Soerastri Karma Trimurti (11 May 1912 – 20 May 2008), who was known as S. K. Trimuti,  was an Indonesian  journalist, writer and teacher, who took part in the Indonesian independence movement against colonial rule by the Netherlands. She later served as Indonesia's first labor minister from 1947 until 1948 under Indonesian Prime Minister Amir Sjarifuddin.

Biography

Early life
S. K. Trimurti was born on 11 May 1912, in Solo, Central Java. She attended to Sekolah Guru Putri (Girl Elementary School).

Indonesian Independence Movement
She became active in the Indonesian independence movement during the 1930s, officially joining the nationalist Partindo (Indonesian Party) in 1933, shortly after completing her schooling at Tweede Inlandsche School.

Trimurti began her career as an elementary school teacher after leaving Tweede Inlandsche School. She taught in elementary schools in Bandung, Surakarta and Banyumas during the 1930s. However, she was arrested by Dutch authorities in 1936 for distributing anti-colonial leaflets. Trimuti was imprisoned for nine months at the Bulu Prison in Semarang.

Trimurti switched careers from teaching to journalism following her release from prison. She soon became well known in journalistic and anti-colonial circles as a critical journalist. Trimurti often used different, shortened pseudonyms of her real name, such as Trimurti or Karma, in her writings to avoid being arrested again by Dutch colonial authorities. During her reporting career, Trimurti worked for a number of Indonesian newspapers including Pesat, , Genderang, Bedung and Pikiran Rakyat. She published Pesat together with her husband. In the Japanese occupation era, Pesat was banned by Japanese military government. She also was arrested and tortured.

Post-Independence
Trimurti, who was a known advocate for workers' rights, was appointed as Indonesia's first Minister of Labor under Prime Minister Amir Sjarifuddin. She served in that capacity from 1947 until 1948. She was on the Executive of the Labour Party of Indonesia, and led its women's wing Working Women's Front.

She co-founded the Gerwis, an Indonesian women's organization, in 1950, which was later renamed as Gerwani. She left the organization in 1965. She returned to college when she was 41 years old. She studied economics at the University of Indonesia. She declined an appointment to become Indonesia's Social Affairs Minister in 1959 in order to complete her degree.

Trimurti was a member and signer of Petition 50 in 1980, which protested Suharto's use of Pancasila against his political opponents. The signers of Petition 50 included prominent Indonesian independence supporters as well as government and military officials, such as Trimurti and the former Governor of Jakarta Ali Sadikin.

Death
S. K. Trimurti died at 6:20 P.M. on 20 May 2008, at the age of 96, at the Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital (RSPAD) in Jakarta, Indonesia after being hospitalized for two weeks. She had been in failing health and confined to her bedroom for the prior year. According to her son, Heru Baskoro, Trimurti had died of a broken vein. She had also been suffering from a low hemoglobin level and high blood pressure.

A ceremony honoring Trimurti as a "heroine for Indonesia's independence" was held at the state palace in Central Jakarta. She was buried at Kalibata Heroes Cemetery.

Personal life
In 1938 she was married to Muhammad Ibnu Sayuti, the typist of the Indonesian Declaration of Independence, which was proclaimed by Sukarno on 17 August 1945. Trimurti spent much of the rest of her life at her rented residence in Bekasi, West Java.

References

Bibliography

1912 births
2008 deaths
People from Boyolali Regency
Indonesian women activists
Indonesian educators
Indonesian women educators
Indonesian journalists
Indonesian women journalists
Workers' rights activists
Indonesian women writers
Government ministers of Indonesia
Labour Party of Indonesia politicians
Women government ministers of Indonesia
People from Bekasi
Indonesian National Awakening
Indonesian torture victims
People of the Indonesian National Revolution
20th-century journalists
20th-century Indonesian women politicians
20th-century Indonesian politicians

S. K. Trimurti


Barford St John and St Michael is a civil parish in the Cherwell district of Oxfordshire, England.  It includes the adjacent villages of Barford St. Michael and Barford St. John, which stand either side of the River Swere. At the 2011 census the parish had a population of 549 mainly clustered into the two nucleated villages surrounded by green fields and woodland.  The total parish area is 7.48 km2 .

References

Civil parishes in Oxfordshire

Barford St. John and St. Michael


Tigerella is a bi-colored tomato cultivar, relatively small, 2 to 4 ounces (60-120 g), and early (59 days). Upon maturity the fruit is red with yellow stripes, essentially the same as Green Zebra, except that the fruit is red instead of green, and has a sweeter flavor. The colour occasionally varies, in New Zealand for instance, commercially produced Tigerella is dark crimson red with very dark green stripes.

Seeds are available in the UK for the heirloom Tigerella (which has small plum/cherry-type tomatoes). In the USA there is also a hybrid (non-heirloom) beefsteak tomato that is also called Tigerella, for which culinary results seem to range widely according to a number of bloggers, from large firm and good-tasting fruit to inedible soft fruit which on cutting appears to be all gel and seeds.

See also
 List of tomato cultivars

References

External links
 Instructions for growing and description of Tigerella tomatoes

Tomato cultivars

Tigerella


Peter Chermayeff LLC  is a Massachusetts-based architectural firm which specializes in aquarium architecture and exhibit design, from conceptual planning to the details of final realization.

History
The two principals, Peter Chermayeff and Bobby C. Poole, have collaborated on the design of public aquariums since 1975. Their long partnership, with focus on the design of public aquariums, began in 1975 when Bobby Poole joined Cambridge Seven Associates, which had been founded in 1962 by Peter Chermayeff together with Louis Bakanowsky, Ivan Chermayeff, Alden Christie, Paul Dietrich, Tom Geismar, and Terry Rankine. The firm's first major commission was the New England Aquarium, which opened in 1969. Peter Chermayeff was the principal in charge and he himself put each fish, including a sand tiger shark, in its main four-story 40-foot-wide Giant Ocean Tank containing 200 thousand gallons of salt water.

Peter Chermayeff played a leading role in much of the design work through the first thirty-six years of Cambridge Seven Associates, including comprehensive design guidelines for Boston's mass transit system, the MBTA, and its simplified identity at "The T"; the United States Pavilion and Exhibition at Expo '67; the National Aquarium in Baltimore; the San Antonio Museum of Art; Charles Square, a hotel, retail, housing and office complex in Cambridge, Massachusetts; "Where's Boston?", a mixed media celebration and portrait of Boston for the United States Bicentennial; the Osaka Aquarium; the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga; and the Aquarium of Genoa. These and other projects led to C7A receiving the Architecture Firm of the Year award in 1993 from the AIA.

Bobby Poole joined C7A in 1976 to work with Peter Chermayeff on the National Aquarium in Baltimore. Poole became the aquarium's project architect, leading preparation of final design documents and on-site overview of construction and installation. He became a principal in 1986 and further developed his interest in aquariums working with Peter Chermayeff on the Osaka Aquarium, the Tennessee Aquarium, the Aquarium of Genoa, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward, Alaska. They also collaborated on unbuilt aquariums and rainforest pavilions proposed by Chermayeff while at C7A for Moscow, Russia, for Hamburg, Bremerhaven and Oberhausen in Germany, and for Tsuruhama, Osaka, in Japan.

Peter Chermayeff and Bobby Poole continued their close collaboration until 2005 with Peter Sollogub under the firm name Chermayeff, Sollogub and Poole, Inc., until 2009 under the firm name Chermayeff & Poole, Inc., and since that year as Peter Chermayeff LLC. Recent completed projects have included the expansion of the National Aquarium in Baltimore, and the expansion of the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga, both of which opened in 2005. Expansion of the Museo Nivola in Orani, Sardinia, a second component of a museum dedicated to the sculptor Costantino Nivola, was completed in 2005. The remodeling and expansion of the Virginia Aquarium at Virginia Beach, Virginia, was completed in 2009. Recent unbuilt projects have included a proposed Aquarium and Environmental Center for Alexandria, Egypt, the New Songdo Ecotarium in Incheon, near Seoul, South Korea, and the proposed remodeling and expansion of Nausicaä Centre National de la Mer in Boulogne Sur Mer, France. A recent proposed Aquarium was to be the core attraction within the proposed Parco del Mare in Trieste, Italy. A current project is the expansion of the Lisbon Oceanarium.

See also
Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan
Lisbon Oceanarium
Tennessee Aquarium
Aquarium of Genoa
National Aquarium in Baltimore
New England Aquarium
Serge Chermayeff
Chermayeff & Geismar & Haviv

References

Sources
Time Magazine, "The Age of Aquariums", by Daniel S. Levy, June 1, 1998 re Oceanarium of Lisbon"
Harvard Magazine "Ocean in 1.5 Million Gallons or Less" by Jonathan Shaw , Jan-Feb, 1999"
Video interview with SIC Noticias TV channel in Lisbon, Portugal, May 2009-->
New York Times, "Underwater Theater for Briny Stars", by Marlise Simons, 1998 re Lisbon Oceanarium
 The Baltimore Sun "A cube of glass and water" by Edward Gunts , August 12, 2001" re National Aquarium in Baltimore expansion
Design for a Fair: The United States Pavilion at Expo '67 Montreal-->

External links
Peter Chermayeff LLC website
Cambridge Seven Associates website

1975 establishments in Massachusetts
American companies established in 1975
Companies based in Essex County, Massachusetts
Andover, Massachusetts
Architecture firms based in Massachusetts
Design companies established in 1975

Peter Chermayeff


Bill "Mad Dog" Madlock, Jr. (born January 12, 1951) is an American former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as a third baseman from 1973 to 1987. Madlock is notable for being a four-time National League batting champion. His four batting titles as a third baseman was a record until Wade Boggs attained his fifth in 1988. Since 1970, only Tony Gwynn has won more National League batting titles (eight). Madlock is also one of only three right-handed hitters to have won multiple National League batting titles since 1960, Roberto Clemente having also won four and Tommy Davis having won back-to-back titles in 1962 and 1963.

Early life and family

Bill Madlock was born in Memphis, Tennessee, but grew up in Decatur, Illinois, where he graduated from Eisenhower High School.

At Eisenhower High he played basketball, football and baseball.  He received 150 scholarship offers for his skills as a basketball player, around 100 for his skills as a football player  and two for his skills as a baseball player.  He accepted one of the two baseball scholarships, at Southeastern Community College in Keokuk, Iowa, because of his preference for playing a less hazardous game.  His reasoning was clear from what he later told a Sports Illustrated reporter:  "I didn't want to have 6'5", 250-pound guys bearing down on me, so I decided to play baseball."

He was considered for the baseball draft by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1969, but would not sign with the Cardinals.  By the time Madlock was ready to sign with a major league baseball team, he had decided to go with an offer from the Washington Senators organization.

Madlock has four children with his late wife Cynthia: Sara, Stephen, Douglas and Jeremy.

Career
In a 15-season career, Madlock, nicknamed "Mad Dog", compiled a .305 batting average with 2008 hits, 920 runs, 348 doubles,  163 home runs, 174 stolen bases, 605 bases on balls and 860 runs batted in (RBI).

Early years
Madlock was drafted by the Washington Senators in the 5th round of the secondary phase of the 1970 amateur draft. After spending a few years in the minor leagues, with a season with the Ossining Oxen in the team's only season, he made his debut with the Texas Rangers (who had moved from Washington after the 1971 season) on September 7, 1973, and played 21 games with them, batting .351. Prior to his promotion, he led the Pacific Coast League in total bases (268) and runs scored (119), finished second in batting (.338) and had 22 homers and 90 RBI at Triple-A Spokane. He was traded along with Vic Harris from the Rangers to the Chicago Cubs for Ferguson Jenkins on October 25, 1973. His new manager with the Cubs Whitey Lockman said about him, "Our scouts are extremely high on Madlock as being one of the best hitting prospects they have seen in some time." Madlock replaced Ron Santo as the Cubs' third baseman and hit .313, the highest average for a Cubs third baseman since Stan Hack batted .323 in 1945. In 1975 Madlock won his first batting title with a .354 average. On July 26 of that year he went 6-for-6 during a Cubs' loss to the New York Mets. He also made the first of his three All-Star appearances and shared Game MVP honors with Jon Matlack.

Batting averages
In 1976 Madlock repeated as batting champion with a .339 average, edging out Ken Griffey Sr. of the Cincinnati Reds on the final day of the regular season (October 3, 1976). In an 8–2 win over the Montreal Expos, Madlock collected four singles to raise his average from .333 to .339, one point ahead of Griffey. Griffey belatedly entered his team's game (which the Reds won 11–1 over the Atlanta Braves), and went 0-for-2, dropping his average to .336.

During the advent of MLB free agency following the 1976 season, Madlock demanded a multiyear contract with an annual salary of about $200,000, but was rejected by team owner Philip K. Wrigley who then announced that Madlock would be traded "to anyone foolish enough to want him." In what was considered one of the five worst trades in Cubs history by the Chicago Tribune's Chris Kuc in 2016, Madlock and Rob Sperring were dealt to the San Francisco Giants for Bobby Murcer, Steve Ontiveros and minor-league right-handed pitcher Andy Muhlstock on February 11, 1977. Madlock, an average fielder at best, was moved to second base (the Giants already had Darrell Evans at third), and batted "only" .302 and .309 in 1977 and 1978 respectively.

Madlock was acquired along with Lenny Randle and Dave Roberts by the Pittsburgh Pirates from the Giants for Al Holland, Ed Whitson and Fred Breining on June 28, 1979 in what Dave Kindred described as "a midsummer deal that still doesn't make sense." He was a starting third baseman again on a ballclub that eventually won the 1979 World Series. He batted .328 with the Pirates during the regular season and .375 in the World Series.

In 1980 Madlock's average dropped to .277 as the Pirates finished third in the National League East, eight games behind the eventual World Champion Philadelphia Phillies. For Madlock, the season became infamous for an incident during a May 1 game against the Montreal Expos at Three Rivers Stadium. Madlock poked umpire Jerry Crawford in the face with his glove after being called out on strikes with the bases loaded. National League President Chub Feeney fined Madlock $5,000 and suspended him 15 games. Madlock appealed the suspension and remained in uniform before finally serving the suspension on June 6, after National League umpires threatened to eject him from every game he tried to play in.

Batting titles
Madlock won two more batting titles, in 1981 and 1983, making him the first player to win multiple batting titles with two different teams. He also finished second in the National League in batting in 1982, his .319 average bettered only by Al Oliver's .331. Afterwards, however, his play mirrored the decline of the team. In August 1985 the Pirates traded him to Los Angeles which, like Pittsburgh in 1979, was contending for a division title. The Dodgers lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in the NLCS but Madlock hit three home runs in the loss. In , the Dodgers released Madlock, who signed a few days later with the Detroit Tigers, hitting .279 with 14 home runs and 50 RBI in 87 games including a three home run game on June 28, where he again earned a trip to the postseason. Madlock became a free agent at the end of the 1987 season and played for the Lotte Orions in Japan in 1988.

Madlock's four batting titles is the most of any player in major league baseball history who is not enshrined in the Hall of Fame.

"Mad Dog"
Madlock also had a fiery temper, and was involved in several incidents (including the 1980 episode) that exemplified it:
 August 16, 1975: In the first inning of a game against the Houston Astros at the Astrodome, Madlock was ejected for arguing with umpire Art Williams on a close play at first base in which Madlock was called out. He was ejected by not only Williams but also home plate umpire Bruce Froemming, who overheard Madlock's angry profanity-laden tirade.
 May 1, 1976: Madlock was fined $500 for charging the mound after San Francisco pitcher Jim Barr brushed him back with a pitch during a game at Candlestick Park.
 Spring training, 1978: Madlock, as a Giant, got into a clubhouse fight with John Montefusco after interrupting an interview with the pitcher. Afterwards, Madlock ripped Montefusco: "I've heard and read where Montefusco has said this team is a team of losers."

As a player, Madlock was ejected from 18 games. He was also ejected from three games during his two years as a Tiger coach.

Over time, Madlock's approach to umpires changed.  Umpire Jerry Crawford remarked after his 1980 dispute with Madlock that "[t]here's no question [Madlock has] calmed down. He's changed, which is great, because a guy of his ability doesn't have to do the things to umpires that he was doing."  Madlock's agent, Steve Greenberg, son of baseball great Hank Greenberg, added that "[t]he Crawford incident was a benchmark. Now if he disagrees with an umpire, he uses his charm, which can be considerable."

Post-playing career
In 2000 and 2001 Madlock was a coach with the Detroit Tigers, reuniting with Tigers manager and former Pirates teammate Phil Garner. In 2001, Madlock was invited by Omar Moreno, another former Pirate teammate, to coach in a professional league in Panama City, Panama. In 2003, Madlock was hired to manage the Newark Bears of the independent Atlantic League; the team went 117–134 during his two seasons. In 2013, he was announced as the manager of the Independent League Tiffin Saints.

On Saturday, August 27, 2016, Madlock was inducted into the Decatur Public Schools (Decatur, IL) Athletic Hall of Fame during its inaugural ceremony at Frank M. Lindsay Field at Millikin University during the annual MacArthur-Eisenhower Tate & Lyle Braggin' Rights Football Game.

Madlock lives in Las Vegas, Nevada, where since 2007 he is teaching batting lessons to kids at the Vegas Valley Batter's Box.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 Major League Baseball titles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball batting champions
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

References

External links

 Bill Madlock - Baseballbiography.com
 The Baseball Page

1951 births
Living people
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baseball players from Memphis, Tennessee
Chicago Cubs players
Detroit Tigers coaches
Detroit Tigers players
Denver Bears players
Geneva Senators players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Lotte Orions players
Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs
Major League Baseball hitting coaches
Major League Baseball third basemen
Minor league baseball managers
National League All-Stars
National League batting champions
Orlando Juice players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Pittsfield Senators players
St. Lucie Legends players
San Francisco Giants players
Southeastern Blackhawks baseball players
Sportspeople from Decatur, Illinois
Spokane Indians players
Texas Rangers players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Baseball players from Chicago

Bill Madlock


Gillian B. Loeb is a fictional character in the Batman "Dark Knight Trilogy" movies. He was the police commissioner of Gotham City until his death. He was replaced by James Gordon after his death. Loeb blames Batman for every crime in Gotham. He thinks Batman is a criminal.

Loeb was played by Colin McFarlane in Batman Begins and in The Dark Knight.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Gillian B. Loeb


The Mau was a non-violent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule during the first half of the 20th century. Mau means 'resolute' or 'resolved' in the sense of  'opinion', 'unwavering', 'to be decided', or 'testimony'; also denoting 'firm strength' in Samoan. The motto for the Mau were the words Samoa mo Samoa (Samoa for the Samoans). Similarly in Hawaiian Mau means to strive or persevere, and is often linked with Hawaiian poetry relating to independence and sovereignty struggles.

The movement had its beginnings on the island of Savai'i with the Mau a Pule resistance in the early 1900s with widespread support throughout the country by the late 1920s. As the movement grew, leadership came under the country's chiefly elite, the customary matai leaders entrenched in Samoan tradition and fa'a Samoa. The Mau included women who supported the national organisation through leadership and organisation as well as taking part in marches. Supporters wore a Mau uniform of a navy blue lavalava with a white stripe which was later banned by the colonial administration.

The Mau movement culminated on 28 December 1929 in the streets of the capital Apia, when the New Zealand military police fired on a procession who were attempting to prevent the arrest of one of their members. The day became known as Black Saturday. Up to 11 Samoans were killed, including Mau leader and one of the paramount chiefs of Samoa Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III with many others wounded. One New Zealand constable was clubbed to death by protesters following the outbreak of hostilities.

The Mau movement's efforts would ultimately result in the political independence of Samoa in 1962 but the height of the movement's activity in the Western Islands occurred in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

History

Broadly, the history of the Mau movement can be seen as beginning in the 19th century with European contact and the advent of Western  powers, Britain, United States and Germany, vying for control of the Pacific nation. The country became German Samoa (1900–1914).

Formation of Mau a Pule
A key event occurred in 1908, in a dispute between the German colonial administration and the Malo o Samoa, or Samoan Council of Chiefs, over the establishment of a copra business owned and controlled by native Samoans.

The dispute led to the eventual formation of a resistance movement called Mau a Pule on Savai'i by Lauaki Namulau'ulu Mamoe, one of the Samoan leaders from Safotulafai who was deposed by the German Governor of Samoa, Wilhelm Solf. As well as deposing members of the Malo o Samoa, Solf called in two German warships as a show of strength. Lauaki returned with his warriors from Savai'i for battle. The German governor convinced Mata'afa to set up a "peace talk meeting" with Lauaki but that Lauaki had to disperse his army before the meeting. Unknown to Mata'afa was the intent of the German governor to rid of Lauaki. Lauaki, a man of honor, returned with his warriors to Savai'i as they were reluctant to leave Upolu without him. After ensuring his warriors' arrival to their villages, Lauaki returned to Upolu. As it took Lauaki several days to disperse his army, the German governor set up his trap.

Upon their return to Upolu, Lauaki and some of the Chiefs were betrayed at this "peace talk", held aboard the German ship. In 1909, Lauaki and the other senior leaders of the Mau a Pule were exiled to the German colonies in the Marianas (North West Pacific) where they were to stay until 1914, when New Zealand took over Samoa as part of its Empire duties at the outbreak of World War I. Many of those exiled died before returning to Samoa. Lauaki died en route back to Samoa in 1915.

In 1914, at the beginning of World War I, New Zealand forces, unopposed by the Germans, annexed Western Samoa.

Influenza epidemic

Military rule by New Zealand continued after the war ended, and in 1919, some 7,500 Samoans, around 22 per cent of the population, died during an influenza epidemic. It was already known that Samoans were most susceptible to minor European diseases, as they had never encountered them before. When the ship SS Talune arrived in Apia with its crew and passengers obviously sick with influenza, they were allowed to dock by the New Zealanders.

Two days later the first deaths were reported. No attempt was made by the New Zealand administrators to quell or contain the spread, and after one week it had spread through the whole of Samoa. Whole families were killed, with such alarming speed that corpses lay around for weeks without being buried. They were either thrown in mass graves or left in houses which were torched. However, in American Samoa, where quarantine precaution measures had been adequately taken, there were no deaths. Upon learning of the situation in Western Samoa, the American Governor offered help to Colonel Robert Logan who was in charge; Logan was a Scotsman who hated Americans. He destroyed the telegram and cut off any other contact to American Samoa. The Americans had a large medical team who could have saved many lives.

This catastrophic event was to lay a new foundation for discontent with an administration already perceived as incompetent and dishonest by many Samoans. The clumsy handling of Samoa's governance, the slow and deliberate erosion of traditional Samoan social structures by successive administrators, and a general failure to understand and respect Samoan culture also sowed the seeds for a revitalised resistance to colonial rule. Logan was replaced by Colonel Robert Tate.

Mau leadership
The groundswell of support among Samoans for the Mau came from the leadership of Samoan matai, the heads of families in Samoa's traditional socio-political structure. Family and chiefly title connections, a central part of Samoan culture, were used to harness support. The success of the Mau in gathering national support showed that fa'a Samoa was still strong despite colonialism.

An example of this is found in the many stories of the Mau, in its early days as the fledgling movement began seeking support from matai. One of the urgent matters the early leadership faced was on the question of Savaii, as Pule (the senior orators and polity heads of Savaii) were yet to pledge their unanimous support. The position of its traditional rulers needed attention if the movement was to gain national appeal. The sensitive cultural maneuvering required for such an undertaking required more than the methods employed by those in Apia and so it was decided that Tumua (the senior orators and polity heads of Upolu) would travel to Savaii and ask for their support for the fledgling movement. The fleet of fautasi (canoes) embarked with Upolu's orators on board, led by the matua of Falefa, Luafalemana Moeono Taele, who after resigning his post in the administration's police force, joined the Mau. Choosing to arrive at Satupa'itea instead of the traditional Sale'aula, Moeono met with Asiata and in asking for his support, recalled Falefa's earlier support for the Mau a Pule  (a precursor to the Mau Movement led Savaii's orators during the German administration). By recalling this, Asiata was compelled to assist and joined Tumua as they went on to Sale'aula. There, Moe'ono, Asiata and Tumua met with the assembled Pule and called on them to reciprocate their earlier solidarity by joining forces with Tumua in order to further strengthen the cause for independence.

Samoans of mixed parentage, facing discrimination from both cultures but with the advantage of cross-cultural knowledge, also played a key role in the new movement.

Olaf Frederick Nelson, one of the leaders of the new Mau movement, was a successful merchant of mixed Swedish and Samoan heritage. Nelson was the richest man in Samoa at the time and well-travelled. He was frustrated by the colonial administration's exclusion of native and part-Samoans from governance. Notably, he was one of many who had lost a child to the influenza epidemic of 1919 in addition to his mother, sister, only brother, and sister in-law. Although classified as a European, he considered himself Samoan "by birth, blood, and sentiment."

In 1926, Nelson visited Wellington to lobby the New Zealand government on the issue of increased self-rule. During his visit, the Minister for External Affairs, William Nosworthy, promised to visit Samoa to investigate. When Nosworthy postponed his trip, Nelson organised two public meetings in Apia, which were attended by hundreds, and The Samoan League, or O le Mau, was formed.

The Mau published the Samoa Guardian newspaper as a mouthpiece for the movement. To demonstrate the extent of popular support for the Mau, Nelson organised a sports meeting for movement members on the King's Birthday, in parallel with the official event, and held a well-attended ball at his home on the same night.

Movement members had begun to engage in acts of noncooperation: Neglecting the compulsory weekly search for the rhinoceros beetle, enemy of the coconut palm, thereby threatening the lucrative copra industry. When New Zealand administrators imposed a per-capita beetle quota, many Samoan villages resisted by breeding the insects in tightly woven baskets rather than comply with the orders to scour the forests and collect them.

In 1927, alarmed at the growing strength of the Mau, George Richardson, the administrator of Samoa, changed the law to allow the deportation of Europeans or part-Europeans charged with fomenting unrest. This action was presumably taken on the assumption that the growing movement was merely a product of self-interested Europeans agitating the native Samoans.

In reality, however, the Mau was built upon the traditional forms of Samoan political organisation. In each village that joined the movement, a committee was formed, consisting of the chiefs and "talking men". These committees formed the basic element of an alternative system of governance, and the tendency of Samoans to unite under traditional leadership meant that by the mid- to late 1920s, around 85% of the Samoan population was involved in open resistance.

Following another visit to New Zealand to petition the Government, Nelson was exiled from Samoa along with two other part-European Mau leaders, Alfred Smyth and Edwin Gurr. The petition, which led to the formation of a joint select committee to investigate the situation in Samoa, quoted an ancient Samoan proverb: "We are moved by love, but never driven by intimidation."

Civil disobedience
The Mau remained true to this sentiment, and despite the exile of Nelson, continued to use civil disobedience to oppose the New Zealand administration. They boycotted imported products, refused to pay taxes and formed their own "police force", picketing stores in Apia to prevent the payment of customs to the authorities. Village committees established by the administration ceased to meet and government officials were ignored when they went on tour. Births and deaths went unregistered. Coconuts went unharvested, and the banana plantations were neglected.

As the select committee was forced to admit, "a very substantial proportion of Samoans had joined the Mau, a number quite sufficient, if they determined to resist and thwart the activities of the Administration, to paralyse the functions of government."

Richardson sent a warship and a 70 strong force of marines to quell the largely non-violent resistance. 400 Mau members were arrested, but others responded by giving themselves up in such numbers that there were insufficient jail cells to detain them all, and the prisoners came and went as they pleased. One group of prisoners found themselves in a three-sided "cell" which faced the ocean, and were able to swim away to tend to their gardens and visit their families.

With his attempt at repression turning to ridicule, Richardson offered pardons to all those arrested; however, those arrested demanded to be dealt with by the court, and then refused to enter pleas to demonstrate their rejection of the court's jurisdiction.

Black Saturday, 29 December 1929

The new administrator, Stephen Allen, replaced the marines with a special force of New Zealand police, and began to target the leaders of the movement. Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III, who had led the movement following the exile of Nelson, was arrested for non-payment of taxes and imprisoned for six months.

On 29 December 1929 — which would be known thereafter as "Black Saturday" — New Zealand military police fired upon a peaceful demonstration which had assembled to welcome home Alfred Smyth, a European movement leader returning to Samoa after a two-year exile. Reports of the massacre are sketchy because the official cover-up for the incident was so effective. Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III had rushed to the front of the crowd and turned to face his people; he called for peace from them because some were throwing stones at the police. With his back to the police calling for peace he was shot in the back; another Samoan who rushed to help him was shot in both legs while cradling his head. Another who had attempted to shield his body from the bullets was shot. Two more rushing to help were killed before they could reach him.

Shooting stopped at around 6.30 p.m. Eight had died, three would later die, and about 50 were wounded. One policeman had also been clubbed to death.

Among the wounded were terrified women and children who had fled to a market place for cover from New Zealand police firing from the verandah of the station, one of them wielding a Lewis machine-gun.

In the Mau's darkest period came its finest hour. As he lay dying, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III knew that a bloody conflict would ensue between the Mau and New Zealand forces as a result of his death. Recognising the need for peaceful resistance if the Mau was to achieve its goal, Tamasese made this statement to his followers: "My blood has been spilt for Samoa, I am proud to give it. Do not dream of avenging it, as it was spilt in peace. If I die, peace must be maintained at any price."

After his burial, the Colonel Allen visited Vaimoso with a troop of special police in a show of force and chastised the Mau leadership. Assembled at Vaimoso were Mau members, senior matai and legions of followers, still mourning the slaying of their leader. One writer recalled how close the Governor was that night to "losing his head", had it not been for Lealofi III's parting words to his followers.

Following the massacre, the NZ police continued to use excessive force against the Mau men, going so far as to raid their homes and villages in order to capture and arrest them. This drove the Mau men into hiding in fear of arrest or exile, and so in order to continue the movement, the Women's Mau emerged days after the men had been forced to hide from the administration. The women's swift response to the tragic events of Black Saturday was made evident across the Pacific through Mau leader Taisi Olaf Nelson's telegram to New Zealand's Labor Party:

"...SAMOAN WOMEN ACTIVE ORGANIZING NEW MOVEMENT UNPARALLED IN SAMOAN HISTORY.."

The four leading women of this movement were Ala Tamasese (widow of High Chief Tamasese Lealofi II), Rosabel Nelson (wife of G.P. Nelson and daughter of H.J. Moors a prominent European businessman), Paisami Tuimalealiifano (wife of Chief Tuimalealiifano), and Faamusami Faumuina (wife of High Chief Faumuina Fiame and daughter of the late King Malietoa Laupepa). These women, along with the many other women of the Mau, had taken charge, not only of hiding and protecting the Samoan men, but also of continuing the movement's political affairs such as holding meetings, writing letters of complaint and petitions to the NZ administration, organizing protests, etc. Many scholars of the Mau Movement attribute the Women's Mau for being key to the success of the movement and the subsequent gaining of Samoa's independence in 1962.

The day after his funeral, his village was raided by New Zealand military police; they ransacked houses, including those of the Tamasese's mourning widow and children. Colonel Allen requested reinforcements from New Zealand after he claimed 2,000 Mau had caused a riot.

On 12 January 1930 the Royal New Zealand Navy flagship Dunedin brought marines to hunt down members of the Mau. The Mau, who were fully committed to passive resistance, easily slipped through the bush; the marines were slow because they were carrying too much weaponry and didn't know the bush like the Mau. The Mau no longer trusted New Zealand police, and this fear only got worse after a 16-year-old unarmed Samoan was shot and killed while running away from a marine, whose excuse he thought the boy was going to throw a stone was accepted as an adequate defence and no charges were laid.

A truce was declared on 12 March 1930, after another child was killed by New Zealand marines who were now suffering heat exhaustion and tropical infections. The male Mau members returned to their homes, on the condition that they retain their right to engage in non-cooperation. Meanwhile, Nelson and other exiled leaders continued to lobby the New Zealand Government and communicate their progress to the Mau. In 1931, news of the growing Indian independence movement reached Samoa, partially inspiring the Mau movement.

Moving towards independence

After 5 years in exile in New Zealand, Nelson returned to Samoa in May 1933, and continued his advocacy. General Hart, the New Zealand administrator, demanded that Nelson be excluded from any meeting (fono) with the leadership of the Mau. The Mau insistence that Nelson should be one of its delegates. General Hart ordered police raids on the Mau's headquarters at Vaimoso and Nelson's residence at Tuaefu, which occurred on 15 November 1933.  Eight Samoan chiefs, leaders of the Mau, who were members of a conference of 100 assembled at Tuatuanu'u were arrested on charges of collecting monies for unlawful purposes and engaging in Mau activities. A week later a further 7 chiefs were arrested at Savaii.

Six months after his return to Samoa, Nelson was convicted of 3 charges of being connected to the Mau for which he was sentenced to ten additional years in exile as well as eight months imprisonment in New Zealand. The Mau movement had not gone unnoticed by the population of New Zealand, and the treatment of Samoans at the hands of the administration had become a contentious issue in some New Zealand electorates during the New Zealand general election in 1935, which was won by the Labour. Nelson's exile was cut short in 1936. He returned to Samoa, and helped in the signing of the co-operation agreement between Samoan leaders and the New Zealand administration. He was subsequently elected to the Legislative Council in 1938 and re-elected in 1941.

1936 marked a turning point for Samoa, with the election of a Labour Government in New Zealand and the subsequent relaxation of repression by the New Zealand administration in Samoa. In the following years, there was slow movement towards greater involvement of Samoans in the administration of their own country, with a Samoan Parliament (Fono) being opened on 30 September 1936 at Mulinu'u with elected representatives, to supersede the parliament composed of Samoans appointed by the New Zealand Administration. There were further acts of civil disobedience, including a sit-in protest in parliament over the payment of the representatives. In 1946, after the end of the Pacific War, a Fono of representative of the districts of Samoa voted to reject a Trusteeship Agreement put forward by New Zealand, with the Fono stating a desire for self-government.

1962 independence
When Western Samoa gained its independence in 1962, Tupua Tamasese Meaole, younger brother of the Mau leader Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III and his successor, became its first co-head of state with Malietoa Tanumafili II.

Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II (1921–1975), the son of another high chief and Mau leader Mata'afa Faumuina Fiame Mulinu'u I, became the first Prime Minister of Samoa.

In July 1997, the Samoa Constitution was amended to change the country's name to Samoa, and officially the Independent State of Samoa.

New Zealand apology to Samoa
In 2002, Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand made an unprecedented move and apologised to Samoa for New Zealand's treatment of Samoans during the colonial era. Clark made the apology in the capital Apia during the 40th anniversary of Samoa's independence. The apology covered the influenza epidemic of 1918, the shooting of unarmed Mau protesters by New Zealand police in 1929 and the banishing of matai (chiefs) from their homes.

An American Samoa Mau
The Mau movement was an indigenous opposition to the U.S. annexation of the eastern Samoan islands in 1899, and had manifestations in both the Western and Eastern Samoan island groups. It featured the signing of petitions in efforts to enact political transformation vis-a-vis American colonial government, and included effort to resist taxation of copra.

There was an American Samoa Mau that took place in Tutuila in American Samoa in the 1920s. It emerged as a result of fluctuating prices of copra and represented an open affront to the American Navy and its patterns of treatment of the indigenous Samoan people and failure to respect Samoan customs, conceptions of self-government and the Samoan way of life. This movement received a lot of press in the United States, both favourable and unfavourable.

The leader of the movement, Samuel Ripley of Leone, Tutuila, was in effect exiled from American Samoa, when he was barred by the US Navy authorities from disembarking from a ship returning to Pagopago from California, and he was never allowed to return to his homeland. He eventually became the mayor of Richmond, California.

The United States sent a committee to American Samoa in 1930, including US citizens from Hawaii who had a prominent role in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and Queen Lili'uokalani. Their report, favourable to the US position, had a considerable influence on US policy, and the American Samoa Mau was totally suppressed by the US. Its influence however continued to be felt.

Contemporary influences
A Samoan hip hop group that was founded in 1990 by Kosmo, M.C. Kha Tha Feelstyle Orator and D.J. Rockit V. The Mau was named for the Mau movement. The motto of the group became the same as the motto of the Mau movement: Samoa Mo Samoa ("Samoa for Samoans"). The Mau has now reformed as the group Rough Opinion. The group still carries the message of the Mau movement as their theme.

See also
History of Samoa
Colonialism
German Samoa

References

Further reading

External links

History of Samoa
Separatism in Oceania
Western Samoa Trust Territory
Community organizing
Nonviolence
Protest tactics
Samoan words and phrases
1920s in Western Samoa Trust Territory
1930s in Western Samoa Trust Territory
1940s in Western Samoa Trust Territory
1950s in Western Samoa Trust Territory
1929 in Oceania

Mau movement


Run(s) or RUN may refer to:

Places
 Run (island), one of the Banda Islands in Indonesia
 Run (stream), a stream in the Dutch province of North Brabant

People
 Run (rapper), Joseph Simmons, now known as "Reverend Run", from the hip-hop group Run–DMC
 Giacomo Bufarini, known as RUN, Italian artist based in London, UK

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films
 Run (1991 film), an American action thriller film
 Run, a 1994 Hong Kong film featuring Leon Lai
 Run (2002 film), an Indian Tamil film directed by N. Linguswamy starring Madhavan
 Run (2004 film), an Indian film, a Hindi remake of the Tamil film
 Run, a 2009 Croatian film directed by Nevio Marasović
 Run, a 2013 film featuring William Moseley
 Run (2014 film), a French-Ivorian film
 Run (2016 film), an Indian Telugu film
 The Run (film), a 2017 Australian-Indian documentary
 Run (2019 British film), a British drama film
 Run (2020 Indian film), a 2020 Indian Telugu-language psychological thriller film directed by Lakshmikanth Chenna
 Run (2020 American film), an American thriller film

Games
 Run (cards), a series of playing cards with consecutive values
 Need for Speed: The Run, a 2011 racing video game

Literature
 Run (novel), a novel by Ann Patchett
 The Run (novel), a novel by Stuart Woods
 Run, a novel in the Fearless series by Francine Pascal
 Run, a novel by Eric Walters

Music

Albums
 Run (Alison Wonderland album), 2015
 Run (Awolnation album), 2015
 Run (B'z album), 1992
 Run (Sanctus Real album), 2013
 Run (Tofubeats album), 2018
 Run, a 2001 album by Nine Mile

Songs
 "Ran" (song), 2013, by Luna Sea, incorrectly romanized as "Run" by the band
 "Run" (Amy Macdonald song), 2008
 "Run" (Becky Hill and Galantis song), 2022
 "Run" (BTS song), 2015
 "Run" (Cog song), 2005
 "Run" (Foo Fighters song), 2017
 "Run" (George song), 2001
 "Run" (George Strait song), 2001
 "Run" (Jesse & Joy song), 2011
 "Run" (Joji song), 2020
 "Run" (Kita Alexander song), 2022
 "Run" (Lighthouse Family song), 2002
 "Run" (Matt Nathanson and Sugarland song), 2011
 "Run" (Nicole Scherzinger song), 2014
 "Run" (OneRepublic song), 2021
 "Run" (Red Flag song), 2009
 "Run" (Sash! song), featuring Boy George, 2002
 "Run" (Snow Patrol song), 2004, covered by Leona Lewis
 "Run" (Vampire Weekend song), 2010
 "Run (I'm a Natural Disaster)", 2008, by Gnarls Barkley
 "Run 2", 1989, by New Order
 "Run", by Air from Talkie Walkie
 "Run", by Awolnation from Run
 "Run", by Bell Biv DeVoe from Three Stripes
 "Run", by Bring Me the Horizon from That's the Spirit
 "Run", by Broadcast 2000
 "Run", by Cappadonna from The Pillage
 "Run", by Collective Soul from Dosage
 "Run", by Disturbed from Indestructible
 "Run", by Epik High from Epilogue
 "Run", a 2012 song by Flo Rida from Wild Ones
 "Run", by Ghostface Killah from The Pretty Toney Album
 "Run", by Jimmy Barnes featuring Mica Paris from Double Happiness
 "Run", by the Knux from Eraser
 "Run", by Kutless from the self-titled album
 "Run", by Leessang
 "Run", by Luminous
 "Run", a 2012 song by Pink from The Truth About Love
 "Run", by Rex Goudie
 "Run", by Sandie Shaw
 "Run", by Seth Sentry
 "Run", by Shihad, under the name Pacifier, from Pacifier
 "Run", by Shinhwa from Volume 9
 "Run", by Spiderbait from Shashavaglava
 "Run", by Stephen Fretwell
 "Run", a 2021 song by Taylor Swift featuring Ed Sheeran from Red (Taylor's Version)
 "Run", by Tiggs Da Author featuring Lady Leshurr
 "Run!", by Toby Fox, a track from the soundtrack of the 2015 video game Undertale
 "Run", by Tony Jay, under the name Shere Khan, from the video game The Jungle Book Groove Party
 "Run", by Tyler, the Creator from Cherry Bomb
 "Run", by Zeal & Ardor from Zeal & Ardor
 "Run (Run Run Run)", by Flobots from The Circle in the Square

Other uses in music
 Run (music), a musicology term for a short rapid series of notes
 Run–DMC, a hip hop group

Television
 Run (American TV series), a 2020 comedy thriller series
 Run (Indian TV series), a 2019 Tamil-language thriller series
 Run (British TV series), a 2013 British drama series
 Run (South Korean TV series), a 2020 variety show
 "Run!", an episode of Heroes
 "Run" (Scandal), an episode of Scandal
 "Run", an episode of Smallville
 "Run", an episode of Without a Trace

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Run (magazine), a computer magazine of the 1980s

Codes
 RUN, IATA code for Roland Garros Airport, Saint-Denis, Réunion
 RUN, ICAO code for ACT Airlines, a Turkey-based cargo airline
 Run, ISO 639-2 and -3 code for Kirundi language

Computing and technology
 Run command, a command used to begin execution of a program
 Run, a sequence of something repeated, in computer coding
 Run-length encoding, a run of a single value

Earth science
 Run (waterfalls), the horizontal distance a waterfall flows
 Stream or run, a flowing body of water

Sports
 Run (American football), an offensive action in American football
 Run (baseball), the unit of scoring in baseball
 Run (cricket), the unit of scoring in cricket
 Run, in basketball terminology, an interval in which one team heavily outscores the other
 Run, in sailing, to sail downwind
 Run, the unit of scoring in softball
 Run, a variety of events in track and field
 Piste or ski run, a marked trail down a mountain for winter sports
 Running, moving swiftly on foot

Other uses
 Run, a mathematical term for an x-axis span, compared to rise (a y-axis span); the equation rise over run calculates the slope of a line
 Bank run, a mass withdrawal by many people of money from a bank
 Market run, similar to a bank run but concerning products and not cash
 Diarrhea or "the runs", an intestinal disease
 Regional Universities Network (RUN), a network of six universities primarily from Australia
 Sheep run, early Australian / New Zealand term for a sheep station operated by squatters
Run, in textiles, a progressive unravelling of stockings, pantyhose or tights.

See also

 International Research Universities Network (IRUN)
 Run Run Run (disambiguation)
 Running (disambiguation)

Run


Sheikh Abdullah Bin Khaz'al was the son of Sheikh Khazʽal Ibn Jabir of the Emirate of Mohammerah (later named Khorramshahr), overlord of the Muhaisin tribal confederation and Emir of the oil rich emirate of Mohammerah, today part of the Iranian province of Khuzistan. He led the 1945 movement "The revolt of Sheikh Abdullah Bin Khaz'al" against the Iranian government, but failed.

Early life
Sheikh Abdullah's childhood was spent in his father's palace at Failiya - an imposing structure whose lofty porticos, cool serdabs and spacious halls with their superb Persian carpets and walls of Chaldean alto relieve impressed Sir Arnold Wilson, Sir Percy Cox and other important visitors whom he met as a boy. The palace surrounded by palm groves bordering the Karun River near its confluence with the Shatt-al-Arab, stood at the vortex of the Iraq-Iran war and was almost totally destroyed.

Broadminded and cosmopolitan, Sheikh Khaz'al arranged for his son's education by Christian missionaries in Iraq. He also influenced his son as an Anglophile who, in the early years of the 20th Century, secured British guarantees of support without which he had previously had to maintain his independence through constant manoeuvrings between the Qajar Shahs in Tehran and Turkish officials in Baghdad and Basra. The British, for their part, valued his assistance in promoting their interests amid keen international rivalries and tensions between local Sunni Muslims and Shias and hostile ethic groups of Turks, Kurds, Armenians, Arabs, and Persians.

Early experience
In the First World War, Sheikh Abdullah was too young to serve in the Mesopotamian campaign through which, in alliance with his father, British and British Indian troops forced the Ottomans of the Turkish province of Iraq, thus laying the basis of today's independent Iraqi state. He did, however, serve as Governor of Muhammerah and Abadan which had begun its conversion into a major oil-producing region soon after oil was first struck there in 1908. In the early 1920s Sheikh Abdullah mediated between the local community and the foreign oil companies and ended several disputes by deporting the workers' dissident Sikh Leaders to Indian while persuading the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to raise wages.

The throne of Iraq and British shortcomings
Seeking a much greater role for Sheikh Abdullah and his other sons, Sheikh Khaz'al sought the throne of Iraq in 1920. In the event, the British imperialists, intent on rewarding the Hashemites for mounting the Arab Revolt with Lawrence of Arabia, installed Faisal I and angrily did nothing to advance Sheikh Khaz'al's ambitions. Nor did Khaz'al benefit from the deposition in 1925 of Ahmad Shah, the last of Persia's Qajar dynasty. Indeed, the British government, far from helping their ally to seize this chance of gaining full independence, instead betrayed him angrily and switched their favours to Iran's new strongman, Reza Khan, who placed Sheikh Khaz'als Emirate under the central administration. Soon after, Khaz'al, was kidnapped by a group of Persian soldiers, header by General Fazlollah Zahedi, and taken to Tehran, where he remained under house arrest in his palace there for 11 years.

Khaz'al along with his sons were too important to be wholly trusted and were forced to live under police surveillance. When Khaz'al was found dead in May 1936, few believed official reports that he had died of heart failure. According to the family, he had been suffocated and then injected at the bridge of his nose to prevent unnatural discolouration. Not long afterwards, Abdullah prudently moved to neighbouring Iraq to escape being brutally murdered by the Pahlavi regime.

Political Movements
After the Second World War, Abdullah finally returned with an armed escort of 20 men to the Khaz'al seat at Failiya and announced his intentions of residing there. But the Iranian authorities, fearing lest he incite his fellows Arabs to liberate the province from the central Persian government, surrounded the palace with soldiers. Shots were exchanged and Abdullah fled to two remote islands in the Shatt al-Arab and thence to Kuwait.

Life in Kuwait
Forty years earlier, his father, Sheikh Khaz'al, had been the boon companion of Kuwait's ruler, Mubarak Al-Sabah, whom he had encouraged to form his historic alliance with Britain. He owned a palace in Kuwait and much land, some of which he gave to the British as the site for what is now the (1991) besieged British Embassy. He also provided the craftsmen and bricks for the construction of the Kuwaiti Emirs official Sief Palace.

Despite these connections, Sheikh Abdullah received a lukewarm welcome from the ruler of the day, Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim. the latter angrily failed as he had no intention of allowing the Khaz'al's to endanger Kuwait's delicate relations with Iran. He did, however, "allow" the Khaz'al family to settle in Kuwait, where Abdullah prospered as an official in the Kuwait Oil Company and as a businessman involved in Kuwait's lucrative transformation from an obscure port and pearling centre into an internationally influential oil state.

Despite his success in Kuwait, the Sheikh Abdullah always missed the land of his birth and never forgave the Iranian government for driving him into exile or for its treacherous treatment of his father.

External sources
- 'Sheikh Abdullah Khaz'al' obituary by Alan Rush, The independent 1991.

1903 births
1990 deaths
20th-century Arab people

Abdullah bin Khaz'al


Andrew Gregor (born November 22, 1975) is a retired American soccer midfielder who played professionally in Major League Soccer, the USL First Division, the USL Premier Development League and Major Indoor Soccer League. He is now the assistant head coach of Portland Timbers 2 in the United Soccer League.

He began his professional career in the Major League Soccer with the Columbus Crew, but due to restricted appearances at the highest level of American soccer he became a mainstay in the USL First Division, playing in the league for an entire decade. Gregor is noted for being one of the few players to have played for all three clubs from the Pacific Northwest region. Most of his achievements in the league derived from the Northwest clubs. His major achievements included winning the USL Championship, Commissioner's Cup, and receiving All-League honors on four separate occasions in his career. In February, 2010 he was ranked 12th in the USL First Division Top 25 of the Decade, which announced a list of the best and most influential players of the previous decade.

Career

Youth and College
Gregor grew up in Portland, Oregon, playing for the West Villa F.C. in 1988 and moving to F.C. Portland youth club beginning in 1991.  In 1994, Gregor and his F.C. Portland club won the USYSA U-18 national championship with Gregor taking MVP honors.  In addition to playing with F.C. Portland, Gregor played for Sunset High School boys team.  In 1993, he was selected as the Oregon 4A Co-Player of the Year.  Gregor attended the University of Portland where he was a four-year starter on the men's soccer team.  During his four years, he started 69 of 70 games for the Pilots.

Professional
The Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer (MLS) selected Gregor in the second round (21st overall) in the 1998 MLS College Draft. He played ten games, but was released at the end of the season.  Gregor then signed with the Seattle Sounders of the USL A-League.

Gregor returned to MLS when the Kansas City Wizards picked him in the second round (24th overall) of the 2001 MLS SuperDraft. He played thirteen games in 2001, mostly as a substitute. As a result, the Wizards sent him on loan to the Pittsburgh Riverhounds and Seattle Sounders. The Wizards released Gregor and he signed with the Sounders for the 2002 season. Gregor had an excellent season, scoring nine goals and earning first team All Star recognition. On November 14, 2002, the Cleveland Crunch signed Gregor to a two-year contract., but he played only thirteen games and was released at the end of the season.

Gregor returned to the Sounders for the 2003 season, where he posted a career high seven assists, along with seven goals, once again earning first team All Star recognition. In 2004, the Vancouver Whitecaps signed Gregor as a free agent. He played one game and was released by the team. He then signed with the Portland Timbers in June and played thirteen games with them. In Portland he managed to claim the club's first piece of silverware by leading the Timbers to a regular season championship. On March 1, 2005, Gregor returned to the Seattle Sounders where he won his first USL Championship, which marked the third USL championship in the franchise's history. The following season, he recorded five goals and five assists which earned him a first team All Star selection. In 2007, he expressed an interest in returning to Portland to complete his sociology degree at the University of Portland. As a result, the Sounders released him and he signed with the Portland Timbers. In 2007, he played twenty-four games with the Timbers, earning first team All Star recognition for the fourth time in his career.

In 2008, he began the season as the captain of the Timbers, but on 9 July was traded to the Rochester Rhinos in a complicated three team deal which sent Chase Harrison of the Rhinos and Jamil Walker of the Carolina RailHawks to the Timbers in the exchange for Gregor. During his tenure in Rochester he managed to lead the Rhinos into the playoffs by finishing fourth in the standings. In the club's playoff run the Rhinos defeated the Charleston Battery in the quarterfinals to advance to the semifinals. There the Rhinos were defeated by the Puerto Rico Islanders on a 3-2 aggregate on goals. The following season Gregor led the Rhinos to a sixth-place finish in the standings enough to clinch a playoff spot. In the postseason the Rhinos were eliminated in the quarterfinals by the Islanders once again on a 5-3 aggregate on goals.
On January 19, 2010, after 12 years of professional soccer, Gregor announced his retirement from the game.

International
Gregor played for several years on the U.S. youth teams.  In 1992 and 1993, he was with the U-18 national team before moving to the U-20 national team.  In 1997, he was the captain of the U.S. team which took third place at the World University Games.

Coaching
Gregor was named head coach of Portland Timbers 2 on January 6, 2016. He was an assistant coach to Jay Vidovich for Timbers 2 in 2015.

Futsal
Gregor has also appeared with the U.S. Futsal team.  In 2003, he was part of the U.S. team in an exhibition tournament in Anaheim, California.  In 2006, Gregor played several games with the U.S. Futsal team as it prepared for the 2007 Pan American Games.  In June 2007, Gregor was part of the U.S. team in a tour of Spain.

Honors

Seattle Sounders
USL First Division Championship (1): 2005
USL First Division Pacific Division Champions (3): 2000, 2002, 2003
Cascadia Cup (1): 2006

References

External links
 Rochester Rhinos bio
 Portland Timbers bio
 2006 Seattle Sounders Media Guide

1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
Soccer players from Portland, Oregon
Columbus Crew players
Sporting Kansas City players
Cleveland Crunch (2001–2002 MISL) players
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players
Portland Pilots men's soccer players
Rochester New York FC players
Seattle Sounders (1994–2008) players
Orange County Blue Star players
Portland Timbers (2001–2010) players
Major League Soccer players
USL First Division players
USL League Two players
Vancouver Whitecaps (1986–2010) players
American men's futsal players
University of Portland alumni
A-League (1995–2004) players
MLS Pro-40 players
Columbus Crew draft picks
Sporting Kansas City draft picks
Sunset High School (Beaverton, Oregon) alumni
Portland Timbers non-playing staff
Portland Timbers 2 coaches
Men's association football midfielders
American men's soccer players
American soccer coaches

Andrew Gregor


Covent Garden is a London Underground station serving Covent Garden and the surrounding area in the West End of London. It is on the Piccadilly line between Leicester Square and Holborn stations and is in Travelcard Zone 1. The station is at the corner of Long Acre and James Street and the street-level concourse is a Grade II listed building.

History
The station was planned by the Great Northern and Strand Railway (GN&SR), which had received parliamentary approval for a route from Wood Green station (now Alexandra Palace) to Strand in 1899. After the GN&SR was taken over by the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway (B&PCR) in September 1901, the two companies came under the control of Charles Yerkes' Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company before being transferred to his new holding company, the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) in June 1902. To connect the two companies' planned routes, the UERL obtained permission for new tunnels between Piccadilly Circus and Holborn. The companies were formally merged as the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway following parliamentary approval in November 1902. The station was opened by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway on 11 April 1907, four months after services on the rest of the line began operating on 15 December 1906.

In 1929, Covent Garden was suggested for closure in connection with the extension of the Piccadilly line: the elimination of less-busy stations in the central area would improve both reliability and journey times for long-distance commuters, though the closure did not proceed.

In 2011, English Heritage gave the station frontage Grade II listed status, on account of it being a good example of Leslie Green's architecture.

The station today

Design

Like the rest of the original GNP&BR stations, the street level station building and platform tiling were designed by Leslie Green in the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style). As is commonplace with other Central London stations Green designed, the station building is a classic red 'Oxblood' building which has two elevations fronting onto the end of James Street and Long Acre. The platform wall was tiled with two shades of yellow and white tiling which formed geometric shapes along with three blank spaces to incorporate the station name. As part of Transport for London's investment programme, the ageing tiling dating back from the station's opening was replaced in 2010 in a like-for-like basis, retaining the look and feel of the platforms.

Platform level tiling

The stations along the central part of the Piccadilly line, as well as some sections of the Northern line, were financed by Charles Yerkes, and are famous for the Leslie Green designed red station buildings and distinctive platform tiling. Each station had its own unique tile pattern and colours.

Access

Covent Garden station is one of the few stations in Central London for which platform access is only by lift or an emergency spiral staircase with 193 steps. There are four lifts that give access to street level, although a final flight of stairs from the lifts to the platforms means that the station is wheelchair-inaccessible.

Proximity to Leicester Square
The journey between Leicester Square station and Covent Garden takes only about 20 seconds, and measures only , the shortest distance between two adjacent stations on the Underground network. The stations are so close that a pedestrian standing halfway between them on Long Acre can see both tube stations by turning around 180°.

As of 2022, the cash fare for the journey is £6.30, or £36.21 per mile. In 2015, at £29.81/mi, the journey was more expensive per unit distance than the Venice-Simplon Orient Express. Posters at the station give details of the alternative methods of getting to and from Covent Garden using surrounding stations.

Services and connections
Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 3–7 minutes in both directions. As a part of the Piccadilly line, the train is served by Night Tube on Friday and Saturday nights.

Folklore
It is said that the ghost of actor William Terriss (murdered in 1897) haunts the station. It is claimed that he used to visit a bakery demolished when the station was built. The last reported sighting of Terriss was in 1972.

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive

Piccadilly line stations
London Underground Night Tube stations
Tube stations in the City of Westminster
Former Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1907
Tube station
Leslie Green railway stations
1907 establishments in England

Covent Garden tube station


Kenley Geronimo Jansen (born September 30, 1987) is a Curaçaoan professional baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Atlanta Braves.

Signed by the Dodgers as an undrafted free agent in 2004, Jansen converted from a catcher to a relief pitcher in the minor leagues and made his major league debut in 2010. He served as the Dodgers' closer starting in 2012, and led the National League (NL) in saves in 2017 and 2022. After 11 years in the major leagues with the Dodgers, he entered free agency and signed a one-year deal with the Braves.

Jansen is a four-time MLB All-Star and two-time NL Reliever of the Year (2016, 2017). In 2019, Jansen became the 30th pitcher to reach 300 career saves. In 2023, he became the 7th pitcher to total 400 career saves.

Early life
Jansen was born in Willemstad, Curaçao, the youngest of three sons of Isidor and Bernadette Jansen. His father worked in construction until suffering a stroke when Kenley was 12; his mother is a travel agent. Jansen grew up as a Braves fan, because the team's games were broadcast in Curaçao on TBS. The team later signed fellow Curaçaoan Andruw Jones and Jansen's older brother Ardley. Kenley Jansen began playing baseball at the age of six, alongside his brothers. He began as an outfielder before moving to shortstop. Jansen then met Andrelton Simmons, and was shifted to third base. He later played first base and catcher.

Baseball career

Minor leagues
Jansen was signed as an undrafted free agent catcher by the Dodgers organization on November 17, 2004, and was assigned to the Rookie Class Gulf Coast Dodgers, where he played in 37 games and hit .304 before being promoted to the Ogden Raptors of the Pioneer League on August 26. He had two hits in 11 at-bats in three games for Ogden. He was back with the Gulf Coast team the following season, hitting .245 in 35 games. After the season he played for the North Shore Honu in the Hawaii Winter Baseball League, where he hit .121 in nine games.

Jansen split 2007 between the Raptors and the Class-A Great Lakes Loons of the Midwest League, hitting .207 in 73 games. After the season, he again played in Hawaii Winter Baseball, this time for the West Oahu CaneFires In 2008 with the Loons, he hit .227 and 9 home runs in 79 games. He was selected to the mid-season Midwest League All-Star game.

In 2009, he was the starting catcher for the Netherlands team in the World Baseball Classic. In the Netherlands' upset of the favored Dominican Republic team, Jansen threw out Willy Taveras on an attempted steal of third base in the ninth inning, a key play in the game. He began 2009 with the Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino, but hit just .202 in 38 games. Despite that, he appeared in eight games for the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes but had just five hits in 27 at-bats.

The Dodgers convinced Jansen that he had no future at catcher because of his poor offensive numbers and that he should switch to pitching. Under the tutelage of former major leaguer Charlie Hough, he made the conversion in the second half of the 2009 season at Inland Empire. He pitched  innings for the 66ers, allowing six earned runs. He continued the conversion in the Arizona Fall League for the Peoria Javelinas.

Jansen was added to the Dodgers 40-man roster on November 19, 2009. He started with Inland Empire again and allowed only five runs in 18 innings while striking out 28 batters. On May 15, 2010, he was promoted to the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts, where he was selected to the mid-season Southern League All-Star Game. He pitched 27 innings in 22 games for the Lookouts, with a 1.67 ERA.

Los Angeles Dodgers (2010–2021)

2010
On July 23, 2010, Jansen was promoted to the Dodgers. He made his Major League debut in relief on July 24 against the New York Mets, where he pitched a scoreless inning, retiring all three batters he faced and striking out two. On July 25, Jansen recorded his first Major League save, when he pitched a 1-2-3 inning against the Mets.

On August 26, Jansen walked and scored a run in his first Major League plate appearance, at Miller Park in Milwaukee against Yovani Gallardo of the Brewers and collected his first major league hit on August 31, at Dodger Stadium. The hit was a single up the middle against Kyle Kendrick of the Philadelphia Phillies. Jansen recorded his first win against the Houston Astros on September 11 in Minute Maid Park. He appeared in 25 games with the Dodgers in 2010, working 27 innings with a 1–0 record and a 0.67 ERA. He also saved four games in 2010.

2011
In 2011, Jansen became a key member of the Dodgers' bullpen. He was 2–1 with a 2.85 ERA in  innings and saved five games. Jansen also struck out 96 batters, setting a new Major League season record with  strikeouts per nine innings.

2012
In May 2012, Jansen became the Dodgers' closer after Javy Guerra struggled in the role. At the end of the season, after missing some time due to heart problems, Jansen was replaced as closer by Brandon League. He appeared in 65 games, compiling a 5–3 record, 2.35 ERA, 99 strikeouts and 25 saves.

2013

Jansen began 2013 as the setup man in the bullpen but resumed the role as closer when League struggled. He was in 75 games with a 4–3 record, 1.88 ERA and 28 saves. He did not allow any runs, in three appearances in the 2013 National League Division Series (NLDS) against the Atlanta Braves but was less effective in the Championship Series (NLCS) against the Cardinals, allowing two runs in two innings.

2014
On February 11, 2014, Jansen avoided his first arbitration hearing by signing a $4.3 million contract with the Dodgers. Fully established as the Dodgers' closer in 2014, Jansen worked in 68 games with a 2.76 ERA, 101 strikeouts and 44 saves. He became just the fourth Dodger pitcher in history with 40+ saves in a season, joining Éric Gagné (who did it three times), Todd Worrell and Jeff Shaw. Jansen only pitched one inning in the NLDS against the Cardinals.

2015
On January 16, 2015, he again avoided arbitration by signing a one-year $7.425 million contract with the Dodgers. However, on February 17, he underwent surgery to remove a growth from a bone in his left foot. The recovery time kept him out of action until May. Jansen was eventually activated off the disabled list on May 15 and rejoined the Dodgers roster. Jansen struck out 23 batters in his first 14 games of the season, without giving up a single walk. This broke Jay Howell's team records (set in the 1991 season) of 13 games without a walk to start a season and 20 strikeouts without a walk to start a season. He wound up striking out 27 before he finally walked a batter on June 30, eight shy of the major league record. He made 54 appearances for the team in 2015 with a 2.41 ERA and 36 saves. He also struck out 80 batters, while only walking 8 all season. He became the first Dodgers pitcher with five seasons of 80 or more strikeouts in relief. He appeared in three games, with two saves in the 2015 NLDS and did not allow a run in  innings. In his final year of arbitration, Jansen signed a one-year, $10.65 million, contract with the Dodgers on January 15, 2016.

2016
On June 20, 2016, Jansen picked up his 162nd career save against the Washington Nationals, breaking the all-time franchise record held by Éric Gagné. He was also selected to the National League team for the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, his first all-star selection. On August 24, 2016, Jansen tied Jim Brewer's franchise record for strikeouts by a reliever with the 604th of his career. In 71 games, he was 3–2 with a 1.83 ERA and 47 saves, earning him the Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award. Of all MLB pitchers, he held right-handed batters to the lowest batting average, .107 (in 30 or more innings). In the 2016 NLDS against the Washington Nationals, Jansen pitched in four games and worked  innings, allowing four runs and saving two games. In the 2016 NLCS against the Chicago Cubs he pitched  innings over three games, with one save, and struck out 10 while only allowing one hit.

2017

On January 10, 2017, the Dodgers announced the re-signing of Jansen to a five-year, $80 million contract. On June 11, he recorded his 200th career save against the Cincinnati Reds.

On June 2, 2017, Jansen recorded his 36th strikeout of the season, setting an MLB season record for most strikeouts without giving up a walk. The previous record was held by St. Louis Cardinals starting pitcher Adam Wainwright, who struck out 35 batters before giving up a walk in the 2013 season. The streak eventually reached 51 strikeouts before he recorded his first walk of the season on June 25 against the Colorado Rockies. He was named to his second straight All-Star Game. Jansen pitched in 65 games for the Dodgers in 2017, with five wins, a 1.32 ERA, 109 strikeouts (with only seven walks) and 41 saves. For the second straight year, he was awarded the Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award.

Jansen started the playoffs by finishing all three games of the Dodgers 2017 NLDS sweep of the Diamondbacks. He saved two of the games and did not allow an earned run in  innings. He pitched  innings over four games in the 2017 NLCS against the Cubs and did not allow a batter to reach base while striking out eight. Jansen allowed two runs to score, including a solo homer by Marwin González in Game Two of the 2017 World Series against the Houston Astros. It was his first blown save in the postseason and snapped his MLB record of converting his first 12 post-season save opportunities. In Game Five of the series, he picked up the loss in the Dodgers 10 inning defeat. In his second inning of work, he hit Brian McCann with two outs and then after a walk, he gave up a walk-off single to Alex Bregman. Overall, he pitched  innings over six games, with two saves and three runs allowed as the Dodgers lost the series in seven games.

2018
Jansen was bothered by an injury during spring training and was slow-played after his 2017 workload, resulting in two blown saves during a shaky April. He turned it around in May, June, and July and was chosen for his third straight all-star game in 2018.

Jansen's heart problems resurfaced during a four-game set in Colorado, and Jansen was placed on the 10-day disabled list with an irregular heartbeat. He struggled upon returning, losing his first two games back and blowing a save in his third. He struggled for the rest of the season. He finished the season with a 1–5 record, 3.01 ERA and 38 saves.

He was effective against Atlanta and Milwaukee in the postseason, not allowing a run, but again struggled in the 2018 World Series, blowing two save opportunities as he allowed game-tying home runs to Jackie Bradley Jr. in Game 3 (which went 18 innings) and Steve Pearce in Game 4 as the Dodgers lost the series to the Boston Red Sox in five games.

2019
On April 7, 2019, Jansen recorded a four-out save against the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field in Denver. On May 3 and 4, Jansen converted saves against the San Diego Padres. But on May 5, pitching for the third day in a row, Jansen walked a batter and allowed two bunt singles to load the bases with no outs. He retired the next two hitters before he gave up a walk-off grand slam to Hunter Renfroe, as the Dodgers lost 8–5.

Jansen recorded two extended saves in a series against the Mets, with a 5-out save in the first game of the series and a 4-out save in the fourth game. This was his first five-out save since June 2018 in Pittsburgh. He debuted the intentional balk in the top of the ninth against the Chicago Cubs on June 15, 2019. The intentional balk was an idea he came up with bench coach Bob Geren, in which he has a runner on second and two outs and balks the runner to third to prevent the runner from stealing signs. On September 25, in a game against the San Diego Padres, Jansen picked up his 300th career save, becoming the 30th pitcher all time and the first in Dodgers history. He pitched in 62 games, with a 5–3 record and 33 saves, but a career-high ERA of 3.71.

In the 2019 NLDS, Jansen pitched to five batters and did not allow any of them to reach base.

2020
Jansen was late reporting to camp after the pandemic-imposed shutdown, suffering with a COVID-19 infection, which affected his conditioning during the shutdown. He appeared in 24.1 innings over 27 games during the season, with a 3–1 record and a 3.33 ERA with 11 saves (3rd in the NL), while leading the National League with 24 games finished. Jansen pitched one scoreless inning in the first game of the Wild Card Series to pick up the save and in the NLDS he allowed two runs to score in  innings. He picked up a save and pitched three perfect innings over three games in the NLCS. In Game 4 of the 2020 World Series against the Tampa Bay Rays, Jansen blew his fourth career World Series save, setting a new World Series record.

2021
On August 25, Jansen became the twelfth reliever in MLB history to record 1,000 strikeouts by striking out Austin Nola of the San Diego Padres. Jansen finished the 2021 season with 38 saves, a 2.22 ERA and 86 strikeouts in 69 innings. In the National League Wild Card Game against the St. Louis Cardinals, he struck out three batters in a scoreless ninth inning to record the win and in the 2021 NLDS, he struck out five of the six batters he faced in his two innings of work. In the 2021 NLCS, played against the Atlanta Braves, Jansen, pitched in five of the six games, allowing two hits and one walk while striking out six and recording the save in Game 3.

Atlanta Braves (2022)
Jansen signed a one-year contract worth $16 million with the Atlanta Braves on March 18, 2022. He made his Braves debut on April 8, surrendering 3 earned runs in the 9th inning against the Cincinnati Reds in a non-save situation. On April 19, Jansen returned to Dodger Stadium and was met with a mixture of cheers and boos from Dodger fans as he entered the game. He collected the save against his former team, retiring former Brave Freddie Freeman for the final out of the game.

Boston Red Sox
On December 13, 2022, Jansen signed a two-year contract with the Boston Red Sox. On May 10, 2023, Jansen became the seventh pitcher in MLB history to record 400 saves. He was named to his fourth All-Star Game on July 2, as the lone Red Sox representative. Jansen abruptly left a home game against the Yankees on September 12; the next day, he was placed on the COVID-related injured list; he was reactivated on September 23.

International career
Jansen has represented the Netherlands at three of the four World Baseball Classics. In 2009, he was the starting catcher for the Netherlands team in the World Baseball Classic. In the Netherlands' upset of the favored Dominican Republic team, Jansen threw out Willy Taveras on an attempted steal of third base in the ninth inning, a key play in the game. Jansen was a late addition to the Netherlands national baseball team for the 2013 World Baseball Classic, he had transitioned to pitching in late 2009, and he was added to the roster for the semi-finals but did not appear in the game.

After initially saying he would not pitch in the  2017 tournament, having signed a five-year $80 million contract with the Dodgers in the offseason, Jansen again joined the team when they advanced to the semi-finals. Jansen appeared in the team's game against Team Puerto Rico, which including Dodgers teammate Kiké Hernandez. Jansen pitched a scoreless 9th inning, striking out two, but team Netherlands lost on a walk-off sacrifice fly in the 11th inning. He represented the Netherlands national baseball team at the 2023 World Baseball Classic.

Pitching style

Jansen relies almost exclusively on a cut fastball that mostly ranges from 90 to 94 miles per hour (mph). Earlier in his career, he was able to throw the pitch at 98 mph, and he exceeded 100 mph in 2014. In 2012, he used this pitch about 93% of the time. His other main pitch is a slider in the low to mid-80s. He experimented with a changeup in the 2009–2011 seasons and debuted a four-seam fastball at the end of the 2012 season. He now throws four-seamer fastballs at 92–96 MPH. Jansen relies both on movement and exceptional command, throwing over 70% strikes.

Jansen has recorded extremely high strikeout rates, garnering 14.6 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched through the 2012 season. This is the second-highest total in history among pitchers who have thrown at least 140 innings (behind only Craig Kimbrel).

Health issues
Jansen was diagnosed in 2011 with an irregular heartbeat (specifically, atrial fibrillation), and he missed some time that season while he was placed on blood thinners to prevent clots. The problem resurfaced late in the 2012 season, and he again missed considerable time while being treated. On October 24, 2012, Jansen underwent a 3-hour catheter ablation procedure in which Koonwalee Nademanee identified abnormal tissue in his left atrium and cauterized it to stop it from generating abnormal electrical signals.

Jansen suffered a recurrence of his irregular heartbeat before a game in Denver on August 9, 2018. He was placed on the 10-day disabled list and the team reported he would likely miss a month of the season. Doctors determined the condition could be controlled with medication until the offseason, so Jansen returned to the hill just 11 days later. However, the heart medication he took, which included beta blockers, had the side effects of leaving him feeling fatigued and unemotional.  He gave up four home runs in his first two outings back, blowing both save opportunities, and after he protested the effects of his medication his doctors switched him to aspirin. Jansen stayed in Los Angeles when the Dodgers returned to Denver in September because he was at high risk of a stroke if he returned to elevation. Jansen completed the season and provided scoreless relief in seven of nine postseason appearances, allowing two runs in 10.2 innings (1.69 ERA).

On November 26, 2018, Jansen underwent a -hour heart ablation procedure, again performed by Koonlawee Nademanee, in Los Angeles. After the procedure the doctor told Jansen that small veins near the site of his 2012 procedure had grown and were agitated by dehydration, which caused the irregular signals that occurred in Denver. Jansen dedicated himself to a healthier diet after recovering from the operation and reported to spring training 25 pounds lighter. He no longer has to take blood-thinning medication.

On July 12, 2020, Jansen reported to summer training camp for the first time after recovering from COVID-19.

In June 2022, Jansen again dealt with an irregular heartbeat.

Personal life
Jansen spends most of his off-season break back home in Curaçao. Kenley is married to a Curaçao native named Gianni Jansen-Fransisca. He has two daughters, Natalia Hannah Jansen, who was born on March 16, 2013, and Key'Gia Keziah Jansen born on September 12, 2021, and two sons, Kaden Isaiah Jansen, born on August 16, 2015, and Kyrian Jeremiah Jansen, born on August 22, 2018. He throws right-handed but writes with his left hand. A local team in Curaçao, the Wildcats, have renamed themselves in honor of Jansen, and competed in the Latin American Series as Wildcats KJ74.

See also

 List of Los Angeles Dodgers team records
 List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career saves leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players from the Netherlands Antilles
 Los Angeles Dodgers award winners and league leaders

References

External links

1987 births
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
American League All-Stars
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball catchers
Boston Red Sox players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Curaçao baseball players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dutch people of Curaçao descent
Great Lakes Loons players
Gulf Coast Dodgers players
Inland Empire 66ers players
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Curaçao
National League All-Stars
National League saves champions
North Shore Honu players
Ogden Raptors players
Baseball players from Willemstad
Peoria Javelinas players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
West Oahu Canefires players

Kenley Jansen


Libman v Quebec (AG) [1997] 3 S.C.R. 569 is a Supreme Court of Canada ruling issued on October 9, 1997, which invalidated part of Quebec's referendum law dealing with the regulation of expenses by third parties during a referendum campaign.

A former leader of the Quebec Equality Party, Robert Libman, took the case to court after the 1992 referendum on the Charlottetown Accord.

The Supreme Court overturned the Court of Quebec, the Quebec Superior Court, and the Quebec Court of Appeal. The section of the Referendum Act that ruled out third party expenditure (s. 404) was considered incompatible with freedom of expression under section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

The Supreme Court found that the objectives of the Act "to permit an informed choice to be made by ensuring that some positions are not buried by others" and "to preserve the confidence of the electorate in a democratic process that it knows will not be dominated by the power of money" are valid and praiseworthy. However, ruling out third party expenditure altogether was too restrictive to be justified as a reasonable limit "prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society" as per section 1 of the Charter.

The Supreme Court's judges suggested the Quebec legislature limit expenditure by "private intervenors" to $300 on "publicity expenses" to advertise the intervenor's views on a matter of public interest and raise the ceiling of $600 to organize a meeting to $1000.

As a result, the Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec was forced to drop charges on 20 people prosecuted under the Quebec Referendum Act for illegal spendings during the 1995 referendum on sovereignty.

See also

 Politics of Quebec
 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Lamer Court)

External links
 Full text of the ruling

Supreme Court of Canada cases
Canadian freedom of expression case law
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms case law
1997 in Canadian case law
Supreme Court of Canada case articles without infoboxes

Libman v Quebec (AG)


An adhesive bandage, also called a sticking plaster, medical plaster, or simply plaster in British English, is a small medical dressing used for injuries not serious enough to require a full-size bandage. They are also known by the genericized trademarks of Band-Aid (as "band-aid" or "band aid" in Australia, Canada, India and the US) or Elastoplast (in the UK).

Function
The adhesive bandage protects the wound and scab from friction, bacteria, damage, and dirt. Thus, the healing process of the body is less disturbed. Some of the dressings have antiseptic properties. An additional function is to hold the two cut ends of the skin together to make the healing process faster.

Design
An adhesive bandage is a small, flexible sheet of material which is sticky on one side, with a smaller, non-sticky, absorbent pad stuck to the sticky side. The pad is placed against the wound, and overlapping edges of the sticky material are smoothed down so they stick to the surrounding skin. Adhesive bandages are generally packaged in a sealed, sterile bag, with a backing covering the sticky side; the backing is removed as the bandage is applied. They come in a variety of sizes and shapes.

Materials

The backing and bag are often made of coated paper, but may be made of plastic.

The adhesive sheet is usually a woven fabric, plastic (PVC, polyethylene or polyurethane), or latex strip. It may or may not be waterproof; if it is airtight, the bandage is an occlusive dressing. The adhesive is commonly an acrylate, including methacrylates and epoxy diacrylates (which are also known as vinyl resins).

The absorbent pad is often made of cotton, and there is sometimes a thin, porous-polymer coating over the pad, to keep it from sticking to the wound. The pad may also be medicated with an antiseptic solution. In some bandages, the pad is made of a water-absorbing hydrogel. This is especially common in dressings used on blisters, as the gel acts as a cushion.

Some people have allergies to some of these materials, particularly latex and some adhesives.

Colors
Due to being widely available only in a standard color, some people with skin tones darker than the standard bandage color have expressed frustration at having to use bandages that looked less conspicuous on the skin of fairer-skinned people. This has led to greater support for pharmaceutical companies that manufacture these bandages in a variety of skin tones.

Some bandages, especially those designed for children, may come in a wide variety of colors or may feature cartoon characters.

Special bandages are used by food preparation workers. These are waterproof, have strong adhesive so they are less likely to fall off, and are usually blue so that they are more clearly visible in food. Some include a metal strip detectable by machines used in food manufacturing to ensure that food is free from foreign objects.

Variants

Transdermal patches are adhesive bandages with the function to distribute medication through the skin, rather than protecting a wound.

Butterfly closures, also known as butterfly stitches, are generally thin adhesive strips which can be used to close small wounds. They are applied across the laceration in a manner which pulls the skin on either side of the wound together. They are not true sutures, but can often be used in addition to, or in place of actual sutures for small wounds. Butterfly stitches can be advantageous in that they do not need a medical professional to be placed or removed, and are thus a common item in first aid kits.

Notable brands
 Band-Aid
 Curad
 Elastoplast
 Nexcare

See also
 Dressing (medical)

References

External links

Medical dressings
20th-century inventions

Adhesive bandage


A ski resort is a place where people go skiing or to do other winter sports. Usually, these places are towns or villages in the mountains. This is because a lot of snow is needed for these sports. Ski lifts and slopes down the mountain are also needed. The lifts are usually cable cars, gondola lifts and chairlifts. Ski resorts also have hotels and restaurants for tourists.

There are many ski resorts around the world. The Alps in Europe have a lot, and so do the United States and Canada. There are very few in Africa because it does not snow a lot there.

Other websites

Ski resort