Bacolod, officially the City of Bacolod (; ; ; ), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Western Visayas, Philippines. It is the capital of the province of Negros Occidental, where it is geographically situated but governed administratively independent.

With a total of 600,783 inhabitants as of the 2020 census, it is the most populous city in Western Visayas and the second most populous city in the entire Visayas after Cebu City. It is the center of the Bacolod metropolitan area, which also includes the cities of Bago, La Carlota, Silay, Talisay, Victorias, and the municipalities of Enrique B. Magalona, Murcia, Pulupandan, San Enrique, and Valladolid, with a total population of 1,435,980 inhabitants, along with a total area of .

It is notable for its MassKara Festival held during the third week of October and is known for bearing the nickname "The City of Smiles". The city is also famous for its local delicacies piaya, cansi, and chicken inasal.

Etymology
Bacólod (), is derived from bakólod (Old Spelling: bacólod), the Old Hiligaynon (Old Ilonggo) (Old Spelling: Ylongo and Ilongo) word for a "hill, turtle, mound, rise, hillock, down, any small eminence or elevation", since the resettlement was founded on a stony, hilly area, now the barangay of Granada. It was officially called Ciudad de Bacólod (City of Bacolod) when Municipalidad de Bacólod (Municipality of Bacolod) was converted into a city in 1938.

History

Spanish colonial period
Historical church accounts provide a glimpse of the early years of Bacolod as a mere small settlement by the riverbank known as Magsungay (translated as "horn-shaped" in English). When the neighboring settlement of Bago was elevated into the status of a small town in 1575, it had several religious dependencies and one of which was the village of Magsungay. The early missionaries placed the village under the care and protection of Saint Sebastian sometime in the middle of the 18th century.  A corregidor () by the name of Luis Fernando de Luna, donated a relic of the saint for the growing mission, and since then, the village came to be known as San Sebastián de Magsung̃ay.

Bacolod was not established as a town until 1755 or 1756, after the inhabitants of the coastal settlement of San Sebastián de Magsung̃ay, were attacked by forces under Datu Bantílan of Sulu on July 14, 1755, and the villagers transferred from the coast to a hilly area called Bacólod (which is now the barangay of Granada). Bernardino de los Santos became the first gobernadorcillo (). The town of Bacolod was constituted as a parroquia () in 1788 under the secular clergy, but did not have a resident priest until 1802, as the town was served by the priest from Bago, and later Binalbagan. By 1790, slave raids on Bacolod by Moro pirates had ceased.

On February 11, 1802, Fr. Eusebio Laurencio became acting parish priest of Bacolod. In September 1806, Fr. León Pedro was appointed interim parish priest and the following year became the first regular parish priest. In September 1817, Fray () Julián Gonzaga from Barcelona was appointed as the parish priest. He encouraged the people to settle once again near the sea. He also encouraged migration to Bacolod and the opening of lands to agriculture and industry.

In 1846, upon the request of Romualdo Jimeno, bishop of Cebu and Negros at that time, Governor-General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa sent to Negros a team of Recollect missionaries headed by priest Fernando Cuenca. A decree of June 20, 1848, by Gobernador General Clavería ordered the restructuring of Negros politically and religiously. The following year (1849), Negros Island Gobernadorcillo Manuel Valdevieso y Morquecho transferred the capital of the Province of Negros from Himamaylan to Bacolod and the Augustinian Recollects were asked to assume spiritual administration of Negros, which they did that same year.  Transfer of Bacolod to the Recollects, however, took place only in 1871. Fray Mauricio Ferrero became the first Augustinian Recollect parish priest of Bacolod and successor to the secular priest, Fr. Mariano Ávila. In 1863, a compulsory primary public school system was set up.

In 1889, Bacolod became the capital of Occidental Negros when the Province of Negros was politically divided into the separate provinces of Occidental Negros (Spanish: Negros Occidental) and Oriental Negros (Spanish: Negros Oriental).

Revolution and Republic of Negros

The success of the uprising in Bacolod and environs was attributed to the low morale of the local imperial Spanish detachment, due to its defeat in Panay and Luzon and to the psychological warfare waged by Generals Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta. In 1897, a battle in Bacolod was fought at Matab-ang River. A year later, on November 5, 1898, the Negrense Revolucionarios (), armed with knives, bolos, spears, and rifle-like nipa palm stems, and pieces of sawali or amakan mounted on carts, captured the convent, presently Palacio Episcopal (), where Colonel Isidro de Castro y Cisneros, well-armed cazadores () and platoons of Guardias Civiles (), surrendered.

On November 7, 1898, most of the revolutionary army gathered together to establish a provisional junta and to confirm the elections of Aniceto Lacson as president, Juan Araneta as war-delegate, as well as the other officials. For a brief moment, the provinces of Occidental Negros and Oriental Negros were reunited under the cantonal government of the Negrense Revolucionarios, from November 6, 1898, to the end of February 1899, making Bacolod the capital. In March 1899, the American forces led by Colonel James G. Smith occupied Bacolod, the revolutionary capital of República Cantonal de Negros (). They occupied Bacolod after the invitation of the Republic of Negros which sought protectorate status for their nation under the United States.

American colonial period

The Cantonal Republic of Negros became a U.S. territory on April 30, 1901. This separated Negros Island once again, reverting Bacolod to its status as the capital of Occidental Negros.

The public school of Instituto Rizal () opened its doors to students on July 1, 1902. Colegio de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación (), the first private institution in the province of Negros Occidental, was established in Bacolod by the Augustinian sisters on March 11, 1919, and opened in July 1919.

A historic event took place in 1938 when Municipality of Bacolod was elevated into a city through Commonwealth Act No. 326 passed by the 1st National Assembly of the Philippines creating the City of Bacolod. Assemblyman Pedro C. Hernáez of the second district of Negros Occidental sponsored the bill. The law was passed on June 18, 1938. Bacolod was formally inaugurated as a chartered city on October 19, 1938, by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 404,  highlighted by the visit of Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon. President Quezon appointed Alfredo Montelíbano, Sr. as the first city mayor of Bacolod.

Japanese occupation and allied liberation
In World War II, Bacolod was occupied by the Japanese forces on May 21, 1942. Lieutenant General Kawano "Kono" Takeshi, the Japanese commanding officer of the 77th Infantry Brigade, 102nd Division, seized the homes of Don Generoso Villanueva, a prominent sugar planter—whose home, the Daku Balay served as the "seat of power" (occupational headquarters for the Japanese Forces in Negros and all of the Central Visayan region of the Philippines) and being the tallest building of Bacolod it served as the city's watchtower—and the home of his brother-in-law, Don Mariano Ramos, the first appointed Municipal President of Bacolod. The home of Don Generoso was lived in by Lt. General Takeshi throughout the duration of the war and also served as his office and the home of Don Mariano was occupied by a Japanese Colonel serving under the command of Lt. General Takeshi. The city was liberated by joint Philippine and American forces on May 29, 1945. It took time to rebuild the city after liberation.  However, upon the orders of Lt. General Takeshi, both the homes of Villanueva and Ramos were saved from destruction by the retreating Japanese forces.

In March 1945, upon the invasion of the American and Philippine Commonwealth forces, the withdrawal of the Japanese army into the mountains and the temporary occupation of Bacolod by the combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth armed forces, the house of Villanueva was then occupied by Major General Rapp Brush, commander of the 40th Infantry Division, known as the "Sun Burst" Division, for approximately five months. The local Philippine military built and established the general headquarters and camp bases of the Philippine Commonwealth Army which was active from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946. The 7th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary was also active from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, and was stationed in Bacolod during and after World War II.

Independent Philippines

When the country finally gained independence from the United States, the city's public markets and slaughterhouses were rebuilt during the administration of then Mayor Vicente Remitió from 1947 to 1949. In 1948, a fire razed a portion of the records section of the old city hall that consumed the rear end of the building and with it, numerous priceless documents of the city.

Bacolod was classified as a highly urbanized city. On September 27, 1984, by the provision of Section 166 and 168 of
the Local Government Code and the DILG Memo Circular No. 83-49.

In January 1985, the original hardwood and coral structure of Palacio Episcopal was almost entirely destroyed by a fire. Among the damage of the raging fire were items of significant historical value. The reconstruction of Palacio which took more than two years, was completed in 1990.

In 2008, Bacolod topped a survey by MoneySense Magazine as the "Best Place to Live in the Philippines". The city has also been declared by the Department of Science and Technology as a "center of excellence" for information technology and business process management operations. In 2017 & 2019, Bacolod was awarded the "Top Philippine Model City" as the most livable urban center in the country by The Manila Times. In 2021, Bacolod received the "2021 Most Business-Friendly Local Government Unit (LGU) Award" under the category of highly-urbanized cities outside the National Capital Region (NCR) in the search organized by the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI). This was the second time Bacolod received such award having won the same title in 2007.

Geography

Bacolod is located on the northwestern coast of the large island of Negros. Within the island, it is bounded on the north by the city of Talisay, on the east by the town of Murcia and on the south by the city of Bago. As a coastal city, it is bounded on the west by the Guimaras Strait, serving as a natural border of northwestern Negros Island Region to the neighboring Western Visayas. The global location of Bacolod is 10 degrees, 40 minutes 40 seconds - north and 122 degrees 54 minutes 25 seconds - east with Bacolod Public Plaza as the benchmark.

Bacolod has a total land area of , including straits and bodies of water and the  reclamation area; and is composed of 61 barangay (villages) and 639 purok (smaller units composing a barangay/village). It is accessible by sea through the ports of Banago; the BREDCO Port in the Reclamation Area, and the port of Pulupandan. By air, it is accessible through the Bacolod–Silay International Airport, which is approximately 13 (four is counting from the Lagoon) kilometers away from the center of the city.

Bacolod is ideally located on a level area, slightly sloping down as it extends toward the sea with an average slope of 0.9 percent for the city proper and between 3 and 5 percent for the suburbs.  The altitude is  above sea level, with the Bacolod City Public Plaza as the benchmark.

Climate
Bacolod has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) with two pronounced seasons, wet and dry. The rainy (wet) season starts from May to December with heavy rains occurring during the months of August and September. The dry season starts from the month of January until the last week of April.

Barangays

Bacolod is politically subdivided into 61 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 Barangay 1 (Poblacion)
 Barangay 2 (Población)
 Barangay 3 (Población)
 Barangay 4 (Población)
 Barangay 5 (Población)
 Barangay 6 (Población)
 Barangay 7 (Población)
 Barangay 8 (Población)
 Barangay 9 (Población)
 Barangay 10 (Población)
 Barangay 11 (Población)
 Barangay 12 (Población)
 Barangay 13 (Población)
 Barangay 14 (Población)
 Barangay 15 (Población)
 Barangay 16 (Población)
 Barangay 17 (Población)
 Barangay 18 (Población)
 Barangay 19 (Población)
 Barangay 20 (Población)
 Barangay 21 (Población)
 Barangay 22 (Población)
 Barangay 23 (Población)
 Barangay 24 (Población)
 Barangay 25 (Población)
 Barangay 26 (Población)
 Barangay 27 (Población)
 Barangay 28 (Población)
 Barangay 29 (Población)
 Barangay 30 (Población)
 Barangay 31 (Población)
 Barangay 32 (Población)
 Barangay 33 (Población)
 Barangay 34 (Población)
 Barangay 35 (Población)
 Barangay 36 (Población)
 Barangay 37 (Población)
 Barangay 38 (Población)
 Barangay 39 (Población)
 Barangay 40 (Población)
 Barangay 41 (Población)
 Alangilan
 Alijis
 Banago
 Bata
 Cabug
 Estefanía
 Felisa
 Granada
 Handumanan
 Mandalagan
 Mansilingan
 Montevista
 Pahanocoy
 Punta Taytay
 Singcang-Airport
 Sum-ag
 Taculing
 Tangub
 Villamonte
 Vista Alegre

Demographics

As of 2020, Bacolod has a total population of 600,783, and its registered voting population is 312,816 voters (2019).

Economy

Bacolod is the Philippines' third fastest growing economy in terms of information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO) activities. The city has been recommended by the Information and Communication Technology Office of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and Business Processing Association of the Philippines (BPAP) as the best location in the Visayas for BPO activities.
Bacolod ranked 3rd among the top ten "Next Wave Cities" of the Philippines for the best location for BPO and offshoring according to a 2010 report of the Commission on Information and Communications Technology. In 2013, the city was declared a "center of excellence" for IT-business process management operations by the DOST, joining the ranks of Metro Manila, Metro Cebu and Clark Freeport Zone.

Among the notable BPO and KPO companies operating in the city are Concentrix, Teleperformance, TTEC, iQor, Transcom, Ubiquity Global Services, Panasiatic Solutions, Focus Direct Inc. – Bacolod, Pierre and Paul Solutions Inc., TELESYNERGY Corp. – Bacolod, Hit Rate Solutions/Next Level IT Teleservices Inc., Focusinc Group Corporation (FGC Plus), Pathcutters Philippines Inc., TeleQuest Voice Services (TQVS), ServiceFirst Call Center and BPO, Fair Trade Outsourcing, Global Strategic Business Process Solutions, Monster Group Bacolod, and Orbit Teleservices.

In 2012, a  portion of the  Paglaum Sports Complex was partitioned for the construction of the provincial government-owned Negros First CyberCentre (NFCC) as an IT-BPO Outsourcing Hub with a budget of P674-million. It is located at Lacson corner Hernaez Streets and offers up to 22,000 square meters of mixed IT-BPO and commercial spaces. Its facilities are divided into three sections — Information Technology, Commercial Support Facilities, and Common IT Facilities. It was inaugurated in April 2015 in rites led by President Benigno S. Aquino III. The area was initially a residential zone and has been reclassified as a commercial zone as approved by the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance.

Along its highways, sugarcane plantations are a typical scene. As of 2003,  of the city's  of agricultural land were still planted with sugarcane. Meanwhile,  were devoted to rice,  to assorted vegetables,  to coconut,  to banana and  to corn.

According to the "Philippine Cities Competitiveness Ranking Project 2005" of Asian Institute of Management (AIM), Bacolod tops the list in terms of infrastructure, ahead of such other mid-size cities like Iligan, Calamba and General Santos. The city also tops the list in terms of quality of life, ahead of such other mid-size cities like San Fernando, Baguio, Iloilo and Lipa. AIM also recognized Bacolod as one of the Top Five most competitive mid-size cities together with Batangas, Iligan, Iloilo, and San Fernando.

In 2022, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr unveiled Megaworld Corporation's plan to build a 34-hectare mixed-used development called Megaworld Upper East. The project is said to generate over 500,000 direct and indirect jobs in the province of Negros Occidental, 100,000 of which are BPO employees.

Sports

Football

Bacolod hosted the 2005 Southeast Asian Games Football tournament, the 2007 ASEAN Football Championship qualification, the 2010 AFC U-16 Championship qualification and the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification play-off first leg was held at the Panaad Stadium where the Philippines won 2–0 over Mongolia. Likewise the city has the home football stadium of the Philippines national football team (Azkals).

The Philippines Football League side Ceres–Negros F.C. is based in the city, playing their home games at the newly renovated Panaad Stadium.

Since Bacolod is also being tagged as a "Football City" in the country, an ordinance was approved by the City Council in June 2015, setting the third week of the month of April every year as the "Bacolod City Football Festival Week".

Ceres-Negros FC is the Philippines Football League 2018 Champion.

Basketball

Bacolod is home to two professional basketball teams, both in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League, with the Bacolod City of Smiles and Negros Muscovados both playing their home games at La Salle Coliseum. It is also the former home of the Negros Slashers of the defunct Metropolitan Basketball Association.

The 2008 PBA All-Star Weekend was held in the city and has since been a regular venue of the Philippine Basketball Association's out-of-town games. The Sandugo Unigames 2012 was also hosted by the city participated by various universities across the country.

Karate
The 1996 Philippine Karatedo Federation (PKF) National Championships and the 20th PKF National Open 2007 were held in the city. Both events were hosted by La Salle Coliseum of the University of St. La Salle. The tournaments were contested by hundreds of karatekas all over the country.

Golf
There are two major golf courses in the city; the Bacolod Golf and Country Club and the Negros Occidental Golf and Country Club. The city hosted the 61st Philippine Airlines Inter-club Golf Tournament and the 2008 Philippine Amateur Golf Championship. A Golf tournament sponsored by the City Mayor is also held every Masskara.

Mixed martial arts
Bacolod is home to many mixed martial arts competitions including quarterly fights hosted by the Universal Reality Combat Championship.

Parkour
The first Parkour team in Negros, known as "Parkour Bacolod", started in late 2007.

Culture

Masskara Festival

The MassKara Festival (Hiligaynon: Pista sang Maskara, Filipino: Fiesta ng Maskara) is an annual festival held on the fourth Sunday of October in Bacolod. Dancers wear masks, which is where the festival gets its name.

Panaad sa Negros Festival

The Panaad sa Negros Festival, or just the Panaad Festival (sometimes spelled as Pana-ad), is a festival held annually during the month of April. Panaad is the Hiligaynon word for "vow" or "promise"; the festival is a form of thanksgiving to Divine Providence and commemoration of a vow in exchange for a good life.

The celebration is held at the Panaad Park, which also houses the Panaad Stadium, and is participated in by the 13 cities and 19 towns of the province. For this reason, the province dubs it the "mother" of all its festivals.

Bacolaodiat Festival
Bacolod's Chinese New year Festival. It comes from the word "Bacolod" and "Lao Diat" which means celebration.

Infrastructure

Panaad Park and Sports Complex

The Panaad Park and Sports Complex is a multi-purpose park in the city owned by the Provincial Government of Negros Occidental. Situated in the complex is the Panaad Stadium which is currently used mostly for football matches. It is the home stadium of Philippines Football League team Ceres–Negros F.C. It was used for the 2005 South East Asian Games and was the venue of the pre-qualifiers of the 2007 ASEAN Football Championship or ASEAN Cup.

The stadium has a seating capacity of 15,500, but holds around 20,000 people with standing areas. It is unofficially designated as the home stadium of the Philippines national football team. Aside from the football field, it also has a rubberized track oval, an Olympic-size swimming pool and other sports facilities.
The stadium is also the home of Panaad sa Negros Festival, a week-long celebration participated in by all cities and municipalities in the province held annually every summer. The festival is highlighted by merry-making, field demonstrations, pageant and concert at the stadium. The stadium itself features replicas of the landmarks of the 13 cities and 19 municipalities of Negros Occidental.

Bacolod Public Plaza

The Bacolod Public Plaza is one of the notable landmarks in Bacolod, the capital of Negros Occidental, which is found right in the heart of downtown area, very near to the city hall and right across the San Sebastian Cathedral.

The plaza is the celebrated place of MassKara Festival. It is a week-long festival held each year in Bacolod City every third weekend of October nearest October 19, the city's Charter Anniversary. Bacolod public plaza is the final destination of Masskara street dancing competitions which is the highlights of the celebration.

Capitol Park & Lagoon

The Capitol Park and Lagoon is a provincial park located right in the heart of Bacolod City, Negros Occidental, in the Philippines. One of the landmarks of the park is the carabao (water buffalo) being reared by a woman. This carabao is located at the northern end of the lagoon. On the southern end, there is also another carabao sculpture being pulled by a man. Locals are known to feed pop corns, pop rice, and other edible delicacies sold within the park to the fishes in the lagoon.

Negros Museum

Negros Museum is a privately owned provincial museum situated in the Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol Complex in Bacolod City, Philippines. The structure was built in 1925 as the Provincial Agriculture Building. Negros Museum Cafe serves the needs of museum goers and walk-in guests, situated in the West Annex of the museum. It includes a separate entrance, which includes an open-air and an in-house station occasionally used for small theater plays and art exhibitions. The cafe and the resident chef serves as the official caterer of the Office of the Governor and the Provincial Government of Negros Occidental for official dignitary functions

Paglaum Sports Complex

The Paglaum Sports Complex is a provincial-owned sports venue adjacent to the Negros Occidental High School established during the 1970s that hosted various football events, such as the 1991 Philippines International Cup and the football event of the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. It also hosted three editions of the Palarong Pambansa (1971, 1974, 1979). However, the stadium became unfit to host football matches following the erection of business establishments around the area. In 2012, a two-hectare portion of the four-hectare complex was partitioned for the construction of the Capitol-owned Negros First CyberCentre (NFCC) as an IT-BPO Outsourcing Hub. As of 2013, the provincial government has been proposing for a renovation of the stadium to serve as alternative venue to Panaad Park and Sports Complex, particularly for football competition. Recently, the Paglaum Sports Complex also serves as an alternative venue to the Bacolod Public Plaza for the MassKara Festival celebration.

Negros Occidental Multi-Purpose Activity Center

The Negros Occidental Multi-Purpose Activity Center (NOMPAC) is a provincial-owned multi-use gym adjacent to the Capitol Park and Lagoon. It is currently used mostly for basketball, karatedo and boxing matches. Aside from the gym, it also serves as evacuation site of the province during calamities likewise also serves as cultural facilities in many events.

BAYS Center

The Bacolod Arts & Youth Sports Center (BAYS Center) is a multi-use gym fronting the Bacolod Public Plaza. It is used mostly for basketball, karatedo and boxing matches, and was previously used in events in the city like the MassKara Festival activities and other government related activities like seminars, business and political gatherings.

The gym has a seating capacity of more than a thousand. It is officially designated as the COMELEC tally headquarters for both local and national election in the Philippines.

Bacolod Baywalk

The Bacolod Baywalk is a privately owned esplanade situated near the Bacolod Real Estate Development Corporation (BREDCO) at the city's Reclamation Area. It was first opened in 2013 and re-opened to the public in 2022.

Art District
Art District located along Lacson Street is known for its street art mural and graffiti, restaurants and nightlife.

Healthcare

Bacolod has one public tertiary teaching-learning hospital under the direct management of the Department of Health – Regional Office VI (regional hospital): the Corazon Locsin Montelibano Memorial Regional Hospital (CLMMRH). In September 2022, as per Republic Act 11564, the city government-owned Bacolod City General Hospital held its groundbreaking and is expected to be completed and operational before 2024. The Bacolod City Health Office is responsible for the implementation and planning of the health care programs provided by the city government, which also operates and supervises Health Centers in the barangays of the city. Private hospitals in Bacolod that provide tertiary care include the: Dr. Pablo O. Torre Memorial Hospital (owned and operated by The Riverside Medical Center Inc.); The Doctors' Hospital Inc.; Adventist Medical Center – Bacolod; Bacolod Queen of Mercy Hospital; South Bacolod General Hospital and Medical Center Inc., Metro Bacolod Hospital and Medical Center; and the upcoming Asia–Pacific Medical Center Bacolod Inc.

Education

Bacolod currently has 4 large universities and more than a dozen other schools specializing in various courses. Currently, as sanctioned by the Department of Education, all primary and secondary institutions in the city use the K-12 educational system.

The city alone currently hosts four of well-known educational institutions in the nation. These are:
University of St. La Salle (1952), a Lasallian district school and the second oldest campus founded by the De La Salle Philippines congregation in the country.
University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos (1941), administered by the Order of Augustinian Recollects and the first university in the province of Negros Occidental and the city of Bacolod.
STI West Negros University (1948), founded by Baptist Protestants and later acquired by the STI Education Systems Holdings, Inc.
Carlos Hilado Memorial State University (1954), the only state university in Bacolod and a satellite campus of its main campus in nearby Talisay City

Other noteworthy educational institutions include:
Colegio San Agustin – Bacolod (1962)
La Consolacion College Bacolod (1919)
Riverside College, Inc. (1961)
John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation – Bacolod (1974)
VMA Global College (1974)
Bacolod Christian College of Negros (1954)
Bacolod City College (1997)
Our Lady of Mercy College – Bacolod (2008)
College of Arts & Sciences of Asia & the Pacific – Bacolod Campus (2016)
AMA Computer College – Bacolod Campus (2012)
ABE International Business College – Bacolod Campus (1999)
Asian College of Aeronautics – Bacolod Branch (Main Campus) (2003)
Mapúa Malayan Digital College – Learning Hub Bacolod (2022)
St. Benilde School (1987)
St. Joseph School–La Salle (1960)
St. Scholastica's Academy – Bacolod (1958)
St. John's Institute (Hua Ming) (1953)
Bacolod Tay Tung High School (1934)
Jack and Jill School/Castleson High (1963/1995)
Bacolod Trinity Christian School, Inc. (1976)
Negros Occidental High School (1902)

Transportation

Airports

The Bacolod–Silay Airport, located in nearby City of Silay, is 15 kilometers north-east from Bacolod. Bacolod is 1 hour by air from Manila, 30 minutes by air from Cebu, 1 hour by air from Cagayan de Oro and 1 hour and 10 minutes by air from Davao City.

Bacolod City Domestic Airport was the former airport serving the general area of Bacolod. It was one of the busiest airports in the Western Visayas region, when Bacolod and Negros Occidental were both still part of it. This airport was later replaced by the new Bacolod–Silay International Airport, located in Silay. It was classified as such by the Air Transportation Office, a body of the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of all other airports in the Philippines except the major international airports. The Bacolod City Domestic Airport ceased operations on January 17, 2008, prior to the opening of the Bacolod–Silay International Airport which began operations the day after.

Ports

Banago Wharf and BREDCO Port are the vessels entry point in Bacolod. It has daily access to Iloilo, with different shipping lines such as 2GO Travel (as relaunched in 2012), Weesam Express, OceanJet, Montenegro Lines, Supercat, FastCat, and Tri-Star Mega Link.

There were also access routes previously to Puerto Princesa via Iloilo City, Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, Zamboanga City, Cotabato, Butuan via Cagayan de Oro route, Dipolog, Iligan, Ozamiz, and Surigao City via Cagayan de Oro route.

As of 2012 to present, SuperFerry and Negros Navigation was relaunched into 2GO Travel with routes from Bacolod going Manila, Iloilo and Cagayan de Oro. Bacolod is 18–23 hours from the Port of Manila, 12–15 hours from the Port of Cagayan de Oro, 2-3hrs from Dumangas Port and 1hr from the Port of Iloilo.

Land routes

Bacolod has two main roads, Lacson Street to the north and Araneta Street to the south. The streets in the downtown area are one way, making Bacolod free from traffic congestion. Recently, Bacolod City is experiencing an increase in traffic congestion due to an increase in number of vehicles.

By land-ferry, Bacolod is approximately an hour directly from Iloilo City while by land-RORO-land, Bacolod is approximately 3 hours from Iloilo City via Dumangas route. By land-ferry-land, Bacolod City is approximately 4 hours and 30 minutes from Cebu City via Toledo-San Carlos/Don Salvador Benedicto route while it takes approximately 6 hours by land-RORO-land via same route. By land-RORO-land, Bacolod is approximately 7 hours and 30 minutes from Cebu City via Tabuelan-Escalante, Toledo-San Carlos/Escalante and Toledo-San Carlos/Canlaon routes. Bacolod to Dumaguete via Mabinay route is approximately 6 hours while via Cadiz-San Carlos route takes approximately 8 hours, both routes going Negros Oriental. Bacolod is  from Dumaguete via Kabankalan-Mabinay-Bais Road.

Notable personalities

Sister cities

Bacolod has the following sister cities:

Local
Dumaguete
Iloilo City
Legazpi
Naga, Camarines Sur
Makati City, Marikina City, Parañaque City and Taguig City

International
 Andong in North Gyeongsang and Seo District in Daegu, Republic of Korea
 Darwin in Northern Territory, Australia
 Kamloops in British Columbia, Canada
 Keelung, Taiwan
 Long Beach in California, United States – However, Sister Cities International designates Bacolod and Long Beach as Friendship Cities.
 Singaraja in Bali, Indonesia

See also
Negros Occidental
Hiligaynon language
Metro Bacolod (which also includes Bago, Enrique B. Magalona, La Carlota, Murcia, Pulupandan, Silay, San Enrique, Talisay, Valladolid, Victorias)
Ceres–Negros F.C.

References

External links

 [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]

Metro Bacolod
Cities in Negros Occidental
Highly urbanized cities in the Philippines
Provincial capitals of the Philippines
Port cities and towns in the Philippines
Populated places established in 1575
1575 establishments in the Philippines

Bacolod


John Keith Geering (9 March 1941 – 13 August 1999) was a British cartoonist with a distinctive, occasionally flamboyant style, most famous for his work for DC Thomson comics including Sparky, The Topper, Cracker, Plug, Nutty, The Beano and The Dandy.

Geering's strips included:

 Puss 'n' Boots (Sparky/Topper/Dandy), a more anarchic, surreal take on the traditional cat-and-dog strips, complete with bizarre dialogue and situations - Boots, for example, having taken a gardening job, boasts that the perks include "all the grass I can eat", whilst Puss can be found selling ice cream at the North Pole.
 Smudge (Beano), correctly billed as the world's dirtiest schoolboy, relishing any opportunity to get covered in grime and filth that presents itself.
 Bananaman (Nutty/Dandy/Beano), a bungling superhero whose alter-ego is a stubble-headed schoolboy. This character proved particularly popular during its run in Nutty, and spawned an animated television series voiced by Bill Oddie, Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden. The strip continued in The Dandy, first drawn by John Geering and then by other artists following his death. Bananaman Geering reprints briefly ran in The Beano from January 2012.

He worked at Cosgrove Hall animation studios in Manchester on Danger Mouse, Count Duckula, and the 1989 film The BFG based on the 1982 novel of the same name by Roald Dahl.

Geering's last new strip was Dean's Dino, which he drew for The Beano shortly before his death. He also produced topical and political satire cartoons for British newspapers.

He had lived in the village of Comberbach with his wife for many years before his death.

He died in Warrington, aged 58.

References

External links
Peter Gray's John Geering comic fansite

1941 births
1999 deaths
The Dandy people
The Beano people
Artists from Warrington
British comics artists
British comics writers

John Geering


Kudo or KUDO may refer to:

 KOAN (AM), a radio station (1080 AM) in Anchorage, Alaska, United States, which held the call sign KUDO from 2002 to 2013
 Kūdō, a martial art and a combat sport, also called daido juku

People
Kudō (工藤; Kudo, Kudoh, Kudou) is a Japanese family name.

, Japanese footballer
, Japanese ice hockey player
Chū Kudō (born Tetsusaburō Kudō, 1882–1965), Japanese-born Manchukuo politician and soldier
Elaine Kudo, ballet dancer
Haruka Kudo (singer) (born 1999), Japanese pop singer and member of Morning Musume
Haruka Kudō (voice actress) (born 1989), Japanese voice actor and model
Hirofumi Kudo (born 1959), Japanese curler, 1998 Winter Olympic participant
Kazuyoshi Kudo (c. 1937–2007), Japanese yakuza
, Japanese ice hockey player
Kimiyasu Kudō (born 1963), Japanese baseball player
Mai Kudō (born 1984), Japanese singer
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese animator
, Japanese boxer
Megumi Kudo (born 1969), retired Japanese professional wrestler
Minako Kudo (1967–2005), better known as Minako Honda, Japanese pop singer
, Japanese cross-country skier
Shizuka Kudō (born 1970), Japanese pop singer and former member of Onyanko Club
Tetsumi Kudo (1935–1990), Japanese artist
Tori Kudo, Japanese musician and founder of Maher Shalal Hash Baz
, Japanese para table tennis player
Youki Kudoh (born 1971), Japanese actress and singer
, Japanese footballer
Kudo (wrestler), Japanese professional wrestler
, Japanese actress, former singer with the group Morning Musume
, Japanese voice actress

Fictional characters
Booker Kudo (or Yūsaku Kudō), character in the manga series Case Closed
Harue Kudou, character in the manga series Gals!
Himiko Kudou, character in the manga series GetBackers
Hina Kudo, character in the Korean serial drama Mr. Sunshine
Jimmy Kudo (or Shinichi Kudō), protagonist of the manga series Case Closed
Kanae Kudō, character in the visual novel De Capo
Rei Kudou, character in the Arisa manga series
Shin Kudo, protagonist of the anime Macross Zero
Taiki Kudō, protagonist the anime series Digimon Xros Wars
Vivian Kudo (or Yukiko Kudō), character in the manga series Case Closed
Yohji Kudou, character in the Weiß Kreuz fictional universe
Yuichi Kudo, character in the Doki Doki School Hours anime and manga series

See also
Kudos (disambiguation)

Japanese-language surnames

Kudo


Otterburn is a Palladian-influenced Greek Revival plantation house near Bedford in Bedford County, Virginia. The hilltop house was first built in 1828 for Benjamin A. McDonald (1797-1871) and his wife, the former Sally Camm of Lynchburg, and overlooks the Little Otter Creek watershed. Benjamin A. McDonald, a prominent local Whig educated in Scotland, was appointed a local justice of the peace in 1832 and won election as Bedford County's first presiding justice in 1852. Re-elected twice, he served in the county's highest office from 1852 through 1864. His associated plantation in 1825 was , and included a gristmill, sawmill and dependent structures, mostly operated by enslaved labor (more than 20 slaves in the 1820s and 1830s, more than 30 slaves in 1840). At its largest, the associated plantation encompassed about  acres, but in modern times includes fewer than  acres. Fire gutted the original house in 1841, and it was reconstructed in the Greek Revival style by 1843, with an unusual transverse hall plan, facade that makes the -story structure look only  stories, and the addition of a loggia, cross-gable roof with a wrought iron balustrade and Greek Revival detailing. The surviving wash house also dates to this mid-19th-century era. During the Civil War, Union soldiers reportedly confiscated flour barrels from the house, and damaged interior stairwell railings when rolling them out.
After McDonald died in 1871, since his only child, a daughter, did not survive infancy, the property passed through several owners until 1950, when the house became the Hines Memorial Pythian Home, an orphanage operated by the Knights of Pythias. A detached dormitory added at this time remains but lacks historic significance. The orphanage closed in the early 1960s. For two years in the late 1960s the Otterburn Academy used the premises, as a private school formed during Virginia's Massive Resistance to desegregation. The property later became a rest home for the elderly.  The house is being restored.

References

External links
 History of Otterburn and restoration photographs

Houses in Bedford County, Virginia
Houses completed in 1843
Greek Revival houses in Virginia
Neoclassical architecture in Virginia
Plantation houses in Virginia
Palladian Revival architecture in Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Bedford County, Virginia
1843 establishments in Virginia
Knights of Pythias buildings

Otterburn (Bedford, Virginia)


The Danish Revue Museum (Danish: Det Danske Revymuseum) is based in a former country house on Allégade in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is dedicated to the Danish Revue tradition as well as more generally to the history of humorous entertainment in Denmark.

History
The museum is based on the private collection of Ida and Bent From, who were central figures of the Danish revue scene from the early 1960s for almost four decades. Originally named Morskabs-museet (English: The Amusement Museum), it opened in 1993 in the Kavalérfløjen, the Royal Danish Horticultural Society's Garden. It changed its name and moved to the current location in 2004.

Logo
The logo was introduced by Bent From and is based on an engraving depicting the Italian Commedia dell'arte character Scaramouche. A bronze statue of the figure was placed in the front garden of the museum. It is based on a statuette which had previously been created by an employee, Marianne Harboe.

Building
Known as Riises Landsted (English: Riise's Country House), the building is a Neoclassical country house built for August Jacob Christian Riise in 1860. It is typical for the building style favoured in Frederiksberg during the 19th century. The building is seven bays wide and has a three-bay central projection on both the front and rear. The facade is decorated with reliefs. The interior is notable for its rich stucco decorations and fine, original ceilings. The building is now owned by Realdania Byg.

Collections
The museum's collections cover the time period from the first Danish revues in 1849 until the present day. They include artefacts, pictures, scrap books, manuscripts as well as extensive collections of film and sound recordings.

Exhibitions
Previous special exhibitions have featured such names as Marguerite Viby, Ib Schønberg, Osvald Helmuth, Ulf Pilgaard, Liva Weel as well as venues such as Apolloteatret and Scala Teatret . The museum also has a permanent exhibition.

References

External links

 Short video about the building from Realdania Byg

Museums in Copenhagen
Listed buildings and structures in Frederiksberg Municipality
Houses completed in 1860

Danish Revue Museum


Jamil Rostami (born 1971 in Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province, Iran) is a Kurdish film director.

In 2002 he made his first short film titled The Trouble of Being a Boy in Kurdish, which was screened in 24 domestic and international Festivals and was awarded several prizes.

He made his first feature-length film, Requiem of Snow, in 2005. Fariborz Lachini, one of the most famous Iranian film music composers, made the music of the film. The photography of the film was done by Morteza Poursamadi, a celebrated Iranian photographer. The movie was awarded prestigious Crystal Simorgh for the best director in Asia and Middle East Films section of the International Fajr Film Festival. A joint production of Iran and Iraq, Requiem of Snow was the first film to represent Iraq in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Oscars.

His latest film, Jani Gal, is a Kurdish language drama, about Kurdish separatists in the 1940s and 1950 trying to create a Kurdish state from parts of Iran and Iraq. This film was also selected to represent Iraq in the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Oscars.

References
 Iranian film selected as Iraqi representative in the Oscars

External links
Biography

Iranian film directors
Kurdish film directors
Iranian Kurdish people
People from Sanandaj
1971 births
Living people

Jamil Rostami


The Aerated Bread Company Ltd (A.B.C.) was a British company founded and headquartered in London. Although it is often remembered as running a large chain of tea rooms in Britain and other parts of the world, it was originally established in 1862 by John Dauglish as a bakery using a revolutionary new method he had developed, with the tea rooms starting in 1864.

History

Founding
The Aerated Bread Company Ltd was founded in 1862 by John Dauglish (1824–1866). The business was created as an incorporated company listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). When the company was floated, its failure was predicted and its initial public offering was poorly supported. However, its initial £1 shares had risen to £5 7s 8d by 1890. By 1898, shares had more than doubled from their 1890 value and were trading at £12 per share and declaring a dividend of  percent. By 1899, A.B.C. shares had increased a further  percent and were trading at £14 per share.

Technology
Dauglish earned his medical degree at Edinburgh. Having been thoroughly unimpressed by the Scottish bread of the day, he began to make his own, and to study the science associated with the process. When he applied his earlier studies in chemistry to the process of bread making, he determined that it would be possible to produce carbonic acid gas in bread without yeast. He established that if one could instead introduce carbon dioxide to the process—by dissolving it into solution in the water—this would eliminate the need for fermentation, dramatically reduce the need for physical contact with the dough on the part of the workers, and consequently introduce a greater level of cleanliness into the bread-making process. Dauglish sought to abolish manual kneading, which he believed was unclean and unhealthy. Some years later, an 1878 issue of the scientific journal Nature reported:

As to the perfect cleanliness of this mechanical process for making bread there can be no question; it is immeasurably superior to the barbarous and old, but as Dr. Richardson remarked, not "time-honoured system of kneading dough by the hands and feet of the workman".

Such a system would also lend itself to a high degree of automation. This method thus leavens bread, without yeast, by forcing carbon dioxide into the dough under pressure. A patent for the new method of bread making was granted in 1856.

In 1859 Dauglish presented a paper on his new method to the Royal Society of Arts, for which he received a silver medal. Also, Dauglish's method received endorsements from various Victorian-era physicians and sanitarians helping to further cement the future success of his endeavour. Moreover, because it was considered a healthy bread, it was introduced into many hospitals. In 1862 the Aerated Bread Company (A.B.C.) was set up to exploit Dauglish's newly patented method.

Dauglish described his technique as avoiding the "destructive influence of fermentation", and claimed that the bread contained "all the gluten and all the albuminous food of the wheat", each of which is diminished in quantity under traditional fermentation methods.

A further benefit of the process is that, unlike with the traditional fermentation method, additives like alum never have to be added to slow the rate of fermentation, leading Richardson to term Aerated bread "additive-free". The 1878 issue of Nature reported that

The stream of pure water charged with carbonic acid gas vesiculates the dough, which has required neither alum, nor blue vitriol [copper sulphate], nor lime-water, to check the irregular fermentation, and neutralise the sourness of mouldy or otherwise damaged or inferior flour.

However, the journal went on to say that aerated bread is not entirely additive-free inasmuch as some minor, less objectionable additives are sometimes still introduced to the process:

[T]he adoption of the aerating process does not of itself necessarily exclude all adulterations of the bread: materials to whiten the loaf and to cause the retention of a larger percentage of water may still be used.

The aeration method accrues to the bakery three production economies: material savings, time savings, and labour savings. As an illustration of the first of these economies, Dauglish estimated that, by eliminating the decomposition of the starches and gluten that occur from traditional fermentation (a loss equal to between three and six percent), this had a value in the middle of the 19th century of "£5,000,000 in the total quantity of bread made, annually, in the United Kingdom" (). The process is a highly automated one, and thus saves time and reduces labour costs. Whereas the traditional dough fermentation method required between eight and ten hours to ready a batch of dough for baking, the Dauglish method has dough ready for the ovens in approximately half an hour. And since the bread dough is ready for the ovens so quickly, the daily hours worked can be reduced, obviating the need for the night shifts that were so prevalent in the baking industry at the time. Finally, not needing most additives otherwise required to enhance the fermentation process reduces the cost of factor inputs while producing a virtually unadulterated product.

The technology so reduced the cost of production, that it meant that A.B.C. could sell its product for less than its competitors, the traditional fermentation method bakers. The downward impact on prices of A.B.C. moving into a market could be felt almost immediately. For example, in 1866 Australia, A.B.C.'s lower prices forced other bakers to reduce theirs by between 8 and 17 percent.

Competition from A.B.C. had more than just a price effect on the traditional fermentation bakers, who responded, in some instances, with unusual advertising efforts to retain market share. The traditional fermentation process produces alcohol within the dough, though virtually all of it dissipates in the extreme heat of the ovens. To counter the success of aerated bread in the market, traditional fermentation bakers began focusing on this in their advertising. To that end, placard advertisements were used—especially in the neighbourhood of the A.B.C. factory—urging people to "buy the bread with the gin in it", at a time when gin was thought to have medicinal properties as it was made from juniper berries. Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson's great support of aerated bread at the expense of traditionally baked bread has been suggested to have been motivated by his dislike of alcohol.

A.B.C.'s first bakery was in Islington, London. In the late Victorian-era, the Dauglish method was considered the superior system by which to mass-produce bread. In his memoir of the method, Benjamin Ward Richardson, a later director of the company, wrote:
I am convinced, from careful and prolonged observation, that the Dauglish method of bread manufacture is on the whole the best that has been discovered  … [I]t is the cleanliest of all the processes known and followed; it calls for less drudgery, and, it is not unjust to say, less objectionable labour, from the employed in bread manufacture; it inflicts less arduous toil, and so lessens the rapid wearing out of the body, which is an unfortunate fate of many of those who are engaged in the manufacture of the staff of life; it supplies a purer article to those who depend, largely, upon the staff of life for their daily aliment. Lastly, it supplies … a better article, one which gives to the public the fullest food value that can be got out of the corn [i.e., wheat] from which the food is made, and which enables the manufacture of all kinds of flour or meal, white meal, mixed meal, whole meal, to be most completely and most easily produced.

As early as 1863 A.B.C.'s method regarding their "pure aerated graham bread" was receiving recommendations as far away as New York City:
We have been shown specimens of this new and excellent article of food, manufactured by the Aerated Bread Company... It far surpasses anything of the kind yet introduced. With their increased facilities for making bread, the Aerated Bread Company hope soon to introduce to the trade all the varieties necessary for household consumption.

After Dauglish had spent four years introducing his bread-making system his health worsened; this has been said to be due to the labour and excitement involved, and he visited various health resorts throughout Europe. In 1865 he became seriously ill in Paris; he returned to the U.K. and died at Malvern in early 1866. He is buried at Malvern Wells.

Thirty years after Dauglish's death, his company was thriving. As a result of its market success, A.B.C.'s shares were trading at 12 times their initial public offering price and, at its 1895 annual general meeting, it was stated by the presiding officer, Major John Bolton, that A.B.C. "had no reason to fear competition".

The Dauglish method survived its creator, and Dauglish's company survived him by well over a century, but his method was later superseded by the adoption of mechanical, high-speed dough processes such as the Chorleywood Bread Process (CBP), now used for 80 percent of UK bread production. These newer methods permit the use of lower-grade flours than were required by earlier processes.

Tea shops and early women's issues

A.B.C. operated a chain of self-service A.B.C. tea shops. These grew from A.B.C. opening a tearoom in the courtyard of London's Fenchurch Street Railway Station in 1864, two years after the company's founding. The idea for opening the tearoom is attributed to a London-based manager of the Aerated Bread Company who had been serving free tea and snacks to customers. The motivation for the company acting upon the manager's suggestion was to supplement the income derived from bread manufacture, which was not sufficient to pay a dividend to shareholders.

The tearooms provided one of the first public places where women in the Victorian era could eat a meal, alone or with women friends, without a male escort. While by 1880 unescorted women could visit higher-end restaurants, they had to avoid the bar. In at least one instance, a women's social club was housed directly above an A.B.C. tea shop:
The New Somerville Club, close to Oxford Circus... was located over an Aerated Bread Company's shop, and notwithstanding the complaint that the female employés of that company do not participate in the vast profits of the undertaking, the members of the Somerville get meals from the aerated bread shop [sic] sent up to the general room above, a bright and very prettily furnished apartment. Men are admitted to this club as guests.

The reference to the female employees of the company not sharing in the company's profits was a very real concern at the time. It was even referred to as a "gross case of company inhumanity." At the 1895 annual general meeting of the company, Richardson proposed, and another doctor (also a director), Furnival, seconded, "giving the girls employed by the company some additional advantages." The physicians felt that if the company "did not give them one meal a day... they were a mean and shabby lot." The board chairman felt that the company had made great strides in that area: they were already giving the employees one meal a day, providing a hot dinner "at a nominal price," and "[n]ot a girl went into the company's service now who did not receive 10 shillings a week."

However, the remunerative conditions of the employees remained an important issue that came to a boil at the 1898 annual general meeting. The dividend that year was  per cent, up from 30 per cent four years previously. The shares initially sold for £1 were trading at £12, but a shareholder who suggested a pay rise for the female shop workers was shouted down and ruled out of order by the chairman.

As safe havens for unescorted women of the Victorian era, the A.B.C. tea shops were recommended to delegates of the Congress of the International Council of Women held in London the week ending 9 July 1899.

In 1919 a diner at an A.B.C. shop in Sydney, Australia filed a claim against A.B.C. for £1,000 claiming that she had eaten a pie at A.B.C. that contained a mouse. The plaintiff was revealed to have filed a false claim and the court found for the defendant.

At its peak in 1923, A.B.C. had 150 branch shops in London and 250 tea shops and was second in terms of outlets only to J. Lyons and Co. This proliferation led George Orwell to view A.B.C.'s tea shops, and those of its competitors, as the "sinister strand in English catering, the relentless industrialisation that was overtaking it... everything comes out of a carton or a tin, or is hauled out of a refrigerator or squirted out of a tap or squeezed out of a tube."

This did not stop playwright George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) from frequenting A.B.C.'s teashops. His diaries are replete with entries attesting to his being a habitué of the establishment at various of its London locations. One such entry is for 12 December 1888: "... to the Aerated Bread Shop opposite the Mansion House station and had some eggs and chocolate there." An entry for 27 January 1891 has him taking tea "at the Aerated Bread Shop at the corner of Parliament Square." An entry from 4 January 1892 has Shaw holding a meeting of the Shelley Society's The Cenci committee at the A.B.C. teashop at Rathbone Place. Among other A.B.C. locations at which Shaw dined were Charing Cross Station, Oxford Circus, Piccadilly Circus, and opposite St. Clement Danes Church. On arriving in England in 1953, the artist Stass Paraskos also gained his first job in London at the Tottenham Court Road branch of the A.B.C. tea shop, working as a pot washer there.

End of independence of company

The Aerated Bread Company ceased to be an independent company in 1955. Australian operations had already been liquidated in 1951. British operations were changed when the company, self-service tea shops and all, was purchased in 1955 by Allied Bakeries, led by Canadian-born W. Garfield Weston. Weston's corporate empire already owned the luxury Fortnum & Mason food shop and tea rooms in Piccadilly. A U.S. magazine of the day said that "[T]he Piccadilly prince is about to marry the tearoom Cinderella." Allied was expected to pay $8.1 million for A.B.C. At that time, Allied itself had a large share of the UK baked goods market. Allied's market share prior to acquiring A.B.C. was 10% of all UK bread production and the sale of 20 million biscuits per day. Allied's sales the year prior were $154 million with profits of $12.6 million in current dollars). With the acquisition, Allied almost doubled its share of the UK's bread market by the end of the decade.

A.B.C. continued trading, with a major bakery on the Regent's Canal in Camden Town, London. The Camden Town bakery closed and the A.B.C. name disappeared when the company ceased operation in 1982; the building was demolished and replaced by Sainsbury's, Camden supermarket and Grand Union Walk Housing. Nowadays, the only traces of the Aerated Bread Company are faded signs above stores.

A.B.C. Tea Rooms in literature

Augustus Carp, Esq. (Henry Howarth Bashford)
In Henry Howarth Bashford's Augustus Carp, Esq., having entered commercial life as a show-room manager in the religious publishing business of Mr Chrysostom Lorton of Paternoster Row, Enfield, Carp makes several references to the Aerated Bread Company in a detailed description of his daily routine:

At eleven o'clock, therefore, I would despatch Miss Botterill to a neighbouring branch of the Aerated Bread Company for a glass of hot milk and a substantial slice of a cake appropriately known as lunch cake. I would then, at twelve-thirty, repair in person to the same branch of this valuable company, where I would generally order from one of the quieter waitresses a double portion of sausages and mashed potatoes, accompanied by a cup of coffee, and followed by an apple dumpling or a segment of baked jam roll.

and:

By three o'clock, however, they had both returned, and I would take the opportunity, five minutes later, of again sending Miss Botterill to the Aerated Bread Company for my mid-afternoon cup of tea. This I would drink, unthickened by food, but at half-past four I would send her out for another cup, and with this I would eat a roll and butter, a small dish of honey, and perhaps a single doughnut.

The Secret Adversary (Agatha Christie)
In the 1922 espionage thriller, The Secret Adversary by Agatha Christie, Tommy Beresford is held captive by a spy ring. Upon escaping, the first thing Tommy does is head to an A.B.C. teashop for sustenance.

First of all, he must have a square meal. He had eaten nothing since midday yesterday. He turned into an A.B.C. shop and ordered eggs and bacon and coffee. Whilst he ate, he read a morning paper propped up in front of him.

Once satiated, Tommy and his partners in detection go on to foil the plans of the conspirators.

The Secret Adversary was adapted into a teleplay and broadcast in 1983 by London Weekend Television as part of that television network's Partners in Crime series.

Another story, the short story "The Sunningdale Mystery" from the "Partners in Crime" series, opens with Tommy and his partner Tuppence eating in an A.B.C. shop having a cheese cake.

"A Cooking Egg" (T. S. Eliot)
In a poem composed in 1917 and first published in 1919, T. S. Eliot asks, "Where are the eagles and the trumpets?" His answer:
Buried beneath some snow-deep Alps.
Over buttered scones and crumpets
Weeping, weeping multitudes
Droop in a hundred A.B.C.'s.Eliot's Own note. regarding this line of the poem reads as follows: "I.e. an endemic teashop, found in all parts of London. The initials signify: Aerated Bread Company, Limited". See the note to line 33 of the poem. Retrieved 2009-07-06.

The End of the Affair (Graham Greene)

Graham Greene's The End of the Affair is set in post-World War II London in the 1940s. Twice the narrator, Maurice Bendrix, visits an A.B.C. The first time he confers with a detective, Mr. Parkis, "who had met me by appointment in an A.B.C—it was his own suggestion as he had the boy with him and couldn't take him into a bar" (Book Two, Chapter 6). The second time occurs as Bendrix searches for his former lover, Sarah Miles: "There was an A.B.C in the High Street and I tried that. She wasn't there" (Book Four, Chapter 1). Greene's The Human Factor (1978), Part One Chapter 1, refers to the A.B.C. in the Strand as having Maltesers available.

Cakes and Ale (Somerset Maugham)
In Chapter 14 of Somerset Maugham's Cakes and Ale, Mrs Barton Trafford supports up and coming authors, including Edward Driffield (one of the main characters in the book) whom she meets in London: "Sometimes she took him for a walk on the Chelsea Embankment... and had tea in an ABC shop."

Of Human Bondage (Somerset Maugham)
In Chapter 14 of Somerset Maugham's Of Human Bondage, Philip is living a lonely life in London, having recently moved there to train as a chartered accountant: "It was not worth while to go back to Barnes for the interval between the closing of the museum and his meal in an A.B.C. shop, and the time hung heavily on his hands".

Not That It Matters (A. A. Milne)
This is a collection of essays and articles written by A. A. Milne while editor of Punch. In one entitled, "The Diary Habit", Milne gives an example of how an exciting diary entry would be written, complete with a visit to an ABC

TUESDAY.—"Letter from solicitor informing me that I have come into £1,000,000 through the will of an Australian gold-digger named Tomkins. On referring to my diary I find that I saved his life two years ago by plunging into the Serpentine. This is very gratifying. Was late at the office as I had to look in at the Palace on the way, in order to get knighted, but managed to get a good deal of work done before I was interrupted by a madman with a razor, who demanded £100. Shot him after a desperate struggle. Tea at an ABC, where I met the Duke of —. Fell into the Thames on my way home, but swam ashore without difficulty."

The Old Man in the Corner (Baroness Orczy)
In a 1909 collection of short stories entitled The Old Man in the Corner, by Baroness Orczy, a "teahouse detective" named Bill Owen meets and discusses criminal cases with a young woman journalist, Miss Polly Burton, in an A.B.C. teashop. The teashops are first mentioned in "The Fenchurch Street Mystery."

Now this particular corner, this very same table, that special view of the magnificent marble hall – known as the Norfolk Street branch of the Aërated Bread Company's depôts – were Polly's own corner, table, and view. Here she had partaken of eleven pennyworth of luncheon and one pennyworth of daily information ever since that glorious never-to-be-forgotten day when she was enrolled on the staff of the Evening Observer (we'll call it that, if you please), and became a member of that illustrious and world-famed organization known as the British Press.

These stories were also broadcast in 1998 and 2000 as radio plays on BBC Radio 4 as The Teahouse Detective.

In Search of Sixpence (Michael Paraskos)
In Michael Paraskos's novel In Search of Sixpence, the hero, Geroud, goes to the A.B.C. tea room on London's Tottenham Court Road in search of a clue to the real intentions of the sinister character Ezzy Pound.

"Something told him if Pound didn't work for the BBC he needed to find out more about the ABC. What had Waites called it, the Alpha-Beta Corporation? And there was Geroud thinking it had something to do with tea shops and aerated bread. Still, he had an urge just to check it wasn't actually the ABC Tearoom in Fitzrovia, at least before the initials changed again into the AA or RAC or something. Everything was already too fluid for comfort."

Asta's Book (Ruth Rendell)
In the section of Ruth Rendell's novel Asta's Book dealing with the trial of Alfred Roper for the murder of his wife, Alfred's friend testifies that Alfred told him of his marital troubles when they met "in an ABC teashop in the neighborhood of Leicester Square."

The Pilgrimage Vol. II – The Tunnel (Dorothy Richardson)
Dorothy Richardson's The Pilgrimage Vol. II has Miriam is discussing where to eat following her statements damning the conventional lives women were forced to follow.

"'What would you have done?'
'An egg, at an A.B.C.s.'
'How fond you are of them A.B.C.s.'
'I love them.'
'What is it you love about them?'
'I think it's their dowdiness. The food is honest; not showy, and they are so blissfully dowdy.'"

"The Philanthropist and the Happy Cat" (Saki)
Saki has the smug Jocantha Bessbury decide to give a theatre ticket to someone less fortunate than herself:

She went forth in search of a tea-shop and philanthropic adventure. ... In a corner of an A.B.C. shop she found an unoccupied table, whereat she promptly installed herself, impelled by the fact that at the next table was sitting a young girl, rather plain of feature, with tired, listless eyes and a general air of uncomplaining forlornness.

Dracula (Bram Stoker)
In the latter part of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, Jonathan Harker recalls stopping at the Aerated Bread Company for a cup of tea, after having spent the afternoon searching for Count Dracula's lair.

It was now dark, and I was tired and hungry. I got a cup of tea at the Aerated Bread Company and came down to Purfleet by the next train.

Night and Day (Virginia Woolf)
In the Virginia Woolf novel, Night and Day, Katherine Hilbery goes into an A.B.C. shop to write a letter to Ralph Denham.

"She would write him a letter and take it at once to his house. She bought paper and pencil at a bookstall, and entered an A.B.C. shop, where, by ordering a cup of coffee, she secured an empty table, and began at once to write..."

Jacob's Room (Virginia Woolf)
In the Virginia Woolf novel, Jacob's Room, Florinda walks the streets of London and ends up in an A.B.C. shop.

"Now Florinda wept, and spent the day wandering the streets [...] read love letters, propping them against the milk pot in the A.B.C. shop; detected glass in the sugar bowl; accused the waitress of wishing to poison her; declared that young men stared at her..."<ref>Woolf, Virginia. Jacob's Room. . 1922. London: Penguin Books, 1992, p. 65. Online version Retrieved 2010-03-03.</ref>

Tono-Bungay (H. G. Wells)
In the H. G. Wells novel, Tono-Bungay, George is shown about London for the first time by his uncle Teddy and aunt Susan and they go to an Aerated Bread Shop.

"Sometimes we were walking, sometimes we were on the tops of great staggering horse omnibuses in a heaving jumble of traffic, and at one point we had tea in an Aerated Bread Shop."

'1919' (John Dos Passos)
In the second volume of the U.S.A. Trilogy by John Dos Passos, two young Americans visit London for the first time. "George and Eveline went to see the Elgin Marbles and the Tower of London and ate their lunches in A.B.C. restaurants and had a fine time riding in the tube."

The Gold Bat (P. G. Wodehouse)
In The Gold Bat'', P. G. Wodehouse writes
The boy who smokes at school... will degenerate gradually into a person that plays dominoes in the smoking room of A.B.C. shops with friends who wear bowler hats and frock coats.

References
Notes

Citations

External links

British companies established in 1862
Defunct food and drink companies of the United Kingdom
Catering and food service companies of the United Kingdom
Food processing in London
Food and drink companies based in London
1862 establishments in England

Aerated Bread Company


Willis Jefferson King (October 1, 1886 – 1976) was an African-American Methodist bishop, college professor and author.

Education and career
King attended Wiley College, Boston University School of Theology, and Harvard University, and received his Ph.D. in sociology from Boston University.  He was selected as the black students' representative at the World's Student and Christian Federation in Peking, China, and as a Fellow of the Julius Rosenwald Fund for Research at Oxford University. He served as Professor of Old Testament Literature at Gammon Theological Seminary (1918–1930), president of Samuel Huston College (1930–1932), and president of Gammon Theological Seminary (1932–1944).

King served as a deacon in the Texas Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1908. He became an elder in 1913 and held pastorates in Texas (Greenville, St. Paul, Galveston, and Houston) and in Boston, Massachusetts. The Central Jurisdiction of the Methodist Church elected him bishop in 1944. Bishop King presided over the Liberia Conference (1944–1956) and the New Orleans Area (1956–1960), including two conferences in Texas, two in Mississippi, and one in Louisiana.

King retired in 1960 to New Orleans, where he spent his time in writing and speaking. He died in 1976.

Honors and awards
King received honorary degrees from Boston University and the University of Liberia. The administration building at Wiley College is named after him. Other awards and recognitions include the Order Star of African Redemption and the Knight Commander Order of Pioneers (Liberia). In 1975 he was honored as the oldest living United Methodist bishop.

Partial bibliography

Author
 The Negro in American Life (1926)
 Christian Bases of World Order (1943)
 History of the Methodist Church Mission in Liberia (1951)

Contributor
 Personalism in Theology (1943)
 History of American Methodism (1964)

Sources

 "King, Willis Jefferson", in the Handbook of Texas Online
 Nail, Olin W. (ed.), History of Texas Methodism, 1900–1960 (Austin, 1961)
 Willis J. King Papers Syracuse University

1886 births
American Methodist bishops
Methodists from Texas
African-American Methodists
20th-century African-American scientists
20th-century American academics
Boston University School of Theology alumni
Harvard University alumni
1976 deaths
American sociologists
Wiley College alumni
Presidents of Huston–Tillotson University
African-American sociologists

Willis J. King


The , also called the Kemigawa Arboretum, is a research and plant-breeding arboretum operated by the University of Tokyo Faculty of Agriculture, and located at Hata-machi 1051, Hanamigawa-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan.

The arboretum was established in 1965 as the Horticultural Experimental Station to collect and study garden and landscape plants, and to develop techniques for their cultivation, breeding, and use. In 1975 it evolved into the Experimental Station of Plants for Landscaping to reflect the importance of landscape plants in protecting the environment. In 1989 it received its present name.

The arboretum covers 47,031 m², and contains about 350 species (500 varieties) of woody plants and flowers, with excellent collections of Camellia japonica (130 varieties), Camellia sasanqua (30 varieties), and flowering lotus (including 250 varieties of Nelumbo nucifera and Nelumbo lutea). The arboretum also contains other aquatic plant species, lawn grass varieties, and herbs, as well as a general arboretum, and two greenhouses.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in Japan

References
 Experimental Station for Landscape Plants

Arboreta in Japan
Botanical gardens in Japan
Parks and gardens in Chiba Prefecture


Polystichum aleuticum, the Aleutian holly fern or Aleutian shield fern, is an endangered species of  the Polystichum genus and currently consisting of a small, vulnerable population endemic found only on Adak Island, Alaska, a remote island of the Aleutian Islands chain in the northern Pacific Ocean. In 1992, 112 specimens existed in the wild, and a recovery plan was implemented.

The Aleutian shield fern is the only native plant of  Alaska on the federal endangered species list.  As there are fewer than 150 plants known to exist, it is a very rare North American plant. It was listed as endangered in 1988. Polystichum aleuticum was first described in 1938, but it could not be located again until 1975 when a group was identified on Mount Reed on Adak Island.  A second, third, and fourth population, all on Mount Reed, was located in 1988, 1993, and 1999, respectively. Searches on other Aleutian Islands since 1988 have failed to identify additional populations.

Distribution
It is unlike any other known shield fern found in North America, and originally it was questioned whether it even belonged to the genus Polystichum. However, it was found to be similar to a dwarf Polystichum species native to southwestern mountains of China and the Himalayas.

Description
The Polystichum aleuticum fern is described as erect and approximately six inches tall. It usually found growing alone, rather than in groups. It has a fibrous root with dead leaf remnants attached. Its leaves, visible during the growing season, are light or dark olive green, and tapering. Each of its fronds has 15 to 25 pairs of leaflets (pinnae) that are either sessile or have short stalks and are 4 to 8 mm in length. The upper leaflets each have one spore-producing sori (sometimes two) on the leaflet under surface that is protected by the indusium, a flap of tissue. The spores are produced in July and August.

Notes

External links
USDA Plant Profile: Polystichum aleuticum
Flora of North America — Polystichum aleuticum

aleuticum
Flora of Alaska
Endemic flora of the United States
Ferns of the United States
~
Critically endangered flora of the United States
Plants described in 1938

Polystichum aleuticum


The Tupolev Tu-124 (NATO reporting name: Cookpot) is a 56-passenger short-range twinjet airliner built in the Soviet Union. It was the first Soviet airliner powered by turbofan engines.

Design and development

Developed from the medium-range Tupolev Tu-104, the Tu-124 was meant to meet Aeroflot's requirement for a regional airliner to replace the Ilyushin Il-14 on domestic routes. Resembling a 75% scaled-down Tu-104, the two were hard to tell apart at a distance but it was not a complete copy of the Tu-104. The Tu-124 had a number of refinements, including double-slotted flaps, a large centre-section airbrake and automatic spoilers. Unlike the Tu-104, the wing trailing edge inboard of the undercarriage was unswept.

The Tu-124 had a drogue parachute to be used in an emergency landing or landing on a slippery surface and had low pressure tires for operation from unpaved airfields. As on the Tu-104 the engines were installed in the wing roots, but the turbofan engines used less fuel. The installation of the engines close to the fuselage allowed vibrations to be more readily transmitted to the cabin, which reduced passenger comfort, and also reduced the fatigue life of the wing assembly.

The standard seating of the basic version was 44 seats. The first of two prototype, SSSR-45000 (C/N 0350101) made its first flight from Zhukovsky airfield on 24 March 1960. The second prototype, SSSR-45001 (C/N 0350102), followed in June 1960. Two other airframes served as a static test cells. Testing was successful, and the aircraft entered production at Factory 135 at Kharkiv, Ukraine, replacing the Tu-104 in production. Deliveries to Aeroflot began in August 1962, with the type operating its first scheduled passenger service, between Moscow and Tallinn in Estonia, on 2 October 1962.

Operational history
Aeroflot was impressed with the flight performance of the Tu-124 and used it on domestic routes from the end of 1962.

The improved Tu-124V, which could seat 56 passengers instead of the 44 of the original model, and which had increased range and maximum takeoff weight, came into service in 1964. An Aeroflot Tu-124V was exhibited at the 1965 Paris Air Show. Despite the aircraft's low purchase price (stated as $1.45 million in 1965) and low operating costs, few were exported, with Československé Státní Aerolinie (ČSA) and the East German airline Interflug being the only airlines other than Aeroflot that bought the Tu-124 new, although ČSA sold its surviving Tu-124s to Iraqi Airways for use on VIP flights in 1973. Interflug used its three Tu-124s as an alternative to the Ilyushin Il-62, when the Il-62s were grounded due to mechanical issues. All three were sold back to the Soviet Union in 1975.

Three airframes were completed in 1966 in a VIP configuration, and designated Tu-124K. However, Aeroflot never placed them into service, and they were purchased by the Indian Air Force.

A number were also sold to military users, including the Soviet Air Force, which used them as navigational trainers, and to the Chinese Air Force.

A total of 164 Tu-124s were built. Issues with the safety of the Tu-104 affected the fate of the Tu-124, although the reliability of the Tu-124 was slightly better. Production ended in 1965 and Aeroflot decommissioned its last twelve Tu-124s on 21 January 1980. The Tu-124 continued in operation for some years with the Soviet Air Force and in Iraq, but all aircraft were withdrawn before and in 1990, The ones in Iraq military and Iraqi Airways were destroyed in early 1990s during the Gulf War.

Several Tu-124s have been preserved. One is in the museum of the Kharkiv State Aircraft Manufacturing Company (formerly the Tu-124 manufacturer Factory 135), another is in China's Datangshan aviation museum in Beijing, another at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino outside Moscow. A Tu-124K is on display at New Delhi Airport and next to the State Museum at Lucknow Zoo.

Competition within the COMECON
The German Democratic Republic attempted to compete within the COMECON trade bloc with its own four-engined design called the Baade 152. The design was unsuccessful, leading Interflug to buy a rear-engined development of the Tu-124, the Tupolev Tu-134.

Variants

Tu-124/Tu-124V
The first production variant. International demand was small, as most foreign airlines were waiting to buy the improved Tupolev Tu-134
Tu-124B
Three prototypes with D-20P-125 engines, built in 1963
Tu-124K/Tu-124K2
VIP configuration operated by the militaries of Iraq and China, and by the Indian Air Force
Tu-124Sh-1
Military version used as navigator trainer
Tu-124Sh-2
Military version used as navigator trainer
Tu-127
Proposed military transport version, not built.

Former operators

Former civil operators

 ČSA

 Interflug (operated in Interflug colours, but owned by the East German Air Force)

 Iraqi Airways

 Aeroflot

Former military operators

 People's Liberation Army Air Force

 Czechoslovakian Air Force

 East German Air Force

 Indian Air Force  [three Tu-124K VIP variants]

 Iraqi Air Force

 Soviet Air Force

Accidents and incidents
A total of fifteen Tu-124s were written off in crashes during the type's operational career; another two aircraft of Iraqi Airways were destroyed on the ground during the Gulf War.

1960s
21 August 1963
Aeroflot Flight 366, a Tu-124 (СССР-45021), ditched in the Neva River in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) after both engines failed due to fuel exhaustion while the crew was preoccupied with landing gear problems; all 52 on board survived.

8 March 1965
Aeroflot Flight 513, a Tu-124 (СССР-45028), stalled and crashed shortly after takeoff from Kuybyshev Airport, killing 30 of 39 on board.

11 November 1965
Aeroflot Flight 99, a Tu-124V (СССР-45086), crashed on the frozen Lake Kilpyavr after the pilot mistook lights near Murmansk Airport for the runway threshold lights, killing 32 of 64 on board.

13 June 1966
An Aeroflot Tu-124 (СССР-45017) overran a wet runway on landing at Minsk-1 International Airport and was written off; no casualties.

27 July 1966
Aeroflot Flight 67, a Tu-124V (СССР-45038), went into a dive over Zaporizhzhia Oblast after flying into a storm at . The crew were able to regain control at  and landed safely at Simferopol, but one passenger died (of 90 on board) and several more were injured during the incident. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service, but was lost in the crash of Aeroflot Flight 5484 in 1979.

7 March 1968
Aeroflot Flight 3153, a Tu-124 (СССР-45019), crashed on takeoff from Volgograd Airport after the crew accidentally activated the spoilers, killing a crew member; all 44 passengers survived. The spoiler switch had been poorly placed on the control column, allowing the pilot to hit it by accident.

1970s
29 January 1970
Aeroflot Flight 145, a Tu-124V (СССР-45083), struck a hillside while on approach to Kilpyavr Airport, Murmansk; of the 38 on board, five died on impact and another six died in the freezing temperatures while waiting for rescue.

18 August 1970
CSA Flight 744, a Tu-124V (OK-TEB), landed wheels-up at Kloten Airport after the pilot, preoccupied with a cabin pressurization problem, failed to hear the command to lower the landing gear; all 20 on board survived. The gear warning system alarm had been turned off.

2 September 1970
Aeroflot Flight 3630, a Tu-124 (СССР-45012), crashed near Dnepropetrovsk (now Dnipro) following an unexplained loss of control, killing all 37 on board.

9 July 1973
Aeroflot Flight 5385, a Tu-124V (СССР-45062), suffered an uncontained failure of the right engine shortly after takeoff from Kuybyshev Airport. Debris from the engine penetrated the fuselage, killing two passengers and injuring another four. The crew began an emergency descent and the engine was shut down. Panicking passengers moved to the front of the cabin, causing the center of gravity to move forward, but flight attendants were able to get the passengers seated and the aircraft was able to land safely at Kuybyshev. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.

20 November 1973
An Aeroflot Tu-124V (СССР-45031) overran a snow-covered runway on landing at Kazan Airport; no casualties.

16 December 1973
Aeroflot Flight 2022, a Tu-124V (СССР-45061), went into a spiraling dive at  while descending for Moscow due to a short circuit in the elevator trim system. Although the crew were able to pull out and regain control at around , control was lost again due to a failed gyro and spatial disorientation and the aircraft crashed near Karacharovo, killing all 51 on board.

23 December 1973
Aeroflot Flight 5398, a Tu-124V (СССР-45044), crashed near Vinniki when a defective turbine blade in the no. 1 engine failed, resulting in violent vibration of the affected engine. The vibrations caused the fuel line to break. The resulting in-flight fire caused a loss of control resulting in the plane's crash and loss of all 17 on board.

3 January 1976
Aeroflot Flight 2003, a Tu-124V (СССР-45037), crashed shortly after takeoff from Vnukovo Airport due to a loss of control following instrument failure after entering clouds, killing all 61 on board; one person on the ground also died when the aircraft struck several homes

5 November 1977
Indian Air Force Tu-124K V643, named Pushpak Rath (Floral Chariot), crashed in a paddy field near Jorhat after descending too low during the second attempt to land, killing five crew; Prime Minister Morarji Desai is among the survivors.

1977
Soviet Air Force Tu-124Sh 53 red landed wheels-up at Lugansk Airport after the pilot forgot to lower the landing gear; no casualties.

29 August 1979
Aeroflot Flight 5484, a Tu-124V (СССР-45038), went into a spin, broke apart in mid-air, and crashed near Kirsanov after a flap was accidentally extended, killing all 63 on board. This crash is the deadliest involving the Tu-124, and Aeroflot retired it afterwards.

1990s
February 1991
Two Iraqi Airways Tu-124Vs (YI-AEY and YI-AEL) were destroyed on the ground at Saddam International Airport by US or allied bombs during the Gulf War.

Specifications (Tu-124V)

See also

References

 Duffy, Paul and Andrei Kandalov. Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft. Shrewsbury, UK:Airlife Publishing, 1996. .
 Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London:Osprey, 1995. .
 Stroud, John. Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945. London:Putnam, 1968. .

External links

Tu-0124
1960s Soviet airliners
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1960
Kharkiv Aviation Factory aircraft

Tupolev Tu-124


Lausanne was a 19th-century football club that fielded teams playing both the association football and rugby football codes. It is notable for being one of the twenty-one founding members of the Rugby Football Union.

History
Lausanne was established in 1867 with about sixty members. It fielded two teams of twenty aside for rugby matches but also played by Association rules. The derivation of the club's name appears to have been lost. The team's colours were violet with an amber stripe on the left arm.

On 26 January 1871, they sent representation to a meeting of twenty-one London and suburban football clubs that followed Rugby School rules (Wasps were invited but failed to attend) assembled at the Pall Mall Restaurant in Regent Street. E.C. Holmes, captain of the Richmond Club assumed the presidency. It was resolved unanimously that the formation of a Rugby Football Society was desirable and thus the Rugby Football Union was formed. A president, a secretary and treasurer, and a committee of thirteen were elected, to whom was entrusted the drawing-up of the laws of the game upon the basis of the code in use at Rugby School. Although Lausanne was considered prominent enough to have been invited, they did not gain any of the thirteen places on the original committee.

The club played its football at the Rosemary Branch Grounds (once east of the current Blake's Road, and now covered by the vast North Peckham Estate). Lausanne were known to have used the pub called the "Rosemary Branch", on Southampton Street, Peckham, to change. In 1874 the club relocated to New Cross Gate and then in 1875 to Dulwich, and whilst there they changed at the Greyhound pub in Dulwich Village.

Disbandment
The club disbanded in 1881 after just fourteen seasons.

Notable players
Despite their apparent prominence, the club produced no international players.

References

Rugby union clubs in London
Defunct rugby union teams in England
Defunct football clubs in London
Association football clubs established in 1867
Association football clubs disestablished in 1881
Defunct football clubs in England
Rugby clubs established in 1867
1867 establishments in England
1881 disestablishments in England
Dulwich

Lausanne F.C.


F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG is a Swiss multinational healthcare company. It operates worldwide under two divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics. Its holding company, Roche Holding AG, has bearer shares listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. The company headquarters are located in Basel.

The company controls the American biotechnology company Genentech. Roche's revenues during fiscal year 2018 were 56.85 billion Swiss francs, or about US$57 billion. Roche is the second-largest pharmaceutical company worldwide.

References

Other websites

1896 establishments in Switzerland
Companies based in Basel
Healthcare companies

Hoffmann-La Roche


Barry James Wilkins (February 28, 1947 – June 26, 2011) was a professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League and the World Hockey Association during the 1960s and 1970s. He is best known for scoring the first-ever goal for the Vancouver Canucks in the NHL on October 9, 1970. Wilkins was born in Toronto, Ontario and died at the age of 64 from lung cancer.

Playing career
Wilkins was signed by the Boston Bruins as a teenager and came through their junior system where he was a teammate of Bobby Orr and Wayne Cashman with the Oshawa Generals. He was recalled from junior to make his NHL debut in 1966–67, playing a single game for the Bruins, and turned pro the following season. He would spend most of the next three seasons with the Oklahoma City Blazers, Boston's top minor-league affiliate, but found it difficult to crack an increasingly deep Bruin roster. He scored his first NHL goal in his only appearance during the 1968–69 season, and appeared in 6 games for the 1969–70 Bruin team which would ultimately win the Stanley Cup.

By the 1969–70 season, Wilkins was a dominant defender in the CHL with Oklahoma City, finishing the year with 52 points and 204 penalty minutes, and he would receive his big break when he was selected by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1970 NHL Expansion Draft. He started his Canuck career with a bang, scoring the team's first-ever goal (one of only five he scored all season) in their first game, against the Los Angeles Kings on October 9, 1970.

Wilkins would be one of Vancouver's top defenders for the first several years of the franchise's history. After a disappointing 1971–72 campaign, he bounced back in 1972–73 to record a career-high 11 goals and 28 points, and he was named the club's top defender. In 1973–74, he recorded three goals and 28 assists for 31 points, while continuing to provide his usual high level of hard-nosed defensive play.

Early in the 1974–75 NHL season, Wilkins was dealt to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Ab DeMarco, Jr., leaving André Boudrias as the last remaining original Canuck (Wilkins was also the last remaining player selected by the team in the 1970 Expansion Draft). In Pittsburgh, Wilkins would have the best offensive year of his career, finishing the season with five goals and 35 points in just 66 games between the Canucks and Penguins. He would have another solid year in 1975–76, registering 27 points for the Penguins.

Wilkins' NHL career came to an abrupt end when he jumped to the rival WHA for the 1976–77 season to play for the Edmonton Oilers. After a year with the Oilers, he was dealt to the Indianapolis Racers for 1977–78. After spending one last professional season in the AHL, Wilkins retired in 1979.

Wilkins appeared in 418 NHL games, recording 27 goals and 125 assists for 152 points, along with 663 penalty minutes. He also appeared in 130 WHA contests, notching six goals and 45 assists for 51 points, along with 154 penalty minutes.

Career statistics

References

External links

1947 births
2011 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Indianapolis Racers players
Niagara Falls Flyers players
Oklahoma City Blazers (1965–1977) players
Oshawa Generals players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Philadelphia Firebirds (AHL) players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Vancouver Canucks players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen

Barry Wilkins


Virgin and Child with an Angel  also known as Our Lady of the Eucharist (Italian: Madonna dell'Eucarestia) is a painting in tempera on wood panel by Sandro Botticelli, executed in c. 1470. It is now held by the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts, having been acquired from Prince Chigi in 1899. The painting measures  and is one of a series of paintings of the Madonna produced by Botticelli between 1465 and 1470. It shows influences from Filippo Lippi's Virgin and Child with Two Angels of c. 1465 in the Uffizi.

The Virgin Mary is shown in a three-quarter view, with the Christ Child held on her lap. A smiling angel, wearing a crown of myrtle, offers them a bowl containing twelve ears of wheat and grapes. The child raises a hand in benediction, and Mary holds one of the ears of corn.

The scene may be set in a walled garden or hortus conclusus, symbolic of Mary's virginity, with a landscape of hills and a river visible through an opening in the arcade around the wall.  The wheat and grapes are symbolic of the bread and wine of the Eucharist, which themselves symbolise the body and blood of the incarnate Jesus, and the number of ears possibly refer to the number of the apostles at the Last Supper.

Prince Chigi first offered the painting to Isabella Stewart Gardner in 1899 for $30,000. She demurred initially, but by the time she decided to buy the price was $70,000. The sale was controversial in Italy, where there was press comment that the sale was illegal, and Prince Chigi was fined. The painting was exhibited at Colnaghi in London before being transported to Boston.

See also
 List of works by Sandro Botticelli

References
 Virgin and Child with an Angel, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum

1470s paintings
Angels in art
Paintings of the Madonna and Child by Sandro Botticelli
Paintings by Sandro Botticelli
Paintings in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum

Virgin and Child with an Angel (Botticelli, Boston)


North East Reef is a reef in the Wallabi Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Western Australia. Located at , it takes its name from the fact that it is situated to the north-east of the main body of islands that makes up the Wallabi Group.  The island is part of the Houtman Abrolhos Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for supporting large numbers of breeding seabirds.

See also
 List of reefs

References

Wallabi Group
Reefs of the Indian Ocean
Important Bird Areas of Western Australia

North East Reef


Yevpatoria Airport "Yevpatoria aircraft repair plant" (, )  is an airport in Yevpatoria, Crimea. The airport is located just east of the city.

Military use

The airport has been used by the:
 53rd Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO between 1952 and 1960.
 355th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO between 1954 and 1958.
 925th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO between 1954 and 1960.

History and development

The State enterprise of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine "Evpatoria aircraft repair plant" (Also known as EARZ) was founded on November 25, 1939 (took roots in 1926). On November 12, 1991 passenger aircraft Yak-42 landed at the aerodrome "Evpatoria". From that moment the plant became the first military enterprise that was allowed to repair civil aircraft.

The plant has relations with India, Angola, Bulgaria, Mexico, Columbia and various air companies of the world.

Since 1995 the plant has maintained relations with the Antonov Design Bureau. One result of such a cooperation was mastering of An-12 maintenance by EARZ specialists. Then, in 1999, the plant began the mastering of periodic maintenance and works on maintenance certification of aircraft An-24, An-26 and An-32. Volume of production in 1999 increased in comparison with 1998 by 3.2 times.

Evpatoria aircraft repair plant has appropriate certificates for performing works on civil aircraft.

In 2002 Quality Management System was applied on the plant in accordance with national and international standards ISO 9000, AS 9000, national and international Aviation Regulations.

Plans

To implement the General Plan of city of Evpatoria, as well as the Strategic Plan for Economic and Social Development of Evpatoria for the period up to 2015, state-owned enterprise of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine Evpatoria aircraft repair plant in conjunction with the Directorate of Investment Policy and Foreign Economic Relations of Evpatoria city council developed the concept of business project plan to build in Evpatoria Airport .

Executive Committee in accordance with the decision of the City Council sent a letter to the Minister of Defence with the request to transfer to communal ownership of the territorial community of the city of Evpatoria runway with the adjacent military airfield taxiway grade 2.

The aim of this project is to create high-tech enterprise, which in the long term can serve multimodule passenger and freight node Western Crimea.

See also
Yevpatoria
Євпаторійський авіаційний ремонтний завод

References

Airports built in the Soviet Union
Yevpatoria

Yevpatoria Airport


"We'll Meet Again", also called "We'll Be Together Again", is a 1939 British song. It was made famous during World War II by singer Vera Lynn. The song was written by the English songwriters Ross Parker and Hughie Charles. The song was published under the label Michael Ross Limited.

The song's first recording had Lynn with Arthur Young on Novachord. A second recording in 1953 had Lynn with many instruments and a choir of British Armed Forces members in the background.

The song gave its name to a 1943 movie of the same name. Lynn starred in the movie as the lead role.

References

1930s songs
World War II
1939 works
Peggy Lee songs

We'll Meet Again


The Book of the Knight Zifar (originally Livro del cavallero Cifar, in modern orthography Libro del caballero Zifar) is the earliest fictional adventure tale in prose in the Spanish language. It was written around 1300, probably by a cleric of Toledo, Ferrand Martínez (not Ferrand Martínez, Archdeacon of Écija), who is mentioned in the prologue. The book has much affinity with contemporary works of chivalric romance.

The Book of the Knight Zifar has been transmitted in two manuscripts. The first is a fifteenth-century codex known by the letter "M", and catalogued as MS. 11.309 in the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. The second is Spanish MS. 36, called codex "P", in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris. The latter, compiled in 1464, is generally referred to simply as the "Paris manuscript" and is well-illustrated with colourful miniatures. Two further examples of the Knight Zifar printed in Seville in 1512 survive.

The book is an adaptation of the legendary life of Saint Eustace, who before his conversion was a Roman general named Placidus (Plácidas in Spanish). The knight Zifar is a medieval Placidus-cum-Eustace, and his story shares in part the didactic function of Eustacian hagiography, but in other respects is epic and chivalric. After being separated from his family, Zifar finds himself King of Menton. His son Roboam, after receiving an education, is separated from his family, only to end up emperor.

Modern editions

The edition of Wagner (1929) is still definitive, and was reproduced, with minor modifications, by both Riquer (1951) and Buendía (1961).
Heinrich Michelant. Historia del Cavallero Cifar. Bibliothek des Litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, CXII. Tübingen: 1872.
Charles Philip Wagner. El Libro del Caballero Zifar. Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press, 1929.
Martín de Riquer. El Caballero Zifar. Selecciones Bibliófilas. Barcelona: Ariel, 1951.
Felicidad Buendía. Libros de Caballerías españoles: El Caballero Cifar, Amadís de Gaula, Tirant el Blanco. Madrid: Aguilar, 1960.
Joaquín González Muela. Libro del Caballero Zifar, 2nd ed. Madrid: Castalia, 1990 [1982].
Cristina González. Libro del Caballero Zifar. Madrid: Cátedra, 1983.
Charles L. Nelson. The Book of the Knight Zifar: a Translation of El Libro del Cavallero Zifar. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1983 and 2015. Sample
M. A. Olsen. Libro del Cavallero Çifar. Madison: HSMS, 1984.
Manuel Moleiro y Francisco Rico. Libro del caballero Zifar. Códice de París. Barcelona: Moleiro, 1996. Online

Spanish literature
1300s works

Book of the Knight Zifar