Crash 'n' the Boys: Street Challenge, released in Japan as   is a 1992 sports game for the NES by Technos Japan Corp. A Game Boy version of the game was also released in Japan only. The game featured Olympic style contests without rules or regulations, between five teams. The games included 400 metres hurdles, Hammer throw, Swimming, Roof Top Jumping, and Fighting Scene. It was re-released for the Wii Virtual Console on September 14, 2009 and later for the Nintendo 3DS on November 28, 2013 and for the Wii U on December 11, 2014.
The game was included in the "Double Dragon & Kunio-kun: Retro Brawler Bundle" released for the Nintendo Switch on February 20, 2020.  It was re-released for Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 in April the same year.

Gameplay
The game has four teams to choose from, as well as a fifth computer-controlled team. Each team has five members, each with their own strengths and weaknesses, making some better suited to certain events than others. Before each event, players have the opportunity to go shopping in the mall to buy power-ups for their characters. These items are paid for through the various medals that each team achieves as it progresses through the challenge, but since the winner of the challenge is the team that collects the most medals overall, players must be fairly judicious in how much they spend.

There are two types of events in the game: individual events (Hammer Throw and Roof Top Jumping) and head-to-head events (400 Meter Hurdles, Swimming and Fighting). In individual events, each team takes its turn individually, and ranking is determined by who gets the most points. The head-to-head events take place under a single elimination tournament format, in which one player competes against another in a series of heats. The player who successfully defeats both of his opponents will get to compete against a member of Team Thornley for first place.

The game can be played by up to four players. Since there's never more than two teams competing at the same time, the third and fourth player can play simply by alternating between the two controllers. Thus, a four player adapter is not required, unlike other Kunio-kun games.

Plot
Theodore "Todd" Thornley IV has had enough. After being humiliated once again by his rival, Jeff "Crash" Cooney and his blue-collar buddies from Southside High School at the All-City Track Meet, he has decided to issue a challenge to Crash. Inviting two of the other elite high schools to participate in the challenge, plus an additional team sponsored by his wealthy father, Todd has seemingly stacked the deck against Crash and his boys.

If the player succeeds in winning the Street Challenge with Crash's Southside High School, the ending shows Crash being invited to a meeting with Todd's father, who congratulates Crash on his victory. He attempts to make peace with Crash, explaining that Todd's rivalry with him has made their personal relationship difficult, but Crash doubts that Todd will ever accept a peace offering. Meanwhile, Todd hatches a scheme with Skip to cause dissent amongst Team Thornley against Crash; he offers them flowers and tells them that Crash has been badmouthing them, but before leaving on their flight, they dump the flowers in the trash with a note reading "Todd is a total loser!", showing that Crash has earned their respect as well. Furious, Todd and Crash vow to settle their feud on the ice during hockey season.

Localization
Street Challenge is a localization of Bikkuri Nekketsu Shin Kiroku!, originally part of the Kunio-kun series and a sequel to the 1990 Famicom game Downtown Nekketsu Kōshinkyoku: Soreyuke Daiundōkai. It is the eighth game in the series released for the Famicom and fifth to be localized for the North American market. Like previous localizations of the series (Renegade, Super Dodge Ball, River City Ransom and Nintendo World Cup), the game's graphics and plot were altered to make the game marketable outside Japan. For instance, the actual scenery for the sports events were changed, the four main teams in the Japanese version, Nekketsu, Hanazono, Reiho, and Rengo, were composed of established Kunio-kun characters (such as the Double Dragon twins, Ryuichi and Ryuji) and were all returning characters from Koshinkyoku, and the character roster was changed.

Street Challenge was planned to be the first in a series of Kunio-kun games to be localized under the Crash 'n' the Boys moniker. The ending to Street Challenge features a teaser for the next game in the Crash 'n' the Boys series, Ice Challenge, a localization of the earlier Ike Ike! Nekketsu Hockey Bu (the original final image for Street Challenge showed Momozono, the manager/cheerleader for Team Nekketsu on a swing  set in the sunset, with the message "The End" written in hiragana characters). A promotional poster packaged with the SNES game The Combatribes featured the cover artwork of the game. However, Ice Challenge was never officially released outside Japan. Other Crash 'n' the Boys games announced by American Technos include Soccer Challenge (Nekketsu Soccer League), Diamond Challenge (Downtown Nekketsu Baseball Monogatari) for the SNES, and the Game Boy version of Street Challenge; all went unreleased.

Crash 'n' the Boys: Street Challenge was released on the Virtual Console service in North America on September 14, 2009 for the Wii, on December 19, 2013 for Nintendo 3DS and on December 11, 2014 for Wii U. While it didn't initially receive a release on NES in PAL regions, it would finally see a release in Europe & Oceania via Virtual Console on Nintendo 3DS and Wii U on November 28, 2013 and December 4, 2014 respectively.

The Game Boy version has few differences compared to the original. Namely, the Swimming event is replaced with an umbrella battle, where the characters jump from a building and fight in mid-air using an umbrella. The CPU-controlled Oklahoma High School is now playable via a cheat code.

In popular culture
"Crash and the Boys" is the name of a band in the comic book series Scott Pilgrim. The band also appears in the 2010 film adaptation of the novels, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, as well as in the subsequent video game adaptation.

Review
Corbie Dillard of Nintendo Life gave Crash n the Boys Street Challenge 5 out of 10 stars, commending the developers for 'doing something different' and for what the game could have been. However, Dillard also wrote that the game, while not horrible in itself was inferior to other similar games.

Lucas Thomas of IGN gave a positive review to the game.

References

External links

1992 video games
Game Boy games
High school-themed video games
Kunio-kun
Organized crime video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Fantasy sports video games
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS

Crash 'n' the Boys: Street Challenge


Hugh McCann (born 6 May 1954) is a Scottish former football player and manager. McCann signed for Celtic aged 14, but a bad knee injury halted his progress there. He later played for Linlithgow Rose, Alloa Athletic, Berwick Rangers and East Stirlingshire. He then managed Alloa Athletic, Queen's Park and East Stirlingshire. He has run the youth development systems of Alloa Athletic and Raith Rovers. McCann has also worked in coaching roles for Hearts, Aberdeen, Kilmarnock and Dundee.

References

Sources

1954 births
Living people
People from Linlithgow
Footballers from West Lothian
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Linlithgow Rose F.C. players
Alloa Athletic F.C. players
Berwick Rangers F.C. players
East Stirlingshire F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish football managers
Alloa Athletic F.C. managers
Queen's Park F.C. managers
East Stirlingshire F.C. managers
Heart of Midlothian F.C. non-playing staff
Aberdeen F.C. non-playing staff
Kilmarnock F.C. non-playing staff
Dundee F.C. non-playing staff
Celtic F.C. players
Scottish Football League managers

Hugh McCann


Andrew Benjamin (Benji) Veniamin (16 November 1975 – 23 March 2004) was an Australian criminal from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. A convicted car thief, Veniamin was a key figure in the Melbourne underworld killings, suspected of both murdering seven underworld figures, and being a hit-man for the Williams crime family. Veniamin was killed by Domenic "Mick" Gatto at the La Porcella Italian restaurant in Carlton. Gatto claimed it was in self-defence following a heated argument.

Early and personal life
Veniamin was born to Greek Cypriot immigrant parents, and was raised in the Western Melbourne suburb of Sunshine. From a child to his early teens, Veniamin was an altar boy at the St Andrew's Greek Orthodox Church in the neighbouring suburb of Sunshine West, where his funeral was later held.

Veniamin worked at the West Melbourne wholesale fruit and vegetable market. A few years before his death, Veniamin fathered a daughter as the result of a casual affair.

He was also a known associate of Dino Dibra, who was murdered at his home in October 2000, and of Paul Kallipolitis, who was shot in similar circumstances two years later. Victoria Police say Veniamin was one of the most dangerous and feared men connected to Melbourne's crime scene, and by the time of his death in 2004, they had connected him with several of Melbourne's underworld murders. The church where he was made an altar boy, and where his funeral was held, was also no more than a block away from the Sunshine West house in front of which Dibra was killed.

Veniamin met with Nik Radev on 15 April 2003, the day Radev was murdered, in Coburg. Veniamin associated with an underworld group known as The Carlton Crew; after 2003 he was connected with the Williams Family, and was a close friend of Carl Williams.

Relationship with Roberta Williams
He was a close friend of Carl Williams and his wife Roberta. Although Roberta had previously rejected claims she and Veniamin were intimate, in early 2009 she admitted that he was her soulmate. She said that every Tuesday he would pick her daughters up and take them to religion classes, bring them home and give them a bath. He said his favourite day of the week was Tuesday and Roberta said her younger daughter, Dhakota, idolised him.

Death
Veniamin died in the La Porcella restaurant in Carlton on 23 March 2004 at around 2.30pm after being shot by former associate Domenic "Mick" Gatto. Gatto was charged with his murder but acquitted on self-defence grounds.

During the trial, Gatto claimed Veniamin had pulled out a .38 pistol and threatened to kill him, when they were together in an enclosed area at the back of the restaurant. There were no witnesses. Gatto claims Veniamin lost his temper after being told that "he'd rather [Veniamin] not come around near [Gatto's group of friends] at all", that Veniamin drew a gun and that during a struggle he was able to turn the gun around on Veniamin and fire one shot into his neck, and one shot into the eye. Gatto also claimed that before Veniamin lost his temper, Veniamin had implicated himself in the deaths of Dino Dibra, Paul Kallipolitis and Graham Kinniburgh; he is also believed to have killed underworld figure Victor Peirce. His funeral was held at the Greek Orthodox Church in Sunshine West, in western Melbourne, the same church where he had been an altar boy.

In popular culture
In the first season of drama series Underbelly, Veniamin was portrayed by actor Damian Walshe-Howling.

References

1975 births
2004 deaths
Australian gangsters
Greek gangsters
Australian people of Greek descent
Criminals from Melbourne
People murdered in Victoria (state)
Victims of the Melbourne gangland killings
2004 murders in Australia
People from Sunshine, Victoria

Andrew Veniamin


Philip Riedesel zu Camberg was an important German knight (Ritter) in the latter half of the 16th century. He was the son of Henrich Riedesel zu Camberg and Catherine von Sebolt. He entered the Johanniterorden (the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Order of Saint John) in 1569, with the position of Komtur (knight commander, or preceptor) in Erlingen and as a Receptor. He served as the Grand Master of the order in northern Germany 1594–1598. During this time, he served as General of the Danube fleet in the long Turkish war (1593–1606) between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire. He died in 1598.

Sources
Vladimir von Schnurbein, "Die Bemühungen des Hauses Habsburg zur Ansiedlung von Ritterorden beim Aufbau der Militärgrenze." Militär und Gesellschaft in der Frühen Neuzeit, November 2008, Heft 1.

Georg Helwich, Genealogia der Geburtslini dess Uhralten Adelichen Geschlechts der Riedesel vom Camburg, 1651.

16th-century German people
Barons of Germany

Philip Riedesel zu Camberg


Jeremiah Russell (February 2, 1809 – June 13, 1885) was an American pioneer and territorial legislator.

Born in Eaton, New York, Russell moved to Fort Snelling, Wisconsin Territory in 1837. In 1845, he moved to what is now Sauk Rapids, Minnesota and founded the village in 1854. Russell was an Indian trader and stated a newspaper, the "Sauk Rapids Frontierman." In 1849, Russell served in the first Minnesota Territorial Legislature, in the Minnesota Territorial House of Representatives. He also served in various county offices in Benton County, Minnesota. He died in Sauk Rapids, Minnesota.

Notes

1809 births
1885 deaths
People from Madison County, New York
People from Sauk Rapids, Minnesota
Editors of Minnesota newspapers
American city founders
County officials in Minnesota
Members of the Minnesota Territorial Legislature
American newspaper editors
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American politicians
Journalists from New York (state)
People from Fort Snelling, Minnesota

Jeremiah Russell (Minnesota politician)


Antonio Maria Montanari (29 November 1676 in Modena – 2 April 1737 in Rome) was an Italian violinist and composer of the Baroque period.

Life
Nothing is known of Antonio Maria Montanari's childhood or his musical education but he was already in Rome as a young man, and between 1692 and 1737 documentation exists (albeit with interruptions) indicating his involvement as a violinist, often in important positions, in the orchestra of Cardinal Ottoboni. From 1712 onwards he appears to have held a permanent post in the Ottoboni household but he also served other families of the Roman nobility, and he is thus found among the musicians who performed in George Frederic Handel's La Resurrezione in 1708 in the Palazzo Ruspoli. On this occasion, and on others documented from 1694 onwards, he is referred to as 'Antonio del sig.r card.le Colonna', which suggests that he had already been in the service of Cardinal Giovanni Paolo Colonna for some time. Between 1695 and 1708 he was in the service of Cardinal Benedetto Pamphili and of the Accademia del Disegno di S Luca.

Montanari must have had considerable standing as a violinist, his name always appearing near the top of the lists of players. His reputation was such that Johann Georg Pisendel, who had already studied with Giuseppe Torelli and Antonio Vivaldi, took lessons from him in 1717. In his op. 5 trio sonatas of 1707 Giuseppe Valentini entitled one work La Montanari. He also dedicated a sonnet to Montanari in his collection of Rime, and another sonata by him entitled La Montanari exists in Dresden.

The most important single source of biographical information on Antonio Maria Montanari is a commemorative seven-line paragraph squeezed in at the foot of a lightly caricatural pen sketch of the composer by the famous artist Pier Leone Ghezzi:

"S.r Antonio Montanari virtuossisimo sonator di violino, e poi era accompagniata la virtù con un costume da angelo il quale morì alli due di aprile 1737. alle ore 23. e la sua morte è stata compianta da tutta Roma, et io cav. Ghezzi me ne sono lassata la presente memoria il giorno doppo la sua morte, il quale morì in 3 giorni di pontura in età di anni 62 e fu esposto nella chiesa di S. Apostoli dove gli fù cantata messa solenne da tutti i professori di musica tanto cantanti, che sonatori, con 12 faccolotti, ove in detta chiesa riposerà sino al giuditio. Amen. Il med.o nacque alli 29 di novembre del 1676 alle ore 5."

According to contemporary sources, Montanari experimented with enharmonic micro-intervals. His high standing as a violinist suggests that he would have had a teacher-pupil relationship with many talented players in Rome, especially after the death of Arcangelo Corelli, including, perhaps, Pietro Antonio Locatelli. Montanari's works have yet to be studied in depth.

His Concerti op.1 are exceptionally well crafted, the alliance of virtuosity with solid contrapuntal writing suggesting the possibility of a lineage of post-Corellian solo concerto such as no other composer attempted. Hitherto almost completely ignored, Montanari's concertos rank amongst the most impressive achievements in the Italian repertoire.

Works
 1 Sonata in a collection Sonate a violino e violoncello di vari autori (Bologna 1695)
 6 Sonatas for solo violin, cello and basso continuo op. 1 (Le Cène, Amsterdam c. 1726; published under the name of Francesco Montanaro)
 8 Concerti op. 1  (Amsterdam c. 1730)
 2 Concerti (Dresden)
 other sonatas and chamber music works

Literature
 Michael Talbot: A successor of Corelli: Antonio Montanari and his sonatas. In: Recercare, 17 (2005), p. 211–251.
 Simon McVeigh and Jehoash Hirshberg: The Italian Solo Concerto 1700-1760 p. 162-164.

Selected discography
 Montanari - Violin concertos, Johannes Pramsohler, Ensemble Diderot (Audax Records ADX13704)
 Corelli's Legacy, European Union Baroque Orchestra, Riccardo Minasi (K&K Verlagsanstalt)
 Per Monsieur Pisendel, La Serenissima, Adrian Chandler (AVIE)
1717. Memories of a Journey to Italy. Pisendel, Vivaldi, Montanari, Fanfani, Valentini and Albinoni. Ensemble Scaramuccia. (Snakewood Editions, 2018).

References

External links

1676 births
1737 deaths
Italian violinists
Male violinists
Italian male classical composers
Italian Baroque composers
17th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian male musicians
17th-century male musicians

Antonio Montanari


Drusillas Park is a small  zoo near to Alfriston, in East Sussex, UK. Its exhibits are targeted towards children between 2 and 10 years old.  It attracts between 350,000 and 370,000 visitors per year and until December 2021 was home to the first Hello Kitty-themed attraction in Europe.

The zoo cares for both wild and domestic animals, including ring-tailed lemurs, meerkats, camels, giant anteaters and penguins. There are many hands-on activities, an adventure play area separated for different age groups 0-9 years of age in one and 10 and up in a different area, an indoor soft play centre, and the Safari Express train ride that runs daily. There are also cafes, shops, and restaurants.

History
The enterprise began in 1922 (or 1925) as "Drusilla's Tea Cottage", operated by Douglas Ann and his first wife Drusilla. Animals were included later.
It was closed between April and November 1954 due to a fire. In 1959, management passed to Ann's sons.
It is now owned by Laurence and Christine Smith, who bought it from the Ann family in 1997.

Animals and attractions

The zoo has gradually increased the number of animal exhibits, but still maintains a policy of having mainly smaller animals. The zoo keeps a range of primates including Sulawesi crested macaques, brown capuchin monkeys, black and white colobus monkeys, and lar gibbons. Other residents include servals, African crested porcupines, Rodrigues fruit bats, Asian small-clawed otters, red pandas, Humboldt penguins, binturongs, Chilean flamingos, fennec foxes, Arabian rock hyraxes, two Bactrian camels named Lofty and Roxy and two new Giant Anteaters. Other exhibits include Pet World, Lemurland, a small farmyard, and a walk-through lorikeet aviary where visitors can feed nectar to the birds.

There is also a Discovery Centre, which contains various parts of animals such as pelts, horns, tusks and skins seized from customs.

The 'Zoolympics challenge' lets children compare their abilities (to drag, hang on, jump, shout, run, and hold their breath) against a variety of animals, and record them in a booklet given free at the entrance. Children can also get 'stamp books' to stamp using tick shaped stamps found around the enclosures.

There are many interactive sections of the zoo including 'Mokomo's Jungle Rock' which opened in 2003 and features animatronic animals (mandrill, lemur, vulture, crocodile, spider and snake) who sing about the food chain in the style of The Lion Sleeps Tonight.
 Further along the route, there is another animatronic crocodile who sings "Never Smile at a Crocodile". Also there are animatronic chickens in the farmyard who sing a song about washing your hands. Past the second crocodile is a cockatoo which copies your voice after you say something to it. At the train ride is an animatronic lion which growls and opens and closes its mouth at you when you pass by.

The adventure play area has swings, slides, and climbing walls, and has been separated into Go Bananas! for children under six and Go Wild! for older children. The indoor soft play centre includes a cafe selling drinks and snacks. An interactive maze, Eden's Eye, lets children discover different worlds, as helped along by a series of clues and mythical creatures.

Go Safari!

Go Safari! is the biggest project ever undertaken by Drusillas, and represents a million pound investment for the Park. Taking over a year to prepare, the attraction opened in May 2017.

In 2007 Drusillas Park introduced a permanent Thomas & Friends train ride after securing a long-term deal with HIT Entertainment. The passenger train ran to and from Tidmouth Hault (now Mungo's Central Station) for 10 years, from Saturday 31 March 2007 until Sunday 8 January 2017, when the Thomas contract expired without being renewed.

The Safari Express train replaced Thomas at the Park from Friday 31 March 2017, with two further rides replacing the Explorers Lagoon (The Flying Cheetahs and Hippopotobus) opening on Sunday 21 May 2017. Combined, these three new attractions are collectively known as Go Safari!

Hello Kitty Secret Garden

Drusillas Park had the first permanent Hello Kitty attraction in Europe: Hello Kitty Secret Garden, which replaced the old golf course in 2014.

Hello Kitty Secret Garden included three specially designed children's rides: a Hello Kitty car ride, a tea cup ride and a "reach for the sky" hopper ride.

In December 2021 Drusillas announced the end of the seven year partnership with Sanrio, and the closure of the Hello Kitty Secret Garden.

Rainforest Adventure
In 2019, Drusillas opened the Rainforest Carousel, which features 30 rideable rainforest animals. To complement the carousel, the area and rides from the closed Hello Kitty Secret Garden will be reworked into a new attraction called The Rainforest Adventure, due to be completed in May 2022.

Awards and accolades

Rated top attraction in Southern England in The Daily Telegraph'''s '20 Great Family Days Out' (May 2014)

Shortlisted as 'The Best Theme Park Half-term Holidays' by The Times'' (May 2014)

Winner of the 2014 Visitor Attraction of the Year at the Sussex Life Food, Drink and Hospitality Awards.

2014 Sussex Business Matters Award winner in Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure.

Notes

External links

Zoos in England
1922 establishments in England
Tourist attractions in East Sussex
Buildings and structures in East Sussex
2 ft gauge railways in England

Drusillas Zoo Park


Margaret Faut-Callahan is the Health Sciences provost at Loyola University Chicago.

Biography
Callahan earned her undergraduate degree at Loyola University Chicago and both her master's and Ph.D. degrees at Rush University in Chicago, where she served as an administrator at the university or at Rush University Medical Center for more than 25 years prior to coming to Marquette.

Callahan has researched and published extensively in the areas of palliative care; pain perception, assessment and management; stress in the perioperative patient; nursing and health systems approach to ambulatory care; and nurse anesthesia. An elected fellow of the American Academy of Nursing, National Academies of Practice, and the Institute of Medicine Chicago, Callahan is the principal investigator of a National Institute of Health – National Cancer Institute study on "Interdisciplinary Palliative Care Education."

Callahan has served in various leadership capacities in state and national nursing and nurse anesthesia organizations. She serves as a Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education accreditation reviewer. Callahan is a member of the American Nurses Association, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, and Sigma Theta Tau.
Callahan is involved with a number of civic and community organizations. She currently sits on the council of advisors at the Niehoff School of Nursing at Loyola University Chicago and the board of trustees at Rush University Medical Center.

References

Marquette University faculty
Loyola University Chicago alumni
Rush University
1952 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Academy of Nursing
Nursing researchers
Nursing school deans
Advanced practice registered nurses
Nursing educators
American nursing administrators
Women academic administrators
American women nurses
American women academics
21st-century American women

Margaret Callahan


ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs) are members of the ARF family of GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily.  ARF family proteins are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells, and six highly conserved members of the family have been identified in mammalian cells. Although ARFs are soluble, they generally associate with membranes because of N-terminus myristoylation. They function as regulators of vesicular traffic and actin remodelling.

The small ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) GTP-binding proteins are major regulators of vesicle biogenesis in intracellular traffic. They are the founding members of a growing family that includes Arl (Arf-like), Arp (Arf-related proteins) and the remotely related Sar (Secretion-associated and Ras-related) proteins. Arf proteins cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms that bind selectively to effectors. The classical structural GDP/GTP switch is characterised by conformational changes at the so-called switch 1 and switch 2 regions, which bind tightly to the gamma-phosphate of GTP but poorly or not at all to the GDP nucleotide. Structural studies of Arf1 and Arf6 have revealed that although these proteins feature the switch 1 and 2 conformational changes, they depart from other small GTP-binding proteins in that they use an additional, unique switch to propagate structural information from one side of the protein to the other.

The GDP/GTP structural cycles of human Arf1 and Arf6 feature a unique conformational change that affects the beta2beta3 strands connecting switch 1 and switch 2 (interswitch) and also the amphipathic helical N-terminus. In GDP-bound Arf1 and Arf6, the interswitch is retracted and forms a pocket to which the N-terminal helix binds, the latter serving as a molecular hasp to maintain the inactive conformation. In the GTP-bound form of these proteins, the interswitch undergoes a two-residue register shift that pulls switch 1 and switch 2 up, restoring an active conformation that can bind GTP. In this conformation, the interswitch projects out of the protein and extrudes the N-terminal hasp by occluding its binding pocket.

Regulatory proteins
ARFs regularly associate with two types of protein, those involved in catalyzing GTP/GDP exchange, and those that serve other functions. ARFs act as a regulatory subunit that control coat assembly in coat protein I (COPI), and clathrin-coated vesicles.

GTP/GDP exchange proteins
ARF binds to two forms of the guanosine nucleotide, guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The shape of the ARF molecule is dependent upon the form to which it is bound, allowing it to serve in a regulatory capacity. ARF requires assistance from other proteins in order to switch between binding to GTP and GDP. GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) force ARF to hydrolyze bound GTP to GDP, and Guanine nucleotide exchange factors force ARF to adopt a new GTP molecule in place of a bound GDP.

Other proteins
Other proteins interact with ARF, depending upon whether or not it is bound to GTP or GDP. The active form, ARF*GTP, binds to vesicle coat proteins and adaptors, including coat protein I (COPI) and various phospholipids. The inactive form is only known to bind to a class of transmembrane proteins.
Different types of ARF bind specifically different kinds of effector proteins.

Phylogeny

There are currently 6 known mammalian ARF proteins, which are divided into three classes of ARFs:

 class 1: , ,
 class 2: ,
 class 3: . (See also ARF6)

Structure
ARFs are small proteins of approximately 20 kD in size.  They contain two switch regions, which change relative positions between cycles of GDP/GTP-binding.  ARFs are frequently myristoylated in their N-terminal region, which contributes to their membrane association.

Examples

Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:
 ARF1 ARF3 ARF4 ARF5 ARF6 ARFRP1
 ARL1 ARL2 ARL2L1 ARL3 ARL4A ARL4C ARL4D ARL5 ARL5A ARL5B
 ARL10 ARL11 ARL13A ARL13B ARL14 ARL15 ARL16 ARL17
 ARL6 ARL7 ARL8A ARL8B ARL9
 MGC57346
 SAR1A SAR1B SAR1P3 SARA1 TRIM23

See also
 Brefeldin A

References

Further reading

External links

Protein domains
Peripheral membrane proteins

ADP ribosylation factor


The Federal Criminal Police Office of Germany (, , abbreviated ) is the federal investigative police agency of Germany, directly subordinated to the Federal Ministry of the Interior. It is headquartered in Wiesbaden, Hesse, and maintains major branch offices in Berlin and Meckenheim near Bonn. It has been headed by Holger Münch since December 2014.

Primary jurisdiction of the agency includes coordinating cooperation between the federation and state police forces; investigating cases of international organized crime, terrorism and other cases related to national security; counterterrorism; the protection of members of the constitutional institutions, and of federal witnesses. When requested by the respective state authorities or the federal minister of the interior, it also assumes responsibility for investigations in certain large-scale cases. Furthermore, the Attorney General of Germany can direct it to investigate cases of special public interest.

History
The Federal Criminal Police Office was established in 1951, and Wiesbaden, in the State of Hesse, was designated as its seat.

The German police in general is – by definition of the German constitution – organized at the level of the states of the federation (e.g. North Rhine-Westphalia Police, Bavarian State Police, Berlin Police). Exceptions are the Federal Police, the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) and the German Parliament Police. Because of historic reasons all these federal police forces have a specific and limited legal jurisdiction. This is because after World War II, it was decided that there should not be another all-powerful police force like the Reich Security Main Office (consisting of the Gestapo, Sicherheitsdienst, the Reichskriminalpolizeiamt).

Missions
The formation of the BKA is based on several articles of the German constitution, which give the federal government the exclusive ability to pass laws on the coordination of criminal policing in Germany.

The jurisdictions of the BKA are defined in the Bundeskriminalamtgesetz (BKAG):
 Investigation and threat prevention in cases of national and international terrorism.
 Investigating the international trade with narcotics, arms, munitions, explosives and internationally organized money-laundering and counterfeiting.
 Investigating crimes when a state public prosecutor, a state police force or the state's interior minister, the federal public prosecutor or the Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany) task the BKA with a criminal investigation.
 Personal protection of the constitutional bodies of Germany and their foreign guests, e.g. the President of Germany, Parliament of Germany, Cabinet of Germany, Federal Constitutional Court and other institutions), the BKA also investigates major crimes against these institutions.
 Protection of federal witnesses.
 Investigating crimes against critical infrastructures in Germany.
 Coordinating cooperation between the federal and state police forces (especially state criminal investigation authorities) and with foreign investigative authorities (in Germany the state police forces are mainly responsible for policing).
 Coordinating the cooperation with international law enforcement agencies like the FBI. The BKA is also the national central bureau for Europol and Interpol. Additionally, the BKA provides liaison officers for over 60 German embassies worldwide, who work with local law enforcement agencies.
 Collecting and analyzing criminal intelligence as a national crime office.
 Providing IT-Infrastructure for German law enforcement agencies, e.g. police databases , Schengen Information System, Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), Anti-Terror-Database (ATD).
 Providing assistance to other national and international law enforcement agencies in forensic and criminological research matters.
 Acting as a clearing house for identifying and cataloging images and information on victims of child sexual exploitation, similar to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children in the United States.

Organization

Since its establishment in 1951, the BKA's number of staff has grown substantially. This has notably been driven by the fight against the left-wing terrorism in the 1970s and the internationalization of crime in the decades thererafter. Thus its structure has been undergoing constant reorganized. The last major reform was implemented in July 2016 and resulted in the structure described below.

The BKA is currently organized in eleven divisions. The President of the BKA is supported by its staff in the so-called "Leitungsstab" (which has not the status of a division):

Staff LS – Management
(in German: Stab LS – Leitungsstab)
 Office of the BKA-President and the Vice-Presidents
 Press and media relations
 Law enforcement advisement, situation reporting
 Strategic affairs
 Resources, organization
 National cooperation

Division ZI – Central Information Management

(in German: Abteilung ZI – Zentrales Informationsmanagment)
 24/7 Operations Center
 Language and Translation Service
 Information and data services, police records administration
 Law enforcement information and message exchange
 Security screening / vetting
 Identification services
 Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
 DNA-Analytics Database
 facial recognition system (GES)
 Identikit pictures
Fugitive and search services (International police cooperation, Legal assistance agreements)
 Common search, public search/manhunt
 Schengen Searches (SIRENE)
 Interpol Searches
 Target searches, manhunt

Division ST – State Security
(in German: Abteilung ST – Polizeilicher Staatsschutz)
 Situational reporting, analysis
 Threat assessment
 Situation center State Security
 National Security, Politically motivated crime – Terrorism / Extremism
 Left-wing and right-wing politically motivated crime, including the cooperation with the Z Commission
 State sponsored terrorism
 Politically motivated crime by foreigners
 Politically motivated arms crime, proliferation, CBRN arms
 Counter-espionage
 State sponsored cybercrime and cyber-espionage
 War crimes, Crimes against international criminal law and humanity (including German central office for international criminal law)
 Financial investigations State Security

Division SO – Serious and Organized Crime
(in German: Abteilung SO – Schwere und Organisierte Kriminalität)
 Property crime
 Counterfeiting
 Cybercrime
 Capital and major crimes, violent crimes, sexual offences, child abuse and child pornography (similar to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children)
 Organized and gang crimes
 Drug crimes
 Human trafficking
 Environmental crimes
 Crimes concerning arms and explosives
 Financial and Economic crime,
 comprising a specialised unit for case-integrated financial investigations (VIVA), that also assumes the role of Asset Recovery Office Germany (police) and a forensic auditing service (WPD)

Division SG – Protection Division
(in German: Abteilung SG – Sicherungsgruppe)
 SG E (Operations)
 Personal protection details (Protection of the German Chancellor and other cabinet members)
 Foreign Dignitary protection (when invited by the federal government)
 Reconnaissance and mobile support units
 Special units like the ASE (Foreign Special Missions) which have similar tasks like the Secret Service Counter Assault Team
 SG F (Situation center)
 Mission support, internal organization and logistics
 Tactical Operations Center
The Protection Group protects the members of Germany's constitutional bodies and their foreign guests and is often the most visible part of the BKA. Specially selected and trained officers with special equipment and vehicles provide round-the-clock personal security to those they protect. The Protection Group is now headquartered in Berlin.

Division OE – Operational Mission and Investigative Support
(in German: Abteilung OE – Operative Einsatz- und Ermittlungsunterstützung)
 Technical Operational Service (TOS)
 Technology monitoring, logistics
 Analysis of (new) technologies (evaluation for law enforcement use and criminal potential)
 IT-Forensics
 Case and mission support, e.g. at crime scenes and while conducting search warrants
 Securing and processing of digital evidence
 Research and development, live forensics
 (Mass) Data analysis, Video Competence Center (CC Video)
 Technical Mission Support, development of technical equipment
 Comptence Center for Information Technology Surveillance (CC ITÜ), Lawful interception
 Telecommunications Surveillance (TKÜ)
 Information Technology Surveillance (ITÜ)
 Mobile Mission Commando (MEK)
Plain-clothes SWAT unit specialised in surveillance and apprehension of fugitives in mobile situations
Central federal support group for major nuclear threat defense (ZUB)
Adviser and Negotiation Group, e.g. for hostage-takings in foreign countries
 Witness protection program (federal level)

Division KT – Forensic Science Institute
(in German: Abteilung KT – Kriminalistisches Institut)
 Disaster Victims Identification Task Force
 The DVI-Team (in German: Identifizierungskommission, IdKo) is an event driven organisation of mainly forensic specialists dedicated to identification of disaster victims. The DVI's past missions include several airplane crashes, the Eschede train disaster and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
 Crime scene unit
 Bomb squad, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) and improvised explosive ordnance disposal (IEDD), CBRN crime scenes
 Research and development on crime scene procedures
 Institution for technical and natural sciences, reporting for law enforcement, public prosecutors and courts
 Ballicstics, arson and explosion investigations
 DNA analytics, investigation of material and micro traces
 Analysis of handwritings and documents, voice recognition
 Central laboratory for physical, biological and chemical analysis, toxicology
 Digital electronics, data reconstruction, video, picture, signal and krypto analysis

Division IT – Information Technology
(in German: Abteilung IT – Informationstechnik)
 Information and communication management
 common IT software, e.g. operation systems, office tools
 law enforcement databases, e.g. various INPOL databases, Europol (SIENA), Schengen (SIRENE), anti-terror-database (ATD)
 digital (police) radio management, mobile communications

Division IZ – International Coordination, Training and Research Center
(in German: Abteilung IZ – Internationale Koordinierung, Bildungs- und Forschungszentrum)
 EU and international cooperation, e.g. Europol and Interpol
 Coordination of BKA liaison officers at German embassies
 Consulting center for police legal questions, law enforcement and legal politics
 Police training (national/international)
 Common training, management
 Specialised criminal police training, police training
 International police training and logistics support
 Institute of Law Enforcement Studies
 Federal University, Departmental Branch of the Federal Criminal Police
 Criminological and law enforcement research
 Research and consulting center terrorism/extremism
 Research and consulting center law enforcement statistics, dark field research
 Research and consulting center cybercrime
 Research and consulting center organized crime, economic crime, criminal prevention
 Public relations, internet editorial staff

Division ZV – Central and Administrative Affairs
(in German: Abteilung ZV – Zentral- und Verwaltungsaufgaben)
 Common human resources management
 Facility management
 Budget management
 Internal Organization
 Operations and internal security
 Prevention of corruption
 Logistics, car pool, workshops
 Legal Affairs

Division TE - International terrorism, religious motivated extremism and terrorism
Established on November 1, 2019 the division TE consists of sections from the division ST who are tasked with the collection of information and investigations in the fields of terrorism, religious motivated extremism and jihadism.

Division CC - Cybercrime
The division's main tasks lie in investigations in the fields of cybercrime and computer-oriented crime
 Investigations against individuals and networks which target high-profile targets in Germany
 Information gathering and analysis as assistance of ongoing investigations
 Combating cyber-attacks against critical infrastructure and institutions of the German government
 Consulting in the development of strategies and legal frameworks in combating cybercrime

Joint Centres and Task Forces
The BKA is part of several joint centers and platforms for combatting crime:
 Joint Counter-Terrorism Centre (GTAZ)
 The GTAZ was created in 2004 as a fusion center for 40 German law enforcement, intelligence and other public agencies who are tasked with combatting international jihadi terrorism. Its goal is to optimize and speed up communication between these agencies as a cooperation platform. The GTAZ is not an agency of its own. All participating agencies work under their own jurisdiction. It is located in Berlin.
 All state police forces (16), state intelligence services (16), the Federal Criminal Police Office (through its Division ST), the uniformed Federal Police (former border patrol), the Military Counterintelligence Service, the Federal Intelligence Service, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the Public Prosecutor General, the Customs Investigations Bureau and the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees are part of the GTAZ.
 The GTAZ has several working groups which focus on threat assessment, operational information exchange, case analysis, structural analysis and other topics.
 Joint Terrorism and Extremism Prevention Centre (GETZ)
 The GETZ is a similar fusion center established in 2012. It was structured after the model of and parallel to the GTAZ. It is located in Cologne and focuses on politically-motivated crime like right and left-wing extremism and terrorism, espionage, proliferation and international terrorism (not including jihadi terrorism). The GTAZ is not an agency of its own. All participating agencies work under their own jurisdiction.
 All state police forces (16), state intelligence services (16), the Federal Criminal Police Office (through its Division ST), the uniformed Federal Police (former border patrol), the Military Counterintelligence Service, the Federal Intelligence Service, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, the Public Prosecutor General, the Customs Investigations Bureau and the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees are part of the GTAZ.
 The GTAZ has several working groups which focus on threat assessment, operational information exchange and other topics.
 National Cyber Threat Prevention Centre (NCAZ)
 The NCAZ is a fusion center focusing on cyber threat, their assessment and possible countermeasures. Like the GTAZ it is just a platform and not an agency of its own. It has no own jurisdiction.
 The Federal Office for Information Security, the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), the uniformed Federal Police (former border patrol), the Military Counterintelligence Service, the Federal Intelligence Service and the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution are part of the NCAZ.
 Joint Analysis and Strategy Centre Illegal Migration (GASIM)
 The GASIM is a federal information and communication center combatting illegal migration. It is administered by the Federal Police (former border patrol) and located at Potsdam.
 Joint Financial Investigative Unit (GFG)
 The BKA Division SO has established a standing GFG (task force) with the Customs Investigations Bureau combatting financial crimes, especially money laundering.
 Joint Internet Centre (GIZ)
 The GIZ is a cooperation platform for evaluating and analysing jihadi terrorist propaganda on websites and social media channels. It should bring together the professional and technical expertise of the participating agencies. It is administered by the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution.
 The Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), the Military Counterintelligence Service, the Federal Intelligence Service, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and the Public Prosecutor General are part of the GIZ. They all work under their own jurisdiction.
 Coordinated Internet Intelligence (KIA)
 The KIA is another cooperation platform for evaluating and analysing extremist and terrorist internet propaganda. It was created in 2012 after the model of the GIZ. At first it brought together the professional and technical expertise of the participating agencies in the field of right-wing extremism. It was a direct reaction to the discovery of the NSU murders.
 Now and in contrast to the GIZ, KIA is divided into three platforms as further fields were added: KIA-R covers right-wing extremism and terrorism, KIA-L covers left-wing extremism and terrorism and KIA-A covers international politically-motivated crime (except jiadi terrorism).
 The Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), the Military Counterintelligence Service and the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution are part of the GIZ. They all work under their own jurisdiction.
For special cases the BKA creates task forces, which are called "Besondere Aufbauorganisation" (abbreviated: BAO). These task forces can integrate personnel from different divisions and state police forces as well. On some occasions international police forces participate too.

Personnel

General structure

The BKA currently employs more than 7100 people (as of July 2020). More than 3800 are sworn law enforcement officers of various ranks including upper management. Furthermore, the BKA has more than 1100 civil servants (e.g. analysts as well as administrative or technical personnel). Another 2200 employees work for the BKA as scientists (forensic and natural sciences) and academics (criminology and law enforcement research).

The BKA received more than 1,000 additional job positions in 2017.

In the case of law enforcement officers, the BKA has employees in two career tracks of the German civil service. In the upper service (pay grades A9-A13g, comparable to military officer ranks up to Captain) or in the higher service (pay grades A13h and above, comparable to military staff officer ranks of Major and above). In contrast, some state police forces in Germany such as Bavarian State Police and the Federal Police also have lower level career tracks with only two years of training and lower entrance requirements).

Recruitment
The BKA recruits its personnel through different procedures: The civilian personnel (e.g. analysts, scientists, administrative personnel) is recruited similar to private companies.

Potential law enforcement officers are recruited in a longer process. They have to pass a written and oral exam (interview, group discussions, psychological test), a sport test (endurance, strength, reaction), a medical examination and security screening. Personnel of the upper service usually needs to have passed a university entrance qualification (usually Abitur or Fachabitur).

Law enforcement personnel in the career path of the higher service generally need to have passed a master's degree or a second state examination for direct recruitment. As a rule, the few directly recruited law enforcement officers for this career path are usually lawyers. However, a large proportion of the officers in the BKA's higher service career path are promoted law enforcement officers from the upper career path, who have proven themselves very well.

Police training
After the law enforcement officer applicants for the upper career path pass the mentioned exams, they study at the Federal University for Applied Administrative Sciences (Departmental Branch of the Federal Criminal Police) for three years at different locations. While studying (law, criminal proceedings, constitutional law, criminology, police tactics, ethics) they also receive traditional police training like martial arts (Krav Maga, Jiu Jiutsu, Judo), shooting, basic driving and crime scene investigation. During their studies the police candidates complete an 8-month internship at a local state police office and an 8-month internship in several investigative, support and analysis units of the BKA.

Higher service personnel of the BKA study for two years at the German Police University in Münster (formerly the Police Command and Staff Academy). There they usually earn a Master of Arts degree in police management. They study together with the officers on the same career path of the Federal Police and the police forces of the federal states.

Police ranks

The BKA has the same rank structure as the other police forces in Germany. As a criminal police branch, the different ranks are preceded by the description "Kriminal-". The uniformed police forces normally have the description "Polizei-" like "Polizeikommissar". The rank of police candidates or recruits is "Kriminalkommissaranwärter (KKA)". The entry level after finishing the three year studies is "Kriminalkommissar", meaning Detective Inspector. The criminal police ranks are divided into the "Gehobener Dienst" (upper service) and "Höherer Dienst" (higher service). The upper service is the investigative level of the BKA. The higher service could be described as the middle management of the BKA. To enter the higher service members of the upper service have to pass an additional exam. After passing the test and acception for the higher service, these recruits have to study an additional two years at police university in Münster. The higher service can also be entered by external, non-police personnel from selected academic fields.

Leadership
The BKA is headed by three top executives, a chief (Präsident des Bundeskriminalamtes) and two vice-chiefs (Vizepräsidnet beim Bundeskriminalamt), which in German BKA-lingo are referred to as "Amtsleitung", to be translated into 'agency management'.

The chief of the BKA is a political civil servant, who is appointed by the President of Germany upon recommendation from the Minister of the Interior and the cabinet. He or she can be provisionally retired by the federal president, as stipulated in §54 of the Law on Federal Civil Servants. The post is graded as B9 in the payscale for federal civil servants (which is the same as a lieutenant general or a vice admiral in the armed forces).
His or her vice-chiefs, who to this day have mostly been career officials from the ranks, are in the B6 paygrade.Anlage I BBesG - Einzelnorm

Chiefs of police
 Dr. Max Hagemann (1951–1952)
 Dr. Hanns Jess (1952–1955)
 Reinhard Dullien (1955–1964)
 Paul Dickopf (1965–1971)
 Horst Herold (1971 – March 1981)
 Heinrich Boge (March 1981 – 1990)
 Hans-Ludwig Zachert (1990 – April 1996)
 Klaus Ulrich Kersten (April 1996 – February 26, 2004)
 Jörg Ziercke (February 26, 2004 – December 2014)
 Holger Münch (since 1 December 2014)

Vice-chiefs of police
 Rolf Holle
 Werner Heinl
 Ernst Voss
 Günther Ermisch
 Reinhardt Rupprecht
 Herbert Tolksdorf (till 1983)
 Gerhard Boeden (1983 till 1987)
 Gerhard Köhler (1990 till 1993)
 Bernhard Falk (1993 till 2010)
 Rudolf Atzbach
 Jürgen Stock (von 2004 till 2014)
 Jürgen Maurer (2010 till März 2013)
 Peter Henzler (since April 2013)
 Michael Kretschmer (since March 2015)

Equipment

Firearms
BKA police officers are equipped with the SIG Sauer P229 as a duty firearm. Selected units are also equipped with Heckler & Koch MP5 machine pistols. Additionally the police officers are equipped with pepperspray and bulletproof vests.

The special mission unit MEK is equipped with Glock pistols, Heckler & Koch MP5 and other weapons. The Protection Group is also allowed to carry additional military-grade weapons, e.g. the ASE unit or the protection details (only revolvers are allowed in certain foreign countries).

The use of these weapons and force in general is controlled by a special law, the UZwG.

BKA police officers are authorized to carry their duty firearms concealed while off-duty.

Vehicles
The Protection Group of the BKA utilizes armoured cars from different manufacturers for their protection mission, e.g. like Mercedes-Benz W221 (for the President of Germany), Audi A8 L or BMW.

Cases and investigations
 Red Army Faction
 1998 Eschede train disaster (DVI-Team)
 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake (DVI-Team)
 2007 bomb plot in Germany (so called "Sauerland-Group")
 2011 discovery of the National Socialist Underground murders and National Socialist Underground (NSU)
 2016 Berlin truck attack
 Borussia Dortmund team bus bombing

Images

See also
 Crime in Germany
 Federal Criminal Police Office of Austria

References

External links

 BKA official website

Criminal investigation
National Central Bureaus of Interpol
Federal law enforcement agencies of Germany
Organisations based in Wiesbaden
Buildings and structures in Wiesbaden
Government agencies established in 1951
1951 establishments in Germany
Anti–child pornography organizations
Domestic intelligence agencies

Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany)


Leszek II the Black (c. 1241 – 30 September 1288), was a Polish prince of the House of Piast, Duke of Sieradz since 1261, Duke of Łęczyca since 1267, Duke of Inowrocław in the years 1273-1278, Duke of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland from 1279 until his death.

Early years

Leszek was the eldest son of Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia and his second wife, Constance, daughter of Henry II the Pious from the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty. His nickname, Black (Latin: Niger), appears for the first time in the 14th century Kronika Dzierzwy, and was probably given to him for his dark hair.

In 1257 his mother died, and shortly after his father married Euphrosyne, daughter of Casimir I of Opole. Leszek's stepmother soon caused conflicts in the family with her attempts to obtain territorial benefits for her own children. The eldest of them was the future Polish king Władysław I the Elbow-high. This was to the detriment of Leszek and his younger full-brother, Ziemomysł. Some chronicles even accused Euphrosyne of attempting to poison both stepsons. Leszek and Ziemomysł rebelled against their father and stepmother in 1261 (although the participation of Ziemomysł is debated in historiography). The revolt initially failed because the local nobility, dissatisfied with their adventurous policy, retired their support; however, thanks to the help of a coalition formed with Bolesław V the Chaste, Siemowit I of Masovia, and Bolesław the Pious, Leszek eventually forced his father to give him the district of Sieradz as a separate duchy.

Duke of Sieradz

Leszek's rule as Duke of Sieradz lasted from 1261 until 1279. His new duchy was formed from one of the less populated lands in the country. However, the colonization policy which he pursued (including the foundation of cities like Nowa Brzeźnica, Lutomiersk, Wolbórz, and Radomsko) and the close cooperation with the Church slowly changed the image of the district.

In 1267 Casimir died, leaving his domains to his five sons. Leszek, as the oldest son and already in possession of Sieradz, only added Łęczyca. One year later, the citizens of Inowrocław rebelled against the pro-German policy of Ziemomysł and called for Bolesław the Pious to be their new ruler. Ziemomysł, however, managed to kept the government until 1271, when Bolesław finally invaded the duchy forcing Ziemomysł to escape. Bolesław kept the district for two years, until 1273, when he gave it to Leszek, who was now unexpectedly Duke of Inowrocław. His government over this land lasted until 1278, when after a meeting at Ląd on 24 August, and thanks to the mediation of Przemysł II of Greater Poland, Leszek returned the duchy to his brother.

Adoption by Bolesław the Chaste

After Leszek obtained his political independence in 1261, he rapidly established good relations with Bolesław the Chaste, ruler of Kraków and Sandomierz. The two princes meet for the first time in 1260, on occasion of the expedition against the Kingdom of Bohemia, which was part of a broader action during the Hungarian-Bohemian War for the Babenberg inheritance. Leszek's participation in the war against Bohemia and its allies (Henryk IV Probus and Władysław Opolski) continued in later years, with particular intensity between 1271-1273.

The childlessness of Bolesław and his close cooperation with Leszek resulted in the latter's expectation to become his heir. The document of adoption was issued in 1265; eight years later, Władysław Opolski organized a military expedition to Kraków because he refused to accept the adoption. On 4 June 1273, the Battle of Bogucin Mały took place, in which the Opole-Racibórz army was defeated. At the end of October, Bolesław made a retaliatory expedition against Opole-Racibórz; however, his forces were limited to destroy only specific areas of the duchy. In 1274 Władysław Opolski and Bolesław the Chaste decided to conclude a peace, under which the former gave up his claims to the throne of Kraków in exchange for some territory adjacent to his duchy, stretching as far as the Skawinka river.

In 1265 Leszek married Gryfina (also known as Agrippina), daughter of the Rurikid prince Rostislav Mikhailovich, Ban of Slavonia and Duke of Macsó. The union was quite unhappy; in 1271 a scandal erupted when she fled to Kraków and publicly accused her husband of impotence, adding that for this reason their marriage had never been consummated. The reconciliation of the couple took place four years later, due to the intervention of Bolesław the Chaste and his wife, Kinga, Gryfina returned to her husband on 6 August 1275. Leszek then decided to follow a treatment from the well-known physician Mikołaj of Kraków. His prescription included eating frogs and snakes, because - as was stated in the Rocznik Traski - "the lack of offspring caused a great abomination into the nation". Ultimately, Leszek and Gryfina never had children.

Duke of Kraków and Sandomierz
On 7 December 1279 Bolesław the Chaste died. In accordance with his wishes, the duchies of Kraków and Sandomierz were inherited by Leszek II, who became the new high duke. The succession took place without much difficulty, although it is probable that Leszek was forced to agree to a formal election as Duke of Kraków.

The beginning of his reign was unfortunately not peaceful. Unexpectedly, Leo I of Galicia, with the help of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, planned an invasion of Kraków. With the help of Lithuanians, Tartars, and some Russian principalities, Leo invaded Lublin in February 1280, crossed the Vistula, and besieged Sandomierz, which managed to resist. From that point Leszek was able to unite enough forces to repel the invasion. The final battle took place in Goźlice on 23 February, where the Polish forces (under the command of Peter, voivode of Kraków, and Janusz, voivode of Sandomierz), forced Leo's army to flee. Later that year, Leszek organized a retaliatory expedition, which burned and destroyed the border areas up to Lviv.

The following year, Leszek attacked the Duchy of Wrocław, which belonged to Henryk IV Probus. This was in response for the imprisonment of Leszek's ally, Przemysł II, after a meeting in probably Barycz. This expedition, besides the significant bounty it brought him, did not yield the expected result.

The following years were also not peaceful. In 1282 the Yotvingians invaded Lublin and plundered several villages. Because of this unexpected attack they were able to advance to Łopiennik Górny. Leszek, after the initial surprise, managed to pursue the invaders and somewhere beyond the Narew river they clashed in a bloody battle. The Yotvingians were slaughtered, and this defeat effectively destroyed the combat strength of the tribe. One year later, the Lithuanians made a retaliatory expedition, but Leszek was able to defeat them in the Battle of Rowiny.

Conflict with the Bishop of Kraków

Despite all of his military victories, Leszek's position within Kraków-Sandomierz was not that strong. During almost all of his reign he had to fight with internal opposition. The leading opponents to his rule were , Bishop of Kraków, and Janusz Starża, voivode of Sandomierz. The dispute with Bishop Paweł began in the early 1280s, when Leszek II refused to approve the bishop's broad immunity.  The widow of Bolesław, Kinga of Hungary, also had an important role in this conflict. According to her husband's will, she received the district of Stary Sącz as her dower.  Because it was on the road to Hungary, this district was strategic and important, and Leszek II considered it to be too valuable to be in her hands.  However, another motive may have been that he wanted to give that land to his own wife Gryfina. During 1282-1283, the conflict came to its most dramatic stage, when Bishop Paweł (who fiercely supported Kinga's rights) was captured after a meeting at Łagów and imprisoned in Sieradz. The Bishop of Kraków only regained his freedom thanks to the consistent intervention of the Polish Church. A final settlement was signed on 30 November 1286 when Leszek agreed to pay Bishop Paweł 3,000 grzywnas as compensation for damages, return his property, and recognize the Bishopric's privileges.

Knighthood revolts

The government of Leszek also garnered opposition from the local knights, which would be surprising given the numerous times that they served the High Duke in his expeditions. The first revolt took place in 1282, when the voivode Janusz Starża, using the absence of Leszek II, gave the fortresses of Sandomierz and Radom to Konrad II of Czersk. This rebellion was quickly suppressed, if it ever occurred at all (as the first information about it came from Jan Długosz, and strangely the voivode remained in his post).

A more serious revolt took place three years later, in April 1285, when Otto Toporczyk, voivode of Sandomierz, Janusz Starża, the former voivode and now castellan of Kraków, and Żegota, voivode of Kraków, raised an army against Leszek II, who having been taken by surprise was forced to escape to Hungary. Fortunately for Leszek II, the rebels' candidate for the throne, Konrad II of Czersk, failed to take the Wawel Castle, which was defended by the faithful local burghers, led by High Duchess Gryfina. On 3 May 1285, a decisive battle took place in Bogucice, where Leszek II, with the help of the Hungarians, obtained a great victory and forced the rebels to leave the country. After overcoming this opposition, Leszek II modified his local policies so that the government was more stable through the end of his reign.

Final years

In 1287-1288 the third invasion of the Mongols into Lesser Poland, led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga, took place, causing Leszek to travel to Hungary and ask for help. This time, Lesser Poland was better prepared for the Mongol invasion than for the previous two incursions, with several more fortresses in Kraków and Sandomierz to defend the lands.

It is believed that Leszek II initiated a process for the unification of Poland. According to the theory of historian Oswald Balzer, Leszek II called the First Piast Coalition, formed by four princes: Henryk IV Probus, Przemysł II, Henry III of Głogów, and himself, on or about 1287, whose main purpose was to arrange the order of succession in Lesser Poland. This hypothesis is refuted by modern historiography because of the known bad relations between Leszek II, Przemysł II, and Henryk IV Probus during this period. On the other hand, the apparent national unification could have been a result of the growing cult to Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów.

Leszek died on 30 September 1288 at Kraków and was buried in the local Dominican Church of the Holy Trinity. After his death a violent dispute erupted among the main Piast rulers for the Seniorate Province.  Eventually, Henryk IV Probus became the new high duke in 1289, but his sudden death one year later caused the Seniorate Province to pass to Przemysł II.  However, he was deposed soon thereafter (1291) on behalf of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, who claimed Poland.  Having no legal grounds to reign, Wenceslaus II managed to obtain a document from his aunt Dowager Duchess Gryfina under which she ceded to him the district of Stary Sącz, which she finally received as her dower, with the doubtful inclusion of all of the Seniorate Province.

See also
 Poland during the Piast dynasty
 Nicholas of Poland

References

Leszek II Czarny in: poczet.com [retrieved 17 February 2015].

1240s births
1288 deaths
13th-century Polish monarchs
Polish Roman Catholics
Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
Christians of the Prussian Crusade
13th-century Polish people
People of Byzantine descent

Leszek II the Black


Ian Tracey (born June 26, 1964) is a Canadian actor. Over the years, Tracey has participated in more than 70 films and television series. Tracey has starred in series such as Da Vinci's Inquest and Intelligence, both CBC television series produced by long-time colleague Chris Haddock. He is also known for his role as the title character in 1979's Huckleberry Finn and His Friends.

Early life
Tracey was born on Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He grew up in British Columbia's Port Coquitlam.

Career
Tracey started working at the age of 11, playing in the 1976 film The Keeper, starring Christopher Lee.

Tracey's recent feature film credits include Prozac Nation, Owning Mahowny, with Philip Seymour Hoffman, Kevin Costner's western Open Range, and Christopher Nolan's 2001 thriller Insomnia. In 1999, Tracey won the Leo Award for Best Performance by a Male in a Feature Length Drama for Rupert's Land.

Tracey has appeared in the title role of Milgaard, for which he won both the Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series and Leo Award for Best Performance by a Male: Feature Length Drama in 2000.

Other television films include The Rookies, for which he received a 1991 Gemini nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. He was nominated for a Gemini Award in 2000 for his portrayal of the talented Homicide Detective Mick Leary in the Canadian TV series Da Vinci's Inquest. He also directed two episodes in that television series, as well as two in Intelligence.

Tracey was a series regular on Sweating Bullets (also known as Tropical Heat) and had a recurring lead on The Commish. He was also seen in Taken and has guest starred on Smallville, Dark Angel, The Sentinel, The X-Files, The Outer Limits, Highlander: The Series, The Collector, 21 Jump Street and Mom P.I.

In 2005, Tracey was in the TV miniseries Prairie Giant: The Tommy Douglas Story and Intelligence, a CBC television series about the interactions between organized crime and government intelligence services. In Intelligence, Tracey plays the head of a third-generation crime family that built its fortune on rum-running before turning to heroin and weed. He also appeared as Nova Group leader Daniel Armand in season three of the science fiction series The 4400 and guest-starred as Lincoln Cole in Smallville.

In 2010, he began the recurring role of villain Adam Worth on Sanctuary. In spring 2007, he filmed the Chinese-Canadian historical miniseries Iron Road with Sam Neill and Peter O'Toole and narrated the making-of documentary for the DVD release of the series Huckleberry Finn and His Friends. Most recently, he appeared in 4 seasons of Bates Motel as Remo Wallace.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1964 births
Male actors from British Columbia
Canadian male child actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian Screen Award winning actors
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Vancouver Island

Ian Tracey


Tillie (circa 1870 – 1932) was a female Asian elephant that was the mascot of the John Robinson Circus. Tillie was acquired by John Robinson, owner of the circus, in 1872.  She was the leader of the elephant pack.  Tillie was one of four elephants that the Robinsons kept when they sold the Robinson Circus in 1912.

Tillie's image is shown on the cover Phillip J. Nuxhall's book Stories from the Grove, and she can be seen in a poster on page 76 of Dann Woellert's book Cincinnati's Northside Neighborhood.

When the circus performed in the neighborhood of Northside, Cincinnati (formerly Cumminsville, Ohio), Tillie led the procession.

The T-shaped window on the old Robinson property in Terrace Park is for Tillie.

Death

A full page obituary was published in The Cincinnati Enquirer when Tillie died in 1932.  An audience of two thousand celebrated her death in Terrace Park at her home on Elm Avenue in Terrace Park, Ohio as planes dropped carnations and the remaining three elephants stood by as a cannon was fired.

Exactly where Tilles is buried is uncertain.  Rumors that she was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery have not been substantiated.  Although there is a tombstone for Tillie on the Robinson's old property in Terrace Park, Lynn Nelson, who was a 30-year resident of Terrace Park, insists Tille is not buried under the tombstone, but is instead buried in a dry well on the same property.

Nuxhall and Nelson both believe her legs were cut off and made into umbrellas stands.

See also
 List of individual elephants

References

Resources

External links
 Tillie's Lounge -- history page -- The bar is named after Tillie the elephant.

Circus animals
1932 animal deaths
Individual elephants
Individual animals in the United States
Elephants in the United States

Tillie (elephant)


In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin.  One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin. In theoretical studies, the assumption that a coin is fair is often made by referring to an ideal coin.

John Edmund Kerrich performed experiments in coin flipping and found that a coin made from a wooden disk about the size of a crown and coated on one side with lead landed heads (wooden side up) 679 times out of 1000.  In this experiment the coin was tossed by balancing it on the forefinger, flipping it using the thumb so that it spun through the air for about a foot before landing on a flat cloth spread over a table.  Edwin Thompson Jaynes claimed that when a coin is caught in the hand, instead of being allowed to bounce, the physical bias in the coin is insignificant compared to the method of the toss, where with sufficient practice a coin can be made to land heads 100% of the time. Exploring the problem of checking whether a coin is fair is a well-established pedagogical tool in teaching statistics.

Probability space definition

In probability theory, a fair coin is defined as a probability space , which is in turn defined by the sample space, event space, and probability measure. Using  for heads and  for tails, the sample space of a coin is defined as:

The event space for a coin includes all sets of outcomes from the sample space which can be assigned a probability, which is the full power set . Thus, the event space is defined as:

 is the event where neither outcome happens (which is impossible and can therefore be assigned 0 probability), and  is the event where either outcome happens, (which is guaranteed and can be assigned 1 probability). Because the coin is fair, the possibility of any single outcome is 50-50. The probability measure is then defined by the function:

So the full probability space which defines a fair coin is the triplet  as defined above. Note that this is not a random variable because heads and tails don't have inherent numerical values like you might find on a fair two-valued die. A random variable adds the additional structure of assigning a numerical value to each outcome. Common choices are  or .

Role in statistical teaching and theory

The probabilistic and statistical properties of coin-tossing games are often used as examples in both introductory and advanced text books and these are mainly based in assuming that a coin is fair or "ideal". For example, Feller uses this basis to introduce both the idea of random walks and to develop tests for homogeneity within a sequence of observations by looking at the properties of the runs of identical values within a sequence. The latter leads on to a runs test. A time-series consisting of the result from tossing a fair coin is called a Bernoulli process.

Fair results from a biased coin
If a cheat has altered a coin to prefer one side over another (a biased coin), the coin can still be used for fair results by changing the game slightly.  John von Neumann gave the following procedure:

 Toss the coin twice.
 If the results match, start over, forgetting both results.
 If the results differ, use the first result, forgetting the second.

The reason this process produces a fair result is that the probability of getting heads and then tails must be the same as the probability of getting tails and then heads, as the coin is not changing its bias between flips and the two flips are independent. This works only if getting one result on a trial doesn't change the bias on subsequent trials, which is the case for most non-malleable coins (but not for processes such as the Pólya urn). By excluding the events of two heads and two tails by repeating the procedure, the coin flipper is left with the only two remaining outcomes having equivalent probability. This procedure only works if the tosses are paired properly; if part of a pair is reused in another pair, the fairness may be ruined. Also, the coin must not be so biased that one side has a probability of zero.

This method may be extended by also considering sequences of four tosses. That is, if the coin is flipped twice but the results match, and the coin is flipped twice again but the results match now for the opposite side, then the first result can be used. This is because HHTT and TTHH are equally likely. This can be extended to any multiple of 2.

The expected value of flips at the n game  is not hard to calculate, first notice that in step 3 whatever the event  or  we have flipped the coin twice so  but in step 2 ( or ) we also have to redo things so we will have 2 flips plus the expected value of flips of the next game that is  but as we start over the expected value of the next game is the same as the value of the previous game or any other game so it doesn't really depend on n thus  (this can be understood the process being a martingale  where taking the expectation again get us that  but because of the law of total expectation we get that ) hence we have:

The more biased our coin is, the more likely it is that we will have to perform a greater number of trials before a fair result.

See also
 Checking whether a coin is fair
 Coin flipping
 Feller's coin-tossing constants

References

Further reading
 Available from Andrew Gelman's website

John von Neumann, "Various techniques used in connection with random digits," in A.S. Householder, G.E. Forsythe, and H.H. Germond, eds., Monte Carlo Method, National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series, 12 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951): 36-38.

Experiment (probability theory)
Gambling mathematics
Coin flipping

Fair coin


The Giuseppe Colombo Centre for Space Geodesy (CGS) is a research centre belonging to the Italian Space Agency and located in Matera, Italy. It is dedicated to the mathematician Giuseppe Colombo and is focused on Earth observation (geodesy and satellite telemetry), space robotics and interplanetary missions.

The centre was created in 1983 by CNR, Region Basilicata and NASA and is managed by Telespazio. It was initially focused on Earth observation only. Today it has about 100 employees and is used for research activities and operational services such as data acquisition from a number of European satellites and ground segment of the COSMO-SkyMed satellite constellation. The centre is also one of the X-band ground stations of the Sentinel constellation of ESA's Copernicus Programme.

External links

Space program of Italy
1983 establishments in Italy


Christian Wolfgang Lindner (born 7 January 1979) is a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who has been serving as the Federal Minister of Finance since 8 December 2021. He has been the party leader of the liberal FDP since 2013 and a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) for North Rhine-Westphalia since 2017, previously holding a seat from 2009 until 2012.

Early life and education
Christian Lindner was born in Wuppertal, West Germany. His father Wolfgang Lindner is a teacher of mathematics and computer science at the Städtisches Gymnasium in Wermelskirchen.

After graduating from Gymnasium in 1998 and an alternative civilian service, Christian Lindner studied political science at the University of Bonn from 1999 to 2006. After eleven semesters he acquired the academic degree of Magister Artium (M.A). In his magister's thesis at the Institute of Political Science, he dealt with the topic: "Tax competition and revenue sharing. Can the financial constitution be reformed?" In 2006, he began writing his dissertation under supervision from political science professor Frank Decker, which he has so far not completed due to his political activities.

While studying Lindner became a reserve officer in the Air Force. In 2002, he was promoted to First lieutenant (Oberleutnant) in the Reserve. In 2008 he was a liaison officer to the state command Landeskommando of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Düsseldorf. Since September 2011 he has held the rank of Captain (Hauptmann) in the Reserve. Currently Lindner is a Major in the German Air Forces Reserve.

Early political career
Lindner joined the FDP in 1995. He has been a member of the executive board of the FDP in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia since 1998 and became Secretary General in 2004 (until February 2010). At the May 2000 election for the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia, the 21-year old Lindner was elected, becoming the youngest MP in the history of the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia. Lindner was from 2000 initially 'spokesman for Intergenerational Affairs, Family and Integration' and then from 2005 to 2009 was also vice chairman of the FDP parliamentary group in the parliament and spokesman for Innovation, Science and Technology. In 2007 he also became a member of the executive board of the FDP on federal level.

From 2009 Lindner was a member of the German Bundestag. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2009 federal elections, he was part of the FDP delegation in the working group on families, integration of immigrants and culture, led by Maria Böhmer and Hans-Joachim Otto.

From December 2009 until his surprise resignation in December 2011, Lindner was also Secretary General of the FDP on federal level, largely under the leadership of party chairman Guido Westerwelle and later under Philipp Rösler when Westerwelle had to resign. Lindner's resignation was caused by an internal party vote which had been forced by a group centered around the Eurosceptic FDP parliamentarian Frank Schäffler to determine the FDP's future course on questions pertaining to the European Stability Mechanism (ESM).

Lindner was later chosen to chair the NRW FDP in the 2012 state election of North Rhine-Westphalia, succeeding Daniel Bahr. In the election, the FDP received 8.6% of the vote, surpassing all expectations at the time as the party had been fighting over all the country to reach the minimum representation of 5% for years and was losing representation in several states. Following the party's victory at that election he was elected Parliamentary leader of the FDP in the NRW Landtag, succeeding Gerhard Papke on 15 May 2012, and worked in the opposition. In March 2013, he was elected one of Rösler's deputies, alongside Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and Holger Zastrow.

FDP Chairman
Lindner was elected the new chairman of the FDP following the resignation of Chairman Philipp Rösler after the 2013 German federal elections in which the FDP failed to clear the 5% hurdle to enter the Bundestag for the first time since 1949.

Ahead of the 2014 European elections, Lindner and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte served as 'mediators' between Olli Rehn and Guy Verhofstadt, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe's candidates for the presidency of the European Commission; eventually, the candidates agreed to jointly lead the ALDE's campaign for elections, with Verhofstadt running to succeed José Manuel Barroso. At the time, Linder was widely regarded to support Rehn.

Lindner was a FDP delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2017, where he endorsed the government's candidate Frank-Walter Steinmeier. That same year, he led his party's successful campaign for the 2017 state elections of North Rhine-Westphalia, which resulted in the FDP joining the state government of incoming Minister-President Armin Laschet. Lindner himself did not take a position in the new government because of his aim to lead the FDP back to the Bundestag in September 2017, which he achieved with a result of 10.7%. After that success he was elected leader of the FDP parliamentary group in the Bundestag.

In October 2017, Angela Merkel's CDU and Katrin Göring-Eckardt's and Cem Özdemir's Greens started negotiations with the FDP to form a government, in which Lindner was widely seen as the future Minister of Finance, as the CDU had even nominated the former Minister Wolfgang Schäuble as President of the Bundestag to make place for the FDP. Such a coalition was the only realistic possibility to form a government (except for a Grand coalition) but had almost never been used before on any regional level in Germany. In November 2017, after midnight, Lindner and his party left the already prolonged negotiations after four unsuccessful weeks, which led to the longest government formation in German history and finally in March 2018 once more to a Grand Coalition with the SPD, which had previously rejected any participation in the new government.

In 2021 Christian Lindner was re-elected federal chairman of the FDP with 93 percent of the vote and at the same time was chosen as the party's top candidate for the federal election.

Federal Minister of Finance
Following the 2021 German federal election, the FDP agreed to enter government with the Greens and Social Democrats, as part of a traffic light coalition led by Olaf Scholz. Lindner was named as Finance Minister, and took office on 8 December 2021.

After the G7 countries announced that they would present strong sanctions against Russia, Lindner stated that they should target Russian oligarchs. He stated: "We are working on further sanctions.  I am particularly concerned that the oligarchs should be affected. Those who have profited from Putin and stolen the wealth of the Russian people, including through corruption, should not be allowed to enjoy their prosperity in our Western democracies".

On the night of 24 February 2022, right after Russia started its invasion of Ukraine, Christian Lindner, according to the Ambassador of Ukraine in Germany, told Ukraine's ambassador Andriy Melnyk that "Ukraine has only a few hours" left, so he opposed arms supplies to Kyiv and Russia's disconnection from SWIFT. On 17 May 2022, Lindner said he is "politically open to the idea of seizing" the frozen foreign-exchange reserves of the Central Bank of Russia —which amount to over $300 billion— to cover the costs of rebuilding Ukraine after the war.

In August 2022, Lindner announced a "big step" to improve anti-money laundering and sanctions enforcement in germany: he wanted to create a "Federal Financial Criminal Investigation Office" to end the good conditions for money laundering in Germany.

The GdP warned of fragmented responsibilities and authorities at federal and state levels; rather, Lindner should strengthen the existing Federal Customs Office. To this day there is no "Federal Financial Criminal Investigation Office".

Other activities

International organizations
 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), ex-officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2021)
 European Investment Bank (EIB), ex-officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2021)
 European Stability Mechanism (ESM), ex-officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2021)
 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), ex-officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2021)
 International Monetary Fund (IMF), ex-officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors (since 2021)

Corporate boards
 KfW, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (since 2021)
 RAG-Stiftung, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2021)

Non-profit organizations
 Borussia Dortmund, Member of the Business Advisory Board (since 2018)
Aktive Bürgerschaft, Member of the Board of Trustees
Friedrich Naumann Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
ZDF, Member of the Television Board
 Heinrich Heine University (HHU), Institut für Deutsches und Internationales Parteienrecht und Parteienforschung, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Deutsche AIDS-Stiftung, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Walther Rathenau Institute, Member of the Advisory Board
 Deutsche Nationalstiftung, Member of the Senate
 NRW Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Captain in the German Air Forces reserve
 Rotary International, Member

Political positions

Foreign policy
In 2022, Lindner called for renewed talks over a free trade agreement between the European Union and the United States, aiming to revive discussions on the so-called Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).

Entrepreneurship
In early 2015, an impassioned response to heckling by Lindner, defending entrepreneurs and startup culture made it onto newspaper front pages and became one of the most watched political speeches in months. Lindner was speaking before the state legislature in North Rhine-Westphalia about the importance of entrepreneurship and how failed entrepreneurs deserve a second chance when a Social Democratic member in the audience heckled: "That [failure] is something you have experience in." That was a reference to an Internet company co-founded by Lindner that failed after the dot-com bubble burst in the early 2000s. Lindner responded with a 2½-minute speech, saying: "If one succeeds, one ends up in the sights of the Social Democratic redistribution machinery and, if one fails, one can be sure of derision and mockery." He added that this particular member preferred to have a secure job in public service for his entire life, rather than daring to found a company, and how the message of that heckling attempt was the total opposite of what had been announced just minutes earlier by the president of the state legislature, who also happened to be an SPD member.

Bild, the highest-circulation daily newspaper in Germany, praised Lindner on its front page. The Berlin daily Tagesspiegel said the rant offered a welcome contrast to the "persistent fog of alternative-less Merkelism" that characterized debate in the Bundestag. What they were referring to was the situation that because of the narrow defeats of the FDP and the AfD, the opposition in the Bundestag only included left parties. Many policies of Merkel's government directly came from their centre-left coalition partner SPD or were at least negotiated and harmonised with them, and then only left parties reacted on them, who usually criticized that those policies were not enough and advocated for more investment into them or stronger policies but did not oppose them on a principal basis.

Financial policy
Shortly after the 2017 elections, Lindner ruled out taking on new debt to manage the balancing act of cutting income taxes and increasing investment on digital infrastructure. He criticized outgoing Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble for not being tough enough on Greece and not cutting income taxes for middle-class workers.

Personal life
In 2011, Lindner married journalist Dagmar Rosenfeld; they had started dating in 2009. On 19 April 2018, they announced their separation. In 2018, he started dating journalist Franca Lehfeldt, whom he married in 2022.

Publications

Editor
with Hartmut Knüppel (ed.): The Share as Brand. How companies should communicate with investors. Frankfurter Allgemeine Book, Frankfurt/Main 2000.

(Ed.): Avatars. Digital spokespersons for business and marketing. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg et al. 2003.

with Philipp Rösler (ed.): Freedom. felt – thought – lived. Liberal Contributions to a Discussion of Values. VS Publishing House for Social Sciences, Wiesbaden 2009.

References

External links

German Bundestag – Abgeordneter Christian Lindner (German)
Lindner's personal website (mostly in German)
English section on his personal website
Lindner's profile on the party website

|-

1979 births
Living people
People from Wuppertal
Members of the Bundestag for the Free Democratic Party (Germany)
Leaders of political parties in Germany
Finance ministers of Germany
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia
Landtag group leaders (North Rhine-Westphalia)
Members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
University of Bonn alumni

Christian Lindner


Populism in Canada has been part of the country's political culture through its history and across the political spectrum. Populist parties and movements have included the Canadian social credit movement which achieved electoral strengths in Western Canada and to some extent in Quebec in the early to mid 20th century, and the Reform Party of Canada which became the largest conservative party in Parliament from a base in Western Canada in the 1990s.

According to Laycock, Quebecois populism is largely intertwined in Quebec nationalism and thus has to be examined with its own ideological and linguistic dynamics taken into consideration.

Overview
In his 1981 Studies in Political Economy journal article, "Populism: A qualified defence", John Richards, a public policy professor at Simon Fraser University, said that there were elements of populism in the Liberal Party under Mackenzie (leader from 1873 to 1880) and Laurier (leader from 1887 to 1919); Pattulo's British Columbia Liberal Party during the 1930s; Liberal Party of Ontario under Mitchell Hepburn (leader from  1930 to 1942); the many socialist and labour parties leading up to the 1932 founding of the CCF; the Manitoba Liberal-Progressive Party; the Union Nationale in Quebec under Maurice Duplessis  (leader from 1935 to 1959); the early Diefenbaker Tory party; the federal NDP under Tommy Douglas (leader from 1961 to 1971); and, to some extent, the Liberal Party of P. E. Trudeau (leader from 1968 to 1984). Richards identified four "types of populist experience"agrarian
protest populist movements in the United States and Canada; the 19th century traditional, communal values, peasant populism admired by Russian intellectuals; authoritarian populism of regimes such Peronism in Argentina; and contemporary populism adopted by political leaders and parties to appeal to the "shared interests of the people" in contrast to those of the "powerfully organized 'vested interests' and traditional 'old-line' politicians." Richards traced a shift in the populist movement to the mid-1980s. He said that left-wing activists in North America shifted away from New Left politics in the 1970s. In Canada, some became active in unions, the New Democrat Party, and the Parti Québécois. The 1986 book Citizen Action said that in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States, American conservatism became "imbued with right-wing populism".

19th century
Anti-establishment populist politics became an important political force in 19th century Ontario amongst rural and working class political activists who were influenced by American populist radicals. Populism also became an important political force in Western Canada by the 1880s and 1890s. Populism was particularly strong in the form of farmer-labour coalition politics in the late 19th century.

20th century
Multiple important populist political movements were formed throughout Canada in the 20th century. Western Canada and the Canadian Prairies in particular were the source of origin of a number of Canada's populist movements in the 20th century.

United Farmers movement
In 1921, both Liberals and Conservatives lost to the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) in the 1921 provincial election. The United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) and United Farmers of Saskatchewan (UFS) were formed by Prairie farmers that rejected party-dominated parliamentary representation advocated a quasi-syndicalist system of functional representation in a delegate democracy. The UFA governed the province of Alberta from 1921 to 1935.

Social Credit (Socred)
The Social Credit populist political parties won provincial elections in three provincesthe 1935 Alberta general election under William AberhartBible Billthe 1952 British Columbia general election under W.A.C. Bennett , and in Québec in the 1961 election under Réal Caouette, who later formed his own party, the Creditistes. At the federal level both the Socred and Creditistes were represented in Parliament until 1980.

In 1933, William Aberhart, also known as Bible Bill, formed the Social Credit Party of Alberta (Socred). The socred governed the province continuously from 1935 until the 1971 election, when the party lost to Peter Lougheed's Progressive Conservatives. The Social Credit Party of Alberta led by William Aberhart promoted the principles of social credit economics alongside a right-wing populist agenda and the party governed Alberta from 1935 to 1971. By the late 1930s with social credit financial reforms being unable to be carried out at the provincial level, Aberhart refocused the Alberta Social Credit party to attacking social welfare programs and state socialism. Ernest Manning took over the Alberta Social Credit party and office of Premier of Alberta from Aberhart and led the Alberta Social Credit party along a right-wing populist agenda that criticized both the social welfare programs and centralizing tendencies of the federal government of Canada.

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)
In 1932, in response to the hardships of the Great Depression, a coalition of labour, socialists, and progressives in Calgary, Alberta founded the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Tommy Douglas, who became a social activist at the onset of the Depression, joined the new CCF and was elected as MP in the 1935 federal election.

In his 1978 Canadian Journal of Political Science journal article, "Populism in the United States, Russia, and Canada: Explaining the Roots of Canada's Third Parties", John Conway said that CCF and Alberta's Social Credit were, to some extent, "populist formations." Conway said that the CCF is an example of a populist party that transitioned successfully into a democratic partythe New Democratic Party. He said that the NDP, which was formed in 1961, was modelled on European social democratic parties and Britain's and Australia's Labour parties.

Reform Party of Canada
The Reform Party of Canada was a right-wing populist party that existed from 1987 to 2000. It was formed and led by Preston Manning, the son of former Social Credit Alberta Premier Ernest Manning. It was originally a Western Canadian protest party that captured the support of right-wing Western Canadians who were disillusioned with the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and in particular its preference for resolving the grievances of Quebec over the West. It also drew support of right-wing conservative Canadians who were dismayed by the Progressive Conservatives' inability to deliver their promised tax cuts and spending cuts. In 1993, the Reform Party made a political breakthrough in electing large numbers of members of parliament.

21st century

The People's Party of Canada has self-described as populist, and been described as populist by many journalists. Its leader, Maxime Bernier, refers to it as "smart populism", which is based on principles of freedom, responsibility, fairness, and respect, that speak for "all Canadians" and which do not appease special interest groups.

Pierre Poilievre, who has been described as populist by some journalists, won the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election and became the leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition. Some journalists have compared Poilievre to American Republican populists such as Ted Cruz, while many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-choice, and pro-immigration positions, along with progressive views on LGBTQ issues.

Citations

References

 *

Political movements in Canada
Populism

Populism in Canada


The northern scrub robin (Drymodes superciliaris) is a species of bird in the family Petroicidae.  It is found in northern Cape York Peninsula. It was found to be genetically distinct from the Papuan scrub robin, which were thought to be members of the same species.

A putative subspecies D. s. colcloughi, known as the Roper River scrub robin, was described by Gregory Mathews in 1914 from specimens supposedly collected from the Northern Territory of Australia.  However, there have been no further records from the area, the provenance of the specimens has been questioned, and the taxon is controversial.

References

northern scrub robin
Birds of Cape York Peninsula
northern scrub robin
Taxa named by John Gould
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Northern scrub robin