Thalassia (fl. 2nd century BCE) was the wife of Hyspaosines, king of Characene, a small kingdom on the Persian gulf in what is now known as Iraq. Thalassia is a rare Greek name.

Thalassia is known from cuneiform texts found in Babylon, where she appears as Talasi'asu. In these texts it is reported that after the death of her husband in 124 BCE, she tried to install their son on the throne of the kingdom. The son is not named and therefore it remains open whether she was successful. The king following Hyspaosines was Apodakos, who might be this son. Thalassia is also known from a building inscription found in Bahrain, where she is mentioned together with her husband. In this inscription, the Greek version of her name is attested.

Literature
 P.L. Galier, P. Lombard, K.M. al-Sindi: Greek Inscriptions from Bahrain, In: Arabian archaeology and epigraphy, 13 (2002), S. 223-26 the Inscription from Bahrain (pdf)

Ancient queens consort
2nd-century BC women
2nd-century BC Iranian people

Thalassia (queen)


I Only Want You to Love Me () is a 1976 West German television movie written and directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, and starring Vitus Zeplichal and Elke Aberle.

Plot
Peter Trepper (Vitus Zeplichal) is a young man who is serving ten years in prison for committing an impulsive murder.  A psychologist (Erika Runge) interviews him to learn his motive and life history.  Peter has a loveless childhood in the home of his innkeeper parents (Alexander Allerson and Erni Mangold).  Despite his obedience and good works, he fails to win their acceptance.  Hastily, Peter marries his girlfriend Erika (Elke Aberle) and relocates to Munich, where he continues his quixotic efforts to gain approval, especially from his new wife.  He pressures himself to work long hours while spending money lavishly, leading to constant stress over debts.  When Peter loses his job, he finally snaps, striking and strangling a bartender (Janos Gönczöl) who reminds him of his own father.

Cast
 : Peter
Elke Aberle : Erika
Alexander Allerson : Peter's father
Erni Mangold : Peter's mother
Johanna Hofer : Erika's grandmother
Katharina Buchhammer : Ulla
Wolfgang Hess : Construction foreman
Armin Meier : Construction company manager
Erika Runge : Psychologist
Ulrich Radke : Erika's father
Annemarie Wendl : Erika's mother
Janos Gönczöl : Bartender
Edith Volkmann : Bartender's wife
Robert Naegele : Apartment manager
Axel Ganz : Usher
Inge Schulz : Mrs. Emmerich
Heinz H. Bernstein : Furniture salesman
Helga Bender : Saleswoman
Adi Gruber : Postal clerk
Heide Ackermann : Knitting machine saleswoman
Sonja Neudorres : Jeweler
Reinhard Brex : Businessman
Lilo Pempeit : Elderly woman at post office

Production
The film was shot in 25 days between November and December 1975 and broadcast by the ARD television network on March 23, 1976.  The movie was commissioned by ARD's affiliate Westdeutsche Rundfunk Köln (WDR) and produced by Bavaria Atelier GmbH, the predecessor of Bavaria Film.  The production of I Only Want You to Love Me cost roughly 800,000 Deutsche Marks.

The screenplay is based on a true story from the book Lebenslänglich - Protokolle aus der Haft (English: Life – Transcripts Behind Bars) by Klaus Antes, Christiane Ehrhardt, and Heinrich Hannover (Munich,  1972).

External links

1976 films
1976 television films
1976 drama films
West German films
German drama television films
Films directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder
German-language television shows
1970s German films
Das Erste original programming

I Only Want You to Love Me


Annabelle McCauley Allan Short (25 July 193021 July 2020), known professionally as Annie Ross, was a British-American singer and actress, best known as a member of the jazz vocal trio Lambert, Hendricks & Ross.

Early life
Ross was born in Surrey, England, the daughter of Scottish vaudevillians John "Jack" Short and Mary Dalziel Short (née Allan). Her brother was Scottish entertainer and theatre producer and director Jimmy Logan. She first appeared on stage at age three. At the age of four, she travelled to New York by ship with her family; she later recalled that they "got the cheapest ticket, which was right in the bowels of the ship."

Shortly after arriving in the city, she won a token contract with MGM through a children's radio contest run by Paul Whiteman. She subsequently moved with her aunt, Scottish-American singer and actress Ella Logan, to Los Angeles, and her mother, father and brother returned to Scotland. She did not see her parents again until fourteen years later. At the age of seven, she sang "The Bonnie Banks o' Loch Lomond" in Our Gang Follies of 1938, and played Judy Garland's character's sister in Presenting Lily Mars (1943).

At the age of 14, she wrote the song "Let's Fly", which won a songwriting contest and was recorded by Johnny Mercer and The Pied Pipers.

At the end of 10th grade, she left school, changed her name to Annie Ross, and went to Europe, where she established her singing career. She changed her surname to Ross during the plane trip to Prestwick; in a 2011 interview, she said: "My aunt was very fanciful and she said I had an Irish grandmother called Ross, so that's where that surname came from."

Career
In 1952, Ross met Prestige Records owner Bob Weinstock, who asked her to write lyrics to a jazz solo in a similar way to King Pleasure, a practice that would later be known as vocalese. The next day, she presented him with "Twisted", a treatment of saxophonist Wardell Gray's 1949 composition of the same name, a classic example of the genre. The song, first released in 1952 (later collected on the album King Pleasure Sings/Annie Ross Sings), was an underground hit, and resulted in her winning Down Beat magazine's New Star award.

In February 1956, the British music magazine NME reported that Ross's version of the song "I Want You to Be My Baby" was banned by the BBC due to the lyric "Come upstairs and have some loving".

She recorded seven albums with Lambert, Hendricks & Ross between 1957 and 1962. Their first, Sing a Song of Basie (1957), was to have been performed by a group of singers hired by Jon Hendricks and Dave Lambert with Ross brought in only as vocal consultant. It was decided that the trio should attempt to record the material and overdub all the additional vocals themselves, but the first two tracks were recorded and deemed unsatisfactory so they ditched the dubbing idea. The resulting album was a success, and the trio became an international hit. Over the next five years, Lambert, Hendricks & Ross toured all over the world and recorded such albums as The Hottest New Group in Jazz (1959), Sing Ellington (1960), High Flying (1962), and The Real Ambassadors (1962), written by Dave Brubeck and featuring Louis Armstrong and Carmen McRae.

Ross left the group in 1962. In 1964 she opened a nightclub in London. Annie's Room hosted Joe Williams, Nina Simone, Stuff Smith, Blossom Dearie, Anita O'Day, Jon Hendricks, and Erroll Garner.

Her adulthood film roles included Liza in Straight On till Morning (1972), Claire in Alfie Darling (1976), Diana Sharman in Funny Money (1983), Vera Webster in Superman III (1983), Mrs. Hazeltine in Throw Momma from the Train (1987), Rose Brooks in Witchery (1988), Loretta Cresswood in Pump Up the Volume (1990), Tess Trainer in Robert Altman's Short Cuts (1993), and Lydia in Blue Sky (1994). She also appeared as Granny Ruth in the horror films Basket Case 2 (1990) and Basket Case 3: The Progeny (1991). She also had a bit part in Robert Altman's The Player in 1992. Ross also starred in Scottish Television's comedy-drama Charles Endell Esquire (1979).

She provided the speaking voice for Britt Ekland in The Wicker Man (1973), and Ingrid Thulin's singing voice in Salon Kitty (1976). On stage, she appeared in Cranks (1955; London and New York City), The Threepenny Opera (1972), The Seven Deadly Sins (1973) at the Royal Opera House, Kennedy's Children (1975) at Arts Theatre, London, Side by Side by Sondheim, and in the Joe Papp production of The Pirates of Penzance (1982).

Personal life
In 1949, Ross had a brief affair with drummer Kenny Clarke. This affair produced a son, Kenny Clarke Jr. (born 1950), who was raised by Clarke's brother and his wife. During her time with Lambert, Hendricks & Ross, she became addicted to heroin and in the late 1950s had an affair with the comedian Lenny Bruce, who was also having drug problems. By 1960, Carol Sloane was substituting for her on tour. After a performance by the trio in London in May 1962, she remained in London to confront her drug addiction.

In 1963, she married actor Sean Lynch; they divorced in 1975, and he died in a car crash soon afterwards. By that time, she had also lost her home and declared bankruptcy.

She became a United States citizen in 2001.

Ross died in New York City on 21 July 2020 from emphysema and heart disease, four days before her 90th birthday.

Awards and honours
Ross received the ASCAP Jazz Wall of Fame award (2009), the National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Masters' Award (2010), and the MAC Award for Lifetime Achievement (2011).

In July 2006 a one-woman play entitled TWISTED: The Annie Ross Story by Brian McGeachan premiered at The Space Theatre in London, starring Verity Quade. It focused on her stormy relationship with her aunt, Broadway legend Ella Logan, her brief affair with the comedian Lenny Bruce and her addiction to heroin. The play transferred to the Brockley Jack Theatre in London that same year, with Ross being played by Betsy Pennington.

A documentary about Ross's life, entitled No One But Me, premiered at the Glasgow Film Festival in 2012.

Discography
 New Sounds from France with Jack Dieval, James Moody (Prestige, 1950)
 Annie by Candlelight with Tony Crombie (Pye, Nixa, 1956)
 Cranks with John Cranko, John Addison (His Master's Voice, 1956)
 Gypsy with Buddy Bregman (World Pacific, 1959)
 A Gasser! with Zoot Sims (World Pacific, 1959)
 Annie Ross Sings a Song with Mulligan! with Gerry Mulligan (World Pacific, 1959)
 Sings a Handful of Songs (Ember, 1963)
 Loguerhythms: Songs from the Establishment with Tony Kinsey (Transatlantic, 1963)
 Portrait of Annie Ross (Pye, 1965)
 Recorded at the Tenth German Jazz Festival in Frankfurt with Pony Poindexter (SABA, 1966)
 Fill My Heart with Song (Decca, 1968)
 Singin' 'n' Swingin with Dorothy Dunn, Shelby Davis (Savoy, 1969)
 You and Me Baby (Decca, 1971)
 In Hoagland with Hoagy Carmichael, Georgie Fame (Bald Eagle, 1981)
 Like Someone in Love (Bulldog, 1983)
 Music Is Forever (DRG, 1996)
 Live in London (Harkit, 2003)
 To Lady with Love (Red Anchor, 2014)

With Dave Lambert and Jon Hendricks
 Sing a Song of Basie (ABC-Paramount, 1958)
 The Swingers! with Zoot Sims (World Pacific, 1959)
 Sing Along with Basie with Count Basie, Joe Williams (Roulette, 1959)
 The Hottest New Group in Jazz (Columbia, 1959)
 Sing Ellington with Ike Isaacs (Columbia, 1960)
 High Flying with Ike Isaacs (Columbia, 1961)
 The Real Ambassadors with Louis Armstrong, Dave Brubeck, Carmen McRae (Columbia Masterworks, 1962)
 Everybody's Boppin (Columbia, 1989) compilation

Filmography

References

External links

 "I Was Billie Holiday's Replacement", BBC Radio 4 documentary about Ross broadcast on 25 May 2017

 Collection: Annie Ross papers: archives and special collections at Rutgers

1930 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American women singers
20th-century English actresses
20th-century English women singers
20th-century English singers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers
American women jazz singers
American film actresses
American jazz singers
American voice actresses
British emigrants to the United States
British women jazz singers
Deaths from emphysema
English film actresses
English jazz singers
English people of Scottish descent
English voice actresses
Lambert, Hendricks & Ross members
Nightclub owners
RCA Victor artists
Transatlantic Records artists
Vocalese singers
Volpi Cup winners
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers

Annie Ross


Small nuclear RNA (snRNP, or 'snurps'), joins with proteins to form spliceosomes. The spliceosomes govern alternative splicing.

The background to this is that, in eukaryotes, most genes code for a protein in separated strings of DNA. This is because, of a total gene, coding bits (exons) are separated by non-coding bits (introns). The process called alternative splicing can produce many possible proteins from the gene parts because the proteins are put together in different ways. Alternative splicing produces alternative messenger RNAs, and these produce different proteins. Spliceosomes control the details of the splicing.

The two essential components of snRNPs are protein molecules and RNA. The RNA found within each snRNP particle is known as small nuclear RNA, or snRNA, and is usually about 150 nucleotides in length. The snRNA component of the snurp is specific to individual introns because it 'recognises' the sequences of critical signals at the ends and branch sites of introns. The snRNA in snurps is similar to ribosomal RNA: it acts both as an enzyme (catalyst) and builds structure.

SnRNPs were discovered by Michael Lerner and Joan Steitz.
Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman also played a role in the discovery, winning the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1989 for their independent discoveries that RNA can act as a catalyst in cell development.

References

RNA
Molecular biology

SnRNP


Maria Parloa (September 25, 1843 – August 21, 1909) was an American author of books on cooking and housekeeping, the founder of two cooking schools, a lecturer on food topics, and an early figure in the "domestic science" (later "home economics") movement. A culinary pioneer, she was arguably America's first celebrity cook, considered "one of the innovative superstars of her field".

Early life

Maria Parloa was born in Massachusetts on September 25, 1843.  Both her mother and father had been born in New York state.  Little is known about her early life; she is said to have been orphaned at a young age. Nor is it known where she learned to cook, although in the Preface to her first book, The Appledore Cook Book, published in 1872, she asserts that she has "had years of experience as a cook in private families and hotels." The latter included the Rockingham House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Pavilion Hotel, Wolfeboro, New Hampshire; McMillan House, North Conway, New Hampshire; and the Appledore Hotel on Appledore Island, Maine, one of the Isles of Shoals.

In 1871, Parloa entered the Normal School of the Maine Central Institute, Pittsfield, Maine, completing her teacher training course two years later.

Career

Following graduation, Maria Parloa accepted a position as a teacher in "a small country school" in Mandarin, Florida (a small town now part of the City of Jacksonville) where she remained for five winters.  During this time, she gave a talk on cookery to raise money to buy "a small cabinet organ" for the local Sunday school. This led to an invitation to give a lecture on "Cooking and Digestion" in New London, Connecticut, during the summer of 1876.  It was so well received, that in May, 1877, she gave a successful series of four talks in one of the lecture rooms at Boston's Tremont Temple. As she later recollected, "The interest seemed to warrant my undertaking the work, and I decided to open a school in the fall, 1877, which I did on Tremont Street. The interest was very great, and all the time I had my school in Boston I had more than I possibly could do ..."

Miss Parloa's School of Cooking opened in October, 1877, at 174 Tremont Street, Boston.  (This should not be confused with the Boston Cooking School, founded two years later.)

In 1878, she gave lectures on cookery at nearby Lasell Seminary for Young Women, Auburndale (Newton), Massachusetts; also at Miss A.C. Morgan's Boarding and Day School for Young Ladies, Portsmouth, New Hampshire.  In the same year, her second book, Camp Cookery:  How to Live in Camp, was published in Boston.

During the summer of 1878, Parloa traveled to Europe where she studied English and French culinary practice at first hand.  Her observations at the South Kensington and the Board Schools in London were the inspiration for her next book:  First Principles of Household Management and Cookery:  A Text-Book for Schools and Families, published in 1879. That same year, the Women's Education Association of Boston provided a subvention of $100 for the establishment of The Boston Cooking School.  Its first teacher was Joanna Sweeney who taught the classes in basic cookery; Maria Parloa was engaged to give regular lectures on more sophisticated topics.

During this time, she prepared the text for Miss Parloa's New Cook Book:  A Guide to Marketing and Cooking, published in 1880.

Although Miss Parloa's own school and her lectures at the Boston Cooking School were both extremely popular, they were not financially rewarding.  In 1882, she closed her school, left Boston, and moved to New York City. In November, 1882, she opened Miss Parloa's School of Cooking at 222 East Seventeenth Street.  Here, in addition to the regular courses of instruction during the day, Miss Parloa also offered free instruction to "immigrant girls" in the evening.

In 1887, "having made a considerable fortune," she stopped teaching in New York and moved back to Boston, where she "purchased a comfortable home in Roxbury."  During the same year, her next cookbook, Miss Parloa's Kitchen Companion: A Guide for All Who Would Be Good Housekeepers, was published in Boston.

In her later years, Miss Parloa capitalized on her celebrity by endorsing several food products:  she may have been the first to do so.  One Hundred Ways to Use Leibig Company's Extract of Beef:  A Guide for American Housewives appeared in 1893.  Though the booklet was "printed in the United States," it was published in London.  A second London edition bears the copyright date 1897.

She returned to Europe in 1894 for a three-year study of "the domestic systems of France, England, and Germany."  Her plan was to spend a year living with a French family, a second with a German family, and a final year "living in suburban England."  "The results of these studies will be made known by Miss Parloa in a series of magazine articles." Maria Parloa moved back to New York City in 1898 where she lived until 1903. The United States Census for 1900 shows that her household included a "servant" of Irish birth named Sarah Hourigan.

In 1899, she attended a meeting in Lake Placid, New York, "to begin the work of professionalizing home economics."  She was also present in 1908 when the American Home Economics Association was formed.

In 1903, she moved to Bethel, Connecticut, where she lived until her death, sharing her home with two orphan girls.  She organized the Village Improvement Society, and participated in community landscaping. She died on August 21, 1909, following surgery in Bethel, Connecticut, and her remains where interred at the Forest Hills Cemetery. At the time, she was making plans for her third trip to Europe.

Works
Parloa, Maria.  The Appledore Cook Book. Boston: Graves and Ellis, 1872.  Second Edition (Andrew F. Graves), 1877.  New Edition, 1880.

Parloa, Maria.  Camp Cookery:  How to Live in Camp. Boston:  Estes and Lauriat, 1878.
Parloa, Maria. First Principles of Household Management and Cookery:  A Text-Book for Schools and Families.  Boston:  Houghton, Osgood, and Company, 1879.  New and enlarged edition, 1882.
Parloa, Maria. Miss Parloa's New Cook Book: A Guide to Marketing and Cooking. Boston:  Estes and Lauriat, 1881.  Revised edition, 1908.

Parloa, Maria.  Practical Cookery with Demonstrations. New York Tribune Extra No. 85.  New York: The Tribune, 1884.
Parloa, Maria. Miss Parloa's Kitchen Companion:  A Guide for All Who Would Be Good Housekeepers. Boston:  Estes and Lauriat, 1887.
Parloa, Maria. Miss Parloa's Young Housekeeper:  Designed Especially to Aid Beginners.Boston:  Dana Estes and Co., 1893.  Second edition, 1894.  Third edition, 1895.
Parloa, Maria.  Home Economics:  A Guide to Household Management, Including the Proper Treatment of the Materials Entering into the Construction and Furnishing of the House. New York:  Century Co., 1898.
Parloa, Maria. Chocolate And Cocoa Recipes by Miss Parloa, and Home Made Candy Recipes by Mrs. Janet McKenzie Hill. Dorchester, MA:  W. Baker and Co., Ltd., 1909.
Parloa, Maria.  Canned Fruit, Preserves and Jellies.  Household Methods of Preparation.  Prepared under the supervision of Experiment Stations, U.S. Department of Agriculture.  Chicago-Akron-New York:  The Saalfield Publishing Co., 1917.

References

Sources
Elizabeth Driver, Culinary Landmarks (University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 116.

External links

Maria Parloa at Bethel [CT] Public Library.
Maria Parloa at Practically Edible.

American food writers
American cookbook writers
1909 deaths
1843 births
American women non-fiction writers
19th-century American women writers

Maria Parloa


Protostar is an early stage in the evolution of a star that usually grows to the point of beginning nuclear fusion and becoming a star by gathering mass. It is made of a contracting cloud of cold and dark interstellar medium (mostly hydrogen gas). Protostars has lower temperature than an ordinary star. For a sun-like star, deuterium fusion occurs in the protostar stage, while proton-proton fusion, which sustains stars for billions of years, starts gradually millions of years later. The modern picture of protostars was first suggested by Chushiro Hayashi in 1966.

Evolution of Protostars

Although outer space may seem empty, it is actually full of thinly spread gas and dust called the interstellar medium.  Higher density regions form clouds, or nebulas, where star formation takes place.  The gas is mostly molecules of hydrogen, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds.  The largest molecular clouds have densities of 100 particles per cm3, diameters of 100 light-years (9.5×1014 km), and masses up to 6 million solar masses, and an average interior temperature of 10 K.  This is cold and dense compared to elsewhere in space, but would be considered a vacuum on Earth.  With low temperatures and high densities, gravity can overcome thermal pressure and start the gravitational collapse that will form a star.

Sometimes the formation of stars can be triggered (known as triggered star formation) by disturbances in the gas clouds.  Such disturbances could be a shock wave from the explosion of a nearby massive star at its death, or the passage of the cloud through regions of more intense gravity as found in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies. This compress the gas clouds enough to cause gravitationally collapse.

When gravity begins to pull the gases together into a ball, a protostar forms. This process is known as accretion.

According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, a rotating body spins more rapidly as it decreases in size. So, as a protostar shrinks, its rate of spin increases. As the protostar rotates, it is much easier for material to fall right onto the poles (which spin most slowly) than onto the equator (where material moves around most rapidly). Therefore, gas and dust falling in toward the protostar's equator are "held back" by the rotation and form a whirling extended disk around the equator. The circumstellar disks are where planets form.

When a protostar rotates, it generates a strong magnetic field which generates a strong protostellar wind (an outward flow of particles into space). Many protostars also send out high-speed jets of gas into space. Usually there are two jets flowing out along the rotation axis of the protostar. Eventually the wind and the jets clear away the extra gas around the protostar and allow the protostar and the disk to come into view.

As a protostar collapses it heats up because the gas particles run into each other. The energy the gas particles had from falling to the force of gravity gets converted to heat energy. The gas clump becomes warm enough to radiate energy. The radiation cross the interstellar dust in the surrounding dense core. The dust absorbs all impinging photons and reradiates them at longer wavelengths (infrared).

A protostar has lower temperature than an ordinary star. At its center, hydrogen-1 is not yet fusing with itself. However, theoretically, deuterium fuses with hydrogen-1 at its centre and creates helium-3. The heat from this fusion reaction tends to inflate the protostar, and thereby helps determine the size of the youngest observed pre-main-sequence stars.

A protostar becomes a main sequence star when its core temperature exceeds 10 million K (the temperature needed for hydrogen fusion to operate efficiently).

Collapse into a star like our Sun takes about 50 million years. The collapse of a very high mass protostar might take only a million years while smaller stars can take more than a hundred million years to form.

A protostar with less than 0.08 solar masses never reaches the 10 million K temperature needed for efficient hydrogen fusion. In these cases, a protostar remains as a brown dwarf.

References

Types of stars

Protostar


Sharon A. Anderson (born 1949) is an American physician, educator, and researcher practicing in Portland, Oregon.  She has contributed extensively to the study of the progression of chronic kidney disease.  Her research has focused on diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease and the pathophysiology of the aging kidney.  She was the first woman to serve as President of the American Society of Nephrology (ASN).  She was the Chief of the Department of Medicine at the Veteran's Affairs Medical Center in Portland and is currently the Chair of the Department of Medicine at Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU).  She has been appointed to the National Institutes of Health Council of Councils.  Her publications as author or co-author number greater than 150.

Biography and training
Sharon Anderson was born in 1949.  She earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Maryland in 1971  and her medical degree from the Louisiana State University School of Medicine in 1979.  As part of her post-graduate training, she completed an internship in 1979 and residency in 1983 at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center, which would later become OHSU.  She subsequently completed a one-year fellowship in nephrology at Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School in 1983 and then a two-year research fellowship in nephrology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School.  She is a Fellow of the American Society of Nephrology (FASN).  She currently lives with her husband Edmund T. Curtis in Portland, Oregon.

Research and career

In her career as a researcher, she has expanded understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy, which has, in turn, changed the practice patterns for treatment of the disease.  Her work uncovered the important effect of ACE inhibitors in modifying the progression of diabetic nephropathy.  Her studies provided support for initiating large scale clinical trials, which have resulted in improvements in patient care.  This has contributed to lower predicted numbers of patient who will require dialysis due to end-stage kidney disease.

Work for the American Society of Nephrology and NIH
She has served in leadership roles for the American Society in Nephrology in a number of capacities.  Her committee appointments with the ASN include terms of service on the Abstract Selection Committee, the Program Committee, the Chronic Kidney Disease Advisory Group, and the Executive Committee for Training Program Directors.  In 2004, she was elected to the council of the ASN.  She has also served on the Editorial Board of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (JASN).  She was the first woman to serve as President of the American Society of Nephrology in its 43-year history.  Her term started in 2009 and she played an activist role in the position.  She has worked to strategically improve the diversity of leadership at the ASN, to better reflect social demographics.

In her work with the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM), she served as Chair of the Nephrology Board.  For the NIH, she chaired the General Medicine "B" Study Section.

Awards on honors
For her work as an educator at OHSU, she was awarded Faculty Teaching Awards 2001, 2002, and 2003.  She was also awarded the 2003 Medical Staff Chairman's Award for Outstanding Service to Medical Staff.  Other awards include a Faculty Senate Award for Outstanding Service, from OHSU in 2006. Other leadership positions include service as a Fellow of the Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine.  In addition, she serves on the council of the American Heart Association to oversee a division on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and High Blood Pressure Research.  She is a member of multiple other professional societies.

References

American nephrologists
Living people
Scientists from Portland, Oregon
Oregon Health & Science University faculty
1949 births
Physicians from Portland, Oregon
American women academics
21st-century American women scientists
University of Maryland School of Medicine alumni
21st-century American women educators
21st-century American educators
21st-century American women physicians
21st-century American physicians

Sharon Anderson (nephrologist)


John Sahaky Kirakosyan (; May 6, 1929 – June 20, 1985) was a Soviet Armenian Foreign Minister from 1975 until his death. He was also a historian and political scientist who was a Doctor of Historical Sciences and a professor at Yerevan State University, where he headed the Faculty of Oriental Studies.

Biography
Kirakosyan was born in Yerevan, the capital of Soviet Armenia, in 1929. From 1955 to 1962 he was head of the propaganda division of the monthly of the Communist Party of Armenia, "Leninyan Ughiov". From 1962 to 1966 he was head of the propaganda division of the party's Central Committee, and from 1966 to 1969 he served as chairman of the state committee of the Armenian SSR on television and radio broadcasting. From 1969 to 1975 he was head of the science and education division of the party, and he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Armenian SSR from 1975 until his death in 1985.

Amongst his scientific works are numerous research papers and several lengthy treatises that contribute to the understanding of key aspects of Armenian history.

In 1954 Kirakosyan defended his thesis at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, which was dedicated to the subject of British intervention in Iran in 1919-1921. In 1957 his work "A heroic page in the national liberation struggle of the Indian people" appeared in print, in which he focused on one of the most important events of India's national liberation struggle - the Sepoy Mutiny, which the Armenian community of India also took part in.

Beginning in the 1960s, Kirakosyan conducted in-depth research into the most complex and tragic events in the history of Western Armenia, uncovering little-known and poorly studied aspects of the Armenian question. This would be a passion of his for the rest of his life.

Kirakosyan's major work "The First World War and the Western Armenians" was published three times (in 1965 and 1967 in Armenian, and in 1971 in Russian). In 1972 his work "Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy" appeared in print. His final major work was the two-volume monograph "The Young Turks before the tribunal of history" (1982 and 1983). For these major works the author was awarded a State Prize of the Armenian SSR.

In his treatise "The Young Turks before the tribunal of history", Kirakosyan set out to uncover the political essence of the Young Turks and the hollowness of their slogan "liberty, equality and justice", and to reveal the historical truths about the tragedy that befell the Armenians in Turkey, whose murder and deportation in 1915 provoked the censure of the world. Through a comparative analysis of an enormous quantity of multilingual and diverse sources and a thorough study of newly unearthed sources, Kirakosyan showed how contemporary Turkish historians were acting as attorneys covering up the monstrous crimes of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the Young Turks. He also put forth his belief that the genocidal campaign against the Armenians was aimed not only at their physical destruction but was directed against Russia as well, the country which was the main obstacle on the way to realizing the goals of pan-Turkism. The apex of the Young Turks' many atrocities was the extirpation during World War I of more than a million Armenians, a crime against humanity that would come to be known as the Armenian genocide.

In reference to Turkish historians subverting history for political ends, Kirakosyan noted that "they sacrifice truth and the principles of scientific objectivity, and serve falsification and lies with a calm conscience".

Professor Kirakosyan's monographs and numerous scientific articles enjoy a wide popularity not only in Armenia, but also in Russia and the West.

Kirakosyan also made significant contributions to the development of relations between Diasporan Armenian communities and Soviet Armenia. As an expert in Armenian history and identity, he paid considerable attention in his writings to the Diaspora's struggle to maintain its ethnic and cultural identity.

John Kirakosyan was an active member of the main editorial staff of the Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia.

Publications
1971 - "The First World War and the Western Armenians".
1972 - "Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy".
1978-1980 - "Bourgeois diplomacy and Armenia".
1982-1983 - "The Young Turks before the tribunal of history" (also in Russian).
1986 - "A. K. Dzhivelegov and his historical-journalistic heritage".

References
John Kirakosyan info (In Russian)
John Kirakosyan's anniversary, "Noev Kovcheg" monthly

1929 births
1985 deaths
20th-century Armenian historians
20th-century political scientists
Politicians from Yerevan
Foreign ministers of Armenia
Yerevan State University alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Armenian political scientists
Armenian publicists
Ethnic Armenian historians
Soviet Armenians
Soviet historians

John Kirakosyan


The BMW 02 Series  is a range of sporty compact executive cars produced by German automaker BMW between 1966 and 1977, based on a shortened version of the New Class Sedans.

The first 02 Series produced was the 1600-2 (later renamed 1602) in 1966. In 1975, the 02 Series was replaced by the E21 3 Series (except for the 1502 model which continued until 1977).

Overview
In the mid-1960s BMW perceived a market for a smaller, more affordable, two-door version of its four-door New Class executive sedan.  Corporate design director Wilhelm Hofmeister assigned the project to staffers Georg Bertram and Manfred Rennen, who produced an attractive and sporty car 5 cm (2 in) shorter in wheelbase and some 25 cm (10 in) shorter in length, mainly by bobbing the rear deck.  The resulting 1966 production 1600-2 was less well-appointed than the New Class, but lighter, faster, and better handling.

The larger displacement 2002 directly derived from it in 1968 would go on to establish a new reputation for BMW as a maker of high-quality affordable performance vehicles.

Cabriolet, targa, hatchback, and economy versions of various "02" Series models were also produced.

1600-2 / 1602
The 1600-2 (the "-2" meaning "2-door") made its debut at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1966 and was sold through 1975, with the designation being simplified to "1602" in 1971. The badging on the 1600-2 read simply "1600". The 1.6 L M10 engine produced  at 5,700 rpm and  at 3,500 rpm. In 1968, Road & Track declared the US$2676 1600 "a great automobile for the price".

A high performance version, the 1600 TI, was introduced in September 1967. With a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and the dual Solex PHH side-draft carburettor system from the 1800 TI, the 1600 TI produced  at 6,000 rpm. Kerb weight for the 1600 TI is . Once the 2-lite 2002 arrived, the 1600 TI was immediately discontinued.

The 1600 TI was not sold in the United States, as it did not meet its emission standards.

Also introduced in September 1967 was a limited-production cabriolet, which would be produced by Baur. The original design was a full convertible; after 1971 this was replaced by a targa-top model with fixed window frames called a "top cabriolet" (commonly referred to as a cabrio coach). A hatchback, called the Touring model, was developed from the 02 body, being available from 1971. Only 25,827 Touring models were sold before the bodystyle was discontinued in 1974.

2002

Helmut Werner Bönsch, BMW's director of product planning, and Alex von Falkenhausen, designer of the company's M10 engine, each had a two-litre version of it installed in a 1600-2 for their personal use. When they realized they had both made the same modification to their own cars, they prepared a joint proposal to BMW's board to manufacture a two-litre version of the 1600-2. At the same time, American importer Max Hoffman was asking BMW for a more sporting version of the 02 series that could be sold in the United States.

As per the larger coupe and 4-door sedan models, the 2.0 engine was initially sold in two states of tune: the base single-carburetor 2002 producing  and the dual-carburetor high compression 2002 ti producing . The 2002 Automatic, with the base engine and a ZF 3HP12 3 speed automatic transmission, became available in 1969. The 2002 ti was replaced in 1971 by the 2002 tii, which used the fuel-injected  engine from the 2000 tii, delivering a top speed of .

In 1971, the Baur cabriolet was switched from the 1.6 L engine to the 2.0 L engine to become the 2002 TopCabriolet, a cabrio coach with a large rollbar and fixed window frames which continued to be available well into 1975. In 1978 Baur presented a TopCabriolet version of the succeeding 3-series as well. The Touring version of the 02 Series became available with all engine sizes at the time, including the tii (of which only 422 examples were made). A 2002 tii Touring model was available throughout the run of the tii engine and the Touring body, both of which ended production in 1974.

The 2002 turbo (E20) was launched at the 1973 Frankfurt Motor Show. This was Europe's and BMW's first turbocharged production car. It produced  at 5,800 rpm, with  of torque. The car had a top speed of 211 km/h (131 mph). The 2002 Turbo used the 2002 tii engine with a twin-scroll 0.55 Bar turbocharger developed together with KK&K. The cylinder head was a modified version of the '121TI' design (used on 1972 & earlier 2002s) with larger combustion chambers to give a compression ratio of 6.9:1, in order to prevent engine knocking. A version of the Kugelfischer mechanical fuel injection was used with integrated boost enrichment feature and altitude compensation. The car had a larger radiator and an oil cooler as standard, front brakes were a ventilated derivative of the tii brake and rear drums were a 250mm design that would later appear on the E21 3-series. The gearbox was either a strengthened Getrag 232 4-speed (unique to the 2002 turbo) or the Getrag 235/5 close-ratio 5 speed (which was also optional on 2002 tii), this drove through a 3.36:1 limited slip differential to 5.5J13 steel wheels of a similar design to those that would appear later on the E21. The interior added an extra gauge cluster for the boost gauge & clock plus a red instrument panel with 240kmh/150 mph speedometer, sports seats & steering wheel. The steel body featured a different front-panel with additional tow-bracket and air-intake apertures and the front & rear wheel arches are cut-back to allow fitting of wider wheels. These body changes are clothed in fibreglass wheelarch extensions and a front airdam, all bolted to the body, plus a rubber rear spoiler on the trunk lid. Two standard colours were available:  Chamonix (white) and Polaris (silver) - and cars featured BMW motorsport colour-scheme stripes/decals on the sides & front airdam. The 2002 Turbo was introduced just before the 1973 oil crisis, therefore only 1,672 were built, as BMW has since said "BMW had built a car that contradicted the spirit of the times like no automobile before".

At the Paris Motor Show in 1969, BMW unveiled a fastback 2002 GT4 concept car. This model never reached production.

1802

The 1802 was introduced in 1971 and was available with either the original 2-door sedan body or the 3-door Touring hatchback introduced that year. Power from the 1.8-liter engine is  at 5250 rpm. Production of the Touring model continued until 1974, with the 1802 sedan ending production the following year.

1502
The 1502, an economy model able to run on cheaper low-octane regular gas, was introduced in 1975 in response to increased gasoline prices resulting from global petroleum shortage.  It had the same 1573 cc engine displacement as the 1602, but a lower 8.0:1. compression ratio reduced power to .

While the rest of the 02 Series was replaced in 1975 by the E21 3 Series, the 1502 continued until 1977.

Model year changes

1968 January
BMW 2002 (non USA) production begins with VIN 1650001.

1968 February
US-specific 2002 production begins with VIN 1660001. A few early production models were actually assembled the previous fall for emissions testing and as press pool cars.  Approximately 2850 were built by the end of the model year production in Sept 1968. These models complied with US DOT and EPA regulations in place as of 1 January 1968.

1971
In 1971, the 02 Series received a facelift. The 3-door hatchback "Touring" body style (badged "2000" initially) and the 1802 model were introduced as part of the facelift, and the 2002ti was replaced by the 2002tii. Other changes included wraparound bumpers for all models, a 2-piece instrument cluster and new seats.

1973

Exterior trim changes, including revised tail-lights (except for Touring models and in the United States, which maintained round tail lights, US models received the revisions for the 1974 model year), grille and kidney trim.

1975
The 1502 is introduced as the base model.

Special models

2002 ti Diana
To celebrate the marriage of racer Hubert Hahne to Diana Körner, twelve custom 2002 ti models were built with changes including twin headlights (from the 2800 CS) a leather interior and Italian aluminium wheels. Each of the twelve cars were painted in a different colour. There are only four known remaining 2002 ti Diana.

1602 Elektro

For the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, Germany, BMW developed the "1602 Elektro" electric-powered concept vehicle, its first electric car. Two vehicles were produced, and in addition to shuttling VIPs, they served as a support vehicle of the long-distance walkers and marathon runners during the games. The  pack of twelve lead-acid batteries (located under the bonnet) gave a range of approximately .

2002 GT4
A special Frua-designed coupe body was developed on the basis of a 2002 Ti. Only two were produced in 1969/1970.

Production figures

Motorsport
The Racing Sportscars database shows the BMW 2002 was used in competitive motorsport from 1968 to 1986, and 2002's were entered in 600 events. There were 2449 entries of cars at these 600 events, with 1520 finishes and 707 retirements (a finishing ratio of 68%).
Overall event wins totaled 50 (with additional 53 class wins), 57 2nd places and 62 3rd-place finishes.

Dieter Quester & Hubert Hahne won the June 1969 European Touring Car Race (ETCC) at Brand's Hatch, Kent, UK in a BMW 2002 TiK (the ~250BHP turbocharged factory-developed 2002 touring car)

The BMW 2002 competed in the Trans Am Series under two liter class, although it saw little success as the class was dominated by Alfa Romeo, Porsche, and Datsun. In the golden age of Trans Am (1966–1972), BMW only garnered two race wins (Bryar and Bridgehampton in 1970).

Hans-Joachim Stuck and Clemens Schickentanz won the inaugural 1970 24 Hours Nürburgring driving a 2002.

Achim Warnbold teamed up with Jean Todt won the 1973 Austrian Rally 9th round of the inaugural World Rally Championship season with a 2002 Tii.

Homages
In 2015, BMW introduced a pair of concept cars paying tribute to the BMW 2002 turbo: the 2002 Hommage Concept and the 2002 Hommage Turbomeister Concept.

References

External links

1970s cars
02 Series
Cars introduced in 1966
Coupés
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports sedans

BMW 02 Series


Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder. It happens when the nervous system does not work properly. People with narcolepsy tend to fall asleep during the daytime, even if they do not want to. Very often, they do not sleep well at night, and during the day they fall asleep uncontrollably.  There are two different forms. The classical (more common) form is the one with muscle failure (called cataplexy). There is also a less common form without cataplexy.

Narcolepsy affects the way the nerves work. It is not a mental illness, or caused by psychological problems. It is estimated that between 25 and 50 people, per 100,000 suffer from narcolepsy. Very few cases are reported.

The first description was given in 1877. Jean-Baptiste Gélineau, a military doctor, first used the name narcolepsy in 1880.

In certain countries, people diagnosed with narcolepsy may not drive a car.

Symptoms
Things that people with narcolepsy may experience:
 Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: Being very tired during the day even after a full night of sleep. This is the most common symptom of narcolepsy.
 Cataplexy: Suddenly having a muscle fail them. This can range from a slight weakness, and problems speaking clearly, to completely collapsing.
 Sleep paralysis: When waking up, people are paralysed  (unable to move) for a certain time. The paralysis eventually goes away.
 Hallucinations, while falling asleep or waking up.
Automatic behaviour: People continue doing things while they are asleep. Later on they do not remember.

Hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and automatic behaviour can also occur in people who are not narcoleptics. This usually happens when people are very tired, and have not slept for a long time.

Causes
Some scientists think that narcolepsy is caused by a lack of hypocretin. Hypocretin is a chemical in the brain which wakes people up and regulates sleep. However, It is not yet known for sure what causes it. Quite a few sufferers also have another family member with the disease. This may point to the fact that some of the things that cause the disease may be passed from the parents to the children through genes.

Treatments
There are certain drugs that can treat the effects of narcolepsy. They can not treat the cause, since it is unknown. In general those drugs are special kinds of stimulants. General stimulants, like coffee, usually do not help. Some strategies for treatment do not rely on drugs:
Adapting the behaviour to avoid situations that trigger daytime sleep; this is generally known as Coping. It also involves changing the daytime rhythm to accommodate the sleeping phases
Sleep hygiene

References

Other websites
 Narcolepsy Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
 Narcolepsy Network
 http://www.narcolepsy.org.uk/index_html
 Read about Narcolepsy in the Sleeptionary
 What is Narcolepsy
 Narcolepsy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment
 Harvard Division of Sleep Medicine Module on Narcolepsy

Neurology
Sleep disorders

Narcolepsy


Electrowinning, also called electroextraction, is the electrodeposition of metals from their ores that have been put in solution via a process commonly referred to as leaching. Electrorefining uses a similar process to remove impurities from a metal. Both processes use electroplating on a large scale and are important techniques for the economical and straightforward purification of non-ferrous metals. The resulting metals are said to be electrowon.

In electrowinning, an electrical current is passed from an inert anode (oxidation, made out of lead (Pb)) through a leach solution containing the dissolved metal ions so that the metal is recovered as it is deposited in an electroplating process onto the cathode (reduction, stainless steel, aluminium (Al), titanium (Ti)). In electrorefining, the anode consists of the impure metal (e.g., copper) to be refined. The impure metallic anode is oxidized and the metal dissolves into solution. The metal ions migrate through the acidic electrolyte towards the cathode where the pure metal is deposited. Insoluble solid  impurities sedimenting below the anode often contain valuable rare elements such as gold, silver and selenium.

History

Electrowinning is the oldest industrial electrolytic process. The English chemist Humphry Davy obtained sodium metal in elemental form for the first time in 1807 by the electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide.

Electrorefining of copper was first demonstrated experimentally by Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg in 1847.

James Elkington patented the commercial process in 1865 and opened the first successful plant in Pembrey, Wales in 1870. The first commercial plant in the United States was the Balbach and Sons Refining and Smelting Company in Newark, New Jersey in 1883.

Applications
Nickel and copper are often obtained by electrowinning.  These metals have some noble character, which enables their soluble cationic forms to be reduced to their pure metallic form at mild applied potentials applied between the cathode and the anode.

Process

Most metal ores contain metals of interest (e.g. gold, copper, nickel) in some oxidized states and thus the goal of most metallurgical operations is to chemically reduce them to their pure metallic form. The question is how to convert highly impure metal ores into purified bulk metals. A vast array of operations have been developed to accomplish those tasks, one of which is electrowinning. In an ideal case, ore is extracted into a solution which is then subjected to electrolysis. The metal is deposited on the cathode.  In a practical sense, this idealized process is complicated by some or all of the following considerations: the metal content is low (a few percent is typical), other metals deposit competitively with the desired one, the ore is not easily or efficiently dissolved.  For these reasons, electrowinning is usually only used on purified solutions of a desired metal, e.g. cyanide-extracts of gold ores.

Because metal deposition rates are related to available surface area, maintaining properly working cathodes is important. Two cathode types exist, flat-plate and reticulated cathodes, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Flat-plate cathodes can be cleaned and reused, and plated metals recovered by either mechanically scraping the cathode (or, if the electrolyzed metal has a lower melting point than the cathode, heating the cathode to the electrolyzed metal's melting point causing the electrolyzed metal to liquify and separate from the cathode, which remains solid). Reticulated cathodes have a much higher deposition rate compared to flat-plate cathodes due to their greater surface area. However, reticulated cathodes are not reusable and must be sent off for recycling. Alternatively, starter cathodes of pre-refined metals can be used, which become an integral part of the finished metal ready for rolling or further processing.

See also
 Electrochemical engineering

References

External links
 High Throughput Electrorefining of Uranium in Pyro-reprocessing
Aluminum Electrowinning and Electrorefining with Ionic Liquids
How Hydrometallurgy and the SX/EW Process Made Copper the "Green" Metal
Copper Electrowinning

Chemical processes
Electrolysis
Metallurgical processes
Separation processes

Electrowinning


Touch the Sound: A Sound Journey with Evelyn Glennie is a 2004 German documentary film directed by Thomas Riedelsheimer about profoundly deaf Scottish classical percussionist Evelyn Glennie. In the film Glennie, who won a Grammy Award in 1989, collaborates with English experimental musician Fred Frith and others, and explains how she perceives sound. The film appeared at over 20 film festivals across the world, and won several awards, including "Best Documentary" at the 2004 BAFTA Awards, Scotland.

A soundtrack of Touch the Sound featuring Glennie and Frith, plus additional music and sounds from the film, was released in 2004. An album based on Glennie and Frith's performances in the film entitled The Sugar Factory was released in 2007.

Background
German filmmaker Thomas Riedelsheimer's previous film Rivers and Tides (2001) received several awards, including Best Documentary awards by the German Film Critics Association, the San Diego Film Critics Society and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle. The soundtrack of the film was composed and performed by English experimental musician Fred Frith.

In 2003 Riedelsheimer asked Frith to perform with Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie in Touch the Sound. The venue was an abandoned sugar factory in Dormagen, Germany, and their performance was filmed under the pretext of "making a record". Frith and Glennie had never worked together before and their entire performance was improvised. For the purpose of the documentary the musicians performed  apart in the huge empty factory, which Frith said "was great visually, but limited in other ways".

In addition to appearing on the soundtrack of Touch the Sound, music from Frith and Glennie's performance in the sugar factory was later reworked and released by the pair on a CD in 2007 entitled The Sugar Factory.

Riedelsheimer explained why he chose to create a film about Glennie: "I was so struck by her. What was amazing was not so much the music itself but the way she is in it. That finally became the subject – not music, but sound and the ability to feel the sounds around us." He said that the "biggest challenge" of the project was to "transfer acoustics or sound ideas into images" and "to find images that are metaphors for these sounds". Riedelsheimer did not want to make a film about a deaf person who succeeds as a musician, he wanted a film about the physical nature of sound, something that can be felt, and Glennie was ideal to demonstrate it. The film took three years to make, one year to raise money, one year filming at 16 locations around the world, and another year editing the results in post-production. It was shot on 16 mm film with one microphone and one camera, and later blown up to 35 mm during editing.

Synopsis

Touch the Sound explores Evelyn Glennie's career as a musician and how, despite being profoundly deaf, she is able to perceive sounds other than with her ears. Glennie explains how a neurological disorder struck her as a child, and by the age of eight, soon after she had started to play the piano, she began to lose her hearing. When she was 13 an audiologist said it was no longer possible for her to play music and suggested she be moved to a school for the deaf. But Glennie remained at her school, and switched from piano to percussion, the vibrations of which, she discovered, she could sense with her sense of touch. Glennie developed this ability to feel sound and later went on to become "one of the world's foremost solo percussionists".

In the film Glennie performs and is interviewed at several locations around the world. She visits the farm in Aberdeenshire, Scotland where she grew up, and reminisces on her childhood and how she overcame her hearing loss. She collaborates with English experimental musician Fred Frith in an abandoned sugar factory in Dormagen, Germany, as they record a CD together. She also plays snare drums in Grand Central Station in Manhattan, performs with Cuban percussionist Horacio "El Negro" Hernandez on a New York City rooftop, and performs with Ondekoza, a taiko drum troupe in Japan.

Reception
Touch the Sound was generally well received by critics, with Allmovie giving it four stars out of five, and scoring 75 at Metacritic.com.

Boston Globe film critic Ty Burr called Touch the Sound "a documentary of immense and mysterious power" that enables us to hear what Glennie hears. Los Angeles Times film critic Kenneth Turan said the film is a "potent and imaginative creative biography" of Glennie that successfully conveys her perception of the world to audiences. He described the sugar factory improvisations as a "mesmerizing interplay of sounds", and called it the film's "central event". Film critic Stephen Holden writing in a review in The New York Times, called the film an "impressionistic documentary" and a "mystical exploration of the sensory world" of Glennie. Holden said the film is "a duet within a duet": Glennie's collaboration with Fred Frith, and her collaboration with filmmaker Thomas Riedelsheimer.

Music critic Tim Page said in The Washington Post that Touch the Sound is "at its best" when Glennie is making music, but criticised the film for its "vacuous" interviews with her, who he felt, "seems positively incapable of saying anything substantial". Page also complained about the amount of filler in the film, and that "most of the music [is not] very good", although he did like Glennie's final collaboration with Frith where, after the "usual 'free jazz' shtick", they "suddenly [...] find a point of agreement". But Page did feel that Glennie's achievements are "little short of miraculous, and that human victory is ultimately the best news one takes away from Touch the Sound."

Awards
Touch the Sound has won five awards.
2004 – "Best Documentary", BAFTA Awards, Scotland
2004 – "Golden Dove for Long Footage", Leipzig DOK Festival
2004 – "Critics Week Award", Locarno International Film Festival
2005 – "Special Mention for Best Documentary", Bangkok International Film Festival
2005 – "Film Award in Gold for Best Sound", German Film Awards

Soundtrack

A soundtrack of Touch the Sound by Evelyn Glennie was released on CD in 2004.

See also

List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing

References

External links
Official site

2004 films
German documentary films
2004 documentary films
Documentary films about deaf people
Deaf culture
Documentary films about classical music and musicians
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
2000s German films
English-language German films
English-language documentary films
British musical documentary films

Touch the Sound


Dragon's Eye: A Chinese Noir is a novel written by Andy Oakes and published in 2004. It draws heavily on noir influences, particularly the hardboiled detective aspect of film noir and has been referenced as neo-noir novel.

Reviews

Dragon's Eye has been reviewed by Kirkus as "falling victim to excessive length and intrusive, improbable American politics". It has a middling GoodReads rating of 3.26, with the consensus being "Quite clichéd and about 200 pages too long. This is not a bad story - just long-winded and with unnecessary 'plot twists' added".

Plot summary
The protagonist of the story is Sun Piao, a Chief Investigator of the Shanghai Public Security Bureau Homicide Department. He has a sidekick of sorts, an overweight and spirited rural Chinese, Yaobang. Sun Piao is a jaded, righteous man determined to do his job and with a reputation for being good at it; alternatively, he is the archetypical hardboiled detective of film noir: cynical, pessimistic and somewhat self-destructive.

The storyline of the book revolves around an investigation of several horrifically - but surgically - mutilated corpses, all chained around their necks and ankles, and one night resting on the muddy banks of the Huangpu, near the Bund.

Other characters in the book worth noting are Barbara Hayes - an American politician who goes to Shanghai in search of her missing son, Chief Liping (a Party member several grades higher than Sun) and an Englishman named Charles Haven.

Notes

2004 novels
British crime novels

Dragon's Eye: A Chinese Noir


Volcanic pipes or volcanic conduits are subterranean geological structures formed by the violent, supersonic eruption of deep-origin volcanoes. They are considered to be a type of diatreme. Volcanic pipes are composed of a deep, narrow cone of solidified magma (described as "carrot-shaped"), and are usually largely composed of one of two characteristic rock types — kimberlite or lamproite. These rocks reflect the composition of the volcanoes' deep magma sources, where the Earth is rich in magnesium. They are well known as the primary source of diamonds, and are mined for this purpose. Volcanic pipes are relatively rare by this definition based on minerals and depth of the magma source, but on the other hand volcanic diatremes are common, indeed the second commonest form of volcanic extrusion (that is magma that reaches the surface).

Formation
Volcanic pipes form as the result of violent eruptions of deep-origin volcanoes.  These volcanoes originate at least three times as deep as most other volcanoes, and the resulting magma that is pushed toward the surface is high in magnesium and volatile compounds such as water and carbon dioxide. As the body of magma rises toward the surface, the volatile compounds transform to gaseous phase as pressure is reduced with decreasing depth. This sudden expansion propels the magma upward at rapid speeds, resulting in a supersonic Plinian eruption.

Kimberlite pipes
In kimberlite pipes, the eruption ejects a column of overlying material directly over the magma column, and does not form a large above-ground elevation as typical volcanoes do; instead, a low ring of ejecta known as a tuff ring forms around a bowl-shaped depression over the subterranean column of magma. Over time, the tuff ring may erode back into the bowl, leveling out the depression by filling it with washed-back ejecta. Kimberlite pipes are the source of most of the world's commercial diamond production, and also contain other precious gemstones and semi-precious stones, such as garnets, spinels, and peridot.

Lamproite pipes
Lamproite pipes operate similarly to kimberlite pipes, except that the boiling water and volatile compounds contained in the magma act corrosively on the overlying rock, resulting in a broader cone of eviscerated rock (the ejection of this rock also forms a tuff ring, like kimberlite eruptions). This broad cone is then filled with volcanic ash and materials. Finally, the degassed magma is pushed upward, filling the cone. The result is a funnel shaped deposit of volcanic material (both solidified magma, and ejecta) which appears mostly flat from the surface.

See also
 , a diamond mine in Yakutia, Russia

References

 American Museum of Natural History. "The Nature of Diamonds". Retrieved March 17, 2005. Archived version
 Tilling (1985). "Volcanoes" (excerpt). United States Geological Survey: Special Interest Publication. Retrieved March 17, 2005.

Diatremes

Volcanic pipe


Korpralskap is a Swedish/Finnish military unit of 25 men split into four rote with six man each that existed during the 17th and 18th century—quite similar to a platoon today. The unit was led by a Korpral and in turn consisted of four rotes of six men each. Each rote was led by a rotemaster.
A foot (infantry) company consisted of two piker and four musketeer korpralskaps.

Formation
During marching the unit was formed into four columns with the Korpral at the right side of the front. Rotemasters marched in front of each rote and communicated with the Korpral.

See also
Swedish allotment system
Carolines Battalion

.

Military units and formations of Sweden
Military history of Sweden

Korpralskap


Chuang Chih-Yuan (; born April 2, 1981 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan) is a male table tennis player who competed at the 2012 Olympics in London. He is since 2012 the best Taiwanese table tennis player. He is righthanded-player and uses the European Shakehand-grip. Chuang (family name) played for a short time in the German national league. 2013 he won the World Championships in the doubles.

Sporting career

Beginning with table tennis and caming to the Taiwanese National team (1986-1998)
Chuang began to play table tennis very early because his parents and his older brother played, too. At the age of eight he had his first appearances, for example the Mini-championships in Taiwan. As the parents saw the talent of their son, Chuang got a coach and his parents tranied him, too. 1993 Chuang traveled (to the table tennis capital) China. This moving was no easy decision for his mother Li Gumei, but it doesn't get back at home. And to that time the family Chuang wasn't very rich. Chuang had to train in very hot gyms and sportclubs. The working had success: In 1998 he got to the Taiwanese National team.

First success and changing to Germany (1999-2002)
After gotting in the National team he played only one year later his first World Tour tournament, at the Austrian Open he reached in the singles and doubles the quarterfinals and makes with that headlines. In the same year (1999) he was nominated from coaches and players to come to Germany. The hard times for mother and son became further. It was difficult for Chuang to be a friend of German table tennis players because he doens't spoke German. Moreover he had no assistent for matches and in the training, so he had no coach. But he was very diligent and became very early best player in Germany. In 2002 he came back to Taiwan.

More successess and becoming good playing in the adult area (2002-2018)
At diverse World Tour events he reached the final. So for example the Asian Games, where he beat Kong Linghui. In the final he lost to Wang Liqin. At the Greand Finals at the end of the year 2002 he won his first singles title. He beat again Kong Linghui. In the quarterfinals he beat Jean-Michel Saive. Than he beat the Chinese top star Wang Hao and the Austrian table tennis player Werner Schlager. This was his first international single title. Already in 2002 he beacame best Taiwanese table tennis player. In 2003 he clambered from place 40 in the world rankings to place 7. His mother was very proud and trained very hard with him, too. She's a very important coach of him. After a very successful season 2002 he would like to plays so too in 2003- he played his first World Championships but lost in the Round of 16 to Joo Se-hyuk. In the doubles he lost, too. Chuang played more international event but he doesn't got a success. But in this year he won World Tour Brasilia Open. 2011 in Chile and 2012 in Spania he won these torunament, too. The next years he played very good, again. At the London 2012 Olympics he beat in the quarterfinals Adrian Crișan and reached so the semifinals- the fourth place was him sure, now. In a spectaculary match against Chinas Wang Hao he lost very scarce with 2:4 games. At the bronzemedal-macth hw had the chance to win. In a very important match for Chuang he lost 2:4 too and became the fourth place. With the team he got place 5-9. Despite these losing was it Chuangs best placement at Olympics. In 2013 he took part in the World Championships, where Chuang got his best position ever- the quarterfinals. In the doubles he reached the 1st place after beating a Chinese duo in the final. This was the first gold for the country Taiwan anyway. At the World Cups from (2004-2015) he reached six times the quarterfinals. 2014 he won bronze with the Taiwanese team at the WTTC, at the Pro Tour Gran Finals he only reached the quarterfinals. At the WTTC 2015 he lost already in his first match against Ádám Pattantyús. At the World Cup, wehere he played for the 7th time, he reached the quarterfinals again. At the Pro Tour Grand Finals (today World Tour Grand Finals) he can't reached the final and slipped on place 14 in the world rankings. At the WTTC 2016 the team of Taiwan became only the 17th place, at the Olympics 2016 Chuang lost in a strong match against Ma Long and became a place from 1-32. In this year he was dated from Chen Chien-An and was to that moment not the best Taiwanese table tennis player. At Asian Games and World Cups he doesn't and fell back on place 34. But through the reaching of the Round of 16 at the WTTC 2017 in Düsseldorf he climbs on place 7 back.

Important results

World Championships

 2003, 2013, 2017- Round of 16 in the singles
 2014- bronze with the team
 2013- gold in the doubles

Olympic Games

 2016- place 7 with the team
 2012- 4th place in the singles
 2008, 2016- last 32 in the singles

Asian Cup

 2013- third place
 2008- fith place
 2006- seventh place

Pro Tour (World Tour) Grand Finals

 2012- bronze
 2008, 2010, 2011- quarterfinals
 2002- gold

References

1981 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players
Taiwanese sportspeople

Chuang Chih-yuan


Nathan Lapham (November 24, 1820 Collins, Erie County, New York – May 1, 1890 Peru, Clinton County, New York) was an American politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Joseph Lapham (1786–1851) and Anna (Keese) Lapham (1790–1833). In 1822, the family removed to Peru. On February 22, 1842, he married Jane R. Barker (1822–1869), and they had several children.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (16th D.) in 1860 and 1861. On January 25, 1860, he was elected President pro tempore of the State Senate (83rd Session).

Later he married Hannah Barker, a niece of his first wife, and they had several children.

He was buried at the Quaker Cemetery in Au Sable, New York.

Lapham is a descendant of John Lapham (1677-1734) and his wife Mary Russell Lapham (1683-1752). His cousins through the Lapham family include Elbridge G. Lapham, a Congressman from New York, Roger D. Lapham, a mayor of San Francisco, California, Christopher Lloyd, an actor, and Susan B. Anthony, Women's Rights Activist.

Sources
 The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1867; pg. 442)
 Biographical Sketches of the State Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York by William D. Murphy (1861; pg. 73ff)
 Book of Appendices to the History and Genealogy of the Ancestors and Some Descendants of Stukely Westcott, 1592-1677 by Roscoe Leighton Whitman & Jonathan Russell Bullock (1939; pg. 124)

External links

1820 births
1890 deaths
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
People from Collins, New York
People from Peru, New York
19th-century American politicians

Nathan Lapham


Johann Veit (17 June 1852, Berlin – 2 June 1917 near Schierke) was a German gynecologist. He was the son of obstetrician and gynecologist Gustav Veit (1824-1903).

In 1874 he earned his medical degree at Humboldt University in Berlin, and in 1879 became an assistant physician at the university Frauenklinik. While still a student, he served as a medic during the Franco-Prussian War.

In 1893 he attained the title of professor extraordinarius (associate professor), afterwards serving as a professor at the Universities of Leiden (1896), Erlangen (1902) and Halle (1904). At Halle he served as university rector in 1911–12.

Veit is renowned for adapting the knowledge of immunology into the field of gynecology. He was successful in treatment of cancer with radium, and was involved in training nurses and midwives for service in the German colonies and diaconal hospitals in the Middle East.

During his tenure in Berlin, Veit worked closely with Carl Arnold Ruge (1846-1926) in establishing gynecological histopathology standards, particularly involving the setup of microscopic diagnostics for early detection and analysis of uterus carcinomas.

His written works included publications on female reproductive anatomy, gynecological diseases and ectopic pregnancy. With Robert von Olshausen (1835-1915), he was co-editor of Karl Schroeder's Lehrbuch der Geburshülfte.

References
 This article incorporates text based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.

1852 births
1917 deaths
German gynaecologists
German obstetricians
Academic staff of Leiden University
Prussian physicians
Physicians from Berlin

Johann Veit


River Cess is the capital city of Rivercess County, Liberia. As of the 2008 national census, the population stood at 2,578. It received its original name Cestos from Portuguese traders in the early 16th century from the baskets that were produced and sold in the town. Cestos in Portuguese and Spanish means basket.

References

Populated places in Liberia
Rivercess County
County capitals in Liberia
Port cities in Liberia

River Cess


An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland concerning the present wars, made from the execution of his holiness' sentence, by the highe and mightie King Catholike of Spaine (1588) was a treatise written by Cardinal William Allen in an attempt to raise Elizabeth I's Catholic subjects against her while the Spanish Armada mounted their invasion of England. The publication was a scathing attack on Elizabeth, her ancestry and her legitimacy. Allen wrote that Elizabeth  was "known for [being] an incestuous bastard, begotten and born in sin of an infamous courtesan Anne Boleyn". It was intended for distribution just after the Armada.  It has been described as "vituperative billingsgate"

However, the majority of English Catholics refused to betray their queen. Seeing the Armada as predominantly politically (rather than religiously) motivated, they felt no obligation to support the arriving Spanish. The publication was an embarrassment to politically loyal Catholics in England, particularly after the dramatic failure of the Armada.

Upon the defeat of the Spanish Armada, Allen carefully consigned his publication to the fire, and it is known only through one of Elizabeth's spies, who had stolen a copy.

References

1588 books
1588 in England
Book burnings
Catholic Church in England
Literature of England
Elizabeth I


Operation MIKE was a series of American landings at Luzon between 9 January 1945 and 15 August 1945, after the conclusion of Operation KING, which was obligated by General Douglas MacArthur's insistence that he liberate the entire archipelago. MIKE consisted of seven proposed landings and other operations. Each plan was numbered, but they were executed out of sequence. Operation MIKE was followed by Operation VICTOR.

Operations

MIKE I

The major American landing on Luzon, the principle island of the Philippines. On 9 January 1945, the United States I Corps and XIV Corps performed an amphibious landing at Lingayen Gulf, halfway up the west coast of the island. The Japanese responded with a Kamikaze attack that failed. The operation was concluded with no major contact between the ground forces.

MIKE II

This was a plan for an amphibious landing along the east coast of Luzon early in 1945. It was never executed.

MIKE III

This was a plan for an amphibious assault that was originally scheduled for Batangas, which is southwest of Luzon. This plan was modified by moving the goal to Vigan, but ultimately it was never executed.

MIKE IV

This was a second plan for an amphibious assault on the west coast of Luzon in early 1945. It was never executed.

MIKE V

This was the plan for the consolidation of all operations on Luzon. This included the exceptionally brutal battle of Manila, which was the largest land battle in the Pacific.

MIKE VI

This was the amphibious assault on Luzon at Nasugbu Bay on 31 January 1945. Most of the  11th Airborne Division landed just south of Manila, while the  511th Parachute Infantry Regiment jumped in behind the beach.

MIKE VII

This was the landing of the United States  XI Corps at San Antonio on the west coast of Luzon on 29 January 1945. Subic Bay Naval Base was captured almost immediately, but strong Japanese resistance was met  farther inland at Zig Zag Pass. Tactical air was used to break through the Japanese defenses on 7 February 1945, and the forces moved on towards Manila.

References

 Paul Adkins; Codeword Dictionary: A Compilation of Military and Law Enforcement Codewords from 1904 to the Present; 1997; Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers; Osceola, Wisconsin.

Conflicts in 1945
1945 in the Philippines
South West Pacific theatre of World War II
January 1945 events in Asia

Operation Mike (United States)


Joseph: King of Dreams is a DreamWorks Animation movie and a prequel to The Prince of Egypt. It is based on the story of Joseph in the Book of Genesis. It stars Ben Affleck as Joseph and Mark Hamill as Judah (Biblical personage).

Release dates

Plot
Jacob is an old man by the time his favorite wife Rachel, who, he was once told, could never have children, gives birth to a baby named Joseph. Jacob sees Joseph is a miracle and says that he must have a great destiny because he is a miracle child. Years later, Jacob gives him a colorful coat to prove Joseph is his favorite son. Joseph's half-brothers get jealous of him especially after Joseph starts to have dreams in which he rises over them. After Joseph starts to tell their father Jacob bad reports about them, they get very angry. When Reuben tries to make peace with Joseph because they are brothers Joseph tells him that he's not his brother but his half-brother. Joseph's half-brothers under the leadership of Judah then kidnap him and sell him into slavery. Joseph is taken to Egypt and has to serve an Egyptian captain named Potiphar, who is obsessed with honor. Joseph becomes well-treated by Potiphar and meets a woman named Asenath with whom he falls in love. Potiphar's wife decides she wants Joseph but he turns her down because she is already married. When she frames Joseph for rape, Potiphar realizes that she is lying but refused to admit it because of what believing a slave over his wife would say about his honor and Joseph is sent to jail. He explains the dreams of other prisoners. When Pharaoh cannot find anyone else to explain his dreams, he asks Joseph who predicts seven years of having grown plenty of grain and seven years of famine. Joseph is put in charge of collecting the extra food during the years of plenty so that Egypt can survive the famine. Joseph married Asenath. When Judah and his brothers go to Egypt looking for food, Joseph at first wants revenge, but Asenath suggests him to forgive them. Joseph comes up with a test to find out if they deserve his forgiveness. They summon Benjamin, Rachel's only other son, who became Jacob's favorite after he was told that Joseph died, to Egypt and framed him for theft, threatening to enslave him as punishment. When the brothers, under the leadership of Judah all offer themselves in Benjamin's place, Joseph asks why they would give up everything for "a spoiled half-brother", Judah, who does not recognize Joseph, tells him the truth about how he and his brothers sold Joseph into slavery out of jealousy and how they want more than anything else. Joseph reveals that he is actually himself. He forgives them because God brought him to Egypt to save lives.

Songs
Miracle Child
Bloom
You Know Better Than I

Differences with the Bible
The movie never mentioned in the Bible that Jacob's oldest son is Reuben.
Rachel died giving birth to Benjamin in the Bible, while the brothers sold Joseph to the slave traders.

Reception
The movie was compared unfavorably to The Prince of Egypt. Though there were some critics who said that Joseph was better in relation to spirituality when one compared the song You Know Better than I and When You Believe.

2000 movies
2000 animated movies
American adventure movies
American animated movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
American family movies
American musical movies
DreamWorks Animation movies
DreamWorks Pictures movies
English-language movies
Movies based on the Bible
Movies about slavery
Movies set in Egypt
Prequel movies
The Prince of Egypt
Screenplays by Joe Stillman

Joseph: King of Dreams


The Judicate of Logudoro or Torres ( or Torres, Rennu de Logudoro or Logu de Torres) was one of the four kingdoms or iudicati into which Sardinia was divided during the Middle Ages. It occupied the northwest part of the island from the 10th through the 13th century, bordering the Gallura to the east, Arborea to the south, and Cagliari to the southeast. Its original capital was Porto Torres. The region is still called Logudoro today.

Logudoro was the largest and earliest of the iudicati but also the second to be subsumed by a foreign power. It was divided into twenty curatoriae, ruled by curatores.

History
Sardinia was an imperial province of the Byzantine Empire until the 9th century, when the Arabs and Imazighen began pursuing aggressive policies of expansion and piracy in the Mediterranean. The conquest of Sicily by these groups in 827 effectively cut Sardinia off from the central government and military might of the empire, and the Byzantines found the island increasingly difficult to supply and defend. In the absence of instruction or reinforcement, the Sardinian provincial Byzantine officials, called iudici ("judges") began to govern autonomously. By the 10th century the island was divided into four of these provinces (giudicati, literally "judgeships"), though two — Logudoro and Arborea — were combined at the start of the 11th century. By 900, these districts had become de facto independent states, their ruling kings still titled as iudices or  ("judges"') after their imperial civil servant predecessors. The first capital city of the Giudicato of Logudoro was ancient Torres (now Porto Torres), but the coastal city was exposed to Arab attacks, and so the seat of the judgeship was transferred first to Ardara and finally to Sassari.

Logudoro only began to emerge from the fog of history during the reign of Barisone I from about 1038 to 1073. He brought Western monasticism to the island by requesting monks from Abbot Desiderius of Montecassino and in this he was supported by both Pope Alexander II and Godfrey the Bearded, Margrave of Tuscany, though the archdiocese of Pisa, thitherto the chief religious influence on the island, opposed it. The monks had spiritual, scholastic and military roles. On the death of Barisone I, Arborea chose its own judge in Marianus de Zori, while the Logudorese chose Andrew Tanca.

The kingdom of Logudoro came to an end in 1259, when the queen Adelasia died without an heir. After this, Logudoro was effectively ruled by the Genoese families of Doria and Malaspina, and the ruling family of Arborea. Sassari meanwhile became an autonomous city-state.

See also
King of Torres

Notes

References

Logudoro
History of Sardinia
Former monarchies of Europe

Judicate of Logudoro


Keith Briggs is a mathematician notable for several world-record achievements in the field of computational mathematics:

The most accurate calculation of the Feigenbaum constants, which was published in "A precise calculation of the Feigenbaum constants", Mathematics of Computation, 57, 435–439.
The worst known badly approximable irrational pair ("Some explicit badly approximable pairs", Journal of Number Theory, 103, 71).
The simplest known universal differential equation
A significant number of contributions in the last 5 years to Sloane's On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (search for briggs in OEIS). Many of these have involved major computations, such as the number of unlabelled graphs on up to 140 nodes.
The computation of the longest sequences of colossally abundant and superabundant numbers, and their application to a test of the Riemann Hypothesis (Experimental Mathematics, 15, 251–256).

An article about him was in i-squared Magazine, Issue 6 (Winter 2008/9).

Briggs has Erdős number equal to two, obtained by his joint authorship of two papers with George Szekeres.  One of these papers was the last published by Szekeres before his death, and Szekeres was Erdős' first co-author.

He also studies the etymology of place-names, and on Middle English etymology, phonology, and semantics (especially in East Anglia), as evidenced by onomastic data.

Selected texts
 1991 "A precise calculation of the Feigenbaum constants", Mathematics of Computation, 57, 435–439.

References

21st-century English mathematicians
Toponymists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

Keith Briggs (mathematician)