The City Gardener is a gardening television series, produced by Twofour and broadcast on Channel 4 from 2003 to 2005 in the UK and on HGTV in the US.

The show is hosted by Matt James, who is billed as "a genuine, 21st-century tree-hugger". The show is targeted at urban city dwellers that might otherwise overlook their potential gardens due to a busy schedule, small garden area or not enough do-it-yourself knowledge.

In each episode Matt James visits a home located in the city, which usually contains a dilapidated and/or tiny garden area that needs major renovation.  The home owners decide on a budget for their new garden and are consulted on their preference of garden style, features, plants, and maintenance requirement.  The space is surveyed and Matt develops a design for the garden in keeping with the homeowner's usually modest budget.

In order to get the most out of their money, the home owners usually invite friends and family to help with manual labour.  This can include breaking concrete, removing bricks and stone, tearing up grass and topsoil, or even completely removing existing soil in favor of soil that will be more suitable for sustaining plant life.

Matt James pays particular attention to the types of plants that are used in each garden, utilizing his seemingly encyclopedic knowledge of each plant species and providing useful gardening tips geared towards gardening in the city.  The viewer gets the impression that he has a profound love for gardening and for plants in particular.

As the show draws to an end the garden is completed.  Before and after pictures are shown with an overview of the major features of the new garden.  The homeowners are consulted and are usually very pleased.

Matt James also filmed an American version of The City Gardener called Urban Outsiders for HGTV, featuring gardens in New York City and Los Angeles. The first 13 shows aired in 2006, the remaining 13 shows are due to air shortly.

External links

2003 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
Channel 4 original programming
Television series by ITV Studios
Gardening television
English-language television shows

The City Gardener


Channabasavanna also known as  " Guru Channabasaveshwara " was Basava's nephew and one of the foremost Sharanas of the 12th century. He, along with Basava, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi, played a pivotal role in the propagation of the Lingayat faith.  He was the youngest among the sharana leaders and grew up in the household of Basavanna as he was the son of Nagalambike, Basava's own sister. He also wrote the Karana Hasuge which is one of the most sacred texts of the Lingayats, among many vachanas. He propounded the "shatasthala" philosophy associated with the six holy places of Veerashaiva Lingayat creed. He succeeded to the Shunya Simhasana at Anubhava Mantapa, Kalyana after the departure of Allama Prabhu, circa 1162ad. His young shoulders carried on the legacy of Basava after the latter's departure to Kudalasangama in 1162ad. He is credited to have systematised the entire manual of simple rituals for the followers. He was a strong advocate of the Ishtalinga wearing and expounded the material as well as the esoteric meaning of that divine symbol. He held together the nascent group of Shivasharanas and Jangmas in tumultuous times of clashes with the orthodox Brahmins and heretic Jains. Following the assassination of Kalachuri King Bijjala II in 1167 A.D, Channabasava along with his followers migrated to Ulavi safeguarding the Vachana literature. He attained Samadhi state there at the age of 25 passing on the leadership of the movement to Siddarama.

A sacred temple of Channabasavanna is located at Ulavi in Karwar District (Uttar Kannada) of Karnataka State, India.

The temple of Channabasavanna faces the east. In front of the temple there is a spacious lake.  The lake is filled with lotus flowers and hence very attractive.  Devotees coming from different parts of the country, take a dip in the holy waters and are absolved of all their sins and impurities.  Thrice a day the Mahasamadhi of Channabasavanna is worshipped with all pomp and ceremony.  On the Samadhi is placed the  face of Nandi.  To the left is Sangameshwar, to the right Mallikarjuna and to the right of Mallikarjuna is Basavanna.  The Mantap outside the temple is very beautiful.  To the east and to the south there are doors.  The door of the sanctum is to the east.

He composed many Vachanas under the pen name Kudala Channasangama.

Sources
 History of Shavism, http://www.channabasava.com/index.htm

References

Lingayatism
Lingayat saints

12th-century Indian philosophers

Channabasavanna


Jamie Harrison (born 19 November 1990) is an English cricketer.  Harrison is a right-handed batsman who bowls left-arm medium-fast.  He was born at Whiston, Merseyside, and was educated at Sedbergh School.

Having previously been part of Durham's cricket academy, Harrison made his debut for Durham in a List A match against Somerset in the 2012 Clydesdale Bank 40 at the Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street.  He ended Durham's innings of 222/9 on 7 not out, while with the ball he took the wickets of Craig Kieswetter and Peter Trego, finishing the match with figures of 2/51 from eight overs.  Following the match, he made his first-class debut against the same opponents at the County Ground, Taunton, in the County Championship.  Durham batted first and made 384 all out, with Harrison dismissed by Trego for 15 runs.  Somerset responded in their first-innings with 400 all out, with Harrison taking figures of 4/112, returning the best figures of any Durham bowler in the innings.  Durham were then dismissed for 167 in their second-innings, with Harrison dismissed by George Dockrell for 20.  Requiring 152 for victory in their second-innings, Somerset reached 152/5 to win by 5 wickets, with Harrison taking a single wicket during the chase, that of Alex Barrow, to finish with innings figures of 1/19 from five overs, and match figures of 5/131.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
People from Whiston, Merseyside
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley
People educated at Sedbergh School
English cricketers
Durham cricketers
Cricketers from Merseyside

Jamie Harrison


Meniscal cyst is a well-defined cystic lesion located along the peripheral margin of the meniscus, a part of the knee, nearly always associated with horizontal meniscal tears.

Signs and symptoms
Pain and swelling or focal mass at the level of the joint. The pain may be related to a meniscal tear or distension of the knee capsule or both. The mass varies in consistency from soft/fluctuant to hard. Size is variable, and meniscal cysts are known to change in size with knee flexion/extension.

Cause
Various etiologies have been proposed, including trauma, hemorrhage, chronic infection, and mucoid degeneration. The most widely accepted theory describes meniscal cysts resulting from extrusion of synovial fluid through a peripherally extended horizontal meniscal tear, accumulating outside the joint capsule. They arise more commonly from the lateral joint margin, and occur most often in 20- to 40-year-old males.

Diagnosis
Magnetic resonance imaging is the modality of choice for diagnosis of meniscal cysts. In their most subtle form, meniscal cysts present as focal areas of high signal intensity within a swollen meniscus. It is not uncommon for radiologists to miss this type of meniscal cyst because the signal intensity is not quite as great as fluid on T2 weighted sequences.2 When this fluid is extruded into the adjacent soft tissues, the swollen meniscus subsequently assumes a more normal shape, and the extruded fluid demonstrates a higher T2 signal typical of parameniscal cysts.

Medial meniscus horizontal tear extending into a meniscal cyst.

Sagittal T2 images of a medial meniscus horizontal tear extending into a meniscal cyst.

Large medial meniscus cyst.

Treatment
Treatment of meniscal cysts consists of a combination of cyst decompression (intraarticular decompression versus open cystectomy) and arthroscopic repair of any meniscal abnormalities. Success rates are significantly higher when both the cyst and meniscal tear are treated compared to treating only one disease process.

See also
Knee pain
Knee osteoarthritis
Discoid meniscus

References
Meniscal Cysts by Rob Gutierrez, M.D.
Campbell, SE, Sanders, TG, Morrison, WB. MR imaging of meniscal cysts: Incidence, location, and clinical significance. AJR 2001;177:409-413.
Helms, CA. The meniscus: Recent advances in MR imaging of the knee. AJR 2002;179(5):1115-1112.

Pathology

Meniscal cyst


Okoř is a castle on a low rocky promontory in Okoř, north-west of Prague, about  from the city centre, in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.

In 1228 a stronghold was built in the small hamlet of Okoř. It was later modified into a Gothic castle, founded in 1359 by Frantisek Rokyčansky, a wealthy burgher of Prague's Old Town. It was later modified by comprehensive Late Gothic remodelling by the Lords of Donin. In 1518, during the reign of Bořitas of Martinice, the castle was turned into a residence in the Renaissance style.

During the Thirty Years' War the castle was heavily damaged and then restored in the Baroque style. It underwent further extension in the second half of the 15th century, and in the 17th century it was owned by Jesuits. Following their departure after the Jesuit order was discontinued in Bohemia, the Okoř castle became deserted in the late 18th century and slowly began to deteriorate.

References

External links

Buildings and structures completed in 1228
Prague-West District
Castles in the Central Bohemian Region
Ruined castles in the Czech Republic

Okoř Castle


Tamás Vásáry (; born 11 August 1933) is a Hungarian concert pianist and conductor.

Biography and career
Vásáry was born in Debrecen, Hungary, and made his stage debut at the age of 8, performing Mozart's Piano Concerto in D major, K.107 in the city of his birth, where he gave a solo recital the following year. He then began to concertize regularly as a child prodigy. At this time he was introduced to Ernő Dohnányi, a leading figure of musical life in Hungary, who made a unique exception by offering to accept the gifted youth as a pupil in spite of his age. Vásáry studied only a short time under his tutelage, however, as Dohnányi soon left Hungary.

He also studied with József Gát and Lajos Hernádi at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest, and was later an assistant there to Zoltán Kodály. Aged 14, he won first prize in the Franz Liszt competition at the Academy of Music in Budapest, in 1947. He received an honorable mention at the V International Chopin Piano Competition in 1955. He left Hungary in 1956, and settled in Switzerland. He made his débuts in the major cities of the West in 1960-61. He has subsequently resided in London. He made many recordings for Deutsche Grammophon, particularly of the Romantic repertoire, especially Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt and Sergei Rachmaninoff.

As a conductor, Vásáry served as joint artistic director of the Northern Sinfonia from 1979 to 1982, sharing the post with Iván Fischer. With the Northern Sinfonia Vásáry recorded the Chopin piano concertos, directing from the keyboard. Vásáry was later Principal Conductor of the Bournemouth Sinfonietta, from 1989-97. Between 1993 and 2004 he was the Principal Conductor of the Hungarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. He has guest conducted many of the principal British orchestras as well as appearing regularly in the United States and elsewhere as pianist and conductor.

Recordings
Vásáry has recorded under six different labels: Supraphon, Deutsche Grammophon, Chandos Records, Academy Sound and Vision, Collins Classic and Hungaroton. He has recorded over 20 albums of the music of Liszt, Chopin, Brahms, Debussy, Rachmaninoff and Mozart with Deutsche Grammophon. In 1991, his recording of works by Liszt released by the Academy of Sound and Vision won the Grand Prize in Hungary. His recording of Dohnányi's violin concerto released by Hungaroton won the Midem Prize.

References

1933 births
Living people
Hungarian classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Hungarian male musicians
Hungarian male conductors (music)
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition prize-winners
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
People from Debrecen
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition
21st-century conductors (music)

Tamás Vásáry


The National War Museum is a museum in Fort Saint Elmo in the city of Valletta, Malta. It is one of the most popular museums in Malta. From 1975 to 2014, its collection mainly focused on World War I and World War II. It was refurbished in 2015, and its collections now include exhibits ranging from the Bronze Age to 2004.

Location

The museum was located in the Old Drill Hall of Lower Saint Elmo. The building was originally a gunpowder magazine, that was converted into an armoury in around 1853. Anti-aircraft gun crews were trained there during World War II.

Lower Saint Elmo is the lower part of Fort Saint Elmo, built in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was built after the original star fort (Upper Saint Elmo) and the outer fortifications (Carafa Enceinte), and is the most dilapidated part of the fort.

Collections

Since its renovation in 2015, the museum contains artifacts relating to the military history of Malta ranging from the Bronze Age to Malta's entry into the European Union in 2004.

The museum's most important collection relates to World War II . There are various photographic panels showing life in Malta during the war, especially the hardships of civilian life and damage from aerial bombardment. One of the highlights includes the fuselage of a Gloster Sea Gladiator N5520, the only survivor from the Hal Far Fighter Flight. The museum also contains a Willys Jeep 'Husky' used by Dwight D. Eisenhower before the invasion of Sicily and also by Roosevelt while visiting Malta. The George Cross that was awarded to Malta by King George VI in April 1942 is also on display at the museum. The collection also contains wreckage from crashed aircraft, captured German machine guns, a torpedo, trench mortars and other weapons.

Renovation
The museum closed to the public on 21 September 2014 during the restoration of Fort St Elmo. It was renovated and reopened in May 2015, having a larger collection than the original museum.

See also
 List of museums in Malta

References

Museums in Malta
Malta
Military and war museums
World War I museums
World War II museums
Museums established in 1975
Museums in Valletta
World War II sites in Malta
Sites managed by Heritage Malta

National War Museum (Malta)


Glenn Ruth (born June 13, 1969) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name, Thrasher. For much of his career he has teamed with Mosh, most famously as The Headbangers, a pair of metal-heads known for their outrageous costumes such as nose rings and kilts. Thrasher is best known for his stints in the World Wrestling Federation between 1990 and 2000, where he held the WWF World Tag Team Championship and WWF Hardcore Championship.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1990–1996)
Ruth grew up in South Jersey. He trained as a wrestler under Larry Sharpe and debuted in 1990 as The Spider. He later became Sharpe's assistant and helped train wrestlers including Big Show and his future tag team partner Mosh at Sharpe's "Monster Factory" professional wrestling school. Worked in New Jersey, for the National Wrestling Alliance. In 1991, Ruth wrestled as Frankie Favorite for All Japan Pro Wrestling. In Japan he would occasionally teamed up with Johnny Favorite. In 1991 as the Spider, he won the WWA Heavyweight Championship twice in New Jersey from 1991 to 1992 and 1992 to 1993. Also worked in Maryland. On January 23, 1993, the Spider wrestled The Sandman in a Double DQ for Eastern Championship Wrestling. In 1994, he started teaming up with Chaz Warrington as the Spiders working in the independent circuit in New Jersey and Texas. They made a few appearances for Extreme Championship Wrestling in June 1994. In 1995 they moved down to Tennessee for Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). It was there that they changed their gimmicks to the Headbangers. Their slogan was "Real men wear skirts." Ruth became Thrasher and Warrington became Mosh. In December 1995 Smokey Mountain folded and they joined the United States Wrestling Association (USWA).

World Wrestling Federation (1990, 1991–1993, 1995, 1996–2000)
Ruth debuted in the World Wrestling Federation in August 1990 under his real name losing to Rick Rude. He wrestled several matches for the promotion until leaving in November 1990, making several appearances on WWF Superstars and WWF Wrestling Challenge.

Ruth made a number of appearances for the World Wrestling Federation from 1991 to 1993. Losing to the big names; Ric Flair, Undertaker, Shawn Michaels and Bret Hart. He appeared on the second ever episode of Raw in 1993 a losing effort against Marty Jannetty, competing under his given name as an enhancement talent. Sometimes he even made tag teams appearances against The Smoking Gunns and The Steiner Brothers.

In December 1995, they debuted as jobbers in the WWF as the Spiders, the Royal Spiders, the Arachnoids, and even used their real names. On an episode of Monday Night Raw they got a World Tag Team Title shot against the Smoking Gunns. They returned to the USWA.

Wrestling as "The Spiders", Thrasher and Mosh returned to the WWF on the September 24, 1996, episode of WWF Superstars, losing to The Smoking Gunns. In November 1996, they resumed wrestling as "The Headbangers". At the outset of 1997, The Headbangers briefly began wearing nun outfits and wrestling as "The Flying Nuns" and "The Sisters of Love", with Thrasher wrestling as "Sister Angelica" and Mosh as "Mother Smucker". They were briefly managed by Brother Love.

The Headbangers captured the vacant WWF World Tag Team Championships on September 7, 1997, by defeating three other teams in a four team tag match at Ground Zero. They lost the titles to The Godwinns on October 5 of that same year.

The Headbangers split in January 1999 when Ruth suffered a knee injury and Warrington began pursuing a singles career, but reformed in late 1999 on the October 10 edition of Sunday Night Heat when Ruth came to Warrington's aid during a domestic violence angle, which saw him vilified by other wrestlers and officials alike for a number of weeks. Ruth had presented video footage of Warrington's (kayfabe) girlfriend Marianna Komlos putting on makeup to make it seem as if Warrington had been abusing her. The police officers arresting Warrington then uncuffed him and arrested Komlos for her lies. Shortly thereafter the two began appearing regularly as a team again, but were now heels and inexplicably came to the ring wearing cone brassieres which they wore while they wrestled.

In 2000, Ruth took part in the match for the Hardcore Championship at WrestleMania 2000. He held the title for 37 seconds, pinning Joey Abs and then being pinned by Pete Gas. After the Headbangers split for the second time in that July and Warrington went on to team with D'Lo Brown, Ruth continued to wrestle in singles competition mainly on WWF Jakked/Metal before being sent to WWF's Memphis Championship Wrestling developmental territory that summer. He was released from the WWF in December 2000.

Independent circuit (2000–2003)
After his release from the WWF, Ruth continued to wrestle until 2003 for Maryland Championship Wrestling and independent promotions before retiring from professional wrestling.

Ring of Honor and return to the independent circuit (2011–present)
In 2011, The Headbangers reformed and have been wrestling on the independent circuit once again. In June 2012, Thrasher and Mosh debuted in Ring of Honor as The Guardians of Truth, a masked tag team managed by Truth Martini. As of 2014, Thrasher now wrestles for independent promotion Championship Wrestling Entertainment in Port St. Lucie, FL. On November 14, 2014, Thrasher defeated Chico Adams to become the CWE Heavyweight Champion.

Return to World Wrestling Entertainment (2016)
Thrasher and Mosh made an unannounced return to the WWE (formerly WWF) on the 30 August 2016 episode of WWE SmackDown, losing to Heath Slater and Rhyno in the first round of a tournament for the newly-created WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship. They made two further appearances on SmackDown in November 2016.

Personal life
Ruth is married with four children.

Upon retiring from professional wrestling in 2002, Ruth began working in restaurant management and marketing. Ruth is currently a Area Supervisor for  Papa John's in Boynton Beach, Florida.

Championships and accomplishments
Atomic Revolutionary Wrestling
 ARW Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 ARW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
Blackburn Wrestling Alliance
BWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Greg Spitz
Championship Wrestling Entertainment
CWE Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Coastal Championship Wrestling
CCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
Fighting Evolution Wrestling
FEW Bahamas National Championship (1 time)
FEW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Mosh
Figure Wrestling Federation
FWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
Heroes And Legends Wrestling
 HLW Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - with Thrasher
Heartland Wrestling Association
HWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
 HLW Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Mosh
Insane Championship Wrestling
ICW Streetfight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance
IPWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
Main Event Championship Wrestling
MECW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
Maryland Championship Wrestling
MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation
MEWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
Memphis Championship Wrestling
MCW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Seven
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
National Wrestling League
NWL Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
New England Wrestling Federation
NEWF Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Mosh
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 110 of the Top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1997.
Texas Wrestling Alliance
TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
World Wrestling Association (New Jersey)
WWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
WWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Spider #2
World Wrestling Federation
WWF Hardcore Championship (1 time)
WWF World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh
Wrestling For Charity
WFC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mosh

See also
 The Headbangers

References

External links

1969 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional wrestlers from New Jersey
Sportspeople from Camden, New Jersey
WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions
NWA World Tag Team Champions
World Tag Team Champions (WWE)
Professional wrestlers who use face paint

Thrasher (wrestler)


Þingeyraklaustur was a monastery of the Order of Saint Benedict located in Þingeyrar on Iceland from 1133 until 1551. It was the first convent in Iceland and likely the last to be closed by the Icelandic Reformation.

History
The convent was founded by bishop Jón Ögmundsson in 1106, but it was not inaugurated until 1133, when its first abbot, Vilmundur Þórólfsson, was officially installed in office. Jón Ögmundsson assured the monastery an income from all farms between Hrútafjörður and Vatnsdalsá.

Þingeyraklaustur was one of the largest and richest of the convents on Iceland. It was a famous center of literature, culture and education, and was known for its library. Arngrímr Brandsson, Karl Jónsson, Gunnlaugr Leifsson and Oddr Snorrason were all members of the convent and active as writers here, and the writer Styrmer Kåresson is believed to have been educated here. A large number of Sagas of Icelanders were either produced or copied here, and the famous Bandamanna saga, Grettis saga, Hallfreðar saga, Heiðarvíga saga, Kormáks saga, and Vatnsdæla saga are all likely to have been produced here.

In 1402, the Black Death dissolved the convent as only one of the members survived the plague, effectively emptying it. The monastery therefore ceased operation, and could not be reestablished until 1424 when it was founded again by Ásbjörn Vigfússon as abbot.

During the Icelandic Reformation, the convent survived longer than arguably all other convents on Iceland. It was not officially closed until 1551, when the last abbot Helgi Höskuldsson was formally declared deposed, the convent was banned from accepting novices, and the assets of the monastery declared confiscated. The former monks, however, were allowed to remain for life if they wished, and it is therefore not known when the abbey was actually dissolved.

References
Janus Jónsson, "Um klaustrin á Islandi. Þingeyraklaustur" i Tímarit hins íslenzka bókmentafélags, 8, 1887.

Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
1133 establishments in Europe
12th-century establishments in Iceland
Monasteries dissolved under the Icelandic Reformation
Benedictine monasteries in Iceland

Þingeyraklaustur


The 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

It was prepared by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (informally sometimes known as the "9/11 Commission" or the "Kean/Hamilton Commission") at the request of United States president George W. Bush and Congress. It is available to the public for sale or free download.

The commission was created on November 27, 2002 (442 days after the attack) and their final report was issued on July 22, 2004. The report was originally scheduled for release on May 27, 2004.

After releasing the report, commission chair Thomas Kean declared that both Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush were "not well served" by the FBI and CIA.

References

2004 in the United States
2002 in the United States
September 11 attacks

9/11 Commission Report


A Matter of Loaf and Death is a 2008 British stop-motion short movie. It is a Wallace & Gromit movie. The movie is a murder mystery. It was nominated for an Academy Award. It did not win the award.

Plot
Twelve bakers, including Bob,  are murdered by a serial killer named Piella Bakewell.   Wallace and Gromit save Piella and her poodle,  Fluffles,  when the brakes on their bicycle fail,  and they fall.   Gromit finds out there is no problem with their brakes,  but he and Wallace are smitten.  They and Piella perform a whirldwind romance.  But Gromit is angered when Piella redecorates  the house.   After Piella tricks Wallace into her thinking after she bit her own arm,  Gromit is muzzled and chained up.  He watches helplessly as Piella tries to push Wallace to his demise,  but he is saved by Gromit,  accidentally causing Piella to be struck by a bag of flour.  After she makes an angry outburst that she hates bakers,  Piella drops by the next day to apologize with a cake.

Gromit and Fluffles arrive to the house as Wallace lights the candle.  After Gromit and Wallace's struggle,  the cake falls,  revealing to be the bomb.   They are attacked by Piella, who reveals that she detests bakers.  In the chaos,  the bomb ends in Wallace's pants;  Gromit and Fluffles fill the pants with dough while Piella jumps onto a  hot air balloon and escapes.  However,  her weight drags the balloon to a zoo and she ends up being eaten by a crocodile.
DreamWorks Animation movies

A Matter of Loaf and Death


Xiao Tao Sheng (萧涛生) (born 1946) is a Chinese painter who specializes in portraying Chinese culture through his Western-style oil paintings, called East in West paintings.  He is a class I painter and professor, and currently the vice director of the Sichuan Provincial Art Museum.  He is a member of the China Artists Association.

Xiao's art works were introduced to the public by China Central Television (CCTV), Sichuan TV and Chengdu TV. Most of his award-winning paintings had been selected for national exhibitions in China and abroad, including the International Arts City, Paris in December 2003 and at the south lobby of the United Nations Secretariat, New York in January 2005. The publications about his work namely Collection of Sketches by Xiao Tao Sheng and Collection of Oil Paintings by Xiao Tao Sheng had been included in the collections of the U.S. Library of Congress, New York City's Columbia University Library and the Chinese University of Hong Kong.  His works had also been published in art magazines in China, Japan, Hong Kong, the United States and Canada.

References

21st-century Chinese painters
1946 births
Living people

Xiao Tao Sheng


Vlašić (Влашић) is a mountain  in Dinaric Alps. It is in the very center of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its highest peak is Paljenik with an elevation of 1,943 m. It is famous for its pastures, cattle-breeding and cheese. It overlooks the town of Travnik.

The mountain is named for the Vlassi people (called Vlachs in Bosnia). They tended their sheep there since the end of the Roman Empire. They brought one of the trademarks to the area, Vlašić cheese, about the year 1,000. Originally they used sheep milk but later used milk from cows. It is left to ripen for up to three months. The area is also known for the Tornjak dog and Pramenka sheep. The Tornjak is believed to have existed for more than a thousand years. They are bred to guard the sheep from wolves and bears. The Tornjak's name comes from the Croatian word tor which means "a fenced area for sheep."

References

Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Vlašić (mountain)


St George Caulfeild (16 September 1697 – 17 May 1778) was Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. He was a popular and respected judge, who was known in old age as "the good old man".

He sat in the Irish House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Tulsk between 1727 and 1751. He was appointed to the Irish Privy Council on 14 October 1751.

He was admitted to Middle Temple in 1716 and called to the Irish Bar in 1723. He was solicitor to the Revenue in 1734, Solicitor-General for Ireland 1739-41, Attorney-General for Ireland 1741-1751 and Lord Chief Justice of Ireland 1751-60.

He was the fourth son of William Caulfeild, judge of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland) and his wife Lettice, daughter of Sir Arthur Gore, 1st Baronet by Eleanor, daughter of Sir George St George (knight of Carrickdrumrusk). He was the great-grandson of William Caulfeild, 2nd Baron Caulfield.

He was highly esteemed by both his British and Irish colleagues for his learning and humanity. Ball refers to his conduct of an abduction case where he refused to allow defence counsel to cross-examine the victim about her personal life, asking how any man of honour and compassion could propose to ask such questions of a young woman.

In 1759 he was one of several judges attacked by a mob outside the Irish House of Commons. The target was not Caulfield, who was very popular, but John Bowes, 1st Baron Bowes, whose strong support for the Penal Laws had made him much hated by the Roman Catholic section of public.

He retired in 1760; although he had a house at Aungier St. in central Dublin, he spent much of his time at the family estate, Donamon Castle, County Roscommon
In 1770 he was attacked and wounded there by his former bailiff.

Ball refers to a prayer attributed to Charles Wesley which may actually have been written by Caulfield. He died unmarried in 1778.

References

|-

|-

1697 births
1778 deaths
Attorneys-General for Ireland
St George
Irish MPs 1727–1760
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Roscommon constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Solicitors-General for Ireland
Lords chief justice of Ireland

St George Caulfeild


This is a list of soccer clubs in the United States.

Major League Soccer
 Eastern Conference
Atlanta United FC
Charlotte FC
Chicago Fire FC
Columbus Crew
FC Cincinnati
D.C. United
Inter Miami CF
CF Montréal
New England Revolution
New York City FC
New York Red Bulls
Orlando City SC
Philadelphia Union
Toronto FC
 Western Conference
Austin FC
Colorado Rapids
FC Dallas
Houston Dynamo FC
LA Galaxy
Los Angeles FC
Minnesota United FC
Nashville SC
Portland Timbers
Real Salt Lake
San Jose Earthquakes
Seattle Sounders FC
Sporting Kansas City
Vancouver Whitecaps FC
 Future teams
 St. Louis City SC – starts play in 2023
San Diego MLS Team working name San Diego FC - starts play in 2025

USL Championship
Eastern Conference
Atlanta United 2
Birmingham Legion
Charleston Battery
Detroit City FC
Hartford Athletic
Indy Eleven
Loudoun United
Louisville City FC
Memphis 901
Miami FC
New York Red Bulls II
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC
Tampa Bay Rowdies
FC Tulsa

Western Conference
Colorado Springs Switchbacks
El Paso Locomotive FC
LA Galaxy II
Las Vegas Lights FC
Monterey Bay FC
New Mexico United
Oakland Roots SC
Orange County SC
Phoenix Rising FC
Portland Timbers 2
Rio Grande Valley FC Toros
Sacramento Republic FC
San Antonio FC
San Diego Loyal SC

On hiatus
OKC Energy FC – plans to resume play in 2023
 Fort Worth – last played in 2021 as Austin Bold FC; relocated to Fort Worth and plans to resume play in 2024

Future teams
Queensboro FC – plans to start play in 2023
 Buffalo – plans to start play in 2023
 Rhode Island FC – plans to start play in 2023
 Des Moines – plans to start play in 2024

USL League One
One of three leagues that forms the current third level.
 Central Valley Fuego FC
 Charlotte Independence
 Chattanooga Red Wolves SC
 Forward Madison FC
 Greenville Triumph FC
 North Carolina FC
 Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC
 Union Omaha
 Richmond Kickers
 South Georgia Tormenta FC
 FC Tucson

Future teams
 Fort Wayne FC – plans to start play in 2023
 Lexington SC – plans to start play in 2023
 Spokane – plans to start play in 2023

National Independent Soccer Association

 AC Syracuse Pulse
 Albion San Diego
 Bay Cities FC
 California United Strikers FC
 Chattanooga FC
 Flower City Union
 Los Angeles Force
 Maryland Bobcats
 Michigan Stars FC
 Valley United FC

MLS Next Pro
Formed in 2021, starting play in 2022, as a dedicated MLS developmental league also at the third level. Of the 21 teams in the first season, only Rochester New York FC is not owned and operated by an MLS team.

Eastern Conference
 Chicago Fire FC II
 FC Cincinnati 2
 Columbus Crew 2
 Inter Miami CF II
 New England Revolution II
 New York City FC II
 Orlando City B
 Philadelphia Union II
 Rochester New York FC
 Toronto FC II
Western Conference
 Colorado Rapids 2
 Houston Dynamo 2
 Minnesota United 2
 North Texas SC (FC Dallas)
 Portland Timbers 2
 Real Monarchs
 San Jose Earthquakes II
 Sporting Kansas City II
 St. Louis City SC 2
 Tacoma Defiance (Seattle Sounders FC)
 Whitecaps FC 2 (Vancouver)

USL League Two
Central Conference
Great Lakes Division
Chicago Fire Premier – reserve side of the MLS team
Chicago Inferno
Cincinnati Kings
Hamilton Rage (from Hamilton, Ontario)
Forest City London (from London, Ontario)
Flint City Bucks
River City Rovers (from Louisville, Kentucky)
Toronto Lynx
Heartland Division
Des Moines Menace
Kansas City Brass
Real Colorado Foxes (from Highlands Ranch, a suburb of Denver)
Springfield Demize
St. Louis Lions
Thunder Bay Chill
WSA Winnipeg
Eastern Conference
Mid-Atlantic Division
Baltimore Bohemians
Bermuda Hogges
Brooklyn Knights
Central Jersey Spartans
Jersey Express
Long Island Rough Riders
New Jersey Rangers
Ocean City Nor'easters
Reading United
Westchester Flames
Northeast Division
Boston Victory
Connecticut FC Azul
GPS Portland Phoenix
Ottawa Fury
Seacoast United Phantoms (from Portsmouth, New Hampshire)
Vermont Voltage
Western Mass Pioneers
Worcester Hydra
South Atlantic Division
Carolina Dynamo
Fredericksburg Hotspur
Nashville Metros
Northern Virginia Royals
Palmetto FC Bantams (from Greenwood, South Carolina)
Real Maryland Monarchs
Southern West Virginia King's Warriors (from Beckley)
Virginia Beach Piranhas
West Virginia Chaos (from Charleston)
Southern Conference
Mid-South Division
Austin Aztex
El Paso Patriots
Laredo Heat
New Orleans Jesters
Texas Dutch Lions
West Texas Sockers (from Midland)
Southeast Division
Bradenton Academics
FC JAX Destroyers
Fort Lauderdale Schulz Academy
Mississippi Brilla (from Jackson)
Ocala Stampede
Orlando City U-23 – reserve side of the USL Pro team Orlando City
Panama City Beach Pirates
VSI Tampa Flames
Western Conference
Northwest Division
Fraser Valley Mariners (from Abbotsford, British Columbia)
Kitsap Pumas (from Bremerton, Washington)
North Sound SeaWolves (from Everett, Washington)
Portland Timbers U23's – reserve side of the MLS team
Seattle Sounders U23's – reserve side of the MLS team
Vancouver Whitecaps Residency – reserve side of the MLS team
Victoria Highlanders
Washington Crossfire (from Seattle, plays home games in nearby Redmond)
Southwest Division
BYU Cougars – owned and operated by Brigham Young University, but not part of the school's NCAA athletic department
Fresno Fuego
Pali Blues – reserve side of the USL Pro team Los Angeles Blues
Los Angeles Misioneros
Ogden Outlaws
Orange County Blue Star
Southern California Seahorses
FC Tucson
Ventura County Fusion

Structure of women's soccer
The professional division of U.S. Soccer has had three different first-division women's leagues. The first, the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), was founded in 2001, but folded due to large debts after the 2003 season. The second, Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), was effectively a successor to WUSA, although it did not begin until 2009. Like WUSA before it, WPS played three seasons, but also lost large amounts of money; it first decided not to play its planned 2012 season, and then completely folded in May of that year.

After WPS folded, the effective top level of women's soccer in the U.S. was WPSL Elite, a "semi-pro" league that had both professional and amateur teams. WPSL Elite was created by the Women's Premier Soccer League, one of two second-division women's leagues, as an outlet for former WPS teams, as well as WPSL teams that wanted to play professionally. WPSL Elite played in 2012 with eight teams; six were professional, and three once played in WPS. The other second-division league was the W-League, part of the United Soccer Leagues. WPSL Elite was planned as a temporary league before a possible return of WPS.

In late 2012, a totally new top-level league was created, known as the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). It was run by U.S. Soccer until 2020, and started play in 2013 with eight teams, four of which had been members of WPS. The league added teams in 2014 and 2016 to become a 10-team league, making it the first professional women's league in the U.S. to have more than eight teams and last more than three seasons. The league dropped to 9 teams in 2017, but returned to 10 in 2021 and further expanded to 12 for 2022.

Women's United Soccer Association
Operated from 2001 to 2003.
Atlanta Beat
Boston Breakers
Carolina Courage
New York Power
Philadelphia Charge
San Diego Spirit
San Jose CyberRays
Washington Freedom

Women's Professional Soccer
Operated from 2009 to 2011.
Atlanta Beat (joined WPS in 2010)
Boston Breakers (now in the NWSL)
Chicago Red Stars (dropped to the WPSL after the 2010 season; later in WPSL Elite, and now in the NWSL)
FC Gold Pride (from the San Francisco Bay Area; folded after the 2010 season)
Los Angeles Sol (folded after the 2009 season)
magicJack (formerly the Washington Freedom; played in South Florida)
Philadelphia Independence (joined WPS in 2010)
Saint Louis Athletica (folded during the 2010 season)
Sky Blue FC (from the New York City area; now in the NWSL as NJ/NY Gotham FC)
Washington Freedom (moved to South Florida after the 2010 season and renamed magicJack)
Western New York Flash (an offshoot of the WPSL's Buffalo Flash, and playing home games in Rochester; joined WPS in 2011, later moved to WPSL Elite, still later to the NWSL; now a youth-only operation)

WPSL Elite
 ASA Chesapeake Charge (based in the Baltimore area)
 Boston Breakers
 Chicago Red Stars
 FC Indiana (based in the Indianapolis area; plays throughout the state)
 New England Mutiny (based in the Springfield, Massachusetts area)
 New York Fury (based on Long Island)
 Philadelphia Fever
 Western New York Flash

National Women's Soccer League
Currently Operating
 Angel City FC
 Chicago Red Stars
 Houston Dash
 Kansas City Current
 NJ/NY Gotham FC
 North Carolina Courage
 OL Reign
 Orlando Pride
 Portland Thorns FC
 Racing Louisville FC
 San Diego Wave FC
 Washington Spirit

W-League
Central Conference
Atlantic Division
Atlanta Silverbacks
Bradenton Athletics
Carolina Dynamo
Central Florida Krush
Charlotte Lady Eagles
Cocoa Expos
Hampton Roads Piranhas
Richmond Kickers Destiny
Midwest Division
Chicago Gaels
Cincinnati Ladyhawks
Cleveland Internationals
Fort Wayne Fever
London Gryphons
Michigan Hawks
Minnesota Lightning
West Michigan Firewomen
Eastern Conference
Northeast Division
Boston Renegades
Long Island Lady Riders
New Hampshire Lady Phantoms
New Jersey Wildcats
New York Magic
Northern Virginia Majestics
South Jersey Banshees
Western Mass Lady Pioneers
Northern Division
Hamilton Avalanche
Laval Comets
Ottawa Fury
Rochester Rhinos
Sudbury Canadians
Toronto Lady Lynx
Vermont Lady Voltage
Western Conference
Fort Collins Force
Mile High Edge
Real Colorado Cougars
San Diego Gauchos
Seattle Sounders
Vancouver Whitecaps

Professional indoor soccer
Indoor soccer is a form of soccer played inside a building, sometimes called an arena, instead of in a stadium on a grass field.   There is one league playing indoor soccer in North America, and that is the Major Arena Soccer League.  The MASL is part of the USSF. It is also the only league in the United States to have a Mexican team.

Major Arena Soccer League (MASL)
 Eastern Division
 Baltimore Blast
 Harrisburg Heat
 Syracuse Silver Knights
 Waza Flo
 Central Division
 Cedar Rapids Rampage
 Chicago Mustangs
 Milwaukee Wave
 Kansas City Comets
 St. Louis Ambush
 Southwest Division
 Atletico Baja (Mexico)
 Brownsville Barracudas
 Las Vegas Legends
 Saltillo Rancho Seco (Mexico)
 Sacramento Surge
 Turlock Express
 Pacific Division
 Dallas Sidekicks
 Ontario Fury
 San Diego Sockers
 Sonora Suns (Mexico)
 Tacoma Stars

Related pages
United States soccer league system

Other websites
Official sites
U.S. Soccer Federation
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup
Major League Soccer
National Women's Soccer League
United Soccer League, operator of:
USL Championship
USL League One
USL League Two
USL W League
National Independent Soccer Association
Major Indoor Soccer League
Women's Premier Soccer League

Lists of football teams
Soccer teams

List of soccer clubs in the United States


Rudolf Ernst (14 February 1854, Vienna – 1932, Fontenay-aux-Roses) was an Austro-French painter, printmaker and ceramics painter who is best known for his orientalist motifs. He exhibited in Paris under the name "Rodolphe Ernst".

Life
He was the son of the architect Leopold Ernst and, encouraged by his father, began studies at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna at the age of fifteen. He spent some time in Rome, copying the old masters,  and continued his lessons in Vienna with August Eisenmenger and Anselm Feuerbach.

In 1876, he settled in Paris. The following year, he participated in his first artists' salon. He later made trips to Spain, Morocco, Egypt and Istanbul to study and document what he saw there.

In 1905, he moved to Fontenay-aux-Roses where he set up a shop to produce faience tiles with orientalist themes. He decorated his home in Ottoman style and lived a reclusive life. His exact date of death was apparently not recorded.

Work
He began as genre painter but, from 1885, he devoted himself exclusively to paintings with orientalist motifs; especially Islamic scenes, such as the interiors of mosques. He also painted harem scenes and portrayals of everyday life in North Africa, based on photographs and prints as well as his own memories from his travels in those regions.

Selected paintings
 La lettre (The Letter), 1888, oil on woodpanel, New York, Dahesh Museum of Art.
 La partie d'échec (The Chess Game), oil on wood, 49,5 × 61,3 cm, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes.
 Der Wasserpfeifenraucher (The Waterpipe Smoker), oil on wood, 46 × 37 cm; Private collection.
 Nach dem Beten (After Prayers), oil on hardboard, 92,7 × 73 cm, London, Mathaf Gallery
 L'art n'a pas de patrie (Art Has no Country), San Francisco, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, Achenbach Foundation for Graphic Arts, Inv.-Nr. 1963.30.28537

See also
 List of Orientalist artists

References

Further reading

External links

Painters from Austria-Hungary
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to France
French painters
Orientalist painters
1854 births
1932 deaths

Rudolf Ernst


The family saga is a genre of literature which chronicles the lives and doings of a family or a number of related or interconnected families over a period of time. In novels (or sometimes sequences of novels) with a serious intent, this is often a thematic device used to portray particular historical events, changes of social circumstances, or the ebb and flow of fortunes from a multitude of perspectives.

The word saga comes from Old Norse, where it meant "what is said, utterance, oral account, notification" and "(structured) narrative, story (about somebody)", and was originally borrowed into English from Old Norse by scholars in the eighteenth century to refer to the Old Norse prose narratives known as sagas.

The typical family saga follows generations of a family through a period of history in a series of novels. A number of subgenres of the form exist such as the AGA saga.

Successful writers of popular family sagas include Susan Howatch, R. F. Delderfield and Philippa Carr.

Literature
 The sagas of Icelanders – the medieval Icelandic family sagas in which the word "saga" is derived
 Mahabharata, by Valmiki – the chronicle of the Chandravanshi Rajput clan founded by Puru, also considered the longest poem in human history
 Dream of the Red Chamber – one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, it chronicles the rise and decline of the Jia family
 A Chronicle of Ancient Sunlight, by Henry Williamson
 Ada or Ardor, by Vladimir Nabokov
 The Artamonov Business, by Maxim Gorky
 Brideshead Revisited, by Evelyn Waugh
 Beauty Is a Wound, by Eka Kurniawan
 Buddenbrooks, by Thomas Mann
 Captains and the Kings, by Taylor Caldwell
The Cairo Trilogy, by Naguib Mahfouz
 The Covenant, by James A. Michener
 The Crowthers of Bankdam, by Thomas Armstrong
 Dune, by Frank Herbert
 East of Eden, by John Steinbeck
 The Emberverse series, by S. M. Stirling
 Evergreen, by Belva Plain
 Fall on Your Knees, by Ann-Marie MacDonald
 Fire & Blood by George R. R. Martin
 The Forsyte Saga, by John Galsworthy
 The Golovlyov Family, by Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
 The Good Earth and its sequels, by Pearl S. Buck
 Holes, by Louis Sachar
 Homegoing, by Yaa Gyasi
 The House of the Spirits, by Isabel Allende
 The Immigrants, by Howard Fast
 The Jalna books, by Mazo de la Roche
 The Kent Family Chronicles and The Crown Family Saga, by John Jakes
 Kristin Lavransdatter, by Sigrid Undset
 Os Maias, by Eça de Queiroz
 I Malavoglia, by Giovanni Verga
 The Mallens, by Catherine Cookson
 Middlesex, by Jeffrey Eugenides
 One Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel García Márquez
 The Oppermanns, by Lion Feuchtwanger
 The Palaeologian Dynasty. The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, by George Leonardos
 The Promise, by Damon Galgut
 Radetzkymarsch (Radetzky March), by Joseph Roth
 Roma, by Steven Saylor
 Roots, by Alex Haley
 The Silmarillion, by J. R. R. Tolkien
 Strangers and Brothers, by C. P. Snow
 The Thibaults, by Roger Martin du Gard
 Time and the Wind, by Erico Verissimo
 The Thorn Birds, by Colleen McCullough
 The Lymond Chronicles and The House of Niccolò, Renaissance-set novel series by Dorothy Dunnett
 Under the North Star, by Väinö Linna
 The Vorkosigan Saga, by Lois McMaster Bujold
 White Teeth, by Zadie Smith
 The Witcher, by Andrzej Sapkowski

Film and television

 American Pop Arrested Development The Best of Youth, in Italian La Meglio Gioventù Blackadder Dark Game of Thrones The Godfather Heimat House of the Dragon Household Saints How the West Was Won I, Claudius In a Land of Plenty JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Our Friends in the North Raajneeti Roots Roots: The Next Generations Star Wars Succession Sunshine Taken The Thorn Birds The Dirtwater Dynasty This Is Us Vacas''

References

Historical novels subgenres

Family saga


Footsbarn Theatre is a touring theatre company established in 1971.

History

Footsbarn started life in London, in the United Kingdom in 1970) at the Drama Studio. It was an abstract idea that materialised when Oliver Foot and [[Andrew Simon
]] met at the Drama Studio in 1968. They worked on a production of Samuel Beckett's Endgame.  It began as a student production supervised by Peter Layton at the Putney Institute.  Endgame was reprised in October 1970. The first Foot's Barn production was at the St Mary Abbot Theatre in Kensington.  The Foot family had no connection with the Cornish barn that the company moved to in 1971.  The name Foot was first referred to in the London Evening Standard when Oliver announced his marriage to Nancy Bruce. During the interview Oliver was asked what his future plans were. He announced the theatre company and its upcoming production. What's the company called he was asked. It had no name at the time and discussions about the name were ongoing. Oliver blurted out Foot's Barn. Barn was a title Andrew had not favoured.  To compound the situation Oliver's brother Paul, the investigative journalist with Private Eye, had been adamant that the family name should not be used. So the name Footsbarn Theatre was born out of panic. Endgame put down the marker for Footsbarn's distinctive style. Ian Watson of South West Arts, Alan Ayckbourn's biographer, said it was the best piece of theatre he'd experienced. It was the reason why Footsbarn were given their original grant. It seems that without Mr Beckett's play Footsbarn would not exist.

The ensemble played in various British venues, including the 1979 Glastonbury Festival. "Footsbarn Travelling Theatre" left Britain in 1981 to tour the world. The company has produced more than 60 plays and have travelled to all six continents. In 1991, the troupe bought a farm called "La Chaussée" in the Allier department of the Auvergne in Central France and have since based their work there. Footsbarn performs in a custom built Theatre Tent. "La Chaussée" is Footsbarn's production centre with studios, rehearsal spaces and offices. Public workshops and performances are presented throughout the year.

External links

Footsbarn Theatre website

Theatre companies in the United Kingdom
Theatre companies in France
Organisations based in Cornwall
Cornish culture

Footsbarn Theatre


Selective reduction is the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, such as quadruplets, to a twin or singleton pregnancy. The procedure is also called multifetal pregnancy reduction.  The procedure is most commonly done to reduce the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy to a safe number, when the multiple pregnancy is the result of use of assisted reproductive technology; outcomes for both the mother and the babies are generally worse the higher the number of fetuses. The procedure is also used in multiple pregnancies when one of the fetuses has a serious and incurable disease, or in the case where one of the fetuses is outside the uterus, in which case it is called selective termination.

The procedure generally takes two days; the first day for testing in order to select which fetuses to reduce, and the second day for the procedure itself, in which potassium chloride is injected into the heart of each selected fetus under the guidance of ultrasound imaging.  Risks of the procedure include bleeding requiring transfusion, rupture of the uterus, retained placenta, infection, a miscarriage, and prelabor rupture of membranes. Each of these appears to be rare.

Selective reduction was developed in the mid-1980s, as people in the field of assisted reproductive technology became aware of the risks that multiple pregnancies carried for the mother and for the fetuses.

Medical use
Selective reduction is used when a mother is carrying an unsafe or undesirable number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, which are common in medically assisted pregnancies. The result is a reduction in the number of fetuses to a number that is more safe for the mother and the remaining fetuses or more compatible with socio-economic constraints on the caregivers. It is also used in cases of multiple pregnancy where at least one of the fetuses is implanted outside the uterus to preserve the life of the mother and the fetus in the uterus, and when one or more of the fetuses has a serious and incurable disease.

While the data is weak, due to the small sizes of studies and the lack of randomized controlled trials, as of 2017 it appeared that when short term perinatal outcomes in multiple pregnancies reduced to twins are compared to those of non-reduced triplets, there were fewer deaths among the babies born to mothers who underwent reduction, the twins were born later and were less likely to be premature, and had higher birthweight. As of 2017, longterm outcomes were not well understood. A 2015 Cochrane review found no randomized clinical trials to evaluate.

Outcomes
Generally selective reduction reduces the risk of preterm birth, leading to better outcomes for both mothers and the newborns.

It appears that reduction of triplets, where each triplet is in its own placenta, to twins results in a lower risk of preterm birth and does not increase the risk of miscarriage. In triplets where two of the fetuses share a placenta and each has its own amniotic sac, it appears, with less certainty, that there is also a lower risk of preterm birth and no increase in the risk of miscarriage.

Adverse effects
Risks of the procedure include bleeding requiring transfusion, rupture of the uterus, retained placenta, infection, a miscarriage, and prelabor rupture of membranes. Each of these appears to be rare.

Procedure
The reduction procedure is generally carried out during the first trimester of pregnancy.  The procedure often takes two days; the first day is for testing, and the procedure happens on the second day. The fetuses are evaluated, first by ultrasound, then often by testing the amniotic fluid and chorionic villus sampling; these tests help determine which fetuses are accessible for the procedure, and whether any fetuses are unhealthy. Once the specific fetuses to be reduced are identified, potassium chloride is injected into the heart of each selected fetus under the guidance of ultrasound imaging; the heart stops and the fetus dies as a result. Generally, the fetal material is reabsorbed into the woman's body.

History
Selective reduction was developed in the mid-1980s, as people in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) became aware of the risks that multiple pregnancies carried for the mother and for the fetuses.  The procedure was somewhat controversial from the beginning and drew some attention from anti-abortion activists.

A set of ethical guidelines was developed in collaboration with a bioethicist from the National Institute for Health and was published in 1988; it justified reducing pregnancies with more than three fetuses to two or three.

Over time, more and more women in the developed world sought to become pregnant when they were older, having the first child when they were over forty years old. At the same time, the number of obstetrician-gynecologists with the required expertise increased and their role in family planning evolved. These trends led to more women asking for reduction to one fetus. These requests increasingly came from women pregnant with twins due to advances in the field of ART which made massively multiple pregnancies rarer. Selective reduction of twins was very controversial at first but has gradually become more accepted. One of the authors of the 1988 guidelines updated his stance and expressed a desire for the procedure to become more available in 2014. Sex-selective reduction is widely considered to be unethical in making decisions about which fetus to keep.

See also

 McCaughey septuplets

References

Further reading

Abortion
Assisted reproductive technology

Selective reduction


Prostanthera decussata, commonly known as dense mintbush, species of flowering plant that is endemic south-eastern Australia. It is a dense, compact, strongly aromatic shrub with egg-shaped leaves and mauve to violet flowers with yellow streaks, arranged in leaf axils near the ends of branchlets.

Description
Prostanthera decussata is a dense, compact, strongly aromatic shrub that typically grows to a height of up to . The leaves are egg-shaped,  long,  wide and sessile or on a petiole up to  long. They are dark green on top and paler on the underside. The flowers are arranged in leaf axils near the ends of branchlets with bracteoles  long at the base. The sepals are  long forming a tube  long with two lobes, the upper lobe  long. The petals are mauve to violet, occasionally pinkish,  long. Flowering occurs from October to March.

Taxonomy and naming
This species was formally described in 1859 by Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae, based on plant material collected in mountainous country near the Macalister River in Victoria. The specific epithet (decussata) is from the Latin decussatus meaning "formed crosswise like the letter X".

Distribution and habitat
Dense mintbush grows in heath, forest and woodland in the eastern half of Victoria, in the Australian Capital Territory and mainly in the south-eastern part of New South Wales.

References

decussata
Flora of the Australian Capital Territory
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Victoria (state)
Lamiales of Australia
Plants described in 1859
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller

Prostanthera decussata


Dafnis Prieto (born July 31, 1974) is a Cuban-American drummer, composer, bandleader, and educator.

Career
In his home town of Santa Clara, Cuba, Prieto studied percussion and guitar. During his teens, he moved to Havana to study at the National School of Music. He concentrated on classical music and Afro-Cuban music before paying more attention to jazz. In 1999, when he was twenty-five, Prieto moved to New York City, where he worked with Eddie Palmieri, Carlos Barbosa-Lima, Arturo O'Farrill, Dave Samuels, and Michel Camilo, among many others.

Prieto has conducted master classes, clinics, and workshops. From 2005 to 2015, he was a member of the music faculty at New York University. Since 2015, he has taught at the Frost School of Music at the University of Miami in Miami, Florida.

Awards and honors
 2007 Grammy nomination, Best Latin Jazz Album, Dafnis Prieto Absolute Quintet (Zoho Music)
 2007 Latin Grammy nomination, Best New Artist
 2011 MacArthur Fellow
 2018 Latin Grammy nomination, Best Latin Jazz Album, Back to the Sunset
 2018 Grammy Award, Best Latin Jazz Album, Back to the Sunset
 2021 Grammy nomination, Best Latin Jazz Album, Transparency

Discography

As leader
 About the Monks (Zoho, 2004)
 Absolute Quintet (Zoho, 2006)
 Taking the Soul for a Walk (Dafnison, 2008)
 Live at Jazz Standard NYC (Dafnison, 2009)
 Proverb Trio (Dafnison, 2012)
 Triangles and Circles (Dafnison, 2015)
 Back to the Sunset (Dafnison, 2018)
 Transparency (Dafnison, 2020)
 Cantar (Dafnison, 2022)

As sideman
With Caribbean Jazz Project
 The Gathering (Concord Picante, 2002)
 Birds of a Feather (Concord Picante, 2003)
 Mosaic (Concord Picante, 2006)

With others
 Peter Apfelbaum, It Is Written (ACT, 2005)
 Concha Buika, La Noche Más Larga (Warner Music Spain, 2013)
 Jane Bunnett, Ritmo + Soul (Blue Note, 2000)
 Michel Camilo, Spirit of the Moment (Telarc, 2007)
 Steve Coleman, Lucidarium (Label Bleu, 2004)
 Matt Dusk, Two Shots (Decca, 2004)
 Kip Hanrahan, Beautiful Scars (American Clave, 2008)
 Paquito Hechavarria, Frankly (Calle 54,)
 Brian Hughes, One 2 One (Higher Octave, 1998)
 D. D. Jackson, Sigame (Justin Time, 2001)
 D. D. Jackson, Suite for New York (Justin Time, 2003)
 Ronny Jordan, London Lowdown (Blue Note, 2001)
 Nino Josele, Espanola (DRO, 2009)
 Brian Lynch, Spheres of Influence Suite (2006)
 Brian Lynch/Eddie Palmieri, Simpatico (ArtistShare, 2006)
 Carlos Maza, Zapato Kiko (Owl, 1994)
 Arturo O'Farrill, Live in Brooklyn (Zoho, 2005)
 Eddie Palmieri, La Perfecta II (Concord, 2002)
 Henry Threadgill, Everybodys Mouth's a Book (Pi, 2001)
 Henry Threadgill, Up Popped the Two Lips (Pi, 2001)
 Yerba Buena, Follow Me (Wrasse, 2007)
 John Zorn, Voices in the Wilderness (Tzadik, 2003)

Recorded by others
 2001: "B. Smooth" recorded by John Benítez Trio, Descarga in New York (Khaeon)
 2002: "El Guarachero Intrigozo (The Scheming Party Animal)" and "Masacoteando (In the Groove)" recorded by Caribbean Jazz Project, The Gathering (Concord Picante)
 2003: "Against the Law" recorded by Caribbean Jazz Project, Birds of a Feather (Concord Picante)
 2008: "Echo-dimensions" recorded by Meridian Arts Ensemble, Timbrando (Channel Classics)
 2008: "Song for Chico" recorded by Arturo O'Farrill & the Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra, Song for Chico (Zoho)
 2008: "The Guiros Talk" and "Claveteando" recorded by Ethos Percussion Group, Building (Bribie )
 2008: "Vida Sin Miel" recorded by Arturo O'Farrill & Claudia Acuña, In These Shoes (Zoho)
 2009: "Trail of Memories" recorded by Jon Nelson, Fable (8bells)
 2015: "The Triumphant Journey" recorded by Arturo O'Farrill & the Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra, Cuba: The Conversation Continues (Motéma)

Books
 2016: A World of Rhythmic Possibilities: Drumming Lessons and Reflections on Rhythms (Dafnison Music)
 2020: Rhythmic Synchronicity. Individual and Collective Rhythmic Skills: A Rhythm Course for Non-Drummers. (Dafnison Music)

See also
 Music of Cuba
 Music of New York City

References

External links
 Official site
 "NYC Jazz Musician Dafnis Prieto Named MacArthur Foundation Fellow". Brown, Kathryn (September 21, 2011)
 At NPR Music
 Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2008)

1974 births
Living people
People from Santa Clara, Cuba
20th-century American composers
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American educators
20th-century Cuban educators
21st-century American composers
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American drummers
21st-century American educators
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz composers
American jazz drummers
American male drummers
Cuban expatriates in the United States
Cuban jazz composers
Cuban jazz percussionists
MacArthur Fellows
American male jazz composers
New York University faculty
Grammy Award winners
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century jazz composers
21st-century jazz composers
National Art Schools (Cuba) alumni

Dafnis Prieto


Francisca Duarte (Antwerp, 1595 – Gest Alkmaar, 1640) was a Portuguese singer. She was active as a court singer at the court of the governor in the Spanish Netherlands.

She was the daughter of the banker and jeweler Diego Duarte (1545? -1628) and Leonora Duarte Rodrigues (1565? -1632?), Jewish converts to Catholicism who emigrated from Portugal to the Spanish Netherlands, and married Francisco Ferdinand du Pas (1586-1646) in 1613.

She settled in Alkmaar, where she became acquainted with Maria Tesselschade Visscher, who introduced her to artistic circles, where she was noted to be a great singer, and became the muse of poets. From 1630 onward, she acted as court singer at the court of the general governor of the Spanish Netherlands, Isabella Clara Eugenia and then Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria. In 1638, for example, she performed to the exiled Maria de Medici. Duarte was famous in contemporary Europe and the subject of poetic celebration for her song.

References
 http://www.historici.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/DVN/lemmata/data/Duarte
 Gerdien van Gorp, Duarte, Francisca, in: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. URL: http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Duarte [13/01/2014]

1595 births
1640 deaths
Musicians from the Spanish Netherlands
17th-century women singers
Belgian Sephardi Jews

Francisca Duarte


D'Juan Montrel Hart (born January 15, 1979), better known by his stage name Young Dro, is an American rapper. After gaining recognition with his regional hit song "Yes Sir", from his 2002 independent album I Got That Dro, Young Dro aligned himself with fellow Atlanta-based rapper T.I. and signed to his label, Grand Hustle, in 2004. Young Dro's debut Best Thang Smokin', was released in August 2006, under Grand Hustle and Atlantic Records. The album was preceded by his debut single "Shoulder Lean", which served as the album's lead single and proved to be a hit in the urban community and Billboard charts. After amassing an abundance of mixtapes, Young Dro released his second album High Times, 7 years later on October 15, 2013, under Grand Hustle, Atlantic and E1. It spawned the single "FDB", his highest charting single since "Shoulder Lean".

Biography
===1979–2006: Early life and Best Thang Smokin'''===
On January 15, 1979, Young Dro was born D'Juan Hart in Bankhead, a neighborhood on Atlanta's west side. His inspiration for wanting to rap came from the success of one of his best friends, Chris "Daddy Mack" Smith, one half of Kris Kross. Musically speaking however, Goodie Mob—also west Atlanta natives—had the biggest impact on him. Hart embarked on his professional career around 1999 when he signed to bass music rapper Raheem the Dream's local Atlanta label, Tight 4 Life, under the moniker Dro. He released the regional hit "Yes Sir", and an album titled I Got That Dro, around the same time T.I. released his debut, I'm Serious. Although Hart had known T.I. since the early 1990s, they grew apart for some time. In 2004, Young Dro signed a recording contract with T.I.'s label imprint, Grand Hustle. Young Dro released his commercial debut single "Shoulder Lean", in the summer of 2006. The song had heavy rotation on BET and MTV2, and its cellular phone ringtone sold over 500,000 units. The hit single was featured on his major-label debut Best Thang Smokin', released on August 29, 2006. The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart.

2007–2013: Mixtapes and High Times
In 2007, Dro was included in XXL's first annual Top 10 Freshmen list, featured on their cover alongside fellow American rappers Lupe Fiasco, Lil Boosie, Joell Ortiz, Plies, Saigon, Rich Boy, Gorilla Zoe, Papoose and Crooked I. On March 17, 2009, Hart released a single titled "Take Off", featuring his protege Yung L.A. The song was originally released as the first single from his then-titled second studio album P.O.L.O. (Players Only Live Once). On February 23, 2011, he released a mixtape titled Equestrian Dro. On March 17, 2011, he released a mixtape titled I Co-Sign Myself. On July 8, 2011, he released a mixtape titled Drocabulary. On January 16, 2012, he released a mixtape titled We Outchea. On July 24, 2012, he released a mixtape titled R.I.P. 2 (I Killed That Shit). On September 26, 2012, he released a mixtape titled Ralph Lauren Reefa. On March 28, 2013, the first single from his second studio album "FDB" was released. On June 17, 2013, Young Dro released the mixtape Day Two, in promotion for his second studio album. On July 10, 2013, Young Dro announced he would be releasing his second studio album, titled High Times, in October 2013. On September 18, 2013, the album cover was released and it was announced that the album would be released on October 15, 2013. On September 30, 2013, the track-listing was unveiled, revealing guest appearances on the album from Forgeeauto, Mac Boney, T.I., Spodee, Problem, Natasha Mosley, Blu June, Doe B and Miloh Smith. On September 30, 2013, the second single from High Times, titled "Strong", was released. High Times would chart at #57 on the Billboard 200 and at #9 on the Top Rap Albums chart.

2015–present: Da Reality Show
On February 27, 2015, the first single from his third studio album "We in da City" was released. On April 27, 2015, Young Dro announced he would be releasing his third studio album, titled Da Reality Show, in the summer of 2015. It was released on September 18, 2015.

On May 17, 2016, he released a joint mixtape with Zaytoven called Boot Me Up.

In August 2016, he was arrested at Georgia Southern University for possessing a gun and drugs.

As of May 2019, he is working on a project with upstart gangsta/trap rapper, Romo 11, for Just 11 Records.

DiscographyI Got That Dro (2001)Best Thang Smokin' (2006)High Times (2013)Da Reality Show'' (2015)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Official website

1979 births
Living people
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
American shooting survivors
Atlantic Records artists
MNRK Music Group artists
Grand Hustle Records artists
Rappers from Atlanta
Southern hip hop musicians
Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
African-American songwriters
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people
American male songwriters

Young Dro


Duke Frederick of Saxony (26 October 1473 – 14 December 1510), also known as Friedrich von Sachsen or Friedrich von Wettin, was the 36th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, serving from 1498–1510. He was the third (and youngest surviving) son of Albert III, Duke of Saxony, and Sidonie of Poděbrady, daughter of George of Podebrady.

Born prematurely seven months after his immediate elder sibling in Torgau, Frederick was a member of the Albertine line, the junior branch of the prestigious House of Wettin which ruled Saxony. Frederick should not be confused with his cousin of the same name from the Ernestine line, who ruled the Electorate of Saxony. Frederick's older brother George had married Barbara, a sister of King John I Albert of Poland.

The Teutonic Order had been in a long power struggle with Poland over Prussia. The Order's fortunes had declined throughout the 15th century, and they hoped that selecting someone connected by marriage to the ruling Jagiellon dynasty of Poland would strengthen their position. The young duke was elected Grand Master in 1498.

When John I Albert summoned Frederick to do homage for the Order's holdings, he referred the matter to the Imperial Reichstag. The Reichstag informed John I Albert that he could not interfere in the Grand Master's free exercise of power in Prussia. Frederick's delaying tactics were assisted by the quick succession of three Polish kings during his 12 years in office.

Frederick died in Rochlitz. By custom, Grand Masters of the Order did not marry, so he had neither wife nor descendants.

References
 Friedrich Borchert: "Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen." In: Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 October 2001.

 Official website of the Teutonic Knights (in German)
 Biographical
 Teutonic Knights by Guy Stair Sainty

1473 births
1510 deaths
People from Torgau
Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order
House of Wettin
People from the Electorate of Saxony
Albertine branch
Sons of monarchs

Frederick of Saxony (Teutonic Knight)


The Eisenhower jacket or "Ike" jacket, officially known as the Jacket, Field, Wool, Olive Drab, is a type of waist-length jacket developed for the U.S. Army during the later stages of World War II and named after Dwight D. Eisenhower. Intended to be worn on its own or as an insulating layer beneath the M-1943 Field Jacket and over the standard wool flannel shirt and wool sweater, it featured a pleated back, adjustable waist band, fly-front buttons, bellows chest pockets, slash side pockets, and shoulder straps.

Background

Until the late 1930s, the United States Army's field uniform consisted of a wool flannel shirt and trousers, a mid-hip-length service coat also used as a dress coat, and a wool overcoat. Save for its waist that featured a leather waist belt for enlisted men or a Sam Browne belt for officers, the single-breasted service coat resembled a suit or sport coat of the time; little about the design changed since the mid-1920s; it featured notched lapels and four brass buttons from its open collar to its belted waist. Made of wool fabric, it touted two flapped and button-through patch pockets at the breast and two identically-styled patch pockets below its waist – its four pockets either box-pleated or bellows-styled-pleats.

Finding the service coat to be impractical for field use, the Army began a four-year study in 1935 to develop a more practical and effective combat jacket to replace the service coat. The service coat was eventually relegated to garrison and parade duty, and was simplified to eliminate the belt entirely in the case of enlisted men, or replace it with a matching cloth belt for officers.

In 1940, the Army adopted the first-pattern field jacket, the Jacket, Field, Olive Drab, or "Parsons jacket", named for Major General James K. Parsons who helped with its development. This was quickly followed by an updated pattern, using the same nomenclature. Simply designed and modeled after a civilian windbreaker made by John Rissman & Sons of Chicago, it was a short, button-front weatherproof jacket with a tight fitting waist and two flapped and button-through front pockets.

By 1943, front-line skirmishes in North Africa and Europe proved the Parsons jacket insufficient and it was replaced by a completely redesigned field jacket.
Built around the layering principle, the M-1943 became the basic building block of a multi-environment, all-season combat uniform being developed by the Office of the Quartermaster General (OQMG) for worldwide combat. The Air Transport Command (ATC) recommended development of a waist-length wool field jacket that could be worn under the M-1943 jacket as an added insulating layer. During autumn 1943, the Army Air Corps' prototype jacket was sent to Chief Quartermaster of the European Theater of Operations for review and possible adoption by ETO commanding general, Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Eisenhower had already requested a waist-cropped style stemming from his appreciation of the functionality of the British Battledress jacket. According to Carlo D'Este, citing an eyewitness account by James Parton, while visiting the VII Bomber Command in England in 1942, Eisenhower openly admired a uniform jacket worn by Major General Ira C. Eaker. Eaker's jacket had been specially made by a London tailor, modeled after the standard dress of the British armed forces. He gave Eisenhower the jacket, which fit Eisenhower. Thereafter Eisenhower had similar jackets made in the same style. D'Este credits Eaker for actually creating the Eisenhower jacket.

Design and construction

The jacket that emerged was waist-length, and made of 18-ounce olive drab wool serge. It featured notched lapels, a closable "storm collar", snag-free fly front buttons and flapped, bellows breast pockets, shoulder straps for gear retention, and roomy sleeves to accommodate insulating layers.

Staggered cuff buttons adjusted for layering or allowed a loose fit in warmer conditions, as did adjustable waist buckles. A pair of "action-back" pleats extended from shoulder to waistband, providing freedom of movement with a slim fit. Intended to be worn on its own or underneath the M-1943 jacket, the "Ike jacket", was classified standard issue in November 1944, and additionally designated as the Army's dress and parade uniform.

According to Paul Fussell's Uniforms, "Eisenhower had a reputation among his troops as an eminently decent man, friendly and sympathetic", an admiration that Ike elevated even further, tells Fussell, by having the bravado to casually rest his hands inside his pocket and "violate the sacred Army injunction." That anecdote, Fussell says, explains why Eisenhower refused to adorn his personal jacket with gilded buttons: He considered his jacket an every-warrior's combat uniform. Eisenhower died in 1969 and was buried dressed in his famous short green jacket.

US Marine Corps and the "Vandegrift jacket"
Following the Guadalcanal Campaign, the 1st Marine Division under Major General Alexander Vandegrift were posted to the cooler climate of Melbourne, Australia. As the Marines had only their utility and tan summer uniforms, they were issued Australian army battle dress with the Marines calling the short jacket the "Vandegrift jacket". An American-made, forest green version was issued to officers in December 1944 and to enlisted Marines in August 1945.

Post–World War II redesigns and adaptations

In 1947, the Army introduced a more closely tailored version of the Eisenhower jacket which was designated solely as a dress and parade uniform; the jacket was again modified in 1950 without button cuffs. With the later introduction of the Army Green "Class-A" service uniform in 1957, the Ike jacket gradually began to disappear domestically but was still a uniform option for troops stationed in international theaters, but not in formation.

In 1949, the United States Air Force (USAF), which had been spun off as a separate service in 1947, included an Eisenhower jacket in its new  "Air Force blue" uniform color; it remained in use by the USAF until being retired in 1964.

Thanks to its greater comfort and the unobstructed ease it offered while operating a vehicle or carrying a sidearm, the Ike jacket design became a popular post-WWII uniform staple among federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies throughout the United States. Uniforms of the U.S. Border Patrol, the broader U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and the National Park Service use dress jackets that are based on the Eisenhower jacket.

The new Army Green Service Uniform, announced in 2018 and made available in 2020, allows for the wear of an Eisenhower jacket as an optional item when the service coat is not worn.

See also
M42 jacket – used by US paratroopers
Flight jacket
Shell jacket

References

Jackets
Coats (clothing)
History of fashion
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Military uniforms

Eisenhower jacket


Isabella Thoburn (March 29, 1840 – Sept. 1, 1901) was an American Christian missionary of the Methodist Episcopal Church best known for her establishment of educational institutions and missionary work in North India, subsequent to the East India Company's relinquishment of power to the British government in India.

Biography
Isabella Thoburn was born in 1840 near St. Clairsville, Ohio. She attended local schools and the Wheeling Female Seminary in Wheeling, Virginia (now in West Virginia).

In 1866, after she had taught for several years, Isabella was invited by her brother James Mills Thoburn, a  Methodist Episcopal missionary in India, to assist him in his educational and missionary work in India. She delayed her departure until 1869 when the formation of the Women's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church enabled her to undertake missionary work under denominational affiliation and auspices.

In India, Thoburn's work culminated in the founding of an important woman's college, Isabella Thoburn College in Lucknow (1870), as well as a Methodist High School in Kanpur. These two educational establishments were among the first in colonial India, catering to the educational and religious needs of an emergent Anglo Indian population in Awadh.

Thoburn returned to the United States for a period to study at Lucy Rider Meyer's Chicago Training School for City, Home, and Foreign Missions in Illinois. In 1887, Meyer appointed her as the first house mother and superintendent of the school's new Methodist Deaconess Home for training female deacons.

She died in 1901 in Lucknow, India.Isabella Thoburn died at the age of 61.

See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church

References

Sources
Methodism:  Ohio Area (1812–1962), edited by John M. Versteeg, Litt.D., D.D. (Ohio Area Sesquicentennial Committee, 1962).

External links

 Isabella Thoburn College (website)
 Isabella Thoburn's biography at the Boston University School of Theology website

Methodists from Ohio
People from St. Clairsville, Ohio
1840 births
1901 deaths
Methodist missionaries in India
American expatriates in India
American biographers
Missionary educators
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Female Christian missionaries
American women philanthropists
19th-century American people
19th-century American philanthropists
Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church
19th-century women philanthropists

Isabella Thoburn