If Beale Street Could Talk is a 2018 American romantic drama film written and directed by Barry Jenkins and based on James Baldwin's 1974 novel of the same name. It stars an ensemble cast that includes KiKi Layne, Stephan James, Colman Domingo, Teyonah Parris, Michael Beach, Dave Franco, Diego Luna, Pedro Pascal, Ed Skrein, Brian Tyree Henry, and Regina King. The film follows a young woman who, with her family's support, seeks to clear the name of her wrongly charged lover and prove his innocence before the birth of their child.

Following the success of Jenkins' Moonlight (2016), it was announced in July 2017 that he would direct an adaptation of Baldwin's novel, from a screenplay that he wrote in 2013. Principal photography began in October 2017 in New York City and the cast was announced that month.

If Beale Street Could Talk had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018 and was theatrically released in the United States on December 14, 2018, by Annapurna Pictures. It was praised for its acting, Jenkins's screenplay and direction, cinematography, and the musical score. It was chosen by both the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the Top 10 Films of 2018. The film received numerous accolades, including Best Supporting Actress wins for King at the Academy Awards and Golden Globes. It was also nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Screenplay at the 76th Golden Globe Awards, and Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Original Score at the 91st Academy Awards.

Plot
Note: The film's structure is non-linear, but this plot summary is written in a linear fashion.

Clementine "Tish" Rivers and Alonzo "Fonny" Hunt have been friends their whole lives. They become romantically involved when they get older. In the 1970s, they struggle to find an apartment, as most New York landlords would not rent to black people. Eventually, they find a place in a warehouse being converted to loft apartments; Levy, the Jewish landlord, rents it to them at a good rate because he enjoys seeing couples who are in love, regardless of race.

That night, Tish is harassed by a man while in a mostly white grocery store. He begins to assault her, so Fonny physically throws him out of the store. A white policeman nearby, Officer Bell, attempts to arrest Fonny for it, but reluctantly lets him go when the Jewish woman who runs the grocery store vouches for them and chastises Bell for his racism.

Fonny is later arrested and accused of raping a woman named Victoria Rogers. Although nearly impossible for him to have gone from the scene of the crime to the apartment where he was arrested in the time between the rape and the arrest, the case against Fonny is considered strong due to Officer Bell's testimony. The claim is he saw Fonny fleeing the scene, and Victoria identified Fonny in a lineup as her rapist. Tish, as well as Fonny's friend Daniel Carty, were with him at the time of the rape, but it is considered an unreliable alibi due to Tish's romantic relationship with Fonny and Daniel's previous conviction for grand theft auto (he had been arrested for marijuana possession but was offered a plea for auto theft, a lesser charge at the time).

Tish visits Fonny in jail as he awaits trial and reveals to him that she is pregnant with their baby. Fonny is excited to be a father, but saddened that the birth might be while he is still behind bars. Later, Tish tells her parents, Sharon and Joseph, and sister, Ernestine, about her pregnancy. Though worried for her, Tish's family is supportive and decide to invite Fonny's family over to share the news.

Frank, Fonny's father, is excited, however, Fonny's highly religious mother declares that as the child was conceived out of wedlock, Tish and her child are damned. As Mrs. Hunt begins to leave with her daughters in disgust after Frank hits her, Sharon reminds her that she has just condemned her own grandchild, leaving her emotionally distraught as she is escorted away.

In a bar, Frank and Joseph discuss how the former is worried about paying for a child and Fonny's legal expenses, but Joseph convinces him that they will be able to provide for their grandchild the same way they provided for their own children.

Sharon travels to Victoria's native Puerto Rico to plead with her to change her testimony. She tries to convince her she mistakenly identified Fonny as her rapist, but Victoria refuses. Questioning whether Victoria could have seen her rapist's face in the dark, Victoria says the police told her to identify Fonny in a line-up, and she did so. When Sharon gently touches her, Victoria begins to scream. An elderly woman overhears the commotion and comes to take Victoria away. Discouraged by the seeming hopelessness of his case and the constant trial delays, Tish gives birth to her son without Fonny, who eventually accepts a plea deal.

Tish and their child, Alonzo Jr., visit Fonny in prison. They share dinner together from the vending machines, while looking forward to Fonny's eventual release.

Cast

Production

On July 10, 2017, it was announced that Barry Jenkins would direct an adaptation of the James Baldwin novel If Beale Street Could Talk. Jenkins wrote the screenplay during the summer of 2013, as he was writing Moonlight.

On August 29, 2017, Stephan James was set to star. In September 2017, KiKi Layne and Teyonah Parris were also added, with Layne in the female lead.

On October 18, 2017, it was reported that If Beale Street Could Talk had begun filming in New York City. That same month, Regina King, Colman Domingo, Brian Tyree Henry, Dave Franco, and Ed Skrein joined the cast of the film. Michael Beach, Finn Wittrock, Aunjanue Ellis, and Diego Luna were added in November, and in December 2017, Pedro Pascal and Emily Rios joined. In March 2018, Nicholas Britell was announced as the composer of the film's score.

Music

Release
If Beale Street Could Talk began a limited release in the United States on December 14, 2018, with an expanded release on December 25. It had previously been scheduled for November 30, 2018. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018. It also screened at the New York Film Festival on October 11, 2018, the New Orleans Film Festival on October 21, 2018, and the St. Louis International Film Festival on November 10, 2018.

Reception

Box office
If Beale Street Could Talk grossed $14.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $5.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $20.6 million.

During its opening weekend, December 14, the film made $219,174 from four theaters, for a per-venue average of $54,794, one of the best of 2018. In its second weekend, the film earned $114,902, and in its third made $759,578 from 65 theaters. In its fourth weekend, the film expanded to 335 theaters, earning $1.9 million. The next weekend, January 11, following its Golden Globe win the film expanded to 1,018 theaters and grossed $2.3 million.

Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of , based on  reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads: "If Beale Street Could Talk honors its source material with a beautifully filmed adaptation that finds director Barry Jenkins further strengthening his visual and narrative craft." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100, based on 53 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by PostTrak gave the film an 82% overall positive score and a 65% "definite recommend".

Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film an "A−", stating: "Jenkins' follow-up to Moonlight also maintains his own expressionistic aesthetic, with its lush colors and entrancing faces that speak volumes in few words, resulting in a fascinating hybrid experience — a seminal voice of the past merging with one of the present in a mesmerizing burst of creative passion." Siddhant Adlakha of /Film said the film felt "electric and alive" and specified, "The worlds these characters create — whether in the form of individual, soul-piercing stares, or moments of burning passion filmed in profile — carry with them the weight of the very history of which Tish constantly speaks."

Accolades

At the 76th Golden Globe Awards, the film was nominated for three awards: Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Supporting Actress for King, and Best Screenplay, with King winning. At the 91st Academy Awards, the film was nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Score, and Best Supporting Actress for Regina King, with King winning. At the 24th Critics' Choice Awards, the film received five nominations, including Best Picture, Best Supporting Actress for King, and Best Adapted Screenplay. Both the National Board of Review and American Film Institute included it in their top 10 films of 2018.

See also
 List of black films of the 2010s

References

External links

2018 films
2018 romantic drama films
African-American drama films
African-American romance films
American historical romance films
American nonlinear narrative films
American romantic drama films
Annapurna Pictures films
Films about capital punishment
Films about racism
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by James Baldwin
Films directed by Barry Jenkins
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in New York City
Films set in New York (state)
Films set in Puerto Rico
Plan B Entertainment films
Films scored by Nicholas Britell
Independent Spirit Award for Best Film winners
False allegations of sex crimes in fiction
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2018 independent films
American independent films
English-language independent films

If Beale Street Could Talk (film)


Contract Bridge For Beginners is a book written by Charles Goren on the rules and basic strategies of contract bridge. First published by Simon & Schuster Inc. of New York in 1953 and by Eyre & Spottiswoode of London in 1959, each has been reprinted numerous times. The book contains an introduction to the then relatively new bidding system condensed from Goren's historically significant 1947 book Point Count Bidding in Contract Bridge.

Contract Bridge for Beginners is a "competent but unimaginative text" with a bidding system that is "of little practical use today" having been superseded by more modern methods.

See also
 List of bridge books
 List of bridge magazines

References

Contract bridge books
1953 non-fiction books
Simon & Schuster books

Contract Bridge for Beginners


Dynastia Miziołków is a children's novel written by Joanna Olech, illustrated originally by Magda Jasny, and published by Egmont Media Group. It is written in Polish in the form of a diary. The main character, Miziołek, is an adolescent.

The book won the 1995 Kornel Makuszyński prize and the 1996 Children's Bestseller of the Year prize.

The book was originally published serially in Świat Młodych magazine in 1993 with Jasny's illustrations. It was republished in color by Egmont as a series of small booklets with illustrations by the author in 1994. It was quickly noticed by readers and critics and the book received the Kornel Makuszyński prize. Next year it was awarded in the competition for Children's Bestseller of the Year. It was later published by the publisher Plac Słoneczny with illustrations by Paweł Pawlak. It has since been reprinted in Polish textbooks, including those by WSiP and OWN. A braille version has also been published.

The latest edition of the book was published in 2009 by Egmont.

The author also wrote a sequel, Trudne słówka (Difficult Words), in 2002, published by Egmont.

Characters
Miziołek - The protagonist
Mamiszon - Miziołek's mother
Papiszon - Miziołek's father
Kaszydło and Mały Potwór - Miziołek's sisters

References

1993 novels
Polish children's novels
Fictional diaries
20th-century Polish novels
1993 children's books
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in children's magazines

Dynastia Miziołków


ACID is a concept used with databases. It is the way some databases keep their data true and meaningful. Not all databases use the concept of ACID, but relational databases usually do.

ACID is an abbreviation. It stands for
Atomicity - A change to the data in the database is either done completely, or not done at all. The process of doing it is not visible to users of the database. Users (people and programs) only see the result.
Consistency - A database can have rules about its data. Consistency means that the data always follows those rules. When a transaction (a change in the data) occurs, it can not break the rules. Rules are usually about integrity, such as what is allowed and what is not allowed in certain locations of the database.
Isolation - There can be more than one transaction occurring at the same time. Isolation means that one transaction can only see the changes of another transaction at the right time. Sometimes isolation means that transactions happening at the same time would do the same thing if they were done one after another.
Durability - When a transaction is done, if the result is unwanted it can be rolled back, which means it is made to go away as if it never happened. If the result of a transaction is still wanted, it can be committed, which makes the change permanent. After a transaction is committed, the change it made will still be there even if the database is shut down.

References
Database modeling

ACID


Stuck Between Stations is a 2011 romantic drama film, directed by Brady Kiernan from a script by Nat Bennett and Sam Rosen. The film tells a coming-of-age story about former high school classmates reunited by chance during a chaotic party-filled evening.

Stuck Between Stations premiered as an official selection of the Viewpoints section at the SVA Theater at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival in New York City, New York, U.S.A. A NYC theatrical release was slated in November 2011.

Plot
A decade after they graduated from high school and went their separate ways, Casper (Sam Rosen), a soldier haunted by the horrors of war, and Rebecca (Zoe Lister Jones), a whip-smart graduate student with a shaky future, reunite by chance and get to know each other over the course of an accidental tour of the little-known underbelly of Minneapolis. The evening's odyssey includes a bar fight, a house party, a punk-rock circus, a spontaneous burglary, a home Casper did not know he had, and a cast of strange characters, unexpected allies and disappointing friends.

Cast
Sam Rosen as Casper, a young soldier on bereavement leave  from a tour in Afghanistan for the funeral of his hippie-ish father.
Zoe Lister Jones as 'Becky' Rebecca, graduate student of comparative literature and Casper's high school crush.
Josh Hartnett as Paddy, a neck-tattooed sort-of-anarchist leader of a bicycle gang and  frenemy of Casper's.
Michael Imperioli as David, a college professor of dubious moral substance and Becky's lover and PhD advisor.
Nadia Dajani as Sheila, the head of Becky's comparative literature department and David's possessive wife.

Production
Stuck Between Stations is produced by Spencer Kiernan and Todd Cobery for RKB Pictures. The film was shot mainly in Minneapolis. Principal photography began on October 2, 2009.

It was the 2009 indie thriller Four Boxes through one of the actors of the film, Sam Rosen, that led Brady Kiernan to directing Stuck Between Stations. Rosen and his writing partner, Nat Bennett, were working on the screenplay for Stuck Between Stations and in March 2009 submitted it to Kiernan.

Stuck Between Stations is named after the opening track of The Hold Steady's Boys and Girls in America album. "The title [of the film] is mostly a reference to the spirit of the song," Kiernan revealed in a 2009 interview. "This film is about those nights that we've all had where you meet someone, spend the whole night with them and start to maybe fall in love."

On June 7, 2010 the Independent Feature Project (IFP), America's oldest and largest organization of independent filmmakers, announced that Stuck Between Stations was one of the ten projects selected for participation in its 2010's narrative edition of their prestigious Independent Filmmaker Labs. The Independent Filmmaker Labs are a highly immersive free mentorship program for low-budget (< $1,000,000) first feature films which have shot all or a substantial amount of footage for their features but have not completed post-production. This program is supported by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences, Hollywood Foreign Press Association, New York City Department of Cultural Affairs, New York State Council for the Arts, Newman's Own Foundation, SAGIndie and Time Warner. Lab partners include 92YTribeca, The Adrienne Shelly Foundation, BMI, Filmmaker Magazine, Deluxe Post New York, Rooftop Films, and The Workbook Project.

Release

Festival screenings

Theatrical Release
Stuck Between Stations made its New York theatrical premiere at Brooklyn's ReRun Theater with a week-long run, starting November 4, 2011 to November 10, 2011. The film was also released in Minneapolis on December 16, 2011 at St. Anthony Main Theater and in Portland on February 17, 2012 at the Hollywood Theater. The film was made available on DVD and Video-On-Demand through Lionsgate on March 13, 2012.

References

External links

Films set in Minnesota
American independent films
2011 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
Films shot in Minnesota
Films shot in New York (state)
2011 independent films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language romantic drama films

Stuck Between Stations


The term "Deep South" refers to the lower states in the Southern United States. It is also part of the "Bible Belt". The core states of the Deep South are Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina and Georgia. North Florida, East Texas and South Tennessee are often included as part of the "Deep South". These states are racially diverse, where African Americans and White Americans form a majority or plurality in many areas. These states are generally socially conservative. They relied heavily on plantation farming with slaves in the pre-Civil War era. Politically they are labelled as "Red States", because the people largely vote for the Republican Party, which is socially conservative and right-wing.

American culture
Politics of the United States
Regions of the United States

Deep South


Kumar Gaurav (born Manoj Tuli; 11 July 1956) is an Indian businessman and former actor who worked in Hindi cinema. Son of actor Rajendra Kumar, Gaurav has appeared in several films such as Love Story, Teri Kasam, Star, Naam and Kaante.

Early and personal life
Kumar Gaurav was born as Manoj Tuli. He is a son of actor Rajendra Kumar and Shukla (from Behl family of Hindi films). In 1984 after 2 years of dating, he married Namrata Dutt (1962) who is a sister of Sanjay Dutt and daughter of Sunil Dutt and actress Nargis. They have two daughters, Saachi Kumar who is married to producer Kamal Amrohi's grandson Bilal Amrohi and Siya Kumar who is married to Aditya.

Brothers of Kumar's mother Shukla, are director Ramesh Behl and director Shyam Behl. His cousins are Shyam's children actor Ravi Behl and actress Geeta Behl as well as Ramesh's son Goldie Behl.

Career
He made his film debut opposite fellow debutante actress Vijayta Pandit with Love Story (1981) which was produced by his father who also starred alongside him in the film. This film played at the box office for a long period of time; not only for its innovative story, but also its memorable music by Rahul Dev Burman and the fresh leading debutants. Many youngsters began to emulate his character in the film, directed by Rahul Rawail. His next film, the 1982 release Teri Kasam with actress Poonam Dhillon was an average grosser. That same year he starred in the musical Star which failed to do well but its music was popular.

In 1985, he starred in Mahesh Bhatt's television film Janam. His understated performance in this film is still considered his career's best. In the following year he had his second box office hit with Naam (1986), again a Mahesh Bhatt film which was produced by his father and also starred his brother-in-law Sanjay Dutt in the lead role. Despite the success of Naam, Gaurav's career declined as all of his subsequent films failed to do well at the box office.

Having produced his earlier films Janam and Naam, his father tried to revive his career with the 1993 film Phool which had him paired with actress Madhuri Dixit. The film also had his father and father-in-law Sunil Dutt in supporting roles.  He then took a long break from acting and only had two delayed films releasing in 1996. In 1999, he made appearances in a few television series.

In 2000, he was seen again on the big screen in the delayed release Gang which had been in production for nearly a decade due to director Mazhar Khan's ill health. In 2002, he played one of the six protagonists in the crime thriller Kaante, directed by Sanjay Gupta and a remake of the American cult hit Reservoir Dogs (1992). Kaante was the third-highest-grossing film of 2002. Kaante remains his last Bollywood film to date.

In 2004, he appeared in his first American film, Guiana 1838, directed by Rohit Jagessar. The film tells the story of Indians arriving in the British colony of British Guiana (present-day Guyana) as indentured laborers amidst the abolition of slavery during the nineteenth century.

In 2006, he starred in the silent film My Daddy Strongest which remains his last acting role to date. He now runs a construction company.

Filmography

Television

Sikandar (1999)
Chocolate (1999)
Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai (Season 1) (2002) .

Dubbing roles

Live action films

See also
 List of Hindi film families

References

External links

Living people
Indian male television actors
Indian male film actors
Indian male voice actors
Male actors in Hindi cinema
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Place of birth missing (living people)
1960 births

Kumar Gaurav (actor)


Annin & Smith (c. 1818-1837) was an engraving firm in Boston, Massachusetts, in the 19th century, established by William B. Annin and George Girdler Smith. The firm kept offices on Court Street and Cornhill.

References

Further reading

Works with engravings by Annin & Smith
 Jacob Bigelow. American medical botany: being a collection of the native medicinal plants of the United States. Boston: Cummings and Hilliard, 1817-1820. 3 volumes.
 John Locke, James Edward Smith. Outlines of botany: taken chiefly from Smith's Introduction; containing an explanation of botanical terms and an illustration of the system of Linnaeus. Also some account of natural orders, and the anatomy and physiology of vegetables; Illustrated by engravings. For the use of schools and students. Boston: Published by Cummings and Hilliard, 1819.
 Walter Scott. Tales of my landlord. Boston: Samuel H. Parker, no. 12, Cornhill, 1821. Drawn by William Allan.
 William Tudor. The life of James Otis of Massachusetts: containing also, notices of some contemporary characters and events from the year 1760 to 1775. Boston: Wells and Lilly, Court Street, 1823.
 Penmanship or the Beauties of Writing Exemplified in a Variety of Specimens Practical and ornamental, 4th ed. Boston: 1829.
 Asher Benjamin. The practical house carpenter: Being a complete development of the Grecian orders of architecture, methodised and arranged in such a simple, plain, and comprehensive manner, as to be easily understood... Boston: Published by the author, R.P. & C. Williams, and Annin & Smith, 1830. Reprint of 3rd ed. (1832)
 Boston writing copies. Boston: Carter and Hendee, corner of Washington and School Streets, 1833. Drawn by Barnabas Whitney.

Works about Annin & Smith
 Review of Bigelow's American Medical Botany, v.1 part 2, and v.2 part 1 (Boston: Cummings & Hillard, 1819). The North-American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, Vol. 9, No. 24 (June 1819), pp. 23–26.

Image gallery
Engravings by Annin & Smith

External links

 Boston Athenaeum. Works by Annin & Smith.

See also
 George Girdler Smith

1818 establishments in Massachusetts
19th century in Boston
Economic history of Boston
Cultural history of Boston
Financial District, Boston
American companies disestablished in 1837
American companies established in 1818
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1837
Manufacturing companies established in 1818
Manufacturing companies based in Boston
Engraving

Annin & Smith


The Tonelli–Shanks algorithm (referred to by Shanks as the RESSOL algorithm) is used in modular arithmetic to solve for r in a congruence of the form r2 ≡ n (mod p), where p is a prime: that is, to find a square root of n modulo p.

Tonelli–Shanks cannot be used for composite moduli: finding square roots modulo composite numbers is a computational problem equivalent to integer factorization.

An equivalent, but slightly more redundant version of this algorithm was developed by
Alberto Tonelli
in 1891. The version discussed here was developed independently by Daniel Shanks in 1973, who explained:

My tardiness in learning of these historical references was because I had lent Volume 1 of Dickson's History to a friend and it was never returned.

According to Dickson, Tonelli's algorithm can take square roots of x modulo prime powers pλ apart from primes.

Core ideas

Given a non-zero  and a prime  (which will always be odd), Euler's criterion tells us that  has a square root (i.e.,  is a quadratic residue) if and only if:

.

In contrast, if a number  has no square root (is a non-residue), Euler's criterion tells us that:

.

It is not hard to find such , because half of the integers between 1 and  have this property.  So we assume that we have access to such a non-residue.

By (normally) dividing by 2 repeatedly, we can write  as , where  is odd.  Note that if we try

,

then .  If , then  is a square root of .  Otherwise, for , we have  and  satisfying:

 ; and
  is a -th root of 1 (because ).

If, given a choice of  and  for a particular  satisfying the above (where  is not a square root of ), we can easily calculate another  and  for  such that the above relations hold, then we can repeat this until  becomes a -th root of 1, i.e., .  At that point  is a square root of .

We can check whether  is a -th root of 1 by squaring it  times and check whether it is 1.  If it is, then we do not need to do anything, as the same choice of  and  works.  But if it is not,  must be -1 (because squaring it gives 1, and there can only be two square roots 1 and -1 of 1 modulo ).

To find a new pair of  and , we can multiply  by a factor , to be determined.  Then  must be multiplied by a factor  to keep .  So, when  is -1, we need to find a factor  so that  is a -th root of 1, or equivalently  is a -th root of -1.

The trick here is to make use of , the known non-residue.  The Euler's criterion applied to  shown above says that  is a -th root of -1.  So by squaring  repeatedly, we have access to a sequence of -th root of -1.  We can select the right one to serve as .  With a little bit of variable maintenance and trivial case compression, the algorithm below emerges naturally.

The algorithm
Operations and comparisons on elements of the multiplicative group of integers modulo p  are implicitly mod p.

Inputs:
 p, a prime
 n, an element of  such that solutions to the congruence r2 = n exist; when this is so we say that n is a quadratic residue mod p.

Outputs:
 r in  such that r2 = n
Algorithm:
 By factoring out powers of 2, find Q and S such that  with Q odd
 Search for a z  in  which is a quadratic non-residue
 Half of the elements in the set will be quadratic non-residues
 Candidates can be tested with Euler's criterion or by finding the Jacobi symbol
 Let

 Loop:
 If t = 0, return r = 0
 If t = 1, return r = R
 Otherwise, use repeated squaring to find the least i, 0 < i < M, such that
 Let , and set

Once you have solved the congruence with r the second solution is . If the least i such that  is M, then no solution to the congruence exists, i.e. n is not a quadratic residue.

This is most useful when p ≡ 1 (mod 4).

For primes such that p ≡ 3 (mod 4), this problem has possible solutions . If these satisfy , they are the only solutions. If not, , n is a quadratic non-residue, and there are no solutions.

Proof

We can show that at the start of each iteration of the loop the following  loop invariants hold:

Initially:

  (since z is a quadratic nonresidue, per Euler's criterion)
  (since n is a quadratic residue)

At each iteration, with M' , c' , t' , R'  the new values replacing M, c, t, R:

  since we have that  but  (i is the least value such that )

From  and the test against t = 1 at the start of the loop, we see that we will always find an i in 0 < i < M such that . M is strictly smaller on each iteration, and thus the algorithm is guaranteed to halt. When we hit the condition t = 1 and halt, the last loop invariant implies that R2 = n.

Order of t

We can alternately express the loop invariants using the order of the elements:

  as before

Each step of the algorithm moves t into a smaller subgroup by measuring the exact order of t and multiplying it by an element of the same order.

Example
Solving the congruence r2 ≡ 5 (mod 41). 41 is prime as required and 41 ≡ 1 (mod 4). 5 is a quadratic residue by Euler's criterion:  (as before, operations in  are implicitly mod 41).

  so ,
 Find a value for z:
 , so 2 is a quadratic residue by Euler's criterion.
 , so 3 is a quadratic nonresidue: set
 Set

 Loop:
 First iteration:
 , so we're not finished
 ,  so

 Second iteration:
 , so we're still not finished
  so

 Third iteration:
 , and we are finished; return

Indeed, 282 ≡ 5 (mod 41) and (−28)2 ≡ 132 ≡ 5 (mod 41). So the algorithm yields the two solutions to our congruence.

Speed of the algorithm
The Tonelli–Shanks algorithm requires (on average over all possible input (quadratic residues and quadratic nonresidues))

modular multiplications, where  is the number of digits in the binary representation of  and  is the number of ones in the binary representation of . If the required quadratic nonresidue  is to be found by checking if a randomly taken number  is a quadratic nonresidue, it requires (on average)  computations of the Legendre symbol. The average of two computations of the Legendre symbol are explained as follows:  is a quadratic residue with chance , which is smaller than  but , so we will on average need to check if a  is a quadratic residue two times.

This shows essentially that the Tonelli–Shanks algorithm works very well if the modulus  is random, that is, if  is not particularly large with respect to the number of digits in the binary representation of . As written above, Cipolla's algorithm works better than Tonelli–Shanks if (and only if) .
However, if one instead uses Sutherland's algorithm to perform the discrete logarithm computation in the 2-Sylow subgroup of , one may replace  with an expression that is asymptotically bounded by .  Explicitly, one computes  such that  and then  satisfies  (note that  is a multiple of 2 because  is a quadratic residue).

The algorithm requires us to find a quadratic nonresidue . There is no known deterministic algorithm that runs in polynomial time for finding such a . However, if the generalized Riemann hypothesis is true, there exists a quadratic nonresidue , making it possible to check every  up to that limit and find a suitable  within polynomial time. Keep in mind, however, that this is a worst-case scenario; in general,  is found in on average 2 trials as stated above.

Uses
The Tonelli–Shanks algorithm can (naturally) be used for any process in which square roots modulo a prime are necessary. For example, it can be used for finding points on elliptic curves. It is also useful for the computations in the Rabin cryptosystem and in the sieving step of the quadratic sieve.

Generalizations
Tonelli–Shanks can be generalized to any cyclic group (instead of ) and to kth roots for arbitrary integer k, in particular to taking the kth root of an element of a finite field.

If many square-roots must be done in the same cyclic group and S is not too large, a table of square-roots of the elements of 2-power order can be prepared in advance and the algorithm simplified and sped up as follows.
 Factor out powers of 2 from p − 1, defining Q and S as:  with Q odd.
 Let
 Find  from the table such that  and set
return R.

Tonelli's algorithm will work on mod p^k

According to Dickson's "Theory of Numbers"

A. Tonelli gave an explicit formula for the roots of

The Dickson reference shows the following formula for the square root of .

when , or  (s must be 2 for this equation) and  such that
for  then
 where

Noting that  and noting that  then

To take another example:  and

Dickson also attributes the following equation to Tonelli:

 where  and ;

Using  and using the modulus of  the math follows:

First, find the modular square root mod  which can be done by the regular Tonelli algorithm:

 and thus

And applying Tonelli's equation (see above):

Dickson's reference clearly shows that Tonelli's algorithm works on moduli of .

Notes

References

 Daniel Shanks. Five Number Theoretic Algorithms. Proceedings of the Second Manitoba Conference on Numerical Mathematics. Pp. 51–70. 1973.
 Alberto Tonelli, Bemerkung über die Auflösung quadratischer Congruenzen. Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-Augusts-Universität zu Göttingen. Pp. 344–346. 1891.
Gagan Tara Nanda - Mathematics 115: The RESSOL Algorithm
Gonzalo Tornaria

Modular arithmetic
Number theoretic algorithms
Articles containing proofs

Tonelli–Shanks algorithm


A fountain pen is a pen which has a nib and a reservoir of ink.

The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib.The ink travels by a combination of gravity and capillary action. The nib is the part of the pen that writes on the paper. Different shapes and styles of nibs can change the amount of ink distributed and the thickness of your writing line. Most fountain pens have replaceable nibs. They can come in many different materials and styles and are ranked from extra-fine to extra broad.

Filling the reservoir with ink may be done manually, by a Pasteur pipette (eyedropper) or syringe. However, usually it is done by an internal filling mechanism which creates suction. A piston mechanism or a vacuum transfers ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens have removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges.

Nibs
According to Mathur "the modern fountain pen nib may be traced back to the original gold nib which had a tiny fragment of ruby attached to form the wear-point". Nibs tipped with platinum group alloys such as iridium have been used since the 1830s. Today, the main part of the nib are usually made of stainless steel and/or gold  The most popular gold content is 14 carat (58⅓%) and 18 carat (75%). The idea is that the nib should be flexible yet firm, and the tip extremely hard-wearing.

Ink reservoir
Until the early 20th century, the ink in a fountain pen was kept directly in the barrel. The slim barrels were made of hard rubber, which came in two colours, black and red. Ink was put in these barrels with an eye-dropper. To do this, the user had to take off the nib section, put the ink in and replace the nib section. This operation required a quiet secluded place, which some people might not have.

In 1907, Walter A. Sheaffer patented the lever filler. This used a hinged lever set into the pen barrel which pressed down onto a bar which in turn compressed a rubber sac inside, creating a vacuum which pulled ink into the pen. This could be done without removing the nib section.

Introduced in 1912, this innovation was rapidly imitated by the other major pen makers. Parker introduced the button filler, which had a button hidden beneath a blind cap on the end of the barrel. When pressed, it acted on a pressure bar inside to depress the ink sac. Many other firms used a lever set flat along the barrel, which, when pulled, squeezed the rubber sac. It was the rubber sac which made all the difference between the founain pens of the 19th century and those of the 20th century. Other firms used a screw mechanism at the top end of the pen to squeeze the rubber sac.

References

Writing tools

Fountain pen


Cypriano Ferrandini (1823 – December 20, 1910) was a barber from Corsica who emigrated to the United States, and established himself as the long-time barber and hairdresser in the basement of Barnum's Hotel, in Baltimore, Maryland. There he practiced his trade from the mid-1850s to his retirement long after the close of the Civil War. He was accused, but never indicted for plotting to assassinate U.S. President-elect Abraham Lincoln on February 23, 1861, and while once caught in a secessionist dragnet in 1862, was never prosecuted for his pro-Southern convictions and membership in the Knights of the Golden Circle.

On the nights of February 21 and 22, 1861, Allan Pinkerton and Frederick Seward warned Lincoln that he ought not to appear in public in Baltimore as scheduled because plans were afoot to assassinate him. Lincoln chose to heed the warning, donned a disguise of a soft cap, and passed through Baltimore unseen and unheralded on the night of the 22nd, leaving Mrs. Lincoln and the children to face the crowd awaiting his arrival from Harrisburg the following day, February 23, 1861.

Role in alleged conspiracy
There is disagreement among historians as to whether a plot to assassinate Lincoln in Baltimore actually existed and Ferrandini's role in such a plot. John Thomas Scharf argued that there was no credible evidence of a plot and no one was ever arrested for even contemplating one, although many other citizens were thrown into jail without benefit of habeas corpus while William Evitts, in A Matter of Allegiances,  argued in favor of there being such a plot based on the papers of Allan Pinkerton which The Huntington Library acquired, and which Norma B. Cuthbert edited for publication in 1949.

The only purported contemporary account of Pinkerton is the transcript of his 1861 journal. Pinkerton's account relies upon one agent and two sources to document Cypriano Ferrandini as the leader of the assassination plot. His agent met with Cypriano and reported the extent of the plot.  In Spy of the Rebellion (1883), Pinkerton asserts that in addition to his spy Howard, he also met with Captain Ferrandini (whom he calls Fernandina), at Guy's Monument Hotel. At Guy's, Pinkerton reports that "Fernandina cordially grasped my hand, and we all retired to a private saloon, where after ordering the necessary drinks and cigars, the conversation" turned to the assassination and Ferrandini was asked "Are there no other means of saving the South except by assassination?"  "No replied Fernandina, ... He must die – and die he shall, And, ... if necessary, we will die together."  To illustrate his story, Pinkerton included a drawing of himself seated at a table with Ferrandini standing, hand upraised as if clutching a dagger. Pinkerton later began to doubt Ferrandi's boast.

Eighteen days before the alleged timing of the terrorist attack on Lincoln, Cypriano Ferrandini appeared before a Congressional Committee  investigating rumors that efforts would be made to prevent the President-elect from reaching his inaugural, or if he did manage to get to Washington, seriously disrupt the ceremonies. The committee had been formed at the end of January when the Union appeared to be rapidly dissolving. Ferrandini told the committee the following February that he made his secessionists views very clear and had no problems admitting that he was engaged in applying his military training to a group dedicated to preventing the "Northern Volunteers" from  passing through Maryland.

See also

Baltimore Plot
American Civil War spies
Allan Pinkerton
John Wilkes Booth
Ward Hill Lamon
George Proctor Kane
Hattie Lawton

Notes
Cuthbert, Norma Barrett (ed.). Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot, 1861. (1949). Note that the factual content of this entry is based upon the on line biography by Dr. Edward C. Papenfuse at the Maryland State Archives web site: http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/014400/014473/html/14473bio.html.
Evitts, William J., A Matter of Allegiances- Maryland from 1850-1861(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1974). Professor Evitts assessment of Ferrandini has been strengthened by Michael J. Kline, The Baltimore Plot. The First Conspiracy to Assassinate Abraham Lincoln (Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing, LLC, 2008).
Pinkerton, A. (1883). The Spy of the Rebellion; being a true history of the spy system of the United States Army during the late rebellion. Revealing many secrets of the war hitherto not made public. Comp. from official reports prepared for President Lincoln, General McClellan and the provost-marshal-general. New York, G.W. Carleton & Co.
United States. Congress. House. Select committee of five, appointed January 9, 1861 (1865). See: https://archive.org/details/allegedhostileor00unit

References

1823 births
1910 deaths
19th-century American people
American people of Corsican descent
French emigrants to the United States
People from Corsica
Lincoln assassination conspirators
Failed assassins of presidents of the United States
Baltimore Plot
People of Maryland in the American Civil War
American failed assassins
People from Baltimore

Cipriano Ferrandini


Woodbridge Town Football Club is a football club based in Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. They are currently members of the  and play at Notcutts Park.

History
Woodbridge Town F.C. was formed at a meeting held on 23 July 1885, and the first match was played between the club's own members on a pitch at Farlingaye Hall. The club's first match, against St Helens of Ipswich, resulted in a 10–0 victory. The Suffolk County Football Association was formed in the same year, and the club were a founder member, as well as winning the first Suffolk Senior Cup by beating Ipswich Town 3–1 in the final at Portman Road.

In 1908–09 they won the Junior Cup by beating RFA Ipswich 2–1, and in 1912–13 were champions of the Ipswich and District League's Senior Division. They won the Junior Cup again in 1927, beating Southwold Town 4–2. In 1929 they reached the final of the Senior Cup, but lost 5–0 to Ipswich Town

The club struggled to find a permanent home, and played at five different grounds during the 1950s and 1960s. They won Division One of the Ipswich and District League and the Junior Cup in 1970–71. In 1977–78 they won the Senior Cup, beating Cranes 2–1.

They were relegated in 1982–83, but returned to the Senior Division as Division One champions in 1986–87, also winning the Junior Cup. They won the Senior Division in 1988–89 (by which time it had become the Suffolk & Ipswich League), and were promoted to the newly established Division One of the Eastern Counties League. In 1990 the club bought a new ground to replace Kingston Field, and the opening game in October saw a crowd of around 3,000 attend for a friendly against Arsenal.

In 1993 the club won the Senior Cup again, beating Stonham Aspal 5–2. The following season the club retained the cup, beating Saxmundham Sports 4–0, as well as finishing second in Division One and earning promotion to the Premier Division. In the same season they also won the Harwich Charity Cup and the Churchman Cup, as well as becoming the first Division One side to win the League Cup by beating Chatteris Town 2–0 in the final.

In 1998 the club won the League Cup again, beating Warboys Town 4–2 in the final. In 1998–99 they reached the quarter-finals of the FA Vase, attracting a record crowd for a competitive match (1,051) to the game against Thame United, which was lost 2–0 after extra time

Between 2004 and 2007 the team was managed by former Ipswich Town midfielder Mick Stockwell.

Honours
Eastern Counties League
Division One champions 2017–18
League Cup winners 1993–94, 1997–98
Suffolk & Ipswich League
Senior Division champions 1912–13, 1988–89
Division One champions 1986–87, 1970–71
League Cup winners 1979
Suffolk Senior Cup
Winners 1886, 1978, 1993, 1994, 2018
Suffolk Junior Cup
Winners 1909, 1927, 1971, 1987

Records
Attendance: 3,000 vs Arsenal, friendly match, 2 October 1990

References

External links
Club website

Association football clubs established in 1885
Eastern Counties Football League
Football clubs in Suffolk
1885 establishments in England
Woodbridge, Suffolk
Football clubs in England

Woodbridge Town F.C.


Wesley "Wes" Archer (born November 26, 1961) is a television animation director. He was one of the original three animators (along with David Silverman and Bill Kopp) on The Simpsons' Tracey Ullman shorts and subsequently directed a number of Simpsons episodes before becoming supervising director at King of the Hill for many years. Archer's college animation movie, "Jac Mac and Rad Boy, Go!" has long been a cult classic after receiving repeated airplay on USA Network's Night Flight in the 1980s. He studied at the movie Graphics/Experimental Animation Program at CalArts.

Other websites

 About Was Archer

American animators
1961 births
Living people

Wes Archer


Equilibrium constant is a mathematical quantity which expresses the relationship between products and reactants of a reaction at equilibrium with respect to a specific unit. In other words, equilibrium constant is the reaction quotient of a chemical reaction at chemical equilibrium. The equilibrium constant can help us to understand whether the reaction tends to have a higher concentration of products or reactants at equilibrium. We can also use to Equilibrium constant determine if the reaction is already at equilibrium.

There are several different types of equilibrium constants that provide relationships between the products and the reactants of a chemical reaction at chemical equilibrium in terms of different units. Dissociation constants can be used as an example.

Equilibrium constant of a reaction
For a general chemical equilibrium

the equilibrium constant can be defined by

where {A} is the activity of the chemical species A, etc. (activity is a dimensionless quantity). It is conventional to put the activities of the products in the numerator and those of the reactants in the denominator.

For equilibria in solution, activity is the product of concentration and activity coefficient. Most chemists determine equilibrium constants in a solution with a high ionic strength. In high strength solutions, the quotient of activity coefficients changes very little. So, the equilibrium constant is defined as a concentration quotient:

However, the value of Kc will depend on the ionic strength. (The square brackets mean the concentration of A, B and so on.)

This is a simple idea.  In an equilibrium, atoms can combine or break apart because the reaction can work in both directions.  For the reaction to work, all of the parts must be present to combine.  This is more likely to happen if the reactants have a higher concentration.  So, the concentrations of all the necessary pieces are multiplied together to get the probability that they will be in the same place for the reaction.  (If the reaction requires two molecules of a particular compound, then the concentration of that compound is squared.)  Going the other way, all of the concentrations of those necessary pieces are multiplied together to get the probability that they will be in the same place to react in the opposite direction.  The ratio between those two numbers represents how popular each side of the reaction will be when equilibrium is reached. An equilibrium constant of 1 means that both sides are equally popular. Chemists perform experiments to measure the equilibrium constant of various reactions.

There is a relation between Gibbs free energy () and Equilibrium constant which is,

Here,  is the universal gas constant and  is the temperature.

Relation between  and

From ideal gas law, we know that,

Or,

So, concentration (as, concentration ),

Here,  is pressure,  is volume,  is the number of moles of gas,  is the universal gas constant and  is the temperature.
So,

Or,

Here,  is the partial pressure of .

If,

Then,

Here,  is the equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure.

In this same process,

For the reaction above,

So, the relation between  and  is,

Here,  the number of moles of gas on the product side minus the number of moles of gas on the reactant side in the balanced reaction

Other websites
 Science Aid: Equilibrium Constants Explanation of Kc and Kp for High School level
 Derivation intuition

References

Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry

Equilibrium constant


Laurence Whiteley  (born 29 August 1991) is a British parasport rower. He won gold with Lauren Rowles in the trunk-arms mixed double sculls (TAMix2x) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

Background
Whiteley, who is from Northallerton, North Yorkshire, attended Hurworth House School and Polam Hall School. He competed in triathlons as a youth and was the British Triathlon regional champion for the 13–14 age group. In 2006 at the age of 14 he was diagnosed with osteosarcoma (a form of bone cancer) below his right knee, and was given only a 30% chance of survival by doctors. He had surgery to remove the tumour, during which his knee joint and part of his fibula were removed, and further surgery to replace the joint and insert titanium rods into his leg. He also had chemotherapy over an 11-month period. He learned to walk again after a year of physiotherapy.

Career
After his recovery Whiteley initially competed as a swimmer, and was national junior champion at 50 m freestyle in the S10 classification. He took up rowing in 2011 at the Tees Rowing Club, initially competing in the non-Paralympic trunk-arms men's single scull category. Since 2014 he has trained with the national squad in Caversham, Berkshire.

After searching for over two years for a suitable partner to compete with in Paralympic double sculls, Whiteley teamed up with Lauren Rowles, a former wheelchair racer who had recently switched to rowing, in early 2015. Their first major championship together was the 2015 World Rowing Championships, where they won the silver medal in the TAMix2x trunk-arms mixed double sculls. At the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, they set a world record in the heats and went on to win gold in the final.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Paralympic gold medalists for Great Britain
Rowers at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Rowers at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for Great Britain
People from Northallerton
Sportspeople from Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Paralympic medalists in rowing
Paralympic rowers for Great Britain

Laurence Whiteley


I Joey Marquez (Joey, Tsong), a mibait aniang Octubre 07, 1960 (tubu king Mabalacat, Pampanga), metung yang comedianti ampong politicu. Pengari na la ri Artemio Marquez, Sr. ampong Teresita Esguera Perez.  Kayabe la kareng kapatad na di Via Hoffman, Melanie Marquez ampong Babes Marquez. Megi yang alcalde ning Parañaque Lakanbalen, Filipinas manibat 1995 anggang 2004, at tinagal ya para king Congreso aniang Mayo 2004 oneng mesambut ya.

TV life

Carera king television
Joey was one of the 1986 cast of seven in Palibhasa Lalake, the longest running sitcom on Philippine Television (spanning 12 successful years), with Richard Gomez, Gloria Romero, Cynthia Patag, Amy Perez, Carmina Villaroel and Apa Ongpin. Marquez was included in the S-Files roster of hosts after he successfully pinch-hit for Paolo Bediones when Paolo went to the US to interview some famous Hollywood celebrities to be featured on the show.
Kayabe ya i Joey kareng pitung linage king Palibhasa Lalake aniang 1986, ing maluat diling pepalage rang sitcom king television king Filipinas (a miras 12 banua), kayabe ya i Richard Gomez, Gloria Romero, Cynthia Patag, Amy Perez, Carmina Villaroel ampong Apa Ongpin. Miabe ya i Marquez kareng host ning S-Files kaibat nang menalili kang Paolo Bediones aniang minta ya i Paolo king America ba nong i-interview deng sikat a artista king Hollywood a ipalage ra king karelang programa .

Palage king television
 Palibhasa Lalake (ABS-CBN, 1986-1992)-Jose
 Tondominium (ABC 5 "now TV5", 1993-1995)- as TV Director
 GMA Telecine Specials (GMA Network, 1993)- ????
 Kool Ka Lang (GMA Network, 1998-2003)-Mags
 Kalatog Pinggan (BBC2; ABS-CBN, 1985-1989)-Host/Himeelf
 Lagot Ka, Isusumbong Kita (GMA Network, 2003-2007)-Tsong
 S-Files (GMA Network, 2002-2007)-Himself
 Love to Love (TV show), (GMA Network), 2006)- ????
 Mga Kuwento Ni Lola Basyang, (GMA Network, 2007)- ????
 Who's Your Daddy Now? (GMA Network), 2007)-Peter
 Fantastic Man: Season 1 (GMA Network), 2007)-Prof.
 Fantastic Man: Ikalawang Laban (GMA Network), 2007)-Prof.
 Kung Ako Ikaw (GMA Network, 2007-2008)-Host/Himself
 Celebrity Duets 2 (GMA Network, 2008-2009)-Contestant/ Himself
 Adik Sa'Yo (GMA Network, 2009-present)-  Luigi Maglipot
 Talentadong Pinoy (TV5, 2009)- Guest Judge

Puestu
 Municipal Vice Mayor, Municipality (now City) of Paranaque, July 1992 to June 1995
 Municipal Mayor, Municipality (now City) of Paranaque, July 1995 to 1998
 City Mayor, City of Paranaque, 1998 to June 30, 2004

Aliwa
 Senior Executive Vice President, Vice Mayor's League of the Philippines, 1992 to 1995
 Board Member, City Vice Mayor's League of the Philippines, 1998
 Member, Executive Committee Metropolitan Dev't Authority (MMDA), 1999
 Chairman, MMDA Sports Committee, 1999
 Member, MMDA Appropriations Committee, 2000
 Member, Metro Manila South Council, 2001 to June 30, 2004

Pamagaral
 College- Angeles University, BSC- Accounting, 1985
 High School- Arellano University, Secondary Education, 1981
 Grade School- Holy Trinity, Elementary Education, 1975

Seminars/Training Programs
 Program for Senior Managers in Government (SMG) held at Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts.

Galal
 Gintong Ama Awardee for Public Service and Entertainment
June 18, 2000- given by Golden Father and Mother Foundation, Inc.
 Outstanding Filipino Achiever for 1999 for Government Public Service
Given by the Philippine Jaycess, Inc. (Kalookan "Bantayog Jaycees")
 Most Outstanding Mayor 2000
Bestowed by the National Press Club of the Philippines
 Most Outstanding Public Servant
Awarded by a non-government organization
 Most Outstanding Mayor 1997
Awarded by the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
 Most Outstanding Local Government Unit

Suglung palual
 IGMA.TV, Profile of Joey Marquez

 GMA NEWS.TV/video, Joey Marquez appeals, post bail
 GMA NEWS.TV/video, Joey Marquez, convicted for graft

Dalerayan

1960 kebaitan
Mabieng tau
Deng Tau ibat Pampanga
Kapampangan Artista
Politiku ning Filipinas

Joey Marquez


The 1988 German motorcycle Grand Prix was the sixth round of the 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 27–29 May 1988 at the Nürburgring circuit.

500 cc race report

Wet race. Wayne Gardner on pole. Wayne Rainey took the first turn from Eddie Lawson, Pierfrancesco Chili, Christian Sarron, Kevin Schwantz (from the second row).

Sarron, considered a good wet rider, took the lead. At the end of lap one it was Sarron, Schwantz, Lawson, Kevin Magee, Rainey, and Chili. Schwantz moved into first, then it was Sarron, Magee, Lawson, and Rainey. Schwantz had a large lead. Magee went down. The track was drying slightly. Heading towards the last lap, Schwantz was looking ragged going through a chicane, but he held it together to the line.

500 cc classification

References

German motorcycle Grand Prix
German
German Motorcycle
Sport in Rhineland-Palatinate

1988 German motorcycle Grand Prix


Professor Jamil is a municipality in south-central Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 3,203 (2020) in a total area of 347.4 km2.

Geographical information
Located 66 kilometers south of the state capital, Goiânia, on BR-153, Professor Jamil has boundaries with the following municipalities:
north:  Hidrolândia;
south:  Mairipotaba and Piracanjuba;
east:  Piracanjuba;
west:  Cromínia and Mairipotaba

In road connections there are two state highways and several local roads linking the rural area to the town.  The most important interstate highway of the state—BR153—crosses the municipality from north to south, connecting Professor Jamil to all the regions of Brazil.

History
The origin of the town goes back to 1942 when a group of people got together and built a football field.  Soon the first grocery store appeared.  The first mass was prayed in 1952 when the settlement was called Campo Limpo.  Soon it became a district of Piracanjuba and was emancipated in 1991 with the name, Professor Jamil, in homage to one of the first pioneers, Jamil Salim Safady, of Lebanese origin.

Demographics
Population density: 9.49 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban population: 2,342(2007)
Rural population: 956 (2007)
Population growth or loss:  -0.45% from 2000/2007

The Economy
The economy is based on agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries. There is also a poultry industry, swine raising and extraction of sand.
Industrial units: 0 (2007)
Commercial units: 41 (2007)
Bank agencies: none (June 2005)
Dairies: - Indústria de Laticínios Boa Nova Ltda  (22/05/2006)
Cattle herd: 40,290 head (2006)
Main crops (2006):  rice and corn.
Number of agricultural establishments: 299
Area of agricultural establishments: 34,943 ha.
Area of crops: 2,335 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 28,310 ha.
Persons working in agriculture: 835
Farms with tractors. 54 IBGE

Education (2006)
Schools: 5 with 1,011 students
Higher education: none
Adult literacy rate: 83.7% (2000) (national average was 86.4%)

Health (2007)
Hospitals: 0
Hospital beds: 0
Ambulatory clinics: 1
Infant mortality rate: 27.9 (2000) (national average was 33.0).

Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI:  0.736
State ranking:  123 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking:  2,229 (out of 5,507 municipalities) For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br

See also
List of municipalities in Goiás

References

Frigoletto
 Sepin

Municipalities in Goiás

Professor Jamil


The Pine Grove School House is a one room schoolhouse in the town of Avon, Connecticut, in the United States. It was built in 1865 and was originally named Schoolhouse # 7 as it was the school in the 7th town district at the time. In the 1920s a teacher re named the school Pine Grove School after noting a grove of pine trees at the top of the hill on West Avon Road.

The school was open until 1949 when it was the last one room school house in town to close.
The classes ran from grades 1-8 originally and then was reduced to students in grades 1 -6. The school served children from Avon, Farmington, and Collinsville. Children went to the nearest school regardless of the town they lived in.

The school was originally lit by kerosene lamps, and was heated until it closed by a wood stove in the center of the room. Older children were responsible for bringing wood & coal to heat the school. Older students were also responsible for keeping the stove going.

There is no plumbing at the school. The students were served by an outside pump and an outhouse.

After the town closed the school in 1949 it was used as a branch library, nursery school, and home for the boy scouts.

The Avon Historical Society restored the building and it was opened to the public in 1976. It is currently open to visitors on Sundays from 2p -4p, June through September or by appointment with the Avon Historical Society.

One of Avon's two elementary schools, Pine Grove Elementary School, now bears the same name in honor of the original Pine Grove School.

References

Avon, Connecticut
One-room schoolhouses in Connecticut
Schoolhouses in the United States
1949 disestablishments in Connecticut
Defunct schools in Connecticut
Educational institutions established in 1865
Museums in Hartford County, Connecticut
Education museums in the United States
1865 establishments in Connecticut

Pine Grove School House


Relic Online was an online gaming system that Relic/THQ uses for matchmaking in some Relic Entertainment games, replacing its previous use of GameSpy Arcade (Dawn of War) and WON (Homeworld). Relic Online was developed by Relic/THQ and Quazal, and is completely separate from any GameSpy/WON systems. It has not been backported to older games such as Dawn of War and its expansions, but has appeared in Relic's Company of Heroes series of games. Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts introduced new features to Relic Online such as arranged team automatches, with the changes being patched into the previous Company of Heroes games as well. Relic Online was notably absent in Relic/THQ's Dawn of War II, however, which instead used a combination of Steam and Games for Windows – Live.

It was subsequently replaced by Steamworks on April 23, 2013, which is also used for Company of Heroes 2.

Features
Known features include, based on Company of Heroes:
 The normal basic lobby/finding game systems
 Better skill-based matching for games
 Better NAT support
 Better ranking system
 Better friends lists
 Better integration with the game itself

Games using Relic Online
 Company of Heroes (2006)
 Company of Heroes: Opposing Fronts (2007)
 Company of Heroes: Tales of Valor (2009)

References

External links
 Quazal and THQ Join Forces
 Say Goodbye To Gamespy In CoH
 relicrank.com - The Company of Heroes ladder

Multiplayer video game services
Relic Entertainment

Relic Online


Jackpot Junction Casino Hotel is a casino and hotel complex located on the Lower Sioux Indian Reservation located along the southern bank of the Minnesota River in Redwood County, Minnesota, just south of the city of Morton. The  casino is owned and operated by the Lower Sioux Indian Community. Lodging includes a 379-room hotel and a 40 space recreational vehicle park. In addition to the casino, there are several restaurants, a convention center, a Rees Jones-designed golf course, and two live entertainment venues.

History
Jackpot Junction was the first casino in the state of Minnesota.

In 1984, Jackpot Junction opened as a bingo hall. In 1988, Tables and slot machines were added. In 1995, The Lower Sioux Lodge was added. In 1996, A convention center was added. In 1998, The casino becomes the sponsor for the IMCA KSE Racing Products Sprint Cars tour.  In 1999, an amphitheater was built. In 2000, the Dacotah Ridge Golf Club opened. In 2000, The Lower Sioux Lodge expanded to 276 rooms. In 2008, A new convention center was built (replacing the old one) and the Lower Sioux Lodge added a new wing, bringing its total number of hotel rooms to 379.  The pool/spa area was also renovated and the Carousel Buffet became Seasons Buffet.

Gaming
The casino initially opened as a bingo hall in 1984. Four years later, both slots and table games were added.

Table games and slots
Jackpot Junction has over 1,000 video slot machines as well as over 20 blackjack tables. There is one poker table located in the old "Skyline" casino area.

See also
List of casinos in Minnesota

References

External links
Jackpot Junction Casino & Hotel Web site

Casinos in Minnesota
Native American casinos
Buildings and structures in Redwood County, Minnesota
Tourist attractions in Redwood County, Minnesota
Casino hotels
1984 establishments in Minnesota
Hotels established in 1984
Casinos completed in 1984
Native American history of Minnesota
Santee Dakota
Lower Sioux Indian Community

Jackpot Junction Casino Hotel


Jose A. Martin (1943 - November 22, 2006) was an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer who trained three Champions as well as multiple Grade I winner, Noble Nashua.

Jose Martin was the son of U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer Frank "Pancho" Martin. He was also the father of trainer Carlos Martin.

A native of Havana, Cuba, Jose Martin came to the United in 1960 where his father was training horses. During the years learning the business from his father, he was away for two years, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division of United States Army. After being discharged, in 1967 he went out on his as a licensed Thoroughbred trainer.

In 1977, Jose Martin trained his first Eclipse Award winner when Lakeville Miss was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Filly. He got his second with Wayward Lass in 1981 when she was American Champion Three-Year-Old Filly and his last with Groovy who, as at 2011, is the last horse to break the 130 Beyer Speed Figure having accomplished that milestone with 131 and 134 ratings in 1987 en route to be voted that year's American Champion Sprint Horse.

Diagnosed with lung cancer in 2002, on November 22, 2006, Jose Martin died at the North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, New York.

References

1943 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
United States Air Force airmen
American horse trainers
People from Havana
People from New York (state)

Jose A. Martin


The 1990 British motorcycle Grand Prix was the eleventh round of the 1990 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 3–5 August 1990 at Donington Park.

500 cc race report
Cagiva announces that after 10 years of participation it will withdraw from GP at the end of the season, citing cost overruns and lack of results. it is a false alarm, as they continue until 1994. Pierfrancesco Chili is replaced by Carl Fogarty.

Wayne Rainey gets a good start, but by the Craner Curves he is passed by Eddie Lawson, and is followed by Niall Mackenzie, Mick Doohan and Kevin Schwantz.

Rainey retakes the lead from Lawson, but Schwantz is now behind them. Wayne Gardner is out of the race with a mechanical and Fogarty crashes out.

Rainey still ahead, but Schwantz has moved into second ahead of Lawson at the chicane. Schwantz picks that same spot for his pass on Rainey, and is now in first. He opens up the gap and cruises to the win ahead of Rainey and Lawson.

500 cc classification

References

British motorcycle Grand Prix
British
Motorcycle Grand Prix

1990 British motorcycle Grand Prix


Ridhima Pandey  (born 2008) is an Indian environmental activist who advocates for action against climate change. She has been likened to Greta Thunberg. When she was nine years old, she filed a suit against the Indian government for not taking enough steps to combat climate change. She also was one of the complainants to the United Nations, along with several other young climate activists, against several nations' failure to take action against the climate crisis.

Background
Pandey lives in Haridwar,Uttarakhand, a state in the North of India. She is a daughter of Dinesh Pandey who works in Wildlife Trust India who is an environmentalist and has worked in Uttarakhand in this capacity for 16 years and her mother is Vinita Pandey who works for Forest Department for  Uttarakhand.

Her interest in climate change started when Pandey's home of Uttarakhand has been affected by severe weather over the past three years and in 2013, over 1000 people died in cause of floods and landslides. Almost 100,000 people had to be evacuated from the region. According to World Bank, climate change is likely to increase pressure on the water supply in India.

Climate activism

Legal action against the Indian Government
At age nine, Pandey filed a lawsuit against the Indian Government on the basis that they had not taken the significant steps against climate change that they had agreed to in the Paris Agreement. This court case was presented in the National Green Tribunal (NGT), a court which was established in 2010 that deals solely with environmental cases. Pandey also asked the Government to prepare a plan to reduce carbon emissions and a nationwide plan to curb the impact of climate change, including reducing India's use of fossil fuels.

In an interview with The Independent. Pandey states:My Government has failed to take steps to regulate and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which are causing extreme climate conditions. This will impact both me and future generations. My country has huge potential to reduce the use of fossil fuels, and because of the Government's inaction I approached the National Green Tribunal.The NGT dismissed her petition, stating that it was 'covered under the environment pact assessment'.

Complaint to the United Nations

During her application for a Norwegian visa to go to Oslo, she heard about an organization for young climate activists. She approached the organization, and was selected to go to New York for the  2019 United Nations Climate Action summit.  During the summit, on 23 September 2019. Pandey with 15 other children, including Greta Thunberg, Ayakha Melithafa and Alexandria Villaseñor, filed a complaint to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, accusing Argentina, Brazil, Germany, France and Turkey to violate the Convention on the Rights of the Child by failing to address the climate crisis adequately.

She also join with Thunberg again when she was with other 13 children from around the word send a legal petition to Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres to declare climate crisis as   global level 3 emergency on 2021.

Further activism
In September 2019,  Pandey led a climate strike under the FridaysForFuture  in Dehradun and  also became a speaker for Xynteo Exchange  at the same month in Norway with  Ella Marie Hætta Isaksen.  Pandey  came back dealing with Indian government when she make an appeal to Narendra Modi to stop a plan to chop Aarey forest to build a metro car shed project

Pandey has called for a complete ban on plastic, arguing that its continued production is the result of consumer demand. She has also called for the Indian government and local authorities to do more to clean the Ganga River. She said that while the government claims that it is cleaning the river, there hasn't been much change in the condition of the river.

Pandey is quoted on her biography on Children vs Climate Change as stating her aim: I want to save our future. I want to save the future of all the children and all people of future generations.

Recognition
Pandey was on the list of the BBC's 100 Women announced on 23 November 2020. She also get an Mother Teresa Memorial Award for Social Justice on 16 December 2021 in New Delhi.

See also

 Environmental movement
 Prasiddhi Singh
 Haaziq Kazi

References

Indian child activists
Indian climate activists
Youth climate activists
Living people
2008 births

Ridhima Pandey


Ruth Elynia S. Mabanglo (born March 30, 1949) is a retired professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.  She was the coordinator for the Filipino and Philippine Literature Program.  Her most recent publications were "Balada ni Lola Amonita" and "The Ballad of Lola Amonita" in Babaylan: An Anthology of Filipina and Filipina American Writers, edited by Nick Carbó and Eileen Tabios and published by Aunt Lute Books in the year 2000.

Born in Manila to Fortunato and Miguela Mabanglo, she received a degree in Filipino from the University of the East, a Filipino language and literature master's degree from Philippine Normal College, and a doctorate in Filipino from  Manuel L. Quezon University. Aside from teaching at University of the East, Manuel L. Quezon University, Philippine Normal College, and De La Salle University, she was a journalist with Taliba and Abante for a while.

Awards and honors

Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards
 "Caloocan: Balada ng Duguang Tinig" (Special Prize, Tula, 1972)
 "Dalit-puri at Iba Pang Tula" (Third Prize, Tula, 1973)
 "Si Jesus at si Magdalena" (First Prize, Dulang May Isang Yugto, 1973)
 "Dalawampu't Isang Tula" (Third Prize, Tula, 1979)
 "Awiyao" (Third Prize, Dulang May Isang Yugto, 1980)
 "Mga Abong Pangarap" (First Prize, Dulang Ganap ang Haba, 1983)
 "Mga Puntod" (Third Prize, Dulang Ganap ang Haba, 1984)
 "Mga Liham ni Pinay at Iba Pang Tula" (First Prize, Tula, 1987)

CCP Literary Contest
 "Ang Pilipinisasyon ni Juan" (First Prize, Verse-Writing, 1974)
 "Supling" (First Prize, Verse-Writing, 1975)
 "Regla" (Honorable Mention, Verse-Writing, 1977)

Talaang Ginto, Surian ng Wikang Pambansa
 "Kalookan: Balada ng Duguang Tinig" (Honorable Mention, 1972)
 "Gabi ng Isang Kasal: Isang Kakintalan" (First Honorable Mention, 1974)
 "Anibersaryo: Tagpo at Alaala" (Honorable Mention, 1974)
 "Sa Abenida, Sanghapo't Sanggabi" (First Honorable Mention, 1977)
 "Ang Pag-ibig ay Di Kasal at Iba Pang Tula" (Second Prize, 1978)
 "Hindi Ako Nawawala'y Hinahanap Mo" (Honorable Mention, 1980)
 "Gahasa" (First Prize and Poet of the Year Award, 1992)

National Book Award for Poetry, Manila Critics Circle, 1990
"Mga Liham ni Pinay"

References
Center for Southeast Asian Studies
Sources Tiongson, Nicanor G., ed. CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art; Volume IX: Philippine Literature. 1994

1949 births
Living people
Palanca Award recipients
Manuel L. Quezon University alumni
Philippine Normal University alumni
University of the East alumni

Ruth Elynia Mabanglo


Channel 31 is a Kazakh nationwide broadcast television station that is based in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Channel 31 consists of news and thematic programs in both Russian and Kazakh, as well as movies, series, talk shows, and children's, cultural, historical and entertainment programs.

History

The channel was launched on 24 October 1992, and during its official start, it had first begun its regular broadcasts, when it is based on TRC "31 Channel". Later, on 12 April 1993, it was directly commencing its official broadcasts in Alma-Ata under the name of "Channel 31", but as of today, LLP "Broadcasting" Channel 31 is a group of companies Mediaholding Channel 31. 100% shares of Television and Radio Company Channel 31 LLP are owned by the Verny Capital Group of Companies, the owner and shareholder of which is Bulat Utemuratov.

Timeline
 24 October 1992 – the channel is launched and is based on TRC "31 Channel".
 12 April 1993 – the first airing of "Channel 31" in Alma-Ata.
 4 October 1994 – airing Radio 31 in Alma-Ata at the frequency FM 103,5 MHz.
 1 February 2001 – TRC "31 Channel" formed a national television network from 14 cities of Kazakhstan.
 In June 2003 it started broadcasting in digital format from the satellite Intelsat 904, which expanded the coverage area.
 February 2008 – completion of the transaction to acquire 20% of TRC Channel 31 Company "CTC Media".
 March 2008 – begins broadcasting in an updated format.
 January 2009 – appeared in the online channel's exclusive entertainment program in the Kazakh language "Juldyzben júzdesu"
 February 2009 – broadcast of the project was resumed Champions League, was broadcast 1/8 finals
 March 2009 – dublyazhnaya increased production. With the new name "Kúlegeshter" broadcasting "31" comic has expanded the program Funnier than Rabbits in Kazakh.
 April 2009 – the first time in history, Channel 31 started showing cash Turkish serials. The season premiere opens – Glow cocoon in Kazakh and Russian languages.
 August 2009 – started three new projects in the Kazakh language. Talk-show Pіkіr alańy intellectual game Bіlgіrler báıgesі and Biіk maqsat, the program promoted sport and dedicated time to the Asian Games in 2011.
 In 2009, Channel 31 and Russia's leading studios The Walt Disney Company CIS LLC entered into an exclusive agreement to acquire licensing rights to broadcast the film industry in the ether.
 September 2009 – the Kazakh-language comedy series Áńgime bolsyn and Ázіl studio debuted on Channel 31. The new season opened youth sketch show Give the youth and the new season with all the beloved sitcom, My Fair Nanny 2: Life after the wedding.
 September 2009 – Turkey launched the most scandalous episode "Valley of the Wolves".
 18 November 2009 – started showing the third part of trilogy, "Valley of the Wolves: Ambush".
 1 March 2010 – started showing popular Turkish TV series Love Symphony.
 14 November 2011 – director Bagdad Kodzhahmetov appointed CEO of Channel 31 in Kazakhstan.
 In 2011, Channel 31 and leading American film studio Paramount Pictures signed an exclusive agreement to acquire licensing rights to broadcast the film industry in the ether.
 26 January became aware of the new Kazakh premier series Bazarbaevtar held 16 April at 20:00 Almaty time.
 25 June, 21:30 the new Turkish series Where is my daughter? premiered on Channel 31.
 27 April 2015 – Filipino drama Forevermore premiered on Channel 31.
 Since March 16, 2023, 100% of the shares of Channel 31 have been owned by Verny Capital Management Company (Kazakhstan).

Notes

External links

Television stations in Kazakhstan
Television channels and stations established in 1992

Channel 31 (Kazakhstan)


Caulifla is a character of the Japanese anime series Dragon Ball Super. She is a Saiyan of Universe 6 in the Universal Survival Arc.

Appearance and Personality
Caulifla is a short girl of slender build and fair complexion. She wears a low cut magenta tube top, low-set purple harem trousers, long dark grey wristbands, and a pair of pointy dark grey shoes. Her hair is long, wild, and spiky. Caulifla's eyes are narrow yet big, with large black pupils, as well as thin eyebrows.

As noted by her brother, she has a very punkish attitude and is also recognized as a tomboy, to which she shows a strong contrast to the rest of her race, acting more akin to the Universe 7 Saiyans. Caulifla is shown to be very lazy if not self-absorbed as she initially refused to join the Tournament of Power even when learning her universe's or her own existence were on the line. It took Cabba telling her about the Super Saiyan form as well as about being able to achieve greater heights in her strength to make her agree, showing her desire to become stronger. Despite her tomboyish attitude, Caulifla cares about others, especially her protégée, Kale, whom she treats like a younger sister.

Character role
Caulifla is first seen sitting on a large throne-like chair eating a large bone of meat. After being informed by Renso, Cabba attempts to recruit her to the Universe 6 team, but Caulifla shows no interest, regardless of what may happen to Universe 6. After Cabba transforms, Caulifla accepts his invitation to the team, knowing she has the ability to not only transform into Super Saiyan, but also get stronger. Later Caulifla is seen in a rocky area with Cabba and her protégée Kale, Cabba teaches Caulifla how to become a Super Saiyan. Cabba then explains to  her to focus her energy on her back. Caulifla tries this and she easily transform into to a Super Saiyan. Caulifla also transform into to a Super Saiyan 2 like when she easily deflect an energy blast from a berserk Kale. In the Tournament of Power Caulifla and her Protégée Kale both fought Goku in a fight. Caulifla was in her Super Saiyan 2 form while Kale was in her berserk form. Caulifla is also expected to be in future episodes of Dragon Ball Super.

Dragon Ball characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 2010s

Caulifla


Events
August - Christopher Goffe, a former crew member under Rhode Island pirate Captain Thomas Woolerly before receiving a pardon in 1687, is commissioned as a pirate hunter and is ordered to protect the coastal shipping between Cape Cod and Cape Ann.
September - After twelve years away from his native England, William Dampier arrives at Thames. Nearly destitute after eight years of adventuring, he is forced to sell his friend and manservant Prince Jeoly.

Births

Deaths

See also
1690 in piracy
1691
1693 in piracy
Timeline of piracy

Piracy
Piracy by year

1691 in piracy


or  is a Japanese martial art, a gendai budo (contemporary martial art).
It is part of the martial arts derived from aikido, which appeared after its founder's death in 1969. It started in early 70's with the creation of the Ki Society of Koichi Tohei, the previous Aikikai's Chief Instructor. This martial art focuses on mind and body coordination and is based on aikido techniques and Japanese yoga and promote non-violent conflict solving and self-development.

He was taught Shinshin-t%C5%8Ditsu-d%C5%8D (also known as 'Japanese yoga') by Tempu Nakamura. He felt that Tempu Sensei's teaching and explanation made clear what Morihei Ueshiba was able to do in his aikido (particularly the idea that the mind moves the body). As a result he started bringing in exercises from Shinshin-t%C5%8Ditsu-d%C5%8D, such as 'unbendable arm' and 'unraisable body' into his aikido teaching. He started to do this as Chief Instructor of the Aikikai, while Morihei Ueshiba was still alive. He also felt the concepts of Shinshin-toitsu-do were more clearly applicable to daily life. It was later that he formalised his style, including leaving out some aikido techniques that he felt were ineffective against a partner who could coordinate mind and body. Although Tohei Sensei gave the Ki Development aspect of his style the name Shinshin-toitsu-do, it only covered part of Tempu Sensei's curriculum/teaching, and some of it was modified by him.

The teaching of Ki Aikido has been split between different federations, each reflecting the experience of their founders: Ki Society with Koichi Tohei and his son Shinichi Tohei, Ki no Kenkyukai Internationale Association with Kenjiro Yoshigasaki and Ki Federation of Great Britain with Ken Williams (or Kenneth Williams).

Ki Aikido features
Each federation has evolved its own set, but some common features are:

 Emphasis on aikido principles, ki (or coordination of mind and body ) principles
 Katas (bokken, jo, tanto)
 Warmups with ki development exercises, coordination of mind and body, with some moves re-used during aikido techniques
 Teaching putting emphasis on "ki" (roughly translated by "energy, will, charisma, health") and its development.
 Ki class, aikido class
 Ki tests
 Kyu/dan grades system (similar to other gendai budo), ki exam, aikido exam
 Kiatsu (healing method by transmitting ki developed by Tohei Koichi)
 Aikido technique standing, kneeling, with one or more persons, randori
 Defenses against jo, tanto, bokken

 Breathing exercises ("Ki Breathing")
 Concept of "one point" () , close to the hara or tanden in traditional Japanese martial arts)

4 principles for mind and body coordination
 Keep one point
 Relax completely
 Keep weight underside / Have a light feeling  (variation)
 Extend Ki

These principles guide the practitioners to keep "mind and body" coordinated and can be applied in daily life (walking, pushing a door, handling a conflict, ...).
To follow one is to follow all. To lose one is to lose all.

5 principles for aikido
 Ki is extending
 Know your partner's mind
 Respect your partner's ki
 Put yourself in your partner's place
 Lead with confidence

These principles also guide the practitioners, when doing aikido techniques.
They roughly represent the state of mind of an aikidoka: being aware of your surroundings, trying to understand what your partner/attacker is trying to do, adjusting your moves to match his moves and lead (no clash, etc..).

References

External links
Ki Federation of Great Britain

Shinichi Tohei Blog (english)

Ki Aikido Japan (ki no kenkyukai)

Ki Aikido Literature

Dojos for Ki no kenkyukai Internationale

Aikido
Gendai budo
Meditation
Physical exercise
Spiritual practice
Dō
Japanese martial arts terminology

Ki Aikido


The kama-yari (鎌槍, sickle spear) is essentially a yari with horizontal kama (blade) at the base of the vertical blade to assist in grappling an opponent. Generally, the transverse blade, or hook, is large enough to hold the head, neck, or jaw or to grapple with the limbs of an opponent.  It is different in function from other types of yari. The kama-yari was often used to hook horsemen and dismount them.

Historically, it also had a non-military use, in which it was employed by firefighters to pull down the roofs of burning buildings to slow a fire, much the same way modern firefighters use a pike pole.

The kama-yari is believed to have been developed by Kakuzenbo Hoin In'ei, who wanted to improve upon the naginata used by Buddhist priests at the time.

References

Spears of Japan
Samurai polearms

Kama-yari


Major-General Paul de Gually (died 1737) was a French Huguenot soldier who followed a career with the British Army after his exile from France.

He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Count de Paulin's regiment of French foot on 2 April 1706, and was granted brevet rank as a colonel of foot on 1 January 1708. On 7 March 1709, he was major of Colonel John Trapaud's regiment of foot, and on 24 June 1710 succeeded Trapaud as colonel of a regiment of dragoons serving in Portugal. The regiment was disbanded in 1712 and de Gually was drawing half-pay as a colonel of dragoons in 1722. He was promoted to brigadier-general on 12 March 1727 and major-general on 4 November 1735. He died in London in 1737.

References

1737 deaths
British Army major generals
British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession
Year of birth unknown

Paul de Gually


The traditional Sohbet meetings () is a Turkish social practice of community conversations. The communities consist exclusively of men above a certain age (typically 15 or 16), regardless of ethnicity, religion or status. The members  must have honest families, trustworthy to keep secrets, respectful of their elders, and not gamble or display public drunkenness. In addition to conversations, the meetings may also include dancing, music, plays, and feasts of traditional dishes.

Traditional Sohbet meetings were included in the UNESCO lists of intangible cultural heritage of humanity. The decision of the UNESCO Committee stated:
Traditional Sohbet meetings are social practices that provide a forum for community members to keep alive their oral traditions, transmit their history and share their cultural values, providing them with a sense of identity and continuity;

Names and Places
The term sohbet is of Arabic origin and means "conversation", with the special accent on being a friendly conversation for pleasant pastime. The term is selected as a representative name for Unesco official documentation, while these meetings are known under various local names across Turkey: "Yâran Sohbeti" in Çankırı, "Yaren Organization" in Kütahya-Simav, "Sıra Gecesi" in Şanlıurfa, "Kürsübaşı Sohbeti" in Elazığ and "Barana Sohbets" in Balıkesir-Dursunbey. Similar meetings can be seen with different names as "cümbüş" in Ankara and its surroundings,  "Delikanlı Örgütü" in Kazan District of Ankara, "Gençler Heyeti" in Niğde-Dündarlı, "Gezek" in  Kütahya City Center and Isparta, "Kef/Keyif" in Antalya and Isparta, "Muhabbet" in Beypazarı  District of Ankara, Kırşehir, Yozgat, Karabük Safranbolu, "Oda Teşkilatı" in Balıkesir-Edremit,  Manisa-Soma, "Oturmah" in Van, "Sıra Yârenleri" in Konya-Akşehir, ; Ardahan Erfene/Arfane in Ardahan, Gezek in Afyon, Erfane/Gezek in Bursa, Sıra Gecesi/Herfene in Erzincan, Velime Geceleri in Diyarbakır.

References

Further reading
The nomination file contains an extensive list of literature on the subject (in Turkish language).

Culture of Turkey
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Traditional knowledge
Meetings

Traditional Sohbet meetings


SAP R/2 is an older version of real-time enterprise resource planning (ERP) software produced by the German company SAP AG, that was replaced by SAP R/3.

SAP R/2 launched in 1979 and followed the company's first product, a materials management module called RM/1, which was launched in 1975 and became part of R/1. What was unique about R/2 was that it was a packaged software application that processed real-time on a mainframe computer taking advantage of Time Sharing Option and integrated all of an enterprise's functions, such as accounting, manufacturing processes, supply chain logistics and human resources.

The modules of R/2 included: RF (Finance) / RK (Controlling) (current day FICO), RM (Materials Management - including Purchasing (RM-PUR), Inventory Management, Production Planning, Quality Management (RM-Qualitäts), Plant Maintenance (RM-INST); RV (including Sales & Distribution and modern-day Logistics Execution);RK-P (Projects) RP (Personnel).

See also
 SAP ERP

External links
 Examples of old R/2 screens

1979 software
R 2
ERP software
IBM mainframe software

SAP R/2


Fridolin Anderwert (19 September 1828, in Frauenfeld – 25 December 1880) was a Swiss politician.

He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 10 December 1875 and was member of the council until 25 December 1880. He was affiliated to the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland.

During his office time he held the Department of Justice and Police and was Vice-President of the Swiss Confederation in 1880.

On 7 December 1880 he was elected President of the Swiss Confederation for the year 1881. Immediately after the election a nasty campaign against him broke out in the press, in particular about the eating habits of the obese bachelor, but also rumors that he was a regular visitor in gay brothels. Drawn by physical exhaustion and severe depression, Anderwert killed himself on Christmas Day 1880 on the "Kleine Schanze", a small park next to the Houses of Parliament. The only published sentence of his farewell letter states: "They want a victim, they shall have it."

External links

1828 births
1880 deaths
People from Frauenfeld
Swiss Old Catholics
Free Democratic Party of Switzerland politicians
Members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)
Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland judges
Politicians who died by suicide
Suicides by firearm in Switzerland
19th-century Swiss judges
Heads of state who committed suicide

Fridolin Anderwert


The Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL) is a Canadian Junior ice hockey league and member of the Canadian Junior Hockey League and Northern Ontario Hockey Association.  The winner of the NOJHL playoffs competes for the Dudley Hewitt Cup with the winners of the Ontario Junior Hockey League and the Superior International Junior Hockey League. The winner of the Dudley Hewitt Cup then moves on to compete for the Royal Bank Cup.

The modern NOJHL
The current incarnation of the NOJHL comprises twelve teams located in Ontario and Michigan.  The teams are currently located in: Blind River, Cochrane, Elliot Lake, Espanola, Hearst, Kirkland Lake, Noelville, Powassan, Rayside-Balfour, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Timmins the league is spread across the southern region of Northeastern Ontario.

The current NOJHL origins were in 1970 when the previous NOJHL was unstable footing while competing as a Junior "A" league.  In Southern Ontario, the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League was looking to expand north and the league's two top teams, the Sudbury Wolves and Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds, accepted an invitation from the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League to compete in the higher league. The next best team, the North Bay Trappers, then chose to leave and joined the Ontario Hockey Association's new Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League.  With the top tier of talent gone, the only remaining team in the league was the Chelmsford Canadiens.  A season before, the Espanola Screaming Eagles had been a member of the league, but opted to drop to the NOHA Jr. B Hockey League in 1971; the Canadiens joined them in 1972.

The NOHA Jr. B Hockey League was formed in 1970 with a North and South division and teams in Capreol, Levak, Kapuskasing, amongst others.  In their first season, the Capreol Hawks won the league championship.  In 1971, Espanola jumped on board, followed by Chelmsford in 1972.  In 1973, the Canadians moved to Rayside-Balfour and became the Canadians.  The Onaping Falls Huskies moved from Levack in 1974, and the Nickel Centre Native Sons, Coniston Flyers, and Sudbury North Stars joined in 1976 when the NOHA merged their small Juvenile league into Jr. B.

In 1978, the top teams of the NOHA Jr. B Hockey League created the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League and were promoted to Tier II Junior "A".  With the five former Jr. "B" clubs and the Sudbury Cubs, the league was back in action.  In 1981, the Elliot Lake Vikings jumped into the fold.  In 1983, the Onaping Falls Huskies dropped out despite winning three league titles in the past four seasons.  After a one-season hiatus, they came back for two more years and then folded for good.  In 1986, Rayside-Balfour went on hiatus and Capreol folded, dropping the league down to four teams.  The Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League, also down to four teams, operated with the NOJHL as essentially two divisions of the same league.  With an interlocking schedule, the NOJHL survived the 1986–87 season, the OPJHL did not and folded after the season concluded.  Also, after 8 years of trying and failing, an NOJHL champion defeated an OPJHL champion for the Ontario Hockey Association championship.  The Nickel Centre Power Trains defeated the Owen Sound Greys 4-games-to-2 for the right to compete for the Dudley Hewitt Cup—the Central Canadian Junior "A" Championship.  The next year, the Canadians were back and a new team known as the Thessalon Flyers entered the league.  In 1988, the Haileybury 54's joined the league and in 1989 so did the Rouyn-Noranda Capitales.  Thessalon folded in 1990, Haileybury moved to Powassan in 1991 and the Timmins Golden Bears joined as well.  A season later, Sudbury became Nickel Centre and then later folded.  In 1994, Powassan moved to Sturgeon Falls and the Parry Sound Shamrocks joined the league.  In 1996, Rouyn-Noranda folded to make way for a new Quebec Major Junior Hockey League team that was moving to their town.  In 1999, Timmins moved to Iroquois Falls, Elliot Lake moved to Nickel Centre, and the Soo Thunderbirds were founded.  Also in 1999, Parry Sound moved to a new OPJHL (founded in 1993).  A year later, Nickel Centre moved to Blind River and the Sudbury Northern Wolves were founded.  In 2002, Sturgeon Falls moved to North Bay.  A season after that, a team from Manitoulin joined and Espanola jumped over to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.  Finally, in 2005, the league's most dominant team in history and the last remaining shred of the original NOJHL, Rayside-Balfour, folded.  They did not go without leaving their mark. Early in the 2005–06 season, the Sudbury Northern Wolves became heavily involved with the OHL's Sudbury Wolves and the Northern Wolves became the Sudbury Jr. Wolves. The remaining players from the Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats joined the Jr. Wolves. From 1996 until 2002, the Rayside-Balfour Sabrecats won 7 straight NOJHL Championships, three Dudley Hewitt Cups, and once came within one win of winning the Royal Bank Cup as national champions.

There were six teams in the NOJHL as of 2007. The 2006–07 league champions, the Soo Indians, took a year off in an attempt to sell the franchise.  A year later, in 2008, they came back as the Soo Eagles.  Also, in the summer of 2008, the Temiscaming Royals jumped from the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League to the NOJHL to expand the league to eight teams.  Temiscaming was the second Québécois team in NOJHL history, after the Rouyn-Noranda Capitales who were in the league from 1989 to 1996.  In the spring of 2011, the Royals failed to find new ownership and folded. The Manitoulin Islanders left Little Current, Ontario at the end of the 2010–11 season and relocated to Kirkland Lake, Ontario. At the same time, Temiscaming Royals owner Steve McCharles was attempting to sell his team, but folded after a deal fell through with a group from Kirkland Lake.

With the Manitoulin Islanders relocated to Kirkland Lake, the team became the Kirkland Lake Blue Devils to commemorate the 1940 Allan Cup champions by the same team name. However, in December 2011, the Blue Devils were folding mid-season as a result of owner Bob Kasner being suspended for 6 months for roster violations. Days later, a new group came and created the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners to keep the team in the league.

During the 2011–12 season, the NOJHL implemented concussion safety policy and drug testing programs.  The NOJHL is the first league in Canadian Junior A hockey to target either of these hot button issues.

In 2012, the Soo Thunderbirds became only the second NOJHL franchise to qualify for the Royal Bank Cup, ending a 10-year drought that saw no NOJHL franchise at the Royal Bank Cup, despite making the Dudley-Hewitt Cup finals three times since the round-robin format in 2002. Over the summer of 2012, the Sudbury Jr. Wolves severed ties with the OHL's Wolves and became the Sudbury Cubs, and that moniker only lasted one season and became the Sudbury Nickel Barons. The Michigan-based Soo Eagles would also leave to join the USA Hockey Tier II North American Hockey League.

In 2013, the NOJHL granted expansion to Espanola. A community that have been without an NOJHL team since 2003 when the Screaming Eagles relocated to Northern Michigan. The re-addition brought the league up to 8 teams - the most since the 2004–05 season. The North Bay Trappers relocated out of North Bay to Mattawa at the end of the 2013–14 season and became the Mattawa Blackhawks because the Trappers were denied a lease renewal with West Ferris Arena and also because of the thriving OHL market with the North Bay Battalion. The Espanola Rivermen were added to the NOJHL for 2013–14, but left after one season to join the non-Hockey Canada sanctioned Canadian International Hockey League. The Elliot Lake Bobcats relocated to Cochrane, Ontario and became the Cochrane Crunch, who became the league's most-northern team. Weeks later, the Elliot Lake market was replaced with the Elliot Lake Wildcats.

Over the summer of 2015, the league saw the resurrection of the Rayside-Balfour Canadians, who were the Sudbury Nickel Barons from 2012 to 2015. The Sudbury Nickel Barons, for the second time pulled out of hosting the Dudley-Hewitt Cup due to the relocation and the lack of support in the community. The 2016 tournament was allocated to Kirkland Lake, Ontario and hosted by the Kirkland Lake Gold Miners. The Abitibi Eskimos left Iroquois Falls after 13 years to move to Timmins and become the Timmins Rock. Mattawa, the smallest market in the NOJHL lost the Mattawa Blackhawks to Iroquois Falls to replace the departed Abitibi Eskimos and became known as the Iroquois Falls Eskimos. The league grew to 10 teams with the addition of the French River Rapids of Noëlville, Ontario. Weeks after the French River Rapids joined the league, the Espanola Express joined the league putting membership to a record 11 teams - the most the league has carried. In May 2015, the Soo Eagles of the North American Hockey League applied and were approved to return to the NOJHL after leaving in 2012 due to the Michigan-based NAHL teams either folding or relocating.

In April 2017, the Iroquois Falls Eskis announced they were moving to Hearst, Ontario, and became the Hearst Lumberjacks.

Teams

Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League