However, in keeping with the film's utterly warped manner, Saima chooses to stab herself to death rather than to compromise her "izzat" (honour). Shamoon has her stitched up in the nick of time, yet she remains merely a captive pet for her tormentor, waiting for the first opportunity to flee. Saima is rescued from Shamoon's clutches one night by Moosa and whisked away to freedom, but just when she is beginning to take a fancy to her rescuer, it's revealed that all he intended to do was use her as part of a transaction or agreement. Saima is stunned when Moosa gives her over to another set of captors. Saima begs him not to do this, but he continues to walk away, stone faced and impassive. As Moosa is about to mount onto his horse and ride off into the distance, Saima comes up with an idea; she takes to covering her head with a scarf (in dramatic slow-motion) and starts reciting the words (with added echo effect) of the Quran in a last-ditch effort to get through to the stubborn Moosa. When Saima reaches a crescendo with the retort of "Kya tum Moosa nahin ho" (Are you not Moosa?) her words finally seem to hit the right spot and suddenly Moosa assumes the role that his father the saintly priest had always dreamed of.

Moosa forcefully bludgeons his way through the fully armed opposition and rescues her again and makes away with Saima to the safety of the forest where they are joined by his childhood chum Jan Rambo. Love blossoms and Saima and Moosa get married and build their dream home away from the troubles of the world but Shamoon's henchmen are constantly searching every inch of the forest in order to recover Saima and destroy Moosa and it is a matter of time before they discover the mountainside home. Meanwhile, Saima gives birth to a child and forces her husband to bury his weapons and to take to praying for solace.

One fateful day, while the child and father are away hunting, Shamoon's horrible henchmen show up. There follows the usual bloodbath and mayhem as child and dad return to begin their fight. In one of the more hysterical scenes of the movie, we have Moosa performing his prayers when a goon with a huge machine gun arrives firing shot after shot at Moosa, but these giant bullets float in Matrix-like slow motion towards our hero and each time by divine intervention they somehow fail to hit their target. In a moment of sublime ridiculousness, Moosa in fact catches the last bullet in mid-air and tosses it aside disdainfully before striding out, (angels in full battle cry by now) to purge the land of all evil. (review by Omar Ali Khan from www.bobbyspakoras.com)

Cast
 Saima
 Shaan
 Noor
 Jan Rambo
 Tariq Shah
 Abid Ali
 Nayyar Ejaz
 Adeeb
 Ahmad Mithu
 Jahangir
 Mughal
 Masood Akhtar
 Hamayun Qureshi
 Shafqat Cheema
 Bidya Rao

Music
Music arrangement and film song lyrics were by Jawad Ahmad.

References

External links
Moosa Khan's film cast and crew on IMDb website

2001 films
Pakistani adventure drama films
2000s Urdu-language films
Films directed by Shaan Shahid
Films scored by Jawad Ahmad
Urdu-language Pakistani films

Moosa Khan


The Royal Birmingham Society of Artists (also called RBSA) is a group of artists who have a lot of experience and education. It is located in an area of Birmingham, England called the Jewellery Quarter. The RSBA has an art gallery there. It is a charity.

History

It was opened in 1821 and called the Birmingham Society of Artists. They had an art gallery and office space located on New Street in 1829. They changed their name to the RBSA in 1868. It was very well known during the Victorian era. It had many famous artists of the time period such as William Morris. RBSA wanted to have an art school, but another art school, the Birmingham School of Art, opened in the area before RBSA could start one. In the late 20th century their original building was going to be destroyed. RBSA moved to an old warehouse. Charles, Prince of Wales opened the new gallery on 12 April 2000. The people who lead the organization are named "President." They have all been artists.

References

Art
Organisations based in Birmingham

Royal Birmingham Society of Artists


Castell Meredydd, also called Castell Machen, was a castle in Gwynllwg, Wales in the 13th century, long since ruined.

Location

The ruined castle, which is also called Machen, Maghay or Maghhay in historical documents, is in the community of Graig in the historic county of Monmouthshire and the modern authority of Newport.
It has been described both as a timber castle and as a masonry castle.
There are remains of masonry footings.
The site is protected as a scheduled monument.

Fortification

Castell Meredydd is set on a ledge on a south-facing hillside.
The castle consisted of a round tower about  in diameter with walls about  thick,
and another large building about  on two natural rocky mounds on the south side of an enclosure about  from east to west, and  from north to south.
There was a latrine chute discharging from the tower keep down the cliff to the south.
The knolls on which the keep and the hall stood are separated from the large bailey to the north by a ditch.
The  square bailey was overlooked by higher ground to the north, and despite the wall and ditch was not well defended.

History

The outcrop on which the castle stands was first fortified in the late 12th century by Meredydd Gethin.
Morgan ap Hywel, who succeeded his father Hywel as Lord of Gwynllwg around 1215, lost Caerleon in October 1217 to the forces of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146–1219), lord of Striguil.
However, Morgan managed to retain Castell Machen for most of his life.
Morgan strengthened it by the addition of a tower.
He probably built the round tower, or keep, in 1217.
Gilbert Marshal captured Castell Meredydd in 1236 during a truce between Llywelyn the Great and King Henry III of England.
After Marshal took the castle he seems to have fortified it with a bailey and curtain wall.
He was forced to return it to Morgan by the terms of the truce, or "for fear of the lord Llywelyn".

Morgan died not long before 15 March 1248.
He was succeeded by his grandson Meredudd ap Gruffudd (died 1270), son of his daughter Gwerful and of Gryffudd ap Maredud, a grandson of Lord Rhys.
Meredudd inherited the castle.
Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester and lord of Glamorgan, took the castle in 1266 when he overran Senghenydd.
The castle is listed as property of the last earl in 1314, and then is no longer mentioned in the records.

Notes

Sources

Castle ruins in Wales
Castles in Newport, Wales

Castell Meredydd


The mixed-mating model is a mathematical model that describes the mating system of a plant population in terms of degree of self-fertilisation. It is a fairly simplistic model, employing several simplifying assumptions, most notably the assumption that every fertilisation event may be classed as either self-fertilisation, or outcrossing with a completely random mate. Thus the only model parameter to be estimated is the probability of self-fertilisation.

The mixed mating model originated in the 1910s, with plant breeders who were seeking evidence of outcrossing contamination of self-pollinating crops, but a formal description of the model and its parameter estimation was not published until 1951. The model is still in common use today, though a number of more complex models are also now in use. For example, a weakness of the model lies in its assumption that inbreeding occurs only as a result of self-fertilisation; in reality, inbreeding may also occur through outcrossing between closely related individuals. The effective selfing model relaxes this assumption by seeking also to estimate the degree of shared ancestry of outcrossing mates.

References

Plant sexuality
Mating systems
Mathematical modeling

Mixed-mating model


The Houghton County Traction Company Ahmeek Streetcar Station is a rail station located at the corner of US 41/M-26 and Hubbell Street in Ahmeek, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Houghton County Traction Company
The Houghton County Traction Company was started in 1900 as an interurban line in the Keweenaw Peninsula. The first section of track ran from Hancock to nearby Boston; in 1901, the line was extended to Calumet. During the next few years, a spur was built running to Lake Linden and Hubbell, and in 1908 the line was extended to just north of Mohawk.

The Houghton County Traction Company remained in business until 1932, in the depths of the Great Depression.

Station History
The Ahmeek Station is one of the original trolley stops of the Houghton County Traction Company, which served Ahmeek and the surrounding location. The original stop in Ahmeek was a simple shelter. However, in 1909 the Allouez Mining Company leased land to the Houghton County Traction Company to construct a sub-station and waiting at this location. A building was constructed that year, but almost immediately outgrew its space. In 1910, the Traction Company constructed a small addition, which has since been removed. In 1931, Highway 41 was widened by the Michigan Department of Transportation, and the entire building was moved approximately 40 feet west to the other side of the railroad tracks.

After the rail line folded, the station was used for various purposes, including a bus stop and gas station. An ice cream window has been in place since the 1950s and in summer 2011, a local non-profit organization called Keweenaw Natural Areas opened a visitor center in what was the waiting room. The current owners also just finished renovating the entire original building, including the apartment upstairs that the original operators of the station lived in.

Description
The Houghton County Traction Company Ahmeek Streetcar Station is a rectangular wood-framed two-story building with a gabled roof and clapboard siding. A single story wing with two garage doors faces the highway. The front of the building has a pair of doors in the center and large windows are at each end of the first floor. Above are four 1/1 double hung windows. One of the first floor windows has a walk-up sliding window with a shed roof overhang. The rear of the building was originally the site of the train platform.

Inside, the first floor contains a large waiting room, now serving as a seating area for a restaurant, and a kitchen area one end along with restrooms. The main room is finished with headboard below a chair rail and has a tongue and groove headboard ceiling. The upstairs area was originally the stationmaster's apartment, and contains a kitchen, living room, two bedrooms, and a bathroom.

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Houghton County, Michigan
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Houghton County, Michigan
Former railway stations in Michigan


George Haffner is a former American football player and coach.

Born in Chicago, Haffner prepped at football powerhouse Mount Carmel High School. While at the University of Notre Dame in 1960, Haffner was awarded the starting quarterback job by head coach Joe Kuharich. His first game was an impressive 21–17 victory over California.  However, the team finished the season with 2–8 record, and after losing the starting job to Daryle Lamonica, Haffner transferred to McNeese State University.

Following his graduation, Haffner was selected by the Baltimore Colts with the final pick in the 1965 NFL Draft. His professional career ended with the Norfolk Neptunes of the Continental Football League, after which he returned to the college ranks as a coach.

Haffner spent 31 years on various coaching staffs at NCAA Division I schools including 22 years as an offensive coordinator under such renowned head coaches as Bobby Bowden, Johnny Majors and Vince Dooley. While at the University of Georgia, he won a national championship and three conference championships and coached Heisman Trophy winner Herschel Walker. During his career, he coached at Iowa State University, the University of Pittsburgh, Florida State University, Texas A&M University, Georgia, Louisiana State University (LSU), the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), and the University of Mary Hardin–Baylor.  He retired as the offensive coordinator  Mary Hardin–Baylor on February 1, 2006.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Continental Football League players
Florida State Seminoles football coaches
Georgia Bulldogs football coaches
Iowa State Cyclones football coaches
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football coaches
LSU Tigers football coaches
Mary Hardin–Baylor Crusaders football coaches
McNeese Cowboys football players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches
UNLV Rebels football coaches
Coaches of American football from Illinois
Players of American football from Chicago

George Haffner


Claude Garamont (–1561), known commonly as Claude Garamond, was a French type designer, publisher and punch-cutter based in Paris. Garamond worked as an engraver of punches, the masters used to stamp matrices, the moulds used to cast metal type. He worked in the tradition now called old-style serif design, which produced letters with a relatively organic structure resembling handwriting with a pen but with a slightly more structured and upright design. Considered one of the leading type designers of all time, he is recognised to this day for the elegance of his typefaces. Many old-style serif typefaces are collectively known as Garamond, named after the designer.

Garamond was one of the first independent punchcutters, specialising in type design and punch-cutting as a service to others rather than working in house for a specific printer. His career therefore helped to define the future of commercial printing with typefounding as a distinct industry to printing books.

Early life and background

Garamond's early life has been the subject of some research and considerable uncertainty. Dates as early as 1480 and as late as  have been proposed for his birth, the latter being preferred by the French ministry of culture. In favour of a later date, his will of 1561 states that his mother was then still alive and the fact that he have apprenticed with Antoine Augereau, who started his career in 1530. He married twice, to Guillemette Gaultier (probably before 1535) and, after her death, to Ysabeau Le Fevre (in 1545). Garamond may have apprenticed with Antoine Augereau and was perhaps also trained by Simon de Colines. He seems to have started his career has a punchcutter in 1535 : his first type can be seen in Lyon in 1535.

In 1536-1540, Garamond worked as a typefounder for Charlotte Guillard. In her printshop, he met Jean de Gagny, the French king's  Almoner. In 1539, when Francis I wanted to create a print shop in Paris to publish greek texts, Garamond was recruited to provide type for the printer Conrad Neobar.  Garamond came to prominence around 1540, when three of his Greek typefaces (now called the Grecs du roi (1541)) were requested for a royally-ordered book series by Robert Estienne. Garamond based these types on the handwriting of Angelo Vergecio, the King's Librarian at Fontainebleau. The result is an immensely complicated set of type, including a vast variety of alternate letters and ligatures to simulate the flexibility of handwriting.

Garamond worked for a variety of employers on commission, creating punches for publishers and the government. Garamond's typefaces were popular abroad, and replaced Griffo's original roman type at the Aldine Press in Venice. He also worked as a publisher and bookseller. While his italics have been considered less impressive than his roman typefaces, he was one of the early printers to establish the modern tradition that the italic capitals should slope as the lower case does, rather than remain upright as Roman square capitals do.

Although Garamond himself remains an eminent figure in French printing of the 16th century, historical research over the last century has increasingly placed his work in context. Garamond was one figure among many at a time when new typefaces were rapidly produced in 16th-century France, and these type designers operated within a pre-existing tradition defined by the work of figures such as Aldus Manutius who were active over the preceding half-century. The period from 1520 to around 1560, encompassing Garamond's career as an artisan, was an extremely busy period for typeface creation, with a wide range of fonts created, some apparently for exclusive use by a specific printer, with others sold or traded between them. Many engravers were active over this time, including Garamond, Robert Granjon, Guillaume Le Bé, Antoine Augereau, Simon de Colines, Pierre Haultin and others, creating typefaces not just in the Latin alphabet, but also in Greek and Hebrew for scholarly use. This period saw the creation of a pool of high-quality punches and matrices that would supply the French printing industry, to a large extent, for the next two centuries.

Despite Garamond's eminence, he was never particularly financially successful, perhaps due to a surfeit of competition and piracy in the Parisian book industry of the time. In 1545, Garamond entered the publishing trade in a partnership with Jean Barbé, a Parisian bookseller. The first book Garamond published was called, "Pia et Religiosa Meditatio" by David Chambellan.

Garamond's death and aftermath
By about 1561, Garamond had quietly died of unknown causes somewhere in France. In November 1561, following his death, his equipment, punches, and matrices were inventoried and sold off to purchasers including Guillaume Le Bé, Christophe Plantin, and André Wechel. His wife was forced to sell his punches, which caused the typefaces of Garamond to become widely used for two centuries, but often with attributions becoming highly confused. The chaotic sales caused problems, and Le Bé's son wrote to Plantin's successor Moretus offering to trade matrices so they could both have complementary type in a range of sizes. Egelhoff-Berner brought out a specimen in 1592 of types by Garamond and others, which would later be a source for many Garamond revivals.

The only major collection of original Garamond material in the Latin alphabet is that collected soon after his death by Christophe Plantin, based in Antwerp. This collection of punches and matrices now forms a major part of the collection of the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp, together with many other typefaces collected by Plantin from other typefounders of the period. The collection has been used extensively for research, for example by historians Harry Carter and H. D. L. Vervliet.

See also
 Garamond
 History of Western typography
 Movable type
 Printing Press
 Punchcutting
 Typesetting

Notes

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

Jimenes, Rémi (2022). Claude Garamont. Typographe de l'humanisme. Paris, éditions des Cendres.
 A survey of Claude Garamond's career and typefaces, of Robert Granjon's italic types which were combined with Garamond roman types, and a brief summary of subsequent revivals through Garamond Premier Pro.

External links

Claude Garamont
Font Designer – Claude Garamond

1490s births
1561 deaths
Businesspeople from Paris
French typographers and type designers
Year of birth uncertain
French publishers (people)

Claude Garamond


The Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, usually called simply the Latin Cathedral (, ) is a 14th-century Roman Catholic cathedral in Lviv, western Ukraine. It is located in the city's Old Town, in the south western corner of the market square, called Cathedral Square.

History

The first church built on this site was a small wooden Roman Catholic church dedicated to the Holy Trinity, built in 1344 and lost in a fire six years later. In 1360, king Casimir III of Poland began the construction of the present day church, built in Gothic style, as the cathedral of the newly created Latin diocese. The church was consecrated in 1405 and the parish was moved here from "Our Lady of the Snows" church. In 1412 the see was transferred from Halych. Construction work continued throughout the 15th century and the cathedral was finally consecrated in 1481.

The cathedral witnessed many significant events. In 1440 the Metropolitan of Kiev, Cardinal Isidore celebrated Holy Mass for the intention of Christian Unity, when he stopped off in Lwów on his way back from the Council of Florence. It was visited by several Polish kings, most notably by John II Casimir, who entrusted the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to the care of the Blessed Virgin in what came to known as the Lwów Oath.

In the years 1761–1776 the cathedral was refurbished in Baroque style and a tall bell tower was added. In 1776 the miraculous icon of the Mother of God held in the cathedral was crowned and placed in the main altar. In 1892–1898 the presbytery was remodelled in Neogothic style and stained glass, designed by Józef Mehoffer and Jan Matejko were installed. In 1910 the cathedral was granted the status of a minor basilica by Pope Pius X.

Following the Soviet annexation of almost half of Poland's pre-war territory the Latin Cathedral is presently one of just two churches in Lviv which were not closed down or made subject to the Muscovite Patriarchate during Soviet rule, the other being the Roman Catholic church of St. Anthony in Lychakiv, while the deported bishops of the See of Lwów resided in Lubaczów, a town in present-day southeastern Poland, close to the border with what is now Ukraine. In 1991 Pope John Paul II reactivated the Lviv diocese.

Meanwhile, the miraculous icon of the Madonna was moved to Kraków after World War II, and then in 1974 to the procathedral in Lubaczów. In 1983 it was once again crowned in Jasna Góra and remains presently in Lubaczów. Lviv Cathedral owns a copy which was crowned by Pope John Paul II during his Apostolic Visit to Ukraine on June 26, 2001.

See also
 Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine

External links
 Churches and chapels of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine
 prysjan.ucoz.ua/lviv/

Cathedrals in Lviv
Gothic architecture in Ukraine
Basilica churches in Europe
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Ukraine
Wiśniowiecki family

Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption, Lviv


Gudgeon is the common name for a number of small freshwater fish of the families  Butidae, Cyprinidae, Eleotridae or Ptereleotridae. Most gudgeons are elongate, bottom-dwelling fish, many of which live in rapids and other fast moving water.

Families
 Cyprinidae – Various cyprinid gudgeons, members of the subfamily Gobioninae (e.g. genera Gobio, Romanogobio), are found in lakes and rivers throughout Europe. Most commonly gudgeon refers to the species Gobio gobio. This is a rheophilic and schooling species that occurs both in river and lake habitats across continental Europe and the United Kingdom. G. gobio feeds on a variety of invertebrates. This gudgeon is an easy fish to catch for beginners. A British angler caught a record 5 ounce gudgeon in 1990 on the River Nadder, Wiltshire.
 Eleotridae – Known commonly as gudgeons, many species in the family Eleotridae are also called sleeper gobies. Unlike gobies, Eleotridae gudgeons have paired ventral fins rather than a fused ventral fin. In Australia, gudgeons from the family Eleotridae are widespread and are popular for  aquariums.
 Ptereleotridae – Gudgeons in the family Ptereleotridae are primarily marine species and are often associated with tropical coral reefs.

Gallery

References

Cyprinidae
Eleotridae

Gobiidae
Fish common names

Gudgeon (fish)


Begum Qudsia Aijaz Rasul (2 April 1909 – 1 August 2001) was the only Muslim woman in the  Constituent Assembly of India that drafted the Constitution of India.

Family
Begum Rasool was born on 2 April 1909 as Qudsia Begum, daughter of Sir Zulfiqar Ali Khan by his wife Mahmuda Sultana. Her father, Sir Zulfiqar, belonged to a collateral branch of the ruling family of Malerkotla princely state in Punjab. Her mother, Mahmuda Sultan, was the daughter of Nawab Allauddin Ahmed Khan, Nawab of Loharu.

Qudsia was married in 1929, to Nawab Aijaz Rasul, the taluqdar (landowner) of Sandila in Hardoi district of what was then Oudh (now a part of Uttar Pradesh). The match was arranged by Sir Malcolm Hailey and the marriage was entirely harmonious. Two years after the wedding, when Qudsia was fourteen, her father died in 1931. Shortly after this happened, her in-laws came and took her away to Sandila, which was to be her home in life and where she lies buried after her death. In Sandila, Qudsia came to be addressed after her husband's name as "Begum Aijaz Rasool," and this is the name by which she is known in all public records.

Political career

With the enactment of the Government of India Act 1935, the couple joined the Muslim League and entered electoral politics. In the 1937 elections, she was one of the few women who successfully contested from a non-reserved seat and was elected to the U.P legislative assembly. Begum Aijaz Rasul remained a member until 1952. She held the office of the Deputy President of the council from 1937 to 1940 and acted as the Leader of Opposition in the council from 1950 to 1952–54. She was the first woman in India and the first Muslim woman in the world to reach this position. Despite her family background, she was known for her strong support for zamindari abolition. She also strongly opposed the demand for separate electorates based on religion.

In 1946, she was elected to the Constituent Assembly of India and was one of 28 Muslim League members who finally joined. She was the only Muslim woman in the Assembly. In 1950, the Muslim League in India dissolved and Begum Aijaz Rasul joined the Congress. She was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952-54 and was a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 1969 to 1989.

Between, 1969 and 1971, she was the Minister for Social Welfare and Minorities. In 2000, she was awarded a Padma Bhushan for her contribution to social work.

Role in the Constituent Assembly
With the partition of India, only a handful of Muslim League members joined the Constituent Assembly of India. Begum Aizaz Rasul was elected the Deputy Leader of the Delegation and the Deputy leader of Opposition in the Constituent Legislative Assembly. When Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, the party leader left for Pakistan, Begum Aijaz succeeded him as the leader of the Muslim League and became a member of the Minority Rights Drafting Subcommittee.

Begum Aijaz Rasul was instrumental in creating consensus amongst the Muslim leadership to voluntarily give up the demand for reserved seats for religious minorities. During the discussions pertaining to the right of minorities in an assembly of the Drafting Committee, she opposed the idea of having 'separate electorates' for Muslims. She quoted the idea as 'a self-destructive weapon which separates the minorities from the majority for all time'. By 1949, the Muslim members who wished for the retention of separate electorates came around to accept Begum's appeal.

Sports patronage
She held the office of President of the Indian Women Hockey Federation for 20 years and was also President of the Asian Women's Hockey Federation. The Indian Women's Hockey Cup is named after her. Maintaining a keen interest in sport, she even donned men's whites to bat for the Presidents XI vs. the Prime Minister's XI, goodwill match in 1952.

Writings
A widely traveled person, Begum Rasul was a member of Prime Minister's Goodwill Delegation to Japan in 1953 and Indian Parliamentary Delegation to Turkey in 1955. She also took keen interest in literature and authored the book Three Weeks in Japan and contributed to various newspapers and magazines. Her autobiography is titled From Purdah to Parliament: A Muslim Woman in Indian Politics.

References

20th-century Indian Muslims
1909 births
2001 deaths
People from Sangrur
Women in Uttar Pradesh politics
Members of the Constituent Assembly of India
Indian people of Pashtun descent
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980

Begum Aizaz Rasul


Prestonpans is a small fishing town, situated approximately eight miles east of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the unitary council area of East Lothian. The population as of 2016 is 10,410. It is near the site of the 1745 Battle of Prestonpans (first called the Battle of Gladsmuir, then renamed the Battle of Tranent, and later still renamed the Battle of Prestonpans - although evidence shows the battle occurred a few miles outside of town). The town, established in the 11th century, has a variety of important historical architecture, including: Preston Tower and the doocot and the local Mercat Cross, which is the only one of its kind in Scotland which remains in its original form and location. Prestonpans is "Scotland's Mural Town", with many murals depicting local history.

Towns in Scotland
East Lothian

Prestonpans


Metronome is an artists' and writers' organ founded in 1996 by Clémentine Deliss.

It acts as alternative art publishing, because it has not a fixed editorial team and a fixed location. Its activity started with the publication of a sort of a magazine and in 2005 Deliss decided to build also an experimental publishing house called Metronome Press.

Metronome is a non-profit organisation, it is first of all an organ and a research methodology where artists, writers and curators collaborate to produce printed projects.
Its first attempt is to work with fiction, mixing art and literature. For this reason professionals of aesthetic practice, such as the artist, the critic or the writer, overlap and change their role.

Fiction is a central component to all editions of Metronome, and in particular the latest productions with Metronome Press.

The artwork
Metronome is more often compared to an artwork than a publication because it is both a collective artwork and a research methodology. Furthermore, it cannot be considered an art magazine as such because it includes texts of fiction rather than criticism or theoretical texts written by art critics.

As a critical alternative to conventional art publishing, Metronome generates new works by artists and writers with the intention of creating new circuits of art scenes in different locations. It aims to create a neighbourhood between artists and writers of all over the world, stimulating a discussion on the art backstage that cannot take place in the public space as an exhibition. For this reason it is conceived as a creative tangent to an exhibition and an instrument for research.

"I might have been inspired by Deliss's mode of bringing people around a table and create an  of sincere interest for each other, hers was an emotionally bonding project." (Ursula Biemann, artist and curator)

Each issue is the result of a research made in a number of different cities and locations of the world including Dakar, London, Berlin, Copenhagen, Oslo, Basel, Frankfurt, Vienna and others.

Every time the editor Clémentine Deliss creates a group of new collaborators related to the place.

"Metronome is an interpretational tool rather than a vehicle for the promotion of artists' works" (Clémentine Deliss)

Recent issues have been linked to "Future Academy", a research initiative that has been active since 2002 in the UK, Senegal, India, US, Australia, and Japan, and is currently based at Edinburgh College of Art.

Issues

Metronome No. 0 - Pilot Issue. Dakar, 1996
This is a pilot issue of Metronome printed in Senegal that set the production of all future issues.

It includes interviews with Catherine David and Paul Virilio, visual and text-based conversations between Dakar and London.

Artists & Writers: Autograph; Joshua Compston; Catherine David; Clémentine Deliss; Joy Gregory; Elizabeth Harney; Laboratoire Agit'Art; Rut Blees Luxemburg; Issa Samb; Penny Siopis; Djibril Sy; El Sy; Paul Virilio.

Metronome No. 1 - London, 1997
Artists & Writers: Bili Bidjocka; Rut Blees Luxemburg; Guy Brett; Ery Camara; Andrew Cross; Clémentine Deliss; Tracey Emin; Carl Freedman; Tom Gidley; Edouard Glissant; Susan Hiller; Gary Hume; Jaki Irvine; Greg James; Atta Kwami; Zoe Leonard; Langlands & Bell; Fred Mann; Cathy de Monchaux; Michelle Naismith; Alistair Raphael; Issa Samb; Djibril Sy; Mark Aerial Waller.

Metronome No. 2 - Berlin, 1997
Published in August 1997, for documenta X.

Artists & Writers: Franz Ackermann; Gamal Al-Ghitani; Andrea & Philippe; May Ayim; Sabeth Buchmann; Matthew Collings; Clémentine Deliss; Nina Fischer & Maroan El Sani; Durs Grünbein; Abdoulaye Guissé; Judith Hopf; Rebecca Horn; Johannes Kahrs; Ulrike Kuschel; Via Lewandowsky; Rémy Markowitsch; Carsten Nicolai; Olaf Nicolai; Mohamed Magani; Jakob Mattner; Wairimu Mwangi Thamaini; Frank Thiel; Anatoli Shuravlev; Julian Stallabrass; Annelies Strba; Mamadou Touré dit Béhan; Gavin Turk; Emmett Williams; Slavoj Zizek.

Metronome No. 3 - Basel, 1998
Tempolabor, A libertine Laboratory ?

Artists & Writers: Rasna Bhushan; Ursula Biemann; Peter Brandlmayr; Clémentine Deliss; Marianne Eigenheer; Charles Esche; Ewa Esterhazy; Jean-Paul Felley; Izeta Gradevic; Eric Hattan; Rummana Hussain; Olivier Kaeser; Birgit Kempker; Jörg Lenzlinger; Renée Levi; Via Lewandowsky; Heinrich Lüber; Muda Mathis; Claudia & Julia Müller; Marianne Müller; Tim Neuger; Olaf Nicolai; Peter Pakesch; Dan Peterman; Maria & Michelangelo Pistoletto; Stephan Prina; Martin Prinzhorn; Progetto Arte; Tobias Rehberger; Leila Sadeghee; Issa Samb; Nicolaus Schafhausen; Andrew Shields; Kan-Si; Martina Siegwolf; Gerda Steiner; Reinhard Storz; Peter Suter; Wawrzyniec Tokarski; Annette Ungar; Cyril Verrier; Nebojsa Vilic; Sus Zwick.

Metronome No. 4-5-6 - Edinburgh, Bordeaux, Frankfurt, Vienna, Biella, 1999

Backwards Translation

Artists & Writers: Unai Goieaskoetxea Arronategi; Axford, Dale, Löwenstein & Young; Miriam Bajtala; Yassine Balbzioui; Thomas Baumann; Thomas Bayrle; Stefan Beck; Lutz Braun; Ernst Caramelle; Hsia-Fei Chang; Sunah Choi; Arnaud Dejeammes; Clémentine Deliss; Jean-:Luc Desmond; P.K. Dick; John Douglas; Irene Düring; Steve Duval; Gardar Eide Einarsson; Ewa Einhorn; Charles Esche; Andreas Exner; Roman Fehr; Dirk Fleischmann; Parastou Forouhar; Sophie Fougy; Luca Frei; Hamish Fulton; Gerhard Geiger; Yann Géraud; Simon Girault; Marcus Graf & A.T. Kelemen; Tamara Grcic; Gerald Gerstenberger; Fritz Grohs; Steffi Hartel; Kathrin Höhne; Laura Horelli; Sergei Jensen; Alan Johnston; Franz Kapfer; Anne Kaminsky; Kan-Si; Phyllis Kiehl; Udo Koch; Peter Kogler; Kasper König; Timo Kopomaa; Suwan Laimanee; Elanit Leder; Marko Lehanka; Achim Lengerer; Kerstin Lichtblau; Karen Loughridge; Lyn Löwenstein; Fiona Macalister; Jan Machacek & Radostina Patulova; Pierre Molinier; Joshua Moon; Claudia & Julia Müller; Olaf Nicolai; Angelika Nollert; Christos Papoulias; Andrew Patrizio; Edith Payer; Manfred Peckl; Michael Pfrommer; Kiersten Pieroth; Lisa Pock; Stephan Potengowski; Alan Rankin; Anna Ray; Tobias Rehberger; Mandla Reuter; Michael S. Riedel; Tanja Ristovski; Monika Ruckstuhl; Nicole Schatt; Eva Schlegel; Christian C. Schweitzer; Thomas Seidemann; Anya Sheade; Constant Siméon-Reinhard; Sean Snyder; Andreas Spiegl; Wolfgang Stengel; Misha Stroj; Superflex; Markus Szikszay; Jean-Paul Thibeau; Armin B. Wagner; Mark Aerial Waller; Naomi West; Alexander Wolff; Ekrem Yalcindag; Haegue Yang.

Metronome No. 7 - Oslo, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Bergen, Malmö, 2001
The Bastard

Designed by Liam Gillick

Artists & Writers: Norris Adoro; Kristoffer Akselbo; Guy Bar Amotz; Anonymous; Theodor Barth; Rikke Benborg; Johannes Bergmark; Bili Bidjocka; Greta Blok; Ina Blom; Karlotta Blöndal; Kaspar Bonnén; Liv Bugge; Maria Candéa; Benson Chiremba; Jacques Demarcq; Alexander García Düttmann; Ewa Einhorn; Annika Eriksson; Alma Erlich; Unn Fahlstrøm; Jo Torkjel Fenne; Luca Frei; William Furlong; Kendell Geers; Liam Gillick; Pierre Giquel; Raymond Hains; Lise Harlev; Molly Haslund; Gad Hollander; Saskia Holmkvist; Karl Holmqvist; Leif Holmstrand; Jun Iseyama; Frans Jacobi; Alan Johnston; Phyllis Kiehl; Björn Kjelltoft; Ferdinand Ahm Krag; Cees Krijnen; Pierre Leguillon; Oskar Lindvall; Håkon Liu; a Love Laboratory; Ingrid Luche; Bernard Marcadé; Bjarne Melgaard; Mary-Annick Morel; Simon Njami; Douglas Park; Rabia; Hans Hamid Rasmussen; Øyvind Renberg; Emil Røyrvik; Joanna Rytel; Thomas Saenger; Issa Samb; ManfreDu Schu; Åsa Sonjasdotter; Misha Stroj; Hiroshi Sunairi; Adam Szymczyk; Samon Takahashi; Jean-Paul Thibeau; Johan Tirén; Linn Cecilie Ulvin; Salomé Voegelin; Haegue Yang.

Metronome No. 8A & 8B - London, 2002
The Stunt & The Queel

Artists & Writers contributors: Michael Archer; Dave Beech; Rut Blees Luxemburg; Colin Cina; Neil Cummings; R. Nick Evans; Rose Finn-Kelcey; Ben Fitton; Anna Fasshauer; Kendell Geers; Babak Ghazi; Liam Gillick; Felicity Greenland; Alan Johnston; Annis Joslin; Stephen Klee; Langlands and Bell; John Latham; Douglas Park; Barbara Steveni; Gavin Turk; Hans Weigand; Cerith Wyn Evans.

Metronome No. 9 - Paris, 2005
Le Teaser & Le Joker

Artists & Writers contributors: John Akomfrah & Edward George, Marc Atlas, Olivier Babin, Paul Baruch, Diamantis, Ewa Einhorn, Charles Henri Ford & Parker Tyler, Craig Garrett, Tom Gidley, Claire Guezengar, Judith Ickowicz, Phyllis Kiehl, Lefevre Jean Claude, Susannah Mabitt, Rev. Boyd MacDonald, Tom McCarthy, Bill Moan, Douglas Park, Abo Rasul, Nancy Strasbourg, Samon Takahashi, Boris Tiago, Oscar Tuazon, Bella Woodfield.

Metronome No.10 - Oregon, 2006
Future Academy.  Shared, Mobile, Improvised, Underground, Hidden, Floating

Special edition for documenta 12 magazines

Artists & Writers contributors: Ibon Aranberri, Nico Dockx, Didier Fiuza Faustino, Richard Fischbeck, Yona Friedman, Jan Mast, Christos Papoulias, Douglas Park, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Matthew Stadler, and members of Future Academy in Edinburgh, Bangalore, and Dakar.

Metronome No. 11 - Tokyo, 2007
What is to be done? Tokyo

Artists & Writers contributors: Future Academy; Arts Initiative Tokyo; co-lab; Magnus Bärtås; Thomas Boutoux; Nico Dockx; Hu Fan; Boris Gobille; Yuko Hasegawa; Alan Johnston; Mami Kataoka; Roger McDonald; Masato Nakamura; Fumio Nanjo; Aomi Okabe; Tetsuya Ozaki; Yuko Ozawa; Christos Papoulias; Johannes Raether; Georg Schöllhammer; Stephanie Snyder; Matthew Stadler; Oscar Tuazon; Masahiro Wada; Takayuki Yamamoto and many others.

Metronome Press
Metronome Press is a not-for-profit collective run by Clémentine Deliss and Thomas Boutoux in Paris. It was founded in 2005 and it has to be considered as an extension of the research of Metronome No.9, based on the international history of avant-garde publishing in Paris and its productive intersection between art and literature.

It started from the brilliant intuition of Maurice Girodias, the founder of The Olympia Press, to highlight the cultural internationalism of Paris and turn it into a centre for global arts distribution. For this reason all the books are published in English.

Metronome Press has published four novels in the shape of a new paperback series, three by living visual artists and one reprint from the 1930s, the cult camp diatribe of Charles Henri Ford and Parker Tyler, "The Young and Evil".

By stressing anonymity, false names and short extracts of novels that may or may not be published, it underlines the desire to produce works that enable artists and writers to step out of the norm and to test out different ways of representing their ideas.

Metronome Press is not conceived as a commercial art press, but both artists and the publisher are involved in the production and distribution of the books.

The first collection of paperbacks
Fat Mountain Scenes by Phyllis Kiehl
Stunning Lofts by Tom Gidley
Remainder by Tom McCarthy
The Young and Evil by Charles Henri Ford and Parker Tyler

Office For First Intentions
Since May 2006, Metronome Press has extended its activities from a publishing house to an Office For First Intentions.

Conceived on the model of a halfway house or maison de passe, it functions as an intermediary space between the private environment of the studio or office and the public site of the museum, gallery, or cinema. The Office For First Intentions proposes a number of initiatives, built by artists, sociologists, film-makers, architects, critics, and curators who aspire to an economy of production outside of the normal institution.
The Office For First Intentions promotes a common space based upon elective affinities and unexpected encounters. It is currently organising a series of dialogues between artists and researchers during sessions, where an artist or researcher is invited to present a new work that is still in the making.

Deliss, Boutoux and the sociologist and writer Boris Gobille are the members involved in the sessions. However, this membership can expand in order to achieve the necessary conditions for the analysis of a specific first intention and to encourage multiple perspectives.

External links
Official site
Interview with publisher Clémentine Deliss
Future Academy's voiceforum
Documenta Magazines_Metronome
documenta 12 magazines

Alternative magazines
Literary magazines published in France
Magazines established in 1996

Metronome (artists' and writers' organ)