Reefer Madness (originally made as Tell Your Children and sometimes titled The Burning Question, Dope Addict, Doped Youth, and Love Madness) is a 1936 American exploitation film about drugs, revolving around the melodramatic events that ensue when high school students are lured by pushers to try marijuanaupon trying it, they become addicted, eventually leading them to become involved in various crimes such as a hit and run accident, manslaughter, murder, conspiracy to murder and attempted rape. While all this is happening, they suffer hallucinations, descend into insanity, associate with organized crime and (in one character's case) commit suicide. The film was directed by Louis J. Gasnier and featured a cast of mainly little-known actors.

Originally financed by a church group under the title Tell Your Children, the film was intended to be shown to parents as a morality tale attempting to teach them about the dangers of cannabis use. Soon after the film was shot, it was purchased by producer Dwain Esper, who re-cut the film for distribution on the exploitation film circuit, exploiting vulgar interest while escaping censorship under the guise of moral guidance, beginning in 1938–1939 through the 1940s and 1950s.

The film was "rediscovered" in the early 1970s and gained new life as an unintentional satire among advocates of cannabis policy reform. Critics have called it one of the worst films ever made and has gained a cult following within cannabis culture. Today, it is in the public domain in the United States.

Plot
Mae Coleman and Jack Perry are an unmarried couple who live together (in the jargon of the times, they live in sin) who sell marijuana. The unscrupulous Jack sells the drug to teenagers over Mae's objections; she'd rather stick to an adult clientele. Ralph Wiley, a sociopathic college dropout turned dealer, and siren Blanche help Jack recruit new customers. Ralph and Jack lure high school student Bill Harper and college student Jimmy Lane to Mae and Jack's apartment. Jimmy takes Bill to a party where Jack runs out of reefer, and Jimmy, who has a car, drives him to pick up more. When they get to Jack's boss' "headquarters", Jimmy asks for a cigarette as Jack gets out and he gives him a joint. By the time Jack returns, Jimmy is unknowingly high; he drives away recklessly and hits a pedestrian. A few days later, Jack tells Jimmy that the man died of his injuries and agrees to keep Jimmy's name out of the caseif Jimmy will agree to "forget he was ever in Mae's apartment." As the police did not have enough specific details to track Jimmy down, he indeed escapes punishment.

Bill, whose once-pristine record at school has rapidly declined, has a fling with Blanche while high. Mary, Jimmy's sister and Bill's girlfriend, goes to Mae's apartment looking for Jimmy and accepts a joint from Ralph, thinking it's a regular cigarette. When she refuses Ralph's advances, he tries to rape her. Bill comes out of the bedroom and, still high, hallucinates that Mary is willingly offering herself to Ralph and attacks the latter. As the two are fighting, Jack knocks Bill unconscious with the butt of his gun, which inadvertently fires, killing Mary. Jack puts the gun in Bill's hand, framing him for Mary's death by claiming he blacked out. The dealers lie low for a while in Blanche's apartment while Bill's trial takes place. Over the objections of a skeptical juror, Bill is found guilty.

By now Ralph is paranoid from both marijuana and his guilty conscience. Blanche is also high; at one memorable point she plays the piano more and more rapidly as Ralph eggs her on. The boss tells Jack to shoot Ralph to prevent him from confessing, but when Jack arrives, Ralph immediately recognizes the threat and beats him to death with a stick as Blanche laughs uncontrollably in terror. The police arrest Ralph, Mae, and Blanche. Mae's confession leads to the boss and other gang members also being arrested. Blanche explains that Bill was innocent and agrees to serve as a material witness for the case against Ralph, but instead, she jumps out of a window and falls to her death, traumatized by her own adultery and its role in Mary's death. Bill's conviction is overturned, and Ralph, now nearly catatonic, is sent to an asylum for the criminally insane for the rest of his natural life.

The film's story is told in bracketing sequences, at a lecture given at a PTA meeting by high school principal Dr. Alfred Carroll. At the film's end, he tells the parents he has been told that events similar to those he has described are likely to happen again, then points to random parents in the audience and warns that "the next tragedy may be that of your daughter... or your son... or yours or yours..." before pointing straight at the camera and saying emphatically, "... or yours!" as the words "TELL YOUR CHILDREN" appear on the screen.

Cast

 Dorothy Short as Mary Lane
 Kenneth Craig as Bill Harper
 Lillian Miles as Blanche
 Dave O'Brien as Ralph Wiley
 Thelma White as Mae Coleman
 Carleton Young as Jack Perry
 Warren McCollum as Jimmy Lane
 Pat Royale as Agnes
 Josef Forte as Dr. Alfred Carroll
 Harry Harvey Jr. as Junior Harper
 Richard Alexander as Pete Daly, Pusher (uncredited)
 Lester Dorr as Joe – Bartender (uncredited)
 Edward LeSaint as The Judge (uncredited)
 Forrest Taylor as Blanche's Lawyer (uncredited)

Production and history

In 1936 or 1938, Tell Your Children was financed and made by a church group and intended to be shown to parents as a morality tale attempting to teach them about the dangers of cannabis use. It was originally produced by George Hirliman; however, some time after the film was made, it was purchased by exploitation filmmaker Dwain Esper, who inserted salacious shots. In 1938 or 1939, Esper began distributing it on the exploitation circuit where it was originally released in at least four territories, each with their own title for the film: the first territory to screen it was the South, where it went by Tell Your Children (1938 or 1939). West of Denver, Colorado, the film was generally known as Doped Youth (1940). In New England, it was known as Reefer Madness (1940 or 1947), while in the Pennsylvania/West Virginia territory it was called The Burning Question (1940). The film was then screened all over the country during the 1940s under these various titles and Albert Dezel of Detroit eventually bought all rights in 1951 for use in roadshow screenings throughout the 1950s.

Such education-exploitation films were common in the years following adoption of the stricter version of the Production Code in 1934. Other films included Esper's own earlier Marihuana (1936) and Elmer Clifton's Assassin of Youth (1937) and the subject of cannabis was particularly popular in the hysteria surrounding Anslinger's 1937 Marihuana Tax Act, a year after Reefer Madness.

Preservation and copyright status

The concept of after-market films in film distribution had not yet been developed, especially for films that existed outside the confines of the studio system, and were therefore considered "forbidden fruit." For this reason, neither Esper nor original producer George Hirliman bothered to protect the film's copyright; it thus had an improper copyright notice invalidating the copyright. Over 30 years later, in the spring of 1972, the founder of NORML, Keith Stroup, found a copy of the film in the Library of Congress archives and bought a print for $297. As part of a fundraising campaign, NORML showed Reefer Madness on college campuses up and down California, asking a $1 donation for admission and raising $16,000 () toward support for the California Marijuana Initiative, a political group that sought to legalize marijuana in the 1972 fall elections. Robert Shaye of New Line Cinema eventually heard about the underground hit and went to see it at the Bleecker Street Cinema. He noticed the film carried an improper copyright notice and realized it was in the public domain. Seeking material for New Line's college circuit, he was able to obtain an original copy from a collector and began distributing the film nationally, "making a small fortune for New Line."

In 2004, Legend Films restored and colorized a print of the film, featuring intentionally unrealistic color schemes that add to the film's campy humor. The smoke from the "marihuana" was made to appear green, blue, orange and purple, each person's colored smoke representing their mood and the different "levels of 'addiction. Film Freak Central criticized the colorization, writing that the color choices would better suit a film about LSD than a film about cannabis.

Reception and legacy
Reefer Madness is considered to be a cult classic and one of the most popular examples of a midnight movie. Its fans enjoy the film for the same unintentionally campy production values that made it a hit in the 1970s.

The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 39% approval rating with an average rating of 4.4/10 based on 26 reviews. Metacritic, on the other hand, assigned a score of 70 out of 100, based on 4 critics, which suggests "generally favorable reviews".

The Los Angeles Times has claimed that Reefer Madness was the first film that a generation embraced as "the worst." Leonard Maltin has called it "the granddaddy of all 'Worst' movies." Las Vegas CityLife named it the "worst ever" runner-up to Plan 9 from Outer Space.

Adaptations

The song "Reefer Madness" by space rock band Hawkwind is featured on their 1976 album Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music.

A 1992 stage adaptation by Sean Abley first opened in Chicago.

Clips from the film appear in the video for "Smoke the Sky", a song by American rock band Mötley Crüe from their self-titled 1994 album, with lyrics concerning marijuana use.

The film was satirized in an eponymous 1998 stage musical, later adapted as a 2005 television movie musical featuring Alan Cumming, Kristen Bell, Christian Campbell, and Ana Gasteyer.

The colorized DVD release featured a comedic audio commentary by writer, comedian and actor Michael J. Nelson of Mystery Science Theater 3000 and RiffTrax (later Mike would be joined by Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett in live and studio versions).

The video game L.A. Noire includes a case, available as DLC, titled "Reefer Madness", centered around LAPD Detective Lieutenant Cole Phelps investigating a conspiracy by Mexican pushers and a crooked factory owner to sell marijuana by hiding it in soup cans, before raiding the headquarters of the pushers' "boss" and busting the operation.

See also
 Hemp for Victory
 Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue
 List of films considered the worst
 List of films in the public domain in the United States
 Perversion for Profit
 Sex Madness
 How to Undress in Front of Your Husband
 Reefer Madness (musical)

References

External links

1936 drama films
1930s independent films
1936 films
1936 in cannabis
American black-and-white films
American drama films
American exploitation films
American films about cannabis
American independent films
American social guidance and drug education films
Anti-cannabis media
Articles containing video clips
Drugs in the United States
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Louis J. Gasnier
Films adapted into plays
1930s rediscovered films
Rediscovered American films
1930s American films
Films about addiction
Films about the illegal drug trade
Stoner films
Films about drug use in the United States
Films about teenagers
American propaganda films

Reefer Madness


Jin Shengtan (; 1610?7 August 1661), former name Jin Renrui (), also known as Jin Kui (), was a Chinese editor, writer and critic, who has been called the champion of Vernacular Chinese literature.

Biography

The year of Jin's birth is unclear, with some sources reporting 1610 and others 1608. The former estimate is based on the fact that Jin's son was 10 years old in East Asian age reckoning in 1641, and is generally accepted by scholars.  He was born Jin Renrui in the town of Suzhou, a place celebrated for its culture and elegance.  Jin's family was of the scholar-gentry class, but was constantly plagued by sickness and death, which led in turn to little wealth.  Jin's father was apparently a scholar.  Jin began schooling relatively late, attending a village school at the age of nine.  He displayed great intellectual curiosity, and had somewhat unusual ideas.  However, he was a conscientious student.  Early in life, he took the style name "Shengtan", a phrase from the Analects meaning "the sage [Confucius] sighed".  He passed only the lowest of the imperial examinations, and never held public office.

In his writings, Jin showed a great interest in the ideas of Chan Buddhism.  He claimed that this interest began early, when he first read the Lotus Sutra at the age of 11.  This inclination toward Buddhist ideas became even more pronounced after the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644.  In that year and the one that followed, Jin became conspicuously more depressed and withdrawn, as well as more receptive to Buddhism.  The 20th century scholar Zhang Guoguang attributed this change to the fall of the short-lived Li Zicheng regime.  Throughout his life, Jin's interest in Buddhism affected his views, and he considered himself a mere agent of the forces of eternity.

Jin is sometimes said to have been known by the name Zhang Cai (), but this appears to be a mistake due to confusion with a contemporary, Zhang Pu.

Death

In 1661, Jin joined a number of literati in protesting the appointment of a corrupt official.  The protesters first petitioned the government, and then staged a public rally.  This was met with swift retaliation from local officials, and Jin was sentenced to death. This incident is sometimes called "Lamenting at the Temple of Confucius" (), and led to a stifling of political dissent for years after. Before his death, Jin supposedly joked, "Being beheaded is the most painful thing, but for some reason it's going to happen to me. Fancy that!" In a 1933 essay, noted writer Lu Xun admits that this quote may be apocryphal, but condemns it as "laughing away the cruelty of the human butcher".

Literary theory and criticism

He was known for formulating a list of what he called the "": the Zhuangzi, the poem Li Sao, Shiji, Du Fu's poems, Romance of the Western Chamber, and the Water Margin. This list contained both highly classical works, like Li Sao and Du Fu's poems, and novels or plays in vernacular Chinese that had their origins in the streets and marketplace.  The six works were chosen based on their literary merit, as opposed to their upstanding morals. For these reasons, Jin was considered an eccentric and made many enemies among the conservative Confucian scholars of his day. Jin edited, commented on, and added introductions and interlinear notes to the popular novels the Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and the Yuan dynasty drama, Romance of the Western Chamber.

Jin is often grouped with Mao Zonggang, and Zhang Zhupo as commentator/editors. Mao's commentarial edition of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Zhang's commentary on The Plum in the Golden Vase featured  (讀法 lit. "way to read") which interpreted the novels using a vocabulary and critical standards which up to then had been limited to poetry and painting. This innovation raised the status of fiction for Chinese readers and made the writing of fiction into a respectable activity for educated people.

Jin believed that only the emperor and wise sages could truly "author" a work. He points out that even Confucius took pains to avoid being named the author of the Spring and Autumn Annals. In Jin's view, the authoring of books by commoners would lead to the undermining of heavenly order and peace.  He saw his commentary as the only way to minimize the damage caused by books "authored" by those who were unworthy to do so. In writing his commentaries, Jin firmly believed that the story that was written should be read on its own terms, apart from reality.  In his commentary on Romance of the Western Chamber, he wrote, "the meaning lies in the writing, and does not lie in the event".  In other words, it is the story that is written that matters, rather than how well that story emulates reality.  At the same time, Jin believed that authorial intention is less important than the commentator's reading of a story.  In his Romance of the Western Chamber commentary, he writes, "Xixiang Ji is not a work written by an individual named Wang Shifu alone; If I read it carefully, it will also be a work of my own creation, because all the words in Xixiang Ji happen to be the words that I want to say and that I want to write down".

Major works

Commentary on the Water Margin

Jin's first major critical activity, completed in 1641, was a commentary on the popular Chinese novel the Water Margin. The commentary begins with three prefaces, in which Jin discusses his reasons for undertaking the commentary, and the achievements of the work's putative author Shi Nai'an.  The next section is entitled "How to Read the Fifth Work of Genius".  In addition to advice for the reader, this section contains Jin's thoughts on the literary achievements of the novel as a whole.  The novel itself comes next, with introductory marks preceding each chapter, and critical comments inserted frequently between passages, sentences, and even words of the text.

Jin's version of the Water Margin is most well known for the drastic alterations that he makes to the text.  Earlier versions of the text are 100- or 120-chapter in length.  Jin deletes a large portion of the story, from the second half of chapter 71 to the end of the novel.  In order to bring the modified text to a conclusion, he composes an episode in which Lu Junyi has a vision of the execution of the band, and amends this to the second half of chapter 71.  Jin also combines the Prologue of earlier editions with the first chapter, creating a new, single chapter titled "Induction".  This forces the renumbering of all subsequent chapters, so Jin's version of the Water Margin is referred to by scholars as the "70-Chapter Edition".  In addition to the large changes described above, Jin also changes the text of the remaining chapters in three general ways.  First, he improves the consistency of some sections, such that, for example, chapters whose content do not match their titles receive new names.  Secondly, Jin makes the text more compact by removing sections that he feels do not advance the story, and by excising the incidental Shi and Ci verses.  Finally, Jin makes subtle changes to the text for pure literary effect.  These changes range from emphasizing the emotions of characters to changing story elements to make them more compelling.

Jin's critical commentary frequently oscillates between sympathizing with the individual bandit-heroes and condemning their status as outlaws. On one hand, he criticizes the evil official system that has led many of the 108 heroes to become bandits.  He also expresses admiration for several of the men.  On the other hand, he calls the band "malignant" and "evil".  He especially criticizes Song Jiang, the leader of the group.  Jin's removal of the last 30 (or 50) chapters of the novel can be seen as an extension of his condemnation of banditry.  In these chapters, the bandits are pardoned by Imperial edict, and are put in service of the country.  Jin's version, by contrast, has all of the bandits captured and executed.  He follows this ending with eight reasons why outlawry can never be tolerated.

Later readers of Jin have advanced two main theories for his divergent positions of admiring the bandits and yet denouncing them as a group.  Hu Shih argues that China during Jin's life was being torn apart by two bands of outlaws, so Jin did not believe that banditry should be glorified in fiction.  This agrees well with Jin's philosophy.  His Buddhist and Taoist beliefs advocated natural development for every individual in society, while the Confucian part of him respected the emperor and the state as the ultimate authority.  The other possibility is that Jin's attempt to reimage the novel into a condemnation of the bandits was to save the novel after it had been banned by the Chongzhen Emperor.  This second theory is far-fetched, as the emperor's decree banning the novel was not promulgated until a year after the completion of Jin's commentary. Jin's views on the characters aside, he has unconditional praise for the novel as a work of art.  He praises the vivid and lively characters of the novel, saying, "The Water Margin tells a story of 108 men: yet each has his own nature, his own temperament, his own outward appearance, and his own voice".  He also praises the work's vivid description of events, frequently remarking that the prose is "like a picture".  Finally, Jin appreciates the technical virtuosity of the author, and names 15 separate techniques used by Shi Naian.

Commentary on the Romance of the Western Chamber

In 1656, Jin completed his second major commentary, written on the Romance of the Western Chamber, a 13th-century Yuan dynasty play. This commentary follows a structure very similar to Jin's earlier commentary on the Water Margin.  It begins with two prefaces outlining Jin's reasons for writing the commentary followed by a third with notes on how the play should be read.  The play itself follows, with introductory marks preceding each chapter and critical comments frequently inserted in the text itself.  Jin undertakes fewer major structural alterations in this commentary than he does in critiquing the Water Margin. Each of parts I, III, IV, and V of the play is originally preceded by an "Induction". Jin merges these into the acts themselves.  Part II of the play originally consists of five acts, which Jin condenses into four by merging the first and second acts.

As with the Water Margin, Jin frequently makes editorial changes to the play itself.  These changes fall into two broad categories.  Many changes are made in order to make the play's two young lovers, Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying, act and speak in accordance with their high class backgrounds.  Jin particularly expresses his admiration for Yingying's beauty and character, and modifies any scenes which he feels painted her in too vulgar a light.  Other changes are made for the simple reason of achieving superior literary effect.  In the arias of the play, these changes include removing supernumerary words and changing words to more vivid descriptors.  The strict metrical requirements of the aria format makes it difficult for Jin to make large-scale changes to these sections.  However, some changes do violate the rhyme scheme as it existed during the Tang dynasty or the rules of prosody.  In the spoken sections of the play, Jin is much more liberal in making editorial changes.  Many of these are intended to accentuate the emotions of the characters.  The end result is that Jin's version of the play is an excellent literary work, but was viewed by contemporaries as unfit for the stage.

In his commentary, Jin frequently criticizes previous "unknowledgeable" readers, saying that they have missed many hidden meanings in the text.  He sees it as his duty as a knowledgeable reader to reveal these meanings which the author has placed for him to find.  In doing so, Jin also has the goal of portraying the play as worthy of study due to its deep technical, artistic, psychological, and social dimensions.  In content, much of Jin's critical comments focus on the skill of the author in conveying emotions.  Jin praises Romance of the West Chamber as "[one of the most] marvelous [pieces of] writing between heaven and earth".  Other comments focus on Yingying. As mentioned above, Jin feels that she is the central character of the play, and a woman of great beauty and character.  Jin feels that the play shows a great degree of unity and tightness in its structure.  This opinion can be seen explicitly in his comments, as well as in the fact that he does not make structural alterations to the play to nearly the degree as in his version of Water Margin.  Jin does, however, comment on Part V of the play.  This part has been thought by some commentators to be a continuation added by an author other than Wang Shifu.  Jin agrees with this view, criticizing the last part as being inferior in quality to the previous sections and continuing the story past its vital point.

Reputation and legacy

Many of Jin's contemporaries admired him as a man possessing great literary talent.  Qian Qianyi, a famous scholar, official, and historian of the late Ming dynasty, proclaimed that Jin was possessed by a spirit, explaining his talent.  In a biography of Jin, Liao Yan wrote that Jin had discovered the entire secret of competition.  Some contemporaries and later writers did denounce Jin on moral grounds.   Jin's contemporary Kui Zhuang called him "greedy, perverse, licentious, and eccentric".

After the May Fourth Movement in 1919, scholars such as Hu Shih began to advocate the writing of novels in Vernacular Chinese.   As a result, Jin gained recognition as a pioneer in the field of Chinese popular literature.  Hu Shih himself praised Jin in the preface to his commentary on the Water Margin, saying, "Sheng-t'an's ability to debate was invincible; his pen was most persuasive.  During his time, he had the reputation of a genius.  His death was also a case of extreme cruelty, which shook the whole country.  After his death, his reputation became even greater".  Liu Bannong, another scholar of the era, also praised Jin's version of Water Margin as the best edition in terms of literary value.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, many common views on history changed.  Under the Communist government, Water Margin became a tale of peasant resistance to the ruling class, and Romance of the West Chamber symbolized the casting off of the outmoded traditional marriage system.  Jin's critiques and editorial modifications of these works did not mirror the world view of Marxism, however, and he began to be criticized.  In more recent years, however, Chinese historians have adopted a more balanced view of Jin.

Notes and references

Further reading

External links

 Chin Shen T'an (Jin Shengtan), "Preface to 'Sui Hu' [Shuihu Zhuan]," (translated by "T.K.C.") The China Critic  (7 March 1935):  234–235. Accessed through China Heritage Quarterly

1610 births
1661 deaths
Chinese literature
Chinese literary critics
Qing dynasty novelists
Chinese Confucianists
Ming dynasty people
Writers from Suzhou
Executed Qing dynasty people
Executed Chinese people
People executed by the Qing dynasty by decapitation
Executed people from Jiangsu
17th-century executions by China
Chinese male novelists
17th-century Buddhists
Ming dynasty Buddhists
Qing dynasty Buddhists

Jin Shengtan


Stratfield Saye is a small village and civil parish in the Borough of Basingstoke and Deane and the English county of Hampshire. The parish includes the hamlets of West End Green, Fair Oak Green and Fair Cross.

Etymology
The name means 'Street-Field of the Saye family'. The street was the Devil's Highway, the Roman road from London to Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) which forms the northern parish boundary. Some older sources use the alternative spelling Strathfieldsaye, Stratford Saye, and Stratford Sea.

Stratfield Saye House was built around 1630 as the Pitt family home, from fortunes made by Thomas "Diamond" Pitt. In the late 18th century the family were closely related to the  Prime Ministers, William Pitt the Elder and William Pitt the Younger. It has been the home of the Dukes of Wellington since 1817.

The church

The parish church, near the house, is an unusual domed Georgian building with the plan of a Greek Cross. It contains memorials to the Barons Rivers and to most of the Dukes of Wellington, except the famous first duke. His funerary hatchment may, however, be seen.

James Gerald Joyce (1819-78) was rector here from 1855 until his death. His interests were in archaeology and he led excavations at Calleva Atrebatum where he discovered the Silchester eagle in 1866. His wife Ellen Joyce was notable for her support of women emigrating to the empire.

References

External links

Villages in Hampshire

Stratfield Saye


Fox Sports Houston was an American regional sports network that was owned by Fox Cable Networks, a unit of the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of News Corporation, and operated as an affiliate of Fox Sports Networks. The channel, which operated out of facilities based in downtown Houston, Texas, originally began in April 2005 as a sub-feed of sister network Fox Sports Southwest and became a separate 24-hour channel on January 12, 2009.

Fox Sports Houston held the broadcast rights to most of the professional sports franchises based in Houston, carrying games from the Houston Astros (Major League Baseball), Houston Rockets (NBA) and the Houston Dynamo (Major League Soccer); it also carried coverage of collegiate events involving Conference USA members, the Houston Cougars and Rice Owls as well as high school sports events throughout the Houston area. After losing the broadcast rights to the Astros and Rockets to Root Sports Southwest, the network was re-absorbed into Fox Sports Southwest on October 5, 2012.

History
A separate FSN feed for Houston and the surrounding area launched in April 2005, just as the Astros and Rockets were working together to establish their own local sports network with the city's then-dominant cable television provider, Time Warner Cable. For the better part of two seasons (from 2003 to 2005), all Houston Rockets games that were not televised nationally on ABC or ESPN were only available on broadcast television, splitting games between independent station KNWS-TV (channel 51, now Azteca affiliate KYAZ) and WB affiliate KHWB (channel 39, now CW affiliate KIAH). Working out with the new deal with the Astros and Rockets, Fox Sports Networks decided to establish a completely separate feed for Houston and its surrounding outer television markets, however just operating evenings and on weekends, while Fox Sports Southwest continued to transmit in the region in other dayparts.

In addition to Astros and Rockets telecasts, FSN Houston also broadcast games featuring the University of Houston and Rice University football and basketball teams, and local high school sports events. The channel also aired a Houston-branded edition of the Southwest Sports Report, the network's nightly sports news and highlights program. Fox Sports Houston produced Rockets and Astros games for co-owned MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated station KTXH (channel 20).

On January 12, 2009, Fox Sports Houston split from Fox Sports Southwest and relaunched as a 24-hour standalone channel. The new feed allowed the channel to provide more local content and maintain its own identity, as well as air replays of Houston Rockets and Astros games, which it had not been able to do before, according to Ramon Alvarez, spokesman for Fox Sports Houston. It also allowed for more extensive coverage of the city's NFL franchise, the Houston Texans. Fox Sports Southwest's primary Dallas-based feed was previously carried in the Houston market for most non-event programming. The channel was carried only for live game broadcasts on DirecTV and Dish Network, whose viewers continued to receive Fox Sports Southwest as their full-time RSN.

Loss of broadcast rights and re-absorption into Fox Sports Southwest

Fox Sports Houston's partnership with the Rockets ended after the 2011–12 NBA season, and their partnership with the Astros ended after the 2012 Major League Baseball season. The two teams subsequently struck broadcast deals with Comcast (which acquired the cable television franchise rights to the Houston market in a trade with Time Warner Cable in exchange for the latter's Dallas-Fort Worth system in 2007), forming the nucleus of the new regional sports network Comcast SportsNet Houston, which became the home to both teams when it launched on October 1, 2012.

On October 2, 2012, Fox Sports Networks announced that it would shut down Fox Sports Houston three days later on October 5, re-absorbing it into Fox Sports Southwest; the move resulted in the layoffs of some of the network's staff. Longtime network personality Patti Smith remains with Fox Sports as a host for team programming pertaining to the Houston Texans, while Kevin Eschenfelder left the network in late September to join Comcast SportsNet Houston as a reporter. Reporter Greg Lucas also did not continue with Fox Sports; while it was initially unclear if he would join Comcast SportsNet Houston, he ultimately did not move to that network.

References

Fox Sports Networks
Defunct local cable stations in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Texas
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in Texas
Defunct mass media in Texas

Fox Sports Houston


The Northern Ireland Office (NIO) was set up in 1971.  It is a ministry in the British Government which looks after the affairs of Northern Ireland. It head is the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.

The job of Secretary of State is less important now because the Northern Ireland Assembly and the ministers in the assembly do a lot of the work of the Northern Ireland Office.

The devolution of police and justice in April 2010 transferred many of the NIO's previous responsibilities to the Northern Ireland Assembly and its devolved government, the Northern Ireland Executive. The Department of Justice (Northern Ireland) looks after those matters. This transfer of power resulted in a smaller Northern Ireland Office, similar to the Scotland Office and Wales Office.

Politics of Northern Ireland
Departments of the United Kingdom Government

Northern Ireland Office


Percy Wells Cerutty  (10 January 189514 August 1975) was an Australian athletics coach in the 1950s and 1960s.

The eccentric Australian pioneered a home-spun system of "Stotan" training, embracing a holistic regime of natural diets, hard training in natural surroundings, and mental stimulation.

Cerutty coached Herb Elliott to a series of world record performances, culminating in an Olympic gold medal in the 1960 Rome Games.

Early life

Percy Cerutty was born in Prahran, a suburb of Melbourne, in 1895, the seventh child of Harry Richard Cerutty, accountant, and his wife Emily, née Neilson, both Victorians. He was four years old when his mother left her alcoholic husband to raise her six surviving children alone.

In 1907, aged 12, he left school to help support the family but was considered unfit to serve in World War I.  He competed in athletics without distinction, suffering from illness after racing. Despite this fact, Cerutty was still determined to reach his highest potential.

In 1939, at the age of 43 Cerutty was faced with a formative challenge in his life; a nervous breakdown that necessitated taking leave from work at the Postmaster-General's Department and which prompted a reassessment of his life. After this, he began educating himself in healthy living. He focused on running and weight lifting.

Athlete
During World War II, Cerutty began competing in distance running events. At the start of his career he failed to do much more than a jog. However, over the years he started making good strides towards being competitive in the running world. Right before he turned 51 he completed his first marathon in a time of 3 hours and 1 minute. In 1950, he retired from running after becoming the state marathon champion, setting Australian records for 30, 50 and 60 miles (48, 80 and 97 km), having begun the coaching for which he is renowned.

Stotan philosophy

Cerutty's unique "Stotan" philosophies were a blend of Stoic and Spartan principles, a combination that provided Cerutty a base for training his athletes.

In 1946, Cerutty acquired 3/4 acres of land in Portsea with Dorothy Clara Barwell whom he had married in 1921, so that they could start a training camp there. In order to bring this new camp some attention, he ran 80 miles from Portsea to Melbourne. This act is reflective of his overall approach to the sport of distance running.

He introduced this approach to the athletes he trained at his Portsea headquarters.  Training would involve running amongst idyllic environments, along beaches and over dunes, and it mixed poetry and philosophy with athletics training. His athletes would undertake a routine of challenging runs up sand dunes, on bark or wood chip paths, barefoot running and lifting weights frequently.

Athletes training under Cerutty said "You came here with the object of running more quickly, and achievement in running, but really it was an education in life" and "You got a whole philosophy of life and attitudes"

The new philosophy of life included the following tenets:

  Only consumption of whole wheat bread, as white flour was a poison.
  Reduced consumption of alcohol
  No consumption of cigarettes
  No consumption of water or drink with meals or following for a few hours
  No socialising after midnight
His philosophies were considered very strict in his time, and inevitably led to rivalries between Cerutty and other coaches who used different approaches to training.

Cerutty maintained a rivalry with fellow-coach Franz Stampfl whose Interval Training techniques were disliked by Cerutty.

Cerutty's training techniques will always remain controversial among those who study the sport of running. However, Cerutty believed that what he was doing created the most physically and mentally tough athletes.

Between 1959 and 1967, Cerutty published six books on his training philosophies.

Diet

Cerutty has been described by Neal Bascomb as eating a "vegetarian root-based diet", however, Cerutty was not a vegetarian in his personal life and in 1959 commented that "a proportion of meat and fish and poultry is included in the diet, liver being a must". Cerutty also preferred bananas and dairy products.

Professional Trainer
Cerutty coached John Landy, Don Macmillan and Les Perry at Helsinki for the 1952 Olympic Games, but in 1953 announced that "All my enthusiasm for the amateur cause has had its day," and registered as a professional trainer with the Victorian Athletic League.

Herb Elliott

Cerutty's greatest successes came through Herb Elliott.  Elliott won two gold medals at the 1958 Empire Games, and set world records at Mile (3:54.5) and 1500 metres (3:36.0) during the year.

Cerutty began coaching Elliott when the runner was eighteen. Elliott was a 4:20 miler when he came to run for Cerutty, and within a few months, he had run 4:06 (a world record at the junior level).

Soon enough, Elliott topped Merv Lincoln to be the top miler in Australia. Lincoln was coached by Cerutty's rival Franz Stampfl. Lincoln and Elliott raced many times, but as Cerutty says of Lincoln "Never did he once beat my Herb Elliott." This quote demonstrates Cerutty's pride in coaching the great Herb Elliott, who continued to be a huge success for Cerutty.

At Rome in 1960, the 22-year-old Elliott set a world record to win the Olympic gold medal in the 1500 metres setting another world record of 3:35.6. Percy Cerutty along with coaches Forbes Carlile and Harry Gallagher provided the expertise for swimmers and athletes during Australia's "Golden Era" but they were disallowed official presence at Commonwealth and Olympic Games because of their "amateur" status.

Elliott broke the 4 minute barrier on 17 separate occasions; an extraordinary feat for athletes during his time period. Elliott was never bettered at the distance of a mile or the 1500.

At one point during his career, Elliott and Cerutty got in an argument. To solve the argument, Cerutty challenged Elliott to a mile race. Whoever won this race would also win the argument. Sure enough they raced and Cerutty was clearly beaten on time; he was racing the top miler in the world who didn't even have to try to win the race between the two of them. However, when Cerutty crossed the line, he told Elliott that he had won because he had put in more effort than Elliott. His point being that regardless of the circumstances, 100% effort should always be put forth. This story reflects accurately upon his "Stotan" training philosophy.

Other athletes

Further athletes trained or assisted by Cerutty included:

John Landy - 1956 Olympic Bronze Medal 1500 metres - World Mile Record
Betty Cuthbert - 1964 Olympic Gold Medal 400 metres - World 440 yards Record
 Middle-distance runners Dave Stephens and Les Perry
 David (Dave) William Power - marathon runner - Olympic bronze medallist; dual Commonwealth Games gold medallist.

Cerutty also helped cyclist Russell Mockridge and boxer Jimmy Carruthers during their sporting careers. His strict training philosophy was not exclusive to distance running and could be transferred effectively to other sports because it taught competitors how to be tough; Cerutty saw his approach as a way of life and a way to train.

Retirement

Cerutty gave up coaching athletes in 1969 and continued to live at his beloved Portsea home - CERES.

Cerutty was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1972 Birthday Honours for services to sport and physical fitness, and described as "Australia's most enigmatic, pioneering and controversial athletics coach".

Posthumously Cerutty was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame for his athletics coaching on 5 December 1989.

Personal life
Cerutty and Dorothy Clara Barwell married at the East Malvern Baptist Church on 7 November 1921. They divorced in 1955, then on 3 March 1958 he married divorcee Ellen Ann ('Nancy'), née Keene, late Armstrong, at the Unitarian manse, East Melbourne. He died of motor neurone disease on 14 August 1975 at his home in Portsea and is buried at Sorrento cemetery.

References

External links

1895 births
1975 deaths
Australian athletics coaches
Olympic coaches for Australia
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
People from Prahran, Victoria

Percy Cerutty


Sabit Atayevich Orujev (, ; 31 May 1912, Baku – 20 April 1981, Moscow) was Azerbaijani Soviet politician, Deputy Prime-minister of Azerbaijan SSR  (1957-1959), Deputy Minister of Oil Extracting Industry of USSR (1965-1972), Minister of Gas Industry of USSR (1972-1981) and member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1981).

Career
Sabit Orujev was born in the city of Baku, Azerbaijan. His father was a local building contractor and stonemason. At the age of 16 he was teaching in a local school and by the age of 26 he had graduated from the Azerbaijan Industrial Institute. In 1936 he started working for Ordzhonikidzeneft at a compressor station. He became assistant production manager and then production manager of Field 5 for Ordzhonikidzeneft.

In 1939 Sabit Orujev was a deputy head of production at Field 1 for Ordzhonikidzeneft and later production head at Field 9. He was subsequently deputy director of Azneft and later became Director of Stalinneft. In 1946 he became Chief Engineer of Krasnodarneft and in 1948 he was appointed General Director of Aznefterazvetka (Azerbaijan Oil Exploration).

In 1949 Sabit Orujev was transferred to Moscow where he was made Head of Oil Exploration and Production at the Ministry of Oil Production of the USSR. in 1953 he was head of oil production for the Western Regions and by 1955 he had been promoted to Deputy Minister.

In 1957 Sabit Orujev was made Chairman of Sovnarkhoz (Ministry of Economy) of the USSR and from 1960 to 1962 he was Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.

Awards
Orujev was a laureate of the USSR State Prize (twice: 1951 and 1959), Lenin Prize (1970), three Orders of Lenin, Order of the October Revolution, four Orders of the Red Banner of Labour, Hero of Socialist Labour (1980).

External links
 Short Bio in Russian
 Opening of memorial plaque to Sabit Orujov in Moscow

Candidates of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Azerbaijani communists
1912 births
1981 deaths
Politicians from Baku
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Soviet Azerbaijani people

Sabit Orujov


The first AIDS case identified in Brazil was in 1982. Infection rates climbed exponentially throughout the 1980s, and in 1990 the World Bank famously predicted 1,200,000 cases by 2000, approximately double the actual number that was later reported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and most international organizations. South and Southeast have 75% or more of this infection (Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro). The Northeast has 33% of the population but only 10% of AIDS.

The Brazilian experience is frequently cited as a model for other developing countries facing the AIDS epidemic, including the internationally controversial policies of the Brazilian government such as the universal provision of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), progressive social policies toward risk groups, and collaboration with non-governmental organizations.

Prevalence

In 2019, Brazil had 920,000 people living with HIV/AIDS. In 2019, 0.60% of the population had HIV/AIDS. In 2019, there were 14,000 deaths from HIV/AIDS.

History
Brazil's first AIDS case was reported in 1982. Brazil's AIDS response was crafted in 1985, just after Brazil had returned from military rule to democracy, at a time when only four AIDS cases had been reported. The Brazilian Ministry of Health laid the groundwork for a National AIDS Control Program (NACP) in 1986. In 1987, it was placed under the aegis of the National AIDS Control Committee, a group composed of scientists and members of civil society organizations.

The program was reorganized again in 1992 with more emphasis on linkages between government and NGOs.  AIDS Project I garnered $90 million in domestic funds and a $160 million loan from the World Bank between 1992 and 1998. AIDS Project II was funded by of both domestic funds and a World Bank loan totalling $370 million between 1998 and 2002.

In 1990—a year when more than 10,000 new cases were reported—the World Bank estimated that Brazil would have 1,200,000 in infections by 2000. However, by 2002, there were fewer than 600,000 estimated infections, less than half the prediction.

Government policies

Universal ARV provision

The single most controversial element of the Brazilian HIV/AIDS response remains the free, universal provision of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs), including protease inhibitors, starting in December 1996 with Law No. 9313/1996. The guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART) are formulated annually by a Support Committee which determines the diagnostic guidelines and the contents of the ARV cocktail.  In 2003, 125,000 Brazilians received free ART treatment, accounting for 100% of the total registered AIDS cases but only 20% of the estimated AIDS cases.

ART was traditionally considered too expensive in resource-poor settings in developing countries, which are believed to have a poor capacity for adherence to complicated treatments. However, a 2004 study of 322 outpatient services in Brazil—comprising 87,000 patients—found the rate of adherence to be 75%. Some authors also argue that if the decline in hospital admissions and ambulatory care are taken into account, the policy of universal provision of ART has accumulated a net savings of approximately $200 million.

In the context of Brazil, some have challenged the degree to which improvements in public health can be attributed to ART as opposed to other factors. For example, a 2002 World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, states:
The impact caused by the introduction of therapeutic measures, like the antiretrovirals in their different compositions and associations and/or health promotion and protection measured, though evident, has not been completely explored yet.

A 2003 study, using data from diagnoses occurring in Brazil in 1995 and 1996, found that antiretroviral treatment was the single greatest predictor of survival. The authors demonstrate that variables like year of diagnosis, higher education, sexual exposure category, gender, the presence of specific pathogens all appeared to predict survival in a univariate analysis; however, in a multivariate analysis only antiretroviral treatment, diagnostic criteria, and transmission category remained significant. The authors conclude that no factor other than ART "could reasonably explain the very large increase in survival observed" between the 1980s and 1996.

Social policies
Brazil's response has been characterized by reaching out to groups which account for a high percentage of AIDS transmission, including relationships with non-governmental organizations. For example, in contrast to many parts of the world, condoms were prioritized early and aggressively. Condom use in first sexual intercourse increased from 4% in 1986 to 48% in 1999 and to 55% in 2003, spurred by government programs to increase awareness, decrease the price, and increase the availability of condoms.

Prostitute groups were involved in the distribution of information materials and condoms. Similarly, needle exchange programs were implemented.  The prevalence of HIV among injecting drug users (IDUs) fell from 52% in 1999 to 41.5% in 2001.  12 needle exchange programs were implemented between 1994 and 1998; 40 had been implemented by 2000, distributing 1,500,000 syringes in just a year. HIV prevalence among IDU decreased even more dramatically in some cities.

In 1988 comprehensive screening tests were implemented nationwide in blood banks, following a similar program in São Paulo in 1986. The results of these programs were not realized fully until 2000 as a result of the incubation period of the virus, but new cases from blood transfusion became virtually non-existent at that time and new and more effective nucleic acid testing is being considered. Mother-to-child transmission was similarly practically eradicated, falling to a transmission rate of 3%, a level comparable to most developed countries, with the implementation of zidovudine treatment regimes to mother and child and recommendations against breastfeeding.

International conflict

Drug patents
The average annual cost of ART per patient in 1997 was $4,469—compared to over $10,000 in most of the developed world—totaling only $242 million per annum. However, in 2001, Brazil manufactured locally 8 of the 12 drugs in the national ARV cocktail; in 2003 and 2005, 8 of the 15. If all of the drugs were patented imports, the cost of these ARV programs would increase by 32%. Between 1996 and 2000, Brazil reduced treatment costs by 72.5% through import substitution. By contrast, the price of imports dropped by only 9.6%. Brazil has saved over US$1.1 billion in the cost of providing universal access to ART by producing anti-retroviral medications generically.

Article 71 of the 1997 Brazilian patent law requires that foreign products be manufactured in Brazil within three years of receiving a patent. If a foreign company does not comply, Brazil may authorize a local company to produce the drug without the consent of the patent holder, a tactic known as "compulsory licensing" or the "bargaining chip and as a last resort." In addition, Article 68 authorizes "parallel importing" from the lowest international generic bidder, effectively destroying the patent holder's monopoly as well.

Prodded by domestic pharmaceutical lobbies, the U.S. challenged Article 68 within the framework of the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) regime for allegedly discriminating against imported products; Article 71—to the chagrin of many companies—was not included in the complaint. In addition, the U.S. placed Brazil on the "Special 301" watch list, opening the possibility for "unilateral sanctions," and companies individually threatened to pull out of the Brazilian market altogether.

Brazil argued that the law only applied to cases where the patent holder abuses their economic power, a loophole specifically allowed by the TRIPS agreement.  Advocates of intellectual property rights (IPR) worldwide condemned the actions of the Brazilian government. For example, Slavi Pachovski, a member of the Institute for Trade, Standards and Sustainable Development, argues:
If this trend proceeds, it will be a global pandemic of AIDS that will grow uncontrollable because the Brazilian move will destroy the whole legal order that is the basis for developing new drugs and continuing research.

The pharmaceutical companies were not just afraid of the immediate loss of the Brazilian market, but with the larger implications of other developing countries following Brazil's example. Large developing countries, like India, with large industrial capacities and evolving intellectual property regimes are the true elephant in the room.

Brazil invoked the Article 71 for the first time on August 22, 2001, when José Serra, Brazil's Minister of Health, authorized Far Manguinhos—a Brazilian pharmaceutical company—to produce Nelfinavir, a drug patented by Pfizer but licensed to Roche in the Brazilian market. This unilateral action prompted a flurry of negotiations where Roche and Merck agreed to reduce the prices of five drugs by 40-65%.  An advertisement distributed by the Brazilian government proclaimed: "Local manufacturing of many of the drugs used in the anti-AIDS cocktail is not a declaration of war against the drugs industry. It is simply a fight for life."

Brazil carried out such a compulsory licensing threat for the first time in May 2007, on efavirenz, produced by Merck.

The agreements signed on November 14, 2001, at the WTO conference in Qatar reaffirmed that TRIPs "does not and should not prevent Members from taking measures to protect public health" including "medicines for all." That same year, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights affirmed access to AIDS drugs as a human right unanimously, with the exception of the abstention of the United States.

Prostitution
Two 2003 United States laws—one related to AIDS, the other to sex trafficking—required all recipients of U.S. assistance to sign a pledge denouncing prostitution, even if U.S. funds are not used for projects directly related to prostitution. In 2005, Brazil wrote to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) declining to condemn prostitution, effectively rejecting the remainder of a grant for $48 million between 2003 and 2006. In 2006, USAID officially declared Brazil ineligible to renew the AIDS prevention grant because Brazil would not condemn prostitution as "dehumanizing and degrading."

Brazil considered its partnerships with prostitutes—in distributing contraceptives, educating the public about the disease, and voluntary testing—critical to its overall AIDS prevention strategy. One Ministry of Health pamphlet depicts a character, "Maria Sem Vergonha" (Portuguese for "Maria that knows No Shame", but also a pun on the Brazilian name of the flowering genera "Impatiens spp.", maria-sem-vergonha), a scantily-clad sex worker who encourages prostitutes to take pride in their work and use condoms.

Pedro Chequer, director of Brazil's National AIDS Control Programme, was quoted as saying "we can't control [the disease] with principles that are Manichaean, theological, fundamentalist and Shiite" and "sex workers are part of implementing our AIDS policy and deciding how to promote it. They are our partners. How could we ask prostitutes to take a position against themselves?" Despite the fact that Brazil has the largest population of Roman Catholics in the world, the Brazilian Roman Catholic Church has not demanded the abstinence-only prevention strategies, voicing only intermittent "mild complaints" about government programs which refuse to acknowledge moral or religious issues.

A "Brazilian model"
Brazil's Health Minister, José Serra, said in 2001, "Our example could serve as a model for other countries in Latin America, the Caribbean, even Africa. Everyone in the world has the right to access these therapies." Some scholars, such as Levi and Vitória, argue that the Brazilian model can only be applied to other countries with similar level of economic development and civil society sectors. Galvão argues that the unique local conditions in Brazil complicate the application of the Brazilian experience to other regions with their own local problems and structures.

A Washington Post article stated that the Brazilian anti-AIDS program is considered by the United Nations to be the most successful in the developing world, and The Economist echoed this position: "no developing country has had more success in tackling AIDS than Brazil.

See also
 HIV/AIDS in South America

References
 Abadía-Barrero, César Ernesto. (2003). "The Cultural Politics of the Brazilian AIDS Social Movement: A Local and Global Revolution." Latin American Studies Association.

 Brazilian National STD/AIDS Programme. (2003). AIDS Treatment.

 Gentile, Carmen. (2005, June 3). "Brazil Says it will Break AIDS Drug Patents." VOA News.
 Gilman, Susan. (2001). "Brazil, AIDS, and Intellectual Property." TED Case Studies, No. 649, January.
 Lawson, Mary. (2004, February). "Brazil — And the Burden of AIDS." The Worldly.

 Ministry of Health of Brazil. (2001, June). National AIDS Drugs Policy. Brazil: Ministry of Health of Brazil.
 Ministry of Health of Brazil. (2002). Brazilian HIV/AIDS Vaccine Plan. Brazil: Ministry of Health of Brazil.
 Ministry of Health of Brazil. (2003). Brazilian STD/AIDS Policy. Brazil: National STD/AIDS Programme.
 Ministry of Health of Brazil. (2006, March 15). Declaration by the Brazilian Government on harm reduction as a public health strategy, presented at the United Nations Economic and Social Council 49th session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Brazil: Ministry of Health of Brazil.

 Novaes, Hillegonda Maria Dutilh, Luna, Expedito J. A., Goldbaum, Moisés, Kilsztajn, Samuel, Rossbach, Anaclaudia, Carvalheiro, José de la Rocha. (2002). "The Potential Demand for an HIV/AIDS Vaccine in Brazil." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2940.

 Oxfam GB. (2001, May). "Drug Companies vs. Brazil: The Threat to Public Health."
 Pachovski, Slavi. (2005, June 16). Remarks at the National Press Club. "The Future of U.S.-Brazil Trade Relations I the Shadow of Brazil's Piracy of American Intellectual Property."
 Pan American Journal of Public Health. (2001). "Brazil fights for affordable drugs against HIV/AIDS."  9 (5): 331–337.
 Phillips, Michael M., and Moffett, Matt. (2005, May 2). "Brazil refuses U.S. AIDS funds, rejects conditions." Wall Street Journal.
 Reel, Monte. (2006, March 2). "Where Prostitutes Also Fight AIDS." Washington Post. p. A14.
 Szwarcwald, CL. (2002). "The impact of national production of ARV drugs on the cost of ARV therapy in Brazil, 1997-2000." Presented at the XIV International AIDS Conference.
 Schwartz, Karyn. (2001). "Brazil: A Model Response to AIDS?." NewsHour.
 Teixeira, Paulo R. Vitória, Marco Antônio, and Barcarlo, Jhoney. (2004). "Antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: the Brazilian experience." AIDS 18 (suppl 3): S5-S7.
 Wadia, Roy. (2001, August 16). "Brazil's AIDS policy earns global lauds ." CNN.

Notes

External links
 Brazilian National STD and AIDS Programme
 AIDSPortal Brazil page

HIV/AIDS in Brazil


Dynasty is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 23, 1979.

Track listing
I Was Made For Lovin' You
2,000 Man
Sure Know Something
Dirty Livin'
Charisma
Magic Touch
Hard Times
X-Ray Eyes
Save Your Love

Kiss (band) albums
1979 albums
Hard rock albums
Disco albums

Dynasty (album)


A cleruchy (, klēroukhia) in Classical Greece, was a specialized type of colony established by Athens. The term comes from the Greek word , klēroukhos, literally "lot-holder".

History
Normally, Greek colonies were politically independent; they would have a special relationship with the mother city (the metropolis), but would otherwise be independent entities. Cleruchies were significantly different. The settlers or cleruchs would retain their Athenian citizenship, and the community remained a political dependency of Athens – a position reinforced by installing institutions of local government based on Athenian models, such as the council on Samos.

According to Plutarch, cleruchies were assigned to poor Athenian citizens, who would then live overseas while retaining their Athenian citizenship.  However, epigraphical evidence suggests that Athenian cleruchs were more commonly wealthy, and continued to live in Athens while slaves worked on their overseas estates.  Cleruchies thereby became a significant source of private wealth in Athens – the 3,000 kleroi on Lesbos provided 100 talents a year, according to Thucydides.

The first cleruchy is thought to have been Salamis, captured by Athens from Megara in the 6th century BC. Other cleruchies were established on the Thracian Chersonese following its recapture from the Persian Empire after the Greco-Persian Wars of the 5th century BC, and at Chalcis following that city's defeat in a war with Athens. During the period of the Delian League and the Second Athenian League (5th–4th century BC), many more cleruchies were created by Athens such as on Samos.  Athens' system of cleruchies reached its height in the late fifth century, at which point it stretched as far east as Amisos on the Black Sea.  This network of cleruchies was lost at the end of the Peloponnesian war, and never reached this extent again, although some cleruchies were re-established in the fourth century, for example at Lemnos and Samos.

References

Works cited

Further reading
 Endnotes:
 — but Brea is wrongly given as an example, as it was not a cleruchy but a colony (Hicks and Hill, 41 [29]).

Greek colonization
Athenian Empire

Cleruchy


Lloyd Howard Perkins (October 6, 1923 – September 4, 1999) was the first deaf Bishop in the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Biography
He was born in Ogden, Utah, to James Emery Perkins and Lila Luella Bess Perkins. He served as a Stake Missionary in Scottsdale, Arizona, and held many positions in the Church. He served on the High Council in the Salt Lake Park Stake. In his later years, despite poor health, he completed a mission with his wife in the Norway Oslo Mission. He lost his ability to hear due to spinal meningitis. He married Vynola Dean Kernell on June 6, 1946, and later divorced. He married Madelaine Peterson Burton on December 27, 1976.

He did more than serve as the first deaf Bishop for the first deaf ward in the history of the LDS Church. He gave credence to a Utah subculture.  "Having their own ward meant that deaf people were able to be recognized as having their own language," said Perkins' son.

Public life
He influenced the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. He served on the Governor's Committee to educate others about the act and to fight for total communication teaching in Utah's schools.

"In the 1960s, there was a big fight between all those educators who wanted only lip-reading taught in schools-no sign language. He believed they should teach total communication, or both sign language and lip reading. He led the fight for it," Kerry Perkins said

In 1975, Perkins donated a Teletype machine to the Salt Lake Police Department. It enabled deaf families with a similar unit to call the department when they needed help.

References

External links
Mormon News obituary
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061025110413/http://www.state.nj.us/humanservices/ddhh/Publications/OctMC06.pdf

1923 births
1999 deaths
Deaf religious workers
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People from Ogden, Utah
American deaf people
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from Arizona

Lloyd Howard Perkins


Nationlink is an interbank network and EFTPOS network in the Philippines. Unlike the main Philippine interbank networks, BancNet, ENS, Expressnet and MegaLink, Nationlink does not attempt to compete. Instead, it seeks to complement those networks by extending the reach of ATMs in the countryside, as the main networks are concentrated in urban areas. Its closest competitor is the Encash Network Service. A USAID funded Ateneo de Manila University research suggests that the network is beneficial for handling remittances.

Nationlink's members consist mostly of savings banks, credit unions, rural banks, cooperatives and non-governmental organizations, and is concentrated in rural areas, where ATMs are more limited. The network focuses heavily on the overseas Filipino worker (OFW) market, since many OFWs and their dependents hail from the provinces. It intends to provide services previously unavailable in more remote areas of the Philippines, such as real-time remittance transfers and electronic bank account access.

The network is the first Philippine interbank network to rely largely on wireless communications, specifically on Shops Work Unplugged (SWUP), a product offered by the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT). Nationlink ATMs have built-in wireless modems that communicate with the PLDT landline telephone network wirelessly. Through SWUP, the network can install ATMs almost anywhere.

History
The network debuted in Davao City on May 18, 2006, and is supported by PLDT, Microsoft, Intel and Diebold, as well as other companies. As of 2007 it operated twenty ATMs. By 2007, the network had access to BancNet, Expressnet
and MegaLink.

Member Institutions
Agdao Multi-Purpose Cooperative (AMPC)
Aurora Integrated Multi-Purpose Cooperative (AIMCOOP)
Basey-1 Multi-Purpose Cooperative
Rural Bank of Bato, Inc.
Basak Layog Multi-Purpose Cooperative, Inc. (BLAMPCI)
Alalay Sa Kaunlaran, Inc. (ASKI)
Rural Bank of Cantilan, Inc. (Cantilan Bank; Powered by Bancnet, Of Which Is A Proud Member)
Peoples Bank of Caraga
Catmon Coop
Coop Bank of Tarlac, Inc.
Community Rural Bank of Dapitan, Inc.
Gubat St. Anthony Cooperative, Inc. (GSAC)
Rural Bank of Hilongos, Inc.
Rural Bank of Hindang, Inc.
Rural Bank of Koronadal
Holy Child Multi-Purpose Cooperative (HCMPC)
Loay Multi-Purpose Cooperative
Cooperative Bank Of Quezon Province, Inc. (CBQ)
North East West South Multi-Purpose Cooperative (NEWS-MPC)
Rural Bank of Norzagaray, Inc.
Metro Ormoc Credit Cooperative, Inc. (OCCCI)
Optimum Development Bank (ODB)
Palawan Savings Bank
Palompon Community Cooperative, Inc. (PACCI-MPC)
Perpetual Help Community Cooperative
Perpertual Help Credit Cooperative, Inc. (PHCCI-TACLOBAN)
Pintuyan National Vocation School (PNVS)
Rural Bank of Datu Paglas, Inc.
Rural Bank of Dulag, Inc.
Rural Bank of Gattaran, Inc.
Rural Bank of Jamindan, Inc.
Rural Bank of Paracale, Inc.
Sta. Cruz Development Cooperative (SACDECO)
Rural Bank of San Mateo, Inc. (RBSMI)
St. Peter And Paul Multi-Purpose Cooperative (SPMPC)
Tayabas Community Multi-Purpose Cooperative (TCMC)
Rural Bank of Zambales, Inc
Barangka Credit Cooperative

See also
BancNet
Encash Network Service
Expressnet
MegaLink
ATM usage fees

References

External links
Nationlink
Philippine Daily Inquirer article on the launch of Nationlink
Philippine Star article on the launch of Nationlink
Manila Times article on the launch of Nationlink

Interbank networks
Financial services companies of the Philippines
Companies based in Makati

Nationlink (interbank network)


Saint Patrick's Church is a Catholic parish located at 4330 St. Patrick Drive in Iowa City, Iowa. The church is part of the Diocese of Davenport. The parish was formerly located at 228 East Court Street, near downtown Iowa City, before its church building was destroyed by a tornado in 2006.

History
St. Patrick's is the second parish founded in Iowa City after St. Mary's, which was established in 1841. The Rev. M. V. Rice celebrated the first mass for St. Patrick's parish in the former Trinity Episcopal Church on March 23, 1873. The building was on Dubuque Street, near Burlington, and had been remodeled for the parish's use. The parish's long-time home at Court and Linn Streets was obtained on August 31, 1876.  The cornerstone for the new church was laid on June 13, 1878. Although incomplete, the first Mass in the new church was celebrated on February 2, 1879.  The Gothic Revival building was built for $18,000. The rectory was built in 1908, and a convent for the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built in 1910. Bishop Davis formally dedicated the church on January 29, 1916.

Classes for the parish school were held in various locations until the cornerstone for its first school building was laid on March 14, 1885.  The building was doubled in size in 1896. A new combination grade school and high school building was opened in 1922. In the 1950s Bishop Hayes requested that the Iowa City parishes plan for a new central high school to replace those at St. Mary's and St. Patrick's. The result, Regina High School, was built on Rochester Avenue and dedicated on August 31, 1958. In the fall of 1968 the Catholic grade schools were merged and formed the Iowa City Catholic Grade School in the St. Patrick's school building. The sisters moved into the St. Mary's convent.  In 1972 the 7th and 8th grades were moved to Regina, and the remaining grades moved in the 1990s.

2006 tornado

On April 13, 2006, the Iowa City area was hit by an F2 tornado. During the course of the storm, St. Patrick's Church was heavily damaged. Most of the roof of the church building was torn off during the storm, and the 80-foot steeple was knocked over as well. The adjoining rectory also sustained damage. As Holy Thursday services had taken place on this date, there were people present at St. Patrick's during the storm. The Mass of the Lord's Supper had finished just before the storm. People took shelter in the basement of the rectory. No one at the church at the time was injured or killed.

Because of the storm, Mass for the remainder of Holy Week and Easter were held at Regina High School. The pastor, Rev. Rudolph Juarez stated at the time that the current church building was probably a total loss. He was not yet sure what form the new parish buildings would take, but Juarez said that the parish would rebuild.

In September 2006, it was announced that St. Patrick's Church would be moved to the east side of Iowa City. The plans were to build a much larger church with a capacity of 1000 people (the old church could hold 300). On December 26, 2006, the rectory was torn down by Peterson Contractors Inc. of Reinbeck. The 130-year-old church building was torn down as well after asbestos removal delayed the demolition. The construction of the new parish church was completed in November 2009, with a dedication ceremony held on November 29, 2009.

See also

 Easter Week 2006 tornado outbreak sequence

References

External links

 Church Website
 Article on the storm from the KCRG web site
 1,181 Photos of the Iowa City April 13 tornado damage (University of Iowa) -Image Gallery, Picture of actual tornado over downtown, etc.

Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport
Religious organizations established in 1873
Churches in Iowa City, Iowa
Roman Catholic churches completed in 2009
21st-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States

Saint Patrick's Church (Iowa City, Iowa)


Oceana High School (West Virginia) was a high school located in Wyoming County, West Virginia.  It was closed in 2002 after consolidating with nearby Baileysville High School to form Westside High School.

Oceana High School's mascot was the Indian and the school colors were red and gray.

Throughout its history, Oceana High School had a very prolific athletic department.

Oceana High School won the AA Boys State Basketball Championship in 1963, 1965 and 1994.  The boys basketball team was AA State Runners Up in 1960 and 1993. The boys basketball team was the 2001 A State Runners Up and in 1949 were the State Class B Runners Up in Boys Basketball.  In total, Oceana High School boys basketball accumulated 23 Sectional Titles, 14 Regional Titles, 4 State Runners Up and 3 State Championships before consolidation in 2002.

Oceana High School also had three AA State Runners Up appearances in Football.  Those years were 1968, 1970 and 1971.

Oceana High School had one AA State title game appearance in baseball in 1997.  They finished as the runner up.

Oceana High School also won back to back AA State Championships in Track and Field in 1972 and 1973.

Feeder schools for Oceana High School included Oceana Middle School, Matheny  Elementary School, Kopperston Elementary School, Glen Fork Elementary School, Clear Fork Grade School (now Council on Aging) and Road Branch Elementary School.

Notable alumni
Joe Pendry a former American football coach. From 1971 until 2010, he was an assistant coach or offensive coordinator for multiple teams in both the collegiate and professional ranks.

External links
Oceana High School Alumni Association

Defunct schools in West Virginia
Educational institutions disestablished in 2002
Former school buildings in the United States
Schools in Wyoming County, West Virginia

Oceana High School (West Virginia)


Oscar Vicente Scavone (born July 2, 1955 in Asunción) is a successful Paraguayan businessman and former president of one of the nation's premier soccer teams, Club Olimpia.

Scavone, son of Pascual Scavone, a pioneer in the Paraguayan pharmaceutical industry, was vice-president of Club Olimpia between 1994–1994 and 1996–1999, during the presidency of former president Osvaldo Domínguez Dibb, and President from 2004–2006. Scavone is a third-generation Olimpia president in the family, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather.

Oscar Vicente Scavone has recently been appointed the role of economic adviser to newly elected Paraguayan president Horacio Cartes.

He resides in Asuncion, where he runs a group of companies in the Pharmaceutical, Plastic and Graphic industry, highly developed companies that export to the Mercosur and other countries in Latin America. Among his main activities are: President of Grafica Mayo S.A. (1980 until today); Founder and President of the Board of Directors of Laboratorios de Productos Eticos S.A. (1983 until today); Member of the Board of Directors of PROGRESO Sociedad de Ahorro para la Vivienda (1983 to 1992); Member of the Board of Directors of the Camara y Bolsa Paraguaya de Comercio (1984/1985); Founder and President of the Board of Directors of Viscount Plasticos S.A. (1988 until today); President of the Camara de la Industria Quimica Farmaceutica del Paraguay, CIFARMA, (2004/2008); Member of the Board of Directors of Vicente Scavone & Cia, Laboratorios Lasca, since 1980 and First Vice-President from 2004 until today; and President of the Consejo Empresarial de America Latina, CEAL, Capitulo Paraguay, (2011/2012).

Notes

External links
Asuncion newspaper article on Scavone's resignation
Club Olimpia official website
Sitio oficial de Laboratorios de Productos Eticos S.A.
Sitio oficial de Laboratorios Lasca
Sitio oficial de Viscount Plasticos S.A.
Sitio oficial de Grafica Mayo S.A.

Club Olimpia presidents
Living people
1955 births

Oscar Vicente Scavone


Hans Waldemar Wessolowski (Graudenz, Germany August 19, 1893 – Westport, Connecticut 1948) was an artist best known for his many cover illustrations for early pulp magazines like Amazing Stories, Astounding Stories,
Strange Tales  and Clues. His nickname in pulp world was "Wesso" and it is this name that is most commonly cited wherever his art is given credit.

According to Gail Thompson, the great niece of Wesso's wife, Minnie Ross Wessolowski, Hans Wesso came to America in June 1914 in New Orleans, where he jumped ship and swam to shore.

Works
The following is a partial list of his published artwork, according to William Contento's website 'The FictionMags Index' and the French website 'Noosfere':
 interior artwork in Clues 1928 July #1, #2, August #1, #2, October #1 and 2, December #1
 interior artwork in Clues 1929 January #2,
 interior artwork in Clues 1930 April #1, May #1 and #2, June #2, July #2
 interior artwork in Clues August 1934
 interior artwork in Clues 1937 May, June, July August, October
 cover for Air Adventures Oct 1928
 cover for The Danger Trail Oct 1928
 cover for Air Adventures Nov 1928
 cover for The Danger Trail Nov 1928
 cover for Adventure Trails 1929 January, February, April
 cover for Amazing Stories 1929 September, October, November, December
 cover for Wide World Adventures Sept 1929
 cover for Clues Nov #2 1929
 cover for Wide World Adventures May 1930
 cover for Clues 1931 June, November, December
 covers for all 7 consecutive issues of Strange Tales from September 1931 to January 1933
 cover for Clues 1932 April
 cover for Amazing Stories Aug 1930
 covers for the first 34 consecutive issues of Astounding Magazine from Jan 1930 to March 1933
 cover for Astounding Stories 1937 September, November
 cover for Astounding Stories 1938 Jan, March, June, August

Notes

External links

1893 births
1948 deaths
Analog Science Fiction and Fact people
German illustrators
People from Grudziądz
People from West Prussia
Science fiction artists
Pulp fiction artists
German emigrants to the United States

Hans Waldemar Wessolowski


Eliot Daniel (January 7, 1908 – December 6, 1997) was an American songwriter and lyricist who worked primarily in motion pictures. His most well-known composition is the theme from the television sitcom I Love Lucy.

Daniel was born in Boston on January 7, 1908. His first known song was "What Would People Say", released by Decca Records in 1938. He subsequently became a fixture among Hollywood songwriters, with songs recorded by artists such as Guy Lombardo, Dinah Shore, Gene Autry, Bing Crosby, Burl Ives, Sarah Vaughan, and Marilyn Monroe. He earned Oscar nominations for writing "Lavender Blue" for the 1949 film So Dear to My Heart and for the lyrics to "Never" for 1951's Golden Girl. Collaborating with Johnny Lange in 1947, he wrote the classic Western song "Blue Shadows on the Trail".

Surprisingly, Daniel's most famous composition was outside the mainstream of his movie work: the I Love Lucy theme song. He composed it on the condition that his name would not be associated with it. Being primarily known for film work, he didn't want to be connected to the unproven new medium of television. He was also pessimistic about the prospects for the show's success. Later on, he sought credit for the song and received royalties from syndicated reruns.

In 1957 and 1958, he served as president of the 16,000 member Local 47 of the American Federation of Musicians. During his tenure he led a strike against six motion picture studios.

He died on December 6, 1997 in Placerville, California.

References

External Links

1908 births
1997 deaths
Musicians from Boston
Songwriters from Massachusetts
American lyricists
20th-century American composers
Walt Disney Animation Studios people

Eliot Daniel