Peter David Shore, Baron Shore of Stepney,  (20 May 1924 – 24 September 2001) was a British Labour Party politician and former Cabinet Minister, noted in part for his opposition to the United Kingdom's entry into the European Economic Community.

His idiosyncratic left-wing nationalism led to comparison with the French politician Jean-Pierre Chevènement. He was described in an obituary by the Conservative journalist Patrick Cosgrave as "Between Harold Wilson and Tony Blair, the only possible Labour Party leader of whom a Conservative leader had cause to walk in fear" and, along with Enoch Powell, "the most captivating rhetorician of the age".

Early life
Born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, Shore was the son of a Merchant Navy captain and was brought up in a middle-class environment. He attended Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool and, from there, went to King's College, Cambridge, to read History as an exhibitioner, where he was a member of the Cambridge Apostles, a secret society with an elite membership. During the later stages of World War II he served in the Royal Air Force, spending most of his time in India.

Political career
He had specialised in political economy during part of his degree and joined the Labour Party in 1948. He spent the 1950s working for the party and, after two unsuccessful Parliamentary contests at St Ives in 1950 and Halifax in 1959, he was appointed as Head of the Labour Party's Research Department and took charge of the renewal of party policy following its third successive defeat in 1959. Shore was only briefly a follower of Hugh Gaitskell; his adherence to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament from 1958 led to a breach in relations for several years.

He became close to Harold Wilson after Wilson had been elected as party leader, and was the main author of the Labour Party manifesto for the 1964 general election. At the last minute, he was selected to fight the safe seat of Stepney in the election, which he easily won.

After only a short spell on the backbenches, Wilson chose Shore to be Parliamentary Private Secretary, responsible for liaising between the Prime Minister and Labour MPs, though Denis Healey termed him "Harold's lapdog". Shore was responsible for drafting the 1966 and 1970 election manifestos. Shore's job as Wilson's PPS kept them in close contact and in August 1967, Shore became a member of the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Economic Affairs.

In government
This Department had been created by Wilson to undertake long-term planning of the economy. Shore declared immediately his belief in state-controlled economic planning, together with the regulation of prices and wages. Early in 1968, the responsibility for prices and incomes was transferred to another department. The Treasury had never approved of the creation of the Department for Economic Affairs and began reasserting its influence, depriving it of any significant power. The Department was wound up in October 1969. At the same time, Shore sided with those in cabinet who were opposed to Barbara Castle's White Paper, In Place of Strife. In a conversation with Richard Crossman at the time, Wilson was frustrated with Shore: "I over-promoted him. He's no good".

Shore was retained in the Cabinet as a Minister without Portfolio and Deputy Leader of the House of Commons. He played a key part, behind the scenes, in planning the Labour Party's unsuccessful 1970 general election campaign. In opposition, Shore was appointed as spokesman on Europe, taking the lead in opposing Edward Heath's application to join the European Economic Community. Shore had already become convinced that membership of the EEC would be a disaster because it would stop the British government from taking necessary economic action. However, due to organisation by pro-EEC Labour backbenchers, Heath was able to steer his policy successfully through Parliament.

EEC
When Wilson returned to government in 1974, Shore was appointed as Secretary of State for Trade. His term in office was dominated by the renegotiation of the terms of British membership of the EEC, a pledge contained in the Labour manifesto as a preparation for a national referendum on membership; this compromise had reunited the Labour Party on the issue. Shore participated in the discussions without believing that any new terms would be acceptable, and during the referendum he joined with other anti-EEC politicians in opposing membership.

The results of the 1975 Referendum, giving a two-to-one majority in favour of remaining a member of the EEC, damaged Shore along with the other 'dissenting ministers'. His inclination to support an autarkic economy ruled him out of consideration as a new Chancellor of the Exchequer, but Shore was moved to Secretary of State for the Environment by new Prime Minister James Callaghan in 1976. This move was a promotion but involved him in considerable political controversy. He called on local authorities to cut spending and waste, and criticised the trade unions representing local authority staff for failure to support modernisation. Shore also launched a campaign to revitalise the inner cities of Britain.

Nuclear deterrent
Shore became a fervent advocate of the British nuclear deterrent for the last three decades of his life, but in 1958 he had been an active member of CND. In his 1966 book Entitled to Know, he was critical of the Nassau Agreement with the United States under which Britain's nuclear submarines were, except in a national emergency, permanently assigned to NATO. Regarding dependence on NATO as limiting Britain's freedom of action, Shore negatively compared Britain's nuclear strategy to that of France:

Shore had always been implacably opposed to any suggestion of British participation in the Vietnam war, both as PPS and in Cabinet he had encouraged Wilson to distance himself more explicitly from American foreign policy. By the mid-1970s, while continuing to condemn American foreign policy in Vietnam and Chile, he had become more supportive of NATO and the United States.

Labour leadership candidate
When the Labour Party went into opposition in 1979, Shore was made Shadow Foreign Secretary, having recanted on his previous support for CND. He was persuaded to stand as a candidate in the election of a new party leader in November 1980 by Michael Foot who thought he was the best-placed soft-left candidate to defeat Denis Healey. However, Shore came bottom of the poll with 32 votes when Foot was himself persuaded to stand. Foot then made him Shadow Chancellor where his support for interventionist measures met with Foot's approval; party policy also became opposed to EEC membership, which suited Shore well. In the early 1980s, Shore's patriotic tendencies were again evident when he first of all strongly opposed the Conservative Government's attempts to hand over the Falkland Islands to Argentina, then supported Margaret Thatcher over the Falklands War of 1982.

Shadow Cabinet
He fought for the leadership again after Foot resigned, but obtained a dismal vote of 3%, being unsupported by any Constituency Labour Party. Shore served as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons for four years under Neil Kinnock but his influence with the leadership was negligible and he was not re-elected to the Shadow cabinet in 1985. He stood down from the front bench in 1987 and thereafter served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee, devoting himself to European Union questions. Edward Pearce wrote in his Guardian obituary of Shore that "he had now become a right-wing figure, cluckingly approved of by Conservatives".

Tony Blair selected him as a senior Labour statesman as his nominee for the Committee on Standards in Public Life when it was set up in 1994.

Backbenches, retirement and death
After several attempts in his constituency party to deselect him, he finally stood down from the House of Commons at the 1997 general election, and in the dissolution honours he was made a life peer, being created Baron Shore of Stepney, of Stepney in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets on 5 June 1997. His book Separate Ways (2000) advocated a multi-speed Europe, with some countries as merely associate members, so as to allow the centre to forge a political union at its own pace. He died in 2001, aged 77.

Family
On 27 September 1948, Shore married Dr Elizabeth Catherine Wrong, daughter of the historian Edward Murray Wrong. Known as Liz, she was the Deputy Chief Medical Officer of England from 1977 to 1985, and in this role and later positions she championed women's career progression in medicine. They had two daughters, Thomasina and Tacy, both retired teachers, and two sons, Crispin, who is Professor of Social Anthropology at Goldsmiths, University of London, and Piers, who died in 1977. Elizabeth Catherine Wrong Shore died in 2022.

References

Bibliography
Entitled to Know, MacGibbon & Kee (1966)
Europe: the way back, Fabian Society (1973)
Leading the Left, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1993)
Separate Ways, Duckworth (2000)

Archives
 Catalogue of the Shore papers at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics.

External links

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1924 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
British Secretaries of State for the Environment
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Quarry Bank High School
Politicians from Liverpool
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Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
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Life peers created by Elizabeth II
British Eurosceptics

Peter Shore


5-Hydroxyferulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid.

It is a precursor in the biosynthesis of sinapic acid. Phenylalanine is first converted to cinnamic acid by the action of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). A series of enzymatic hydroxylations and methylations leads to coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, 5-hydroxyferulic acid and sinapic acid.

Thus 5-hydroxyferulic acid is formed from ferulic acid by the action of the specific enzyme ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H).

References

O-methylated hydroxycinnamic acids
Vinylogous carboxylic acids

5-Hydroxyferulic acid


SpaceX CRS-21, also known as SpX-21, was a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station which launched on 6 December 2020. The mission was contracted by NASA and was flown by SpaceX using a Cargo Dragon 2. This was the first flight for SpaceX under NASA's CRS Phase 2 contract awarded in January 2016. This was also the first Cargo Dragon of the new Dragon 2 variant, as well as the first Cargo Dragon flight that was docked at the same time as a Crew Dragon spacecraft (SpaceX Crew-1). This mission used Booster B1058.4, becoming the first NASA mission to reuse a booster previously used on a non-NASA mission. This was also first time SpaceX launched a NASA payload on a booster with more than one previous flight.

Cargo Dragon

SpaceX plans to reuse the Cargo Dragons up to five times. It was launched without seats, cockpit controls, the life support system required to sustain astronauts in space and SuperDraco abort engines. Dragon 2 improves on Dragon 1 in several ways, including lessened refurbishment time, leading to shorter periods between flights.

While CRS-21 was for a standard 30 days mission, the most recent Flight Planning Integration Panel (FPIP) document indicates that beginning with CRS-23, SpaceX cargo missions will begin to stretch out to 60 days and beyond. Sarah Walker, director of Dragon mission management at SpaceX, said "the new Cargo Dragon can stay at the space station for up to 75 days, more than twice as long as the first-generation Dragon spacecraft".

With this mission, this was the first time that two Dragon capsules were docked at the ISS at the same time.

Beginning with the CRS-21 mission, the new Dragon Cargo capsules splash down under parachutes off the coast of Florida in either the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. This NASA preference was added to CRS-2 awards.

Mission

Timeline
T+00:00: Liftoff
T+01:18: Maximum aerodynamic pressure
T+02:30: First stage main engine cutoff (MECO)
T+02:34: Stage separation
T+02:41: Second stage engine start
T+06:37: First stage entry burn begins
T+08:38: Second stage engine cutoff (SECO)
T+08:38: First stage landing on drone ship
T+11:49: Dragon separation
T+12:35: Dragon nose cone open sequence begins

Payload
NASA contracted for the CRS-21 mission from SpaceX and therefore determines the primary payload, date of launch, and orbital parameters for the Cargo Dragon. The CRS-21 mission carries  of cargo to ISS.

 Science investigations:
 Vehicle hardware:
 Crew supplies:
 Spacewalk equipment:
 Computer resources:
 Russian hardware:
 External payload (Nanoracks Bishop Airlock):

Nanoracks Bishop Airlock, formerly known as Bishop Airlock Module, is a payload airlock attached to the Tranquility module of the ISS, commercially developed and operated by Nanoracks. The Bishop Airlock provides five times the satellite deployment volume previously available, when the Japanese Kibō airlock served that role alone. Nanoracks is the prime contractor, with Thales Alenia Space manufacturing the pressurized shell and Boeing providing the berthing mechanism. It is the second commercial module of the ISS, after the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM), which was attached to the ISS in April 2016 and is expected to stay at the ISS until at least 2028. The Bishop Airlock began construction in 2015, and was berthed to Tranquility on 19 December 2020 by the Canadarm2.

Experiments
BioAsteroid is an experiment designed to test the infrastructure and tools needed for asteroid, lunar, and Martian rock biomining. It will use microorganisms (the bacterium S. desiccabilis and the fungus P. simplicissimum) to extract metals from L-chondrite, testing the possibility to use this technique to obtain resources that will allow long-term and long-distance human space exploration and extraterrestrial settlements.

Hemocue is a test of the system for white blood cell testing on the Moon and Mars. The systems were developed under Earth's gravity, and still need to be tested in zero-g's.

The Brain Organoid experiment is a continuation of the first Brain Organoid experiment. Its goal is to validate the first round of experiments and to continue the research recorded during those first tests. The program studies the early developed human brain, its movements in microgravity, and can help address and create better models of neurodegenerative disorders.

Cardinal Heart is a continuation of a previous experiment. This experiment will study cardiomyocytes in human heart tissue and its reaction to a zero-g environment. NASA Astronaut Kate Rubins was present for the experiment on station a few years ago, and she said that, paraphrased, few things on station make her gasp, but this is one thing that does.

Subsa-Brains studies the effects of micrometeorites and space junk and the damage they can cause, as well as the process to repair the tissue, called brazing, and if it still works in a zero-gravity environment.

Three-Dimensional Microbial Monitoring (3DMM) is a project that aims to construct a three-dimensional map of bacteria and metabolites that are present at various locations throughout the ISS, and determine how the spaceflight environment affects the various species identified.

Monoclonal Crystal Research in Microgravity (MCRM) is a protein crystallization experiment by the American pharmaceutical company Bristol Myers Squibb. NASA astronauts will study the crystallization of monoclonal antibodies in space, with the aim of improving drug formulation and delivery for patients on Earth. Monoclonal antibodies are lab-created proteins designed to interact with specific targets, called antigens. Monoclonal antibodies are used in the treatment of numerous diseases, including cancer.

Rodent Research-23 (RR-23), will study the effects of spaceflight on the eyes, specifically on the structure and function of the arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels that are needed to maintain vision.

Student Spaceflight Experiments Program: The Student Spaceflight Experiments Program (SSEP) has 27 experiments manifested as part of  Mission 14A.

The CRS-21 pressurized capsule carries a variety of other research including studies on how space conditions affect the interaction between microbes and minerals.

Returning hardware
Beginning with returning capsules or lifting bodies under the CRS-2 contract, NASA reports major hardware (failed or expended hardware for diagnostic assessment, refurbishment, repair, or no longer needed) returning from the International Space Station. The SpaceX CRS-21 mission ended on 14 January 2021 with re-entry into Earth's atmosphere and splash down near the western coast of Florida with  of return cargo. This cargo included:

Treadmill Data Avionics Unit: Failed avionics unit that supports the treadmill, a critical item returning to the ground following the on-orbit replacement with a good spare.

Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) Air Selector Valve: Critical degraded valve returning for repair and refurbishment to support the carbon dioxide removal capability on-orbit.

Nitrogen Oxygen Recharge System (NORS) Tank: Depressurized tank capable of flying oxygen or nitrogen, and will be utilized for future on-orbit demand in 2021.

Rodent Research Habitats and Transporters: Live rodents from the Rodent Research-23 (RR-23) mission and used habitats and transporters that support future research missions and analysis.

Minus Eighty Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI) Electronics Unit: Failed cold stowage item requiring ground repair to enable future cold stowage missions.

Thermal Amine Bulk Water Save Valve: Failed valve that supports efficient usage of the Thermal Amine system returning to ground for repair, will help inform robustness of similar valve design on Orion capsule.

Undocking and return
Before the heading for re-entry, the automated cargo capsule undocked from the International Space Station (ISS) on 12 January 2021 at 14:05 UTC. The undocking and splashdown completed the first cargo mission of SpaceX's Dragon 2 spacecraft. SpaceX recovery teams were on standby for the parachute-assisted splashdown on 14 January 2021 at 01:26 UTC in the Gulf of Mexico, at west of Tampa, Florida. The Dragon returned to Earth with  of cargo, according to NASA.

Gallery

See also
 Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station

References

External links
 NASA
 SpaceX official page for the Dragon spacecraft
 Nanoracks Bishop Airlock
 GNSS Remote Sensing aboard the ISS

SpaceX Dragon 2
Spacecraft launched in 2020
Spacecraft which reentered in 2021
SpaceX payloads contracted by NASA
Supply vehicles for the International Space Station
2020 in the United States

SpaceX CRS-21


Martin Wiberg (4 September 1826 – 29 December 1905) was a Swedish inventor. He enrolled at Lund University in 1845 and became a Doctor of Philosophy in 1850.

He is known as a computer pioneer for his c. 1859 (1857-1860) invention of a machine the size of a sewing machine that could print logarithmic tables (first interest tables appeared in 1860, logarithmic in 1875).  The logarithmic tables were subsequently published in English, French and German in 1876. The device was investigated by the French academy of science which also wrote an extensive report on it in 1863. The device was inspired by the similar work done by Per Georg Scheutz (had the same capacity: 15-digit numbers and fourth-order differences) and has similarities with Charles Babbage's difference engine. (Scheutz machine was based on the difference engine). The device is preserved at Tekniska museet (The Technical Museum) of Sweden in Stockholm. Wiberg failed to sell his machine, and also failed to sell the output tables due to their bad looks.

Apart from this invention, Wiberg invented numerous other devices and gadgets, among these a cream separator and a pulse jet engine. None of these were commercially successful.

See also
Difference engine
Per Georg Scheutz

References

Further reading

1826 births
1905 deaths
19th-century Swedish inventors
People connected to Lund University

Martin Wiberg


Brooks Steam Motors, Ltd. was a Canadian manufacturer of steam cars established in March 1923. Its cars more closely resembled the Stanley Steamers in terms of engineering rather than the more sophisticated Doble steam cars. The company was formed from the defunct Detroit Steam Motors Corporation.

History
The company and its car were named for an American financier, Oland J. Brooks, who had relocated from Buffalo, New York, to Toronto in 1920. His main area of business was finance and second mortgages, carried on by the Banking Service Corporation, Ltd.

In September 1923 a prototype car was shown at the Toronto Exhibition and the following month an agreement was reached with the city of Stratford, Ontario to purchase a former threshing machine factory for $55,000. At the same time an executive office was set up in suites 1305–7 of the Canadian Pacific Railway Building in Toronto.

Planned models
Brooks planned to manufacture three lines of cars, Models 1,2 and 3.

The smallest, the Model 1, had a  wheelbase and an  boiler, and prices were to begin at $1,000. Variants were planned, including a four-passenger touring car and a two-passenger roadster, plus closed-body styles comprising a coupe, a four-passenger brougham and a five-passenger sedan. The specifications closely matched the smallest model of the defunct Trask-Detroit steam car.

The Model 2 had a longer  wheelbase and a  boiler. The open models were a four-passenger sports car and a five-passenger touring car. Three closed-body models were proposed: a four-passenger brougham, a five-passenger sedan and a town car. The wheels were to be Budd-Michelin steel disc type. Again, the specifications bore a close resemblance to the Trask-Detroit, in this case the larger prototype.

The Model 3 was to use a  wheelbase as per the Model 2, but with a larger  boiler. The open body models were also to be as per the Model 2, with a seven-passenger closed-body touring car. Again, all cars were to be fitted with Budd-Michelin steel disc wheels. The color choices were limited and identical to the Model 2: open-body cars could be blue (one shade being named "Brooks Blue") or maroon, while closed-body cars were available in another two shades of blue. Other colours could be supplied but would require six weeks' notice.

In the event only a single Brooks model was produced, which could best be described as a combination of the Model 2's engine and the Model 3's weight. One touring car was a prototype (and appeared to have been a renamed Trask-Detroit), while the rest were five-passenger sedans. The standard colour was black.

Technology
Brooks' first chief engineer was steam expert Eric Delling (who also formed a car company). He styled the Brooks' power plant after the Stanley two-cylinder engine, rather than the more sophisticated (and costly to produce) Doble. The Brooks was reported as being more robust than the Stanley steam cars, its boiler was of conventional fully welded steel construction with a water leg, but the boiler was undersized for the car's mass, making too little steam to propel the  car much above 35 - .

The Brooks cars were distinguished by their fabric bodies constructed from Meritas brand cloth by the American Auto Trimming Company in Walkerville, Ontario, Meritas being a composite material formed from wire netting, two layers of wadding, canvas and an outer layer of two-ply artificial leather. There were no metal body panels. The fabric body's relatively light weight improved the cars' power-to-weight ratio and lowered the centre of gravity which improved stability. Brooks styled its fabric bodies as though they were metal, using a conventional three-window sedan shape with a certain quantity of chromed fittings.

The Brooks was an expensive car, with the sedan listed at $3,885 at a time when entry-level Pierce-Arrows could be purchased in Canada for $3,800. Prices were dropped to $2,885 in 1927.

Despite expectations of employing hundreds, by 1925 the factory had a mere 90 employees, with another 20 or so at service stations and showrooms in Montreal and Toronto. Most of the work was reported to consist of driving the cars throughout Canada, some accompanied by Oland J. Brooks, to promote the company. Branches were announced in various cities but may have only existed as agencies.

The company extolled the suitability of the Brooks car for women drivers, with one brochure stating:
"Women motorists, who invariably grasp the wheel as rigidly as the arm of a dentist's chair, now relax and take it easy when they drive a Brooks steamer."

An English representative was appointed, and plans made to export the cars to Britain. One of the cars was shown at the October 1924 London automobile show, "Olympia", but the British price was £996, at a time when an Itala sedan cost £800 and a six-cylinder Packard £775.

Brooks steam buses
In late 1926, it was announced that Brooks had purchased a factory in Buffalo, New York, to build steam buses. It was also announced that the Stratford factory would be relocated to a Canadian site closer to Buffalo and an American holding company, Brooks Steam Motors Inc. was established.

The first Brooks bus incorporated standard steam car technology, using a V8 poppet-valve engine; because both strokes in a steam engine are power strokes, the eight-cylinder engine was said to be the equivalent of a gasoline V16.

In the summer of 1927, a prototype was constructed with a 29-passenger parlour car-style aluminum body by the Buffalo Body Company. At the time, the main bus show in the United States was held at the annual convention of the trolley car association, the American Electric Railway Association (AERA) and the bus was displayed at the October 1927 event in Cleveland, Ohio. It was the first time a steam-driven vehicle had been shown there, but no orders were taken; it was displayed purely as an experimental vehicle.

In late 1927, following a lack of progress in production, the stockholders took charge of the company and forced Oland Brooks out. A new engineer was appointed, A. Clarkson, who had been chief engineer of the London Omnibus Company in England and whose father had been a pioneer in steam buses.

In 1928, Brooks Steam Motors, Inc. filed a "surrender of authority" in Albany, New York, on February 10.

A second V8 steam bus was introduced in July 1929. Manufactured in Buffalo, it offered a new generation of steam technology powering the previous V8 engine. The pilot light and boiler were eliminated and replaced with a steam generator (in effect, a boiler in the form of square section water tube coils). The fire was spark-controlled, as per the Doble steam cars, allowing the vehicle to get underway in 20 seconds. This meant that there was no longer a danger of a serious explosion from vaporized fuel. One of the novel features of the engine was that once operational power was reached - 750 psi  - the engine fire was cut off, allowing the bus to operate without its engine running.

This last bus was a city bus, with places for 39 sitting passengers and about the same number of standing ones.

The end of Brooks
The New York Times reported the display of the bus on October 14, 1929, two weeks before the Stock Market Crash which heralded the Great Depression.

The Canadian company had entered a legal limbo as stockholders sought liquidation. On December 15 & 16, 1931, an unreserved auction sale was held at the Stratford factory and the entire contents of the plant were sold. Remaining cars were sold for prices ranging from $150 to $400. Total production of the Brooks Steam Car is estimated at 180 cars.

It is unclear exactly how the Brooks empire unraveled, but remaining records suggest that the Depression thwarted efforts to keep going. Brooks Steam Motors, Inc. continued to be listed in the Buffalo City Directory through 1932, and in 1931 the company was listed as also making electric refrigerators in addition to steam buses. By 1933, the factory was listed as the home of Cataract-Sharpe, a glassware manufacturer, and Brooks Steam Motors Inc. was dissolved by the New York State Division of Corporations on December 15, 1936.

The Brooks factory in Stratford reverted to the city and was used for storage until World War II, when an upholstery company bought it. It was eventually demolished in 2001.

See also
 Detroit Steam Motors Corporation
 Steam bus
 Steam car
 Steam engine
 Timeline of steam power

References

External links
 "Brooks Steam Motors": article at The Steam Car Club of Great Britain website

Steam cars
Steam buses
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Canada
History of manufacturing in Ontario

Brooks Steam Motors


The red-crowned toadlet (Pseudophryne australis) is a species of Australian ground frog, restricted to the Sydney Basin, New South Wales. It is only found around sandstone escarpment areas around Sydney, from Ourimbah in the north, Nowra to the south and the Blue Mountains areas to the west.

Description

This is a small species of frog, reaching 30 mm in length. It is characterised by the red "T" shaped mark on its head. It is dark brown or black above with a red wash or spots over its back, and a red mark near the vent. The sides are a blue-grey and there is a white mark in the armpits and thighs. The ventral surface is very strongly marbled black and white, with a bluish colour in some areas between the black and white.

Ecology and behaviour
This species is only found around temporary creeks and soaks in sandstone habitats in woodland, heathland and dry sclerophyll forest around the Sydney basin.

Males make an ark call from nest sites under leaf litter and rocks, in areas likely to be inundated, generally only after heavy rain. Eggs are laid under leaf litter and tadpoles begin developing inside the egg, the males stays with the eggs in the nest. Once heavy rain floods the nest site the eggs hatch and the tadpoles (already fairly developed) finish their development in the temporary pools. In Sydney it is often found in the same habitats as Giant Burrowing Frogs.

This species has declined due to urbanisation around Sydney.

Sources
 Frog and tadpole Study Group
 Frog Australia Network-Frog call available here.
 Anstis, M. 2002. Tadpoles of South-eastern Australia. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

References

  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is vulnerable

Amphibians of New South Wales
Pseudophryne
Vulnerable fauna of Australia
Amphibians described in 1835
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Frogs of Australia

Red-crowned toadlet


Benita Ferrero-Waldner (born 5 September 1948) is an Austrian diplomat and politician, and a member of the conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Ferrero-Waldner served as Foreign Minister of Austria 2000–2004 and was the candidate of the Austrian People's Party in the 2004 Austrian presidential election, which she narrowly lost with 47.6% of the votes. She served as the European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy from 2004 to 2009, and as the European Commissioner for Trade and European Neighbourhood Policy from 2009 to 2010.

Early life and education
Born in Salzburg, Waldner took her matura exams in 1966 and then studied law, receiving a doctorate from the University of Salzburg in 1970.

Career
Until 1983 Waldner worked in the private sector. Only in 1984 did she enter the diplomatic service. One of her most influential positions was Chef de protocole for Secretary General Boutros-Ghali at the UN in New York City.

From 1995 until 2000 Ferrero-Waldner served as Under-Secretary of State in two governments led by Social Democrats Franz Vranitzky and Viktor Klima. When Wolfgang Schüssel became Chancellor of Austria early in 2000 he made Ferrero-Waldner his Minister for Foreign Affairs, a position she held until October 2004, when she was succeeded by Ursula Plassnik.

In January 2004 it was announced that Ferrero-Waldner would run for president of Austria to succeed Thomas Klestil in July 2004. Her candidature was supported by the Austrian People's Party; her only opponent was Heinz Fischer. However, she lost the election on 25 April.

Member of the European Commission, 2004–2010
In late July 2004 Ferrero-Waldner was nominated the successor of Franz Fischler as Austria's European Commissioner. She took office on 22 November. Her portfolio was Foreign Affairs and European Neighbourhood Policy.

As the EU's External Affairs Commissioner, Ferrero-Waldner is credited with being the key diplomat in the 24 July 2007 release of five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor imprisoned by Libya. They had been held more than 8 years on charges of purposefully infecting children with HIV, and have continued to profess their innocence. The commissioner made many trips to Libya and met with the prisoners regularly. She also worked to improve conditions for children infected with HIV/Aids.

Life after politics
In September 2009 Ferrero-Waldner ran for the post of UNESCO Director-General but lost to the Bulgarian candidate Irina Bokova. Since leaving politics, she has held a variety of paid and unpaid positions, including the following:

 Munich Re, member of the supervisory board (2010–2021)
 United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking in Persons, President of the Board of Trustees (2017–2020)
 European Institute of the Mediterranean (IEMed), Member of the Advisory Council
 Graduate School for Global and International Studies, University of Salamanca, Member of the Advisory Board

In February 2020, Ferrero-Waldner joined around fifty former European prime ministers and foreign ministers in signing an open letter published by British newspaper The Guardian to condemn U.S. president Donald Trump's Middle East peace plan, saying it would create an apartheid-like situation in occupied Palestinian territory.

Personal life
From 1974 until 1983 Waldner was married to Wolfgang Sterr, a Bavarian high school teacher. However, their marriage ended in divorce. In 1993 Waldner married Francisco Ferrero Campos, a lecturer in Spanish and Latin American literature at the University of Vienna.

After her previous marriage had finally been annulled Ferrero-Waldner married her husband again in church in December 2003. The couple does not have any children.

References

External links
November 2004 – November 2009 Member of the European Commission in charge of External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy
November 2009 – February 2010 Member of the European Commission in charge of Trade, the European Neighbourhood Policy and the EuropeAid – Cooperation Office (Aidco).
Born between Salzburg and Braunau am Inn

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Living people
Politicians from Salzburg
Austrian women diplomats
Austrian European Commissioners
Austrian Roman Catholics
Women government ministers of Austria
Foreign ministers of Austria
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Candidates for President of Austria
University of Salzburg alumni
Female foreign ministers
Women European Commissioners
European Commissioners 2004–2009
European Commissioners 2009–2014

Benita Ferrero-Waldner


Wayne "The Dominator" Johnston (born 19 December 1957) is a former Australian rules footballer. Johnston played 209 games and kicked 283 goals for the Carlton Football Club (The Blues), in a career spanning 1979–1990. He was inducted into the Carlton Football Club Hall of Fame in 1991. In 2018, Johnston was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.

Playing career
After playing junior football in Wandin, Johnston attracted the attention of Victorian Football Association recruiters; in 1975. After being rejected by Oakleigh because it already had a number of rovers on its playing list, he signed to play for Prahran. Johnston played for Prahran from 1975 until 1978, and was part of their 1978 premiership winning team.

Under VFL zone laws in those days, in 1979 Johnston asked to be cleared to play for the Melbourne Football Club, but he was part of Carlton's zone, and coach Alex Jesaulenko wanted to see him play before axing him. He debuted in the first game of the 1979 season against the Essendon Bombers. Johnston impressed, and became a vital member of the 1979 premiership side. He could play either across the half-forward line or in the centre. He was the recipient of the Carlton Best and Fairest award, the John Nicholls Medal (at that time called the Robert Reynolds Trophy), first in 1983 and then in 1986, when he tied with Craig Bradley.

Johnston was made captain of the Blues from 1984–1985, and his presence was critical in high-pressure games and especially finals. He played in the Carlton premiership sides of 1979, 1981, 1982 and 1987.

For 1991, Johnston was signed by struggling SANFL club Sturt and was regarded as a key recruit in the hope of improving the Double Blues from only two wins in 1990, but injuries meant he played just three games for the Double Blues before injury ended his playing career and he was sacked ten weeks before the SANFL minor round ended.

In 2003 he was selected in Prahran's Team of the Century.

Personal life
With his first wife Debbie Johnston, has four surviving children. A fifth, Matt, died in 1999 from an asthma attack.

After retiring from football, he moved to Brisbane in 1993, where, among other jobs, he worked as a wharfie. He stayed connected with football, however, and for a time coached the Mt Gravatt Vultures in the AFL Queensland South-East Premier League.

Following the breakup of his marriage, Johnston and family moved back to Melbourne; there he found a new love, actress Kate Kendall, and they married on 28 November 2004. Johnston returned to the AFL environment and served as a runner for two seasons for Richmond. His sons are also keen footballers. One of his sons, Marc, currently plays for Sandringham in the VFL.

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
Carlton Football Club players
Carlton Football Club premiership players
Prahran Football Club players
John Nicholls Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Sturt Football Club players
Victorian State of Origin players
Australia international rules football team players
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
VFL/AFL premiership players

Wayne Johnston (footballer)


Puritan's Pit (also known as Preacher's Pit, The Devil's Pit or Gruti's Pit) is a large steep-sided pit in the south side of the valley of the River Lemon in Bradley Woods, just west of the town of Newton Abbot in Devon, England. It is probably a collapsed limestone cavern and although it is about 12 metres deep and some 50 metres across at its widest, it is invisible from the river and the main path on the other side.

History

Puritan's Pit owes its notability to Willam Yeo, a Presbyterian clergyman who was installed as Rector of Wolborough in 1648 by Oliver Cromwell. Yeo was reportedly very assiduous in his duties and would walk around the town after Sunday service with a constable, to ensure that the sabbath was kept holy. After 14 years, however, he was deprived of his living for refusing to acknowledge the post-Restoration Act of Uniformity.

In the years that followed, Yeo and his supporters met in Puritan's Pit by night to worship. At this time he was effectively an outlaw as can be seen from an order of sessions that was made in 1683 offering a reward of 40 shillings to anyone who apprehended a dissenting minister. The Act of Toleration 1689 brought this episode to a close, and Yeo's house was certified to be used as a place of worship.

Today, the pit can be accessed via a steep path on the south side of the river. The bottom of the pit is covered with large limestone boulders and the remains of trees that have fallen in.

References

E. Windeatt (1884). Early Nonconformity in Newton and its Neighbourhood., Rep. Trans. Devon. Ass. Advmt Sci. 16, 489-497.

Caves of Devon
Newton Abbot

Puritan's Pit


Jean Salmon Macrin (1490 – 20 October 1557) was a Neo-Latin poet of French nationality. His poetry sold massively well, and was thought of as quite influential during his lifetime; however his fame did not live on, and his poetry was never republished after the 16th century.

Life and works
Salmon Macrin was born in Loudun, and retained an intimate attachment to the countryside of his youth throughout his life. Patriotism and nostalgia for his 'patria' feature as prominent themes in his poetry.  His father supported him in his poetic vocation, and in his teens he was sent to Paris to study under Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples.  There he mastered Greek and Latin, and honed his poetic art alongside Quintianus Stoa. When his studies ended, he became secretary to Antoine Bohier, and later entered Court life as tutor to the sons of René de Savoie. After the death of the latter, Salmon Macrin remained in the service of his son Honorat.  The poet found that Court life was not well-suited to his temperament, and he composed little during this period. It was his marriage to Guillone Boursault ('Gelonis') that reignited his passion for poetry, and his two most famous works (the 'Epithalamiorum liber' of 1528–1531 and the 'Carminum libri quattuor' of 1530) contained many poems dedicated to her. Salmon Macrin's poetry met with great success in his later years, and he enjoyed the favour of the king, Francis I.

Salmon Macrin boasted of having been the first to introduce Catullus and Horace into French poetry.  His principal Neo-Latin models were the Italians Pontano, Marullus, Poliziano and Sannazaro.  He was widely known as the French Horace, and his works had a great influence on vernacular poetry, especially the Pléiade.

Du Bellay, in his 'Amores Faustinae', mentions Macrin in his list of great contemporary love poets, alongside Pontano, Sannazaro, Marullus, Petrarch, Bèze, Tyard and Baïf.

1490 births
1557 deaths
People from Loudun
French poets
Neo-Latin poets
Writers from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
French male poets
16th-century writers in Latin

Jean Salmon Macrin


Crangonyx islandicus is a species of groundwater amphipods, endemic to Iceland, which was described in 2006. This species lives in freshwater beneath recent lava fields (no older than 10,000 years) and is relatively widespread in the geologically youngest parts of Iceland. Morphological data, species distribution, genetic diversity and population structure suggest that this species survived repeated glaciation periods in Iceland in sub-glacial refugia. Considering that this species is most closely related genetically to Crangonyx species from North America, the ancestor of C. islandicus might have colonized Iceland via Greenland.

References

Gammaridea
Fauna of Iceland
Freshwater crustaceans of Europe
Crustaceans described in 2006
Endemic fauna of Iceland

Crangonyx islandicus


Firestain is a layer of oxides that is visible on the surface of objects made of metal alloys containing copper when the object is heated, as by a jeweler heating a ring to apply solder during a repair. On copper-containing alloys of gold or of silver (such as sterling silver), it presents as a red or purple stain. This is because at high temperatures, oxygen mixes with the copper to form cuprous oxide and then cupric oxide, both of which disrupt the bright polished surface of the finished piece. There are various methods used to either prevent or repair firestain.

Preventative methods
Firestain can be largely prevented by heating the object in an atmosphere in which the oxygen has been replaced with another combustive gas such as hydrogen or ammonia. Chemical agents called fluxes can reduce firestain when applied to metals before heating. Flux is usually made out of borax but other chemical compounds also have applications as fluxes.

Curative methods
Techniques such as polishing, sanding, grinding, filing, and wire brushing can be used to cure existing firestain. As the layer of firestain is often not very deep, this approach, with sufficient effort and time, may be able to remove it.  However, this inevitably results in a loss of material to the piece, and will cause any fine details to the piece to be lost.  However, it does not involve the use of any special gasses or changes to the heating atmosphere around the piece.

As another cure, objects can also be "bombed" or electrostripped.  This involves placing them in a bath of a usually cyanide-based solution (sometimes other solutions such as nitric acid may be used instead) and applying a high-density electric current arranged so that the work piece functions as an anode.  Other approaches include electroplating the object with a layer of the principal metal of the alloy, as well as, for sterling and similar grades of silver, depletion silvering the piece, and for gold-copper alloys, a sodium dichromate pickle solution with a low percentage of sulfuric acid has been occasionally found effective.  These approaches, however, are temporary fixes in that all they do is cover up the firestain: over time, it will almost always reemerge through the thin layer of overlying metal deposit.  The only long-term techniques to prevent the appearance of firestain are through its time-consuming physical removal or preventing its formation in the first place, by using an oxygen-free environment (which is often expensive and requires specialized equipment), or by using an alloy which is resistant to firestain such as argentium.

See also
 Mill scale

References

Jewellery making
Silversmithing

Firescale


The Canadian Coast Guard College (CCGC) is a maritime training college and Canadian Coast Guard facility located in Westmount, Nova Scotia—a suburb of the former city of Sydney in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality.

The CCGC core training program revolves around a 4-year Officer Cadet program that prepares navigation and engineering officers for service on Canadian Coast Guard ships.  These cadets receive a Bachelor of Technology (Nautical Science) that is granted in collaboration with Cape Breton University.  Other training programs include a 6-month program for Marine Communications and Traffic Services Officers that specializes in radiotelephony procedures for marine safety and vessel traffic services to co-ordinate and monitor vessel movements in Canada's territorial waters.  Canadian Coast Guard officers that work in the nation's Joint Rescue Coordination Centres (JRCCs) also undertake advanced training at CCGC where a mock-up of a JRCC exists for simulation and training purposes.  Additionally, various courses and training programs exist for specialized positions in CCG, including administrative courses, search and rescue, and environmental response.

History

Established in 1965 as a residential college on the site of the former navy base  located at Point Edward along the western shore of Sydney Harbour, CCGC's first mandate was to train young men in 4-year diplomas of Marine Engineering or Marine Navigation for the Coast Guard's Officer Training Program.  The Officer Training Program expanded in 1973 to include women.

In 1981, CCGC moved from its location on the former Point Edward naval base to an adjacent custom-built 120 acre (486,000 m²) campus in neighbouring Westmount.  The campus, designed by Nova Scotia Architect Keith L. Graham  is located in a wooded area immediately south of Point Edward and adjacent to Petersfield Provincial Park.  It consists of a variety of interlinked residential, training, administration, and health/fitness facilities.  CCGC also has simulators for depicting the navigation of vessels in a variety of scenarios, dry-land mock-ups of vessel engine rooms, and a simulator for a rescue coordination centre (RCC).

CCGC has a small fleet of training vessels ranging from sail boats and rigid hull inflatable boats (RHIB) and one   motor life boat- all housed in a custom-built boathouse on the college's waterfront along a small cove.

From the 1980s to the 2000s (decade), the college expanded its training programs to include customized marine training for students from Commonwealth Caribbean nations, as well as other federal government agencies such as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the Department of Transport.

In the 1995, the 4 year Officer Training Program was granted degree accreditation through an agreement with the University College of Cape Breton, since renamed Cape Breton University.  Following completion of the Officer Training program, graduates now receive a Bachelor of Technology (Nautical Science or nautical engineering) from CBU.

Training programs

Following training programs are offered:

 Officer Training Program (OTP)
 Marine Navigation
 Marine Engineering
 Marine Communications and Traffic Services (MCTS) Officer Program
 Electronics and Informatics Technical Training  (EITT)

Departments
 Marine Communications and Traffic Services
 Electronics and Informatics Technical Training
 Marine Engineering (Officer Training Program)
 Navigation (Officer Training Program, Search and Rescue, Environmental Response)
 Arts, Sciences and Languages (Officer Training Program)
 Superintendent of Officer Cadets (Officer Training Program)

Training vessels

There is one vessel assigned to the College:

 CCGS Goéland

In 2011 CCGS CG 117 and  CCGS CG 118 were retired as training vessels.

See also
 Canadian Coast Guard
 Royal Military College of Canada

References

External links
 Canadian Coast Guard College - official website

Canadian Coast Guard
Education in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality
Universities and colleges in Nova Scotia
Maritime colleges in Canada
Coast guard academies
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in Nova Scotia

Canadian Coast Guard College


Edward A. Brennan (January 16, 1934 – December 27, 2007) was chairman of the board, president (1980–1995) and chief executive officer (1984–1995) of Sears, Roebuck and Co.

Edward Brennan was born in Chicago into a family of Sears associates: his grandfather, father and uncles all worked there, and his younger brother, Bernard F. Brennan, left Sears for the rival Chicago-based retailer Montgomery Ward and became its CEO in 1985. His mother, who also worked at Sears, left the family and went to Mexico when he was young; he worked after school to pay for bus trips with his brother to visit her.

He attended Marquette University while working for Benson and Rixon, a menswear store where he had started work at 15 and where he rose to be a high-level manager before joining Sears in 1956. In March 1980 his predecessor as CEO, Edward R. Telling, appointed him president with the task of reinvigorating the company's stores. The following January the managerial structure was changed and he became chairman and CEO of the Sears Merchandise Group subsidiary of the company, a position he held until being appointed CEO of the company in August 1984, after which he also served as president again until Telling's retirement from the position of chairman of the board on January 1, 1986. During his first period as president and his chairmanship of the merchandising division, he turned around the performance of the company's stores by introducing "challenge sales" and by building and renovating Sears stores in a scientifically developed "Store of the Future" format, while closing aged and under-performing stores including the original Chicago store. As CEO, although in 1985 he presided over the introduction of the Discover Card, the first new major credit card in twenty years, during the 1990s he dismantled the conglomerate that Telling had assembled, spinning off Discover, Dean Witter, Coldwell Banker, the Sears Mortgage Banking Group, and also Allstate Insurance, which was founded in 1931 as part of Sears. During his chairmanship, the company also mortgaged and ultimately gave up and moved out of its headquarters, the Sears Tower.

Brennan also served on the boards of 3M, Exelon, McDonald's, and AMR Corporation, where he was chairman of the board in 2003–04 and enabled the company to avoid bankruptcy.

Awards
Brennan was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 2005 in the area Business and Social Service.

Brennan died on the evening of December 27, 2007, at his home in Burr Ridge, Illinois.

References

1934 births
2007 deaths
American retail chief executives
Sears Holdings people
American Airlines people
People from Burr Ridge, Illinois

Edward A. Brennan


Paul Joseph Marie Gouyon (24 October 1910 – 26 September 2000) was a French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Rennes from 1964 to 1985, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.

Biography
Paul Gouyon was born in Bordeaux, and studied at the University of and Seminary of Bordeaux. He also attended the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice in Paris, the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, and the Catholic Institute of Paris.

Gouyon was ordained to the priesthood on 13 March 1937, and finished his studies in 1939. After serving in the French Army during World War II from 1939 to 1940, he began pastoral work in Bordeaux, serving as pastor of Montussan and of Beychac (1940–1944), chaplain of the lycée Michel-Montaigne (1944–1951), and vicar general of the archdiocese. He was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 6 April 1955.

On 6 August 1957, Gouyon was appointed Bishop of Bayonne by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 7 October from Archbishop Paul Richaud, with Archbishop Joseph Martin and Bishop Louis Guyot serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of Saint-André. Gouyon attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965, and was promoted to Coadjutor Archbishop of Rennes and Titular Archbishop of Pessinus on 6 August 1963. He succeeded Clément-Emile Roques as Archbishop of Rennes on 4 September 1964.

Pope Paul VI created him Cardinal-Priest of Natività di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo in via Gallia in the consistory of 28 April 1969. Gouyon was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which selected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II. He was also named the national president of Pax Christi. He resigned his post as Archbishop on 15 October 1985, after a period of twenty-one years, and lost the right to participate in conclaves upon reaching the age of eighty on 24 October 1990.

Cardinal Gouyon died in Bordeaux at age 89 and was buried in the cemetery of the Mother House of the Little Sisters of the Poor in Saint-Pern.

References

External links
Catholic-Hierarchy

1910 births
2000 deaths
20th-century French cardinals
Bishops of Bayonne
Archbishops of Rennes
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
French Army personnel of World War II
Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
French military chaplains
World War II chaplains

Paul Gouyon


The Maker of Universes (1965) is a science fiction novel by American author Philip José Farmer.  It is the first in his World of Tiers series.

Plot summary
The story follows Robert Wolff, a man disenchanted with his life and his marriage.  One day, while looking at a new house, Wolff discovers a strange horn in the basement.  Blowing the horn, Wolff is transported to a strange new world, the World of Tiers.  Wolff finds himself initially in an edenic paradise known as Okeanos.  This region is the first level of the planet, which contains a number of tiers like a wedding cake, separated by vast mountain ranges.  The entire planet is ruled over by a cruel and mysterious lord named Jadawin, who created it.  Okeanos consists of a beach, an ocean, and a small forest and is populated by nymph like humans who originated in and near ancient Greece.  In this new world, Wolff regains his youth and vigor and falls in love with a local woman named Chryseis who lived in Troy at the time of the Trojan War.

When Chryseis is kidnapped, Wolff follows after her, climbing to the next level of the world, Amerind, a plains region populated by Native Americans and centaurs.  Along the way he is joined by the adventurer Kickaha, who had also come from Earth, where he was known as Paul Janus Finnegan, some time ago.  The two continue their adventure as they ascend the various levels of the World of Tiers including the medieval Dracheland and the jungle Atlantis.  When they finally make it to the palace of Jadawin they make a shocking discovery; Robert Wolff is Lord Jadawin, who lost his memory after being defeated by another lord, and ended up stranded on Earth.  At the end, Wolff/Jadawin is reunited with Chryseis and restored to his rightful place as ruler of the World of Tiers, his experiences as a human on Earth having tempered his previous cruelty.

References

1965 American novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Philip José Farmer
Ace Books books

The Maker of Universes


Charles Albert "Babe" Siebert (January 14, 1904 – August 25, 1939) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger and defenceman who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the  Montreal Maroons, New York Rangers, Boston Bruins and Montreal Canadiens.  He won the 1926 Stanley Cup championship with the Maroons, and was a member of the famous "S Line",  and another with the Rangers in 1933.

A physical forward known for his fighting ability while with the Maroons and Rangers, an apparent decline in his play was reversed when he switched to defence after he was traded to the Bruins. Siebert was named an all-star three times after the switch and won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1937 as a member of the Canadiens.

Siebert was named the head coach of the Canadiens upon his retirement as a player in 1939.  He never coached a game as he drowned in Lake Huron prior to the 1939–40 NHL season.  The league organized an all-star benefit game that raised $15,000 for Siebert's family.  He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964.

Early life
Born in Plattsville, Ontario, Siebert grew up in the nearby community of Zurich, located on the eastern shores of Lake Huron. He became obsessed with hockey at an early age, playing the game nearly every day. He played intermediate hockey in Zurich and Exeter before moving to Kitchener to play junior hockey.  Though his elder brothers mocked his simple playing style—he used his size and strength to push his way through opponents—Siebert was invited to join the Kitchener Greenshirts in 1922.  He won the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) and eastern Canadian junior championships with Kitchener in 1922–23, but lost the Memorial Cup final to the University of Manitoba.  After a year of senior hockey in Kitchener, he moved on to the Niagara Falls Cataracts, winning the OHA senior championship in 1924–25.

Professional career
Siebert was signed by the Montreal Maroons in 1925 and made his professional debut that same year. He finished second on the team with 16 goals as the Maroons finished second in the NHL standings.  Montreal defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates and Ottawa Senators in the playoffs to win the NHL championship. Siebert scored three points in the 1926 Stanley Cup Finals as the Maroons defeated the Western Hockey League champion Victoria Cougars to win the Stanley Cup.

When Hooley Smith arrived in Montreal in 1926–27, Siebert was paired with Smith and Nels Stewart.  The trio were known as the "S Line" and emerged as one of the top scoring lines in the NHL.  Stewart was the goal scorer on the line while Smith set him up with his passing game, but it was Siebert who used his strength and speed to move the puck out of their defensive zone and to create space for his line mates. His physical style of play occasionally resulted in Siebert being brought in front of league president Frank Calder for supplementary discipline, as in December 1927 when he was suspended for a time following a violent melee with Billy Boucher of the New York Americans.  When Boucher responded to an elbow by slashing Siebert over the head, the latter player responded with repeated wild swings of his own stick at Boucher, injuring him.

Siebert's best offensive season came in 1931–32 when he finished eighth in league scoring with 39 points. It proved to be his last season with the Maroons, as the team was struggling financially and chose to sell him to the New York Rangers for cash.   He went on to win his second Stanley Cup that year. He struggled offensively for much of the season, however, and it was rumoured he would be traded.  The trade finally happened early in the 1933–34 season as he was sent to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Vic Ripley and Roy Burmeister.  The deal reunited Siebert with former S Line member Nels Stewart.

After Eddie Shore was suspended for his assault on Ace Bailey, Bruins coach Art Ross shifted Siebert from left wing to defence.  The switch rejuvenated his career; he enjoyed a comeback season in 1934–35.  Frequently remaining on the ice for entire games as one of Boston's key players, Siebert earned five votes in a 1935 Associated Press poll naming the top comeback player in sport for that year. He later scoffed at the legend of his comeback in Boston, stating that he never lost his ability to play at the same level he did with the Maroons, instead blaming Lester Patrick for improperly utilizing him in New York.

While Shore and Siebert were an effective pairing on defence, tensions between the two were evident. They shared a violent feud when they were opponents, and never spoke a word to the other as teammates. Though he was named a first team all-star in 1935–36, the Bruins decided Siebert's career was in decline and chose to trade him to the Montreal Canadiens along with Roger Jenkins in exchange for Leroy Goldsworthy, Sammy McManus and cash following the season.  He was immediately named the team's captain, a position he retained until his retirement.  In his first season with the Canadiens, Siebert earned his second all-star selection and won the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player in the NHL. He earned his third consecutive all-star selection in 1937–38. Plagued by injuries in his final season, Siebert announced his retirement in 1939 to become the head coach of the Canadiens.

Death and family
Siebert never had the opportunity to take up his new post.  On August 25, 1939, while vacationing with his family and swimming with his daughters at Lake Huron, he drowned attempting to retrieve an inflatable tire they were playing with. Shocked by the news, Siebert's peers lauded his character and play, indicating that his death was a considerable loss to the game of hockey. Among them, his former manager with the Maroons, Tommy Gorman, remarked that Siebert was popular with his fellow players and was a great defenceman who "lost fairly and won modestly".

At the time of his death, Siebert was visiting his cottage to celebrate the 80th birthday of his father, William. He cherished the time he had with his two daughters Judy and Joan, who were 11 and 10 years old respectively, when they witnessed his drowning.  His loss represented a significant financial burden for his family as he spent nearly all of his income paying for his paraplegic wife's medical costs.

The league organized an all-star benefit game to aid Siebert's widow with the goal of raising $15,000.  It was the third such benefit game in NHL history.  The Montreal Canadiens faced an all-star team composed of the best players from the remaining teams.  The all-stars defeated the Canadiens 5–2 in the game held on October 29, 1939.  Though organizers were disappointed with the attendance of just 6,000 fans, they met their $15,000 target.

A physical player and fighter on the ice, Siebert was a soft-spoken family man off it. He was especially faithful to his wife, Bernice, who was left a paraplegic following complications during the birth of their second child.  Fans at the Montreal Forum routinely saw him carry his wife to her seat before every home game, and then carry her out after.  At home, he did the housework that his wife was unable to do. As a result, he was immensely popular with his peers and fans.

Siebert was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1964, and is an honoured member of the Waterloo Region Hall of Fame.

Career statistics
Statistics sourced from NHL.com.

See also
Captain (hockey)
List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame

References

External links

1904 births
1939 deaths
Accidental deaths in Ontario
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Deaths by drowning in Canada
Detroit Red Wings players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kitchener Greenshirts players
Montreal Canadiens coaches
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Maroons players
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Huron County, Ontario
Sportspeople from Oxford County, Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian ice hockey coaches

Babe Siebert


Sly Cooper is a series of video games. It is named after the title character, Sly Cooper. They are available on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, and PS Vita. The series was created by Sucker Punch and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. All of the video games were also developed by them, except Sly Cooper: Thieves in Time, which was developed by Sanzaru Games. There are currently five games in the series, as well as a collection of the first three remastered:
 Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus
 Sly 2: Band of Thieves
 Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves
 The Sly Collection
 Sly Cooper: Thieves in Time
 Bentley's hackpack

Main Characters
 Sly Cooper - An anthropomorphic raccoon and a master thief. He was born into a family of master thieves called the Cooper Clan. He is the leader of the Cooper Gang, a band of thieves that pulls off the biggest heists.
 Bentley - An anthropomorphic box turtle. He is the brains of the Cooper Gang's heists.
 Murray - An anthropomorphic hippopotamus. He is the brawn of the Cooper Gang's heists.
 Inspector Carmelita Montoya Fox - An anthropomorphic red fox. She is a police officer (inspector) at Interpol, an international police force based off the Interpol. She is dedicated to catching Sly and his gang and bringing them to justice. Sometimes, her romantic feelings for Sly get in the way though.
 Dimitri Lousteau - An anthropomorphic French iguana. He speaks in slang since he learned English from hip hop and TV. He was originally a painter, but many people didn't like his paintings. So, he started making forgeries. Later, he became a member of the Klaww Gang in Sly 2: Band of Thieves, but was defeated by the Cooper Gang. He returns in Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves as a close ally of the Cooper Gang. He also watched over the Thievius Raccoonus in Sly Cooper: Thieves in Time when the Cooper Gang was time traveling to save the book.

Other websites
 Sly Cooper's current official website

Sly Cooper (series)


William H. Marshall (October 24, 1887 - November 24, 1926) was the founder and long-time head coach of the Detroit Heralds (renamed the Detroit Tigers in 1921) of the early National Football League. Marshall, as a student at the University of Detroit, founded the Heralds in 1905, as an amateur team, after the university didn't field a team that year due to financial issues. While the university's football team resumed play in 1906, the Heralds continued to play as an amateur team. In 1911, the team dropped its amateur status and became semi-professional and left the campus. The team would go on to regularly play teams from the "Ohio League", namely the Canton Bulldogs and Massillon Tigers. In 1920,  the American Professional Football Association (later renamed the National Football League in 1922) was established. While the Heralds didn't officially join the association, they are listed in league standings for the season. The Heralds, under Marshall, had a 1–3 record, while inclement weather eliminated their November schedule, financially devastating the team. In 1921, the Heralds were reorganized into the Detroit Tigers. Marshall remained the team's head coach, however financial issues caused that team to fold by year's end.

References
Coaching Stats at PFRA
Coaching States at databasefootball

National Football League owners
Detroit Heralds players
1887 births
1926 deaths

Bill Marshall (American football)


Muchacha italiana viene a casarse (Italian girl comes to get married) is a 1971 Mexican telenovela by Televisa produced by Ernesto Alonso and directed by Alfredo Saldaña, starring Angélica María and Ricardo Blume. Writing credits belong to Delia González Marquez (original story), Fernanda Villeli (adaptation), Marissa Garrido (adaptation), Miguel Sabido (adaptation) and Carlos Lozano Dana (adaptation)

The series featured two theme songs: "A dónde va nuestro amor" and "Lo que sabemos del amor". Both songs were written by Eduardo Magallanes and performed by Angélica María.

Plot
Valeria and Gianna Donatti lived happily in Naples with their father, until he suddenly gets ill and dies, then the sisters must travel to Mexico City to meet with Vittorio Maglione, the fiance to Valeria. Valeria and Vittorio have never been seen since their marriage was arranged by her parents; so the two have no idea of how they appear. Believing Valeria will never arrive, Vittorio (the impatient fool he is) stops waiting.

Valeria and Gianna arrive in Mexico and are lost in the city, when they get robbed and are practically on the street, at nightfall the concierge of a luxury apartment complex lets them stay in her room. Finally Valeria and Vittorio meet but she is disappointed because he is an old man and Valeria decides not to marry him and to survive looking for job cleaning. departments and friend Hilda ago Gianna falls ill and the doctor says Valeria need expensive treatment, while Hilda commits suicide and leaves power Valeria a letter.

Valeria reads the letter and decides to use it against Juan Francisco de Castro to blackmail him and make him marry her to pay for treatment of her sister, as Juan Francisco was the lover of Hilda, same portraying him as responsible for his suicide. Before reaching Juan Francisco, Valeria finds work in a couple's house very good people, and Teresa Vicente, who become friends and recommend Valeria Castro home.

After working at Juan Francisco, Valeria holds its plan and likewise discovers the opposition and enmity of Mercedes grandmother, uncle Hector and the wife of this, apart from Elena and Joseph Butler sinister mansion knows all the secrets of the old Mercedes and becomes the same helper in the task of removing Valeria their lives, Dulce cook becomes the mainstay of Valeria addition to Fanny, a friend of the family who discovers Valeria is the result of a love he had when he was admitted to a school in Naples. While Juan Francisco lives by Valeria resentful toward blackmail, gradually discovers that Valeria is the love of his life. The same applies to Valeria, who stops seeing Juan Francisco as a stranger and goes really falling for him.

Main cast
 Angélica María - Valeria Donatti
 Ricardo Blume - Juan Francisco de Castro
 Isabela Corona - María Mercedes de Castro
 Celia Castro - Fanny Iglesias del Campo
 Miguel Manzano - Vicente
 Nelly Meden - Analia de Castro
 Aarón Hernán - Patricio de Castro
 Silvia Pasquel - Gianna Donatti
 Rafael Banquells - Joseph
 Hortensia Santoveña - Teresa #1
 Alicia Montoya - Teresa #2
 María Rubio - Elena Harrington
 Socorro Avelar - Dulce
 Eduardo Alcaraz - Vittorio Maglione
 Héctor Gómez - Eduardo
 Javier Ruán - Héctor
 Magda Guzmán - Analia
 Lucía Méndez - Raquel
 Daniela Rosen - Cecilia
 César del Campo - Ricardo
 Martha Zavaleta - Carmen
 Alfonso Meza
 Héctor Flores - Chato
 Susana Dosamantes
 Ernesto Gómez Cruz - Humberto
 José Antonio Ferral - Jaime
 Atilio Marinelli - Príncipe Andrés de Orsini
 Joaquín Arizpe - Pedro
 Ignacio Rubiel - Nacho
 Raymundo Capetillo
 Cristina Moreno - Silvia
 Hector Saez - Luis Alberto

Additional cast members

Martha Zavaleta,  Alfonso Meza,  Héctor Flores, Lucía Méndez, Susana Dosamantes,  Ernesto Gómez Cruz,  Daniela Rosen,  Atilio Marinelli,  Héctor Gomez,  Javier Ruan,  Magda Guzmán and  Hortensia Santoveña.

Original version

Muchacha italiana viene a casarse  (1969, Argentina, Teleteatro) with Alejandra Da Passano and Rodolfo Ranni.

Remakes

There have been three  further remakes of "Muchacha italiana viene a casarse", which are:

Esa Provinciana  (1983, Argentina) with Camila Perisé and Juan José Camero.
Victoria  (1987, Mexico) with Victoria Ruffo and Juan Ferrara.
Muchacha italiana viene a casarse with Livia Brito and Jose Ron.

References

External links

1971 telenovelas
1971 Mexican television series debuts
1971 Mexican television series endings
Televisa telenovelas
Mexican television series based on Argentine television series
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico City

Muchacha italiana viene a casarse (1971 TV series)


Africa has a large quantity of natural resources, including diamonds, sugar, salt, gold, iron, cobalt, uranium, copper, bauxite, silver, petroleum, and cocoa beans, but also tropical timber and tropical fruit.

Recently discovered oil reserves have increased the importance of the commodity on African economies. Sudan and Nigeria are two of the main oil producers. The United States and European countries took most of the Democratic Republic of the Congo's (DRC) oil production. Oil is provided by both continental and offshore productions. Sudan's oil exports in 2010 are estimated by the United States Department of State at US$9 billion.

Five countries dominate Africa's upstream oil production. Together they account for 85% of the continent's oil production and are, in order, from highest to lowest output: Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola. Other African oil producing countries are Gabon, the DRC, Cameroon, Tunisia, Equatorial Guinea, the Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, and more recently, Ghana. Exploration is taking place in a number of other countries that aim to increase their output or become first-time producers. Included in this list are Chad, Sudan, Namibia, South Africa, and Madagascar, whilst Mozambique and Tanzania are potential oil producers.

Oil and minerals in Africa
Africa has 30% of the remaining mineral resources in the world. 57% of Africa's export earnings comes from hydrocarbons. From 1980 to 2012, proven oil reserves in Africa grew by 150%.

Ore resources in Africa are abundant while other continents are beginning to face depletion of resources. The copper belt in Haut-Katanga Province, the diamond mines in Sierra Leone, Angola, and Botswana are well-known for the abundance of mineral resources, albeit with a negative reputation arising from perceptions of their industries' involvement in corrupt practices, and links to violent rebel movements. The RUF (Revolutionary United Front) and the blood diamonds used to supply these rebel factions with arms is one such example.

In recent years, exploration activities has grown in West Africa. However, lack of services became a problem for exploration companies. In 2020, West Africa received the third larger budget for exploration projects. From 2009 to 2019, West Africa accounted the major success in gold discoveries. Exploration budgets in Africa fell 10% in 2020, reaching their lower levels in the last four years.

Impact of non-African exploitation
With a low population density Africa has been colonized by non-African nations from the 16th century, all exploiting African resources to varying degrees. Some economists have argued this history of outside exploitation demonstrates the 'scourge of raw materials' problem. In this situation, highly sought-after, yet rare, raw resources are present in a less-developed, less-powerful entity. Such a situation places intense pressures on the original "possessors" of the resources. In African nations, these pressures, it is argued, have led to wars and slowed development. While Western nations like the United States, Canada, Australia, France and the United Kingdom, as well as emerging economic powerhouses like China, continue to exploit Africa's natural resources, the value from the natural resources goes to the West and East Asia, rather than Africa, exacerbating poverty in Africa, despite Africa's abundance of natural resources. A Guyanese historian, Walter Rodney, posits that foreign ownership of African natural resources is the "most direct way" that rich countries continue to dominate African states without formally colonizing them: "When citizens of Europe own the land and the mines of Africa, this is the most direct way of sucking the African continent."

See also
 Economy of Africa
 Mineral industry of Africa
 Renewable energy in Africa
 Water scarcity in Africa

References

Natural resources of Africa


The 1961 Tangerine Bowl was held on December 29, 1961 at the Tangerine Bowl stadium in Orlando, Florida.  The Lamar Tech Cardinals defeated the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders by a score of 21–14.

The scoring opened with a Lamar Tech touchdown on a 52-yard rush by quarterback Win Herbert, and that play proved to be the only scoring in the first quarter, which ended 7–0. The second quarter's only scoring came when Middle Tennessee fumbled the ball in their own end zone and Lamar Tech recovered to lead 14–0 at halftime. Middle Tennessee finally found the end zone in the third quarter, scoring on a 32-yard pass but failing the two-point conversion to make it 14–6 at the end of the third quarter. Lamar Tech later extended their lead to 21–6 after a 3-yard pass for a touchdown. The last score of the game came from Middle Tennessee, who scored a touchdown plus a two-point conversion to end the game 21–14.

At the end of the game, Lamar Tech had two more first downs, 73 more rushing yards, and 66 more total yards. However, Middle Tennessee out-passed Lamar by 6 yards. Lamar Tech halfback Ralph Stone was named the game's most valuable player.

References

Tangerine Bowl
Citrus Bowl (game)
Lamar Cardinals football bowl games
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football bowl games
Tangerine Bowl
Tangerine Bowl

1961 Tangerine Bowl


The bombing of Munich (Luftangriffe auf München) took place mainly in the later stages of World War II. Munich was, and is, a significant German city, as much culturally as industrially. Augsburg, thirty-seven miles to the west, was a main centre of diesel engine production (and still is today), and was also heavily bombed during the war. Although some considerable distance from the United Kingdom, Munich is not a difficult city to find from the air, mainly due to its size, and possibly its proximity to the Austrian Alps to the south-east as a visual reference point. Munich was protected (initially) by its distance from the United Kingdom. After a small air raid in November 1940 the city got little attention from bombers until 1944.

Munich was bombed by RAF Bomber Command and the United States Army Air Forces. There were seventy-four air raids on Munich, with 6,632 people killed and 15,800 wounded.
Around 90% of the Altstadt (old city) was severely damaged due to the policy of carpet bombing (Flächenbombardement). Munich was considered a special target of allied bombings also for propaganda purposes, in that it was the "movement's capital city", Nazi Party's  birthplace. At the start of the Großdeutsches Reich in 1939, Munich had a population of around 830,000, and was the fourth-largest city in Germany.

24–25 April 1944 attack

USAAF
During the day of 24 April 1944 the city and the surrounding area was heavily attacked by the USAAF. Over seven hundred bomber aircraft took part in the attack, and were escorted by P-51B, P-38J, and P-47D aircraft, with around eight hundred fighter aircraft. The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber aircraft came from the 8th and 9th Air Forces.

The attack was intended to limit production of the Dornier Do 335 at Dornier Flugzeugwerke, Oberpfaffenhofen and turbine blades for the Junkers Jumo 004 axial-flow turbojet. Oberpfaffenhofen is now the home of the mission control center Deutsches Raumfahrt-Kontrollzentrum of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (German Aerospace Centre).

RAF
April 24, 1944, 234 Lancasters and 16 Mosquito aircraft from the RAF attacked Munich. It was a devastating and concentrated attack, and around 80% of the buildings in the target area were destroyed. The attack was noted for a new method of target marking at low level from 700 feet. Karlsruhe, further to the north-west, was also heavily bombed by the RAF that night. Nine Lancaster aircraft were lost in the raid.

Damage
The city received around 450 large bombs (Luftminen, around 4,000lb), 61,000 high-explosive bombs, and around 3,316,000 4lb magnesium incendiary bombs (Stabbrandbombe, developed by ICI). Around 50% of all of Munich was damaged. 81,500 houses were completely or partially destroyed, de-housing around 300,000 inhabitants, 4,185 wounded, 139 killed. The deadliest bombing took place on 16 July 1944, with 1,453 killed and 4,525 wounded.

See also
 History of Munich
 Bombing of Augsburg in World War II
 Strategic bombing during World War II
 List of strategic bombing over Germany in World War II

References

 Fliegeralarm – Luftangriffe auf München von 1940 bis 1945, Hugendubel, Munich, 1987, Richard Bauer
 Ruinen-Jahre. Bilder aus dem zerstörten München 1945–1949, Hugendubel, Munich, 1988, Richard Bauer
 Bomber über München. Der Luftkrieg 1939 bis 1945, dargestellt am Beispiel der 'Hauptstadt der Bewegung' , Hans-Günter Richardi, 1992
 Der Luftkrieg über München 1942–1945. Bomben auf die Hauptstadt der Bewegung, Aviatic, Oberhaching, 1996,

External links
 Der Luftkrieg gegen München

1940s in Munich
1944 in Germany
Munich
Munich
Events in Munich
Germany–United Kingdom military relations
Munich

Bombing of Munich in World War II


Great Expectations is a three-part BBC television drama adaptation by Sarah Phelps of the Charles Dickens's 1861 novel of the same name, starring Ray Winstone as Magwitch, Gillian Anderson as Miss Havisham, Douglas Booth as Pip, Vanessa Kirby as Estella and David Suchet as Jaggers. The adaptation was first broadcast on British television over the Christmas period in 2011.

Anderson's casting as Miss Havisham drew attention to the production due to her being a mere 43 compared to other actresses who have played her. However, critical reception was generally positive. It is also worth noting that Maxine Audley was also only 43 when she played Miss Havisham in the 1967 BBC adaptation.

In 2012, the PBS broadcast earned the series a total of four Creative Arts Emmy Awards out of five nominations for Outstanding Art Direction, Cinematography, Costumes, and Main Title Design. The remaining nomination was for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music.

Plot

Part one
Young Pip (Oscar Kennedy) is out on the marshes when he meets escaped convict Abel Magwitch (Ray Winstone), who tells him to steal a file so he can remove his shackles. Pip returns, bringing a mutton pie with him along with the file, much to Magwitch's amazement. Later, Magwitch is re-arrested while fighting with a mysterious fellow escapee (Paul Rhys).

Pip lives with his sister (Claire Rushbrook) and the blacksmith Joe Gargery (Shaun Dooley), who learn from her uncle (Mark Addy) that the reclusive Miss Havisham (Gillian Anderson) needs a young boy. Sure of a reward, Pip's sister puts him forward, and he becomes a playmate for Havisham's adopted daughter Estella (Izzy Meikle-Small). During his time at the house, Pip becomes convinced that she will become his benefactor and is disappointed when she signs a contract paying for Pip's blacksmith apprenticeship to Joe, even more so when Havisham tells him never to return to see her. While he and Joe are at the house, Pip's sister is attacked by the evil Orlick (Jack Roth), leaving her bedridden as Pip begins his seven-year apprenticeship.

Seven years later, Pip (now Douglas Booth), having once again seen Estella (now Vanessa Kirby), is visited by the lawyer Jaggers (David Suchet), who informs him that he has an anonymous benefactor who will pay for him to go to London and begin life as a gentleman, on the condition that he must be known only as Pip and must not enquire about the source of the money. Assuming the benefactor to be Havisham, he visits her and promises not to let her down.

Part two
In London, grown up Pip spends time in the company of Herbert Pocket (Harry Lloyd), racking up debts at a private members club and trying to forget his former life. Pip tells Herbert of his love for Estella but Pocket is wary. He warns Pip that no one knows where Estella came from, that Havisham adopted her from nowhere and from 'friends' no one had ever heard of. Pip, however, chaperones Estella in London, accompanying her to a ball and his feelings grow stronger.

At Jaggers' offices, Pip is berated for his debts, but Pip insists he must impress Havisham to show he is a gentleman. Pip overhears an arrogant client, Bentley Drummle (Tom Burke), also being told off by Jaggers for his ways. Pip attempts to befriend him, but at a dance Drummle shows attention to Estella and taunts Pip, saying he knows he is not a true gentleman.

Jaggers' clerk Wemmick also shows disdain for Pip's background but assists Pip in secretly funding Pocket's new business, which allows Pocket to marry the girl he was thrown out of his family for. Pip attends his sister's funeral. Alone in his room, Pip awakens to find the convict Magwitch tipping money out of a sack, before revealing himself to be Pip's mysterious benefactor.

Part three
Pocket stumbles in and after being threatened with a knife to his throat by Magwitch, learns of all. Pip is wary of Magwitch, believing the money must have come from murder. He visits Havisham, meeting Drummle there who gloats telling him of his engagement to Estella. Estella reveals that Pip was brought to the house to be a boy to practise breaking hearts on. After Estella leaves, Pip demands that Havisham explain why she led him on to believe she was his benefactor and that he was meant for Estella. Havisham tells him that Estella is going to break Drummle's heart, but Pip says that Drummle will not care what Estella does.

Pocket finds a place for Magwitch to hide with the help of Wemmick. They discover a large sum of money has been offered by a gentleman from Pip's club for whoever turns in Magwitch. Pip describes him to Magwitch, who reveals his real name to be Compeyson, the man he fought with on the marshes years ago. Pocket and Pip realise Compeyson is the same man who jilted Havisham.

Magwitch assures Pip that the money came from working with sheep, not murder. Pip tells him he has turned his back on his family. Estella has married Drummle and letters from home are returned unopened to Havisham. Pip, unwilling to accept Magwitch's money, realises that Pocket's new business is in danger so he goes to Havisham for money. Reluctantly she gives it to him, then asks and receives his forgiveness. While burning old love letters from Compeyson, she is caught up in the flames and burns to death; Pip turns back but is too late to save her.

Magwitch reveals that he was married to a woman called Molly and they had a daughter, but when he went away for work their associate Compeyson tried to rape her, and Molly fought him off. Compeyson reported Molly for attempted murder and she was put in jail. Magwitch returned to find his wife in jail and was told of his daughter's death. Though his wife was spared hanging by Jaggers, Magwitch began drinking and fell into crime. He ended up arrested for a crime both he and Compeyson had committed; Compeyson received two years and Magwitch life.

Pocket and Wemmick find a trustworthy ship to sail Magwitch away from London, and Pip decides to go with him. Orlick discovers Pip's association with Magwitch and tells Compeyson. Orlick attacks Pip, yet Pip overpowers him and leaves for the ship. As they row towards the ship, Compeyson and guards approach on another boat; Magwitch stabs Compeyson to death, but is severely beaten by the guards before being taken to prison to await hanging.

Pip goes to Jaggers and, seeing his housekeeper Molly, realises she is Magwitch's Molly, and after freeing her from jail Jaggers took her on as his servant. He also realises that Estella was Molly's and Magwitch's daughter. Pip goes to Magwitch on his deathbed and tells him that his daughter is alive and loved before Magwitch dies.

Estella marries Drummle who, after repeatedly abusing his horse, is kicked to death by it, freeing Estella, who also shows signs of his abuse with bruised shoulders. She becomes the inheritor of Havisham's and Drummle's estates. Pip, still in one pound's worth of debt to his collectors, intends to leave London, but Wemmick informs him that it has been paid by Joe, whom he had written to asking for help. Pip returns home and begs and receives Joe's forgiveness. Pip goes to Havisham's house where he finds Estella. The pair share a tender scene in the drive.

Cast
In credits order.
 Douglas Booth as Philip "Pip" Pirrip
 Ray Winstone as Abel Magwitch
 Gillian Anderson as Miss Havisham
 David Suchet as Jaggers
 Mark Addy as Uncle Pumblechook
 Frances Barber as Mrs Brandley
 Tom Burke as Bentley Drummle
 Charlie Creed-Miles as Sergeant
 Shaun Dooley as Joe Gargery
 Oscar Kennedy as Young Pip
 Vanessa Kirby as Estella
 Harry Lloyd as Herbert Pocket
 Susan Lynch as Molly
 Izzy Meikle-Small as Young Estella
 Paul Rhys as Compeyson/Denby
 Paul Ritter as John Wemmick
 Jack Roth as Dolge Orlick
 Claire Rushbrook as Mrs Joe
 Perdita Weeks as Clara
 Mary Roscoe as Hannah, Miss Havisham's maid
 Andrew Bone as Raymond Pocket, Herbert's father
 Abigail Bond as Camilla Pocket, Herbert's mother
 Eros Vlahos as Young Herbert Pocket
 Michael Colgan as Anxious Man
 Steve Lately as Mike, Jaggers' clerk
 Will Tudor as Estella's Admirer
 Dave Legeno as Borrit, jailer at Newgate

Production

In July 2011, over three days of filming, Holdenby House near Northampton was used by the BBC for the exterior set of Satis House. The interior scenes of Satis House were filmed on location in Langleybury Mansion, a former country house and estate near Watford, Hertfordshire.

The Gargery House/Forge was built on marshland to the east of the Essex village of Tollesbury, whilst the village church seen in the opening scenes of the series was the St Thomas a Beckett church, located in the deserted Kent village of Fairfield on the Romney Marsh.

Reception
In the UK the first part of the adaptation received the highest viewing figures in its time slot, gaining 6.6 million viewers.

Casting
The casting of Gillian Anderson as the obsessive jilted bride Miss Havisham drew attention to the production due to her being a mere 43 compared to other actresses who have played her. The move was generally accepted with The Independent saying "Phelps's biggest liberty, making Miss Havisham young and beautiful... didn't greatly worry me, because Gillian Anderson nicely captured the continuing hysteria of her obsession." The Guardian said that "some people have been moaning that Gillian Anderson isn't old enough to be Miss Havisham, that she's a cougar rather than a crone, too ravishing for Havisham. She's not that ravishing, though. They've done a pretty good job of ageing and witchifying her. And, more importantly, she feels like Miss Havisham". The Daily Telegraph also praised her saying "this pale yet still beautiful wraith, mouth in need of lip salve and Baby Jane ringlets slowly unravelling, speaking in insidious singsong instead of the usual dotty dowager tones. This was a Miss Havisham who has never really grown up." The Telegraph also pointed out that Anderson is only a little younger than the generally considered definitive version of Miss Havisham as played by Martita Hunt in the David Lean version, a point that Anderson herself made on The Graham Norton Show. Maxine Audley, who portrayed Miss Havisham in the BBC's 1967 adaptation, was also only 43 when she played the role, but little attention was drawn to this at the time.

References

External links

  James Delingpole's review of the adaptation in The Daily Telegraph

2011 British television series debuts
2011 British television series endings
2010s British drama television series
BBC high definition shows
BBC television dramas
2010s British television miniseries
Television series set in the 19th century
Television shows based on Great Expectations
Films based on Great Expectations
English-language television shows
Television series by BBC Studios
Television shows scored by Natalie Holt
Television shows set in Kent

Great Expectations (2011 TV series)


A lave net is a type of fishing net used in river estuaries, particularly in the Severn Estuary in Wales and England to catch salmon.

The lave net is a "Y" shaped structure consisting of two arms called rimes made from willow, which act as a frame work to the loosely hung net. The handle is called the rock staff and is made of ash or willow.  The arms are hinged to the rock staff and are kept in position while fishing with a wooden spreader called the headboard.

Fishermen wade out at low tide with lave nets on their shoulders to the fishing grounds, with the water up to their waists. The net is then opened and lowered into the outgoing tide which rushes through the net. With his fingers placed at the bottom meshes of the net, the fisherman then waits for the fish to hit the net.

The last lave net fishermen in Wales promote the fishery as a tourist attraction at Black Rock, Portskewett, with the aim of maintaining its history and tradition. Demonstrations of lave net fishing can be watched on certain days from the picnic site at Black Rock.

On the English side of the Severn, lave net fishing was practised for centuries at Oldbury on Severn.  In the 1990s the fishery declined because the fishing stations silted up, claimed by the fishermen to be a result of slower tides caused by the construction of the Second Severn Crossing.

In the past, sturgeon have also been caught in lave nets.

See also
Putcher fishing

References
Notes

External links
National Museum Wales

Fishing techniques and methods
River Severn
Fishing nets

Lave net


Muncimir (), sometimes called Mutimir, was a duke () of the Duchy of Croatia and reigned from 892 to around 910. He was a member of the House of Trpimirović.

Biography
Muncimir succeeded Branimir in 892 as the Duke of Croatia, restoring the line of the House of Trpimirović to the throne of Croatia. He reigned from Biaći near Trogir (today in Kaštela). Muncimir took control of Croatia and ruled it independently of both Pope and Byzantium as divino munere Croatorum dux ("with God's help, Duke of the Croats").

Duke Muncimir restored to the Archbishopric of Split the lands that were taken away from it and given to the Bishopric of Nin by Branimir. In his charter, in which he reinforces his father's decisions about church lands, for the first time we can see the organization of the duke's court. Also, for the first time, the royal seal (anulo) was mentioned.

During his rule there was significant activity of the Hungarians in the vicinity of his realm. In the late 9th century the Hungarians crossed the Carpathians and entered the Carpathian Basin. They invaded northern Italy and also defeated Duke Braslav from the Duchy of Pannonia, endangering Croatia. During Muncimir's reign, the exiled Prince Petar Gojniković of the Serbian House of Vlastimirović that stayed in Croatia returned to Rascia and seized power there. Prince Petar exiled his cousins who were pretenders to the Grand Princely throne: Pribislav, Bran and Stefan; whom Muncimir received and put under his protection.

He was succeeded by Tomislav, first king of Croatia. The family relationship between Muncimir and Tomislav is unknown; Tomislav was probably Muncimir's son.

Today, it is known existence of one epigraphic inscription (from Uzdolje near Knin), that bears the name of Duke Muncimir.

Family
Muncimir was probably  the third son of Trpimir I and brother of Petar and Zdeslav, since in his charter dated to 892, in the time of his rule, Muncimir stated that "he returned to his fathers throne," which was usurped by Branimir.

References

Trpimirović dynasty
9th-century births
910 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Dukes of Croatia
10th-century Croatian monarchs

Muncimir of Croatia