Aluminium–air batteries (Al–air batteries) produce electricity from the reaction of oxygen in the air with aluminium. They have one of the highest energy densities of all batteries, but they are not widely used because of problems with high anode cost and byproduct removal when using traditional electrolytes. This has restricted their use to mainly military applications. However, an electric vehicle with aluminium batteries has the potential for up to eight times the range of a lithium-ion battery with a significantly lower total weight.

Aluminium–air batteries are primary cells, i.e., non-rechargeable. Once the aluminium anode is consumed by its reaction with atmospheric oxygen at a cathode immersed in a water-based electrolyte to form hydrated aluminium oxide, the battery will no longer produce electricity. However, it is possible to mechanically recharge the battery with new aluminium anodes made from recycling the hydrated aluminium oxide. Such recycling would be essential if aluminium–air batteries were to be widely adopted.

Aluminium-powered vehicles have been under discussion for some decades. Hybridisation mitigates the costs, and in 1989 road tests of a hybridised aluminium–air/lead–acid battery in an electric vehicle were reported. An aluminium-powered plug-in hybrid minivan was demonstrated in Ontario in 1990.

In March 2013, Phinergy released a video demonstration of an electric car using aluminium–air cells driven 330 km using a special cathode and potassium hydroxide. On May 27, 2013, the Israeli channel 10 evening news broadcast showed a car with Phinergy battery in the back, claiming  range before replacement of the aluminum anodes is necessary.

Electrochemistry

The anode oxidation half-reaction is Al +  →  + 3e− +2.31 V.

The cathode reduction half-reaction is  +  + 4e− →  +0.40 V.

The total reaction is 4Al +  +  →  +2.71 V.

About 1.2 volts potential difference is created by these reactions and is achievable in practice when potassium hydroxide is used as the electrolyte. Saltwater electrolyte achieves approximately 0.7 volts per cell.

The specific voltage of the cell can vary depending upon the composition of the electrolyte as well as the structure and materials of the cathode.

Other metals can be used in a similar way, such as lithium-air, zinc-air, manganese-air, and sodium-air, some with a higher energy density. However, aluminium is attractive as the most stable metal.

Commercialization

Issues

Aluminium as a "fuel" for vehicles has been studied by Yang and Knickle. In 2002, they concluded:

Technical problems remain to be solved to make Al–air batteries suitable for electric vehicles. Anodes made of pure aluminium are corroded by the electrolyte, so the aluminium is usually alloyed with tin or other elements. The hydrated alumina that is created by the cell reaction forms a gel-like substance at the anode and reduces the electricity output. This is an issue being addressed in the development work on Al–air cells. For example, additives that form the alumina as a powder rather than a gel have been developed.

Modern air cathodes consist of a reactive layer of carbon with a nickel-grid current collector, a catalyst (e.g., cobalt), and a porous hydrophobic PTFE film that prevents electrolyte leakage. The oxygen in the air passes through the PTFE then reacts with the water to create hydroxide ions. These cathodes work well, but they can be expensive.

Traditional Al–air batteries had a limited shelf life, because the aluminium reacted with the electrolyte and produced hydrogen when the battery was not in use; this is no longer the case with modern designs. The problem can be avoided by storing the electrolyte in a tank outside the battery and transferring it to the battery when it is required for use.

These batteries can be used as reserve batteries in telephone exchanges and as backup power sources.

Another problem is the cost of materials that need to be added to the battery to avoid power dropping. Aluminum is still very cheap compared to other elements used to build batteries. Aluminum costs $2.55 per kilogram while lithium and nickel cost $15.75 and $18.75 per kilogram respectively. However, one other element typically used in aluminum air as a catalyst in the cathode is silver, which costs about $773 dollars per kilogram (2021 prices).

Aluminium–air batteries may become an effective solution for marine applications due to their high energy density, low cost, and the abundance of aluminum, with no emissions at the point of use in boats and ships.
AlumaPower, Phinergy Marine, Log 9 Materials, RiAlAiR and several other commercial companies are working on commercial and military applications in the marine environment.

Research and development is taking place on alternative, safer, and higher performance electrolytes such as organic solvents and ionic liquids. Others such as AlumaPower are focusing on mechanical methods to mitigate many of the historical issues with Al-air batteries. AlumaPower's patent () illustrates a method that rotates the anode which eliminates wear patterns and corrosion of the anode. The patent further claims that the design can use any scrap aluminum, including remelted soda cans and engine blocks.

See also
 List of battery types
 Zinc–air battery
 Potassium-ion battery
 Metal–air electrochemical cell
 Aluminum-ion battery
 Aluminum battery

References

External links
 Aluminum battery from Stanford offers safe alternative to conventional batteries
 Aluminium battery can charge phone in one minute, scientists say
 Simple homemade aluminum-air battery

Electrochemical cells
Aluminium
Metal–air batteries
Disposable batteries

Aluminium–air battery


Viscount Blesington, in the County of Wicklow, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 23 August 1673 for Murrough Boyle. He was the son of Michael Boyle, Archbishop of Armagh, eldest son of Richard Boyle, Archbishop of Tuam. He was created Baron Boyle, in the County of Wicklow, at the sime time, also in the Peerage of Ireland. Both titles were created with remainder to the heirs male of his father. However, the titles became extinct on the death of his son, Charles, the second Viscount, on 2 June 1732.

Michael Boyle had established a town in County Wicklow, to which he gave the name of Blessington. In connection with this town he in 1673 obtained the title of Viscount Blessington for his eldest son, Murrough. Richard Boyle, Archbishop of Tuam, was the son of Michael Boyle, brother of Roger Boyle, father of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork (see Earl of Cork for more information on this branch of the family).

Viscounts Blesington (1673)
Murrough Boyle, 1st Viscount Blesington (1648–1718)
Charles Boyle, 2nd Viscount Blesington (died 1732)

See also
Earl of Cork
Earl of Orrery
Earl of Shannon

References

Extinct viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
Blesington
Noble titles created in 1673
Peerages created with special remainders

Viscount Blesington


David Thompson or David Thomson (1588–1628) was the first governor of Massachusetts under the 1622 Council for New England grant to Robert Gorges. He also held the 6000-acre 1622 Piscataqua grant under the Council and is considered the founder and first non-native settler of New Hampshire. In addition, Thomson was granted a patent for Thompson Island in Boston Harbor which to this day bears his name. According to Burke's Landed Gentry (2010) the Thomsons of Corstorphine are direct descendants of a great-grandson of King Robert II, namely, Sir Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar.

Early life and ancestry
David Thompson or Thomson was born in Corstorphine, a village in the Kingdom of Scotland. His father was the Reverend Richard Thomson (c. 1564-1606), who had received an ecclesiastical appointment from James VI of Scotland (reigned 1567–1625). The identity of David's mother is unknown. His stepmother (Richard Thomson's second wife) was Agnes Foulis.

Richard Thomson was the son of Bernard Thomson and Agnes Balzert. His paternal grandparents were Alexander Thomson (d. 1587) and Janet Gourlay, daughter of Baron William Gourlay, 9th of Kincraig. His great-grandparents were Alexander Thomson (c. 1460-1513) and Margaret Forrester. This Alexander died in combat during the Battle of Flodden (1513). Margaret was reportedly a great-granddaughter of John Forrester of Corstorphine, who had served as Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland.

Alexander Thomson (c. 1460-1513) was thought to be a son or grandson of Thomas Stewart, Master of Mar. The name Thomson is a Scottish patronymic surname, and literally means "son of Thomas". Thomas Stewart was a son of Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1435), grandson to Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, and great-grandson of Robert II of Scotland and Elizabeth Mure.

David Thompson is first mentioned in 1602, when he received a bursary to attend the University of Edinburgh and study philosophy. David was named heir to his father in 1607 during a "retour", return to Chancery, "an inquest that took place in the court of the sheriffdom of Edinburgh held in the town-house of the same burgh in the presence of Mr. William Stewart Sheriff." Thomson married Amias Cole, the daughter of Plymouth, England shipwright, William Cole on July 13, 1613. They had three children, Ann, Priscilla, and John, before Thompson returned to New England. A 2nd son, Miles, may have been born on Thomson's Island in 1627. In England, Thompson came to know Squanto before his return to Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Thompson sailed with Squanto to New England in 1619. Thompson helped rescue a stranded Native American boy on the Isle of Shoals during his 1619 trip, and the boy was given to Thompson as a servant by the local sachem.

Background of founding the New Hampshire colony
The colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on a 6,000 acre land grant given in 1622 by the Council for New England to Mr. David Thomson, gent. In 1629, following Thomson's death, Captain John Mason (former governor of Newfoundland) and Sir Ferdinando Gorges (who founded Maine) granted the territory to themselves. The colony was named "New Hampshire" by Mason after the English county of Hampshire, one of the first Saxon shires. Though historians have assumed that David Thomson was acting on the behest of Gorges and Mason, he acted independent of them but rather served as an agent to the Council and at times, acted as its attorney. Thomson's stepmother, Agnes Foulis' niece was married to Thomas Hamilton, the Secretary of State of Scotland. Agnes' nephew, David Foulis, Baron Ingleby, was King James' ambassador to England's Queen Elizabeth. Following the Queen's death in 1603, Foulis served as the cofferer to Prince Henry Stuart. And David's father, Magister Rev. Richard Thomson was well known to King James and worked in coordination with the monarch to reign in certain ministers that challenged the King's authority.

David Thompson first settled at Odiorne's Point in Rye (near Portsmouth) with a group of craftsmen and fishermen from England in 1623, just three years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. The settlers built a fort, manor house and other buildings, some for fish processing, on Flake Hill at the mouth of the Piscataqua River, naming the settlement "Pannaway Plantation". In 1623 the English explorer Christopher Levett, an associate of Gorges and a member of the Council for New England, wrote of visiting Thompson at his Pannaway Plantation. Early historians believed the first native-born New Hampshire, John Thompson, was born there; later he was found to have been baptized at St. Andrew's Parish in Plymouth, England, in 1619.

Disappearance after moving to Boston
David Thompson's grant for 6000 acres was divided into two parts. According to an Indenture signed in Plymouth, England, Thomson received 3/4 of the plantation and 1/4 was held by three former mayors of Plymouth, Abraham Colmer, Nicholas Sherwill, and Leonard Pomery. Thomson was to send out seven men with him on the ship, the Jonathan of Plymouth, and the former lord-mayors who were also merchants, "will this present year, at their own charge, provide and send three men more, in the ship " Providence," of Plymouth, if they may be so soon gotten, or in some other ship, with the first expedition that may be, to New England; the charges of these three men to be borne equally by all the parties." The Hiltons, Edward and William may have settled on a portion of the 600-acre allotment to the three mayors. Thompson moved his family to an island in Boston Harbor (today called Thompson Island in his honor) in 1626, and he may have had a fur trading post on the island prior to moving there. The Thompsons became some of the first European settlers of Boston, Massachusetts. David Thompson disappeared in 1628 and was never heard from again. Some historians theorize he was the victim of foul play. Others suggest that he accidentally drowned in Boston Harbor. Thompson's widow, Amias (1596–1672), remarried to Samuel Maverick of Noddle's Island. Thomson's son, John, later successfully recovered ownership of the island from the town of Dorchester, before another party acquired it. John Thomson was among the first settlers in Mendon, MA. His brother, Miles, settled in Berwick, Maine.

See also
List of people who disappeared
New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 78: Odiorne's Point

References

1588 births
1620s missing person cases
1628 deaths
16th-century Scottish people
17th-century Scottish people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
David
Scottish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Missing person cases in Massachusetts
People from colonial Boston
People from Edinburgh
People from Rye, New Hampshire
People from Sagadahoc County, Maine
People of colonial Massachusetts
People of colonial Maine
People of colonial New Hampshire
Year of death unknown

David Thompson (New Hampshire settler)


Idle Eyes is a Canadian rock and roll band from Vancouver, British Columbia. They are best known for the Canadian hit single "Tokyo Rose", which peaked at #16 on RPM's Canadian singles chart in June 1985. There is also a Hardcore band from Australia with the same name.

History
The band had its genesis in 1980 while Tad Campbell (a Canadian, born in Trail, British Columbia) was travelling in Australia.  He encountered an advertisement for a local band looking for a guitarist, and wound up spending several months as a member of the house band at a resort in the Whitsunday Islands.  During this time, the band were joined by new vocalist Donna McConville, who would also become Campbell's girlfriend. They later moved to Townsville, Queensland, where they recorded early demos of several songs that would eventually end up on the band's first two albums.

Campbell eventually returned to Canada with McConville, putting together a new lineup since most of the original Australian members had not moved with them. The band lineup changed frequently over the early years, including McConville eventually leaving the band when her relationship with Campbell ended. She returned to Australia, where she became a backing vocalist for John Farnham.

The band was nearly dormant when Campbell made a last-ditch effort to record a demo, which he sent to Payolas manager Cliff Jones in the hopes of securing a recording contract. Jones responded favourably, so Campbell and drummer Phil Robertson recruited Glenn R. Smith (guitars), Miles "Foxx" Hill (bass) and John Webster (keyboards) to record the band's self-titled debut album.  Campbell wrote all the songs on the album, occasionally with assistance from outside collaborators; Smith also co-wrote one song ("Two Rivers").

The singles "Tokyo Rose" and "All Day" won awards from SOCAN as two of the top ten most played songs on Canadian radio that year. The band toured extensively as an opening act for Loverboy, Bryan Adams, Tears for Fears, Toto, The Human League and Red Rider, as well as at a nationally televised Expo 86 gala which also featured Adams, Loverboy, Sheena Easton, Véronique Béliveau and Kenny Rogers.

Also in 1985, Campbell participated in the recording of "Actions Speak Louder Than Words", a charity single to raise money for Canadian food banks, alongside Mike Reno, Paul Dean and Matt Frenette of Loverboy, Darby Mills of Headpins, Johnnie Dee and Derry Grehan of Honeymoon Suite, Paul Hyde, Carole Pope and Murray McLauchlan.

Idle Eyes were nominated for three Juno Awards in 1985, winning for Most Promising New Group. Other awards included six West Coast Music Awards, winning group of the year honors in 1985 and 1986. Campbell won Songwriter of the Year in 1985 for "Tokyo Rose", which was also named Song of the Year. "Tokyo Rose" was inspired by the generic name "Tokyo Rose", which was used to describe female Japanese DJs who attempted to shake the morale of American soldiers and spread propaganda in the Pacific Theater during World War II.

Smith and Webster left Idle Eyes in 1986, and were replaced by Scotty Hall (guitars) and Bruce Mackenzie (keyboards).  The group's second album Love's Imperfection was produced by Michael Beinhorn and engineered by Bob Rock at the Little Mountain Studio. Released at Christmastime with no videos, the single "Sandra" topped out at #83 on the Canadian charts, and the album sold fewer than 20,000 units.  The band was dropped from their label a few months later.

The band carried on, with Hill and Robertson dropping out, leaving Campbell as the sole remaining original member of Idle Eyes.  Joining Campbell, Hall and Mackenzie for Idle Eyes' independently produced third album Standing at the Edge (1988) were Tom Christianson (bass) and Dudley Welsh (drums).  The album spun off a minor hit, "Blue Train".

By the early nineties, the Idle Eyes line-up was subject to constant flux, with Campbell being the sole permanent member.  A best-of album, Land of the Midnight Sun, was released in 1994, and was credited to "Tad Campbell & Idle Eyes".  In addition to the original versions of tracks such as "Tokyo Rose", "All Day" and "Blue Train", it featured six new songs, with the newly-recorded material being played by a line up of Tad Campbell (vocals, guitar),  Darryl Havers (keyboards), Randy Booth (bass), Al Webster (drums), Tony Ferraro (percussion), Caley Faryon (saxophone).

After the band's breakup in 1994, Campbell formed the bands Leghold Trap, Millions of Brazilians and Big Daddio before reforming Idle Eyes in the early 2000s.
In February of 2021 Cambell was convicted of sexually assaulting a minor on a night between September 1996 and January 1999. Campbell received a 12 month conditional sentence.

Discography

Albums
 Idle Eyes - 1985 #42 CAN
 Love's Imperfection - 1986 #93 CAN
 Standing at the Edge - 1988
 Land of the Midnight Sun - 1994 (released as "Tad Campbell & Idle Eyes")
 Karma Cops - 2000
 Bites Back - 2002

Members
 Tad Campbell (lead vocals, rhythm guitar)
  Phil Robertson (drums)
  Glenn R. Smith (guitars)
  Miles Fox Hill (bass)
  Scotty Hall (Guitar — Loves Imperfection)
  Bruce MacKenzie (Keyboard - Loves Imperfection and post 1985)
  John Webster (Keyboard - Idle Eyes 1985 tour)
 Touring members post 1988
  Randy Booth (Bass)
  Al Webster (Drums)

Additional touring members post 1988
 Bud Omstead (Bass-loves imperfection tour 1986)
 Dave Stone (keys)
 Russel Newell (drums)
 Gus Vassos (vocals)
 Tony Ferraro (drums)
 Mark Poy (keys)
 Patrick Miles (guitar)
 Kelly Cook (bass)
 Thom Christiansen (bass)

First version of Idle Eyes
 Donna McConville (lead vocals, keyboards)
 Dudley Welsh (drums)
 Mike Poulter (bass)
 Kevin O'Brien (bass, saxophone, vocals)
 Bill Miekle (saxophone)
 Don Biggar (bass)
 James Chadwick (drums)
 Steve Elaschuk (bass)
 Terry Alton (guitar)
 Larry Pardue (bass, vocals)
Kevin Swain (bass, vocals)

References
Citations

External links
 Idle Eyes CanConRox entry
 Idle Eyes discography at Allmusic

Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups disestablished in 1994
Musical groups reestablished in 2002
Musical groups from Vancouver
Canadian pop rock music groups
1983 establishments in British Columbia
1994 disestablishments in British Columbia
2002 establishments in British Columbia
Canadian new wave musical groups
Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year winners

Idle Eyes


The spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) also called the Kentucky Bass,  is a freshwater game fish in the sunfish family. It is a species of black bass native to the lower and central Mississippi River basin in North America. It has been introduced into other U.S. states as far west as California. It has also been introduced into other countries. The spotted bass is often confused with the largemouth bass because it has the same coloring. But it is distinguished by having a smaller mouth than the largemouth. In size it is smaller than either the largemouth or smallmouth bass. In 1956 it became the official game fish of Kentucky. From that time on it was popularly called the Kentucky bass.

Subspecies

Currently there are three recognized subspecies of spotted bass.

 The Alabama spotted bass (Micropterus p. henshalli). They are found mainly in Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia.
 The northern spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus punctulatus). This is the most common type.
 The Wichita spotted bass (Micropterus p. wichitae). They are found in the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma.

In addition there are reports of hybrid spotted bass occurring naturally. This is between largemouth and spotted bass—the offspring of which are difficult to identify as either species.

Physical description

The spotted bass is a fish with a slender body marked by black blotches on its side. As the fish matures these become an irregular band. Their color ranges from a light green to light brown. Unlike the largemouth, the tongue of the spotted bass has a patch of teeth. Their gill covers also have a large dark spot on them. The Alabama spotted bass is distinguished by a dark spot on the tail in addition to the one on each gill cover. The Northern spotted bass has a tail spot, but the gill spot is not as distinct. The average size is four to five pounds. The IFGA world record is 10 pounds 4 ounces.

Habitat

Unlike the largemouth bass, the spotted bass seems to like current (moving water). They can tolerate warmer water than largemouths and do well in streams and rivers. They can also thrive in southern reservoirs that have gravel and rock bottoms. Like it's better known cousins, the spotted bass is carnivorous. It will eat prey from the bottom to the surface of the water. If available it will feed primarily on crayfish. It also preys on minnows, catfish, and insects.

At spawning the male makes from one to four nests and defends them until the females lay their eggs. Females lay fewer eggs than largemouth or smallmouth bass. But once the eggs are deposited in the nest, she will remain to help guard the nest for another day before leaving. The male then guards the nest(s) against Bluegills and other raiding fish. They continue to guard the fry after hatching. Unlike other black basses, spotted bass tend to group together and form schools. They are sometimes seen chasing schools of shad in open water.

Angling

Many spotted bass are caught by accident by fishermen seeking largemouth or smallmouth bass. They are found in streams and rivers like smallmouth, although they cannot tolerate water as cold. They also cannot tolerate the low oxygen saturation in warm water that largemouths can. Otherwise they live in the same waters. The spotted bass is a strong fighter, once hooked, much like the smallmouth. Unlike either of their cousins they do not tend to jump from the water. The same lures that attract other black bass also attract spotted bass. But their strong preference for crayfish makes any lure that resembles a crayfish very effective. In mid-summer, fishing in reservoirs, spotted bass can be as deep as 100 feet. Fishermen need to get their lures deep enough to attract the spotted bass.

References

Centrarchidae
Edible fish
Freshwater fish

Spotted bass


Colonel Jehiel Brooks (April 8, 1797 Albans, Vermont - February 6, 1886) was a soldier, territorial governor, and plantation owner.

Life
He was First Lieutenant, in the First Regiment of Infantry with the Ohio Militia, in the War of 1812.
He came to the District of Columbia to secure political appointment, but with the exception of an appointment in the Red River Indian Agency in Louisiana during the administration of Andrew Jackson (1829-1837), Brooks had little luck. Instead, he assumed the role of the gentleman farmer on a tract of land adjacent to property that later became part of The Catholic University of America (CUA).

One of the largest holders of real estate in the District, Nicholas Louis Queen ran the Queen's Hotel near the Capitol until his death in 1850.  The Brooks and Queens families united in 1828, when Jehiel Brooks and Ann Margaret Queen, the daughter of Nicholas Queen, married.
They built the Brooks Mansion.

The son, John Henry Brooks later sold his parents' real estate to early twentieth-century developers of the Brookland neighborhood.

See also
United States v. Brooks (1850)

References

External links
The Brooks - Queen Family Collection (1773-1979)

1797 births
1886 deaths
American militiamen in the War of 1812
History of Washington, D.C.
American planters
American militia officers

Jehiel Brooks


The 1983 Chatham Cup was the 56th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.

Early stages of the competition were run in three regions (northern, central, and southern), with the National League teams receiving a bye until the fourth round of the competition. In all, 139 teams took part in the competition. Note: Different sources give different numberings for the rounds of the competition: some start round one with the beginning of the regional qualifications; others start numbering from the first national knock-out stage. The former numbering scheme is used in this article.

The 1983 final
The final was played at the home ground of Gisborne City, one of the two finalists. The replay was at the home ground of the other finalist, Mount Wellington.

Mount Wellington appeared in their fifth consecutive final - the only club to have achieved this feat up until this time (it has since also been achieved by Christchurch United, between 1987 and 1991). Mount players Tony Sibley and Ron Armstrong joined an elite group to have played in four Chatham Cup-winning sides, having previously played in Mount Wellington's victories in 1973, 1980, and 1982.

The first match was a gritty, evenly matched affair, with any superiority which Mount Wellington may have had largely counteracted by the efforts of the vocal East Coast spectators. Fred de Jong opened the scoring for the Aucklanders after 14 minutes, only for Colin Walker to equalise halfway through the first half. In the second period Walker put the East Coasters ahead, and they held the advantage until the dying minutes when Keith Nelson, scorer of the only goal in the 1982 final, scored for the Mount to level the tie. Gisborne held on during extra time despite the Mount dominating the extra half-hour.

The replay, under floodlights at Mount Wellington's ground, was far less balanced. The Mount took the lead on the half-hour mark with a John Price penalty, and the game was put firmly out of Gisborne's reach just before the final whistle by a shot from Nelson.

Results

Third Round

* Won on penalties by Oratia United (3-0) and Mount Roskill (5-4)

Fourth Round

Fifth Round

* Napier City Rovers won 4-1 on penalties.

Quarter-finals

* Mount Wellington won 5-4 on penalties.

Semi-finals

Final

Replay

References

Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation New Zealand 1983 page
UltimateNZSoccer website 1983 Chatham Cup page

Chatham Cup
Chatham Cup
Chatham Cup
Chat

1983 Chatham Cup


James Cox (11 October 1846, in Snodshill in Chiseldon, Wiltshire, England – 19 July 1925, in Greytown, New Zealand) was an English office worker and later a New Zealand flax worker, swagman (itinerant labourer), and agricultural worker. He is remembered because of his extensive diary.

Cox was the son of a prosperous small farmer. He became a clerical assistant for the Great Western Railway Company. When in 1880 his mother sold the family farm (Cox was then 34, single, and living with his mother), he emigrated from England to New Zealand, living in Christchurch, New Zealand until 1888 and thereafter in the North Island, where he worked in a flax mill. The mill closed in 1890 and thereafter Cox lived a hand-to-mouth existence, a hard life of vagrancy, intermittent and arduous labour, and poverty. He was buried in an unmarked grave, but a headstone was placed for him at  Greytown Cemetery in 2013.

After 1888, he kept a very detailed diary, the surviving portion being about 800,000 words. The diary offers a unique and valuable account of New Zealand working class life of the period. Miles Fairburn wrote a 1995 book, Nearly Out of Heart and Hope, based on Cox's diaries. Cox's dairies were featured in the 2013 exhibition "Logs to blogs" at the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington.

Cox was the cousin of nature writer Richard Jefferies; as teens, Cox and Jefferies set off on an unsuccessful adventure, first planning to walk to Moscow and, this having failed, to sail to America, which also proved impossible.

References

External links
Cox's Twitter feed

Further reading
Cox, James, 1846-1925 : Diaries MS-0621-0655, National Library of New Zealand

1846 births
1925 deaths
British emigrants to the Colony of New Zealand
New Zealand diarists
Laborers
People from Wiltshire

James Cox (labourer)


The Holy Sisters of the Gaga Dada were an eclectic band originally from Santa Cruz, California, US, formed in 1981. They were voted "Best Alternative Rock Band of the Year" by LA Weekly. The collaboration of keyboardist Mary Jean Shaffer and guitarist Blancah Black, the Holy Sisters included quasi-religious imagery and feminist politics. Other original members included Heidi Puckett (bass) and Jeff Grubic (tenor sax). As the band morphed from conceptual entity to frequent club performers, Black left and two new members were added, Jill Fido (bass) and Charles Bingham (drums). Kim Sockit later replaced Puckett, and Zero Jessephski Jr. replaced Bingham, making the Holy Sisters of the Gaga Dada an all-female band. The group would later move to Hollywood, California, where they were featured in "Once Upon Her Time", a TV program about women in the 1980s which aired on the Lifetime Cablevision Network.

Personnel
 Jill Fido: bass, Vocals
 Wild Kim Sockit: guitar, percussion, penny whistle, vocals
 Mary Jean Shaffer: keyboards, vocals
 Zero Jessephski Jr.: drums, toys, percussion
 Cathy Linstrom: guitar

Discography
 Let's Get Acquainted (1986; Bomp! Records)
 At Dianne's Place (compilation; includes "Round and Round") (1987; Penultimate Records)
 Gaga at the Gogo EP (1988; Bomp! Records)
 Radio Tokyo Tapes Vol. 4 (compilation; includes one song, a cover version of "Paranoid" by Black Sabbath) (1989; Chameleon Records)

See also
 List of all-women bands

References

External links
 Photo of show at Graffiti, S.F., 1985
 The Holy Sisters at DNA, S.F., 1987 photo, photo, photo, photo, photo, photo

All-female bands
Musical groups established in 1981
History of women in California

The Holy Sisters of the Gaga Dada


KFAB (1110 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Omaha, Nebraska, with studios and offices on Underwood Avenue in Omaha. It broadcasts a news/talk format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.

KFAB is a Class A clear channel station, operating at 50,000 watts, the maximum power for commercial AM stations, from a transmitter on South 60th Street at Capehart Road in Papillion. A single tower beams the full power during the day.  At night, power is fed to a three-tower array in a directional pattern to avoid interfering with WBT Charlotte, the other Class A station on 1110 AM.  Due to its high power and Nebraska's excellent ground conductivity, KFAB's daytime signal is heard in most of Eastern Nebraska and Western Iowa, with at least grade B coverage as far as Kansas City, Topeka, Sioux City and Des Moines.  At night, even though it must direct its signal north–south to protect WBT, it can be heard across most of the western half of North America with a good radio.

KFAB is licensed by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission to broadcast in the HD Radio (hybrid) format.

Programming
Gary Sadlemyer, with KFAB for more than four decades, hosts "The KFAB Morning News" on weekdays.  Local talk shows are heard in late mornings with Scott Voorhees and in late afternoons with Emery Songer. The rest of the weekday schedule is nationally syndicated conservative talk shows from co-owned Premiere Networks: The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, The Glenn Beck Program, The Jesse Kelly Show and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory.

Weekends feature shows on health, money, cars, gardening and cooking.  Weekend syndicated programs include The Dana Loesch Show, Armstrong & Getty, The Weekend with Michael Brown, Sunday Night with Bill Cunningham, Somewhere in Time with Art Bell and Our American Stories with Lee Habeeb.  Most hours begin with Fox News Radio.

History

Early years in Lincoln
Just before signing on, the station was licensed on  November 8, 1924.  It was owned by the Nebraska Buick Auto Company in Lincoln.  Initially, it was given the call sign KFRR from an alphabetic list maintained by the United States Department of Commerce. However, at the request of Nebraska Buick's owner Harold E. Sidles, prior to the station's December 4 debut, the call sign KFAB was substituted, reportedly standing for "Keep Following A Buick".

On November 11, 1928, under the provisions of the Federal Radio Commission's General Order 40, KFAB was reassigned to a "clear channel" frequency of 770 kilocycles. In a shared-time arrangement, it could broadcast unlimited hours during the day but had to divide nighttime operations with Chicago's co-channel WBBM.

KFAB was originally on the NBC Red Network.  But it became a CBS Radio Network affiliate the week of January 5, 1932.  Beginning in 1934, KFAB and WBBM synchronized their transmissions via a telephone line that ran from the WBBM transmitter outside Chicago to the KFAB site near Lincoln, thus allowing simultaneous nighttime operation and providing a nearly coast-to-coast CBS signal on their shared frequency. In March 1941, as part of the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), KFAB and WBBM were shifted to 780 kilocycles.

Move to Omaha
In 1944, KFAB moved to 1110 kHz, giving WBBM unlimited use of 780 kHz. WJAG in Norfolk, Nebraska was concerned that KFAB's operation on 1110 kHz would cause interference to its signal on 1090 kHz, so KFAB's owners paid the cost of moving WJAG to KFAB's former frequency of 780 kHz.

KFAB relocated to Omaha as part of the frequency swap, originally with 10,000 watts, allowing it to still be heard at city-grade strength in Lincoln. It switched to a directional nighttime pattern to limit interference to WBT in Charlotte, North Carolina. WBT had previously operated full time with a non-directional antenna, and, concurrent with KFAB's reassignment to 1110 kHz, implemented a nighttime directional pattern in order to jointly protect KFAB's signal, with both stations primarily directing their nighttime signals north–south. A few years after moving to Omaha KFAB increased its power to 50,000 watts, allowing it to be heard across much of the western half of the continent at night. However, much of the Iowa side of the market only gets secondary coverage at night due to the need to protect WBT.

From its beginning KFAB has delivered a wide variety of programming, including news, weather, sports and farming reports.  It became Nebraska's first 24-hour radio station in 1951. In the 1960s and 1970s, legendary newscaster Walt Kavanagh became famous for his school closing announcements during bad weather.  The parents of nearly every school aged child in the area would listen intently as Kavanagh reported which districts were cancelled and which were not on snowy mornings.

In 1948, while still an undergraduate at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Johnny Carson worked at KFAB writing and doing shows. In addition to Carson, KFAB was and continues to be the home of some of the state's most popular personalities, including Lyell "Mr. Football" Bremser, Ken Hedrick, John Coleman, Walt Kavanagh, "Texas" Mary, Gary Sadlemyer, Kent Pavelka and Jim Rose, most if not all have been inducted into the Nebraska Broadcasters Hall of Fame.
.

Cornhuskers
For most of the time from its earliest days until the 1990s, KFAB dominated the Omaha market. From 1926 to 2015—except for a short break from 1996 to 2001—KFAB was the home of University of Nebraska Cornhuskers sports. After 1948, it shared flagship status with Lincoln's KOLN/KLIN. However, in February 2015, the Cornhuskers moved their games to  KXSP.

University officials had been disappointed KFAB was not willing to air more than football and men's basketball games. For instance, volleyball and women's basketball games were shunted to KFFF, while baseball games had no radio home. School officials wanted to ensure that all Cornhusker sports would air on a single, powerful station. KXSP's daytime coverage is roughly comparable to that of KFAB. Even with the loss of the Huskers, KFAB continued to be one of the highest rated stations in the Omaha/Council Bluffs market. It also retained substantial listenership in Lincoln despite being an out-of-market station.

Ownership changes
From the 1950s through the 1980s, KFAB was owned by the Seacrest family alongside the Lincoln Journal, now part of the Lincoln Journal Star.  In 1959, it added an FM station, KFAB-FM (99.9 FM).  At first, KFAB-FM largely simulcast KFAB; in the late 1960s, it switched to beautiful music and later became automated adult contemporary KGOR.  In 2000, Clear Channel Communications acquired KFAB and KGOR.  Clear Channel later changed its name to iHeartMedia, Inc.

In 2005, KFAB became the first Nebraska radio station to broadcast using HD radio technology.

References

External links

FCC History Cards for KFAB (covering 1927–1980)

FAB
Radio stations established in 1924
News and talk radio stations in the United States
IHeartMedia radio stations
Clear-channel radio stations

KFAB


The egg tart (; ) is a kind of custard tart found in Chinese cuisine, derived from the English custard tart and Portuguese pastel de nata. The dish consists of an outer pastry crust filled with egg custard. Egg tarts are often served at dim sum restaurants, Chinese bakeries and cha chaan tengs (Hong Kong-style cafes).

History
The egg tart started being sold in the early 20th century in Guangzhou (Canton), Guangdong province, inspired by the European custard tarts. Guangzhou's status as the only port accessible to European foreign traders led to the development of Cantonese cuisine having many outside influences. As Guangzhou's economy grew from trade and interaction with European powers, pastry chefs at the Western-style department stores in the city were "pressured to come up with new and exciting items to attract customers". So egg tart varieties, inspired by those from Europe, featuring a lard-based puff pastry crust and a filling similar to steamed egg pudding (燉蛋), were then created by department stores and appeared as a "Weekly Special". Nowadays, there are two main varieties of egg tart in China. The one that appeared around 1927 in Guangzhou's Zhen Guang Restaurant (真光酒樓) is close to the egg tarts popular in Guangzhou and Hong Kong today. The other variety is from Macau and is a Macanese take on the pastel de nata, as Macau was then a Portuguese colony.

Variations

Hong Kong

Egg tarts were introduced to Hong Kong via Guangzhou in the 1940s but initially could only be found in higher-end Western-style restaurants. In the 1960s, cha chaan tengs began to serve egg tarts, popularizing the pastry with the working-class Hong Kong population.

Hong Kong egg tarts are typically smaller and served in twos or threes, in contrast to the original Guangzhou egg tarts which were larger and could be served as a single item. The custard filling may be flavored with chocolate, green tea, or bird's nest, and the outer shell may be made with pastry.

In June 2014, the technique of egg tart production was formally included in the Intangible Cultural Heritage Inventory of Hong Kong.

Macau
In 1989, British pharmacist Andrew Stow and his wife Margaret Wong opened Lord Stow's Bakery in Coloane, where they sold Portuguese tarts that copied the pastel de nata. This variation is a Portuguese tart (). In 1999, Wong sold the recipe to KFC, which then introduced the Macau-style pastel de nata to other parts of Asia, including Singapore and Taiwan.

In contrast to the Hong Kong-style egg tart, the Macau-style egg tart features a caramelized browned top.

See also

 Custard tart
 Egg pie
 Dim sum
 Flan
 Pastel de nata
 List of custard desserts
 List of egg dishes
 Meringue tart
 Pastry
 Put chai ko
 Quiche

References

External links

British fusion cuisine
Chinese fusion cuisine
Custard desserts
Egg dishes
Hong Kong cuisine
Hong Kong desserts
Macanese cuisine
Portuguese fusion cuisine
Singaporean cuisine
Tarts
Macanese desserts

Egg tart


Jad Azkoul (Arabic: جأد عزقول) is a teacher and concert classical guitarist who was once the student of Abel Carlevaro, and translated much of his work.

In 1997, Carlevaro declared that Azkoul was his "genuine representative", as well as being a "great master teaching alongside" him.

Azkoul is renowned both as a performer and teacher; he is often invited to give masterclasses in various festivals throughout the world.

Critical acclaim
Jad Azkoul was awarded the Order of the Cedar, making him a Knight of Lebanon, for his musical contributions to the country.

Joseph McLellan of the Washington Post had this to say on the subject of Jad Azkoul's guitar-playing:

"Azkoul can make his instrument sing. This is a skill far more important than the ability to whip out thousands of notes per minute accurately and expressively, which he can also do."

On another occasion, McLellan was quoted as saying:

"The guitar can be many different kinds of instrument, and Azkoul is a master of all its potentials: the raw power of the amplified guitar used in rock (which is how Azkoul began as a boy in his native Lebanon), the delicacies of music composed for the lute, the fire and energy of Flamenco, the rhythmic complexities of Latin American dances and the experimental techniques of modern composers."

Career
Jad Azkoul has been teaching at the Conservatoire Populaire de Musique, Danse et Théàtre (CPMDT) in Geneva since 1984.

Two notable absences were when he lived and taught in Washington DC from 1991 to 1996, and when he was in London on sabbatical leave (2010-2011). Since 2010 he has also been on the music faculty at the London College of Music. He gives regular summer master classes in France at "Musicalta" in Alsace and at the "Musicales de Grillon" in Provence.

References

Lebanese guitarists
Classical guitarists
Lebanese educators
Music educators
Living people
Knights of the National Order of the Cedar
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jad Azkoul


Consentrasi Gerakan Mahasiswa Indonesia (Movement Concentration of Indonesian Students, abbreviated CGMI) was an organization of university students in Indonesia, linked to the Communist Party of Indonesia. CGMI was founded in 1956, through the merger of communist-led university student groups in Bogor, Bandung and Yogyakarta (which had emerged in the early 1950s). At the time of its founding, CGMI had a membership of around 1,180.

As of early 1960, CGMI claimed a membership of around 7,000. The Yogyakarta and Bandung branches claimed a membership of around 1,750 members each. The organization claimed 500 members in Surabaya, 400 in Malang and 300 at the University of Indonesia in Djakarta. Rival student organizations estimated the CGMI membership at around 4,000. By 1963 CGMI claimed a membership of around 17,000. The expansion could be explained, at least partially, due to recruitment in different institutions founded by the Communist Party (such as UNRA). Officially a non-partisan organization, CGMI was the sole university students movement open to students regardless of political and religious orientation. The vast majority of CGMI members were, however, supporters of the Communist Party.

CGMI ran various social and political campaigns. It campaigned against imperialism (Dutch, British and American), supporting the national government against the PRRI rebellion. It staunchly opposed hazing of new students. The organization campaigned for increased student allowances and reduction of prices of student literature. Regarding culture, CGMI campaigned against 'rock n' roll culture' (which it saw as un-Indonesian). The organization also organized sports activities, such as in table tennis and badminton. CGMI also organized excursions for students.

Hardoyo (a Member of Parliament) became the national president of CGMI in 1962. In the first half of the 1960s, clashes between pro- and anti-government student organizations rocked many Indonesian universities. CGMI belonged to the pro-government camp, supporting the GMNI. CGMI demanded that the pro-Masjumi student organization be banned (Masjumi had already been banned).

CGMI held its third congress just before the 1965 military take-over. Sukarno addressed the congress on September 29, 1965. CGMI was banned after the military take-over. It had first been "frozen" by the government on November 1, 1965.

References

Mass organizations of the Communist Party of Indonesia
Student wings of communist parties
Student wings of political parties in Indonesia
Student organizations established in 1956
1965 disestablishments in Indonesia

Consentrasi Gerakan Mahasiswa Indonesia


Canalisation is a measure of the ability of a population to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment or genotype. It is a form of evolutionary robustness. The term was coined in 1942 by C. H. Waddington to capture the fact that "developmental reactions, as they occur in organisms submitted to natural selection...are adjusted so as to bring about one definite end-result regardless of minor variations in conditions during the course of the reaction". He used this word rather than robustness to consider that biological systems are not robust in quite the same way as, for example, engineered systems.

Biological robustness or canalisation comes about when developmental pathways are shaped by evolution. Waddington introduced the concept of the epigenetic landscape, in which the state of an organism rolls "downhill" during development. In this metaphor, a canalised trait is illustrated as a valley (which he called a creode) enclosed by high ridges, safely guiding the phenotype to its "fate". Waddington claimed that canals form in the epigenetic landscape during evolution, and that this heuristic is useful for understanding the unique qualities of biological robustness.

Genetic assimilation

Waddington used the concept of canalisation to explain his experiments on genetic assimilation. In these experiments, he exposed Drosophila pupae to heat shock. This environmental disturbance caused some flies to develop a crossveinless phenotype. He then selected for crossveinless. Eventually, the crossveinless phenotype appeared even without heat shock. Through this process of genetic assimilation, an environmentally induced phenotype had become inherited. Waddington explained this as the formation of a new canal in the epigenetic landscape.

It is, however, possible to explain genetic assimilation using only quantitative genetics and a threshold model, with no reference to the concept of canalisation. However, theoretical models that incorporate a complex genotype–phenotype map have found evidence for the evolution of phenotypic robustness contributing to genetic assimilation, even when selection is only for developmental stability and not for a particular phenotype, and so the quantitative genetics models do not apply. These studies suggest that the canalisation heuristic may still be useful, beyond the more simple concept of robustness.

Congruence hypothesis

Neither canalisation nor robustness are simple quantities to quantify: it is always necessary to specify which trait is canalised (robust) to which perturbations. For example, perturbations can come either from the environment or from mutations. It has been suggested that different perturbations have congruent effects on development taking place on an epigenetic landscape. This could, however, depend on the molecular mechanism responsible for robustness, and be different in different cases.

Evolutionary capacitance

The canalisation metaphor suggests that some phenotypic traits are very robust to small perturbations, for which development does not exit the canal, and rapidly returns down, with little effect on the final outcome of development. But perturbations whose magnitude exceeds a certain threshold will break out of the canal, moving the developmental process into uncharted territory. For instance, the study of an allelic series for Fgf8, an important gene for craniofacial development, with decreasing levels of gene expression demonstrated that the phenotype remains canalised as long as the expression level is above 40% of the wild-type expression.

Strong robustness up to a limit, with little robustness beyond, is a pattern that could increase evolvability in a fluctuating environment. Canalisation of a large set of genotypes into a limited phenotypic space has been suggested as a mechanism for the accumulation, in a neutral manner, of mutations that could otherwise be deleterious. Genetic canalisation could allow for evolutionary capacitance, where genetic diversity accumulates in a population over time, sheltered from natural selection because it does not normally affect phenotypes. This hidden diversity could then be unleashed by extreme changes in the environment or by molecular switches, releasing previously cryptic genetic variation that can then contribute to a rapid burst of evolution, a phenomenon termed decanalisation. Cycles of canalization-decanalization could explain the alternating periods of stasis, where genotypic diversity accumulates without morphological changes, followed by rapid morphological changes, where decanalization releases the phenotypic diversity and becomes subject to natural selection, in the fossil record, thus providing a potential developmental explanation for the punctuated equilibrium.

HSP90 and decanalisation
In 1998, Susan Lindquist discovered that Drosophila hsp83 heterozygous mutants exhibit a large diversity of phenotypes (from sexual combs on the head, to scutoid-like and notched wings phenotypes). She showed that these phenotypes could be passed on to the next generation, suggesting a genetic basis for those phenotypes. The authors hypothesized that Hsp90 (the gene mutated in hsp83), as a chaperone protein, plays a pivotal role in the folding and activation of many proteins involved in developmental signaling pathways, thus buffering against genetic variation in those pathways. hsp83 mutants would therefore release the cryptic genetic variation, resulting in a diversity of phenotypes.

In 2002, Lindquist showed that pharmacological inhibition of HSP90 in Arabidopsis thaliana also lead to a wide range of phenotypes, some of which could be considered adaptive, further supporting the canalising role of HSP90.

Finally, the same type of experiment in the cavefish Astyanax mexicanus yielded similar results. This species encompasses two populations: an eyed population living under the water surface and an eye-less blind population living in caves. Not only is the cave population eye-less but it also displays a largely reduced orbit size. HSP90 inhibition leads to an increased variation in orbit size that could explain how this trait could evolve in just a few generations. Further analysis showed that low conductivity in the cave water induces a stress response mimicking the inhibition of HSP90, providing a mechanism for decanalisation.

It is worth noting that interpretation of the original Drosophila paper is now subject to controversy. Molecular analysis of the hsp83 mutant showed that HSP90 is required for piRNA biogenesis, a set of small RNAs repressing transposons in the germline. , causing massive transposon insertional mutagenesis that could explain the phenotypic diversification.

Significance of Variability in Components

Understanding variability is an important aspect of comprehending natural selection and mutations. Variability can be classified into two categories: modulating phenotypic variation and modulating the phenotypes that are produced. The presence of this so-called bias in genetic variability allows us to gain further insights into how certain phenotypes are more successful in terms of their actual morphology, biochemical makeup, or behavior. It is scientifically known that organisms need to develop systematically integrated systems in order to thrive in their specific ecosystems. This extends to morphology, where variations must occur in a systematic order; otherwise, phenotypic mutations will not persist due to the occurrence of natural selection. The variation affects the speed and rate of evolutionary change through the selection and modulation of phenotypic variations. Ultimately, this results in a lower amount of diversity observed throughout evolution, as the majority of phenotypes do not persist beyond a few generations due to their inferior morphology, biochemical makeup, or physical movement or appearance.

See also
Developmental noise
Phenotypic integration
Phenotypic plasticity
Developmental systems theory
Gene regulatory network
Systems biology

References

Developmental biology
Extended evolutionary synthesis
Population genetics

Canalisation (genetics)


Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis may appear as urticarial papules, deep gyrate lesions, papulovesicular lesions, an eczematous eruption, or as targetoid lesions. Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis initially manifests with eye symptoms, e.g. burning, and progresses into rashes. Its relapsing-remitting pattern in women correspond to the progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle, which spike twice a month. It is an extremely rare disease.

See also
Skin lesion

References

External links

Eczema

Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis


Watch Out, We're Mad! () is a 1974 Italian-Spanish comedy film, directed by Marcello Fondato and starring the comedy team of Terence Hill and Bud Spencer. It was an co-production between Italy and Spain.

Plot
Somewhere in Spain, off-road race car driver Ben is anticipating the next rallycross race, because of the prize: a red Puma dune buggy with a yellow top. However, he does not count on "The Kid" entering the competition, who also has a talent for the sport and an eye on that same dune buggy. During the race, each man battles furiously to the finish line. But in a surprise finish, they both end up tying for first place, and dash for the buggy, reaching it at the same time. As a result, they are both awarded the dune buggy. Of course, sharing is out of the question, so they soon get into a serious discussion as who gets the buggy, at first suggesting betting it in a game of cards, and then arm-wrestling. Finally they decide on a "beer and hot-dog" eating contest in the funfair's pub, in which "the first one that gives up loses the car and pays the tab".

The challenge is roughly interrupted by men working for "The Boss", a building profiteer that wants to demolish Luna Park so he can replace it with a skyscraper, who proceed to tear up the beerhouse and threaten the customers. Ben and Kid agree to take their contest elsewhere, but when ordered by one of them to leave the car under the threat of destroying it, Ben and Kid dismiss him and drive away, which results in the buggy being rammed by another car, wrecking it.

Resolute to reclaim a new buggy, the two barge into the Boss' restaurant during a dance party, and demand that he replaces the buggy, otherwise they'll "get mad". After the two leave, the boss is inclined to buy them a new buggy to compensate them, but is discouraged by the "Doctor", a German-born Freudian psychologist: he believes that Ben and Kid are two "spoiled children" that think the boss is the "father figure". To give in to their demand would be a bad psychological fallout. The Doctor exalts the Boss' wickedness, goading him into dealing with the two, and the Boss sends his henchman Attila after them, spraying gasoline onto Ben's car and lighting it aflame, though they're able to put it out by driving into a nearby car wash.

Feeling that he didn't get their point, Kid moves on to persuade the Boss to give them the dune buggy, with Ben reluctantly tagging along, partially due to him wanting to study his part for the choir. The first attempt ends with an all-out brawl in the fairgrounds' gym, where the two beat up Attila and his henchmen, which in turn infuriates the Boss enough to send a motorcycle gang after them.

After a chase scene through a nearby forest area and the motorcycle gang being disposed of, the Doctor persuades the Boss to send Paganini, a highly skilled assassin from the Chicago Underworld, after them. The assassin confronts the two, although both manage to evade his attempts, with Kid luring him away from Ben's place and to the auditorium where the choir Ben is a part of is in. This culminates in a confrontation right in the middle of the repetition of the choir, which eventually results in Ben getting kicked out, despite the assassin himself being caught by Kid and forced at gunpoint to play a violin in the Boss' restaurant. Infuriated, the Boss is about to use his trademark punishment where he stabs his fork into the hands of his henchmen on the Doctor, only for him to suggest to target Jeremias, Ben's assistant and a former cook who worked for the Boss, instead, insisting that he is the mastermind behind their actions.

After Ben sends Kid away from having him kicked out of the choir, he finds Jeremias beaten up and injured in his garage, who mentions he was attacked by the Boss's men. Angered, he heads directly to the boss' restaurant to confront him, where the Kid meets up with him. After being turned away by the doorman, Ben and Kid force their way into the restaurant using Ben's car and demolish it as they drive through inside, after which they have a massive brawl against Boss' henchmen.

In the end, the Boss finally has had enough and presents Ben and Kid with not one, but two of the dune buggies they had been wanting, one for each of them. But as they have fun with the buggies, the Kid gets distracted by the female employee of the funfair he had taken interest in, resulting in him crashing and destroying Ben's buggy. As Ben watches the burning wreckage, Kid sits next to him, and the pair talk over what to do to decide who gets the remaining buggy.

Cast

Remake
On 23 March 2022, the film was remade with the same name as an homage to the original movie.

References

External links

1974 films
1974 comedy films
Films directed by Marcello Fondato
Italian auto racing films
Italian comedy films
Terence Hill and Bud Spencer
Films shot in Madrid
Films shot in Rome
Films scored by Guido & Maurizio De Angelis
Columbia Pictures films
1970s Italian films
Italian action comedy films

Watch Out, We're Mad!


Lanzarote (, , ) is a Spanish island, the easternmost of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. It is located approximately  off the north coast of Africa and  from the Iberian Peninsula. Covering , Lanzarote is the fourth-largest of the islands in the archipelago. With 152,289 inhabitants at the start of 2019, it is the third most populous Canary Island, after Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Located in the centre-west of the island is Timanfaya National Park, one of its main attractions. The island was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1993. The island's capital is Arrecife, which lies on the eastern coastline. It is the smaller main island of the Province of Las Palmas.

The first recorded name for the island, given by Italian-Majorcan cartographer Angelino Dulcert, was Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus, after the Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello, from which the modern name is derived. The island's name in the native Guanche language was Tyterogaka or Tytheroygaka, which may mean "one that is all ochre" (referring to the island's predominant colour).

Geography
Lanzarote is located  north-east of Fuerteventura and just over  from La Graciosa. The dimensions of the island are  from north to south and  from west to east. Lanzarote has  of coastline, of which  are sand,  are beach, and the remainder is rocky. Its landscape includes the mountain ranges of Famara () in the north and Ajaches () to the south. South of the Famara massif is the El Jable desert, which separates Famara and Montañas del Fuego. The highest peak is Peñas del Chache, rising to  above sea level. The "Tunnel of Atlantis", the largest underwater volcanic tunnel in the world, is part of the Cueva de los Verdes lava tube.

Climate
Often called the "Island of Eternal Spring", Lanzarote has a subtropical-desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen climatic classification. The small amount of precipitation is mainly concentrated in the winter. Rainfall during summer is a rare phenomenon and very often summers are completely dry without any precipitation. On average the island receives approximately 16 days of precipitation between December and February. Sometimes, the hot sirocco wind prevails, causing dry and dusty conditions across the island. Average precipitation in June and August is less than . It closely borders a tropical climate, with winter means of  and summer means of .

Geology

Lanzarote is the northernmost and easternmost island of the Canary Islands and has a volcanic origin.  The island emerged about 15 million years ago as product of the Canary hotspot. The island, along with others, emerged after the breakup of the African and the American continental plates. The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736 in the area now designated Timanfaya National Park.

Biodiversity

Plants
There are five hundred different kinds of plants on the island, of which 17 species are endemic. These plants have adapted to the relative scarcity of water in the same way as succulents. They include the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), which is found in damper areas of the north, the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis), ferns, and wild olive trees (Olea europaea). Laurisilva trees, which once covered the highest parts of Risco de Famara, are rarely found today. After winter rainfall, the vegetation comes to a colourful bloom between February and March.

The vineyards of La Gería, Lanzarote DO wine region, are a protected area. Single vines are planted in pits  wide and  deep, with small stone walls around each pit. This agricultural technique is designed to harvest rainfall and overnight dew and to protect the plants from the winds.

Fungi
There are 180 different species of lichen-forming fungi. These survive in the suitable areas like rock surfaces, and promote weathering.

Animals
Apart from the native bats and the mammals which accompanied humans to the island (including the dromedary, which was used for agriculture and is now a tourist attraction), there are few vertebrate species on Lanzarote. These include birds (such as falcons) and reptiles. Some interesting endemic animals are the Gallotia lizards and the blind Munidopsis polymorpha crabs found in the Jameos del Agua lagoon, which was formed by a volcanic eruption. The island is also home to one of two surviving populations of the threatened Canarian Egyptian vulture.

Natural symbols

The official natural symbols associated with Lanzarote are Munidopsis polymorpha (Blind crab) and Euphorbia balsamifera (Tabaiba dulce).

Demographics and administration

,  people live on Lanzarote, an increase of 9.163% from 2008 (). The seat of the island government (Cabildo insular) is in the capital, Arrecife, which has a population of  in 2019. According to the 2011 census, the majority of the inhabitants are Spanish (72.1%) with a sizeable number of residents of other nationalities, notably Britons (5.6%), Colombians (3.2%), Germans (3.1%) and Moroccans (3.1%). Other populous groups include Italians, Koreans, Cubans, and Romanians, which constitute a large proportion of the remaining 12.9% of the population.

The island has an international airport, César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport, through which  passengers travelled in 2018. Tourism has been the mainstay of the island's economy for over 40 years, the only other industry being agriculture.

Lanzarote is part of the province of Las Palmas, and is divided into seven municipalities:

Transport

Air
The island's main point of entry is César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport which, in 2018, handled  passengers. It was renamed in 2019 to include the name of local artist César Manrique, in honour of the legacy he left behind on the island and coinciding with the centenary of his birth. The airport has two passenger terminal buildings, T1 and T2, with T2 being used exclusively for inter-island flights to and from the other Canary Islands. These inter-island flights are operated by regional airlines Binter Canarias and Canaryfly. Lanzarote Airport is located about  southwest of the island's capital, Arrecife, to which it is connected by the LZ-2 road.

Sea
Most of the goods arrive by sea through the Port of Arrecife, Puerto de los Mármoles. This port is also used by cruise ships.

Furthermore, there are regular ferry lines that connect the Port of Arrecife with Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Cadiz.

Ferry services to the neighbouring island of Fuerteventura depart from Playa Blanca, the island's southernmost town.

The two main companies operating these services are Fred Olsen Express and Naviera Armas.

Ferries to the island of La Graciosa depart from Órzola, Lanzarote's northernmost town.

Road
The LZ-1 road connects the capital, Arrecife, to the northernmost town of Órzola. The LZ-2 road connects Arrecife to the southernmost town of Playa Blanca. LZ-3 is a highway that acts as a ring road around Arrecife, connecting Puerto de los Mármoles on the northern side of the city to LZ-2 on the southern side. These three roads form the island's central road axis from which other roads connect to the rest of the island's towns, settlements and points of interest.

Public transport on the island is provided by Arrecife Bus, operating under the name of Intercity Bus Lanzarote. The company operates 30 bus lines connecting the island's major and minor settlements, as well as serving the airport, and includes internal bus services in the towns of Playa Blanca, San Bartolomé and Tías. Most lines begin or end in the capital, Arrecife. The public bus service within the city of Arrecife is provided by the local council and consists of five lines, including one to the neighbouring town of Playa Honda.

History

Lanzarote is believed to have been the first Canary Island to be settled. The Phoenicians may have visited or settled there, though no material evidence survives. The first known record came from Roman author Pliny the Elder in the encyclopaedia Naturalis Historia on an expedition to the Canary Islands. The names of the islands (then called Insulae Fortunatae or the "Fortunate Isles") were recorded as Junonia (Fuerteventura), Canaria (Gran Canaria), Ninguaria (Tenerife), Junonia Major (La Palma), Pluvialia (El Hierro), and Capraria (La Gomera). Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, the two easternmost Canary Islands, were only mentioned as the archipelago of the "purple islands". The Roman poet Lucan and the Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy gave their precise locations. It was settled by the Majos tribe of the Guanches. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, interaction with the Canary Islands is unrecorded before 999, when the Arabs arrived at the island which they dubbed al-Djezir al-Khalida (among other names).

In 1336, a ship arrived from Lisbon under the guidance of Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello, who used the alias "Lanzarote da Framqua". A fort was later built in the area of Montaña de Guanapay near today's Teguise. Castilian slaving expeditions in 1385 and 1393 seized hundreds of Guanches and sold them in Spain, initiating the slave trade in the islands. French explorer Jean de Béthencourt arrived in 1402, heading a private expedition under Castilian auspices. Bethencourt first visited the south of Lanzarote at Playas de Papagayo, and the French overran the island within a matter of months. The island lacked mountains and gorges to serve as hideouts for the remaining Guanche population, and so many Guanches were taken away as slaves that only 300 Guanche men were said to have remained.

At the southern end of the Yaiza municipality, the first European settlement in the Canary Islands appeared in 1402 in the area known as El Rubicón, where the conquest of the Archipelago began. In this place, the Cathedral of Saint Martial of Limoges was built. The cathedral was destroyed by English pirates in the 16th century. A diocese was moved in 1483 to Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias). In 1404, the Castilians (with the support of the King of Castile) came and fought the local Guanches, who were further decimated. The islands of Fuerteventura and El Hierro were later similarly conquered. In 1477, a decision by the royal council of Castile confirmed a grant of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, with the smaller islands of Ferro and Gomera to the Castilian nobles Herrera, who held their fief until the end of the 18th century. In 1585, the Ottoman admiral Murat Reis temporarily seized Lanzarote. In the 17th century, pirates raided the island and took 1,000 inhabitants into slavery in Cueva de los Verdes.

Lanzarote and Fuerteventura would be the main exporters of wheat and cereals to the central islands of the archipelago during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries; Tenerife and Gran Canaria. Although this trade was almost never reversed for the inhabitants of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (due to the fact that the landowners of these islands profited from this activity), producing periods of famine, so the population of these islands had to travel to Tenerife and Gran Canaria. The island of Tenerife is a major focus of attraction for the inhabitants of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, hence the feeling of union that has always existed in the popular sphere with Tenerife.

From 1730 to 1736, the island was hit by a series of volcanic eruptions, producing 32 new volcanoes in a stretch of . The priest of Yaiza, Don Andrés Lorenzo Curbelo, documented the eruption in detail until 1731. Lava covered a quarter of the island's surface, including the most fertile soil and 11 villages. 100 smaller volcanoes were located in the area called Montañas del Fuego, the "Mountains of Fire". In 1768, drought affected the deforested island, and winter rains did not fall. Much of the population was forced to emigrate to Cuba and the Americas, including a group which formed a significant addition to the Spanish settlers in Texas at San Antonio de Bexar in 1731. Another volcanic eruption occurred within the range of Tiagua in 1824, which was less violent than the major eruption between 1730 and 1736.

In 1927, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura became part of the province of Las Palmas. Several archaeological expeditions have uncovered the prehistoric settlement at the archaeologic site of El Bebedero in the village of Teguise. In one of those expeditions, by a team from the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and a team from the University of Zaragoza, yielded about 100 Roman potsherds, nine pieces of metal, and one piece of glass. The artefacts were found in strata dated between the 1st and 4th centuries. They show that Romans did trade with the Canarians, though there is no evidence of settlements.

The island has a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve protected site status. According to a report in the Financial Times, this status was endangered by a local corruption scandal. Since May 2009, police have arrested the former president of Lanzarote, the former mayor of Arrecife and more than 20 politicians and businessmen in connection with illegal building permits along Lanzarote's coastline. UNESCO has threatened to revoke Lanzarote's Biosphere Reserve status, "if the developments are not respecting local needs and are impacting on the environment". The President of the Cabildo of Lanzarote denied "any threat to Lanzarote's UNESCO status".

Notable people
 Juan Leal (1676–1742/1743), Spanish settler and politician, born on the island, 1st mayor of San Antonio
 Juan Curbelo (1680–1760), Spanish politician, born on the island, Alcalde (mayor) of San Antonio de Bexar, Texas (1737, 1739)
 Salvador Rodríguez (1688–unknown), Spanish politician, born on the island, Regidor (council member) of San Antonio de Bexar, Texas
 José Clavijo y Fajardo (1726–1806), Spanish journalist, born on the island
 Blas Cabrera Felipe (1878–1945), Spanish physicist, born on the island
 César Manrique (1919–1992), Spanish artist, born and died on the island
 José Saramago (1922–2010), Portuguese writer, resided and died on the island
 Manuel Medina (born 1935), Spanish politician, born on the island
 Rosana Arbelo (born 1963), Spanish singer, born on the island
 Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark (born 1965), Greek royalty, resides on the island
 Goya Toledo (born 1969), Spanish actress and model, born on the island
 Carlos Morales Quintana (born 1970), Spanish architect and husband of Princess Alexia, born and resides on the island
 Jonathan Pérez Olivero (born 1982), Spanish footballer, born on the island
 Patricia Díaz Perea (born 1984), Spanish triathlete, represents Lanzarote-based club Triatlón Titanes
 Jordi Martín (born 1991), Spanish footballer, born on the island

Festivals
The most established festival on the island is held each year on 15 September in the village of Mancha Blanca, in honour of Our Lady of Dolours (Virgen de los Dolores), also called the "Virgin of the Volcanoes" (the Patron Saint of Lanzarote). People from all over the island participate in this pilgrimage, mostly dressed in traditional costumes.

Sport
The island's only professional football team is UD Lanzarote, founded in 1970 who play at the 7,000 capacity Ciudad Deportiva de Lanzarote. The  island is also home to smaller clubs CD Teguise and CD Orientación Marítima. In tennis, the Open Isla de Lanzarote was hosted between 2006 and 2008.

Views

References

Further reading

  a fiction thriller set entirely on the island.

External links

 Official tourism site of Lanzarote
 Map of Lanzarote with all the architectural works from César Manrique
 Lanzarote, the Land of Volcanos

Biosphere reserves of Spain
Eocene volcanoes
Fissure vents
Islands of the Canary Islands
Miocene volcanoes
Oligocene volcanoes
Pleistocene volcanoes
Pliocene volcanoes
Potentially active volcanoes
Protected areas of the Canary Islands
Seaside resorts in Spain
Tourism in Spain
Volcanoes of the Canary Islands

Lanzarote


Cornelius Christopher Cremin (6 December 1908 – 20 April 1987) was an Irish diplomat who was born in Kenmare, County Kerry.

One of four children, Cremin was born to a family that operated a drapery business. His brother, Francis Cremin, became a leading academic canon lawyer who framed a number of key church documents. He was educated at St. Brendan's College, Killarney, and from 1926 at University College Cork, where he graduated with a first-class degree in Classics and Commerce.

Around 1929–30, he was awarded the post-graduate University College Cork Honan scholarship. By 1930, he had attained a degree in economics and accountancy. For the following three years he studied in Athens, Munich and Oxford and had attained a travelling scholarship in classics. He subsequently entered the Department of External Affairs after he had succeeded in the competition for third secretary in 1935.

In April 1935, he married Patricia O'Mahony. His first position in Dublin involved working with F.H. Boland on the League of Nations portfolio. In 1937, he was sent abroad on his first posting to Paris, where he worked under the 'tevolutionary diplomat" Art O'Brien, until the latter retired in 1938. Sean Murphy later became his minister.

Ireland declared neutrality on the outbreak of the Second World War, and Murphy and Cremin reported on the developments in France throughout the Phoney War.

After the fall of France, the Irish legation was the last to leave Paris except for the American ambassador, on 11 June 1940. After travelling to Ascain, the legation eventually made its way to the new French capital, Vichy, where it set about looking after the needs of Irish citizens, many of whom had been interned, as they had British passports and had been sending political reports. The political reports were of the highest value and ensured that Ireland continued to observe pro-Allied neutrality throughout the war.

In 1943, Cremin was sent to Berlin to replace William Warnock. Prior to Cremin's arrival, the legation had been bombed. As chargé d'affaires in Berlin, he was responsible for sending back political reports and looking after the interests of Irish citizens. Cremin attempted to assist some European Jews and sent full reports on the Nazi treatment of the Jews in Europe. Warned to leave Berlin before the Soviets arrived, Cremin spent the last weeks of the war near the Swiss border.

In 1945, he was sent to Lisbon, where he met the authoritarian leader António de Salazar and attempted to revive Irish trade. He also reported on the various coups attempts gainst Salazar.

After returning to Ireland in 1946, he was involved in preparing Ireland's Marshall Plan application and tracing the development of Ireland's postwar foreign policy. He had a distinguished career representing Ireland in many foreign missions and at the United Nations.

Postings

 Paris 1937–1940
 Vichy 1940–1943
 Berlin 1943–1945
 Lisbon 1945–1946
 Counsellor 1946–1949
 Assistant Secretary 1949–1950
 Paris 1950–1954
 Vatican 1954–1956
 London 1956–1958
 Secretary (permanent head of the foreign service) 1958–1963
 London 1963–1964
 UN 1964–1974, (Chaired UN Law of the Sea Conference Caracas), (Retired)
In retirement he was a guest lecturer in 1974 at the Law Department of University College Cork

References
 Dr. Niall Keogh, Con Cremin Ireland's Wartime Diplomat, 2006,

External reference
 Department of Foreign Affairs website,

Irish civil servants
People from Kenmare
People educated at St Brendan's College, Killarney
Alumni of University College Cork
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1908 births
1987 deaths
Ambassadors of Ireland to Germany
Ambassadors of Ireland to Portugal
Ambassadors of Ireland to the Holy See
Ambassadors of Ireland to the United Kingdom
Permanent Representatives of Ireland to the United Nations

Con Cremin


The H. Elmer Thayer House is a single-family home located at G-3202 Court Street in Flint, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

History
The land on which this house stands was first owned by Jacob Smith, the first European settler in the Flint area. He deeded the land to Petabonaqua, the daughter of Col. Lewis Beaufait and an Indian woman. The property then passed through the hands of several prominent Michigan residents, including Stevens T. Mason, the first governor of the State of Michigan; Grant Decker, the first mayor of Flint; and George L. Utley. The exact construction date of the house itself is uncertain, but it was likely built some time between 1873 and 1889 by Utley, Henry Crow, or E. R. Cookingham. H. Elmer Thayer, Flint Township Supervisor from 1893 to 1902, is the first owner who certainly lived in the house.

Description
The H. Elmer Thayer House is a two-story red brick Italianate structure with an L-shaped floor plan. The door and window openings are topped by double brick segmented arches. over the home's door and windows are the major decorative elements and lend an Italianate flavor to the structure. The house is fronted with an open veranda supported by turned and bracketed column; this is a reconstruction of the original porch which was lost through deterioration and vandalism.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Genesee County, Michigan
Italianate architecture in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Flint, Michigan
Houses in Genesee County, Michigan

H. Elmer Thayer House


The Spirit of Law (French: De l'esprit des lois, originally spelled De l'esprit des loix), also known in English as The Spirit of [the] Laws, is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law by Montesquieu, published in 1748. Originally published anonymously, as was the norm, its influence outside France was aided by its rapid translation into other languages. In 1750 Thomas Nugent published an English translation, many times revised and reprinted in countless editions. In 1751 the Roman Catholic Church added De l'esprit des lois to its Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books").

Montesquieu's treatise, already widely disseminated, had an enormous influence on the work of many others, most notably: Catherine the Great, who produced Nakaz (Instruction); the Founding Fathers of the United States Constitution; and Alexis de Tocqueville, who applied Montesquieu's methods to a study of American society, in Democracy in America. Macaulay referenced Montesquieu's continuing importance when he wrote in his 1827 essay entitled "Machiavelli" that "Montesquieu enjoys, perhaps, a wider celebrity than any political writer of modern Europe" .

Montesquieu spent about ten years (and a life of thought) researching and writing De l'esprit des lois, covering a huge range of topics including law, social life and the study of anthropology. In this treatise Montesquieu argues that political institutions need, for their success, to reflect the social and geographical aspects of the particular community.  He pleads for a constitutional system of government with separation of powers, the preservation of legality and civil liberties, and the end of slavery.

Structure

 Preface
Part I
 Book I: On law in general
 Book II: On laws which derive directly from the nature of the government
 Book III: On the principles of the three governments
 Book IV: That laws on education must relate to the principles of the government
 Book V: That the laws made by the legislator must be relative to the principle of the government
 Book VI: Consequences of the principles of the various governments with respect to the simplicity of the civil and criminal laws, the form of judgments, and the establishment of punishments
 Book VII: Consequences of the different principles of the three governments with respect to sumptuary laws, to luxury, and to the condition of women
 Book VIII: On the corruption of the principles of the three governments
Part II
 Book IX: On the laws in their relations to the defensive force
 Book X: On the laws in their relation to offensive strength
 Book XI: On the laws that constitute political freedom in their relation to the constitution
 Book XII: On laws that constitute political liberty in its relation to the citizen
 Book XIII: On the relations which the levying of tributes and the magnitude of public revenues have with liberty
Part III
 Book XIV: On the laws in their relation to the nature of the climate
 Book XV: How the laws of civil slavery relate to the nature of the climate
 Book XVI: How the laws of domestic slavery relate to the nature of the climate
 Book XVII: How the laws of political servitude are related to the nature of the climate
 Book XVIII: On laws in their relationship to the nature of the terrain
 Book XIX: On the laws in the relation they have to the principles that constitute the general spirit, the ways, and the manners of a nation
Part IV
 Book XX: On laws in their relationship with commerce, considered in its nature and its distinctions
 Book XXI: On laws in the relation they have to commerce, considered in the transformations it has seen in the world
 Book XXII: On the laws in their relation to the use of money
 Book XXIII: On laws in their relation to the number of inhabitants
Part V
 Book XXIV: On laws in their relation with religion, considered in its doctrines and in itself
 Book XXV: On laws in their relation with the establishment of religion and its external policy
 Book XXVI: On laws in the relation they must have with the order of things on which they bear
Part VI
 Book XXVII: On the origin and transformations of the Roman laws on successions
 Book XXVIII: On the origin and transformations of the civil laws among the French
 Book XXIX: On the manner of composing laws
 Book XXX: Theory of feudal laws among the Franks, in the relation they have to the establishment of the monarchy
 Book XXXI: Theory of feudal laws among the Franks, in their relation to the transformations in their monarchy

Constitutional theory
In his classification of political systems, Montesquieu defines three main kinds: republican, monarchical, and despotic. As he defines them, Republican political systems vary depending on how broadly they extend citizenship rights—those that extend citizenship relatively broadly are termed democratic republics, while those that restrict citizenship more narrowly are termed aristocratic republics. The distinction between monarchy and despotism hinges on whether or not a fixed set of laws exists that can restrain the authority of the ruler: if so, the regime counts as a monarchy; if not, it counts as despotism.

Principles that motivate citizen behavior according to Montesquieu
Driving each classification of political system, according to Montesquieu, must be what he calls a "principle". This principle acts as a spring or motor to motivate behavior on the part of the citizens in ways that will tend to support that regime and make it function smoothly.
 For democratic republics (and to a somewhat lesser extent for aristocratic republics), this spring is the love of virtue—the willingness to put the interests of the community ahead of private interests.
 For monarchies, the spring is the love of honor—the desire to attain greater rank and privilege.
 Finally, for despotisms, the spring is the fear of the ruler—the fear of consequences to authority.
A political system cannot last long if its appropriate principle is lacking. Montesquieu claims, for example, that the English failed to establish a republic after the Civil War (1642–1651) because the society lacked the requisite love of virtue.

Liberty and the separation of powers
A second major theme in The Spirit of Law concerns political liberty and the best means of preserving it. "Political liberty" is Montesquieu's concept of what we might call today personal security, especially in so far as this is provided for through a system of dependable and moderate laws. He distinguishes this view of liberty from two other views of political liberty. The first is the view that liberty consists in collective self-government—i.e. that liberty and democracy are the same. The second is the view that liberty consists in being able to do whatever one wants without constraint. Not only are these latter two not genuine political liberty, he maintains, but they can both be hostile to it.

Political liberty is not possible in a despotic political system, but it is possible, though not guaranteed, in republics and monarchies. Generally speaking, establishing political liberty on a sound footing requires two things:
The separation of the powers of government.
Building on and revising a discussion in John Locke's Second Treatise of Government, Montesquieu argues that the executive, legislative, and judicial functions of government should be assigned to different bodies, so that attempts by one branch of government to infringe on political liberty might be restrained by the other branches. (Habeas corpus is an example of a check that the judicial branch has on the executive branch of government.) In a lengthy discussion of the English political system, he tries to show how this might be achieved and liberty secured, even in a monarchy. He also notes that liberty cannot be secure where there is no separation of powers, even in a republic.
The appropriate framing of civil and criminal laws so as to ensure personal security.
Montesquieu intends what modern legal scholars might call the rights to "robust procedural due process", including the right to a fair trial, the presumption of innocence and the proportionality in the severity of punishment. Pursuant to this requirement to frame civil and criminal laws appropriately to ensure political liberty (i.e., personal security), Montesquieu also argues against slavery and for the freedom of thought, speech and assembly.

This book mainly concerns explicit laws, but also pays considerable attention to cultural norms that may support the same goals. "Montesquieu believed the hard architecture of political institutions might be enough to constrain overreaching power — that constitutional design was not unlike an engineering problem," as Levitsky and Ziblatt put it.

Political sociology
The third major contribution of The Spirit of Law was to the field of political sociology, which Montesquieu is often credited with more or less inventing. The bulk of the treatise, in fact, concerns how geography and climate interact with particular cultures to produce the spirit of a people. This spirit, in turn, inclines that people toward certain sorts of political and social institutions, and away from others. Later writers often caricatured Montesquieu's theory by suggesting that he claimed to explain legal variation simply by the distance of a community from the equator.

While the analysis in The Spirit of Law is much more subtle than these later writers perceive, many of his specific claims lack rigour to modern readers. Nevertheless, his approach to politics from a naturalistic or scientific point of view proved very influential, directly or indirectly inspiring modern fields of political science, sociology, and anthropology.

See also
Comparative law
Democracy
Doux commerce
Letter and spirit of the law
Rule of law
Mutual Liberty

Notes

References
Montesquieu, L'esprit des loix. Texte établi et présenté par Jean Brethe de La Gressaye (Paris: Societe Les Belles Lettres, 1950–1961. Takes account of variants in all editions issued between 1748 and 1757.
Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, trans. Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone.  Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989.
Montesquieu: The Spirit of Law, trans. Philip Stewart, 2018. http://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?rubrique186
Bok, Hilary,  "Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Volpilhac-Auger, Catherine, Montesquieu, Paris: Gallimard, "Folio Biographies", 2017.

Further reading in English

Sheila Mason, Montesquieu's Idea of Justice, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1975.
Mark Hulliung, Montesquieu and the Old Regime, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
Stephen J. Rosow, "Commerce, Power and Justice: Montesquieu on international politics," Review of Politics 46, no. 3 (July 1984): 346–366.
Anne M. Cohler, Montesquieu's Comparative Politics and the Spirit of American Constitutionalism, Lawrence KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988.
Thomas L. Pangle, Montesquieu's Philosophy of Liberalism: a commentary on "The Spirit of the Laws", Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
David W. Carrithers, "Montesquieu's philosophy of punishment," History of Political Thought 19 (1998), p. 213-240.
David W. Carrithers, Michael A. Mosher, and Paul A. Rahe, eds., Montesquieu's Science of Politics: essays on "The Spirit of Laws", Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001.
Robert Howse, "Montesquieu on Commerce, War, and Peace," Brookings Journal of International Law 31, no. 3 (2006): 693–708. http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/ECM_PRO_060042.pdf
Paul A. Rahe, Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
Andrea Radasanu, "Montesquieu on Moderation, Monarchy and Reform," History of Political Thought 31, no. 2 (2010), p. 283–307.
Rolando Minuti, Studies on Montesquieu: mapping political diversity, Cham (Switzerland): Springer, 2018. (Translation by Julia Weiss of Una geografia politica della diversità: studi su Montesquieu, Naples, Liguori, 2015.)
Andrew Scott Bibby, Montesquieu's Political Economy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Joshua Bandoch, The Politics of Place: Montesquieu, particularism, and the pursuit of liberty, Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2017.
Vickie B. Sullivan, Montesquieu and the Despotic Ideas of Europe: an interpretation of "The Spirit of the laws", University of Chicago Press, 2017.
Keegan Callanan, Montesquieu's Liberalism and the Problem of Universal Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Sharon R. Krause, The Rule of Law in Montesquieu, Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Vickie V. Sullivan, "Montesquieu on Slavery," in K. Callanan, The Cambridge Companion to Montesquieu, New York, 2023, p. 182-197.

External links

 de Secondat, Charles, Baron de Montesquieu, "The Spirit of Laws" (Free – The Internet Archive, High Resolution)
  de Secondat, Charles, Baron de Montesquieu, "The Spirit of Laws: Volume 1 ", 1793 (Free – Librivox, Audiobook)
 de Secondat, Charles, Baron de Montesquieu,  "The Spirit of Laws"  2 vols.  Originally published anonymously.  1748; Crowder, Wark, and Payne, 1777.  Trans.  Thomas Nugent (1750).  Rev.  J. V. Prichard.  ("Based on a public domain edition published in 1914 by G. Bell & Sons, Ltd., London.  Rendered into HTML and text by Jon Roland of The Constitution Society.")  Accessed May 16, 2007.
A Montesquieu Dictionary, Société Montesquieu, open access: ""
Montesquieu: The Spirit of Law. Trans. Philip Stewart, 2018. Open access: "".

1748 non-fiction books
Books in political philosophy
Modern philosophical literature
Montesquieu
Books about sovereignty
Treatises
Comparative law
Works published anonymously
Censored books
Separation of powers
Abolitionism

The Spirit of Law


The Galloping Goose Regional Trail is a  rail trail between Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, and the ghost town of Leechtown, north of Sooke, where it meets the old Sooke Flowline. Maintained by the Capital Regional District (CRD), the trail forms part of the Trans-Canada Trail, and intersects the Lochside Regional Trail.  The section from Harbour Road in Esquimalt to the Veterans Memorial Parkway in Langford is also part of the Vancouver Island Trail.

The trail is a popular route both for commuting and recreation, including within urban areas of Victoria (Vic West and Burnside-Gorge). It is frequented by people walking, running, cycling, rollerblading, skateboarding and (in places) riding horses. It connects up with many other trails and parks in the area.

The trail was created in 1987 on the former right-of-way of the Canadian National Railway, and runs through the communities of Sooke, Metchosin, Colwood, Langford, View Royal, Saanich, and Victoria as well as the unincorporated community of East Sooke.

The trail surface is paved between the west terminus (Johnson Street Bridge) to Wale Road in Colwood, approximately 13 km, or one quarter of its total length. It connects to a multi-use path across the bridge and bike lanes along Pandora Avenue.

In 1996 two important connecting links were opened: the rebuilt Selkirk Trestle (across the Selkirk Water). and the Switch Bridge over the Trans-Canada Highway.

The trail was named after the local gas-powered passenger car (No. 15813) that ran on the line from 1922 to 1931. However, the name is disputed by the Sooke Region Museum and longtime Sooke residents who say that the term Galloping Goose was not used for the old rail line; it was applied by CRD marketing staff to the trail.

Although maps show Leechtown as being the end of the trail, this area has been restricted since 2007, as part of the Greater Victoria water supply. In 2010, a warning sign and locked gate were erected before the end of the trail. Leechtown itself is not accessible.

References

External links

Galloping Goose Web-Site
 Explore Vancouver Island
 55 km Galloping Goose Regional Trail

Rail trails in British Columbia
Historic trails and roads in British Columbia
Transport in the Capital Regional District
Bike paths in British Columbia

Galloping Goose Regional Trail


Collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL19A1 gene.

This gene encodes the alpha chain of type XIX collagen, a member of the FACIT collagen family (fibril-associated collagens with interrupted helices). Although the function of this collagen is not known, other members of this collagen family are found in association with fibril-forming collagens such as type I and II, and serve to maintain the integrity of the extracellular matrix. The transcript produced from this gene has an unusually large 3' UTR which has not been completely sequenced.

References

Further reading

Collagens

Collagen, type XIX, alpha 1


The International Bureau of Weights and Measures is an organization that is based in Sèvres near Paris in France. Its name in French is "Bureau international des poids et mesures". The abbreviation of its name in all languages is BIPM. These are the letters of the name in French.

It was established in 1875 and has laboratories and offices. Scientists use the laboratories to compare measurements that are made in different countries. The offices are used for meetings where scientists discuss the best way to make sure that all countries use the same measurements.

References

Measurement
Organizations based in Paris
1875 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in France

Scientific organizations based in France