Mass media of Sri Lanka consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and Web sites. State and private media operators provide services in the main languages Sinhala, Tamil and English. The government owns two major TV stations, radio networks operated by the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (SLBC), and newspaper titles in Sinhala, Tamil, and English.

After the growth of Sri Lankan economy, many satellite TV channels were introduced.

However, there are over a dozen privately owned radio stations and more than 30 privately operated television stations. They often engage in political debates.

The use of the internet is a growing force within Sri Lanka, many of the newspapers now have online editions.  Because of the limited circulation for the daily and weekly newspapers, they are heavily dependent on advertising. As a result of this it is very rare to see Sri Lankan newspapers engage in investigative journalism or daring exposés of big business.

Press freedom

Press freedom is a major concern in Sri Lanka. Both sides in the war make efforts to silence inconvenient reporters. Around 15 reporters received death threats from one faction or the other in 2004 The assassinated reporter Aiyathurai Nadesan, correspondent in Batticaloa for several Tamil media stated just prior to his assassination in 2005:

We are caught between a rock and a hard place. It is very difficult for us to check reports either with the security forces or the Tamil Tigers. And when a news item on local events is datelined Colombo, it puts us at risk of reprisals on the ground.

In 2005, the Tamil newspaper Thinakkural was threatened   by Karuna. Copies of the newspaper were burned in the Eastern provinces. On the other hand, distribution of  the Tamil weekly Thinamurasu  is blocked by the LTTE because it  is close to another armed group, the EPDP.

BBC World Service stopped its broadcast in Sinhalese and Tamil for fear of reprisal against its reporters.

During the Rajapaksa administration, press freedom in Sri Lanka became the "worst in any democratic country", according to the Reporters without borders index, ranking 165th among 173 countries in the index.
On 21 November 2008, a twelve-member group of masked men, forcibly entered the printing press of Sunday Leader, Morning Leader and Irudina Sinhala weekly and set fire damaging printing machines and copies of newspapers printed ready for distribution.
The state jammed transmission of BBC programs which contained content the government disliked.
The main private TV network Sirasa was repeatedly threatened by minister Mervyn Silva, attacked by a petrol bomb on 2.1.2009 and raided by gunmen on 6.1.2009, who set on fire the main control room. This was in response to SLBC criticizing Sirasa's coverage of the capture of Kilinochchi.

According to the head of the company, Chevaan Daniel: "It's either that the citizens of Sri Lanka are able to drive around attacking institutions armed with weapons and grenades, or there is a hand behind it."

Lasantha Wickrematunge, the chief editor of the English Weekly Sunday Leader and Sri Lanka's most influential journalist, was assassinated on the Thursday January 8, 2009 by unknown gunmen. The newspaper and its editor as well as the editor of Morning Leader have been harassed and threatened continuously during the preceding three years. All Leader publications are very critical towards the government and exponents of opposition political views. According to Reporters without Borders, the Rajapaksa administration blocks investigations into the murder of journalists.

Defence minister Gotabhaya Rajapaksa threatened to chase Chris Morris, a  BBC journalists, out of the country, if he does not act responsibly.

Local reporters in the country continue to be threatened, as was the case with 54-year-old M.I. Rahmathulla, who was beaten in April 2009 for reporting on political corruption in the Batticaloa region of Sri Lanka's Eastern Province.

Print media

Newspapers

Important English language newspapers are the Sunday Leader Daily FT, Daily Mirror, the Daily News, Sunday Observer and The Island. Sinhalese newspapers are Dinamina, Lankadeepa, Lakbima, and Divaina. Tamil newspapers are Uthayan, 'Tamil Mirror Thinakaran, Thinakkural, Sudar Oli,  Metro and Virakesari.

Magazines and other periodicals
Magazines such as LMD (magazine), Hi!! Magazine, Satyn (magazine), Siriththiran, and Athuru Mithuru.

Broadcasting

Radio

Radio broadcasting in Sri Lanka dates back to 1923. Radio broadcasting, like other forms of media in the country, is generally divided along linguistic lines with state and private media operators providing services in Sinhala, Tamil, and English language.

Television

The first Television network of Sri Lanka was launched on 13 April 1979. The ITN channel, owned by the Independent Television Network Limited (ITN) became the first terrestrial television channel of Sri Lanka. On June 5, 1979 ITN  was converted to a government owned business and was later brought under the Sri Lanka Rupavahini Act of 1982 along with the newly created Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation (SLRC).

Significant changes occurred in 1992 as the government permitted the establishment of private television networks. Subsequently, the Maharaja Television Network (MTV) was launched in collaboration with Singapore Telecommunications Limited (SingTel).

Since then many new television networks have come into existence within Sri Lanka. There are also a number of Satellite networks and pay per view television networks in Sri Lanka such as Dialog TV which boasts over one million subscribers in the country. The national telecommunications provider Sri Lanka Telecom also launched an IPTV service in 2008.

Film

Sri Lankan cinema is a fledgling industry that has struggled to find a footing since its inauguration in 1947. Sri Lankan films are usually made in the Sinhalese language, the language of the majority Sinhala people.

In the first nine years most films were made in South India and followed the conventions of Indian cinema. Studio shooting was the norm, with Indian style sets erected in film studios. Even though it is popularly held that Rekava, made in 1956 by pioneer director Lester James Peries, was the first Sinhala film to be shot completely out of studio, it was really the film "Gambada Sundari", made in 1950 which was the first film shot outside studios. It was also the first Sri Lankan film where, like in "Rekawa", the dialog was recorded on the spot. This was because the film was shot on 16mm, using an Auricon sound-on-film camera which recorded the sound on the 16mm film optically, unlike in the case of where the sound was recorded on a Kinevox 35mm magnetic recorder. The film was later 'blown-up' to 35mm and was screened in Colombo in 1950.

Though "Rekawa" was acclaimed by local and international critics, the film failed to find an audience in the country and was a box office failure. Films continued to follow formulaic storylines borrowed from India up through the early 60s despite such efforts as Sandesaya and Kurulu Bedda.

Artists such as Tissa Abeysekara, Dr. D.B.Nihalsingha, Prasanna Vithanage and Vimukthi Jayasundara have attempted to breathe new life into the industry. Nihalsingha was an accomplished cinematographer as well as an editor: so his films has an input which was special and brought a viewpoint to all his films, most of which focused on the exploited women.

Vithanage's film Purahanda Kaluwara is widely considered one of the best movies made in Sri Lanka as is Jayasundara's Sulanga Enu Pinisa which won the coveted Camera d'Or'' for best first film at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival.

In recent years, films have begun to tackle gritty subjects such as family relationships, abortion and results of the conflict between the military and Tamil Tiger rebels in the north. Director Asoka Handagama especially has drawn criticism for pursuing such material in his work.

Internet

Numerous websites covering a wide range of topics, in addition to news and current affairs, exist. While all major newspapers have a web presence, many Sri Lankans turn to independent web publishers for their digital media needs. Some of these include the likes of Roar Media, Economy Next, and ReadMe Sri Lanka.

See also
 List of Sri Lankan broadcasters
 List of newspapers in Sri Lanka
 List of television networks in Sri Lanka
 List of radio networks in Sri Lanka
 Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation

References

External links
List of Tamil Online Radio
Sri Lankan search engine – Sri Lankan news – Explore Sri Lanka – Ceylon
The Permanent Mission of Sri Lanka to the United Nations Office at Geneva
Sri Lanka University News

Magazines

Sri Lanka

Mass media in Sri Lanka


Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park is a North Dakota state park located  south of Mandan, North Dakota, United States. The park is home to the replica Mandan On-A-Slant Indian Village and reconstructed military buildings including the Custer House.

History
The Mandan Indian tribe established a village at the confluence of the Missouri and Heart rivers in about 1575. They built earth lodges and thrived in their community by hunting bison and growing a number of crops. Two hundred years later, an outbreak of smallpox significantly decreased the Mandan population and the survivors resettled to the north. In June 1872, at the same location where the Mandan tribe had established their village, a military post named Fort McKeen was built by two companies of the 6th U.S. Infantry under Lt. Col. Daniel Huston, Jr. (1824-1884) opposite Bismarck, Dakota Territory.

The three-company infantry post's name was changed to Fort Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1872, and expanded to the south to include a cavalry post accommodating six companies. Among the 78 permanent wooden structures at Fort Lincoln were a post office, telegraph office, barracks for nine companies, seven officer's quarters, six cavalry stables, a guardhouse, granary, quartermaster storehouse, bakery, hospital, laundress quarters, and log scouts' quarters.  Water was supplied to the fort by being hauled from Missouri River in wagons, while wood was supplied by contract.
 By 1873, the 7th Cavalry moved into the fort to ensure the expansion of the Northern Pacific Railway. The first post commander of the expanded fort was Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer, who held the position until his death in 1876.

In 1876, the Army departed from here as part of the Great Sioux War of 1876-77, resulting in Custer's defeat at the Little Bighorn, where they were to push the non-treaty Indians back to their particular reservations. Custer along with about half of his troops did not return to Fort Lincoln. The Fort was abandoned in 1891 after the completion of the railroad to Montana in 1883. A year after the fort was abandoned; local residents disassembled the fort for its nails and wood. In 1895, a new Fort Lincoln was built across the river near Bismarck. In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the deed to the original fort's land over to the state as Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park.

In 1934, the Civilian Conservation Corps built a visitor center, shelters, and roads. They also reconstructed military blockhouses and placed cornerstones to mark where fort buildings once stood, as well as replicating Mandan earthen lodges. Additional reproductions have since been built on the site, creating a replica Mandan village, called "On-a-Slant Village." A reproduction of Custer's house was built in the park in 1989, in time for the state of North Dakota's centennial celebration.

Features

On-A-Slant Indian Village

On-A-Slant Mandan Village (Mandan: Miti-ba-wa-esh) was established in the late 16th century and was inhabited until c. 1781. During those years the Mandan tribe had between seven and nine villages (all located along the Missouri River), with an estimated total population of 10,000 to 15,000.  On-a-Slant was the furthest south of all these villages and consisted of approximately 86 earth lodges.  Its population was about 1,000–1,500. It was located near the point where the Heart River and the Missouri River come together and was named so by the Mandan because the village was built on ground that slopes towards the river valley. It was fortified with a ditch and palisade, to protect its wealth of food and trade goods.

The women of the Mandan tribe were responsible for building the earth lodges, which were held up by a frame of cottonwood logs and covered with layers of willow branches, grass, and earth.  These thick walls insulated the lodge effectively in both summer and winter.  The top center of the earth lodge contained a hole to let out smoke from the fire pit and to let in sunlight. The earth lodges were placed close together with all entrances facing towards the village plaza in the center.  Each lodge housed about ten to fifteen members of the immediate and extended family. The Mandan tribe lived on farming and hunting. The village became a center of trading because the Mandan were known for their ability to make pottery and prepare animal skins. In 1781, a smallpox epidemic ravaged the Mandan tribe, killing off a majority of the villagers.  The remaining tribe members moved north to join the Hidatsa tribe along the Knife River.

Historic Fort Lincoln and the Custer House

Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his wife, Libbie, lived on Fort Abraham Lincoln from 1873 until Custer died at the Battle of the Little Big Horn in the summer of 1876. Approximately 500 troops were also stationed there. Custer's first home at the fort was built in the summer of 1873, but it burned down in February 1874. Today the house and seven other major fort buildings, including a barracks, the fort's makeshift theater, a stable building, and several blockhouses, have been rebuilt.

Five Nations Art Gallery
Five Nations Art Gallery is part of the Fort Abraham Lincoln Foundation, which is a non-profit organization that is dedicated to maintaining and promoting the heritage and historic perspectives of Fort Lincoln and other historic sites in North Dakota. Five Nations Arts is a local art store specializing in regional Native American art, showcasing the five Indian nations of the Northern Plains. They offer paintings, jewelry, sculptures, dream catchers and beadwork created by 200 local artists. Painted buffalo skins and local sewn quilts are offered. Music from national and local musicians is also available along with locally produced soaps made from buffalo tallow and natural local herbs, such as cedar, rose, sage, and sweet grass.

Five Nations Arts is established in the former Northern Pacific Railway station, on Main Street in Mandan. "Five Nations" refers to the five federally recognized tribes in North Dakota: the Anishinaabe (a.k.a. Chippewa and Métis of Turtle Mountain) Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation (a.k.a. the Three Affiliated Tribes), and the Lakota (Spirit Lake, Standing Rock and Lake Traverse Indian Reservations), or the five reservations in North Dakota: Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (Three Affiliated Tribes), Spirit Lake Indian Reservation (Lakota), Standing Rock Indian Reservation (Lakota), Lake Traverse Indian Reservation (Lakota), and Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation (Anishinaabe and Métis).

Activities and amenities

Fort Lincoln Park offers living history tours of the Custer House every half-hour. The tour is roughly thirty minutes long and takes you back to the year 1875 when Custer and his wife were living at Fort Abraham Lincoln. The guides are dressed either as laundresses or soldiers from 1875. Interpretive tours of On-A-Slant Village and the earth lodges, in which the guides give a basic introduction to Mandan culture, are offered every half-hour and are about thirty minutes long. Along with the tours, there is a historical museum comprising On-A-Slant Village, Fort Abraham Lincoln, and Fort Lincoln State Park culture and history.  A gift shop and coffee shop have been built in the re-constructed commissary storehouse.  During the summers, melodramas, including ones originally performed at Fort Lincoln in the 1870s, are performed by the guides in the re-built granary.  The park has 95 campsites, two sleeping cabins, and picnic shelters. Horseback tours, hiking, fishing, and playgrounds are also available.

Notable residents
 Sheheke, Mandan tribal chief who accompanied Lewis and Clark with his family back to Washington D.C. in 1806 after the Lewis and Clark Expedition, was born here around 1766.
 Mato-tope, Mandan tribal chief who was painted by artists George Catlin and Karl Bodmer, grew up here.
 Frank L. Anders, Medal of Honor recipient and notable businessman, was born here November 10, 1875.

Notes

References

Further reading
 Barnes, Jeff; Forts of the Northern Plains: Guide to Historic Military Posts of the Plains Indian Wars; Mechanicsburg, PA; Stackpole Books; (2008)

External links

 Ft. Abraham Lincoln State Park North Dakota Parks and Recreation Department
 Fort Abraham Lincoln Foundation

Lincoln
Civilian Conservation Corps in North Dakota
Abraham Lincoln
Great Sioux War of 1876
Historic house museums in North Dakota
Living museums in North Dakota
Mandan, North Dakota
Military and war museums in North Dakota
Military sites of the wars between the United States and Native Americans
Museums in Morton County, North Dakota
State parks of North Dakota
Pre-statehood history of North Dakota
Protected areas of Morton County, North Dakota
1872 establishments in Dakota Territory
Protected areas established in 1907

Fort Abraham Lincoln


Hannu (from Hannes, a diminutive of Johannes) is a Finnish first name. Notable people with the name include:

 Hannu Aravirta (born 1953), Finnish ice hockey player and an ice hockey coach
 Hannu Kaislama (born 1956), Finnish boxer
 Hannu Kamppuri (born 1957), former professional ice hockey goaltender
 Hannu Kapanen (born 1951), former Finnish ice hockey player
 Hannu Kivioja (born 1963), Finnish actor
 Hannu Manninen (born 1978), Finnish Nordic combined athlete
 Hannu Mikkola (born 1942), retired world champion rally driver
 Hannu Patronen (born 1984), Finnish footballer
 Hannu Rajaniemi (born 1978), Finnish sci-fi author
 Hannu Salama (born 1936), Finnish author
 Hannu Siitonen (born 1949), Finnish athlete
 Hannu Taipale (born 1940), former Finnish cross-country skier
 Hannu Takkula (born 1963), Finnish politician
 Hannu Tihinen (born 1976), Finnish footballer
 Hannu Toivonen (born 1984), Finnish ice hockey goaltender
 Hannu Touru (born 1952), experienced football manager
 Hannu Virta (born 1963), retired Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman
 Hannu Vitanen, fictional Finnish character from the webcomic A Redtail's dream.

See also
Hannu, ancient Egyptian explorer
Hanna (disambiguation)
Hanne
Hanni (disambiguation)
Hanno (disambiguation)

References

Finnish masculine given names
Masculine given names

Hannu (given name)


EVN Report is a non-profit online news site covering Armenian news for an English-speaking audience. It is based in Yerevan, from which it gets its namesake (EVN is the IATA airport code for Yerevan's Zvartnots International Airport).

History
The site began publishing in 2017 but launched to prominence during the 2018 Velvet Revolution in Armenia, as a major source of English-language reporting. After its start at the Yerevan Impact Hub incubator center, it moved into its own office space in 2019.

Besides covering current news, EVN Report also places emphasis on policy areas that it considers neglected by other outlets. As a non-profit organization, it is funded through donations made by readers. It has also received a grant from the National Endowment for Democracy.

References

External links

 Reputable Companies

Armenian news websites
News agencies based in Armenia
Newspapers published in Armenia

EVN Report


The Brusilov offensive ( Brusilovskiĭ proryv, literally: "Brusilov's breakthrough"), also known as the "June advance", of June to September 1916 was the Russian Empire's greatest feat of arms during World War I, and among the most lethal offensives in world history. The historian Graydon Tunstall called the Brusilov offensive the worst crisis of World War I for Austria-Hungary and the Triple Entente's greatest victory, but it came at a tremendous loss of life. The heavy casualties eliminated the offensive power of the Imperial Russian Army and contributed to Russia's collapse the next year.

The offensive involved a major Russian attack against the armies of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front. Launched on 4 June 1916, it lasted until late September. It took place in eastern Galicia (present-day northwestern Ukraine), in the Lviv and Volyn Oblasts. The offensive is named after the commander in charge of the Southwestern Front of the Imperial Russian Army, General Aleksei Brusilov. The largest and most lethal offensive of the war, the effects of the Brusilov offensive were far-reaching. It relieved German pressure on French forces at Verdun, and helped to relieve the Austro-Hungarian pressure on the Italians. It inflicted irreparable losses on the Austro-Hungarian Army, and induced Romania to finally enter the war on the side of the Entente. The human and material losses on the Russian side also greatly contributed to the onset of the Russian Revolution the following year.

Background
Under the terms of the Chantilly Agreement of December 1915, Russia, France, Britain and Italy committed to simultaneous attacks against the Central Powers in the summer of 1916. Russia felt reluctantly obliged to lend troops to fight in France and Salonika, and to attack on the Eastern Front, in the hope of obtaining munitions from Britain and France.

In March 1916 the Russians initiated the disastrous Lake Naroch offensive in the Vilnius area, during which the Germans suffered only one-fifth as many casualties as the Russians. This offensive took place at French request – General Joseph Joffre had hoped that the Imperial German Army would transfer more units to the east after the Battle of Verdun began in February 1916.

At a war council held with senior commanders and the tsar in April 1916, General Aleksei Brusilov presented a plan to the Stavka (the Russian high command), proposing a massive offensive by his Southwestern Front against the Austro-Hungarian forces in Galicia. Brusilov's plan aimed to take some of the pressure off French and British armies in France and the Royal Italian Army along the Isonzo Front and, if possible, to knock Austria-Hungary out of the war.

Besides the complacency felt by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians after their successful defense of Russian attacks that winter and March, the Austro-Hungarians were in the midst of implementing their plans to knock Italy out of the war. Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf had transferred Kövess' troops from the Balkans as well as four divisions from the Eastern Front. According to Prit Buttar, "To make matters worse, many of the experienced divisions on the Eastern Front were withdrawn and sent to the Alps, and replaced by formations largely composed of new inexperienced recruits."

Prelude

General Alexei Evert, commander of the Russian Western Army Group based in Smolensk, favored a defensive strategy and opposed Brusilov's proposed offensive. Tsar Nicholas II had taken personal command of the Imperial Russian Army in September 1915. Evert was a strong supporter of Nicholas and the Romanovs, but the emperor approved Brusilov's plan. The offensive aimed to capture the cities of Kovel and Lviv (in present-day western Ukraine); the Central Powers had recovered both these cities in 1915. Although the Stavka had approved Brusilov's plan, his request for supporting offensives by the neighboring fronts (the Western under Evert and Northern under Aleksey Kuropatkin) was denied.

On 26 May, the tsar issued orders for accelerating the start of the Russian summer offensive, in response to pleas from the Italians facing Conrad's offensive. Brusilov would attack on 4 June, and the rest of the Russian army ten days later. Brusilov chose Alexey Kaledin's Eighth Army to spearhead the capture of Lutsk and Kovel. Kaledin's attacking force included the XXXII Corps in the south, the VIII and XL Corps in the center, and XXXIX Corps in the north. The Russians fielded 148 infantry battalions against the 53 battalions in Archduke Joseph Ferdinand's Fourth Army. Further south on the Austro-Hungarian front were Paul Puhallo von Brlog's 1st Army, Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli's 2nd Army, and Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin's 7th Army.

Mounting pressure from the western Allies caused the Russians to hurry their preparations. Brusilov amassed four armies totaling 40 infantry divisions and 15 cavalry divisions. He faced 39 Austro-Hungarian infantry divisions and 10 cavalry divisions, formed in a row of three defensive lines, as well as German reinforcements that were later brought up. Deception efforts on the Russian side were intended to conceal the point of attack. They included false radio traffic, false orders sent by messengers who were intended to be captured, and equipment displays including dummy artillery. Brusilov, knowing he would not receive significant reinforcements, moved his reserves up to the front line. He used them to dig entrenchments about  along the front line. These provided shelter for the troops and hindered observation by the Austrians.

Brusilov extended his army's trenches forward as far as possible, in some cases to within 100m of the Austro-Hungarian positions. Tunnels were also dug below the Russian barbed wire, allowing the entanglements to remain intact during the Russian attack. By these methods Brusilov hoped to lessen the exposure, and increase the surprise, of his attacking troops. Instead of massed formations, each of Brusilov's armies would attack along a 15 km wide sector of their choice, attacking in waves with two reinforced infantry corps.

Breakthrough
On 4 June, the Russians opened the offensive with heavy artillery fire. Alexander Winogradsky's artillery brigade used 76mm guns to open 24 breaches in the Austro-Hungarian defenses, coordinated in advance with the infantry commanders. Winogradsky wrote, this was followed by a "creeping barrage in front of the assault infantry...while the 152mm howitzers and 122mm guns attacked hard points." This was followed by attacks by infantry in Kaledin's 8th Army, Vladimir Viktorovich Sakharov's 11th Army, Dmitry Shcherbachev's 7th Army, and Lechitsky's 9th Army.

On 5 June, according to Prit Buttar, "...the Russian gunners resumed their careful demolition work of the defences of Joseph Ferdinand's 4th Army... After two days of careful artillery fire and infantry attacks, Kaledin was confident their success was close. His troops had overrun both the first and second lines of enemy defences, and had inflicted heavy losses on the Austro-Hungarian 4th Army." Ferdinand was almost out of artillery ammunition, had used all of his reserves, and was forced to seek help from Linsingen's Army of the Bug to the north.

By the end of 6 June, The X and UU Corps, plus Sándor Szurmay's Corps, of the Austro-Hungarian 4th Army, had been pushed back to the Styr and beyond, while Kaledin's XL and II Corps pushed onward to Lutsk. By the end of 7 June, the 4th Army retreat was unstoppable, with many elements of the X Corps surrendering when caught against the river, or casualties in attempts to cross. 4th Army supplies abandoned in Lutsk went up in flames as the Russians occupied the town. Further south, Pflanzer-Baltin's 7th Army was pushed back to the Strypa, as Shcherbachev's Seventh Army captured Jazłowiek.

The first major attack was against the 117,800 strong Austro-Hungarian 4th Army, in the northernmost sector of the front. The initial attack was successful, and the Austro-Hungarian lines were broken, enabling three of Brusilov's four armies to advance on a wide front (see: Battle of Kostiuchnówka). Within four days of the offensive, the Austro-Hungarian 4th Army saw its strength fall from 117,800 men to just 35,000, a fall of nearly 70 per cent. The southern sector was held by the Austro-Hungarian 7th Army, which by 8 June lost 76,200 of its 194,200 soldiers.

Archduke Joseph Ferdinand was replaced by Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas as 4th Army commander, and Hugo Martiny was replaced by Smekal as X Corps commander. After four days into the offensive, Buttar states, "Brusilov's revolutionary tactics had been stunningly successful: artillery had been used with a precision that was unprecedented; infantry had worked their way close to the defences before launching their attacks; and those attacks had not used the traditional lines of men that were so easy for machineguns and defensive artillery to destroy."  However, Brusilov was informed by Alexeyev that Evert's West Front would not be able to commence their attacks before 18 June.  Meanwhile, Linsingen ordered Friedrich von Bernhardi to gather German forces for a counterattack.

Battle

On 8 June, in response to appeals for help from Conrad, Erich von Falkenhayn organized five German divisions under the command of Linsingen, concentrating them near Kovel for a counterattack. Brusilov moved to protect his northern flank, while all of his armies continued to maintain pressure all along his Southwest Front.

On 9 and 10 June, Lechitsky's 9th Army advanced upon Doroschoutz, Okna and Czarny Potok, as Pflanzer-Baltin's 7th Army troops retreated.  According to Buttar, "It was a graphic demonstration of Brusilov's theories. Pressure across a broad front forced the defenders to commit their reserves and left no sectors that could release troops to aid others." By 11 June, Pflanzer-Baltin's Gruppe Benigni and XII Corps were forming new defensive lines to the west, as his XI Corps retreated south across the Prut.  According to Buttar, adding those killed, wounded, or taken prisoner, "...the Austro-Hungarian 7th Army was a shadow of its former self."

On 11 June, Felix Graf von Bothmer's South Army prepared a counterattack using Arthur Arz von Straußenburg's VI Corps. However, Scherbachev was ready and the front line remained unchanged.

On 11 June, while pursuing the Austro-Hungarian Army in Bukovina, Russian forces inadvertently crossed into Romanian territory, where they overwhelmed the border guard at Mamornița and had a cavalry patrol disarmed and interned at Herța. Having no intention to force the hand of the Romanian government, the Russians quickly left Romanian territory.

Lechitsky kept the XXIII and XLI Corps moving westward, while the XII and XI Corps advanced south to capture Czernowitz, and III Cavalry Corps threatened Kolomea.  By 12 June his Russian troops were attacking Austro-Hungarian positions along the Pruth, and crossing that river by 14 June. By then, the Austro-Hungarian losses amounted to 205,000, of which 150,000 were prisoners.

On 17 June, the Russians captured Czernowitz, and Alexeyev transferred the 3rd Army from Evert's West Front to Brusilov's Southwest Front.  Meanwhile, Bothmer's South Army prepared to attack southwards, hoping Pflanzer-Baltin's Seventh Army could hold its ground.

On 18 June, Lechitsky was able to capture Kolomea. On 19 June, Russian cavalry, led by Mikhail Promtov crossed the Siret, and on 20 June reached the Carpathian Foothills. However, by the end of June, Southwest Front's casualties amounted to a costly 285,000.

On 15 June, Linsingen ordered a counterattack, concentrating around the Lutsk salient formed by Kaledin's offensive. Attacking forces included Puhallo's 1st Army, Tersztyánsky's 4th Army, Georg von der Marwitz's German X Corps, and Gruppe Bernhardi. However, after three days of fighting, little was changed in the position of the front lines, even after the addition of Gruppe Falkenhayn on 21 June. Linsingen then decided to reinforce that attack group in a thrust towards Lutsk, but under the command of Marwitz, with the attack to commence on 30 June. Brusilov was preparing his own continued offensive, with Leonid Lesh's 3rd Army advancing towards Pinsk, Kaledin's 8th Army towards Kovel, the 11th Army towards Brody, while the 7th and 9th Armies continued their advance. Brusilov met the German attacks on the Lutsk salient flanks by attacking in turn the German flanks. However, the Germans achieved only moderate success, pushing back the Russian XLV Corps 5 km.

From 27 June to 3 July 1916, Brusilov carried out, on his own initiative, the deportation of 13,000 German civilians from the Volhynian areas that had been conquered during the offensive.

On 2 July, Evert's West Front finally started its offensive, with Alexander Ragoza's Fourth army attacking north of Baranovichi. Yet, according to Buttar, "it was in almost every respect a replay of the disastrous attacks of March...an imprecise artillery bombardment, mass infantry attacks that struggled to make progress and lacked sufficient support to sustain early gains...". On 9 July, Evert suspended the operation, with the 4th Army losing 80,000, having advanced only 5 km. Likewise, Kuropatkin's Northern Front offensive in mid-July failed to appreciably change the front line.

On 4 July, attacks by Lesh's 3rd Army and Kaledin's 8th Army forced Linsingen to withdraw westwards to the Stochod river on 6 July. On 5 July Archduke Karl took command of the new 12th Army, while on 9 July, Kövesz 3rd Army was created from a portion of Pflanzer-Baltin's 7th Army that had retreated westward.  Pflanzer-Baltin remained in command of the 7th Army that had retreated towards the Carpathians.

Recognizing Southwest Front had the best chance to advance the Russian front lines, Ragoza's 4th Army was dispersed into Brusilov's 2nd and 10th Armies, and Brusilov was given Bezobrazov's Guards Army. Southwest Front now had a force of 700,000 men, compared to an opposition force of 421,000. Brusilov planned to advance towards Kovel on 20 July. Before then, on 16 July, the Siberian Corps forced Gruppe Marwitz to retreat back to the River Lipa. In an attempt to strengthen Marwitz, Puhallo's 1st Army was disbanded, and redistributed to Marwitz and Böhm-Ermolli's 2nd Army.

On 23 July, Sakharov's 11th Army attacked towards Brody, capturing it on 28 July, forcing Böhm-Ermolli's 2nd Army 7 km to the west. On 28 July, Hindenburg was placed in command of the front up to the Austro-Hungarian 2nd Army, with Archduke Karl in command from that point south.

On 24 July, artillery preparations began for the Russian assault in the Battle of Kovel.  According to Buttar, "The fighting that extended from 28 July into early August was curiously disjointed...Although Lesh, Bezobrazov and Kaledin all launched their attacks on the same day, none of them were able to maintain their efforts for long..."  Lechitsky's 9th Army and Shcherbachev's 7th Army made simultaneous attacks further south, with Lechitsky able to advance the front line to outside Stanislau, capturing it on 11 August.

On 7 August, Brusilov resumed his offensive to take Kovel. By 8 August, the Germans and Austro-Hungarians had stopped the Russians, and on 9 August, Brusilov halted any further attempt to take Kovel. The offensive was essentially over, according to Buttar, "Attacks continued on until the autumn rains turned the roads to mud, but other than add to the already terrible casualty list, nothing was achieved."

Aftermath

Brusilov's operation achieved its original goal of forcing Germany to halt its attack on Verdun and transfer considerable forces to the East. Afterward, the Austro-Hungarian Army increasingly had to rely on the support of the German Army for its military successes. On the other hand, the German Army did not suffer much from the operation and retained most of its offensive power afterward. The early success of the offensive convinced Romania to enter the war on the side of the Entente, which led to the failure of the 1916 campaign. The Brusilov Offensive was the high point of the Russian effort during World War I, and was a manifestation of good leadership and planning on the part of the Imperial Russian Army coupled with great skill of the lower ranks. According to John Keegan, "the Brusilov Offensive was, on the scale by which success was measured in the foot-by-foot fighting of the First World War, the greatest victory seen on any front since the trench lines had been dug on the Aisne two years before".

The Brusilov offensive commanded by Brusilov himself went very well, but the overall campaign, for which Brusilov's part was only supposed to be a distraction, because of Evert's failures, became tremendously costly for the imperial army, and after the offensive, it was no longer able to launch another on the same scale. Many historians contend that the casualties that the Russian army suffered in this campaign contributed significantly to its collapse the following year. The operation was marked by a considerable improvement in the quality of Russian tactics. Brusilov used smaller, specialized units to attack weak points in the Austro-Hungarian trench lines and blow open holes for the rest of the army to advance into. These were a remarkable departure from the human wave attacks that had dominated the strategy of all the major armies until that point during World War I. Evert used conventional tactics that were to prove costly and indecisive, thereby costing Russia its chance for a victory in 1916.

The irony was that other Russian commanders did not realize the potential of the tactics that Brusilov had devised. Similar tactics were proposed separately by French, Germans and British on the Western Front and employed at the Battle of Verdun earlier in the year. The tactics would henceforth be used to an even greater degree by the Germans, who used stormtroopers and infiltration tactics to great effect in the 1918 Spring Offensive.

With the benefit of hindsight, it has been stated that Russia was not able to take advantage of its success nor cement it. In Russian society, pessimism regarding Russia's prospects in the war and distrust in the competence of its military and political leadership would continue to grow in 1916.

Russian casualties were considerable, numbering between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Austria-Hungary and Germany lost from 616,000, and from 148,000 to 350,000, respectively, making a total of 764,000 to 966,000 casualties. The Brusilov offensive is considered one of the most lethal offensives in world history.

See also

Nivelle offensive

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Washburn, Stanley (1917). The Russian offensive, being the third volume of "Field notes from the Russian front," embracing the period from June 5th to Sept. 1st, 1916. London: Constable.
 Harrision, William W. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN-SOVIET OPERATIONAL ART, 1904-1937, AND THE IMPERIAL LEGACY IN SOVIET MILITARY THOUGHT." (n.d.): n. pag. King's Research Portal. William W. Harrison, May 1994. Web. June 21, 2017 <https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/2928872/319513_.pdf>.
 Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. 4th ed. Jefferson, p. 412, North Carolina: Micheal Clodfelter, 2017. Google Books. Micheal Clodfelter, 2017. Web. 21 June 2017
 Liddell Hart, B.H. (1930). The Real War: 1914–18. pp. 224–227.
 Schindler J. "Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916", War in History, Vol. 10, No. 1. (2003), pp. 27–59.

 Tucker, Spencer The Great War: 1914–18 (1998)
 Sergei Sergeyev-Tsensky, [1943]. Brusilov's Break-Through: A Novel of the First World War, translated into English by Helen Altschuler, Hutchinson & Co, London, 1945.

 https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/1918/battles/hamel/ Australian commander's offensive: Origins of the "Blitzkrieg" warfare.

External links

 Primary Documents: Alexei Brusilov on the Brusilov Offensive, June 1916
 4 June 1916 – The Brusilov Offensive on Trenches on the Web
 http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_kovel_stanislav.html
 Map of Europe during the Brusilov Offensive at omniatlas.com

1916 in Austria-Hungary
Conflicts in 1916
Battles of World War I involving Austria-Hungary
Battles of the Eastern Front (World War I)
Battles of World War I involving Germany
Battles of World War I involving Russia
Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
Battles of World War I involving Romania
Russian Empire in World War I
1916 in the Russian Empire
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Volhynian Governorate
June 1916 events
July 1916 events
August 1916 events
September 1916 events
Ukraine in World War I

Brusilov offensive


Saviour of the Soul II (alternative Chinese title: 九二神鵰俠侶) is a 1992 Hong Kong martial arts action romance film directed by Corey Yuen and David Lai and starring Andy Lau and Rosamund Kwan. Although the film shares the same Chinese title as Louis Cha's The Return of the Condor Heroes, it is unrelated to the novel. It is also unrelated to the 1991 film, Saviour of the Soul.

Plot
Ching Yan is a swordsman who has been dreaming of a beautiful woman every night for 28 years and he vows to find his dream girl. Ching Yan, along with his scientist godfather, Doctor, and godson, Tim, notice a HK$10 million bounty placed by the Devil King to find the Ice Maiden's Iceburg in order to obtain the Ice Maiden's qi, which grants immortality. Many people have ventured to the mountain in search of the legendary Ice Maiden, but none have returned. Ching Yan, Doctor and Tim set off a journey to the Snowy Mountain and stop at the Last-Stop-in-Life Hotel located at the base of the mountain. The innkeeper Ruby, develops a crush on Ching-yan as he resembles her dream lover. At the hotel, Ching Yan and Tim emerges victorious in games of snooker and slapjack respectively against Ruby and her employees using Doctor's various inventions before going up the mountain to look for the Ice Maiden.

On the way up the mountain, the trio enter a frozen cave where Ching Yan falls through a crack but he manages to find his way out and find the legendary iceberg not before witnessing a far view of his dream girl. While pulling the iceberg down the mountain, Ching Yan passes out due to fatigue and his dream girl, who turns out to be the Ice Maiden, saves him entering his dream where she is in dangers and triggers him to get up. The next morning, Doctor and Tim finds and reunites with Ching Yan and leave the mountain with the iceberg. On the way, they were ambushed by various seekers of the bounty but Ching Yan and Tim manages to fight them off while Doctor takes the iceberg away. Back at the Last-Stop-in-Life Hotel, Ruby unsuccessfully tries to entice Ching Yan and upset, she calls the Devil King and reveals the whereabouts of the iceberg.

The Devil King arrives at the hotel and Ching Yan fights off his minions but he is later sucked by the Devil King into his stomach but is stopped after the iceberg, which Ching Yan has carves into a sculpture of the Ice Maiden, comes to life. Ching Yan is mortally wounded and Doctor blames himself for wanting the bounty but Ching Yan claims he has no regrets as he finally saw his dream girl and dies after taking a photo with Tim. The Ice Maiden, who witnesses Ching Yan dying, revives him transferring her chi her, which grants him immortality puts her life on the line. Doctor and Tim, who is told by the Ice Maiden about her fate, hides her from Ching Yan when he awakes until he refuses to them eat. When he sees the Ice Maiden, she ages 200 years overnight, but Ching Yan love for her still remains decides to marry her.

On the night of their wedding, the Devil King kidnaps the Ice Maiden and Ching Yan raids the Devil King's palace. After defeating the Devil King's minions
before engaging the Devil King in one final battle. During the battle, Doctor and Tim temporarily holds off the Devil King while Ching Yan revives the Ice Maiden the same way she revived him where she regains her youth. The Devil King then attempts to take the Ice Maiden's qi until Ching Yan finally kills the Devil King by impaling him with his sword. Ching Yan is heavily injured afterwards but the Ice Maiden brings him to the south pole where the cold temperature can prolong his life and they live happily together there.

Cast
Andy Lau as Ching Yan (程仁), an expert swordsman who has been dreaming of a beautiful woman since childhood and encounters her in real life on his journey to find the Ice Maiden's iceberg.
Rosamund Kwan as Dream Girl (姑姑) / Ice Maiden (玉女), an immortal who has been entering Ching Yan's dreams.
Corey Yuen as Doctor (博士), Ching Yan's godfather, an eccentric scientist whose latest inventions are invisible potion and a magnifying glass which can literally enlarge objects.
Shirley Kwan as Ruby (露比), innkeeper of the Last-Stop-in-Life Hotel who has a crush on Ching Yan once seeing his resemblance to her dream lover.
Lai Chi-lam as Tim Ching (程添), Ching Yan's godson and apprentice.
Richard Ng as Devil King (魔王波旬), a devil who wants to obtain the Ice Maiden's qi and achieve immortality.
Kim Won-jin
Asuka Tamami as a gambling girl working for Ruby who plays slapjack with Tim.
Jack Wong
Choi Hin-cheung
Fan Chin-hung
Tsim Siu-ling
Kong Miu-deng
Chan Sek
Adam Chan
Hon Ping

Music

External links

HKMDB
HK Cinemagic

1992 films
1992 martial arts films
1992 action films
1990s romance films
Hong Kong action films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Hong Kong romance films
Wuxia films
Kung fu films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Corey Yuen
Films directed by David Lai
Films shot in Canada
1990s Hong Kong films

Saviour of the Soul II


Friaça (October 20, 1924 – January 12, 2009) was a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He played as a forward, more precisely as a right winger. He was known for his speed and the violence of his shot, for his skill in hitting set pieces and also for the accuracy of his usually very tense crosses. Considered as one of the best football players of his time. Friaça was a fast right winger with a strong kick.

Club career
Friaça was discovered when he was playing in a small club in Carangola, the Ipiranga, he was noticed by the Vasco managers when his team defeated the most titled opponents with two of his goals. The coach Ondino Viera thus decided to hire him, and in 1945 he was part of the nucleus on which the Expresso da Vitória, the Vasco team that won several titles at state level and the South American Champions Cup, was founded; with four goals he was his team's top scorer during that competition. He was also the last of the winners of that trophy to die. During his time in the club, he particularly bonded with Jair, who, according to Friaça himself, helped him improve his shooting. Once the cycle of victories was over he was sold to São Paulo, in which he played from 1 April 1949 to 27 March 1951, scoring almost fifty goals and winning the title of state champion. Precisely because of his good performance, Vasco bought him again, keeping him in his ranks until 1952. Later he played for Ponte Preta and Guarani, retiring at the age of 34.

International career
Friaça was called up for Brazil national team in 1947, Two years later Brazil won the Copa América in 1949, he was nearly unselected, Because of his good performances at Saõ Paulo, he was chosen to play for the tournament. Friaça was called up for the 1950 World Cup tournament. The team of Brazil, sure of the title, played great matches, beating other rivals. In the final round, the teams from Brazil and Uruguay played in the decisive game. In the 47th minute, Friaça scored the first goal of the game for Brazil. It was his only goal in the tournament and in the national team appearances in general. However, Brazil sensationally lost 2-1. With representation, he won the gold medal at the 1952 Pan-American Games in Buenos Aires, twice the Copa Rio Branco in 1947 and 1950, and the Taça Oswaldo Cruz in 1950. He turned down a chance to play for Copa América in 1953 and the FIFA World Cup in 1954.

Later life and death
The former striker owned a building materials store, run by his children. Friaça was always a happy man, but he was weakened mainly by the death of one of his sons in a hang gliding accident in the mid-1990s. After the tragedy, he never stopped smoking and drinking, which damaged his health. He died on January 12, 2009 of multiple organ failure at Hospital São José do Avaí, in Itaperuna Rio de Janeiro, where he was hospitalized for 45 days. He left his wife and three children. The municipality of Itaperuna declared a three-day mourning period.

Honours

Club
Vasco da Gama
Campeonato Carioca: 1945, 1947
Torneio Relâmpago: 1946
Torneio Municipal: 1946, 1947
South American Championship of Champions: 1948

São Paulo
Campeonato Paulista: 1949

International
Brazil
Copa Rio Branco: 1947, 1950
Copa Rio Branco Runner-up: 1948
South American Championship: 1949
FIFA World Cup Runner-up: 1950
Taça Oswaldo Cruz: 1950
Panamerican Championship: 1952

References

1924 births
2009 deaths
Brazilian footballers

Friaça


April Smith is an American novelist, television writer and producer.  Her most recent novel, suspenseful historical fiction, is Home Sweet Home.  Previously, A Star For Mrs. Blake, chosen by the Cincinnati Public Library as their 2014 "On The Same Page" all-city reads book .  Other works include a series of four mystery/thrillers featuring FBI Special Agent Ana Grey. One of them, Good Morning, Killer, was adapted and executive produced by Smith for the TNT Mystery Movie Nights in 2011.  She is also the author of a stand-alone thriller about the only woman baseball scout in the major leagues, Be the One.

Education
A 1967 graduate of the Bronx High School of Science, Smith earned a BS With Distinction in English from Boston University and a master's degree in Creative Writing from Stanford University.

Television producer and writer
Smith worked on several hit television series from the late 1970s through 2000 as producer, writer, and executive story editor, including Lou Grant, Cagney & Lacey, and Chicago Hope.  She also adapted stories by Stephen King for the TNT series Nightmares & Dreamscapes.

She wrote teleplays for several made-for-TV movies, including the critically acclaimed 1998 remake of The Taking of Pelham One Two Three and the 1999 adaptation of the Anna Quindlen novel Black and Blue. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for her screenplay for Ernie Kovacs: Between the Laughter (1984).

In 2011 Smith penned the adaptation of her own novel Good Morning, Killer, for the TNT Mystery Movie Night series.

Smith's work has been nominated for three Emmys and two Writer's Guild awards.

Novels
Smith is the author of seven novels published by Alfred A. Knopf in hardcover and Vintage trade paperback, including thrillers and historical novels of suspense.

The latest, Home Sweet Home (2017), is the epic saga of a family that becomes the victim of a murderous witch-hunt during the McCarthy era in 1950s South Dakota . A Star For Mrs. Blake (2014) is historical fiction based on the Gold Star Mothers pilgrimages of the 1930s, during which the U.S. government authorized funds for widows and mothers of soldiers killed during World War I and buried overseas to visit the graves of their loved ones. Now a forgotten footnote in history, almost 7,000 American women made the journey.  It was the first official recognition of the sacrifices made by women during times of war.

She is also known for four novels of suspense featuring FBI Special Agent Ana Grey as the central character: North of Montana (1994),  Good Morning, Killer (2003),  Judas Horse (2008), and White Shotgun (2011), as well as a standalone thriller about the only woman baseball scout in major league baseball, Be the One, (2000), and two young adult books based on the TV series James at 15.

References

External links

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American mystery writers
Television producers from New York City
American women television producers
American television writers
American women novelists
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Living people
Stanford University alumni
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
Writers from the Bronx
1949 births
Women mystery writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New York (state)
American women television writers
American historical fiction writers

April Smith (writer)


Hamilton Othanel Smith (born August 23, 1931) is an American microbiologist and a Nobel prize winner. He was jointly awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is a leader in the field of genomics.

Hamilton Smith was, with Craig Venter, a leader in the Celera corporation's bid to analyse and sell information about the human genome. The basic idea was to find ways to make DNA sequencing cheaper so that everyone could have their DNA analysed. Then the information could be used for medical purposes.

Smith's award was for the discovery of restriction enzymes. These are enzymes that cut DNA at specific places. Such enzymes, found in bacteria and archaea, probably evolved to provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a bacterial host, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA. Host DNA is modified so it does not get cut up. Together, these two processes are called the restriction modification system. To cut the DNA, a restriction enzyme makes two cuts, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix.

References

1931 births
Living people
American Nobel Prize winners
American microbiologists

Hamilton Smith


RabbiEzekiel Isaac Malekar is the head of the Jewish community in New Delhi, India. He is the Honorary Secretary of the Judah Hyam Synagogue at the corner of Humayun road, where he works voluntarily. The Synagogue, in addition to serving the Jewish community of New Delhi, caters to the Jewish diplomats from foreign missions. It has hosted former Israeli Prime Ministers like Shimon Peres and felicitated David Danieli, the present Israeli Ambassador to India. Indian Jews also come here for important rituals like Brit milah, Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah for girls. He is Bene Israel.

Mr. Malekar, in addition to being a scholar of Judaism, is a noted human rights activist and a Deputy Registrar (Law) with the National Human Rights Commission in India. He was a key participant in the 15th International Conference on Human Integration (inaugurated by Rajinder Singh Ji Maharaj, a Sikh religious cleric and President of the World Council of Religions), at Kirpal Bagh, New Delhi on February 6, 2006.

He is actively involved in inter-faith activities between the Jewish community and the Hindu majority in India, as well as the Sikh community. He has praised the multicultural nature of Indian Society where Judaism had existed for 2,000 years without ever experiencing anti-Semitism. Malekar has also presided over inter-faith marriages. He has asserted that his innate Indianness was infinitely more important than his consciousness of being a Jew.

He quotes:
"According to Rabbi [sic] Hillel, the Torah can be capsulated into only one commandment: 'What is hurtful and hateful to you, do not do to another.' Everything else is footnote."

He has also written on women in Judaism, saying that the New Delhi Jewish community has not had any issues with the polemics of gender. Under his influence, the Judah Hyam Synagogue has emerged as a center for religious reform in the field of women's participation.

He is a recipient of the Mahavir mahatma Award for preserving Jewish heritage and culture in India, and the Ambassador of Peace Award instituted by the Federation for Religious harmony and Brotherhood. He has contributed several articles in leading newspapers in India.

References

External links
 Jewish Heritage in India, The Indian national Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
 Global Perspective Inter-faith dialogue
 He, She or it?, A godly debate rages, Times of India
 Delhi's People, Starlight and Shadows, The Indian Express
 Prince Charles as "Defender of Faiths A dialogue in India on how religion can contribute to a harmonious society

Indian Jews
Indian rabbis
21st-century Indian rabbis
Marathi people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Bene Israel

Ezekiel Isaac Malekar


Haji Agus Salim (; 8 October 1884 – 4 November 1954) was an Indonesian journalist, diplomat, and statesman. He served as Indonesia's Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1947 and 1949.

Early life
Agus Salim was born Masjhoedoelhaq Salim on 8 October 1884, in the village of Koto Gadang, a suburb of Fort de Kock. His father, Sutan Mohammad Salim, was a colonial prosecutor and judge whose highest rank was chief judge for the indigenous court in Tanjung Pinang. His birth name, which translates into "defender of truth", was changed into Agus Salim early in his childhood.

Salim received his elementary education at Europeesche Lagere School; at that time, it was considered a privilege for a non-European child to attend an all-European school. He continued his studies at the Hogere Burgerschool in Batavia, and graduated with the highest score in the whole Dutch East Indies. Salim's father had applied (and was granted) for his two sons, Agus and Jacob, to be granted equal status with the Europeans. However, his efforts to secure a government scholarship to study medicine in the Netherlands fell short. Kartini, another European-educated student whose writings on women's rights and emancipation became famous later, offered to defer her own scholarship for Salim; this, too, was rejected.

C.S. Hurgronje, a prominent colonial administrator best known for his study of native affairs, took Salim under his wing and arranged for him to leave the Indies in 1905 to work as an interpreter and secretary at the Dutch consulate in Jeddah, where he handled hajj affairs; in some way, it was to distance him from the radical teachings of a close relative, the well-known Shafi'i imam of Masjid al-Haram Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi.

Salim returned to the Indies in 1911 and pursued a career in journalism, contributing pieces for magazines and publications like Hindia Baroe, Fadjar Asia, and Moestika. He would later serve as an editor in Neratja, a newspaper aligned with the Sarekat Islam, where he was also an active member. While in that, he founded a private Hollandsche Indische School in his hometown of Koto Gadang, but left after three years to return to Java.

Political activism
Salim became one of the most vocal advocates of the growing Indonesian nationalist movement, in the period known as the national awakening. He became a prominent leader in the Sarekat Islam and was considered a right-hand man of its leader, Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto. The SI contained many political strains, including communists, business leaders and Islamically-minded reformers. Having spent time in the Hejaz, Salim was considered to be on the reformist side of the SI and was at odds with the increasingly leftist faction of SI led by Semaun, Tan Malaka, and Darsono; who would eventually break with SI to found the Communist Union of the Indies.

Salim was occasionally accused by those leftists of being too close to the Dutch colonial government. First, his newspaper Neratja had been funded in 1917 with government money (under the direction of Governor General Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum) who wanted a Malay-language forum for perspectives sympathetic to the Dutch Ethical Policy, However, by 1918 Neratja became a harsh critic of the colonial government, regularly printing reports of mistreatment of Muslims in remote regions of the Indies. Nonetheless, allegations continued to surface from the left. The Dutch communist Henk Sneevliet accused Neratja editor Abdul Muis of having advocated for his expulsion from the Indies in 1917. And when Salim's Neratja was the only Malay language newspaper to applaud his expulsion in 1918, its editors were condemned by other newspapers and forced to apologize.  Even in the late 1920s, as many communists in the Indies were being sent to concentration camps in Boven Digoel, disputes were still arising over Salim's behavior in 1917. In 1927 Bintang Timoer published allegations that Agus Salim had joined Sarekat Islam and other meetings in the 1910s and delivered reports to government officials and then used government money to criticize communists in Neratja.  Salim responded that he had needed money to continue his activities, and that everyone profited from the government in some way or other.

Later, after the breakup of the Sarekat Islam, Salim (along with Tjokroaminoto) co-founded the Islamic Union Party (Partai Serikat Islam, PSI), which later became the PSII. After Tjokro's death in 1934, Salim became the party's intellectual leader.

In 1921, Salim was appointed to the Volksraad, the Indies' mainly symbolic and advisory quasi-legislature, representing Sarekat Islam. Despite being a proficient speaker of the Dutch language, he insisted on delivering his speeches in Malay, the first member of the council to do so despite hostile reception from other European members. He left the chamber in 1924, frustrated by the chamber's powerlessness (its main function was solely give advice to the Governor-General) and derided it as a mere komedi omong (talking comedy).
Being an outspoken advocate of social change within Indonesian Islamic community, Salim was widely known for his unorthodoxy on social issues. At the 1927 convention of national Islamic organization Jong Islamieten Bond (JIB) in Surakarta, Salim ripped apart the curtained divider between men's and women's seating area, and proceeded to deliver his speech titled  ("On Veiling and Separation of Women").

Another area of activism that Salim was active was workers' welfare. At the request of the prominent Dutch trade union Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen (NVV), he served as an advisor for its delegation to the 1929 and 1930 International Labour Conventions, both held in Geneva, Switzerland.

It was alleged that throughout his early years returning from Jeddah, Salim had been in contact or possibly working for the Politieke Inlichtingen Dienst (PID), the Dutch East Indies's principal state security and intelligence service. Allan Akbar, a historian, conceded that Salim had been asked for a favour by Datuak Tumangguang, a prominent Minangkabau advisor to the colonial government, to covertly enter Sarekat Islam, especially to investigate the relationship between Tjokroaminoto and the Germans. For six weeks, Salim investigated the Sarekat from within, but in a strange twist of history, decided to join the organization in his own will.

Japanese occupation
During the waning years of Dutch rule and early years of Japanese occupation, Salim retired from active politics and was involved in several trades. Unlike most of the future Republican leaders, Salim was never arrested nor exiled, probably owing from his vast connections with the colonial bureaucracy or his rumored services for the colonial intelligence services.

In 1943, the Japanese military government asked Salim, a renowned polyglot who speak nine languages, to compile a military dictionary for the use of Pembela Tanah Air, the newly-formed volunteer militia prepared for an impending invasion of the Allied forces. Salim found his way back to politics, being appointed to advise the Indonesian leaders (Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara, and Mas Mansyur) who is in charge of the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat ("Center for People's Power", Putera), an intellectual body set up by Japanese government to mobilize popular support for war efforts.

Indonesian independence

Salim was appointed to the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, BPUPK) in March 1945.

On 1 June, Salim was appointed to a Committee of Nine (Panitia Sembilan) tasked to draft the basis of the state. In the committee chaired by Sukarno, Salim was one of the prominent Muslim leaders alongside Wahid Hasyim and Abdul Kahar Muzakir. One of the issue that must be tackled by the committee was to find a compromise between the secular nationalist bloc, which demanded a secular state; with the Islamist bloc, which argued that being a Muslim-majority nation, an independent Indonesia should be based on Islamic principles.

The committee would end up with the Jakarta Charter, which includes Sukarno's proposed Pancasila as official state philosophy and an explicit call for Muslim Indonesians to oblige to the sharia (ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya). BPUPK as a whole ratified it on 10 July. On 11 July, Salim was appointed to sit in the Subcommittee for Constitutional Drafting (Panitia Kecil Perancang Undang-Undang Dasar), again chaired by Sukarno. He was highly influential on the early drafting of the constitution and was seen as a respected mediator during heated confrontations.

On 7 August, the BPUPK was dissolved and replaced with the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, PPKI). For unclear reasons, however, Salim did not sit in committee; he was also not recorded of being present during the independence proclamation at Sukarno's residence on 17 August.

Government and diplomatic services

Salim did not join the first Indonesian cabinet; Sukarno, now President of the Republic, appointed him to the newly-created Supreme Advisory Council (Dewan Pertimbangan Agung, DPA). He remained in that position until March 1946, when he was appointed Deputy Foreign Minister (Menteri Muda Luar Negeri) under Foreign Minister and Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir of the Socialist Party. He reprised that role in the third Sjahrir Cabinet before being promoted as Foreign Minister in the first Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet in July 1947; Amir, like Sjahrir, is a Socialist.

As Deputy Foreign Minister, Salim led numerous Indonesian diplomatic missions abroad. He led the Indonesian delegation in the Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi from March to April 1947. The same month, he led a small party consisting of Abdurrahman Baswedan, Rasjidi, and Nazir Sutan Pamuncak to seek diplomatic recognition from Arab states. A fluent speaker of classical (fusha) Arabic, Salim met with Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha, the Egyptian prime minister, and Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam, the secretary-general of the Arab League. For the next three months, Salim and his delegation successfully gained diplomatic recognition from almost all members of the League.

In August 1947, Salim with Sjahrir traveled to the United States to participate in a United Nations Security Council session in Lake Success, New York. With help of banker Margono Djojohadikusumo (grandfather of Prabowo Subianto), the two breached Dutch naval blockade with a plane carrying contraband vanilla to Singapore. Returning home, Salim was part of the Indonesian delegation throughout negotiations aboard USS Renville, which led to an agreement that temporarily reduced tensions after the breaking down of the previous Linggadjati Agreement. During the negotiations, Salim's personal friendship with the Dutch chief negotiator Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo (a KNIL high-ranking officer whom he had worked with in the Dutch consulate in Jeddah) helped to smoothen the process.

Salim remained in charge of foreign affairs in the first Hatta Cabinet, while officially serving ad interim. When Dutch started a military offensive called Operatie Kraai, in December 1948 , he was one of the Republican leaders exiled from the capital, Yogyakarta. Alongside Sjahrir and Sukarno, Salim was first exiled to Berastagi in North Sumatera before transferred to Parapat. With the rest of the leaders, Salim returned to Yogya and reclaimed his duties as foreign minister in the second Hatta Cabinet, having been briefly exercised by Sjafruddin Prawiranegara ex officio with his duties as Chairman of the Emergency Government of the Republic in its only cabinet from December 1948 to July 1949.

One of Salim's final diplomatic service was as part of the Indonesian delegation in the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference in The Hague on late 1949. Hatta's second cabinet was dissolved in December 1949 and the United States of Indonesia was formed. Hatta, the United States' inaugural (and only) premier and foreign minister, appointed Salim to be a special advisor on foreign affairs. The United States itself was dissolved in September 1950.

Later life and death
After leaving government service, Salim returned to writing and journalism. In 1952, he was appointed to the honorary board of Association of Indonesian Journalists (Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia, PWI). In 1953, he wrote a religious book titled Bagaimana Takdir, Tawakal, dan Tauchid Harus Dipahamkan? ("How Should Tawakkul, Taqdir, and Tawhid Be Understood?"); later editions saw it updated as Keterangan Filsafat Tentang Takdir, Tawakal, dan Tauchid ("Philosophical Addresses on Tawakkul, Taqdir, and Tawhid").

On spring of 1953, Salim and his wife lived for six months in Ithaca, New York, where he delivered guest lectures at Cornell University. His lectures were later compiled and published as Pesan-Pesan Islam: Rangkaian Kuliah Musim Semi 1953 di Cornell University, Amerika Serikat.

Salim died on 4 November 1954, in Jakarta. He was interred at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery.

Personal life and legacy
Salim married Zaenatun Nahar, a cousin, in 1912. The marriage produced eight children: Theodora Atia (Dolly); Jusuf Taufik (Totok); Violet Hanifah (Yoyet); Maria Zenobia; Achmad Sjewket; Islam Basjari; Abdul Hadi; Siti Asia; Zuchra Adiba; and Abdurrachman Ciddiq. Hadi and Adiba died as babies, while Sjewket was killed in action during the Indonesian revolution. Chalid Salim, Salim's younger brother, was a communist who became Catholic pastor during his years of exile in Boven Digoel. Emil Salim, a prominent economist and minister in Suharto administration, is a nephew.

Dolly, the eldest, was known for being the first person to sing the lyrics of Indonesia Raya, later adopted as the republic's national anthem, during the Second Youth Congress (Kongres Pemuda II) in 1928. Violet married Djohan Sjahroezah, a prominent socialist and underground anti-Japanese activist and a nephew of Sjahrir, Salim's revolutionary protege.

Salim was known for his frugality and simple lifestyle. Mohammad Roem, in a piece for Prisma magazine, described the lifestyle of the man whom he succeeded as Foreign Minister as a manifestation of leiden is lijden ("leading is suffering"), an old Dutch proverb. He and his wife agreed not to send their children to Dutch colonial schools, despite being a product of the institutions himself; instead, they mostly homeschooled them.

Informally bestowed the honorific title of the "Grand Old Man" (Kamitua yang Mulia), Salim was reported to be fluent in at least nine languages. Minangkabau and Malay would have been his natives languages, followed by English, Dutch, French, Japanese, German, Latin, and Turkish. He raised his children in a multilingual household. In an anecdote told by Cornell professor George McTurnan Kahin to historian Asvi Warman Adam, Salim and South Vietnamese leader (and future president) Ngo Dinh Diem sat together in a faculty dining room at the Cornell campus. Salim stroke a conversation he soon dominated over French-educated Diem.

Salim was best remembered for his sharp wit and debating skills. In a version of the story (as told by Jef Last), several Sarekat Islam members tried to mock Salim, who is in the middle of a speech, with goat sounds; alluring to Salim's white beard and in a way, his devout Islamic faith. Salim calmly responded by asking the chair "whether Sarekat has invited a herd of goats to its meeting"; and if yes, "as a polyglot I would honour their right to listen to a speech by speaking in hircine language." In another instance, Salim was mocked by Bergmeyer, a Dutch member of the Volksraad for delivering a speech in Malay. At one point Salim had said ekonomi, the Malayized word for economy, and Bergmeyer challenged him to state the original Malay for the word. Salim quickly retorted: "if you can say what 'economy' is in the original Dutch, I'll state the Malay version for you." Both Malay and Dutch absorbed 'economy' from the Ancient Greek word of οἰκονομία, so there would be no original word in both languages.

He was also popular for his lighthearted humour. A lifelong smoker of cigar (he would sometimes lit one while teaching at Cornell) a common lore was that when Salim, on behalf of the Indonesian government, met Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (some claimed, however, it's the other British royalties) during a dinner at the coronation of Elizabeth II in June 1953. A British diplomat assigned to him had asked him not to smoke his kretek in the Westminster Abbey and in the palace. During the dinner, however, Salim found the young Duke was still awkward and unsettled while greeting his guests as a new consort to the Queen. He lit his kretek and asked if the Duke knew of it. When the Duke inquired what was Salim smoking, he answered: "That, Your Highness, is the reason for which the West conquered the world!"

Salim was posthumously declared a National Hero in 1960. Padang's main football stadium was named in his honor, alongside numerous roads in major Indonesian cities.

References

Bibliography

1884 births
1954 deaths
BPUPK
Foreign ministers of Indonesia
Government ministers of Indonesia
Indonesian collaborators with Imperial Japan
Indonesian diplomats
Indonesian Muslims
Indonesian newspaper editors
Members of the Central Advisory Council
Minangkabau people
Muslim socialists
National Heroes of Indonesia
Newspaper editors from the Dutch East Indies
People from Agam Regency
Sarekat Islam politicians

Agus Salim


Alexander Selkirk, (1676 - 13th December 1721) also known as Alexander Selcraig, was a Scottish sailor. He became famous for his amazing story of survival and is likely to have inspired Daniel Defoe to write the book Robinson Crusoe.

He was on an expedition when the captain of the ship, Captain Stradling, left him on an island off the coast of Chile. Selkirk's job on board was the navigator. He controlled where the ship needed to go and where it was then. He had an important job. He tried to warn the captain about necessary repairs, but the captain ignored Selkirk and continued sailing. Selkirk knew the ship was to drown at any given moment and tried to demand the repairs were taken care of but nobody listened. They had stopped at an island to restock fresh water and supplies. Selkirk said he would rather stay on the island than continue to ride on a dangerous, leaky ship. So, there he was left. He had last-minute second thoughts and tried to get back onto the ship, but Stradling refused. Selkirk was marooned on that island for about four years and had to rely on himself and his skills for survival.

At the time of his rescue, he had been gone for about four years. He was very familiar with crafting things himself out of resources on the islands and having to use his survival skills. He heard noises and when he went to find out what it was, he saw ships on the horizon. He didn't know if they were on his side or enemies, but he knew he had to try. He got their attention and so they sailed over to his island. Once they had beached on the shore, Selkirk came out from the bushes with his hands up. It turned out they were English and on his side. They let him aboard their ship, and they were at sea for another year, stopping off at a few places, before returning to England.

When he returned, his story was written down by a person in his town and has been made into a slightly different version by Daniel Defoe who named it Robinson Crusoe. 'Robinson Crusoe' has been rewritten many times by lots of different people. There were some differences like how Crusoe was stranded for over twenty years and Selkirk, four. Even though this story was based on Selkirk, the island he deserted was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island after being called Juan Fernández Island.

1676 births
1721 deaths
Sailors
People from Fife

Alexander Selkirk


Surah Al-Maidah (Arabic: سورة المائدة) is the 5th surah of the Muslim religious book, the Qur'an , which has 120 verses and 18 ruku's. The Surah was revealed in Medina.

Name
It is named after the word 'Maidah' mentioned in a verse of 15 Ruku of this Surah. The word mayidah means 'dining table' or 'a table in which food is served'. Like most of the surahs in the Qur'an, the name of this surah has nothing to do with its subject matter. It has been called by this name merely to distinguish it from other Surahs.

Time of revelation
This Surah was revealed at the end of 6 AH or at the beginning of 6 AH after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah . This is clear from the subject matter of the Surah and the various narrations of the Hadith also prove its authenticity. The event of the month of Zilqad in the sixth Hijri. Fourteen, with Muslims the Prophet Muhammad Umrah to perform there has arisen. But the Quraish disbelievers, out of enmity, completely opposed the oldest religious tradition in Arabia and did not allow him to perform Umrah . After much debate and debate, they agreed that next year you can come to visit the house of God. At this time, on the one hand, the Muslims had a KaabaIt was necessary to explain the rules of pilgrimage for the purpose of pilgrimage, so that the Umrah could be performed with full Islamic dignity next year, and on the other hand, it was necessary to urge them to respond to the excesses of the infidel enemies by not allowing them to perform Umrah. Let them take the lead, so that they may not again oppress the disbelievers. Because Hajj to many disbelieving tribesThe tour had to go through Muslim-dominated areas. In the same way that the Muslims were not allowed to visit the Ka'bah, they could have forcibly blocked the way of visiting the Ka'bah of these disbelieving tribes. This is the context in which the introductory speech at the beginning of this Surah is discussed. This issue has been raised again in the front thirteen ruku's. This proves that the same speech continues from the first ruku to the fourteenth ruku. In addition, all the other contents we find in this Surah seem to be of the same period

The continuity of the narration suggests that this entire surah is included in a single discourse and that it was probably revealed at the same time. Again, some of its verses may have been revealed later separately and due to the unity of content, they have been included in different places of this Surah. But nowhere in the continuity of narration is the slightest emptiness felt. As a result, there is no time to think of it as the sum of two or three speeches.

Other websites

 Quran 5 Clear Quran translation
 Q5:51, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com

Chapters in the Quran

Reference

Al-Ma'idah


The Christian Chalkidiki Exhibition is located in the town of Ouranoupoli, Chalkidiki, in Central Macedonia, Greece. It was set up by the 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities of the Greek Archaeological Service. Ouranoupoli is the village where visitors and pilgrims embark for Mount Athos. The exhibition is housed in a building near the embarkation point and the  Tower of Prosforion. Constructed in the eighteenth century, this building was the boat-house (arsanas) of the monks of Vatopedi Monastery.

The exhibits date to the Early Christian, Byzantine, and post-Byzantine periods and come from all over Chalkidiki. Several icons of the eighteenth to early twentieth century from monasteries, churches and chapels in Chalkidiki are on display. Also noteworthy are the wall paintings from the sanctuary and prothesis apses of a chapel of the Monastery of Saint Anastasia, and several other examples of religious art. On the second floor are Christian finds from excavations in Chalkidiki, including pottery, coins, jewellery, and arrowheads from various places all over Chalkidiki.

Gallery

Attribution

External links

Religious museums in Greece
Museums in Central Macedonia
Chalkidiki

Christian Chalkidiki Exhibition


Anne Slaughter Andrew (born 1955) is an American environmental attorney and was the United States Ambassador to Costa Rica from 2010–2013 after being appointed by President Barack Obama.

Early life and education
Born in Evansville, Indiana, Andrew graduated from Georgetown University with a Bachelor of Arts. She received her Juris Doctor in 1983 from Indiana University School of Law at Indianapolis, where she served as Editor-in-Chief of the Indiana Law Review.

Andrew is married to former Chair of the Democratic National Committee Joe Andrew and they have two children.

Career
Andrew served as Co-Chair of the Environment/Energy Team at the law firm of Baker & Daniels from 1986 to 2000, and later became a partner at the Washington, D.C. law firm of Patton Boggs, where she practiced from 2001–2003.  In 2004, she co-founded a medical bio-tech consulting company, Anson Group LLC, of which she was a co-owner and director from 2004–2007. In 2007, Andrew was a founder of New Energy Nexus, LLC a consulting firm advising companies and investors on strategies related to clean energy technology.

From 1997 to 1999, Andrew was adjunct professor of law at Indiana University School of Law in Indianapolis.

Andrew was actively engaged in conservation and environmental protection throughout her career working with organizations like The Clean Economy Network, the Sierra Club, and The Nature Conservancy.

Ambassador to Costa Rica
Andrew was confirmed unanimously to be Ambassador to Costa Rica by the United States Senate on December 24, 2009 and is the first woman to serve as U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica.

She presented her credentials on January 12, 2010 and served until June 13, 2013.

Honors and awards
In 2015, she was awarded the McKinney School of Law Distinguished Alumni Award and in 2020, she was awarded the Bicentennial Medal from Indiana University.

References

External links

Anne Slaughter Andrew at the Wilson Center
Anne Slaughter Andrew Awards at Indiana University

1955 births
Living people
Georgetown University alumni
Indiana University Maurer School of Law alumni
United States Department of State officials
Ambassadors of the United States to Costa Rica
People from Evansville, Indiana
Indiana Democrats
American women lawyers
American lawyers
American women ambassadors
21st-century American women lawyers
21st-century American lawyers

Anne S. Andrew


The banded knifefish (Gymnotus carapo) is a species of gymniform knifefish native to a wide range of freshwater habitats in South America.  It is the most widespread species of Gymnotus, but it has frequently been confused with several relatives, including some found outside its range like the Central America G. maculosus. The English name "banded knifefish" is sometimes used for the entire genus Gymnotus instead of only the species G. carapo.

Range and habitat
This South American fish is found in the Amazon, Orinoco and Río de la Plata basins, as well as rivers in the Guianas, northeastern Brazil (only those exiting along the country's northern coast, such as Parnaíba) and northern Argentina (south to the 36th parallel south), and in Trinidad. This makes it the most widespread species of Gymnotus.

G. carapo occurs in virtually any freshwater habitat in its range, such as rivers and streams (both slow- and fast-flowing), floodplains, estuaries, swamps and lakes. However, it is not known from deep river channels. It can survive in low-oxygen habitats by breathing air with a modified swim bladder, areas affected by pollution, and for a period on land if its aquatic habitat dries out.

Appearance
G. carapo reaches up to  in total length, but it rarely surpasses  and depending on exact population average is . In a study where two breeding males were located one was  long and the other . It is brown with an oblique banded pattern. The strength and details of this pattern varies, both individually and depending on region. There are also some morphometric variations depending on location. A review found that these were insufficient for recognizing the populations as separate species, but did recommend recognizing them as subspecies: G. c. carapo (French Guiana and Suriname), G. c. australis (Río de la Plata basin), G. c. caatingaensis (Parnaíba river basin), G. c. madeirensis (upper Madeira river basin), G. c. occidentalis (Western Amazon, and Rio Negro and Essequibo river basins), G. c. orientalis (Eastern Amazon) and G. c. septentrionalis (Orinoco river basin and Trinidad).

Behavior
This species, as with all Gymnotiformes, is an electric fish that has the capability to generate weak electric charges, and then measure the disturbance in the field of electricity created. This system is used for navigation, finding prey and communicating with other G. carapo. They are highly territorial and will react aggressively if detecting the electric field of another individual of their species. However, they are not able to generate a strong electric field that can be used for incapacitating prey or enemies, like the related electric eel.

G. carapo are nocturnal and eat benthos, such a worms, insects, crustaceans, small fish and plant material.

The male takes care of the young by mouth brooding, and making and watching over a "nest", a depression in the bottom where the female lays the eggs.

References

Gymnotidae
Weakly electric fish
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Banded knifefish


Benedict "Ben" Gautrey (born 21 November 1980) is an English singer-songwriter, formerly the frontman of the band The Cooper Temple Clause. He currently fronts Type Two Error.

Gautrey grew up in Reading, Berkshire, but was born in Tokyo, Japan, where his father was, at the time, an employee of the United Nations University.

Following the split of The Cooper Temple Clause, Gautrey became chairman of local amateur cricket club Wokingham Chestnuts Cricket Club, and also became the player manager of Ashridge Park F.C.

Gautrey featured on a track called Brain by Black Onassis, a project started by Christopher Karloff, formerly of Kasabian.

He is currently a member of Type Two Error, with fellow former Cooper Temple Clause bandmate Kieran Mahon.

Gautrey is now managing director at Great Place to Work UK.

Gautrey sings lead vocals on the following Cooper Temple Clause songs:
"A.I.M."
"Amber"
"Been Training Dogs"
"Before The Moor"
"Blind Pilots"
"Damage" (with Daniel Fisher)
"The Devil Walks in the Sand"
"Did You Miss Me?"
"Digital Observations"
"Film-Maker"
"Habit of a Lifetime"
"Head"
"Homo Sapiens"
"Let's Kill Music" (with Daniel Fisher & Tom Bellamy)
"Murder Song"
"Music Box"
"New Toys"
"On. Off. On."
"Our Eyes Are Bright"
"Panzer Attack"
"Promises, Promises"
"Resident Writer"
"Safe Enough Distance Away"
"Talking to a Brick Wall" (with Tom Bellamy)
"The Lake"
"The Same Mistakes"
"Way Out West"
"Who Needs Enemies?"
"Written Apology"

References

Living people
English rock guitarists
English male guitarists
English male singers
1980 births
The Cooper Temple Clause members
21st-century English singers
21st-century British guitarists
21st-century British male singers

Ben Gautrey


Tala taluka is a taluka in Raigad district of Maharashtra an Indian state.

Raigad district
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being Alibag, Karjat, Khalapur, Mahad, Mangaon, Mhasala, Murud, Panvel, Pen, Poladpur, Roha, Shrivardhan, Sudhagad Pali, Tala and Uran.

References

Talukas in Maharashtra
Talukas in Raigad district

Tala taluka


J. S. Rajput is an Indian educationist, writer and the former director of the National Council of Educational Research and Training. After his stint as a professor at the Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal during 1974–77, he served as the principal of the institution till 1988 when he was appointed as Joint Adviser on Education to the Ministry of Human Resource Development, a post he held till 1994. When the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) was established in 1994, he was made the founder chairman of the council where he served until his move in 1999 to the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) as its director. He superannuated from service in 2004 and during his tenure as the head of NCERT, it was reported that he brought in regulations in BEd education by distance education method and introduced a two-year BEd course.

Rajput has published several articles and books on physics and education in English and Hindi languages; Encyclopaedia of Indian Education (2 volumes), Education in a changing world: fallacies and forces, Contemporary Concerns in Education, Universalisation of Elementary Education: Role of Teacher Education, and Teacher Education in India are some of the notable ones. UNESCO honored him with Jan Amos Comenius Medal in 2004 for his contributions to educational reforms in India and he received the Maharshi Veda Vyas Award of the Government of Madhya Pradesh in 2010. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2015, for his contributions to literature and education.

Selected bibliography
 English

 Hindi

See also

 National Council of Educational Research and Training
 National Council for Teacher Education

References

External links
 *

Further reading

Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Indian social sciences writers
Writers from Madhya Pradesh
UNESCO officials
Scientists from Madhya Pradesh
Indian officials of the United Nations
Living people

J. S. Rajput


Lagrán () is a toun an municipality locatit in the province o Álava, in the Basque Kintra, northren Spain. Its name comes frae: larra-gran which in Spainyie means sobre el prado.

It is locatit in the sooth pairt o Álava in a valley whaur the river Ega is born. It haes a altitude o 756 m abuin the sea level an near the veelage, at anerly 3 km frae thare, are muntains wi a hicht o 1,400 m. Thare is a huge variety o species o ainimals or either plants. In this valley potatoes an different teeps o cereals are grown, for commercial purpose or even for its direct consumption. In the border o this valley thare are several forests. Thare can be frequently seen hunters aroond this aurie, either major or minor huntin, acause o its variety o fauna. It actually haes 126 inhabitants, an its considered tae be the auldest veelage in Alava, its age average is aroond 70 year auld.

History
Thare is little early evidence o this veelage, but the first documents uisin the name are frae 1165. It wis no considered a veelage then. In 1515, it stairtit tae be considered as a veelage. In the 15t hunderyear, Lagrán wis nae langer a unthirlt veelage when it became pairt o the kinrick o the Conde de Salinas an later became pairt o the kinrick o the Duques de Híjar.

Freemit airtins
 Offeecial wabsteid o the Lagran cooncil
 LAGRÁN in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia

Municipalities in Álava
Populatit places in Álava

Lagrán