A bowl game is a college football game that is played in the post-season.  In NCAA football, a team that wins six games during the season may play in the bowl games. A team may enter via invitation or by having the best season record in their conference (it depends on the organizers of the game). Most bowl games also have ties to specific conferences, for instance the Cotton Bowl, which has a contract to select teams from the Southeastern and Pac-12 Conferences specifically.

College football

Bowl game


debbie tucker green is a British playwright, screenwriter, and director. She spells her name in lower-case. She has written a number of plays, including born bad (2003), for which she won the Olivier Award for Most Promising Newcomer in 2004. Most of her stage plays have been produced at the Royal Court Theatre and the Young Vic in London. She has been called "one of the most stylistically innovative and politically engaged playwrights at work in Britain today".

Career
Tucker Green was born in London, and before beginning to write plays worked for a decade as a stage manager. Her 2003 play dirty butterfly was produced by the Soho Theatre, and for her play born bad (Hampstead Theatre, 2003) she won the Olivier Award for Most Promising Newcomer in 2004.  Her plays have also been staged at the Royal National Theatre, and performed by the Royal Shakespeare Company.

She won a BAFTA Award for random, which was broadcast on Channel 4.

In 2016, she won an ARIA (Audio and Radio Industry Award) from the Radio Academy for her radio play Lament. Produced by BBC Radio Drama London and broadcast on BBC Radio 4, Lament won the Gold Best Audio Dramatisation prize.

Film career
Tucker Green wrote and directed Second Coming (2014), a film set in London starring Nadine Marshall and Idris Elba. The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. It was given a limited release in the UK by Kaleidoscope Entertainment in June 2015, making green only the fourth British black woman to ever have a movie distributed in the UK, following Ngozi Onwurah, Amma Asante, and Destiny Ekaragha. tucker green was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer for the film.

Television career
In 2018, tucker green was commissioned by Channel 4 to direct an episode of their short film series, Random Acts. It was first broadcast at midnight on 15 August 2018.

Selected works

Theatre
two women (Soho Theatre, 2000, dir. Rufus Norris)
dirty butterfly (Soho Theatre, 2003, dir. Rufus Norris; Young Vic, 2008, dir. Michael Longhurst)
born bad (Hampstead Theatre, 2003, dir. Kathy Burke)
trade (The Other Place, 2004; Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, 2005, dir. Sacha Wares)
stoning mary (Royal Court Theatre, 2005, dir. Marianne Elliott)
generations (Cottesloe Theatre, National Theatre, 2005, dir. Sacha Wares)
random (Royal Court Theatre, 2008, dir. Sacha Wares; Royal Court Theatre Local, 2010, dir. Sacha Wares)
laws of war (Royal Court Theatre, 2010)
truth and reconciliation (Royal Court Theatre, 2011, dir. debbie tucker green)
nut (The Shed, National Theatre, 2013, dir. debbie tucker green)
hang (Royal Court Theatre, 2015, dir. debbie tucker green)
a profoundly affectionate, passionate devotion to someone (-noun) (Royal Court Theatre, 2017, dir. debbie tucker green)
ear for eye (Royal Court Theatre, 2018)

Film
Second Coming (2014)
ear for eye (2021)

Radio
Gone (BBC Radio 3, 2010)
Lament (BBC Radio 4, 2016)
Assata Shakur: The FBI's Most Wanted Woman (BBC Radio 4, 2017)

Television
Random Acts (Channel 4, 2018)

Selected awards
 1998 Shortlisted for Alfred Fagon Award for She Three
2003 Shortlisted for Susan Smith Blackburn Award for born bad
2004 Olivier Award for Most Promising Newcomer for born bad
2012 Best Single Drama BAFTA Awards for random
2016 Audio and Radio Industry Award (ARIA) for Best Audio Dramatisation for Lament

References

External links
 "debbie tucker green" at Royal Court
 "Debbie Tucker Green" at The Agency.

British dramatists and playwrights
Living people
British women film directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Black British women writers
21st-century British women writers
Black British filmmakers

Debbie tucker green


tert-Butyl alcohol is the simplest tertiary alcohol, with a formula of (CH3)3COH (sometimes represented as t-BuOH). Its isomers are 1-butanol, isobutanol, and butan-2-ol. tert-Butyl alcohol is a colorless solid, which melts near room temperature and has a camphor-like odor.  It is miscible with water, ethanol and diethyl ether.

Natural occurrence
tert-Butyl alcohol has been identified in beer and chickpeas. It is also found in cassava, which is used as a fermentation ingredient in certain alcoholic beverages.

Preparation
tert-Butyl alcohol is derived commercially from isobutane as a coproduct of propylene oxide production. It can also be produced by the catalytic hydration of isobutylene, or by a Grignard reaction between acetone and methylmagnesium chloride.

Purification cannot be performed by simple distillation due to formation of an azeotrope with water, although initial drying of the solvent containing large amounts of water is performed by adding benzene to form a tertiary azeotrope and distilling off the water.   Smaller amounts of water are removed by drying with calcium oxide (CaO), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), followed by fractional distillation. Anhydrous tert-butyl alcohol is obtained by further refluxing and distilling from magnesium activated with iodine, or alkali metals such as sodium or potassium.  Other methods include the use of 4 Å molecular sieves, aluminium tert-butylate, calcium hydride (CaH2), or fractional crystallization under inert atmosphere.

Applications
tert-Butyl alcohol is used as a solvent, ethanol denaturant, paint remover ingredient, and gasoline octane booster and oxygenate.  It is a chemical intermediate used to produce methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) by reaction with methanol and ethanol, respectively, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) by reaction with hydrogen peroxide.

Reactions
As a tertiary alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol is more resistant to oxidation than the other isomers of butanol.

tert-Butyl alcohol is deprotonated with a strong base to give the alkoxide. Particularly common is potassium tert-butoxide, which is prepared by treating tert-butanol with potassium metal.
K + t-BuOH → t-BuO−K+ +  H2
The tert-butoxide is a strong, non-nucleophilic base in organic chemistry. It readily abstracts acidic protons from substrates, but its steric bulk inhibits the group from participating in nucleophilic substitution, such as in a Williamson ether synthesis or an SN2 reaction.

tert-Butyl alcohol reacts with hydrogen chloride to form tert-butyl chloride.

O-Chlorination of tert-butyl alcohol with hypochlorous acid to give tert-butyl hypochlorite:
(CH3)3COH  +  HOCl  →   (CH3)3COCl  +  H2O

Pharmacology and toxicology
There is limited data on the pharmacology and toxicology of tert-butanol in humans and other animals.  Human exposure may occur due to fuel oxygenate metabolism.  Tert-butanol is poorly absorbed through skin but rapidly absorbed if inhaled or ingested.  Tert-butanol is irritating to skin or eyes.  Toxicity of single doses is usually low but high doses can produce a sedative or anesthetic effect.

References

External links

Alcohol solvents
Tertiary alcohols
Oxygenates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Glycine receptor agonists
Sedatives
Hypnotics
Alkanols
Tert-butyl compounds

Tert-Butyl alcohol


A Night to Remember is a 1958 British drama movie. The movie was adapted from Walter Lord's book of the same name.

Plot
The RMS Titanic is christened for its maiden voyage. Passengers and crew get on board the ship. The ship departs from port on April 10, 1912 and heads out into sea.

The ship receives a number of ice warnings from other ships. However, only a few of the messages are sent to Captain Edward J. Smith. The captain does not slow down the ship, or consider an alternate route.

Late on Sunday, April 14, one of the lookouts sees an iceberg in front of the ship. Titanic turns hard to port and tries to avoid the iceberg. But the ship eventually hits the iceberg on its starboard side. The first five compartments, below the waterline, are ripped open. Thomas Andrews, the ship's maker, inspects the damage. He then learns the ship will sink within two hours. Making matters worse, the ship does not have enough lifeboats for all the people aboard.

A distress signal is sent out. The radio operator on the RMS Carpathia hears the distress call, understands the emergency and alerts Captain Arthur Rostron. Rostron, right away, orders the Carpathia to head to the Titanic at full speed. But unfortunately, it will take four hours to reach the Titanic.

Captain Smith orders Officers William Murdoch and Charles Lightoller to begin lowering the lifeboats. Women and children are let on the boats first. However, the women and children are not that happy about getting into the lifeboats. They are then forced into the boats by officers.

The Carpathia is racing to the Titanic site. Before Carpathia can get there, though, Titanic sinks.

On the Carpathia, Lightoller is told by Rostron that only 705 people have survived. They have only passed one body.

Cast

 Kenneth More as Second Officer Charles Lightoller
 Ronald Allen as Mr. Clarke (Mr. John Chapman)
 Robert Ayers as Arthur Godfrey Peuchen
 Honor Blackman as Mrs. Liz Lucas
 Anthony Bushell as Captain Arthur Rostron
 John Cairney as Mr. Murphy
 Jill Dixon as Mrs. Clarke (Mrs. Sarah Chapman)
 Jane Downs as Mrs. Sylvia Lightoller
 James Dyrenforth as Colonel Archibald Gracie IV
 Michael Goodliffe as shipbuilder Thomas Andrews
 Kenneth Griffith as Wireless Operator Jack Phillips
 Harriette Johns as Lady Richard (Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon)
 Frank Lawton as J. Bruce Ismay
 Richard Leech as First Officer William Murdoch
 David McCallum as Assistant Wireless Operator Harold Sydney Bride
 Alec McCowen as Wireless Operator Harold Thomas Cottam, SS Carpathia
 Geoffrey Bayldon as Wireless Operator Cyril Evans, SS Californian
 Tucker McGuire as Mrs. Margaret 'Molly' Brown
 John Merivale as Robbie Lucas
 Ralph Michael as Jay Yates
 Laurence Naismith as Captain Edward J. Smith
 Russell Napier as Captain Stanley Lord
 Redmond Phillips as Mr. Hoyle
 George Rose as Chief Baker Charles Joughin
 Joseph Tomelty as Dr. William O'Loughlin
 Patrick Waddington as Sir Richard (Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon)
 Jack Watling as Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall
 Michael Bryant as Sixth Officer James Moody
 Cyril Chamberlain as Quartermaster Rowe
 Richard Clarke as Martin Gallagher
 Bee Duffell as Mrs. Farrell
 Harold Goldblatt as Benjamin Guggenheim
 Gerald Harper as Third Officer, SS Carpathia
 Thomas Heathcote as Steward
 Andrew Keir as Second Engineer Officer John Henry 'Harry' Hesketh
 Patrick McAlinney as Mr. James Farrell
 Howard Pays as Fifth Officer Harold Lowe
 Harold Siddons as Second Officer Herbert Stone, SS Californian
 Charles Belchier as Bandleader Wallace Hartley (uncredited)
 Teresa Thorne as Miss Edith Russell (uncredited)
 Howard Lang as Chief Officer Henry Wilde (uncredited)
 Sean Connery as Steerage passenger (uncredited)
 John Moulder Brown as boy (uncredited)
 Henry Campbell as William T. Stead (uncredited)
 Larry Taylor as bearded seaman (uncredited)
 Julian Somers as Mr. Bull
 Rosamund Greenwood as Mrs. Bull (uncredited)

Historical inaccuracies
As with many Titanic movies made prior to 1985, this movie shows Titanic sinking in one piece. But in reality, the ship broke in two before sinking.

Reception
The movie won several awards, including a Golden Globe Award for Best English-Language Foreign Film.

References

Bibliography

Other websites

 A Night to Remember an essay by Michael Sragow at the Criterion Collection

RMS Titanic
1958 drama movies
British drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Roy Ward Baker

A Night to Remember (movie)


Hell in the Pacific is a 1968 World War II film directed by John Boorman and starring Lee Marvin and Toshirō Mifune, the only two actors in the film. It is based on the importance of human contact and the bond that can form between enemies if lacking other contact.

Plot
Two World War II servicemen, one American (Lee Marvin) and one Japanese (Toshiro Mifune), are stranded on an uninhabited Pacific island. The Japanese soldier suddenly discovers a military plane crash kit near his camp. The American, who survived the plane crash, watches him salvage the kit and confronts him on the beach. Both men have visions of getting beaten to death by the other, but in reality they only make aggressive gestures. The American notices that the Japanese has a small reservoir of drinking water and makes a dash to drink some, but is run off into the jungle. The Japanese sets fire to the jungle, smoking out the American. After chasing him off again, he wades out into the water to check his fishing trap. While his back is turned, the American makes another run for the drinking water, eventually stealing some and running off.

The next day, the American tries to steal more water, but is caught and falls on the reservoir, destroying it. After escaping, he destroys the fish trap, makes noises and plays tricks on the Japanese. After urinating on him from the cliff above, he is chased into the jungle by the infuriated Japanese, but collapses from dehydration. The Japanese takes him prisoner, binds his arms to a log and makes him walk back and forth in the sand. Eventually, the American escapes, surprises the Japanese and then binds him to the log and makes him walk back and forth in the sand. After getting frustrated trying to cook a meal, the American cuts the Japanese loose so that he can do the cooking. They cease hostilities and share chores and food from then on.

Later, the American notices the Japanese trying to build a raft. He scolds him for stealing "his" log to make the raft and for being sneaky about its construction. After observing what a poor attempt the raft is, he gets the idea that they should build a better one together. They argue over the design, but eventually work together and build a large raft. After setting sail and overcoming the strong waves of the reef, they hit open water.

Days later, they come upon a new set of islands, on one of which there appears to be an abandoned base. The Japanese takes the lead, since he recognizes it as a Japanese base. The American then spots American supplies and runs after him, imploring any soldiers who might hear to not fire because the Japanese is his "friend". At one point, startled by running into his friend, the American exclaims in relief, "for a moment there, I thought you were a Jap". Realizing that the base truly is abandoned, they rummage around for useful items and luxuries, eventually finding shaving supplies, a bottle of wine, cigarettes and an issue of Life magazine.

That night, each seeing the other clean shaven for the first time, they drink sake together, sing songs and tell each other stories, despite the language barrier. Casually, the Japanese picks up and looks through a Life magazine and is horrified to see photos of dead and imprisoned Japanese soldiers. The American gets upset that the Japanese is not answering a question about whether the Japanese believe in God and the two angrily glare at one another, too upset to notice the increasingly loud sounds of the island being shelled. The Japanese stands up and walks a few paces away and the American gets up and kicks over the campfire. As the Japanese turns and walks back, a shell hits the building that they are in and destroys it. In the alternative ending (available on home video releases), no shell hit occurs and the two men are shown going their separate ways.

Cast
 Lee Marvin as American Pilot
 Toshirō Mifune as Captain Tsuruhiko Kuroda

Production notes
The film contains little dialogue, and much like its predecessor – the film None but the Brave – is not dubbed or sub-titled, thus authentically portraying the frustration of restricted communication between the Japanese- and English-speaker. The film was entirely shot in the Rock Islands of Palau in the north Pacific Ocean, near the Philippines in the Philippine Sea.

The film was originally released with a rather abrupt ending, one that left many dissatisfied with the outcome of the struggle these men endured. The subsequent DVD release has an alternative ending, which while leaving the eventual destiny of the two ambiguous, was more in line with the overall direction of the film.

Both actors served for their respective countries during the Pacific War. Marvin, who was in the US Marines, was wounded and received the Purple Heart during the Battle of Saipan in 1944. Mifune served in the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service.

Box office
The film earned rentals of $1.33 million in North America and $1.9 million elsewhere. Because of the high costs involved, by 1973 the movie had recorded a loss of $4,115,000, making it one of the biggest money losers in the short history of ABC films.

Critical reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 67% of 18 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 6.5/10. A.H. Weiler of The New York Times wrote, "[The film] grapples with the arresting relationships of character, communication and survival, but succeeds only fitfully in dramatically projecting these elemental qualities."

See also
 Enemy Mine, a 1985 film with a similar plot in a space war setting
 List of American films of 1968

References

External links

1968 films
1960s war drama films
1960s Japanese-language films
American war drama films
Anti-war films about World War II
Films about shot-down aviators
Pacific War films
1960s war adventure films
American World War II films
Films directed by John Boorman
Films set in Oceania
Films set on uninhabited islands
Films shot in Palau
Films scored by Lalo Schifrin
Two-handers
Cinerama Releasing Corporation films
American war adventure films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Hell in the Pacific


Radio Data System is a communication protocol that allows to send small amounts of digital information in a common FM radio broadcast. Aside from time and date, this commonly is the name of the station, or information about the program that is currently broadcast. First tests were done in 1983 and 1984, the standard was officially introduced in 1988.

The following types of information can be sent:

 Programme Service name, usually the station name. There's a short version (with 8 alphanumeric characters), and a long version (16 characters, UTF-8)
 Programme type: One of 16 possible types, for example news, or pop
 PTY-31 allows to switch to a mode for emergency messages. Newer receivers often disregard this; as it was never used correctly
 Traffic Programme: If enabled, the station also carries messages about read traffic
 Traffic Announcement: Traffic announcements are flagged
 Enhanced Other Networks: If this channel doesn't offer traffic info, it is possible to switch to another channel for traffic information
 Traffic Message Channel: Coded messages about traffic, to be displayed in a GPS or navigation device
 Alternative Frequency: Broadcast another frequency for the current programme

It is possible to transmit Radio Text. In theory, it is possible to transmit 64 characters per line.

Radio technology

Radio Data System


Roman Hoffstetter (born 24 April 1742, in Laudenbach, near Bad Mergentheim, Germany; died: 21 May (Baker's) or June (New Grove 2nd) 1815, in Miltenberg-am-Main, Germany; alternative spelling Romanus Hoffstetter) was a classical composer and Benedictine monk who also admired Joseph Haydn almost to the point of imitation. Hoffstetter wrote "everything that flows from Haydn's pen seems to me so beautiful and remains so imprinted on my memory that I cannot prevent myself now and again from imitating something as well as I can."

In 1965, the musicologist Alan Tyson (with H.C. Robbins Landon) published the finding that the entire set of six String Quartets long-admired as Haydn's Op. 3, including the Andante cantabile of No. 5 in F Major known as Haydn's Serenade, were actually by Roman Hoffstetter.  Further discoveries have purported to establish Hoffstetter's authorship of the first two of the six quartets, but not the other four.

Little is known about his early training or life, though it is likely that he came from a musical family. He was a twin; the other was Johann Urban Alois Hoffstetter, who became director of the Franconian province of the Teutonic Order and also a small-time composer. Hoffstetter took his vows as Pater Romanus at the Benedictine monastery in Amorbach on 5 June 1763, and was ordained a priest on 10 September 1766. He succeeded in due time to the position of Regens chori (choir director), also functioning as an organist and on-call parish priest for smaller churches in the Odenwald region, although his principal position at the monastery was as culinary overseer (Küchenmeister). The majority of works written for Amorbach were lost in the dissolution of the monastery library by French forces in 1803.  Following the secularization of Amorbach in 1803, Hoffstetter retired – almost completely deaf and blind – to Miltenberg-am-Main with his abbot, Benedikt Kuelsheimer. He died there 12 years later.

Hoffstetter's music has the virtue of being memorable, with clear-cut themes that stay in the memory and make it easy to follow the musical development. Besides his string quartets (which have had to be carefully researched for stylistic earmarks that distinguish them clearly from Haydn), Hoffstetter composed at least ten Masses (several of which are preserved at the Archdiocesian Archives in Würzburg), as well as a number of smaller church works, including a lost Miserere on which he collaborated with Swedish-German composer Joseph Martin Kraus (1756–1792). The three viola concertos, one of which is actually a double concerto for viola and violoncello, were once offered for sale by the German firm of Breitkopf, but recent research has determined that these were actually composed by Kraus, not Hoffstetter, as the autograph of one of them in the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek clearly shows.

Hoffstetter is best known for his friendship with Kraus, who was born in nearby Miltenberg-am-Main. Their friendship began as early as 1774 and continued through Kraus's appointment as court composer to Swedish King Gustav III, and on through to Kraus's death. Hoffstetter corresponded with both Kraus, and his early biographer, Swedish diplomat Fredrik Samuel Silverstolpe, who put him in touch with his idol, Haydn. Nine of these letters, written in 1800 to 1802, have been preserved in Silverstolpe's collection at Uppsala University library. [Unverricht, H. "Die Beide Hoffstetter," 1968]

Literature
Marshall J. Fine: The viola concertos of Fr. Roman Hofstetter, OSB. A new edition based on the manuscripts found at the University of Lund. UMI Publications, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1990
Hubert Unverricht: Beiträge zur Mittelrheinischen Musikgeschichte. Bd 10. Die beiden Hoffstetter. Zwei Komponistenporträts mit Werkverzeichnissen. Schott, Mainz 1968,
L. Somfai: Zur Echtheitsfrage des Haydnschen op. 3. Haydn-Jahrbuch III, 1965.

References

External links

1742 births
1815 deaths
German composers
German Benedictines
String quartet composers
People from Rhein-Neckar-Kreis

Roman Hoffstetter


Priority review is a program of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to expedite the review process for drugs that are expected to have a particularly great impact on the treatment of a disease. The priority review voucher program is a program that grants a voucher for priority review to a drug developer as an incentive to develop treatments for disease indications with limited profitability.

Priority review vouchers are currently earned by pharmaceutical companies for the development and approval of drugs treating neglected tropical diseases, rare pediatric diseases, and "medical countermeasures" for terrorism. The voucher can be used for future drugs that could have wider indications for use, but the company is required to pay a fee (approximately $2.8 million) to use the voucher.

When seeking approval for a drug, manufacturers can apply to the FDA for priority review. This is granted when a drug is intended to treat a serious condition and would "provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness" over currently available treatments. A priority review voucher can be used when a drug does not fit these requirements, but the company wishes to expedite the review process.

In 2007, Title XI of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 created the priority review voucher program for neglected tropical diseases. This was extended in 2012 by the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act to include rare pediatric diseases. The act built upon the tropical disease system and made amendments including a shorter notification to the FDA before exercising a voucher, a designation system so that early in the drug development cycle sponsors may use the possibility of earning a voucher in their valuation of their company, a requirement of a marketing plan and reporting of marketing, and indefinite transferability of the voucher. In 2016, medical countermeasures were added to the program.

Priority review
Prior to approval, each drug marketed in the United States must go through a detailed FDA review process.  In 1992, under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), FDA agreed to specific goals for improving the drug review time and created a two-tiered system of review times – standard review and priority review.

A priority review designation is given to drugs that offer major advances in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. The 2002 amendments to PDUFA set a goal that a standard review of a new drug application be accomplished within a ten-month time frame. The FDA goal for completing a priority review is six months. Priority review status can apply both to drugs that are used to treat serious diseases and to drugs for less serious illnesses.

The distinction between priority and standard review times is that additional FDA attention and resources will be directed to drugs that have the potential to provide significant advances in treatment. Such advances can be demonstrated by, for example:
evidence of increased effectiveness in treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease; elimination or substantial reduction of a treatment-limiting drug reaction; documented enhancement of patient willingness or ability to take the drug according to the required schedule and dose; or evidence of safety and effectiveness in a new subpopulation, such as children.

A request for Priority Review must be made by the drug company. It does not affect the length of the clinical trial period. FDA determines within 45 days of the drug company's request whether a priority or standard review designation will be assigned.  Designation of a drug as "priority" does not alter the scientific/medical standard for approval or the quality of evidence necessary. Safety requirements for a priority review are equal to that of a standard review.

The amendment can be found on page 150 of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007.

Priority review voucher program

The statute authorizes the FDA to award a priority review voucher to the sponsor (manufacturer) of a newly approved drug or biologic that targets a neglected tropical disease or a rare pediatric disease.  The provision applies to New Drug Applications (NDAs), Biological License Applications (BLAs) and 505(b)(2) applications. The voucher, which is transferable and can be sold, entitles the bearer to a priority review for another product.

Under current Prescription Drug User Fee Act targets, the FDA aims to complete and act upon reviews of priority drugs within six months instead of the standard ten-month review period. Actual FDA review timelines, however, can be longer than the target PDUFA review periods, particularly for new products that haven't previously been approved for any indications.  Economists at Duke University, who published on this concept in 2006, estimated that priority review can cut the FDA review process from an average of 18 months down to six months, shortening by as much as a full year the time it takes for the company's drug to reach the market.

An intangible benefit of the voucher is the value created for a company if the faster review provides them "first mover advantage," allowing the voucher holder's product to be introduced ahead of a similar, competing product. By taking advantage of existing market forces, patients in the developing world can have faster access to lifesaving products that may not otherwise be developed. And sponsors of neglected disease drugs can be rewarded for their innovations

Sponsors must inform the FDA of their intention to use a priority review voucher 90 days before submission. Before the Adding Ebola to the FDA Priority Review Voucher Program Act in 2014, this requirement was 365 days, which was a hindrance to the process of speedy review, as companies do not typically determine when drugs will be submitted until the results of safety studies are available.

Companies may also sell vouchers to other drug companies. Thus far, priority review vouchers have sold for $50–350 million.

Cost
Companies that use the voucher will be required to pay a supplemental priority review user fee to ensure that the FDA can recoup the costs incurred by the agency for the faster review, in addition to the fee for standard review of drugs. The additional user fee also aims to ensure that the new program will not slow the progress of other products awaiting FDA review. The cost has decreased dramatically from over $5 million in 2012. For the fiscal year 2018, this fee is $2.8 million.

Uses of the priority review program
As of 2017, fourteen priority review vouchers have been awarded, four for tropical diseases, and ten for rare pediatric diseases. The first priority review voucher was awarded in 2009 to Novartis for its approval of Coartem. The next voucher was not awarded until 2012.

Extensions

Extension to rare pediatric diseases
In 2012, President Obama signed into law the FDA Safety and Innovation Act which includes Section 908, the "Rare Pediatric Disease Priority Review Voucher Incentive Program". Section 529 extends the voucher program to rare pediatric diseases, but only on a trial basis. After the third voucher is awarded, the Comptroller General of the United States is to conduct a study on the effectiveness of the pediatric priority review voucher program.

The pediatric voucher program includes changes to the voucher program. First, the pediatric treatment developer can ask the FDA in advance for an indication of whether the disease qualifies as a rare, pediatric disease.

The awardee must market the drug within 365 days of approval, or the voucher may be revoked. Within five years of approval, the manufacturer must submit a report containing information on the estimated population in the United States suffering from the rare pediatric disease, the estimated demand in the United States for such rare pediatric disease product, and the actual amount of such rare pediatric disease product distributed in the United States.

The Advancing Hope Act of 2016 reauthorized the program until December 31, 2016 and instructed the GAO to compile a report on the effectiveness of the program.

Extension to ebola virus
In December 2014, the Senate approved a bill that would add the Ebola virus to the Priority Review Voucher List. The bill, S. 2917—Adding Ebola to the FDA Priority Review Voucher Program Act, was introduced by Senator Tom Harkin on November 12, 2014. President Obama signed it on December 16, and it became Public Law 113-233. Forty-five Senators cosponsored the bill (26 Democrats and 19 Republicans). This act also eliminated the differences between tropical disease and pediatric disease vouchers, but allowing both to be sold an unlimited number of times and be used after a 90-day notification period to the FDA.

On a technical level, S. 2917 added "Filoviruses" to the priority review list. The Ebola virus is a type of Filovirus. According to the Congressional Budget Office, enactment of the law does not have an effect on the federal budget.

Extension for medical countermeasures
The Senate's Medical Countermeasure Innovation Act of 2016 proposed adding a new category of drugs to the priority review voucher program. In 2016, it was confirmed that the approval of drugs for medical countermeasures would be eligible to earn a priority review voucher. Medical countermeasures are drugs to "prevent or treat harm from a biological, chemical, radiological or nuclear agent identified as a material threat".

Proposed adoption by European Medicines Agency
Writing in The Lancet, David Ridley and Alfonso Calles Sánchez proposed extending the voucher to the European Union. The proposed EU voucher would provide priority regulatory review through the European Medicines Agency, as well as accelerated pricing and reimbursement decisions by EU member states.

Secondary market
Because Priority Review Vouchers (PRVs) may be sold, a secondary market for the vouchers has emerged, and their value has increased, although the market for the vouchers is limited. Companies use the sale of PRVs to recoup expenses undertaken for drug research and development. A 2015 Wall Street Journal article raised concerns about the sale of these vouchers, given that they "require the FDA to shorten its decision deadline to six months from the standard 10 months—potentially giving companies an extra four months' worth of sales," but also noted that a voucher is not a guarantee of FDA approval for a drug.

In 2014, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi purchased a PRV that BioMarin had won for a recent rare disease drug approval for $67.5 million; the voucher cut four months off the regulatory review time for alirocumab and was part of their strategy to beat Amgen to market with the first approval of a PCSK9 inhibitor. In 2015, Retrophin sold a PRV to Sanofi for around $245 million, and later the same year, United Therapeutics Corp. sold a PRV for a drug for a rare pediatric disease to AbbVie Inc. for $350 million. In 2016–2018, the value of a voucher ranged from $125 million to $200 million, down from its peak in 2015.

Diseases targeted
The eligible tropical diseases include the following:

Pediatric rare diseases are any disease that primarily affects people under the age of 18 and affects 200,000 or fewer people in the United States.
Medical countermeasures are drugs to be used "in the event of a public health emergency stemming from a terrorist attack with a biological, chemical, or radiological/nuclear material, a naturally occurring emerging disease, or a natural disaster."

Limitations
Critics have claimed a number of issues with the priority review program. First, the priority review voucher might be too small or too large to encourage drug development. It may be too small because tropical diseases with incredible burdens can be presumed to merit more resources. This is likely not the case for pediatric rare diseases, some drugs are developed for pediatric use through expansion of adult drug research for similar conditions. The priority review voucher might be too large, if it rewards research which would have been done anyway, or research with low value.

The priority review voucher may tax FDA resources. To mitigate this, use of the priority review voucher includes an extra fee paid by manufacturers to the FDA and requires that voucher bearers provide FDA with 90 days' notice before using a voucher.

Critics of the FDA allege that priority review might not be safe. Priority review should not, however, be confused with accelerated approval or fast track designation. Priority review does not omit safety or efficacy studies or require approval within a given time frame. It sets a target of 6 rather than 10 months for FDA review. Nevertheless, a study in 2008 claimed that new molecular entities approved in the two months before the first review deadlines showed a higher rate of postmarketing safety problems than drugs approved at other times. Nardinelli and colleagues (2008) of the FDA, however, wrote that they were not able to replicate the findings and that the findings might be driven by HIV-AIDS therapies. Following the Nardinelli piece, Carpenter acknowledged several errors in their data set and demonstrated errors in the FDA's and Nardinelli's data; Carpenter and colleagues report that the original associations between last-minute approvals and safety problems hold.

There have also been complaints that the priority review voucher encourages innovation, but does not pay for access to existing therapies. Funding from governments or foundations might be needed to purchase treatments for poor people. Aidan Hollis of the University of Calgary has commented that the proposal does not address "the access problem, but helps to increase incentives through creating distortions in markets in developed countries". This is entirely a separate issue from the promotion of research intended by the priority review program.

News and reaction
According to Bill Gates,

See also
 FDA Fast Track Development Program
 Breakthrough therapy

References

External links
 Priority review voucher page published by one of the Duke authors of the voucher
 "FDA to aid tropical disease research" at the Financial Times in 2008
 Optional Rewards for New Drugs for Developing Countries, a critique from the WHO's Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health (CIPIH)
 SEC. 524. (21 USC §360n) Text of the amendment
 Rare Pediatric Disease Priority Review Vouchers from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2019

Tropical diseases
Food and Drug Administration
Pharmaceutical regulation in the United States

Priority review


Spencer Aaron Albee (born May 31, 1976) is an American musician, singer and songwriter from Portland, Maine. Albee has been a wart on the Portland music scene for over two decades. Previously, Albee fronted As Fast As and was the keyboardist and backup singer for the band Rustic Overtones. Albee released the solo album Spencer in July 2013.

Early life
Albee was born in Dover, New Hampshire, and raised in the town of York, Maine, where he was influenced at an early age by his grandfather, a banjo player and music enthusiast. Early groups that influenced Albee included Paul McCartney, Harry Nilsson, Brian Wilson and David Bowie. In particular, Beatles bass player Paul McCartney left an indelible mark on Albee's musical development.

Albee was first introduced to the piano by his parents, and without much formal training picked up the instrument mostly by ear. From there he dabbled in guitar (playing right-handed despite being a natural lefty), bass, tuba, recorder, harmonica, and accordion. He also developed his voice by singing in his school's chorus.

Musical career
At the age of 18, Albee dropped out of the University of Southern Maine to join the regionally popular Rustic Overtones as their keyboard player. His relationship with the band would last several years and give him the opportunity to work with the likes of David Bowie, Funkmaster Flex and Imogen Heap.

After Rustic Overtones broke up, Albee formed a solo effort he dubbed "The Popsicko", under the pseudonym "Frankenstein". Due to a variety of circumstances, the band Albee had assembled for the project only played a few gigs, and broke up quietly just months after inception. Albee's next endeavor was the much more successful Rocktopus, which recorded two albums and toured extensively. After the band's second album, Something Fierce, Albee changed the band's name to As Fast As. As Fast As released the critically acclaimed Open Letter to the Damned on A&M Octone Records and toured steadily behind it, crisscrossing the U.S. and Canada from 2004 to 2007.

Beginning in July 2007, Albee played with the reunited Rustic Overtones at concerts around New England following the independent release of Light at the End. On August 15, 2008, the Portland Phoenix reported that Albee had parted ways with Rustic Overtones, telling the paper, "I need a change of pace, as well as clarity and perspective. Since 1995, I've been on tour and making records constantly, and now I find myself seeking respite."

After the dissolution of As Fast As and his departure from Rustic Overtones, Albee formed Spencer and the School Spirit Mafia, and released "Candy, Cake and Ice Cream", followed by Space versus Speed's self-titled record. Then, in 2013, he released his first solo record Spencer.

In the fall of 2014 Albee released the solo EP Love is Not Enough.

His sophomore solo album Mistakes Were Made was released on April 28, 2015.

The soundtrack of Albee's song, Wait For The War, is played during the closing credits of the movie Night of the Living Deb (2015).

His third solo album Relentlessly Yours was released on May 16, 2017.

Discography
With Rustic Overtones

With Rocktopus/As Fast As

Solo

With Spencer and the School Spirit Mafia

With Space Versus Speed

With Bell Systems

With Palomino Motel

References

External links
official website
Albee's Twitter
Albee's Facebook

1976 births
American male singer-songwriters
American pop rock singers
Living people
Musicians from Portland, Maine
University of Southern Maine alumni
People from Dover, New Hampshire
Writers from Portland, Maine
People from York, Maine
Songwriters from Maine
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters

Spencer Albee


ស៊ីហ្គេមលើកទី២៧

The 27th Southeast Asian Games is scheduled to be held in Naypyidaw, the new capital of Myanmar, as well as in other main cities, Yangon, Mandalay and Ngwesaung Beach.

The Southeast Asian Games Federation (SEAGF) Council met in Jakarta on 31 May 2010 unanimously agreed to award the Myanmar Olympic Committee the right to host the 27th edition of the games.

Official website of the Olympic Council of Asia also approved the fact that Myanmar will host the 27th Southeast Asian Games in its news launched on 7 June 2010. ASEAN Football Federation (AFF)'s official website also announced that Myanmar will host the games.  Myanmar had already hosted the Games in 1961 and 1969 respectively in Yangon, the then capital of Myanmar. This will be the third time that Myanmar will host the Southeast Asian Games. Singapore withdrew its hosting rights due to expected delays in the completion of its new national stadium.

ប្រទេសម្ចាស់ផ្ទះ

Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines and Thailand have revealed their intentions to host the Games.  However, since they hosted the 2003, 2005 and 2007 editions, respectively, these countries are ineligible to host this edition.

By the time that Myanmar will host the games, the country will hold the largest time interval of hosting the games, spanning a time of 44 years.

វិញ្ញាសាកីឡា
Myanmar will host 33 sports, less than the number of sport in 2011 Southeast Asian Games in Indonesia. Organizers did not nominate the sports of beach volleyball and dancesports, because they considered those uniforms unsuitable for Burmese women. Tennis and Gymnastics, are Olympic sports not to be played in December. The following sports below are calendared for the 2013 Southeast Asian Games.

រូបតុក្កតាដំណាង

The official mascot of the 2013 Southeast Asian Games is a couple of owls which are considered lucky charms in Myanmar tradition. The male owl is called Shwe Yoe and female owl is called Ma Moe.

មេដៃ
Myanmar will award total 1557 medals; gold 460,silver 460 and bronze 637 to athletes. Athletics will award 46 gold medals with maximum ones in this year SEA Games.

 Diving
 Swimming
 Water polo (Men)

 ¹
 ʰ

 ³
 ¹

 ¹
 ²
 ʰ
 ²
 ²

 ¹

 Indoor
 ²

 ¹

¹ – not an official Olympic Sport.
² – sport played only in the SEAG.
³ – not a traditional Olympic nor SEAG Sport and introduced only by the host country.
° – a former official Olympic Sport, not applied in previous host countries and was introduced only by the host country.
ʰ- sport not played in the previous edition and was reintroduced by the host country.

ប្រទេសចូលរួម

បញ្ហាចំរូងចំរាស់

 The inclusion of Chinlone, a traditional Burmese sport and the exclusion of Olympic sports like gymnastics and tennis became one of the controversial issues heading before the 27th Southeast Asian Games.
 The host nation also include Sittuyin, a traditional Burmese chess, as a traditional chess number along with common chess competition number. Other competing nations are not familiar with this traditional Burmese chess and clearly Myanmar has advantage in this number. It is suspected as the host effort to boost their gold medals opportunity.
 Due to the reduction of a number of Olympic sports and addition of non-Olympic sports and sports wherein the host country excels, the Philippines decided to send only its top athletes instead of a full-house delegation as in the previous games. The Philippines will be sending 208 athletes only, the smallest delegation since the 1999 Brunei SEA Games.

សិទ្ធិផ្សាយតាមប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយ

ឯកសារយោង

តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ
 27th Southeast Asian Games official website
 World Muay Thai Federation on 27th SEA Games

ស៊ីហ្គេមលើកទី២៧


Sir William Davenant was an English poet and playwright. There were also rumours about Davenant being a bastard son of William Shakespeare though they have not been proven.

Early Life
Davenant was born in 1606 and (according to John Aubrey) Shakespeare was his godfather. Shakespeare died in 1616 when Davenant was 10 years old. Two years later, Davenant wrote a poem about remembering Shakespeare but he only published as an adult. Davenant was taught to become a playwright by Ben Jonson and was known for a play called Madagascar. After Jonson died, King Charles I appointed Davenant as poet laureate.

English Civil War
When Oliver Cromwell led a rebellion against King Charles, William Davenant fought against Cromwell so Charles gave Davenant a knighthood and called him Sir William Davenant. Davenant also got military supplies from France to England. After Charles was overthrown and his head cut off, Charles's wife Henrietta Maria ran away to her brother Louis XIII in France and her son and Sir William Davenant came with her. Henrietta Maria appointed Davenant governor of Maryland to give him an excuse to sail to North America and convince people there to fight for them against Cromwell. But on the way there Davenant was captured and brought to England. Cromwell wanted to kill Davenant but Davenant's friend John Milton asked Cromwell not to do that so Cromwell locked Davenant in the Tower of London.

Interregnum
Cromwell eventually released Sir William Davenant from the Tower and Davenant found out that Cromwell had banned public performance of plays. So Sir William Davenant turned his own home into a private theatre and since people weren't writing plays at the time, most of the plays he put on were the ones by William Shakespeare.

The Restoration
When Charles II became king of England, he was going to kill John Milton for having been a supporter of Oliver Cromwell but Davenant convinced Charles not to do that. Then Charles unbanned plays so Sir William Davenant, who was again poet laureate, started his own theatre. At the time Davenant mostly did Shakespeare plays and a lot of other people ended up doing the same thing. Then Davenant decided to start having female characters be played by actresses. Davenant also tried to modernize some Shakespeare plays after plays by other people started to become popular.

Death
After Davenant died, King Charles II appointed Davenant's friend John Dryden as poet laureate.

John Aubrey
In his biography of William Shakespeare, John Aubrey said that he got information from Sir William Davenant and his brother because they knew Shakespeare as children. And in his biography of Davenant, Aubrey said that Shakespeare was Davenant's godfather and that Davenant was said to write with the same spirit as Shakespeare did. Aubrey also wrote that when Davenant was drunk, he told his friend Samuel Butler that he would be happy if people thought he was the actual son of Shakespeare even if led to his mother being called "a whore".

Son of Shakespeare Theory
There is a lot of debate about if Davenant were actually the son of Shakespeare or not. Some people think he was and some think he wasn't.

English poets
1606 births
1660s deaths

William Davenant


Bathgate is a town in West Lothian, Scotland, 5 miles (8 km) west of Livingston and adjacent to the M8 motorway. Nearby towns are Armadale, Blackburn, Linlithgow, Livingston, West Calder and Whitburn. Situated 2 miles (3 km) south of the ancient Neolithic burial site at Cairnpapple Hill, Bathgate and the surrounding area show signs of habitation since about 3500 BC.

References

Towns in West Lothian

Bathgate


"Captain Cook", or "Plan A: Captain Cook", is the first episode of Blackadder Goes Forth, the fourth series of the BBC sitcom Blackadder.

Plot
Blackadder and Baldrick are discussing the latter's latest feeble cunning plan: namely, Baldrick carving his name on a bullet to get around the fact that "there's a bullet with [his] name on it". Lt. George enters and provides Blackadder with a copy of the propaganda magazine King and Country, which Blackadder uses for toilet paper, and a new service revolver. Blackadder deduces from these ominous signs that an advance against the Germans is imminent, one which they will probably not survive. Baldrick suggests that they take up cooking at HQ to get out of the assault but Blackadder shoots down the idea, highlighting Baldrick's extremely poor cooking skills: among other delicacies, his "cream custard" is actually cat's vomit.

Shortly afterwards, Blackadder is called to the office of General Melchett for a special mission: Field Marshal Haig's supreme tactical plan (where the men climb out of their trenches and walk slowly towards the enemy, a plan they have used eighteen times before) is weakening the men's morale and he is in search of a way to raise their spirits. After Blackadder jokingly suggests Haig's resignation and suicide (which Melchett takes literally and notes down), he is told that they need new inspiring artwork for the front cover of King and Country. Blackadder is uninterested until he learns that the artist needs to leave the trenches for Paris, and attempts to paint a work of art by himself. He and Baldrick both fail, but when George reveals he can paint surprisingly well, Blackadder gets him to paint a picture of a British soldier (resembling Blackadder) standing next to the body of a dead nun in a ruined French village.

When Melchett and Captain Darling arrive to inspect their work, Blackadder displays his own painting "War" in place of George's. The General rejects it; George tries to protest, but he and Baldrick are only to speak when given permission by Blackadder, which the Captain refuses to grant. The next painting, Baldrick's "My Family and Other Animals", depicts vomit and is also rejected by Melchett. Blackadder proceeds to take credit for George's painting, earning himself the position of war artist.

Melchett then reveals that the King and Country cover story was just a ploy: instead of Paris, the chosen artist will in fact go into No-Man's Land and draw the enemy positions. With debatable help from George and Baldrick, he returns with a sketch illustrating immense but fictional enemy defensive capabilities, including a large number of elephants. Darling and Blackadder suggest that the push should be cancelled. Melchett responds by saying that would be exactly what the enemy would expect and therefore what they will not do, in order to make the Germans think that the British intelligence is rotten. Melchett orders the attack anyway, which Blackadder, George and Baldrick avoid by dressing up as Italian chefs and substituting themselves for Melchett's chef. After serving Baldrick's vile cuisine to Melchett and Darling, the three escape back to the trenches, where Blackadder asks Baldrick how he managed "to get so much custard out of such a small cat".

External links

Blackadder episodes
1989 British television episodes
Television shows written by Ben Elton
Cultural depictions of Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
Television shows written by Richard Curtis

Captain Cook (Blackadder)


The μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with a high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin, but a low affinity for dynorphins. They are also referred to as μ(mu)-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors. The prototypical μ-opioid receptor agonist is morphine, the primary psychoactive alkaloid in opium and for which the receptor was named, with mu being the first letter of Morpheus, the compound's namesake in the original Greek. It is an inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor that activates the Gi alpha subunit, inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity, lowering cAMP levels.

Structure
The structure of the inactive μ-opioid receptor has been determined with the antagonists β-FNA and alvimopan. Many structures of the active state are also available, with agonists including DAMGO, β-endorphin, fentanyl and morphine. The structure with the agonist BU72 has the highest resolution, but contains unexplained features that may be experimental artifacts. This large body of evidence has enabled structure-based design of a new class of opioids with functional selectivity.

Splice variants
Three variants of the μ-opioid receptor are well characterized, though reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction has identified up to 10 total splice variants in humans.

Location
They can exist either presynaptically or postsynaptically depending upon cell types.

The μ-opioid receptors exist mostly presynaptically in the periaqueductal gray region, and in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord (specifically the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando). Other areas where they have been located include the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, the nucleus accumbens, in several layers of the cerebral cortex, and in some of the nuclei of the amygdala, as well as the nucleus of the solitary tract.

Some MORs are also found in the intestinal tract. Activation of these receptors inhibits peristaltic action which causes constipation, a major side effect of μ agonists.

Activation
MOR can mediate acute changes in neuronal excitability via suppression of presynaptic release of GABA. Activation of the MOR leads to different effects on dendritic spines depending upon the agonist, and may be an example of functional selectivity at the μ-receptor.  The physiological and pathological roles of these two distinct mechanisms remain to be clarified.  Perhaps, both might be involved in opioid addiction and opioid-induced deficits in cognition.

Activation of the μ-opioid receptor by an agonist such as morphine causes analgesia, sedation, slightly reduced blood pressure, itching, nausea, euphoria, decreased respiration, miosis (constricted pupils), and decreased bowel motility often leading to constipation. Some of these effects, such as analgesia, sedation, euphoria, itching and decreased respiration, tend to lessen with continued use as tolerance develops. Miosis and reduced bowel motility tend to persist; little tolerance develops to these effects.

The canonical MOR1 isoform is responsible for morphine-induced analgesia, whereas the alternatively spliced MOR1D isoform (through heterodimerization with the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor) is required for morphine-induced itching.

Deactivation
As with other G protein-coupled receptors, signalling by the μ-opioid receptor is terminated through several different mechanisms, which are upregulated with chronic use, leading to rapid tachyphylaxis. The most important regulatory proteins for the MOR are the β-arrestins arrestin beta 1 and arrestin beta 2, and the RGS proteins RGS4, RGS9-2, RGS14, and RGSZ2.

Long-term or high-dose use of opioids may also lead to additional mechanisms of tolerance becoming involved. This includes downregulation of MOR gene expression, so the number of receptors presented on the cell surface is actually reduced, as opposed to the more short-term desensitisation induced by β-arrestins or RGS proteins. Another long-term adaptation to opioid use can be upregulation of glutamate and other pathways in the brain which can exert an opioid-opposing effect, so reduce the effects of opioid drugs by altering downstream pathways, regardless of MOR activation.

Tolerance and overdoses
Fatal opioid overdose typically occurs due to bradypnea, hypoxemia, and decreased cardiac output (hypotension occurs due to vasodilation, and bradycardia further contributes to decreased cardiac output). A potentiation effect occurs when opioids are combined with ethanol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or other central depressants which can result in rapid loss of consciousness and an increased risk of fatal overdose.

Substantial tolerance to respiratory depression develops quickly, and tolerant individuals can withstand larger doses. However, tolerance to respiratory depression is quickly lost during withdrawal and may be completely reversed within a week. Many overdoses occur in people who return to their previous dose after having lost their tolerance following cessation of opioids. This puts addicts who receive medical treatment for opioid addiction at great risk of overdose when they are released, as they may be particularly vulnerable to relapse.

Less commonly, massive overdoses have been known to cause circulatory collapse from vasodilation and bradycardia.

Opioid overdoses can be rapidly reversed through the use of opioid antagonists, naloxone being the most widely used example. Opioid antagonists work by binding competitively to µ-opioid receptors and displacing opioid agonists. Additional doses of naloxone may be necessary and supportive care should be given to prevent hypoxic brain injury by monitoring vital signs.

Tramadol and tapentadol carry additional risks associated with their dual effects as SNRIs and can cause serotonin syndrome and seizures. Despite these risks, there is evidence to suggest that these drugs have a lower risk of respiratory depression compared to morphine.

See also
 δ-opioid receptor
 κ-opioid receptor

References

External links

Opioid receptors
Human proteins

Μ-opioid receptor


Walter R. "Stubb" Ross, CM started the now-defunct airline Time Air near Lethbridge, Alberta, in 1966. He married his wife Margaret in 1953 and they had four children, Marjory, Lynn, Rod and Susan.

In 1967—the year after Ross started Lethbridge Air Service — Air Canada stopped service to the Lethbridge airport. As a result, his company was able to provide the service the larger company previously provided. He also oversaw the acquisitions of regional airlines North Canada Air and Southern Frontier Airlines. Ross worked in different capacities at the company — including selling tickets, loading cargo and piloting the planes — but was serving as chairman of the board when he retired in 1984. He died September 14, 1987.

Ross also served in several executive positions with the Air Transport Association of Canada, including two stints as chairman. He also received several awards, including the Order of Canada (1983), Lethbridge's Honorary citizen of the Year (1986), and Alberta Aviation Hall of Fame (1987). In addition, the main road at the Lethbridge County Airport, Stubb Ross Rd, is named after him.

References

Businesspeople from Alberta
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Lethbridge
Year of birth missing

Stubb Ross


Johannes Ludovicus Paquay (17 November 1828 - 1 January 1905), also known as Valentinus, was a Belgian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member from the Order of Friars Minor. He was a popular confessor and noted preacher while serving in various leadership positions in the house he was stationed in; he was also known for his popular devotion to the Eucharist and the Sacred Heart and promoted these devotions to the faithful and to his conferees alike.

Pope John Paul II beatified him in Saint Peter's Square on 9 November 2003.

Life
Johannes Ludovicus Paquay was born in Belgium on 17 November 1828 as the fifth of eleven children to Hendrik Paquay and Anne Neven.

He studied literature at the college in Tongeren - the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine managed it - and commenced his studies for the priesthood at Saint-Trond in 1845. But his father died in an unexpected twist in 1847 and he left school in order to join the Order of Friars Minor and he commenced his novitiate in Thielt on 3 October 1849. He made his perpetual profession on 4 October 1850 in the new religious name of "Valentinus" and made his profession into the hands of Father Ugoline Demont who was the head of that convent. Paquay later resumed his studies after this and was ordained to the priesthood on 10 June 1854. He was at once assigned to the Hasselt convent where he was stationed for the remainder of his life and there served as both sub-prior and prior of that house. Paquay served as the provincial definitor from 1890 until 1899 and soon became a sought after confessor and spiritual director.

The priest became noted for his ardent devotion to the Eucharist and he often prompted to his parishioners the importance of the frequent reception of the Eucharist while likewise promoting to the faithful the devotion of the Sacred Heart as well as to his fellow friars.

He died in 1905.

Beatification
The beatification process commenced in Liège in an informative process that opened in 1908 and later closed in 1910. Theologians compiled his spiritual writings and approved them to be in line with doctrine on 25 February 1920; the formal introduction to the cause came under Pope Pius XI on 22 November 1922, and Paquay was titled as a Servant of God. An apostolic process was later held from 1925 until 1926. Both processes received the validation of the Congregation of Rites on 19 July 1939. An antepreparatory congregation approved the cause on 8 May 1956 as did a preparatory one on 4 July 1967 which led to a general congregation likewise approving it on 14 July 1967; a session of the newly established Congregation for the Causes of Saints approved the cause on 8 May 1969.

The late priest was named as Venerable on 4 May 1970 after Pope Paul VI approved that the Franciscan friar had led a model life of heroic virtue. The single miracle required for beatification was investigated from 1952 to 1953 and was validated on 20 October 2000 before receiving the approval of a medical board on 18 April 2002. Theologians also approved it on 12 November 2002 as did the C.C.S. on 10 December 2002 before Pope John Paul II granted final approval for it on 20 December 2002. This allowed for the pope to celebrate his beatification on 9 November 2003 in Saint Peter's Square.

The current postulator for this cause is Fra Giovangiuseppe Califano.

Publications
 Remaclus Moonen, O.F.M., "Het leven van p. Valentinus Paquay", 1912, 12th ed. Hasselt 1991.

References

External links

Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Santi e Beati

1828 births
1905 deaths
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Belgian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Belgian Roman Catholic priests
Belgian beatified people
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Franciscans
Franciscan beatified people
People from Tongeren
Venerated Catholics

Johannes Ludovicus Paquay


Syed Ali Nawaz Shah Rizvi (born 1 January 1942) is a Pakistani politician.

Education
Rizvi was born in Mirpur Khas, Sindh. He held various representative offices of the student communities at almost all the educational institutions he attended. He was an active student leader and was the General Secretary of the Students Union at the Government College, Hyderabad and also at the Law College, Hyderabad. He has been the President of the Inter-Collegiate Body of Sindh and General Secretary of the Council of Pakistan Unity.

He was pronounced as the "Best Boy" of the Government College Hyderabad and enjoyed the honour of being the first student of the college to be elected unopposed as General Secretary of the Students Union. He was the winner of the highest award of the college-the Gentleman's Prize – and also that of the best social worker.

Political career
He joined the Pakistan Peoples Party in Hyderabad and became Divisional President of the party.

Rizvi was elected as a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh in 1977 and again in 1990. As a political activist, he was arrested several times between 1977 and 1985 for his participation in the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy in the country.

He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and was a member of the Federal Cabinet in 1989–90. He was Minister of Industries (1988).

He was also President of the PPP in Hyderabad.

He was elected as member of the Senate of Pakistan in March 1994 for a six-year term. He was a member of the Senate Standing Committees on Foreign Affairs, Kashmir Affairs and Northern Affairs and on Interior, Narcotics Control and States and Frontier Regions and also on Functional Committee on Rules of Procedure and Privileges.

As of 2008, he is a member of the Federal Council and of the Central Executive Committee of the PPP.

References

 Profile

1942 births
Living people
Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023

Syed Ali Nawaz Shah Rizvi


Caladenia lateritica, also known as white primrose orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to relatively inaccessible, high lateritic plateaux in a high rainfall area in south-western Western Australia. It is a ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and one or two white flowers on a thin, sparsely-hairy stem. It is similar to Caladenia flava but is distinguished by its fragrant white versus yellow flowers with prominent red stripes and spots on the dorsal sepal and lateral petals. Caladenia lateritica mimics  Conostylis setosa (Haemodoraceae) in terms of flowering time, height, colour and fragrance. It also shares a native bee pollinator with Conostylis setosa, which provides pollen and nectar whereas the orchid is rewardless.

Description
Caladenia lateritica is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with spheroid, annually replaced tubers situated 8–15 cm below the soil surface and forming a single, hairy, linear leaf, sometimes with purple veining below,  long and  wide.
There are up to three flowers borne on a slender, sparsely silky-hairy raceme,  tall. The sepals and petals are spreading, white with various amounts of red dots and stripes on the dorsal petal and lateral sepals. The dorsal sepal is lanceolate to broadly lanceolate,  long. The lateral sepals spathulate, broadly ovate-lanceolate and petals ovate with a single or sometimes multiple red stripes. The labellum is prominently trilobed with a raised yellow plate near the base of the middle lobe, yellow at the base, with rows of white calli extending from either side of the plate and the lateral lobes suffused with pink,  long. The column is curved over the raised central plate, yellow, with prominent, white, lateral wings.

This Caladenia is similar to C. flava fragrant white versus yellow flowers with prominent red stripes and spots on the dorsal sepal and lateral petals. It is sometimes confused with C. flava subsp. sylvestris, which flowers later and has sepals and petals that are yellow at the base.

Taxonomy and naming
The first formal description of this orchid was by Kingsley Dixon and Maarten Christenhusz in 2018, but the species was initially not adopted by Florabase.
However, this was a taxonomic confusion as the two taxa are clearly separated by flower colour, flowering time, pollinators and scent.

Distribution and habitat
Caladenia lateritica is only found on isolated lateritic plateaux south of Dwellingup and north-east of Waroona in south-western Western Australia, often forming extensive pure stands or co-occurring with Caladenia rosea. They grow in shallow lateritic regolith that overlay massive bauxite, in open woodland comprising an overstory of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), marri (Corymbia calophylla) and parrot bush (Banksia sessilis), with an understory of Conostylis setosa, Orthrosanthus laxus, Xanthorrhoea preissii, Hypocalymma robustum, Phyllanthus calycinus and Stylidium species.

Ecology
Caladenia lateritica grows with white cottonhead (Conostylis setosa, Haemodoraceae), with which it shares a similar stature, flower colour, scent and flowering time. The widespread and common Caladenia flava subsp. flava, to which this taxon has similarities, occurs rarely in the shallow soils, open forest and well drained plateau areas where C. lateritica occurs, indicating that the new taxon has an ecological preference for the unusual geology and climate of these high plateaux. Although the species may have occurred more extensively in the region, much of the suitable habitat of similar topography and geology in the 1000–1200 mm rainfall zone have been now mined or are currently being mined.

References

lateritica
Plants described in 2018
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of Western Australia

Caladenia lateritica


Mark Newell (born 19 December 1973) is a former English cricketer and current first class umpire. He was a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm bowler who played for Sussex County Cricket Club and Derbyshire County Cricket Club between 1995 and 1999. He joined the ECB panel of first class umpires in 2017.

Signing professional terms for his home county Sussex in 1994 Newell joined his elder brother Keith on the Sussex playing staff for the 1995 season having enjoyed a successful year at Lord's on the young cricketers staff.

Newell made his first class and List A debuts the following season, ignominiously bagging a pair in his first championship game at Worcester but fairing better in a Sunday League game against Derbyshire, scoring 48 in a successful run chase. It was in the short format that Newell proved most successful for Sussex averaging 35 over the course of the next two seasons for the county. The championship provided some success but no consistency of note. Three championship centuries were scored but after a career high 135 not out against Derbyshire he was dismayed to be dropped for the following match. Eventually returning to the first team, following a good innings against the touring South Africans, Newell scored one more century against Somerset before a drastic loss of form led to a justified dropping and no further appearances for the county. At the end of the season Newell declined the offer of a one year deal to seek pastures new.

A short term deal was offered by Derbyshire for the 1999 season but Newell could not produce any form for the Peakites and was subsequently released at the end of the season and played no further cricket at first class level.

Following playing retirement in 2010 after a long club cricket association with Three Bridges CC in the Sussex League he joined the panel of league umpires for 2011. Steady progression through the divisions and in national club competitions led to county 2nd team appointments, culminating in his addition to the reserve list of the first class panel in 2017. He umpired his initial first class fixture that year at Canterbury as Kent played Leeds/Bradford MCCU in a pre season friendly. 2019 saw debut appearances in all three first class competitions as his level of performance at 2nd team and Kia Super League level were well rewarded.

External links
Mark Newell at CricketArchive
 https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/mark-newell-18006

1973 births
English cricketers
Sussex cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers
Living people
Sussex Cricket Board cricketers
Buckinghamshire cricketers
English cricket umpires
Place of birth missing (living people)

Mark Newell


Pocky & Rocky 2, released in Japan as , is a shoot 'em up video game developed and published by Natsume in Japan and North America, and published in PAL regions by Ocean Software for the Super NES video game console. It is the sequel to Pocky & Rocky.

Gameplay

The game is played in a top-down view, featuring many elements from classic shoot 'em up games but giving the player free eight-directional movement. Player one controls the main protagonist, Pocky, who attacks by throwing ofuda talismans (referred to as "cards" in English versions). Pocky can pick up items to improve her attack power and new clothes to protect herself from damage, as well as throw player 2's character and use magic. Player 2 assumes a supporting role as one of Pocky's friends each possessing a unique attack and unlimited lives. If there is no second player, the supporting character will be CPU-controlled.

Pocky can use Player 2's character as a utility in various ways. Using "magic", she can force herself into her partner's mind and control their body for a short time, enabling unique abilities depending on who she possesses. Additionally, she can throw her partner at enemies to attack, doing massive damage to the enemy but temporarily killing the thrown character. This exploitation of player 2 is a departure from the previous game, in which player 1 and Player 2 had similar powers and were equally valuable.

Reception
The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game rave reviews, praising the additional characters with unique abilities, the graphics, and the gameplay design. Though one of the reviewers voiced dislike for the fact that the other characters act as mere subordinates to Pocky, they gave it a unanimous score of 8 out of 10. GamePro likewise praised the additional characters with the new strategy they add, the graphics, and the cute design. They particularly noted that "Even the tiniest animals and items display precise detail." Out of 5, the review rated it 4.5 for graphics, 3.5 for sound, 4.5 for control and 5.0 for fun factor.

VideoGames selected as a runner-up for the Best Adventure Game award. IGN ranked the game 73rd on its "Top 100 SNES Games of All Time."

References

1994 video games
Cooperative video games
Pocky & Rocky
Ocean Software games
Natsume (company) games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Video game sequels
Video games about raccoons
Video games about ninja
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in feudal Japan
Video games scored by Kinuyo Yamashita
Video games scored by Hiroyuki Iwatsuki
Video games developed in Japan
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Pocky & Rocky 2


Movable Ink is a technology company that allows marketers to change emails after they have been sent out. The technology can change emails based on the moment of engagement, the user's current location, social cues, fast-moving inventory, and it works across all email clients. Movable Ink has been called "The Harry Potter of Email" because it includes parts of code into an email's HTML that makes the content come to life and update in real-time.

Overview

Movable Ink's technology allows email marketers to pull real-time content from their websites and embed that information into emails. When recipients open the emails, they contain the most up-to-date information as well as contextual data based on a person's location, time of day, or the device they're viewing the email on. The company also offers advanced email tracking reports and real-time metrics. Companies using Movable Ink include Nordstrom, Bloomingdale's, American Eagle Outfitters and Verizon,
Movable Ink was founded by Vivek Sharma and Michael Nutt in New York City in November 2010.

Funding

In October 2011, Movable Ink received $1.3 million dollars in funding, led by Contour Ventures, Metamorphic Ventures, ff Ventures, and Kima Ventures, as well as angels Joshua Baer, Bob Pittman, Andy Russell, and Alan Laifer. In May 2013, Movable Ink received $11 million in funding led by Intel Capital, with participation from its previous investors.

References

American technology companies
2010 establishments in the United States
Companies based in New York City

Movable Ink


Sardarabad (Armenian: Սարտարապատ) is an Armenian-Argentine bilingual newspaper established in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1975. It is the official organ of the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar party) in Argentina. The name title refers to the Battle of Sardarabad of May 1918. Sardarabad is published weekly in Spanish, with a few additional pages in Armenian.

External links
Official website

Armenian Argentine
Armenian-language newspapers
Bilingual newspapers
European-Argentine culture in Buenos Aires
Weekly newspapers published in Argentina
Mass media in Buenos Aires
Armenian Democratic Liberal Party

Sardarabad (weekly)


The Circumferential Highway is the common name for a bypass route around the city of Nashua in southern New Hampshire, most of which has not yet been built. The purpose of the highway is to provide easier access to the F.E. Everett Turnpike and U.S. Route 3 in Nashua. Most of the highway is planned to be built in Hudson, with small sections also built through the towns of Litchfield and Merrimack as well as the city of Nashua.

The extant road does not have a state route designation, and is signed as "TO US 3 / Everett Turnpike" in the westbound direction and "TO NH 3A" in the eastbound direction.

Route description

The only segment that has been built is a short  interchange road between US 3, the Daniel Webster Highway, and N.H. Route 3A. This section utilizes the Sagamore Bridge, one of the two bridges over the Merrimack River connecting Hudson to Nashua. The completed section begins at US 3, has a single interchange with the D.W. Highway, crosses the river, and terminates at NH Route 3A in Hudson.

History

Justification

The Circumferential Highway has been planned since the 1950s, as the need for such a road has been apparent for a long time. To date, however, only a short  segment has been built. One of the major provisions of the plan for the highway is to provide a new crossing over the Merrimack River. Currently there are four bridges over the Merrimack River between Lowell, Massachusetts and Manchester, New Hampshire. Drivers wishing to access U.S. Route 3 from the east side of the river have the following options (listed here from south to north):
 The Tyngsborough Bridge, which provides access to US 3 via Massachusetts Route 113.
 The Sagamore Bridge, connecting the Everett Turnpike (US 3) to New Hampshire Route 3A in Hudson, with an intermediate exit at the Daniel Webster Highway in the South Nashua retail district.
 The Taylor Falls/Veterans Memorial Bridges (a.k.a. The Hudson Bridge), which puts traffic through the city streets of Nashua, such as Hollis Street and Canal Street, streets which cross several train tracks, and which lack the capacity to handle the demand.
 Raymond Wieczorek Drive via the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge to the Manchester Airport (built in 2011). This provides a connection between NH Route 3A in the southern tip of Manchester, a few miles south of Interstate 293, and the Everett Turnpike in the southern corner of Bedford, with an interchange connecting the road with US 3.

The Circumferential Highway would provide an additional river crossing between Nashua and Manchester, where one does not exist. The Sagamore Bridge crossing south of downtown Nashua was expanded and forms the only portion of the Circumferential Highway that has been constructed.

Opposition
The project has not been without controversy.  Political and environmental roadblocks have caused delays for years.  The highway would be built mostly through the town of Hudson, as well as small portions of Litchfield and Merrimack.  This would require the seizure and destruction of many homes, and the filling in of several wetlands.  A 1993 report by the EPA expressed an "intent to veto" the project as it was then planned, all but killing the full highway.  Of particular concern is the impact on the Pennichuck Brook watershed, a series of ponds and creeks along the Nashua/Merrimack border.  A second study has been ongoing since 1995, but no action has been made on it.

Additionally, despite the population boom, there may no longer be the need for the entirety of the road as planned.  The part of the highway that has been built, including the Sagamore Bridge rebuild, has bypassed the worst traffic problem, and allows easy access to U.S. 3 as well as the D.W. Highway shopping district.  Widening of Route 3A in Hudson has alleviated a lot of the traffic problem as well.  Travellers also have alternate routes, especially for longer distance north–south travel.  Drivers heading north of Manchester or south of Lowell can take I-93 to the east.  Also, US 3 in Nashua has been extensively rebuilt and widened, improving access and capacity.

Proposed alternatives
Ten different alternatives have been proposed to the road.  A brief description of some of them:

A "No Build" option, which leaves the entire situation at the current status quo.
Alternatives to the northern crossing, planned in the vicinity of the Pennichuck Watershed, by choosing a less damaging crossing site. This could possibly include crossings that do not include connections to the Everett Turnpike.
Rather than a four lane freeway, the road could be built as a "super-two" highway, with at-grade crossings, a lower speed limit, and limited driveway access.
A southern crossing that may also include the removal of the Taylor Falls/Veterans Memorial bridges connecting Hudson and Nashua. This option may alleviate much of the traffic problems, but would also generate considerable social and economic stress.

Future
Although recent road improvements have helped alleviate some of the traffic problems, other problems that the Circumferential Highway project is supposed to remedy still have not been addressed:
 There is still no river crossing between the Taylor Falls/Veterans Memorial Bridges and the Pearl Harbor Memorial bridge in Manchester.  Residents of Litchfield or Merrimack must travel  in either direction to cross the river. This has been cited as the major cause for keeping the project going despite years of historical setbacks.
 Use of the Taylor Falls/Veterans Memorial Bridges still causes problems. East Hollis Street can still be a huge traffic problem, especially with the train crossings so close to the bridge. The US 3 Exit 5 rebuild and expansion has helped access at the highway, but getting to and from the highway can still create problems.
 Though eminent domain has been cited as a possible concern, the towns of Hudson and Litchfield have specifically avoided zoning for additional construction near the proposed path of the highway. Though no official right-of-way has been established, this has created a virtual right-of-way for most of the proposed course.

As of 2013, the northern terminus plan was considered abandoned by NH-DOT. In Merrimack, former easements are being reclaimed as buildable land.

Major intersections

See also
Several other road improvement projects have been considered to complement the Circumferential Highway:
 The now completed Broad Street Parkway along a realigned NH 130 was closely tied to this project. It has been completed as a two-lane road, and allows more direct access between the northwest Nashua commercial district along Broad and Amherst streets and central Nashua, allowing drivers to bypass several congested intersections.
 Amherst Street (NH 101A) widening is included in all proposals for the Circumferential Highway.
 Raymond Wieczorek Drive, completed in 2011, is a spur off the Everett Turnpike and provides a crossing of the Merrimack River a few miles south of I-293 in Manchester.  It includes interchanges with US 3 and NH Route 3A.

References

External links

Map:
Circumferential Highway on Flickr
Nashua Circumferential Highway at BostonRoads.com
Anti-Circumferential Highway page by Hudson Alliance for Responsible Development

Circumferential Highway
Beltways in the United States
Bridges over the Merrimack River

Circumferential Highway (Nashua)


Justin Brown is an American professional aquanaut with the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW). He serves as a habitat technician at Aquarius Reef Base, the world's only undersea research laboratory.

Early life and education
Brown was born in Streator, Illinois, but moved to Central Florida while in middle school.  He received a degree in criminology from Florida State University (FSU), where he also minored in biology.  After a two-week internship at Aquarius Reef Base through FSU's Underwater Crime Scene Investigation dive classes in 2006, Brown interned for an entire semester at Aquarius and was then offered a permanent position.  He eventually became a senior member of the dive team.

Aquarius

Talacek serves as a habitat technician at Aquarius Reef Base for the National Undersea Research Center (NURC), maintaining the daily operations of Aquarius. In a July 2011 blog entry, Brown commented, "When the idea of what we do sets in I get the typical responses of 'that's the coolest job ever' or 'wow, I've never knew stuff like that existed.'"

As a habitat technician during Aquarius missions, Brown's responsibilities include habitat operations and maintenance, including carrying out dives to maintain the exterior of the habitat.  He also monitors life support systems, communicates with the crew on shore, and acts as a divemaster for the scientists aboard Aquarius.  In August 2009, during the investigation of the death of Aquarius aquanaut Dewey Smith, Brown served as safety observer in an underwater test in which the hydraulic hammer in use near Smith at the time of his fatal accident was again used underwater in the vicinity of an Inspiration closed circuit rebreather (CCR) similar to the one Smith had been using.

In June 2012, Brown took part as a habitat technician in the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations 16 (NEEMO 16) mission, one of a series of NASA-NOAA missions which use Aquarius as an analog environment for space exploration. The NEEMO 16 crew lived and worked underwater aboard Aquarius for twelve days, simulating techniques to be used by astronauts on a future mission to an asteroid.

Personal life
Brown lives in Homestead, Florida with his girlfriend and their goldendoodle. He has volunteered as a coach with the Coral Shores High School wrestling team and has run 5k, half marathon, triathlon and adventure races.

References

External links
Brown's self-profile (2012)
2010 Aquarius bio

American male triathletes
American underwater divers
Aquanauts
Florida State University alumni
Living people
People from Homestead, Florida
People from Streator, Illinois
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Year of birth missing (living people)
Professional divers

Justin Brown (aquanaut)


Anderlecht is ane o the nineteen municipalities locatit in the Brussels-Caipital Region.

Thare are several historically an airchitecturally destinct destricts athin the Anderlecht municipality.

History

Oreegins an medieval times
The first traces o human activity on the richt bank o the Senne date frae the Stane Age an Bronze Age.  The remnants o a Roman villa an o a Frankish necropolis wur an aa foond on the territory o Anderlecht.  The first mention o the name Anderlecht, housomeivver, dates anerlie frae 1047 unner the forms Anrelech, then Andrelet (1111), Andreler (1148), an Anderlech (1186).  At that time, this community wis aaready hame tae a chapter o canons an tae twa feudal manors, those o the pouerful lairds o Aa an o Anderlecht.

In 1356, Louis o Male, Coont o Flanders fought against Brussels on the territory o Anderlecht, in the so-cried Battle o Scheut, supposedly ower a monetary matter.  Although he defeatit his sister-in-law, Joanna, Duchess o Brabant, an briefly teuk her title, she regained it the follaein year wi the help o Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.  In 1393, Joanna's chairter made Anderlecht a pairt o Brussels.  It is an aa aroond this time that the kirk o Saunt Guido wis rebuilt abuin the earlier Romanesque crypt in the Brabant Gothic style.

15t century till nou
The ceety o Anderlecht became a beacon o cultur in the 15t an 16t century.  In 1521, Erasmus lived in the canons' hoose for a few months.  Charles, Duke o Aumale an Grand Veneur o Fraunce an aa haed a residence here.

The 17t an 18t century wur marked bi the wars aetween the Law Kintras an Fraunce.  On November 13, 1792, richt efter the Battle o Jemappes, General Dumouriez an the French Revolutionary airmy routit the Austrians here ance again.  Amang the consequences wur the disbandin o the canons an Anderlecht being proclaimed an independent commune bi the French.  The 19t century saw a remarkable population growth, mainly acause o the proximity tae a rapidly expandin Brussels.  Remarkable new urban developments an garden ceeties such as Het Rad an Moortenbeek wur built at the beginnin o the 20t century tae hoose the influx o newcomers.  The day, the name Anderlecht rings a bell in ivery Belgian ear thanks tae its vera successful fitbaa club.

Events
The annual Anderlecht fair, oreeginally a cattle fair, wis authorized bi William II o the Netherlands in 1825.  Syne then, it haes taken the form o a series o celebrations, which still include animal shows but an aa ootdoors exhibitions, a floral show, an the recreation o a releegious procession in honor o Saunt Guido.

Sichts

The Collegial Kirk o Saunt Peter an Saunt Guido is still at the centre o the ceety.  Its Romanesque crypt dates frae the 10t century an is ane o the auldest in Belgium.  Maist o the kirk, housomeivver, dates frae 1350 an later.
Richt next tae the kirk, the auld beguinage is hame tae a local historical museum.
The "Hoose o Erasmus", built aroond 1450, an its medicinal garden can be visitit nearbi.
Anderlecht an aa affers the Cantillon Brewery - a gueuze museum hoosed in an actual wirkin brewery, an a Cheenae museum, hoosed in a convent o the CICM Missionaries.

Famous inhabitants
Desiderius Erasmus, humanist an theologian (1466–1536)
Philippe Thys, cyclist an three-time champion o the Tour de France (1890–1971)
Maurice Carême, poet (1899–1978)
Régine, sangster an inventor o the discothèque (b. 1929)
Henri Simonet, politeecian an mayor (1931–1996)
William Vance, comic book airtist (b. 1935)
Jacques Simonet, politeecian an mayor (1963–2007)

Sports
Anderlecht is the hame o the fitbaa club R.S.C. Anderlecht, the maist successful Belgian fitbaa team in European competition as well as in the Belgian First Diveesion.

Twin touns — sister ceeties

Anderlecht is twinned wi:
 Boulogne-Billancourt, Fraunce
 Berlin-Neukölln, Germany
  London Borough o Hammersmith and Fulham, Unitit Kinrick
 Zaandam, Netherlands
 Marino, Italy

References

Freemit airtins

Offeecial steid o Anderlecht (anerlie in French or Dutch)

Municipalities o the Brussels-Caipital Region
Romanesque airchitectur in Belgium

Anderlecht


Jurgen Faust (born 1955 in Germany) is a design professor who has worked in four different countries as a Professor for Design, Theory and Media as well as an administrative Dean. He is a co-founder of a private university in Germany, as well as a developer of many undergraduate and graduate programs in a variety of fields.

Over the past years he has specialized in managing through designing and published about the idea transferring design methods and processes into the Management field, based on his work about a comprehensive theory to describe design processes. He also taught design and design theory. He contributed to a variety of books and publications. In addition he is a practicing researcher, designer, and artist, who showed in many places, including museums and galleries in Europe, Germany, France, England, Italy, Poland and Slovakia as well as the United States.

Faust is currently the President Macromedia University of Applied Sciences in Munich where he teaches Design and Design Theory.

Education
Faust graduated in 1997 from Reutlingen University in Chemistry. At the Free Academy in Nuertingen he studied and graduated in Fine Arts 1982. In 2014 he finished his PhD at the Planetary Collegium, University of Plymouth, UK on the topic of "Discursive Designing Design, Towards a comprehensive Design Theory".

Work
He started his professional career 1986-1999 as the co-founder, co-director and faculty of the Kunstseminar Metzingen (now University of Applied Sciences Schwaebisch Hall).

In 1997 he became Dean at the Department of arts and Media at the University of Applied Sciences Metzingen. In 1998 he worked as a visiting professor at the CSU, Cleveland State University.
At the Cleveland Institute of Art, Design and Media Design he worked as a Professor from 1999 until 2006. Meanwhile, he got appointed as Dean of Integrated Media Environment and was responsible for T.I.M.E (Technology and Integrated Media–where he was also the chair from 2000 to 2006), and for the redesign of curricula in Print Media, Drawing, Illustration, Communication Design as well as Biomedical Communication.

In spring 2005 he was also responsible for Visual Communication, Medical and Scientific Illustration. As Dean of Academic Affairs and Chief Academic Officer he worked from January until December 2006 at the CEDIM in Monterrey, Mexico, and from January until June 2007 he worked as the Professor of Design and Design Theory at the Monterrey Tecnologico.
Since May 2007 he is the Chief Academic Officer at the Istituto Europeo di Design (IED), Group, Milan (Italy) and works as Professor for Media Design at the University of Applied Sciences Munich, MF Munich.

Since August 2006 he has been Professor for Digital Media and since October 2008 Dean at the Macromedia University of Applied Sciences for media and communication.
From 2008 - 2013 he was the Dean at MHMK, Munich, Germany.
Between 2010 - 2013 as well the Vice President for Academic Affairs and Research, MHMK Munich, Germany
Since 2013 he is the acting President Macromedia University Munich, Germany

Focus
For 20 years he has taught and built up graduate and undergraduate programs in design schools. For more than 10 years he has headed digital arts programs, initiated curriculum design and lead the process of development and implementation. He works closely with industry exposing students to real world problems and possible solutions.

References

External links
 http://jfaust.com

German academics
Living people
Reutlingen University alumni
Cleveland State University faculty
Cleveland Institute of Art faculty
1955 births

Jurgen Faust


The Atlantic potato is a mid-season potato variety for potato chip manufacturing. It was developed and released by USDA Agricultural Research Service scientists at Beltsville, Maryland, in 1978. The variety is not under plant variety protection. It is a progeny of a cross between 'Wauseon' and 'Lenape'.  It is widely grown for chipping directly off the field or with short-term storage. Marketable yields are fairly high.

Botanical features
 Plants are moderately large and have thick, upright stems with slightly swollen nodes.
 Leaves are bright medium green and have prominent wings. The primary leaflets are large and asymmetrical with numerous secondary and tertiary leaflets.
 Flowers are abundant and are white with a light violet corolla.  Pollen is also abundant and is produced on orange anthers.
 Tubers (potatoes) are oval to round with moderate to shallow eyes.
 Tuber skin is brown and light to heavily netted.
 Flesh is white and has a high specific gravity.

Agricultural features
 It has moderate to high yields and is widely adapted, and used for potato chips.
 It is highly resistant to race A of golden nematodes, potato virus X, and tuber net necrosis, which is caused by potato leafroll virus.
 It is resistant to pinkeye and tolerant to common scab and Verticillium wilt.
 It is susceptible to potato virus Y. Hollow heart and heat necrosis can also be a serious problem potatoes.

References

Potato cultivars

Atlantic potato