The Avro Type 688 Tudor was a British piston-engined airliner based on Avro's four-engine Lincoln bomber, itself a descendant of the famous Lancaster heavy bomber, and was Britain's first pressurised airliner. Customers saw the aircraft as little more than a pressurised DC-4, and few orders were forthcoming, important customers preferring to buy US aircraft. The tailwheel undercarriage layout was also dated and a disadvantage.

Development
Avro began work on the Type 688 Tudor in 1943, following Specification 29/43 for a commercial adaptation of the Lancaster IV bomber, which was later renamed Lincoln. The specification was based on recommendations of the Brabazon Committee, which issued specifications for nine types of commercial aircraft for postwar use.

Avro first proposed to build the Avro 687 (Avro XX), which was a Lincoln bomber with a new circular section pressurized fuselage and a large single fin and rudder in place of the predecessor's double ones. During the design stage, the idea of a simple conversion was abandoned and the Avro 688 was designed, which retained the four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. It was designed by Roy Chadwick who, due to wartime restrictions, could not design a completely new aircraft, but had to use existing parts, tools and jigs. Using the Lincoln's wing, Chadwick, who had worked on the Lancaster, designed the Tudor to incorporate a new pressurized fuselage of circular cross-section, with a useful load of 3,765 lb (1,705 kg) and a range of 3,975 mi (6,400 km).

Two prototypes were ordered in September 1944 and the first, G-AGPF, was assembled by Avro's experimental flight department at Manchester's Ringway Airport and first flew on 14 June 1945. It was the first British pressurised civilian aircraft, although the prototype initially flew unpressurised. The prototype Tudor I had 1,750 hp (1,305 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 102 engines, but the standard engines were 1,770 hp (1,320 kW) Merlin 621s.

Design
The Tudor was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with four engines, a single fin and rudder and a retractable tailwheel undercarriage (in its original configurations).

The wing was of NACA 23018 section at the root, and was a five-piece, all-metal, twin-spar structure. The untapered centre section carried the inboard engines and main undercarriage, while the inner and outer sections were tapered on their leading and trailing edges, with the inner sections carrying the outboard engines. The ailerons were fitted with trim and balance tabs, and there were hydraulically operated split flaps in three sections on each side of the trailing edges of the centre section and inner wings. A  fuel capacity was given by eight bag tanks, one on either side of the fuselage in the centre section and three in both inner wings.

The all-metal tail unit had a dorsal fin integrated with the fuselage, and a  twin-spar tailplane with inset divided elevators. The control surfaces were mass-balanced, and each had controllable trim and servo tabs.

The circular cross-section fuselage was an all-metal semi-monocoque structure, of  diameter, fitted with kapok noise insulation above floor level.
The hydraulically operated main-wheel units were similar to those of the Lancaster, had single Dunlop wheels and retracted rearward into the inboard engine nacelles. The twin tailwheels retracted rearward into the fuselage and were enclosed by twin longitudinal doors.

Operational history

Tudor I
The Tudor I was intended for use on the North Atlantic route. At the time, the United States had the Douglas DC-4 and Lockheed Constellation, which could both carry more passengers than the Tudor which only carried 12, and also weighed less than the Tudor weight of . The Tudor tailwheel layout was also obsolete. Despite this, the Ministry of Supply ordered 14 Tudor I aircraft for BOAC, and increased the production order to 20 in April 1945.

The Tudor I suffered from a number of stability problems, which included longitudinal and directional instability. The problem was handed over to the Royal Aircraft Establishment at RAE Farnborough, where an extensive programme of testing was carried out, the test pilot being Eric Brown. Following the RAE's recommendations, a larger tailplane was fitted, and the original fin and rudder were replaced by larger vertical surfaces. BOAC added to the delays by requesting more than 340 modifications, and finally rejected the Tudor I on 11 April 1947, considering it unacceptable for North Atlantic operations. It had been intended that 12 Tudors would be built in Australia for military transport, but this plan was abandoned.

Twelve Tudor I aircraft were built, of which three were scrapped, while others were variously converted to the Tudor IVB and Tudor Freighter I configurations.

As a result of all the Tudor I delays, BOAC – with the support of the Ministry of Civil Aviation – sought permission to purchase aircraft with known performance and reliability, such as the Lockheed Constellation and the Boeing Stratocruiser, for its Atlantic routes instead of the Tudor. Despite BOAC's reluctance to purchase Tudors, the Ministry of Supply continued to subsidize the aircraft.

Tudor II
The passenger capacity of the Avro 688 was considered unsatisfactory, so a larger version was planned from the outset. Designated the Avro 689 (also Avro XXI), the Tudor II was designed as a 60-seat passenger aircraft for BOAC, with the fuselage lengthened to  compared to the Tudor I's  and the fuselage increased by  to  diameter, making it the largest UK airliner at the time.

At the end of 1944, while it was still in the design stage, BOAC, Qantas and South African Airways decided to standardise on the Tudor II for Commonwealth air routes, and BOAC increased its initial order for 30 examples to 79.

The prototype Tudor II G-AGSU first flew on 10 March 1946 at Woodford Aerodrome. The changes in design had however resulted in a loss of performance and the aircraft could not be used in hot and high conditions which resulted in Qantas ordering the Constellation and South African Airways, the Douglas DC-4 instead, with the total order reduced to 50.

During further testing, the prototype was destroyed on 23 August 1947 in a fatal crash on take off from Woodford which killed Roy Chadwick; air accident investigators later discovered that the crash was due to incorrect assembly of the aileron control circuit.

The engines on the second prototype were changed to Bristol Hercules radials and the aircraft became the prototype Tudor 7, which did not go into production. Unimpressed by the type's performance during further tropical trials, BOAC did not operate the Tudor II and only three production Tudor IIs were built. Six aircraft were built for British South American Airways (BSAA) as the Tudor V.

The third of the pre-production Tudor 2s, initially G-AGRZ, was used for pressurisation tests as VZ366 at RAE Farnborough.

The second Tudor II to be completed, G-AGRY, went to Nairobi for tropical trials as VX202, but these were unsatisfactory and Tudor II orders were reduced to 18. Eventually, only four Tudor IIs were completed including the prototype.

From 1946 on, the potential purchase of US aircraft by operators such as BOAC led to criticism of government policy, because of the damage that could potentially be caused to Britain's civil aircraft industry by a failure to buy the Tudor. L.G.S. Payne, The Daily Telegraphs aeronautical correspondent, said that British government policy had led to the development of aircraft which were uncompetitive in price, performance and economy. He blamed the Ministry of Supply's planners for this failure, since the industry had effectively been nationalised and argued that the government should pursue the development of jet aircraft instead of "interim types" such as the Tudor.

BOAC cancelled its order for Tudors in 1947, instead taking delivery of 22 Canadair North Stars which they renamed C-4 Argonauts, and used them extensively between 1949 and 1960.

Six aircraft ordered as Tudor IIs were intended to be modified with tricycle landing gear, for use by BSAA as freighters, and designated the 711 Trader'''. They were not built, but a parallel design using the same landing gear was produced as the jet-powered Avro Ashton.

Tudor III
Two Tudor Is, G-AIYA and G-AJKC, were sent to Armstrong Whitworth for completion as VIP transports for cabinet ministers. They could accommodate 10 passengers and had nine berths. They were re-registered as VP301 and VP312, and both were acquired by Aviation Traders in September 1953, VP301 being reconverted into a Tudor I.

In 1955, G-AIYA and the Tudor I G-AGRG were lengthened to Tudor IV standard. Together with the un-lengthened Tudor I G-AGRI, which had become a 42-seat passenger aircraft, they were used on the Air Charter Ltd Colonial Coach Services between the UK, Tripoli and Lagos.

Tudor IV
To meet a BSAA requirement, some Tudor Is were lengthened by , powered by 1,770 hp (1,320 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 621s and 1,760 hp (1,310 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 623s. With 32 seats and no flight engineer position, these were known as Tudor IVs, and when fitted with a flight engineer's position and 28 seats, as Tudor IVBs.

BSAA's new flagships received mixed reviews from pilots. Some greeted it with enthusiasm, such as Captain Geoffrey Womersley, who described it as "the best civil airliner flying." Others rejected it as an unsound design. BSAA's chief pilot and manager of operations, Gordon Store, was unimpressed:

"The Tudor was built like a battleship. It was noisy, I had no confidence in its engines and its systems were hopeless. The Americans were fifty years ahead of us in systems engineering. All the hydraulics, the air conditioning equipment and the recircling [sic] fans were crammed together underneath the floor without any thought. There were fuel-burning heaters that would never work; we had the floorboards up in flight again and again.

The Tudor IV's fuel-burning heaters were made by Janitrol and were also used on the US-built passenger aircraft – such as the Lockheed Constellation – as well as later on US-ordered variants of the Vickers Viscount.

The first example, G-AHNJ "Star Panther", first flew on 9 April 1947. The Tudor IV received its Certificate of Airworthiness on 18 July 1947, and on 29 September, BSAA took delivery of G-AHNK "Star Lion", the first of its six Tudor 4s to be delivered. It departed the next day from Heathrow on a flight to South America, and on 31 October began flights from London to Havana via Lisbon, the Azores, Bermuda and Nassau.

On the night of 29–30 January 1948, Tudor IV G-AHNP "Star Tiger", with 31 people on board, disappeared without trace between Santa Maria in the Azores and Bermuda. Tudors were temporarily grounded and while the cause of the accident was never determined, the type returned to service on 3 December 1948, when a weekly service was begun from London to Buenos Aires via Gander, Bermuda, and other stops, returning via the Azores.

Disaster struck again on 17 January 1949, when Tudor IV G-AGRE "Star Ariel" also disappeared, this time between Bermuda and Kingston, Jamaica, with the loss of 20 people, and the Tudor IVs were once more grounded. The subsequent fleet shortage led to BSAA being taken over by BOAC. Pressurisation problems were suspected to be the cause of the two accidents, and the remaining aircraft were flown as unpressurised freighters under the designations Tudor Freighter IV and IVB.

A Tudor IV was tested at De Havilland's Hatfield Airfield on 1 April 1949 to check "no lift angle" and flown to Heathrow on 8 April.

After storage for some years at Manchester Airport, four ex-BSAAC Tudor IVs were bought by Air Charter Limited in late 1953. They were fitted with  by  cargo doors aft by Aviation Traders and designated Super Traders IV or IVB, receiving their Certificate of Airworthiness in March 1955. These were operated by Air Charter Ltd on long distance freight flights as far as Christmas Island. Some remained in service until 1959, until G-AGRH "Zephyr" crashed in Turkey on 23 April 1959.

Tudor V

The Tudor V was a modified version of the stretched Tudor II equipped with 44 seats. BSAA acquired five which never entered passenger service with the airline. They were instead stripped of their fittings and used as fuel tankers on the Berlin Airlift. They completed a total of 2,562 supply sorties in 6,973 hours, carrying 22,125 tons (20,071 tonnes) of fuel into Berlin.

On 12 March 1950, G-AKBY, which had been returned to passenger service with Airflight Ltd, on a charter flight from Ireland, crashed at RAF Llandow, South Wales, with the resulting death of 80 of its passengers and crew.

In 1953, Lome Airways leased an ex BSAA Tudor 5 from Surrey Flying Services as CF-FCY for freight operations in Canada. It was retired at Stansted and scrapped in 1959.

Tudor VI
The Tudor VI was to be built for the Argentinian airline FAMA for South Atlantic service, with 32–38 seats or 22 sleeper berths, but none were built.

Tudor VII
The Tudor VII was the first production Tudor II fitted with Bristol Hercules air-cooled radial engines in an attempt to give better performance. The sole example built, G-AGRX, made its first flight on 17 April 1946, and was later fitted in June 1948 with shorter landing gear with the engines repositioned (inclined) to give better ground clearance. G-AGRX was used for cabin temperature experiments, and was finally sold for spares in March 1954.

Tudor 8

The second prototype Tudor I was rebuilt to Tudor IV standards. It was later fitted with four Rolls-Royce Nene 4 turbojets in under-wing paired nacelles. Given the serial VX195, The Tudor 8 carried out its first flight at Woodford on 6 September 1948, and a few days later, it was demonstrated at the SBAC Show at Farnborough. Later, the Tudor 8 was used for high-altitude tests at Boscombe Down and RAE Farnborough before being broken up in 1951.

Tudor 9
Following tests of the Tudor 8, the Ministry of Supply ordered six Tudor 9s, based on the Tudor II but powered by four Rolls-Royce Nenes and utilizing a tricycle undercarriage. The original design was then modified and the type was produced as the Avro 706 Ashton with the first Ashton flying on 1 September 1950.

Variants
All except the prototype built by Avro at their Chadderton factory and assembled and test flown from Woodford Aerodrome.

688 Tudor 1
Production variant, 12 built, later conversion to other variants.
689 Tudor 2
Stretched version, five built.
688 Tudor 3
Tudor 1 modified by Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft as executive transport aircraft. It could seat up to nine passengers, two built.
688 Tudor 4
Stretched version of the Tudor 1 (but not the same as the Tudor 2 with the fuselage lengthened by only 6 ft/1.83 m). It could seat up to 32 passengers, 11 built.
688 Tudor 4B
As Tudor 4 but retained the Tudor 1's flight engineers station. Small number of Tudor 1s were converted into Tudor 4Bs.
689 Tudor 5
Tudor 2 for BSAA, powered by four 1,770 hp (1,320 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 621 piston engines, six built. One aircraft crashed in 1950 killing 80 in the Llandow Air Disaster.
689 Tudor 6
Ordered by the Argentinian airline FAMA, but the order was cancelled. None of the airframes were completed.
689 Tudor 7
Tudor 2 fitted with four 1,750 hp (1,305 kW) Bristol Hercules 120 radial piston engines, one prototype only.
688 Tudor 8
Jet-engined version of the Tudor 1. Tudor 1 VX195 was fitted with four Rolls-Royce Nene 4 turbojet engines.
Tudor 9
Jet-engined version of the Tudor 2, became the 706 Ashton
Super Trader 4B
 Re-engined version, fitted with four 1,760 hp (1,312 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 23 piston engines.
Tudor Freighter 1
 Freight and cargo version, three aircraft were used by BOAC during the 1949 Berlin Airlift.
711 Trader
Proposed freighter development of the Tudor 2 fitted with a tricycle landing gear; not built.

Operators

Lome Airways

Air Charter
Airflight
British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) (freight only)
British South American Airways
Surrey Flying Services
William Dempster (airline)

Accidents and incidents
 23 August 1947 – Tudor 2 prototype G-AGSU crashed on takeoff from Woodford, killing Avro designer Roy Chadwick.
 30 January 1948 – Tudor 1 G-AHNP "Star Tiger" of British South American Airways disappeared in the western Atlantic.
 17 January 1949 – Tudor 4B G-AGRE "Star Ariel" of British South American Airways disappeared in the western Atlantic.
 12 March 1950 – Tudor 5 G-AKBY "Star Girl" of Airflight Limited crashed on approach, Llandow, Glamorgan, United Kingdom."60 years since Welsh rugby air disaster at Llandow." BBC News Online, 12 March 2010.
 26 October 1951 – Tudor 5 G-AKCC President Kruger of William Dempster Limited was damaged beyond repair landing at Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
 27 January 1959 – Super Trader G-AGRG El Alamein of Air Charter destroyed by fire on takeoff from Brindisi, Italy.
 23 April 1959 – Super Trader G-AGRH "Zephyr" of Air Charter flew into Mount Suphan, Turkey.

Specifications (Avro 688 Tudor 1)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. World Aircraft – Commercial Aircraft 1935–1960. London: Sampson Low Guides, 1979. .
 Brookes, Andrew. Disaster in the Air. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 1992. .
 Eastwood, Tony and John Roach. Piston Engine Airliner Production List. West Drayton, UK: Aviation Hobby Shop, 1991. .
 Geiger, Till. Britain and the Economic Problem of the Cold War. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2004. .
 Holmes, Harry. Avro – The History of an Aircraft Company. Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2004.  .
 Jackson, A.J. Avro Aircraft since 1908, 2nd edition. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. .

 Jane, Fred T. "The Avro 688 Tudor I." Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. .
 Ottaway, Susan and Ian. Fly With the Stars: A History of British South American Airways. Andover, Hampshire, UK: Speedman Press, 2007. .
 Scholefield, R.A. Manchester Airport. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited, 1997. .
 Yenne, William. Classic American Airliners.  St Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2005. .

External links

Avro Tudor – British Aircraft Database
Tudor – British Aircraft of World War II
A picture of the jet-powered Tudor 8 via the Internet Archive
The Avro Tudor II A 1946 Flight advertisement for the Tudor
"The Avro Tudor I" – a 1945 Flight article on the Tudor
"Tudor in the Air" a 1948 Flight article
"More About Tudors" a 1948 Flight'' article

Tudor
1940s British airliners
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Four-engined piston aircraft

Avro Tudor


Conwy (Conway prior to 1983) was an electoral constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) by the single-member district plurality (also known as first-past-the-post) system of voting.

The constituency was created for the 1950 general election, and abolished for the 2010 general election.

History
It was a marginal between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party throughout its existence.

The Conwy Welsh Assembly constituency was created with the same boundaries as the Conwy House of Commons constituency in 1999.

Boundaries
The constituency was, geographically, relatively small for its region, as it followed and tended to keep to the coast, taking in parts of two separate densely populated coastal conurbations.

As well as the walled castle town of Conwy from which it bore its name, the constituency mainly comprised the popular holiday resort and retail centre of Llandudno to the east, and the city of Bangor, which is home to the University of Wales, Bangor, to the west.  It also included the smaller coastal towns of Penmaenmawr and Llanfairfechan, as well as some sparser inland areas including former slate-quarrying communities in the Ogwen Valley.

The constituency, notably, did not include Colwyn Bay (or outlying Rhos-on-Sea), which forms part of a coastal conurbation (and the Conwy county borough) with Llandudno and its outlying town of Penrhyn Bay—both in the constituency; this area comes under the constituency of Clwyd West to the east.  Nor did it include the town of Caernarfon—just southwest of Bangor—which was in a constituency of the same name.

The constituency was also bordered by Meirionnydd Nant Conwy to the south, and the insular constituency of Ynys Mon to the west.

Following the decisions of the Welsh Boundary Commission, the Conwy seat was significantly altered, forming the base of a new Aberconwy constituency established for the 2010 general election. Part of the constituency (notably Bangor) became part of the new Arfon constituency.

Profile
Although the constituency included a student population from the university, most of the voters were towards the older end of the age spectrum as it was a popular retirement area.  The constituency was also linguistically diverse, with mainly English speakers in the east and mainly Welsh speakers in the west and inland areas.

Members of Parliament

The last MP was Betty Williams of the Labour Party, who held the seat from 1997 (when she gained 35.04% of the vote—a 9.4% swing from the Conservatives) until its abolition in 2010.  Williams increased her share of the vote in 2001 (by 6.8%), but it was reduced in 2005 (by 4.7%).  She is also the first female MP to hold the seat. The seat was previously held (since its renaming in 1983) by Sir Wyn Roberts for the Conservative Party, who was first elected for Conway, the old anglicised name of the constituency, in 1970.

Elections

Elections in the 1950s

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in the 1970s

Elections in the 1980s

Elections in the 1990s

Elections in the 2000s

In the 2005 general election, the seat was the 81st easiest seat for the Liberal Democrats to gain, and the 153rd easiest seat for the Conservative Party to gain. The Labour Party did not include the seat on its list of vulnerable seats and eventually held the seat (with a reduced proportion of the vote).

Official declaration of result of the poll (in PDF)

See also
 List of parliamentary constituencies in Clwyd
 List of parliamentary constituencies in Gwynedd

References

Historic parliamentary constituencies in North Wales
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1950
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 2010

Conwy (UK Parliament constituency)


The present continuous tense is one of the continuous tenses in English. (Continuous tenses are: present continuous, past continuous, and future continuous.)

The present continuous (also called "present progressive") tense mainly describes actions that are in progress at the time of speaking.

Forms

Affirmative sentences
Affirmative sentences in the present continuous are formed using verb be (am / is / are) + base verb-ing.

 I am eating.
 She is eating.
 He is eating.
 It is eating.
 We are eating.
 You are eating.
 They are eating.

The short forms 'm, 's, 're can be used in informal situations and in speech.

Negative sentences
Negative sentences are formed by adding not (or the short form n't) to the verb be.

 I am not eating.
 She isn't eating.
 He is not eating.
 It is not eating.
 We aren't eating.
 You are not eating.
 They aren't eating.

Questions
Yes / No question are formed using Verb be (Am / Is /Are) + subject + base verb-ing.

Wh-questions begin with one of the wh-question words.

(Wh-question words are: what, where, when, why, who, which, whose, how.)

 Am I eating your pizza?
 Are you having fun?
 Is she sleeping now?
 Is it raining outside?
 Why is she crying?
 When are they coming?

Uses
Present continuous verbs are used to describe the following situations.

Actions happening now or around now

 I am fixing the broken chair right now.
 The baby is sleeping at the moment.
 She is taking a course in Spanish this semester.

Future actions

 We are getting married soon.
 He is seeing the dentist in the afternoon.
 They are moving to their new apartment next month.

Repeated actions
Adverbs like always are used in this structure to imply that the speaker is irritated or annoyed by the action, or that the action was unplanned or unexpected.

 She is always complaining about her children.
 He is forever losing his keys.
 I'm always meeting her in the hallway.

Changing or developing actions

 Prices are rising these days.
 Her hair is growing very fast.
 Nowadays, more people are using social media to promote their businesses.

Non-continuous verbs
Non-continuous (or state verbs) are a group of verbs that describe state rather than action. They are not used in the continuous form. Instead, the present simple tense is used instead.

 I don't understand these formulas.
 They know what has to be done.
 I believe we should revise the plans. (NOT am believing)

Some verbs can be used as state verbs and action (or dynamic) verbs, but with different meanings.

 The chef is tasting the food. (action verb)
 The food tastes great. (NOT is tasting; state verb)
 She is looking at you. (action verb)
 It looks gorgeous! (NOT is looking; state verb)
 I'm having lunch with my sisters. (action verb)
 I have two sisters. (NOT am having; state verb)

Grammar
English language

Present continuous


Plant cutting, also known as striking/cloning, is a technique for vegetatively (asexually) propagating plants. With this method,  a piece of the source plant containing at least one stem cell is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. The cutting then grows new roots, stems, or both, and becomes a new plant independent of the parent.

References

Agriculture

Plant cutting


Bentheim-Steinfurt was a historical county located in northwestern North Rhine-Westphalia in the region surrounding Steinfurt, Germany. Bentheim-Steinfurt was a partition of Bentheim-Bentheim, itself a partition of the County of Bentheim. Bentheim-Steinfurt was partitioned: between itself and Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda in 1606; and between itself and Bentheim-Bentheim in 1643.

History

Bentheim-Steinfurt and its territories were converted to Lutheranism in 1544 by Count Arnold II. He was succeeded by his less-religious son, Eberwin III. After the latter's early death at age 26, he was succeeded by his infant child, Arnold III, under the regency of Anna of Tecklenburg. Arnold III married Magdalena of Neuenahr in 1576, and he began attempts to properly convert the county to Protestantism. In the autumn of 1587, Lutheran preachers from across Germany were invited to help reform the Counties of Bentheim, Steinfurt, Lingen and Tecklenburg. The new laws were largely modelled on those of Mörs, and were introduced in Bentheim and Tecklenburg, in the following year, and finally Steinfurt in 1591. Arnold also founded a successful school in Schüttorf during 1588, which was relocated to Steinfurt in 1591 and taught Latin, law, theology, philosophy and (from 1607) medicine. Arnold died in 1606, and was succeeded by his sons Arnold Jobst, William Henry, Frederick Liudolph and Conrad Gumbert. Arnold Jobst created the Higher Church Council 1613 in the Bentheim territory as the supreme spiritual authority below the counts, and also in that year the Reformed Church of Bentheim was created, comprising also the Twelve Articles.

In 1643, Arnold Jobst died and was succeeded by his son Ernest William. He was greatly influenced by Bernhard von Galen, the Prince-Bishop of Münster, and in 1688 he converted to Roman Catholicism. A fierce crisis ensued in which the Protestant preachers were expelled. Ernest William died in 1693, and it was left to his son and heir, Count Ernest, to resolve the troubles, doing so by converting to Lutheranism in 1701. A new reformed Church constitution was released, modelled on the 1678 Church Constitution of Lingen (it would continue in use until 1971). Bentheim-Steinfurt obtained the Castle Batenburg in 1700, although by that time it had ceased to be permanently garrisoned, and it was destroyed by the French in 1795.

Count Louis obtained the County of Bentheim-Bentheim in 1803. Bentheim-Steinfurt was mediatised to Prussia in 1806, ceded to Berg in 1809, restored to Prussia in 1813 and ceded to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815.

Today, the still existing branches of the House of Bentheim are the Princes of Bentheim-Steinfurt with their seat at Steinfurt Castle (also still owners of the ancestral seat Burg Bentheim) and the Princes of Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda with their seat at Rheda Castle (also still owners of Hohenlimburg Castle) and the Counts Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda.

Counts of Bentheim-Steinfurt (1454–1806)
Arnold I (1454–1466)
Eberwin II (1466–1498)
Arnold II (1498–1544)
Eberwin III (1544–1562)
Arnold III (1562–1606)
Anna of Tecklenburg (1562–1577) (regent)
Arnold Jobst (1606–1643) with
William Henry (1606–1632) and
Frederick Ludolph (1606–1629) and
Conrad Gumbert (1606–1618)
Ernest William (1643–1693)
Ernest (1693–1713)
Charles Frederick (1713–1733)
Charles Paul Ernest (1733–1780)
Louis (Count of Bentheim-Bentheim) (1780–1806) raised to Prince 1817

(Mediatized) Princes of Bentheim and Steinfurt (1866–)

  Ludwig Wilhelm, 1st Prince 1866–1890 (1812-1890)
  Alexis, 2nd Prince 1890–1919 (1845-1919)
  Viktor Adolf, 3rd Prince 1919–1961 (1883-1961)
 Alexis, Hereditary Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt (1922-1943)
 Christian, 4th Prince 1961- (1923-)
  Prince Reinhard Georg (1934-2021)
 Prince Carl Ferdinand (1977-), adopted by his uncle Prince Christian
  Prince Jonathan (2008-)
  Christoph Peter (1978-)

References

Counties of the Holy Roman Empire
States and territories established in 1454

Bentheim-Steinfurt


The Budapest University of Jewish Studies ( / Jewish Theological Seminary – University of Jewish Studies / ) is a university in Budapest, Hungary.  It was opened in 1877, a few decades after the first European rabbinical seminaries had been built in Padua, Metz, Paris and Breslau.  Still, it remains the oldest existing institution in the world where rabbis are graduated.

History

19th century

The growing liberal segment in Hungarian Jewish society, known as Neologs, were interested in secularly-educated clergy and their leaders strove to have a modern seminary.
Orthodox Hungarian rabbis were very much against a rabbinical seminary. In order to prevent its establishment in Budapest, they sent a delegation to Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria in Vienna.
However, the Emperor was favorable to the rabbinical school and even financed its construction, giving back to the Hungarian Jews the money they had had to pay 30 years before as a war tax after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
On October 4, 1877, the seminary was opened in József körút.  Its first principal was Moses Löb Bloch, who was assisted by David Kaufmann and Wilhelm Bacher.

Second World War
On March 19, 1944 German troops marched into Budapest (Operation Margarethe). The next day, the rabbinical seminary was confiscated by the Schutzstaffel (SS) and turned into a prison. From there, Adolf Eichmann organized the deportation of thousands of Hungarian Jews and some political detainees into the concentration camps, mainly to Auschwitz.

Just in time before the German invasion, the most valuable manuscripts had been brought into an underground safe. Still, an important part of the library was seized by the Nazis. 3000 books were dispatched to Prague, where Eichmann planned the construction of a "Museum of an extinct race" in the former Jewish quarter.  Only in the 1980s were the books discovered in the cellar of the Jewish Museum of Prague and brought back to Budapest in 1989.  The library remains a source of pride for the university.  It is considered one of the most important collection of Jewish theological literature outside Israel.

After the war, Communist era
Immediately after the defeat of the Nazis, the Rabbinical seminary resumed its activity and was reopened two months before the surrender of Germany. However, the number of students was not sufficient for keeping the gymnasium department. Instead, a pedagogical college was arranged for religion and Hebrew teachers to be graduated.

Despite the anti-religious policy of the Communist government, the rabbinical seminary in Budapest remained alive. It was the only one of its kind in Eastern Europe, but strongly dependent on national authorities. Religious life was regulated by the Ministry of Religion which was responsible for filling vacant rabbinical posts in Hungary.

Being the only place of its kind in the Eastern bloc, the Budapest seminary had a special mission. Students came from all countries of Eastern Europe, from the Soviet Union and even from Israel, to be graduated as a rabbi or cantor. They lived, partly with their families, in small simply furnished boarding rooms.

From 1950 until his death in 1985, Sándor Scheiber was director of the seminary who edited important publications on Jewish studies from the Middle Ages to the 20th century.

After 1989
After the end of communism, thanks to donations from abroad, the seminary building was renovated, the library modernized and some of the valuable old books were being restored.

Languages of instruction
Although at the time of the founding of the seminary, religious subjects were taught mostly in German, which was understandable to students from different regions, serious efforts were immediately made to transition most of the teaching into Hungarian. Secular subjects (mathematics, physics, history) were taught in Hungarian from the very beginning, since Jewish intellectuals of Hungary had a good command of the Hungarian language. A number of well-known professors invited to the seminary (in particular, Moses Bloch) signed contracts containing the condition to master the Hungarian language within a few years and begin teaching subjects in it.

During the communist period, almost all subjects were taught in Hungarian; for students from other socialist countries, including from the USSR, other languages could be used in the first courses, in particular Russian, German and English, but students had to learn Hungarian and then take courses in it.

Modern Hebrew was not used or studied, in order to avoid accusations of Zionist propaganda. When reading religious texts in Hebrew, an outdated Ashkenazi pronunciation was deliberately practiced, while Hebrew in Israel was based on the Sephardic pronunciation and was difficult for Ashkenazi speakers to understand by hearing.

Currently, courses are taught in Hungarian.

Organization
The institute was under the supervision of the ministry of religion, which appointed the teachers upon nomination by the council (consisting of twelve clerical and twelve lay members), of which M. Schweiger was president and Dr. J. Simon secretary, ever since 1877. The course of study extended over ten years and was divided into two equal periods; one being devoted to the lower department, the other to the upper. The former corresponded to an "Obergymnasium"; and the requirement for admission was the possession of a diploma from an "Untergymnasium", or the passing of an entrance examination covering a certain amount of Hebrew and Talmudics in addition to secular studies. The diplomas from this department were recognized by the state, and commanded admittance into any department of the universities or schools of technology. After the completion of the courses offered by the upper department, including attendance under the faculty of philosophy at the university, a year of probation followed. This was concluded in February by an oral examination after the candidate had presented three written theses on Biblical, rabbinic-Talmudic, and historical or religious-philosophical subjects respectively. At graduation he received a rabbinical diploma, which was recognized by the state. To supplement the regular course of training there were students' societies in both departments.

The library of the institute contained about 25,000 volumes of manuscripts and printed works, which were accessible to all in the reading-room.

References

 Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger: The Rabbinical Seminary of Budapest, 1877-1977: A centennial volume. Sepher-Hermon Press, New York 1986.

Bibliography (Jewish Encyclopedia)

 József Bánóczi, Gesch. des Ersten Jahrzehnts der Landes-Rabbinerschule (Supplement to the Annual Report for 1887-88);
 Ludwig Blau, Brill, Sámuel Löw, pp. 27–32, Budapest, 1902;
 S. Schill, A Budapesti Országos Rabbiképzöintézet Története, Budapest, 1896;
 Annual Reports (with literary supplements)

References

Jews and Judaism in Budapest
Jewish seminaries
Pest, Hungary
Universities in Budapest
Jewish Hungarian history
Jewish universities and colleges
Universities and colleges established in 1877
Neolog Judaism synagogues
1877 establishments in Austria-Hungary

Budapest University of Jewish Studies


Transparency, transparence or transparent most often refer to:

 Transparency (optics), transmitting light
 Many articles listed use "transparency" as a metaphor, meaning that everything is visible, nothing hidden.

They may also refer to:

Literal uses
 Transparency (photography), a transparent photograph
 Transparency (projection), for use with an overhead projector
 Electromagnetically induced transparency

Animals and plants
 Transparent goby, a fish species
 White Transparent, a cultivar of apple

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music

Groups and labels
 Transparency (record label), North America
 Transparent (band), New York, US

Albums
 Transparency, by the Herb Robertson Quintet, 1985
 Transparent, by Coil, 1984
 Transparent, by LaRue 2001
 Transparente, by Mariza, 2005
 Transparence, by Markize, 2007

Songs
 "Transparency", by PartyNextDoor from the 2016 album PartyNextDoor 3
 "Transparent", by Suzi Quatro from album Main Attraction
 "Transparent", by In Flames from the album Reroute to Remain

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Transparent (book),  by Cris Beam
 Transparent (film), a 2005 documentary
 Transparent (TV series), US

Computing and mathematics
 Transparency (data compression), perceptually lossless
 Transparency (human–computer interaction), a change not affecting interface
 Transparency (telecommunication), transmitting signal unchanged
 Network transparency
 Alpha compositing, creating apparent transparency
 Image masks in computer graphics
 Transparency (graphic) in image formats
 Transparency (pseudo), in X or X11 Window System
 Location transparency, independence of location
 Order-independent transparency in 3D computer graphics
 Referential transparency
 Security through transparency, security where all except the key is known

Humanities and business
 Transparency (behavior), showing what is done
 Open government#Transparency
 Transparency (linguistic)
 Transparency (market), everything known
 Transparency (science), where all is described
 Transparency (trade), clear foreign trade regulations
 Compensation transparency, pay fully disclosed
 Media transparency, open handling of news
 Radical transparency of previously confidential data

Organizations
 Transparency (Guatemala) (Transparencia), a political party
 Transparency International, anti-corruption organization

Other uses
 Transparency (wine), ability of a wine to portray all unique aspects of its flavor

See also
 Clarity (disambiguation)
 Visibility (disambiguation)

Transparency


A constitutional referendum was held in Iran on 28 July 1989, alongside presidential elections. Allegedly approved by 97.6% of voters, it was the first and so far only time the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been amended. It made several changes to articles 5, 107, 109, 111, and added article 176. It eliminated the need for the Supreme Leader (rahbar) of the country to be a marja or chosen by popular acclaim, it eliminated the post of prime minister, and it created a Supreme National Security Council.

Background
On 24 April 1989 while on his deathbed, Ayatollah Khomeini appointed a 25-man "Council for the Revision of the Constitution" (). The council named Ali Khamenei as Khomeini's successor as Supreme Leader of Iran and drew up several amendments to the original constitution. Since the senior mujtahid or Marja of Iran had given only lukewarm support to Khomeini's principle of rule by Islamic jurist, and Khamenei was not a marja, the original prerequisite that the rahbar (leader) be "a paramount faqih" (i.e. one of these marja) was dropped from the constitution.

Some changes to the constitution introduced by the Reform Council include:
changing the name of the Majlis-e Melli to the Majlis-e Islami.
increasing the size of the Assembly of Experts to 86 members
giving the Assembly of Experts the authority to convene at least once a year and to determine whether the Supreme Leader was 'mentally and physically capable of carrying out his arduous duties.'
transforming the Expediency Council into a permanent body with members appointed by the Supreme Leader as well as representatives from the three branches of government, the armed forces, the intelligence service, and the Guardian Council.

The amendments were allegedly approved by Iranian voters and became law on 28 July 1989.

Members of the council

This is a list of members of Constitutional Amendment Council of Iran, appointed by Ayatollah Khomeini, who reviewed and amended the Constitution of Iran in 1989:

 Abbas Ali Amid-Zanjani
 Ebrahim Amini
 Ahmad Azari Qomi
 Asadollah Bayat
 Mohammad Emami-Kashani
 Hassan Habibi
 Najafgholi Habibi
 Hossein Hashemian
 Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
 Ahmad Jannati
 Mehdi Karroubi
 Ali Khamenei (deputy chairman)
 Hadi Khamenei
 Abolghasem Khazali
 Mohammad Reza Mahdavi-Kani
 Ali Meshkini (chairman)
 Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani
 Mohammad Daneshzadeh Mo'men
 Mir-Hossein Mousavi
 Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardebili
 Mohammad Mousavi-Khoiniha
 Abdollah Noori
 Hassan Taheri-Khorramabadi
 Mohammad Reza Tavassoli
 Mohammad Yazdi

Results

References

Referendums in Iran
Referendum, constitutional
Iran
Referendum
Constitutional referendums
Constitutional amendments
Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran

1989 Iranian constitutional referendum


Mambo most often refers to:
Mambo (music), a Cuban musical form
Mambo (dance), a dance corresponding to mambo music

Mambo may also refer to:

Music
Mambo section, a section in arrangements of some types of Afro-Caribbean music, particularly danzón; the musical form of the same name developed from this section

Albums
Mambo! (album), a 1954 album by Yma Sumac
Mambo (album), a 1991 album by Spanish music duo Azúcar Moreno
Mambo, album by Jeff Maluleke
Mambo, album by Remmy Ongala

Songs
"Mambo" (1938 song) by Orestes Lopez
"Mambo" by Leonard Bernstein from West Side Story
"Mambo!" (Helena Paparizou song), 2005
"Mambo", a 2021 song by Steve Aoki and Willy William

Film and television
Mambo (film), a 1954 Italian American film
 Mambo V, a character in Ninjago
Mambo Duckman, a character from the television series Duckman
Moshe Mambo, a character from the movie Money Monster

Other uses
Mambo (Vodou), a Haitian Vodou priestess
Mambo (software), an open source content management system
MAMbo, a nickname for the Bologna Museum of Modern Art in Bologna, Italy
MAMBO, a nickname for the Bogotá Museum of Modern Art in Bogotá, Colombia
Mambo Graphics, the company behind the Australian surf clothing brand Mambo
Tecma Mambo, a French hang glider design

See also
Mumbo (disambiguation)

Mambo


The House of Stroganov or Stroganoff also known as the Stroganov family were a Russian noble family that were very powerful and often involved in the politics of the time. They even financed some military campaigns which shows how rich they were. During the Great Northern War of 1700–1721, the Stroganovs gave sizable financial support to the government of Peter the Great. Because of this, Alexander Grigoriyevich, Nikolay Grigoriyevich, and Sergei Grigoriyevich were raised to the rank of baron in 1722 and later to that of Count. The head of the family was called Count Stroganov and his wife Countess Stroganova. Extremely wealthy after the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Stroganov family emigrated with the White movement and all family property in Russia was nationalized. Even though they had much political influence they were also merchants in their own right. They were great rivals of the Counts Vorontsov as well as the Counts Sheremetev.

Namesakes

 The "Stroganov School" - conventional name for the last major Russian icon-painting school, which thrived under the patronage of the fabulously rich Stroganov family of merchants in the late 16th and 17th century.
 Stroganov Palace in St Petersburg. The main family residence built by the famous Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli from 1753 to 1754.
 "Beef Stroganoff"  a Russian dish including beef.

Russian nobility

Stroganov family


Mary Roberts Rinehart (August 12, 1876September 22, 1958) was an American writer, often called the American Agatha Christie. Rinehart published her first mystery novel The Circular Staircase in 1908, which introduced the "had I but known" narrative style. Rinehart is also considered the source of "the butler did it" plot device in her novel The Door (1930), although the exact phrase does not appear in her work. She also worked to tell the stories and experiences of front line soldiers during World War I, one of the first women to travel to the Belgian front lines.

Biography

Rinehart was born Mary Ella Roberts in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, now a part of Pittsburgh. A sister, Olive Louise, four years Mary's junior, would later gain recognition as an author of children's books and as a nationally syndicated newspaper columnist. Her father was a frustrated inventor, and throughout her childhood, the family often had financial problems. Her father committed suicide when Mary was 19 years old. Tending to be left-handed at a time when that was considered disadvantageous, she was trained to use her right hand instead.

She attended public schools and graduated at age 16, then enrolled at the Pittsburgh Training School for Nurses at Pittsburgh Homeopathic Hospital, where she graduated in 1896. She described the experience as "all the tragedy of the world under one roof." After graduation, she married Stanley Marshall Rinehart (1867–1932), a physician she had met there. They had three sons: Stanley Jr., Alan, and Frederick.

During the stock market crash of 1903, the couple lost their savings, spurring Rinehart's efforts at writing as a way to earn income. She was 27 that year, and produced 45 short stories. In 1907, she wrote The Circular Staircase, the novel that propelled her to national fame. According to her obituary in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette in 1958, the book sold 1.25 million copies. Her regular contributions to The Saturday Evening Post were immensely popular and helped the magazine mold American middle-class taste and manners.

In 1911, after the publication of five successful books and two plays, the Rineharts moved to the Pittsburgh suburb of Glen Osborne, where they purchased a large home at the corner of Orchard and Linden Streets called "Cassella." Before they could move into the house, however, Mrs. Rinehart had to have it completely rebuilt because it had fallen into disrepair. "The venture was mine, and I had put every dollar I possessed into the purchase. All week long I wrote wildly to meet the payroll and contractor costs," she wrote in her autobiography. In 1925, the Rineharts sold the house to the Marks family; the house was demolished in 1969. Today, a Mary Roberts Rinehart Nature Park sits in the borough of Glen Osborne at 1414 Beaver Street, Sewickley, Pennsylvania.

Rinehart's commercial success sometimes conflicted with her expected domestic roles of wife and mother, yet she often pursued adventure, including a job as a war correspondent for The Saturday Evening Post at the Belgian front during World War I. During her time in Belgium, she interviewed Albert I of Belgium, Winston Churchill and Mary of Teck, writing of the latter "This afternoon I am to be presented to the queen of England. I am to curtsey and to say 'Your majesty,' the first time!" Rinehart was working in Europe in 1918 to report on developments to the War Department and was in Paris when the armistice was signed.

In 1922, the family moved to Washington, DC, when Dr. Rinehart was appointed to a post in the Veterans Administration. She was a member of the Literary Society of Washington from 1932 to 1936. Her husband died in 1932, but she continued to live in Washington until 1935, when she moved to New York City. There she helped her sons found the publishing house Farrar & Rinehart, serving as its director.

She also maintained a vacation home in Bar Harbor, Maine. In 1947, a Filipino chef who had worked for her for 25 years fired a gun at her and then attempted to slash her with knives until other servants rescued her. The chef committed suicide in his cell the next day.

Rinehart suffered from breast cancer, which led to a radical mastectomy. She eventually went public with her story, at a time when such matters were not openly discussed. The interview "I Had Cancer" was published in a 1947 issue of the Ladies' Home Journal; in it, Rinehart encouraged women to have breast examinations.

Rinehart received a Mystery Writers of America special award a year after she published her last novel, and an honorary doctorate in literature from George Washington University.

On November 9, 1956, Rinehart appeared on the interview program Person to Person. She died at age 82 at her apartment at 630 Park Avenue in New York City.

Writing

Rinehart wrote hundreds of short stories, poems, travelogues and articles. Many of her short stories, books, and plays were adapted for movies, such as Bab: A Sub-Deb (1917), The Bat (1926), The Bat Whispers (1930), Miss Pinkerton (1932), and The Bat (1959 remake). The novel The Circular Staircase was first adapted to the screen as a silent film in 1915, and later as an episode in the TV show Climax! in 1956. In 1933 RCA Victor released The Bat as one of the early talking book recordings. She co-wrote the 1920 play The Bat which was later adapted into the 1930 film The Bat Whispers. The latter influenced Bob Kane in the creation of Batman's iconography.

Carole Lombard and Gary Cooper starred in I Take This Woman (1931), an early sound film based on Rinehart's novel Lost Ecstasy (1927).

While many of her books were best sellers, critics were most appreciative of her murder mysteries. Rinehart, in The Circular Staircase (1908), is credited with inventing the "Had-I-but-Known" school of mystery writing. The Had-I-But-Known mystery novel is one where the principal character (frequently female) does things in connection with a crime that have the effect of prolonging the action of the novel. In The Circular Staircase "a middle-aged spinster is persuaded by her niece and nephew to rent a country house for the summer. The gentle, peace-loving trio is plunged into a series of crimes solved with the help of the aunt."  Ogden Nash parodied the school in his poem Don't Guess Let Me Tell You: "Sometimes the Had I But Known then what I know now I could have saved at least three lives by revealing to the Inspector the conversation I heard through that fortuitous hole in the floor."

The phrase "The butler did it" came from Rinehart's novel The Door, in which the butler actually did murder someone, although that exact phrase does not appear in the work. Tim Kelly adapted Rinehart's play into a musical, The Butler Did It, Singing. This play includes five lead female roles and five lead male roles.

She followed her initial success with The Man in Lower Ten, another novel that continued to reinforce her fame. After these two, Rinehart published about a book a year. She also wrote a long series of comic stories about Letitia (Tish) Carberry, that was frequented in the Saturday Evening Post over a number of years. This was later made into a series of novels by Rinehart that started with The Amazing Adventures of Letitia Carberry in 1911.

After her fiction writing era, Rinehart  worked as a correspondent during World War I. She became "obsessed by the injustice, the wanton waste and cost" of the war, and wrote extensively of the things she had seen in 10 articles for the Saturday Evening Post, which were later republished in the London Times. During this time she interviewed many famous historical figures, including Albert I of Belgium, Winston Churchill, French General Ferdinand Foch, and Mary of Teck. The notes from her interview with Albert the I she sent to President Wilson in the hopes of swaying him from neutrality to fight alongside the Belgians, though it didn't immediately work. Her articles were later published as a collection titled "Kings, Queens and Pawns" in 1915. She never stopped working to serve her country and tell the stories of the men fighting in World War I.

Afterwards, she continued to write many novels and even began writing plays. Although she was greatly remembered for her plays Seven Days in 1909 and The Bat in 1920, Rinehart will always be most remembered for her mystery novels, which paved the way for the current generation of mystery writers.

She had written an autobiography, My Story, in 1931, which later was revised in 1948. During her prime, Rinehart was said to be even more famous than her rival, the great Agatha Christie. At the time of Rinehart's death, her books had sold over 10 million copies.

Works

Novels

The Circular Staircase (1908) Adapted (with Avery Hopwood) for the stage as The Bat
The Man in Lower Ten (1909)
The Window at the White Cat (1910) Revision of The Mystery of 1122
When A Man Marries, or Seven Days (1910) Expansion of Rinehart's 1908 novella Seven Days
Where There's a Will (1912)
The Case of Jennie Brice (1913)
The Street of Seven Stars (1914)
The After House: A Story of Love, Mystery and a Private Yacht (1914)
K. (1915)
Bab, a Sub-Deb (1916)
Long Live the King! (1917)
The Amazing Interlude (1918)
Twenty-Three and a Half Hours' Leave (1918)
Dangerous Days (1919)
A Poor Wise Man (1920)
The Truce of God (1920)
Sight Unseen (1921)
The Confession (1921)
The Breaking Point (1922)
The Red Lamp (1925) Alternate title The Mystery Lamp
The Bat (1926) Novelization of play, credited to Rinehart and Hopwood, but ghostwritten by Stephen Vincent Benét
Lost Ecstasy (1927) Alternate title I Take This Woman
This Strange Adventure (1928)
Two Flights Up (1928)
The Door (1930)
The Double Alibi (1932)
The Album (1933)
The State vs. Elinor Norton (1933)
The Doctor (1936)
The Wall (1938)
The Great Mistake (1940)
The Haunted Lady (1942)
The Yellow Room (1945)
A Light in the Window (1948)
The Swimming Pool (1952)

Series

Letitia (Tish) Carberry
The Amazing Adventures of Letitia Carberry (1911)
Tish: The Chronicle of Her Escapades and Excursions (1916)
More Tish (1921)
Tish Plays the Game (1926)
Tish Marches On (1937)

Hilda Adams
The Buckled Bag (1914)
Miss Pinkerton (1932) Alternate title The Double Alibi
The Haunted Lady (1942) Sequel to Miss Pinkerton
Episode of the Wandering Knife (1950)

Short story collections

Love Stories (1919)
Affinities and Other Stories (1920)
Temperamental People (1924)
The Romantics (1929)
Married People (1937)
Familiar Faces: Stories of People You Know (1941)
Alibi for Isabel and Other Stories (1944)
The Frightened Wife and Other Murder Stories (1953) Special Edgar Award, 1954

Plays

The Double Life (1906)
Seven Days (1909) (with Avery Hopwood)
Cheer Up (1912) Produced and directed by Cecil B. DeMille
Tumble In (1919) (with Avery Hopwood) Musical version of Seven Days
The Bat (1920) (with Avery Hopwood)
Spanish Love (1920) (with Avery Hopwood)
The Breaking Point (1923)

Nonfiction

 "Faces and Brains," Photoplay, February 1922, p. 47.
Kings, Queens, and Pawns: An American Woman at the Front (1915) A collection of Rinehart's reports as a correspondent during World War I
 Through Glacier Park: Seeing America First with Howard Eaton (1916)
The Altar of Freedom: An Appeal to the Mothers of America (1917) An appeal to prepare for the coming war
 Tenting Tonight: A Chronicle of Sport and Adventure in Glacier Park and the Cascade Mountains (1918) First published in Cosmopolitan (1917)
 The Out Trail (1923)
 Nomad's Land (1926)
My Story (1931; revised 1948) Rinehart's autobiography

Essays
 "Isn't That Just Like a Man!" (1920) Available in one volume with "Oh, Well, You Know How Women Are!" by Irvin S. Cobb
 "Why I Believe in Scouting for Girls"

Film and TV adaptations

1914 – ;– short film
1914 – ;– short film
1915 – ;– short film
1915 – ;– short film
1915 – ;– short film
1915 – The Circular Staircase (novel The Circular Staircase)
1915 – ;– short film
1915 – ;– short film
1915 – What Happened to Father? (story)
1916 – Acquitted (story)
1917 – Bab's Diary (story)
1917 – Bab's Burglar (story)
1917 – Bab's Matinee Idol (story)
1918 – The Doctor and the Woman (novel K.)
1918 – The Street of Seven Stars (novel)
1918 – Her Country First (story "The G.A.C.")
1919 – 23 1/2 Hours' Leave (story)
1920 –  (novel) / (titles)
1920 –  (story "Empire Builders");- film
1922 – Affinities (story)
1922 – The Glorious Fool (stories "In the Pavillion" and "Twenty-Two")
1923 – Mind Over Motor (story)
1923 – Long Live the King (book)
1924 – The Breaking Point (novel)
1924 – The Silent Watcher (story "The Altar on the Hill")
1924 – Her Love Story (story "Her Majesty, the Queen")
1924 – K — The Unknown (novel K.)
1925 – Seven Days (play co-written with Avery Hopwood)
1926 – The Bat (play The Bat)
1927 – City of Shadows (story)
1927 – What Happened to Father? (story)
1927 – Aflame in the Sky (story)
1928 – Finders Keepers (story "Make Them Happy")
1930 – The Bat Whispers (based upon play The Bat)
1931 – I Take This Woman (novel Lost Ecstacy)
1932 – Miss Pinkerton (novel)
1934 – Elinor Norton (novel The State vs. Elinor Norton)
1935 – Mr. Cohen Takes a Walk (novel)
1937 – 23½ Hours Leave (story)
1941 – The Dog in the Orchard (story) – short film
1941 – The Nurse's Secret (novel Miss Pinkerton)
1942 – Tish (stories)
1952 – Robert Montgomery Presents (TV series) (novel The Wall)
1953 – Your Favorite Story (TV series) (story "Strange Journey")
1953 – Broadway Television Theatre (TV series) – The Bat
1956 – Star Stage (TV series) (story "I Am Her Nurse")
1954–56 – Ford Television Theatre (TV series) – The Unlocked Door (1954) original story/Autumn Fever (1956)
1954–56 – Climax! (TV series) – The After House (1954)/The Circular Staircase (1956)
1957 - Telephone Time (TV series) - Novel Appeal. Claudette Colbert portrayed Rinehart in the story of the genesis of the novel The After House.
1959 – The Bat (play The Bat) with Agnes Moorehead and Vincent Price
1960 – Dow Hour of Great Mysteries (TV series) – The Bat
1978 –  (TV film) based on The Bat

See also
 Detective fiction
 List of female detective characters
 List of female detective/mystery writers
 List of mystery writers

References

Further reading

Evans, Delight. "The Mother of the Sub-Deb," Photoplay, January 1920, p. 74. MRR profile.

External links

Arlington National Cemetery

Mary Roberts Rinehart Nature Park (Glen Osbourne, PA) with picture of "Casella" (demolished 1969)

Electronic editions

1876 births
1958 deaths
Writers from Pittsburgh
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American women writers
American mystery writers
American women in World War I
American women journalists
American women novelists
American women short story writers
American women war correspondents
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Edgar Award winners
Novelists from Pennsylvania
Rinehart family
War correspondents of World War I
Women mystery writers

Mary Roberts Rinehart