A mountain pass is a navigable route through a mountain range or over a ridge. Since mountain ranges can present formidable barriers to travel, passes have played a key role in trade, war, and both human and animal migration throughout history. At lower elevations it may be called a hill pass. A mountain pass is typically formed between two volcanic peaks or created by erosion from water or wind.

Overview

Mountain passes make use of a gap, saddle, col or notch. A topographic saddle is analogous to the mathematical concept of a saddle surface, with a saddle point marking the minimum high point between two valleys and the lowest point along a ridge. On a topographic map, passes are characterized by contour lines with an hourglass shape, which indicates a low spot between two higher points. In the high mountains, a difference of  between the summit and the mountain is defined as a mountain pass.

Passes are often found just above the source of a river, constituting a drainage divide. A pass may be very short, consisting of steep slopes to the top of the pass, or a valley many kilometers long, whose highest point might only be identifiable by surveying.

Roads and railways have long been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels bored underneath a nearby mountainside, as with the Eisenhower Tunnel bypassing Loveland Pass in the Rockies, to allow faster traffic flow throughout the year.

The top of a pass is frequently the only flat ground in the area, and is a high vantage point. In some cases this makes it a preferred site for buildings. If a national border follows a mountain range, a pass over the mountains is typically on the border, and there may be a border control or customs station, and possibly a military post. For instance, Argentina and Chile share the world's third-longest international border,  long, which runs north–south along the Andes mountains including 42 mountain passes.

On a road over a pass, it is customary to have a small roadside sign giving the name of the pass and its elevation above mean sea level.

Apart from offering relatively easy travel between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops with a minimum of descent. As a result, it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them convenient routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor. Passes traditionally were places for trade routes, communications, cultural exchange, military expeditions etc. A typical example is the Brenner pass in the Alps.

Some mountain passes above the tree line have problems with snow drift in the winter. This might be alleviated by building the road a few meters above the ground, which will make snow blow off the road.

Synonyms

There are many words for pass in the English-speaking world. In the United States, pass is very common in the West, the word gap is common in the southern Appalachians, notch in parts of New England, and saddle in northern Idaho. The term col, derived from Old French, is also used, particularly in Europe.

In the highest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas, passes are denoted by the suffix "La" in Tibetan, Ladhakhi, and several other regional languages. Examples are the Taglang La at 5,328 m (17,480 ft) on the Leh-Manali highway, or the Sia La at 5,589 m (18,337 ft) in the Eastern Karakoram range.

Scotland has the Gaelic term bealach (anglicised "balloch"), while Wales has the similar bwlch (both being insular Celtic languages). In the Lake District of north-west England, the term hause is often used, although the term pass is also common—one distinction is that a pass can refer to a route, as well as the highest part thereof, while a hause is simply that highest part, often flattened somewhat into a high-level plateau.

In Japan they are known as tōge, which means "pass" in Japanese. The word can also refer to narrow, winding roads that can be found in and around mountains and geographically similar areas.

Around the world
There are thousands of named passes around the world, some of which are well-known, such as the Khyber Pass close to the present-day Afghanistan-Pakistan border on the ancient Silk Road, the Great St. Bernard Pass at  in the Alps, the Chang La at , and the Khardung La at  in Ladakh, India. The roads at Mana Pass at  and Marsimik La at , on and near the China–India border respectively, appear to be world's two highest motorable passes. Khunjerab Pass between Pakistan and China at  is also a high-altitude motorable mountain pass. One of the famous but non-motorable mountain passes is Thorong La at  in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. The highest "paved" mountain pass of West Asia is Dizin Pass at 3250 meters, near Dizin Ski Resort, Tehran Province, Iran.

Gallery

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Montane ecology
Oronyms
Slope landforms
Walking
Adventure travel
Tourist activities
Geography

Mountain pass


Robert Graham (born 11 February 1942, Berlin) is a German theoretical physicist.

Biography
Graham attended the Karls-Gymnasium in Stuttgart and studied at the University of Stuttgart, where in 1967 he earned under Hermann Haken his physics Diplom (quantum fluctuations of the optical parametric oscillator) and in 1969 his PhD (Lichtausbreitung in laseraktiven fluktuierenden Medien, "Light Propagation in Laser-active Fluctuating Media"). Continuing this work, he applied the theory of cooperative systems publicized by Haken as "Synergetik" (Synergetics) in quantum optics. As a post-doc, he was a guest scientist at New York University and, after his Habilitation in 1971, scientific advisor and professor at the University of Stuttgart. From 1975 he was a professor at the Universität Duisburg-Essen, where he is now retired as professor emeritus. He was there also dean and prorector for research.

He worked on extremely diverse areas of quantum theoretical statistical mechanics, apart from laser theory also in the 1990s with the theory of Bose–Einstein condensate. In 2009 he received the Max Planck medal, the highest honor of the DPG in theoretical physics for his contributions in the areas of quantum optics, the statistical mechanics of open stationary systems outside thermodynamic equilibrium, quantum fluids and quantum gases as well as quantum chaos (according to the Laudatio of the Max Planck medal 2009) and his contributions to quantum aspects of cosmology and gravitation.

Selected works
 Von der Laserschwelle zum Quantenphasenübergang - Photonen und Atome als Quantengase im Fließgleichgewicht. In: Physik Journal. 2009, No. 8/9 (prize acceptance speech for the Max Planck medal)
 Statistical theory of instabilities in stationary nonequilibrium systems with applications to lasers and nonlinear optics (= Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 66). 1973 (Habilitation 1971)
 Macroscopic potentials, bifurcations and noise in dissipative systems. In: F. Moss und P.V.E. McClintock (eds.): Noise in nonlinear dynamical systems. Band 1, Cambridge University Press 1989, pages 225–278

References

External links
 Homepage at the Universität Duisburg-Essen
  Verleihung der Max-Planck-Medaille 2009

20th-century German physicists
1942 births
Living people
Winners of the Max Planck Medal
Scientists from Stuttgart
Academic staff of the University of Duisburg-Essen

Robert Graham (physicist)


Rusty Russell is an Australian free software programmer and advocate, known for his work on the Linux kernel's networking subsystem and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.

Software development

Russell wrote the packet filtering systems ipchains and netfilter/iptables in the Linux operating system kernel. Linus Torvalds referred to him as one of his "top deputies" in 2003.
In 2002, Russell announced the creation of the Trivial Patch Monkey, an email address for kernel hackers to submit trivial patches such as spelling errors, one-liners, documentation tweaks and other minor amendments to the code base. Adrian Bunk took over the role in 2005.
In 2006 Russell started work as the major developer of the "lguest" virtualisation system in the Linux Kernel. In October 2009, he was officially given a SAMBA Team T-shirt welcoming him to the Samba Team. In 2014 he started pettycoin, a cryptocurrency project.
Rusty Russell authored the majority part of Bitcoin's Lightning Network protocol specification.

Australian Free Software community

Russell conceived and conducted the Conference of Australian Linux Users at Monash University in 1999, the forerunner of the annual linux.conf.au conference series.

Russell is intellectual property advisor to Linux Australia and is active in advocating against and critiquing intellectual property elements of the Free Trade Agreement between Australia and the United States. He was also a member of the Linux Australia committee in 2004.

Russell was the recipient of the inaugural (and eponymous) Rusty Wrench award for service to the free software community at linux.conf.au 2005.

Bibliography

References

"Popping Kernels", Interview in Linux Magazine (UK), 2001
Trivial Patch Monkey explained in Linux Journal, 2006

External links
Rusty's Linux Kernel Page
Rusty Russell's blog

Pettycoin project
Twitter profile

Living people
Australian computer programmers
Linux kernel programmers
Australian male bloggers
1973 births

Rusty Russell


Elie Siegmeister (also published under pseudonym L. E. Swift; January 15, 1909, in New York City – March 10, 1991, in Manhasset, New York) was an American composer, educator and author.

Early life and education
Elie Siegmeister was born January 15, 1909, in New York City. Both parents were of Russian-Jewish ancestry. His father was a surgeon. The family moved to Brooklyn when Siegmeister was five, at which age he began piano lessons.

Siegmeister entered Columbia University at age 15, and he earned a B.A. cum laude at the age of 18; he had studied music theory with Seth Bingham. He studied conducting with Albert Stoessel at the Juilliard School and counterpoint with Wallingford Riegger. He was among the numerous American composers, including Aaron Copland and Virgil Thomson, who were students of the influential teacher Nadia Boulanger in Paris.

Career
His varied musical output showed his concern with the development of an authentic American musical vocabulary. Jazz, blues and folk melodies and rhythms are frequent themes in his many song cycles, his nine operas, his eight symphonies, and his many choral, chamber, and solo works. His 37 orchestral works have been performed by leading orchestras throughout the world under such conductors as Arturo Toscanini, Leopold Stokowski, Dimitri Mitropoulos, Lorin Maazel, and Sergiu Comissiona. He also composed for Hollywood (notably, the film score of They Came to Cordura, starring Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth, 1959) and Broadway (Sing Out, Sweet Land, 1944, book by Walter Kerr). During World War II, he used to compose lullabies for his three daughters while riding on the New York City subway.

His Western Suite was premiered by Toscanini and the NBC Symphony Orchestra during a broadcast concert on November 25, 1945, in NBC Studio 8-H.  Maurice Abravanel and the Utah Symphony Orchestra later made a stereo recording of the music, which incorporates familiar cowboy tunes.  Biographer Mortimer Frank said Toscanini's premiere (preserved on transcription discs) is a remarkable performance led by a conductor whose roots went not to the Old West but the Parma Conservatory.

Siegmeister wrote a number of important books on music, among them "Treasury of American Song" (Knopf, 1940–43, text coauthored with Olin Downs, music arranged by Siegmeister), second edition revised and enlarged (Consolidated Music Publishers); "The Music Lover's Handbook" (William Morrow, 1943; Book-of-the-Month Club selection), revised and expanded as "The New Music Lover's Handbook" (1973); and the two-volume "Harmony and Melody" (Wadsworth, 1985), which was widely adopted by college and conservatory curricula.  In 1960, Siegmeister also recorded and released an instructional album of music, Invitation to Music, on Folkways Records, on which he discusses the fundamentals of music.

From 1977 until his death, he served on the board of directors of ASCAP and chaired its Symphony and Concert Committee. Among his signal achievements, he was composer-in-residence at Hofstra University 1966-76, having organized and conducted the Hofstra Symphony Orchestra; established 1971 and chaired the Council of Creative Artists, Libraries, and Museums; and initiated 1978 the Kennedy Center's National Black Music competition. In 1939, he organized the American Ballad Singers, pioneers in the folk music renaissance whom he conducted for eight years in performances throughout the United States. He was the winner of numerous awards and commissions, among them those of the Guggenheim, Ford, and Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Foundations, the Library of Congress, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the United States Information Agency.

Notable students

The best known of his own students were Stephen Albert (1941–92), winner of a 1985 Pulitzer Prize for music, Leonard Lehrman, and Michael Jeffrey Shapiro. For other students,

References

External links

Siegmeister page at Carl Fischer
List of Compositions
Invitation to Music
Elie Siegmeister Society
Elie Siegmeister interview by Bruce Duffie
, WNCN-FM, 12-Jun-1981

1909 births
1991 deaths
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American film score composers
American male film score composers
American opera composers
Male opera composers
People from Long Island
Composers from New York City
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
Columbia College (New York) alumni

Elie Siegmeister


Major Gonville Bromhead VC (29 August 1845 – 9 February 1891) was a British Army officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British armed forces. He received the medal for his part in the defence of Rorke's Drift in January 1879, in which a small British garrison of 139 soldiers successfully repulsed an assault by some 4,000 Zulu warriors. Bromhead was portrayed by Michael Caine in the film Zulu, which depicted the battle.

Born into a notable military family, Bromhead was brought up in Thurlby, Lincolnshire. He entered the 24th Regiment of Foot as an ensign in 1867 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1871. Bromhead's battalion was deployed to southern Africa in 1878 and subsequently served in the Ninth Cape Frontier War and the Anglo-Zulu War. He spent most of the remainder of his career in south Asia, where he was promoted to major in 1883 and saw service in the Third Anglo-Burmese War. He died in 1891 in Allahabad, India, at the age of 45.

Early life
Gonville Bromhead was born on 29 August 1845 in Versailles, France. He was the youngest child born to Maj. Sir Edmund de Gonville Bromhead, 3rd Baronet, and his wife Judith. He came from a notable military family: his great-grandfather, Boardman Bromhead, fought under Major General James Wolfe at Quebec; his grandfather, Sir Gonville Bromhead, was a lieutenant general who fought in the American Revolutionary War; his father was a veteran of the Battle of Waterloo; and his three older brothers were officers in the British Army.

His family resided at Thurlby Hall in Thurlby, Lincolnshire, and he was educated at Magnus Grammar School in Newark-on-Trent. After purchasing an ensign's commission he entered the 2nd Battalion 24th Regiment of Foot on 20 April 1867, and was promoted to lieutenant on 28 October 1871. Nicknamed "Gunny" by his colleagues, Bromhead was an accomplished boxer and cricketer for the regimental team, and was popular with the men under his command. During his career he developed hearing problems which became progressively worse. However, according to historian Ian Knight, contrary to popular belief, Bromhead's deafness did not affect his ability to command his men. Nevertheless, Bromhead was not highly regarded by his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Henry James Degacher, who privately described him as "hopeless".

On 1 February 1878, Bromhead's battalion was dispatched to the British Cape Colony in response to a request for reinforcements to assist in the Ninth Cape Frontier War. Arriving at East London on 9 March, Bromhead's B Company took part in several offensive operations at the conclusion of the war. During an assault on a Xhosa position in May, the company's commanding officer, Captain A.G. Godwin-Austen, was wounded by a shot accidentally fired by one of his own men. He was consequently sent back to England to recover, and command of the company temporarily passed to Bromhead. In August the battalion was sent to Pietermaritzburg, Natal, to prepare for the invasion of Zululand.

Rorke's Drift

At the outbreak of the Anglo-Zulu War, Bromhead's battalion was assigned to Lord Chelmsford's main invasion column which entered Zulu territory on 11 January 1879. The column crossed the border on the Buffalo River near an isolated mission station named Rorke's Drift, which was used as a staging post, and advanced  to the east where it set up camp at Isandlwana. However, along with a large contingent of Natal Native Contingent (NNC) troops, Bromhead's company was ordered to stay behind and guard the mission station until they were replaced by a detachment from the 2nd Battalion 4th Regiment which was en route from the rear.

At noon on 22 January the garrison's senior officer, Major Henry Spalding (Chelmsford's quartermaster general), received news of a Zulu presence in the area, and departed from Rorke's Drift in order to ascertain the whereabouts of reinforcements due from Helpmekaar. Consequently, Lieutenant John Chard, a Royal Engineer who had been given the task of maintaining the cable ferry across the river, was left as the senior officer. At around 15:00 a small number of dishevelled horsemen appeared with news that the camp at Isandlwana had been overwhelmed by a Zulu army that was probably on its way to attack Rorke's Drift. Acting Assistant Commissary James Dalton, an experienced former sergeant in the 85th Regiment, persuaded Bromhead and Chard that the best option was to remain at the station rather than make a fighting retreat. Rorke's Drift comprised two single-storey buildings approximately  apart: the western building was being used as a makeshift hospital and the eastern building had been converted into a storehouse. Moving swiftly, the garrison erected a defensive perimeter between the two buildings using  mealie bags from the storehouse while the hospital walls were loopholed.

The appearance of some 4,000 Zulu warriors approaching the station just after 16:00 caused the contingent of NNC troops to panic and flee, reducing the number of defenders to approximately 139 men. Armed primarily with assegais the Zulus charged at the garrison but were cut down by the British volley fire. Nevertheless, the Zulus pressed on with repeated charges, particularly along a weak point to the north of the hospital where Bromhead and his men became embroiled in fierce hand-to-hand combat with their opponents. At around 18:00, with the thinly manned perimeter becoming increasingly difficult to defend, Chard ordered the defenders to abandon the perimeter around the hospital and withdraw to a smaller second line of defence by the storehouse.

Bromhead took up a position alongside Private Frederick Hitch at the corner of the barricade most exposed to Zulu sniper fire, and "[used] his rifle and revolver with deadly aim" while encouraging his men "not to waste one round". At this point Bromhead had a near miss when, unbeknownst to him, a Zulu warrior jumped the barrier intending to spear him. However, his attacker threw himself back over the wall when Hitch presented his unloaded rifle. Hitch was later shot through the shoulder and after he was bandaged up Bromhead gave him his revolver which enabled Hitch to continue shooting with one arm. Waves of Zulu attacks continued during the night but, by the early hours of the morning, their enthusiasm for battle waned and they departed from the area. British reinforcements arrived later that morning.

Aftermath
Bromhead and the other uninjured survivors remained at Rorke's Drift for several weeks after the battle. Wary of another Zulu attack, the garrison constructed crude stone walls around the perimeter and named the fortification "Fort Bromhead". During this time Bromhead became withdrawn and lethargic, possibly experiencing psychological trauma from the battle. Major Francis Clery, who was garrisoned at Rorke's Drift with Bromhead after the battle wrote, "the height of [Bromhead's] enjoyment seemed to be to sit all day on a stone on the ground smoking a most uninviting looking pipe. The only thing that seemed equal to moving him in any way was an allusion to the defence of Rorke's Drift. This used to have a sort of electrical effect upon him, for he would jump up and off he would go, not a word could be got out of him. When I told him he should send me an official report on the affair it seemed to have a most distressing effect on him."

After news of the disastrous defeat at Isandlwana, the successful defence of Rorke's Drift was celebrated by the British press and public. As the officers in command, Chard and Bromhead were singled out for particular praise. However, some of their fellow officers resented the plaudits bestowed on the pair, believing that they merely performed their duty by defending the outpost. Chelmsford's successor, Sir Garnet Wolseley, described the praise as "monstrous". A bemused Clery remarked that "Reputations are being made and lost here in an almost comical fashion... [Bromhead is a] capital fellow at everything except soldiering" while Lieutenant Henry Curling, who was also at Rorke's Drift with Bromhead after the battle wrote, "It is very amusing to read the accounts of Chard and Bromhead... Bromhead is a stupid old fellow, as deaf as a post. Is it not curious how some men are forced into notoriety?" Nevertheless, on 2 May it was announced that as a result of the action Bromhead had been promoted to captain and brevet major, and he had been awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest decoration for gallantry that could be awarded to British troops. The citation for the award was published in the London Gazette:

Later career and death
On Bromhead's return to England, the villagers of Thurlby presented him with an illuminated address and a revolver, and the citizens of Lincoln awarded him a sword in recognition of his services in the Zulu campaign. He and Chard were invited to dine with Queen Victoria at Balmoral, but Bromhead was fishing in Ireland and did not receive the invitation until the date had passed. The Queen did not invite him again, but instead sent him a photograph of herself. Bromhead was posted to Gibraltar in 1880, and in August was dispatched to India, where he remained until March 1881. He then returned to England, where he attended the School of Musketry, Hythe between October and December 1882, and gained a First Class Extra Certificate. He returned to India in 1883 with his battalion, which was based at Secunderabad, and was promoted to full major on 4 April that year. From 27 October 1886 to 24 May 1888 he served in Burma, where the battalion took part in the Third Anglo-Burmese War, being used to pacify the north of the region. The battalion was subsequently posted to Allahabad, India, where Bromhead died of typhoid fever on 9 February 1891.

Legacy
Bromhead was buried in the New Cantonment Cemetery in Allahabad. His Victoria Cross medal is owned by his family, and is displayed at the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh in Brecon in Wales.

Michael Caine, in his first major film role, portrayed Bromhead in the 1964 film Zulu, which was based on the Battle of Rorke's Drift. In the film Caine depicts him as a foppish aristocrat who fought well when the battle began. Bromhead is a main character in Peter Ho Davies's story "Relief", which appeared first in The Paris Review and was later published in Davies's 1997 collection The Ugliest House in the World.

References

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links
 Lt. Gonville Bromhead (biography, photos, memorial details)

1845 births
1891 deaths
People from Versailles
People from North Kesteven District
Deaths from typhoid fever
British recipients of the Victoria Cross
South Wales Borderers officers
Deaf military personnel
Anglo-Zulu War recipients of the Victoria Cross
Infectious disease deaths in India
British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Burmese War
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
English deaf people
Younger sons of baronets

Gonville Bromhead


Ombak Tujuh (meaning "Seven Waves") is a "big-wave" spot. It is more closely related to Western Australia's Margaret River than other machine-like Indonesian waves. It's left-hand reef with a feathering, shifting, barreling take-off and a long reeling wall. It's considered to be the best wave along the Ujung Genteng peninsula, primarily because it's a wave magnet. Local geography cycles predominant winds around to blow offshore, too. But the wave's raw exposure to several swell directions makes for shifty conditions. Bigger boards are recommended just to ease yourself into these things. One of the most difficult aspects of the wave is reaching it, either by boat or by a long and winding road.

References

Water waves
Geography of West Java
Surfing locations in Indonesia

Ombak tujuh


Warren John Ewens  (born 23 January 1937 in Canberra) is an Australian-born mathematician who has been Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania since 1997. (He also held that position 1972–1977.) He concentrates his research on the mathematical, statistical and theoretical aspects of population genetics. Ewens has worked in mathematical population genetics, computational biology, and evolutionary population genetics. He introduced Ewens's sampling formula.

Ewens received a B.A. (1958) and M.A. (1960) in Mathematical Statistics from the University of Melbourne, where he was a resident student at Trinity College, and a Ph.D. from the Australian National University (1963) under P. A. P. Moran. He first joined the department of biology at the University of Pennsylvania in 1972, and in 2006 was named the Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Biology. Positions held include:
1967–1972 Foundation Chair and Professor of Mathematics at La Trobe University
1972–1977 Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania
1978–1996 Chair and Professor of Mathematics at Monash University
1997– Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania

Prof. Ewens is a Fellow of the Royal Society and the Australian Academy of Science.  He is also the recipient of the Australian Statistical Society's E.J. Pitman Medal (1996), and Oxford University's Weldon Memorial Prize. His teaching and mentoring at the University of Pennsylvania have also been recognized by awards.

Prof. Ewens also participates in the Genomics and Computational Biology (GCB) Ph.D. program of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.

Since 2006, he has taught statistics at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School.

In 2022, Ewens was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2022 Queen's Birthday Honours for "distinguished service to biology and data science, to research, and to tertiary education".

Publications
Ewen has produced many publications; the following is a small selection:

'Statistical Methods in Bioinformatics: An Introduction (Statistics for Biology and Health)'
'Kingman and mathematical population genetics' in 'Probability and mathematical genetics' edited by N.H. Bingham and C.M. Goldie
'Genetics and Analysis of Quantitative Traits', American Journal of Human Biology 1999
'On estimating P values by Monte Carlo methods' American Journal of Human Genetics 2003
'Sam Karlin and the stochastic theory of evolutionary population genetics' Theoretical Population Biology 2009

See also
 Ewens's sampling formula (the multivariate Ewens distribution)

References

External links

Ewens, Warren John (1937 – ), Encyclopedia of Australian Science 2010
Ewens, W. J. (Warren John) at trove.nla.gov.au
'Pitman Medal Awarded to W. J. Ewens', Australian Journal of Statistics, vol. 39, no. 1, 1997, pp. 1–4.
Ewens' page at the University of Pennsylvania
Warren Ewens named Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Biology

1937 births
People from Canberra
Living people
People educated at Trinity College (University of Melbourne)
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Pennsylvania Department of Biology faculty
Mathematicians at the University of Pennsylvania
Australian mathematicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Officers of the Order of Australia
Population geneticists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science

Warren Ewens


William J. Van Patten (September 9, 1848 – February 13, 1920) was a Vermont businessman, philanthropist and politician who served as President of the Vermont State Senate.

Biography
William James Van Patten was born in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin on September 9, 1848.  Following the death of his father, his mother moved to Vermont to live near relatives, and Van Patten was raised in Bristol and Middlebury.  He settled in Burlington, Vermont in 1864 and worked as an apprentice at the A. C. Spear Drug Store.  He subsequently joined the drug manufacturing firm of Wells, Richardson & Company, owned by William Wells and rose to the executive ranks.

Van Patten became an expert in aniline dyes, which had been discovered in England in the mid-1800s.  His success at creating and finding household uses for these compounds made Wells, Richardson one of the country's leading producers of them, and Van Patten became wealthy as a result.

Van Patten was President of the Champlain Manufacturing Company, which produced blinds, doors and sashes.  He was also President of Burlington's Malted Cereals Company and the Burlington Building and Loan Association, as well as a Director of the Queen City Cotton Company.

He was also active in the YMCA, and served as its national president from 1882 to 1889.  In addition, Van Patten was President of the Mary Fletcher Hospital, and a Trustee of the Fletcher Free Library.

A Republican, Van Patten served as Mayor of Burlington from 1894 to 1895.  During his term the city created its first paid fire department and its first paved streets.  Van Patten also spent extensively of his personal funds to beautify the city, including projects such as planting trees and shrubs in rights of way, and the creation of Ethan Allen Park.

He remained active in city affairs after leaving the mayor's office, serving on the board of cemetery commissioners from 1898 to 1911, and the board of park commissioners from 1903 to 1911.

Interested in history and genealogy, Van Patten was also a member of the Society of Colonial Wars and the Sons of the American Revolution.

Van Patten was elected to the Vermont Senate in 1906.  He served one term, and was chosen to serve as Senate President.

William J. Van Patten died in New York City on February 13, 1920.  He was buried in Burlington's Lakeview Cemetery.

References

External links

|-

|-

|-

|-

1848 births
1920 deaths
People from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
Mayors of Burlington, Vermont
Republican Party Vermont state senators
Presidents pro tempore of the Vermont Senate
Burials at Lakeview Cemetery (Burlington, Vermont)
YMCA leaders

William J. Van Patten


The Battle of Chusto-Talasah, also known as Bird Creek, Caving Banks, and High Shoal, was fought December 9, 1861, in what is now Tulsa County, Oklahoma (then Indian Territory) during the American Civil War. It was the second of three battles in the Trail of Blood on Ice campaign for the control of Indian Territory during the American Civil War.

A series of battles were fought in December in bad weather between the Confederate Cherokee and Choctaw Indians and the Union Creek and Seminole Indians (led by the Muscogee Creek chief Opothleyahola) who supported the Federal government. Following Opothleyahola and his Union force's defeat at Round Mountain, he retreated northeastward in search of safety. On December 9, 1861, the force was at Chusto-Talasah (Caving Banks) on the Horseshoe Bend of Bird Creek when Col. Douglas H. Cooper's 1,300 Confederates attacked about 2:00 p.m. Chief Opothleyahola knew Cooper was coming and had placed his troops in a strong position in heavy timber at Horseshoe Bend.

For almost four hours, Cooper attacked and attempted to outflank the Federals, finally driving them across Bird Creek just before dark. Cooper camped there overnight but did not pursue the Federals because he was short of ammunition.  The Confederates claimed victory, although some sources credit Opothleyahola's forces with driving off the attackers.  In any event, Chief Opothleyahola and his band moved on in search of security elsewhere. Their loss was estimated by Cooper as 500 (some accounts suggest 412). Confederate casualties were 15 killed and 37 wounded.

Regardless of whether the Confederates had gained a minor tactical victory here, they would win a resounding one later in the month at Chustenahlah.

The Chusto-Talasah battle site is on privately owned land near 86th Street North and Delaware Avenue, 5 miles northwest of modern Tulsa.  A granite marker on the east side of Sperry, Oklahoma places the battlesite 9 miles N.E.S.E. of that point.

Order of battle
Cooper's Brigade - Col. Douglas H. Cooper
6 companies, 1st Choctaw-Chickasaw Mounted Rifles - Maj. Mitchell Laflore
Detachment, Choctaw Battalion - Capt. Alfred Wade
Detachment, 1st Creek Regiment - Col. Daniel N. McIntosh
Detachment, Creek Indians - Capt. James M. C. Smith
1st Cherokee Mounted Rifle Regiment - Col. John Drew
4th Texas Cavalry Regiment - Col. William B. Sims
Detachment, 9th Texas Cavalry - Lt. Col. William Quayle
Whitfield's Battalion - Capt. John W. Whitfield

Creek and Seminole Indians - Chief Opothleyahola
Lockapoka Creeks
Muscogee Creeks
Seminoles - Halleck Tustenuggee, Sonuk Mikko

See also

 List of battles fought in Oklahoma
 Battle of Chustenahlah
 Trail of Blood on Ice

References

 National Park Service Battle Summary
 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 volumes in 4 series. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1880-1901. Series 1, Volume 8, Part 1, pages 8–10.
 White, Christine Schultz and White, Benton R., Now The Wolf Has Come: The Creek Nation in the Civil War, Texas A & M University Press, 1996. .

External links
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - "Chusto Talasa, Battle of"
 Creek Indians in the American Civil War
 On this date in Civil War history: December 9, 1861 - The Battle of Chusto-Talasah (150th Anniversary)

 Battle of Chusto-Talasah December 9, 1861

Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
Trail of Blood on Ice
Confederate victories of the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Indian Territory
Tulsa County, Oklahoma
1861 in Indian Territory
December 1861 events
American Civil War orders of battle

Battle of Chusto-Talasah


The word joy refers to the emotion evoked by well-being, success, or good fortune, and is typically associated with feelings of intense, long-lasting happiness.

Dictionary definitions of joy typically include a sensed emotion in reaction to an external happening, such as a physical sensation experienced or receiving good news.

Distinction vs. similar states
 saw a clear distinction between joy, pleasure, and happiness: "I sometimes wonder whether all pleasures are not substitutes for Joy," and "I call it Joy, which is here a technical term and must be sharply distinguished both from Happiness and Pleasure. Joy (in my sense) has indeed one characteristic, and one only, in common with them; the fact that anyone who has experienced it will want it again... I doubt whether anyone who has tasted it would ever, if both were in his power, exchange it for all the pleasures in the world. But then Joy is never in our power and Pleasure often is."

Michela Summa says that the distinction between joy and happiness is that "Joy accompanies the process through and through, whereas happiness seems to be more strictly tied to the moment of achievement of the process... joy is not only a direct emotional response to an event that is embedded in our life-concerns but is also tightly bound to the present moment, whereas happiness presupposes an evaluative stance concerning one period of one's life or one's own life as a whole."

The causes of joy have been attributed to various sources.

Arianna Huffington, an advocate for the things that instigate joy, studied ways that joy can be triggered. In her research, she determined that joy is produced in response to certain neurochemicals, such as dopamine, that are produced in the brain during stimulating activities. According to Huffington, activities that are able to evoke a positive neurochemical response are producers of joy.

Ingrid Fetell Lee has studied the sources of joy. She wrote the book "Joyful: The Surprising Power of Ordinary Things to Create Extraordinary Happiness", and gave a TED talk on the subject, titled "Where joy hides and how to find it."

See also

References

Emotions
Happiness

Joy


Thai basil, or Asian basil is a type of sweet basil.  It is found in Southeast Asia. Thai basil has small, narrow leaves and purple stems.  The flower is a mauve (pink-purple) color. One cultivar commonly grown in the United States is 'Queen of Siam'.

Thai basil is an important ingredient in the very popular Taiwanese dish, sanbeiji (three cup chicken). Used as a condiment, a plate of raw Thai basil leaves is often served with phở (Vietnamese-style noodle soup) so each customer can season it to taste with the anise-flavored leaves.

References

Herbs
Lamiaceae
Plants of Asia

Thai basil


The École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)  is a French grande école leading to the French "Diplôme d'Ingénieur" under the authority of the French Ministry of Education and Research.

Introduction

ENIB is located on the Technopole Brest-Iroise in Plouzané. The school is attached to the University of Western Brittany.

This school is part of the ENI group and provides an engineer training certified by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research in the fields of electronics, of computer engineering and Mechatronics.

The course lasts 5 years, 3 years or 2 years according to the degree when entering the school.

Admission

The main admission to the ENIB is made through a selective examination during the year leading to the baccalauréat, most of the successful candidates come from the série scientifique or Bac S. There is however further possibility to join the ENIB later on after 2 years of studies in an IUT or at the University, the selection being on academic records.

History

 1961 - Creation of the ENIB (in 4 years).
 1987 - In 5 years. Diversification of recruitment, creation of two channels (electronics and industrial computing).
 1988 - Establishment of the Research Laboratory for Electronics (RESO)
 1990 - Establishment of research laboratory computer (LI2)
 1991 - Ability to deliver a DEA in Electronics - Optronics.
 1992 - New building (10 000 m²) on the Technopole Brest-Iroise.
 1994 - Authorization to issue a Master: Real Time Software Engineering and for Industrial Computing (GT2I).
 1997 - Authorization for the Masters: Distributed Virtual Reality (SVR).
 2000 - Opening of a mechatronics channel.
 2004 - New 4000m² extension building and creation of the European Center for Virtual Reality.
 2006 - Establishment of the mechanics research laboratory.
 2009 - Introduction of the Professional Systems and Services option.
 2011 - Integration of electronic and computer labs in the Lab-STICC (UMR CNRS)
 2012 - Inauguration of Student House
 2013 - The Institut Mines-Télécom includes ENIB as an associate school

External links

 Official site of school
 Official website of the ENIB students

Engineering universities and colleges in France
Educational institutions established in 1961
1961 establishments in France

École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest


Akhenre Setepenre Siptah or Merneptah Siptah was the penultimate ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. His father's identity is currently unknown. Both Seti II and Amenmesse have been suggested although the fact that Siptah later changed his royal name or nomen to Merneptah Siptah after his Year 2 suggests rather that his father was Merneptah. If correct, this would make Siptah and Seti II half-brothers since both of them were sons of Merneptah.

He was not the crown prince, but succeeded to the throne as a child after the death of Seti II. His accession date occurred on I Peret day 2 around the month of December.

Origins

Historically, it was believed that Tiaa, a wife of Seti II, was the mother of Siptah. This view persisted until it was eventually realized that a relief in the Louvre Museum (E 26901) "pairs Siptah's name together with the name of his mother" a certain Sutailja or Shoteraja.

Sutailja was a Canaanite rather than a native Egyptian name, which means that she was almost certainly a king's concubine from Canaan. However, Dodson/Hilton assert that this is not correct and that the lady was, instead, the mother of Ramesses-Siptah and a wife of Ramesses II.

The identity of his father is currently unknown; some Egyptologists speculate it may have been Amenmesse rather than Seti II since both Siptah and Amenmesse spent their youth in Chemmis and both are specifically excluded from Ramesses III's Medinet Habu procession of statues of ancestral kings unlike Merneptah or Seti. This suggests that Amenmesse and Siptah were inter-related in such a way that they were "regarded as illegitimate rulers and that therefore they were probably father and son." However, another interpretation here is that Siptah was regarded as illegitimate by the later 20th dynasty kings since Siptah required the assistance of Chancellor Bay to secure the kingship since he was just another minor son of Merneptah rather than a direct son of Seti II.

A headless statue of Siptah now in Munich shows him seated on the lap of another Pharaoh, presumably his father. The British Egyptologist Aidan Dodson states
 The only ruler of the period who could have promoted such destruction was Amenmesse, and likewise he was the only king whose offspring would have required such explicit promotion. The demolition of this figure is likely to have closely followed the fall of Bay or the death of Siptah himself, when any short-lived rehabilitation of Amenmesse would have ended.
If Siptah was a son of Seti II, it is unlikely that he would have been considered as an illegitimate king by later 20th Dynasty New Kingdom pharaohs. Due to his youth and perhaps his problematic parentage, he was placed under the guidance of his stepmother—the queen regent Twosret.

Siptah ruled Egypt for almost six years as a young man. Siptah was only a child of ten or eleven years when he assumed power since a medical examination of his mummy reveals the king was about sixteen years old at death. He was tall at 1.6 metres, had curly reddish brown hair, and likely had poliomyelitis, with a deformed left foot.

Reign

Chancellor Bay publicly boasts that he was instrumental in installing Siptah on the throne in several inscriptions including an Aswan stela set up by Seti, the Viceroy of Kush and at Gebel el-Silsila. A key graffito located at the entrance to the Speos of Horemheb at Gebel el-Silsila depicts Bay standing in a pose of adoration directly behind Siptah, who is making an offering to Amun; a following inscription in the graffito reads:
the spirit of the Great Superintendent of the Seal of the entire land, who established the King [Siptah] in the place of his father; beloved of his lord, Bay.

Bay, however, later fell out of favor at court presumably for overreaching himself and last appears in public in a dated Year 4 inscription from Siptah's reign. He was executed in the fifth year of Siptah's reign, on orders of the king himself. News of his execution was passed to the Workmen of Deir el-Medina in Ostraca IFAO 1254. This ostraca was translated and published in 2000 by Pierre Grandet in a French Egyptological journal. Gae Callender notes that the reason for the king's message to the workmen was to notify them to cease all work on decorating Bay's tomb since Bay had now been deemed a traitor to the state.

Siptah himself is last attested sometime in his 6th regnal Year on a graffito located at the South Temple of Buhen. He likely died in the middle of II Akhet—perhaps around II Akhet 12 of his 6th Year. This assumes a traditional 70-day mummification period if Siptah was buried on IV Akhet 22.

Evidence for his burial on the latter date is recorded in ostracon O. Cairo CG 25792. This ostraca from Deir el-Medina mentions that the Vizier Hori visited the workmen of Deir el-Medina first on II Akhet 24 and second on IV Akhet 19. The final line on the ostracon reads as: "IV Akhet 22: Burial took place". Since this event can only refer to a king's burial, the question here is the identity of this king.

Hori was appointed vizier around Regnal Year 6 II Shemu 6 and I Peret [X] of Seti II's reign and held this office through the reigns of Siptah, Twosret and Setnakht and into that of Ramesses III. The ostracon could not refer to Setnakht's death because this king died on I Shemu 25 since his son, Ramesses III succeeded him the next day. Twosret was ousted from power by Setnakht; therefore, the burial does not refer to her either.

Seti II must have died in late IV Akhet or early I Peret—after the 70-day mummification period—since a graffito located above KV14, Twosret's tomb, records his burial on III Peret 11. Therefore, the IV Akhet 22 burial date likely records the burial of Siptah himself. Siptah's death would have occurred sometime around II Akhet 12. Siptah himself would have ruled Egypt for approximately 5 years and 10 months since his predecessor, Seti II, died around the end of IV Akhet and the beginning of I Peret, even if he did not legally assume the throne until the start of II Akhet with the aid of the powerful court official Bay.

After his death, Twosret simply assumed his Regnal Years and ruled Egypt as a queen for a year or two at the most. Siptah was buried in the Valley of the Kings, in tomb KV47, but his mummy was not found there. In 1898, it was discovered along with 18 others in a mummy cache within the (KV35) tomb of Amenhotep II. The study of his tomb shows that it was conceived and planned in the same style as those of Twosret and Bay, clearly part of the same architectural design.

In 1980, James Harris and Edward F. Wente conducted a series of X-ray examinations on New Kingdom Pharaohs crania and skeletal remains, which included the mummified remains of Siptah. The analysis in general found strong similarities between the New Kingdom rulers of the 19th Dynasty and 20th Dynasty with Mesolithic Nubian samples. The authors also noted affinities with modern Mediterranean populations of Levantine origin. Harris and Wente suggested this represented admixture as the Rammessides were of northern origin.

In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade.

See also

KV47

References

12th-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient child monarchs
Ancient Egyptian mummies
Year of birth unknown
1191 BC deaths
Royalty and nobility with disabilities
Egyptian people with disabilities

Siptah


Andrea Stramaccioni (; born 9 January 1976) is an Italian football manager and former player who last managed Qatari club Al Gharafa.

A football coach with experiences as a youth coach of Roma and Inter Milan, he was put in charge of first team duties on 26 March 2012 to replace Claudio Ranieri. He is also a 2010 law graduate.

Playing career
A former defender, his playing career was cut short by a serious knee injury while with Bologna in the 1994–95 season.

Coaching career

Early years
He graduated in law at La Sapienza University of Rome, the largest Italian university.
After retiring as a footballer, Stramaccioni went on to become a football coach for a number of amateur youth teams. At the age of 25, he won a provincial title with Rome-based youth team Az Sport, then being hired by Romulea where he worked until 2005. Stramaccioni obtained the licence for youth coaches in 2003.

Youth coach at Roma
In 2005, Stramaccioni joined the youth coaching staff at Roma, winning two national titles: Giovanissimi Nazionali in 2007 and Allievi Nazionali in 2010. On 9 May 2009, Stramaccioni obtained a UEFA A coaching licence (Italy second category licence), made him eligible to work as a head coach of Lega Pro teams or as a vice-coach of Serie A and Serie B clubs. Stramaccioni, however, did not have a UEFA Pro Licence (Italy first category licence), he could only work as a care-taker in the first and second division of Italy. On that day, Roberto Samaden, Inter youth academy director since 2006, also obtained the same licence. Samaden met Stramaccioni in the course and gave Stramaccioni a job in Inter two years later.

Inter Milan Primavera
After the departure of Fulvio Pea, who left Inter Milan Youth Sector in mid-2011 to become the new Sassuolo head coach, Samaden called Stramaccioni to offer him the vacant position at the club, which he accepted (Roma was unable to offer the same position to Stramaccioni as Alberto De Rossi was the coach of that team and 2011 champion). Inter Primavera was the first in the Group B of its own league as of round 21 (22), the last round Stramaccioni was in charge, ahead Milan with one more point (both 21 games) and Varese with two points (and Varese had one more game, 22). Inter round 22 match was rescheduled and Milan also had a match (round 17) rescheduled. Primavera had a record of 13 wins, four draws, four losses, 43 goals scored, and 19 goals scored against. Stramaccioni also led Inter Primavera to the final of the 2011–12 NextGen series, after defeating Sporting Clube de Portugal in the Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa, Leiria, and Olympique de Marseille on 21 March in Griffin Park, London. The final was played on 25 March in Matchroom Stadium. The match finished in a 1–1 draw and Inter beat AFC Ajax 5–3 in the resulting penalty shoot-out.

Inter Milan

On 26 March 2012, Inter manager Claudio Ranieri was sacked and Stramaccioni was promoted to manager of the first team as caretaker, with Giuseppe Baresi returning to act as assistant coach. He led Inter to sixth place and a success in the Derby della Madonnina against Milan that cost Inter's crosstown rivals the Serie A title; his results led club owner Massimo Moratti to confirm him as head coach for the 2012–13 season, as well. The FIGC allowed Stramaccioni to sign the contract without a UEFA Pro Licence as he was admitted to 2012–13 coaching course in order to obtain the licence in June 2013. On 7 October 2012, Stramaccioni guided Inter to a 1–0 victory over Milan, emotionally crying "è vostro, è vostro, questo derby è vostro" (Italian for "it's yours, it's yours, this derby is yours") towards Inter supporters at the end of the game. On 3 November 2012, Stramaccioni guided Inter to a 3–1 away victory over the previous season's champions, Juventus, claiming "[The] result will send a signal, as we came here to the Juventus Stadium against a team unbeaten in 49 rounds and attacked them with a trident". After 14 months in charge of Inter and a difficult 2012–13 Serie A campaign which saw them finish in 9th place and thus fail to qualify for Europe for the first time in 15 seasons, the club announced on 24 May 2013 that Stramaccioni had been sacked and replaced by Walter Mazzarri.

Udinese
On 4 June 2014, Stramaccioni was named as new head coach of Udinese. On 1 June 2015, he stepped down as Udinese head coach after just one year (his contract expired at the end of the June).

Panathinaikos

On 8 November 2015, Stramaccioni was appointed as manager of Super League Greece club Panathinaikos, signing a one-and-a-half-year deal until the end of the 2016–17 season.

The start of Panathinaikos' 2016-17 campaign in all competitions proved far beyond the fans' expectations, as it was characterized by a poor run of results, including defeats to Olympiacos (0-3), Xanthi (1-2) and Ajax (1-2 at home and 0–2 away), and marked by the team's elimination from the UEFA Europa League group stage with only one point in the first five fixtures. As a result of increasing fan outrage, further aggravated after Panathinaikos' 2-1 Greek Cup defeat to OFI, chairman Giannis Alafouzos decided to terminate Stramaccioni's contract with the club on 1 December 2016, replacing him later that day with Marinos Ouzounidis.

Sparta Prague
On 28 May 2017, he joined Czech club Sparta Prague, signing a two-year contract. With Stramaccioni came his whole team of co-workers from previous clubs consisting of five nationalities. In July 2017, the club was eliminated in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League after losing both matches against Crvena zvezda Beograd (0-2 away and 0–1 at home). Three months later, Sparta were eliminated in the fourth round of the Czech Cup after losing at home (2–2 () 2–4 ()) against Baník Ostrava. On 6 March 2018, Stramaccioni was sacked as the head coach of Sparta following "a disappointing start to the second part of the season and overall bad results this season".

Esteghlal

On 13 June 2019, Stramaccioni was appointed as coach of Iranian club Esteghlal, signing a two-year contract. He later revealed in an interview that after having a conversation with former Iran national volleyball team coach Julio Velasco, he was convinced to accept a coaching job in Iran. Upon being appointed, Stramaccioni declared that Meysam Teymouri, Farshad Mohammadi Mehr, Armin Sohrabian, Rouhollah Bagheri and Reza Karimi were not part of his plans for the coming season. Instead, he requested to sign two former Serie A players, Cheick Diabaté and Hrvoje Milić.

Stramaccioni lost his first competitive game as Esteghlal's coach against Machine Sazi. On 28 December his team beat Tractor 4–2; with this victory, Esteghlal became the first team to reach over a total of 1000 points in all-time Persian Gulf Pro League table. On 8 December, Stramaccioni resigned as the manager of Esteghlal as the club failed to pay the wages of coaching staff due to the restrictions for transferring money outside Iran caused by the sanctions; however he did not close the door for a possible return to the club if the problems are solved. Following his departure, many Esteghlal fans protested in front of the offices of Iran's Ministry of Sport and Youth which own the club in order to express their disagreements with the club's board of management and Stramaccioni's departure. On 2 January 2020, the club officially announced his departure from Esteghlal and the negotiations for his return were unsuccessful.

Then he started charging Esteghlal F.C. for his financial claims causing that team not to be able to take part in the AFC Asian Cup.

Al Gharafa
In July 2021, Stramaccioni took charge of Al Gharafa. On 31 October 2022, he was dismissed by Al Gharafa.

Personal life
He is married to Dalila, an Instagram influencer, since 2011; they have four children together, the last one born in 2022 in Doha.

As an expert of international and Qatari football, Stramaccioni was hired by RAI as a color commentator for the 2022 FIFA World Cup; his first commentary, for the Argentina vs Saudi Arabia game, gained extensive coverage throughout social media for its intensity.

Managerial statistics

Honours

Managerial
Inter Milan
NextGen Series: 2011–12

References

External links

Andrea Stramaccioni at Goal.com
Andrea Stramaccioni  at FutbolPrimera.es

1976 births
Living people
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Bologna FC 1909 players
Italian football managers
Inter Milan managers
Udinese Calcio managers
Serie A managers
Panathinaikos F.C. managers
AC Sparta Prague managers
Czech First League managers
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Footballers from Rome
Esteghlal F.C. managers
Al-Gharafa SC managers
Italian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Greece
Italian expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Expatriate football managers in the Czech Republic
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Iran
Expatriate football managers in Iran
Persian Gulf Pro League managers
Expatriate football managers in Qatar
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar

Andrea Stramaccioni


The Rennert railroad accident occurred in Rennert, North Carolina on December 16, 1943. 74 people were killed on the Atlantic Coast Line when the northbound Tamiami Champion struck the derailed rear three cars of its southbound counterpart. It remains the deadliest train wreck ever in North Carolina.

Derailment
The southbound train comprised 18 cars hauled by EMD E6 diesel-electric units 515-753-514. It departed Fayetteville 20.5 miles north of Rennert at 12:25 am and was running over an hour late at a speed of 85 mph when the rear three cars derailed and became separated from the rest of the train.

Although they remained upright, the rear two cars - a dining car and a Pullman sleeping car - fouled the northbound track. The enginemen became aware of a problem when the emergency brakes were automatically applied and the front part of the train came to a halt some nearly half a mile beyond the derailed cars, at around 12:50 am.  The brakeman (traveling in the derailed rearmost car) evacuated the passengers from these cars and then showed a light to inform the men working the front of the train that it had parted.

A passenger asked whether he would protect the northbound track but the flagman said that the crew in the front of the train would do so; the brakeman then proceeded north to provide flag protection.

Meanwhile, the enginemen, investigating the cause of the brake application found that the third car had separated from the second. They were still unaware of the derailment further back. The conductor (in the 13th car) saw the light but assumed it had been dropped from the rearmost car. The engineer said that soon after the train stopped he instructed the fireman to provide flag protection on the northbound track; whilst he attempted to repair the broken coupling.

Collision
The fireman proceeded southwards; when he saw the approaching headlight of the oncoming northbound train he attempted to light a fusee but slipped and fell on the icy ballast. He waved stop signals but did not appear to be seen. The northbound train was composed of 16 cars hauled by EMD E6 diesel electric units 506–503, and EMD E3A unit 500 and was travelling at 80 mph when it approached the stationary southbound train.

The engineer did not see a warning signal until he had passed the front of it; then he saw stop signals (being given by a passenger) 1000 feet ahead at the same time as he saw the derailed cars. Despite applying the emergency brakes a collision was inevitable.

As many as 74 passengers were killed (some sources say 72); there was only one fatality on the halted southbound train. Most of the deaths were servicemen on the northbound train, traveling home for the holidays. According to the official report 'the third car stopped on top of the second car', with most fatalities occurring in these two cars.

Causes
Although the initial derailment was caused by a rail breaking beneath the train, the subsequent collision could have been prevented if the crew had obeyed operating rules that state that a thorough inspection of the train be made in the 40 minutes after the initial derailment. Adequate train protection involving 'torpedoes' would then have prevented the disastrous collision.

References

Derailments in the United States
Railway accidents in 1943
1943 disasters in the United States
1943 in North Carolina
Rail transportation in North Carolina
Accidents and incidents involving Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
Robeson County, North Carolina
Transportation disasters in North Carolina
December 1943 events
Train collisions in the United States
Railway accidents and incidents in North Carolina

Rennert railroad accident


Noel "Razor" Smith (born 24 December 1960) is a British writer and former criminal. He has spent the greater part of his adult life in prison, serving a life sentence for armed robbery. In prison he taught himself to read and write, gained an Honours Diploma from the London School of Journalism and an A-level in law. He has been awarded a number of Koestler awards for his writing and has contributed articles to the Independent, the Guardian, Punch, the Big Issue, the New Statesman and the New Law Journal. His autobiography, A Few Kind Words and a Loaded Gun, was published by Penguin in 2004. He went on to write A Rusty Gun: Facing Up To a Life of Crime in 2010 after serving at the unique rehabilitation prison HMP Grendon and moving to HMP Blantyre House, prior to being released on 12 May 2010.

Life and criminal career

Smith was born in London to Irish immigrant parents: an unemployed and violent father and working mother. He grew up in the Holloway Road area and in Balham. He was first arrested for stealing apples and at that time had a positive view of the police. However, while playing truant from school at the age of 14 with a friend, he was picked up by the burglary squad and beaten and tortured by them. They were then forced to confess to a series of burglaries that they had not committed. When the case came to court, he admitted to making-up the burglaries and the magistrate ordered the police to investigate, leading to the charges being dismissed and a recommendation to sue the police. This then led to harassment by the police on several occasions, for example raiding the family home to the extent where they opted to drop the charges.

In his own words, Smith "threw [himself] into crime", and this led to him being sent to a detention centre. At 16, he appeared at the Old Bailey for armed robbery and possession of firearms and sentenced to three years. He used the contacts that he made during this sentence to become a professional robber, and spent his life as a professional criminal in and out of prison.

He committed over 200 bank robberies and was given a 26-year sentence, of which he served 11 years, and spent most of it reading. He was jailed for life in 1997 on the two-strikes provisions of the Crime Sentences Act 1997, after a robbery spree.

Now reformed, he has not been in trouble with the law since his release from prison in 2010.

Writing career
While in Borstal, Smith tried to escape and assaulted a night watchman but was captured and thrown into a punishment block. He was allowed one book a day, and as he was not able to read he would use this book as a football. When he explained this to a Catholic priest, the priest would bring him easy-reading books and through this he became an avid reader. He quickly began to read books that he felt were not good, and felt he could write better.

In HMP Dartmoor, he tried writing and entered a short story competition and came second. Writing gave him the education to make written complaints, which he found to be more successful than violence. While on release in 1997 he met author Will Self at a dinner party. In 1999, he sent Self a short story that he had written, and was told that nothing would happen until he decided to change his criminal ways. Smith was further encouraged to change his ways after his son Joe died, and following this applied to HMP Grendon. This led to him writing A Rusty Gun.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20101204063121/http://essentialworks.co.uk/agency/noel-razor-smith
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jul/25/rusty-gun-noel-razor-smith
https://web.archive.org/web/20110206221436/http://www.intelligencesquared.com/talks/noel-razor-smith-on-prison-and-writing

1960 births
British bank robbers
English criminals
English writers
Living people
Alumni of the London School of Journalism
English people of Irish descent
People from Islington (district)

Noel "Razor" Smith


Burnbank Fell is a small hill in the west of the English Lake District. It is the most westerly of the Loweswater Fells, a group of low grassy hills just south of Loweswater. It is predominantly grassy, with sprawling flanks and a broad ridge connecting it to Blake Fell. It can be climbed from Lamplugh in the west, or from Waterend on the lakeshore.

Topography
The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the northeast and Wasdale to the southeast. To the west, the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale—the western fells being, in effect, a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Burnbank Fell and the other Loweswater Fells form the extremity of the northern arm.

The Loweswater Fells have been compared to the digits of a hand, radiating out southwestward from the "palm" centred on Loweswater village. From the west, these are Burnbank Fell, Blake Fell, Gavel Fell, Hen Comb and Mellbreak, the "thumb".

Burnbank Fell marks the northwestern perimeter of the Lakeland Fells, its feet set on the boundary of the National Park. Beyond lie the valley of the River Marrom and the industrial towns of the coastal plain. Beyond the park boundary is the low double top of Mockerkin How (810 ft) standing above Mockerkin Tarn. A natural water body, the Tarn is known for its water lilies, is stocked with eel, pike and perch, and is associated with several local legends, including that of a sunken town.

The northeastern flanks of Burnbank Fell are much steeper, with some crags on the upper slopes overlooking Loweswater. Lower down the fellside is Holme Wood, an attractive background to views across the lake. Holme Beck runs down through the trees, forming the boundary between Burnbank Fell and Blake Fell to the south. High up in the woods is Holme Force, an attractive parallel pair of waterfalls.

A west ridge drops from the summit across an easy grassy saddle to Owsen Fell (1,342 ft), generally considered a part of Burnbank Fell, although some guidebooks differ. Owsen Fell descends to the village of Lamplugh, with conifer plantations on its lower slopes. All drainage from Owsen Fell and the western slopes flows to the River Marron and ultimately the Derwent.

Geology
The summit area is composed of the laminated mudstone and siltstone of the Kirk Stile Formation. The eastern slopes show outcropping of the Loweswater Formation of greywacke sandstone turbidities.

The Ordnance Survey Explorer map series shows abandoned mine levels above Wisenholme Beck and some surface extraction near the summit. Wainwright shows a further old level on the eastern slopes.

Summit
The top of Burnbank Fell is a rounded grassy dome, the summit marked by an old fence post and small cairn. The Lakeland view is greatly restricted by Blake Fell, although there is a vista of the Northern and North Western Fells. Loweswater is hidden by the slope, but Crummock Water comes into view a few paces to the northeast. The view of the coast, Isle of Man, Solway Firth and Criffel is uninterrupted.

Ascents
From Lamplugh, the obvious line is up Owsen Fell, although there is doubt over right of access. From Waterend at the head of Loweswater, the route starts via Hudson Place farm and passes into Holme Wood; various paths can then be taken to the summit. Two paths contour the fell on this side: one on the lakeshore, and another 'terrace' above the woods. Both provide pleasant walking. Fangs Brow farm can be used as an access point to the terrace path from the north.

References

Fells of the Lake District
Loweswater (village)
Borough of Copeland

Burnbank Fell


The Suffrage Emergency Corps was a special group of suffragists formed after nearly two-thirds of the states had ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Only one more state was needed to ratify, and suffragists hoped they could convince Governor Marcus H. Holcomb to make his state of Connecticut the thirty-sixth. A team of women, sponsored by the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) chose delegates from the other states to travel to Connecticut in early May 1920 to convince the governor to open a special legislative session to consider ratifying the amendment. The event garnered publicity, but it did not convince the governor to proceed with the session.

About
After the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, many states ratified it immediately, or called emergency special legislative sessions to consider the amendment. By April, the suffragists only needed one more state to ratify the amendment. Connecticut Governor, Marcus H. Holcomb, received petitions to open a special emergency legislative session, but he responded that "the desire of a few women did not create an emergency." After further appeals, the governor stated that "he was ready to receive proof of the existence of an emergency."

In response, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) announced on April 23 that they would create a special "emergency" group to petition for the ratification of the 19th Amendment.  A "flying squadron" of 48 women, representing each state in the United States, was chosen to arrive in Connecticut early in May for the event. Women chosen to be part of the Corps were prominent leaders in various areas of endeavor. Many of the women had professional jobs or had served in office in their states, and many of them were very involved with the Republican Party.

Members of the Corps wanted to show that there was a "special emergency" in the case of women's suffrage so that the governor of Connecticut would call a special legislative session to consider the ratification. Groups such as the Federation of Women's Clubs were involved with the push for women's suffrage. Arrangements were made by NAWSA who wanted to "make Connecticut the 36th" and thereby pass the Nineteenth Amendment. Preparations for the event included placards spread around the state that read: "The eyes of the nation are upon Connecticut."

After arriving in New York, members dined with Carrie Chapman Catt at the Hotel McAlpin. Katharine Ludington, the president of the Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA), gave the keynote speech. After the dinner, members of the Corps received "marching orders" from Catt and Ludington.

On May 3, forty-six of the members of the corps arrived in Hartford, Connecticut where they were met by a group of Connecticut women who took them to lunch at the Hartford Golf Club. After lunch, the Corps broke up into groups of 12 who would go on to attend mass meetings in Bridgeport, New Haven, New London, and Waterbury. Over the next few days, twelve rallies featuring the women of the Suffrage Emergency Corps were held each day. Catt spoke on May 3 in New Haven to a full meeting house. On May 5, members of the Corps visited Niantic, Connecticut. A total of 40 meetings were held over four days leading up to May 7, when the suffragists would meet with the governor of Connecticut.

On May 7, the suffragists held a public rally and had a hearing in front of the Connecticut Governor Holcomb. They arrived at the Capitol in 48 separate cars decorated with green, white, and purple flags and waving banners. Catt had been scheduled to speak, but was delayed. The remaining speakers were introduced by Ludington and included Minnie Fisher Cunningham, Grace Raymond Hebard, Lenna Lowe Yost, and Helen Ring Robinson. Suffragists then presented telegrams from the governors of Wyoming and Kentucky urging Holcomb to open a special legislative session. There was another small procession, with further speeches and entreaties to the governor to support women's suffrage. One of the speeches, given by the Arkansas delegate, related her experiences during World War I where she told a French woman that not all American women could vote. The French woman replied, "That is not a democracy; it's a conundrum."

After the public rally, Governor Holcomb stated that "he would give careful consideration to the request for a special session." However, by the following Tuesday, he declared that while there was a "strong desire for a special session," the suffragists had not been able to prove to him that there was a "special emergency." Additional petitions to the state legislature were also not successful.

Members

 Mrs. Arthur Balentine, Maine.
 Ida Porter Boyer, Massachusetts.
 Mrs. Desha Breckinridge, Kentucky.
 Jane Brooks, Kansas.
 Grace Clendenning, North Dakota.
 Edith Clark Cowles, Virginia.
 Minnie Fisher Cunningham, Texas.
 Mrs. James A. Devitt, Iowa.
 Margretta Dietrich, Nebraska.
 Mrs. John Kreig, Tennessee.
 Mrs. Charles E. Ellicott, Maryland.
 Nelle Fick, Washington.
 Mrs. John Fuller, Florida.
 Anne Macomber Gannett, Maine.
 Mrs. E. A. Gould (née Frances Bearss), Indiana.
 Grace Raymond Hebard, Wyoming.
 Jessie Jack Hooper, Wisconsin.
 Mrs. Robert J. Huse, New Jersey.
 Pattie R. Jacobs, Alabama.
 Esther Pohl Lovejoy, Oregon.
 Margaret Hill McCarter, Kansas.
 Helen Guthrie Miller, Missouri.
 Josephine Miller, Arkansas.
 Rose Moriarty, Ohio.
 Frances Munds, Arizona.
 Mrs. Andreas Neland, Minnesota.
 Lilian Olzendam, Vermont.
 Kathryn Perham (Mrs. Wallace Perham), Montana.
 Mamie Shields Pyle, South Dakota.
 Helen Ring Robinson, Colorado.
 Mrs. Julian Salley, South Carolina.
 Mrs. B. F. Saunders, Mississippi.
 Mrs. Edward Seward Simons, California.
 Mrs. A. B. Stroup, New Mexico.
 Mrs. M. J. Sweeley, Idaho.
 Grace Wilbur Trout, Illinois.
 Mrs. Andreas Ueland, Minnesota.
 Elizabeth Werlein, Louisiana.
 Leah D. Widtsoe, Utah.
 Mary Inez Wood, New Hampshire.
 Annie Wright, Georgia.
 Lenna Lowe Yost, West Virginia.

See also

 List of suffragists and suffragettes

References

Sources

Women's suffrage in the United States
Women's suffrage in Connecticut
1920 establishments in the United States

Suffrage Emergency Corps


When a student or group of students show behaviour that disrupts the current activity, or that goes against rules of the school,  a teacher or the school can take action. This action is usually called school discipline.  Discipline can guide the children's behaviour or set limits to help them learn to take better care of themselves, other people and the world around them.

Every school has a set of rules and if students break these rules they are subject to discipline. For example, these rules may say that pupils (students) need to wear a school uniform, and what the school uniform must look like.  They usually also say that school starts at a given time, and that pupils must be present at the school, at that time. If pupils do not follow the rules, they will be punished. The term "discipline" is applied to the punishment that is the consequence of breaking the rules. The aim of discipline is to set limits restricting certain behaviors or attitudes that are seen as harmful or against the school policies, educational norms, school traditions, etc. In the early days of schools, it was common to punish people if they did not follow the rules set by the school. In more recent times, other approaches have also been tried, such as rewarding good behavior.

The importance of discipline
It is important to create an environment, where it is safe and fun for children to learn. Many people confuse discipline with classroom management; discipline is one dimension of classroom management and classroom management is a general term. Discipline can also have a positive effect on both the individual as well as classroom environment. The right form of punishment  can give the pupil a chance to reflect and learn about consequences. It can also  give collective values, and encourage behavior that is acceptable for the classroom. Recognition of the diversity of values within communities can increase understanding and tolerance of different disciplinary techniques.

Corporal punishment
Coproal punishment was the most common means of  maintaining discipline. When a child was at school, the teacher acted as a substitue parent. Many forms of punishment and rewards were open to the teacher. Hitting children with a cane or a stick was a common punishment if the child did something wrong.

Corporal punishment in schools has now disappeared from most Western countries, including all European countries. In the United States, corporal punishment is not used in public schools in 34 states, banned in 31, permitted in 19, of which only 16 actually have school districts actively administering corporal punishment. Every U.S. state except New Jersey and Iowa permits corporal punishment in private schools. Many private schools have abandoned the practice, though, especially Catholic schools, nearly all of which now ban. Thirty-one U.S. states as well as the District of Columbia have banned it from public schools, most recently New Mexico in 2011. The other 19 states (mostly in the South) still allow corporal punishment in public schools. Of the 19 which permit the practice, three – Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming have no public schools that actually use corporal punishment as of 2016. Paddling is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it, though many choose not to do so.

Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries.

Most mainstream schools in most other countries still have punishment for misbehavior, but it usually takes non-corporal forms such as detention and suspension.

In China, school corporal punishment was completely banned under the Article 29 of the Compulsory Education Act of the People's Republic of China, but in practice, beating by schoolteachers is still common, especially in rural areas.

In Australia, school corporal punishment has been banned in public schools in all states, but as of 2019, it is still permitted in private schools in Queensland and the Northern Territory.

Other forms of discipline

Detention
Detention is one of the most common punishments in schools. A pupil needs to report to a designated area of the school, at a specified time. The pupil will then have to stay at that area, for a given time.

Failure to attend detention without a valid excuse can sometimes result in another longer detention, or a more severe punishment

Counseling
Counseling is also provided when students will have to see a school counselor (guidance counselor) for misbehavior. The purpose of counseling is to help the student recognize their mistakes and find ways to avoid them. Counseling can also help the student clarify the school's expectations, as well as understand the consequences of failing to meet those standards.

Suspension
Suspension means that a student must not attend classes, for a given time. In some cases, the student must still come to school, but will not see classmates or teachers during that day. Students who have been suspended are also not allowed to attend out-of-school events (such as sporting events, or proms).

Usually, schools are required to tell the student's parents why the student was suspended.

Suspension usually means that students still need to do homework, assignments and exams.

Expulsion
Expulsion is the most severe form of punishment. It terminates the student's education at the given school. This is the last resort, when all other methods of discipline have failed.  However, in extreme situations, it may also be used for a single offense, such as setting fires on campus, the activation of false alarms,or assault and battery against faculty and staff members,or school administrators. In some cases, there are special schools for the pupuls that have been excluded from other schools.

Usually, the parents can appeal against the decision to expel a student.

Footnotes

Sources

 McIntyre, T. (2005) Assertive Discipline. Retrieved 12 August 2005

Other websites

 School Climate and Discipline, U.S. Department of Education
 Tutorial: Guide to School Discipline MATHguide

Education

School discipline


The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.  They were nicknamed the "Swamp Angels".

The regiment was one of the first official African-American units in the United States during the Civil War. Many African-Americans also had fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812 on both sides.

History

Creation

In March 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation, Massachusetts Governor John A. Andrew gave his approval for the creation of the 54th Riegiment.  The regiment was commanded (led) by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.

Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton had decided that white officers would be in charge of all "coloured" units. Andrew chose Robert Gould Shaw to be the regiment's colonel, and Norwood Penrose "Pen" Hallowell to be its lieutenant colonel. Many of the other officers in charge of the 54th Regiment were from abolitionist families.  Governor Andrew chose several of them himself.

White abolitionists (including Shaw's parents) recruited the soldiers for the unit.

Training

The 54th trained at Camp Meigs in Readville near Boston. While training, the unit got a lot of support from abolitionists in Massachusetts, including Ralph Waldo Emerson.  Supporters also donated things like warm clothing items, battle flags, and $500 for a regimental band to be set up and trained.

Soon, more people were volunteering for the 54th than the regiment needed.  Because of this, the medical exam that volunteers needed to pass to get into the 54th was very thorough.  This meant that those who were accepted into the 54th were very strong and healthy.  The Surgeon General of Massachusetts said about the 54th: "a more robust, strong and healthy set of men were never mustered into the service of the United States."

On December 23, 1862, Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, gave an order.  This order said that if African-American soldiers or their white officers were captured while fighting for the Union, they would be put to death.  In January 1863, the Confederate Congress made this order a law.  This Confederate law said that if captured, both African-American soldiers and their white officers would be turned over to the states where the African-American soldiers had been slaves.

Entering battle

Even so, the 54th left Boston with high morale (they felt good about serving in the 54th).  After finishing their training, the regiment officially began serving in the United States military on May 13, 1863.  They left Boston on May 28, with many supporters cheering them on.  When they arrived in Beaufort, South Carolina, local blacks and Northern abolitionists greeted them and celebrated their arrival.

In Beaufort, the 54th joined with the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers, a unit of ex-slaves from South Carolina led by James Montgomery.  Montgomery led both units in a raid on the town of Darien, Georgia. The people who lived in the town had run away.  Montgomery ordered the soldiers to loot and burn the empty town. Shaw argued against doing this, and made official complaints about his soldiers being ordered to burn and loot.

Battles

The 54th fought in its first battle on July 16, on James Island, South Carolina. They were able to stop a Confederate attack.  45 members of the 54th were killed during this fight.

Fort Wagner

The 54th became famous on July 18, 1863, when it led an attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. 272 of the 600 men who charged Fort Wagner were "killed, wounded or captured." At this battle, Colonel Shaw was killed, along with 29 of his men.  24 more later died of wounds; 15 were captured; 52 were missing in action and never found; and 149 were hurt.  In total, the 54th suffered 272 casualties during this battle.  This was the highest number of casualties the 54th would ever see in a single battle during the war.

Union forces were not able to take and hold control of Fort Wagner.  However, the 54th was widely celebrated for its courage during the battle.  This helped encourage more African-American people to join the Union Army, and encouraged Army commanders to use them in battles.  This was a very important step in the Civil War.  Later, President Abraham Lincoln said it helped the Union win the Civil War.

Other battles

After Colonel Shaw died, Edward Hallowell became a Colonel and started leading the 54th.  Under his command, the 54th fought in the Battle of Olustee.  Then they were ordered to march to a train station.  A train carrying wounded Union soldiers had broken down, and the wounded soldiers were in danger of being captured. When the 54th arrived, the men attached ropes to the train pulled the train by hand about  to Camp Finnegan.  There, they picked up horses to help pull the train.  After that, the soldiers and horses pulled the train to Jacksonville, Florida.  In all, the 54th pulled the train for a total of . This took forty-two hours.

As part of an all-black brigade under Colonel Alfred S. Hartwell, the 54th unsuccessfully attacked entrenched Confederate militia at the November 1864 Battle of Honey Hill. In mid-April 1865, they fought at the Battle of Boykin's Mill, a small fight in South Carolina that was one of the last battles of the war.

Pay controversy
When they joined the 54th, soldiers were promised that they would be paid the same as white soldiers: $13 a month (plus food and supplies).  Instead, once they arrived in South Carolina, the 54th was told they would be paid only $7 a month ($10 with $3 taken out to pay for clothing. White soldiers did not pay for clothing at all.) Colonel Shaw and many others immediately began protesting this rule.  The state of Massachusetts offered to make up the difference in pay.  However, the entire regiment began to refuse to accept their pay on paydays as a form of protest.

Refusing their lower pay became a point of honor for the men of the 54th. In fact, at the Battle of Olustee, when they were ordered to move forward to protect the other Union forces while they were retreating, the men moved forward shouting, "Massachusetts and Seven Dollars a Month!"

On June 16, 1864, the United States Congress passed a law that would give full, equal pay to any soldiers who had been free men as of April 19, 1861.  Not all the soldiers qualified; some had still been slaves at this time. Colonel Hallowell, a Quaker, decided that because he did not believe in slavery, he could have all the soldiers swear that they were free men on April 19, 1861.  Before being given their back pay, the entire regiment was given what became known as "the Quaker oath". Colonel Hallowell carefully wrote the oath to say: "You do solemnly swear that you owed no man unrequited labor unpaid work on or before the 19th day of April 1861. So help you God".

On September 28, 1864, the United States Congress took action to pay the men of the 54th.  By this time, most of the men had served 18 months in the 54th.

Related pages
 American Civil War
 Union Army
 Confederate Army
 Robert Gould Shaw

Other websites

Written in Glory, Letters from the Soldiers and Officers of the 54th Massachusetts
54th Massachusetts at the Battle of Olustee
Photograph of Sgt. Major Lewis Douglass
Photograph of Charles Douglass
 American Civil War Battles of Fort Wagner

Footnotes

Sources

Union Army
African-American military personnel

54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment


The Australian cricket team toured the West Indies in the 1972–73 season to play a five-match Test series against the West Indies. Australia won the series 2–0 with three matches drawn.  Australia therefore kept the Sir Frank Worrell Trophy.

Australian squad
The original squad selected were as follows:
Batsmen – Ian Chappell (captain), Greg Chappell, Keith Stackpole, Doug Walters, John Benaud, Ian Redpath, Ross Edwards
Fastbowlers – Dennis Lillee, Jeff Hammond, Max Walker, Bob Massie
Spinners – Kerry O'Keeffe, Terry Jenner, John Watkins
Wicketkeeper – Rod Marsh

Test matches
Dennis Lillee became injured during the tour and Bob Massie lost form. However the other Australian bowlers performed admirably and Australia wound up winning the series comfortably.. Henry Blofeld later wrote in Wisden:
It hardly seemed possible for Australia to win a series in the West Indies without any contribution from Lillee and Massie who had developed into such a formidable combination against England a few months earlier, and without the services of Mallett, their off spinner, who was unavailable for the tour. In spite of all this Ian Chappell's side won impressively, beating the West Indies in the third and fourth Test matches at Port of Spain and Georgetown respectively. Australia won as much as anything because of the strength and the nature of their temperament which both collectively and individually refuses to accept defeat until it has become a fact. On the other hand it was the temperamental deficiencies of the West Indies players which contributed more to their defeat than any technical inadequacies.

Test series summary

First Test

Second Test

Third Test

Fourth Test

Fifth Test

References

External links
Australian cricket team in West Indies in 1972–73 at Cricinfo

1973 in Australian cricket
1972–73
West Indian cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000
International cricket competitions from 1970–71 to 1975
1973 in West Indian cricket

Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 1972–73


The ARC Centre for Complex Systems (ACCS) was established in 2004 from a consortium of Australian universities, led by the University of Queensland. The objective of ACCS was to conduct basic and applied research in the field of complex systems. It conducted research into both the science and engineering of complex systems. Funding was provided by the Australian Research Council (ARC) and the universities involved. The ACCS was funded under the ARC's Centre of Excellence Scheme until mid-2009, after which industry collaborations and further funding was established to continue to apply the Centre's research.

Background and description
Complex systems science is an emerging discipline developing new ways of investigating large, highly intricate, dynamically changing systems across diverse areas such as biology, social networks and socio-technological systems, economics and the environment. The ACCS was established to conduct world-class research on questions fundamental to understanding, designing and managing complex systems.

While complex systems research is considered basic research, with commercialisation still some time off, complex computing holds answers to real-life systems.

The ACCS provided a focus for complex systems science research in Australia, and developed strong infrastructure for modelling and analysing network-based systems, enabling the science to be applied to real-world problems.

The Centre had its headquarters at The University of Queensland in Brisbane, with nodes at Griffith University in Brisbane, Monash University in Melbourne, and The University of New South Wales campus at the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra.

International partners were the French Centre National de la Research Scientifique and the Indian Institute of Technology, and investigators from Boeing, CSIRO, the Santa Fe Institute and other Australian and international organisations collaborated on the program.

The ACCS's research programs emphasised cross-disciplinary research, involving leading researchers from a range of disciplines including: systems and software engineering, economics, visualisation, human factors, computational mathematics and statistics, and relevant application domains including aerospace, economics, energy and biology.

Research program
The goal of the ACCS's research was to develop deeper understanding of fundamental phenomena in complex systems, such as how macro-level system properties and behaviours emerge from relatively simple micro-level interactions, what mechanisms enable complex systems to self-organise, and how complex systems can be managed and controlled.

The Centre's core research program was based around a number of application areas.

Genetic regulatory networks
Research in this program tackled fundamental questions about growth and form in cellular biology. Computational modelling was used to study how the control of development results from an interaction between each cell's genetic regulatory network and its inputs from neighbouring cells and its environment, and how the process proceeds reliably, while coping with unreliable components, perturbation, injury, and changing environments.

Air traffic control
This program applied complex systems science to the problem of improving the efficiency of air travel without compromising safety. To do this, researchers developed and used air traffic simulators to study new concepts and tools for air traffic management, and developed new approaches to assurance of system-level properties including safety and efficiency

Evolutionary economic systems
In this program, complex systems and network theory was applied to economics and business to understand how evolutionary change occurs. Multi-agent modelling and associated simulation and calibration techniques were core components of the methodology used. We investigated new ways of testing for complex patterns in high frequency data, by studying trade-by trade data in stock markets and in electricity markets and seeking 'pattern matches' in artificially generated agent-based modelling data. We investigated new ways of dealing with spatial complexity in several contexts. Also visualisation techniques, rarely used in economics, were applied in a range of data-rich contexts to better understand the architecture and complex dynamics of systems.

Electricity networks and energy markets
This program investigated ways of integrating technical and market aspects of power systems with price dynamics to provide key insights into planning expansion of Australia's power transmission network. It also aimed to apply modern computational modelling techniques to the interface between the physical properties of the electricity system and its economic considerations. A particular focus was placed on the impacts of the transmission network and power station operation on electricity price behaviour and its influence on infrastructure investment decisions. It also looked into the importance of customer-load impact on system and market operations.

Dependable computer-based systems
This program was concerned with the development of modelling and analysis tools to ensure that dependability is designed into complex computer-based systems, particularly in areas such as transport, health and finance. There is a constant need for new methods and tools to enable engineers to ensure that such systems meet society's demands for dependability, safety and reliability.
One of the tools, Behavior Trees, was successfully trialled by Raytheon Australia to analyse six large defence projects.

Complex systems theory and applications
In addition to the research programs described above, the ACCS included a number of projects addressing key problems for complex systems. The projects were concerned with the application of theory to solve issues in the design and operation of complex socio-technological systems, and with the development of new analysis techniques for complex systems.

See also
 Behavior Trees
 Complexity economics
 Air traffic control
 Genetic regulatory network

References

Further reading
 ACCS research program link provides access to project details and outcomes, including publications
 VLAB.   Monash University's Complexity Virtual Lab
 The Growth in Air Traffic, ACCS Director, Peter Lindsay's interview with Robin Williams, ABC Radio's Science Show, 7 July 2007

External links
 ARC Centre for Complex Systems ACCS Website.

Systems science institutes
Research organisations in Australia

ARC Centre for Complex Systems


Enskede-Årsta was a borough (stadsdelsområde) in the southern part of Stockholm, Sweden from 1998 to 1 January 2007. It was formed when the boroughs of Enskede and Årsta merged, and was primarily made up of Enskede (Gård, -fältet, Gamla-) and Årsta. The other districts that made up the borough were Johanneshov, Stureby and Östberga. The population as of 2004 was 46,072 on an area of 12.72 km2, giving it a density of 3,622/km2. In 2007, Enskede-Årsta merged with the borough of  Vantör to form the Enskede-Årsta-Vantör borough.

Government of Stockholm

Enskede-Årsta