The Plaza Mayor in Trinidad, Cuba, is the historic centre of the town, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.

History
The buildings surrounding the plaza (central square) date from the 18th and 19th centuries when trade in sugar from the nearby Valle de los Ingenios and the slave trade brought great riches to the area. Many of the buildings surrounding the plaza belonged to the wealthy landowners of the city.

When the trade in sugar diminished and the slave trade ended in the mid-19th century, Trinidad became a backwater and little building work occurred until the 1950s. As a result, many of the historic buildings and streets were preserved, especially the grand colonial edifices in the immediate vicinity of the Plaza Mayor. Today, most of the former houses surrounding the square serve to house museums.

Plaza
The small sloping Plaza Mayor has gardens on a raised platform, with paths dividing it in quarters. The resulting four small garden beds are fenced off by white wrought-iron fences. Cobbled streets surround the square, separating it from the surrounding buildings. Wrought-iron lamp-posts, statues of English greyhounds, and columns with large terra-cotta finials decorate the plaza.

Buildings

The colonial houses of Trinidad are typified by red terracotta tiled roofs supported beyond the walls by wooden beams. Pastel-coloured paintwork for the houses is normal with wood and plasterwork details picked out in different colours to the brickwork.

The large main door typically has a smaller entrance door (or doors) cut into it. In contrast to the houses of the same period in Havana the door tends to open directly onto a living area, rather than having a vestibule or entrance hall. The doors are often surrounded by architectural plaster mouldings. Windows lack glass, instead they are open to the elements, but have barrotes, bars constructed of small turned wooden columns which allow the air to circulate without allowing entrance to the house. In the 19th century these wooden barriers were replaced by wooden shutters behind a wrought-iron grille.

The large windows are normally raised slightly from ground-level but can be flush to the pavement. Arched windows are also common, but are enclosed with radiating wooden slats. 19th-century houses tend to be built around a small courtyard with the rooms facing onto it.

Selected buildings
Buildings and plazas within the World Heritage Site include:

Iglesia Parroquial de la Santísima Trinidad
Above the plaza to the north-east stands the Church of the Holy Trinity (Iglesia Parroquial de la Santísima Trinidad). Construction began on the current church in the late 19th century and it was completed in 1892. It was built on the site of a previous 17th-century church that was destroyed during the 19th century by a cyclone which damaged a great many buildings in Trinidad.

The church contains an 18th-century wooden statue of Christ, "The Lord of the True Cross" ("El Señor de la Vera Cruz") which is an object of particular reverence in Trinidad. Originally destined for a church in Veracruz in Mexico, the ship carrying the statue was driven back to Trinidad three times by bad weather and was only able to make the journey after abandoning part of its cargo which included the statue of Christ. This was taken as divine intervention by the local population and the statue has been housed in the church ever since. Also housed within the building is a large Gothic revival altar dedicated to Our Lady of Mercy (Nuestra Señora de la Piedad).

The church has a Neoclassical façade, but little architectural attention was paid to the mostly concealed rear of the church. To the right of the church is a flight of steps leading to the Casa de la Musica (House of Music), a modern building constructed in a style similar to those nearby.

La Casa de los Conspiradores
Beyond the steps to the left of the Church is the House of the Conspirators (La Casa de los Consipiradores). This has a wooden balcony on one corner overlooking the square and is named because it was the former meeting place of the Cuban nationalist secret society La Rosa de Cuba (The Rose of Cuba). Further down the street is the Plazuela de la Trova, a small square surrounded by 18th-century houses including the Casa de la Trova which features wooden barrotes and is now a live music venue.

Palacio Brunet
To the left of the Church of the Holy Trinity stands the Brunet Palace (Palacio Brunet) which was built in 1812 by José Mariano Borrell y Padrón, head of the wealthy Borrell family. It takes its name from Count Nicolás de la Cruz Brunet y Muñoz, the husband of Borrell's daughter who inherited the house on Borrell's death. It now houses the Romantic Museum (Museo Romántico), mostly displaying objects that belonged to the Borrell family. The house has a central balustraded courtyard, and still features the original marble floor, frescoes, and neoclassical decoration. In the kitchen the original painted earthenware tiles can still be seen.

Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco
At the opposite end of Calle Hernández Echerri to the Palacio Brunet stands the Church and Monastery of Saint Francis (Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco) which houses the Museum of the Fight against Bandits (Museo de la Lucha contra Bandidos). The bandits in question were the counter-revolution forces that took refuge in the nearby Escambray Mountains (Sierra del Escambray) after the Cuban revolution and fought against Fidel Castro's government in the Escambray Revolt. Built in 1813 by Franciscan friars, the building became a parish church in 1848, and in 1895 was converted into a garrison for Spanish troops. The church fell into disrepair, and in 1920 much of it was demolished, leaving only the bell tower and a few nearby buildings. The 25 centavo (25-cent) convertible peso coin shows the bell tower of the church viewed from the corner of the Plaza Mayor on the obverse.

Below the Church of Saint Francis is Plazuela del Jigüe, a small square where Bartolomé de Las Casas celebrated the first Mass in Trinidad in 1514. The El Jigüe restaurant is unusually porticoed and decorated with hand-painted tiles.

Museo de Arqueología Guamuhaya
On the east side of the Plaza Mayor is the Museum of Guamuhaya Archeology (Museo de Arqueología Guamuhaya). Guamuhaya is the name for the local area in one of the languages of the indigenous Cubans, and the museum features Pre-Columbianb finds as well as articles from the time of the Spanish conquest. The building was constructed in the 18th century. Although who the original owner was is not clear, the building was purchased in the 19th century by Antonio Padrón, who added a portico facing the square and extended the roof. Alexander von Humboldt stayed with Padrón during his visit to Cuba, and his bust is displayed in the courtyard of the building.

Casa de los Sánchez Iznaga
On the other side of the square from the Museum of Guamuhaya Archeology is the House of the Sánchez Iznaga (Casa de los Sánchez Iznaga) which houses the Museum of Colonial Architecture (Museo de Arquitectura Colonial). This building was originally two houses in the 18th century, both owned by the sugar barons of the Sánchez Iznaga family (who owned the Manaca Iznaga estate in the nearby Valley de los Ingenios). The two houses, joined in the 19th century, show the typical grilled and shuttered windows, and feature an elegant portico with slim columns and a delicate wrought-iron balustrade, in contrast to the heavier pillars and ironwork of the Museum of Guamuhaya Archaeology on the other side of the square. Inside, the museum features items from Trinidad's architectural history (including an elaborate 19th-century shower) and details the history of building in the Colonial period.

Casa de Aldemán Ortiz
At the bottom of the square is the House of Mayor Ortiz (Casa de Aldemán Ortiz), built in 1809 by Ortiz de Zúñíga, who later became Mayor of Trinidad. The house shows many of the typical features of Trinidadian houses, including the large entrance door with two smaller doors cut into it, the barrotes covering the large windows and a terracotta tiled roof with large wooden supports. It is less typical in that it has a projecting balcony running along two sides. In January 2014, after years remodeling it became Bodeguita del Medio de Trinidad.

Palacio Cantero – Museo de Historia Municipal
One side of the Casa de Aldemán Ortiz faces onto the Calle Simón Bolívar; slightly down this road is the Cantero Palace (Palacio Cantero) one of the largest and most impressive of the houses surrounding the Plaza Mayor. Grander than most buildings nearby, it features a spacious entrance hall that opens on to a large galleried courtyard. Original frescoes survive on the plasterwork of the main hall, and a tower accessible from the courtyard gives views over the Plaza Mayor, the city of Trinidad, and the sea. The house is now used as the Municipal History Museum (Museo de Historia Municipal) which details the history of Trinidad.

Originally built in 1828 by Don Jose Mariano Borrell y Padron, one of the richest men in Trinidad, it was inherited by his son Jose Mariano Borrell y Lemus, Marques de Guaimaro and then bought in 1841 by Maria Monserrate Fernandez de Lara y Borrell, a niece of the older Jose Mariano. In 1842 Justo German Cantero y Owar-Anderson, a local doctor, married Pedro Iznaga's widow, Maria Monserrate, and it was the home of the Cantero/Fernandez de Lara family until the late 19th century.

See also

Trinidad, Cuba
List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba
Spanish Colonial architecture in Cuba

Gallery

References

Information from the Museo Municipal, Trinidad, Cuba. Retrieved 22 March 2007
Information from the Museo de Arquitectura Colonial, Trinidad, Cuba. Retrieved 23 March 2007

http://www.oncubamagazine.com/latest/a-bodeguita-del-medio-in-trinidad/ Bodeguita del Medio de Trinidad

Squares in Cuba
Trinidad, Cuba
Buildings and structures in Sancti Spíritus Province
Buildings and structures completed in the 18th century
Neoclassical architecture in Cuba
Spanish Colonial architecture in Cuba
Tourist attractions in Sancti Spíritus Province

Plaza Mayor, Trinidad, Cuba


Ei Compendex is an engineering bibliographic database published by Elsevier.
The name "Compendex" stands for COMPuterized ENgineering inDEX.
It covers scientific literature pertaining to engineering materials.
It started in 1884 under the name Engineering Index (Ei) and its first electronic bulletin was issued in 1967.
Elsevier purchased the parent company Engineering Information in 1998.

Coverage
Ei Compendex currently contains over 20 million records as of December 2020  and references over 5,000 international sources including journals, conferences and trade publications. Approximately 1,000,000 new records are added to the database annually from over 190 disciplines within the engineering field. Coverage is updated every week and covers the years 1970 to the present.

Coverage of engineering subjects include nuclear technology, bioengineering, transportation, chemical and process engineering, light and optical technology, agricultural engineering and food technology, computers and data processing, applied physics, electronics and communications, control, civil, mechanical, materials, petroleum, aerospace and automotive engineering as well as multiple subtopics within all these and other major engineering fields.

See also
List of academic databases and search engines

References

External links
 Compendex and EI backfile
 Compendex on STN
 STN Compendex file summary.. PDF download. January 2014
 Ei and Compendex History

Bibliographic databases in engineering
Online databases

Ei Compendex


Fortana (also known as Canina ) is a red Italian wine grape variety grown primarily in the Emilia–Romagna region of northern Italy. A permitted grape variety in several Denominazione di origine controllatas (DOCs), mostly in Emilia, Fortana mostly contributes tartness and acidity in red blends.

Relationship to other grapes
In the Valtellina region of Lombardy, Brugnola was long thought to be a local synonym for Fortana. Even as recently as the 2000 census, plantings of Brugnola in Lombardy were officially counted as part of Fortana's  planted throughout Italy. However, in the early 21st century DNA analysis revealed that Brugnola and Fortana were actually distinct varieties.

Synonyms
Synonyms describing Fortana and its wines include Albanella gentile, Brugnera, Brugnola, Brugnolera, Brungentile, Codigoro, Costa d'Oro, Dallora, Dallora , Dora, Forcella, Forcellina, Fortana nero, Fruttana, Fruttano, Prugnola, Prungentile, Uva Cornetta, Uva d'Aceto, Uva d'Oro, Uva d'Oro Sgaravella, Uva d'Oro Sgravella and Uva Francese .

References

Red wine grape varieties

Fortana


Berthold Koch (22 February 1899 – 2 May 1988) was a German chess master and journalist.

Early life
Koch was born in Berlin on 22 February 1899.

Chess career
Koch won four times the Berlin Championship in 1927, 1933 (joint), 1946, and 1951. He also won the Soviet zone-ch at Leipzig 1946 and twice (joint) GDR Championship in 1952 and 1953.

Before World War II, he played in German championships at Bad Pyrmont 1933 (Efim Bogoljubow won), at Bad Aachen 1935 (Kurt Richter won), and at Bad Oeynhausen 1938 (Erich Eliskases won). After the war, he shared 11th at Düsseldorf 1951 (GER-ch, Rudolf Teschner won), and took 3rd at Leipzig 1953 (GER-ch, Wolfgang Unzicker won).

Koch played twice for GDR in Chess Olympiads at Helsinki 1952 and Moscow 1956.

He was awarded the International Master title in 1950, and the ICCF title in 1959.

References

External links

1899 births
1988 deaths
German chess players
Chess International Masters
20th-century chess players

Berthold Koch


Scotch-Brite is a line of abrasive products produced by 3M. The product line includes scouring pads and tools for home uses such as dish washing and scrubbing, as well as various types of surfaces for industrial applications, such as discs, belts, and rotating brushes, with varying compositions and levels of hardness.

The structure of Scotch-Brite pads is created by a sparse unwoven polymer such as cellulose, nylon or spun polypropylene fiber. Products use several variations of hardening and abrasive materials, such as aluminum oxide (alumina), titanium dioxide and resins. Although the base polymers may be considered benignly soft, the composition with other materials greatly enhances their abrasive powers; to the extent that a heavy-duty Scotch-Brite pad (which contains both aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide) will scratch glass.

History
Scotch-Brite was introduced during the 1950s. Development continues into the 21st century with new products for various cleaning uses.

Scotch-Brite, and similar abrasives, have largely replaced the use of bronze wool, which had been used as a non-rusting alternative to steel wool, for use on materials such as oak that would be sensitive to rust.

References

External links

 Comparison of pad types

Cleaning products
3M brands

Scotch-Brite


For the newspaper editor Edward Guy Schofield, see Guy Schofield

Arthur Norman Edward Delsart Schofield, FRHS (26 June 1925 – 9 March 2009) was a curator and archivist at the British Museum, and later the British Library.

Early life
Edward Schofield was born in Rochdale in 1925, the son of Henry Schofield and his Belgian wife, Simone Delsart. In the 1930s, the family made annual summer visits to Belgium.

He was educated at the schools of the Pallottine Missionary Sisters in Rochdale, and the Salesian Fathers in Bolton, before studying at the School of Slavonic and Eastern European Studies in London, which today forms part of University College London. In 1957, he obtained a doctorate from the University of London with a dissertation on "England and the Council of Basel".

He was a founder member of the Ecclesiastical History Society, and on the scholarly committee of the international journal Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum. His scholarly articles were published under the name A.N.E.D. Schofield.

Intelligence work
From 1958 to 1961 he worked in intelligence, first at the Ministry of Defence and then at the Central Office of Information, where he compiled reference works on Middle Eastern countries.

Archivist
In 1961 Schofield moved to the British Museum, as a research assistant in the Department of Manuscripts. From 1974 to 1986 he was assistant keeper of manuscripts at the British Library. His catalogue of the papers of Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, completed in 1987 and published in 1991, was the first to be produced digitally.

Schofield curated the British Library exhibition The English Country Parson (25 September 1980 to 4 January 1981) and edited the exhibition catalogue.

After retirement he volunteered at the archive of the Archdiocese of Westminster, where he indexed the papers of Cardinal Heenan.

Sources
 Edward Schofield: medievalist and curator, Obituary in The Times, 28 April 2009.

1925 births
2009 deaths
People from Rochdale
Alumni of the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Employees of the British Library
Employees of the British Museum

Edward Schofield


Christopher Mabee (born on August 26, 1985 in Tillsonburg, Ontario) is a figure skater from Canada. He won the silver medal (second place) at the 2007 national championships. This earned him a spot to the 2007 World Championships, his first time ever at that competition.

Mabee is a good friends with Jeffrey Buttle. They train together and have the same coach.

Mabee's rise to the top of Canadian skating has been slow and steady. In the 2003/2004 season, he won the bronze medal at the Junior Grand Prix Final. He is the second Canadian man to ever win a medal at that competition (after Fedor Andreev).

Mabee just barely missed a place to the 2006 Winter Olympics. However, instead of going to that competition, he went to the 2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe. He won the silver medal at that competition.

Mabee is well liked by the crowds in exhibition. He is known for his humor on the ice. He often chooses music that makes fun of himself or is light-hearted. At the 2006 Four Continents, he skated a program to Play that funky music, white boy. At the 2006 Nationals, he started his exhibition with a funny song about his home town of Tillsonburg.

Other websites
 Official Site
 International skating union biography
 Skate Canada Profile

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ontario
Canadian figure skaters

Christopher Mabee


The Slav defence is an important reply to 1d4. It is popular with top players. The Slav usually begins:

1.d4 d5
2.c4 c6 (this is the characteristic move of the Slav)
3.Nf3 Nf6
4.Nc3 (see diagram)
Other fourth moves for White are 4.e3, 4.cxd5 and 4.Qb3.

The Slav proper
Now 4...dxc4 is the Slav:

Mainline
This line was explored in two world championship matches between Alekhine and Euwe in 1935 and 1937.

5.a4 Bf5
6.e3 e6
7.Bxc4 Bb4
8.0-0 0-0

Slav Gambit
5.e3 or e4
with 5...b5 Black keeps the pawn

The Semi-Slav
4...e6 is the Semi-Slav:

The Russian variation
Sometimes called the Botvinnik variation.

5.Bg5 dxc4
6.e4 b5
7.e5 h6
8.Bh4 g5
9.Nxg5 hxg5
10.Bxg5 Nbd7
11.exf6 Bb7
12.g3 Bb7

The Meran defence
5.e3 Nbd7
6.Bd3 dxc4
7.Bxc4 b5
8.Bd3 Bb7
9.0-0 a6
10.e4 c5

References
Matthew Sadler 1997. The Slav. Chess Press, Brighton
Matthew Sadler 1998. The Semi-Slav. Chess Press, Brighton.

Chess openings

Slav defence


Tony Robinson's Crime and Punishment is a British documentary for Channel 4.

In a four-part series, Tony Robinson goes on a fascinating and sometimes bizarre journey to discover the origins of our laws and what we do to people when they break them. From trials by boiling water, through the decapitation of a king, to the emergence of our modern democracy, it is a journey that starts two thousand years ago and remains unfinished today.

It aired on Australian screens in 2009 on ABC1.

Episodes

External links

Channel 4 original programming
2008 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings
Television series by Endemol

Tony Robinson's Crime and Punishment


Swase sind folc ðe oneardað suðern Affrica. Hiera rice is Swasaland: þis land is ælmæst eall embegyrded be Sūðaffrican.

Þes þeod nimþ his naman fram  Mswati II Cyning, se fang to rice on Ngame folce in 1839 and geteah manig læsse leodmæg under his wealde, þe eall his underþeodas namon his naman.
Swasaland

Swase


Arnold Atkinson Cooke (4 November 1906 – 13 August 2005) was a British composer, a pupil of Paul Hindemith. He wrote a considerable amount of chamber music, including five string quartets and many instrumental sonatas, much of which is only now becoming accessible through modern recordings. Cooke also composed two operas (still unperformed), six symphonies and several concertos.

Education
Cooke was born at Gomersal, West Yorkshire, into a family of carpet manufacturers. As a child, Cooke learned to play the piano, and later the cello, and began composing by the age of 7 or 8. He was educated at Streete Preparatory School, Repton School and at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he read History, taking Part 1 of his Tripos in 1927, earning his B.A. He changed to read music with his composition teacher E. J. Dent.  At Cambridge, Cooke continued to play the cello in the CUMS orchestra and in a string quartet. He was President of the Cambridge Musical Society from 1927 to 1928.

In 1929, he gained his Music degree and went to Berlin where he studied composition and piano at the Berlin University of the Arts under Paul Hindemith. Hindemith's composition class also included Harald Genzmer, Oskar Sala and Franz Reizenstein, the latter remained a lifelong friend and kept Cooke's Piano Concerto in his repertoire.

He later became Musical Director of the Festival Theatre at Cambridge, and in 1933 was appointed a professor at the Royal Manchester College of Music (now merged into the Royal Northern College of Music). In 1948, through the recommendation of E. J. Dent, he obtained a doctorate from Cambridge, submitting as his composition portfolio his Symphony No. 1 (1946–47), Piano Concerto (1939-40) and Sonata for viola and piano (1936–37).

Career
Cooke moved to London in 1938 to further his career. In the 1930s, he carved out a reputation for himself as a promising young composer, and his music was taken up by leading interpreters. The harpist Maria Korchinska introduced his Harp Quintet in 1932; Sir Henry Wood conducted his Concert Overture No. 1 at the 1934 Promenade Concerts and the Griller Quartet premiered his String Quartet No. 1 in 1935. In 1936 Havergal Brian singled out for praise a cantata, Holderneth, a setting of a text by the American poet Edward Sweeney.

Louis Kentner and the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sir Adrian Boult premiered his Piano Concerto in 1943,
 which he had completed just before his call-up in 1941. The concerto had been commissioned by the South African pianist Adolph Hallis in 1939 but the outbreak of WWII meant that Hallis had to return to South Africa. Kentner gave the first performance in a BBC studio broadcast on 11 November 1943. The work received subsequent broadcast performances from Franz Reizenstein with the BBC Northern Orchestra under Clarence Raybould in 1952  and Eric Parkin with the BBC Northern Orchestra under Brian Priestman in 1972.

During the Second World War, he served in the Royal Navy, first in the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious, and subsequently as a liaison officer in a Norwegian escort vessel and a Dutch tug that took part in the D-Day Landings. After demobilisation he returned to London in 1946, becoming a founder member of the Composers' Guild of Great Britain. From 1947 until his retirement in 1978, he was Professor of Harmony and Composition at Trinity College of Music in London. After a stroke in 1993, he virtually ceased to compose, but lived to the age of 98, dying at his nursing home in Five Oak Green in Kent in 2005.

Music
As a composer Cooke was highly productive and tended to work in traditional genres. His early music follows an English tradition with traces of Elgar, John Ireland and others, but this changes drastically from the time of his study with Hindemith. The music of the 1930s is far more stark, overtly contrapuntal and dissonant, but by 1937 is settling into a style which would essentially remain with him for most of his life. If the mature music shows the influence of Hindemith, Bartók and Shostakovich, it is also leavened with a more English sense of lyricism, whilst the shadow of Brahms is also present.

Cooke wrote two operas – Mary Barton (completed 1954) after the novel by Mrs. Gaskell and The Invisible Duke (1976). Neither has yet received a performance. The ballet Jabez and the Devil (1961) was a commission from the Royal Ballet. A suite from the ballet has been recorded. He composed six symphonies and several concertos, including two Clarinet Concertos (1956 and 1982), the first recorded. There are also recordings of four of the six symphonies (Nos 1, 3, 4 and 5), along with other orchestral works mostly issued on the Lyrita label. The sixth symphony finally received its first broadcast performance at the BBC studios in Salford on 7 September 2016, 32 years after it was completed.

His output of chamber music is copious, including a clarinet quintet, five string quartets, many instrumental sonatas, and some important vocal music. The Clarinet Quintet is available on Hyperion. The Pleyel Ensemble and MPR Records has issued a series of four CDs of chamber music recordings, the fourth of which was issued in September 2020. Most of the works are recorded for the first time. The Bridge Quartet is in the process of recording all five quartets. The organ music has been recorded by Tom Winpenny on Toccata.

Selected works

Opera
 Mary Barton, op.27 (1949–1954)
 The Invisible Duke (1976)

Ballet
 Jabez and the Devil, op.50 (1959) (Concert Suite: 1961)

Vocal and choral works
 Holderneth, Cantata (1933–34)
 Nocturnes, 5 Songs for soprano, horn and piano (1956)
 Songs of Innocence for soprano, clarinet and piano (1957)
 O Men from the Fields for unison voices (1961)
 Ode on St Cecilia's Day for soli, chorus and orchestra, op.57 (1964)
 The Seamew for voice, flute, oboe and string quartet (1980)
 Five Songs of William Blake for baritone, treble recorder and piano (1987)

Orchestral music
 Concert Overture No. 1 (1934)
 Passacaglia, Scherzo and Finale for string orchestra (1937)
 Piano Concerto, op.11 (1940)
 Four Shakespeare Sonnets for Soprano and string orchestra (1941)
 Song for Tenor and small orchestra (1945)
 Concert Overture No. 2, Processional (1945)
 Symphony No. 1 (1947)
 Concerto in D major for string orchestra (1948)
 Prelude and Interlude from Mary Barton (1954?)
 Concerto for Oboe and string orchestra (1954)
 Clarinet Concerto No. 1 (1956)
 Concerto for Treble Recorder and string orchestra (1957)
 Violin Concerto (1958)
 Divertimento for Treble Recorder and string orchestra (1959)
 Concerto for small orchestra, op.48 (1960)
 Concert Suite from Jabez and the Devil (1961)
 Symphony No. 2 (1963)
 Variations on a Theme of Dufay, Ce Moi de May(1966)
 Symphony No. 3 (1967)
 York Suite for Recorders, string orchestra, timpani and percussion (1972)
 Cello Concerto (1973)
 Symphony No. 4 (1974)
 Symphony No. 5 (1979)
 Clarinet Concerto No. 2 (1982)
 Symphony No. 6 (1983-1984)
 Repton Fantasia (1984)
 Concerto for Orchestra (1986)

Chamber music
 Octet for string quartet and woodwind, op.1 (1931)
 Suite for brass sextet (1931)
 Harp Quintet, op.2 (1932)
 String Quartet No. 1 (1933)
 Duo for Violin and Viola (1935, published A-AMP)
 Flute Quartet (1936)
 Sonata for Viola and Piano (1936–1937)
 Sonata for Two Pianos (1937, published OUP)
 Sonata No. 1 in G for Violin and Piano (1939, published OUP)
 Sonata No. 1 for Cello and Piano (1941)
 Piano Trio in C (1941-1944, published A-AMP)
 Variations on an Original Theme for String Quartet (1945)
 Alla Marcia for Clarinet and Piano, D38 (1946)
 String Quartet No. 2 (1947)
 Quartet for Oboe and String Trio (1948, published Novello)
 Quartet for Piano and String Trio (1948-1949)
 String Trio (1950)
 Rondo in B flat for Horn and Piano (1950)
 Sonata No. 2 in A for Violin and Piano (1951, published Novello)
 Sinfonietta for 11 Instruments, op.31 (1954)
 Arioso and Scherzo for Horn and Strings (1955)
 Sonatina for flute and Piano (1956 rev. 1961)
 Sonata for Oboe and Piano (1957, published Novello)
 Little Suite for Flute and Viola (1957)
 Suite for three Bb Clarinets (1958)
 Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (1959)
 Divertimento for Treble Recorder and String Quartet (1959)
 Wind Quintet (1961)
 Suite for Treble Recorder and Piano (1961)
 Clarinet Quintet (1962)
 Sonata for Oboe and Harpsichord (1962)
 Quartet for Flute, Clarinet, Cello and Piano, D93 (1964)
 Quartet-Sonata for Recorder, Violin, Cello and Harpsichord (1964–1965)
 Trio for Clarinet, Cello and Piano, D98 (1965)
 Suite for Recorder Quartet (1965)
 Serial Theme and Variations for Solo Recorder, op.65 (1966)
 String Quartet No. 3 (1967)
 Pavane for Flute and Piano, D112 (1969)
 Quintet for Piano and String Quartet (1969)
 Sonata for Solo Violin (1969, published Edition Peters)
 Quartet for Recorders (1970)
 Trio for Recorders (1970)
 Sonata for Harmonica and Piano (1970)
 Septet for Clarinets (1971)
 Septet for Wind and Strings (alternative to the above) (1971)
 Suite in C for Recorder Trio and Harpsichord (1972)
 Sonatina for Recorder Trio (1972)
 Divertimento for Flute, Oboe, Violin, Cello and Piano (1974)
 Divertimento for Descant Recorder, Treble Recorder, Violin, Cello and Harpsichord (alternative to the above) (1974)
 Variations on Two Christmas Carols for Recorder Trio (1975)
 String Quartet No. 4 (1976)
 Six Pieces for Treble and Tenor Recorders (1976)
 Concertante Quartet for Clarinets (1977)
 Quartet No. 2 for Recorders (1977)
 String Quartet No. 5 in one movement (1978)
 Suite for three Viols (1978-1979)
 Prelude and Dance for Clarinet and Piano, D142 (1979)
 Sonata No. 2 for Cello and Piano (1980)
 Pieces for three Recorders (1981)
 Suite No. 2 for Recorder Quartet (1983)
 Trio for Oboe, Clarinet and Bassoon (1984)
 Capriccio for Recorder and Piano (1985)
 Sonatina for Alto Flute and Piano, D156 (1985)
 Arietta for Soprano Recorder and Piano (1986)
 Sonata for Bassoon and Piano (1987)
 Intermezzo for Oboe and Piano (1987)
 Sonata for Flute and Harp (1988)

Piano, Organ and Harpsichord music
 Three Pieces for Piano (Ostinato, Intermezzo and Capriccio) (1935)
 Sonata for 2 Pianos, op.8 (1936–37)
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (1938)
 Suite in C major for Piano (1943, rev. 1963)
 Scherzo for Piano (1957)
 Dance of the Puppets and Pastorale for Piano (1957)
 Prelude, Intermezzo and Finale for Organ (1962)
 Postlude for Organ (1962-1964)
 Fantasia for Organ (1964)
 Toccata and Aria for Organ (1966)
 Impromptu for Organ (1966)
 Fugal Adventures for Organ (1967)
 Piano Sonata No. 2 (1965)
 Intermezzo and Capriccio for Harpsichord (1970-1971)
 Sonata No. 1 in G for Organ (1971)
 Suite No. 2 for Piano (1975)
 Interlude for Organ manual (1976)
 Sonata No. 2 for Organ (1980)
 Suite No. 3 for Piano (1982)
 Arietta for Piano (1986)
 Tudeley Prelude for Organ (1989)
 Suite in G for Organ (1989)

References

1906 births
2005 deaths
20th-century classical composers
English classical composers
Neoclassical composers
English opera composers
Male opera composers
British ballet composers
People from Gomersal
People educated at Repton School
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Pupils of Paul Hindemith
English male classical composers
20th-century English composers
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British composers
Berlin University of the Arts alumni

Arnold Cooke


LinkNYC is the New York City branch of an international infrastructure project to create a network covering several cities with free Wi-Fi service. The office of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the plan on November 17, 2014, and the installation of the first kiosks, or "Links," started in late 2015. The Links replace the city's network of 9,000 to 13,000 payphones, a contract for which expired in October 2014. The LinkNYC kiosks were devised after the government of New York City held several competitions to replace the payphone system. The most recent competition, in 2014, resulted in the contract being awarded to the CityBridge consortium, which comprises Qualcomm; Titan and Control Group, which now make up Intersection; and Comark.

All of the  Links feature two  high-definition displays on their sides; Android tablet computers for accessing city maps, directions, and services, and making video calls; two free USB charging stations for smartphones; and a phone allowing free calls to all 50 states and Washington, D.C. The Links also provide the ability to use calling cards to make international calls, and each Link has one button to call 9-1-1 directly. Since 2022, CityBridge has also installed  poles under the Link5G brand, which provide both Wi-Fi and 5G service.

The project brings free, encrypted, gigabit wireless internet coverage to the five boroughs by converting old payphones into Wi-Fi hotspots where free phone calls could also be made. , there are 1,869 Links citywide; eventually, 7,500 Links are planned to be installed in the New York metropolitan area, making the system the world's fastest and most expansive. Intersection has also installed InLinks in cities across the UK. The Links are seen as a model for future city builds as part of smart city data pools and infrastructure.

Since the Links' deployment, there have been several concerns about the kiosks' features. Privacy advocates have stated that the data of LinkNYC users can be collected and used to track users' movements throughout the city. There are also concerns with cybercriminals possibly hijacking the Links, or renaming their personal wireless networks to the same name as LinkNYC's network, in order to steal LinkNYC users' data. In addition, prior to September 2016, the tablets of the Links could be used to browse the Internet. In summer 2016, concerns arose about the Link tablets' browsers being used for illicit purposes; despite the implementation of content filters on the kiosks, the illicit activities continued, and the browsers were disabled.

History

Payphones and plans for reuse

In 1999, thirteen companies signed a contract that legally obligated them to maintain New York City's payphones for fifteen years. In 2000, the city's tens of thousands of payphones were among the 2.2 million payphones spread across the United States. Since then, these payphones' use had been declining with the advent of cellphones. , there were 13,000 phones in over 10,000 individual locations; that number had dropped to 9,133 phones in 7,302 locations by April 2014, at a time when the number of payphones in the United States had declined more than 75 percent, to 500,000. The contract with the thirteen payphone operators was set to expire in October 2014, after which time the payphones' futures were unknown.

In July 2012, the New York City government released a public request for information, asking for comments about the future uses for these payphones. The RFI presented questions such as "What alternative communications amenities would fill a need?"; "If retained, should the current designs of sidewalk payphone enclosures be substantially revised?"; and "Should the current number of payphones on City sidewalks change, and if so, how?". Through the RFI, the New York City government sought new uses for the payphones, including a combination of "public wireless hotspots, touch-screen wayfinding panels, information kiosks, charging stations for mobile communications devices, [and] electronic community bulletin boards," all of which eventually became the features of the kiosks that were included in the LinkNYC proposal.

In 2013, a year before the payphone contract was set to expire, there was a competition that sought ideas to further repurpose the network of payphones. The competition, held by the administration of Michael Bloomberg, expanded the idea of the pilot project. There were 125 responses that suggested a Wi-Fi network, but none of these responses elaborated on how that would be accomplished.

Previous free Wi-Fi projects
In 2012, the government of New York City installed Wi-Fi routers at 10 payphones in the city (seven in Manhattan, two in Brooklyn, and one in Queens) as part of a pilot project. The Wi-Fi was free of charge and available for use at all times. The Wi-Fi signal was detectable from a radius of a few hundred feet (about 100m). Two of New York City's largest advertising companies—Van Wagner and Titan, who collectively owned more than 9,000 of New York City's 12,000 payphones at the time—paid $2,000 per router, with no monetary input from either the city or taxpayers. While the payphones participating in the Wi-Fi pilot project were poorly marked, the Wi-Fi offered at these payphones was significantly faster than some of the other free public Wi-Fi networks offered elsewhere.

The Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem received free Wi-Fi starting in late 2013. Routers were installed in three phases within a 95-block area between 110th Street, Frederick Douglass Boulevard, 138th Street, and Madison Avenue. Phase 1, from 110th to 120th Streets, finished in 2013; Phase 2, from 121st to 126th Street, was expected to be complete in February 2014; and Phase 3, the remaining area, was supposed to be finished by May 2014. The network was estimated to serve 80,000 Harlemites, including 13,000 in public housing projects who may have otherwise not had broadband internet access at home. At the time, it was dubbed the United States' most expansive "continuous free public Wi-Fi network."

Bids

On April 30, 2014, the New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications (DOITT) requested proposals for how to convert the city's over 7,000 payphones into a citywide Wi-Fi network. A new competition was held, with the winner standing to receive a 12-year contract to maintain up to 10,000 communication points. The communication points would tentatively have free Wi-Fi service, advertising, and free calls to at least 9-1-1 (the emergency service) or 3-1-1 (the city information hotline).

The contract would require the operator, or the operating consortium, to pay "$17.5 million or 50 percent of gross revenues, whichever is greater" to the City of New York every year. The communication points could be up to  tall, compared to the  height of the phone booths; however,  the advertising space on these points would only be allowed to accommodate up to  of advertisements, or roughly half the maximum of  of the advertising space allowed on existing phone booths. There would still need to be phone service at these Links because the payphones are still used often: collectively, all of New York City's nearly 12,000 payphones were used 27 million times in 2011, amounting to each phone being used about 6 times per day.

In November 2014, the bid was awarded to the consortium CityBridge, which consists of Qualcomm, Titan, Control Group, and Comark. In June 2015, Control Group and Titan announced that they would merge into one company called Intersection. Intersection is being led by a Sidewalk Labs-led group of investors who operate the company as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. that focuses on solving problems unique to urban environments. Daniel L. Doctoroff, the former CEO of Bloomberg L.P. and former New York City Deputy Mayor for Economic Development and Rebuilding, is the CEO of Sidewalk Labs.

Installation of kiosks

Initial kiosks

CityBridge announced that it would be setting up about 7,000 kiosks, called "Links," near where guests could use the LinkNYC Wi-Fi. Coverage was set to be up by late 2015, starting with about 500 Links in areas that already have payphones, and later to other areas. These Links were to be placed online by the end of the year. The project would require the installation of  of new communication cables. The Links would be built in coordination with borough presidents, business improvement districts, the New York City Council, and New York City community boards. The project is expected to create up to 800 jobs, including 100 to 150 full-time jobs at CityBridge as well as 650 technical support positions. Of the LinkNYC plans, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio said,

In December 2014, the network was approved by New York City's Franchise and Concession Review Committee. Installation of two stations on Third Avenue—at 15th and 17th Streets—began on December 28, 2015, followed by other Links on Third Avenue below 58th Street, as well as on Eighth Avenue. After some delays, the first Links went online in January 2016. The public network was announced in February 2016. Locations like St. George, Jamaica, South Bronx, and Flatbush Avenue were prioritized for LinkNYC kiosk installations, with these places receiving Links by the end of 2016.

The vast majority of the payphones were to be demolished and replaced with Links. However, three or four banks of payphones along West End Avenue in the Upper West Side are expected to be preserved rather than being replaced with Links. These payphones are the only remaining fully enclosed payphones in Manhattan. The preservation process includes creating new fully enclosed booths for the site, which is a difficulty because that specific model of phone booths is no longer manufactured. The New York City government and Intersection agreed to preserve these payphones because of their historical value, and because they were a relic of the Upper West Side community, having been featured in the 2002 movie Phone Booth and the 2010 book "The Lonely Phone Booth."

Expansion and issues
By mid-July 2016, the planned roll-out of 500 hubs throughout New York City was to occur, though the actual installation proceeded at a slower rate. , there were 400 hubs in three boroughs, most of which were in Manhattan, although there were at least 25 hubs in the Bronx and several additional hubs in Queens. In November 2016, the first two Links were installed in Brooklyn, with plans to install nine more Links in various places around Brooklyn before year's end. Around this time, Staten Island received its first Links, which were installed in New Dorp. The Links were being installed at an average pace of ten per day throughout the boroughs with a projected goal of 500 hubs by the end of 2016. , there were 920 Links installed across the city. This number had increased to 1,250 by January 2018, and to 1,600 by September 2018.

As originally planned, there would be 4,550 hubs by July 2019 and 7,500 hubs by 2024, which would make LinkNYC the largest and fastest public, government-operated Wi-Fi network in the world. Slightly more than half, or 52%, of the hubs would be in Manhattan and the rest would be in the outer boroughs. There would be capacity for up to 10,000 Links within the network, as per the contract. The total cost for installation is estimated at more than $200 million. The eventual network includes 736 Links in the Bronx, 361 of which will have advertising and fast network speeds; as well as over 2,500 in Manhattan, most with advertising and fast network speeds. By December 2019, only 1,774 LinkNYC kiosks had been installed across the city; the kiosks were largely concentrated in wealthy neighborhoods Manhattan, although Harlem, the South Bronx, and Queens also had several kiosks.

CityBridge had installed 1,869 kiosks by May 2020. Most of the kiosks were in Manhattan. CityBridge had only provided three-fifths the number of kiosks that it had been expected to provide by that time. New York state comptroller Thomas DiNapoli released a report in 2021, finding that 86 of the city's 185 ZIP Codes had kiosks; Manhattan was the only borough that had LinkNYC kiosks in the vast majority of its ZIP Codes.

Implementation of 5G poles

In October 2021, CityBridge submitted designs to the New York City Public Design Commission for the installation of  poles, capable of transmitting 5G wireless signals, under the Link5G brand. The Public Design Commission initially only approved the construction of Link5G poles in commercial and industrial neighborhoods. The first such pole was installed at the intersection of Hunters Point Avenue and 30th Place in Long Island City, Queens, in March 2022 and was used for testing. As part of an agreement with the city government, over 2,000 poles were to be installed in portions of the city that lacked reliable internet service. Under the agreement with CityBridge, the city would receive eight percent of the first $200 million in profits from the Link5G project, as well as half of all revenue above $200 million. The first publicly accessible pole was installed in Morris Heights, Bronx, in July 2022. By the end of the year, CityBridge had installed 26 Link5G poles citywide.

As additional poles were rolled out across the city in 2023, many residents expressed concerns about the Link5G poles' appearance and height; some opponents also cited misinformation related to 5G technology. Neighborhoods such as the West Village and the Upper East Side passed regulations opposing the Link5G poles. Conversely, city officials and businesses supported the installation of the poles. Following a letter from U.S. representative Jerrold Nadler, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled in April 2023 that the poles needed to undergo environmental and historic-preservation reviews.

Description

Links
The Links are  tall, and are compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. There are two  high-definition displays on each Link for advertisements and public service announcements. There is an integrated Android tablet embedded within each Link, which can be used to access city maps, directions, and services, as well as make video calls; they were formerly also available to allow patrons to use the internet, but these browsers have now been disabled due to abuse (see below).

Each Link includes two free USB charging stations for smartphones as well as a phone that allows free calls to all 50 states and to Washington, D.C. The Links allow people to make either phone calls (using the keypad and the headphone jack to the keypad's left), or video calls (using the tablet). Vonage provides this free domestic phone call service as well as the ability to make international calls using calling cards.  The Links feature a red 9-1-1 call button between the tablet and the headphone jack, and they can be used to call the information helpline 3-1-1.

The Links can be used for completing simple time-specific tasks such as registering to vote. In April 2017, the Links were equipped with another app, Aunt Bertha, which could be utilized to find social services such as food pantries, financial aid, and emergency shelter. The Links sometimes offer eccentric apps, such as an app to call Santa's voice mail that was enabled in December 2017. In October 2019, a video relay service for deaf users was added to the Links.

The Wi-Fi technology comes from Ruckus Wireless and is enabled by Qualcomm's Vive 802.11ac Wave 2 4x4 chipsets. The Links' operating system runs on the Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 processor and the Adreno 320 graphics processing unit. The Links' hardware and software can handle future upgrades. The software will be updated until at least 2022, but Qualcomm has promised to maintain the Links for the rest of their service lives.

Links are cleaned twice weekly, with LinkNYC staff removing vandalism and dirt from the Links. Each Link has cameras and over 30 vibration sensors to sense if the kiosk has been hit by an object. A separate set of sensors also detects if the USB ports are tampered with. If either the vibration sensors or the USB port sensors detect tampering, an alert is displayed at LinkNYC headquarters that the specific part of the Link has been affected. All of the Links have a backup battery power supply that can last for up to 24 hours if a long-term power outage were to occur. This was added to prevent interruption of phone service, as happened in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, which caused power outages citywide, especially to the city's payphones (which were connected to the municipal power supply of New York City). Antenna Design helped with the overall design of the kiosks, which are produced by Comark subsidiary Civiq.

Advertising screens

New York City does not pay for the system because CityBridge oversees the installation, ownership, and operations, and is responsible for building the new optic infrastructure under the streets. CityBridge stated in a press release that the network would be free for all users, and that the service would be funded by advertisements. This advertising will provide revenue for New York City as well as for the partners involved in CityBridge.

The advertising is estimated to bring in over $1 billion in revenue over twelve years, with the City of New York receiving over $500 million, or about half of that amount. Technically, the LinkNYC network is intended to act as a public internet utility with advertising services. However, in four of the first five years the Links have been active, actual revenue fell short of goals. This is partially due to the fact that some local small businesses and non-profits were given advertisement space for free.

The Links' advertising screens also display "NYC Fun Facts", one-sentence factoids about New York City, as well as "This Day in New York" facts and historic photographs of the city, which are shown between advertisements. In April 2018, some advertising screens started displaying real-time bus arrival information for nearby bus routes, using data from the MTA Bus Time system. Other things displayed on Links include headlines from the Associated Press, as well as weather information, comics, contests, and "content collaborations" where third-party organizations display their own information.

Links in some areas, especially lower-income and lower-traffic areas, are expected to not display advertisements because it is not worthwhile for CityBridge to advertise in these areas. Controversially, the Links that lack advertising are expected to exhibit network speeds that may be as slow as one-tenth of the network speeds of advertisement-enabled Links. , wealthier neighborhoods in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens were expected to have the most Links with advertisements and fast network speeds, while poorer neighborhoods and Staten Island would get slower Links with no advertising. CityBridge sold fewer advertisements than expected, and it defaulted on $70 million owed to the city in July 2021.

5G poles
CityBridge began installing Link5G poles across the city in 2022. Each pole measures  tall, more than three times as high as the original kiosks; the FCC had mandated that the poles be at least  high. In contrast to the kiosks, the Link5G poles were supposed to be installed in neighborhoods without good internet service; ninety percent of the poles were to be placed in the outer boroughs or in Upper Manhattan north of 96th Street.

The lower sections of many of the poles have tablets, USB charging ports, 9-1-1 call buttons, and advertising displays, similar to the original kiosks. The upper portions of each pole contain 5G equipment installed by telecommunications companies, which can rent space within the poles from CityBridge. The 5G antennas measure  tall and  across. Next to each antenna is a box measuring . There are five transmitters atop each pole, measuring at least  tall. Although Wi-Fi service from the 5G poles is provided free of charge, users have to pay their telecom companies to receive 5G service. The poles also have cameras on them, but the cameras are not operational at all times.

Network
According to its specifications, the Links' Wi-Fi will cover a radius of 150 feet (46 m) to 400 feet (120 m). The Links' Wi-Fi is capable of running at 1 gigabit per second or 1000 megabits per second,  more than 100 times faster than the 8.7 megabit per second speed of the average public Wi-Fi network in the United States. LinkNYC's routers have neither a bandwidth cap nor a time limit for usage, meaning that users can use LinkNYC Wi-Fi for as long as they need to. The free phone calls are also available for unlimited use. The network is only intended for use in public spaces, though this may be subject to change in the future. In the future, the LinkNYC network could also be used to "connect lighting systems, smart meters, traffic networks, connected cameras and other IoT systems," as well as for utility monitoring and for 5G installations.

CityBridge emphasized that it takes security and privacy seriously "and will never sell any personally identifiable information or share with third parties for their own use". Aside from the unsecured network that devices can directly connect to, the Links provide an encrypted network that shields communications from eavesdropping within the network. There are two types of networks: a private (secured WPA/WPA2) network called "LinkNYC Private," which is available to iOS devices with iOS 7 and above; and a public network called "LinkNYC Free Public Wi-Fi," which is available to all devices but is only protected by the device's browser.

Private network users will have to accept a network key in order to log onto the LinkNYC Wi-Fi. This would make New York City one of the first American municipalities to have a free, encrypted Wi-Fi network, as well as North America's largest. LinkNYC would also be the fastest citywide ISP in the world, with download and upload speeds between 15 and 32 times faster than on free networks at Starbucks, in LaGuardia Airport, and within New York City hotels.

Originally, the CityBridge consortium was supposed to include Transit Wireless, which maintains the New York City Subway's wireless system. However, as neither company mentioned each other on their respective websites, one communications writer speculated that the deal had either not been implemented yet or had fallen through. Transit Wireless stated that "those details have not been finalized yet", and CityBridge "promised to let [the writer] know when more information is available."

The network is extremely popular, and by September 2016, around 450,000 unique users and over 1 million devices connected to the Links in an average week. The Links had been used a total of more than 21 million times by that date. This had risen to over 576,000 unique users by October 4, with 21,000 phone calls made in the previous week alone. By January 2018, the number of calls registered by the LinkNYC system had risen to 200,000 per month, or 50,000 per week on average. There were also 600,000 unique users connecting to the Links' Wi-Fi or cellular services each week. The LinkNYC network exceeded 500,000 average monthly calls, 1 billion total sessions, and 5 million monthly users in September 2018.

One writer for the Motherboard website observed that the LinkNYC network also helped connect poor communities, as people from these communities come to congregate at the Links. This stems from the fact that the network provides service to all New Yorkers regardless of income, but it especially helps residents who would have otherwise used their smartphones for internet access using 3G and 4G. The New York City Bureau of Policy and Research published a report in 2015 that stated that one-fourth of residents do not have home broadband internet access, including 32 percent of unemployed residents.

, the most-dialed number on the LinkNYC network was the helpline for the state's electronic benefit transfer system, which distributes food stamps to low-income residents. The LinkNYC network is seen as only somewhat mitigating this internet inequality, as many poor neighborhoods, like some in the Bronx, will get relatively few Links. LinkNYC is seen as an example of smart city infrastructure in New York City, as it is a technologically advanced system that helps enable technological connectivity.

Concerns

Tracking
The deployment of the Links and the method, process, eventual selection, and ownership of entities involved in the project has come under scrutiny by privacy advocates, who express concerns about the terms of service, the financial model, and the collection of end users' data. These concerns are aggravated by the involvement of Sidewalk Labs, which belongs to Google's holding company, Alphabet Inc. Google already has the ability to track the majority of all website visits, and LinkNYC could be used to track people's movements. Nick Pinto of the Village Voice, a Lower Manhattan newspaper, wrote:

In March 2016, the New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), the New York City office of the American Civil Liberties Union, wrote a letter to Mayor de Blasio outlining their privacy concerns. In the letter, representatives for the NYCLU wrote that CityBridge could be retaining too much information about LinkNYC users. They also stated that the privacy policy was vague and needed to be clarified. They recommended that the privacy policy be rewritten so that it expressly mentions whether the Links' environmental sensors or cameras are being used by the NYPD for surveillance or by other city systems. In response, LinkNYC updated its privacy policy to make clear that the kiosks do not store users' browsing history or track the websites visited while using LinkNYC's Wi-Fi, a step that NYCLU commended.

In an unrelated incident, Titan, one of the members of CityBridge, was accused of embedding Bluetooth radio transmitters in their phones, which could be used to track phone users' movements without their consent. These beacons were later found to have been permitted by the DOITT, but "without any public notice, consultation, or approval", so they were removed in October 2014. Despite the removal of the transmitters, Titan is proposing putting similar tracking devices on Links, but if the company decides to go through with the plan, it has to notify the public in advance.

In 2018, a New York City College of Technology undergraduate student, Charles Myers, found that LinkNYC had published folders on GitHub titled "LinkNYC Mobile Observation" and "RxLocation". He shared these with The Intercept website, which wrote that the folders indicated that identifiable user data was being collected, including information on the user's coordinates, web browser, operating system, and device details, among other things. However, LinkNYC disputed these claims and filed a Digital Millennium Copyright Act claim to force GitHub to remove files containing code that Meyer had copied from LinkNYC's GitHub account.

Other privacy issues
According to LinkNYC, it does not monitor its kiosks' Wi-Fi, nor does it give information to third parties. However, data will be given to law enforcement officials in situations where LinkNYC is legally obliged. Its privacy policy states that it can collect personally identifiable information (PII) from users to give to "service providers, and sub-contractors to the extent reasonably necessary to enable us provide the Services; a third party that acquires CityBridge or a majority of its assets [if CityBridge was acquired by that third party]; a third party with whom we must legally share information about you; you, upon your request; [and] other third parties with your express consent to do so." Non-personally identifiable information can be shared with service providers and advertisers. The privacy policy also states that "in the event that we receive a request from a governmental entity to provide it with your  Information, we will take reasonable attempts to notify you of such request, to the extent possible."

There are also concerns that despite the WPA/WPA2 encryption, hackers may still be able to steal other users' data, especially since the LinkNYC Wi-Fi network has millions of users. To reduce the risk of data theft, LinkNYC is deploying a better encryption system for devices that have Hotspot 2.0. Another concern is that hackers could affect the tablet itself by redirecting it to a malware site when users put in PII, or adding a keystroke logging program to the tablets. To protect against this, CityBridge places in "a series of filters and proxies" that prevents malware from being installed; ends a session when a tablet is detected communicating with a command-and-control server; and resets the entire kiosk after 15 seconds of inactivity. The USB ports have been configured so that they can only be used to charge devices. However, the USB ports are still susceptible to physical tampering with skimmers, which may lead to a user's device getting a malware infection while charging; this is prevented by the more than 30 anti-vandalism sensors on each Link.

Yet another concern is that a person may carry out a spoofing attack by renaming their personal Wi-Fi network to "LinkNYC." This is potentially dangerous since many electronic devices tend to automatically connect to networks with a given name, but do not differentiate between the different networks. One reporter for The Verge suggested that to circumvent this, a person could turn off their mobile device's Wi-Fi while in the vicinity of a kiosk, or "forget" the LinkNYC network altogether.

The cameras on the top of each kiosk's tablet posed a concern in some communities where these cameras face the interiors of buildings. However, , the cameras were not activated.

Browser access and content filtering

In the summer of 2016, a content filter was set up on the Links to restrict navigation to certain websites, such as pornography sites and other sites with not safe for work (NSFW) content. This was described as a problem especially among the homeless, and at least one video showed a homeless man watching pornography on a LinkNYC tablet. This problem has supposedly been ongoing since at least January 2016. Despite the existence of the filter, Link users still found a way to bypass these filters.

The filters, which consisted of Google SafeSearch as well as a web blocker that was based on the web blockers of many schools, were intentionally lax to begin with because LinkNYC feared that stricter filters that blocked certain keywords would alienate customers. Other challenges included the fact that "stimulating" user-generated content can be found on popular, relatively interactive websites like Tumblr and YouTube; it is hard to block NSFW content on these sites, because that would entail blocking the entire website when only a small portion hosts NSFW content. In addition, it was hard, if not impossible, for LinkNYC to block new websites with NSFW content, as such websites are constantly being created.

A few days after Díaz's and Johnson's statements, the web browsers of the tablets embedded into the Links were disabled indefinitely due to concerns of illicit activities such as drug deals and NSFW website browsing. LinkNYC cited "lewd acts" as the reason for shutting off the tables' browsing capabilities. One Murray Hill resident reported that a homeless man "enthusiastically hump[ed]" a Link in her neighborhood while watching pornography. Despite the tablets being disabled, the 9-1-1 capabilities, maps, and phone calls would still be usable, and people can still use LinkNYC Wi-Fi from their own devices.

The disabling of the LinkNYC tablets' browsers had stoked fears about further restrictions on the Links. The Independent, a British newspaper, surveyed some homeless New Yorkers and found that while most of these homeless citizens used the kiosks for legitimate reasons (usually not to browse NSFW content), many of the interviewees were scared that LinkNYC may eventually charge money to use the internet via the Links, or that the kiosks may be demolished altogether. The Guardian, another British newspaper, came to a similar conclusion; one of the LinkNYC users they interviewed said that the Links are "very helpful, but of course bad people messed it up for everyone". In a press release, LinkNYC refuted fears that service would be paywalled or eliminated, though it did state that several improvements, including dimming the kiosks and lowering maximum volumes, were being implemented to reduce the kiosks' effect on the surrounding communities.

Immediately after the disabling of the tablets' browsing capabilities, reports of loitering near kiosks decreased by more than 80%. By the next year, such complaints had dropped 96% from the pre-September 2016 figure. The tablets' use, as a whole, has increased 12%, with more unique users accessing maps, phone calls, and 3-1-1.

Nuisance complaints
There have been scattered complaints in some communities that the LinkNYC towers themselves are a nuisance. These complaints mainly have to do with loitering, browser access, and kiosk volume, the latter two of which the city has resolved. However, these nuisance complaints are rare citywide; of the 920 kiosks installed citywide by then, there had been only one complaint relating to the kiosk design itself.

In September 2016, the borough president of the Bronx, Rubén Díaz Jr., called on city leaders to take stricter action, saying that "after learning about the inappropriate and over-extended usage of Links throughout the city, in particular in Manhattan, it is time to make adjustments that will allow all of our city residents to use this service safely and comfortably." City Councilman Corey Johnson said that some police officials had called for several Links in Chelsea to be removed because homeless men had been watching NSFW content on these Links while children were nearby. Barbara A. Blair, president of the Garment District Alliance, stated that "people are congregating around these Links to the point where they're bringing furniture and building little encampments clustered around them. It's created this really unfortunate and actually deplorable condition."

A related problem arising from the tablets' browser access was that even though the tablets were intended for people to use it for a short period of time, the Links began being "monopolized" almost as soon as they were unveiled. Some people would use the Links for hours at a time. Particularly, homeless New Yorkers would sometimes loiter around the Links, using newspaper dispensers and milk crates as "makeshift furniture" on which they could sit while using the Links. The New York Post characterized the Links as having become "living rooms for vagrants". As a result, LinkNYC staff were working on a way to help ensure that Links would not be monopolized by one or two people. Proposals for solutions included putting time limits on how long the tablets could be used by any one person.

Some people stated that the Links could also be used for loitering and illicit phone calls. One Hell's Kitchen bar owner cited concerns about the users of a Link located right outside his bar, including a homeless man who a patron complained was a "creeper" watching animal pornography, as well as several people who made drug deals using the Link's phone capabilities while families were nearby. In Greenpoint, locals alleged that after Links were activated in their neighborhood in July 2017, these particular kiosks became locations for drug deals; however, that particular Link was installed near a known drug den.

Wider deployment
Intersection, in collaboration with British telecommunications company BT and British advertising agency Primesight, is also planning to install up to 850 Links in the United Kingdom, including in London, beginning in 2017. The LinkUK kiosks, as they will be called, are similar to the LinkNYC kiosks in New York City. These Links will replace some of London's iconic telephone booths due to these booths' age. The first hundred Links would be installed in the borough of Camden. The Links will have tablets, but they will lack web browsing capabilities due to the problems that LinkNYC faced in enabling the tablet browsers.

In early 2016, Intersection announced that it could install about 100 Links in a mid-sized city in the United States, provided that it wins the United States Department of Transportation's Smart City Challenge. Approximately 25 of that city's blocks will get the Links, which will be integrated with Sidewalk Labs' transportation data-analysis initiative, Flow. In summer 2016, the city of Columbus, Ohio, was announced as the winner of the Smart City Challenge. Intersection has proposed installing Links in four Columbus neighborhoods.

In July 2017, the city of Hoboken, New Jersey, located across the Hudson River from Manhattan, proposed adding free Wi-Fi kiosks on its busiest pedestrian corridors. The kiosks, which are also a smart-city initiative, are proposed to be installed by Intersection.

See also
 Municipal wireless network

References

External links

Communications in New York City
Government of New York City
Municipal wireless networks
Public phones
Qualcomm

LinkNYC


The Divine Service () is a title given to the Eucharistic liturgy as used in the various Lutheran churches. It has its roots in the Pre-Tridentine Mass as revised by Martin Luther in his Formula missae ("Form of the Mass") of 1523 and his Deutsche Messe ("German Mass") of 1526. It was further developed through the Kirchenordnungen ("church orders") of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that followed in Luther's tradition.

The term "Divine Service" is popularly used among the more conservative Lutheran churches and organizations of the United States and Canada. In the more progressive denominations, such as The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the terms "Holy Communion" or "the Eucharist" are much more commonly used.

Other Lutheran rites are also in use, such as those used in the Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches, such as the Ukrainian Lutheran Church and Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia. In these Churches, the term "Divine Liturgy" is used.

Definition and origins
In the parts of North American Lutheranism that use it, the term "Divine Service" supplants more usual English-speaking Lutheran names for the Mass: "The Service" or "The Holy Communion." The term is a calque of the German word Gottesdienst (literally "God-service" or "service of God"), the standard German word for worship.

As in the English phrase "service of God," the genitive in "Gottesdienst" is arguably ambiguous. It can be read as an objective genitive (service rendered to God) or a subjective genitive (God's "service" to people). While the objective genitive is etymologically more plausible, Lutheran writers frequently highlight the ambiguity and emphasize the subjective genitive. This is felt to reflect the belief, based on Lutheran doctrine regarding justification, that the main actor in the Divine Service is God himself and not man, and that in the most important aspect of evangelical worship God is the subject and we are the objects: that the Word and Sacrament are gifts that God gives to his people in their worship.

Although the term Mass was used by early Lutherans (the Augsburg Confession states that "we do not abolish the Mass but religiously keep and defend it") and Luther's two chief orders of worship are entitled "Formula Missae" and "Deutsche Messe"—such use has decreased in English usage except among Evangelical Catholics and "High Church Lutherans". Also, Lutherans have historically used the terms "Gottesdienst" or "The Service" to distinguish their Service from the worship of other protestants, which has been viewed as focusing more on the faithful bringing praise and thanksgiving to God.

United States
The Lutheran liturgy currently used in the United States traces its development back to the work of Beale M. Schmucker, George Wenner and Edward Horn. Their work took place in the context of a wider North American confessional revival. Between 1876 and 1883, various Lutheran synods expressed an interest in creating a common worship service. This led to the creation of a Joint Committee in 1884 which included representatives of the General Synod and General Council, the two dominant pan-Lutheran groups. This committee appointed Schmucker, Wenner and Horn who began their work in April 1884. A year later, they brought a draft to the General Synod's convention which modified and approved the following order: Introit, Kyrie, Gloria in Excelsis, Collect, Epistle, Gradual with Alleluia Or Tract during Lent), Gospel, Nicene Creed, Sermon, General Prayer, Preface, Sanctus and Benedictus qui Venit, Exhortation to Communicants, Lord's Prayer and Words of Institution, Agnus Dei, Distribution, Collect of Thanksgiving, Nunc Dimittis, Benedicamus Domino, Benediction. In 1887, the three men presented their final draft to the Joint Committee. This final draft used the King James Version language and Anglican (Book of Common Prayer) translations of the Kyrie, Gloria, Creeds, Prefaces, Lord's Prayer, and Collects. It also included the Nunc Dimittis as an option. The final draft, with minor edits, was approved by the various synods in 1888 and has become known as The Common Service and formed the basis for every major Lutheran hymnal and worship book into the late twentieth century.

Liturgy

Preparatory Service
Processional hymn is sung.
The people stand. During this hymn, the pastor and those assisting him (such as the acolytes) process into the sanctuary from the narthex.
The Invocation begins the Divine Service.
For the Invocation and the Preparatory Service, the pastor is to stand at the foot of the altar steps, advancing to the altar at the Introit. He speaks the Trinitarian formula, as the Sign of the Cross is made by all.
The Confession follows
"In the Confession (Lat. "Confiteor"), we kneel humbly before our God, acknowledging our sin and seeking purification of our Spirit. In the Declaration of Grace that follows, we receive from God Himself the assurance of God's mercy and grace that enables us to focus on our loving God." Both the congregation and the pastor kneel as the following is said:

Pastor: If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.

Congregation: But if we confess our sins, God who is faithful and just will forgive our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness.

(moment of silence for personal examination)

Pastor: Let us then confess our sins to God our Father.

All: Most merciful God, we confess that we are by nature sinful and unclean. We have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone. We have not loved You with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. We justly deserve Your present and eternal punishment. For the sake of Your Son, Jesus Christ, have mercy on us. Forgive us, renew us, and lead us, so that we may delight in Your will and walk in Your ways to the glory of your Holy Name. Amen.

Pastor: Almighty God in His mercy has given His Son to die for you and for His sake forgives you all your sins. As a called and ordained servant of Christ, and by His authority, I therefore forgive you all your sins in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. .

All: Amen.

Service of the Word

The Introit is sung.
"The Introit (Lat. "entrance") marks the actual beginning of the Service of the Day. It strikes the keynote theme of the entire Service, recognizing the glory of God and announcing God's grace using pertinent verses, usually from the Psalms. The Introit consists of an Antiphon, followed by a Psalm verse, followed by the Gloria Patri. The Antiphon is then repeated for emphasis." It is during the Introit that the choir, ministers (bishop, pastors (presbyters), deacons), and celebrant process to the chancel. Bowing to the altar, they move to their seats. The celebrant approaches the altar and bow to kiss it. All remain standing.
The Kyrie is chanted by a deacon.
"In the Kýrie Eléison (Gr. "O Lord, have mercy"), we pray to God for grace and help in time of need. It expresses our humility and appreciation of our own weakness and need in a sinful world."
The Gloria in Excelsis Deo follows.
"The Gloria in Excelsis (Lat. "Glory to God in the highest") is the angelic hymn announcing the birth of our Savior Jesus Christ to the shepherds. In it, we join in the hymn of the angels in celebration of the Father's gift of His Son." During Advent and Lent the Gloria in Excelsis is omitted. In its place in Advent, "O come, O come, Emmanuel" is commonly sung. In Lent, "Vexilla Regis" commonly takes its place.
Next is the Dominus Vobiscum and the day's Collect.
"The Dominus Vobiscum is a reciprocal chanted prayer of the Pastor for his people and of the congregation for its Pastor before we together offer our petitions to God. It reflects the special relationship of love between the Pastor and congregation... The Collect sums up, or "collects", all the prayers of the church into one short prayer and suggests the theme of the day or season." After the collect, all may be seated.
The first reading (commonly an Old Testament passage) is read.
During Easter and its season a passage from the book of Acts of the Apostles is read. After the reading the person chants "The Word of the Lord", to which the congregation replies "Thanks be to God". Today the common practice is that the readings (excluding the Gospel) are read by lay people.
Next, the Gradual is sung by the cantor and/or choir.
"The Gradual, so-named because it was originally sung from a step (Lat. "gradus") of the altar, provides a musical echo to the passage just read and a transition to the next lesson." The gradual is psalm that is sung in meditation on the first reading.
The Epistle reading is announced and read.
"The Epistle (Gr. "letter") is usually taken from the letters of the Apostles. Frequently, this lesson does not relate directly to the Gospel. Usually, it bears practical and serious thoughts for daily living."
The Alleluia and verse is now sung by cantor and people.
"The Alleluia (Heb. "Praise the Lord") is a song of joy at the hearing of the Word of God. The accompanying verse usually reflects the mood of the day." During Lent, the Alleluia is omitted and is replaced with a tract. All rise at the singing of the Alleluia and remain standing while the Gospel is read.
The Gospel reading is chanted or spoken. Traditionally the role of a deacon.
"At the announcement of the Gospel, we sing the Gloria Tibi, Domine (Lat. "Glory to you, O Lord"), joyfully affirming our recognition of the real presence of Christ. After hearing our Savior's Good News, we respond with words of praise in the Laus Tibi, Christe (Lat. "Praise to you, O Christ")."
The Hymn of the day is sung next.
This hymn outlines the theme of the day and is the chief hymn of the Divine Service, so it is chosen very carefully. Following, the people may be seated.
Sermon (also called "homily" or "postil").
"In the Sermon, the preacher "rightly divides (or interprets) the Word of truth." The Sermon contains elements of the two great doctrines of the Bible: the Law, which tells us how we are to live, and the Gospel, which proclaims forgiveness of our sins, by grace, through faith, for Christ's sake. The Gospel predominates in the Sermon. The Sermon usually relates to the lessons of the day." After the sermon the people stand and the pastor says the Votum (Lat. "we desire"): "The peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus."
The Nicene Creed is spoken.
"The Creed (Lat. "I believe") is our individual, public confession of faith, spoken with the "one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church". It is a statement of Christianity's most basic and fundamental beliefs, witnessing to the unity and universality of the Church. It does not specifically mean "The Roman Catholic Church"
The Collection and Offertory follow.
After the offerings have been collected they are given to the pastor, who presents it at the altar. "We joyfully offer to God a portion of His gifts to us, as an outward response of our faith in Him." After the collection, the Offertory is sung. "In the words of David, we ask God to cleanse our hearts, to keep us in the one true faith and to grant us the full joy of salvation."
The Prayer of the Faithful is next, with petitions offered by a deacon.
"In the Prayer of the Faithful, the Church performs its priestly role (which is communal and not individual) by representing the people of the world before God in prayer. The "Prayer of the Church" is therefore not the prayer of individuals for themselves nor the congregation for itself but is indeed the prayer of the Church for the world, the work of the Church, and the Church itself."

Service of the Sacrament

The Preface is chanted.
"The Preface begins the Office of Holy Communion. It begins with a simple but powerful dialogue between the pastor and the congregation, which unites the whole body of believers in reverence, adoration, joy and thanksgiving in anticipation of the Sacrament. This is followed by the Common Preface, which begins "It is truly good, right and salutary" and ends with "Therefore with angels and archangels," thus uniting the Church with angelic host. In between is the Proper Preface, which is variable."
The Sanctus and Benedictus are sung.
"In the Sanctus (Lat. "Holy"), we join with the "Angels, Archangels and all the company of heaven" in proclaiming the glory of the Father (first sentence), praising Christ our Savior (second sentence) and singing the song of the children of Jerusalem as they welcomed the Messiah on the first Palm Sunday (third sentence)."
The Anaphora follows.
"The reverent, unadorned use of the Anaphora focuses all our thoughts on the acts and words or Christ and expresses the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in, with and under the bread and wine. Here, God is dealing with us in a loving manner, reminding us that Christ died for our sins." Below is an example form:

Pastor: You are indeed holy, almighty and merciful God; you are most holy, and great is the majesty of your glory. You so loved the world that you gave your only Son, that whoever believes in him may not perish but have eternal life. Having come into the world, he fulfilled for us your holy will and accomplished our salvation.
Our Lord Jesus Christ, on the night when He was betrayed, took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to his disciples and said, 'Take; eat; this is my body, given for you. This do in remembrance of me.' In the same way, also, He took the cup after supper, and when He had given thanks, He gave it to them saying, 'Drink of it all of you. This cup is the New Testament in My Blood, shed for you for the forgiveness of sins. This do as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me.'

Remembering, therefore, his salutary command, his life-giving Passion and death, his glorious resurrection and ascension, and his promise to come again, we give thanks to you, Lord God Almighty, not as we ought, but as we are able; and we implore you mercifully to accept our praise and thanksgiving, and, with your Word and Holy Spirit, to bless us, your servants, and these your own gifts of bread and wine; that we and all who share in the + body and blood of your Son may be filled with heavenly peace and joy, and receiving the forgiveness of sin, may be + sanctified in soul and body, and have our portion with all your saints.

People: Amen.

Pastor: As often as we eat this bread and drink this cup, we proclaim the Lord's death until He comes.

People: Amen. Come, Lord Jesus.

Pastor: O Lord Jesus Christ, only Son of the Father, in giving us Your body and blood to eat and to drink, You lead us to remember and confess Your holy cross and passion, Your blessed death, Your rest in the tomb, Your resurrection from the dead, Your ascension into heaven, and Your coming for the final judgment.

 Many Lutheran churches forego the use of a eucharistic prayer which encircle Jesus' words of institution and instead progress from the Sanctus to the Words of Institution to the Lord's Prayer to the Agnus Dei and on to the distribution. Widely respected Lutheran liturgical scholar and theologian Oliver K. Olson wrote; "The danger of the eucharistic prayer is not primarily its text, but its direction." and "Including human words in the consecration means enclosing the words of institution (like a sandwich) within a human prayer. Making the words of institution into part of a prayer results in a change of direction. That means that the liturgy is initiated by humans and directed toward God." The danger of this mistaken direction of the action at this point of the service is that Lutherans are unanimous in the belief that the Lord's Supper is solely God's service to us and the use of the eucharistic prayer may lead to an unintended teaching of it being a human action toward God that results in its efficacy rather than it being merely our Holy Spirit given faith that clings to Christ's promised, "for you".

The Lord's Prayer follows.
"As children, we address our God as "Our Father", praying as our Lord Jesus Christ himself taught us to pray."
Next is the Pax Domini.
"The Pax Domini (Lat. "Peace of the Lord") is the same greeting spoken by the risen Christ to His disciples on Easter evening. It is the final blessing before we approach the altar to receive the gift of Christ's body and blood."
The Agnus Dei follows.
"The Agnus Dei (Lat. "Lamb of God") is our hymn of adoration to our Savior Jesus Christ who is truly present for us in the Sacrament. The Agnus Dei recalls the testimony of John the Baptist when he pointed to Jesus and proclaimed: "Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world.""
The Distribution is next.
The congregation is to remain kneeling in adoration during the distribution. The pastor first receives communion and then "those who will be assisting him". "By Christ's own words, "Given and shed for you for the remission of sins", in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper God offers, gives, and seals for us forgiveness of sins, life and salvation." The manner of receiving the Eucharist differs throughout the world. Sometimes there is a cushioned area at the front of the church where the congregation can come to the front to kneel and receive this sacrament. Typically, the pastor distributes the host and an assistant (the deacon) then distributes the wine. The congregation departs and may make the sign of the cross. In other Lutheran churches, the process is much like the Post-Vatican II form used in the Catholic Church, the eucharistic minister (most commonly the pastor) and his assistants/deacons line up, with the eucharistic minister in the center, holding the hosts, and the two assistants on either side, holding the chalices. The people process to the front in lines and receive the Eucharist standing When a person receives the bread, the eucharistic minister may say "The Body of Christ, given for you." When a person receives the wine, the assistant/deacon may say "The Blood of Christ, shed for you." Following this, the people make the sign of the cross (if they choose to) and return to their places in the congregation.

In dismissing the communicants, the pastor commonly says, "The body and blood of our Lord strengthen and preserve you steadfast in the true faith to life everlasting." The communicants may say "Amen". Silent prayer is appropriate after being dismissed. "The Dismissal reassures communicants of the efficacy of the Lord's Supper in creating life-saving faith in Christ."

The nunc dimittis is sung next as a postcommunion canticle
"In singing the Nunc Dimittis, (Lat. "Now you dismiss"), we stand with Simeon as he looked upon the baby Jesus, in awe of the profound mystery that the Father would give His only Son in the flesh for the salvation of our souls. Having just received the Lord's Supper, we have truly seen Thy Salvation, which [God] prepared before the face of all people."
The postcommunion collect follows.
"The Versicle calls us to give thanks and introduces the Thanksgiving Collect. In the Collect, we thank God for His life-saving Sacrament and pray that His gift of faith offered therein causes us to change our life and enables us to love God and love others."

The Benedicamus Domino is sung:

Celebrant: "Let us bless the Lord."

People: Thanks be to God.

The Benediction (from Numbers 6:24) and the Amen is chanted.
"More than a prayer for blessing, the Benediction imparts a blessing in God's name, giving positive assurance of the grace and peace of God to all who receive it in faith. The words of the Benediction are those that the God gave to Moses (the Aaronic Blessing) and those used by Christ at the Ascension. The final word that falls on our ears from our gracious God is "peace", affirming our reconciliation to God through the blood of Jesus Christ... We conclude the Divine Service with a triple Amen, that is, "Yea, yea, it shall be so", which expresses our firm faith in the forgiveness of sins by God's grace through Jesus Christ as heard and experienced in the Word and Sacrament of the Divine Service just ended."
The recessional hymn is sung.
The pastor and his assistants process into the narthex.
The ite missa est concludes the Divine Service.
Before the congregation departs, the deacon walks back into the sanctuary and says, "Go in peace to love and serve the Lord" (or similar words) as the people respond, "Thanks be to God."

Eastern Rite Lutheran liturgies
The predominant rite used by the Lutheran Churches is a Western one based on the Formula Missae ("Form of the Mass") although other Lutheran liturgies are also in use, such as those used in the Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches, such as the Ukrainian Lutheran Church and Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia.

Gallery

See also
Agenda (liturgy)
Eucharistic theologies contrasted

References

External links
An Explanation of The Common Service (1908)
Ordnung des Haupt-Gottesdienstes, Kirchenbuch für Evangelisch-Lutherische Gemeinden in North America. Published by the General Council. 1st ed. Philadelphia: J. L. Fike, 1877 (1911). — ELCA Archives – Hymnals
The Service or The Communion, The Wartburg Hymnal for Church, Home, and School. Authorized by the (German) Iowa Synod. O. Harwig, ed. Chicago: Wartburg Publishing House, 1918. — ELCA Archives – Hymnals
The Morning Service (1893), Church Book for the use of Evangelical Lutheran congregations. Authorized by the General Council of the Lutheran Church in North America. Philadelphia: Lutheran Book Store, 1868. Music edition (with music selected and arranged by Harriet Reynolds Krauth) Philadelphia: Lutheran Book Store, 1872; 2d ed., 1884; 3d ed., revised and enlarged, J. K. Schyrock, 1893. — ELCA Archives – Hymnals
The Morning Service, (1893)
The Conduct of the Service, by Arthur Carl Piepkorn (rev. ed. 1965)
A Brief Exposition of the Divine Service
The Lutheran Sources of the Common Service by Edward T. Horn, The Lutheran Quarterly (1891)
Taking Divine Service into the Week
Church of Sweden Service Book in English
The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland - services in English
Liturgy of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark in English
The Order for Worship with Holy Communion in the Church of Norway
The German Mass and Order of Divine Service, by Martin Luther, January 1526
Lutheran Liturgies from Martin Luther to Wilhelm Löhe by Vernon P. Kleinig, Concordia Theological Quarterly, April 1998
Liturgical Developments in Sweden and Finland in the Era of Lutheran Orthodoxy (1593-1700) by Toivo Harjunpää (JSTOR)

Lutheran liturgy and worship

Divine Service (Lutheran)


(1724 – October 4, 1800), also known as  was a Japanese physician and scholar of "Dutch studies" (Rangaku), and the chief Dutch translator in Nagasaki, often accompanying Dutch East India Company officials on missions to Edo and other official business.

As a member of one of the five samurai families supported by the Tokugawa shogunate as hereditary official Dutch translators, Kōsaku vetted imported documents (Christian materials were prohibited in Edo period Japan) and helped to keep the shogunate informed of global political matters. From roughly 1770 to 1800, he served as the chief mediator between the Dutch community on Dejima and the shogunate.

Kōsaku was quite prolific in his writings, and has been described as "perhaps ... the most knowledgeable person [in Japan] about the West in his day." He maintained a Dutch style home and Dutch-style medical school, which at times enrolled up to six hundred students. Kōsaku wrote thirty-nine works, mostly on topics related to rangaku, and mentored a number of students, including Sugita Genpaku.

In his writing, Kōsaku was critical at times of Japanese society, particularly in the attitudes and manners of the citizens of Edo, the shogunal capital. In conjunction with a journey to Edo in 1774, accompanying officials of the Dutch East India Company, Kōsaku wrote that Edo ought to serve as an example to the rest of the nation, and that the interests of the people of Edo were limited to the pursuit of profit. This document, included as part of a preface to the first integral translation of a European book to be published, was but one of many written by rangaku scholars at this time implying a need to rethink the Japanese attitude of Europeans as barbarians and of China as the only model for enlightened civilization.

Japanese scholars, officials, and artists visiting Nagasaki frequently made a point of visiting Kōsaku; his lectures and Dutch-style home attracted great interest. Ranga painter Shiba Kōkan visited Kōsaku in 1788, stayed at Kōsaku's home for a few nights, and was given a tour of Dejima. A portrait he painted on that occasion depicting Kōsaku, partially in the style of Western oil paintings and partially in Japanese ukiyo-e style, survives today. The diaries of physician Tachibana Nankei, who also stayed at Kōsaku's Dutch-style home for a time, include descriptions of that home. The house featured a Dutch-style lie-down bathtub, a Western-style green-painted staircase rather than the unpainted, ladder-like stairs typical of Japanese homes, window drapes, and chairs which Nankei described as "grueling" to sit on, being more used to sitting on a tatami floor. Kōsaku also maintained a collection of European books, paintings, and other objects such as eyeglasses and mirror paintings.

References

Screech, Timon. The Western Scientific Gaze and Popular Imagery in Later Edo Japan: The Lens Within the Heart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Rangaku
Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate
Japanese translators
Translators from Dutch
1724 births
1800 deaths
18th-century Japanese translators

Yoshio Kōsaku


The 1934 Japan Tour was a 12-city barnstorming baseball tour of Japan that took place in November and December 1934. It featured American League baseball players that formed a special team called the All Americans. The baseball stars were both tourists and ambassadors of good will.

This was not the first baseball tour of the country (there were tours in 1908, 1913, 1920, 1922 and 1931), but the Americans in those tours had played Japanese amateur or college ballclubs.

Details
The tour included Earl Averill, Lou Gehrig, Charlie Gehringer, Lefty Gomez, Connie Mack, Jimmie Foxx, Babe Ruth, Moe Berg and other American League players, as the National League would not allow their players to participate. Ruth, "still the most popular and famous athlete of his day" was the face of American baseball at the time.

More than half a million Japanese filled the streets of Tokyo to welcome Ruth and 14 other all-star baseball players for the barnstorming tour. The Americans played 18 games against the All-Nippon team, featuring many of Japan's top players, in front of tens of thousands of fans. The games were played in Meiji-Jingu Stadium in Tokyo, Koshien Stadium in Kobe, Yagiyama Baseball Field in Sendai and others throughout the country. The Americans won all eighteen games. Ruth would hit 13 home runs during the tour.

Staying in the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, there was a knock on the door of Babe Ruth's hotel room one night. Babe opened the door to find a gentleman wearing a kimono, asking for Ruth's autograph on a baseball. Ruth happily obliged; the man then proceeded to pull out another dozen or so balls from his kimono for Ruth to sign. Ruth's wife and daughter witnessed the event. His daughter also recalled how popular Ruth was during the tour: fans would rise to their feet every time he came to bat and waved Japanese and American flags.

After the Japanese games, the team played games in Shanghai and Manila. Most players then went home while Ruth and his family continued westward for four months.

The Japanese portion of the tour was filmed by Jimmie Foxx and his wife using eight millimeter black-and-white film. A copy of the film has been digitized by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Moe Berg also brought a 16-mm Bell and Howell movie camera and made short films of important Japanese installations; this was thought to be one of Berg's first missions as a spy. Many of the players were shadowed while on the street in Tokyo while their luggage was being searched back at their hotel.

Legacy
The tour was quite popular. The team of Japanese all-stars were kept together after the 1934 barnstorming tour and formed Japan's first professional baseball team in December 1934, called Great Tokyo baseball club. The All-Star Japanese team was led by Matsutaro Shoriki and was encouraged to continue with baseball in Japan. This team traveled to the United States in 1935, playing against amateur, college, and minor league teams. The team was later called Yomiuri Tokyo Giants, which still existed as of 2023. The 1934 tour was "a big factor in making professional baseball possible in Japan" and helped cement the Babe's popularity in Japan.

The tour was covered in a book published in 2012. Items from the tour, including posters, baseballs, jerseys and caps are held both in the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame and in Cooperstown.

A cap Ruth wore during the tour sold for over $300,000 in 2014.

References

History of baseball in Japan
Japan Tour
Japan Tour
Japan Tour

1934 Japan Tour


The 80th running of the Tour of Flanders cycling race in Belgium was held on Sunday 7 April 1996. Italian Michele Bartoli won the monument classic ahead of Fabio Baldato and Johan Museeuw. The race started in Sint-Niklaas and finished in Meerbeke (Ninove).

Race summary
A group of 11, containing all favourites, was at the foot of the Muur van Geraardsbergen, when defending champion and race favourite Johan Museeuw had a lingering rear wheel and was distanced on the climb. Michele Bartoli attacked on the steep upper slopes of the Muur and pushed on over the Bosberg towards the finish. The stylish Italian won with a minute lead over the chase group where team mate Fabio Baldato won the sprint ahead of a returning Museeuw.

Climbs
There were sixteen categorized climbs:

Results

External links
Recap of the 1996 Tour of Flanders (Flemish television)

References

1996
1996 in road cycling
1996 in Belgian sport
1996 UCI Road World Cup
April 1996 sports events in Europe

1996 Tour of Flanders