Thaddeus Antonius Gerardus Maria (Geert) Reuten (born 16 April 1946 in Heerlen) is a Dutch economist and former politician. On behalf of the Socialist Party (SP) he was a senator in the First Chamber (upper house) of the Dutch parliament from June 2007 till June 2015 and again from 26 June 2018 to 11 June 2019. Reuten also teaches economics at the University of Amsterdam, and is internationally recognized as an expert on Marx and Hegel.

Reuten studied economics and sociological economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam and at Birkbeck College of the University of London. He graduated in 1988 at the University of Amsterdam (UvA). From 1977, he was lecturer and later professor at the UvA. From 2002 to 2014, he was director of the Master of Economics at the same university. His prominent work The Capitalist System is now also used as a textbook in University of Amsterdam for advanced BSc and MSc course.

He joined in Socialist Party and since that year as the economic adviser to the party in the House. In the first election in 2007 he was elected to the Senate. He was sworn in on 12 June 2007. His term ended on 9 June 2015. Reuten has also been active in the alter-association Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens, ATTAC.

References
 Amsterdam School of Economics - Dr Geert Reuten
  Parlement.com biography

1946 births
Living people
Dutch economists
Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni
Members of the Senate (Netherlands)
People from Heerlen
Socialist Party (Netherlands) politicians
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam

Geert Reuten


Marie-Eugene de L'Enfant-Jésus (2 December 1894 - 27 March 1967) - born Henri Grialou - was a French Roman Catholic priest and a Discalced Carmelite priest. He joined the Carmelites just after his ordination. Grialou held several positions of leadership within his congregation and was an extensive traveler as a manager of a range of different Carmelite convents and monasteries across the world. He was the founder of the Secular Institute of Notre-Dame de Vie. Grialou was also a noted spiritual writer and wrote at great length on the Carmelite charism as well as on a range of Carmelite luminaries.

Grialou's life was driven with his devotion to the Carmelite charism and to the spreading and promotion of evangelical zeal. His motto in life was "traditus gratiae Dei" (surrendered to the grace of God). He ensured that Carmelite teachings and its charism was promoted among the faithful.

He was proclaimed to be Venerable on 19 December 2011 after Pope Benedict XVI signed a decree that acknowledged the fact that Grialou lived a life of heroic virtue. One miracle required for beatification received the approval of Pope Francis on 3 March 2016; his beatification was celebrated on 19 November 2016 in Avignon and Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the celebration on the pope's behalf.

Life

Henri Grialou was born on 2 December 1894 in Le Gua as one of five children to Auguste Grialou (1860-1904) and Marie Miral; his father died of pneumonia just before Grialou turned ten. He had four siblings: there was Marius as the first and then Fernande with Angèle and Berthe (d. 2 January 1958) following.

In his childhood his sole desire was to become a priest but became more concrete towards the end of his childhood. From September 1905 until September 1907 he received a free education from the Fathers of the Holy Spirit in Suzio and in Langogne. His mother worked hard to send him for his studies in October 1908 into the minor seminary in Graves; his father died of tuberculosis in August 1904. Grialou entered the major seminary in Rodez in October 1911 where he discovered the life and works of Thérèse of Lisieux - then just starting along the road to sanctification. During his studies he said of her: "I find her life written by herself admirable. I've read it several times and bought myself a copy so I can often read it". His formation and studies were interrupted with the outbreak of World War I and Grialou served on the front lines as an officer. At the war's end and his discharge in 1919 he had the rank of Lieutenant and was decorated as a chevalier in the Legion of Honor with the military cross. For both he and his men he felt the powerful protection of Thérèse of Lisieux and took solace in the fact that he had a powerful intercessor protecting him and his fellow comrades. In the 1920s - before she was canonized - he wrote of her: "It seems to me that the mission of the little Blessed is to spread the divine love in souls in the form which God wills for our times". In 1920 he discovered the writings of John of the Cross and was moved and inspired to look past his vocation to something much more and as a result felt a greater call: to the monastic life and to the Carmelites. But this secured his mother's resistance in 1921 but she later relented to her son's determination.

Grialou was ordained to the priesthood on 4 February 1922 and assumed the new religious name of "Marie-Eugène de L'Enfant-Jésus" upon entering the order. At his ordination he said: "I am a priest, a priest for eternity ... tomorrow I shall hold You in my hands and I will be giving You, Jesus. You will be mine and You want to associate me to Your sacrifice ..." He began his novitiate in the Discalced Carmelites after he entered on 24 February 1922 in Avon close to Fontainebleau and his new name demonstrated his deep inspiration for the Little Flower; once he entered he said of it: "My vocation is certain. Grialou was received into the order with his new name and received the Carmelite habit on 10 March 1922.

As a priest he made it his task to make known the teaching of the Carmelite saints and he believed that the paths to both contemplation and personal holiness were open to all the Christian faithful. His two major works - "I Want to See God" and "I am a Daughter of the Church" - both offer rich insight into the Carmelite charism and are also comprehensive studies of the great Carmelite luminaries. This included both the Little Flower and John of the Cross but also Teresa of Ávila.

On the Feast of Pentecost in 1929 three women came to him and were directresses of a female college in Marseille - among them was Marie Pila. He established his own religious congregation - the Secular Institute of Notre-Dame de Vie - alongside Pila in 1932 in Venasque. In 1936 he was the prior of all convents in Agen and the same but in Monaco from 1936 to 1937. He was an extensive traveller and visited the Philippines in December 1954 when the first branch of his institute opened there; he celebrated his first Mass there of the institute on 25 December 1954 and would later return to the nation in 1964. He sought to revitalize Carmelite monasteries and convents and thus Pope Pius XII in 1948 made him an Apostolic Visitor in order for him to do this. In the order itself he was the Definitor General (1937-1954) and was its Vicar-General (1954-1955); in the latter post he travelled across to a range of different Carmelite monasteries. His sister Berthe joined his order in 1939 - she was in an accident in 1942 and healed - and later died on 2 January 1958. He visited - from 4 May 1960 to 6 June - Canada and went to visit the Carmelite convents at places such as Montreal and Dolbeau. He later returned to Canada from 25 June to 18 July 1963 alongside Marie Pila and visited Mexico with her from 1 July 1961 to 20 August. He later visited the far East alongside Pila from 18 January 1964 to 18 February and made stops in Rome as well as in Saigon and Dalat before spending two weeks in the Philippines. The priest travelled once again to Canada from 25 May 1964 to 6 June and back to Canada once more from 27 June to 18 July 1966.

He died on 27 March 1967 following Easter as his health had deteriorated since 1965. His final words to those gathered at his bedside were: "As for me, I am on my way to perfect union with the Holy Spirit". He had suffered severe pneumonia from 18 February 1965 until 25 February and believed he would die in that period. His order received papal approval from Pope Paul VI on 21 November 1973.

Legacy
The Secular Institute of Notre-Dame de Vie has - since his death - expanded into Japan and Canada amongst other states such as Poland and Mexico. The congregation has since expanded more so in the respective countries in terms of the number of members and houses preset.

Beatfication process
The process for beatification opened in Avignon on 7 April 1985 and saw the accumulation of all documents and the writings associated with him. His life and his works - and that of his religious congregation - was placed under careful investigation also; 25 000 pages of documentation and of witness testimonies were all part of this process. The process closed on 5 March 1994 in Avignon; this process commenced when it did despite the fact that the official introduction of the cause did not come until September 27, 1985 under Pope John Paul II - this granted him the title Servant of God.

Another process was opened in Japan and lasted less than a week from 3 April 1990 to 5 April 1990. Both processes were declared valid on 24 March 1999 and were both ratified also. This allowed for the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to begin their own investigation into the cause in what would be the so-called "Roman Phase". The Positio was submitted to Rome in 2000 and was put to theologians who approved the contents of the Positio.

On 19 December 2011 he was proclaimed to be Venerable after Pope Benedict XVI acknowledged that Grialou had lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue - both cardinal and theological - which the pope deemed Grialou exercised to a favorable degree.

The miracle required for the beatification was investigated and was sent to the [ongregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome for their own investigation. The medical board that advises them met to discuss the healing on 28 May 2015 and approved it as being a miracle. The board passed it onto theologians who also met and approved the case as being a miracle on 1 December 2015 and the cardinal and bishop members of the Congregation met and approved the healing as a miracle on 1 March 2016. It was passed to the pope for his approval and received it on 3 March 2016.

Previous reports indicated that the beatification could have taken place in 2017. The beatification was celebrated in Avignon on 19 November 2016 with Cardinal Angelo Amato presiding on the behalf of the pontiff.

The current postulator of the cause is the Discalced Carmelite priest Romano Gambalunga.

References

External links
Hagiography Circle
Secular Institute of Notre-Dame de Vie

People from Rodez
1894 births
1967 deaths
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Beatifications by Pope Francis
Carmelite beatified people
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Discalced Carmelites
Venerated Carmelites
Founders of Catholic religious communities
French beatified people
French spiritual writers
French military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Roman Catholic writers
Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI

Marie-Eugène de l'Enfant-Jésus


Hearts of the World (also known as Love's Struggle) is a 1918 American silent World War I propaganda film written, produced and directed by D. W. Griffith. In an effort to change the American public's neutral stance regarding the war, the British government contacted Griffith due to his stature and reputation for dramatic filmmaking.

Hearts of the World stars Lillian and Dorothy Gish and Robert Harron. The film was produced by D.W. Griffith Productions, Famous Players–Lasky Corporation and the War Office Committee was distributed by Paramount Pictures under the Artcraft Pictures Corporation banner.

Plot
Two families live next to one another in a French village on the eve of World War I. The Boy in one of the families falls for the only daughter in the other family. As they make preparations for marriage, World War I breaks out, and, although the Boy is American, he feels he should fight for the country in which he lives.

When the French retreat, the village is shelled. The Boy's father and the Girl's mother and grandfather are killed. The Girl, deranged, wanders aimlessly through the battlefield and comes upon the Boy badly wounded and unconscious. She finds her way back to the village where she is nursed back to health by The Little Disturber who had previously been a rival for the Boy's affections. The Boy is carried off by the Red Cross. Von Strohm, a German officer, lusts after the Girl and attempts to rape her, but she narrowly escapes when he is called away by his commanding officer.

Upon his recovery, the Boy, disguised as a German officer, infiltrates the enemy-occupied village, finds the Girl. The two of them are forced to kill a German sergeant who discovers them. Von Strohm finds the dead sergeant and locates the Boy and Girl who are locked in an upper room at the inn. It is a race against time with the Germans trying to break the door down as the French return to retake the village.

Cast

Production notes

The British Government gave D.W. Griffith unprecedented access to film in locations that were otherwise forbidden to journalists. After being presented to George V and Queen Mary, Griffith was introduced to members of London's aristocracy who agreed to appear in the film. Among them were Lady Lavery, Elizabeth Asquith, Diana Manners. Playwright Noël Coward also appeared as an extra.

Exterior shots were largely filmed throughout England from May to October 1917. Griffith made two trips to France where he filmed footage of the trenches. In one instance Griffith and his film crew were forced to take cover when their location came under German artillery fire; he escaped unscathed. The film company returned to Los Angeles where British and Canadian troops recreated battle scenes and other interior scenes on a stage at Fine Arts Studio in Los Angeles from November to December 1917. The scenes shot in Europe and Los Angeles were edited together with footage from stock newsreels.

In a scene cut from the movie, actress Colleen Moore appeared as a little girl in her bed who, hearing the war raging beyond her window, was so frightened that she turned the hands of her alarm clock forward, hoping that time would rush forward to the end of the fighting.

Reception
Lillian Gish, the actress who portrayed 'The Girl', later said:

"Hearts of the World enjoyed great success until the Armistice when people lost interest in war films. The film inflamed audiences. Its depiction of German brutality bordered on the absurd. Whenever a German came near me, he beat me or kicked me."

She also noted that:

"I don't believe that Mr. Griffith ever forgave himself for making Hearts of the World. 'War is the villain,' he repeated, 'not any particular people.'"

Some historians have also noted that Hearts of the World and similar films encouraged a 'hysterical hatred' of the enemy which complicated the task of the Versailles peacemakers.

Like many American films of the time, Hearts of the World was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors required cuts, in Reel 3, of that part of a bayoneting scene showing closeup of a man's side from which a stream of blood flows, Reel 6, that portion of dancing scene where dancer twirls her skirt and exposes posterior to camera, officer carrying young woman off into other room, six scenes of German officer on floor motioning to young woman to come and lie down beside him, closeup of same German officer reaching up with arms for young woman to come to him, closeup of officer and young woman embracing in bunk, officers forcing young peasant women towards bunks, scene showing young women in bunks with clothing disheveled and hair down and officers walking off and adjusting clothes, and the intertitle "Dungeons of Lust" and scenes of young women lying prostrate following the intertitle.

Hearts of the World is referenced in L. M. Montgomery's novel set during World War I, Rilla of Ingleside. Rilla recalls in her diary, "The heroine was struggling with a horrible German soldier who was trying to drag her away. I knew she had a knife—I had seen her hide it, to have it in readiness—and I couldn't understand why she didn't produce it and finish the brute. I thought she must have forgotten it, and just at the tensest moment of the scene I lost my head altogether. I just stood right up on my feet in that crowded house and shrieked at the top of my voice—'The knife is in your stocking—the knife is in your stocking!'"

Status
A print of the film still exists and is held by the Cohen Media Group. The rights are now held in the public domain.

See also
(World War I Propaganda films)
The Battle Cry of Peace
Civilization
The False Faces
The Heart of Humanity
To Hell with the Kaiser!
Over the Rhine
The Kaiser, Beast of Berlin
The Unbeliever
The Unpardonable Sin
Yankee Doodle in Berlin

References

External links

1918 films
1910s war drama films
American war drama films
American silent feature films
American epic films
American World War I propaganda films
American black-and-white films
Famous Players-Lasky films
Films directed by D. W. Griffith
Films shot in England
Films shot in France
Films shot in London
Films shot in Los Angeles
Paramount Pictures films
Surviving American silent films
Articles containing video clips
1918 drama films
American World War I films
1910s American films
Silent American drama films
Silent war drama films
1910s English-language films

Hearts of the World


SSX Blur is a snowboarding and skiing video game, published by Electronic Arts under the EA Sports BIG label and developed by EA Montreal for the Wii. It is the fifth installment in the SSX series. The game was released in the United States on February 27, 2007. The soundtrack was created by Tom Holkenborg. It is a prequel to SSX on Tour, putting it in the timeline between SSX 3 and SSX on Tour. It is the last game in the series to have the EA Sports BIG branding, as the final installment of SSX would use the standard EA Sports branding instead.

Gameplay
The gameplay in SSX Blur follows a similar format of the previous SSX titles.  Like SSX 3, the player progressively works up through 3 peaks on a mountain, participating in races, trick competitions, and the new slalom event to earn prizes and other unlockable material. Players are able to choose from either the traditional snowboards; or skis, as introduced in SSX on Tour.

The game control uses both the Wii Remote and the Nunchuk controller. Movement, speed, and jumping is controlled through the Nunchuk, while, when in the air, the Wii Remote is used to perform tricks. The Wii Remote is also used for throwing snowballs at targets or foes during a race.

As the player races down the hillside, they can successfully complete tricks to earn points as well as to build up an ever-depleting boost meter. When the boost meter is full, the player is then able to execute special "Ubertricks", which require the player to draw a specific shape in the air, such as a heart or a treble clef.  While the player knows some Ubertricks at the start of the game, additional ones can be discovered in career mode by collecting icons for that Ubertrick hidden across the various courses.

Soundtrack
Unlike previous games, this soundtrack only contains one musician, Junkie XL. The music is available online.

Reception

The game received "mixed or average reviews" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

GameRevolution gave the game a C rating: "Maybe SSX Blur sums up the first Wii generation – a small-scale game with some interesting but awkward new control ideas, showing the difficulty for developers and players alike in adjusting to Nintendo's new wave. If you want a smooth downhill ride or a few hours to perfect your shredding, go hit the real slopes before global warming melts us all into little puddles of goo. Blur may be a step in the right direction, but it hasn't gotten past the bunny slopes yet."

Eurogamer gave the game a 6/10: "All of which is a shame, really, because it's clear that these chaps could do a very good Wii snowboarding game from the ground up, given the time and resources. Perhaps that's what EA will try next, and I do hope so, because there's much promise here. In the meantime, SSX Blur is worth a go if you can put up with a few moments of frustration and the feeling of being slightly detached from your achievements, but those in search of a good snowboarding game would do better to stick with the good snowboarding games that EA has already made."

References

External links

2007 video games
EA Sports games
EA Sports Big games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Skiing video games
SSX
Video games developed in Canada
Video games scored by Junkie XL
Wii games
Wii-only games

SSX Blur


SSTV (Slow-scan television) is a way of sending a picture on radio waves, it is different from normal television because only one picture is sent very slowly, hence why it's called slow scan, instead of 24 or 30 pictures per second on normal television, SSTV is also not used for entertainment, although radio hobbyists may enjoy collecting pictures that they receive, or seeing if they can receive a picture from a very far away transmitter (DXing).

SSTV is also narrow bandwith, that means the signal is "thinner" it uses much less of the radio spectrum then normal television.

SSTV works by turning a picture into sounds, tones that represent the color and brightness of the lines that make up the picture, these sounds can be transmitted over radio and heard and decoded by other people.

Below is an example of SSTV audio

There are different modes of SSTV, which change the quality of the picture or if it's color, for example, a mode called B/W 8 is very low quality, but it doesn't take that long to transmit, whereas PD 240 is much higher quality, but takes a lot longer to transmit.

SSTV was first used by NASA to beam down pictures of the moon or from the space shuttle, but nowadays it's mainly used by amatuar radio operators and radio pirates, an amatuar radio SSTV picture will often have information on it about the station or person it came from.

The International Space Station still occasionally sends down an SSTV picture or series of pictures.

SSTV is also sometimes used in things that aren't radio, a video game called Portal had SSTV recordings hidden in certain locations, when people decoded them, they revealed more about the storyline in the game.
Television technology

Slow-scan television


Sina and the Eel is a myth of origins in Samoan mythology, which explains the origins of the first coconut tree.

In the Samoan language the legend is called Sina ma le Tuna. Tuna is the Samoan word for 'eel'.

The story is also well known throughout Polynesia including Tonga, Fiji and Māori in New Zealand.

Different versions of the legend are told in different countries in Oceania. The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) has many uses and is an important source of food. It is also used for making coconut oil, baskets, sennit rope used in traditional Samoan house building, weaving and for the building of small traditional houses or fale. The dried meat of the coconut or copra has been an important export product and a source of income throughout the Pacific.

The legend of Sina and the Eel is associated with other figures in Polynesian mythology such as Hina, Tinilau, Tagaloa and Nafanua.

Sina is also the name of various female figures in Polynesian mythology. The word sina also means 'white' or silver haired (grey haired in age) in the Samoan language. There is also an old Samoan song called Soufuna Sina  based on a Sina legend.

The story
On the island of Savai'i in Samoa, one version of the legend tells of a beautiful girl called Sina whose beauty was known across the Pacific. This beauty reached the Tui Fiti or the King of Fiji who was older than Sina. He took to heart and decided that he shall see to what the fuss was about. Using his Mana(Magic) he transformed himself to an eel and went to the village of which Sina resided. As he got to the village pool, he had seen the beauty that is Sina.

However, when Sina looked into the pool, she saw the eel staring up at her.

Angry, she cried 'You stare at me, with eyes like a demon!' (). But quickly Sina noticed that the eel was very nice and made it her pet. Years and years had passed and the Tui Fiti grew old and with it his magic. He had grown weak and decided to reveal himself. Explaining to Sina that he was once the King of Fiji and had come to see her beauty but knew that he had no chance due to his age. He then asked Sina to plant his head in the ground. Sina followed the eel's request, and planted its head in the ground. A coconut tree grew from the ground. When the husk is removed from a coconut, there are three round marks which appear like the face of the fish with two eyes and a mouth. One of the marks is pierced for drinking the coconut, and hence when Sina takes a drink, she is kissing the eel.

In Samoa, the fresh spring pool Mata o le Alelo in the small village of Matavai, Safune, is associated with the legend of Sina and the Eel. The pool is named after Sina's words to the eel in the legend. The pool is open to visitors.

Different versions
 Another version of the story says that Sina was from the village of Laloata on the island of Upolu, and her father's name was Pai.
 On Mangaia in the Cook Islands the version of the story is about a beautiful woman named 'Ina-moe-Aitu who lived in a cave near Tamarua village and bathed in a stream in her cave.

In popular culture
 The song "You're Welcome" from the 2016 Walt Disney Pictures film Moana references Sina and the Eel, but with the Polynesian demigod Maui having killed an eel and buried its guts in the ground to grow coconut trees. While singing the song to Moana, Maui plays with a coconut that has three round marks on its surface.
 Although it goes unspoken in the film, the credits list Moana's mother as "Sina." During the song "Where You Are," Sina is shown teaching Moana how to harvest coconuts and use the various parts of the coconut tree.

References

External links
 Read the legend in the Samoan language
 Legend at National Park of American Samoa website

Samoan mythology

Sina and the Eel


Earl Grey tea is a kind of tea that has a flavour and smell that comes from bergamot orange, a citrus fruit. The tea was named after Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, a British prime minister from the 1830s.

The name "Earl Grey" only used to be given to black tea, but now the name is used for other teas that have oil of bergamot, or a bergamot flavour. Twinings, a British tea company, uses a portrait of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey on its Earl Grey package.

References

Tea

Earl Grey tea


Denzil Kingston Freeth  (10 July 1924 – 26 April 2010) was a British Conservative politician.

Born in the Paddington area of London, Freeth was educated at Sherborne School and then served in the Royal Air Force. In 1946, he went up to Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Whilst at Cambridge University he became President of the Cambridge Union.

He was Member of Parliament for Basingstoke from 1955 until he stood down in 1964. He was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Science in 1961 and was involved in setting up the Trent Committee.

Freeth asked the first-ever question about deafblind people in the House of Commons in 1964, when he asked the Government, local authorities, and the public to give people with the condition more attention and support.

After leaving parliament he worked as a stockbroker. Freeth served for nearly 20 years as a Churchwarden of the leading London Anglo-Catholic Church, All Saints, Margaret Street.

Averted scandals
In 1962, Freeth was arrested wandering the streets naked near his flat in Pimlico, a conduct he explained as being due to worry over the health of his mother.

According to Michael McManus's book on the history of Conservative attitudes to homosexuality, Freeth was gay. His homosexuality had been discovered by Lord Denning who, in the wake of the Profumo affair (1963), had been tasked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan with identifying other ministers who might be 'security risks'.

Although the information was not made public at the time to avoid scandal, Denning's discovery (that Freeth had been present at homosexual parties also attended by John Vassall), resulted in Freeth being quietly removed from office when Macmillan retired, and asked to give up his seat at the 1964 general election.

References

1924 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
English Anglo-Catholics
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at Sherborne School
Royal Air Force officers
Stockbrokers
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
Gay politicians
English LGBT politicians
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Presidents of the Cambridge Union
21st-century English LGBT people

Denzil Freeth


Ambrož Hradecký ( or ; died 16 October 1439, in Kolín) was a Czech priest, preacher and political leader from the Kingdom of Bohemia in the era of the Hussite Wars.

Life
Ambrož is first mentioned in 1419 as pastor of the Holy Spirit Cathedral in the East Bohemian town of Hradec Králové ().  Queen Sofia and her burgrave had him driven out of town, because he supported the Hussite cause.  In the spring of 1420, Ambrož and Diviš Bořek of Miletínka mobilized a crowd on mount Oreb and lead the crowd to Prague, which was threatened by King Sigismund, scorching and burning the area they travelled through, and destroying the monastery of Münchengrätz, ostensibly in support of the rebels.

In June the Orebites, as they called themselves, conquered Hradec Králové and Ambrož was reinstated in his parish.  Under his leadership, the city turned into a center of the Hussite movement.  Even Jan Zizka, the leader of the Hussites, came to Ambrož for advice about his conflicts with the Tábor.  After Žižka's death, his remains were transferred to Hradec Králové and buried in the parish church.  In 1433 Ambrož was appointed Archdeacon and Captain of Hradec Králové.  As ambassador, he participated in the negotiations and participated in the negotiations  in Basel that lead to the Compact of Prague.

After Sigismund had been elected King of Bohemia, Ambrož continued to oppose him.  In 1436, Sigismund deposed Ambrož as captain and attempted to replace him with someone more loyal, sending a new captain with forces to drive the insurgents out of Hradec Králové.  However, Ambrož refused to relinquish his position, and he suffered heavy losses. He refused an offer to negotiate a surrender, and continued to fight the losing battle. In 1437, with his forces depleted, Ambrož was forced to flee. He was wounded and captured, but was released after only a brief captivity. He then travelled to Kolín, where he died two years later in 1439.

Ambrož was a representative of the more moderate Hussites, who called themselves Orphans.  He tolerated University Professors and he granted asylum after 1427, and protected the so-called Picards, whom he rescued from the stake.  Adherence to the Catholic faith, however, he held to be a crime that should be punished by beheading.

References
 Vavřinec z Březové: Husitská kronika, Prague 1979
 Ze starých letopisů českých, Prague 1980

Hussite people
People of the Hussite Wars
1439 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Ambrož Hradecký


Temple names are posthumous titles accorded to monarchs of the Sinosphere for the purpose of ancestor worship. The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the Shang dynasty in China and had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes in the Sinosphere, with the notable exception of Japan. Temple names should not be confused with era names (年號), regnal names (尊號) or posthumous names (謚號).

Modern academia usually refers to the following rulers by their temple names: Chinese monarchs from the Tang to the Yuan dynasties, Korean rulers of the Goryeo (until AD 1274) and Joseon dynasties, and Vietnamese rulers of the Lý, Trần, and Later Lê dynasties (with the Hồ and Later Trần dynasties as exceptions).

Numerous individuals who did not rule as monarch during their lifetime were posthumously elevated to the position of monarch by their descendants and honored with temple names. For example, Cao Cao was posthumously honored as an emperor and given the temple name Taizu by Cao Pi of the Cao Wei dynasty. Meanwhile, several individuals who were initially assigned temple names had their titles revoked, as was the case for Emperor Huan, whose temple name, Weizong, was abolished by Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han dynasty. In other cases, numerous individuals were honored with more than one temple name by intentional changes or being accorded different titles by different individuals. For instance, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty was originally honored as Taizong by the Hongxi Emperor, but his temple name was later amended to Chengzu by the Jiajing Emperor. There were also instances of individuals ruling as the sovereign of a particular realm but being accorded a temple name by another realm, as was the case for Möngke of the Mongol Empire, who was later honored as Xianzong by Emperor Shizu of the Yuan dynasty.

Etymology
The "temple" in "temple name" (廟號) refers to the grand temples (太廟) built by each dynasty for the purpose of ancestor worship. The temple name of each monarch was recorded on their respective ancestral tablet placed within the grand temple.

History
Temple names trace their origins to the Shang dynasty of China. In earlier times, temple names were exclusively assigned to competent rulers after their passing.

The temple name system established during the Shang period utilized only four adjectives:
 太 (tài; "grand"): honored to dynastic founders;
 高 (gāo; "high"): honored to monarchs with great achievements;
 世 (shì; "eternal"): honored to rulers deemed worthy of eternal remembrance; and
 中 (zhōng; "resurgent"): honored to sovereigns who revitalized their realm following a period of decline.

Chinese monarchs of the Zhou dynasty were given posthumous names but not temple names. During the Qin dynasty, the practices both of assigning temple names and posthumous names was abandoned. The Han dynasty reintroduced both titles, although temple names were assigned sporadically and remained more exclusive than posthumous names. It was also during the Han era that other adjectives aside from the four listed above began appearing in temple names. Numerous Han emperors had their temple names removed by Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Xie, in AD 190.

Initially, in deciding whether a monarch should be honored as "祖" (zǔ; "progenitor") or "宗" (zōng; "ancestor"), a principle was strictly adhered to: "祖" was to be given to accomplished rulers while "宗" was to be assigned to virtuous rulers. However, this principle was effectively abandoned during the Sixteen Kingdoms era with the ubiquitous usage of "祖" by various non-Han regimes.

Temple names became widespread from the Tang dynasty onwards. Apart from the final ruler of a dynasty, monarchs who died prematurely, or monarchs who were deposed, most Chinese monarchs were given temple names by their descendants.

The practice of honoring rulers with temple names had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes within the East Asian cultural sphere|Sinosphere, including those based on the Korean Peninsula and in Vietnam. Japan, while having adopted both posthumous names and era names from China, did not assign temple names to its monarchs.

Structure
Most temple names consist of two Chinese characters, unlike the more elaborate posthumous names. In extremely rare cases, temple names could consist of three  characters.

The first character is an adjective, chosen to reflect the circumstances of the monarch's reign. The vocabulary may overlap with that of the posthumous names' adjectives, but for one sovereign, the temple name's adjective character usually does not repeat as one of the many adjective characters in his posthumous name.

The last character is either "祖" or "宗":
 祖 (zǔ; "progenitor"): typically used for founders, either of a dynasty or a new line within an existing one. Temple names bearing this character were also accorded to monarchs with great accomplishments. The equivalent in Korean is jo (조), and tổ in Vietnamese.
 宗 (zōng; "ancestor"): used for all other monarchs. It is rendered as jong (종) in Korean, and tông in Vietnamese.

See also
 List of Chinese monarchs
 List of monarchs of Korea
 List of monarchs of Vietnam
 Regnal name
 Chinese era name
 List of Chinese era names
 Japanese era name
 Korean era name
 Vietnamese era name
 Posthumous name

References

Further reading

Ancient Chinese institutions
Ancient Korean institutions
Chinese monarchs
Chinese names
Vietnamese names
Korean names
Korean monarchs
Korean culture
Vietnamese monarchs
Vietnamese culture
Posthumous recognitions
Titles

Temple name


William Niven (2 October 1850 – 2 June 1937) was a mineralogist and archeologist noted for his discovery of the minerals yttrialite, thorogummite, aguilarite and nivenite (named after him), as well as a set of controversial tablets.  Originally from Scotland, Niven came to the United States in 1879, where he became heavily involved in mineralogy and mining.

Mineral discoveries

Niven's first major contribution to mineralogy occurred in 1889 while he was on an expedition to Llano County, Texas, on behalf of Thomas Edison.  Niven was looking for the mineral gadolinite, which was used as a street lamp filament.  It was on this expedition that he discovered three new minerals, yttrialite, thorogummite, and nivenite.

In the 1890s, Niven discovered the mineral aguilarite while on an exploration trip to Mexico.  He also found new deposits of rare minerals in New York and New Jersey.

In Mexico

Niven eventually became interested in archaeology through his travels to Mexico and excavations being undertaken there at the time. Niven began his archaeological work in Guerrero, Mexico where, among of other work, he purchased the first rediscovered Xochipala-style figurine.  Due to the Mexican Revolution of 1910, however, he was forced to move to the Valley of Mexico.

The "Niven Tablets"

In 1921, Niven discovered the first of over 100 andesite tablets on a dig in San Miguel Amantla, Azcapotzalco, which was an important city-state conquered by Aztec Triple Alliance in 1431. The area now forms part of northwestern Mexico City.  The indecipherable markings on these tablets were the subject of much controversy over the last years of Niven's life.

The so-called Niven Tablets are and have been surrounded by controversy since their discovery by Niven in 1921. They have been associated with Scandinavian petroglyphs as posited by Ludovic Mann and they have also been associated with lost continent theories. Their association with lost continent theories comes through James Churchward's interpretation of the symbols found on the tablets.

James Churchward offered an interpretation of the tablets that caused less belief in their authenticity. Churchward was a major proponent of theories regarding lost continents, specifically the continent of Mu. He believed that early in the history of the world there existed a continent which was called Mu. This civilization, according to Churchward and many others, was very technologically advanced but was destroyed due to natural disaster. After viewing rubbings of Niven's tablets Churchward strongly believed that there were a group of people that escaped destruction and migrated to other parts of the world spreading their culture and belief system. He believed that the symbols and markings found on the tablets had roots in the ancient culture of Mu. This furthered speculation that the tablets were a hoax. Historian Ronald H. Fritze has noted that archaeologists have dismissed Churchward's pseudohistorical ideas and Niven's tablets were a "crude although voluminous hoax".

Niven spent the good part of his life selling the tablets and trying to find out their origin and meaning. This was never accomplished. The tablets were interpreted by many people and many theories were posited, but to no avail. They were eventually lost during the latter part of Niven's life, during their attempted shipment from Mexico to the U.S.  The only remaining evidence is the rubbings that were taken from the actual tablets.

Family

William Niven was born on 6 October 1850 in Bellshill, Lanarkshire, Scotland to William Niven and Sarah Brown. He was the second of eight children. His siblings were Alexander Brown (1845-1892), Anne (1852-), Jessie (1856-), James (1857-), Agnes (1860-), Forrest (1862-1932) and Sarah Brown (1864-). Alexander emigrated to India. Forrest was a well known luminous water scene and landscape painting, illustration actor. Forrest's grandson was Dirk Bogarde, actor and writer (real name Derek Jules Gaspard Ulric Niven van den Bogaerd). Tragedy hit the family on 22 August 1865. William's father, an Engine Driver, was killed as a result of a railroad accident at Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire. He died a few hours later in Carlisle Hospital. William married Nellie B Purcell on 26 January 1886 and had 8 children viz. William Albert, Norman Sumner, Kingsley Burns, Harold Andrew, Elna Blanche, Francis Joseph, Malcolm and Robert Nelson. A son of Elna's, Roland H Harrison, co-authored the book "Buried Cities, Forgotten Gods". It is an excellent record of William Niven's life and work.

In fiction

Niven is the basis for the character William Givens in Katherine Anne Porter's short story Maria Concepcion.

References

 Handbook of Texas Online: William Niven. The Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-07;
 Lossing, Benson John (1915) "Niven, William (1850- )" Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History: From 458 A.D. to 1915 (New edition entirely revised and enlarged in 10 volumes) Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York;

External links

 Wilson, Wendell E. (2006) "William Niven" The Mineralogical Record - Label Archive
  - Podcast discussing the recent rediscovery of 11 of the Niven Tablets (Called Mu Stones in the episode) in museums in the United States.

1850 births
1937 deaths
Pseudoarchaeologists
Scottish archaeologists
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Mineralogists

William Niven


G-10 or garolite is a high-pressure fiberglass laminate, a type of composite material. It is created by stacking multiple layers of glass cloth, soaked in epoxy resin, then compressing the resulting material under heat until the epoxy cures. It is manufactured in flat sheets, most often a few millimeters thick.

G-10 is very similar to Micarta and carbon fiber laminates, except that glass cloth is used as filler material. (Note that the professional nomenclature of "filler" and "matrix" in composite materials may be somewhat counterintuitive when applied to soaking textiles with resin.)

G-10 is the toughest of the glass fiber resin laminates and therefore the most commonly used.

Properties

G-10 is favored for its high strength, low moisture absorption, and high level of electrical insulation and chemical resistance. These properties are maintained not only at room temperature but also under humid or moist conditions. It was first used as a substrate for printed circuit boards, and its designation, G-10, comes from a National Electrical Manufacturers Association standard for this purpose.

Decorative uses
Decorative variations of G-10 are produced in many colors and patterns and are especially used to make handles for knives, grips for firearms and other tools.  These can be textured (for grip), bead blasted, sanded or polished.  Its strength and low density make it useful for other kinds of handcrafting as well.

Structural uses
G-10 is used to reinforce the edges of fiberglass coated wood. It is used to protect the point-of-contact on many such items. During ordinary use it is the G-10 that takes the brunt of the blow. In such applications it is meant to be replaced as it wears. G-10 is also used as a 3D-Printer build surface.

G-10 is also commonly used as a material for durable knife and gun handles and grips.

Hazards

G-10 is safe to handle absent extreme conditions.

Hazards can result from cutting or grinding the material, as glass and epoxy dust are well known to contribute to respiratory disorders and may increase the risk of developing lung cancer. For any work of this kind, the work space should be appropriately ventilated and masks or respirators worn.

Epoxy resin is flammable and, once ignited, will burn vigorously, giving off poisonous gases. For this reason, materials such as FR-4 containing flame retardant additives have replaced G-10 in certain applications.

See also
 Bakelite

References

Printed circuit board manufacturing
Fibre-reinforced polymers
Fiberglass

G-10 (material)


Vladimir Fyodorovich Minorsky (;  – 25 March 1966) was a Russian academic, historian, and scholar of Oriental studies, best known for his contributions to the study of history of Iran and the Iranian peoples such as Persians, Laz people, Lurs, and Kurds.

Life and career
Minorsky was born on 5 February 1877 in Korcheva, Tver Governorate, northwest of Moscow on the upper Volga River, a town now submerged beneath the Ivankovo Reservoir. His father was Feodor M. Minorsky and his mother was Olga Minorsky (). He was a gold medallist of the Fourth Grammar School in Moscow. In 1896 he entered Moscow University to study law, graduating in 1900, then entered the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages where he spent 3 years preparing for a diplomatic career. He made his first trip to Iran (Qajar dynasty) in 1902, where he collected material on the Ahl-e Haqq.

In 1903 he entered the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, serving 1904–1908 in the Qajar dynasty (now Iran), first in the Tabriz Consulate-General and then the Tehran Legation, and 1908–1912 in Saint Petersburg and Tashkent. In 1911, jointly the Four-Power (British, Russian, Turkish, and Persian) Commission, he carried out a mission in North-Western Persia to delimit the Turko-Persian border, and also published a monograph on the Ahl-i Ḥaqq religion for which he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Ethnography Section of the Imperial Society of Natural Sciences in Moscow.

One of the most important Kurdish manuscripts he obtained during this period was The Forqan ol-Akhbar, by Hajj Nematollah, which he later wrote about in "Etudes sur les Ahl-I Haqq, I.", Revue de L'Histoire des Religions, tome XCVII, No. 1, Janvier 1928, pp. 90–105. His surveys in Iran also provided invaluable material for his 1915 work, Materialï dlya izucheniya vostoka (Materials for the Study of the East), published by the Imperial Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, St. Petersburg.

From 1915-17 he served as Chargé d'affaires in the Russian Legation at Tehran. As the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 made problematic his return to Russia, in 1919 he moved to Paris where he worked at the Russian Embassy. There his expertise in Middle Eastern and Caucasian affairs was useful during the Versaille and Trianon peace settlements.

In 1923 he began to lecture on Persian literature at the École nationale des langues orientales vivantes, where he subsequently taught Turkish and Islamic history. In 1930 he was named Oriental Secretary to the 1931 International Exhibition of Persian Art at Burlington House, London, and in 1932 was made lecturer in Persian at London's School of Oriental Studies. In 1933 he became Reader in Persian Literature and History, University of London; Professor of Persian in 1937; and in 1944 retired. During World War II, SOAS had evacuated to Christ's College, University of Cambridge, and there the Minorskys retired apart from a year (1948–49) at Fuad University, Cairo.

In 1934 Minorsky was one of the distinguished participants in the Ferdowsi Millenary Celebration in Tehran.

In 1960 Minorsky was invited by the Soviet Academy of Sciences to attend the meeting of the Twenty-Third International Congress of Orientalists in Moscow. After his death, his ashes were interred in the Novodevichy Cemetery, which was reserved exclusively for outstanding artists, literary men, composers, scholars, etc.; the bulk of his personal library was given to Leningrad.

Minorsky received numerous honors during his lifetime, including being made a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, 1943, Honorary Member of the Société Asiatique of Paris, 1946, and Doctor honoris causa of the University of Brussels, 1948.

Selected works
Minorsky was a prolific scholar, having published over 200 books and articles.
 "Ahl-I Hakk", in The Encyclopaedia of Islam.
 "Notes sur la secte des Ahl-I Haqq", in Revue du Monde Musulman, Volumes XL, 1920, pp. 20–97; XLIV-XLV, 1921, 205–302.
 Notes sur la secte des Ahle-Haqq, in book form, Paris, 1922, 182 pp., 1920.
 La Perse au xve siècle entre la Turquise et Venise, Paris: Leroux, 1933.
 "The Guran", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Volume, XI, 1943–1946, PP. 75–103.
 Studies in Caucasian history, Cambridge University Press, 1957.
 Medieval Iran and its neighbours, London, 1982. Reprint of journal articles in English or French published 1931–1967, with passages in Arabic, Gûrâni-Kurdish, Persian, and Turkic languages.
 A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries, Cambridge, 1958.

See also
 Vasily Bartold
 Richard Nelson Frye
 Roman Ghirshman

References

Sources

External links

1877 births
1966 deaths
19th-century historians from the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian historians
Academics of SOAS University of London
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Iran
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
Historians of the Caucasus
Iranologists
Kurdish language
Linguists of Kurdish
Members of the Société Asiatique
Moscow State University alumni
People from Konakovsky District
People from Korchevskoy Uyezd
Russian orientalists
Shahnameh Researchers
Russian scientists

Vladimir Minorsky


Genesis Rising: The Universal Crusade is a 3D Real-time strategy game set in a distant future. The game was developed by Metamorf, published by DreamCatcher Interactive and released in 2007. The game takes place in space, where players control ships and try to eliminate the opponent. The game's primary focus is on squad tactics. The story is set in a mysterious futuristic universe where organic machines are built using genetic engineering. The player take on the role of Captain Iconah to explore and conquer the Universal Heart, the only part of the universe that's remained unconquered by the forces of humankind. Many of the ships are made of organic rather than synthetic material.

Plot

After humanity almost became extinct at the hands of alien factions, the remaining humans rallied and conquered the universe apart from the Universal Heart, which spawned all life. As Captain Iconah, the player seeks out the Heart.

The Church appoints Vicar Juno to accompany him. When they enter the Lifewave Galaxy, they discover mysterious stone altars filled with bloodair (the essence of the Heart) and an organid ship near them. Then they meet the Cy-breed, a race of cyborg aliens. After a fierce battle, Iconah learns that the Cy-breed thought they were the Defiance who are recruiting to fight an alien race whom they are at war with. The Cy-breed and Iconah fend off the Defiance. Based on the player's choice, they fight at a trade system or the Cy-breed homeworld. Choosing to seek out this Defiance, Iconah's fleet comes to a sector filled with aliens humanity conquered in the past and have developed a new gene (Breeder) designed to fight the organids. Iconah manages to steal the gene and escape to the Great Trade Nexus where merchant Fax Chance gave them the coordinates to a possible clue to the Heart. Arriving in another system filled with altars, Iconah sees that the Defiance are at civil war because its leader, Loodweeg plans to destroy the Lapis altars for unknown reasons. Fending off the Defiance and protecting two altars, Iconah gets a call from Loodweeg himself who explains that the Lapis depend on the altars to find their way across the galaxy.

Iconah follows the bloodair trail to a frozen system, inhabited by the Cold Whites, an all-female race. After defeating a group of pirates, Iconah contacts the Whites. In a movie clip, the organid shape former accidentally enlarges the image of Il, the Cold Whites' leader, to where her torso fills the entire bridge, They then shrank it down to its proper size. Il directed Iconah to a system with Lapis altars and Cy-breed ships who were brought in for sacrifice to the Lapis. The humans demonstrated the power of the organids compared to the Lapis ships. After they destroy all Lapis ships, Judge Infinity arrives, towing along a Cathedral class-mothership. After talking, Iconah challenges Juno to take his fleet and destroy the Defiance. Based on what choices are made, either Juno goes alone or Infinity joins him. The player can ask for the assistance of the Cy-breed in this battle.

Two years after Juno defeated the Defiance, the Lifewave Galaxy and the Cy-Breed Empire had sworn their fealty to the Human Empire. Juno was then planning on performing a church mass and had Iconah seek out the Cy-breed leader, Nell Exer, and the others, Il and Infinity. Once all the guests were present, the Lapis attack the sector. Nell and Il flee while the humans fend for themselves. Retreating to Infinity's base, they succeed in stopping the Lapis from attacking them. Iconah deduces that the ship Il gave them as a gift is filled with bloodair. Juno assigns Iconah to execute both Loodweeg and Il for this. After obtaining the severed heads of the fallen leaders, Iconah is then directed to the Cerebrals. The player has the choice of doing some tasks for the Cerebrals or get the information by force. Either way, the player has to battle the Cerebrals. Iconah's fleet then comes to Rock City where he has to retrieve a Lapis altar in order to open a portal. After defending the altar from the Lapis, Iconah's fleet goes through.

By some joke, Iconah comes back to the day of his fifth birthday in his child form. His father explains they have to repeat everything again. After destroying two waves of organic ships, Iconah then enters another portal. There, he finds the rest of his fleet who he manages to convince he is real. Defeating the three gate guardians, the fleet escapes the time zone created by the Heart. Iconah is then reunited with Juno who had spent 50 years in the distant past, planning on eliminating all aliens before they can attack Earth in the future. Iconah attacks Juno but he escapes. He then makes contact with the Lapis. He goes to the Lapis homeworld and makes an alliance with the Lapis. The Lapis and Iconah defeat the Inquisition. He stops the mad vicer and restores the timeline.

Reception

The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

See also
 Homeworld
 Homeworld: Cataclysm
 Homeworld 2
 Nexus: The Jupiter Incident
 Sins of a Solar Empire
 Haegemonia (DreamCatcher's Former 3D space RTS)
 O.R.B: Off-World Resource Base

References

External links

2007 video games
DreamCatcher Interactive games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Real-time strategy video games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in Serbia
Windows games
Windows-only games

Genesis Rising: The Universal Crusade


Road speed limits in the United Kingdom are used to define the maximum legal speed (which may be variable) for vehicles using public roads in the UK.

Speed limits are one of the measures available to attempt to control traffic speeds, reduce negative environmental effects of traffic, increase fuel use efficiency and satisfy local community wishes. The speed limit in each location is indicated on a nearby traffic sign or by the presence of street lighting.

Signs show speed limits in miles per hour (mph) or the national speed limit (NSL) sign may be used.

The national speed limit is 70 mph (112 km/h) on motorways, 70 mph (112 km/h)  on dual carriageways, 60 mph (96 km/h) on single carriageways and generally  ( in Wales) in areas with street lighting (Built-up area). These limits may be changed by road signs and apply to cars, motorcycles, car-derived vans up to 2 tonnes maximum laden weight (MLW), and to motorhomes or motor caravans not more than  maximum unladen weight. Other classes of vehicles are subject to lower limits on some roads.

Enforcement of UK road speed limits was traditionally done using police 'speed traps' set up and operated by the police who now increasingly use speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters.

Ever since they have been introduced, speed limits have been controversial. They are both opposed or supported from various sources; including motoring advocacy groups, anti-motoring groups and others who either consider them to be irrelevant, set too low or set too high.

Current regulations

National speed limits

Default maximum speed limits apply to all roads where no specific lower numeric speed limit is already in force. The default speed limit is known as the national speed limit (NSL). The NSLs vary by road type and for vehicle types.

In Northern Ireland only, vehicles displaying L-plates (for learner drivers) or R-plates (for newly qualified drivers) may not exceed 45 mph (72 km/h), regardless of whether the driver is required to display them. This restriction does not apply to goods vehicles, buses and coaches displaying L-plates while driving on a motorway, or to motorcycles of Class A2 or A displaying R-plates.

Speed limiters
Some classes of vehicles are required to have speed limiters which enforce a maximum speed by physical means. Older vehicles still in use do not have limiters fitted or have them set at a higher speeds. New vehicles should be fitted with limiters as follows:
Buses and coaches, including minibuses: 60 mph (96 km/h)
HGVs: 60 mph (96 km/h) or  depending on class.
Mopeds:

Some other vehicles, especially light commercial or service vehicles, may be voluntarily fitted with limiters by their owners (either private businesspeople or company fleets), generally set at 60, 65, or 70 mph, though some ultralight citybound service vehicles may be limited to  or less. In all cases, a warning sticker must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle.

Signs

20 mph speed limits and zones
The Department for Transport encourages the use of either '20 mph speed limits' or '20 mph speed limit zones' in urban situations where vulnerable road users are at particular risk.

In 1998 the TRL reported that signed  speed limits only reduced traffic speeds by about 1 mph and delivered no discernible reduction in accident numbers but that 20 mph zones achieved average speed reductions of 10 mph with child pedestrian accident reductions of 70% and child cyclist accident reductions of 48%. The report noted that the cost of wide area traffic calming was prohibitive.

20 mph speed limits
20 mph speed limits are based on signage alone and are used where 85th percentile speeds are already below 24 mph.

A report published in 2010 by the Department for Transport regarding Portsmouth City Council's  speed limit on  of the city's  of roads found a small (1.3 mph) reduction in traffic speed and a small 8% increase in the number of serious accidents – neither of which were statistically significant – and a 21% reduction in the number of accidents. There was a 6% increase in the numbers killed or seriously injured (KSI) – also not statistically significant due to the small numbers involved – and a 22% reduction in the total number of road casualties.

20 mph zones

In places where 20 mph speeds are desired but where excessive speeds (85th percentile speed of 24 mph or above) occur, 20 mph zones are recommended. These have to use traffic calming measures to reduce speeds to below 20 mph.

A report published in 2008 estimated that following the introduction of 20 mph zones in London, a reduction of casualties by 45% and KSI by 57% occurred.

20 mph default speed limit in Wales
On 17 September 2023, Wales introduced a default speed limit of 20 mph in built up areas. An estimated 7,700 miles of road were changed from 30 mph to a 20 mph speed limit. Around 30% of 30 mph roads retained the 30 mph limit, with local authorities allowed to apply for exemptions to the new law. The Welsh Government said they were doing this to reduced death and injury on the roads, as well as reduce noise and pollution and encourage active travel. This was despite their own figures showing the measure could cost Wales £4.5 billion over a 30 year period. Spain had already enacted a similar default speed limit in 2019. Across the UK, many cities and towns already had residential areas with 20 mph speed limits. Scotland were considering a similar 20 mph default speed limit to Wales.

Shared space
Research carried out for the Department for Transport, to provide supporting evidence for Local Transport Note 1/11 on shared space, showed that in all of the ten shared space sites that were studied, that although they all had speed limits of 30 mph, that the average speeds on them was around 20 mph.

Types of speed limit

Fixed speed limits

Speed limit road signs are used to inform road users where speed limits other than the applicable national speed limit apply.

Variable speed limits

Variable speed limits are used on some major traffic roads. These can be changed in response to weather, traffic levels, time of day or for other reasons with the currently applicable speed limit displayed using an electronic road sign. Signs with the speed shown in a red circle are compulsory, signs where the speed is not within a red circle are advisory and exceeding these speeds while driving safely within the applicable national speed limit is not in itself an offence. Variable speed limits were introduced on some congested major routes as an element of controlled motorway techniques to improve traffic flows for given prevailing conditions.
Part-time variable speed limits may also be used outside schools.

Minimum speed limits
Rarely, minimum speed limits are used, such as through the Mersey Tunnels, to maintain free flow and safe passage through otherwise hazardous or enclosed areas. Circular blue signs with white numbers indicate the start of these limits, and similar signs with a red diagonal line indicate their end. Contrary to popular belief, there is no minimum speed limit on motorways, although certain classes of slow vehicles (as well as those of any class that cannot maintain 25 mph on the level whilst unladen) are prohibited on safety grounds and drivers are expected to not cause unnecessary obstruction by driving unusually slowly.

Justification
According to the government, speed limits are used to help achieve appropriate traffic speeds for safety, and environmental and accessibility reasons. The Department for Transport state that "speed limits play a fundamental role" in the effective management of traffic speeds in relation to the safety of both drivers and all other road users.

Safety

The 30 mph (48 km/h) speed limit in built-up areas was introduced in 1934 in response to high casualty levels. The 70 mph (112 km/h) limit on previously unrestricted roads was introduced in 1965 following a number of serious motorway accidents in fog earlier the same year.

The Department for Transport believes that effective speed management involves many components but that speed limits play a 'fundamental role' and are 'a key source of information to road users' particularly as an indicator of the nature and risks posed by that road to both themselves and other motorised and non-motorised road users.

The Parliamentary Select Committee for Transport Safety published a report entitled 'The Ending the Scandal of Complacency' in 2007 which highlighted how casualty levels rise with increasing speed and recommended reducing speed limits on streets with high pedestrian populations and on dangerous rural roads. The report highlights that when two cars crash head-on at 60 mph a driver has a 90% chance of dying which falls to 65% at 50 mph. While recommending 20 mph speed zones the committee noted that these zones 'should not rely on heavy-handed enforcement measures'.

The World Health Organization published a report in 2004 highlighting that a total of 22% of all 'injury mortality' worldwide were from road traffic injuries in 2002 and that the speed of vehicles was 'at the core of the problem Road incidents are said to be the leading cause of deaths among children 10 – 19 years of age (260,000 children die a year, 10 million are injured).

In 2008 14% of collisions reported to the police had a speed related contributory factor (either "exceeding the speed limit" or "travelling too fast for conditions") reported rising to 24% for fatal accidents and 25% of all road deaths. "Exceeding the speed limit" was reported as a contributory factor in 5% of collisions and 14% of fatal collisions. "Travelling too fast for conditions" (but within the prevailing speed limit) was recorded as one of the contributory factors in a further 8% of all collisions (and 9% of all fatal, 9% of all serious and 8% of all slight accidents),

The UK government publishes Reported Road Casualties Great Britain (RRCGB) each year, based on road traffic casualties data (STATS19) reported to the police, which has been collected since 1949, and with additional data going back to 1926. The highest number of road fatalities recorded in a single year in GB was 9,196 in 1941. The highest number of fatalities during peacetime was 7,985 for 1966, following the introduction of the national 70 mph speed limit in 1965 and the year before the legal drink drive limit and the associated Breathalyzer laws were introduced.

The 2009 edition also summarised the characteristics of speed related fatal collisions as typically occurring on unclassified rural 60 mph speed limit roads, the driver being a male under the age of 30, with the collision types being head-on, lost control or cornering and the cause being loss of control whilst cornering or overtaking and the contributory factors being excess or inappropriate speed, loss of control, aggressive, careless or reckless behaviour or in a hurry.

Environmental and accessibility
Speed limits are also used where reduced vehicle speeds are desired to help reduce vehicle emissions and traffic noise, and to improve the accessibility conditions for more vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists and to reduce the perceived traffic risk for local people.

During the 1973 oil crisis a temporary maximum national speed limit of  was introduced on all roads, including motorways to reduce fuel consumption, which was later progressively raised on Motorways (to 70 mph) and dual carriageways (to 60 mph), before a final change to single and dual carriageway non-motorway roads that produced the current NSL situation.

Effectiveness

Parliament estimates that "Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95% of all drivers admit to exceeding speed limits". DfT guidance makes it clear that setting speed limits in isolation, or setting ones that are "unrealistically low" may be ineffective and lead to disrespect for the speed limit. Bath and North East Somerset Council say that speed limits on their own do not necessarily reduce traffic speeds and should be supported by enforcement to target "irresponsible drivers" or traffic calming.

Compliance
In the UK, in 2017 the average free flow speed for each vehicle type is correlated with the applicable speed limit for that
road type and for motorways and national speed limit single carriageway roads, the average free flow speed is below
the designated speed limit for each vehicle type, except motorcycles on motorways.

Enforcement

Speed limit enforcement is used to check that road vehicles are complying with the speed limits. Methods used include Fixed speed cameras, Average speed cameras and also police operated LIDAR speed guns and older radar speed guns. In addition Vehicle activated sign and Community Speed Watch groups also encourage compliance. For lower speed limits, physical Traffic Calming is normally required. Fixed speed cameras are controversial with various advocacy groups supporting and opposing their use.

The Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved "virtually complete compliance" on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras, and across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations their KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65%.

Advocacy
Since they have been introduced various groups have campaigned on the subject who either consider them to be irrelevant, set too low or set too high.

Advocacy groups include Association of British Drivers, The Automobile Association, Living Streets (The Pedestrians' Association), RAC Foundation, RoadPeace, Royal Automobile Club (originally the Automobile Club), Twenty is Plenty (20's Plenty for Us), Safe Speed and others.

History

Early years
The first speed limits in the United Kingdom were set by a series of restrictive Locomotive Acts (in 1861, 1865 and 1878). The 1861 Act introduced a  limit (powered passenger vehicles were then termed "light locomotives"). The Locomotives Act 1865 (the 'Red Flag Act') reduced the speed limit to  in the country and  in towns and required a man with a red flag or lantern to walk  ahead of each vehicle, and warn horse riders and horse drawn traffic of the approach of a self-propelled machine. The Highways and Locomotives (Amendment) Act 1878 removed the need for the flag and reduced the distance of the escort to .

Following intense advocacy by motor vehicle enthusiasts, including Harry J. Lawson of the Daimler Company the most restrictive parts of the acts were lifted by the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896. which raised the speed limit to  and removed the need for the escort. A celebratory run from London to Brighton was held soon after the act was passed and has been commemorated each year since 1927 by the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run.

The speed limit for motor cars was raised to  by the Motor Car Act 1903 which stood until 1 January 1931 when all speed limits for cars and motorcycles were abolished under the Road Traffic Act 1930. Lord Buckmaster's opinion at the time was that the speed limit was removed because "the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt". Between 1930 and 1935 the number of annual road fatalities dropped from 7,305 to 6,502. The same act also introduced a  speed limits for UK coach services, UK bus services and most HGVs. Buses were not necessarily fitted with speedometers at this stage.

A 'Road Traffic (Speedometer) Bill' was debated in 1933 relating only to vehicles to which current speed limits applied.

The Road Traffic Act 1934, created by Leslie Hore-Belisha, the then Minister of Transport, introduced a speed limit of  in built-up areas for cars and motorcycles which came into effect on 18 March 1935. The definition of a built-up area was based on the presence of street lighting, which had previously been mandated by the Public Health Act 1875. The re-introduction of a speed limit for cars was in response to concern at increased road casualties. Between 1935 and 1940 the number of annual road fatalities increased from 6,502 to 8,609.

Speedometers were made compulsory for new cars in 1937.

World War II
A  night-time speed limit for built-up areas was introduced in 1940 as an attempt to halt the increase in the number of road casualties occurring during the World War II blackouts. Following the introduction of blackouts fatalities rose on speed-limited roads from 289 in March 1939 to 325 in March 1940. For October 1940 the total number of deaths during daylight (when the speed limit didn't apply) fell, in relation to those for October 1939, from 511 to 462, whereas the figures for the black-out hours (when the speed limit did apply) rose from 501 to 684. The highest number of deaths in any one year in the UK occurred the following year (9,196 people in 1941).

1945–1969
On 1 October 1956, the  speed limit for built-up areas became permanent under the Road Traffic Act 1956. The speed limit, introduced on a trial basis in 1935, had relied on being renewed by Parliament each year. The maximum speed limit for goods vehicles was raised from  in 1957.

In addition, around 1958 some 30 mph roads had the limit raised to 40 mph to improve transit times, an early example being on Croydon Road in Mitcham, Surrey, saving, it was estimated, 33 seconds in journey time across Mitcham Common.

Following a series of serious motorway multiple crashes in the fog in 1965, Tom Fraser, the then Minister of Transport, following consultations in early November with the police and with the National Road Safety Advisory Council (NRSAC), concluded that the crashes were caused by vehicles travelling too fast for the prevailing conditions. The NRSAC advised that a  motorway speed limit should be imposed on motorway stretches affected by fog and that a general speed limit of 70 mph (112 km/h) should be experimentally applied for the winter months.

On 25 November 1965 the government announced that a temporary  speed limit would be applied to sections of motorway (there were  of it at that time) affected by fog, ice or snow and that a general maximum speed limit of 70 mph (112 km/h) would be applied to all otherwise unrestricted roads, including motorways, for a trial period of four months starting just before Christmas. The four-month trial 70 mph (112 km/h) speed limit on  of previously unrestricted roads and motorways was introduced at noon on 22 December 1965. Also on that day, the power for the police to apply advisory speed limits of  to motorways affected by bad weather was also introduced. The advisory limit was activated by the use of flashing amber lights placed at  intervals along the motorways.

In April 1966 Barbara Castle, the new Minister of Transport, decided to extend the experimental 70 mph (112 km/h) limit for a further two months to allow the Road Research Laboratory (RRL) time to collect data as there was still no conclusive evidence of its effectiveness. In May 1966 Barbara Castle extended the experimental period by a further fifteen months to 3 September 1967 as "the case is not proven" but there were signs of crash rate reduction.

In July 1966 the speed limit for "public service vehicles" (notably buses) was raised from . During 1966, the highest number of fatalities during peacetime at 7,985 deaths, was recorded.

In July 1967, Castle announced that 70 mph (112 km/h) was to become the permanent maximum speed limit for all roads and motorways. She had accepted RRL evidence that the speed limit had reduced the number of casualties on motorways. She ruled out minimum speed limits for motorways which would also reduce the danger of slow traffic as being too difficult to enforce and likely to increase congestion off the motorways.

The two major motoring organisations at the time, The Automobile Association and the R.A.C. welcomed the maximum speed limits for all-purpose roads, but the R.A.C. would have preferred more flexibility for motorways. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents suggested that a lower speed limit would be more appropriate for all-purpose roads and the Pedestrian's Association for Road Safety condemned the new limits as being too high, preferring 60 mph (96 km/h) limits for all roads. Castle's decision and acceptance of the RRL research at face value was controversial. Peter Walker's motion in Parliament to annul the speed limit on motorways was not adopted.

The introduction of the 70 mph speed limit

On 22 December 1965, a temporary 70 mph (112 km/h) speed limit was introduced on previous unrestricted roads and motorways for 4 months. At the end of the trial, speed checks on the M6 in Cheshire suggested that although cars were actually being driven about  faster, they were still usually travelling at speeds below the new limit. The crash rate was lower on the M6 in Staffordshire (the better weather was noted too) and continued to fall on the M5 in Worcestershire as it had before the new limit was imposed, and there was no change in the crash rate on the M6 in Cheshire or on the M1 in Northamptonshire.

The trial was extended and then made permanent in 1967. The blanket limit was reduced to 60 mph on single carriageways in 1977.

Although these 70 mph speed limit road signs are normally not used on motorways (the National Speed Limit road sign is normally used, as it makes it more understandable for motorists their maximum speed on the type of vehicle they're using), they have been used on non-motorway special roads within the UK, and across the motorways within Scotland.

1973 oil crisis
Due to the 1973 oil crisis, a temporary maximum national speed limit of  for all roads, including motorways, was introduced on 8 December 1973. The 70 mph (112 km/h) limit was restored on motorways on March 29, 1974 and on all other roads on 8 May 1974.

As an initiative to reduce energy consumption, the national speed limits for otherwise unrestricted single-carriageway and dual-carriageway roads were temporarily reduced to  respectively (motorway speed limits were left unchanged at 70 mph (112 km/h)) from 14 December 1974. In November 1976 the temporary speed limits were extended at least until the end of May 1977. In April 1977, the government announced that the national speed limits for single-carriageway roads was to be increased to 60 mph (96 km/h) and that the 70 mph (112 km/h) speed limit was to be restored on dual-carriageways on 1 June 1977.

1977–present
A speed limiter requirement for mopeds was introduced in 1977, with the speed cap being progressively redefined from , to , back up to  and finally to  in the late 2000s.

The 70 mph (112 km/h) speed limit was made permanent in 1978.

The Road Traffic Regulation Act, which was passed in 1984, includes legislation relating to speed limits. Part VI of the Act defines the default speed limit for 'regularly'-lit roads, gives local authorities powers to create 'speed limit orders', and exempts emergency vehicles from speed limits; the Act also defines speeding offences.

The first  speed limits for residential areas were introduced in 1991 and then speed limiters for buses and coaches set at  and also for HGVs set at  in 1994. It was made easier for local authorities to introduce a  limit in 1999.

In March 2009 the Government consulted on reducing speed limits on rural roads (on which 52% of fatalities had occurred in the previous year) to 50 mph. It explained that 'crashes were more likely on rural parts of the road network, upon most of which the national speed limit of 60 mph applies'. The Conservative opposition party and the AA were both opposed. The president of the AA said that speed limits that are too low can result in a greater number of accidents and that a "blanket reduction of speed limits would not make roads safer, given that many accidents on rural roads involved only one car".

In February 2010 the Department for Transport undertook a consultation to set a 65 mph speed limit for all buses, minibuses and coaches with more than eight passenger seats. These proposals were not taken up.

In April 2015 the speed limit for Heavy Goods Vehicles over 7.5 tonnes was increased from  on single carriageways and from 50 mph to 60 mph (96 km/h) on dual carriageways in England and Wales, but not Scotland except the A9 between Perth and Inverness.

In 2022, the Welsh government passed a law to make 20mph the default speed limit for built up areas in efforts to reduce the risk of road accidents. All 30mph signs were changed and the law took effect on 17th September 2023.

Notes

References

Documents referenced from 'Notes' section

Other references for article

Further reading
Roads: speed limits Parliamentary briefing paper (June 2011)

Transport policy in the United Kingdom
Roads in the United Kingdom
United King
Driving in the United Kingdom

Road speed limits in the United Kingdom


Gants Mill is a watermill on the River Brue in Pitcombe near Bruton, Somerset, England.

Much of the current mill was built in 1810 but includes parts of the 18th century building and  possibly some material from earlier mills, as there has been a mill on the same site since about 1290 which was originally a fulling mill. It is a grade II* listed building, and takes its name from John le Gaunt who owned it in 1290. The mill was owned for four centuries by the Weston family and papers relating to the mill are now held in the Somerset Record office.

Most of the machinery, including the grindstones, conveyors, sackhoist and grain bins, date from 1888 and is still used for grinding animal feed and occasionally whole wheat flour. A  British Empire turbine by Armfields of Ringwood was also installed. Steam power was introduced in 1883, and replaced by semi-diesel in 1914.

The South Somerset Hydropower Group was begun in 2001 and the first turbine, at Gants Mill, was commissioned in 2003. It was turned on by Adam Hart Davis on Friday 23 April 2004.  It now produces up to 12kW of electricity from a 300mm crossflow turbine. The system uses a crossflow turbine made by Valley Hydro of Cornwall, and has a maximum flow rate of 495 litres per second.

Brian Shingler is the sixth generation of his family to act as the miller.

The water garden includes seasonal displays of iris, roses, delphiniums, day lilies, clematis, and dahlias.

References

External links
 Gants Mill web site

Watermills in Somerset
Grade II* listed buildings in South Somerset
Mill museums in England
Museums in Somerset
Grade II* listed watermills

Gants Mill


Mohd Fahmi Reza bin Mohd Zarin (; born 7 June 1977) is a Malaysian political graphic designer, street artist and documentary filmmaker. He is best known for depicting Malaysia's then Prime Minister, Najib Razak, as a clown. He is also known for portraying Malaysian politicians, whom most of them are accused to corruption charges in a satirical way and has seen been arrested multiple times since the clown potrayal of Najib.

Legal action

Clown caricature
On 6 June 2016, Fahmi was charged with 'violating multimedia laws' as a result of his clown caricature. He had created the image as a protest against prime minister Najib Razak, who has been facing allegations that billions of dollars were stolen from a state-owned development fund he oversees. Najib is also being accused of accepting a mysterious US$681 million overseas payment.

Earlier in the year, on 30 January, Fahmi had posted the sketch to his Twitter account with the caption: "In 2015, the Sedition Act was used 91 times. Tapi dalam negara yang penuh dengan korupsi, kita semua penghasut (But in a country full of corruption, we are all instigators)." Police had earlier warned Fahmi that his Twitter account was under surveillance.

The charge was made possible under Section 233(1) of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998, which forbids online content deemed to "annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass" others. Fahmi faces a possible one-year prison sentence and a substantial fine, according to his attorney, Syahredzan Johan. He may face another charge under the same section of the Act, for also creating a fake Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) poster bearing the clown caricature.

Fahmi was charged with violating the law prohibiting communications that cause annoyance, and has pleaded not guilty. As of 30 December 2016, he is out on bail awaiting trial. His lawyer, Syahredzan Johan, says he faces a possible one-year prison sentence and a fine.

On 20 February 2018, Fahmi was sentenced to a month's jail and fined RM30,000 by the Sessions Court in Ipoh for a caricature depicting Najib as a clown. His lawyer Syahredzan Johan told Malaysiakini they will appeal the decision, and that a stay of execution of the sentence was granted with a bond of RM10,000.

On 11 October 2018, the Kuala Lumpur Sessions Court acquitted and discharged Fahmi on a charge of uploading a caricature of Najib on his Instagram account.

On 12 November 2018, the High Court in Ipoh set aside the prison sentence against Fahmi for uploading an offensive image of Najib on his social media account.

Kita Semua Penghasut T-shirts
On 4 June 2016, along with three other activists, Fahmi was arrested by police for selling #KitaSemuaPenghasut T-shirts at a shopping complex. The other three people arrested were event organiser Pang Khee Teik, community activist Lew Pik-Svonn and comic artist Arif Rafhan Othman. The three were being investigated for alleged offences under the Sedition Act 1948. Malaysia's National Human Rights Society (HAKAM) has condemned the arrests.

Insulting the Queen
On 23 April 2021, Fahmi was arrested for allegedly insulting the Queen of Malaysia, Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah, following queries on claims she received an unapproved Covid-19 jab. He was investigated under Section 4(1) of the Sedition Act and Section 233 of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998. This is because he created a Spotify playlist titled "This is Dengki ke?" (meaning "This is Jealous?") with the queen's portrait as the playlist's cover photo. The playlist is still accessible on Spotify and has 2,599 followers as of June 2021. There are 101 songs in both Malay and English on that playlist and almost all the songs are related to the word "Jealousy". For example, the first song on the playlist is "Jealousy" by British rock band, Queen.

According to Malaysiakini, the Queen reportedly responded to a question about the administration of the Covid-19 vaccine at the palace with the words "Dengki ke?" (Meaning "Jealous?") on her Instagram account. The Queen's response soon garnered a lot of attention and led to widespread criticism all over social media. Hence, Fahmi's playlists was taken to have been created for the purpose of mocking the Queen for her comment. However, he was released on bail a day later.

Activism
Fahmi says the charges demonstrate the effectiveness of the image, which he says expresses the idea that "the whole country has become the butt of a joke". He has vowed to keep posting satirical political images, and that he was prepared for any consequences. He says that the image "…connects with a lot of the people especially the younger generation, who are buying and wearing the T-shirts proudly, and sharing their photos wearing the T-shirts on their social media accounts".

Other graphic artists have started creating their own versions of a clown-faced Najib, using the hashtag #KitaSemuaPenghasut ("We are all instigators"). Fahmi stresses that his work generally skewers not just Najib but all sides of Malaysia's politics, where an ethnic Malay ruling elite is defending against a pan-racial opposition promising to end money politics and democratic abuses.

As a filmmaker, Fahmi won the "Most Outstanding Human Rights Film" at the 2007 Freedom Film Fest, for his documentary, Sepuluh Tahun Sebelum Merdeka (English: Ten Years Before Independence), which he says presents a story about Malaysians' struggle for independence, and the contributions of the political left.

He has frequently been banned from addressing students at the University of Malaya, on the subject of student activism. His activities have attracted the attention of media overseas, including The New York Times, VICE magazine and Le Figaro.

See also
Barack Obama "Joker" poster - political art with a similar motif
1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

References

External links

Malaysian cartoonists
Malaysian artists
Malaysian filmmakers
Living people
1977 births
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
People from Kuala Lumpur
Street artists
Malaysian graphic designers

Fahmi Reza


is a Japanese professional baseball starting pitcher for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). From 2007 through 2013, he played for the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in Nippon Professional Baseball's (NPB) Pacific League. Tanaka was posted by the Eagles after the 2013 season to be signed by an American team; he agreed to terms with the New York Yankees and signed a seven-year, $155 million contract, the fifth-largest deal ever given to a pitcher at the time.

Tanaka was the Eagles' first-round pick in the 2006 NPB amateur player draft. From 2012 to 2013, he won 26 consecutive decisions, which set a new NPB record.

References

1988 births
Japanese baseball players
American League All-Stars
New York Yankees players
Sportspeople from Hyōgo Prefecture
Living people

Masahiro Tanaka


Hershey House, also known as the Patrick Home, is a historic home located in Perry Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana.  It was built in 1856, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style brick dwelling, with a -story rear wing. It is three bays wide and has a gable front roof.  Also on the property is a contributing fieldstone milk house.  It was the home of William Hershey, son of the builder Joseph M. Hershey, who served with the 16th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery in the American Civil War and witnessed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Greek Revival houses in Indiana
Houses completed in 1856
Houses in Tippecanoe County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Tippecanoe County, Indiana

Hershey House


Script could mean different types of writing that are carefully put together.

Writing
A writing system, such as an alphabet
A style of handwriting or calligraphy, such as 'cursive', which means joined-up writing.

Documents
A written document in draft form, that might develop into a final book or performance form
A script (performing arts): the dialog and instructions for a play, including screenplay (for film), a teleplay (for television), or a choreographic script, (for example, using Benesh Movement Notation)
The dialogue for a comic book or comic strip

Computers
A scripting language: a computer programming languages initially used only for simple, repeated actions. See also Shell script, JavaScript, etc.

Other
A medical prescription, particularly as written on paper.
SCRIPT (AHRC Centre): the Scottish Centre for Research in Intellectual Property and Technologies

Related pages
Scrip: any form of money (currency) that is not normal official (legal) currency.

Script


The Church of the Holy Transfiguration of Christ on the Mount is a modest, single-room, hand-built wooden church near the summit of Meads Mountain in Woodstock, New York, originally constructed c. 1891 by William Mead and his wife, Anna Della Mead.  Services in the Sarum Rite of the Western Orthodox (Catholic) tradition are held each Sunday morning.  It is purported to be the repository of a Marian weeping Icon.  In the 1960s, Father Francis, the much-beloved "hippie priest", here welcomed hippies who had congregated in town during those years that culminated in the famous art and music festival.  Fr. Francis began the practice of this lesser known branch of Catholicism, which acknowledges the Pope as an earthly spiritual leader but, unlike classical Roman Catholicism, does not consider the Pope to be supreme or infallible.  The Church has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places, due in meaningful part to the devoted efforts of Father Deacon John Nelson, an understudy of Fr. Francis and peer of contemporary spiritual leaders who reverently maintained the Church until his death on August 1, 2017.  Fr. John's remains were committed to the earth alongside the structure following a traditional requiem Mass.

References

External links
Official site (?)

Churches in Ulster County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
Churches completed in 1891
19th-century churches in the United States
Woodstock, New York
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)

Church of the Holy Transfiguration of Christ-on-the-Mount


Hugo Reyne (born in 1961) is a contemporary French recorder player, oboist and conductor. He is the founder and music director of La Simphonie du Marais.

Biography
Born in Paris, Hugo Reyne began learning the flute and oboe at a very young age. In 1984, he won the first prize for chamber music at the Bruges International Chamber Music Competition. In the 1980s, Hugo Reyne played flute and oboe in most of the Parisian baroque ensembles, and from 1983 to 1996 he played the 1st flute at the Arts Florissants under the direction of William Christie. He has worked with conductors such as Frans Brüggen, Philippe Herreweghe, Gustav Leonhardt and Jordi Savall.

In 1987 he founded his historical interpretation ensemble, La Simphonie du Marais and was particularly interested in French lyrical music. Since 2003 Hugo Reyne has been artistic director of the Musiques at the  festival in Saint-Sulpice-le-Verdon.

Hugo Reyne devotes a large part of his time to musicological research, as well as to the publishing of old scores, he is also a collector of flutes and possesses a hundred instruments. For his work on the French musical heritage, he was awarded the title of Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1998.

Discography (Musiques à la Chabotterie)
 2006:  by Jean-Philippe Rameau
 2007: Ulysse by Jean-Féry Rebel
 2008: Musiques au temps de Richelieu
 2008: Haendel: 6 Concertos for flute
 2009: Concerts mis en simphonie Jean Philippe Rameau, orchestrated version of harpsichord pieces
 2009: Viennoiseries musicales
 2010: Atys by Jean-Baptiste Lully
 2012: Charpentier: Music for Molière's comedies
 2012: Nais, opera for peace by Jean Philippe Rameau
 2013: Vivaldi: 6 concertos for flute
 2014: Rameau: Les Indes galantes
 2016: Bach: Brandenburg Concertos

External links
Biography of Hugo Reyne on the website "Sinfonie du Marais"
interview with Hugo Reyne, à propos Naïs by Rameau (2011)
 Hugo Reyne on Discogs
 Hugo Reyne, trentenaire baroqueux lui aussi on ForumOpera
 Hugo Reyne on France Musique (1)
 Hugo Reyne on France Musique (2)
 Portrait Hugo Reyne - La Simphonie du Marais on YouTube

1961 births
Living people
French recorder players
French classical flautists
French classical oboists
Male oboists
French male conductors (music)
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Musicians from Paris
21st-century French conductors (music)
21st-century French male musicians
21st-century flautists

Hugo Reyne


des(1-3)IGF-1 is a naturally occurring, endogenous protein, as well as drug, and truncated analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). des(1-3)IGF-1 lacks the first three amino acids at the N-terminus of IGF-1 (for a total of 67 amino acids, relative to the 70 of IGF-1). As a result of this difference, it has considerably reduced binding to the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and enhanced potency (about 10-fold in vivo) relative to IGF-1.

The amino acid sequence of des(1-3)IGF-1 is TLCGAELVDA LQFVCGDRGF YFNKPTGYGS SSRRAPQTGI VDECCFRSCD LRRLEMYCAP LKPAKSA.

See also
 IGF-1 LR3
 Mecasermin
 Mecasermin rinfabate
 Insulin-like growth factor 2

References

Growth hormones
Insulin-like growth factor receptor agonists
Recombinant proteins

Des(1-3)IGF-1


The Southeastern Livestock Pavilion is a 4,212-seat covered arena located in Ocala, Florida.  It was one of the first new arenas to be completed after World War II, having been built in 1945, and, until the O'Connell Center was completed, served as the largest sports and entertainment venue north of Orlando, Florida.  It is still used for rodeos, concerts, trade shows, and other special events.

The Pavilion still boasts Florida's largest clear-span roof, which rises no higher than 37 feet, and has two separate grandstands, the Eastside and Westside Grandstands, as well as a 36,000-square-foot arena floor.  Adjacent are an 800-seat air-conditioned auditorium used for auctions and a3,178-square-foot reception hall.  There is parking for 1000 cars.

External links
Southeastern Livestock Pavilion at marioncountyfl.org

References

Convention centers in Florida
Indoor arenas in Florida
Event venues established in 1945

Southeastern Livestock Pavilion