From 1960 to 1987, the professional American football team now known as the Arizona Cardinals played in St. Louis, Missouri, as the St. Louis Cardinals.

The team moved from Chicago to St. Louis in 1960, and played their first home game there on October 2 at Busch Stadium against the New York Giants. Their last home game in St. Louis, played at Busch Memorial Stadium on December 13, 1987, was also against the Giants. Their last game as a St. Louis-based club was on December 27, 1987, at the Dallas Cowboys.

During the Cardinals' 28 years in St. Louis, they advanced to the playoffs just four times (1964, 1974, 1975, and 1982), and never hosted a playoff game. Their only postseason win came in the 1964 Playoff Bowl.

Their winning percentage of  during their time in St. Louis—187 victories, 202 losses, and 13 ties—is better than those in the other two cities the Cardinals have called home.

The team moved to Tempe, Arizona, in 1988.

1960–1973: St. Louis gets a team
In 1947, the Chicago Cardinals football team was owned by Violet Bidwill, who inherited it from her late husband Charles Bidwill. Two years later, she married St. Louis businessman Walter Wolfner. By the late 1950s, it had become obvious that the Cardinals could no longer hope to compete with the Chicago Bears, and a move to St. Louis seemed to make sense. Moreover, with competition from the nascent American Football League looming, NFL owners sought to preserve their market domination by expanding their established league to more cities. The NFL examined St. Louis, and concluded that it could support a team.

1960s
On March 13, 1960, the league's 12 owners unanimously approved the Cardinals' move to St. Louis, ending the team's 62-year history and 40 NFL seasons in Chicago. In addition to the NFL's blessing, the Bidwills sought permission from the long-established baseball team in their new city to share the "Cardinals" nickname. Other cities had hosted football teams that copied the local baseball team's name, but the Cardinals were (and remain) the only American team with a long-established nickname that moved to a city where another major sports franchise coincidentally had the same long-established name.

During the Cardinals' tenure in St. Louis, they were locally called the "Big Red", the "Football Cardinals", or "the Gridbirds" in order to avoid confusion with the baseball team.

The Cardinals played in the original Busch Stadium as tenants of the baseball team. St. Louis had not had a professional football team since the early days of the NFL. For decades, the NFL had demanded a modern stadium as a condition for returning to the city, until the prospect of competition with the AFL compelled them to approve the Cardinals' move in exchange for a pledge to eventually build a new venue. However, it was clear the team would be playing for at least a few years not only in an antiquated ballpark not designed for football with poor and outdated infrastructure and in a neighborhood that had fallen into disrepair. Moreover, the baseball team had priority for scheduling. Under these circumstances, tickets proved difficult to sell. The Cardinals initially held practices in the city park. In 1961, they finished .500 at 7–7 after the NFL had expanded to a 14-game season to compete with the upstart AFL, but and fell to 4–9–1 in 1962. Improving to 9–5–0 in 1963, the Cardinals almost reached the playoffs, but a loss to the Giants prevented that.

The Cardinals were competitive for much of the 1960s. New stars emerged in Larry Wilson, Charley Johnson, Jim Bakken, Sonny Randle, and Jim Hart. Violet Bidwill Wolfner died in 1962, and her sons, Bill and Charles, Jr. took control. Although the Cardinals were competitive in the '60s, they failed to achieve a playoff appearance during the decade.

In 1964, the Cardinals got off to a good start, going undefeated in their first four games (all on the road), their only blemish being a 33-33 tie against the Cleveland Browns. However, the Cardinals were then forced to play what was supposed to be their home opener against the Baltimore Colts at Memorial Stadium when their landlords reached the World Series. They lost to the Colts 47-27 in Baltimore. The defeat in the extra road game proved painfully decisive as while St. Louis finished 9–4–1 and second in the Eastern Conference (enough to qualify for a postseason game) a victory by the Browns over the New York Giants denied them a championship berth by a mere half game. The team finished the year with a Playoff Bowl win over the Packers.

By 1964, the Bidwills were disappointed with the progress of the new downtown stadium and considered moving the team to Atlanta. St. Louis city leaders provided some incentives, which combined with groundbreaking at a new stadium later that year persuaded them to stay. While the football team would continue to be tenants in the new facility, they received better lease terms, furthermore the new venue was a "cookie-cutter" multipurpose stadium, considered state-of-the-art at the time and designed from the outset to readily accommodate both baseball and football. The new stadium would eventually be completed in 1966 and be named Busch Memorial Stadium after the owner of the baseball team. A new expansion team, the Falcons of the NFL, was eventually created for Atlanta and began play in 1966, while a different St. Louis team would move to Atlanta: the NBA Hawks in 1968.

A 4–1–0 start to the 1965 season evaporated into a 5–9–0 finish. Starting quarterback Charley Johnson struggled most of the season with a shoulder injury and defensive leader Larry Wilson missed games with broken hands.

In 1966 (the team's first in the newly opened Busch Memorial Stadium), the Cardinals had a new head coach in Charley Winner. They were in first place in the Eastern Conference with a 7-1–1 record, but Johnson suffered a season-ending injury against the Giants and the Cardinals lost four of their last five games leaving them out of the playoffs. The 1966 season saw the debut of first-round draft pick Johnny Roland who gained 908 yards from scrimmage and was named NFL Rookie of the Year.

In 1967, Johnson was summoned to active duty in the Army. This opened the door for Jim Hart who was signed as an undrafted free agent out of Southern Illinois University the previous season. Hart threw for over 3000 yards and 19 touchdowns in 1967, but the team finished with six wins, seven losses, and one tie.

Meanwhile, the NFL expanded to four divisions (thus doubling the playoff field) and eliminated one-game playoffs. Under the second season of the new format, the Cardinals won on the road against the Cleveland Browns to give them a critical advantage under the newly-devised tiebreakers. However, a tie against the woeful Pittsburgh Steelers eventually ensured the Cardinals would miss the playoffs. St. Louis still beat Cleveland at home to complete the season sweep and end the year with a 9–4–1 mark, which was better than two other NFL playoff teams but a half game behind the Browns.

St. Louis fell back to 4–9–1 in 1969, but that season saw the debut of Roger Wehrli, a star safety at the University of Missouri who played 14 seasons for the Cardinals and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2007.

Early 1970s
In 1970, the NFL and AFL completed their merger, and the Cardinals were placed in the new NFC East division. They posted three consecutive shutouts in November, blanking the Oilers, Patriots, and the Cowboys, the latter a 38–0 victory on Monday Night Football in the Cotton Bowl. But St. Louis collapsed down the stretch, losing December games to the New York Giants, Detroit Lions, and Washington to finish 8–5–1 and out of the playoffs. The Cardinals then regressed to three consecutive 4–9–1 seasons from 1971 to 1973. Bill Bidwill became sole owner in 1972; he would own the team until his death in 2019. Only the New York Giants and Chicago Bears have been in the hands of one family longer than the Cardinals.

Head Coach Bob Hollway was fired after consecutive 4-9-1 seasons in 1971 and 1972. 1972 season; he was replaced the following year by Don Coryell, who had built a powerhouse program at San Diego State.

1974–1977
The Cardinals raced out a 7–0 record to open the 1974 season and won the NFC East championship — their first division or conference title since their unsuccessful title defense of 1948 — by a season sweep of the Redskins. However, the team did not receive home-field advantage; under the NFL playoff format of the day, the venue of first-round games simply rotated among division champions and in 1974 it was the NFC East champion's turn to go on the road. A victory in the first round would have brought the NFC Championship Game to St. Louis, but this was not to be. While the Cardinals took an early 7–0 lead against the Minnesota Vikings in Bloomington, Minnesota, a missed field goal just before halftime sapped their momentum. The Vikings scored 16 points in the first seven minutes of the second half and cruised to a 30–14 victory.

The Cardinals repeated as NFC East champions in 1975, but were once again denied home-field advantage in the first round. The playoff format had been changed before the season to ensure that the two division champions with the best records in each conference earned home-field advantage in the divisional round – as it happened, the Cardinals were the lowest-seeded NFC division champion. The playoff game against the Los Angeles Rams was a disaster: Lawrence McCutcheon set an NFL playoff record by rushing for 202 yards, and Jack Youngblood and Bill Simpson returned interceptions for touchdowns, staking the Rams to a 28–9 halftime lead en route to a 35–23 victory at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The defeat ultimately cost the Cardinals yet another chance to host the NFC Championship Game, as their division rival Cowboys ended up beating the NFC Central champion Vikings the next day in Bloomington.

During this period, the Cardinals boasted an effective offense in the wake of a record-setting offensive line which included standouts Dan Dierdorf, Conrad Dobler, and Tom Banks.

This period for the franchise was characterized by exciting close games, come-from-behind nailbiters, and several frustrating near-misses. The press and league fans began to call the team the "Cardiac Cardinals". Team stars from the 1970s included Wehrli, wide receiver Mel Gray, and running backs Terry Metcalf and Jim Otis.

On Thanksgiving 1976, the Cardinals suffered a controversial loss to the Dallas Cowboys. Cardinals tight end J. V. Cain, running an apparent game-winning route, was shoved out of the end zone by Dallas defensive backs Cliff Harris and Charlie Waters in what appeared to be obvious interference, but a penalty was not called. With this loss, the Cardinals were dethroned from the divisional lead and became the first NFC team to reach 10 wins without qualifying for the playoffs. Ultimately, the Cardinals would become the only 10-win NFC team to miss the playoffs under a 14-game schedule. It was the Redskins' sweep of the season series that kept them out of the playoffs.

In 1977, the Cardinals started slowly but won 6 consecutive games before losing the Thanksgiving Day game to the Miami Dolphins, 55–14. Bob Griese's record-setting day turned out to be the first of 12 straight losses for the Cardinals (extending into 1978), a streak which included being only the second team ever to lose to the previously winless Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and the first to lose in Tampa Stadium. Coryell and several key players, including Dobler and Metcalf, departed the team at the end of the 1977 season.

1978–1985: Decline
For the 1978 season, Bidwill hired Bud Wilkinson, famous for building a football dynasty in 17 seasons at the University of Oklahoma. But Wilkinson, who had been out of coaching since retiring from the Sooners following the 1963 season, could not turn the Cardinals around. St. Louis started 1978 with eight straight losses and finished at 6–10, and Wilkinson was fired in 1979 with the Cardinals at 3–10 and last in the NFC East. Wilkinson was canned by Bidwill for refusing to bench quarterback Jim Hart in favor of rookie Steve Pisarkiewicz. Larry Wilson, the Pro Football Hall of Fame safety who starred for the Cardinals for 13 seasons, coached the final three games of the 1979 season, finishing with a 5–11 record.

The Cardinals experienced several years of notoriously poor drafts and unfortunate personnel moves in the late 1970s, typified by the first-round selection of kicker Steve Little, who was paralyzed in a 1980 automobile accident, and hiring Wilkinson in 1978. The team also suffered a tragic loss during the 1979 training camp when Cain died of a heart attack.

However, the Cardinals had some success in the early 1980s, posting three consecutive winning seasons from 1982 to 1984. The heart of this squad was the prolific trio of quarterback Neil Lomax, wide receiver Roy Green, and running back Ottis Anderson. Stellar performances by Anderson could not salvage the Cardinals' 1980 and 1981 campaigns, which ended at 5–11 and 7–9, respectively.

In the strike-shortened 1982 season season, the Cardinals finished 5–4, which was nevertheless good enough to qualify for the team's first postseason appearance since 1975 due to the expanded 16-team playoff field. The Cardinals fell 41–16 to the Green Bay Packers in what would turn out to be their last playoff game as a St. Louis team.

St. Louis finished 1983 at 8–7–1, including victories over the eventual Super Bowl champion Los Angeles Raiders and the Seattle Seahawks, who lost to the Raiders in the AFC championship game; the team also lost in meetings between the two NFC Championship game participants, the NFC champion Washington Redskins and their opponent, the San Francisco 49ers.

The Cardinals entered the final weekend of 1984 with a chance to win the NFC East by defeating the Redskins, but Neil O'Donoghue missed a game-winning field goal at the gun, giving Washington a 29–27 victory and the division championship; the team finished 9–7 and missed the playoffs.

St. Louis started 1985 3–1, but finished 5–11, leading to the termination of coach Jim Hanifan after six seasons. Hanifan would return triumphantly to St. Louis 14 years later, serving as offensive line coach during the St. Louis Rams' Super Bowl championship season in 1999.

1986–1987: Final seasons in St. Louis

Gene Stallings, formerly the head coach at Texas A&M and a long-time assistant to Tom Landry with the Cowboys, replaced Hanifan. The Cardinals finished 4–11–1 in 1986, but improved to 7–8 in 1987, falling just one win shy of the playoffs, losing 21–16 on the final Sunday of the season to the Cowboys.

The 1987 season is remembered for a stunning comeback, rallying from a 28–3 deficit against the Buccaneers by scoring 28 points in the fourth quarter for a 31–28 victory. It remains the largest fourth-quarter comeback in NFL history.

The overall mediocrity of the Cardinals, combined with an old stadium, caused game attendance to dwindle, and once again the Bidwills decided to move the team, this time to either Baltimore, Phoenix, or Jacksonville. Nonetheless, Cardinals fans were unhappy at losing their team, and Bill Bidwill, fearing for his safety, stayed away from several of the 1987 home games. Their last home game was on December 13, 1987, in which the Cardinals won 27–24 over the New York Giants in front of 29,623 fans on a late Sunday afternoon.

On March 15, 1988, the NFL team owners voted to allow Bidwill to move the Cardinals from St. Louis to Tempe, Arizona, for the 1988 NFL season. Both Jacksonville and Baltimore later got NFL teams of their own (in Baltimore's case, it was a return of the NFL) when the Jaguars began play in 1995, and the Ravens controversially started in 1996 respectively.

The NFL returns to St. Louis, and then leaves again
The NFL returned to St. Louis in 1995, when the Los Angeles Rams moved there. The Rams would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 against the Tennessee Titans, becoming the first NFL team to win a championship in three different cities (previously in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1945 and Los Angeles, California, in 1951). Due to the NFL's scheduling rotation, the Arizona Cardinals only played one game in St. Louis prior to 2002, a 20-17 win over the Rams at Trans World Dome.

The Cardinals and Rams became divisional rivals in 2002 when the NFL changed from six divisions to eight; this ensured that the Cardinals, now in the NFC West, played one regular season game in St. Louis annually until the 2015 season, after which the Rams moved back to Los Angeles. During this time, the Cardinals would finally appear in their first Super Bowl, in which they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

With the Rams' move back to Los Angeles, St. Louis became the first city to have lost two NFL teams to the western United States. The Rams would go on to win their second championship in Los Angeles at Super Bowl LVI in 2022, defeating the Cincinnati Bengals.

Season records

Notable players

Pro Football Hall of Famers

Italics = played a portion of career with the Cardinals and enshrined representing another team.
Dierdorf, Smith, Wehrli and Wilson were members of the St. Louis Football Ring of Fame in The Dome at America's Center when the Rams played there from 1995 to 2015.

Retired numbers

Notes:
 1 Posthumously retired.

See also
 History of the St. Louis Rams

References

External links

 St. Louis Cardinals Extra Pointer Newsletter Finding Aid at the St. Louis Public Library

St. Louis
St. Louis Cardinals (football)

St. Louis Cardinals (NFL)


Good Luck to You, Leo Grande is a 2022 sex comedy-drama film directed by Sophie Hyde and written by Katy Brand. The film stars Emma Thompson and Daryl McCormack. The story revolves around a woman who seeks a young sex worker to help her experience pleasurable sex.

The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2022, and was released on 17 June 2022, theatrically in the United Kingdom by Lionsgate, and digitally in the United States by Searchlight Pictures as a Hulu original film. The film was critically acclaimed with praise given to the film's performances, specifically Thompson, who received BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for her performance.

Plot
In a hotel room, Nancy Stokes welcomes a male sex worker named Leo Grande. An anxious Nancy explains that she has never had an orgasm, and she has vowed never again to fake one after the death of her husband two years earlier. She is insecure about her body and age, and embarrassed at having hired Leo, who tries to put her at ease.

Leo expresses no shame about sex work, but he reveals that his mother believes him to be an oil rig worker. Nancy shares that she is disappointed in her adult children, adding that she is a retired religious education teacher. Her husband was her only sexual partner and found oral sex demeaning, and they never deviated from unfulfilling missionary sex for thirty-one years together.

Nancy recounts her most sensual experience: as a teenager on a family holiday in Greece, a hotel worker took an interest in her; alone in the garden, he began kissing and fingering her before being interrupted, and she left the following day. Seeing Nancy aroused and relaxed by her own story, Leo kisses and fingers her.

A week later, Nancy meets Leo in the same hotel room for a second session. Though still not having achieved an orgasm, she has prepared a bucket list of sexual activities to experience for the first time, beginning with fellatio. She remains anxious, worsened by phone calls from her daughter, but Leo relaxes her through dancing and a massage. Fearing that she sacrificed her youth and potential adventures for her family, she is overwhelmed after touching a shirtless Leo, who encourages her to embrace her own body.

Leo reveals he has a younger brother in the military, from whom he is estranged, and suggests Nancy book more sessions, but she accuses him of trying to make more money. He tells her about his other clients, explaining that he obtains genuine pleasure from seeing their pleasure. Nancy sees Leo becoming aroused as he describes his work, which in turn arouses her, and she finally performs fellatio on him.

Nancy books Leo for a third session in the same room. He performs oral sex on her, the second item on her list, which she enjoys but does not bring her to orgasm. She admits to cyberstalking and uncovering Leo's real name, Connor. Upset, Leo tells her not to book him again, threatening to expose her as a client. She asks if they can be friends and encourages him to tell his family about his work, even offering to speak to his mother. Leo reveals that his mother tells people he is dead, and storms out. Returning to retrieve his phone, he angrily admits that his mother disowned him when he was fifteen, and leaves.

Nancy books Leo for a fourth session, arranging to meet in the hotel's cafe where their waitress, Becky, turns out to be her former student. Nancy thanks Leo for her newfound confidence and sexual awakening, and has discreetly recommended him to several friends. She admits her real name is Susan Robinson, and that Leo is the only true adventure she has ever had. Becky interrupts with a story about Susan shaming her and her friends for their short skirts, calling them "sluts".

Leo has revealed his job to his brother, reconnecting with him, and explains that his mother disowned him after catching him and several friends having group sex; she no longer acknowledges his existence, even walking past him in the street. Susan apologises to Becky for her past judgmental behaviour, confessing her real relationship to Leo and recommending his services.

Susan and Leo enjoy a final session in their room, passionately engaging in all the remaining acts on Susan's list, but she is still yet to orgasm. While Leo looks for a sex toy, Susan watches him walk around naked and masturbates, giving herself her first orgasm. She thanks Leo, telling him this will be their final session, as she does not need him anymore. Alone, Susan appreciates her own naked body.

Cast
 Emma Thompson as Nancy Stokes / Susan Robinson
 Daryl McCormack as Leo Grande / Connor Martin
 Isabella Laughland as Becky
 Charlotte Ware as waitress 1
 Carina Lopes as waitress 2

Production

Development and casting
In October 2020, it was announced that Emma Thompson would star in a film directed by Sophie Hyde from a screenplay by Katy Brand. The film is a joint project between Genesius Pictures and Cornerstone Films, with Debbie Gray and Adrian Politowski producing. Daryl McCormack joined the cast in February 2021.

Hyde said that she enjoyed working with Thompson, and the two of them worked collaboratively, with the resulting film a co-creation by both of them. "We discussed a lot, listened to each other's stories and ideas about the material."

Filming
Principal photography began on 8 March 2021 and concluded on 20 April 2021. Filming locations included London and Norwich.

McCormack and Thompson did not require an intimacy coordinator to orchestrate their sex scenes. Regarding her nude scene for the film, Thompson has commented that "[i]t's very challenging to be nude at 62".

Release
Cornerstone Films handled international sales and sold the film to independent distributors. In October 2021, Lionsgate acquired UK distribution rights to the film.

The film premiered at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival, which at the last minute was changed to an online rather than in-person event because of an increase in cases of the Omicron variant during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, on 22 January. Following the premiere, Searchlight Pictures acquired US distribution rights to the film for Hulu.

On 17 June 2022, the film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom and on Hulu in the United States. The film was released in Australian cinemas on 18 August 2022 by Roadshow Films, with some preview screenings accompanied by a Q&A session with Hyde and cinematographer Bryan Mason in the preceding week, including in their hometown of Adelaide.

Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 221 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Sexual awakening stories aren't in short supply, but Good Luck to You, Leo Grande proves you can still tell one with a refreshing – and very funny – spin." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 78 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

A review in The New York Times by Lisa Kennedy described the film as "a tart and tender probe into sex and intimacy, power dynamics and human connection." Describing the two lead actors, her review says, "Thompson is terrifically agile with the script's zingers and revelations. A relative newcomer, McCormack moves between wit, compassion and vulnerability with grace." In a review for RogerEbert.com, critic Sheila O'Malley praised the film, writing, "It's a relief to see a film so frank about sex, and so open to sex's complexities, especially when so much of current cinema is sexless to a disheartening degree. 'Leo Grande' cares about sex for older women, and not just sex, but the baggage associated with sex, and how that baggage robs us of joy and fulfillment. Also revelatory is the film's non-judgmental attitude towards sex work. Writing for the Los Angeles Times, critic Justin Chang wrote, "Good Luck to You, Leo Grande presents itself as a corrective, with an earnestness that verges on the Utopian; for all its low-key intimacy and emotional realism, this movie knows it's selling a fantasy of its own. But it's hard not to warm to that fantasy, or to embrace its still-rare vision of a woman learning to articulate and satisfy her most human impulses. It's good for Nancy. And for us." In a review for the progressive publication People's World, journalist Chauncey K. Robinson highlighted how the film seemingly destroyed the "mythos that women stop living for themselves after they reach a certain point in their lives."

Accolades

References

External links

2022 comedy-drama films
2022 films
2022 independent films
2020s American films
2020s British films
2020s English-language films
2020s sex comedy films
American comedy-drama films
American sex comedy films
British comedy-drama films
British sex comedy films
Films about gigolos
Films about prostitution in the United Kingdom
Films about sexual repression
Films about widowhood
Films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic
Films set in hotels
Films shot in London
Films shot in Norfolk
Hulu original films
Lionsgate films
Searchlight Pictures films
Two-handers

Good Luck to You, Leo Grande


Garveyism is an aspect of black nationalism that refers to the social, economic, and political policies of UNIA-ACL founder Marcus Garvey. At the movement's peak of popularity, followers of Garveyism, known as "Garveyites", numbered in the millions, with almost a thousand local divisions in the United States, the Caribbean, Central America, Canada and Africa. The ideology of Garveyism centers on the unification and empowerment of African-American men, women and children under the banner of their collective African descent, and the repatriation of African slave descendants and profits to the African continent. Garvey was fought by the African-American establishment in the U.S. An investigation by the Justice Department, directed by J. Edgar Hoover, led to Garvey's arrest on charges of mail fraud in January 1922, and his projects collapsed.

African-American history
Nationalism

Garveyism


Tertullian (160-225) was an early Christian writer from Carthage.
Though conservative in his worldview, Tertullian originated new theological concepts and advanced the development of early Church doctrine. He is perhaps most famous for being the first writer in Latin known to use the term trinity (Latin: trinitas). According to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Tertullian's trinity [is] not a triune God, but rather a triad or group of three, with God as the founding member".[13] A similar word had been used earlier in Greek,[a] though Tertullian gives the oldest extant use of the terminology as later incorporated into the Nicene Creed at the Second Ecumenical Council, the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD, or as the Athanasian Creed, or both.[14] Other Latin formulations that first appear in his work are "One God, three persons, one substance" as the Latin "tres personae, una substantia", ('consubstantial', in English), itself from the Koine Greek "treis hypostases, homoousioi").[12] Influenced by Stoic philosophy, the "substance" of Tertullian, however, was a material substance that did not refer to a single God, but to the sharing of the divine substance of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.[13] He wrote his understanding of the three members of the trinity after becoming a Montanist.[12]

Other websites
Tertullian Project

Christian writers
160 births
225 deaths

Tertullian


Mutare iguta guru riri muManicaland nechekumabvazuva eZimbabwe.

Mana ari kwaMutare anosanganisira: Sakubva; Dangamvura; Murambi.

Tsika

Mutare (service for which no recompense is given immediately).
Mutare kana mutari (a feast for friends who have helped in the fields).
Kuita mutare (a feast for friends who have helped in the fields).
Kupa mutare (to lend; especially to lend or borrow food).
Mutari kana mutare (a loan of foodstuff).

Fundo

Primary education
 Baring Primary School
 Chancellor Junior School
 Chikanga Primary School
 Cross Kopje Junior School
 Chirovakamwe
 Dangamvura Primary School
 Hillcrest Preparatory School
 Mutanda Primary School
 Mutare Junior School
 New Dangare Primary School
 Rujeko Primary School
 Rock of Ages Private Junior School
 Sakubva Primary School
 Murahwa Hill Primary School
 St Joseph's Primary School
 Sheni Primary School
 Zamba Primary School
 Zimunya Primary School
 Sacred Heart Primary School
 Chisamba Primary School
 Matika Primary School
Joshua Dhube Primary School
Zhawari Primary School
Dangare primary School
Mutukwa primary School
Hartzell Central Primary School

Secondary education / high school education
 Hartzell High School
 Chikanga High School
 Dangamvura High School
 Elise Gledhill High School
 Hillcrest College
 Mutare Boys' High School
 Mutare Girls' High School
 Nyamauru High School
 Sakubva High School (Dangwe)
 Sakubva High 2 School (Rushingo)
 St Dominics High Mutare
 St Josephs High School
 St Mary's High Chikanga
 Dora High School

Tertiary institutions
 Africa University, a pan-African United Methodist
 Marymount Teachers' College
 Mutare Teachers College
 Mutare Polytechnic
 Magamba vocational training
 Fern Valley University

Mutare
Mazita eNzvimbo muZimbabwe

Mutare


Jason Anthony Romano (born June 24, 1979) is a former professional baseball player. He played parts of four seasons in Major League Baseball for five different teams from 2002 until 2005.

Professional career

Rangers
In 1997, Romano was a supplemental first-round pick drafted directly out of Hillsborough High School by the Texas Rangers at the age of 17. After spending his first five professional season in the Rangers' minor league system, Romano made his major league debut in April 2002 against the Anaheim Angels.

Rockies
In July 2002, Romano was part of a 4-player trade that sent him to the Colorado Rockies. He was initially sent to the minor league Colorado Springs Sky Sox, where he batted .310 to earn a September call-up. In 18 games down the stretch, Romano hit .324 while playing four different positions.

Dodgers
During the 2002-03 offseason, the Los Angeles Dodgers acquired Romano to be their super utility player. Romano had just three hits in 36 at bats while splitting the year between the Dodgers and their top farm team, the Las Vegas 51s.

2004: Devil Rays and Reds
At the end of spring training in 2004, Romano was again traded, this time to his hometown team, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. However, his stay with his hometown team was brief, as the Devil Rays placed him on waivers after just four games. He was claimed by the Cincinnati Reds, and he split the rest of the year between the Reds and the minor league Louisville Bats.

Remaining career
Romano began the 2005 season with the Bats, and was called up in late May. In two brief stints with the Reds, he batted .267. He became a free agent at the end of July, signing with the Florida Marlins. However, after just one game for their Albuquerque Isotopes farm team, Romano suffered a season-ending injury. In 2006, he briefly returned to the Devil Rays' system, but was released after batting just .105 in 13 games with the Durham Bulls. Romano continued to play for various minor league teams before retiring from baseball in spring 2009.

After baseball

Currently, Romano is an agent for Excel Sports Management as well as serving as a baseball analyst for several Tampa radio stations. He is also involved in several business ventures. He and his wife, Ellen, currently reside in Tampa Bay, Florida.

External links

Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball outfielders
Texas Rangers players
Colorado Rockies players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Cincinnati Reds players
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Savannah Sand Gnats players
Charlotte Rangers players
Tulsa Drillers players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Las Vegas 51s players
Louisville Bats players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Durham Bulls players
Somerset Patriots players
Baseball players from Florida
1979 births
Living people

Jason Romano


Leif Erlend Johannessen (born 14 May 1980) is a Norwegian chess player, and Norway's fifth grandmaster. He received his title in 2002, and was at the time Norway's second youngest grandmaster of all times. He picked up his first norm in Oslo, the second at Bermuda and finally the third in the Sigeman tournament in Malmö. Johannessen has yet to win the Norwegian championship, the closest he has come is second place in 1999 after losing the play-off 0-2 to Berge Østenstad. Johannessen has won the Norwegian blitz and rapid championship several times though.

Johannessen usually plays 1.d4 when he is White. With Black, Johannessen employs a variety of defenses including the Sicilian Defence and Caro-Kann Defence against 1.e4 and the Queen's Gambit Declined, Slav Defense, or Semi-Slav Defense against 1.d4.

Johannessen works as attorney. He is also the editor-in-chief of the official  Norwegian Chess Magazine.

Johannessen is an honorary member of the Portuguese amateur team Mata de Benfica and played in the Portuguese First League Team Championship in the season 2006/2007 and 2008/2009 for this team.

Sample game
White: Leif Erlend Johannessen
Black: Hikaru Nakamura
Opening: Grünfeld Defence, Exchange Variation
Played at Bermuda 28 January 2002, round 7
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.e4 Nxc3 6.bxc3 Bg7 7.Nf3 c5 8.Rb1 0–0 9.Be2 cxd4 10.cxd4 Qa5+ 11.Bd2 Qxa2 12.0–0 Bg4 13.Bg5 Qe6 14.h3 Bxf3 15.Bxf3 Qd7 16.d5 Na6 17.Qe2 Nc5 18.e5 Rae8 19.Rfd1 f6 20.Be3 Rc8 21.d6 b6 22.Bxc5 Rxc5 23.e6 Qc8 24.dxe7 Re8 25.Rd8 Rxd8 26.exd8=Q+ Qxd8 27.e7 Qe8 28.Qe6+ Kh8 29.Rd1 Rc8 30.Qxc8 Qxc8 31.Rd8+, Black resigns

External links

1980 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Norwegian chess players
Norwegian chess writers
Norwegian magazine editors

Leif Erlend Johannessen


Barry William Boehm (May 16, 1935 – August 20, 2022) was an American software engineer, distinguished professor of computer science, industrial and systems engineering; the TRW Professor of Software Engineering; and founding director of the Center for Systems and Software Engineering at the University of Southern California. He was known for his many contributions to the area of software engineering.

In 1996, Boehm was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to computer and software architectures and to models of cost, quality, and risk for aerospace systems.

Biography
Boehm was born on May 16, 1935. He received a BA in mathematics from Harvard University in 1957, and an MS in 1961, and PhD from UCLA in 1964, both in mathematics as well. He also received honorary Sc.D. in Computer Science from the U. of Massachusetts in 2000 and in Software Engineering from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011.

In 1955 he started working as a programmer-analyst at General Dynamics. In 1959 he switched to the RAND Corporation, where he was head of the Information Sciences Department until 1973. From 1973 to 1989 he was chief scientist of the Defense Systems Group at TRW Inc. From 1989 to 1992 he served within the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) as director of the DARPA Information Science and Technology Office, and as director of the DDR&E Software and Computer Technology Office. From 1992 he was TRW Professor of Software Engineering, Computer Science Department, and director, USC Center for Systems and Software Engineering, formerly Center for Software Engineering.

He served on the board of several scientific journals, including the IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Computer, IEEE Software, ACM Computing Reviews, Automated Software Engineering, Software Process, and Information and Software Technology.

Awards
Later awards for Boehm included the Office of the Secretary of Defense Award for Excellence in 1992, the ASQC Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994, the ACM Distinguished Research Award in Software Engineering in 1997, and the IEEE International Stevens Award. He was an AIAA Fellow, an ACM Fellow, an IEEE Fellow, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering (1996). He received the Mellon Award for Excellence in Mentoring in 2005 and the IEEE Simon Ramo Medal in 2010. He was appointed a distinguished professor on January 13, 2014.

He was awarded the INCOSE Pioneer Award in 2019 by the International Council on Systems Engineering for significant pioneering contributions to the field of systems engineering.

Work
Boehm's research interests included software development process modeling, software requirements engineering, software architectures, software metrics and cost models, software engineering environments, and knowledge-based software engineering.

His contributions to the field, according to Boehm (1997) himself, include "the Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), the spiral model of the software process, the Theory W (win-win) approach to software management and requirements determination and two advanced software engineering environments: the TRW Software Productivity System and Quantum Leap Environment".

Software versus hardware costs
In an important 1973 report entitled "Ada - The Project : The DoD High Order Language Working Group" to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Boehm predicted that software costs would overwhelm hardware costs. DARPA had expected him to predict that hardware would remain the biggest problem, encouraging them to invest in even larger computers. The report inspired a change of direction in computing.

Software economics
Boehm's 1981 book Software Engineering Economics documents his Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO). It relates software development effort for a program, in Person-Months (PM), to Thousand Source Lines of Code (KSLOC).

Where A is a calibration constant based on project data and B is an exponent for the software diseconomy of scale.

Note: since man-years are not interchangeable with years, Brooks' Law applies:
Adding programmers to a late project makes it later.
Thus this formula is best applied to stable software development teams which have completed multiple projects.

Spiral model

Boehm also created the spiral model of software development, in which the phases of development are repeatedly revisited. This iterative software development process influenced MBASE and extreme programming.

Wideband Delphi
Boehm refined the Delphi method of estimation to include more group iteration, making it more suitable for certain classes of problems, such as software development.  This variant is called the Wideband Delphi method.

Incremental Commitment Model
The Incremental Commitment Model (ICM) is a system design, developmental, and evolution process for 21 century systems. The systems' types cover a wide range from COTS based systems to "routine" Information Systems to human intensive and life or safety critical.

It was only in 1998, after the development of the ICM that Barry Boehm along with A Winsor Brown started to focus on reconciling it with the WinWin Spiral Model and its incarnation in MBASE and the follow-on Lean MBASE, and working towards an Incremental Commitment Model for Software (ICMS) by adapting the existing WinWin Spiral Model support tools.
In 2008, the evolving ICM for Software with its risk-driven anchor point decisions, proved very useful to several projects which ended up having unusual life cycle phase sequences.

Publications
Boehm published over 170 articles and several books. Books, a selection:

 1978. Characteristics of Software Quality. With J.R. Brown, H. Kaspar, M. Lipow, G. McLeod, and M. Merritt, North Holland.
 1981. Software Engineering Economics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1981 .

 1996. Ada and Beyond: Software Policies for the Department of Defense. National Academy Press.
 2000. Software Cost Estimation with COCOMO II. B. Boehm, C. Abts, A. W. Brown, S. Chulani, B. Clark, E. Horowitz, R. Madachy, D. Reifer, B. Steece. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 2000 .
 2007. Software engineering: Barry Boehm's lifetime contributions to software development, management and research. Ed. by Richard Selby. Wiley/IEEE press, 2007. .
 2004. Balancing Agility and Discipline: A Guide for the Perplexed. With Richard Turner. Pearson Education, Inc 2004 .
 2014. The Incremental Commitment Spiral Model: Principles and Practices for Successful Systems and Software. B. Boehm, J. Lane, S. Koolmanojwong, R. Turner. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2014. .

Articles
 1996. "Anchoring the Software Process",. In: IEEE Software, July 1996.
 1997. "Developing Multimedia Applications with the WinWin Spiral Model," with A. Egyed, J. Kwan, and R. Madachy. In: Proceedings, ESEC/FSE 97 and ACM Software Engineering Notes, November 1997.

References

External links

 Barry Boehm home page
 "A View of 20th and 21st Century Software Engineering" — talk by Barry Boehm

1935 births
2022 deaths
American computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Harvard College alumni
American software engineers
Software engineering researchers
University of Southern California faculty
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering

Barry Boehm


John Warren Aldrich (February 23, 1906 – May 3, 1995) was an American ornithologist.

Biography
Aldrich was born on February 23, 1906, in Providence, Rhode Island. He went to Providence public schools, and got a BS degree in biology from Brown University, in 1928. In 1923 in Bird-Lore he published his first work "Mocking Bird in Rhode Island", which became very popular among Rhode Islanders interested in bird-watching. While attending Brown University, he joined a swimming team there, and set a record for the whole school on 200-yard breaststroke. He was a nature counselor at Camp Chewonki, in Maine. After graduating from Brown University, he attended Buffalo Museum of Science, which had just been built. There he served as an aide and assistant. While working there, he met Roger Tory Peterson, then an art student from Jamestown, New York. Aldrich got a biological assistant position in 1930, at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, where he worked under supervision of Harry Oberholser. He met his love, Louise Kendall, in Cleveland, and went to Niagara Falls in 1933.

Aldrich did much field work in numerous states, including: Michigan, Ohio, Wyoming, and Ontario, Canada, which was under control of CMNH. He got multiple skin cancers while working in the sun. Later on, attended Western Reserve University, in which he earned an MA degree in biology, in 1937. During the same year, he also got a PhD, from the same university. After the PhD, he was appointed as a curator of birds at a museum.

In 1941, he became a PhD qualified biologist and joined Fish and Wildlife Service, and next year was elected to the Washington Biologists' Field Club. Five years later, in 1947, he became a Chief of the Section of Distribution and Migration of Birds. In 1951, under his supervision, both mammal and bird investigations were joined. His bird studies range from population to systematics, which was oriented toward better understanding of population segments and kinds. From 1959 to 1962 he was President of WBFC, in which he stayed till he became an honorary member in 1982.

He retired in 1972, but still continued to work for Fish and Wildlife Service as an annuitant. A decade and 3 years later, his wife died from diabetes. After her death, 3 years later, he moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he, his daughter Betsy, her 3 sons, and his other daughter Jane, who came from California, lived. Aldrich died in Tucson from a stroke on May 3, 1995.

Memory
After his death, a plaque was put up on a rock, which currently stands at Plummers Island, as a memory for his dedicated work in the ornithological field.

References

American ornithologists
1906 births
1995 deaths
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Brown University alumni
Case Western Reserve University alumni
20th-century American zoologists

John Warren Aldrich


The Australian Plant Census (APC) provides an online interface to currently accepted, published, scientific names of the vascular flora of Australia, as one of the output interfaces of the national government Integrated Biodiversity Information System (IBIS – an Oracle Co. relational database management system). The Australian National Herbarium, Australian National Botanic Gardens, Australian Biological Resources Study and the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria coordinate the system.

The Australian Plant Census interface provides the currently accepted scientific names, their synonyms, illegitimate, misapplied and excluded names, as well as state distribution data. Each item of output hyperlinks to other online interfaces of the information system, including the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) and the Australian Plant Image Index (APII). The outputs of the Australian Plant Census interface provide information on all native and naturalised vascular plant taxa of Australia, including its offshore islands, but excludes taxa only known in Australia from their cultivation and not (yet) naturalised.

The classification of plant families is based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III system (2009).

References

External links
Australian Plant Census - APC

Online botany databases
Botany in Australia
Flora of Australia
Databases in Australia

Australian Plant Census


The Park () is a 1983 play by the German writer Botho Strauß. It is loosely based on William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, with the characters moved to a contemporary German city.

Strauß wrote the play after a cancelled staging of A Midsummer Night's Dream for the Berliner Schaubühne. Strauß had worked on his own translation of the play, but decided to adapt it into a new play with a modern-day setting. The play was printed in 1983 and staged in three German versions the following year, by Dieter Bitterli in Freiburg, Dieter Dorn at the Munich Kammerspiele and Peter Stein at the Berliner Schaubühne.

It was the basis for the 1992 opera Parken by the composer Hans Gefors.

Reception
Paul Taylor of The Independent reviewed a 1995 production in London, and wrote that "the malaise of these contemporary characters is altogether more existential than anything suffered in the Dream, an inwardly-turned madness rather than the healthier lunacy of love". He described how "thematic motifs from the Shakespeare surface in a provocatively warped way" and called the play "a work in which the spirit of Shakespeare's comedy leaks stirringly (if, in the end, impotently) into the senses of the contemporary personnel", summarizing it as "a strangely haunting experience".

References

1983 plays
German-language plays
Plays adapted into operas
Plays and musicals based on A Midsummer Night's Dream
Plays by Botho Strauß

The Park (play)


Sir James Dowdall (died 1584) was an Irish judge of the Elizabethan era who briefly held office as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. He should not be confused with James Dowdall, the Catholic martyr, who was his cousin.

Early career
He was born in County Louth, eldest son of Christopher Dowdall, and nephew of George Dowdall (died 1558), Archbishop of Armagh. His mother was Thomasine Cusack, daughter of John Cusack of Cussington and his first wife Alison de Wellesley, and sister of Sir Thomas Cusack, Lord Chancellor of Ireland. James was something of a favourite of his uncle Thomas, who encouraged him to pursue a legal career.

The Dowdall family, originally called Dovedale, came to Ireland from the valley of Dovedale in Derbyshire, from which they took their name. Their main estates were at Newtown and Termonfeckin, both in County Louth. Other notable family members included Sir Robert Dowdall, Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas in the previous century, and Robert's son Thomas Dowdall, Master of the Rolls in Ireland.

James entered Lincoln's Inn before 1549; an entry in the Inn's books survives from 1554 stating that he was ordered to shave his beard.

Mary I appointed him Principal Solicitor for Ireland in 1554 and Elizabeth I confirmed him in office and later gave him an annuity for his diligence in attending the Court of Castle Chamber (the Irish equivalent of Star Chamber). He resided mainly at Knock in County Louth.

Family
He married Elizabeth Thunder, a member of a prominent Dublin merchant family (their unusual surname is thought to derive from the French Tonnerre). The Francis Thunder, a merchant of Dublin, who was granted a coat of arms in 1619, presumably belonged to the same family. They had one daughter Ellen, who married John Barnewall. Elizabeth was still alive in 1587, when Sir Henry Colley sued her as the executrix  of her husband's estate, for debts which Dowdall had incurred by standing surety for his brother Patrick.

Later career
He was appointed a justice of the Court of Queen's Bench (Ireland) in 1565 and was transferred to the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland) in 1577; he was also appointed Chief Justice of Munster, and sat on the Royal Commission to establish the government of that province. He was chosen for several diplomatic missions over the years, and conducted negotiations on behalf of the English Crown with Shane O'Neill and with the Earl of Desmond.

In 1583 he was knighted and appointed Lord Chief Justice, but died the following year. According to Elrington Ball he was highly esteemed by his colleagues, and exercised a powerful influence on his colleagues, especially in Ulster. Elizabeth I as she made clear in the patent appointing him, admired him greatly, although her first choice as the new Lord Chief Justice had been Sir Lucas Dillon, the Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, who was something of a royal favourite. Dillon, however, preferred to remain as Chief Baron, so that Dowdall, who was recommended by the Privy Council of Ireland and by Dillon himself, and whom the Queen herself praised for his "good service" was the obvious choice for Lord Chief Justice. Her praise for Dowdall is interesting as in general she had a very poor opinion of her Irish Law Officers, deploying their "default and inefficiency", and has a practice of replacing them with English lawyers whenever a vacancy arose.

References

People from County Louth
1584 deaths
16th-century Irish judges
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Year of birth unknown
People of Elizabethan Ireland
Lords chief justice of Ireland
Chief Justices of Munster
Principal Solicitors for Ireland

James Dowdall (Chief Justice)


The FIA Formula 2 Championship is a second-tier single-seater championship organised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Held on racing circuits, the championship was introduced in 2017, following the rebranding of the long-term Formula One feeder series GP2. The series' original founders were Flavio Briatore and current managing director Bruno Michel.

Designed to make racing relatively affordable for the teams and to make it an ideal training ground for life in Formula One, Formula 2 has made it mandatory for all of the teams to use the same chassis, engine and tyre supplier so that true driver ability is reflected. Formula 2 mainly races on European circuits, but has appearances at other international race tracks as well such as the Bahrain International Circuit in Bahrain, the Jeddah Corniche Circuit in Saudi Arabia, the Yas Marina Circuit in the United Arab Emirates, and the Albert Park Circuit in Australia.

While significantly slower than Formula One, the Formula 2 championship cars are faster than most other circuit racing vehicles. As of 2022, the F2 lap record for the Imola Circuit, while roughly 15 seconds per lap slower than Formula One, is five seconds per lap faster than LMP1 sports cars and the more junior open wheeler category Formula 3, and more than 20 seconds per lap faster than TCR Touring Cars.

Origins

Numbering system
The numbering system in FIA Formula 2 Championship is currently based on the previous season's team standings (similar to Formula One 1996–2013 numbering system) with the exception of #13, which was used since the formation of GP2 Series in 2005 until present. Additionally, since the 2020 season the number #19 has been retired along with #18 to honor Anthoine Hubert who sustained fatal injuries during one of the 2019 Belgian Grand Prix's support races.

Race weekend
Pit stops are optional if there is a force majeure event like a change in weather conditions, tyre puncture, front or rear wing damage or others.

On Friday, there is one Free Practice session of 45 minutes and one Qualifying session of 30 minutes.

On Saturday, one Sprint Race (in 2021 there were 2 Sprint Races) will take place and will consist of 120 kilometres or 45 minutes, whichever comes first. The starting grid will be determined by reversing the top 10 finishers of Friday's Qualifying session. Feature Race had earlier taken place on Saturday instead of Sprint Race from 2017 to 2020.

On Sunday, the Feature Race will take place ahead of the Formula 1 Grand Prix and will consist of 170 kilometres or 60 minutes, whichever comes first. Sprint Race had earlier taken place on Sunday instead of Feature Race from 2017 to 2020.

Points system
The top 8 finishers in the Sprint Race receive points as follows:

The top 10 finishers in the Feature Race receive points as follows:

The driver who qualified in pole position for the Feature race during Friday's qualifying session receives an additional 2 points.

In each race, one point will be awarded to the driver who achieves the fastest lap time, providing he was in the top 10 positions of the final race classification.

The maximum number of points a driver can score at any round will be 39.

A count-back system is used to decide places of drivers with equal points in the championship with the driver with most wins ranking highest of those with equal points totals. If there is still a tie, the most second-place finishes, then the most third-place finishes, etc., is used to split the tied drivers. This count-back system is applied at all stages of the championship.

Racing flags
These are the racing flags that are used in Formula 2 Championship race weekends:

Costs

One estimate puts the cost of running a Formula Two car at $US 3 million per season. Typically, most of these costs must be paid by the driver, through personal sponsorship, or personal or family wealth. These costs, as well as the costs of competing in more junior categories, represent a major barrier to drivers reaching Formula One.

A number of cost control measures, including freezing car specifications and reducing the number of venues, were introduced by the FIA for the 2021 season.

Car specifications
The same FIA Formula 2 Championship car is used by all of the teams, and features a carbon-fiber monocoque Dallara chassis, powered by a single-turbocharged direct-injected Mecachrome V6 engine and mounted dry slick and rain treaded Pirelli tyres. Overall weight is 755 kg including the driver.

Chassis

First-generation (third-generation overall)

The first-generation (third-generation overall) 2011–17 spec GP2/11 car which was used in the first season of the rebranded championship had been designed by Dallara Automobili. The obsolete GP2/11 car was fitted with the old Mecachrome 4.0-litre V8 naturally-aspirated engine as well as a taller and narrower rear wing inspired by those used in Formula One from 2009 to 2016.

Second-generation (fourth-generation overall)

The F2 Championship currently uses the Dallara F2 2018 chassis.

The cost of a Dallara F2 2018 car is approximately €500,000. This includes the wheels, wings, steering wheel and other components but not the engine.

Third-generation (fifth-generation overall)

Drivetrain
The current gearbox is manufactured by Hewland (utilizing the LFSC-200 model) and features an 8-position barrel with ratchet body and software upgrades as well as a new transverse shafts fixing system designed to facilitate improved gear selection. Currently, the series uses a 6-speed sequential gearbox configuration with electro-hydraulic operation via paddle-shifters with reverse operated by a button on the steering wheel. The clutches of all cars are supplied by ZF Sachs with the multi-plate clutch operated by a hand-paddle lever.

Wheel rims
O.Z. Racing exclusively supplies wheel rims for all cars since 2005. The wheel size of O.Z. Racing F2 wheels are  on front and  on rear until 2019. From 2020 onwards all cars will switch to  road car-inspired wheel rims for the preparation of expanding to Formula One from 2022 onwards and also data sharing. The new wheel rim sizes will be  on fronts and  on rears.

The wheel rims of all FIA Formula 2 cars are made of magnesium alloy.

Tyres
Similar to the 2011 change for Formula 1, Pirelli is now the sole tyre supplier for the series. The FIA Formula 2 Championship runs the different compounds and size as F1 since 2017 (due to in fact Formula 1's 2017–present tyres are wider, the FIA Formula 2 Championship carried over the pre-2017 Pirelli F1 tyres). The front tyre size are 245/660-R13 (9.6/26-R13) and rear tyre size are 325/660-R13 (12.8/26-R13) and will be used until the end of 2019 season. The compounds of Pirelli Formula 2 tyres are currently four dry compounds: purple supersoft (abolished after 2019), red soft, yellow medium and white hard. They all carry P Zero brand. And two wet compounds: green intermediate and blue wet. These carry Cinturato brand.

The new tyres were unveiled during the 2019 Monza FIA Formula 2 round with 18-inch wheel rims mounted. The tyre sizes will slightly differ from the sizes compared to 2011–2019 but the only changes are the wheel rim diameter increase (275/705-R18 (10.8/27.7-R18) on the fronts and 325/705-R18 (12.8/27.7-R18) on the rears).

Brakes
Brembo supplies monoblock brake calipers and disc bells, which are exclusive to Formula 2. Carbone Industrie also supplies carbon brake discs and pads for FIA Formula 2 Championship. The brake discs are  in size.

Fuel tank
The current Dallara F2 2018's fuel tank carried over the FIA standard Premier FT5 tank with the capacity up to 125 litres.

Refuelling during a race is currently banned due to safety and cost.

Suspension
The suspension of all FIA Formula 2 Championship cars are upper and lower steel wishbones, pushrod operated, coupled with twin Koni dampers and torsion bars suspension (front) and spring suspension (rear) similar to current Formula One car suspension.

Steering actuation system
The steering actuation system of all FIA Formula 2 Championship cars are manual, rack and pinion without power steering system (similar to IndyCar Series that has also manual steering actuation system).

Steering wheel
Since 2011, XAP Technology exclusively provides the XAP single-seater F2 steering wheel as well as XAP SX steering wheel dash display for all FIA Formula 2 Championship cars. The XAP steering wheel features 6 buttons in the front with 5 paddles (DRS, gear shift and clutch) in the back of steering wheel. From the 2018 season, all FIA Formula 2 Championship cars will utilize the all-new XAP Single-seat Formula 2451 S3 steering wheel with a larger dash screen and also three new rotary switches (similar to the current Formula E steering wheel).

Safety
The most current safety innovations are a top priority of the FIA Formula 2 Championship. Front, side, rear and steering column impact tests are the FIA safety standards. All cars include front and rear roll hoops, impact structures and monocoque push tests. Anti-intrusion survival cell protection panels have been used since 2011. Wheel retainer safety cables are also featured to avoid wheels flying similar to Formula One, IndyCar Series (known as SWEMS) and other single-seater Formula racing series. The seat belts of all FIA Formula 2 cars are supplied by Sabelt with a 6-point seat belt configuration similar to Formula One. From 2018 onwards, the "halo" cockpit protection system has been introduced to protect the drivers in crashes.

Other components
All FIA Formula 2 cars carry a Marelli-provided electronic control unit (Marvel SRG 480 model) as well as Marelli PDU 12–42 power supply management unit. Live telemetry is used only for television broadcasts, but the data can be recorded from the ECU to the computer if the car is in the garage and not on the track. Rear-view mirrors for all FIA Formula 2 cars are fully mandated to easily view opponents behind.

Aerodynamics
The aerodynamics of current Formula 2 cars are currently resembling the Formula One 2017-style aerodynamics with wider and curved front wings and also lower rear wings with parallelogram rear wing plates. Side winglets are also banned. The undertrays of all cars have ground effect features similar to 2022 Formula One cars.

Drag Reduction Systems (DRS)

Since 2015, the Drag Reduction Systems (DRS) were introduced in a purpose for overtaking maneuver assist by tilting the upper-element rear wing while approaching the opponent less than a second away by activating the DRS paddle behind the steering wheel. The upper-element rear wing angle is the same as a Formula One car which has over 40 degrees of angle. In an event of rainy conditions, Drag Reduction Systems are automatically deactivated for safety reasons.

Engine

First-generation (2005–2017)
Starting in 2005 (under GP2 Series name), Formula 2 cars were powered by  V8, four-stroke piston, Otto cycle unleaded gasoline-burning, prototype production-based, naturally-aspirated engines, produced by Mecachrome. Per Formula 2 rules, the engines sold for no more than €70,000 and were rev-limited to 10,000 rpm. They produced around  and weighed up to .

The valve train is a dual overhead camshaft configuration with four valves per cylinder. The crankshaft is made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps. The pistons are forged aluminium alloy, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel. The electronic engine management system is supplied by Magneti Marelli, firing a CDI ignition system. The engine lubrication is a dry sump type, cooled by a single water pump.

Second-generation (2018–present)
The V634 Turbo engine is a  V6 turbocharged direct injection four-stroke piston Otto cycle 620 hp fuel-efficient engine developed and built by Mecachrome, and maintained by Teos Engineering. The engine was unveiled in 2017 along with the new Dallara F2 2018 chassis. Dutch turbocharger company Van Der Lee Turbo Systems currently supplies the turbochargers for all FIA Formula 2 Championship engines.

The all-new engine fuel delivery system is gasoline direct injection instead of traditional electronic indirect injection. The power output of all-new FIA Formula 2 engine was increased from . Mecachrome will continue providing new FIA Formula 2 engines from the 2018 season and beyond. The Mecachrome V634 Turbo engine is rev limited down to 8,750 rpm and weighs up to  including turbocharger. The firing ignition of the Mecachrome V634 Turbo engine is revolutionary digital inductive. The fuel-mass flow restrictor rate of the second-generation FIA Formula 2 Championship engine is roughly rated at .

The Mecachrome V634 Turbo 3.4-litre single-turbocharged direct-injected Mecachrome V6 engine is an evolution of the GP3 engine, which is the solely supplied engine for the FIA Formula 2 Championship. With the addition of a single turbo, the engine underwent rigorous dyno testing, ahead of its racing debut. The Mecachrome V634 Turbo engines sells for up to €67,000 per unit by leasing and rebuilding.

The current second-generation FIA Formula 2 engine allocation is limited to one per season and lasts up to  after being rebuilt. Mid-season engine changes, including during race weekend, are banned and may result in a grid penalty for the session.

Turbocharger
Turbochargers were introduced from the start of 2018 season. The turbo configuration is single-turbocharged and produces up to  of boost pressure. Dutch turbocharger company Van Der Lee Turbo Systems currently supplies the turbochargers for all FIA Formula 2 Championship all-new engines using the MT134-50120 model. The turbocharger spin limit is 130,000 rpm but cannot exceed 125,000 rpm due to lower turbo boost pressure.

Fuel and lubricants components
All Formula 2 cars currently use ordinary unleaded racing gasoline as fuel (similar to commercial vehicle unleaded street gasoline), which has been the de facto standard in second tier single-seater formula racing since the introduction of GP2 Series in 2005. Since the start of the 2005 GP2 Series season, Elf exclusively has continued to be the exclusive provider of the LMS 102 RON unleaded fuel and also Elf HTX 840 0W-40 lubricants for all competitors in the FIA Formula 2 Championship until 2022.

In 2023, Aramco became the official fuel partner and supplier of all FIA Formula 2 Championship entrants.

Other parts
The car also features internal cooling upgrades, a new water radiator, radiator duct, oil/water heat exchanger, modified oil degasser, new oil and water pipes and new heat exchanger fixing brackets.

Performance
According to research and pre-season stability tests, the 2005 model can accelerate from 0 to 200 km/h (124 mph) in 6.7 seconds. The car has a top speed of  meaning that it is the fastest single seater racing car behind Formula One and IndyCar Series.

The 2011 model can accelerate from  in 6.6 seconds.

The car has a top speed of  with the Monza aero configuration.

History

2017

The 2017 season consisted of eleven rounds, ten of which supported the 2017 Formula One World Championship and a stand-alone event at the Circuito de Jerez. It began at Bahrain International Circuit on 15 April and concluded at Yas Marina Circuit on 26 November. This was the final season for the Dallara GP2/11 chassis which débuted in 2011 when the series was known as GP2, and the Mecachrome 4.0 litre (244 cu in) V8 naturally-aspirated engine package which débuted in the inaugural GP2 season in 2005.

The season saw rookie and reigning GP3 Series champion Charles Leclerc, driving for Prema Racing, take the drivers' title with seven race wins. The inaugural teams' championship was taken by Russian Time. Russian Time driver Artem Markelov finished the season as runner-up and DAMS driver Oliver Rowland was third.

2018

The 2018 season consisted of twelve rounds, all supporting the 2018 Formula One World Championship, beginning in Bahrain on 7 April and concluding in Abu Dhabi on 25 November. The 2018 season also introduced the new Dallara F2 2018 car as well as the all-new Mecachrome 3.4 litre (207 cu in) V6 turbo engine with a large single turbo and a double waste gate, supplied by Dutch turbocharger manufacturer Van Der Lee Turbo Systems. The car also featured the halo safety device for the first time, a device that was introduced into Formula One in the same year. The Racing Engineering and Rapax teams left the series prior to the 2018 season, having competed in Formula 2 and the predecessor GP2 Series since 2005 and 2010 respectively. Carlin returned to the series after a year's absence and Charouz Racing System joined the championship after the World Series Formula V8 3.5 was discontinued.

Carlin went on to win the Teams' Championship for the first time, having not done so during their time in the GP2 Series. The Drivers' Championship was won by rookie and reigning GP3 Series champion George Russell, who drove for ART Grand Prix and took seven race victories. Carlin driver Lando Norris finished as runner-up with DAMS driver Alexander Albon in third.

2019

The 2019 season consisted of twelve rounds supporting the 2019 Formula One World Championship, beginning in Bahrain on 30 March and concluding in Abu Dhabi on 1 December. Russian Time left the championship prior to the start of the season, having competed in Formula 2 and GP2 since 2013. The team was sold and became UNI-Virtuosi Racing.

On 31 August 2019, on the second lap of the feature race at Spa-Francorchamps, a high-speed accident occurred involving Anthoine Hubert, Juan Manuel Correa and Giuliano Alesi. Hubert and Correa were taken to the circuit's medical centre where Hubert died from his injuries. Correa's injuries forced him to miss the rest of the season, whilst Alesi was unhurt. The race was abandoned and the sprint race on the following day was cancelled as a mark of respect. The Formula One  at the circuit on the day after the accident began with a moment of silence. Most drivers wore a black ribbon in remembrance. 2017 Formula 2 champion Charles Leclerc, a friend of Hubert, won the race and dedicated his victory to Hubert.

French team DAMS won the Teams' Championship, having last done so in 2014. The Drivers' Championship was won by ART Grand Prix driver Nyck de Vries in his third year of Formula 2, taking four race victories. DAMS driver Nicholas Latifi finished as runner-up with UNI-Virtuosi Racing driver Luca Ghiotto in third.

2020

Hitech Grand Prix, who had briefly entered the 2005 GP2 Series in partnership with Piquet GP and had since raced only in Formula Three championships, entered Formula 2 as the eleventh team. Arden, who had raced in Formula 2 and its predecessors since 1997, left the series. Their entry was taken over by HWA Team and became BWT HWA Racelab. The season was due to begin in Bahrain on 21 March and was set to include a round at Circuit Zandvoort for the first time, replacing the round at Circuit Paul Ricard. However, a number of races were postponed or cancelled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and a new calendar was published. The season began at the Red Bull Ring on 4 July and ran alongside the first ten rounds of the 2020 Formula One World Championship, and concluded on 6 December after two rounds in Bahrain.

Prema Racing secured the Teams' Championship for the first time since the 2016 GP2 Series. Prema driver Mick Schumacher won the Drivers' Championship in his second year of Formula 2 with two race victories. UNI-Virtuosi driver Callum Ilott was runner-up with Carlin's Yuki Tsunoda third.

2021

As part of a new cost-cutting measure, each round of the 2021 championship featured three races instead of two, and the number of rounds was reduced from twelve to eight. The calendar was also separated from the FIA Formula 3 Championship calendar, meaning the two series were scheduled to not appear at the same Grand Prix weekend. As a result, the Red Bull Ring, Hungaroring, Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Circuit Paul Ricard and Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, tracks that traditionally appeared on the Formula 2 calendar prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, were no longer included. A round at the newly built Jeddah Street Circuit was added to the calendar. The championship began in Bahrain on 27 March and concluded in Abu Dhabi on 12 December.

Prema Racing claimed their second consecutive Teams' Championship with three races remaining. Prema driver Oscar Piastri took six race victories on his way to winning the Drivers' Championship in his debut year, becoming the first non-European to do so. Piastri's teammate Robert Shwartzman was the runner-up and UNI-Virtuosi driver Zhou Guanyu finished third.

2022

The 2022 championship marked the return of the pre-2021 race format with two races per round, but with the points offered for sprint races, pole positions and fastest laps reduced. The calendar was expanded, with twenty-eight races taking place over fourteen rounds. The Red Bull Ring, Hungaroring, Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya and Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps all returned to the calendar and rounds at Imola Circuit and Circuit Zandvoort took place for the first time. The round at Sochi Autodrom was cancelled along with the Formula One Russian Grand Prix due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and was replaced by a round at Circuit Paul Ricard. The championship began in Bahrain on 19 March and concluded in Abu Dhabi on 20 November. HWA Racelab left the series and their place was taken by Van Amersfoort Racing.

MP Motorsport claimed their first Teams' Championship in Formula 2. Their driver Felipe Drugovich, in his third year of Formula 2, won the drivers' championship. He took five race victories and clinched the title with three races remaining. Runner-up was ART Grand Prix's Théo Pourchaire with Carlin's Liam Lawson third.

2023

The 2023 championship featured a round at the Albert Park Circuit alongside the Australian Grand Prix for the first time. Circuit Paul Ricard was removed from the calendar as the French Grand Prix did not take place in . The season was therefore set to feature fourteen rounds, however the round at Imola Circuit was cancelled along with the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix after severe flooding in the area. The championship began in Bahrain on 4 March and is due to conclude in Abu Dhabi on 26 November. Two teams changed ownership for 2023; Carlin became Rodin Carlin after New Zealand-based manufacturer Rodin Cars became the majority shareholder in the team, and Charouz Racing System, which had competed since 2018, sold their operation to PHM Racing whilst continuing to support the entry under the name PHM Racing by Charouz.

2024

The series is set to introduce a new car in 2024, having used the Dallara F2 2018 for the previous six years. The calendar is due to feature fourteen rounds with the first race in Bahrain on 1 March and the finale in Abu Dhabi on 8 December. The round at Imola Circuit returned to the calendar after its cancellation in 2023, and the series is set to make its debut at Lusail International Circuit supporting the Qatar Grand Prix, replacing the round at Circuit Zandvoort.

Champions and awards

Drivers'

Teams'

Anthoine Hubert Award
The Anthoine Hubert Award was introduced at the prize-giving ceremony in Monaco in 2019, named in memory of Anthoine Hubert, who died during the 2019 Spa-Francorchamps round. The award is given to the highest-placed driver in their first Formula 2 season; the award is equivalent to 'Rookie/Newcomer of the Year' awards in other sports.

Drivers who graduated to Formula One

 champion Charles Leclerc was the only full-time driver of the season to graduate to Formula One, joining Sauber for . Sergey Sirotkin also made his Formula One debut in 2018 with Williams; he had raced in the GP2 Series in 2015 and 2016, placing third in both championships, and made a one-round appearance in 2017 as a replacement for an injured driver. The top three in the  Drivers' Championship all graduated to Formula One for , with George Russell, Lando Norris and Alex Albon joining Williams, McLaren and Toro Rosso respectively.

 runner-up Nicholas Latifi, who had raced in Formula 2 since 2017 and previously raced in the GP2 Series in 2014, 2015 and 2016, graduated to Formula One with Williams in . Jack Aitken also made his Formula One debut in 2020 with a single appearance at the  in his capacity as Williams' reserve driver. Three graduates of the  season achieved promotions to Formula One in . Champion Mick Schumacher and fifth-placed Nikita Mazepin joined Haas, and third-placed Yuki Tsunoda debuted with AlphaTauri.

 third-placed finisher Zhou Guanyu was the only Formula 2 driver to graduate to a full-time Formula One seat in , joining Alfa Romeo. 2019 Formula 2 champion Nyck de Vries also made his Formula One debut in 2022. He had raced in the FIA World Endurance Championship and in Formula E (of which he was champion in 2021) since his Formula 2 win, and had also served as a Formula One reserve driver for Mercedes; it was through this role that he raced at the 2022 Italian Grand Prix for Williams as a replacement driver. De Vries would later gain a full-time seat with AlphaTauri in . Two Formula 2 graduates debuted in Formula One at the start of 2023; Oscar Piastri, who was Formula 2 champion in 2021 and served as Alpine's reserve driver in 2022, signed with McLaren, and 2022 fourth-placed finisher Logan Sargeant signed with Williams. Liam Lawson, who finished third in 2022, made reserve driver appearances in 2023 for AlphaTauri whilst also competing in Super Formula.

 Bold denotes an active Formula One driver.

Wins

Drivers' total wins

Teams' total wins

Countries' total wins

Circuits

 Bold denotes a current Formula One Circuit.
 Italic denotes a former Formula One Circuit.

Television rights
The television rights are held by Formula One Management, which also manages the rights to Formula One. Sky Sports F1 show every practice, qualifying and race live in the United Kingdom, and so does Movistar Fórmula 1 in Spain and Sport TV in Portugal. Coverage in North America is available exclusively on TSN5 (Canada) and ESPN3 (USA). In South East Asia, the races are shown live on Fox Sports Asia. Polsat Sport shows races in Poland. Band Sports show the F2 in Brazil, and Fox Sports 3 in Hispanic America. In India, Star Sports covers the races live. In Russia, races were shown on Match! Arena channel, by showing races in 2019 (only 2019 Russian round), and all races in 2020 and 2021. Contract was denied in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

See also
 FIA Formula 3 Championship
 European Formula Two Championship
 FIA Formula Two Championship (2009)
 Formula Two
 GP2 Series
 GP3 Series
 Indy Lights
 Super Formula Lights

Notes

References

External links

Formula racing series
One-make series
Formula racing
Recurring sporting events established in 2017

FIA Formula 2 Championship


Pierre Eugene du Simitiere (born Pierre-Eugène Ducimetière, ; 18 September 1737, Geneva – October 1784, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a Genevan American member of the American Philosophical Society, naturalist, American patriot, and portrait painter.

Du Simitiere served as the artistic consultant for the committees that designed the Great Seal of the United States, and submitted the first proposed design to include the Eye of Providence and suggested the adoption of the U.S. motto E pluribus unum ("Out of Many, One").

Biography
Born in Geneva, du Simitiere's original name was Pierre-Eugène Ducimetière or Pierre-Eugène du Cimetière. After leaving the Republic of Geneva, he spent more than a decade in the West Indies before moving to New York and then Philadelphia. He spelled his name Pierre-Eugène du Simitière, Pierre Eugene du Simitiere  or du Symitiere after settling in Philadelphia. Elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768, he further became one of its curators (1777–1781).

Du Simitiere served as the artistic consultant for the committees that designed the Great Seal of the United States, and in 1776 he submitted the first proposed design to include the Eye of Providence, which element was eventually adopted. Moreover, he suggested the adoption of the U.S. motto E pluribus unum ("Out of Many, One"). He also designed the Seal of New Jersey, of Delaware, and of Georgia. In 1779, du Simitiere painted the first known portrait of George Washington, later used for the 1791 one-cent coin. In 1781, he was conferred an honorary degree from Princeton University (which was still called College of New Jersey until 1896). Thomas Jefferson's daughter Martha took drawing lessons with du Simitiere.

Du Simitiere was the translator into French for the Letters to the inhabitants of Canada from the Continental Congress designed to draw the new British subjects of Quebec into the American Revolutionary War.

"His early interest in natural history had expanded to embrace geography, geology, mineralogy, archeology, numismatics, and every aspect of American history, including aboriginal, general, local, political, social, and cultural history. He collected books in English and other languages and was a bibliographer of skill and breadth. He accumulated pamphlets, newspapers, handbills, and every other kind of political publication. He strove to record the history of the Colonies, including their differences with England and their eventual struggle for independence. Perhaps oddly for a collector, he was generous in lending books and other materials from his collections. In 1781 the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) granted him an honorary degree of Master of Arts.

"All the while he continued to practice his profession of artist and painter, from which he earned a precarious living. He drew designs for a variety of state, local, and institutional seals. He drew maps, frontispieces, and technical illustrations for publications. He did pencil, chalk, and water-color portraits for a fee — though he seems not to have worked in oil. He seized every opportunity to sketch from life the notables, both American and British, who came to Philadelphia; and more often than not his sketches went into his own collection.

"His great personal vision embraced the founding of an American museum and the compiling of a history of the Colonies. In his efforts to achieve his objectives, he fought a constant battle with poverty and with the lack of interest of persons who might have helped him gather materials. In a measure he realized his vision briefly in his 'American Museum,' located in a house in Arch Street above 4th, which he advertised as early as September 1782. But the history was never written; he died destitute, and his collections were sold to pay his debts. He is now regarded as the founder of the first history museum in the United States."

Other events

First American museum of natural history
He created the first American museum of natural history from his personal collections constituted during his travels and through his purchases. He opened it to the public in 1782, over forty years before the Charleston Museum, which is generally considered the first American museum.

First coin auction sale in America
His coin collection was the first record in Early American history to serve as collateral on a loan granted to him by William Dilwyn. This collection later on was sold at public auction by Matthew Clarkson and Ebenezer Hazard, on March 19, 1785 at Philadelphia. Included in the sale as Lot #19 was "A Mahogany cabinet containing ancient and modern Gold, Silver, and Copper Coins and Medals." This sale precedes all sales in Atinelli's Numisgraphics  by 43 years and is considered to be the first known coin auction sale in America. An advertisement for this sale reposes in the Archives of the Library Company of Philadelphia.

Du Simitiere has living descendants throughout Switzerland, France, and the US.

In a letter to his wife on August 14, 1776, John Adams wrote
"This Mr. du Simitière is a very curious Man. He has begun a Collection of Materials for an History of this Revolution. He begins with the first Advices of the Tea Ships. He cuts out of the Newspapers, every Scrap of Intelligence, and every Piece of Speculation, and pastes it upon clean Paper, arranging them under the Head of the State to which they belong and intends to bind them up in Volumes. He has a List of every Speculation and Pamphlet concerning Independence, and another of those concerning Forms of Government."

Notes

References
 Orosz, Joel J., The Eagle That is Forgotten (Wolfenboro, 1988)
 Van Horne, John C., Pierre Eugene DuSimitiere: His American Museum 200 Years after (Philadelphia, 1985)

1736 births
1784 deaths
18th-century artists from the Republic of Geneva
18th-century scientists from the Republic of Geneva
American philosophers
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Natural history collectors
Museum founders
18th-century philanthropists

Pierre Eugene du Simitiere


Springs Global is a Brazil-based multinational corporation engaged in the manufacturing, marketing, and sale of packaged textile and non-textile home furnishings. It makes textile goods, such as sheets, pillows, bedspreads, towels and bath rugs, under the Springmaid and Wamsutta brands. Other well-known brands from Springs Global include Regal, Beaulieu, Bali, and Nanik. It operates in Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Canada and the U.S. and has about 30 manufacturing units in 13 states of the U.S.

The previous owner, Springs Industries, combined its home textile operations with Brazil's Coteminas, and the main manufacturing operations were moved to South America from Lancaster County, South Carolina, where the original plant had provided jobs for nearly one-third of the county's population. After the relocation of manufacturing to Brazil, the resulting structure left the renamed Springs Global US to work alongside Coteminas as the operating units of parent Springs Global; most manufacturing decisions and control originate from the Montes Claros headquarters, while executive control is in the U.S.

History of Springs Industries
In 1887, Samuel Elliott White and others started Fort Mill Manufacturing Co. in Fort Mill, South Carolina. The plant opened in 1888. At one time, the plant employed 2000 and was the largest producer of fabric for bed sheets in the world, but in 1983 when it closed, only 200 still worked there. The White Plant in Fort Mill opened in 1892.

In 1895, Leroy Springs and others started Lancaster Cotton Mill in Lancaster, South Carolina.  Springs also bought the Chester and Cheraw Railroad, renaming it the Lancaster and Chester Railroad, or L&C. Lancaster had the largest print cloth factory in the world in 1939.

In 1948, Springs opened the Grace Plant on the Catawba River near Lancaster at the site of a former locomotive shop. The company made consumer products for the first time.

In 1959, Elliott Springs died and H.W. Close became president of The Springs Cotton Mills and Springs Mills Inc., adding new plants and products and making Springs a publicly traded company in 1966. A new sales office in New York City, the Springs Mills Building, opened in 1963.

In 1962, Springs announced a warehouse complex in Fort Lawn, which was followed by the Elliott Plant and the Frances Plant. 650 people worked at the three operations. The warehouses could hold cotton worth more than $19 million.

The Katherine Plant in Chester opened in 1968.

In October 1985, Springs announced the $265 million acquisition of New York City-based M. Lowenstein, the largest merger ever in the textile industry, making Springs the no. 3 publicly held textile company in the United States, as well as the largest maker of sheets with a quarter of the market. The deal gave Springs the premium Wamsutta brand. Springs had previously been considered a possible buyer of Cannon Mills.

On October 21, 1986, Crosland-Erwin Associates and Springs chairman Walter Elisha announced plans for an outlet mall in the Fort Mill plant. The project turned out to be too expensive and it was tainted by the Heritage USA scandal. The Fort Mill plant burned June 28, 1988.

Springs was the largest industrial employer in South Carolina with $1.7 billion in sales in 1987 and 23,500 employees at 39 plants in six states plus Belgium, England and Japan. About 18,000 people worked at 24 plants in South Carolina.

Springs was the largest employer in Chester County, South Carolina when on May 2, 1988, the company announced a $12 million plant in Fort Lawn to make comforters, draperies and other bedroom items. With 325 new jobs, the county would have 4000 people working for Springs. Already, Springs made bedspreads at the Riverlawn Plant in Fort Lawn.

In August 1988, Springs announced that 200 jobs would be lost at its 93-year-old Lancaster complex. This would reduce the number of employees to 1300, down from 4500 in 1981. The number of fly shuttle looms was reduced during the same period from 7000 to 300.

On October 20, 1988, Springs announced plans to spend $370 million over the next two years on modernization, as well as closing or selling some plants. This would include the Home Furnishings and Industrial Fabrics groups. Already, the White Plant in Fort Mill and the Katherine Plant in Chester were getting $20 million in improvements each, while in Lancaster, 200 jobs were being dropped as a weaving process was ended, and 179 lost their jobs in Anderson, South Carolina with the closing of the Lyons Plant.

In 1989, Springs opened the Close Plant in Fort Mill.

On February 18, 1998 Springs announced it would close the dye and printing plant opened in Rock Hill in 1929 by M. Lowenstein & Sons, laying off 480. 5000 people had worked there at one point.

Merger with Coteminas
Springs began its association with Brazil-based Coteminas in 2001, when the Close family took the company private. That year, Springs and Coteminas began a "[s]trategic long-term alliance."

In 2002, Springs bought the Beaulieu accent rug business including its Dalton, Georgia and Stratford, Ontario operations, and the Burlington Industries window treatment and bedding businesses.

In 2003, 500 workers lost their jobs when the White Plant and the Lancaster Plant closed, and 130 more Grace Plant workers also were let go.

In 2004, Springs closed the 1920s Lyman, South Carolina and 1960s Anderson, South Carolina plants acquired in 1985.

On January 1, 2005, global textile quotas ended, allowing countries where employers paid their workers less than U.S. companies to ship more products.

Early in the year, the Elliott Plant in Fort Lawn closed and 450 were laid off at the Grace Plant.

In October 2005, Springs announced its home furnishings operations would merge with Coteminas, in an effort to lower costs, stay competitive and keep as many jobs as possible. Springs still had around 1000 workers at two Chester County plants. With manufacturing at 13 plants in Brazil and Argentina, Springs could have sheets and towels in stores faster than if production was done in China. Springs and Coteminas would each own half of Springs Global, and Springs would continue to make Springmaid and Wamsutta products.

After spending $10 million improving the Katherine Plant in 2005, Springs announced machinery from there would be moved to South America, and 700 would lose their jobs by February 2007, despite their claims of keeping job. Also, the Frances Plant in Fort Lawn was closing in December 2006, with 60 jobs lost.

On June 27, 2007 Springs said that after 120 years, Springs would end manufacturing in South Carolina with the closing of its Grace and Close plants. The state would still have about 700 employees, most of them at distribution centers in Lancaster and Fort Lawn, and at the Fort Mill offices.

References

External links
Official website
Hall, Presley and James L. Hughes, III. "From Raw Cotton to Cloth." Southern Spaces, November 22, 2006, http://southernspaces.org/2006/raw-cotton-cloth.

Companies listed on B3 (stock exchange)
Companies based in Minas Gerais
Brazilian companies established in 2005
Textile companies of Brazil
Manufacturing companies established in 2005
Brazilian brands

Springs Global


Chuck Weber (born 1973) is an American ice hockey coach.

From 2006 to 2010, Weber was the head coach of the Cincinnati Cyclones of the ECHL. Weber was named the Coach of Year, winning the John Brophy Award for the 2007–08 season.

At the end of the 2009–10 season, he was promoted to be the head coach the Cyclones' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Rochester Americans. After one season in Rochester, their National Hockey League affiliate, the Florida Panthers changed their AHL affiliation to the San Antonio Rampage. Weber was then named head coach of the Rampage. In 2013, Weber was reassigned in the Panthers' organization to be the Rampage's director of hockey operations while also having his coaching duties reduced to an associate position.

In June 2014, Weber once again took a head coaching position and moved to the Kontinental Hockey League and the Medveščak Zagreb. However, he would only last three months with the team before being relieved of duties. He stayed overseas and became head coach of the Coventry Blaze in the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL) in December 2014. While at Coventry, he took the Blaze from ninth to sixth place and qualified for the playoffs. He led the Blaze to a 5–4 aggregate victory over the Nottingham Panthers in the quarterfinals and a place in the EIHL final four weekend. In the semifinals, they beat the Belfast Giants 3–2 after a shootout They then faced the EIHL regular season champion Sheffield Steelers, winning 4-2 and becoming the lowest seed to ever win the EIHL playoffs. At the end of the season, Weber was announced as returning to the Blaze for 2015–16. Despite an eighth place regular season finish, he took the team into the playoffs and once again made the league final. The Blaze then lost to the Nottingham Panthers 2–0. At the end of the season he announced he would not be remaining with Coventry.

In 2016, Weber returned to the Rochester Americans as an assistant coach.

On August 8, 2017, Weber was named as the fifth head coach and general manager of hockey operations for the ECHL's Atlanta Gladiators. Weber would then leave after one season to take an assistant coaching position with Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) NCAA Div. I men's team in order to be closer to home.

References

External links

Chuck Weber's profile at Eliteprospects.com

1973 births
Living people
American Hockey League coaches
American ice hockey coaches

Chuck Weber (ice hockey)


William Alfred Seegers (October 24, 1900 – July 10, 2007) was, at age 106, one of the last two known remaining veterans of the First World War to have served in the German forces (the other one is Erich Kästner) and California's last known World War I veteran. He had a son named Forrest Stewart (adopted name) of Clay Center, Kansas.

World War I
Born Wilhelm Alfred Seegers near Brinkum, he was originally passed over for service in October 1917 as being too short, only five foot three inches. But by the middle of 1918, the Germans were desperate for recruits, and he was drafted on June 10, 1918. Seegers served in the 71st Infantry Regiment. Since he didn't want to shoot anyone, and in part due to his short stature, he volunteered for office work and was accepted as such, though soon he was made to perform guard duty as well. In the closing months, with food in short supply and desertions rampant, Seegers deserted (in part because he didn't like his commander) and joined a second division in the confusion and collapse of the German Empire in November 1918. William did not serve in combat but guarded POWs. While serving in this capacity, he, like many of his comrades and prisoners, contracted the Spanish flu, killing many, but Seegers managed to survive. As his tasks included administrative duties, he stayed on after the Armistice. He was discharged from service in April 1919.

Post war
In 1922, Seegers emigrated to the U.S. by way of New York Harbor. He settled in Pennsylvania, and became a United States citizen. In October 2006, when he turned 106, William moved to California to live with his daughter, having lived independently until that point. Perhaps because he served for Germany, no one noticed his status as a World War I veteran until his family contacted the Gerontology Research Group in May 2007. He told of problems such as food shortages and low morale among the German soldiers. He was one of the last four World War I veterans to be discovered so far, the others being Yakup Satar of Turkey, Raymond Cambefort of France and Enrico Garbuglia of Italy (who died not long after having been discovered). Interviewed in May 2007 by GRG correspondent Robert Young, William was photographed in June 2007 by former presidential photographer David DeJonge as part of a "surviving World War I veterans" project. He died the following month, three months before what would have been his 107th birthday.

References
 http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/12/BAG61QV5G31.DTL
 http://www.contracostatimes.com/news/ci_6356814
 http://www.dejongestudio.com/
 http://www.genarians.com/WWI%20Veterans.html
 http://www.contracostatimes.com/news/ci_6366047
 http://www.philly.com/philly/obituaries/20070729_WWI_vet_whose_freethinking_took_him_far.html

1900 births
2007 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
Emigrants from the Weimar Republic to the United States
German Army personnel of World War I
People from the Province of Hanover
People from Leer (district)
People from Richmond, California

William Seegers