The Karl Theodor Bridge (), commonly known as the Old Bridge (Alte Brücke), is an arch bridge in Heidelberg that crosses the Neckar river. It connects the Old City with the eastern part of the Neuenheim district of the city on the opposite bank. The current bridge, made of Neckar sandstone and the ninth built on the site, was constructed in 1788 by Elector Charles Theodore, and is one of the best-known landmarks and tourist destinations in Heidelberg.

History
Although the Karl Theodor Bridge was completed nearly 250 years ago, it is young compared to the age of Heidelberg. The nickname "Old Bridge" dates from the construction of the Theodor Heuss Bridge in 1877 (then known as the Friedrichs Bridge). Since the thirteenth century there have been eight bridges on the site; the current bridge is built on their foundations. The bridge gate () at the south end of the bridge also dates from the Middle Ages.

On March 29, 1945, German troops blew up three of the bridge's arches and two of its pillars, features that were restored after the end of World War II.

Precursors
The Romans built the first bridge in the region of what is now Heidelberg in the first century CE. This wooden pile bridge, located between what are now the districts of Neuenheim and Bergheim, was rebuilt in stone around the year 200. After the Roman bridge collapsed Heidelberg was without a bridge for nearly a thousand years.

The next mention of a bridge over the Neckar is in 1284. Although the exact date of construction is unknown, it is believed to have been built shortly after the foundation of the city of Heidelberg in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century. The bridge was positioned on the site of the current one, directly aligned with the marketplace. As well as connecting the town with Schönau Abbey, the bridge may have encouraged north-south traffic to pass through Heidelberg, rather than around it. The bridge marked the border of the County Palatinate of the Rhine, as the northern bank of the Neckar belonged to the Electorate of Mainz until 1460. The bridge therefore formed part of Heidelberg's defenses, secured by the gate on its southern end.

The first bridge was destroyed by an ice floe in 1288, with several other bridges meeting the same fate after brief life spans. The second bridge was destroyed by an ice flow in 1308, the third in 1340, the fourth around 1400 and the fifth in 1470. Although there are no surviving depictions of these first five bridges, there are two depictions of the sixth by Sebastian Münster, hence its nickname, 'the Münster bridge' (). A small, round woodcut in Münster's 1527 Calendarium Hebraicum shows a simple view of Heidelberg, including the bridge, but there is a much more detailed depiction in the artist's Cosmographia of 1550. In the Heidelberg Panorama a bridge on eight stone pillars is visible, with a covered wooden roadway that is open at the sides. The two towers of the bridge gate can be made out at the southern end of the bridge, while the monkey tower (Affenturm) is on the seventh pillar, towards the north end of the bridge.

On the 2 February 1565 an ice floe destroyed the bridge's covered wooden roadway. The seventh bridge, built on the surviving stone pillars, was known as the "Merian Bridge" (Merian-Brücke), due to its prominence in Matthäus Merian's 1620 engraving of the city. Its appearance was similar to that of its predecessors, except that the span was covered between the monkey tower and the newly constructed Renaissance tower. The bridge survived the conquest of Heidelberg by Johann Tserclaes in 1622 during the Thirty Years' War unscathed, but was demolished on 2 March 1689 by the French under Mélac during the first destruction of the city in the Nine Years' War.

In the stead of a permanent bridge, Heidelbergers used pontoon bridges and river ferries for nearly 20 years. Construction on the eighth bridge finally began in 1786 and lasted for two years. To provide footing, the old pillars were repaired and the bridge was built laterally, again out of wood. The Affenturm was rebuilt in smaller scale at the northern gate, allowing barracks to be built on the second and seventh piers, where the statues of Karl Theodor and Minerva now stand. This bridge also had two stone arches spanning from the river back and between both guardhouses that was retained in the modern bridge. The towers of the bridge  gate that survived 1689 were fitted with canopy roofs in 1714. In 1738, a statue of John of Nepomuk was erected on the Neuenstadt side of the bridge, earning the eighth bridge the name "Nepomuk bridge" (Nepomuk Brücke).

Affenturm

As early as the 15th century there has been a statue of a monkey on the Old Bridge holding a mirror, which disappeared during the Nine Years' War. The current statue was designed by Gernot Rumpf and erected in 1979. The statue holds a mirror in one hand and forms the sign of the horns with the other. Below the monkey is a poem by Martin Zeiler written in 1632, reading,

Why are you staring at me?
Haven't you seen the old Monkey of Heidelberg?
Look to and fro,
There you will find many more of my kind.

(Was thustu mich hie angaff en?
Hastu nicht gesehen den alten Affen zu Heydelberg?
Sich dich hin und her,
Da findestu wol meines gleichen mehr.)

Tourists can place their heads within the monkey's head. Local legend has it that rubbing the mirror brings good luck, rubbing the fingers ensure a return to Heidelberg, and the little bronze-cast mice nearby bring fertility.

See also
List of medieval stone bridges in Germany
 List of bridges in Germany

Notes

References

German
Published references

External links

English
External links

Buildings and structures in Heidelberg
Tourist attractions in Heidelberg
Bridges in Baden-Württemberg
1788 in the Holy Roman Empire

Old Bridge (Heidelberg)


Conexión Latina is a salsa music and Afro-Cuban jazz orchestra based in Germany, which was founded in 1980 by trombonist Rudi Fuesers. From the beginning, the orchestra was formed of musicians from different Latin American countries like Colombia, Cuba, Jamaica, Peru, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Venezuela, creating an original mixture that gave the band its unique sound and made it Europe's leading salsa orchestra.  Among the musicians that have played for Conexion Latina are Benny Bailey, Dusko Goykovich, Larry Harlow, Nicky Marrero, Bobby Shew and Bobby Stern, between others. The quality of Conexion Latina's music is also due to first-class arrangements made by Oscar Hernández, Alberto Naranjo and Marty Sheller, to name just a few. The band also has been invited to selected festivals around Europe, sharing stages with artists such as Tito Puente, Mongo Santamaría, Rubén Blades, Irakere, Willie Colón and Eddie Palmieri.

Discography

1984: Calorcito (Enja)
1986: Un Poco Loco (Enja)
1992: Mambo 2000 (Enja)
1996: La Conexión (Enja)
2001: Mambo Nights (Enja)

References

External links
Conexión Latina home page

Conexion Latina
Afro-Cuban jazz ensembles
Enja Records artists

Conexión Latina


Pro tempore (), abbreviated pro tem or p.t., is a Latin phrase which best translates to 'for the time being' in English.  This phrase is often used to describe a person who acts as a locum tenens ('placeholder') in the absence of a superior, such as the president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate, who acts in place of the president of the United States Senate—a position that is held ex officio by the current vice president of the United States. Legislative bodies can have one or more pro tempore for the presiding officer.  These positions ostensibly go to legislators experienced in floor debate who are familiar with the content and application of relevant rules and precedents and who have a reputation for fairness among their colleagues. The phrase is also used to describe officers appointed on a temporary basis, prior to the formalisation of their appointments.

Mayor pro tem

A common use of pro tempore in the United States is in municipalities such as cities and towns with regard to the position of the mayor. In many cities, the city council appoints one of its members (often its president) to act as mayor pro tempore (pro tem) (or vice mayor) in the absence of the actual mayor.

Judge pro tem
In judicial courts, attorneys that volunteer in proceedings are called "judge pro tem".

Dean pro tem
Universities sometimes appoint heads of faculties temporarily until ratified by a board of governors or senate committee. These positions are titled "Dean pro tem".

Speaker pro tem
The Speaker pro tempore of the United States House of Representatives was a position created after 2001, and the first to hold the position was Patrick McHenry in October 2023.

See also
Ex tempore

References

Latin legal terminology

Pro tempore


The Best Female Tennis Player ESPY Award has been presented annually since 1993 to the professional female tennis player adjudged to be the best in a given calendar year.

Between 1993 and 2004, the award voting panel comprised variously fans; sportswriters and broadcasters, sports executives, and retired sportspersons, termed collectively experts; and ESPN personalities, but balloting thereafter has been exclusively by fans over the Internet from amongst choices selected by the ESPN Select Nominating Committee.

Through the 2001 iteration of the ESPY Awards, ceremonies were conducted in February of each year to honor achievements over the previous calendar year; awards presented thereafter are conferred in June and reflect performance from the June previous. The award wasn't awarded in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

List of winners

See also

 List of sports awards honoring women
 Best Male Tennis Player ESPY Award
 List of WTA number one-ranked players
 WTA Player of the Year Award

References

ESPY Awards
Tennis awards
Women's tennis
Sports awards honoring women
Awards established in 1993

Best Female Tennis Player ESPY Award


Burlington is a city in Alamance and Guilford counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is the principal city of the Burlington, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Alamance County, in which most of the city is located, and is a part of the Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area. The population was 57,303 at the 2020 census, which makes Burlington the 18th most populous city in North Carolina.

History

Alamance County was created when Orange County was partitioned in 1849. Early settlers included several groups of Quakers, many of which remain active in the Snow Camp area, German farmers, and Scots-Irish immigrants.

The need of the North Carolina Railroad in the 1850s to locate land where they could build, repair and do maintenance on its track was the genesis of Burlington, North Carolina. The company selected a piece of land slightly west of present-day Graham. On January 29, 1856, the last spikes were driven into the final tie of the North Carolina Railroad project, uniting the cities of Goldsboro and Charlotte by rail. The next day, the first locomotive passed along the new route. When the iron horse arrived in Alamance County, locals referred to it as "the eighth wonder of the world".

Not long after this historic opening, the railroad realized a pressing need for repair shops. With Alamance County's position along the new line, it became the logical choice for the shops' location. After several debates concerning where the shops would be located, Gen. Benjamin Trollinger, a progressive Alamance County manufacturer, made an offer that settled the matter. Gen. Trollinger owned land just northwest of Graham, and he convinced several other prominent citizens owning adjacent lots to join him and sell their property to the railroad. 57 buildings were constructed between 1855 and 1859, including structures for engine and machine shops, carpentry, blacksmithing, houses for workers and railway officials, and company headquarters. For a brief period, railroad directors changed the name of official name of "Company Shops" to "Vance" (1863–1864), the village returned to the "Company Shops" moniker in July 1864. During the Civil War, Company Shops remained a small village without many public utilities/services like churches or schools. It was only until 1863 that company stockholders approved city street layouts and the sale of private property in the village. Though, properties used for commercial purposes still had to be leased by the company and couldn't be bought. In 1866, the village was officially incorporated as "Company Shops."

Through a series of leases and mergers, the railroad was leased to Richmond & Danville Railroad (1871), working as part of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and in 1893, the North Carolina Railroad was folded into the Southern Railway system. Following the leasing of the railroad to Richmond & Danville, many of the railroad jobs transferred to Richmond and Manchester. With the railroad shops no longer operated there, the citizens of Company Shops decided a new name was needed.  In February 1887, a contest was held to decide a name, and one person submitted the name "Burlington" after seeing it on a passing train. An appointed committee for the town selected the name, and the name was officially changed through North Carolina State Legislature.

Around the turn of the century, Edwin M. Holt established small textile operations along the Haw River and Great Alamance Creek. In 1908, Edwin M. Holt built the first cotton mill in the South. From the establishment of this single factory, Alamance County grew to eventually operate 30 cotton mills and 10 to 15 yarn manufacturing plants employing 15,000 people. Eventually, the early textile venture of Edwin M. Holt became known all over the world as Burlington Industries, and is now headquartered in nearby Greensboro. Throughout this period, Burlington became a prosperous and vibrant little city filled with schools, churches, newspapers, telegraph and telephone lines, roads and a streetcar lineall in keeping with the latest "modern progress" of the times.

Though textiles continued to dominate the local economy well into the 1970s, the people of Burlington knew they could not survive with only one industry. The country's involvement in World War II brought important local economic changes. In 1942, the federal government purchased and leased a  site to Fairchild Aircraft Corporation for the construction of test aircraft. After two years of production, the site was leased to Firestone Tire Company for the Army's tank rebuilding program. At the close of the war, the federal government chose not to leave, but to utilize the property for government contract business. This decision would bring Western Electric to town along with new employees from around the country. Their contracts ensured Burlington's participation during the Cold War manufacturing and testing of emerging defense technologies. Four decades later (1991), however, Western Electric (then AT&T Federal Systems Division) permanently closed.

During this century-and-a-half of economic change, Burlington grew, adapted and prospered. Originally the center of commerce for Company Shops, the downtown area still serves as the heart of today's community with financial services, government services, an expanded library, small shops, eateries and a restored theater. Downtown has also returned to its status as a major employment center, becoming the home to Laboratory Corporation of America, one of the world's largest biomedical testing firms and Burlington/Alamance County's largest employer.

The Alamance Hotel, Allen House, Atlantic Bank and Trust Company Building, Beverly Hills Historic District, Downtown Burlington Historic District, East Davis Street Historic District, Efird Building, First Baptist Church, First Christian Church of Burlington, Polly Fogleman House, Holt-Frost House, Horner Houses, Lakeside Mills Historic District, McCray School, Menagerie Carousel, Moore-Holt-White House, South Broad-East Fifth Streets Historic District, Southern Railway Passenger Station, St. Athanasius Episcopal Church and Parish House and the Church of the Holy Comforter, Stagg House, Sunny Side, US Post Office, West Davis Street-Fountain Place Historic District, and Windsor Cotton Mills Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography

Located in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, Burlington is characterized as having mostly flat land with a few rolling hills.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  (4.87%) is water.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Burlington has a Humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Parks and sports

There are a variety of parks that can be found in Burlington, including Joe Davidson Park and the Burlington City Park. Upon visiting these parks one can find a variety of things for various activities, such as baseball fields, basketball courts, soccer fields, playgrounds, disc golf and tennis courts.

The Alamance County Recreation and Parks Commission is made up of nine citizen volunteers and one representative from the Alamance-Burlington Board of Education and the Alamance County Board of Commissioners.

The Alamance County Recreation and Parks Department manages parks and community centers at the following locations:

 Cedarock Park
 Shallow Ford Natural Area
 Great Bend Park at Glencoe
 Pleasant Grove Recreation Center
 Eli Whitney Recreation Center

Alamance County offers many hiking and paddle opportunities including the Haw River Trail and the Mountains-to-Sea Trail. The Alamance County Recreation and Parks Department manages accesses to the Haw River Paddle and Hiking Trail at the following locations:
 Altamahaw Paddle Access
 Shallow Ford Natural Area
 Great Bend Park at Glencoe
 Glencoe Paddle Access
 Saxapahaw Lake Paddle Access
 Saxapahaw Mill Race Paddle Access

The Burlington Sock Puppets, members of the Appalachian League, a wood-bat collegiate summer league, play their home games at Burlington Athletic Stadium in Fairchild Park. They were previously known as the Burlington Royals from 2007 to 2020. The Royals were rebranded as the Sock Puppets following the contraction and reorganization of minor league baseball prior to the 2021 season. 2021 was the inaugural season for the revamped Appalachian League and the Sock Puppets. Prior to being known as the Burlington Royals, the team was also known as the Burlington Indians from 1986 to 2006. Several current and former MLB players began their careers in Burlington, including Jim Thome, CC Sabathia, Manny Ramirez, and Bartolo Colón.

The city of Burlington also operates the nearby The Valley Golf Course.

The flagship of the Burlington Parks System, Burlington City Park offers more than 75 acres of activities for the entire family. It serves as the home of an amusement area consisting of a carousel, miniature train, boat and car ride, playground, amphitheater, baseball field, picnic shelters, and walking trails. A fully restored Dentzel Carousel is the highlight of the amusement area. As part of the National Historical Register, the carousel attracts thousands of visitors yearly. The Burlington Carousel Festival, is held annually in the park.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, there were 57,303 people, 22,009 households, and 12,978 families residing in the city.

2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 49,963 people, 20,632 households, and 12,679 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 23,414 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 57.6% White, 28% African American, 0.7% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.2% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16% of the population.

There were 20,632 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% were married couples living together, 17.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% were non-families. 33% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 20, 6.5% from 20 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The average age was 38.3 years.

The median income for a household in the city was $42,097, and the median income for a family was $49,797. The per capita income for the city was $23,465. About 15.9% of families and 19.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education

K-12 education
The local school system is known as the Alamance-Burlington School System, which was created by a merger between the Alamance County School System and the Burlington City School System in 1996.

Elementary
 Alexander Wilson Elementary School
 Altamahaw-Ossipee Elementary School
 Audrey W. Garrett Elementary School
 B. Everett Jordan Elementary School
 Eastlawn Elementary School
 Elon Elementary School
 E. M. Holt Elementary School
 E. M. Yoder Elementary School
 Grove Park Elementary School
 Harvey R. Newlin Elementary School
 Haw River Elementary School
 Highland Elementary School
 Hillcrest Elementary School
 Marvin B. Smith Elementary School
 North Graham Elementary School
 Pleasant Grove Elementary School
 R. Homer Andrews Elementary School
 South Graham Elementary School
 South Mebane Elementary School
 Sylvan Elementary School

Middle
 Broadview Middle School
 Graham Middle School
 Hawfields Middle School
 Southern Middle School
 Turrentine Middle School
 Western Alamance Middle School
 Woodlawn Middle School

High
 Eastern Alamance High School
 Graham High School
 Hugh M. Cummings High School
 Southern Alamance High School
 Southeast Alamance High School
 Walter M. Williams High School
 Western Alamance High School

Independent
 Alamance Christian School
 Blessed Sacrament School
 Burlington Christian Academy
 The Burlington School

Charter
 Clover Garden School
 River Mill Academy

Other
 Alamance-Burlington Early College at ACC
 Alamance Virtual School
 Career and Technical Education Center
 Ray Street Academy
 Sellars-Gunn Education Center

Higher education
Alamance Community College (part of the public North Carolina Community College System) has campuses in Burlington and nearby Graham, offering multiple academic programs and specialized career training. Elon University (a private 4-year university) is in nearby Elon.

Transportation

Amtrak's Piedmont train connects Burlington to Raleigh, Durham, Charlotte, Greensboro, and other points in central North Carolina. The Carolinian train continues to New York with intermediate stops including Richmond, Washington, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. Burlington Station is situated at 101 North Main Street.

Burlington opened its first public transit service, Link Transit, on June 6, 2016. As of September 21, 2017, more than 100,000 people have used the service. In addition, transportation services are available to its residents through the Alamance County Transportation Authority.  Locals can also ride the BioBus from nearby Elon University.

Burlington is about 35 miles from the Piedmont Triad International Airport in Greensboro and about 48 miles from Raleigh-Durham International Airport near Cary. In addition Burlington is served by three major road corridors including Interstate 40, Interstate 85, and U.S. Route 70.

Business
 Labcorp has its headquarters and several testing facilities in Burlington. Labcorp is Alamance County's largest employer, employing over 5,000 people in the county.
 Honda Aero, a subsidiary of Honda, recently announced that it will move its corporate headquarters to Burlington and build a $21 million plant at the Burlington-Alamance Regional Airport where it will build its HF120 jet engines for use in very light jets.
 Glen Raven Inc., a fabric manufacturing and marketing company. Sunbrella is Glen Raven, Inc.'s flagship brand.
 Biscuitville, a regional fast food chain, founded in Burlington.
 Gold Toe Brands, a manufacturer of socks.
 The Times-News is Burlington's only daily newspaper, and the area's dominant media outlet.
 Zack's Hotdogs, a local restaurant opened by Zack Touloupas in 1928 is located in the revitalized downtown area.

Shopping

The city's only indoor mall, Holly Hill Mall, is located at the intersection of Huffman Mill Road and Church Street (US 70). An outdoor mall, Alamance Crossing, opened in 2007 at Interstate 40/85 and University Drive. Just off I-40/85 is the Burlington Outlet Village (formerly known as the BMOC). At the time of opening in 1981, it was North Carolina's first outlet mall.

Notable people
 Jesse Branson former NBA player
 Billy Bryan, former NFL center
 Josh Bush, former NFL free safety
 Chris Castor, former NFL wide receiver
 Drew Coble, former American League umpire
 Geoff Crompton, former NBA player
 Max Drake (born 1952), musician; born in Burlington
 William Edward Ellis, Vice admiral in the United States Navy
 Andrew Everett, professional wrestler
 Frank Haith, college basketball head coach, Missouri, Miami, Tulsa; grew up in Burlington
 Sammy Johnson, former NFL running back
 Charley Jones, former MLB player
 Dwight Jones, former University of North Carolina and NFL wide receiver
 Don Kernodle, born in Burlington, five-time NWA champion and tag team partner of Sgt. Slaughter; appeared in Paradise Alley with Sylvester Stallone
 Blanche Taylor Moore, convicted murderer, whose life story was portrayed in the television movie Black Widow Murders: The Blanche Taylor Moore Story, starring Elizabeth Montgomery
 Danny Morrison, former president of the Carolina Panthers
 Will Richardson, NFL offensive lineman
 Tequan Richmond, born in Burlington, stars as Drew Rock in Everybody Hates Chris, and played a young Ray Charles in the movie Ray
 W. Kerr Scott, Governor of North Carolina from 1949 to 1953, US senator (Class 2) from 1954 to 1958
 Brandon Spoon, former NFL middle linebacker for the Buffalo Bills
 Brandon Tate, former NFL wide receiver, holds NCAA career record for most combined return yards (3,523)
 Floyd Wicker, former MLB player

Sister cities
Burlington has two sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:
  Gwacheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
  Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

See also
 List of municipalities in North Carolina

References

External links

 Burlington/Alamance County Convention & Visitors Bureau

Cities in North Carolina
Cities in Alamance County, North Carolina
Cities in Guilford County, North Carolina
Populated places established in 1857
1857 establishments in North Carolina

Burlington, North Carolina


Sea Breeze is an unincorporated community located within Fairfield Township in Cumberland County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is located on the shores of the Delaware Bay.

History
In 1887, steamboat travel between Philadelphia and Sea Breeze began.  After two aspiring businessmen from Gloucester restored an old Civil War boat (named the John A. Warner), a regular service was run throughout the summer to Sea Breeze's amusement pier.

Later that year, The Warner House opened at Sea Breeze.  The Warner house was a 40-room hotel, complete with a bar, and offered bathing as well as numerous recreational activities to visitors.  Annual clambakes and boat races were also held.  The Warner House burned down in 1890.

By the early 20th century, Jesse Smith built Sea Breeze's second hotel, The Seabreeze Hotel.  During this time a man named Harry Griffith would rent rowboats on the bay, and is alleged to have provided alcohol during Prohibition.  The new hotel suffered a similar fate as the Warner House and was destroyed by a fire in the 1940s.

Following the repeal of Prohibition, Griffith obtained a liquor license and opened the Sea Breeze tavern.  Although it started out in a nearby barge, it later expanded to three rooms.  By the 1940s, Griffith's daughter Mae had added food to the tavern.  Although Harry Griffith died in the 1960s, the tavern was run by his family up until 1985, when it was destroyed by Hurricane Gloria.

The hamlet is home to a small community of seasonal homes and does not have many year round residents.  There is one road in Sea Breeze, Beach Avenue and it is unpaved.  There are no marinas or businesses, but Sea Breeze is still used by salt water fisherman and bird watchers.

In November 2008, six of the 19 homeowners in Sea Breeze asked the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection to buy their properties. A recently constructed seawall had been badly damaged by the waves, leaving the properties at great risk.

On May 17, 2010, NJN News reported the remaining homeowners have agreed to sell their property to the state.

In August 2010, two of the homes burned down. In July 2011 another home burned down.

In early January 2012, the state and EPA tore down the houses.

References

External links
Fairfield Township

Fairfield Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in Cumberland County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in New Jersey

Sea Breeze, New Jersey


Inge Ketil Hansen (born 21 April 1946) is a retired Norwegian handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Asker and represented the club Fredensborg/Ski HK. In 1972 he was part of the Norwegian team which finished ninth in the Olympic tournament. He played four matches and scored eleven goals. In total he was capped 116 times between 1965 and 1975. He won the league with both Fredensborg and Bergen-Studentenes IL.

After his active handball career he became a businessman. He holds a siv.øk. degree from the Norwegian School of Economics. He was director of Bergen Bank and Den norske Bank before becoming CEO of Orkla Finans from 1994 to 2000. He became CFO of Statoil in 2000, and after a period as acting CEO from 2003 to 2004 he went to Aker Kværner to become CEO in 2004. He was also chairman of Avinor. On 3 March 2006, it was announced that Hansen would be succeeded by Martinus Brandal as president and CEO of Aker Kværner 1 July 2006. Hansen is currently also chairman of the insurance company Gjensidige.

References

1946 births
Living people
People from Asker
Norwegian male handball players
Olympic handball players for Norway
Handball players at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Norwegian School of Economics alumni
Norwegian businesspeople in insurance
Equinor people
Norwegian businesspeople in the oil industry
Avinor people
Gjensidige people

Inge Hansen


Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav (; 1900 – July 30, 1941) was Secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) from 1932 to 1937 and served as Chief Secretary from 1933 to 1934. A central figure during the violent Stalinist repressions in Mongolia, Luvsansharav presided over arrests, torture, and executions of over 25,000 "enemies of the revolution" between 1937 and 1939 and was instrumental in the violent purges of Prime Ministers Peljidiin Genden and Anandyn Amar. He ultimately fell victim to the purges himself, was arrested in 1939 on charges of counterrevolution and executed in Moscow in 1941.

Early life and career
Luvsansharav was born in 1900 in Zasagt Khan Province (present day Ikh-Uul) district of Khövsgöl Province. At the age of 10 he was sent to Möröngiin Khuree monastery to become a lama, but fled in 1921. He joined the MPRP in 1925, first heading up a local MPRP cell and then attending the Party school in Ulaanbaatar in 1927 where he made a name for himself combating rightists in the student body. After attending the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow from 1928 to 1929, he returned to take up leadership of the MPRP in Khan-Taishir-Uul province (present day Zavkhan Province).

One of several "new leftists" promoted during the Eight Party Congress in 1930, Luvsansharav first headed a department at the Presidium of the MPRP Central Committee and then became a member of the presidium and deputy secretary of the Central Committee before being elected one of three secretaries of Central Committee in June 1932 (a position he would hold until 1937). From June 30, 1933, to October 5, 1934, he served as First Secretary of the Central Committee.

Stalinist repressions in Mongolia

Purge of Genden 1936
Luvsansharav was a staunch opponent of Prime Minister Peljidiin Genden, openly challenging many of his decisions and looking for opportunities to undercut him. He led calls within MPRP Central Committee for the prime minister's dismissal after Genden had confronted Stalin in contentious meetings, refusing to persecute Mongolia's Buddhist Church, publicly calling him a Russian tsar, and even slapping the pipe from Stalin's mouth during a Mongolian Embassy reception. Within four months Genden was stripped of all his government positions and sent off to the USSR "for medical treatment." He was arrested and executed a year later for counterrevolutionary activities and spying for Japan.

Extraordinary Purge Commission 1937–1939
In 1937 Luvsansharav received five months of political and organizational training in Moscow to prepare him to manage the purges that Stalin was planning to unleash in Mongolia. On October 2, 1937, he was appointed one of three members (along with Interior Minister Khorloogiin Choibalsan and Minister of Justice Tserendorj) of the Extraordinary Purge Commission or troika, that presided over arrest cases, investigations, and show trials involving "lamas, espionage and counterrevolution." At the first show trial on October 18, 1937, at the Central Theater, thirteen of the fourteen facing the troika, including former prime minister (1921) and chief abbot of the Manzushir Monastery Sambadondogiin Tserendorj, were sentenced to death.

From October 1937 to April 1939, Luvsansharav's troika investigated 25,785 cases and condemned 20,099 persons, including over 16,000 lamas, to execution. 25 persons from the top leadership of the party, 187 persons from the military leadership, and thirty six of the fifty one members of the central committee were executed. Although described as an "unremarkable person who rarely attracted notice, a coward with latent sadistic tendencies", Luvsansharav became known as a skilled "extractor of confessions."

Purge of Amar 1939

By early 1939 Stalin was eager to replace the popular Prime Minister Anandyn Amar with Choibalsan, his new favorite. At meetings with Soviet leadership in Moscow, Choibalsan was instructed to have Luvsansharav launch a propaganda campaign against Amar. Luvsansharav denounced Amar at an enlarged meeting of the MPRP Central Committee on March 6, 1939. Once Choibalsan seconded the condemnation, opinions within the Central Committee rapidly turned against Amar, who was arrested on the spot and transported to Moscow where he was sentenced to death by a Soviet troika on July 10, 1941.

End of the purge
With most internal opposition extinguished and the threat of Japanese military expansion rising on Mongolia's eastern borders, Stalin ordered Choibalsan to bring the purges to an end. During a special conference at Interior Ministry on April 20, 1939, both Choibalsan and Luvsansharav faked tears of regret for allowing overly zealous Interior Ministry officials and renegade Soviet advisors to carry out the purges. Official blame fell on Deputy Interior Minister Natsantogtoh and Soviet advisor Kichikov.

Arrest and death
In the summer of 1939 most of the "henchmen" of the purges, including Nasantogtoh, Bayasgalan, Dashtseveg and Luvsandorj, were rounded up, arrested, and sent off to Moscow as part of "mop up" operations to eliminate witnesses to the repressions. Luvsansharav was arrested on July 9, 1939, by ministry of internal affairs officials. Charged with counterrevolution, Luvsansharav was transported to Moscow where he was incarcerated in the same prison with former Prime Minister Amar before he was found guilty by the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court on July 5 and executed on July 30, 1941.

Rehabilitation
Despite Luvsansharav's active role in carrying out the purges (Mongolian historian Baabar believes Soviet leaders had eyed Luvsansharav as a potential replacement for Choibalsan should the latter fail to carry out Moscow's instructions on the purges), he was nevertheless viewed as a victim by the special commission established under the presidium of the People's Great Hural to review purge cases of the 1930s and 1940s and was rehabilitated in 1962.

Notes

Bibliography

1900 births
1941 deaths
Mongolian communists
Mongolian People's Party politicians
Great Purge victims from Mongolia
Soviet rehabilitations
People from Khövsgöl Province
Mongolian people executed abroad
Executed communists
Executed Great Purge perpetrators

Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav


The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (internationally titled The Amazing Spider-Man 2: Rise of Electro) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. Produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel Entertainment, Arad Productions, Inc., Matt Tolmach Productions, K/O Paper Products, and Ingenious Film Partners, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, the film was directed by Marc Webb from a screenplay by Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, and Jeff Pinkner, based on a story conceived by the three alongside James Vanderbilt. It is the fifth theatrical Spider-Man film, the sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), and the final film in The Amazing Spider-Man series. The film stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, alongside Emma Stone, Jamie Foxx, Dane DeHaan, Campbell Scott, Embeth Davidtz, Colm Feore, Paul Giamatti, and Sally Field. In the film, Peter Parker tries to protect his girlfriend Gwen Stacy as he investigates his parents' death while also dealing with the supervillain Electro and the return of his best friend, Harry Osborn, who is dying from a deadly genetic disease.

Development of The Amazing Spider-Man 2 began after the success of The Amazing Spider-Man. DeHaan, Giamatti, Felicity Jones, and Chris Cooper were cast between December 2012 and February 2013. Filming took place in New York City from February to June 2013. The film was released in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D on May 2, 2014, in the United States with two international premieres being held between March 31 and April 10 of that year. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the chemistry between Stone and Garfield, action sequences, visual effects, and Hans Zimmer's musical score, but criticized the screenplay and overabundance of plotlines. Foxx's portrayal of Electro was met with mixed responses. It grossed $709 million worldwide, making it the ninth-highest-grossing film of 2014.

The Amazing Spider-Man series was originally intended to continue with at least two more sequels and several spin-offs, most notably films centered on Venom and the Sinister Six. In February 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios initiated a deal to share the Spider-Man film rights and reboot the character within the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), cancelling future projects in The Amazing Spider-Man film series. Tom Holland would succeed Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man beginning with Captain America: Civil War (2016), while a new standalone film titled Spider-Man: Homecoming would release on July 7, 2017, followed by its sequel Spider-Man: Far From Home on July 2, 2019, both as part of Phase Three in the MCU. Both Garfield and Foxx reprised their roles in Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), linking this film to the MCU using the concept of the multiverse.

Plot
Former Oscorp scientist and businessman Richard Parker records a video message to explain his disappearance. He and his wife Mary Parker try to flee aboard a private jet that is hijacked by an assassin. The jet crashes, killing the couple.

In the present day, two years after his battle with Dr. Curt Connors, Richard and Mary's son, Peter, continues to fight crime as Spider-Man and apprehends Russian criminal Aleksei Sytsevich. Due to Peter's reservations about his relationship with his girlfriend Gwen Stacy since making a vow to her late father to stay away from her, Gwen ends their relationship after their high school graduation. Peter's childhood friend, Harry Osborn, returns home to see his terminally sick father, Norman Osborn, CEO of Oscorp. He explains that his illness is genetic and Harry is at the age where it first develops. Norman dies, and Harry is appointed the new CEO.

While working in an Oscorp laboratory, mild-mannered electrical engineer Max Dillon accidentally shocks himself and falls into a tank of genetically engineered electric eels. They attack him and he mutates into a living electric generator. Meanwhile, Gwen tells Peter that she may move to England if she earns a scholarship to Oxford University. Unaware of the extent of his power, Dillon wanders into Times Square, accidentally causes a power outage, and is stopped by Peter, as Spider-Man. Dillon is taken to the Ravencroft Institute, where he is studied by German scientist Dr. Ashley Kafka.

Meanwhile, the first symptoms of Harry's illness are showing, and he uses information Norman gave him to deduce that Spider-Man's blood could save him. He asks Peter, who has been selling photos of Spider-Man to the Daily Bugle, to aid him in finding Spider-Man. Peter is unsure of what effects the transfusion would have and wary of the possibility of Harry suffering a mutation similar to Dr. Connors. He later refuses Harry as Spider-Man, angering him. Oscorp vice president Donald Menken frames Harry for covering up Dillon's accident, removes him as CEO, and takes control of Oscorp. Harry proposes a deal with Dillon, who now calls himself "Electro", to get back inside the Oscorp building. Electro agrees and kills Dr. Kafka.

Upon getting back into Oscorp, Harry finds the venom from the now-destroyed genetically altered spiders. However, after he forces Menken to inject him with the venom, it accelerates his illness and turns him into a goblin-like creature, but the built-in emergency protocol in an armored suit restores his health. Meanwhile, Peter finds his father's secret lab in an abandoned subway station and learns that he had to flee because he refused to cooperate with Norman's plans to make biogenetic weapons with his research. He also discovers that his father used his own DNA when he made the spiders, so Oscorp cannot recreate them without his blood. After leaving the lab, Peter then discovers that Gwen was offered the Oxford scholarship. He professes his love for her, and they agree to go to England together.

When Electro causes another power outage, Peter and Gwen restore power and overload Electro's body, killing him. Harry, as the Green Goblin, arrives equipped with Norman's weaponry. Upon seeing Gwen, he deduces Spider-Man's secret identity and swearing revenge for being refused the blood transfusion, takes her to the top of a large clock tower. Peter manages to subdue the Goblin but is unable to save Gwen, who falls to her death. Guilt-ridden and depressed, Peter ends his career as Spider-Man.

Five months later, Harry is coping with the aftereffects of his transformation while being imprisoned at Ravencroft. His associate, Gustav Fiers, visits him and the pair discusses forming their own team. Harry orders Fiers to start with Sytsevich, escaped from prison. Equipped with an electromechanical suit of armor, Sytsevich dubs himself the "Rhino" and rampages through the streets. Peter, re-inspired after watching Gwen's graduation speech, returns to confront him as Spider-Man.

Cast

 Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man: An orphaned teenage boy who received spider-powers after being bitten by a genetically altered spider. Peter first uses his powers to try to hunt down the killer of his uncle in The Amazing Spider-Man but soon decides to use his powers to fight crime as the vigilante known as Spider-Man. Garfield explained that the suit that he would wear in the film would undergo a new design. Garfield hoped to bring back the theme of him being an orphan stating, "I wanna keep exploring that theme of being fatherless, being motherless, searching for purpose and finding a purpose within himself". He felt that it was his responsibility to take on the role and that he does not take it lightly.
Max Charles as young Peter Parker.
 Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy:A high school student and Peter's love interest. When asked about Peter and Gwen's relationship in the sequel, Stone said, "She saves him more than he saves her. She's incredibly helpful to Spider-Man ... He's the muscle, she's the brains."
 Jamie Foxx as Max Dillon / Electro: An electrical engineer who works for Oscorp Industries and later transforms into a powerful, electrical creature following an accident, then taking the alias of "Electro". Foxx described the character as "a nobody" who initially idolizes Spider-Man. He develops an obsession with Spider-Man after being saved by him and obtains his powers through an accident at Oscorp involving electric eels. Foxx stated that the character would be redesigned to be more grounded and that the villain's classic yellow and green suit would be omitted in favor of a modern look, as depicted in the film.
 Dane DeHaan as Harry Osborn / Green Goblin: Peter's best friend for 10 years and son of Norman Osborn. He was sent away to boarding school around the same time Peter's parents disappeared and met him for the first time there. He eventually assumes the role of the Green Goblin after injecting a special serum of spider venom into his body, initially injected to provide a cure, which instead turns him into a hideous, psychotic, goblin-like creature. As the Green Goblin, Harry dons a technological suit capable of healing him and can fly with the use of a large glider.
 Campbell Scott as Richard Parker: Peter's deceased father.
 Embeth Davidtz as Mary Parker: Peter's deceased mother.
 Colm Feore as Donald Menken: Oscorp's Vice President and Head of the Board. He is often in dispute with Harry over his capabilities of being a CEO to Oscorp, claiming that because Harry is a boy, he is incapable of leading the company.
 Paul Giamatti as Aleksei Sytsevich / Rhino: A Russian gangster killer for the Russian Mafia who allies with Harry and receives a massive, well-armored, robot, rhino-like suit from him, deciding to call himself "the Rhino". Giamatti said of his character, "He's a Russian mobster. Russians are always good villains. I have an ability to just destroy things", he said. "My accent is pretty hammy. I loved doing it. It seemed to me like an opportunity to be as over-the-top hammy as possible. It was really fun."
 Sally Field as May Parker: Peter's aunt. Field was critical of the lack of depth in her role; during a 2016 appearance on The Howard Stern Show, she said that "It's really hard to find a three-dimensional character in [the film], and you work it as much as you can, but you can't put 10 pounds of shit in a five-pound bag."

Felicity Jones portrays Felicia Hardy, Harry's sidekick at Oscorp. While Jones was only credited as "Felicia" in the final film, her surname was presented as "Hardy" in a marketing video for the film's release on digital HD formats. Marton Csokas portrays Ashley Kafka, the head of Ravencroft Institute, and B. J. Novak appears as Alistair Smythe, Dillon's boss and an Oscorp employee. Kari Coleman, Charlie DePew, Skyler Gisondo, and Jacob Rodier reprise their roles from the first film as Helen Stacy, Philip Stacy, Howard Stacy, and Simon Stacy, respectively, with the latter being uncredited. Chris Cooper, who portrays Norman Osborn, the founder of Oscorp and Harry Osborn's father, and Denis Leary, who reprises his role as George Stacy, appearing as a soul in Peter's visions, are also in uncredited roles. Spider-Man cocreator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance as a guest at Peter and Gwen's graduation ceremony. Michael Massee reprises his role as the "Man in the Shadows" from the first film, with the character now credited as "Gustav Fiers (The Gentleman)". Shailene Woodley was cast as Mary Jane Watson before her scenes were cut from the final film. Aidy Bryant appears as a woman dressed as the Statue of Liberty.

Production

Development

In March 2011, James Vanderbilt was hired to write the sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), after scribing the predecessor, before Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman were hired to rewrite the first draft the following year, later joined by Jeff Pinkner; screenplay credit went to Kurtzman, Orci, and Pinkner, with screen story credit given to the trio and Vanderbilt. The sequel's villain was teased in the 2012 film. Webb stated that the origin story would further unfold in the second installment. In June 2012, Webb said he was unsure whether he would return, though it was confirmed on September 28, 2012, that he would return to direct the sequel. He stated that he "wanted to create a universe that not only can withstand but anticipate future storylines" while also "working in and of itself for one movie." Andrew Garfield had also expressed hope to reprise his role, and in September 2012, it was confirmed that he would do so. Emma Stone was later confirmed to be reprising her role as Gwen Stacy, having signed a contract for two Amazing Spider-Man sequels. The costume was completely redesigned to be more faithful to the comics, following the mixed reaction of the costume from the first film. The eye lenses were changed to be much larger and solid white, while specially screen printed fabrics were used to allow the color of the costume to change in different lighting scenarios. The web shooters were also modified to be more streamlined with the suit.

Actor J. K. Simmons expressed interest in reprising his role as J. Jonah Jameson from Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy should the studio offer it to him. In October 2012, Electro was rumored as the next villain. Jamie Foxx was given the role. That December, Foxx confirmed that he was cast as the character, and during an interview with MTV, explained that the redesign of the character would be more grounded as well as details of his depiction, which were based upon the Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Electro. On December 3, 2012, Marc Webb revealed that Dane DeHaan was chosen to play Harry Osborn. Paul Giamatti was confirmed as a cast member in February 2013. Felicity Jones confirmed her involvement with the film under an undisclosed role. Giamatti also indicated in an October 2013 interview that he would return in The Amazing Spider-Man 3 as well. On February 27, 2013, Chris Cooper was cast as Norman Osborn.

By October 2012, Shailene Woodley was in talks for the role of Mary Jane Watson. By March 2013, Woodley had concluded filming her small role. Garfield recalled, "I think all of [those scenes] were in our backyards. We had two or three scenes with me talking over the fence, and there was one with us riding together on a motorcycle that we never got to shoot." By mid-June, Woodley's role was cut from the film, with director Webb explaining it as "a creative decision to streamline the story and focus on Peter and Gwen and their relationship."

Filming

On February 4, 2013, Marc Webb posted on Twitter that principal photography had begun and that the sequel was being shot on 35mm film in the anamorphic format, instead of being filmed digitally as the preceding film was. Sony revealed this would be the first Spider-Man film to be filmed entirely in New York state, including a car-chase scene that was filmed in Rochester because the speed laws are less restrictive in upstate New York.
It became the largest film production ever in New York state. The decision to film in Williamsburg, Brooklyn near the Passover holiday caused some controversy, as critics believed that this was culturally insensitive, and would cause problems with parking. The filming company decided to work with the community and then agreed to adjust its production activities for Passover. The producers had assembled a 200-person crew for the 10-day shoot in Rochester, with a total number of 250 local crew members and 150 local extras. The prominent scenes were shot mostly on Main Street of Rochester and were digitally remastered to look like New York City.

On March 1, a scene within the movie was filmed in NYC Chinatown's Nom Wah Tea Parlor. Consequently, Doyers street was shut down for the day of filming, with the businesses on the street being compensated for the inconvenience.

On June 25, Webb posted on Twitter that filming was completed. Soundstage work was done at Grumman Studios and Gold Coast Studios, both in Bethpage, New York, and at the Marcy Armory in Brooklyn.

Visual effects

Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the CGI special effects for the film. The digital composition of the film, including the scene where the battle of Spider-Man and Electro in Times Square, took one year to complete. The sets of Times Square were built in Gold Coast Studios with the green screens and most of the scenes were digitally re-designed by computer. The photography and VFX team took over 36,000 photos of the Times Square in order to re-create the location digitally. In addition, the animation team captured over 100 billboards during the photography process.

The film was post-converted from 2D to 3D, in part because the production team wanted to shoot 35mm film. Dan Mindel used Kodak Vision3 500T 5219 and 200T 5213, while the second unit shot day exteriors on Kodak Vision3 50D 5203. During the production, 20 layers of lightning CGI effects were applied to depict Electro. Jamie Foxx was photographed as Electro by the KNB EFX team and the skin colors used to show the moods of the character. A total number of 1,600 visual effects shots of the film was originally filmed in 2K resolution and then converted into 4K resolution with the help of color grading. To give the visual effects a realistic look, sound designers Addison Teague and Eric Norris and re-recording mixers Paul Massey and David Giammarco mixed the background music using Auro 11.1 cinema sound technology and the film's soundtrack was remixed using Dolby Atmos, Auro, and Dolby 5.1.

Post-production
The film was mixed in Dolby Atmos and Auro 11.1 in the converted William Holden Theater. The mix for both was completed by Paul Massey and David Giammarco.

A mid-credit teaser scene from X-Men: Days of Future Past was added to the film after its London premiere, due to an existing deal between Webb and 20th Century Fox, in which Fox allowed Webb to direct the film if Sony would promote the X-Men film for free. The scene, set during the Vietnam War, shows Mystique (Jennifer Lawrence), a rogue mutant, trying to infiltrate a military camp led by William Stryker (Josh Helman) in an attempt to recruit fellow mutants Havok (Lucas Till) and Toad (Evan Jonigkeit). The scene's inclusion sparked confusion among some viewers in the United Kingdom, who thought it meant an X-Men–Spider-Man crossover film was being planned, based on how Marvel Studios and Disney use codas within the Marvel Cinematic Universe to promote future films.

Music

After James Horner declined to return  for the sequel, Webb hired Hans Zimmer to compose the music for the film. On October 25, 2013, Pharrell Williams revealed to Billboard that he would co-compose the score with Zimmer. Webb and Zimmer formed a supergroup with Williams, Johnny Marr, Mike Einziger and former Eurythmic, David A. Stewart, to create the music for the sequel. Eventually, Stewart did not participate in the film's music, and the supergroup, credited as The Magnificent Six, a reference to the Sinister Six, was composed of Williams, Marr, Einziger, Junkie XL, Steve Mazzaro and Andrew Kawczynski assisting Zimmer. The soundtrack for the film was released on April 18, 2014, by Columbia Records and Madison Gate Records. Hans Zimmer described his work for this film as different from previous works by him, thus revealing one of the themes for the film, which was first heard on the website.

On March 31, 2014, Alicia Keys and Kendrick Lamar recorded a song titled "It's On Again", which was uploaded to SoundCloud. Keys announced the song on Twitter and credited Zimmer and Williams, along with Lamar and herself for the song, indicating the song as a part of the film's soundtrack. Webb described the song as "upbeat and exciting".

Marketing
The release of the film in the United Kingdom was moved to April 16, 2014, two days ahead of its original April 18 date. Deadline reported that, in addition to the production budget, the film's marketing budget was $180–190 million.

On July 17, 2013, Sony released a clip from the film with the first released footage of Jamie Foxx as Electro to encourage attendance at the panel, at the San Diego Comic-Con International. At the panel they premiered a four-minute trailer, which was not publicly released but eventually leaked on the internet. Viral marketing for the film included a version of the Daily Bugle on the blogging service Tumblr, which included references to Kate Cushing, Detective Stan Carter, the "Big Man", Izzy Bunsen, Joy Mercado, Donald Menken, the Vulture, Hydro-Man, Spencer Smythe, Ned Leeds, Anne Weying, J. Jonah Jameson, Shocker, Alistair Smythe, Doctor Octopus, Eddie Brock, The Enforcers, and Puma. Marc Webb posted a photo on Twitter with a message written in Dwarven language revealing that the first trailer would debut prior to 3D screenings of The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug.

On December 8, 2013, it was announced that new footage from the film would be presented during New Year's Eve festivities at New York City's Times Square. The film was further promoted during the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) "Earth Hour" campaign. The cast was present at the launch of the 2014 event in Singapore. Disney Consumer Products announced a merchandise product line for the film at the American International Toy Fair on February 17, 2014.

In March 2014, Gameloft and Marvel announced the launch of a mobile game of the same name for smartphones and tablets. It was released on consoles afterward. Kellogg's released an application featuring the film. Evian served as a promotional partner of the film. On April 1, 2014, the brand released an advertisement "The Amazing Baby & Me 2" featuring Spider-Man and a baby version of him, as a follow-up to their original "Baby & Me" campaign. The film partnered with NBCUniversal for advertising. Spots for the film appeared on Bravo, E!, USA, Syfy, Telemundo, and mun2. A customized page was created on Fandango. In May 2014, Marvel announced that Spider-Man's costume from the film would be shown within Marvel: Avengers Alliance.

Home media
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment for digital download on August 5, 2014, and was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and DVD on August 19, 2014. The Blu-ray/DVD release includes an alternate ending in which Peter Parker's father meets Peter at Gwen's resting place. Creative agency Deckhouse Digital was hired to produce several animated GIFs ahead of the film's Blu-ray/DVD release as part of a sponsored ad campaign on Tumblr.

The Amazing Spider-Man 2 received a standalone 4K UHD Blu-ray release on March 1, 2016. The film was later included in The Spider-Man Legacy Collection, a 4K UHD Blu-ray collection which includes the first five Spider-Man films, and was released on October 17, 2017.

Reception

Box office
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 grossed $202.9 million in the United States and Canada and $506.1 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $709 million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $70.38 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it one of the top 20 most profitable releases of 2014.

The film grossed $8.7 million on its early Thursday night showings. It finished its opening weekend in first place with $91.6 million, almost $30 million more than the opening-weekend gross of the first film. Upon opening, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 had the second-highest domestic opening weekend for a 2014 film, behind Captain America: The Winter Soldier. In its second weekend, the film grossed $35.5 million (falling 61%) and dropped to second at the box office behind newcomer Neighbors. It was similar to the 61.5% second-week drop of Spider-Man 3 (2007).

Outside North America, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 opened on April 16, 2014, to $2.73 million in the UK and to $190,000 in Belgium, while opening to $1.44 million in Australia and $1.11 million in Germany. Within a few days, the opening gross in the UK increased to $15 million, breaking The Lego Movies record for having the country's largest opening weekend of the year. The film's release in India was the biggest opening weekend for an American film at that point with . Its final box office collection was $13.44 million there, one of the highest of all time by a Hollywood film. In China, the film played on 11,002 screens, which is the biggest release of any film in history. On its opening day in Hong Kong, the film earned $1.23 million, the highest opening gross in the territory.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, The Amazing Spider-Man 2 holds an approval rating of  based on  reviews, and an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "While the cast is outstanding and the special effects are top-notch, the latest installment of the Spidey saga suffers from an unfocused narrative and an overabundance of characters." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 based on 50 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, lower than the "A−" earned by its predecessor.

The Los Angeles Times said, "[The film is] overstuffed with plot lines, set pieces and villains, although stars Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone do their best to give the movie heart." Tim Robey of The Telegraph said, "Marc Webb's Spider-Man sequel is overstuffed with high-voltage villains, but the sparks between Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone save the day". Simon Reynolds of Digital Spy said, "Peter's past, present and future all intertwine in a sequel that offers bang for your buck. That said you can't help [but] feel the franchise bean counters at work here thanks to all the ominous foreshadowing and unresolved character arcs. Too many cooks and all that ...". Kim Newman of Empire scored the film three out of five stars, saying: "A few too-broad gags aside—and even these are in the funky spirit of '60s Marvel—this is a satisfying second issue with thrills, heartbreak, gasps, and a perfectly judged slingshot ending." Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter said, "The eponymous hero hits his super-heroic stride here, as does Andrew Garfield in the role, especially when Spider-Man's alter ego Peter Parker learns there's always some fine print in a contract with this many benefits. The plot gets itself tangled up in multiple villain strands, but in the main, this installment is emotionally weightier and more satisfying than its predecessor."

Guy Lodge of Variety said, "Redundancy remains a problem, but this overlong superhero sequel gets by on sound, fury, and star chemistry." Richard Roeper gave the film a B+, stating that "It's about 20 minutes too long and it's overstuffed with too many characters and too many subplots, but there's enough good stuff in The Amazing Spider-Man 2 to warrant optimism about the next chapter of the franchise." A negative review came from Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, giving the film two stars out of four, he said: "Things go wrong quickly with Amazing 2. Am I the only one who hates the word Amazing to describe a movie that isn't? Just asking." IGN reviewer Daniel Krupa gave 6.9/10 and wrote, "Amazing Spider-Man 2 gets a lot right, yet there's a constant awkwardness to the machinery of its plot; you can almost hear the cogs turning. However, what's worse is that at times it becomes overtly patronising: there are flashing screens and computer voice-overs constantly telling you what something is or what something is doing, just in case the people in the back rows aren't paying attention, which feels at odds with the film's emotional intelligence." William Harrison of DVD Talk rated the film as 3.5 stars of 5 stars as "Recommended".

Accolades

Future

Cancelled sequels and spin-offs
Sony had originally intended the film to launch an expansive film universe around Spider-Man to compete with the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In 2013, Sony announced a third Amazing Spider-Man film with a release date of June 10, 2016 with Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, and Jeff Pinkner returning to write and a fourth film with a release date of May 4, 2018. The series was to include spin-off films featuring the Sinister Six and Venom, with Drew Goddard writing and directing the two-part Sinister Six and Kurtzman directing a Venom Carnage script co-written by himself, Orci, and Ed Solomon. Sinister Six Part 1 had been planned for a November 11, 2016 release. Additionally, by August 2014, Sony had hired Lisa Joy to write the script for a 2017 female-lead film featuring Felicia Hardy / Black Cat. Sony announced plans for a spin-off based on Spider-Man 2099 to be released in late 2017. The character later appeared in the post-credits scene of Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018), voiced by Oscar Isaac, and was heavily featured in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse as a main character in an antagonist role. He is also set to feature heavily in the final installment in that trilogy, Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse.

However, between December 2013 and the release of The Amazing Spider-Man 2 in May 2014, Garfield and Webb stated that while they would both return for the third film, neither was certain of their involvement in the fourth with Webb confirming that he would not be directing. Following the mixed critical reviews and franchise-low box office performance of The Amazing Spider-Man 2, the future of the franchise was unclear. By July 2014, Orci had left the third film to work on Star Trek Beyond (2016). The Amazing Spider-Man 3, which would have included Chris Cooper returning as Norman Osborn and focused on Peter recovering from Gwen Stacy's death, was delayed to an unspecified date in 2018, and The Amazing Spider-Man 4 was moved to an unknown date.

Following the 2014 Sony Pictures hack, Emma Stone was revealed to be in talks to return as a resurrected Stacy in the 2017 female-lead film and The Amazing Spider-Man 4 as the antagonist Carnage. Sony was further revealed to be in talks to have Sam Raimi return to the franchise to direct a new trilogy for his version of the character along with a Spider-Man vs. The Amazing Spider-Man movie and was in discussion with Marvel Studios about including Spider-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Captain America: Civil War. Marvel reportedly was unhappy with some of the terms of the proposed arrangement including the film rights staying with Sony and both talks allegedly ceased. In early 2015, a deal between the studios that allows Spider-Man to be in the Marvel Cinematic Universe was reached, effectively cancelling The Amazing Spider-Man franchise. Speaking to Amy Adams for Variety's Actors on Actors YouTube series in 2016 Garfield described himself as being left "heartbroken" by his experience on working on The Amazing Spider-Man films.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
The Marvel Studios and Sony Pictures co-production, Spider-Man: No Way Home, was released in 2021. Being an adaptation of Marvel Comics' multiverse stories, it temporarily transported alternate reality versions of Spider-Men and other characters across the multiverse to the main Marvel Cinematic Universe continuity. This included characters from both movies in The Amazing Spider-Man duology, as well as the Spider-Man trilogy directed by Sam Raimi. Andrew Garfield and Tobey Maguire reprised their roles as Spider-Man. No Way Home also included a roster of villains from earlier Spider-Man films; Jamie Foxx returned as Max Dillon as portrayed in this movie (although he looks more yellow instead of blue, and his outfit at the final battle resembles more closely that of the comics), along with Willem Dafoe and Alfred Molina reprising their versions of Norman Osborn and Otto Octavius from Sam Raimi's trilogy. In limited roles involving voice acting and use of archival footage, Rhys Ifans reprised his role as Curt Connors from The Amazing Spider-Man and Thomas Haden Church returned as Flint Marko.

Following the events of The Amazing Spider-Man 2, No Way Home depicts Andrew Garfield's Peter Parker as being haunted by his inability to save Gwen Stacy from her fall and ends up saving Michelle Jones-Watson from a similar fate in that movie's climax.

See also
 List of films featuring powered exoskeletons

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

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Teen superhero films
Green Goblin
Live-action films based on Marvel Comics

The Amazing Spider-Man 2


Randall C. Brogdon (born June 17, 1953) is an American businessman and politician from the state of Oklahoma. He was a state senator for Oklahoma's 34th senate district from 2002 until 2011. Brogdon ran for governor of Oklahoma in 2010 on a platform of tax cuts and reducing the role of government. He was defeated by Mary Fallin. On December 25, 2013, Brogdon announced that he would challenge incumbent Governor Fallin in the 2014 gubernatorial election. However, he withdrew to run for the U.S. Senate in a special election triggered by the retirement of Tom Coburn. He lost the nomination to representative James Lankford. In April 2015, he was elected as chairman of the Oklahoma Republican Party.

Brogdon was born in Ardmore, Oklahoma. He graduated from Tulsa High School and studied air conditioning at Oklahoma State University in Okmulgee, Oklahoma. He went on to own a mechanical contracting company and an air conditioning business.

Political career
Brogdon was elected to his first term in the Oklahoma Senate in 2002. His district includes large portions of the Tulsa suburban area, including Owasso, Collinsville, Catoosa, Sperry and the fast-growing areas of northeast Tulsa County and Rogers County.

He started his political career by serving on the Owasso City Council and was later elected as mayor. In a three-way primary he defeated the incumbent mayor and a third candidate by an absolute majority, avoiding a runoff.

While in the state Senate, Brogdon was honored by the Oklahoma Conservative Political Action Committee. For the 2005-2006 legislative session, he was elected to a leadership position by his caucus to serve as Senate Republican Whip and in 2007-2008 he served as the Assistant Republican Floor Leader. In 2007, he was the recipient of the Phyllis Schlafly Oklahoma Eagle Award. In 2008, he was appointed as chairman of Appropriation of Transportation and General Government sub-committee.

On April 18, 2009, Brogdon announced his candidacy for Oklahoma Governor in the 2010 election. During his campaign, he called for the establishment of a state militia to defend Oklahoma from the federal government. He was defeated in his bid for the Republican nomination by Congresswoman Mary Fallin. Fallin received 55% of the vote and Brogdon 39%.

In 2011, Brogdon joined the Oklahoma Department of Insurance after being appointed by Insurance Commissioner John D. Doak as Deputy Commissioner of Fraud and Investigations Unit. This appointment caused some initial controversy after his appointment was challenged as unconstitutional; however, the Oklahoma Attorney General in years past has issued opinions that defend appointments similar to Brogdon's.

In April 2015, Brogdon was elected as state party chairman for the Oklahoma Republican Party, defeating incumbent Dave Weston and OFRW President, Pam Pollard. In July of that year, he wrote a sarcastic post on Facebook in reference to Oklahoma's food stamp policy, stating that "the National Park Service, administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior, asks us 'Please Do Not Feed the Animals.' Their stated reason for the policy is because 'The animals will grow dependent on handouts and will not learn to take care of themselves.' Thus ends today's lesson in irony ?#?OKGOP?" After a backlash from Oklahoman Democrats, Brogdon apologized for his post, adding that he still believed it was "important to have conversations about government welfare programs... our dependency on government is at its highest level ever."

In September 2015 Brogdon resigned as Chairman of the Oklahoma Republican Party.

Senate Committees
2009-2010
Appropriations
Appropriations Subcommittee on General Government and Transportation - Chair
Business and Labor
Energy and Environment - Vice Chair
Transportation

2007-2008
Appropriations
Appropriations Subcommittee on General Government and Transportation - Co-Chair
Business and Labor
Energy and Environment
Transportation

2005-2006
Appropriations
Appropriations Subcommittee on Education
Business and Labor
Energy and Environment
Retirement and Group Health
Transportation

2003-2004
Agriculture and Rural Development
Appropriations
Appropriations Subcommittee on Human Services
Business and Labor
Tourism and Wildlife
Transportation

Election results

References

External links

 Map of Oklahoma Senate District 34

1953 births
Living people
Mayors of places in Oklahoma
Oklahoma State University alumni
Republican Party Oklahoma state senators
People from Ardmore, Oklahoma
People from Owasso, Oklahoma
21st-century American politicians
Candidates in the 2010 United States elections
Candidates in the 2014 United States elections
Oklahoma city council members

Randy Brogdon


René-Amable Boucher de Boucherville (February 12, 1735 – August 31, 1812) was a seigneur, soldier and political figure in Lower Canada.

He was born at Fort Frontenac (later Kingston), the son of Pierre Boucher de Boucherville, in 1735. He joined the colonial army of New France and served during the Seven Years' War. He was captured during reconnaissance near Fort Duquesne but later freed. He was wounded at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, captured by the British and later sent to France as part of a prisoner exchange.

He returned to Quebec in 1763 and inherited the seigneury of Boucherville after his father's death in 1767. In 1770, he married his cousin Madeleine Raimbault de Saint-Blaint. He helped defend  the province against the American invasion of 1775-6. In 1785, he was appointed as an overseer of highways for Montreal district. He was named to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada in 1786.

He died at Boucherville in 1812.

His son Pierre-Amable served as a member of the legislative council for the Province of Canada. His son Thomas-René-Verchères participated in the fur trade and was seigneur of Boucherville and Verchères. His daughter Madeleine-Charlotte married Louis-René Chaussegros de Léry, who took over the post of overseer of highways after his father-in-law's retirement.

External links

1735 births
1812 deaths
Members of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada

René-Amable Boucher de Boucherville


Peter Weston (19 October 1943 – 5 January 2017) was a British science fiction fan from Birmingham, UK.

Weston made many contributions in fan writing, fanzine editing, convention-running and in local science fiction clubs. His 1960s pseudonym "Malcolm Edwards" caused some confusion several years later, when a real Malcolm Edwards began contributing to British fanzines. They met in 1970.

He produced the first issue of the science fiction fanzine Zenith (later Speculation) in 1963 and he edited the Andromeda series of original anthologies from 1975 until 1977. In 2006, following the success of his Hugo-nominated memoir With Stars in My Eyes,<ref>stevenhsilver.com Review of With Stars in My Eyes</ref> Weston  relaunched his fanzine Prolapse (re-titled Relapse in 2009), after a 23-year hiatus. He was rewarded with a pair of Nova Awards the following year, for "best fanzine" and "best fan" (the latter being a committee award).

As well as organising a series of science fiction symposia in Birmingham inspired by Speculation, Weston co-founded the Birmingham Science Fiction Group (BSFG) in 1971 and helped originate the convention Novacon later that same year. He later chaired Seacon '79, the third Worldcon to be held in the UK, and in October 2008 ran Cytricon V at the George Hotel in Kettering, a sequel to and commemoration of the event at which the modern British Science Fiction Association was created. At the last, a surprise ceremony was held, inducting him and fellow science fiction fan Rog Peyton into the long-dormant "fannish" organisation the Knights of Saint Fantony.

Since 1984, the Hugo Awards (modelled in the shape of rockets and presented at the annual Worldcon) have been cast by the car-parts factory which Weston owned and managed until he retired.

Awards and honours
 1965, 1966, 1970, 1971 nominee for Hugo Award for Best Fanzine
 1973 Nova award winner, "best fanzine" for Speculation 1974 TAFF winner
 1975 Doc Weir Award winner
 2005 nominee for Hugo Award for Best Related Book for With Stars in My Eyes: My Adventures in British Fandom 2007 Nova award winner, "best fanzine" for Prolapse''
 2007 Nova award winner, "best fan" (committee award)

He has been an official guest at a number of conventions, including:
1974 Fan Guest of Honour: Tynecon
2000 Special Guest: Boskone 37
2002 Guest of Honour: Helicon 2
2004 Fan Guest of Honor: Noreascon 4 (2004 Worldcon)

References

External links
Noreascon 4 GoH Bio
Helicon GoH Bio
Online supplement to With Stars in My Eyes

1943 births
2017 deaths
Writers from Birmingham, West Midlands

Peter Weston


Findanus is claimed by Clan MacKinnon as their fourth chief and the progenitor of the clan name.  He is claimed to have been a great grandson of Alpin, and to have lived in the late ninth and early tenth centuries on the Isle of Skye, Scotland.  Findanus brought Dunakin Castle into the clan.

According to the Clan MacKinnon history:

Findanus Second son of Doungallus, was seized of the estate of the Tombermory in the Isle of Mull and Findanus Castle (Dunakin) in the Isle of Skye, known by the name of MacKinnon Castle in the present day; this castle was the residence of the Lairds of MacKinnon till the 14th century, when Strathardill, also in Skye, became their seat. Findanus and his bride, the Norse princess nicknamed 'Saucy Mary,' ran a heavy chain from Skye to Lochalsh and levied a toll on all shipping passing up and down. It is from him that the MacKinnon chiefs obtained their Gaelic Patronymic.

References

Medieval Gaels from Scotland
9th-century Scottish people
10th-century Scottish people
Isle of Skye
Clan Mackinnon

Findanus


The International Military Tribunal for the Far East Charter (IMTFE Charter), also known as the Tokyo Charter, was the decree issued by General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Allied-occupied Japan, on January 19, 1946 that set down the laws and procedures by which the Tokyo Trials were to be conducted. The charter was issued months following the surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945, which brought World War II to an end.

Modeled after the Nuremberg Charter, the Tokyo Charter stipulated that crimes of the Japanese could be tried. Three categories of crimes were defined: crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Article 6 of the Tokyo Charter also stated that holding an official position or acting pursuant to order of his government or of a superior was no defense to war crimes, but that such circumstances may be considered in mitigation of punishment if the Tribunal determines that justice so requires.

Like the Nuremberg Trials, the criminal procedure used by the Tokyo Trials was closer to civil law than to common law, with a trial before a panel of judges rather than a jury trial and with wide allowance for hearsay evidence. Defendants who were found guilty could appeal the verdict to the Allied Council for Japan. In addition, they would be permitted to present evidence in their defense and to cross-examine witnesses.

Unlike the Nuremberg Charter, the Tokyo Charter was not part of a treaty or agreement among the Allies but it was substantially the same as the Nuremberg Charter. A major exception was that Emperor Hirohito was excluded from being tried for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

The Tokyo Charter differs from the Nuremberg Charter in another way. The Tokyo Charter does not make "persecution" subject to "religious" grounds. This is because the Nazi crimes against the Jews did not have a counterpart in the Asian conflict.

The Nuremberg and Tokyo Charters were applicable only to major criminals, leaving other criminals to be tried by the Allies. In Germany, the Allies acted pursuant to Control Council Law No. 10 (CCL 10) in their respective zones of occupation. But they also relied on their military and national tribunals, where they applied their own laws. There was no counterpart in Japan to CCL 10 because the United States was the sole occupying power of Japan, whereas Germany was occupied by the four major Allies (United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union). The same legal issues pertaining to Article 6(c) of the Nuremberg Charter also apply to Article 5(c) of the Tokyo Charter.

See also
Cases before the International Criminal Court
Command responsibility
Crimina juris gentium
Geneva Conventions
Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
Genocide
International humanitarian law
International Law
Jus ad bellum
Jus in bello
List of war crimes
Nuremberg Principles
Peace Palace
Superior orders (Pre-Nuremberg history of "I was just following superior orders")
War Crimes Act of 1996

References

External links
International Military Tribunal for the Far East Charter (IMTFE Charter)
International Military Tribunal for the Far East
The Nuremberg Trial and the Tokyo War Crimes Trials (1945–1948)

War crimes
Politics of World War II
Crimes against humanity
Crime of aggression
International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1946 in law

Tokyo Charter


is a Japanese arranger, composer, music producer, and motor journalist. He currently resides in Setagaya, Tokyo. He is a graduate of Keio Senior High School and Keio University (literature department). His wife is singer-songwriter, composer, and lyricist Yumi Matsutoya (née Arai). His mother, Kazuko, is the auditor of Kirarasha, the firm Masataka established after his marriage to Arai.

Biography
 In 1971, he participated as a background musician in Takuro Yoshida's album, "Ningen nante." He began to frequently perform with Yoshida as the keyboard player in other albums and live performances, and also began his first work with arrangement.
 In 1973, he formed the group "Caramel Mama" with fellow musicians Haruomi Hosono, Shigeru Suzuki, and Tateo Hayashi. This group later evolved into a group named "Tin Pan Alley."
 On November 29, 1976, he married Yumi Arai, who became Yumi Matsutoya.
 In 1982, he won first prize for arrangement at the FNS Music Festival television program.
 In 1986, he founded and headed the "Mica Music Laboratory."
 In 1987, he co-produced Yumi Matsutoya's "Diamond Dust" concert tour.
 In 2004, he appeared on the annual Kōhaku Uta Gassen television show as the guest piano accompanist for Yuzu.
 Matsutoya is known as an avid car maniac, especially the French Peugeot. He is currently in possession of several cars, including the Land Rover Defender, Peugeot 1007, BMV 130i M-Sport. He served as the host for TV Asahi's "CAR GRAPHIC TV" program, and was formerly a part of the jury that chose the Car of the Year Japan.

Notable songs and arrangements
 Agnes Chan – "Mittsu no douka" "Yasashisa shirazu" (song & arrangement) "Again" "Ame no iro" "Goodnight Miss Lonely" (arrangement)
 Yukiko Okada – "Oshare na Amamoto" "Anata wo wasureru mahou ga areba" "Ryusei no takahara" "Jyugatsu no ningyo" (song & arrangement) "Kachouzu" "Kanashii yokan" "Summer Beach" "Sweet Planet" "Stripe no jealousy" "Bien" "Futari dake no ceremony" "Futari no blue train" "Penalty" "Hoshi to yoru no koibitotachi" "Pop-up riseennu" "Mizuiro princess -mizu no sei-" "Mizuumi" "Me wo samashite, Darling" "Mori no fairy" "Love Fair" "Lady Joker" "Ryusei no takahara" "Lonesome season." (arrangement)
 Ami Ozaki – "Uwasa no otoko" "Oikakete kitakeredo" "Kage no machi" "Kaze no naka" "Guuzen" "Sayonara wo iu tame ni" "Sunlight" "Taiyo no hitorigoto" "Tabi" "Tooku no hikari ga....." "Todokanai haru" "Tomarigi" "Namida no ame" "Bye Bye Mr. Random" "Hatsukoi no toori ame" "Booming Cracker" "Fuyu no poster" "My pure lady" "Meisou" "Yumeko to kagerou" "Watashi wa naniiro" "Watashi wo yonde" (arrangement)
 Meiko Kaji – "Toritomemonai omoi" "Fushigine" (arrangement)
 Takao Kisugi – "Sparking Head" "Collage" (arrangement)
 Yoshino Kimura – "Ashita wa..." "Amenohi wa futaride" "Girl" "Christmas eve wa nakanaide" "Koisuru nichiyoubi" "Calling in the rain" "Sweetest Song" "Soratobu jitensha" "Mysterious Woman" "Like a Dolphin" "Lullaby For Grandmother ~Kiiroi bara wo anata e~" (lyrics song arrangement) "Golden Town" (song & arrangement)
 Kyōko Koizumi – "Kyoukai no mae de" "Nudist" (arrangement)
 Yuki Saito – "Seishun" (arrangement)
 Miyuki Nakajima – "Awase kagami" "B.G.M." "Yakyoku" "Yuujou" (arrangement)
 Tomoyo Harada – "Zutto sobani" "Dandelion ~Osozaki no tampopo" "Toki wo kakeru shoujo" "Mamotteagetai" (arrangement)
 Hikaru Genji – "Gin no kaze" "Namida no kagayaki" (song)
 Hirahara Ayaka – "Banka (Hitori No Kisetsu)" (arrangement)
 Seiko Matsuda – "Akai sweet pea" "Aoi photograph" ""Garasu no Prism" "Komugiiro no mermaid" "Seifuku" "Nagisa no balcony" "Hitomi wa diamond" "Himitsu no Hanazono" "Pink no Mozart" "Bon Voyage" "Madorasu check no koibito" "Rock'n Rouge" (arrangement)
 Tomokazu Miura – "Illusion" "Sasayaki game" "Nagisa meguri" "Usugure" "Furimukeba ai" "Hohoemi no tobira" (arrangement)
 Yumi Morio – "Kinou anata wo futtanowa" "Gomennasai aishiteru" "Dan dan jealousy" "Chotto France" "Yume china doll" (arrangement)
 Yumi Matsutoya - "Haru yo, koi" (arrangement)
 Hiroko Yakushimaru – "Woman~'W no higeki' yori" "Kaguya no sato" "Kanashimi no tane" "Kantsubaki, saita" "Fuyu no bara" "Murasaki no hanabi" "Rose tea wa ikaga?" (arrangement)
 Yuzu – "Eikou no kakehashi" "Going Home" "Sakuragimachi" (arrangement)
 Takuro Yoshida – "Ashita no mae ni" "Asu ni mukatte hashire" "Eiyu" "Kakurenbo" "Kaze no machi" "Kanashii no wa" "Kimi no machi ni ikuyo" "Gozen reiji no machi" "Summer people" "Suteki na no wa yoru" "Tsumetai ame ga futteiru" "Doushite konnani kanashiin darou" "Tonarinomachi no ojousan" "Nagareru" "Hitotsu no dekigoto" "Hitori omoeba" "Hakuya" "Boku no kuruma" "Mai hime" "Marude dairiseki no youni" "Mizunashigawa" "Mudai" "Wagami kawaiku" "Wagaya" (arrangement)
 Reimy – "Ai ni Desperate" "Omoide yori tashikani..." "Kagami no meiro" "Kaze wa asu e" "Kanashimi no bus journey" "Kimi no tomodachi de itaikara" "Carry On" "Kiriame de mienai" "Koi no ichijikan wa kodoku no sennen" "Kokusaisen" "Kogoeru kokoro" "Zansho" "Sugu sobani iruno" "Seishun no regret" "Sora ga ichimenkai ni mieta hi" "Time Travelers" "Datte" "Toki no meguriai" "Donna fu ni" "Nanimo iranaikara" "Niji no asa kaze no sora" "No side" "Hanabira no mau sakamichi" "Pansie to topaz no necklace" "Hitochigai" "Hoshi no climber" "Ponytail" "Mommy Hurricane" "Mayonaka no symphony" "Ring!" (arrangement)

Style
Matsutoya's arrangements often involve classical string and woodwind instruments. He was one of the first composers to use these instruments in j-pop arrangements. His style is most distinct in his usage of the flute and harp. He also frequently uses choruses in arrangements, and many artists have made their debuts in the back-chorus of Yumi Matsutoya's songs.

Several Japanese arrangers show influence from Matsutoya in their arrangements.

External links

1951 births
Japanese composers
Japanese keyboardists
Japanese male composers
Japanese male singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese music arrangers
Japanese record producers
Keio University alumni
Living people
Singers from Tokyo

Masataka Matsutoya


Uale Mai Vala (born 20 July 1978) is a retired rugby union player who played for the country's national teams, Manu Samoa and Samoa Sevens. He is a former captain of the Samoa Sevens team which represent Samoa internationally in the IRB Sevens World Series. He was at the time of his retirement sevens rugby's most capped player (a record since surpassed by New Zealand's DJ Forbes), and Mai is considered one of the greats in the international sport. Mai has been one of the top points scorers in the IRB World Sevens Series.

Mai is from Vailoa village in Palauli district on the island of Savai'i. Mai was the first Samoan to be awarded the IRB International Sevens Player of the Year, which he received for the 2005–06 World Sevens Series. The ceremony took place in Glasgow on 26 November 2006.

Mai was awarded Player of the Tournament at the 2007 Hong Kong Sevens. In 2008, he was awarded the Samoan Senior Player of the Year and also received a nomination for the IRB International Sevens Player of the Year. In 2009, Mai took a short break from the Samoa Sevens team but returned in 2010 under new coach Stephen Betham.

In fifteens, he is comfortable at flyhalf and scrumhalf, where he represents Samoa in the Samoa national rugby union team. In 2010, he joined CR El Salvador in Spain's Division de Honor. " I also do this for my son Sene Nuulua now educated at NUS"

Mai was awarded the Head of State's Service Medal in the 2014 Samoa Honours and Awards.

References

External links
ESPN Scrum Profile

Living people
World Rugby Awards winners
Rugby union fly-halves
Samoan rugby union players
1978 births
Male rugby sevens players
People from Palauli
Samoa international rugby union players
Samoan expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in Spain
Samoan expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Samoa international rugby sevens players
Recipients of the Head of State's Service Medal

Uale Mai


Action–domain–responder (ADR) is a software architectural pattern that was proposed by Paul M. Jones as a refinement of Model–view–controller (MVC) that is better suited for web applications. ADR was devised to match the request-response flow of HTTP communications more closely than MVC, which was originally designed for desktop software applications. Similar to MVC, the pattern is divided into three parts.

Components
 The action takes HTTP requests (URLs and their methods) and uses that input to interact with the domain, after which it passes the domain's output to one and only one responder.
 The domain can modify state, interacting with storage and/or manipulating data as needed. It contains the business logic.
 The responder builds the entire HTTP response from the domain's output which is given to it by the action.

Comparison to MVC
ADR should not be mistaken for a renaming of MVC; however, some similarities do exist.
The MVC model is very similar to the ADR domain. The difference is in behavior: in MVC, the view can send information to or modify the model, whereas in ADR, the domain only receives information from the action, not the responder.
 In web-centric MVC, the view is merely used by the controller to generate the content of a response, which the controller could then manipulate before sending as output. In ADR, execution control passes to the responder after the action finishes interacting with the domain, and thus the responder is entirely responsible for generating all output. The responder can then use any view or template system that it needs to.
 MVC controllers usually contain several methods that, when combined in a single class, require additional logic to handle properly, like pre- and post-action hooks. Each ADR action, however, is represented by separate classes or closures. In terms of behavior, the action interacts with the domain in the same way that the MVC controller interacts with the model, except that the action does not then interact with a view or template system, but rather passes control to the responder which handles that.

References

External links
 Paul M. Jones' original proposal of ADR
 Implementing ADR in Laravel, an implementation of the pattern in the Laravel PHP framework.

Software design patterns
Architectural pattern (computer science)

Action–domain–responder


Karimpuzha Sree Ramaswamy Temple (also known as the Dakshina Ayodhya) is located in Palakkad district, Kerala, India. It lies on the bank of the Karimpuzha River, a major tributary of the Bharathapuzha River.

The temple was owned by Kozhikode Samoodhiripad - Eralpad, the heir to become Samoodhiri, who had his "Kovilakam" in Karimpuzha. The temple has special offerings and pujas. It is believed that Rama renounced his life here in the river Karimpuzha (thus River Sarayu eventually). Rama is accompanied by Hanuman only during his last moments, which justifies the presence of Hanuman here. Later, the deity of Hanuman was placed inside the temple.

This is one of the rarest 'Mahakshetrams' in Kerala

See also
 Temples of Kerala

External links

Hindu temples in Palakkad district
Rama temples

Karimpuzha Sree Ramaswamy Temple


Leonardo Castellani (November 16, 1899March 15, 1981) was an Argentine priest, essayist, novelist, poet  and theologian.

Born in Reconquista, Santa Fe, Castellani was ordained as a Jesuit priest in 1930, he studied Philosophy and Theology in Rome. Back in his country, he worked in the Catholic press and went into politics as a representative of Catholic nationalism. He was among the candidates of the Alianza Nacionalista party  for a seat in Congress in the 1946 elections. Between 1946 and 1949 he clashed with his own Society of Jesus, who promptly sent him to a two-year confinement in Manresa (Spain). After his petition to attend his brother's funeral was refused, Castellani escaped from Manresa returning to Argentina. He was then expelled from the order and suspended from his functions as a priest, which were repristinated in 1966.

Castellani has left a considerable bulk of essays, novels, tales and poetry. Among the wide range of subjects he tackled, his religious writings deserve a special place, especially his sermons on the gospels and his exegesis of John's Apocalypse. His prolific intellectual production includes a commented edition of St. Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica. One of his last books is dedicated to Søren Kierkegaard, for whom he nurtured a great admiration. Father Castellani's style is forceful, lively and of an acute intelligence.

Considering his right wing sympathies earned him the  dislike of the progressive left wing intelligentsia on the one hand while his conflicts with the Jesuit order spawned the mistrust of  weighty sectors of the Catholic world, it is no surprise that Castellani's  work has never reached the position it deserves among Argentine letters. Apart from a restricted group of fervent admirers such as Argentine writers Rafael Squirru and Sebastian Randle (author of a voluminous biography of the priest published by Vortice in 2003) and Cardinal Antonio Quarracino who consider him one of the most significant Argentine intellectuals of the twentieth century,  Castellani's work is rather unknown in his own country, especially outside Catholic and Traditionalist circles.

External links
http://hjg.com.ar/txt/lc/index.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080324033549/http://www.geocities.com/tomistas/castellani.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20070612220312/http://www.feyrazon.org/Castellani.htm
Series of translated essays by Fr. Castellani:
http://www.statveritas.com.ar/Libros/Libros-INDICE.htm
http://tollers.jack.googlepages.com/etvoil%C3%A0%21

1899 births
1981 deaths
People from Reconquista, Santa Fe
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine male novelists
20th-century Argentine male writers
Argentine male poets
Argentine essayists
Male essayists
Argentine Jesuits
Former Jesuits
Catholic philosophers
Argentine translators
20th-century Argentine poets
20th-century translators
20th-century essayists
20th-century Argentine novelists
20th-century Argentine Roman Catholic priests

Leonardo Castellani