Margaret Rose Conrad  (born 1946) is a Canadian historian specializing in the fields of Atlantic Canada and Women's history. She held the Canada Research Chair in Atlantic Canada Studies at the University of New Brunswick before retiring in 2009.

Career
Born in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Acadia University in 1967, a Master of Arts degree in 1968, and a Ph.D. in 1979 both from the University of Toronto. After a brief stint as an editor at Clarke, Irwin Publishing Company from 1968 to 1969, she joined the Department of History Acadia University in 1969. She was made a full professor in 1987 and was Head of Department from 1992 to 1995. In 2002, she was awarded for a seven-year term a Canada Research Chair in Atlantic Canada Studies at University of New Brunswick. From 1991 to 2002, she was also an adjunct professor at Dalhousie University. From 1996 to 1998, she held the Nancy's Chair of Women's Studies at Mount Saint Vincent University.

Conrad retired from academic life in 2009, and in 2010 was named professor emerita by the University of New Brunswick.

In 1995, Conrad was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 2004, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2002, she was awarded the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal and in 2012 the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal.

Scholarship
Conrad has been primarily a political historian of Canada, writing political biography and studying political cartoons. Much of her focuses been on Atlantic historiography, and editions of primary source documents. She was a pioneer in women's history, and has co-authored numerous textbooks. She is a frequent commentator on current events involving politics and women's issues.

Selected publications
 A Concise History of Canada (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge U.P. 2012)
 Atlantic Canada: A Region in the Making with James K. Hiller (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2001)
 George Nowlan: Maritime Conservative in National Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986)
 No Place Like Home: The Diaries and Letters of Nova Scotia Women with Toni Laidlaw and Donna Smyth (Halifax: Formac, 1988)
 History of the Canadian Peoples with Alvin Finkel (Toronto: Copp Clark/Addison Wesley, 1993/1998/2002/2008)
 Saturday's Child: The Memoirs of Ellen Louks Fairclough, Canada's First Female Federal Cabinet Minister as editor (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995)
 coeditor, Canadians and Their Pasts (University of Toronto Press, 2013)

Further reading
 Campbell, Gail. "Margaret Conrad: The Making of a Political Historian and Commentator," Atlantis (2010) 34#2 pp 12–19.

References

External links
 Margaret Conrad's Website
 Canadian Who's Who 1997 entry

1946 births
Acadia University alumni
Academic staff of Acadia University
Canada Research Chairs
20th-century Canadian historians
20th-century Canadian biographers
Canadian women biographers
Academic staff of the Dalhousie University
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Historians of Atlantic Canada
Living people
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Bridgewater, Nova Scotia
Academic staff of the University of New Brunswick
University of Toronto alumni
Presidents of the Canadian Historical Association
21st-century Canadian historians
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers

Margaret Conrad


The femtometre is a unit used to measure length in the metric system, represented by the symbol fm. It is equal to one quadrillionth of a meter: 10-15 m, or 1 m / 1,000,000,000,000,000. It is also called a fermi, named after Enrico Fermi. 1 femtometre is equal to 0.001 picometres or 1000 attometres.

1 femtometre is similar in size to a proton or neutron.

Units of length

Femtometre


Michael Collins is a 1996 biographical period drama film written and directed by Neil Jordan and starring Liam Neeson as Michael Collins, who was a leading figure in the early-20th-century Irish struggle for independence against Britain. It won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival and was also nominated for Best Original Score and Best Cinematography at the 69th Academy Awards.

Plot
At the close of the Easter Rising in 1916, the besieged Irish republicans surrender to the British Army at the republicans' headquarters in Dublin. Several key figures of the Rising, including Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh, Tom Clarke and James Connolly, are executed by firing squad. Only Éamon de Valera is spared execution due to his American citizenship, but is imprisoned alongside Michael Collins and Harry Boland.

The 1918 Irish general election results in the victorious Sinn Féin party unilaterally declaring Irish independence and in so doing beginning the Irish War of Independence. De Valera is elected President and Collins is appointed Director of Intelligence for the emerging IRA. Ned Broy, officially a member of the loyalist G Division sympathises with the independence cause and tips Collins off that the Castle intends to arrest the entire Cabinet that evening. De Valera, sensing that the arrest will spark a worldwide outcry, dissuades his cabinet from going into hiding and persuades them to allow their arrests to take place. Collins and Boland evade arrest, though there is no response to the wider action.

As the last senior leader still free, Collins begins a counter-intelligence campaign with help from Broy. Numerous assassinations of agents and Irish collaborators are carried out by the IRA's Dublin Brigade. De Valera soon breaks out of Lincoln Prison, but announces on his return to Ireland that he will go to the United States to seek President Woodrow Wilson's official recognition of the Irish Republic. The war continues to intensify; the British assign SIS Officer Soames to counter the Irish Republican Army, though he and several of his agents are killed in an attack orchestrated by Collins. To retaliate, the Black and Tans are sent to Dublin to brutally suppress unarmed citizens in support of an independent Ireland, culminating in a massacre at Croke Park, in which 14 people are murdered during a peaceful Gaelic football game. Broy's assistance to Collins is also discovered by Soames, who subsequently has Broy tortured and killed.

De Valera returns from the USA having been unable to secure President Wilson's support. The British hint at direct communication with the Irish, though Collins' guerilla campaign has boded poorly for Ireland's image. De Valera therefore decrees that the Irish Republican Army must fight as a conventional military, though Collins knows that this will just lead to another defeat against the might of the British Empire. Adamant in his approach to securing peace, de Valera orders a siege on The Custom House, but the Irish Republican Army suffers heavy casualties and the attack fails catastrophically. Despite the desperate situation the Irish Republican Army now finds itself in, the British unexpectedly call for a cease to the conflict.

Collins is sent to London to negotiate Irish interests as part of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which is signed in 1921. Though the Republic of Ireland is not immediately granted independence, the treaty enables Ireland to achieve it over time while remaining a British dominion during the interim as well as losing six of the nine Ulster counties, which will remain under British control. De Valera, who sought unconditional independence for the Republic of Ireland, is furious upon learning of this and he and his supporters, including Boland, resign in protest. The subsequent people's vote backs the terms of the treaty, but de Valera rejects the result and in 1922 leads an attack on the Four Courts in Dublin. The National Army, led by Collins, is ordered to recapture it. In the subsequent Battle of Dublin, Boland is murdered.

Devastated upon learning of his friend's death, Collins journeys to West Cork, where de Valera is in hiding, to mediate peace. Collins, however, is misdirected by de Valera's associates and is led into an ambush in which he is shot and killed. Kitty Kiernan, Collins' love interest, is informed of his death just as she tries on a wedding gown.

Cast

Production
Michael Cimino wrote a script and was involved in pre-production work on a possible Collins film for over a year in the late 1980s, with Gabriel Byrne marked down to star. However, Cimino was fired over budget concerns. Neil Jordan mentions in his film diary that Kevin Costner had also been interested in developing a movie about Collins, titled Mick, and had visited Béal na Bláth and the surrounding areas.<ref name="Jordan">{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=Neil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRcIAQAAMAAJ |title=Michael Collins |publisher=Plume |year=1996 |isbn=0-452-27686-1 |author-link=Neil Jordan}}</ref>

The eventual film was scripted and directed by Neil Jordan and was an international co-production between companies in Ireland and the United States. With a budget estimated at $25 million, with 10%-12% from the Irish Film Board, it was one of the most expensive films ever produced in Ireland. While filming, the breakdown of the IRA ceasefire caused the film's release to be delayed from June to December. It also led to Warner Bros. executive Rob Friedman pressurising the director to reshoot the ending to focus on the love story between Collins and Kiernan, in an attempt to downplay the breakdown of Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations.

A number of Irish actors auditioned for the part of de Valera but Jordan felt they were performing a stereotype of de Valera rather than finding his true character. Jordan discussed the role with John Turturro before casting Alan Rickman. Jordan initially envisioned Stephen Rea playing Harry Boland, but then decided the role of Broy would give Rea more of a challenge. Matt Dillon and Adam Baldwin also auditioned for the role. Aengus O'Malley, a great-grandnephew of Michael Collins, played the role of a student filmed in Marsh's Library.

Historicity
Although based on historical events, the film contains some alterations and fictionalisations, such as the dramatised circumstances of Harry Boland's death and Ned Broy's fate, as well as significant alterations to the formative years of Dáil Éireann and the prelude to the events of Bloody Sunday at Croke Park. Neil Jordan defended his film by saying that it could not provide an entirely accurate account of events since it was a two-hour film that had to be understandable to an international audience that would not know the minutiae of Irish history. The documentary on the DVD release of the film also discusses its fictional aspects.

The critic Roger Ebert referred to the closing quotation from de Valera that history would vindicate Collins at his own expense by writing that "even Dev could hardly have imagined this film biography of Collins, which portrays De Valera as a weak, mannered, sniveling prima donna whose grandstanding led to decades of unnecessary bloodshed in, and over, Ireland."

According to Alan Rickman, in the script there was a scene which made it clear that his character was not involved in the death of Michael Collins. However, this was cut (either by the director or the studio) in order to focus on a more romantic rather than political ending. Jordan has said that he never intended to indicate that de Valera had a hand in the assassination and has called the film's portrayal of de Valera "unfair".

Boland did not die in the manner suggested by the film. He was shot in a skirmish with Irish Free State soldiers in The Grand Hotel, Skerries, County Dublin, in the aftermath of the Battle of Dublin. The hotel has since been demolished, but a plaque was put where the building used to be. His last words in the film ("Have they got Mick Collins yet?") are based on a well-known tradition.

Soundtrack
The score was written by acclaimed composer Elliot Goldenthal, and features performances by Sinéad O'Connor. Frank Patterson also performs with the Cafe Orchestra in the film and on the album.

Ratings
The Irish Film Censor initially intended to give the film an over-15 certificate, but later decided that it should be released with a PG certificate because of its historical importance. The censor issued a press statement defending his decision, claiming the film was a landmark in Irish cinema and that "because of the subject matter, parents should have the option of making their own decision as to whether their children should see the film or not". The video release was given a 12 certificate.

The film was rated 15 in the United Kingdom by the British Board of Film Classification.

The film was rated R in the United States by the Motion Picture Association of America.

Reception
Box officeMichael Collins opened in six theatres in the United States on 11 October 1996 and grossed $182,221 for the weekend. It expanded to 748 theatres two weeks later grossing $2,409,761 for the weekend. It went on to gross $11 million in the United States and Canada. The film opened on 8 November 1996 in the UK and Ireland in 247 theatres and opened at number one at the box office with an opening weekend gross of £1,160,575, including £68,975 from previews in 45 theatres. The opening gross also included £442,867 from the Republic of Ireland, which was a record opening for the country. The film went on to gross over £6.5 million in the UK and Ireland. It became the highest-grossing film ever in Ireland, surpassing Jurassic Park, grossing IR£4.27 million ($6.7 million). In 2000, it was second only to Titanic in this category.

Critical response

The film received generally positive reviews from critics, but was criticised by some for its historical inaccuracies. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 78% based on 49 reviews, with an average rating of 6.90/10. The site's consensus states: "As impressively ambitious as it is satisfyingly impactful, Michael Collins honors its subject's remarkable achievements with a magnetic performance from Liam Neeson in the title role." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Irish journalist Kevin Myers, who is known for his criticism of physical force Irish republicanism, praised the film in his Irish Times column, writing, "I think it is magnificent. I was unable to leave the cinema at its end, so profoundly moved and saddened was I; and I can understand why Neil Jordan has been so personally offended by criticism of the film in Ireland and in Britain. It is a film which shows his passionate commitment to the subject, to the film, to Ireland, and, I believe, to peace." Geoff Andrew, writing in Time Out, said, "This is Jordan's most ambitious and satisfying movie - a thriller with a real sense of scale, pace, menace and moral import."

In Variety, the film was described as "Staggeringly well-made... a film of tremendous action, incident and momentum." Ian Nathan of Empire awarded the film four stars out of five, and described it as a "mature, passionate biography of the tragic Irish revolutionary [which] takes a considered, intelligent stance." Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four.

Irish writer Graham Linehan gave the film a positive review in the British film magazine Neon, and said, "If you're Irish, the film obviously carries a huge emotional punch. But if you're British, and you have even an iota of interest in a country that, after all, is RIGHT BESIDE YOU, then I suggest you toddle along."

Accolades

 Academy Awards - Nominated Best Cinematography (Chris Menges)
 Academy Awards - Nominated Best Original Dramatic Score (Elliot Goldenthal)
 Evening Standard British Film Awards - Winner Best Actor (Liam Neeson)
 Golden Globe Awards - Nominated Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama (Liam Neeson)
 Los Angeles Film Critics Association - Winner Best Cinematography (Chris Menges; tied with John Seale for The English Patient)
 Venice Film Festival - Winner Golden Lion (Neil Jordan), Winner Best Actor (Liam Neeson)

References

External links

 Seán Farrell Moran, movie review, "Michael Collins," in The American Historical Review'', 1997.
 Review of Michael Collins

1996 films
1990s biographical drama films
1990s historical drama films
American biographical drama films
American historical drama films
1990s English-language films
English-language Irish films
British Empire war films
Epic films based on actual events
Irish Civil War films
Irish War of Independence films
Films about the Irish Republican Army
Films directed by Neil Jordan
Films set in 1916
Films set in 1918
Films set in 1919
Films set in 1920
Films set in 1921
Films set in 1922
Films set in Dublin (city)
Films shot in Dublin (city)
Films shot in Ireland
The Geffen Film Company films
Golden Lion winners
Warner Bros. films
Films scored by Elliot Goldenthal
Cultural depictions of Michael Collins (Irish leader)
Cultural depictions of Éamon de Valera
Historical epic films
Guerrilla warfare in film
1990s American films

Michael Collins (film)


Glaucous is a color that is bluish-green or bluish-grey. In botany it refers to a pale bluish waxy or powdery layer on a surface such as a leaf or a fruit. In birds it refers to a pale bluish grey color of the feathers, legs or some other part of the bird.

Glaucous appears in the name of some plants and birds. For example, - Glaucous Gull, (Larus glaucescens) or Glaucous Macaw, (Anodorhynchus glaucus). In botany there is the Glaucous Sedge, (Carex flacca) and the Glaucous Michelmas Daisy, (Symphyotrichum laeve).

Often grapes, plums and other fruit have a glaucous waxy or powdery layer on the surface of their skin. That layer protects the fruit from water. It can be easily rubbed off.

References

Color

Glaucous


W. Michael Cox (born August 7, 1950) is an American economist, speaker, and consultant. An outspoken libertarian, he comments on society, politics, and the benefits of a free market society. Cox is currently the Director of the O'Neil Center for Global Markets and Freedom at Southern Methodist University's Cox School of Business.

Early life
W. Michael Cox was born in Little Rock, Arkansas to parents Thomas Edward and Nanalee Cox in 1950. He gained an understanding of business at an early age by working weekends and summers in his father's cold beverage company. Seeing taxes taken out of his first paycheck proved to be the first step toward his strong dislike for government. Cox attended Little Rock Central High School, graduating in 1968. He continued his education at Hendrix College, earning a bachelor's degree with magna cum laude honors in mathematics and business economics in 1972. He then studied at Tulane University, where he received his Ph.D. in economics in 1976.

Career
Cox worked as an assistant professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University from 1976 through 1984. During this time he took leave to work as a visiting assistant professor for the University of Rochester and the University of Western Ontario. In 1984, he left academia to become a practicing economist, and became a research economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. He was later promoted to Chief Economist, and holds the unique distinction of being the only Chief Economist in the Federal Reserve System's history. While at the Fed, he also served as an adjunct professor at Southern Methodist University in Dallas. He retired from the Dallas Fed in 2009 to become the Director for the  O'Neil Center. The focus of the O'Neil Center is the study of the impact of competitive market forces on freedom and prosperity in the global economy.

Cox has been widely published in the nation's leading business press, academic journals and Federal Reserve System publications. Cox is the author of numerous op-ed articles for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, USA Today, Financial Times and Investor's Business Daily. He also co-authored the Fed's acclaimed series of annual report essays on capitalism, globalization and American living standards. Additionally, he has contributed to a number of public policy issues and his research is frequently designated as required reading for Congress. His book, Myths of Rich and Poor: Why We're Better Off than We Think, co-authored by Richard Alm, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. He is a frequent guest on national radio, television and Internet programs, including CNN, Fox News, National Public Radio, ReasonTV, Voice of America and BizRadio.

Cox's life work has been devoted to studying how free markets work to improve living standards. He has documented progress in America by defining living standards as a measure of:
 Consumption and Wealth
 Leisure and Recreation
 Variety and Choice
 Safety and Security
 Working Conditions
In his book, Myths of Rich and Poor: Why We're Better Off Than We Think (with Richard Alm), Cox has comprehensively documented American progress and its primary delivery mechanism – free markets. He continues to be a leader in the free-enterprise movement.

Cox is also an Adjunct Scholar at the Cato Institute, a Senior Fellow at the National Center for Policy Analysis, a member of the Mont Pelerin Society, and is a past President of the Association of Private Enterprise Education.

Publications
 Books
 Myths of Rich and Poor: Why We're Better Off Than We Think (with Richard Alm). New York: Basic Books, (1999).
 Cox, W. Michael and Richard Alm, 'Incentives', in The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs, edited by Brendan Miniter. New York: Crown Business. 2012.
 Journal articles
 "Variety, Globalization, and Social Efficiency," Southern Economic Journal.  (2010).
 "An Economic Interpretation of Suicide Cycles in Japan" (with Jahyeong Koo). Contemporary Economic Policy, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 62–174, (January, 2008).
 "Proof That a Free Market System Enriches the Poor." Journal of Private Enterprise, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–16, (Fall, 2001).
 "Country-bashing Tariffs: Do Bilateral Trade Deficits Matter?" (with Roy Ruffin).  Journal of International Economics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 61–72, (October, 1998).
 "The Capital Gains and Losses on U.S. Government Debt: 1942–1986" (with Cara S. Lown). The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 1–14, (February, 1989).
 "The Market Value of Government of Canada Debt, Monthly, 1937–84" (with Joseph Haslag). Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 469–497, (August, 1986).
 "The Behavior of Treasury Securities Monthly, 1942–1984." Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 227–250, (September, 1985).
 "Government Revenue from Deficit Finance." Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 264–274, (May, 1983).
 "The Market Value of U.S. Government Debt; Monthly, 1942–1980" (with W. Eric Hirschhorn). Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 261–272, (March, 1983).
 "Unanticipated Money, Output, and Prices in the Small Economy." Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 359–84, (July, 1980).
 "Unanticipated Money, Output, and Prices in the Small Economy" (with Halbert White). Economics Letters, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 23–27, (1978).
 Op Eds
 "An Order of Prosperity, To Go," The New York Times, February 17, 2010.
 "Virtual Immigrants Bring Benefits Without Leaving Their Countries," Investor's Business Daily, February 1, 2010.
 "Obama, In Rich Irony, Can't Afford to Wage War on Nation's Wealthy," Investor's Business Daily, August 18, 2009.
 "From Teflon to Tarzan, The 30s' Proved Capitalism Never Sleeps," Investor's Business Daily, May 25, 2009.
 "You Are What You Spend" (with Richard Alm), The New York Times, February 10, 2008.
 "Globalization's Gifts" (with Richard W. Fisher), Dallas Morning News, April 13, 2007.
 "The New Inflation Equation" (with Richard W. Fisher). The Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2007.
 "Globalizing Good Government" (with Richard W. Fisher). The New York Times

References

External links

Living people
1950 births
Writers from Little Rock, Arkansas
Hendrix College alumni
Tulane University alumni
Southern Methodist University people
American economics writers
American male non-fiction writers

W. Michael Cox


John Simmit  is a British actor and stand-up comedian, he is best known for playing Dipsy in BBC TV's global hit Teletubbies from 1997–2001.

Career
His many other TV credits include The Real McCoy, The Gadget Show and The Big Fat Quiz of the '90s, whilst live he has performed internationally from Bahrain to Budapest.

As a producer through Upfront Comedy he has put comedy shows into UK theatres nationwide for 25 years, including two major shows in London's west End, in New York & North Carolina. Previewing Upfront's 10th anniversary show, The Guardian noted, "[T]his anniversary show is yet another excellent standup bill from the most enterprising black comedy promoters in the country. Upfront's first Croydon gig featured Felix Dexter (the first black comic to become a regular performer at Jongleurs and the Comedy Store), plus lapsed Pentecostal choir boy Junior Simpson and Nigerian cockney Gina Yashere. Also on that first bill was the brains behind Upfront, John Simmit […] Thanks to pioneering outfits like Upfront, Britain's black comics are getting some of the mainstream exposure that their talents deserve - and now a growing number of African-American standups are coming here to gig alongside them".

Filmography
The Real McCoy (1994) - Guest
Teletubbies (1997–2001) - Dipsy
Teletubbies Everywhere (2002) - Dipsy
Today (2007) - guest (as Dipsy and himself)
The Paul O'Grady Show (2009) - guest (as Dipsy)
The Big Fat Quiz of the '90s (2012) - Himself
Respect: A Felix Dexter Special (2013) - Himself
The Gadget Show (2014) - Himself
Pikachu & Friends - Charmander
Stitch's Hawaiian Paradise - Stitch

References

External links

Living people
20th-century British male actors
21st-century British male actors
Black British male actors
British male comedians
British male television actors
Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands
Year of birth missing (living people)
Comedians from Birmingham, West Midlands

John Simmit


Sachin Bansal (born August 5, 1981) is an Indian technology entrepreneur and an ardent, amateur gamer. He is best known as the co-founder of Flipkart that was acquired by Walmart (77 per cent stakes) at $16 billion in 2018. During his career at Flipkart that spanned 11 years, Bansal held the position of chief executive officer and Executive chairman. In 2018, Bansal exited Flipkart along with the Walmart deal.

In 2007, Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal (not related) founded Flipkart whose valuation in 2018 was $20.8 billion. In 2018, Bansal held 5.5 per cent stake in Flipkart, which he sold off to Walmart and his net worth then was a little over $1 billion. In May 2018, Bansal announced that after stepping down as the Executive Chairman of Flipkart, he would be focusing on pending personal projects, gaming and brushing up his coding skills.

Early life
Bansal was born in Chandigarh, India, on August 5, 1981. His father is a business man and mother is a homemaker. Bansal attended Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and graduated as a Computer Science engineer in 2005. During the course of his education, Bansal had considered giving up his engineering seat to pursue a career in gaming. Age of Empires and Quake III Arena are the games that he was playing in his early life. After graduation, Bansal worked at Techspan for a few months and later in 2006 he joined Amazon Web Services as a Senior Software Engineer. In 2007, Bansal quit Amazon to start his own venture.

Flipkart
In October 2007, Bansal and his co-founder, Binny Bansal, started an online bookstore, Flipkart, with an initial capital of ₹400,000 (US$5,600). For about 18 months they received ₹10,000 every month as allowance from their parents. They first started operating out of an apartment in Koramangala, in Bangalore, India. In the first few months, according to Bansal's own claims, he oversaw all business details, from building the first version of their website to sourcing book to packing and delivering them. From inception until 2016, Bansal held the position of chief executive officer and from 2016 until 2018, he held the position of Executive Chairman. In 2018, Bansal signed a non-compete clause with Walmart and exited Flipkart. The non-compete clause restricted Bansal from starting any business that directly or indirectly competed with Flipkart for 18 months and in making any investments in businesses competing with Flipkart for 36 months from his departure.

Post-Flipkart
In December 2018, Bansal founded BAC Acquisitions Private Limited, a venture that focused on building and acquiring technology-driven businesses in diverse industry verticals. Since 2014, Bansal has made 18 investments in local, early-stage startups where the deal size was $1–2 million. In 2019, Bansal invested $100 million in Ola and received a stake holding of 0.37 per cent. In February 2019, he had investments in Ola, Grey Orange, Ather Energy, SigTuple, Inshorts, Unacademy and TeamIndus.

Recognition
 In 2013, Bansal was awarded the Economic Times Award - 'Entrepreneur of the year'.
 In 2015, Bansal was named as the 86th richest person in India by Forbes India.
 In 2016, Time Magazine included Bansal and his co-founder in the 100 most influential people in the world list.
 In 2017, India Today included Bansal and his co-founder in India's 50 most powerful people list.

Personal life
Sachin Bansal is married to Priya Bansal, a dentist by training and profession. They have one son.

References

1981 births
Living people

Sachin Bansal


Community Chests, commonly referred to as community trusts, community foundations and united way organizations, are endowment funds pooled from a community for the purpose of charitable giving. The first Community Chest, "Community Fund", was founded in 1913 in Cleveland, Ohio, by the Federation for Charity and Philanthropy. The number of Community Chest organizations increased from 39 to 353 between 1919 and 1929, and surpassed 1,000 by 1948. By 1963, and after several name changes, the term "United Way" was adopted in the United States, whereas the United Way/Centraide name was not adopted in Canada until 1973–74.

The Community Chest was promoted on several old-time radio shows, including the H. J. Heinz Company–sponsored The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet show, the S. C. Johnson & Son–sponsored Fibber McGee and Molly show, and the Chevron-sponsored Let George Do It show.

Some local organizations continue to use the Community Chest name, such as Concord-Carlisle Community Chest in Concord, Massachusetts, United States. It also continues to be used as the name for a gameplay feature in the board game Monopoly.

See also
 The Community Chest of Hong Kong
 United Givers Fund
 United Way of America
 United Way Worldwide
 Whiting Williams

References
 United Way Central Coast Community Chest - Australia

1913 establishments in Ohio
Charities based in Canada
Charities based in the United States
Organizations established in 1913
Community

Community Chest (organization)


The Clark Memorandum on the Monroe Doctrine or Clark Memorandum, written on December 17, 1928 by Calvin Coolidge's undersecretary of state J. Reuben Clark, concerned the United States' use of military force to intervene in Latin American nations. This memorandum was a secret until it was officially released in 1930 by the Herbert Hoover administration.

The Clark memorandum rejected the view that the Roosevelt Corollary was based on the Monroe Doctrine.  However, it was not a complete repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary but was rather a statement that any intervention by the U.S. was not sanctioned by the Monroe Doctrine but rather was the right of America as a state. This separated the Roosevelt Corollary from the Monroe Doctrine by noting that the Monroe Doctrine only applied to situations involving European countries.  One main point in the Clark Memorandum was to note that the Monroe Doctrine was based on conflicts of interest only between the United States and European nations, rather than between the United States and Latin American nations.

Historian Gene Sessions says the  memorandum said the Monroe Doctrine did not explicitly renounce rights of intervention in Latin America (as often stated). It had little if any influence on the development evolution of US Latin American policy.

Conditions and details
During the late 1920s, a number of American foreign policy leaders started to argue for a softer tone in US relations with Latin American nations, which had been chafing under decades of intervention by the United States.  Under secretary of State, and later Ambassador to Mexico, J. Reuben Clark (1871–1961) held these conciliatory views and completed work on the 236-page Memorandum late in the Coolidge administration. Clark argued the following:
Every nation, including the United States, has the right of "self-preservation".
The principle of self-preservation underlies the Monroe Doctrine.
The United States alone makes the decision about when to intervene on behalf of Latin American nations.
The Monroe Doctrine was not concerned with the relationship between the United States and other nations in the Americas, except when European interference in those nations threatened the security of the United States.
The Doctrine relates to the relationship of the United States and Latin America on one side versus Europe on the other side, not of the United States on one side versus Latin America on the other side.
The primary purpose of the Doctrine was to protect Latin American nations from intervention by European powers, not to victimize or oppress Latin American nations.
The Roosevelt Corollary was not part of the Monroe Doctrine.
The application of the Monroe Doctrine by the United States was beneficial to Latin American states.

While sometimes regarded as an outright repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary, Clark was simply advancing his belief that the corollary was separate from the Monroe Doctrine and that American intervention in Latin America, when necessary, was sanctioned by U.S. rights as a sovereign nation, not by the Monroe Doctrine.

Clark's views were not made public until March 1930 during the Hoover administration, when Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson was guiding American diplomacy toward the beginning of a Good Neighbor Policy with its Latin American neighbors.

The memorandum also used the term "national security" in its first known usage.

References

Further reading
 Clark Jr, J. Reuben. "The Clark Memorandum on the Monroe Doctrine." BYU Studies Quarterly 13.3 (1973): 14+.   Online
 Sessions, Gene A. "The Clark Memorandum Myth." The Americas 34.1 (1977): 40-58.
 Wood, Bryce. The making of the Good Neighbor Policy (1961)

1928 documents
1928 in American politics
1930 in American politics
1930 in international relations
1928 in international relations
December 1928 events in the United States
Banana Wars
Memoranda
History of United States expansionism
Monroe Doctrine
Presidency of Calvin Coolidge

Clark Memorandum


Slonim is a Hasidic dynasty originating in the town of Slonim, which is now in Belarus.
Today, there are two Slonimer factions.  Slonim, based in Jerusalem, and the Slonim community in Bnei Brak. They are two distinct groups today, and have many differences between them.

The first Rebbe of Slonim, Rabbi Avraham Weinberg (1804–1883), was the author of Yesod HaAvodah. In 1873, he sent a group of his grandchildren and other Hasidim to settle in Ottoman Palestine; they set up their community in Tiberias. Almost all of the Slonimer Hasidim in Europe perished at the hands of the Nazis in the Holocaust. The present-day Slonimer community was rebuilt from the Slonimer Hasidim who had settled in Israel.

Outline of Slonimer dynasty

Spiritual legacy

 Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism

 Rabbi Dov Ber, the Maggid (Preacher) of Mezeritch, disciple of the Baal Shem Tov
 Rabbi Aaron Hagodol of Karlin, disciple of the Maggid
 Rabbi Shlomo of Karlin, disciple of the Maggid and of Rabbi Aaron Hagodol of Karlin
 Rabbi Mordechai of Lechovitch, disciple of Rabbi Shlomo of Karlin
 Rabbi Noah of Lechovitch, son of Rabbi Mordechai
 Rabbi Moshe of Kobrin (1784 - 1858), disciple of Rabbi Noah of Lechovitch
 Rabbi Avraham of Slonim (1804 - 11 Cheshvan 1883), disciple of Rabbi Noah of Lechovitch and Rabbi Moshe of Kobrin, and first Rebbe of Slonim

Lineage of Slonimer Rebbes

 Rabbi Avraham of Slonim (1804 - 11 Cheshvan 1883), author of Yesod HaAvodah, first Slonmer Rebbe.

 Rabbi Shmuel Weinberg (1850-1916) of Slonim, author of Divrei Shmuel, also known as the "Foter", grandson of the Rabbi Avraham, author of Yesod HaAvodah.
 Rabbi Yissachar Leib Weinberg of Slonim (1873 - 1928), son of the Rabbi Shmuel, author of Divrei Shmuel.
 Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Heshel Weinberg of Slonim-Tel Aviv, son of Rabbi Yissachar Leib.
 Rabbi Noah Weinberg of Slonim and Tiberias, grandson of the author of Yesod HaAvodah, brother of the author of Divrei Shmuel, a menahel of Yeshiva Or-Torah of Tiberias.
 Rabbi Matisyohu of Slonim, grandson of the author of Yesod HaAvodah.
 Rabbi Avraham Weinberg of Slonim (1884 - 1 Iyar 1933), author of Beis Avraham, son of Grand Rabbi Shmuel.
 Rabbi Shlomo David Yehoshua Weinberg of Slonim-Baranovitch (1912 – 1943), son of the Beis Avraham.
 Rabbi Mordechai Chaim of Slonim-Tiberias, grandson of the Yesod HaAvodah brother, disciple of the Beis Avraham, successor of Rabbi Shlomo David Yehoshua Weinberg.
 Rabbi Avraham Weinberg of Tiberias and Jerusalem (Rosh Chodesh Tammuz 1889 - 12 Sivan 1981), author of Birkas Avraham, son of Rabbi Noah, disciple and nephew of the Divrei Shmuel, successor of Rabbi Mordechai Chaim.

 Rabbi Sholom Noach Berezovsky (1911-2000), Slonimer Rebbe of Jerusalem, author of Nesivos Shalom, son-in-law of the Birkas Avraham (R Avraham Weinberg). Worked diligently to reestablish Slonimer Hasidus from its small remnants after World War II. Published many Slonimer Hasidic books from original manuscripts and lost documents.
 Rabbi Shmuel Berezovski, author of Darchei Noam, present Slonimer Rebbe of Jerusalem, son of the Nesivos Shalom.

Main Hasidic works of Slonim
In addition to those works revered by all Hasidim, the Slonimer Hasidim particularly revere the following books: Yesod HaAvodah, Divrei Shmuel, Beis Avraham, Birkas Avraham.

The Slonimer rebbes of Jerusalem have also authored two tremendously popular Hasidic works, Nesivos Shalom, by the previous Slonimer Rebbe of Jerusalem, and Darchei Noam, by the present Slonimer Rebbe of Jerusalem.
Nesivos Shalom is extremely popular even outside of Hasidic circles.

Controversy in Slonim school in Immanuel

Currently, in Israel, there reside approximately 1,300 families that follow the Slonimer Rebbe from Jerusalem. In 2010, a dispute arose in Immanuel, a Jewish settlement in the northern West Bank, over the integration of Ashkenazi Slonim girls in a school with Sephardi girls from non-religious families. Over 120,000 Torah-observant Jews, including Haredi and Dati Leumi Jews, rallied in Israel to keep the groups separate, with the fathers of 40 girls being jailed for their refusal to comply. The families insisted it was not a "racial" issue, as 30% of those in the Hasidic track are Sephardic, and three fathers jailed were Sephardic, but, rather, that the "desire to remove their daughters from the influence of those less strict in their religious observance, watching TV at home, having access to the internet, and a more lax dress code among the other track in the school have been cited".

See also
 Shmuel Yaakov Weinberg
 Yisrael Noah Weinberg
 Slonim Synagogue

References

External links
 Nesivos Shalom in English
A Video of the Slonimer Rebbe of Jerusalem at the Western Wall
 Lakhovits-Kobrin-Slonim_Hasidic_Dynasty
  "The Synthesis of Hasidic Pietism with Lithuanian Torah Scholarship in Slonimer Hasidut" in Immanuel Etkes, "Yeshivot u-Vatei Midrashot" (Jerusalem, Merkaz Shazar, 2006).

Hasidic dynasties headquartered in Jerusalem
Hasidic Judaism in Belarus
Hasidic dynasties of Lithuania
Jewish groups in Belarus

Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)


Wrexham ( ;  ) is a city and the administrative centre of Wrexham County Borough in Wales. It is located between the Welsh mountains and the lower Dee Valley, near the border with Cheshire in England. Historically in the county of Denbighshire, and later the county of Clwyd in 1974, it has been the principal settlement of Wrexham County Borough since 1996.

Wrexham has historically been one of the primary settlements of Wales. At the 2021 Census, it had an urban population of 44,785. The core of the city comprises the local government communities of Acton, Caia Park, Offa and Rhosddu. In the 2011 census, Wrexham's built-up area was determined to extend further into villages like Brymbo, Brynteg, Gwersyllt, New Broughton and Pentre Broughton with a population of 61,603, while also including nearby Bradley and Rhostyllen for a population of 65,692 in 2011.

Wrexham was likely founded prior to the 11th century and developed in the Middle Ages as a regional centre for trade and administration. The city became the most populous settlement in Wales in the 17th century and was at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century. Prior to de-industrialisation in the 20th century, the city and surrounding area were a hub of coal and lead mining; the production of iron, steel and leather; and brewing.

Today, Wrexham continues to serve north Wales and the Welsh borderlands as a centre for manufacturing, retail, education and administration. The city is noted for hosting Wrexham A.F.C. (one of the oldest professional football teams in the world); the nationally significant industrial heritage of the Clywedog Valley; the  National Trust Property of Erddig; and the fine Tudor church of St Giles, which towers over the historic Wrexham city centre.

History

Early history

Human activity in the Wrexham area dates back to the Mesolithic period (8000 to 4300 BC), with tools made from flint being found to the east of the city. Two Bronze Age burial mounds are located to the west of the modern city centre and there is evidence that the area had developed into a centre for an innovative metalworking industry by the early Middle Bronze Age. A series of Iron Age hill-forts are located to the west of present-day Wrexham along the upland-lowland line suggesting the presence of an ancient tribal boundary.

At the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area which Wrexham formed part of was held by a Celtic tribe called the Cornovii. A Roman civilian settlement was located in the Plas Coch area of Wrexham and excavations have revealed evidence of agriculture and trade with the wider Roman world. Following the end of Roman rule in Britain, Wrexham formed part of the Romano-British Kingdom of Powys.

Medieval

The Battle of Chester circa 615/616 marked the beginning of a long struggle between the Welsh and English for territory in this part of Wales. During the eighth century, the Anglo-Saxon royal house of Mercia pushed their frontiers westwards and established the earth boundaries of Wat's Dyke and Offa's Dyke to the west of the present city.

During this first period of Mercian advance in the eighth century, the settlement of Wrexham was likely founded on the flat ground above the meadows of the River Gwenfro.  The name Wrexham probably comes from the old English for Wryhtel's river meadow. Alternatively, the name may have described a settlement of the Wreocensæte people, who were possibly a continuation of the Cornovii tribe of Roman Britain. The settlement may have originally been named 'Caer Fantell' in Welsh but by the 13th century was recorded in Welsh as 'Gwrexham' or 'Gregsam'.

The Mercians fought over north-east Wales during the eighth to tenth centuries but the Welsh Kings of Powys re-conquered the Wrexham area during the 11th century. Following the Welsh reconquest, Wrexham formed an integral part of the Powys lordship of Maelor and so does not appear in the Domesday Book of 1086. The first recorded reference to the town in 1161 is to a castle at 'Wristlesham'.

Stability under the princes of Powys Fadog enabled Wrexham to develop as a trading town and administrative centre of one of the two commotes making up the Lordship. In 1202, Madoc ap Gruffydd Maelor, Lord of Dinas Brân, granted some of his demesne lands in 'Wrechcessham' to the  abbey of Valle Crucis and in 1220 the earliest reference to a church in Wrexham is made.

Following the loss of Welsh independence and the death in battle of Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282, Wrexham became part of the semi-independent Marcher lordship of Bromfield and Yale. Wrexham increased in importance throughout the Middle Ages as the lordship's administrative centre, and the then town's position made it a suitable centre for the exchange of the produce of the Dee valley and Denbighshire uplands, whilst iron and lead were also mined locally.

From 1327 onwards, the town is referred to as a villa mercatoria (market town) and became a celebrated centre for Welsh craftsmen. The town was particularly well known in the 14th and 15th centuries for the manufacture of Welsh bucklers, as illustrated by the mention in the 1547 Inventory of King Henry VIII of 'wreckesham Buckelers'. In 1391 Wrexham was wealthy enough for a bard, jester, juggler, dancer and goldsmith to earn their living there.
The traditional pattern of Welsh life – law, administration, customs and language – remained undisturbed through the Middle Ages and the pattern was for local English people to rapidly adopt the Welsh-language and to be assimilated into Welsh culture, even  to point of adopting Welsh Patronymic surnames.

The local Welsh nobility and peasantry backed the uprising led by Owain Glyndŵr against King Henry IV of England during the early 15th century. Local poet Guto'r Glyn (c. 1412 – c. 1493) heralded Siôn ap Madog, the great-nephew of Owain Glyndŵr, as 'Alecsander i Wrecsam' ("an Alexander for Wrexham") and the poet Hywel Dafi addresses Siôn's heir as 'Gwregys am ais Gwregsam wyt''' ('a girdle around the heart of Wrexham.').

 Early Modern
The Acts of Union passed during the reign of Henry VIII brought the lordship into the full system of English administration and law. It became part of the new shire of Denbighshire in 1536.

In 1584 St Richard Gwyn, a local Recusant, schoolteacher, and poet in the Welsh-language, was convicted of high treason based on his Catholic beliefs by a panel of judges headed by the Chief Justice of Chester, Sir George Bromley. On 15 October 1584, Gwyn was taken to the Beast Market and hung, drawn and quartered for his faith. He was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970 as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. His Feast Day is 17 October.

The main body of the church of St Giles was rebuilt in the late 15th and early 16th centuries to become one of the finest examples of ecclesiastical architecture in Wales.

The economic character remained predominantly as an agricultural market town into the 17th century but there were workshops of weavers, smiths, nailers as well as dye houses. The 1620 Norden's jury of survey of Wrexham Regis stated that four-fifths of the land-holding classes of Wrexham bore Welsh names and every field except one within the manor bore a Welsh or semi-Welsh name.

A grammar school was established in 1603 by Alderman Valentine Broughton of Chester.

During the English Civil War, most of the local Welsh gentry supported King Charles I and in 1642 the King addressed enthusiastic crowds in the town. However, local landlord Sir Thomas Myddelton declared for the Rump Parliament and Parliamentarians occupied the town in 1643 and 1645. Wrexham served as military headquarters for both forces  and a quarter of houses were burned down in 1643 during the quartering of troops in the town.

In the 17th century, Wrexham served as an educational and cultural focal point for local society and became a 'Puritan Metropolis'. Morgan Llwyd, the radical nonconformist preacher and writer, was educated at the Wrexham Grammar School and became Vicar of Wrexham in 1645.

 Late Modern

Wrexham was known for its leather industry and by the 18th century there were a number of skinners and tanners in the town.

The Industrial Revolution began in Wrexham in 1762 when the entrepreneur John Wilkinson (1728–1808), known as "Iron Mad Wilkinson", opened Bersham Ironworks. Wilkinson's steam engines enabled a peak of production at Minera Lead Mines on the outskirts of Wrexham.

From the late 18th century numerous large-scale industrialised collieries operated in the southern section of the North East Wales coalfield, alongside hundreds of more traditional small-scale pits belonging to a mining tradition dating back to the Middle Ages.

18th century literary visitors included Samuel Johnson, who described Wrexham as "a busy, extensive and well-built town", and Daniel Defoe who noted the role of Wrexham as a "great market for Welch flannel". The artist J. M. W. Turner also visited the town in 1792-93 and 1794 which resulted in his drawings of St Giles Parish Church and surrounding buildings and a watercolour painting of a street scene.
Rev. William Bingley described Wrexham in 1839 as "of such size and consequence as to have occasionally obtained the appellation of the metropolis of North Wales". Wrexham gained its first newspaper in 1848. The Market Hall was built in 1848, and in 1863 a volunteer fire brigade was founded.  In addition to brewing, tanning became one of Wrexham's main industries. In the mid 19th century Wrexham was granted borough status.

By 1851, the population of Wrexham was 6,714; within thirty years this had increased to 10,978 as the town became increasingly industrialised.

Wrexham benefited from good underground water supplies which were essential to the brewing of beer: by the mid-19th century, there were 19 breweries in and around the town. Wrexham Lager brewery was established in 1882 in Central Road and became the first brewery in the United Kingdom to produce lager beer. A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of Hightown Barracks in 1877. The Poyser Street drill hall was completed in 1902.

When the 1912 National Eisteddfod of Wales was held at Wrexham, T.H. Parry-Williams achieved for the first time the feat, almost unheard of since, of winning both the Chair and the Crown. Parry-Williams later recalled returning home to Rhyd-ddu, where he had been working as a hired hand upon the farm of a relative. Upon telling his employer of his double-victory, Parry-Williams was advised to, "seek grace." When Parry-Williams then explained that both victories had gained him £40, the relative shouted in angry disbelief, "Ac mi gwnest nhw i gyd ar dy din!!!" ("And you earned them all sitting on your arse!!!!")

By 1913, the North East Wales coal field was producing up to 3 million tonnes a year and employed over 10,000 people, dominating the economic and cultural life of the area.  One of the worst mining disasters in British history occurred at Gresford Colliery in 1934 when underground explosions and a subsequent fire cost the lives of 266 men. However the industry went into decline after the First World War, and of the seven large-scale collieries operating in the Wrexham area in 1946, only two functional collieries remained by 1968.  The last pit to close in the Borough was Bersham Colliery in 1986.The leatherworks in Pentrefelin and Tuttle Street, the many coal mines in the area, the brickworks in Abenbury, Brymbo Steelworks and the breweries all closed in the latter half of the 20th century. Wrexham suffered from the same problems as much of industrialised Britain and saw little investment in the 1970s.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the Welsh Development Agency (WDA) funded a major dual carriageway  (the A483) bypassing Wrexham town centre and connecting it with nearby Chester and with England's trunk road network. New shopping areas have been created within the town at Henblas Square, Island Green and Eagles Meadow and the Wrexham Industrial Estate, previously used in the Second World War, has become home to many manufacturing businesses.

Wrexham Town Hall, an early 18th century arcaded structure with an assembly hall on the first floor, which had been built at the top of Town Hall, was demolished to improve traffic flows in the area in February 1940.

Wrexham's former police station on Regent Street, originally the barracks for the Royal Denbighshire Militia, is now home to Wrexham County Borough Museum. The museum has two galleries devoted to the history of the city and its surrounding communities.  The museum also holds the archive of the Royal Welch Fusiliers; battalions were stationed in Wrexham during the First World War. The collection is notable for containing original documents in the handwriting of Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves, J. C. Dunn and other notable members of the RWF, as well as official records. The local police was housed in the high-rise Wrexham Police Station from 1973 to 2019, with the building demolished the following year. The police moved to a smaller facility next to Wrexham Library.

Governance
Wrexham County Borough Council is made up of 56 Councillors, with one then appointed to serve as Mayor for a year. The most recent election to the council was on 5 May 2022, the election resulted in a Independent Group–Conservative coalition, as well as various ward changes and the addition of 4 new councillor seats from the 2022 election. The main contiguous part of the city of Wrexham, east of the A483 dual carriageway, is divided into the communities of Acton, Rhosddu, Offa and Caia Park. Although other definitions of the city, may consider Wrexham to extend westwards into other communities such as Gwersyllt and New Broughton which are part of Wrexham's built-up area.

The Wrexham constituency elects members to the UK Parliament and the Senedd. The constituency includes both the city and some of its outlying villages such as Gwersyllt, Llay, Marford, Rossett and Holt. The UK Parliament constituency of Wrexham was considered a safe seat for the Labour Party until 2019.  At the 2019 general election, Wrexham elected Sarah Atherton MP to the House of Commons, the first Conservative Member of Parliament for the constituency. Lesley Griffiths MS, Welsh Labour, has represented the Wrexham constituency in the Senedd since 2007 and has held a number of cabinet positions in the Welsh Government.

Public services
Wrexham Maelor Hospital () is the region's major acute district hospital, with over 900 beds, and is the largest of the three core hospitals in North Wales. The other NHS hospital within the county borough is Chirk Community Hospital and a former Penley Polish Hospital.

Yale Hospital (), situated close to the Maelor Hospital on the Wrexham Technology Park, is Wrexham's largest private hospital with over 25 beds. Formerly BUPA Yale Hospital, it is now owned and operated by Spire Healthcare.

Wrexham is served by North Wales Police; their Eastern Division HQ has a large HQ building in Llay and a police station in the city centre. The police were formerly based at the Wrexham Police Station from 1973 to 2019, with the building being demolished in 2020.

The region's main fire station is situated on Croesnewydd Road and is part of the newly combined Ambulance Service station. Other local fire stations are located in the nearby towns of Chirk and Llangollen.

City status
Wrexham has applied for city status three times since the turn of the 21st century, in competitions to mark the new Millennium, and for both the Queen's Golden and Diamond Jubilees. In March 2012, it was announced that Wrexham had again missed out on city status as the community of St Asaph, which was previously a city, was granted city status. In 2021, the Wrexham council announced their intention to apply for a fourth time for the Queen's Platinum Jubilee award.

On 20 May 2022, it was announced that as part of the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours, Wrexham would receive city status. The status was confirmed by Letters Patent on 1 September 2022. It became Wales' seventh city.

Geography

Wrexham is not built on a major river, but on a relatively flat plateau between the lower Dee Valley and easternmost mountains of north-east Wales. This position enabled it to grow as a market town, as a crossroads between England and Wales, and later as an industrial hub – due to its rich natural reserves of iron ore and coal. But three small rivers flow through parts of the city: the Clywedog, Gwenfro and Alyn. Wrexham is also famed for the quality of its underground water reserves, which gave rise to its previous dominance as a major brewing centre.

Originally a market town with surrounding urban villages, Wrexham has now coalesced with a number of urban villages and forms North Wales' largest city. Including adjacent urban areas to Wrexham, such as that of the Gwersyllt, Rhosllanerchrugog, Coedpoeth and Llay totals to a population of over 100,000 residents.

In 2021, the urban population was 44,785. In the previous census in 2011, Wrexham's built-up area also included settlements to the west, which increased the population to between 61,603 and 65,692 in 2011. Wrexham was home to approximately 40% of the total population of the county borough in 2007.

Wrexham is approximately  south of Chester,  north-west of Shrewsbury,  south-west of Manchester, and  north of Cardiff.

 Landmarks and attractions

 City centre

The historic city centre contains a large number of listed buildings set on a Medieval street pattern radiating out from the Parish Church of St Giles which was the focal point around which the city developed. The church precinct, and the surrounding narrow enclosed streets and alleyways retain a medieval character. Several complete medieval buildings survive on Town Hill and Church Street.

Hope Street, Regent Street and Queen Street form the traditional main shopping streets and are wider in some parts than others, resulting from the location of the street markets, which occurred from Medieval times through to the 19th century. The shopping streets and indoor markets are interconnected by historic narrow alleyways and arcades, such as Bank Street and Central Arcade, which host small independent businesses. The half-timbered Talbot Hotel building, built in 1904, stands in a prominent position at the junction of Hope Street and Queen Street. The Horse and Jockey Public House, was probably originally built in the 16th century as a hall-house and retains its thatched roof.

High Street is notable for its grand 18th and 19th century properties of varying scale, colour and detail which were built on long, narrow burgage plots probably of medieval origin. The 18th century façade of the Wynnstay Hotel on Yorke Street closes the vista down the High Street. The hotel is notable as the birthplace of the Football Association of Wales, which was formed at a meeting in the hotel in 1876. The Golden Lion Pub on the High Street is of 16th century origin and became an inn c.1700. The listed Border Brewery chimney towers over Tuttle Street and forms a local landmark in the city centre.

 Attractions
Wrexham held the National Eisteddfod of Wales for the sixth time in 2011.

A number of visitor attractions can be found in the area.

Focus Wales – An annual multi-venue festival that takes place in the Wrexham city centre with a focus on emerging talent and the Welsh language.
St. Giles Church – One of the Seven Wonders of Wales and burial place of Elihu Yale
Racecourse Ground – Home of Wrexham F.C. The world's oldest international stadium that still continues to host international games.
Erddig Hall – A National Trust property.
Xplore! – Science discovery centre.
 Wrexham County Borough Museum – A museum showcasing local history.
 Indoor Markets – Wrexham has always been historically known as a market town and continues this tradition with two architecturally significant Victorian indoor markets (Butchers and General).
 Wales Comic Con – Founded and first held in Wrexham on a university campus in 2008, the event moved to Telford in 2019, but returned for a one-day event in 2022.

Venues and centres

Wrexham has a number of historic city centre buildings, many of which are pubs but others have been converted into arts or community centres.

 The Horse & Jockey pub on Hope Street
 The Golden Lion on High Street
 The Old Swan on Abbott Street.
 The Wynnstay Arms Hotel on High Street – FAW was formed at the hotel on 2 February 1876.
 Tŷ Pawb – A cultural community resource that brings together markets, arts and a food court.
 Saith Seren ("Seven Stars") – A former public house, which is now the Wrexham Welsh Centre. The venue is a bilingual community centre but retains its facilities as a pub with local food, a bar, live entertainment, community meeting facilities.

Economy
Wrexham's economy has moved away from heavy industry to high tech manufacturing, bio-technology, finance and professional services. The city also has the largest retail sector in North Wales.
In 2007, the then town was ranked fifth in the UK for business start-up success, higher than most larger UK towns and cities.

Shopping

There are several shopping streets including Hope Street with major retailers such as New Look, WHSmith and Claire's and Bank street with independent businesses. Plas Coch and Berse retail parks are on the outskirts close to the A483. Central and Island Green retail parks are in the city centre. Eagles Meadow is a shopping and leisure development in the city, and contains shops such as M&S, Boots, and an Odeon Cinema, the development is connected to Yorke Street and High Street by a bridge. There are two traditional covered markets (General and Butchers) plus an open-air market on Mondays.

Wrexham has a Shopmobility service which is free. Much of the Wrexham city centre is pedestrianised.

Finance and professional services
Wrexham is home to DTCC, which collates and analyses company information for investment banks and financial organisations.

Moneypenny is the UK's largest outsourced switchboard and personal assistant service. Following expansion to the US and New Zealand, they built a new global headquarters at the Western Gateway site at a cost of £15 million including a treehouse meeting room, its own village pub and a sun terrace.

The Development Bank of Wales signed a lease for its new headquarters in Wrexham based on the Wrexham Technology Park, which is expected to accommodate 50 jobs.

Chetwood Financial is a fintech lender that acquired a full banking licence in 2018, the only new retail bank to secure a licence in 2018.

Industries

Wrexham Industrial Estate is one of the largest industrial areas in Europe and is home to over 340 businesses creating employment for over 10,000 people. The estate currently extends to over 550 hectares and is home to major manufacturing businesses in a range of sectors including automotive, aerospace, food, pharmaceutical and engineering.

Wrexham Industrial Estate is home to a number of biopharmaceutical companies such as Wockhardt and Ipsen which have major sites which provide research and development and manufacturing capabilities. The Industrial estate also hosts a 2,100 capacity Category C male prison, costing £212 million, which was built on the former Firestone Site. The prison opened in March 2017, and was named in February 2016 as HM Prison Berwyn.

Wrexham's close location to both aerospace (Airbus are located in nearby Broughton) and automotive manufacturers have led to a number of organisations being in the city. JCB on the Wrexham Industrial Estate, ACT and Magellan Aerospace are all major employers in the area.

Large food manufacturing sites include Kelloggs, Cadbury, Rowan Foods and Village Bakery. Electronics companies Sharp and Brother have manufacturing facilities located along the A483.

One of Wrexham's traditional industries is brewing. Wrexham was once home to Marstons, Border Breweries and Wrexham Lager. Wrexham is still a brewing town, however, on a smaller scale, many are either located on Wrexham Industrial Estate and in the city centre, this includes Big Hand, Magic Dragon, Erddig, Sandstone, Beech Avenue, Axiom and the revival of Wrexham Lager Beer.

Residential development
The central area of Wrexham has also seen a number of purpose-built residential developments as well as conversions of older buildings to residential use. Outside the city centre new estates are being developed in several areas, including over 500 homes at the former Brymbo Steelworks site, a ribbon of development on Mold Road leading out of the city (which includes four development companies) and Ruthin Road (Wrexham Western Gateway). There are further plans. These include the development of National Trust (NT) land at Erddig for over 250 homes. This latter proposal generated many protests, particularly from residents of nearby Rhostyllen. A motion at the NT's 2008 AGM to block the development gained much support but was overturned by proxy votes cast by the chairman.

Demography
According to the 2011 census, the average percentage of Welsh speakers (aged 3+) in the electoral divisions that make up the city of Wrexham was 11.01% compared to the Wales average of 19.0%. The average percentage of Welsh speakers for Wrexham County Borough Council was 12.9%, the highest proportion being in the rural Dyffryn Ceiriog division (31.2%) and the lowest in the urban Wynnstay division (7.7%).

In January 2015, it was estimated more than 2,000 Portuguese migrants live and work in the city. The community is mainly centred in the district of Hightown, and the community hold an annual carnival through the city centre.

A Polish community exists in the city with a number of Polish supermarkets and restaurants in the city centre.

In July 2019 Alyn Family Doctors, a GP practice, made a formal objection to proposals to build 300 homes in Llay and Rossett, saying "We are already overstretched and cannot cope, and any other developments in our area are unmanageable."

Culture

In 2021–22, Wrexham County Borough's bid made it to the final four bids of twenty for the title of UK City of Culture in 2025. It later lost to Bradford in May 2022.

Performing arts

A company of actors (anterliwtwyr) from Wrexham is recorded as appearing in Shrewsbury in Henry VIII's reign.

The then town is referenced in the late-Jacobean Beaumont and Fletcher play, 'The pilgrim' (1647), in which the stock Welshman declares that "Pendragon was a shentleman, marg you, Sir, and the organs at Rixum were made by revelations".

Wrexham hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1888, 1912, 1933 and 1977, as well as an unofficial National Eisteddfod event in 1876. The National Eisteddfod returned to the area in 2011, when Wales' leading festival was held on the land of Lower Berse Farm between 30 July and 6 August.

Wrexham has a number of theatres, including the Grove Park Theatre on Vicarage Hill and the Yale Studio theatre close to Llwyn Isaf, with others at Wrexham University on Mold Road and at Coleg Cambria. There is a multi-screen Odeon cinema in the Eagles Meadow development.

Visual arts

Tŷ Pawb (formally Oriel Wrecsam and the People's Market) is Wrexham's largest facility for visual arts and exhibitions, and offers other resources including an indoor market, food court and performance spaces. Tŷ Pawb is Welsh for "Everybody's House" and the name was selected by public vote in 2017. Tŷ Pawb was the lead organisation for Wales in the Venice Biennale 2019.

Other galleries in Wrexham include Undegun Arts Space on Regent Street and The Wrexham Independent Gallery (TWIG) on Lord Street.

Wrexham's School of Creative Arts (part of Wrexham Glyndŵr University and formally known as North Wales School of Art and Design or NWSAD) is based on Regent Street.

Music
Live music venues have developed around the core of the city. Further out of the centre other venues provide live music shows. The scene is dominated by local bands, however, mainstream musicians have attended local venues including the Racecourse Ground.

Central Station opened in 1999, the venue had a capacity of approximately 650, attracting a number of international acts. Shortly after its rebrand to Live Rooms Wrexham, it was found to be under financial pressures and closed on 9 February 2019, the year that marked its 20th anniversary. The venue re-opened in 2022 as The Rockin' Chair with local band The Royston Club as the opening act.

William Aston Hall at Glyndŵr University is a 900-seat venue designed to accommodate a range of events from conferences and exhibitions to theatrical performances, comedy shows and pop/rock concerts. Acts who have performed there include Super Furry Animals, Feeder, Love, Ray Davies, Freddie Starr and Sweet. The Wrexham Symphony Orchestra has been the orchestra in residence at William Aston Hall since 2004.

The first known concert to be held at the Racecourse Ground was in the 1970's with live performances from KC and the Sunshine Band, Mac and Katie Kissoon and Junior Walker. In 2016 the Racecourse Ground re-introduced live music to its summer schedule, the Welsh band Stereophonics were the first musicians to play a live show since the festival with Motörhead in 1982. After the success of Stereophonics with special guests Catfish and the Bottlemen came 2017 with live music from UB 40 and Olly Murs. In June 2018 the Stereophonics returned to the Racecourse Ground alongside special guest Jake Bugg. In May 2023, Kings of Leon will be headlining shows at the Racecourse Ground

FOCUS Wales is a festival that began in 2010 to showcase musicians from Wales and around the world using venues across the city. FOCUS Wales includes interactive sessions and celebrates the arts of the region and beyond.

Media
Wrexham's newspapers include two daily titles, Reach plc's Daily Post run from Colwyn Bay, and Newsquest's The Leader (formerly Wrexham Evening Leader) run from Mold.

Two commercial radio stations broadcast from the Wrexham area – Communicorp station Heart North and Mid Wales and Global Radio-owned Capital North West and Wales broadcast from studios in Gwersyllt. A third station, Capital Cymru (serving Anglesey and Gwynedd) also broadcasts from Gwersyllt.

BBC Cymru Wales has a studio and newsroom for radio, television and online services based at Glyndŵr University on Mold Road. From March 2008 to January 2021, the university was also the base for Calon FM, a community radio station serving the county borough which now broadcasts from the Wrexham Enterprise Hub.

Eagles Meadow is the home of Premier Radio, serving the community with music, news and information throughout the day.

An online news website covering the Wrexham area, Wrexham.com, operates from offices in Regent Street in the city centre since 2012.

Parks and open spaces

A total of 37 parks and green spaces in Wrexham County Borough Council ownership have been, or are in the process of being, legally protected with green space charity Fields in Trust ensuring they can never be built on, nor lost to development.

Wrexham has three parks, Bellevue Park, Acton Park and the parkland at Erddig, as well as a green area within the city centre called Llwyn Isaf.

Bellevue Park was built alongside the old cemetery on Ruabon Road. The park was designed to commemorate the jubilee year of the incorporation of Wrexham. It became neglected during the 1970s and many of the amenities were in a poor state of repair. A major project was undertaken to restore the park to its original state. The park reopened in June 2000. In 2015 Belle Vue Park was dedicated as a Fields in Trust Centenary Field because of its links with veterans of two world wars.

Acton Park was originally the landscaped grounds of Acton Hall. It was laid out in 1785 by James Wyatt on the instructions of the owner Sir Foster Cunliffe.

Llwyn Isaf, situated alongside Wrexham Guildhall, is a popular green area within the city centre. The green was originally the landscaped grounds of a mansion house known as Llwyn Isaf. It now lies at the centre of Wrexham's civic centre just off Queens Square. The Welsh Children in Need concert was held here in 2005, which included Bryan Adams and Katherine Jenkins.

Erddig Park is two miles (3 km) south of the city centre where the city meets the Clywedog Valley. The park is owned and managed by the National Trust, and is home to Erddig Hall and its formal gardens.

Sport

Football

The city has a professional football team, Wrexham A.F.C., the oldest football club in Wales. Their home ground is the Racecourse Ground, the oldest international football ground in the world.

Wrexham was the site of the headquarters of the Football Association of Wales from its formation in 1876 until relocation to Cardiff in 1991.

Colliers Park has received a substantial investment to improve the facility, which was financed by FAW Wales and now recognised as a National Development Centre, complementing their existing facility in Newport.

On 16 November 2020, it was confirmed that actors Ryan Reynolds and Rob McElhenney, through the RR McReynolds Company LLC, would be taking over the club after receiving the backing of the Wrexham Supporters Trust.

Rugby League

Until the end of 2016 the Racecourse stadium was home to the North Wales Crusaders who currently play in League 1 – the third division of the sport in Britain. In 2011 North Wales were created following the folding of the Super League club Crusaders RL. The team later moved to the Queensway Stadium in Caia Park, before moving to Colwyn Bay in 2021.

Rugby Union

The Racecourse Ground has in the past also served as the secondary home of the Scarlets, one of the four Welsh professional rugby union sides that compete in the Pro14. The Wales rugby union team have also played there on occasion. Wrexham is also home to rugby union team Wrexham RFC, a team affiliated to the Welsh Rugby Union. In 1931 nine northern Welsh clubs met at Wrexham to form the North Wales Rugby Union, Wrexham RFC were one of the founders. Rhos Rugby Club, one of Wrexham RFC's main rivals are also based just outside the city in the village of Rhosllanerchrugog. Rhos now have grown to match Wrexham's quality, making the rivalry even more intense than in previous years.

Other sports
 Athletics – Queensway International Athletics stadium in Caia Park is Wrexham's second stadium after the Racecourse and has hosted the Welsh Open Athletics event in recent years. The stadium is also home to North Wales' largest athletics club, Wrexham Amateur Athletics Club. From 2017 it is home to rugby league side North Wales Crusaders.
 Hockey – Plas Coch is home to the North Wales Regional Hockey Stadium, home of Wrexham Glyndwr HC, with seating for 200 spectators and floodlighting.
 Leisure centres – Wrexham has 7 leisure centres: Chirk, Clywedog, Darland, Gwyn Evans(Gwersyllt), Plas Madoc, Queensway and Waterworld, which offer activities including swimming, aerobics, climbing walls and yoga.
 Tennis – Wrexham is home to the North Wales Regional Tennis Centre, which plays host to a number of international competitions each year including the Challenger Series. The centre is a pay and play facility and is open 7 days a week to all members of the public. The centre is also home to the WLTA (Wrexham Lawn Tennis Association).
 Golf – Wrexham has 4 golf courses: Moss Valley Golf Club, Plassey Golf Club, Wrexham Golf Club and Clays Farm Golf Club.

Religion

Parish Church of St. Giles

St. Giles is the Parish Church of Wrexham and is considered to be the greatest medieval church in Wales. It includes a colourful ceiling of flying musical angels, two early eagle lecterns, a window by the artist Edward Burne-Jones and the Royal Welch Fusiliers chapel. In the graveyard is the tomb of Elihu Yale who was the benefactor of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States and after whom Yale College Wrexham is named. As a tribute to Yale and his resting place, a scaled-down replica of the church tower, known as Wrexham Tower was constructed at Yale University. The tower appears in an 18th-century rhyme, as one of the Seven Wonders of Wales.  In 2015, a first edition (1611) of the King James Bible (also known as the Authorized Version) was discovered in a cabinet by the Rector of the church.

St. Mary's Cathedral
The Roman Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows in Regent Street is the main church of the Diocese of Wrexham, which extends over all of North Wales. Built in 1857 after Catholic Emancipation and at the height of the Gothic Revival, the cathedral was home to the Bishop of Menevia from 1898 until 1987, whose diocese covered all of Wales. However, in 1987 the Roman Catholic province of Wales was reconstructed, since which time the cathedral has been home to the Bishop of Wrexham. The cathedral is also home to the relic of Saint Richard Gwyn, Wrexham's patron saint, who was a Roman Catholic martyr in the 16th century. Richard was hanged, drawn and quartered at Wrexham's Beast Market. He was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970.

Other denominations
Wrexham has a number of non-conformist chapels and churches around the city, including a corps of The Salvation Army. The main Methodist church is Wrexham Methodist church, built in 1971 on the site of the former Brynyfynnon Chapel on Regent Street. There is also a Presbyterian church in the city.

Wrexham had a church with a spire dedicated to and named after St. Mark in St. Mark's Road but it was demolished in 1960 after being declared unsafe and in danger of collapse due to inadequate foundations. A multi-storey car park named St. Mark's was erected on the site.

Education

Wrexham University

Wrexham University was formed when the North East Wales Institute (NEWI) was granted full university status in 2008. It consists of Plas Coch campus in the western part of the city and the North Wales School of Art and Design located on Regent Street. The institution was founded in 1887 as the Wrexham School of Science and Art. It was formerly named after the 14th century scholar and last Welsh Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndŵr, as (Wrexham) Glyndŵr University.

The university remains an accredited institution of the University of Wales and offers both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The university has approximately 8,000 full-time students and over 350 from outside the UK, although not all on the Wrexham campus.

Yale College (Coleg Cambria)

Yale College (now part of Coleg Cambria) is the main provider of adult education in Wrexham and is one of the largest colleges in Wales. As a tertiary college it also provides a wide range of higher education courses at its two campuses at Grove Park in the city centre and Bersham Road in southwest Wrexham.

It was named after Elihu Yale, best known for being the prime benefactor of Yale University. It was founded in 1950 as a state school on a site at Crispin Lane. In 1973, as part of the conversion of local schools to the comprehensive system, it was renamed as Yale Sixth Form College and the pupils re-located to other schools. The Crispin Lane site was incorporated into NEWI (now Glyndŵr University) after the development of the Grove Park Campus.

In 1998 Yale College took up residence in two sites across Wrexham: the faculty of engineering and construction at a site on Bersham Road, and a multi-purpose site in a redeveloped Grove Park campus. Over the next fifteen years the college grew.

In 2013 Yale College was merged with Deeside College, Northop College, and Llysfasi College to form a new college, Coleg Cambria, under the leadership of the ex-Deeside principal David Jones. The merger officially took place on 1 August 2013.

For the 2020–21 academic year, one of Coleg Cambria's Yale Grove Park Campus in Wrexham city centre, under went redevelopment. With a cost of £20 million, the new Hafod building is described to be a "commercial village" in Wrexham.

Schools
Wrexham has a number of primary and secondary schools. It has just one Welsh-speaking secondary school, Ysgol Morgan Llwyd. In 2003, three of the largest secondary schools, St David's School, Ysgol Bryn Offa and The Groves High School were merged to create two larger "super schools", Rhosnesni High School, and Ysgol Clywedog. Other large secondary schools Darland High School and Ysgol Bryn Alyn, were both built in 1958. Wrexham has become home to the first shared-faith school in Wales, St Joseph's.

There are seven Welsh medium primary schools in Wrexham County Borough, two of which are located in Wrexham city (Ysgol Bodhyfryd CP and Ysgol Plas Coch CP). Ysgol Morgan Llwyd serves as the single Welsh medium secondary school for the county and is located in Wrexham.

Twin municipalities

  Iserlohn (Märkischer Kreis), Germany
  Racibórz, Poland

The city of Wrexham is twinned with the German district of Märkischer Kreis and the Polish town of Racibórz.

The first twinning was established on 17 March 1970 between the former Kreis Iserlohn and Wrexham Rural District. Its early success ensured that, after local government reorganisation in both countries in the mid-seventies, the twinning was taken over by the new Councils of Märkischer Kreis and Wrexham Maelor Borough Council and, in 1996, by Wrexham County Borough Council.

In 2001 Märkischer Kreis entered a twinning arrangement with Racibórz (Ratibor), a county in Poland, which was formerly part of Silesia, Germany. In September 2002, a delegation from Racibórz visited Wrexham and began initial discussions about possible co-operation which led, eventually, to the signing of Articles of Twinning between Wrexham and Racibórz in March 2004. The Wrexham area has strong historical links with Poland. Following World War II, many service personnel from the Free Polish armed forces who had been injured received treatment at Penley Polish Hospital. Many of their descendants remain in the area to this day.

Transport

Rail

Wrexham has two railway stations, Wrexham General and Wrexham Central, with Gwersyllt located in the city's western suburbs. Until the early 1980s what is now platform 4 of Wrexham General, serving the Wrexham Central – Bidston service, was a separate station, Wrexham Exchange. There were plans for two new railway stations named after but located outside the then town in 2017: Wrexham North and Wrexham South.

Wrexham General

Wrexham General was opened in 1846, rebuilt in 1912 and again in 1997. It has six platforms (four through, two terminal). Wrexham General is on two different lines, the Shrewsbury to Chester Line and the Borderlands Line, both of which are run by Transport for Wales.

Wrexham General was also the base for the former train operating company Wrexham & Shropshire (the operating name of the Wrexham, Shropshire and Marylebone Railway Company). The company-provided passenger train services from Wrexham via Shropshire to London Marylebone on an open-access basis. Services started in 2008, with an agreement for a seven-year period. Wrexham & Shropshire began running services on 28 April 2008. Having decided they could not make the business profitable, the company ended services on 28 January 2011.

All services that operate from Wrexham Central to Bidston also run through this station.

A token Avanti West Coast service runs via Chester and Crewe to London Euston, whereas Transport for Wales operate a few direct services every weekday to .

Wrexham Central

Wrexham Central, which is located on the Island Green retail park, is a small terminus station which is the southern terminus of the Wrexham to Bidston in Birkenhead Borderlands Line. Until the 1998 construction of the Island Green retail park, Wrexham Central station was located 50 metres further along the track.

Gwersyllt

 is an unmanned halt which serves the Gwersyllt suburb of Wrexham. It is a stop on the Borderlands line between Wrexham General and Bidston.

Bus

A bus terminal, the largest in north Wales, has been built in Wrexham, with a staffed information booth. The bus station serves local, regional and long-distance bus services. It is served by various bus companies, including Arriva Buses Wales and Stagecoach. Long-distance coaches are available to Edinburgh via Manchester, Bradford and Leeds and to London via Telford and Birmingham. The Wrexham Shuttle provides a link between Wrexham and the nearby industrial estate. The townlink bus connects the main bus station with Eagles Meadow shopping centre and Border retail park to the east and Wrexham General and Central stations with Plas Coch, Wrexham Central and Island Green shopping centres to the south and west of the city. Wrexham is served by the National Express coach network, which picks up from the Wrexham bus station. Wrexham use the distinctive yellow American Bluebird school buses.

Roads

The city centre is orbited by a ring road. The northern and eastern parts of the road are dualled between Rhosddu Road roundabout and Eagles Meadow. The A483 is Wrexham's principal route. It skirts the western edge of the city, dividing it from the urban villages to the west. The road has connections with major roads (A55(M53), A5(M54)). The A5156 leads to the A534 and on to the Wrexham Industrial Estate. The A541 road is the main route into Wrexham from Mold and the city's western urban area. It connects to the B5101 road which eventually leads to the A5104 road to the east of Treuddyn in Flintshire.

Future development

The Welsh Government has acquired key sites to form part of the Wrexham Gateway Project to redevelop the Kop stand at the Racecourse Ground and upgrade the transportation network to support the upgrade in the sport and event facility.

£5.4 million funding has been agreed for the redevelopment of the Wrexham Museum that will integrate a Welsh Football Museum, which has been dubbed a museum of two halves. The football museum will have a number of themes including Welsh language communities, fan culture, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic communities and LGBTQ+ experiences.

A health and wellbeing complex at Coleg Cambria is expected to be built by summer 2024 at a cost of £14 million.

Work has started on the regeneration of the historic markets by the contractor SWG. The aim of the project is to bring significant improvements to the Grade II-listed General and Butchers markets.

Notable people

Saint Richard Gwyn (1537–1584), Catholic martyr and Patron Saint of Wrexham, hung drawn and quartered in Wrexham.
Daniel Williams (ca.1643–1716), a British benefactor, minister and theologian, born in Wrexham.
George Jeffreys (1645–1689), 'The Hanging Judge' of Acton Hall in Acton.
Elihu Yale (1649–1721), businessman and benefactor of Yale University.
John Evans (ca.1680–1730), a Welsh divine, born in Wrexham.
John "Iron-Mad" Wilkinson (1728–1808), known for Bersham Ironworks, produced cannons for the US civil war.
Thomas Beach (died 1737), a Welsh poet and wine merchant in Wrexham.
Philip Yorke (1743–1804), antiquarian, politician and writer, squire of Erddig.
John Edwards (1747–1792), a Welsh poet, born at Crogen Wladys in Glyn Ceiriog.
Robert Waithman (1764–1833), born in Wrexham, became Lord Mayor of London in 1823.
Thomas Penson (ca.1790 – 1859), Welsh architect and county surveyor.
Samuel Warren (1807–1877), a British barrister, novelist and MP;  born at Rackery Farm.
Edwin Hughes (1830–1927), known as Balaclava Ned, the last survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava in the Crimea.
Dr Thomas Eyton-Jones (1832–1893), surgeon, physician, magistrate and Mayor of Wrexham in 1875
Sir Charles Alexander Harris KCMG CB CVO (1855–1947), British colonial administrator from Wrexham & Governor of Newfoundland.
Dr Harold Drinkwater (1855–1925), physician noted as a botanical artist; moved to Wrexham in 1890.
Brigadier-General Cecil Faber Aspinall-Oglander CMG (1878–1959), military historian, noted for his works WWI; born in Wrexham.
Charles Harold Dodd (1884–1973), eminent New Testament scholar and influential Protestant theologian.
Major Sir Hubert Winthrop Young, KCMG, DSO (1885–1950), an English soldier Liberal Party politician, diplomat and colonial governor.
William Davidson Bissett VC (1893–1971), Victoria Cross recipient, died locally, cremated at Pentre Bychan.
Bernard Warburton-Lee VC (1895–1940), senior officer in the Royal Navy and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, born in Wrexham.
Professor Sir Ewart Ray Herbert Jones FRS (1911-2002), chemist, inventor of the Jones oxidation, Waynflete Professor of Chemistry at Oxford University, moved to Wrexham in 1848.
David Lord, VC DFC (1913–1944), holder of the Victoria Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross, brought up in Wrexham
Jack Mary Ann, local folk hero who lived in the Top Boat House area of Broughton, exploits in the 1920s and 1930s
Charlie Landsborough (born 1941), born in Wrexham, British country and folk musician and singer-songwriter
Rosemarie Frankland (1943–2000), model and beauty queen, born in Rhosllanerchrugog; won 4 major titles in 1961.
Andy Scott (born 1949), guitarist with 1970s glam rock band The Sweet
Ian Lucas (born 1960), a former British Labour MP for Wrexham from 2001 to 2019.
Grahame Davies (born 1964), poet, author and former journalist; raised in the nearby coal mining village of Coedpoeth.
Guto Bebb (born 1968), born in Wrexham, Welsh politician former MP for Aberconwy from 2010 to 2019.
Susan Elan Jones (born 1968), former British Labour MP for Clwyd South, comes from Ponciau.
David Bower (born 1969), deaf actor, born locally, played David, the younger brother of Charles, in the comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral.
Stephen Evans (born 1970), actor in Hyperdrive (British TV series)
Tim Vincent (born 1972), former Blue Peter presenter and former Access Hollywood reporter.
Llŷr Williams (born 1976) Welsh pianist, born in the village of Pentre Bychan; won Outstanding Young Artist Award.
Mike Williams (born 1979), Welsh journalist, former editor in Chief of NME
Darren Jeffries (born 1982), actor in Hollyoaks, born locally
Amy Guy (born 1983), a Welsh beauty queen and TV performer, gladiator in TV show 'SIREN'. Member of the British Team in horse riding. Miss Wales & Miss World Sport 2004. Miss United Kingdom 2005.
Neck Deep (formed in 2012), Welsh pop punk band

 Sport

Charles James Apperley (1777–1843), sportsman and sporting writer known as Nimrod'', came from Wrexham.
Major Sir William Lloyd (1782–1857), Welsh military commander, and Himalayan mountaineer.
James Trainer (1863–1915), football goalkeeper with 253 club caps and 20 with Wales.
Leigh Richmond Roose (1877-1916), former Wales footballer with 370 club caps and 24 with Wales, born in Holt.
J. G. Parry-Thomas (1884–1927), motor-racing driver, land speed record holder; died racing at Pendine Sands.
Helen Johnson Houghton (1910–2012), a British racehorse trainer from Wrexham.
Ray Williams OBE (1927–2014), the world's first professional full-time rugby union coach.
Stuart Williams (1930–2013), a Welsh footballer with 381 club caps and 43 with Wales, born in Wrexham.
John Williams (born 1937), a Welsh retired snooker referee from Wrexham.
Arfon Griffiths MBE (born 1941), a former footballer and manager, 621 club caps and 17 for Wales.
Dennis Taylor (born 1949), ex-snooker World Champion, currently lives in Llay.
Joey Jones (born 1955) former footballer with 594 club caps and 72 with Wales, lived in Wrexham
Mark Hughes OBE (born 1963), former Wales international footballer, later manager of Wales and other clubs
Robbie Savage (born 1974), former footballer with 538 club caps and 39 with Wales, born in Wrexham
Andy Moore (born 1974), Neath/Swansea Rugby Club & Wales International, went to school in Wrexham
Jason Koumas (born 1979), former Wales footballer with 422 club caps and 34 caps for Wales, born in Wrexham
Jonathon O'Dougherty (born 1978), British National Ice Dance champion, born in Wrexham
Chris Bartley (born 1984), rower, team silver medallist at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Tom James MBE (born 1984), Olympic Gold Medallist rower, home town is nearby village of Coedpoeth.
Laura Deas (born 1988), a skeleton ski racer, bronze medallist at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Dewi Penrhyn Jones (born 1994), professional cricketer for Glamorgan C.C.C. in 2014, born in Wrexham
Tom Lawrence (born 1994), Welsh footballer with over 280 club caps and 23 caps for Wales, born in Wrexham.
Seb Morris (born 1995), racing driver, in 2013 appeared as the face of Jack Wills, a British clothing brand; comes from Marford
Harry Wilson (born 1997), Fulham and Wales international footballer with 44 caps for Wales
Neco Williams (born 2001), Nottingham Forest and Wales footballer with 28 caps for Wales

Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Wrexham.

Individuals
 Ryan Reynolds: 10 April 2023.
 Rob McElhenney: 10 April 2023.

Military Units
 Royal Welch Fusiliers: 5 June 1946.
 The Royal Welsh: 2008.
 101 Force Support Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers: 5 April 2013.
 The Welsh Guards: 18 July 2014.

Notes

References

Towns of the Welsh Marches
Market towns in Wales
The Lordship of Bromfield and Yale
Cities in Wales
Populated places in Wrexham County Borough

Wrexham


Motganhalli Laxminarsu Jaisimha  (3 March 1939 – 6 July 1999) was an Indian Test cricketer.

Playing career
Jaisimha was a right-handed batsman who was noted for his style on and off the field. He bowled medium pace, often opening the bowling for India, and off-breaks, and was a brilliant fielder. But it was the way he went about things that caught the eye. Partab Ramchand wrote after Jaisimha's death that "his slim figure, which he maintained till his last day, the boyish good looks, the inimitable gait, the trademark silk shirt and scarf, the sleeves buttoned at the wrist or the collar turned up – all these attracted immediate attention." Indian Cricket called him a "cultivated stylist".

Jaisimha made his first-class debut at the age of 15, in the 1954–55 Ranji Trophy, scoring 90 for Hyderabad against Andhra Pradesh, and taking three wickets for 51 runs. After two indifferent seasons, in 1958–59 he cracked hundreds against Madras and Mysore, the premier teams in the South Zone. 20 wickets in Ranji matches in the same season found him a place in the side that toured England in 1959.

Test career
Jaisimha's Test debut at Lord's was disastrous, but his next two Tests won him notice. In the final Test against Australia in 1959–60 at Calcutta, he went in to bat towards the end of the first day and finished on 20 not out on the second day. He started his second innings just before stumps on the third day, batted throughout the fourth scoring only 59 runs, and was out on the final day for 74. This made him the first batsman to bat on all five days of a Test match. At Kanpur against Pakistan a year later, he batted through a whole day for just 54 runs. This innings, which lasted 505 minutes for 99 runs, ironically ended when he attempted a quick single to complete his hundred.

Meanwhile, he converted himself into an opener. While there was a bit of competition for the Indian middle order, Pankaj Roy was coming to the end of his career as an opener. In that position, Jaisimha scored Test hundreds against England in 1961–62 and 1963–64, and 134 against Ceylon in 1964–65. In the 1963–64 series against England he made 444 runs. In 1964–65, he batted in the middle order for Hyderabad and hit 713 runs. But failures in the Test matches led to him being dropped.

He was not part of the original team that toured Australia in 1967–68, but injuries to Chandu Borde and B.S. Chandrasekhar and the loss of form of others resulted in Jaisimha being flown in. He went straight into the Third Test and scored 74 and 101, nearly pulling off an improbable win. He never again exceeded 25 in Test cricket. Curiously, each of his three hundreds came in the third Tests of the respective series.

His last series was the tour of West Indies in 1970–71. Captain Ajit Wadekar wrote later that he found Jaisimha's counsel invaluable. In his last innings at Port of Spain he stayed for an hour scoring 23 and helping Sunil Gavaskar save the match.

He led Hyderabad for 16 seasons and 76 matches. The Indian captain Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi often played under his leadership.

Later life
Jaisimha was a selector between 1977–78 and 1980–81, and managed the Indian tour to Sri Lanka in 1985–86. MCC made him a life member in 1978. He was also a TV commentator for some time and did commentary for the 1987 Cricket World Cup. His sons Vivek Jaisimha and Vidyut Jaisimha were first-class cricketers.

His death was due to lung cancer.

References

External links

 "The Nawab of Hyderabad Cricket", V Ramnarayan
 M.L. Jaisimha : A Profile
 "A Prince Among Cricketers", Partab Ramchand

Further reading
 Sujit Mukherjee, Matched Winners

1939 births
1999 deaths
India Test cricketers
Indian cricketers
Hyderabad cricketers
South Zone cricketers
Indian Universities cricketers
Indian Starlets cricketers
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Secunderabad
Cricketers from Hyderabad, India

M. L. Jaisimha


The Parallel Patterns Library is a Microsoft library designed for use by native C++ developers that provides features for multicore programming. It was first bundled with Visual Studio 2010. It resembles the C++ Standard Library in style and works well with the C++11 language feature, lambdas, also introduced with Visual Studio 2010.

For example, this sequential loop:

   for (int x=0; x < width; ++x)
   {
      //Something parallelizable
   }

Can be made into a parallel loop by replacing the for with a parallel_for:

   #include <ppl.h>
   // . . .
  Concurrency::parallel_for (0, width, [=](int x)
  {
      //Something parallelizable
  });

This still requires the developer to know that the loop is parallelizable, but all the other work is done by the library.

MSDN describes the Parallel Patterns Library as an "imperative programming model that promotes scalability and ease-of-use for developing concurrent applications." It uses the Concurrency Runtime for scheduling and resource management and provides generic, type-safe algorithms and containers for use in parallel applications.

References

Concurrent programming libraries
C++ libraries
Threads (computing)

Parallel Patterns Library