Simon McCaffery (born 1963) is an American author of speculative fiction. Trained as a journalist and magazine editor, he was an Honorable Mention recipient in the L. Ron Hubbard Writers of the Future contest twice before he began publishing short fiction in a variety of professional science fiction, horror and mystery publications in the 1990s, including Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine, Tomorrow SF (edited by Algis Budrys), and Space and Time. He was a contributor in the anthology, Other Worlds Than These, edited by John Joseph Adams, alongside authors Stephen King and Ian McDonald. His fiction has also been collected in anthologies including the "Book of the Dead" series edited by Splatterpunk authors John Mason Skipp and Craig Spector (Still Dead and Mondo Zombie), 100 Wicked Little Witch Stories, ''Mondo Zombie", and The Haunted Hour.

He also served as president of the Oklahoma Science Fiction Writers in Tulsa, Okla., and edited the monthly newsletter, Son of GPIC, for a number of years.

External links

 http://simonmccafferyfiction.blogspot.com/

American science fiction writers
American short story writers
1963 births
Living people
American male short story writers
American male novelists

Simon McCaffery


Orley Clark Ashenfelter (born October 18, 1942) is an American economist and the Joseph Douglas Green 1895 Professor of Economics at Princeton University. His areas of specialization include labor economics, econometrics, and law and economics. He was influential in contributing to the applied turn in economics.

Biography
Orley Aschenfelter attended most of his K-12 education in  National City, a suburb of San Diego. He graduated from Sweetwater H.S., in 1960, achieving many honors there.
Born in San Francisco, Ashenfelter attended Claremont McKenna Men's College. Ashenfelter received a Ph.D. in economics from Princeton University in 1970, having completed a doctoral dissertation titled "Racial discrimination and labor markets". He has been director of the Office of Evaluation of the U.S. Department of Labor, a Guggenheim Fellow, and the Benjamin Meaker Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol. He was awarded the Frisch Medal in 1982. He is a recipient of the IZA Prize in Labor Economics, the Mincer Award for Lifetime Achievement of the Society of Labor Economists, a Fellow of the Econometric Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Society of Labor Economics, and a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He also served as editor of the American Economic Review. He analyzed the results of the Judgment of Paris wine tasting event with Richard E. Quandt. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993. He is currently President of the American Association of Wine Economists and an editor of the Journal of Wine Economics.  Orley Ashenfelter has provided expert economic testimony in numerous legal cases, including U.S. v. Apple (which focused on price-fixing in the market for eBooks), and the 1997 review of the proposed merger between Office Depot and Staples Inc. In 1998, he and Richard Posner co-founded American Law and Economics Review, and served jointly as editors-in-chief from then until 2005.

Charles University

Since the early 1990s, Ashenfelter has actively participated in the process of restoration of doctoral education and research in economics in the Czech Republic. Since 1999, he has been on the board of directors of the CERGE-EI Foundation, which aims to foster economics education in the region and which supports the doctoral program in economics at CERGE-EI, the joint workplace of the Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education (CERGE) of Charles University, Prague, and of the Economics Institute (EI) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Between 2001 and 2007 he has also been a member of the Executive and Supervisory Committee of CERGE-EI.

The Scientific Council of the Faculty of Social Sciences awarded him an Honorary Doctorate of Charles University in Prague on the January 15, 2014.

Awards
1977 Fellow, Econometric Society
1984 Ragnar Frisch Prize, Econometric Society
1993 Fellow, American Academy of Arts & Sciences
2002 Doctoral Honoris Causa, University of Brussels
2003 IZA Price in Labor Economics
2005 Jacob Mincer Award, The Society of Labour Economists (SOLE)
2005 Corresponding Fellow, Royal Society of Edinburgh
2007 Karel Englis Medal, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
2008 Distinguished Fellow, American Economic Association
2010 LERA 2010 Academic Fellow
2014 Honorary Doctorate, Charles University
2017 American Philosophical Society member
2018 National Academy of Sciences member

References

External links
 Biography at Princeton University
 Interview in Czech television 2014 January 18

1942 births
Economists from Texas
Labor economists
Microeconometricians
21st-century American economists
20th-century American economists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Claremont McKenna College alumni
Princeton University faculty
Living people
Writers from San Francisco
American editors
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Economics journal editors
Economists from California
American Economic Review editors

Orley Ashenfelter


Environmental remediation is the cleanup of hazardous substances dealing with the removal, treatment and containment of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment. Remediation may be required by regulations before development of land revitalization projects. Developers who agree to voluntary cleanup may be offered incentives under state or municipal programs like New York State's Brownfield Cleanup Program. If remediation is done by removal the waste materials are simply transported off-site for disposal at another location. The waste material can also be contained by physical barriers like slurry walls. The use of slurry walls is well-established in the construction industry. The application of (low) pressure grouting, used to mitigate soil liquefaction risks in San Francisco and other earthquake zones, has achieved mixed results in field tests to create barriers, and site-specific results depend upon many variable conditions that can greatly impact outcomes.

Remedial action is generally subject to an array of regulatory requirements, and may also be based on assessments of human health and ecological risks where no legislative standards exist, or where standards are advisory.

Remediation standards
In the United States, the most comprehensive set of Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) is from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regional Screening Levels (RSLs). A set of standards used in Europe exists and is often called the Dutch standards. The European Union (EU) is rapidly moving towards Europe-wide standards, although most of the industrialised nations in Europe have their own standards at present. In Canada, most standards for remediation are set by the provinces individually, but the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment provides guidance at a federal level in the form of the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines and the Canada-Wide Standards|Canada-Wide Standard for Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil.

Site assessment
Once a site is suspected of being contaminated there is a need to assess the contamination. Often the assessment begins with preparation of a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment. The historical use of the site and the materials used and produced on site will guide the assessment strategy and type of sampling and chemical analysis to be done. Often nearby sites owned by the same company or which are nearby and have been reclaimed, levelled or filled are also contaminated even where the current land use seems innocuous. For example, a car park may have been levelled by using contaminated waste in the fill. Also important is to consider off site contamination of nearby sites often through decades of emissions to soil, groundwater, and air. Ceiling dust, topsoil, surface and groundwater of nearby properties should also be tested, both before and after any remediation. This is a controversial step as:
 No one wants to have to pay for the cleanup of the site;
 If nearby properties are found to be contaminated it may have to be noted on their property title, potentially affecting the value;
 No one wants to pay for the cost of assessment.

Often corporations which do voluntary testing of their sites are protected from the reports to environmental agencies becoming public under Freedom of Information Acts, however a "Freedom of Information" inquiry will often produce other documents that are not protected or will produce references to the reports.

Funding remediation
In the US there has been a mechanism for taxing polluting industries to form a Superfund to remediate abandoned sites, or to litigate to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites. Other countries have other mechanisms and commonly sites are rezoned to "higher" uses such as high density housing, to give the land a higher value so that after deducting cleanup costs there is still an incentive for a developer to purchase the land, clean it up, redevelop it and sell it on, often as apartments (home units).

Mapping remediation
There are several tools for mapping these sites and which allow the user to view additional information. One such tool is TOXMAP, a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund and Toxics Release Inventory programs.

Technologies
Remediation technologies are many and varied but can generally be categorized into ex-situ and in-situ methods. Ex-situ methods involve excavation of affected soils and subsequent treatment at the surface as well as extraction of contaminated groundwater and treatment at the surface. In-situ methods seek to treat the contamination without removing the soils or groundwater. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil/sediments.

Traditional remediation approaches consist of soil excavation and disposal to landfill and groundwater "pump and treat". In-situ technologies include but are not limited to: solidification and stabilization, soil vapor extraction, permeable reactive barriers, monitored natural attenuation, bioremediation-phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, steam-enhanced extraction and in situ thermal desorption and have been used extensively in the USA.

Barriers

Contaminants can be removed from a site or controlled. One option for control are barrier walls, which can be temporary to prevent contamination during treatment and removal, or more permanent. Techniques to construct barrier walls are deep soil mixing, jet grouting, low pressure grouting with cement and chemicals, freezing and slurry walls. Barrier walls must be constructed of impermeable materials and resistant to deterioration from contact with waste, for the lifespan of the barrier wall. It wasn't until the use of newer polymer and chemical grouts in the 1950s and 1960s that Federal agencies of the US government recognized the need to establish a minimum project life of 50 years in real world applications.

The Department of Energy is one US government agency that sponsors research to formulate, test and determine use applications for innovative polymer grouts used in waste containment barriers. Portland cement was used in the past, however cracking and poor performance under wet-dry conditions at arid sites need improved materials to remedy. Sites that need remediation have variable humidity, moisture and soil conditions. Field implementation remains challenging: different environmental and site conditions require different materials and the placement technologies are specific to the characteristics of the compounds used which vary in viscosity, gel time and density:

"The selection of subsurface barriers for any given site which needs remediation, and the selection of a particular barrier technology must be done, however, by means of the Superfund Process, with special emphasis on the remedial investigation and feasibility study portions. The chemical compatibility of the material with the wastes, leachates and geology with which it is likely to come in contact is of particular importance for barriers constructed from fluids which are supposed to set in-situ. EPA emphasizes this compatibility in its guidance documents, noting that thorough characterization of the waste, leachate, barrier material chemistry, site geochemistry, and compatibility testing of the barrier material with the likely disposal site chemical environment are all required."

These guidelines are for all materials - experimental and traditional.

Thermal desorption
Thermal desorption is a technology for soil remediation. During the process a desorber volatilizes the contaminants (e.g. oil, mercury or hydrocarbon) to separate them from especially soil or sludge. After that the contaminants can either be collected or destroyed in an offgas treatment system.

Excavation or dredging
Excavation processes can be as simple as hauling the contaminated soil to a regulated landfill, but can also involve aerating the excavated material in the case of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Recent advancements in bioaugmentation and biostimulation of the excavated material have also proven to be able to remediate semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) onsite. If the contamination affects a river or bay bottom, then dredging of bay mud or other silty clays containing contaminants (including sewage sludge with harmful microorganisms) may be conducted.
Recently, ExSitu Chemical oxidation has also been utilized in the remediation of contaminated soil. This process involves the excavation of the contaminated area into large bermed areas where they are treated using chemical oxidation methods.

Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR)
This is used in removing non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from aquifer. This is done by pumping surfactant solution into contaminated aquifer using injection wells which are passed through contaminated zones to the extraction wells. The Surfactant solution containing contaminants is then captured and pumped out by extraction wells for further treatment at the surface. Then the water after treatment is discharged into surface water or re-injected into groundwater.

In geologic formations that allow delivery of hydrocarbon mitigation agents or specialty surfactants, this approach provides a cost-effective and permanent solution to sites that have been previously unsuccessful utilizing other remedial approaches. This technology is also successful when utilized as the initial step in a multi-faceted remedial approach utilizing SEAR then In situ Oxidation, bioremediation enhancement or soil vapor extraction (SVE).

Pump and treat
Pump and treat involves pumping out contaminated groundwater with the use of a submersible or vacuum pump, and allowing the extracted groundwater to be purified by slowly proceeding through a series of vessels that contain materials designed to adsorb the contaminants from the groundwater. For petroleum-contaminated sites this material is usually activated carbon in granular form. Chemical reagents such as flocculants followed by sand filters may also be used to decrease the contamination of groundwater. Air stripping is a method that can be effective for volatile pollutants such as BTEX compounds found in gasoline.

For most biodegradable materials like BTEX, MTBE and most hydrocarbons, bioreactors can be used to clean the contaminated water to non-detectable levels. With fluidized bed bioreactors it is possible to achieve very low discharge concentrations which will meet or exceed discharge requirements for most pollutants.

Depending on geology and soil type, pump and treat may be a good method to quickly reduce high concentrations of pollutants. It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to the equilibrium of absorption/desorption processes in the soil. However, pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation. It is expensive to treat the groundwater, and typically is a very slow process to clean up a release with pump and treat. It is best suited to control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading further. Better options of in-situ treatment often include air sparge/soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) or dual phase extraction/multiphase extraction (DPE/MPE). Other methods include trying to increase the dissolved oxygen content of the groundwater to support microbial degradation of the compound (especially petroleum) by direct injection of oxygen into the subsurface, or the direct injection of a slurry that slowly releases oxygen over time (typically magnesium peroxide or calcium oxy-hydroxide).

Solidification and stabilization

Solidification and stabilization work has a reasonably good track record but also a set of serious deficiencies related to durability of solutions and potential long-term effects. In addition CO2 emissions due to the use of cement are also becoming a major obstacle to its widespread use in solidification/stabilization projects.

Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is a remediation and treatment technology that relies on the reaction between a binder and soil to stop/prevent or reduce the mobility of contaminants.
 Stabilization involves the addition of reagents to a contaminated material (e.g. soil or sludge) to produce more chemically stable constituents; and
 Solidification involves the addition of reagents to a contaminated material to impart physical/dimensional stability to contain contaminants in a solid product and reduce access by external agents (e.g. air, rainfall).

Conventional S/S is an established remediation technology for contaminated soils and treatment technology for hazardous wastes in many countries in the world. However, the uptake of S/S technologies has been relatively modest, and a number of barriers have been identified including:
 the relatively low cost and widespread use of disposal to landfill;
 the lack of authoritative technical guidance on S/S;
 uncertainty over the durability and rate of contaminant release from S/S-treated material;
 experiences of past poor practice in the application of cement stabilization processes used in waste disposal in the 1980s and 1990s (ENDS, 1992); and
 residual liability associated with immobilized contaminants remaining on-site, rather than their removal or destruction.

In situ oxidation
New in situ oxidation technologies have become popular for remediation of a wide range of soil and groundwater contaminants. Remediation by chemical oxidation involves the injection of strong oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone gas, potassium permanganate or persulfates.

Oxygen gas or ambient air can also be injected to promote growth of aerobic bacteria which accelerate natural attenuation of organic contaminants. One disadvantage of this approach is the possibility of decreasing anaerobic contaminant destruction natural attenuation where existing conditions enhance anaerobic bacteria which normally live in the soil prefer a reducing environment. In general, aerobic activity is much faster than anaerobic and overall destruction rates are typically greater when aerobic activity can be successfully promoted.

The injection of gases into the groundwater may also cause contamination to spread faster than normal depending on the hydrogeology of the site. In these cases, injections downgradient of groundwater flow may provide adequate microbial destruction of contaminants prior to exposure to surface waters or drinking water supply wells.

Migration of metal contaminants must also be considered whenever modifying subsurface oxidation-reduction potential. Certain metals are more soluble in oxidizing environments while others are more mobile in reducing environments.

Soil vapor extraction
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is an effective remediation technology for soil. "Multi Phase Extraction" (MPE) is also an effective remediation technology when soil and groundwater are to be remediated coincidentally. SVE and MPE utilize different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated after vacuum removal of air and vapors (and VOCs) from the subsurface and include granular activated carbon (most commonly used historically), thermal and/or catalytic oxidation and vapor condensation. Generally, carbon is used for low (below 500 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams, oxidation is used for moderate (up to 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration streams, and vapor condensation is used for high (over 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams. Below is a brief summary of each technology.

 Granular activated carbon (GAC) is used as a filter for air or water. Commonly used to filter tap water in household sinks. GAC is a highly porous adsorbent material, produced by heating organic matter, such as coal, wood and coconut shell, in the absence of air, which is then crushed into granules. Activated carbon is positively charged and therefore able to remove negative ions from the water such as organic ions, ozone, chlorine, fluorides and dissolved organic solutes by adsorption onto the activated carbon. The activated carbon must be replaced periodically as it may become saturated and unable to adsorb (i.e. reduced absorption efficiency with loading). Activated carbon is not effective in removing heavy metals.
 Thermal oxidation (or incineration) can also be an effective remediation technology. This approach is somewhat controversial because of the risks of dioxins released in the atmosphere through the exhaust gases or effluent off-gas. Controlled, high temperature incineration with filtering of exhaust gases however should not pose any risks. Two different technologies can be employed to oxidize the contaminants of an extracted vapor stream. The selection of either thermal or catalytic depends on the type and concentration in parts per million by volume of constituent in the vapor stream. Thermal oxidation is more useful for higher concentration (~4,000 ppmV) influent vapor streams (which require less natural gas usage) than catalytic oxidation at ~2,000 ppmV.
 Thermal oxidation which uses a system that acts as a furnace and maintains temperatures ranging from .
 Catalytic oxidation which uses a catalyst on a support to facilitate a lower temperature oxidation. This system usually maintains temperatures ranging from .
 Vapor condensation is the most effective off-gas treatment technology for high (over 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams. The process involves cryogenically cooling the vapor stream to below 40 degrees C such that the VOCs condensate out of the vapor stream and into liquid form where it is collected in steel containers. The liquid form of the VOCs is referred to as dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) when the source of the liquid consists predominantly of solvents or light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) when the source of the liquid consists predominantly of petroleum or fuel products. This recovered chemical can then be reused or recycled in a more environmentally sustainable or green manner than the alternatives described above. This technology is also known as cryogenic cooling and compression (C3-Technology).

Nanoremediation
Using nano-sized reactive agents to degrade or immobilize contaminants is termed nanoremediation. In soil or groundwater nanoremediation, nanoparticles are brought into contact with the contaminant through either in situ injection or a pump-and-treat process. The nanomaterials then degrade organic contaminants through redox reactions or adsorb to and immobilize metals such as lead or arsenic. In commercial settings, this technology has been dominantly applied to groundwater remediation, with research into wastewater treatment. Research is also investigating how nanoparticles may be applied to cleanup of soil and gases.

Nanomaterials are highly reactive because of their high surface area per unit mass, and due to this reactivity nanomaterials may react with target contaminants at a faster rate than would larger particles. Most field applications of nanoremediation have used nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), which may be emulsified or mixed with another metal to enhance dispersion.

That nanoparticles are highly reactive can mean that they rapidly clump together or react with soil particles or other material in the environment, limiting their dispersal to target contaminants. Some of the important challenges currently limiting nanoremediation technologies include identifying coatings or other formulations that increase dispersal of the nanoparticle agents to better reach target contaminants while limiting any potential toxicity to bioremediation agents, wildlife, or people.

Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a process that treats a polluted area either by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms or through natural microorganism activity, resulting in the degradation of the target pollutants. Broad categories of bioremediation include biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and  natural recovery (natural attenuation). Bioremediation is either done on the contaminated site (in situ) or after the removal of contaminated soils at another more controlled site (ex situ).

In the past, it has been difficult to turn to bioremediation as an implemented policy solution, as lack of adequate production of remediating microbes led to little options for implementation. Those that manufacture microbes for bioremediation must be approved by the EPA; however, the EPA traditionally has been more cautious about negative externalities that may or may not arise from the introduction of these species. One of their concerns is that the toxic chemicals would lead to the microbe's gene degradation, which would then be passed on to other harmful bacteria, creating more issues, if the pathogens evolve the ability to feed off of pollutants.

Entomoremediation
Entomoremediation is a variant of bioremediation in which insects decontaminate soils. Entomoremediation techniques engage microorganisms, collembolans, ants, flies, beetles, and termites. It is dependent on saprophytic insect larvae, resistant to adverse environmental conditions and able to bioaccumulate toxic heavy metal contaminants.

Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly - BSF) is an important entomoremediation participant. H. illucens has been observed to reduce polluted substrate dry weight by 49%. H. illucens larvae have been observed to accumulate cadmium at a concentration of 93% and bioaccumulation factor of 5.6, lead, mercury, zinc with a bioaccumulation factor of 3.6, and arsenic at a concentration of 22%. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have also been used to monitor the degradation and reduction of anthropogenic oil contamination in the environment.

Entomoremediation is considered viable as an accessible low-energy, low-carbon, and highly renewable method for environmental decontamination.

Collapsing air microbubbles
Cleaning of oil contaminated sediments with self collapsing air microbubbles have been recently explored as a chemical free technology. Air microbubbles generated in water without adding any surfactant could be used to clean oil contaminated sediments. This technology holds promise over the use of chemicals (mainly surfactant) for traditional washing of oil contaminated sediments.

Community consultation and information
In preparation for any significant remediation there should be extensive community consultation. The proponent should both present information to and seek information from the community. The proponent needs to learn about "sensitive" (future) uses like childcare, schools, hospitals, and playgrounds as well as community concerns and interests information. Consultation should be open, on a group basis so that each member of the community is informed about issues they may not have individually thought about. An independent chairperson acceptable to both the proponent and the community should be engaged (at proponent expense if a fee is required). Minutes of meetings including questions asked and the answers to them and copies of presentations by the proponent should be available both on the internet and at a local library (even a school library) or community centre.

Incremental health risk
Incremental health risk is the increased risk that a receptor (normally a human being living nearby) will face from (the lack of) a remediation project. The use of incremental health risk is based on carcinogenic and other (e.g., mutagenic, teratogenic) effects and often involves value judgements about the acceptable projected rate of increase in cancer. In some jurisdictions this is 1 in 1,000,000 but in other jurisdictions the acceptable projected rate of increase is 1 in 100,000. A relatively small incremental health risk from a single project is not of much comfort if the area already has a relatively high health risk from other operations like incinerators or other emissions, or if other projects exist at the same time causing a greater cumulative risk or an unacceptably high total risk. An analogy often used by remediators is to compare the risk of the remediation on nearby residents to the risks of death through car accidents or tobacco smoking.

Emissions standards
Standards are set for the levels of dust, noise, odour, emissions to air and groundwater, and discharge to sewers or waterways of all chemicals of concern or chemicals likely to be produced during the remediation by processing of the contaminants. These are compared against both natural background levels in the area and standards for areas zoned as nearby areas are zoned and against standards used in other recent remediations. Just because the emission is emanating from an area zoned industrial does not mean that in a nearby residential area there should be permitted any exceedances of the appropriate residential standards.

Monitoring for compliance against each standards is critical to ensure that exceedances are detected and reported both to authorities and the local community.

Enforcement is necessary to ensure that continued or significant breaches result in fines or even a jail sentence for the polluter.

Penalties must be significant as otherwise fines are treated as a normal expense of doing business. Compliance must be cheaper than to have continuous breaches.

Transport and emergency safety assessment
Assessment should be made of the risks of operations, transporting contaminated material, disposal of waste which may be contaminated including workers' clothes, and a formal emergency response plan should be developed. Every worker and visitor entering the site should have a safety induction personalised to their involvement with the site.

Impacts of funding remediation
The rezoning is often resisted by local communities and local government because of the adverse effects on the local amenity of the remediation and the new development. The main impacts during remediation are noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk. Then there is the noise, dust and traffic of developments. Then there is the impact on local traffic, schools, playing fields, and other public facilities of the often vastly increased local population.

Examples of major remediation projects

Homebush Bay, New South Wales, Australia

Dioxins from Union Carbide used in the production of now-banned pesticide 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and defoliant Agent Orange polluted Homebush Bay. Remediation was completed in 2010, but fishing will continue to be banned for decades.

Bakar, Croatia

An EU contract for immobilization of a polluted area of 20,000 m3 in Bakar, Croatia based on solidification/stabilization with ImmoCem is currently in progress. After three years of intensive research by the Croatian government, the EU funded the immobilization project in Bakar. The area is contaminated with large amounts of TPH, PAH, and metals. For the immobilization, the contractor chose to use the mix-in-plant procedure.

See also

General links

Biodegradation
Bioremediation
In-situ capping of subaqueous waste
In Situ Oxidation
In-situ thermal desorption
Ecotoxicity
Electrokinetic remediation
Electrical resistance heating
Environmental degradation
Environmental restoration
Groundwater remediation
Natural attenuation
Mold Remediation
Phase I Environmental Site Assessment
Phytoremediation
Restoration ecology
Soil contamination
Soil vapor extraction
Solidification / Stabilization (S/S) with Cement

Legislation about remediation
Superfund (United States)
Contaminated Land Management Act (New South Wales, Australia)
Contaminated Sites Act 2003 (Western Australia, Australia)
'Wet Bodembescherming' (Soil Protection Act, Netherlands)
'Wet Verontreiniging Oppervlaktewater' (Surfacewater Pollution Act, Netherlands)
'Environmental Management Act' (Canada)

Environmental groups with information
CHEJ (US - Grew out of Love Canal controversy)
Greenpeace (International organisation with National sites)

Environmental protection agencies
United States Environmental Protection Agency
NSW EPA (NSW, Australia)
Environment Canada
Canadian EPA Summary Table

See also
 List of cleaning companies

References

External links
 U.S. EPA's Contaminated Site Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN)

Pollution control technologies
Cleaning and the environment

Environmental remediation


Johan Olfert Fischer (4 August 1747 – 18 February 1829) was a Danish officer in the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy. He commanded the Dano-Norwegian fleet against British forces under Lord Nelson during the Danish defeat at Copenhagen on 2 April 1801.

Life and career
Johan Olfert Fischer was born in Copenhagen in 1747, the son of the Danish Vice Admiral Olfert Fasvier Fischer whom he followed to a naval career. While still a young man, his rise through the military ranks was set back and almost destroyed in an incident with a prostitute while he was on guard duty on the island of Holmen off Copenhagen. The prostitute compounded Fischer's disgrace by accusing him of violent assault and her charges were believed by a military court: Fischer, then a lieutenant, was punished and demoted back to common seaman for a period of one year.

By 1784, however, Fischer had rebuilt his reputation enough to be promoted to captain, and he was dispatched to the West Indies as commander of the warship Bornholme. It was during this three-year mission that he first met — on friendly terms — his future foe Nelson, then a captain aboard HMS Boreas.

Battle of Copenhagen

By 1801, Fischer had risen to the rank of commodore and was appointed to lead the critical naval defense of Copenhagen during the French Revolutionary Wars. Aboard his flagship Dannebrog, he attempted to organize a comprehensive defense with which to face Nelson's fleet. The Dannebrog, however, caught fire early in the battle and Fischer was forced to transfer his command, first to a different ship and then, when that ship was crippled also, to a shore-based battery. Under these circumstances, Fischer had little control over the situation. Though the Danish fleet fought a spirited battle, the much larger British force eventually overwhelmed the Danish fleet. Recent histories have posited the difficulty of battle communications and a cumbersome Danish chain of command as reasons for the end of hostilities."

Later life
The tenacious Fischer, who had been wounded in the combat, was revered as a national hero and bemedaled by the Danish crown for his bravery. Nelson himself, who had at that time been involved in over a hundred actions, pronounced that the battle was the fiercest he had ever fought.

Fischer remained with the navy and was elevated to the rank of Vice Admiral. He died on 18 February 1829 and was buried in the churchyard of the Reformed Church, Copenhagen.

Legacy

Although some contemporary scholars have criticized Fischer's reputation and minimized his significance, he remains a military hero in Denmark.  Among ships named for him, the coastal defense monitor Olfert Fischer was one of the main ships of the Royal Danish Navy (RDN) before World War I. It was first laid down at Copenhagen in 1900 and commissioned to service in 1903. The vessel took part in the coronation celebrations of King George V in June 1911, representing Denmark at the naval ceremonies in Spithead. The modern Olfert Fischer (F355) is a  of the RDN, commissioned to service in 1981. In addition to coastal duties, this ship served among allied forces in the Persian Gulf during the conflicts of 1990 and 2003.

Fischer is commemorated in the composition The Hope by Frederik Magle which was commissioned by the Admiral Danish Fleet and the Reformed Church in Copenhagen. The Hope was premiered on 1 and 2 April 2001, marking the 200th anniversary of the battle of Copenhagen.

References

Further reading
  One copy extant in the Royal Danish Library (#KGL01002580387).
 Thomas Lyngby, Søren Mentz, Søren Nørby & Jakob Seerup: Danmarks største søhelte, Copenhagen, Gads Forlag, 2010, 280 pages.  .

18th-century Danish naval officers
19th-century Danish naval officers
Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy personnel
1747 births
1829 deaths
Danish military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Danish admirals

Olfert Fischer


A flouer, whiles cried a bluim, is a pairt o a plaunt. Whiles a flouer micht can hae a stem – a thin 'pipe' – for tae support the flouer. Flouers haena got ony petals. The wird "flouer" is for ordinar anerly uised for tae descrieve the pairt that maks seeds.

In mony plaunts, a flouer is its maist colourfu pairt. We say the plaunt 'flouers', 'is flouerin' or 'is in flouer' whan this colourfu pairt begins tae growe mair muckle an open oot.

Thare are mony different kinds o flouers in different areas in the warld. Even in the caldest places, for ensaumple the Airctic, flouers can growe durin a wheen o months.

Flouers

Flouer


William George Williams, Jr. (September 19, 1930 – September 22, 1998) was a  National League umpire from 1963 through 1987. He wore uniform number 24 for most of his career.

Early life
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Williams started his umpiring career in 1956 in the Evangeline League, before joining the Southwestern League (1957), the South Atlantic League (1958–July 1959) and the International League (July 1959–July 1963).

Major League Baseball career
Williams joined the National League full-time starting in 1963, and officiated in the 1981 National League Division Series, four National League Championship Series' (1972, 1975, 1978, 1982), three World Series (1970, 1976, 1985), and three Major League Baseball All-Star Games (1965, 1973, 1979).

He also was the home plate umpire for the 1967 no-hitter hurled by Houston Astros pitcher Don Wilson against the Atlanta Braves.

1987 Season
Williams had planned to retire at the end of the 1987 season, but two injuries ended his career early.

On June 9, 1987, he was hit in the right elbow by a wild pitch delivered by Chicago Cubs pitcher Rick Sutcliffe. Then on June 29, 1987, Williams' leg was broken on a play at the plate in an Atlanta Braves against the San Francisco Giants game at Candlestick Park.

In a rundown following a squeeze play, Braves pitcher Zane Smith fielded the bunt and ran to the plate to tag sliding Giants outfielder Joel Youngblood. As Smith made the tag, he fell over Youngblood and into Williams, who managed to make the call while on his knees.

At first, Williams hoped to get back to work by the middle of the next month, to complete what he planned to be his last season, however he never umpired another game after that.

Death
Williams died due to cancer of the throat in Deerfield Beach, Florida, just three days after his 68th birthday.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball umpires

References

1930 births
1998 deaths
Major League Baseball umpires
National League umpires
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
Sportspeople from New York (state)
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from cancer in Florida

Billy Williams (umpire)


Gabriele Fontana (b. 1958 Innsbruck) is an Austrian operatic soprano.

Biography
Fontana made her professional opera debut in 1980 as Pamina in Die Zauberflöte with Oper Frankfurt. She joined the Hamburg State Opera in 1982 where she sang Pamina, Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Sophie in Der Rosenkavalier and the role of Sophie Scholl in the world premiere of Udo Zimmermann's Weisse Rose; the latter of which she reprised and recorded two years later at the Vienna State Opera. Since then Fontana has been a regular presence at the world's best opera houses making appearances in Hannover, Amsterdam, Berlin, Cologne, Munich, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart, Barcelona, Trieste, Geneva, Tokyo, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and New York. She has also been a regular performer at the Salzburg Festival and has made appearances at the Glyndebourne Festival, Vienna Festival, the Bregenzer Festspiele, the London Proms, Carinthischer Sommer, Festival di Carpi, Prague Spring Festival, and at festivals in Berlin, Dresden, Israel, the USA and Japan.

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Austrian operatic sopranos
Musicians from Innsbruck
20th-century Austrian women opera singers
21st-century Austrian women opera singers

Gabriele Fontana


George () (1778 – 20 November 1807) was a Georgian prince of the Bagrationi house of Imereti and claimant to the crown of Imereti. He was the ancestor of the Bagration-Imeretinsky royal family of the Russian Empire.

George was the only son of Alexander, son of Solomon I of Imereti, of his marriage with Princess Darejan née Tsulukidze, which was not authorized by the church. Alexander had led an abortive revolt against Solomon in 1778, but then reconciled with him. He died before his father and Solomon's death in 1784 left the issue of Imeretian succession open to rivaling claims. George was designed as heir apparent at Solomon's death, but was prevented from being crowned by Solomon's cousin David II, who was in turn overthrown by Solomon's nephew Solomon II. The latter arrested George as a pretender to the throne and imprisoned him at the Mukhuri castle in 1795. George was able to escape on 15 October 1806 and fled to the Russian Empire where he spent his last years, writing memoirs of his life. He died of smallpox at St. Petersburg and was buried there, at the St. Alexander Nevsky Convent.

George was married to Princess Darejan, of the Eristavi of Racha (1779–1816), and fathered two sons – Alexander and Dimitry Bagration-Imeretinsky, both generals of the Russian army. Darejan and her sons were deported from Imereti to Russia proper after the Russian conquest of that kingdom in 1810.

Issue
 Alexander Bagration-Imeretinsky, lived from 1796 to 1862.
 Dimitry Bagration-Imeretinsky, lived from 1799 to 1845.

References

1778 births
1807 deaths
Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Imereti
Georgian princes
Deaths from smallpox

Prince George of Imereti


George Melachrino (born George Miltiades; 1 May 1909 – 18 June 1965) was a musician, composer of film music, and musical director who was English born of Greek and Italian descent. He was an accomplished player of the violin, viola, oboe, clarinet and saxophone.

George Melachrino was born in London, England.  As a young boy, he had a love of music. At the age of five, he began composing and by the age of fourteen he enrolled in the Trinity College of Music. In 1927, he began his career by singing and playing at the Savoy Hill Studios in London. For the next twelve years, he played in many different bands and orchestras. In the 1930s, Melachrino started working for bands led by Ambrose singing and playing saxophone with Carroll Gibbons at the Savoy Hotel London, and Bert Firman, and started playing on radio for the BBC. By 1939, he started his own band and secured a contract at the Café de Paris. He joined the Army a year later, and received training at the Corps of Military Police where he became a P.T. Instructor. Melachrino also gained experience as a military musician at the Army Broadcasting Department, as Musical Director for the recording of entertainment for overseas forces, leading the British Band of the Allied Expeditionary Forces and the Orchestra Khaki.

After the war, in 1945, he formed the George Melachrino Orchestra, an orchestra that became synonymous with lush string arrangements. From 1945 to 1947, he conducted for Richard Tauber in most of his Parlophone recordings and BBC broadcasts. Beginning in the 1950s he specialized in easy listening arrangements of popular music standards. His ensemble recorded under the names, 'Melachinro Strings' and the 'Melachrino Strings and Orchestra.'

In 1956, his orchestra's track "Autumn Concerto" reached number 18 in the UK Singles Chart, and remained in the chart for nine weeks.

Melachrino frequently performed on BBC and American Armed Forces Radio.

The "Starlight Roof Waltz", as performed by the George Melachrino Strings, was the signature tune of the radio programme Moeders wil is wet (1949–1974), the Dutch equivalent of Housewives' Choice.

His lead arranger during the British Band of the AEF and later with the Melachrino Strings was Bert Thompson, who also arranged "Little White Bull" and "The Young Ones".

Melachrino has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Selected filmography
 Woman to Woman (1947)
 The Shop at Sly Corner (1947)
 No Orchids for Miss Blandish (1948)
 The Story of Shirley Yorke (1948)
 Dark Secret (1949)
 The Man from Yesterday (1949)
 Eight O'Clock Walk (1954)
 The Gamma People (1956)

Discography

References

External links
 George Melachrino site at spaceagepop.com

1909 births
1965 deaths
20th-century English composers
British people of Greek descent
English music arrangers
English people of Italian descent
Easy listening musicians
Light music composers
Musicians from London
Orchestra leaders
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Military Police soldiers

George Melachrino


Mudrocks make up most of the sedimentary rocks on Earth. They are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.

The types of mudrocks include: siltstone, claystone, mudstone, slate, and shale.

Most of the particles are less than 0.0625 mm (1/16th mm or 0.0025 inches) and are too small to study readily in the field. At first sight the rock types look quite similar; however, there are important differences in composition and naming.

There has been a great deal of disagreement about the classification of mudrocks. There are some reasons for this:
Mudrocks are the least understood, and one of the most understudied sedimentary rocks to date
It is difficult to study mudrock constituents, due to their tiny size
And most importantly, there is more than one classification scheme accepted by scientists

Mudrocks make up half of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth. Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion, which is why mudrocks are so common.

With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned, with the appearance of parallel layering (fissility). This finely bedded material which splits readily into thin layers is called shale, as distinct from mudstone.

From the beginning of civilization, when pottery and mudbricks were made by hand, to now, mudrocks have been important. The first book on mudrocks was not published until 1964. However, scientists, engineers, and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil.

Related pages
Mud
Mudstone

References

Sedimentary rocks

Mudrock


Edson Michael Buddle (born May 21, 1981) is an American retired soccer player who is currently the head coach of USL League Two side Westchester Flames. He is one of only 11 players to have scored 100 goals in Major League Soccer history.

Buddle began his career in North America in 2000 with the Long Island Rough Riders, who played in the A-League at that time. He then spent 2001 to 2010 in Major League Soccer, playing for the Columbus Crew, New York Red Bulls, Toronto FC, and LA Galaxy. After a one-year stint with FC Ingolstadt 04 in Germany's 2. Bundesliga he returned to Los Angeles. Buddle has also played for the United States national team, including two appearances at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Club career

College and Minor-League Career
Born in New Rochelle, New York, Buddle played one year of college soccer at State Fair Community College, leading them to the 1999 NJCAA Division I National Championship. Buddle began his professional career in 2000, when he signed with Long Island Rough Riders of the A-League. Buddle helped the team win the Northeast Division, scoring eleven goals and four assists, and was a finalist for the A-League Rookie of the Year Award.

Columbus Crew
His performance in the A-League attracted the interest of MLS, and Edson was selected twenty-seventh overall in the 2001 MLS SuperDraft by Columbus Crew. Buddle played only 556 minutes in his first year, but scored three goals and two assists. The next year, at the age of twenty-one, he scored nine goals and five assists in only 1304 minutes while helping the Crew to a U.S. Open Cup win. Plagued by injuries, he only started sixteen games the next year, but scored nine goals and four assists. The pattern repeated itself in 2004, as Buddle missed significant time to injury, but still scored eleven goals and two assists in twenty starts. His 2005 totals were nine goals and two assists.

New York Red Bulls
Before the 2006 season Buddle was traded to New York Red Bulls for Eddie Gaven and Chris Leitch. He had a disappointing year in his tenure with the team only scoring six goals because he was battling a foot injury. On November 22, 2006, Buddle was traded to Toronto FC for Tim Regan. He failed to score in 10 appearances for the Reds but assisted on the club's first ever goal, setting up Danny Dichio to score against Chicago Fire in front of the south stand at BMO Field.

Los Angeles Galaxy
On June 13, 2007, Buddle was traded to LA Galaxy for Tyrone Marshall. He scored his first goal for the Galaxy against Real Salt Lake.

Buddle was not expected to be a starting striker as the 2008 MLS season began, as the Galaxy already had three attacking forwards in Carlos Ruiz, Landon Donovan and Alan Gordon. In spite of this, Buddle became a prominent striker on the LA offense in 2008, filling in for the injured Guatemalan striker Ruiz or when Donovan and Ruiz were absent while on international duty.

He scored two hat tricks during his first season in Los Angeles: one in Week 8 against FC Dallas and one in Week 12 against San Jose Earthquakes, winning the MLS Player of the Week in both weeks. After his second hat trick, teammate David Beckham commented, "Edson is an individual who is getting better at the game. He's proved that tonight." After scoring his ninth goal against Columbus Crew on June 22, 2008, coach Ruud Gullit said he had become a "true professional" and that he was "very pleased" with him. ESPN's Andrea Canales noted that Buddle had once suffered from a reputation of being "maddeningly lazy at times, giving up on passes that didn't fall in his striking-sweet zone," but that he had improved due to guidance from Beckham and an improved self-confidence as he scored more goals. MLS Extratime's Shep Messing said, "I don't think there's a better tandem up top than Landon Donovan and Edson Buddle...They complement each other. They don't take away each other's space, making it better for each other."

After scoring just five goals in the 2009 season, Buddle opened the 2010 season on fire, scoring seven goals in the first four matches of the year. By mid-May, he had scored nine times, earning a surprising call-up to the national team roster for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He continued his strong form after returning from the World Cup, continuing to lead the league in scoring when the 2010 MLS All-Star Game rosters were announced despite having missed several matches on international duty. On October 24, 2010, Los Angeles Galaxy won the Western Conference and the Supporter's Shield, with Buddle winning the Galaxy's MVP, golden boot, and Humanitarian of the Year.

FC Ingolstadt 04
Buddle signed with 2. Bundesliga club FC Ingolstadt 04 on January 10, 2011. He debuted for Ingolstadt on January 21 in a 1–1 draw against MSV Duisburg. He scored his first goal for the Bavarian side in the 78th minute of that game. Buddle was released by FC Ingolstadt 04 on January 31, 2012, making him a free agent.

Return to Los Angeles Galaxy and Colorado Rapids
Despite trialing with Everton the day after being released by Ingolstadt, Buddle re-signed with Los Angeles Galaxy. His second stint with the club proved disappointing and short-lived. Buddle started only 10 league games in 2012 and scored only 3 goals, his lowest season tally in MLS since his rookie year of 2001.

On December 14, 2012, Colorado Rapids acquired Buddle from Los Angeles in exchange for allocation money and a first-round pick in the 2013 MLS Supplemental Draft. On August 21, 2014, Buddle became only the eighth player to score 100 goals in MLS by heading in Dillon Powers' corner kick, albeit in a 3–4 home defeat to the Galaxy.

Buddle was released by Colorado on November 25, 2014. He returned to a third spell at the Galaxy on March 6, 2015. Buddle became a free agent on December 7, 2015, when the Galaxy declined his option.

International career
Although he may have been a promising player for the United States national team, Buddle's injuries have made it difficult for him to break into the squad. He figured for the under-20 and under-23 teams, playing in the 2001 World Youth Championship with the former. Buddle earned his first senior team cap on March 29, 2003, in a friendly against Venezuela but would not see the field for the United States again for seven years. On May 11, 2010, he was named to the preliminary squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and on May 25, started in a 4–2 friendly loss to the Czech Republic. The following day, Buddle was named to the final squad. Buddle contributed two first-half goals in a friendly match versus Australia on June 5. In the 2010 FIFA World Cup he appeared as a substitute in matches against England and Algeria.

International goals

Career statistics

Club

International

Personal
Buddle is named after Edson Arantes do Nascimento, better known as Pelé.  His father, Winston Buddle, a former professional soccer player born in Jamaica, chose the name.  Buddle attended Port Chester High School in Westchester County, New York.

Honors
Columbus Crew
 Supporters' Shield: 2004
 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2002

LA Galaxy
 MLS Cup: 2012
 Supporters' Shield: 2010
 Western Conference
 Regular Season: 2009, 2010
 Playoffs: 2012

Individual
 Los Angeles Galaxy MVP: 2010
 Los Angeles Galaxy Golden Boot: 2010
 Los Angeles Galaxy Humanitarian of the Year: 2010
 MLS Player of the Month: August 2002, April 2010
 MLS Best XI: 2010
MLS 100 goals club

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
African-American men's soccer players
American people of Jamaican descent
People from Port Chester, New York
Soccer players from Westchester County, New York
Sportspeople from New Rochelle, New York
Men's association football forwards
Long Island Rough Riders players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Columbus Crew players
Doping cases in association football
New York Red Bulls players
Toronto FC players
American expatriate sportspeople in Canada
LA Galaxy players
FC Ingolstadt 04 players
Colorado Rapids players
LA Galaxy II players
Major League Soccer players
2. Bundesliga players
USL Championship players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
United States men's international soccer players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
United States men's under-23 international soccer players
Columbus Crew draft picks
American men's soccer players

Edson Buddle


Walter M. Burse (1898-1970) served as the second president of Suffolk University in Boston, Massachusetts from 1948 to 1954.

Walter Burse graduated from Brown University in 1920 and then Harvard Law School in 1923 and began practicing law that year. He served as president of the Boston Exchange Club and a director of the New England School of Art. Burse became a trustee of Suffolk University in 1946 and was appointed president in 1948 to replace Suffolk founder Gleason Archer, Sr. Burse served until 1954 and died in 1970.

Burse also served as an officer of the New England Concrete Masonry Association The Walter M. Burse Forensic Society, a debating society at Suffolk is named in his honor.

References

External links
Walter M. Burse Forensic Society

Brown University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Presidents of Suffolk University
1898 births
1970 deaths
20th-century American academics

Walter Burse


A polyphase quadrature filter, or PQF, is a filter bank which splits an input signal into a given number N (mostly a power of 2) of equidistant sub-bands. A factor of N subsamples these sub-bands, so they are critically sampled.
An important application of the polyphase filters (of FIR type) concerns the filtering and decimation of large band (and so high sample rate) input signals, e.g. coming from a high rate ADC, which can not be directly processed by an FPGA or in some case by an ASIC either. Suppose the ADC plus FPGA/ASIC interface implements a demultiplexer of the ADC samples in N internal FPGA/ASIC registers. In that case, the polyphase filter transforms the decimator FIR filter canonic structure in N parallel branches clocked at 1/N of the ADC clock, allowing digital processing when N=Clock(ADC)/Clock(FPGA).

This critical sampling introduces aliasing. Similar to the MDCT time domain alias cancellation the aliasing of polyphase quadrature filters is canceled by neighbouring sub-bands, i.e. signals are typically stored in two sub-bands.

Note that signal in odd subbands is stored frequency inverted.

PQF filters are used in MPEG-1 Audio Layer I and II, Musepack (which was based on MPEG-1 layer II), in MPEG-1 Layer III with an additional MDCT, in MPEG-4 AAC-SSR for the 4 band PQF bank, in MPEG-4 V3 SBR
for the analysis of the upper spectral replicated band, and in DTS.

PQF has an advantage over the very similar stacked quadrature mirror filter (QMF). Delay and computational effort are much lower.

A PQF filter bank is constructed using a base filter, which is a low-pass at fs/4N. This lowpass is modulated by N cosine functions and converted to N band-passes with a bandwidth of fs/2N.

The base lowpass is typically a FIR filter with a length of 10*N ... 24*N taps. Note that it is also possible to build PQF filters using recursive IIR filters.

Computation

There are different formulas possible. Most of them are based on the MDCT but are slightly modified.

References

Digital signal processing
Linear filters

Polyphase quadrature filter


3D rendering is the 3D computer graphics process of converting 3D models into 2D images on a computer. 3D renders may include photorealistic effects or non-photorealistic styles.

Rendering methods

Rendering is the final process of creating the actual 2D image or animation from the prepared scene. This can be compared to taking a photo or filming the scene after the setup is finished in real life. Several different, and often specialized, rendering methods have been developed. These range from the distinctly non-realistic wireframe rendering through polygon-based rendering, to more advanced techniques such as: scanline rendering, ray tracing, or radiosity. Rendering may take from fractions of a second to days for a single image/frame. In general, different methods are better suited for either photorealistic rendering, or real-time rendering.

Real-time

Rendering for interactive media, such as games and simulations, is calculated and displayed in real time, at rates of approximately 20 to 120 frames per second. In real-time rendering, the goal is to show as much information as possible as the eye can process in a fraction of a second (a.k.a. "in one frame": In the case of a 30 frame-per-second animation, a frame encompasses one 30th of a second).

The primary goal is to achieve an as high as possible degree of photorealism at an acceptable minimum rendering speed (usually 24 frames per second, as that is the minimum the human eye needs to see to successfully create the illusion of movement). In fact, exploitations can be applied in the way the eye 'perceives' the world, and as a result, the final image presented is not necessarily that of the real world, but one close enough for the human eye to tolerate.

Rendering software may simulate such visual effects as lens flares, depth of field or motion blur. These are attempts to simulate visual phenomena resulting from the optical characteristics of cameras and of the human eye. These effects can lend an element of realism to a scene, even if the effect is merely a simulated artifact of a camera. This is the basic method employed in games, interactive worlds and VRML.

The rapid increase in computer processing power has allowed a progressively higher degree of realism even for real-time rendering, including techniques such as HDR rendering.  Real-time rendering is often polygonal and aided by the computer's GPU.

Non-real-time

Animations for non-interactive media, such as feature films and video, can take much more time to render. Non-real-time rendering enables the leveraging of limited processing power in order to obtain higher image quality. Rendering times for individual frames may vary from a few seconds to several days for complex scenes. Rendered frames are stored on a hard disk, then transferred to other media such as motion picture film or optical disk. These frames are then displayed sequentially at high frame rates, typically 24, 25, or 30 frames per second (fps), to achieve the illusion of movement.

When the goal is photo-realism, techniques such as ray tracing, path tracing, photon mapping or radiosity are employed.  This is the basic method employed in digital media and artistic works.  Techniques have been developed for the purpose of simulating other naturally occurring effects, such as the interaction of light with various forms of matter. Examples of such techniques include particle systems (which can simulate rain, smoke, or fire), volumetric sampling (to simulate fog, dust and other spatial atmospheric effects), caustics (to simulate light focusing by uneven light-refracting surfaces, such as the light ripples seen on the bottom of a swimming pool), and subsurface scattering (to simulate light reflecting inside the volumes of solid objects, such as human skin).

The rendering process is computationally expensive, given the complex variety of physical processes being simulated. Computer processing power has increased rapidly over the years, allowing for a progressively higher degree of realistic rendering. Film studios that produce computer-generated animations typically make use of a render farm to generate images in a timely manner. However, falling hardware costs mean that it is entirely possible to create small amounts of 3D animation on a home computer system given the costs involved when using render farms. The output of the renderer is often used as only one small part of a completed motion-picture scene.  Many layers of material may be rendered separately and integrated into the final shot using compositing software.

Reflection and shading models

Models of reflection/scattering and shading are used to describe the appearance of a surface.  Although these issues may seem like problems all on their own, they are studied almost exclusively within the context of rendering.  Modern 3D computer graphics rely heavily on a simplified reflection model called the Phong reflection model (not to be confused with Phong shading). In the refraction of light, an important concept is the refractive index; in most 3D programming implementations, the term for this value is "index of refraction" (usually shortened to IOR).

Shading can be broken down into two different techniques, which are often studied independently:

Surface shading - how light spreads across a surface (mostly used in scanline rendering for real-time 3D rendering in video games)
Reflection/scattering - how light interacts with a surface at a given point (mostly used in ray-traced renders for non-real-time photorealistic and artistic 3D rendering in both CGI still 3D images and CGI non-interactive 3D animations)

Surface shading algorithms

Popular surface shading algorithms in 3D computer graphics include:
Flat shading: a technique that shades each polygon of an object based on the polygon's "normal" and the position and intensity of a light source
Gouraud shading: invented by H. Gouraud in 1971; a fast and resource-conscious vertex shading technique used to simulate smoothly shaded surfaces.
Phong shading: invented by Bui Tuong Phong; used to simulate specular highlights and smooth shaded surfaces.

Reflection

Reflection or scattering is the relationship between the incoming and outgoing illumination at a given point.  Descriptions of scattering are usually given in terms of a bidirectional scattering distribution function or BSDF.

Shading

Shading addresses how different types of scattering are distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies where).  Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program called a shader. A simple example of shading is texture mapping, which uses an image to specify the diffuse color at each point on a surface, giving it more apparent detail.

Some shading techniques include:
Bump mapping: Invented by Jim Blinn, a normal-perturbation technique used to simulate wrinkled surfaces.
Cel shading: A technique used to imitate the look of hand-drawn animation.

Transport
Transport describes how illumination in a scene gets from one place to another.  Visibility is a major component of light transport.

Projection

The shaded three-dimensional objects must be flattened so that the display device - namely a monitor - can display it in only two dimensions, this process is called 3D projection.  This is done using projection and, for most applications, perspective projection. The basic idea behind perspective projection is that objects that are further away are made smaller in relation to those that are closer to the eye.  Programs produce perspective by multiplying a dilation constant raised to the power of the negative of the distance from the observer.  A dilation constant of one means that there is no perspective.  High dilation constants can cause a "fish-eye" effect in which image distortion begins to occur. Orthographic projection is used mainly in CAD or CAM applications where scientific modeling requires precise measurements and preservation of the third dimension.

Rendering engines

Render engines may come together or be integrated with 3D modeling software but there is standalone software as well. Some render engines are compatible with multiple 3D software, while some are exclusive to one. It's is the one responsible for the transformation of the prepared 3D scene into a 2D image or animation. 3D render engines can be based on different methods, such as ray-tracing, rasterization, path-tracing, also depending on the speed and the outcome expected, it comes in different types – real-time and non real-time, which was described above

See also
 Architectural rendering
 Ambient occlusion
 Computer vision
 Geometry pipeline
 Geometry processing
 Graphics
 Graphics processing unit (GPU)
 Graphical output devices
 Image processing
 Industrial CT scanning
 Painter's algorithm
 Parallel rendering
 Reflection (computer graphics)
 SIGGRAPH
 Volume rendering

Notes and references

External links
How Stuff Works - 3D Graphics
History of Computer Graphics series of articles (Wayback Machine copy)

3D rendering


The Bacher Lay is a nature reserve in Germany, which covers an area of 44.7 hectares in the county of Westerwaldkreis in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is a geotope of the Westerwald-Lahn-Taunus Geopark

Location
The Bacher Lay is a disused basalt quarry, which is situated between Bad Marienberg and Nisterau on the Black Nister, a tributary of the Great Nister. Its name is derived from the formerly independent hamlet of Bach, now part of the municipality of Nisterau; "lay" in this instance means 'quarry'. The area lies within parts of the parishes (Gemarkungen) of Bad Marienberg, Bach, Eichenstruth and Stockhausen-Illfurth.

The Bacher Lay is characterised by a mighty, almost vertical, basalt rock face, which was produced as a result of basalt quarrying. The nearby "Pfaffenmal", an 18-metre-high columnar basalt cone which looks like a charcoal burner's pile, is also worth seeing.

From the town centre of Bad Marienberg to the Bacher Lay it is about 4 kilometres on foot.

Nature reserve
The Bezirksregierung Koblenz passed a legal ordinance on 28 October 1996, in which the conservation aim is described as follows:
 "The conservation aim is the preservation and development of the 'Bacher Lay' with its standing and flowing bodies of water with gentle and steep shore areas, with its dry grassland, tall herbaceous vegetation and basalt rock faces as a habitat for rare, endangered animal and plant species – especially amphibians, reptiles and birds, as well as orchids".

Gallery

References

External links

Nature reserves in Rhineland-Palatinate
Westerwaldkreis

Bacher Lay


36 Andromedae is a visual binary star system in the northern constellation of Andromeda. The designation is from the star catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.45. An annual parallax shift of 26.33 mas yields a distance estimate of about 124 light years. The system is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −0.8 km/s.

The binary nature of this system was discovered in 1832 by the German-Russian astronomer Wilhelm von Struve. It is a wide binary with an orbital period of 167.5 years and an eccentricity of 0.3. As of 2016, the pair had an angular separation of 0.90 arc seconds along a position angle of 330°.

The primary, component A, is a magnitude 6.12 F-type star with a stellar classification of G8 IV, while the secondary, component B, has a magnitude of 6.54 and is a K-type star of class K3 IV. Their brightness compared to their temperatures indicate they are evolving subgiant stars. However, at least one of the components is subject to flare activity, which may suggest they are instead pre-main sequence stars.

References

External links
 Image 36 Andromedae

G-type subgiants
K-type subgiants
Binary stars
Andromeda (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
Andromedae, 36
005286
004288
0258

36 Andromedae


Senegal is a multilingual country: Ethnologue lists 36 languages, Wolof being the most widely spoken language.

French, which was inherited from the colonial era. It is used by the administration and understood by about 15–20% of all men and about 1–2% of all women. Senegal is a member State of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. A Senegalese, Abdou Diouf, held the position of its Executive Secretary between 2003 and 2014.

Several of the Senegalese languages have the status of "national languages": Wolof, Balanta-Ganja, Arabic, Jola-Fonyi, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon (Serer-Noon), Pulaar, Serer, and Soninke.

In terms of usage, Wolof is the lingua franca and the most widely spoken language in Senegal, as a first or second language (80%).

Mande languages spoken include Soninke, and Mandinka. Jola (Diola) is a main language in the Casamance region. The Guinea Creole dialect, based on Portuguese is also spoken in that region.  In 2008 Senegal, due to its historical connections to Portuguese colonisation in Casamance, was admitted as Associate Observer in the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries).

Education for the deaf in Senegal uses American Sign Language, introduced by the deaf American missionary Andrew Foster.  A local language is Mbour Sign Language.

A report for the High Council of Francophonie in Paris stated in 1986 that in Senegal, 60,000 people spoke French as a first language and 700,000 spoke French as a second language. The total population of Senegal at the time was 6,500,000.

Languages taught at school
French is a mandatory school subject, as it is the official language of Senegal. English is taught as a subject in secondary school across the country.

Languages
 Arabic
 American Sign Language
 Badyara
 Banyum
 Balanta
 Bandial
 Bassari
 Bayot
 Bedik
 Guinea-Bissau Creole
 French
 Fula
 Gusilay
 Hassaniya Arabic
 Jola-Felupe
 Jola-Fonyi
 Kasa
 Karon
 Kassonke
 Kobiana
 Kwatay
 Laalaa
 Mandinka
 Manjak
 Maninka
 Mankanya
 Mbouti Sign Language
 Mlomp
 Ndut
 Nko
 Noon
 Palor
 Pulaar
 Pular
 Safen
 Serer
 Soninke
 Wamey
 Wolof
 Yalunka

References

Further reading
 Dumont, Pierre (1982). Le français et les langues africaines au Sénégal. Paris: AACT and Karthala.

External links

Linguistic map of Senegal at Muturzikin.com
Local language resources from Peace Corps Senegal
Ethnologue page on Senegal
PanAfrican L10n page on Senegal
Linguistic situation in Senegal (In French)

Languages of Senegal


The Solar Wind Composition Experiment (SWC) was an experiment that took place on the Moon during the Apollo program (Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16). It was done to measure the solar wind outside of Earth's magnetosphere. It was the first notable measurement of isotopic solar material.

The experiment was suggested by by a Swiss team headed by Johannes Geiss of the University of Bern and Peter Eberhardt of the Swiss Institute of Technology. It was partially funded by the Swiss Government.

The SWC experiment was done by getting a aluminum sheet and facing it towards the sun. The foil was to collect the ion types and energies of the solar wind on the lunar surface. After the experiment, the sheet was placed into a Teflon bag, and sent back to Earth to be studied. The experiment was successful and found Helium, Neon and Argon isotopic compositions coming from the sun.

References

Other websites
Experiment Operations During Apollo EVAs: Solar Wind Composition

Apollo program
Science experiments

Solar Wind Composition Experiment


Country codes are in most times created by few letters or numbers that represent geographical codes (geocodes) of countries that use certain country code, it is in use in data processing and communications. There are few different systems created for this. The most known is ISO 3166-1. The term country code often refers to international dialing codes.

Internet

Country code


The Harmonised Monitoring Scheme is a long term river water quality monitoring scheme in the United Kingdom. The term is also used to refer to the long term data sets produced by the scheme.

Establishment

The scheme was established in 1974 by the Department of the Environment with much of the initial planning and implementation undertaken by the Water Research Centre. It involved the creation of a network of sites across the UK. Most sites were at the downstream freshwater limits of the larger rivers although some of the largest rivers also included additional locations below major tributary confluences. Before inclusion of any location in the survey, homogeneity testing was carried out to characterise quality variations laterally and vertically within the river section chosen. For each designated point a specific sampling location was identified based on the results of the homogeneity exercise. In addition laboratories who were to undertake the analysis of samples were identified and a comprehensive AQC exercise was conducted to ensure comparability of data derived from the monitoring programme.

Objectives
The scheme was originally intended to operate for 10 years from 1974 to 1984 to provide data to the Department of the Environment to permit the identification of national trends in water quality. However its duration was extended. It was formally discontinued in 2013, however in England many of the monitoring sites continue to be surveyed to describe long term water quality trends. It was also intended to satisfy the requirements of the EU decision on the exchange of monitoring data requirements.

Operation
The scheme is administered by the Environment Agency in England, by Natural Resources Wales in Wales and by SEPA in Scotland and involves routine monitoring at 230 sites including 56 river systems in Scotland.

Data
The data produced by the scheme provides a continuous and consistent record of quality of rivers across the UK for more than 30 years and can be used to demonstrate changes in water quality over that period.

References

Environmental monitoring
Rivers of the United Kingdom
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Harmonised monitoring scheme


The Onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the Equidae family. It is native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Kashmir, Israel and Palestine, and western China. It is sometimes known as the Asian Wild Ass.

Equids
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir

Onager


A post in ground construction, also called earthfast or hole-set posts, is a type of construction in which vertical, roof-bearing timbers, called posts, are in direct contact with the ground. They may be placed into excavated postholes, driven into the ground, or on sills which are set on the ground without a foundation. Earthfast construction is common from the Neolithic period to the present and is used worldwide. Post-in-the-ground construction is sometimes called an "impermanent" form, used for houses which are expected to last a decade or two before a better quality structure can be built.

Post in ground construction can also include sill on grade, wood-lined cellars, and pit houses. Most pre-historic and medieval wooden dwellings worldwide were built post in ground.

History
This type of construction is often believed  to be an intermediate form between a palisade construction and a stave construction. Because the postholes are easily detected in archaeological surveys, they can be distinguished from the other two.

Post in ground was one of the timber construction methods used for French colonial structures in New France; it was called poteaux-en-terre.

The Japanese also used a type of earthfast construction until the eighteenth century, which they call Hottate-bashira (literally "embedded pillars").

The Dogon people in Africa use post in ground construction for their toguna, community gathering places typically located in the center of villages for official and informal meetings.

Poteaux-en-terre

In the historical region of New France in North America, poteaux-en-terre was a historic style of earthfast timber framing. This method is similar to poteaux-sur-sol, but the boulin (hewn posts) are planted in the ground rather than landing on a sill plate. The spaces between the boulin are filled with bousillage (reinforced mud) or pierrotage (stones and mud). Surviving examples of both types of structures can be found at Ste. Genevieve, Missouri.

Gallery of poteaux-en-terre

See also
French colonization of the Americas
Old Spanish Fort (Pascagoula, Mississippi). The La Pointe-Krebs House.
Pit-house
Post church
Ste. Genevieve, Missouri
Stilt house

References

External links

 EARTHFAST ARCHITECTURE IN EARLY MAINE
 Earthfast Architecture at the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities

Building engineering
History of construction
New France
French-Canadian culture in the United States
French-American culture in Missouri
Missouri culture
French colonial architecture
Foundations (buildings and structures)

ja:掘立柱

Post in ground


John Towne (1711?–1791) was an English churchman and controversialist, archdeacon of Stow from 1765.

Life
Born about 1711, was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1732 and M.A. in 1736.

Towne became vicar of Thorpe-Ernald, Leicestershire, on 22 June 1740, and archdeacon of Stowe in 1765. He was a prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral, and rector of Little Paunton, Lincolnshire. He was a friend of William Warburton.

Towne died on 15 March 1791 at Little Paunton, where he was buried, a mural tablet being erected to his memory in the church. By his wife Anne, who died on 31 January 1754, he left three daughters and one son, who became a painter and died young.

Works
His works are:

 A Critical Inquiry into the Opinions and Practice of the Ancient Philosophers, concerning the nature of the Soul and a Future State, and their method of teaching by the double doctrine, (anon.), London, 1747. With a preface by William Warburton; 2nd edit. London, 1748.
 The Argument of the Divine Legation, fairly stated and returned to the Deists, to whom it was originally addressed' London, 1751. Defence of Warburton's The Divine Legation of Moses.
 A Free and Candid Examination of the Principles advanced in the … Bishop of London's  … Sermons, lately published; and in his … Discourses on Prophecy (anon.), London, 1756. To Thomas Sherlock.
 Dissertation on the Antient Mysteries, London, 1766.
 Remarks on Dr. Lowth's Letter to the Bishop of Gloucester. With the Bishop's Appendix, and the second Epistolary Correspondence between his Lordship and the Doctor annexed (anon.), 2 pts. London, 1766. On the debate of Warburton with Robert Lowth.
 Exposition of the Orthodox System of Civil Rights, and Church Power; addressed to Dr. Stebbing. To Henry Stebbing.

References

Notes

Attribution

1711 births
1791 deaths
18th-century English Anglican priests
Archdeacons of Stow
18th-century Anglican theologians

John Towne


The blizzard and flood of 1863 was a series of consecutive natural disasters in Central Otago in New Zealand's South Island. In the early 1860s the area was in the midst of a gold rush. From July to August 1863 the gold fields suffered from a combination of floods, snowstorms, and blizzards that caused heavy loss of life among the gold miners. At least 40 died during the July rains and more than 11 in the August snows. Sources using the earliest reports of loss of life tend to greatly overstate the numbers who died.

July weather
The weather up to mid June had been reasonably mild. By late June the winter snows had arrived, but were no more than were normal. Into July there was still no significant change from the routine weather patterns with snow building up in the higher country, although to a lesser extent than normal.

Heavy rains

On 4 July the weather changed to a six-day period of rain. On 7 July the temperature markedly increased which caused a rapid snow melt. All the rivers in the area; the Clutha (Molyneux), the Kawarau, the Shotover, the Arrow, the Manuherikia, the Bannockburn, and numerous streams flooded. The Clutha River rose  in a night. The Shotover River reached  above its normal flow and the Arrow River flooded Arrowtown. Even Lake Wakatipu rose over .

The gold miners in these areas tended to camp near the river banks and with the sudden change in river flows many were caught unawares and swept to their deaths. Those who escaped the torrents lost all their possessions. The number who lost their lives was unknown. One man was reported drowned on the Arrow River.

The snows return
In mid July the snows returned with heavy falls in the high country areas. Roads were blocked and areas isolated. The rains returned by late July, causing more extensive flooding and some loss of life. Five people were killed in a landslip at Moke Creek, one boy was drowned in the Clutha, seven were swept away and drowned in the Shotover, ten killed in a landslip at Sandhills, and three on the Arrow. Overall the flooding was reported as being worse than the early July event with Lake Wakatipu rising . The body of John Donoughue was found on the Crown Range on 21 August. He was thought to have died from exposure on 29 July. On 31 October a further body was found at Frankton on 31 October, which could have been Charles Matthews who drowned on 22 July.

August blizzards
From 13 to 15 August blizzards and heavy snows swept through inland Otago from the Taieri Plains to the lakes. On 14 August about 40 miners were said to have been buried in an avalanche at Separation Creek in the Serpentine Gully. The party that went to investigate found them alive, but in want of provisions. All areas were isolated as the roads had become impassible and impossible to find. Reports began to come in of various people perishing. In the vicinity of Black Ball and Drunken Woman's Creek a party of 16 were thought to have perished, but this too later proved inaccurate. Another two miners were thought to have perished at the Nevis.

Confirmed reports of deaths were a man missing between German Jock's Gully and Teviot, Robert Henry from the Pomahaka diggings on 15 August, and another man Alexander Alexander by an avalanche at Pomahaka. John Penfold from the Old Man Range was confirmed dead from exposure on either 12 or 13 August. William Nicol died on his way from Gorge Ferry to Campbells Diggings.

There was a further death reported of a man who had been hospitalised suffering from frostbite. The remainder of August had reasonably mild weather. There was one body discovered in September near Pyramid Rock on the Old Man Range when the snow had begun to melt. Two further bodies were found on the Old Man Range in early October, Joseph Thompson who was thought to have died in September and a man called Landregan who was thought to have died in the August blizzards. Nicholas Cordts' body was found at the end of October in Potters Gulley and John Stewart's at the beginning of November in Pomahawka Creek. Both had died during the August blizzards. A skeleton was found in January 1864 near the Timber Gully to Teviot track and the person's cause of death was attributed to being most likely the August blizzard.

Later fatalities in 1863
The weather through September was a mix of fine spells, rain, and occasional snow. On 23 September, a police party was caught in a heavy snow storm in the Kakanui Range near Naseby. Sergeant Garvie of Ranfurly became separated from the party and died, but the rest reached safety. In December a small party of miners got caught on the summit of the Old Man Range in a storm. Three of the five perished. A similar occurrence took place on Switzer's with one being overcome from exposure and another drowning in a party of five.

Fatalities

July
The reported fatalities from the July rains were 40 in total:

  8 July - 1 drowning on the Shotover
 12 July - 6 killed at Moke Creek
 12 July - 2 killed at Skippers Gully
 26 July - 11 killed near Moke Creek
 26 July - 12 killed at Sandhills
 26 July - 1 drowned at Manuherikia
 28 July - 1 died of exposure on Crown Range
 29 July - 5 killed on the Arrow
 31 July - 1 killed at Moonlight River

August
The reported deaths from the blizzards and snows were 11 confirmed or attributed and 2 suspected. There a number of reports that greatly exaggerated the suspected death toll in the period leading up to the diggings becoming accessible again. There were possibly some deaths that were not reported or bodies that were not found, but these would have been relatively few in number.

Memorial
In 1928 a stone monument was erected by the Government at Gorge Creek (formerly known as Chamounix Creek) to mark the miners' deaths on the Old Man Range crossing. This location was once the centre of the mining area with stores, hotels, and grog shanties. There are graves in the area of men who died in the storms and the summit of the Old Man Range cairns mark the miners' graves and rescuers who died there.

See also

References

1863 meteorology
July 1863 events
August 1863 events
19th-century floods in Oceania
1860s floods
1863 natural disasters
Blizzards
1863 Blizzard and flood
1863 Blizzard and flood
Otago Gold Rush
Floods in New Zealand
1863 disasters in New Zealand

Blizzard and flood of 1863


Floortje Meijners (born 16 January 1987 in Oldenzaal, Overijssel) is a volleyball player from the Netherlands, who plays as a wing-spiker. She was a member of the Dutch National Women's Team that won the gold medal at the FIVB World Grand Prix 2007 in Ningbo, PR China.

Starting from 2010, she played in Italy at Busto Arsizio, where she remained until 2012, when she moved to River Volley Piacenza. After one year at Turkish team Galatasaray Daikin Istanbul (2014-2015), she is now playing again for the Italian team Nordmeccanica Piacenza.

References
FIVB Profile
Profile
http://www.legavolleyfemminile.it/DettaglioAtleta.asp?IdAtleta=MEI-FLO-87

1987 births
Living people
People from Oldenzaal
Dutch women's volleyball players
Galatasaray S.K. (women's volleyball) players
Expatriate volleyball players in Italy
Expatriate volleyball players in Turkey
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Wing spikers
20th-century Dutch women
21st-century Dutch women
Sportspeople from Overijssel
Dutch expatriate volleyball players

Floortje Meijners


Haywards Heath East is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom, and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council.

Extent
The division covers the eastern part of the town of Haywards Heath.

It comprises the following Mid Sussex District wards: Haywards Heath Bentswood Ward and Haywards Heath Franklands Ward; and of the eastern part of the civil parish of Haywards Heath.

On 31 October 2013 John de Mierre died, this necessitated the holding of a bye-election, which was held on 19 December 2013

Election results

2013 Bye-election
Results of the bye-election held on 19 December 2013:

2013 Election
Results of the election held on 2 May 2013:

2009 Election
Results of the election held on 4 June 2009:

2005 Election
Results of the election held on 5 May 2005:

References

Election Results - West Sussex County Council

External links
 West Sussex County Council
 Election Maps

Electoral Divisions of West Sussex
Haywards Heath

Haywards Heath East (electoral division)


In baseball statistics, strikeout-to-walk ratio (K/BB) is a measure of a pitcher's ability to control pitches, calculated as strikeouts divided by bases on balls.

A hit by pitch is not counted statistically as a walk, and therefore not counted in the strikeout-to-walk ratio.

The inverse of this calculation is the related statistic for hitters, walk-to-strikeout ratio (BB/K).

Leaders

A pitcher who possesses a great K/BB ratio is usually a dominant power pitcher, such as Randy Johnson, Pedro Martínez, Curt Schilling, or Mariano Rivera. However, in 2005, Minnesota Twins starting pitcher Carlos Silva easily led the major leagues in K/BB ratio with 7.89:1, despite striking out only 71 batters over 188⅓ innings pitched; he walked only nine batters.

Through 2022, the all-time career leaders among starting pitchers were Chris Sale (5.3333), Jacob de Grom (5.3036), and Tommy Bond (5.0363).

Through May 22, 2019, the all-time career leaders among relievers were Koji Uehara (7.94), Sean Doolittle (6.41), and Roberto Osuna (6.33).

The player with the highest single regular season K/BB ratio through 2022 was Minnesota Twins pitcher Phil Hughes in 2014, with a ratio of 11.625 (186 strikeouts and 16 walks). He is followed by Bret Saberhagen (11.00 in 1994) and Cliff Lee (10.28 in 2010).

References

Pitching statistics
Statistical ratios

Strikeout-to-walk ratio


The permanent way is the elements of railway lines: generally the pairs of rails typically laid on ties ("sleepers" in British parlance) embedded in ballast, intended to carry the ordinary trains of a railway. It is described as permanent way because in the earlier days of railway construction, contractors often laid a temporary track to transport spoil and materials about the site; when this work was substantially completed, the temporary track was taken up and the permanent way installed.

References

Rail infrastructure

Permanent way


Prestel was the brand name for the United Kingdom Post Office's Viewdata technology, It was an interactive videotex system developed during the late 1970s and commercially launched in 1979. It achieved a maximum of 90,000 subscribers in the UK and was eventually sold by BT in 1994.

The technology was a forerunner of on-line services today. Instead of a computer, a television set hooked to a dedicated terminal was used to receive information from a remote database via a telephone line. The service offered thousands of pages ranging from consumer information to financial data but with limited graphics.

Related pages
 Minitel

Telecommunications

Prestel


Paul Pierné (30 June 1874 – 24 March 1952) was a French composer and organist.

Career
Born in Metz, he was a cousin of composer and organist Gabriel Pierné. His first musical lessons were from his father Charles, himself a former student of César Franck. Pierné later studied at the Conservatoire de Paris under Georges Caussade and Charles Lenepveu. He received a mention in the 1903 Prix de Rome, and took second place in the competition in 1904.

He served as organist at St-Paul-St-Louis Church in Paris, succeeding his father in the position in 1905 until his own death in Paris 1952.

His compositional output was wide-ranging, including two operas, several ballets, two symphonies, a number of orchestral tone poems, and chamber music, as well as large-form religious works, including two masses, an oratorio, and several smaller choral and organ works.

External links
"Prix de Rome 1900-1909": biography

1874 births
1952 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
20th-century organists
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
French ballet composers
French classical organists
French composers of sacred music
French male classical composers
French male organists
French opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Metz
Prix de Rome for composition
Male classical organists

Paul Pierné


Lophocampa ingens is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It is found in the southern Rocky Mountains (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah) and in Mexico.

The moth flies in May and June. The larvae feed on ponderosa, lodgepole and piñon pines.

Description

Male

Eyes black. Head pale fawn color. Antenna stout, long, rufous. Prothorax dirty white, with brown median line. Patagia like prothorax, brown in front. Thorax brown, with triangular white spot in front. Abdomen dark yellow ochre above, banded below with brown and pale fawn color. Primaries dark brown with six irregular bands of white spots. The first basal and narrow, the spots fused into an irregular curved band. The second row consists of a large irregular spot below the median vein, and a long costal spot divided by the subcostal vein. The third row has a similar costal spot, a small one below the median vein, and a large one above and a small one below the submedian vein. The fourth row has five spots, the middle one very small. The fifth row is submarginal, and consists of eight lunate spots decreasing in size towards the costa where they also become more ovate. The sixth row is marginal, triangular, a small spot at the end of each of the nervules. Secondaries very pale fawn white, with four darker submarginal spots, those near the apex largest.

Female

Similar to male, but the head brown, the spots on the primaries larger and slightly more irregular, and but two spots on the secondaries, the largest near the apex. Beneath, the secondaries show a dusky shade at the middle of the costa, irregularly connected with the apical spot.

The wingspan of the male is 2.00 inches (51 mm) and of the female 2.30 inches (58 mm).

References

Butterfliesandmoths.org
Lophocampa ingens at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Lophocampa ingens at BOLD Systems

ingens
Moths described in 1881

Lophocampa ingens