Philip III (; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. As Philip II, he was also King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death in 1621.

A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip III was born in Madrid to King Philip II of Spain and his fourth wife, his niece Anna, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain. Philip III later married his cousin Margaret of Austria, sister of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Although also known in Spain as Philip the Pious, Philip's political reputation abroad has been largely negative. Historians C. V. Wedgwood, R. Stradling and J. H. Elliott have described him, respectively, as an "undistinguished and insignificant man," a "miserable monarch," and a "pallid, anonymous creature, whose only virtue appeared to reside in a total absence of vice." In particular, Philip's reliance on his corrupt chief minister, the Duke of Lerma, drew much criticism at the time and afterwards. For many, the decline of Spain can be dated to the economic difficulties that set in during the early years of his reign. Nonetheless, as the ruler of the Spanish Empire at its height and as the king who achieved a temporary peace with the Dutch (1609–1621) and brought Spain into the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) through an (initially) extremely successful campaign, Philip's reign remains a critical period in Spanish history.

Early life
After Philip III's older half-brother Don Carlos died insane, their father Philip II had concluded that one of the causes of Carlos' condition had been the influence of the warring factions at the Spanish court. He believed that Carlos' education and upbringing had been badly affected by this, resulting in his lunacy and disobedience, and accordingly he set out to pay much greater attention to arrangements for his later sons. Philip II appointed Juan de Zúñiga, then Prince Diego's governor, to continue this role for Philip, and chose García de Loaysa as his tutor. They were joined by Cristóbal de Moura, a close supporter of Philip II. In combination, Philip believed, they would provide a consistent, stable upbringing for Prince Philip, and ensure that he would avoid the same fate as Carlos. Philip's education was to follow the model for royal princes laid down by Father Juan de Mariana, focusing on the imposition of restraints and encouragement to form the personality of the individual at an early age, aiming to deliver a king who was neither tyrannical nor excessively under the influence of his courtiers.

Prince Philip appears to have been generally liked by his contemporaries: 'dynamic, good-natured and earnest,' suitably pious, having a 'lively body and a peaceful disposition,' albeit with a relatively weak constitution. The comparison with the memory of the disobedient and ultimately insane Carlos was usually a positive one, although some commented that Prince Philip appeared less intelligent and politically competent than his late brother. Indeed, although Philip was educated in Latin, French, Portuguese and astronomy, and appears to have been a competent linguist, recent historians suspect that much of his tutors' focus on Philip's undeniably pleasant, pious and respectful disposition was to avoid reporting that, languages aside, he was not in fact particularly intelligent or academically gifted. Nonetheless, Philip does not appear to have been naive—his correspondence to his daughters shows a distinctive cautious streak in his advice on dealing with court intrigue.

Philip first met the Marquis of Denia—the future Duke of Lerma—then, a gentleman of the King's chamber, in his early teens. Lerma and Philip became close friends, but Lerma was considered unsuitable by the King and Philip's tutors. Lerma was dispatched to Valencia as a Viceroy in 1595, with the aim of removing Philip from his influence; but after Lerma pleaded poor health, he was allowed to return two years later. By now in poor health himself, King Philip II was becoming increasingly concerned over the prince's future, and he attempted to establish de Moura as a future, trusted advisor to his son, reinforcing de Loaysa's position by appointing him archbishop. The prince received a new, conservative Dominican confessor. The following year, Philip II died after a painful illness, leaving the Spanish Empire to his son (and grandnephew), King Philip III.

Religion, Philip and the role of women at court
Philip married his cousin, Margaret of Austria, on 18 April 1599, a year after becoming king. Margaret, the sister of the future Emperor Ferdinand II, would be one of three women at Philip's court who would apply considerable influence over the King. Margaret was considered by contemporaries to be extremely pious—in some cases, excessively pious, and too influenced by the Church—'astute and very skillful' in her political dealings, although 'melancholic' and unhappy over the influence of the Duke of Lerma over her husband at court. Margaret continued to fight an ongoing battle with Lerma for influence up until her death in 1611. Philip had an 'affectionate, close relationship' with Margaret, and paid her additional attention after they had a son in 1605.

Margaret, alongside Philip's grandmother/aunt, Empress Maria—the Austrian representative to the Spanish court—and Margaret of the Cross, Maria's daughter—formed a powerful, uncompromising Catholic and pro-Austrian voice within Philip's life. They were successful, for example, in convincing Philip to provide financial support to Ferdinand from 1600 onwards. Philip steadily acquired other religious advisors. Father Juan de Santa Maria—confessor to Philip's daughter, doña Maria, was felt by contemporaries to have an excessive influence over Philip at the end of his life, and both he and Luis de Aliaga, Philip's own confessor, were credited with influencing the overthrow of Lerma in 1618. Similarly Mariana de San Jose, a favoured nun of Queen Margaret's, was also criticised for her later influence over the King's actions.

Style of government

The Spanish crown at the time ruled through a system of royal councils. The most significant of these were the Councils of State and its subordinate Council for War, that were in turn supported by the seven professional councils for the different regions, and four specialised councils for the Inquisition, the Military Orders, Finance and the Crusade tax. These councils were then supplemented by small committees, or juntas, as necessary, such as the 'junta of the night' through which Philip II exercised personal authority towards the end of his reign. As a matter of policy, Philip had tried to avoid appointing grandees to major positions of power within his government and relied heavily on the lesser nobles, the so-called 'service' nobility. Philip II had taken the traditional system of councils and applied a high degree of personal scrutiny to them, especially in matters of paperwork, which he declined to delegate—the result was a 'ponderous' process. To his contemporaries, the degree of personal oversight he exercised was excessive; his 'self-imposed role as the chief clerk to the Spanish empire' was not thought entirely appropriate. Philip first started to become engaged in practical government at the age of 15, when he joined Philip II's private committee.

Philip III's approach to government appears to have stemmed from three main drivers. Firstly, he was heavily influenced by the eirenic ideas being circulated in Italian circles in reaction to the new Humanist theories of governance, typified by Machiavelli. Writers such as Girolamo Frachetta, who became a particular favourite of Philip, had propagated a conservative definition of 'reason of state' which centred on exercising a princely prudence and a strict obedience to the laws and customs of the country that one ruled. Secondly, Philip may have shared Lerma's view that the governmental system of Philip II was fast proving impractical and unnecessarily excluded the great nobles of the kingdoms—it had been creaking badly in the last decades of his father's life. Lastly, Philip's own personality and his friendship with Lerma heavily shaped his approach to policy-making. The result was a radical shift in the role of the crown in government from the model of Philip II.

Duke of Lerma as valido

Within a few hours of Philip ascending to the throne, Lerma had been made a royal counsellor by the new king and set about establishing himself as a fully fledged valido, or royal favourite. Lerma, in due course declared a duke, positioned himself as the gateway to the king. All the business of government, Philip instructed, was to arrive in writing and be channeled through Lerma before reaching him. While Philip was not hugely active in government in other ways, once these memoranda, or consulta, had reached him he appears to have been assiduous in commenting on them. Debates in royal councils would now only begin upon the written instruction of the king—again, through Lerma. All members of royal councils were under orders to maintain complete transparency with Lerma as the king's personal representative; indeed, in 1612 the councils were ordered by Philip to obey Lerma as if he were the king. The degree to which Lerma himself played an active role in government has been disputed. Contemporaries were inclined to see Lerma's hand in every action of government; others have since thought Lerma to have 'neither the temperament nor the energy' to impose himself greatly on the actions of government; still others consider Lerma to have carefully attended only those Councils of State that addressed matters of great importance to the king, creating a space for the wider professionalisation of government that had been lacking under Philip II.

This new system of government became increasingly unpopular very quickly. The novel idea of a valido exercising power went against the long-standing popular conception that the king should exercise his powers personally, not through another. Before long, the apparatus of the Spanish government was packed with Lerma's relatives, Lerma's servants and Lerma's political friends, to the exclusion of others. Lerma responded by further limiting his public visibility in politics, avoiding signing and writing documents personally, and constantly stressing that he was, humbly, only working on behalf of his master, Philip III.

Imperial proconsuls
De Lerma's role as royal favourite at court was further complicated by the rise of various 'proconsuls' under Philip III's reign—significant Spanish representatives overseas, who came to exercise independent judgement and even independent policies in the absence of strong leadership from the centre. The challenges to government communication during the period encouraged aspects of this, but the phenomenon was much more marked under Philip III than under either the reign of his father or son.

In the Netherlands, his father Philip II had bequeathed his remaining territories in the Low Countries to his daughter Isabella of Spain and her husband, Archduke Albert, under the condition that if she died without heirs, the province would return to the Spanish Crown. Given that Isabella was notoriously childless, it was clear that this was only intended to be a temporary measure, and that Philip II had envisaged an early revision to Philip III. As a result, Philip's foreign policy in the Netherlands would be exercised through the strong-willed archdukes, but in the knowledge that ultimately the Spanish Netherlands would return to him as king. Meanwhile, the Italian-born Ambrosio Spinola was to perform a crucial role as a Spanish general in the Army of Flanders. Having demonstrated his military prowess at the siege of Ostend in 1603, Spinola rapidly started to propose and implement policies almost independently of the central councils in Madrid, somehow managing to achieve military victories even without central funding from Spain. De Lerma was uncertain of how to deal with Spinola; on the one hand, de Lerma desperately needed a successful military commander in the Netherlands—on the other, de Lerma was contemptuous of Spinola's relatively low origins and scared of his potential to destabilise de Lerma at court. In the years leading to the outbreak of war in 1618, Spinola was working to produce a plan to finally defeat the Dutch, involving an intervention in the Rhineland followed by fresh hostilities aiming to cut the Low Countries in two: portrayed at the time as the 'spider in the web' of Catholic politics in the region, Spinola was operating without significant consultation with Philip in Madrid.

In Italy, a parallel situation emerged. The Count of Fuentes, as governor of Lombardy, exploited the lack of guidance from Madrid to pursue his own highly interventionist policy across north Italy, including making independent offers to support the Papacy by invading the Venetian Republic in 1607. Fuentes remained in power and pursuing his own policies until his death. The Marquis of Villafranca, as governor of Milan, similarly exercised his own considerable judgement on foreign policy. The Duke of Osuna, who had married into the Sandovel family as a close ally of Lerma, again showed significant independence as the Viceroy of Naples towards the end of Philip's reign. In conjunction with the Spanish ambassador to Venice, the influential Marquis of Bedmar, Osuna pursued a policy of raising an extensive army, intercepting Venetian shipping and imposing sufficiently high taxes that threats of a revolt began to emerge. To exacerbate matters, Osuna was found to have prevented the local Neapolitans from petitioning Philip III to complain. Osuna fell from power only when de Lerma had lost his royal favour, and Osuna's negative impact on Philip's plans for intervention in Germany had become intolerable.

Fall of Lerma

From 1612 onwards, and certainly by 1617, the Lerma administration was crumbling. The monopoly of power in the hands of the Lerma's Sandoval family had generated numerous enemies; Lerma's personal enrichment in office had become a scandal; Lerma's extravagant spending and personal debts were beginning to alarm his own son, Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda; lastly, ten years of quiet diplomacy by Fathers Luis de Aliaga, Philip's confessor, and Juan de Santa Maria, Philip's daughter's confessor and a former client of Queen Margaret, had begun to apply personal and religious pressure on the king to alter his method of government. Philip remained close to Lerma, however, and supported him in becoming a cardinal in March 1618 under Pope Paul V, a position which would offer Lerma some protection as his government collapsed.

Lerma fell to an alliance of interests—Uceda, his son, led the attack, aiming to protect his future interests, allied with Don Baltasar de Zúñiga, a well-connected noble with a background in diplomacy across Europe, whose nephew, Olivares was close to the heir to the throne, Prince Philip. Lerma departed for his ducal seat, and for six weeks Philip did nothing; then, in October, Philip signed a decree renouncing the powers of his former valido, and announcing that he would rule in person. Uceda initially took over as the primary voice at court, but without his father's extensive powers, while De Zúñiga became Philip's minister for foreign and military affairs. Philip, while unwilling to move further against Lerma, took politically symbolic action against Lerma's former secretary Rodrigo Calderón, a figure emblematic of the former administration. Calderón, suspected of having killed Philip's wife Queen Margaret by witchcraft in 1611, was ultimately tortured and then executed by Philip for the more plausible murder of the soldier Francisco de Juaras.

Domestic policy

Philip inherited an empire considerably enlarged by his father. On the Iberian Peninsula, Philip II had successfully acquired Portugal in 1580; across Europe, despite the ongoing Dutch revolt, Spanish possessions in Italy and along the Spanish Road appeared secure; globally, the combination of Castilian and Portuguese colonial territories gave a Spanish ruler unparalleled reach from the Americas to the Philippines and beyond through India to Africa.

The challenge for such a ruler was that these territories were, in legal reality, separate bodies, different entities bound together through the 'supraterritorial' royal institutions of the Spanish crown, utilising Castilian nobility as a ruling class. Even within the peninsula itself, Philip would rule through the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Valencia and Portugal, the autonomous provinces of Catalonia and Andalusia—all only loosely joined together through the institution of the Castile monarchy and the person of Philip III. Each part had different taxation, privileges and military arrangements; in practice, the level of taxation in many of the more peripheral provinces was less than in Castile, but the privileged position of the Castilian nobility at all senior levels of royal appointment was a contentious issue for the less favoured provinces.

Expulsion of the Moriscos

One of Philip's first domestic changes was the issuing of a decree in 1609 for the expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain, timed to coincide with the declaration of a truce in the war for the Netherlands. The Moriscos were the descendants of those Muslims that had converted to Christianity during the Reconquista of the previous centuries; despite their conversion, they retained a distinctive culture, including many Islamic practices. Philip II had made the elimination of the Morisco threat a key part of his domestic strategy in the south, attempting an assimilation campaign in the 1560s, which had resulted in the revolt that concluded in 1570. In the final years of his rule, Philip's father had reinvigorated efforts to convert and assimilate the Moriscos, but with almost 200,000 in the south of Spain alone, it was clear by the early years of the new century that this policy was failing.

The idea of completely cleansing Spain of the Moriscos was proposed by Juan de Ribera, the Archbishop and Viceroy of Valencia, whose views were influential with Philip III. Philip's eventual decree to expel a nationality that had lived in Spain for over 800 years and was assimilated within it was based less on doctrinal than financial considerations—confiscating the 'wealth' of the Moriscos – which caused jealousy and resentment by other Christians in Spain, especially in Valencia. Financially, the royal treasury stood to gain by seizing the assets of the removed peoples, while in due course those close to the crown would benefit from cheap land or gifts of estates. Estimates vary slightly, but between around 275,000 to over 300,000 Moriscos were forced out of Spain between 1609 and 1614. To accomplish this, the armada, or navy, and 30,000 soldiers were mobilized with the mission of transporting the families to Tunis or Morocco. Philip intervened in the problematic decision of what to do with Morisco children—should they be allowed to take them to Islamic countries, where they would be brought up as Muslims—and if they were to remain in Spain, what should be done with them? Philip paternalistically decreed that Morisco children under the age of seven could not be taken to Islamic countries, but that any children remaining in Valencia should be free from the threat of enslavement, and rejected some of Ribera's more extreme suggestions.

While popular at the time, and in keeping with earlier policies, this measure significantly damaged the economies of the Kingdom of Valencia, Aragon and Murcia. The supply of cheap labour and the number of rent paying property owners in these areas decreased considerably, as did agricultural outputs. The cultivation of sugarcane and rice had to be substituted for white mulberry, vineyards and wheat.

Economic decline and failed reform

Philip III's reign was marked by significant economic problems across Spain. Famine struck during the 1590s through a sequence of bad harvests, while from 1599 to 1600 and for several years afterwards there was a terrible outbreak of bubonic plague across Spain, killing over 10% of the population. Mateo Alemán, one of the first modern novelists in Europe, captured the despondent mood of the period, describing 'the plague that came down from Castile and the famine that rose from Andalusia' to grip the country. While the failing harvests affected the rural areas most, the plagues reduced the urban population most significantly, in turn reducing the demand for manufactured goods and undermining the economy further. The result was an economically weakened Spain with a rapidly falling population.

Financially, Philip's situation did not appear much better. He had inherited huge debts from his father, Philip II, and an unhelpful tradition that the kingdom of Castile bore the brunt of royal taxation—Castile carried 65% of total imperial costs by 1616. Philip III received no money from the cortes, or parliaments, of Aragon, the Basque provinces or Portugal; Valencia only provided one contribution, in 1604. Philip did not openly challenge this situation, but instead depended more and more heavily on the Castilian cortes; in turn, the cortes increasingly began to tie new grants of money to specific projects, subtly but steadily altering the relationship between the king and cortes. By the financial crisis of 1607, the cortes had even insisted that it be recalled every three years, and that Philip take an oath—on pain of excommunication—to promise that he had spent the royal funds in line with the promises made previously to the cortes.

Philip and Lerma's attempts to resolve this crisis largely failed, and were not helped by the increasing size of the royal household—an attempt to increase royal prestige and political authority—Philip's own household costs rose enormously at a time of falling income. Philip's attempts to issue new currency—in particular the issues of the copper vélon coinage in 1603–04, 1617 and 1621—simply created considerable instability. The costs of the Dutch campaign resulted in Philip's bankruptcy in 1607, and the crown's attempt to resolve this by converting the asiento tax system—high-interest loans owed to tax farmers—into longer-term juros bonds paying a much lower interest, produced a short-term benefit, but at the price of losing financial flexibility during future crises. By 1618, almost all Philip's incoming crown income was already assigned to its various creditors and he had almost no spending discretion left. Financially, the Spanish state had become dominated by Genoese bankers and lenders under Philip II, whose lines of credit had allowed the Spanish state to continue during its moments of financial crisis; under Philip III this process remained unchecked, building up considerable resentment against this foreign influence, some going so far as to term the bankers 'white moors'.

Throughout Philip's reign, a body of analysis of Spain's condition began to emerge through the work of the numerous arbitristas, or commentators, that dominated public discussions from around 1600 through to the 1630s. These different voices focused heavily on the political economy of Spain—the rural depopulation, the diverse and bureaucratic administrative methods, the social hierarchies and corruption, offering numerous, if often contradictory, solutions. Nonetheless, through most of Philip's reign there was no significant attempt at reform—Philip continued to rule in line with local laws and customs. Philip encouraged consolidation of noble estates, selling off large quantities of crown lands to favoured nobles and creditors. There were no attempts to create an equivalent to the French intendant position—the closest equivalent, the corregidor, lacked the strong links to the crown required to overcome local opposition. Only in Philip's final years did reform begin to gain momentum; a reform committee, or Junta de Reformación, was established in Lerma's final months in 1618. Under the incoming administration, including the reformist Baltasar de Zúñiga, this committee ground on, but would only deliver substantial, if ill-fated results, when rejuvenated under Philip IV's reign.

Foreign policy

On his accession, Philip inherited two major conflicts from his father. The first of these, the ongoing and long-running Dutch revolt, represented a serious challenge to Spanish power from the Protestant United Provinces in a crucial part of the Spanish Empire. The second, the Anglo–Spanish War was a newer, and less critical conflict with Protestant England, marked by a Spanish failure to successfully bring its huge military resources to bear on the smaller English military.

Philip's own foreign policy can be divided into three phases. For the first nine years of his reign, he pursued a highly aggressive set of policies, aiming to deliver a 'great victory'. His instructions to Lerma to wage a war of 'blood and iron' on his rebellious subjects in the Netherlands reflects this. After 1609, when it became evident that Spain was financially exhausted and Philip sought a truce with the Dutch, there followed a period of retrenchment; in the background, tensions continued to grow, however, and by 1618 the policies of Philip's 'proconsuls'—men like Spinola, Fuentes, Villafranca, Osuna and Bedmar—were increasingly at odds with de Lerma's policy from Madrid. The final period, in which Philip intervened in the Holy Roman Empire to secure the election of Ferdinand II as Emperor and in which preparations were made for renewed conflict with the Dutch, largely occurred after the fall of de Lerma and the rise of a new, more aggressive set of advisors in the Madrid court.

War with the Dutch, England and the truce of 1609–21
Philip's initial aim was to achieve a decisive 'great victory' in the long-running war against the rebellious Dutch provinces of the Spanish Netherlands, while placing renewed pressure on the English government of Queen Elizabeth I in an effort to terminate English support for their Dutch colleagues. The Spanish armada, or navy, rebuilt in the 1590s, remained effective against the English, but after the failure of the Spanish invasion of Ireland, leading to the defeat at the Battle of Kinsale, Philip reluctantly accepted that further attacks on England were unlikely to succeed. In the Netherlands, a new war strategy resulted in a re-establishment of Spanish power on the north side of the great rivers Meuse and Rhine, stepping up the military pressure on the rebel provinces. The strategy of a 'great victory,' however, began to descend into a financial war of attrition: the Southern Netherlands—still under Spanish control—and the Dutch Republic in the north—dominated by Calvinist Protestants—were both exhausted, and after the 1607 financial crisis, Spain too was unable to pursue the war. Philip III turned to peace negotiations instead; with the accession to the throne of James I of England it became possible to terminate both the war and English support to the Dutch, with the signature in 1604 of the Treaty of London.

The Twelve Years' Truce with the Dutch followed in 1609, which enabled the Southern Netherlands to recover, but it was a de facto recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic, and many European powers established diplomatic relations with the Dutch. The truce did not stop the commercial and colonial expansion of the Dutch into the Caribbean and the East-Indies, although Spain had tried to impose the liquidation of the Dutch East India Company as a treaty condition. Minor concessions of the Dutch Republic were the scrapping of the plan to create a Dutch West India Company and to stop the harassment of the Portuguese in Asia. Both concessions were temporary as the Dutch soon recommenced preying upon Portuguese interests, which had already led to the Dutch–Portuguese War in 1602 and would continue till 1654. At least with peace in Europe, the Twelve Year's truce gave Philip's regime an opportunity to begin to recover its financial position.

With the death of Henry IV of France—a supporter of the war against Spain—a period of instability commenced in the Kingdom of France. In a sequence of aggressive policy moves, and largely without firm direction from Philip, his regional proconsuls of the Duke of Osuna, viceroy of Naples and the Marquess of Villafranca, the Governor of Milan, directed the Spanish policy in Italy that encountered resistance from the Duchy of Savoy and the Republic of Venice. To secure the connection between Milan and the Netherlands a new route was opened through Valtellina, then part of the independent state of the Three Leagues (the present-day canton of Graubünden, Switzerland), and in 1618 the plot of Venice occurred in which the authorities engaged in the persecution of pro-Spanish agents.

Entry to the Thirty Years' War
In the final years of Philip's reign, Spain entered the initial part of the conflict that would become known as the Thirty Years' War (1618–48). The result was a decisive Spanish victory in the Holy Roman Empire that would lead to a recommencement of the war with the Dutch shortly after Philip's death. Europe was anticipating a fresh election for the position of Emperor upon the likely death of Matthias, who was heirless. Spain and Austria's common Habsburg ancestry influenced Spain's involvement in the convoluted politics of the Empire: on the one hand, Philip had a vested interest in the success of his cousin Ferdinand of Bohemia, who intended to follow Matthias to the throne; on the other, Philip had hopes of appointing one of his own family, such as Prince Philip, to the Imperial throne and worried that a failed bid by Ferdinand might reduce collective Habsburg prestige.

Philip finally chose to intervene behind Ferdinand. Prince Philip had been rejected as unacceptable to the German nobility. Philip had also been increasingly influenced over the years by first Queen Margaret, and later the other, powerful Habsburg women at court, while the incoming set of advisors that replaced de Lerma, especially de Zúñiga, also saw Spain's future as part of a strong alliance with a Habsburg Holy Roman Empire. Finally, by the Oñate treaty of 29 July 1617, Ferdinand made a successful appeal to Philip's self-interest by promising Spain the Habsburg lands in Alsace in return for Spanish support for his election.

Crisis broke out in Ferdinand's kingdom of Bohemia during 1618–19, with a confrontation between Catholic and Protestant factions. Ferdinand asked Spain for help to put down the rebellion; the Protestant rebels turned to Frederick V of the Palatinate as a new ruler and Emperor. The situation in the Empire was in many ways auspicious for Spanish strategy; in the Spanish Netherlands Ambrosio Spinola had been conspiring to find an opportunity to intervene with the Army of Flanders into the Electorate of the Palatinate. The Palatinate was a vital, Protestant set of territories along the Rhine guarding the most obvious route for reinforcements from other Spanish territories to arrive into the rebellious Dutch provinces (through Genoa). France, assumed bound to support Frederick against Ferdinand, was in fact inclined to remain neutral. The Spanish troops headed by Spinola in the Palatinate and by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly in Bohemia achieved a decisive victory against the Czechs in the Battle of White Mountain in 1620. With the Dutch now vulnerable to a strike through the Rhine valley, a renewed war against the Provinces, with the aim of forcing the Dutch to a more suitable permanent peace, appeared inevitable.

Philip died in 1621 shortly before the recommencement of war—his son, Philip IV, retained his chief foreign policy advisor, de Zúñiga, and an initially highly successful campaign against the Dutch began the same year.

Colonial policy

Chile

In the Americas Philip inherited a difficult situation in Chile, where the Arauco War raged and the local Mapuche succeeded in razing seven Spanish cities (1598–1604). An estimate by Alonso González de Nájera put the toll at 3,000 Spanish settlers killed and 500 Spanish women taken into captivity by Mapuche. In retaliation the proscription against enslaving Indians captured in war was lifted by Philip in 1608. This decree was abused when Spanish settlers in Chiloé Archipelago used it to justify slave raids against groups such as the Chono of northwestern Patagonia who had never been under Spanish rule and never rebelled.

Jesuit missionary Luis de Valdivia believed the Mapuche could be voluntarily converted to Christianity only if there was peace. To diminish hostilities Valdivia proposed a Defensive War in a letter to Philip. The king supported the idea, issuing a decree that established the Defensive War as an official policy in 1612. By the time Defensive War was established war between Spanish and Mapuche had been going on for 70 years.

These policies were not without criticism. Maestre de campo and corregidor of Concepción Santiago de Tesillo claimed the Defensive War gave the Mapuche a much needed respite to replenish their forces that should have been denied. The Real Audiencia of Santiago opined in the 1650s that slavery of Mapuches was one of the reasons for constant state of war between the Spanish and the Mapuche.

Legacy

Philip III died in Madrid on 31 March 1621, and was succeeded by his son, Philip IV, who rapidly completed the process of removing the last elements of the Sandoval family regime from court. The story told in the memoirs of the French ambassador Bassompierre, that he was killed by the heat of a brasero (a pan of hot charcoal), because the proper official to take it away was not at hand, is a humorous exaggeration of the formal etiquette of the court.

Philip has generally left a poor legacy with historians. Three major historians of the period have described an 'undistinguished and insignificant man', a 'miserable monarch', whose 'only virtue appeared to reside in a total absence of vice'. More generally, Philip has largely retained the reputation of 'a weak, dim-witted monarch who preferred hunting and traveling to governing'.

Unlike Philip IV, whose reputation has improved significantly in the light of recent analysis, Philip III's reign has been relatively unstudied, possibly because of the negative interpretation given to the role of Philip and Lerma during the period. Traditionally, the decline of Spain has been placed from the 1590s onwards; revisionist historians from the 1960s, however, presented an alternative analysis, arguing that in many ways Philip III's Spain of 1621—reinforced with new territories in Alsace, at peace with France, dominant in the Holy Roman Empire, and about to begin a successful campaign against the Dutch—was in a much stronger position than in 1598, despite the poor personal performance of her king during the period. Philip's use of Lerma as his valido has formed one of the key historical and contemporary criticisms against him; recent work has perhaps begun to present a more nuanced picture of the relationship and the institution that survived for the next forty years in Spanish royal government.

Family tree
Like many Habsburgs, Philip III was the product of extensive inbreeding. His father, Philip II, a product of marriage between first cousins, married his niece, Anna of Austria, herself the product of a cousin couple. Philip III in turn married his first cousin once removed, Margaret of Austria. This pattern would continue in the next generation, ultimately culminating in the end of the Spanish Habsburg line in the person of Philip's feeble grandson, Charles II.

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Family
Philip married Margaret of Austria, his first-cousin-once-removed. They had 8 children, five of whom survived to adulthood:

Male-line family tree

See also
Palacio de la Ribera

References

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Polisensky, J. V. The Thirty Years War. London: NEL. (1971)
Ringrose, David. Spain, Europe and the "Spanish Miracle", 1700–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1998)
Sánchez, Magdalena S. Pious and Political Images of a Habsburg Woman at the Court of Philip III (1598–1621). in Sánchez and Saint-Saëns (eds) 1996.
Sánchez, Magdalena S. and Alain Saint-Saëns (eds). Spanish women in the golden age: images and realities. Greenwood Publishing Group. (1996)
Stradling, R. A. Philip IV and the Government of Spain, 1621–1665. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1988)
Thompson, I. A. A. Castile, Constitionalism and Liberty. in Hoffman and Norburg (eds) 2001.
Wedgwood, C. V. The Thirty Years War. London: Methuen. (1981)
Williams, Patrick. The Great Favourite: the Duke of Lerma and the court and government of Philip III of Spain, 1598–1621. Manchester: Manchester University Press. (2006)
Zagorin, Perez. Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660. Volume II: Provincial rebellion: Revolutionary civil wars, 1560–1660. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1992)

Further reading

See also Paul C. Allen, Philip III and the Pax Hispanica: The Failure of Grand Strategy (Yale UP: 2000) for an extensive discussion of the foreign policy of Philip III. Allen's is a revisionist work that also argues for a greater role played in international affairs by the Council of State and its leaders in this period rather than by Lerma.

|-

Philippine dynasty
1578 births
1621 deaths
16th-century Spanish monarchs
17th-century Spanish monarchs
16th-century Portuguese monarchs
17th-century Portuguese monarchs
16th-century Castilian monarchs
17th-century Castilian monarchs
16th-century Aragonese monarchs
17th-century Aragonese monarchs
16th-century kings of Sicily
17th-century kings of Sicily
16th-century monarchs of Naples
17th-century monarchs of Naples
16th-century Navarrese monarchs
17th-century Navarrese monarchs
16th-century House of Habsburg
17th-century House of Habsburg
Spanish Baroque people
Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War
Spanish Roman Catholics
People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
Nobility from Madrid
Princes of Asturias
Dukes of Montblanc
Princes of Portugal
Spanish infantes
Portuguese infantes
Dukes of Milan
Knights of Santiago
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
Children of Philip II of Spain
People of the Thirty Years' War

Philip III of Spain


Registered Apprenticeship is a program of the United States Department of Labor that connects job seekers looking to learn new skills with employers looking for qualified workers. Employers, employer associations, and joint labor-management organizations, known collectively as "sponsors", provide apprentices with paid on-the-job learning and academic instruction that reflects industry needs. The goal of such instruction is to provide workers with advanced skillsets that meet the specific needs of their employers.

History

Following the creation of the first Registered Apprenticeship system in Wisconsin in 1911, the United States Congress passed the National Apprenticeship Act (known as the "Fitzgerald Act") in 1937, establishing federal Registered Apprenticeship.  Initially, Registered Apprenticeship programs consisted mainly of the manufacturing, construction and utilities industries. After World War II, Registered Apprenticeship began to expand into training of health and safety workers, including firefighters, police, and emergency medical technicians. Recently, the program guidelines were revised in late 2008 to allow for greater flexibility in serving apprentices and program sponsors in prevailing economic conditions. Currently, Registered Apprenticeship includes 29,000 programs impacting 250,000 employers, involving approximately 450,000 apprentices.

Role of the U.S. government
The National Apprenticeship Act authorizes the Federal government, in cooperation with the states, to oversee the nation's apprenticeship system. The U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Apprenticeship works in conjunction with both the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training states that report directly to the Federal government as well independent State Apprenticeship Agencies to administer the program. These agencies are responsible for:
 Registering apprenticeship programs that meet Federal and State standards
 Protecting the safety and welfare of apprentices
 Issuing nationally recognized and portable Certificates of Completion to apprentices
 Promoting the development of new programs through marketing and technical assistance
 Assuring that all programs provide high quality training
 Assuring that all programs produce skilled competent workers.

Program benefits and requirements
Registered Apprenticeship provides a wide array of benefits to employers, employees, unions, and other stakeholders.  For employers, the program provides  a pipeline of skilled workers enrolled in customized programs that meet a variety of the employer's needs, e.g., increased competitiveness or higher worker retention rates.  For workers, enrolled apprentices receive a paycheck that is guaranteed to increase as their training and skill levels increase. Apprentices also complete a combination of industry-specific classroom education and hands-on career training leading to nationally recognized, portable Certificates of Completion.

Registered Apprenticeship program sponsors identify the minimum qualifications to apply into their apprenticeship program. The eligible starting age can be no less than 16 years of age; however, individuals must usually be 18 to be an apprentice in hazardous occupations. Program sponsors may also identify additional minimum qualifications and credentials to apply, e.g., education, ability to physically perform the essential functions of the occupation, proof of age. Based on the selection method utilized by the sponsor, additional qualification standards, such as fair aptitude tests and interviews, school grades, and previous work experience may be identified.

References

External links
Department of Labor, Office of Apprenticeship website

Federal assistance in the United States
United States Department of Labor
Internships
Apprenticeship

Registered apprenticeship


James Gosling  (born 19 May 1955) is a Canadian computer scientist, best known as the founder and lead designer behind the Java programming language.

Gosling was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2004 for the conception and development of the architecture for the Java programming language and for contributions to window systems.

Early life
Gosling attended William Aberhart High School in Calgary, Alberta. While in high school, he wrote some of the software to analyze data from the ISIS 2 satellite, working for the University of Calgary physics department.  He received a Bachelor of Science from the University of Calgary and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University, all in computer science. He wrote a version of Emacs called Gosling Emacs (Gosmacs) while working toward his doctorate. He built a multi-processor version of Unix for a 16-way computer system while at Carnegie Mellon University, before joining Sun Microsystems. He also developed several compilers and mail systems there.
Gosling has two children, Katie and Kelsey, who are half siblings from Gosling's two marriages.

Career & contributions
Gosling was with Sun Microsystems between 1984 and 2010 (26 years). At Sun he invented an early Unix windowing system called NeWS, which became a lesser-used alternative to the still used X Window System, because Sun did not give it an open source license.

He is known as the father of the Java programming language. He got the idea for the Java VM while writing a program to port software from a PERQ by translating Perq Q-Code to VAX assembler and emulating the hardware. He is generally credited with having invented the Java programming language in 1994.
He created the original design of Java and implemented the language's original compiler and virtual machine. Gosling traces the origins of the approach to his early graduate student days, when he created a p-code virtual machine for the lab's DEC VAX computer, so that his professor could run programs written in UCSD Pascal.  In the work leading to Java at Sun, he saw that architecture-neutral execution for widely distributed programs could be achieved by implementing a similar philosophy:  always program for the same virtual machine.

Another contribution of Gosling's was co-writing the "bundle" program, known as "shar", a utility thoroughly detailed in Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike's book The Unix Programming Environment.

He left Sun Microsystems on April 2, 2010, after it was acquired by the Oracle Corporation, citing reductions in pay, status, and decision-making ability, along with change of role and ethical challenges. He has since taken a very critical stance towards Oracle in interviews, noting that "during the integration meetings between Sun and Oracle, where we were being grilled about the patent situation between Sun and Google, we could see the Oracle lawyer's eyes sparkle." He clarified his position during the Oracle v. Google trial over Android: "While I have differences with Oracle, in this case they are in the right. Google totally slimed Sun. We were all really disturbed, even Jonathan [Schwartz]: he just decided to put on a happy face and tried to turn lemons into lemonade, which annoyed a lot of folks at Sun." However, he approved of the court's ruling that APIs should not be copyrightable.

In March 2011, Gosling joined Google. Six months later, he followed his colleague Bill Vass and joined a startup called Liquid Robotics. In late 2016, Liquid Robotics was acquired by Boeing. Following the acquisition, Gosling left Liquid Robotics to work at Amazon Web Services as Distinguished Engineer in May 2017.

He is an advisor at the Scala company Lightbend, Independent Director at Jelastic, and Strategic Advisor for Eucalyptus, and is a board member of DIRTT Environmental Solutions.

Awards
For his achievement, the National Academy of Engineering in the United States elected him as a Foreign Associate member.
2002: awarded The Economist Innovation Award.
2002: awarded The Flame Award USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award.
2007: made an Officer of the Order of Canada. The Order is Canada's second highest civilian honor. Officers are the second highest grade within the Order.
2013: became a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
2015: awarded IEEE John von Neumann Medal
2019: named a Computer History Museum Fellow for the conception, design, and implementation of the Java programming language.

Books
 Ken Arnold, James Gosling, David Holmes, The Java Programming Language, Fourth Edition, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2005,
 James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy L. Steele Jr., Gilad Bracha, The Java Language Specification, Third Edition, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2005,
 Ken Arnold, James Gosling, David Holmes, The Java Programming Language, Third Edition, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2000,
 James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy L. Steele Jr., Gilad Bracha, The Java Language Specification, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2000,
 Gregory Bollella (Editor), Benjamin Brosgol, James Gosling, Peter Dibble, Steve Furr, David Hardin, Mark Turnbull, The Real-Time Specification for Java, Addison Wesley Longman, 2000,
 Ken Arnold, James Gosling, The Java programming language Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1997,
 Ken Arnold, James Gosling, The Java programming language, Addison-Wesley, 1996,
 James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy L. Steele Jr., The Java Language Specification, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1996,
 James Gosling, Frank Yellin, The Java Team, The Java Application Programming Interface, Volume 2: Window Toolkit and Applets, Addison-Wesley, 1996,
 James Gosling, Frank Yellin, The Java Team, The Java Application Programming Interface, Volume 1: Core Packages, Addison-Wesley, 1996,
 James Gosling, Henry McGilton, The Java language Environment: A white paper, Sun Microsystems, 1996
 James Gosling, David S. H. Rosenthal, Michelle J. Arden, The NeWS Book: An Introduction to the Network/Extensible Window System (Sun Technical Reference Library), Springer, 1989,

See also

History of Java
Fallacies of distributed computing

James Gosling's personal weblog
Presentation by James Gosling about the origins of Java, from the JVM Languages Summit 2008
The Process of Innovation – James Gosling's talk at Stanford University (video archive)
James Gosling interview on Triangulation (TWiT.tv). Recorded 2016-04-11

References

1955 births
Canadian male bloggers
Canadian computer programmers
Canadian computer scientists
Canadian inventors
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Emacs
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Free software programmers
Java (programming language)
Living people
Officers of the Order of Canada
Open source people
People from Calgary
Programming language designers
Solaris people
Sun Microsystems people
University of Calgary alumni
Winners of The Economist innovation awards
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering

James Gosling


Matthew J. Connelly (November 19, 1907July 10, 1976) was an American civil servant under Harry S. Truman, who having risen to Executive Secretary to Vice President Truman and then Appointments Secretary to President Truman, was indicted for bribery in 1955, convicted in 1956, served six months in prison in 1960, and was granted a full pardon by President John F. Kennedy in 1962.

Career
In 1930, he graduated from Fordham University and began his career as a stockbroker in New York City.

Civil service
In 1933, Connelly began civil service with federal relief agencies based in Boston and then Washington, DC.  In 1935, moved to Washington.  In 1938, his first job on the Hill in DC was "investigation of the relief program"—that is, "the local welfare program."

In 1939, he joined the staff of the House Appropriations Committee, chaired by U.S. Representative Clarence Cannon and investigated the Works Progress Administration.

In 1940, he joined the staff of the Senate Special Committee to Investigate Campaign Expenditures, chaired by U.S. Representative Guy Gillette. There, he worked under subcommittee chair U.S. Senator J. Lister Hill "to investigate the Kelly-Nash machine" in Chicago and then the Wendell Willkie campaign in Alabama. Senator Lister had Connelly join the Truman Committee.

In 1941, he served as chief investigator of the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, known as the "Truman Committee."  Investigators who reported to him included: Hugh Fulton, William S. Cole, Rudolph Halley, Walter Hehmeyer, Robert L. Irvin, Donald M. Lathrom, and Frank E. Lowe.

In July 1944, he became Executive Assistant to Senator Truman.

In January 1945, he served as Executive Secretary to newly elected Vice President Truman.

In April 1945 through 1953, he served as Appointments Secretary to President Truman.

Bribery charges
In 1955, the U.S. Department of Justice indicted Connelly and T. Lamar Caudle for accepting a bribe and conspiring to defraud the government. In 1956, he received a conviction. In 1960, he served six months in prison.

In 1962, President John F. Kennedy granted Connelly "a full and unconditional pardon."

Personal and death
Connelly married Doris and had one son.

In a 1967 interview with Truman Library oral historian Jerry N. Hess, Stephen J. Spingarn, Federal Trade Commission Commissioner (1950–1953), suspected that Max Lowenthal and Connelly "stuck the knife in me." Philleo Nash told Spingarn it was Connelly, influenced by Lowenthal:I mentioned that Max Lowenthal had once told Niles, and possibly others that I was a Fa[s]cist, that was in 1949, because I told Lowenthal I favored wiretapping under proper controls ... Nash said it was quite possible that Max Lowenthal was very vindictive, and he mentioned that Max Lowenthal is currently spending much time in Matt's office with L's son.  Spingarn further recalled: There was an operation run, more or less, under the supervision of Max Lowenthal in the basement of the White House which was to prepare answers to the charges that McCarthy was hurling so freely during all that period and get them ready in a hurry, not wait until the lie had gone around the world before the truth has gotten its pants on. I remember Herb Maletz—good man—worked in that thing and one or two others whose names I can't remember at the moment.  Max Lowenthal was very much involved in that, and in his book The Truman Presidency, Cabell Phillips has me teamed up with Max Lowenthal in running that operation, which is not correct. I did an awful lot of work on the McCarthy stuff, but I did it in terms of trying to devise some machinery, or system, or operation.  He lived in Cicero, Illinois. Connelly died age 68 on July 10, 1976, in Oak Park, Illinois, at Rust Suburban Hospital from cancer.

References

External sources
 Truman Library:  Matthew J. Connelly Appointment Diaries, 1945–1952 (and undated)

1907 births
1976 deaths
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American civil servants
Businesspeople from New York City
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
Fordham University alumni
People from Cicero, Illinois
People from Clinton, Massachusetts
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Truman administration personnel

Matthew J. Connelly


Claude-Henri de Fusée, abbé de Voisenon (8 July 1708 – 22 November 1775) was a French playwright and writer.

Life
Born at the château de Voisenon near Melun, he was only ten when he addressed an epistle in verse to Voltaire, who asked the boy to visit him. They remained friends for fifty years. Voisenon made his début as a dramatist with L'Heureuse resemblance in 1728, followed in 1739 by a three-act comedy L'École du monde at the Théâtre Français. This was preceded by a verse prologue, L'Ombre de Molière, and a month later Voisenon produced a criticism of his own piece in Le Retour de l'ombre de Molière.

A duel provoked by Voisenon inspired him with remorse, and he entered a seminary; he was soon promoted to the post of secretary to his relative, the Bishop of Boulogne. He became closely attached to Madame du Châtelet, the mistress of Voltaire, and was intimate with the comte de Caylus and Mademoiselle Jeanne Quinault. He made witty but by no means edifying contributions to the Étrennes de Saint-Jean, the Bals de Bois, etc.

In 1744 he produced the Ménages assortis and in 1746 his masterpiece, the Coquette fixée. He was a close friend of Charles Simon Favart and his wife. His pen was always at the service of any of his friends, and it was generally supposed that he had a considerable share in Favart's most successful operas. Voisenon had scruples all his life about the incongruity between his way of living and his profession, but he continued to write indecent stories for private circulation, and wrote verses in honor of Madame du Barry, as he had done for Madame de Pompadour.

He was elected to the Académie française in 1762. On the disgrace of his patron, the duc de Choiseul, he lost his pensions and honours, but soon recovered his position. He was intimate with the chancellor Maupeou, and was suspected of writing on his behalf in defence of the abolition of the parlement. This and some other incidents brought him into general disgrace. Early in 1775 he retired to the château de Voisenon, where he died.

Works
His Œuvres complètes were published by his executrix, :fr:Constance de Lowendal, 5 vol. in-8°. in 1781.

Theatre
1738: L'Heureuse Ressemblance, comedy in 1 act and in verse
1739: L'École du monde, comedy in 3 acts and in verse, presented at the Comédie-Française 14 October
1739: Le Retour de l'ombre de Molière, comedy in 1 act and in verse, presented at the Comédie-Française 21 November
1744: Les Mariages assortis, comedy in 3 acts and in verse, premiered by the Italian comedians ordinaires du Roi 10 February (printed in 1746, in-8)
1746: La Coquette fixée, comedy in 3 acts and in verse, with Charles-Antoine Leclerc de La Bruère and the Duke of Nivernais, premiered by the Comédiens italiens ordinaires du Roi 10 March
1749: La Fausse Prévention, comedy in 3 acts and in verse, premiered by the Comédiens italiens ordinaires du Roi 29 December
1750: Le Réveil de Thalie, comedy, premiered by the Comédiens italiens ordinaires du Roi 19 June
1753: Titon et l'Aurore, pastorale héroïque, music by Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de Mondonville, premiered at the Académie royale de musique 9 January
1756: Les Magots, parody of L'Orphelin de la Chine by Voltaire, in 1 act and in vers, premiered by the Comédiens italiens ordinaires du Roi 19 March
1757: La Petite Iphigénie, parodie de la Grande, premiered by the Comédiens italiens ordinaires du Roi July
1758: L'Amour et Psyché, ballet héroïque, premiered by the Académie Royale de musique 9 May
1759: La parodie au Parnasse, one-act opéra comique, premiered at the Théâtre de l'Opéra comique de la foire saint Germain 20 March (also attributed to Charles-Simon Favart)
1762: La Jeune Grecque, comedy in 3 acts and in free verse (printed in 1762)
1763: Hilas et Zélie, pastorale in 1 act, music by Bernard de Bury, presented at Versailles Palace 12 January
1765: La Fée Urgèle ou Ce qui plaît aux dames, four-act- comedy miongked with ariettes, given at Fontainebleau 26 October
1770: L'Amant déguisé, ou le Jardinier supposé, one-act comedy mingled with ariettes, music by François-André Danican Philidor, premiered by the Comédiens italiens ordinaires du Roi 2 September
1770:  L'Amitié à l'épreuve, comedy in 2 acts and in verse mingled with ariettes, music by André Grétry, presented at Fontainebleau 13 November
1776: Fleur d'Épine, opéra comique in 2 acts and in prose, set in music by Marie Emmanuelle Bayon Louis, mingled with ariettes, from Hamilton, premiered by the Comédiens italiens ordinaires du Roi 22 August.

Novels and tales
1745: Zulmis et Zelmaïde, conte licencieux
1745: Turlubleu, histoire grecque tirée du manuscrit gris-de-lin, trouvé dans les cendres de Troye
1746: Le Sultan Misapouf et la princesse Grisemine, novel, London, 2 vol. in-12
1747: Les Fêtes roulantes et les Regrets des petites rues
1751: Histoire de la Félicité
1760: Tant mieux pour elle, conte plaisant
1767: Romans et Contes, 2 vol. - reed.: 1775, 1798, 1818
1885: Contes légers suivis des Anecdotes littéraires, Paris, E. Dentu, Bibliothèque choisie des chefs-d'œuvre français et étrangers, (complete text on Gallica)

Varia
1739: Le Code des Amants, poème héroïque en trois chants
1758: Les Israélites à la montagne d'Oreb, poème biblique for the Concert Spirituel, set in music by Mondonville
1759: Les Fureurs de Saül, poème biblique for the Concert Spirituel, set in music by Mondonville

Bibliography
 Allem, Maurice, Anthologie poétique française, XVIIIe, Paris, Garnier Frères, 1919
 Anonyme, La Vie authentique de M. l'abbé de Voisenon, mémoires inédits d'un contemporain, publiés par Ad. Van Bever et Charles Martyne, Paris, 1916
 Comoy, Jean, Un abbé de cour sous Louis XV. Monsieur de Voisenon, Préface de Wladimir d'Ormesson, Paris, la Science historique, 1959
 Grente, Georges Cardinal (dir.), Dictionnaire des lettres françaises. Le XVIIIe, nlle. édition revue et mise à jour sous la direction de :fr:François Moureau, Paris, Fayard, 1995
 Krakowski, Patrick, "Un académicien dans son temps", l'abbé de Voisenon (correspondences, chroniques, biographie) Lys Éditions Ammatéis, 2007,

 Vapereau, Gustave, « Claude-Henri de Fusée de Voisenon », in Dictionnaire universel des littératures, Paris, Hachette, 1876, 2 volumes
 Viguerie, Jean de Histoire et dictionnaire du temps des Lumières. 1715-1789'', Paris, Robert Laffont, coll. Bouquins, 2003 -

 External links
 Fiche biographique de l'Académie française
 Ses pièces et leurs représentations sur le site CÉSAR

ReferencesAttribution:'''

1708 births
1775 deaths
Fusee de Voisenon, Claude-Henri de
Counts of Voisenon
18th-century French male writers
French erotica writers
French ballet librettists
Voisenon, Claude-Henri de Fusee de
French abbots

Claude-Henri de Fusée de Voisenon


The Baynes Island, part of the Waterhouse Island Group, are a group of three granite uninhabited islets connected at low tide, with a combined area of , situated in Banks Strait, part of Bass Strait, lying close to the north-eastern coast of Tasmania, Australia.

Other islands in the Waterhouse Group include Ninth, Tenth, Waterhouse, Little Waterhouse, Maclean, St Helens, Foster, Swan, Little Swan, Cygnet and Paddys islands and Bird Rock and George Rocks islets.

Fauna

Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are little penguin, Pacific gull, silver gull, sooty oystercatcher, black-faced cormorant and Caspian tern.  The grey teal has also nested on the island.

See also

List of islands of Tasmania

References

Islands of North East Tasmania
Waterhouse Island group

Baynes Island


Jantzen Beach Seaplane Base was a private seaplane base and airport located on Hayden Island in Portland, Oregon, United States. It featured a mile long landing area on the Columbia River and a 3,000 foot by 300 foot gravel runway. The park was owned and operated by the Jantzen Beach Amusement Park. When the park was converted into the Jantzen Beach SuperCenter the seaplane base and airport were removed.

History
C. R. Zehtbaur, vice-president of the Jantzen Beach Amusement Park, announced in 1946 that his business had entered a long-term lease for a one-mile strip along the Columbia River. The park graded a 3,000 by 300 foot runway and built hangars, a ramp, a salesroom and a clubhouse. The cost of the seaport was estimated at US$500,000 (US$ adjusted for inflation). Gary Safley, who was a retired United States Naval Aviator, joined the seaport staff as the clubhouse flight instructor. The runway complied with the Civil Aeronautics Authority's class two guidelines. Western Skyways began offering flight instruction at the seaplane base in 1947.

In 1963, the Oregon Department of Aviation unanimously denied a proposal to expand the seaplane base into a combined airport on a man-made island on the Columbia River. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Air Transport Association of America, Port of Portland and Portland General Electric objected to the proposal, citing safety as the concern.

References

1946 establishments in Oregon
Airports established in 1946
Airports in Multnomah County, Oregon
Defunct airports in Oregon
Airports in Portland, Oregon
Seaplane bases in the United States

Jantzen Beach Seaplane Base


Sergei Stadler (Russian: Сергей Стадлер) is a Russian violinist and conductor. He is currently Artistic Director and Chief Conductor of the Saint Petersburg Symphony Orchestra.

Biography

Laureate of the international music competitions:

1976 — Concertino Praga (1st prize);
1979 — Marguerite Long–Jacques Thibaud Competition (Paris) (II Grand Prix and Special Prize for the best performance of French music);
1980 — International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition (Helsinki) (2nd Prize and Special Public Award);
1982 — The International Tchaikovsky Competition (Moscow) (I Prize and Gold Medal).

Childhood and the beginning of the career
Sergei Stadler was born on 20 May 1962 in Leningrad. He began to study music at the age of 5. His mother, a pianist and accompanist of the St. Petersburg Conservatory, taught him how to play the piano. He started to play the violin under the guidance of his father, the violist of the St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra.

Stadler graduated from the Special Music School under the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. Then he entered the Saint Petersburg Conservatory and graduated in three and a half years due to a busy concert and tour schedule. Later he was enrolled on postgraduate course of the Moscow Conservatory, after which Sergei Stadler began teaching violin art at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. His professors were B. Sergeev, M. Wayman, B. Gutnikov, L. Kogan, V. Tretyakov, one of his teachers was David Oistrakh.

World fame
In 1984, after a tour with the Orchestra of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic around Austria and Germany, his European fame came to the musician. 30 concerts were played, at which the music of Tchaikovsky, Brahms, Sibelius, Glazunov, Prokofiev was performed. H. von Karajan attended the concerts in Vienna.

During this period, Sergei Stadler has been playing the Stradivarius violin, owned by the State Collection. Before Stadler, David Oistrakh had been playing the same instrument for sixteen years.

13 December 1985 was a remarkable day, because a joint concert with Svyatoslav Richter was held at the Museum A.S. Pushkin in Moscow, where Caprices by Paganini and Caprices by Schumann after Paganini sounded.

Being the most welcomed guest on the 300th Bach's anniversary, he played all the sonatas and partitas in the Church of St. Thomas in Leipzig in 1985. This was followed by a tour in Japan: sonatas and partitas by Bach and Paganini's "24 Caprices". In 1986 in Germany he was awarded a prize for best criticism of the year. During this period, he played about 150 concerts a year.

In 1987, Sergei Stadler became one of the first foreign soloists to come on a tour around China after a long break. Concerts were played in Beijing and Shanghai.

In January 1988, the musician's first performance with an orchestra without a conductor took place because of a sad event – two days before the concert, maestro E. Mravinsky had died. However, held in the Leningrad Philharmonic, the concert marked the beginning of a series of successful projects with an orchestra without a conductor.

In the early 90s, the musician played with the Russian National Orchestra all of Mozart's violin compositions in Moscow and recorded Mozart's concerts with the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra.

The Paganini violin
A very special event in the musician's life was related to the arrival of the violin Niccolo Paganini in St. Petersburg in 1995. Sergei Stadler became an organizer of the two-day festival "The Paganini Violin in the Hermitage", held with the support of the governments of St. Petersburg and Genoa and sponsored by the fashion house Trussardi. Also he was the first performer to be honored to play the violin "Il Cannone" Guarneri del Gesu in open concerts, after which Academician Likhachev named him «Russian Paganini».

The violin arrived in the Saint Petersburg in 2003 for the second time. The event and concert at the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic, in which Sergei Stadler again played the legendary Italian violinist's instrument, were timed to coincide with the 300th anniversary of Saint Petersburg.

The maestro of Russian and World classical music
From 1995 to present, Sergei Stadler has been organizing annual New Year's concerts in the Concert Hall P. Tchaikovsky in Moscow. Since 1997, cycles of concerts "Music in the Hermitage Halls" have been organized in one of the most famous Museums of the world — the music performed by the maestro sounds in the Georgievsky, Armorial, Knights, Pavilion, Aleksandrovsky, Concert and other iconic halls of the Winter Palace. A number of opera productions were specially made for the Hermitage Theater.

From 1998 to 2008 he was the artistic director of the International Music Festival in Perm. From 1998 to 2001 he was the Chief Conductor of the Theater of the St. Petersburg Conservatory. In 2001, he played the marathon concert "10 Beethoven Sonatas in One Evening" together with his sister Julia Stadler in Moscow, St. Petersburg, cities of Russia and Europe.

Truly remarkable concerts were played in the same years in Paris: concerts by Bach, Beethoven and Brahms, a concert by Tchaikovsky with E. Svetlanov. Beethoven's chamber music was performed in castles in Germany with W. Sawallisch, Spanish music — at the Prado Museum in Madrid with G. Oppitz. In 2008, music by Bach and Mozart's Requiem were played at the Tower of King David in Jerusalem.

Led by Sergei Stadler, L. Bernstein's Dibbuk, O. Messiaen's Turangalil symphony, H. Berlioz's operas, Ivan the Terrible by G. Bizet, and Peter the Great by A. Gretry were performed in Russia for the first time. The musician often becomes a first performer of contemporary composers's music, such as concert No. 2 B. Tishchenko, a concert, sonatas, and a monody "After reading Euripides" for violin solo S. Slonimsky, Echo-sonata for violin solo R. Shchedrin, etc.

Saint Petersburg Symphony Orchestra
Currently, Sergei Stadler is the Artistic Director and Chief Conductor of the Saint Petersburg Symphony Orchestra, the Artistic Director of the «Petersburg-Concert» concert organization. The Saint Petersburg Symphony Orchestra was created because of the initiative of Sergei Stadler in 2013. To present it is one of the best orchestras in Saint Petersburg, which plays about 500 concerts in Russia and abroad. The orchestra regularly performs at the Saint Petersburg and Moscow Philharmonic, the Hermitage and Alexandrinsky Theater, the State Academic Chapel of St. Petersburg, and the Large and Small Halls of the Moscow Conservatory.

Among the concert cycles for violin and orchestra without a conductor: five concerts by Mozart, all compositions for violin and orchestra of Beethoven and Tchaikovsky. Also among the projects: Paganiniana, Spanish violin, Magyar violin, French virtuoso violin music, Wieniawski and Polish violin art, Tchaikovsky and Russian violin tradition, Offenbach-gala. In addition, the Orchestra was remembered for such opera productions as Tannhäuser by R. Wagner, Turandot, Tosca and Manon Lescaut by G. Puccini, Il Trovatore by D. Verdi, Die Fledermaus by I. Strauss, Le Nozze di Figaro by V.A. Mozart, etc. The hallmark of the orchestra became marathons, which are held annually since the creation of the team. The following were played in one evening: six Tchaikovsky symphonies (2014), all Brahms symphonies (2015), from spring to autumn 2016 — all Mozart symphonies, and within the framework of the final marathon — 12 most iconic (2016); all Beethoven symphonies (2017), for which the orchestra was included in the Russian Book of Records as "the longest philharmonic concert with a programme from the works of one author performed by one symphony orchestra under the direction of one conductor"; all Liszt's symphonic poems (2018).

Teaching and mentoring
Since 2007, the Maestro has been teaching at the Moscow Conservatory. From 2008 to 2011 he was the Rector of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. Since 2018, he has been leading an educational programme "The instrumental performance practice: violin" at Saint Petersburg State University. He holds master classes in Russia, the USA, Germany, Norway, Poland, Israel, Finland, Spain, France, Italy, Singapore, China, Portugal and other countries. He is known to be an Honorary Professor of the Beijing and Kiev Conservatoires. An Honorary Advisor to the Chinese-Russian Association for the Study of Strategy "One Belt and One Way".

Work
He has performed in such halls as:

Musikverein (Vienna), La Scala (Milan), Royal Festival Hall (London), Salle Pleyel (Paris), Berlin Philharmonie, Alte Oper (Frankfurt), Herculessaal (Munich), Semperoper (Dresden), Concertgebouw (Amsterdam), Teatro Real (Madrid), Tonhalle (Zurich), Palau de la Música Catalana (Barcelona), Megaron (Athens), Rudolfinum (Prague), Suntory Hall (Tokyo), etc.

On such music festivals as:

Salzburg, Vienna, Bonn, Helsinki, Istanbul, Athens, Jerusalem, Boston, Bregenz, Prague, Mallorca, Spoletto, Stavanger, Provence, etc.

With such conductors as:

V. Ashkenazy, W. Sawallisch, K. Mazur, M. Jansons, E. Svetlanov, G. Rozhdestvensky, Yu. Temirkanov, V. Gergiev, F. Welser-Möst, V. Fedoseev, F. Luisi, M. Pletnev, P. Steinberg, S. Bychkov, B. de Billi, M. Yanovsky, S. Sondeckis, V. Neumann, L. Gardelli and others.

In ensembles with:

H. Schiff, V. Tretyakov, L. Isakadze, Yu. Rakhlin, Yu. Bashmet, N. Gutman, A. Knyazev, T. Merk, D. Geringas, P. Zukerman, N. Znaider, D. Sitkovetsky, L. Kavakos, A. Rudin, F. Helmerson, B. Pergamenschikov, G. Rivinius, R. Kirshbaum, A. Menezes, P. Donohoe, J.-Y. Thibaudet, W. Sawallisch, E. Kisin, G. Oppitz, D. Matsuev, M. Dalberto, B. Berezovsky, D. Alekseev, J. Lagerspetz, F. Gottlieb, Yu. Stadler.

Creative collaborations with:

Actors: O. Tabakov, K. Lavrov, S. Jursky, A. Abdulov, I. Dmitriev, O. Ostroumova and others.

Singers: A. Netrebko, O. Borodin, S. Studer, etc.

Ballet dancers: D. Vishneva, U. Lopatkina, N. Pavlova, N. Ananiashvili, I. Liepa, F. Ruzimatov, N. Tsiskaridze, A. Fadeev and others.

He has performed with such orchestras as:

Svetlanov State Orchestra, Russian National Orchestra, Tchaikovsky Big Symphony Orchestra, Mariinsky Theater Orchestra, Bolshoi Theater Orchestra, Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra, Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, Vienna Symphony Orchestra, Orchestra De Paris, National de France, Gewandhaus (Leipzig), Staatskapelle (Dresden), Orchestras of Melbourne, Jerusalem, Toronto, Helsinki, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, etc.

He was the main conductor of the Russian Symphony Orchestra, the Opera and Ballet Theater of the St. Petersburg Conservatory and the Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater. Currently he is Artistic Director and Chief Conductor of the St. Petersburg Symphony Orchestra.

References

External links
 Sergei Stadler's official website

1962 births
Russian violinists
Male violinists
Living people
21st-century violinists
21st-century Russian male musicians
Moscow Conservatory alumni

Sergei Stadler


Dichroa is a genus of 12 species of flowering plants in the family Hydrangeaceae, native to eastern and southeastern Asia. They are deciduous shrubs growing to 1–3 m tall, with their leaves arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers are produced in a broad inflorescence similar to that of the related genus Hydrangea. The fruit is a glossy metallic purple-blue berry.

Dichroa febrifuga (Chinese: 常山; pinyin: chángshān) is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is considered one of the 50 fundamental herbs.

Selected species
Dichroa daimingshanensis Y.C.Wu
Dichroa febrifuga Lour.
Dichroa hirsuta Gagnep.
Dichroa mollissima Merrill
Dichroa versicolour
Dichroa yaoshanensis Y.C.Wu
Dichroa yunnanensis S.M.Hwang

References

Footnotes

General references
UBC Botany Photos: Dichroa febrifuga
Plants for a Future: Dichroa febrifuga

Hydrangeaceae
Cornales genera
Medicinal plants of Asia

Dichroa


Barguna is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. It has a total area of 1831.31 km². It is bordered on the north by the districts of Jhalokati, Barisal, Pirojpur and Patuakhali. In the east, it borders Patuakhali District. On the south, Barguna is bounded by Patuakhali District, the Bay of Bengal. On the western side, it borders Pirojpur and Bagerhat districts. Important rivers of Barguna district include the Payra river, Bishkhali river and the Baleshwar river.

Administration
Barguna is divided into 6 upazilas:

Amtali Upazila
Taltali Upazila
Bamna Upazila
Barguna Sadar Upazila
Betagi Upazila
Patharghata Upazila

There are a total of 38 union parishads (union councils), 238 mouzas and 560 villages in these five upazilas. Barguna also has four municipalities containing 44 wards and 49 mahallas.

The largest city in the district is Barguna Town. It has a total area of 15.57 km² and is divided into 9 wards and 19 mohallas.

People
As of 2007, Barguna District has a population of 902,465, females constitute a majority of the population with a percentage of 50.12% while males constitute 49.88%. 91.01% of the people are Muslim, 8.69% Hindu, 0.04% Christian, 0.24% Buddhist, and 0.02% other.

References

Barguna District


Claire Windsor (born Clara Viola Cronk; April 14, 1892 – October 24, 1972) was an American film actress of the silent screen era.

Early life
Windsor was born Clara Viola Cronk (nicknamed "Ola") in 1892 in Marvin (later known as Glade), Kansas, to parents of Scandinavian descent, George Edwin Cronk and Ella Rose Fearing (later called "Rosella"), who married on October 21, 1885, in Davenport, Iowa. Their first child, a son, died shortly after birth. Her parents later moved to Cawker City, Kansas when she was two years old. At some point, Claire's sister, Nellie, was born. Claire attended Washburn Preparatory Academy in Topeka from 1906 to 1907. After a year at Broadway High School, Seattle, Washington, she returned as a student in the Fine Arts Department at Washburn College.

Intent on further refining her daughters' education and position in society, Rosella and her daughters returned to Seattle in the fall of 1910. On July 14, 1913, Claire ("Ola") was chosen for the role of Empress during the lavish musical production of Jappyland. While living in Seattle, Ola met David Willis Bowes and the intense relationship continued by correspondence after Mr. Bowes' return to Denver. Soon a June wedding was planned, but en route back to Kansas, Ola and Bowes wed secretly on May 13, 1914, in Denver, Colorado. The union resulted in the birth of a son, David Willis Bowes Jr., on September 9, 1916, but the couple soon went their separate ways. Bowes officially filed for divorce on September 14, 1920.

Ola moved to California to be reunited with her parents who had recently retired. Seeking a way to support herself and baby son, Ola took the advice of a friend and quickly found employment at the movie studios. Initially receiving only bit parts, she was soon spotted by Lois Weber, a highly regarded and influential director and producer of silent films for Paramount Pictures. Weber immediately signed Windsor to a contract.

Career climb

Claire Windsor's film debut was in the 1920 release of Lois Weber's To Please One Woman which was only a modest success. To promote the nascent starlet, Paramount Pictures often paired Windsor with the newly divorced actor Charlie Chaplin in publicity photographs, leading the tabloid press to give mention to the young actress in print. In 1921, Windsor costarred with Louis Calhern in Weber's The Blot (1921).

The publicity paid off; in 1922 the newly formed Western Association of Motion Picture Advertisers (WAMPAS) began their annual WAMPAS Baby Stars awards and she was named, along with Bessie Love, Lila Lee, Mary Philbin and Colleen Moore, as the year's most promising starlets. That same year Claire signed a contract with Goldwyn Pictures Corporation. She would appear in Broken Chains with fellow WAMPAS Baby Star Colleen Moore.

In 1923, the former Ola Cronk officially began using the more matinee-friendly Claire Windsor as a moniker. Throughout the 1920s, Windsor established herself as highly regarded leading lady in film. As her career progressed, she was often typecast as the "upscale society girl", often playing the part of a princess, or monied socialite. Critics lauded her elegant fashion sense, and Windsor became a noted trend-setter of 1920s fashion.

In 1924, Windsor was one of the top stars at the newly formed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio. Later, at Tiffany Pictures, Souls for Sables (1925), co-starring Eugene O'Brien, was a box-office hit for Windsor.

Personal life and sound films
Windsor was frequently romantically linked to her leading male co-stars. She reportedly had a well-publicized affair with actor Charles "Buddy" Rogers, and in 1925 married matinée idol Bert Lytell. The couple divorced in 1927. Windsor never remarried, but a few notable love affairs with men caused minor scandals in the press, including once being sued by the young wife of a Boston broker in an "Alienation of Affection" lawsuit, in which the broker's wife contended that Windsor had "stolen her husband".

By the late 1920s, Claire  (like so many of her acting peers) found it difficult to move into talkies. She made several talkies throughout the 1930s but could never recapture the success of her earlier years as a silent screen actress. She had a brief stint on a road tour with Al Jolson in the production of The Wonder Bar and occasionally took stage parts. In her later years, Windsor devoted herself to painting.

On April 12, 1943, she legally changed her name to Claire Windsor, and her son took the name of William Willis Windsor.

Death
Claire Windsor died of a heart attack on October 24, 1972, at the age of 80 at Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, California. (Windsor's age at death was reported as 74 in Sidney D. Kirkpatrick's 1986 book Cast of Killers.) She was buried at Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park cemetery.

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Claire Windsor was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Blvd. in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960.

Filmography

Eyes of Youth (1919)
In the Heart of a Fool (1920)
To Please One Woman (1920)
What's Worth While? (1921)
Too Wise Wives (1921)
The Blot (1921)
What Do Men Want? (1921)
 Dr. Jim (1921)
The Raiders (1921)
Grand Larceny (1922)
 One Clear Call (1922)
Fools First (1922)
 Rich Men's Wives (1922)
Brothers Under the Skin (1922)
 The Strangers' Banquet (1922)
Broken Chains (1922)
The Eternal Three (1923)
Little Church Around the Corner (1923)
Rupert of Hentzau (1923)
The Acquittal (1923)
Nellie, The Beautiful Cloak Model (1924)
A Son of the Sahara (1924)
For Sale (1924)
Souls For Sale (1924)
The Dixie Handicap (1924)
Born Rich (1924)
The Denial (1925)
The White Desert (1925)
Just A Woman (1925)
The Lady Who Lied (1925)
Souls for Sables (1925)
Dance Madness (1926)
Money Talks (1926)
Tin Hats (1926)
A Little Journey (1927)
The Claw (1927)
The Bugle Call (1927)
Foreign Devils (1927)
The Frontiersman (1927)
 The Opening Night (1927)
Nameless Men (1928)
 Fashion Madness (1928)
 Satan and the Woman (1928)
Blondes by Choice (1928)
The Grain of Dust (1928)
Opening Night (1928)
 Domestic Meddlers (1928)
Captain Lash (1929)
 Midstream (1929)
Self Defense (1932)
 Sister to Judas (1932)
The Constant Woman (1933)
Kiss of Araby (1933)
Cross Streets (1934)
Kiss of Araby (1938)
Barefoot Boy (1938)
How Doooo You Do!!! (1945)

References

Sources
 1900 United States Census for Cawker, Mitchell County, Kansas, and 1910 United States Census for Kansas for Cawker, Mitchell County, Kansas
 Massillon Evening Independent, "Actress Asks To Keep Stage Name", April 12, 1943, p. 12.
 Philadelphia Inquirer, "Claire Windsor and Husband Former Denver Residents", February 2, 1922.

External links

Silent Era People - Claire Windsor
Silent Ladies & Gents - Claire Windsor Gallery
Classic Images - Claire Windsor

Photographs and literature

1892 births
1972 deaths
Broadway High School (Seattle) alumni
Actresses from Kansas
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
People from Mitchell County, Kansas
People from Phillips County, Kansas
American people of Scandinavian descent
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
20th-century American actresses
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
WAMPAS Baby Stars

Claire Windsor


George Varghese (born 1960) is a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research. Before joining MSR's lab in Silicon Valley in 2013, he was a Professor of Computer Science at the University of California San Diego, where he led the Internet Algorithms Lab and also worked with the Center for Network Systems and the Center for Internet Epidemiology. He is the author of the textbook Network Algorithmics, published by Morgan Kaufmann in 2004.

Education
Varghese received his B.Tech in electrical engineering from IIT Bombay in 1981, his M.S. in computer studies from NCSU in 1983 and his Ph.D. in computer science from MIT in 1993, where his advisor was Nancy Lynch. He is a Fellow of the ACM since 2002.

Research

Transparent Bridge Architecture
Before his Ph.D., George spent several years as part of the network architecture and advanced development group at Digital Equipment Corporation, where he wrote the first specification for the first transparent bridge architecture (based on the inventions of Mark Kempf and Radia Perlman). After several iterations and other authors, this became the IEEE 802 bridge specification, a widely implemented standard that is the basis of the billion dollar transparent bridging industry{{According to whom}}. He was also part of the DEC team that invented the Gigaswitch and the Giganet (a precursor to Gigabit Ethernet).

Network Algorithmics
Varghese is best known for helping define network algorithmics, a field of study which resolves networking bottlenecks using interdisciplinary techniques that include changes to hardware and operating systems as well as efficient algorithms.

His contributions to network algorithmics include Deficit Round Robin (co-invented with M. Shreedhar), a scheduling algorithm that is widely used in routers, and timing wheels (with Tony Lauck), an algorithm for fast timers that is used as the basis of fast timers in Linux and FreeBSD.

IP lookup and packet classification
Varghese has also worked extensively on fast IP lookup and packet classification. His work with G. Chandranmenon on Threaded indexes predates the work done at Cisco Systems and Juniper Networks on tag switching. His work on multibit tries (with V. Srinivasan) has been used by a number of companies including Microsoft. His work on scalable IP packet lookup (with Waldvogel and Turner) for longer addresses such as IPv6 is being considered for use by Linux.

George also worked with Eatherton and Dittia on the Tree bitmap IP lookup algorithm that is used in Cisco's CRS-1 router, which many believe to be the fastest router in the world. Tree bitmap and hypercuts (with Sumeet Singh and Florin Baboescu) appear to be among the best algorithms (excluding CAMs) for IP lookup and packet classification today.

Self stabilization
George is also known for his contributions to the theoretical field of self-stabilization (a form of fault-tolerance), where he has helped (with various colleagues) pioneer several general techniques such as local checking, local correction, and counter flushing.

NetSift
Varghese co-founded NetSift Inc. (with Sumeet Singh) in 2004, serving as president and CTO. NetSift helped pioneer the notion of automated signature extraction for security and helped to introduce the use of streaming algorithms for network measurement and security at speeds greater than 10 Gbit/s. His work with Cristian Estan on multistage filters has been widely used in industry. NetSift was acquired in June 2005 by Cisco Systems as part of the Modular Switching Group.

Awards and honors
 Elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering, 2017
 2014 Koji Kobayashi Award for Computers and Communications for "Contributions to the field of network algorithmics and its applications to high-speed packet networks"
 ACM Fellow, 2002
 Best Teacher Award in Computer Science, UCSD, 2001, voted by graduating undergraduate students
 Best Tutorial Award, SIGMETRICS 98.
 Big Fish, Mentor of the Year Award, Association for Graduate Engineering Students (AGES),Washington University 1997.
 ONR Young Investigator Award 1996 (34 awarded out of 416 applications across the sciences, among 2 computer scientists chosen in 1996)
 Best Student Paper, PODC 96, for a paper jointly written with student Mahesh Jayaram.
 Joint winner of the Sproull Prize for best MIT Thesis in Computer Science (1993) and nominated by MIT for ACM Thesis Prize.
 DEC Graduate Education Program (GEEP) Scholar, 1989–1991.

Selected publications
 Sumeet Singh, Cristian Estan, George Varghese, and Stefan Savage, Automated Worm Fingerprinting, Proceedings of the 6th ACM/USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI). This paper was the basis of NetSift, which see above.
 Cristian Estan, David Moore, and George Varghese, Building a Better NetFlow, Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Conference, Portland, OR, September 2004
 Fan Chung Graham, Ron Graham, and George Varghese, Parallelism versus Memory Allocation in Pipelined Router Forwarding Engines
 Proceedings of SPAA 2004 (invited and accepted to Theory of Computer Science journal as best of SPAA), Barcelona, Spain March 2004
 W. Eatherton, Z. Dittia, and George Varghese, Tree bitmap: Hardware Software IP Lookups with Incremental Updates (no prior conference paper, IP lookup algorithm used in Cisco's most recent CRS-1 router) ACM Computer Communications Review, volume 34, April 2004
 George Varghese, Summary of Ph.D. Thesis on Self-stabilization

References

External links
 George Varghese home page at Microsoft Research
 George Varghese old home page at UCSD
 List of online papers of George Varghese
 Internet Algorithms Lab
 Center for Network Systems
 Center for Internet Epidemiology
 ACM Fellows listing for Varghese
 Timing wheels
 Fast timers in Linux
 FreeBSD
 Threaded indexes
 Multibit tries
 Scalable IP packet lookup
 Tree BitMap IP lookup algorithm
 Hypercuts
 Cisco Systems acquires NetSift
 Transparent bridging

1960 births
Indian emigrants to the United States
American computer scientists
American technology writers
Researchers in distributed computing
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
MIT School of Engineering alumni
North Carolina State University alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
American people of Indian descent
American businesspeople
IIT Bombay alumni
Living people
Microsoft employees
American male writers of Indian descent
American male non-fiction writers

George Varghese


The thread switching latency is the time needed by the operating system to switch the CPU to run another thread. In some operating systems running on some hardware, switching between threads belonging to the same process is much faster than switching to a thread from different process (because threads from different processes require a more complicated process context switch).

During the thread switching, the CPU must save all of the current thread's execution data to memory, and load another thread's execution data from memory. Since reading and writing from memory requires some latency, we can define the thread switching latency as the amount of time needed to complete this operation. There is no virtual memory switching required in a thread switch, unlike a process switch.

Related pages
 Process switching latency
 Context switch

Computer science

Thread switching latency


Richard William Brinsley Norton, 8th Baron Grantley (born 30 January 1956), is a retired banker and politician. In early life he worked for the Conservative Party, but joined the UK Independence Party (UKIP) when it was founded in 1993. As Richard Grantley, he was a member of the House of Lords from 1995 to 1999.

Early life
The son of John Norton, 7th Baron Grantley, Norton was born in 1956, and was the maternal grandson of William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel.

His ancestral Norton family included Sir Richard Norton, who was attainted for his role as one of the leaders of the ill-fated Rising of the North in 1569, and Sir Fletcher Norton who was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1770 to 1780 and was created Baron Grantley of Markenfield in 1782.

He was educated at Garden House, Eaton House, Ampleforth College, and New College, Oxford, which he entered with an Open Scholarship in Mathematics, but graduated in Law. He was President of the Oxford Union in 1976.

Career
Norton worked in the Conservative Research Department from 1977 to 1981. In 1978 he was seconded to work for the Opposition front bench in the House of Lords. During the 1979 general election campaign he worked in Margaret Thatcher's Private Office. After the election, he became a special adviser for trade and energy and wrote The Benefits of Trade, with an introduction by the then Secretary of State for Trade, Rt. Hon. John Biffen MP.

A councillor of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea from 1982 to 1986, he was the Conservative parliamentary candidate for the Wentworth constituency at the 1983 general election.

He joined the United Kingdom Independence Party on its foundation and became one of its early patrons. On 24 June 1995 he succeeded his father, John Norton, 7th Baron Grantley, and thus became UKIP's first representative in Parliament. In 1996 he made his maiden speech in the House of Lords in the presence of his maternal grandfather, the Earl of Listowel, a member of the House of Lords since 1931, a feat unlikely ever to be repeated. In 1997 he became leader of UKIP in the House of Lords. He spoke in the House on five occasions. At the time of the reforms brought about by the House of Lords Act 1999, he did not stand for election as a continuing member, and so left the House in November 1999. He remains a member of UKIP, though he now supports the Brexit Party.

In 1981 Grantley became a banker and international project financier at Morgan Grenfell, Deutsche Bank, and HSBC. He was a director of Morgan Grenfell International Limited and of HSBC Project and Export Finance. He was head of oil and gas project finance at both institutions, and retired in 2005.

Grantley is chairman of Milner Street Area Residents' Association in Chelsea. He lives at 8 Halsey Street, Cheslea SW3 2QH. He was a patron of Save Sloane Square, which campaigned to prevent the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea from turning the centre of Sloane Square into a crossroads. He also participated in the successful campaign to prevent the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site from demolishing the Garrison Church.

He is a patron of the Vaughan Parents Action Group which campaigned to prevent the Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School, one of the outstanding Catholic state schools in London, from being turned into an ordinary local school.

Grantley was a Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta for 38 years and served on the council of its British Association, and as a director of The Hospital of St John and St Elizabeth. For ten years he was a director of The Order of St John Care Homes Trust. He is a regular worshipper at the London Oratory and a long-standing devotee of the traditional Latin Mass.

Grantley is a keen bridge player. In 1972 he reached the final of the Daily Mail National Schools Bridge Competition; he was a regular member of the House of Lords bridge team in its annual matches against the House of Commons; and he was a member of the Polish Club team which won the Devonshire Cup in 2011 and 2015.

Arms

References

Living people
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Councillors in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
People educated at Ampleforth College
Presidents of the Oxford Union
1956 births
UK Independence Party hereditary peers
British traditionalist Catholics
Richard 8
Grantley

Richard Norton, 8th Baron Grantley


River Patrol is a 1948 British crime film directed by Ben R. Hart and starring John Blythe, Lorna Dean, and Wally Patch. The screenplay concerns a group of undercover British customs officer who investigate a gang of nylon smugglers. It was made by Hammer Film Productions as a supporting feature. It was made at Marylebone Studios in London. It is notable for being one of the earliest films made by Hammer following its relaunch after the Second World War.

Plot
Two British police officers, Robby and Jean, go undercover, pretending to be husband and wife in order to smash a ring of smugglers along the Thames. During the investigation they visit the most shady places of London, including a night club with the worst imaginable reputation in the city. The fake spouses befriend and dupe the night club owner and find evidence leading to the top of the smuggler ring. However, their identities are revealed by the criminals before they can report back to their superiors, and they have to fight alone against the thugs until they finally manage to get them all arrested.

Cast
 John Blythe as Robby
 Lorna Dean as Jean
 Wally Patch as The Guy
 Stan Paskin
 Cyril Collins
 George Crowther
 Andrew Sterne
 Wilton West
 Tony Merrett
 George Kane
 Johnny Doherty
 Iris Keen
 Dolly Gwynne

References

Bibliography
 Meikle, Denis. A History of Horrors: The Rise and Fall of the House of Hammer. Scarecrow Press, 2010.
 Chibnall, Steve & McFarlane, Brian. The British 'B' Film. Palgrave MacMillan, 2009.

External links

1948 films
1948 crime films
British crime films
Seafaring films
Films set in England
Hammer Film Productions films
Films shot at Marylebone Studios
British black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
1940s British films

River Patrol (film)


Budda Amplification is an American company that designs and manufactures electric guitar amplifiers and effects pedals.  Founded by chief designer Jeff Bober and Scot Sier  in 1995, the company debuted its first amplifier, the 18-watt Class A/B Twinmaster Ten, at the NAMM show the following year, receiving orders for 65 units despite not having the facilities to make them. The Twinmaster's success led to broader interest in low-wattage "boutique" amplifiers and the success of the company.  Budda has since released the Superdrive line in a variety of higher wattage models, the discontinued Dual Stage, Stringmaster, and an updated 10th anniversary reissue of the Twinmaster Ten. Their pedals include the BudWah wah wah pedal and the Zenman and Phatman distortion pedals.

The Budda brand is now owned and manufactured by Peavey Electronics.

References

External links
 Official site

Guitar amplifier manufacturers
Companies established in 1995
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States

Budda Amplification