The Soviet Union's various constituent republics each had their own anthem (generally referred as a "state anthem").

History
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the last republic to adopt a state anthem, doing so in 1990. It had had none before this date, and used in its place the Soviet national anthem, which was "The Internationale" from 1917 to 1944 and the "National Anthem of the Soviet Union" from 1944 to 1990.

Unlike most national anthems, few of which were composed by renowned composers, the Soviet Union's various state anthems were composed by some of the best Soviet composers, including world-renowned Gustav Ernesaks (Estonia), Aram Khachaturian (Armenia), Otar Taktakishvili (Georgia), and Uzeyir Hajibeyov (Azerbaijan). After the fall of the union in 1991, one of the Soviet composers was asked to composed the current national anthem — Veli Mukhatov, who has previously composed the Turkmen SSR anthem, also composed the current State Anthem of Turkmenistan. In another case, a prior composition by the SSR Anthem's composer was re-adopted after independence: Azərbaycan marşı, which was composed by Uzeyir Hajibeyov in the 1920s, before he has been chosen to compose the Azerbaijani SSR anthem.

The lyrics present great similarities, all having mentions to Vladimir Lenin (and most, in their initial versions, to Joseph Stalin), to the guiding role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and to the brotherhood of the Soviet peoples, including a specific reference to the friendship of the Russian people (the Estonian, Georgian and Karelo-Finnish anthems were apparently an exception to this last rule).

Some anthems' melody can be sung in the Soviet Union anthem lyrics (Ukrainian and Belarus are the most fitted in this case).

Most of these anthems were replaced during or after the dissolution of the USSR; Belarus, Kazakhstan (until 2006), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan (until 1996), and Uzbekistan kept the melodies, but with different lyrics. The Russian Federation itself had abandoned the Soviet hymn, replacing it with a tune by Glinka. However, with Vladimir Putin coming to power, the old Soviet tune was restored, with new lyrics written to it.

Anthems

Others
The "Anthem of the Karelo-Finnish SSR" was used for the Karelo-Finnish SSR before it was demoted to an ASSR within the Russian SFSR. With the exception of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and the Tuvan ASSR, autonomous republics of the Soviet Union (ASSRs) did not have their own official anthems, although unofficial versions had been used by some.

Legal status
Like the hammer and sickle and red star, the public performance of the anthems of the Soviet republics and the anthem of the Soviet Union itself are considered by some as occupation symbols as well as symbols of totalitarianism and state terror by several countries formerly either members of or occupied by the Soviet Union. Accordingly, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Estonia have banned those anthems amongst other things deemed to be symbols of fascism, socialism, communism, and the Soviet Union and its republics. In Poland, dissemination of items which are "media of fascist, communist, or other totalitarian symbolism" was criminalized in 1997. However, in 2011 the Constitutional Tribunal found this sanction to be unconstitutional. In contrast to this treatment of the symbolism, promotion of fascist, communist and other totalitarian ideology remains illegal. Those laws do not apply to the anthems of Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan which have used the melody with different lyrics.

References

External links
 Audio recordings made by each republic's best national choir and orchestra in the 1970s-1980s; also instrumental versions by the Brass Band of the USSR Ministry of Defence from the 1968 Soviet LP.
 State Anthem of the Soviet Union — youtube.com

Soviet Republics

Anthems of the Soviet Republics


Masasa Lindiwe Mbangeni is a South African actress. She is best known for her role as Thembeka Shezi in the popular television serial Scandal!.

Early life
She was born on 6 March 1987 in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. She later moved to Johannesburg for studies.

Career
She received the Mandela Rhodes scholarship to study in University of Witwatersrand and later graduated with her Bachelor of Arts Degree in Dramatic Arts specializing in Performance and Directing. She made guest appearances on two television serials: as 'Eunice' on the BBC crime drama Silent Witnesses and as 'Jackie's personal assistant' on the M-Net soapie, Egoli. She also performed in three stage plays at the Johannesburg Market Theatre: Nogogo, Sundjata and Amen Corner, directed by James Ngcobo. In the meanwhile, she toured Grahamstown Festival of the Arts with the play Oedipus @ Koonu.

In 2013, she joined the cast of popular television serial Scandal! and played the role 'Thembeka Shezi'. The role became highly popular, even though, she left the role in 2016. However, she received two nominations for Best Actress in a TV Soap from the South African Film and Television Awards (SAFTA) in 2014 and 2015 for the role. At the same time, she received a nomination for Best Actress in the inaugural DStv Mzansi Magic Viewers Choice Award as well. After Scandal!, she appeared in the season two of thriller television series Thola telecast on the SABC2 channel. Then she played the role 'Celia' on the series Harvest. She later returned to the series and then the character was shot dead, making Mbangeni's second exit from the show.

In 2011, she played in the feature film Machine Gun Preacher. Apart from acting, she took part in the Marie Claire naked campaign for 2015 to public awareness on sexual violence against women and children.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
Actors from Port Elizabeth
South African television actresses
South African film actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)

Masasa Mbangeni


The White Tower is a central tower, the old keep, at the Tower of London in England. It was built by William the Conqueror during the early 1080s, and subsequently extended. The White Tower was the castle's strongest point militarily, provided accommodation for the king and his representatives, and housed a chapel. Henry III ordered the tower whitewashed in 1240. Today the Tower of London is a museum and visitor attraction. The White Tower now houses the Royal Armouries collections.

History

The castle which later became known as the Tower of London was begun by William the Conqueror in 1066 and was built as a timber fortification enclosed by a palisade. In the next decade work began on the White Tower, the great stone keep that still dominates the castle today. The precise date of the White Tower's foundation is unknown, and it is also uncertain how long the construction took. It is traditionally held that construction began in 1078. This is because the Textus Roffensis records that Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, oversaw the building work under instruction from William the Conqueror. Dendrochronological evidence suggests construction of the White Tower began in 1075–1079. The archaeology of the standing building suggests there was a pause in construction between 1080 and 1090–1093, although it is unknown why. Gundulf did more than just oversee work and was a skilled architect. Rochester's castle and cathedral were rebuilt under his auspices. As the main castle in England's capital, the Tower of London was an important royal building. The keep built by Gundulf bears testament to this as it was one of the largest in Christendom.

The White Tower was multi-purpose. It was the castle's strongest point militarily yet provided accommodation fit for the king and his representatives. In Norman architecture the keep was a symbol of a lord's power. The White Tower was probably complete by 1100 at the latest, at which point it was used to imprison Ranulf Flambard, Bishop of Durham. It was probably during Henry II's reign (1154–1189) that a fore-building was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance, but it has not survived. Henry III's relations with his barons were uneasy, and in the 1220s and 1230s he enhanced the castle's defences and domestic buildings. Though the work he started may not have been finished within his lifetime, he extended the castle to the north and east, building a new stone wall to enclose the castle. A brattice (a timber gallery) was added to the top of the White Tower, projecting beyond its walls to better defend the base of the tower. Henry also undertook maintenance of the White Tower and it was during his reign that the tradition of whitewashing the building began. In March 1240 the Keeper of the Works at the Tower of London was ordered: "to have the Great Tower whitened both inside and out". Later that year the king wrote to the Keeper, commanding that the White Tower's lead guttering should be extended with the effect that "the wall of the tower ... newly whitened, may be in no danger of perishing or falling outwards through the trickling of the rain". Henry did not explain his order to whitewash the keep but may have been influenced by contemporary fashion in Europe to paint prestigious buildings white. He also added decoration to the chapel in the keep, adding stained glass, statues, and paintings.

Activity at the castle in the early 14th century declined relative to previous periods. Though the Tower of London was still occasionally used as a residence, by the 1320s the chapel in the White Tower was used to store records. This marked the beginning of the castle's diminishing role as a royal residence. The records were briefly removed from the White Tower in 1360 to accommodate the captive French king, John II. It may have been during the reign of Edward III (1327–1377) that a building abutting the south side of the White Tower was created. Built as storage, it may have been part of Edward's building programme at the Tower of London which saw its role as a military store come to the fore. The structure no longer survives, but is recorded on plans from 1597 and 1717.

Richard II was imprisoned at the Tower of London and abdicated there in 1399; according to tradition, the event took place in the White Tower. In the 1490s a new floor was added to the White Tower, creating extra storage. Architecturally virtually no trace remains of the White Tower's forebuilding, although it appears in a manuscript drawing  depicting the imprisonment of Charles, Duke of Orléans and was recorded in a plan of 1597. It was demolished in 1674. On 17 June that year, during the course of the demolition, bones belonging to two children were discovered beneath the stairs in the forebuilding. It was assumed that they belonged to the Princes in the Tower. The remains were re-interred in Westminster Abbey. The story of the Princes in the Tower is one of the most infamous stories related to the castle. After the death of Edward IV his 12-year-old son was declared king as Edward V, but never crowned. Richard Duke of Gloucester was named Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule. Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother, Richard of Shrewsbury. The Duke of Gloucester was then proclaimed King Richard III in July 1483. The princes had last been seen in public in June 1483; the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483.

By the Tudor period, the science of fortification had changed to deal with powerful cannons. The new designs, with low angled bastions, were not emulated at the Tower of London. All the same, some adaptations to use cannons were made; the changes included adding a timber platform to the top of the White Tower for cannon emplacements. The weight of the guns damaged the roof so that it had to be reinforced. The one documented use of these cannon was during Wyatt's rebellion in 1554 and they were ineffective. The Office of Ordnance and Office of Armoury were headquartered at the Tower of London until the 17th century. Their presence influenced activity at the castle and led to it becoming the country's most important military store. In the 1560s two armouries were created in the White Tower and by the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) most of the gunpowder at the Tower was stored in the White Tower. By the last quarter of the 16th century the castle was a tourist attraction with visitors allowed inside despite its use by the Offices of Ordnance and Armoury. Its role in providing storage directly impacted on the White Tower's structure, and posts were added to support the floors. In 1636 a hole was knocked through the White Tower's north wall to ease the movement of provisions. In 1639–1640 the White Tower's external appearance was changed, with much of its facing material replaced.

In 1640 Charles I ordered that the Tower of London should be prepared for conflict. Platforms for cannons were built and 21 were installed on top of the White Tower with three additional mortars. Despite the new defences the Parliamentarians captured the Tower of London without the cannon being used. In January 1642, Charles I attempted to arrest five Members of Parliament. When this failed he fled the city, and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron, the Lieutenant of the Tower. The Trained Bands had switched sides, and now supported Parliament; together with the London citizenry, they blockaded the Tower. With permission from the King, Byron relinquished control of the Tower. Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing, Sir John Conyers. By the time the English Civil War broke out in November 1642, the Tower of London was already in Parliament's control. By 1657 the entire building apart from the chapel was being used to store gunpowder. Storing both gunpowder and government records in the White Tower was not ideal, and there were repeated suggestions in 1620, 1718, and 1832 to move the gunpowder to a new location, although the proposals were unsuccessful.

By 1661 plans had been proposed to clear an area  around the White Tower to safeguard the dangerous material inside. Nothing was done until after the Great Fire of London in 1666. During the fire, it was feared the flames might reach the castle, specifically the White Tower, highlighting the need for safety measures. In the following years, a protective wall was built around the White Tower. In the 1670s buildings that had accumulated around the White Tower to provide storage for the Offices of Ordnance and Armoury were pulled down. After this, repairs were carried out on the face of the White Tower. A staircase was also added on the south face, allowing direct access to the records in the chapel.

While the Tower of London had been open to visitors for centuries, it was not until the early 19th century that alterations were made explicitly for visitors. In 1825 a building, the New Horse Armoury, to contain effigies of England's kings was constructed against the south of the White Tower. The Gothic revival design of the structure – one of the first purpose-built museums in England – was widely reviled. By the end of the century, the effigies and Queen Elizabeth's Armoury were distributed in displays in the White Tower. In the mid-19th century, under the encouragement of Prince Albert, Anthony Salvin undertook a programme of restoration at the castle. In 1858 the White Tower's roof was reinforced with iron girders. On 26 January 1885 a bomb in the White Tower damaged some of the displays.

The roofs of the White Tower and its turrets were repaired in the 1960s and 1970s. Accumulated dirt was washed from the exterior and the floors inside were replaced. Also in this period, a staircase was added against the south face of the keep, reopening access through the original entrance. In 1974, there was a bomb explosion in the Mortar Room in the White Tower, leaving one person dead and 35 injured. No one claimed responsibility for the blast, but the police investigated suspicions that the IRA was behind it. In 1988, the Tower of London as a whole was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site. The Tower of London is in the care of Historic Royal Palaces, a charity, and between 2008 and 2011 a £2 million conservation programme was undertaken at the White Tower. Repairs were carried out and the keep was cleaned, removing pollution that was causing damage to the structure. The White Tower is a Grade I listed building, and recognised as an internationally important structure. The Royal Armouries still have displays at the White Tower.

Architecture

The White Tower is a keep (also known as a donjon), which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle and contained lodgings suitable for the lord—in this case, the king or his representative. According to military historian Allen Brown, "The great tower [White Tower] was also, by virtue of its strength, majesty and lordly accommodation, the donjon par excellence". One of the largest keeps in the Christian world, the White Tower has been described as "the most complete eleventh-century palace in Europe". The influences on the White Tower's design are unclear. Magnates in northern France had been building stone keeps since the mid-9th century so the general design was well-established. More specifically the keep of Château d'Ivry-la-Bataille, built around 1000, may have been a particularly prominent influence as it included a semi-circular projection in one corner. Allen Brown and P. Curnow suggested that the design may have been based on the now vanished 10th-century keep of Château de Rouen, which belonged to the Dukes of Normandy.

At the western corners are square towers, while to the north-east a round tower houses a spiral staircase. At the south-east corner is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel. Excluding its projecting corner towers, the keep measures  at the base, and rises to a height of and is  high at the southern battlements where the ground is lower. The structure was originally three storeys high, comprising a basement floor, an entrance level, and an upper floor. The entrance, as is usual in Norman keeps, was above ground (in this case on the south face) and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack. The forebuilding added in the 12th century no longer survives. As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold, latrines were built into the walls, and four fireplaces provided warmth.

The main building material is Kentish rag-stone, though some local mudstone was also used. Although little of it survives, Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower's facing, much of it replaced by Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries under the direction of architect Inigo Jones. As most of the Tower's windows were enlarged in the 18th century, only two original – albeit restored – examples remain, in the south wall at gallery level. The White Tower was terraced into the side of a mound, so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level.

Interior
The purpose of each room is interpreted based primarily on its design. As a result, there can be some ambiguity in what individual chambers were used for. Each floor was divided into three chambers, the largest in the west, a smaller room in the north-east, and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south-east. As was typical of most keeps, the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage. One of the rooms contained a well. Although the layout has remained the same since the tower's construction, the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts. The basement is lit through small slits. The sole access to the floor was via the north-east staircase turret.

The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower and other important officials. The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century, and not reopened until 1973. Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east, also connected to the entrance floor. The crypt of St John's Chapel occupied the south-east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber. There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt; according to Geoffrey Parnell, Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries, "the windowless form and restricted access, suggest that it was designed as a strong-room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents".

The north floor contained a grand hall in the west and a residential chamber in the eastboth originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the walland St John's Chapel in the south-east. The top floor was added in the 15th century, along with the present roof. The absence of domestic amenities such as fireplaces suggest it was intended for use as storage rather than accommodation. In the 17th century lead cisterns were installed on top of the White Tower.

The White Tower has contained at least two armouries, historically. The Horse Armoury, located on the tower's north side and  long and  wide, was built in 1825. From its northeast corner, a wooden staircase ornamented with two carvings titled "Gin" and "Beer" ascended to Queen Elizabeth's Armoury. Gin and Beer represent the two most important alcoholic beverages of their time. They are believed to have originally been placed in the great hall at Palace of Placentia in Greenwich.

Whalesbourne
Whalesbourne was a notorious Tudor dungeon in the White Tower, a central keep in the Tower of London. It was described by Robert Hutchinson as "where sunlight never penetrated, perhaps part of the Coldharbour gate that once stood at the south-eastern corner of the White Tower, where rats supposedly tore flesh...from the arms and legs of prisoners during sleep."

St John's Chapel

The semi-circular projection in the south-east corner to accommodate St John's Chapel is almost unparalleled in castle architecture. The only other keep in England with a similar projection is that of Colchester Castle, the largest in England. St John's Chapel was not part of the White Tower's original design, as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls. Due to changes in function and design since the tower's construction, except for the chapel little is left of the original interior. The chapel's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period. In the 13th century, during Henry III's reign, the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold-painted cross, and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and Holy Trinity.

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

 *

Further reading

External links

 Historical Royal Palaces

11th-century establishments in England
Buildings and structures completed in the 11th century
Buildings and structures on the River Thames
Castles in London
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Royal buildings in London
Tower of London
Towers in London
Grade I listed towers
William the Conqueror

White Tower (Tower of London)


Berlin-Schöneberg (in German Bahnhof Berlin-Schöneberg) is a railway station in the district of Schöneberg, in the city of Berlin, Germany. It is a two-level exchange station serving the Wannseebahn suburban and the Ringbahn circular lines of the Berlin S-Bahn, with the lower level serving the Wannseebahn and the upper level the Ringbahn. The station lies just south of the Dominicusstraße and Sachsendamm streets, where local bus stops allow changing between S-Bahn and busses.

The Schöneberg station was opened on 1 March 1933 as a two-level exchange station between the Wannseebahn suburban line and the Berlin Ringbahn circular railway, in the course of the electrification of the Wannseebahn suburban line. Its Ringbahn level replaced the older Ebersstraße station on the Ringbahn, which was located slightly further west. The entry of the closed station was kept as entry to the western end of the Ringbahn platform of the new exchange station.

The closure of the Ebersstraße station gave room for the building of the new Berlin Innsbrucker Platz station, opened on 1 July 1933, further west, on the Schloßstraße - Hauptstraße - Potsdamer Straße thoroughfare, with direct connection to the Schöneberg underground U-Bahn. With the opening of this new Schöneberg station, the old Schöneberg station which was located just north of the bridge which is now called Julius-Leber-Brücke  was renamed to Kolonnenstraße; close to the site of the Berlin Julius-Leber-Brücke station.

References

External links
Station information

Berlin S-Bahn stations
Buildings and structures in Tempelhof-Schöneberg
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1933

Berlin-Schöneberg station


Universal Music Publishing Group (UMPG) is a global music publishing company and is part of the Universal Music Group. Universal Music Publishing has been ranked the #1 music publisher in market share by Billboard for multiple consecutive quarters.

The company is home to major songwriters and artists, including Taylor Swift, Bad Bunny, Drake, Kendrick Lamar, The Weeknd, Rosalía, Steve Lacy, Elton John, Adele, SZA, Harry Styles, Post Malone and more. UMPG has recently made historic catalogue acquisitions, including Bob Dylan, Sting, and Neil Diamond. UMPG's catalogue consists of over three million songs, with offices in 40 countries.

History
UMPG was formerly known as MCA Music Publishing until it merged with PolyGram in 1998 when Seagram acquired PolyGram for $10.4 billion. PolyGram's music business was merged into Seagram's MCA Records. The merger was effected in January 1999, forming a new company named Universal Music Group. The merger also included both record labels' music publishers. The PolyGram catalog included Dick James Music, Welk Music, Cedarwood Publishing, and Sweden Music. MCA had been in the music publishing business since 1964, when it acquired Lou Levy's Leeds Music.

In August 2000, UMPG acquired Rondor Music from Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss for roughly $400 million. It included former music publishing arms of A&M Records, I.R.S. Records, Stax Records, and Shelter Records, as well as Sea of Tunes. The purchase added 60,000 copyrights to Universal's library.

In 2006, Universal Music Publishing Group acquired BMG Music Publishing from Bertelsmann Music Group for €1.63 billion, back then the third largest publishing group in the world, making Universal Music the largest music publisher in the world. It included the catalogs of Éditions Durand and Casa Ricordi and former music publishing arms of Benson Records and Zomba. As part of the acquisition of BMG Music Publishing, Universal divested the catalogues of Zomba UK (and the European rights to Zomba USA), Rondor UK, 19 Music and BBC to a new company named Imagem (now part of Concord Music Publishing). Sony/ATV Music Publishing overtook Universal Music Publishing as the world's largest music publisher in 2013 after acquiring EMI Music Publishing.

On May 7, 2013, UMPG acquired American music publisher Criterion Music Corporation.

On January 1, 2015, Jody Gerson was named the chairman and CEO of Universal Music Publishing Group, becoming the first woman CEO of a global music company and the first female to run a major music publishing company. Gerson made history as the first publishing executive and first woman to be named Billboard's 'Executive of the Year' for their Power 100 list. She was also named Variety Hitmakers' Executive of the Year in 2019. In December 2015, she was named Executive of the Year by Billboard Magazine in its Women in Music issue.

In March 2023, UMPG was ranked No. 1 on Billboard's Publishers Quarterly on the Hot 100 for the third consecutive quarter, which is taken from official Hot 100 chart data. Additionally, the portfolio publisher made history holding more than 30% market share for the past three quarters, a record that has not been achieved by any publisher since 2014.

Services
UMPG is the music publishing partner of many film/TV studios globally, including Universal Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures, Lionsgate, MGM, Paramount, Disney Europe (and other territories), Viacom, Amazon, HBO, DreamWorks, DreamWorks Animation, Legendary Pictures, MarVista Entertainment, NBC, and Sesame Workshop, among many others.

UMPG administers the 60,000 title Rondor Music Catalog and also owns or administers a multitude of others including: Interscope and Def Jam Music, WildBrain, Amazon Studios and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, All Nations Music, Charlie Daniels, Casa Ricordi, Matraca Berg, DreamWorks Animation, HBO, Paramount Global (excluding CBS and Showtime Networks), Warner Bros., Sesame Street, Lionsgate, Disney Music Group, Forerunner Music, Epitaph Records, Greenwich/Barry, Momentum Publishing, and John Philips. UMPG also owns or administers the works of Leonard Bernstein and Henry Mancini (non-USA), and Dsign Music.

International
UMPG has 48 offices across 40 countries around the world. Universal Music Publishing Group Australia & NZ is based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Marianna Annas, former Head of ABC Music Publishing until January 2020, is  Vice President, Commercial & Creative at the company,

References

External links
Universal Music Publishing Group US
Universal Music Publishing Group UK
Universal Music Publishing Group Australia & NZ
Universal Music Publishing Group Italy
Universal Music Publishing Group Germany
Universal Music Publishing Group Netherlands
Universal Music Publishing Group Spain
Universal Music Publishing Group Sweden

Publishing
Music publishing companies of the United States
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Companies based in Santa Monica, California

Universal Music Publishing Group


The Adamello Ski Raid is an annual ski mountaineering competition at the Italian Tonale Pass declared as the final race of the European Cup of Ski Mountaineering by the International Council for Ski Mountaineering Competitions (ISMC).

Starting point of the race is the Tonale Pass, and the release point is in Ponte di Legno. The 40 km race track which has to be covered in teams by three and with classical equipment includes an altitude difference of 3,400 m for the ascent and 4,000 m for skiing down. The highest point is upside 3,000 m.

The Adamello Ski Raid is a stage of La Grande Course that includes the most important ski mountaineering competitions of the season.

Results men

Results women

External links

 Official site
 Adamello Ski Raid - Ein Rennen der Superlative (German), report of Rolf Majcen at Mountains2b.com, 2006

Ski mountaineering competitions
Skiing competitions in Europe
Sport in Trentino
Skiing in Italy

Adamello Ski Raid


Ajit Nath Ray (29 January 1912 – 25 December 2009) was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India from 25 April 1973 till his retirement on 28 January 1977.

Ray was the lone dissenter among the eleven Supreme Court judges that examined the constitutionality of the Bank Nationalization Act, in 1969. He had come to his appointment to the Court via Presidency College, Calcutta, Oriel College, Oxford, Gray's Inn, and the Calcutta High Court. His son Justice Ajoy Nath Ray was the Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court.

Controversial appointment
In August 1969, he was appointed as Judge of the Supreme Court of India, and became Chief Justice of India in April 1973.

His appointment as CJI came on the heels of a dissenting opinion in the Keshavanand Bharti case which gave rise to the Basic structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution.

This appointment superseded three senior judges of the Supreme Court, Jaishanker Manilal Shelat, AN Grover and K. S. Hegde, and was viewed as an attack on the independence of the Judiciary.  This was unprecedented in Indian legal history, and has been called the "blackest day in Indian democracy". It was marked by widespread protests by bar associations and legal groups across India. The protests continued for many months and on 3 May 1976 all legal groups in India observed a "Bar solidarity day" and stopped from work.

Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah (who was CJI earlier) remarked that "this was an attempt of not creating 'forward looking judges' but the 'judges looking forward' to the plumes of the office of Chief Justice". The process continued with the controversial appointment of Justice Beg superseding Hans Raj Khanna in 1977.

After becoming Chief Justice, A.N. Ray more than shared the government's economic viewpoint – he developed an adulatory attitude towards Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He made himself amenable to her influence by telephoning her frequently, and also ask her personal secretary's advise on simple matters, conveying the impression that Prime Minister's views might be heard concerning an ongoing court-case.

Ultimately, the powers of the Judiciary over judicial appointments was re-established under the Morarji Desai government with Shanti Bhushan as law minister through various Constitutional amendments.

Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla (also known as the Habeas corpus case) is a major decision during his tenure as Chief Justice.

References

External links
 Brief biography at http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/

Chief justices of India
1912 births
2010 deaths
Judges of the Calcutta High Court
20th-century Indian judges
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Indian lawyers
Presidents of the International Law Association

A. N. Ray


Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1992 under the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 to protect one of the largest expanses of undisturbed pine savanna habitats in the Gulf Coastal Plain region. The refuge is located near Grand Bay, Alabama in Mobile County, Alabama and Jackson County, Mississippi, and when complete will encompass over . The refuge is part of the National Wildlife Refuge system. The Refuge Complex Manager also administers the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge and Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge. Access to refuge lands (especially interior portions) is limited, but is available mostly on the Mississippi side and by boat.

Habitat

The habitat is varied and includes wet pine savannah, maritime forest, tidal flats, nontidal wetlands, salt pans, salt marshes, bays and bayous.

Research
Research projects include studying the ecological effects of rising sea levels, the ecology of vertebrates in tidal marshes, the ecology of the reserves habitats, monitoring the effects of mercury pollution, coastal plant ecology and mapping, and monitoring environmental conditions on a long-term basis.

Flora and fauna
The varied parts of the refuge provide suitable habitat for many migrant and resident species of bird. These include the scarlet tanager, the black-throated green warbler, the black-and-white warbler, the eastern towhee, the gray catbird, the painted bunting and the secretive white-eyed vireo.

Nine species of carnivorous plants including pitcher plants, butterworts and sundews are present in the reserve. These plants have modifications which enable them to catch insects which provides the nitrogen they need that is deficient in their swampy habitat.

References
Refuge profile
Refuge website

National Wildlife Refuges in Mississippi
National Wildlife Refuges in Alabama
Protected areas of Mobile County, Alabama
Protected areas of Jackson County, Mississippi
Wetlands of Alabama
Wetlands of Mississippi
Bays of Alabama
Gulf Coast of the United States
Landforms of Mobile County, Alabama
Landforms of Jackson County, Mississippi
Protected areas established in 1992
1992 establishments in Alabama
1992 establishments in Mississippi

Grand Bay National Wildlife Refuge


The American Embassy School is an international school in New Delhi, India. The campus is twelve acres large, and it contains 34 faculty families on campus. The school, despite its large area, is continuously being expanded to include additional students. The school accepts students from nursery to twelfth grade.

AES is unique, since it is an international school. All lessons, except for special language classes, are taught in English. There are about 1,500 students in the school, and although 35% of them are Americans, the rest of the students come from 53 different nationalities. The school's motto is "Enter to learn... Leave to serve."

Curriculum
The curriculum at AES follows the college preparatory program that are used in American private schools. At high school, students have the opportunity to take the program of either International Baccalaureate (IB) or Advanced Placement (AP) as well as a regular high school program.

Other websites
The school homepage

Schools in India
New Delhi

American Embassy School


A scone (  or  ) is a traditional British baked good, popular in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is usually made of either wheat or oatmeal with baking powder as a leavening agent, and baked on sheet pans. A scone is often slightly sweetened and occasionally glazed with egg wash. The scone is a basic component of the cream tea. It differs from teacakes and other types of sweets that are made with yeast. Scones were chosen as the Republic of Ireland representative for Café Europe during the Austrian presidency of the European Union in 2006, while the United Kingdom chose shortbread.

Lexicology

The pronunciation of the word within the English-speaking world varies, with some pronouncing it  (rhymes with "gone"), and others  (rhymes with "tone"). The dominant pronunciation differs by area. Pronunciation rhyming with "tone" is strongest in the English Midlands and  Republic of Ireland though it seems to have less prominent patches in Cornwall and Essex. The pronunciation rhyming with "gone" is strongest in Northern England and Scotland, although this also seems to be the favoured pronunciation in Southern England, Wales, the Home Counties, and East Anglia. Natives of the Republic of Ireland and the United States mainly use the  pronunciation.  British dictionaries usually show the  form as the preferred pronunciation, while recognising the  form.

The difference in pronunciation is alluded to in a poem:

The Oxford English Dictionary reports that the first mention of the word was in 1513.

The origin of the word scone is obscure and may derive from different sources.  That is, the classic Scottish scone, the Dutch schoonbrood or "spoonbread" (very similar to the drop scone), and possibly other similarly named quick breads may have made their way onto the British tea table, where their similar names merged into one. Thus, scone may derive from the Middle Dutch schoonbrood (fine white bread), from schoon (pure, clean) and brood (bread), or it may derive from the Scots Gaelic term sgonn meaning a shapeless mass or large mouthful. The Middle Low German term schöne meaning fine bread may also have played a role in the origination of this word. And, if the explanation put forward by Sheila MacNiven Cameron is true, the word may also be based on the town of Scone () (, ) in Scotland, the ancient capital of that country – where Scottish monarchs were crowned, and on whose Stone of Scone the monarchs of the United Kingdom are still crowned today.

History

When baking powder became available to the masses, scones began to be the oven-baked, well-leavened items we know today.
Modern scones are widely available in British bakeries, grocery stores, and supermarkets. A 2005 market report estimated the UK scone market to be worth £64m, showing a 9% increase over the previous five years. The increase is partly due to an increasing consumer preference for impulse and convenience foods.

Scones sold commercially are usually round, although some brands are hexagonal as this shape may be tessellated for space efficiency. When prepared at home, they may take various shapes including triangles, rounds and squares. Baking scones at home is often closely tied to heritage baking. They tend to be made using family recipes rather than recipe books, since it is often a family member who holds the "best" and most-treasured recipe.

In 2023, a West London woman completed a decade-long project to sample a scone at every National Trust location (244 sites across England, Wales and Northern Ireland).

Varieties

British scones are often lightly sweetened, but may also be savoury. They frequently include raisins, currants, cheese or dates. In Scotland and Ulster, savoury varieties of scone include soda scones, also known as soda farls, sour dough scones known as soor dook scones made with sour milk, and potato scones, normally known as tattie scones, which resemble small, thin savoury pancakes made with potato flour. Potato scones are most commonly served fried in a full Scottish breakfast or an Ulster fry.

The griddle scone (or "girdle scone" in Scots) is a variety of scone which is cooked on a griddle on the stove top rather than baked in the oven. This usage is also common in New Zealand where scones of all varieties form an important part of traditional colonial New Zealand cuisine.

Other common varieties include the dropped scone, or drop scone, like a pancake, after the method of dropping the batter onto the griddle or frying pan to cook it, and the lemonade scone, which is made with clear lemonade and cream instead of butter and milk. The fruit scone or fruited scone contains currants, sultanas, peel and glacé cherries mixed into the dough. To achieve lightness and flakiness, scones may be made with cream instead of milk.

In some countries one may also encounter savoury varieties of scone which may contain or be topped with combinations of cheese, onion, bacon, etc.

Scones can be presented with various toppings and condiments, typically butter, jam and cream. Strawberries are also sometimes used.

Regional variations

Australia
Pumpkin scones, made by adding mashed cooked pumpkin to the dough mixture, had increased exposure during the period when Florence Bjelke-Petersen was in the public eye. Date scones, which contain chopped dried dates, can also be found in Australia. Another old style of cooking scones, generally in the colder months, is to deep-fry or deep pan-fry them in dripping or oil, when they are called "puftaloons".

Hungary
In Hungary, a pastry very similar to the British version exists under the name "pogácsa". The name has been adopted by several neighbouring nations' languages. Pogácsa is almost always savoury and served with varied seasonings and toppings, like dill and cheese.

New Zealand
Scones make up a part of kiwiana, and are among the most popular recipes in the Edmonds Cookery Book, New Zealand's best-selling cook book. The Edmonds recipe is unsweetened, using only flour, baking powder, salt, butter and milk. Other ingredients such as cheese, sultanas and dates can be added.

Cheese scones are a popular snack sold in cafes or tea shops, where they are commonly served toasted with butter.

South Africa

Scones are commonly served with clotted cream and jam; grated cheddar cheese is another popular accompaniment.

South America

Scones are quite popular in Argentina as well as Uruguay. They were brought there by Irish, English and Scottish immigrants and by Welsh immigrants in Patagonia (Britons are the third largest foreign community in Argentina).  They are usually accompanied by tea, coffee or mate.

United States

Scones often appear in US coffee houses. The American version is sweet, heavy, dry and crumbly, similar to British rock cakes. They are usually triangular, and often contain fruit such as blueberries or sultanas, or such flavorings as pumpkin, cinnamon or chocolate chips. They may also be topped with icing. They are often eaten as they are (not topped with butter, jam or cream), along with coffee or tea.

In Idaho and Utah, the bread products locally called "scones" are similar to Native American frybread or New Orleans beignets and are made from a sweet yeast dough, with buttermilk and baking powder or soda added, and they are fried rather than baked. They are customarily served with butter and either honey or maple syrup.

Zimbabwe

In Zimbabwe scones are popular and often eaten for breakfast with English tea, jam and clotted cream. Originally brought to the country during its period of British colonial rule it is sometimes seen as symbolic of the country's historic link to the UK that has become Zimbabweanified.

References

External links

American breads
Argentine cuisine
Australian breads
British breads
British desserts
British snack foods
English cuisine
Irish breads
New Zealand breads
Quick breads
Scottish breads
South African cuisine
Sweet breads
Uruguayan cuisine

hu:Pogácsa

Scone


Kelly Michelle Lee Osbourne (born 27 October 1984) is an English television personality, singer, actress, model, and fashion designer. The daughter of Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne, she appeared on the reality television show The Osbournes (2002–2005) with her family, for which they won a 2002 Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program. In 2009, she appeared on Dancing with the Stars, in which she and her professional dance partner Louis van Amstel took third place. Osbourne was a presenter on Project Catwalk (2007–2008) and Fashion Police (2010–2015) and a judge on Project Runway Junior (2015–2017) and Australia's Got Talent (2016). She also played the voice role of Hildy Gloom in the Disney XD animated series The 7D (2014–2016).

As a singer, Osbourne has released two studio albums: Shut Up (2002) and Sleeping in the Nothing (2005). In 2003, she collaborated with her father Ozzy on the single "Changes" (a Black Sabbath song) which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart.

Early life
Osbourne was born at Portland Hospital in Westminster, London. She has an elder sister, Aimee, and a younger brother, Jack. From Ozzy's first marriage, she also has two half-siblings: Jessica Hobbs and Louis John Osbourne. She had an unofficially "adopted" brother, Robert Marcato, whom Sharon and Ozzy took in after Marcato's mother died. Kelly grew up travelling with her father as he went on tour, and lived in more than 20 homes, mostly in the US, as well as in the UK. Her maternal grandfather was Don Arden (Harry Levy), an English music manager. Her mother is of Irish and Jewish descent.

Osbourne attended private schools in England including Pipers Corner School.

Career

2002–2005: The Osbournes and Shut Up
Osbourne and the rest of her family (without Aimee) starred on the MTV reality show The Osbournes, which aired from 2002 to 2005. The series chronicled their day-to-day life, portraying a dysfunctional family in which metal music, profanity and other harshness were a daily part of life. Kelly, the middle child, emerged (according to Rolling Stone) as "a wickedly funny, brutally honest, pint-size, potty-mouthed spitfire." The series started when she was seventeen, and ended when she was twenty. Kelly said in an interview for The Osbournes DVD that the crew were only actually supposed to be there for a few weeks but ended up staying for a few months and that the constant cameras focusing on her and her family was stressful. In 2002, during the second season of The Osbournes, Kelly dated The Used lead singer Bert McCracken. The show was filmed in California, US. where the family has had their residence for several decades.

Both she and the Osbourne family were parodied in Channel 4 comedy Bo' Selecta in which the rubber-masked Kelly, played by Leigh Francis, has her own show and is always being censored for swearing with bleeps.

After her appearance on the reality show, Osbourne quickly began to be noted for her varied and trendy style among fashion commentators like Steven Cojocaru. In 2004, Osbourne launched her own fashion line, Stiletto Killers, with her friend and former sponsor, Ali Barone. Stiletto Killers was a rock-inspired line of tees, knickers, hoodies and sweatpants designed by Osbourne and Barone, emblazoned with cartoonish designs and punk rock phrases. There was also a more sophisticated couture branch, the SK Collection. Stiletto Killers closed in April 2006.

Her debut album, Shut Up, was released by Epic Records in 2002 to moderate US sales, but good European sales. The lead single, a cover of Madonna's "Papa Don't Preach", debuted with Houston rock band Pure Rubbish at the 2002 MTV Film Awards. The album, which debuted at No. 1 on Billboards Heatseekers chart, was met with mixed critical reviews and, by May 2003, Osbourne was dropped from Epic Records. By autumn she was on the Sanctuary label, later recording a duet of "Changes" (a Black Sabbath song) with her father. The duet hit No. 1 on the UK charts and resulted in a reissue of Shut Up, titled Changes. "Changes" was one of a few tracks to have fallen down the charts (from 1–3) whilst selling more copies than the week it reached number 1. Osbourne was the first artists to top all three of the Billboard charts dance surveys in the same week with the "Chris Cox Club Remix" of "One Word". Her second album Sleeping in the Nothing was not without controversy, due to its reportedly heavily altered album cover, in which Osbourne appeared slimmer, despite her previous assertions of being happy with her size.

Osbourne made her debut as an actress with a starring role on 7 October 2004 on the ABC high school teenage drama Life as We Know It, where she played the supporting role of Deborah Beatrice Tynan. During an interview in late 2005, Osbourne denied reports she was ending her music career, saying: "I don't know where the quit rumours came from – I've just recorded a version of 'Girls Just Want to Have Fun' with Cyndi Lauper."

On 2 April 2004, Osbourne entered the Malibu rehab facility Promises after admitting to her family that she was addicted to painkillers. Over a year later, on 2 June, she checked into Las Encinas Hospital, a drug treatment centre in Pasadena, California, after a relapse. She entered another drug treatment facility in January 2009; she stayed for a month and later acknowledged that she had a relapse of her addiction to painkillers. After 30 days, she was released; she has been quoted as saying that this was the first time she really thought rehab had helped her.

2006–2009: Acting and hosting duties
In spring 2006, Osbourne modelled for Heatherette in a catwalk show. In June, she played the role of Wendy from Peter Pan in The Queen's Handbag and provided her voice for the animated film Live Freaky Die Freaky. Later that year, she became the face of the high street chain Accessorize. Osbourne co-hosted the 2006 edition of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!, a spin-off show of the main ITV programme. She hosted alongside Jeff Brazier in Australia, and Mark Durden-Smith in the London studio. Her one-off gigs include the 2002 MTV Film Awards, Top of the Pops Saturday, MTV's Isle of MTV, MTV UK and Ireland's red carpet coverage of the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards, Popworld, The Sunday Night Project, the 2005 MTV Australia Video Music Awards and Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show. In spring 2006, Osbourne was one of the judges on Making Your Mind Up. At the September 2006 Electric Picnic festival in Ireland, Osbourne and her boyfriend, Matty Derham of the band Fields, held a wedding ceremony. Her representative later denied that the ceremony was legally binding because it did not meet Irish legal requirements, as at that time in Ireland, a couple couldn't get married in an outdoor venue. She later went on to date Matt Walker, a promoter and tour manager.

In February 2006, Osbourne was a guest judge for the Season One Episode Four of Project Catwalk on Sky1. She went on to host Seasons Two and Three of Project Catwalk in 2007 and 2008 respectively. In July 2007, Osbourne portrayed the role of prison matron Mama Morton in the musical drama Chicago for seven weeks at the Cambridge Theatre. In autumn 2007, Osbourne signed to BBC Radio 1 to host the Sunday night show, The Surgery; and on 7 October 2007, she went on air for the first time with the issue of self-harm. She was scheduled to return to the show in early 2009 and whilst she was away, Aled Haydn Jones from The Chris Moyles Show presented the show. Aled subsequently became the full-time presenter. In 2008, she featured in the short musical film The Town that Boars Me by photographer Ben Charles Edwards. The film also features Sadie Frost, Jodie Harsh, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, and Zandra Rhodes, amongst others. The film debuted in late summer at the Portobello Film Festival. In 2009, she appeared in an episode of Hotel Babylon, a British TV show aired on BBC One. She played Jo, a character very similar to herself.

On 19 January 2009, Osbourne was arrested for assault after allegedly slapping Daily Mirror columnist Zoe Griffin at a club in August 2008 after Griffin wrote a story that mocked Osbourne's then-boyfriend, Luke Worrall. In March 2009, Osbourne and Worrall were engaged, but later separated in July 2010 after he had an affair with model Elle Schneider. Osbourne presented ITV2's coverage of the National Television Awards with her brother Jack, and a documentary on Japanese pop culture called Kelly Osbourne: Turning Japanese for the same channel. In March 2009, Osbourne returned to television with the rest of the Osbourne family on Osbournes: Reloaded. On 1 September 2009, Osbourne released her first autobiography, Fierce, via Virgin Books. The book contains autobiographical elements, as well as advice and guidance through tough periods.

In September 2009, she started writing a weekly column giving advice and celebrity gossip in the British magazine Closer.

2009: Dancing with the Stars
On 17 August 2009, co-hosts Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris announced the cast of stars for the 2009 autumn series of Dancing with the Stars. Osbourne was to be one of the 16 celebrity contestants. A week later, her professional partner was announced: Dutch ballroom champion Louis van Amstel. The competition, starting 21 September 2009, entailed 10 weeks of training and dancing. On 17 November 2009, the final three were announced: Osbourne, singer Mýa and pop legend Donny Osmond. In the final, Osbourne and her partner placed third.

Performances

2010–present: Fashion Police and other endeavours

In August 2010, Osbourne began filming on the comedy Should've Been Romeo, her first major role in Hollywood. She plays Nicole, a fun-loving groupie. The film was released in the US on 28 April 2012. In December 2010, it was confirmed that Osbourne would be starring alongside Disney star Miley Cyrus in So Undercover, playing a sorority sister of Cyrus'. Filming began in December 2010 and was released on 6 December 2012.

In 2010, she modeled a Chris Benz dress for Naomi Campbell's Fashion For Relief runway show for the White Ribbon Alliance to raise funds for mothers in Haiti. In 2011 Osbourne became a fashion correspondent for the cable network E!, serving as a host, with Joan Rivers, of the series Fashion Police. In June 2011, she hosted the Miss USA pageant at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino, Las Vegas, with Susie Castillo.

In 2012, she appeared as a guest judge in season 4 of RuPaul's Drag Race, and hosted the New Now Next Awards. In September 2012, US rapper Lil' Kim confirmed she and Osbourne were to join forces for a rock-rap cover of Elton John's 1974 hit "The Bitch Is Back". In 2013, Osbourne walked the runway for The Heart Truth Red Dress Fashion Show.

On 7 March 2013, while filming an episode of Fashion Police with guest Melissa Rivers, Osbourne collapsed and began experiencing a seizure that reportedly lasted thirty seconds, after which she was taken to a local Los Angeles hospital for testing.

In July 2013, Osbourne became engaged to Matthew Mosshart, a chef whom she met at the 2011 wedding of model Kate Moss to Jamie Hince. Osbourne and Mosshart called off the engagement in January 2014.

In August 2013, Osbourne was a guest judge on the 12th season of Project Runway. She was a guest judge on the October 2014 premiere episode of Project Runway: Threads. She is a regular judge on Project Runway: Junior.

In February 2015, Osbourne exited Fashion Police after complaints about her co-host's comments on the show.

On 28 October 2015, it was confirmed that Osbourne would replace Dawn French as a judge on Australia's Got Talent for its eighth season on Channel Nine.

In 2018, Osbourne joined her father and brother in their televised global tour that is documented in the series Ozzy & Jack's World Detour.

On 13 November 2019, Osbourne competed in season two of The Masked Singer as "Ladybug".

Personal life
In September 2006, Osbourne dated musician Matty Derman of Fields. In 2008, she started dating model Luke Worrall. They were engaged in 2009, but separated in 2010. She began dating Don Broco front man Rob Damiani in 2011. In 2018, she described herself as suffering from misophonia, a neurobehavioral phenomenon associated with an intolerance of specific sounds or their associated stimuli.

She is currently dating Slipknot DJ Sid Wilson, and they have a son, born in 2022.

Activism and charity work
On 1 April 2010, Osbourne and her mother Sharon joined Cyndi Lauper in the launch of the Give a Damn campaign to bring a wider awareness of discrimination of the LGBT community, as part of Lauper's True Colours Fund. The campaign is designed to bring straight people to stand up with the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender community and stop the discrimination. Other names included in the campaign are Whoopi Goldberg, Jason Mraz, Elton John, Judith Light, Cynthia Nixon, Kim Kardashian, Anna Paquin and Clay Aiken.

In December 2010, she appeared on the ITV gameshow The Cube, where she won £20,000 for The Prince's Trust.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, Osbourne joined hands with the Salvation Army in Staten Island, New York during their recovery efforts in November 2012.

Controversy
On 4 August 2015, while appearing as a guest co-host on The View, Osbourne caused controversy when she said: "If you kick every Latino out of this country, then who is going to be cleaning your toilet, Donald Trump?" Her comments were in response to then-Republican Party presidential candidate Donald Trump's stance on illegal Mexican immigration. Co-host Rosie Perez quickly interjected by stating: "There's more jobs than that in the country for Latinos, and Latinos are not the only people who clean toilets." Osbourne then attempted to explain herself by stating "I didn't mean it like that." Osbourne's comments led to the Twitter hashtag #QueridaKellyOsbourne (Dear Kelly Osbourne). Hours after her appearance on the show, she released a clarification on Facebook. Perez apologised for misconstruing her statement. Her comments came almost six months after her decision to leave Fashion Police, which was allegedly due to a racially insensitive comment made by Giuliana Rancic.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Notes

Filmography

Television

Film

Music videos

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of artists who reached number one on the US dance chart
 List of number-one dance hits (United States)

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Actresses from London
British women activists
British women fashion designers
English dance musicians
English expatriates in the United States
English fashion designers
English film actresses
English people of Irish descent
English people of Jewish descent
English pop rock singers
English television actresses
English television presenters
English voice actresses
English women singers
British LGBT rights activists
Kelly
Participants in American reality television series
People with misophonia
Musicians from Westminster
Project Catwalk
Singers from London
21st-century English actresses
21st-century English singers
21st-century English women singers
English people with disabilities

Kelly Osbourne


Birendra Kishore Manikya Debbarma Bahadur ascended the throne of the Kingdom of Tripura on 25 November 1909, at the age of 26.

Administrative reforms
Birendra Kishore's contribution to the state lay in his administrative reforms, welfare activities and consistent attempt to spread education. He divided the state into ten administrative units on the model of subdivisions and introduced the system of civil service examinations for recruiting competent youths in the administration in 1909. The post of chief secretary was created in 1909.

He reconstituted the State Civil Service in 1909 for recruitment of high officials of the state including the post of Police Superintendent and Deputy Superintendent of Police. The new Arms Act and the Penal Code Amendment Act were passed in 1911. A small staff under a senior Inspector was engaged for detective purposes.  The number of cases reported in the state was always small.

Birendra Kishore took the first initiative to explore the potential of tea cultivation in Tripura by ordering an expert survey. Forty tea estates were set up in Tripura during his rule. The king had given a formal license to the Burma Oil Company in 1916 to explore oil, natural gas and minerals in Tripura after a survey conducted had given indication of potential deposits. He also founded a silk-weaving center at Agartala and took steps to develop agriculture.

Patron of the arts

An artist and prolific songwriter, Birendra Kishore was known for his beautiful oil paintings such as "Sannyasi", "Jhulon" and "Banshi Badan". He founded the Ujjayanta Drama company giving an impetus to the development of theatre in Tripura. The Lakshmi Narayan Temple, 'Durga Bari' and 'Lal Mahal' that form part of the Ujjayanta palace were built during his rule. He built the Pushbanta Place that is now the residence of the Governor of Tripura. King Birendra Kishore organised a grand reception for Rabindra Nath Tagore at Agartala after he had won the Nobel prize for literature in 1913. Apart from providing ongoing financial assistance to Shanti Niketan he also donated 5,000 rupees to Tagore for setting up a hospital at Santi Niketan.

References

External links
Kingdom of Tripura - University of Queensland

Kings of Tripura
History of Tripura
1923 deaths
1880s births

Birendra Kishore Manikya


The axiom of countable choice or axiom of denumerable choice, denoted ACω, is an axiom of set theory that states that every countable collection of non-empty sets must have a choice function. That is, given a function A with domain N (where N denotes the set of natural numbers) such that A(n) is a non-empty set for every n ∈ N, there exists a function f with domain N such that f(n) ∈ A(n) for every n ∈ N.

Overview
The axiom of countable choice (ACω) is strictly weaker than the axiom of dependent choice (DC),  which in turn is weaker than the axiom of choice (AC). Paul Cohen showed that ACω is not provable in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) without the axiom of choice . ACω holds in the Solovay model.

ZF+ACω suffices to prove that the union of countably many countable sets is countable. The converse statement "assuming ZF, 'every countable union of countable sets is countable' implies ACω" does not hold, as witnessed by Cohen's First Model. ZF+ACω also suffices to prove that every infinite set is Dedekind-infinite (equivalently: has a countably infinite subset).

ACω is particularly useful for the development of analysis, where many results depend on having a choice function for a countable collection of sets of real numbers. For instance, in order to prove that every accumulation point x of a set S ⊆ R is the limit of some sequence of elements of S \ {x}, one needs (a weak form of) the axiom of countable choice. When formulated for accumulation points of arbitrary metric spaces, the statement becomes equivalent to ACω. For other statements equivalent to ACω, see  and .

A common misconception is that countable choice has an inductive nature and is therefore provable as a theorem (in ZF, or similar, or even weaker systems) by induction. However, this is not the case; this misconception is the result of confusing countable choice with finite choice for a finite set of size n (for arbitrary n), and it is this latter result (which is an elementary theorem in combinatorics) that is provable by induction. However, some countably infinite sets of non-empty sets can be proven to have a choice function in ZF without any form of the axiom of choice. For example, Vω − {Ø} has a choice function, where  Vω is the set of hereditarily finite sets, i.e. the first set in the Von Neumann universe of non-finite rank. The choice function is (trivially) the least element in the well-ordering. Another example is the set of proper and bounded open intervals of real numbers with rational endpoints.

Use
As an example of an application of ACω, here is a proof (from ZF + ACω) that every infinite set is Dedekind-infinite:
Let X be infinite.  For each natural number n, let An be the set of all 2n-element subsets of X. Since X is infinite, each An is non-empty.  The first application of  ACω yields a sequence (Bn : n = 0,1,2,3,...) where each Bn  is a subset of X with 2n elements.
The sets Bn are not necessarily disjoint, but we can define
 C0 = B0
Cn =  the difference between  Bn  and the union of all Cj, j < n.
Clearly each set Cn has at least 1 and at most 2n elements, and the sets Cn are pairwise disjoint.   The second application of  ACω yields a sequence (cn: n = 0,1,2,...) with cn ∈ Cn.
So all the cn are distinct, and X contains a countable set.  The function that maps each cn to cn+1 (and leaves all other elements of X fixed) is a 1-1 map from X into X which  is not onto, proving that X is Dedekind-infinite.

References

Axiom of choice

Axiom of countable choice


William Deuchar Gordon (19 June 1871 – 11 September 1951) was an Australian pastoralist. He was born into a socially prominent New South Wales rural family and was president of the Australian Club.

Early life
Gordon was born at Manar, near Braidwood, New South Wales, the second son of William Forbes Gordon and Beatrice Deuchar (née Allan) and was always known by his second Christian name of Deuchar. The Gordon family had arrived in New South Wales in 1836 from Scotland. He attended Newington College in 1882 during the presidency of the Rev Joseph Horner Fletcher and headmastership of Joseph Coates. After finishing school he worked as a book-keeper and accountant before returning to work on the land.

Pastoralist
In 1891, Gordon returned to Manar and remained there until his marriage in 1901 to Charlotte Louise (Bunty) Campbell. The Gordons lived for the next decade at Werriwa, another family property near Bungendore, and had four children. In 1912 they returned to Manar where Gordon lived until his death. During that time he consolidated and expanded his land holding to 26,000 acres. On his death, Gordon left an estate of £258,727.

Community service
In 1905, Gordon became a Justice of the Peace. He served as President of the Braidwood Hospital Board, Chairman of the Pastures Protection Board and Chairman of the Braidwood branch of the Graziers Association of NSW.

Company director
Gordon accepted the seat on the Board of Perpetual Trustee Company (Limited) that was made vacant by the resignation of Joe Abbott on his appointment to the Federal Cabinet.

References

1871 births
1951 deaths
People educated at Newington College
Businesspeople from Sydney
Australian pastoralists
Australian people of Scottish descent

Deuchar Gordon


Ushiro Keisuke (born 24 July 1986) is a Japanese athlete.  He competes in decathlon, discus, javelin, long jump and pole vault.

History

When he was in elementary school, he belonged to the dodgeball club. He belonged to the track and field club at Oasa Higashimachi Junior High School, engaged in hurdle running in the first grade, 100m, push out and high jump in the second grade. He grew from  in first year to  in second year and  in third year. He was unable to practice as much as he could because of Osgood's, which induces knee pain. However, his height later became a very strong weapon in competing within the world. After entering high school, Osgood's disease was completely cured, and he started the octathlon with the recommendation of the track and field manager. He finished second in the final inter high school competition.

Personal life
His father is a throwing player in high school, and his father specializes in the high jump and hurdles, and has also participated in Japan Incare as a relay. Partly due to the influence of his parents, he started track and field. He went on to Kokushikan University after his brother and sister went through Tokyo High School. Also his hobby is folk guitar, and he used to play live on the street in high school.

Career
He has been involved in decathlon from university and won the Japan Championship for the first time in 2010 when he was in the 4th grade. The following year, in 2011, he set a record for the Japanese track and field world to break the Japanese record for the first time in 18 years. And he participated in his first world track and field. In 2012, he participated in the London Olympic Games for the first time in 48 years as a Japanese player, and in 2014 he set a new record in Japan.

References

Japanese athletes
Pole vaulters
1986 births
Living people
Japanese Olympians

Ushiro Keisuke


An explanatory dictionary or defining dictionary is a dictionary that provides definitions of word meanings at its entries. It may give additional information on pronunciation, grammar, etymology, and so on. In practice, it is equivalent to a monolingual general dictionary. Such dictionaries are usually meant for native speakers of the language.

References

Dictionaries by type

Explanatory dictionary


Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri (10 June 1916 – 2 December 2001) was a politician and was actively involved in the Pakistan Movement.

Early life
Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri belonged to the Niazi tribe in Rokhri, Mianwali District, Punjab, Pakistan. He was also known as Khan Sahib, a title given by the British to him which he abandoned in 1946 on the direction of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Activism
He became an active member of the Muslim Students Federation as a student and campaigned for the Pakistan Movement from the Mianwali District.

Career
In the Indian provincial elections, 1946, Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi of Rokhri was elected Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA).

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, he became the first Chairman of the District Council of Mianwali from 1948 to 1958. He was also elected MPA in 1970 during the Pakistani general election, 1970. In the elections of 1977, Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri was elected MNA, defeating the candidate of the Pakistan National Alliance, Maulana Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi.

He served in the Senate of Pakistan for two terms, first from 1985 to 1991 and for another six year until 1997 during his second term. His son, Aamir Hayat Khan Rokhri served as an MPA and MNA and his nephew, Gul Hameed Khan Rokhri also served as an MPA, MNA and Punjab Food Minister. Amir Abdullah Rokhri did not only succeed from Mianwali but also from Bhakkar. He was a close friend of Amir Mohammad Khan, Governor of West Pakistan. He was also an intimate friend of Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi and Ayub Khan (his son is married to Ayub's granddaughter). He remained one of the Pakistan Muslim League's loyal workers for a long time.

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Pakistani Punjab despite the opposition of figures such as Mian Mumtaz Daultana, Chief Minister of Punjab.

Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri along with Balakh Sher Mazari, Anwar Ali Noon, Sikandar Hayat Khan, and Sardar Ahmad Ali resigned from the National Assembly when Zulfikar Ali Bhutto jailed their close friend, Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi. Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri was a close friend of the Pir of Pagaro VII, Balakh Sher Mazari, Colonel Abid Hussain and others. The affection the people of Mianwali had for Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri was obvious to anyone who attended his funeral. His death was condoled by leaders from every party whereas many leading politicians attended his funeral in his ancestral village of Rokhri including former prime minister Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, former foreign minister & speaker of National Assembly of Pakistan Gohar Ayub Khan, former federal minister Syeda Abida Hussain and others. Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri's political influence was greatest in the district of Mianwali and Bhakkar.

Awards and honours
 Tehrik e Pakistan (Pakistan Movement) Award by the Governor of Punjab, Pakistan.

Family
He founded the New Khan Transport Company. New Khan Transport is the largest transport company in Pakistan. It introduced luxury air-conditioned buses to Pakistan.

He also wrote an autobiography Mein Aur Mera Pakistan, a book in Urdu-language which presents his personal account of the history of Pakistan.

He leaves behind a son and five daughters. His son Aamir Hayat Khan Rokhri was a MPA and his nephew Gul Hameed Khan Rokhri, is a former MPA, MNA and Punjab Revenue, Relief & Consolidations Minister.

References

External links
 Amir Abdullah Khan Rokri – Senate of Pakistan

Pakistan Movement activists
All India Muslim League members
Members of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab
Members of the Senate of Pakistan
Amir
1916 births
2001 deaths
Pashtun people
People from Mianwali District

Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri


Sir John Francis Cleverton Snell, GBE (15 December 1859 – 6 July 1938) was a British electrical engineer and administrator.

Life
Snell was born in Saltash, Cornwall, the only son of Commander John Skinner Snell, RN and his wife Harriet Cleverton and educated at Plymouth Grammar School, Finsbury Technical College, and King's College, London.

After working for four years from 1885 with Messrs. Woodhouse and Rawson he was appointed in 1889 a resident engineer at Messrs. Crompton and Co., where he worked on electrical supply projects in London and Stockholm.
From 1892 he worked as assistant to General Charles Edmund Webber on electrical supply projects in Kensington and a number of country houses, before entering municipal service in London in 1893 as assistant electrical engineer in St Pancras during the construction of the Kings Road power station. In 1896 he transferred to Sunderland as Borough Electrical Engineer, additionally becoming Borough Tramways Engineer in 1896 after which he converted the tramway system to electric power.

In 1906, he set up in business as a consulting engineer in Westminster, amalgamating with Preece and Cardew to form Preece, Cardew and Snell. During that time he served as an expert witness for the General Post Office in a case involving compensation payments to National Telephone Company, after which he was given a knighthood (in 1914). He also acted as President of the Institute of Electrical Engineers for 1914.

During the First World War he served on a number of committees, including the Munitions Inventions Committee. After the war he left the consulting company (by then Preece, Cardew, Snell and Rider) to advise the government of matters of electrical supply. He helped to set up the Electricity Commission and served as its first chairman from 1919 to 1938, during which time the Central Electricity Board was established, the national grid created  and the supply of electricity standardised. He was made GBE in 1925.

In 1928 he began introducing major new electricity power systems in the West of England with his friend and then colleague, Dr John A. Purves.

He was awarded the Faraday Medal for 1938 by the Institution of Electrical Engineers (now the Institution of Engineering and Technology).

He died after an operation at the London Clinic in 1938. He had married Annie Glendenning Quick of Biscovey, Cornwall, with whom he had at least one son.

References

1859 births
1938 deaths
People from Saltash
Alumni of King's College London
British electrical engineers
Knights Bachelor
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Engineers from Cornwall
People educated at Plymouth Grammar School

John Snell (electrical engineer)


New Gallowa is a toun in the historical coonty o Kirkcoubrieshire in Dumfries an Gallowa. It is locatit on the wast side o the glen o the Watter o Ken, ae mile north o the end o Loch Ken. Afore the local government reform o 1975, it wis the wee-est Ryal Burgh in Scotland.

The war scaitert sattlements in the aurie frae at least the 13t century (whan the nearby Kenmure Castle wis first biggit), bit the veelage wis formal foondit in the 17t century by the Viscount o Kenmore an grantit Ryal Burgh status in 1630 - this wis tae enable it tae serve as a mercat toun.  Houiver, Kirkcoubrie, anely 19 mile til the sooth, wis lairger an drew mair tredders. New Gallowa sicweys grew verra slaw an is the wee-est Ryal Burgh in Scotland.

New Gallowa thir days is a landwart toun. It his a Toun Hoose, the CatStrand Arts and Visitors Centre, twa kirks, three hottles, and a gowf club.  A popular vacances destination, staundin on the edge o the scenic Galloway Forest Park, it is on the Galloway Kite Trail, whaur gleds can be seen at aw times o the year. Ilk August, it hosts the Scottish Alternative Games in its wee pairk.

Kells Pairish Kirk o Scotland, biggit in 1822 til a design by local airchitect William McCandlish. The kirk is a T-plan kirk wi a square tour at the centre o the sooth waw. The kirkyaird his three "Adam an Eve" stanes o 1706-7, and the graff o Captain John Gordon's gemmie at Kenmure Castle, John Murray, that catcht the lairgest recordit pike in Loch Ken in 1774.

St Margaret's Espicopaulian Kirk wis biggit in 1904 by W H Harrison, the chancel addit in 1908 an the lykegait in 1912. The harled waws is white an the ruif tiles is reid. The windaes is by Kempe, Clayton & Bell, an James Powel & Sons.

The Ken Brig, that links the toun wi the main road on the east side o the glen, wis biggit in 1822 by the Scots ingineer John Rennie, that biggit an aw the seicont London Bridge and Waterloo Bridge.

James Faed Jnr. (1856-1920), airtist an son o James Faed, bade an deed at his hame The Bungalow. He is buirit in Kells Kirkyaird.

External links

 Scottish Alternative Games
 Galloway Kite Trail
Engraving of New Galloway by James Fittler in the digitised copy of Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 at National Library of Scotland

Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

New Gallowa


Woodland Rail, LLC is a non-carrier railroad company that owns an  rail line located in the state of Maine and province of New Brunswick. It was formed in 2012 as a subsidiary company of Woodland Pulp, LLC, which owns and operates a pulp mill in the Woodland neighborhood of the town of Baileyville, Maine.

Woodland Rail connects a pulp mill in Baileyville, Maine with the Milltown Spur, owned by the New Brunswick Southern Railway (NBSR), at the midpoint of the Salmon Falls Railroad Bridge, which crosses the St. Croix River and the Canada–US border between Calais, Maine and St. Stephen, New Brunswick.

Woodland Rail has contracted Eastern Maine Railway to operate the line.

History
In 2012 Woodland Rail, LLC was formed by its owner Woodland Pulp, LLC to purchase the Calais Industrial Track (former Calais Branch and Woodland Spur) from Pan Am Railways between Calais and Baileyville. This line was originally operated by the Maine Central Railroad (MEC) and later by Guilford Transportation Industries (GTI).

GTI had abandoned the Calais Branch west of Saint Croix Junction in 1985, leaving the remaining active rail line with a connection to Canadian Pacific Railway in St. Stephen, New Brunswick.  The CP line to St. Stephen was sold to New Brunswick Southern Railway (NBSR) in 1995.

Line description
Both ends of the line owned by Woodland Rail are located in the U.S.; the middle section measuring  is located in Canada.  The line runs in the St Croix River valley, crossing the Canada–US border at three locations.

Calais Branch
From its interchange with New Brunswick Southern Railway at the Salmon Falls Railroad Bridge in Calais, the line runs geographically southwest for approximately  to St. Croix Junction. This portion was formerly part of the easternmost section of the Calais Branch.

Another  of the former Calais Branch between St. Croix Junction and Ayers Junction remains in place (see rail banking) but is not in service.  This track is currently owned by the Maine Department of Transportation in order to preserve the rail infrastructure should service be restored to the port of Eastport.

Woodland Spur
From St. Croix Junction, the line continues southwest up the St. Croix River valley as the Woodland Spur.  at Baring, Maine, the line  crosses from the south (west) bank of the St. Croix River to the north (east) bank at Upper Mills, New Brunswick on the Baring Railroad Bridge.

The line then continues northwest for  in New Brunswick to Mohannes, New Brunswick where it crosses back to the south (west) bank of the St. Croix River at Woodland Junction on the Sprague Falls Railroad Bridge.

At Woodland Junction, an industrial spur runs south for  to serve the Woodland Pulp, LLC thermo-mechanical pulp mill in Baileyville. The Woodland Spur continues northwest for  to the current end of track at an oriented strand board mill.

See also

United States Surface Transportation Board Docket No. FD 35628
Canadian Transportation Agency Decision No. 245-R-2012

References

Maine railroads
New Brunswick railways
Railway companies established in 2012
Transportation in Washington County, Maine
Transport in Charlotte County, New Brunswick

Woodland Rail


Julien Guiomar (3 May 1928 in Morlaix, Finistère, Brittany – 22 November 2010 in Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, Aquitaine), was a Breton film actor.

The actor had retired to the Dordogne at Monpazier. The person who incarnated Colonel Vincent in "Papy fait de la resistance", Jacques Tricatel in "L'Aile ou la cuisse," who had donned the police colonel's uniform in "Z", of Costa-Gavras, Who died at the age of 82 from heart disease in the night of 21–22 November at the Saint-Hilaire clinic where he had been hospitalized.

The man, born in Morlaix, was also very fond of the south-west.
"It was an exceptional being, simple, a very easy approach," says an Agenais of the world of the spectacle who had participated in a show organized for the 80 years of the comedian in Dordogne Périgord.

Filmography

 Le Roi de cœur (King of Hearts) (directed by Philippe de Broca) (1966) as Monseigneur Marguerite
 Le Voleur (The Thief of Paris) (directed by Louis Malle) (1967) as L'abbé Félix La Margelle
 All Mad About Him (directed by Norbert Carbonnaux) (1967) as Antoine Bascou
 La Louve solitaire (directed by Édouard Logereau) (1968) as Durieux
 Pour un amour lointain (directed by Edmond Séchan) (1968) as Maxime
 Ballade pour un chien (directed by Gérard Vergez) (1969) as Robin
 Z (directed by Costa-Gavras) (1969) as Le colonel de gendarmerie
 La Voie lactée (The Milky Way) (directed by Luis Buñuel) (1969) as Le curé espagnol / Spanish priest
 L'Auvergnat et l'autobus (directed by Guy Lefranc) (1969) as Me Valentin Chanterive
 La Fiancée du pirate (directed by Nelly Kaplan) (1969) as Le Duc
 La Horse (directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre) (1970) as Le commissaire
 Borsalino (directed by Jacques Deray) (1970) asSimon Boccace
 L'Étrangleur (directed by Paul Vecchiali) (1970) as L'inspecteur Simon Dangret
 Les Mariés de l'an II (directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau) (1971) as Le représentant du peuple
 Doucement les basses (directed by Jacques Deray) (1971) as Francisco
 La violenza: quinto potere (directed by Florestano Vancini) (1972) as Commissario Golino
 State of Siege (directed by Costa-Gavras) (1972) Carlos Ducas (voice, uncredited)
 La Raison du plus fou (directed by Raymond Devos and François Reichenbach) (1973) as Le patron du restaurant
 Décembre (directed by Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina) (1973) as Le général Beaumont
 La Proprietà non è più un furto (directed by Elio Petri) (1973) as Bank Director
 L'Histoire très bonne et très joyeuse de Colinot trousse-chemise (The Edifying and Joyous Story of Colinot) (directed by Nina Companeez) (1973) as Le mari de Rosemonde
 Une baleine qui avait mal aux dents (directed by Jacques Bral) (1974) as Julien
 Tendre Dracula (directed by Pierre Grunstein) (1974) as Le producteur
 Dites-le avec des fleurs (directed by Pierre Grimblat) (1974) as Le docteur Comolli
 La Moutarde me monte au nez (directed by Claude Zidi) (1974) as Albert Renaudin
 Bons baisers... à lundi (directed by Michel Audiard) (1974) as Maurice Poudevigne - le mari cocu d'Esmeralda
 Aloïse (directed by Liliane de Kermadec) (1975) as Le directeur du théâtre
 Section spéciale (Special Section) (directed by Costa-Gavras) (1975) as Le substitut général Tétaud
 Souvenirs d'en France (directed by André Téchiné) (1975) as Victor Pedret
 L'Incorrigible (directed by Philippe de Broca) (1975) as Camille
 Adieu poulet (The French Detective) (directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre) (1975) as Le contrôleur général Ledoux
 À cause de l'homme à la voiture blanche (directed by Jean Rougeul) (1975)
 Mado (directed by Claude Sautet) (1976) as Lépidon
 L'Aile ou la cuisse (directed by Claude Zidi) (1976) as Jacques Tricatel
 Barocco (directed by André Téchiné) (1976) as Gauthier
 L'Animal (directed by Claude Zidi) (1977) as Fechner
 Mort d'un pourri (directed by Georges Lautner) (1977) as Fondari
 La Zizanie (directed by Claude Zidi) (1978) as Le docteur Landry
 Ils sont fous ces sorciers (directed by Georges Lautner) (1978) as Stumph-Bachelier, le président
 Les Ringards (directed by Robert Pouret) (1978) as Jeannot Bidart, dit "La presse"
 Je vous ferai aimer la vie (directed by Serge Korber) (1979) as Dr. Pierre Soltier
 Caro papà (directed by Dino Risi) (1979) as Parrella
  (directed by Nicos Perakis) (1979) as Louis
 Sono fotogenico (directed by Dino Risi) (1980) as Carlo Simoni
 Le Bar du téléphone (directed by Claude Barrois) (1980) as Antoine Bini
 Inspecteur la Bavure (directed by Claude Zidi) (1980) as Le commissaire-divisionnaire Vermillot
 Est-ce bien raisonnable ? (directed by Georges Lautner) (1981) as Raymond Volfoni
 Un chien dans un jeu de quilles (directed by Bernard Guillou) (1983) as Alexandre
 Équateur (directed by Serge Gainsbourg) (1983) as Bouilloux
 Papy fait de la résistance (directed by Jean-Marie Poiré) (1983) as Le colonel Vincent
 Carmen (directed by Francesco Rosi) (1984) as Lillas Pastia
 Les Ripoux (My New Partner) (directed by Claude Zidi) (1984) as Commissaire Bloret
 L'Arbre sous la mer (directed by Philippe Muyl) (1985) as Thomas
 The Alley Cat (Le Matou) (directed by Jean Beaudin) (1985) as Aurélien Picquot
 Le Débutant (directed by Daniel Janneau) (1986) as Lucien Berger
 Jubiabá (directed by Nelson Pereira dos Santos) (1986) as Luigi
 Dernier été à Tanger (directed by Alexandre Arcady) (1987) as Le commissaire Gomez, un flic aux ordres
 Flag (directed by Jacques Santi) (1987) as Léon Terzakian
 Les Deux crocodiles (directed by Joël Séria) (1987) asJulien Derouineau
 Terre sacrée (directed by Emilio Pacull) (1988) as Le père
  (directed by Peter F. Bringmann) (1989) as Girolles
 Astérix et le coup du menhir (directed by Philippe Grimond) (1989) as Le devin Prolix (voice)
 Lucifer et l'horloger (directed by Luc Lefebvre) (1989, Short)
 Plein fer (directed by Josée Dayan) (1990) asFabiani
 Robinson et compagnie (directed by Jacques Colombat) (1991) as Bougainville (voice)
 Léolo (directed by Jean-Claude Lauzon) (1992) as Grandfather
 Je m'appelle Victor (directed by Guy Jacques) (1993) as Emile
 Violetta la reine de la moto (directed by Guy Jacques) (1997) as Corneille
 Que la lumière soit (directed by Arthur Joffé) (1998) as Dieu le père
 Un peu de retenue ! (directed by Sylvain Gillet) (1999, Short)
 J'ai faim !!! (directed by Florence Quentin) (2001) as Guyomard, l'oncle de Lily
 Reptil (directed by Pascal Stervinou) (2003, Short) as Emile Picard
 Clandestino (directed by Paule Muxel) (2003) as Jean

References

External links

1928 births
2010 deaths
People from Morlaix
French male film actors
Place of death missing

Julien Guiomar


Miguel Adrian Ferrera Rodríguez (born 25 May 1981) is a Honduran taekwondo practitioner. Ferrera qualified for the men's 80 kg class at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, after placing second from the Pan American Qualification Tournament in Cali, Colombia. He lost the preliminary round of sixteen match to China's Zhu Guo, with a final score of 1–3. Ferrera was also the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony.

In 2015 Ferrera become the first athlete from Honduras to be inducted into the World Hall of Fame of the International Taekwondo Federation (ITF). ITF also granted him a wild card entry spot at the 2016 Olympics.

Ferrera competed for Honduras at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in the men's 80 kg class. He was defeated by Mehdi Khodabakhshi of Iran in the first round. He was the flag bearer for Honduras in the closing ceremony.

References

External links

NBC Olympics Profile

Honduran male taekwondo practitioners
1981 births
Living people
Olympic taekwondo practitioners for Honduras
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2015 Pan American Games
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2019 Pan American Games
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2011 Pan American Games
Taekwondo practitioners at the 2007 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Honduras
21st-century Honduran people
Place of birth missing (living people)

Miguel Ferrera


The Ethiopians were one of Jamaica's best-loved harmony groups during the late ska, rocksteady and early reggae periods. Responsible for a significant number of hits between the mid-1960s and early 1970s, the group was also one of the first Jamaican acts to perform widely in Britain.

Origins
The Ethiopians was founded by Leonard Dillon (9 December 1942 – 28 September 2011) with Stephen "Tough Cock" Taylor and Aston "Charlie" Morrison at the tail end of the ska period. Dillon was a stonemason from the small community of Boundbrook, located on the outskirts of the northeast coastal town of Port Antonio, where he was raised by his grandparents in a strict Seventh Day Adventist household. With his grandfather the choirmaster in the local church, Dillon had good grounding in music from an early age. While still attending high school, he performed with a local act known as the Playboys (later re-named Ray and the Gladiators), the mellifluousness of his voice bringing the nickname "Sparrow".

"The Ethiopians" (Originally "The Ethiopian Children") were one of Jamaica's most influential vocal groups during their heyday. Not only did the original quartet (Leonard Dillon, Wally Booker, Harold Bishop & Neville Duncan) spearhead the transition between Ska and Rocksteady, Dillon's heavily Rastafarian lyrics also paved the way for the socially conscious roots reggae era that was to come  ref>Ethiopians (Neville Duncan)</ref>

Like many of his peers, Dillon moved to Kingston towards the end of his teen years in search of work, staying first in a tiny shack in the west Kingston slum of Back-O-Wall. He travelled to Fellsmere, Florida in 1963 on a seasonal farm work contract, and after returning to Kingston in 1964, he settled in Trench Town, lodging at the home of the aunt of popular sound system deejay King Sporty, who he knew from his days in Port Antonio. In Trench Town, Dillon met Peter Tosh, who introduced him to Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston, his fellow vocalists in the Wailers. An audition was swiftly arranged at Studio One, where the Wailers were recording some of the biggest hits of the day, which led to Dillon voicing his first material. Three songs were backed by the Wailers, including a sound system favourite called "Ice Water", based on lyrics of double entendre, while "Suffering On The Land" and "Beggars Have No Choice" were more concerned with the harshness of life in the ghetto; a fourth song, "Woman, Wine And Money", featured Delroy Wilson on harmony. All of the songs were issued on  45 rpm singles, credited to Jack Sparrow. Shortly after the release of these singles, through the efforts of the Ethiopian Reorganization Centre in Waterhouse (established by elders Nasser King and Daddy King), Dillon entered the Rastafari faith, which he remained committed to thereafter.

Founding
Sales of the Jack Sparrow material were not particularly high, and the Wailers were focussing on their own careers. Noting that harmony groups were all the rage in Jamaica, Dillon subsequently made an exit from the Studio One stable to form a harmony group of his own with Taylor, Morrison, and a youth known as Foresight, who he encountered on the street in Waterhouse; the Ethiopian Reorganization Centre became their main rehearsal space. Foresight dropped out early, so by the time Dillon brought the group back to Studio One, they were a trio, debating whether to call themselves the Heartaches or the Ethiopians, until Studio One founder Clement "Sir Coxsone" Dodd decisively stated that the latter was more distinctive, and more fitting for a group that was spiritually minded. The first songs the group recorded at Studio One included "Live Good", "Why You Gonna Leave Me Now" and the rocksteady classic "Owe Me No Pay Me", produced by Lloyd Daley, and aimed at a man known as Stampede that owed Dillon money. The uncertain nature of the music business caused Morrison to then quit the group, since he had a young family to support. Undaunted by his departure, Dillon and Taylor went back to Studio One to record another half-dozen tracks, including the boastful "I'm Gonna Take Over Now", and a late-ska number called "I Am Free," which castigated an unfaithful lover.

Success
Despite the popularity of the material, their earnings were still not sufficient for the group to concentrate on music full-time. Continuing with the masonry led Dillon to the Ethiopians' next phase, once he found a financial backer for the group in the form of real estate speculator, Leebert Robinson, who financed the self-produced single "Train to Skaville", issued in Jamaica on WIRL (West Indies Records Limited). Subsequent singles, "The Whip" and "Cool It Amigo", were recorded at WIRL studio with top rocksteady band, Lynn Taitt and the Jets, (and engineer Lynford Anderson), and licensed to Sonia Pottiger for release in Jamaica, as well as Graeme Goodall's Doctor Bird label in Britain; the three songs were all significant hits in 1967. "Train to Skaville" made an impact overseas and brought the Ethiopians to the UK for their first tour in 1968, since the song had briefly appeared in the UK Singles Chart. The tour lasted three months in 1968, and another two months in 1969, and was arranged by Commercial Entertainment.

Back in Jamaica, Melvin Reid became a temporary member of the group for some recordings made at Federal recording studio, but the group soon reverted to a duo again. "Cut Down (On Your Speed)" was recorded for Lee "Scratch" Perry, but far more successful work was issued by H. Robinson's Carib Disco company, including "Reggae Hit The Town", celebrating the new beat, and the successful "Engine 54" (recorded at a time when Trinidadian immigrant Garnet Hargreaves was acting as manager of the group), which celebrated a defunct railway engine that used to transport city folk on countryside excursions in Jamaica. The popularity of this track and earlier hit singles led to a debut album, Engine 54, issued by Doctor Bird in the UK.

Then, the most solid and lasting working relationship was forged with producer Carl Johnson, yielding a series of hits in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Things started off with "Everything Crash," after Sir JJ told Dillon to write a song with that title when Dillon first appeared at JJ's shop on Orange Street; the song commented on the widespread strikes that gripped Jamaica in 1968 and was recorded with the backing band, the Caribbeats. Other hits to follow included "Feel The Spirit," "Hong Kong Flu," and "Woman Capture Man". The Sir JJ phase yielded the popular albums Reggae Power and Woman Capture Man, both issued by Trojan Records in Britain.

During the early 1970s, the Ethiopians recorded widely for various producers, including Lloyd "The Matador" Daley ("Satan Gal"), Duke Reid ("Pirate"), Derrick Harriott ("Good Ambition"), Rupie Edwards ("Hail Rasta Man"), Alvin Ranglin ("Love Bug"), Prince Buster ("You Are For Me"), Joe Gibbs ("Ring A Burn Finger"), Bob Andy ("The Word Is Love"), and Lee Perry ("Life Is A Funny Thing"), among others. Dillon also helped build Perry's Black Ark Studios in 1973-4. In 1975, Stephen Taylor was killed in a traffic accident, leading to a period of inactivity as Dillon struggled to adapt to life without his singing partner.

New version and solo work
Dillon subsequently formed a new version of the Ethiopians with other members of the Rastafari faith, including Melvin Reid, to record the album Slave Call with Niney the Observer in 1977. There were also a handful of singles cut for Alvin Ranglin, Winston Riley, Joe Gibbs and Rupie Edwards, circa 1976-78.

Leonard Dillon then largely became a solo artist. Under the name The Ethiopian, Dillon cut Open The Gate Of Zion for Ranglin in 1978, and Everything Crash for Studio One in 1980, the latter featuring "Locust" voiced on a mutation of the "Train to Skaville" rhythm. The Dread Prophecy album, shared with The Gladiators, was issued by the American label Nighthawk in 1986, One Step Forward surfaced in France on Blue Moon in 1992, Owner Fer De Yard was a Studio One set issued by Heartbeat in 1994, Tuffer Than Stone was recorded with Jahco Thelwell in 1999 and issued on the Melodie label in France, while Mystic Man was issued by Studio One in 2002; a second set for Nighthawk remains unreleased.

The Ethiopians reached the end when Dillon died on 28 September 2011.

Discography
Releases by The Ethiopians include:
Engine '54: Let's Ska and Rock Steady - (1968) - Jamaican Gold
Reggae Power - (1969)
Woman a Capture Man - (1970) - Trojan
Slave Call - (1977) - Heartbeat
Open The Gate Of Zion - (1978) - Channel One
Dread Prophecy - (1989) - Nighthawk
Let's Ska and Rock Steady - (1990) - VP Records
The World Goes Ska - (1992) - Trojan
Clap Your Hands - (1993) - Lagoon
Sir J.J. & Friends - (1993) - Lagoon
Owner Fer De Yard - (1994) - Heartbeat
Train to Skaville - (1999) - Charly
Tuffer Than Stone - (1999) - Warriors
Skaville Princess - (2000) - Dressed to Kill
Train to Skaville: Anthology 1966-1975 - (2002) - Trojan - compilation
Open The Gate Of Zion  - (2020) - Jamaican Art Records (de-luxe re-release)

References

External links
Music Like Dirt
Ethiopians (Neville Duncan)
THE ETHIOPIANS @ N1M

Jamaican reggae musical groups
Jamaican ska groups
First-wave ska groups
Heartbeat Records artists

The Ethiopians