Sir Peter Hannay Bailey Tapsell (1 February 1930 – 17 August 2018) was a British Conservative Party politician and Member of Parliament (MP) for Louth and Horncastle. He served in the House of Commons continuously from 1966 until 2015, and was also previously an MP from 1959 to 1964. He was Father of the House between 2010 and 2015.

Early life and education
Tapsell was born in Hove, Sussex. He was educated at Tonbridge School, served in the Royal Sussex Regiment from 1948 to 1950, and continued his education at Merton College, Oxford, gaining a BA in Modern History in 1954, during which time he was also elected Librarian of the Oxford Union (a senior office). Tapsell was a member of the Oxford University Labour Club and the Oxford Union debating society during his time at Merton.

Political career
Tapsell worked as a personal assistant to Sir Anthony Eden during the 1955 general election. He contested the Wednesbury by-election in 1957, losing to the Labour Party candidate John Stonehouse. Tapsell was chairman of the Coningsby Club (a dining club for Conservative graduates, restricted at that time to graduates of Oxford and Cambridge) from 1957 until 1958.

He first entered Parliament in the 1959 general election, representing Nottingham West. After losing his seat at the 1964 general election, he was selected for Horncastle, representing the constituency from 1966 to 1983. In 1983, boundary changes moved Tapsell to East Lindsey, which he represented until 1997 when further boundary changes moved him to Louth and Horncastle. Tapsell was knighted in 1985. Tapsell was a long-time supporter of Keynesian economics, and opposed the monetarist policies of Margaret Thatcher's governments.  In 1981, he voted against Sir Geoffrey Howe's Budget – becoming, as Peter Oborne noted, "the first Conservative since Harold Macmillan in the 1930s to vote against a Budget, a brave move which turned him into an internal political exile."

Tapsell was known for his forthright views and was sometimes controversial. In May 2001, he made headlines during the UK general election campaign when comparing German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's vision of Europe to Adolf Hitler's: "We may not have studied Hitler's Mein Kampf in time but, by heaven, there is no excuse for us not studying the Schröder plan now". Tapsell was opposed to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and called for Tony Blair to be impeached for misleading parliament over the invasion of Iraq. From 2005 onwards he was the only MP from any party who had been first elected in the 1950s, but the two-year gap in his parliamentary service prevented him from becoming Father of the House until Alan Williams retired in 2010. He is one of the few MPs in parliamentary history to have served over fifty years in the House of Commons.

Tapsell was strongly Eurosceptic. He was in favour of Britain leaving the EU. He also felt that of all his political actions the thing of which he was most proud was his opposition to the Maastricht Treaty, "because everything that has gone wrong in Britain dates from us joining the European Union. One of the reasons the House of Commons has lost its prestige is because people feel we are no longer in charge of a country. So much of the legislation that affects them is imposed by Brussels."

In November 2005, he was the only Conservative MP, and one of only two non-Labour MPs, to vote in favour of a proposal to allow police to detain terror suspects for up to 90 days without charge. During the 2006 Lebanon War, he said that Israeli action in Lebanon was "gravely reminiscent of the Nazi atrocity on the Jewish quarter of Warsaw". Guardian sketch writer Simon Hoggart frequently lavished praise on Tapsell, describing him as "the grandest of grandees" (July 2008) and that when in the Chamber, Tapsell rises "to speak, or rather to intone superbly" (January 2008).

In June 2011, Tapsell was appointed as a Privy Counsellor in the 2011 Birthday Honours, and he was sworn into the Council the following month. Tapsell was reported as being one of the Conservative MPs to have spoken critically of Party Co-Chairman Sayeeda Warsi at a meeting of the 1922 Committee, following Warsi's handling of Roger Helmer MEP's defection to UKIP. In March 2014, he announced his intention to step down from Parliament at the 2015 general election, and also gave an interview where he was highly critical of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, under whom he briefly served as a spokesman on economic policy when the Conservatives were still in Opposition in the 1970s.

Personal life
Tapsell married Cecilia Hawke, third daughter of the 9th Baron Hawke, in 1963. The couple had a son, James, who was born in 1966 and died in 1985. They divorced in 1971, and Tapsell subsequently married Gabrielle Mahieu in 1974. His former wife Cecilia married Tapsell's fellow Conservative politician Sir Nicholas Scott in 1979.

Tapsell lived at Roughton Hall in Roughton, Lincolnshire. He died there on 17 August 2018, aged 88.

References

External links
Sir Peter Tapsell Conservative Party profile

News articles
Apologise for Henry VIII, MP says, BBC News, 30 November 2006

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1930 births
2018 deaths
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Heath Mount School
People educated at Tonbridge School
People from Hove
Royal Sussex Regiment officers
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
British Eurosceptics
People from East Lindsey District

Peter Tapsell (British politician)


A cheese knife is a type of kitchen knife specialized for the cutting of cheese. Different cheeses require different knives, according primarily to hardness.  There are also a number of other kitchen tools designed for cutting or slicing cheese, especially the harder types. These include the cheese cutter, cheese slicer, cheese plane, cheese scoop for soft cheese and others, collectively known as cheese servers.

Soft cheese knives

Soft cheese knives are designed to deal with the stickiness of soft cheese. When the cheese does not stick to the blade, it allows for pieces of cheese to be presented more attractively, with crisper shapes compared to cheese cut with standard knives.

The blades of cheese knives are usually made of a material such as stainless steel, which is resistant to the stickiness of cheese. Another design feature often found is the presence of holes in the blade to help to prevent the cheese from sticking to it. Some soft cheese knives also include a ridge, which runs vertically near the top of the blade. This helps separate the cheese as it is being sliced. Some cheese knives have a forked end, used for serving slices of cheese.

Most ordinary knives have a blade that is wide at the base and tapers to the tip. A cheese knife, on the other hand, may look similar to a cleaver in that it starts out thinner at the handle and then gets wider away from the base. Some cheese knives have angled handles to make an easier cut.

The non-sticky characteristics of a cheese knife also make them useful for cutting other sticky foods, such as cakes, eggs, and pies; compare also egg slicer.

Hard cheese knives

Hard cheeses require a tough blade, which will not be damaged by the hard cheese. Exemplary is the distinctive Parmesan cheese knife, which is short, thick, and stubby, like an oyster knife. Another popular design is that of a large straight blade with handles on both ends so that a great amount of pressure may be applied.

Alternatives
Various non-knife devices are used for cutting cheese, such as a cheese wire, which completely avoids adhesion, a cheese slicer, used primarily for thin slices of medium-hard cheeses, used especially in Scandinavia and The Netherlands for cutting cheese for sandwiches, and the girolle, used to cut the hard Tête de Moine cheese by scraping.

Cheese slicer

A cheese slicer is used usually to cut semi-hard and hard cheeses like Edam cheese and brunost. It produces thin, even slices. There are different styles of cheese slicers, designed for cheeses of varying hardness.

Ostehøvel, a modern cheese slicer or cheese plane, was invented by Thor Bjørklund in 1925 in Norway. Mass production of the ostehøvel started during 1927 in Lillehammer, Norway. The design was based on the carpenter's plane. This style of slicer is very common in the Nordic countries, and in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.

Cheese cutter

Cheese cutters are designed to cut soft, sticky cheeses (moist and oily), and accordingly do not have a large sharp-edged blade; compare to a cheese knife with holes in the blade. The cutting edge of cheese cutters are typically a fine gauge stainless steel or aluminium wire (a "cheesewire") stretched across a supporting frame. The thin wire cuts through a cheese block with hand pressure.

The original Prodyne Gourmet Cheese Slicer had a wooden board with a slot cut into it and a hole through which one end of a U-shaped steel cutting arm was inserted. In the patented design, a stainless steel wire extends between the two ends of the cutting arm fit into the slot, and cuts the cheese. The wire has loops at each end; one loop is around the steel cutting arm in the slot, while the other passes around a metal pin though a plastic handle on the other end of the cutting arm. The plastic handle rotates upward to tighten the wire, and is secured to the cutting arm with a screw.

The board-style cheese slicer has been expanded to include marble, stainless steel, and plastic cutting boards. Several other designs of handles and wire holders have also been invented to hold the cutting wires of cheese slicing boards. Many of these wires have loops on the ends like the Prodyne models; others have small rings or knots that fit into a slot on the handle and cutting arm.

Girolle

The girolle is a utensil for scraping Tête de Moine Swiss cheese into the form of rosettes that resemble chanterelle mushrooms (also known as girolle in French, hence the name of the device). This cheese was traditionally scraped with a knife. The girolle was invented in 1982 by Nicolas Crevoisier of the Swiss Jura and is produced by the Métafil-laGirolle company.

Cheese plane

The cheese plane is a stationary variant of a carpenter's plane. It is used for cutting extra-hard Berner Alpkäse that has been aged for at least two years, also known as  (plane cheese).

Cheese scoop

Cheese scoop is used for softer cheeses. It has a short curved blade with a long handle, creating an appearance of a tiny (6-8 inches long) garden trowel. Scoop can be used in a manner similar to a spoon when serving semisoft but crumbly Stilton cheese. It can also be used to scoop out gouda or edam from their wax covers. Old version might have a built-in scraper, similar to the one in ice cream scoop.

References

External links

Cheese
Kitchen knives
Norwegian inventions

de:Käsehobel

Cheese knife


Alexander Lloyd (Alex) Nelson (born 21 March 1988, in Stoke-on-Trent) is a retired sprint athlete who represented Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

During the 2006 Beijing World Junior Championships he picked up two bronze medals, in 200 metres and 4 x 100 metre relay. He has a personal best of 6.78 in 60 metres, 10.31 in 100 metres and 20.49 in 200 metres. Also, in 2005 he came second in the 100 metres World Youth Championships in Athletics in a British one, two, behind Harry Aikines-Aryeetey and third at the European Junior Athletics Championships in Kaunas Lithuania. Two years later he returned to the same competition only this time staged in Hengelo, Holland and was victorious over the 200 m and placed 2nd in the 4x100 relay.

In July 2007 he came second behind Marlon Devonish in the men's 200 metres sprint at AAA British Athletics Championships.

His sister Ashleigh is also an international sprinter.

In 2008 Alex achieved the GB "A" Qualifying time for the Olympic Games and placed second at the AAA's Olympic Trials gaining him his first full senior international vest and first appearance at the Olympic Games. However at the 2008 Summer Olympics he did not start in his first round heat over 200 metres.

In 2011, Nelson announced his retirement from the sport.

Nelson is the cousin of both reality television contestant Wes Nelson and professional footballer Curtis Nelson.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Stoke-on-Trent
British male sprinters
English male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Black British sportsmen

Alexander Nelson


Charles McColl Portis (December 28, 1933 – February 17, 2020) was an American author best known for his novels Norwood (1966) and the classic Western True Grit (1968). Both Norwood and True Grit were adapted as films, released in 1970 and 1969, respectively. True Grit also inspired a film sequel and a made-for-TV movie sequel. Another film adaptation of True Grit was released in 2010.

In 2023 The Library of America published his Collected Works. In the introduction editor Jay Jennings observes,"Charles Portis is now recognized as a singular American genius, a writer whose deadpan style, picaresque plots, and unforgettable characters have drawn a passionate following among readers and writers."

Portis has been described as "one of the most inventively comic writers of western fiction".

Early life
Charles Portis was born in 1933 in El Dorado, Arkansas, the son of Alice (Waddell) and Samuel Palmer Portis. He was raised and educated in various towns in southern Arkansas, including Hamburg and Mount Holly.

During the Korean War, Portis enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps and reached the rank of sergeant.  After receiving his discharge in 1955, he enrolled in the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville.  He graduated with a degree in journalism in 1958.

Career
Portis began writing in college, for both the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville student newspaper, Arkansas Traveler, and the Northwest Arkansas Times.  One of his tasks was to redact the colorful reporting of "lady stringers" in the Ozarks, a task credited as a source for the vivid voice that he created years later for his character Mattie Ross in True Grit.  After Portis graduated, he worked for various newspapers as a reporter, including the Memphis Commercial Appeal and almost two years at the Arkansas Gazette, for which he wrote the "Our Town" column.

He then moved to New York City, where he worked for four years at the New York Herald Tribune.  His work led him to return to the South frequently to cover civil rights stories during the early 1960s.  After serving as the London bureau chief of the New York Herald Tribune, he left journalism in 1964.

Portis next returned to Arkansas and began writing fiction full-time.  In his first novel, Norwood (1966), he showed his preference for travel narratives with deadpan dialogue, combined with amusing observations on American culture.  Set sometime from 1959 through 1961, the novel revolves around Norwood Pratt, a young, naïve ex-Marine living in Ralph, Texas.  He is  persuaded by con man Grady Fring (the first of several such characters created by Portis) to transport two automobiles to New York City.  Norwood encounters a variety of people on the way to New York and back, including ex-circus midget Edmund Ratner ("the world's smallest perfect fat man"), Joann ("the college-educated chicken"), and Rita Lee, a girl Norwood woos and wins on the bus ride back to the South.

Like Norwood, his novel True Grit (1968) was first serialized in condensed form in The Saturday Evening Post. The story is told in first person from the perspective of Yell County native Mattie Ross. At the time of the novel's events, she is a prim, shrewd, strong-willed, Bible-quoting 14-year-old girl. When her father is murdered in Fort Smith, Arkansas, by Tom Chaney, a hired hand, she sets out to bring the killer to justice. She recruits Deputy Marshal Rooster Cogburn — in whom Mattie sees one possessed of "grit" — to help her hunt down Chaney (who has joined an  outlaw band) to "avenge her father's blood".

Both Norwood and True Grit were adapted as movies, with fellow Arkansan Glen Campbell and Kim Darby in leading roles in the two films.  Both pictures were commercially successful.  John Wayne won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for Best Actor for his performance as Rooster Cogburn in True Grit, one of the top box-office hits of 1969.  True Grit was released on June 11, 1969, earning US$14.25 million at the box office.  A second film version, written and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen and starring Jeff Bridges and Hailee Steinfeld debuted in December 2010.

Portis published several short pieces in The Atlantic Monthly, including the memoir "Combinations of Jacksons" and the story "I Don't Talk Service No More".

His final published work was the collection Escape Velocity: A Charles Portis Miscellany, including journalism and other non-fiction, short stories, and a single play, Delray's New Moon.  Subjects include the civil rights movement, a road trip in Baja, and Elvis Presley's visit to his aging mother. Some of the works originally appeared in such publications such as the New York Herald Tribune and Saturday Evening Post. New York Times book reviewer Carlo Rotella said, "You can enjoy Escape Velocity as a stand-alone collection, but a Portis miscellany will always be read too as a key to the experiences and craft lessons that shaped the novels."

Writing of Portis, Aaron Gilbreath has observed that his literary obscurity might, like him, remain forever hidden, because
"he won't surface long enough to let reporters ask him about it."

However, in 2023 the Library of America published his Collected Works.

Personal life and death
Portis lived in Little Rock, Arkansas, where he died of Alzheimer's disease on February 17, 2020, at the age of 86.

Works
Novels
 1966: Norwood
 1968: True Grit
 1979: The Dog of the South
 1985: Masters of Atlantis
 1991: Gringos

Nonfiction
 2012: Escape Velocity: A Charles Portis Miscellany

Short fiction, articles, etc.
 "The New Sound from Nashville," The Saturday Evening Post, 239 (12 February 1966): 30–38.
 "Traveling Light," The Saturday Evening Post, 239 (18 June 1966): 54–77 ; 239 (2 July 1966): 48–75. (The revised, serialized version of Norwood).
 "True Grit," The Saturday Evening Post, 241 (18 May 1968): 68–85; 241 (1 June 1968): 46–61; 241 (15 June 1968): 44–57. (The condensed, serialized version of True Grit).
 "Your Action Line", The New Yorker Archive, 53 (12 December 1977): 42–43. Faulkner Wells, Dean, ed. The Great American Writers' Cookbook. Oxford: Yoknapatawpha Press (1981).
 "Nights Can Turn Cool in Viborra", The Atlantic Monthly, 270 (Dec. 1992): 101–106.
 "I Don't Talk Service No More." The Atlantic Monthly, May, 1996, Vol. 277, No. 5, pp. 90–92.
 "Combinations of Jacksons." The Atlantic Monthly, May, 1999, Vol. 283, No. 5, pp. 81–92. (A Memoir).

References

External links

 Article by Ed Park from The Believer, March 2003
 Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture: Charles McColl Portis

1933 births
2020 deaths
True Grit
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
Writers from Arkansas
People from El Dorado, Arkansas
University of Arkansas alumni
Military personnel from Arkansas
United States Marines
American male short story writers
People from Hamburg, Arkansas
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War

Charles Portis


Ogugu is a community of Igala-speaking people in the Olamaboro Local Government Area of the Kogi State in north central Nigeria. Ogugu people have a culture that has been misunderstood by other Igalas. It is called Ibegwu, literally meaning ancestors. It is believed that ancestors watch over their progeny to stop them from doing mischief. For instance, an Ogugu man can not be a party to premeditated murder. He would be 'arrested' by Ibegwu. He would be struck by some mysterious ailment, the cure to which is a public confession and performance of the necessary rituals for cleansing. According to the ancestral rules, a married woman cannot have an affair with any other man. The same punishment cited above applies. Some have argued that if a man has the liberty to flirt, a woman should also have the same right. They are predominantly subsistence farmers.
Ibegwu culture is all encompassing to a woman. She is expected to be submissive to her husband in all aspect and everything she does must be with his consent.

Onoja Oboni's personality and heritage has been shrouded in mythical imagery over time.

References

Alex Ojonimi Agbobaba (Adapted from Ogugu Folklores and Oral Traditions)

Ethnic groups in Nigeria

Ogugu


Lu Chengqing (; 595–670), courtesy name Ziyu (子餘), formally Duke Ding of Fanyang (范陽定公), was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong.

Background
Lu Chengqing was born in 595, during the reign of Emperor Wen of Sui.  He was from "The elder house of northern ancestry" (北祖大房) of the prominent Lu clan of Fanyang.  His grandfather Lu Sidao was an important official during the Sui dynasty.  Late in the reign of Emperor Wen's son Emperor Yang, Lu Chengqing's father Lu Chisong (盧赤松) was serving as the magistrate of Hedong County (河東, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), when the general Li Yuan rebelled against Emperor Yang's rule at Taiyuan.  Lu Chisong, who had previously known Li Yuan, surrendered as soon as Li Yuan's forces arrived and served on Li Yuan's staff.  After Li Yuan established the Tang dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu, he created Lu Chisong the Duke of Fanyang.  Lu Chengqing was said to be handsome and attentive to his appearance, but also knowledgeable and capable.  When he was young, Lu Chisong died, and so he inherited the title of Duke of Fanyang.

During Emperor Taizong's reign
Early in the reign of Emperor Gaozu's son and successor Emperor Taizong, Lu Chengqing was serving as the census officer for the commandant at Qin Prefecture (秦州, roughly modern Tianshui, Gansu), when he had an opportunity to report to Emperor Taizong the status of military affairs west of the Yellow River (i.e., in modern central Gansu).  Emperor Taizong was impressed by the clarity of his report, and promoted him to be a low-level official at the ministry of civil service.  He was later promoted to by the deputy minister of census.  On one occasion, when Emperor Taizong asked about historical population counts, Lu discussed historical population counts all the way from the Xia dynasty and Shang dynasty, down to Tang's immediate predecessors Northern Zhou and Sui.  Emperor Taizong was impressed, and soon made him the deputy minister of defense but further also made him in charge of civil service matters.  Lu initially declined, stating, "Civil service matters should be in the hands of the minister of civil service, and for me to handle them would be to exceed my authorities."  Emperor Taizong insisted, stating, "I trust you.  Why do you not trust yourself?"  He later also served as deputy secretary general of the capital prefecture, Yong Prefecture (雍州, roughly modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), and secretary general of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng).

During Emperor Gaozong's reign
Early in the reign of Emperor Taizong's son and successor Emperor Gaozong, who became emperor in 649 following Emperor Taizong's death, for reasons unknown, it was said that the powerful chancellor Chu Suiliang wrongly accused Lu Chengqing of faults.  Lu was demoted to be the secretary general to the commandant at Yi Prefecture (益州, roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan).  Thereafter, Chu further accused Lu of misconduct while serving as the deputy secretary general at Yong Prefecture, and Lu was further demoted to be the military advisor to the prefect of Jian Prefecture (簡州, roughly modern Ziyang, Sichuan).  After about a year, he was then made the secretary general of Hong Prefecture (洪州, roughly modern Nanchang, Jiangxi).  On one occasion, when Emperor Gaozong was set to visit warm springs in Ru Prefecture (汝州, roughly modern Pingdingshan, Henan), he promoted Lu to be the prefect of Ru Prefecture, and soon recalled him to the capital to serve as director of vassal affairs.  In 657, when the general Su Dingfang destroyed Western Tujue and captured its Shabuolüe Khan Ashina Helu (阿史那賀魯), it was Lu that Emperor Gaozong sent to Western Tujue lands to divide the lands between two Western Tujue princes loyal to Tang, Ashina Mishe (阿史那彌射), who was created the Xinxiwang Khan, and Ashina Buzhen (阿史那步真), who was created the Jiwangjue Khan.  Emperor Gaozong further ordered Lu, along with Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen, to grant the various tribal chiefs appropriate official titles.

As of 659, Lu was serving as the minister of treasury, when he was given the designation Canzhi Zhengshi (參知政事), making him a chancellor de facto.  Later that year, when the former chancellor and Emperor Gaozong's uncle Zhangsun Wuji, who had already been exiled on suspicion of treason, was accused of further plotting, Lu, along with fellow chancellors Li Ji, Xu Jingzong, Xin Maojiang, and Ren Yaxiang were put in charge of the investigation (although it was Xu, who was an ally of Emperor Gaozong's powerful wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), who drove the investigation), which resulted in Zhangsun's forced suicide.  Yet later that year, Lu was given the designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品), a more honored designation for a chancellor de facto.  However, in 660, he was accused of mishandling the ministry of treasury, and he was removed from his offices, and further was sent to Run Prefecture (潤州, roughly modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) to be its prefect.  He was subsequently made the secretary general of Yong Prefecture and given the honorific title Yinqing Guanglu Daifu (銀青光祿大夫).  In 669, he was made the minister of justice.  He soon requested retirement on account of old age, and Emperor Gaozong agreed, further giving him the honorific title of Jinzi Guanglu Daifu (金紫光祿大夫).

Lu died in 670 and was buried with honors.  Prior to his death, he gave this order to his sons:

Family

Younger Brothers
 Lu Cheng'en (盧承恩)
 Lu Chengti (盧承悌)
 Lu Chengji (盧承基)
 Lu Chengye (盧承業)
 Lu Chengtai (盧承泰)
 Lu Chengli (盧承禮)
 Lu Chengfu (盧承福)

Sons
 According to New Book of Tang vol. 73, Lu Chengqing only had a son named Lu Xu (盧諝), who would serve as director of ministry of personnel (吏部郎中). Lu Xu had two sons: Lu Yun (盧鄖), prefect of Chu (滁州); Lu Yuan (盧垣), whose son Lu Youlin (盧幼臨) would serve as director of ministry of justice (刑部郎中).

References
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 85.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 106.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 200, 201.

595 births
670 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Gaozong of Tang
Lu clan of Fanyang
Sui dynasty people

Lu Chengqing


Anax tristis, the black emperor or magnificent emperor, is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Ethiopia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, swamps, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.

References

Aeshnidae
Insects described in 1867
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Anax tristis


(aka en: Storm Over Mont Blanc) is a 1930 German film written and directed by Arnold Fanck and starring Leni Riefenstahl, Sepp Rist and Ernst Udet. The film is part of the German film genre of "mountaineering", popularized by Fanck. The story revolves around a man who works alone at the Mont Blanc weather station gathering data. His only contact with the world below is via Morse code signals. He is joined by a woman friend, who helps him survive a terrible storm over the mountain. Ernst Udet is featured as a pilot who is involved in a dangerous mountain rescue.

Plot
Meteorologist Hannes (Sepp Rist) works alone at a remote weather station below the summit of Mont Blanc in the French Alps. Every day he gathers data on weather conditions. When the weather is clear, he is able to use his telescope to gaze down at the town of Chamonix in the valley far below. His solitary life is interrupted only by the daily weather reports he transmits via Morse code to various weather centres throughout Europe. He is also able to listen to his friend Walter perform his organ concerts on the radio.

At the Chamonix observatory down in the valley, an astronomer's daughter, Hella Armstrong (Leni Riefenstahl), gazes up at the night sky, helping her father with his work. Every evening she looks forward to Hannes' weather reports and messages—like hearing from a close friend even though they've never met. In addition to her scientific interests, Hella enjoys skiing with her friends in the mountains. One day while skiing with her friends, she meets Ernst Udet (Ernst Udet) in his small aircraft. Together they fly above the clouds to the upper reaches of Mont Blanc. As they approach Hannes' weather station, she drops a small evergreen tree down by parachute with a note introducing herself. Enchanted by the gesture, he carefully decorates his tree for Christmas.

Thrilled with her flying experience over Mont Blanc, Hella persuades her father to join her on another flight to the weather station to visit Hannes—an old friend of her father (Friedrich Kayßler) who once worked at that station. At the small remote station, Hella is fascinated by the scientific equipment—and with Hannes. The next morning, Hannes takes Hella with him to the summit of Mont Blanc to capture that day's climate conditions. While they are away, Hella's father goes out to study the geology and falls from a rocky ledge and is killed. The young meteorologist and his female companion witness the fatal accident.

After they return to the station, a major storm closes in around them. Hannes does everything he can to comfort the grieving Hella. Before she leaves with the team that arrived to bring her father's body back down to the valley, Hannes asks her to look up his good friend Walter Petersen (Mathias Wieman). In the coming days, Hella mourns the death of her father. One day she visits Walter, who is sick. Hella takes care of him and helps him to recover, which in his loneliness he comes to misinterpret as romantic affection. Meanwhile, Hannes impatiently counts the days when he can be relieved from his work and see Hella again. But when he receives a letter from Walter informing him of his intended engagement to Hella, who knows nothing of the matter, he is so shocked by the news that he decides to stay at the weather station for another season and sends the replacement team back home.

Soon after, a severe storm descends on Mont Blanc. While out gathering his weather data, to his dismay Hannes loses his gloves, and his fingers soon freeze. Back at the weather station, with wind howling around him, Hannes realizes the danger he faces. He tries to revive feeling in his fingers, but is unsuccessful. He then attempts to make his way down the mountain, but the storm is too severe, and the snow bridges over the deep gorges have collapsed, cutting off the path. Exhausted and with hope nearly gone, he makes his way back to the storm damaged station and manages to send out an emergency SOS signal. Soon a rescue team is dispatched.

When Hella is informed that the rescue team cannot reach the station, she contacts Udet, knowing that an aircraft rescue is Hannes' only hope. Udet promptly responds and flies at great risk through a dangerous electrical storm to the station, where he finds Hannes in urgent need of care and arranges to heat the station and prepare some food.  Meanwhile, Hella and the rescue team make their way up the mountain. After a difficult climb, they reach the weather station and Hannes gazes upon Hella with loving gratitude.

Cast
 Leni Riefenstahl as Hella Armstrong
 Sepp Rist as Hannes
 Ernst Udet as Udet, the Pilot
 Mathias Wieman as Walter Petersen
 Friedrich Kayßler as Armstrong, Hella's Father
 Alfred Beierle
 Ernst Petersen
 David Zogg as Skifahrer
 Beni Führer as Skifahrer
 Rähmi as Bergführer
 Guzzi Lantschner as Bergführer
 Benno Leubner as Bergführer
 Harald Reinl as Bergführer, Hella Armstrong (Double)
 Luggi Foeger
 Claus von Suchotzky as Pilot des Aufnahmeflugzeuges
 Josef Gumboldt
 Hans Kogler
 Otto Leubner
 Kurt Reinl
 Julius Rähmi
 Walter Traut

Production
Filmed on location in Arosa, Switzerland, Babelsberg Observatory in Potsdam, Germany, and Mont-Blanc in Chamonix, France, Stürme über dem Mont Blanc is notable for its dramatic mountain footage and depictions of a violent snow storm. The aircraft used in filming were:
 Klemm Kl 25 (D-1450 L.25 1A)
 Udet U 12 Flamingo (D-1202, 822)

Reception
Stürme über dem Mont Blanc premiered in Dresden, Germany on 25 December 1930. Although advertised as a sound film, most of the scenes were silent, with long, lingering shots of mountain peaks. Aviation film historian James H. Farmer in Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation (1984) described the aerial scenes, as "outstanding aerial sequences, including a hazardous landing on the Mount Blanc glacier."

Footage from the film was later used in Lost Horizon (1937).

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Fanck, Arnold. Stürme über dem Montblanc. Ein Filmbildbuch. Nach dem gleichnamigen Film. St Louis, Missouri: Concordia, 1931. OCLC 20841117
 Farmer, James H. Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books Inc., 1984. .
 Paris, Michael. From the Wright Brothers to Top Gun: Aviation, Nationalism, and Popular Cinema. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1995. .
 Rentschler, Eric and Arthur Kingsley Porter. The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and its Afterlife. BostonL Harvard University Press, 1996. .

External links

1930 films
1930s adventure drama films
German aviation films
German black-and-white films
Films directed by Arnold Fanck
Films of the Weimar Republic
Films set in France
Films set in the Alps
Films shot in Switzerland
Films shot in Brandenburg
Films shot in France
German adventure films
1930s German-language films
Mountaineering films
Transitional sound films
1930 drama films
1930s German films

Stürme über dem Mont Blanc


4seven (commonly stylised as 47) is a British free-to-air television channel which was launched on 4 July 2012 at 7.00 pm. According to Channel 4, it was created in response to its viewers demanding Channel 4 to broadcast old programming from the network. Its programming focuses on Channel 4's top rated programmes.

4seven launched with 20 hours of content in the schedule per day. In the 8.00 pm and 10.00 pm slots the channel broadcasts a repeat of shows from the previous day that have created a critical buzz in newspapers, chatter on social media through Twitter and Facebook and reaction on the overnight log of comments kept by the broadcaster. The 11.00 pm slot is used to repeat the programme shown on Channel 4 at 9.00 pm, which air again on 4seven at 9.00 pm the following day. The rest of the programmes on 4seven are repeats of the most popular ones of the week. Weekends are devoted to multiple repeats of the best-rated programmes of the past seven days.

History
The service was originally reported under the working title of 'Project Shuffle', though it was announced on 8 March 2012, that the name would be '4seven'. The channel was originally set to launch by June 2012, however it was subsequently reported to be launching later in the summer. On 22 May 2012, it was confirmed that 4seven would launch on 4 July 2012.

The channel launched across all major TV platforms in the UK, with agreements in place for carriage on Freeview, Freesat, Sky, and Virgin TV. The channel indirectly replaced the temporary More4 +2 on Sky. While on Freeview, a placeholder for 4seven appeared on channel 47 in post-digital switchover areas on 2 April 2012.

A high-definition simulcast, 4seven HD, launched on 1 July 2014 on Freeview channel 111. 4seven HD was added to Virgin Media in November 2016. It closed on 22 June 2020 on Freeview to help make room on COM7 following the closure of COM8. 4seven HD is currently exclusive to Virgin Media and Sky Glass.

On 4 November 2020, the channel moved to channel 48 on Freeview as part of a move up where every channel from channel 24 to 54 on the platform moved up one place to allow BBC Four to move to channel 24 in Scotland due to new Ofcom rules regarding certain PSB channels requiring greater prominence on EPGs. This is because the BBC Scotland channel is on channel 9 in Scotland, whilst BBC4 is on channel 9 in the rest of the UK.

Former logos

See also
 List of television stations in the United Kingdom

References

External links

2012 establishments in the United Kingdom
Channel 4 television channels
Television channels and stations established in 2012
Television channels in the United Kingdom

4seven


Environmental consulting is often a form of compliance consulting, in which the consultant ensures that the client maintains an appropriate measure of compliance with environmental regulations. Sustainable consulting is a specialized field that offers guidance and solutions for businesses seeking to operate in an environmentally responsible and sustainable way. The goal of sustainable consulting is to help organizations reduce their environmental impact while maintaining profitability and social responsibility. There are many types of environmental consultants, but the two main groups are those who enter the field from the industry side, and those who enter the field from the environmentalist side.

Environmental consultants work in a very wide variety of fields. Whether it be providing construction services such as Asbestos Hazard Assessments or Lead Hazard Assessments or conducting due diligence reports for customers to rid them of possible sanctions. Consultancies may generalize across a wide range of disciplines or specialize in certain areas of environmental consultancy such as waste management.

Environmental consultants usually have an undergraduate degree and sometimes even master's degree in Environmental Engineering, Environmental Science, Environmental Studies, Geology, or some other science discipline. They should have deep knowledge on environmental regulations, which they can advise particular clients in the private industry or public government institutions to help them steer clear of possible fines, legal action or misguided transactions.

Environmental consulting spans a wide spectrum of industry. The most basic industry that environmental consulting remains prominent in is the commercial estate market. Many commercial lenders rely on both small and large environmental firms. Many commercial lenders will not lend monies to borrowers if the property or personal capital does not exceed the worth of the land. If an environmental problem is discovered property owners that deem themselves a responsible party will most likely reserve monies in escrow in order to resolve the environmental impact.

With increasing numbers of construction, agriculture, and scientific companies employing environmental consultancies, the industry can expect growth in the vicinity of 9.7 percent in 2008, amidst mounting public concern over environmental degradation and climate change. And while some companies are genuinely motivated by concern for the environment, for others, hiring consultants to appear to be "going green" has proven to be a useful marketing tool. Growing government funding into renewable energy and technologies producing low emissions is also helping growth, as organizations investing in research and development in these areas are often major employers of environmental consultants.

Subdisciplines
There are numerous areas in which environmental consultants might work (in no particular order):

Contaminated Land can involve assessments such as a Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment.

Energy may entail feasibility studies for renewable energy projects. For example, a study may attempt to answer the question: Would a micro-hydro-generation scheme pay for itself over the course of its operational life?

Geotechnical might include activities such as site investigations, geotechnical engineering (foundation design, slope stability), and restoration quality assurance.

Environmental Management Systems such as ISO 14001 are large complicated systems that are often not implemented using internal man/woman power. This work is usually outsourced to consultants.

Green Claims: Environmental Consultants may be employed to substantiate green claims, such as eco labels, which may involve work on supply chain or embodied carbon.

Compliance: As governments become more and more environmental in their thinking, so do their legal framework. In the UK, businesses are covered by numerous pieces of legislation such as oil storage regulations and the Environment Act 1995. If they are found to be in breach of these regulations, they may face severe civil or criminal actions. Environmental Consultants can check to see that the business in question is in compliance with current legislation.

Impact Assessment: see Environmental impact statement

Flood Risk, the most common of which may be a Phase 1 Screening Study.

Asbestos Management

Radon

Carbon: There are various aspects of a company's carbon foot print that may be managed by consultants. They may have internal reduction strategies, or they may be tied in with national targets. Emissions trading is also an important aspect of Carbon Management.

See also
Green accounting
Sustainable Development
Environmental engineer
Eco-capitalism
Sustainability consultant

References

External links
International Society of Sustainability Professionals.

Consulting
Consulting by type
Systems ecology
Sustainable business

Environmental consulting


Microcolona ponophora is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1897. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales.

The wingspan is 8–9 mm. The forewings are brown, irregularly sprinkled with dark fuscous. There is a broad whitish patch extending along the basal two-thirds of the dorsum and a small whitish spot on the middle of the dorsum and another before the tornus, separated by dark fuscous suffusion. The discal stigmata is black, raised and partially whitish edged, first in middle, second at three-fourths. There is a small ochreous-whitish oblique-triangular spot on the costa before two-thirds, preceded and followed by patches of dark fuscous suffusion. There are two or three black dots longitudinally placed towards the apex. The hindwings are fuscous.

References

Moths described in 1897
Microcolona
Moths of Australia

Microcolona ponophora


Open publishing is a term used by Matthew Arnison in March 2001 to describe the online process of creating text, audio and video news by methods that are fully transparent to the readers. In the early 2000s, the term was widely associated with the online Indymedia network.

History
The aim of open publishing described by Matthew Arnison was that anybody could contribute a story and see it instantly appear in the pool of stories publicly available. Those stories are filtered as little as possible to help the readers find the stories they want. Readers can see editorial decisions being made by others. They can see how to get involved and help make editorial decisions. If they can think of a better way for the software to help shape editorial decisions, they can copy the software because it is free and open source to change it and start their own site. If they  want to redistribute the news, they can, preferably on an open publishing site.

Internet sites run on open publishing software allow anyone with Internet access to visit the site and upload content directly without having to penetrate the filters of traditional media. Several fundamental principles tend to inform the organizations and sites dedicated to open publishing, though they do so to varying degrees. These principles include non-hierarchy, public participation, minimal editorial control, and transparency.

Related ideas
Arnison's idea of open publishing can be compared to Eric S. Raymond's point of view in the open source software versus free software debate. Given a large enough audience of peers, readers and/or commentators, supporters of open publishing hope or expect that almost all problematic content will quickly be noticed, highlighted and fixed. Linus's law could in this be context be described as Arnison's Law, reworded as, "Given enough eyeballs, problematic content is shallow".

The term "open publishing" is intended to be much more open than the more restricted idea of open access publishing, in which the publishing of material organized in such a way that there is no financial or other barrier to the reader, but there is no claim for transparency in the methods and procedures of publishing. In other words, open publishing is open access, but open access publishing is only sometimes "open publishing".

Examples
Online historical and existing networks typically associated with open publishing include the Independent Media Center network, Kuro5hin, Slashdot, Wikipedia and Wikinews.

See also
 Collaborative writing
 Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act, U.S. House of Representatives
 Free content
 Open access
 Open content
 Open source journalism
 Participatory economics
 Participatory journalism
 Peer review

References

Publishing
Citizen media
Collective intelligence
New media

Open publishing


The Vitruvian Man, known in Italian as L'uomo vitruviano, is a drawing made by Leonardo da Vinci in about 1490. Around the drawing are notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius. Its original name was Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio - this means "The proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius".click here to watch video explaining this topic

The drawing is done in pen and ink on paper. It is of a male figure standing in two positions, that are superimposed (drawn over the top of each other). The figure's arms and legs are drawn in two different positions, while the rest of the body stays in one position. The figure is drawn standing inside both a circle and a square.

The drawing and text are sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is stored in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, Italy. It is displayed only occasionally.

The drawing is based on the ideal proportions of a man's body, and how this relates to geometry. This relationship was described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De architectura. Vitruvius wrote the human figure was the main source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. He wrote that the ideal body should be eight heads tall. Da Vinci's drawing is traditionally named in honour of the architect.

References

Other websites

 Willamette University site on Vitruvian Man
 Stanford University site on Vitruvian Man
 Leonardo's Vitruvian Man

1490
15th-century works
Geometry

Vitruvian Man


Eileach an Naoimh, also known as Holy Isle, is an uninhabited island in the Inner Hebrides of the west coast of Scotland.  It is the southernmost of the Garvellachs archipelago and lies in the Firth of Lorne between Mull and Argyll. The name is Gaelic for "rocky place of the saint".

About 542, St. Brendan the Navigator founded a monastery on Eilach, presumed to be the island, possibly because of the combination of its isolation and good grazing. Columba is believed to have visited the island and it is one of the proposed locations of the Columban retreat isle of Hinba. Eileach an Naoimh may be the burial site of Columba's mother Eithne.
The monastery was destroyed by – or, at least, may have become excessively vulnerable to – Viking raiders, from about 800. The island has probably seen only intermittent occupation since, which has contributed to the survival of the ruins of many of the monastic buildings, including two chapels, beehive cells, and a graveyard with three crosses and another circular grave. The cells are contained in a pentagonal enclosure overlooking the rocky landing place on the south, which is guarded by various skerries. Beyond the enclosure there is another cell with two rooms. The oldest chapel is rectangular and may date from the 11th or 12th century. The monastic ruins are the oldest ecclesiastical buildings in Scotland and the site is in the care of Historic Environment Scotland. If the ruins date from the time of Brendan this would potentially make them the oldest extant church buildings in Britain, although the earliest written record of their existence dates from the late 9th century.

There is no ferry service, and transport to the island and its neighbours must be arranged privately.

Footnotes

External links

 Canmore

Uninhabited islands of Argyll and Bute
Historic Scotland properties in Argyll and Bute

Eileach an Naoimh


Eliyahu Boruch Finkel (25 December 1947 – March 31, 2008) was an influential maggid shiur (lecturer) at the Mir yeshiva in Jerusalem.

Biography
He was born in Jerusalem, Israel to Rabbi Moshe Finkel, son of the rosh yeshiva of the Mir, Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Finkel, and grandson of Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel, the Alter of Slabodka. His mother was Nechama Eidel Levin, daughter of Rabbi Mordechai Dovid Levin, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Eitz Chaim).

He grew up under the tutelage of his grandfather, Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda, and studied in Talmud Torah Yavneh. At the age of 10 he went to learn in Yeshivas Tiferes Tzvi, a school named after his grandfather Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel. Half a year after his bar mitzvah, he moved to the Mir yeshiva and learned in chavrusa (study partner) with Rabbi Chaim Kamil, where he was recognized as an outstanding student.

While learning at the Mir, he became close with Rabbi Chaim Shmuelevitz and Rabbi Nochum Partzovitz. He would learn with Rabbi Partovitz every day for a few hours, covering all the sugyos of Shas, even those topics not studied regularly in yeshivas. Because of all the years that they learned together, Rabbi Eliyahu Boruch considered Rabbi Partzovitz his rebbe muvhak (chief teacher).

In recognition of Finkel's tremendous abilities, the roshei yeshiva appointed him to be a maggid shiur at a young age.

In the summer of 1967 he went to learn in the Ponevezh Yeshiva, where he learned in chavrusa with Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo Berman, one of the roshei yeshivas. He also learned with Ponevezh rosh yeshiva Rabbi Shmuel Rozovsky, who said about Eliyahu Boruch: "There was Rabbi Eliyahu Boruch Kamai (grandfather of Rabbi Eliyahu Boruch Finkel; Kamai means "first" in Aramaic), and now we have Rabbi Eliyahu Boruch Basrai (Aramaic for "last")".

After his tenure in Ponevezh, he returned to the Mir until his marriage to Chana Gelman, daughter of Rabbi Shlomo Gelman of Queens, New York.

Maggid shiur
His shiurim were characterized by profundity on the one hand and clarity on the other, even in the most complicated sugyos. He would analyze the words of the Rishonim intently and give over his shiur with excitement. His students recall his simchas ha-chaim (positive, happy attitude) and the personal relationship he built with each of them. His shiurim influenced the way of learning in the Mir specifically and in other yeshivos as well. Many of his students now say shiurim of their own and give over Rabbi Finkel's way of learning to the next generation of students and Torah scholars.

Before his death, Rabbi Finkel was delivering the second-largest shiur in the Mir, teaching hundreds of students.

Rabbi Finkel died suddenly on 31 March 2008. His funeral took place the following morning in the main building of the yeshiva. Tens of thousands of mourners accompanied his bier to Har HaMenuchos, where he was buried in the new area for rabbis. His eldest son, Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Leib Finkel, currently says shiur as his father's successor.

References

1947 births
2008 deaths
Haredi rabbis in Israel
20th-century rabbis in Jerusalem
21st-century rabbis in Jerusalem
Burials at Har HaMenuchot

Eliyahu Boruch Finkel


Gregory Douglass (born December 19, 1980) is an American singer-songwriter.  Douglass plays lead guitar and piano.

Background
Douglass was born and raised in rural Vermont, performing in musical theater and winning local talent shows in his early teens.  He taught himself to play the piano and guitar by age 14, and began writing his own original songs throughout junior high. While attending Brewster Academy in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, Douglass composed and recorded the material for his first two albums.  On graduation day, the schools' Headmaster presented him with a music award and publicly announced that Douglass was the first student he would ever encourage not to go to college, advice that convinced him to immediately pursue music full-time. Douglass has also been involved in theatre work, both at the amateur and professional levels. His roles included "Hero" in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, alongside actor Topher Grace who played "Pseudolus", while attending Brewster Academy.

Music
Gregory Douglass is an internationally renowned independent musician with eight critically acclaimed albums and a multitude of digital singles & music videos. His recent spotlight on NPR Morning Edition has coined him "one of New England's best-kept secrets."  Douglass has sold over 75,000 songs digitally on his own and his videos have amounted to over 600,000 views on YouTube alone. His music videos have charted numerous times on MTV Network's Logo (TV channel) TV. Douglass was a finalist in the 2011 Mountain Stage NewSong Competition and won the Yobi.tv New Stage competition—an original web series starring Jersey Shore's Mike The Situation (TV personality) Sorrentino.

Douglass has been compared to artists like Tori Amos, Jeff Buckley, Patty Griffin and Rufus Wainwright. His evocative, alternative sound "channels everyone from Stevie Wonder to Fiona Apple in a way that's terrifyingly mature for someone so young" according to Instinct Magazine.  Douglass has shared the stage with artists like They Might Be Giants, Shawn Colvin, The Weepies, Jason Mraz, Regina Spektor, and Margaret Cho.  Douglass' 2009 release BATTLER features duets with friends and fellow Vermonters Grace Potter (Grace Potter & The Nocturnals / Hollywood Records) and Anaïs Mitchell (Righteous Babe Records).

Personal life
Douglass is openly gay, and some of his lyrics deal with queer themes.

Discography

References

External links
Official Website (English)
Last.FM Page (English)

1980 births
Living people
Musicians from Burlington, Vermont
American male singer-songwriters
American gay musicians
LGBT people from Vermont
American LGBT singers
American LGBT songwriters
Gay singers
Gay songwriters
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American LGBT people
American gay writers

Gregory Douglass


BootX is the name of a graphical bootloader developed by Benjamin Herrenschmidt, which runs as an application or an extension to Mac OS 8 and 9 that allows Old World Apple computers to boot Linux. It is no longer maintained by its original author, as it does not work with any current hardware, but it is still available, and further development may be possible. It is one of three Linux bootloaders which may be used on most Old World Apple computers, the others being miBoot (included, but also independently enhanced by Jeff Carr of LinuxPPC, Inc.), and quik. New World Macs use a different bootloader, yaboot, for booting Linux.

External links
The BootX Bootloader at penguinppc.org

Boot loaders

BootX (Linux)


Partíu Asturianista (PAS) is a nationalist political party from Asturias, Spain, founded in 1985 by Xuan Xosé Sánchez Vicente.

Ideology

A social democratic political party, the PAS bases its Asturian nationalist ideology on Asturian history, defining Asturias as an "old European nation" rooted in the Kingdom of Asturias, which has its own culture, traditions and Asturian language.

The defense of Asturian language plays a pivotal role in the ideology of the party.

History
After leaving the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party in 1983, X. X. Sánchez Vicente founded the Partíu Asturianista, which was officially legalised in 1985. Among the primary political targets of the party was a reform of the Asturian Statute of Autonomy, in which Asturias would be recognised as a Historical Nationality, the Asturian language would be granted official status (together with Spanish language), a statute that would guarantee the highest self-government possibilities recognized in the Spanish Constitution of 1978.

In 1988 the party held its first National Conference, where the founding program is approved. The PAS decides then to take part in that year's regional elections, which finally placed the Partíu Asturianista as the fifth political power of Asturias. The PAS also ran for the European Parliament elections of 1989, being included in a coalition of nationalist parties from all Spain.

During the first National Congress of 1991 the party approves the Documentu d'Ideoloxía y Estratexa (Document of Ideology and Political Strategy) and decides to form an electoral coalition with UNA, another Asturian nationalist party. In the elections of the 25 May 1991, PAS won one seat for Sánchez Vicente in the Asturian Parliament and five seats in five different municipalities. This was the first time an Asturian nationalist party got a member in the Parliament since the transition to democracy. A seat in the Parliament was obtained again in the elections of 1995, when the PAS also won the Mayor elections in Nava.

Partíu Asturianista supported the Sergio Marqués Government of the Principality of Asturias from 1997 to 1999. As a result of this cooperation the Llei d'Usu y Promoción de l'Asturianu (Law of Promotion and Use of Asturian language) was approved, a law considered to be a prerequisite towards the future official status of Asturian and one of the biggest achievements in the history of the party.

During the 2nd and 3rd National Congresses, held in 1994 and 1998 respectively, the party approves important documents like the Ponencia d'Empobinamientu Políticu (Report on Political Guideline) and other future political strategies.

Present
PAS has been out of the Asturian Parliament from 1999. The organization took part in the regional elections of 2007 in coalition with URAS, both forming the Unión Asturianista (Asturianist Union), and currently the coalition has several mayors in various Asturian municipalities.

References

External links
Partíu Asturianista - Official website
Unión Asturianista

Political parties in Asturias
Asturian nationalist parties
Social democratic parties in Spain

Partíu Asturianista


The Saxon State and University Library Dresden (full name in ), abbreviated SLUB Dresden, is located in Dresden, Germany. It is both the regional library () for the German State of Saxony as well as the academic library for the Dresden University of Technology (). It was created in 1996 through the merger of the Saxon State Library (SLB) and the University Library Dresden (UB). The seemingly redundant name is to show that the library brings both these institutional traditions together.

The SLUB moved into a large new building in 2002 to bring together the inventories of both its predecessors. Its collection numbers nearly nine million, making it one of the largest public archival centers in the Federal Republic of Germany. It holds significant treasures, including the Codex Dresdensis, an octagonal Koran from 1184 and a copy of the Peter Schoeffer Bible printed in 1462. Within the SLUB is the Deutsche Fotothek, holding some 4 million photographs from the past 80 years, and the German Stenographic Institute.

Collections

The library administers 5,388,595 holdings (volumes). It is a special-interest collection library of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, DFG) focusing on "Contemporary Art after 1945"  and "History of Technology". Both collections also include subjects such as commercial photography, documentary photography, photographic art, and photography of technics.

The first preserved index of the state library's collections dates back to the year 1574 and can also be viewed on the internet. Further services on the internet include, for example, the Kartenforum with historical maps of Saxony and the Fotothek, providing pictorial documents for research.

Deutsche Fotothek
The Deutsche Fotothek is based on the Dresden traditions of photographic techniques and camera manufacture as well as photographic art. The Landesbildstelle was originally established in Chemnitz, but was shortly afterwards, in 1925, relocated to Dresden. Since 1956 the inventory has been labeled Fotothek. Since 1983 it has belonged to the Sächsische Landesbibliothek as a separate section. With 2.3 million photographic documents, the Fotothek has a very large share of the overall holdings. The oldest images from around 1850 can be traced back to the photographer Hermann Krone.

Manuscripts and Rare Printings

As well as the open-access and storage holdings, the book museum holds a special-interest collection including a transcript of the Maya manuscript Codex Dresdensis, the oldest book written in the Americas known to historians, dating back to 1200 AD and purchased by Saxony in 1739. There are only three other existing codices left. They are located in Paris, Madrid, and Mexico. The Codex runs for inclusion in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme (MOW). The elaborately-restored Dresdner Sachsenspiegel is exhibited in the treasure chamber for six weeks each year. As part of the Bibliotheca Corviniana, the Corvines of Dresden have been admitted into the Memory of the World Program by UNESCO in 2005.

Digital collections
Since 2007, the SLUB Dresden operates the Dresden Digitization Center and has been continually expanding its capacity up to 3 million pages per year. More than 95,000 volumes have been digitized and are free to use within the Digital Collections.  The SLUB is one of the major providers of data for the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek, which has been accessible online since November 2012. This is also facilitated by numerous third-party funds, especially by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. In this way, the SLUB e.g. participates in the digitization of indexes of printing published in the German language area in the 17th and 18th centuries. Also worth mentioning is the digitization of the electronic editions of August Wilhelm Schlegel's collection and illustrated magazines of classical modernism. Today, there are more than 74,000 titles, nearly 92,000 volumes and approximately 1.5 million media items (images, maps, drawings) existent in the Digital Collections of the SLUB. The open source software Goobi, utilized for the digitization workflow, has been significantly refined to edit and display different media types.

Special-interest collections
Two special collection areas of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft have been established at the SLUB. Hence, the SLUB Dresden represents one of further 22 academic libraries that are intended to ensure the availability of relevant research literature of a research area by maintaining particular core themes.

Contemporary art after 1945, photography, industrial design and commercial art
The library's oldest special interest collection deals with contemporary art from 1945 onwards. This topic had already been one of the library's core themes of collection within the library landscape during the GDR. In 1993, the DFG started funding this special interest collection. Devoid of any temporal constraint, topics of photography, industrial design and commercial art are part of the collection. The collections are for example attached to the Sondersammelgebiet Mittlere und Neuere Kunstgeschichte bis 1945 und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft (special interest collection focusing on art history until 1945 and general science of art) of the Heidelberg University Library.

The holdings of the special-interest collection include approximately 150,000 volumes and 330 periodicals. Apart from art history of Europe and North America and art theory, collected literature focuses on concrete painting, graphics, sculpture and crafts as well as new art forms like land art, digital art, video art, performance art and other.

By means of the DFG funding, the SLUB has established the Virtual Library focusing on Contemporary Art ViFaArt from January 2001 until 2004. Since 2012, the hitherto separately-displayed services of the Virtual Library of Contemporary Art and "arthistoricum.net – Virtual Library for Art History" have been combined in a mutual Virtual Library for Art under the name of "arthistoricum.net".

History of Technology
The special-interest collection History of Technology is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Since 1998, the DFG annually sponsors the SLUB's acquisition of foreign journals, monographs and microforms focusing on the history of technology. The SLUB completes the acquisition of foreign and domestic literature with own resources. Currently, the SLUB is equipped with approximately 31,000 monographs and more than 110 journals on the topic.

Besides the classic acquisition of literature, the focus is on providing internet-based services for bibliographic searches. The services are accessible via the specialist portal "Schaufenster Technikgeschichte".

Saxonica
Since the end of the 18th century – during the term of Johann Christoph Adelung – Saxonica have been collected systematically at the electoral library. Initially focused on literature on Saxon history, the collection of Saxonica was, in the 19th century, extended to other scientific areas with regional aspects such as natural history, folklore, geography, archeology or linguistics. Today, the term "Saxonica" includes all types of German and foreign-language media of all scientific areas relating to Saxony and its subterritories (such as natural and cultural areas, administrative units, historical regions etc.), its locations as well as living and deceased personages associated with Saxony.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Saxonica have been attested in the Sächsische  Bibliographie. The founder of this regional bibliography was Rudolf Bemman, followed by Jakob Jatzwauk. Except for manuscripts and photographs, all Saxonica have been attested in the Sächsische Bibliographie Online since 1992. All previously published titles are being gradually included in this proof.

To collect and store items of literature, images and sound regarding Saxony as well as the development of the Sächsische Bibliographie are tasks accomplished by the Saxon State and University Library Dresden.

Maps
The map collection includes map sheets focusing on Saxon mapping, but also exceedingly  on historical maps of Europe and Germany. The map collection encompasses circa 138,000 single sheets, of which 19,650 originated up to and including 1800, and 41,600 between 1801 and 1945, as well as further sheets which have been charted after 1945. The collection serves as a scientific source of regional history in general, but also of the history of specific places, fortresses and castles, as well as of historical spatial, landscape and traffic development. Roughly 11,000 sheets of the collection are presumed to still be located in Russia.

The SLUB's Map Forum is an information portal of libraries, museums and archives, supervised by the Deutsche Fotothek and sponsored by the DFG. To date, around 24,800 of the most important, digitized cartographical sources in the collection – especially those pertaining to Saxon history and regional studies – are available in high resolution digital images in the Map Forum.

Music

The Music Department comprises approximately 200,000 volumes. The department is divided into New Prints and Music Manuscripts and Historical Prints – with the publishing year 1850 marking the difference between "new" and "historical" items. The department is closely intertwined with the Mediathek, containing recorded music, the Fotothek, containing music-iconographical material, and the manuscript collection, which also encompasses letters of musicians.

In 1816, Friedrich Adolf Ebert founded the department by merging the hitherto separate holdings Musica theoretica and Musica practica. Until 1934, the department was augmented, for example by the royal private music collection of King Albert of Saxony or the historical collection of the state opera (Staatsoper Dresden). In 1983, the state library became the Zentralbibliothek der DDR für Kunst und Musik (the GDR's central library for art and music).

Architecture

The SLUB's main building was drafted by the architectural office Ortner & Ortner and erected from 1999 to 2002. On more than 40,000 square metres, the building provides approximately 1,000 study desks, of which 200 are located in the main reading room. The construction costs amounted to roughly 90 million Euros.

During the SLUB's period of construction, further buildings of contemporary architecture in Dresden came into being, such as the Ufa-Kristallpalast, the Neue Synagoge, the Gläserne Manufaktur or the Neue Terrasse.

Sites
Besides the central library at Zellescher Weg, the SLUB encompasses five further sites. Opposite to the central building sits the departmental library DrePunct. This location houses the branch libraries of the following TU Dresden faculties: civil engineering, electrical engineering, electronics, earth sciences, computer sciences, mechanical engineering, transportation sciences, and business and economics. The faculties educational science (August-Bebel-Straße), Medicine (Fiedlerstraße), Law (Bergstraße) and forest science (Tharandt) have their own SLUB branch libraries.

History

History of the State Library

From 1485, the city of Dresden was the seat of the Wettin dukes of Saxony, who from 1547 were prince-electors. The royal state library was founded in 1556, when Prince-Elector Augustus (ruled 1553–1586) started systematically to acquire learned books and literary works. The prince himself inspected the lists of books offered at the book fair in Leipzig, the largest and most important city in his state, whose library had received the contents of the religious houses dissolved at the Reformation. Further, he instructed his diplomats to buy rare and precious books abroad.

During the first half of the 18th century, under two rulers, Augustus the Strong (ruled 1694–1733) and his son, Augustus II (ruled 1733–1763), Dresden became a major European cultural center. The Court Library became a true state library for Saxony, absorbing many manuscripts, maps, and books from distinguished private collections, with some spectacular purchases, such as the Dresden Codex that was obtained in 1739. In 1727, the library moved into two wings of the Zwinger Palace. When Frederick the Great of Prussia attacked Dresden in 1760, part of the library burned; there are singed volumes in the collection to this day. By the end of the 18th century it had outgrown its wing of the Zwinger, and the library then moved to the Japanese Palace. In 1788 the Saxon Library was opened to the public. Following the proclamation of the Weimar Republic in 1919, it officially became the Saxon State Library, with its strengths continuing to lie in the arts, humanities, social sciences, literature and linguistics.

With the onset of World War II, the most precious holdings of the State Library were dispersed to 18 castles and offices, away from any possible military objectives. Consequently, they largely survived the bombing raids of February and March 1945 which destroyed the former library buildings and virtually the whole historic center of Dresden — with losses of about 200,000 volumes of twentieth-century manuscript and printed holdings and also some irreplaceable musical manuscripts. The losses include the major corpus of Tomaso Albinoni's unpublished music, though Georg Philipp Telemann's manuscripts were preserved (catalogued, 1983). The library's copy of Sachsenspiegel, considered one of the most important manuscripts due to its historic significance in law and its illustrative quality, suffered from water damage. It underwent a restoration in the 1990s.  After the war, some 250,000 books were taken to the Soviet Union.

History of the University Library

The university library was laid out in 1828 as the library of the Königlich-Sächsische Bildungsanstalt (Royal Saxon Academy). From 1851 to 1890, the academy was labeled Royal Saxon Polytechnical School. In 1872, university and library were relocated near today's central station. In 1890, the collection became the library of the Technische Hochschule and thus an academic library as of today.

In 1945, the university library was also destroyed, its stocks reduced. A relocation of the library to a mansion on today's university campus – now site of the Dresden University of Technology's rectorate – followed. Under the direction of Helene Benndorf, the reconstruction of the annihilated subject catalog took place, as well as the construction of the central catalogue of the university and the re-opening of the Patentschriftstelle. The renaming to "University of Technology" followed in 1961, resulting in the label "university library". Since 1977, the lendings in the branch libraries are operated centrally.

After 1990, the TU Dresden was expanded to a comprehensive university and augmented by the branch libraries of law, business and economics. In 1992, the joining of the Technical University and the Hochschule für Verkehrswesen (academy of transportation sciences) followed, as well as the adoption of the academy library. In 1993, the university library was expanded once more, when research institutes and educational establishments of the dissolved Medizinische Akademie Dresden were assigned to the Technical University.

In 1997, the branch library of education moved to August-Bebel-Straße. The following year, the departmental library De.Punct opened its doors and accommodated several faculty libraries.

In 1999, with the merger of university library and state library, the construction of the new central building on the TU Dresden campus began. On 1 August 2002, the SLUB opened for the readers. On 14 January 2003, its official inauguration followed. With its big main reading room and its carrels, the central building provides excellent working conditions.

Awards
With regard to its comprehensive digitization activities, the library was honored in the context of Initiative Deutschland, Land der Ideen on 22 February 2009.

Further reading
Thomas Bürger: Wandel und Kontinuität in 450 Jahren. Von der kurfürstlichen Liberey zur Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek. in: Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Technischen Universität Dresden, 55(2006)1–2, S. 30–36 (Digitalisat; PDF; 1,2 MB)
Friedrich Adolf Ebert: Geschichte und Beschreibung der königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Dresden. Leipzig 1822 ("History and Description of the Royal Library in Dresden")
 Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (Hrsg.): Tradition und Herausforderung. Aus der Arbeit der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek zwischen 1960 und 1990. Dresden 2000
 Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (ed.): Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden: Festschrift anlässlich der Einweihung des Neubaus, Sandstein-Verlag, Dresden, 2002,
 Sächsisches Staatsministerium der Finanzen (Hrsg.): Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden, Dresden, 2002

Older library catalogues and directories
 Registratur der bucher in des Churfursten zu Saxen liberey zur Annaburg 1574 (Digitalisat)
 Johann Christian Götze: Bücher, so von mir auf die K. Bibliothec gelieffert worden im Jan. 1740 (Digitalisat)
 Friedrich Adolf Ebert: Notitia codicum praestantiorum bibliothecae regiae Dresdensis, Dresden 1850 (Digitalisat)

See also
 Dresden Codex
 Dresden University of Technology
 Deutsche Fotothek

Notes and references

External links

Homepage of the library
SACHSEN.digital
"Treasures from the Saxon State library" Exhibition, Library of Congress, 1996

Libraries in Dresden
Culture in Dresden
Archives in Germany
1556 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Education in Dresden
TU Dresden
Tourist attractions in Dresden
Deposit libraries
World Digital Library partners
Libraries established in 1556


DeepaRaya is a name for the Deepavali and Hari Raya festivals, which are traditionally celebrated by Hindus and Muslims, respectively, in Malaysia as well as in Singapore. The word came about because of the occasional coincidental timing of the Hindu festival Deepavali and the Muslim festival of Eid ul-Fitr, referred to in the Malay language as Hari Raya Aidilfitri. In this sense, it is similar to the portmanteau of Kongsi Raya, which combines the Chinese New Year with Hari Raya.

Although the word "DeepaRaya" has been in use for some time, it came under criticism in the run-up to Deepavali and Eid ul-Fitr of 2005, when the mufti of the state of Perak criticised it and labeled it as "haram" or "illegal". A few Muslim Malay bloggers also criticised its usage.

See also
Chrismahanukwanzakah
Thanksgivukkah
Kongsi Raya

References
"Haram merayakan perayaan orang-orang kafir". Retrieved Oct. 31, 2005.
Juferi, Mohd Elfie Nieshaem (2005). "DeepaRaya? Sacriligeous!". Retrieved Oct. 31, 2005.
Ooi, Jeff (2004). "Not too late for DeepaRaya". Retrieved Oct. 31, 2005.

Malaysian culture

DeepaRaya


"Lollipop (Candyman)" is a pop song from the group Aqua. It is from their first album, Aquarium. The song was released in 1997. This song was said to be one of the group's favorite songs. It was not as successful as their song "Barbie Girl".

The longest version is 7 minutes and 28 seconds long.

1997 songs
Pop songs

Lollipop (Candyman)


Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband (VMR-WB) is a source-controlled variable-rate multimode codec designed for robust encoding/decoding of wideband/narrowband speech. The operation of VMR-WB is controlled by speech signal characteristics (i.e., source-controlled) and by traffic condition of the network (i.e., network-controlled mode switching). Depending on the traffic conditions and the desired quality of service (QoS), one of the 4 operational modes is used. All operating modes of the existing VMR-WB standard are fully compliant with cdma2000 rate-set II. VMR-WB modes 0, 1, and 2 are cdma2000 native modes with mode 0 providing the highest quality and mode 2 the lowest ADR. VMR-WB mode 3 is the AMR-WB interoperable mode operating at an ADR slightly higher than mode 0 and providing a quality equal or better than that of AMR-WB at 12.65 kbit/s when in an interoperable interconnection with AMR-WB at 12.65 kbit/s.

Now also a cdma2000 rate-set I compliant mode is implemented to the coder as mode 4. The average bitrate of the mode is 6.1 kbit/s (maximum is 8.55 kbit/s). Source coding bitrates are: Rate-Set I - 8.55, 4.0, 2.0, 0.8 kbit/s, Rate-Set II - 13.3, 6.2, 2.7, 1.0 kbit/s. VMR-WB uses 16 kHz sampling frequency. Algorithmic delay is 33.75ms.

VMR-WB can be also used in 3GPP2 container file format - 3G2.

VMR-WB was designed by Nokia and VoiceAge. It is based on AMR-WB.

References

External links
 3GPP2 specification
  - Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload Format for the Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband (VMR-WB) Extension Audio Codec
  - Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload Format for the Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband (VMR-WB) Audio Codec
 VoiceAge website: VMR-WB — Source-controlled Variable Bit Rate Wideband Compression (archived)
 VoiceAge website

Speech codecs

Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband


ISO 4165 is a standard adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It describes a double-pole DC connector  to supply between 12 and 24 V DC at up to 12 amps to appliances in vehicles. It is similar in design to a cigar lighter receptacle, but is shorter and smaller in diameter. It was originally a standard fitting on all the German military vehicles during World War II.

The current version of the standard is ISO 4165:2001

Other names
Other names for this connector include:
 BMW Accessory plug, used on BMW motorcycles
 Powerlet connector, named after a firm that produces them
 Hella plug or Merit plug, in Australia

At least one manufacturer sells a combination plug that combines a cigar lighter plug and a Powerlet plug.

References

04165
Auto parts

ISO 4165


Warrenton is an extinct town in Warren Township, Warren County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.  It was the county's original county seat.

History
Warrenton was selected as the Warren County seat in March 1828 by commissioners appointed under the act forming the county.  It was laid out "on the east fraction of the southwest quarter of Section 31, Township 22 north, Range 7 west," which today is in the extreme southwestern corner of Warren Township, a little over two miles (3 km) northeast of the current county seat of Williamsport.  The site overlooks the confluence of Big Pine Creek with the Wabash River.

The town was surveyed by Perrin Kent and platted by County Agent Luther Tillotson on July 8, 1828, on a tract of land which had been donated to the county by a local landowner named Hollingsworth.  Tillotson laid out seven full blocks of eight lots each, four half blocks of four lots each, and a public square of .  On August 5, 1828, the lots were sold at public auction for between $10 and $20 each, during which free whiskey was served at the county's expense, "probably to loosen the tongue of the auctioneer or 'crier' and the generosity of the buyers".

Warrenton's status as county seat was short-lived.  An act approved on January 22, 1829, ordered a relocation of the county seat, and in June 1829 it was moved to nearby Williamsport.  Not all the reasons for the move are clear, but an 1883 history cites concerns that "donations" to the county from Warrenton landowners were less than expected, and that much better sums had been received from William Harrison (founder of Williamsport) and Thomas Gilbert.  Consequently, "this induced the citizens to wish a re-location of the county seat where the county could receive much greater benefit, or a re-establishment of it at Warrenton if the proprietors of that town would come down, in a handsome manner, with satisfactory donations."

Very few improvements were ever made to the lots at Warrenton and it quickly faded away.  No evidence of the town remains at the site.

References

Former populated places in Warren County, Indiana
Populated places established in 1828
Former county seats in Indiana
Ghost towns in Indiana

Warrenton, Indiana


David Bertram Mullen (November 4, 1885 – October 28, 1940) was a provincial politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1935 to 1940, sitting with the Social Credit caucus in government. He served as the Minister of Agriculture from 1937 until his death in 1940 from a heart attack.

References

Alberta Social Credit Party MLAs
1940 deaths
1885 births
Members of the Executive Council of Alberta

David B. Mullen


Enrico Caviglia    (4 May 1862 – 22 March 1945) was a distinguished officer in the Italian Army. Victorious on the bloody battlefields of the Great War, notably the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, he rose in time to the highest rank in his country, Marshal of Italy; he was also a Senator of the kingdom.

Early years
Caviglia was born in Finalmarina (the marine borough of Finale Ligure), the sixth son of Pietro Caviglia and Antonietta Saccone. After early studies in his hometown, in 1877 he gained admission to the military college "Teulié" in Milan. In 1880 he became a cadet in the Military Academy of Turin; three years later he received his first promotion to second lieutenant in the artillery corps.

Caviglia took part in the African campaign of 1888/89 in Eritrea as a First Lieutenant in the II Artillery Regiment; in 1891 he was admitted to the War School.The year 1893 saw him promoted to captain. In 1896 and 1897 he took part anew in the African campaign and was present when the Italian army suffered a dreadful defeat in the Battle of Adowa in Ethiopia.

By this time, he was known especially for the quality of his work in geography. After several other assignments, in 1904 he was appointed as extraordinary military attaché in Tokyo, Japan, where he was tasked with observing Japanese military operations in the Russo-Japanese War. From 1905 to 1911, he became the titular military attaché first in the Japanese capital, then in Beijing, China. On 22 September 1908 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant colonel and honorary field assistant to the king.

In 1912 Caviglia was sent to Tripolitania and Cyrenaica; his task was to oversee both the negotiations for the pullout of Turkish troops resulting from the Italo-Turkish War and the pacification of Arab and Berber chieftains. On 6 February 1913 he was appointed vice director of the Military Geographic Institute (IGM) in Florence, to reach the rank of colonel the next year.

World War I
When in 1915 Italy entered the First World War against Austria-Hungary, Caviglia was made  major general. Next year his troops distinguished themselves in the bloody battles of the Carso, where Caviglia led Brigade Bari in extremely harsh fights at Bosco Lancia and Bosco Cappuccio. Hence his being decorated with the Cross of Cavalier of the Military Order of Savoy "for the skill and valor he exhibited". On 14 June 1917 Caviglia was promoted to lieutenant general for his merits on the battlefield: in August, as commanding officer of XXIV Army Corps, he overran the Austro-Hungarians on the Bainsizza plateau, the most brilliant Italian advance in the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo.

After the disastrous Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, in which he had no responsibility for the defeat, Caviglia received the Silver Medal for his skill in keeping his men united and disciplined throughout the retreat to the Piave line, contrary to what happened in large sectors of the Italian army. He was also transferred to serve as commander of X Army Corps. September 1918 saw Caviglia being made a titular commander of army corps by war merits, and by November he had been put in charge of the new 8th Army, which decisively crushed the crumbling Austro-Hungarian forces at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto.

Between the wars
After the war, King George V of Great Britain invested him as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath; Enrico Caviglia was now a Sir. On 22 February 1919 he was appointed Senator for life, and later took part in Vittorio Emanuele Orlando's first government as Minister of War. When Gabriele D'Annunzio occupied Fiume with his "legionnaires", Caviglia was called to replace general Pietro Badoglio, dating from 21 December 1920, as troop commander and extraordinary commissioner in the Venezia Giulia. From 24 to 31 December 1920 he led the repression of D'Annunzio's movement, the so-called Natale di sangue (Bloody Christmas) in execution of the Treaty of Rapallo. For the rest of his life Caviglia felt doubts as to the wisdom and morality of his actions during the repression; these doubts he expressed in his personal diary.

On 25 June 1926, Caviglia was appointed Marshal of Italy (Maresciallo d'Italia).  This was the highest military rank in the Kingdom of Italy.  Four years later, he was made a Cavalier in the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunziata).  Caviglia thus became a 'cousin' of King Victor Emmanuel III. Unenthusiastic about Benito Mussolini's policies, he was overshadowed by other officers, less able than he on the battlefield but more ideologically sympathetic to the Duce.

World War II
In 1943, from 8 to 13 September, as the King's court fled the incoming Germans after surrendering the country to the Allies, the aged Caviglia had to take the military command in Rome and to negotiate with Field Marshal Albert Kesselring the surrender of the capital in exchange for the respect of its theoretical status as open city. By this time he had developed an intense dislike of Badoglio (who was defined by him once as "a barn dog that goes where there is the biggest morsel"), who had left him in dire straits thrice: in Caporetto (1917), in Fiume (1920) and then finally in Rome, benefiting in the meantime of the favors of the Fascist regime. Caviglia eventually retired to his villa, named Villa Vittorio Veneto, in Finale Ligure, to die just a month before the end of World War II. His body was interred in the Basilica of St. John the Baptist in Finale Ligure Marina, but on 22 June 1952, under the eyes of Luigi Einaudi, President of the Italian Republic, and former prime minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, his remains were finally reinterred in the tower of Capo San Donato, just east of Finale.

Caviglia left a diary, which documented the evolution of his thought on many subjects, his skepticism about the Fascist regime, his confusion about what was going on in World War II and the world that he could no longer recognize. He also left military memoirs and geographical treatises and works.

Honors
Supreme Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy
Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath

References

External links
A short biography

1862 births
1945 deaths
People from the Province of Savona
Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War
Field marshals of Italy
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
Italian military personnel of the First Italo-Ethiopian War
People of the Russo-Japanese War
Italian military personnel of World War I
Italian military attachés

Enrico Caviglia