A coupé utility is a vehicle with a passenger compartment at the front and an integrated cargo tray at the rear, with the front of the cargo bed doubling as the rear of the passenger compartment.

The term originated in the 1930s, where it was used to distinguish passenger-car-based two-door vehicles with an integrated cargo tray from traditional pickup trucks that have a cargo bed separate from the passenger compartment. Since the 2000s, this type of vehicle has also been referred to as a "pick-up", "car-based pick-up" or "car-based truck".

In Australia, where the traditional style of coupé utility remained popular until it ceased production in 2017, it is commonly called a "ute", although the term is also used there to describe traditional-style pickups.

History

The body style originated in Australia. It was the result of a 1932 letter from the wife of a farmer in Victoria, Australia, to Ford Australia asking for "a vehicle to go to church in on a Sunday and which can carry our pigs to market on Mondays". In response, Ford designer Lew Bandt developed a vehicle to meet the client's request. Commencing in October 1933, with assistance from draftsman A. Scott, Bandt used the passenger compartment and roof from the Ford V8 five-window coupe and extended the rear section using a single fixed side panel on each side, with a hinged tailgate at the rear to create the load carrying compartment.

The model was released in July 1934 as the coupe utility. In his book Early Australian Automotive Design: The First Fifty Years, Australian motoring historian Norm Darwin suggests the idea was not a big leap in design from existing roadster utility models produced by various manufacturers as early as 1924. Darwin also suggests that the idea was being developed by other manufacturers simultaneously, because General Motors-Holden released Bedford and Chevrolet coupe utilities in September 1934, only two months after Ford, with the main difference being the use of the three-window coupe roof on the GM-H products. Other manufacturers were quick to follow, with coupe utilities based on various passenger and light truck chassis.

In North America, the idea was also trialed by some manufacturers. Studebaker created the Studebaker Coupe Express and sold it between 1937 and 1939.

In 1951, Holden released a model based on its 48-215 sedan, reinforcing the Australian tradition of home-grown two-door passenger-car sedan chassis-based "utility" vehicles with a tray at the back, known colloquially as a "ute", although the term was also applied to larger vehicles such as pickup trucks.

America followed suit with the release of the Ford Ranchero in 1957 and Chevrolet El Camino in 1959.

North American models

Ford Ranchero

The first modern American coupe utility was the Ford Ranchero, introduced by the  Ford in  1957 and produced until 1979. Unlike a standard pickup truck, the Ranchero was adapted from a two-door station wagon platform that integrated the cab and cargo bed into the body. A total of 508,355 units were produced during the model's production run. Over its lifespan it was variously derived from full-sized, compact, and intermediate automobiles sold by Ford for the North American market.

The original Ranchero sold well enough to spawn a competitor from General Motors in 1959, the Chevrolet El Camino.

Chevrolet El Camino

The Chevrolet El Camino is a coupé utility/pickup vehicle produced by Chevrolet from 1959 to 1960 and from 1964 to 1987.

Introduced in 1958 (for the 1959 model year) in response to the success of the Ford Ranchero pickup, its first run lasted only two years. Production resumed in 1963 (for the 1964 model year) based on the Chevelle A-platform. In 1977 (for the 1978 model year), it was shifted to the GM G-body platform. Production finished in 1987.

Although based on corresponding Chevrolet car lines, the vehicle is classified and titled in North America as a truck. GMC's badge-engineered El Camino variant, the Sprint, was introduced in 1970 (for the 1971 model year). It was renamed Caballero in 1977 (for the 1978 model year), and produced until 1987.

Other North American coupé utilities

 1936–1942 Chevrolet Coupe Delivery
 1982–1984 Dodge Rampage
 1981–1982 Ford Durango
 1971–1987 GMC Sprint / Caballero (GMC rebadge of the El Camino)
 1937–1939 Studebaker Coupe Express
 1983 Plymouth Scamp

South American models

Since the 1970s, utes have been built in Brazil under European car-maker badges, usually based on hatchbacks. For example, the Ford Courier was based on the Ford Fiesta MkIV. Current examples include the Chevrolet Montana, based on the Opel Corsa and later on the Chevrolet Agile, the Peugeot Hoggar, based on the South American Peugeot 207, the Volkswagen Saveiro, based on the Volkswagen Gol, and the Fiat Strada, based on the Fiat Palio.

Other South American coupé utility models:

 1983–1994 Chevrolet Chevy 500 (Brazil)
 2003–2021 Chevrolet Montana
 1994–2004 Chevrolet Corsa Pick Up (Argentina and Brazil)
 1953–1979 Citroën 2CV "Citroneta" (South America only)
 1977–2013 Fiat Fiorino
 1971–1990 Dodge 1500 (Uruguay)
 1996–present Fiat Strada
 1998–2013 Ford Courier (Brazil)
 1973–1991 Ford Falcon Ranchero (Argentina)
 1982–1997 Ford Pampa (Brazil)
 2010–2014 Peugeot Hoggar
 2015–present Ram 700 (Mexico-exclusive rebadged version of the Fiat Strada)
 1980–present Volkswagen Saveiro/Pointer coupé utility

Asian models

 1991–1995 Daihatsu Mira P1/Miracab
 2004–2007 Geely Rural Nanny
 1975–1990 Hyundai Pony
 1965–1971 Mitsubishi Colt 800
 1971–2007 Nissan Sunny
 1990–1998 Nissan NV (Thailand domestic models built under license)
 1955–1957 Prince Commercial Pickup AIPC-1/AIPC-2
 1957–1967 Prince Skyway pickup
 2002–2010 Proton Arena/Jumbuck
 2002–2006 Subaru Baja (sold in the United States, Canada and Chile)
 1978–1993 Subaru BRAT/Brumby/Shifter/MV/Targa
 1983–1988 Suzuki Mighty Boy
 2000–2001 Toyota bB Open Deck
 1960–1969 Toyota Corona coupé utility
 1959–1971 Toyopet/Toyota Crown Masterline coupé utility
 1955–1959 Toyopet Masterline
 1968–1974 Toyota Mark II coupé utility
 1964–1988 Toyota Publica coupé utility/Toyota coupé utility

South African models
Australian Holden Kingswood, Ford Falcon and Chrysler Valiant utes were sold in South Africa as the Chevrolet El Camino, Ford Ranchero, and Valiant Rustler respectively. Some re-badged versions of South American utes are sold in South Africa (where the term "bakkie" instead of "ute" is popular) under different names, such as the Chevrolet Montana and the Ford Courier, sold there as Opel Corsa Utility (later as Chevrolet Utility) and Ford Bantam respectively.

Other South African coupé utility models:
 1975–1979 Dodge Husky (South Africa)
 1989–2002 Mazda Rustler (rebadged 2nd generation Ford Bantam)
 2008–present Nissan NP200 (rebadged Dacia Logan Pick-Up, built and sold in South Africa)

European models

Austin Marina
A coupé utility, based on the 1971–1980 Morris Marina, with a 1275 cc engine, was badged as an Austin. Not many of them were sold.

Mini
Variously badged pick-up variants were built on the chassis of the Mini estate/wagon.

Other European coupé utilities
 1949–1952 Armstrong Siddeley Whitley 18 Utility Coupé
 1949–1952 Armstrong Siddeley Whitley 18 Station Coupé (extended cab with a rear seat)
 1956 Austin A35
 1957–1973 Austin A55 Cambridge
 1950–1954 Austin A70 Hereford
 Commer Light Pick-up (commercial variant of the Hillman Minx)
 2007–2012 Dacia Logan Pick-Up
 1975–2012 Dacia Logan/Logan II
 1972–1982 Emelba 127 Poker
 1977–2013 Fiat Fiorino
 1953-1973 Morris Minor
 1974–2001 Moskvitch/IZh 27151
 1955–1966 Peugeot 403
 1979–1996 Peugeot 504
 1975–1985 Simca 1100
 1991–1995 Škoda Pick-up
 1994–2001 Škoda Felicia Pickup/Fun
 1954–1960 Standard 6 cwt utility (commercial variant of the Standard Ten)
 1950–1964 Standard Vanguard utility (also sold as "Standard Pick-up Truck")
 1979–2007 Volkswagen Caddy Typ 14/Rabbit coupé utility
 1996–2001 Volkswagen Caddy Typ 9U (rebadged Škoda Felicia coupé utility)
  Singer SM1500
 1966–1991 Wartburg 353 "Trans"

Middle Eastern models
 1967–2005 Paykan coupé utility (Iran)
 2015–present IKCO Arisun
 2008–present SAIPA Pick-Up

Australian models

Coupe utilities have been produced in Australia since the 1930s. The three major Australian manufacturers (GM-Holden, Ford and Chrysler) offered coupe utility versions of their most popular models, and many of the smaller manufacturers also offered coupe utilities in their range. In many cases, if a coupe utility was not available as part of the regular model range an aftermarket coachbuilder would build one to customer order. Coupe utilities were also offered by various manufacturers on light truck style chassis, alongside their regular style pickup and cab-chassis offerings.

Examples include:

Ford
 1934–1940 Ford coupe utility
 1941–1948 Ford
 1949–1951 Ford
 1946–1953 Ford Anglia A54A (1946–48) and Anglia A494A (1949–53)
 1956–1962 Ford Consul Mark II and Ford Zephyr Mark II
 1960–1999 Ford Falcon (from 1999 to 2016 the Falcon utility had a separate pick up bed and was therefore no longer strictly a coupe utility)
 1952–1959 Ford Mainline
 1949–1951 Ford Pilot
 1953–1955 Ford Popular 103E
 1939–1953 Ford Prefect E93A/E03A (1939–45), Ford Prefect A53A (1946–48) and Prefect A493A (1948–53)
 1937–1938 Ford Ten 6 cwt coupe utility
 1946–1958 Mercury Club Coupe Utility
 1989–1991 Nissan Ute (badge engineered version of the Ford Falcon (XF) utility)
General Motors-Holden
 From 1934 various GM chassis were available fitted with coupe utility bodywork
 Bedford HC 6 cwt Carryall (commercial variant of the Vauxhall 10-4)
 1946–1948 Chevrolet Stylemaster
 1949–1952 Chevrolet Styleline
 1951–1968 Holden
 1990–2017 Holden Commodore/Holden Ute (models from 2000 to 2017 were marketed as Holden Utes not Commodores)
 1968–1984 Belmont/Kingswood
 1952–1954 Vauxhall Wyvern E series and 1952–1957 Velox E Series
Chrysler
 From 1935, various Dodge, Plymouth and Fargo chassis were available fitted with coupe utility bodywork
 1958–1961 Chrysler Wayfarer
 1965–1971 Chrysler Valiant/Valiant Wayfarer
 1971–1978 Chrysler Valiant
 1956–1957 DeSoto Diplomat
 1966–1976 Dodge (lower spec version of the Valiant/Wayfarer utility)
 1956–1957 Dodge Kingsway
 1956–1957 Plymouth Cranbrook/Savoy/Belvedere
BMC
 Austin A40 Devon (Several unique variants were offered on the Australian market, including the Austin A40 Panelside and the A40 Hi-Lite)
 1956 Austin A50
 Austin A55 Cambridge
 1968–1971 Austin 1800
Standard
 Morris Eight Series II, Series E and Series Z
 Standard Vanguard
 Triumph Maylower
Rootes Group
 1939 Hillman Fourteen
 1956 Hillman deluxe utility based on Mark VIII Hillman Minx
Lightburn
Zeta utility

Prototypes
 AMC Cowboy: Derived from the Hornet, it was intended to compete with small pickups from Japan, but the project was canceled after AMC acquired Jeep, which already sold small pickups.
 Austin Metro Ranger: A concept based on the first generation model, it featured a full roll bar, flood lights, and a rear-mounted spare.
 BMW M3 ute/pickup: On April Fools' Day 2011, BMW announced the BMW M3 ute/pickup. This vehicle was based on the E93 Convertible and featured a structured aluminum pickup bed and removable targa roof. It was created by BMW's M Division as a one-off workshop transport vehicle for use within the company.  It was actually the second such ute that BMW built for this purpose: they had previously built one using a first generation M3 convertible in 1986.  This coupe ute served the factory for 26 years before the April Fools car was built to replace it.
 Pontiac G8 ST: A rebadged Holden Ute (which is based on the Holden Commodore sedan, although rebadged as a Pontiac G8 in North America) was shown at the New York International Auto Show in March 2008. It was slated for release in the third quarter of 2009 for the 2010 model year, but was quickly cancelled before any were sold due to budgeting cuts and Pontiac's near bankruptcy.
 Toyota X-Runner: Concept vehicle displayed by Toyota Australia at the 2003 Melbourne and Sydney International Motor Shows. The body shell was largely based on that of the first generation Avalon (production of which picked up in Australia a few months after it left off in North America, and lasted until 2005), while the suspension and AWD parts were borrowed from the contemporary Lexus RX. It was intended for production, but Toyota of Australia could not get approval from the parent company.

See also

 Car body styles
 Kei truck
 Pickup truck
 Roadster utility
 Truck classification
 Ute (vehicle)

References

External links

Car body styles
Pickup trucks
Vehicles introduced in 1934

Coupé utility


Walter Joseph Ciszek, S.J. (November 4, 1904 – December 8, 1984) was a Polish-American Jesuit priest of the Russian Greek Catholic Church who conducted  clandestine missionary work in the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1963.

Fifteen of these years were spent in confinement and hard labor in the Gulag, plus five preceding them in Moscow's infamous Lubyanka prison. He was released and returned to the United States in 1963, after which he wrote two books, including the memoir With God in Russia, and served as a spiritual director.

Since 1990, Ciszek's life has been under consideration by the Catholic Church for beatification. His current title is Servant of God.

Early life and studies
Ciszek was born on November 4, 1904, in the mining town of Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, to Polish immigrants Mary (Mika) and Martin Ciszek, who had emigrated to the United States in the 1890s from Galicia in Austria-Hungary. A former street gang member, he shocked his family by deciding to become a priest. Ciszek entered the Jesuit novitiate in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1928. The following year, he volunteered to serve as a missionary to Russia, where the Bolshevik Revolution had taken place 12 years before. Christians were being openly persecuted there, and few believers had access to a priest. Pope Pius XI made an appeal to priests from around the world to go to Russia as missionaries.

In 1934, Ciszek was sent to Rome to study theology and Russian, the history of Russia and liturgy at the Pontifical Russian College (or 'Russicum'), a Jesuit-run seminary established to train priests of the Russian Greek Catholic Church for missionary work in the Soviet Union and the Russian diaspora.

His fellow Russicum seminarians included Alexander Kurtna, a convert from Estonian Orthodoxy whom Ciszek referred to in his memoirs only by the codename "Misha". Following his expulsion by the Russicum's Rector in 1940, Kurtna worked, with only one interruption, between 1940 and 1944 as a translator for the Vatican's Congregation for the Eastern Churches. During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet NKVD, with devastating results for Walter Ciszek and many other underground priests and faithful. Kurtna, who was always loyal to the USSR, only started spying for Nazi Germany in 1943 because his handler, SS Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler, threatened otherwise to send Kurtna and his wife to a concentration camp. Kurtna, however, turned the tables on Kappler by stealing the codebooks from his office and passing them to the Soviets. Ironically, Kurtna and Ciszek met one another again in 1948 as fellow political prisoners in Norillag.

In 1937, Ciszek was ordained a priest in the Byzantine Rite in Rome taking the name of Vladimir.

In 1938, Ciszek was sent to the Jesuit mission in Albertyn in eastern Poland. With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the Soviet Union occupied eastern Poland and forced Ciszek to close his mission. Arriving in Lviv, he realized that it would be easy for a priest to enter the Soviet Union amid the streams of exiles going East. After securing the permission of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky, he crossed the border in 1940 under the assumed identity of Władymyr Łypynski. With two of his fellow Jesuits, he traveled  by train to the logging town of Chusovoy, in the Ural Mountains. For one year, he worked as an unskilled logger while discreetly performing religious ministry at the same time.

Captivity in the Soviet Union

Ciszek was arrested in 1941 under false accusations of espionage for Nazi Germany and the Vatican. To Ciszek's shock, the NKVD already knew his real name and that he was an American citizen and a Catholic priest. He was then sent to the Lubyanka prison in Moscow, the national headquarters of the NKVD (secret police agency). He spent five years there, most of them in solitary confinement. In 1942, he signed a confession under severe torture to espionage and was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor in the GULAG.

Ciszek was to remain in Lubyanka for four more years. In 1946, he was sent by train to Krasnoyarsk then 20 days by boat north on the Yenisei River until reaching 300km above the Arctic Circle to the city of Norilsk, the center of the labor camp complex known as Norillag. There, Fr. Ciszek was forced to load coal onto freighter vessels and later transferred to working in coal mines located in the Permafrost. A year later, he was sent to work on the construction of a nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, and palladium ore refinery. From 1953 to 1955, he worked in mines. His memoirs provide a vivid description of the Norilsk uprising, which started at Gorlag spread through Norillag in the aftermath of Joseph Stalin's death.

Throughout his lengthy imprisonment, Ciszek continued to pray, to offer both the Tridentine Mass and the Byzantine Rite Divine Liturgy, to hear confessions, conduct retreats and perform secret and illegal parish ministry. Until he was allowed to write to America in 1955, he was presumed dead by both his family and the Society of Jesus.

By April 22, 1955, Ciszek's hard labor sentence was complete, and he was released with the restriction to live only in the city of Norilsk. At this time, he was finally able to write to his sisters in the United States.

After setting up a Catholic parish in Norilsk, Ciszek was ordered by the KGB in 1958 to move to Krasnoyarsk, where he secretly established several nearby mission parishes. After the KGB learned of this, he was forcibly transferred to Abakan,  to the south, where he worked as an automobile mechanic for four more years. In 1963, he finally received a letter from his sisters in the US. Several months later,  the Soviet Union grudgingly decided to return him (and an American student Marvin W. Makinen) to the United States in exchange for two Soviet agents. Fr. Ciszek was not aware that U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy had both been demanding his repatriation since the arrival of his first letter to his sisters in 1955. He remained oblivious until he was flown to Moscow and delivered to an official of the US State Department, who told Fr. Ciszek that he was still an American citizen.

Release and later life

After nearly 23 years of imprisonment, Ciszek was released with American student Marvin Makinen on October 12, 1963. In exchange, the Soviets received GRU agents Ivan Dmitrievich Egorov and his wife Alexandra Egorova, whom the FBI had arrested for espionage in July 1963.

In 1965, Ciszek began working and lecturing at the John XXIII Center at Fordham University (now the Center for Eastern Christian Studies at the University of Scranton in Scranton, Pennsylvania), counseling and offering spiritual direction to those who visited him.

On December 8, 1984, Ciszek died after many years of declining health and was buried at the Jesuit Cemetery in Wernersville, Pennsylvania.

Legacy
Nine audiotapes of interviews conducted with Ciszek (c. 1964) remain at archives in Georgetown University.

According to Fr. Constantin Simon, S.J., With God in Russia, Fr. Ciszek's memoir of his decades in the USSR, went through multiple editions in various languages, including French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Polish, and Slovak. Although it remains very popular reading among Catholics in North America, With God in Russia has never gained the same popularity in Europe, where Fr. Ciszek has always been eclipsed by a fellow Russicum graduate and Gulag survivor named Fr. Pietro Leoni.

In 1985, a Carmelite nun, Marija, who was the mother superior of a Ruthenian Rite Carmelite nunnery which Ciszek helped found, and which had been under his spiritual direction, began to petition for the formal Canonization of Fr. Walter Ciszek. In 1990, Bishop Michael Joseph Dudick of the Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Passaic, New Jersey, opened an official diocesan process of investigation for official recognition on the road to beatification. His Sainthood cause is currently being handled by the Diocese of Allentown, Pennsylvania.

The Walter Ciszek Prayer Circle continues to publicize and act to further his cause for Beatification.

Ciszek Hall at Fordham University in New York City is named after him. It currently houses Jesuit scholastics in the first stage of formal study for the priesthood. Additionally, a small room has been set aside in honor of Ciszek. It contains the (Latin) altar, sacred vessels, candlesticks, and crucifix Ciszek used, as well as a copy (in his hand) of his final vows and a photocopy of a letter to a friend containing spiritual advice. There is also a Ciszek Hall at the University of Scranton. Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, also has a school named Trinity Academy at the Father Walter J. Ciszek Education Center. Marquette University's Walter Ciszek Collection is named for him. Additionally, the council has sponsored an annual Ciszek Lecture at Marquette since 2002.

Quotes
"The power of prayer reaches beyond all efforts of man seeking to find meaning in life. This power is available to all; it can transform man's weaknesses, limitations, and his sufferings."
"Across that threshold I had been afraid to cross, things suddenly seemed so very simple. There was but a single vision, God, who was all in all; there was, but one will that directed all things, God's will. I had only to see it, to discern it in every circumstance in which I found myself, and let myself be ruled by it. God is in all things, sustains all things, directs all things. To discern this in every situation and circumstance, to see His will in all things, was to accept each circumstance and situation and let oneself be borne along in perfect confidence and trust. Nothing could separate me from Him because He was in all things. No danger could threaten me, no fear could shake me, except the fear of losing sight of Him. The future, hidden as it was, was hidden in His will and therefore acceptable to me no matter what it might bring. The past, with all its failures, was not forgotten; it remained to remind me of the weakness of human nature and the folly of putting any faith in self. But it no longer depressed me. I looked no longer to self to guide me, relied on it no longer in any way, so it could not again fail me. By renouncing, finally and completely, all control of my life and future destiny, I was relieved as a consequence of all responsibility. I was freed thereby from anxiety and worry, from every tension, and could float serenely upon the tide of God's sustaining providence in perfect peace of soul."
"His will for us was in the twenty-four hours of each day: the people, the places, the circumstances He set before us in that time. Those were the things God knew were important to Him and to us at that moment, and those were the things upon which He wanted us to act."

Books
 With God in Russia, (with Daniel L. Flaherty, S.J.), a memoir (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
 He Leadeth Me, (with Daniel L. Flaherty, S.J.), a memoir (New York: Doubleday, 1973).
 "With God in America" (published posthumously), a memoir with primary sources (Chicago: Loyola Press, 2016).

References

External links

Details of Ciszek materials  at Georgetown University library
Time Magazine 1963 story on the release of Walter Ciszek
Summary of the Writings of Walter Ciszek

1904 births
1984 deaths
People from Shenandoah, Pennsylvania
American Servants of God
Polish Eastern Catholics
American people of Polish descent
American Eastern Catholics
20th-century American Jesuits
Eastern Catholic writers
Roman Catholic writers
20th-century American memoirists
American male non-fiction writers
Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union
Victims of anti-Catholic violence
American people imprisoned abroad
American people imprisoned in the Soviet Union
20th-century venerated Christians
American expatriates in Russia
American expatriates in the Soviet Union
Foreign Gulag detainees
20th-century Eastern Catholic clergy
Jesuit Servants of God
Eastern Catholic Servants of God
Persecution by atheist states
Anti-Christian sentiment in Russia
Catholics from Pennsylvania
Participants in the Norilsk uprising
Memoirists from Pennsylvania

Walter Ciszek


William Gopallawa (17 September 1897 - 31 January 1981) was the first President of Sri Lanka. He was the General of the Ceylon Army during independence from the United Kingdom. Before he was president, he was the general of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) fighting against the British. Gopallawa and his army were successful in the fight and Gopallawa was sworned in as the 1st President of Sri Lanka. After his presidency, the next president was J. R. Jayewardene. Gopallawa was the last General of Ceylon until its Independence in 1948. Before that, Gopallawa was the general of Sri Lanka going against the United Kingdom against Queen Elizabeth II. She was known as the Queen of Ceylon. The British set up roads to improvements but placed harsh laws against Ceylon. Gopallawa went against Queen Elizabeth II and was successful. By there changing their name from "Ceylon" to "Sri Lanka".

He represented an era where politics was conducted with a dignified aura and he had a reputation as being a man of integrity and humility. He served as Governor-General during the tenure of different governments headed by the SLFP led regime of Sirimavo Bandaranaike and the UNP led regime of Dudley Senanayake. He upheld the law and the constitution to the letter and won respect and admiration of all political parties. William Gopallawa was born on 17 September 1897 at the Dullewe Maha Walauwa, Dullewe in the Matale District of Ceylon. He is related to Dullewe Dissava, a signatory on behalf of the Sinhalese to the Kandiyan Convention of 1815

1897 births
1981 deaths
Governors-General of Ceylon
Presidents of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan generals

William Gopallawa


Jordan Rosenberg (born in Chicago, Illinois) is an American television producer and writer. Rosenberg is also credited in the sound department and as the assistant director of the 2002 film American Jedi, a parody of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace and American Pie.

Career
After graduating from the University of Michigan earning joint degrees from the university's Film and Dramatic Writing programs, Rosenberg was awarded Michigan's Hopwood Award in Screenwriting. He then went on to work in the Drama Development departments at ABC and ABC Studios, then known as Touchstone, assisting in the launch of a number of the American Broadcasting Company's new television series for 2004, including Lost, Desperate Housewives and Grey's Anatomy and afterwards spent a year in the ABC Writers Fellowship program.

He then went on to become a member of the Lost crew, and wrote the season 3 episode "Par Avion" as well as the new media cross-over The Lost Experience. The Lost Experience was initially conceptualized by Lost showrunners Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse, who hired Rosenberg to write and design the game under the supervision of Lost's then Supervising Producer Javier Grillo-Marxuach. Rosenberg then went on to join the writing staff of Grillo-Marxuach's 2008 ABC Family series, The Middleman, writing two episodes: "The Boyband Superfan Interrogation" and "The Palindrome Reversal Palindrome," which became the de facto series finale when ABC Family reduced the order from thirteen episodes to twelve.

Rosenberg has also written for Medium, Falling Skies and multiple episodes of Elementary.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
American television writers
American male screenwriters
Screenwriters from Chicago
American male television writers
Hopwood Award winners

Jordan Rosenberg


Erluin or Erlwin (died 1012) was the bishop of Cambrai from 995. In 1007 he acquired secular authority in the county of the Cambrésis from the Emperor Henry II.

Erluin studied in the famous school of Liège, where he became archdeacon under Bishop Notker (972–1008), who procured his election to the bishopric of Cambrai.

In 1006, Count Baldwin IV of Flanders invaded the Empire and captured Valenciennes. Erluin appealed to the emperor, who invaded Flanders, captured Ghent and threatened to take the city's relics, but Baldwin remained in possession of Valenciennes. Erluin also appealed to Baldwin's lord, King Robert II of France, whose troops looted Arras, but forced Baldwin to abandon Valenciennes in 1007. The next year (1008), Erluin, supported by the emperor and the leading men of Lower Lorraine, arranged the reform of the Abbey of Saint-Vaast under the famous reforming monk Richard of Saint-Vanne.

In 1007, Henry gave Erluin comital authority in the entire region of the Cambrésis, to the chagrin of Walter of Lens, the castellan of Arras and a leading regional nobleman. The bishops of Cambrai had possessed comital authority within the city itself since 948, when the Emperor Otto I granted it to Bishop Fulbert (934–56) for his successful defence of the city from the Magyar invaders in 945.

In 1011, Erluin refused a request by the dying castellan of Arras that his son, Walter II, be enfeoffed with his lands by the bishop in exchange for an oath of fealty. The bishop demanded reparations for the various injustices the castellan had committed. The castellan failed to get his vassals and allies, including the count of Flanders, to fight before he died; Walter II swore the oath. Erluin died soon after, and was succeeded by Gerard of Florennes.

Notes

1012 deaths
Bishops of Cambrai
Year of birth unknown

Erluin of Cambrai


The Vine Tree is a public house situated in Monnow Street in the town of Monmouth, Wales. The building has been a Grade II Listed building since 18 November 1970.

Description
The front elevation is Georgian. The rear has been largely rebuilt but still has late Medieval windows. The rear part of the building is late-16th-century in date and is of box-framed construction, while the front part is 18th-century and was heightened in the 1800s. There is a Welsh slate roof. The building is of double depth central entry plan and is three storeys high. The centre door is narrow and panelled with a small pedimented hood. There is also a low pitch roof with a stack at either gable. The interior of the rear range is timber framed. The ground floor is box-framed and thought to date from about 1600.

History

The pub was originally called "The Coach and Horses" and is one of the longest surviving inns in the town. In 1792 the buildings were purchased by Thomas Hill,  a maltster, for £360. The building was actually two buildings before 1828. They were combined and the pub became "The Vine Tree" in 1820 under the management of James Hayward. In 1828 the pub was made up of  a brewhouse, stables, cellars and gardens. When the Vine Tree was sold in 1842 details of  occupations of people living in the rear of the inn revealed a gunsmith, cabinet maker, a tailor, a flax dresser, a baker, a glazier and a tea dealer. Ownership changed again in 1859 when Richard Jones purchased the inn for £720. The pub was sold again in 1920 to Albert Johnstone. The next owner in 1940 was the Alton Court Brewery based in Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire. In 1962 it was owned by the West Country Breweries. The pub has also been owned by Whitbread.

The Vine Tree pub only opens by arrangement for special functions and is undergoing building work to convert it from a pub.

Notes

History of Monmouthshire
Grade II listed buildings in Monmouthshire
Pubs in Monmouth
Grade II listed pubs in Wales

The Vine Tree


The Painted Rock Dam is an earthfill embankment dam located west of Gila Bend, Arizona.  It is primarily used for flood control purposes.

Description
The Painted Rock Dam was constructed during a 3-year period from 1957–1960 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to help control seasonal floods on the lower reaches of the Gila River. The river had no significant impediments between the Colorado River and the Coolidge Dam hundreds of miles upstream.  In this stretch the river receives several tributaries, including the Hassayampa, Agua Fria rivers, and most importantly the Salt River and its major tributary, the Verde River.  Due to a relatively large watershed of , more than half of which is unregulated, the flood threat to small farming communities downstream on the Gila River is large, and seasonal flooding of these areas prior to the construction of the dam was significant.

The area surrounding the dam has also hosted a number of historical events.  The Butterfield Overland Mail route passed through the area, as did the path followed by the Mormon Battalion.  Evidence of both can be found, as well as the expedition of Juan Bautista De Anza in 1774.  Inscriptions made by these groups can be found in various sites in the region.

Near the dam site, there is also a campground maintained by the Bureau of Land Management that showcases a number of prehistoric petroglyphs, indicating human involvement in the region long predating Western influence.  It is from the Painted Rock Petroglyph Site that the area and the dam get their names.

The lake and reservoir are dry as of August 2009 and are closed to the public due to contamination of pesticide run off. This is in stark contrast to the level of upkeep during the 1990s. The state was forced to abandon the campground and the area is now marked as "NO TRESPASSING". No hunting, hiking, or camping is allowed.  The Army Corps of Engineers now maintains the property.

Painted Rock Reservoir
The Painted Rock Reservoir is an artificial reservoir impounded by the Painted Rock Dam.  The reservoir, with a maximum storage capacity of , has the potential to be the second largest reservoir completely within the borders of the state of Arizona, but because the Gila River and its main tributary, the Salt River, are generally almost always completely diverted for irrigation and municipal water use for Phoenix, the lake is often dry.

In 2005, heavy runoff filled the reservoir to record levels, swelling the lake to become the second largest by area in the state of Arizona, trailing only Theodore Roosevelt Lake.  However, extremely high levels of pesticides, particularly the now-banned DDT, had built up in the farmlands upstream from the reservoir in the decades prior and accumulated in the lake during the flood.  The extreme toxicity of the lake rendered it unsuitable for recreational uses and public access to both the lake and the dam was restricted.  Similar runoff had filled the lake previously in 1993 and 1980, and in each instance the lake persisted only a few months before emptying due to losses through evaporation, downstream releases, and infiltration.

Displacement of Native Americans
Water impounded by the Painted Rock Dam caused the flooding of about 10,000 acres of the Tohono O'odham's Gila Bend Reservation.  The flooding destroyed a 750-acre tribal farm and several communities.  Residents were relocated to a 40-acre parcel called San Lucy Village, Arizona. In 1986, the federal government and the Nation approved a settlement in which the Nation agreed to give up its legal claims in exchange for $30,000,000 and the right to add up to 10,000 acres of newly purchased land to its Reservation.

See also

 Painted Rock Petroglyph Site

References

External links

Gila River
Dams in Arizona
Reservoirs in Maricopa County, Arizona
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Dams completed in 1960
Reservoirs in Arizona

Painted Rock Dam


The Fitzgerald Theater is the oldest active theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is the home of American Public Media's A Prairie Home Companion.  The theater is owned by Minnesota Public Radio. The Fitzgerald was also the location for the 2006 film of the same name.

History

It was built in 1910 at a cost of $165,000. It had a sandstone front and was of concrete and steel construction. The theatre had several very modern features for its time. It had 2,000 electric light bulbs. The stage could be lowered and raised by two feet. It had 16 dressing rooms and a side entrance for those arriving in automobiles. It was one of many theaters built by the Shubert Theatre Corporation. It was originally named the Sam S. Shubert Theater. The theatre was designed by the noted Chicago architectural firm of Marshall and Fox.

By 1933 it had fallen on hard times. Even the Broadway shows that played there could not make it profitable. That same year it was remodeled in the Art Deco style and renamed the World Theatre. It became a movie theatre and specialized in showing foreign films. By 1978 it was scheduled to be torn down. Minnesota Public Radio was looking for a new home for one of it's programs, A Prairie Home Companion. They were able to lease the theatre for a very reasonable price. It was  placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as the Sam S. Shubert Theatre and Shubert Building. In 1985 it was decided the building was unsafe and was in danger of closing permanently. After raising nearly two million dollars, the building was once again renovated. In 1994 it was renamed after St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Movie location

In 2005, the theater was used for filming the movie A Prairie Home Companion, directed by Robert Altman. Garrison Keillor, the star of the radio show also starred in the movie. He was instrumental in getting Hollywood stars such as Meryl Streep and Lily Tomlin for the movie.

The movie was shot digitally which allowed the cast and crew to fit into the small building. Even the theatre's basement was used for movie sets. With all the actors, technicians, electricians and carpenters squeezed into a small space, it was "as crowded as an ant farm". A Hollywood-style premiere was held at the Fitzgerald on 3 May 2006. A parade led from Rice Park to the theatre and the red carpet was laid out for the stars who arrived in white horse-drawn carriages.

References

Other websites

The Fitzgerald Theater
MPR: Coleman, Mondale debate

1910 establishments in the United States
Theatres in the United States
20th-century establishments in Minnesota

Fitzgerald Theater


The 1949 AAFC season was the final season before the league folded and comprised only twelve games instead of the previously standard fourteen. The 49ers, in their fourth season, were unable to improve on the previous season's output of 12–2, only posting a record of 9–3, however, they were able to make their first playoff appearance. This was due to the league taking a different format, in which the top four teams played a tournament to determine the champion.

The 49ers, with the second seed, played the third-seeded New York Yankees (8–4). With their 17–7 victory over the Yankees, the 49ers moved on to play the Cleveland Browns in the league championship. The 49ers ended up losing 21–7. Until Super Bowl XLVII, it was the only time the 49ers lost a league title game.

Preseason

Schedule

Playoffs

Standings

References

San Francisco
San Francisco 49ers seasons
1949 in sports in California

1949 San Francisco 49ers season


Lunel (; Provençal: Lunèl) is a commune in the Hérault department in southern France. Lunel is located  east of Montpellier and  southwest of Nîmes (Gard). Lunel station has rail connections to Narbonne, Montpellier, Nîmes and Avignon.

History
The ancient Roman site of Ambrussum is located nearby. The troubadour Folquet de Lunel was from Lunel.

According to legend, Lunel was founded by Jews from Jericho in the first century. It had a Jewish population by the first millennium, and an ancient synagogue is located there. Lunel was a centre of Jewish learning. It is thought that the family of Rashi (1040–1105) originated in Lunel. Other scholars include Jonathan of Lunel, Meshullam ben Jacob of Lunel, his son Aaron ben Meshullam ben Jacob of Lunel, Abraham ben David who taught in Lunel before moving to Posquières, and Asher ben Meshullam of Lunel.

Lunel was the birthplace of Louis Feuillade (1873–1925), film director from the silent era.  The artist Jean Hugo (1894-1984) lived in the Lunel area for most of his life and painted scenes from the surrounding countryside. The Parc Jean Hugo in the centre of the town was named after him.

Since the 20th century, the town has been a destination for Muslim immigrants from Algeria and other parts of North Africa. In 2015 the New York Times reported that 10% of all the French people killed fighting in Syria for ISIS came from Lunel.

Population

See also
 Hachmei Provence
Communes of the Hérault department

References

External links

Official website (in French)

Communes of Hérault
Historic Jewish communities in Europe

Lunel, Hérault


Arctic Monkeys are an English rock band formed in Sheffield in 2002. The group consists of lead singer Alex Turner, drummer Matt Helders, guitarist Jamie Cook and bassist Nick O'Malley. Former bassist Andy Nicholson left the band in 2006 shortly after their debut album was released.

Arctic Monkeys were heralded as one of the first bands to come to public attention via the Internet, with commentators suggesting they represented the possibility of a change in the way in which new bands are promoted and marketed. Their debut album, Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not (2006), received widespread critical acclaim upon release and topped the UK Albums Chart, becoming the fastest-selling debut album in British chart history at the time. It won Best British Album at the 2007 Brit Awards and has since been hailed as one of the greatest debut albums. The band's second album, Favourite Worst Nightmare (2007), was also acclaimed by critics and won Best British Album at the 2008 Brit Awards. They went on to release Humbug (2009) and Suck It and See (2011), both of which were well-received critically, albeit not to the extent of their first two albums.

The band's wider international fame came with the success of their critically acclaimed fifth album AM (2013), which was supported by the global hit "Do I Wanna Know?". It topped four Billboard charts and was certified 3x platinum in the US. At the 2014 Brit Awards, the album became their third to win British Album of the Year. Their sixth album, Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino (2018), was a major departure from the band's previous guitar-heavy work, instead being piano-oriented. It received a Best Alternative Music Album nomination at the 2019 Grammy Awards, their second to do so after Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not. Their seventh album, The Car, was released in 2022 and received nominations for the Ivor Novello Awards and the Mercury Prize in 2023.

In the United Kingdom, the band became the first independent-label band to debut at number one in the UK with their first five albums. The band have won seven Brit Awards; winning Best British Group and British Album of the Year three times, becoming the first band to ever "do the double" —that is, win in both categories— three times; a Mercury Prize for Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not, an Ivor Novello Award and 20 NME Awards. In addition, they have been nominated for six Grammy Awards, and received Mercury Prize nominations in 2007, 2013, 2018 and 2023. Both Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not and AM are included in NMEs and different editions of Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time lists.

History

2002–2005: early years and record deal

Arctic Monkeys was formed in mid-2002 by friends Alex Turner, Matt Helders and Andy Nicholson. Turner and Helders were neighbours and close friends, and they met Nicholson in secondary school. Turner, who had grown up in a musical household as his father was a music teacher, played guitar in the then-instrumental-only band, with Helders on drums, Nicholson on bass and a new band member, Jamie Cook, as a second guitarist. The name "Arctic Monkeys" was Cook's idea and is perhaps a play on "northern monkey", a derogatory term for someone from northern England. Initially, Turner was reluctant when it came to being the lead singer. As time passed, Turner became the lead singer and frontman of the band as he had "a thing for words", according to Helders.

The band began rehearsing at Yellow Arch Studios in Neepsend, and played its first gig on 13 June 2003 at The Grapes in Sheffield city centre. After a few performances in 2003, the band began to record demos at 2fly studios in Sheffield. 18 songs were demoed in all and the collection, now known as Beneath the Boardwalk, was burned onto CDs to give away at gigs, which were promptly file-shared amongst fans. The name Beneath the Boardwalk originated when the first batch of demos were sent around. The first sender, wanting to classify the demos, named them after where he received them, the Boardwalk. Slowly, as more demos were spread, they were all classified under this name. This has led to many people falsely believing that Beneath the Boardwalk was an early album, or that the early demos were all released under this title. The group did not mind the distribution, saying "we never made those demos to make money or anything. We were giving them away free anyway – that was a better way for people to hear them."

The band began to grow in popularity across the north of England, receiving attention from BBC Radio and the British tabloid press. A local amateur photographer, Mark Bull, filmed the band's performances and made the music video "Fake Tales of San Francisco", releasing it on his website, alongside the contents of Beneath the Boardwalk – a collection of the band's songs which he named after a local music venue. When asked about the popularity of the band's MySpace site, the band said that they were unaware of what it was and that the site had originally been created by their fans. In May 2005, Arctic Monkeys released the EP Five Minutes with Arctic Monkeys on their own 'Bang Bang' label, featuring the songs "Fake Tales of San Francisco" and "From the Ritz to the Rubble". This release was limited to 500 CDs and 1,000 7" records, but was also available to download from the iTunes Music Store. Soon after, the band played at the Carling Stage of the Reading and Leeds Festivals, reserved for less known or unsigned bands.

Eventually, they were signed to Domino in June 2005. The band said they were attracted to the DIY ethic of Domino owner Laurence Bell, who ran the label from his flat and only signed bands that he liked personally. The UK's Daily Star reported that this was followed in October by a £1 million publishing deal with EMI and a £725,000 contract with Epic Records for the United States. Arctic Monkeys denied this on their website, dubbing the newspaper "The Daily Stir". However, Domino had licensed the Australian and New Zealand publishing rights to EMI and the Japanese rights to independent label Hostess. Their debut single "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor", which was recorded at Chapel Studios in Lincolnshire, was released on 17 October 2005 and went straight to No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart. Their second single, "When the Sun Goes Down" (previously titled "Scummy"), released on 16 January 2006, also went straight to No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart. The band's success with little marketing or advertising led some to suggest that it could signal a change in how new bands achieve recognition.

2006: Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not

The band finished recording their debut album, Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not, at Chapel Studios in Lincolnshire in january 2006 with British record producer Jim Abbiss producing. Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not became the fastest-selling debut album in UK chart history, selling 363,735 copies in the first week. This surpassed the previous record of 306,631 copies held by Popstars by Hear'Say and sold more copies on its first day alone – 118,501 – than the rest of the Top 20 albums combined. The cover sleeve of Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not, showing Chris McClure, a friend of the band smoking a cigarette, was criticised by the head of the NHS in Scotland for "reinforcing the idea that smoking is okay". The image on the CD itself is a shot of an ashtray full of cigarettes. The band's product manager denied the accusation and suggested the opposite – "You can see from the image smoking is not doing him the world of good."

The record was released a month later in the US on 21 February 2006 and entered at No. 24 on the Billboard album chart after it sold 34,000 units in its first week, making it the second fastest selling for a debut indie rock album in America. However, US sales for the first year did not match those of the first week in the UK for the album. US critics were more reserved about the band than their UK counterparts and appeared unwilling to be drawn into the possibility of "yet another example of the UK's press over-hyping new bands". However, the band's June 2006 tour of North America received critical acclaim at each stop – the hype surrounding them "proven to exist for good reason". The album was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2017 for selling over 500,000 units in the United States. Meanwhile, the UK's NME magazine declared the band's debut album the "5th greatest British album of all time". It also equalled the record of the Strokes and Oasis at the 2006 NME Awards, winning three fan-voted awards for Best British Band, Best New Band and Best Track for "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor".

Arctic Monkeys wasted no time in recording new material and released Who the Fuck Are Arctic Monkeys?, a five-track EP on 24 April 2006. Due to its length, the EP was ineligible to chart as a UK single or album. Furthermore, the record's graphic language has resulted in significantly less radio airplay than previous records, although this was not a reported concern according to an insider – "since they made their name on the Internet... they don't care if they don't get radio play". The release of the EP Who the Fuck Are Arctic Monkeys? just three months after their record-breaking debut album has been criticised by some, who have seen it as "money-grabbing" and "cashing in on their success". The band countered that it regularly releases new music not to make money, but to avoid the "boredom" of "spending three years touring on one album".

Soon after the release of the EP in the UK, the band announced that Andy Nicholson would not take part in the band's forthcoming North America tour due to fatigue from "an intensive period of touring". On returning to the UK, Nicholson confirmed that he would leave Arctic Monkeys and start his own project. He also said that he couldn't deal with the band's fame and success over the previous six months. In a statement on their official website, the band said: "We are sad to tell everyone that Andy is no longer with the band", also confirmed that Nick O'Malley – former bassist with the Dodgems who had drafted in as temporary bassist for the tour – would continue as bassist for the rest of their summer tour schedule. Shortly after, Nick O'Malley was confirmed as the formal replacement for Nicholson.

Arctic Monkeys' first release without Nicholson, the single "Leave Before the Lights Come On", came on 14 August 2006. Turner said that the song was one of the last songs he wrote before their rise to fame and suggested that "it feels very much like it could be on the album". Peaking at No. 4 in the UK, the single became the band's first single not to reach No. 1. The band was re-united at the Leeds Festival when Nicholson met up with his former bandmates and his replacement bassist, O'Malley. Only the original band members, minus Nicholson, were present at the award ceremony when Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not won the 2006 Mercury Prize two weeks later.

2007: Favourite Worst Nightmare

The band's second album, Favourite Worst Nightmare, was released on 23 April 2007, a week after the release of accompanying single "Brianstorm". Like its predecessor, Favourite Worst Nightmare also quickly reached No. 1 in the album charts. Turner described the songs as "very different from last time", adding that the sound of some tracks are "a bit full-on – a bit like "From the Ritz to the Rubble", "The View from the Afternoon", that sort of thing". A secret gig played at Sheffield's Leadmill on 10 February 2007, debuted seven new songs (six from Favourite Worst Nightmare and one other). Early reviews of the release were positive and described it as "very, very fast and very, very loud".

Meanwhile, the band continued to pick up awards from around the world, namely the Best New Artist in the United States at the PLUG Independent Music Awards, the Album of the Year awards in Japan, Ireland and the US, awards for Best Album and Best Music DVD for the short film Scummy Man at the 2007 NME Awards. It ended the year by clinching the Best British Band and Best British Album at the 2008 BRIT Awards. For the second year in a row, the band was nominated for the annual Mercury Prize.

On 29 April 2007, the day Favourite Worst Nightmare charted at No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart, all 12 tracks from the album charted in the Top 200 of the UK Singles Chart. The band later released "Fluorescent Adolescent" as a single, and it charted at No. 5, after debuting the song live on The Jonathan Ross Show dressed as clowns. The third single from Favourite Worst Nightmare, "Teddy Picker", was released on 3 December 2007. It charted at No. 20 and remained only one week in the top 40 staying in this position, making it the lowest charting single for the band so far. Prior to this release the band released an extremely limited number of 250 vinyl under the pseudonym Death Ramps containing two of the B-sides from the "Teddy Picker" single.

In its first week of release the album sold 227,993 copies, emulating Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not in going straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart, albeit selling 130,000 copies fewer than their record-breaking debut. The first two singles from the album Brianstorm and Fluorescent Adolescent were both UK Top Hits. Favourite Worst Nightmares first day sales of 85,000 outsold the rest of the Top 20 combined, while all twelve tracks from the album entered the top 200 of the UK Singles Chart in their own right. By September 2013 the album has sold 821,128 copies in UK and has since gone 3× platinum by 2018. In the USA, the album debuted at number seven, selling around 44,000 copies in its first week.

Arctic Monkeys headlined the Glastonbury Festival on 22 June 2007, the highlights of which were aired on BBC2. During their headline act, the band performed with Dizzee Rascal and Simian Mobile Disco and covered Shirley Bassey's "Diamonds Are Forever". The band also played a large gig at Dublin's Malahide Castle on 16 June 2007, with a second date added the following day. On 28–29 July 2007 the band played their biggest concert to date with two sell out shows at the 55,000 capacity Old Trafford Cricket Ground in Manchester. Billed as being the group's own 'mini-festivals' both date saw support sets for Supergrass, The Coral, Amy Winehouse and Japanese Beatles tribute act The Parrots. The shows were hailed as 'the gigs of a generation' by NME and were even compared to Oasis' record-breaking shows at Knebworth House in 1996. The LCCG concerts cemented Arctic Monkeys' status as the defining band of their generation, as Oasis had done before them. The band was also slated to play the Austin City Limits Music Festival in September 2007. Other European festivals include Rock Werchter in 2007. The band played two shows at Cardiff International Arena on 19 and 20 June 2007. They also played two London gigs at Alexandra Palace on 8 and 9 December 2007. On 1 September 2007 the band performed an intimate show at Ibiza Rocks show in Bar M (now Ibiza Rocks Bar) along with Reverend and the Makers. The band played their last show of the tour on 17 December 2007 at Manchester Apollo, which was filmed for the live album and video release At the Apollo, which was released in cinemas the following year.

2008–2010: Humbug

After a brief hiatus during which Turner toured and recorded with his side project the Last Shadow Puppets, the band recorded half the album at Rancho De La Luna recording sessions with Josh Homme of Queens of the Stone Age in early autumn, 2008, and half in the New York sessions with James Ford in spring, 2009, following their January tour of New Zealand and Australia. During this tour, lead single "Crying Lightning", along with Humbug songs "Pretty Visitors", "Dangerous Animals" and "Potion Approaching" (then known as "Go-Kart"), was debuted live. It was later revealed by Matt Helders in a video diary that the album would consist of 14 tracks and that Turner would stay in New York to oversee the mixing of the material. However, the final track listing, revealed on 1 June 2009, listed only 10.

In a preview article on Clash, writer Simon Harper claimed that the band had "completely defied any expectations or presumptions to explore the depths they can reach when stepping foot outside their accepted styles," and that "Turner is his usual eloquent self, but has definitely graduated into an incomparable writer whose themes twist and turn through stories and allegories so potent and profound it actually leaves one breathless". On the same site, Turner revealed that the band had listened to Nick Cave, Jimi Hendrix and Cream while writing the new album, the title of which would be Humbug. Humbug was released on 19 August 2009, and, like both of its predecessors, the album went straight to No. 1.

As announced on Arctic Monkeys' website, the first single from Humbug was "Crying Lightning", released on 6 July. It also received its first radio premiere on the same day. On 12 July 2009, the single "Crying Lightning" debuted at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart. The second single, "Cornerstone", was released on 16 November 2009. It was announced in February 2010 that the third and final single to be taken from Humbug would be "My Propeller", released on 22 March. Shortly before the release of the new single, the band did a one-off UK show at the Royal Albert Hall in support of the Teenage Cancer Trust on 27 March.

Arctic Monkeys embarked on the first leg of the worldwide Humbug Tour in January 2009 and went on to headline 2009's Reading and Leeds Festivals. During this performance, they played a number of songs from Humbug, plus older tracks such as "Brianstorm" and a cover of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds' "Red Right Hand". They were also the headline act on the first night of 2009's Exit festival in Serbia. In North America, where they had less of a following, they played abridged sets at Montreal's Osheaga Festival, as well as New Jersey's All Points West Music and Arts Festival. The tour finished in early 2010 in Mexico.

2011–2012: Suck It and See

NME reported in May 2011 that the band were teaming up with producer James Ford once again and would be releasing their fourth studio album in late spring at the earliest. Q magazine reported that the fourth Arctic Monkeys album would be of a "more accessible vintage" than Humbug. Q printed edition 299 states "It's the sound of a band drawing back the curtains and letting the sunshine in". The album was recorded in Sound City Studios in Los Angeles in 2010 and 2011. On 4 March 2011, the band premièred on its website a new track called "Brick by Brick" with lead vocals by Matt Helders. Helders explained that this is not a single, just a tease of what is coming and that is it is going to be on the fourth album. On 10 March 2011 the band revealed the album is to be called Suck It and See and was released on 6 June 2011.

Their fourth album's first single, titled "Don't Sit Down 'Cause I've Moved Your Chair" was released as a digital download on 12 April and on vinyl with "Brick by Brick" on 16 April for Record Store Day. On 17 April, it went to No. 28 in the UK Singles Chart. A version of the single with 2 B-sides was released on 7 and 10 inch vinyl on 30 May. The band allowed fans to listen to the entire album on their website before deciding about whether to purchase it or not. Suck It and See was then released on 6 June 2011, and went straight to No. 1 in the album charts. In doing so, Arctic Monkeys became only the second band in history to debut four albums in a row at the top of the charts.

The band announced "The Hellcat Spangled Shalalala" as the second single to be taken from Suck It and See. Most of the stock was burned because of the London riots. A limited edition 7" Vinyl of the single was then released over the band's website on 14 August. The song reached No. 15. in Belgium. In September 2011 the band released a music video for the song "Suck It and See" featuring drummer Matt Helders, and announced they would be releasing it as a single on 31 October 2011. In July 2011, the band released a live EP over iTunes with 6 live recordings from the iTunes Festival in London.

The album has also been successful commercially. In its first week of release, the album debuted at number one in the United Kingdom, selling over 82,000 units. Overall, the album sold 333,000 units. NME named the album cover, an artwork free cream monochrome after the styling of the Beatles' White Album, as one of the worst in history. In July, the album won Mojo award for the Best Album of 2011. Mojo placed the album at number 39 on its list of "Top 50 albums of 2011". On 30 May, a week before official release, Domino Records streamed the entire album on SoundCloud. Within a few hours of being made public, the first two tracks had reached over 10,000 listens each, and by the end of the week, each had accrued over 100,000 plays.

Arctic Monkeys embarked in May 2011 on their Suck It and See Tour. They headlined the Benicàssim Festival 2011 alongside the Strokes, Arcade Fire and Primal Scream. They also headlined Oxegen 2011, Super Bock Super Rock 2011, V Festival 2011, Rock Werchter and T in The Park. They confirmed on 7 February that they were playing two "massive homecoming shows" at the Don Valley Bowl in Sheffield on 10 and 11 June, support included Miles Kane, Anna Calvi, the Vaccines and Dead Sons and Mabel Love, clips from the show were also used in the music video for "The Hellcat Spangled Shalalala". They played at Lollapalooza 5–7 August 2011. On 21 August, they also played at Lowlands, the Netherlands. The tour continued until March 2012.

On 27 October they released a music video for "Evil Twin" on YouTube, the B-side to their new single "Suck It and See". They performed the song on The Graham Norton Show on 28 October. The fourth single from Suck It and See, "Black Treacle" was released on 23 January 2012. This video for the single continued the theme from the previous single, "Suck It and See" and "Evil Twin". In March, the band embarked on a North American stadium tour supporting the Black Keys.

2013–2016: AM

On 26 February 2012, the band released a  new song titled "R U Mine?" on their YouTube channel. On 4 March, it went to No. 23 on the UK Singles Chart on downloads alone. On 21 April, the song was released as a single, with the track "Electricity" as a B-side, released additionally for Record Store Day. On 27 July, Arctic Monkeys played in the London Summer Olympics opening ceremony, performing "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor" and a cover of the Beatles song "Come Together".

On 22 May 2013 the band started the AM Tour at the Ventura Theatre in Ventura, California, where they debuted a new song titled "Do I Wanna Know?". On 1 June 2013, the band performed at Free Press Summer Fest in Houston, TX. On 14 June, the band debuted another song titled "Mad Sounds" at Hultsfred Festival in Sweden. Four days later, on 18 June 2013, the band released the official video to "Do I Wanna Know?". The studio version of the song, along with accompanying visuals, was also made available to purchase via iTunes and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 11. On 23 June 2013 Arctic Monkeys headlined Southside Festival in Germany.

The band's fifth studio album, AM, was released on 9 September 2013. The album was recorded in Rancho de la Luna in Joshua Tree, California and features guest appearances from Josh Homme of Queens of the Stone Age, Elvis Costello's drummer Pete Thomas and Bill Ryder-Jones of the Coral. Further, on 27 June, the band announced an eight date UK arena tour culminating with a homecoming gig at the Motorpoint Arena Sheffield. The band played at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival on 28 June as headliners at the Pyramid stage. Arctic Monkeys also headlined the 2013 Open'er Festival in Gdynia, Poland and played on the main stage on 4 July. On 20 July, the band performed at Benicàssim 2013. On 11 August 2013, the third single from the album, "Why'd You Only Call Me When You're High?", was released, with the B-side "Stop The World I Wanna Get Off With You". It debuted at no. 8 on the UK Singles Chart on 18 August 2013, making it the band's first UK Top 10 single since 2007's "Fluorescent Adolescent". The band streamed the album in its entirety four days ahead of its release.

AM has received critical acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 81, based on 36 reviews. Simon Harper of Clash magazine states: "Welding inspiration from hip-hop greats with rock's titans, AM is built upon portentous beats that are dark and intimidating, yet wickedly thrilling." Ray Rahman of Entertainment Weekly gave it an 'A−' and opined that "AM mixes Velvet Underground melodies, Black Sabbath riffs, and playful grooves, and has fun doing it." Time Out said of the album: "One of Britain's greatest bands just got greater in an unexpected but hugely welcome way. Single men, I urge you: put down FHM and pick up AM." In their 10/10 review, NME wrote that AM is "absolutely and unarguably the greatest record of their career". In his 8/10 review, J.C. Maçek III of PopMatters praised Turner for being "at his most poetic to date" and called the album "a wonderfully cohesive and diverse album that fits together incredibly well". Tim Jonze of The Guardian noted that the album "manages to connect those different directions – the muscular riffs of Humbug and the wistful pop of Suck It and See – with the bristling energy and sense of fun that propelled their initial recordings". Pitchforks Ryan Dombal called AM "paranoid and haunted".

Upon the release of AM on 9 September 2013, the album debuted at number 1 in the UK album charts, selling over 157,000 copies in its first week. As a result, Arctic Monkeys made history as the first independent label band with five consecutive number 1 albums in the UK. The album received widespread critical acclaim and brought Arctic Monkeys their third nomination for the Mercury Prize. The album also won the Brit award for Best British Album. In the United States, the album sold 42,000 copies in its first week and debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 chart, becoming the band's highest-charting album in the United States. In August 2017, AM was certified platinum by the RIAA for combined sales and album-equivalent units over of a million units in the United States. Turner described AM as the band's "most original [album] yet," merging hip-hop drum beats with 1970s heavy rock. The frontman has said that the song "Arabella" expresses the two styles of the album most effectively in one track. On AM, Turner continued to experiment with unusual lyrics, and the album includes the words from poem "I Wanna Be Yours" by John Cooper Clarke. Turner has stated that Homme's appearance on the song "Knee Socks" marks his favourite moment of the whole album.

On 23 and 24 May 2014, Arctic Monkeys held one of their biggest shows to date, playing to approximately 80,000 crowds across two days shows at Finsbury Park with the support act by Tame Impala, Miles Kane and Royal Blood. Arctic Monkeys also headlined the Reading and Leeds Festival in August 2014. The band had a handful of shows in late 2014, which closed the AM Tour. In December 2014, "Do I Wanna Know?" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance. On 24 August 2014, the band announced a hiatus following their AM Tour. Turner and Helders have both pursued other projects during this time. In 2016, Turner announced his second album with the Last Shadow Puppets, Everything You've Come to Expect. Helders played the drums on Iggy Pop's album Post Pop Depression. In July 2016, the band revealed an elephant sculpture designed in the style of their AM album cover for charity. The project raised money for the Sheffield Children's Hospital arts trail.

2017–2021: Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino

In December 2016, Turner confirmed to BBC Radio Sheffield that the band's hiatus had ended and work had begun on their sixth studio album. The album had begun recording in September 2017. The album, Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino was released on 11 May 2018. The band headlined a handful of festivals in summer 2018, included Firefly Music Festival, TRNSMT, Rock Werchter, Lollapalooza, Austin City Limits Music Festival, and the Voodoo Experience. Despite its stylistic deviation polarising listeners, Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino was released to generally positive reviews. It became the band's sixth consecutive number-one debut in the UK and the country's fastest-selling vinyl record in 25 years. Following its release, the album was promoted by the singles "Four Out of Five" and "Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino", multiple television appearances.

Reflektor Magazine had the following to say about the album in a review, "After five years of silence, the Arctic Monkeys make their much-awaited return with surprising and hypnotic Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino. Perfectly managing to avoid self-parody or stylistic repetitions, this new album appears as a startling reinvention, a meandering and puzzling journey beyond known territories. Just like mankind first set foot on the moon on the 'Tranquility base' site, the Arctic Monkeys disembark in an unknown universe in which they reveal a new, unexpected aspect of themselves.".

Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino was nominated for the 2018 Mercury Prize, an annual prize awarded to the year's best British or Irish album. This became the band's fourth nomination for the award: the second most nominations received by any act. The album was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, with single "Four Out of Five" nominated for Best Rock Performance. The album also appeared on numerous year-end lists. With Q and Kitty Empire of The Observer naming it the best album of 2018. Publications including NME, The Independent and Mojo also listed Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino as the year's second best album. Uproxx, BBC Radio 6 Music and Entertainment Weekly included the album in the top five of their year-end lists, with Vulture and The Guardian including the album in their top ten. Publications that listed the album in their top twenty include Paste and The Line of Best Fit. Numerous publications included Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino in their top fifty albums of the year, including Crack Magazine, Esquire, musicOMH, Pitchfork, Uncut and Louder Than War, while Vice  listed the album in their top hundred.

A live album from their 2018 Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino Tour concert at the Royal Albert Hall entitled Live at the Royal Albert Hall was released on 4 December 2020. All proceeds from the album, as with the concert, went to the charity War Child.

2022–present: The Car

On 8 December 2021, the band was announced as the Saturday co-headliner of the 2022 Reading and Leeds Festival, alongside Bring Me the Horizon, Megan Thee Stallion, Rage Against the Machine and Halsey. On 23 August 2022 at the Zurich Openair festival, they debuted new song "I Ain't Quite Where I Think I Am". The following day they announced their seventh studio album, The Car, which was released on 21 October 2022. On 30 August 2022, they released the first single from the album, "There'd Better Be a Mirrorball", accompanied by a video directed by Turner. On 29 September 2022, the second single "Body Paint" was released. "I Ain't Quite Where I Think I Am" was released as the third single on 18 October 2022. The Car peaked at No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart, behind Taylor Swift's Midnights. In the US, the album landed at No. 6 on the Billboard 200.

In June 2023, it was confirmed that the band would headline for Friday night on the Pyramid Stage at the Glastonbury Festival, despite Alex Turner having contracted laryngitis. The band had cancelled a gig in Dublin earlier in the week.

Musical style and influences

Arctic Monkeys' musical style has been mainly described as indie rock, garage rock, post-punk revival, psychedelic rock, alternative rock, lounge pop, post-Britpop, stoner rock, guitar pop, post-punk, punk rock, and hard rock. A key part of their sound, and one that translates across their whole discography, is Turner's intricate and often rapidly delivered lyrics, sung in a distinctive strong Sheffield accent that their music became famed for in their early years. The punk poet John Cooper Clarke was a formative influence on Turner; his poem "I Wanna Be Yours" was adapted into a track on the band's fifth album AM. Their first album, Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not, has been described as indie rock, garage rock revival, post-punk revival, punk rock, alternative rock, and post-Britpop. Favourite Worst Nightmare has been described as post-punk revival, indie rock, garage rock, alternative rock, psychedelic rock, and post-Britpop, with Turner's sharp lyrics the focal point. On the first album, Turner examined human behaviour in nightclubs and in the culture of the band's hometown, Sheffield. Turner describes "Dancing Shoes" as being about "people always looking to pull when they go out however much they mask it".

These themes continued on the following album Favourite Worst Nightmare with the band still progressing as musicians. Songs such as "Fluorescent Adolescent" and "Do Me a Favour" explored failed relationships, nostalgia and growing old, while musically the band took up a more up-tempo and aggressive sound.

Their third album Humbug marked a change in sound and was described as psychedelic rock, hard rock, stoner rock, alternative rock, post-punk revival, indie rock, garage rock, and desert rock, due to the influence of the album's producer and Queens of the Stone Age frontman, Josh Homme. For Humbug, the band actively sought a new sound. Homme was quoted saying, "They came to me: 'Will you take us to the weird and the strange?'" According to Brooklyn Vegan, "they were no longer pulling mostly from rowdy garage rock, but from tripped-out psychedelia, lumbering doom metal, hypnotic stoner rock, and darker songwriters like Nick Cave."

Their fourth album Suck It and See sees the band exploring styles, mixing them with newfound maturity. Turner said: "I think the new album is a balance between our first three. There's nothing about taxi ranks or anything like that, but there's a bit of the standpoint I had on those early songs and the sense of humour, but also there's a bit of the 'Humbug' stuff which is kind of off in the corners." The album was described as guitar pop, indie rock, indie pop, psychedelic pop, alternative rock, pop rock, garage rock, psychedelic rock, and pop. Critics noted an influence from British rock bands from the 1960s, as well as the Smiths, and slower, love-themed ballads featured more heavily on the album than the fast-paced, rockier songs that typify the band's sound. Turner wrote much of the album in his apartment on an acoustic guitar, further influencing the ballad-style prevalent on the album.

In a 2012 interview with Pitchfork, Turner recalled that he and his friends were fans of Oasis, and that his mother "would always play the Eagles too, so I'm word-perfect on shitloads of Eagles tunes". He also listened to hip hop acts such as Outkast, Eminem, Wu-Tang Clan and Roots Manuva, amongst others. He cited John Lennon, Ray Davies, Nick Cave and Method Man as major influences lyrically. When speaking about Lennon in an interview with NME, Turner said; "I remember when I first started writing songs, and writing lyrics, I really wanted to be able to write an "I Am the Walrus" type song, and I found it very difficult. You listen to that and it sounds like it's all nonsense, but it's difficult to write that sort of thing and make it compelling. Lennon definitely had a knack for that".

According to the band, their fifth album AM has been described as psychedelic rock, blues rock, indie rock, and hard rock, with hip hop influences. As Turner stated in an interview with NME, it's "like a Dr. Dre beat, but we've given it an Ike Turner bowl-cut and sent it galloping across the desert on a Stratocaster". He also cited Outkast, Aaliyah and Black Sabbath as influences for the album on the song "Arabella".

Their sixth album Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino took on a different direction, substituting the guitar-heavy sound from their previous albums for a more complex, piano-based style of composition. The album was described as psychedelic pop, lounge pop, space pop, and glam rock. In a 2018 interview with BBC Radio 1, Turner explained that he wrote the songs for the album on a piano instead of the guitar as "the guitar had lost its ability to give me ideas. Every time I sat with a guitar I was suspicious of where it was gonna go. I had a pretty good idea of what I might be which is completely contrary to what I felt when I sat at the piano." Alex also stated that he received inspiration from three Jean-Pierre Melville films—Un flic, Le Cercle Rouge and Le Samouraï, as well as the film adaptation of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories named Spirits of the Dead.

With there being a great distinction between the rock sound of AM and slower sound of Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino, their seventh album The Car has been described a comfortable middle ground. The album covers many genres including, art rock, orchestral rock, lounge pop, baroque pop, and funk, as well as elements of jazz. In a 2022 interview with ABC, Turner states, "Every time I've sort of thought about attempting to go in a direction that you've been before, it sort of feels – quite quickly – sounds like a spoof or something. I think we've always just been following the same instincts we were in the beginning. That hasn't really changed."

Legacy and influence

According to Vice, "in Britain at least, Arctic Monkeys have reached a point where they are too enormous, too beloved a force to truly fail" and are probably the UK's biggest, most culturally important band. Vice further states that they are "the band that your friends whose music taste can otherwise be described as "Match of the Day-wave" are desperate to see perform live; the band dads and little brothers have in common—simply because throughout their career, they have remained consistent, while their peers in both sound and age have failed to keep similar longevity."  English poet John Cooper Clarke praised the band as "the nearest thing" to the Beatles. Radio X has also named Arctic Monkeys as one of the best bands of all time.

Following the success of Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not, some critics cited the Arctic Monkeys as revolutionising the way people find music as they built a fanbase on the basis of a few demos shared by fans through the internet. Critics hugely praised the album for its depiction of youth British culture and for resurging British indie music that had waned after the 1990s, with NME declaring the Arctic Monkeys "Our Generation's Most Important Band."

According to NME, the band's 2013 album AM "became the soundtrack for countless nights out, hook-ups and comedowns in every town and city of this country" by the end of the 2010s. Johnny Davis of Esquire wrote, "Every so often, a band emerges to define the times not just for a generation of music fans but for a whole era – the Clash, the Smiths, Oasis, the Strokes. Where Arctic Monkeys may be unique is that they have now managed that role twice [with both Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not and AM]" The co-founder of the band's label Domino Records, Laurence Bell, said "They're the toast of the playground again, every 13-year-old loves them. But so do grandads who were into Led Zeppelin. It's very rare for a band to come out of the traps so big [with Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not] and then have another massive moment [with AM]. It reminds me of The Who and The Stones, where they did some pop singles early on and then moved into an imperial phase." Other musicians have praised the band including Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl, Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich, and rapper RZA. Bob Dylan claims to have made "special efforts" to see the band live, while David Bowie, said they were "a nice solid Brit band." Damon Albarn called them "the last great guitar band [...] I don't really know if there's anything as good as that since."

The band was an object of discussion for cultural theorist Mark Fisher in regard to the concept of hauntology and what he described as "the lost futures" of modernity. In an interview with Crack Magazine Fisher said: "[...] something like the Arctic Monkeys, there is no relation to historicity. They're clearly a retro group, but the category of retro doesn't make any sense anymore because it's retro compared to what?" and "Arctic Monkeys airbrush cultural time out and appeal to this endless return and timelessness of rock."

The band have influenced several artists such as Black Midi, Blossoms, Fontaines D.C., Wallows, The 1975, Halsey,  Yungblud, Lewis Capaldi, Louis Tomlinson, Mahalia, Arlo Parks, Sam Fender, Billie Eilish, Bring Me the Horizon, Måneskin, Hozier, Slowthai, JID and Earthgang, among others.

Band members

Current members
 Jamie Cook – rhythm and lead guitar (2002–present), keyboards (2018–present), lap steel guitar (2017–2019), backing vocals (2002–2007)
 Matt Helders – drums, percussion, backing and occasional lead vocals (2002–present), keyboards (2017–present)
 Alex Turner – lead vocals, lead and rhythm guitar (2002–present), keyboards (2006–2009, 2017–present), percussion (2005–2006)
 Nick O'Malley – bass guitar, backing vocals (2006–present)

Former members
 Andy Nicholson – bass guitar, backing vocals (2002–2006)

Current touring musicians
 Scott Gillies – guitar (2013–present), lap steel guitar (2018–2019), keyboards (2012–2014, 2022-present)
 Tom Rowley – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2013–present), lap steel guitar (2018–present), percussion (2013–2014)
 Davey Latter – percussion (2013–present)
 Tyler Parkford – keyboards, backing vocals (2018–present)

Former touring musicians
 John Ashton – keyboards, backing vocals (2009–2011), guitar, percussion (2009–2010)
 Ben Partons – keyboards (2011–2012)

Timeline

Touring musicians timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not (2006)
 Favourite Worst Nightmare (2007)
 Humbug (2009)
 Suck It and See (2011)
 AM (2013)
 Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino (2018)
 The Car (2022)

Concert tours

 Whatever People Say I Am Tour (2005–2006)
 Favourite Worst Nightmare Tour (2007–2008)
 Humbug Tour (2009–2010)
 Suck It and See Tour (2011–2012)
 AM Tour (2013–2014)
 Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino Tour (2018–2019)
 The Car Tour (2022–2023)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Brit Award winners
Domino Recording Company artists
English indie rock groups
English alternative rock groups
English garage rock groups
English stoner rock musical groups
Post-punk revival music groups
Musical groups from Sheffield
Musical groups established in 2002
NME Awards winners
2002 establishments in England
English musical quartets

Arctic Monkeys


Gordon Marshall (born 2 July 1939 in Farnham, Surrey) is a former Anglo-Scottish professional football goalkeeper who played in the top flights of both Scotland and England in a 22-year senior career.

Club career

Heart of Midlothian
Marshall began his career with Heart of Midlothian, making his debut aged only 17 in 1956. Within a season he had replaced Wilson Brown as Hearts regular custodian and was to play a significant part in one of the most successful eras in the Maroons history, collecting 5 major medals in his 7 years at Tynecastle. He missed only 3 matches in Hearts' 1957–58 League-winning campaign and only 1 match during the 1959–60 season, when they won a League and League Cup Double. However, in 1963 Newcastle United bid £18,000 for his services and, with future Scotland international Jim Cruickshank in reserve, Hearts decided to sell.

Newcastle United and Nottingham Forest

The Magpies, one of the leading sides in England in the early 1950s, were by this stage floundering in the Second Division. Marshall soon became the first-choice goalkeeper as manager Joe Harvey successfully rebuilt the side, culminating in promotion as champions in 1964–65. After several seasons of consolidation in the top flight, Newcastle sold Marshall to Nottingham Forest for £17,500 in 1968. His time in the East Midlands was brief though, and after only 7 appearances he was allowed to leave at the end of the 1968–69 season.

Return to Scotland

Hibernian finished third in Marshall's first full season with them but struggled during the next campaign and at its conclusion he was transferred to Celtic. He was a back-up to Denis Connaghan and then Evan Williams, and he didn't play for Celtic's first team in the domestic competitions. However, Gordon Marshall played for Celtic in the European Cup against Boldklub 1903 in Copenhagen. Marshall then signed for Aberdeen as cover for Bobby Clark in early 1972. He played nine games for the Dons as they achieved a second place league finish in 1971–72, but he left for newly promoted Arbroath in the following summer.

Marshall spent the final six years of his playing career with the Red Lichties, earning a testimonial. He helped them maintain their status in the top flight until league reconstruction in 1975–76 created a ten-team Premier Division. He was a member of the giant-killing side of 1976–77 which knocked old club Hibs out of the Scottish Cup in a replay at Easter Road before retiring in 1978.

International career
Although born in Surrey, Marshall is of Scottish ancestry and was raised in Edinburgh. However, unlike current eligibility regulations that allow players to represent a country based on residence or grand-parental links, those enforced by the British football associations in the 1960s only allowed players to represent the country they were born in. Thus Marshall, similar to his contemporary, Liverpool-born Hibs' forward Joe Baker, was decreed English in footballing terms, regardless of any personal affiliation he felt to Scotland. Both Marshall and Baker represented England at Under-23 level, with Baker later earning selection to the full side. Marshall himself was reputedly watched by Sir Alf Ramsey with regard to selection for England's World Cup squad but eventually passed over in favour of the more celebrated trio of Banks, Springett and Bonetti.

Post-retirement
Marshall turned part-time upon joining Arbroath and simultaneously invested in a newsagents in West Maitland Street in Edinburgh's West End, a venture he continued to run after his playing retirement in 1978. He retained a keen interest in football, regularly watching his first club Hearts, and raised two sons who developed into professional players. Gordon Jnr., also a goalkeeper, started off with Rangers, later joined Celtic and eventually earned a full cap for Scotland. Scott, a defender, played for Arsenal, Southampton and Brentford. He also has a daughter, Lesley, who plays basketball and has 58 caps for the National Scottish Basketball team.

Honours Scottish League: 2 1957–58, 1959–60 League Cup: 3 1958–59, 1959–60, 1962–63 Division Two: 1'
 1964–65

References

External links
Appearances at londonhearts.com
Appearances at "Newcastle United – a Statistical Journey"

Living people
1939 births
Aberdeen F.C. players
Arbroath F.C. players
Celtic F.C. players
English men's footballers
England men's under-23 international footballers
English people of Scottish descent
Men's association football goalkeepers
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Hibernian F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
People from Farnham
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Dalkeith Thistle F.C. players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Footballers from Edinburgh
Footballers from Surrey

Gordon Marshall (footballer, born 1939)


Clarence Burgess Owens (born August 2, 1951) is an American politician, nonprofit executive, and former professional football player serving as the U.S. representative for Utah's 4th congressional district since 2021. He played safety for 10 seasons for the New York Jets and the Oakland Raiders, winning a championship with the Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1980. Since leaving the NFL, Owens has founded several businesses and is the CEO of a nonprofit dedicated to helping troubled and incarcerated youth. A Republican, Owens was first elected to Congress in 2020, when he narrowly defeated incumbent Democrat Ben McAdams in the 2020 election. Owens is one of four black Republicans in the House of Representatives.

Early life
Owens was born in Columbus, Ohio, where his Texas-born father had come to do graduate studies he could not complete in Texas due to Jim Crow laws. The family later moved to Tallahassee, Florida, where Owens's father taught as a college professor. Owens was raised in a Baptist home.

Education and football career
Owens graduated from Rickards High School in Tallahassee, Florida, in 1969. He was one of four African-American players who were integrated onto a football team at a historically white high school. Owens was the third of four black athletes recruited to play at the University of Miami and the third black student to earn a scholarship. He was named a First-team All-American defensive back, Most Valuable Defensive Player of the North–South All Star Game, and MVP of the Coaches All-American Game. He was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall Of Fame in 1980, and its Orange Bowl "Ring of Honor" in 1999.

Owens earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology/Chemistry from the University of Miami.

The New York Jets selected Owens with the 13th pick in the first round of the 1973 NFL Draft. During his rookie season, he returned a kickoff 82 yards for a touchdown against the Denver Broncos. This was the Jets' only touchdown scored on a kickoff return during the 1970s. He was a regular starter for the Jets for most of the 1970s, and was a part of the Raiders' 1980 Super Bowl XV championship team.

Post-football career
In 1983, Owens moved to New York City. Shortly after leaving professional football, he and his brother ran a business that sold electronics to other businesses to track business expenses. The venture failed and Owens eventually declared bankruptcy.

Owens later relocated to a small apartment in Brooklyn, where he worked as a chimney sweep and security guard. He later moved to Philadelphia, where he took a sales job with WordPerfect. In later years he was an account executive with Sprint and Motorola, and from 2009 to 2013 he owned a business called Pure and Simple Solutions.

He is a founder, board member, and CEO of Second Chance 4 Youth, founded in 2019, a nonprofit dedicated to helping troubled and incarcerated youth.

Owens has been a frequent guest contributor at Fox News.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2020

In November 2019, Owens announced that he would run for the U.S. House of Representatives in Utah's 4th congressional district. He was one of four candidates in the Republican primary.

On June 30, Owens won the primary with 43% of the vote, defeating Utah State Representative Kim Coleman by 20 points. He also defeated challengers KSL radio personality Jay McFarland and businessman Trent Christensen.

Owens was a speaker at the 2020 Republican National Convention.

Owens faced Democratic incumbent Ben McAdams in the general election. On November 14, eleven days after the election and with 99% of precincts reporting, President Donald Trump and Utah U.S. Senator Mike Lee congratulated Owens on winning the election, based upon Breitbart News calling it for Owens. McAdams conceded to Owens on November 16 and the Associated Press called the race for Owens.

2022

Owens won the Republican primary with 61.9% of the vote against challenger Jake Hunsaker. In the general election he defeated Democratic nominee Darlene McDonald and United Utah Party nominee January Walker, running with the endorsement of the Forward Party.

Tenure
In late 2020, Owens was identified as a participant in the "Freedom Force", a group of incoming Republican members of the House of Representatives who oppose far-left ideology in the House, specifically the progressive group called "the Squad".

On January 6, 2021, during the certification of electoral votes for the 2020 United States presidential election, Owens opposed the objection to the electors from Arizona, but supported the objection to the electors from Pennsylvania.

In 2021, Owens opposed the For the People Act, a Democratic-sponsored bill to reform election laws.

In 2021, Owens co-sponsored the Fairness for All Act, the Republican alternative to the Equality Act. The bill would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity, and protect the free exercise of religion.

Committee assignments

 Committee on Education and Labor
 Committee on the Judiciary

Caucus memberships

Republican Study Committee

Political positions
Owens has said his views were liberal upon leaving the NFL in 1982. During his 2020 Republican primary campaign, he described his current views as "very conservative". In June 2019, Owens provided testimony to a United States House Committee on the Judiciary subcommittee opposing a bill that advocated reparations for slavery. He has also criticized U.S. national anthem protests and Colin Kaepernick. In November 2019, Owens called Donald Trump "an advocate for black Americans". On January 6, 2021, he voted to reject Pennsylvania's electoral votes for President-elect Biden but did not vote to reject Arizona's. At a June 1, 2020, Republican primary debate, Owens said Democrats in Washington are held in thrall by Marxists and socialists. He said, "The days of Ronald Reagan and Tip O'Neill are over. We're dealing with people who hate our country".

Healthcare
He said the Affordable Care Act should be repealed and that he supported President Trump. Later on in the campaign, Owens changed his stance, saying that coverage for preexisting conditions should be protected, and that he did not support repeal of Obamacare.

Economy
In a candidate forum in October 2020, Owens said the country's top economic need was to reduce business regulations and make tax cuts. He also stated his opposition to a minimum wage increase. When asked about the need for bipartisanship, he responded: The first thing we have to do is make sure that the Republican Party gets control again... We're at a point now we just cannot afford to go off the cliff and allow a socialist to actually take the lead now... We have to be honest about this. There are truly people who don't love our culture and do anything to destroy it and transform us into something else.

LGBT rights
On July 19, 2022, Owens was among 47 Republican representatives who voted in favor of the Respect for Marriage Act, which would codify the right to same-sex marriage in federal law. However, Owens voted "present" on final passage on December 8, 2022.

In August 2022, Owens co-sponsored a bill put forth by Marjorie Taylor Greene that would criminalize gender-affirming health care for trans youth.

Big Tech
In 2022, Owens was one of 39 Republicans to vote for the Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022, an antitrust package that would crack down on corporations for anti-competitive behavior.

Personal life
According to his website, Owens was married for 34 years and had six children before he and his wife divorced. He is a prostate cancer survivor.

Owens is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and has spoken publicly about his faith. He joined the Church during his final season with the Oakland Raiders. Crediting the influence of teammate Todd Christensen, Owens (raised Baptist), and his wife Josie (raised Catholic), were baptized on December 31, 1982. In 1988, he spoke at a meeting sponsored by the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies held on the 10th anniversary of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood.

Works and publications
It's All About Team: Exposing the Black Talented Tenth, Paperless Publishing LLC, 2012.
 Liberalism or How to Turn Good Men into Whiners, Weenies and Wimps, Post Hill Press, 2016.
Why I Stand: From Freedom to the Killing Fields of Socialism, Post Hill Press, 2018.

See also
 Black conservatism in the United States
 List of African-American United States representatives
 List of American sportsperson-politicians

References

External links

 Representative Burgess Owens official U.S. House website
 Campaign website

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1951 births
21st-century American politicians
American athlete-politicians
American Latter Day Saints
African-American Latter Day Saints
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American people in Utah politics
African-American players of American football
American football safeties
Businesspeople from Utah
Black conservatism in the United States
Candidates in the 2020 United States elections
Critics of Black Lives Matter
Latter Day Saints from Ohio
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Living people
Los Angeles Raiders players
Miami Hurricanes football players
New York Jets players
Oakland Raiders players
Players of American football from Columbus, Ohio
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Utah
University of Miami alumni
Converts to Mormonism from Baptist denominations
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American sportspeople

Burgess Owens