Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture, including the fundamental questions asked by humans. During the Renaissance, the term 'humanities' referred to the study of classical literature and language, as opposed to the study of religion or 'divinity.' The study of the humanities was a key part of the secular curriculum in universities at the time. Today, the humanities are more frequently defined as any fields of study outside of natural sciences, social sciences, formal sciences (like mathematics), and applied sciences (or professional training). They use methods that are primarily critical, or speculative, and have a significant historical element—as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.

The humanities include the studies of foreign languages, history, philosophy, language arts (literature, writing, oratory, rhetoric, poetry, etc.), performing arts (theater, music, dance, etc.), and visual arts (painting, sculpture, photography, filmmaking, etc.).

Some definitions of the humanities encompass law and religion due to their shared characteristics, such as the study of language and culture.However, these definitions are not universally accepted, as law and religion are often considered professional subjects rather than humanities subjects. Professional subjects, like some social sciences, are sometimes classified as being part of both the liberal arts and professional development education, whereas humanities subjects are generally confined to the traditional liberal arts education. Although anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, psychology, and sociology share some similarities with the humanities, these are widely considered social sciences. Similarly, disciplines such as finance, business administration, political science, economics, and global studies have closer ties to the social sciences rather than the humanities.

Scholars in the humanities are called humanities scholars or sometimes humanists. The term humanist also describes the philosophical position of humanism, which antihumanist scholars in the humanities reject. Renaissance scholars and artists are also known as humanists. Some secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of literature, history, foreign language, and art.

Human disciplines like history and language mainly use the comparative method and comparative research. Other methods used in the humanities include hermeneutics, source criticism, esthetic interpretation, and speculative reason.

Etymology
The word humanities comes from the Renaissance Latin phrase studia humanitatis, which translates to study of humanity. This phrase was used to refer to the study of classical literature and language, which was seen as an important aspect of a refined education in the Renaissance. In its usage in the early 15th century, the studia humanitatis was a course of studies that consisted of grammar, poetry, rhetoric, history, and moral philosophy, primarily derived from the study of Latin and Greek classics. The word humanitas also gave rise to the Renaissance Italian neologism umanisti, whence "humanist", "Renaissance humanism".

Fields

Classics

Classics, in the Western academic tradition, refers to the studies of the cultures of classical antiquity, namely Ancient Greek and Latin and the Ancient Greek and Roman cultures. Classical studies is considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities; however, its popularity declined during the 20th century. Nevertheless, the influence of classical ideas on many humanities disciplines, such as philosophy and literature, remains strong.

History

History is systematically collected information about the past. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of humans, societies, institutions, and any topic that has changed over time.

Traditionally, the study of history has been considered a part of the humanities. In modern academia, history can occasionally be classified as a social science, though this definition is contested.

Language

While the scientific study of language is known as linguistics and is generally considered a social science, a natural science or a cognitive science, the study of languages is also central to the humanities. A good deal of twentieth- and twenty-first-century philosophy has been devoted to the analysis of language and to the question of whether, as Wittgenstein claimed, many of our philosophical confusions derive from the vocabulary we use; literary theory has explored the rhetorical, associative, and ordering features of language; and historical linguists have studied the development of languages across time. Literature, covering a variety of uses of language including prose forms (such as the novel), poetry and drama, also lies at the heart of the modern humanities curriculum. College-level programs in a foreign language usually include study of important works of the literature in that language, as well as the language itself.

Law
 In everyday language, law refers to a rule that is enforced by a governing institution, as opposed to a moral or ethical rule that is not subject to formal enforcement. The study of law can be seen as either a social science or a humanities discipline, depending on one's perspective. Some see it as a social science because of its objective and measurable nature, while others view it as a humanities discipline because of its focus on values and interpretation. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. Law has been defined in various ways, such as "a system of rules", "an interpretive concept" for achieving justice, "an authority" to mediate between people's interests,or "the command of a sovereign" backed by the threat of punishment.

However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy is shaped by the practical application of ideas from many social science and humanities disciplines, including philosophy, history, political science, economics, anthropology, and sociology. Law is politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of history's stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. Law is also economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long-lasting effects on how productivity is organised and the distribution of wealth. The noun law derives from the Old English word lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed, and the adjective legal comes from the Latin word LEX.

Literature

 Literature is a term that does not have a universally accepted definition, but which has variably included all written work; writing that possesses literary merit; and language that emphasizes its own literary features, as opposed to ordinary language. Etymologically the term derives from the Latin word literatura/litteratura which means "writing formed with letters", although some definitions include spoken or sung texts. Literature can be classified as fiction or non-fiction; poetry or prose. It can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorised according to historical periods, or according to their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

Philosophy

Philosophy—etymologically, the "love of wisdom"—is generally the study of problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, justification, truth, justice, right and wrong, beauty, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these issues by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument, rather than experiments (experimental philosophy being an exception).

Philosophy used to be a very comprehensive term, including what have subsequently become separate disciplines, such as physics. (As Immanuel Kant noted, "Ancient Greek philosophy was divided into three sciences: physics, ethics, and logic.") Today, the main fields of philosophy are logic, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology. Still, it continues to overlap with other disciplines. The field of semantics, for example, brings philosophy into contact with linguistics.

Since the early twentieth century, philosophy in English-speaking universities has moved away from the humanities and closer to the formal sciences, becoming much more analytic. Analytic philosophy is marked by emphasis on the use of logic and formal methods of reasoning, conceptual analysis, and the use of symbolic and/or mathematical logic, as contrasted with the Continental style of philosophy. This method of inquiry is largely indebted to the work of philosophers such as Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore and Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Religion

Religious Studies is commonly regarded as a social science. Baseded on current knowledge, it seems that all known cultures, both in the past and present, have some form of belief system or religious practice. While there may be isolated individuals or groups who do not practice any form of religion, it is not known if there has ever been a society that was entirely devoid of religious belief. It is important to note that the definition of religion is not universal, and different cultures may have different ideas about what constitutes religion. Religion may be characterized with a community since humans are social animals. Rituals are used to bound the community together. Social animals require rules. Ethics is a requirement of society, but not a requirement of religion. Shinto, Daoism, and other folk or natural religions do not have ethical codes. While some religions do include the concept of deities, others do not. Therefore, the supernatural does not necessarily require the existence of deities. Rather, it can be broadly defined as any phenomena that cannot be explained by science or reason. Magical thinking creates explanations not available for empirical verification. Stories or myths are narratives being both didactic and entertaining. They are necessary for understanding the human predicament. Some other possible characteristics of religion are pollutions and purification, the sacred and the profane, sacred texts, religious institutions and organizations, and sacrifice and prayer. Some of the major problems that religions confront, and attempts to answer are chaos, suffering, evil, and death.

The non-founder religions are Hinduism, Shinto, and native or folk religions. Founder religions are Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Confucianism, Daoism, Mormonism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and the Baha'i faith. Religions must adapt and change through the generations because they must remain relevant to the adherents. When traditional religions fail to address new concerns, then new religions will emerge.

Performing arts

The performing arts differ from the visual arts in that the former uses the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium, and the latter uses materials such as clay, metal, or paint, which can be molded or transformed to create some art object. Performing arts include acrobatics, busking, comedy, dance, film, magic, music, opera, juggling, marching arts, such as brass bands, and theatre.

Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including actors, comedians, dancers, musicians, and singers. Performing arts are also supported by workers in related fields, such as songwriting and stagecraft. Performers often adapt their appearance, such as with costumes and stage makeup, etc. There is also a specialized form of fine art in which the artists perform their work live to an audience. This is called Performance art. Most performance art also involves some form of plastic art, perhaps in the creation of props. Dance was often referred to as a plastic art during the Modern dance era.

Musicology

Musicology as an academic discipline can take a number of different paths, including historical musicology, music literature, ethnomusicology and music theory. Undergraduate music majors generally take courses in all of these areas, while graduate students focus on a particular path. In the liberal arts tradition, musicology is also used to broaden skills of non-musicians by teaching skills such as concentration and listening.

Theatre
Theatre (or theater) (Greek "theatron", θέατρον) is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle — indeed any one or more elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as opera, ballet, mime, kabuki, classical Indian dance, Chinese opera, mummers' plays, and pantomime.

Dance
Dance (from Old French dancier, perhaps from Frankish) generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, spiritual or performance setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (bee dance, mating dance), and motion in inanimate objects (the leaves danced in the wind). Choreography is the process of creating dances, and the people who create choreography are known as choreographers. Choreographers use movement, music, and other elements to create expressive and artistic dances. They may work alone or with other artists to create new works, and their work can be presented in a variety of settings, from small dance studios to large theaters.

Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic, and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as Folk dance) to codified, virtuoso techniques such as ballet.

Visual art

History of visual arts

The great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the ancient civilizations, such as Ancient Japan, Greece and Rome, China, India, Greater Nepal, Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica.

Ancient Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty and anatomically correct proportions. Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.g., Zeus' thunderbolt).

The emphasis on spiritual and religious themes in Byzantine and Gothic art of the Middle Ages reflected the dominance of the church. However, in the Renaissance, a renewed focus on the physical world was reflected in art forms that depicted the human body and landscape in a more naturalistic and three-dimensional way.

Eastern art has generally worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident in, for example, the art of India, Tibet and Japan.

Religious Islamic art forbids iconography, and expresses religious ideas through geometry instead.The physical and rational certainties depicted by the 19th-century Enlightenment were shattered not only by new discoveries of relativity by Einstein and of unseen psychology by Freud, but also by unprecedented technological development. Increasing global interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art.

Media types

Drawing
Drawing is a means of making a picture, using a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. A computer aided designer who excels in technical drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman.

Painting

Literally, painting is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas or a wall. However, when used in an artistic sense, it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition and other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting has been used throughout history to express spiritual and religious ideas, from mythological scenes on pottery to the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel, to body art.

Colour is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but elsewhere white may be. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, Isaac Newton, have written their own colour theories. Moreover, the use of language is only a generalization for a colour equivalent. The word "red", for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the spectrum. Unlike music, where notes such as C or C# are universally accepted, there is no formalized register of colors. However, the Pantone system is widely used in the printing and design industry to standardize color reproduction.

Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, for example, collage. This began with cubism and is not painting in strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of these are the works of Jean Dubuffet or Anselm Kiefer. Modern and contemporary art has moved away from the historic value of craft in favour of concept (conceptual art); this has led some e.g. Joseph Kosuth to say that painting, as a serious art form, is dead, although this has not deterred the majority of artists from continuing to practise it either as whole or part of their work.

Sculpture involves creating three-dimensional forms out of various materials. These typically include malleable substances like clay and metal but may also extend to material that is cut or shaved down to the desired form, like stone and wood.

History
In the West, the history of the humanities can be traced to ancient Greece, as the basis of a broad education for citizens. During Roman times, the concept of the seven liberal arts evolved, involving grammar, rhetoric and logic (the trivium), along with arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music (the quadrivium). These subjects formed the bulk of medieval education, with the emphasis being on the humanities as skills or "ways of doing".

A major shift occurred with the Renaissance humanism of the fifteenth century, when the humanities began to be regarded as subjects to study rather than practice, with a corresponding shift away from traditional fields into areas such as literature and history. In the 20th century, this view was in turn challenged by the postmodernist movement, which sought to redefine the humanities in more egalitarian terms suitable for a democratic society since the Greek and Roman societies in which the humanities originated were not at all democratic.

Today

Education and employment
For many decades, there has been a growing public perception that a humanities education inadequately prepares graduates for employment. The common belief is that graduates from such programs face underemployment and incomes too low for a humanities education to be worth the investment.

Humanities graduates find employment in a wide variety of management and professional occupations. In Britain, for example, over 11,000 humanities majors found employment in the following occupations:
 Education (25.8%)
 Management (19.8%)
 Media/Literature/Arts (11.4%)
 Law (11.3%)
 Finance (10.4%)
 Civil service (5.8%)
 Not-for-profit (5.2%)
 Marketing (2.3%)
 Medicine (1.7%)
 Other (6.4%)
Many humanities graduates may find themselves with no specific career goals upon graduation, which can lead to lower incomes in the early stages of their career. On the other hand, graduates from more career-oriented programs often find jobs more quickly. However, the long-term career prospects of humanities graduates may be similar to those of other graduates, as research shows that by five years after graduation, they generally find a career path that appeals to them.

There is empirical evidence that graduates from humanities programs earn less than graduates from other university programs. However, the empirical evidence also shows that humanities graduates still earn notably higher incomes than workers with no postsecondary education, and have job satisfaction levels comparable to their peers from other fields. Humanities graduates also earn more as their careers progress; ten years after graduation, the income difference between humanities graduates and graduates from other university programs is no longer statistically significant. Humanities graduates can boost their incomes if they obtain advanced or professional degrees.

In the United States

The Humanities Indicators
The Humanities Indicators, unveiled in 2009 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, are the first comprehensive compilation of data about the humanities in the United States, providing scholars, policymakers and the public with detailed information on humanities education from primary to higher education, the humanities workforce, humanities funding and research, and public humanities activities. Modeled after the National Science Board's Science and Engineering Indicators, the Humanities Indicators are a source of reliable benchmarks to guide analysis of the state of the humanities in the United States.

The Humanities in American Life
The 1980 United States Rockefeller Commission on the Humanities described the humanities in its report, The Humanities in American Life:
Through the humanities we reflect on the fundamental question: What does it mean to be human? The humanities offer clues but never a complete answer. They reveal how people have tried to make moral, spiritual, and intellectual sense of a world where irrationality, despair, loneliness, and death are as conspicuous as birth, friendship, hope, and reason.

As a major

In 1950, 1.2% of Americans aged 22 had earned a degree in the humanities. By 2010, this figure had risen to 2.6%. This represents a doubling of the number of Americans with degrees in the humanities over a 60-year period. The increase in the number of Americans with humanities degrees is in part due to the overall rise in college enrollment in the United States. In 1940, 4.6% of Americans had a four-year degree, but by 2016, this figure had risen to 33.4%. This means that the total number of Americans with college degrees has increased significantly, resulting in a greater number of people with degrees in the humanities as well. The proportion of degrees awarded in the humanities has declined in recent decades, even as the overall number of people with humanities degrees has increased. In 1954, 36 percent of Harvard undergraduates majored in the humanities, but in 2012, only 20 percent took that course of study. Professor Benjamin Schmidt of Northeastern University has documented that between 1990 and 2008, degrees in English, history, foreign languages, and philosophy have decreased from 8 percent to just under 5 percent of all U.S. college degrees.

In liberal arts education
The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences 2013 report, The Heart of the Matter, supports the notion of a broad "liberal arts education", which includes study in disciplines from the natural sciences to the arts as well as the humanities.

Many colleges provide such an education; some require it. The University of Chicago and Columbia University were among the first schools to require an extensive core curriculum in philosophy, literature, and the arts for all students. Other colleges with nationally recognized, mandatory programs in the liberal arts are Fordham University, St. John's College, Saint Anselm College and Providence College. Prominent proponents of liberal arts in the United States have included Mortimer J. Adler and E. D. Hirsch, Jr.

In the digital age
Researchers in the humanities have developed numerous large- and small-scale digital corporations, such as digitized collections of historical texts, along with the digital tools and methods to analyze them. Their aim is both to uncover new knowledge about corpora and to visualize research data in new and revealing ways. Much of this activity occurs in a field called the digital humanities.

STEM
Politicians in the United States currently espouse a need for increased funding of the STEM fields, science, technology, engineering, mathematics. Federal funding represents a much smaller fraction of funding for humanities than other fields such as STEM or medicine. The result was a decline of quality in both college and pre-college education in the humanities field.

Three-term Louisiana Governor, Edwin Edwards acknowledged the importance of the humanities in a 2014 video address to the academic conference, Revolutions in Eighteenth-Century Sociability. Edwards said:
Without the humanities to teach us how history has succeeded or failed in directing the fruits of technology and science to the betterment of our tribe of homo sapiens, without the humanities to teach us how to frame the discussion and to properly debate the uses-and the costs-of technology, without the humanities to teach us how to safely debate how to create a more just society with our fellow man and woman, technology and science would eventually default to the ownership of—and misuse by—the most influential, the most powerful, the most feared among us.

In Europe

The value of the humanities debate

The contemporary debate in the field of critical university studies centers around the declining value of the humanities. As in America, there is a perceived decline in interest within higher education policy in research that is qualitative and does not produce marketable products. This threat can be seen in a variety of forms across Europe, but much critical attention has been given to the field of research assessment in particular. For example, the UK [Research Excellence Framework] has been subject to criticism due to its assessment criteria from across the humanities, and indeed, the social sciences. In particular, the notion of "impact" has generated significant debate.

Philosophical history

Citizenship and self-reflection

Since the late 19th century, a central justification for the humanities has been that it aids and encourages self-reflection—a self-reflection that, in turn, helps develop personal consciousness or an active sense of civic duty.

Wilhelm Dilthey and Hans-Georg Gadamer centered the humanities' attempt to distinguish itself from the natural sciences in humankind's urge to understand its own experiences. This understanding, they claimed, ties like-minded people from similar cultural backgrounds together and provides a sense of cultural continuity with the philosophical past.

Scholars in the late 20th and early 21st centuries extended that "narrative imagination" to the ability to understand the records of lived experiences outside of one's own individual social and cultural context. Through that narrative imagination, it is claimed, humanities scholars and students develop a conscience more suited to the multicultural world we live in. That conscience might take the form of a passive one that allows more effective self-reflection or extend into active empathy that facilitates the dispensation of civic duties a responsible world citizen must engage in. There is disagreement, however, on the level of influence humanities study can have on an individual and whether or not the understanding produced in humanistic enterprise can guarantee an "identifiable positive effect on people."

Humanities and the transhumanities
There are three major branches in the human sciences (humanities). These are the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the cultural sciences. Technology is the practical extension of the natural sciences, as politics is the extension of the social sciences. Similarly, the cultural sciences have their own practical extension, sometimes called "culturonics" (Mikhail Epstein's term). The three extensions can be combined to form the transhumanities.
 Nature – natural sciences – technology –  transformation of nature

 Society – social sciences –  politics – transformation of society

 Culture – cultural sciences – culturonics – transformation of culture
Technology, politics and culturonics are designed to transform what their respective disciplines study: nature, society, and culture. The field of transformative humanities includes various practicies and technologies, for example, language planning, the construction of new languages, like Esperanto, and invention of new artistic and literary genres and movements in the genre of manifesto, like Romanticism, Symbolism, or Surrealism. Humanistic invention in the sphere of culture, as a practice complementary to scholarship, is an important aspect of the humanities.

Truth and meaning

The divide between humanistic study and natural sciences informs arguments of meaning in humanities as well. What distinguishes the humanities from the natural sciences is not a certain subject matter, but rather the mode of approach to any question. Humanities focuses on understanding meaning, purpose, and goals and furthers the appreciation of singular historical and social phenomena—an interpretive method of finding "truth"—rather than explaining the causality of events or uncovering the truth of the natural world. Apart from its societal application, narrative imagination is an important tool in the (re)production of understood meaning in history, culture and literature.

Imagination, as part of the tool kit of artists or scholars, helps create meaning that invokes a response from an audience. Since a humanities scholar is always within the nexus of lived experiences, no "absolute" knowledge is theoretically possible; knowledge is instead a ceaseless procedure of inventing and reinventing the context a text is read in. Poststructuralism has problematized an approach to the humanistic study based on questions of meaning, intentionality, and authorship. In the wake of the death of the author proclaimed by Roland Barthes, various theoretical currents such as deconstruction and discourse analysis seek to expose the ideologies and rhetoric operative in producing both the purportedly meaningful objects and the hermeneutic subjects of humanistic study. This exposure has opened up the interpretive structures of the humanities to criticism that humanities scholarship is "unscientific" and therefore unfit for inclusion in modern university curricula because of the very nature of its changing contextual meaning.

Pleasure, the pursuit of knowledge and scholarship

Some, like Stanley Fish, have claimed that the humanities can defend themselves best by refusing to make any claims of utility. (Fish may well be thinking primarily of literary study, rather than history and philosophy.) Any attempt to justify the humanities in terms of outside benefits such as social usefulness (say increased productivity) or in terms of ennobling effects on the individual (such as greater wisdom or diminished prejudice) is ungrounded, according to Fish, and simply places impossible demands on the relevant academic departments. Furthermore, critical thinking, while arguably a result of humanistic training, can be acquired in other contexts. And the humanities do not even provide any more the kind of social cachet (what sociologists sometimes call "cultural capital") that was helpful to succeed in Western society before the age of mass education following World War II.

Instead, scholars like Fish suggest that the humanities offer a unique kind of pleasure, a pleasure based on the common pursuit of knowledge (even if it is only disciplinary knowledge). Such pleasure contrasts with the increasing privatization of leisure and instant gratification characteristic of Western culture; it thus meets Jürgen Habermas' requirements for the disregard of social status and rational problematization of previously unquestioned areas necessary for an endeavor which takes place in the bourgeois public sphere. In this argument, then, only the academic pursuit of pleasure can provide a link between the private and the public realm in modern Western consumer society and strengthen that public sphere that, according to many theorists, is the foundation for modern democracy.

Others, like Mark Bauerlein, argue that professors in the humanities have increasingly abandoned proven methods of epistemology (I care only about the quality of your arguments, not your conclusions.) in favor of indoctrination (I care only about your conclusions, not the quality of your arguments.). The result is that professors and their students adhere rigidly to a limited set of viewpoints, and have little interest in, or understanding of, opposing viewpoints. Once they obtain this intellectual self-satisfaction, persistent lapses in learning, research, and evaluation are common.

Romanticization and rejection

Implicit in many of these arguments supporting the humanities are the makings of arguments against public support of the humanities. Joseph Carroll asserts that we live in a changing world, a world where "cultural capital" is replaced with scientific literacy, and in which the romantic notion of a Renaissance humanities scholar is obsolete. Such arguments appeal to judgments and anxieties about the essential uselessness of the humanities, especially in an age when it is seemingly vitally important for scholars of literature, history and the arts to engage in "collaborative work with experimental scientists or even simply to make "intelligent use of the findings from empirical science."

Despite many humanities based arguments against the humanities some within the exact sciences have called for their return. In 2017, Science popularizer Bill Nye retracted previous claims about the supposed 'uselessness' of philosophy. As Bill Nye states, "People allude to Socrates and Plato and Aristotle all the time, and I think many of us who make those references don't have a solid grounding," he said. "It's good to know the history of philosophy." Scholars, such as biologist Scott F. Gilbert, make the claim that it is in fact the increasing predominance, leading to exclusivity, of scientific ways of thinking that need to be tempered by historical and social context. Gilbert worries that the commercialization that may be inherent in some ways of conceiving science (pursuit of funding, academic prestige etc.) need to be examined externally. Gilbert argues "First of all, there is a very successful alternative to science as a commercialized march to "progress." This is the approach taken by the liberal arts college, a model that takes pride in seeing science in context and in integrating science with the humanities and social sciences."

See also

 Discourse analysis
 Outline of the humanities (humanities topics)
 Great Books
 Great Books programs in Canada
 Liberal arts
 Social sciences
 Humanities, arts, and social sciences
 Human science
 The Two Cultures
 List of academic disciplines
 Public humanities
 STEAM fields
 Tinbergen's four questions
 Environmental humanities

References

External links

Society for the History of the Humanities
Institute for Comparative Research in Human and Social Sciences (ICR) – Japan (archived 15 April 2016)
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences – US
Humanities Indicators – US
National Humanities Center – US (archived 7 July 2007)
The Humanities Association – UK
National Humanities Alliance
National Endowment for the Humanities – US
Australian Academy of the Humanities
National
American Academy Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences
"Games and Historical Narratives" by Jeremy Antley – Journal of Digital Humanities
Film about the Value of the Humanities

Humans
Main topic articles
Society

Humanities


In mathematics, logic, and related disciplines, an effective metohd or effective procedure is a way of solving a problem. It is defined as follws:

 It has a finite number of exact instructions
 When its used for a problem of its given class:
 It will finish after a finite number of steps
 It will always produce the correct result
 It can be also be done by a human, with a piece of paper, and a writing aid (like a pencil)
 Anyone following the steps, will be successful.

Sometimes, people ask that the method odes not return a result, if it is aplied ot a problem which is not of its class.

In the case of computer science, an effective method is called algorithm.

Related pages
 Halting problem
 Decidability theory

Mathematics

Effective method


The Gloucester, Essex & Beverly Street Railway was a former street railway operating in the Cape Ann region of Massachusetts. Incorporated in 1893 in Gloucester, the railway first opened for operation on August 21, 1895, and was completed in its entirety by September 30, 1896. The railway was sold to the Gloucester Street Railway in 1900.

Route

The Gloucester, Essex & Beverly operated a trunkline from Beverly to Essex along what is today Massachusetts Route 22 and from Essex to Gloucester along what is today Massachusetts Route 133. There was also a branch line to Ipswich, forking off near Chebacco Lake. In total, the GE&B operated 23 miles of track. The mainline and Ipswich branch both ran with 30-minute headways during the summer, and 60-minute headways during the winter.

Fare Structure
Fares from Gloucester to West Gloucester and Essex were five cents and ten cents, respectively. The full mainline fare, from Gloucester to Beverly, was 30 cents. Travel along the Ipswich branch cost five cents.

References

Transportation in Essex County, Massachusetts
Streetcars in the Boston area
Interurban railways in Massachusetts
Defunct Massachusetts railroads
Gloucester, Massachusetts

Gloucester, Essex and Beverly Street Railway


All the letters in the alphabet are either consonants or vowels. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air is at least partly blocked, and any letter which represents this. Consonants may come singily (by themselves) or in clusters (two or more together), but must be connected to a vowel to form a syllable.

Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does not match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.

Words with single consonants include:
 Go (CV), which has one consonant and one vowel in that order
 On (VC), which has one vowel and one consonant in that order
 Ton (CVC), which has a consonant, a vowel, and another consonant in that order

Words with consonant clusters include:
 Pro (CCV), which has two consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
 Old (VCC), which has one vowel and two consonants in-a-row afterwards
 Spree (CCCV), which has three consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
 Arcs (VCCC), which has one vowel and three consonants in-a-row afterwards
 Strengths (CCCVCCCCC), which has three consonants in-a-row, one vowel afterwards, and finally five consonants in a row

Consonants have friction when they are spoken, mostly using the position of the tongue against the lips, teeth and roof of the mouth. b and p are plosives, using the lips to produce a tiny sharp sound. Phonetics texts give more details, with diagrams. Consonants may be voiced or unvoiced. The th in the is voiced, but in breath is not.

There are 21 consonant letters in English, for 24 consonant sounds in most English accents.p242 Because of the history of the English language, there is no neat one-to-one relationship between letter and sound. th and ch each stand for a single sound, and x in fox stands for two sounds (ks). All these letters are consonants:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, (sometimes Y), and Z. "Y" is often used as a consonant, but it is sometimes used as a vowel. For example, in the word yellow, y is a consonant. But in the word happy, y is a vowel.

The rest of the letters of the alphabet are called vowels. Vowels are underdone, for there are about 20 vowel sounds in most English accents.p237 The vowels are:
A, E, I, O, U (and sometimes Y)

References

Consonant


Hastings Arm is a fjord on the North Coast of British Columbia, which is the northwest arm of Observatory Inlet, one of the two main branchings of Portland Inlet, the other being the better-known Portland Canal, which forms part of the Canada–United States border. Hastings Arm is approximately  in length from the divergence of Observatory Inlet near the former smelting town of Anyox, where a  east arm, Alice Arm, branches off towards its head at the mouth of the Kitsault River. This divergence is approximately  from the mouth of Observatory Inlet itself, near Nass Bay, which is the outer part of the estuary of the Nass River. At the head of Hastings Arm is the mouth of the Kshwan River, and the Nisga'a village-site of Kswan.

Names
The name of the inlet in the Nisga'a language, which is indigenous to this area, is K'alli Kshwan, meaning "upriver water teeth" literally, and which is a reference to the tribe's founder Tseemsim cupping his hands to take a drink from the Kshwan River and finding it so cold it hurt his teeth.

The English name was conferred in 1869 by Captain Daniel Pender, after Rear Admiral the Hon. George Fowler Hastings, Commander in Chief of the Pacific Station 1866–69, whose flagship was the 20-gun HMS Zealous. Mount Fowler in the same area was also named for Admiral Hastings.

References

Fjords of British Columbia
North Coast of British Columbia
Nisga'a
Inlets of British Columbia

Hastings Arm


Jimmy Foster (born March 1, 1977 in Ormond Beach, Florida) is a former NASCAR driver. He was a part-time driver on the Busch Series from 1997–1999.

Before competing in the Busch Series, Foster was an avid competitor at Florida tracks, winning more than 200 races by the age of 15. He then competed in the NASCAR Goody's Dash Series in 1996, winning once and clinching the series' Rookie of the Year award while finishing 7th in series points. His season got off to a wild start at Daytona though; while running 2nd, a tire blew on his car, sending him spinning before his car went airborne on the tri-oval for several feet before landing back on the track. He walked away okay, but the accident marked the last straw by Goody's Dash officials regarding airborne crashes as they mandated the roof flaps on all the cars, just like in NASCAR's top tier series, starting the next year in 1997, however airborne crashes and flips were still very common throughout the rest of the series' existence.

Foster made his Busch series debut the next year in 1997, running the #11 Key Motorsports Chevy at Rockingham. He started 36th and only managed to finish 35th. However, he was able to complete the race. Foster gradually improved as he would end up making ten starts in all in the season. His best run was a 16th at New Hampshire International Speedway and started 13th at Charlotte. However, inconsistently weighed the team down and Foster was ultimately released. He did not finish in five of ten starts and managed only 51st in points. He did not race further in the season.

Foster ran five races in 1998, all for Washington-Erving Motorsports. He struggled in his starts, only finishing one race. That race, at Nashville, was his best finish of the year with a 25th. Foster's qualifying was significantly improved, however. He started 11th at Bristol and 9th at Texas, his first career top-10 start. However, the poor results led to Foster's unemployment once again.

Foster then had another wild accident to begin his 1999 season. During his brief comeback to the Goody's Dash series in the Discount Auto Parts 200 at Daytona, Foster went on his side after making contact in a three wide situation with Derrick Kelly and Scott Krehling in a big accident that also saw Brent Moore go upside down on the backstretch for several feet. Once again, he emerged from the wreck without injury. That wreck was one of many big accidents in a race won by Christian Elder, in which another massive accident occurred on the tri-oval on lap 11 involving injuries between Scott Weaver and George Crenshaw, but both were overshadowed by the biggest accident of the race with 6 to go when Danny Bagwell went for a horrific barrel roll in between the exit of turn 4 and the tri-oval in what many call the worst accident in Goody's Dash series history. Bagwell was also okay. Later that year, Foster ran his final career Busch series race, driving for Blaise Alexander's #20 at Myrtle Beach Speedway. He started the race in 15th, but once again could not finish the race. He was 34th after overheating and it would prove to be the end of Foster's NASCAR career.

External links

Living people
1977 births
People from Ormond Beach, Florida
Sportspeople from Volusia County, Florida
Racing drivers from Florida
NASCAR drivers
ISCARS Dash Touring Series drivers

Jimmy Foster (racing driver)


James Fisher (b. 20 April 1972 Walthamstow, London) is an actor and producer. He is the youngest of three brothers. He studied acting at the London Drama School (Trinity Licentiate Diploma in Performance Arts) and was also educated in screen acting at the Drill Hall.

Known for his roles in BBC's EastEnders, ITV's Tina & Bobby, and BBC2 Comedy White Gold, James also produced feature documentary Royd Tolkien's There's a Hole In My Bucket, featuring Peter Jackson, John Rhys Davies and Billy Boyd. James also starred in, and produced, Raindance Festival selection Black Smoke Rising and the 'best film' award winning Monk3ys. Both films marked his first steps into film producing.

Previous acting roles include Green Street, Oscar winning The Constant Gardener, Irwin Winkler's De-Lovely and a large selection of independent films including Vengeance, Aux, Invasion of the Not Quite Dead, and award winning UK horror film The Zombie Diaries playing the character Geoff.

References

External links

 Official James Fisher Website

English male film actors
English male television actors
Living people
1972 births
Male actors from London

James Fisher (actor)


Admiral Cristóbal Colón y de la Cerda, 14th Duke of Veragua, 12th Marquess of Jamaica (8 June 1837 in Madrid – 30 October 1910 in Madrid), was a Spanish Minister of Public Works during the regency of Maria Christina of Austria and Minister of the Navy during the same period and during the reign of Alfonso XIII.

Biography
He was born in Madrid in 1837, and was the eldest son of Pedro Colón y Ramirez de Baquedano, the 13th Duke of Veragua and María del Pilar-Luisa de la Cerda y-Ghent Vilain, thus making him a direct descendant of famous explorer Christopher Columbus.
In addition to the XIV Duke of Veragua, he succeeded in his father's titles as: 14th Marquis of Jamaica, 14th Duke of la Vega, 16th Admiral of the Ocean Sea and 16th Adelantado mayor de las Indias.

The Duke of Veragua began his political career as a deputy of the Province of Ávila in the elections of 1871, was re-elected in the elections of 1872, and in 1876 he was elected deputy in the district of Puerto Rico. In 1878 he was appointed Senator and became Vice President of the Senate.

Colón de la Cerda was Minister of Public Works during the regency of Maria Cristina of Austria and Minister of the Navy during the same period and during the reign of Alfonso XIII. In 1892 he received the Golden Fleece to celebrate the fourth centenary of the discovery of America.
In 1897 de La Cerda was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.

In March 1900 he was in charge of a special mission sent to Berlin to invest the German Crown Prince Wilhelm with the Order of the Golden Fleece on behalf of King Alfonso XIII.

Marriage and children
In 1867, he married Isabel de Aguilera Santiago-Perales, daughter of the Marquises of Benalúa.
The couple had three children:
Genaro Colón y Aguilera (1873), died very young
María del Pilar Colón y Aguilera (1875-1931), 15th Duchess of La Vega
Cristóbal Colón y Aguilera (1878-1936), 15th Duke of Veragua, died assassinated at the start of the Spanish Civil War. No issue.

References

External links

1837 births
1910 deaths
19th-century Spanish nobility
Dukes of Veragua
Politicians from Madrid
Columbus family
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Members of the American Antiquarian Society

Cristóbal Colón, 14th Duke of Veragua


The Academia Boliviana de la Lengua (Spanish for Bolivian Academy of Language) is an association of academics and experts on the use of the Spanish language in Bolivia. It is a member of the Association of Spanish Language Academies.

The academy was founded in La Paz on August 25, 1927, by a group of linguists and writers, including Víctor Muñoz Reyes (the minister of industry and finance at the time) and Francisco Iraizós y Rosendo Villalobos (named as the academy's first director). Other founding members included Hernando Siles (Bolivia's president at the time), Félix del Granado (the father of the future poet laureate and influential academic Javier del Granado), Ricardo Mujía, and Florián Zambrana. Other distinguished members throughout the academy's history include Enrique Kempff Mercado and Porfirio Díaz Machicao, who also served as director from 1957 to 1975.

See also

 Bolivian literature
 Royal Spanish Academy
 Association of Spanish Language Academies

External links
Official site (in Spanish only)

References

Spanish language academies
Bolivian culture
Organizations established in 1927
1927 establishments in Bolivia

Academia Boliviana de la Lengua


The president of Nepal () is the head of state of Nepal and the commander-in-chief of the Nepalese Armed Forces.

The president is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising the Federal Parliament of Nepal and the provincial assemblies of each of Nepal's seven provinces, who themselves are all directly elected.

The office was created in May 2008 after the country was declared a republic. The current president is Ram Chandra Poudel who was sworn in on 13 March 2023. The basic monthly salary of the president of Nepal is NPR 150,450.

Origin
Under the interim constitution adopted in January 2007, all powers of governance were removed from the king of Nepal, and the Nepalese Constituent Assembly elected in the 2008 Constituent Assembly election was to decide in its first meeting whether to continue the monarchy or to declare a republic. During the suspension of the monarchy, Girija Prasad Koirala, then prime minister of Nepal, acted as the head of state. On 28 May 2008, the Assembly voted to abolish the monarchy. Ram Baran Yadav was elected by a historic vote in the Constituent Assembly, and was sworn in as the nation's first president, ending a 247-year-old monarchy.

Selection process

Eligibility
Part 6, Article 64 of the Constitution of Nepal 2015 sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:

 A person shall be eligible to be president if he/she fulfils the following qualifications:
 He/she is eligible to be a member of the Federal Parliament.
 He/she has attained at least 45 years of age, and
 Is not ineligible by any law.
 Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), a person who has already been elected president for two terms, shall not be eligible to be a Presidential candidate for a Presidential election.

Election
The election process of the president of Nepal as per Part 6, Article 62 of the constitution is as follows:

 An electoral college, consisting of voting members of the Federal Parliament and the members of the seven Provincial Assembly, shall elect the President. It shall be done as provided for in law with the difference of weightage in voting of the members of the Federal Parliament and the members of Provincial Assembly. The total population of the country is divided by the total of provincial assembly seats, rounded up, which give the "weight" of the provincial members votes. This weight is then mutliplied by 1.64 and rounded up, giving the weight of the federal parliamentary members. In 2018 and 2023, the 550 members of the proncial assemblies thus had a weighted voice of 48 each, and the 275 members of the lower house and 59 members of the upper house a weighted vote of 79 eachh
 Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (1), it shall not be deemed to prevent the formation of an electoral college for the use of the election of the President simply because of the reason that an election of Provincial Assembly has not been held in any province.
 The person who receives majority votes of the total number of existing members of the Electoral College as provided for in clause (1), shall be elected as president.
 If any candidate fails to receive majority votes according to clause (3), there shall be a second round of voting between the two candidates who receive the highest votes, and a person getting more than fifty percent of the votes of the total number of existing members of the Electoral College shall be elected as president.
 If none of the two candidates obtain more than fifty percent of the votes in the voting held under clause (4), then a third round will be conducted. Any person getting the majority of valid votes cast in this re-voting shall be elected as president.
 If a person who is elected to the position of the President already holds a political position through election, nomination, or appointment, the position held by such a person shall automatically become vacant.
 The election of the President and other related arrangements shall be as provided for by law.

Part 6, Article 70 states that the election of president and vice president should be conducted in a manner so as to represent different gender and/or communities. This allows for representation of female and minority communities at the nation's two highest offices.

Incumbency

Terms of Office
The presidential term is five years. A president cannot be elected more than twice in succession. However, a president whose term has expired can remain in office on an interim basis until their successor is elected and sworn in.

Removal
The circumstances under which the president ceases to hold office as per Part 6, Article 64 of the constitution is as follows:

 If a written resignation is tendered to the vice-president.
 If an impeachment motion against the president is passed pursuant to Article 101.
 If the term of office expires.
 If he/she dies.

Powers
The president's powers are almost entirely ceremonial. In some parliamentary republics, the president is vested with executive powers on paper, but is bound by convention to act on the advice of the prime minister and the government. In Nepal, however, the president is not even the nominal chief executive, as Section 75 of the Constitution explicitly vests executive power in the Council of Ministers
Part 6, Article 61, Section 4 of the constitution states that the president is the guardian of the constitution; and compliance and protection of the constitution shall be the main duties of the president. The basic functions, duties and powers of the president are outlined by Part 6, Article 66 of the constitution:

 President shall exercise his/her rights and duties as provided for by this constitution and Federal laws.
 While exercising rights under clause (1), the President shall perform all the works with the consent and recommendation of the Council of Ministers, except in case where the works have to be performed expressly under the recommendation of some agency or official. Such consent and recommendation shall be made to the President through the Prime Minister.
 The decision or order made in the name of the President as provided for by clause (2) and the certification of credentials in that regard, shall be done as specified by Federal law.

Travel

The president uses the state carrier, Nepal Airlines' Airbus A330-200 for international travel, whereas a Nepal Army's VIP AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter for travel within the country.

Republic
The following is a list of the heads of state of Nepal, from the unification of the country and the establishment of the Kingdom of Nepal in 1768 to the present day.

The King of Nepal was the country's head of state from the unification and the establishment of the kingdom in 1768 to 2008. Since 2008, the head of state has been the president of Nepal after the abolition of monarchy and the establishment of a republic.

Transitional period (State of Nepal, 2007–2008)
Under the interim constitution adopted in January 2007, all powers of governance were removed from the king, and the Constituent Assembly elected in 2008 was to decide in its first meeting whether to continue the monarchy or to declare a republic. During the suspension of the monarchy, Girija Prasad Koirala, then Prime Minister of Nepal, acted as the Head of State. On 28 May 2008, the Assembly voted to abolish the monarchy. Ram Baran Yadav was elected by the Constituent Assembly, and was sworn in as the nation's first president on 23 July 2008.

List of presidents of  Nepal

See also
Vice President of Nepal
King of Nepal, heads of state of the former Kingdom of Nepal
List of heads of state of Nepal, for a comprehensive list of Nepalese heads of state since 1768
List of prime ministers of Nepal

References

External links

History of Nepal (2008–present)
Government of Nepal
Politics of Nepal
2008 establishments in Nepal

President of Nepal


Orlando Jones (born April 10, 1968) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He is known for being one of the original cast members of the sketch comedy series MADtv, for his role as the 7 Up spokesman from 1999 to 2002, and for his role as the African god Anansi on Starz's American Gods.

Early life
Jones was born in Mobile, Alabama, in 1968. His father was a professional baseball player in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. He moved to Mauldin, South Carolina, when he was a teen and graduated from Mauldin High School in 1985. One of his early acting experiences involved playing a werewolf in a haunted house to help raise money for the junior/senior prom. Jones enrolled in the College of Charleston, South Carolina. He left in 1990 without finishing his degree.

To pursue his interest in the entertainment industry, Jones, together with comedian Michael Fechter, formed a production company, Homeboy's Productions and Advertising. Together Jones and Fechter worked on several projects including a McDonald's commercial with basketball superstar Michael Jordan for the McDonald's specialty sandwich the "McJordan".

He scored his first Hollywood job in 1987, writing for the NBC comedy A Different World, on which he had a small guest role in the season five finale. During 1991–92, Jones penned the Fox series Roc and, in 1993, he co-produced The Sinbad Show. He also made a brief appearance on the FOX sitcom Herman's Head in 1992.

Career

MADtv
After hosting Fox's music series Sound FX, in 1994, Jones became one of the original nine cast members of MADtv. Unlike some of his fellow original repertory performers on MADtv, Jones came to the show with limited sketch comedy experience.

Throughout the first two seasons of MADtv, Jones performed as characters like the Cabana Chat band leader Dexter St. Croix and Reverend LaMont Nixon Fatback, the vocal follower of Christopher Walken. He was also noted for his impressions of Thomas Mikal Ford, Temuera Morrison, Warwick Davis, Danny DeVito, Michael Jai White, Eddie Griffin, and Ice Cube.

After two seasons on MADtv, Jones left the show to pursue a movie career. However, Jones returned to MADtv in 2004 to celebrate its 200th episode.

Other television projects
Aside from MADtv, Jones made many other television appearances. Perhaps his most popular and enduring television appearance was in a series of humorous commercials as the spokesperson for 7 Up where he gained wide recognition. Notably, one commercial had him wear a t-shirt that had 7 Up's then-slogan Make 7 Up Yours divided between the front and back with the double entendre on the back that featured the Up Yours part; 7 Up would sell the shirt through specialty retailer Spencer Gifts for many years.

This exposure led to a plethora of opportunities for Jones. First, he hosted an HBO First Look special in 2000 and then, in 2003, was given his own late night talk show on FX called The Orlando Jones Show. Although his talk show was short lived, Jones continued to make additional television appearances. In 2003, he appeared on The Bernie Mac Show and on Girlfriends. In 2006, Jones decided to return to television as one of the lead characters of ABC's crime drama The Evidence, as Cayman Bishop. He has also appeared in two episodes of Everybody Hates Chris, the first in 2007 as Chris's substitute teacher and the second in 2008 as Clint Huckstable, an allusion to the character Cliff Huxtable played by Bill Cosby on The Cosby Show.

In 2008, he appeared as Harold Wilcox, a violent veteran with PTSD, on New Amsterdam. In the first season of the show, Jones also starred on Wild 'N Out. Jones was the first guest star on the show. Jones was the co-host of ABC's Crash Course (which was canceled after 4 episodes). On November 16, 2009, it was announced in TV Guide that Jones had been cast as Marcus Foreman, Eric Foreman's brother on House, appearing in the season six episode "Moving the Chains". In 2013, he was hired as a principal actor in the FOX television series Sleepy Hollow. The freshman drama opened to FOX's highest fall drama premiere numbers since the premiere of 24 in 2001.

From 2016 through 2019, Jones portrayed Mr. Nancy, aka the African god Anansi, in the Starz series American Gods.

Film projects
After leaving MADtv, Jones expanded his cinema resume. He appeared in a bit part in his first big screen film, In Harm's Way (1991), then joined Larry David in the feature Sour Grapes (1998), playing the character of an itinerant man. Subsequently, he appeared in Woo (1998), Mike Judge's Office Space (1999), alongside fellow MADtv alumnus David Herman, and in Barry Levinson's praised drama, Liberty Heights (1999). Since then, Jones has appeared in Magnolia (1999), New Jersey Turnpikes (1999) and in Harold Ramis' Bedazzled (2000).

During the 2000s, Jones' career began to branch out. In addition to his appearances in the 7 Up campaigns, Jones played the role of Clifford Franklin in The Replacements (2000) and the horror film From Dusk till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter (2003). In 2002, Jones landed the lead role of Daryl Chase in the action-dramedy Double Take (2001), alongside Eddie Griffin, and worked with David Duchovny, Seann William Scott and Julianne Moore in Ivan Reitman's sci-fi comedy, Evolution (2001). Jones was also in the 2009 film Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant and he appeared as the computer Vox 114 in The Time Machine (2002). His other more recent films includes Drumline (2002), Biker Boyz (2003), Runaway Jury (2003) and Primeval (2007). Jones appeared in an uncredited cameo and played in Grindhouse Planet Terror (2007).

In 2011 Jones appeared in the documentary film Looking for Lenny, in which he talks about Lenny Bruce and freedom of speech. In 2012, Jones starred in Joe Penna's original interactive thriller series Meridian created in conjunction with Fourth Wall Studios.

Voice acting
Jones has been featured in many voice acting projects over the years. In 1993, he appeared in Yuletide in the 'hood and in 1998, he made a guest appearance in the animated comedy TV series, King of the Hill. He then lent his voice to another TV series, Father of the Pride, as well as the video games Halo 2 (where he voiced Marine Sergeant Banks and other black marines) and L.A. Rush. In 2006, he co-created, produced and voice acted for the MTV2 animated series The Adventures of Chico and Guapo.

In early April 2013, it was largely thought that Jones would be taking Tyler Perry's place as Madea. This stemmed from Jones's own report that he would be taking over the role, and a photography of himself impersonating Madea. This led to public outcry from fans. Perry later revealed, however, that this was an elaborate prank played by Jones, stating, "That was an April Fools' joke that HE did. Not true. And not funny. When I'm done with Madea, she is done."

Personal life
Jones married former model Jacqueline Staph in 2009. They have a daughter.

In October 2011, Jones provoked controversy when he joked on Twitter that someone should kill former Governor of Alaska and vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin. He apologized for the comment several days later.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links
Official website

Biography, Filmography and Photos at Hollywood.com

1968 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
20th-century African-American people
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American male actors
21st-century African-American people
Actors from Mobile, Alabama
African-American male actors
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American sketch comedians
American stand-up comedians
College of Charleston alumni
Keurig Dr Pepper people
People from Mauldin, South Carolina

Orlando Jones


James Harold Shedd (born November 8, 1931) is a music industry executive and producer, best known for his role as producer of the country group Alabama as well as Reba McEntire, Shania Twain and Toby Keith. During his career he has headed Mercury Records and Mercury's sister label, Polydor.

Honors
In the city limits of        Bremen, Georgia, U.S. Route 27 is formally known as "Harold Shedd Highway"

Life and work
Born November 8, 1931, Shedd began work in his hometown of Bremen, Georgia, where he was a member of a local band and worked in radio for fourteen years as DJ, engineer, sales manager and finally station owner. In 1972, he sold up and moved to Nashville, where by 1979 he was co-owner of the Music Mill recording studio.  Harold and business partner Donnie Canada built a new building in 1982.

Shedd was instrumental in Alabama, one of the first acts he worked with, being signed by RCA. The band's debut single 'Tennessee River' was the first of Alabama's 21 consecutive number one hits that he produced.

Shedd also produced albums for Amie Comeaux, Roger Miller, Mel Tillis, Louise Mandrell, Dobie Gray, K. T. Oslin, Glen Campbell and Willie Nelson. While Reba McEntire had had top 10 singles, it was only with her collaboration with Shedd that she saw her first gold record, 1984's My Kind of Country album, although the pair came into conflict over his suggestions for songs and "the sweetened arrangements he imposed on them".

In 1988, Shedd joined Mercury Polygram Records Nashville, where over the next six years, he oversaw the signing of Kentucky Headhunters, Shania Twain, Billy Ray Cyrus, and Toby Keith. In 1989, Shedd was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.

After a period as President of Polydor Nashville, The Music Mill recording studio became the headquarters of VFR Records, owned by Shedd with partners Paul Lucks and Ed Arnold, for a time one of Nashville's more successful independent country labels, whose artists included Mark McGuinn and Trent Summar & The New Row Mob. VFR folded in 2002 due to a lack of funding.

References

1931 births
Living people
American country singer-songwriters
Record producers from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Bremen, Georgia
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)

Harold Shedd


Long Way Up is a British television series which debuted on 18 September 2020, documenting a motorcycle journey undertaken in 2019 by Ewan McGregor and Charley Boorman, from Ushuaia in Argentina through South and Central America to Los Angeles in the United States. It is a follow-up to 2004's Long Way Round where the pair rode from London to New York, and to 2007's Long Way Down, when they rode from John o' Groats in Scotland to Cape Town in South Africa.

The first three episodes of Long Way Up premiered globally on Apple TV+ on Friday, 18 September 2020, and eight further episodes aired weekly through to 13 November 2020.

Overview
The journey covered a  route, through 13 countries, over 100 days, starting on 5 September 2019 and finishing on 14 December 2019, using prototype Harley-Davidson LiveWire electric motorcycles that had been converted into adventure bikes.

Accompanying Ewan and Charley were the same key team members from Long Way Round and Long Way Down, including director/producers David Alexanian and Russ Malkin and directors of photography Jimmy Simak and Claudio Von Planta. Joining for the first time were associate producer Taylor Estevez and cinematographer Anthony Von Seck.

The production team followed Ewan and Charley's route in prototype Rivian electric pick-up trucks built especially for the journey. Trucks and motorcycles were charged at charging points built especially for the journey by Rivian. They were supported by diesel powered vehicles and generators.

Episode summaries and routes
The series follows Ewan and Charley as they journey through Latin America including the countries of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and up through Colombia, Central America — Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala — and Mexico, before entering the United States and finishing in California.

Episode 1: "Preparation"

Original release date: 18 September 2020

Eight months prior to the intended start date of 1 September 2019, the team reunite to map out the route, revealing that they plan to use electric motorbikes for this series. Having tested an electric road bike, Charley and Ewan are satisfied they have made the correct choice and that electric motors represent the future. After discovering that range of even the best off-road electric motorbike is limited to a  maximum, doubts start to creep in as they want to travel a  distance per day, but this would entail a lengthy charging session, placing the entire fourteen week schedule in jeopardy.

During the planning stage, Charley has a serious motorcycle accident, raising concerns with the rest of the team. After recovering, he tests an all-electric Harley-Davidson Livewire. Although designed as a street bike, the team work with the Harley engineers to adapt the design for dual purpose use, receiving the prototypes ten weeks before departure.

Both Charley and Ewan want to offset their carbon footprint for the journey which necessitates using BEVs as support vehicles for the production team and equipment. Rivian agree to supply two hand-built pre-production R1T pick-up trucks and install 150 fast chargers along the  route to keep both them and the electric motorbikes charged.

Episode 2: "Ushuaia"

Original release date: 18 September 2020

On arrival in Tierra del Fuego the team are met with heavy snow as it is still winter in the southern hemisphere. The Harley's ability to use level 1 AC charging is a concern as the level 3 DC fast-charging equipment is too cumbersome for the duo to carry on the motorbikes. The team decide to wait until a new component arrives holding up the start of the three month trek by three days.

During the initial leg, Charley and Ewan make the first of many border crossings in and out of Chile and detour down Ruta Y-85 to Pinguino Rey Natural Reserve on Inútil Bay, to see the only colony of King penguins in South America. Ever present, range anxiety resurfaces and they plan to charge from a support vehicle that has solar panels. When this fails, they attempt to charge from sockets at the reserve's research station, but with a low current, the motorbikes fail to take a charge making the onward journey to the ferry at Porvenir look doubtful. The pair find refuge at Estancia Caleta Josefina, which although still closed for the winter, welcomes them with open arms. The production team, also getting acquainted with their vehicles, run out of charge with ten miles to go and resort to tow-charging the R1Ts.

With a mere  stretch covered and a freezing cold night, the enormity of the challenge ahead is brought home to all.

ROUTE: Ushuaia (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 3  → Tolhuin (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 3  → Border crossing (San Sebastián) → Ruta 257-CH  → Onaisin (CHL)

Episode 3: "Southern Patagonia"

Original release date: 18 September 2020

After several unsuccessful attempts at charging overnight, Charley and Ewan call in the support team to bring a diesel generator the following morning to charge the motorbikes to a level where they can make it to the ferry at Bahia Chilota just beyond Porvenir and cross the Strait of Magellan to Tres Puentes, the port serving Punta Arenas. Despite this, Ewan again runs out of charge, this time within sight of the ferry and the production team have to assist him, delaying its departure.

The next two days are spent in the Torres del Paine National Park in Chilean Patagonia. Whilst lodging at EcoCamp Patagonia, charging again proves challenging and overnight both the 12-volt batteries that power the motorbikes' electrical systems discharge. After jump starting both motorbikes, it appears they have enough range in the traction batteries to make it to the border with Argentina, but once across, again they have to utilise a diesel generator to charge them so they can cover the next  section to El Calafate in Santa Cruz province.

The duo decide to take the next day off to recharge not only the motorbikes but themselves and take a boat trip to the Perito Moreno Glacier in the nearby Los Glaciares National Park.

ROUTE: Onaisin (CHL) → Ruta Y-71 → Porvenir (CHL) → Ferry (Pathagon) → Punta Arenas (CHL) → Ruta 9-CH → Torres del Paine (CHL) → Ruta Y-150 / Y-156 → Torres del Paine National Park (CHL) → Ruta Y-156 / Y-150 → Torres del Paine (CHL) → Ruta Y-205 → Border crossing (Río Don Guillemo) → Ruta Nacional 40  → El Calafate (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → La Leóna (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Tres Lagos (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Las Horquetas (ARG)

Episode 4: "The Andes"

Original release date: 25 September 2020 (despite the name, this episode features very little of the Andes!)

The pair cross back into Chile, now familiar with the fact that the bikes' batteries perform much worse in cold temperatures they adjust their expectations, traversing the Aysén region and the Carretera Austral northbound to the port of Chaitén without mishap. Here the team elect to cross both the Gulf of Corcovado and the Gulf of Ancud by ferry to Puerto Montt as there are several gaps in the Carretera Austral further north which necessitate either multiple water crossings or long detours inland.

Whilst Charley and Ewan head along a stretch of the Pan-American highway towards another border crossing, and into the Argentinian province of Neuquén, the production team, off-grid and running low on juice, co-opt a semi-truck driver to give them a tow-charge. David's R1T has its first break down en route to Las Lajas but a system reboot eventually sees it on its way again. After adjusting their route to experience the Bajada del Rahue switchbacks on RP46, Charley and Ewan face another delay in Zapala whilst they wait for camaraman Claudio, who is riding a petrol-engined Harley-Davidson Sportster XL1200, to refuel at a busy local petrol station. Despite this they manage a  distance on a full charge due to warmer temperatures. In high spirits, they visit the indigenous Mapuche communities in Chorriaca and Chos Malal. Later the duo camp for the first time on the trip near Barrancas and are awestruck by The Catwalk (La Pasarela), where the RN40 crosses the Rio Grande and the Agua del Toro hydroelectric dam in Mendoza province.

ROUTE: Las Horquetas (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Perito Moreno (ARG) → Ruta Provincial 45  → Border crossing (Ingeniero Pallavicini) → Ruta X-65 / Ruta 7-CH  → Villa Mañihuales (CHL) → Ruta 7-CH  → Puyuhuapi (CHL) → Ruta 7-CH  → Chaitén (CHL) → Ferry (Agios) → Puerto Montt (CHL) → Ruta 5-CH  / Ruta 215-CH  → Border crossing (Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass) → Ruta Nacional 231  / Ruta Nacional 40  → Villa La Angostura (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  / Ruta Provincial 23  → Aluminé (ARG) → Ruta Provincial 46  → Zapala (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Las Lajas (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Barrancas (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Bardas Blancas (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Malargüe (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → San Juan (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Villa Unión (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Chilecito (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Belén (ARG)

Episode 5: "Atacama Desert into Bolivia"

Original release date: 2 October 2020

Having entered Salta province, Charley and Ewan detour from the RN40 to marvel at the beauty of the surrounding landscape, in particular the Gorge of Shells (Quebrada de las conchas) and a natural amphitheatre off RN68 near Cafayate. The entire team then head for an excursion on the Cloud Train (Tren a las Nubes) that will take them high into the Andes. In an effort to counter the strong headwinds, Charley and Ewan slipstream a support vehicle to eek out some extra range. Altitude sickness takes it toll on assistant producer Taylor and he departs for lower altitudes with a plan to rejoin them in Bolivia.

Bidding a final farewell to Argentina and having crossed into the Antofagasta region in Chile over the Sico Pass, the duo head across the Atacama Desert towards the border at Portezuelo del Cajón with Bolivia, only stopping to admire the Salar de Atacama and the Licancabur volcano.

With both British and American passports, Ewan uses his US passport to exit Chile not realising that to enter Bolivia he will require a visa. After some confusion, the team pay for a visa and they enter the altiplano to head through the Siloli Desert on little more than gravel tracks resulting in Ewan falling off his bike.

ROUTE: Belén (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → Calchaquí Valley (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 40  → San Antonio de los Cobres (ARG) → Ruta Nacional 51  → Border crossing (Paso Internacional de Sico) → Ruta 23-CH  → San Pedro de Atacama (CHL) → Ruta 27-CH  / Ruta B-243 → Border crossing (Hito Cajon) → Ruta de las Joyas Altoandinas / Ruta Laguna Verde → Termas de Polques (BOL) → Ruta Laguna Colorada → Laguna Colorada (BOL)

Episode 6: "Bolivia"

Original release date: 9 October 2020

Setting off from the refuge near Laguna Colorada after nightfall in a bid to reach a charging station, one of the R1Ts runs out of charge and yet again has to be tow-charged. The other suffers damage to its suspension and parking brake. In daylight, Charley and Ewan press on through the Siloli Desert, marvelling at the Blood of the Gods lake but finding the terrain under-wheel ever more sandy. Charley also takes a tumble but is not seriously hurt. Having set off contrary to the advice of Rivian, without a fully functional braking system, David finds his R1T rolling back on an incline and ultimately wedged on a rock with a hydraulic oil leak. Near Challapata Charley and Ewan visit the UNICEF backed Challamayu School for indigenous Quechua children where they are taught not only in Spanish but their native tongue, helping preserve the Quechuan language and cultural identity for future generations.

Once they reach La Paz the pair visit GustuBar, a restaurant that began as a school for under-privileged kids, many of whom have gone on to become successful chefs. Taylor in the meantime has devised a solution which detects a live electric current to alert them when charging has silently stopped via an audible alarm.

On Lake Titicaca, after another challenging day of riding, Ewan succumbs to the rarefied atmosphere on a barge across the Strait of Tiquina, and both he and Taylor start to feel the effects of altitude sickness culminating in a visit by the team doctor.

ROUTE: Laguna Colorada (BOL) → Ruta Laguna Colorada / Ruta 701 / Ruta 5  → Uyuni (BOL) → Ruta 30  → Salar de Uyuni (BOL) → Ruta 30  → Challapata (BOL) → Ruta 1  / Ruta 4  / Ruta 1  → La Paz (BOL) → Ruta 1  → El Alto (BOL) → Ruta 2  → Lake Titicaca (BOL) → Ferry (barge) / Ruta 2  → Copacabana (BOL)

Episode 7: "Peru"

Original release date: 16 October 2020

Having crossed into Peru, Charley and Ewan stop off at Inca Uyo, a pre-columbian site replete with stone-carved phalluses near Chucuito. On the outskirts of Cusco they visit the Ccochahuasi animal sanctuary where they observe Condors and Andean Geese. After reaching Ollantaytambo the team take an overnight train to Aguas Calientes, the nearest town to Machu Picchu. With the site shrouded in mist, Ewan becomes as much a tourist draw as the ruins themselves. Once the clouds lift, the magnificence of the site can't help but make a lasting impression on both him and Charley.

On day 39 of their adventure they depart Ollantaytambo for Ayacucho, where they hope to meet a tribal community in the rainforest near Cutivireni. En route Ewan has another off. On Ruta 3S they spot Peruvian Para-cyclist Yuber Pichihua Perez. Once in Ayacucho, they leave the motorbikes and travel the final  stretch into the rainforest by helicopter to meet the Asháninka people who are trying to reduce deforestation and promote sustainability with the assistance of an NGO called Cool Earth. In the village of Tinkareni the pair witness how the traditionally nomadic tribe has put down roots in twelve settlements and become guardians of the forest. Once back on the road they continue to Ica and take a light aircraft flight to see the Nazca Lines, and before leaving Peru they visit UNICEF at a refugee camp in Tumbes assisting children fleeing Venezuela. In the meantime, the Rivian engineers add a feature which allows the motorbikes to fully charge from the R1Ts' batteries using vehicle-to-load (VTL) circuitry in just two hours.

ROUTE: Copacabana (BOL) → Ruta 2  → Border crossing (Khasani) → Ruta 130 / Ruta Nacional 3S  → Chucuito (PER) → Ruta Nacional 3S  → Puno (PER) → Ruta Nacional 3S  → Cusco (PER) → Ruta Nacional 28G  / Ruta Nacional 28B  → Ollantaytambo (PER) → Ruta 110  / Ruta Nacional 3S  → Andahuaylas (PER) → Ruta Nacional 3S  → Ayacucho (PER) → Ruta Nacional 28A  / Ruta Nacional 1S  → Ica (PER) → Ruta Nacional 1S  / Ruta Nacional 1N  → Tumbes (PER) → Ruta Nacional 1N  → Border crossing (Aguas Verdes)

Episode 8: "Ecuador"

Original release date: 23 October 2020

Charley and Ewan find themselves mobbed in Guayaquil by Star Wars fans. In Montecristi they stop off to see Panama hats being made by hand in a local factory and then head to what's left of the coastal rainforest to visit a reforesting initiative led by the Third Millennium Alliance (TMA). Blighted by the expansion of cattle ranching, the jungle had lost more than 90% of its vegetation before the conservancy intervened. With the tree cover returning, the pair spot Howler monkeys and hummingbirds.

The production team meanwhile make for the port of Esmeraldas to drop their vehicles for onward shipping to Panama City in a bid to avoid the dangerous and impassable Darién Gap.

In Tulcán, near the border with Colombia, Ewan's motorbike throws up an error message. A hard reboot fails to clear it. Tele-support from Harley-Davidson HQ diagnoses that the BMS failed during a software update and either a replacement motorbike or traction battery are the only options, but this would best to be done in Panama. A revised plan, once they cross into Colombia, involves flying from Pasto to Buenaventura and then sailing up the coast to Bahía Solano, where yet another flight will take them onto Panama City avoiding the roadless Darién Gap which they would have had to do anyway. With his motorbike now on the back of tow truck, Ewan commandeers Claudio's bike with Claudio riding pillion. At the border, they have difficulties with Customs until it is pointed out that Obi-Wan is in danger of missing his plane the next day. En route to Pasto they detour to the Las Lajas Shrine built on the site of a vision of the Virgin Mary. Delayed at Pasto airport due to bad weather, the team look unlikely to make the boat headed up the coast.

ROUTE:  El Oro (ECU) → Ruta E25  → Guayaquil (ECU) → Ruta 482  → Montecristi (ECU) → Ruta E15  → Jama-Coaque Ecological Reserve (ECU) → Ruta E30  / Ruta E25  / Ruta E20  / Ruta E35  → Tulcán (ECU) → Ruta E35  → Border crossing (Rumichaca) → Ruta 25  → Pasto (COL)

Episode 9: "Colombia, Panama & Costa Rica"

Original release date: 30 October 2020

When they eventually reach Buenaventura, it appears the team may have been the victims of some sort of bait and switch as the boat they had seen in photos does not match the rusting former fishing vessel they are directed to. Despite misgivings, the team find themselves with no choice but to accept what is on offer. The boat makes stops at several isolated coastal villages in the Chocó region to trade supplies and the team take the opportunity to explore one called Nuquí. News arrives that the parts for Ewan's bike will be shipped to Costa Rica for speed, so he decides to rush ahead there, leaving Charley to navigate Panama alone.

Whilst waiting for the plane the team have chartered they head to a beach at El Valle. As the cargo plane is not permitted to take cross-border passengers, they alight in Medellín, but Ewan is granted crew status so he can stay on board all the way to Panama, however, Customs formalities create an overnight delay. While Ewan eventually accompanies the bikes, Charley explores Medellín, visiting Comuna 13 (San Javier) and meeting local street artist Yesgraff.

On arrival in Panama, Ewan loads his bike onto a pick up truck for the drive to San José, traversing the Puntarenas region. Charley collects his bike when he lands later that same day and heads to the Panama Ship Canal to meet Ilya, the female chief of engineering and to recreate a scene from The Tailor of Panama which was directed by his father. He then drops in on a fellow Harley-Davidson enthusiast Pachanga Russell in Chiriquí province who is 85 years old. After a complete strip-down and rebuild overnight, and a fully functional motorbike once again, Ewan seeks out Charley who has arrived in San José.

ROUTE: Pasto (COL) → Plane (Let L-410UVP-E Turbolet) → Buenaventura (COL) → Boat (MC01457 Dani) → Bahía Solano (COL) → Plane (Antonov AN-26B) → Medellín (COL) → Plane → Panama City (PAN) → Ruta 1 (Pan-American Highway) → [Charley alone; Chiriquí (PAN)] → Ruta 1 / Ruta Nacional Primaria 2  → San José (CRI)

Episode 10: "Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala & Mexico"

Original release date: 6 November 2020

Reunited once again, Charley and Ewan ride through Guanacaste province on the Costa Rican pacific coast and towards Playa Hermosa. Here Ewan introduces the team to his daughter Jamyan, an orphan from Mongolia he adopted after Long Way Round. She accompanies them on a visit to the still active Masaya volcano in Nicaragua and then through the rest of Central America until they reach the Mexican border.

In Honduras, Charley and Ewan visit a UNICEF project at the Centro de Alcance Juvenil Japón that helps children break from the cycle of gangs and gang violence. After crossing into Guatemala they head for the extinct Ipala volcano, camping beside Lake Ipala, its flooded caldera, and taking a swim.

At this point the team re-evalaute the safest way to travel through Mexico because of drug cartel activity and decide to ride by day, but load the bikes onto a bus that would travel at night. At San Cristóbal de las Casas, Charley and Ewan head to the Pacific Coast towards Chahuites, whilst some of the support team jump ahead to Oaxaca on the hunt for a suitable bus. In Tehuantepec, Charley and Ewan meet some Muxes from the indigenous Zapotec people. In Oaxaca, with a bus acquired, the support team get to work on making it roadworthy in time for Charley and Ewan's arrival.

ROUTE: San José (CRI) → Ruta Nacional Primaria 1  /  Ruta NP21  → Playa Hermosa (CRI) → Ruta NP1  → Border crossing (Peñas Blancas) → Ruta 1  / Ruta 4  → Granada (NIC) → ? → Border crossing (Guasaule) → Ruta CA-3 / Ruta RN-112 / Ruta CA-5 → San Pedro Sula (HND) → Ruta CA-13 → Choloma (HND) → Ruta CA-4 / Ruta CA-11 → Border crossing (El Florido) → Ruta CA-11 / Ruta 18 → Ipala → ? / Ruta 1 → Panajachel (GTM) → Ruta CA-1  → Border crossing (La Mesilla) → Carretera Federal 190  → San Cristóbal de las Casas (MEX) → Carretera Federal 190  → Chahuites (MEX) → Carretera Federal 190  / Carretera Federal 185  → Tehuantepec (MEX) → Carretera Federal 190  → Oaxaca (MEX)

Episode 11: "Oaxaca to L.A."

Original release date: 11 November 2020

On their arrival in Oaxaca, Charley and Ewan join in with the preparation of the bus which is progressing surprisingly well. With official paperwork and plates holding up departure of the bus, they press ahead on the bikes towards Teotihuacan via the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley. At Teotihuacán they take the opportunity to ascend in a hot air balloon giving them a bird's eye view of the archaeological site.

Once the bus catches up with them they load the bikes and board for the journey north. With only a  stretch to the US border remaining, they take to the open road once more and arrive in Juarez only to find localised flooding. The team on the bus get lost en route, but eventually everyone regroups at the border crossing only to find they need to be at different gateways into the USA some twenty miles apart due to the separation of commercial and non-commercial traffic. The sight of a refugee camp serves as a reminder of the problems facing Mexico. After a twelve hour hold-up at the border everyone is through. Rapid charging stations in the USA make the rest of the journey to California very straightforward. In Palm Springs, reunited with their families, they form a convoy to ride triumphant into Los Angeles with the adventure coming to an end at the Bike Shed Moto Co. in the L.A. Arts District.

ROUTE: Oaxaca (MEX) → Carretera Federal 135  / Carretera Federal 150  / Carretera Federal 132  → Teotihuacan (MEX) → ? → Chihuahua (MEX) → Carretera Federal 45  → Juarez (MEX) → Border crossing (El Paso del Norte) → El Paso (USA) → Interstate 110  / Interstate 10  → Willcox (USA) → Interstate 10  → Palm Springs (USA) → Interstate 10  / State Route 91  / Interstate 5  → Los Angeles (USA)

Episodes

Music
The title song was performed by Welsh group Stereophonics, and is similar to the Long Way Round and Long Way Down theme with the lyrics "round" and "down" replaced with "up". Other artists to feature include: Jhony Rojas (two songs under Astronauta, two with Passto and four with Últimos Glaciares), Totó la Momposina, Aurelio, Sidestepper, Los de Abajo and Charlie Winston. During Episode 6 in Bolivia, McGregor performs an acoustic guitar cover of Endlessly by Muse, from their album Absolution.

Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 100% based on 6 reviews, with an average user rating of 8.50/10.

Accolades

UNICEF
During Long Way Round, Ewan and Charley visited UNICEF programmes in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia. The last of which is where Ewan came across an orphaned girl who he would subsequently adopt and features in Long Way Up. After being made UK ambassadors, the pair embarked on their second adventure, Long Way Down, and saw UNICEF's work with child soldiers in Uganda and land-mine awareness programmes in Ethiopia.

The Long Way Up sees the duo visit three more UNICEF programmes in Bolivia, Peru and Honduras. In Bolivia, Ewan and Charley visit the UNICEF supported Quechua indigenous Challamayu School and attend a bilingual lesson taught in Spanish and traditional Quechuan. The UNICEF program is designed to give indigenous Bolivian children the opportunity to learn and further their education in their own language.

In Peru the pair visit a Venezuelan refugee camp in Tumbes, close to the Ecuadorian border, where UNICEF is helping to identify and assist vulnerable or at-risk children, particularly those separated from family or unaccompanied by an adult. Here Charley and Ewan meet several children who are stuck in the camp desperately trying to reach family in other South American countries.

Lastly, in Honduras Charley and Ewan visit a UNICEF project at the Centro de Alcance Juvenil Japón in Choloma that gives children an alternative to gang membership and gang violence by providing a safe space, one that offers a range of programmes in drama and the arts.

See also
List of long-distance motorcycle riders

References

External links
 – official site
Long Way Up – promo site

Long Way Up on Rotten Tomatoes

2020 British television series debuts
2020 British television series endings
2020s British documentary television series
2020s British travel television series
Apple TV+ original programming
British travel television series
Long-distance motorcycle riding
Motorcycle television series
Motorcycle writing

Long Way Up