Managerialism is the reliance on professional managers and organizational strategies to run an organisation. It may be justified in terms of efficiency, or characterized as an ideology. It is a belief system that requires little or no evidence to justify itself. Thomas Diefenbach associates managerialism with a belief in hierarchy. Other scholars have linked managerialism to control, accountability, measurement, strategic planning and a belief in the importance of tightly-managed organizations.

Following Enteman's 1993 classic on Managerialism: The Emergence of a New Ideology,
American management experts Robert R. Locke and J. C. Spender see managerialism as an expression of a special group – management – that entrenches itself ruthlessly and systemically in an organization.  It deprives owners of decision-making power and workers of their ability to resist managerialism. In fact, the rise of managerialism may in itself be a response to people's resistance in society and more specifically to workers' opposition against managerial regimes.

Types of managerialism
Enteman (1993), Locke and Spender (2011) and Klikauer (2013) explain Managerialism in three different ways:

Building on Enteman (1993) and Locke/Spender (2011), Thomas Klikauer in "Managerialism – Critique of an Ideology" (2013) defined managerialism thus:  "[....] Managerialism combines management knowledge and ideology to establish itself systemically in organisations and society while depriving owners, employees (organisational-economical) and civil society (social-political) of all decision-making powers. Managerialism justifies the application of managerial techniques to all areas of society on the grounds of superior ideology, expert training, and the exclusive possession of managerial knowledge necessary to efficiently run corporations and societies."As the simpler yet already highly organised management of Henri Fayol (1841-1925) and Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) mutated into managerialism, managerialism became a full-fledged ideology under the following formula:Management + Ideology + Expansion = Managerialism Two examples of the extension of management into the non-management domain – the not for profit sphere of human existence – are public schools and universities.  In both cases, managerialism occurs when public institutions are run "as if" these were for-profit organization even though they remain government institutions funded through state taxes. In these cases, the term new public management has been used.  But the ideology of managerialism can even extend into more distant institutions such as, for example, a college of physicians.
Albert A. Anderson summarized  managerialism as the ideological principle that sees societies as equivalent to the sum of the decisions and transactions made by the managements of organizations.
Compare what the historian James Hoopes wrote (2003):

"[...] the main genesis of managerialism lay in the human relations movement that took root at the Harvard Business School in the 1920s and 1930s under the guiding hand of Professor Elton Mayo. Mayo, an immigrant from Australia, saw democracy as divisive and lacking in community spirit. He looked to corporate managers to restore the social harmony that he believed the uprooting experiences of immigration and industrialization had destroyed and that democracy was incapable of repairing."

Managerialist Ideology
The managerialist society is not one which responds to the needs, desires, and wishes of a majority of its citizens, but one which is influenced by organizations. The managerialist society responds to the managements of various organizations in relation to their transactions with each other. The needs, desires and wishes of the individual are heard through their membership of an organization. Furthermore, managerialism is both a process and a substantive ideology. Managerialism says that the fundamental social units are not individuals, as capitalism would declare, but rather that the fundamental social units are organizations. Ultimately, managerialism specifically denies that the fundamental nature of society is an aggregation of individuals.

Instead, managerialism sees the core building-block of contemporary society as the modern business company or corporation. To further business, companies, and corporations is the ideological goal of managerialism. How managerialism functions as such an ideology has been perfectly expressed by one of managerialism's main ideological flagships – the Harvard Business Review - when the HBR former editor Joan Magretta (2012: 80-81) made the following stunning revelation:[i] Business executives are society's leading champions of free markets and competition, words that, for them, evoke a world view and value system that rewards good ideas and hard work, and that fosters innovation and meritocracy. Truth be told, the competition every manager longs for is a lot closer to Microsoft's end of the spectrum than it is to the dairy farmers'. All the talk about the virtues of competition notwithstanding, the aim of business strategy is to move an enterprise away from perfect competition and in the direction of monopoly.
[i]            Magretta, J. 2012. What Management Is: How it works and why it's everyone's business, London: Profile.

Political
Managerialism in political science is a set of beliefs, attitudes and values which support the view that management is the most essential and desirable element of good administration and government. It follows that in all enterprises and services, both private and public, expertise in management must be taught by training and by incentives to excel. In the political world this may take the form of asserting that much conflict and argument are unnecessary for solving problems. All that is needed is a rational assessment of the problem and this involves gathering and collating information, listing the options, calculating costs of each, evaluating consequences and choosing the best course of action. Recent managerialism has included such devices as "performance indicators" (purporting to measure the relative efficiencies of different managers) and "market testing" (which compares public sector managers' responsibilities and tasks with those of managers in the private sector in order to assess their pay). Managerialism is criticized for weakening the public-service ethos.

If one were to conceive of society as a nation, such as the United States, managerialism concludes that there is no single United States and that individual Americans should not be identified as the fundamental nature of the country. Rather, the country is basically composed of numerous groups which collectively make up the country we call the United States.
The government is a part of the managerial process. The management of different groups will attempt to influence the direction of government action. Their success or failure will depend upon their ability to pursue their case and upon their ability to blunt the cases of competitors. The success of the subunits depends upon the ability of their managements and other factors such as size, cohesiveness, managerial discretion, and control of resources. Government itself is a collection of governmental units. The government is not state.

Economic
Economically, managerialism is the application of managerial techniques in businesses. Managerialism in this regard has to do with the strategic approach of goal-setting. In order to achieve previously unimagined levels of accumulation and production, businesses within a capitalist economy needed a way of connecting their strategic plan of actions to desired implementations of those plans. Within an organization, the individuals at the top of the organizational hierarchy determine a mission or set of goals, which is then strategically analyzed by individuals lower on the hierarchy (managers) to devise local goals to carry out the overall mission. Put simply, the managerial standard is to receive goals from above and to create new goals for those below.

There is a belief that in managerialism, organizations have more similarities than differences, and thus the performance of all organizations can be optimized by the application of generic management skills and theory. To a practitioner of managerialism, there is little difference in the skills required to run a college, an advertising agency or an oil rig. Experience and skills pertinent to an organization's core business are considered secondary.

The term "managerialism" can be used disparagingly to describe organizations perceived to have a preponderance or excess of managerial techniques, solutions, rules and personnel, especially if these seem to run counter to the common sense of observers. It is said that the MBA degree is intended to provide generic skills to a new class of managers not wedded to a particular industry or professional sector.

There have been mixed reviews on the efficacy of managerialism, explored extensively in university studies of the State. Some have accepted the flaws in the theory, building upon it and putting it forth as a valid theory of the State. Others have outright rejected such a proposition, responding that - regardless of the few similarities - such a system could not be successful on a political level.

The word "managerialism" can also be used pejoratively, as in the definition of a management caste. Robert R. Locke defines it accordingly as:

"What occurs when a special group, called management, ensconces itself systemically in an organization and deprives owners and employees of their decision-making power (including the distribution of emolument), and justifies that takeover on the grounds of the managing group's education and exclusive possession of the codified bodies of knowledge and know-how necessary to the efficient running of the organization."

New Managerialism
Managerialism  – also called New Managerialism and New Public Management – is an ideology used for legitimizing the development of new organizational forms and relationships. It has been coined a practical ideology of being 'business-like' in order to make the new arrangements work for all forms of jobs, organizations, and education systems. The 'business-like' indicates what is called "as if" ideologies. Managerialism is conceptualized in that it seeks firstly to explain the socioeconomic and political reasons behind why particular organizations  have been developed and, secondly, to describe the ways in which public services are currently being delivered. The idea of Managerialism came to fruition when  new organizational forms originated from a view that professional bureaucratic modes of organization were inefficient and could not cope with the challenges rising from increasing globalization. Managerialism, however, has not remained static over the years as it has had many different versions of its implementation. Its linkage to the changing practices associated with an agenda moves away from a purely Neo-liberal framework. While neo-liberalism uses politics (e.g. elections) to achieve its goals, Managerialism is fundamentally anti-democratic following instead management's command-and-control concept. While using business-like mechanisms to ensure great cost effectiveness is still used as a great technique. There have been movements away from purely market based systems that were in place strictly for efficiency, to contractual mechanisms and performance measurement through audit and review. In practice of Managerialism, consumers are redefined as well. Not only do consumers have choice in regard to where and how they receive their services, but they should be actively involved in determining what services should be provided as  well. In new Managerialism consumers are redefined as well. Not only should they have choice regarding where and how they receive their services, but they should be actively involved in determining what services should be provided as  well. The Managerialism explains public services not as production functions or firms, but as governance structures. What is at stake is not so much the ethos and practice of management as the culture and structure of governance. Here governance means the organisational culture and structure of the relationship between what Weber called legitimate domination and the self-constitution of those who are subject to it. What Weber meant by legitimate domination was justified by an authority structure, which was, in turn, legitimated by rational authority. Hence, one finds a renewed interest of Managerialism in fostering managerial leadership. But governance through Managerialism was never only dependent for its legitimization on Weber's notion of legal-rational authority, but more on forms of rationality that depend upon, for example, strategic management, cost-benefit-analysis, efficiency in the market, etc. Although this Managerialism draws on models of corporate Managerialism as well as accounts of New Public Management, it is also imbued with the practices of self in everyday life. What is new here, is recognition of the technologies of self that individuals employ to implicate themselves in their own governance. This creates what became known as "The Entrepreneurial Self". The way Managerialism achieves this, for example, at university levels is through a re-formulation of research and science, as outlined in the table below.

Influences
George Elton Mayo
"One friend, one person who is truly understanding, who takes the trouble to listen to us as we consider our problems, can change our whole outlook on the work"

George Elton Mayo was an Australian psychologist and organizational theorist. A former professor of Industrial Management at the Harvard Business School, Mayo heavily researched the behavior of workers at Western Electric; a manufacturing facet of AT&T. Today he is considered a major contributor to the intellectual thought process and ideas of business management, as well as critical theories of industrial and organizational psychology.  His book, The Human Problems of an Industrialized Civilization  articulates his collective thoughts taken from the famous Hawthorne research study conducted while at Harvard University.

Karl Marx

"Society does not consist of individuals but expresses the sum of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand."

Karl Marx has set many standards in the fields of philosophy, economics, and sociology as one of the worlds most prominent and controversial thinkers. Commonly known for his ideas outlined in The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital Marx has exemplified ideas of management and order with his very apparent socialistic views.  Sociologically Marx has identified core interrelations between groups of people classified by class structures, and how those claimed relations may lead to the success or failures of a collective society.

Friedrich Nietzsche
"To do great things is difficult; but to command great things is more difficult"

A 19th century German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche heavily contributed to the fields of management and leadership.  Focusing in on ideas of morality; particularly distinguishing the differences between what he labeled the, "master morality," and "slave morality," Nietzsche has exemplified the development of managerial practices through the subjections of moral emphasis and control. "He was especially interested, therefore, in a probing analysis and evaluation of the fundamental cultural values of Western philosophy, religion, and morality, which he characterized as expressions of the ascetic ideal."http://www.britannica.com/biography/Friedrich-Nietzsche

History
The history of managerialism is linked to the ideas of Karl Marx (1818-1883). In his collection of books on capitalism - appropriately named  Das Kapital (published from 1867 to 1883) - Marx writes about how when capitalists merge with other capitalists and two corporations come together, they are more likely to become diluted, and how, when that happens, those who were once wise business leaders become mere aimless managers. Marx stated his belief in his books (only volume 1 was published while he was alive) as follows: "Transformation of the actually functioning capitalist into a mere manager, an administrator of other people's capital, and of the owners of capital into mere owners, mere money-capitalists.". Marx is talking about what would later be known as managerialism, a term coined in 1940 by James Burnham, who in his 1941 book The Managerial Revolution
expresses his ideas on the difference between capitalism and managerialism, stating that when the owners of capital are no longer the ones in charge, and managers, relying on only principle, are in charge, then it is no longer capitalism, it is now considered managerialism.  (Burnham's ideas, both in that book and in a 1943 book The Machiavellians, and also in articles which were published in Partisan Review and elsewhere, are thoroughly criticised by George Orwell in his 1946 essay Second Thoughts on James Burnham (first published in Polemic (London).)

Notwithstanding any respectable origins and popularity in practice, managerialism has encountered criticism.

Compare:
 New Public Management
 Technocracy (bureaucratic)

See also
Managerial state
Corporatocracy
Corporatism
 James Burnham, author of The Managerial Revolution (1941)
 George Orwell, author of Second Thoughts on James Burnham (1946)
 Performance measurement
 Scientific management

References

Public administration
Management theory
Political philosophy

Managerialism


Willem (or Guilliam) Ogier (1618–1689) was a Flemish schoolmaster, playwright and comedian.

Life
Guilliam Ogier was born in Antwerp in 1618 but brought up in Amsterdam. He returned to Antwerp after his father's death. He registered with the schoolmasters' guild in 1644, becoming dean of the guild during the 1650s. He wrote comedic moralities for performance by the chambers of rhetoric (civic poetry and drama societies) the Violieren and the Olijftak. First performances were often on the Feast of St Luke (18 October), as the rhetoricians had a close association with the Guild of Saint Luke (the guild of painters, illuminators, printmakers and booksellers). When the Olyftack and Violieren merged in 1660 Ogier took a leading role as "Factor" of the reinstituted chamber. He died in Antwerp on 22 February 1689.

Plays
 Droncken Heyn (Drunken Harry), first performed by the Olyftack on 18 October 1639
 De hooveerdigheydt (Pride), first performed by the Violieren on 18 October 1644
 De gramschap (Anger), first performed by the Violieren on 18 October 1645
 De onkuysheydt (Unchastity), first performed by the Violieren on 18 October 1646
 Den haet en nydt (Hatred and envy), first performed by the Violieren on 18 October 1647 (text of the Amsterdam performance, 1671, available on Google Books)
 De traegheydt (Sloth), first performed by the Olyftack on 18 October 1677
 De gierigheydt (Miserliness), first performed by the Olyftack on 18 February 1678
 Belachelijk misverstant ofte boere geck (Ludicrous misunderstanding or country bumpkin), first performed by the Olyftack on 18 October 1680

Publication
Ogier's seven moralities were collected for publication as De seven hooft-sonden (The seven deadly sins) in 1682, with Droncken Heyn reworked as De Gulsigheydt (Gluttony).

A critical edition of his plays was edited by Willem van Eeghem and A.A. Keersmaekers and published in three volumes as Willem Ogier: De tooneelwerken (Antwerp and Amsterdam, 1921–1955).

References

Studies
 August Snieders, "Lezing: Willem Ogier en zijn tijd", Verslagen en mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde (1888): 70–86.

17th-century writers
Educators of the Spanish Netherlands
Writers from Antwerp
Flemish educators
1618 births
1689 deaths

Willem Ogier


TAT-12/13 is a ring cable system consisting of the 12th and 13th consortia transatlantic telephone cables, in operation from 1996, initially carrying 2 × 5 Gbit/s.

This was the first TAT cable to use a ring structure, involving two stretches of cable across the ocean floor, which explains why two numbers (12 and 13) were used. All later cables also use a ring structure, but only use one number (TAT-14 etc.). The cable connected between Long Island (at Shirley, New York), USA; Green Hill, Rhode Island, USA; Porthcurno, UK; Bude, UK; and Penmarch, France.

The cable was constructed for US$740 million and was supplied jointly by AT&T Submarine Systems, Inc (now TE Subcom owned by TE Connectivity), STC Submarine Systems (acquired by Alcatel-Lucent) and Alcatel Submarcom. Ring switching equipment was provided by the Toshiba Corporation in each of the four cable stations.

The cables in this system were the first on the trans-Atlantic route to make use of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers.

The TAT-12/13 consortia removed the cable from normal commercial service on 31 December 2008.

Footnotes

Sources

Infrastructure completed in 1996
Transatlantic communications cables
France–United Kingdom relations
France–United States relations
United Kingdom–United States relations
1996 establishments in England
1996 establishments in France
1996 establishments in New York (state)
1996 establishments in Rhode Island

TAT-12/13


Battery leakage is the escape of chemicals, such as electrolytes, within an electric battery due to generation of pathways to the outside environment caused by factory or design defects, excessive gas generation, or intentional or accidental abuse of the battery. The leakage of battery chemical often causes destructive corrosion to the associated equipment and may pose a health hazard.

Leakage by type

Primary

Zinc–carbon

Zinc–carbon batteries were the first commercially available battery type and are still somewhat frequently used, although they have largely been replaced by the similarly composed alkaline battery. Like the alkaline battery, the zinc–carbon battery contains manganese dioxide and zinc electrodes. Unlike the alkaline battery, the zinc–carbon battery uses ammonium chloride as the electrolyte (zinc chloride in the case of "heavy-duty" zinc–carbon batteries), which is acidic.

Either when it has been completely consumed or after three to five years from its manufacture (its shelf life), a zinc–carbon battery is prone to leaking. The byproducts of the leakage may include manganese hydroxide, zinc ammonium chloride, ammonia, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, water and starch. This combination of materials is corrosive to metals, such as those of the battery contacts and surrounding circuitry.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that zinc–carbon battery leakage can be effectively cleaned with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda).

Alkaline

Alkaline batteries use manganese dioxide and zinc electrodes with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. The alkaline battery gets its name from the replacement of the acidic ammonium chloride of zinc–carbon batteries with potassium hydroxide, which is an alkaline. Alkaline batteries are considerably more efficient, more environmentally friendly, and more shelf-stable than zinc–carbon batteries—five to ten years, when stored room temperature. Alkaline batteries largely replaced zinc–carbon batteries in regular use by 1990.

After an alkaline battery has been spent, or as it reaches the ends of its shelf life, the chemistry of its cells change, and hydrogen gas is generated as a byproduct. When enough pressure has been built up internally, the casing splits at the bases or side (or both), releasing	manganese oxide, zinc oxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, and manganese hydroxide.

Alkaline battery leakage can be effectively neutralized with lemon juice or distilled white vinegar. Eye protection and rubber gloves should be worn, as the potassium hydroxide electrolyte is caustic.

Rechargeable

Nickel–cadmium (Ni-Cd)
Nickel–cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd) use nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium electrodes with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. Sealed Ni-Cd batteries were widely used in photography equipment, handheld power tools, and radio-controlled toys from the early 1940s until the early 1990s, when nickel–metal hydride batteries supplanted them (like how alkaline batteries replaced zinc–carbon batteries). In personal computers, Ni-Cd batteries first saw use in the mid-1980s as a cheaper alternative to lithium batteries for powering real-time clocks and preserving BIOS settings. Nickel–cadmium batteries were also briefly used in laptop battery packs, until the advent of commercially viable nickel–metal hydride batteries in the early 1990s. Ni-Cd batteries are still used in some uninterruptible power supplies and emergency lighting setups.

Except in aeronautical or other high-risk applications, Ni-Cd batteries are intentionally not hermetically sealed and include pressure vents for safety if the batteries are charged improperly. With age and sufficient thermal cycles the seal will degrade and allow electrolyte to leak through. The leakage usually travels down the positive and/or negative terminals onto any surrounding circuitry (see the top image).

Like with alkaline battery leakage, Ni-Cd leakage can be effectively neutralized with lemon juice or distilled white vinegar.

Nickel–metal hydride (Ni-MH)
Nickel–metal hydride batteries (Ni-MH) largely replaced Ni-Cd batteries in the early 1990s. They replaced the metallic cadmium electrode with a hydrogen-absorbing alloy, allowing it to have over two times the capacity of Ni-Cd batteries while being easier to recycle. Their heyday in computer equipment was in the early- to mid-1990s. By 1995, most motherboard manufacturers switched to non-rechargeable lithium button cells to keep the BIOS chip powered. Lithium-based battery packs replaced Ni-MH packs in all but the lowest-end laptops by the early 2000s.

The practical shelf life of a Ni-MH is roughly five years. Cylindrical jelly-roll Ni-MH cells, like the ones used in 1990s laptop battery packs, discharge at a rate of up to 2% per day, while button cells like the ones used in motherboard batteries discharge at a rate of less than 20% per month. They are said to leak less frequently than alkaline batteries but have a similar failure mode.

Ni-MH leakage can be effectively neutralized with lemon juice or distilled white vinegar.

History
In the United States in 1964, the Federal Trade Commission proscribed the use of the word leakproof or the phrase "guaranteed leakproof" in advertisements for or on the packages of dry-cell batteries, as they had determined that no manufacturer had yet developed a battery that was truly impervious to leaking. The FTC repealed this ban in 1997.

References

Leakage
Corrosion
Technological failures

Battery leakage


In compiler theory, loop interchange is the process of exchanging the order of two iteration variables used by a nested loop. The variable used in the inner loop switches to the outer loop, and vice versa. It is often done to ensure that the elements of a multi-dimensional array are accessed in the order in which they are present in memory, improving locality of reference.

For example, in the code fragment:

 for i from 0 to 10
   for j from 0 to 20
     a[i,j] = i + j

loop interchange would result in:

 for j from 0 to 20
   for i from 0 to 10
     a[i,j] = i + j

On occasion, such a transformation may create opportunities to further optimize, such as automatic vectorization of the array assignments.

The utility of loop interchange

The major purpose of loop interchange is to take advantage of the CPU cache when accessing array elements. When a processor accesses an array element for the first time, it will retrieve an entire block of data from memory to cache. That block is likely to have many more consecutive elements after the first one, so on the next array element access, it will be brought directly from cache (which is faster than getting it from slow main memory). Cache misses occur if the contiguously accessed array elements within the loop come from a different cache block, and loop interchange can help prevent this.  The effectiveness of loop interchange depends on and must be considered in light of the cache model used by the underlying hardware and the array model used by the compiler.

In C programming language, array elements in the same row are stored consecutively in memory (a[1,1], a[1,2], a[1,3]) ‒ in row-major order. On the other hand, FORTRAN programs store array elements from the same column together (a[1,1], a[2,1], a[3,1]), using column-major.  Thus the order of two iteration variables in the first example is suitable for a C program while the second example is better for FORTRAN. Optimizing compilers can detect the improper ordering by programmers and interchange the order to achieve better cache performance.

Caveat
Loop interchange may lead to worse performance because cache performance is only part of the story.  Take the following example:
 do i = 1, 10000
   do j = 1, 1000
     a[i] = a[i] + b[j,i] * c[i]
   end do
 end do
Loop interchange on this example can improve the cache performance of accessing b(j,i), but it will ruin the reuse of a(i) and c(i) in the inner loop, as it introduces two extra loads (for a(i) and for c(i)) and one extra store (for a(i)) during each iteration. As a result, the overall performance may be degraded after loop interchange.

Safety
It is not always safe to exchange the iteration variables due to dependencies between statements for the order in which they must execute. To determine whether a compiler can safely interchange loops, dependence analysis is required.

See also
 Loop splitting
 Loop skewing
 Loop fission and fusion
 Loop unrolling

References

Further reading

Compiler optimizations
Articles with example code

Loop interchange


Heinz Gollwitzer (30 January 1917 – 26 December 1999) was a German historian. He held the chair of Modern Political and Social History at the University of Münster.

Life
Gollwitzer was born in Nuremberg and grew up in Munich. After being severely wounded in World War II he took up his studies (history and German literature) at the University of Munich, earning his Ph.D. in 1944. He earned his qualification to teach as a professor in 1950 with a thesis called "The Image of Europe and the European Thought – Contributions to the German History of Ideas". He subsequently taught at universities in Munich and Münster until retiring in 1982. He died in Munich.

Scientific focus
Gollwitzer's books mostly deal with the history of mentalities and political ideas, as well as with German regional history and biography. Due to the preponderance of structural history in the German scientific community during the post war age, his impact on colleagues and students was rather small. This outsider position was to change from the beginning of the early Nineties, when historians became more and more sensible to universal history as well as to the relevance of personality in history, such in the case of the German nobility from the end of the ancien régime to the end of middle European monarchies in 1918, which was one of Gollwitzer's basic scientific aims.

Works (selection)

German
 Europabild und Europagedanke. Beiträge zur deutschen Geistesgeschichte des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, Munich 1951 (zugl. Habil.).
 Die Standesherren. Die politische und gesellschaftliche Stellung der Mediatisierten 1815–1918, Stuttgart 1957 (Göttingen ²1964).
 Die gelbe Gefahr. Geschichte eines Schlagworts, Göttingen 1962.
 Geschichte des weltpolitischen Denkens, 2 Bde., Göttingen 1972-82.
 Ludwig I. von Bayern. Königtum im Vormärz, München 1986 (²1997).
 Ein Staatsmann des Vormärz: Karl von Abel, 1788–1859, Göttingen 1993.
 Weltpolitik und deutsche Geschichte (ed. Hans-Christof Kraus), Göttingen 2008. .

English
 Europe in the Age of Imperialism 1880–1914, London 1969. :

Sources
 Heinz Dollinger et al. (ed.), Weltpolitik, Europagedanke, Regionalismus. Festschrift in the honour of Heinz Gollwitzer's 65th birthday, Münster 1982 (German).
 News release of the University of Münster to the death of Heinz Gollwitzer, December 28 1999 (German)

1917 births
1999 deaths
Science teachers
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Academic staff of the University of Münster
Writers from Nuremberg
20th-century German historians
German male non-fiction writers

Heinz Gollwitzer


Norclostebol (; brand name Lentabol; former developmental code names SKF-6611, CP-73) is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) that was derived from nandrolone. It was described in the literature in 1957. Norclostebol is also used as an ester, norclostebol acetate (brand name Anabol 4-19).

Norclostebol is a 4-chloro derivative of testosterone. It works out to be significantly stronger than pure testosterone. It is approximately 6.6 times as anabolic while only 40% as androgenic. This may not be a particularly fair or valid comparison however. It is more appropriate to compare norclostebol to testosterone propionate due to the use of an ester. In this case they are fairly even in anabolic potency at 112% but only 20–25% as androgenic. In practice this means norclostebol is a potent anabolic compound with minimal tendency towards side effects.

References

Secondary alcohols
Androgens and anabolic steroids
Chloroarenes
Estranes
Enones

Norclostebol


A radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) beam cooler is a device for particle beam cooling, especially suited for ion beams. It lowers the temperature of a particle beam by reducing its energy dispersion and emittance, effectively increasing its brightness (brilliance). The prevalent mechanism for cooling in this case is buffer-gas cooling, whereby the beam loses energy from collisions with a light, neutral and inert gas (typically helium). The cooling must take place within a confining field in order to counteract the thermal diffusion that results from the ion-atom collisions.

The quadrupole mass analyzer (a radio frequency quadrupole used as a mass filter) was invented by Wolfgang Paul in the late 1950s to early 60s at the University of Bonn, Germany. Paul shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work. Samples for mass analysis are ionized, for example by laser (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) or discharge (electrospray or inductively coupled plasma) and the resulting beam is sent through the RFQ and "filtered" by scanning the operating parameters (chiefly the RF amplitude).  This gives a mass spectrum, or fingerprint, of the sample.  Residual gas analyzers use this principle as well.

Applications of ion cooling to nuclear physics

Despite its long history, high-sensitivity high-accuracy mass measurements of atomic nuclei continue to be very important areas of research for many branches of physics. Not only do these measurements provide a better understanding of nuclear structures and nuclear forces but they also offer insight into how matter behaves in some of Nature's harshest environments. At facilities such as ISOLDE at CERN and TRIUMF in Vancouver, for instance, measurement techniques are now being extended to short-lived radionuclei that only occur naturally in the interior of exploding stars. Their short half-lives and very low production rates at even the most powerful facilities require the very highest in sensitivity of such measurements.

Penning traps, the central element in modern high-accuracy high-sensitivity mass measurement installations, enable measurements of accuracies approaching 1 part in 10^11 on single ions. However, to achieve this Penning traps must have the ion to be measured delivered to it very precisely and with certainty that it is indeed the desired ion. This imposes severe requirements on the apparatus that must take the atomic nucleus out of the target in which it has been created, sort it from the myriad of other ions that are emitted from the target and then direct it so that it can be captured in the measurement trap.

Cooling these ion beams, particularly radioactive ion beams, has been shown to drastically improve the accuracy and sensitivity of mass measurements by reducing the phase space of the ion collections in question. Using a light neutral background gas, typically helium, charged particles originating from on-line mass separators undergo a number of soft collisions with the background gas molecules resulting in fractional losses of the ions' kinetic energy and a reduction of the ion ensemble's overall energy. In order for this to be effective however, the ions need to be contained using transverse radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) electric fields during the collisional cooling process (also known as buffer gas cooling).  These RFQ coolers operate on the same principles as quadrupole ion traps and have been shown to be particularly well suited for buffer gas cooling given their capacity for total confinement of ions having a large dispersion of velocities, corresponding to kinetic energies up to tens of electron volts. A number of the RFQ coolers have already been installed at research facilities around the world and a list of their characteristics can be found below.

List of facilities containing RFQ Coolers

See also
 Quadrupole mass analyzer

References

Bibliography

External links
LEBIT Project NSCL/MSU
ISOLTRAP Experimental Setup
TITAN: TRIUMF's Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science
TRIMP – Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: Micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics
The SHIPTRAP Experiment
The ISCOOL project

Measuring instruments
Mass spectrometry
Accelerator physics

RFQ beam cooler


Dark Water is a 2005 supernatural horror film directed by Walter Salles and written by Rafael Yglesias. It is a remake of the 2002 Japanese film of the same name, which was inspired by the short story "Floating Water" by Koji Suzuki, who also wrote the Ring trilogy. The film stars Jennifer Connelly, Tim Roth, John C. Reilly, Pete Postlethwaite, Perla Haney-Jardine, Dougray Scott and Ariel Gade.

Dark Water was released on July 8, 2005, and grossed $44.4–49.5 million worldwide. It is a co-production between the United States and Japan.

Plot
Dahlia battles her ex-husband Kyle for custody of their daughter Cecilia, a five-year-old kindergartener. Kyle wants Cecilia to live closer to his apartment in Jersey City, but Dahlia wants to move to the cheaper Roosevelt Island, where she has found a good school.

Dahlia and Cecilia decide to move to an apartment in a dilapidated complex on Roosevelt Island, a few blocks from Cecilia's new school. Cecilia finds a Hello Kitty backpack near the water tower on the roof. Shortly after they move in, the bedroom ceiling begins to leak dark water. Dahlia finds the apartment above flooded and a family portrait of the former tenants, the Rimsky family: a mother, father, and a girl who is Cecilia's age. She complains to the manager, Murray, and the superintendent, Veeck, about the water, but they do nothing. She is intimidated by ghostly visions and a recurring nightmare in which the girl's mother warns her not to tell the police what she's done to her own daughter or else she will harm Cecilia.

Cecilia's teacher is troubled by Cecilia's "imaginary friend" Natasha and Dahlia catches Cecilia talking to Natasha as well. In the bathroom, Cecilia passes out as dark water gushes from the toilets and sinks. As Dahlia is busy meeting her lawyer, Jeff Platzer, Kyle takes their daughter to his home.

That night, Dahlia sees water spilling from the water tower. Inside she finds Natasha's body and calls the police, horrified. Veeck is arrested for negligence as he was aware of her body. This was why he refused to fix the complex's plumbing problems. Veeck claims that Natasha's parents paid him to keep quiet about their willful abandonment of their daughter. Dahlia and Platzer discover that Natasha's parents had indeed cruelly abandoned her. Left to fend for herself, Natasha fell into the water tower and drowned, leaving her a vengeful ghost who is jealous of Cecilia because she has a mother.

Dahlia agrees to move closer to Kyle so that shared custody will be easier. As she packs, Cecilia asks her to read to her. When she hears Cecilia playing in the bathtub, she realizes that the girl is Natasha, who begs her not to leave and attempts to drown Cecilia until Dahlia promises to be her mother. Floods overwhelm the apartment and drown Dahlia, and Natasha and Dahlia's ghosts walk the hall together.

Three weeks later, Kyle and Cecilia pick up the rest of her belongings in the old apartment. In the elevator, Dahlia's ghost braids Cecilia's hair, telling her she will always be with her. The film ends with Kyle and Cecilia leaving.

Cast
 Jennifer Connelly as Dahlia Williams
 Perla Haney-Jardine as young Dahlia Williams / Natasha Rimsky
 Dougray Scott as Kyle Williams
 John C. Reilly as Cory Murray
 Ariel Gade as Cecilia "Ceci" Williams
 Tim Roth as Jeff Platzer
 Pete Postlethwaite as Mr. Veeck
 Camryn Manheim as Ceci's Teacher

Filming locations
 Roosevelt Island, New York City
 Toronto, Ontario
 Syosset High School in Syosset, New York
 Chandler Valley Center Studios in Panorama City, Los Angeles

Reception

Box office
Dark Water played in 2,657 theaters with a complete average run of 3.2 weeks. The film made $10 million, which is 39.0% of the movie's total gross, on its opening weekend. It went on to make $25.5 million in the US and between $18.9 million and $24 million in the international box office, adding up to a worldwide box office total of $44.4 to $49.5 million.

Critical response
Dark Water holds a 47% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 154 reviews and an average score of 5.54/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "All the atmospherics in Dark Water can't make up for the lack of genuine scares."

William Thomas described the film in Empire as "interesting and unsettling, but never terrifying. Best viewed as a family drama-come-Tale Of The Unexpected rather than a full-on horror". For Rolling Stone, Peter Travers wrote, "A classy ghost story is just the ticket in a summer of crass jolts... Screenwriter Rafael Yglesias (Fearless) stays alert to the psychological fears that underpin the supernatural doings in the apartment upstairs. Connelly digs deep into the role of a woman with issues of abandonment and rage that slowly reveal their roots. In a movie with more subtext than Rosemary's Baby, nearly everyone, including Tim Roth as Dahlia's lawyer, harbors secrets. Salles unleashes a torrent of suspense for one purpose: to plumb the violence of the mind."

Todd McCarthy of Variety called it "well-crafted but thoroughly unsuspenseful" and said it "is dripping with clammy, claustrophobic atmosphere, but ultimately reveals itself as just another mildewed, child-centric ghost story of little import or resonance." From The Washington Post, Ann Hornaday described the film as a "tasteful but unremitting bummer and yet one more case of an Oscar-winning actress proving that she can still do the kinds of disposable movies big awards are supposedly meant to banish from your résume forever." For Slant Magazine Nick Schager wrote that the film improves on the source material characterizations, while over explaining the supernatural events. He concluded by saying, "this slick adaptation is also a moldy, third-generation retread of The Ring."

Accolades

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 Best Actress: Jennifer Connelly (nominee)
 Best Supporting Actor: John C. Reilly (nominee)
 Best Screenplay: Rafael Yglesias (nominee)
 Best Score: Angelo Badalamenti (nominee)

Teen Choice Awards
 Choice Summer Movie (nominee)

Home media

Dark Water is available on DVD, in two releases. One release is in pan and scan full screen and includes the theatrical cut, which is PG-13 and runs 105 minutes. The other is in widescreen (aspect ratio 2.35:1) and includes an unrated cut, which is actually shorter than the theatrical cut and runs at 103 minutes. Note that exact specifications vary by DVD region. There is also a PlayStation Portable UMD video version of the film. A Blu-ray Disc was released on October 17, 2006, but it only contains the widescreen PG-13 theatrical version and fewer extras than the DVD releases.

Soundtrack
 Soundtrack music by Angelo Badalamenti
 "I Got Soul" Written by John Martinez and Josh Kessler Performed by Scar featuring Filthy Rich Courtesy of Marc Ferrari/MasterSource
 "Electrified" Written by Mike Gallagher and Marc Ferrari Performed by Mike Gallagher Courtesy of Marc Ferrari/MasterSource
 "Itsy Bitsy Spider" (uncredited) Written by Traditional
 "Namidaga Afuretemo" (Japanese Theme Song) Performed by Crystal Kay

See also

 List of ghost films

References

External links

2005 films
2005 horror films
2005 psychological thriller films
2000s supernatural horror films
Films about psychic powers
Films about telekinesis
2000s ghost films
Touchstone Pictures films
American haunted house films
Films based on short fiction
American psychological horror films
American psychological drama films
American supernatural thriller films
Horror film remakes
Films directed by Walter Salles
Films produced by Bill Mechanic
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in the 2000s
Films set in 2005
Films set in apartment buildings
Films set in New York City
American ghost films
Roosevelt Island
Films scored by Angelo Badalamenti
American remakes of Japanese films
Films based on adaptations
Asian-American horror films
Films produced by Roy Lee
Vertigo Entertainment films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Dark Water (2005 film)


Vahan Terian (; February 9, 1885 – January 7, 1920) was an Armenian  poet, lyrist and public activist. He is known for his sorrowful, romantic poems, the most famous of which are still read and sung in their musical versions.

Biography

Terian was born in the Gandza village (განძანი) of Javakheti region of Georgia (then in Russian Empire).  Schooled in Tiflis, he then studied at the Lazarian College in Moscow, where he was exposed to symbolism and joined the Russian Social Democrats.  He was jailed by Czarist police for his political activity.
He is mostly known for his poems dedicated to autumn and love. That's why Teryan is known as "Singer of Autumn" in Literature. He published his first book of poems, "Dreams at Dusk", in 1908, which made him an immediate sensation, Hovhannes Tumanian calling him the most original lyric poet of his age.  He later published "Night Remembrance", "The Golden Legend", "The Return", "The Golden Link", "In the Land of Nairi" (where he substitute the word 'Nairi' for each instance where the word 'Armenia' would have suited), and "The Cat's Paradise".  His poems are filled with images of rain, mist, pallid fields and shapeless shadows, symbols of sorrow, despair and eventually, peace.

In 1913, Terian left Moscow University for the University of St. Petersburg, where he majored in oriental languages, intensifying his political involvement.  After the revolution he became representative of Armenians in the Ministry of Nations, personally working with Lenin and Stalin. In 1916, Vahan Terian published a collection of poems entitled Land of Nairi (in Armenian:  (Yerkir Nairi), in which he uses Nairi in place of Armenia. Likewise in 1923, Yeghishe Charents wrote a satirical novella entitled Land of Nairi, using once again Nairi as a synonym for Armenia. Hayastan Yeghiazarian used Nairi Zarian as his pen name, replacing his first name, Hayastan (which is what Armenians call Armenia in their own language) with Nairi.

He died in Orenburg of tuberculosis shortly before his 35th birthday.  He was buried there and the grave had been marked by a wooden cross, which was quickly forgotten and the exact spot lost. In 1964 soil from the Orenburg cemetery was brought to Yerevan by Terian's daughter and buried in the Komitas Pantheon with a cenotaph was placed.

Each year there is a commemoration of his life in Javakhk region at Gandza village where he was born.

Works in Armenian
1903-12, ՄԹՆՇԱՂԻ ԱՆՈՒՐՋՆԵՐ (Dreams of The Dawn)
1905-1908, ՓՇԵ ՊՍԱԿ (Crown of Thorn)
1908-1911, ԳԻՇԵՐ ԵՎ ՀՈՒՇԵՐ (Night and Reminiscences)
1908-1911, ՈՍԿԻ ՀԵՔԻԱԹ (Golden Tale)
1911, ՎԵՐԱԴԱՐՁ (Return)

Works in Russian

1903-12, ГРЕЗЫ СУМЕРЕК (Dreams of The Dawn)
1903-12, ТЕРНОВЫЙ ВЕНЕЦ (Crown of Thorn)
1908-11, НОЧЬ И ВОСПОМИНАНИЯ (Night and Reminiscences)
1908-11, ЗОЛОТАЯ СКАЗКА (Golden Tale)
1911, ВОЗВРАЩЕНИЕ(Return)
1912-19 ЗОЛОТАЯ ЦЕПЬ (Golden Chain)
1917 КОШАЧИЙ РАЙ (Cat Heaven)
1917-19, ПЕСНИ СВОБОДЫ (Songs of Freedom)
1912-19, СТРАНА НАИРИ (Land of Nairi)
1913-19, РАЗНЫЕ СТИХОТВОРЕНИЯ (Misc. Poems)

References

 Days of Terian Celebrated in Javakhk

External links
 'Vahan Teryan's poems'
 Vahan Teryan's works
 Mtnshaghi Anurjner (1903-1908)
 Vahan Teryan's poems

Armenian activists
20th-century Armenian poets
1875 births
1920 deaths
People from Tiflis Governorate
People from Samtskhe–Javakheti
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Soviet Armenians
Burials at the Komitas Pantheon
Armenian male poets
20th-century male writers
Tuberculosis deaths in the Soviet Union
Tuberculosis deaths in Russia
Male poets from the Russian Empire

Vahan Terian


Notre-Dame Basilica (French: Basilique Notre-Dame),is a basilica in the historic district of Old Montreal, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The church is located at 110 Notre-Dame Street West, at the corner of Saint Sulpice Street. It is located next to the Saint-Sulpice Seminary and faces the Place d'Armes square.

The interior of the church is amongst the most dramatic in the world and regarded as a masterpiece of Gothic Revival architecture. The vaults are coloured deep blue and decorated with golden stars, and the rest of the sanctuary is decorated in blues, azures, reds, purples, silver, and gold. It is filled with hundreds of intricate wooden carvings and several religious statues. Unusual for a church, the stained glass windows along the walls of the sanctuary do not depict biblical scenes, but rather scenes from the religious history of Montreal. It also has a Casavant Frères pipe organ, dated 1891, which comprises four keyboards, 92 stops using electromagnetic action and an adjustable combination system, 7000 individual pipes and a pedal board.

Approximately 11 million people visit Notre-Dame Basilica every year, making it one of the most visited monuments in North America. In 2023, Notre-Dame was named the 6th most beautiful building in the world by Angi, a home service publication which analyzes TripAdvisor reviews. The publication ranked Notre-Dame de Paris second and Barcelona's Sagrada Família first.

History
In 1657, the Roman Catholic Sulpicians arrived in Ville-Marie, now known as Montreal; six years later, the seigneury of the island was vested in them. They ruled until 1840. The parish they founded was dedicated to the Holy Name of Mary, and the parish church of Notre-Dame was built on the site in 1672. François Baillairgé, an architect, designed the interior decoration and choir 1785–95; facade and vault decoration, 1818.
The church served as the first cathedral of the Diocese of Montreal from 1821 to 1822.

By 1824 the congregation had completely outgrown the church, and James O'Donnell, an Irish-American Anglican from New York City, was commissioned to design the new building, with a goal of accommodating a congregation of up to 10,000. O'Donnell was a proponent of the Gothic Revival architectural movement, and designed the church as such. He intended for a terrace to be built on the exterior of the church, but this was never completed due to a lack of funding. He is the only person buried in the church's crypt. O'Donnell converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed and was thus buried in the crypt.

The primary construction took place between 1824 and 1829. The cornerstone was laid at Place d'Armes on September 1, 1824. The sanctuary was finished in 1830, and the first tower in 1841, the second in 1843. O'Donnell designed the towers to be traditionally Gothic, and intended for them to be seen from any point in the city. Following O'Donnell's death, John Ostell, an English-born architect, finished the towers according to O'Donnell's original plans. Upon completion, the church was the largest in North America, and remained so for over fifty years. Samuel Russell Warren constructed a new organ in 1858. The facade of the church was completed in 1865, and included three statues by French sculptor Henri Bouriché: Saint-Joseph, the Virgin Mary, and Saint Jean-Baptiste.

The interior took much longer, and Victor Bourgeau, who also worked on Montreal's Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, worked on it from 1872 to 1879. Stonemason John Redpath was a major participant in the construction of the Basilica. The sanctuary originally hosted a large canopy, but because it caused a lighting effect that would blind the congregation, the interior designs were reworked by Bourgeau and Victor Rousselot, the current priest. They were inspired by the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, with gold leaf motifs paired with brightly painted columns.

Because of the splendour and grand scale of the church, a more intimate chapel, Chapelle du Sacré-Cœur (Chapel of the Sacred Heart), was built behind it, along with some offices and a sacristy. It was completed in 1888. In 1886, Casavant Frères began constructing a new 32-foot pipe organ at the church, completing it in 1891. It was notably the first organ with adjustable-combination pedals to be operated by electricity.

Arson destroyed the Sacré-Cœur Chapel on December 8, 1978. It was rebuilt with the first two levels reproduced from old drawings and photographs, with modern vaulting and reredos and an immense bronze altarpiece by Quebec sculptor Charles Daudelin.

Notre-Dame Church was raised to the status of a minor basilica by Pope John Paul II on April 21, 1982. The Notre-Dame Roman Catholic Church was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1989.

On May 31, 2000, the provincial state funeral for former Montreal Canadiens superstar Maurice "Rocket" Richard was held in front of thousands, both inside and outside the Basilica.

On October 3, 2000, Justin Trudeau gave his eulogy just steps from the High Altar during the state funeral of Pierre Trudeau, his father and Canada's 15th prime minister.

It was also the setting of Celine Dion's December 17, 1994, wedding to René Angélil and hosted the funeral service for Angélil on January 22, 2016.

In the summer of 2014, a French collector named Pierre-Jean Chalencon displayed a variety of artifacts that belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte. These items included clothing, weapons, and furniture, and were on display in the crypt on the basilica.

In April 2019, following the Notre-Dame de Paris fire, Montreal's Notre-Dame announced that it would accept donations to aid in the Paris cathedral's reconstruction.

Bells
Both towers have bells, the West Tower (La Persévérance), has a bourdon bell nicknamed Jean-Baptiste, cast in John Dod Ward's Eagle Foundry in 1848. Jean-Baptiste weighs 10,900 kg and tolled only on special occasions such as funerals, great church festivals and even Christmas Eve. The East Tower (La Temperance), houses a ten-bell carillon from the same foundry in May 24, 1842.

Public access
The basilica offers musical programming of choral and organ performances.  It is a tradition among many Montrealers to attend the annual performance of Handel's Messiah every Christmas.

More than 11 million people visit Notre-Dame every year, only one million fewer than Notre-Dame de Paris.

Organists

Jean Girard (1725–1765)
Guillaume Mechtler (1792–1832)
Jean-Chrysostome Brauneis II (1833–1844)
Leonard Eglauch (1845)
Jean-Baptiste Labelle (1849–1891)
Alcibiade Béique (1891–1896)
Joseph-Daniel Dussault (1896–1921, with the exception of eight months in 1916)
August Liessens (1916)
Benoît Poirier (1921–1954)
Pierre Grandmaison (1973–present)

See also
Adam Charles Gustave Desmazures
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century

References

Sources
Rémillard, François (1992). Old Montreal – A Walking Tour, Ministère des Affaires culturelles du Québec.
Livesey, Herbert Bailey (2003). Frommer's 2004 Montreal & Quebec City, Frommer's, 104. .

External links

Basilique Notre-Dame de Montréal
Visite Interactive de la Basilique

Notre-Dame de Montreal
Gothic Revival architecture in Montreal
Gothic Revival church buildings in Canada
National Historic Sites in Quebec
Old Montreal
Religious buildings and structures in Canada destroyed by arson
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1888
N
Roman Catholic churches on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Canada

Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)


Juda Hirsch Quastel,  (October 2, 1899 – October 15, 1987) was a British-Canadian biochemist who pioneered diverse research in neurochemistry, soil metabolism, cellular metabolism, and cancer.

Biography

Quastel, also known as "Harry" or "Q," was born at Ecclesall Road in Sheffield the son of Jonas Quastel, a confectioner, and his wife, Flora Itcovitz. His parents had come to Britain in 1897 from Tarnopol in Galicia (Eastern Europe) and were married in Britain. He was named after his grandfather,
Juda Quastel, a chemist in Tarnapol.

He was educated at Sheffield Central Secondary School. In the First World War, he served with the British Army as a Laboratory Assistant at St George's Hospital from 1917 to 1919.

Electing to study chemistry, Quastel received a baccalaureate from Imperial College London in 1921. Pursuing graduate work at the University of Cambridge, Quastel studied with Frederick Gowland Hopkins, the leading figure in British biochemistry and a future Nobel Prize recipient for his work on the nutritional importance of vitamins. Under Hopkins, Quastel received a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Cambridge in biochemistry in 1924 and, not long after, was made a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Quastel remained in Hopkins' department as a demonstrator and lecturer from 1923 to 1929, during which he pioneered the research of microbial enzymology. He obtained a doctorate of science from Cambridge in 1926 and received a Beit Memorial Fellowship in 1928.

Quastel accepted a position as Director of Research at the Cardiff City Mental Hospital in 1930. From this location, he was able to conduct early work on the enzymology and metabolism of the brain. For these studies, Quastel was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1940.

In 1941, when Britain's wartime food supply emerged as a strategic concern, the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) asked Quastel to lead a new research unit focused on improving crop yield at the Rothamsted Experimental Station. By analyzing soil as a dynamic system, rather than an inert substance, he was able to apply techniques such as perfusion, with which he had become familiar in studies of animal organs. On this approach, Quastel later wrote (1946) that "soil as a whole can be considered an organ comparable in some respects to a liver or a gland to which may be added various nutrients, pure or complex degraded plant materials, rain, air, and in which enzymatic reactions can occur."

Using these techniques, Quastel was able to quantify the influence of various plant hormones, inhibitors and other chemicals on the activity of microorganisms in the soil and assess their direct impact on plant growth. While the full work of the unit remained secret, certain discoveries were developed for commercial use after the war. Best known is the compound commonly labeled as 2,4-D, one of the first systemic or hormone herbicides, a class of chemicals responsible for triggering a worldwide revolution in agricultural output and still the most widely used weed-killer in the world. Another invention was developed as a soil conditioner and is marketed by Monsanto Company under the trade name Krilium.

After World War II, Quastel was invited to become Assistant Director of the newly founded McGill University-Montreal General Hospital Research Institute and professor of biochemistry at McGill University, and, in 1947, he accepted the invitation. The following year, he was appointed Director of the Institute.

During his nineteen years at McGill, Quastel supervised seventy PhD candidates and his Institute published over three hundred scientific papers on topics including metabolism of micro-organisms, soil biochemistry, neurobiochemistry, neurotropic drugs, anaesthesia, cancer biochemistry, enzyme inhibition, and transport of nutrients and ions across membranes. Once he reached McGill's retirement age in 1966, Quastel accepted a professorship of neurochemistry at the University of British Columbia in the Department of Psychiatry, the first such position for that institution.

Quastel received many honors, including, in 1970, Canada's highest recognition, the Companionship of the Order of Canada. In the same year, he received an honorary doctorate from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, of which he had also been a governor since 1950. He received an honorary Doctorate of Science from McGill University in 1969. He was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1983.

He died in Vancouver on 16 October 1987.

Family
In 1931 Quastel married Henrietta Jungmann and they had three children—Michael, David and Barbara. Following her death in 1973 he married again in 1975 to Susan Ricardo.

He had eleven grandchildren including mathematician Jeremy Quastel.

Publications
Chemistry of the Brain (1937)
The Mechanism of Enzyme Action (1940)
The Influence of Biochemistry in Modern Life (1956)
The Chemistry of Brain Metabolism in Health and Disease (1961)
Metabolic Inhibitors (1973)

References

Further reading

Royal Society citation

1899 births
1987 deaths
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British expatriates in Canada
Canadian biochemists
English biochemists
English biologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Companions of the Order of Canada
Academic staff of McGill University
Neurochemists
Scientists from Sheffield
Pesticides in the United Kingdom
Rothamsted Experimental Station people
British Jews
Jewish scientists
Scientists from Vancouver
Scientists from Montreal
20th-century English scientists
Scientists from Yorkshire
20th-century Canadian biologists
Canadian Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British scientists

Juda Hirsch Quastel


The Society for Private Musical Performances (in German, the ) was an organization founded in Vienna in the autumn of 1918 by Arnold Schoenberg with the intention of making carefully rehearsed and comprehensible performances of newly composed music available to genuinely interested members of the musical public.

History
In the three years between February 1919 and 5 December 1921 (when the Verein had to cease its activities due to Austrian hyperinflation), the organization gave 353 performances of 154 works in 117 concerts that involved a total of 79 individuals and pre-existing ensembles.

Circumstances permitting, concerts were given at the rate of one per week, with each programme consisting entirely of works from the period "Mahler to the present". The range of music included was very wide, the "allowable" composers not being confined to the Schoenberg circle but drawn from all those who had (as Schoenberg himself put it) "a real face or name". During the Society's first two years, in fact, Schoenberg did not allow any of his own music to be performed; instead, the programmes included works by Bartók, Berg, Busoni, Debussy, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Mahler, Ravel, Reger, Satie, Richard Strauss, Stravinsky, Webern, and many others.

The players at these events were chosen from among the most gifted young musicians available, and each work was rehearsed intensively, either under Schoenberg himself or by a  (performance director) specifically appointed by him. (The list of  included Berg, Webern, Benno Sachs, Rudolf Kolisch, Erwin Stein and Eduard Steuermann). Clarity and comprehensibility of the musical presentation was the over-riding aim, with audiences sometimes being permitted to hear open rehearsals, and complex works sometimes being played more than once in the same concert (and as many as five or six times in total).

Only those who had joined the organisation were admitted to the events: the intention was to prevent casual attendance by "sensation-seeking" members of the Viennese public (who would often attend concerts with the express intention of causing disruption, whistling derisively at modern works by whistling on their house-keys) as well as exclude hostile critics who would attack such music in their newspaper columns: a sign displayed on the door – in the manner of a police notice – would state that  (Critics are forbidden entry). Such was the didactic seriousness of the Society that an event's programme was not revealed in advance; nor was applause (or any demonstration of disapproval) permitted after the performance of a work.

It was in an attempt to continue the Society's activities in the face of hyperinflation that Schoenberg tried to raise money by means of an extraordinary concert during the Society's third season. On 27 May 1921, a performance took place of four waltzes by Johann Strauss II in chamber arrangements for string quartet, piano and harmonium. "Rosen aus dem Süden" and "Lagunen-Walzer" were arranged by Schoenberg; "Wein, Weib und Gesang" was arranged by Alban Berg; and the "Schatz-Walzer" (from The Gypsy Baron) was arranged by Anton von Webern. Following the performance, the autograph scores of these arrangements were auctioned. However, the Society nevertheless closed down, leaving one of its most ambitious projects - an arrangement by Hanns Eisler, Karl Rankl and Erwin Stein of Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 – unperformed.

A successor Society under the leadership of Alexander von Zemlinsky, with Schoenberg as honorary president and Heinrich Jalowetz and Viktor Ullmann among the performance directors, operated in Prague from April 1922 to May 1924. At its peak its membership was over 400, substantially larger than the Vienna Society – and, also unlike the Vienna Society, whose membership was largely made up of professional musicians, the membership of the Prague society was chiefly amateurs: a study published in 1974 mentions "civil servants, writers, doctors, lawyers, university and school teachers, businessmen, actors and painters' as well as 'students and musicians of all kinds".

The Munich ensemble Taschenphilharmonie plays in the tradition of the Society, as does the Linos Ensemble.

References

Further reading
 , "Schönbergs Wiener Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen"; Ivan Vojtech, "Der Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen in Prag" - both in Ernst Hilmar, ed. Arnold Schönberg Gedenkausstellung (Vienna, 1974)
 "Schönbergs Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen". Musik-Konzepte 36 (Munich 1984)

Music organisations based in Austria
1918 establishments in Austria
Musical groups established in 1918
1921 disestablishments in Europe
Musical groups disestablished in 1921
Arnold Schoenberg


Attica (, Ancient Greek Attikḗ or ,  or ), or the Attic Peninsula, is a historical region that encompasses the entire Athens metropolitan area, which consists of the city of Athens, the capital of Greece and the core city of the metroplitan area, as well as its surrounding suburban cities and towns. It is a peninsula projecting into the Aegean Sea, bordering on Boeotia to the north and Megaris to the west. The southern tip of the peninsula, known as Laurion, was an important mining region.

The history of Attica is tightly linked with that of Athens. In ancient times, Attica corresponded with the Athens city-state. It was the most prominent region in Ancient Greece, specifically during the Golden Age of Athens in the classical period. Ancient Attica (the classical Athens city-state) was divided into demoi, or municipalities, from the reform of Cleisthenes in 508/7 BC, grouped into three zones: urban (astu) in the region of Athens main town, and Piraeus (the port), coastal (paralia) along the coastline, and inland (mesogeia) in the interior.

The modern administrative region of Attica is more extensive than the historical region, and includes Megaris as a part of the regional unit of West Attica, the Saronic Islands and Cythera, as well as the municipality of Troizinia on the Peloponnesian mainland.

Eponymous name
According to the Roman  geographer Pausanias, the place was originally named Actaea, but was later renamed in the honour of Atthis, daughter of king Cranaus of Athens.

Geography

Attica is a triangular peninsula jutting into the Aegean Sea. It is naturally divided to the north from Boeotia by the  long Cithaeron and Parnes mountain ranges.

To the west of Eleusis, the Greek mainland narrows into Megaris, connecting to the Peloponnese at the Isthmus of Corinth. The southwestern coast of Attica, also known as the Athens Riviera, forms the eastern coastline of the  Saronic Gulf. Mountains separate the peninsula into the plains of Pedias, Mesogeia, and the Thriasian Plain. The mountains of Attica are the Hymettus, the eastern portion of the Geraneia, Parnitha (the highest mountain of Attica), Aigaleo and Penteli. Four mountains — Aigaleo, Parnitha, Penteli and Hymettus (clockwise from the southwest) — delineate the hilly plain on which the Athens urban area now spreads. The plain is pockmarked by a plethora of semi-continuous hills, the most notable ones being the Tourkovounia, Lykavittos, the Acropolis of Athens itself and Philopappou. Mesogeia lies to the east of Mount Hymettus and is bound to the north by the foothills of Mount Penteli, to the east by the Euboean Gulf and Mount Myrrhinous, and to the south by the mountains of Lavrio (modern Lavreotiki), Paneio (Πάνειον Όρος), and Laureotic Olympus (Λαυρεωτικός Όλυμπος). The Lavrio region terminates in Cape Sounion, forming the southeastern tip of the Attic peninsula.

Athens' water reservoir, Lake Marathon, is an artificial reservoir created by damming in 1920. Pine and fir forests cover the area around Parnitha. Hymettus, Penteli, Myrrhinous and Lavrio are forested with pine trees, whereas the rest are covered by shrubbery. Parts of the sprawling forests of mount Penteli and Parnitha have been lost to forest fires, while the Synngrou Estate on the foothills of the former (intersecting the border between the suburban towns of Kifisia, Melissia and Marousi is home to the sole remaining natural forest in the Athenian plain.

The Kifisos is the longest river in Attica, which starts from the foothills of mount Parnitha near Varibobi, crosses the Athenian plain and empties into the delta of Faliro east of the port of Piraeus.

According to Plato, Attica's ancient boundaries were fixed by the Isthmus, and, toward the continent, they extended as far as the heights of Cithaeron and Parnes. The boundary line came down toward the sea, bounded by the district of Oropus on the right and by the river Asopus on the left.

Climate
Attica, for the most part, enjoys a typical Mediterranean climate (Csa). It has a distinct, long, dry period in the summer and a short, cool and wet period in the winter. The highest precipitation is experienced during the winter months. Parts of the southern and western part of the peninsula have a hot semi-arid climate (BSh).

European temperature record
According to the World Meteorological Organization, the areas of Elefsina and Tatoi held the official European record for highest temperature, 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) for 44 years.

History

Ancient history

During antiquity, the Athenians boasted about being 'autochthonic', which is to say that they were the original inhabitants of the area and had not moved to Attica from another place. The traditions current in the classical period recounted that, during the Greek Dark Ages, Attica had become the refuge of the Ionians, who belonged to a tribe from the northern Peloponnese. Supposedly, the Ionians had been forced out of their homeland by the Achaeans, who in turn had been forced out of their homeland by the Dorian invasion. Supposedly, the Ionians integrated with the ancient Atticans, who, afterward, considered themselves part of the Ionian tribe and spoke the Ionian dialect of Ancient Greek. Many Ionians later left Attica to colonize the Aegean coast of Asia Minor and to create the twelve cities of Ionia.

During the Mycenaean period, the inhabitants of Attica lived in autonomous agricultural societies. The main places where prehistoric remains were found are Marathon, Rafina, Nea Makri, Brauron, Thorikos, Agios Kosmas, Elefsina, Menidi, Markopoulo, Spata, Aphidnae and Athens main city. All of these settlements flourished during the Mycenaean period.

According to tradition, Attica comprised twelve small communities during the reign of Cecrops, the legendary Ionian king of Athens. Strabo assigns these the names of Cecropia, Tetrapolis, Epacria, Decelea, Eleusis, Aphidna, Thoricus, Brauron, Cytherus, Sphettus, Cephisia, and possibly Phaleron. These were said to have been later incorporated in an Athenian state during the reign of Theseus, the mythical king of Athens. Modern historians consider it more likely that the communities were progressively incorporated into an Athenian state during the 8th and the 7th centuries BC.

Until the 6th century BC, aristocratic families lived independent lives in the suburbs of Athens, such as Hippios Kolonos. Only after Peisistratos's tyranny and the reforms implemented by Cleisthenes did the local communities lose their independence and succumb to the central government in Athens. As a result of these reforms, Attica was divided into approximately a hundred municipalities, the demes (dēmoi, δῆμοι), and also into three large sectors: the city (ἄστυ), which comprised the areas of central Athens, Ymittos, Aegaleo and the foot of Mount Parnes, the coast (παράλια), that included the area between Eleusis and Cape Sounion and the area around the city (ἐσωτερικό-μεσογαία), inhabited by people living on the north of Mount Parnitha, Penteliko and the area east of the mountain of Hymettus on the plain of Mesogeia. Principally, each civic unit would include equal parts of townspeople, seamen, and farmers. A "trittýs" ("third") of each sector constituted a tribe. Consequently, Attica comprised ten tribes.

During the Peloponnesian war, Attica was invaded and raided several times by the Lacedaemonians, while in the war's third phase the fortress of Decelea was captured and fortified by Lacedaemon.

Fortresses

During the classical period, Athens was fortified to the north by the fortress of Eleutherae, which is preserved well. Other fortresses are those of Oenoe, Decelea, Phyle and Aphidnae. To protect the mines at Laurium, on the coast, Athens was protected by the walls at Rhamnus, Thoricus, Sounion, Anavyssos, Piraeus, and Elefsina. Although these forts and walls had been constructed, Attica did not establish a fortification system until later, in the 4th century BC. Attica's warfare is displayed by piles of rubble from fortresses from the Chremonidean war.

Places of worship

Even though archaeological ruins of religious importance are found in nearly the whole area of Attica, the most important are those found in Eleusis. The worship of the goddesses Demeter and Cora, beginning in the Mycenaean period, continued until the late years of antiquity.

Many other types of worship can be traced to the prehistory. For example, the worship of Pan and the Nymphs was common in many areas of Attica such as Marathon, Parnes and Ymittos. The god of wine, Dionysus, was worshipped mainly in the area of Icaria, now  the suburb of Dionysus. Iphigeneia and Artemis were worshipped in Brauron, Artemis in Rafina, Athena on Sounion, Aphrodite on Iera Odos, and Apollo in Daphne.

The festival of Chalceia was celebrated every autumn in Attica. The festival honored the gods Hephaestus and Athena Ergane. In the deme of Athmonon, in modern-day Marousi, the Athmoneia games were also celebrated.

Medieval period

After the period of antiquity, Attica came under Roman, Byzantine, Venetian, and Ottoman rule. In the Roman period, the Scandinavian Heruli tribe raided Athens and Attica in 267 AD, destroying most of the city and laying waste to the countryside. During the Byzantine period Athens was an important middle size city. In 396 Attica was invaded by the Goths under the command of Alaric. Attica's population diminished in comparison to the neighboring area of Boeotia.

The sites of historical interest date to the 11th and 12th centuries, when Attica was under the rule of the Franks. The great monastery of Dafni, that was built under Justinian I's rule, is an isolated case that does not signify a widespread development of Attica during the Byzantine period. On the other hand, the buildings built during the 11th and 12th centuries show a greater development that continued during the rule of the Franks, who did not impose strict rule.

From the 14th century onwards, the Arvanites came to Attica from what is today southern Albania. They were mostly invited as mercenaries by the local Greek lords.

During the Ottoman rule, Athens enjoyed some rights. However, that was not the case for the villages of Attica. Great areas were possessed by the Turks, who terrorized the population with the help of sipahis. The monasteries of Attica played a crucial role in preserving the Greek element of the villages.

In spite of its conquerors, Attica managed to maintain its traditions. This fact is proved by the preservation of ancient toponyms such as Oropos, Dionysus, Eleusis, and Marathon.
During the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s, the peasants of Attica were the first to revolt (April 1821), occupying Athens and seizing the Acropolis that was handed over to the Greek revolutionaries in June, 1822.

Attica after 1829

Attica belonged to the newly-founded Greek state from its founding. From 1834, Athens was made the new Greek capital (moved from Nafplio in Argolis), which caused the gradual repopulation of Attica by other people around Greece. The most dramatic surge came with Greek refugees from Anatolia following the Greek genocide and later the population exchanges between Greece and Turkey under the Treaty of Lausanne. Today, much of Attica is occupied by urban Athens, encompassing the entirety of the Athenian plain. The modern Greek region of Attica includes classical Attica as well as the Saronic Islands, a small part of the Peloponnese around Troezen, and the Ionian Island of Kythira.

Notable people

 Socrate Sidiropoulos (born 1947), Greek painter and sculptor

See also
Ascolia
Attic Greek
Attic orators
Attic talent
Atticism
Neo-Attic

References

External links

 Official tourism website of Attica

Historical regions in Greece
Historical regions
Central Greece
Peninsulas of Greece

Attica


Spence's Point is a historic estate on the Potomac River near Westmoreland, Virginia. Also known as the John R. Dos Passos Farm, it was the home of writer John Dos Passos (1896–1970) for the last 25 years of his life. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.

Description and history
Spence's Point is located in rural southeastern Westmoreland County, on the north side of VA 749. Set on the south bank of the Potomac River down a long drive from the highway is the main house of the  estate. It is a modest -story brick building with a gabled roof and single end chimney. It is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the rightmost bay. The basic architecture is a simple interpretation of the Federal style. To the rear is a two-story addition, added in the 1940s by Dos Passos, with a two-story veranda overlooking the river. Further south, also overlooking the river in the village of Sandy Neck, is the site of the childhood home of Dos Passos; the house he grew up in has been demolished and replaced, but some of the outbuildings remain in place.

The land at Spence's Point was a large parcel that the father of John Dos Passos purchased in 1885, and the Sandy Neck house is where Dos Passos spent his childhood. In 1942, after he achieved prominence as one of the most influential writers of his generation, Dos Passos purchased a portion of the original property and restored the brick farmhouse that stood there which was originally built around 1806. It was then to remain his home until his death in 1970. Although he had written some of his most important works prior to the acquisition of this property, many of his later works were written here. At the time of its designation as a landmark in 1971, it was occupied by his widow.

See also
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Westmoreland County, Virginia

References

External links
 Spence's Point, Westmoreland County, one photo at Virginia DHR

Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
Houses in Westmoreland County, Virginia
Houses completed in 1806
National Register of Historic Places in Westmoreland County, Virginia
1806 establishments in Virginia

Spence's Point


"When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ" is a 1935 big band and jazz song written by Glenn Miller. The song was released as a 78 single by Clark Randall and his Orchestra on Brunswick.

"When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ" was released as a Brunswick 10inch 78 single in 1935 as Brunswick 7415 backed with "Troublesome Trumpet".

"When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ" was a novelty song composed and recorded by Glenn Miller in 1935 when he was a member of the Clark Randall Orchestra, which featured Bob Crosby, Gil Rodin, Nappy Lamare, and singer Frank Tennille, the father of Toni Tennille of the Captain and Tennille, whose pseudonym was Clark Randall.

The unique title of the song comes from the "icky" slang expression that Dick Morgan, an eccentric member of the Ben Pollack orchestra, used. Dick Morgan was the banjo and guitar player in the Ben Pollack band, who also used a realistic replica of a python in his act with the Pollack band. George Simon recalled how the song came about: "Glenn composed one of the songs, "When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ, Look Out!" — dedicated to his good friend Dick Morgan, who had played guitar in Pollack's band." Miller recorded ten songs with the Clark Randall orchestra in March, 1935.

The song appears on the 2001 compilation album Bob Crosby and His Orchestra: And Then Some, Parts 1 and 2 of the Complete Discography on Halcyon, HALC 142, and the 2005 compilation series The Glenn Miller Story, Vol. 1-2 on Avid Entertainment. The recording is also on Bob Crosby & His Orchestra. Rarities No. 41, a vinyl LP album, catalogue number 41, which was released on Rarities Records, Copenhagen, Denmark, appearing as "When Icky Morgan Plays His Organ".

Personnel

The personnel on this recording session were: Hilton Nappy Lamare, vocal on side A, "Troublesome Trumpet"; Clark Randall and his orchestra featuring: Clark Randall, vocal on side B, "When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ"; Charlie Spivak, Yank Lawson, trumpet; Glenn Miller, Larry Altpeter, trombone; Matty Matlock, clarinet/alto sax; Gil Rodin, alto sax; Eddie Miller, clarinet/tenor sax; Deane Kincaide, tenor sax; Gil Bowers, piano/organ; Hilton Nappy Lamare, guitar; Pete Peterson, string bass; and Ray Bauduc, drums. The song was recorded in New York City on March 15, 1935. The matrix number is B 17048. The matrix number for "Troublesome Trumpet" is B 17047 so "When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ" was the B side. The song is listed as "Novelty Fox Trot with Vocal Interludes" with the songwriting credit by Glenn Miller.

Sources
 Flower, John. Moonlight Serenade: A Bio-discography of the Glenn Miller Civilian Band. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1972.
 Rust, Brian. The American Dance Band Discography: 1917-1942. Vols. 1 and 2. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House Publishers, 1975
 Simon, George Thomas. Glenn Miller and His Orchestra. NY: Crowell, 1974.
 Simon, George Thomas (1971). Simon Says: The Sights and Sounds of the Swing Era, 1935-1955 . New York: Galahad. .
 Smith, Jay D. Jack Teagarden: The Story of a Jazz Maverick. Cambridge, MA: DaCapo Press, 1988. p. 90.

References

External links
Online version. "When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ" by the Clark Randall Band, March, 1935. A Glenn Miller Arrangement, track 29.
Online version. "When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ", 1935.

Glenn Miller songs
1935 songs
Novelty songs
Songs about musicians
Songs about musical instruments
Songs about jazz
Cultural depictions of jazz musicians
Jazz songs
Jazz compositions

When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ


Gabazine (SR-95531) is a drug that acts as an antagonist at GABAA receptors. It is used in scientific research and has no role in medicine, as it would be expected to produce convulsions if used in humans.

Gabazine binds to the GABA recognition site of the receptor-channel complex and acts as an allosteric inhibitor of channel opening. The net effect is to reduce GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition by inhibiting chloride flux across the cell membrane, and thus inhibiting neuronal hyperpolarization. While phasic (synaptic) inhibition is gabazine-sensitive, tonic (extrasynaptic) inhibition is relatively gabazine-insensitive.

Gabazine has been found to bind to and antagonize α4βδ subunit-containing GABAA receptors, which may represent the GHB receptor.

References

GABAA receptor antagonists
GABAA-rho receptor antagonists
GHB receptor antagonists
Convulsants
Pyridazines
Phenol ethers
Carboxylic acids

Gabazine


Mount Olympus () is a mountain in the east central part of the island of Euboea, Greece. Its maximum elevation is 1,172 m. It is not the highest mountain of Euboea, that is 1,743 m high Dirfi, 16 km to the north. Olympus is 10 km north of Amarynthos, 11 km northeast of Eretria and 24 km east of the city of Chalcis. There are forests on the northern slopes while most of the mountain range is covered with grassland and bushes.

References

Mountains of Central Greece
Landforms of Euboea (regional unit)

Mount Olympus (Euboea)


The China Railways JF17 (解放17, Jiěfàng, "liberation") class steam locomotive was a class of 2-8-2 steam locomotives operated by the China Railway, built by Hudswell Clarke in the United Kingdom and by the South Manchuria Railway's Shahekou Works in 1931.

At least four of these locomotives were originally built for the Jiaoji Railway, which numbered them in the 600 series. After the establishment of the collaborationist Provisional Government of the Republic of China during the Japanese occupation of China, the North China Transportation Company was formed in 1938 to operate railways in the territory of the Provisional Government, nationalising the various privately owned railways, including the Jihai Railway. North China Transport then designated these Mikana (ミカナ) class.

After the end of the Pacific War, these locomotives were passed on to the Republic of China Railway. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, China Railways designated them ㄇㄎ17 (MK17) class in 1951, and subsequently 解放17 (JF17) class in 1959. All were retired by 1990.

References

2-8-2 locomotives
Hudswell Clarke locomotives
Shahekou Works locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1931
Steam locomotives of China
Standard gauge locomotives of China
Freight locomotives

China Railways JF17


Buff Cobb (born Patrizia Cobb Chapman, October 19, 1927 – July 12, 2010) was an Italian-born American actress and, with then-husband Mike Wallace, host of one of television's first talk-show shows.

Early life and career

Patrizia Cobb Chapman was born in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, to opera singer Frank Chapman, whose own father was the ornithologist and pioneering writer of field guides Frank Michler Chapman, and playwright Elizabeth Cobb, whose father was the author and humorist Irvin S. Cobb. When she was young, her parents divorced and her father married mezzo-soprano opera singer Gladys Swarthout.

Her family moved first to New York City and then to Santa Monica, California, where Cobb graduated from high school. She began her acting career with stock companies, and then won bit parts in movies including Anna and the King of Siam (1946), and toured with Tallulah Bankhead in Noël Coward's play Private Lives from 1946 to 1948.

At 19, she married attorney Greg Bautzer, the first of her four husbands, divorcing him after six months. At 20, she married her second husband, actor William Eythe, in Manhattan in 1947. She sued for divorce after seven months, but reconsidered two days later before going on with the divorce in 1948.

Talk-show pioneer
Cobb, while touring with Private Lives in Chicago, Illinois, met broadcast journalist Mike Wallace. As Wallace later recalled,

By that time the program had gone from radio to become the pioneering CBS television talk show Mike and Buff. Based in New York City, it ran from August 20, 1951, to February 27, 1953. Originally titled Two Sleepy People, the live show, in which the couple debated a different topic daily and then tried to reach consensus after interviewing experts, was broadcast experimentally on weekday mornings during an era in which there was virtually no morning programming. It was also one of CBS' first color TV programs. By November 1951, it had been retitled Mike and Buff and was broadcast in black-and-white on weekday afternoons.

Beginning June 1951, the two also co-hosted a second show, All Around the Town, in which Wallace and Cobb conducted live interviews from locales including Coney Island, the New York City Ballet, backstage at the original Broadway production of Guys and Dolls starring Sam Levene as Nathan Detroit, and numerous restaurants. Initially a thrice-weekly late-afternoon show, and it moved to a Saturday 6-6:45 p.m. slot from November 10, 1951, to January 1952. It returned as a prime time series, sponsored by the soft drink Pepsi on Saturday nights at 9-9:30 p.m. from May to June 1952. The New York Times critic Jack Gould wrote in 1951 that "the presentation of Mike and Buff constituted an object lesson in how television can be eminently educational without being self-conscious about it."

Cobb was also a panelist for two years on the 1952 to 1960 TV quiz show Masquerade Party, joining Ogden Nash, bandleader Bobby Sherwood and others from 1953 to 1955 on the show, which during her tenure ran Monday nights on CBS before switching to Wednesday nights on ABC.

Later life
Cobb and Wallace divorced in either 1955 or 1957 (accounts differ). Cobb's fourth husband, H. Spencer Martin, died in 1987. She had a half brother, Thomas Cobb Brody.

In the 1960s, she and partners including Paul Vroom produced two Broadway shows: a revival of George Bernard Shaw's Too True to Be Good, which ran 94 performances and two previews at the 54th Street Theatre from March 9 to June 1, 1963; and Jerry Devine's Never Live Over a Pretzel Factory, which played nine performances and five previews from March 20 to April 4, 1964, at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. The following decade, she and partner Shepard Traube produced Devine's Children of the Wind, which ran six performances and one preview from October 23–27, 1973, at the Belasco Theatre.

Cobb died in a nursing home in Lebanon, New Hampshire, at age 82.

Awards/nominations
 1963 Tony Award nomination, Best Producer of a Play, with Paul Vroom and Burry Fredrik, for a revival of George Bernard Shaw's Too True to Be Good.

References

External links

 "Bill marries Buff Cobb" (annotated photo) at Flickr.com

1927 births
2010 deaths
Television personalities from California
American film actresses
Italian emigrants to the United States
Actresses from Santa Monica, California
American theatre managers and producers
21st-century American women

Buff Cobb


Höffner is a furniture retailer in Germany. The company is a full-range supplier in the home and furnishing sector. Its core range comprises around 100,000 products. In addition to furniture in a wide variety of styles, the company also offers household goods and home accessories.

History
A company of that name was founded in 1874 by Rudolf Höffner, and became Berlin's biggest furniture retailer before World War II. Based in the eastern part of Berlin, the company was discontinued after the war. In 1967 Kurt Krieger bought the right to the name "Höffner" and created a new company under that name. This company was initially based in Berlin-Wedding, but the headquarters moved to Schönefeld, Brandenburg after Germany's reunification.

In 2007, the Höffner store in Barsbüttel was prohibited by the Lübeck Regional Court from advertising discounts if a price had previously been raised for a short time and then lowered again immediately afterwards. The background to this was the discovery by a couple looking for a couch set that an unrealistically high price had been advertised for a couch for a short time. Höffner cited price fluctuations on the part of the manufacturer as the reason, but these could not be proven. With the takeover and renaming of the Rösrath furniture center in Rösrath near Cologne in 2010 and the establishment in Duisburg, which was not yet realized in 2013, Höffner is continuing its expansion in western Germany. The strategy here is to enable larger sales areas, in some cases also merging locations as in Magdeburg in 2013. As part of a strategic realignment of Möbel Mahler to the southern German region, its store in Siebenlehn was sold to the Möbel Höffner Group on January 1, 2014, although it continues to operate under the Möbel Mahler brand. As many as two Höffner furniture stores opened or were completely remodeled and reopened in 2016 - in Berlin-Schöneberg and in Rösrath.

At the end of August 2018, it was announced that Höffner would take over the Paderborn-based furniture chain Finke, subject to the approval of the German Federal Cartel Office. The takeover was confirmed in November 2018.

In January 2021, Höffner became the target of numerous protests in Kiel when it became known that compensatory land (land earmarked to compensate for development on green belt land) had been cut down during construction work on the Kiel store in November 2020. The company described the event as an "oversight".

Höffner's mascot is a man named Höffi wearing a hat and a red bow tie.

External links
 Hoeffner.de

References

Companies based in Brandenburg
Furniture retailers
Retail companies established in 1874
Retail companies of Germany
Dahme-Spreewald
German companies established in 1874

Höffner (furniture retailer)


Ma Zhanshan, a general in the Chinese Army who had surrendered in January 1932 and joined the Manchukuo regime, rebelled again in late April, forming his own volunteer army in Heilongjiang province at the beginning of May, and then he established another 11 troops of volunteers at Buxi, Gannan, Keshan, Kedong and other places and thus established the Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army with Ma appointed as Commander-in-chief, with the other volunteer armies as subordinates at least in name.

See also
 Japanese invasion of Manchuria
 Second Sino-Japanese War

Sources
Coogan, Anthony, The volunteer armies of Northeast China, History Today; July 1993, Vol. 43 Issue 7, pp.36-41
Notes On A Guerrilla Campaign, from http://www.democraticunderground.com accessed November 4, 2006

Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies

Military units and formations established in 1932
Disbanded armies