Farmington is a town in Polk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,625 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of East Farmington and Horse Creek are located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 44.9 square miles (116.3 km2), of which, 44.0 square miles (113.9 km2) of it is land and 0.9 square miles (2.4 km2) of it (2.07%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,625 people, 525 households, and 429 families residing in the town. The population density was 37.0 people per square mile (14.3/km2).  There were 555 housing units at an average density of 12.6 per square mile (4.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.78% White, 0.43% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.92% of the population.

There were 525 households, out of which 45.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.4% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.1% were non-families. 15.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.43.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.4% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $58,833, and the median income for a family was $62,969. Males had a median income of $43,676 versus $23,958 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,974. About 1.4% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

References

Further reading
 Chambers, Kevin, and Ellen Kesting. A Walk Down Memory Lane: Farmington, Wisconsin. [Farmington, Wis.]: Farmington Landmark Committee, 1996.

Towns in Polk County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Farmington, Polk County, Wisconsin


Kenneth Marine Kercheval (July 15, 1935 – April 21, 2019) was an American actor, best known for his role as Cliff Barnes on the television series Dallas and its 2012 revival.

Early life
Kercheval was born on July 15, 1935, in Wolcottville, Indiana, to Marine "Doc" Kercheval (1899-1967), a local physician, and the former Christine Reiber (1903-1996), a registered nurse. He was raised in Clinton, Indiana. As a teenager, Kercheval often was with his dad in the operating room and once put two stitches in his sister Kate when she had an appendectomy. Kercheval attended Indiana University, not to become a doctor, but to major in music and drama. He later studied at the University of the Pacific, and starting in 1956, at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City under Sanford Meisner.

Career
Kercheval made his Broadway debut in the 1962 play Something About a Soldier. He appeared off-Broadway in the 1972 Kurt Weill revue Berlin to Broadway with Kurt Weill, and can be heard on the cast recording. His other theatre credits included The Apple Tree, Cabaret (replacing Bert Convy as Cliff), and Here's Where I Belong. In 1966, he appeared as the title character in the original Broadway production of Fiddler on the Roof, co-starring with Herschel Bernardi, Maria Karnilova, Julia Migenes, Leonard Frey, and Pia Zadora.

Kercheval gained his first television role, playing the part of Dr. Nick Hunter number one on Search for Tomorrow in 1966. His later soap-opera roles were in The Secret Storm and How to Survive a Marriage.  His film credits include The Seven-Ups with Roy Scheider and Tony LoBianco plus F.I.S.T. with Sylvester Stallone. In 1976, he co-starred in two episodes of The Adams Chronicles as James Madison.

Kercheval is best known for having played J.R.'s nemesis Cliff Barnes on the CBS television series Dallas. He starred in the show from 1978 to 1991, from its pilot episode to the series finale. He initially was cast as Ray Krebbs before being given the role of Cliff Barnes. Kercheval and Larry Hagman were the only Dallas cast members to stay with the series throughout its entire run, although Kercheval's character was only a recurring character during the first two seasons. He became a regular cast member in the 1979–1980 season. Kercheval reprised the role of Cliff Barnes in the 1996 Dallas reunion, J. R. Returns, and he appeared in the 2004 CBS reunion special. He again reprised the role in the Dallas (2012) series.

In the 1980s, he made numerous appearances on  Super Password and The $25,000 Pyramid. In 1991, he appeared in the reunion movie, I Still Dream of Jeannie, playing Mr. Simpson, a guidance counselor at Anthony Nelson Jr.'s high school and was the temporary master for Anthony Jr.'s mother, Jeannie (Barbara Eden); this was because Larry Hagman, who played Tony Nelson, was not available to reprise his role, as he had not yet finished his run on Dallas – the irony being that I Dream of Jeannie was Hagman's first major series, and the actors' respective Dallas characters despised each other. He also appeared as a ballroom dance teacher in the independent film California Casanova.

In 2006, Kercheval appeared in the musical White Christmas at Southampton's Mayflower Theatre and Plymouth's Theatre Royal as the General. In 2007, he reprised his role at the Edinburgh Playhouse and the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff. He reprised his role in Sunderland in 2010 and at The Lowry in Salford Quay with Coronation Street actor Wendi Peters and Brookside regular Claire Sweeney from November 2012 until January 2013.

In 1985, Kercheval became a partner in the Old Capital Popcorn Company. The business thrived at first, but the partnership soured in 1988. The financial issues and other conflicts led to a 1989 armed rampage and suicide on the Dallas set by one of the partners.

Personal life and death
A lifelong smoker, Kercheval was a lung cancer survivor after having had part of his lung removed in 1994. Kercheval was married and divorced three times and had five children. , he had six grandchildren.

In later years, he spent the majority of his time near his family  in Clinton, IN where he enjoyed attending local fairs and festivals.

Kercheval died of pneumonia on April 21, 2019, at the age of 83.

Filmography

Naked City (1962, TV Series) as Acting Student (uncredited)
The Defenders (1962–1965, TV Series) as Harry Grant / Jack Wilks
The Nurses (1965, TV Series) as Mac
The Trials of O'Brien (1965–1966, TV Series) as Jerry Quinlan / Dr. McCahey
Hawk (1966, TV Series) as Clark
An Enemy of the People (1966, TV Movie) as Billing
Pretty Poison (1968) as Harry Jackson
The Secret Storm (1968, TV series regular) as Archie Borman
Cover Me Babe (1970) as Jerry
Rabbit, Run (1970) as Barney
The Coming Asunder of Jimmy Bright (1971, TV Movie) as Jimmy Bright
Search for Tomorrow (1965-1973, TV series regular) as Dr. Nick Hunter
The Seven-Ups (1973) as Ansel – Seven-Up
Get Christie Love! (1974, TV Series) as Alec Palmer
The Disappearance of Flight 412 (1974, TV Movie) as White
How to Survive a Marriage (1974, TV series regular) as Larry Kirby
Beacon Hill (1975, TV Series) as Dist. Attorney
The Adams Chronicles (1976, TV Series) as James Madison
Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys (1976, TV Movie) as District Attorney Tom Knight
Network (1976) as Merrill Grant
The Lincoln Conspiracy (1977) as John Surratt
Rafferty (1977, TV Series) as Jerry Parks
Family (1978, TV Series) as Mark Adams
Kojak (1973–1978, TV Series) as Teddy Maclay / Professor Lacey / Ray Fromm
F.I.S.T (1978) as Bernie Marr
Devil Dog: The Hound of Hell (1978, TV Movie) as Miles Amory
CHiPs (1978, TV Series) as Dr. Faraday
Too Far to Go (1979, TV Movie) as Jack Dennis
Starsky & Hutch (1979, TV Series) as Deputy D.A. Clayburn
Walking Through the Fire (1979, TV Movie) as Dr. Freeman
Here's Boomer (1980, TV Series) as Dr. Haggert
Trapper John, M.D. (1981, TV Series) as Marty Wicks
The Patricia Neal Story (1981, TV Movie) as Dr. Charles Canton
The Demon Murder Case (1983, TV Movie) as Richard Clarion
Calamity Jane (1984, TV Movie) as Buffalo Bill Cody
The Love Boat (1981–1984, TV Series) as Lester Erwin / Don Bartlett
Glitter (1985, TV Series) as John Ramsey Jr.
Hotel (1983–1986, TV Series) as Frank Jessup / Leo Cooney
You Are the Jury (1986, TV Series) as Stanley Nelson
Mike Hammer (1987, TV Series) as A. Walter Decker
Matlock (1987, TV Series) as Louis Devlin
Highway to Heaven (1988, TV Series) as Richard Osbourne
Perry Mason: The Case of the Defiant Daughter (1990, TV Movie) as L.D. Ryan
Corporate Affairs (1990) as Arthur Strickland
Dallas (1978–1991, TV series regular) as Cliff Barnes
California Casanova (1991) as Willie
Keeping Secrets (1991, TV Movie) as Frank Mahoney
I Still Dream of Jeannie (1991, TV Movie) as Mr. Simpson
Diagnosis: Murder: Diagnosis of Murder (1992, TV Movie) as Frank Stevens
L.A. Law (1992, TV Series) as Al Bremmer
Murder, She Wrote (1992, TV Series) as Alex Ericson
Dangerous Curves (1992, TV Series) as Jimmy Douglas
In the Heat of the Night (1993, TV Series) as Judge Lawton Gray
Woman on the Ledge (1993, TV Movie) as Doctor Martin
The Golden Palace (1993, TV Series) as Charlie
Beretta's Island (1994) as Barone
Walker, Texas Ranger (1993, TV Series) as Dr. Slade
Lovejoy (1993, TV Series) as Rutherford Lovejoy
Burke's Law (1994, TV Series) as Bernie Green
A Perry Mason Mystery: The Case of the Grimacing Governor (1994, TV Movie) as Harlan Richards
Dallas: J.R. Returns (1996, TV Movie) as Cliff Barnes
Rusty: A Dog's Tale (1998) as Carl Winthrope
ER (1 episode, 1998) as Mr. Zwicki
Diagnosis: Murder (1993–2000, TV Series) as Keith Dunn / Duke Fallon / William P. Bissell / Alex Ridlin
Blind Obsession (2001) as Harrison Pendragon
Crossing Jordan (2002–2006, TV Series) as Claude Manning
Corrado (2009) as Vittorio
Dallas (2012–2014, TV Series, recurring role) as Cliff Barnes
The Promise (2017) as Dr. Christopher Webber
Surviving in L.A. (2019) as Charlie (final film role)

References

External links

1935 births
2019 deaths
American male television actors
American male soap opera actors
American male stage actors
American male film actors
Deaths from pneumonia in Indiana
Male actors from Indiana
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American collectors
People from LaGrange County, Indiana
People from Clinton, Indiana
American people of German descent

Ken Kercheval


"The Third Conchord" is the twelfth and final episode of the first season of the HBO comedy series Flight of the Conchords.  This episode first aired in the United States on Sunday, September 2, 2007.

Plot synopsis
At a band meeting, Bret and Jemaine discover that Murray has hired a bongo player, Todd (Todd Barry) without consulting them. They demand Murray fire him, but Murray convinces them to give Todd a chance.

Their dismay soon turns to disdain as, despite his average talents, the obnoxious Todd thinks of himself as a rock star. He has no interest in the band beyond its use as a conduit to fame and women, refusing to play Bret and Jemaine's songs and forcing them to try his own, performing protracted bongo solos, and dismissing the band's name as 'boring.'

Outside the rehearsal room he's little better, flirting with Mel, ignoring the fact that she's married and questioning Bret and Jemaine's sexuality for not sleeping with her themselves.

After their first gig together — at which Todd has typically launched into a long bongo solo — they try to convince Murray that Todd has to go because he is not "cool". But Murray refuses because Todd is popular and is bringing the band more fans. Despite this, the next day Jemaine attempts to fire him, but Todd's powers of persuasion are too much for him ('he did a sad face at me') and he ends up taking the easy option and firing Bret instead. Bret then does his angry dance.

After unsuccessfully attempting to weasel his way back into the band, Bret gives up and forms a new band of his own "The Original Flight of the Conchords" with a keytar player he has met named Demitri (Demetri Martin).  Despite Murray's reluctance to manage both bands, they are surprised to discover that the two new incarnations of The Conchords are more successful than Bret and Jemaine ever were.  Bret and Jemaine are still not pleased, however, since neither of them are getting along that well with their respective band-mates.

After a very successful gig in which "Flight of the Conchords" is the opening act for "The Original Flight of the Conchords", a pleased Murray suggests that the two bands merge to form a supergroup.  Instead Todd and Demetri announce that they want to split from Bret and Jemaine and team up together to form the "Crazy Dogggz".

One month later, the song Todd had tried to get the Conchords to play, "Doggy Bounce", is number one in 24 countries.  The Crazy Dogggz are touring the world and a busy and now-rich Murray is neglecting the Conchords.  Even worse, their once-devoted fan Mel has also switched allegiance to the other band. The episode ends with Bret and Jemaine doing the angry dance.

Songs
The following songs were featured in this episode:

"Bret's Angry Dance"
This song is an instrumental, and is played when Bret starts dancing to vent his anger on being fired from the band. The dance closely follows the style of Kevin Bacon's angry dance in Footloose.  The song is reprised over the closing credits, with Bret and Jemaine dancing.

"Doggy Bounce"
Only one new song appears in this episode and it is not, at least in a plot sense, a Conchords song. The Crazy Dogggz song "Doggy Bounce", sung by Todd and Demetri, features somewhat childish lyrics set to a simple melody. The music video for it, which Bret and Jemaine watch on television, features Todd and Demitri in suits accompanied by four female dancers wearing doggy ears. It resembles very closely the "Macarena" music video by Los del Rio from 1996.  Murray's English bulldog, Toby, also makes an appearance.

In the next episode, the first episode of season two, we learn that Todd plagiarized this song from a Polish band.

Other songs
During the scenes in which the various incarnations of the band are performing, we see snippets of "Robots".

Cultural references
Early in the episode Bret mentions to Jemaine that he sometimes dances "when he is angry".  Later in the episode we see Bret launch into an elaborate dance sequence mimicking the Kevin Bacon dance from the 1984 film Footloose.  During the end credits both Bret and Jemaine begin the same dance.

In one scene, Jemaine and Todd arrive at Murray's office wearing leather jackets.  Murray remarks that "the Fonzies have arrived" referring to the character  Fonzie played by Henry Winkler from the 1970s TV series Happy Days.

The title is a reference to the concept of a Fifth Beatle.

After a gig, Murray makes a reference to the Pied Piper, relating his "coolness" to that of Todd's.

The band name Crazy Dogggz refers to the band Wylde Ratttz from the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine.  In the show Todd specifically says he wants it to be spelled with three g's and a z.

References

Flight of the Conchords episodes
2007 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by James Bobin
Television episodes written by James Bobin
Television episodes written by Jemaine Clement
Television episodes written by Bret McKenzie

The Third Conchord


Hobart Coaches was a Tasmanian coach company. It was originally started as a subsidiary company of Hazell Bros with services starting in the Kingston and Blackmans Bay, D'Entrecasteaux Channel, Huon, Richmond and New Norfolk areas.

From there, it increased the passenger and freight areas to St Helens on the east coast, Queenstown on the west coast and Port Arthur down the Peninsula.

With increasing popularity, Hobart Coaches enlarged its fleet of vehicles and began day and extended tours.

The company then became involved in extending services to what is known as the Main Rd. service travelling between Launceston, Devonport and Burnie. This continued for many years until 1999 when Hazell Bros sold Hobart Coaches to Tasmanian Metro Coaches.

Service-wise, the Blackmans Bay, Richmond and New Norfolk services went to Metro, the Main Road service went to Redline Coaches and the tour section with east coast, west coast, Port Arthur and Huon were purchased by a mainland company now known as Tassielink Transit.

Hobart Coaches fleet were re-painted all white with a new Yellow and Green Logo, the same colours worn by Metro Tasmania. All of the coaches were re-numbered from #1 to #11. The coaches were also frequently seen doing 'Metro' bus runs, This created some confusion for the travelling public as they were not used to travelling on coaches on their daily travels, so Metro later revised the colour scheme to Red/White, shortly after this Metro started to wind down Hobart Coaches operations.

In the years following the Richmond Service was sold off to TassieLink Transit and the New Norfolk service to O'Driscoll Coaches / Derwent Valley Link.

Metro Tasmania still retain the Kingston Area but have changed all services to 'Metro' and the name Hobart Coaches is no longer used.

The last two Hobart Coaches have since been sold, #9 is now a camper, and #11 sold to another operator.

References

External links
Hobart Coaches official web site (Now directs to metrotas.com,au)

Transport in Hobart

Hobart Coaches


Free Mason Hall Karachi before the partition, also known as Hope Lodge.  All the programs of the society were held in it.  Where there was a lot of hustle and bustle in the evening, there were rows of white Victorian cars in front of the building.  At that time they had 500 members.  Some of these notable names were Jam Mir Ayub Alamani, a big name in Karachi politically, socially, literary and culturally.
The building is viewed with suspicion after the partition.  Freemasonry is a well-thought-out Jewish organization.  Which is financially supported by the Jews.  And the symbol of the Jews is the Star of David, the eight-pointed star.
Well-known researcher Akhtar Baloch says that the reality before partition was somewhat different and it is also a fact that Muslims were included in these organizations before and after the formation of Pakistan.  The fact that Jews now have the Star of David and the Freemason's logo is part of the same propaganda.  There is a difference between the two signs.  The Freemason Hall logo and the Star of David are separate symbols.

How many buildings and graves of Jews can be seen in Star of David Karachi.
The first such thing came to light in 1972
Freemasonry activities were restricted under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.  Later, on July 18, 1973, the Bhutto government took control of the "Free Mason Hall"
He took possession of the entire record.  On July 19, Dawn reported that the Sindh government, led by the area magistrate, had sealed off the local hall near the YMC and seized the record.  Hall took over at the behest of a rebel group.  The general impression is that Freemasonry is a Jewish organization.  And that is against Islamic ideology.
They have 1750 members all over Pakistan.  Of these, 700 are members of the Karachi headquarters.  According to reports, there are Free Mason Lodge Halls in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi, Tarbela, Quetta and Peshawar.
After capturing the Freemason Hall record, no one knows where it is now
The Free Mason Hall in Lahore was founded in 1860.  This hall is known as "Lahore Temple".  The building is now in the hands of the Punjab government.  Where offices of various government departments have been set up.  Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Sheikh was the last Past Master of Freemason Lodge Hall Karachi.  He was taken over by Dr. RB Kabhata in May 1973.

It may be recalled that when Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto restricted the activities of Free Mason Hall in 1972, his activities continued in spite of him.  Earlier, in 1961, the Pakistani government and members of the Pakistani forces banned him from being a member of the Free Mason Rotary Club and the Lions Club.  The same ban was imposed on other government employees in 1969.
When Zia-ul-Haq banned the activities of the Freemasons on June 17, 1983, under the Marshall Law, Regulation 56, his activities continued.  Because the order did not specify legal or illegal activities.  Therefore, according to the members, they were carrying out legal activities.  With this in mind, the Government declared the Martial Law Regulation of 17 June 1983 by the Martial Law Administrator on 29 December 1985.  Under the order, the Freemasons were banned.  Under section (5), this decision cannot be challenged in any court.  And the person who obstructs the order under section (7) shall be punished severely with imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years and with fine.

The Freemasons were banned in Iran after the 1979 revolution.  Thus, in only two countries in the world, Pakistan and Iran, the Free Mason organization has the Hope Lodge in the early 1990s and the Wildlife Accounts and Head Office at the Sindh Wildlife Time Freemason Lodge Hall.  Where the Sindh government building was made a national heritage, renovation and decoration under the 1994 Act.
The building and hall are still in good condition.  Where there are commemorative plaques.  A plaque commemorates the Freemason Roberts Shepherd of Karachi.  Apart from these ten boards, only these boards are left for the students of Free Mason Hall.

Current look

Judaism is one of the oldest religions in the world.  Before Islam, there were three tribes of Jews living in Madinah, of which the Banu Nadir, Banu Qainqa and Banu Qurayzah are the most important.  Prior to the formation of Pakistan, there were a large number of Jews (Israelites) living in United India, especially in Bombay, Karachi, Gujarat (India), and also in the Pakistani cities of Multan, Rawalpindi and Peshawar.  Families were settled.  Who later emigrated to Israel and other countries.

Research
Aitken's Sindh Gazetteer, published in 1907, writes about the Jewish population of Karachi that according to the 1901 census, their number is only 1300.  Most of them live in Karachi.  Most belong to the Israelite community.  And it is believed that they settled in Karachi from Maharashtra.  Not much can be said about the history of the Jews in United India, but you can guess from the fact that the general election was held in India in 1936 in which "Abraham Rubin" won the election for councilor in Karachi.  Yes, it could mean that the number of Jews at that time was such that they had a councilor or that they would have very good relations with other religions.  Abraham Rubin was also an official of the Jewish organization, the Israelite Association, which was added to Pakistan after the partition of India.  The organization is thought to have been founded in 1893.  In the 19th century, many organizations were formed to protect the Jewish community, with the aim of protecting the rights of Jews and promoting Judaism.  They also provided affordable housing to their community and provided financial support.  These organizations were funded by Jews around the world.  Young Jews were prominent in these organizations.  The Young Man Jewish Association and the Karachi Bani Israel Relief Fund are more important among these organizations.  By 1911, 0.3% of Karachi's population was Jewish.  After the creation of Israel, where Jews migrated from all over the world, many Jews from Pakistan also migrated to Israel, some to England, but the Arab-Israeli war made up for the shortfall.  It has become difficult to live in Pakistan, as we all know how much hatred there is for Israel in Pakistan.  There were also many Jews who hid their identities and did not reveal their identities by calling themselves Christians or Parsis.  The inscription in Karachi's Frere Hall names the Jews who founded an organization called "Free Mason" in Pakistan, which was later banned after the establishment of Pakistan.

Bani Israel Mosque in Karachi
A Jewish religious shrine called the "Star of the Church of Peace" was located on Col. Jamil Street, Nishat Road, Karachi.  The church was founded by Solomon David in 1893.  Then in 1912 further expansion was made by Solomon's daughters, Gershon Solomon and Raheem Solomon.  A Hebrew school was also established within the church by the Jewish community in 1916-1918.  Nathan Ibrahim Hall was also established here in 1918.  There is also a signboard with the words "Pakistan Bani Israel Association" written on it.  There is also a mosque here called Bani Israel Mosque.  Its entrance reads, "Only Jews are allowed to enter here."  There was an Israeli mosque building in the main square of the Ranchhor Lines area of Karachi, which has now been converted into a multi-storey residential building called "Madiha Square".  Even today, the old people of Karachi know it as an Israeli or Jewish mosque.  An old resident of the area, Qazi Khidr Habib, says the last trustee of the Israel Trust was a woman named Rachel Joseph, who named the building after a man named Ahmed Elahi, son of Mehr Elahi, a power of attorney.  They agreed to build a commercial building on the site of the shrine.  Shops will be built on the ground floor of the building while a shrine will be built on the first floor.  There were shops on the ground floor and a place of worship on the first floor.  But now there are residential flats instead of places of worship.  There was also a lawsuit between "Rachel Joseph" and various individuals over the ownership of the trust, in which "Rachel" and his attorney won.  Rachel's presence in Karachi is said to have moved her to London a long time ago.  On May 6, 2007, Reema Abbasi, a columnist for Rozna Mehdan, wrote that the last custodian of the place, Rachel Joseph, was in Karachi until 2007, when she moved to London.

Jews of Hyderabad
The general impression about the Jews is that they were confined to Karachi, but an inscription in the Jewish cemetery proves that they served in other cities of Sindh besides Karachi.  There is also a tomb of Dr. Elizabeth Jacob Bhurapkar, who served in the Civil Hospital, Hyderabad, who was born in 1850 and died in 1922.  Similarly, a grave has been made by Abraham Reuben Kumar, the vice president of the Jewish community in Karachi.

Jews of Multan
According to Altaf Ahmed, Director Media Relations of the Election Commission of Pakistan, the number of Jewish voters in Pakistan was 809 in the last national elections held in 2013.  And there were 12 Jews in Multan who identified themselves as Parsis.  According to these figures, the disappearance of hundreds of Jewish voters in five years is a rare occurrence.  Where did the Jewish voters go?

Jews of Peshawar
Peshawar also had a Jewish community in the 1960s and had two places of worship.  As of 2017, there were 900 Jewish voters registered, according to the Election Commission of Pakistan.  At present, as many Jews as there are in Pakistan are hiding their identities.  Jews call themselves Parsis or Christians, so it is not possible to know their true numbers.

Jews of Rawalpindi

Deutsche Welle, a reporter for the English broadcaster DW, wrote in a report on Jews in Rawalpindi that it was difficult to identify Jews in Rawalpindi. Only one of the Pakistani Jews contacted by Deutsche Welle was a senior citizen.  He agreed to be interviewed on condition of anonymity.  This elderly Jewish citizen of Pakistan is a good year old and lives in an old and densely populated area of Rawalpindi.  "There was a time when even about thirty years ago, there were about forty-five Jewish families living in Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Gujranwala," he said.  Many Jewish families, including my own, have migrated to Europe, the United States or South Africa.  At least six Jewish families have relocated to Karachi, "he said." Until the 1970s, there were two synagogues in Rawalpindi.  But despite the fact that a few Jewish families lived in the city, these places of worship were closed because our religious leaders, the rabbis, were not available.  Jews stopped registering as voters because it is now a viable option for a Jew to run for office in a particular seat and to go and vote for such a candidate as a voter in an age of sectarianism and extremism.  No, "said the Pakistani minority, who has spent most of his life in a neighborhood in Rawalpindi, explaining to DW why local Jews have little interest in politics.  Similarly, he has never been politically active.  But due to the instability of the democracy that was restored after the dictatorship of Zia-ul-Haq and the lack of interest of almost all political parties in the local Jews, our own interest in politics has almost disappeared.  The last time I cast my vote was in the 1990 general election.  After that, the desire to participate in the election as a voter disappeared.

Karachi Jewish Israel Cemetery
There are graves of Jews (Israelis) in Mewa Shah Cemetery in Karachi.  And an estimated 5,000 Jews are buried here.  About five hundred graves have been identified.  The Hebrew language written on the books is now the only sign that the Jews are buried here.  The last burial in the Israelite cemetery was in the 1980s, after which no Jew is reported to have been buried here.  Solomon David was a surveyor in the Karachi Municipality in the British era. Solomon died in 1902 and his wife died the following year. Both spouses were buried in the same cemetery.  In 1912, Solomon David's two sons redesigned his books.  The cemetery is overgrown with bushes and plants, and criminals often hide from law enforcement due to a lack of government attention.  The cemetery is being looked after by a Baloch family, who have been its watchmen for six generations.  According to him, some Jews used to come here and pay for their maintenance, but now for years no one has come here, only newspaper correspondents and researchers come and take pictures and leave.  This monument to Judaism in Karachi has fallen into disrepair due to lack of proper maintenance.  Most Jewish graves have been demolished and the resettlement of Muslim dead is in full swing.

Israeli Jew from Karachi
Regarding the presence of Jews in Karachi, Mahmooda Rizvia writes on page 146 of her book Queen of the East that Jews live in the Lawrence Quarter.  Employees are called Israelites by profession and common usage.  The victims separate themselves.  There is a temple and a cemetery.  Their population is very small.  Educated and very happy.  Well known writer and journalist Muhammad Hanif who fortunately visited Israel.  At the moment, the international broadcaster affiliated with the BBC writes about an event during his visit to Israel that at last one of the moderators realized that I had not given a speech.  I was taken by the hand and made to stand on the stage.  I said that I am not from India but from Karachi.  That's how I came home from work.  But I was very happy to meet you guys and so on and so forth.  A forty-five-year-old man of fair complexion and fat body, sitting in the front row, sobbed loudly.  When I got off the stage, he came and grabbed my hand, took me to a corner and hugged me.  This was Daniel of Soldier Bazaar Karachi.
"I haven't seen anyone from Karachi since 68"
He told me between sobs:
"I went to an English medium school there. We had our own mosque. During the war of 1967, Ayub Khan sent police to protect it."
Then he put his hand on his heart and said, "We were not in trouble there. We were never abused. We just saw that all the Jews were going to Israel, so we came too."

Pakistan was formed in 1947 and Israel in 1948 and this is where the bad days of these Jews began.  Then whenever the Arabs fought Israel, the land became narrow for the Jews of Sindh.  In the Arab-Israeli wars of 1956 and 1967, Pakistani extremist Muslims kept Pakistani Jews alive.  Even in 1968, there were only 250 Jews left in Sindh, which used to be three or four thousand.  Jews were forced to leave Pakistan and seek refuge in England or Israel.

The remaining surviving Jews, disguised as Parsis, somehow managed to populate Karachi's Megan Shalom Snigag and the Jewish cemetery.  The misfortune of Pakistan that then came the era of Zia-ul-Haq, it was the double misfortune of Pakistani Jews, people fell on each other while chanting slogans of jihad, when Deobandi, Barelvi, Ahle Hadith and Shia killed each other by declaring each other as infidels.  How can Jews survive in such a situation?  Some extremist Muslims, together with the Occupy Mafia, attacked the synagogue, the Jews escaped, and valuables were stolen.  Twelve years ago today, there were about ten Jewish families in Karachi.  But that number has dwindled, with Jewish property grabbing mafias and locals building residential buildings and commercial complexes.

Buildings and structures in Pakistan

Free Mason Hall


On 3 July 2019, an airstrike by General Khalifa Haftar's Libyan National Army (LNA) hit the Tajoura Detention Center outside Tripoli, Libya, while hundreds of people were inside the facility.

The detention center was being used as a holding facility for migrants and refugees trying to reach Europe when a storage hangar that it used as a residential facility was destroyed in an aerial bombing.

The United Nations Human Rights Council stated that "It was known that there were 600 people living inside" the facility. At least 53 people were killed and 130 were wounded.

References

2010s in Libya
2019 in Africa
July 2019 events

2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike


Hidrolina is a municipality in north-central Goiás, Brazil.  The population was 4,157 (IBGE 2007) and the area of the municipality is 580 km2.

Location
Hidrolina is in the Ceres Microregion north of the state capital, Goiânia.  It is 27 kilometers northeast of São Luíz do Norte, which is on the junction with the important BR-153 highway.  There is another dirt road going east for 14 kilometers to Pilar de Goiás.  The distance to Goiânia is 267 km. and highway connections are made by GO-080 / Nerópolis / São Francisco de Goiás / BR-153 / Jaraguá / Rialma / São Luíz do Norte / GO-338.  See Seplan

Municipal boundaries are with:
north:  Uruaçu
south:  São Luíz do Norte
east:  Santa Rita do Novo Destino
west: Pilar de Goiás

History
Hidrolina began in 1950 with the donation of lands to the Catholic Church by two local ranchers.  A chapel was built in homage to Santo Antonio Maria Claret and soon houses were built.  The first name was "Lobeira" due to the existence of this tree in the region.  In 1958 it was raised to district and the name changed to Hidrolina, because of the presence of many streams.  In the same year it became a municipality.

Demographics
Population density: 7.16 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate: 0.47% from 1996/2007
Urban population in 1980: 2,375
Urban population in 2007: 2,991
Rural population in 1980: 2,438
Rural population in 2007: 1,166

The economy
The main economic activities are cattle raising, agriculture and services.  In 2007 there were 11 industrial units, 43 retail units and one banking institution.  There were 341 automobiles in 2007.  Farming was the main economic activity and there were 364 farms in 2006 with a total area of 37,038 hectares, of which 2,800 were cropland and the rest either pasture or woodland.  The main agricultural activities were cattle raising (35,000 head in 2006) and cultivation of rice, sugarcane, manioc, corn, soybeans and bananas.

Health and education
The literacy rate was 86.3% in 2005 while the infant mortality rate was 31.12 in 1,000 live births, in the same year.  There were 07 schools
with 1,297 students in 2006.   In 20073 there was 01 hospital with 29 beds.

Hidrolina was ranked 114 out of 242 municipalities on the Human Development Index for the state of Goiás.    Life expectancy was 66.4 for males and females. Data are from 2000.  For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br

See also
 List of municipalities in Goiás

References

Frigoletto

Municipalities in Goiás

Hidrolina


Michael John Churchill Campbell-Jones (21 January 1930 – 24 March 2020) was a Formula One driver from England. He participated in two World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 17 June 1962. He scored no championship points. He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races.

After some success in sports car racing in 1958, Campbell-Jones entered Formula Two whilst entering minor Formula One races. In 1962, he joined the Emeryson team but achieved little; his one World Championship entry was in the Belgian Grand Prix, where the Emeryson's gearbox failed in practice. He raced a borrowed Lotus which he retired with gearbox failure, although he was classified 11th. However, he did achieve some minor placings in lesser Formula One races that year. In the 1962 Solitude Grand Prix (non-championship) he had an accident in practice and was badly burnt.

In 1963, he moved to Tim Parnell's team which were running Lolas, but he struggled again with his single Championship entry seeing him finish 13th at the British Grand Prix. After that season, Campbell-Jones faded from the scene.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
English racing drivers
English Formula One drivers
Emeryson Formula One drivers
Reg Parnell Racing Formula One drivers
People from Leatherhead

John Campbell-Jones


An exchange rate regime is a way a monetary authority of a country or currency union manages the currency about other currencies and the foreign exchange market. It is closely related to monetary policy and the two are generally dependent on many of the same factors, such as economic scale and openness, inflation rate, the elasticity of the labor market, financial market development, and capital mobility.

There are two major regime types:
 Floating (or flexible) exchange rate regime exist where exchange rates are determined solely by market forces and often manipulated by open-market operations. Countries do have the ability to influence their floating currency from activities such as buying/selling currency reserves, changing interest rates, and through foreign trade agreements.
 Fixed (or pegged) exchange rate regimes, exist when a country sets the value of its home currency directly proportional to the value of another currency or commodity. For years many currencies were fixed (or pegged) to gold. If the value of gold rose, the value of the currency fixed to gold would also rise. Today, many currencies are fixed (pegged) to floating currencies from major nations. Many countries have fixed their currency value to the U.S. dollar, the euro, or the British pound.

There are also intermediate exchange rate regimes that combine elements of the other regimes.

This classification of exchange rate regime is based on the classification method carried out by GGOW (Ghos, Guide, Ostry and Wolf, 1995, 1997), which combined the IMF de jure classification with the actual exchange behavior so as to differentiate between official and actual policies. The GGOW classification method is also known as the trichotomy method.

Fixed versus floating

There are many factors a country should consider before deciding on a fixed or floating currency, with pros and cons to both choices.

If a country chooses to fix its local currency to that of another country (like the US dollar) they achieve exchange rate stability. This means that any time that country trades with the United States or conducts trade denominated in US dollars, there is certainty around how much the local currency will be worth in terms of US dollars. Businesses enjoy this certainty and pegging a currency can often lead to foreign direct investment (FDI). However, when a country decides to fix their currency they give up monetary autonomy. They are not able to set their own exchange rates, and thus the relative strength or weakness of their currency is fully dependent on the strength or weakness of the currency they have chosen to fix their local currency to.

If a country chooses to be free-floating like the US dollar, they are monetarily independent- however they lose the exchange rate stability that fixed currencies have. Notice you can not achieve a currency that is monetarily independent yet also has an exchange rate stability. This inability to have both is part of a concept known as the incompatible trinity. When deciding upon a currency regime countries can achieve two out of three things: full financial integration, exchange rate stability, or monetary independence. A country can never have a currency that achieves all three.

Exchange rate regimes

Floating exchange rate regime

A floating (or flexible) exchange rate regime is one in which a country's exchange rate fluctuates in a wider range and the country's monetary authority makes no attempt to fix it against any base currency. A movement in the exchange is either an appreciation or depreciation.

Free float (or floating exchange rate)

Under a free float, also known as clean float, a currency's value is allowed to fluctuate in response to foreign-exchange market mechanisms without government intervention.

Managed float (or dirty float)

Under a managed float, also known as dirty float, a government may intervene in the market exchange rate in a variety of ways and degrees, in an attempt to make the exchange rate move in a direction conducive to the economic development of the country, especially during an extreme appreciation or depreciation.

A monetary authority may, for example, allow the exchange rate to float freely between an upper and lower bound, a price "ceiling" and "floor".

Intermediate rate regime
The exchange rate regimes between the fixed ones and the floating ones.

Band (or target zone)

There is only a tiny variation around the fixed exchange rate against another currency, well within plus or minus 2%.

For example, Denmark has fixed its exchange rate against the euro, keeping it very close to 7.44 krone = 1 euro (0.134 euro = 1 krone).

Crawling peg

A crawling peg is when a currency steadily depreciates or appreciates at an almost constant rate against another currency, with the exchange rate following a simple trend.

Crawling band

Some variation about the rate is allowed, and adjusted as above: for example, see Colombia from 1996 to 2002 and Chile in the 1990s.

Currency basket peg

A currency basket is a portfolio of selected currencies with different weightings. The currency basket peg is commonly used to minimize the risk of currency fluctuations. For example, Kuwait shifted the peg based on a currency basket consists of currencies of its major trade and financial partners.

Fixed exchange rate regime

A fixed exchange rate regime, sometimes called a pegged exchange rate regime, is one in which a monetary authority pegs its currency's exchange rate to another currency, a basket of other currencies or to another measure of value (such as gold), and may allow the rate to fluctuate within a narrow range. To maintain the exchange rate within that range, a country's monetary authority usually needs to intervene in the foreign exchange market. A movement in the peg rate is called either revaluation or devaluation.

Currency board

Currency board is an exchange rate regime in which a country's exchange rate maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency, based on an explicit legislative commitment. It is a type of fixed regime that has special legal and procedural rules designed to make the peg "harder—that is, more durable". Examples include the Hong Kong dollar against the U.S dollar and Bulgarian lev against the Euro.

Dollarisation

Dollarisation, also currency substitution, means a country unilaterally adopts the currency of another country.

Most of the adopting countries are too small to afford the cost of running its own central bank or issuing its own currency. Most of these economies use the U.S dollar, but other popular choices include the euro, and the Australian and New Zealand dollars.

Currency union

A currency union, also known as monetary union, is an exchange regime where two or more countries use the same currency. Under a currency union, there is some form of transnational structure such as a single central bank or monetary authority that is accountable to the member states.

Examples of currency unions are the Eurozone, CFA and CFP franc zones. One of the first known examples is the Latin Monetary Union that existed between 1865 and 1927. The Scandinavian Monetary Union existed between 1873 and 1905.

See also
 European Exchange Rate Mechanism

References

 Robert C. Feenstra, Alan M. Taylor, 2014, International Economics-Worth Publishers
 Ye Shujun, 2009, International Economics,Tsinghua University Press,79
 Andrea, Inci, 2002, The Evolution of Exchange Rate Regimes Since 1990: Evidence from De Facto Policies, 8

Further reading
 Edwards, Sebastian & Levy Yeyati, Eduardo (2003) "Flexible Exchange Rates as Shock Absorbers," NBER Working Papers 9867, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. ().
 Kiguel, Andrea & Levy Yeyati, Eduardo (2009) "Back to 2007: Fear of appreciation in emerging economies" ().
 Tiwari, Rajnish (2003): Post-Crisis Exchange Rate Regimes in Southeast Asia, Seminar Paper, University of Hamburg. (PDF)
 Levy-Yeyati, Eduardo & Sturzenegger, Federico & Reggio, Iliana (2006) "On the Endogeneity of Exchange Rate Regimes," Working Paper Series rwp06-047, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government. ()
 Nenovsky. N, K. Dimitrova(2006). "Exchange Rate and Inflation: France and Bulgaria in the interwar period".International Center for Economic Research Working Paper, Torino, No 34, 2006
 Nenovsky. N, G. Pavanelli and Dimitrova, K(2007). Rate Control in Italy and Bulgaria in the Interwar Period: History and Prospectives"''.International Center of Economic Research Working Paper,Torino, No 40, 2007
 Roberto Frenkel and Martín Rapetti, A Concise History of Exchange Rate Regimes in Latin America, Center for Economic and Policy Research, April 2010
 Coudert, Virginie and Cécile Couharde, Currency Misalignments and Exchange Rate Regimes in Emerging and Developing Countries. , 2008.

Foreign exchange market

Exchange rate regime


Corazón salvaje is a Mexican telenovela, which was produced by and broadcast on Televisa in 1977. It is the fourth of five screen adaptations of the novel of the same name by Caridad Bravo Adams, and the second telenovela. The first telenovela starred singer Julissa while the 1977 production starred singer Angélica María who had previously had the role of Mónica in the 1968 film version. Actor Ernesto Alonso produced this version and after not casting Julissa and instead repeating Angélica María the first allegedly declared "Since my father (Luis de Llano) is not employed in this company (Televisa) anymore Ernesto Alonso has forgotten me in his castings".

Cast
 Angélica María as Mónica Molnar
 Martín Cortés as Juan del Diablo
 Susana Dosamantes as Aimee Molnar
 Fernando Allende as Renato D'Autremont
 Bertha Moss as Sofía
 Miguel Manzano as Pedro Noel
 Kikis Herrera Calles as Catalina de Molnar
 Lucy Tovar as Janina
 Socorro Avelar as Ana
 Jorge Vargas as Francisco D'Autremont
 Armando Alcazar as Renato (as a child)
 Ernesto Alonso as Narrator
 Roberto Antunez as Vice-Secretary of the Governor
 Carlos Argüelles as Juan (as a child)
 Consuelo Frank as Sister María Inés de la Conception
 Manuel Guízar as Doctor Alejandro Faber
 Ernesto Marin as Colibrí
 René Muñoz as Esteban
 Agustín Sauret as Marcos
 Raúl Vale as Adrián Lefevre
 Sergio Zuani as Segundo Duclos
 Eduardo Alcaraz as Padre Didier
 Tony Bravo as Charles Brighton
 Rosa Gloria Chagoyán
 Juan Diego Fernandez Viñas
 Roberto Montiel as Gracian
 Leon Singer
 Pilar Souza
 Ignacio Rubiell

See also
 Corazón salvaje

External links
 Corazón salvaje at the telenovela database

1977 telenovelas
1970s Mexican television series
1977 Mexican television series debuts
1977 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Televisa telenovelas

Corazón salvaje (1977 TV series)


Robert Allen Iger  (; born February 10, 1951) is an American media business executive who serves as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of The Walt Disney Company. He previously served as the President of ABC between 1994 and 1995 and as president and chief operating officer (COO) of Capital Cities/ABC, from 1995 until its acquisition by Disney in 1996. Iger was named president of Disney in 2000 and succeeded Michael Eisner as CEO in 2005, until his contract expired in 2020. He then served as executive chairman until his retirement from the company on December 31, 2021. After his exit from the company, Iger served, at the company's request, as an advisor to his successor. Iger was awarded $2 million per year for such advice. However, at the request of Disney's board of directors, Iger returned to Disney as CEO on November 20, 2022, following the unscheduled and immediate dismissal of his appointed successor, Bob Chapek.

During his initial 15-year stewardship of the company, Iger broadened Disney's roster of intellectual properties, expanded its presence in international markets, and oversaw an increase of the company's market capitalization from $48 billion to $257 billion. He led the major acquisitions of Pixar in 2006 for $7.4 billion, Marvel Entertainment in 2009 for $4 billion, Lucasfilm in 2012 for $4.06 billion, and the entertainment assets of 21st Century Fox in 2019 for $71.3 billion. Iger also expanded the company's theme park resorts presence in East Asia, with the introduction of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and Shanghai Disney Resort in 2005 and 2016, respectively. Additionally, he was also the driving force behind the reinvigoration of Walt Disney Animation Studios, the branded-release strategy of its film studio's output, and the company's increased investment on its direct-to-consumer businesses, including Disney+ and Hulu. As CEO, Iger is awarded approximately $27 million in annual target compensation, composed of a $1 million salary, a $1 million bonus and $25 million in incentive based performance pay. Disney has renewed Iger's contract until 2026.

Early life and education
Robert Allen Iger was born to a Jewish family in New York City. He is the oldest son of Miriam "Mimi" (née Tunick) (1927–2013) and Arthur L. Iger (1926–2010). His father was a World War II Navy veteran who was the executive vice president and general manager of the Greenvale Marketing Corporation, and was also a professor of advertising and public relations. His mother worked at Boardman Junior High School in Oceanside, New York. Arthur's father Joe (i.e. Bob's paternal grandfather) was cartoonist Jerry Iger's brother.

He was raised in Oceanside, where he attended the Fulton Avenue School and graduated from Oceanside High School in 1969. In 1973, he graduated magna cum laude from the Roy H. Park School of Communications at Ithaca College with a Bachelor of Science degree in Television and Radio.

Career
Iger began his media career in 1972 as the host of Campus Probe, an Ithaca College television show. He dreamed of becoming a news anchor while he worked as a weatherman in Ithaca for five months, before shifting his career goals.

American Broadcasting Company (ABC)

In 1974, Iger joined the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). His first job was performing menial labor on television sets for $150 a week (over $700, adjusted for inflation).

In 1988, Iger served as the senior program executive for the Calgary Winter Olympics. The event was marred by disruptive weather and delayed events, and to fill the broadcast schedule Iger's team focused on human interest stories such as those of the Jamaican bobsled team and Eddie the Eagle. The event achieved record-high ratings for ABC, and Iger's performance under pressure caught the attention of ABC executives Daniel Burke and Thomas Murphy, who subsequently championed Iger throughout his ascent at ABC.

In 1989, he was named head of ABC Entertainment, green lighting shows such as Twin Peaks, America's Funniest Home Videos  and Cop Rock. He served as president of the ABC Network Television Group from January 1993 to 1994, and was appointed as Capital Cities/ABC senior vice president in March 1993 and executive vice president in July 1993. In 1994, Iger was named president and chief operating officer of ABC's corporate parent, Capital Cities/ABC.

The Walt Disney Company
In 1995, The Walt Disney Company purchased Capital Cities/ABC and renamed it ABC, Inc., where Iger remained chairman until 1999.

On February 25, 1999, Disney named Iger the president of Walt Disney International, the business unit that oversees Disney's international operations, as well as chairman of the ABC Group, removing him from day-to-day authority at ABC. Disney called the change a promotion for Iger.

Disney named Iger the president and chief operating officer (COO) on January 24, 2000, making him Disney's No. 2 executive under chairman and CEO, Michael Eisner. Disney had been without a separate president since Eisner assumed the role following the departure of Michael Ovitz in 1997, after sixteen months at Disney.

In 2005 board members Roy E. Disney and Stanley Gold began a campaign called "save Disney" against Eisner. As a result, Disney began a search for the next CEO to replace Eisner. On March 13, 2005, Disney announced that Iger would succeed Michael Eisner as CEO, and Iger was placed in charge of day-to-day operations, though Eisner held the title of CEO until he resigned on September 30, 2005. In July 2005, Disney and Gold dropped the campaign and agreed to work with Iger.

One of Iger's first major decisions as CEO was to reassign Disney's chief strategic officer, Peter Murphy, and disband the company's Strategic Planning division. It was around this time Iger started to become known as "Bob" rather than "Robert".

On January 24, 2006, under Iger's leadership, Disney announced it would acquire Pixar for $7.4 billion in an all-stock transaction. In the same year, Iger also re-acquired the rights to Walt Disney's first star, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, from NBCUniversal by releasing sportscaster Al Michaels from ABC Sports to NBC Sports.

In August 2009, Iger negotiated for Disney to acquire Marvel Entertainment and its associated assets for $4 billion. By 2014, Disney had grossed more than that amount at the box office through the Marvel movies. On October 7, 2011, Disney announced that Iger would become chairman of the board, following John Pepper's retirement from the board in March 2012. On November 15, 2011, Apple, Inc., led by CEO Tim Cook, named Iger to its board of directors. Iger was responsible for making Steve Jobs Disney's largest shareholder by its acquisition of Pixar.

In October 2012, Iger signed a deal with filmmaker George Lucas to purchase Lucasfilm for $4 billion. As a result, Disney acquired the rights to the Star Wars multimedia franchise and Indiana Jones. In March 2016, Iger announced the opening of the $5.5 billion Shanghai Disney Resort later that year.

Iger's contract as Disney's chairman and CEO was originally planned to run until June 30, 2018. In March 2017, Disney extended Iger's term to July 2, 2019, and said he would serve as a consultant for the following three years. In December 2017, Disney extended Iger's contract through 2021.

In July 2018 Disney and 21st Century Fox shareholders approved a deal to allow Disney to purchase Fox assets. The deal was finalized in March 2019.

In April 2019, it was announced that Iger would depart from his position as CEO and chairman of Disney when his contract expired in 2021. Iger resigned from Apple's board of directors on September 10, 2019, in order to avoid a conflict of interest as Disney and Apple prepared to launch competing streaming services Disney+ and Apple TV+.

In September 2019, Iger released his memoir The Ride of a Lifetime.

In 2020, Iger announced his intention to retire. On February 25 that year, the board of directors named Bob Chapek – then-chairman of Disney Parks, Experiences and Products – the new chief executive, while appointing Iger executive chairman (an ad hoc post) to oversee the transition. In April however, the board unexpectedly extended Iger's mandate until the end of 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On December 31, 2021, Iger stepped down and was succeeded by Susan Arnold as chair of the board. However, on November 20, 2022, Chapek was ousted by the Disney board with Iger reinstated as CEO. At the time of his rejoining Disney, Iger initially agreed to hold the post for two years while looking for a successor. However, on July 12, 2023, Iger and Disney extended the contract until the end of 2026.

Iger earned an average pay package of about $47mn, per year, during his last five years as chief executive.

Company boards
In October 2020, he became a director of the massively funded dairy-replacement startup Perfect Day.

Iger joined the board of Genies, Inc. in March 2022.

Personal life
Iger has been married twice. His first marriage to Kathleen Susan Iger ended in divorce. They have two daughters. In 1995, Iger married journalist Willow Bay in an interfaith Jewish and Roman Catholic service in Bridgehampton, New York. They have two children: Robert Maxwell "Max" Iger (born 1998) and William Iger (born 2002).

According to Forbes, Iger's estimated net worth was about $690 million as of 2019.

Politics
Iger has described himself as a political centrist. He previously identified with the Democratic Party. In 2016, Iger switched his party registration from Democratic to independent.

In May 2016, during a dispute over Disney Resort's low wages, Iger wrote in a Facebook post claiming that Disney had hired 11,000 new employees in the past decade at Disneyland, and 18,000 in the past 5 years in the U.S. Iger specifically targeted Vermont Senator, Bernie Sanders, who had been outspoken on the issue. Disney settled with the Department of Labor and agreed to pay back wages the following year.

Iger co-chaired a fundraiser for Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign on August 22, 2016. He was named to President-elect Trump's Strategic and Policy Forum on December 2, 2016. He resigned from the Forum on June 1, 2017, out of protest after President Trump withdrew the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement.

Iger considered running for president as a Democrat in the 2020 election, but decided against it.

Accolades and recognition
In December 2019, Iger was named by Time as their Businessperson of the Year. In 2020, he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.

In September 2022, Iger was appointed an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II "for services to the UK/US relations".

Controversies
In August 2019, Vanity Fair reported that actress Paz de la Huerta added Iger to her lawsuit against Harvey Weinstein over allegations of rape, claiming that he and previous CEO Michael Eisner "made a series of decisions that allowed a range of actions by Harvey Weinstein that unacceptably harmed certain employees". Disney denied any knowledge of misconduct or settlements with victims during Weinstein's run at Miramax from 1993 to 2005.

In November 2017, Variety reported that Iger knew about a 2010 Oscar party where Pixar chief John Lasseter was seen "making out with a junior staffer", seeming to confirm anonymous allegations that Lasseter's inappropriate interactions with young women had been known to company leadership since the 1990s. One anonymous source was quoted as saying, "I know personally that Bob was aware. ... Everybody was aware. They just didn't do anything about it."

During a July 2023 interview on CNBC, Iger criticized the WGA and SAG-AFTRA strikes as "not realistic". He added that the unions "are adding to the set of the challenges that this business is already facing that is, quite frankly, very disruptive." Iger's comments were widely criticized both inside and outside of Hollywood for being elitist and out of touch, with HuffPost writer Marina Fang noting Iger's $27 million annual salary that he received when rejoining Disney.

Works

References

External links

 Corporate biography

1951 births
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
American Broadcasting Company executives
American chairpersons of corporations
American chief executives
American chief operating officers
20th-century American Jews
American media executives
American memoirists
American people of Jewish descent
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Chairmen of The Walt Disney Company
Directors of Apple Inc.
Directors of The Walt Disney Company
Disney executives
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Ithaca College alumni
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) Independents
People from Oceanside, New York
Presidents of American Broadcasting Company Entertainment
Presidents of the American Broadcasting Company
21st-century American Jews
Businesspeople awarded knighthoods

Bob Iger


Christen Sørensen Longomontanus (also as Longberg or Severin) (4 October 1562 – 8 October 1647) was a Danish astronomer.

The name Longomontanus was a Latinized form of the name of the village of Lomborg, Jutland, Denmark, where he was born. His father, a laborer called Søren, or Severin, died when Christen was eight years old. An uncle took charge of the child, and had him educated at Lemvig; but after three years sent him back to his mother, who needed his help to work the fields. She agreed that he could study during the winter months with the clergyman of the parish; this arrangement continued until 1577, when the ill-will of some of his relatives and his own desire for knowledge caused him to run away to Viborg.

There he attended the grammar school, working as a labourer to pay his expenses, and in 1588 went to Copenhagen with a high reputation for learning and ability. Engaged by Tycho Brahe in 1589 as his assistant in his great astronomical observatory of Uraniborg, he rendered invaluable service for eight years. He held Tycho Brahe in the highest regard and always supported his system and tried to improve upon it throughout his life. However, he did disagree with the Tycho Brahe's system in some regards, he believed that the earth rotated unlike his master's theory that it was immobile. During this time, Kepler joined the two in trying to come up with a theory on how to predict longitude at oppositions with complete accuracy. Longomontanus used Mars as a model for this. Having left the island of Hven with his master, he obtained his discharge at Copenhagen on 1 June 1597, in order to study at some German universities.  He rejoined Tycho at Prague in January 1600, and having completed the Tychonic lunar theory, turned homeward again in August. Soon after this, Tycho Brahe's untimely demise happened. After Tycho managed to become an mathematician that served the Emperor Rudolph II, he died in October 1601. The Emperor had to appoint a new Mathematician. When doing so, the expected choice would have been Longomontanus since he was Tycho's preferred choice. However, Longomontanus was gone during this time in Denmark and Johannes Kepler was there, so he was anointed.

He visited Frauenburg, where Copernicus had made his observations, took a master's degree at Rostock, and at Copenhagen found a patron in Christian Friis, chancellor of Denmark, who employed him in his household. Appointed in 1603 rector of the school of Viborg, he was elected two years later to a professorship in the University of Copenhagen, and his promotion to the chair of mathematics ensued in 1607. This post was held by Longomontanus till his death in 1647.

Longomontanus was not an advanced thinker. He adhered to Tycho's erroneous views about refraction, believed that comets were messengers of evil, and imagined that he had squared the circle. He found that the circle whose diameter is 43 has for its circumference the square root of 18252 which gives 3.14185... for the value of π. John Pell and others tried in vain to convince him of his error. In 1632 he started the construction of the Rundetårn (a stately astronomical tower in Copenhagen), but did not live to witness its completion. King Christian IV of Denmark, to whom he dedicated his Astronomia Danica, an exposition of the Tychonic system of the universe, conferred upon him the canonry of Lunden in Schleswig.

Longomontanus's major contribution to science was to develop Tycho's geoheliocentric model of the universe empirically and publicly to common acceptance. When Tycho died in 1601, his program for the restoration of astronomy was unfinished. The observational aspects were complete, but two important tasks remained, namely the selection and integration of the data into accounts of the motions of the planets, and the presentation of the results on the entire program in the form of a systematic treatise. Longomontanus assumed the responsibility and fulfilled both tasks in his voluminous Astronomia Danica (1622). Regarded as the testament of Tycho, the work was eagerly received in seventeenth-century astronomical literature. The book was highly accredited and many famous owners included Chrstopher Wren, Christiaan Huygens as well as the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England. The book mainly compared the three world systems of the time, these included the Copernicus, Tycho Brahe and Ptolemy schools of thought. But unlike Tycho's, the geoheliocentric model of Longomontanus gave the Earth a proper daily rotation (as in the models of Ursus and Roslin). It is therefore sometimes called the 'semi-Tychonic' system. The book was reprinted in 1640 and 1663, which indicates its popularity and the interest in the semi-Tychonic system in this period.

Having originally worked on calculating the Martian orbit for Tycho with Kepler, he had already modelled its orbit in his geoheliocentric model to an error in longitude of under 2 arcminutes when Kepler had still only achieved 8 arcminutes error in his heliocentric system, as he had not yet used elliptical orbits.

Some historians claim Kepler's 1627 Rudolphine Tables, based on Tycho Brahe's observations, were more accurate than any previous tables. But nobody has ever demonstrated they were more accurate than Longomontanus's 1622 Danish Astronomy tables, also based upon Tycho's observations.

Publications

His major works in mathematics and astronomy were:
 Systematis Mathematici, etc. (1611)
 Cyclometria e Lunulis reciproce demonstrata, etc. (1612)
 Disputatio de Eclipsibus (1616)
 Astronomia Danica, etc. (1622)

 Disputationes quatuor Astrologicae (1622)
 Pentas Problematum Philosophiae (1623)
 De Chronolabio Historico, seu de Tempore Disputationes tres (1627)
 Geometriae quaesita XIII. de Cyclometria rationali et vera (1631)
 Inventio Quadraturae Circuli (1634)
 Disputatio de Matheseos Indole (1636)
 Coronis Problematica ex Mysteriis trium Numerorum (1637)
 Problemata duo Geometrica (1638)
 Problema contra Paulum Guldinum de Circuli Mensura (1638)
 Introductio in Theatrum Astronomicum (1639)
 Rotundi in Plano, etc. (1644)
 Admiranda Operatio trium Numerorum 6, 7, 8, etc. (1645)
 Caput tertium Libri primi de absoluta Mensura Rotundi plani, etc. (1646)

Eponymy
The lunar crater Longomontanus was named after him. It is located near the Tycho crater.

References

External links
 Biography from Dansk Biografisk Lexicon (1887–1905 – in Danish)
 Longomontanus's 'Astronomia Danica', in its original Latin, at the internet archive.

1562 births
1647 deaths
16th-century Danish astronomers
Rectors of the University of Copenhagen
17th-century Danish astronomers

Christen Sørensen Longomontanus


Therese. Chronik eines Frauenlebens (Therese: The Chronicle of a Woman's Life) is a novel by Arthur Schnitzler first published in 1928.

The story concerns a woman who gives birth to an illegitimate child during the final decades of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and who, having to live in poverty herself, is unable to secure an education for her son. Therese has a succession of lovers, all of whom act irresponsibly towards her. Eventually she meets a wealthy Jewish entrepreneur who proposes to her. However, his sudden death before they can get married thwarts all her hopes of the good life, and in the end she is killed by her ungrateful and estranged son Franz.

See also

Matricide
For the motif of the ungrateful child, see also The Woman Who Did and Mildred Pierce.

References

1928 German-language novels
Novels by Arthur Schnitzler
Matricide in fiction

Therese (novel)


Maine mac Néill (died 712) was a king in southern Brega of the Uí Chernaig sept of Lagore of the Síl nÁedo Sláine. He was the son of Niall mac Cernaig Sotal (died 701) and great-grandson of the high king Diarmait mac Áedo Sláine (died 665).

Maine is listed as one of the guarantors of the Cáin Adomnáin ("Law of the Innocents") of Saint Adomnán arranged at the Synod of Birr in 697 during his father's lifetime. In his time a feud broke out among the Síl nÁedo Sláine between the Uí Chernaig sept and the northern septs of Uí Chonaing of Cnogba (Knowth) and the Síl nDlúthaig of Fir Cúl. In 701 Maine's father Niall had been killed by the Uí Chonaing king of Brega, Írgalach mac Conaing Cuirre (died 702).

His brother Fogartach mac Néill (died 724) held power as well and was defeated at the Battle of Claenath, fought near Clane in modern County Kildare by Cellach Cualann (died 715), the King of Leinster in 704. His brother Fogartach was able to hold the kingship of all Brega at times.

Maine himself was slain in battle in 712 as part of the Síl nÁedo Sláine feud by Flann mac Áedo (died 714) of the Síl nDlúthaig.

Notes

References

 Annals of Tigernach at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
 Annals of Ulster at CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
 Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2000), Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

Kings of Brega
Monarchs killed in action
712 deaths
8th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown

Maine mac Néill


The Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad , also known as the South Shore Line, is a Class III freight railroad operating between Chicago, Illinois, and South Bend, Indiana. The railroad serves as a link between Class I railroads and local industries in northeast Illinois and northwest Indiana. It built the South Shore Line electric interurban and operated it until 1990, when it transferred to the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District. The railroad is owned by the Anacostia Rail Holdings Company.

History

The South Shore Line is the last remaining of the once numerous electric interurban trains in the United States. The South Shore began in 1901 as the Chicago and Indiana Air Line Railway, a streetcar route between East Chicago and Indiana Harbor. Reorganized in 1904 as the Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railway, by 1908 its route had reached South Bend, Indiana via Michigan City, Indiana. The company leased the Kensington and Eastern Railroad, an Illinois Central Railroad subsidiary, to gain access to Chicago. Passenger service between South Bend and Chicago began in 1909. The Lake Shore added freight service in 1916.

Samuel Insull acquired the bankrupt Lake Shore in 1925 and reorganized it as the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad, which it remains today. The railroad experienced two more bankruptcies, in 1933 and 1938. The post-World War II decline in traffic hurt the company, and it was bought by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) in 1967. In 1977, the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (NICTD) began subsidizing the passenger operations on the South Shore Line. In 1984, the Venango River Corporation purchased the South Shore from the C&O. Venango declared bankruptcy in 1989. In 1990, the Anacostia and Pacific Company acquired the South Shore. The NICTD purchased the passenger assets. The South Shore acquired the Kensington and Eastern Railroad from the Illinois Central Railroad in 1996.

The Surface Transportation Board classes the South Shore as a Class III railroad. The railroad operates diesel locomotives on the whole line. It also operates the former Indianapolis, La Porte and Michigan City Railroad and Chicago, Cincinnati and Louisville Railroad, once part of the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate) system, from Michigan City southeast to Dillon (southeast of Stillwell), bought from Norfolk Southern in 2001. Via trackage rights it connects to many other railroads in the Chicago area, with connections to the Port of Chicago, Proviso Yard and Joliet.

The railroad's primary businesses are coal and steel. The coal is delivered to the Michigan City and Burns Harbor generating stations owned by Northern Indiana Public Service Company. The railroad also serves many customers along the line.

Notes

References

External links

South Shore Line
Companies based in Indiana
Michigan City, Indiana
Indiana railroads
Illinois railroads
Standard gauge railways in the United States
Transportation in Lake County, Indiana
Transportation in LaPorte County, Indiana
Transportation in Porter County, Indiana
Transportation in St. Joseph County, Indiana
Transportation in South Bend, Indiana
American companies established in 1925
Railroads in the Chicago metropolitan area
Transportation in Cook County, Illinois
Transportation in Will County, Illinois


The Bajo sexto (Spanish: "sixth bass") is a Mexican string instrument from the guitar family with 12 strings in six double courses.

It's played in a similar manner to the guitar, with the left hand changing the pitch with the frets on a fingerboard while the right hand plucks or strums the strings with or without a pick. Its original design was meant to accompany accordion players and thus offer a plethora of possibilities with only two musicians. This dynamic is a staple in regional Mexican styles, even with groups consisting of multiple instruments. It's worth noting that the introduction of bass players eventually led to many players no longer using the lowest pair of strings. For that reason, the bajo sexto predates its close relative, the bajo quinto (Spanish: "fifth bass"), which eliminated the lowest pair of strings and only has 10 (five double courses).

When played in older styles of music where the instrument assumes the role of a bass, the strings are usually plucked with the fingers. In modern chordal and melodic styles, a pick is frequently used.

Origins and use
The history of the bajo sexto is characterized by its enigmatic origins. While limited historical documentation exists regarding its creation, compelling evidence suggests European influence.  In particular, in the mid-to-late 1800s, a German music store chain had branches throughout Mexico, including Oaxaca, part of a substantial migration of Germans to southern Texas during the 1830s and 1840s.

The musical style and instruments of these German immigrants were readily embraced by individuals of Mexican heritage. Among the instruments that gained widespread popularity, the accordion emerged as one of the most influential. It found extensive use in dance music genres such as waltzes and polkas. The affordability of accordions made them accessible to a wide range of musicians, enabling them to explore Western music theory and develop their own interpretations of songs, ideal for solo performances.

While orchestras were popular in the early 19th century, they were far from common. The combination of accordions with bajo sextos introduced a new level of versatility. This duo allowed two musicians to cover diverse styles and popular songs previously reserved for orchestras. The bajo sexto contributed robust bass elements, establishing a firm rhythm that permitted the accordion to venture into intricate melodic lines. This dynamic collaboration became a hallmark of Norteno music.

It is noteworthy that the addition of bass players provided bajo sexto players with opportunities to take turns leading melodic lines, enriching the texture of Mexican Norteño music. Many musicians relished the creative freedom afforded by bass players so much, they commissioned custom 10-string models, now recognized as the bajo quinto, which omitted the two lowest strings. This evolution underscores the adaptability and innovation within the realm of Mexican Norteño music. Norteño didn't become a popular genre outside of the northern parts of Mexico until the 1950s. As groups began to record and perform for larger audiences, the style evolved as well.

The exact history of the bajo sexto is somewhat unclear. There are few written sources, and until very recently, most music dictionaries and encyclopedias did not mention the instrument. A few contemporary researchers have been working from oral sources—living players and luthiers—to trace the background of the instrument. They descend from the Spanish bandurrias and lutes that used double strings and were also tuned in fifths, perhaps to complete the harmonies in ensembles that required an instrument capable of giving the low notes of the harmonization of a melody. .

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Mexican artisans built several types of instruments with double strings in three, four, five, six, seven and eight courses, influenced by their Spanish ancestors. Descendants of these instruments are bandolón, guitarra séptima, quinta huapanguera, jarana jarocha, concheras, and guitarra chamula, among others.

The manufacture of bajo quinto and sexto reached a peak in quality and popularity in the 19th century in central and southern Mexico, in the states of Guerrero, Michoacán, Morelos, Puebla, Oaxaca, and Tlaxcala.

Near the end of the 19th century the bajo sexto began to migrate northwards, where it became a popular instrument for weddings and dances such as the bailes de regalos (popular between 1870 and 1930). In these settings, it was usually played along with a set of small tom-tom drums.

The 1930s saw the rise of conjunto music and the instruments of choice for this developing style were accordion and bajo sexto. At this time the bajo sexto functioned primarily as a bass instrument, providing a strong rhythmic foundation supporting the solo accordion. In the late 1940s, string bass (and later, electric bass) was added to the instruments, and in the 1950s, drums, completing the modern conjunto ensemble. The inclusion of bass and drums freed the bajo sexto from exclusively rhythmic bass duties, and bajo players began experimenting with chords, counter rhythms, and melodic lines.

As the popularity of conjunto spread northward, the bajo sexto went with it, and the instrument was taken up by musicians in Northern Mexico and Texas to play other forms of music: norteño music of Northern Mexico and across the border in the music of South Texas known as "Tejano" (or Tex-Mex), "conjunto", or "música mexicana-tejana".

Construction and tuning

The bajo sexto is a member of the guitar family, and physically looks like a cross between a 12-string guitar and a cello because of its size. However, there are important differences: The body is usually a bit deeper; the neck is shorter, joining the body at the 12th fret (modern 12-string guitars usually join at the 14th fret); and (being a bass instrument) the strings are thicker. Older instruments tended to have a larger body; modern instruments are more guitar-like, and the body is typically not more than an inch or so deeper than the guitar. Modern instruments frequently have a cutaway in the upper bout of the body adjacent to the neck, allowing easier access to higher playing positions on the neck, for the left hand.

Since the instrument is tuned an octave below the guitar, the body on some instruments is not large enough for the lowest E to resonate well, and many players remove the sixth course, playing on only 10 strings (five courses). Luthiers eventually picked up on this practice and began leaving off the low E course during construction, producing instruments with only five courses — bajo quintos.

Bajo sextos are traditionally tuned in fourths, what a guitarist would call all fourths tuning. The lower three courses are doubled at the higher octave (similar to the lower four courses on a 12-string guitar), and the upper three courses are doubled at the unison:

E1-E2    A1-A2    D2-D3    G2-G2    C3-C3    F3-F3    (from lowest to highest course)

The bajo quinto derives from the bajo sexto. Bajo quintos eliminate the low E course and are tuned as follows:

A2-A1    D3-D2    G2-G2    C3-C3    F3-F3    (from lowest to highest course, notwithstanding the first two pairs listed here as "highest to lowest".)

Customization
In the world of bajo music, the journey for aspiring musicians traditionally starts with a gift of their first stringed instrument from an experienced player. As they age and become seasoned players, it is customary for them to seek out a skilled luthier and commission instruments tailored to their unique playing styles and preferences. The evolution of the bajo quinto, for instance, was a direct result of such customizations. Many players sought instruments that omitted the lowest pair of strings, a modification made feasible by the introduction of bass players, granting them newfound freedom to explore melodious heights. This tradition of instrument customization finds its roots deep within the Mexican music tradition, underscoring the paramount value placed on personalized craftsmanship.

To attain the coveted status of a professional-grade bajo quinto or sexto, an instrument had to be meticulously handcrafted and customized. While each customization bore the stamp of individual preferences, several recurring elements emerged as emblematic of this artisanal craft:

Inlay: Custom inlay on the fretboard or on the body was commonplace, alongside decorative binding.

Cutaways: A cutaway design was introduced to maximize the fretboard's accessibility, enabling players to effortlessly reach the higher notes near the soundhole. This design innovation mirrored the preferences of future electric guitar players.

Low Action: Low action, the distance between the strings and the fretboard, was a common preference among musicians. This feature facilitated smoother maneuverability across the fretboard, allowing for precision in playing techniques.

Decorative Pickguards: In contrast to traditional guitars, pickguards on bajo sextos and quintos were not limited to the area around the strings. These ornate pickguards served both functional and aesthetic purposes, adorning the guitar's body in unique and striking ways.

Bridge Designs: Bajo sextos and quintos often featured bridges with wide, curved designs that offered additional opportunities for decorative embellishments.

Requinto-Style Setups for 12-Strings
Requinto-style setups for 12-string, also known as Mexican 12-String guitars, represent a distinctive and innovative approach to instrument customization, deeply inspired by the rich traditions of the bajo sexto and quinto in Mexican music. The scarcity of dedicated luthiers specializing in bajo sexto and quinto instruments spurred the creation of the requinto-style 12-string guitar—a testament to musicians' ingenuity.

In contrast to traditional 12-string counterparts, characterized by a configuration of six pairs of strings, most tuned an octave apart, requinto-style setups feature two sets of six strings. This configuration yields a resonant timbre reminiscent of the venerable bajo sexto.

Popular guitar manufacturers of 12-strings, including Takamine, Fender, Martin, and Ibanez, have emerged as favored canvases for crafting requinto-style instruments. The most popular option by far is Takamine, with its Takamine Signature artist model for John Jorgenson, commonly referred to as "el JJ" by players, being so sought after it's often sold out. In an interview with Takamine, Jorgenson learned the factory in Japan "couldn't build them fast enough". An iconic Regional Mexican style guitarist named Ariel Camacho used his signature 12-string with a requinto style set-up before he died young and many players favor his model in particular.

It's worth noting that the traditional bajo sexto, engineered to endure high tension, differs markedly from the smaller and more modest physique of modern 12-string guitars, potentially ill-suited to such demands. To mitigate this excess tension, musicians employ various strategies, including:

String Gauges: Using the lightest possible string gauges to minimize tension.

11 String set-up: Often utilizing a single E-string instead of the conventional two.

Detuning and Capos: Employing detuning methods, either with or without capos on the first or second fret, to achieve open strings in the standard key.

Bridge Reinforcements: Installing pressure posts, such as the JDL Bridge Doctor, beneath the bridge to prevent structural issues like bridge detachment, neck snapping, or belly warping. These pressure posts can be either screw-mounted or installed with brass pins, allowing horizontal string mounting, with the latter being recommended.

Remaining true to tradition, customization remains a defining characteristic of these 12-string setups. Contemporary customizations encompass wrapping the guitar in a fashion reminiscent of automobile aesthetics, altering pickguards, fitting specialized soundhole pick-ups, and adorning the instrument with artistic embellishments—a vibrant reflection of musicians' creative ingenuity in lieu of finding a luthier in a now rare specialty.

Notable players

 Ariel Camacho
 Max Baca (Los Texmaniacs)
 Eloy Bernal (Paulino Bernal)
 Ry Cooder
 Gustavo Cota (Los Tiranos del Norte) [First to use the double-cutaway body design]
 José Guadalupe Degollado (Grupo Control)
 Homero Guerrero
 Jose Elizondo (Grupo Pesado)
 Lorenzo (Lencho) Fraire (Gerardo Ortiz)
 Rubén Garza (Los Dos Gilbertos)
 Epifanio "Epi" Martínez Jr. (Epi and Friends)
 Juan P. Moreno
 Rolando Pérez (Conjunto Primavera)
 Mario Quintero (Los Tucanes de Tijuana)
 Darin Galarza
 Cornelio Reyna (Los Relampagos del Norte)
 Eliseo Robles (Ramón Ayala y sus Bravos del Norte)
 Salomón Robles
 Lesli Rodríguez (Las Fénix)
 Richard Rosales (Grupo Siggno)
 Johnny Lee Rosas (Intocable, Masizzo)
 Danny Sánchez (Grupo Intocable
 Oscar Téllez
 Tony Saenz( Tony Saenz Y La Rosa De Oro)
 Óscar Iván Treviño (Grupo Duelo)
 Stevie Ray Vavages
 Doug Sahm
 Tony Aguilar (Grupo Desvelado)
  Andrew Castillo

References

External links
Bajo quinto in traditional southern Mexican music
Bajo sexto in action ( Video )

Guitar family instruments
Mexican musical instruments

Bajo sexto


Peter Benjamin Borwein (born St. Andrews, Scotland, May 10, 1953 – 23 August 2020) was a Canadian mathematician
and a professor at Simon Fraser University. He is known as a co-author of the paper which presented the Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe  algorithm (discovered by Simon Plouffe) for computing π.

First interest in mathematics

Borwein was born into a Jewish family. He became interested in number theory and classical analysis during his second year of university. He had not previously been interested in math, although his father was the head of the University of Western Ontario's mathematics department and his mother is associate dean of medicine there. Borwein and his two siblings majored in mathematics.

Academic career

After completing a Bachelor of Science in Honours Math at the University of Western Ontario in 1974, he went on to complete an MSc and Ph.D. at the University of British Columbia. He joined the Department of Mathematics at Dalhousie University. While he was there, he, his brother Jonathan Borwein and David H. Bailey of NASA wrote the 1989 paper that outlined and popularized a proof for computing one billion digits of π. The authors won the 1993 Chauvenet Prize and Merten M. Hasse Prize for this paper.

In 1993, he moved to Simon Fraser University, joining his brother Jonathan in establishing the Centre for Experimental and Constructive Mathematics (CECM) where he developed the Inverse Symbolic Calculator.

Research

In 1995, the Borweins collaborated with Yasumasa Kanada of the University of Tokyo to compute π to more than four billion digits.

Borwein has developed an algorithm that applies Chebyshev polynomials to the Dirichlet eta function to produce a very rapidly convergent series suitable for high precision numerical calculations, which he published on the occasion of the awarding of an honorary doctorate to his brother, Jonathan.

Peter Borwein also collaborated with NASA's David Bailey and the Université du Québec's Simon Plouffe to calculate the individual hexadecimal digits of π. This provided a way for mathematicians to determine the nth digit of π without calculating preceding digits. In 2007 with Tamás Erdélyi, Ronald Ferguson, and Richard Lockhart he settled Littlewood's Problem 22.

Affiliations

A former professor at Simon Fraser University, Peter Borwein was affiliated with Interdisciplinary Research in the Mathematical and Computational Sciences (IRMACS), Centre for Experimental and Constructive Mathematics (CECM), Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems (MITACS), and Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences (PIMS).

Personal life
Borwein was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis prior to 2000. He died on 23 August 2020 of pneumonia as a result of his MS.

Publications
As a co-author, Borwein has written Pi: A Source Book (with Lennart Berggren
and Jonathan Borwein,
2000), Polynomials and Polynomial Inequalities (with Tamas Erdelyi, 1998), Pi and the AGM (1987; reprinted in 1998), A Dictionary of Real Numbers (with Jonathan Borwein),
Computational Excursions in Analysis and Number Theory (2002), The Riemann Hypothesis: A Resource for the Afficionado and Virtuoso Alike (with Stephen Choi, Brendan Rooney, and Andrea Weirathmueller, 2007). He and his brother, Jonathan, co-edited the Canadian Mathematical Society/Springer-Verlag  series of Books in Mathematics. In 2002 Peter Borwein, with Loki Jorgenson, won a Lester R. Ford Award for their expository article Visible Structures in Number Theory.

See also
Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula
Erdős–Borwein constant
David Borwein (father and mathematician)
Jonathan Borwein (brother and mathematician)

References

External links
 Science.ca profile
 Peter Borwein's research interests
 Simon Fraser University Centre for Systems Science bio

 SFU news release on Borwein siblings
 Borwein's website

 Tamas Erdelyi's website

1953 births
2020 deaths
Canadian mathematicians
Jewish scientists
Canadian people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Academic staff of the Dalhousie University
Pi-related people
University of British Columbia Faculty of Science alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
Academic staff of Simon Fraser University
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
People with multiple sclerosis
Deaths from pneumonia in Canada
Neurological disease deaths in Canada

Peter Borwein


A tembetá (Guaraní language: tembé: lip, Ita: stone.) or barbote (Argentina) is a metal or stone rod placed in lower lip piercings by members of some indigenous peoples in South America. It has been used since the Neolithic period by different human groups for body modification, spiritual protection, and indication of sexual maturity.

Pre-Columbian use
According to the first studies of Jorge Fernández, tembetás originated in Planalto, Brazil. Their use expanded as far south as El Quisco, Chile, and they were adopted by indigenous groups such as the Guarani, Tupi, and Chiriguano peoples.

Sociological importance
The tembetá played a part in initiation ceremonies, signifying the entry of young men into adult life. After these ceremonies, the men could marry and acquire the responsibilities of an adult male.

Corporal use and skill of placement
The tembetá is a male adornment in the lower lip. Several men and candidates would meet and drink chicha, a fermented beverage made from maize, to dull the pain. A specialist would perforate the lip with a thick wooden needle. The tembetá would be inserted, and the person would wear it for the remainder of his life.

Participants would ask during the ceremony that the tembetá protect its owner from death. To this end, it was placed near the mouth, a potential entry of damaging forces. Indeed, it was a very important amulet, more than an adornment.

Molle culture used the adornment, made of rock, preferably of beautiful colors. It consists of a thin curved plate  molded to the gums. In the centre was a button, either cylindrical or sharply-pointed, that penetrated the lip 5 to 7 cm.

Geographical distribution
The tembetá is a cultural feature of very wide distribution. It has been used by peoples of Africa, Asia, and the Americas and often it had, apart from it decorative value, a social meaning. Another variant was a pipe of stone, often talc, in the shape of letter "T". These pipe-shaped tembetás could be used in rites to smoke herbs with hallucinogenic properties.

Guarani people
The tembetá, called "labrete", was used by the tribes of the Guarani. According to archaeological findings, the Guarani tembetá was made of quartz in the shape of a "T", 10 cm in length. The working of the quartz was done by a shaman. Quartz correlates to ita-verá (brilliant stone) of the mythical one Tupá Overasú, and of the great one Tupá of the Storm.

In Chile

The tembetá was used in several pre-Columbian cultures in Chile. The principal one was the Molle culture, which brought the tembetá from the Planalto of Brazil. Cultures derived from the Molle were the Diaguita, Llolleo, and Bato.

In the Llolleo culture the tembetá was of cardinal importance, but among the Bato, it was more on the level of a personal adornment, without any spiritual connotations.

Social differentiation
The tembetá offers protection against the negative action of the "owners of the nature"; it is the ritual adornment of the "souls that travel towards the land of beyond". Many neolithic tribes of the Amazon demonstrated a deep scorn for peoples that did not use the tembetá.

See also
 Lip piercing
 Paraguayan Indian art

Notes

References
 Agüero Blanch, Vicente Orlando. "The tembetá: types and area of dispersion in the department Malargüe (Mendoza, Argentina)". Annals of archaeology and ethnology, Mendoza, 1965, 20p. 49–70: carte, ill., tab., bibliogr. p. 68–70

External links
 The Guaranis
 Indian Manufacture objects's Museum guided visit
 Corporal modification in Chile
 Atacama's pre-Hispanic Cultures

Pre-Columbian cultures
Indigenous jewelry of the Americas
Brazilian clothing
Bolivian culture
Paraguayan culture
Chilean culture
Body piercing jewellery
Guaraní words and phrases

Tembetá


My Life on Ice () is a 2002 French teen drama film directed by Olivier Ducastel and Jacques Martineau, which tracks a year in the life of a teenage figure skater in a quasi-documentary, video diary style.

Plot
The film centers on Étienne, who lives in Rouen with his mother and grandmother and intends to take part in the national figure skating championship. For his 16th birthday, his grandmother gives him a digital camcorder as a present, which he starts to use immediately (supplying the introductory scenes of the film).

Étienne films anything and everything around him – his family, his teacher Laurent, Ludovic, his best friend, himself figure skating, the sea, steep cliffs. As for Ludovic and his geography teacher, it soon becomes apparent that his obsession with them is grounded in more than just artistic pursuits. Étienne's homosexuality becomes more and more clear both to him and the audience over the course of the film.

Even though Étienne is determined to make this year "the year of love", the year when everything turns around for him, things do not go as well as anticipated. He makes a blunder in his figure skating performance and only achieves second place. And when he starts, very carefully, to talk to Ludovic about the possibility of two men being in love, Ludovic runs away.

In the final minutes of the film, the purpose of Étienne's video diary gets clear: Feeling he has failed in what he set out to do and being deeply hurt by Ludovic's resentment, Étienne decides to jump from the cliff and leave the camcorder (which he sets up to film his suicide) behind to explain to his family what he went through.

Luckily, a stranger walks by at that moment and notices the boy close to the cliff and his camera nearby. The final scene shows the stranger and Étienne in bed after sex, with Étienne seeming truly happy for the first time.

Cast
 Jimmy Tavares as Étienne
 Ariane Ascaride as Caroline, Étienne's mother
 Jonathan Zaccaï as Laurent, Étienne's teacher and his mother's boyfriend
  as Étienne's grandmother
 Lucas Bonnifait as Ludovic, Étienne's best friend
 Hanako Bron as Vanessa, Ludovic's girlfriend
 Frédéric Gorny as the young man at the cliff

References

External links

2002 films
2000s coming-of-age drama films
2002 LGBT-related films
2000s sports drama films
2000s teen drama films
Figure skating films
Films directed by Jacques Martineau
Films directed by Olivier Ducastel
Films set in Normandy
Films shot in Normandy
French coming-of-age drama films
French LGBT-related films
French sports drama films
French teen drama films
Gay-related films
LGBT-related coming-of-age films
LGBT-related sports drama films
Rouen
Teen LGBT-related films
Teen sports films
2002 drama films
2000s French films

My Life on Ice