Carolina Wilhelmina (Lily) Jacobs (born 2 November 1951 in Heerlen) is a Dutch politician of the Labour Party.

Jacobs grew up in the Limburg mining region and graduated from TUE in 1977. From 1987 to 2003, she was a member of the Provincial Council of Gelderland. In 1994, she became a deputy and would remain until 2001. In 2004, she became alderman of the municipality of Culemborg and from 2007 Jacobs was a member of the European Parliament. As an MEP, she sat on the Agriculture & Rural Development, Transport & Tourism and Climate committees. In 2009 Jacobs was not eligible for election so she became deputy of Economic Affairs, Sustainable Development, Europe and public transport in the province of North Brabant. She held that position until 2011.

References

See also
 List of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands, 2004–2009

Living people
1951 births
Members of the Provincial-Executive of Gelderland
Members of the Provincial-Executive of North Brabant
Members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
20th-century Dutch politicians
20th-century Dutch women politicians
21st-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch women politicians
MEPs for the Netherlands 2004–2009
21st-century women MEPs for the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) MEPs

Lily Jacobs


Ardoukôba () is a fissure vents volcano in Djibouti.  Located on the coast  from Djibouti City, its summit is situated at  above sea level. It last erupted in November 1978 following an earthquake, the area having been dormant for 3,000 years. The volcano's rift is  in width, and has a depth of .

The Government of Djibouti has initiated a proposal with UNESCO to declare the Lake Assal zone including the Ardoukoba volcano and its surroundings as a World Heritage Site.

Geography
Culminating at an altitude of 298 meters, the Ardoukôba is a volcano born from a volcanic fissure and composed of a pile of basaltic slag forming three cones emitting two flows of fluid basaltic lava. These eruptive characteristics classify the Ardoukôba among the red volcanoes fed by a rift magma. This northwest-southeast trending volcanic fissure is part of the Great Rift Valley fault system between the Danakil block in the northeast and the Afar depression in the southwest.

History
The Ardoukôba experienced only one eruption, that of its birth, from November 7 to 14, 1978, which follows a volcanic rest of 3,000 years in this part of the rift.

Preceding the onset of the eruption, a total of 800 earthquakes of magnitude less than 3.3 occurred for 24 hours six kilometers from the Ardoukôba, towards Ghoubbet-el-Kharab. An episode of high volcanic gas emission was triggered just before the opening of a 500-meter-long crack through which fluid basaltic lava escaped at three points, quickly forming as many slag cones through which escaped two lava flows flowing over the bottom of the rift towards Lake Assal and Ghoubbet-el-Kharab. The lava emission was accompanied by the formation of a volcanic plume reaching a height of 300 meters, as well as by the projection of tephras up to a height of 70 meters. The initial flow of 500,000 m3 of lava per hour fell after the fifth to sixth day after the onset of eruption. In doing so, a single cone, Gira-le-Koma thirty meters high, 200 meters long and 25 meters wide, remained active from the ninth day. It contained a lava lake that lasted until the thirteenth day and the only lava emitted, in the form of slag and volcanic bombs, continued until the next day, which marked the end of the eruption.

During this typically Hawaiian eruption of red volcanoes fueled by a rift, a total of twelve million cubic meters of fluid basaltic lava was emitted. Lava flows are usually one to two meters thick but can reach a thickness of 25 meters. Twenty-five normal and parallel cracks, one millimeter to two meters wide, opened in a northwesterly-south-easterly direction, reflecting the formation of an escarpment fifty centimeters high.

References

Volcanoes of Djibouti
Rift volcanoes

Ardoukoba


The Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RAQoL) is a disease-specific patient-reported outcome measure which determines the effect rheumatoid arthritis has on a patient's quality of life. The RAQoL has 30 items with a yes and no response format and takes about six minutes to complete.

Scores on the RAQoL are a sum of all the individual item scores with a range from 0-30, with a lower score indicating better quality of life. The RAQoL is a self-assessment questionnaire, meaning patients fill out the survey themselves in order to avoid experimental error.

History

The RAQoL was developed by Galen Research, the University of Leeds and the Academic Hospital Maastricht, and was first published in 1997. It was the first patient completed quality of life questionnaire that focused on rheumatoid arthritis  and is distinct from other questionnaires as it includes physical contact as a dimension of quality of life. Other dimensions include activities of daily living, social interaction/function, emotions, mood and recreation and pastimes.

International Use

Since its development, the RAQOL has been translated into 33 languages other than Dutch and UK English. Validation studies have been performed in countries such as Sweden, Argentina and Australia in order to confirm the responsiveness and validity of the language adaptations.

The RAQoL has been used in clinical studies in order to confirm the efficacy of proposed treatments of rheumatoid arthritis. It has been utilized in order to confirm the efficacy of tocilizumab and infliximab.

References

Rheumatology
Arthritis
Quality of life


Cináed mac Duib (Modern Gaelic: Coinneach mac Dhuibh; c. 966 – c. 25 March 1005), anglicised as Kenneth III, and nicknamed An Donn ("the Chief" or "the Brown"), was King of Alba (Scotland) from 997 to 1005. He was the son of Dub (Dub mac Maíl Coluim). Many of the Scots sources refer to him as Giric son of Kenneth son of Dub, which is taken to be an error. An alternate explanation is that Kenneth had a son, Giric, who ruled jointly with his father.

Reign and descendants

The primary sources concerning the life and "reign" of Giric include chronicle entries dating to the years 1251 and 1317. They can be found in The Chronicles of the Picts and Scots of William Forbes Skene. The chronicle of John of Fordun (14th century) mentions Giric as "Grim" or "Gryme", reporting him killed by King Malcolm II. Giric is not mentioned by earlier sources, which would make his existence questionable. John Bannerman theorised that mac Duib, the Gaelic patronymic of Kenneth III, evolved to the surnames Duff and MacDuff, and that Kenneth III could be a direct ancestor to Clan MacDuff, which produced all mormaers and earls of Fife from the 11th to the mid-14th century, noting that Giric could be the actual founder of the house, following a pattern of several Scottish clans seemingly founded by grandsons of their eponym.

The only event reported in Kenneth's reign is the killing of Dúngal mac Cináeda by Gille Coemgáin mac Cináeda, by the Annals of the Four Masters s.a. 999. It is not certain that this refers to events in Scotland, and whether one or both were sons of this Kenneth, or of King Kenneth II, or some other person or persons, is not known. A "Gilla Caemgein son of Cinaed" also appears in the Annals of Ulster. An entry from the year 1035 reports that his unnamed granddaughter and her husband Cathal, son of Amalgaid, were both killed by Cellach, son of Dúnchad. This Cathal was reportedly king to the Western Laigin, possibly connected to the kings of Leinster. The context is unclear but it is likely that this is the same Gille Coemgáin, connected to Kenneth III.

Kenneth III was killed in battle at Monzievaird in Strathearn by King Malcolm II (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda), which took place about 25 March 1005. Whether Boite mac Cináeda was a son of this Kenneth, or of Kenneth II, is uncertain, although most propose this Kenneth. A son, or grandson of Boite, was reported to be killed by Malcolm II in 1032 in the Annals of Ulster. The relevant entry has been translated as: "The grandson of Baete son of Cinaed was killed by Mael Coluim son of Cinaed."

Kenneth's granddaughter, Gruoch (Gruoch ingen Boite meic Cináeda) — William Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth — was wife firstly of Gille Coemgáin, mormaer of Moray, and secondly of King Macbeth; her son by Gille Coemgáin, Lulach (Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin), succeeded Macbeth as king of Scotland. The meic Uilleim, descendants of William fitz Duncan by his first marriage, were probably descended from Kenneth; and the Clann Mac Aoidh or Clan Mackay claim descent from Kenneth III through Lulach's daughter.

The theory that Clan MacDuff were descendants of Kenneth III was based on their close connection to royalty. Andrew of Wyntoun reported that Malcolm III (reigned 1058–1093) had granted to a "MacDuff, thane of Fife" the privilege of enthroning the kings at their inauguration. John of Fordun has Malcolm III promise this same unnamed MacDuff that he will be the first man of the kingdom, second only to the king. This unnamed MacDuff appears frequently in stories connected to the rise of Malcolm III to the throne, and was later immortalised in the Shakespearean character Macduff. The status of the successive heads of this clan as the "senior inaugural official" seems confirmed by records of the inauguration ceremonies of Alexander II (reigned 1214–1249) and Alexander III (reigned 1249–1286). Earlier heads of this house "witnessed royal documents far more frequently" than other members of the nobility; their names were often listed first among the lay witnesses, ahead of both the native Scottish nobility and the Anglo-Norman nobles. A number of 12th-century heads of house served as justiciars of Scotia. Their leaders were named Donnchadh (Duncan), Mael-Coluim (Malcolm), and Causantin (Constantine), names shared by the royal family, making a close relation to the reigning royal house likely. Bannerman suggests that the MacDuffs had their own, legitimate claim to the Scottish throne, which they declined to pursue, having been compensated with privileges by Malcolm III and his descendants.

Interpretation

During the 10th century, there were dynastic conflicts in Scotland between two rival lines of royalty: one descended from  Causantín mac Cináeda (Constantine I, reigned 862–877), the other from his brother Áed mac Cináeda (reigned 877–878). John of Fordun claims that Kenneth II of Scotland (reigned 971–995) attempted to establish new succession rules, which would limit the right to the throne to his own descendants, excluding all other claimants. While Constantine III of Scotland (reigned 995–997) did manage to rise to the throne, he was the last known descendant of Áed. With his death, the rivalry between descendants of Causantin and Áed gave way to a rivalry between two new royal lines, both descended from Causantin.

One line descended from Kenneth II and was represented by his son Malcolm II. The other line descended from his brother Dub, King of Scotland (reigned 962–967) and was represented by Kenneth III. Neither Constantine III nor Kenneth III were able to extend their control to Cumbria, which likely served as a stronghold and powerbase for Malcolm II. He was the legitimate heir according to the succession rules of Kenneth II. When Malcolm II managed to kill Kenneth III, it signified the triumph of his line. He continued to rule to 1034, enjoying a long reign and managed to leave the throne to his own descendants.

However, the rivalry between the two lines survived Kenneth III. In 1033, Malcolm II killed a descendant of Kenneth III. Gruoch, another descendant of Kenneth III, was the consort of Macbeth, King of Scotland (reigned 1040–1057), whose rival Duncan I (reigned 1034–1040) was the grandson and heir of Malcolm II. They continued the bitter feud which had started in the previous century.

The contemporary kings of Strathclyde were also involved in the feud, though it is uncertain whether they had dynastic connections with the various Scottish rival lines. A theory that they represented another line of descendants of Donald II of Scotland (reigned 889–900) was based on the idea that Owen I of Strathclyde (d. 937) was the son of this king.

Recent afrocentric scholars have claimed that Kenneth had a sub-Saharan African appearance due to his appellation 'niger'. However there appears to be little to no evidence to support this view.

Kenneth in fiction
The death of Kenneth III is mentioned in Lewis Grassic Gibbon's novel Cloud Howe.

Notes

References
For primary sources see also  External links below.
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990.
Bannerman, MacDuff of Fife. Article included in Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, pages 20–39. Edinburgh University Press, 1998.
 Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002.

 Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998.

External links
 Kenneth III at the official website of the British monarchy
 CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.
 (CKA) The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba

10th-century births
1005 deaths
Monarchs killed in action
House of Alpin
10th-century Scottish monarchs
11th-century Scottish monarchs
Scottish pre-union military personnel killed in action
Burials in Iona
Gaelic monarchs in Scotland

Kenneth III of Scotland


USS Deliver (ARS-23) was a  commissioned by the U.S. Navy during World War II. Her task was to come to the aid of stricken vessels.

Deliver was launched 25 September 1943 by Basalt Rock Company in Napa, California; sponsored by Mrs. W. W. Anderson, Jr.; and commissioned 18 July 1944.

World War II service

Deliver arrived at Pearl Harbor 26 September 1944 for duty in the Hawaiian Islands. Assigned to Service Squadron 10 in early 1945, Deliver sailed 23 February for Ulithi, arriving 18 March, for salvage operations in support of the U.S. 5th Fleet. On 1 May she arrived off Okinawa for duty and in addition to her salvage and repair operations, participated in the occupation of Kume Shima on 26 June. Between 6 July and 10 September, Deliver served at Saipan, then returned to Okinawa until 7 December 1945.

Supporting nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll

After overhaul at San Francisco, California, Deliver sailed for Pearl Harbor, arriving 15 April 1946. She was sent to Bikini Atoll 30 May for duty in connection with Operation Crossroads, first assisting in setting up the target vessels used in the atomic weapons tests, then decontaminating the targets and putting inspection teams on board. She assisted in the transfer of the target ships for study from Bikini to Kwajalein until 8 September.

Struck by fire from Chinese mainland

Deliver returned to her home port at Pearl Harbor 9 January 1947 after a U.S. West Coast overhaul. She made two cruises to the Far East for towing and salvage duty, based at Qingdao, China. During her first tour, on 19 June 1947, while attempting to recover a beached pontoon barge, she encountered rifle fire from the beach and the ship was hit. She withdrew briefly to report the situation and in the early afternoon with Admiral C. M. Cooke, Jr., Commander Naval Forces, Western Pacific, aboard to direct operations, the ship's salvage party covered by a landing force and fire from the ship recovered the barge. The ship was hit again but no personnel or material injury was sustained. Deliver also operated in the Central Pacific as her salvage and rescue services were required. On one occasion in March 1950 while en route to Pearl Harbor from Eniwetok, she rendezvoused with the disabled net tender  and towed her to port.

Korean War operations

During the Korean War, Deliver sailed on 22 June 1951 for Sasebo, arriving 6 July to join the United Nations operations. She gave essential salvage and repair services both at this base and in Korean waters until returning to Pearl Harbor 2 March 1952. She returned to the west coast briefly in the fall of that year, then served again in the Far East from 23 April to 19 December 1953 and from 21 June to 2 November 1954.

Arctic operations

Deliver sailed 20 June 1955 for Seattle, Washington, to join the forces engaged in an Arctic resupply mission, aiding several ships which went aground in the uncharted waters of the Arctic Ocean or were damaged from heavy ice conditions. She returned to Pearl Harbor 30 September 1955, and through 1960, had four tours of duty in the Far East, and joined another Arctic resupply mission in summer 1957.

Vietnam War operations

JAN 1965 - JAN 1966 West Pac-Viet Nam
APR 1965 - DEC 1966 West Pac-Viet Nam
AUG 1969 - MAY 1970 West Pac-Viet Nam
APR 1970 - OCT 1970 West Pac-Viet Nam
APR 1973 - NOV 1973 West Pac-Viet Nam
JAN 1975 - AUG 1975 West Pac-Viet Nam
MAR 1975 - APR 1975 C-5A RECOVERY - VIETNAM
MAR 1975 - APR 1975 West Pac-Viet Nam
APR 1975 - MAY 1975 Operation Frequent Wind - Fall of Saigon Vietnam
http://www.hullnumber.com/ARS-23

Decommissioning

Deliver was decommissioned during July 1979 at Bravo piers at Naval Station, Pearl Harbor as I attended the ceremony while serving at CINCPACFLT Staff and struck from the Naval Register. She was sold to South Korea under the Security Assistance Program, 1 August 1979. Current Disposition: Sold to South Korean Navy as Rescue and Salvage Ship Gumi, now decommissioned.

Military awards and honors

Deliver received one battle star for World War II service:
 Okinawa Gunto operation

She received three campaign stars for Korean War service:
 UN Summer-Fall Offensive
 Second Korean Winter
 Korea, Summer-Fall 1953

For the Vietnam War she received nine campaign stars:
 Vietnamese Counteroffensive Phase II
 Vietnamese Counteroffensive Phase III
 Tet Counteroffensive
 Vietnamese Counteroffensive Phase IV
 Vietnam Summer-Fall 1969
 Sanctuary Counteroffensive
 Vietnamese Counteroffensive Phase VII
 Consolidation I
 Consolidation II

Her crew members were eligible for the following medals and ribbons:
 Combat Action Ribbon (27-28FEB68)
 Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation (2)
 China Service Medal (extended)
 American Campaign Medal
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1)
 World War II Victory Medal
 Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp)
 National Defense Service Medal (2)
 Korean Service Medal (3)
 Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal (1-Op. Frequent Wind)
 Vietnam Service Medal (9)
 Humanitarian Service Medal (Frequent Wind)
 Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation (3)
 United Nations Service Medal
 Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
 Republic of Korea War Service Medal (retroactive)

References

External links

 Basalt Rock Company Shipbuilding History

Diver-class rescue and salvage ships
Ships built in Napa, California
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Republic of Korea Navy
1943 ships

USS Deliver


Richard Beasley (July 21, 1761 – February 16, 1842) was a soldier, political figure, farmer and businessman in Upper Canada.

Early life
He was born in the British colony of New York in 1761 and moved to Quebec in 1777. In 1783, he formed a partnership with Peter Smith in the fur trade. In 1788, he settled in Barton Township on Lake Ontario near the current city of Hamilton, still involved in trading furs. Richard Beasley became one of the founders of Ancaster when he gave millwright James Wilson half of the financial backing to build a grist-mill in 1791 and a sawmill in 1792. In 1797 Beasley sold his half share of the mills to fur trader and businessman Jean Rousseaux. Ultimately by 1800, after speculating on land originally granted to the Six Nations of the Grand River in 1784 by the Haldimand Proclamation along the Grand River, he was forced to sell part of his property to cover debts. At one time he owned  of land in what is now Kitchener, Ontario. Much of it was later sold to German-speaking Pennsylvania Dutch settlers.

Political career
In 1796, he was elected to the 2nd Parliament of Upper Canada, representing Durham, York & 1st Lincoln. He was also appointed magistrate in the same year. In the next Parliament, he represented West York, Lincoln & Haldimand and served as speaker from 1803 to 1804. In 1802, he became a lieutenant colonel in the York militia. In 1808, he was elected to represent West York in the 5th Parliament, but he was unseated because it was found that his agent had closed the polls too early. Beasley, like most of the members of the Upper Canada Legislative Assembly during this period, was a slaveholder. He owned several slaves in Hamilton.

Beasley occupied Burlington Heights (now the site of Dundurn Castle and Harvey Park) in 1790, establishing a trading operation there.

In May 1813, British forces retreating from the Niagara area set up camp on his land, erecting earthworks and other fortifications. From this encampment the British launched a successful counter-attack against the Americans at Stoney Creek a week later. After the War of 1812 he regained his land from the British, and took part in a convention organized by radical reformer Robert Fleming Gourlay. As a result, he lost his post as magistrate. In addition, allegations regarding his participation in the War of 1812 were raised.

Financial difficulties forced Beasley to sell lands at Burlington Heights, but it was purchased by Sir Allan Napier MacNab who built Dundurn Castle on the foundations of Beasley's brick home.

In 1824, he was elected to represent Halton and became a magistrate again in 1827.

He died in Hamilton in 1842. His grave site is at the back of Christ Church Cathedral in Hamilton, Ontario.

Legacy

The Beasley neighbourhood in Hamilton is named after him. It is bounded by Barton Street East (north), Main Street East (south), John Street North (west) and Wellington Street North (east). Notable features of this neighbourhood include Landmark Place, Royal Connaught Hotel and Beasley Park, which was also named after him.

Richard Beasley Public School, also named after him, is a primary school on Hamilton's east Mountain.

See also

Samuel D. Betzner

Further reading
 Beasley, David Richard.From Bloody Beginnings (Richard Beasley's Upper Canada). Simcoe, Ontario: Davus Publishing, 2008.

References

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1761 births
1842 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Politicians from Hamilton, Ontario
Canadian fur traders
People of the Province of New York
United Empire Loyalists
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
Colonial American merchants
Upper Canada judges
Canadian slave owners
Canadian magistrates

Richard Beasley (politician)


Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of the correction fluid Liquid Paper.  She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees.

Biography
Born in 1924 in Dallas, Texas, Bette Graham dropped out of Alamo Heights High School in San Antonio at the age of seventeen and went to secretarial school. By 1951, she had worked her way up to the position of executive secretary for W.W. Overton, the Chairman of the Board of the Texas Bank and Trust. It was at this time that Graham and her colleagues at the bank began experiencing trouble with the new IBM electric typewriters. Tired of having to retype entire pages because of one small error, Graham determined to find a more efficient alternative. Little did she know her frustration would lead to her becoming one of the most famous women inventors of the 20th century.

Career
The impetus for Graham's breakthrough came as she observed painters decorating the bank windows for the holidays. Rather than remove their mistakes entirely, the painters simply covered any imperfections with an additional layer. The quick-thinking Graham mimicked their technique by using a white, water-based tempera paint to cover her typing errors.

When the other secretaries realized how well the invention worked, they flooded Graham with requests for their own supplies. The inventor sold her first batch of "Mistake Out" in 1956, and soon she was working full-time to produce and bottle it from her North Dallas home. Her son Michael – who would later achieve fame as a member of the pop group The Monkees – and his friends helped to fill the growing number of orders for Mistake Out.

Graham continued experimenting with the makeup of the substance until she achieved the perfect combination of paint and several other chemicals. The refined product was renamed "Liquid Paper" in 1958 and, amid soaring demand, Graham applied for a patent and a trademark that same year.

Graham's Liquid Paper Company experienced tremendous growth over the next decade. By 1967, the company had its own corporate headquarters and automated production plant, and sales were in excess of one million units per year. In 1975, Graham moved operations into a 35,000-sq. ft. international Liquid Paper headquarters building in Dallas. Eventually, she opted to sell the company to Gillette Corporation for over $47.5 million in 1979. Following this success and massive growth in wealth, Graham would go on to establish two foundations, the Gihon Foundation, which gave grants and financial support to promote women in the arts, and the Bette Clair McMurray Foundation, which did the same for women in business. She died shortly afterward on May 12, 1980, due to complications of a stroke. She left her fortune to her son, who took over her foundations that empower striving women.

Impact
Graham's impact on her revolutionary invention, "Liquid Paper" shows its relevance through its longevity of use to even today. From its fruition in 1956, Graham's invention is now in virtually every office desk and supply cabinet around the world. The substance, Liquid Paper, the correction fluid relieves writers of all stripes from the pressure of perfection.

Management style
From the start, Graham ran her company with a unique combination of spirituality, egalitarianism, and pragmatism. Raised a Baptist, Graham converted to Christian Science in 1942, and this faith inspired the development of her corporate "Statement of Policy". Part code of ethics, part business philosophy, it covered everything from her belief in a "Supreme Being" to a focus on decentralized decision making and an emphasis on product quality over the pursuit of profit. She also believed that women could bring a more nurturing and humanistic quality to the male world of business, and provided a greenbelt with a fish pond, an employee library, and a childcare center in her new company headquarters in 1975.

Legacy
Her only son, musician Michael Nesmith, inherited half of his mother's estate of over $50 million. A portion financed the Gihon Foundation which established the Council on Ideas, a think tank with a retreat center located north of Santa Fe, New Mexico, active from 1990 to 2000 and devoted to exploring world problems. Additionally, a portion of Graham's estate financed the Betty Clair McMurray Foundation, which focuses on supporting projects such as the exhibit "Texas Women, A Celebration of History," career guidance for unwed mothers, shelter and counseling for battered women, and college scholarships for mature women. As part of its effort to acknowledge prominent people who had been previously overlooked, in 2018 The New York Times published a belated obituary for her.

References

Further reading

External links
Bette Nesmith Graham, Liquid Paper Inventor

1924 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American inventors
20th-century American musicians
American Christian Scientists
People from Dallas
Secretaries
The Monkees
Women inventors
Converts to Christian Science

Bette Nesmith Graham


An electoral region is a type of multi-member constituency used to elect members of a legislature. They are used in many parts of the world, but often are elected in a different way.

By country

Australia

In Australia, electoral regions are only used to elect the Victorian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Parliament of Victoria. They are elected using group voting tickets, a system that is quite controversial in Australia.

Electoral regions were also formerly used to elect the Western Australian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Parliament of Western Australia, using the same system as in Victoria. However, this system has been scrapped and from the 2025 state election and onward the Legislative Council will be elected using the same system as the New South Wales and South Australian Legislative Councils, which are the upper houses of the state parliaments of New South Wales and South Australia, respectively.

United Kingdom

The Senedd, the unicameral parliament of Wales, uses electoral regions to elect some of its members. They are elected using the D'Hondt system.

References

Constituencies

Electoral region


"The Game" is a song by The Next Star contestant Alyssa Reid from her 2011 album The Game. It is the title track of the album and the album's second single, as well as Alyssa's second most famous single, beat out by her previous single "Alone Again", officially released May 31, 2011. It was preceded by the album's lead single, "Alone Again", featuring P. Reign, which heavily sampled the 1987 Heart song "Alone", except included new verses and rap. "The Game" samples parts of the new verses of "Alone Again".

A radio edit was made of the song, which replaced the parts sampled from "Alone Again" and replaced them with new, original material. A remix was made of the song, featuring JDiggz, and in the parts where Reid is singing her verses, the radio edit of the song is sampled. The song is known by fans as "wanted to be in the movie for the best-selling book The Hunger Games". In 2012 a new single version was made for the UK market and features rap vocals from Snoop Dogg.

Composition
"The Game" was written by Jamie Appleby and Alyssa Reid. It heavily samples the pre-chorus of "Alone Again" in that verse one has almost identical lyrics to the pre-chorus of "Alone Again" (When you [I] said I could move on and go, you said I'm weak and it shows I could move on without you, now I'm [you're] sitting in this [your] house alone, wondering why I left home, and I'm hoping that you know that), however in a different key, and verse two has different lyrics, and the different key as well. "The Game" is highly influenced by a piano high C minor chord, on a time signature of 4/4 and a beat of around 80 BPM. The song is an upbeat dance song, and a follow-up to "Alone Again", as said on her website. The differences between "Alone Again" and "The Game" is that while "Alone Again" is a softer, more vulnerable side of Alyssa, "The Game" is much more of a self-confident  song celebrating individuality and emotional strength. "Everyone who knows me knows that I stand alone, it's all part of the game." (from the biography section of the official website of Alyssa Reid). Clearly, however, "Alone Again" and "The Game" have their similarities.

Remixes
There are two official remixes of "The Game". One is a radio edit, with new verses that exclude the parts sampled from "Alone Again". It was released August 9, 2011 to worldwide radio stations and the iTunes Store.

The second remix features JDiggz and was released to the iTunes Store on October 24, 2011. It also replaces the verses sampled from "Alone Again" with the new verses from the radio edit. The radio edit achieved minor success through radio stations, the JDiggz remix achieved minor success through iTunes downloads, however, neither of them came close to the original Top 40 song.

After her sudden UK success, she caught the attention of Snoop Dogg who then agreed to feature on her next UK single, the new version of "The Game". It is released on August 31, 2012. Although this version shares the same name with the album version of "The Game", it contains new melodies, new arrangement and a rap verse by Snoop Dogg.

Music video
An official music video for the song was released to YouTube on August 2, 2011 and was released to the iTunes Store on September 13, 2011.

Synopsis
The video begins with Reid sitting in the middle of crowds of people, mostly wearing dark colors. The words "Alyssa Reid", "The Game", and "Directed by Marc Andre Debruyne" appear and disappear quickly before the song starts. Then she stands up and starts singing. Occasionally, there are scenes of her singing in a lit-up alleyway. After the first verse is over, she appears singing the chorus in a blue room with fancy candlebras on the wall. There is a boy standing next to her, and the two seem to be ignoring each other completely. As scenes continue of her in the dark crowd and the lit-up alleyway, she turns to face the boy in the blue-room scene. Then, scenes appear of Reid walking past lines of people as she sings the second verse. She then performs for crowds in an old warehouse-like building. As the last chorus finishes, scenes show of her being lifted up by the dark crowd. The song finishes and the video fades away while she walks out of the lit-up alleyway.

Track list

Chart performance

Release history

References

2011 singles
Alyssa Reid songs
2010 songs
Songs written by Alyssa Reid
Songs written by James Ash

The Game (Alyssa Reid song)


Sisimiut Municipality was a municipality in Greenland until 31 December 2008.  Its administrative center was Sisimiut.  Within its borders were also the settlements of Itilleq and Sarfannguaq, as well as the settlement of Kangerlussuaq, which has Greenland's largest airport.  It was incorporated into the new Qeqqata municipality on 1 January 2009.

Former municipalities of Greenland

Sisimiut Municipality


This is a list of noted mathematicians from China.

Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Zi, known for authoring Sun Tzu Suan Ching or "Sun Tzu's Calculation Classic", which contains the Chinese remainder theorem

Wu Wenjun, the Wu class and the Wu formula are named after him. In the field of automated theorem proving, he is known for Wu's method; died in 2017

Zhang Heng, made the first seismometer; Astronomy, engineering, meteorology, geology, philosophy, and mathematics; died in 139 A.D.

Related pages
List of mathematicians
List of Chinese scientists

Lists of Asian scientists

china

List of Chinese mathematicians


Dr Mukhmohit Singh, MBBS, MD (Community Medicine) is a faculty for training students for PSM subject for various entrance exams across and outside India. To his credit, he has clinical-cum-research experience of working as Medical officer in corporate hospitals, as well as clinical research student for projects in PGIMER, Chandigarh.

Career
His association with Smt. VidyaVati Trust, has been instrumental in providing care and innovations in health care as medical record system update, use of tele-medicine for diagnostics, mobile health units and drug dispensing systems for patient facility has been the real life practical examples for affordable and accessible health care for our country settings.

He also has vast array of field and community experience while working as Epidemiologist for UT Administration, Chandigarh and further as Assistant professor (epidemiology) in the department of community medicine for teaching and training of the under-graduate MBBS students.

Awards

Mukhmohit Singh has been awarded with Gold sponsorship award for work on COPD at the prestigious European respiratory society under the young research category. He has also been awarded the certificates for successful completion of Diploma course for advancements and management plans for diabetes in India, for thyroid disorders and Advance Epidemiology programs

He has contributed to research in fields of pulmonary medicine, providing accessible health care, and has various papers published in national and international journals. He is also an active member of various organisations as ERS, RSSDI, IAPSM, IPHA.

Dr. Mukhmohit has been involved with Medical and Nursing Graduate and post graduate education since 2011 and has taught over 10,000+ students with a very high success rate. He is also an international faculty for epidemiology and public health for teaching medical doctors in USA and Canada for Licensing Exams.

Schooling

 TAFS, Delhi
 Guru Nanak Public School, Chandigarh
 DAV Sr Secondary School, Chandigarh

Medical education

 MBBS, Medical University, Pleven
 MD, MM University. Haryana
 Health sciences Dip in Diabetes, Annamalai University,Tamil Nadu

Works

 Junior Resident, GMSH-16, Chandigarh
 Medical Officer, Medicare, Chandigarh
 Medical Officer, Alchemist hospitals, Haryana
 Clinical research associate, PGIMER, Chandigarh
 Admin, National Institute of Medical Education (private)
 Epidemiologist, IDSP, Health Department, UT Chandigarh
 Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine

Indian physicians
People from Punjab, India

Mukhmohit Singh


Andrew C. Middleton (April 5, 1824 Rutland, Jefferson County, New York – 1909) was an American politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Samuel Middleton (1796–1873) and Seraph Middleton (1802–1883). He attended the common schools, and then worked on his father's farm and taught school.

He was Superintendent Common Schools of the Town of Rutland from 1849 to 1851; and Supervisor of the Town of Rutland from 1858 to 1860, and in 1868.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (18th D.) in 1874 and 1875, nominated on a reform ticket by a convention of farmers and endorsed by the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats.

He was buried at the Brookside Cemetery in Watertown.

References
Life Sketches of Government Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1875 by W. H. McElroy and Alexander McBride (pg. 88ff) [e-book]

External links

1824 births
1909 deaths
New York (state) state senators
People from Jefferson County, New York
19th-century American politicians

Andrew C. Middleton


The 1956 Amorgos earthquake occurred at 03:11 UTC on July 9. It had a magnitude of 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale. The epicentre was to the south of the island of Amorgos, the easternmost island of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea. There was significant damage on Amorgos and the neighbouring island of Santorini. It was the largest earthquake in Greece in the 20th century. It was followed 13 minutes later by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake near Santorini. It triggered a major tsunami with a maximum run-up of 30 m. The combined effects of the earthquake shaking and the tsunami caused the deaths of 53 people with a further 100 injured.

Tectonic setting
The Cyclades island group lies within a zone of extensional tectonics in the Aegean Sea Plate, between the South Aegean Volcanic Arc to the south and the continuation of the North Anatolian Fault to the north. The extension is a result of the bulging out of the Hellenic arc due to flat-slab subduction of the African Plate.

Earthquake
The earthquake's focal mechanism is consistent with normal faulting, trending SW-NE. From the distribution of aftershocks, it is possible to discriminate between the two nodal planes implied by the focal mechanism, indicating that the fault plane dips to the southeast at about 25°. The rupture area is estimated to be about 110 km along strike and 26 km in depth, extending into the upper mantle.

Tsunami
The tsunami affected a large part of the Aegean Sea. The variable distribution of the observed run-ups, combined with inconsistent timing of the wave arrivals at different locations, suggest that earthquake-triggered underwater landslides were the main cause of the observed tsunami.

Damage
Damage was severe, particularly on Santorini. The earthquake demolished 529 houses and left many others damaged. Fifty-three people were killed as a result of the earthquake, with another three killed by the associated tsunami.

See also
List of earthquakes in 1956
List of earthquakes in Greece

References

External links

Earthquakes in Greece
1956 earthquakes
1950s tsunamis
1956 in Greece
July 1956 events in Europe
Amorgos
Tsunamis in Greece
1956 disasters in Greece

1956 Amorgos earthquake


This was the qualifications of the men to the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens aimed at selecting men's national teams in the Rugby sevens, which appeared in the finals in Moscow.

General
The tournament organized by the IRB World Cup held in Moscow on 28–30 June 2013, and the attendance of twenty-four team. Automatic qualification to the final tournament hosts and quarter-received previous World Cup. The remaining seats were held in elimination tournaments.

Qualified teams

Qualifying

Africa

With two spots at the tournament at stake, which was also an Africa Sevens Championship, which took place on 29–30 September 2012 in Morocco in Rabat, there were two places in the finals of the World Cup. Eight teams were divided into two groups of four competed on the first day Round-robin, while in the second phase took place in the play-off.. In the absence of automatic promotion with South Africa and Kenya met in the final of the representations Zimbabwe and Tunisia. In a direct duel turned out to be a better team Zimbabwe, and both teams gained promotion to the World Cup.

North America / Caribbean

The qualifying Tournament, which is also NACRA Sevens, took place at the Twin Elm Rugby Park in Ottawa, 25–26 August 2012. The tournament was attended by eleven teams. On the first day they were fighting round-robin in three groups - two groups had four teams while one only having three, All the teams bar the weakest teams from each group advanced to the quarterfinals. The rate matches the phase play-off in the second day of the competition, there were two places in the finals of the World Cup. The favored teams Canada and USA met in the finals to thereby advance to the World Cup, and better in the direct duel turned out to Canadians.

South America

The qualifying Tournament, which is also CONSUR Sevens, took place at the Estádio da Gávea in Rio de Janeiro, 23–24 February 2013. The tournament was attended by ten representation teams divided into two groups that competed in the first phase round-robin. Top two from each group in the second phase of the re-formed group fighting for the medals round-robin and one place to promotion to the World Cup. Having been provided with automatic classification of Argentina won the contest, so the South American place in the finals of the World Cup was Uruguay.

Asia

In the match played in Singapore on 2–3 November 2012, the event was attended by twelve teams seeded according to the results achieved in the continental championship. On the first day, the teams competed round-robin, four groups of three teams played on the same day, as well as the quarter-finals,  of which the top three were rewarded with a qualification to the World Cup. Japan, Hong Kong and Philippines teams qualified.

Europe

In the match played on July 20–21, 2012 at the Estádio Algarve tournament was attended by twelve teams. The nine teams that participated in the 2012 Grand Prix Series, not so far gained promotion to the World Cup, joined the top three teams A Division Tournament Championship 2012, which was held in Warsaw in May 2012. The first day of the game took place in round-robin in three groups, then ranked team on results. The top eight, being the first two teams from each group and the two best third-placed - advanced to the stage play-off. In games played on the second day of the competition matches the rate was five places in the finals 2013 World Cup - gained them the tournament Cup semi-finalists and the winner of the Plate, were appropriate representation of Portugal, Spain, France, Georgia and Scotland.

Oceania

The Oceania Championships, which is the qualifying tournament, held on 25–26 August 2012 in North Sydney Oval in Sydney. Two groups of four competed on the first day round-robin, while in the second phase took place in the play-off, the rate of addition to medals of the event were two places in the finals 2013 World Cup, a team that fought all outside having already achieved promotion Samoa, Fiji, New Zealand. The favorites for the race were the Australia and representatives of Samoa, who had no problems beating their opponents on the way to a decisive match. In the final, while the winners turned out to be the tournament host and participate in the World Cup finals in addition to their secured the third-place winner of the contest - Tonga.

References

External links
 official website

Rugby World Cup Sevens qualification
Qualifying
World Cup Qualifier Sevens
World Cup Qualifier Sevens

2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens qualifying – Men


Carson Friedman Ellis (born October 5, 1975) is a Canadian-born American children's book illustrator and artist. She received a Caldecott Honor for her children's book Du Iz Tak? (2016). Her work is inspired by folk art, art history, and mysticism.

Early life and career
Ellis grew up in New York and studied painting at the University of Montana, where she was influenced by art history, particularly Egon Schiele, Max Beckmann, and German Expressionism. She has written poetry since she was a teenager, though she didn't study writing in school.

She began her career as a fine artist in San Francisco and exhibited a solo show of oil paintings at a gallery in San Jose, California.  Her first illustration work began when she met Colin Meloy at the University of Montana and designed gig posters for his college band Tarkio.

Career
Ellis is an illustrator of several children's books, including the New York Times bestseller Wildwood, written by Colin Meloy; The Composer Is Dead, written by Lemony Snicket; and The Mysterious Benedict Society, written by Trenton Lee Stewart. She received a 2010 Silver Medal from the Society of Illustrators for her art in Dillweed's Revenge, by Florence Parry Heide. She collaborated again with Meloy on the second and third novels in the Wildwood Chronicles series, Under Wildwood (2012) and Wildwood Imperium (2014).

She is also well known for her work with the indie folk rock band The Decemberists, for whom she has created album art, T-shirts, websites, posters, and stage sets. Her album and EP artwork for The Decemberists include 5 Songs (2001), Castaways and Cutouts (2002), Her Majesty the Decemberists (2003), The Tain (2004), The Crane Wife (2006), The Hazards of Love (2009), What a Terrible World, What a Beautiful World (2015), and I'll Be Your Girl (2018). Ellis was nominated twice for Grammy Award for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package (2015 and 2018). She has also created album artwork for other musicians, such as Laura Veirs, Beat Circus, and Weezer.

In 2015, Ellis wrote and illustrated her first solo children's book, Home, which explores different types of domiciles around the world, underwater, and in space. The book has been criticized for the manner in which it glosses over colonization and the stereotyping of various ethnicities.

Ellis' second solo children's book, Du Iz Tak?, published in 2016, is written entirely in an invented "bug language". The book received a Caldecott Honor Award (2017) and an E.B. White Read Aloud Award (2017).

In 2016, Ellis collaborated with Portland-based wallpaper studio Juju Papers on a wallpaper design titled Barn Owls and Hollyhocks. The design was inspired by Ellis' move to a small barn outside of Portland.

Ellis created the cover and interior illustrations for Meloy's 2017 middle grade book The Whiz Mob and the Grenadine Kid, published by HarperCollins.

The board game Illimat, for which Ellis created illustrations, was published in November 2017 after a successful Kickstarter campaign. The game was written and designed by The Decemberists and Keith Baker of Twogether Studios.

Ellis created illustrations for Susan Cooper's The Shortest Day, published in October 2019.

Carson Ellis is also an editorial illustrator and fine artist, having worked for The New York Times, The New Yorker, and Poetry.

Wildwood Chronicles
The Wildwood Chronicles, illustrated by Ellis and written by her husband, musician Colin Meloy, was a bestselling series for middle-grade readers. When creating illustrations for the series, Ellis was inspired by Pauline Baynes, illustrator of The Chronicles of Narnia, as well as drawings in The Wind in the Willows.

List of works

As author and illustrator
Home (Candlewick Press, 24 February 2015)
Du Iz Tak? (Candlewick Press, 18 October 2016)
In the Half Room (Candlewick Press, 13 October, 2020)

As illustrator only
Series
 The Mysterious Benedict Society series, written by Trenton Lee Stewart (Little, Brown)
The Mysterious Benedict Society (1 April 2008)
 The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Perilous Journey (1 May 2008)
 The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Prisoner's Dilemma (6 October 2009)
 Mr. Benedict's Book of Perplexing Puzzles, Elusive Enigmas, and Curious Conundrums (11 October 2011)
 The Extraordinary Education of Nicholas Benedict (10 April 2012)
 The Wildwood Chronicles series, written by Colin Meloy (Balzer + Bray, a HarperCollins imprint)
Wildwood (30 August 2011)
 Under Wildwood (25 September 2012)
 Wildwood Imperium (4 February 2014)

Standalones
 The Composer Is Dead, written by Lemony Snicket (HarperCollins, 3 March 2009)
 The Beautiful Stories of Life, written by Cynthia Rylant (Harcourt Children's, 4 May 2009)
 Stagecoach Sal, written by Deborah Hopkinson (Hyperion, 4 September 2009)
 Dillweed's Revenge, written by Florence Parry Heide (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 6 September 2010)
 Illimat, board game created Keith Baker and The Decemberists (2017)
The Shortest Day, written by Susan Cooper (Candlewick Press, 22 October, 2019)
 What Is Love?, written by Mac Barnett (Chronicle Books, 2021)

Personal life
Carson Ellis is married to Decemberists singer Colin Meloy, whom she met in college while designing posters for his alt-country band Tarkio. She and Meloy have two children, Henry "Hank" Meloy and Milo Cannonball Meloy. Both parents have spoken openly about their son Hank's diagnosis with Asperger's syndrome.

She lives on a farm outside Portland, Oregon with her family.

References

External links

 Interview by Seven Impossible Things Before Breakfast, a blog featuring children's illustration – with many of Ellis's images
 Interview about her work at Design Sponge
 Five questions for Carson Ellis at the Huffington Post

1975 births
Living people
American children's book illustrators
Artists from Portland, Oregon
Artists from Vancouver
American women illustrators
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
University of Montana alumni
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists

Carson Ellis


Vologda Oblast (, ; ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is Vologda. The oblast has a population of 1,202,444 (2010 Census). The largest city is Cherepovets, the home of the Severstal metallurgical plant, the largest industrial enterprise in the oblast.

Vologda Oblast is home to many historic monuments, such as the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, Ferapontov Monastery (a World Heritage Site) with the frescoes of Dionisius, the two medieval towns of Velikiy Ustyug and Belozersk, and the baroque churches of Totma and Ustyuzhna.

Large reserves of wood and fresh water are the main natural resources.

History

The area of Vologda Oblast was settled by Finnic peoples in prehistory, and most of the toponyms in the region are in fact Finnic. Vepsians, who still live in the west of the oblast, are the descendants of that population. Subsequently, the area was colonized by the Russians. Belozersk was mentioned in chronicles in 862 as one of the oldest towns in Russia. Much of the area was controlled by the Novgorod Republic, in particular, Totma was founded in 1152. Veliky Ustyug and the west of the current territory of the Oblast, with Belozersk and Ustyuzhna, belonged to the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality and were constantly threatened by Novgorod. Not later than in the 13th century the Novgorod merchants already reached the White Sea. They reached the area by using the waterways. The main waterway to the White Sea was the Northern Dvina, and Novgorod merchants used the Volga and its tributary, the Sheksna, along the Slavyanka River into Lake Nikolskoye, then the boats were taken by land to Lake Blagoveshchenskoye, from there downstream along the Porozovitsa River into Lake Kubenskoye and further to the Sukhona and the Northern Dvina.

In the 13th century, minor principalities started to proliferate. First, the Principality of Beloozero separated from Rostov, its northern and northeastern parts in the 15th century became quasi-independent, forming smaller feudal states like the Principality of Zaozerye or the Principality of Kubena. Many smaller principalities are only mentioned once in chronicles, and the very existence of these principalities is questionable. Between 1452 and 1481, Vologda was the center of the Principality of Vologda, the last independent principality in Vologda lands. By the end of the 15th century, all these lands were a part of the Great Duchy of Moscow.

In the 14th and the 15th centuries, the lands around Vologda became attractive for monks looking for desolate areas but still wishing to keep connections with the princes of Moscow. The princes, in their turn, viewed the monasteries as means to keep the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in its remote areas. A number of influential monasteries, including Spaso-Prilutsky, Pavlo-Obnorsky, Kirillo-Belozersky, and Ferapontov monasteries, were founded. Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery soon became one of the most prominent Russian monasteries, with a lot of political influence, and successful economic development.

In the middle of the 15th century, the Vologda Lands were strongly involved with the Muscovite Civil War: Thus, Vasily the Blind was exiled to Vologda in 1446 and was released from his allegiance oath by the hegumen of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, and by the late 1440s the Sukhona valley became the battlefield between the retreating army of Dmitry Shemyaka and the army of Vasily, chasing Shemyaka. During the Time of Troubles, the area was ravaged by Polish troops, who at some point besieged Vologda but did not succeed in conquering the city.

In the 17th century, Vologda was a prosperous city located on the main trading route from Moscow to Western Europe. During the reign of Tsar Peter the Great in the 18th century, Vologda became a shipbuilding center and played an important role in support of Russian military operations against Sweden. However, the importance of Vologda as a trade center was diminished after Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703, and the foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea. Peter even imposed restrictions on the White Sea trade.

Vologda was the northernmost territory where serfdom existed in Russia. In the lands west and south of Vologda, estates existed, but to the north and east of Vologda serfdom was never implemented, and the population owned their land.

In 1708, Peter the Great issued an edict which established seven governorates. The description of the borders of the governorates was not given; instead, their area was defined as a set of towns and the lands adjacent to those towns. Two of the governorates, Archangelgorod Governorate (east of the oblast) and Ingermanland Governorate (west of the oblast), were located in the present-day area of Vologda oblast. Vologda became a part of Archangelgorod Governorate. Subsequently, the western part of the Oblast was transferred to Novgorod Governorate. In 1780, Vologda became the administrative center of Vologda Viceroyalty which included the territory of the former Archangelgorod Governorate. Eventually, the viceroyalty was transformed into Vologda Governorate. After a sequence of further administrative reforms, Vologda Oblast was established in 1937.

During the Second World War, parts of Oshtinsky District in the west of the oblast became the only areas of Vologda Oblast to be occupied by foreign (Finnish) troops. The Finnish advance was stopped in October 1941, but the occupation continued till June 1944, when the Soviet Army started to advance.

In 1955, the construction of Severstal in the city of Cherepovets, the biggest industrial enterprise in the oblast, was completed.

On 4 July 1997, Vologda, alongside Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Magadan, and Saratov signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy. The agreement would be abolished on 15 March 2002.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Vologda CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The politics in the oblast is governed by the Charter of Vologda Oblast. The laws within the authority of the oblast are passed by the Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast. The highest executive body is the Vologda Oblast Administration. It also includes the executive bodies of the subdivisions such as districts, and is responsible for the daily administration. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the governor who is the head of the oblast and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

As a subject of the Russian Federation, the Vologda Oblast has a certain constituent power, which consists of the right to adopt its charter, laws, and other regulatory legal acts. The charter of the Vologda Oblast establishes the foundations of the legal status, ensuring human and civil rights, as well as the institutions of democracy, the economic and financial foundations of the region, the foundations of socio-cultural policy, the organization of state power, administrative-territorial division and the organization of local self-government.

First secretaries of the Vologda Oblast CPSU Committee
In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1937 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed
1937: Grigory Andreyevich Ryabov, executed during the Great Purge;
1937–1942: Pavel Timofeyevich Komarov;
1942–1945: Boris Fyodorovich Nikolayev;
1945–1952: Vasily Nikitich Derbinov;
1952–1955: Alexey Vladimirovich Syomin;
1955–1960: Ivan Sergeyevich Latunov;
1960–1961: Vadim Sergeyevich Milov;
1961–1985: Anatoly Semyonovich Drygin;
1985–1990: Valentin Alexandrovich Kuptsov;
1990–1991: Vladimir Ivanovich Saranskikh.

Governors
Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected:
1991–1996: Nikolay Mikhaylovich Podgornov, head of the administration, appointed;
1996–2011: Vyacheslav Yevgenyevich Pozgalyov, head of the administration, appointed; then governor, elected;
2011-2023: Oleg Alexandrovich Kuvshinnikov, governor, appointed; then elected in 2014
2013-(present): Georgy Yuryevich Filimonov, acting governor, appointed.

Legislative Assembly
Legislative power is exercised by the Legislative Assembly of Vologda Oblast - a unicameral parliament of 34 deputies elected by a mixed electoral system (17 + 17) by the region's inhabitants for a five-year term. The current convocation was elected in September 2021. The deputies represent five parties: United Russia (24), Communist Party (5), Liberal Democratic Party (2), A Just Russia (2), and Party of Pensioners (1). The current chairman is Andrei Lutsenko. The next elections are expected in September 2026.

Governor and government

Executive power is exercised by the governor, the government of the Vologda Oblast headed by him, and other executive authorities. The governor is elected by the region's inhabitants for a term of five years and cannot hold the said position for more than two consecutive terms. The current governor is Oleg Kuvshinnikov of United Russia. In December 2011, he was appointed acting governor and then empowered by deputies of the Legislative Assembly. In 2012, in most subjects of the Russian Federation, direct elections of governors were returned with a municipal filter, a two-term limit, and the possibility of dismissal by decree of the President of the Russian Federation. In the early elections in September 2014, Kuvshinnikov won 62.98% of the vote and was elected for five years. In the elections in September 2019, Kuvshinnikov was re-elected for five years.

Geography

Vologda Oblast borders with Arkhangelsk Oblast in the north, Kirov Oblast in the east, Kostroma Oblast in the southeast, Yaroslavl Oblast in the south, Tver and Novgorod Oblasts in the southwest, Leningrad Oblast in the west, and the Republic of Karelia in the northwest.

Vologda Oblast is located on the East European Plain, and most of it represents forested hilly landscape. The southwest of the oblast, along the Sheksna and the Mologa, is flat. The northwestern part is mostly of glacial origin, with the Andoma Hills, the Veps Hills, and a number of minor hill chains. The highest point of the oblast is  high Malgora hill. In the east of the oblast, the valleys of the Vaga, the Sukhona, and the Yug are cut through the hills. The southeast of the oblast is occupied by the Northern Ridge, which is located south of the valley of the Sukhona.

Much of the area of the oblast is occupied by coniferous forest (taiga) and by swamps.

The area of Vologda Oblast is split between the basins of the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Caspian Sea. In the northeast of the oblast, in Vologodsky district, there is a point which is a triple divide of the river basins of the Neva (Baltic Sea), the Volga (Caspian Sea), and the Onega (White Sea), and thus the basins of the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the endorheic basins of the interior of Eurasia. This is one of the very few such triple divides in the world and the only one in Russia. The southwestern shore of Lake Onega, one of the biggest freshwater lakes in Europe, belongs to Vologda Oblast, and the tributaries of Lake Onega, the biggest of which are the Vytegra River and the Andoma River, belong to the river basin of the Neva and thus drain to the Baltic Sea. Also, minor areas in the west of the oblast drain into the Oyat River which is a right tributary of the Svir and belongs to the basin of the Neva. The western part of the oblast drains into the Rybinsk Reservoir of the Volga. The biggest tributaries of the reservoir are the Mologa, the Suda, the Sogozha, and the Sheksna. Lake Beloye, one of the biggest lakes in the oblast, is the source of the Sheksna. Some areas in the south of the oblast drain into tributaries of the Volga, including the Unzha. Lake Vozhe in the northwest of the Oblast, with its main tributary, the Vozhega, drains in the Onega River in the White Sea basin. The rest of the oblast, including Lake Kubenskoye, another major lake in the oblast, belongs to the river basin of the Northern Dvina. The Northern Dvina is formed in the northeast of the oblast from merging of the Sukhona and the Yug. The Sukhona forms the major waterway of Vologda Oblast. Another major tributary of the Norther Dvina, which has its source in Vologda Oblast, is the Vaga.

Two areas in Vologda Oblast have been designated as protected natural areas of federal significance. These are Russky Sever National Park in the center of the oblast and Darwin Nature Reserve in the southwest of the oblast (shared with Yaroslavl Oblast).

Demographics

Population:

Vital statistics for 2022:
Births: 9,263 (8.2 per 1,000)
Deaths: 16,451 (14.5 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):
1.41 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):
Total — 69.08 years (male — 63.85, female — 74.38)

Russians - 97.3%
Ukrainians - 0.7%
Belarusians - 0.3%
Veps - 0.04
Others - 1.7%
58,511 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

Babayevsky and Vytegorsky District in the northwest of the oblast belong to the areas traditionally populated by Vepsians. The Vepsians living in Vologda Oblast speak the central group of Veps dialects.

Religion
According to a 2012 survey 29.5% of the population of Vologda Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 2% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Eastern Orthodox Christian believers not belonging to any church or belonging to non-Russian Eastern Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 1% are Old Believers. In addition, 39% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious", 20% is atheist, and 6.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Settlements

Administrative divisions

The oblast is administratively divided into four cities and towns under the oblast's jurisdiction (Vologda, Cherepovets, Sokol, and Veliky Ustyug) and twenty-six districts. Another ten towns (Babayevo, Belozersk, Gryazovets, Kadnikov, Kharovsk, Kirillov, Nikolsk, Totma, Ustyuzhna, and Vytegra) have the status of the towns of district significance. The town of Krasavino is under administrative jurisdiction of Veliky Ustyug Town of Oblast Significance.

Economy

Industry
The biggest industrial enterprise of Vologda Oblast is the Severstal steel plant located in the city of Cherepovets. The metallurgical industry is responsible for approximately 50% of the total industrial production of the oblast. it is followed by chemical (also based in Cherepovets), food, and timber industries, and the machine building industry.

Metallurgy was a traditional industry developed in the region since the 16th century, when its center was located in Ustyuzhna. Another traditional industries were salt production (around Totma) and glass making (in what is currently Chagodoshchensky District). In the 18th century, timber production started to grow rapidly. In the 19th century, the textile industry enterprises making flax textiles started to proliferate. In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye (13 km northwest of Vologda). It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the Vologda butter, a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark.

Agriculture

The agriculture in the oblast is essentially cattle breeding with milk and meat production, production of eggs, growing of crops, flax, potatoes, and vegetables. In 2008, 73% of all agricultural products were produced by large-scale farms.

Transportation
The area of current Vologda Oblast has always been located on the trading routes connecting central Russia to the White Sea, and, in fact, in the 17th century the White Sea was the main sea export route for Russia. The whole course of the Sukhona is navigable, as well as the lower courses of some of its tributaries, including the Vologda. However, there is currently very little or no regular passenger navigation on the Sukhona. Volga–Baltic Waterway, first constructed in the 19th century as the Mariinsk Canal System and then reconstructed in the 20th century, connects the river basins of the Volga and the Neva via the Sheksna, Lake Beloye, the Kovzha, and the Vytegra, and is one of the main waterways in European Russia. The Northern Dvina Canal connects the Sheksna and Lake Kubenskoye, thus being a connection between the river basins of the Volga and the Northern Dvina.

One of the principal highways in Russia, M8, connects Moscow and Arkhangelsk, and passes Vologda. This highway is paved and heavily used. Other important paved roads include A114 highway, connecting Vologda to Cherepovets and Saint Petersburg, the roads connecting Vologda to Kirillov (the part which continues to Lipin Bor, Vytegra, and Pudozh, is partially paved), Vologda to Veliky Ustyug via Totma, Totma to Nikolsk via Imeni Babushkina, and Kotlas to Manturovo and eventually to Kostroma and Moscow via Veliky Ustyug and Nikolsk. There are connections from Ustyuzhna to Pestovo and Vesyegonsk. However, the road network is underdeveloped, especially close to the borders of the oblast. There is only one road crossing from Vologda Oblast to Kostroma Oblast. Several roads cross into Kirov Oblast, but they are all unpaved and badly maintained. So is the connection between Lipin Bor and Kargopol. In the west of the oblast, there are very few through roads even across the district boundaries. Nevertheless, the vast majority of settlements have road connections of some quality, the roads are used for timber transportation, and there is regular bus service on the main roads.

The principal railway line in the oblast is the railroad connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk. The piece between Vologda and Arkhangelsk was constructed in the 1890s. A branch from Konosha eastwards to Kotlas and further to Vorkuta, which crosses the north of the oblast, was constructed in the 1940s to facilitate the transport of coal from the Komi Republic. The railway connecting Vologda with Saint Petersburg via Cherepovets was built in the 1900s. There is also a railway connecting Vologda via Vokhtoga to Buy. At Vokhtoga, the Monza Railroad branches off east. It was built for timber transport and is operated by the timber production authorities. The Monza railroad runs along the border of Vologda and Kostroma Oblasts. The plans to extend it further east to Nikolsk were never realized. The Monza Railroad has a separate station in Vokhoga, Vokhtoga-2 railway station. The headquarters of the Monzales company which owns the railroad are located in Vokhtoga. A big number of narrow gauge railways have been built in the 1950s and 1960s to facilitate the transport of timber, but since then most of these became unprofitable and have been destroyed.

Currently, the local aviation has almost disappeared. There is an airport in Vologda. Locally, there is infrequent service to Veliky Ustyug, Kichmengsky Gorodok, and Vytegra.

The oil transport system, Baltic Pipeline System, runs through the oblast, with three oil-pumping stations located at Nyuksenitsa, Pogorelovo, and Gryazovets.

Arts and culture

Architecture

Three of the towns in the oblast—Belozersk, Totma, and Veliky Ustyug—are classified as historical towns by the Ministry of Culture of Russian Federation, which implies certain restrictions on construction in their historical centers.

The old center of Vologda until the 1990s contained many wooden houses, including five wooden classicist manors, protected by the government as cultural heritage monuments. Despite the protection, many of these burnt down, or were simply demolished. Still, many buildings, including four classicist manors, survive, and make Vologda one of the biggest collection of wooden town houses of the 19th century in Russia.

Some of the best examples of rural wooden architecture are collected in open-air Ethnographic Museum in Semyonkovo, northwest of Vologda.

Several cities and towns in Vologda Oblast preserved their architectural heritage. In contrast to many other Russian towns in the 1920s and 1930s, Veliky Ustyug was left intact and declared the national cultural heritage very early after 1917. It preserved therefore almost all of its historic center. Vologda, Belozersk, Totma, Gryazovets, and Ustyuzhna keep many of their historical buildings. In particular, several churches in Totma were built in the 18th century in the unique style which is sometimes referred to as Totma Baroque.

The relative desolation of Vologda lands attracted monks looking for solitude, resulting in numerous monasteries. The Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, the Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery, the Goritsky Monastery, and the Troitse-Gledensky Monastery represent examples of Russian medieval fortification architecture and also contain buildings rated among the best preserved cultural heritage. The Ferapontov Monastery, included into the World Heritage list, contains the only survived fully painted church in Russia with the frescoes of Dionisius. As of 2010, four of the monasteries in Vologda Oblast were acting: the Kirillo-Belozersky, the Spaso-Prilutsky, the Goritsky, and the Pavlo-Obnorsky monasteries.

Gallery

Literature

In the 19th and the 20th centuries, many notable authors had their estates in Vologda Region; however, their literary activity mostly was related to Saint Petersburg rather than to the estates. Thus, Konstantin Batyushkov, a poet, was born and raised in his estate in Danilovskoye, but became a notable author after he moved to the state service to Saint Petersburg, and he only returned to Vologda (where he eventually died) after he developed a mental illness. Igor Severyanin, a 20th-century poet, spent considerable periods of his life in the estate of his uncle, Vladimirovka, close to the city of Cherepovets.

In the 20th century, two of the authors of the Village prose movement in Soviet literature, which predominantly described rural life, were tightly connected with Vologda Region. Vasily Belov was born in the village of Timonikha, currently in Kharovsky District, and lives in Vologda. Alexander Yashin was born in Nikolsky District and completed his studies in Nikolsk, but then moved to Moscow. A poet Nikolay Rubtsov spent much of his life in Vologda Oblast before being killed in a domestic dispute in 1971. Yury Koval, mainly known for his children's books, spent considerable periods of his life in Vologda Oblast.

Handicrafts
Various handicrafts were developed in the area. A number of those are protected by law.

References

Notes

Sources

Bibliography
Brumfield, William. Vologda Album (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2005)

External links

 Official website of Vologda Oblast
Culture in the Vologda Region

States and territories established in 1937
Oblasts of Russia

Vologda Oblast


Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica is a rare neurocutanous condition  characterized by the combination of an organoid sebaceous nevus and speckled lentiginous nevus. It is an unusual variant of  epidermal naevus syndrome. It was first described by Happle et al. It is often associated with neurological or skeletal anomalies such as hemiatrophy, dysaesthesia and hyperhidrosis in a segmental pattern, mild mental retardation, seizures, deafness, ptosis and strabismus.

See also
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer

References

External links

Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts
Dermal and subcutaneous growths
Neurocutaneous conditions
Rare diseases

Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica


The Gaia hypothesis, also known as Gaia theory or Gaia principle, named after earth goddess Gaia, proposes that living organisms interact with their nonliving inorganic surroundings on Earth to self-regulate the Earth's environment, a complex system that contributes to maintaining the conditions for life on the planet.  The hypothesis was developed in the 1970's by James Lovelock with Lynn Margulis.

Ecology

Gaia hypothesis


New York City is home to the largest Russian population and Russian-speaking population in the Western Hemisphere. The largest Russian-American communities in New York City are located in Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay in Brooklyn. Brighton Beach has been nicknamed Little Odessa due to its population of Russian-speaking immigrants from Ukraine and Russia.

History
The first Russian immigrants to the United States arrived in the end of the 18th century (one of the first immigrants from Russia was Demetrius Galitzen, a Russian noble who became a Catholic priest in Mount Savage, Md.). Historians differ on the number and the timing of the 'waves' of Russian immigration. The first large influx of refugees from Russia, primarily to New York City, began in the 1880s after massive pogroms and restrictions imposed upon the Jews in the Russian Empire. By the time of the Russian Revolution, prominent political exiles from Russia in New York included Leon Trotsky, Nikolai Bukharin, and Emma Goldman. With the start of the Revolution of February 1917 some Russian exiles moved back to Russia to participate in the Revolution; some of the radicals who stayed in the US suffered from Palmer Raids of 1919 and some were deported from the US. After the Bolshevik takeover in October 1917 and their victory in the Civil War of 1918-20, some of their opponents, including Alexander Kerensky, fled to the US (some call this the "First Wave" of Russian immigration). Many of them made their way to New York City, most of them moving to Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, and other sections of New York City. Many emigres of this wave also moved to the US on the eve of WWII from Western European countries already occupied by the Nazis.

The so-called "Third Wave" of Russians were largely Russian (Soviet) Jews, who came primarily as refugees during the 1970s to Brighton Beach, as well as Rego Park/Forest Hills, Washington Heights and other parts of the city, including Manhattan. Among the most prominent immigrant writers and artists of this wave in New York were Joseph Brodsky, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Sergei Dovlatov and Eduard Limonov. Brighton Beach had a re-growth, after being a neglected area of Brooklyn. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the "Fourth Wave" of Russians had a larger share of ethnic Russians and Russian Christians who immigrated to the United States with the largest number going to the New York metropolitan area. Majority of the Russian Americans who considered Brighton Beach their home, began to migrate out to Suburbia tri state area during the 1990s.

Demographics

The New York Tri-State area has a population of 1.6 million Russian-Americans and 600,000 of them live in New York City. There are over 220,000 Russian-speaking Jews living in New York City. Approximately 100,000 Russian Americans in the New York metropolitan area were born in Russia.

New York City also has a large population of immigrants born in Central Asia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other ex-Soviet states. Most of the Central Asian immigrants are from  Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and due to their Soviet influence, most of them speak the Russian language. Many Belarusians and Ukrainians were identified by their religion when they came to Ellis Island. Catholics were considered Poles, Orthodox were considered Russians, while Jews stayed with their ethnic group.

The New York metropolitan area continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for Russian immigrants into the United States. In 2013, 1,974 individuals immigrated to the New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island statistical area from Russia alone, not including immigrants from other previous Soviet bloc countries; in 2012, this number was 2,286; 1,435 in 2011; and 1,283 in 2010. These numbers do not include the remainder of the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. Brighton Beach, Brooklyn continues to be the most important demographic and cultural center for the Russian American experience.  However, as Russian Americans have climbed in socioeconomic status, the diaspora from Russia and other former Soviet-bloc states have moved toward more affluent parts of the New York metropolitan area, notably Bergen County, New Jersey. Within Bergen County, the increasing size of the Russian immigrant presence in its hub of Fair Lawn prompted a 2014 April Fool's satire titled, "Putin Moves Against Fair Lawn".

Politics
, Russians generally back the Republican Party, leaning more towards the Republicans than most New Yorkers in general or most immigrant New Yorkers in particular. However, Russian-American voters sometimes support established Democratic politicians who have campaigned in Russian-speaking communities and who have dedicated money to Russian-American causes. Russian-speaking candidates from both political parties often enjoy support from the Russian community when running against non-Russophone candidates. Because of the importance of political primaries in majority-Democratic New York City, Russians may register as Democrats as often as Republicans, despite voting mostly Republican during general elections. The right-wing preference of many Russian-American voters is often motivated by their opposition to Communism and socialism, having an unfavorable view of the Soviet Communism they previously lived under. Left-leaning ex-Soviet immigrants are more likely to immigrate to places such as Canada or Scandinavia, while those who lean right-wing are attracted by America's capitalist values.

See also

Russian Dolls, 2011 reality TV series about Russian-American families in Brighton Beach
Russian Tea Room, restaurant on West 57th Street, opened in 1927
Russian Mission School in New York
Consulate-General of Russia in New York City
Novy Mir, 1916/17 magazine
 Asian Americans in New York City
 Belarusian Americans in New York City
 Bangladeshis in New York City
 Chinese people in New York City
 Demographics of New York City
 Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area
 Fuzhounese in New York City
 Indians in the New York City metropolitan region
 Japanese in New York City
 Koreans in New York City
 Taiwanese people in New York City

References

External links

 The Russian Tea Room
 Russian American Foundation New York

Belarusian-American history
Kazakhstani American
Kyrgyzstani American

Russian-American history
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Russian Orthodox Christians from the United States
White Russian emigrants to the United States
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Russian-Jewish culture in New York City
Tajikistani American
Ukrainian-Jewish culture in New York City
Uzbekistani-American culture
Ethnic groups in New York City

Russian Americans in New York City


The 2016 World Series was the 112th edition of the World Series, the championship round of Major League Baseball. It was played between the Chicago Cubs of the National League and the Cleveland Indians of the American League. Both were seeking to end their own long-standing droughts, as the Indians hadn't won a World Series title since 1948, and the Cubs had the longest drought in American sports history, as they hadn't won it since 1908. The Cubs defeated the Indians in seven games after trailing in the series three games to one, to win their first World Series title in 108 years.

The Indians took the first game with a 6-0 victory, in which Indians' starter Corey Kluber pitched six plus shutout innings. The Cubs evened the series, winning 5-1. And then the series shifted to Wrigley field for the next three games. The Indians took a three games to one series lead after winning games 4 and 5 by respective scores of 1-0 and 7-2. The Cubs, however, sent the series back to Cleveland, winning game 5 by a score of 3-2. Game 5 was notable for Aroldis Chapman pitching 2 2/3 scoreless innings to get the save. The Cubs would then force Game 7 with a 9-3 blowout win in Game 6.

Game 7 would go down as a classic, with comparisons to 1960, 1991, and 2001 regarding the game's intensity. Dexter Fowler led off the game with a home run. But the Indians would tie the game in the bottom of the third inning. The Cubs then jumped out to a 5-1 lead, but then a David Ross error followed by a wild pitch allowed the Indians to cut the lead to 5-3. Ross, however, hit a home run in the top of the sixth inning to make it 6-3 Cubs. In the bottom of the eighth inning, Brandon Guyer cut the lead to 6-4 with a run-scoring double. And then Rajai Davis tied the game at 6-6 with a two-run home run. After nine innings, there was a rain delay which lasted for 17 minutes before play resumed. In the top of the tenth, the Cubs broke the tie with RBI hits from Ben Zobrist and Miguel Montero, making the score 8-6. In the bottom of the inning, Carl Edward Jr. retired the first two but then walked Guyer and allowed an RBI single from Davis, making the score 8-7. Mike Montgomery then retired Michael Martinez for the final out. The Cubs thereby won the Series, ending their 108-year championship drought.

World Series
2016 in sports
Chicago Cubs
Cleveland Indians
2016 in Chicago
2010s in Ohio
2010s in Illinois
21st century in Cleveland

2016 World Series


Judy Carline Woodruff (born November 20, 1946) is an American broadcast journalist who has worked in network, cable, and public television news since 1976. She was the anchor and managing editor of the PBS NewsHour through the end of 2022. Woodruff has covered every presidential election and convention since 1976. She has interviewed several heads of state and moderated U.S. presidential debates.

After graduating from Duke University in 1968, Woodruff entered local television news in Atlanta. She was named White House correspondent for NBC News in 1976, a position she held for six years. She joined PBS in 1982, where she continued White House reports for the PBS NewsHour, formerly The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, in addition to presenting another program. She moved to CNN in 1993 to host Inside Politics and CNN WorldView together with Bernard Shaw, until he left CNN. Woodruff left CNN in 2005, and returned to PBS and the NewsHour in 2006. In 2013, she and Gwen Ifill were its named official anchors, succeeding founding presenter Jim Lehrer. Woodruff and Ifill shared managing newsgathering duties until Ifill's death in 2016. Woodruff succeeded Ifill as the program's sole main presenter. In May 2022, Woodruff announced that she would step down as the NewsHour anchor at year's end, and her final day as anchor was on December 30, 2022.

Early life and education
Woodruff was born on November 20, 1946, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to William H. Woodruff, a chief warrant officer in the Army, and Anna Lee (née Payne) Woodruff. She has one sister, Anita. She grew up as an army brat, and because of that moved multiple times during her childhood, attending seven schools between kindergarten and seventh grade. Woodruff moved from Oklahoma to Germany when she was five years old. She then moved to army bases in Missouri and New Jersey, returned to Oklahoma, lived in Taiwan for a few years, and subsequently went to North Carolina, before settling in the Augusta, Georgia, area, when her father was stationed at Fort Gordon. Woodruff went to the Academy of Richmond County, a high school in Augusta. In 1963, she won the beauty pageant Young Miss Augusta.

Woodruff attended Meredith College in Raleigh, North Carolina, starting in 1964, initially pursuing a degree in mathematics. In an interview, she said that her political science teacher at Meredith got her interested in politics. After two years at Meredith, Woodruff transferred to Duke University in 1966. She was active in the student government of Duke, and was a member of the sorority Alpha Delta Pi.

While studying, Woodruff worked for Georgia Representative Robert Grier Stephens Jr. as an intern during two summers, but was discouraged from working in Washington, D.C., because of how women were treated there. Woodruff decided to enter journalism in her senior year. She graduated from Duke with a bachelor's degree in political science in 1968. She served on Duke's board of trustees between 1985 and 1997. Woodruff received an honorary degree (DHL) from Duke in 1998 and was also awarded honorary degrees by the University of Scranton in 1991 and by the University of Pennsylvania (LL.D.) in 2005.

Career

From local television to White House correspondent
Woodruff applied for her first job in journalism during the spring break of her senior year at Duke. She was hired as a secretary at the news department of the ABC affiliate in Atlanta, Georgia (WQXI-TV), and began working after she graduated in 1968. Besides being a secretary, she presented the weather forecast on Sundays in her last six months at the station. Woodruff left the affiliate after a year and a half to move to the local CBS affiliate WAGA-TV in 1970, working as a reporter. She covered the Georgia State Legislature, and anchored the noon and evening news.

In 1975, she moved to NBC, where she served as a general-assignment reporter based in Atlanta. Together with Kenley Jones, she covered the southeast, an area spanning 10 states, and the Caribbean. Woodruff was assigned to cover Jimmy Carter's successful 1976 presidential campaign for NBC, when Carter was not yet seen as a major contender. She had already covered Carter's second gubernatorial campaign in 1970 for WAGA. Woodruff traveled with Carter's presidential campaign until she was taken off the campaign trail halfway through 1976. Although she was not on the campaign trail anymore, she kept reporting about the Carter campaign for NBC. After he won the presidency and was inaugurated on January 20, 1977, she moved to Washington, D.C., to become a White House correspondent for NBC News. She continued covering the White House into the Reagan presidency until 1982. Subsequently, she was Chief Washington correspondent for The Today Show on NBC for a year.

Woodruff moved to PBS in mid-1983, becoming the chief Washington correspondent for The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, when the duration of that program was extended to one hour. In addition to reporting on politics, she conducted studio interviews and served as a backup anchor. Woodruff started hosting the weekly documentary series Frontline with Judy Woodruff a few months later in 1984 after its presenter Jessica Savitch died in October the year before. Woodruff left Frontline in 1990 to spend more time with her family and at the NewsHour. While at PBS, she covered all presidential conventions and campaigns, and moderated the 1988 vice-presidential debate between United States Senators Dan Quayle (R-IN) and Lloyd Bentsen (D-TX). The debate is remembered for the remark "I served with Jack Kennedy, I knew Jack Kennedy, Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy", made by Senator Bentsen.

CNN and years after

Woodruff left the NewsHour in 1993 to move to CNN. She was first asked to work for CNN by Tom Johnson at the end of 1992, and took the job four months later after some initial hesitation. Woodruff was teased about this move by her colleague Jim Lehrer: "When I left the 'NewsHour' for a spell to work for a cable-news channel, he always inquired about life at the  'Home Shopping Network'". In June 1993, Woodruff started anchoring the political talk show Inside Politics, that aired on weekdays, together with Bernard Shaw, and the international news program The World Today together with Frank Sesno. Sesno was replaced by Shaw in May 1994. When the daily world affairs program CNN WorldView was launched in 1995, Woodruff and Shaw became the hosts.

She remained co-anchor of WorldView until it went off the air in 2001. In February 2001, Shaw retired, causing Woodruff to become the sole host of Inside Politics, which was subsequently renamed Judy Woodruff's Inside Politics. During her time at CNN, Woodruff also co-anchored CNN's election coverage and the news shows Live From... and CNN NewsStand on Wednesdays. She was the sole anchor of the 1996 documentary series Democracy in America as well. She reported on the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing, and co-anchored CNN's special coverage of, among other things, President Richard Nixon's funeral, the Centennial Olympic Park bombing, 9/11, the War in Afghanistan, the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, and the Iraq War.

Woodruff moderated three Republican presidential primary debates and one Democratic debate during the 2000 campaign season and one Democratic debate during the 2004 campaign season.

Woodruff left CNN in June 2005, after her contract expired, in order to teach, write, and work on a long-form television project. She was a visiting fellow at the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University in the fall of 2005, and taught a course at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University on media and politics in the fall of 2006. Additionally, Woodruff started hosting Conversations with Judy Woodruff, a monthly Bloomberg Television program, in which she interviewed people, in 2006. She also hosted the Bloomberg election night coverage of the 2006 midterms. Woodruff continued presenting Conversations with Judy Woodruff until 2013.

Return to PBS

Woodruff started working for MacNeil/Lehrer Productions in 2006 on the multimedia project Generation Next: Speak Up. Be Heard, about the views of Americans between the ages of 16 and 25. The project included a PBS documentary series, segments on the NewsHour, a series of NPR specials, and articles on the Internet and in USA Today. Woodruff returned to The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer as a special correspondent that same year, and became a senior correspondent a few months later in February 2007. As a senior correspondent, she reported, conducted studio interviews, was part of the political team, and occasionally filled in as anchor. In December 2009, the news program moved to a dual-anchor format, and changed its name to PBS NewsHour. Jim Lehrer, the main anchor was alternately joined by Woodruff, Gwen Ifill, and Jeffrey Brown.

Lehrer stepped down as anchor of the NewsHour in June 2011, which resulted in the news program being anchored by Woodruff, Ifill, Brown, Ray Suarez, and Margaret Warner on a rotating basis. Earlier that year, the documentary Nancy Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime, of which Woodruff was the principal reporter, was released. In September 2013, she became co-anchor of the PBS NewsHour, presenting the program with Gwen Ifill on weekdays and alone on Fridays. It was the first time an American network broadcast had been anchored by two women. Besides the NewsHour itself, the duo also presented PBS coverage of special events, including presidential conventions, election night, and States of the Union. In February 2016, Woodruff and Ifill moderated the sixth Democratic presidential debate. When Ifill died in November 2016, Woodruff became the sole anchor of the NewsHour. PBS initially sought a replacement for Ifill, but in March 2018, formalized Woodruff's position as "solo anchor". During the 2020 presidential election season, she was one of the moderators of the sixth Democratic debate.

In 2017, The New York Times wrote of her performance on the NewsHour: "Ms. Woodruff's measured delivery, with her hands clasped and her voice low, stands as a counterweight to a haywire era of American news."

In May 2022, Woodruff announced that she would step down as the NewsHour anchor at the end of the year, but planned to continue contributing to the program as senior correspondent. Her last day anchoring the program was December 30, 2022.

Other activities and accolades
Woodruff wrote the book This Is Judy Woodruff at the White House, in which she described her experiences as a journalist. It was published by Addison-Wesley in 1982. Over her career, she has advocated women's organizations, and was part of a group of journalists that founded the International Women's Media Foundation, an organization that internationally supports women in the media, in 1990. She has served on its board of directors, and is part of its advisory council.

Woodruff and her husband, Al Hunt, have actively supported families of children with spina bifida (a condition shared by their eldest son, Jeffrey) with counseling and other necessary services. The couple helped organize the Spina Bifida Association of America's annual roast, during which politicians roast journalists to raise funds for the association. The event, broadcast by C-SPAN, was held between 1989 and 2008.

Woodruff has also served on the boards of trustees of a number of other organizations, including the Newseum, the Freedom Forum, the National Museum of American History, Global Rights, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, America's Promise, the Urban Institute, The Duke Endowment, and the John S. Knight Journalism Fellowships at Stanford.

Woodruff is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a former member of the Knight Commission.

Awards

In 2003, Woodruff was inducted into the Georgia Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Woodruff is married to Al Hunt, a columnist and former reporter, and they live in Washington, D.C., with another residence in nearby Maryland. They met during a softball game between journalists and staff of the Carter presidential campaign in Plains, Georgia, in 1976. Their marriage took place on April 5, 1980, in St. Alban's Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C. The couple has three children: Jeffrey (1981), Benjamin (1986), and Lauren (1989). Woodruff gave birth to Jeffrey about five hours after appearing on air. Jeffrey was born with a mild case of spina bifida, and became disabled and brain damaged after surgery in 1998, which caused Woodruff to reduce her workload at CNN. Lauren was adopted from Korea when she was four months old.

References

External links

Profile at PBS NewsHour

1946 births
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American educators
21st-century American journalists
Academy of Richmond County alumni
American political journalists
American television reporters and correspondents
American women academics
American women television journalists
Bloomberg L.P. people
CNN people
CableACE Award winners
Duke University Trinity College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Duke University faculty
Edward R. Murrow Award (CPB) winners
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University people
Journalism teachers
Journalists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Journalists from Oklahoma
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
Living people
Meredith College alumni
NBC News people
News & Documentary Emmy Award winners
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Television personalities from Atlanta
Writers from Atlanta
Writers from Augusta, Georgia
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21st-century American women

Judy Woodruff