Artabanus IV of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire (c. 216 – 224). He was the younger son of Vologases V who died in 209. Artabanus rebelled against his brother Vologases VI, and soon gained the upper hand, although Vologases VI maintained himself in a part of Babylonia until about 228.

The Roman emperor Caracalla, wanted to make use of this civil war for a conquest of the East and attacked the Parthians in 216. He crossed the Tigris and destroyed the towns, but when Artabanus advanced at the head of an army, he retired to Carrhae. There he was murdered by Martialis on April 8, 217. Caracalla's successor, the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard Macrinus, was defeated at Nisibis and in a peace with Artabanus he gave up all the Roman conquests and paid a heavy contribution to the Parthians.

At about this time, the Persian Great King Ardashir had already begun his conquests in Persia. When Artabanus tried to subdue him his troops were defeated. The war lasted several years; at last Artabanus himself was killed in 226. Thus the 400-year rule of the Arsacid Dynasty came to an end.

References

 Dio Cassius, vii, 12; lxxviii, 26.

History of Iran
216 births
224 deaths

Artabanus IV


Wollemia is a genus of coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae. It is a "living fossil", recently found in 1994. Its fossil record dates back 200 million years, and it was thought to be long extinct.

Wollemia nobilis was discovered in 1994 in a temperate rainforest wilderness area of the Wollemi National Park in New South Wales. in a remote series of narrow, steep-sided sandstone gorges near Lithgow,  150 kilometres north-west of Sydney.

In both botanical and popular literature the tree has been called the Wollemi Pine. It is not a true pine (genus Pinus) nor a member of the pine family (Pinaceae), but is related to Agathis and Araucaria in the family Araucariaceae.

The Wollemi pine is classified as Critically Endangered (CR – D) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List 2002. It is legally protected in Australia. A Recovery Plan has been drawn up, outlining strategies for the management of this fragile population; the overall objective is to ensure that this species remains viable in the long-term.

References

Conifers
Trees of Australia

Wollemia


Robert Tharp (R.T.) Smith (February 23, 1918 – August 21, 1995) was an American World War II fighter pilot and ace, credited with 8.7, 8.9 or 9 Japanese aircraft while fighting with the American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers).

Early life
He was born in York, Nebraska. His family moved to Red Cloud from Hooper, Nebraska in 1927 when his father, Earl W. Smith, was hired as Superintendent of Schools.  He graduated Red Cloud High School in 1935.  Smith attended the University of Nebraska before joining the United States Army Air Corps in 1939, midway through his senior year.  Prior to the time he enrolled in the Air Corps, he worked for the Nebraska State Journal as a proof reader.

Flight training
He received his primary flight training at the Allan Hancock College of Aeronautics at Santa Maria, California. During his training, he was given a couple of check rides with Robert L. Scott, who on May 17, 1942 flew as Smith's wingman on Scott's first combat mission in China. Smith completed basic training with Class 40-C at Randolph Field, Texas and advanced training at Brooks Field, Texas. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in June 1940, and returned to Randolph Field where his first assignment was as a basic flight instructor.

American Volunteer Group
Smith resigned his commission in July 1941 in order to join Colonel Claire Lee Chennault's American Volunteer Group (AVG) as a "soldier of fortune" with the Nationalist Chinese Air Force. The Flying Tigers, as they were soon to be called, were in Burma training in Curtiss P-40s (actually Hawk Model 81-A-2s, or, as the British called them, Tomahawks) when Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 8, 1941 (December 7 in the United States).

R.T. Smith (sometimes called "Tadpole" after David Lee "Tex" Hill supplied the answer to a question someone posed to Smith, "What's the 'T' stand for?") saw his first combat action over Rangoon on December 23, 1941, when he was credited with shooting down 1.5 Mitsubishi Ki-21 "Sally" bombers, followed on Christmas Day with credit for two more Sallys and a fighter. Promoted to flight leader in the Third Pursuit Squadron, the "Hell's Angels", Smith was credited with shooting down a total of 8.7, 8.9 or 9 Japanese planes, and was twice decorated by the Chinese government. The AVG continued to fight throughout Burma and southwest China until it was officially disbanded on July 4, 1942.

1st Air Commando Group

Smith returned to the United States on the USAT Mariposa along with 82 other AVG pilots and ground personnel. Prior to being drafted as a private in December 1942, Smith served as the technical advisor on The Sky's the Limit directed by E.H. Griffith and starring Fred Astaire and Joan Leslie. The side of the P-40 Astaire is flying at the beginning of the movie has a sitting Hell's Angel of the AVG's Third Squadron that was on the side of Smith's P-40 #77.

Smith was quickly recommissioned as a U.S. Air Corps second lieutenant and promoted to major the next month. For the next few months, as commanding officer of the 337 Fighter Squadron, 329 Fighter Group at Glendale, California and Paine Field, Everett, Washington, he trained replacement pilots using Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter aircraft. Smith married Barbara Bradford in June 1943, adopting her son Brad from a previous marriage to vaudeville performer George Mann.

Shortly after being appointed commanding officer of the 329th Fighter Group in September 1943, he volunteered to return to the China-India-Burma Theater with the 1st Air Commando Group, flying occasional P-51 Mustang missions and commanding that group's B-25 Mitchell squadron in support of British General Orde Wingate's troops working out of India and moving behind Japanese lines in Burma (now Myanmar). One story is told of when Smith was flying alone in his P-51 (named "Barbie" after his wife) and saw a crowd gathered around a jeep on the flying field. Someone was making a speech and Smith assumed it was Phil Cochran, co-commander (with John Alison) of the 1st Air Commando Group.  He put his P-51 into a dive and buzzed the speaker, nearly taking his hat off, at over 450 miles an hour. It was only after Smith landed that he learned the speaker was Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander, South-East Asia. Lord Mountbatten was not angry at Smith, but was angry at his aide for having him make a speech on an active flying field. Smith ("R.T." according to Chuck Baisden, for "Round Trip" while in the 1st Air Commando Group) was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1944, flew 55 combat missions over Burma, and was awarded the Air Medal, Distinguished Flying Cross and Silver Star.

After discharge

Smith returned to the United States in the late spring of 1944 and was assigned as Director of Flying Training with the 441st Army Air Force Base Unit at Van Nuys, California, a P-38 training base. The Base Operations Officer at the time was Major Barry Goldwater.  He resigned from the Air Corps at the conclusion of World War II and bought a home in the San Fernando Valley in Southern California across from the Los Angeles River when it was actually a river instead of the concrete channel it is today.

After flying DC3s and Constellations between Los Angeles and Kansas City for a year and a half with Trans-World Airlines (TWA), he wrote radio scripts for the Hopalong Cassidy Western Adventure Show, Lum and Abner, The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show, and the Clyde Beatty Show. He also wrote the screenplay (with Frank Taussig) for the 1953 movie Perils of the Jungle starring Clyde Beatty.  Smith was co-owner of a toy manufacturing company (Smith-Miller); developed and sold a product for conditioning automobile convertible tops (Top Secret); and worked for Roy Weatherby as a sales manager for Weatherby's Inc.

R. T. and Barbara Smith were divorced in 1955. About this time, Smith joined Lockheed Aircraft Corporation as a technical writer, working his way up through the organization, first as a military sales representative for the F-104 Starfighter, and later to open and manage a new corporate office for Lockheed in Newport News, Virginia.  (Gerhard Neumann, who joined the American Volunteer Group in China, designed the J79 jet engine used in the F-104.)  Smith served at the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Air Force Reserve from 1949 to 1966.

Smith married Ronni Burkett in July 1965. During the late 1960s, he joined the Flying Tiger Line, founded by Robert Prescott, a fellow pilot with the American Volunteer Group, first as Vice President for Industrial Affairs in Washington, D.C. and later as Vice President for the Far East, headquartered in Tokyo. He left the Flying Tiger Line and Tokyo in the early 1970s to live and work in Palm Springs, California.

R. T. and Ronni Smith were divorced in the mid-1970s. He returned to the San Fernando Valley, where he wrote and published Tale of a Tiger, based on his original diary entries and several articles for Air Classics. He also established a mail-order business, selling his book and color photographs he shot while he was in the AVG and 1st Air Commando Group, including this often reproduced formation shot of the 3rd Squadron Hell's Angels taken on May 28, 1942 near the Salween River along the China-Burma border.

He died at age 77 (the number he had selected for his first P-40 in the AVG) of lung cancer on August 21, 1995.

Smith was survived by his sister, June, who died in 2001; three sons, Bradford, Robert, and William; and three grandchildren.

Notes

References

External links
 American Volunteer Group Victory Credits
 Photographs taken by R.T. Smith while in the American Volunteer Group
 "Otaki 1/48 P-40E Warhawk" by Pablo Calcaterra, May 30, 2023.

1918 births
1995 deaths
American World War II flying aces
20th-century American memoirists
Flying Tigers pilots
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
People from York, Nebraska
People from Hooper, Nebraska
People from Red Cloud, Nebraska
Deaths from lung cancer

Robert T. Smith


Achaea janata, the castor semi-looper or croton caterpillar, is an erebid moth, the caterpillars of which are termed 'semi-loopers' due to their mode of locomotion. It is found from the Indo-Australian tropics and subtropics, extending south to New Zealand and east through the Pacific archipelagoes to Easter Island. It is a major pest of castor throughout the world.

Description
Its wingspan is about 60–70 mm. The species has a pale reddish-brown body. Forewings with prominent markings. A short sub-basal waved line and an obliquely waved antemedial and excised postmedial lines are present. Postmedial lines are often black suffused inside them. A speck is found at the end of the cell. A diffuse rufous band runs beyond the postmedial line, Hindwings black with medial white band. Three large white spots can be seen on outer margin, with whitish cilia. Ventral side grey suffused. Forewings with an oblique white postmedial band not reaching the costa. Two crenulate medial lines found on each wing.

Eggs are small, spherical with a greenish color. Pupa is whitish green.

Larva bluish grey speckled with blue black. Head black striped. Lateral and sub-lateral yellowish bands with intervening blue-grey line. A dorsal black stripe bordered by reddish-white spots between fourth and fifth somites. There is a pair of dorsal red tubercles on anal somite. Spiracles and forelegs are red. Four larval instars are completed before pupal stage.

They feed on Excoecaria cochinchinensis (Euphorbiaceae), castor oil plant (Ricinus communis), both Brassica and Ficus species and many more crops like Arachis hypogaea, Citrus, Corchorus, Dalbergia sissoo, Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia hirta, Glycine max, Lagenaria siceraria, Punica granatum, Rosa chinensis, Solanum lycopersicum, Tamarindus indica, Theobroma cacao, Vigna mungo and Ziziphus mauritiana.

Attack and control
As they feed off the castor oil plant they may be extremely poisonous and should be avoided at all costs. Caterpillars damage foliage, resulting in defoliation and reduction of photosynthesis process. They also attack stems and bore into them, and finally the whole plant wilts and dies.

Efforts to control the species are mainly mechanical, biological and chemical methods. Hand picking of late instars and usage of pheromone traps and light traps are effective in removing adults. Many parasitoids are used in biological control. Eggs can be destroyed using Trichogramma evanescens. Microplitis maculipennis is effective against caterpillars. Chalcid species Euplectrus and another a braconid, Rhogas are also used. In chemical control, quinalphos, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, monocrotophos, endosulphan sprays are used. Neem seed kernel extract sprays are used to destroy eggs.

References

External links

Species info
Life cycle of castor semilooper [Achaea janata Linn.] and its control
Differential oxidative stress responses in castor semilooper, Achaea janata
Induction of glutathione S-transferase in the castor semilooper, Achaea janata (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) following fenitrothion treatment
Calling behaviour and male response to pheromone gland extracts of castor semilooper, Achaea janata

janata
Moths of Oceania
Moths of Asia
Moths of Japan
Moths of New Zealand
Moths described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Achaea janata


7 Wonders is a board game created by Antoine Bauza in 2010 and originally published by Repos Production (part of Asmodee Group). Three decks of cards featuring images of historical civilizations, armed conflicts, and commercial activity are used in the card drafting game 7 Wonders. The game received critical success upon its release, and won numerous awards, including the inaugural Kennerspiel des Jahres connoisseurs' award in 2011.

Gameplay
7 Wonders is a dedicated deck card game that features ancient civilizations. At the start of the game, each player randomly receives a gameboard called a "Wonder board". Each board depicts one of Antipater of Sidon's original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Players place cards representing various materials and structures around their Wonder boards. The boards are double-sided; the wonders on side A are generally easier to build, while those on side B grant more interesting benefits.

7 Wonders is played over three ages totalling 18 turns, known in the game as Ages I, II, and III, each using its own decks of cards. In each age, seven cards are randomly dealt to each player. The game uses a card-drafting mechanic in which, once per turn, each player selects a card to play from his or her hand, then passes the remaining cards (face-down) to the next player. This process is repeated until five out of the seven cards have been played. At this point, each player must choose to play one of his remaining two cards and discard the other.

Each age card represents a structure, and playing a card is referred to as building a structure. To build a structure, a player must first pay the construction cost, in coins or in one or more of the seven resource types, then lay it down by his or her Wonder board. A player lacking the resources available may pay his direct neighbors to use their resources, normally at two coins per resource, if available.

Some cards also belong to free construction chains. Cards played in previous ages can allow players to construct cards in ages 2 and 3 for free. For example many of the science cards allow players to build several age 2 and 3 structures for free.

Instead of building a structure, a player may choose either to discard an Age card to earn three coins from the bank or to use the card to build a stage of his or her wonder. The Wonder boards have from two to four stages, shown at the bottom of the board. To build a wonder stage, a player must pay the resource cost listed on the stage, then put an age card underneath the wonder board in the appropriate place.

There are seven types of Age cards, representing different types of structures, which are determined by the color of their background:

 Brown cards (raw materials) provide one or two of the four raw material resources used in the game (wood, ore, clay brick, and stone).
 Grey cards (manufactured goods) provide one of the three manufactured goods used in the game (glass, papyrus, and textiles).
 Red cards (military structures) contain "shield" symbols; these are added together to give a player's military strength, which is used in conflict resolution at the end of each age.
 Blue cards (civic structures [mistranslated as "civilian" in the game rules]): all grant a fixed number of victory points.
 Yellow cards (commercial structures) have several effects: they can grant coins, resources, and/or victory points or decrease the cost of buying resources from neighbors.
 Green cards (scientific structures): each card has one of three symbols. Combinations of the symbols are worth victory points.
 Purple cards (guilds) generally grant victory points based on the structures a player and/or his neighbors have built.

Brown and grey cards only appear in the Age I and II decks; purple cards only appear in the Age III deck.

At the end of each age, military conflicts are resolved between neighbors. This is done by comparing the number of shield symbols on the players' red cards, and awarding victory points accordingly. Once all three decks have been played, players tally their scores in all the different developed areas (civil, scientific, commercial, etc.). The player with the most victory points wins.

In the base game, there are seven means of obtaining victory points:
 Military victories – one point for each victory (having the most shields) during the first age, 3 for the second age, and 5 for the third age. Each defeat makes a player lose 1 victory point regardless of the age.
 Gold coins – one point for every 3 coins a player possesses at the end of the game.
 Wonder stages – many of the wonder stages grant a fixed number of victory points.
 Civic structures (blue cards) – each structure grants a fixed number of victory points.
 Commercial structures (yellow cards) – Age III commercial structures grant victory points based on certain structures a player has built.
 Guilds (purple cards) – the guilds provide several means of gaining victory points, most of which are based on the types of structure a player and/or his/her neighbors have built.
 Scientific structures (green cards) – each green card has a symbol on it – tablet, compass, or gear. One card of a type grants one victory point, but two cards grant four; the number of points granted is equal to the number of symbols possessed squared. Additionally, each set of tablet, compass, and gear possessed is worth 7 points.

Expansions

7 Wonders: Leaders (2011)
This expansion introduces the white-backed leader cards, which can be recruited to aid a player's city. The 36 leader cards are based on real historical figures or legends: Amytis, Alexander, Archimedes, Aristotle, Bilkis, Caesar, Cleopatra, Croesus, Euclid, Hammurabi, Hannibal, Hatshepsut, Hiram, Hypatia, Imhotep, Justinian, Leonidas, Maecenas, Midas, Nebuchadnezzar, Nefertiti, Nero, Pericles, Phidias, Plato, Praxiteles, Ptolemy, Pythagoras, Ramesses, Sappho, Solomon, Tomyris, Varro, Vitruvius, Xenophon, and Zenobia. A brief biography of each leader is featured in the rulebook.

Playing with the Leaders expansion changes the game mechanic, as the second thing done in the game after choosing a Wonder board is to choose leaders. Four leader cards are dealt to each player, and the cards are drafted. At the start of each Age, players may recruit one leader, paying its coin cost and putting it into play. To compensate for this extra expense, with the Leaders expansion, players start with six coins instead of three. As with the Age cards, instead of recruiting a leader, a player may choose to discard the card to gain three coins or build a Wonder stage with it.

The leaders grant various abilities, including additional means of gaining victory points, resources, or coins, resource cost reductions, commerce benefits, additional shields, and scientific symbols. For example, the "Caesar" card grants two shields and "Midas" grants one extra victory point per three coins held at the end of the game.

The expansion comes with four additional guild cards and one extra Wonder board – the Colosseum of Rome, which grants abilities related to the new leader cards.

7 Wonders: Cities (August 2012)
The Cities expansion introduces nine city cards (with a black background) to each of the Age card decks. The number of city cards that are shuffled into each age's deck is equal to the number of players. This means that each age now consists of seven play of cards.

The city cards can have quite an impact on gameplay, as many of them are more powerful but expensive versions of existing cards; for example, the Age III "Contingent" card provides five shields as opposed to the three provided by Age III red cards. The cards also introduce some new concepts such as diplomacy, which allows a player to avoid military conflict for one Age, and monetary loss, which forces the player's opponents to either pay coins to the bank or lose victory points if they cannot or will not pay.

The addition of city cards takes the total number of cards playable in each age to 56. This means that eight-player games – or team games with four teams of two – are possible. In the team game, partners are allowed to see each other's cards and discuss which ones to play, and the effect of diplomacy is modified.

The Cities expansion also contains three new guild cards, six leader cards (Aspasia, Berenice, Caligula, Darius, Diocletian, Semiramis), and two Wonder boards (the Hagia Sophia of Byzantium and Al Khazneh of Petra). Many of these new additions have abilities specific to city cards or to the new concepts introduced.

7 Wonders: Wonder Pack (May 2013)
This expansion adds four Wonder boards: Abu Simbel, the Great Wall of China, Stonehenge, and the Manneken Pis of Brussels (the hometown of the game's creators).

7 Wonders: Babel (December 2014)
Babel consists of two expansions that can be added separately or together. The first expansion is Tower of Babel, in which players can choose to construct the tower. By discarding a card, players can place a tile on the tower that affects play (for example, taxing the construction of Wonders or granting a monetary bonus for building certain cards) until it is covered by a subsequent tile. Players score points for the number of tiles they play. The second expansion is Great Projects of Babel. A building of a certain color is put into play. Whenever a player plays a card of the same color, they may choose to pay a cost to participate in the building of the Great Project. If the project succeeds, all players who participated get a reward, and non-participants get nothing. If the project fails, participants get nothing and non-participants receive a penalty.

7 Wonders: Leaders Anniversary Pack & Cities Anniversary Pack (2017)
These expansions add new Leaders cards and new Cities cards, with new effects. The new Leaders are all powerful women of history: Aganice, Agrippina, Arsinoe, Cornelia, Cynisca, Enheduanna, Eurypyle, Gorgo, Makeda, Nitocris, Octavia, Phryne, Roxana, Telesilla, and Theano.

7 Wonders: Armada (October 2018)
Armada adds a naval board for each player and four ships: red, blue, yellow, and green. When playing a card of one of these colors, players may pay an additional cost to advance the corresponding ship along the board. Advancing each ship grants different bonuses: the red ship grants naval strength, which is compared to all players at the end of the Age, not just neighbors; the yellow ship grants money; the blue ship grants victory points; and the green ship allows players to discover islands, which grant extra bonuses.

7 Wonders Second Edition (2020)
The second edition of 7 Wonders was released in 2020. The graphics, wonders in the base game, and cards cost and chains were slightly modified. Most notably in the base game, the Strategists' Guild was replaced by the Decorator's Guild, which grants 7 points if all of a player's wonder steps are built by the end of the game. Olympia and Babylon received the biggest changes in terms of abilities. Leaders, Cities, and Armada also received changes in the second edition in terms of graphics and abilities.

Spin-offs

7 Wonders: Duel (October 2015)
7 Wonders: Duel is a two player version of 7 Wonders in which players alternate drafting from an overlapping pyramid of cards. A version of the game for iOS and Android was released by Repos Digital in 2019. An Ars Technica review stated that "[the] game's three win conditions—civilian, scientific, and military—ensure that you're always juggling several plates, and the whole thing plays like a lightning-quick, board-less match of Civilization". The game also appeared on a New York Times list, with the reviewers praising its multiple ways of victory, the game arc, complexity, replayability, and strategy, but was criticised for its difficult learning curve. Dicebreaker also considered it to be one of the best card drafting games. IGN considered it to be superior to the original, and was complimentary to the new draft system.

7 Wonders: Duel – Pantheon (October 2016)
The expansion to 7 Wonders: Duel added new abilities to the game via a rotating pantheon of gods, as well as two new wonders.

7 Wonders: Duel – Agora (January 2021)
Adds a Senate with new play mechanics based on new senator and "conspirator" cards. The expansion includes two new tokens and two new Wonders based on this while introducing a new "political victory".

7 Wonders: Duel – promotional wonders
 Messe Essen (2015)
 Statue of Liberty (2016)
 Stonehenge (2017)
 Sagrada Familia (2018)

7 Wonders: Architects (2021)
A whole new game based on multiple decks and wonders of different bits and pieces which the players construct. The publishers stated that it was more family-friendly than its predecessor but still deep enough for "gamers" to enjoy. The game was recommended for the 2022 Spiel des Jahres.

Reception

The game is highly regarded, and has won more than 30 gaming awards, including the inaugural Kennerspiel des Jahres connoisseurs' award in November 2020. The program with a tonne of features geared towards everyone from the beginner wishing to learn the fundamentals to the experienced wood pusher who might need practice for tournament play. The game has been cited by leading designers as one of the most influential board games of the last decade, with Polygon praising its originality. It was also the winner of the 2011 Vuoden Aikuistenpeli (Finland) for Adult game of the year.

References

External links

Board games
Spiel des Jahres winners
Kennerspiel des Jahres winners
Deutscher Spiele Preis winners
Board games about history
Board games introduced in 2010
Dedicated deck card games
Antoine Bauza games
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great
Cultural depictions of Archimedes
Cultural depictions of Aristotle
Cultural depictions of the queen of Sheba
Depictions of Julius Caesar in games
Cultural depictions of Cleopatra
Cultural depictions of Hannibal
Cultural depictions of Hatshepsut
Cultural depictions of Hypatia
Cultural depictions of Justinian I
Cultural depictions of Leonidas I
Cultural depictions of Nebuchadnezzar II
Cultural depictions of Nefertiti
Cultural depictions of Nero
Cultural depictions of Plato
Cultural depictions of Pythagoras
Cultural depictions of Ramesses II
Cultural depictions of Sappho
Cultural depictions of Solomon
Cultural depictions of Zenobia
Cultural depictions of Caligula
Cultural depictions of Darius the Great
Cultural depictions of Diocletian
Hagia Sophia
Colosseum

7 Wonders (board game)


A lifeguard is a person on the beach or at a public pool who shows people the correct way of using the water facility and stops accidents from happening. They are trained in rescue situations. Lifeguards are usually found at most public pools and lakes.

Emergency services
Occupations

Lifeguard


Min Dît: The Children of Diyarbakır () is a 2009 Kurdish-language drama film, written, produced and directed by German-based Kurdish filmmaker Miraz Bezar, based on a story co-written with journalist and short-story writer Evrim Alataş, about street children in the eastern Turkish city of Diyarbakır. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on , was the first Turkish film produced in Kurdish and won awards at film festivals in San Sebastian, where it premiered, Antalya and Istanbul.

Production
Director Miraz Bezar, who was born in Ankara, Turkey but moved to Germany when he was nine years old, knew a lot about the Kurdish issue and the situation in eastern Turkey before he started writing the script. But he didn't want to write a script far away in Germany. I wanted to go to Diyarbakır after I completed my degree at the Berlin Film Academy and experience the situation myself, Inspired by the stories of the people he met there, he started to work with his aunt Evrim Alataş,  journalist and short-story writer, to develop the scenario, which was scripted first in Turkish and then translated into Kurdish for filming.

Some in the audience ask if children face these situations in real life,, With some exceptions, all live under such circumstances; they grow up in an atmosphere of peak violence. Hakan Karsak, who features in the film, added, We, in Turkey, try to understand the children in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Palestine, but we never consider the situation of the children living in the kurdish part of Turkey. Now it is time to look at life from the perspective of a kurdish child.  In the end this is a film about violence, the history of violence here in Turkey, the director has concluded, I want people to understand that violence produces violence. This is a story of children who want to stop or at least escape this violence.

Miraz Bezar cast the actors himself. Şenay Orak and Muhammed Al were cast after the director met them on a bus trip to Urfa. Their highly acclaimed performances have been attributable to the fact that they are not only very talented child-actors but are also children who suffered experiences similar to the characters in the film.

Hakan Karsak, who plays one of the paramilitary murderers, was cast after the director had seen him on stage and was taken by his passion and talent while other adult performers including Fahriye Çelik, Alişan Önlü, Berivan Eminoğlu and Berivan Ayaz were also recruited locally. Suzan İlir was cast after trying to sell the director a bottle of water in one of the cemeteries in Diyarbakır. She at first did not want to tell me her name, but I finally convinced her that I was going to shoot a film and that I want her to help me.

In order to raise the initial budget of 80,000 euros for the film, Bezar's mother sold her house and his uncle paid the team's hotel expenses. Each time I felt like we were at the edge of the abyss some small thing would come and pull us back, a reminder of why it was so important to tell this story, the director has said. There are still team members who have not gotten paid. Most of them did it to support the film. Well-known German-Turkish director Fatih Akın later joined Klaus Maeck as co-producer after he was shown a rough cut of the film.It was a real challenge to do this film because we never knew if it would make it through the censorship in Turkey, the director has stated, so much of the Turkish state has been built on lies; that there is only one people, only one language. I think that an opening is still too big of a word for what is happening," he has said, "but it's worth remembering that all the things that were taboo when we started writing and shooting the film are now beginning to be talked about. No matter what, I finally did what I wanted to do, this can be a small step in the right direction.Synopsis
The lives of 10-year-old Gülistan and her brother, Fırat, are turned upside down one quiet and dark night on the Diyarbakır-Batman highway while they're on their way home with their parents from a wedding in a nearby village. Their father, a journalist working with a local newspaper, and their mother, who gave birth just six months ago to their baby sister, Dilovan, are murdered by paramilitary forces. The kids are taken care of by their aunt, the sister of their late mother. However, a few weeks on, their aunt goes missing, too. Left alone to look after their baby sister at such a young age, when they are not even capable of taking care of themselves, the kids are left penniless, and a few weeks later, they are forced to live on the streets of Diyarbakır, where they will have to fight really hard to survive.

Release
The film received its controversial Turkish premiere at the 46th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, where some audience members protested that, There has never been a Kurdish state and there will never be one. To which the director responded, Cinema is a form of art. People do not have to agree with or believe in what they saw. The film was later awarded the grand jury prize.

Out of political reasons no Turkish distributor wanted to distribute the film. So director Miraz Bezar had to distribute the film himself. Nevertheless, the film opened in Turkey on  on nine Theatres in Ankara, Van, Diyarbakır, Mersin and Urfa and found an audience of 24.000.

Reception
Box office
The film twice reached number nineteen in the Turkish box office and has made a worldwide total gross of US$101,327.

Reviews
Andrew Finkel, writing about the film's premiere in Today's Zaman, states, there was a standing ovation for what promises to be the most controversial film of the festival, it is the first feature-length film of Miraz Bezar and one with heart and meaning. The film's young stars were themselves recruited from the bands of young marauding street vendors to whom the film is dedicated, and, he continues, Şenay Orak, who plays the sister, has a face as economical in expression as Robert Mitchum's and a more schooled performers ability to evince a world of emotion with a single blink. Like "Slumdog Millionaire," the film is uplifting, but, he continues, Unlike "Slumdog," the plot is not mawkishly sentimental and only a little bit contrived. Not everyone, of course, cheered, he concludes, "Min Dît" is not the sort of story that will comfort the prejudices of a Turkish audience nor is Kurdish a language they expect to hear. We must wait to see what sort of reception it gets.Emrah Güler, writing in Hürriyet Daily News, describes the film as, the latest in a line of movies focusing on the Kurdish problem in Southeast Anatolia, which he believes indicates that, the Turkish government's Kurdish initiative seems to be working for Turkish cinema. He warns, those who might find orphaned children on the streets too heavy for weekend entertainment, but recommends the film to, those interested in catching a glimpse of uncharted territory for Turkish cinema.

Emine Yıldırım, writing about the films screening at the Istanbul Film Festival in Today's Zaman, describes the film as, a worthy watch, which might be a personal story, but Turkey is no stranger to its premise; it is successful in bringing to light the plight of many children orphaned in Turkey's southeastern Anatolia region due to political conflicts. Make no mistake, the review continues, this is a tragic tale, but it comes out as truthful as it can and should be, despite Bezar's occasional inclination toward an idealist reductionism on political issues. The review concludes, Perhaps not a perfect film, though such should be accepted of a debut, "Min Dît" is a raw and genuine story. While Yavuz Baydar, in the same publication, calls it, one of the highlights of the festival.

Awards
 57th San Sebastián International Film Festival - Gaztea Youth Award (Miraz Bezar)
 46th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival - Behlül Dal Special Jury Award for Screenwriting (Miraz Bezar)
 18th Filmfest Hamburg - Young Talent Award (Miraz Bezar)
 36th Ghent Film Festival - Special Jury Prize (Miraz Bezar)
 15th Nuremberg Turkish-German Film Festival - Audience Award
 17th Febiofest International Film Festival Prague - Grand Prix
 29th International Istanbul Film Festival - Best Director Award (Miraz Bezar), Best Actress Award (Şenay Orak) & Best Music Award (Mustafa Biber)

See also
 2009 in film
 Turkish films of 2009

External links

References

Turkish drama films
Kurdish-language films
2009 drama films
2009 films
Films set in Turkey
Febiofest award winners

Min Dît: The Children of Diyarbakır


The 1975 Bagan earthquake occurred on July 8 at 6:34 pm local time (12:04 UTC)  in Bagan, Myanmar.  Many important stupas and temples were destroyed.  The strongest intensity was felt in the towns of Nyaung-U, Pakokku, and Yesagyo, and in the Myaing townships on the confluence of the Ayeyawady River. Damage was also reported in Chauk and Natmauk townships.  It had a magnitude of  7.0 (6.5 ).

Art historians rank the archeological treasures of Bagan (formerly called Pagan) with the renowned temple complex at Angkor Wat or with the European artworks of Venice and Florence.  The earthquake "irreparably damaged many of the great temples of Bagan, an artistic landmark of Asia and the center of the Burmese national culture." Burma's Director General of Archeology said the earthquake the worst in the last 900 years of recorded history.

The source of the earthquake is still controversial because of uncertainties in the depth information ranging from 84 to 157 km. Subduction and collision of the India Plate and the Burma Plate is ongoing and this earthquake was on the interface of these two plates.

Tectonic setting
Myanmar lies at region where the Indian, Burma and Eurasian plates collide; with the Burma Plate wedged between. The north-northeast motion of the Indian Plate towards the Eurasian Plate has resulted in the formation of two major plate boundaries along the Burma Plate; the Sagaing Fault to the east, and a complex convergent boundary accommodating oblique subduction of the Indian Plate beneath Myanmar. Subduction of the Indian Plate occur along the Arakan Megathrust; the northern continuation of the Sunda Megathrust; capable of generating an earthquake greater than magnitude 8.0. The  8.5–8.8 Arakan earthquake of 1762 is believed to be a thrusting earthquake on the Arakan Megathrust.

Intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes occur as a result of faulting within the subducting Indian Plate beneath the Burma Plate. These earthquakes have hypocenter depths that range from  to greater than . Earthquakes including the  7.3 1988 Myanmar–India earthquake, as well as the April and August earthquakes of 2016 were associated with intermediate-depth intraslab activity. The 1988 earthquake is the largest known intermediate-depth event in Myanmar.

Earthquake
The earthquake occurred as a result of either reverse or normal faulting at an intermediate depth within the subducting Indian Plate beneath the Burma Plate. Faulting within the Indian Plate at such depth are due to intraplate compression or extension acting on the slab, where faults accommodate the stresses. Earthquakes occurring within the Indian Plate could be traced up to 200 km beneath the crust.

See also
List of earthquakes in 1975
List of earthquakes in Myanmar

References

External links

Earthquakes in Myanmar
1975 earthquakes
Bagan
1975 in Burma
1975 disasters in Myanmar

1975 Bagan earthquake


The Shakespeare Jubilee was staged in Stratford-upon-Avon between 6 and 8 September 1769. The jubilee was organised by the actor and theatre manager David Garrick to celebrate the Jubilee of the birth of William Shakespeare. It had a major impact on the rising tide of bardolatry that led to Shakespeare's becoming established as the English national poet. Thomas Arne composed the song Soft Flowing Avon for the Jubilee.

Stratford was at the time a town with around 2,200 inhabitants. Garrick, Britain's most famous Shakespearean actor and most influential theatre owner-manager, had the idea for the Jubilee when he was approached by the town's leaders who wanted him to fund a statue of Shakespeare to stand in the Town Hall. Garrick planned a major celebration with major figures from London's cultural, political and economic world attending. He oversaw the construction of a large rotunda, based on that in Ranelagh Gardens in London, which could hold 1,000 spectators. "It is difficult to exaggerate how much space in the papers in the weeks and months beforehand was devoted to discussion of the Jubilee, announcing details of the program, advertising various accoutrements, reporting progress, speculating about its form, and attacking it."

The Jubilee opened on 6 September with the firing of thirty cannons and the ringing of church bells. Various events were held to commemorate Shakespeare's life. It drew in many people from fashionable society, or who were involved in the London theatre. There were seven hundred people at the dinner on the first day. On the second day bad weather began to disrupt the proceedings and flooded parts of the Rotunda when the banks of the River Avon broke. The highlights of the second day were the unveiling of the new statue at the Town Hall and a masquerade held in the evening. Another notable event from the second day of the Jubilee was a speech by Garrick thanking the Shakespeare Ladies Club for making Shakespeare popular again and for their contribution to the memorial statue of Shakespeare in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. The third day was to have seen a grand Shakespeare Pageant but the heavy rain forced this to be cancelled. Garrick later staged the Pageant in the Drury Lane Theatre with the music of Charles Dibdin where it was a success, running for ninety performances.

It was the first jubilee celebration of the life of Shakespeare, although it was held more than five years after the bicentenary of his birth in April 1564. In spite of the impact it had on the rising popularity of Shakespeare and his works, none of his plays were performed during the Jubilee.

A recording of Dibdin's The Jubilee, also including Queen Mab (which was performed on the first day of Garrick's festival) and Datchet Mead, was released in 2019 featuring the singer Simon Butteriss and the keyboardist Stephen Higgins.

References

Bibliography

External links
Retrospect Opera: The Jubilee

Shakespeare festivals in the United Kingdom
1769 in England
Bicentennial anniversaries
Stratford-upon-Avon
1769 festivals
Theatre festivals in England

Shakespeare Jubilee


Phoenix United Mine is a disused 19th century copper and tin mine in Cornwall, England, UK. Heavy metals left over in the soil from the mining operations have allowed mosses and lichens to flourish, and today the site is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), noted for its biological characteristics.

History
The mine was first worked in 1836 as Cornwall Great United Mines, having previously been mined separately as Clanacombe, Stowes and Wheal Prosper mines. The mine was subsequently bought by James Seccombe in 1842 who renamed it Phoenix Mine/Wheal Phoenix in 1844, finally being called Phoenix United Mine when West Phoenix Mine was incorporated.

The mine originally extracted copper, the 1850s being the mine's peak production of the metal, with a work force of 130. By the 1860s the copper reserves were diminishing but consultant mining engineer, William West, bought a controlling share in the company and equipped the mine to extract tin in 1864 after samples showed evidence of tin deposits. By 1865 the work force had expanded to 460, continuing to 600 by the 1870s. It used the Liskeard and Caradon Railway to transport the ore away and supply the mine with coal. With the price of tin and copper slumping, the West Phoenix Mine ceased operation in 1898. The final shaft, the Prince of Wales Shaft, was closed in 1914.

Geography
The  SSSI, notified in 1996, is located within the civil parish of Linkinhorne, on the south-eastern edge of Bodmin Moor,  north of the town of Liskeard.

The SSSI also forms part of Phoenix United Mine and Crow's Nest Special Area of Conservation.

Wildlife and ecology
The habitat of the site is dominated by presence of heavy metals from the mining operations within the soil. This has restricted the growth of vascular plants and has allowed bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) and lichens to flourish. Phoenix United Mine is important for its rare bryophytes.

On the site, on the banks of a metal-rich stream, can be found three nationally rare liverwort species that are listed in the Red Data Book of rare and endangered plant species; these being Cephaloziella integerrima, Cephaloziella massalongi and Cephaloziella nicholsonii. The nationally scarce liverwort, Cephaloziella stellulifera is also present within the mine.

Two nationally scarce species of moss, Gymnostomum viridulum and Gymnostomum calcareum, are supported on the site. The mine is one of only two sites in the world where Cornish path moss (Ditrichum cornubicum) grows, the other being Crow's Nest. This moss is a pioneer species of bare or sparsely vegetated, mine-waste laden soils.

Greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) use disused mine adits as a winter roosting site, and other bat species feed on the site.

References

Bodmin Moor
British companies established in 1836
Copper mines in Cornwall
Energy companies established in 1836
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1914
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1836
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cornwall
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1996
Special Areas of Conservation in Cornwall
Tin mines in Cornwall
1836 establishments in England
1914 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1914

Phoenix United Mine


Stefanos Stratigos (; 1923 – April 6, 2006) was a Greek actor in film and television.

Biography
He was born in Athens in 1923 and was the son of the actors Vasileios and Amalia Stratigos. His sisters were actors Aleka and Stella Stratigou. He had another sister named Rena. In which they resided early to the theatre and film. He attended the Drama School then known as the Royal Theatre of Greece.

He began to play at his father's role and in comedies, tragedies, plays and dramas. After the theatrical crowds, he played with Vasilis Logothetidis' company,

He took part in Enas aprosklitos moussafiris (in which he made his debut on stage) The Trojan War, Rena is Locked Out, Santa Chiquita, Kyrios tou Maxim, etc. He also took part with other performers including Vassilis Argyropoulos, Chrysoula Doxa, Horn-Lampeti in 1956 and 1957 in the work Vrochopios, Aristocratic Way, Iliopoulos company in which he took part from 1960 until 1962 in works by Alekos Sakellarios, Christos Giannakopoulos, Dimitris Psathas, the play Exochikon kentron o eros, Mistress Vagoni in the company Vembo (in Stournara 288, Anthropoi kai palianthropou), Chatziskou, Samartzis.

With Horn-Lambeti in 1958, they played in the play I kiria me tis kamelies, in which he acted as Baron de Varville. In 1963, he formed his own company with his first wife Gely Mavropoulou. Presented the work Red Lights with Al. Galanos, a play by Norman Krasna, a play by John Patrick, and others, one of those he made even on stage.

He toured Northern Greece in 1965. His company featured Dionyssis Papayiannopoulos and played at the Alhambra Theatre. He performed in the work How I Am Going to Be Rich by Gerassimos Stavros with Papayiannopoulos, Mavropoulos, Moschidis, Krevata, Negkas, Ria Deloutsi, Tsouka, etc. The play did not have much success, it was ended in two months and was followed by a play by Nikos Tsiforos.

He made his worldwide tour and participated as a company leader with Nikos Xanthopoulos, Eleni Anoussaki, Vilma Kyrou, Giorgos Konstantinou and Kaiti Papanika, Giorgos Fountas, Giannis Gkionakis, Thanassis Vengos, Martha Vourtsi, Vasilis Diamantopoulos and Petros Fyssoun mainly with Modern Greek works. He participated in an American tour in 1984 along with Giannis Evangelidis and Sperantza Vrana with the play by Giannis Dalianidis Ego psifizo agapi (I Vote for Love). He performed his final performances with the company during the mid-1980s.

He performed in approximately 85 movies. He took part for the first time in film in the movie Koritsi tis tavernas (Κορίτσι της ταβέρνας) by G. Triantafylli. He also played in Fyntanaki (Φυντανάκι) from the same play by Pantelis Horn, A Girl in Black (Κορίτσι με τα μαύρα) by Michalis Kakogiannis, I Odysseia enos xerizomenou (Η Οδύσσεια ενός ξεριζωμένου) by Apostolos Tegopoulos, Battle of Crete by Vassilis Georgiadis, Papaflessa by Errikos Andreou, The Man with the Carnation (Ο άνθρωπος με το γαρύφαλλο) by N. Tzima. Anametrisi (Αναμέτρηση) by Karypidis in 1982, as well as Egklima sto Kolonaki (Έγκλημα στο Κολωνάκι), Santa Chiquita, O atsidas (Ο ατσίδας), Gia mia choufta Touristries (Για μια χούφτα τουρίστριες), etc.

He also acted in television (Police Stories, Eastern Winds). He was one of the popular characters in Greek theater and film, mainly in bitter and unhesitating roles. In his life, he was a calm and mild loving man in all of the split acting. He was the only person that he liked his studies.

He died on Thursday April 6, 2006 at 8:30 in the morning at the Erythros Stavros Hospital (Red Cross) from breathing problems at the age of 83. He was buried on Saturday April 8 in Peristeri.

Selected filmography
 Ena votsalo sti limni (1952) ..... Vangelis
 Despoinis eton 39 (1954) ..... Rokas
 The Girl from Corfu (1956) ..... Angelos
 A Girl in Black (1956) ..... Panagis
 The Auntie from Chicago (1957) ..... Nikos Kadris
 Astero (1959) ..... Thanos
 O atsidas (1962) ..... Antonis Papapoulakis

External links

1923 births
2006 deaths
Greek male film actors
Male actors from Athens

Stefanos Stratigos


Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (the HUGO-approved symbol = HPGD; HGNC ID, HGNC:5154), also called 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+), (), is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:

(5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate + NAD+  (5Z,13E)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate + NADH + H+

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (5Z,13E)-11alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate, NADH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (type I), PGDH, 11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NAD+ 15-oxidoreductase, 15-OH-PGDH, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, 15-hydroxyprostanoic dehydrogenase, NAD+-specific 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, prostaglandin dehydrogenase, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+).

Structural studies

As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .

References

EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of known structure


Eugenia stipitata (Araza, Portuguese common names araçá, araçá-boi, Spanish common name arazá) is a guava-like fruit native to Brazil and parts of Peru. It is commonly found in the Rio Ucayali Valley. This small fruit has a yellow or green color, soft pulp, and is sour in taste. Brazil and Peru use araza as an ingredient in drinks, nectars, ice creams, and marmalades.

Fruits
Myrtaceae

Eugenia stipitata


The City of New York is home to many arts organizations. They include:

 American Dance Festival
 Bronx Council on the Arts
 Brooklyn Academy of Music
 Brooklyn Historic Railway Association
 City Parks Foundation
 Creative Time
 Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
 Municipal Art Society
 New York Foundation for the Arts
 The Public Theater

New York City-related lists
Culture of New York City

New York City arts organizations


Eli Sagan Chesen (born 1944) is a U.S. psychiatrist, author and artist.

Chesen grew up in Sioux City, IA, and has lived his life crisscrossing vocational and avocational boundaries.  His diverse life experience has included his having practiced medicine and having plotted out, for David Frost, the interview strategy for the original Nixon/Frost Interviews.

Psychiatry

Chesen has practiced medicine for 40 years, specializing in pharmacological psychiatry.  He currently practices psychiatry in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Art

Chesen started painting 50 years ago, when he was 15.

His knowledge of chemistry, physiology and physics infiltrate his creative activities.

Chesen's art work is schematic, figurative, deconstructive, technological, modernist and abstract.

He sometimes attaches electronic or hardware objects, such as water faucets, to his oils as with "Duchamp Meets Home Depot", an homage to Marcel Duchamp's sea changing work with plumbing art.

He won the first of two juried art competitions, in 1971, for his abstract oil, "Hi Fi 1964".

In some of his most recent work, Chesen has taken 1953 Buick automobile hoods and 'deconstructed' them into stunning pieces of original sculpture.

Author
Chesen has authored several books including: Religion May Be Hazardous to Your Health (1972), President Nixon's Psychiatric Profile (1973), and The Fitness Compulsion (1988).  His book Religion May Be Hazardous to Your Health was serialized by the New York Times Sunday Magazine.

Currently he is a contributing author to Prairie Fire magazine, a monthly regional journal of public policy and the arts, based in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Eli Chesen has been serialized in The New York Times Sunday Magazine and has been written up in Esquire, Newsweek and Le Monde. Chesen's Nixon book was a cover story in Parade Magazine in 1975.   He has been featured on Donahue, The CBS Evening News, Regis, and ABC's Good Morning America.

Quoting John Dean, III, former counsel to President Nixon and primary mover in the "Watergate" scandal:
"Importantly, Eli Chesen, with whom I have discussed Nixon over many years because of his 1974 book, President Nixon's Psychiatric Profile, had a number of off-the-record conversations with Reston Jr., which appear to me to have provided David Frost with a key to pressing Nixon to actually provide something of value during the interviews. I was curious about Eli's take on the Frost/Nixon film. Moreover, knowing of Eli's extensive off-the-record dealings with Reston, I was interested in his feelings about Reston's emerging as a central character in the film and play. I was surprised by several of Eli's responses – Chesen, practices psychiatry in Lincoln, Nebraska. Given his profession, I am never surprised by his keen perception of others. He is politically and culturally-sophisticated, and smart as a whip."

Inventions
Chesen has produced several energy innovations such as transformerless low voltage, halogen light fixtures and an air conditioner (refrigerant mediated) swimming pool heater, which takes waste air conditioner heat and transfers it into the family swimming pool providing, in some latitudes, 100% of desirable pool heating at an energy cost of zero.  The crude prototype of this device appeared in Popular Science Magazine in 1978 and has since been improved and operates automatically in its current incarnation.

Subsequent to the Popular Science article Chesen was granted $10,000 from the United States Department of Energy to perfect the device. One version of Chesen's pool heating devices incorporates principles of mammalian physiology (known as a counter-current multiplier system).

References

External links
Eli Chesen's art website
Prairie Fire Newspaper
"Frost/Nixon's" Unsung Hero?
The History Behind the Film and Play 'Frost/Nixon'
Freon condenser invention

1944 births
Living people
American psychiatrists
American non-fiction writers

Eli Chesen


Inzai is a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It has about 105,463 people and 42,388 households. Inzai has an area of 123.8 square kilometers and a population density of 850 people per square kilometer. The city's flower is cosmos, the tree is cherry blossom, the bird is Japanese white-eye and the fish is catfish. Inzai's mascot is Inzaikun.

Geography

Inzai city is an important area of northern Chiba prefecture connecting Tokyo and Narita.  It is located 20 kilometers from the central capital at Chiba, 30 to 40 kilometers from central Tokyo and 15 kilometers from Narita. Tone River runs in the north of it. There is Lake Tega in the north-west of it and Lake Imba in the south-east of it. It is surrounded by national forests. The elevation of it is 20 to 30 meters.

Climate

It has a humid subtropical climate. Summer is warm and winter is cool with light to no snowfall. The average temperature is 14.8 ℃. The average rainfall is 1383mm. The temperature average is 26.3 ℃ in August, which is the highest in the year. The temperature average is 4.1 ℃ in January, which is the lowest in the year.

History

Inzai has been inhabited since Japanese Paleolithic period. Part of the city developed as a port bank of the Tone river during the Edo period. After the Meiji Restoration, the city had changed to a modern municipality system. The pilot training center was constructed in it in 1942. However, it was attacked in World War II. In 1954, the town of Inzai was founded.

In the middle of 1980s, the Chiba New Town project started. Inzai changed from being a town to a city in 1996. In 2013, two neighboring towns were merged into the city.

Economy

It is located at a point between Tokyo and Narita International Airport. Inzai has large shopping centers, industrial parks, warehouses and distraction centers. The number of residents is increasing in Chiba Newtown and over 24% of working citizens work in Tokyo daily.

Education

There are 18 public elementary schools, 9 public middle schools managed by the city government and 1 public high school managed by the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education. Also, there is 1 special educational school for the handicapped.

There are three universities and four libraries.

Government

The mayor is Masanao Itakura. Inzai has a mayor-council government and unicameral. The mayor and city council members were elected directly.

Cities in Chiba Prefecture

Inzai


The name of this traditional star or constellation can be interpreted in two ways.
causing to stray or travel, showing the path to travellers. In this way it is the name of a star or planet, rising early in the evening, escorting the moon (which must be around full then), or more geneneral the first bright stars becoming visible in the sky at dusk.
like one that strays around. In this way it must be a planet, a star wandering along the sky, therefore not suited as navigation star (kaveinga). Still named as such by some though. It was supposed to rise before the sun in the predawn sky, yet not equal to the morning star, which leaves open Mercury as a possible candidate.

Fakahalafononga/en


The Census of Marine Life was a ten-year survey of life in the oceans, starting in 2000. Its head was Ron O'Dor of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It used data from researchers all over the world. More than 70 nations were involved and over a billion US dollars were spent on it.

It was a major work of marine ecology. It was founded by J. Frederick Grassle.

The purpose of the Census of Marine Life was to say what is alive in our seas and oceans.

Other websites
 Census of Marine Life website

Biological oceanography
Marine life

Census of Marine Life


Candle salad is a vintage fruit salad that was popular in America from the 1920s through to the 1960s.  The salad is typically composed of lettuce, pineapple, banana, cherry, and either mayonnaise or, according to some recipes, cottage cheese.  Whipped cream may also be used.  The ingredients are assembled to resemble a lit candle.

The candle salad is assembled by first arranging a few leaves of lettuce on a plate or decorative napkin to form the salad's base. One or more pineapple rings are stacked on top of the lettuce, providing a niche for inserting one whole (or more often half) peeled banana. For garnish, the banana can be topped with choice of cream and a cherry.

The Food Timeline history website states that "The earliest print reference we find for Candle Salad is dated 1916. It was presented in this socialite menu; no description or recipe was included:

The site lists several other references to the salad in cookbooks and newspapers throughout the 1920s.

Candle salad was known as an easy way to get children to eat fruit because of its unusual appearance. It was also considered a child-friendly introduction to cooking because of its simple construction. The recipe for candle salad was published in the 1950 edition of A Child's First Cook Book by Alma S. Lach, one of the first cookbooks written for children.  It is also in the 1957 edition of the Betty Crocker's Cook Book for Boys and Girls with the description, "It's better than a real candle because you can eat it."

A version of this salad appeared in the Mormon children's magazine [[The Friend (LDS magazine)|The Friend]] in 2008, which included a bed of alfalfa sprouts and strawberry yogurt drizzled over the top of the banana to look like dripping candle wax.

The Tested Recipes Institute of New York published it as a recipe card in 1958.

Carolyn Andrew Lynch published a small booklet called The Candle Salad Story in 2003 with several reprinted images from cookbooks and articles. It is available on Yumpu.com. She suggests that the recipe was created to help promote the banana industry.

Comedian Amy Sedaris appeared on Bravo TV's Watch What Happens: Live'' to prepare candle salad on a segment titled "Craft Time with Amy Sedaris."

Ellen DeGeneres joked about this salad on October 10, 2014. As a result, it became popular on the internet for a short time.

See also
 List of salads

References

Fruit salads
Fruit dishes

Candle salad


The Finnish Heritage Museum of Fairport Harbor, Ohio, United States is an incorporated non-profit organization founded to preserve and perpetuate Finnish heritage and cultural traditions.

The museum's primary interest is the further education of its membership and the public at large in matters of Finnish heritage and culture. Museum staff archive Finnish and Finnish-American history through collection, preservation, and exhibition of special books, documents, records and artifacts.  Such items are acquired, or documented, for their value in Finnish and Finnish-American history, biography, genealogy, commerce and folklore.

The museum recently acquired the building that once served as the town hall, police department and fire station. Work to renovate the building, which was suffering from structural deficiencies and other problems, began in the fall of 2006. The museum opened on June 30, 2007.

External links

Ethnic museums in Ohio
Finnish-American history
Museums in Lake County, Ohio
Museums established in 2007
Finnish-American culture in Ohio
European-American museums

Finnish Heritage Museum


Jarosław Guzy (born December 31, 1955, in Kraków) is a Polish politician and businessman, first chairman of the Independent Students Union.

From 1975 to 1981, Guzy studied sociology at the Jagiellonian University, cooperating in late 1970s with oppositional organization Student Committee of Solidarity. In 1980, he became a member of the Independent Students Union, and in April 1981, was elected first chairman of the Union. During the martial law in Poland, Guzy, together with wife Agnieszka, was interned in prisons in Białołęka and Darłówko. After his release, he was under constant surveillance of the Communist secret services, Służba Bezpieczeństwa.

In 1988 Guzy left Poland for the United States, where he studied at the Yale University. In 1991, he returned to Poland, and became actively engaged in politics. Guzy has been employed by several government-owned enterprises, such as Warsaw Park of Technology. On December 8, 2007, President Lech Kaczyński awarded him the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

1955 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Kraków
Politicians from Kraków
Jagiellonian University alumni
Polish expatriates in the United States
Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta

Jarosław Guzy


The Metropolitan City of Milan is a metropolitan city (not to be confused with the metropolitan area) in the Lombardy region, Italy. It is the second biggest metropolitan city in the nation after the Metropolitan City of Rome. Its capital is the city of Milan. It replaced the Province of Milan and includes the city of Milan and other 133 municipalities or communes (comuni). It was first created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and then established by the Law 56/2014. It started on 1 January 2015.

2015 establishments in Italy

Metropolitan City of Milan


The Church of St Edward the Confessor (in full, the Parish Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Edward the Confessor) is an anglican church in Romford, in the London Borough of Havering, England. It is  part of the Diocese of Chelmsford. The building dates from 1849–50 and replaced an earlier church which was demolished in the mid-19th century. There has been a religious building on the site since the end of the 14th century. The current church was completed to a Victorian Gothic design by the English architect John Johnson. It was designated as a Grade II* listed building by English Heritage in 1952.

History

Oldchurch
Romford's earliest known place of worship was a small chapel, dedicated to Saint Andrew, after its then-parish church of St Andrew, Hornchurch. The chapel was established in 1177 and was built near to the River Rom. The chapel existed into the late-14th century but it fell into ruin and was eventually demolished. The Oldchurch area, including Oldchurch Park and the former Oldchurch Hospital, takes its name from the old church of 1177.

Church of 1410
A new church was built on the site of the present building towards the end of the 14th century; it was completed in 1410. The grounds were consecrated by Henry Chichele, Bishop of St David's, on 23 March of that year and was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and St Edward the Confessor. It had a chancel, a nave, an extended north aisle, which was longer than its predecessor by 28 ft and wider by 14 ft, and featured a brick tower which housed a ring of five bells. A gallery was later built within the west end part of the building in which a charity for orphaned children was later founded.

By 1710 the orphanage had become the St Edward's School and moved to a separate building in Romford's Market Place in 1728. Almost 30 years later a replacement weight driven clock was installed and three bells were added to the peal. The building remained in use until 1844 when work on a new church to the east of the Market Place (now the war memorial in Main Road) was started.

The new building in Main Road was designed by Edward Blore and existed as a chapel, only. Halfway through construction it was decided by the planners to relocate the town's church back to Market Place. The last services were held at the old church in Market Place in 1849 before it was demolished. Blore's chapel in Main Road remained and continued as a burial ground, hence the current collection of  19 headstones at the back of the park. Blore's chapel was eventually demolished in 1953.

Current building
The current building in Market Place was designed by the English architect John Johnson, who, in 1874, designed the Alexandra Palace and its associated buildings. The contractor for the new Church was John Kelk, with whom Johnson would often work. The foundation stone was laid on the 14 July 1849 by the conservative politician Thomas William Bramston, who was then the member of parliament for Romford. The church was consecrated on 19 September 1850 by George Murray, Bishop of Rochester. To pay for the construction, £2,500 was borrowed from financiers, £1,000 was given by New College, Oxford, and the remainder was donated through grants and private subscription. The total costs of the building was £8,000; (equates to £ in  (adjusted for inflation).

Johnson's designs were in the Gothic style of the 14th century. It was built using Kentish Ragstone with Bath stone dressings. Some of the materials came from John Nash's Quadrant in Regent Street, London, which was at that time being demolished. This may account for the many carved corbels depicting the heads of kings, queens, bishops, the Green Man, a veiled woman and sundry other heads with unusual head dresses. The stained glass window on the east of the building is by Charles Edmund Clutterbuck, whilst the three windows in the south chapel are by William Wailes. The wall that separates the churchyard from the Market Place may be contemporary and could date to around the time of the building of the second church in the 14th century.

The church sustained some minor damage in the Second World War. During the renovations a year later, in 1944, an electric clock and chime bells were installed, perhaps to replace the bells that had been requisitioned for the war effort. The church was recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building on 4 July 1952. By 1965 the school had moved to a new location in London Road and became a secondary school. A new organ was installed in the west gallery of the church in 1979, and five years later, the Church House was restored. A major renovation took place in 1988 which included the installation of under floor heating whilst the fixed pews were converted to free standing.

The church received a grant from the Pilling Trust in 2001 and a lavatory and kitchen facilities were added. The same year, an oak carving of St Edward the Confessor, was commissioned and installed in the main porch. The following year chairs replaced the free standing pews. The spire, 162 feet high, underwent major repair work in 1992.

Interior
The church consists of a nave of five bays with clerestory, north and south aisles, chancel, Lady Chapel and west gallery. Two vestries were added in 1885. The south wall in the chancel features a monument to George Hervey, while on the north wall there is a memorial to Anthony Cook, which is attributed to the sculptor Cornelius Cure, or perhaps his father, William. On display is a silver communion plate introduced by the Camden Society and donated by a parishioner. It was manufactured by the jeweller and silversmith John Turner, of New Bond Street.

References

Sources

Romford
Grade II* listed churches in London
Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Havering
Rebuilt churches in the United Kingdom
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Churches completed in 1850
Romford
History of the London Borough of Havering
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in the London Borough of Havering
John Johnson buildings

Church of St Edward the Confessor, Romford


Borena (Oromo: Boorana) is a zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Borena is named after  one of the two major subgroups of the Oromo People. Borena is bordered on the south by Kenya, on the west by the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, on the north by West Guji and Guji and on the east by Dawa Zone Somali Region. The highest point in this zone is Mount Dara Tiniro. Cities and major towns in this Zone include Negele Borana, Moyale, Yabelo, Dubuluk, Mega, Millami, Surupa and Bakke.

History
The Borena Zone was created shortly after the adoption of the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia and the creation of the Oromia Region. In September 2003, the upland woredas were separated from Borena to create the Guji Zone. Since then many of the remaining woredas have been reorganized to create new ones.

This Zone was selected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2004 as one of several areas for voluntary resettlement for farmers from overpopulated areas; no specific woredas were identified in this program. Borena became the new home for a total of 9145 heads of households and 45,725 total family members.

Drought conditions in Borana in 2006 have increased tensions between the Borana and Guji clans from 22 May, and spiraled into violence a week later. Clan elders were able to restore peace, but only after 10 days of fighting in which between 100 and 150 people were killed and left thousands displaced.

Borena National Park covers much of Borena Zone. The park was created in 2017 from the former Borena Controlled Hunting Area.

Demographics
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has a total population of 962,489, of whom 487,024 are men and 475,465 women; with an area of 45,434.97 square kilometers, Borena has a population density of 21.18. A total of 182,258 households were counted in this Zone, which results in an average of 5.28 persons to a household, and 174,474 housing units. The three largest ethnic groups reported were the Oromo (88.78%), the Gedeo (4.42%) and the Burji (3.17%); all other ethnic groups made up 3.63% of the population. Oromo was spoken as a first language by 90.94%, Gedeo was spoken by 4.06% and Konso by 2.72%; the remaining 2.28% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestant, with 47.25% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 35.01% of the population practiced traditional beliefs, 9.62% were Muslim and 5.45% professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.

The 1994 national census reported a total population for this Zone of 1,398,543 in 275,072 households, of whom 711,344 were men and 687,199 women; 127,469 or 9.11% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. (This total also includes an estimate for the inhabitants of 10 rural kebeles and parts of two urban ones, which were not counted; they were estimated to have 31,670 inhabitants, of whom 16,465 were men and 15,205 were women.) The four largest ethnic groups reported in Borena were the Oromo (76.56%), the Gedeo (12.87%), the Amhara (3.28%), and the Somali (3.21%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.08% of the population. Oromiffa was spoken as a first language by 77.08%, 12.59% Gedeo, 5.05% spoke Amharic, and 3.22% spoke Somali; the remaining 2.06% spoke all other primary languages reported. The plurality of the inhabitants were Protestant, with 32.17% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 27.01% held traditional beliefs, 14.21% were Muslim, 11.28% professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 1.15% were Catholic.

According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 4% of the inhabitants of Borena have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 27.5 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers (compared to the national average of 30 kilometers), the average rural household has 0.5 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 1.14 for the Oromia Region) and the equivalent of 0.6 heads of livestock. 14.4% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 24%. Concerning education, 53% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 9% in secondary schools. Concerning health, 35% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and none to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 410.

Economy
The CSA reported that 13,533 tons of coffee were produced in this zone in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 11.8% of the Region's output and 6.0% of Ethiopia's total output. Borena is home to three of the major mines of Ethiopia: the gold mine at Kebri Mangest, and the Lega Dembi gold and the Kenticha tantalum mines near Shakiso. An agreement was signed in early December 1997 between the Ethiopian government and the private company JCI Ethiopia for the exploration of gold, base and associated minerals in Borena. The exclusive exploration rights would cover the next three years while the company's estimated spending during this period will be 10 million dollars.

Notes

Oromia Region
Zones of Ethiopia

Borena Zone


Jotunheimen (; "the home of the Jötunn") is a mountainous area of roughly  in southern Norway and is part of the long range known as the Scandinavian Mountains. The 29 highest mountains in Norway are all located in the Jotunheimen mountains, including the  tall mountain Galdhøpiggen (the highest point in Norway and Northern Europe). The Jotunheimen mountains straddle the border between Innlandet and Vestland counties (historically part of the old Oppland and Sogn og Fjordane counties).

Hiking, mountaineering and skiing
Jotunheimen is very popular with hikers and climbers, and the Norwegian Mountain Touring Association maintains a number of mountain lodges in the area, as well as marked trails that run between the lodges and others that run up to some of the peaks. The area has more than 50 marked trails, ranging from shorter hikes to multi day trails.

Mountaineering in Jotunheimen was pioneered in the late 19th century and early 20th century by British mountaineers William Cecil Slingsby, Harold Raeburn, and Howard Priestman as well as Norwegian mountaineers such as Kristian Tandberg, George Paus and Therese Bertheau. Slingsby's 1904 book Norway, the Northern Playground contributed greatly to popularizing mountaineering in Jotunheimen among the international mountaineering community.

The image from Gjende shows a cliff trailing down into the lake. At its base there is a popular guest house called Memurubu. The picture is taken from Gjendesheim, a starting point for hiking into the mountain range. There is a very popular trail along Besseggen that follows the edge of the mountainous range to the right, which it is named after.

There is a National Tourist Route, the Sognefjell Road, from Skjolden to Lom and another road, the RV 51, from Gol to Vågå through the special area of Valdresflya.

Etymology
Originally there was no common name for this large mountainous area.  However, in 1820, the Norwegian geologist and mountaineer, Baltazar Mathias Keilhau  proposed the name Jotunfjeldene "the mountains of the Jotnar" (inspired by the German name Riesengebirge). This was later changed to Jotunheimen by the poet Aasmund Olavsson Vinje in 1862 – this name/form was directly inspired by the name Jötunheimr in Norse mythology.

Geology
Jotunheimen is a residual mountain area, which is a mass of rock that has remained in place as the surrounding relief has been eroded. The tops of Dovrefjell and Jotunheimen and other parts of southern Norway are the few remnants of a formerly flat surface that existed in Norway prior to uplift. This surface is now largely eroded and warped. The said erosion formed a series of steps and it is from the highest of these steps that Jotunheimen rise.

Geomorphology
The characteristic mountain landforms in Jotunheimen have been sculptured by glacial geomorphology during the Pleistocene, especially during its last glacial period. Whereas the Scandinavian Ice Sheet covered most of Fennoscandia, some mountain peaks of Jotunheimen were not covered by glaciers and remained as Nunatak. Galdhopiggen, Glittertinden or Store Lauvhøi are examples. Towards the west, the Scandinavian Ice Sheet disintegrated in several glacier tongues and caused the formation of the Norwegian Fiords.

Climate, glaciers and permafrost

Jotunheimen lays in the transition zone from a maritime climate in the west and a more continental climate towards the east. The high mean annual precipitation in the west leads to a low glaciation limit of less than 1500 meters, the altitude where glaciers can be formed. In the east of Jotunheimen, glaciers are rare and the glaciation limit rises to an altitude of more than 2100 meters. The opposite trend may be registered for the mean annual air temperatures (MAAT). It drops about 600 meters for any given value of a MAAT,
The MAAT of -3.5 °C indicates areas with occurrences of widespread mountain permafrost. Thus, permafrost existis in large parts of Jotunheimen due its more continental climate.

Since the 1980s, the Jotunheimen area has got increased scientific interest from geologists and geomorphologists due to its climate creating periglacial landforms and widespread and often thick permafrost occurrences. A first comprehensive study on mountain permafrost in Scandinavia was published in 1982. Today, these findings are confirmed at various places, and Juvvasshøi, Juvasshytta and Galdhøi are preferred areas for scientific periglacial research due to yearround good logistic conditions compared with arctic areas.

Jotunheimen National Park
Jotunheimen contains Jotunheimen National Park, which was established in 1980 and covers an area of . The Hurrungane mountain range is also inside the national park with the sharpest peaks in Jotunheimen. Adjacent to the national park border is Utladalen Nature Reserve which covers the Utladalen valley and the mountain Falketind, amongst others.

According to the anthropologist Shoshi Parks, "Three national parks converge in this region of Norway, but Jotunheimen is by far the most spectacular, with 250 peaks over  high, including two of the highest in northern Europe – (Galdhøpiggen and Glittertind),"

Human presence
The Jotunheimen shoe was discovered in August 2006. Archaeologists estimate that the leather shoe was made between 1800 and 1100 BC, making it the oldest article of clothing discovered in Scandinavia. It was discovered along with several arrows and a wooden spade, leading archaeologists to conclude that they had unearthed an important hunting ground.

In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead dating back to the Germanic Iron Age and locked in a glacier in southern Norway caused by the climate change in the Jotunheimen Mountains. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is  long and weighs just .

Traffic
Despite the large area of Jotunheimen, there are few roads for car traffic. Between Jotunheimen and Breheimen, the plateau is crossed by the Norwegian County Road 55. To the west, the road continues further from Skjolden via Sogndalsfjøra, Balestrand and Høyanger to the European route E39. In the east, the road leads to Lom. A few small dirt roads lead to different parts of the edge of Jotunheimen National Park, although the area of the national park itself is practically roadless. A small exception, however, is a blind road in the Veodalen to Glitterheim, whose head is inside the national park area near the Glittertind.

See also
Bjørn G. Andersen
Eidsbugarden
Jens Esmark
Jotunheimvegen
Prinsehytta
Tourism in Norway
Vestre Hestlægerhøe

References

External links

 Jotunheimen website
 Tilltopps - Hiking in Jotunheimen.
 Photos of Jotunheimen
 UT: Hiking trails in Jotunheimen
 Jotunheimen Travel: Multi-day tours in Jotunheimen
 Sognefjell Road
 Jotunheimen in pictures
 The Jotunheimen Mountains - the official travel guide to Norway

Mountain ranges of Norway
Landforms of Innlandet
Landforms of Vestland

Jotunheimen


Wolfgang Busch (born November 6, 1955 in Heppenheim, Germany) is a multiple award winning documentary filmmaker, director, producer, cinematographer and editor. He was inducted into the Queens Business Hall of Fame for his company Art From The Heart Films for "Best LGBT Business" and into the LGBT Music Hall of Fame. For his social and artistic activism for the Black and Hispanic LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) Ballroom community, aka Harlem Drag Ball community, Wolfgang received a Humanitarian award for his documentary How Do I Look, and the "Keep The Dream Alive" Martin Luther King Humanitarian award from the straight Black community.

He is an influencer, entrepreneur, grass-root organizer, special events producer, motivator, inspirational and touches people's life from all walks of life. His Documentary How Do I Look is screened worldwide and is used by University students for thesis. He lectures about Artistic Empowerment and HIV/AIDS awareness at prestigious universities, Yale, NYU, Penn State, not for profit organizations, The Door, Hetrick Martin Institute, Fierce, the Gay Men's Health Crisis, the LGBT Community Center in New York City & Chicago, and in Churches in New York City & San Francisco; and internationally in London, Amsterdam, Paris and Berlin.

After filming the ballroom community from 1995 until 2006, Busch released in 2006 his first feature-length documentary How Do I Look, which is about the Harlem house ball community, also known as Ballroom, the originators of the dance "Vogue" (see also ball culture). Wolfgang's second release in 2911 was [Flow Affair; *http://www.FlowAffair.weebly.com], which is about the New York City and San Francisco flagging and fanning dance community with the origin in the gay leather bars in the late 1970s in New York City.

History
Founder of Art From The Heart LLC in 2006, a video production company focusing on trend setting under-served artistic communities in New York, Chicago and San Francisco, producing authentic art documentaries for the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) community and people with disabilities in the performing arts, The Special Needs Color Guard of America. His up-coming release is about the New York City Rock Live Music Scenes during the 1980s and 1990s and ballroom icon Octavia St. Laurent.

Early life and career
Wolfgang started his career in the music industry in New York City in 1985 at the Local 802, the musicians union, producing seminars and showcases for its Rock R&B committee and its 1,200 members. He was a club promoter, booking agent, host and special events & fundraising producer at legendary disco's, the Limelight, Palladium, The Tunnel, Danceteria and China Club and had 1,000 bands on his roller desk. He served on the Boards of Directors for the MetroBears, Outmusic, All Out Arts, MCAANY (Metropolitan Community Athletic Association NY), on the Manhattan Neighborhood Network TV producers committee and served on C. Virginia Field, Manhattan Borough President's Gay and Lesbian advisory council.

From 1990-2000 he produced New York New Rock, a weekly TV show highlighting cultural and educational aspects of various communities such as the local New York City Rock and R & B communities, LGBT, reaching 500,000 Manhattan households. The show was a successful outreach tool for artists and not for profit organizations and Busch was able to sign national and international licensing deals for Barbara Powell and Jimmy Lifton. As an openly gay artist, he has been embraced by a wide range of LGBT organizations to produce high level events including GLAMA (The Gay and Lesbian American Music Awards), SAGE (Senior Action in a Gay Environment) Lifetime Achievement Awards ceremonies and events for LifeBeat, Center For the Media Arts and Gay and Lesbian Community Services Center.

Busch's video production work can be seen on Film, the After Stonewall documentary, CBS, MTV, PBS, CNBC, E channel, New York 1, France, England on the Internet and on the Island of Bermuda and Jamaica.

Awards
Busch's company Art From The Heart Films was inducted into the Best Gay & Lesbian Business in Queens, NY for eight consecutive years and Busch has received numerous awards: Martin Luther King Jr. Keep The Dream Alive Humanitarian Award, Gay City News Impact Award, The A-List Award from Schneps Media, Pill Award for Best Documentary, Communicator Award, director for the "NY / Tokyo Youth Baseball Sister, City Exchange Program", sponsored by the United Nations and the Mayors office, Draco Editing Award, for co-producing with Darryl Hell the MTV music video of the band "Sum", Live Audio for the Ace Award winning Gospel TV show "Gospel Today", Mikie Award for sound and lights at the Pines and Cherry Grove, Fire Island Arts Project, Camera for the Emmy Award Winning Series on PBS for Sterling Films, Volunteer of the Year by the Gay & Lesbian Community Center and the Dedicated Service Award from Metropolitan Community Athletic Association of NY.

See also
 LGBT culture in New York City

References

External links

How Do I Look NYC, 2006 Website for Wolfgang Busch's documentary on the ballroom scene as it has evolved since Jennie Livingston's Paris is Burning (1990).

American documentary film directors
Living people
American LGBT film directors
German gay men
Emigrants from West Germany to the United States
People from Bergstraße (district)
1955 births
German documentary film directors
German LGBT film directors

Wolfgang Busch


Upplands Väsby () is a locality and the seat of Upplands Väsby Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden with 48,907 inhabitants in 2020.

History
The municipality has a long history with clear traces of settlements from the pre-Christian times in several places. The first traces of human culture have been found during excavations of Hammarby ridge, about 400 meters south of the current Glädjen junction, where the excavation of the burial ground Ekebo found a bronze axe from around 600 to 700 BC. Upplands Väsby has a low topography and the people lived by fishing, seal and waterfowl hunting. Several finds of foreign coins testify to the extensive trade with foreign countries. They include Arabic coins found at Great Wäsby castle grounds.

At Runsa and Skavsta's prehistoric fortifications, known as hill forts. Traces of aboriginal burial grounds are found in many places in the form of mounds, stone circles, standing stones, or minor bumps. The graves are sometimes the shape of a ship, as at Runsa, one of Sweden's most famous stone circles. It is 56 meters from the bow and stern and was made in 400-500 AD. Other cemeteries in the form of large burial mounds exist near Löwenströmska Hospital and Runby, called Zamores Hill after the timpanist Antonin Zamore, a North African who came to Sweden in the late 1700s and who lived on the Runby Lower farm, now called the homestead. The largest cemetery is the Great Wäsby Castle ättebacke with around 200 burial mounds.

In the early 1900s, Upplands Väsby was a small station community. The town's railway station was completed in 1865, situated on the rail line between Stockholm and Uppsala, built between 1863 and 1866. Around the station, a society grew. Anton Tamm had bought up all the land that the present society is built on. In 1903 Tamm, at the time was CEO of Optimus, established the first major industry, Väsby Werkstäder. The company manufactured brass and copper, including Optimus products. Väsby Werkstäder was bought in 1917 by Finspongs Metallverk AB. Over the years, the company changed its name many times, but was popularly always called Messingen. They were later Swedish Metal Works and Granges-Weda and offered die casting and plastic manufacturing.

Upplands Väsby today
The municipality now has the character of a modern suburban town, situated between Stockholm and Uppsala. The distance to the city centre of Stockholm is twenty-five kilometers and to the centre of Uppsala forty-five km. Travel to Stockholm Central Station takes 27 minutes (10 stations) by commuter train. Travel time to Arlanda Airport is seven minutes by local train, which also connects Upplands Väsby with Uppsala. From Upplands Väsby are many renowned music artists: Europe, Therion, H.E.A.T., Candlemass and IFA Wartburg have lived there, as well as John Norum and Yngwie Malmsteen. Even the actors Shima Niavarani and Shebly Niavarani have lived and attended school in Upplands Väsby. Some famous writers who lived in Upplands Väsby are Carl Jonas Love Almquist, P. C. Jersild, and Alexander Ahndoril.

Settlement
Parts of the industry that was in the area near the railway station can now be seen south of the neighborhood Messingen where Optimus established himself in 1908. Optimus factory in Upplands Väsby was closed in 1983 when production was moved to Småland (the company still exists today under the name Optimus International AB. Now manufactures mainly camping). In the former industrial premises is now run new activities, including Upplands Väsby art gallery. Today, the original buildings demolished to make way for new housing and a new school, Väsby new gymnasium, which was completed before the start of school in August 2011. If you follow the road east from Central Station can be reached after a few hundred meters including Culture Vega, Väsby School and after another short stretch Väsby Centre including a shopping mall, medical center, and municipal offices.

Väsby
Väsby centrum was opened in 1972. Several extensions and renovations have been made over the years and in recent years, major changes implemented. The shopping mall contains a variety of stores with a wide selection of apparel, electronics, cosmetics, health foods, books, flowers, jewelry, and grocery stores and restaurants. [3] center facility owned by Väsbyhem who in 2001 sold the plant to Doughty Hanson & Co European Real Estate. From December 2004 the plant was operated center of the Franco-Dutch property company Unibail-Rodamco, until June 2011, when it was sold to the British family firm Grosvenor in a business where other plants were included.

Residential
 Smedby/Ekebo, with Viking farm yard Gunnes Gård (see Uppland Runic 280 and Uppland Runic 281 ). Smedbyvägen / Ekebo first part was built in 1974 and the third and last part was completed in the mid-1980s. The municipal housing company Väsbyhem built and owned the entire area until the end of 2007, when Smedbyvägen 1 (about 700 apartments) was sold to Stena Property.
 Carlslund is located east of E4. The original settlement consisted primarily of employee housing (designed by Anders Tengbom) erected in the mid-1950s. It has previously been both nursing homes as refugees. Ahead of Housing Exhibition 1985 was a great and new construction in the area.
 Brunnby Park is located in the eastern part of Carl Lund, about one kilometer east of the city center, 500 meters from European Route 4. In 2009 onwards, nearly 150 villas and townhouses built in the area.
 Old Väsby, or Central Väsby, the station area and the downtown facility. It was the home Optimus turbines factory blocks Messingen, which has now been demolished.
 Runby/Runby Backar, municipal northwestern parts with a recreation area, as well as Ed's church.
 Apoteksskogen, or colloquially Sigma, for an area center. Built west of Hammarby Apotek.
 Väsbyskogen, usually also considered to Sigma.
 Sundsborg, usually also considered to Odenslunda.
 Grimstaby built as a backlash on million program in the 1970s. Terraced area designed as an old-fashioned small town with a main street, square and various small business premises, including kiosk, hairdresser and restaurant. The area, which houses both schools and kindergartens, was originally built as rental units but was converted in the late 2000s to condominiums.
 Hagängen/Löwenströmska hospital, built next to Löwenströmska hospital. Mixed housing, lowest apartment building (former staff housing), and a smaller proportion of terraced / semi-detached houses.
 Prästgårdsmarken, agglomeration south-western parts. Composed almost entirely of apartment buildings constructed during the 1980s.
 Bollstanäs, the southern / south-eastern parts. The buildings consist of villas and borders the municipality of Sollentuna.
 Fresta
 Odenslunda
 Brunnby/Brunnby Vik located about two kilometers east of the city center; mostly townhouses, villas, and small businesses.
 Sjukyrkoberget
 Skälby
 Sanda Ängar

Schools
There are more than 3,000 students spread over fourteen elementary schools and one secondary school. Half the primary schools are communal.

Bollstanäs skola, grades 1–5, about 250 pupils.
Breddenskolan, grades 1–5.
Väsbyskolan, over 420 students, grades 4–9, with learning disabilities, as well as music classes and science classes grades 4–9.
Frestaskolan, grades 1–5, free school from the autumn term 2008.
Grimstaskolan, grades 6–9, approximately 450 students. The school has a football focus. The school has a special partnership with Vilunda gymnasium. The school also has a joint municipal group for students with autism spectrum disorders in which grades 4-9 gather.
Hasselskolan, preschool, grades 1–3, from the autumn semester 2007 grades 1–5.
Odenslunda skola, preschool, grade 1–5, independent school from the autumn term 2008. More than 200 students.
Runbyskolan, about 560 students, pre-school, grade F-9.
Smedbyskolan, grades 1–6, about 250 pupils.
Smedsgärdsskolan, grades 1–6, approximately around 1-1000 students.
Södervikskolan, grades 6–9, free school from the autumn semester 2008, 390 students.
Sweden-Finnish school, private school, about 150 students.
Vikskolan, preschool, grade 1–9, independent school from the autumn term 2008. By 2025, Vikskolan will be demolished and replaced with a newly built school named Viraskolan.
Vittra in Vasby, more than 300 students, kindergarten and grades 1–9, is an independent school in Vittra (business).

Secondary school
Väsby new gymnasium. The school started in August 2011 and the municipality's former high school, Vilunda High School, was closed and demolished for new apartments.
ANNUAL School
Energy School

Transportation
Stockholm commuter line 41 Märsta C - Stockholm C - Södertälje C
Stockholm commuter line 41X Märsta C - Stockholm C - Tumba C - Södertälje C
Stockholm commuter line 42X Märsta C - Älvsjö C
Stockholm commuter line 38 Uppsala C - Arlanda Airport - Stockholm C - Älvsjö (- Tumba)
Bus routes, many of which depart from the bus terminal at Upplands Väsby station

Notable people

 Calle Asell (born 1994), ice hockey player

See also
Cederroth
Infra City

References

External links
Official website
Statistiska Centralbyrån

Populated places in Upplands Väsby Municipality
Populated places in Sollentuna Municipality
Municipal seats of Stockholm County
Swedish municipal seats

Upplands Väsby