Nicola Lindsay (born in 1944 in London, England) is an English writer/actor, living for the past forty years in the Republic of Ireland. She writes novels, poetry, screenplays, children's books and material for radio and the theatre.

Biography
Lindsay was educated at the Perse School for Girls in Cambridge, where she was known as Nicky Townley. She trained as a nurse at Guy's Hospital, London before moving to Dublin where she completed a modelling course with the Miriam Woodbyrne Agency.

She lived in West Africa, studying drama with the Festival Players and playing in the Pro Musica chamber orchestra for five years before returning to Ireland. On her return, she studied flute in the Royal Irish Academy of Music with Doris Keogh and later with Andre Prieur. Moving to County Wicklow in 1975, Lindsay continued to play the flute with the Dublin Orchestral Players and the Dublin Symphony Orchestra. She also wrote and illustrated her first book for children, Batty Cat, which was published several years later.

In 1994, she started to write seriously and has had five novels published by Poolbeg Press (A Place for Unicorns, Diving through Clouds, Eden Fading, Tumbling Jude and Butterfly), two illustrated children's books (Batty Cat and My Magic Place) and a collection of her poetry, Lines of Thought. A collection of her broadcast pieces for Sunday Miscellany on RTE 1 is also available on Amazon. She now has eight novels available on Amazon Kindle Books. Four of which have a para-normal theme.

Lindsay records her own work on RTÉ 1 and has read her short stories and monologues and talked about her work in a wide variety of venues, including schools and libraries, Trinity College, Dublin, Mount Juliet and also for the Irish Country Women's Association. Lindsay returned to serious acting in 2008, playing Ana in The Clean House by Sarah Ruhl in The New Theatre, Temple Bar, Dublin.

She has had numerous articles, scripts, short stories and poems published in magazines, journals and collections in both the UK and Ireland. Her novel, Diving Through Clouds, has been published in the United States and in the Reader's Digest Select Editions in several countries. A Place for Unicorns has also been published in Germany.

Lindsay hosted an Arts slot on East Coast Radio and has written and recorded many scripts for the Sunday Miscellany programme on RTE Radio One and has read her work on the Book on One and Lyric FM. She has been interviewed on radio and television on the BBC, RTE 1 and TV3. For several years she has performed her own one woman show in a wide variety of venues.

In 2007, she completed a screenwriting course and is now involved in writing both for the theatre and the screen. Her monologues have been performed by members of the Attic Studio, Dublin and also on the radio and stage. The Dry Rain Theatre Company has also performed her revue, Electric Gas. In 2008, Lindsay attended workshops at the Gaiety School of Acting in Dublin and also with directors Vinny Murphy and Graham Cantwell. She has worked in feature and short films and television commercials and is also a voice-over artist.

Lindsay completed her first full-length script for the stage, Christmas Fairy Tells All - a wacky, alternative Christmas show for grown ups. It was staged at The New Theatre, Temple Bar, Dublin from Monday 29 November to Saturday 4 December 2010.

In February 2011, she joined the cast of Ireland's only soap opera, Fair City, on RTÉ 1 television, playing the part of Grace Cleary.

Cancer treatment over an eighteen-month period reduced her writing and acting activities but, in 2013, she returned to work with increased enthusiasm. In 2017, she joined forces with the artist Naomi Peppard, working on a children's book called The Song of the Ha-Ha Bird.

She is a member of Irish Actors' Equity, the Irish Film and Television Academy and the Irish Writers' Union. She is also a member of Piehole voice-over agency. She has three adult daughters and lives in County Kildare in Ireland with her husband, Charles Dudley.

References

External links
Official website
BluePatch Productions

1944 births
Living people
English children's writers
English flautists
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
English women poets
Alumni of the Royal Irish Academy of Music
People educated at the Perse School for Girls
Musicians from Cambridgeshire
21st-century English women writers
20th-century English women writers

Nicola Lindsay


Barry Miles (born March 28, 1947) is an American pianist, record producer, and author.

Life and career
Miles was born Barry Miles Silverlight to Arthur and Hermine (née Klein) in Newark, New Jersey and grew up in North Plainfield, New Jersey.

He joined the musicians union at age nine in 1956 as a child prodigy drummer/pianist/vibist appearing with Miles Davis and John Coltrane among other talents of the day live and on TV shows including To Tell the Truth, Dick Van Dyke's variety show, and The Andy Williams Show. He made his solo artist debut recording at age fourteen in 1961, "Miles Of Genius", as drummer and composer with sidemen Al Hall and Duke Jordan. Miles continued to perform with his own band in the early 1960s in which he composed the material that enabled up and coming talents such as Woody Shaw, Eddie Gómez and Robin Kenyatta to display their talents.

He wrote the instruction book, "Twelve Themes With Improvisations", published in 1963 by Belwin-Mills, and currently out of print.

While a student at Princeton University, Miles concentrated his efforts on his piano playing, recording a live album in 1966 entitled Barry Miles Presents His Syncretic Compositions. He applied the philosophical term "syncretic" to music, defining the process of melding any combination of musical influences and styles together in the improvisational jazz idiom with originality. The combination of Miles's early jazz influences, his early Rock and roll background from the late 1950s and early 1960s, and his innovative "melting pot of musical styles" concept, resulted in this recording.

Miles followed this release in 1969 with the eponymously titled album, Barry Miles, incorporating electric instruments including the electric piano.

In 1971, Miles recruited his brother Terry Silverlight on drums along with guitarists Pat Martino and John Abercrombie to record his White Heat album, which is regarded as one of the pioneering fusion jazz recordings.

For the next decade, Miles recorded several albums in which he developed the principle of fusing styles together in jazz.

In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Miles embarked upon a prolific career as a keyboardist and Minimoog soloist on many recordings in the heyday of studio work, while working as Roberta Flack's musical director for a stint that lasted fifteen years. During that time, he composed, produced and recorded songs that Flack recorded in the film Bustin' Loose, and on her album Oasis. After Al Di Meola's stint as the guitarist in Miles's band on live performances and Miles's PBS special "Fusion Suite" in 1973, a long-lasting relationship developed between Miles and DiMeola that resulted in Miles's frequent appearances as keyboardist on DiMeola's albums along with co-production credits.

In 2013, Barry released Home and Away, Volume One, his first album as a leader in 27 years.

Discography

As leader
 Miles of Genius (Charlie Parker 1962)
 Presents His New Syncretic Compositions (Venture, 1966)
 Barry Miles (Poppy Music, 1970)
 White Heat (Mainstream, 1971)
 Scatbird (Mainstream, 1972)
 Barry Miles and Silverlight (London 1974)
 Magic Theater (London 1975)
 Together with Eric Kloss (Muse, 1976)
 Sky Train (RCA, 1977)
 Fusion Is... (Century, 1978)
 Zoot Suit Stomp (Unidisc, 1986)
 Home and Away, Volume One (CD Baby, 2013)

As sideman
With Al Di Meola
 Land of the Midnight Sun (Columbia, 1976)
 Elegant Gypsy (Columbia, 1977)
 Casino (Columbia, 1978)
 Kiss My Axe (Tomato, 1991)
 Consequence of Chaos (Telarc, 2006)
 Pursuit of Radical Rhapsody (Telarc, 2011)

With Roberta Flack
 Bustin' Loose (MCA, 1981)
 Oasis (Atlantic, 1988)
 Roberta (Atlantic, 1994)

With others
 Franco Ambrosetti, Sleeping Gypsy (Gryphon, 1980)
 Patti Austin, End of a Rainbow (CTI, 1976)
 Bazuka, Bazuka (A&M, 1975)
 Charles Calello, Calello Serenade (Midsong, 1979)
 Creme D'Cocoa, Funked Up (Venture, 1978)
 The Ebonys, Sing About Life (Buddah, 1976)
 Epo, Goodies (RCA, 1980)
 Gabrielle Goodman, Travelin' Light (JMT, 1993)
 Gabrielle Goodman, Angel Eyes (2003)
 Urbie Green, The Fox (CTI, 1977)
 Vic Juris, Roadsong (Muse, 1978)
 Eric Kloss, Bodies' Warmth (Muse, 1975)
 Eric Kloss,  Celebration  (Muse, 1980)
 Gladys Knight & the Pips, Still Together (Buddah, 1977)
 Gladys Knight & the Pips, Imagination
 Gladys Knight & the Pips, I Feel a Song
 Jimmy McGriff, Outside Looking In (LRC, 1978)
 Esther Phillips, Capricorn Princess (Kudu, 1976)
 Mongo Santamaria, Red Hot (Tappan Zee, 1979)
 Terry Silverlight, Terry Silverlight (Cymekob, 1997)
 Joe Simon, Happy Birthday Baby (Spring 1979)
 Nino Tempo, Tenor Saxophone (Atlantic, 1990)
 Mel Torme, A New Album (Gryphon, 1980)
 Mel Torme, The London Sessions (DCC, 1990)
 The Whatnauts, Corruption (P-Vine 2004)

References

External links

 Barry Miles artist page at The Bottom End

Jazz fusion pianists
American jazz pianists
American organists
American male organists
20th-century American keyboardists
American session musicians
Musicians from New Jersey
Musicians from Newark, New Jersey
People from North Plainfield, New Jersey
Living people
1947 births
21st-century American pianists
21st-century organists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
20th-century American male musicians

Barry Miles (musician)


John Samuel Apperson Jr. (6 April 1878 – 1 February 1963), known as Appie,  was a General Electric engineer best known for his role in the protection of the Adirondack Forest Preserve.

Early life and career

Apperson was born and raised in Virginia, the son of John Samuel Apperson Sr., a medical doctor.  He attended, but did not graduate from Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (now Virginia Tech). Apperson worked at General Electric's Schenectady, New York manufacturing plant for 47 years. He was trained in their Test Program, and was promoted to the second most senior engineer working in the Power and Mining Department. After World War I he moved into a management position in Engineering General, where he dealt with coordination of the difficult orders for the many branches of the company.

Preservationist
As a preservationist and conservation activist, he was focused on the protection of the Adirondack Forest Preserve and of Lake George and its islands. He was prominent in working with NYS to acquire lands in the High Peaks and around Lake George for inclusion in the Forest Preserve.

During the earliest years of the twentieth century, Apperson developed a powerful modus operendi utilizing an officially registered NYS 'front' organization with a recognized title and ostensibly, a wide membership. Under this umbrella organization, Apperson gained a degree of unanimity as well as an implied widespread assemblage of like-minded citizens whose influence he could wield as the situation demanded.  Associates could move fast and decisively under the cover of the organization. He learned to use the power of the photograph and the news release and used it to his advantage against the slower moving state agencies.

Among the most notable of Apperson's organizations was Forest Preserve Association of New York State, which he organized in 1934. Organized in 1936 was the New York state Trails Conference, Inc, and in 1944, Apperson created the Lake George Protective Association, Inc.

Apperson was a charter member of the Adirondack Mountain Club and served for many years on its Conservation Committee, the Wilderness Society of America, and the American Skate Sailing Association.  He was a member of the Adirondack Moose River Committee, American Canoe Association, Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, Citizens Northway Committee, Constitutional Council for the Forest Preserve, Lake George Association, New York-New Jersey Trails Conference, Schenectady County Conservation Council.

Personal life
John Apperson was one of the earliest ski mountaineers and proponents of skiing in the Adirondacks. He is considered by some to be among the earliest ski mountaineers in North America.  Together with his friend and fellow GE co-worker, Dr. Irving Langmuir, Apperson pioneered some of the earliest ski ascents of several Adirondack High Peaks as well as many peaks around Lake George.  Apperson and Langmuir can also be credited with very early ski treks into Tuckerman Ravine and Mount Washington in New Hampshire as well as early ski ascents of Mount Killington (Vermont) and Mount Greylock (Massachusetts).

Somewhat ironically, despite their roles in the earliest history of skiing in the Adirondacks, both Apperson and Langmuir came to oppose the development of commercialized skiing in the Adirondack Forest Preserve because it seemed to them contrary to the 'forever wild' clause in the New York State constitution (currently, Art. XIV Sec. 1).

Published works
Apperson was a prolific author of pamphlets, newspaper and magazine articles regarding conservation issues.  His personal papers and photographic archive are housed at the Adirondack Research Library of Union College, Niskayuna, NY.

References

1870s births
1963 deaths
General Electric people
People from Schenectady, New York
American environmentalists
Virginia Tech alumni
Activists from New York (state)

John S. Apperson


was a Japanese baseball manager. He was the manager of the baseball clubs of Waseda Jitsugyo and Chuo University. He was the only person to manage the winning teams of a Kōshien tournament and the Meiji Jingu Baseball Tournament.

Early life and career
He was from Suginami, Tokyo. He studied at Waseda Jitsugyo and Chuo University. He played in the Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament in 1941. He was an outfielder for the Chuo University Baseball Team.

In 1954, he became the baseball coach of his alma mater Waseda Jitsugyo. He became the manager in 1955. In 1957, the team won the 29th Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament. From 1959 to 1993, he was the manager of the Chuo University Baseball Team. The team won one Meiji Jingu Baseball Tournament in 1974 and three Japan National Collegiate Baseball Championships in 1972, 1973, and 1979. They also won eight Tohto University Baseball League championships. He was the team's general manager from 1994 until his death.

He died in Mitaka, Tokyo of lung cancer on 7 August 2020, aged 94.

His daughter  married baseball player Toshimitsu Suetsugu.

Works

References

1926 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Tokyo
Baseball coaches
Deaths from lung cancer

Katsunari Miyai


John Gostlin (or Gostlyn;  – 21 October 1626) was an English academic and physician, Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge from 1619 and Regius Professor of Physic.

Life
He was born in Norwich in or about 1566, the son of Robert Gostlin of that city. Educated at Norwich School for six years, he was admitted at Caius College, 22 November 1582, as a scholar. He graduated B.A. 1586–7, M.A. 1590, M.D. 1602 (incorporated M.D. at Oxford, 1612). He was elected to a fellowship about Easter 1591–2, which he retained until he became Master, 26 February 1619.

On the death of Thomas Legge, Master of Caius (12 July 1607), there was an election favouring Gostlin; but when there was a dispute Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, then Chancellor of the university, vacated the election and appointed William Branthwaite, then a Fellow of Emmanuel College. Gostlin then retired to Exeter, where he practised medicine, and was returned as Member of Parliament for Barnstaple in 1614. After Branthwaite's death in January 1619, the fellows immediately met and chose Gostlin. The king's letter was brought soon after, recommending a theologian, but the fellowship had their way.

In 1623 he was appointed Regius Professor of Physic, to which he was recommended by Isaac Barrow. He was twice vice-chancellor of the university, dying during his second tenure of the office, 21 October 1626. There is an account of his death in Joseph Mead's Letters (British Library Harley MS 390); it also was the occasion for an early poem of John Milton. His will is dated 19 October 1626, and was proved 6 December 1626. He was buried in the college chapel, where there is a monument to him. He does not appear to have published any works. He was a benefactor to Gonville and Caius, where he is specially commemorated, and St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

Notes

References

1560s births
1626 deaths
Masters of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
16th-century English medical doctors
17th-century English medical doctors
English MPs 1614
People educated at Norwich School
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Academics from Norwich
16th-century English educators
17th-century English educators
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Regius Professors of Physic (Cambridge)
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Barnstaple
Medical doctors from Norwich

John Gostlin


A Dobsonian telescope is an Newtonian telescope design.

It is "altazimuth-mounted".  An altazimuth or alt-azimuth mount is a simple two-axis mount. It supports and rotates an instrument about two perpendicular axes – one vertical and the other horizontal.

Rotation about the vertical axis varies the compass bearing of where the instrument points (the azimuth). Rotation about the horizontal axis varies the altitude (angle of elevation) of the pointing direction.

It was popularised by John Dobson in 1965. It increased the size of telescopes for amateur astronomers. Dobson's telescopes had a simplified mechanical design that was easy to make from readily available components. It made a large, portable, low-cost telescope.

The design works for looking at faint, deep-sky objects such as nebulae and galaxies. This type of observation needs a large objective diameter (i.e. light-gathering power) of relatively short focal length. It can be taken to less light-polluted places.

References

Telescopes

Dobsonian telescope


Lamesteer National Wildlife Refuge is an  National Wildlife Refuge in eastern Montana, U.S. All of the acreage is an easement refuge and is on privately owned land but the landowners and U.S. Government work cooperatively to protect the resources. The refuge was set aside to preserve habitat for migratory birds that frequent Lamesteer Reservoir, and the refuge and reservoir are named after Lame Steer Creek. The refuge is unstaffed and is managed from Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge.

The 2007 plan for the refuge proposed to remove the refuge from the National Wildlife Refuge System and relinquish the easement to the current landowners.

References

External links
 Oh Ranger: Lamesteer National Wildlife Refuge
 Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge Complex—Montana - includes Lamesteer NWR

National Wildlife Refuges in Montana
Easement refuges
Protected areas of Wibaux County, Montana

Lamesteer National Wildlife Refuge


Google Video was a free video hosting service, originally launched by Google on January 25, 2005.

Initially focused on searching TV program transcripts, it soon evolved to allow hosting video clips on Google servers and embedding onto other websites, akin to YouTube.

With Google's acquisition of YouTube, new video uploads ceased in 2009, and the service was ultimately shut down on August 20, 2012.

Thereafter, the web address  has been reused to host Google Videos search engine. As of 2023 it redirects to a blank page.

Video content
Google Video was geared towards providing a large archive of freely searchable videos. Besides amateur media, Internet videos, viral ads, and movie trailers, the service also aimed to distribute commercial professional media, such as televised content and movies.

A number of educational discourses by Google employees were recorded and made available for viewing via Google Video. The lectures were done mainly at the employees' former universities. The topics covered Google technologies and software engineering but also include other pioneering efforts by major players in the software engineering field.

On January 6, 2009, the Google Video Store launched to sell downloads through Google Video. The service launched with independent films Aardvark'd: 12 Weeks with Geeks, and Waterborne, as well as content from media partners CBS, the NBA, The Charlie Rose Show, and Sony BMG. Initially, the content of a number of broadcasting companies (such as ABC, NBC, CNN) was available as free-streaming content or stills with closed captioning. In addition, the U.S. National Archive used Google Video to make historic films available online, but this project was later discontinued.

Google Video also searched other non-affiliated video sites from web crawls. Sites searched by Google Video in addition to their own videos and YouTube included GoFish, ExposureRoom, Vimeo, Myspace, Biku, and Yahoo! Video.

Video distribution methods
Google Videos offered both free services and commercial videos, the latter controlled with digital rights management.

Uploading videos
Until 2009, users were able to upload videos either through the Google Video website (limited to 100 MB per file); or alternatively through the Google Video Uploader, available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.

While the Video Uploader application was available as three separate downloads, the Linux version was written in Java, a cross-platform programming language, and would therefore also work on other operating systems without modifications, providing that the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is installed. This Java executable (.jar) file was a standalone application that did not require installation. Consequently, it could be run from removable media such as USB flash drives, CD-ROMs, or network storage. This allowed users to upload video even if the computer terminal on which they were working would not allow them to install programs, such as a public library computer.

Uploaded videos were saved as .gvi files under the "Google Videos" folder in "My Videos" and reports of the video details were logged and stored in the user account. The report sorted and listed the number of times that each of the user's videos had been viewed and downloaded within a specific time frame. These ranged from the previous day, week, month or the entire time the videos have been there. Totals were calculated and displayed and the information could be downloaded into a spreadsheet format or printed out.

Website
The basic way to watch the videos was through the Google Video website, video.google.com. Each video had a unique web address in the format of http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=<video_id>, and that page contained an embedded Flash Video file which could be viewed in any Flash-enabled browser.

Permalinks to a certain point in a video were also possible, in the format of http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=<video_id>#XXhYYmZZs (that is, with a fragment identifier containing a timestamp).

Flash video
The browser automatically cached the Flash file while it played, and it could be retrieved from the browser cache once it had fully played. There were also several tools and browser extensions to download the file. It could be then viewed in video players that could handle Flash, for example VLC Media Player, Media Player Classic (with ffdshow installed), MPlayer or an FLV player.

Google Video Player

Google Video Player was another way to view Google videos; it ran on Windows and Mac OS X. The Google Video Player played back files in Google's own Google Video File (.gvi) media format and supported playlists in "Google Video Pointer" (.gvp) format. When users downloaded to their computers, the resulting file used to be a small .gvp (pointer) file rather than a .gvi file. When run, the .gvp file would download a .gvi (movie) file to the user's default directory.

Google Video Player was discontinued on August 17, 2007. The option to download videos in GVI format was also removed, the only format available being MP4 format.

While early versions of Google's in-browser video player code were based on the open source VLC Media Player, the last version of Google Video Player was not based on VLC, according to its readme file. However, it did include the OpenSSL cryptographic toolkit and some libraries from the Qt widget toolkit.

Google Videos and the Google Video Player were ultimately phased out due to Google's acquisition of YouTube.

GVI format and conversion
Google Video Files (.gvi), and latterly its .avi files, are modified Audio Video Interleave (.avi) files that have an extra list containing the FourCC "goog" immediately following the header. Audio Video Interleaved (also Audio Video Interleave), known by its initials AVI, is a multimedia container format introduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of its Video for Windows technology. The list can be removed with a hex editor to avoid playback issues with various video players. The video is encoded in MPEG-4 ASP alongside an MP3 audio stream. MPEG-4 video players can render .gvi Google Video Files without format conversion (after changing the extension from .gvi to .avi, although this method of just renaming the file extension does not work with videos purchased with DRM to inhibit unauthorized copying). Among other software VirtualDub is able to read .gvi files and allows the user to convert them into different formats of choice. There are also privately developed software solutions, such as GVideo Fix, that can convert them to .avi format without recompression. MEncoder with "-oac copy -ovc copy" as parameters also suffices.

AVI and MP4
Besides GVI and Flash Video, Google provided its content through downloadable Audio Video Interleave (.avi) and MPEG-4 (.mp4) video files. Not all formats are available through the website's interface, however, depending on the user's operating system.

Where available, Google's "save as" function for Windows/Mac produced an .avi file, while the "save as" function for iPod and PSP produced an .mp4 file.

This .avi file was not in standard AVI format. To play the file in a popular media player such as Winamp or Windows Media Player, the file had to first be modified, using a hex editor to delete the first LIST block in the file header, which started at byte 12 (000C hex, first byte in file is byte 0) and ended at byte 63 (003F hex). Optionally, the file length (in bytes 4 to 7, little endian) should also be amended, by subtracting 52 (3F hex – 0C hex = 33 hex).

Winamp and Windows Media Player cannot play the unmodified .avi file because the non-standard file header corrupts the file. However, Media Player Classic, MPlayer, the VLC Media Player and GOM Player will play the unmodified .avi file, and the Google .mp4 file. Media Player Classic can do so only if an MPEG-4 DirectShow Filter, such as ffdshow, is installed. Most Linux media players (including xine, Totem, the Linux version of VLC Media Player, and Kaffeine) have no problem playing Google's .avi format.

An mp4 video file will play in Winamp 5 if an MPEG-4/H.264 DirectShow Filter such as ffdshow and an MP4 Splitter such as Haali are installed, and the extension ;MP4 is added to the Extension List in the Winamp DirectShow decoder configuration.

In the spring of 2008, the option to download files in .AVI format was removed. Files were henceforth only available as Flash video or .MP4 video. The same videos, when accessed through the companion YouTube.com site, were available only in Flash video format.

Third-party download services
Google offered users the means to save only some of the videos on the site, mostly for copyright reasons. Their documentation went so far as to claim that only these videos could be downloaded. However, since viewing a video requires downloading it to the computer, their software merely made saving videos less than trivially difficult, not impossible: a number of solutions, including external software and bookmarklets, have been developed.

Market adoption
Despite downloading being available in multiple formats, being less restrictive on video uploads, and Google being tremendously well-known, Google Videos had only a minor share from the online video market, amassing around 2.5 million videos uploaded.

While initially only available in the United States, over time Google Videos had become available to users in more countries and could be accessed from many other countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Canada and Japan.

Regardless of general availability, content providers were given the opportunity to limit access to video files to only users from certain countries of residence. However, methods of circumventing geographical filtering existed.

Shutdown
On October 9, 2006, Google bought former competitor YouTube. Google announced on June 13, 2007, that the Google Video search results would begin to include videos discovered by their web crawlers on other hosting services, in YouTube and user uploads. Thereafter, search result links opened a frameset with a Google Video header at the top, and the original player page below it.

As of August 2007, the DTO/DTR (download-to-own/rent) program ended. Users who previously purchased a video from Google Video were no longer able to view them. Credits for users were made available as values for Google Checkout and were valid for 60 days.

In 2009, Google ended the ability for users to upload videos to Google Video. Videos that were already uploaded continued to be hosted. Later, other navigation features were retired, such as ability to cross-reference videos back to now-inactive user accounts, as well as selection of top videos.

On April 15, 2011, Google announced that they would stop hosting user-uploaded videos. The plan would make videos unavailable for public viewing on April 29 and removed from users' accounts in 28 days. On April 22, 2011, a week after the announcement, Google announced that due to feedback they would not be removing videos at this time. They will start automatically migrating videos to YouTube instead, as well as providing easier tools for account holders to do so themselves.

On August 20, 2012, the video hosting service was ultimately shut down and the remaining Google Video content was automatically migrated to YouTube. By default, the videos were set to private but the original content owners could later publish them as public videos if they desired.

As of 2021, the video search engine continues to operate as Google Videos. The domain previously associated with Google Video is now internally used to store videos uploaded to Google Photos.

See also

List of online video platforms
Comparison of video hosting services

References

External links
Home page (archived)

Former video hosting services
Internet properties established in 2005
Video
Internet properties disestablished in 2009
Internet properties disestablished in 2012
Defunct American websites

Google Video


Fire on the Mountain is a 1988 novel by the American author Terry Bisson. It is an alternate history describing the world as it would have been had John Brown succeeded in his raid on Harper's Ferry and touched off a slave rebellion in 1859, as he intended.

Plot
The difference from actual history starts with the participation of Harriet Tubman in Brown's uprising in 1859; her sound tactical and strategic advice helps Brown avoid mistakes which in real history led to his downfall. As a result, instead of the American Civil War, the U.S. faces a full-scale slave revolt throughout the South helped by a handful of white sympathizers and various European revolutionaries such as Giuseppe Garibaldi, and an invasion by Mexico, which seeks to regain the territory it lost in 1848.

After a great deal of bloody fighting and an increasing dissatisfaction in the North which is required to send troops to fight the rebellious slaves, the blacks succeed in emancipating themselves and create a republic in the Deep South, led by Tubman and Frederick Douglass. (Brown himself did not survive to see the victory of what he started.) Abraham Lincoln – a Whig politician who never got to be President – tries to start a war to bring back the secessionist black states into the Union, but he fails and is himself killed in that war. Blacks remember him as their archenemy.

Later, the black state (named "Nova Africa") becomes Socialist, touching off a whole string of revolutions and civil wars in Europe. The Paris Commune wins out in 1871 instead of being crushed by the French Third Republic, Ireland breaks away from British rule in the 1880s, and the Russian Revolution is just one of many similar revolutions in different countries. Finally Socialism also wins out in the rump U.S., following a revolutionary outbreak in Chicago. Socialism works out as predicted by the German philosopher Karl Marx, bringing happiness and prosperity to all of humanity. (Marx himself is mentioned in the book as an enthusiastic supporter of the rebellious slaves, though he does not personally come to America to help them.)

The book has two levels. The overt plot takes place in 1959, in a Utopian Socialist world far in advance of ours in all ways. To mark the centennial of Brown's raid, black astronauts lead a mission to land on Mars. However, the story of the protagonist, a young black woman grieving the death of her husband on an earlier Mars mission, is mainly the framework for excerpts from the vivid diaries of two people who lived through the stirring events of 1859 and its aftermath – her ancestor, who was then a young black slave, and a white Virginian doctor who sympathized with the rebellion. In this world, an alternate history book is published called John Brown's Body, which describes a world in which Brown failed and was executed, the slaves were emancipated by Lincoln rather than by themselves after a war between two white factions, and capitalism survived as a political and economic system. It is considered a dystopia, describing a horrible world in all ways inferior to the one which the people in the book know.

Reception
David Pringle rated Fire on the Mountain three stars out of four and described the novel as "a skilful evocation of an unlikely alternate history".

See also
 American Civil War alternate histories

Source
 James R. Knight, John Brown - History and Myth, pp 87–94

References

External links
 Retrospective review by Jo Walton

1988 American novels
American alternate history novels
Novels set during the American Civil War
Novels set in fictional countries
Novels about American slavery
1988 science fiction novels
American Civil War alternate histories
Utopian novels
Fiction set in 1959
Novels set in the 1950s
Cultural depictions of Harriet Tubman
Books about Frederick Douglass
Cultural depictions of Giuseppe Garibaldi
Cultural depictions of John Brown (abolitionist)
Depictions of Abraham Lincoln in literature
Works by Terry Bisson

Fire on the Mountain (Bisson novel)


The Silent World (subtitle: A story of undersea discovery and adventure, by the first men to swim at record depths with the freedom of fish) is a 1953 book co-authored by Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Frédéric Dumas, and edited by James Dugan.

Background
Although a French national, Cousteau wrote the book in English. Cousteau and Émile Gagnan designed, built, and tested the first "aqua-lung" in the summer of 1943, off the southern coast of France. In the opening chapters, Cousteau recounts the earliest days of scuba diving with his diving companions Frédéric Dumas and Philippe Tailliez. The aqualung allowed for the first time untethered, free-floating extended deep water diving, and ushered in the modern era of scuba diving. Later chapters include excursions diving to shipwrecks.

It was the basis of the Academy Award-winning documentary The Silent World (1956). It has been very successful; as of the book's 50th anniversary, it has been translated into some 22 languages and sold over 5 million copies, and is still in print, notably as a 2004 hardcover edition published by the National Geographic Society.

The book contains 48 pages of black-and-white photos by various photographers, and 16 pages of color photos, made available by National Geographic Magazine. The hand-held work in Ektachrome "is the first ever made in significant depths, using artificial light and scientific color correction."

References

External links
Book review, C. H. Blickenstorfer, scubadiverinfo.com

1953 non-fiction books
Underwater diving books
Harper & Brothers books
Jacques Cousteau
Collaborative non-fiction books

The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure


Gana Abhiyan Orissa (Popular Campaign Odisha), also called Orissa Gana Abhiyan, was a political organization in the Indian state of Odisha. The organization was formed a splinter group of Socialist Unity Centre of India, when the local party leader Mayadhar Naik had been expelled from SUCI in the end of the 1990s. Naik claims that the expulsion was motivated by ideological differences, whereas SUCI claimed Naik was guilty of corruption.

GAO has worked to a large extent with organizing adivasis and dalits.

In the elections 1999 GAO did not launch any candidates of their own, but support 'left and democratic forces'. Ahead of the 2004 a cooperation with the Indian National Congress was discussed. The exact status of the organization today is unclear, it might be that Naik joined Congress.

The word gao means 'village'.

Political parties in Odisha
Political parties established in the 1990s
1990s establishments in Orissa

Gana Abhiyan Orissa


Ashton-under-Lyne is a tram stop serving Ashton-under-Lyne on Greater Manchester's light rail Metrolink system, it is the terminus of the system's East Manchester Line (EML).  It is located beside Ashton-under-Lyne bus station, and a few minutes walk away from Ashton-under-Lyne railway station, forming an Ashton travel hub.

History
The stop was built as part of Phase 3b of the network's expansion, and opened on 9 October 2013, ahead of the originally-publicised schedule of the winter of 2013–14.

In May 2009, a special fund of £1.5 billion was agreed for 15 transport schemes in Greater Manchester. These included a further 2.1-mile (3.4 km) extension to the East Manchester line from Droylsden to Ashton-under-Lyne. Plans for the extension from Droylsden to Ashton-under-Lyne were fully approved by the Department for Transport in March 2010 whereupon MPact-Thales was appointed as the main contractor.

Services

Services are mostly every 12 minutes on all routes.

References

External links

Metrolink stop information
Ashton-under-Lyne area map
 Light Rail Transit Association

Tram stops in Tameside
Ashton-under-Lyne

Ashton-under-Lyne tram stop


The 1984 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Essendon Football Club and Hawthorn Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 29 September 1984. It was the 88th annual grand final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1984 VFL season. The match, attended by 92,685 spectators, was won by Essendon by a margin of 24 points, marking that club's 13th premiership victory.

Background

It was a grand final rematch of the previous season's grand final in which Hawthorn defeated Essendon by a then record 83 Points

Essendon topped the home and away season ladder a game clear of their grand final opponents; however, Hawthorn won both home and away contests between the two teams. Despite having won 12 premierships, Essendon's most recent premiership had been in 1965 over St Kilda, who were coached by current Hawthorn coach Allan Jeans.

In the finals series, the Hawks defeated Carlton by 30 points in the qualifying final, and beat the Bombers by eight points in the second semi-final to advance to the grand final. Essendon faced Collingwood in the preliminary final, demolishing the Magpies by a record 133 points on the back of a 28-goal performance to advance to the grand final.

Match summary

First quarter
Hawthorn dominated the game early. Captain Leigh Matthews had the first goal on the scoreboard within thirty seconds of the opening bounce, and Colin Robertson, utilising his pace, added two more. Essendon had hoped to throw Hawthorn off balance early by playing Roger Merrett in the ruck and shifting Simon Madden, by now one of the finest ruckmen in the VFL, to full forward. Hawthorn countered his by putting Ian Paton in the ruck and moving Michael Byrne to full forward. Madden consequently languished in Essendon's forward line doing nothing while the ball was spending more time at the other end of the ground. Sheedy soon moved Madden back to the ruck, but at quarter time Hawthorn led by 21.

Second quarter
Goals to Ken Judge and Matthews saw Hawthorn increase their lead to 32 points. Essendon, despite getting more possession, made little impact in front of goals, but when Bombers kicked their third for the match, by Billy Duckworth, they remained in touch and trailed by 25 points at the half time break.

Third quarter
The third quarter was a low-scoring affair, more notable for the changes to field positions that Essendon coach Kevin Sheedy applied in an attempt to stem the flow of Hawthorn goals. While common today, at the time it was very unusual for a coach to make such radical changes as shifting backline players to the forward line and vice versa. Paul Weston was shifted from defence to centre half forward, captain Terry Daniher was moved to defence, while another defender, Peter Bradbury, was moved to half-forward. With these positional changes, Essendon managed to get within three goals of the lead, but Dermott Brereton kicked a late goal for Hawthorn to give them a 23-point lead going into the final term.

Fourth quarter
Essendon got off to the perfect start in the final quarter. Madden, who had been ordinary for much of the game, won the opening bounce. The ball fell to Williams, who kicked the ball forward, where Baker was in the perfect position to run onto the spilled ball from a marking contest and kick his third goal of the match. Minutes later, Bradbury kicked a goal from the back of a pack. Essendon's charge continued when the ball made its way to Duckworth at half forward who passed it to an unmanned Mark Thompson who put it through from 40 metres out directly in front. The Bombers hit the front in spectacular fashion when, from the resultant centre bounce, Williams kicked towards the right half-forward flank. The ball bounced favourably for Baker, who evaded Hawks defender David O'Halloran with a brilliant blind turn and booted his fourth goal, to the delight of Essendon fans.

Hawthorn was back in front when Peter Curran goaled from a 15-metre penalty but Essendon soon regained their advantage when Roger Merrett took a pack mark in the goal square before converting. Weston extended Essendon's lead to 11 points minutes later and then Tim Watson goaled twice to seal the comeback win for Essendon. The Bombers kicked 9.6 in the final term to break free from the Hawks. It would not be until 2009 that another team would win the grand final from a three-quarter time deficit. The 23-point three quarter time deficit is the largest ever overcome to achieve victory in a Grand Final in VFL/AFL history. (North Melbourne overcame a 27-point three quarter time deficit to draw the 1977 VFL Grand Final).

The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Duckworth for being judged the best player afield. Watson, Baker, Mark Harvey, Shane Heard and Neil Clarke were also prominent for the Bombers, while Richard Loveridge, Gary Ayres, Peter Schwab, Terry Wallace and Chris Mew were the best for Hawthorn.

Essendon's win ended an 18-year streak during which only Hawthorn, Richmond, Carlton and North Melbourne had won the premiership.

The attendance of 92,685 was the smallest at an MCG grand final for 29 years. The match was the first grand final played in the aftermath of the off-field dispute between the League, which wanted to stage the grand final at VFL Park, and the Melbourne Cricket Club and the Cain state government, which wanted to stage the grand final at the MCG. Under the terms agreed to in early 1984, an area in the Members' and Olympic Stands was set aside for 44,000 MCC and VFL Park members, but only 31,000 attended, leaving a large vacant area at the top of the Olympic Stand. Uncertainty about the new arrangements, accusations that the demand for members tickets had been overestimated, and breezy and cool conditions in the wake of a heavy overnight hailstorm were all considered to have discouraged many spectators from attending.

Ten players from this game later went on to become senior VFL/AFL coaches.

Teams

Scorecard

Statistics

NOTE: Disps = Total disposals (kicks + handpasses)

See also
 1984 VFL season

References

Bibliography

External links

VFL/AFL Grand Finals
Grand
Essendon Football Club
Hawthorn Football Club

1984 VFL grand final


Culatello di Zibello is a cured meat with a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in the EU and UK (EC regulation n°1263/96) typical of the province of Parma. Listed among the Slow Food Presidia of Emilia-Romagna, Culatello, mentioned for the first time in a document dating back to 1735, is produced from the leg of pork, which is then stuffed into the pig's bladder.

Production
The Consortium of Culatello di Zibello has established that the processing of Culatello di Zibello can only take place in a specific and circumscribed area and exclusively in the period between October and February, when the Bassa is enveloped in fog and cold. It is in that period that the part of meat obtained from the thigh of adult pigs, bred according to traditional methods, is decided, degreased, boned, separated from the Fiocchetto and trimmed by hand, so as to give it its characteristic "pear" shape. The culatello and fiocchetto trimmings are then used in the preparation of strolghino.

These operations are followed, after about ten days, by salting and the so-called investiture, that is, the stuffing of the cured meat into the pig's bladder and the tying with string which, after aging, must have a large, irregular mesh. The aging in the cellar accompanies Culatello from the winter fog to the summer heat, to arrive on tables the following winter in the fullness of its most original flavor qualities.

The aging period is from a minimum of 10 months for the smaller pieces (at least 3 kg) up to an average of 14 months for all pieces. The annual production is about 50,000 pieces of Culatello di Zibello PDO.

Gallery

References

Related articles

 Culatello con cotenna
 Prosciutto di Parma
 Coppa di Parma
 Salame di Felino
 Spalla di San Secondo
 Strolghino
 Fiocchetto (salume)
 Cucina parmigiana
 Cuisine of emilia

Sister projects

  Wikizionario contiene il lemma di dizionario «culatello»
  Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file sul culatello
Salumi
Italian cuisine
Cuisine of Emilia-Romagna
Dried meat
Ham
Italian products with protected designation of origin

Culatello di Zibello


Piotr Michałowski (July 2, 1800 – June 9, 1855) was a Polish painter of the Romantic period, especially known for his many portraits, and oil studies of horses. Broadly educated, he was also a social activist, legal advocate, city administrator and President of the Kraków Agricultural Society (since 1853). The Sukiennice Museum, a division of the National Museum in Kraków, contains a room that is named after him and devoted to Michałowski's work.

Career

Michałowski was born at an estate in Krzysztoforzyce outside Kraków, the son of landowner Józef Michałowski, senator in the Free City of Kraków. His artistic talent developed at an early age of 13 under the watchful eye of several artists including Michał Stachowicz, Józef Brodowski (1817) and Franciszek Lampi. He formally studied a broad range of subjects at the Jagiellonian University including classical philosophy, agriculture and mathematics.

During the November Uprising against the Russian rulership, Michałowski helped run a Polish munition factory. To avoid capture, he escaped to Paris, France with his new wife Julia Ostrowska and her father. While in Paris, he continued his studies of painting and anatomy with Nicolas Toussaint Charlet (1832–1835), greatly influenced by the art of Théodore Géricault, Rembrandt and Velázquez. His watercolour studies of horses became very popular in France, sold by local art dealers since 1833 to English, German and American collectors.

Michałowski returned to Kraków in 1835 and in 1837 settled into his family estate in Krzysztoforzyce. In the 1840s and 1850s he produced numerous equestrian paintings and dramatic landscapes including his famous Romantic "Battle of Somosierra" (1844–1855, several versions), "Parade before Napoleon" and other battle sites. When Pablo Picasso visited Poland in 1948, he saw Michałowski's work at the Warsaw National Museum and shouted, "Here, painter!"

See also
 Polish Romantic Jan Nepomucen Głowacki, the father of Polish school of landscape painting

References

 Maciej Masłowski: Piotr Michałowski, Warsaw 1957, ed. "Sztuka";
 Maciej Masłowski: Piotr Michałowski, Warsaw 1974, ed. "Arkady" (in series "W kręgu sztuki" - "In the Circle of Art", also German version: Berlin 1974, ed. Henschel Verlag und Gess.);
 Jerzy Sienkiewicz: Piotr Michałowski, Warsaw 1959, ed. "Auriga - Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe" (Art and Film Publisher).
Selection of works including bio at Artyzm.com
 Piotr Michalowski at Cracow Life.com (in English)
 Somosierra - Piotr Michałowski at Culture.pl

1800 births
1855 deaths
Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery
19th-century Polish painters
19th-century Polish male artists
Equine artists
Polish male painters

Piotr Michałowski


Oskar Cassel  (4 June 1849 – 8 August 1923) was a German liberal politician, a member of the Prussian House of Representatives and the Prussian constitutional assembly. Cassel was the first Jewish honorary citizen of Berlin and a leading figure in several Jewish-German organisations.

Biography
Cassel was born in Schwetz, West Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia (Świecie, Poland) to Aaron Cassel (1817-1896) and Therese née Kristeller. His father was the rabbi of the Jewish community of Schwetz, he moved to Konitz (Chojnice) in 1850 and Flatow (Złotów) in 1854. From 1858 on the family lived in Schwerin an der Warthe (Skwierzyna) and moved to Berlin in 1871. His brother Jakob Cassel (1859-1927) was a  pediatrist

Cassel studied law at the Humboldt University of Berlin and started to work as a lawyer in Berlin in 1879. He was elected a member of the Berlin town council in 1888 and member of the Prussian House of Representatives in 1903, where he became a leading advocate of Jewish affairs. On 20 January 1914 Cassel was the first Jew ever to receive the honorary citizenship of Berlin.

In 1901 Cassel was a co-founder of the "Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden" (benevolent society of German Jews) and chairman of the "Verband der deutschen Juden" (Association of German Jews) in 1917. Representing the "Verband der deutschen Juden" Cassel protested against the Judenzählung, the census of Jewish soldiers in the German Army, in 1916 and tried to convince the newly appointed Prussian minister of war Hermann von Stein to publicly restore the honour of Jewish soldiers. Stein, however, only assured Cassel that "the behaviour of Jewish soldiers and fellow citizens during the war gave nocause for the order by my predecessor, and thus cannot be connected with it".

After World War I Cassel represented the German Democratic Party in the Prussian constitutional assembly.

Cassel died in Berlin and was buried in an honorary grave at the Jewish Weißensee cemetery.

References

1849 births
1923 deaths
People from Świecie
People from West Prussia
19th-century German Jews
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Progressive People's Party (Germany) politicians
German Democratic Party politicians
Free-minded People's Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the Prussian House of Representatives

Oskar Cassel


Christopher Morgan Klucsarits (January 4, 1970 – April 2, 2010) was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1994 to 2004, under the ring names Chris Kanyon, Kanyon, and Mortis. He was given the nickname "The Innovator of Offense" during his career, and has been recognized by commentators as one of the most underrated stars of WCW.

Early life
As a youth, Kanyon played roller hockey, basketball, and baseball at school. He attended Archbishop Molloy High School in Queens, graduating in 1988. In 1992 he graduated from the University at Buffalo with a bachelor's degree in physical therapy. During his time there, he was a member of the Mad Turtles, the University at Buffalo Rugby Football Club. Kanyon worked full-time as a physical therapist for three years before becoming a wrestler.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1992–1995)
After college, he began training under Pete McKay Gonzalez, Ismael Gerena and Bobby Bold Eagle at the Lower East Side Wrestling Gym in Manhattan at some point between December 1991 and January 1992. He wrestled his first match on April 5, 1992, in Levittown, New York at the Island Trees Junior High School, and wrestled one match as Chris Morgan before adopting the ring name Chris Canyon and later changing it to Chris Kanyon. Kanyon worked as a physical therapist for the next three years, wrestling on weekends and in the evenings, before finally deciding to become a full-time professional wrestler in 1995. Early in his career, Kanyon formed a tag team with Billy Kidman which saw both men wrestle in hockey uniforms.

In late 1994, he made several appearances with the World Wrestling Federation as a jobber, facing wrestlers such as Shawn Michaels, Diesel, Tatanka and Bob Holly. His friend and future manager James Mitchell saw potential in him and sent him for training with The Fabulous Moolah in South Carolina and with Afa at Wild Samoan wrestling School.

World Championship Wrestling (1995–2001)

Men at Work (1995–1996)
Kanyon debuted in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) as a jobber. He did win one upset victory over Disco Inferno on a Saturday Night taping. After several months he was placed with Mark Starr in a tag team called "Men at Work". Their gimmick was that they were two construction workers turned wrestlers who wore jeans to the ring, and that Kanyon would cause the team to suffer losses by taking measurements with his tape measure at inopportune times. Kanyon was replaced with Mike Winner before the team disbanded altogether.

Mortis (1996–1998)
In 1996, Kanyon donned a mask and was repackaged as Mortis, a Latin word meaning death. Managed by James Vandenberg, Kanyon feuded with Glacier. Kanyon faced Glacier at Uncensored on March 16 in his pay-per-view debut but lost to the undefeated Glacier. Following the match, Wrath debuted, siding with Kanyon and assaulting Glacier. Glacier defeated Kanyon in a second match at Slamboree on May 18. After the match, Wrath and Mortis once again attacked Glacier. However, Glacier was spared a post-match beating when Ernest Miller ran to the ring to defend him. The four men fought one another over the following weeks, culminating in a match at Bash at the Beach on July 13 which was won by Mortis and Wrath. Mortis and Wrath continued to team together until the angle was quietly dropped in early 1998.

The Flock (1998–1999)

In February 1998, Kanyon (still in his guise as Mortis) asked Raven if he could join Raven's stable The Flock but was told that he could only become a member if he defeated Diamond Dallas Page for the United States Heavyweight Championship. Mortis failed to defeat Page for the title on the February 12 episode of Thunder, and he was DDT'ed on the entrance ramp by Raven as a result. This event led to Kanyon discarding the "Mortis" persona and beginning a feud with Raven, in the course of which he was dubbed "The Innovator of Offense" by play-by-play commentator Mike Tenay due to his unique wrestling technique, which included multiple moves performed from a fireman's carry position. His matches almost always began with him asking the rhetorical question, "Who Better than Kanyon"? as the crowd would respond, "Everybody" (or "Nobody", if he was a face.) He formed an uneasy alliance with Perry Saturn in order to fight against The Flock, but eventually turned on Saturn and joined forces with Raven. After Saturn forced The Flock to disband by defeating Raven at Fall Brawl, Kanyon and Raven continued to team together until Raven, in storyline, was sidelined with depression and Kanyon took time away from his wrestling career to work as stunt coordinator and stuntman on The Jesse Ventura Story.

Teaming and feuding with Diamond Dallas Page (1999–2001)

In May 1999 at Slamboree, Kanyon helped Raven and Saturn defeat Billy Kidman and Rey Misterio Jr. for the WCW World Tag Team Championship. Later that month, Kanyon (substituting for Raven) and Saturn defended the titles against Bam Bam Bigelow and Diamond Dallas Page. During the match, Kanyon turned on Saturn, enabling Bigelow and Page to win the WCW World Tag Team Championship. Kanyon then formed a stable with Bigelow and Page known as the Jersey Triad.

The Triad feuded with Saturn and Chris Benoit over the Tag Team Championship, defeating them for the title on June 13 in the Baltimore Arena at The Great American Bash pay-per-view. During their reign, they were given special dispensation by WCW President Ric Flair to defend the title as a three-man unit, granting them a numerical advantage over their opponents. However, the ruling was overturned by Flair's replacement Sting, and Kanyon and Bigelow lost the title to Harlem Heat at Road Wild on August 14, 1999. The Triad disbanded shortly thereafter, with Kanyon once again placing his wrestling career on hiatus to work on the WCW produced film Ready to Rumble, where he served as stunt coordinator and as the stunt double of lead actor Oliver Platt.

Kanyon returned to WCW in late 1999 as Chris "Champagne" Kanyon, abbreviated to C.C.K., accompanied by J. Biggs, his "agent", and two former Nitro Girls, Baby and Chameleon. He claimed that he had become acclimatised to the glamor of Hollywood and thus began indulging in luxuries such as champagne, women, and expensive cars. He feuded briefly with Bigelow and Page before being removed from WCW by interim booker Kevin Sullivan.

Kanyon returned to WCW once more on April 10, 2000, when Vince Russo replaced Sullivan. He teamed with Page for several months, which climaxed at Slamboree with him attempting to save DDP from being powerbombed by Mike Awesome on top of the triple cage which was also used in the Ready to Rumble movie. Kanyon saved Page, but Awesome turned his attention to Kanyon, throwing him off the triple cage onto the ramp below, ending the pay-per-view in dramatic fashion. Kanyon, after a storyline which saw him in a halo brace in a hospital and in a wheelchair, stepped out of the wheelchair and turned on Page at The Great American Bash costing him his Ambulance match against Mike Awesome. Kanyon then joined Eric Bischoff, the leader of the New Blood faction. In the course of his renewed feud with Page, Kanyon began imitating Page, renaming himself "Positively" Kanyon (a reference to Page's autobiography, Positively Page) and wearing a long blonde wig. He eventually dyed his hair blonde and wore a "P.C.K." (Positively Chris Kanyon) T-shirt. In the course of the feud he began using a version of Page's finishing move, the Diamond Cutter, known as the Kanyon Kutter. He began arbitrarily delivering the Kutter to various WCW backstage employees, and at one point executed the move on Gene Okerlund and Buff Bagwell's mother Judy, leading to a short feud with the Bagwell family, which led to Buff Bagwell defeating Kanyon at New Blood Rising in a Judy Bagwell on a Forklift match. Kanyon left WCW shortly afterward.

Kanyon returned to WCW on the February 5, 2001 episode of Nitro attacking Diamond Dallas Page renewing his feud with Page. Kanyon returned to the ring and defeated Page at SuperBrawl Revenge on February 18, 2001, but Page defeated Kanyon in a rematch the following night on Nitro. Kanyon began feuding with Ernest "The Cat" Miller in March 2001. During this time he had a small gimmick change including a more intense look, new entrance music and a black leather jacket he wore to the ring. The feud had not been resolved by the time WCW was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in late March 2001.

World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment (2001–2004)

The Alliance (2001)

On July 5, 2001, Kanyon made his WWF debut on SmackDown! as part of The Alliance, a group of former WCW wrestlers who were "invading" the WWF. He made his WWF pay-per-view debut at Invasion, a one-off show featuring WWF superstars against former WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) employees. At this show, he formed a team with Shawn Stasiak and Hugh Morrus in a winning effort against The Big Show, Billy Gunn and Albert in a six-man tag team match. On the July 26 episode of SmackDown!, in the Mellon Arena in Pittsburgh, WCW Champion Booker T, at the request of Stephanie McMahon, gave Kanyon his WCW United States Championship. Upon being presented with the title, Kanyon began referring to himself as "The Alliance MVP". On the August 2 episode of SmackDown!, Kanyon retained the title against Kane by disqualification.

Kanyon reformed his tag team with fellow Alliance member Diamond Dallas Page on the August 6, 2001 edition of Raw when Kanyon helped Page attack The Undertaker backstage. On the August 9, 2001 episode of SmackDown!, they defeated the Acolytes Protection Agency (Faarooq and Bradshaw) for the WWF Tag Team Championship. Their reign lasted until August 19, when they were defeated by The Brothers of Destruction (Kane and The Undertaker) for the title in a steel cage match at SummerSlam. On the September 1 episode of Jakked/Metal, Kanyon defeated Essa Rios to retain the title. Kanyon went on to lose the WCW United States Championship to Tajiri on the September 10, 2001 episode of Raw.

Kanyon then had a small feud with Matt Hardy over Kanyon hitting on Lita. Kanyon pinned Hardy on the September 24, 2001 edition of Raw. The feud eventually ended in early October after the Hardy Boyz defeated Kanyon and multiple Alliance partners, such as Rhyno, Lance Storm, Chuck Palumbo and Hugh Morrus, in a series of tag team matches. Kanyon then began working on the WWF's B-shows.

Brand switches (2001–2004)
On October 29, 2001, Kanyon tore his left anterior cruciate ligament during a dark match with Randy Orton. He underwent surgery with Dr. James Andrews in Birmingham, Alabama and was sidelined for the remainder of the Invasion angle. He would appear only once in a cameo role at the Survivor Series pay-per-view. At this show, a team representing the Alliance took on a team representing the WWF in a tag team match. A pre-match stipulation declared that the side represented by the losing team would all be released from their contracts (excluding title holders and the winner of the immunity battle royal, Test). As a result of the Alliance team's loss, Kanyon was "fired" along with all the other Alliance members. Eventually, all Alliance members returned as WWF superstars, usually quietly without a storyline or announcement. This storyline allowed Kanyon time to recover from injury. In May 2002, Kanyon was cleared to compete and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), a WWE developmental territory, through the end of the month to restore himself to full fitness. However, while wrestling Lance Cade in Lima, Ohio on July 13, 2002 Kanyon injured his left shoulder, suffering a humeral head contusion and supraspinatus tendinitis. He underwent surgery on July 21, 2002 but began experiencing breathing difficulties on July 25, 2002. As a result of an allergy to the medications with which he was being treated, Kanyon's lungs filled with fluid and his blood oxygen level fell to 41%. He gradually recovered and was discharged from the hospital on July 28, 2002 having lost 32 lb (15 kg) in the interim.

Kanyon returned to OVW in October 2002 and remained there for a further four months, while continuing working dark matches before Raw and SmackDown! throughout late 2002 and early 2003. He made one appearance in a backstage segment with the APA, where they wanted him to attend a battle royal at the next pay-per-view event. Kanyon was among the challengers, but was largely inactive. On the February 13, 2003 episode of SmackDown! he returned to the main roster, emerging from a large crate, from The Big Show, dressed as Boy George and singing the 1983 Culture Club hit "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" to The Undertaker, prompting the latter to attack Kanyon and concussing him with a hard chair shot. Kanyon made his televised in-ring return on the April 19, 2003 edition of Velocity with his "Who Betta Than Kanyon?" gimmick and was defeated by Rhyno. Despite a few appearances on SmackDown!, Kanyon was relegated to Velocity from that point on for the rest of 2003, in addition to wrestling on several dark matches and house shows as Mortis. On February 9, 2004, after a year of facing two injuries and not being used in any major storylines, Kanyon was officially released from his contract.

Late career (2004–2010)
Kanyon retired from professional wrestling on August 28, 2004, after losing a retirement match to Diamond Dallas Page in Wayne, New Jersey. In July 2005, he announced the end of his retirement and his imminent return to the independent circuit. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, he took part in several benefit shows.

Kanyon appeared at the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) pay-per-view Turning Point on December 11, 2005, as Larry Zbyszko's choice, Chris K, losing to Raven. Kanyon also appeared in Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) taking on PWG champion, Joey Ryan. Joey retained the title with the help of someone wearing a Mortis outfit, distracting Kanyon.

Kanyon announced his second retirement on April 5, 2007.

He came out of retirement on December 19, 2009 for New York Wrestling Connection's Miracle On 57th Street defeating Alex Reynolds by disqualification. He continued working for the promotion before his death. He wrestled his last match on January 30, 2010 as Mortis in a handicap match defeating Blake Morris and Mike Reed.

Personal life
Kanyon appeared on the CNN special Death Grip: Inside Pro Wrestling, in November 2007 following the aftermath of the Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide. On the program, Kanyon stated that on September 14, 2003, he had taken 50 sleeping pills in a suicide attempt.

In the early hours of October 16, 2004, he was arrested in Ybor City, Tampa, Florida for "disorderly conduct and resisting arrest without violence" after attempting to break up a fight. He was released that same day after fellow wrestler Luke Hawx provided a US$750 cash bond. Kanyon publicly stated he did nothing wrong, and the case was thrown out of court.

Kanyon, along with Raven and Michael Sanders, attempted to sue WWE for "cheating them out of health care and other benefits" but a federal judge in Stamford, Connecticut, dismissed the case.

In 2004, after Kanyon's release from jail, he began what was thought to be a gimmick in which he was an openly gay wrestler. This included an occasion in which he stated that WWE released him from his contract because of his sexuality. Kanyon later told reporters and radio personalities that this was just a publicity stunt, but later retracted those statements and acknowledged that he was, in fact, gay. Before his death Kanyon was working on a book, Wrestling Reality, with Ryan Clark. The book was released November 1, 2011, and it details Kanyon's struggles as a closeted gay man.

On September 23, 2021, Viceland pro wrestling Canadian docuseries Dark Side of the Ring aired an episode focusing on Kanyon's career as well as his struggles with his personal life.

Death
Kanyon had been suffering from bipolar disorder, and he threatened suicide in the weeks prior to his death. On April 2, 2010, his brother Ken Klucsarits, concerned about him not answering calls, found him dead in his Sunnyside, Queens, apartment. An empty bottle of antidepressants and the drug Seroquel were found nearby. He was 40 years old. Kanyon left behind a note of apology for his family. His death was acknowledged by WWE.

Championships and accomplishments
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 108  of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1998
World Championship Wrestling
WCW World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Diamond Dallas Page and Bam Bam Bigelow
World Wrestling Federation
WCW United States Championship (1 time)
WWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Diamond Dallas Page
Victory Championship Wrestling
VCW Hall of Fame (Class of 2018)

See also

 List of premature professional wrestling deaths

References

External links

1970 births
2010 suicides
2010 deaths
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
American stunt performers
Archbishop Molloy High School alumni
Drug-related suicides in New York City
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Chris Kanyon


Jack Ernest Pollard OAM (31 July 1926 – 25 May 2002) was an Australian sports journalist, writer and cricket historian.

Early life
Born in Sydney on 31 July 1926, Pollard began his journalism career in 1943 as a copy boy at Sydney's Daily Telegraph newspaper. At the age of 18, he was called up to the Australian Army, serving from 1944 to 1947 and finishing with the rank of sergeant.  A foot injury sustained during an army rugby game saw him sit out nine months at Holsworthy Barracks. The injury may have saved Pollard's life as the other men of his assigned platoon were later killed in action in New Guinea.

Journalism career
From 1945 to 1947, Pollard lived in post-war Japan working as a sports editor for the armed forces newspaper there. He returned to Sydney briefly, then moved to England, where he worked as a horse racing writer for a newspaper in Sheffield.

In 1948, he started work as a correspondent for the Australian Associated Press in London which included a regular column, sometimes serious, other times humorous.

He covered many major sporting events, including the 1948 Summer Olympics, ten Wimbledon Championships and the 1948 tour of England by Don Bradman's Australian cricket team.

Publishing career
Pollard returned to Sydney in 1956, where he worked as a sports reporter with the Telegraph before starting his own publishing company in 1959, Jack Pollard Publishing, which specialised in books on sport and leisure topics.  Pollard was a prolific writer and editor, who produced a large number of sporting reference books, including a definitive five-volume history of Australian cricket, encyclopaedias on rugby union, golf, horse racing and a series of popular fishing guides. He also wrote biographies for several sports stars including tennis players Lew Hoad and Rod Laver, cricketer Keith Miller and umpire Lou Rowan, golfer Bruce Devlin, rugby league players Ken Thornett and Johnny Raper, and VFL player Peter McKenna.

Books on cricket
Although Pollard's works included all Australian sports, it is his cricket writing that is considered an important part of his legacy. Books include such topics as:

 The history of Australian cricket
 Cricket statistics
 The "Australian way" of playing cricket

Retirement
Pollard retired from publishing in 1981 to concentrate on writing.

He died on 25 May 2002, after suffering a stroke upon his return to Sydney from a research trip in Melbourne.

Honours
1983: English Cricket Society's Jubilee Award
12 December 1990: General member of the Sport Australia Hall of Fame
8 June 1992: Medal of the Order of Australia for service to sports journalism and sporting history
The Jack Pollard Trophy is awarded annually by the Australian Cricket Society for the leading Australian cricket book published over the previous 12 months.

References

External links
Resources for Jack Pollard at National Library of Australia
Author biography: Jack Pollard, HarperCollins

1926 births
2002 deaths
Journalists from Sydney
Australian sports journalists
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Australian cricket writers
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army soldiers

Jack Pollard


The most common way for LEDs (and diode lasers) to fail is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, however rare, can occur as well. Early red LEDs were notable for their short lifetime.

Packaging-related
Epoxy degradation: Some materials of the plastic package tend to yellow when subjected to heat, causing partial absorption (and therefore loss of efficiency) of the affected wavelengths.
 Thermal stress: Sudden failures are most often caused by thermal stresses. When the epoxy resin package reaches its glass transition temperature, it starts rapidly expanding, causing mechanical stresses on the semiconductor and the bonded contact, weakening it or even tearing it off. Conversely, very low temperatures can cause cracking of the packaging.
 Differentiated phosphor degeneration: The different phosphors used in white LEDs tend to degrade with heat and age, but at different rates causing changes in the produced light color, for example, purple and pink LEDs often use an organic phosphor formulation which may degrade after just a few hours of operation causing a major shift in output color.

Semiconductor and metal related

Nucleation and growth of dislocations: This is a known mechanism for degradation of the active region, where the radiative recombination occurs. It requires a presence of an existing defect in the crystal and is accelerated by heat, high current density, and emitted light. Gallium arsenide and aluminium gallium arsenide are more susceptible to this mechanism than gallium arsenide phosphide and indium phosphide. Due to different properties of the active regions, gallium nitride and indium gallium nitride are virtually insensitive to this kind of defect.
Electromigration: This is caused by high current density and can move atoms out of the active regions, leading to emergence of dislocations and point defects, acting as nonradiative recombination centers and producing heat instead of light.
Ionizing radiation: It can lead to the creation of defects, which leads to issues with radiation hardening of circuits containing LEDs (e.g., in optoisolators)
 Metal diffusion: Caused by high electrical currents or voltages at elevated temperatures, metal diffusion can move metal atoms from the electrodes into the active region. Some materials, notably indium tin oxide and silver, are subject to electromigration which causes leakage current and non-radiative recombination along the chip edges. In some cases, especially with GaN/InGaN diodes, a barrier metal layer is used to hinder the electromigration effects.
Short circuits: Mechanical stresses, high currents, and a corrosive environment can lead to formation of whiskers, causing short circuits.

Stress-related
Thermal runaway: Non-homogeneities in the substrate, causing localized loss of thermal conductivity, can cause thermal runaway where heat causes damage which causes more heat etc. Most common ones are voids caused by incomplete soldering, or by electromigration effects and Kirkendall voiding.
Current crowding: A non-homogeneous distribution of the current density over the junction can lead to the formation of current filaments. This may lead to creation of localized hot spots, which poses risk of thermal runaway.
Electrostatic discharge: An ESD may cause immediate failure of the semiconductor junction, a permanent shift of its parameters, or latent damage causing increased rate of degradation. LEDs and lasers grown on sapphire substrate (see silicon on sapphire) are more susceptible to ESD damage.
Reverse bias: Although the LED is based on a diode junction and is nominally a rectifier, the reverse-breakdown mode for some types can occur at very low voltages and essentially any excess reverse bias can cause immediate degradation, and may lead to vastly accelerated failure. 5 V is a typical maximum reverse bias voltage specification for ordinary LEDs; some special types may have lower limits.
Catastrophic optical damage: Can occur in high power semiconductor lasers.

References

Light-emitting diodes
Semiconductor device defects

List of LED failure modes


Donald Scott Drysdale (July 23, 1936 – July 3, 1993), nicknamed "Big D", was an American professional baseball pitcher and broadcaster who played in Major League Baseball. He spent his entire 14-year career with the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers. Known for being a fierce competitor, Drysdale won the Cy Young Award in 1962 and was a three-time World Series champion during his playing career.

Born in Van Nuys, California, Drysdale made his major league debut in 1956. He quickly made a reputation for himself as a brushback pitcher who was not afraid to pitch inside to batters in order to keep them off balance. Often overshadowed by teammate and Dodgers ace Sandy Koufax, Drysdale was a dominant pitcher in his own right, winning the Cy Young Award in  and setting a record six consecutive shutouts and  consecutive scoreless innings in .

Drysdale was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984 and, the same year, had his number 53 retired by the Los Angeles Dodgers. After his playing career ended in 1969, Drysdale became a radio and television broadcaster until his sudden death from a heart attack in 1993.

Early life
Drysdale was born in Van Nuys, Los Angeles to Scott and Verna Drysdale. His father was a repair supervisor for the Pacific Telephone and Telegraphy Company who had a brief minor league career before Drysdale was born.

Drysdale attended Van Nuys High School where one of his classmates was actor Robert Redford. While he had played baseball since childhood, primarily as a second baseman, Drysdale only began to pitch during his senior year in high school; he posted a 10-1 record. He was signed out of high school by the Brooklyn Dodgers for a minimum salary and a signing bonus of $4,000.

Playing career

Minor league career
Drysdale began his professional career in 1954, playing for the Class-C Bakersfield Indians of the California League where he posted a 8-5 win-loss record with a 3.46 earned run average and 73 strikeouts in Bakersfield.

The next season, Drysdale was promoted to the Triple-A Montreal Royals of the International League. In 1955, he posted an 11-11 record with a 3.33 earned run average and 80 strikeouts for Montreal. The following year, he was promoted to the Brooklyn Dodgers.

Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers
Drysdale made his major league debut on April 17, 1956, pitching a scoreless 9th inning in an 8–6 loss against the Philadelphia Phillies. He made his first start on April 23, also against the Phillies, a complete game win in which he allowed only one run and struck out 9 batters. Drysdale finished his rookie season with an 2.64 earned run average and 55 strikeouts in 99 innings pitched.

Drysdale, along with Dodgers teammate Sandy Koufax, served six months in the United States Army Reserve at Fort Dix, New Jersey and Van Nuys, California after the end of the 1957 season and before spring training in 1958. In his autobiography, Once a Bum, Always a Dodger, Drysdale wrote: "Those six months were good for me. When you wake up at three-thirty every morning, and you realize that some of your buddies are just getting in back home, it gives you a lot of discipline. The service should be mandatory for every kid in America. You thought you were hot stuff being a major league pitcher, and then you went to Fort Dix and found out that it doesn't matter who you were. There were no exceptions."

In 1962, Drysdale won 25 games and led the Majors in strikeouts with 232. He won the Cy Young Award and was named The Sporting News Player of the Year and Pitcher of the Year. In 1963, he struck out 251 batters and won Game 3 of the World Series at Los Angeles's Dodger Stadium over the Yankees, 1–0. In 1965, he was the Dodgers' only .300 hitter and tied his own National League record for pitchers with seven home runs. That year, he also won 23 games and helped the Dodgers to their third pennant in Los Angeles.

In 1965, Koufax declined to pitch the first game of the World Series as it fell on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. Drysdale pitched for the Dodgers instead of Koufax, giving up seven runs in  innings, with the Dodgers losing 8–2 to the Minnesota Twins. When Dodgers manager Walter Alston came to the mound to remove him from the game in the 3rd inning, Drysdale quipped, "Hey, skip, bet you wish I was Jewish today too." Despite the setback, the Dodgers went on to win the Series behind Koufax's MVP-winning performances in Games 5 and 7, with Drysdale winning Game 4 at Dodger Stadium.

Drysdale and Koufax took part in a famous salary holdout together in the spring of 1966. They had set an NL record the year before for strikeouts by teammates, with a combined total of 592. Both wanted to be paid $500,000 over three seasons, but Dodgers' GM Buzzie Bavasi preferred to give them one-year contracts according to team policy. They both finally signed one-year contracts just before the season opened. Drysdale's contract was for $110,000, and Koufax's contract was for $125,000. Those contracts made them the first pitchers to earn more than $100,000 a year.

In 1968, the "year of the pitcher", Drysdale set Major League records with six consecutive shutouts and  consecutive scoreless innings, winning NL Player of the Month honors in June and starting the All-Star Game in Houston. The scorless innings record was broken by fellow Dodgers pitcher Orel Hershiser 20 years later. Hershiser, however, did not match Drysdale's record of six consecutive complete-game shutouts.

Recurring shoulder injuries had slowed Drysdale down in his final years. After suffering a torn rotator cuff, Drysdale retired from Major League Baseball during the 1969 season, having made only 12 starts. At the time of his retirement, he was the last active player on the Dodgers who had played for them in Brooklyn.

Career overall and honors

In his 14-year career, Drysdale compiled a record of 209-166 with an earned run average of 2.95. He struck out 2,486 batters, posted 49 shutouts, and hit 154 batters. He struck out 200 or more batters six times and won 20 games twice. In the World Series, he had a record of 3-3 with a 2.95 ERA. Drysdale led the Majors in strikeouts three times, wins once, and lead the NL in shutouts once. In 1962, with a record of 25-9 and a Major League-leading 232 strikeouts, he won the Cy Young Award.

Additionally, Drysdale won three NL Player of the Month awards: June 1959 (6–0 record, 1.71 earned run average, 51 strikeouts), July 1960 (6–0 record, 2.00 earned run average, 48 strikeouts), and May 1968 (5–1 record, 0.53 earned run average, 45 strikeouts, with 5 consecutive shutouts to begin his scoreless inning streak, which was carried into June).

He was also a good hitting pitcher. In 14 seasons, he had 218 hits in 1,169 at-bats for a .186 batting average, including 96 runs, 26 doubles, 7 triples, 29 home runs, 113 RBI and 60 bases on balls. His 29 home runs are sixth all-time for pitchers. He was occasionally used as a pinch-hitter, including once during the 1965 World Series. Drysdale hit 7 home runs in a season twice, in 1958 and 1965, and was the only .300 hitter for the offensively-weak Dodgers during the latter season.

Drysdale was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984, his tenth year of eligibility, and his number 53 retired was retired by the Dodgers on July 1, 1984. During his career, he was a nine-time All-Star, starting the Midsummer Classic a record five times and pitching record 19.1 innings, making an appearance in all nine he was selected to. During All-Star Game play, Drysdale compiled a record of 2–1, with a 1.40 ERA; he faced 69 batters and struck out 19, both All-Star records.

Pitching style
Standing at , Drysdale was known to use brushback pitches and a sidearm fastball to intimidate batters, similar to his fellow Hall of Famer Bob Gibson. Sal Maglie, also known for brushback pitches, taught him how to pitch aggressively when both were Dodger teammates in the 1950s. Drysdale led the NL in hit batsmen for four straight seasons from 1958 to 1961, and again in 1965. His 154 career hit batsmen is a modern National League record.

Fellow Hall of Famer Frank Robinson said of him, "He was mean enough to do it, and he did it continuously. You could count on him doing it. And when he did it, he just stood there on the mound and glared at you to let you know he meant it." Of his former teammate, Maglie said: "I don't think Don has ever tried intentionally to send someone to the hospital. A pitcher needs to pitch inside. And if one of your teammates goes down, you do what you have to do to even the score, plain and simple."

Broadcasting career

In 1970, Drysdale started a career in sports broadcasting that continued for the rest of his life: first for the Montreal Expos (1970–1971), then the Texas Rangers (1972), California Angels (1973–1979, 1981), Chicago White Sox (1982–1987), NBC (1977), ABC (1978–1986), and finally back in Los Angeles with the Dodgers (1988–1993). Additionally, he also worked with his Angels' partner Dick Enberg on Los Angeles Rams football broadcasts from 1973 to 1976. Drysdale kept the fans' interest with stories of his playing days.

While at ABC Sports, Drysdale not only did baseball telecasts, but also regional college football games as well as Superstars and Wide World of Sports. After the 1979 World Series, Drysdale covered the World Series Trophy presentation ceremonies for ABC. On October 11, 1980, Keith Jackson called an Oklahoma–Texas college football game for ABC in the afternoon, then flew to Houston to call Game 4 of the NLCS between the Houston Astros and Philadelphia Phillies. In the meantime, Drysdale filled in for Jackson on play-by-play for the early innings.

In 1984, Drysdale called play-by-play (alongside Reggie Jackson and Earl Weaver) for the National League Championship Series between the San Diego Padres and Chicago Cubs. On October 6, 1984, at San Diego's Jack Murphy Stadium, Game 4 of the NLCS ended when Padres first baseman Steve Garvey hit a now-iconic walk-off home run off Cubs relief pitcher Lee Smith, forcing a decisive Game 5. Drysdale on the call:

In his last ABC assignment, Drysdale interviewed the winners in the Boston Red Sox clubhouse following Game 7 of the 1986 American League Championship Series against the California Angels.

In 1985, for the Chicago White Sox, Drysdale broadcast Tom Seaver's 300th victory, against the host New York Yankees in 1985. His post-game interview with Seaver was carried live by both the Sox' network and the Yankees' longtime flagship television station WPIX.

On September 28, 1988, fellow Dodger Orel Hershiser surpassed Drysdale when Hershiser finished the season with a record 59 consecutive scoreless innings pitched. In his final start of the year, Hershiser needed to pitch 10 shutout innings to set the mark – meaning not only that he would have to prevent the San Diego Padres from scoring, but that his own team would also need to fail to score in order to ensure extra innings; against all odds, Hershiser pitched 10 innings of a scoreless tie, with the Padres eventually prevailing 2–1 in 16 innings, breaking Drysdale's record. Afterwards, Drysdale came onto the field to congratulate him, remarking, "Oh, I'll tell ya, congratulations... And at least you kept it in the family."

Drysdale also called Kirk Gibson's famous walk-off home run in Game 1 of the 1988 World Series for the Dodgers Radio Network:

Radio show
In 1987, Drysdale hosted a nationally syndicated radio show called Radio Baseball Cards. 162 episodes were produced with stories and anecdotes told by current and former Major League Baseball players. The highlight of the series were numerous episodes dedicated to the memory and impact of Jackie Robinson as told by teammates, opponents and admirers. Radio Baseball Cards aired on 38 stations, including WNBC New York, KSFO San Francisco and WEEI Boston, as a pre-game show. A collector's edition of the program was re-released in 2007 as a podcast.

Personal life
In 1958, Drysdale married Eula "Ginger" Dubberly, a native of Covington, Georgia, and a former Adrian fashion model. The couple had a daughter named Kelly Jean (b. 1959), but divorced in 1982.

On November 1, 1986, he married basketball player Ann Meyers, who took the name Ann Meyers-Drysdale. Drysdale and Meyers had three children together: two sons, Don Jr. (known as "DJ") and Darren, and a daughter, Drew. When Ann was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1993, it was the first time that a married couple were members of their respective sports' Halls of Fame.

Death

On July 2, 1993, Drysdale worked the television broadcast for the game between the Dodgers and the Montreal Expos at Olympic Stadium. After the game, he returned to his room at the hotel the team was staying at, Le Centre Sheraton. As the team left for the stadium the next morning, Drysdale was not with them. Several broadcast team members were sent back to the hotel once the team realized Drysdale had not arrived at the stadium, and when hotel personnel went up to Drysdale's room they discovered his body lying face down on the floor. The cause of death was ruled to be a heart attack, and the coroner's report determined that Drysdale had been dead for at least eighteen hours by the time he was found.

The Dodgers noted the death of their former star pitcher during the broadcast of the game later on that day. Drysdale's broadcasting colleague Vin Scully, who was instructed not to say anything on the air until Drysdale's family was notified, announced the news of his death by saying, "Never have I been asked to make an announcement that hurts me as much as this one. And I say it to you as best I can with a broken heart." He later described it "the toughest broadcast" of his career.

While this was going on, word reached Drysdale's former White Sox colleague Ken Harrelson as he was calling that evening's game against the Baltimore Orioles at Comiskey Park for WGN television. Harrelson relayed the information to his audience, barely able to keep his composure while doing so. Dick Enberg, his broadcast partner with the Angels, said, "Every day was a good day when you were with Don Drysdale."

Among the personal belongings found in Drysdale's hotel room was a cassette tape of Robert F. Kennedy's victory speech after the 1968 California Democratic presidential primary, a speech given only moments before Senator Kennedy's assassination. In the speech, Kennedy had noted, to the cheers of the crowd, that Drysdale had pitched his sixth straight shutout that evening. Drysdale had apparently carried the tape with him wherever he went since Kennedy's assassination.

Drysdale's body was cremated and his ashes were placed in the Utility Columbarium in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. They were returned to his family in February 2002 and scattered the next year.

Media

Television

Drysdale was a popular guest star in several television programs:

 In 1959, with his first wife, Ginger, he appeared on You Bet Your Life with host Groucho Marx.
 In 1959, Drysdale appeared as a mystery challenger on the TV panel show To Tell the Truth.
 In 1960, Drysdale appeared in an episode of Lawman.
 The Millionaire episode "Millionaire Larry Maxwell", which was first broadcast on March 1, 1960.
 The Rifleman episode "Skull", which was first broadcast on January 1, 1962.
 Leave It to Beaver episode "Long Distance Call", which was first broadcast on June 16, 1962.
 The Donna Reed Show episodes "The Man in the Mask", first broadcast in 1962; "All Those Dreams", first broadcast in 1963; and "Play Ball" and "My Son the Catcher", both first broadcast in 1964. In all four episodes Drysdale plays himself, and in "All Those Dreams" he appeared with first wife, Ginger, and daughter Kelly.
 On the April 10, 1963, episode of The Beverly Hillbillies, "The Clampetts & The Dodgers", Drysdale and Leo Durocher play golf with Jed and Jethro, and Durocher finds out that Jed and Jethro are good baseball prospects.
 Our Man Higgins episode "Who's on First?" (May 8, 1963).
 On the March 21, 1964, episode of The Joey Bishop Show, "Joey and the L.A. Dodgers", Bishop guests are several members of the 1963 World Series Champions Los Angeles Dodgers. The teammates show off their various talents, the highlight being Drysdale, a natural singer, crooning "I Left My Heart In San Francisco".
 The Flying Nun episode "The Big Game" as the baseball game umpire, 1st episode of the 3rd season, aired September 17, 1969.
 The Brady Bunch episode "The Dropout", which was first broadcast on September 25, 1970.
 The Greatest American Hero episode "The Two Hundred Mile an Hour Fastball", which was first broadcast on November 4, 1981, as a broadcaster for the California Stars.

Film
 Drysdale appears as a soldier in the E-Club in The Last Time I Saw Archie (1961) starring Robert Mitchum and Jack Webb.
 Drysdale appears as himself (pitching) in the 1962 thriller Experiment in Terror starring Glenn Ford and Lee Remick.

See also
Major League Baseball titles leaders
List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers
List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders
List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
List of Major League Baseball individual streaks
List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

Further reading

Articles

Books

External links

1936 births
1993 deaths
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Bakersfield Indians players
Baseball players from California
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
California Angels announcers
Chicago White Sox announcers
College football announcers
Cy Young Award winners
Los Angeles Dodgers announcers
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Los Angeles Rams announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Montreal Expos announcers
Montreal Royals players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National Football League announcers
National League All-Stars
National League strikeout champions
National League wins champions
People from Van Nuys
Texas Rangers (baseball) announcers
United States Army reservists
Van Nuys High School alumni

Don Drysdale