John Francis "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald (February 11, 1863 – October 2, 1950) was an American Democratic politician from Boston, Massachusetts. Fitzgerald served as mayor of Boston and a member of the United States House of Representatives. He also made unsuccessful runs for the United States Senate in 1916 and 1942 and governor of Massachusetts in 1922. Fitzgerald maintained a high profile in the city whether in or out of office, and his theatrical style of campaigning and charisma earned him the nickname "Honey Fitz".

He was the father of Rose Fitzgerald and maternal grandfather of her sons President John F. Kennedy, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and Senator Ted Kennedy. In his old age, Fitzgerald helped his grandson John F. Kennedy win his first election to Congress.

Early life and education
John Francis Fitzgerald was born on February 11, 1863, in the North End of Boston to Irish immigrant businessman and politician Thomas Fitzgerald of Bruff, County Limerick and Rosanna Cox of County Cavan. He was the fourth of twelve children. Both of his sisters, Ellen and Mary, and his eldest brother, Michael, died in infancy. Fitzgerald's brother Joseph had severe brain damage from malaria. Only three of the children survived in good health.

Fitzgerald's mother died when he was sixteen. His father wished for him to become a doctor to help prevent future deaths of the sort that had marred the family. Accordingly, after being educated at Boston Latin School and Boston College, he enrolled at Harvard Medical School for one year, but withdrew following the death of his father in 1885. Fitzgerald later became a clerk at the Customs House in Boston and was active in the local Democratic Party.

Entry to politics
In the 1890s, Fitzgerald founded the Jefferson Club, a political club founded to organize the Irish Catholic voters of South Boston. It was modeled on earlier clubs like Tammany Hall in New York and Martin Lomasney's Hendricks Club in the West End of Boston. Fitzgerald won election to Boston's Common Council in 1891. In 1892, he became a member of the Massachusetts Senate. These early victories came with support from Martin Lomasney.

United States Representative
In 1894, he was elected to Congress for the 9th district, serving from 1895 to 1901. In his first two terms (1895–1899), Fitzgerald was the only Democrat to represent New England in Congress.

Mayor of Boston

First term (1906–1908)
In December 1905, Fitzgerald was elected Mayor of Boston. In the process, he made an enemy of the powerful Lomasney by opposing one of Lomasney's lieutenants, Edward J. Donovan. After Fitzgerald beat Donovan in the mayoral primary, Lomasney endorsed the Republican candidate, Louis Frothingham, and delivered 95% of the vote in his usually Democratic ward to Frothingham. However, the Republican vote was split between Frothingham and judge Henry Dewey, who ran on the Populist ticket after losing the primary. Fitzgerald won despite Lomasney's undermining, though only with a plurality of the vote.

Another opponent of Fitzgerald's during the campaign was P. J. Kennedy, a behind-the-scenes Democratic figure. They later became allies. In 1914, their families were united when P. J.'s son Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. married Fitzgerald's eldest daughter Rose.

Fitzgerald was the first American-born Irish Catholic to be elected Mayor.

According to Peter Jones, during his first term  as mayor, Fitzgerald demonstrated an unwavering commitment to the city, actively advocating for the development of port and harbor facilities and promoting industrial growth. Under his leadership, the High School of Commerce for boys and the School of Practical Arts for girls were constructed, and he oversaw the establishment of numerous playgrounds, public baths, and other facilities that served large numbers of voters. He also engaged in corrupt practices, manipulating public contracts to create superfluous jobs for poorly credentialed friends. For instance, he appointed a tavern keeper and a bartender to superintendent positions for public buildings and streets, respectively, and his brother Henry managed the patronage department. The mayor's tireless energy was on full display: in two years he attended around 1200 dinners, a thousand meetings, and 1500 dances, maintaining an active presence throughout the city.

He lost the 1907 election in part because his opponent, Republican George A. Hibbard, promised he would "clean up [Fitzgerald's] mess." With control of the city and state Government, Republicans revised the city charter to curb the power of the Irish Democratic ward bosses like Fitzgerald and Lomasney. They eliminated the large common council, replaced the board of aldermen with a nine-seat city council, extending the mayor's term to four years, and making all offices formally non-partisan, removing the advantage of party recognition in the predominantly Democratic city.

Second term (1910–1914)
In 1910, Fitzgerald ran for Mayor again. His campaign was almost scuttled by a bribery scandal involving no-bid contracts with kickbacks during his first term. Fitzgerald escaped prosecution, but made a long-term enemy in Daniel H. Coakley, an Irish lawyer who had defended one of the key figures in the business. In addition to his rivalry with Lomasney, Fitzgerald now also had to contend with the rising star of James Michael Curley of Roxbury, who was kept out of the race by assurances that Fitzgerald would serve only one term. Fitzgerald won a narrow victory over James J. Storrow, a stiff Protestant Republican Boston Brahmin.

Early in his first term as Boston's mayor, Fitzgerald had formulated a plan to revitalize the commercial importance of the city under the banner of "a Bigger, Busier and Better Boston." This plan was not pursued by Hibbard but gained traction after Fitzgerald's return to office. Fitzgerald was able to persuade businesses and the Massachusetts legislature to invest $9 million for improvements to the port by 1912. Within a year, the investments began to pay off in the form of new port traffic to and from Europe.

In 1914, Fitzgerald broke his promise to Curley and attempted to run for a second consecutive term. Curley made common cause with Daniel Coakley, and they secured Fitzgerald's withdrawal by threatening to expose a dalliance he had with a cigarette girl, Elizabeth "Toodles" Ryan—who was only 24, the same age as Fitzgerald's daughter Rose—at a local gambling club. Curley was elected in January 1914 to his first of four terms as Boston mayor.

Later political career
In 1916, Fitzgerald unsuccessfully challenged incumbent United States Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.

Fitzgerald won a close election for the House in 1918, but his opponent Peter F. Tague contested the race. Investigators found evidence of fraud in three precincts and when those precincts were eliminated they found Tague to be the winner. Fitzgerald served from March 4 until October 23, 1919, when the House voted unanimously that Fitzgerald had not won and that Tague had.

In 1922, Fitzgerald unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Governor of Massachusetts Channing Cox.

Retirement
In his later years, Fitzgerald focused on his business interests and on honing the political instincts of his daughter Rose's promising sons.

In 1930, he ran for Governor but withdrew late in the race for the Democratic nomination, citing his health. Despite his withdrawal, Fitzgerald received over 84,000 votes against eventual Governor Joseph B. Ely, as James Michael Curley encouraged Irish Catholic voters to support Fitzgerald in solidarity against the supposedly "anti-Irish" Ely.

In 1932, he campaigned for Franklin Delano Roosevelt for President. He was joined by James Michael Curley and P.J. Kennedy. Fitzgerald unsuccessfully tried to recruit Martin Lomasney to the cause as well. After Roosevelt won the election, Fitzgerald's son-in-law Joseph was appointed chairman of the new U.S. Maritime Commission. Joseph would later serve as chairman of the new U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and as U.S. ambassador to Great Britain.

In 1942, Fitzgerald ran a quixotic campaign for the U.S. Senate and lost the Democratic primary to Congressman Joseph E. Casey. (Daniel Coakley finished a distant fourth.)

In 1946, when John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy decided to run for Congress, 83-year-old Honey Fitz helped him plan his campaign strategy. At the victory celebration, Fitzgerald danced an Irish jig, sang "Sweet Adeline," and predicted that his grandson would someday occupy the White House. Shortly after his election to the presidency, President Kennedy renamed the presidential yacht the Honey Fitz in honor of his maternal grandfather.

Personal life
On September 18, 1889, Fitzgerald married his second cousin Mary Josephine "Josie" Hannon (1865–1964). She was a daughter of Michael Hannon and Mary Ann Fitzgerald. John and Mary had six children: Rose (1890–1995), Mary (1892–1936), Thomas (1895–1968), John Jr. (1897–1979), Eunice (1900–1923), and Frederick (1904–1935). They had nineteen grandchildren, including Rose's nine children with Joseph Kennedy.

Fitzgerald was a member of the Royal Rooters, an early supporters' club for Boston's baseball teams, particularly its American League team, the modern Boston Red Sox. At one point, he was the group's chairman and threw out the ceremonial opening pitch at Fenway Park's inaugural game on April 20, 1912, as well as in the 1912 World Series later that year. His great-granddaughter Caroline Kennedy threw out the first pitch at Fenway Park's 100th anniversary celebration on April 20, 2012.

Death
On October 2, 1950, Fitzgerald died in Boston at the age of eighty-seven. His funeral was one of the largest in the city's history. President Harry S. Truman sent his sympathies and Fitzgerald's pallbearers included two U.S. Senators (Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and Leverett Saltonstall) two future U.S. Speakers of the House (John McCormack and Tip O'Neill), and James Michael Curley. As "Honey Fitz" was carried to his final rest from Holy Cross Cathedral to St. Joseph Cemetery in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, a crowd of thousands gathered along the streets and sang "Sweet Adeline."

Legacy
Of his stylish manner, Robert Dallek wrote: He was a natural politician—a charming, impish, affable lover of people. ... His warmth of character earned him yet another nickname, "Honey Fitz," and he gained a reputation as the only politician who could sing "Sweet Adeline" sober and get away with it. A pixie-like character with florid face, bright eyes, and sandy hair, he was a showman who could have had a career in vaudeville.  But politics, with all the brokering that went into arranging alliances and the hoopla that went into campaigning, was his calling. A verse of the day ran: 'Honey Fitz can talk you blind / on any subject you can find / Fish and fishing, motor boats / Railroads, streetcars, getting votes.'  His gift of gab became known as Fitzblarney, and his followers as 'dearos,' a shortened version of his description of his district as 'the dear old North End.'The official name for the Central Artery highway in Boston was "The John F. Fitzgerald Expressway," until it was torn down in the 1990s as part of Boston's "Big Dig" project which eliminated the Central Artery and replaced it with a tunnel.  The resulting greenway above the tunnel where the expressway had been was named for Fitzgerald's daughter as the "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway."

See also
 Timeline of Boston, 1890s-1910s
 114th Massachusetts General Court (1893)

References

Print sources and further reading

 Holli, Melvin G., and Peter d'A. Jones, eds. Biographical dictionary of American mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981), p. 116-117.

External links

Fitzgerald election records at ourcampaigns.com

1863 births
1950 deaths
People from North End, Boston
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Mayors of Boston
Boston City Council members
Boston Latin School alumni
Boston College alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
Burials at St. Joseph Cemetery (West Roxbury, Massachusetts)
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Members of the United States House of Representatives removed by contest

John F. Fitzgerald


Ludwig the Bloodsucker was an American mythical figure and possible urban legend in New York City during the mid-to late 19th century. A longtime Bowery character, he was described as having vampire-like qualities. He was a "squat, swarthy German, with an enormous head crowned with a shock of bristly black hair. Huge bunches of hair grew out of his ears, and his unusual appearance was accentuated by another tuft which sprouted by the end of his nose" and supposedly had "hair growing out of every orifice". Ludwig was said to have preyed upon drunken customers of barroom brawls near Bismark Hall and the House of Commons and is claimed to have "quaffed human blood as if it were wine".

References

Vampirism (crime)
Urban legends
New York (state) folklore
American legendary creatures

Ludwig the Bloodsucker


Tsuen Wan is a football team which is now an associate member of HKFA which does not participate in any division of the existing league. It is different from the Tsuen Wan team which participates in the Hong Kong Third 'District' Division League.

The team entered the formed Third Division League in 1969–70. In the next season, the team was promoted to Second Division and captured the title immediately. In 1971–72, the team played its first First Division League season. It is the second team which got promoted from Third Division to First Division after Yuen Long. However, it relegated to Second Division again immediately in that season (26 matches played: 7 wins, 7 draws, 12 losses, 21 points).

In 1980–81, the team was promoted to First Division again by finishing a second place in the last season. However, it stayed in the bottom half of the league in the following 3 seasons (8th in 1980–1981, 6th in 1981–1982, 9th in 1982–1983). In 1983, Tsuen Wan rejected HKFA's retain offer and relegated to Second Division League.

In 1984–85, the team promoted to the First Division for the third time after finishing second in Second Division. Despite finishing at the bottom in that season, Tsuen Wan was retained by HKFA again to stay in First Division and the offer was accepted this time. The best league position achieved was 5th place in 1986–87. The team was also a 2 times runner-up for Hong Kong Senior Shield).

The team quit the league due to financial problems in 1989.

League Position History
1969–70: Third Division
1970–71: Champion (Second Division)
1971–72: Relegated (First Division)
1972–73: Second Division
1973–74: Second Division
1974–75: Second Division
1975–76: Second Division
1976–77: Second Division
1977–78: Second Division
1978–79: Second Division
1979–80: 2nd (Second Division)
1980–81: 8th
1981–82: 6th
1982–83: 9th (rejected HKFA's retain offer and relegated to Second Division League)
1983–84: 2nd (Second Division)
1984–85: Last place (retained by HKFA to stay in First Division)
1985–86: 6th
1986–87: 5th (Runners-up for Hong Kong Senior Shield and Viceroy Cup)
1987–88: 7th (Runners-up for Hong Kong Senior Shield and Hong Kong FA Cup)
1988–89: 7th

Notable players
  Gerry Creane (格連尼) (1982–83)
  Chris Galvin (加雲) (1981–83)
  Terry Lees (1982)
  Stuart Parker (柏克) (1981–82)
 Dave Roberts (羅拔士) (1981–83)

References
 甲組聯賽與地區球隊(二) (in Chinese)
 甲組聯賽與地區球隊(三) (in Chinese)

Defunct football clubs in Hong Kong

Tsuen Wan (football club)


Prostanthera althoferi is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae and is endemic to inland areas of Australia. It is an erect shrub with its stems and leaves densely covered with silvery, greyish-green hairs, and has narrow egg-shaped leaves and white to cream-coloured flowers with mauve or purple striations inside.

Description
Prostanthera althoferi is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of  with stems that are square in cross-section and densely covered with silvery, greyish-green hairs. The leaves are sessile, linear to narrow egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, densely covered with silvery, greyish-green hairs,  long and  wide. The flowers are arranged singly in four to twenty  leaf axils near the ends of branchlets, each flower on a densely hairy pedicel  long. The sepals form a green to cream-coloured, hairy tube tinged with maroon and  long with two lobes, the lower lobe broadly egg-shaped,  long and  wide, the upper lobe  long and  wide. The petals form a white to cream-coloured tube  long with mauve to purple striations inside. The lower lip has three lobes, the centre lobe spatula-shaped,  long and  wide and the side lobes  long and  wide.  The upper lip has two lobes  long and about  wide. Flowering occurs from March to October.

Taxonomy
Prostanthera althoferi was first formally described in 1988 by Barry Conn in the journal Nuytsia from specimens collected near Leonora in 1975. The specific epithet (althoferi) honours George Althofer. In the same journal, Conn described two subspecies and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
 Prostanthera althoferi B.J.Conn subsp. althoferi has leaves  long;
 Prostanthera althoferi subsp. longifolia B.J.Conn has leaves  long.

Distribution and habitat
This mintbush grows on sandplains, granite outcrops, low sandy rises and dunes. Subspecies althoferi is restricted to Western Australia where it is found in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Great Victoria Desert, Murchison and Yalgoo biogeographic regions. Subspecies longifolia occurs in the southern part of the Northern Territory and the northern arid and western pastoral regions and Eyre Peninsula in South Australia.

Conservation status
Prostanthera althoferi subsp. althoferi is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

References

althoferi
Flora of Western Australia
Flora of South Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Lamiales of Australia
Taxa named by Barry John Conn
Plants described in 1988

Prostanthera althoferi


Osadía ("Audacity" in Spanish) is a street theatre company formed in Barcelona, Spain in 1966 by artist Alex Rendon and featuring hair art.

Style of show
Osadia perform an innovative concept of hair art. Artists actively seek the audience participation - by asking for volunteers to have their hair 'done'. Each volunteer is invited to take a seat and let the artists use their imagination, creating daring and original hairstyles.

They also use various objects which have been made for the event, and these are placed on the heads of the participants. The head sculptures are inspired in the theme of the festival or event. Once finished, the 'creation' is a visual reminder of the event.

Performances
Osadia have performed at many venues, including the 1998 World Expo in Lisbon, the Edinburgh Fringe Festival - as well as venues across England, France, USA, Japan, Germany Spain and Italy.

Tollwood Festival, Munich / Sydney Mardi Gras, Australia / Trafalgar Square Festival, London, UK / Juste pour rire/Just for laughs, Montreal, Canada / The Esplanade Festival, Singapore / NZ International Festival, Wellington, New Zealand / Kleines Fest im Grossen Garten, Hanover / Daidogei World Cup, Shizuoka, Japan / Hogmanay, Edinburgh, Scotland / Festes de la Mercè, Barcelona

Press articles

"In Wellington, Art has gone to people´s heads." CNN. The Art Club

"OSADIA gathered crowds as they performed free psychedelic hairdos..." The Times

"..they are incredibly creative and quick (...) All hairdressers should try and see them -they are stunningly good." The Scotsman

"for those brave enough to take a seat in the barber´s chair, artistic duo will create weird, wild and wonderful hair sculptures using creative and innovative concepts of hairdressing. The less brave can simply watch the frantic creations take shape before their eyes." City of Sydney Times.

"...recklessly, I add myself to the onlookers who watch the mind-boggling hairdressing performance of Osadia." Mercedes Abad. El País

"Bewilderment and amazement (...). The "daring" of a special salon that works live." Santiago Fondevila. La Vanguardia

"Osadia´s repertoire includes performance as well as visual art. The show unfolds on a stage with two barber´s chairs and mirrors. The "hair sculptors" play up to the crowd in make up, costumes and theatrical headgear." The Dominion. Wellington. New Zealand

"This act, all the way from sunny Spain, were another favourite with the crowds. They create fantastically strange hairdo's on willing and brave audience members using a variety of materials and coloured sprays" BBC

References

External links
Official site
Osadia at YouTube
at YouTube
Osadia at YouTube
Osadia at YouTube

Street theatre
Theatre companies in Spain

Osadia


Josep Maria "Raimon" Obiols i Germà (born 5 August 1940, in Barcelona) is a Spanish politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), part of the Party of European Socialists. He is a high-ranking-member of the PSOE Catalonia wing, the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC). Obiols began his political career in 1977 when he was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Barcelona Province serving until 1984, when he resigned after being elected to the Parliament of Catalunya.

References

Politicians from Barcelona
Socialists' Party of Catalonia politicians
1940 births
Living people
Members of the constituent Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 1st Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 2nd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the Parliament of Catalonia
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party MEPs
MEPs for Spain 1999–2004
MEPs for Spain 2004–2009
MEPs for Spain 2009–2014

Raimon Obiols


Genoa  is an unincorporated town in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. Founded in 1851, it was the first settlement in what became the Nevada Territory. It is situated within Carson River Valley and is approximately  south of Reno. The population was 939 at the 2010 census. It is home to the oldest bar in the state of Nevada which opened in 1853.

History

Genoa was first settled by Mormon pioneers in what was then the Mexican territory of Alta California. The settlement originated as a trading post called Mormon Station, which served as a respite for travelers on the Carson Route of the California Trail. In June 1850, following the Mexican Cession, H.S. Beatie and fellow Mormons built a roofless log enclosure and corral as a trading post near a small stream. Migrants could obtain clothing, tobacco, meat, canned goods, coffee, beans, sugar, flour and bacon. The post was abandoned later that year. In 1851, John Reese arrived in the area with horses, cattle and a dozen wagons loaded with supplies to establish a permanent trading post. By 1852, migrant traffic through the area was heavy and the settlement expanded. A post office opened, a blacksmith shop was built, and sawmills were built. In 1856, Orson Hyde changed the name of the community to Genoa, after the Italian city. The original Mormon settlers withdrew in 1857 when they were recalled by Brigham Young due to the Utah War. Genoa served as the first capital of the Nevada Territory in 1861, until it was moved that year to Carson City.

Nevada's first newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise, was founded in Genoa in 1858, but moved to Virginia City in 1860. It was the site of the first ranch in Nevada.

Much of Genoa, including the original fort, station, and hotel, was destroyed in a fire in 1910, but a replica of the fort was built in 1947. Every year since 1919, Genoa has held a festival called the Candy Dance, where candy, food, and crafts are sold to support its town government. The Candy Dance is usually held during the final weekend of September. Many pioneers rest in the Genoa graveyard, including Snowshoe Thompson, his wife and his son.

A mile south of Genoa is David Walley's Resort, a famous natural hot springs and spa. It was first built in 1862 and known as Walley's Hot Springs. On October 1, 1934, Baby Face Nelson and members of his gang arrived at Walley's Hot Springs, hiding out for a month before returning to Chicago, where Nelson was shot by FBI agents.

Scenes from the 1973 movie Charley Varrick were filmed in Genoa, and the village was the set for the 1990 movie Misery, starring Kathy Bates, when the village doubled in size with buildings added and then removed after the filming.  Food writer M. F. K. Fisher wrote a series of cookbook reviews for The New Yorker from her sister's home in Genoa during the 1960s.

Genoa Historic District

The Genoa Historic District, seven miles north of Minden, Nevada, is a portion of the community of Genoa which, as a  historic district was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1975.  Historically known as Mormon Station, the historic area includes Late Victorian architecture;  it includes a courthouse and city hall among 29 contributing buildings.

Geography

Genoa is located on the western edge of the Carson Valley,  northwest of Minden, the Douglas County seat. Nevada State Route 206 enters Genoa from the south as Foothill Road, then turns east in the center of town onto Genoa Lane. According to the United States Census Bureau, the census-designated place of Genoa has a total area of , all land.

Climate
The area has a Köppen Climate Classification of Csb, which is a dry-summer subtropical climate often referred to as "Mediterranean".

Demographics

See also

 Mormon Station State Historic Park

Notes

References

External links

Census-designated places in Douglas County, Nevada
Unincorporated towns in Nevada
Pony Express stations
Populated places established in 1850
Nevada State Register of Historic Places
1851 establishments in Utah Territory
Victorian architecture in Nevada
Historic American Buildings Survey in Nevada

Genoa, Nevada


Mount Lafayette is a  mountain at the northern end of the Franconia Range in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, United States. It lies in the town of Franconia in Grafton County, and appears on the New England Fifty Finest list of the most topographically prominent peaks in New England. The mountain's upper reaches are located in the alpine zone, an area where only dwarf vegetation exists due to the harsh climate.

The mountain

Mount Lafayette is the highest point in the Franconia Range, a line of peaks along the east side of Franconia Notch.  It is the sixth highest peak in New Hampshire and the highest outside of the Presidential Range. It is the second most prominent peak in the state.

On the western side, its lower slopes lie inside Franconia Notch State Park.  The remainder of the mountain lies within the White Mountain National Forest.  The summit marks the western border of the Pemigewasset Wilderness Area within the WMNF.

Trails
A variety of trails lead up over 3,000 vertical feet (900 m) to its exposed summit. The Greenleaf Trail begins at the parking lot for the Cannon Mountain tramway and ascends to the Appalachian Mountain Club's Greenleaf Hut, then continues to the summit. The Bridle Path trail follows a western spur ridge of Lafayette from Lafayette Place Campground on Interstate 93 past Greenleaf Hut and joins the Greenleaf Trail, reaching the summit  after the hut. The peak is at the junction of the Garfield Ridge Trail, which follows the ridge northeast to Mount Garfield, and the Franconia Ridge Trail, which leads south to Mounts Lincoln, Liberty, and Flume.  Both the Garfield Ridge Trail and the Franconia Ridge Trail form part of the Appalachian Trail.

A very popular hike is to make a loop combining the three most notable summits of the Franconia Range.  The loop starts with the Old Bridle Path to the AMC Greenleaf Hut.  From there, one takes the Greenleaf Trail to the summit of Mt. Lafayette.  Turning south along the Franconia Ridge Trail, one passes over Mount Lincoln and Little Haystack, then descends via the Falling Waters Trail, which connects back with the beginning of the Old Bridle Path.  This loop is  long, with a cumulative elevation gain of about .

Climate

History
The mountain is named to honor General Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette, a French military hero who fought with and significantly aided the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Loved and adopted as an aide by George Washington during the conflict, Lafayette made a triumphal tour re-visiting New Hampshire and all the other then states in 1824-1825 celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill.

Notes and citations

See also

 White Mountains Region
 List of mountains in New Hampshire

External links
 19th-century Paintings of Mount Lafayette

  PeakBagger.com: Mount Lafayette
  Summitpost.org: Mount Lafayette
 AMC: Hiking Mount Lafayette
  hikethewhites.com: Mount Lafayette

Mountains of New Hampshire
White Mountains (New Hampshire)
Mountains of Grafton County, New Hampshire
New England Four-thousand footers
Mountains on the Appalachian Trail
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

Mount Lafayette


Cornelia Froboess (; born 28 October 1943) is a German actress and a teen idol of the 1950s and early 1960s. During that time, Froboess appeared in many West German and Austrian musical films, especially after the rock and roll wave had hit Germany. In those comedy films, she would often portray the typical  (brat from [West] Berlin) who craves independence from her strict parents.

Career
As Die Kleine Cornelia she had her first hit record in 1951, aged eight, with a song written by her father. "" ("Pack your bathing trunks") is a cheery tune about a group of children going swimming on a hot summer's day at Wannsee. The title of the song has become a set phrase and synonym for going swimming easily recognized even by speakers of German who have never heard of the song. As she grew up, she continued recording as Conny, then Conny Froboess.

In 1962, Froboess finished in sixth place at the Eurovision Song Contest, where she sang "" (Two little Italians) for Germany. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. The same year she appeared as herself in Jean Renoir's comedy film The Elusive Corporal.

Later, Froboess became a theatre and movie actress. In 1982, she appeared in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's film Veronika Voss. In 1988 she played Marthe Schwerdtlein in Goethe's Faust I, a performance that was also released as a film: Faust – Vom Himmel durch die Welt zur Hölle. In 1997 Froboess played the mother of the protagonist Martin Brest (Til Schweiger) in the film Knockin' on Heaven's Door. On stage, she appeared in Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm in 1976, staged by Dieter Dorn, and played Ellida in Ibsen's The Lady from the Sea in 1990. At the Salzburg Festival 2004, she played Mary Tyrone in Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night. The same year she played the title role in Bertolt Brecht's play Mother Courage and Her Children.

Selected filmography

 The Sinful Border (1951)
 Ideal Woman Sought (1952)
 Three Days of Fear (1952)
 Ten on Every Finger (1954)
 The Big Star Parade (1954)
 Let the Sun Shine Again (1955)
 Hula-Hopp, Conny (1959)
 Conny and Peter Make Music (1960)
 Mariandl (1961)
 My Husband, the Economic Miracle (1961)
 The Bird Seller (1962)
 The Model Boy (1963)
  (1963)
 Rheinsberg (1967)
 Crazy - Completely Mad (1973)
 Derrick – Season 4, episode 8: "Via Bangkok" (1977)
 Derrick – Season 5, episode 12: "Ute und Manuela" (1978)
 Derrick – Season 9, episode 2: "Eine Falle für Derrick" (1982)
 Veronika Voss (1982)
  (1986)
  (1988)
  (1994, TV film)
 Windstorm (2013)
  (2015)
  (2017)
  (2019)
  (2021)

Awards
1962: Goldene Schallplatte
1968:
1985: Member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
1990: Gertrud-Eysoldt-Ring
1994: Bavarian Film Award

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
People from Wriezen
Musicians from the Province of Brandenburg
Actors from the Province of Brandenburg
German film actresses
German television actresses
German stage actresses
20th-century German actresses
21st-century German actresses
German women singers
Schlager musicians
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Germany
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1962
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Cornelia Froboess


Joseph Betino (born 27 August 1966) is a Ghanaian politician and a member Eighth Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing Suaman Constituency in the Western North Region. He became a member of parliament on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress.

Early life and education
He comes from Nandom and was born on the 27th of August 1966. In 1990, Betino had his A level education.

Politics
Betino was formerly the District Chief Executive for the Suaman Constituency. He contested and won the NDC Parliamentary Primaries at Suaman Constituency to become the party's candidate for the December 2020 election. He pulled 8900 votes representing 51.2% of the total vote to win.

Committees
He serves as a member of the standing Order Committee of parliament and the  Food, Agriculture and Cocoa affairs Committee.

Personal life
He is a Christian.

References

Living people
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025
1966 births

Joseph Betino


Jesus College  is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford.

The college was founded by Elizabeth I on 27 June 1571 for the education of clergy, though students now study a broad range of secular subjects.

A major driving force behind the establishment of the college was Hugh Price (or Ap Rhys), a churchman and lawyer from Brecon in Wales. The college continues to be associated informally with Wales to this day.

The oldest buildings, in the first quadrangle, date from the 16th and early 17th centuries; a second quadrangle was added between about 1640 and about 1713, and a third quadrangle was built in about 1906. Further accommodation was built on the main site to mark the 400th anniversary of the college, in 1971, and student flats have been constructed at sites in north and east Oxford.

The life of the college was disrupted by the English Civil War. Little happened at the college during the 18th century, and the 19th century saw a decline in numbers and academic standards.

Reforms of Oxford University after two Royal Commissions in the latter half of the 19th century led to removal of many of the restrictions placed on the college's fellowships and scholarships. This meant the college was no longer mostly Welsh students and academics. Students' academic achievements rose in the early 20th century as fellows were appointed to teach in new subjects. Women were first admitted in 1974 and now form a large part of the undergraduate population.

There are about 475 students. The Principal of the college is Lord Krebs, the son of the Nobel Prize winner Hans Krebs. Former students include Harold Wilson (twice British Prime Minister), Norman Washington Manley (Chief Minister of Jamaica) and T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia").

The university's Chair (professorship) of Celtic is attached to the college.

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1571 establishments
1570s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in England

Jesus College, Oxford


Blue stain fungi (also known as sap stain fungi) is a vague term including various fungi that cause dark staining in sapwood. The staining is most often blue, but could also be grey or black. Because the grouping is based solely on symptomatics, it is not a monophyletic grouping.

Included species
Depending on the author, the group can include between 100 and 250 species of ascomycetes and so-called deuteromycetes. They are usually divided into three different groups:
 Ascomycete fungi from the genera Ceratocystis, Ophiostoma, Ceratocystiopsis, Grosmannia. These are usually transmitted between trees by bark beetles of the subfamily Scolytinae.
 Several black yeasts including Hormonema dematioides, Aureobasidium pullulans, Rhinocladiella atrovirens, and Phialophora species.
 Several dark molds such as Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium sphaerospermum and C. cladosporioides.

Importance of the symbiotic relationship between blue stain fungi and bark beetles.

Symbiotic association between bark beetles and species of blue stain fungi is a well-known and studied phenomenon in the forestry pathology. Some bark beetle species like Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) feed on phloem layer just underneath the bark of a lodgepole pines when they are developing from larval to adult stage. Mountain Pine Beetle carry the spores of at least 2 known blue stain fungi species, Ophiostoma clavigerum and Ophiostoma montium.  These spores are carried on the exoskeleton of the beetles from one tree to another and aid the insects in overcoming defence mechanisms of different pine species. After the beetles initiate their attack and bore through the bark spores are released. These spores immediately start to multiply and block important conductive vessels within the tree tissues. The tree loses its ability to produce resin and to defend itself.

Trade and pulp production problems associated with blue stain fungi

Developing spores of the blue stain fungi are a concern in packaging materials used for shipping from Canada to Australia. Potential of introducing invasive species of fungi.

According to Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada the wood infected with the blue stain fungus have a high proportion of fines that are not suitable for pulp production.

Economic importance

The major economic damage caused by the blue stain fungi is aesthetic because of the usually undesirable discoloration of wood. Blue stain fungi do not affect the strength of wood. In some cases the staining is desirable in fine wood crafting applications where it is called spalting.

References

External links
 Stem Decays and Stains

Phytopathology
Ascomycota
Deuteromycota
Fungus common names

Blue stain fungi


Petfinder is an internet company that operates the largest online pet adoption website serving all of North America. The company reports that it currently lists "more than 315,000 adoptable pets from nearly 14,000 animal shelters and rescue groups." A commercial enterprise founded in 1996, it is now owned by Nestlé Purina PetCare Company and reports that it has facilitated more than 22 million pet adoptions as of 2013. Most of the pets listed on Petfinder are dogs and cats, but they list all types of animals available from shelters and rescue groups, from small fish, reptiles and birds to horses and livestock.

History
Betsy Banks Saul and Jared Saul came up with the idea of Petfinder.org in early 1996, when Betsy was working for New Jersey's urban forestry program while completing her Master's thesis at Clemson University.

In 2005, Petfinder launched a large database of pets rescued from the effects of Hurricane Katrina. Major animal welfare agencies cooperated to assist in reuniting pets with their owners through the Animal Emergency Response Network (AERN). The database eventually had nearly 23,000 pets listed, 3,200 pets of which were eventually returned to their owners. The database also included nearly 26,000 requests for rescue from people who left animals behind and another 8,000 lost-animal notices.

In 2006, Discovery Communications bought Petfinder for $35 million. Once acquired, Petfinder was part of Animal Planet Media Enterprises, but was later moved out of Animal Planet and into Discovery Communications' digital media group. Betsy Banks Saul was still involved with Petfinder as were many of Petfinder's original employees. Betsy Banks Saul and Jared Saul are also founding board members of the Petfinder Foundation.

In 2013, Nestlé Purina PetCare Company announced the acquisition of Petfinder from Discovery Communications, noting it was Nestle's first major acquisition of a digital property. The company said it plans to add information on pet nutrition and welfare to the website.

Awards and accolades
In 2008, Time magazine named it as one of the 50 Best Websites. Because of her impact on animal welfare, Betsy Banks Saul, Petfinder's co-founder, was named by Woman's Day magazine as one of 50 influential women who are changing the world. Its mobile site was launched in 2008 and received a People's Voice Webby award in 2014. Petfinder was featured in an iPhone commercial. In 2010, Time magazine named it one of the top 10 iPhone apps.

Petfinder Foundation
In 2003, Petfinder started the Petfinder Foundation, a nonprofit that provides grants to other charities or organizations that help prevent the euthanasia of pets. The program is supported by private donors and corporate partners like Orvis and Volvo, among others.

See also
 DogsBlog.com—a similar program in the UK

References

External links

American websites
Pet websites
Animal welfare
Organizations established in 1996

Petfinder


46th CAS Awards
February 27, 2010

Theatrical Releases:
The Hurt Locker

The 46th Cinema Audio Society Awards, which were held on February 27, 2010, honored the outstanding achievements in sound mixing in film and television of 2009.

Winners and nominees

Film
 The Hurt Locker — Ray Beckett and Paul N. J. Ottosson
 Avatar — Tony Johnson, Christopher Boyes, Gary Summers, and Andy Nelson
 District 9 — Ken Saville, Michael Hedges, and Gilbert Lake
 Star Trek — Peter J. Devlin, Paul Massey, Andy Nelson, and Anna Behlmer
 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen — Peter J. Devlin, Paul Massey, Andy Nelson, and Anna Behlmer

Television

Series
 Mad Men (Episode: "Guy Walks Into an Advertising Agency") 24 (Episode: "10:00 p.m. – 11:00 p.m.")
 Battlestar Galactica (Episode: "Daybreak", Part 2)
 Desperate Housewives (Episode: "Boom Crunch")
 Glee (Episode: "Wheels")

Miniseries or Television Film
 Grey Gardens
 Endgame
 House (Episode: "Broken")
 Into the Storm
 Taking Chance

References

2009 film awards
2009 television awards
2009 guild awards
Cinema Audio Society Awards
2010 in American cinema

Cinema Audio Society Awards 2009


Bernie James (born November 25, 1958 in Coventry, England) is a former U.S. soccer player and current youth soccer coach.  James spent twenty-four years as a professional, both beginning and ending his career with different versions of the Seattle Sounders.  He played in the North American Soccer League, Major Indoor Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League and A-League.  He served as an assistant coach with the Sounders for seven seasons and as interim head coach for one.  He was a member of the U.S. Olympic soccer team which qualified for, but did not play in, the 1980 Summer Olympics due to the United States' boycott in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.  He also earned two caps with the U.S. national team in 1988.

High school
While born in England, James grew up along with his brothers: Greg, Joe, Chris, and David and sister Tara, in Washington state.  He attended Bellevue High School in Bellevue, Washington where he was a four-year letterman on the boys' soccer team.  He was named to the all League team as a senior in 1977.

NASL
Rather than attending college, James chose to sign with the Seattle Sounders of the North American Soccer League (NASL) after graduating from high school. In his two and a half years with the Sounders, he never played a first team game; instead, he saw time only with the reserve team during the 1978 and 1979 seasons. The Sounders traded him to the Edmonton Drillers in 1980 where he became an integral part of the team over the next three seasons. In addition to playing outdoor with the Drillers, James was a significant part of the 1980–1981 and 1981–1982 NASL indoor seasons. In 1981, Edmonton won the NASL indoor championship over the Chicago Sting. The Drillers folded at the end of the 1982 outdoor season and James jumped to Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL).

MISL
James signed with the Cleveland Force of MISL in 1982 and spent five seasons with them.  He was named the 1982-1983 MISL Defender of the Year.  In 1987, he moved to the Tacoma Stars for two seasons before returning to Cleveland to join the Cleveland Crunch which had replaced the Force when that team folded in 1988.  James spent two more seasons in MISL with the Force, being named a second team All Star in his last season, 1990-1991.

APSL/A-League
In 1988 and 1989, James played two seasons with the Seattle Storm of the Western Soccer Alliance.  In 1990, the WSA merged with the American Soccer League to form the American Professional Soccer League.  In April 1994, James signed with the Seattle Sounders of the (APSL) as a player/coach.  He played seventeen games of the 1994 season, but was injured during the 1995 pre-season and played no games as the Sounders won the APSL championship.  He returned to the field in 1996, seeing time in six games as Seattle won its second consecutive league championship.  In 1997, he was fully recovered from injury, anchoring the Sounders defense during thirty-three games.  That year, the APSL merged with the USISL and became known as the A-League.  James announced his intention to retire during the 2000 pre-season.  He played six games that year and retired at the end of the season.

National and Olympic teams
In 1979, James was selected for the U.S. soccer team at the 1979 Pan Am Games. The U.S. went 2–0 in first-round group play before dropping both of its second-round group games.

In 1979 and 1980, James was part of the U.S. Olympic soccer team as it qualified for the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow. However, James and his team mates were unable to compete when President Jimmy Carter boycotted the games following the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan.

James earned his first cap with the U.S. national team in a 1–1 tie with Chile on January 6, 1988. Neil Megson, later coach of the Sounders, replaced James in the second half. His second national team game came on March 6, 1988. This was a 3–1 loss to Chile. James again started the game but came off for Joey Kirk.

Coaching
In 1997, James was hired by Roosevelt High School in Seattle, Washington to coach its girls' soccer team.  That year he also became a coach with Crossfire Premier Soccer Club where he continues to coach today.  In 2003, he became the club's boys' director of coaching.

James became interim head coach of the Sounders when Neil Megson resigned on April 19, 2001.  The Sounders finished the season 14-13-2 and failed to make the playoffs. . Currently, James coaches at Crossfire, a youth soccer club in the Eastside, where he coaches at the Premier Boys  level.

Honors
 1982–1983 MISL Defender of the Year
 1990–1991 Second Team All MISL

References

External links
 Crossfire Premier Soccer profile
 2000 Sounders Media Guide
 Career retrospective with all stats

1958 births
Living people
American expatriate sportspeople in Canada
American expatriate men's soccer players
American Professional Soccer League players
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
Cleveland Crunch (original MISL) players
Cleveland Force (original MISL) players
Edmonton Drillers (1979–1982) players
English emigrants to the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Seattle Storm (soccer) players
Men's association football defenders
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Footballers from Coventry
Sportspeople from Bellevue, Washington
Soccer players from King County, Washington
Seattle Sounders (1974–1983) players
Seattle Sounders (1994–2008) players
Tacoma Stars players
United States men's international soccer players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Western Soccer Alliance players
Footballers at the 1979 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for the United States

Bernie James


Four Months is an independent release by Muscles that was available from his website and at his shows.

Track listing
"Elisa"
"Bush Fire"
"Lovers Say Goodnight"
"Corner of her Jacket"
"Memory Pre"
"One Inch Badge Pin"
"Close Up Boyband Breakdown"
"Explode"
"Massage"
"Gall"
"Qualify"
"Warehouse Space"
"Come Over and Listen to Records"
"Exercise with Caution"
"Dragonfly"
"Rainbow Skylight"
"Caramel Blue"
"Mispronouncing Wine"
"Earpiece"
"Think We're Losing You"

Muscles (musician) albums
Self-released albums

Four Months


Gabbinbar is a heritage-listed villa at 344-376 Ramsay Street, Toowoomba, Middle Ridge, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Willoughby Powell for the Rev. Dr. William Lambie Nelson and built in 1876 by Richard Godsall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History

Gabbinbar Homestead is a low-set, single-storey timber residence built for The Reverend William Lambie Nelson in 1876.

Rev Nelson was of Scottish origin and arrived in Australia in 1853 after being invited by the Sydney Presbytery to take spiritual charge of the Presbyterians in the district of Ipswich. He resigned from this position in 1860 to take up pastoral pursuits on the Moonie River. Prior to his resignation, he was encouraging subscriptions for a new Church of Scotland to be built in Toowoomba, and he was identified as a Presbyterian minister in Toowoomba in 1868.

Although the title for the land on which Gabbinbar is located was not transferred to Nelson until 1870, it is thought that he purchased it in 1863.

The first structure built on the property of approximately  was a small red brick house, which remains and is now used as the kitchen. In 1876, this initial structure was greatly added to in the form of a long, low set timber residence. Designed by Toowoomba architect Willoughby Powell and constructed by local builder, Richard Godsall, it comprised a central entrance vestibule flanked by two large rooms on either side and a connecting hall at the rear. French doors opened from all rooms onto  wide verandahs, which surrounded the core. It was described in 1940 as a long cream-walled house, with wide-spreading verandahs and simple gracious lines fronting verdant lawns and gay flower-beds.

The setting contributes to the picturesque qualities of the place which is entered through one of two heavily treed driveways. The carriage loop is still evident in front of the house, which is surrounded by rose gardens and many species of mature trees including jacarandas, palms, bunya pines and most notably, an immense Moreton Bay fig at the intersection of the two driveways.

In 1881, James Marks tendered for additions, alterations and painting at Gabbinbar. It is thought that this was the addition of the ballroom and guest rooms on the southern side of the house. The ballroom is immense, and was also a venue for family wedding receptions and Christmas parties, and probably for many social events during occupancy by the Governors.

In June 1887, the Rev Nelson died and his son Hugh took over Gabbinbar. Sir Hugh Muir Nelson was born in Scotland and migrated to Australia with his family in 1853. He managed many early Queensland stations, including three for his father, and later, Eton Vale for Hodgson and Watts. He later acquired the property of Louden near Dalby with Watts. His first attempt at entering politics in 1879 was unsuccessful, however by 1883 he was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Northern Downs. This was the beginning of an active political career during which he served as the first Secretary for Railways and Public Works, Treasurer of Queensland, Premier of Queensland and Lieutenant Governor. It was during Sir Hugh's time at Gabbinbar that the place became the focus of many social events on the Downs.

Sir Hugh died in 1906 and Gabbinbar was passed to his son Duncan, who was at the time managing a family property in Northern Queensland. He did not return to Gabbinbar for some years, and the house was occupied by Lady Nelson and her daughter Maud.

From 1906 to 1909, Gabbinbar was the summer residence of the Governor of Queensland, Lord Chelmsford and his family. The publication "Darling Downs: The Garden of Australia", refers to this stating that Toowoomba, the recognised summer resort of Queensland, is thronged with visitors in the warmer months. The State Governor, Lord Chelmsford, has his summer residence, here, leasing "Gabbinbar", the property of Lady Nelson, widow of the late Sir H. M Nelson......for several years, Premier of the State. The use of the residence as a summer retreat for the governor continued the pattern of use of several Toowoomba residences in this manner. Fernside was used as a place of summer residence by Sir Arthur Kennedy, Governor of Queensland from 1877 to 1883, while Harlaxton House was rented by Lord Lamington, the eighth governor of Queensland (1896-1901).

The same publications describes the area in which Gabbinbar was located as comprising suburban farms and gardens [growing] apples, pears, apricots, peaches, nectarines, mulberries, oranges, strawberries, plums, loquats, quinces and other fruits. The remembrances of Ellie Pacey who lived near Gabbinbar  also describes the area as a fruit growing region. She also remembers a couple living at the lodge (gatehouse) who opened the gates for visitors who rang the bell.

The building now known as the school house was moved to the site in 1932. It is thought to have previously been a church, but was used as a billiards room and is sited picturesquely in a wooded area adjacent to the main house.

In 1936, Duncan Nelson died, leaving his widow Colina at Gabbinbar. Colina remained at the property until 1970, apart from the period between May 1942 and July 3 when the house was used by the 2/1st Corps Field Survey Company AIF to house the survey, drafting and reproduction sections. At the end of their occupation, the Defence Department commissioned Cliff Williamson to supervise restoration of the house to the condition prior to Army occupation. Colina Nelson sold the property to Treveren and Joan Liesegang in 1970. At this stage, the house had no electricity and inadequate plumbing. Upgrading of these services and much maintenance and repair works was undertaken by the Liesegangs. They ensured the property remained accessible to the public, using it as a venue for various fund raising events.

In 1992, another building was moved onto the property at the rear of the main house on what was thought to be the site of an earlier cottage. The new building was previously the cottage of well known naturalist Mr Pat Walker, known locally as the "spider man" due to his scientific work with spiders. Walker was associated with Gabbinbar, having collected funnel-web spiders from the site for use at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratory where a vaccine was developed. He was also long-time friends with the Liesegangs.

When the property changed ownership in 1995, it was unoccupied and in a deteriorated state.

In about 2000, the property was purchased by Barry Bernoth to convert into a wedding venue. However, it took some time for him to persuade the Toowoomba City Council to allow the house to be used for that purpose. Having eventually gained council approval and after painstaking restoration the property, weddings have been held at Gabbinbar since 2012.

Description

Gabbinbar is located in a picturesque garden setting and is surrounded by a number of buildings and garden elements, some of which are also significant.

Access to the house is provided by two driveways, the first of which has a house, known as the gatehouse at its entrance. This building is a small weatherboard structure with a corrugated iron roof and a side verandah with a corner entrance. It is surrounded by mature plantings, including a jacaranda tree and a substantial plot of bamboo.

The second driveway leads to the rear of the house, past a small cottage which was relocated to the site. This cottage is a typical late nineteenth century timber house, and a plaque on its front attributes it to the residence of Gerald Walker, naturalist and "spider man" of Toowoomba. The entire interior of this house is unpainted. It is currently unoccupied and appears to be a store for items, possibly from the main house. At the rear of this building is a small garage and further to the rear, a small outbuilding.

On the opposite side of the driveway, and nearer to the principal house is a building known as the billiards room, or the schoolhouse. It is of chamferboard construction, with a gable roof of corrugated iron. The front gable is finished with a decorative bargeboard, similar in style to those on the main house. Access is via a central door which is reached by a timber step. Double hung windows are located on either side of the front door, and three evenly spaced double hung windows are located along each side elevation. Internally, the walls are clad in unpainted vertical boarding and a brick fireplace is located at the rear. The ceiling, of which the central section is flat and the sides and ends are angled, is also boarded and painted pale green.

The two driveways intersect at one side of the main house and continue to form a carriage loop in front of the house. At the intersection, near the billiards room is an immense fig tree. The carriage loop extends to the fence line on the opposite side of the house, where views extend to the range.

A fence also runs parallel to the front of the house and incorporates an early gate. Beyond this is a pagoda and another outbuilding, with recent additions.

The main house is surrounded by mature plantings including jacarandas, bunya pines, palms and figs. In the centre of the carriage loop is a circular grassed area with a standard rose in the centre, and to one side is a circular rose garden. On the opposite end of the house to the entrance is a grassed terrace with new plantings around the edges. At one end are large pines which flank a set of stone steps.

The principal house faces north and comprises the long and low-set section at the front, with the original kitchen and additions extending at the rear to form a "U" shape. The front section was originally encircled with open verandahs, and although much of these have been enclosed, they are still evident through the retention of verandah posts and the varied pitch of the ceilings. The front or northern face has an open verandah, which is enclosed on either side.

Access to the house is via a set of low, wide steps which are centrally located and lead to the verandah. The verandah roof is separate from the main roof and is supported by a series of double posts with simply designed collars and fascias. The verandah projects outward at either end, which coincides with gable roofs running at right angles to the main roof line. Brick chimneys with terracotta stacks are located at either end of the main roof, and a small triangular pediment is incorporated into the verandah roof over the entrance steps.

The main entrance door is of cedar with side and fan lights and is flanked by four sets of French doors on either side. The entrance opens into a vestibule from which access is gained through a plaster archway to a hallway beyond. Cedar doors open into large rooms on either side of the vestibule. The hallway runs the length of the house and opens into large rooms at either end. All of these rooms have substantial timber cornices, of varying designs, plaster or metal ceiling roses, cedar joinery and marble or timber fireplaces, also of varying designs and colour. French doors allow access, both to the front open verandah, and in the case of the end rooms, to the enclosed side verandahs. The side verandahs are enclosed with leadlight windows which pivot from the upper and lower edges.

Behind the southern end of the house is a substantial ballroom with a decorative plaster ceiling and walk-through windows at either end. These open onto a grassed terrace at the southern end and an enclosed verandah at the opposite end. Extending along the long axis of the ballroom is a hallway with a timber archway at one end and a doorway at the other, which also leads to the grassed terrace. From this hallway opens three rooms, of which the southern one is the largest and incorporates a bay window. These three rooms have French doors which open onto a simple verandah. A bathroom is located at the end of the verandah.

The earliest part of the house is the kitchen wing at the rear which is constructed of red bricks. The rear verandah is partially enclosed and lined with plasterboard and now operates as a laundry. Fireplaces and brick ovens remain on either side of a wall which divides the space into two rooms. This section is connected to the principal building by enclosed verandahs. An early verandah post below box guttering remains in this room, as do a series of bells, mounted on what would have been an external wall.

Current Use
As at 2018, Gabbinbar Homestead and its gardens are used for weddings. Within the Gabbinbar Homestead there are a number of the original rooms which still retain their period features. The conservatory has a glass ceiling which creates a light-filled room.

Heritage listing
Gabbinbar was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Gabbinbar demonstrates the pattern of Queensland's history by following the pattern of the construction of substantial houses on the Downs by the "Pure Merinos" which came to be used as summer resorts by the various Governors. It is also demonstrative of the development of the Darling Downs from a sparsely populated pastoral region to one of prosperity.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.

Due to the early date of the place, and its relative intactness, the potential exists for further historical and archaeological research which may yield additional information about the site.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

The place demonstrates the principal characteristics of its class through the inclusion of substantial entertaining rooms, associated outbuildings and extravagance of design and materials.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

It has immense aesthetic significance due to the siting of the buildings in a semi-rural, picturesque environment. The main house has significant architectural merit due to its high degree of materials, detailing and finishes, both internally and externally. Other building are also aesthetically significant, both for their individual merit and for their complementary association with the main house.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Gabbinbar has special association with the community of Toowoomba as a well-known early residence and summer resort of the Governors of Queensland. It also has a strong association with the 2/1st Corps Field Survey Company, AIF as a base during the Second World War, who recently held a reunion at the house.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

The principal section of Gabbinbar was constructed for The Reverend William Lambie Nelson in 1876. It was built as a substantial addition to the first brick house on the property, which is thought to have been constructed .

Rev William Lambie Nelson was instrumental in the establishment of a Presbyterian Church in Toowoomba, having previously served in Ipswich. He also owned pastoral properties and purchased the  on which Gabbinbar was located after passing through the area in the early 1860s.

The place is also associated with Willoughby Powell and Richard Godsall, architect and builder respectively of the 1876 section, and with James Marks, architect of the southern extension. It also has special association with early Presbyterian and political family, the Nelsons whose direct descendants resided at Gabbinbar until 1970, and with the Governor of Queensland, Lord Chelmsford, who used the place as a summer resort from 1906 to 1909.

References

Attribution

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Buildings and structures in Toowoomba
Houses in Queensland
1876 establishments in Australia
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Willoughby Powell buildings
Toowoomba

Gabbinbar Homestead


(Northern Barmbek) is a quarter of Hamburg, Germany, in the borough of Hamburg-Nord. It is located in the east of Hamburg-Nord, approximately five kilometers from Hamburg city center. Barmbek-Nord is a densely built-up area.

Barmbek-Nord borders the quarters of Ohlsdorf, Steilshoop, Bramfeld, Wandsbek, Dulsberg, Barmbek-Süd and Winterhude.

History

Barmbek-Nord was farmland until the end of the 19th century. A workers' district, its population mainly grew in size during industrialization in the 1910s and 1920s, although it did also have industrial structures itself. In 1907, the Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn (Hamburg - Altona urban and suburban railway, now incorporated into Hamburg S-Bahn) with the Barmbeck station, now Barmbek station started operation. In Barmbek-Nord the stations of Rübenkamp (1913), later Alte Wöhr (1931) opened. In 1912, the Hamburger Hochbahn started operating the first part of the Hamburg U-Bahn circle line from Barmbek station via Mundsburg to central station. In 1930 the track to the station of Habichtstraße opened.

In 1913 the hospital of Barmbek, (Allgemeines Krankenhaus Barmbek, today Asklepios Klinik Barmbek), was also established. Until the incorporation of neighboring villages Bramfeld and Steilshoop 1937 by the Greater Hamburg Act the present-day quarters of Barmbek-Nord and Dulsberg, which were then still named Barmbeck along with Barmbek-Süd, formed a part of the Hamburger eastern border with Prussia. In 1937, Barmbek-Nord became a part of Hamburg, and has remained that way since. Barmbek-Nord faced major destruction during the Bombing of Hamburg in World War II. In the 1970s and 1980s the quarter underwent economic structural change, parts of the population moving away. Meanwhile it turned from a workers quarter into a more family-friendly environment. To date it is a vivid quarter, especially around Barmbek station and the major shopping street of Fuhlsbüttler Straße.

Politics
These are the results of Barmbek-Nord in the Hamburg state election:

References

External links

 Barmbek-Nord, Hamburg.de

Quarters of Hamburg
Hamburg-Nord

Barmbek-Nord


Chris Myers (born ) is an American sportscaster. He has covered the Super Bowl, the World Series, the NBA Finals, the NCAA Final Four, The Masters, the U.S. Open, the Triple Crown, the Olympics, and the Daytona 500.

Early life and career
Chris Myers broke into broadcasting as a 16-year-old high school student when he hosted his own show on Miami's WKAT radio. He graduated from Chaminade High School, followed by Miami Dade Community College and Florida International University. In the 1980s, Myers hosted a sports radio call-in show on WIOD-AM in Miami before moving to New Orleans to work for broadcast station WWL.

ESPN (1988–1998)
Myers spent ten years (1988-1998) at ESPN, hosting SportsCenter, Baseball Tonight, and other shows. He received an Emmy for the interview program Up Close, on which he was the first to conduct live interviews with O. J. Simpson after both his murder trial and wrongful death civil lawsuit.

Myers reported during the 1989 San Francisco earthquake at the World Series. He was the only on-scene reporter who stayed on the air through the night broadcasting from Atlanta during the Centennial Olympic Park bombing.

Fox Sports (1998–present)
In December 1998, Myers joined Fox Sports and Fox Sports Net, where he was one of the anchors of Fox Sports News (later rebranded as the National Sports Report) and the weekly sports magazine program Goin' Deep. In 2005, he debuted The Chris Myers Interview on FSN (which would later go on to become a podcast). In 2000, Myers joined Fox Sports Radio where he currently hosts his own interview show, CMI, which is heard on over 200 affiliates. Myers conducted the last public interview with the late John Wooden in April 2010 on CMI.

Myers has been the studio host for Fox NASCAR coverage since the network began coverage in 2001, up until 2018 when Fox Sports went to a studio format in their Charlotte studios. He also serves as an announcer and/or a reporter for Fox NFL, Fox College Football, and Fox Major League Baseball, and was a reporter for Fox's coverage of the Bowl Championship Series.

Myers has been a reporter on multiple Super Bowls and World Series for the Fox television network.

Fox NFL
Myers has worked for the NFL on Fox since 2003 as either a play-by-play commentator and/or a sideline reporter.

Myers has been working NFL play-by play for Fox since 2005. He has a full NFL play-by-play schedule with Daryl Johnston and sideline reporter Laura Okmin.
Myers' previous NFL on FOX partners include: Tim Ryan and Ronde Barber.

During Fox's coverage of the NFC playoffs and the Super Bowl (when FOX has the rights to it), Myers joins Joe Buck, Troy Aikman, and Erin Andrews.

During a Detroit Lions and New Orleans Saints game, on September 13, 2009, Myers made a remark about linebacker Larry Foote's decision to leave the perennially strong Pittsburgh Steelers to play for Detroit, "That's like going from dating Beyoncé to Whoopi Goldberg!".

Myers visited the American armed forces in Qatar on behalf of Fox Sports, and gave a live broadcast with the armed forces on the pre-game show before the New Orleans Saints played the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving Day 2010.

MLB on Fox
On July 14, 2012, Myers called his first MLB on Fox game with Eric Karros when the New York Mets played against the Atlanta Braves at Turner Field. Myers called MLB games for Fox in 2012 and 2013, before moving back to the studio for the 2014 season.

In 2014, Myers began hosting MLB Whiparound, a nightly show aired weeknights on Fox Sports 1 featuring quick turnaround-highlights, news, and analysis live from Los Angeles.

Fox NASCAR (2001–present)
Myers, along with Jeff Hammond, Darrell Waltrip, and Michael Waltrip, formerly hosted NASCAR RaceDay, Pizza Hut Prerace Show, and NASCAR Victory Lane during Fox's coverage of NASCAR. His first NASCAR race was the 2001 Daytona 500 where the finish was overshadowed by the death of Dale Earnhardt. Days before the beginning of the 2012 season, his son Christopher was killed in an auto accident. Myers took a bereavement leave and returned to the broadcast two weeks later. For 2019 and 2020, Myers' FOX NASCAR schedule was reduced to just the Daytona 500 only. In 2021, Myers returned to hosting pre-race coverage at the track for the entire portion of Fox's broadcast season, this time being joined by Jeff Gordon and Clint Bowyer.

Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show (2017–present)
In 2017, Myers was named host for FS1's evening coverage of both nights of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, initially with WKC Director of Communications Gail Miller Bisher, dog show judge Jason Hoke was added in 2018. Myers also in 2017, hosted Fox's annual documentary on the event, Crowned: Inside the Westminster Dog Show.

Boxing on Fox (2019–present)
In 2019, Myers began doing play-by-play and hosting for Fox's Premier Boxing Champions broadcasts.

Fox Sports: The Home Game (2020-present)
Myers hosts the sports and pop culture game show Fox Sports: The Home Game along with two celebrity guests each week.

Other appearances
Myers has hosted shows and events on the Discovery Channel, Tennis Channel, Military Channel, and Marquee Sports Network and has appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! numerous times. Myers also serves as the play-by-play commentator for Tampa Bay Buccaneers preseason games that air locally on WTSP-TV, after having the same role for WFLA-TV from 2003 to 2010. In 2021 Myers was named as a fill-in announcer for Chicago Cubs telecasts on Marquee Sports.

FILM Media Networks (2022–present)
Myers announced via a press release on his Instagram account  that he joined the ownership group of startup sports journalism brand, FILM Media Networks. FILM Media is the parent company to social media brands such as Gridiron on Tap, which covers the NFL and NCAA Football. Gridiron on Tap became known through viral Facebook graphics and recently launched its website to create a new avenue of journalism to provide professional fact-based reports on both the NFL and NCAA. FILM Media is also the parent company to Hoops on Tap, the newly launched Cup Series on Tap which will follow NASCAR's Cup Series providing year-round coverage. and the Gridiron on Tap Podcast Network. "I am excited to be involved on the ground floor of a credible informational and entertaining sports platform on social media such as Gridiron on Tap," Myers said in a statement on the company's official website.

In 2001 Myers made a cameo appearance in the movie Rat Race.

References

External links

Living people
American horse racing announcers
American television sports anchors
American television sports announcers
American television talk show hosts
Myers, Chris
Chicago Cubs announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
ESPN people
Fox Sports 1 people
Golf writers and broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Motorsport announcers
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
New Orleans television reporters
People from Miami
Sports Emmy Award winners
Tampa Bay Buccaneers announcers
Television anchors from Miami
Tennis commentators
XFL (2020) broadcasters
Year of birth missing (living people)

Chris Myers


Werner Mark Linz (6 April 1935 – 9 February 2013) was a German-American publisher who specialised in educational and international publishing in the Americas, Europe and the Middle East. He was born in Cologne, Germany, in 1935. He studied humanities at the University of Frankfurt and continued his education in the United States. In 1960 he moved permanently to New York and became a naturalised United States citizen.

Linz held senior executive position in New York with Herder & Herder, McGraw-Hill, and the Seabury Press in the 1960s and 1970s, before establishing the Continuum and Crossroad publishing companies, and serving as the Continuum Group's president and publisher in New York from 1979 to 1999. He was the co-founder in 2000 of the Continuum International Publishing Group in London and New York.

In 1984 Linz became director of the American University in Cairo Press, first for two years, and then from 1995 until 2011. On returning to Cairo in 1995 he collaborated with Naguib Mahfouz to establish the Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature, an annual literary prize for a work of fiction in Arabic, with the guarantee of translation and publication in English for the winner. Among his authors at the AUC Press were Naguib Mahfouz, the first Arabic writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, Ahmed Zewail, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, archaeologist Zahi Hawass and Pope Shenouda III, head of the Coptic Church.

Linz retired from the AUC Press in 2011, at the age of seventy-six. He was an active member of the Association of American Publishers, the American Society for Scholarly Publishing and the Publishers Club in New York. A long-time resident of Rye, New York, he was an avid sailor and member of the American Yacht Club.

References

External links
Obituary in Banipal
Arabic Literature Blog
Egypt Independent
Publishing Perspectives
Al-Ahram Weekly

1935 births
2013 deaths
German publishers (people)

Mark Linz


Dimitri De Fauw (13 July 1981 – 6 November 2009) was a Belgian professional road and track bicycle racer. He was born in Ghent. De Fauw competed on both the road and track but is best known for his crash during the 2006 Six Days of Ghent.

On 26 November, De Fauw collided with Spanish cyclist Isaac Gálvez during the madison portion of the Six Days of Ghent cycling event in Belgium. Both riders fell, though Gálvez crashed into the track's upper railing and was knocked unconscious. While medics resuscitated him at the scene, the Spaniard died of his injuries en route to hospital.

Despite continuing to race as a professional, De Fauw suffered from ongoing depression in the aftermath of Gálvez's death and was haunted by the accident. In an interview the following month, the 25-year-old De Fauw said, "I will carry this with me for the rest of my life. Only time can heal my wounds."

De Fauw committed suicide on 6 November 2009 in Belgium, shortly after competing in the Six Days of Grenoble.

References

External links

1981 births
2009 deaths
Belgian male cyclists
Suicides in Belgium
Cyclists from Ghent
2009 suicides

Dimitri De Fauw


Orient is a term meaning "the east". It is from the Latin word oriens. Ancient Rome sometimes used it to mean the area east of Rome. Later the dividing line moved farther east, to the Adriatic or the Aegean or the Indus River. This term is in contrast to the "Occident", which is a term meaning "the west".

Edward Said used the term in his book Orientalism (1978). He used it to mean an area including most of present-day North Africa and Middle Eastern countries.

Asia

Orient


Richard Steven Valenzuela, better known as Ritchie Valens (May 13, 1941 - February 3, 1959) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He died with Buddy Holly, and "Big Bopper" Richardson in a plane crash in Iowa on 3 February 1959, in an event that would become known as The Day the Music Died. He was 17 years old.

He was born to Mexican parents.

Valens most notable work include recordings of "La Bamba" a Mexican folk song which became a hit in the U.S. "Donna" a song dedicated to his friend and the phrase "Come on let's go"

References

1941 births
1959 deaths
American guitarists
American rock musicians
Singer-songwriters from California
Aviation deaths in the United States
Singers from Los Angeles

Ritchie Valens


Gao Xiaoyan (; born 1957) is a disgraced major general (shao jiang) in the People's Liberation Army of China. She successively served as political commissar and Discipline Inspection Secretary of the PLA Information Engineering University in Zhengzhou, and executive director of China Institute For Leadership Science (CILS). Investigated by the PLA's anti-graft agency in December 2014, She was the first female general to have been implicated in the anti-corruption campaign launched after the 18th Communist Party Congress.

Life and career
Gao was born and raised in Shilou County, Shanxi province, near the city of Lüliang. In 1974, by age 17, she joined the People's Liberation Army and working in Lanzhou Military Region. In 1984, she was transferred to Xi'an, capital of Northwest China's Shaanxi province, and was assigned to the PLA Fourth Military Medical University. Twelve years later, she was transferred to Beijing with her husband and worked in PLA General Logistics Department. In 2005, she became the political commissar at the 309th Hospital of the PLA.

In 2012, she was transferred to Zhengzhou and appointed the political commissar and Discipline Inspection Secretary of the PLA Information Engineering University. In September 2012, she was elected executive director of China Institute For Leadership Science (CILS).

Downfall
She was detained by the People's Liberation Army's prosecution organs on November 27, 2014.

Gao was the fifth military figure with rank of major general or above detained for investigation after the 18th Party Congress. After her downfall, Chinese media speculated on her links with a former general in charge of logistics, Gu Junshan and to Central Military Commission Vice Chairman Xu Caihou.

References

1957 births
Living people
People's Liberation Army generals from Shanxi
People from Lüliang
Female army generals

Gao Xiaoyan


Solar shingles, also called photovoltaic shingles, are solar panels designed to look like and function as conventional roofing materials, such as asphalt shingle or slate, while also producing electricity. Solar shingles are a type of solar energy solution known as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).

There are several varieties of solar shingles, including shingle-sized solid panels that take the place of a number of conventional shingles in a strip, semi-rigid designs containing several silicon solar cells that are sized more like conventional shingles, and newer systems using various thin-film solar cell technologies that match conventional shingles both in size and flexibility. There are also products using a more traditional number of silicon solar cells per panel reaching as much as 100 watts DC rating per shingle.

Solar shingles are manufactured by several companies.

History
Solar shingles became commercially available in 2005. In a 2009 interview with Reuters, a spokesperson for the Dow Chemical Company estimated that their entry into the solar shingle market would generate $5 billion in revenue by 2015 and $10 billion by 2020. Dow solar shingles, known as the POWERHOUSE Solar System, first became available in Colorado, in October 2011. A 3rd generation of POWERHOUSE Solar System was exclusively  licensed to RGS Energy for commercialization from 2017 until 2020, when RGS Energy filed for bankruptcy.

In October 2016, Tesla entered the solar shingle space in a joint venture with SolarCity. Tesla later acquired SolarCity and the solar shingle product was described as "a flop" in 2019. Solar marketplace provider EnergySage reviewed the now named Tesla Solar Roof, noting that it had "experienced significant setbacks that have delayed its design, production, and deployment." In January 2022, GAF Materials Corporation announced they would start selling a solar shingle product.

Description
Solar shingles are photovoltaic modules, capturing sunlight and transforming it into electricity. Most solar shingles are  and can be stapled directly to the roofing cloth. When applied they have a  strip of exposed surface. Different models of shingles have different mounting requirements. Some can be applied directly onto roofing felt intermixed with regular asphalt shingles while others may need special installation.

Some early manufacturers used solar thin-film technologies such as CIGS to produce electricity, which are less common in the solar industry than silicon-based cells. Current manufacturers, such as RGS Energy, CertainTeed, and SunTegra, have chosen to use the industry-standard monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon solar cells in their POWERHOUSE 3.0, Apollo II, and SunTegra Shingle, respectively. The installation methods for some solar shingle solutions can be easier than traditional panel installations because they avoid the need to locate rafters and install with a process much more similar to asphalt shingles than standard solar panels.

Solar shingled roofs tend to have a deep, dark, purplish-blue or black color, and therefore look similar to other roofs in most situations. Home owners may prefer solar shingles because large solar panels can be highly visible and spoil the aesthetics of the house.

Cost
The cost of solar shingles can range from $3.80 per watt up to $9.00 per watt installed depending on the manufacturer, technology used, and system size.  As of May 2019, the average cost of a traditional, roof-mounted residential solar panel installation in the United States was just above $3.00 per watt, according to the Solar Energy Industry Association. While solar shingles are typically more expensive to install than traditional solar panels, some companies in recent years since 2014 have made strides to lessen the gap between the installed cost of going solar with panels versus going solar with shingles.

According to Dow Chemical Company reports, a typical residential install consisting of 350 solar shingles can cost at least $20,000; however, federal and state incentives depending on the location might significantly bring down the cost.

Solar contractors typically offer homeowners a full-service price for solar installation, which includes equipment purchasing, permit preparation and filing, registration with the local utility company, workmanship warranties, and complete on-site installation. Because photovoltaic solutions produce power in the form of direct current (DC) and the standard in homes is alternating current (AC), all grid-connected solar installations include an inverter to convert DC to AC.

See also

Building-integrated photovoltaics
Energy development
Green technology
Solar energy
 Thin film solar on metal roofs

References

Solar architecture
Solar cells
Photovoltaics
Sustainable building
Roofing materials

Solar shingle


Military brothels () were set up by Nazi Germany during World War II throughout much of occupied Europe for the use of Wehrmacht and SS soldiers. These brothels were generally new creations, but in the west, they were sometimes expansions of pre-existing brothels and other buildings. Until 1942, there were around 500 military brothels of this kind in German-occupied Europe, serving travelling soldiers and those withdrawn from the front. According to records, a minimum of 34,140 European women were forced to serve as prostitutes during the German occupation of their own countries along with female prisoners of concentration camp brothels. In many cases in Eastern Europe, teenage girls and women were kidnapped on the streets of occupied cities during German military and police round ups called  in Polish or  in French.

Eastern Europe

The Foreign Ministry of the Polish Government in Exile issued a document on May 3, 1941, describing the mass kidnapping raids conducted in Polish cities with the aim of capturing young women, as young as 15, for sexual slavery at brothels run by the German military. On top of that, Polish girls as young as 15 – classified as suitable for slave labor and shipped to Germany – were sexually exploited by German men. In Brandenburg, two Polish Ostarbeiter teens who returned home to Kraków in advanced stage of pregnancy, reported to have been raped by German soldiers with such frequency that they were unable to perform any of the worker's designated labour.

The Swiss Red Cross mission driver Franz Mawick wrote in 1942 from Warsaw about what he saw: "Uniformed Germans ... gaze fixedly at women and girls between the ages of 15 and 25. One of the soldiers pulls out a pocket flashlight and shines it on one of the women, straight into her eyes. The two women turn their pale faces to us, expressing weariness and resignation. The first one is about 30 years old. 'What is this old whore looking for around here?' – one of the three soldiers laughs. 'Bread, sir' – asks the woman. ... 'A kick in the ass you get, not bread' – answers the soldier. Owner of the flashlight directs the light again on the faces and bodies of girls. ... The youngest is maybe 15 years old ... They open her coat and start groping her with their lustfull paws. 'This one is ideal for bed' – he says."

Conditions in brothels were brutal. The women were often raped by up to 32 men per day; the visiting soldiers were allocated 15 minutes each at a nominal cost of 3 Reichsmarks per "session" between the hours of 2 p.m. and 8.30 p.m. Those who were visibly pregnant were sometimes released, but would not go back to their families, so as not to shame them.

In the Soviet Union, women were kidnapped by German forces for prostitution as well; one report by International Military Tribunal writes: "in the city of Smolensk the German Command  opened a brothel for officers in one of the hotels into which hundreds of women and girls were driven; they were mercilessly dragged down the street by their arms and hair."

Causes
Although it contradicted the ideals of Aryan "moral strength and purity", the brothels were justified as acceptable sexual outlets for Nazi soldiers. The Nazis believed that they were a better alternative than having sexual relations with local foreign women and forced laborers. They also believed that interacting with prostitutes was no different than interacting with naked female prisoners in Nazi camps.

Escape attempts
According to an exposé by the Polish Wprost magazine, the women forced into sexual slavery by the Nazi German authorities sometimes tried to escape. In one such instance, a group of Polish and Soviet women imprisoned at a German military brothel located in Norway escaped in 1941. They found refuge in the local Lutheran Church which offered them asylum.

Occupied France
The Wehrmacht was able to establish a thoroughly bureaucratic system of around 100 new brothels already before 1942, based on an existing system of government-controlled ones – wrote Inse Meinen. The soldiers were given official visitation cards issued by Oberkommando des Heeres and were prohibited from engaging in sexual contact with other French women. In September 1941, Field Marshal von Brauchitsch suggested that weekly visits for all younger soldiers be considered mandatory to prevent "sexual excesses" among them. The prostitutes had a scheduled medical check-up to slow the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.

Forced prostitution
A 1977 German report by a neoconservative historian from Baden-Württemberg, Franz W. Seidler, contended that the foreign women who were made to register for the German military brothels had been prostitutes already before the war. Ruth Seifert, professor of sociology at the University of Applied Sciences in Regensburg, on the other hand, maintained that women were forced to work in these brothels by their German captors, as shown during the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg in 1946, further confirmed by the 1961 book published by Raul Hilberg.

There were some prostitutes primarily in Western Europe who volunteered to work in the brothels, rather than to be sent to a concentration camp.

See also
Sexual slavery
Wartime sexual violence
Forced prostitution
Roundup (history) (Łapanka)
 Comfort women (Japan) and Wianbu (South Korea)
 German war crimes
 House of Dolls novella about the Joy Division (WWII)
 Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
 German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war
 Recreation and Amusement Association (Japan)
 Sexual slavery by Germany during World War II
 War rape by German forces during World War II

Notes

References

Military history of Germany during World War II
Prostitution in Germany
Unfree labor during World War II
Wartime sexual violence in World War II
Military brothels
Forced prostitution

German military brothels in World War II


Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World is a book by the Canadian historian Timothy Brook, in which he explores the roots of world trade in the 17th century through six paintings by the Dutch Golden Age painter Johannes Vermeer. It focuses especially on growing ties between Europe and the rest of the world and the impact of China on the world, during what Brook sees as an "age of innovation" and improvisation.

Synopsis
Brook argues that globalization, which is often taken to be a modern (i.e., late 20th/21st-century) phenomenon, actually had its roots in the 17th century; and he states that it was his intention to surprise his readers with this information, that "people and goods and ideas were moving around the world in ways that their ancestors had no idea was possible." The growth in trade and exploration was facilitated in part by advances in navigation and in shipbuilding technology and also, according to the author, was driven along when European nations such as "England, the Netherlands and France started to fight their way into the trade."

By studying and analysing the paintings of Johannes Vermeer, beginning with his landscape View of Delft (1660), and examining the scant documents detailing his life, the author builds up a picture of the world in which Vermeer lived; and from this he finds evidence of socioeconomic phenomena and globalization. In the case of the port in Delft in the Netherlands, for example, he finds evidence of the Dutch East India Company's operations. This is often said to be the world's first multinational corporation, which competing traders were forced to join; it had quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonies, and played a powerful and prominent role in trade between the Dutch and Asia, including China.

The painting entitled Officer and Laughing Girl (1658), which is shown on the front cover of the book and to which the title alludes, speaks to Brook of the interest people had in the world, which is reflected in the maps of the world frequently seen on walls in paintings, showing a patriotic pride which went along with the emergence of the Netherlands from Spanish occupation, and the painting is also used to examine trade between Europe and North America. The huge felt hat itself, Brook says, is made of beaver under-fur and the origin of that would be via French traders operating in North America. This being before the discovery of the Northwest Passage, the French had been commissioned to find a route to China, and the beaver fur simply helped them "cover their costs." From here, the narrative goes on to talk of other commodities which were available in abundance and traded in the Americas, such as sugar, tobacco, copper, wood in the 18th century, enslaved Africans, and the metallic artefacts and guns which were sold in exchange.

In the painting Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window (1658), there is a large Chinese porcelain bowl in the foreground (standing on a Turkish carpet), and Brook uses this to introduce the subject of trade with China. Chinese porcelain was just becoming more widely available and featured in many paintings. The porcelain grew very popular in households in Vermeer's time as its price came down and it became affordable to less wealthy families. In sharp contrast to the necessary outward-looking gaze of countries in Europe, the stereotypical view of China was that it had "an adequate resource base for most of its needs, an advanced technology and was not having to look outside of itself for things that it needed." However, Brook maintains that the Chinese did venture out of their country to trade during lengthy periods when they were not prohibited from doing so (due to perceived threats to Chinese authority or to Chinese people), and that the Chinese simply wanted to control the terms of their trade. They did not want traders setting up colonies in their sovereign territory. According to Brook, the Chinese not going out exploring the world did put them at a technological and linguistic disadvantage as they had a very limited world view and lacked experience of the increasingly cosmopolitan world outside their borders. This wasn't so much of a problem in Vermeer's time but was to become more of an issue as Europe's empires grew in the 18th century and 19th centuries.

The fourth painting is The Geographer (1669), often suggested to be modelled by Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek.

Next Brook discusses Woman Holding a Balance (1664).

The final painting is The Card Player (1660).

Indra's net
In the book, the author uses the metaphor of Indra's net:

Writing in The Spectator, Sarah Burton explains that Brook uses this metaphor, and its interconnectedness, "to help understand the multiplicity of causes and effects producing the way we are and the way we were." She adds: "In the same way, the journeys through Brook's picture-portals intersect with each other, at the same time shedding light on each other.

Reception
Writing in The Guardian, Kathryn Hughes describes Vermeer's Hat as "an exhilarating book" and "a brilliant attempt to make us understand the reach and breadth of the first global age." She states that "What Brook wants us to understand [...] is that these domains, the local and the transnational, were intimately connected centuries before anyone came up with the world wide web."

Also in The Guardian, Jerry Brotton describes Vermeer's Hat as "the finest book on Vermeer I've read in years." He states that "by deftly unravelling their stories, he gives us a picture of Vermeer unwittingly sitting in at the birth of the modern global world" and concludes that "This is a fabulous book that drags Vermeer away from our complacent Eurocentric assumptions of his insular domesticity."

In the Literary Review, Lisa Jardine describes the book as an "enthralling" "jewel of a study".

In the Washington Post, Michael Dirda writes: "Vermeer's Hat ... provides not only valuable historical insight but also enthralling intellectual entertainment."

In The Independent, T. H. Barrett states that "[Brook] is too good a scholar to treat Vermeer's paintings as straightforward windows into the past, but he does show us how pictorial sources can open "doors" into "corridors" linking up diverse regions of the globe."

Also in The Independent, speaking of the way the author "teases out" detail from the paintings, Lesley McDowell states that "[he] shows, better than anyone I've read so far, the truly subversive power of detail – especially when it's brought to the fore instead of filling in the background."

Douglas Smith writes in The Seattle Times "In Brook's hands Vermeer's canvases, together with a painting by a second-rate contemporary and an old chipped Delft plate, are just bright lures to catch our attention before he takes us on his rich, suggestive tours of the 17th-century world." He goes on to say: "In recounting these tales of international trade, cultural exchange and foreign encounter, Brook does more than merely sketch the beginnings of globalization and highlight the forces that brought our modern world into being; rather, he offers a timely reminder of humanity's interdependence."

Peter Conrad, writing in The Observer, is more critical. He is of the opinion that "Brook is so intent on cost and the grim injustice of expropriation that he can seem crassly unresponsive, indifferent to the almost beatific peace of the paintings" and "knows everything about price, but rather less about value."

Awards
In 2009, Vermeer's Hat won Brook the Mark Lynton History Prize from Columbia University in New York, worth $10,000 (U.S.). The prize is one of the Lukas Prize Project awards. The book was described as a "bold, original and compulsively readable work of history."

Gallery

See also
Age of Discovery
Baroque
Dutch Golden Age
Early modern Europe
Major explorations after the Age of Discovery

References

Translations

Further study

Other reviews

Interviews

External links
Hardback edition at Bloomsbury Press
Paperback edition at Profile Books
Essential Vermeer

17th-century economic history
2007 non-fiction books
21st-century history books
Books about economic history
Books about globalization
Books by Timothy Brook
Early modern period
History books about China
History books about Europe
History books about the 17th century
History books about the arts
History books about the Dutch Empire
History books about the Dutch Golden Age
History of international trade
Profile Books books
Works about Johannes Vermeer
Works about the Dutch East India Company

Vermeer's Hat