Datu Ali was a prominent Moro chieftain of great distinction and the Rajahmuda of Tinukop before succeeding his cousin, Datu Uto, as Sultan of Buayan from 1899 until 1905. He was the brother of Datu Djimbangan and Sultan Tambilawan of Kudarangan, and as a rising leader, Datu Ali overpowered his brothers to rule over Kudarangan.

In 1886, Datu Ali and his cousin Datu Uto refused to honor the Spanish flag and swore to leave no Spaniards alive in Cotabato. Some of Uto's cottas were destroyed by the Spaniards but Spanish troops failed to penetrate the Moro territory. Datu Ali attacked the town of Lepanto near the Spanish fort of Bugcaon, killing fourteen and looting the place, as the campaign ended. The fall of Datu Uto to Spanish advances in 1890 led to his exile. This created a vacuum in the Bwayan Sultanate that was filled by Datu Ali, Datu Djimbangan and Datu Piang, co-opted into the American establishment, while resistance to American Rule continued in Sar-Raya led by Datu Ali. Regardless of the fact that Datu Piang had served under Datu Uto as his "Minister of Lands", "the apparent treachery" of Datu Piang against Datu Uto, "by declaring himself the Sultan of Mindanao, in spite of the fact that he had the least precedent by way of kinship and genealogy" led Datu Uto to "turnover command of his warriors" to his cousin Datu Ali.

Buluan, known to have wide expense of fertile plains, and an invigorating climate, gave good tidings to the ear of Datu Ali of the North, who at once proceeded to take control of the whole territory.  On the other Hand, the people of the South, had viewed this luxuriant valley from the top of the mountain ranges at Tupi and Koronadal, under the leadership of Sultan of Talic, who made up his mind to explore and take possession of this uninhabited place. When Datu Ali learned that the Sultan of Talic and his followers encamped in Talic, Datu Ali assembled his men and gave Sultan of Talic battle and easily put him to flight. By his victory, Datu Ali became the most powerful leader in the region between Koronadal in the South and Maganoy in the North and could capable of bringing all Magindanaw Moros under his sovereignty to the extent that he expanded his domain in Cotabato and extending from the neighborhood of Malabang to Sarangani Point.

Because of his undisputed bravery in battle and nobility among Datus, Datu Ali was then the able ruler of Cotabato Upper Valley and was the leader of the Sultanate of Maguindanao in the 1900s. Acquiring all of the prerogatives of a legitimate leader, he claimed the title "Rajah of Bwayan" (King of Bwayan), or "Rajah Bwayan" translated as "The Kingdom of Bwayan". Datu Ali came to be known primarily during the American occupation of the Philippines.

Datu Ali had been the terror of the neighborhood in his younger days and also just after the evacuation by the Spaniards. Ali declared that he would not yield to the Americans one iota of his independence, or liberate his slaves, and swore vengeance on all who went in his pursuit. Being the hereditary Datu, the inhabitants of the valley generally sympathized with him. He headed the revolt with some 3,000 followers against the American government through open battle and guerrilla warfare for 3 years, beginning in 1903. To force him to surrender, the Americans captured his brother, Datu Djimbangan, at Fort Sar-Raya, but he did not fall for that trick. He continued to fight until his death on October 22, 1905, when he and most of his men were killed in the Battle of the Malala River.

Datu Ali was the last, and most formidable Moro chieftain to oppose American rule on the island of Mindanao. For nearly two years, operations against Ali were carried out by several formations of the US Army and the Philippine Constabulary.

Ali eluded capture all that time, until finally surprised and killed by a Provisional Company of the 22nd Infantry, led by Captain Frank R. McCoy, the Aide De Camp of General Leonard Wood. Colonel John R. White, who spent 15 years as an officer in the Philippine Constabulary, sets the stage with a description of Ali's home land—the Cotabato district of Mindanao.

The Annual Report to the Secretary of War
The following passages illustrate the problems the US Army was having with Datu Ali. They are taken from the Annual Reports to the Secretary of War, and indicate encounters with Datu Ali during the year 1904.
 March 5, 1904 - Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood left Cotabato, with a force consisting of Companies K and M, Twenty-third Infantry (Capts. D.B. Devore and W.H. Allaire), Companies B and F, Seventeenth Infantry (Captains Cochran and R.O. Van Horn), Troop B, Fourteenth Cavalry (Capt. G. G. Gatley), and a small detachment of marines and sailors under Commander Coffin on an expedition against the Moros of the Rio Grande Valley, the object being to examine into the alleged war-like and hostile preparations of Datu Ali and his brother Datu Djimbangan, with whom were united many other datus of the Rio Grande Valley.
 March 7, 1904 - General Wood's force operating against the Moros of the Rio Grande Valley, Mindanao, encountered a party of well-armed Moros, who fired on the column, but were quickly dispersed, with a loss of 2 killed and a number wounded. No casualties to General Wood's Command.
 March 10, 1904 - Detachment of 50 men of the Forty-eight Company, Philippine Scouts, under First Lieut. Thomas F. Loudon, accompanied by 1 Officer and 10 men of the Philippine Constabulary, while in pursuit of 2 Moro murderers surprised a band of Moros with the murderers, and in the ensuing engagement 3 Moros were killed and a number wounded; 7 carbines, 2 revolvers, and 400 rounds of ammunition were recovered, and 7 rifles, knives, and spears belonging to the Moros were captured. Casualties, 2 men killed and 1 wounded. The force under General Wood operating in the Rio Grande Valley was reinforced by Companies L and I, Twenty-third Infantry (Capt. M. C. Kerth and First Lieut. H.S. Howland), and Troop A, Fourteenth Cavalry (First Lieut. W.B. Scales), and the fort of Datu Ali having been located, a vigorous bombardment was kept up throughout the day.
 March 11, 1904 - The fort of Datu Ali was captured by General Wood's force, the Moros having abandoned it during the night. Nineteen iron and 2 brass cannon were captured, also 45 lantakas and an immense amount of powder and military projectiles of all kinds. The fort was destroyed.
 March 14, 1904 - General Wood's force returned to Cotabato from its expedition up to the Rio Grande Valley.
 May 8, 1904 - During a reconnaissance to locate the whereabouts of Datu Ali, who had been sending  in threatening messages and attempting to stir up trouble, a detachment of 39 enlisted men, Company F, Seventeenth Infantry, was attacked by Moros, near Lake Liguasan, Mindanao, and 2 officers and 13 enlisted men killed, and 6 enlisted men wounded.
 May 16, 1904 - Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, with 450 officers and men, started on an expedition to recover the bodies of the men killed on May 8 by Moros near Lake Liguasan, Mindanao.
 May 30, 1904 - Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood returned from expedition to Lake Liguasan, Mindanao, with remains of officer and men killed in action on May 8. He reported that Ali with a small aggregation of outlaws were hiding and would be pursued until captured or destroyed. No casualties in expedition.
 June 14, 1904 - The camp of Buluan, Mindanao, was attacked by a force of about 120 Moro under Datu Ali, who were repulsed without loss and driven from the trenches which had been constructed during the night. First Lieut. Frederick S. Young, Twenty-third Infantry, with detachments of Company K, that regiment, and Troop D, Fourteenth Cavalry, was sent in pursuit and encountered the enemy of Malangit. A sharp fight, lasting about forty-five minutes, ensued, when the Moros were put to flight and scattered, with a loss of about 29 killed and wounded. Our casualties, 1 Officer and 2 enlisted men wounded.

Warfare over slavery
When the Moro Province announced the anti-slavery law in the last months of 1903, General Wood and Taft thought that the Maguindanao would continue to follow the lead of colonial progress. Instead, the declaration of abolition destroyed the political and economic system of indirect rule over the whole valley through Datu Piang in Cotabato. A Treaty had been made with the Sultan of Sulu while in Mindanao there were different sultans who claimed headships in their own districts, and one of them was Datu Ali, who waged a long and successful war with the Spaniards. A difficult problem for the Americans to establish civil government among hill tribes, Filipino settlements, and piratical Mohammedan groups each with fears and hate one another. Warfare over slavery began in March and April 1904, when Datu Ali, led his followers to battle in the northern half of the Pulangi River Valley, the sa-raya (Upper Valley) region that had supported the late Datu Uto's resistance against the Spaniards in 1899. Slave parties were active and tribes in Mindanao were raided and oppressed; there were violence and disorders everywhere.  The weak Sultan of Sulu - Jamalul Kiram is defeated by his feudal datus. The sultan of Maguindanao, Datu Mangigin fled from the cotabato valley, in fear of his rival Datu Ali and was a refugee in Dumankilas bay. Such condition cannot be ignored and it was felt that American authority must be exerted. Datu Piang, on the other hand used his political skill and control of long-distance trade through the Chinese merchants of Cotabato to bring the other major datus of the valley into an accommodation with the United States. Upon Datu Uto's declined in power, Datu Ali, the heir to the sultanate of Buayan, emerged as the dominant leader of the sa-raya region. He assembled the most powerful armed men expert in guerrilla warfare and constructed the largest and most heavily armed Kota in Mindanao in preparation for the American resistance.  The Governor of Cotabato District knew through his reliable intelligence that Mastura, son of the last sultan of Maguindanao and the sultan of Talakuku  and several allied datus including the important Datu Ampatuan  pledge that if they would have to give up their slaves, they  would rather fight and join Datu Ali. With Datu Ali's efforts to recruit support from the Lake Lanao Region, several thousand followers had congregated in Ali's Great Kota to revolt against the American. Datu Ali married Datu Piang's daughter, bonding their alliance in ties of kinships.  The ending of slave trade resulted in many heavy, long-drawn-out fights with the principal Moro Band of Mindanao.

The Hunt for Datu Ali

The First Hunt: The Pulangi River
In early March 1904, General Leonard Wood led a large military expedition up the Pulangi River against Ali. At Kudarangan, General Wood consulted with Datu Piang (an influential political leader and informant who, as convenient, shared information with "both sides"), who described Datu Ali's war preparations and intention to resist the implementation of the antislavery law in Maguindanao. An "Arab Priest" with Datu Piang Sherif Tuan, "also stated that the Moros Datus pledge to fight and obeisance that they would not submit to any interference with their slave trading and holding. In May 1904, Datu Ali ambushed seventeenth Infantry killing two officers and seventeen men.  Later, about forty soldiers headed by an officer who is ignorant of the terrain and local languange, guided by faithless moro. They hiked through the trackless swamps leading their men into the heart of an unexplored territory. The trail led through high Tigbao grass, black mud of a churned-up trail with occasional holes where the men sanks to their waists.  They penetrated seven miles into the heart of the territory of Datu Ali's best general - Bapa ni Manakup also known as Sharif Mangacop - The son of Sharif Ampatuan from his first wife Bai Idsad. While officers moving forward, a sudden spurt of rifle fired from killing men and dying in the stinking mud.  They withdrew in disorder while the victorious Moros completed their work by beheading and disemboweling the head of dying Americans with their vicious kris and barong.  Yet, even then Datu Ali showed some spark of noble warfare. The two captured American soldiers were cared for and later freed and returned to Cotabato. The ambush where later called  and known to Americans as "the Simpetan Massacre" – A blood little affair, campaigning against hostile Moros in the part of Mindanao.

As time passed by, a soldiers developed a grudging respect of their prey. Unable to truck down the elusive datu, General Wood tried to negotiate Datu Ali to surrender. Dr. Najeeb Mitry Saleeby, a former member of Wood's Legislative Council and Ali's old acquaintances, could not convince Datu Ali to surrender. Instead, Datu Ali wrote a defiant letter addressing Wood "Which is better for you, to kill me or not?... Until I Die all the people will not submit to the government, because I will try to kill the people who are friends to Americans." Reasons for General Wood to declare war against Datu Ali and his followers as a struggle against slavery and "lawlessness." General Wood responded the following day by posting a $500 reward for Datu Ali's capture, dead or alive. General Wood's analysis of Ali's rebellion reinterpreted the recent history of Maguindanao to suit his identification of abolition with progress, civilization, and colonial authority. Failure to punish Ali will only leave the Moros with an undue sense of their importance to obey either the Civil Governor of the District or any other Authority." While Datu Ali and his followers is still actively engaged in slave-hunting among the hill tribes, General Wood believes that Ali and his followers "the Moros" were still wild people, who is not yet properly conquered, discipline and colonize outside their selves. With General Wood's condemnation of Moros, he knew that the antislavery law  will provoke a great deal of opposition among the Moro Datus especially Datu Ali and Datu Djimbangan who was making a good deal of money in slave trading.  Antislavery law ignited their general contempt for American Authority. General Wood also reported that all of the Datus were united to resist the American rule for the operation of the slave law  except Datu Piang. General Wood believed that Datu Ali's death could serve as the elimination of the only obstacles to "progress."  The American hatched a Series of assassination attempt killing Datu Ali was initiated including using his nephew, the son of Datu Djimbangan but with no luck.

The Final Hunt: The Malala River (Death of Datu Ali)
The Provo Company of the 22nd Infantry conceived and led by Captain Frank McCoy

On October 5, 1905, Captain Frank Ross McCoy of the 3rd Cavalry, and aide de camp to General Wood, formed the above Provisional Company consisting of volunteers from the 22nd Infantry, specifically to go after the Moro chieftain called the Datu Ali, who was The Last Major Chieftain to oppose American sovereignty on the island of Mindanao. Datu Ali consistently raided local villages, conducted hit and run attacks on US camps, and continued his campaign of insurrection through terror and fear. In September 1905, General Wood received intelligence that Datu Ali was encamped on his ranch deep in the mountains along the Malola (now known as Malala) River.

Due to Datu Ali's stubborn resistance to the Americans, Datu Piang convince many of his fellow datus to end their support to Datu Ali and were no longer willing to put up with the misery and devastation that had been visited upon them. They wanted it ended before the unpredictable and vengeful General Wood returned. Piang had tipped off Captain McCoy that Datu Ali, was hiding out in a cabin near Lake Buluan within his large family and had sent most of his men back to their villages. This information had been relayed from Sharif Afdal, a religious leader, who had recently visited him due to sickness. Of equal importance, Datu Inuk (also known as Inog), a sworn enemy of Datu Ali and Tomas Torres, the long-time head scout for the Americans in Mindanao, volunteered to accompany and guide Captain McCoy to Datu Ali's location to identify him in person since the few Americans who could recognize him at sight were no longer stationed in the Philippines.

General Wood ordered that an assault force be raised to find and apprehend Datu Ali. A large number of volunteers arose from the Regiment for the dangerous assignment, and from those volunteers Captain F.R. McCoy hand-picked 100 men provisional company from the 22nd Infantry Regiment, stationed at Camp Keithley in Lanao in secret; so as not to alert the residents of Cotabato that an operation was underway. They sailed October 11 from Iligan to the small town of Digos on Davao Gulf with a short stopover in Zamboanga. Picking up two squads of Philippine Scouts, McCoy's party force-marched fifty miles across the high route he had traveled the year before, skirting the flanks of the impressive Mt. Apo, the highest mountain in the Philippines. As they descended into the valley, it was decided to leave the lame and exhausted behind, reducing the expedition to 77 men.

The Company traveled by boat to Digos, on the coast of Davao Gulf. Upon landing on the 16th Of October, they were joined by 10 Filipino Scouts and began the hazardous journey into the interior. They crossed the jungle covered mountains in five days, reaching Datu Ali's encampment in the early morning hours of October 22. Quickly and quietly they surrounded the ranch buildings and waited. As the sun rose, Datu Ali and a dozen of his men came out of the main house unsuspecting and unarmed.

Lieutenant Philip Remington sent one squad forward and another around to the rear of the house. Datu Ali ran back inside and armed himself and began firing at the Americans. A bullet just missed Lt Remington but hit and killed Private Bobbs. Remington then charged into the house firing his pistol, hitting Datu Ali and knocking the man down. Staggering to his feet, Datu Ali ran through the back door, only to be cut down by a hail of bullets from the waiting second squad.

With the death of Datu Ali, organized insurrection on a major scale ended. Oral tradition asserts that the Americans obtained Piang's assistance only by torturing him. The campaign against Datu Ali closed with the death of Maguindanao Chief who, betrayed by his own men. Datu Piang then reigned supreme in the valley, conciliating American Officials with gifts of brass, chicken, and eggs. The opportunist merchant chief lives with prosper. Nevertheless, as Beckett points out, "Ali's death saw Datu Piang on the winning side, the authorities in his debt, and his aristocratic rival out the way". Datu Piang then appointed as Muslim Provincial Board Member in Cotabato and in the following year appointed to the National Assembly by the American Governor General. The two position with few formal responsibility with virtually no legal authority. Though armed resistance would continue by several Moro Leaders over the next six years, the major battles and campaigns of the Insurrection could now be considered to be over. Yet, when Maguindanao Moros gather for the rice planting or harvest, songs are sung and tales are told of Datu Ali -last, and perhaps not the least noble, of the maguindanao chief. Even the brave American General Wood who became the Governor General of the Philippines at that time testified to the Bravery of Rajamuda Datu Ali by saying "By Far the most capable Moro we have run into".

See also

 List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
 American Occupation of the Philippines
 Insular Government
 United States military government of the Philippine Islands

References

Notes

Further reading
 Battle of the Malala River
 Battler of Siranaya
 Datu Uto
 Datu Djimbangan
 Moro Rebellion
 Vicente Álvarez
 Maguindanao People

External links
 American Moro History
 The Datu Ali Expedition -1905

Filipino datus, rajas and sultans
Filipino Muslims
People from the Spanish colonial Philippines
Filipino nobility

Datu Ali


John Lawrence Peterson (February 10, 1924 – November 30, 2002) was an American author of children's books. He is best known as the creator of The Littles, which began as a series of books in 1967, later adapted into an animated cartoon series by DiC Entertainment. Peterson was also the author of The Secret Hide-Out, a popular Scholastic Books title in the 1960s and 1970s.

Biography
Peterson was born in Bradford, Pennsylvania on February 10, 1924, and attended Pratt Institute before volunteering and serving as a paratrooper of the 11th Airborne Division in World War II. After the war, he returned to Pratt Institute and graduated in 1948.  He lived in the Clinton Hill district of Brooklyn, New York with his wife Holly (Simmonds), also a Pratt graduate, where he had sons Chris (John Christopher), Matthew James, and Joel David Barnes, and a daughter Elizabeth Holly. Peterson later moved to Hankins, New York. Peterson died on November 30 2002 at the age of seventy-eight. He had ten grandchildren, nine of whom were his son John Christopher's with his wife Susan Ferwerda (married 1973); William Lawrence (b. 1974), Joan Winifred, Carl Henry, Emily Susan (b.1978), Lars Andrew (b. 1980) Margaret Bromilow (b.1982),  John Matthew (b.1983), Mark Ole (b.1985), and Kristin Lily (b.1989). His daughter Elizabeth Holly adopted a son, Samuel with her partner Jean.

John Peterson was an illustrator for advertising and magazines for two decades before writing his first book, Tony's Treasure Hunt, later renamed Terry's Treasure Hunt. Another Peterson title is How to Write Codes and Send Secret Messages featuring such tricks as mirror writing, the reverse mirror code, and the use of invisible ink.

During his lifetime, he spoke at US elementary schools, volunteered for the Boy Scouts and directed a Sunday school class with his wife Holly at an Episcopal church.

References

External links

1924 births
2002 deaths
American children's writers
People from Bradford, Pennsylvania
People from Clinton Hill, Brooklyn
Pratt Institute alumni
American military personnel of World War II

John Peterson (author)


Ernst Theis (born 31 July 1961) is an Austrian conductor. From 2003 to 2013 he was chief conductor of the Staatsoperette Dresden.

Theis was born in Sierning, the son of Georg and Gertrude Theis.  He took trumpet and drum-like instrument lessons at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna under conducting guidance from Otmar Suitner and Peter Keyshing. On 5 January 1989 he made his first public appearance with the Vienna Chamber Orchestra and then conducted with such Austrian orchestras as the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra, Vienna Philharmonic and Vienna Symphony. He also was a conductor of German orchestras such as North German Radio Symphony Orchestra and Hamburger Symphoniker as well as various international ones such as Saint Petersburg Symphony Orchestra, and Slovak Philharmonic. On 16 March 2013 he performed Ludwig van Beethoven's Seventh and Eight symphonies with Symphony Orchestra of Tatarstan in Kazan, Russia and the same month received an invitation from the Weill Festival in Dessau.

References

Living people
1961 births
Male conductors (music)
21st-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
21st-century male musicians
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
People from Steyr-Land District

Ernst Theis


Philip Nikodem Jagielka (born 17 August 1982) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for EFL Championship club Stoke City.

Jagielka started his career with Sheffield United in 2000, where he played mainly as a central midfielder. He helped them achieve top-flight status for the 2006–07 season, after which he joined Everton for a £4 million fee. He later captained the club from 2013–2019, and totalled 385 games. He left Everton in 2019 after 12 years and returned to former club Sheffield United.

References

1982 births
Living people
English footballers

Phil Jagielka


Michela Sillari (born 23 February 1993) is an Italian rugby union player, three quarters of the center of Valsugana and international since 2012. At all Six Nations 2019, she was the best scorer for the national team (141 points) as well as the third best ever after Veronica Schiavon and Michela Tondinelli.

Life
She started rugby at seven years of age in the second grade, she was first in the youth teams of Amatori Parma  and then moved to Noceto, and then to Lupe Piacenza.

In the 2011-12 season, she was in Colorno, and in February 2012 she made her debut for Recco in the 2012 Six Nations, against England.

In 2016, she moved to the Aylesford Bulls, later to Harlequin FC, with whom in April 2017 she was  England champion, also achieving two goals in the final match against Bristol.

Later in the season, she returned to Colorno and took part in the 2017 Rugby World Cup in Ireland. In 2018, she was champion of Italy with the Parmense team and, at the end of the 2018-19 season, she moved to Padua.

References

1993 births
Living people
Italian rugby union players

Michela Sillari


Yves Pires is a French artist born in Choisy le Roi, France where one of his sculptures, "Elodie", can now be seen in the neighbourhood of Seine et Parc. He dedicates himself exclusively to his greatest passion which is sculpture, mainly working with bronze. He was born in 1958.

Early life and education
Of a shy nature in his early years, he took refuge in drawing and explored his inner world of imagination and discovery. He took an early interest in fine art and at age 16 copied a painting of Vermeer, The Young Girl with Turban, also perhaps more commonly known as the Girl with a Pearl Earring. He then explored a variety of media including drawing, engraving, silk screen printing, sculpture and casting and left art school at the age of 19.

Artistic career
After art school he set about learning building technology alongside his father with whom he worked for a dozen years renovating apartments. He then became a set decorator for television series like Les Muscle or Helene et les Garcons.  He also collaborated on a project for France2 relating to the production of a made-for-television movie adapted from "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" by Jules Verne and also did the stage design for a show by Sylvie Vartan.

Interviews
He was the featured artist of the month in the magazine Gestion de Fortune and interviewed by Maurice-J. Estrade in October 2004, and again in May 2009.
He was profiled in La Republique Du Centre on Monday February 5, 2007.
He was featured in the Choisy Infos in May 2008.

Influences
He cites among his influences Michelangelo for sensuality, Rodin for the life, strength and passion with which he was able to infuse his sculptures. Others that he admires are Camille Claudel, Carpeaux, Bugatti, as well as Canova, Houdon, Barye, and Rude. The photography of Doisneau, Weston, Herb Ritts, Elliott Erwitt are a continuing source of inspiration.
In his sculpture he often represents femininity in its expression of sensuality, and with its gentleness of desire.

Work
Some of his better known work includes sculptures such as:
Sensualite,
Le Saut,
La Grande Panthere,
Aurore,
Esperance,
Alena,
Esa,
Masha

Exhibitions
His work has been exposed extensively including a permanent exhibition.

1999 to 2005 GALERIE GERARD MAILLET
Galerie de l'Estrade
2005 - EXPOSITION PORTE DE VINCENNES
2005 - GRAND MARCHE D'ART CONTEMPORAIN BASTILLE

AMBER ART GALERY - Salon "PAN AMSTERDAM" HOLLANDE
November 2005
November 2006
November 2007
November 2008

AMBER ART GALERY - Salon HERTOGENBOSCH - HOLLANDE
April 2006
April 2007
April 2008
April 2009

Galerie Hoche - VERSAILLES
May 2006

Galerie Hoche HOTEL DE PARIS - MONACO
December 2006

Guest of Honour at the SALON DES PEINTRES DU BOCAGE - FLERS
November 2007

GALERIE DU REGARD - SAINT PAUL DE VENCE
March 2007

GALERIE BARTOUX - MEGEVE
July 2007

GALERIE PAULETTE BOSSE - DEN HAAG
November 2007
Guest of Honour at the 74ème SALON de la
SOCIETE DES BEAUX ARTS DE CHOISY LE ROI
March 2009

GALERIE BERTHELLOT - PARIS
May 2009

Galerie CEDRIC - ESTRADE
December 2009
GALERIE NEEL Cannes
May 2009
May 2010
May 2011

GALERIE ARTCLUB PARIS - EXPOSITIONS PERMANENTES
Permanent exposition from February 2005 to present
Events:
February 2009
December 2010
February 2012

GALERIE CLARUS - LIGNY LE RIBAULT
June to July 2010
June to July 2011

Banque BARCLAY'S - ORLEANS
April 2011

GALERIE PHAROS - MARSEILLE
March 2011

MERCEDES / BENZ CENTER - RUEIL MALMAISON
EXPOSITION ART ANIMALIER
March 2012

GALERIE ARTCLUB - LYON
December 2012

External links
 Artist website
 Art viewing with several of Yves's sculptures
 Gazette artvideo.com

References

1958 births
Living people
20th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
21st-century French sculptors
21st-century French male artists
People from Val-de-Marne

Yves Pires


Donald Robin Smith (born 26 March 1942) is an Australian operatic tenor who is known professionally as Robin Donald. He is the son of the Australian operatic tenor Donald Smith.

Robin performed leading operatic tenor roles, including Rudolfo in La bohème, Turridu in Cavalleria rusticana, in many major opera houses throughout Britain, including the Sadler's Wells Opera Company Theatre and the London Coliseum Theatre, Europe (Théâtre Royal de La Monnaie), Australia (Sydney Opera House), and in Christchurch New Zealand, where he sang Florestan in the opera Fidelio for the New Zealand Broadcasting Commission, during a professional operatic career spanning over 35 years.

Career

Donald Robin Smith was born in , Queensland in 1942, the son of the tenor Donald Smith and Thelma Joyce Lovett. Robin Donald's initial studies in music, stagecraft and languages began with the Queensland Conservatorium.

A natural tenor from birth like his famous father, Robin performed in 1963 in his first opera with the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust Opera Company at Her Majesty's Theatre in  Brisbane, in Gounod's opera Faust. He also gained some of his initial stage performing experiences, as a principal tenor with the Brisbane Gilbert & Sullivan Society and the Queensland Light Opera Company (QLOC), in the musicals Iolanthe, The White Horse Inn and No No Nanette.

Robin Donald began his solo professional international operatic career in England in 1966, as a principal tenor with the Sadler's Wells Opera Company (which later became the English National Opera). Prior to this, he had studied music, acting and stagecraft with The London Opera Centre. During this time he also performed with the Opera Centre's touring company Opera For All, performing the roles of The Duke in Verdi's Rigoletto, Nemorino in Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore, and Basilio in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. While at the London Opera Centre, Robin also studied and sang with the New Zealand soprano Kiri Te Kanawa in their production of Così fan tutte.

After performing with the London Opera Centre's touring company 'Opera For All' for over a year, Robin then made his professional operatic debut in London with Sadler's Wells Opera Company at the London Coliseum Theatre in 1968, in the role of 'Rodolfo' in Puccini's La bohème. After singing and touring for some ten years as a principal tenor with Sadler's Wells, in a variety of major tenor roles, as well as performing in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Greece, Robin returned to Australia initially in 1973, to perform in the Australian Opera's (Opera Australia) productions for the opening of the Sydney Opera House. Here Robin sang the roles of Rinuccio in Puccini's Gianni Schicchi, and 'Walther von der Vogelweide' in Wagner's opera Tannhäuser.

Robin then returned to England to fulfill contracts there with Sadler's Wells Opera, in the role of Des Grieux in Massenet's opera Manon (with Valerie Masterson), and for performances with the Welsh National Opera Company' singing the role of Rodolfo in their production of La bohème (with Dame Josephine Barstow as his Mimi). During his years with the English National Opera, Robin also performed the opera La bohème, for several seasons, with both Valerie Masterson, and Dame Anne Evans singing the role of Violetta.

He then returned again permanently to Australia in 1974, with his wife Jeni and son Brent, to accept a contract with the Australian Opera (now Opera Australia). He performed and remained with that company singing a variety of principal tenor roles, including Rodolfo in La bohème, Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Gabriel Adorno in Simone Boccanegra (under the baton of Sir Edward Downes), Turiddu in Cavalleria rusticana (with Carlo Felice Cillario), and singing both the tenor roles of Eric and The Steersman in Wagner's The Flying Dutchman, and Alfredo in Johann Strauss's opera Die Fledermaus, for over ten years.

One of Robin Donald's major tenor roles during this period included singing the role of 'Turridu' in Mascagni's opera Cavalleria Rusticana, while his father tenor Donald Smith performed his famous role as 'Canio' in Leoncavallo's opera Pagliacci on the same bill. These performances at the Sydney Opera House were acclaimed at that time, as the only known occasions when a father and son operatic tenors had ever appeared together on the same 'double bill' in these operas, anywhere in the world.

During this period, both Robin Donald and Donald Smith also went on to perform on many other occasions together, in other operas, including Wagner's The Flying Dutchman. On these occasions, Robin sang either of the tenor roles of The Steersman or Eric. Robin and Donald also sang together in Puccini's opera La Fanciulla del West. Throughout 1974 Donald and Robin also performed together in their famous concert series of "Smith & Son" throughout Australia and in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide.

Recordings
Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor - Opera Australia (1986), Richard Bonynge conductor. (Arthaus Musik DVD 100242)
Donizetti: Lucrezia Borgia - Opera Australia (1977), Richard Bonynge conductor. (Opus Arte DVD OAF4026D)
Verdi: Il trovatore - Opera Australia (1983), Richard Bonynge conductor. (Arthaus Musik DVD 100276)

References

Sources

Kutsch, K. J and Riemens, Leo, Großes Sängerlexikon, Francke, 1987, Vol. 1, .
Murdoch, James, A Handbook of Australian Music, Sun Books, 1983, .
Rich, Maria F., Who's who in Opera, Arno Press, 1976, .

External links

1942 births
Living people
Australian operatic tenors
Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University alumni
People from Bundaberg

Robin Donald


Víctor Eduardo Parraguez Galarce (born 21 October 1935) was the 32nd Mayor of the commune of Pichilemu, office which he held between 1975 and 1979, after being appointed by the government junta presided by General Augusto Pinochet. Parraguez Galarce is also an agricultural entrepreneur, and had an important role in the committee that prompted the creation of the province of Cardenal Caro, in his home region.

Biography
Eduardo Parraguez was born on 21 October 1935 in the commune of Paredones, in current Cardenal Caro Province, Region of O'Higgins, Chile. His parents were Víctor Luis Parraguez and Enedina del Carmen Galarce de Parraguez. Parraguez Galarce married María Mirta Lidia Cáceres González (born 28 July 1945) in La Estrella, on 24 December 1966.

Political career
Parraguez was appointed Mayor of Pichilemu, by decree of the government junta presided by General Augusto Pinochet, in 1975. He succeeded Mario Urrutia Carrasco. Parraguez remained in the office until 1979.

Creation of Cardenal Caro Province
Parraguez, along with Osvaldo Vidal Vidal —president of the organization—, Flavio Álvarez Jorquera —former regidor of Pichilemu—, Rafael Álvarez Maturana, Enrique Romero Lorca, and Antonio Molfino Chiorrini, were members of the Comité Pro-Provincia (Pro-Province Committee), a private organization that worked in 1979 for the creation of the province of Cardenal Caro. By the time of the province's creation, on 3 October 1979, Parraguez Galarce had quit the mayor office, but his successor, José Lino Vargas, took over his role. In a November 2009 interview with El Expreso de la Costa, Parraguez recalled "fighting against Marchigüe and Santa Cruz mayors" for Pichilemu to become the capital of the yet to-be-created province; "battle" which the committee Pro-Provincia won. All of the committee's member were awarded by Governor Julio Ibarra Maldonado in 2013, thirty-four years after the creation of the province.

Other work
Parraguez was a founding member of the Club Aéreo de Pichilemu (Aerial Club of Pichilemu), whose founding took place on 2 November 1964.

References

1935 births
Living people
Mayors of Pichilemu

Eduardo Parraguez


The History of the Peloponnesian War tells the story of the Peloponnesian War in Ancient Greece. It was written by Thucydides, an Athenian general who served in that war. The war was fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Athenian league (led by Athens). The war lasted more than 20 years.

Many historians regard this History of  Thucydides as one of the earliest scholarly works of history.

Historical method
Thucydides' History made a number of contributions to early historiography. Many of his principles have become standard methods of history writing today, though others have not.

Chronology
One of Thucydides' major innovations was to use a strict standard of chronology, recording events by year, each year consisting of the summer campaigning season and a less active winter season. As a result, events that span several years are divided up and described in parts of the book that are sometimes quite distant from one another, causing the impression that he is oscillating between the various theatres of conflict. This method contrasts sharply with Herodotus' earlier work The Histories, which jumps around chronologically.

Speeches
Another feature of the work is that Thucydides writes dozens of speeches of the most important figures who were engaged in the war. Thucydides heard some of these speeches himself but some of the speeches he wrote without knowing exactly what was really spoken.

Neutral point of view
Thucydides wanted his writings "to last for ever" (1.22.4). Therefore he tried to be as neutral as possible though as a general of Athens that was difficult for him.

Role of religion
The gods play no active role in Thucydides' work. This is very different to Herodotus, who frequently mentions the role of the gods. Instead, Thucydides regards history as being caused by the choices and actions of human beings.

The History concentrates on the military aspects of the Peloponnesian War, but it uses these events as a medium to suggest several other themes as well, for instance to show degenerative effects of war on humanity itself.
For the most part, the History does not discuss topics such as the art and architecture of Greece, but speaks of the development of military technologies
rather often.

The History explains that the cause of the Peloponnesian War was the "growth in power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Sparta" (1.23.6). The Spartans represent a more traditional and less expansive power.

Sources
Thucydides almost never names his informants. This is in contrast to Herodotus, who frequently mentions multiple versions of his stories and allows the reader to decide which is true.

Influence
Thucydides' History has been enormously influential in both ancient and modern historiography.

Outline of the Work
Book 1
The state of Greece from the earliest times to the commencement of the Peloponnesian War, also known as the Archaeology. 1.1-1.19.
Methodological excursus. 1.20-1.23.
Causes of the war (433-432 BC) 1.24-1.66.
The Affair of Epidamnus. 1.24-1.55.
The Affair of Potidaea. 1.56-1.66.
Congress of the Peloponnesian League at Lacedaemon. 1.67-1.88
The Speech of the Corinthians. 1.68-1.71.
The Speech of the Athenian envoys. 1.73-1.78.
The Speech of Archidamus. 1.80-1.85.
The Speech of Sthenelaidas. 1.86.
From the end of the Persian War to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, also known as the Pentacontaetia. 1.89-1.117.
The progress from supremacy to empire.
Second congress at Lacedaemon and the Corinthian Speech. 1.119-1.125.
Diplomatic maneuvering. 1.126-1.139.
Excursus on Cylon. 1.126-1.127.
Excursus on Pausanias and Themistocles. 1.128-1.138
Pericles' first speech. 1.140-1.145.
Book 2 (431-428 BC)
War begins with Thebes' attempt to subvert Plataea. 2.1-2.6.
Account of the mobilization of and list of the allies of the two combatants. 2.7-2.9.
First invasion of Attica. 2.10-2.23.
Archidamus leads the Peloponnesian army into Attica. 2.10-2.12.
Athenian preparations and abandonment of the countryside. 2.13-2.14.
Excursus on Athenian synoikism. 2.15-2.16.
Difficult conditions in Athens for refugees from countryside. 2.17.
Archidamus ravages Oenoe and Acharnai. 2.18-2.20.
Athenian fury and anger at Pericles. 2.21-2.22.
Athenian naval counter-attacks along coast of Peloponnese and islands. 2.23-2.32.
Pericles' Funeral Oration. 2.34-2.46.
The plague of Athens. 2.47-2.54.
Second invasion of Attica and Athenian naval counter-attacks. 2.55-2.58.
Pericles' third speech, defending his position and policy. 2.59-2.64.
Thucydides' estimate of Pericles' qualities and the causes for Athens' eventual defeat. 2.65.
Diplomacy and skirmishes in Thrace, the islands, and the Northeast. 2.66-2.69.
Fall of Potidaea. 2.70.
Investment of Plataea. 2.71-2.78.
Naval victories of Phormio in the Northeast. 2.80-2.92.
Threat of raid on the Piraeus. 2.93-2.94.
Thracian campaign in Macedonia under Sitalces. 2.95-2.101.
Book 3 (428-425 BC)
Annual invasion of Attica. 3.1.
Revolt of Mytilene. 3.2-3.50.
Speech of Mytilenian envoys to Sparta at Olympia, asking for help. 3.9-3.14.
Sparta accepts Lesbos as an ally and prepares to counter the Athenians. 3.15.
Mytilene surrenders to Athens despite Spartan support. 3.28.
Mytilenian Debate. 3.37-3.50.
Fall of Plataea. 3.20-3.24, 3.52-68.
Some Plataeans escape. 3.20-3.24.
Plataea surrenders. 3.52.
Trial and execution of the Plataeans. 3.53-3.68.
Speech of Plataeans, 3.53-3.59.
Speech of the Thebans. 3.61-3.67.
Revolution at Corcyra. 3.70-3.85.
Thucydides' account of the evils of civil strife. 3.82-3.84.
Athenian campaigns in Sicily. 3.86, 3.90, 3.99, 3.103, 3.115-3.116.
Campaigns of Demosthenes in western Greece. 3.94-3.98, 3.100-3.102, 3.105-3.114.
Spartans establish Heracleia in Trachis. 3.92-3.93.
Athenians purify Delos. 3.104.
Book 4 (425-423 BC)
Annual invasion of Attica. 4.2.
Athenians en route to Sicily occupy Pylos in the Peloponnese. 4.2-4.6.
King Agis of Sparta cuts short the invasion of Attica to return to the Peloponnese. 4.6.
Concerted Spartan attack on the Athenian fort at Pylos. 4.8-4.15.
The Athenian general Demosthenes coordinates the defense of Pylos and rouses the troops with a speech. 4.9-4.10.
The Spartan commander Brasidas distinguishes himself for bravery. 4.11-4.12.
The Athenians defeat the Spartan assault on Pylos and cut off a garrison of Spartiates on the adjacent island of Sphacteria. 4.13-4.14.
The Spartans, concerned for the men on the island, conclude an immediate armistice and send an embassy to Athens to negotiate peace. 4.13-4.22.
The speech of the Spartan ambassadors offers to peace and alliance to Athens in exchange for the return of the men on Sphacteria. 4.17-4.20.
The Athenian Cleon, speaking in the Assembly, encourages the Athenians to demand the return of the territories surrendered by Athens at the conclusion of the First Peloponnesian War. 4.21-4.22.
Events in Sicily. 4.24-4.25.
Siege of the Spartiates on Sphacteria continues without result. 4.26-4.27.
Cleon takes command at Pylos. 4.27-4.29.
With the siege of Sphacteria yielding no results, the Athenians grow angry at Cleon for encouraging them to reject the Spartan offer of peace. 4.27.1-.4.27.3.
Cleon blames Nicias and the generals for ineptitude. 4.27.5.
Nicias yields command to Cleon. 4.28.
Battle of Sphacteria results in the capture of all the Spartiates trapped there. 4.29-4.41.
Nicias leads an Athenian attack on Corinth. 4.42-4.45.
End of Corcyraean revolution. 4.46-4.48.
Athenians capture Cythera, an island off the Peloponnese, and Thyrea, a town in the Peloponnese.  Sparta is hemmed in on all sides and desperate. 4.53-4.57.
Sicilian cities make peace in conference at Gela, frustrating Athenian designs on the island. 4.58-65.
Speech of Hermocrates at Gela. 4.59-4.64.
Athenian attack on Megara. 4.66-4.74.
Capture of Nisaea. 4.69.
Inconclusive engagements at Megara. 4.73.
Megara eludes Athenian capture. 4.74.
Invasion of Boeotia. 4.76, 4.89-4.101.2.
Athenians occupy temple at Delium. 4.90.
Battle of Delium results in Athenian retreat. 4.91-4.96.
Boeotians refuse to return Athenian dead until Athenians relinquish the shrine of Delium. 4.97-4.99.
Boeotians assault the Athenian in the temple and burn it down. 4.100.
Brasidas marches through Thessaly to Thrace and begins to cause Athenian subject cities to revolt. 4.78-4.88.
Speech of Brasidas to the Acanthians. 4.85-4.87.
Fall of Amphipolis to Brasidas. 4.102-4.108.
Continued successes of Brasidas in Thrace. 4.111-4.135.
Brasidas secures the revolt of the garrison of Torone. 4.110-4.116.
One-year armistice between Athenians and Spartans. 4.117-4.118.
Scione revolts from Athens to Brasidas. 4.120-4.123.
Truce breaks down. 4.122-4.123.
Athenians retake Mende and besiege Scione. 4.129-4.131.
Book 5 (422-415 BC)
Death of Cleon and Brasidas
Peace of Nicias
Feeling against Sparta in the Peloponnese
League of the Mantineans, Eleans, Argives, and Athenians
Battle of Mantinea and breaking up of the League
The Melian Dialogue
Fate of Melos
Book 6 (415-414 BCE)
The Sicilian Expedition
Affair of the Hermae
Departure of the expedition to Sicily
Parties at Syracuse
Story of Harmodius and Aristogiton
Disgrace of Alcibiades
Inaction of the Athenian army
Alcibiades at Sparta
Investment of Syracuse
Book 7 (414-413 BC)
Arrival of Gylippus at Syracuse
Fortification of Decelea
Successes of the Syracusans
Arrival of Demosthenes
Defeat of the Athenians at Epipolae
Folly and obstinacy of Nicias
Battles in the Great Harbour
Retreat and annihilation of the Athenian army
Book 8 (413-411 BC)
Revolt of Ionia
Intervention of Persia
The war in Ionia
Intrigues of Alcibiades
Withdrawal of the Persian subsidies
Oligarchical coup d'état at Athens
Patriotism of the Athenian army at Samos
Recall of Alcibiades to Samos
Revolt of Euboea and downfall of the Council of the Four Hundred
Battle of Cynossema

Notes

Internet Sources

Secondary Sources
 Connor, W. Robert, Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1984). .
 Hornblower, Simon, A Commentary on Thucydides. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon (1991-1996).  (vol. 1),  (vol. 2).
 Hornblower, Simon, Thucydides. London: Duckworth (1987). .
 Orwin, Clifford, The Humanity of Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1994).
 Romilly, Jacqueline de, Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell (1963). .
 Rood, Tim, Thucydides: Narrative and Explanation. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1998). .
 Strassler, Robert B, ed. The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. New York: Free Press (1996). .

Translations
 Thomas Hobbes, 1628: full text
 William Smith, 1753
 Richard Crawley, 1874: full text
 Benjamin Jowett, 1881: full text
 Edgar C. Marchant, 1900
 Charles Forster Smith, 1919
 Rex Warner, 1954
 John H. Finley, Jr., 1963
 Walter Blanco, 1998

History books
Classical Greek literature
5th-century BC books

History of the Peloponnesian War


Anne Terry White (February 19, 1896 – July 1980) was a Russian Empire-born American writer and translator.

The daughter of Aaron and Sarah Terry, she was born Anne Terry in the Russian Empire, and came to the United States with her family at the age of 8. She was educated at Brown University and obtained a master's degree from Stanford University in 1925. She worked as a teacher and social worker. Besides writing books for young people, she also translated works for children from Russian to English.

In 1918, she married Harry Dexter White; the couple had two daughters.

In 1937, she published Heroes of the Five Books about characters from the Old Testament, her first book. Her books were primarily non-fiction on a variety of subjects, including archaeology, anthropology, other various scientific topics and biographies. She also published adaptions of myths, fairy tales and classic children's literature.

Selected works
 Three Children and Shakespeare (1938)
 Men Before Adam (1942)
 George Washington Carver: The Story of a Great American (1953)
 All About the Stars (1954)
 All About Great Rivers of the World (1957)
 Rocks All Around Us (1959)
 Birds of the World (1962)
 The American Indian (1963
 With Dersu the Hunter: Adventures in the Taiga (1965) adapted from a work by Vladimir Arsenyev
 Man, the Thinker (1967) with G. S. Lietz
 North to Liberty: The Story of the Underground Railroad (1972)
 Prehistoric America, Landmark Books Series published by Random House (1951)

References

1896 births
1980 deaths
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Ukrainian women writers
American women children's writers
American children's writers
20th-century American women
20th-century American people

Anne Terry White


Cointegration is a statistical property of a collection  of time series variables. First, all of the series must be integrated of order d (see Order of integration). Next, if a linear combination of this collection is integrated of order less than d, then the collection is said to be co-integrated. Formally, if (X,Y,Z) are each integrated of order d, and there exist coefficients a,b,c such that  is integrated of order less than d, then X, Y, and Z are cointegrated.  Cointegration has become an important property in contemporary time series analysis. Time series often have trends—either deterministic or stochastic. In an influential paper
, Charles Nelson and Charles Plosser (1982) provided statistical evidence that many US macroeconomic time series (like GNP, wages, employment, etc.) have stochastic trends.

Introduction
If two or more series are individually  integrated (in the time series sense) but some linear combination of them has a lower order of integration, then the series are said to be cointegrated. A common example is where the individual series are first-order integrated () but some (cointegrating) vector of coefficients exists to form a stationary linear combination of them. For instance, a stock market index and the price of its associated futures contract move through time, each roughly following a random walk. Testing the hypothesis that there is a statistically significant connection between the futures price and the spot price could now be done by testing for the existence of a cointegrated combination of the two series.

History
The first to introduce and analyse the concept of spurious—or nonsense—regression was Udny Yule in 1926.
Before the 1980s, many economists used linear regressions on non-stationary time series data, which Nobel laureate Clive Granger and Paul Newbold showed to be a dangerous approach that could produce spurious correlation, since standard detrending techniques can result in data that are still non-stationary. Granger's 1987 paper with Robert Engle formalized the cointegrating vector approach, and coined the term.

For integrated  processes, Granger and Newbold showed that de-trending does not work to eliminate the problem of spurious correlation, and that the superior alternative is to check for co-integration. Two series with  trends can be co-integrated only if there is a genuine relationship between the two. Thus the standard current methodology for time series regressions is to check all-time series involved for integration. If there are  series on both sides of the regression relationship, then it's possible for regressions to give misleading results.

The possible presence of cointegration must be taken into account when choosing a technique to test hypotheses concerning the relationship between two variables having unit roots (i.e. integrated of at least order one). The usual procedure for testing hypotheses concerning the relationship between non-stationary variables was to run ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions on data which had been differenced. This method is biased if the non-stationary variables are cointegrated.

For example, regressing the consumption series for any country (e.g. Fiji) against the GNP for a randomly selected dissimilar country (e.g. Afghanistan) might give a high R-squared relationship (suggesting high explanatory power on Fiji's consumption from Afghanistan's GNP). This is called spurious regression: two integrated  series which are not directly causally related may nonetheless show a significant correlation; this phenomenon is called spurious correlation.

Tests
The six main methods for testing for cointegration are:

Engle–Granger two-step method

If  and  both have order of integration d=1 and are cointegrated, then a linear combination of them must be stationary for some value of  and  .  In other words:

where  is stationary.

If  is known, we can test  for stationarity with an Augmented Dickey–Fuller test or Phillips–Perron test.  If  is unknown, we must first estimate it. This is typically done by using ordinary least squares (by regressing  on  and an intercept). Then, we can run an ADF test on . However, when  is estimated, the critical values of this ADF test are non-standard, and increase in absolute value as more regressors are included.

If the variables are found to be cointegrated, a second-stage regression is conducted. This is a regression of  on the lagged regressors,  and the lagged residuals from the first stage, . The second stage regression is given as:

If the variables are not cointegrated (if we cannot reject the null of no cointegration when testing ), then  and we estimate a differences model:

Johansen test
The Johansen test is a test for cointegration that allows for more than one cointegrating relationship, unlike the Engle–Granger method, but this test is subject to asymptotic properties, i.e. large samples. If the sample size is too small then the results will not be reliable and one should use Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL).

Phillips–Ouliaris cointegration test
Peter C. B. Phillips and Sam Ouliaris (1990) show that residual-based unit root tests applied to the estimated cointegrating residuals do not have the usual Dickey–Fuller distributions under the null hypothesis of no-cointegration. Because of the spurious regression phenomenon under the null hypothesis, the distribution of these tests have asymptotic distributions that depend on (1) the number of deterministic trend terms and (2) the number of variables with which co-integration is being tested. These distributions are known as Phillips–Ouliaris distributions and critical values have been tabulated. In finite samples, a superior alternative to the use of these asymptotic critical value is to generate critical values from simulations.

Multicointegration
In practice, cointegration is often used for two  series, but it is more generally applicable and can be used for variables integrated of higher order (to detect correlated accelerations or other second-difference effects). Multicointegration extends the cointegration technique beyond two variables, and occasionally to variables integrated at different orders.

Variable shifts in long time series
Tests for cointegration assume that the cointegrating vector is constant during the period of study. In reality, it is possible that the long-run relationship between the underlying variables change (shifts in the cointegrating vector can occur). The reason for this might be technological progress, economic crises, changes in the people's preferences and behaviour accordingly, policy or regime alteration, and organizational or institutional developments. This is especially likely to be the case if the sample period is long. To take this issue into account, tests have been introduced for cointegration with one unknown structural break, and tests for cointegration with two unknown breaks are also available.

Bayesian inference
Several Bayesian methods have been proposed to compute the posterior distribution of the number of cointegrating relationships and the cointegrating linear combinations.

See also
 Error correction model
 Granger causality
 Stationary subspace analysis

References

Further reading

  An intuitive introduction to cointegration.

Mathematical finance
Time series

Cointegration


George Brancato (May 27, 1931 – October 22, 2019) was an American/Canadian gridiron football player and coach.

Both an offensive and defensive player in college, he played five games for the Chicago Cardinals during the 1954 NFL season. He rushed the ball twice for 26 yards and caught three passes for 28 yards. In 1955 he played in the Cardinals' defensive backfield. He joined the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL) a as halfback for the 1956 season. He played defensive back for the Ottawa Rough Riders for seven seasons, occasionally playing on offense.

After his retirement, he taught phys ed at Laval High and Montreal's Loyola High School before returning to Ottawa as an assistant coach. In 1974 he was promoted to head coach after Coach of the Year Jack Gotta left to become head coach and general manager of the World Football League's Birmingham Americans. In 1975 he won the Annis Stukus Trophy as CFL's Coach of the Year after a first place 10-5-1 finish. The following season, he defeated the Saskatchewan Roughriders, 23–20, in the 64th Grey Cup. In 1981, his 5–11 Rough Riders came close to causing a massive upset in that year's Grey Cup versus the Edmonton Eskimos. After a 4–12 1984 season he was relieved of his coaching duties and appointed director of player personnel.

In 1989, he was hired to coach the Chicago Bruisers of the Arena Football League. After the team folded he served as an assistant under Ernie Stautner with the expansion Dallas Texans.

He returned to Ottawa in 1993 as Ron Smeltzer's special teams and secondary coach. That same year, he was the head coach of the UCCB Capers gridiron football team, which lasted only one season. The following season, he served as the offensive coordinator of the Shreveport Pirates. His next coaching job was as Defensive coordinator of the Anaheim Piranhas. In 1999, he returned to the AFL with the Florida Bobcats as the team's defensive coordinator. It was his final coaching job as he retired at the end of the season.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
American football defensive backs
American football running backs
Canadian football defensive backs
Canadian football running backs
Chicago Bruisers coaches
Chicago Cardinals players
LSU Tigers football players
Montreal Alouettes players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Santa Ana Dons football players
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
Players of American football from New York City
Coaches of American football from New York (state)
Santa Ana College alumni

George Brancato


David Thomas Kemp, FRS (born 24 February 1945) is a British physicist who is a professor working at the UCL Ear Institute in London.

He was educated at King's College London (BSc, 1966; AKC; PhD, 1970). He discovered the phenomenon of otoacoustic emission in July 1978 while working at the Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital. He founded a company that makes equipment to test for hearing defects by detecting otacoustic emission, which is absent in the ears of people suffering deafness caused by neural impairment. Because the method does not require any cooperation from the subject, it is valuable for detecting deafness in babies.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2004.

References

External links
 UCL News

1945 births
Living people
Academics of University College London
Alumni of King's College London
Associates of King's College London
Fellows of the Royal Society

David Kemp (physicist)


Music of Your Life is an American syndicated music radio format featuring adult standards music. First created by recording executive Al Ham in 1978, the format achieved popularity in the 1980s among AM radio stations in the United States and Canada, which were then facing declines in listenership in a transition period of most popular music to the FM band.

The format's peak was before the 1987 repeal of the FCC's Fairness Doctrine began the transition of many of the stations on the AM band towards mostly conservative talk radio and sports radio, a process that accelerated after the Telecommunications Act of 1996 relaxed ownership restrictions and made large radio chains with a de facto national talk schedule with little local deviation possible. The consolidation of the radio industry, the launch of Internet radio and music streaming services allowing broader personal access to music anytime, and the overall aging out of the network's audience from prime advertising demographics brought the Music of Your Life format into a decline where only twelve stations used the format in 2008, when it was purchased by its current owner, Marc Angell.

History
Al Ham, a veteran CBS Records executive, decided to change careers in 1978 and started Music of Your Life, a format featuring pre-rock popular music on station WDJZ in Bridgeport, Connecticut. After that station was sold, the format was then installed at two other stations in the region: WHLI in Hempstead, New York, and WMAS in Springfield, Massachusetts, which was the first syndication customer. Both stations saw immediate and major gains in ratings, particularly among older listeners. Ham credited its success to the disenfranchisement of listeners aged 35–64 by most music stations. By 1981, more than 60 stations had adopted the live and automated versions of Music of Your Life, and their ranks had swelled to 130 by 1982. It was particularly credited with providing ratings improvement for AM stations whose listeners had deserted to FM outlets and was a good fit for AM as most older songs were not recorded in stereo; at the time, AM stereo was not in use. In contrast to "beautiful music" stations that mostly programmed instrumentals, the Music of Your Life format emphasized vocals; 20 percent of the music mix consisted of big band selections. Ham promoted listener involvement by starting "Music of Your Life Clubs", an idea that caught on.

A number of heritage contemporary hit radio stations on the AM band converted to Music of Your Life during the decade. WOKY in Milwaukee became a Music of Your Life station in January 1982, a switch that made the front page of Radio & Records. CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, also serving Detroit, changed in December 1984 and saw ratings immediately improve from a 0.8 in the fall 1984 Arbitron survey to 4.0 in the spring 1985 book; it was one of 10 Canadian stations using the format, though CKLW tinkered with it slightly to provide a contemporary enough sound to support its overall programming. WNJY serving Palm Beach County, Florida, co-owned with WMAS, was the first FM affiliate, signing on in 1983; advertising rates doubled after the format was installed. In 1985, a Music of Your Life television special hosted by Toni Tennille was produced as a pilot for a possible series. However, automated music formats on tape began to fall out of favor in the mid-1980s, and interest in Music of Your Life waned.

In 1989, Unistar Radio Networks entered into a joint venture with Fairwest Satellite Programming to distribute Music of Your Life. However, the satellite service was unsuccessful. Unistar terminated satellite delivery in 1991, with about 50 clients, finding Music of Your Life "not economically viable for satellite delivery", though it would continue to distribute it on tapes. After Unistar's decision to cease satellite delivery, Al Ham bought back all assets related to Music of Your Life in March 1991. He continued the tape business while offering the use of the brand and jingles to stations carrying competing satellite-delivered standards formats such as Unistar's AM Only and Stardust from Satellite Music Networks.

On January 1, 1996, the format was relaunched by Ham along with original partners Jim West and Gary Fink as a satellite-delivered service, with Gary Owens hosting mornings. By 1999, Jones Radio Network, which handled syndication duties, boasted it had 174 stations signed up and such talent as Owens, Patti Page, and Wink Martindale. The satellite delivery allowed Music of Your Life to compete with similar offerings from competitors, such as AM Only from Westwood One and Stardust from ABC Radio Networks; the service also gradually introduced newer music. Interest slowly waned, and there were just twelve stations remaining in 2008, by which time Marc Angell had become CEO.

See also
WRME-LD, the Chicago flagship of the national "MeTV FM" radio network, which shares a similar format to Music of Your Life, though without celebrity on-air talent

References

Franchised radio formats
American radio networks
Adult standards radio stations in the United States

Music of Your Life


The Kashmir Koklass Pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha biddulphi), although called a pheasant, is truly related to grouses and is only a distant relative to the pheasants. Grouses are actually birds from the order Galliformes, which are heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that include chicken and quail. In the monotypic genus Pucrasia, the Koklass Pheasant is the only species. Koklass is an adapted species that has been put into three different groups of species and again divided into subspecies. It is the only species in the genus Pucrasia to be divided into nine subspecies.

Locations
It is found in a wide range from Asia, across Afghanistan to China. The range of the subspecies can be found at quite a distance from each other. The Koklass Pheasant is part of the few species related to galliforms that regularly fly uphill and can fly at a time for many miles. Galliform species are not normally known to fly. Koklass Pheasants look more similar to the grouses than a regular pheasant.

Naming
Both the words Koklass and Pheasants from the name of Koklass Pheasants have been derived from the territorial call of the birds. The territorial call of the male is 'kok-kok-kok'.

Appearance
The male Koklass Pheasant is usually black in colour with each feather on the body covered with a pale white border. The male is much larger than the female in size and also much colourful. The male has a metallic green face, head, throat, and crest. They have chestnut on the chest and breast and a streaked appearance to the body. A white cheek patch is found along with a rust throat, chest and belly. The backs of the body are mostly grey and the wings are brown and tan coloured. The male species have a black beak and dark grey legs. The female has a dark grey beak and the same dark grey legs. The female Koklass has a cream-brown body with dark markings, a cream-colored face, white cheeks, and a throat patch. The female has white tips on the outside tail feathers. The female Koklass Pheasants has a fairly dull body. Both the male and female have wedge-shaped tails. The chicks and the first-year adults look similar to the females. They only attain the dark male body coloration after they mature.

Within Pakistan it is the State bird of Azad Kashmir.

Notes
.

References

Birds of Pakistan
Azad Kashmir
Phasianidae

Kashmir Koklass pheasant


And the Sea Will Tell is a true crime book by Vincent Bugliosi and Bruce Henderson. The nonfiction book recounts an apparent double murder on Palmyra Atoll although only one body was ever found; the subsequent arrest, trial, and conviction of Wesley G. "Buck Duane" Walker; and the acquittal of his girlfriend, Stephanie Stearns, whom Bugliosi and Leonard Weinglass had defended. The book went to No. 1 on The New York Times hardcover bestseller list in March 1991 and is still in print as a trade paperback and ebook.

The killings

In 1974, a wealthy couple from San Diego, California,  Malcolm "Mac" Graham III, 43, and Eleanor LaVerne "Muff" Graham, 40, sailed their 38-foot ketch, Sea Wind, to Palmyra Atoll — 1,200 miles south of Honolulu — hoping to find it deserted and to spend a year or more there. They found other sailors already there, including two male Canadian scientists, but nonetheless stayed.

Also on Palmyra were Wesley G. Walker (a.k.a. "Buck Duane Walker") and Stephanie Stearns (referred to as "Jennifer Jenkins" in the book), who had sailed there together from Hawaii on Stearns's sailing vessel Iola, a deteriorating, patched-together wooden sloop that lacked a reliable auxiliary engine. In contrast, the Grahams' ketch, the Sea Wind, was beautifully finished and impeccably outfitted, with an onboard machine shop equipped with a lathe and acetylene welding torch.

Walker was an ex-convict fleeing a drug possession charge and had come up with the idea of growing cannabis on Palmyra to support himself. The Grahams were a happily married couple touring the world, and Mr. Graham ran his business remotely. The Grahams had brought more than a year's supply of food for their voyage, but Walker and Stearns quickly consumed their own meager supplies and resorted to harvesting the island's few coconuts, often by chopping down entire trees, leaving scars on the island habitat. As Walker's method of farming became unsustainable, he and Stearns were forced to plan a voyage in the rickety Iola, against prevailing winds and currents, to Fanning (Tabuaeran), a nearby atoll in Kiribati, to restock — a voyage close to impossible without a working auxiliary engine.

Eventually, the other visitors, aside from the Grahams left, leaving only the two couples on the atoll. According to Stearns, the Grahams disappeared sometime between August 28 and August 30, 1974, and the young couple found the Grahams' Zodiac rigid inflatable dinghy upside down. On September 11, 1974, after days of searching and waiting for the Grahams to return to their boat, Stearns said she and Walker scuttled the Iola and sailed for Hawaii on the Sea Wind. Once in Hawaii, the couple had the Sea Wind repainted and also renamed it, which according to boating superstition brings bad luck. This act aroused suspicion; an acquaintance of the Grahams  recognized the distinctive Sea Wind despite its new paint job. Stearns was arrested in the lower level of the Hawaii Yacht Club for the theft of the Sea Wind, but Walker was able to temporarily escape by using a motorized dinghy to race up the "400 row" of the Ala Wai Harbor. It was believed he fled on foot after leaving the dinghy at the loading dock near the Ilikai Hotel. He was captured soon after. Stearns received a two-year sentence for the theft and Walker a 10-year sentence for the theft to run concurrently with his 5-year sentence for selling ecstasy. Walker subsequently escaped from a federal prison in Washington State. He was recaptured in 1981 in Arizona. He was tried for escape and sentenced to five years in prison.

In 1981, a South African couple visiting Palmyra found a human skull and other bones that had apparently fallen out of a World War II vintage metal box washed up on the beach after a storm. They were identified as belonging to Muff Graham. They showed signs of dismemberment and burning.

Trial and punishment

Buck Walker was tried and convicted of Muff Graham's murder. He was incarcerated at United States Penitentiary, Victorville, in California.  Although Walker never testified, the defense claimed that he and Stearns were attempting to return the Sea Wind to Hawaii with the Iola in tow, but the Iola ran aground on the reef as they exited the lagoon and had to be abandoned.  During the voyage back to Hawaii, it was claimed that a large swordfish damaged the Sea Winds hull below the waterline, necessitating her repair and subsequent repainting and renaming.

Stephanie Stearns was tried separately in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in San Francisco. After Bugliosi argued that Buck Walker had committed the Palmyra murders himself without Stearns's participation or knowledge, and following her testimony at the trial, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty.

Aftermath

The book was adapted into the 1991 television film And the Sea Will Tell, directed by Tommy Lee Wallace which aired on CBS as a 4-hour film. Part 1 aired on February 24, and Part 2 was aired two days later.

The trial lawyer who represented Walker, Earle Partington, sued Bugliosi for defamation, claiming that both the book and the docudrama portrayed Partington in a negative light. The court found for Bugliosi, ruling that this was his protected opinion.

Walker was released on parole in September 2007 at the age of 69, after serving 22 years of a life sentence, and died of a stroke on April 26, 2010, at the age of 72.  Prior to his death, Walker had been living in a trailer home in Willits, California.  Walker (writing as Wesley G. Walker) claimed in a book about that case that he had been seduced by Mrs. Graham and, in the midst of lovemaking, had been caught by Mr. Graham, who shot his wife and attempted to shoot Walker. Malcolm Graham's body has never been found.

References

External links

BruceHendersonBooks.com - co-author Bruce Henderson's website

1991 non-fiction books
American people murdered abroad
Non-fiction books about murders in the United States
Palmyra Atoll
Books by Vincent Bugliosi
Non-fiction books adapted into films
Collaborative non-fiction books

And the Sea Will Tell


Upton Pyne is a parish and village in Devon, England. The parish lies just north west of Exeter, mainly between the River Exe and River Creedy. The village is located north of Cowley and west of Brampford Speke and Stoke Canon. It has a population of 539.

History

The manor came into the possession of the Pyne family during the reign of Henry I (1100–1135) when Herbert de Pins (or de pyn) took over the land.

The Pyne family held it for ten successive generations, until Constance Pyne married William Larder about the end of the 15th century. The Larders held the manor for five generations.

In the early 18th century the heiress of Stafford of Pynes married her neighbour Sir Henry Northcote (5th baronet) and took the manor to him.  Sir Henry probably built the present Pynes House, a typical Queen Anne house, enlarged in 1851.

The Pyne family also gave their name to the villages of Culm Pyne and Washford Pyne. One branch of the family moved to  Ireland in the time of Elizabeth I, and acquired substantial estates at Mogeely in County Cork. Sir Richard Pyne (1644-1709), Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, was a member of this branch of the family. Pynes House is now used as an events venue, primarily for weddings.

The church
St Mary's church is built of the local volcanic stone, and has a particularly beautiful tower, with figures of the four evangelists at its corners and that of Christ in Benediction on its West face.

The chancel has some early 14th century work; the West tower and South aisle were probably added about 1400, the North aisle in 1833.

The altar-piece is a painting of the Last Supper by an unknown hand, brought from Italy by one of the Northcotes about 1710. There is an altar-tomb to Humphrey Larder (d. 1588), another with a recumbent effigy of Edmund Larder (d. 1521), and several monuments to the Northcotes of Pynes, later Earls of Iddesleigh.

John Walker, author of The Sufferings of the Clergy, was rector here 1720-47, and is buried on the N. side of the churchyard.

No Man's Chapel
There is a stone on the Upton Pyne road recording that the ancient chapel of St John the Baptist was situated here until its removal to Crediton Cemetery in 1926.

Largely paid for by Sir John Shelley, Lord of the Manor of East Raddon, but with much support in the provision of labour, fixtures and furnishings by local parishioners, "St John's Baptist's Chantry was brought back to its original uses" as the Rural Dean noted as the chapel was re-dedicated in October 1896.

There are regular references to events at the chapel during the 1890s and 1900s, but it seems to have fallen out of use after that. The chapel was therefore available for relocation when Crediton Cemetery was established in the 1920s.

The name 'No Man's Chapel' comes from the conversion of an earlier chapel on the same site into a dwelling house by farmer George Painter. This earlier chapel appears on rent lists for the Manor of East Raddon dating back to the 1740s. It is said that this chapel dated back to the 14th century, although there is no evidence for this.

See also
 Upton Pyne apple

References

Sources
 (Google Maps)

External links

Villages in Devon
Former manors in Devon

Upton Pyne


Mark Medoff (March 18, 1940 – April 23, 2019) was an American playwright, screenwriter, movie and theatre director, actor, and professor. He was born in Mount Carmel, Illinois.

His play Children of a Lesser God won both the Tony Award and the Olivier Award in 1980.  He was nominated for an Academy Award and a Writers Guild of America Best Adapted Screenplay Award for the movie script of Children of a Lesser God.  He also won an Obie Award for his play When You Comin' Back, Red Ryder?.

Medoff died on April 23, 2019, from problems caused by a fall and cancer in hospice care in Las Cruces, New Mexico at age 79.

References

Tony Award winners
1940 births
2019 deaths
American playwrights
American stage actors
American movie actors
Educators from Illinois
Screenwriters from Illinois
Actors from Illinois
Movie directors from Illinois

Mark Medoff


The Grumman F9F Panther is an early carrier-based jet fighter designed and produced by the American aircraft manufacturer Grumman. It was the first jet-powered fighter aircraft operated by the United States Navy as well as being Grumman's first jet fighter.

Development of the Panther commenced in the final months of World War II to harness the recent innovation of the jet engine. Grumman designed a single-engined, straight-winged day fighter that was armed with four  cannons and could also carry a wide assortment of air-to-ground munitions. Production aircraft were typically powered by a single Allison J33 or Pratt & Whitney J48-P-2 turbojet engine. On 21 November 1947, the prototype performed its maiden flight, powered by an imported Rolls-Royce Nene engine. During September 1949, the F9F was cleared for flight from aircraft carriers.

The Panther was used extensively by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps in the Korean War. On 3 July 1950, a F9F-3 recorded the first U.S. Navy air victory of the conflict, having shot down a propeller-powered Yak-9. In the Korean theatre, Panther pilots cumulatively claimed the shooting down of seven Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s. During 1956, the type was withdrawn from front-line combat service, but remained in secondary roles, such as for training and with U.S. Naval Air Reserve and U.S. Marine Air Reserve units, until 1958. The Panther was also the first jet aircraft used by the Blue Angels aerobatics demonstration team, being flown in this capacity from 1949 through to late 1954. Future astronauts Neil Armstrong and John Glenn both flew the F9F extensively during the Korean War.

While Australia was interested in the Panther during the late 1940s, the nation ultimately opted for the Gloster Meteor F.8 and the CAC Sabre instead. The aircraft's only export customer was Argentina, where it became the first jet aircraft to be operated by the Argentine Naval Aviation. It was operated mainly from land, as the catapults of the aircraft carrier ARA Independencia lacked sufficient power to readily launch the F9F. Several Panthers participated in the 1963 Argentine Navy Revolt, firing upon Argentine Army forces sent to quell the revolt. During 1969, it was withdrawn from Argentine service due to a lack of spare parts. Grumman would develop the F9F design in response to U.S. Navy interest, producing the swept wing Grumman F-9 Cougar.

Design and development

Background

The origins of the Panther can be traced back to development studies performed by Grumman into jet-powered fighter aircraft near the end of World War II. The company was keen to capitalise on the emergence of the first practical jet engines by integrating them into a new aircraft design. This design, which was internally designated G-75, was submitted to a United States Navy competition that sought a jet-powered night fighter to equip its aircraft carriers with. However, on 3 April 1946, it was announced that the Douglas F3D Skyknight, a competing two-seat aircraft powered by four Westinghouse J30 turbojets, had been selected. On 11 April 1946, the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) issued a development contract to Grumman to produce a pair of G-75 prototypes, which were given the Navy designation XF9F-1, in case development of the Skyknight encountered severe problems.

Shortly thereafter, Grumman recognised that the G-75 did not have much potential for either performance or growth; the company had already undertaken work on a completely different single-engine day fighter, the G-79. In a bureaucratic maneuver, BuAer opted not to cancel the G-75 contract, but instead changed the wording to include three prototypes of the entirely different G-79. It was this design that became the Panther.

At that time, the few American engines that were available for use, such as the Allison J33 and Westinghouse J34, were not considered to be sufficiently reliable; thus, the Navy specified the imported Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet, which was also more powerful, at  of thrust. Production aircraft were to also be powered by the Nene, built under license by Pratt & Whitney as the J42. Since there was insufficient space within the wings and fuselage to provide sufficient fuel for the thirsty jet engine, the design team opted to add permanently mounted wingtip fuel tanks, which had incidental advantage of improving the fighter's rate of roll. The wings featured another innovation in the form of leading edge flaps that generated additional lift while landing; speed brakes were also present on the underside of the fuselage.

Flight testing
On 21 November 1947, the prototype Panther conducted its maiden flight, piloted by test pilot Corky Meyer. It was followed by the second prototype only five days later. Initial issues with directional and longitudinal stability were encountered, but were quickly rectified. During one early land-based arresting gear test, the detachable rear section of the aircraft unintentionally came off; remedial changes were made to avoid any future repetition.

During May 1949, carrier suitability trails commenced. In September 1949, the F9F was cleared for flight from aircraft carriers. During the development phase, Grumman decided to change the Panther's engine, selecting the Pratt & Whitney J48-P-2, a license built version of the Rolls-Royce RB.44 Tay. The other engine that had been tested was the Allison J33-A-16. The armament was a quartet of 20mm guns, the Navy having already switched to this caliber (as opposed to the USAAF/USAF which continued to use .50 caliber M2/M3 guns). In addition, the Panther was soon armed with underwing air-to-ground rockets and up to  of bombs.

From 1946, interest in developing an aircraft that harnessed the increasingly popular swept wing grew and, following concerns that the Panther was inferior to its MiG opponents over the skies of Korea, Grumman launched work on a conversion project, known as Design 93. This effort resulted in a swept-wing derivative, the F9F Cougar, which retained the Panther's designation number. Later stage development work on the Panther continued, being largely focused on engine improvements, expanding fuel capacity, and the use of alternative munitions.

In 1949, the Panther was considered by the Australian government, as a possible locally-built replacement for the Mustang Mk 23 and De Havilland Vampire then operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The other designs considered initially were an Australian design, the CAC CA-23 (an unconventional, twin-jet all-weather fighter) and the Hawker P.1081. By mid-1950, however, RAAF Mustangs were in action in Korea and seen as highly vulnerable to the MiG-15. An immediately available stop-gap in the shape of the Gloster Meteor F.8 was operated by the RAAF in Korea from July 1951. (After its less-than-satisfactory performance against MiGs, the Meteor was replaced from 1954 by the CAC Sabre – an Australian-built, up-engined variant of the F-86.)

Operational history

US Navy

The Panther was the primary jet fighter and ground-attack aircraft of both the US Navy and USMC during the Korean War. It was the widest used Navy jet fighter of the conflict, cumulatively flying 78,000 sorties. F9F-2s, F9F-3s and F9F-5s, as rugged attack aircraft, were able to sustain operations despite being frequently opposed by intense anti-aircraft fire. The pilots also appreciated the air conditioned cockpit, which made for a welcome change from the humid environment of piston-powered aircraft.

On 3 July 1950, Lieutenant, junior grade Leonard H. Plog, of VF-51, flying an F9F-3 scored the first US Navy air victory of the war by shooting down a propeller-powered Yak-9.

Despite their relatively low speed, Panther pilots also claimed seven Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s, for the loss of two F9Fs. The first MiG-15 was downed on 9 November 1950, by Lieutenant Commander William (Bill) Amen of VF-111 flying an F9F-2B, during a UN Command attack on the Sinuiju bridges, near the mouth of the Yalu River. Two more MiG-15s were downed on 18 November 1950.

On 18 November 1952, the American aircraft carrier  and three other carriers were operating in the Sea of Japan conducting air strikes against the North Korean city of Hoeryong. The group launched four F9F's for a combat patrol near the North Korean border with China. The group's leader suffered mechanical problems and returned to the carrier together with his wingman. Lt Royce Williams of VF-781, flying off  and his wingman continued on the mission. They then identified seven Soviet Naval Aviation Migs heading towards the task force from the Russian mainland. The naval commanders therefore ordered the two F9Fs to position themselves between the Migs and the carrier group.

During this maneuver, four Soviet MiG-15s opened fire, despite the fact that the countries were not at war. Williams opened fire on the tail Mig, which dropped out of formation, and was followed down by Williams' wingman. What followed was a 35-minute dogfight between Williams and six MiG-15s. The Mig 15 was a more capable plane, but Williams nevertheless succeeded in shooting down three more. He ascribed this to both sides doing as they were trained, but the Soviet pilots making mistakes. While heading back to the carriers, Williams was out of ammo, but still had one Mig on his tail. The re-appearance of his wingman on the Mig's tail then scared this one off. By that time Williams's plane was so damaged that he could not turn sideways anymore. Oriskany was therefore aligned with the plane, so he could land. After landing, his Panther was found to have 263 hits by cannon shells or fragments and was beyond repair. It was therefore pushed overboard.

The engagement is little-known for two reasons. The US feared that publication of the incident could increase tensions with the Soviet Union. Another reason was the involvement of the US National Security Agency (NSA) – the existence of which was then top secret – in planning the mission; the MiGs were intercepted as a result of intelligence provided by the NSA. The four MiGs that were shot down were flown by Soviet Naval Aviation pilots: Russian sources confirmed Williams' claims, 40 years later, stating the pilots lost were Captains Belyakov and Vandalov, and Lieutenants Pakhomkin and Tarshinov.

As the conflict progressed, Panthers became primarily tasked with ground attack missions. Attacks upon hostile anti-aircraft equipment were commonly conducted. This was a risky mission type, with numerous Panthers being damaged or even lost to fire from the same ground batteries that they were seeking to neutralize. Furthermore, the danger posed by these systems increased over time as more capable AA apparatus was supplied to the North Korean force. Panthers also routinely undertook aerial reconnaissance missions over Korea. Starting in 1952, the Panther began to be supplemented by the newer Cougar derivative in the theatre.

Future astronaut Neil Armstrong flew the F9F extensively during the Korean conflict, although he ejected from one of the aircraft after it was brought down by a wire strung across a valley in 1951. Future astronaut John Glenn and Boston Red Sox all-star baseball player Ted Williams also flew the F9F as Marine Corps pilots.

During 1956, the Panther was withdrawn from frontline combat service, having been displaced by new fighter aircraft, including its swept-wing Cougar derivative. However, the type remained active in secondary roles, such as for training and with U.S. Naval Air Reserve and U.S. Marine Air Reserve units, until 1958. The Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team used the Panther for four years, beginning in 1951. The Panther was the Blue Angels' first jet. Some Panthers continued to serve in small numbers into the 1960s. From September 1962, surviving operational Panthers were designated F-9 within the new combined US tri-service designation system.

Argentine Navy

The only foreign buyer of the Panther was the Argentine Naval Aviation, which purchased 28 ex-USN F9F-2B aircraft during 1957; the first 10 arrived in 1958. Only 24 aircraft were put in service, as the remainder were used as spares. The first flight of an Argentine Panther was in December 1958, and the last aircraft entered into service during January 1961.

The catapults on the then only Argentine carrier, ARA Independencia, were considered not powerful enough to launch the F9F, so the aircraft were land-based. However, in July 1963, a Panther (serial 0453/3-A-119) landed on Independencia as part of trials; becoming the first jet to land on an Argentine aircraft carrier.

Argentine Navy F9F-2 Panthers were engaged in combat during the 1963 Argentine Navy Revolt. Several rebel-controlled aircraft flew bombing and strafing runs against a column of the Army 8th Tank Regiment which was advancing on the rebelling Punta Indio Naval Air Base. The attack destroyed several M4 Sherman tanks while one F9F Panther was shot down.

The Argentine Panthers were involved in the general mobilization during the 1965 border clash between Argentina and Chile, but no combat occurred. The type was removed from service during 1969 due to a lack of available spare parts, the service opted to replace them with Douglas A-4Q Skyhawks.

The Argentine Navy also operated the F-9 Cougar trainer version.

Variants

XF9F-2
Prototypes, two built
F9F-2
First production version, powered by Pratt & Whitney J42 engine, 567 built.
F9F-2B
Version fitted with underwing racks for bombs and rockets. As all F9F-2s were brought up to this standard, the B designation was dropped.
F9F-2P
Unarmed photo-reconnaissance version used in Korea, 36 built.
XF9F-3
Prototype for the F9F-3, one built.
F9F-3
Allison J33 powered version produced as insurance against the failure of the J42, with all converted to the J42 later; redesignated F-9B in 1962, 54 built.
XF9F-4
Prototypes used in the development of the F9F-4, two built.
F9F-4
Version with longer fuselage with greater fuel load and powered by J33 engine. Most re-engined with J42s. F9F-4s were the first aircraft to successfully employ pressurized bleed air, tapped from the engine's compressor stages, and blown across the surface of the slot flaps, simulating a higher airspeed across the control surface, and thus achieving a decrease in stalling speed of  for takeoff and  on power approach for landing; re-designated F-9C in 1962, 109 ordered, all completed as F9F-5s.
F9F-5
Variant of F9F-4, but powered by Pratt & Whitney J48 engine, 616 built. Re-designated F-9D in 1962.
F9F-5P
Unarmed photo-reconnaissance version, with longer nose; redesignated RF-9D in 1962, 36 built.
F9F-5K
After the F9F Panther was withdrawn from operational service, a number of F9F-5s were converted into unmanned target drone aircraft; redesignated QF-9D in 1962.
F9F-5KD
Radio controlled drone director conversions for F9F-5K drones; redesignated DF-9E in 1962.

Operators

Argentine Navy - Argentine Naval Aviation

United States Navy
United States Marine Corps

Surviving aircraft

Argentina
On display
F9F-2B
0421/3-A-106 (Argentine Navy) - Gate guardian at Puerto Belgrano Naval Base (Base Naval Puerto Belgrano - BNPB) at Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
0425/3-A-113 (Argentine Navy) - Being restored at Argentine Naval Aviation Museum (:es:Museo de la Aviación Naval Argentina - MUAN) at Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
0452/3-A-111 (Argentine Navy) - Gate guardian at Punta Indio Naval Air Base (Base Aeronaval Punta Indio - BAPI) near La Plata, Argentina.
0453/3-A-118 (Argentine Navy) - Displayed at National Naval Museum (:es:Museo Naval de la Nación) at Tigre, Argentina.

United States
Airworthy
F9F-2B

123078 Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas.
On display
F9F-2
123050 - National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.
123557 - VFW Post 1621 in Janesville, Wisconsin.
123612 - NAS Oceana Air Park, Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia.
123652 - Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, California.
125183 - Pima Air & Space Museum, adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.
127120 - Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum at the former NAS JRB Willow Grove in Horsham, Pennsylvania.
F9F-2B
123526 - National Museum of the Marine Corps, adjacent to Marine Corps Base Quantico in Triangle, Virginia.
F9F-4
125180 - Lion's Park in Costa Mesa, California.
F9F-5
bureau number unknown (incorrectly marked as 141136) - USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California
125295 - Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum at Space Coast Regional Airport in Titusville, Florida.
125992 - Aviation Heritage Park in Bowling Green, KY.
126226 - Combat Air Museum adjacent to Forbes Air National Guard Base at Topeka Regional Airport / Forbes Field (former Forbes AFB) in Topeka, Kansas.
126275 - Battleship Memorial Park in Mobile, Alabama.
F9F-5P
125316 - Palm Springs Air Museum, Palm Springs, California.
126277 - Planes of Fame Air Museum, Chino, California.
Under restoration or in storage
F9F-2
123054 - under restoration at Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
123092 - in storage for restoration at USS John F. Kennedy Museum in North Kingston, Rhode Island.
123420 - in storage at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
F9F-5
125467 - in storage by private owner in Bulverde, Texas.

Specifications (F9F-5 Panther)

Notable appearances in media

The F9F Panther was featured in the 1954 Korean War film The Bridges at Toko-Ri starring William Holden, Grace Kelly, Mickey Rooney and Fredric March, and in Men of the Fighting Lady starring Van Johnson, Walter Pidgeon and Keenan Wynn.

Stock footage of an F9F piloted by George Chamberlain Duncan crashing into the fantail of the USS Midway (CV-41) during a 1951 test flight appears in several Hollywood films.
 In 1954's Men of the Fighting Lady, the crash is portrayed as the death of Lieutenant Commander Ted Dodson (played by Keenan Wynn).
 In the 1976 film Midway, the F9F footage stands in for an SB2C Helldiver crash-landing.
 In the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October, the F9F footage is used to depict the crash-landing of an F-14A Tomcat that had collided with a Soviet aircraft onto the USS Enterprise (CVN-65), reenacting an incident from Tom Clancy's original novel.

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 }

Online sources

Further reading

External links

 U.S. Navy Naval Aviation News article on the F9F Panther
 The Grumman F9F Panther/Cougar at Airvectors
 July 23, 1951 F9F Panther crash on USS Midway

F09F1 Panther
1940s United States fighter aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Cruciform tail aircraft

Grumman F9F Panther