The Lebeha Drumming Center was established in 2002 by Jabbar Lambey and Dorothy Pettersen, in Hopkins, Belize.  Hopkins is a small coastal Garifuna community in the Stann Creek District of southern Belize.  The center exists with the goals of keeping Garifuna music alive, passing traditional music along to young people in the community, and sharing music with visitors to Hopkins.  The center's focus is on traditional percussion music, though guitars have been donated and are also played.

The young people who play and take lessons at the drumming center perform regularly, and in 2006, they recorded a CD entitled Traditional Garifuna Music played by Youth from Hopkins, Belize, published by Innova Recordings.  The album was shortlisted for a Grammy Award nomination in the Traditional Music category.

Garifuna instruments
Traditional Garifuna drums, or garaones, are handmade of mahogany wood and deer hide.  The drumhead is secured to the wooden body with cordage that is laced around the head and attached through holes at the bottom of the drum.  These are tension drums; they are tuned by way of wooden pegs attached to the cordage that can be wound to tighten or loosen the drumhead.  Additionally, these drums often have a thin wire or piece of fishing line stretched across the head in order to create a buzzing sound, an aesthetic which is common in much Central and West African music, and has been preserved in Garifuna music.  The drums at Lebeha are crafted by master drum-maker Austin Rodriguez, whose workshop is located in Dangriga, Belize.

There are two main types of drums used in Garifuna music: Primero and Segunda.  The primera (or lanigi, "heart-drum", in Garifuna) is the higher-pitched of the two, and serves to accent dancers' movements.  The segunda, or lufarugu ("shadow-drum"), which provides the beat for dancers.  Sometimes a third drum, the tercera, or luruwahn ("third drum") is the lowest-pitched of the three and serves as a bass drum.  The presence of the tercera allows the Segunda to play more syncopated rhythms.

Traditional Garifuna music
Punta is a traditional Belizean music and dance, often performed during festivals.  This is the genre that has influenced the evolution of the popular music style punta rock.
Paranda refers to both a Garifuna rhythm, and a musical genre that features Garifuna drumming, guitar, and singing.  Lyrics in this genre are often nostalgic, and paranda is usually performed by men.  One can hear the Latin/Spanish influence in this style of music.

Popular Garifuna music
Belize's most well-known popular musical style is Punta rock, a style of dance music that combines traditional Garifuna rhythms with western popular music elements, including electric and bass guitars and  keyboard.

References
Pillich, Gualberto Simeon. 2000. Juxtaposition, Adaptation, and Dominance: Observations on Belizean and Honduran Garifuna Drumming in Los Angeles. University of California, Los Angeles.
Wilson, Samuel, ed. 1997. The Indigenous People of the Caribbean. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Music schools in Belize
Education in Belize
Educational organisations based in Belize
Garifuna music

Lebeha Drumming Center


The Cornish dialect (also known as Cornish English, Anglo-Cornish or Cornu-English; ) is a dialect of English spoken in Cornwall by Cornish people. Dialectal English spoken in Cornwall is to some extent influenced by Cornish grammar, and often includes words derived from the Cornish language. The Cornish language is a Celtic language of the Brythonic branch, as are the Welsh and Breton languages. In addition to the distinctive words and grammar, there are a variety of accents found within Cornwall from the north coast to that of the south coast and from east to west Cornwall. Typically, the accent is more divergent from Standard British English the further west through Cornwall one travels. The speech of the various parishes being to some extent different from the others was described by John T. Tregellas and Thomas Quiller Couch towards the end of the 19th century. Tregellas wrote of the differences as he understood them and Couch suggested the parliamentary constituency boundary between the East and West constituencies, from Crantock to Veryan, as roughly the border between eastern and western dialects. To this day, the towns of Bodmin and Lostwithiel as well as Bodmin Moor are considered the boundary.

History

The first speakers of English resident in Cornwall were Anglo-Saxon settlers, primarily in the north east of Cornwall between the Ottery and Tamar rivers, and in the lower Tamar valley, from around the 10th century onwards. There are a number of relatively early place names of English origin, especially in those areas.

The further spread of the English language in Cornwall was slowed by the change to Norman French as the main language of administration after the Norman Conquest. In addition, continued communication with Brittany, where the closely related Breton language was spoken, tended to favour the continued use of the Cornish language.

But from around the 13th to 14th centuries the use of English for administration was revived, and a vernacular Middle English literary tradition developed. These were probable reasons for the increased use of the English language in Cornwall. In the Tudor period, various circumstances, including the imposition of an English language prayer book in 1549, and the lack of a Cornish translation of any part of the Bible, led to a language shift from Cornish to English.

The language shift to English occurred much later in Cornwall than in other areas: in most of Devon and beyond, the Celtic language had probably died out before the Norman Conquest. However the Celtic language survived much later in the westernmost areas of Cornwall, where there were still speakers as late as the 18th century. For this reason, there are important differences between the Anglo-Cornish dialect and other West Country dialects.

Cornish was the most widely spoken language west of the River Tamar until around the mid-14th century, when Middle English began to be adopted as a common language of the Cornish people. As late as 1542 Andrew Boorde, an English traveller, physician and writer, wrote that in Cornwall were two languages, "Cornysshe" and "Englysshe", but that "there may be many men and women" in Cornwall who could not understand English". Since the Norman language was the mother tongue of most of the English aristocracy, Cornish was used as a lingua franca, particularly in the far west of Cornwall. Many Cornish landed gentry chose mottos in the Cornish language for their coats of arms, highlighting its high social status. The Carminow family used the motto "Cala rag whethlow", for example. However, in 1549 and following the English Reformation, King Edward VI of England commanded that the Book of Common Prayer, an Anglican liturgical text in the English language, should be introduced to all churches in his kingdom, meaning that Latin and Celtic customs and services should be discontinued. The Prayer Book Rebellion was a militant revolt in Cornwall and parts of neighbouring Devon against the Act of Uniformity 1549, which outlawed all languages from church services apart from English, and is cited as a testament to the affection and loyalty the Cornish people held for the Cornish language. In the rebellion, separate risings occurred simultaneously at Bodmin in Cornwall, and Sampford Courtenay in Devon—which would converge at Exeter, laying siege to the region's largest Protestant city.<ref>Zagorín, Pérez (1982), Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660: provincial rebellion; revolutionary civil wars, 1560–1660, Cambridge University Press, ; p. 26</ref> However, the rebellion was suppressed, due largely to the aid of foreign mercenaries, in a series of battles in which "hundreds were killed", effectively ending Cornish as the common language of the Cornish people. The Anglicanism of the Reformation served as a vehicle for Anglicisation in Cornwall; Protestantism had a lasting cultural effect upon the Cornish by way of linking Cornwall more closely with England, while lessening political and linguistic ties with the Bretons of Brittany.

The English Civil War, a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, polarised the populations of England and Wales. However, Cornwall in the English Civil War was a staunchly Royalist enclave, an "important focus of support for the Royalist cause". Cornish soldiers were used as scouts and spies during the war, for their language was not understood by English Parliamentarians. Following the war there was a further shift to the English language by the Cornish people, which encouraged an influx of English people to Cornwall. By the mid-17th century the use of Cornish had retreated far enough west to prompt concern and investigation by antiquarians, such as William Scawen who had been an officer during the Civil War. As the Cornish language diminished, the people of Cornwall underwent a process of English enculturation and assimilation, becoming "absorbed into the mainstream of English life".

International use

Large-scale 19th and 20th century emigrations of Cornish people meant that substantial populations of Anglo-Cornish speakers were established in parts of North America, Australia, and South Africa. This Cornish diaspora has continued to use Anglo-Cornish, and certain phrases and terms have moved into common parlance in some of those countries.

There has been discussion over whether certain words found in North America have an origin in the Cornish language, mediated through Anglo-Cornish dialect. Legends of the Fall, a novella by American author Jim Harrison, detailing the lives of a Cornish American family in the early 20th century, contains several Cornish language terms. These were also included in the Academy Award-winning film of the same name starring Anthony Hopkins as Col. William Ludlow and Brad Pitt as Tristan Ludlow. Some words in American Cornu-English are almost identical to those in Anglo-Cornish:

South Australian Aborigines, particularly the Nunga, are said to speak English with a Cornish accent because they were taught the English language by Cornish miners. Most large towns in South Australia had newspapers at least partially in Cornish dialect: for instance, the Northern Star published in Kapunda in the 1860s carried material in dialect. At least 23 Cornish words have made their way into Australian English; these include the mining terms  and .

Geography

There is a difference between the form of Anglo-Cornish spoken in west Cornwall and that found in areas further east. In the eastern areas, the form of English that the formerly Cornish-speaking population learnt was the general south-western dialect, picked up primarily through relatively local trade and other communications over a long period of time. In contrast, in western areas, the language was learned from English as used by the clergy and landed classes, some of whom had been educated at the English universities of Oxford and Cambridge. English was learned relatively late across the western half of Cornwall (see the map in the "History" section) and this was a more Modern English style of language, since the standard form itself was undergoing changes. Particularly in the west, the Cornish language substrate left characteristic markers in the Anglo-Cornish dialect.

Phonologically, the lenition of f, s, th occurs in East Cornwall, as in the core West Country dialect area, but not in west Cornwall. The second person pronoun, you (and many other occurrences of the same vowel) is pronounced as in standard English in the west of Cornwall; but east of the Bodmin district, a 'sharpening' of the vowel occurs, which is a feature also found in Devon dialect. Plural nouns such as ha'pennies, pennies and ponies are pronounced in west Cornwall ending not in -eez but in -uz. The pronunciation of the number five varies from foive in the west to vive in the east, approaching the Devon pronunciation. This challenges the commonly held misconception that the dialect is uniform across the county.

Variations in vocabulary also occur: for example the dialect word for ant in East Cornwall is emmet which is of Old English etymology, whereas in West Cornwall the word muryan is used. This is a word from the Cornish language spelt in the revived language (in Kernewek Kemmyn dictionaries) as muryon. There is also this pair, meaning the weakest pig of a litter: nestle-bird (sometimes nestle-drish) in East Cornwall, and (piggy-)whidden in West Cornwall. Whidden may derive from Cornish byghan (small), or gwynn (white, Late Cornish gwydn). Further, there is pajerpaw vs a four-legged emmet in West and mid-Cornwall respectively. It may be noted that the Cornish word for the number four is peswar (Late Cornish pajar). For both of these Cornish language etymologies, sound changes within the Cornish language itself between the Middle Cornish and Late Cornish periods are in evidence.

When calling a horse to stop "wo" is used in most of east Cornwall and in the far west; however "ho" is used between a line from Crantock to St Austell and a line from Hayle to the Helford River; and "way" is used in the northeast.

There are also grammatical variations within Cornwall, such as the use of us for the standard English we and her for she in East Cornwall, a feature shared with western Devon dialect. I be and its negative I bain't are more common close to the Devon border.

The variety of English in the Isles of Scilly is unlike that on the mainland as Bernard Walke observed in the 1930s. He found that Scillonians spoke English similar to "Elizabethan English without a suspicion of Cornish dialect".

Lexicon and grammar
There are a range of dialect words including words also found in other West Country dialects, as well as many specific to Anglo-Cornish.

There are also distinctive grammatical features:

 reversals (e.g. )
 archaisms (e.g.  –  is a descendant of Old English )
 the retention of thou and ye (thee and ye ('ee)) –
 double plurals –
 irregular use of the definite article –
 use of the definite article with proper names –
 the omission of prepositions –
 the extra -y suffix on the infinitive of verbs –
 they as a demonstrative adjective –
 use of auxiliary verb –
 inanimate objects described as
 frequent use of the word up as an adverb –
 the use of some as an adverb of degree –

Many of these are influenced by the substrate of the Cornish language. One example is the usage for months, , rather than just May for the fifth month of the year.

Sociolinguistics

From the late 19th to the early 21st century, the Anglo-Cornish dialect declined somewhat due to the spread of long-distance travel, mass education and the mass media, and increased migration into Cornwall of people from, principally, the south-east of England. Universal elementary education had begun in England and Wales in the 1870s. Thirty years later Mark Guy Pearse wrote: "The characteristics of Cornwall and the Cornish are rapidly passing away. More than a hundred years ago its language died. Now its dialect is dying. It is useless to deplore it, for it is inevitable." Although the erosion of dialect is popularly blamed on the mass media, many academics assert the primacy of face-to-face linguistic contact in dialect levelling. It is further asserted by some that peer groups are the primary mechanism. It is unclear whether in the erosion of the Anglo-Cornish dialect, high levels of migration into Cornwall from outside in the 20th century, or deliberate efforts to suppress dialect forms (in an educational context) are the primary causative factor. Anglo-Cornish dialect speakers are more likely than Received Pronunciation speakers in Cornwall to experience social and economic disadvantages and poverty, including spiralling housing costs, in many, particularly coastal areas of Cornwall, and have at times been actively discouraged from using the dialect, particularly in the schools. In the 1910s the headmaster of a school in a Cornish fishing port received this answer when he suggested to the son of the local coastguard (a boy with rough and ready Cornish speech) that it was time he learned to speak properly: "An what d'yer think me mates down to the quay 'ud think o' me if I did?"

A. L. Rowse wrote in his autobiographical A Cornish Childhood about his experiences of a Received Pronunciation prestige variety of English (here referred to as the "King's English") being associated with well-educated people, and therefore Anglo-Cornish by implication with a lack of education:

'It does arise directly from the consideration of the struggle to get away from speaking Cornish dialect and to speak correct English, a struggle which I began thus early and pursued constantly with no regret, for was it not the key which unlocked the door to all that lay beyond—Oxford, the world of letters, the community of all who speak the King's English, from which I should otherwise have been infallibly barred? But the struggle made me very sensitive about language; I hated to be corrected; nothing is more humiliating: and it left me with a complex about Cornish dialect. The inhibition which I had imposed on myself left me, by the time I got to Oxford, incapable of speaking it; and for years, with the censor operating subconsciously ... '

Preservation
Once it was noticed that many aspects of Cornish dialect were gradually passing out of use, various individuals and organisations (including the Federation of Old Cornwall Societies) began to make efforts to preserve the dialect. This included collecting lists of dialect words, although grammatical features were not always well recorded. Nevertheless, Ken Phillipps's 1993 Glossary of the Cornish Dialect is an accessible reference work which does include details of grammar and phonology. A more popular guide to Cornish dialect has been written by Les Merton, titled Oall Rite Me Ansum!Another project to record examples of Cornish dialect is being undertaken by Azook Community Interest Company.  it has received coverage in the local news and more information on the project should, one hopes, be uploaded dreckly.

Literature

There have been a number of literary works published in Anglo-Cornish dialect from the 19th century onwards.

 John Tabois Tregellas (1792–1863) was a merchant at Truro, purser of Cornish mines, and author of many stories written in the local dialect of the county. (Walter Hawken Tregellas was his eldest son.) Tregellas was well known in Cornwall for his dialect knowledge; he could relate a conversation between a Redruth man and a St Agnes man keeping their dialects perfectly distinct.
William Robert Hicks (known as the "Yorick of the West") was an accomplished raconteur. Many of his narratives were in the Cornish dialect, but he was equally good in that of Devon, as well as in the peculiar talk of the miners. Among his best-known stories were the "Coach Wheel", the "Rheumatic Old Woman", "William Rabley", the "Two Deacons", the "Bed of Saltram", the "Blind Man, his Wife, and his dog Lion", the "Gallant Volunteer", and the "Dead March in Saul". His most famous story, the "Jury", referred to the trial at Launceston in 1817 of Robert Sawle Donnall for poisoning his mother-in-law, when the prisoner was acquitted. Each of the jurors gave a different and ludicrous reason for his verdict.
 There is a range of dialect literature dating back to the 19th century referenced in Bernard Deacon's PhD thesis.
'The Cledry Plays; drolls of old Cornwall for village acting and home reading' (Robert Morton Nance (Mordon), 1956). In his own words from the preface: these plays were "aimed at carrying on the West-Penwith tradition of turning local folk tales into plays for Christmas acting. What they took over from these guise-dance drolls, as they were called, was their love of the local speech and their readiness to break here and there into rhyme or song". And of the music he says "the simple airs do not ask for accompaniment or for trained voices to do them justice. They are only a slight extension of the music that West-Penwith voices will put into the dialogue."
 Cornish Dialect Stories: About Boy Willie (H. Lean, 1953)
 Pasties and Cream: a Proper Cornish Mixture (Molly Bartlett (Scryfer Ranyeth), 1970): a collection of Anglo-Cornish dialect stories that had won competitions organised by the Cornish Gorsedh.Brenda Wootton: the Voice of Cornwall; songwriters
 Cornish Faist: a selection of prize winning dialect prose and verse from the Gorsedd of Cornwall Competitions.
 Various literary works by Alan M. Kent, Nick Darke and Craig Weatherhill

See also

 Gallo (Brittany)
 List of Cornish dialect words
 Regional accents of English speakers
 Lowland Scots

Other English dialects heavily influenced by Celtic languages:

 Anglo-Manx
 Bungi creole
 Hiberno-English
 Highland English (and Scottish English)
 Welsh English

References

 Attribution

Further reading
 M. A. Courtney; T. Q. Couch: Glossary of Words in Use in Cornwall. West Cornwall, by M. A. Courtney; East Cornwall, by T. Q. Couch. London: published for the English Dialect Society, by Trübner & Co., 1880
 Pol Hodge: The Cornish Dialect and the Cornish Language. 19 p. Gwinear: Kesva an Taves Kernewek, 1997. .
 David J. North & Adam Sharpe: A Word-geography of Cornwall. Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies, 1980. (Includes word-maps of Cornish words.)
 Martyn F. Wakelin: Language and History in Cornwall''. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1975. . (Based on the author's thesis, University of Leeds, 1969.)

External links
 Dialect webpage at the Old Cornwall Society
 Cornish Memory archive, hosted by the Azook Community Interest Company

British English
Cornish culture
Cornish language
Dialects of English
English language in England
History of Cornwall

Cornish dialect


Tsuen Wan Environmental Resource Centre is housed in Old House, Hoi Pa Village, in Tak Wah Park, Tak Wah Street, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong.

History
The Old House, is originally one of the houses of former Hoi Pa Village (), a Hakka mixed-lineage village. It was built by Mr. Yau Yuen-cheung (1865–1937), a village scholar of Hoi Pa Village. The old house was built with rammed earth, green bricks, green tiles and timber. It is a fine example of traditional southern Chinese village architecture.

The village house, together with the adjacent areas, has now been developed into the Tak Wah Park.

After the Antiquities and Monuments Office had given approval to convert the historical village house into an environment resource centre, the renovation work was done. The Centre was opened in December 1997. It is a joint venture of the Environmental Protection Department and the Conservancy Association.
It has been a declared monument since 1986.

Facilities
There is a library, a computer room, an AV room, an exhibition area and Green Home Exhibition Area.

A Chinese plaque says Eco Place and a Chinese couplet says Happy are people in this house environed by green trees; birds fly freely around this place surrounded by bamboo which are found hanging at the entrance of the Centre.

External links

Environmental Protection Department information about the Centre
Virtual tour of Tsuen Wan Environmental Resource Centre
 Antiquities and Monuments Office - Old House, Hoi Pa Village
 Film Service Office entry

Museums in Hong Kong
Declared monuments of Hong Kong
Nature centres in Hong Kong
Tsuen Wan

Tsuen Wan Environmental Resource Centre


So Far So Good is a compilation album by Bryan Adams, released by A&M Records in November 1993. The album reached number six on the Billboard 200 charts in 1993.

The album contains hits from between "Cuts Like a Knife" (1983) and Waking Up the Neighbours (1991), and a new single, "Please Forgive Me". The only song on the album that has never been released as a single is "Kids Wanna Rock" from Reckless (1984).

Originally the song "So Far So Good" was going to be included on the album so the album started and finished with a new song but it was dropped. The song was included on disc two of Anthology.

Track listing

Chart positions

1993 albums
Bryan Adams albums
Greatest hits albums
A&M Records albums

So Far So Good (Bryan Adams album)


Candida Mary Doyle (born 25 August 1963) is an Irish musician who is keyboard player and occasional backing vocalist with the band Pulp, which she joined in 1984. She joined her brother, drummer Magnus Doyle in the line-up replacing the previous keyboard player, Tim Allcard who had left the band.

Biography
Doyle attended piano lessons from age 8, but did not practise despite finding the experience enjoyable. At age 16 Doyle was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.

During Doyle's first few years in the group, Pulp were not enjoying financial success; she has been recorded as saying that she spent more money on the band than she made from it.  She kept jobs in two toy shops in Manchester, before being sacked from one for a "lack of dedication".  Although Pulp "sort of split up" in the period around 1986, they went on to release Freaks in 1987 with Doyle on board for her first album. She then remained a member of the group for the 1990s, an integral part of the band's sound as they progressed towards fame. With Pulp, Doyle recorded the albums and compilations Separations, Intro – The Gift Recordings, His 'n' Hers, Different Class, This Is Hardcore, and We Love Life; songs featuring Doyle include "Common People", "Disco 2000", "Do You Remember the First Time?", "Babies", "Something Changed", "This Is Hardcore", and "Sunrise", as well as every other Pulp song recorded during this time.

When playing live with the band Doyle has used Farfisa Compact Professional electronic organs and Roland XP-10 synthesizers as well as Akai S3000 samplers.

Her mother is Sandra Voe, an actress who has appeared in Coronation Street, and two musician brothers. Her grandfather owned a fishing factory in the Shetland Islands. Doyle has lived in many places, including Belfast (where she was born), Manchester, Sheffield from the age of ten and where Pulp formed, and London, her current home.

Since Pulp began a hiatus in 2002, Doyle has occasionally appeared live with Jarvis Cocker, playing keyboards. Following this period, with Pulp's 2011 reunion, Doyle joined the rest of the Different Class line-up on stage in concert for their UK comeback gig at the Isle of Wight Festival on 11 June 2011. This reunion ended in 2013, but a decade later, Doyle would return to the stage with Cocker and Pulp veterans Nick Banks and Mark Webber, performing new Pulp shows.

References

External links
 Unofficial Pulp website

1963 births
Living people
Keyboardists from Northern Ireland
Pulp (band) members
Musicians from Belfast
British women in electronic music
Women keyboardists
Women musicians from Northern Ireland
Rock musicians from Northern Ireland
Britpop musicians

Candida Doyle


The Marlborough Center Historic District is a historic district encompassing the civic and commercial heart of Marlborough, Massachusetts.  It is centered on a stretch of Main Street between Lincoln Street in the west and Bolton Street (Massachusetts Route 85) in the east, and includes properties on adjacent streets.  The center is reflective of the city's prosperity as an industrial center from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

Description and history
The city of Marlborough is located in far western Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the outer ring of Greater Boston fringed by Interstate 495.  Its central business district is located along Main Street, roughly between Lincoln Street in the wet and Bolton Street (Massachusetts Route 85) to the east.  This portion of Main Street was once designated United States Route 20, which now runs along a bypass just south of the downtown.  Marlborough was incorporated in 1660, and was a key stop on the main road between Boston and Springfield until the 20th century.  Its original town center was north of Main Street between Prospect and Rawlins, where the district's oldest resources, the 1706 Old Common Cemetery, is located.  The present business district arose in the 19th century with the advent of industrialization, growing along Main Street between that point and another small village at the junction with Bolton Street, a major north-south route in the area.

Most of the commercial buildings in the district are made of brick and stone, and were built in the late 19th or early 20th century.  City Hall is a well-kept Beaux-Arts building designed by Allen, Collens & Berry, and built in 1905.  Allen and Collens also designed the First National Bank building at 200 Main Street.  There are four churches, and several stylish Queen Anne Victorian houses, notably that of Judge James MacDonald at 23 Prospect Street.  It includes two previously-listed buildings: the Warren Block at 155 Main Street and the Temple Building at 149 Main.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Marlborough, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Marlborough, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Marlborough Center Historic District


Brian Keith Reid (born 1949) is an American computer scientist. He developed an early use of a markup language in his 1980 doctoral dissertation. His other principal interest has been computer networking and the development of the Internet.

Education
Reid received his B.S. in physics from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1970, and then worked in industry for five years before entering graduate school at Carnegie Mellon University, where he was awarded a PhD in computer science in 1980.

His dissertation research developed the Scribe word processing system, for which he received the Association for Computing Machinery's Grace Murray Hopper Award in 1982.
Reid presented a paper describing Scribe in the same conference session in 1981 in which Charles Goldfarb presented Generalized Markup Language (GML), the immediate predecessor of SGML.

Career
From 1980–1987, he was an assistant professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University in the computer systems laboratory.
There he was a recipient of the Presidential Young Investigator Award in 1984, working along with other new faculty such as John L. Hennessy, David R. Cheriton, and Mark Horowitz.
Along with faculty such as Susan Owicki, Forest Baskett, and James H. Clark, his research concerned the connection of Stanford to the Internet, and the development of the SUN workstation.
As the Stanford University Network attracted attacks, he became interested in possible network defenses.

He left Stanford in 1987, he was immediately hired by the Digital Equipment Corporation, first in the Western Research Laboratory (DEC WRL) under Forest Baskett  in Palo Alto, California. Reid and Paul Vixie developed one of the first connections between a corporate network and the Internet, known as "Gatekeeper" after the character in the Ghostbusters film. The protection techniques developed evolved into what is now called a network firewall.
Some early Internet attackers (such as Kevin Mitnick) would impersonate Reid in telephone calls in attempts to gain trust.

He experimented with electronic publishing with his USENET Cookbook project.   In 1987, he and John Gilmore created the alt.* hierarchy on Usenet.  He also created and ran the "USENET readership report", which sampled the reading habits of volunteer news readers, tried to extrapolate them across the entire population of the USENET, and reported them monthly to the news.lists newsgroup.

From 1986 thru 1995, Reid produced a variety of maps of the USENET in PostScript, showing both its geographical reach and its volumes of traffic flow.

In 1995 he became director of his own group,  the Network Systems Laboratory (DEC NSL).
The DEC NSL developed one of the largest Internet exchange points as the Internet became available for commercial use in the 1990s.
One of his employees was Anita Borg, who founded the group Systers and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing while at NSL.
DEC NSL and WRL developed AltaVista, one of the first web search engines.
In 1998, he was invited to give a keynote talk at the Markup Technologies conference, discussing 20 years of history in the technology.

In 1999, he left DEC to work at Bell Labs' Silicon Valley site until it was shut down.  In February 2001, he taught for one year at the Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley campus of CMU.

Google
In June 2002, Reid became director of operations at Google. His only written review was from Wayne Rosing, which was positive.
In October 2003 he was moved to a program with no funding and no staff, while his former duties were taken over by  Urs Hölzle, who was 15 years younger.
He was fired by Larry Page (who was 30 at the time) in February 2004, after being told he was  not a "cultural fit" by Rosing, and that his ideas were "too old to matter" by Hölzle, according to Reid.
It was nine days before the company's initial public offering (IPO) was announced, allegedly costing him 119,000 stock options with a strike price of $0.30, which would have been worth approximately $10 million at the $85 IPO price. Reid estimated that given later appreciation, his unvested stock options would have been worth at least $45 million if he had stayed there.

Legal case
After retaining Duane Morris as counsel, Reid proceeded to sue Google in July 2004 for discrimination on the basis of age and disability.
He was 52 years old and had been diagnosed as having diabetes while at Google.  Google retained Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, which defended the case on the grounds that Reid was allegedly told he was not a "cultural fit".  In September 2005, the Santa Clara Superior Court initially granted summary judgment against him.
On October 4, 2007, the California Sixth District Court of Appeal overturned the lower court's verdict and allowed the lawsuit to proceed.  Google appealed that decision to the California Supreme Court, which granted review in February 2008.

Case review
The court granted review to decide two questions, one substantive and one procedural: (1) should an employee be allowed to sue an employer for hostile "stray remarks" by employees who were not directly involved in the allegedly discriminatory decision at issue; and (2) are specific objections to evidence at the summary judgment stage waived when the trial court fails to rule on specific objections despite oral requests that the trial court do so.  The parties thoroughly briefed the issues on the merits; next, the court sat on the case for more than a year; then asked for further supplemental briefing from the parties in April 2010 on the procedural question; and finally scheduled oral argument for May 26, 2010.

On August 5, 2010, in an opinion by Justice Ming Chin, the court affirmed the Court of Appeal decision in favor of Reid and remanded to the lower courts for further proceedings.  The Court refused to adopt the "stray remarks" doctrine pioneered by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, because remarks by non-decisionmakers may be circumstantial evidence relevant to discriminatory actions (in the sense that hostile co-workers can manipulate a supervisor); and written objections to evidence are preserved for appeal regardless of whether the trial court rules upon them or whether counsel even argues them orally before the court.  In other words, Google won on the procedural question, but Reid won on the substantive question, meaning that he would be able to introduce a much broader range of evidence of Google's alleged atmosphere of discrimination to the trier of fact.

The case attracted media attention, with briefs filed by the AARP on Reid's behalf and the California Employment Law Council for Google.
The case was settled out of court for undisclosed terms.

From July 2005 to 2019, Reid worked at the Internet Systems Consortium, with various titles including head of engineering, operations, and communication.

Personal life
Reid is an active photographer and has sponsored the Leica User's Group, an e-mail discussion list, for almost two decades.

Reid is a practicing Anglican and president of the Society of Archbishop Justus. He is an editor of Anglicans Online and sat on the board of Doane Academy, an Episcopal Pre K-12 school in Burlington, New Jersey.

References
Notes

Sources

1949 births
Living people
American computer scientists
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates
Digital Equipment Corporation people
Scientists at Bell Labs
Google employees
Markup languages

Brian Reid (computer scientist)


Gmina Radymno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. Its seat is the town of Radymno, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 11,292 (11,431 in 2013).

Villages
Gmina Radymno contains the villages and settlements of Budzyń, Chałupki Chotynieckie, Chotyniec, Duńkowice, Grabowiec, Korczowa, Łazy, Michałówka, Młyny, Nienowice, Ostrów, Piaski, Skołoszów, Sośnica, Sośnica-Brzeg, Święte, Zabłotce, Zaleska Wola and Zamojsce.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Radymno is bordered by the town of Radymno and by the gminas of Chłopice, Jarosław, Laszki, Orły, Stubno and Wielkie Oczy. It also borders Ukraine.

References

Polish official population figures 2006

Radymno
Jarosław County

Gmina Radymno


A council is a group of people who come together to consult, deliberate, or make decisions. A council may function as a legislature, especially at a town, city or county/shire level, but most legislative bodies at the state/provincial or national level are not considered councils. At such levels, there may be no separate executive branch, and the council may effectively represent the entire government. A board of directors might also be denoted as a council. A committee might also be denoted as a council, though a committee is generally a subordinate body composed of members of a larger body, while a council may not be. Because many schools have a student council, the council is the form of governance with which many people are likely to have their first experience as electors or participants.

A member of a council may be referred to as a councillor or councilperson, or by the gender-specific titles of councilman and councilwoman.

In politics
Notable examples of types of councils encountered in politics include:

 Borough council, a form of local government
 Catholic Ecumenical Councils, ecclesiastical gatherings for ordering the Catholic Church
 City council, a form of local government
 Community council, the most local official representative body in Scotland and in Wales
 Council of Europe, a political, intergovernmental organization with 47 member countries
 Council of the European Union, the upper house of the European Union
 Council of State, an organ of government in many states
 County council, a council that governs a county in the British Isles
 District council, a unit of government in various jurisdictions
 Ecumenical Councils, pan-Christian discussion bodies
 European Council, the body of heads of states or of governments of the European Union
 Labour council, an association of labour unions or union branches in a given area
 Municipal council, a form of local government
 National security council, an executive-branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues
 Parish councils in England, a form of local government in part of the United Kingdom
 Privy council, a body that advises the head of state of a country
 Provincial council, a governing body for a province
 Regional council, a local-government body in various countries
 Shire council, an entity of local government in Australia
 Shura Council, the formerly upper house of the Egyptian parliament.
 Town council, a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or parishes
 Tribal Council, First Nations' and Native American Nations' governing bodies
 UK Research Councils, government agencies responsible for an area of research in the United Kingdom
 United Nations Security Council, a decision-making body at the United Nations
 Vatican Council, a high-level policy-council of the Roman Catholic Church
 Village council (Palestinian Authority), a local-government body in Palestine
 Workers' council, a council composed of working-class or proletarian members

In other fields
Types of councils encountered in other spheres include:
 Arts council, a government or private, non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the arts
 Bar council, a professional body that regulates the profession of barristers together with the Inns of Court
 Buddhist councils, important historical events in the history of Buddhism
 Council (Boy Scouts), a non-profit private corporation within Boy Scouts of America
 Ecumenical council, a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice
 Military council
 Student council, a student organization present in many elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, colleges and universities
 Synod in a Christian church
 University Council running a university
 War Council, discussions pertaining to a declaration of war, or tactics and strategy of a coming battle
 Works council,  a body representing the workers of a plant, factory, etc., elected to negotiate with the management about working conditions, wages, etc.
 Youth council, an example of youth voice engaged in youth-led decision-making

See also

Articles
 Consul
 Legislative Council
 Pontifical Council
 Local government in Australia
 United Nations Security Council
Directorial system a form is government where a group of people act as the head of State and/or Government.

Disambiguation pages

Accreditation Council
Advisory Council
Affairs Council
American Council
Australian Council
Canadian Council
Christian Council
Common Council
Cooperation Council
Council High School
Council house
Council of Elders
Crown Council
Dance Council
Danish Council
Defence Council
Dental Council
District council
Dutch Council
European Council
Examinations Council
Executive Council
Federal Council
Federation Council
French Council
Funding Council
General council
General Teaching Council
Grand Council
High Council
Hong Kong Council
Indian Council
International Council
Iraqi Council
Local Council
Medical Council
Military Council
Muslim Council
National Council
Olympic Council
Policy Council
Polish Council
Press Council
Regional Council
Restoration Council
Revolutionary Council
Scottish Council
State Council
Supreme Council
The Council
Valley Council
Vietnamese Council
World Council

External links

Councils
Deliberative groups
Legislatures

Council


The South Branch of the Little Dead Diamond River is a  river in northern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Little Dead Diamond River, located in the Androscoggin River watershed of Maine and New Hampshire.

The river rises in the township of Dix's Grant on the eastern slopes of Crystal Mountain, a  ridge. The river flows northeast into the Atkinson and Gilmanton Academy Grant, then joins the Little Dead Diamond in the Dartmouth College Grant.

See also

List of rivers of New Hampshire

References

Rivers of New Hampshire
Rivers of Coös County, New Hampshire

South Branch Little Dead Diamond River


The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine (FPM) is a faculty of the three Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom (the Royal College of Physicians London, the Royal College of Physicians Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow). It is a UK-based professional membership organisation with 1,600 members; physicians with a professional interest in the speciality of pharmaceutical medicine, the science of discovering, developing and testing new drugs, their regulation, and monitoring them for safety both during development and when they are prescribed. FPM is a registered charity and ultimately exists to bring about an improvement in health in patients and the general population.

The president of FPM is Dr Flic Gabbay.

History
In 1976 the three Royal Colleges of Physicians of the UK agreed to grant the first Diploma in Pharmaceutical Medicine to be gained by examination, and a two-year training course for pharmaceutical physicians was established under the guidance of the Joint Advisory Committee on pharmaceutical medicine, with representation from AMAPI (now the British Association of Pharmaceutical Physicians (BrAPP)), and the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI).

The rapid evolution of pharmaceutical specialists, and the developing interface between pharmaceutical medicine and other medical disciplines, led to the idea of creating a Faculty within the three Royal Colleges of Physicians, so that criteria could be established that would result in specialist accreditation. Thus, FPM was formed on 26 October 1989, led by its first President, Professor Sir Abraham Goldberg.

In April 2002, pharmaceutical medicine was officially recognised as a medical specialty in the UK and the GMC guidelines on Pharmaceutical Medicine stipulate the professional expectations of pharmaceutical physicians. In 2009 FPM formed part of the working party that developed the landmark RCP report Innovating for Health: Patients, Physicians, the Pharmaceutical Industry and the NHS.

Location

 1989 to 2011 - St. Andrews Place, Regent's Park, London (estate of the RCP London)
 2011 to 2015 - Furnival Street, Holborn, London
 2015 to present  - Angel Gate, Islington, London

Membership

The 1,600 FPM members are registered medical practitioners. There are four main categories of membership: Affiliate, Associate (Training), Member (MFPM) and Fellow (FFPM). Approximately 450 members (of all grades) are based outside the UK (approximately 30% of the total).

Most FPM members are involved in the coordination of clinical trials of new medicines, vaccines and medical devices. The majority are employed by pharmaceutical companies, but many act as independent medical consultants or work for regulatory agencies such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA).

Activities

FPM carries out a number of activities to maintain the standards of practice of pharmaceutical physicians so that their work is always in the best interests of the public and patients.

FPM supervises the Pharmaceutical Medicine Specialty Training (PMST) as well as running the Diploma in Pharmaceutical Medicine for pharmaceutical physicians and the Diploma and Certificate in Human Pharmacology (DHP and CHP) examinations which have been designed to provide accreditation to all professionals with an interest in exploratory drug development. FPM coordinates the continuing professional development (CPD) of its members and is also, as a member of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, working with the GMC on the framework for revalidation for pharmaceutical physicians.

References

External links
 of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine
NHS Medical Careers website
King's College London Pharmaceutical Medicine Department
General Medical Council Specialty Curriculum in Pharmaceutical Medicine

Health in the London Borough of Islington
Organisations based in the London Borough of Islington
Pharmacy education
Pharmacy organisations in the United Kingdom

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine


Mary Holmes College was a coeducational, historically black college in Mississippi. It was founded to educate young black women under the auspices of the U.S. Presbyterian Church. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Mary Holmes Junior College Historic District.

History
Founded as Mary Holmes Seminary in Jackson, Mississippi, the college began as the brainchild of Reverend Mead Holmes (1819-1906), a Presbyterian missionary, and his daughter, Mary Emilie Holmes (1850-1906). They wanted to start a "literary and industrial school" for young black women in honor of Rev. Holmes's late wife, Mary D. Holmes. The Holmeses' vision was realized in 1892 under the auspices of the Board of Missions for Freedmen of the Presbyterian Church, which funded and oversaw the school through its early years. The initial goal was to train young black women to become homemakers as well as leaders in the community and the Presbyterian Church. The early faculty and staff were white, and the students they taught ranged in educational level from primary school to high school. The early curriculum was focused around three areas—"Literary, Music and Industrial"—and included courses in literature, grammar, history, science, math, music, Bible studies, and practical domestic arts such as cooking and sewing. The school opened with 90 girls recruited not just locally but from throughout the state.

The seminary, which was built on land in Jackson that had been donated by local black citizens, burned to the ground in January 1895, less than three years after its founding. It reopened at a new campus built on 20 acres of donated land on what was then the edge of West Point, Mississippi, where in March 1899 it suffered yet another catastrophic fire. It rebuilt on the same site and reopened in January 1900. In 1932, it became a coeducational college and shifted its focus to training elementary school teachers for black communities, a change similar to that taking place in other black colleges in the South at that time.

In 1959, as the state assumed greater responsibility for K-12 education, its focus shifted again and it became an open-admission two-year community college under the new name Mary Holmes Junior College. In 1969, it became an independent two-year college no longer under the direct oversight of the Presbyterian Church and dropped the word 'Junior' from its name.

In 1991, the main buildings of the West Point campus were added to the National Register of Historic Places under the umbrella title Mary Holmes Junior College Historic District in recognition of the college's role as "the major institution for the education of Black students in the Clay County area from its founding in 1897" right up until desegregation in the 1960s. Among the seven buildings included were the L-shaped Colonial Revival–style Main Hall, the Farmhouse (a former residence of the college's presidents), North Hall (originally the boys' dormitory), the open-air Pavilion, and the Craftsman-style Barr Library, all of which were between 50 and 90 years old at the time. The oldest building was North Hall, built in 1900, and the newest was Main Hall, built in 1939-40.

During the 1970s and subsequent decades, the mission of Mary Holmes College was to serve economically disadvantaged students from the southeastern United States. It developed articulation agreements with various four-year institutions to help its graduates pursue a full baccalaureate degree. The college struggled to stay afloat, finding difficulty attracting enough students (it had just under 800 students in the mid 1990s) or sufficient funding.  In 2002 it lost its accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, and it closed its doors in March 2005. The property (which by then had expanded to 184 acres) and the school's archives returned to the Presbyterian Church. In 2010, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History approved an historical marker for the college.

Also in 2010, the church made a deal to sell the campus with its 25 buildings to an organization named Community Counseling Services that provides mental health and addiction counseling services. The organization renovated a number of the existing buildings, including the chapel, and has plans for turning one building into a small museum honoring the college's history and serving as a location for reunions.

References

Mary Holmes
Educational institutions established in 1892
Defunct private universities and colleges in Mississippi
African-American history of Mississippi
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Educational institutions disestablished in 2005
Schools in Jackson, Mississippi
Presbyterian Church (USA) seminaries
1892 establishments in Mississippi

Mary Holmes College


NUSSU Rag and Flag  is an annual charity project featured prominently in the National University of Singapore Students' Union (NUSSU) Freshmen Orientation Programme.  The project comprises two separate but related events: students taking to the streets asking the public for donations on Flag Day and, subsequently, a procession of thematic floats that will perform within the university grounds on Rag Day.

History

Background
Started in 1958/9 by the University of Malaya Students' Union (later University of Singapore Students' Union, and now, the National University of Singapore Students' Union), the early Rag and Flag Days were enthusiastic highlights of NUS students' collective effort to help the community through creativity and imagination.  The format changed, splitting the project into two separate events in the 1980s.  Nevertheless, Rag Day remains a day when all the NUS Halls of Residence and Faculty Clubs vie for the top spot to construct the best float complemented by outstanding performances to impress the judges. Since the 1980s, Rag Day has been confined to the campus grounds at Kent Ridge. In 2007, the Rag procession once again made its appearance in the city to show appreciation to the public for their donations.  Funds that are raised on Flag Day, via methods of charity car washes, record breaking feats, charity bazaars and cultural performances among many others, were distributed to various charitable organisations. The tradition of Rag and Flag Day has continued to this day and is the highlight of the National University of Singapore's academic calendar.

Inception
In 1957, during tensions between the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and the British Regime, Emergency was the order of the day in Singapore. An ongoing secret revolution amongst workers unions and Chinese medium schools reached into the hearts of students at Bukit Timah Campus where then University of Malaya resided. It was during this time that 9th Student Union Elections were being held and the new Executive Committee was being selected. During the election rallies, then-Presidential-nominee, Frederick Samuel, spoke fervently of the challenges facing the country and the need for the student body to do something positive for the disadvantaged in society. Under pressure by the student body to deliver on his promise when he was eventually elected, Frederick and his team brainstormed ideas for a meaningful project that can bring all students together for a common charitable cause.

The Executive committee finally settled on the plan to organise the First Students Welfare Week scheduled for November 1957. The Patron for this welfare week was then Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, Tunku Abdur Rahman. The Welfare week provided a forum on University Student's role in society, a blood donation campaign, a mega concert, a Flag Day and a procession of Floats through the city. Proceeds from Flag Day went to the Singapore Association for the Deaf and Dumb, the Marymount Vocational School for Girls and the Johor State Welfare Committee's Project for Crippled Children. This evolved into what is the NUSSU Rag and Flag today.

Amounts made over the years

Rag and Flag 2010
Rag and Flag 2010 will mark another milestone in the project's history because of its collaboration with the Singapore Youth Olympic Committee to jointly hold Rag Day 2010 with the Youth Olympic Flame Arrival Celebrations. This will be the first NUSSU Rag Day that would be held in the evening. The event will be held on 6 August 2010 at the Sports and Recreation Centre track at the National University of Singapore from 3.30 p.m. till 9 pm. The Guest of Honor will be his Excellency SR Nathan, represented as the President of Singapore and NUS Chancellor.

The event is open to public, with over 2000 seats for the public. It is a non-ticketed event, and seats are offered on a first-come, first-served basis.

Tentative program

Themes adopted
The theme for Rag 2010 is "Splendour", and riding on the occasion, the floats of the 6 NUS Halls of Residences will each portray the elements of the six cities/continents through which the Olympic Flame passes. Based on balloting, the six halls will be representing the following cities/continents:

 Eusoff Hall – Mexico City/ Americas
 Kent Ridge Hall – Auckland/Oceania
 King Edward VII Hall – Seoul/Asia
 Raffles Hall – Berlin/Europe
 Sheares Hall – Dakar/Africa
 Temasek Hall – Athens/Mount Olympia (starting point of the Olympic Flame)

Criticism
Principal criticisms of Rag and Flag surround the exorbitant expenditures on rag floats, environmentally damaging practices and unhealthy rivalry, weighed against the University's belief that the event nonetheless promotes Faculty bonding and the strengthening of varsity identity through tradition.

In August 2011, NUSSU Rag and Flag, though Rag in particular, came under scrutiny in the form of a student-made documentary, "Rag to Riches" that critically examines this NUS tradition.

Questioning links between Rag's original purpose as a community project to celebrate the generosity of Flag donations and its current form as an intensive intra-varsity competition, the documentary suggests a strong disconnect between these two aspects. Pointing out the environmentally unfriendly practices of various Rag teams, the documentary also points out flaws in Rag's apparent pro-Environment stance.

A Straits Times article dated 14 August also raised the issue of the high costs of producing Rag floats, with reports of figures between $6,000–$30,000 spent on individual floats, the higher figure once going towards the installation of a hydraulics system. NUSSU representatives admitted that while caps on spending are put into place, over-spending on floats is largely ungovernable. With reports of intense, often aggressive rivalries, and wastage of resources (how, for example, students reportedly emptied soft drink cans instead of collecting used ones), the article questioned if Rag had become derailed, regressing from its function as a Freshman event to an unhealthy competition.

References

External links
 NUSSU home page
 Details on Rag and Flag by Kent Ridge Hall

National University of Singapore
Parades in Asia
1958 establishments in Singapore

NUSSU Rag and Flag


Tsumeb (; ) is a city of 15,000 inhabitants and the largest town in the Oshikoto region in northern Namibia. Tsumeb is known as the "gateway to the north" of Namibia. It is the closest town to the Etosha National Park. Tsumeb used to be the regional capital of Oshikoto until 2008 when Omuthiya was proclaimed a town and the new capital. The area around Tsumeb forms its own electoral constituency and has a population of 44,113. The town is the site of a deep mine (the lower workings now closed) that in its heyday was known as "TCL" (after its operator Tsumeb Corporation Ltd.), but has since been renamed the Ongopolo Mine.

The town and the Tsumeb mine

The name Tsumeb is generally pronounced "TSOO-meb". The name is not a derivative of German, Afrikaans, or English. It has been suggested that it comes from Nama and means either "Place of the moss" or "Place of the frog". Perhaps this old name had something to do with the huge natural hill of green, oxidized copper ore that existed there before it was mined out.

The town was founded in 1905 by German colonial power and celebrated its 100th year of existence in 2005.

Tsumeb is notable for the huge mineralized pipe that led to its foundation. The origin of the pipe has been hotly debated. The pipe penetrates more or less vertically through the Precambrian Otavi dolomite for at least 1300 m. One possibility is that the pipe was actually a gigantic ancient cave system and that the rock filling it is sand that seeped in from above. If the pipe is volcanic, as some have suggested, then the rock filling it (the "pseudo-aplite") is peculiar in the extreme.  The pipe was mined in prehistoric times but those ancient workers barely scratched the surface. Most of the ore was removed in the 20th century by cut-and-fill methods. The ore was polymetallic and from it copper, lead, silver, gold, arsenic and germanium were won. There was also a fair amount of zinc present but the recovery of this metal was always difficult for technical reasons. Many millions of tonnes of ore of spectacular grade were removed. A good percentage of the ore (called "direct smelting ore") was so rich that it was sent straight to the smelter situated near the town without first having to be processed through the mineral enrichment plant. The Tsumeb mine is also renowned amongst mineral collectors.  Between 1905 and 1996, the mine produced about 30 million tons of ore yielding 1.7 Mt copper, 2.8 Mt lead 0.9 Mt zinc, as well as 80 t germanium. The average ore grade was 10% Pb, 4.3% Cu, 3.5% Zn, 100 ppm Ag, 50 ppm Ge.

It is noted for 243 valid minerals and is the type location for 56 types of mineral. Some of the germanium minerals are only found in this mine.

From 1971 to 1972, the Tsumeb mine had its operations temporarily stopped during the 1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike over the contract labor system and apartheid.

Tsumeb, since its founding, has been primarily a mining town. The mine was originally owned by the OMEG (Otavi Minen- und Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) and later by TCL (Tsumeb Corporation Limited) before its closure a few years ago, when the ore at depth ran out. The main shafts became flooded by ground water over a kilometre deep and the water was collected and pumped as far as the capital, Windhoek. The mine has since been opened up again by a group of local entrepreneurs ("Ongopolo Mining"). A fair amount of oxidized ore remains to be recovered in the old upper levels of the mine. It is highly unlikely, though, that the deepest levels will ever be reopened.

The other notable feature of the town is the metal smelter, currently owned by Namibia Custom Smelters, which was sold by Weatherly International to Dundee Precious Metals in 2010. The right of the smelter is currently owned by IXM. The Annual Copper Festival is a well-known event on the local festival calendar.

IUGS geological heritage site
In respect of it being 'one of the richest ore deposits with respect to variety, rarity and aesthetics of minerals in the world', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included the 'Tsumeb Ore Deposit' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'

Sinkhole lakes and the world's biggest meteorite
Near to the town are two large sinkhole lakes, Lake Otjikoto and Lake Guinas ("Gwee-nus"). Guinas, at about 500 m in diameter, is somewhat larger in area than Otjikoto. A pioneering documentary movie about scuba diving in these lakes was made by Graham Ferreira in the early 1970s. The depths of the lakes are unknown, because towards the bottom both lakes disappear into lateral cave systems, so it is not possible to use a weight to sound them. Otjikoto, which has poor visibility (owing to pollution from agricultural fertilizers used nearby), is at least 60 m deep. The water in Guinas is completely clear and well over 100 m deep. Divers who have performed bounce-dives in Guinas to 80 m (strictly speaking, beyond the safe depth for such dives, especially given the altitude of the lake above sealevel) have reported that there was nothing but powdery-blue water below them. Guinas has been in existence for so long that a unique species of fish, Tilapia guinasana, has evolved in its waters.

When South Africa invaded German Southwest Africa, today's Namibia, in 1914, the retreating German forces eventually threw all of their weaponry and supplies into the deep waters of Otjikoto. Some of the material has been recovered for display in museums.

One of the largest and deepest underground lakes in the world lies a little to the east of Tsumeb, on a farm called Harasib. To reach the water in the cave one has either to abseil or to descend an ancient, hand-forged ladder that hangs free of the vertical dolomite walls of the cave for over 50 m. Here, too, SCUBA divers have descended as deep as they have dared (80 m) in the crystal-clear waters and have reported nothing but deep blue below them from one ledge of dolomite to the next with nothing discernible in the depths.

The largest meteorite in the world, called Hoba, lies in a field about forty minutes' drive to the southeast of Tsumeb, at Hoba West. It is a nickel-iron meteorite of about 60 tonnes.

Economy and infrastructure
There are 105 commercial farms around Tsumeb. The area consists largely of rolling hills covered in thorn bush. Tsumeb falls under the dry woodland, savanna vegetation zone. The soil around Tsumeb varies in quality from very fertile red loam through black turf to chalky clay and loam. The district is thus suitable for intensified farming and crop production. There is an abundance of ground water and regular rainfall in the summer months. Irrigation makes the area even more productive. Farmers in the area grow citrus fruits with much success. The main crops grown are maize, sorghum and sunflowers. Cattle farming is also widespread.

Ohorongo Cement was established in 2007. The plant is situated between Tsumeb and Otavi on Farm Sargberg approximately 45 km south of Tsumeb. The plant has a production capacity of 650000 tonnes per annum, almost double the demand of the Namibian domestic market. It is owned by Schwenk KG. Limestone reserves appear to be adequate for approximately 300 years. Tsumeb has a concrete sleeper factory.

Every year the Tsumeb Municipality organises the Tsumeb Copper Festival. More than 200 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and bigger exhibitors showcase their products and services at the annual fair. The festival takes place annually during the last weekend of October at the United Nations Park. The four-day event, which is aimed at boosting the economic competitiveness of the town, draws crowds from all corners of the country and beyond. It also facilitates indirect investments in the hospitality sector.

Tsumeb's stadium, the Oscar Norich Stadium, has a capacity of 1,500.

Transport

The main road leads north, to Ondangwa and onwards to Oshakati and Angola. To the north-east a newly constructed Bituminous Road towards Tsintsabis leads to Katwitwi Border Post and Angola.  To the east, through Grootfontein, the road leads towards  Rundu and Katima Mulilo and to the south, through Otavi to Otjiwarongo and Windhoek.

Tsumeb is connected to the national railway network operated by TransNamib.  Tsumeb was for most of the 20th century the terminus of the line but in recent times the track has been extended a further 260 km to reach Ondangwa.  There have been talks of extending the line to Oshikango and having the Government of Angola build a railroad from the north to connect the two countries together. The junction for the Ondangwa line is located at the "wrong end" of Tsumeb railway station, leaving it a dead end, though a second triangle is provided for through trains to bypass the station.

Tsumeb Airport is an airstrip east of town.

Politics
Tsumeb is governed by a municipal council that has seven seats. Nico Kaiyamo is one of the well-known and established local politicians.

In the 2010 local authority election, a total of 3,120 votes were cast in the city. SWAPO won with approximately 75% of the vote. Of the four other parties seeking seats, Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP) received approximately 15% of the vote, followed by United Democratic Front (UDF, 5%), All People's Party (APP, 2%), and the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA, 2%) Despite being on the ballot, the Congress of Democrats (CoD) did not receive a vote. The 2015 local authority election was again won by SWAPO which gained six seats and 3,149 votes. The remaining seat went to the DTA which gained 291 votes.

The 2020 local authority election was also won by SWAPO which obtained 2,518 votes and gained four seats. The Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), an opposition party formed in August 2020, obtained 1,472 votes and gained two seats. The remaining seat went to the Popular Democratic Movement (PDM, the new name of the DTA) with 199 votes.

Town twinning
  Chesterfield, UK
  Elverum, Norway

Notable residents

 Alfred Angula
 Benjamin Hauwanga
 Mburumba Kerina (1932–2021), co-founder of SWAPO, NUDO, and FCN
 Heino Senekal
 Gervatius Uri Khob

Geography

Climate
Tsumeb has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), with hot summers and mild winters (with warm days and chilly nights). The average annual precipitation is .

Minerals
Tsumeb belongs to the world's most prolific mineralogical sites. The minerals from Tsumeb are unsurpassed in variety and quality of form.
At least 170 mineral species have been cataloged and 20 of these are found nowhere else.  The concentration of ingredients for Tsumeb's mineral formations originates in a sulfide deposit rich in many metals.  A non-arid environment plentiful in oxygen-rich groundwater contributed to leaching and re-deposition of these elements as new minerals, sometimes in crystalline formations.  There are rare secondary minerals of Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Sb and, reflecting the ore deposit chemistry, Ge, Ga and Cd as well. Minerals first described from Tsumeb include, according to Mindat.org:
 rare (but also a few common) arsenates: andyrobertsite, arsenbrackebuschite, arsendescloizite, arsentsumebite, biehlite, calcioandyrobertsite, chudobaite, duftite, ekatite, fahleite, feinglosite, ferrilotharmeyerite, gaitite, gebhardite, gerdtremmelite, helmutwinklerite, jamesite, johillerite, keyite, koritnigite, leiteite, ludlockite, lukrahnite, molybdofornacite, o'danielite, prosperite, reinerite, schneiderhöhnite, schultenite, sewardite, stranskiite, thometzekite, tsumcorite, warikahnite, wilhelmkleinite, zincgartrellite and zincroselite
 unique germanium (bartelkeite, calvertite, eyselite, fleischerite, germanite, itoite, krieselite (germanate topaz), mathewrogersite, otjisumeite, ovamboite, schaurteite and stottite) and gallium (gallobeudantite, söhngeite, tsumgallite) minerals
 others are: kegelite, minrecordite, otavite, plumbotsumite, queitite, sidpietersite (unique thiosulphate), stibioclaudetite, tsumebite and zincrosasite.

Educational institutes and training facilities
Tsumeb is home to a number of primary and secondary schools as well as an Adult Education Center, which resorts under the Ministry of Education and Culture.

Training facilities
 Adult Education Center
 Namibia Institute of Mining and Technology (NIMT), Northern campus
 Polytechnic of Namibia Center
 University of Namibia Center

Schools
 Etosha Secondary School ()
 Tsumeb Secondary School
 Otjikoto Secondary School
 Tsumeb Gymnasium
 Opawa Combined School
 Francis Galton Primary School
 Kuvukiland Primary School
 Tsumeb English Medium Primary School
 Nomtsoub Primary School
 Ondundu Primary School
 St. Francis Primary School

See also
1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike

References

External links

 Official Tsumeb Website
 Mindat mineral location information
 Ohorongo Cement Website
 Tsumeb Website
 Namibia Institute of Mining and Technology website
 The Mineralogical Record: Tsumeb!, special issue, Volume 8, Issue 3 – May/June 1977.

Cities in Namibia
Populated places in the Oshikoto Region
Mining communities in Africa
Populated places established in 1905
Mining in Namibia
1905 establishments in German South West Africa
Geological type localities
First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites

Tsumeb


The Psion Series 3 range of personal digital assistants were made by Psion PLC. The four main variants are the Psion Series 3 (1991), the Psion Series 3a (1993), the Psion Series 3c (1996), and the Psion Series 3mx (1998), all sized . Further, a Psion Series 3a variant with factory installed software for the Russian language was called a Psion Series 3aR, and Acorn Computers sold renamed versions of the Psion Series 3 and 3a marketed as the Acorn Pocket Book and Acorn Pocket Book II.

The Psion Series 3 range was regarded in 2009 by writer Charles Stross as an unsurpassed PDA because of its long battery life (20 to 35 hours), its stable and versatile software, and its durable hardware. Others describe over twenty years of daily use with models such as the Psion 3mx. About 1.5 million Psion 3s were made. The prices were 128 kB at  and 256 kB at .

The Psion Series 3 models were a major advance on the Psion Organiser. They had an original way of managing files: the available program icons are shown in a horizontal line and the associated files display in a drop-down list beneath them. Manufacture of Psion 3s was discontinued in 1998 shortly after the launch of the Psion Series 5 (a Psion Series 4 does not exist, due to Psion's concern of tetraphobia in their Asian markets) and the Psion Siena. Psion's industrial hardware division continue to produce handhelds running the same 16-bit operating system, some 17 years after its introduction on the Psion MC range of laptops and 5 years after Psion Computer's final 32-bit EPOC PDA was released.

All Series 3 variants are powered by two AA battery cells which are easily obtainable, rather than having a specially shaped proprietary battery which are often difficult to replace. All have an internal backup battery in the form of an easily changed small button cell, which allows the main AA batteries to be changed while losing no data files. All have a DC input socket for optional external power-supply via a mains transformer AC adapter.

The Series 3's innovative clamshell design did have some problems: breakages of any of the four hinges; loss of function in the button bar between the two halves of the clam; and deterioration of the cable linking the keyboard half to the screen, leading to a serious display problem with vertical lines appearing.

Psion Series 3s have room for two flash-memory cards, which enabled backup of data. Psion, Acorn and third party software was available loaded onto such memory cards which were available as separate packs.

The Series 3 featured a tone dialing feature using a combination of its built-in loudspeaker and dedicated software for generating tones suitable for telephone systems. It could be used to dial a telephone number by holding the device to the mouthpiece of a tone dialing telephone. The tone dialing feature was integrated into the Psion's Agenda, Contacts and Data applications.

One unique feature of the Psion Series 3 software package was a built-in programming language, Organiser then Open Programming Language (OPL), which enabled users to create their own applications that ran and looked just as system programs. This, along with the rise in popularity of forums such as Compuserve and CIX, led to a significant shareware scene, (still) archived by Steve Litchfield and the 3-Lib shareware library, begun in 1994. This Psion shareware scene was mirrored a few years later by the PalmPilot shareware scene and both were forerunners of the 'app'-centric mobile market that exists today.

The Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset project has produced a small subset of Linux that runs on the Series 3a.

Psion Series 3

The Psion Series 3 was the first truly useful personal digital assistant (PDA). Its purpose was to replace the old-fashioned paper agenda and Rolodex, but it could do much more. Besides the agenda with multiple views, it featured a database, a word processor, a spreadsheet with charts, world times, and more.
With an optional modem, it could connect to the Internet for very basic web browsing and email functionality through the official Psi Mail app. It could be programmed in Organiser Programming Language (OPL), with easy access to menu and computer graphics functions.
The Series 3 had a 240×80 pixel screen of . The backup battery for the Series 3 is a CR1620.

Acorn Pocket Book

Essentially a renamed OEM version of the Series 3 with slightly different on-board software, the Acorn Pocket Book was marketed by Acorn Computers as a low cost computer for schoolchildren, rather than as an executive tool. The hardware was the same as the Series 3, but the integrated applications were different; for example, the Pocket Book omitted the Agenda diary application, which became an optional install from floppy diskette. Other programs were renamed: System became Desktop, Word became Write, Sheet became Abacus and Data became Cards.

Psion Series 3a

The most obvious upgrade to the Psion 3a is a larger screen, now 67% larger than the screen found on the Series 3.  This new screen also had an increased resolution of  and an intermediate "grey plane" which allowed it to display grey in addition to black and white tones. Software designed for the Series 3 would run in a compatibility mode that reproduced the lower resolution of the earlier model, thus preserving the on-screen appearance of such software. The additional resolution made it possible for applications like communications terminals to show 80-column displays on screen in their entirety, as well as facilitating different zoom levels in applications, and giving additional detail to text fonts. Another significant upgrade was to the audio capabilities, introducing the audio recording and playback capabilities demonstrated by the Psion MC series, although no compression was performed on recorded audio which would consume 8 KB of memory per second.

The Series 3a has a NEC V30H CPU (running at 7.68 MHz and thereby twice as fast as the Series 3), a microphone for voice recording, an input/output (I/O) port (for modem, printing and PC synchronization), and 256 kB, 512 kB, 1 MB or 2 MB of random-access memory (RAM). The increased power consumption of the faster processor and larger screen was mitigated by using a lower-voltage version of the V30H, leaving the stated battery life unchanged at 80 hours. The backup battery for the Series 3a is a CR1620. The Psion Series 3a range was revised in 1995 to include models with 1 MB or 2 MB of RAM and more software was factory preloaded into the ROM. This included a spell checker and thesaurus, communication software, games and more, though all of these had been available formerly as optional extras (or in the case of the comms software, as a program loaded from the ROM of the 3Link serial connector) for earlier models.

Acorn Pocket Book II
As a successor to its slightly-modified Pocket Book, Acorn also produced a renamed Series 3a known as the Pocket Book II. This added back some of the applications omitted from the original Pocket Book, so was closer in specification to the standard Psion model. For example, Psion's Agenda application was replaced, although renamed Schedule, and a new Plotter application (graph-plotting software) was added. The Pocket Book II came in either 256 kB, 512 kB or 1 MB variants.

Psion Series 3aR
There was also a modification of the Series 3a for the Russian market named Psion Series 3aR, which had software factory installed directly in the read-only memory (ROM) for the Russian language. All the other Series 3 models had software for the English language factory installed and localization required installation of localization software, which was bundled in the box with the Psion palmtop.

Psion Series 3c

The Psion Series 3c was the next variant after the Psion Series 3a. (A Psion Series 3b does not exist). It has a slightly different external appearance to the earlier variants because a redesigned badge is placed centrally on the lid, the lid has fewer undulations, and a port for an infrared connection is visible. The plastic case is painted matte dark grey. The backup battery for the Series 3c is a CR1620.

The Series 3c, and the later 3mx, have an Easter Egg. In the System Screen, if the  screen displays, then type: , the English anthem "Jerusalem" is played, followed by a list of credits. A user has one try: if mistyped, the System Screen must be killed and restarted by typing +++ before a retry can work.

Psion Series 3mx

The Psion Series 3mx was the last upgrade in the popular 16-bit (SIBO) Series 3 line. Announced in July 1998, after the release of the 32-bit (EPOC) Psion Series 5, the 3mx is essentially an upgraded Series 3c. The 3mx comes in two models: 1 MB and 2 MB.

The Psion Series 3mx and Series 3c have a similar overall external appearance, except the 3mx sports a matte silver metallic paint covering, rather than the dark grey finish of the 3c.

The Series 3mx has a faster processor: a 16 bit NEC V30MX (80C86 compatible) running at 27.684 MHz, and a faster RS232c connection, which was boosted to 115 kbit/s. For compatibility with legacy software the processor speed can be reduced by pressing Ctrl + CapsLock.

All models of the Series 3mx came with a backlit screen, also some 3cs (mainly for the USA market) had backlit screens. The screen backlight can be switched on and off by pressing the space bar whilst the special function key is pressed.

The Series 3mx takes a CR2025 backup battery which is larger than the CR1620 that is used for the previous series 3 Psion models.

Like many other Series 3 models, the 3mx uses an infrared port which can be used to transfer data between two devices.

The ability to browse the World Wide Web on the device was also available through the STNC HitchHiker mobile browser, although it was only available for use with an external modem. Due to the monochrome (black and white) screen, this was often not the most practical way to browse the web.

Accessories

Software packs

Software packs were optional extras. Software was available from Psion PLC or from third parties, such as Purple Software, PsionPages or Widget UK. In later years software became available via download.
The software memory unit slots into either of two bays: there is one bay hidden by a swivel locking door at each end of the Series 3 models. A Mob-i-Mail software package was used to enable sending email via Short Message Service (SMS) and Mobitex networks.

The spell software pack is for the early models that did not have a spell checking facility preloaded.

Memory modules

The older RAM needed a button cell to keep the data stable in the memory. One button cell fitted into each module.

The later memory modules, flash I and flash II, did not need a battery and were cheaper for each capacity (both versions continued being manufactured).

The flash modules did have the limit of needing to be re-formatted entirely to reclaim space from deleted or modified files; old versions of files which were deleted or modified continued to take up space until the module was formatted. This made the RAM modules more desirable for use where the data stored was likely to be changed frequently, as every change with a flash module meant writing a new version of the file into the remaining space.

Psion Travel Modem

The Psion Travel Modem is an optional extra. They were made at the Psion Dacom plc factory in Milton Keynes, England. The connections to the Psion Series 3 and 3a are different from those for the Series 3c and 3mx.

Reception
InfoWorlds Raphael Needleman acclaimed "I've been using the Psion for about a week, and I'm getting pretty attached to it. All it really needs is a bigger keyboard—maybe one of the inflatable keyboards I've heard people joke about." PCMags Jonathan Matzkin said "With an improved keyboard and a more adjustable screen, the Series 3 would clearly be the new leader in the palmtop field."

See also
 Psion (company)
 Psion Organiser
 Psion Series 5
 Psion Series 7

References

External links

Unofficial history of Psion
Official Psion PDA Support Site
Clive Feather's Psion 3 stuff
David MacKay's repair tips

Psion devices
Computer-related introductions in 1991
Personal information managers

Psion Series 3