Mithridates Chrestus (; the Good, flourished 2nd century BC, died 115 BC-113 BC) was a Prince and co-ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus.

Chrestus was of Greek and Persian ancestry. He was the second son and among the children born to the Pontian monarchs Mithridates V of Pontus and Laodice VI. He was born and raised in the Kingdom of Pontus.

His father was assassinated in about 120 BC in Sinope poisoned by unknown persons at a lavish banquet which he held. In the will of his father, Mithridates V left the Kingdom to the joint rule of his mother, his eldest brother Mithridates VI of Pontus and himself. As Chrestus and his brother were underage and thus unable to rule, their mother retained all the power as regent. She favored Chrestus over his elder brother.

In 116 BC/115 BC, Chrestus and his brother were honored by Dionysius, the gymnasiarch on the Greek island of Delos. Another dedication survives in Athens, by a gymnasiarch of statues of Chrestus and his brother to the Greek Patron God Zeus on behalf of Chrestus and his brother apparently in recognition of his aid to sailors and traders.

Mithridates VI escaped from the plotting of his mother and went into hiding. Between 116 BC-113 BC he emerged from hiding, returned to Pontus and was hailed King. He was able to remove his mother and Chrestus from the Pontian throne and become the sole ruler of Pontus. As sole King, Mithridates VI showed clemency towards his mother and brother, by not executing them. He did, however, imprison both of them. Laodice died in prison of natural causes. It is unclear whether Chrestus also died in prison from natural causes or was later tried for treason and then executed on the orders of Mithridates VI. When they died, Mithridates VI gave his mother and brother a royal funeral.

References

Sources
 Day, J. An Economic History of Athens under Roman Domination, Ayer Publishing, 1942
 Erciyas, D. B. Wealth, Aristocracy and Royal Propaganda under the Hellenistic Kingdom of the Mithradatids in the Central Black Sea Region in Turkey, Brill, 2006
 Mayor, A. The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome's deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, 2009

2nd-century BC monarchs in Asia
Iranian people of Greek descent
2nd-century BC Iranian people
1st-century BC Iranian people
Ancient Persian people
Ancient child monarchs
1st-century BC monarchs in Asia
Mithridatic dynasty

Mithridates Chrestus


Lawson J. Deming (April 23, 1913 – April 24, 2007) was a radio and TV character actor best known in Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Washington, D.C., and parts of Canada as the Saturday afternoon television horror movie host "Sir Graves Ghastly."

Early years
Deming was born and grew up near Cleveland, OH.  He attended Western Reserve University's Cleveland College, where he studied speech, dramatic arts and radio production.  As part of a college radio play production class, he first appeared on the airwaves of WHK radio in the autumn of 1932. After college, Deming freelanced for a number of area stations and also landed an announcing job in West Palm Beach, FL before returning to his native Cleveland in the 1940s.

The new medium of television greatly interested Deming, and he broke in via Cleveland NBC affiliate KYW-TV as an afternoon movie host in 1949.  The show, called One O'Clock Playhouse, ran until 1956.  In the early 1960s, Lawson became a regular on the Cleveland children's show Woodrow the Woodsman, starring fellow Cleveland actor J. Clayton Conroy.  Deming's face never appeared on the air, but he was the puppeteer and supplied multiple voices for the animal characters on the show.  It was here that he finally got a chance on television to use his talents (honed on radio) for doing accents.  It was stated that he could do 27 ethnic dialects.

Sir Graves Ghastly
In 1965, KYW-TV was sold and the new ownership decided they did not want any locally produced children's shows. Woodrow the Woodsman eventually got picked up by WJBK, TV2 in Detroit, late in 1966. WJBK had lost their popular horror movie host "Morgus the Magnificent" (Sid Noel) a year earlier.  Shortly after Woodrow began taping, TV2 approached Lawson about filling a Saturday afternoon horror movie slot, and Sir Graves Big Show (as it was originally called) was born.

Brainstorming with his long-time wife, Mary Rita, Deming eventually came up with a tongue-in-cheek vampire character "Sir Graves Ghastly" to be the lead on the show. The character was most widely recognized for his dark (and fake) mustache and goatee, plus a cackling, nasally laugh ("Nyaaa-aaaaaaah"). Sir Graves wasn't the only character on the show. Deming also developed a sidekick named Baruba (dressed in a monk's outfit and hood, so you couldn't see the face), who did his bidding. Perhaps the most beloved character was The Glob, whose face appeared (via early special effects) in the moon above the cemetery set. (The face was actually Sir Graves', upside-down, with eyes and nose painted on the chin.) The Glob's main role was to lip sync silly parody songs, such as "I Wanna Bite Your Hand" and "Ghoul Days."

Other characters included Reel McCoy (a diminutive caretaker who would dig up the movie reels at the beginning of the show), Tilly Trollhouse (a castle maid with a deep Bela Lugosi accent, played by Deming in drag) and Sir Graves' German-accented cousin, Baron Boogaloff. While billed as a kids' show, Deming's sly sense of humor often flew over the heads of children, which might explain why a TV2 ratings poll in 1971 showed that about one-third of his audience were adults.

Deming nearly became a corpse for real in 1970. Living in Cleveland, he would regularly take a TAG Airlines plane to Detroit to tape his show in the Motor City. On January 28, 1970, Deming narrowly missed his flight; the plane crashed, killing all nine people aboard. Deming took the bus after that, enduring six-hour round-trip rides.

In all, Sir Graves Ghastly ran for fifteen seasons in Detroit. Due to the show's popularity (it was topping all other programs in its time slot other than live sporting events), WJBK added the occasional after-school or prime time Sir Graves special and, of course, several Halloween specials. The explosion of televised sports in the early 1980s, particularly college football, caused Sir Graves to go into hiatus after the November 6, 1982, program (featuring the film Corridors of Blood). A management change during this time led to the program being "officially" cancelled in 1983 before any other shows were produced. As he did while his show was running, Deming continued to do speaking engagements and personal appearances well into the 1990s.

In the 1970s, Deming marketed the Sir Graves character to Cleveland and Washington, D.C., where it also became a big hit. But his popularity in those markets never quite reached that of the Detroit audience (and many in neighboring Canada that could pick up the WJBK signal), where his "evil" laugh and catch phrases like "Happy Haunting" are remembered by an entire generation of both kids and adults.

Lawson Deming died on April 24, 2007, at the age of 94.

Awards and recognition
 1998 "Silver Circle" inductee, National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS)

References

External links

 http://facebook.com/sirgravesghastlyofficial

1913 births
2007 deaths
American male television actors
Male actors from Cleveland
Television in Detroit
Television in Cleveland
Horror hosts
20th-century American male actors

Lawson J. Deming


Paul Albert Raymond Barlatier de Mas (13 October 1802, Saint-Omer - 24 January 1874, Paris), was a French Baron, Chief of the Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée Railway Company, and mayor of Dammarie-les-Lys. Baron Barlatier de Mas was the grandson of Captain Paul François Ignace de Barlatier de Mas.
In 1776 Barlatier de Mas married Marie Élise Trappier de Malcolm, daughter of the Napoleonic General and Baron, Jacques-Elisée Trappier de Malcolm and Marie-Charlotte-Félicité Lombard de Villeneuve.

References

1802 births
1874 deaths
People from Saint-Omer

Baron Barlatier de Mas


Arlie Oswald Petters, MBE (born February 8, 1964) is a Belizean-American mathematical physicist, who is the Benjamin Powell Professor of mathematics and a professor of physics and economics at Duke University. Petters became the provost at New York University Abu Dhabi effective September 1, 2020. Petters is a founder of mathematical astronomy, focusing on problems connected to the interplay of gravity and light and employing tools from astrophysics, cosmology, general relativity, high energy physics, differential geometry, singularities, and probability theory. His monograph "Singularity Theory and Gravitational Lensing" developed a mathematical theory of gravitational lensing.  Petters was also the dean of academic affairs for Trinity College of Arts and Sciences and associate vice provost for undergraduate education at Duke University (2016-2019).

Biography
Petters was raised by his grandparents in the rural community of Dangriga, Belize (formerly Stann Creek Town, British Honduras).  His mother immigrated to Brooklyn, New York, and married a U.S. citizen, with Arlie joining them when he was 14 years old.

Petters earned a B.A./M.A. in Mathematics and Physics from Hunter College, CUNY in 1986 with a thesis on "The Mathematical Theory of General Relativity", and began his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Mathematics in the same year. After two years of doctoral studies, he became an exchange scholar in the Princeton University Department of Physics in absentia from MIT. Petters earned his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1991 under advisors Bertram Kostant (MIT) and David Spergel (Princeton University).  He remained at MIT for two years as an instructor of pure mathematics (1991–1993) and then joined the faculty at Princeton University in the Department of Mathematics. He was an assistant professor at Princeton for five years (1993–1998) before moving to Duke University.

Many media outlets have profiled Arlie Petters and his scholarship, including The New York Times, NOVA, The HistoryMakers (a digital archive of oral histories featuring African-Americans and preserved at the Library of Congress),  Big Think, and Duke University's news outlet, The Chronicle.

Research
Petters is known for his work in the mathematical theory of gravitational lensing.

Over the ten-year period from 1991 to 2001, Petters systematically developed a mathematical theory of weak-deflection gravitational lensing, beginning with his 1991 MIT Ph.D. thesis on "Singularities in Gravitational Microlensing". In a series of papers, he and his collaborators resolved an array of theoretical problems in weak-deflection gravitational lensing covering image counting, fixed-point images, image magnification, image time delays, local geometry of caustics, global geometry of caustics, wavefronts, caustic surfaces, and caustic surfing. His work culminated in book, entitled Singularity Theory and Gravitational Lensing (Springer 2012), which he co-authored with Harold Levine and Joachim Wambganns.  This book, which addressed the question, "What is the universe made of?", systematically created a framework of stability and genericity for k-plane gravitational lensing. The book drew upon powerful tools from the theory of singularities and put the subject of weak-deflection k-plane gravitational lensing on a rigorous and unified mathematical foundation.

Following his 1991–2001 body of mathematical lensing work, Petters turned to more astrophysical lensing issues from 2002 to 2005. In collaboration with astronomers, he applied some of the mathematical theory in [AP13] to help develop a practical diagnostic test for the presence of dark substructures in galaxies lensing quasars; classify the local astrometric (centroid) and photometric curves of an extended source when it crosses fold and cusp caustics due to generic lenses; predict the quantitative astrometric curve's shape produced by Galactic binary lenses.  The classified local properties of the astrometric curves revealed a characteristic S-shape for fold crossings, parabolic and swallowtail features for cusp crossings, and a jump discontinuity for crossings over the fold arcs merging into a cusp. Petters, Levine, and Wambgamnns also developed a formula to calculate the size of the jump.

During the period from 2005 to 2007, Petters collaborated with astronomers and physicists to explore gravitational lensing in directions beyond its traditional confines in astronomy. In a series of three mathematical physics papers published written with the astronomer Charles R. Keeton, he utilized higher-order gravitational lensing effects by compact bodies to test different theories of gravity with the general theory of relativity of Einstein among them. These papers computed beyond the standard weak-deflection limit the first- and second-order corrections to the image positions, magnifications, and time delays due to lensing in general relativity and alternative gravitational theories describable within the PPN formalism, and even determined lensing invariants for the PPN family of models. Their findings were applied to the Galactic black hole, binary pulsars, and gravitational microlensing scenarios to make testable predictions about lensed images and their time delays. Another paper took on the difficult issue of how to test hyperspace models like braneworld gravity that postulate an extra dimension to physical space. The paper developed a semi-classical wave theory of braneworld black hole lensing and used that theory along with braneworld cosmology to predict a testable signature of microscopic braneworld black holes on gamma-ray light. Additionally, in a 2007 paper, Petters and M.C. Werner found a system of equations that can be applied to test the Cosmic Censorship Hypothesis observationally using the realistic case of lensing by a Kerr black hole.

Petters's previous work (1991–2007) dealt with non-random gravitational lensing. Starting in 2008, his research program focused on developing a mathematical theory of random (stochastic) gravitational lensing. In two papers, Petters, Rider, and Teguia took first steps in creating a mathematical theory of stochastic gravitational microlensing. They characterized to several asymptotic orders the probability densities of random time delay functions, lensing maps, and shear maps in stochastic microlensing and determined a Kac-Rice type formula for the global expected number of images due to a general stochastic lens system. The work forms a concrete framework from which extensions to more general random maps can be made.
In two additional papers, he and Aazami found geometric universal magnification invariants of higher-order caustics occurring in lensing and caustics produced by generic general maps up to codimension five. The invariants hold with a probability of 1 for random lenses and thereby form important consistency checks for research on random image magnifications of sources near stable caustics.

Social outreach
Petters has served as director of the Reginaldo Howard Memorial Scholarship program at Duke University. He has also been active in the African-American community particularly through his mentoring, recruiting, and lecturing. He has received several community service awards for his social outreach. Petters is the first tenured African-American professor in mathematics at Duke University. He is very involved in the Belizean community and founded the Petters Research Institute in 2005 to help train Belizean young people in STEM fields and foster STEM entrepreneurship. He has written five books, three of them science and mathematics problem-solving books for Belizean students.  Some of his entrepreneurial work was conducted while he was a professor of business administration at Duke's Fuqua School of Business (2008–2017).  Petters also served the Government of Belize as chairman of the Council of Science Advisers to the prime minister of Belize (2010–2013).

Awards and honors
Petters has received numerous awards and honors.  He was won an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship in Mathematics (1998), and a CAREER award from the National Science Foundation (1998), and was the first winner of the Blackwell-Tapia Prize (2002). He was selected in 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences to be part of a permanent Portrait Collection of Outstanding African-Americans in Science, Engineering, and Medicine. In 2008 Petters was also included among the Human Relations Associates' list of "The Twenty-Five Greatest Scientists of African Ancestry,"going back to the eighteenth century. He received an honorary Doctor of Science from his alma mater, Hunter College, in 2008. Petters was named by the Queen of the United Kingdom in 2008 to membership in the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. In recognition of his scientific accomplishments and service to society, Petters's birthplace—Dangriga, Belize—honored him in 2009 by naming a road Dr. Arlie Petters Street. He became in 2011 the first Belizean to receive the Caribbean American Heritage Award for Excellence in Science and Technology. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society and the first Belizean American to be Grand Marshal of the Central American Day Parade in Los Angeles, where he received honors from the mayor and from the Confederation Centroamericana (COFECA). Petters was recognized by Mathematically Gifted & Black as a Black History Month 2017 Honoree.

References

External links
 NOVA scienceNOW Profile: Arlie Petters
 New York Times A CONVERSATION WITH: ARLIE PETTERS; A Journey to Bridge Math and the Cosmos
 National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences:
 Mathematicians of the African Diaspora Arlie O. Petters - Mathematicians of the African Diaspora
African American History Program

1964 births
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
African-American mathematicians
21st-century African-American scientists
Scientists from New York (state)
21st-century American physicists
Belizean academics
Belizean emigrants to the United States
Duke University faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Hunter College alumni
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
People from Dangriga
Princeton University faculty
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
African-American physicists

Arlie Petters


Zombies: A Record of the Year of Infection is a 2009 apocalyptic horror illustrated novel written by Don Roff and illustrated by Chris Lane. The cover indicates the book is a compilation of the field notes of Dr. Robert Twombly, a survivor of a wave of untraceable infections that sweep the world turning the dead into zombies. The book is written as a journal of the protagonist, forward dated to 2012.

Plot

A short prologue explains that the story, notes and images were those of Dr. Robert Twombly and were found in a remote cabin in the township of Churchill, Manitoba. The notes detail an individual account of survival and escape after a mass-scale (presumably global) zombie outbreak, referred to as a 'Necrotic Infection', beginning around January 7, 2012, and lasting for approximately one year. The purported importance of the journal comes from both Twombly's artistry and his medical knowledge, which permitted him to document the zombie outbreak with a unique level of detail and candor.

The author extensively utilizes a false document technique, mixing diary-style first person stream of consciousness narration, drawn and painted images detailing the world following an undead pandemic, as well as brief glimpses of 'found' objects such as newspaper clippings and official reports to generate the central narrative.

Dr. Twombly, a haematology and oncology specialist in Seattle, Washington keeps a journal detailing events from January 5 until March 28, 2012. At first the diary appears to be used for sketches of birds, but an entry on January 12 describes a pandemic of unknown cause overwhelming the entire city and much of the world beyond. Before the internet shut down, headlines referring to a sudden, critical infection affecting thousands worldwide show the scale of the unfolding catastrophe, destroying  commerce and limiting travel. His office is beleaguered by thousands, all showing identical symptoms of an unknown, seemingly undetectable pathogen. As the sick begin to die they quickly reanimate, walking slowly, attempting to devour those around them still alive, and – to varying extents – exhibiting some behavior of their previous existences (one bashes a vending machine as he did when he was alive, and later a married couple – now zombies – hold hands as they walk). While tests confirm that the reanimated 'zombies' are clinically dead, Twombly talks at length about the limitations and strengths of the undead.

Meeting other survivors, and after witnessing an infection and reanimation first-hand, Twombly makes his way northward. His initial suspicions relating to a new GM food additive made by chemical company Primodyne are explored, although evidence relating to its accumulated toxicity is inconclusive, although its sudden prevalence and bio-accumulative effect does provide a logical explanation for the speed of the global infection, as well as the infection occasionally affecting individuals who have not come into direct contact with the zombies.

Twombly spends much time on a small, isolated bucolic inn called 'the Farm' with nineteen other survivors, although eventually he is forced to move even further northward after the Farm is overrun by zombies and burned down. Finally he finds the town of Churchill, Manitoba where nobody has had any interaction with the infected.

His final entry indicates that the threat is apparently subsiding, with the town secure and partially fortified. The entry is, however, cut off mid-word with a slight spatter of blood.

References

External links
  Review of Zombies by chroniclebooks.com
  Review of Zombies by undeadinthehead.com
  Review of Zombies by 28dayslateranalysis.com
  Review of Zombies by graemesfantasybookreview.com
   Review of Zombies by feoamante.com

2009 American novels
American horror novels
Post-apocalyptic novels
Zombie novels
Novels set in Seattle
Novels set in Manitoba
Churchill, Manitoba
Fiction set in 2012


Anglia Ruskin University (ARU) is a public university in East Anglia, United Kingdom. Its origins are in the Cambridge School of Art, founded by William John Beamont, a Fellow of Trinity College at University of Cambridge, in 1858. It became a university in 1992, and was renamed after John Ruskin, the Oxford University professor and author, in 2005. Ruskin gave the inauguration speech of the Cambridge School of Art in 1858. It is one of the "post-1992 universities". The motto of the university is in Latin Excellentia per societatem, in English Excellence through partnership.

In 2022, Anglia Ruskin had 35,195 students. ARU has five campuses across the south-eastern portion of the United Kingdom in Cambridgeshire, Essex, and Greater London.

There are four faculties of study at the university, namely:

 Faculty of Business and Law
 Faculty of Arts, Humanities, Education & Social Sciences
 Faculty of Health, Medicine & Social Care
 Faculty of Science & Engineering.

Campuses
The university has campuses in Cambridge, Chelmsford, Writtle, Peterborough, and London.

Facilities

Cambridge
Anglia Ruskin's Cambridge Campus is home to one of only 9 optometry schools in the UK, having its own optometry clinic.

The Cambridge campus has recently been redeveloped, which began with the refurbishment of the main building, named Helmore after the late Roy Helmore, who was principal of the Cambridge College of Arts and Technology from 1977 to 1986. This refurbishment was completed in 2006. In 2009, one of the university's largest buildings, Rackham, in the centre of the campus, was demolished to make way for the new Lord Ashcroft International Business School. The new business school was opened in 2011. The Mumford Theatre, which presents a range of professional touring, local community and student theatre for both the public and members of the university, is housed at the centre of the campus.

From 2015, a new building, known as Young Street (named for its location between Young Street and New Street,) began hosting nursing and health courses, such as midwifery, paramedic, and ODP. This building is also home to the university's music therapy centre.

Also as of 2015, all sports, computing or technology courses became based at the newly established Compass House building, about 0.3 miles (0.5 km) along East Road from the main campus.

Chelmsford
The Chelmsford campus houses the Queen's Building (opened in 1995) and the Sawyer's Building (opened in 2001). The Queen's Building was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II. The Michael A. Ashcroft Building opened in 2003 (renamed to Lord Ashcroft Building) by HRH Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex; the Mildmay Sports Centre, and the Tindal Building, in 2005; the William Harvey Building in 2007; The Faculty Building (renamed The Marconi Building in 2011) in 2008; and the Postgraduate Medical Institute building – named as Michael Salmon Building in 2017 -, opened 2011. In May 2017, the work has started on the building of Essex's first School of Medicine. The School of Medicine was opened in 2019 by HRH Prince Edward, Duke of Kent.

London
ARU London has two locations. Farringdon Building is in Charterhouse Street in Holborn, which is on the border of City of London. East India Building is located in former East India Docks and next to Canary Wharf in London Borough of Tower Hamlets.

Peterborough
Anglia Ruskin University Peterborough was opened in 2022. The University House was the first building at ARU Peterborough. Peterborough Research & Innovation Centre is set to open in 2023.

Writtle
In 2023, Anglia Ruskin University and Writtle University College announced a merger. Writtle University College became ARU Writtle. ARU Writtle offers postgraduate, undergraduate, further education and short courses in the areas of agriculture and animal sciences, with students benefiting from a working farm, a specialist small animal unit and an equine centre based on campus. Writtle has also developed a range of degree programmes in applied life sciences, sport, and health subjects. The Royal Horticultural Society has awarded students multiple tiimes.

Student Housing
Cambridge campus has Anastasia House, Peter Taylor House, Swinhoe House Hall of Residence, the Railyard, Sedley Court, CB1, and university houses around the city.

Chelmsford campus has Chelmsford Student Village.

At the new Peterborough campus students use private-sector accommodations.

Students at ARU London use private-sector accommodations.

Organisation and administration

There are four Faculties of study at Anglia Ruskin University:
 Faculty of Business and Law
 Faculty of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences
 Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine & Social Care
 Faculty of Science & Engineering

Faculties and Schools

Faculty of Business and Law
The Faculty of Business and Law is located in Cambridge, Chelmsford, Peterborough, and London.

The faculty has two schools, the School of Economics, Finance and Law, and the School of Management.

Anglia Ruskin University is one of the largest business schools in the East of England, with nearly 100 full-time teaching staff and approximately 7,200 students from over 100 countries.

The business school is a member of the EFMD and offers degrees. Several programmes of the business school are accredited by ACCA and CIMA, and many other professional bodies in the United Kingdom.

In 2017, Bloomberg Financial Markets Lab was opened for finance, banking, accounting, and economics students at Chelmsford campus.

The business school was previously called Lord Ashcroft International Business School. It was named after former student at Mid-Essex Technical College, a predecessor institution that is now part of ARU, and former Chancellor of ARU (2001 until 2021) Lord Ashcroft. In January 2020 Lord Ashcroft stepped down after nearly 20 years as Chancellor of Anglia Ruskin University, with Lord Ribeiro appointed as his successor.

During his time as Chancellor, Lord Ashcroft made donations totalling £10 million to build two Lord Ashcroft International Business School facilities in Chelmsford and Cambridge. Lord Ashcroft Building in Chelmsford was inaugurated by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex in 2003. Lord Ashcroft Building in Cambridge was opened in 2011.

In 2022, ARU Certificate for Professional Development came 3rd out of over 70 submissions for Most Innovative Approach to Developing Employability Skills at the Pearson HE Innovate Awards.

In 2022, the Faculty of Business and Law was awarded the Small Business Charter Award.

The business school has an Entrepreneurs in Residence programme. In 2023, X-Forces Enterprise joined the programme as a strategic partner.

Faculty of Science & Technology

The Faculty of Science & Technology was one of the largest faculties at Anglia Ruskin University, with six departments spread across both Cambridge and Chelmsford campuses.

The Department of Built Environment was a large multidisciplinary department with the most comprehensive Built Environment portfolio in Eastern England and is based at the Chelmsford campus.

The Department of Computing and Technology was located at both the Chelmsford and Cambridge campuses. The department maintained close links with the electronics, software, automotive and creative industries, and is a Cisco Systems Regional Networking Academy.

The Department of Life Sciences was located at the Cambridge campus. Equipment for teaching includes laboratories, gas and liquid chromatographic systems, and facilities for drugs analysis, toxicology, fire investigation and DNA analysis.

The Department of Psychology was based at the Cambridge campus. It was recognised for its performance in the 2008 UK Research Assessment Exercise, making it the UK's top-rated Psychology department in a post-1992 university for the quality of its research.

The Department of Vision & Hearing Sciences was based at the Cambridge Campus for Optometry and Ophthalmic Dispensing

Research: Psychology, Vision, and Environmental Sciences research was rated as "world leading" or of "international" quality in the 2008 UK Research Assessment Exercise. Successes include discoveries of new animal species, design of new car bonnets for improved pedestrian safety, and leading study in the first to study the toxic effects of benzylpiperazine (BZP).

In 2023, the Peterborough Innovation and Research Centre launched XRP eXtended Reality Peterborough, an immersive learning environment.

Faculty of Arts, Law & Social Sciences
The Faculty of Arts, Law & Social Sciences (ALSS) offered courses from Foundation to PhD level through its five departments, which include the Cambridge School of Art itself.

The faculty also housed the Anglia Ruskin University Language Centre, which provided language training and courses to students, staff and the general public, and supports 11 research clusters, including the Cultures of the Digital Economy Research Institute (CoDE) Research Institute.

Anglia Law School runs courses on both Cambridge and Chelmsford campuses, with a mock courtroom on each. Course provision includes undergraduate, postgraduate, research and professional qualifications. Their LLB (Hons) Law was rated in the top third of undergraduate law courses in the Guardian League Tables 2013.

Cambridge School of Art is home to some 800 students studying for undergraduate, taught masters and doctoral qualifications. Its graduates include Syd Barrett and David Gilmour of Pink Floyd, Spitting Image Creators Peter Fluck and Roger Law and Creator of St Trinian's Ronald Searle.

English, Communication, Film and Media: The department offered courses at undergraduate, postgraduate and research level over three programmes: Film and Media; English Literature, writing and publishing; and English Language and Intercultural Communication. Their Film and Media provision ranked in the top quarter, and BA (Hons) in the top third, of The Guardian University League Table 2013.

Humanities and Social Sciences: Offered courses in History, Philosophy, Sociology, Public Service and Psychosocial Studies at undergraduate, postgraduate and degree level. Their History and Sociology provision both ranked in the top third of The Guardian University League Table 2013, while Philosophy ranked 16th.

Music and Performing Arts: Offers courses at undergraduate level in Music, Drama, Creative Music Technology, Popular Music and Performing Arts and at postgraduate level in Music Therapy and Dramatherapy. Research Degree supervision is also offered in a range of subjects. The department organises a varied programme of events each semester, including Lunchtime Concerts, Anglia Opera and Festival Week, and provides individual instrumental and vocal tuition.

Anglia Ruskin is a member of the Creative East.

Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine & Social Care

Following a restructure of the university in 2018 the Faculty of Medical Science and the Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education merged to form the new Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care. The merger also involved a transition from a department organisation to a school based one. This saw the School of Economics, Finance and Law move to the new Faculty of Business and Law. The University now contains 13 schools.

The Faculty of Health, Social Care & Education was based in Chelmsford, Cambridge, and Peterborough. The Faculty is divided in 5 departments including Acute Care, Allied Health & Medicine, Education, Family & Community Studies and Primary & Public Health.

The Faculty of Health, Social Care & Education offers courses over a range of study levels, from foundation and undergraduate degrees to postgraduate qualifications. A variety of disciplines were available from nursing, operating department practice and social work to midwifery, education studies, public health and laparoscopic surgery.

HSHS, the former Homerton School of Health Studies, was acquired by the University from the Trustees of Homerton College, University of Cambridge, in 2005, after working closely in partnership for a number of years.

The former Faculty of Medical Science built on the international reputation of ARU's Postgraduate Medical Institute (PMI) on its Chelmsford campus, the Faculty of Medical Science (FMS) opened in 2014. The Faculty runs courses at the Department of Allied & Public Health and the Department of Medicine & Healthcare Science. It is home to the university's nascent School of Medicine which is the third department of this Faculty.  The Faculty offers medical and clinically-focused undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral level degrees.

It merged with the Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education in 2018 to become the new Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care.

On 10 October 2016, Anglia Ruskin announced that they planned to open Essex's first School of Medicine at its Chelmsford Campus. The purpose built brand new medical school would be the first undergraduate medical school in Essex and would cost £20-million to build. The medical school would include state-of-the-art skills facilities, specialist teaching space, a lecture theatre and a cadaveric anatomy suite.

On 19 May 2017, Anglia Ruskin announced that it has begun works to build the purpose built medical school on its Chelmsford Campus, due to be opened in September 2018. Chief Executive of Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust and Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Clare Panniker, attended the event alongside other officials.

On 21 September 2017, the university announced that the General Medical Council had approved its curriculum and that the university now had official School of Medicine status.
In 2019 the School was formally opened by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent.

In 2022, ARU founded the first university hub in the UK for Samaritans, a charity for emotional support.

In 2023, Anglia Ruskin was rated as tenth, amongst the top ten British universities in social work, by the Guardian newspaper.

Research Institutes
Anglia Ruskin has six research institutes.
 Cambridge Institute for Music Therapy Research
 Global Sustainability Institute
 Policing Institute for the Eastern Region
 StoryLab Research Institute
 Veterans and Families Research Institute
 Vision and Eye Research Institute (formerly Vision and Eye Research Unit, VERU

Partnerships
National partners are School of Osteopathy in London, Cambridge Regional College, Cambridge Theological Federation, College of West Anglia, Renew Counselling in Chelmsford, and University Centre Peterborough.

Distance learning partners are CNET Training and Cambridge Spark.

International partners are Imperium International College, First City University College, and MAHSA University in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia, and School of Accounting and Management in St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.

Anglia Ruskin University's past and present working life partners are NHS, British Armed Forces, Cambridge University Press, Essex County Council, UPS, Barclays, Capita, Russian Railways, Willmott Dixon, Morgan Sindall Infrastructure, Softwerx, Triangular Alliance, Greenwoods Legal, Virgin Money, Timberland, Volvo, and Harrods.

Chelmsford Campus move
The Chelmsford Central campus closed at the end of the 2007/8 academic year, with all facilities moving to the new buildings at the Rivermead campus (now called the Chelmsford Campus) on Bishop Hall Lane.

Three buildings were saved – the East building (built 1931), the Frederick Chancellor building (built 1902), and the Grade-2-listed Anne Knight building (built in the mid-19th century), which was used by Quakers. The East and Frederick Chancellor buildings fall under a conservation area, meaning they cannot be demolished without planning permission, as they are historically important due to their uses in the early days of higher education in Essex. The site is currently vacant due to the recession halting development which had been planned for many years; however, new plans have been released by Genesis Housing, who currently own the site.

The Chelmsford Campus facilities include a mock law court, mock hospital wards and operating theatres and labs.

ARU Peterborough
On 14 July 2020 the Minister of State for Universities Michelle Donelan announced Anglia Ruskin University (ARU) as the official higher education partner for a new employment-focused university in Peterborough, an initiative by the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority (CPCA) in collaboration with Peterborough City Council (PCC). The campus will also include a materials and manufacturing research and development centre inhabited by 3D printing specialists Photocentric, who have teamed up with the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority to create the facility on the new Peterborough university campus.

Ruskin Gallery
The Ruskin Gallery is the university's public art gallery. Admission is free. Exhibits have included historic and contemporary art, as well as works by students and staff. The gallery is surrounded by fine art, illustration, design, and media studios. On 9 May 2011 Ruskin Gallery unveiled its new digital gallery, which displays art in a digital format on High Definition screens, including the world's first Panasonic 103" 3D Full HD plasma screen.

Arise Innovation Hubs
Anglia Ruskin University founded Arise Innovations Hubs, which are located in Chelmsford and Harlow. Essex-based innovation hubs promote entrepreneurship and innovations by supporting startups and scaleups.

Anglia Ruskin Enterprise Academy (AREA)
Anglia Ruskin Enterprise Academy supports entrepreneurship among university students and alumni. AREA organises annually #ThinkBigARU business plan competition for students and alumni. The Entrepreneurs' Community connects students with alumni and external entrepreneurs.

Academic profile

Research
The 12 subject areas within Anglia Ruskin classified by the Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014 as producing "world-leading" research are: Allied Health Professions, Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy; Architecture, Built Environment and Planning; Art and Design: History, Practice and Theory; Business and Management Studies; Communication, Cultural and Media Studies, Library and Information Management; English Language and Literature; Geography, Environmental Studies and Archaeology; History; Law; Music, Drama, Dance and Performing Arts; Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Social Work and Social Policy.

An investigation performed at the end of 2007 by the QAA reveal that as a result of its investigations, the audit team's view of Anglia Ruskin University is that "confidence can reasonably be placed in the soundness of the institution's present and likely future management of the academic standards of the awards that it offers and the quality of the learning opportunities available to students". However, an external inspection of Initial Teacher Education revealed inadequacies in 2010. The areas highlighted were the effectiveness of the provision in securing high quality outcomes for trainees, and the extent to which the training and assessment ensures that all trainees progress to fulfill their potential given their ability and starting points. It was only the Primary ITE that was found to be inadequate in the inspection, the Secondary and FE ITE were awarded a mark of satisfactory. Since this inspection, the Primary ITE has been awarded 'satisfactory' grades by Ofsted in May 2011 and 'good' in 2012.

Charters
In October 2023, Anglia Ruskin University was the first university in the United Kingom to sign the UNISON's Anti-Racism Charter. The signing ceremony was held in Cambridge.

Rankings and awards

Anglia Ruskin University was awarded a First in the Green League 2012 by People & Planet. The league is based on ten environmental criteria, both policy and performance related. It incorporates data obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, including the percentage of waste recycled and CO2 emissions for each individual institution.

Anglia Ruskin University has been named as one of the most upwardly mobile universities in the world.

The list, produced by Higher Education strategy consultants Firetail and published by Times Higher Education, includes Anglia Ruskin as one of the 20 "rising stars" in global Higher Education. Anglia Ruskin is the only UK university to feature in the top 20. Nine of the "rising stars" are located in the United States, with universities in Australia, South Korea, Japan, Germany, and Finland completing the list.

Anglia Ruskin University (ARU) is ranked within the top 350 universities in the world and ranked joint 38th in the UK by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2020.

In 2021, Anglia Ruskin University (ARU) was in the top 10% of English higher education institutions (HEIs) for skills, enterprise and entrepreneurship and in the top 20% for local growth and regeneration, according to a report by Research England.

In 2022, the Times Higher Education placed ARU as 1st in the UK for Good Health and Wellbeing.

In 2023, the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) revelead that ARU was in top 15% in the country for graduates in employment and/or further study. ARU was ranked 3rd in the country for graduates who are employed as managers, directors or senior officials.

In 2023, Times Higher Education ranked ARU London as 3rd for overall positivity among higher education institutions in the UK.

Anglia Ruskin was awarded Entrepreneurial University of the Year in the 2014 Times Higher Education Awards.

The university won the Duke of York Award for University Entrepreneurship at the Lloyds Bank National Business Awards 2016.

In 2021, Anglia Ruskin was awarded The Queen's Anniversary Prize for music therapy research.

In May 2023, ARU was recognised for advancing race equality with a Bronze Race Equality Charter award. ARU was one of 38 UK universities who have achieved Bronze status, while only one has achieved Silver.

In 2023, ARU Peterborough won the University Impact Initiative of the Year from the Association of University Directors of Estates.

In 2023, ARU Peterborough won the Alliance Award for successful collaborations.

In 2023, ARU Peterborough was shortlisted for the AJ Architecture Awards.

In 2023, Anglia Ruskin University won the University of the Year title at the Social Mobility Awards (SOMO) which is a fundraising initiative for a charity. The Social Mobility Awards have been organized since 2017 and supported by the Prime Minister of the UK.

In 2023, ARU received Gold Award from The Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF).

In 2023, the university was shortlisted for the University of the Year accolade at the Times Higher Education (THE) 2023 awards.

History

Anglia Ruskin University has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art, founded by William John Beamont in 1858. The inaugural address was given by John Ruskin (often incorrectly described as the founder; in fact he founded the Ruskin School of Drawing in Oxford). The original location was near Sidney Sussex College, later moving to its present location in East Road, Cambridge. The governing body in the 1920s included two remarkable pioneers in the civic history of Cambridge, Clara Rackham and Lilian Mellish Clarke after whom buildings on the East Road campus were later named. In 1960 this became the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology (CCAT) In 1989 CCAT merged with the Essex Institute of Higher Education, which was originally a vocational school named Chelmsford School of Science and Art and was later known as Mid Essex Technical College and Chelmer Institute of Higher Education, to form the Anglia Higher Education College. The merged college became a polytechnic in 1991, using the name Anglia Polytechnic, and was then awarded university status in 1992.

Initially Anglia Polytechnic University (APU), it retained the word 'polytechnic' in its title because "the term 'polytechnic' still had value to students and their potential employers, symbolising as it did the sort of education that they were known for – equipping students with effective practical skills for the world of work" although in 2000 there was some self-doubt about including the term 'polytechnic' – it was the only university in the country to have done so. Wanting to keep the 'APU' abbreviation, a suggestion put forward by the governors was 'Anglia Prior University' (after a former Chancellor), but the Governors decided to keep 'polytechnic' in the title.

The university eventually reconsidered a name change and chose Anglia Ruskin University (thus incorporating into the title the surname of John Ruskin, who gave the inaugural address of the Cambridge School of Art), with the new name taking effect following the approval of the Privy Council on 29 September 2005.

Former students included the Victorian poet, Augusta Webster, who signed John Stuart Mill's petition for votes of women in 1866. Past lecturers include Odile Crick, wife of Francis Crick, who created the simple iconic image of DNA.
The musician Syd Barrett, songwriter and leading guitarist of the band, Pink Floyd is an alumnus. Author Tom Sharpe was a lecturer in history at CCAT between 1963 and 1972 and Anne Campbell, the Labour MP for Cambridge from 1992 to 2005, was formerly a lecturer in Statistics at CCAT. A blue plaque  to the leading educationalist, Dame Leah Manning, MP was erected  in 2019 at the former ragged school in Young Street acquired by the university in 2006 and subsequently  converted into the Anglia Ruskin University Institute of Music Therapy.

Controversies

Complaints and appeals vs. protests about examination and assignment marking
In a BBC News article from 3 June 2014, Anglia Ruskin University was reported to have received more complaints and appeals from its students than any of the other 120 universities who responded to freedom of information requests. In the year 2012/13 it received 992 "complaints and appeals". In response, Lesley Dobree, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic), said that only 9 of the 992 recorded complaints were actual complaints – the others were protests about examination and assignment marking. It is not known if the BBC responded to this, or if the other universities in the list were assessed by the same criteria.

The article further stated the case of a group of students from the Chelmsford campus, who were abruptly informed that their Legal Practice Course was moved 45 miles to the Cambridge campus. They would therefore be limited to only two days of face-to-face teaching, having to watch the remaining lectures online rather than attend them live.

Pok Wong
In 2019, Hongkonger Pok Wong, a 2014 graduate of Anglia Ruskin University, received a £61,000 out-of-court settlement from the university after suing it for false advertising, alleging a low quality of teaching. The university has maintained that the payout does not prove that the university was at fault. In 2018, the London County Court ruled in the university's favour and ordered Wong to pay £13,700 of Anglia Ruskin's legal costs. However, the university's insurers then wrote to the former student and offered to settle her £15,000 claim and cover her legal costs. Anglia Ruskin added that it did not support the decision made by its insurer's solicitors.

Retracting Junius Ho's honorary award
Anglia Ruskin bestowed Junius Ho, a pro-Beijing lawmaker in Hong Kong, with an Honorary Doctor of Laws in 2011. During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, Ho was accused of supporting the people who committed the 2019 Yuen Long attack. In response to the controversial speech by Ho, David Alton wrote to the university regarding the matter. Lord Alton urged the University to retract Ho's honorary doctoral degree. It was confirmed by the university that Ho was deprived of his degree on 29 October 2019.

Chancellors
Lord Ashcroft KCMG, PC 2001–2020

Lord Ribeiro CBE, FRCS 2021–

Vice Chancellors
Michael Thorne CBE 2007–2016

Iain Martin 2016–2018

Roderick Watkins DL 2019–

Notable alumni

 Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft, English investor, billionaire and former Conservative vice chairman
 Lon Kirkop, Maltese visual artist, award winning published author, songwriter and theatre practitioner
 Eddie Ballard, former English cricketer for Cambridge UCCE and Hertfordshire
 Syd Barrett and David Gilmour, Pink Floyd members
 Chris Beckett, academic, author and science-fiction novelist
 Manish Bhasin, sports journalist and BBC presenter
 Henry Brock, specialist linguist at University of Cambridge and illustrator
 Pips Bunce, banking executive and LGBTQ activist
 John Burnside, academic and T. S. Eliot Prize winning author
 Elsie Vera Cole, artist
 Nick Crane, English geographer and TV presenter
 Sarah-Jane Crawford, TV presenter, radio presenter, and model
 Geraldine Finlayson, researcher and director of John Mackintosh Hall
 Peter Fluck and Roger Law, creators of Spitting Image
 Angela Hartnett, entrepreneur and chef
 Kim Howells, Labour politician and former Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee
 Patrick Le Quément, automobile engineer and former chief designer at Renault
 Ricardo P. Lloyd, British actor
 Devant Maharaj, former Senator and Minister of Food Production, Trinidad and Tobago
 Ian Miller, English footballer
 Magdalene Odundo, a ceramic artist graduate and 2022 Honorary Doctorate of Arts.
 Tony Palladino, English cricketer
 Anders Holch Povlsen, owner and CEO of Bestseller
 Shoo Rayner, author and illustrator
 Philip Reeve, author and illustrator of children's books
 Nicky Richards, CEO and Chief Investment Officer MLC Asset Management
 Andrew Sayer, English economist, professor of Social Theory and Political Economy at Lancaster University
 Patricia Scotland, Baroness Scotland of Asthal, Labour politician, Commonwealth Secretary-General, government policy-maker, former minister, attorney general and president of Chatham House
 Ronald Searle, creator of St Trinian's
 Michal Shalev, author and illustrator of children's books
 Tim Stokely, founder and CEO of OnlyFans
 Mark Wood, businessman, accountant and chairman of NSPCC
 Barbara Yung, Hong Kong actress
 Sarah Perry FRSL, author
 Emilia Monjowa Lifaka, Chairperson of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
 Ama Pomaa Boateng MP
 Grahame Davies, poet, novelist, and lyricist

Honorary Doctors

 Kylie Minogue OBE
 Stephen Fry
 Griff Rhys Jones
 Anya Hindmarch CBE
 Katie Piper
 Germaine Greer
 Anders Holch Povlsen
 Lord Anthony Giddens GCIH
 Lord Bernard Ribeiro CBE
 David Gilmour CBE
 Hermann Hauser KBE
 Mark Foster
 Lord Michael Ashcroft KCMG PC
 Suzi Quatro
 Anne Campbell MP
 Andrew Sentance CBE
 Barbara Young, Baroness Young of Old Scone
 Richard Dannatt GCB
 David Prior, Baron Prior of Brampton
 Robert Dixon-Smith, Baron Dixon-Smith
 Wilko Johnson
 Baroness Dido Harding

See also
 Armorial of UK universities
 Cambridge Theological Federation
 List of universities in the United Kingdom

Notes

External links

1992 establishments in England
Universities and colleges established in 1992
Universities UK
University Alliance
Cambridge
Chelmsford
Peterborough
London
Cambridgeshire
Essex

Anglia Ruskin University


Matthew Beynon Rees is a Welsh novelist and journalist. He is the author of The Palestine Quartet, a series of crime novels about Omar Yussef, a Palestinian sleuth, and of historical novels and thrillers. He is the winner of a Crime Writers Association Dagger for his crime fiction in the UK and a finalist for the National Jewish Book Award for fiction in the US. His latest novel is the international thriller China Strike, the second in a series about an agent with US Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

His first book was a work of nonfiction, Cain's Field: Faith, Fratricide, and Fear in the Middle East in 2004 (Free Press), about Israeli and Palestinian societies.

The New York Times called The Collaborator of Bethlehem, the first of his Palestinian crime novels about Bethlehem sleuth Omar Yussef, "an astonishing first novel." 'Le Figaro called the book "a masterpiece." Rees's writing has been compared with the work of Graham Greene, John le Carré, Georges Simenon and Henning Mankell. The French magazine L'Express called him "the Dashiell Hammett of Palestine."  Rees's books have sold in 25 languages.

Rees was born in Newport, Wales. As a journalist, Rees covered the Middle East and lived in Jerusalem for 20 years. He was TIME's Jerusalem bureau chief from 2000 until 2006, writing award-winning stories about the Palestinian intifada. He also worked as Middle East correspondent for The Scotsman and Newsweek. He is married to the American humorist and author Devorah Blachor.

Books
Rees published a nonfiction account of Israeli and Palestinian society called Cain's Field: Faith, Fratricide, and Fear in the Middle East in 2004 (Free Press). His first crime novel, The Collaborator of Bethlehem (UK title The Bethlehem Murders), was published in the US in February 2007 and is set in Bethlehem, West Bank, against the backdrop of the Palestinian intifada. It involves the gangs of gunmen operating in the town and the situation of the Christian Palestinian minority. It won the Crime Writers Association John Creasey New Blood Dagger in 2008, was also named one of the Top 10 Mysteries of the Year by Booklist, and in the UK Sir David Hare made it his Book of the Year in The Guardian. His sleuth Omar Yussef was called "Philip Marlowe fed on hummus" by one reviewer and "Yasser Arafat meets Miss Marple" by another.

The second book in the series, A Grave in Gaza, appeared in 2008 (under the title The Saladin Murders in the UK). Omar Yussef travels to Gaza, where he struggles against corrupt security chiefs who are smuggling weapons. The Bookseller called it "a cracking, atmospheric read." The third book in the series, The Samaritan's Secret, was published in 2009. Set in Nablus, it takes place against the backdrop of the city's ancient casbah and the small community of Samaritans still living on a hilltop overlooking the West Bank town. The New Republic called it "a wonderful detective thriller." Rees's fourth novel, The Fourth Assassin, appeared in 2010 and showed Omar Yussef to be "one of the most beguiling of current sleuths", according to The Sunday Times. Omar goes to New York for a UN conference and uncovers an assassination plot.

The Palestine Quartet novels approach the Middle East conflict from an often unexpected direction. There are almost no Israeli characters, and the novels maintain a focus on Palestinian society, good and bad. Rees has written that this perspective was dictated by his discontent with news reporting of the conflict, which focused on stereotypes of Palestinians as either terrorists or victims. Instead, Rees writes, the diversity of Palestinian society awakened him creatively and made him look at the Middle East from a different angle. For example, Gaza "is the most beautiful spot imaginable", he has said.

Mozart's Last Aria, published in 2011, is a historical crime novel set in Vienna in 1791. Nannerl Mozart, the great composer's sister, comes to the Imperial capital to investigate Wolfgang's death. She uncovers a plot involving illegal Masonic meetings, espionage, and a secret hidden in her brother's last great opera The Magic Flute. The book is based on real historical research into Mozart's last days. A Name in Blood follows the mysterious disappearance and death of the Italian artist Caravaggio. Like Mozart's Last Aria, A Name in Blood takes a real historical mystery and new historical research to create a fictional account of what might have happened. The Bookbag recommended A Name in Blood "even if you're art-averse." Rees learned to play piano as part of his research for Mozart's Last Aria. Working on A Name in Blood, he learned to paint with oils and to duel using a seventeenth-century rapier.

The Ambassador, published in 2015, was co-written by Rees and Yehuda Avner, a former adviser to Israeli prime ministers. The book's premise was that Israel was founded in 1938 and the main character is the new state's ambassador to Hitler's Berlin. During the writing of the book, Avner was dying of cancer. Rees has described how the experience of writing a thriller with a man suffering a terminal illness was fulfilling for him and Avner. The book was a finalist for the National Jewish Book Award for Fiction.

Publishing history

Nonfiction

 Cain's Field: Faith, Fratricide, and Fear in the Middle East 2004 (Free Press).

Fiction

The Palestine Quartet (Omar Yussef novels)
 The Collaborator of Bethlehem (The Bethlehem Murders)  2007
 A Grave in Gaza (The Saladin Murders) 2008
 The Samaritan's Secret 2009
 The Fourth Assassin  2010

Historical novels
 Mozart's Last Aria 2011
 A Name in Blood 2012
 The Ambassador 2015

ICE Thrillers
 The Damascus Threat 2016
 China Strike 2017

External links
Official website
 Interview in Shotsmag Ezine 2011

References

Writers from Newport, Wales
Welsh novelists
Welsh journalists
British mystery writers
Welsh mystery writers
Living people
Time (magazine) people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Matt Rees


Major General Stephen Joseph Asamoa Otu (23 October 1915 –  23 October 1979) was a former Chief of the Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces. He was the first Ghanaian officer to serve in this capacity.

Career
Stephen Otu volunteered for service in the Gold Coast Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force. His service marked him out as a potential officer and, in 1947, he was posted to an Officer Cadet Training Unit (OCTU) in the United Kingdom to undertake a selection course. He passed out successfully and was commissioned on 1 May 1948. A decade later, in 1958, he became one of the original officers of the Ghana Regiment, when the Gold Coast gained its independence.

Initially a Company Commander (Major), he was soon promoted to command a Battalion, as a Lieutenant-Colonel. He continued through the higher ranks until, in October 1962, he became only the second Ghanaian to become the Chief of Army Staff, a position he occupied until July 1965 when the army headquarters became annexed to the Ministry of Defence. In 1961 the remaining British Army personnel left Ghana and Major-General S.J.A. Otu  succeeded Major General Henry Templer Alexander, a British officer on loan, taking overall command as the first Ghanaian officer to become the Chief of Defence Staff of the Republic.

References

Ghanaian soldiers
1979 deaths
1915 births
Chiefs of Army Staff (Ghana)

Stephen Otu


CBC Hamilton is the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's digital-only local news operation serving the city of Hamilton, Ontario, which launched on May 9, 2012. The operation currently consists of a Hamilton-focused section within the national CBC.ca website, and presences on various social media platforms.

The operation was announced on November 1, 2011 as part of the public broadcaster's five year (2011-2015) strategic plan for improving service to various regions across Canada.

Unlike most of the other new or expanded regional services that are part of the 2015 strategic plan, the Hamilton operation will not include an over-the-air broadcasting component, due to financial considerations and the fact that Hamilton is within the coverage range of the main transmitters of the corporation's Toronto stations, including CBC Television's CBLT and CBC Radio One's CBLA, which focus their local programming on that city. Moreover, the availability of open radio frequencies in the Toronto-Hamilton region is extremely limited.

In the wake of Bell Canada's attempts to acquire Astral Media, Hamilton councillor Brian McHattie called for the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission to require that the combined company divest a station to the CBC, to permit the launch of a radio station serving Hamilton. A motion to the CRTC regarding this suggestion was passed unanimously by Hamilton City Council on March 27, 2013. While it did require Bell to divest two FM stations in Toronto when it approved the Bell-Astral merger, the CRTC did not impose a requirement that one of the stations be sold to the CBC; both stations were instead acquired by other private commercial broadcasters.

References

External links
CBC Hamilton

Mass media in Hamilton, Ontario
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Internet properties established in 2012
2012 establishments in Ontario

CBC Hamilton


Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. It is the main storage form of glucose in the human body.

Glycogen functions as one of three regularly used forms of energy reserves, creatine phosphate being for very short-term, glycogen being for short-term and the triglyceride stores in adipose tissue (i.e., body fat) being for long-term storage. Protein, broken down into amino acids, is seldom used as a main energy source except during starvation and glycolytic crisis (see bioenergetic systems).

In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle. In the liver, glycogen can make up 5–6% of the organ's fresh weight: the liver of an adult, weighing 1.5 kg, can store roughly 100–120 grams of glycogen. In skeletal muscle, glycogen is found in a low concentration (1–2% of the muscle mass): the skeletal muscle of an adult weighing 70 kg stores roughly 400 grams of glycogen. Small amounts of glycogen are also found in other tissues and cells, including the kidneys, red blood cells, white blood cells, and glial cells in the brain. The uterus also stores glycogen during pregnancy to nourish the embryo.

The amount of glycogen stored in the body mostly depends on oxidative type 1 fibres, physical training, basal metabolic rate, and eating habits. Different levels of resting muscle glycogen are reached by changing the number of glycogen particles, rather than increasing the size of existing particles though most glycogen particles at rest are smaller than their theoretical maximum.

Approximately 4 grams of glucose are present in the blood of humans at all times; in fasting individuals, blood glucose is maintained constant at this level at the expense of glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle. Glycogen stores in skeletal muscle serve as a form of energy storage for the muscle itself; however, the breakdown of muscle glycogen impedes muscle glucose uptake from the blood, thereby increasing the amount of blood glucose available for use in other tissues. Liver glycogen stores serve as a store of glucose for use throughout the body, particularly the central nervous system. The human brain consumes approximately 60% of blood glucose in fasted, sedentary individuals.

Glycogen is an analogue of starch, a glucose polymer that functions as energy storage in plants. It has a structure similar to amylopectin (a component of starch), but is more extensively branched and compact than starch. Both are white powders in their dry state. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol/cytoplasm in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides (lipids). As such it is also found as storage reserve in many parasitic protozoa.

Structure

Glycogen is a branched biopolymer consisting of linear chains of glucose residues with an average chain length of approximately 8–12 glucose units and 2,000-60,000 residues per one molecule of glycogen.

Like amylopectin, glucose units are linked together linearly by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds from one glucose to the next. Branches are linked to the chains from which they are branching off by α(1→6) glycosidic bonds between the first glucose of the new branch and a glucose on the stem chain.

Each glycogen is essentially a ball of glucose trees, with around 12 layers, centered on a glycogenin protein, with three kinds of glucose chains: A, B, and C. There is only one C-chain, attached to the glycogenin. This C-chain is formed by the self-glucosylation of the glycogenin, forming a short primer chain. From the C-chain grows out B-chains, and from B-chains branch out B- and A-chains. The B-chains have on average 2 branch points, while the A-chains are terminal, thus unbranched. On average, each chain has length 12, tightly constrained to be between 11 and 15. All A-chains reach the spherical surface of the glycogen.

Glycogen in muscle, liver, and fat cells is stored in a hydrated form, composed of three or four parts of water per part of glycogen associated with 0.45 millimoles (18 mg) of potassium per gram of glycogen.

Glucose is an osmotic molecule, and can have profound effects on osmotic pressure in high concentrations possibly leading to cell damage or death if stored in the cell without being modified. Glycogen is a non-osmotic molecule, so it can be used as a solution to storing glucose in the cell without disrupting osmotic pressure.

Functions

Liver
As a meal containing carbohydrates or protein is eaten and digested, blood glucose levels rise, and the pancreas secretes insulin. Blood glucose from the portal vein enters liver cells (hepatocytes). Insulin acts on the hepatocytes to stimulate the action of several enzymes, including glycogen synthase. Glucose molecules are added to the chains of glycogen as long as both insulin and glucose remain plentiful. In this postprandial or "fed" state, the liver takes in more glucose from the blood than it releases.

After a meal has been digested and glucose levels begin to fall, insulin secretion is reduced, and glycogen synthesis stops. When it is needed for energy, glycogen is broken down and converted again to glucose. Glycogen phosphorylase is the primary enzyme of glycogen breakdown. For the next 8–12 hours, glucose derived from liver glycogen is the primary source of blood glucose used by the rest of the body for fuel.

Glucagon, another hormone produced by the pancreas, in many respects serves as a countersignal to insulin. In response to insulin levels being below normal (when blood levels of glucose begin to fall below the normal range), glucagon is secreted in increasing amounts and stimulates both glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from other sources).

Muscle

Muscle glycogen appears to function as an immediate reserve source of available phosphorylated glucose, in the form of glucose-1-phosphate, for muscle cells. Glycogen contained within skeletal muscle cells are primarily in the form of β particles. Other cells that contain small amounts use it locally as well. As muscle cells lack glucose-6-phosphatase, which is required to pass glucose into the blood, the glycogen they store is available solely for internal use and is not shared with other cells. This is in contrast to liver cells, which, on demand, readily do break down their stored glycogen into glucose and send it through the blood stream as fuel for other organs.

Skeletal muscle needs ATP (provides energy) for muscle contraction and relaxation, in what is known as the sliding filament theory. Skeletal muscle relies predominantly on glycogenolysis for the first few minutes as it transitions from rest to activity, as well as throughout high-intensity aerobic activity and all anaerobic activity. During anaerobic activity, such as weightlifting and isometric exercise, the phosphagen system (ATP-PCr) and muscle glycogen are the only substrates used as they do not require oxygen nor blood flow.

Different bioenergetic systems produce ATP at different speeds, with ATP produced from muscle glycogen being much faster than fatty acid oxidation. The level of exercise intensity determines how much of which substrate (fuel) is used for ATP synthesis also. Muscle glycogen can supply a much higher rate of substrate for ATP synthesis than blood glucose. During maximum intensity exercise, muscle glycogen can supply 40 mmol glucose/kg wet weight/minute, whereas blood glucose can supply 4 - 5 mmol. Due to its high supply rate and quick ATP synthesis, during high-intensity aerobic activity (such as brisk walking, jogging, or running), the higher the exercise intensity, the more the muscle cell produces ATP from muscle glycogen. This reliance on muscle glycogen is not only to provide the muscle with enough ATP during high-intensity exercise, but also to maintain blood glucose homeostasis (that is, to not become hypoglycaemic by the muscles extracting far more glucose than the blood can provide). A deficit of muscle glycogen leads to muscle fatigue known as "hitting the wall" or "the bonk" (see below under glycogen depletion).

Apparent optimality
In 1999, Meléndez et al showed that the structure of glycogen is optimal under a particular metabolic constraint model. In detail, the glycogen structure is the optimal design that maximizes a fitness function based on maximizing three quantities: the number of glucose units on the surface of the chain available for enzymic degrading, the number of binding sites for the degrading enzymes to attach to, the total number of glucose units stored; and minimizing one quality: total volume.

If each chain has 0 or 1 branch points, we obtain essentially a long chain, not a sphere, and it would occupy too big a volume with only a few terminal glucose units for degrading. If each chain has 3 branch points, the glycogen would fill up too quickly. The balance-point is 2.

With that branch number 2, the chain length needs to be at least 4. As modelled by Meléndez et al, the fitness function reaches maximum at 13, then declines slowly.

Empirically, the branch number is 2 and the chain length ranges 11-15 for most organisms ranging from vertebrates to bacteria and fungi. The only significant exception is oyster, with glycogen chain length ranging 2-30, averaging 7.

History
Glycogen was discovered by Claude Bernard. His experiments showed that the liver contained a substance that could give rise to reducing sugar by the action of a "ferment" in the liver. By 1857, he described the isolation of a substance he called "la matière glycogène", or "sugar-forming substance". Soon after the discovery of glycogen in the liver, A. Sanson found that muscular tissue also contains glycogen. The empirical formula for glycogen of ()n was established by Kekulé in 1858.

Metabolism

Synthesis

Glycogen synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic—it requires the input of energy. Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from uridine triphosphate (UTP), which reacts with glucose-1-phosphate, forming UDP-glucose, in a reaction catalysed by UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Glycogen is synthesized from monomers of UDP-glucose initially by the protein glycogenin, which has two tyrosine anchors for the reducing end of glycogen, since glycogenin is a homodimer. After about eight glucose molecules have been added to a tyrosine residue, the enzyme glycogen synthase progressively lengthens the glycogen chain using UDP-glucose, adding α(1→4)-bonded glucose to the nonreducing end of the glycogen chain.

The glycogen branching enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a terminal fragment of six or seven glucose residues from a nonreducing end to the C-6 hydroxyl group of a glucose residue deeper into the interior of the glycogen molecule. The branching enzyme can act upon only a branch having at least 11 residues, and the enzyme may transfer to the same glucose chain or adjacent glucose chains.

Breakdown

Glycogen is cleaved from the nonreducing ends of the chain by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase to produce monomers of glucose-1-phosphate:

In vivo, phosphorolysis proceeds in the direction of glycogen breakdown because the ratio of phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate is usually greater than 100. Glucose-1-phosphate is then converted to glucose 6 phosphate (G6P) by phosphoglucomutase. A special debranching enzyme is needed to remove the α(1→6) branches in branched glycogen and reshape the chain into a linear polymer. The G6P monomers produced have three possible fates:
 G6P can continue on the glycolysis pathway and be used as fuel.
 G6P can enter the pentose phosphate pathway via the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce NADPH and 5 carbon sugars.
 In the liver and kidney, G6P can be dephosphorylated back to glucose by the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase. This is the final step in the gluconeogenesis pathway.

Clinical relevance

Disorders of glycogen metabolism
The most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal is diabetes, in which, because of abnormal amounts of insulin, liver glycogen can be abnormally accumulated or depleted. Restoration of normal glucose metabolism usually normalizes glycogen metabolism, as well.

In hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin, liver glycogen levels are high, but the high insulin levels prevent the glycogenolysis necessary to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon is a common treatment for this type of hypoglycemia.

Various inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism are caused by deficiencies of enzymes or transport proteins necessary for glycogen synthesis or breakdown. These are collectively referred to as glycogen storage diseases.

Glycogen depletion and endurance exercise

Long-distance athletes, such as marathon runners, cross-country skiers, and cyclists, often experience glycogen depletion, where almost all of the athlete's glycogen stores are depleted after long periods of exertion without sufficient carbohydrate consumption. This phenomenon is referred to as "hitting the wall" in running and "bonking" in cycling.

Glycogen depletion can be forestalled in three possible ways:
 First, during exercise, carbohydrates with the highest possible rate of conversion to blood glucose (high glycemic index) are ingested continuously. The best possible outcome of this strategy replaces about 35% of glucose consumed at heart rates above about 80% of maximum.
 Second, through endurance training adaptations and specialized regimens (e.g. fasting, low-intensity endurance training), the body can condition type I muscle fibers to improve both fuel use efficiency and workload capacity to increase the percentage of fatty acids used as fuel, sparing carbohydrate use from all sources.
 Third, by consuming large quantities of carbohydrates after depleting glycogen stores as a result of exercise or diet, the body can increase storage capacity of intramuscular glycogen stores. This process is known as carbohydrate loading. In general, glycemic index of carbohydrate source does not matter since muscular insulin sensitivity is increased as a result of temporary glycogen depletion.

When athletes ingest both carbohydrate and caffeine following exhaustive exercise, their glycogen stores tend to be replenished more rapidly; however, the minimum dose of caffeine at which there is a clinically significant effect on glycogen repletion has not been established.

Nanomedicine
Recently, Glycogen Nanoparticles have been investigated as potential drug delivery systems.

See also
 Bioenergetic systems
 Chitin
 Peptidoglycan

References

External links

Exercise physiology
Glycobiology
Hepatology
Nutrition
Polysaccharides

Glycogen


Hansford Tillman (HT) Johnson (born January 3, 1936) is a retired four-star general in the United States Air Force who served as the Acting United States Secretary of the Navy, overseeing the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps in the administration of President George W. Bush. He is the only retired Air Force officer to ever hold that position. Prior to that he was Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installation and Environment). He currently works at the Institute for Defense Analyses.

Early life and Air Force career
Johnson was born on January 3, 1936, in Aiken, South Carolina. He graduated from high school in 1953 and then attended Clemson College. He was the outstanding graduate in thermodynamics and aerodynamics from the United States Air Force Academy in 1959, received a master's degree in aeronautics from Stanford University in 1967 and a master's degree in business from the University of Colorado in 1970. Johnson also graduated from the Air Force Squadron Officer School, Army Command and General Staff College, National War College, and the advanced management program at Dartmouth College. Johnson was the first graduate of the United States Air Force Academy to achieve the rank of general.

After graduation from the Air Force Academy, Johnson married Linda Whittle of Augusta, Georgia, and attended flight training at Bartow Air Base, Florida, and then Laredo Air Force Base, Texas, receiving his pilot wings in 1960. His first operational assignment was to the 317th Troop Carrier Wing, Evreux-Fauville Air Base, France, where he flew C-130 Hercules transports throughout Europe, Africa, the Middle East and West Asia. He continued flying with the 317th when it transferred to Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio.

After completing graduate school at Stanford University, Johnson volunteered for duty in Vietnam. In 1967 he flew with the 20th Tactical Air Support Squadron as a forward air controller, and directed tactical close air support strike missions against enemy supply, storage, vehicle and troop targets. During his tour, he flew 423 combat missions, 71 of which were over North Vietnam or the demilitarized zone. After returning from Vietnam, he served as an assistant professor of aeronautics at the United States Air Force Academy, and then served as commander of the 22d Bombardment Wing at March Air Force Base, California and on the staff of Strategic Air Command (SAC) at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska.

From 1982 to 1985, Johnson led the team that successfully rebalanced the Air Force programs in the $100 billion annual Air Force budget, then led Strategic Air Command operations in 1985, where he directed the refueling and strategic reconnaissance forces during the bombing of Libya. Following his tour in SAC, Johnson became the vice commander of the Pacific Air Forces. In 1987, he became the deputy commander in chief of United States Central Command (USCENTCOM) at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida during Operation Earnest Will, the United States reflagging of Kuwaiti oil tankers and escort operations in the Persian Gulf. Following his tour at USCENTCOM, Johnson served the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as Director of the Joint Staff.

Johnson ended his military career as the dual-hatted Commander of United States Transportation Command, the final commander of the Military Airlift Command and the first commander of the Air Mobility Command. Military forces under his command provided all airlift and special operations forces for Operation Just Cause, Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, the movement of troops, equipment, and supplies to and from the Persian Gulf being the most concentrated movement in American military history. Johnson retired from active duty on August 31, 1992.

Awards and decorations

Johnson is a USAF Command Pilot with more than 7,800 flying hours, more than 1,000 of which were flown under combat conditions. He is also a qualified navigator and parachutist.

Later work
After retiring from the Air Force, Johnson continued to serve active and former military personnel as the vice chairman of USAA and chairman of the USAA Bank, Investment Management Company, Buying Service and Real Estate. While at USAA, Johnson was appointed by President George H. W. Bush and President Bill Clinton to the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC).

When Kelly Air Force Base was closed by the 1995 BRAC, Johnson was appointed by the City of San Antonio to serve as the chair of the Local Reuse Authority, which very successfully transformed a "closed" base into a vibrant industrial center. Subsequently, Johnson served as executive vice president and chief operating officer of the Credit Union National Association (CUNA) in Madison, Wisconsin. He also served as president and CEO of EG&G Technical Services and later of EG&G when purchased by The Carlyle Group.

On August 3, 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Johnson to serve as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment), and he was sworn in four days later. The President directed him to assume the duties as the Acting Secretary of the Navy on February 7, 2003, the only Air Force officer to ever hold that position.

After leaving the Department of the Navy, Johnson became a Senior Fellow at the Institute for Defenses Analyses (IDA).

Family
Johnson was married to Linda until her death in January 2011. They have one son, Richard, a daughter, Beth, and six grandchildren.

References

External links

Official United States Navy bio

1936 births
Living people
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force generals
United States Secretaries of the Navy
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Stanford University alumni
University of Colorado alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
People from Aiken, South Carolina
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States)
George W. Bush administration personnel
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Humanitarian Service Medal

Hansford T. Johnson


Bermudo Núñez (died  955) was a magnate from León and the first Count of Cea. He appears for the first time in 921 confirming a donation to the Monastery of San Benito in Sahagún from which it can be assumed that he was probably born near the end of the 9th century. A loyal vassal of the Leonese monarchs, he confirmed several royal charters and appears with the title of Count from at least the year 950, governing as a tenente the Cea region from 939 onwards.

He probably played a relevant role in the Battle of Simancas and after this victory of the Leonese troops, collaborated with his brother, Oveco Núñez, Bishop of León in the repoblación of Salamanca.

Family origins
Although his filiation has not been confirmed, several hypotheses have been put forward. Medievalist scholar Margarita Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León believes that he could have been the son of Nuño Ordóñez, a son of King Ordoño I of Asturias and brother of Alfonso III, which, according to the author, would explain the rapid rise of this lineage and its proximity to the royal house.

According to another hypothesis, proposed by genealogist Jaime de Salazar y Acha, Bermudo would have been the son of a Nuño Vélaz (or Vela), a son of Vela Jiménez, Count of Álava, through whom the Vela lineage spread throughout the Kingdom of León which would also explain the Basque-Navarrese names in subsequent generations.

Bishop Oveco Núñez in a charter dated 28 August 945, confirms several donations made by King Ramiro II of León to the Monastery of Sahagún, also confirming the charter his brothers Vela, Suero, Munio, Bermudo and Nuño Núñez, followed by some of the children of these brothers, including Fernando Bermúdez, son of Bermudo Núñez. He also had a sister named Gontrodo who married Ansur Fernández, Count of Monzón, the parents of Queen Teresa Ansúrez, wife of King Sancho I of León.

Marriage and issue
Count Bermudo Núñez married twice. From his first marriage to Argilo, he was the father of:
 Froiloba Bermúdez, the first-born, married Muño Flaínez before 947.
 Fernando Bermúdez (died in 978), the second Count of Cea, inherited from his father and from his uncle Bishop Oveco.
 Piniolo Bermúdez, who confirms, with his brothers Fernando and Jimena, a donation made by his father on 13 August 949 to the Monastery of Santiago de Valdávida.
 Jimena Bermúdez
 Vela Bermúdez (died after March 976), the father of Argilo, Nuño, and of Count Bermudo Vela.

Between 947 and 949, he married Velasquita, with whom he had two sons:
 Álvaro Bermúdez
 Oveco Bermúdez

Notes

References

Bibliography

Counts of Spain
9th-century births
950s deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
10th-century nobility from the Kingdom of León
People of the Reconquista

Bermudo Núñez


Applejack is a strong  alcoholic drink produced from apples. Popular in the American colonial era, the drink's prevalence declined in the 19th and 20th centuries amid competition from other spirits.

Applejack is used in several cocktails, including the Jack Rose. It is a type of fruit brandy.

History
Apple brandy was first produced in colonial New Jersey in 1698 by William Laird, a Scots American who settled in Monmouth County. The drink was once known as Jersey Lightning. Laird's great-grandson, Robert Laird, who served in the Continental Army, incorporated Laird's Distillery in 1780, after previously operating a tavern. The oldest licensed applejack distillery in the United States, Laird & Company of Scobeyville, New Jersey, was until the 2000s the country's only remaining producer of applejack, and continues to dominate applejack production.

Once popular in early America, applejack declined in popularity due to the rise of other spirits that were easier to manufacture on a commercial basis, including rum and whiskey (especially bourbon) in the 19th century and gin, vodka, and tequila in the 20th century. In 1920, with the beginning of the Prohibition era, Laird's ended the production of liquor and began producing apple juice. In 1931, John Evans Laird received permission to produce apple brandy for "medicinal purposes" and stockpiled its product until the repeal of Prohibition in 1933.

Applejack has been associated with four presidents of the United States: After the American Revolution, George Washington requested from Robert Laird his family's recipe for applejack; Abraham Lincoln served it during a brief stint as a tavern keeper in Springfield, Illinois; Franklin D. Roosevelt included applejack in the Manhattans he regularly consumed; and Lyndon B. Johnson gave a case of applejack to Soviet leader Alexei Kosygin in the 1967 Glassboro Summit Conference.

In the 2010s, a number of smaller craft distilleries began to produce applejack in places such as New Hampshire, Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley, New York's Hudson Valley, Holland, Michigan, and most famously in Toronto at Nickel 9 Distillery.

Production

The name applejack derives from the traditional method of producing the drink, jacking, the process of freezing fermented cider and then removing the ice, increasing the alcohol content: Cider produced after the fall harvest was left outside during the winter. Periodically the frozen chunks of ice which had formed were removed, thus concentrating the unfrozen alcohol in the remaining liquid. An alternative method involved placing a cask of hard cider in snow, allowing ice to form on the inside of the cask as the contents began to freeze, and then tapping the cask and pouring off the still-liquid portion of the contents. Starting with the fermented juice, with an alcohol content of less than ten percent, the concentrated result can contain 25–40% alcohol. Because freeze distillation is a low-infrastructure method of production compared to evaporative distillation, and does not require the burning of firewood to create heat, hard cider and applejack were historically easier to produce, though more expensive than grain alcohol.

The disadvantage of freeze distillation, also called fractional crystallization, is that the substances remaining after the removal of the water include not only ethanol, but also harmful methanol, esters, aldehydes, and fusel alcohols. In modern times, reducing methanol with the absorption of a molecular sieve is a practical method for production.

When commercial production began, applejack was also starting to be produced through evaporative distillation.
Modern commercially produced applejack is often no longer produced by jacking but rather by blending apple brandy and neutral grain spirits.

Comparison to calvados
Applejack is somewhat similar to calvados, an apple brandy from Normandy, France, to which it is often compared. However, calvados is made from cider apples, while applejack is made from apples such as Winesap.

See also
 Cider
 Fractional freezing
 Ice beer

References

Distilled ciders
American distilled drinks

Applejack (drink)


Wesley Chapel is a census-designated place in Pasco County, Florida, United States. Wesley Chapel is a suburb in the Tampa Bay Area.

History
Wesley Chapel originated in the mid-1800s as a cohesive community of settlers. Evidence of Native American presence in the area has been documented as early as 10,000 BC. Lumber harvesting and turpentine production became prominent industries, while cash-crop farming, citrus, and livestock ranching provided sustenance for the pioneer settlement. Charcoal kilns, gator hunting, and moonshine stills supplemented incomes and spawned legends. The community was also identified by the monikers Gatorville, Double Branch, and Godwin. From 1897 to 1902, Wesley Chapel boasted its own post office, two sawmills, and a general store. Primitive roads left residents with an informal town nucleus, and services shifted to surrounding towns until the late 20th century, when postal service and incorporation emerged, and the lumber trusts of John D. Rockefeler, Otto Hermann Kahn, and Edwin Wiley morphed into sizable ranches. The pioneer Boyett(e), Gillett(e), Godwin, and Kersey families received land grants in the area in the 1840s. The real influx of settlers, however, began around the Civil War when the Stanleys and Coopers arrived. The population was 44,092 at the 2010 census, making it the most populous community in Pasco County. In 2003, some residents of Wesley Chapel started a movement to incorporate the community as a city (including areas not in the official CDP), but these plans never materialized.

Geography
Wesley Chapel is located at  (28.178688, -82.350676).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.49%) is water.

Residents choose the area because of its proximity to Interstate 75 and Interstate 275, 25 miles north of Downtown Tampa, and other major locales. Adjacent to its south is the region of New Tampa, part of incorporated Tampa.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 44,092 people, 15,745 households, and 11,841 families residing in the CDP.    There were 17,764 housing units .  The racial makeup of the CDP was 74.97% White, 20.12% Hispanic or Latino,(of any race) 11.39% African American, 0.25% Native American, 5.72% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 3.97% from other races, and 3.57% from two or more races.

There were 15,745 households, out of which 40.19% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 10.75% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 18.58% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.13% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.27% under the age of 18, 4.69% from 20 to 24, 32.58% from 25 to 44, 23.36% from 45 to 64, and 8.86% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 35.2 years..

Growth

Originally called Double Branch for the area's twin creeks, the community was named for the Methodist church that stood on the northwest corner of SR 54 and Boyette Road. A popular nickname for the area was "Gatorville".

The area has 3 middle schools and 3 high schools, most of which are new as well as 3 charter schools. Three planned malls have now opened, including the Shops at Wiregrass, Tampa Premium Outlets, and a big box mall called The Grove on the northern perimeter. The Grove also hosts a small outlet mall called KRATE at the Grove. Wiregrass is known for its well-reviewed restaurants, bars & shops. Cypress Creek Town Center & Tampa Premium Outlets are now open (2016–17) and continuously growing. Two new schools were built in 2007 and 2008, Dr. John Long Middle School and Wiregrass Ranch High School.

In 2016, Wiregrass Elementary opened its doors next to JLMS. In 2017, Cypress Creek Middle School and Cypress Creek High School opened as the 3rd middle school and high school in the town. Pasco Hernando State College-Porter Campus has been open since 2013 next to WRHS. Wesley Chapel has one of the highest concentrations of top ranked public schools in Florida according to Public School Review.

Wesley Chapel is home to the nation's first "Man-Made Sparkling Lagoon" boasting a 7.5 acre freshwater pool in the Epperson Community.

It is home to many Worship homes and churches, rooted in the history of the growth of the town. This includes Iglesia de Dios Nueva Vida, on Boyette Road, Faith Lutheran Church on Foamflower Blvd, and Life Church on Old Pasco Road.

Wesley Chapel has been a major catalyst in the rapid growth of Pasco County, the 38th fastest-growing county in the nation. and retains much in the way of wildlife.

As of July 2007, a new county park opened at the southwest corner of Boyette and Overpass roads.
In March 2008, State Road 56 was extended east from its then terminus at Bruce B. Downs Boulevard to a temporary terminus at Meadow Pointe Boulevard. In late 2019, it was extended further east to its final terminus at US 301 in Zephyrhills. Wesley Chapel was also listed as one of the "8 boomtowns of 2008" by the Gadberry Group's annual list.
Wesley Chapel has a new hospital called Advent Health (formerly Florida Hospital) at Wesley Chapel, and Pasco-Hernando State College's latest campus, Porter Campus at Wiregrass Ranch.

See also
 Connected City, Florida

References

External links

History of Wesley Chapel
Local Wesley Chapel News
Wesley Chapel, Pasco County, Florida

Census-designated places in Pasco County, Florida
Census-designated places in Florida

Wesley Chapel, Florida