Thammasat University (Abbreviation|Abrv: TU ; , ) is a public research university in Thailand with campuses in Tha Phra Chan, Rangsit, Pattaya and Lampang Province. , Thammasat University has over 33,000 students enrolled in 33 faculties, colleges, institutes and 2,700 academic staff.

Thammasat is Thailand's second oldest university. Officially established to be the national university of Thailand on 27 June 2018, it was named by its founder, Pridi Banomyong, the University of Moral and Political Sciences (; ). It began as an open university, with 7,094 students studying law and politics in its first year.

In 1960, the university ended its free-entry policy and became the first in Thailand to require passing national entrance examinations for admission. Thammasat today offers more than 240 academic programs in 33 different faculties and colleges on four campuses. Over the 80 years since its foundation, Thammasat University has evolved from an open university for law and politics to an international university offering all levels of academic degrees in many fields and disciplines. It has graduated more than 300,000 undergraduate and graduate students. The university's alumni have included some of Thailand's prime ministers, leading politicians, and governmental figures, Bank of Thailand governors, and jurists.

Tha Phra Chan Campus, the original campus of the university, is in Phra Nakhon, Bangkok. The campus is in close proximity to many tourist destinations and was the site of the 14 October 1973 uprising and the 6 October 1976 massacre. Rangsit campus, where most undergraduate programmes are concentrated, is in Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani. Thammasat has smaller regional campuses in Lampang and Pattaya.

Admission to Thammasat is highly competitive. Only applicants ranking in the top 10 national scores are chosen for study at Thammasat, especially in the social sciences and humanities—considered the most selective in Thailand. QS awarded Thammasat University Four QS Stars. A Four QS Star rating means "...highly international, demonstrating excellence in both research and teaching. The institution provides an excellent environment for students and faculty."

History
The name "Thammasat" derives from the Buddhist-term Dhammasattha, meaning "study of law".

University of Law and Political Sciences

Thammasat University began in 1934 as the University of Law and Political Sciences. This was two years after the so-called Siamese revolution of 1932 and eighteen years after the founding of Chulalongkorn University by transforming the law school of Prince Raphi Phatthanasak Krommaluang Ratcha Buri Direk Rit, which dated back to 1907. Thammasat University was the brainchild of Pridi Banomyong, the father of Thailand's democracy and the minister of interior, who drafted the "University of Law and Political Science Act 1934". The university was inaugurated on 27 June 1934, and Pridi served as the university's first chancellor.

The university is based on the sixth principle of the People's Party.
The first announcement of Khana Ratsadon stated the government "must provide the people with full education" because people "lack education, which is reserved for royals". The desire of students at the school of law to be upgraded to a university rather than simply a department at Chulalongkorn University also helped Thammasat University become the successor of the law school. The property and faculty of the law school were transferred to University of Law and Political Science, and the old law school building was the first Thammasat site. The university moved to Tha Phra Chan campus the following year.

When the university opened, 7,094 people applied for admission. At that time, Chulalongkorn University was graduating only 68 students a year. Thammasat initially offered a bachelor's degree with an emphasis on legal studies and previously banned economics and political science, plus a bachelor's degree equivalent diploma in accountancy. Master's degree courses soon followed in law, political science, and economics, and doctoral degree courses in law, political science, economics, and diplomacy.

During its early years, the university did not rely on government funding, but instead relied on its low tuition fees and interest paid by the Bank of Asia for Industry and Commerce, in which the university had an 80% stake.

Under Pridi's leadership, the university became the clandestine headquarters of the Free Thai anti-Japanese underground during the Second World War. Ironically, the university campus also functioned as an internment camp for Allied civilians, with Thai guards more or less protecting them from abuses by the occupying Japanese. The internment camp was where the Multipurpose Building now stands.

Reform
The coup d'état on 8 November 1947 marked the end of an era. Pridi Banomyong left the country and went into exile. The original Thammasat degree was replaced by specialised departments in 1949, when the Faculties of Law, Political Science, Commerce and Accountancy, and Economics were founded. The university was forced to sell its bank shares, thus becoming dependent on government funding. The words "and Political Sciences" were removed from its name, and Thammasat was no longer an open university. A new "Thammasat University Act" was passed in 1952. Thammasat added four more faculties during the 1950s and 1960s: social administration, journalism and mass communication, liberal arts, and sociology and anthropology.

Bloody October protests
In 1973, Thammasat became the centre of the pro-democracy protest movement that led to the bloody uprising on 14 October. A large crowd, led by university students, assembled at Thammasat University to protest the arrest of thirteen pro-democracy student activists. The protest continued for several days before a bloody confrontation took place at the Democracy Monument. When Thailand's military leaders fled into exile, Sanya Dharmasakti, then Thammasat rector, was appointed Prime Minister of Thailand.

Three years later, the 6 October 1976 massacre took place on the Tha Phra Chan campus. The event began with protests against the return of exiled dictator Thanom Kittikachorn. Violence first appeared on 25 September when two EGAT employees who handed out protest literature in Nakhon Pathom were branded "communists", beaten to death, and their bodies hung from a wall. This led to peaceful protests by labor groups, students, and other activists demanding the expulsion of Thanom.

On 4 October, students staged a play on the Thammasat campus to dramatize the hanging of the protesters in Nakhon Pathom. Several newspapers printed photographs of the mock hanging with, however, one of the students retouched to resemble Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn, an act of lèse-majesté. Uniformed police and enraged right-wing paramilitary groups promptly surrounded Thammasat University. At dawn on 6 October the police and paramilitary groups attacked the protesters. The assault continued for several hours. Newspaper sources reported the number killed as between 43 and 46, but the actual figure may have been over a hundred, with several hundred more injured. Many student protesters escaped by jumping into Chao Phraya River, where they were shot at by the Royal Thai Navy.

One of the student leaders was Seksan Prasertkul, who wrote the protest song Su mai toi, which was adopted by the 2013-2014 anti-government protesters in Thailand. Seksan is now (2016) a lecturer at Thammasat University.

Expansion
During the 1980s, Thammasat University built a new campus at Rangsit to house the new Faculty of Science and Technology. It accepted its first students in 1985. The Faculty of Engineering opened at Rangsit in 1989, followed by the Faculty of Medicine in 1990. By the late-1990s, all first year students were studying at Rangsit. At present almost all undergraduate classes are taught at Rangsit, the exceptions being some international English language programmes and some special programmes. Graduate degree classes are still taught at Tha Phra Chan.

The Rangsit campus was chosen as one of the venues for the 1998 Asian Games.

Thammasat University is a member of "Links to Asia by Organizing Traineeship and Student Exchange" (LAOTSE), a network of universities in Europe and Asia. Regional cooperation is maintained by means of the Greater Mekong Sub-region Academic and Research Network.

Seal
The seal depicts the centerpiece of the Democracy Monument, Bangkok, which itself honours the Thai Constitution of 1932. It is superimposed on a Dharmacakra, or 'wheel of law', symbolising the Dharmaśāstra, the university's name in Sanskrit.

Campuses
Thammasat University has two campuses in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area, Tha Phra Chan and Rangsit. There are four regional campuses: Lampang, Pattaya, Udon Thani, and Narathiwat.

Tha Phra Chan

Tha Phra Chan Centre () is in Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok, surrounded by many of Thailand's most famous cultural and historical landmarks, such as Sanam Luang, the Grand Palace, the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, the Bangkok National Museum, the National Theatre, Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit, and the Chao Phraya River. It was the first permanent campus of Thammasat, purchased from the military with public donations in 1935. The site had originally been part of the Front Palace of the deputy king (formerly the designated heir to the throne).

The signature building of the university is the Dome, the original Tha Phra Chan campus building. It was constructed from four existing military buildings. The Dome housed Pridi Banomyong's office as well as being the command centre of the Free Thai Movement during the Second World War. Late in the war, when an uprising against the occupying Japanese was planned, weapons were concealed in the attic.

The Tha Phra Chan campus played a role in the uprising against the military regime on 14 October 1973 and was the site of the 6 October 1976 Massacre.

Eight faculties are based at the Tha Phra Chan campus: law, political science, economics, commerce and accountancy, liberal arts, social administration, journalism and mass communication, and sociology and anthropology. , only postgraduate programmes, integrated bachelor's and master's programmes, and the English-language international programmes are offered at Tha Phra Chan (except those in engineering, health sciences, and journalism which are at the Rangsit Center). Thammasat Tha Phra Chan offers a Thai Language courses for foreigners. Tha Phra Chan facilities include a football field, a track, a gymnasium, eight libraries, and several cafeterias.

Rangsit
Rangsit Centre (Thai: ศูนย์รังสิต) is the second and largest Thammasat campus. It is in Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province, 42 km north of Bangkok, connected Tha Phra Chan by shuttle bus. Thammasat University instituted degree programmes in engineering, technologies, physical sciences, and medicine at its Rangsit Centre in the 1980s and 1990s. Although established only for the science and technology-related faculties, all bachelor's degrees have been taught here since 2006. All faculties (except the College of Innovation, the College of Interdisciplinary Studies, and the Pridi Banomyong International College) are at Rangsit. The campus houses the Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an international academic institute attached to Thammasat which emphasizes engineering and technological research and education. International programmes in engineering, health sciences, and journalism are also taught at Rangsit Centre. The Thailand Science Park (National Research Centre) and the Asian Institute of Technology are also located here.

The campus divided into three areas: the academic zone, the housing zone, and various sport facilities. The Thammasat University Sport Centre, on the Rangsit campus, was used in the 1998 Asian Games, 1999 FESPIC Games and in the 2007 Summer Universiade.

In December 2019, the Rangsit campus opened Asia's largest urban rooftop garden. The 7,000 m2 space, designed by Kotchakorn Voraakhom, is designed to help offset some of the impacts of climate change, such as flooding. "Urban rooftop farms are an easy and effective climate solution, and should be the norm.", she said. The rooftop farm is open to anyone who wishes to grow rice, vegetables, or herbs according to the university.

Branch campuses
Pattaya Centre (Thai: ศูนย์พัทยา), is in Pattaya, Bang Lamung District, Chonburi Province. This 566 rai site was donated to the Ministry of Finance for Thammasat University in 1987. Construction began in 1997. The Pattaya Centre houses the College of Innovative Education, which offers advanced degree courses and training in rural development and management.

Lampang Centre (Thai: ศูนย์ลำปาง), Hang Chat District, Lampang Province: the Thammasat University Council approved the establishment of Lampang Centre in 1996. The university initially held classes in the old city hall. In 2003, the Lampang Centre moved to its current location 15 km from the city. Thammasat Lampang offers opportunities to a small student population of fewer than 1,000 students to study specialized courses on local development and industry. Courses offered at Thammasat Lampang Center include social development, interdisciplinary sociology, law, and handcraft design.

Thammasat also has two small campuses in Udon Thani Province and Narathiwat Province.

Faculties, colleges, institutes

Thammasat University has 19 faculties, seven colleges, and seven institutes.

Faculty of Law

The Faculty of Law was one of the founding faculties of the university. It has its roots in the law school of the Ministry of Justice, instituted under the reign of King Chulalongkorn by Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns. Former deans of the faculty have included Phraya Nitisat Phaisan, Sanya Dharmasakti, and Preedee Kasemsup. The faculty has programmes up to the doctorate level, as well as several certificate programmes in business law and public law.

Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy
The Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy was established on 23 November 1938. It was the second oldest business school in Thailand after the Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy, Chulalongkorn University which established earlier on the same year. It offers a broad range of programmes including business administration, logistics, international business, human resource management, accounting, finance, marketing, real estate management and management information system, from diploma to doctoral degree. In addition to its traditional 4-year bachelor's degree, the faculty offers the first innovative integrated bachelor's and master's degree programme in business and accounting (IBMP) which requires five years of study to complete both degrees. The faculty also offers Thailand's first international programme in business in which English is the language of instruction (BBA Programme). The faculty also offers Thailand's first Global Executive MBA programme in which English is the language of instruction (GEMBA programme).

The faculty is recognised internationally. In 2005, a team of students from the Master's of Sciences Degree Programme in Marketing (MIM) of Thammasat Business School won, for the second time, the Global Moot Corp, a venue for business plan competition, held at the McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin.

The faculty is the second accounting and business education institution in South East Asia to Singapore which has received the Triple-Crown certification from 3 world accredited institutions (EQUIS, AACSB, AMBA).  With less than 1% of commercial and business administration accounting institutions from educational institutions around the world that have been certified for all 3 accredited institutions.

The faculty is also known as Thammasat Business School (TBS).

Faculty of Political Science

The Faculty of Political Science at Thammasat University was established in 1949. Former deans include Direk Chaiyanam a member of the Khana Ratsadon (People's Party) and a former foreign minister. It offers undergraduate and graduate studies in three majors, politics and government, public administration, and international affairs. Most Thai governors, mayors, leaders, and activists graduated from this faculty.

Graduate programs are offered to regular students, and special programs are open to executives. A doctoral program was established in 2001. There are two versions of the masters and bachelors programs in international relations. The first versions are taught in Thai. The second versions are taught in English and are called the "International Programme". The masters for the International Program was established in 1998; the bachelors was established in 2009. The military correspondent for the Bangkok Post, Wassana Nanuam, is a prominent graduate of the masters program, having written her thesis on the Thai military.

This faculty is also known as Singha Daeng ('red lion') along with Chulalongkorn University which is called Singha Dam ('black lion')

Faculty of Economics
The Faculty of Economics at Thammasat University was established in 1949 and the oldest Faculty of Economics in Thailand. The faculty offers a broad range of academic programmes and other training opportunities. Under the leadership of Dr. Puey Ungpakorn, a former Bank of Thailand governor who took charge concurrently as the dean of the faculty, there were many significant developments within the economics faculty. Dr. Puey secured funding from Rockefeller Foundation and brought faculty members from a number of US universities.

The first big step toward internationalization was the introduction, in 1969, a Master of Economics programme degree taught in English. Since then, a bachelor's programme and a PhD programme taught in English have been added to the curriculum.

The faculty boasts a teaching staff which totals 82, including 44 faculty members with doctoral degree and seven on leave to pursue doctoral degrees. It is considered one of the strongest programmes in Thailand. Its graduates are regularly accepted to the prestigious departments of economics such as Chicago, UC Berkeley, Cornell, Oxford, Cambridge, LSE, Harvard, MIT, Yale, Princeton.

Faculty of Social Administration
The Faculty of Social Administration Thammasat University was established to serve state policies, welfare and social security. This faculty has main duty to encourage teaching in Social Welfare, Justice Administration, and Social Development. This Faculty has a long reputation, this is the first school that initiated education in social science of welfare studies.

Faculty of Liberal Arts
The Faculty of Liberal Arts was established by the Royal Gazette in 1961 by Professor Adul Vicharncharoen, the founder and first dean of the Faculty of Liberal Arts. The purpose of the establishment of the Faculty of Arts at that time was to teach general subjects to all students of the university before they choose to study their majors. At present, the Faculty of Arts offers 19 undergraduate degrees, 12 master's degree courses and 3 doctoral degrees.

The faculty offers the following undergraduate majors: Psychology, Library and Information Science, Literature and Communication, History, Linguistics, English Language, English Language and Literature, French Language, Thai Language, Philosophy, Geography, Japanese Language, Chinese Language, German Language, Russian Language, British and American Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Russian Studies, International Studies (ASEAN-China), and Business English Communication. The last major opened by the Faculty of Liberal Arts was the degree in Hispanic and Latin American Studies, the first of its kind in Southeast Asia. The graduate school offers master's degree in 10 disciplines: Linguistics for Communication, History, Library and Information Science, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, French-Thai Translation, Counseling Psychology, Buddhist Studies, Japanese Studies, Thai, English Language and Literature, English Language Studies, Chinese Culture Studies, and English-Thai Translation Studies. The graduate level also offers Ph.D in Linguistics, History, and English Language Studies which is a combined Master and Doctoral Degree.

The English Department
Widely-known as one of the leading departments in Thailand with a wide range of prestigious academic programs, The English Department at TU was founded in 1970 and has then developed in teaching and learning as well as researching. Today, the English Department offers an undergraduate program (Rangsit Campus) in translation, linguistics, intercultural communication, and literature. Students in the undergraduate program have the opportunity to engage in a number of extracurricular activities, internship program and academic events, including special lectures and exchange programs.

In addition to the BA curriculum, the English Department supports higher interdisciplinary programs (Tha Prachan Campus) offering the MA-PhD programs in English Language Studies, the MA program in English-Thai Translation and the Graduate Diploma program in English for Business and Management.

International Programs
The Faculty of Liberal Arts also offers four-year international programs taught in English in specialist disciplines.

The British and American Studies (BAS) International Programme at Thammasat University is the only degree of its type available in Thailand. The four-year degree offers students an opportunity to explore the culture, the literature, the history, and the political dynamics of the United States and the United Kingdom through a broad and varied curriculum taught by English native speakers from both the US and the UK.

The ASEAN-China International (IAC) Program offers students to choose their specialization from business, languages, media and political science courses focused on China and the ASEAN region.

Faculty of Journalism and Mass Communication
The Department of Journalism was established in 1954 and is Thailand's first institute of higher education in journalism. It was granted faculty status in 1979 and has been known since as the Faculty of Journalism and Mass Communication. Today the faculty offers undergraduate programme in newspaper and print media, radio and television broadcasting, cinematography, advertising, public relations, and communications management. It also offers several programmes at master's level as well as a doctoral degree in mass communication.

There is also an international course for the Bachelor of Arts Programme in Journalism and Mass Media studies (BJM Programme). The program itself was established in 2006, providing the advanced knowledge in journalism and media. There are also two international programs at Chulalongkorn University's Faculty of Communication Arts. There is BA in Communication Management and an MA in Strategic Communication Management.

The Faculty also provides various materials, tools, and studios for all students to practice their skills such as Thammasat University Radio Station, editing room, and broadcasting room. Moreover, there are " YooungThong Magazine " and " Mahavittayalai Newspaper " that present the students ability.

Faculty of Sociology and Anthropology
The Faculty of Sociology and Anthropology was formed as one of the departments of the Faculty of Social Administration at the initiative of the dean, Professor Major General Buncha Mintarakhin (1961–1965). His view was that Thailand should have sociologists and anthropologists who contribute to the society by undertaking research which would strengthen the disciplines. At the time of the department foundation Thai scholars in sociology and anthropology were sparse. It took several years to recruit qualified members in the academic team. Subsequently, the expanding Department of Sociology and Anthropology became a separate division from Social Administration Faculty in 1976.

Faculty of Science and Technology
The Faculty of Science and Technology was founded in 1986 as the ninth faculty of the university and become the first full-stream faculty that held on Rangsit Campus Began teaching in the five disciplines of mathematics, statistics, computer science, environmental science, and health science. Later, the delegation extended teaching in the field of increasing order. Coupled with the new university founded the Faculty of Engineering, Health and Science. The faculty is now responsible for teaching basic science through to all faculties at Rangsit. The Faculty of Science and Technology offers many science disciplines which focus on both pure sciences and sustainable technologies such as Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Sciences, Environmental Science, Technologies for Sustainable Development, Agricultural Technology, Chemistry, Biotechnology, Physics, Material Science, Food Technology, and Textile Technology, this Faculty also has international programs offers B.Sc to PhD. such as Industrial Science Management, Creative Digital Technology (Digital Interactive Simulation/Game Engineering & Design), Innovative Digital Design (Animation & Visual Effect/Game Art & Design), and Organic Farming Management.

Faculty of Engineering
The Faculty of Engineering was founded on August 19, 1989, as the 10th faculty of the university. Originally formed as a response to governmental initiative to promote the study of science and its related field. It originally started teaching electrical and industrial engineering in 1990, then expanded its offerings to civil engineering (1992), chemical engineering (1994), and mechanical engineering (1996).

The faculty also has an international department which taught in English and very often mistaken as SIIT (see below) by outsiders. This special programme is divided into two distinct parts, Twinning Engineering Programme (TEP), established in 1997, and the Thammasat English Engineering Programme (TEPE), established in 2000. The TEP programme is a sandwich programme, two years in Thammasat and two years in a foreign university (currently either the University of Nottingham or University of New South Wales). Many of the graduates continue their master's or PhD in prestigious UK universities, such as Imperial, LSE, UCL, Warwick.

The faculty has strong ties with both NECTEC and MTEC in Thailand Science Park. The faculty also has strong researching ties with Japan, particularly and more recently with the University of Karlsruhe in Germany. Its current dean is Associate Professor Dr. Uruya Weesakul.

Faculty of Medicine

The Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, was established in March 1990 as the eleventh faculty of the university and the ninth public medical school in Thailand. The faculty offers undergraduate and post-graduate courses in medicine. It also runs masters and doctoral programs in various disciplines of medicine. Applied Thai traditional medicine can also be studied at the university. Faculty of Medicine of Thammasat University in the only first and one medical school that teaches with Hybrid Problem-based learning (PBL) and Community Based Learning (CBL) which emphasize on case study and community problem rather than lecturing.

Faculty of Architecture and Planning
The university proposed the establishment of a Faculty of Architecture under the Eighth National Higher Education Plan (1997–2001) of the Ministry of University Affairs (now Office of the Commission on Higher Education under the Ministry of Education). However, a cabinet meeting on February 3, 1998, decided to restrict the establishment of all new departments. The university then created an Architecture Programme to be autonomous under the Thammasat University Council by its resolution of May 6, 1999.

The programme was approved to be the Faculty of Architecture by a resolution of the Thammasat University Council on October 29, 2001. Professor Dr. Vimolsiddhi Horayangkura, who had been the programme's director since 1999, was appointed to be the first dean of the Faculty of Architecture. The faculty offered two more new undergraduate programmes, Interior Architecture and Urban Environmental Planning and Management Program, in the 2002 academic year.

In 2007, the undergraduate program in Landscape Architecture and the graduate program in Interior Architecture were started in response to high market demand for landscape architects and research-oriented designers. In the following year, the school launched the graduate program in Innovative Real Estate Development.

Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology

The Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, at the university's Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani Province, is a semi-autonomous institute of technology established in 1992. It offers a range of science, technology and engineering education, as well as related management programmes. All are international programmes, with English language instruction. Although it is an academic unit of the university, and graduates of the institute receive Thammasat University degrees, the institute is self-administered and financed. The institute enjoys strong links with Thailand National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, national graduate schools (such as JGSEE, TGIST, and TAIST) and many international universities, notably its neighbour Asian Institute of Technology, and a group of Japanese and European universities.

Being a research-led academic institution in nature, from the most recent performance evaluation (academic year 2003) by the university, the institute has the highest number of research publications (both in raw quantity and per graduate student heads), compared to other academic units in the university, and when compared to other universities, each SIIT faculty member produces twice the highest value of national range for international journal publications (0.74 vs 0-0.41, academic year 2004). In 2007, the Thailand Research Fund assessed research outcomes of universities in Thailand, and SIIT ranked as "very good" on all three indicators.
The institute is also one of a very small number of universities which can secure numbers of Thailand Research Fund's Royal Golden Jubilee grants, considered to be the country's most prestigious research grants for PhD students, for every single year since the programme began in 1998 — one of the only three which can secure Engineering discipline grants for every single year.

Anyway, it's still considered one of the easiest engineering schools to get accepted due to very low entry score and many rounds of admission. Due to admission score, SIIT has a high rate of variant admission scores, students with high admission score and lowest admission score can be entered but most of the low-performance students will be disqualified. The unqualified or unsatisfied academic competency students will be expelled within a first or second year which occurred about 50% of entry students.

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
The Faculty is an institution of higher education in the country for Research Pharmaceutical Sciences to improve health in the community.
There are 2 majors for students, Undergraduate Level offers Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Pharmaceutical Care, and for Graduate Level offers Pharmaceutical Science

Faculty of Learning Sciences and Education
The Faculty of Learning Sciences and Education was founded on 29 September 2014. It is based at Rangsit Campus, in Pathum Thani. The Faculty takes an interdisciplinary approach to the research and teaching of education and learning. The Faculty currently offers a Masters in Learning Sciences and Educational Innovation, and a Bachelor of Arts in Learning Sciences. The Faculty of Learning Science established Thammasat Secondary School in 2015. Faculty also has its own a laboratory school called Thammasat Secondary School which established in 2017 as the first school in Thailand that runs and promotes active learning, Sustainability thoughts, and creative and problem-based learning. Thammasat Secondary School also got an influence on Thammasat's Ideas which are No Uniform, Promoting Democracy, Modern World Literacy

Chulabhorn International College of Medicine

Chulabhron International College of Medicine is the twenty-first medical school set up in Thailand located in Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province and is the first institution in Thailand to provide an international course in medicine. The first year course consists of general sciences, followed by pre-clinical years 2 and 3 and then the clinical years 4–6. During the clinical years, Thammasat University Hospital is used as the main training site and students may undertake electives in foreign countries.

CICM was opened on 28 August 2012 to provide medical education in English as an international course. The setup of the university involved a cooperation between Thammasat University and Bumrungrad International Hospital.

Language Institute
The Language Institute of Thammasat University (LITU) was officially established as a university faculty in 1985 to serve the ever-growing need for English language training for students in all faculties at Thammasat University. LITU conducts courses at all three of Thammasat University's academic campuses (Tha Prachan, Rangsit and Lampang in northern Thailand), as well as providing diverse language services to the general public and private, academic and governmental organizations in Bangkok and throughout the nation.

LITU is responsible for English-language instruction for students first entering the university (Foundation courses), throughout their four years of academic studies (ESP-English for Specific Purposes), and for graduate students who must achieve minimum standards of English language proficiency. In addition, the Language Institute offers international graduate degree programs in English Language Teaching (MA-ELT, previously known as MA Teaching English as a Foreign Language) and Career English for International Communication (MA-CEIC, previously known as MA English for Careers), and a graduate diploma program in English for Careers. Also, to serve the needs of English teachers in the ASEAN community and international settings, LITU offers an international Ph.D. program in English Language Teaching (PhD-ELT).

College of Innovation
The college was established on January 30, 1995, with a focus on interdisciplinary education, such as in the areas of technology management, cultural management, service innovation, innovative healthcare management, and IT policy and management. Bachelor's degree courses offered are: Bachelor in Service Innovation, Bachelor in Digital Transformation and Innovation, and Bachelor in Management of Cultural Heritage and Creative Industries (BMCI). MA programs offered are: Master in Technology Management, Master of Arts in Management of Cultural Heritage and Creative Industries, Master of Science Program in Service Design, Master of Science Program in Digital Policy and Management, and Master in Service Innovation.

School of Global Studies
The School of Global Studies is a new and innovative academic initiative within Thammasat University and a front runner in global health and social innovation within Thailand, Southeast Asia and beyond with a track record of excellent research on determinants of public health, student-centered teaching, and academic service relevant to community needs. Degrees offered are Bachelor of Arts in Global Studies and Social Entrepreneurship, and Master of Arts in Innovation and Sustainability.

International programs
TU offers undergraduate, master's, and doctoral degrees in the fields of social sciences, humanities, science and technology, urban design, and health sciences.

Rankings

 Thammasat University was awarded Four QS Stars meaning Thammasat University is highly international, demonstrating excellence in both research and teaching. The institution provides an excellent environment for students and faculty.
 Thammasat has received 2nd Rank for the highest competitive and highest score university in Thailand according to Thai university Central Admission System
 QS World Ranking (2019):  Thammasat has ranked as 601-650th international ranking which is the 3rd for domestic ranking in Thailand
 QS Asia (2019): Thammasat was ranked 108th in the Asia Universities Zone
 QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2019: Thammasat was named the second university in Thailand and No. 200–250 in the world

QS World University Ranking by Subject 2019

Notable people

Founder Pridi Banomyong was a senior statesman, former regent, and former prime minister. Sanya Dharmasakti, former prime minister and Privy Council member, was a rector of Thammasat. Galyani Vadhana, Princess of Thailand and the elder sister of Ananda Mahidol and Bhumibol Adulyadej, was the former head of the foreign language department at the Faculty of Liberal Arts. Puey Ungphakorn, former governor of the Bank of Thailand, was the dean of the Faculty of Economics, and rector of Thammasat University. Abhisit Vejjajiva, the former prime minister and leader of the Democrat Party. Ammar Siamwalla, former president of the Thailand Development Research Institute, and Jermsak Pinthong, former senator, are former lecturers at the Faculty of Economics.

Several Prime Ministers of Thailand attended Thammasat University, including Tanin Kraivixien, Chuan Leekpai, Samak Sundaravej, and Somchai Wongsawat, as well as many other ministers and Bank of Thailand governors.

Prominent faculty members
Former and current prominent faculty members include:
 Princess Galyani Vadhana, a princess of Thailand and the elder sister of King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), was head of the foreign language department at the Faculty of Liberal Arts
Pridi Phanomyong, senior statesman, former regent and prime minister, leader of the Free Thai underground movement, and founder of the university
 Puey Ungpakorn, former governor of the Bank of Thailand, former rector, and former dean of the Faculty of Economics
 Sanya Dharmasakti, chief statesman, former prime minister, and former rector
 Abhisit Vejjajiva, former prime minister, leader of the Democrat Party and former lecturer at the Faculty of Economics
 Theerayut Boonmee, former student activist, social critic and lecturer at the Faculty of Sociology and Anthropology
 Ammar Siamwalla, current member of the National Legislative Assembly, former president of Thailand Development Research Institute, and former professor at the Faculty of Economics

Notable alumni
Banyat Bantadtan, former deputy prime minister and former leader of the Democrat Party
 Sirikan Charoensiri, human rights lawyer
 Nuon Chea, or "Long Boonrod", member of the Khmer Rouge
 Thawatchai Damrong-Ongtrakul, former Thai national football player
 Mom Rajawongse Pridiyathorn Devakula, former governor of the Bank of Thailand
 Predee Daochai, former minister of finance
 Jaran Ditapichai, former member of the National Human Rights Commission
 Somkid Jatusripitak, former minister of commerce and deputy prime minister, 2015
 Tanin Kraivixien, former prime minister
 Wissanu Krea-ngam, deputy prime minister
 Chuan Leekpai, former prime minister and former leader of the Democrat Party
 Princess Galyani Vadhana
 Nongchanai Prinyathawat, novelist
 Maj. Gen. Mom Rajawongse Kukrit Pramoj, former prime minister and former Speaker of the House of Representatives of Thailand
Sophon Ratanakorn, president of the Supreme Court of Thailand
Boonchu Rojanastien, former deputy prime minister and finance minister of Thailand and former president of Bangkok Bank
Veerathai Santiprabhob, governor of the Bank of Thailand
Samak Sundaravej, former prime minister of Thailand, former governor of Bangkok 2009
Thongchai Winichakul, a professor in the History Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, and a specialist in the intellectual and cultural history of Thailand
Somchai Wongsawat, former prime minister, 2009
Charnvit Kasetsiri, Thai historian, author and former rector of Thammasat University. Fukuoka Academic Prize awardee.
Puey Ungphakorn, economist, former governor of the Bank of Thailand and Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service awardee
Rewat Buddhinan, pioneer in the Thai pop music industry and founder of the GMM Grammy.
Direk Jayanama, Thai diplomat, politician and served as Thailand's Minister of Justice, Finance, Foreign Affairs and deputy prime minister.
Pathit Pisitkul, actor and singer
Aniporn Chalermburanawong, actress, singer, model, Miss Universe Thailand 2015 and top 10 at Miss Universe, 2015
Suwat Woradilok, writer and Thailand National Artist for Literature awardee in 1991
Boonchu Rojanastien, Thailand's first "economic tsar"
Nitipoom Navaratna, politician and columnist
Thommayanti alias Wimon Chiamcharoen, novelist
Pimpaka Towira, independent film director, screenwriter and producer
Surin Pitsuwan, politician and ASEAN Secretary-General
Chaovarat Chanweerakul, deputy minister of finance, minister of public health, and later deputy prime minister.
Ranee Campen, actress. Her notable roles include Phorn Prom Onlaweng, Khun Chai Puttipat, Plerng Chimplee and Bubphe Sanniwat or Love Destiny TV series.
Thikamporn Ritta-apinan, actress and Miss Teen Thailand 2002
Anne Thongprasom, film and television actress, host and producer
Suchart Thada-Thamrongvech, politician, former minister of finance and minister of education
Yuranunt Pamornmontri, Thai actor and politician
Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit, Thai politician, leader of the Future Forward Party
Vachiravit Paisarnkulwong, Thai actor, best known for his role as Pete in Love Sick the Series
Vachirawit Chivaaree, Thai Artist, Actor, Singer, Model, Host and Entrepreneur, best known for his role as Sarawat in 2gether: The series and Still 2gether, Thyme in F4 Thailand and Kimhan in Astrophile
Metawin Opas-iamkajorn, Thai actor, best known for his role as Tine in 2gether: The Series and Kavin in F4 Thailand
Putthipong Assaratanakul, Thai actor, best known for his role as Teh in I Told Sunset About You
Wichapas Sumettikul, Thai actor, best known for his role as Vegas in KinnPorsche: The Series

International alumni

With the introduction of the Global Executive MBA program at the Thammasat Business School in 2018, prominent international alumni were added to a long list of prominent Thai alumni, helping Thammasat University achieve a higher global ranking.

Gerard Andrew James, Singaporean entrepreneur, travel professional, formerly from Skyscanner
Lithin Thomas, Indian engineer
Gabriela Espinosa, Mexican celebrity chef
Sajana Joshi, Nepalese diplomat at the United Nations
Ignasi Codosero, Spanish salesperson
Thi Hong Thuy Nguyen, Vietnamese banker
Hein Pyae Sone, Burmese engineer
Kevin Rupp, American diplomat
Sandi Zun, Burmese banker

See also
 Education in Thailand
 List of universities in Thailand
 List of colleges and universities
 Pridi Phanomyong
 Puey Ungpakorn

Notes
  The head of Thammasat University was originally called chancellor (ผู้ประศาสน์การ phu prasat kan). In 1952, the post was renamed rector (อธิการบดี athikanbodi) by then prime minister, Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkram, who also became the first rector of the university.

References

External links

 Thammasat University

Universities and colleges established in 1934
Buildings and structures in Pathum Thani province
Universities and colleges in Bangkok
Phra Nakhon district
1934 establishments in Siam
Buildings and structures on the Chao Phraya River

Thammasat University


Desson Patrick Thomson is a former speechwriter for the Obama administration and former film critic for The Washington Post. He was known as Desson Howe until 2003 when he changed his name after reuniting with his birth father.

Biography
Thomson attended American University from 1975 until 1979, graduating in Spring 1980 with a degree in visual communications and cinema studies. He started working for The Washington Post in 1983 as a copy aide for the Style section, and by 1984 was writing freelance articles for the paper. In 1987 he became a film critic for the paper. He was one of the few film critics in the country to write a positive review of The Coen Brothers' The Big Lebowski,  and wrote many well received film tributes including one to Richard Pryor . He has frequently acknowleged writing one of the few negative reviews of The Shawshank Redemption..

Thomson left the Washington Post in 2008, and in 2010 became a speechwriter in the administration of President Barack Obama. From February 2010 until November 2010 he was stationed in London working for the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Louis Susman. In December 2010, he joined the Policy Planning Office of the U.S. Department of State as a speechwriter for Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In February 2012, he became a speechwriter and Senior Advisor for Content Development for the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Until September 2017 he was a speechwriter and senior advisor for Charles H. Rivkin, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs.

References

The Washington Post people
American University School of Communication alumni
American film critics
Living people
1958 births
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American male writers
American male journalists
American speechwriters
Writers from Surrey
English emigrants to the United States

Desson Thomson


Hugo Spadafora Franco (September 6, 1940 – September 13, 1985) was an Italian and Panamanian physician and guerrilla fighter in Guinea-Bissau and Nicaragua.  He criticized the military in Panama, which led to his murder by the government of Manuel Noriega in 1985.

Biography
Born in Chitré, Spadafora was a physician, graduated from the University of Bologna, in Italy.  He served as a combat medic with the independence guerrilla of Guinea-Bissau during the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence.   Originally a critic of the military regime headed by Omar Torrijos, he served as its Vice-Minister of Health. In 1978, he organized the Victoriano Lorenzo Brigade, formed by a group of up to 1200 Panamanian fighters to fight against the Anastasio Somoza Debayle regime in Nicaragua.

Concerned about the increased Soviet and Cuban influence in the Sandinista regime of Nicaragua and the delay of free elections, Spadafora joined the Sandino Revolutionary Front (FRS) alongside Edén Pastora ("Comandante Cero"), hero of the August 1978 seizure of Somoza's palace.  The rise of Manuel Noriega as authoritarian ruler of Panama compelled Spadafora to denounce Noriega's protection of drug trafficking. Spadafora was detained by Noriega's forces when entering Panama from Costa Rica in September 1985, and his decapitated body was later found stuffed in a post office bag. The autopsy later found Spadafora's stomach full of the blood he had ingested during the slow severing of his head. He had also endured hours of severe torture, as is quoted in Gary Webb's Dark Alliance: "His body bore evidence of unimaginable tortures. The thigh muscles had been neatly sliced so he could not close his legs, and then something had been jammed up his rectum, tearing it apart. His testicles were swollen horribly, the result of prolonged garroting, his ribs were broken, and then, while he was still alive, his head had been sawed off with a butcher's knife." His head was never found. President Nicolás Ardito Barletta tried to set up a commission to investigate the murder but was forced to resign by Noriega, which increased suspicions that the military had ordered the beheading.

The brutality of the murder shock many and it was a contributing factor to the deterioration of relations between the US and Noriega. 4 years after the murder, the US under president George H. W. Bush would overthrow Noriega by invading Panama in 1989.

It was not until the administration of President Guillermo Endara in 1989, that a court found Noriega (in absentia) and other followers guilty of a conspiracy to murder Spadafora.  In 2013, his biography Hugo Spadafora: Bajo la Piel del Hombre was published by Amir Valle, a Cuban journalist, literary critic and writer exiled in Germany.

Notes

References

1940 births
1985 deaths
People from Chitré
Panamanian people of Italian descent
Panamanian military doctors
Panamanian murder victims
Panamanian activists
Guerrilla warfare theorists
Panamanian torturees
People murdered in Panama
People of the Nicaraguan Revolution
Deaths by decapitation
University of Bologna alumni

Hugo Spadafora


In organic chemistry, ethoxylation is a chemical reaction in which ethylene oxide () adds to a substrate.  It is the most widely practiced alkoxylation, which involves the addition of epoxides to substrates.

In the usual application, alcohols and phenols are converted into  where n ranges from 1 to 10. Such compounds are called alcohol ethoxylates.  Alcohol ethoxylates are often converted to related species called ethoxysulfates. Alcohol ethoxylates and ethoxysulfates are surfactants, used widely in cosmetic and other commercial products. The process is of great industrial significance, with more than 2,000,000 metric tons of various ethoxylates produced worldwide in 1994.

Production
The process was developed at the Ludwigshafen laboratories of IG Farben by Conrad Schöller and  during the 1930s.

Alcohol ethoxylates
Industrial ethoxylation is primarily performed upon alcohols. Lower alcohols react to give glycol ethers which are commonly used as solvents, while longer fatty alcohols are converted to fatty alcohol ethoxylates (FAE's), which are a common form of nonionic surfactant. The reaction typically proceeds by blowing ethylene oxide through the alcohol at 180 °C and under 1-2 bar of pressure, with potassium hydroxide (KOH) serving as a catalyst. The process is highly exothermic (ΔH = -92 kJ/mol of ethylene oxide reacted) and requires careful control to avoid a potentially disastrous thermal runaway.

The starting materials are usually primary alcohols as they tend to react 10–30× faster than do secondary alcohols.
Typically 5-10 units of ethylene oxide are added to each alcohol, however ethoxylated alcohols can be more prone to ethoxylation than the starting alcohol, making the reaction difficult to control and leading to the formation of a product with varying repeat unit length (the value of n in the equation above). Better control can be afforded by the use of more sophisticated catalysts, which can be used to generate narrow-range ethoxylates. Ethoxylated alcohols are considered to be a high production volume (HPV) chemical by the US EPA.

Ethoxylation/propoxylation
Ethoxylation is sometimes combined with propoxylation, the analogous reaction using propylene oxide as the monomer. Both reactions are normally performed in the same reactor and may be run simultaneously to give a random polymer, or in alternation to obtain block copolymers such as poloxamers. Propylene oxide is more hydrophobic than ethylene oxide and its inclusion at low levels can significantly affect the properties of the surfactant. In particular ethoxylated fatty alcohols which have been 'capped' with ~1 propylene oxide unit are extensively marketed as defoamers.

Ethoxysulfates
Ethoxylated fatty alcohols are often converted to the corresponding organosulfates, which can be easily deprotonated to give anionic surfactants such as sodium laureth sulfate. Being salts, ethoxysulfates exhibit good water solubility (high HLB value). The conversion is achieved by treating ethoxylated alcohols with sulfur trioxide. Laboratory scale synthesis may be performed using chlorosulfuric acid:

The resulting sulfate esters are neutralized to give the salt:

Small volumes are neutralized with alkanolamines such as triethanolamine (TEA).

In 2008, 381,000 metric tons of alcohol ethoxysulfates were consumed in North America.

Other materials
Although alcohols are by far the major substrate for ethoxylation, many nucleophiles are reactive toward ethylene oxide. Primary amines will react to give di-chain materials such as polyethoxylated tallow amine. The reaction of ammonia produces important bulk chemicals such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine.

Applications of ethoxylated products
Alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES) are surfactants found in products such as laundry detergents, surface cleaners, cosmetics, agricultural products, textiles, and paint.

Alcohol ethoxylates
As alcohol ethoxylate based surfactants are non-ionic they typically require longer ethoxylate chains than their sulfonated analogues in order to be water-soluble. Examples synthesized on an industrial scale include octyl phenol ethoxylate, polysorbate 80 and poloxamers.
Ethoxylation is commonly practiced, albeit on a much smaller scale, in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries to increase water solubility and, in the case of pharmaceuticals, circulatory half-life of non-polar organic compounds. In this application, ethoxylation is known as "PEGylation" (polyethylene oxide is synonymous with polyethylene glycol, abbreviated as PEG). Carbon chain length is 8-18 while the ethoxylated chain is usually 3 to 12 ethylene oxides long in home products. They feature both lipophilic tails, indicated by the alkyl group abbreviation, R,  and relatively polar headgroups, represented by the formula .

Alcohol ethoxysulfates
AES found in consumer products generally are linear alcohols, which could be mixtures of entirely linear alkyl chains or of both linear and mono-branched alkyl chains. A high-volume example of these is sodium laureth sulfate a foaming agent in shampoos and liquid soaps, as well as industrial detergents.

Environmental and safety

Alcohol ethoxylates (AEs)

Human health
Alcohol ethoxylates are not observed to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, or skin sensitizers, nor cause reproductive or developmental effects. One byproduct of ethoxylation is  1,4-dioxane, a possible human carcinogen. Undiluted AEs can cause dermal or eye irritation. In aqueous solution, the level of irritation is dependent on the concentration. AEs are considered to have low to moderate toxicity for acute oral exposure, low acute dermal toxicity, and have mild irritation potential for skin and eyes at concentrations found in consumer products. Recent studies have found dried AE residues similar to what would be found on restaurant dishes (as effective concentrations from 1:10,000 to 1:40,000) killed epithelial intestinal cells at high concentrations. Lower concentrations made cells more permeable and prone to inflammatory response .

Aquatic and environmental aspects
AEs are usually released down the drain, where they may be adsorbed into solids and biodegrade through anaerobic processes, with ~28–58% degraded in the sewer. The remaining AEs are treated at waste water treatment plants and biodegraded via aerobic processes with less than 0.8% of AEs released in effluent.  If released into surface waters, sediment or soil, AEs will degrade through aerobic and anaerobic processes or be taken up by plants and animals.

Toxicity to certain invertebrates has a range of EC50 values for linear AE from 0.1 mg/L to greater than 100 mg/L. For branched alcohol exthoxylates, toxicity ranges from 0.5 mg/L to 50 mg/L. The EC50 toxicity for algae from linear and branched AEs was 0.05 mg/L to 50 mg/L.  Acute toxicity to fish ranges from LC50 values for linear AE of 0.4 mg/L to 100 mg/L, and branched is 0.25 mg/L to 40 mg/L. For invertebrates, algae and fish the essentially linear and branched AEs are considered to not have greater toxicity than Linear AE.

Alcohol ethoxysulfates (AESs)

Biodegradation
The degradation of AES proceeds by ω- or β-oxidation of the alkyl chain, enzymatic hydrolysis of the sulfate ester, and by cleavage of an ether bond in the AES producing alcohol or alcohol ethoxylate and an ethylene glycol sulfate. Studies of aerobic processes also found AES to be readily biodegradable.  The half-life of both AE and AES in surface water is estimated to be less than 12 hours. The removal of AES due to degradation via anaerobic processes is estimated to be between 75 and 87%.

In water
Flow-through laboratory tests in a terminal pool of AES with mollusks found  the NOEC of a snail, Goniobasis and the Asian clam, Corbicula  to be greater than 730 ug/L. Corbicula growth was measured to be affected at a concentration of  75 ug/L. The mayfly, genus Tricorythodes has a normalized density NOEC value of 190 ug/L.

Human safety
AES has not been found to be genotoxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. A 2022 study revealed the expression of genes involved in cell survival, epithelial barrier, cytokine signaling, and metabolism were altered by rinse aid in concentrations used in professional dishwashers. The alcohol ethoxylates present in the rinse aid were identified as the culprit component causing the epithelial inflammation and barrier damage.

References

Addition reactions

Ethoxylation


Wu Jinglian (; born January 24, 1930) is one of the preeminent economists of the People's Republic of China (PRC), primarily specializing in economic policy as it applies to China's ongoing series of economic reforms.

Renowned for his resolute conviction that socialism is compatible with a market system, he is affectionately referred to in the media as Wu Shichang ().

Wu currently () holds multiple positions, the most important of which are: Professor of Economics at both the China Europe International Business School and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Senior Research Fellow for the Development Research Center of the State Council of the PRC; and Member of the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. As of 2021, he is also an adviser to the China Finance 40 Forum (CF40).

Wu graduated from Fudan University with a degree in economics in 1954. He later attended the Institute of Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Through his long career, he has, in addition to his professorships at Chinese universities, been visiting researcher and professor at a number of international universities, including Yale, MIT, Duke, Stanford, and Oxford.

A prominent target of political persecution during the Cultural Revolution, Wu was criticized for advocating the doctrine of "bourgeois right," more simply understood as the principle of "compensation according to work."

He was forced to make public denunciations of his revered teacher Sun Yefang, for which he later expressed deep regret. He has honoured the memory of another victim of political persecution, Gu Zhun, whose unyielding character and pioneering attempts to revise Marxian economics in a market-oriented direction were for Wu a source of enlightenment. In the 1960s, Wu participated in a group led by economist Yu Guangyuan to write a textbook on political economy. The first economics textbook printed in China after 1949, the Political Economy Reader () was widely circulated and played a significant role in later economic reforms.

Having called for China's opening up and celebrated its entry to the WTO, Wu was distressed by the side-effects of rapid growth: corruption, inequitable distribution, and crony capitalism (more often the "magnate capitalism" in Chinese). In the last ten years he has joined Qin Hui, He Qinglian and other public intellectuals in raising social justice to prominence on the policy agenda.

Wu is also the author of a number of books on China's economic reform.

In 2008, state-owned media in China started calling Wu a spy for the U.S.  The fact state-owned newspaper People's Daily was authorized to call him such indicates that his economic and political ideas are great annoyances for the current leadership.

Wu pointed out that "old-style Maoists" have been gaining influence in the government since 2004. These groups, he said, are pressing for a return to central planning and placing blame for corruption and social inequality on the very market reforms he championed.

Wu also pointed out that corrupt bureaucrats are pushing for the state to take a larger economic role so they can cash in on their positions through payoffs and bribes, as well as by steering business to allies.

Because of these developments, Wu is not optimistic about the future of China, because "[t]he Maoists want to go back to central planning and the cronies want to get richer."

Books
 Fifteen Critical Issues of the Reform of SOEs, 1999
 Reform: Now at a Critical Point, 2001
 Understanding and Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform, Texere, 2005 ()

References

Biography from the China Europe International Business School , retrieved June 7, 2006

1930 births
20th-century Chinese economists
Living people
Duke University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Stanford University faculty
Yale University faculty
Chongqing Nankai Secondary School alumni
Fudan University alumni
Economists from Jiangsu
Educators from Nanjing
Writers from Nanjing
People's Republic of China writers
People from the Republic of China

Wu Jinglian


Joseph Goodall (1760–1840) was an English cleric and Provost of Eton.

Life
He was born on 2 March 1760, in Westminster, the son of Joseph Goodall, and after attending Eton College he was elected to King's College, Cambridge in 1778. There he gained Browne's Medals in 1781 and 1782, and the Craven Scholarship in 1782. He graduated B.A. in 1783 and M.A. in 1786.

In 1783 Goodall became a Fellow of King's and assistant-master at Eton. In 1801 he was appointed headmaster of the school, which kept up its numbers and reputation under him. In 1808 he became canon of Windsor on the recommendation of his friend and schoolfellow Marquess Wellesley. In 1809 he succeeded Jonathan Davies as Provost of Eton.

Goodall's discipline was mild, but he is said to have been an insuperable obstacle to any innovations at Eton. In 1827 he accepted the rectory of West Ilsley, Berkshire, from the chapter of Windsor. He was also rector of Hitcham, Buckinghamshire, where Charles Goddard served as a curate. Goodall was one of those noted as a pluralist by John Wade, in his Extraordinary Black Book (1832).

Death and legacy
William IV once said "When Goodall goes I'll make [Keate] provost"; to which Goodall replied, "I could not think of 'going' before Your Majesty." He died on 25 March 1840, and was buried in the College Chapel on 2 April. A statue in the College Chapel was raised to his memory by a subscription headed by the Queen Dowager. He founded a scholarship of £50 a year, to be held at Oxford or Cambridge.

Works
Goodall wrote Latin verses, of which some are in the Musæ Etonenses (1817, i. 146, ii. 24, 58, 87). The second volume is dedicated to him.

References

Attribution

1760 births
1840 deaths
19th-century English Anglican priests
Provosts of Eton College
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Head Masters of Eton College
People educated at Eton College

Joseph Goodall


The 1933 Tunis Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Carthage Street Circuit in Tunis, the capital of colonial Tunisia, on 26 March 1933. Tazio Nuvolari won the 37 lap race, driving for Scuderia Ferrari, Alfa Romeo's works team, while his teammate, Baconin Borzacchini, finished second. Third place was taken by the privateer Maserati of Goffredo Zehender.

Entries

Starting grid
Grid positions were allocated in numerical order.

Classification

Race

References

Tunis
1933 in African sport
Tunis
Motorsport in Tunisia

1933 Tunis Grand Prix


Ernst Ludwig Gerber (29 September 1746 in Sondershausen, Germany – 30 June 1819 in Sondershausen) was a German composer, organist, cellist, and author of a famous dictionary of musicians.

His father, Heinrich Nikolaus Gerber (1702–1775), a pupil of J. S. Bach, was an organist and composer of some distinction, and under his direction Ernst Ludwig at an early age had made great progress in his musical studies. In 1765 he went to Leipzig to study law, but the claims of music, which had gained additional strength from his acquaintanceship with Johann Adam Hiller (of whom Gerber became the cellist of his orchestra Großes Concert Concert), soon came to occupy almost his sole attention. On his return to Sondershausen he was appointed music teacher to the children of the prince, and in 1775 he succeeded his father as court organist.

Afterwards he devoted much of his time to the study of the literature and history of music, and with this view he made himself master of several modern languages. His Historisch-biographisches Lexikon der Tonkünstler appeared in 1790 and 1792 in two volumes; and the first volume of what was virtually an improved and corrected edition of this work was published in 1810 under the title Neues Historisch-biographisches Lexikon der Tonkünstler, followed by three further volumes in 1812, 1813 and 1814. Gerber also contributed a number of papers to musical periodicals, and published several minor musical compositions.

Gerber, as it has been cited, owned a manuscript from a member of Bach family, which contained the settings of more than 200 chorale melodies.

References

1746 births
1819 deaths
People from Sondershausen
German composers

Ernst Ludwig Gerber


The Monopol Hotel is a historic five-star hotel located at Helena Modrzejewska Street, Wrocław, Lower Silesia, Poland.

History
It was built in 1892 in what was then Breslau, Germany, in Art Nouveau/Neo-Baroque style on the site of the graveyard of St Dorothy's Church. The graveyard had been converted into a jail in 1817. The plot was bought near the end of the 19th century for 600 000 marks by Breslau's Jews - banker Wallenberg Pachaly and architect Karl Grosser, who built a trade house and hotel in which there were 69 rooms, including 21 single occupation rooms, 46 double occupation and 2 apartments. Room size ran from  and according to 19th century standards were luxurious. It was fondly christened "the pearl of Lower Silesia" (die Perle Niederschlesiens).

Famous patrons of the hotel during the German era included Gerhart Hauptmann. The balcony above the main entrance was purposely built in 1937 to coincide with Hitler's visit to Breslau, who gave a speech from the said balcony the following year on the occasion of the German Gymnastics and Sports Festival. Singer Jan Kiepura also appeared on the same balcony after the war to sing for a crowd of people gathered in front of the hotel.

The hotel's in-house department store was located at the corner of Świdnicka and Modrzejewskiej Streets (formerly Schweidnitzerstraße and Agnes-Sorma-Straße respectively). During the last months of World War II it was significantly damaged so that it was rebuilt only in 1961 and became an exclusive cafe "Monopol". At the end of the 20th century it was closed and commercial functions were restored in the building.

The hotel building itself survived the war without significant damage. Following the transfer of Breslau to Poland in 1945, the hotel hosted the World Congress of Intellectuals during the Exhibition of the Recovered Territories in 1948 with guests such as Pablo Picasso, Irène Joliot-Curie, Ilya Ehrenburg, Jorge Amado and Mikhail Sholokhov. Other prominent guests included Marlene Dietrich, Zbigniew Cybulski and Jerzy Grotowski.

The hotel provided setting for a number of films including Andrzej Wajda's Ashes and Diamonds, Wojciech Has's The Doll as well as a popular TV show More Than Life at Stake.

In 1984 the building was entered into Wrocław's register of monuments. The façade was given a facelift in 2008. Today the Monopol Hotel has two restaurants (one Polish and the other Mediterranean), a spa and wellness club and organizes conferences and banquets. During Euro 2012 it hosted the Czech national team.

See also
Monopol Hotel, Katowice
History of Wrocław

References

External links
Monopol Hotel webpage*

Hotels in Poland
Buildings and structures in Wrocław
Art Nouveau architecture in Wrocław
Art Nouveau hotels
Hotel buildings completed in 1892

Monopol Hotel


Lights of Old Broadway is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by Monta Bell, produced by William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan Productions, and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film stars Marion Davies in a dual role and Conrad Nagel, and is an adaptation of the play The Merry Wives of Gotham by Laurence Eyre (USA). The film has color sequences using tinting, Technicolor, and the Handschiegl color process.

The play was produced on Broadway at Henry Miller's Theatre from January 16, 1924 to April 1924. Davies' role was played on the stage by actress Mary Ellis.

Plot
As described in a film magazine review, two young women, twins, whose mother dies while the family is en route from Ireland to the United States, are separated in New York City, Anne being adopted by a wealthy family and the other, Fely, by a poor family. Dirk, Anne's adopted brother, meets the poor sister, and love draws them together. The youth's family objects to his romance, but are reconciled when the poor sister saves Dirk's father from death, and the two are then wed. A subplot involves the coming of electricity to New York City.

Cast

Production
In her 21st film, Marion Davies starred as twins separated at birth. The dark-haired girl is brought up in a wealthy home, while the blonde is brought up in the tenement slums and becomes a musical-comedy star. This MGM production saw Davies in the first of three teamings with Conrad Nagel and was also the first Davies production in which Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg became involved. This was the first Davies film to use 2-strip Technicolor (which survives). The finale also includes the same hand-coloring technique (Handschiegl) that had been used in When Knighthood Was in Flower. The film was a big hit and resulted in a long-term contract with MGM.

Preservation
Prints of Lights of Old Broadway are preserved at the Library of Congress and UCLA Film and Television Archive.

See also
List of early color feature films

References

External links

1925 films
1920s color films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
American silent feature films
1925 drama films
Films set in New York (state)
Silent films in color
Silent American drama films
1920s American films

Lights of Old Broadway


Mrs. Anne Turner (5 January 1576 – 15 November 1615), aka Mistress Anne Turner, was the widow of a respectable London doctor who was hanged at Tyburn for her role in the famous 1613 poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury referenced in the plays A New Trick to Cheat the Devil, The Widow, The World Tossed at Tennis and The City Nightcap.

Background
She was born Anne Norton on 5 January 1576, one of six children to Thomas and Margaret Norton of Hinxton, Cambridgeshire. Later, as her reputation came in question, rumours spread that she was an illegitimate child of the disreputable London apothecary and astrologer named Simon Forman. Also considered to be a "beautiful" woman, she married a physician, Dr. George Turner, who died in 1610, and became the mistress of Sir Arthur Mainwaring. At some point she had become a "waiting woman" or "companion" of Frances Howard.

It seems that at this time that Howard had fallen in love with the king's favourite, Robert Carr and they soon began an exchange of romantic correspondence. Howard was married at the time to the Earl of Essex, and at his instance was obliged to travel back with him after his return from France to his house at Chartley in Staffordshire. There she persisted in a refusal to sleep with her husband, perhaps hoping to have the marriage annulled on the grounds of non-consummation.

Whilst Carr may have been satisfied with this state of affairs, Frances wished to marry him. However, Carr's mentor, Sir Thomas Overbury disapproved of the match, which was an impediment to Frances Howard's hopes. Her uncle, Sir Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton and her ally Mrs Turner seem to have conspired to get Overbury discredited.

The Overbury murder
Overbury was arrested, apparently on trumped up charges. Frances Howard would seemingly benefit from his death, which would remove the most serious opposition to her marriage with Robert Carr.

A widow and outwardly respectable, Mrs Turner was an independent businesswoman who ran  "houses of ill-repute" at Paternoster Row and Hammersmith, where couples could meet for sexual liaisons. She ran a lucrative monopoly in the supply of a saffron-based starch, used to colour collars and ruffs, a fashion at the time. Mrs Turner was therefore well connected with both the court and the less savoury sections of London society.

She was thus able to put Howard in touch with Forman to provide love potions for Carr and a range of poisons, including arsenic, cantharides and sublimate of mercury for Overbury from another apothecary named Franklin. These poisons were then included in a selection of tarts and jellies which were delivered to gaoler Richard Weston. They were then left with the Lieutenant of the Tower, Sir Gervase Helwys, before they were eaten by Overbury, who died as a result in September 1613.

A few weeks later Howard's marriage was annulled and she was able to marry Carr.

Trial and execution
Two years later, after Overbury's murder came to light, Turner, Helwys and all the other accomplices in the crime were put on trial, the hearings being overseen by Sir Edward Coke, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and the king's Attorney General, Sir Francis Bacon.

With overwhelming evidence against her, Turner confessed to her role in the crime. In passing sentence Chief Justice Coke referred to her as "a whore, a bawd, a sorcerer, a witch, a papist, a felon and a murderer". He also ordered her to be hanged in the fashionable starched ruffles she had invented "so that the same might end in shame and detestation".

Turner was hanged at Tyburn on 15 November 1615. Her hangman, not by coincidence, also wore "bands and cuffs of the same colour." Yellow starch then went out of fashion. Her body was taken by cart to St Martin-in-the-Fields church for burial.

Turner reportedly left behind three illegitimate children she had with Mainwaring.

A witness John Castle described his response to the execution, "I saw Mrs Turner die. If detestation of painted pride, lust, malice, powdered hair, yellow bands, and the rest of the rest of the wardrobe of court vanities; if deep sighs, tears, confessions... be signs and demonstrations of a blessed penitent, then I will tell you that this poor broken woman... now enjoys the presence of her and our Redeemer".

In fiction
Anne Turner is a character in Thomas Costain's 1942 historical novel For My Great Folly.

Jean Plaidy's novel, The Murder in the Tower, published in 1964, mentions Anne Turner as one of the characters involved in the Overbury Murder.

Anne Turner is mentioned in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter as an "especial friend" of Mistress Hibbins, a suspected witch.  The novel mentions the yellow ruffs, which Turner had supposedly taught Hibbins how to make.

Anne Turner is a character in the 1930 novel The King's Minion (also known as The Minion) by Rafael Sabatini, which is about the Overbury murder.

The relationship between Anne Turner and Frances Howard receives a sympathetic treatment in the novel A Net for Small Fishes  (2021) by Lucy Jago.

Dame Ursula Suddlechop in Sir Walter Scott's novel The Fortunes of Nigel gives an account of "poor Mistress Turner, my honoured patroness" and of Turner's involvement in, and execution for the Overbury affair. Scott provides a brief biography of Turner in a "Note to Ch. VIII, p. 123".

References

1576 births
1615 deaths
People from South Cambridgeshire District
Tower of London
English people convicted of murder
People executed by Stuart England
17th-century executions by England
People executed for murder
Executed people from Cambridgeshire
Executed English women
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
16th-century English women
17th-century English women
17th-century English people
Poisoners
People executed by the Kingdom of England by hanging
British female murderers

Anne Turner (murderer)


San Francesco d'Assisi (St Francis of Assisi) is the Roman Catholic church and adjacent convent in the town of Enna, in the region of Sicily, Italy.

History and Description
The church was erected at the site, and incorporating part of the former 14th-century Palazzo Chiaramonte. King Martin of Aragon had captured the palace from Giovanni degli Ubertis, and donated to the Conventual Franciscans, or Minorites. By 1394, they had adapted the palace into a convent and built this church with its tall bell-tower. The facade has Gothic-style windows. The interior has a single nave with three side altars on each side.

The first altarpiece on the left depicts an Adoration of the Magi by Simone de Wobreck. The apse was frescoed by Giovanni Battista Bruno with scenes from the Life of Saint Anthony of Padua. The wooden choir was built in the 17th-century. The apse painted crucifix is attributed to Pietro Ruzzolone. In the transept are a Nativity and Assumption of the Virgin painted by Francesco Ciotti. Below the church is a burial crypt.

References

16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Roman Catholic churches in Enna

San Francesco d'Assisi, Enna


Pakubuwono III (also transliterated Pakubuwana III) (1732–1788) was the third Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta). Also known as Sinuhun Paliyan Negari He was proclaimed by the Dutch as ruler of Mataram in 1749, but when the state was divided into the states of Surakarta and Yogyakarta in 1755, he was proclaimed as the first Susuhanan of Surakarta.

Notes

References
Miksic, John N. (general ed.), et al. (2006)  Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, central Java (First published: 'By the will of His Serene Highness Paku Buwono XII'. Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004)  Marshall Cavendish Editions  Singapore

Burials at Imogiri
Susuhunan of Surakarta
1732 births
1788 deaths
Indonesian royalty

Pakubuwono III


The Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages: Dutch (Flemish), French, and German.

A number of non-official, minority languages and dialects are spoken as well.

As a result of being in between Latin and Germanic Europe, and historically being split between different principalities, the nation has multiple official languages.

Official languages

Legal status
The Belgian Constitution guarantees, since the country's independence, freedom of language in the private sphere. Article 30 specifies that "the use of languages spoken in Belgium is optional; only the law can rule on this matter, and only for acts of the public authorities and for legal matters." For those public authorities, there is extensive language legislation concerning Dutch, French and German, even though the Belgian Constitution does not explicitly mention which languages enjoy official status. Article 4 divides the country into linguistic areas, which form the basis of the federal structure: "Belgium has four linguistic areas: The French-speaking area, the Dutch-speaking area, the bilingual area of Brussels Capital, and the German-speaking area."

Before the federal structure and the language legislation were gradually introduced in the later 20th century, French was generally the only language used by public authorities. For example, the Dutch version of the Constitution has enjoyed equal status to the original French one only since 1967, and the German version since 1991.

Of the inhabitants of Belgium, roughly 59% belong to the Flemish Community, 40% to the French Community, and 1% to the German-speaking Community. These figures relating to official Belgian languages include unknown numbers of immigrants and their children, who may speak a foreign language as primary language, and of Belgian regional migrants, who likely largely balance one another for native French and Dutch speakers. A large French-speaking population lives around Brussels, in Flanders, and by geography are considered part of the Flemish Community. Though the standard form of Dutch used in Belgium is almost identical to that spoken in the Netherlands, and the different dialects across the border, it is often colloquially called "Flemish".

Dutch

Dutch is the most spoken primary language of Belgium and the official language of the Flemish Community and the Flemish Region (merged to Flanders). Along with French, it is an official language of the Brussels-Capital Region. The main Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium are Brabantian, West Flemish, East Flemish, and Limburgish. All these are spoken across the border in the Netherlands as well, and West Flemish is also spoken in French Flanders. Much like English, Flemish dialects have adopted more French and other Romance vocabulary through mutual cultural exchange throughout history when compared with other Dutch dialects. As such, they are not always readily intelligible for Dutch speakers outside Flanders. Nevertheless, linguists regard these as varieties of Dutch. Words which are unique to Belgian Dutch are called belgicisms (as are words used primarily in Belgian French). The original Brabantian dialect of Brussels has been very much influenced by French. It is now spoken by a minority in the Capital region, since the primary language of most inhabitants shifted during the Francization of Brussels.

French

The second-most spoken primary (Belgian) language, used natively by approximately one third of the population, is French. It is the official language of the French Community (which, like the Flemish Community, is a political entity), the dominant language in Wallonia (having also a small German-speaking Community), as well as the Brussels-Capital Region. Almost all of the inhabitants of the Capital region speak French as either their primary language (50%) or as a lingua franca (45%). Many Flemish people also speak French as a second language. Belgian French is in most respects identical to standard, Parisian French, but differs in some points of vocabulary, pronunciation, and semantics.

German

German is the least prevalent official language in Belgium, spoken natively by less than 1% of the population. The German-speaking Community of Belgium numbers 77,000, residing in an area of Belgium that was ceded by the former German Empire as part of the Treaty of Versailles, which concluded World War I. In 1940, Nazi Germany re-annexed the region following its invasion of Belgium during World War II; after the war it was returned to Belgium.

In the Arelerland in the southern part of Belgium Luxembourgish is traditionally spoken.

Use

In national politics, politicians can freely choose to speak in any of the three official languages. In turn, the Belgian parliament provides simultaneous interpretation for those who require it to assist in communication.

Education is provided by the Communities, Dutch in the Flemish Community (Flanders and Brussels), French in the French Community (Wallonia and Brussels), German in the German-speaking community. Instruction in other languages is prohibited in government-funded schools except for foreign language subjects. However, the English language has become increasingly used in higher education.

Also all official correspondence and communication with the government (e.g. tax papers, local politics, ID/passport requests, building permits etc.) must be in the official language of the region or community. Inhabitants of a few municipalities are granted an exception to these rules.

Multilingualism
In 2006, the Université catholique de Louvain, the country's largest French-speaking university, published a report with the introduction (translated):

Within the report, professors in economics Ginsburgh and Weber further show that of Brussels' residents, 95% declared they can speak French, 59% Dutch, and 41% know the non-local English. Of those under the age of forty, 59% in Flanders declared that they could speak all three, along with 10% in Wallonia and 28% in Brussels. In each region, Belgium's third official language, German, is notably less known than those.

Non-official languages

In addition to the three official languages, others are spoken in Belgium, for instance in Wallonia, where French became dominant only relatively recently. Sometimes seen as dialects, the varieties related to French have been recognized by the French Community as separate languages (,  'regional native languages') since 1990. But there have been no significant measures to support usage of those varieties.

Romance

Walloon
Walloon is the historical language of southern Belgium, and most of the areas where French is now spoken were Walloon-speaking. It is also the traditional national language of the Walloons. Though it has been recognized since 1990, like other vernaculars in Belgium, it is spoken mainly by older people. Some younger Walloons may claim some knowledge. It is used mainly in rural regions, which have a slower rate of change. It is also used in theatre productions and other forms of literature, though not in schools.

Picard
Another language related to French, and also a historic language of the region, Picard was recognized in 1990 by the government of the French Community. Picard has been historically based in France, with speakers also in the western part of Wallonia.

Champenois
Champenois was also legally recognized in 1990. It is mainly spoken in Champagne, France, and a small part of Wallonia.

Lorrain
Like the other indigenous languages closely related to French, Lorrain was recognized in 1990. It is mainly spoken in Gaume, a part of Belgian Lorraine.

Germanic

Flemish
Flanders too has a number of dialects, but linguists regard these as varieties of Dutch rather than a separate Flemish language, with the exception of Limburgish and West Flemish. The main Dutch dialects in Belgium are Brabantian and East Flemish. Standard Dutch, as spoken in Belgium, is mostly influenced by Brabantian. There are literary traditions in both the East Flemish and West Flemish dialects.

Limburgish
Limburgish is a language spoken mainly in north-eastern Belgium and the south-eastern Netherlands, in the Belgian and Dutch provinces of Limburg. It is closely related to Dutch but has more German influences.

Luxembourgish

Luxembourgish, a Moselle Franconian language, is native to Arelerland, the eastern part of the Belgian province of Luxembourg, including the city of Arlon (Arel). Since the late 20th century, it has largely been replaced by Belgian French in recent decades, in contrast to its flourishing on the other side of the border, in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

Since 1990 this language has been recognised by the Walloon authorities as  (Franconian). It was the only non-Romance language recognized in the 1990 decree.

Marols
Marols, also known as Brusseleir, is a nearly extinct dialect spoken in Brussels, and used primarily in informal contexts. It is mostly a mixture of French and Dutch influences. Marols originated from the Brabantian dialect and gained greater French influences after the Kingdom of Belgium was established in 1830 following the Belgian Revolution. The dialect was named after the Marollen, a neighborhood in Brussels.

Yiddish
Yiddish is spoken by many among the 18,000 Jews living in Antwerp, where there is a considerable number of orthodox Jews who "maintain a largely traditional Jewish way of life...[in which] Yiddish is widely spoken even outside the homes and also by Jews who were born in Belgium."

Sign languages

LSFB
LSFB, or French Belgian Sign Language, is used primarily in Wallonia and Brussels and is related to LSF and other Francosign languages. It developed from Old Belgian Sign Language, which developed as a result of contact between Lyons Sign Language and LSF.

VGT
Like LSFB, Flemish Sign Language, or VGT, is a Francosign language descended from Old Belgian Sign Language. It is used primarily in Flanders, with five major regional dialects: West Flanders, East Flanders, Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, and Limburg. There is dialectal variation between men and women speakers due to historical developments of the language.

DGS
Unlike VGT and LSFB, DGS, or German Sign Language, is unrelated to LSF and comprises its own language family. DGS is related to PJM and Shassi. It is used primarily around the German-speaking communities of Belgium, although German and DGS are unrelated.

Indo-Aryan
Sinte Romani is spoken by many among the 10,000 Romani or Sinti living in Belgium. It has significant German influence and is not mutually intelligible with other Romani languages. The language belongs to the Northwestern Romani dialect group. The language and people are often called "Gypsies" by outsiders, a term considered to be pejorative due to its connotations of illegality and irregularity.

Main foreign languages
Since the late 20th century, Belgium has received immigrants from different areas of Europe, the Mediterranean, and North Africa. They and their descendants speak languages including  Berber (Riffian), Arabic (Maghrebi), Spanish, Turkish, Portuguese, Italian, Greek, Polish, and English.

See also
 Language legislation in Belgium

References

Footnotes

External links
 Ethnologue, Languages of the World: Belgium (non-free content)

Languages of Belgium


My Run is a 2009 documentary film directed and produced by Tim VandeSteeg and produced by Mark Castaldo.  The film chronicles Terry Hitchcock's journey of completing 75 marathons in 75 consecutive days to raise awareness for single parent families. It first screened at the Austin Film Festival on October 23, 2009.

Plot
My Run tells the true story of two journeys. The first, which began in 1984, opens the film when Terry Hitchcock's wife Sue dies of breast cancer. Only a few days later he loses his job. Suddenly, he finds himself alone with his three young children and no income.

The film follows Terry as he learns to function as a single parent, and discovers how difficult it is to maintain and nourish a strong loving family and how faith can be instrumental in strengthening your will to keep moving forward. His experience also teaches him that single parents and their children are unsung everyday heroes.

The film jumps forward to 1996, when Terry takes the first step of his "Mega-Marathon" from Minneapolis to Atlanta. He runs every day, covering the equivalent of a marathon or more for 75 consecutive days to arrive just in time for the summer Olympic Games. He runs in honor of his wife and to bring attention and a voice to the everyday heroes; the single parents and their kids.

Terry expresses in the film that he wants to let everyone know that nothing is impossible, that ordinary people can do extraordinary things and by doing so inspire others. "Every one of us can do something", Terry says, "that's what it's all about".

Production
Director/Producer Tim VandeSteeg was inspired to make this film after meeting Terry Hitchcock through a mutual contact.

Billy Bob Thornton's narration was recorded in the same studio where his group The Boxmasters records.

Critical reception
Josh Board, from Sandiego.com says "Run, don't walk, to catch this in the theatres when its released."

Accolades

References

External links

2009 films
American track and field films
American sports documentary films
2009 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films

My Run


French Sign Language (, LSF) is a sign language for deaf people. It is used in  France. There are approximately 3,506,800 people living in France who are deaf. LSF differs from American Sign Language (ASL) although there are many common signs.

History
Sign languages have existed in many places in the past. They came about naturally with deaf people and their relatives. But sign languages have existed among hearing peoples also. They were used by hunters to silently communicate around game animals. Native American peoples had a sign language that could be understood by Native Americans speaking as many as 40 different languages. Christian monks used sign language while living under code of silence. Factory workers and others in extremely noisy places use sign languages.

Charles-Michel de l'Épée is considered the father of sign language. In 1771 he started the first free school for the deaf in Paris. He took in deaf students from many different places. Some came from Martha's Vineyard in the United States. There was a good deal of hereditary deafness there and the residents adopted their own sign language. Many came who used a local sign language. L'Épée combined all these into a standard sign language. His sign language eventually developed into the French Sign Language and is widely used all over Europe.

References

Sign languages
French language

French Sign Language


Tedi Papavrami, (born 13 May 1971) is an Albanian professional violinist.

Biography
Papavrami was born in Tirana in 1971 and started to play the violin at the age of four. He studied violin with his father, well known Prof. Robert Papavrami, which impacted heavily on the artistic future of his son. At age 8 he interpreted Sarasate's "Arie Bohemienne" with the Philharmonic Orchestra of Tirana, and three years later Paganini's first violin concerto.

In September 1982, thanks to flautist Alain Marion, the French government offered him a scholarship to study at the Conservatoire de Paris under the direction of Pierre Amoyal. In 1985 he won the "International Rodolfo Lipizer Violin Competition" in Gorizia and in 1986 he won with unanimity the "First Award" of the Conservatory of Paris. In 1987 he received a degree at the Lausanne Conservatory.

Papavrami then continued his musical studies under the direction of Zino Francescatti and Viktoria Mullova. In 1992 he won the prize awarded by Sacem "George Enescu" and in 1993, the first prize and special prize in the "International Competition Sarasate" in Pamplona.

In addition to his international career as a violinist, Papavrami has appeared in Les Liaisons dangereuses, the 2003 French film made for television, playing Raphael Danceny, the music tutor to Cécile de Volanges (Leelee Sobieski). He has also become the French translator of Ismail Kadaré's literary works since the death in 2002 of Jusuf Vrioni.

Tedi Papavrami has played in Europe, South Africa, Turkey, Japan, Israel, with the Orchestra of Bologna, Bamberger Symphoniker, Orchestre de Paris, etc.. He has been guided by known orchestra directors such as K.Sanderling, C.Hogwood, A.Pappano, L.Langree, G.Varga, Z.Macal and Jean-Claude Casadesus.

In the 2000-2001 season he has performed with the Orchestre de Nice, the Orquesta Sinfonica de Galicia, the Orchestre Philharmonique de Liege, etc., and has conducted several tours in Japan with "24 capricci" of Paganini. Tedi Papavrami regularly plays chamber music with P.Bianconi, H.Sermet, M.Rubackyte, P.Meyer, E.Lesage, R.Oleg and G.Hoffman.

He has interpreted the film Provincial Chronicle (2009)

Discography
Franck & Faure, Sonates pour violin et piano (with Nelson Goerner) 2016
Prokofiev, Violin Concertos Nos. 1 Tnd 2, Sonata for solo violin with Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, Antoni Wit, Naxos,
Paganini 24 caprices (1997 recorded Theatre des Quatres saisons a Gragignan) CD-(no label name mentioned)
Ysaye's six complete sonatas for violin

External links
 Official website of Tedi Papavrami

1971 births
Living people
Albanian musicians
Albanian violinists
Musicians from Tirana
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
21st-century violinists
Lausanne Conservatory alumni

Tedi Papavrami