The term Albanian Principalities refers to a number of principalities (although they functioned more like a series of kingdoms) created in the Middle Ages in Albania and the surrounding regions in the western Balkans that were ruled by Albanian nobility. The 12th century marked the first Albanian principality, the Principality of Arbanon. It was later, however, in the 2nd half of the 14th century that these principalities became stronger, especially with the fall of the Serbian Empire after 1355. Some of these principalities were notably united in 1444 under the military alliance called League of Lezhë up to 1480 which defeated the Ottoman Empire in more than 28 battles. They covered modern day Albania,western and central Kosovo, Epirus, areas up to Corinth, western North Macedonia, southern Montenegro. The leaders of these principalities were some of the most noted Balkan figures in the 14th and 15th centuries such as Gjin Bua Shpata, Andrea II Muzaka, Gjon Zenebishi, Karl Topia, Andrea Gropa, Balsha family, Gjergj Arianiti, Gjon Kastrioti, Skanderbeg, Dukagjini family and Lek Dukagjini.

List of Albanian principalities

 Principality of Arbanon
 Principality of Valona
 Principality of Muzaka
 Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto
 Despotate of Arta
 Principality of Albania (medieval)
 Principality of Gjirokastër
 Principality of Kastrioti
 Principality of Mataranga
 Principality of Dukagjini
 Principality of Gropaj
 Principality of Zahariaj
 Thopia family domains
 Arianiti family domains

Principality of Arbanon

The Principality of Arbanon (1190–1255) was the first Albanian state during the Middle Ages. The proclamation of the feudal state of Arbanon, in the north of Albania, with Kruja as the capital took place in 1190. As the founder of this state is known Progoni and later on Gjini and Dhimiter. Nderfandina is known as the most important center of this principality. For this was spoken clearly by the emblem of Arbanon found carved on a stone in the Catholic Church of Saint Maria. After the fall of Progon Dynasty the principality came under Grigor Kamona and Gulam of Albania. Finally the principality was dissolved in 1255. The best period of the principality was under Dhimiter Progoni.

Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto

Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto (1358–1374) was a Despotate, ruled by Albanian chieftains of Epirus. It was created after the defeat of Nikephoros II Orsini in 1358 and ceased to exist in 1374, when its despot, Gjin Bua Shpata, unified the territory with Despotate of Arta.

Principality of Valona

The Principality of Valona (1346–1417) was a medieval state roughly encompassing the territories of the modern Albanian counties of Vlorë (Valona) and Berat. Initially a vassal of the Serbian Empire, it became an independent lordship after 1355 until conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1417. Between 1355 and 1417, there were Bulgarian rulers from Asen family and rulers from the Balšić family.

Principality of Dukagjini

The Principality of Dukagjini () refers to the domains of the Albanian Dukagjini family in northern Albania and western Kosovo in the 14th century and 15th century. At their maximum extent, the domains of the Dukagjini extended from Upper Zadrima in the northwest to the Plain of Dukagjini in western Kosovo. The political center of the Dukagjini family was Lezhë until 1393 when it was surrendered to Venice in order to not fall under the Ottomans. The Ottoman sanjak of Dukagjin was named after the rule of the family in the areas that formed it. The principality formally existed until 1479, but in 1444 it was united by Skanderbeg with the other Albanian noble families.

Despotate of Arta

Despotate of Arta (1355–1416) was a Despotate, ruled by Albanian chieftains of Epirus. It was created after the defeat of Nikephoros II Orsini in 1358 and ceased to exist in 1416. After the death of Peter Losha in 1374, the Albanian despotates of Arta and Angelocastron were united under the rule of Despot Gjin Bua Shpata. The territory of this despotate was from the Corinth Gulf to Acheron River in the North, neighbouring with the Principality of Gjon Zenebishi, another state created in the area of the Despotate of Epirus. The Despotate of Epirus managed to control in this period only the eastern part of Epirus, with its capital in Ioannina.
During this period the Despotate of Epirus was ruled by Thomas II Preljubović, who was in an open conflict with Gjin Bua Shpata. In 1375, Gjin Bua Shpata started an offensive in Ioannina, but he couldn't invade the city. Although Shpata married with the sister of Thomas II Preljubović, Helena their war did not stop. After the death of Gjin Bua Shpata in 1399, the Despotate of Arta weakened continuously. Among the animosities with the rulers of Janina Gjin's successor, Muriq Shpata, had to deal with the intentions of the Venetians and of Count Carlo I Tocco of Cefalonia.  In 1416 he defeated Jakup Bua Shpata and conquered Arta, ending the Shpata dynasty.

Principality of Gjirokastër

Principality of Gjirokastër (1373–1418) was a principality created by Gjon Zenebishi in 1386 and abolished after the Ottoman invasion in 1434. In 1380, Gjon Zenebishi was appointed sebastocrator or prefect of Vagenetia near Delvina and in 1386 he became prince. In 1399 Esau, supported by some Albanian clans, marched against his wife's brother-in-law Gjon Zenebishi of Gjirokastër. Now Esau was routed and captured, and much of his land was occupied by Zenebishi. Esau returned to Ioannina in 1400, regaining the reign from Zenebishi. Zenebishi was defeated by the Turks, he fled to the Venetian island of Corfu, but was called back two years later (1416) by an uprising of the mountain tribes. With the support of Venice, he again set his sights on Gjirokastra, but was chased away once more by the Turks and died in Corfu in 1418.

Lordship of Berat

The Lordship of Berat was a principality ruled by the Muzaka noble family. It's uncertain when the Muzaka family started to rule in central Albania, however, one of the first notable rulers is the sebastokrator Andrea I Muzaka who ruled over Myzeqe. In 1335 the principality became a Despotate and was significantly expanded during the rule of Andrea II. The Muzaka family continued to be a formidable and influential dynasty in central Albania until 1417 when it eventually fell under the Ottoman Empire.

Kastrioti Principality

Principality of Kastrioti (1389–1444) was one of the most important principalities in Medieval Albania. It was created by Gjon Kastrioti and then ruled by the national hero of Albania, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg.
Gjon Kastrioti had originally only two small villages, which probably emblem of the eagle family with a black two-headed, even if it can provide different interpretations. In short time Gjon Kastrioti managed to expand its lands so as to become the undisputed lord of Central Albania.
Gjon Kastrioti was among those who opposed the early incursion of Ottoman Bayezid I, however his resistance was ineffectual. The Sultan, having accepted his submissions, obliged him to pay tribute and to ensure the fidelity of local rulers, Gjergj Kastrioti and his three brothers were taken by the Sultan to his court as hostages.
Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg was distinguished as one of the best officers in several Ottoman campaigns both in Asia Minor and in Europe, and the Sultan appointed him General.
On 28 November 1443, Skanderbeg saw his opportunity to rebel during a battle against the Hungarians led by John Hunyadi in Niš as part of the Crusade of Varna. He switched sides along with 300 other Albanians serving in the Ottoman army. After a long trek to Albania he eventually captured Krujë by forging a letter from the Sultan to the Governor of Krujë, which granted him control of the territory. After capturing the castle, Skanderbeg abjured Islam and proclaimed himself the avenger of his family and country.
Following the capture of Krujë, Skanderbeg managed to bring together all the Albanian princes in the town of Lezhë (see League of Lezhë, 1444). Gibbon reports that the "Albanians, a martial race, were unanimous to live and die with their hereditary prince" and that "in the assembly of the states of Epirus, Skanderbeg was elected general of the Turkish war and each of the allies engaged to furnish his respective proportion of men and money".

Principality of Topiaj (medieval)

Principality of Albania was an Albanian principality ruled by the formidable Albanian dynasty of Thopia. One of the first notable rulers is Tanusio Thopia who was count of Mat since 1328. The most influential figure from this dynasty as well one of the most influential figures of medieval Albania was Karl Thopia. The principality changed hands between the Thopia dynasty and the Balšić dynasty, until 1392, when Durrës was annexed by the Republic of Venice.

Principality of Mataranga

The Mataranga family, who were wealthy in the southern Albania coastal region between Durazzo and Valona, whose first known members were recorded in a document from the Republic of Ragusa as rulers of the territory. Temporary vassals of the Byzantine Emperors, at the beginning of the 14th century they accepted the supremacy of Philip of Taranto, who recaptured Durazzo in 1304 for the House of Anjou of the Kingdom of Naples. One of the last members was the ruler Blasius Matarango who after Dusan's death ruled from 1355 until his death in 1367, after his death the territories of the Mataranga family were incorporated into the Principality of Albania.

Principality of Gropaj

The Gropa family was one of the biggest and famous Albanian noble families in the eastern Albania. The dynasty controlled the region between Pogradec, Ohrid and Debar in the period 12th – 14th century. In 1218 a certain Andrea was mentioned as a powerful sebast. In 1273 is mentioned Pal Gropa which once again reconfirmed the domains of the Gropa family and were even given extended privileges by Charles I of Anjou in order to ensure his loyalty. The Gropa noble family ruled until 1395 when it fell under the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire.

Principality of Zahariaj

The first ruler of the Zaharia dynasty was Koja Zaharia who captured the castle of Dagnum in 1396 he proclaimed himself the Lord of Sati and Dagnum ("dominus Sabatensis et Dagnensis") and from there he ruled the territory around it as an Ottoman vassal. In October 1400 Koja proposed to the Venetians to simulate a battle in which he and his cousin Dhimitër Jonima would pretend to lose their possessions to the Venetians, in exchange for provision of 500 ducats annually. The Venetians did not promptly respond and Koja returned to the sultan. Koja continued to rule until 1430 when Ishak Bey captured Dagnum from Koja Zaharia in 1430 it was attached to the territory controlled by Ali Beg, while Koja was either imprisoned or expelled. After the Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436 was crushed the sultan entrusted Koja's son Lekë Zaharia with a position of Dagnum's governor.

See also
 Principality of Albania
 List of Albanian monarchs

References

Bibliography

"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science.

Former countries in Europe

Albanian principalities


There have been four baronetcies for persons with the surname Blake, one in the Baronetage of Ireland, two in the Baronetage of Great Britain and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Two of the creations are extant as of 2010.

The Blake Baronetcy, of Menlough in the County of Galway, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland on 10 July 1622 for Valentine Blake, Mayor of Galway in 1611 and 1630 and a member of the Irish House of Commons for County Galway. His grandfather Thomas Blake (died 1574) had preceded him as Mayor. The second Baronet was a member of the Irish Parliament for Galway Borough. The third Baronet represented both County Galway and Galway Borough in Parliament. The sixth Baronet was a member of the Irish House of Commons for County Galway. He was the first Catholic gentlemen of distinction to join William of Orange. The twelfth Baronet represented Galway Borough in the British House of Commons. The fourteenth Baronet was high sheriff of County Galway in 1872. See also the Blake Baronetcy of Twizell Castle below.

The Blake Baronetcy, of Langham in the County of Suffolk, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 8 October 1772 for Patrick Blake, Member of Parliament for Sudbury. The title became extinct on the death of the sixth Baronet in 1975.

The Blake Baronetcy, of Twizell Castle in the County of Durham, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 25 May 1774 for Francis Blake. He was the great-grandson of Robert Blake, Mayor of Galway in 1547, brother of the first Baronet of Menlough (see above). Sir Francis's mother was Sarah, eldest daughter of Sir Francis Blake, of Cogges, Oxfordshire, who married Elizabeth (née Carr) of Ford Castle, Northumberland, and purchased Twizell Castle, also in Northumberland, in 1685. Sir Francis was a distant relative of the Blake baronets of Menlough. The first Baronet's grandson, the third Baronet, sat as Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed. The title became extinct on the latter's death in 1860.

The Blake Baronetcy, of Tillmouth Park in Cornhill in the County of Northumberland, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 22 July 1907 for Francis Blake, subsequently Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed. He was the son of Francis Blake, who had inherited Twizell and Tillmouth estates on the death of his relative, Sir Francis Blake, 3rd Baronet (see the 1774 creation above). As of 2010 the title is held by the first Baronet's grandson, the third Baronet, who succeeded his father in 1950.

Blake baronets, of Menlough (1622)

Sir Valentine Blake, 1st Baronet (died 1635)
Sir Thomas Blake, 2nd Baronet (died c. 1640)
Sir Valentine Blake, 3rd Baronet (died 1652)
Sir Thomas Blake, 4th Baronet (died c. 1670)
Sir Valentine Blake, 5th Baronet (died c. 1672)
Sir Walter Blake, 6th Baronet (died 1748)
Sir Thomas Blake, 7th Baronet (died 1749)
Sir Ulick Blake, 8th Baronet (died 1766)
Sir Thomas Blake, 9th Baronet (died 1787)
Sir Walter Blake, 10th Baronet (died 1802)
Sir John Blake, 11th Baronet (1753–1834)
Sir Valentine John Blake, 12th Baronet (1780–1847)
Sir Thomas Edward Blake, 13th Baronet (1805–1875)
Sir Valentine Blake, 14th Baronet (1836–1912), owned Menlough Castle. His daughter, Eleanor, was killed in a fire in the castle two years before his death.
Sir Thomas Patrick Ulick John Harvey Blake, 15th Baronet (1870–1925)
Sir Ulick Temple Blake, 16th Baronet (1904–1963), found dead in his car after inheriting Menlough Castle from the fourteenth baronet.
Sir Thomas Richard Valentine Blake, 17th Baronet (1942–2008), last of the 11th Baronet's male line.
Sir Anthony Teilo Bruce Blake, 18th Baronet (1951–2014), great-great-great-great-grandson of the 10th Baronet through his 2nd son, Dominck Joseph Blake (1754–1843).
Sir Charles Valentine Bruce Blake, 19th baronet (born 1994).

Blake baronets, of Langham (1772)
Sir Patrick Blake, 1st Baronet (–1784)
Sir Patrick Blake, 2nd Baronet (c. 1768–1818)
Sir James Henry Blake, 3rd Baronet (1770–1832)
Sir Henry Charles Blake, 4th Baronet (1794–1880)
Sir Patrick James Graham Blake, 5th Baronet (1861–1930)
Sir Cuthbert Patrick Blake, 6th Baronet (1885–1975)

Blake baronets, of Twizell Castle (1774)

Sir Francis Blake, 1st Baronet (c. 1709–1780)
Sir Francis Blake, 2nd Baronet (c. 1737–1818)
Sir Francis Blake, 3rd Baronet (c. 1774–1860)

Blake baronets, of Tillmouth Park (1907)
Sir Francis Douglas Blake, 1st Baronet (1856–1940)
Sir (Francis) Edward Colquhoun Blake, 2nd Baronet (1893–1950)
Sir Francis Michael Blake, 3rd Baronet (born 1943)

The heir apparent to the baronetcy is Francis Julian Blake (born 1971), eldest son of the 3rd Baronet.

References
Townend, Peter (ed.) Burke's Peerage (103rd Edition) (1963 edition). Burke's Peerage Limited, page 252.
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

History and Antiquities of North Durham (1852) Rev James Raine MA, page 316.

Baronetcies in the Baronetage of Ireland
Baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of Great Britain
1622 establishments in Ireland
1772 establishments in Great Britain
1907 establishments in the United Kingdom

Blake baronets


Maharajapuram Seetharaman Krishnan (24 August 1898 – 24 April 1970) was an Indian Geologist. He was the first Indian to serve as the Director of the Geological Survey of India.

Early years
Krishnan was born on 24 August 1898 in Tanjore, Madras Presidency. After school education in Tanjore, he continued his studies in St.Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli. He graduated with B.A. Honours in geology from the Presidency College, Madras, in 1919, undertook post-graduate training and research with ARCS (Associate-ship of Royal College of Science) Scholarship at Imperial College London in 1921 and received his Diploma of Imperial College (DIC) in 1923 and in 1924, he was awarded the PhD degree from London University.

Career
For two years after receiving his honours degree, Dr. Krishnan was employed as Demonstrator in Geology at Presidency College, Madras. He was appointed as Assistant Superintendent (Geologist) in the superior service in the Geological Survey of India and joined the department in December 1924  where Dr. Krishnan worked alongside Lewis Fermor, C. S. Fox, J. A. Dunn, Alexander M. Heron, H. C. Jones, and J. B. Auden. In 1943, he was promoted as superintending geologist and was posted as director for newly formed Indian Bureau of Mines. He left the post in February, 1951 to become permanent director (The first Indian to occupy it) of Geological Survey of India. After four years he was transferred to New Delhi as Mineral Adviser and Ex-Officio Joint Secretary to the Government of India (Ministry of Scientific Research) in August, 1955. In April, 1957 he was transferred to Indian School of Mines as its first director to organize the expanded courses in mining and newly started course in Applied Geophysics and Petroleum Technology.

He worked on stratigraphic mapping in Gangpur, Bonai, Bamra and Keonjar (parts of present Orissa State) and identified the 'Gangpur Series' published in GSI Memoir 71 (1937). He also worked on minerals of economic importance including iron, manganese ores, gypsum, mica, limestone and published his studies in the GSI Memoir 80 (1952). He also worked on the rocks of Girnar and the Osham hills of Saurashtra (now in Gujarat), lateritization of the peculiar metasedimentary rocks called khondalite, the mineral resources of former Central Provinces and Berar (now forming parts of Madhya Pradesh), the geology of the Vindhyan formations of northern India, the Deccan traps, the Tertiaries of Tanjore (Tamil Nadu), and made observations on mythical rivers such as the Indobrahm and Saraswathi.

He taught geology at the Presidency College, Madras (1920–21), Forest College, Dehra Dun (1928–30) and the Presidency College, Calcutta (1933–35). At the suggestion of Cyril S. Fox of the Geological Survey of India (GSI) he decided to work on a book on Indian stratigraphy. This resulted in the publication of Geology of India and Burma in 1943 and the Introduction to Geology of India in 1944. The first book has gone through 6 editions and has also been translated into Russian. Krishnan served as the Director of Indian Bureau of Mines (New Delhi) from 1948 to 1951, Director of the GSI, Director of Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, during 1957–58, Head of the Geology and Geophysics Department, Andhra University, Waltair from 1958 to 1960, and helped found the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, of which he was the director between 1961 and 1963.

He received the Padma Bhushan in January 1970 from President S. Radhakrishnan.

References

External links
 Geology of India and Burma 1949 (second edition)
The Shaping of Indian Science: 1948-1981, pp 768-769

Further reading
 Sankaran, A. V. M. S. Krishnan: Geologist par excellence. Current Science 75(10):1084
 Geological Survey of India: 'M.S.Krishnan, Pen Portrait', GSI News, Vol.4, No.6,June 1972, p. 5-10
 Discovery of Sathanur Tree fossil by M.S.Krishnan

1898 births
1970 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Academic staff of Andhra University
20th-century Indian geologists
Scientists from Tamil Nadu
People from Thanjavur
Indian institute directors
Presidency College, Chennai alumni

M. S. Krishnan (geologist)


A bronchial challenge test is a medical test used to assist in the diagnosis of asthma. The patient breathes in nebulized methacholine or histamine. Thus the test may also be called a methacholine challenge test or histamine challenge test respectively. Both drugs provoke bronchoconstriction, or narrowing of the airways. Whereas histamine causes nasal and bronchial mucus secretion and bronchoconstriction via the H1 receptor, methacholine utilizes the M3 receptor for bronchoconstriction. The degree of narrowing can then be quantified by spirometry. People with pre-existing airway hyperreactivity, such as asthmatics, will react to lower doses of drug.

Sometimes, to assess the reversibility of a particular condition, a bronchodilator is administered to counteract the effects of the bronchoconstrictor before repeating the spirometry tests. This is commonly referred to as a reversibility test, or a post bronchodilator test (post BD), and may help in distinguishing asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Also, a DLCO test can be used to distinguish asthma (normal to high DLCO) from COPD (reduced DLCO).

False positives and negatives are possible in the bronchial challenge test. In addition, asthma may be temporary due to an exposure to noxious stimuli or exercise.

The bronchial challenge test is physically demanding, and the results can be affected by muscular weakness or exhaustion. The inhaled drug can stimulate the upper airway sufficiently to cause violent coughing. This can make spirometry difficult or impossible. This test is contraindicated in patients with severe airway obstruction due to the obvious worsening of the obstruction.  Also contraindicated by the presence of an aortic aneurysm, as spirometry will increase blood pressure, in proportion to both the patient's effort and the degree of obstruction in the lungs.

References

External links

Medical tests
Respiratory system procedures
Veterinary diagnosis

Bronchial challenge test


Calling Out For You (, 2000) is a novel by Norwegian writer Karin Fossum. It features her series' protagonist Inspector Sejer and his investigation into the vicious murder of an Indian bride recently moved to Norway to be with her husband.

The novel was translated into English in 2005, and was shortlisted for the 2005 Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger award, where the judges acclaimed it for having "real emotional power". It was published in America in 2007 under the title The Indian Bride.

2000 Norwegian novels
Novels by Karin Fossum
Novels set in Norway
Norwegian crime novels

Calling Out for You


is a Japanese philosopher and literary critic.

Biography

Karatani entered the University of Tokyo in 1960, where he joined the radical Marxist Communist League, better known as "The Bund," and participated in the massive 1960 Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, which he would later come to view as a formative political experience.

Karatani graduated with a B.A. in economics in 1965, and added an M.A. in English literature in 1967. The Gunzō Literary Prize, which he received at the age of 27 for an essay on Natsume Sōseki, was his first critical acclaim as a literary critic. While teaching at Hosei University, Tokyo, he wrote extensively about modernity and postmodernity with a particular focus on language, number, and money, concepts that form the subtitle of one of his central books: Architecture as Metaphor.

In 1975, he was invited to Yale University to teach Japanese literature as a visiting professor, where he met Paul de Man and Fredric Jameson and began to work on formalism. He started from a study of Natsume Sōseki.

Karatani collaborated with novelist Kenji Nakagami, to whom he introduced the works of Faulkner. With Nakagami, he published  Kobayashi Hideo o koete (Overcoming Kobayashi Hideo). The title is an ironic reference to "Kindai no chokoku" (Overcoming Modernity), a symposium held in the summer of 1942 at Kyoto Imperial University (now Kyoto University) at which Hideo Kobayashi (whom Karatani and Nakagami did not hold in great esteem) was a participant.

He was also a regular member of ANY, the international architects' conference that was held annually for the last decade of the 20th century and that also published an architectural/philosophical series with Rizzoli under the general heading of Anyone.

Since 1990, Karatani has been regularly teaching at Columbia University as a visiting professor.

Karatani founded the New Associationist Movement (NAM) in Japan in the summer of 2000. NAM was conceived as a counter–capitalist/nation-state association, inspired by the experiment of LETS (Local Exchange Trading Systems, based on non-marketed currency). He was also the co-editor, with Akira Asada, of the Japanese quarterly journal Hihyōkūkan (Critical Space), until it ended in 2002.

In 2006, Karatani retired from the chair of the International Center for Human Sciences at Kinki University, Osaka, where he had been teaching.

In 2022, Karatani was awarded the $1 million Berggruen Prize for Culture and Philosophy.

Philosophy
Karatani has produced philosophical concepts, such as "the will to architecture", which he calls the foundation of all Western thinking, but the best-known of them is probably that of "Transcritique", which he proposed in his book Transcritique, where he reads Kant through Marx and vice versa. Writing about Transcritique in the New Left Review of January–February 2004, Slavoj Žižek brought Karatani's work to greater critical attention. Žižek borrowed the concept of "parallax view" (which is also the title of his review) for the title of his own book.

Karatani has interrogated the possibility of a (de Manian) deconstruction and engaged in a dialogue with Jacques Derrida at the Second International Conference on Humanistic Discourse, organized by the Université de Montréal. Derrida commented on Karatani's paper "Nationalism and Ecriture" with an emphasis on the interpretation of his own concept of écriture.

Bibliography
In English
 Origins of Modern Japanese Literature, Duke University Press, 1993. Translated by Brett de Bary
 Architecture as Metaphor; Language, Number, Money MIT Press, 1995. Translated by Sabu Kohso
 Transcritique: On Kant and Marx, MIT Press, 2003. Translated by Sabu Kohso
 History and Repetition, Columbia University Press, 2011. Translated by Seiji M. Lippit
 The Structure of World History : From Modes of Production to Modes of Exchange, Duke University Press, 2014. Translated by Michael K. Bourdaghs
 Nation and Aesthetics: On Kant and Freud, Oxford University Press USA, 2017. Translated by Jonathan E. Abel, Hiroki Yoshikuni and Darwin H. Tsen
 Isonomia and the Origins of Philosophy, Duke University Press, 2017. Translated by Joseph A. Murphy
 Marx: Towards the Centre of Possibility, Verso, 2020. Edited, translated, and with an introduction by Gavin Walker

In Japanese
 畏怖する人間 [Human in Awe], Tōjūsha, 1972
 意味という病 [Meaning as Illness], Kawadeshobō, 1975
 マルクスその可能性の中心 [Marx: The Center of Possibilities], Kōdansha, 1978
 日本近代文学の起源 [Origins of Modern Japanese literature], Kōdansha, 1980
 隠喩としての建築 [Architecture as Metaphor], Kōdansha, 1983
 内省と遡行 [Introspection and Retrospection], Kōdansha,1984
 批評とポストモダン[Postmodernism and Criticism], Fukutake, 1985
 探究 1 [Philosophical Inquiry 1], Kōdansha, 1986
 言葉と悲劇[Language and Tragedy], Daisanbunmeisha, 1989
 探究 2 [Philosophical Inquiry 2], Kōdansha,1989
 終焉をめぐって[On the 'End' ], Fukutake, 1990
 漱石論集成 [Collected Essays on Sōseki], Daisanbunmeisha, 1992
 ヒューモアとしての唯物論 [Materialism as Humor], Chikumashobō, 1993
 "戦前"の思考 [Thoughts before the war], Bungeishunjusha, 1994
 坂口安吾と中上健次[Sakaguchi Ango and Nakagami Kenji], Ohta Press, 1996
 倫理21[Ethics 21], Heibonsha, 2000
 可能なるコミュニズム[A Possible Communism], Ohta Press, 2000
 トランスクリティーク:カントとマルクス[Transcritique: On Kant and Marx], Hihyōkūkansha, 2001
 日本精神分析[Psychoanalysis of Japan or Analysis of Japanese Spirit], Bungeishunjusha, 2002
 ネーションと美学 [Nation and Aesthetics], Iwanami Shoten, 2004
 歴史と反復[History and Repetition], Iwanami Shoten, 2004
 近代文学の終わり[The End of Modern Literature], Inscript, 2005
 思想はいかに可能か[How is Thinking Possible], Inscript, 2005
 世界共和国へ[Toward the World Republic], Iwanami Shoten, 2006
 日本精神分析[Psychoanalyzation on Japan and/or Japanese Spirit], Kōdansha, 2007
 柄谷行人 政治を語る[Talks on politics], Tosyo Shinbun, 2009
 世界史の構造[The Structure of World History], Iwanami Shoten, 2010
 "世界史の構造"を読む[Reading "The Structure of World History"], Inscript, 2011
 政治と思想 1960-2011[Politics and Thought:1960-2011], Heibonsha, 2012
 脱原発とデモ[Denuclearization and Demonstration], Chikuma Shobo, 2012
 哲学の起源[The Origin of Philosophy], Iwanami Shoten, 2012
 柳田國男論[On Kunio Yanagita], Inscript, 2013
 遊動論:柳田国男と山人[On Nomadization : Kunio Yanagita and Yamabito people], Bungeishunjusha, 2014
 帝国の構造[The Structure of Empire], Seitosha, 2014
 定本 柄谷行人 文学論集[Symposium on Literature], Iwanami Shoten, 2016
 憲法の無意識[Unconsciousness of the Constitution of Japan], Iwanami Shoten, 2016
 力と交換様式[Power and Modes of Exchange], Iwanami Shoten, October 5th, 2022

See also
Fredric Jameson
Arata Isozaki
List of deconstructionists

Notes

External links
Official website
"Japan as Museum" by Karatani about Okakura Kakuzo.

1941 births
20th-century Japanese philosophers
21st-century philosophers
Columbia University faculty
Critical theorists
Deconstruction
Japanese literary critics
Japanese Marxists
Living people
Marxist theorists
Marxist writers
People from Amagasaki
Philosophers of art
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of history
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Kojin Karatani


Tonbridge and Malling is a local government district with borough status in Kent, England. The council is based at Kings Hill. The borough also includes the towns of Tonbridge and Snodland along with numerous villages including Aylesford, West Malling and surrounding rural areas.

The neighbouring districts are Maidstone, Tunbridge Wells, Sevenoaks, Gravesham and Medway.

Geography
Tonbridge and Malling Borough covers an area from the North Downs at Burham and Snodland in the north to the town of Tonbridge in the south. The River Medway meanders north-east through the borough towards the Medway Gap, having in the west of the area received the River Eden. The Eden Valley Walk is also mostly in this borough.

History

Ancient times
The area has been occupied for thousands of years. The Neolithic people left behind much evidence: megaliths such as Kit's Coty House at Aylesford and the Coldrum Stones at Trottiscliffe; and the Long barrows at Addington being examples. Bronze and Iron Age finds are also plentiful. There is evidence of the Romano-British civilisation along the Medway Valley.

The immediate district of Tonbridge is omitted from the Domesday Book; however most other settlements in the Borough are included. Castles were built at Tonbridge, Allington and West Malling in the 13th century. Religious houses: Malling, Aylesford and Tonbridge were built: one such was St Mary's Abbey dating from 1092. Aylesford Priory on the banks of the Medway, was built in the 13th century.

There are surviving medieval manor houses including Ightham Mote and Old Soar Manor.

19th century onwards

Description

Kentish ragstone geologically speaking is the Upper Greensand Ridge, used in church building in Kent.

Modern times

The land included is mainly agricultural – orchards, and livestock in the main – although major business parks and buildings within  coupled with the railways and the motorway means a majority of working residents commute to work in the more built-up villages and Tonbridge. The new settlement of Kings Hill can be regarded as tied in with the economy of Maidstone equally with that of parts of Kent further to the western extremity.

A remnant of the once flourishing hop-growing industry is provided by a tourist attraction at Beltring: once the Whitbread Hop Farm, it puts on weekend exhibitions and shows. Tonbridge and Malling has 27 listed buildings in the highest category of the national system, Grade I. This includes eight churches, five reduced structures left over from St Mary's Abbey or Malling Abbey, West Malling and four manor houses, mostly built by lower social ranks than the titled nobility.

A diverse materials and appearance construction is Ightham Mote which is recognised in the highest category of the UK's architecture listing system, Grade I, though no longer in private hands.
East Malling Research Station disseminates results of research into matters affecting horticultural crops, with particular emphasis on the fruit, hop and nursery stock industries.

Many of the villages are beside long-distance walks with tourist accommodation, enabling tours of the orchards and bluebell woods.

Administrative history
The district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It covered the whole area of two former districts and part of a third, all of which were abolished at the same time:
Malling Rural District
Tonbridge Rural District (parishes of Hadlow and Hildenborough only, rest went to Tunbridge Wells)
Tonbridge Urban District
The new district was named Tonbridge and Malling, combining the names of the former districts.

The district received borough status on 16 December 1983, changing the name of the council from Tonbridge and Malling District Council to Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council and allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor.

Governance

Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Kent County Council. Much of the borough is also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Political control
Since the 2023 election the council has been under no overall control, being led by a coalition of the Conservatives and the Independent Alliance.

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Tonbridge and Malling. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 1985 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2027.

Premises
Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council's main offices are at the Gibson Building in Kings Hill; this is the converted and extended officers' mess building from the former RAF West Malling. The council moved to the Gibson Building in November 1974, just a few months after the council's creation. The council also has an office at Tonbridge Castle, which had been the offices of the former Tonbridge Urban District Council.

Elections

Since the last boundary changes in 2023, the council has comprised 44 councillors elected from 19 wards, with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

Wider politics
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the area is covered by the larger Tonbridge and Malling Parliamentary Constituency and part of Chatham and Aylesford Parliament constituency.

Parishes
Much of the district is covered by civil parishes, with the exception being the former Tonbridge Urban District, covering the town of Tonbridge, which is an unparished area. The parish council for Snodland takes the style "town council".

Transport
Six railway routes operate through the borough.

The South Eastern Main Line on the route London – Tonbridge – Ashford International – Dover crosses the west of the borough with stations at Hildenborough and Tonbridge.

The Maidstone East Line on the route Victoria – Maidstone East – Ashford International – Canterbury – Thanet with its stations at Borough Green & Wrotham, West Malling for Kings Hill, East Malling and Barming crosses the north of the borough.

From Tonbridge, the Hastings line services run to Tunbridge Wells and Hastings, with some through services from Hastings to London, and the Redhill to Tonbridge Line services run to Redhill: through services on that line to Guildford have been discontinued.

The High Speed 1 line with Eurostar services crosses the north of the borough, but there are no stations here, although southeastern high speed commuter services to / from London St Pancras call at Snodland during the morning and evening peak periods.

The Medway Valley Line links the North Kent Line at Strood with the South Eastern Main Line at Paddock Wood railway station.  Stations are at Snodland, New Hythe, and Aylesford on the Strood – Maidstone West section of the line in the north of the borough and Wateringbury on the Maidstone West – Paddock Wood section of the line in the south of the borough.  Beltring and Brandbridges Halt is close to the borough boundary.  Trains on this line now run through from Paddock Wood to Tonbridge, but through services from Maidstone West via Strood to London Bridge have been discontinued.

The borough has road routes passing through it. There are three motorways: the M2, M20 and the M26; three west-east roads (A20; A21 and the A26 road). Three other roads of similar stature are the A227, A228 and A229.

In addition there are long distance footpaths, among them the Greensand Way, the Medway Valley Walk, the Wealdway and the Eden Valley Walk.

Youth radio station
Tonbridge and Malling has youth projects and organisations including Cupid FM, the first ever youth radio station or project of its kind within the area. The project received funding and support from Kent County Council and Tonbridge & Malling Borough Council, and during 2006 set up a studio and online broadcast which came to a close in November of that year. The station was run by local teens and music was populated by the latest chart hits.

Mayors and chairmen
The councillor presiding at council meetings was initially called the chairman until December 1983 when the council was awarded borough status and the role was renamed mayor. The existing chairman at that point, Barry Hughes, became the first mayor.

Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Tonbridge and Malling.

Individuals

Military Units
 The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment.
 29 Squadron, RAF.

See also
 List of places of worship in Tonbridge and Malling

References
Kent History Illustrated Frank W Jessup (KCC, 1966)

External links
 Tonbridge and Malling Borough Council

Non-metropolitan districts of Kent
Boroughs in England

Tonbridge and Malling


Georges Briard (May 17, 1917 – July 30, 2005 New York) was an American designer in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. He is most well known for his signature dishware and glassware - everything from cups and plates to gold plated serving dishes.  His signature collection was stocked at noted department stores, such as Neiman Marcus and Bonwit Teller.

Born Jakub Brojdo in Ekaterinoslav, he moved to Chicago from Poland in 1937 and adopted the name Jascha Brojdo. He studied at the Art Institute of Chicago where he earned his MFA, while living in Oak Park with his physician uncle Aaron Broyde. He served in the U.S. Army throughout World War II as a Russian interpreter. As an Army interpreter fluent in several languages, he served on Gen. George S. Patton's staff. In 1947, he was discharged from the Army and started working in New York with Max Wille, whom he had met in art school. Brojdo began painting metal serving trays for sale, and evidently Wille came up with the name Georges Briard to mark commercial pieces – Brodjo was also a painter and would use his real name on his art pieces, but Georges Briard became his signature as a designer of these commercial articles, which were wildly popular and numerous. His notable designs were produced first by M. Wille Company, and later in a partnership with Philip Stetson.

In 2004, he was awarded the Frank S. Child Lifetime Achievement Award by The Society of Glass and Ceramic Decorators, in honor of his extraordinary contributions to the glass and ceramic decorating industry. He was preceded in death by his wife, Bronya (née Marks). He died in New York City at the age of 88.

References
 New York Times death notice
 Auction lot from his estate

Polish emigrants to the United States
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
American designers
2005 deaths
1917 births

Georges Briard


The State Border Guard Service or VSAT () is a border control institution under the Ministry of the Interior charged with controlling and maintaining the security of the Lithuanian borders on land, in the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon. VSAT is a member of the EU Frontex and is responsible for the security of about  of the external border of the European Union with Kaliningrad Oblast (exclave of Russia) and Belarus.

History

1920–1940

Following the declaration of independence on 16 February 1918, Lithuania had to ensure its border protection. This was a difficult task to fulfill, because the borders were changing (Lithuania took over the Klaipėda Region in 1923 and was in a perpetual dispute with Poland over the Vilnius Region), and the bodies protecting the border were changing as well (the customs and patrol guards, militia and army).

The formation of the first border regiment was started on 1 February 1920. On 26 January 1922, the Lithuanian defence minister, Jonas Šimkus, issued an order designating 29 June as Border Regiment Day. At that time, border regiments protected the border, and the State Border Police was formed in the Klaipėda Region on 18 June 1923. Later, border regiments, units of the Ministry of Defence, were disbanded, and the border police of the Ministry of the Interior took over the protection of the state border on 1 January 1924. Before the first Soviet occupation, the number of Lithuanian border police was not large: 1,656 policemen in 1931 and 1,934 in 1933.

This strength was maintained until June 1940 when the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania. After that, some border guards were subject to political persecution, the border police was disbanded, and the Red Army took control of the Lithuanian border with Nazi Germany. Near the end of World War II, the Soviets occupied Lithuania for the second time. Throughout their rule, they protected only the Lithuanian border with the People's Republic of Poland.

Struggle for independence 1990–1991

After Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990, it had to ensure the protection and inviolability of its borders. By a resolution of 3 April 1990, the Supreme Council (Lithuanian parliament) assigned the Council of Ministers the task of establishing the Department of Defence thus initiating the formation of new state border guards. On 10 September 1990, the Government adopted a resolution with a view to forming services at the Ministry of Defence that were to ensure the economic protection of the Lithuanian borders. On 10 October 1990, the Government adopted a resolution to establish 61 border posts. These posts were to begin operation by 19 November, but due to lack of resources and personnel not all of them operated as intended.

Soviet security forces, mainly OMON, carried out a campaign against unarmed Lithuanian border guards: border guards' premises were burnt and wrecked, cars stolen and bombed, and guards were beaten and harassed. On 19 May 1991, Gintaras Žagunis, an officer at the Krakūnai border crossing point at the Lithuania–Belarus border, was shot dead while on duty. On 31 July 1991, seven Lithuanian officers were killed in Medininkai border point. The only survivor, Tomas Šernas, became disabled. The attacks on Lithuanian border posts continued until the attempted August Coup in Moscow on 23 August 1991.

From 1992
The Ministry of Defence issued an order by which the Frontier Guard Service was renamed as the State Border Guard Service, starting 6 August 1992. When the last Soviet soldier left Lithuania on 31 August 1993, the State Border Guard Service was already well established. On 18 July 1994, the Government adopted a resolution that restructured the State Border Guard Service at the Ministry of Defence into the Border Police Department at the Ministry of the Interior. As during the interwar period, guarding of the Lithuanian borders became the duty of a border police.

After the system of border guarding was restored, the legal status of the state border had to be defined and the border itself demarcated. The Treaty on Restoration of the State Border between Lithuania and Latvia was signed on 29 June 1993. It required a considerable diplomatic effort to conclude and sign a treaty on the state border with Belarus on 6 February 1995. A similar treaty was signed with Poland the same year. The treaty on delimitation of the state border between Lithuania and the Russian Federation was signed during a summit in Moscow on 24 October 1997.

The border police was re-structured in 1997, 2000 and on 22 February 2001, when the government decided to re-organise the Border Police Department into the State Border Guard Service at the Ministry of the Interior. When preparing for the re-organisation, a large number of legal acts were adopted which regulate the activity of the State Border Guard Service. Of these, the most prominent are the Law on the State Border Guard Service and the Law on the State Border and Protection Thereof. Prior to the re-organisation, the status of the Border Police Department and service in the border police were regulated by the laws on the police, on state service and others as well as by the Statute of Service in the System of the Interior. These legal acts were more about the general activity of the police. After the re-organisation was complete, the State Border Guard Service began to perform its border guard functions starting 1 May 2001.

Lithuania became a member of the European Union on 1 May 2004 and of the Schengen Area on 21 December 2007. The Lithuanian border with Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia) and Belarus became the external border of the EU and the Schengen Area. The passport control on the Latvian and Polish borders was eliminated while the checks on the Russian and Belarusian borders was strengthened.

Structure

Districts
VSAT is divided into the following districts:
 Vilnius Frontier District
 Ignalina Frontier District
 Varėna Frontier District
 Pagėgiai Frontier District
 Coast Guard District

Aviation unit
The Aviation Unit of the Lithuanian State Border Guard Service received new helicopters to patrol the European Union external border. Available aircraft in service:

Gallery

See also
Military of Lithuania
European Border and Coast Guard Agency

References

External links
 Official page of State Border Guard Service of Lithuania (English)

Border guards
Law enforcement agencies of Lithuania
Borders of Lithuania
1990 establishments in Lithuania
Ministry of the Interior (Lithuania)

Lithuanian State Border Guard Service


Alan David Reeves is a British film composer, music producer, and Hammond B3 virtuoso. In the course of his career he has received 35 international awards, including a Goldene Schallplatte. He became known for his work with the bands The Showtimers and Clinic as well as for the music for the films To Walk with Lions, The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon, and Kill Bill Vol. 2. He has appeared played or recorded with/for among others, the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, Chuck Berry and David Bowie and David Gilmore

References

British film score composers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Alan Reeves (composer)


Anita M. Smith (full name Anita Miller Smith, October 20, 1893 – 1968) was an impressionist and regionalist painter most closely associated with Woodstock, New York. In the 1930s Smith became an herbalist, and her venture, Stonecrop Gardens, was one of only five enterprises of like size in the Northeast, serving clients in every one of the 48 contiguous states. During this phase of her career, she authored and published As True as the Barnacle Tree, a short herbal based on ancient and contemporary practices. In the 1950s she wrote the town of Woodstock's first history, Woodstock History and Hearsay.

Upbringing
Smith's paternal ancestor, Giles Knight, arrived in the American colonies aboard The Welcome with William Penn in 1682. Knight, a Quaker and former English landowner, established a farm in the Byberry region of Pennsylvania. One of Knight's descendants, Henry Cavalier Smith, an attorney-at-law, married Lucy Pancoast Miller. The couple assumed control of Wyndlawn, the Smith country estate in Torresdale, Pennsylvania. This was where Anita M. Smith was born on October 20, 1893, the youngest of five children.

In 1910 Smith and her mother embarked on a tour of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Smith also took instruction at the Académie Julian in Paris, the art studios of Ferruccio Scattola in Venice, the atelier Forcello in Cairo, and the British Academy in Rome. Each day was divided between morning art instruction and afternoon tours of such museums as the Louvre in Paris, the Palace of the Doges in Venice, and ancient cathedrals including St. Sophia's in Constantinople.

Career as an artist
In 1912 Smith ventured up to the art colony at Woodstock, New York, using money intended for a ball gown, and enrolled in the Art Students League summer program. That fall she returned to Philadelphia to take lessons from William Merritt Chase. In an interview with the Poughkeepsie Sunday New Yorker, she described how her deepening commitment to art forced her to move away from Philadelphia. Later on in the article, she said she that she believed it "necessary to dig into the history of the countryside" and that she "didn't see how one could paint the Catskills without knowing something of the people who lived among them, thus reflecting a literary approach to art." In 1913 she commenced studies under John F. Carlson at the Arts Students League in Woodstock.

Smith painted in an impressionist and a post-impressionist manner. She worked in oil, watercolor and graphic media. Primarily a landscape artist, she painted landscapes in a variety of area including New Hope, Pennsylvania, Provincetown, Massachusetts; Charleston, South Carolina, New York City, Taxco de Alarcon, Mexico and Paris, France.

From 1916 to 1928 Smith's works were exhibited nationally at such venues as the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the Wilmington Society of the Fine Arts, the Art Gallery of Toronto, the Woodstock Artists Association, the National Academy of Design, the Art Institute of Chicago and the Louisville Art Association. In 1919 her painting Houses in the Dunes won a Lambert Purchase Prize at the Pennsylvania Academy—along with the work of such fellow artists as Paulette Van Roekens and Lilian Westcott Hale.

Career as a herbalist
In the 1930s Miss Smith embarked on a second career as an herbalist after the Great Depression prompted her to leave painting. She wrote that people with a sense of color are supposed to have a keen sense of taste and, since many of the artists were excellent cooks, she and her associates tried to share tasty dishes with one another. To accomplish this, she found it necessary to grow a few herbs for culinary purposes. She was also an enthusiastic gardener and she found that her hobby changed to a vocation as her herb gardens began to turn a profit. This was during a time when popular interest in herbs soared across the country.

In 1934 Smith built a bluestone cottage near the Rock City Corners at the base of Overlook Mountain, about a mile from the center of Woodstock. By 1937 a greenhouse was added, and a short time later she had over 150 herbs under cultivation, with commercial clients that included H.J. Heinz. During this period, Smith's As True as the Barnacle Tree was cited in a New York Herald Tribune article, and its writer dubbed her "The Herb Lady of the Catskills".

After the war, Dr. James T. Shotwell, a neighbor and friend, asked Smith to compile a service database; the record was to include all Woodstockers who fought for their country during the Second World War. This formed a key chapter in her soon-to-be-published book, Woodstock History and Hearsay—the town's first official chronicle. Smith based her narrative on detailed scholarship as well as a wide-ranging collection of local folk stories gathered from Catskill mountain families and resident artists. The story's arc begins with Native American times and concludes with chapters on the art colony, leading up to the Woodstock Festival of 1969. Smith also wrote The Landscape of History and The Quest of Abel Knight: The Quakers and Shakers. Because of a resurgence of public interest in Smith's paintings, her works were exhibited at the USArtists Show in 2003 and 2005. In 2006, publisher WoodstockArts released a second edition of Woodstock History and Hearsay.

References

External links
 AskArt
 National Association of Women Artists
 Pennsylvania Art Conservatory
 WoodstockArts
 Woodstock Artists Association and Museum

20th-century American painters
20th-century American historians
American women painters
Herbalists
American Impressionist painters
Art Students League of New York alumni
National Association of Women Artists members
People from the Catskills
People from Woodstock, New York
1893 births
1968 deaths
American Quakers
American women historians
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American women writers
Historians from New York (state)

Anita Miller Smith


Jerome Moross (August 1, 1913July 25, 1983) was an American composer best known for his music for film and television. He also composed works for symphony orchestras, chamber ensembles, soloists and musical theater, as well as orchestrating scores for other composers.

Biography
He was born in Brooklyn, New York City, United States, in 1913 to Jewish parents: Mollie (Greenberg) Moross, born in New York, and Samuel Moross, born in Russia.  He became a talented piano player and composed music for the theater. During his early years, Moross met and became lifelong friends with Bernard Herrmann. In 1931, he met Aaron Copland and joined his Young Composers Group, whose members also included Herrmann. Copland supported his work and Herrmann provided him an introduction to the entertainment media, beginning with the composition of music cues for radio shows in 1935. In the 1940s he began to work in Hollywood, California, where he would compose the music scores for sixteen films from 1948 to 1969.

In 1956 he composed the score for the World War II drama The Sharkfighters, possibly traveling to Cuba with the film company. The score is distinctive in its use of ethnic themes featuring syncopation and percussion instruments that stress the ostinato rhythm that soon became the signature style element of his scores for many westerns.

His best-known film score is that for the 1958 movie The Big Country, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score. According to Moross, he composed the main title after recalling a walk he took in the flatlands around Albuquerque, New Mexico, during a visit in October 1936, shortly before he moved to Hollywood.

His other works include the music for the films The Proud Rebel (1958), The Mountain Road (1951), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960), Five Finger Exercise (1962), The Cardinal (1963), The War Lord (1965), Rachel, Rachel (1968), The Valley of Gwangi (1969) and Hail, Hero! (1969). He also composed the main theme for the 3rd–8th seasons of the television western series Wagon Train, the theme of which was based on his score for the 1959 historical western The Jayhawkers!.

Moross wrote the music for the musical The Golden Apple, which premiered Off-Broadway in 1954 and then transferred to Broadway. Its best-known song was "Lazy Afternoon."

He also orchestrated for other composers, usually uncredited, including such films as Our Town for Copland and The Best Years of Our Lives for Hugo Friedhofer.

Moross's concert works included a sonata for a piano duet and string quartet, and a symphony that was premiered by conductor Sir Thomas Beecham on October 18, 1943 in Seattle, Washington.  It featured an "intrinsically American sound" that characterized all of Moross's compositions in every genre and form.

In 1939, in New York City, he married Hazel Abrams, the daughter of Jewish immigrants from Russia. They had a daughter. Moross died in Miami on July 25, 1983, aged 69, from complications of a stroke and congestive heart failure, just 4 months after Hazel died. He was buried in Mount Ararat Cemetery in East Farmingdale, New York, next to Hazel.

Theatre works
Mother (1935) – play – co-incidental music composer
Susanna and the Elders (1948) – one-act musical – composer
Willie the Weeper (1948) – one-act musical – composer
The Eccentricities of Davey Crockett (1948) – one-act musical – composer
The Golden Apple (1954) – musical – composer
Gentlemen, Be Seated! (1963) – musical – composer

References

Sources

Bibliography
 Bloom, Ken. American song. The complete musical theater companion. 1877–1995, Vol. 2, 2nd edition, Schirmer Books, 1996.
 Borroff, Edith; Clark, J. Bunker. American Opera. A Checklist, Harmonie Park Press, 1992.
 Larkin, Colin. The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Third edition, Macmillan, 1998.
 Press, Jaques Cattell (Ed.). Who's who in American Music. Classical, First edition. R. R. Bowker, New York 1983.
 Sadie, Stanley. The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians, Macmillan, 1980.
 Sadie, Stanley; Hitchcock, H. Wiley (Ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1986.
 Wescott, Steven D. A Comprehensive Bibliography of Music for Film and Television, Information Coordinatores, 1985.

External links

Jerome Moross papers at Columbia University Libraries

1913 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American composers
20th-century classical composers
American musical theatre composers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Burials in Suffolk County, New York
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Jewish American classical composers
Jewish American film score composers
Jewish classical musicians
La-La Land Records artists
Musicians from Greater Los Angeles
Composers from New York City
Songwriters from New York (state)

Jerome Moross


The Flower Girl () is a North Korean revolutionary genre theatrical performance, which was allegedly written by the country's leader Kim Il Sung according to official North Korean sources. The performance is considered one of the "Five Great Revolutionary Operas", a group of classical, revolution-themed opera repertoires well received within North Korea. It was also made into a novel. A film adaption of the opera starring Hong Yong Hee was made in 1972.

Plot
The story is set during the 1930s, and is based on the anti-Japanese guerrilla movement during the period of Japanese occupation in Korea. A poor, rural girl, around whom the plot is centred, picks flowers on the mountain every day to sell at the market, in order to care for her ill mother. Additionally, she has a blind sister, and her father is deceased. Her mother is in debt to the landlord, and is bankrupt and unable to purchase food. The landlord's subordinates frequently harass the girl and call for her to work for them, which her mother refuses. The girl then finds her blind sister attempting to earn money by singing on the street, to her anger.

Eventually, she collects enough money to purchase medicine for her ill mother, but by the time she returns, her mother has already died. The landlord's wife becomes very sick, and suspects that the flower girl's blind sister is possessed by the spirit of her deceased mother, and so arranges for her to be frozen to death in the snow. When the flower girl returns home and asks where her sister has gone, the landlord's subordinates chain her up. At this moment, her brother, who has joined the Revolutionary Army, returns home to visit family when he realises that the flower girl has been locked up, and so organises a group of villagers to overthrow the landlord.

Creation
The Flower Girl is based on a play written by Kim Il Sung in the 1930s while he was imprisoned by the Japanese, in Jilin. The first section of his 1992 memoir With the Century, entitled "Anti-Japanese Revolution", notes that:

There was a time during our country's independence movement where we held on to our vision to build an "ideal village" concept... At the time, we adopted the Korean students in Jilin to teach village people to sing a large variety of revolutionary songs, such as the Red Flag Song and Revolution Song. In Wujiazi we formed a performance group based at Samsong school led by Kye Yong-chun. It was during this time that I was completing the script for The Flower Girl, which I had started whilst I was in Jilin City. Upon finishing the script, production of the opera began, and we staged the opera in the Samsong school hall on the 13th anniversary of the October Revolution. For many years after liberation, the opera hadn't been performed since, until it was improved and adapted for film, and re-written as a novel, under the guidance of the Organising Secretary (Kim Jong-il) and released in the early 1970s.

Although it is commonly stated that Kim Il Sung was the sole author of the production, many critics in China cast doubts over the reliability of the claim, and suggest that other North Korean writers may have also had some form of interaction in the opera's production.

The first official premiere of the opera production was held on November 30, 1972, in Pyongyang, where it was hailed as a great success.

According to official North Korean reports, in April 1968, Kim Jong Il suggested that another revolutionary opera, Sea of Blood, be adapted into a movie. Since then, other works have also been adapted into movies "under his guidance", with The Flower Girl also being adapted. The opera was intended to promote the communist ideology, by incorporating themes such as the class struggle against the bourgeois; such themes were similarly maintained in the film.

In April 1972, the film adaptation was officially launched. The film was directed by Choe Ik-kyu and the script was written by Pak Hak; Paekdu-san Group was responsible for the production of the film, which was filmed in color.

Reception
According to Paul Fischer, the author of A Kim Jong-Il Production, "it is almost impossible to exaggerate" the importance of The Flower Girl to North Korea's cultural history. The film was immensely popular both domestically and abroad, particularly in China. It was the first North Korean film to win an international film award, at the 18th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 1972, and remained the only one until the 1980s.

The opera and its film adaptation were both well received in the People's Republic of China when they were introduced there since September 9, 1972, the day both premiered, predominantly during the closing period of the Cultural Revolution and the beginning of the era of Deng Xiaoping's rule, where the production was known by the name of The Flower-selling Girl (). A number of theatrical tours were made in China, which were performed in 1973, 1998, 2002 and 2008. In 2009, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao was received by Hong Yong-hee during his visit to North Korea. In China, the film adaptation of the opera was dubbed by the Changchun Film Studio, based on translations by , who was earlier responsible in 1958 in the translation of the North Korean film adaptation of Chunhyangjeon. The entire translation process for The Flower Girl took only seven days. Although the dialogue was dubbed in Mandarin Chinese, song lyrics remained in Korean. As the film was played in Chinese cinemas during the period of the Cultural Revolution, the movie became immensely popular not just due to its proletarian revolution-based content but also since it was set in the 1930s - the same era as the beginning of the Japanese-held state of Manchukuo and during the years of the suffering of many Koreans in China under Japanese rule in the peninsula, to the point where theaters even adopted a 24-hour screening cycle because of high ticket sales.

As of 2008, the opera has been performed over 1,400 times in North Korea and more than 40 other countries, mostly Eastern Bloc states; other countries include France, Italy, Germany, Algeria and Japan. The title of the opera and film was known as Blomsterflickan in Sweden, Das Blumenmädchen in the German Democratic Republic, Kvetinárka in Czechoslovakia, and Kwiaciarka in Poland.

In South Korea, the film was deemed as communist propaganda and a symbol of the enemy, and screening was banned; police were often mobilised when university students were found playing the film on campus, and the students were often accused of being sympathetic with the North. In 1998, the Supreme Court of Korea ruled that The Flower Girl and six other North Korean films were "not favouring anti-ROK sentiments" in regards to national security laws.

The film forged Hong Yong-hee into a film icon. She is depicted on the North Korean one won banknote, in her role as the flower girl. The film made Choe Ik-kyu, the director, a confidant of Kim Jong Il.

Philately
On April 30, 1974, the DPRK issued four postage stamps with scenes from the Flower Girl revolutionary opera and a miniature sheet, featuring the Flower Girl character herself with flowers.

See also

Sea of Blood
List of North Korean operas
Culture of North Korea
North Korean literature

Footnotes

References

Works cited

Further reading
이종석 (1997년). 《조선로동당연구》. 서울: 역사비평사, 54쪽.

External links

Film information from nordkorea-info.de
Theme song (MP3) performed by Pochonbo Electronic Ensemble on Naenara

North Korean drama films
1972 films
1972 operas
1970s Korean-language films
Korean-language operas
Opera in North Korea
Operas set in Asia
Operas set in the 20th century
Operas
Films set in Korea under Japanese rule
Films about the Korean People's Army
Films about the Korean independence movement

The Flower Girl


The 2007–08 Temple Owls men's basketball team represented Temple University in the 2007–08 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by head coach Fran Dunphy and played their home games at the Liacouras Center. The Owls are members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 21–13 and 11–5 in A-10 play. They won the 2008 Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament to receive the conference's automatic bid to the 2008 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.

Roster

References

Temple
Temple Owls men's basketball seasons
Temple
Temple
Temple


Witchcraft is deeply rooted in many African countries and communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has been specifically relevant to Ghana's culture, beliefs, and lifestyle. It continues to shape lives daily and with that it has promoted tradition, fear, violence, and spiritual beliefs. The perceptions on witchcraft change from region to region within Ghana, as well as in other countries in Africa. The commonality is that it is not something to take lightly, and the word spreads fast if there are rumors' surrounding civilians practicing it. The actions taken by local citizens and the government towards witchcraft and violence related to it have also varied within regions in Ghana. Traditional African religions have depicted the universe as a multitude of spirits that are able to be used for good or evil through religion.

Witchcraft beliefs are deeply rooted in Ghanaian culture and can be traced back to hundreds of years before colonial powers in the country were even present. Today, it continues to influence actions and lifestyles through accusations of witchcraft. Accusations against women and violence are common within the topic of witchcraft, many of them ending in murder and public killings. Witchcraft is observed through numerous lenses,  varying from local Ghana to how the Western world views the subject and researches it from the action itself to its political undertones and actions surrounding the topic.

History and culture
Witchcraft beliefs are deeply rooted in Ghanaian culture and can be traced back hundreds of years before colonial powers in the country were even present. A cursory survey of Ghanaian society illustrated how prevalent witchcraft beliefs are in Ghana. Tales of witch beliefs and the nocturnal lives of witches are depicted in letters and local newspapers across the country. Witchcraft accusations are commonly seen through various forms of media including television, newspaper, and magazines. Shelagh Roxburgh concluded through field research that there is no clear definition of what witchcraft is exactly, but there is a common factor in what civilians perceived it as: it causes harm. A common reference to witches in Ghana is through the term "spirits", to many losing the status of human in the process of interacting with spirits. Witches are distinguished from healers which use power for aiding rather than "evil".

Precolonial famous practices in Ghana, included odum poison ordeal and "corpse-carrying" , which was a practice where people would carry a dead body and the body would point to the individual responsible for the death through witchcraft. These practices often led to convictions for witchcraft which varied from medicine usage, to public executions, and even selling individuals to slavery. The Native Administration Ordinance, or NAO granted the Gold Coast Tribunals the authority to take on witchcraft cases in 1927. The practice of witchcraft was added to existing law with a series of limitations and rules to follow in the future. This would take a toll on the jurisdiction and power courts of villages have limiting them in comparison to the power colonial rules have.

Music
The topic of witchcraft is often brought up in songs, and is present in the music culture in Ghana. Hearing about the topic through music adds to its broader relevance in its culture. Sang in Akan, the dominant non-English language in Ghana, popular songs reference witchcraft as explanation for things such as infertility, alcoholism, and death. The constant negativity relating to the subject supports the fear in witchcraft engraved in Ghanaian culture, leading to acts of violence as a response to possible threats, rumours, and observations. Legal trials related to witchcraft inspired much song writing and reports of increased radio airtime of music related to the themes of witchcraft presented in court,  reaffirmed the relevance of the beliefs of witchcraft in culture, entertainment, and legal spaces.

Religion
The 2012 WIN-Gallup International 'Religion and Atheism Index' claimed that Ghana is the most religious country in the world with 96 percent of it population identifying as religious .Popular religions in Ghana such as Christianity and Islam coexist with the beliefs of spirits, evil, and witchcraft illustrated in traditional beliefs. There is an intersection of religion brought through colonization and existing precolonial beliefs related to witchcraft. In predominantly Christian communities, it is common to find articles and news on what "good" Christians can do to fight evil forces of witchcraft.

The Roman Catholic mission in Ghana refused any of the members of the church to participate in activities surrounding the oracle. The head father, K. Strebler from the mission in the Gold Coast expresses his discomfort with members being accused of being witches. Father Strebler threatened members of the church with severe punishments if they were to go to Suhum, where doctors determined if witch powers were present in one's life and instead insisted that accused members should seek protection. Protestant and Muslim leaders also expressed discomfort, but did not act directly against oracle traditions.

Ethnic groups
The Kwahu people in Ghana, who live by the Kwahu sandstone plateau do not display the topic of witchcraft openly, and have built a culture of spreading the word about rumours and accusations hiding from the direct public eye.

Spirit children

A "spirit child" in Ghana is a disabled child who is believed to possess magical powers to cause misfortune. Disability in Ghana is greatly stigmatized and the only way considered acceptable to deal with the problem is to kill them via advice by a witchdoctor. Spirit children are referred to as chichuru or kinkiriko in the Kassena-Nankana district in Northern Ghana. These children primarily come from poor, rural areas. However, if a spirit child is known to be "good" there are no punishments for the child or their family.

Violence against women
As a result of accusations of magic and witchcraft, reports of women being lynched, burned, and beaten became common. Many women across Ghana live in constant fear of being accused and not being allowed an explanation. The existence of witch camps and government interventions have been some of the local and national response to violence resulting from accusations of witchcraft activities.

Witch camps

A witch camp is a place for women to seek refuge from being killed by local citizens and neighbors and can reach a sense of safety. They are said to have been active for more than 100 years. Traditionally, these camps are run by tindanas, or local chiefs able to cleanse women and the community of any danger from witchcraft. Today, they are still ran by local chiefs, but they are in threatened of being shut down by the government. Up to 1000 women have reportedly lived in these camps with very limited resources including the lack of running water and electricity. FIDA has advocated for the closing and abolition of witch camps as part of a movement against violence and women's rights. The government of Ghana has condemned witch camps, but has rarely addressed violence related to the subject of witchcraft through direct action and protocols.

Interventions
A famous case in 1930, reported by The Gold Coast Times, dealt with a woman in the town of Winneba, Ghana, who was ordered by her local tribe to be tested through the oracle. The oracle was a shrine located in the Akan state of Akyem Abukwa, commonly used to determine the state of innocence of a woman dealing with witchcraft accusations. The practice involved a Tongo priest stabbing a fowl and throwing it down. The way the bird fell determined if the woman were to be innocent or guilty of witchcraft practices. If the bird fell breast down, a woman would be reassured as innocent.

If the woman was to be found guilty through the oracle she would be treated through medicine to get rid of witchcraft powers which were referred to as bayi by the people of Akan. The woman arrested in this case reported was a Christian woman, which incited protests by her family claiming that it was common for women to be mistreated and beaten when taken to the Tongo oracle to be tested for witchcraft power. Disputes over the Tongo oracle led to the Gold Coast colonial government to revoke the power from Native Tribunals to judge cases of witchcraft.

Witch-hunting became outlawed after this case in 1930, but later revisions in 1932 allowed for voluntary participation to be available. Conflicts rose when village chiefs would imprison or fine people for involvement with witchcraft even after it was outlawed by colonial rule. In modern times, the existence of non-profit organization such as Go Home serves accused women in reaching reconciliation with their village and reach peace with neighbours and family members.

In Ghana, it is a criminal offense to accuse or mention someone as being a witch.

References

Ghana
Ghanaian culture
Religion in Ghana
Women in Ghana

Witchcraft in Ghana


Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov (, 13 February 1903 – 3 February 1994) was a Soviet physicist who played a crucial and centralizing role in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.

During his lifetime, Alexandrov was the recipient of many honors, civil citations, and state awards for this work and was also the director of the Kurchatov Institute and the President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences from 1975 until 1986.

Early life
Anatoly Alexandrov was born on 13 February 1903 into the family of a prominent judge in the town of Tarashcha, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now located in modern-day Ukraine).

In 1919, at the height of the Russian Civil War, Alexandrov graduated from high school in Kiev. The certificate gave the right to enter the university at the physics and mathematics or medical faculty. When the Red Army captured Kiev on February 5, 1919, Alexandrov and a friend were at a dacha in Mlynka. He and his friend encountered an officer of the White Guard, who urged them to enlist. They went to the front with the officer.

At the age of 16, he became a cadet and fought in the Army of Wrangel as a machine gunner, and was awarded three Crosses of St. George. During the evacuation of remnants of the White Guard army from Crimea to Turkey, Alexandrov refused to leave and preferred to stay. As a result, he was captured and sentenced to death, but he narrowly escaped.

Scientific career

Later he worked as an assistant at the Kiev Mining Institute as an electrician. He later worked as an electrical engineer at the Kiev Physicochemical Society under the Political Education and a high school teacher in the village of Belki, Kiev region. For several years, he combined his studies at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Kiev University, where he studied from 1924 to 1930, with teaching physics and chemistry at school#79 in Kiev.

After graduating from Faculty of Physics in Kiev University in 1930, he worked at the X-ray Physics Department in the Kiev Institute of Health. After his graduation in 1930, he was invited by Abram Ioffe to join him in Leningrad. At Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute, he developed a statistical theory of strength and doctoral dissertation - "Relaxation in Polymers" (1941).

From the spring of 1931, he worked at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, where he became a candidate, and then a professor of physical and mathematical sciences.

World War II
Alexandrov became prominent during World War II, when he devised in collaboration with Igor Kurchatov a method of demagnetizing ships to protect them from German naval mines, known as the LPTI system. On 9 August 1941, Alexandrov and Kurchatov arrived in Sevastopol to organize work on equipping the Black Sea Fleet ships with the system, and by the end of October it had been installed on more than 50 ships. At the same time, Alexandrov and Kurchatov continued research to improve it. The method was effective by the end of 1941 and was in active use through the end of the war and afterwards. It was successfully used by the Soviet Navy, during the Siege of Sevastopol, Siege of Leningrad, on the Volga River during the Battle of Stalingrad and in the Baltic Sea campaigns.

Later career

Both Alexandrov and Kurchatov worked at the Ioffe Institute by that time (their laboratory separated from the Ioffe Institute and moved to Moscow in 1943 for the work on the Soviet atomic bomb project).

From 1946 to 1955, he was director of the Institute for Physical Problems, where he was appointed to replace Pyotr Kapitsa. In 1955, he became deputy director of the Institute of Atomic Energy, and after the death of Kurchatov in 1960, he became its director. On the initiative of Alexandov, power plants for the nuclear icebreakers Lenin, Arktika, and Sibir were developed.

Alexandrov was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1962. It was under the leadership of Alexandrov, that technical, organizational and production problems were solved in an unprecedentedly short time during the construction of the USSR's first nuclear submarine with a nuclear propulsion system. As a result, in 1952-1972, Sevmash mastered the serial production of submarines with a nuclear propulsion system and became the largest nuclear submarine shipbuilding center in the USSR and the world. At Sevmash, 163 combat submarines were built. In the 1970s, the company produced Typhoon-class nuclear submarines, which entered into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest submarines in the world.

In the 1960s, on the initiative of Alexandov, the largest helium liquefaction plant was built in the USSR . This provided a wide front for fundamental research in the physics of low temperatures, as well as on the technical use of superconductivity. He was the scientific supervisor of the project of RBMK reactor plants.

Described by colleagues as a brilliant scientist and organizer, he was deeply affected by the Chernobyl disaster, the worst nuclear accident in history. According to him:

"To manage such an institute as the IAE, the largest institute and the most difficult work, and at the same time take care of the Academy - I must say, it was extremely difficult. In the end it ended sadly. And when the Chernobyl accident happened, I believe that from that time both my life began to end, and my creative life."

The accident subsequently prompted the Soviet Government to review and suspend the ambitious nuclear power program. As principal designer of the RBMK reactor that exploded at Chernobyl, Alexandrov refused to concede that a design flaw contributed to the disaster.

Alexandrov died of cardiac arrest on 3 February 1994 in Moscow. He is buried at the city's Mitinskoe Cemetery.

Personal life
Alexandrov was first married to Antonina Mikhailovna Zolotareva, with whom he had a son Yuri, a physicist. Antonina died in 1947. Alexandrov later remarried to Marianna Alexandrovna Balashov. They had a daughter Maria, who became a biologist, and two sons Peter and Alexander. Peter became a physicist and Alexander became a biologist. Marianna died in 1986.

His nephew is Eugene Alexandrov, a Russian physicist and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1992).

Honours and awards

Army of Wrangel

Soviet Union

Foreign

Other awards
 Lenin Prize (1959)
 Stalin Prize (1942, 1949, 1951, 1953)
 Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation (1993)
 Kurchatov Medal (1968)
 Lomonosov Gold Medal (1978)
 Vavilov Gold Medal (1978)
 XXXVIII Mendeleev Reader (4 February 1982)

References

External links

1903 births
1994 deaths
People from Tarashcha
People from Tarashchansky Uyezd
Russians in Ukraine
Members of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Fifth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Sixth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Tenth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Eleventh convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Commanders with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Recipients of the Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border of the USSR"
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Soviet inventors
Soviet physicists
Soviet academics
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
Presidents of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
White movement people
Russian scientists
Russian inventors

Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist)


Kurdish tanbur () or tanbour a fretted string instrument, is an initial and main form of the tanbūr instrument family, used by the Kurds. It is highly associated with the Yarsan (Ahl-e Haqq) religion in Kurdish areas and in the Lorestān provinces of Iran.  It is one of the few musical instruments used in Ahl-e Haqq rituals, and practitioners venerate the tembûr as a sacred object. Another popular percussion instrument used together with the tembur is the Kurdish daf, but that's not sacred in Yarsan spirituality and Jam praying ceremony.

Nowadays tembur is played all over Iran, but Kurdish tembur is mainly designed and has been for centuries in the Hawraman region in the provinces of Kermanshah Province, Kurdistan Province and Lorestan. The more traditional and accepted temburs originate from the cities of Kermanshah, Sahneh and Gahvareh. Tembur is locally called tamur, tamureh, tamyarah or tamyorah (تَمیُرَه ، تَمیرَه ، تموره, تمور) there. The Kermanshah tembur should not be confused with saz also called tembûr in Kurmancî Kurdish.

The tembûr measures 90 cm in length and 16 cm in width.  The resonator is pear-shaped and made of either a single piece or multiple carvels of mulberry wood.  The neck is made of walnut wood and has 13 or 14 frets or, arranged in a semi-tempered chromatic scale (one of the only middle eastern musical instruments not microtonal). The tembûr employs three metal strings that the first course is double. The melody is played on the double strings with a unique playing technique of strumming the right hand with each finger separately when motioning the hand upwards from the position beneath the strings.

Notable players
Ostad Elahi
Ali Akbar Moradi
Sohrab Pournazeri
Seyed Khalil Alinezhad
Farid Elhami

See also
Kurdish music
Lute

References

Sources

Necked bowl lutes
Kurdish musical instruments
Sacred musical instruments

sv:Tembûr

Kurdish tanbur


Swift Creek is a stream or creek running southwesterly in Bibb County, Georgia, United States. It is a tributary of the Ocmulgee River, joining it southeast of Macon.  It is part of the Altamaha River watershed, draining to the Atlantic Ocean.  The creek is associated with the Swift Creek culture and Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture.

Rivers of Georgia (U.S. state)
Rivers of Bibb County, Georgia

Swift Creek (Ocmulgee River tributary)


Iron is the most often-used example of a metal with allotropes. These allotropes are α-iron, aka ferrite, γ-iron, aka austenite, and δ-iron, which doesn't have another name. At higher temperatures, ε-iron exists, called hexaferrum. There is evidence for a fifth form, but it has not been proven to exist.

Delta Iron is Iron below 1538°C. Austenite is created when Iron cools further, to 1394°C.  Beta ferrite Iron is the term for Iron that's paramagnetic.  Alpha Iron is all Iron below 912°C. Epsilon Iron is created above 10 GigaPascals and below 100°K.
Iron

Allotropes of iron


Events
 Mamluk sultan Baibars of Egypt invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria to the south.
 Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durres in Albania and establishes an Albanian kingdom.
 Count Floris V of Holland makes an unsuccessful attack on Frisia in an attempt to recover the body of his father, Count William II.
 King Edward I of England departs for England from the failed Ninth Crusade and becomes King when his father, King Henry III, dies.
 November 21 – Edward becomes King of England.
 King Alphonso III of Portugal eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro.
 The city of Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
 The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers receives the right to regulate the leather trade in London, England.
 In astronomy, the recording of the Alfonsine tables is completed.
 The first recorded reference of cricket dates back to 1272.

Births
 Bernardo Tolomei (died 1348)
 King Frederick III of Sicily (died 1337)
 Otto I of Hesse (approximate date; died 1328)

Deaths
 March 17 – Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (born 1220)
 March 18 – John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (born 1246)
 April 2 – Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1209)
 April 27 – Saint Zita
 August 6 – King Stephen V of Hungary
 November 16 – King Henry III of England (born 1207)
 December 13 – Bertold von Regensburg, German preacher
 William of Saint-Amour, French scholastic philosopher (born 1200)

1272

1272


Theodred was a medieval Bishop of London.

Theodred was consecrated between 909 and 926, probably in 926. He may have been German and was a patron of German clerics, several of whom were beneficiaries of his will. He was close to king Æthelstan throughout his reign, and is reported to have been present at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. He took messages from the king to his councillors, and is said to have bought relics in Pavia.

Theodred died between 951 and 953.

Citations

References

External links
  -- also covers Theodred I (bishop of Elmham)

Bishops of London
950s deaths
Year of birth unknown
10th-century English bishops

Theodred (bishop of London)


Edith Eleanor Bowman (born 1974) is a Scottish radio DJ and television presenter. She hosted Colin and Edith, weekday afternoons, weekend breakfast, and The Radio 1 Review on BBC Radio 1 until 2014 and has presented a variety of music-related television shows and music festivals. Since 2020, Bowman has hosted the annual Scottish Music Awards ceremony.

Early life
Bowman was born in 1974 in Anstruther, Fife, Scotland. She attended secondary school at Waid Academy in Anstruther and then continued her studies in Media and Communication at Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh.

Media career

Television
Bowman's first on-screen job on television was as a news reader on MTV UK. She went on to host many shows for the station, including co-presenting chart show Hitlist UK with Cat Deeley, with whom she also presented travel show Roadtripping for BBC Choice in 2002. She also worked as a presenter on Channel 4's breakfast show RI:SE when it launched on 29 April 2002. In 2004, she co-presented the BBC Scotland series Teen Commandments with Cameron Stout. After occasional appearances in 2003, Bowman co-presented Top of the Pops until the end of the series, replacing Fearne Cotton while she was away. In total she appeared on the show ten times including the final weekly episode. She returned to Top of the Pops for the 2006 Christmas Special. In 2020, during the Coronavirus pandemic, she remotely interviewed the film maker Sofia Coppola for the BBC4 series Life Cinematic.

She has also presented various music programmes for Channel 4 such as Channel 4 Presents..., Evo Music Rooms, and TBA. Bowman also appeared on children's art program SMart in 2007 and has appeared in coverage of festivals such as Glastonbury, T in the Park and Reading and Leeds Festival, for both BBC Radio and TV. On 29 April 2011, she was a reporter for BBC TV on their coverage of the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton. In 2011, she narrated Channel 5's documentary series McFly on the Wall.

In December 2021, Bowman appeared in an episode of Celebrity Antiques Road Trip, alongside fellow Radio 2 broadcaster Mark Radcliffe.

Radio

Bowman presented Hit Music Sunday with Cat Deeley on Capital London from 2001–2002. On 29 March 2003, she teamed up with Colin Murray, who had also worked on RI:SE, to co-host Colin and Edith on BBC Radio 1. In April 2004 this show moved from a weekend morning slot to weekday afternoons, broadcasting between 13:00 and 16:00, after the departure of Mark and Lard from the station. In August 2006, Bowman became the sole occupier of the BBC Radio 1 afternoon 13:00 to 16:00 slot, with Murray taking over a late-night specialist music programme. In September 2008, she returned to the station after maternity leave, initially taking over from Dick and Dom on the Sunday Morning Lie In from 10:00 to 13:00. She returned to weekday afternoons on 3 November 2008.

In July 2009 it was announced that Radio 1 was to change its daytime schedule, and this saw Bowman move to Weekend Breakfast. She said that she felt she had taken her shows as far as she could, and the move meant she could create a new show for a new market. In February 2012, it was announced that Bowman was being replaced by Gemma Cairney on Weekend Breakfast, and would move to Tuesday evenings, in order to take over The Review Show, from DJ Nihal. Bowman left weekends on 1 April 2012, but continued on different projects through out-of-house productions which air on the station. Her first show of the new Review Show was on 26 March 2013.

In November 2012, she started co-hosting a Saturday morning show on BBC Radio 6 Music, alongside Adam Buxton. In June 2014, Radio 1 announced that The Review Show would be cancelled on 1 September 2014, ending Bowman's career at the station.

In February 2016, she was announced as the only solo, female, breakfast show host on commercial radio, with the launch of Virgin Radio UK on 30 March. She left the programme on 29 September 2017. Bowman was an occasional stand-in presenter of Kermode and Mayo's Film Review on BBC Radio 5 Live, on BBC Radio 2 She also provides holiday cover for BBC Radio 2 presenters including Jo Whiley, Sara Cox,  Gary Davies on Sounds of the 80s, and Fearne Cotton on Sounds of the 90s.

Podcast
Bowman has presented Soundtracking, a weekly half hour podcast in which she interviews film-makers about musical influences and their choice of music in films.

Career milestones
In 2005, Bowman presented BBC Scotland's coverage of the Live 8 event at Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh, and hosted the network's T in the Park programmes with Dougie Anderson who had also worked on RI:SE. Also in 2005, she hosted the Q Awards with Colin Murray live on BBC Radio 1. She also presented the BBC Three coverage of Glastonbury, T in the Park and the Reading Festival with Colin Murray. She also hosted the TV coverage of the first Electric Proms with Zane Lowe. On 7 July 2007, she co-presented the BBC coverage of Live Earth.

After leaving Radio 1, Bowman presented several one-off film specials for Channel 4. She also presented Evo Music Rooms a late night music programme for Channel 4 and The Vue Film Show, also for Channel 4. In 2011, she presented coverage of the T in the Park music festival for BBC Three. She also had a stint with BBC America as an entertainment presenter in 2014.

Charity interests
In May 2008, Bowman supported the Fashion Targets Breast Cancer campaign in support of Breakthrough Breast Cancer, alongside fellow celebrities: comedian Alan Carr, actress Anna Friel, singer Natalie Imbruglia and model Twiggy.

From 2015 until 2017 Bowman hosted the annual Young Scot Awards.

Singing
Bowman's television debut was on the Grampian Television talent show The Big Break. At the age of 14, she covered Bananarama's "Venus" which was itself a cover of the Shocking Blue original, but finished joint last in her heat.

On 11 March 2005 she won the TV talent show Comic Relief Does Fame Academy, a charity music contest in which she sang "Champagne Supernova" with Jools Holland's band. Earlier in the competition she sang a version of Blondie's "Hanging on the Telephone". The show also featured Al Murray, Kim Medcalf, Adrian Edmondson, Jon Culshaw, Konnie Huq, Dawn Steele, and other celebrities.

Personal life
Bowman married Editors frontman Tom Smith in 2013, and the couple have two sons, born in 2008 and 2013.

References

External links

 Music Therapy with Edith Bowman (BBC Radio 2)

1974 births
Alumni of Queen Margaret University
Living people
BBC Radio 1 presenters
BBC Radio 2 presenters
BBC Radio 5 Live presenters
BBC Radio 6 Music presenters
Virgin Radio (UK)
Scottish television presenters
Scottish women television presenters
British women radio presenters
Singing talent show winners
People from Anstruther
People educated at Waid Academy
21st-century women musicians
Scottish women radio presenters
Scottish podcasters

Edith Bowman