A gas holder or gasholder, also known as a gasometer, is a large container in which natural gas or town gas (coal gas or formerly also water gas) is stored near atmospheric pressure at ambient temperatures. The volume of the container follows the quantity of stored gas, with pressure coming from the weight of a movable cap. Typical volumes for large gas holders are about , with  diameter structures.

Gas holders now tend to be used for balancing purposes to ensure that gas pipes can be operated within a safe range of pressures, rather than for actually storing gas for later use.

Etymology
Antoine Lavoisier devised the first gas holder, which he called a gazomètre, to assist his work in pneumatic chemistry. It enabled him to weigh the gas in a pneumatic trough with the precision he required. He published his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie in 1789. James Watt Junior collaborated with Thomas Beddoes in constructing the pneumatic apparatus, a short-lived piece of medical equipment that incorporated a gazomètre. Watt then adapted the gazomètre for coal gas storage.

The anglicisation "gasometer" was adopted by William Murdoch, the inventor of gas lighting, in 1782, as the name for his gas holders. Murdoch's associates objected that his "gasometer" was not a meter but a container, but the name was retained and came into general use. Gas holders were marked as gasometers on the large-scale maps issued by the British Ordnance Survey and term came to be used to label gas works, even though there may be several gas holders at any one gas works. However, the term "gasometer" is still discouraged for use in technical circles, where "gas holder" is preferred.

The spelling "gas holder" is used by the BBC, among other institutions, but the variant "gasholder" is more commonly used.

History

Before the mid-20th century coal gas was produced in retorts by heating coal in the absence of air, the process being known as coal gasification. Coal gas was first used for municipal lighting, the gas being passed through wooden or metal pipes from the retort to the lantern. The first public piped gas supply was to thirteen gas lamps installed along the length of Pall Mall, London, in 1807. The credit for this installation goes to the German inventor and entrepreneur Frederick Albert Winsor. Digging up streets to lay pipes required easements, and this delayed both further installation of street lighting and the installation of gas for domestic illumination, heating and cooking.

Many people experimented with coal distillation to produce a flammable gas, including Jean Tardin (1618), Clayton (1684), Jean-Pierre Minckelers, Leuven (1785) and Pickel (D)(1786). William Murdoch was successful. He joined Boulton and Watt at the Soho manufactory in Birmingham in 1777, and in 1792 he built a retort to heat coal to produce the gas that illuminated his home and office in Redruth. His system lacked a storage method until James Watt Junior adapted a Lavoisier gazomètre for this purpose. A gasometer was incorporated into the first small gasworks built for the Soho manufactory in 1798.

William Murdoch and his pupil Samuel Clegg went on to install retorts in individual factories and other workplaces. The earliest was in 1805, at Lee & Phillips, Salford Twist Mill, where eight gas holders were installed. This was shortly followed by one in Sowerby Bridge, constructed by Clegg for Henry Lodge.

The first independent commercial gas works were built by the Gas Light and Coke Company in Great Peter Street, Westminster, in 1812, with wooden pipes laid to gas lights on Westminster Bridge on New Year's Eve in 1813. Public gas lights were seen as a means to reduce crime and until the 1840s they were regulated by police authorities.

Because of safety concerns expressed by the Royal Society, the size of gas holders was limited to  and they were enclosed in gasometer houses. In fact any small leak from an enclosed gas holder created a potentially explosive build-up of air and gas within the enclosing house, presenting a far greater danger than the original leak did; putting houses around gas holders was discontinued in the UK. In the United States, however, where gas needed to be protected from much more extreme weather, gasometer houses continued to be built and were architecturally decorative.

The telescopic gas holder was first invented in 1824. The cup and dip (grip) seal was patented by Hutchinson in 1833, and the first working example was built in Leeds. Gas holders were then built all around the UK in great numbers starting in the 1850s. The first were the two-lift column-supported type; later ones had four lifts and were frame-guided, and they could be retrofitted with an additional flying lift. The large gas holders at Kings Cross, London, were built in the 1860s.

William Gadd of Gadd & Mason in Manchester invented the spirally guided gas holder in 1890. Instead of external columns or guide frames, his design operated with spiral rails. The first commercial design was built in Northwich, Cheshire, in the same year. By the end of the 19th century most towns in Britain had their own gas works and gas holders.

The years between the two world wars were marked by improvements in storage, especially the waterless gas holder, and in distribution, with the advent of  steel pipes to convey gas at up to  as feeder mains to the traditional cast-iron pipes. Municipal gas works became superfluous in the later 20th century, but gas holders and production plant were still in use in steel works in 2016.

Function

A gas holder provided storage for purified, metered gas. It acted as a buffer, removing the need for continuous gas production. The weight of the gas holder lift (cap) controlled the pressure of the gas in the mains and provided back pressure for the gas-making plant.

They are the only storage method that keeps gas at district pressure (the pressure required in local gas mains).

Types
There are two basic types of gas holder: the water-sealed and the rigid waterless.

The water-sealed gas holder consists of a tank of water that rises and falls to take the gas. A watered gas holder consisted of two parts: a deep tank of water used to provide a seal, and a closed vessel (the lift) that rises above the water as the gas volume increased.

Rigid waterless gas holders were a very early design that neither expanded or contracted. There are modern versions of the waterless gas holder, e.g. oil-sealed, grease-sealed and "dry seal" (membrane) types. They consist of a fixed cylinder capped by a moving piston.

Water-sealed gas holders

The earliest Boulton and Watt gas holders had a single lift. The tank was above ground and was lined with wood; the lift was guided by tripods and cables. Pulleys and weights were supplied to regulate the gas pressure. Brick tanks were introduced in 1818, when a gas holder could have a capacity of . The engineer John Malam devised a tank with a central rod-and-tube guide system.

Telescoping holders fall into two subcategories. The earlier of the telescoping variety were column-guided variations and were built starting in 1824. To guide the telescoping walls, or "lifts", they have an external frame, visible at a fixed height at all times. A refinement was the guide frame gas holder, where the heavy columns were replaced by a lighter and more extensive framework. Vertical girders (standards) were intersected by horizontal girders and cross-braced. This could be bolted onto an underground or above-ground tank. The Cutler patented guide frame dispensed with the horizontal girders, using diagonal triangulated framing instead. Cable-guided gas holders, invented by Pease in 1880, had a limited use, but were useful on unstable ground where the rigid systems could buckle and jam the lift.

Spiral-guided gas holders were built in the UK from 1890 until 1983. These have no frame, and each lift is guided by the one below, rotating as it goes up as dictated by helical runners.

Both telescoping types use the manometric property of water to provide a seal. The whole tank floats in a circular or annular water reservoir, held up by the roughly constant pressure of a varying volume of gas, the pressure determined by the weight of the structure, and the water providing the seal for the gas within the moving walls. Besides storing the gas, the tank's design serves to establish the pressure of the gas system. With telescoping (multiple-lift) tanks, the innermost tank has an approximately  lip around the outside of the bottom edge, called a cup, which picks up water as it rises above the reservoir water level. This immediately engages a downward lip on the inner rim of the next outer lift, called a dip or grip, and as this grip sinks into the cup, it preserves the water seal as the inner tank continues to rise until the grip grounds on the cup, whereupon further injection of gas will start to raise that lift as well. Holders were built with as many as four lifts. An extra flying lift could be retrofitted into column or frame gas holders. This was an additional inner tank that extended above the standards, when the infrastructure would support the extra shear forces and weight. Though not exclusively, spiral guides were used.

Dry-seal-type gas holder

Dry-seal gas holders have a static cylindrical shell, within which a piston rises and falls. As it moves, a grease seal, tar/oil seal or a sealing membrane which is rolled out and in from the piston keeps the gas from escaping. The MAN type (by Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG) was introduced in 1915: it was polygonal and used a tar/oil seal. The Klonne dry seal gas holder was circular and used a grease seal. The dry-seal Wiggins gasholder was patented in 1952: it used a flexible curtain that was suspended from the piston. The largest low-pressure gas holder built was the Klonne gas holder built in 1938 in Gelsenkirchen. It was  high and  in diameter, which gave it a capacity of . There was a MAN type, built in 1934 in Chicago with a capacity of .

By location

Europe

The pollution associated with gasworks and gas storage makes the land difficult to reclaim for other purposes, but some gas holders, such as the Vienna Gasometers, have been converted into other uses such as living space and a shopping mall and historical archives for the city. Many sites, however, were never used for the production of 'town gas', so the land contamination is relatively low.

Gas holders have been a major part of the skylines of low-rise British cities for up to 200 years, due to their large distinctive shape and central location. They were originally used for balancing daily demand and generation of town gas. With the move to natural gas and construction of the national grid pipework, their use steadily diminished as the pipe network could both store gas under pressure, and eventually satisfy peak demand directly. London, Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, Leeds, Newcastle, Salisbury, and Glasgow (which has the largest gasometers in the UK) are noted for having many gas holders.

Some of these gas holders have become listed buildings. The gas holders behind King's Cross station in London were specially dismantled when the new Channel Tunnel Rail Link was being created, with Gas holder No 8 being re-erected on a nearby site behind St Pancras station as part of a housing development. It has been fashioned into a park. Most gas holders are no longer used, and a program of dismantling is underway to release the land for reuse.

One of the largest remaining groups of gasholders is at Bromley-by-Bow in East London, believed to be the largest in Europe.

A gasworks in South Lotts, Dublin, Ireland, was converted into apartments.

In the past, holder stations would have an operator living on site controlling their movement. However, with the process control systems now used on these sites, such an operator is obsolete. The tallest gasometer in Europe is  tall and is located in Oberhausen.

In the UK as well as other European countries, a movement to preserve classic gasometers has emerged in recent years, especially after Britain's National Grid announced in 2013 their plans to remove 76 gas holders, and soon afterwards, Southern and Scottish Gas networks announced that they would demolish 111 others. Christopher Costelloe, director of the Victorian Society, a leader in the campaign to preserve gasometers, has said that "Gasometers, by their very size and structure, cannot help but become landmarks. [They] are singularly dramatic structures for all their emptiness."

The gasholder in Amsterdam has hosted the Awakenings Techno parties.

United States

Gasometers are now comparatively rare in the US (where they were usually called gas holders); although hundreds were built between the 1870s and 1940s, many of those have since been demolished. The largest US-based builder of gas holders, the Baltimore-based Bartlett-Hayward Company (since 1927 a division of Koppers), built 600 of them from the 1870s up through 1941, when a monograph on the history of the company was published. They were built in nearly every US state, as well as elsewhere in North America, South America, and South Africa. Those 600, of both water tank type (541 units) and waterless type (59 units), held a combined capacity of 1.1 billion cubic feet (10⁹). Latrobe's chapters that deal with B.H.'s gas holder business line provide additional details that are useful to readers interested in the US gas industry's history.

A general pattern of development in the US gas industry was that from the 1870s through the 1940s, gas manufacturing plants were common in many locales, producing both coal gas and water gas, and in the second half of the 20th century, the rise of natural gas distribution via gas pipelines supplanted that system and the existing gas holders were used (in a less crucial capacity) for managing the pressure of the natural gas pipelines, until the holders reached the end of their useful lifespan.

Several gas holders were erected in St. Louis by the Laclede Gas Light Company in the early 20th century. These gasometers remained in use until the early first decade of the 21st century, when the last one was decommissioned and abandoned in place. The most recently used gasometer in the United States was on the southeast side of Indianapolis, but it has been demolished along with the adjoining Citizens Energy Group coke plant. Another pair of holders at the Newtown Holder Station, in Elmhurst, Queens, in New York City, was a popular landmark for traffic reporters until they were demolished in 1996 and became Elmhurst Park. The demolition of two larger "Maspeth Tanks" in nearby Greenpoint, Brooklyn, was described by The New York Times at length.

Of the waterless type (MAN type), the first extremely large one by B.H. was the one at the River Rouge Plant of the Ford Motor Company, built in 1935. Another large MAN-type gas holder was erected just east of Baltimore, Maryland, by B.H. in 1949 and operated by Baltimore Gas and Electric for 32 years. The ,  structure, which could hold , was a landmark due to its unusual marking scheme, which had a red-and-white checkerboard pattern from  up. The structure was demolished in July 1984.

Approximately a dozen brick or concrete structures built in the latter half of the 19th-century to house gasholders, known as gasholder houses, still exist in the United States. The Troy Gas Light Company structure in Troy, New York, is one of the largest remaining examples. As of early 2021, efforts were under way to save the Concord Gas Light Company Gasholder House in Concord, New Hampshire. It is unusual because the inner workings of the structure, including the cap, are still in place.

PG&E operated gas holders at its gasification plants in California before natural gas pipelines were built. The San Francisco Beach Street Plant was built in 1899. The gas plant operated until 1931, but its associated gas holder was used with natural gas into the 1950s, when the property was redeveloped. Gas holders also previously existed at Chico (demolished 1951), Daly City, Eureka, Fresno, Long Beach(1927-1997), Los Angeles, including two within sight of City Hall Merced, Monterey, Oakland, Redding (gas holder demolished early 1960s), Redwood City (gas holder built early 1900s, demolished 1959), Salinas, San Francisco Potrero Plant, Santa Rosa, St. Helena, Stockton, Vallejo, Willows; and likely existed at their other gasification plants in Colusa, Hollister, Lodi, Madera, Marysville, Modesto, Napa, Oakdale, Oroville, Red Bluff, Sacramento, San Luis Obispo, Santa Cruz, Selma, Tracy, Turlock, Watsonville and Woodland.

Australia

Gasholders, though once common, have become rare in Australia. Most gasworks within the country were demolished or repurposed, and few gasometers remain because of this. A good example of a largely intact gasometer is located at the Launceston Gasworks site in Tasmania. Though the gas bell has been removed, all other components are intact. The remains of two older 1860s gasometers are also visible on site but only the foundations remain. In Sydney a beautiful ornate gasometer frame can be seen from the platform of the Macdonaldtown railway station which was built above the access tunnels of the adjoining gasworks site.

In Queensland, the Gasworks Newstead is a commercial, residential, and retail development adjoining the river at Newstead, Brisbane, opening in 2013, built around a now heritage-listed 1887 gas holder. Only the frame remains, inside of which is a plaza used as a public recreation zone and for occasional special events such as markets or concerts. At dusk each day a dynamic lighting display illuminates the frame. The former industrial site on the inner-city fringe became an urban renewal zone for upmarket housing centred on the Gasworks zone.

For many years, a huge gasholder towered over the Arden Street Oval, the home ground of the North Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League. Television coverage of Australian Rules football matches played at the famous ground showed the gasholder dominating the landscape. It was demolished in late 1977/early 1978.

Argentina

This gasholder once operated by Gas del Estado is located in Villa Maipú, Partido de San Martín, Argentina. It was built in 1948 by MAN, and it was used to store coke gas produced by a near factory named Usina Corrales. With a total height of  and a diameter of , it was operational for short period of time until in 1954 it was decommissioned. The structure remains in place and it is property of Gas Natural Fenosa.

Other storage systems
Most gas is stored in large underground reservoirs such as salt caverns. For short-term local storage, line-packing is the preferred method.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s it was thought that gas holders could be replaced with high-pressure bullets (a cylindrical pressure vessel with hemispherical ends). However, regulations brought in meant that all new bullets must be built several miles out of towns and cities, and the security of storing large amounts of high-pressure natural gas above ground made them unpopular with local people and councils. Bullets are gradually being decommissioned. It is also possible to store natural gas in liquid form, and this is widely practised throughout the world.

See also
 Gasometer Oberhausen
 Gashouse District
 Natural gas storage
 Water tower, similar utility storage structures
 Gasværket – a theatre in Copenhagen which was formerly a huge gas holder

References
 Notes

 Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Use of gasometers in Oil & Gas industry
 Condemned: The great gasometer from BBC News, January 28, 1999
 Gasometer Augsburg in Germany and a list of many Gasometers in Europe
 Gasometer Schlieren, Switzerland
 "The rise and fall of gasometers" Extrageographic magazine
 Gasholders and their tanks
 Early London Gas Industry
 Visits_to_Works 1894_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers: including Manchester and Salford Gas Works

Gas technologies
Petroleum production

Gas holder


Girisha Hosanagara Nagarajegowda (born 26 January 1988), also known as Girish N. Gowda is paralympic high jumper from India. He was born with a disability in the left leg. He represented India in the 2012 Summer Paralympic games held in London in the men's high jump F-42 category and won the silver medal in the finals with a jump of 1.74 meters using scissors technique. He became the first Indian to win a medal at that event.[1] and the 8th Indian to win a medal at the Paralympics.[2]

Nagarajegowda is supported by Sports Academy of India For Differently abled, a Bangalore   He is also supported by "Karnataka Sports Association for Physically Handicapped" in Bangalore. He had taken part in the three-week training camp at Basildon Sporting Village sponsored by the Government of India before the games.[2]

Early success
Girisha's first taste of success was when he won a prize at the State-level sports meet in Dharwad when he competed with normal sportsmen. He then won a bronze medal at the Mysore University sports meet. He then won the gold medal at the national high jump championship. His first achievement at the international level came when he won a bronze at the Junior World Championships for the disabled in Ireland in 2006. This was followed by gold medals in athletic meets in Kuwait and Malaysia.

Sponsorship
He was made the brand ambassador of nutrition company Herbalife International.

He was made the brand ambassador of election commission of karnataka.2017 and 2019

Awards
 2012 "Rajyotsava Award" by the Government of Karnataka
 2013 Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India.
 2014 Arjuna Award by President of India
 2013"Ekalavya" Award by government of Karnataka in 2013
 2012"Best sports man State Award" by Disabled welfare department Govt of Karnataka

References

External links
Girisha Hosanagara Nagarajegowda profile page at london2012.com

Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Athletes from Karnataka
People from Hassan district
People from Dharwad
Kannada people
Living people
1988 births
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Paralympic athletes for India
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic silver medalists for India
Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2012
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Indian male high jumpers

Girisha Nagarajegowda


David Brian Maxcy (born May 4, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Detroit Tigers for two seasons. He pitched 41 games during the 1995 Detroit Tigers season, and pitched two more during the 1996 Detroit Tigers season.

External links

1971 births
Living people
Detroit Tigers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Mississippi
Ole Miss Rebels baseball players
Bristol Tigers players
Fayetteville Generals players
Trenton Thunder players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Louisville Redbirds players
Memphis Redbirds players
Norfolk Tides players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
People from Amory, Mississippi

Brian Maxcy


Purdy is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place north of the city of Gig Harbor, and at the junction of Washington State Routes 16 and 302 on the northern boundary of Pierce County, Washington.

Purdy is on the shores of Burley Lagoon and Henderson Bay at the northern end of Carr Inlet in Puget Sound. The lagoon and bay are separated by a sandspit and the Purdy Bridge.

The Washington Corrections Center for Women, originally named the Purdy Treatment Center, is colloquially referred to as "Purdy", though it has a Gig Harbor address.

As of the 2010 US Census, Purdy had a population of 1544.

History
Prior to white settlement, the area was inhabited by Native Americans, who fished and clammed on Henderson Bay.

In 1884, one Isaac Hawk was scammed  of land for $23.75 (). The purchaser was logger and Civil War veteran Horace Knapp (born March 23, 1845, in Titusville, Pennsylvania; died February 1, 1913, in Gig Harbor, Washington), who subdivided the land into lots and blocks to form the town of Purdy. The town's naming rights were taken by Joseph W. Purdy, a grocer from Tacoma, Washington, who had donated the materials to construct the community's first schoolhouse; the schoolhouse's land was donated by Knapp.

On February 8, 1885,  Knapp married Josephine Fuller, after which they moved to the Purdy area, making her Purdy's first white female settler. Knapp owned a floating logging camp on Burley Lagoon which included a cookhouse and bunks for the loggers.

A mill was built in 1885 by James Ashton, Joseph Purdy, William Rowland, and a Mr. Sherman on a small inlet of Burley Lagoon just down the hill from present day Peninsula High School. In 1886, the Purdy mill secured its first contract to provide huge lumber with one edge beveled for the construction of a wooden dry dock at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in nearby Bremerton. The mill could underbid their competitors because they used an extra saw to cut the bevel, which allowed them to use only four trips of the saw carriage instead of five.

Purdy became known as a "brawling mill town". The mill's success brought such conveniences as a grocery store and a post office to the area, the latter sited on Knapp's floating camp from 1886 to 1895 after which the function transferred to Springfield (Wauna, Washington).  A long chute along present-day 144th Street brought logs down the hill to the water. The area's first Oyster factory was opened circa 1900 by a Mr Ouellette, known as "the Frenchman", to can oysters gathered from his land on the Purdy spit. Japanese oysters are still cultivated on Purdy's sandbars and in Burley Lagoon, as are clams.

The original schoolhouse was abandoned in the 1890s. In 1900, the second Purdy Schoolhouse was built to replace it on land (also donated by Knapp) located on Sherman Avenue (present-day 68th Avenue).  Students spent every other semester at either the Purdy Schoolhouse, or the Wauna Schoolhouse to keep both schools active.   The modern-day Peninsula High School now sits on the hill where one of the original schoolhouses was built. The Second schoolhouse stood until 2015, when it was demolished to build a new home.

References

 "My Father", by Earl H. Knapp

External links

Kitsap Peninsula Visitor Information - Purdy

Unincorporated communities in Pierce County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)

Purdy, Washington


Garard Green (31 July 1924 – 26 December 2004) was a British actor and commentator.

Green was born in Madras, India in 1924 where his father was superintendent of the government press. When his father died in 1933 the family returned to the United Kingdom and Green finished his education at Watford Grammar School. He developed an interest in acting at Watford but when he left the school he returned to India and the Military Academy and was commissioned into the 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles).

At the end of the war he was demobilised and won a Sir Alexander Korda scholarship to Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). On leaving RADA he worked in the theatre in London. In 1953 he married the actress Margaret Tansley. He developed mobility problems caused by severe arthritis which ended his stage career and he concentrated on films and television, appearing in over 40 films including Hour of Decision (1957), Horrors of the Black Museum (1959) and The Hand (1960).

As well as radio work where his talent for voices was in demand, Green recorded nearly 250 audio-books many for the Royal National Institute for the Blind. In 1992 Green compered and narrated a TV spectacular Forty Glorious Years to mark the 40th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II's accession.

Green died on Boxing Day 2004 aged 80.

Filmography

 Profile (1954)
 High Terrace (1956)
 Morning Call (1957)
 Hour of Decision (1957)
 The Steel Bayonet (1957)
 Crash Drive (1959)
 Horrors of the Black Museum (1959)
 The Flesh and the Fiends (1960)
 The Hand (1960)
 Compelled (1960)
 Sentenced for Life (1960)
 Three Spare Wives (1962)
 The Spanish Sword (1962)
 Emergency (1962)
 A Matter of Choice (1963)

Sources

References

External links

1924 births
2004 deaths
Alumni of RADA
British male stage actors
British male voice actors
British male radio actors
British male film actors
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Male actors from Chennai
People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys
British people in colonial India
Royal Gurkha Rifles officers

Garard Green


In philately, stamp hinges, or mounts, are small, folded, transparent, rectangular pieces of paper coated with a mild gum. They are used by stamp collectors to affix postage stamps onto the pages of a stamp album.

Use
The short end is moistened and affixed to the stamp, the long end is likewise affixed to the page. The hinge keeps the stamp on the page while still allowing it to be lifted to examine the back, for instance to see the watermark or expert marks.

Abbreviation
Collectors categorise their stamps as follows:
 MUH/MNH – Mint Unhinged/Never Hinged
 H – Hinged
 LH – Lightly Hinged
 HH – Heavily Hinged
 HR – Hinge Remnant (portion of the hinge could not be removed and remains on the stamp)

Risks
The best stamp hinges are designed to be "peelable", meaning that the stamp may be removed from the page, and the hinge from the stamp, without damage to either. Not all makes of hinge have this property, and the backs of many stamps have "hinge remnants", where the hinge has torn away rather than releasing the stamp. This is especially common for mint stamps, where the stamp's own gum adheres tightly to the hinge. Some old stamps may actually have multiple hinge remnants layered on top of each other. Conversely, careless removal of a hinge may take away a layer of the stamp's paper, resulting in a type of stamp thin known as a hinge thin. The thinner paper will be noticeable when the stamp is held up to the light and is considered a serious fault in a stamp.

Even with the use of peelable hinges and care to minimize the moisture used, the hinge will leave a visible disturbance in the gum of an unused stamp. While this was formerly a matter of indifference, since about the middle of the 20th century many collectors have come to prefer "unhinged stamps" showing no trace of hinging.

Collectors preferring unhinged stamps typically use pocket-like or sleeve-like hingeless mounts, often for higher-value or unused stamps. Nevertheless, stamp hinges remain popular as a mounting method.

Re-gumming

Since the time that unhinged stamps became popular, considerable numbers of old stamps with intact gum have appeared on the market, raising suspicion that many of these have been regummed.

References

Hinge
Philatelic terminology

Stamp hinge


In 2013, the Royal Military College of Canada is celebrating the 50th anniversary of the two small devotional chapels in Yeo Hall, which were installed in 1963. With a view to encourage and enhance their spiritual well-being, the Protestant and Royal Catholic Chaplains, cadets and staff use the Chapels. Gifts to the chapels have been made by successive generations of cadets and ex-cadets.

History
The Roman Catholic congregation had been meeting in Yeo Hall long before it was remodelled into a proper chapel. In 1963,
the College padres, Major Johnson and Major Dufour, brought these Chapels into being. The College established the two small devotional chapels in Yeo Hall at the Royal Military College, Kingston. St. Martin's, the Protestant Chapel, which seats 70 persons, was dedicated May 26, 1963. St. Michaels' Roman Catholic Chapel, seating 110, was dedicated December 93, 1963.

Both chapels are panelled with light coloured natural oak. St. Martin's has 6 stained glass windows, including a stained glass knight in armour, the gift of Mrs. Sutherland-Brown and a window beating the College Coat of Arms, the gift of the Kingston Branch of the RMC Club.

St. Martin's has air force blue carpeting and blue altar hangings. The Class of 1938 presented two offertory plates and alms boxes to St. Martin's Chapel.

St. Michael has 6 stained glass windows placed there by General and Mrs. McNaughton, Major-General and Mrs. Panet, Lieutenant- Colonel and Mrs. Gelley, Mrs. Macklem and the Kingston Branch of the RMC Club. The Kingston Branch contributed a stained glass window bearing the College Crest to St. Michael's Roman Catholic Chapel. At night, spotlights on the inside transmit the message of the windows to the campus.

The first baptism to take place at St. Michael's Chapel, the R.C. Chapel occurred on 15 March 1964; Major C. Beaudry, the Area Chaplain baptised Helene Louisa, the baby daughter of No. 3440, Capt. Leo LeBlanc and Mrs. LeBlanc.

Mrs. C. F. Constantine, widow of No. 621, Major-General C. F. Constantine, CB, DSO, a former Commandant of R.M.C., donated in 1966$3150.00 for religious books for the cadets and a pulpit lamp for St. Martin's Chapel.

The R.M.C. Bible Study Group, which was established in 1954, received official recognition as an activity of the Recreational Club in 1958 under the guidance of Dr. D. H. Rogers and Mr. Claire Woodbury. In 1958, the monthly Supper Meeting was introduced; At the introductory supper meeting, the executive was chosen and Dr. Rogers presented on the life of Dr. H. B. Sharman, the originator of the bible study method used at RMC. The group learned more about Christianity by studying the Gospel Scriptures using the scientific approach; examining the various passages for their content and implications without the use of preconceived knowledge. The individual's concept of the Bible is given a wider scope since the various opinions of the group, who are not necessarily devout Christians, are discussed. Other supper meetings speakers included Mr. Cleo Buxton, General Secretary of the American Officers Christian Union, the Rev. Desmond Hunt of St. James Church, Kingston, the Rev. W. F. Banister, of Chalmers United Church, Kingston, and the Rev. Harry Robinson of the Church of the Redeemer in Kingston.

The Officers' Christian Union, an international, nondenominational organization composed of officers from all branches of the Armed Forces, had a weekly meeting at the RMC in 1962. The RMC OCU group was led by C. P. Copeland, G. H. Black, Lt. B. Durelle and the RMC Padre, Capt. Johnson. The OCU's mission was of glorifying God and making His word better known throughout the Services by stimulating and encouraging members in prayer, Bible study and Christian witness. Regular evening meetings consisted of prayer and Bible study in an atmosphere of fellowship. During supper meetings, guest presenters gave inspiring addresses and led discussions: Reverend Putnam of St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church; Rev. Robinson of the Church of the Redeemer; Mr. Tyndale, Regional Secretary for the I.V.C.F; Mr. C. W. Burton, General Secretary of the American OCU and Dr. W. R. Smith, professor of philosophy at Bethel College, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Mission
RMCC Chaplain Services Department adhere to the direction of the Chaplain General's office; Minister to our Own, Facilitate the worship of others, Care for all. The Department shares in RMCC's intellectual life with guest speakers and forums, regular worship and seasonal celebrations. The Department provides opportunities for cadets, faculty, staff community of RMCC to explore, deepen and celebrate their faith; serve those in need; and experience a faith-based community.  The Department sponsors spiritual and social justice programs, including the celebration of the sacraments, prayer services, spiritual direction, charitable, social, and educational programmes.

Yeo Hall

The chapels are classic examples of gothic revival architecture. Yeo Hall Building 32, the College's historic dining and recreation centre built in 1934-5, was recognized as a Federal Heritage Building in 1990. The building is on the  Registry of Historic Places of Canada. Yeo Hall underwent updating and repairs in 1997 by Adamson Associates Architects.  The kitchen and dining facilities were expanded, and a second floor addition provides a recreation centre. The basement, which was completely updated, includes band, medical and dental surgical facilities.

Memorial Gallery
A Memorial Gallery for ex-cadets in the Services who had been killed in the line of duty was established in the corridor outside the Chapels in 1964. A number of stained glass windows were installed in the Memorial hall and at the base of the stairwell. The Class graduating in 1964 presented a stained glass window, "Cadet with Reversed Arms". The Class entering in 1934 donated a stained glass window, "Last Post", in memory of deceased classmates. The Toronto Branch of the R.M.C. Club presented a stained glass window, "RMC and Tri-Service Crests".

Multifaith Programming
The Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) Catholic and Protestant communities normally meet during the academic year in the St-Raphael Roman Catholic chapel and Saint Martin Protestant chapel services from 1030-1130. The Muslim community normally meets for prayers in the multi-faith sacred space throughout the week from 1230 hrs to 1530 hrs.

St-Raphael chapel is a place of Catholic denomination worship for Officer cadets, personnel as well as their families. Saint Martin chapel is a place of Protestant denomination worship for Officer cadets, personnel as well as their families.

A sacred space exists to help facilitate the worship or individual reflection of cadets or staff from any (or no) faith perspective. Joanne Benham Rennick writes in `Religion in the Canadian Military: Adapting to an Increasingly Pluralistic Society,` "Public rituals, such as Remembrance Day services, are to be as inclusive as possible and, in recent events, such as the ceremony of the Consecration of the Colours at the Royal Military College in Kingston, the Chaplain General invited members of the Buddhist, Hindu, First Nations, Jewish, and Muslim communities to participate as guests" (DND, 2001a, 2007b; Gorniak, 2001). She goes on to explain "At the Royal Military College in Kingston, chaplains have responded to growing numbers of Muslim personnel by installing a curtain in the Christian chapel to create a mutil faith prayer room. Further, the RMCC chaplain arranged for the installation of footbaths in the washrooms to facilitate ablutions." (Benham Rennick, 2006). In 2002, officer cadets at RMCC held their first-ever official multifaith religious service. At RMCC, the chaplains installed a folding wall to separate the Christian aspects of the room (statues, a lectern, a cross, etc.) from a section containing no imagery for the purposes of prayer/reflection for individuals of a variety of faith perspectives.

The chaplains continue to work with the students and staff at the college to accommodate people of various faith traditions and make their stay at RMCC more pleasant.

Copper Sunday
In a tradition known as Copper Sunday dating to 1882, Officer cadets attend various Kingston churches on the last Sunday of the academic year. While RMCC does not to influence cadets toward any particular religion, the goal is to expose the cadets to the typical processes and procedures of religious ceremony, should they need to carry out Assisting Officer duties in the future. The name comes from the custom of cadets gathering their pennies for collection into the offering plate.

Baptisms

Following naval tradition, a ship's bell (from the Royal Roads Military College) is used as a baptism font in the college chapel and the names of those baptised are later inscribed on the bell.

Library
The Chapels` library in Yeo Hall contains books on a variety of subjects in Arabic, English, French and Hebrew intended to be used by people of all faiths. As future officers in the Canadian Forces, RMCC students must be well educated about different religions, given that most peacekeeping operations are overseas.

Stained Glass

Robert McCausland Limited: Artists and Craftsmen of Stained Glass since 1856 created a number of stained glass windows in the chapels of the Royal Military College of Canada.

Commemorative plaques

Commemorative paintings
There are four commemorative paintings of cadets presented by the Jablonowsli family in memory of the four Mackenzie flight cadets, who  died in a Cessna plane crash on 24 January 1988. The cadets, who had pilot's licenses, needed to fly regularly to keep up their quota of hours: Ocdt. Scott McMonagle; Ocdt. Dan Richardson; Ocdt. Ray Koebel; Ocdt. Frank Joseph Jablonowski.

Kingston Churches

For many years Royal Military College cadets and other military groups have marched into local churches such as St. George's Cathedral (Kingston, Ontario) for worship on special occasions. A virtual tour the Royal Military College gallery at the Cathedral Church of St. George features stained glass windows of soldier saints including St. George. The most recent windows—the St. Cecilia window and the St. Margaret window—also in the RMC gallery, were installed in 2002 and 2003 respectively.

References

 H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969.
H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "Canada's RMC — A History of Royal Military College" Second Edition 1982 H16511
Dr. Richard Preston "R.M.C. and Kingston: The effect of imperial and military influences on a Canadian community" 1968
William Closson James "God's Plenty: Religious Diversity in Kingston" (McGill-Queen's Press, Sep 20, 2011)

External links

For both Royal Military College of Canada chapels, go to RMC Chapels Royal Military College of Canada official website. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
 Stained glass in the Royal Military College of Canada chapels

See also

 Military history of Canada
 History of the Canadian Army
 Canadian Forces

Churches in Kingston, Ontario
Anglican church buildings in Ontario
Chapels
Military chapels
Churches completed in 1935
20th-century Anglican church buildings in Canada
20th-century churches in Canada
Gothic Revival architecture in Kingston, Ontario
Buildings and structures in Kingston, Ontario
University and college chapels


A cardboard record was a type of cheaply made phonograph record made of plastic-coated thin paperboard. These discs were usually small, had poor audio quality compared to vinyl or acetate discs, and were often only marginally playable due to their light weight, slick surface, and tendency to warp like a taco shell. Playability could be improved by placing a coin between the lock groove and the spindle hole to add weight and stability. These records are distinct from both flexi discs, which are sturdier, and from many of the old home-recording discs since cardboard discs were mass-produced for a specific purpose.

Cardboard records were often used as freebies in promotional campaigns, and as such were expected to be played once or twice and then thrown away. Two examples, both from the late 1980s, were Life Cereal's "Rock Music Mystery" and McDonald's' "Menu Song" contest, both of which were designed around audio "clues". Because of their disposable, limited-run nature, as well as their association with long-gone advertising campaigns, cardboard records can be quite collectible.

Cardboard records are also associated with phonographic recordings included with magazines of similar subject matter.

Certain songs credited to the fictional 1960s–1970s band The Archies were released as cardboard records printed directly on boxes of breakfast cereal.  Other artists - usually with a generally younger fan base - such as The Monkees, the Jackson 5 and Bobby Sherman also had records released on the backs of cereal boxes during this time. Also there were some printed on cereal boxes, for instance, "All I Have to Do is Dream" by the Everly Brothers. These records, if found in pristine condition, have significant value among collectors as well.

In the past, Mad Magazine inserted cardboard records of songs from its series of merchandised novelty albums in certain of their Mad Super Special reprint magazines. One of these, for example – the mid-60s release "It's a Gas!" – featured a rhythmic belching sound (allegedly provided by the magazine's fictional mascot, Alfred E. Neuman) with a honking saxophone break played by an uncredited King Curtis.

References

Audio storage
Audiovisual ephemera

Cardboard record


Kory Johnson is an American environmentalist from Arizona.

In 1991, while still a young girl, Johnson led a successful effort by Children for a Safe Environment to stop a hazardous waste dump being built in her local area.  In 1996 she joined Greenpeace and helped organize protests against trainloads of DDT-contaminated dirt into Arizona.

She was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 1998, for her efforts against toxic and nuclear contamination.

References

American environmentalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Goldman Environmental Prize awardees

Kory Johnson


Patrick Coulombe (born April 23, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for the Ducs d'Angers of the French Ligue Magnus.

Playing career
As a youth, Coulombe played in the 1998 and 1999 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with the Rimouski Océanic minor ice hockey team.

Coulombe played junior ice hockey with the Rimouski Océanic of the QMJHL, joining them in 2001. In his draft year of 2002–03, he emerged as a key component of the Océanic blueline and was selected to represent Canada at the IIHF World U18 Championships. However, he was passed over in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft as he was judged to be too small to play defence effectively at the pro level. This would be the first of three times he would be passed over in the draft.

For the 2003–04, Rimouski added junior phenom Sidney Crosby to their roster and instantly became one of the top teams in the QMJHL. Coulombe was a beneficiary of this, as he became a fixture on the Océanic powerplay and his numbers skyrocketed. By 2004–05, Coulombe was one of the highest scoring defenders in the league, finishing with 8 goals and 68 points as Rimouski romped to both the regular-season and playoff QMJHL championships before losing in the Memorial Cup to the London Knights.

In 2005–06, Coulombe was dealt mid-season to the Chicoutimi Saguenéens, as Rimouski began to rebuild after Crosby left for the NHL. He would again set career highs with 23 goals and 77 points, although Chicoutimi failed in their bid to reach the Memorial Cup.

At the conclusion of his junior career, Coulombe signed a pro contract with the Manitoba Moose of the AHL. As the Moose are the minor-pro affiliate of the Vancouver Canucks, Coulombe received an opportunity to attend the Canucks' rookie camp and training camp. Still not considered NHL material before this chance, he surprised Canuck management with his performance and ended up being the team's final cut on the eve of the 2005–06 NHL season.

Coulombe was returned to Manitoba, but signed an NHL contract with the Canucks on October 31, 2006, and was called up to Vancouver when their blueline suffered an injury crunch. He made his NHL debut on November 9, 2006, against the Anaheim Ducks.

Coulombe is a small, quick defender with above-average passing and skating skills. He is especially effective playing the point on the powerplay. Undersized for an NHL defender, he continues to work on his strength in dealing with larger forwards.

On July 1, 2014, Coulombe left the Austrian Hockey League after two seasons with HDD Olimpija Ljubljana and the Graz 99ers to sign a one-year contract with French club, Dragons de Rouen of the Ligue Magnus.

International play
Coulombe represented Canada at the 2003 IIHF World U18 Championships, recording 2 points and a +5 rating in 7 games en route to a gold medal, Canada's first ever in the tournament.

Coulombe was also an invite to the training camp for Canada's entry in the 2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. However, the team was extremely deep owing to the 2004–05 NHL lockout and he was a late cut.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Binghamton Senators players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QMJHL) players
Dragons de Rouen players
Ducs d'Angers players
Elmira Jackals (ECHL) players
Graz 99ers players
HDD Olimpija Ljubljana players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Manitoba Moose players
Milwaukee Admirals players
People from Bas-Saint-Laurent
Rimouski Océanic players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Vålerenga Ishockey players
Vancouver Canucks players
Victoria Salmon Kings players

Patrick Coulombe


Erwin Planck (12 March 1893 – 23 January 1945) was a German politician, and a resistance fighter against the Nazi regime.

Biography
Born in Charlottenburg (today part of Berlin), Erwin Planck was the fourth child of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Max Planck (1858–1947) and his first wife Marie, née Merck (1861–1909). His father held a professorship at the Berlin Frederick William University since 1889 and had become a notable member of the German Physical Society (DPG); his children grew up in the wealthy environment of the Grunewald mansions colony.

Having obtained his Abitur degree in 1911, Erwin Planck pursued a career as an officer in the German Army. In World War I, he soon found himself a prisoner of the French forces in 1914. Planck returned to Germany in 1917 and was active on the General Staff. Here he first met Major Kurt von Schleicher, the beginning of a lifelong friendship.

After the war, Major Schleicher became head of the political department in the newly established Ministry of the Reichswehr and in 1920 appointed Planck his assistant. In January 1924 Schleicher sent him as a liaison officer to the Reich Chancellery, where Planck also became a government official after he left the Reichswehr armed forces in 1926. Upon the downfall of the Brüning government in 1932, he became a deputy minister under Chancellor Franz von Papen, and retained this post when Schleicher himself was appointed Reich Chancellor in December. Planck contributed to Schleicher's Querfront to gain Nazi support for his government, though to no avail.

After Schleicher resigned and Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933, Planck immediately resigned office and, put in temporary retirement, went abroad to East Asia for a year. Shortly after he came back to Germany, Kurt von Schleicher and his wife were shot at their Babelsberg home by members of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in the Night of the Long Knives on 30 June 1934. Planck tried in vain to get an explanation for his friend's murder. He also held several conspirative talks with Reichswehr General Werner von Fritsch which, however, did not lead to any conclusion.

In 1936, Planck changed career paths and went into business, becoming a leading employee at the Otto Wolff corporate group, a large conglomerate in Cologne. In 1939, he took over leadership of the Berlin branch office.

In August 1939, on the eve of World War II, a group including Prussian Finance Minister Johannes Popitz, Planck, and Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht approached General Georg Thomas, head of the Defence Economy and Armament Office asking him to thwart the outbreak of the forthcoming Invasion of Poland. Thomas agreed to write a memorandum to his superior, OKW Chief Wilhelm Keitel, in which he stated that a war against Poland would set off a world war that Germany could not win owing to massive supply problems. However, Keitel tried to allay Thomas's fears by telling him that Hitler was planning no such war.

In 1940, Planck, Popitz, Ulrich von Hassell and General Ludwig Beck drafted a "Provisional Constitution" on the assumption that the forthcoming attack on the Western Front would overthrow Hitler's regime. Even afterwards, Planck stayed in the conservative resistance circles around Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and was involved in the preparations for the 20 July plot. This led to his arrest on 23 July 1944, after which he was taken to the Gestapo headquarters at the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA).

Erwin Planck was sentenced to death in a show trial at the "People's Court" (Volksgerichtshof) on 23 October. On 25 October, Max Planck personally drafted a letter to Adolf Hitler pleading for Erwin's life, a plea that was ignored. Planck was executed by hanging on 23 January 1945 at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.

Memorial plaque

A memorial plaque dedicated to Erwin Planck and his fellow students Paul von Hase and Ernst von Harnack can be found at his old school, the Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium in the Berlin borough of Wilmersdorf.

Sources
 Plötzensee Prison

Notes

External links
 Text on the memorial plaque

1893 births
1945 deaths
Executed members of the 20 July plot
People from Berlin executed at Plötzensee Prison
People executed by hanging at Plötzensee Prison
Politicians from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Max Planck
German prisoners of war in World War I
Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium alumni
People from Charlottenburg
German Army personnel of World War I

Erwin Planck


The Sims Bowling is a mobile game in the series of The Sims, developed by EA Games for devices iPod and later mobile phones. The game was released on July 18, 2007. The game itself is a reworked version of the successful 2004 JAMDAT Bowling bowling simulator   . The Sims Bowling combines a life simulator with a bowling game, where the player must collect points by playing bowling in different game modes in order to set up their home and buy bowling equipment.

Critics have given mixed opinions about the game, on the one hand they praised The Sims Bowling for its high-quality graphics and varied gameplay, but criticized the game physics, especially behavior of pins, called it outdated, but the gameplay is not deep enough .

Game process
The game begins with the player creating a male or female character, choosing a suitable hairstyle and clothing for him. The controlled Sim then comes to the bowling alley to compete against other NPCs. Control is carried out in the first person, the player determines the location of the ball and with what force he should throw it. The ultimate goal of the player is to win with a score of 300.
left|thumb|200x200px| Demonstration of gameplay
The game also introduces the so-called life goal, in particular the sim dreams of becoming the star of the bowling alley, the sim's aspiration level increases with the player's skill. There are also four different game modes in The Sims Bowling : Classic - a casual bowling game, Strike-o-thon - which counts how many hits the player can hit, and Spare-o-thon - the same for the substitutes. The player can also practice, this mode allows you to develop a strategy for solving difficult situations, such as, for example, 7-10 splits. The player can also compete with another player in the Pass' n Play mode, passing in turn the phone to make a move  . There is also a "Bowl Now" mode, which instantly introduces a random opponent into the game with multiplayer support, for example, in devices such as the LG VX8100 or Samsung M610. The iPod version is only compatible with 5th generation devices  .

With the funds received, the player can buy new clothes or new bowling equipment purchased at the store in the alley. These are new balls, bowling gloves, and so on. As the Sim becomes a regular customer over time, the store owner will even give him some tips. As your Sim succeeds on the lane, they will be endowed with various privileges, such as getting a better paid job and then being able to invest in additional equipment for bowling  . The player can, among other things, visit his home and furnish it with new purchased items, such as a widescreen TV, an air hockey table or a dance floor. The game also features familiar characters from other The Sims games, such as Don Lothario.

Creation and release
Even before the creation of the game, in 2004 the game JAMDAT Bowling enjoyed great success in the mobile market, which was then acquired by Electronic Arts . It was expected that this would make the game even more famous, but it disappeared from sales, nevertheless EA released its modified version with updated graphics and additional gameplay on top, also linking with the The Sims brand. Back then EA Games expressed an interest in adapting The Sims for iPods, with the developers arguing that "The Sims Bowling is a game that reflects the character of The Sims while being an elaborate bowling game for the iPod."

The official announcement of the iPod game took place on July 12, 2007. The game has positioned itself as a combination of a life simulator and bowling, allowing you to spend the money you receive on different equipment and playing in different modes. The game was available for purchase in the games sections of iTunes. Then it became known that the game was developed specifically for the fifth generation iPod.

The game was released on July 18, 2007. Despite the mixed assessment of critics, users generally rated the game positively. It eventually became the sixth overall released for the iPod   and is remembered as one of the first games released for this platform .

In August 2008, it became known that Electronic Arts had entered into a contract with Handango, Inc., the world's leading provider of mobile games, to distribute its mobile games, including The Sims Bowling . The game was available for symbian devices with support for English, French, Italian, German and Spanish.

Criticism

Peter Cohen, a Macworld critic, noted that before the iPod was only arcade or puzzle games, The Sims Bowling turned out to be a different game, and more than just bowling with The Sims  . Despite the apparently simple concept of the game, it still remains a life simulator as its name suggests. The reviewer even argued that bowling is not the most difficult part of the game, since the player will eventually get used to the controls, it will not be difficult for him to play and he will defeat any rivals without any problems  . The critic also praised the game for its graphics and music quality. The game has its own and pleasant soundtrack, as well as the ability for the player to choose what he wants to listen to, or even turn it off. In general, the critic called the game a combination of a life simulator with bowling, an enjoyable, but not too difficult game.

A critic of IGN saw a clear resemblance to JAMDAT Bowling in the game, The Sims Bowling itself is actually a remaster of the 2004 game. In the end, as a critic has noted, the game engine in the game feels outdated. The reviewer also pointed out that the combination of bowling and The Sims is also implemented strangely, on the one hand, the critic praised the game for the fact that it allows you to create and customize a character, but the aspiration system ceases to bring any meaning over time. The game loaded very slowly on Sony Ericsson W810 . Although the game's design and graphics are good, the game experience is spoiled by the poor physics of pins falling. Nevertheless, the critic ended up giving 7 points out of ten, praising the game for the presence of different modes and multiplayer mode, and even despite the outdated engine, it pleasantly surprises with its graphics and functional gameplay.

A more restrained review was left by Chris James of the Pocket Gamer website, who noted that not all games of the high-profile franchise, like films, can be considered successful. This can be seen in the example of the quite successful The Sims 2 Mobile, and the unsuccessful The Sims 2 Pets Mobile and the same The Sims Bowling . Not that one would come to that conclusion at first glance, as the game is quite up to EA quality and standards. The visuals turned out to be quite brilliant and neat animations, and the critic praised the game for its control. However, the problems start with in-game physics, which gives the impression that the ball is rolling on the sides, rather than rolling forward, and after changing the camera perspective, it seems that the ball is flying almost at the speed of a bullet, and the pins also fall very quickly. This annoyed the critic very much, he noticed that the imperfection of physics led even to bizarre incidents, such as pins spinning on the floor through other pins, or they could even bounce. The reviewer also noticed that there is no real competition in the game, and the purchased items just aren't enough motivation to keep the player interested. The critic summed up that undoubtedly the game will be downloaded by many avid The Sims fans "for show", but the game is not worth its name and the critic advised instead to play Midnight Bowling  ).

Notes

Other websites

2007 video games

The Sims Bowling


The Hubble Legacy Field is an image of a small region of space in the constellation Fornax, containing an estimated 265,000 galaxies. The original release was composed of Hubble Space Telescope data accumulated over a 16-year period. Looking back approximately 13 billion years (between 400 and 800 million years after the Big Bang) it has been used to search for galaxies that existed at that time. The image was taken in a section of the sky with a low density of bright stars in the near-field, allowing much better viewing of dimmer, more distant objects. It builds on the data collected for the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field and the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey.

Located southwest of Orion in the southern-hemisphere constellation Fornax, the approximately rectangular image is about 25 arcminutes to an edge. This is almost the angular diameter of a full moon viewed from Earth (which is about 31 arcminutes, or a half a degree).

The images and data release were announced on May 2, 2019, by NASA.

Planning
As with the earlier fields, this one was required to contain very little emission from our galaxy, with little Zodiacal dust. The field was also required to be in a range of declinations such that it could be observed both by southern hemisphere instruments, such as the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, and northern hemisphere ones, such as those located on Hawaii. It was ultimately decided to observe a section of the Chandra Deep Field South, due to existing deep X-ray observations from Chandra X-ray Observatory and two interesting objects already observed in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey sample at the same location: a redshift 5.8 galaxy and a supernova. The coordinates of the field are right ascension , declination  (J2000).

Observations
The Hubble Legacy Field is composed of data from 7,500 exposures, with a total exposure time of 250 days.

Video

See also
 List of deep fields
 List of UDF objects (1–500)

References

External links

 Scalable interactive Hubble Legacy Field. Wikisky.org
Hubble Legacy Field at HubbleSite

Hubble Space Telescope images
Physical cosmology
Sky regions
Fornax
Astronomy image articles
2019 works
2010s photographs

Hubble Legacy Field


Martin Hugo Löb (; 31 March 1921 – 21 August 2006) was a German mathematician.  He settled in the United Kingdom after the Second World War and specialised in mathematical logic.  He moved to the Netherlands in the 1970s, where he remained in retirement.  He is perhaps best known for having formulated Löb's theorem in 1955.

Early life and education
Löb grew up in Berlin, but escaped from the Third Reich, arriving in the UK just before the outbreak of the Second World War.  As an enemy alien, he was deported on the Dunera to an internment camp at Hay in Australia in 1940, where the 19-year-old Löb was taught mathematics by other internees.  His teacher, Felix Behrend, was later a professor at Melbourne University.

Löb was allowed to return to the UK in 1943, and he studied at the University of London after the War. After graduating, he became a research student with Reuben Goodstein at the  University of Leicester. He completed his PhD and became an assistant lecturer at the University of Leeds in 1951, where he was to remain for 20 years, becoming a Reader and ultimately Professor of Mathematical Logic from 1967 to 1970. He developed the mathematical logic group at Leeds, making it one of the leading centres in the UK. Löb did research on proof theory, modal logic and computability theory. He formulated Löb's theorem in 1955, as a formal version of Löb's paradox, that statements that assert their own provability must be true (similar to Gödel's incompleteness theorem).

Löb's wife, Caroline, was Dutch.  They had two daughters together.  Löb moved to become a professor at the University of Amsterdam in the early 1970s.  He remained at the University of Amsterdam until he retired.  He then moved to Annen, where he later died.

See also
Löb–Wainer hierarchy

References

Obituary, The Guardian, 3 October 2006
Obituary, Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam

1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
German logicians
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of the University of Leicester
Academics of the University of Leeds
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
Scientists from Berlin
German emigrants to the United Kingdom

Martin Löb


Modular exponentiation is about finding the value of the equation c = be mod m. This is the remainder when dividing be by m. It is the inverse function of the discrete logarithm. Because modular exponentiation is easy and fast, and finding the discrete logarithm is difficult, both are used in fields such as public-key cryptography.

Right-to-left binary method
When dealing with very large whole numbers, directly finding the result can be very resource intensive. We can make some optimisations to save computation power with principles like exponention by squaring.

Let's solve c = be mod m:

 If m is 1, then we know that c must be 0 because every whole number is divisible by 1.
 Pull the number 1 aside and name it r.
 Find b mod m and replace b with the result.
 While e is larger than 0 do the following:
 If e is an odd number:
 Find  and replace r with the result.
 Halve e and round it down to the nearest whole number. Then replace e with the result.
 Find  and replace b with the result.
 Your answer will now be r.

Mathematical analysis

Modular exponentiation


NPAS3 or Neuronal PAS domain protein 3 is a brain-enriched transcription factor belonging to the bHLH-PAS superfamily of transcription factors, the members of which carry out diverse functions, including circadian oscillations, neurogenesis, toxin metabolism, hypoxia, and tracheal development. NPAS3 contains basic helix-loop-helix structural motif and PAS domain, like the other proteins in the superfamily.

Function

NPAS3 is also known as human accelerated region 21.  It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humans from apes.

NPAS1 and NPAS3-deficient mice display behavioral abnormalities typical to the animal models of schizophrenia.

According to the same study, NPAS1 and NPAS3 disruption leads to reduced expression of reelin, which is also consistently found to be reduced in the brains of human patients with schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. Among the 49 genomic regions that undergone rapid changes in humans compared with their evolutionary ancestors, NPAS3 was found to be located in the region 21.

Clinical significance

Disruption of NPAS3 was found in one family affected by schizophrenia and NPAS3 gene is thought to be associated with psychiatric illness and learning disability. In a genetic study of several hundred subjects conducted in 2008, interacting haplotypes at the NPAS3 locus were found to affect the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

In a pharmacogenetical study, polymorphisms in NPAS3 gene were highly associated with response to iloperidone, a proposed atypical antipsychotic.

References

Further reading

PAS-domain-containing proteins
g1
Biology of bipolar disorder

NPAS3


Loraine (formerly, Paris and Paris-Loraine) is an unincorporated community in Kern County, California. It is located on the east bank of the mouth of Indian Creek where it enters Caliente Creek,  north of Tehachapi, at an elevation of .

The Paris post office opened in 1903, changed its name to Loraine in 1912, closed in 1918, re-opened in 1922, and closed for good in 1926.  The place was originally settled by French and Alsatian miners.

References

Mining communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Kern County, California
Unincorporated communities in California

Loraine, California


George Townsend (1788 – 23 November 1857) was an English priest and author.

Life
Born at Ramsgate, Kent, he was the son of George Townsend, an Independent minister there and author of published sermons. He was educated at Ramsgate, and attracted the attention of Richard Cumberland, with whose help he was able to go to Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1812 and Cambridge Master of Arts (MA Cantab) in 1816, was ordained deacon in 1813 and priest in the year following, and in 1813 became curate of Littleport, Cambridgeshire; he then moved to Hackney as curate to John James Watson.

In 1816 he was appointed professor at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and at the same time undertook the curacy of Farnborough, Hampshire. His work on the Old Testament was noticed by several eminent men, including Shute Barrington, Bishop of Durham, who appointed him his domestic chaplain in 1822. This was the period of great controversy over Catholic Emancipation, and Townsend wrote works for that debate. On 25 August 1825 he received the tenth prebendal stall in the see of Durham, which he retained until his death. He also obtained, on 26 April 1826 the chapter living of Northallerton, which he exchanged on 22 February 1839 for the perpetual curacy of St Margaret, Durham.

In 1850 he undertook a journey to Italy with the intention of converting Pope Pius IX. He died at the college in Durham.

Works

In 1811 appeared his first published work, a reply to William Drummond of Logiealmond, who in Œdipus Judaicus alleged that the greater part of the Old Testament was a solar allegory, and that the twelve patriarchs symbolised the signs of the zodiac. Townsend rejoined with Œdipus Romanus, in which by similar reasoning he showed that the signs of the zodiac were represented by the twelve Cæsars. In 1821 appeared the first part of his major work, The Old Testament arranged in historical and chronological order, London; 5th edit. 1860; the sequel was The New Testament arranged in historical and chronological order, London, 1826; 5th edit. 1860.

As contribution to the polemical literature of Catholic emancipation, at the request of Barrington, Townsend in 1825 published The Accusations of History against the Church of Rome; new edition 1845. The work was intended as a reply to Charles Butler's Historical Memoirs of the English, Scottish, and Irish Catholics since the Reformation, 1822.

In 1836 Townsend compiled a Life and Vindication of John Foxe the martyrologist; it was prefixed to the first volume of the edition of the Acts and Monuments by Stephen Reed Cattley (8 vols. 1837–41). His Life and Defence of the Principles of Bishop Bonner (London, 1842) was ironical. On his return from Italy he published an account of his journey, under the title Journal of a Tour in Italy in 1850, with an Account of an Interview with the Pope in the Vatican, London, 1850.

Townsend wrote other works including:
 Poems, London, 1810.
 Armageddon, a Poem, London, 1816.
 Thirty Sermons on some of the most interesting Subjects in Theology, London, 1830.
 Plan for abolishing Pluralities and Non-residence, London, 1833.
 Spiritual Communion with God; or the Pentateuch and the Book of Job arranged, 2 vols. London, 1845–9.
 Historical Researches: Ecclesiastical and Civil History from the Ascension of our Lord to the Death of Wycliffe, philosophically considered with reference to a future Reunion of Christians, London, 1847.
 Twenty-seven Sermons on Miscellaneous Subjects, London, 1849.

Townsend also wrote a series of sonnets to accompany Thomas Stothard's illustrations of the Pilgrim's Progress; and edited in 1828 the 'Theological Works' of John Barrington, 1st Viscount Barrington.

Family
He was twice married, and by his first wife left a son, George Fyler Townsend, who was later perpetual curate of St Michael's, Burleigh Street, Westminster.

References

Sources

Attribution

External links

1788 births
1857 deaths
19th-century English Anglican priests
Academics of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
People from Ramsgate

George Townsend (priest)


Spring Lake is an unincorporated community in Highlands County, Florida, United States, southeast of Sebring, just outside the city limits of Sebring, adjacent to the Sebring International Raceway. It is mostly made up of senior citizens and established families with children, and The Spring Lake Golf Resort consists of three different golf courses, with many available homes and land for sale.

The Spring Lake community has its own Property Association, which is located at 6122 U.S. Highway 98, Sebring, FL. 33876-9710. It also has its own Board of Directors, annual dues and yearly budget, as well as a monthly newsletter that keeps its residents informed of such matters as the Spring Lake Bylaws, and the Spring Lake Declaration of Restrictions and Amendments.

Geography
Bordered by Lake Istokpoga, Florida's second largest lake, the community of Spring Lake is mostly flat, and consists of canals and golf course lots. The resort offers the guests and residents the ability to experience much of Florida's natural beauty. The typical lot size within the Spring Lake Golf Resort is 0.25 acres, and approximately 50 percent of the lots back up to either a golf course fairway, golf course green, or a canal.

Community golf info

Spring Lake Golf Resort is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for the "world's largest green", measuring .

There are three different golf courses within the Spring Lake Golf Resort: a par 72, 18 hole course, named Panther Creek; a par 71, 18 hole course, named Cougar Trail; and a par 34, nine-hole executive course, named Bobcat Run. The Panther Creek Championship Links Course has six different tees to choose from and features Florida's longest hole - a par 6 at 800 yards.

References

Unincorporated communities in Highlands County, Florida
Unincorporated communities in Florida

Spring Lake, Highlands County, Florida


Dorothy Wilson (November 14, 1909 – January 7, 1998) was an American movie actress of the 1930s.

Early life
Wilson was born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota, moving to Los Angeles, California, after her high school graduation. Ironically, she had no interest in acting and had moved to Los Angeles due to an urge to travel.

Career
In 1930, she began working as a secretary and applied at several employment agencies. She received a job at RKO Pictures, and for two years she worked there as a secretary. She often took notes for director Gregory La Cava; she was noticed by the executive in charge of casting and offered a screen test for La Cava's upcoming 1932 film The Age of Consent. She won one of the two lead coed roles, opposite Richard Cromwell. Her performance in the movie received good reviews.

The same year, she was selected as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars, along with future Hollywood legend Ginger Rogers and Gloria Stuart. She starred opposite some of Hollywood's biggest names, including Harold Lloyd, Richard Dix, Tom Keene, Preston Foster and Will Rogers. She appeared in 20 films between 1932 and 1937.

She was asked to test for the part of Melanie Hamilton in the epic movie Gone with the Wind, which she did, but she did not win the role, its being awarded to Olivia de Havilland. She starred in only two films after getting married, and then retired from acting to devote time to her family. She returned to acting only once, in an uncredited role in the 1943 film Whistling in Brooklyn.

Personal life and death

In 1936, she had married scriptwriter Lewis R. Foster, whom she had met while filming the 1934 movie Eight Girls in a Boat. Foster won an Oscar for his script for Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, released in 1939 and starring James Stewart and Jean Arthur, based on Foster's book The Gentleman from Montana.
She and Foster remained together and raised a family of two children. Foster died in 1974. Dorothy never remarried and was residing in Lompoc, California, at the time of her death on January 7, 1998.

Partial filmography

 The Age of Consent (1932) - Betty Cameron
 Men of America (1932) - Anne
 Lucky Devils (1933) - Fran Whitley
 Scarlet River (1933) - Judy Blake
 Before Dawn (1933) - Patricia
 Above the Clouds (1933) - Connie
 Eight Girls in a Boat (1934) - Christa Storm
 His Greatest Gamble (1934) - Alice Stebbins
 The Merry Widow (1934) - Maxim Girl (uncredited)
 The White Parade (1934) - Zita Scofield
 When a Man's a Man (1935) - Kitty Baldwin
 One in a Million (1935) - Dorothy 'Babe' Brooks
 Circus Shadows (1935) - Elaine Cavanaugh
 The Last Days of Pompeii (1935) - Clodia
 Bad Boy (1935) - Sally Larkin
 In Old Kentucky (1935) - Nancy Martingale
 The Milky Way (1936) - Polly Pringle
 Hollywood Boulevard (1936) - Minor Role (scenes deleted)
 Craig's Wife (1936) - Ethel Landreth
 Speed to Spare (1937) - Eileen Hart
 Whistling in Brooklyn (1943) - Radio Quartette Member (uncredited) (final film role)

References

External links

American film actresses
Actresses from Minneapolis
1909 births
1998 deaths
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
20th-century American actresses
WAMPAS Baby Stars

Dorothy Wilson (actress)


Rev. William Allen (4 November 1847 – 1919) was an English-born Australian Congregational clergyman.

Allen was born in Betchworth, Surrey, and was taken to Victoria in 1852. He was educated at the Scotch and Congregational colleges in Melbourne, and matriculated at the Melbourne University in 1869. He became pastor of the Sandhurst Congregational church in January 1871, was transferred to Maryborough in January 1876, and in January 1880 was appointed to his present living at Carlton. Since 1871 Mr. Allen has written for the religious press; he was Chairman of the "Congregational Union and Mission of Victoria" in 1886 and 1886, and in the latter year published "Random Rhymes." Mr. Allen gained the first prize for the cantata which he composed for the opening of the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition in 1888.

Allen was the father to Leslie Holdsworth Allen, the academic and poet, and Sir Carleton Allen, professor and Warden of Rhodes House, University of Oxford.

References

1847 births
1919 deaths
Australian Protestant ministers and clergy
English emigrants to colonial Australia

William Allen (Congregationalist)


Oxyjulis californica is a species of wrasse native to the eastern Pacific Ocean along the coasts of California and Baja California. Its distribution extends from Salt Point in Sonoma County, California, to southern central Baja California, near Cedros Island. It is a very common species; its common name in Spanish is señorita.

This fish can grow to  in total length. Its body is fusiform, frequently described as "cigar-shaped". It is brown or shiny bronze dorsally and orange on its sides, becoming paler ventrally. The base of the tail fin is mostly covered with a large black or chocolate brown spot. The mouth is small and it has protruding "buck teeth" which it uses to scrape tiny invertebrate prey items off of kelp.

This fish lives in near-coastal marine habitats, especially kelp forests and reefs. It has been observed at depths of , but it generally lives at  or less. It may cruise in a small school, but if threatened, it often retreats to the bottom, digging into the substrate to hide. It also rests on the bottom at night, burrowing in backwards so only its head sticks out of the substrate.

The diet of the fish is composed of invertebrates, including marine worms, bryozoans, crustaceans, dove snails, limpets, fish larvae, and squid. It may consume small amounts of seaweed. It also feeds on the ectoparasites of other fish. The señorita is a cleaner wrasse, a fish that grooms the parasites and other materials off the bodies of other fish. It may remove and eat ectoparasites such as bacteria, copepods, and isopods. Parasites can constitute around half its total food intake. Sometimes when the señorita begins to clean one of its clients, a crowd of other fish will gather around to receive the service. Species that seek the señorita for a grooming include the bat ray (Myliobatis californica), giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas), kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus), jacksmelt (Atherinopsis californiensis), topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), sargo (Diplodus sargus), blacksmith (Chromis punctipinnis), garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus), opaleye (Girella nigricans), halfmoon (Medialuna californiensis), and mola (Mola mola). The other fish may solicit the cleaning with their behavior. The garibaldi extends its gill slits to give the señorita access to parasites on its gills. The blacksmith points its head down to encourage the cleaner, and many blacksmith at a time may mob it, competing for its attention. They may even block its escape if it tries to leave the scene. The opaleye is usually constantly swimming, but it will stop and hold still if it meets a señorita. The kelp bass, a predator of small fish, will often refrain from eating the señorita, and let it clean. While the señorita will often clean large, predatory fish, it is not always safe. It has been observed in the diet of the kelp bass, the bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis), and the starry rockfish (S. constellatus), but it is not consumed as often as would be expected, considering its frequent close contact with predators. It might be unpalatable. Predators that do eat the fish include Brandt's cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) and the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus).

The reproductive biology of this fish is not well known. Some sources suggest it may be a protogynous hermaphrodite, with the female able to change sex and become male, while others doubt this occurs in this species. Spawning occurs in May through August. The eggs are pelagic, floating suspended in the water.

The fish tends to return to favorite locations; in one experiment, señoritas were caught and then released a distance away, and most found their way back to their original home ranges.

Fishermen generally do not seek this species as quarry, and it can be an annoyance when it steals bait off hooks. While technically edible, it is not valuable as a food fish.

References

External links

Labridae
Fauna of the Baja California Peninsula
Fauna of California
Monotypic marine fish genera
Taxa named by Theodore Gill

Oxyjulis


Camille Polfer (21 November 1924 – 19 March 1983) was a Luxembourgish politician and teacher.

Born in Namur, in southern Belgium, to Luxembourgish parents, Polfer received his primary education in France, and his secondary education in Echternach, in Luxembourg.  He studied at the University of Nancy, qualifying as a sports teacher.  He taught at the Lycée de Garçons Esch-sur-Alzette from 1950 until 1959.  He transferred to the Lycée de Garçons Luxembourg, in Limpertsberg, where he remained until 1969, when he replaced René Van Den Bulcke as sports commissioner.

Polfer entered the communal council of Luxembourg City as a Democratic Party councillor in 1969.  He served as an échevin, before becoming Mayor of Luxembourg City in 1980.  However, due to his declining health, Polfer was forced to step down after two years in office.  He was replaced as the city's mayor by his daughter, Lydie, who continued in the position until 1999.  Lydie has gone on to be one of the most important Luxembourgian politicians, serving as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs (1999–2004).

Polfer died the year after his departure from office, at the age of 58.

His name is borne by Stade Camille Polfer in South Bonnevoie and rue Camille Polfer, in Cents.

Mayors of Luxembourg City
Councillors in Luxembourg City
Democratic Party (Luxembourg) politicians
Luxembourgian educators
1924 births
1983 deaths
People from Namur (city)
Nancy-Université alumni

Camille Polfer