South Side Sportsmen's Club was a recreational club that catered to the wealthy businessmen of Long Island during the gold coast era from the 1870s through the 1960s. Its main clubhouse and other facilities were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Southside Sportsmens Club District in 1973, and are today contained within the Connetquot River State Park Preserve.

History
In 1886, a club was formed and chartered under the name of "The South Side Sportsmen's Club of Long Island". The first article of the constitution of the association stated, "This club is established for the protection of game birds and fish and for the promotion of social intercourse among its members."

By 1907 there were one hundred members including  George Slade, William Bayard Cutting, John Cochrane, Frank Hall, George De Witt, Esq., Daniel Fearing, Frederic Rhinelander, W.K. Vanderbilt, Alfred Wagstaff, Jr., Esq., and H.B. Hollins. Herbert R. Clarke was an honorary member.  Included among guests was Ulysses S. Grant.

In 1908 the club owned  and leased an additional  from the Breeze family. The Connetquot Brook runs through the property for a distance of about  from railroad to railroad. This Brook empties into Great South Bay. Its lower part is known today as "Great River", but on older maps and on the government maps it is shown as the "Connetquot River".

The Long Island Railroad once had a stop between Great River and Oakdale for the Sportsman's Club.  The stop was called the "Clubhouse".  It was abandoned in the first half of the twentieth century.

The South Side Sportsmen's Club promoted many of the laws protecting game not only on Long Island but throughout the state. The club is no longer in existence, and the property is now part of the Connetquot River State Park Preserve owned by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.

Facilities
The club's facilities included a main clubhouse building, a smaller residence building, and an old wheat and corn-grinding gristmill built c.1750 and operated until 1878, among other service buildings, that are still standing in the Connetquot River State Park Preserve. Part of the main building built in 1820 was originally Snedecor's Tavern (known as "Obe Snedecor's") owned by Eliphalet (Liff) Snedecor on the old stage road. The "shingle style" clubhouse was the first building designed by architect Bradford Gilbert.  Between 1866 and 1973, it was used as the clubhouse. Members and their guests used the residence when visiting for fishing, sporting clays and other types of outdoor recreation. The main clubhouse contains an elaborate library, billiard room, dining hall, clubhouse room, and various bedrooms. Currently the building houses the New York State Regional Environmental Education Office and Interpretive Center, historic exhibits and Outdoor Learning Laboratory of BOCES Scope.

South Side Sportsmen's Club was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is now a meeting place for the Vanderbilt Historical Society and other groups.

References

http://www.friendsofconnetquot.org/PDFs/article-2012-08-03-Fire-Island-Tide.pdf
http://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/29/nyregion/threat-to-old-building-in-preserve.html
http://parks.ny.gov/parks/8/details.aspx
The South Side Sportsmen's Club of Long Island, by Davis, Gherardi; privately printed (The Gilliss Press), 1909

External links
 New York State Parks: Connetquot River State Park Preserve
 Friends of Connetquot
 Lecture: Cultural History of the Southside Sportsmen's Club
 South Side Sportmens Club Oral History
 Dowling L.I. South Shore history pictures of South Side Sportsmens Club
 L.I. South Shore Estates
 By gone L.I. Southside Sportsman's Club (Connetquot State Park)
 Officers, members, constitution and rules of the Southside sportsmen's club

History of New York (state)
Suffolk County, New York
Islip (town), New York
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1866
Clubhouses in New York (state)
Men's club buildings
Gentlemen's clubs in New York (state)
1886 establishments in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County, New York
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)

South Side Sportsmen's Club


Murder in the Dark is a collection of short fiction by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, published in 1983. Some of the pieces were previously published. The 27 pieces range over a variety of styles, including fictionalized autobiography, parables, travel stories, satires and prose poems. The pieces hold together through their major themes of loss, menace and terror, and men's abuse of power.

The book was republished in 1994, in combination with another Atwood work called Good Bones, as part of the expanded collection Good Bones and Simple Murders.

Contents
 Autobiography
 Raw Materials
 Murder in the Dark
Murder in the Dark refers to a childhood game (also played by adults) in which one person is secretly appointed murderer, another is appointed detective. The detective leaves the room, and in the dark, the murderer "kills" one of the other players, who screams and plays dead. At the sound of the scream, the detective returns to question all the players, in order to determine who is the murderer. All the players must tell the truth, except for the murderer, who must lie. Atwood uses this game to describe the relationship between the author, reader and critic: the writer is the murderer, the critic is the detective, and the reader is the victim.
 Mute
 Making Poison
 Simmering
Simmering is a satire that presents the future as a time when traditional Western gender roles have been reversed: men are housekeepers and women work in offices. Cooking and recipes are status symbols for men, who develop secret societies with handshakes named after culinary dishes. Women suffer kitchen envy, and still dream of freedom.
 She
 The Boys' Own Annual, 1911
 Women's Novels
 Worship
 Before the War
 Happy Endings
 Iconography
 Horror Comics
 Bread
 Liking Men
 Boyfriends
 The Page
This essay explores the significance of the blank page that a writer stares at while waiting for inspiration.
 Strawberries
 The Victory Burlesk
 Him
 Fainting
 Hopeless
 A Parable
 Hand
 Everlasting
 Instructions for the Third Eye
The "third eye" is the eye that sees harsh reality, which most people prefer to leave blind. But the third eye shows the truth. This story is only about a page long and is written as a series of short paragraphs that "instruct" the reader on how to use one's third eye.

References

1983 short story collections
Short story collections by Margaret Atwood
New Canadian Library
Coach House Press books

Murder in the Dark


Cambridge Terrace is a row of consecutive terraced mansions overlooking Regent's Park in the London Borough of Camden, London, England. The terrace has been Grade I listed since 1974.

History
The terrace was designed by John Nash, and completed in 1825.  It is named after Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the viceroy of Hanover. It is smaller in every respect than its neighbour of Chester Terrace. The centre, and the two wings are distinguished by porticoes of the Roman order or pseudo-Doric order, with rusticated columns. The superstructure, above the porticoes, which are of the height only of the ground story, is plain.

A renewable energy heating and cooling system which burns no fuel on site is being installed in Cambridge Terrace in 2015.

References

Houses in the London Borough of Camden
John Nash buildings
Grade I listed houses in London
Regent's Park
Residential buildings completed in 1825
Regency architecture in London

Cambridge Terrace


ઈડલી એ દક્ષિણ ભારતીય વાનગી છે જે આખા ભારતમાં પ્રખ્યાત છે. ઈડલી સામાન્ય રીતે બે કે ત્રણ ઈંચના વ્યાસની ચપટી ગોળાકાર હોય છે. તે ફોતરા વિનાની અડદની દાળ અને ચોખાને પલાળી, વાટી અને બનેલાં ખીરાને આથો આવ્યા પછી વરાળમાં બાફીને બનાવવામાં આવે છે.

મોટાભાગે નાસ્તો કે અલ્પાહારરૂપે ખવાય છે. ઈડલી સામાન્ય રીતે ચટણી અને સાંભાર સાથે પીરસાય છે. ગોઆ અને કોંકણમાં સાન્ના (ઈડલી) તરીકે પ્રખ્યાત છે.

ઇતિહાસ
ઇડલી (અને વરાળથી બાફવાની પદ્ધતિ) ભારતમાં છેક ઇ.સ. ૭૦૦થી જાણીતી હતી. ઇ.સ. ૮૦૦થી ૧૨૦૦ની વચ્ચે ઇન્ડોનેશિયાની આવી રાંધણપદ્ધતિનો પ્રભાવ ભારતીય શૈલિ પર પડ્યો અને તેને કારણે આધુનિક ઇડલીનો ઉદભવ થયો. Earliest mention of the term 'Idli' occurs in the Kannada writing of Shivakotiacharya in 920 AD,</ref> and it seems to have started as a dish made only of fermented black lentil. Chavundaraya II, the author of the earliest available Kannada encyclopaedia, Lokopakara (c. 1025), describes the preparation of idli by soaking urad dal (black gram) in butter milk, ground to a fine paste and mixed with the clear water of curd, and spices. The Kannada king and scholar Someshwara III, reigning in the area now called Karnataka, included an idli recipe in his encyclopedia, The Manasollasa, written in Sanskrit ca. 1130 A.D. There is no known record of rice being added until some time in the 17th century. It may have been found that the rice helped speed the fermentation process. Although the ingredients used in preparing idli have changed, the preparation process and the name have still remained the same..

રીત

To make idli, place four parts uncooked rice to one part split black lentil (minapa pappu, urad dal) in a pan and soak.  Grind the lentils and rice to a paste in a heavy stone grinding vessel (rolu-rokali, oralu kallu).  Leave the paste to ferment overnight, until it has expanded to about 2½ times its original volume. In the morning, put the idli batter into the ghee-greased molds(traditional method in tamil nadu avoids greasing & uses pure white cloth which is placed on moulds and batter is poured over it after the idlis are cooked the trays along with cloth are inverted upside down in a plate & water is sprinkled on the cloth, then the cloth is pulled &idlis come out without sticking to the cloth .So that idlis are prepared without a single drop of oil / ghee.Those cloths are washed daily and kept separately in kitchens.) of an idli tray or "tree" for steaming.  The perforated molds allow the idlis to be cooked evenly.  The tree holds the trays above the level of boiling water in a pot, and the pot is covered until the idlis are done (about 10–25 minutes, depending on size). The idli is somewhat similar to the attu, dosa, a fried preparation of the same batter.

In the olden days, when the idli mold cooking plates were not popular or widely available, the thick idli batter was poured on a cloth tightly tied on the mouth of a concave deep cooking pan or tava half filled with water. A heavy lid was placed on the pan and the pot kept on the boil until the batter was cooked into idli. This was often a large idli depending on the circumference of the pan. It was then cut into bite-size pieces and eaten.

Idlis are usually served in pairs with Coconut chutney (thengai chutney/ kobbari chutney) or Kaara Chutney (Onion chutney), Sambar and Idli milagai podi(karam podi) with ghee. Kobbari pachadi and Karampodi are first used to eat in combination of idlis in Andhra Pradesh, specifically in Kostha Andhra Districts.

Allam Pachadi (which is made of Ginger and available in both the sweet and spicy varieties), also goes very well with Idlies and Dosas.

સમકાલીન ઈડલીઓ અને વિવિધતા

South Indians have brought the popular idli wherever they have settled throughout the world. Cooks have had to solve problems of hard-to-get ingredients, and climates that do not encourage overnight fermentation.

Newer "quick" recipes for the idli can be rice- or wheat-based (rava idli).  Parboiled rice can reduce the soaking time considerably.  Store-bought ground rice is available, or Cream of Rice may be used.  Similarly, semolina or Cream of Wheat may be used for rava idli.  Yogurt may be added to provide the sour flavor for unfermented batters.  Prepackaged mixes allow for almost instant idlis; however, the additional health benefits of fermentation process will be lacking.  Idli Burger is another variation that can be made easily.

Besides the microwave steamer, electric idli steamers are available, with automatic steam release and shut-off for perfect cooking.  Both types are non-stick, so a fat-free idli is possible.  Table-mounted electric wet grinders may take the place of floor-bound attu kal.  With these appliances, even the classic idlis can be made more easily.

The plain rice/black lentil idli continues to be the popular version, but it may also incorporate a variety of extra ingredients, savory or sweet.  Mustard seeds, fresh chile peppers, black pepper, cumin, coriander seed and its fresh leaf form (cilantro), fenugreek seeds, curry leaves, fresh ginger root, sesame seeds, nuts, garlic, scallions, coconut, and the unrefined sugar jaggery are all possibilities.  Filled idlis contain small amounts of chutneys, sambars, or sauces placed inside before steaming. Idlis are sometimes steamed in a wrapping of leaves such as banana leaves or jackfruit leaves.

A variety of nontraditional idlis exist these days, namely, standard idli, mini idlis soaked in sambar, rava idli, Kancheepuram idli, stuffed idli with a filling of potato, beans, carrot and masala, ragi idli, pudi idli with the sprinkling of chutney pudi that covers the bite-sized pieces of idlis, malli idli shallow-fried with coriander and curry leaves, and curd idli dipped in masala curds.

South Indian temple town Madurai in Tamil Nadu is famous for its overnight idli shops where one can have hot and soft idlis even at 2 AM. These idlies are served with sambar and also with more than three varieties of chutney like coconut chutney, cilantro chutney, onion chutney and mint. The softness of these idlis lie in the selection of rice and black gram (black lentil).

Other temple towns in Tamil Nadu like Kancheepuram and Tanjore are also famous for the tasty idlis. Most of the people in south India take ildi as the breakfast. Idly an easily disgestible food taken with sambar provides a mix of proteins and carbohydrates to the body. Apart from sambar idly is also taken with brinjal/tomato kothsu (a south Indian side dish), puli milagai( a gravy made of tamarind, chilly and onion), vadai curry, etc. Idly with vadai curry combination is most popular in Chennai.

Idly goes very well with Idly powder (Milagai podi (literally Chilli powder in Tamil)). Many varieties of idly powder exist; the most popular ones include the powders made of black lentil/chana dal and Ellu podi (made of sesame seed and dried red chilly).

Apart from many other variations of Idlis in Karnataka, the people of Karnataka can be found continuing the 1100-year-old way of making the idli as mentioned in the works of Shivakotiacharya or Chavundaraya. The finished product is called Uddina idli, with the main ingredient remaining Urad dal (black lentil).

રામસેરી ઈડલી
Ramasseri, an offbeat village in Palakkad is known all over Kerala for the idlis it makes—the delicious Ramasseri Idli. Spongy and soft, Ramasseri Idli is slightly different in shape from the conventional idlis. It is a little flat and round. Ramasseri Idli is eaten with Podi mixed in coconut oil. The beginning was from a Mudaliar family living near Mannath Bhagavathi Temple in Ramasseri near Elappully.

The recipe of Ramasseri idli dates back to about one century, which again is a trade secret. The Muthaliyar family had migrated to Palakkad from Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu. The new generation in the profession says that the secret of the recipe and taste were handed down to them from the older women of the community. Now the idli business is confined to four families in Ramasseri. Selection of rice is very important in making Ramasseri idli. Usually the varieties used are Kazhama, Thavalakannan, Ponni etc.

The taste depends on the boiling of the patty itself. Drying and dehusking are also important and need to be done in a particular way. The combination of rice and black gram is also equally important. For 10 kg of rice, one kg of black gram is used. Idli is made only after four hours of fermentation. Steaming of the idli is done on a cloth covered on the mud pot using firewood. This allegedly provides a special taste to the preparation. Leftover Idli can be torn into crumbs and used for preparing dishes such as Idli fry and Idli Upma.

ચિત્ર ગેલેરી

આ પણ જુઓ

 રવા ઈડલી
 તટ્ટે ઈડલી
 Soft and Fluffy Idli
 South Indian Sambar

સંદર્ભ

નોંધ

 Devi, Yamuna (1987). Lord Krishna's Cuisine: The Art of Indian Vegetarian Cooking, Dutton. ISBN 0-525-24564-2.

 Jaffrey, Madhur (1988). A Taste of India, Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-70726-6.
 Rau, Santha Rama (1969). The Cooking of India, Time-Life Books.

દક્ષિણ ભારતની વાનગીઓ
આથો ચઢાવેલી વાનગીઓ

ઈડલી


Bernard Ratzer was a British cartographer, best known for his 18th-century maps of early New York City. Today, his name is invoked as something of a Da Vinci of New York cartography, as his best known work was the 1770 "Plan of the City of New York".

Ratzer was a British Army officer who spent his time in America working as a surveyor and draftsman. He was, in particular, assigned to survey America's eastern coastline during the French and Indian War and later into the early stages of the American Revolution. He worked alongside his more well-known contemporaries Claude J. Sauthier, Samuel Holland and Thomas Jefferys.

One of his earliest drafts of the "Plan of the City of New York," which shows in great detail many of the time's most famous landmarks in addition to a small illustration of Manhattan as seen from Governor's Island, was given to George III, England's king, as a gesture from the publishers.

A fourth version of Ratzer's most famous map was recently found in a Connecticut storage facility and was restored in 2011 for the Brooklyn Historical Society.

A librarian at Harvard University discovered a 1769 Ratzer map showing the disputed border between New York and New Jersey. The Harvard libraries made this map publicly available in early 2016.

References

British cartographers
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing

Bernard Ratzer


The Teeswater River is a river in the municipalities of Arran–Elderslie, Brockton and South Bruce in Bruce County in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Great Lakes Basin and empties into the Saugeen River at Paisley, Ontario.

The community of Teeswater is located on the river.

The river was named after the River Tees in England.

References

Sources

See also
List of rivers of Ontario

Rivers of Bruce County

Teeswater River


The Scottish Poetry Library is a public library specialising in Scottish poetry.  Since 1999, the library has been based at 5 Crichton's Close, just off the Canongate in Edinburgh's Old Town.

History and status
The library was founded in 1984 by poet Tessa Ransford. Tom Hubbard was its first librarian. The present Director, Asif Khan, was appointed from June 2016. Khan is supported by a team of librarians and specialist staff with expertise in collections management, engagement, learning, events, publishing and communications.

The SPL is a limited company with charitable status. From November 2020, its Board was co-Chaired by Gordon Munro and Charlie Roy. The SPL has status as a Creative Scotland Regularly Funded Organisation (RFO) with a remit to support audience development, literacy through reader development and creative writing classes with diverse groups, schools and public libraries, and to promote opportunities for writers and performers for showcasing their talents at home and abroad.

Programming and collaboration

The SPL's work on wellbeing themes has included reminiscence activity supporting people with dementia in care settings, and the Tools of the Trade anthologies that are gifted to every graduating doctor, teacher, nurse & midwife in Scotland. In 2020, the SPL led on a mapping project of Scotland's Creative Words for Wellbeing practitioners. This resulted in the SPL commissioning reader development and creative writing workshops with people experiencing long-COVID, along with classes for teachers, mothers and a partnership programme with Lapidus Scotland focusing on COVID-recovery and renewal.

In the international arena the SPL has partnered with Literature Wales and Poetry Ireland, as well as the cultural programmes of the Scottish Government Hubs in Dublin, Brussels, Paris, Berlin and London. Further afield, the SPL was commissioned by the British Council to engage with cultural organisations and artists in Quebec.

The SPL supports the Callum MacDonald Memorial Award for Scottish poetry pamphlets, presented in partnership with the Satire Literary Awards. In 2021, the library sponsored the Best Poetry Book category in the Gaelic Book Awards. The library is represented on a number of advisory and advocacy groups, including Literature Alliance Scotland, the Scots Language Resources Network and the RIVAL network for librarians and information professionals. The library supports professional development initiatives, including the Scottish Book Trust's New Writers Awards scheme. In 2016, the SPL was recognised with a Creative Edinburgh Award for its diverse programming.

In 2020, the SPL relaunched its Ambassadors programme to promote its presence in the regions, and work produced in Scottish Gaelic and Scots languages. The first cohort of Ambassadors were Aoife Lyall, Ceitidh Campbell, Hugh McMillan and Thomas Clark.

The building

Since 1999, the library has been based at 5 Crichton's Close, just off the Canongate in Edinburgh's Old Town. The library building was designed by Malcolm Fraser Architects, and was shortlisted for Channel 4's "Building of the Year" in 2000. It has been described as "a poem in glass and stone", and was included in Prospect magazine's 2005 list of the 100 best modern Scottish buildings.

Further reading
 Hubbard Tom (1992), "Scandic Scots: Some Scots-Scandinavian Poetic Connections", in Hubbard, Tom (2022), Invitation to the Voyage: Scotland, Europe and Literature, Rymour, pp. 96 - 103,

References

External links

Scottish poetry
Academic libraries in Scotland
Libraries in Edinburgh
Tourist attractions in Edinburgh
Old Town, Edinburgh
1984 establishments in Scotland
Library buildings completed in 1999
Libraries established in 1984
Poetry organizations
Modern architecture in the United Kingdom

Scottish Poetry Library


Home to Roost is a compilation album by British rock band Atomic Rooster. It is made up of material from their first three studio albums.

It has been issued on at least three separate occasions. The first time was in 1977, as a double LP on the Mooncrest label. In 1986 it was reissued with a new sleeve design on the Raw Power (Castle Communications) label. This time, the two LPs were accompanied by a 12 track CD release, which was Atomic Rooster's first in that format. Early CDs only had just over one hour's maximum playing time, causing 8 of the 20 tracks to be omitted, in order to facilitate a single disc. Lastly, it was reissued in 1989 by Receiver Records, rather confusingly retitled Devil's Answer and sporting yet another new cover design. This time, it appeared only as a double CD which contained all 20 original tracks.  The second CD of 10 tracks was also released separately in 1989 by Action Replay Records under the title The Best & The Rest Of Atomic Rooster.

Although, as of January 2010, there are at least 10 different Atomic Rooster compilations entitled Devil's Answer, the one in question is the only double CD.

Track listing
LP/CD 1
 "Death Walks Behind You"
 "V.U.G." *
 "Seven Streets"
 "Sleeping for Years"
 "I Can't Take No More" *
 "Nobody Else" *
 "Friday the 13th"
 "And So to Bed" *
 "Broken Wings"
 "Before Tomorrow"
LP/CD 2
 "Banstead"
 "Winter" *
 "Breakthrough"
 "Decision/Indecision" *
 "Devil's Answer"
 "A Spoonful of Bromide Helps the Pulse Rate Go Down"
 "Black Snake"
 "Head in the Sky" *
 "Tomorrow Night"
 "Break the Ice" *
*Omitted from the 1986 single CD release.

Atomic Rooster compilation albums
1977 compilation albums

Home to Roost (album)


"In & Out" is the debut single by American R&B singer Marcus Canty, featuring rapper Wale. It is a hip hop, and R&B song.

Background
After signing a record deal with Epic Records, Marcus released a single called "Won't Make a Fool Out of You," which was featured in the movie Think Like a Man. He later collaborated with rapper Wale on his second official single. The song was produced by Harmony Samuels. Marcus revealed that he hoped Wale would collaborate on the single stating "you know his buzz and his skills, and his ability on my record would take it to the next level and bring more fans that I may wouldn't have reached if he wasn't on the record too."

Promotion
On August 23, 2012, Marcus joined LA Reid on Access Hollywood to promote the single and the upcoming music video.

Reception

Critical reception
The song has received positive reviews from critics. Amy Sciarretto of Pop Crush gave the song a positive review, though started off with how the "dark song gallops with beats and the singer's dreamy voice is not as evident here. That's not a bad thing, though." She complimented how Marcus is "branching out and trying something edgy." Lyndsey Parker of Yahoo! Canada gave the song a positive review, saying "the high-energy jam, which features a rap by the very credible, sounds shockingly current, badass and funky-fresh."

Music video

The music video was filmed in Brooklyn, New York on August 13, 2012. The music video premiered on BET's 106 & Park on August 31, 2012 and was directed by Erik White. The music video features Marcus Canty hanging around 3 girls at a party.

Release history

References

2012 singles
2012 songs
Song recordings produced by Tricky Stewart
Music videos directed by Erik White
Song recordings produced by Harmony Samuels
Songs written by Eric Bellinger
Songs written by Harmony Samuels
Songs written by Courtney Harrell

In & Out (Marcus Canty song)


John Scaddan, CMG (4 August 1876 – 21 November 1934), popularly known as "Happy Jack", was Premier of Western Australia from 7 October 1911 until 27 July 1916.

Early life

John Scaddan was born in Moonta, South Australia, into a Cornish Australian family.
He was educated at the state schools in Woodside and Eaglehawk, Victoria, Australia.
From the age of thirteen he worked in the mines at Eaglehawk, while continuing his schooling part-time at the Bendigo School of Mines and Industries.  He worked in the area until 1896, when he came to Western Australia, probably as part of the gold rush to the Kalgoorlie goldfields.  Scaddan initially worked underground as a miner, but after gaining his engine-driver's certificate, he operated a stationary engine at the pit head.  In 1900, Scaddan married Elizabeth Fauckner (or Fawkner) in Boulder, who died from Bright's disease on 21 September 1902, and in 1904 he married Henrietta Edwards.

Labor politics
Scaddan became a keen unionist, and on 28 June 1904 he contested the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Ivanhoe, partly because he was having difficulty securing continuous employment, and partly also because of an interest in economic affairs.  He easily won the seat for the Labor Party, but was not invited to be a minister in Henry Daglish's 1904-05 government.  This would later be to his advantage, as a number of his rivals within the Labor party suffered from their association with the unsuccessful Daglish ministry.

Scaddan was re-elected unopposed in the election of October 1905, and for the next four years served as party secretary.  On the retirement of party leader Thomas Bath in August 1910, Scaddan became leader of the Labor Party, and thus also Leader of the Opposition.  In the election of October 1911, Labor campaigned on a wide-ranging and radical platform.  Scaddan easily won his seat, which had been renamed Brown Hill-Ivanhoe after a redistribution.  The Labor party won an overwhelming majority, and on 7 October 1911 Scaddan became Premier of Western Australia.  At just 35 years of age, he remains the youngest ever premier of Western Australia.

Premier

Scaddan led a vigorous, radical, reforming government. In 1911, it passed the Workers' Homes Act, which made it easier for lowly paid workers to own their homes. In 1912, the jurisdiction of the Arbitration Court was expanded; Thomas Walker was Minister for Justice and Education, and Attorney General. Workers' compensation provisions were greatly extended. The government also spent heavily on development of the Wheatbelt, especially in the construction of railways. Railway construction was increased, while farmers settling in the eastern wheat belt were provided with assistance in the form of liberalized lending arrangements, technical expertise, and new railways to transport the greatly increased production that took place as a result. Workers were also helped by extensions to the arbitration system. In addition, land taxation was increased, a graduated income tax was introduced, and considerable reforms were carried out in the fields of divorce, criminal law, irrigation, and education.

Scaddan's government is perhaps most remembered for its policy of setting up state owned enterprises, termed state socialism by Scaddan, although it was not really state socialism. Scaddan's government became involved in numerous industries: it established a state shipping service; started a dairy farm at Claremont and a sawmill at Manjimup; reopened a quarry at Boya; set up a brickworks and an agricultural implement works; took over the South Perth ferries and Perth's trams; started up abattoirs; and even purchased hotels.

To help finance its policies, Scaddan's government introduced an income tax in 1912, and this was greatly increased after World War I broke out.  It also borrowed heavily, and state debt increased as much in Scaddan's five years as it had in the previous 13 years.

Scaddan's many reforms were achieved despite constant obstruction from the Legislative Council.  The government won only a third of all divisions in the Legislative Council, and this is in stark contrast to treatment of the Wilson governments before and after Scaddan's government, who never lost a single bill in the upper house.

Scaddan's government was returned in the election of 1914, but with a majority of only two.  This small majority, along with the outbreak of war in 1914 and the onset of one of the worst droughts ever to hit Western Australia, severely restricted Scaddan's policy in his second term.  The government's position was made even more unstable when, in January 1915, the Labor MLA for Roebourne, Joseph Gardiner, walked out of Parliament House, and did not return.  He subsequently left the state altogether, and in September 1915 his seat was declared vacant for non-attendance.  Labor lost the resulting by-election in November, leaving it with exactly half of the seats in parliament.  Meanwhile, Bertie Johnston, Labor's only member for a farming seat, had voted with the opposition several times in reaction to Scaddan's failure to fulfill a promise to reduce the price of crown land.  Eventually, Johnston resigned from the party and from parliament over the Nevanas affair, and was subsequently re-elected as an independent in January 1916.   This left the Labor government with a minority of seats, and in July 1916 the Liberal and Country parties cooperated to defeat the government.  Scaddan then asked the Governor Sir Harry Barron for a dissolution of parliament, but was refused.  Scaddan resigned as premier on 27 July 1916, and Liberal leader Frank Wilson took office.

Scaddan remained Labor leader after his defeat.  On 8 August 1916, he resigned his seat of Brown Hill-Ivanhoe to contest the seat of Canning at a ministerial by-election.  He failed to win the seat, but the Labor member who had won Brown Hill-Ivanhoe, John Lutey, resigned it before being sworn in, and Scaddan was re-elected to Brown Hill-Ivanhoe on 7 October 1916.

Non-Labor politics

On regaining his seat, Scaddan resumed as Leader of the Opposition.  However, the federal Labor Party split in 1916 over the issue of conscription, and it was inevitable that this would eventually affect the Western Australian branch.  The federal Labor Party had expelled all supporters of conscription from the party, including Prime Minister Billy Hughes, and Hughes had responded by forming a Nationalist government. As a conscriptionist, Scaddan had supported Hughes. With the May 1917 elections approaching, Scaddan found himself in the untenable position of supporting the non-Labor Prime Minister Hughes instead of the Labor Party leader Frank Tudor. On about 10 April 1917, Scaddan resigned from the Australian Labor Party.

In the meantime, Wilson's government had been having difficulty maintaining parliamentary support.  Hughes' Nationalist government had won a landslide victory at the federal level, and Wilson found himself under pressure to form a Nationalist government at the state level.  A Nationalist Party was eventually formed, but Wilson was overlooked in favour of Henry Lefroy.  Scaddan was appointed Minister for Mines and Railways in Lefroy's Nationalist government on 28 June 1917, but Lutey defeated him in the ministerial by-election. In September 1917, Scaddan contested Albany as the National Labor candidate, but was again defeated.

On 17 May 1919, Scaddan was appointed Colonial Secretary and Minister for Railways in James Mitchell's government, despite not being a member of either house of parliament.  Two weeks later he won the Legislative Assembly seat of Albany as a Nationalist.  On 25 June 1919, Mitchell reshuffled his government's portfolios, and Scaddan was appointed Minister for Mines, Industries, Forests and Police; and Minister for Railways.  He held these portfolios until the general election of March 1924, which he did not contest.  He was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1923.

Scaddan unsuccessfully contested the seat of Leederville in the general elections of March 1927.  He won the seat of Maylands in the election of May 1930, upon which he was appointed Minister for Railways, Mines, Police, Forests and Industry in the Mitchell government.  In the April 1933 general elections, Scaddan lost his seat and the Mitchell government was defeated.

Later life
From 1927 on, Scaddan worked as a stock, farm and estate agent. He was a member of the Perth Roads Board from 1926, and its chairman from 1931 to 1934. He died suddenly on 21 November 1934, and was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery.

Locality names
The town of Scaddan located along the Esperance Branch Railway in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia is named after John Scaddan.

Notes

References

|-

|-

|-

1876 births
1934 deaths
Australian people of Cornish descent
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
Colonial Secretaries of Western Australia
Leaders of the Opposition in Western Australia
Mayors of places in Western Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Premiers of Western Australia
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Subiaco Football Club administrators
Treasurers of Western Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia
People from Moonta, South Australia
National Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Western Australian local councillors

John Scaddan


Mieczysław Romanowski (1833–1863) was a Polish Romantic poet.

Biography
Romanowski was born in Żukow, Horodenka, Austrian Poland on 12 April 1833. He attended gymnasium in Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk), then studied law at the University of Lviv (1853-1857). He became an employee of the Ossolineum in 1860 where he taught and worked on his writings. He was a part of a group of progressive intellectuals, united around the Lviv newspaper Dziennik Literacki ("The literary magazine") which continued the traditions of revolutionary romanticism. He also wrote articles for magazines Nowiny ("News"), "Literary Magazine," and Dzwonek ("The Bells"), a "magazine for the people".

From 1862 he was involved in the underground resistance movement. He was arrested in February 1863 by the Austrian authorities for his activities among the youth of Lviv. After his release he joined the January Uprising and was appointed to the rank of captain and adjutant commander of the division commanded by Marcin Borel "Lelewel". Romanowski was killed during a skirmish with Russian forces at Józefów, Lublin Voivodeship, on 24 April 1863. He was probably buried in the parish cemetery there along with the other insurgents who were killed.

He was a close friend of Henry Stroki.

Works
He made his debut in 1854 with "Chorąży" published in Nowinach. Many of his works were historical epics, but his poetry mirrored his political views. These works presented the patriotic struggle of the bourgeois and plebeian, instead of the contemporary Polish practice of focusing on the noble tradition. His most popular work was his poem "Dziewczę z Sącza" about the resistance of the inhabitants of Nowy Sacz against the Swedes in 1655. Other works in historical settings included the overthrow by the commoners of the bad prince Popiel in his play "Popiel i Piast". His works of patriotic poetry included  "Hymn Polski", "Sen króla Jagiełły pod Tannebergiem", "Sztandary polskie w Kremlu", and "Uczta Geronowa".

Selected works
 Chorąży ("Ensign", 1854)
 Łużeccy (1856)
 Dziewczę z Sącza ("Girl from Sacz", poem, 1861)
 Popiel i Piast (play, 1862)

References

Alina Witkowska, Ryszard Przybylski, Romantyzm, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, 2009, pp. 451–452, 475-476, 672, Wielka Historia Literatury Polskiej,

External links
Selected writings by Romanowski on Wikicommons
Memorial poems about Romanowski on Wikisource
Kazimierz Wróblewski, O Mieczysławie Romanowskim, (The Life and Writings of Mieczysław Romanowski) Kraków 1910

1833 births
1863 deaths
19th-century Polish male writers
19th-century poets
January Uprising participants
People from Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Polish Austro-Hungarians
Polish male poets
University of Lviv alumni

Mieczysław Romanowski


Madame X is a 1966 American drama film directed by David Lowell Rich and starring Lana Turner. It is based on the 1908 play Madame X by French playwright Alexandre Bisson.

Plot
Holly Parker, a lower-class woman, marries into the rich Anderson family, and her husband Clayton is a diplomat with strong political aspirations. Her mother-in-law Estelle looks down on her and keeps a watchful eye on her activities. Lonely and reclusive during Clayton's long, frequent assignments abroad, Holly forms a relationship with a well-known playboy, Phil Benton. Clayton suddenly returns and informs Holly that he has secured a promotion in Washington, D.C., where he wishes to take Holly and their son Clay to begin a regular family life. Holly agrees and goes to Phil's apartment to end their relationship. Phil reacts by trying to physically force Holly to stay, but tumbles down a staircase in the struggle and dies. Holly panics and leaves the scene. She is confronted by Estelle, who had hired a detective to follow her and knows about Phil's accident. Estelle blackmails Holly into disappearing to Europe under a false identity rather than facing murder charges and ruining her husband's political career with the scandal. Estelle arranges for Holly to be secreted away at night from the family yacht, never to see her husband or son again.

Holly, devastated by the loss of her son, falls ill with pneumonia on the side of a European street and is rescued by a charming pianist named Christian who helps her receive medical treatment and recuperate under a nurse's care. Holly and Christian grow close as she accompanies him on tour, but when he proposes marriage, she declines and then runs away from Christian. Holly slowly sinks into depravity and alcoholism, including a one-night stand with a man who steals her money and jewelry.

With Estelle's blackmail payments cut off, Holly goes to Mexico where she lives in a sleazy apartment and cannot afford her rent. She befriends an American neighbor named Dan Sullivan, who plies her with alcohol that causes her to tell him about her past with Clayton. He persuades Holly to join him in New York to work for him, but while there, she realizes that he is actually trying to blackmail Clayton, who is now governor of the state and a leading candidate for his party's presidential nomination. Holly shoots and kills Sullivan when he threatens to expose her deception to her son. The police arrest her and, refusing to reveal her identity, she signs a confession with the letter "X" and refuses to speak. The court-appointed defense attorney happens to be her son, Clay Jr., though she does not recognize him.

Holly refuses to reveal her name throughout the trial, saying nothing in her defense. Clay, in his first trial as a lawyer, devises a defense strategy to paint Sullivan as a career criminal who caused his own death. At the end of the trial the prosecutor is giving his summation to the jury and says that Clay is the son of the governor and states his full name. Holly spots Clayton Sr. in the gallery and suddenly realizes that her attorney is in fact her long-lost son. Holly takes the stand, admitting that she killed Sullivan to protect her son, who believes her to be dead, so he will not know the type of woman she has become.

While the jury is deliberating, Clay, who has grown close to Holly despite not knowing that she is his mother, visits her in her holding cell and implores her to reach out to her son. She does not reveal her identity to him but tells him he has been like a son to her. Then, having spent her final moments with her son and overcome with emotion, she dies suddenly. Clay tells his father that he had come to love "X".

Cast

Production
Producer Ross Hunter, who had enjoyed great success remaking projects, had long been interested in bringing the Bisson play to the screen, but MGM, which had produced film adaptations in 1929 and 1937, owned the rights. After reading the play again at a bookstore, Hunter became enthusiastic again. "I knew that if I kept the trial scene and brought the rest up to date I'd have something," he said.

Hunter announced the film in May 1962 as part of a slate of six projects, also including The Thrill of It All, The Chalk Garden, If a Man Answers, a new Tammy film and a remake of The Dark Angel. The script was written by Jean Holloway, who had written for Hunter in radio, despite the fact that the play had been enacted many times before. "You really have to tell a whole new story," said Holloway.

Lana Turner, who had made Imitation of Life and Portrait in Black for Hunter, was enlisted as the film's star from the beginning. In October 1962, Hunter said that he hoped that Douglas Sirk would direct.

"Tearjerkers are more difficult to make than any other type of movie," said Hunter. "Critics would seem to categorize them and look down on them; it is word of mouth that is their best press agent. It's all very sad in a way; maybe this is why we're not building great woman stars for audiences today. Audiences need to let their emotions out."

Hunter signed a seven-year contract with Universal in November 1964, with Madame X among the leading projects. In February 1965, Keir Dullea was announced. Gig Young was offered the older male lead but asked for too much money, so Hunter hired John Forsythe.

Hunter said he knew that he needed "the one scene the public would remember", the trial scene. He modernized the play and introduced new characters. "Now we have a mother and child relationship that should be seen by parents and children alike," said Hunter. "And I believe that for the first time since The Bad and the Beautiful, Lana is giving a really great performance."

Shooting
Filming started in March 1965. The film was a co-production between Universal and Turner's company, Eltee.

In May, Hedda Hopper reported that Turner was treating Hunter "like a dog" and was "nothing but trouble" on the set.

Soundtrack
The film contains an original song by Austrian composer and conductor Willy Mattes (also known as Charles Wildman) titled "Love Theme from Madame X" (alternatively named "Swedish Rhapsody"). It was recorded by George Greeley for his 1957 album The World's Ten Greatest Popular Piano Concertos.

Reception
In 2008, the film was named as one of the 100 nominees in the American Film Institute's Top 10 list of courtroom dramas.

See also
 Madame X

References

External links

1966 films
1966 drama films
American drama films
American films based on plays
Films about social class
Films directed by David Lowell Rich
Films produced by Ross Hunter
Films scored by Frank Skinner
Universal Pictures films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Madame X (1966 film)


I'll Be Seeing You is a 1944 American drama film made by Selznick International Pictures, Dore Schary Productions, and Vanguard Pictures, and distributed by United Artists.  It stars Joseph Cotten, Ginger Rogers, and Shirley Temple, with Spring Byington, Tom Tully, and John Derek. It was produced by Dore Schary, with David O. Selznick as executive producer. The screenplay was by Marion Parsonnet, based on a radio play by Charles Martin (1910-1983).

The soundtrack includes the song "I'll Be Seeing You", which had become a hit that year, although it dated back to 1938. The film's title was taken from the song, at the suggestion of Schary.

Plot
Social outcasts Mary Marshall (Ginger Rogers) and Sgt. Zachary Morgan (Joseph Cotten) meet while seated across from each other on a train bound for Pinehill. Zach, a victim of PTSD, then termed shell shock, has just been granted a ten-day leave from a military hospital to try to readjust to daily life. Mary, convicted for involuntary manslaughter, has just been given an eight-day furlough from prison to spend the Christmas holiday with her aunt and uncle in Pinehill. Each harbours a secret. Mary lies to Zach that she is a travelling saleslady on her way to spend the holidays with her family, while Zach tells Mary that he is going to visit his sister in Pinehill. After the train pulls into the station, the two exchange names. Mary then goes to the Marshall home, where she is reunited with her Uncle Henry (Tom Tully), Aunt Sarah (Spring Byington) and cousin Barbara (Shirley Temple).

Zach, meanwhile, checks into the YMCA. Unsure of herself after a three-year confinement in prison, Mary laments the loss of her youthful dreams of having a husband and family. Soon after, Zach phones and Mary invites him to dinner. After the meal, Zach confesses to Mary that he has no sister and stopped in Pinehill just to be near her. He and Mary then attend a war movie, but Zach falls mute when Mary questions him about his own experiences in the war. While stopping at a café afterward, Zach panics when the soda jerk, Swanson (Chill Wills), who is afflicted with a facial tic, recounts being shell-shocked during World War I. Apprehensive that his affliction will also result in disfigurement, Zach flees the café and is unable to share his fears with Mary.

Upon returning home, Mary, who is sharing Barbara's room, finds that Barbara has labeled her possessions. Realising that Barbara distrusts her, Mary relates the circumstances that sent her to prison. After the death of her parents, Mary had gone to work as a secretary. One night, her wealthy boss invited her to dinner at his apartment and Mary naively accepted, believing that he was inviting her to a party. Shocked to discover that she was the only guest, Mary was then accosted by her drunken boss. While struggling to avoid his advances, Mary pushed him away, sending him to his death through an open window, and Mary was sentenced to six years in prison. At the end of Mary's story, Barbara, who is touched by her cousin's misfortune, begs her forgiveness.

The next day, Zach invites Mary to the lake and there explains his behaviour of the previous night. After voicing his fears of becoming like Swanson, Zach asks Mary to help him believe in himself as she believes in herself. Over Christmas dinner at the Marshall house, Zach rhapsodizes about feeling at home with the family. Aware that her stay with the family is temporary, Mary becomes despondent and asks Aunt Sarah if she should tell Zach the truth. Sarah counsels her to remain silent. When Zach invites the Marshall family to the New Year's Eve party at the YMCA, Sarah buys Mary a new dress for the occasion. At the party, a US Senator solicits Zach's opinion as a soldier on political issues, and Zach outspokenly replies that each soldier is an individual and, as such, holds different opinions. While walking home with Mary after the dance, Zach is attacked by a dog and fends off the animal until its owner arrives to restrain it. As Mary bids Zach goodnight, she comments that he has regained his confidence and is now recovered. Knowing that they are both scheduled to leave the next day, Zach tries to discuss their future together; but Mary feigns sleepiness and asks to delay the discussion. Entering the house in tears, Mary confides her love for Zach to Sarah.

Meanwhile, after jubilantly returning to his hotel room, Zach suffers a relapse but is restored by recalling the sound of Mary's voice. The next day, Zach comes to the Marshall house to say goodbye. While alone with Zach, Barbara, not knowing that Zach is unaware of her cousin's conviction, mentions some of  the details of Mary's prison sentence. Mary senses that something is wrong when Zach suddenly becomes distant and silently boards the train. Upon returning home, Mary discovers that Barbara has divulged her secret and collapses, weeping. But that night, as Mary approaches the gates of the state prison, Zach steps from the shadows to embrace her and declare his love.

Cast
 Ginger Rogers as Mary Marshall
 Joseph Cotten as Zachary Morgan
 Shirley Temple as Barbara Marshall
 Spring Byington as Sarah Marshall
 Tom Tully as Henry Marshall
 John Derek as Lt. Bruce
 Chill Wills as Swanson
 Kenny Bowers as Sailor On Train
 Gary Gray as Franklin (uncredited)
 Olin Howland as Train Vendor (uncredited)

Reception
The film was a big hit, earning $3 million in domestic rentals. Producer Dore Schary's share of the profits came to $97,000.

See also
List of American films of 1944
 List of Christmas films

References

External links

1944 films
1940s Christmas drama films
American Christmas drama films
American black-and-white films
Films based on radio series
Films directed by William Dieterle
Films scored by Daniele Amfitheatrof
Films set on the home front during World War II
Films set around New Year
Selznick International Pictures films
United Artists films
1944 drama films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

I'll Be Seeing You (1944 film)