Belvedere Castle is a folly in Central Park in Manhattan, New York City. It contains exhibit rooms, an observation deck, and since 1919 has housed Central Park's official weather station.

Belvedere Castle was designed by Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould in 1867. An architectural hybrid of Romanesque and Gothic styles, the design called for a Manhattan schist and granite structure with a corner tower and conical cap, a lookout over parapet walls beneath it. Its name comes from belvedere, which means "beautiful view" in Italian.

Design

Belvedere Castle was built as a shell with doors and windows open to the weather. Originally, the main tower had a more medieval design, with a weather antenna on top, but during the castle's 1983 renovation, the tower was restored in a German style with a flag, a weather vane, and an anemometer on top. The two fanciful half-timbered wooden pavilions deteriorated without painting and upkeep and were removed before 1900, but restored in the 1980s.

Starting in 1869, Belvedere Castle housed the New York Meteorological Observatory, which had been taken over by the United States Weather Bureau. The current weather station in Central Park, an Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), is located immediately south of the castle, though wind equipment is still located on the main tower.

The castle caps Vista Rock, a  outcropping of schist and the park's second-highest natural elevation. (Summit Rock, at 83rd Street overlooking Central Park West, is higher at .) Constructed of Manhattan schist quarried in the park and dressed with gray granite, it tops the natural-looking woodlands of The Ramble, as seen from the formal Bethesda Terrace. The natural rock was tunneled through for the innovative sunken transverse roadway that still carries commercial and other traffic unobtrusively through the park.

The castle serves now as a visitor center and gift shop. Free family and community programs hosted at Belvedere Castle include birding and other Central Park Conservancy discovery programs for families as well as a variety of history and natural history programs led by NYC Urban Park Rangers, including stargazing/astronomy and wildlife-education events.

The eastern elevation formerly faced a rectangular receiving reservoir that was part of the Croton Aqueduct system. The reservoir was filled in with city building rubble, beginning with spoil from construction of the New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line (now carrying the ) in the 1930s. Today, the eastern elevation overlooks the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, which occupies the former site of the receiving reservoir.

History

The castle was designed by the architects Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould as an additional feature of the Greensward Plan, created by Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired to their positions in mid-1865 after quitting abruptly several years before. In 1867, Vaux decided to develop this area by building Belvedere Castle on the top of the rock, overlooking the Croton Reservoir. The site already held a fire tower under the control of the Croton Aqueduct board, and so the fire tower was demolished.

The original plans for Belvedere Castle called for two turreted stone towers: a larger structure on the eastern elevation and a smaller structure on the west side. Under Tammany Hall's leadership, it was revised in November 1870 to reduce costs and was completed as an open painted-wood pavilion of Mould's design. The eastern structure was completed by 1871, while the western structure was never built. As the plantings matured, the castle has been obscured from its original intended viewpoint. Its turret is the highest point in the park.

After the New York Meteorological Observatory automated its equipment and moved its offices to Rockefeller Center in the 1960s, Belvedere Castle was closed to the public and became an object of much vandalism, neglect and deterioration. The Central Park Conservancy launched a restoration effort and reopened the structure on May 1, 1983. The original turret was replaced, the pavilions were rebuilt, and the castle was converted into a visitor center. In 1995, the Conservancy's Historic Preservation Crew replaced the painted wooden loggia of the castle, working from the 1860s designs, on the granite piers and walls that had survived. The same year, a $340,000 grant was distributed toward restoring the castle as the Henry Luce Nature Center. That restoration was completed in 1996.

In 2018, the Central Park Conservancy conducted a second renovation of Belvedere Castle. Plans included replacing existing doors and windows with double paned glass. In addition the Conservancy proposed to construct a new access path to ADA standards from the East Drive. The access path − actually an elevated ramp with parapets − has been criticized as creating an unnecessary barrier in the otherwise naturalistic park. Following the $12 million renovation, the castle reopened on June 28, 2019, complete with a geothermal heating and cooling system that was installed by the Central Park Conservancy.

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1869 establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Castles in New York (state)
Central Park
Folly buildings in the United States
Nature centers in New York City

Belvedere Castle


Chad refers to fragments sometimes created when holes are made in a paper, card or similar synthetic materials, such as computer punched tape or punched cards. The word "chad" has been used both as a mass noun (as in "a pile of chad") and as a countable noun (pluralizing as in "many chads").

Etymology
The origin of the term chad is uncertain. Patent documents from the 1930s and 1940s show the word "chad", often in reference to punched tape used in telegraphy.  These patents sometimes include synonyms such as "chaff" and "chips".  A patent filing in 1930 included a "receptacle or chad box ... to receive the chips cut from the edge of the tape."  A 1938 patent filing included a "chaff or chad chute" to collect the waste fragments.  Both patents were assigned to Teletype Corporation.

The plural chads is attested from about 1939, along with chadless, meaning "without [loose] chad".  Clear definitions for both terms are offered by Walter Bacon in a patent application filed in 1940 assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories:  "... In making these perforations, the perforator cuts small round pieces of paper, known in the art as chads, out of the tape.  These chads are objectionable ... Chadless tape is prepared by feeding blank tape through a device which will not punch a complete circle in the tape but, instead, will only cut approximately three-quarters of the circumference of a circle ... thereby leaving a movable, or hinged, lid of paper in the tape."

In the New Hacker's Dictionary, two unattributed and likely humorous derivations for "chad" are offered, a back-formation from a personal name "Chadless" and an acronym for "Card Hole Aggregate Debris".  Other etymologies claim derivation from the Scottish name for river gravel, chad, or the British slang for louse, chat.

Partially punched chad
When a chad is not fully detached,  it is described by various terms corresponding to the level of modification from the unpunched state. The distinctions are of importance in counting cards used in voting. The following terms are sometimes used when describing a four-cornered chad:

Hanging chads are attached to the ballot at only one corner.
Swinging chads are attached to the ballot at two corners.
Tri-chads are attached to the ballot at three corners.
Dimpled chads are attached to the ballot at all four corners, but bear an indentation indicating the voter may have intended to mark the ballot. (Sometimes "pregnant" is used to indicate a greater mark than "dimpled".)

2000 United States presidential election controversy

In the 2000 United States presidential election, many Florida votes used Votomatic-style punched card ballots where incompletely punched holes resulted in partially punched chads: either a "hanging chad", where one or more corners were still attached, or a "fat chad" or "pregnant chad", where all corners were still attached, but an indentation appears to have been made. These votes were not counted by the tabulating machines. The aftermath of the controversy (see Bush v. Gore) caused the rapid discontinuance of punch card ballots in the United States.

See also
 Bit bucket
 Chinese paper cutting
 Confetti, recycling chad for celebratory use.
 Keypunch—Card punch
 Papel picado
 Paper tape
 Punched card
 Recount (film)
 Teleprinter—Teletype

References

External links

 Snopes – Origin of 'Chad'
 Word Detective on chad
 BBC News on chad
 Macmillan English Dictionary on chad
 Jargon file entry
 Papercutting Art

Punched card
2000 United States presidential election in Florida
2000 United States presidential election
Election technology
Vote counting
Ballots

Chad (paper)


Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States, 306 U.S. 208 (1939), is a 1939 decision of the United States Supreme Court finding an antitrust price-fixing conspiracy based on what subsequently came to be known a hub-and-spoke conspiracy theory.  This is a conspiracy in which one actor (the "hub"), such as a supplier, enters into agreements with a number of actors (the "spokes"), such as retailers, who are aware that the supplier is entering into similar agreements with other retailers and that the success of the plan agreed to depends on the retailers all performing in accordance with the agreements. In this case, the hub was Interstate (a motion picture theater chain) and the spokes were various motion picture film distributors that supplied Interstate (and other theaters) with films.

Background

The Government sued two groups of defendants for engaging in a price-fixing conspiracy. One group of eight defendants were distributors (such as Paramount Pictures) of motion picture films, that distributed about 75 percent of all first-class feature films exhibited in the United States. A second group of defendants were dominant theater owners in Texas and New Mexico, and included Interstate Circuit, which had a monopoly of first-run theaters in various Texas cities.

The manager of the defendant theater owners sent a letter to each of the distributor defendants, in which he demanded as a condition of continued dealing in the distributor's films that the distributor (1) require that second-run theaters never exhibit such films at any time or in any theater at a smaller admission price than 25¢  for adults in the evening, and (2) on such films that are exhibited at night, minimum admission of 40¢  and that they shall never be exhibited in conjunction with another feature picture (so-called double features).

Conferences discussing the matter were held between representatives of Interstate and individual distributors. The distributors each agreed and complied with the demands. It does not appear that there was evidence of communication between distributors, but it was clear that each knew that the other distributors were being asked to join in the plan.

Ruling of Supreme Court

Justice Harlan F. Stone delivered the 5-3 opinion of the Court. Justice Owen Roberts filed a dissenting opinion in which Justices James C. McReynolds and Pierce Butler joined. Justice Felix Frankfurter did not participate.

The Supreme Court agreed with the district court that it was permissible to draw "the inference of agreement from the nature of the proposals made . . .[and] from the substantial unanimity of action taken upon them by the distributors." The letter making the demands named on its face as addressees the eight distributors, and so, from the beginning, "each of the distributors knew that the proposals were under consideration by the others." The Court added that each distributor knew that "without substantially unanimous action with respect to the restrictions for any given territory, there was risk of a substantial loss of the business and goodwill of the subsequent-run and independent exhibitors, but that, with it, there was the prospect of increased profits." The Court said that provided "strong motive for concerted action."

The Court explained the legal requirements for finding a hub-and-spoke conspiracy, but did not use that term:

While the District Court's finding of an agreement of the distributors among themselves is supported by the evidence, we think that, in the circumstances of this case, such agreement for the imposition of the restrictions upon subsequent-run exhibitors was not a prerequisite to an unlawful conspiracy. It was enough that, knowing that concerted action was contemplated and invited, the distributors gave their adherence to the scheme and participated in it. Each distributor was advised that the others were asked to participate; each knew that cooperation was essential to successful operation of the plan. They knew that the plan, if carried out, would result in a restraint of commerce,  . . and, knowing it, all participated in the plan.

The dissent found the challenged conduct merely the right of a copyright owner to exploit and profit from the ownership of its statutory monopoly. and disagreed with the conspiracy theory:

The Government stresses the fact that each of the distributors must have acted with knowledge that some or all of the others would grant or had granted Interstate's demand. But such knowledge was merely notice to each of them that, if it was successfully to compete for the first-run business in important Texas cities, it must meet the terms of competing distributors or lose the business of Interstate. It could compete successfully only by granting exclusive licenses to Interstate and injuring subsequent-run houses by refusing them licenses -- a course clearly lawful -- or by doing the less drastic thing of agreeing to protect the goodwill of its pictures by putting necessary and not severely burdensome restrictions upon subsequent-run exhibitors, which I think equally lawful.

Commentary

Richard Givens in a 1960 article in The Antitrust Bulletin called Interstate Circuit "the leading case establishing that consciously parallel business conduct might form the basis for a finding of antitrust violation." This case and American Tobacco Co. v. United States, he asserts, established that parallel business conduct, which would be unlikely to occur but for some express or tacit agreement, may satisfy the requirement of combination or conspiracy under the Sherman Act. He states the qualification, however, that subsequent cases make clear that parallel conduct with knowledge of the similar action of others is evidence of a combination or conspiracy, but that a "plus factor," which might be the unusual quality of the conduct itself, such as a radical departure from past practice or a price rise during a depression is necessary for the inference of conspiracy to be made, and other evidence can rebut that inference. Givens emphasizes that it is reasonable to infer conspiracy when parallel business action is "drastic or predatory as in Interstate Circuit' " but not "where the conduct is in itself normal and logical."

The statement of facts from this case have been challenged as inaccurate. In a 2019 article, antitrust scholar Barak Orbach discussed why the facts of the case are fundamentally different from their descriptions in judicial opinions and the literature to argue that the circumstantial evidence of the case should not have been read as sufficient to convict.

See also
Hub-and-spoke conspiracy

References

External links

United States antitrust case law
1939 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court


Eisenhüttenstadt (n'ụzọ nkịtị "ironworks obodo" na German;  [ʔaɪzn̩ˈhʏtn̩ʃtat] (gee ntị), Lower Sorbian: Pśibrjog) bụ obodo dị na Oder-Spree district nke steeti Brandenburg, Germany, na ókèala Poland.  East Germany tọrọ ntọala obodo ahụ na 1950. A maara ya dị ka Stalinstadt (Stalinměsto) n'etiti 1953 na 1961.

Mpaghara ime obodo dị na mbara ala aja dị na ndagwurugwu Berlin-Warsaw glacial (Urstromtal).  Ókè ya n'akụkụ osimiri Oder n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke kemgbe 1945 guzobere ókèala German-Polish.  Eisenhüttenstadt bụ ọdụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọwa Mmiri Oder-Spree.  Ebe etiti obodo ahụ dị ihe dịka kilomita 25 (16 mi) ndịda Frankfurt (Oder) na 110 km (68 mi) ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Berlin.  Eisenhüttenstadt na-eje ozi n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Berlin-Wrocław.

E hiwere obodo nke ugbu a dị ka obodo ihe atụ socialist na 1950 (nke aha ya bụ Stalinstadt mgbe Joseph Stalin gasịrị) na-esote mkpebi nke East German Socialist Unity Party (SED), n'akụkụ igwe igwe igwe ọhụrụ nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Fürstenberg mere akụkọ ihe mere eme.  (Oder).[1]  Afọ ole na ole tupu e guzobe obodo ọhụrụ ahụ, e wuwo àkwà mmiri n'osimiri Oder, nke e bibiri nke mbụ site n'ịlaghachi azụ ndị agha Wehrmacht na February 1945, na nso njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.

 Udo Beyer (born 1955), shot put, Olympian champion  1976 and holder of world record
 Hans-Georg Beyer (born 1956), handball player, olympic winner 1980
 Detlef Gerstenberg (1957–1993), hammer thrower, competitor in 1980 Summer Olympics
 Frank Schaffer (born 1958), athlete, medal winner in 1980 Summer Olympics
 Katharina Bullin (born 1959), volleyball player
 Gisela Beyer (born 1960), athlete
 Hendrik Reiher (born 1962), rowing cox, medal winner in multiple Olympic Games
 Torsten René Gutsche (born 1968), sprint canoer, competitor in two Summer Olympic Games; 1992 winner of the Bambi Award
 Sven Helbig (born 1968), producer, musician
 Kathrin Boron (born 1969), sculler, competitor in multiple Olympic Games, gold medalist in several World Rowing Championships
 Sören Lausberg (born 1969), retired track cyclist, competitor in two Summer Olympic Games
 Paul van Dyk (born 1971), DJ, composer and music producer
 Katja Adler (born 1974), politician
 Amadeus Wallschläger (born 1985), footballer
 Roger Kluge (born 1986), racing cyclist, silver medal winner in 2008 Summer Olympics
 Florian Müller (born 1986), footballer

Eisenhüttenstadt


The First Roman–Dacian War took place from 101 to 102. The Kingdom of Dacia, under King Decebalus, had become a threat to the Roman Empire, and defeated several of Rome's armies during Domitian's reign (81–96).  The Emperor Trajan was set on ridding this threat to Rome's power and in 101 set out determined to defeat Dacia. After a year of heavy fighting, King Decebalus came to terms and accepted peace. When he broke these terms in 105, the Second Dacian War began.

The War
After support from the Roman Senate, by 101, Trajan was ready to advance on Dacia. The Roman offensive was spearheaded by two legionary columns, marching right to the heart of Dacia, burning towns and villages in the process. In 101, the Dacians led massive assaults on the Roman legions. In 102 Trajan moved his army down the Danube to Oescus. There the Roman armies converged for a final assault and defeated the Dacian army at the Battle of Tapae. After the battle, plus some additional conflicts, Trajan, worried by the upcoming cold winter, decided to make peace. The war, spanning months, had concluded with a peace treaty.

Aftermath
Once Dacia was secured, Decebalus received technical and military reinforcement from Trajan in order to create a powerful allied zone against the dangerous possible expeditions from the northern and eastern territories by the already moving migrator people. The resources were instead used to make the Dacian Kingdom a great independent power that would eventually rebel against Roman rule.

See also
 Trajan's Dacian Wars
 Second Dacian War
 Trajan
 Decebalus
 Second Battle of Tapae
 Trajan's Bridge

References
 Scarre, Chris, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome

Wars involving the Roman Empire
Wars involving Dacia
Trajan's Dacian Wars
101
102

First Dacian War


Kirstin Gove (formerly Haggarty, born 1973) is a Scottish PR & media consultant, who previously worked as a broadcast journalist and presenter for STV North (formerly Grampian Television).

Gove was born in Glasgow but moved to Aberdeen at the age of three. Both of her parents are former full-time teachers in Aberdeen. Gove attended Ashley Road Primary School and Aberdeen Grammar School, and graduated in 1995 with a MA Honours degree in German and International Relations.

Gove joined Grampian Television in 1995 from a work placement scheme on a local newspaper. Within a year, Gove became a sports presenter and occasional anchor for the nightly news programme North Tonight. Between 1998 and 2006, she was a regular main anchor for North Tonight. She later became a part-time bulletin presenter and newsgathering editor for STV News at Six.

Gove also presented a number of other regional programmes for Grampian TV including Testimony, Off The Wall, Inquisition, The Buck Stops Here, Grampian Weekend and Grampian Midweek. She has also worked at Westminster as a production journalist for the monthly Scottish Questions programme and a reporter for the flagship political programme Crossfire. Most recently, she also presented and produced Ask Kirstin, a feedback series for STV North's video blog Northern Exposure.

Gove left STV North in December 2009 to become a communications training manager for the Aberdeen-based media and communications agency, AVC Media Enterprises. In June 2011, she joined the PR firm Weber Shandwick as Account Director in its Aberdeen offices before moving to Aberdeen-based marketing agency Covey McCormick (now Citrus:Mix) five months later.

References

Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Living people
Scottish television presenters
Scottish women television presenters
Scottish women journalists
STV News newsreaders and journalists
People from Aberdeen
Year of birth missing (living people)

Kirstin Gove


Defection is when a person leaves their home country in a way the home country claims to be illegal. To the first country, they can be seen as traitors.
It is a political label used by authoritarian countries.

More broadly, it involves abandoning a person, cause, or doctrine to which one is bound by some tie. The tie may be one of allegiance or of duty.

An example of this today are North Koreans who escape the country to live in a new country, such as South Korea or the United States. The North Korean government makes leaving the country without permission illegal, and punishments for this are extremely harsh. Escapees who are caught usually get sent to a prison camp or are publicly put to death. There have been around 33,000 defectors from North Korea since the North Korean famine.

References

Politics by issue

Defection


Pierre Perifel is a French filmmaker and animator, best known for his work at DreamWorks Animation. He is the director of the feature film The Bad Guys (2022) and the award-winning short films Bilby and Le Building. He is an alumnus of École Émile-Cohl and Gobelins, l'Ecole de l'image.

Early life and education
Perifel was born in Lyon, France. His passion for animation began in high school. In his third year of attending École Émile-Cohl art school, he applied to Gobelins, l'École de l'image and was accepted.

In 2004, Perifel created the short student film A Swell Plan, and collaborated with classmates Xavier Ramonède, Jun Frederic Violet, and Rémi Zaarour on a second short film, Festival Qualité. He graduated from Gobelins in 2005. For his thesis film, Le Building, he reteamed with Ramonède and Zaarour, and also worked with Marco Nguyen and Olivier Staphylas. The film uses a combination of 2D and 3D animation. Le Building screened at numerous international film festivals and won several awards, including Best Undergraduate Animation at the Ottawa International Animation Festival.

Career
The earliest films of Perifel's career include Curious George, Nocturna,  and The Illusionist. The same year as his graduation from Gobelins (2005), Perifel served as a supervising animator on the French short film Imago, which was directed by Cédric Babouche. Imago afforded Perifel the opportunity to work with Ramonède again.

Perifel moved to the United States in 2008 and began his career at DreamWorks Animation doing character animation on the 2D short film, Secrets of the Furious Five, for which he won an Annie Award. Following that, Perifel transitioned to CGI, working on Monsters vs. Aliens for about two months. He then joined onto Shrek Forever After. He returned to 2D animation with a few sequences in Kung Fu Panda 2. On that film, he also served as lead animator for the character Lord Shen. Perifel has said that he "was in charge of [the character]", even though he "didn't have a team of animators".

Perifel was officially promoted to supervising animator on Rise of the Guardians  leading the team responsible for the character North. Both Kung Fu Panda 2 and Rise of the Guardians earned Perifel Annie Award nominations.

Perifel's subsequently was appointed Head of Animation on several films including Monkeys of Mumbai and Larrikins that never got to see the light of day for various reasons.

In November 2017, it was announced that Perifel has been developing an untitled short film with Liron Topaz and JP Sans. The film was selected through the DreamWorks Shorts program, which was set up by Chris DeFaria, after he became president of the DreamWorks Animation Film Group in January 2017. Bilby opened at the closing ceremony of the Annecy International Animated Film Festival 2018. It screened in many festivals and won the Jury Choice Award at Siggraph 2018.

Perifel made his feature directorial debut, directing the animated feature film adaptation of the original Aaron Blabey/Scholastic book series, The Bad Guys. It was released theatrically on April 22, 2022.

References

External links

Pierre Perifel on Vimeo

Living people
Mass media people from Lyon
French animators
French animated film directors
DreamWorks Animation people
Background artists
Annie Award winners
Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)

Pierre Perifel


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Windsor, Connecticut.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Windsor, Connecticut, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in various online maps.

There are more than 400 properties and districts listed on the National Register in Hartford County, including 21 National Historic Landmarks. The 41 properties and districts located in the town of Windsor include one National Historic Landmark and are listed below. The properties and districts in the remaining parts of the county are listed separately.

Current listings

|}

See also

List of National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut

References

 Windsor


Lofanga is a small island with a township in Haʻapai

After the main battles on Tongatapu in 1799 Fīnau ʻUlukālala II ʻi Feletoa (Fangupō) returned to his base in Haʻapai to reassert his authority and to fight all chiefs who had been on the hand of Tukuʻaho. When he had won he punished his defeated opponents severily. Some of them were tied to leaking canoes and sent to sea to sink and drown. Others were brought to Lofanga, tied to trees and stakes on the beach and left so naked in the sun to die from hunger and thirst. It is said that since, still at night the surf of the sea, or the roaring of the sea in subterraneous caverns, resembles the groans of the dying people.

Lofanga/en


Quicksort is a sorting algorithm that is used to sort items in an array. It was created by Tony Hoare in 1959, and it is still widely used today. Quicksort splits the array into two parts, and then continues to split those parts into more parts, and sorting along the way. It sorts by using a comparison sort. This means that it chooses a pivot point in a part of the array and then compares it with all the other points in that part of the array.

Algorithm

 If there is only one item in the array, or no items, stop because we don't need to sort anything.
 Pick any item in the array, this will now be the pivot point.
Partition the items. Compare each item to the pivot. If it is smaller than the pivot it should come before the pivot in the array, if it is larger it should come after the pivot.  Note that our pivot is now in its sorted position.
 Recursively apply the algorithm to all items left of the pivot (excluding the current pivot)
Recursively apply the algorithm to all items right of the pivot (excluding the current pivot)

Often the leftmost item is chosen as the pivot. The recursion means that the algorithm runs the same exact algorithm on the two partitions that were created by the comparisons to the pivot. Note that this algorithm will keep on partitioning the array into subarrays, and splitting those subarrays into even smaller subarrays. Each time it does this, it will choose a new pivot within the subarray and compare the items to the subarray. The base case is when the algorithm reaches a subarray with only one item, in which it just stops because one item does not need to be sorted.

References

Searching and sorting algorithms

Quicksort


A visitor is a person who does not permanently live in a place. If someone says "I am a visitor here", that means that they do not live in that place all the time.

In English and Welsh law it also means a person who can look at the working of a church, university or charity.

Related pages
Hospitality

Law occupations

Visitor


Mainstream rock is a radio format. It is used by many commercial radio stations in the United States and Canada. It is also known as heritage rock. Mainstream rock stations represent the middle ground between classic rock and active rock on the programming band. They perform a balanced airplay of tracks found on active rock and classic rock playlists. But the music playlist has a tendency to focus on mapping hard rock music from the 1970s through the 2000s. Outside the United States and Canada, mainstream rock refers generally to rock music, which is considered as "radio friendly". It very rarely is referred to as a specific radio format.

Radio

Mainstream rock


Ahmad Omaid Khpalwak, also spelled as Ahmed Omed Khpulwak, (ca. 1987 – 28 July 2011) was an Afghan journalist who worked for the Pajhwok Afghan News and as a freelance stringer for the BBC since 2008. After an investigation into his death, it was determined by the International Security Assistance Force that an American soldier had accidentally killed Khpalwak while clearing a broadcast building of terrorists while Tarin Kowt was under attack. Khpalwak was the third journalist from Pajhwok to be killed in three years. He was the third BBC reporter to be killed in Afghanistan and the second BBC reporter to be killed in the War in Afghanistan.

Biography

Career
Khpalwak began working for Pajhwok after completing his education in 2007, and he worked first as a freelancer and then later became staff. Khpalwak joined the staff of the BBC World Service as a journalist on 1 May 2008. He worked as a stringer for the BBC, based in Uruzgan Province, and was paid for each story which was published or broadcast by the BBC. He often reported for BBC Pashto on events in southern Afghanistan. Khpalwak simultaneously also worked for Pajhwok Afghan News agency.

"His last two stories for Pajhwok Afghan News, before he died on 28 July in a major attack in Tarin Kowt, capital of Uruzgan province, were about an attack on police checkpoints in which both Taliban and police were killed, and an interview with a would-be suicide bomber. Few of his 24 years of life saw any kind of peace in Afghanistan," a colleague wrote.

Personal
Khpalwak, who was twenty-four years old, was survived by his parents, his elder brother, three sisters, and his wife and three-month-old daughter.

After Khpalwak's death, Khpalwak's father, Ghulam Nabi, did not accept offers by the United States to compensate the family Omaid's death and wanted the investigation to continue. The family members sought asylum in Australia for fear of retaliation. Abdul Mujeeb Khalvatgar, executive director of NAI SOMA, said the capital did not offer the Khpalwaks anonymity because it was small and he believed the Khpalwaks were in danger.

Background
Three suicide bombers and three accomplices bombed several government buildings as well as a broadcasting station in which a total of 21 civilians were killed and 38 more injured. The dead included 10 children, three police, and one Afghan reporter. Afghan and US-led NATO forces engaged responded and killed all insurgents. In the shooting, Pajhwok Journalist Ahmad Omaid Khpalwak was killed by a group of US soldiers while they were clearing the broadcasting station. The incident occurred over a 5-hour period.

Death
Khpalwak was killed by American ISAF troops 28 July 2011 in Tarin Kowt, Afghanistan, after Taliban insurgents attacked government facilities, as well as the state broadcasting station, in Uruzgan's provincial capital. The New York Times called the attack one of the "most audacious surprise attacks" ever undertaken by the Taliban.

Reporters Without Borders and BBC News called for an investigation after Khpalwak was killed at the broadcasting station. The journalist's brother Ahmad Jawid Khpalwak believed he was reaching for his press card when he was shot. The Los Angeles Times wrote about text messages that Khpalwak sent his brother in the minutes before he was killed. "Death is approaching," he messaged. "I am hiding;" and a short time later wrote, "If I die, pray for me."

A NATO investigation revealed 8 September that an American soldier had killed Khpalwak. Kphalwak's death happened while he was reporting for BBC Pashto about the Taliban attack. The ISAF arrived at an attacked building and was making sure that there were no Taliban still inside. An American soldier discovered Khpalwak hiding in a bathroom and saw Khpalwak reaching for something when it was mostly likely his press card. The soldier thought that Khpalwak could have been a suicide bomber and trying to reach for a device that would set off a bomb before he shot 20 rounds at Khpalwak with an M-4. The investigation also said Khpalwak held a press identification card in his hand.

The investigation concluded, "... the ISAF member involved in this incident complied with the laws of armed conflict and rules of engagement and acted reasonably under the circumstances."

Context
While the intended targets of the Taliban attack were Uruzgan's Governor and a militia leader named Matiullah Khan, the Taliban also stormed the offices of local radio and television stations, leading to Khpalwak being killed while hiding in a bathroom by American troops that came to sweep out the Taliban.

Local reporters are the ones who are in the most danger, according to press activist Abdul Mujeeb Khalvatgar, executive director the NAI Supporting Open Media in Afghanistan.

Impact
Khpalwak is the third Pajhwok reporter and the third BBC reporter to be killed in Afghanistan. Working for the BBC, Mirwais Jalil died in Kabul in the civil war of the 1990s. During the War in Afghanistan, Abdul Samad Rohani was killed by an unknown gunman in Lashkargah, Helmand Province June 2008. Like Khpalwak, Rohani worked for both Pajhwok and the BBC Word News. Pajhwok reporter Janullah Hashimzada was killed in the remote Khyber area August 2009.

Reactions
The incident raised continuing concerns about the civilian casualties in the War in Afghanistan.

The Los Angeles Times said, "The incident points up the daily dangers faced by Afghans who work for foreign organizations, as well as Afghan civilians in general, particularly those living in a broad swath of Afghanistan's restive south."

Peter Horrocks, director of BBC Global News, said: "Ahmed Omed's death further highlights the great dangers facing journalists who put their lives on the line to provide vital news from around the world. It is essential that journalists are given the best possible protection whilst reporting in dangerous situations so that the world can hear their stories."

Reporters Without Borders said, "This mishap has highlighted the constant danger for civilians and journalists, who are often at the center of the fighting." The press freedom and safety organisation held NATO and the Taliban responsible for Khpalwak's death.

Recognition
A press club in the Afghan province Uruzgan was named in honour of Ahmad Omaid Khpalwak.

See also
 List of journalists killed during the War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
 Media of Afghanistan

References

External links
 A collection of journalism from Khpalwak while he was working for Pajhwok Afghan News
 NAI Supporting Open Media in Afghanistan

1987 births
2011 deaths
Afghan journalists
Mass media in Afghanistan
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC World Service presenters
Civilian casualties in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Deaths by firearm in Afghanistan
International Security Assistance Force
Journalists killed while covering the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
People killed by the Taliban

Ahmed Omaid Khpalwak


The Platinum Brothers are an American record production duo based in Atlanta, Georgia. Consisting of Adam Gibbs and Mike Chesser, the duo produced "Let's Chill" and "So Hot" from Charlie Wilson's album Charlie, Last Name Wilson which has gone on to sell over 300,000 copies.

In 2002, The Platinum Brothers provided the beats to Bone Thugs-N-Harmony's Thug World Order. In August 2004, they sat on the "Super Producers Panel" at Billboard magazine's fifth annual R&B and Hip-Hop Conference Awards in Miami Beach, Florida. In 2005, they contributed to Charlie, Last Name Wilson. They were featured in 2006 on Bone Thugs and Harmony's Koch Records release entitled Thug Stories.

The Platinum Brothers also produced the current single "On The Radio" from Deemi's album entitled Soundtrack Of My Life.  They have also produced for artists such as Bone Thugs and Harmony, Bella, Q. Amey, Will Smith, and 4 songs from Nivea (singer)'s 2005 album entitled 'Complicated.

The Platinum Brothers have been featured on  episode 3 of BET's TV show Keyshia Cole: The Way It Is, TBA (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony album), and The Movement (Mo Thugs album) and currently are featured on the upcoming albums Brave (Jennifer Lopez album) by Jennifer Lopez and Back Of My Lac by J. Holiday.

Film and TV Appearances

2006
Keyshia Cole: The Way It Is -Episode 3 (July 26) -originally aired on BET

Production discography

References

External links
The Platinum Brothers Official website

Musical groups from Atlanta
Record production duos

The Platinum Brothers


Maria Reynolds was a woman who lived in the 1700s.  She is famous for having an affair with Alexander Hamilton.

In 1791, when Maria Reynolds was 23, she went to Alexander Hamilton's house in Philadelphia.  She said her husband had left and she wanted to go back to New York, where she was from.  He offered to lend her money so she could go.  Instead, the two of them began a sexual relationship.  Later, Maria Reynolds' husband, James Reynolds, blackmailed Alexander Hamilton: He told Hamilton to give him money or else he would tell Hamilton's wife that he had slept with Maria. Hamilton paid James Reynolds and continued to visit Maria Reynolds.

James Reynolds continued to write letters to Hamilton asking for money, and Hamilton paid.  When James Reynolds was arrested for forgery, he asked Hamilton for help.  Hamilton did not help.  James Reynolds told Hamilton's political enemies, Democratic Republicans James Monroe, Frederick Muhlenberg, and Abraham Venable about the affair.  He also said Hamilton had committed other crimes.  Monroe, Muhlenberg and Venable talked to Hamilton.  They believed he had had an affair but had not committed other crimes.  But Monroe made a copy of letters Hamilton's had written to Maria Reynolds and gave it to Thomas Jefferson.

In 1796, James Callendar wrote a book called The History of the United States for 1796.  In that book, he accused Hamilton of speculation and of the affair.  Hamilton wrote a pamphlet called Observations on Certain Documents in 1797.  He said in the pamphlet that he had had the affair but had not done any speculation.  The public believed him.

Later, Maria Reynolds sued her husband for divorce.  Aaron Burr was her lawyer.

A fictional Maria Reynolds appears in act II of the Broadway musical Hamilton.

Maria and Hamilton had a realation ship that was very inapropriate.

References

1768 births
1828 deaths

Maria Reynolds


Edward Haynes or Haines  (fl. 1683–1708) was an English astronomer and Fellow of the Royal Society.

Haynes observed the lunar eclipse of 11 February 1682 from Basing Lane in London, an event also observed by Edmond Halley and John Flamsteed, at Greenwich. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 2 May 1683, nominated by Flamsteed and Halley.

A nonconformist, Haynes was in the congregation of Edmund Calamy the Younger, who died at his house in Totteridge, then in Hertfordshire A later published observation from Totteridge noted its distance from London and displacement to the west.

Notes

Year of birth missing
17th-century English astronomers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Year of death missing

Edward Haynes


A conductor (North American English) or guard (Commonwealth English) is a train crew member responsible for operational and safety duties that do not involve actual operation of the train/locomotive. The conductor title is most common in North American railway operations, but the role is common worldwide under various job titles. In Commonwealth English, a conductor is also known as guard or train manager.

The responsibilities of a conductor or guard typically include the following:

 Ensuring that the train follows applicable safety rules and practices
 Making sure that the train stays on schedule starting from the stations
 Opening and closing power operated doors
 Selling and checking tickets, and other customer service duties
 Ensuring that any cars and cargo are picked up and dropped off properly
 Completing en-route paperwork
 Directing the train's movement while operating in reverse
 Coupling or uncoupling cars
 Assisting with the setting out or picking up of rolling stock

Some rapid transit systems employ conductors to make announcements and open and close doors, duties otherwise performed by engineers. The conductor often stays in the center of the train where they can best view the platform. While advances in automation allow most transit systems to use one person train operation (OPTO), a few, such as the New York City Subway, Toronto Transit Commission and Sydney Trains continue to employ conductors.

Conductor is also a crew member in some bus, trolleybus or tram operations.

Commuter and freight trains in North America
In North America, the conductor manages a freight, passenger, or other type of train, and directly supervises the train crew, which can include a brakeman, flagman, ticket collector, assistant conductor, and on board service personnel, and is responsible for the movement of the train. The engineer (driver) takes direction from the conductor. The portman (station master), and additional engine crew members (fireman, pilot engineer) share responsibility for safe and efficient train operation and adherence to railway rules and procedures. On some railroads, union contracts specify that a  conductor must progress to engineer.

Other duties carried out by the conductor include:
Jointly coordinate with the engineer and dispatcher the train's movement authority, and verifying this authority is not exceeded
Communicate and coordinate with other parties—yardmasters, trainmasters, dispatchers, on board service personnel, etc.
Be alert to wayside signals, switch position, and other conditions that affect safe train movement
Mechanically inspect rolling stock
Assist the engineer in testing the train's air brakes
Signal the engineer when to start or stop moving
Keep a log of the journey
Check tickets and collect fares on passenger trains
Keep records of consignment notes and waybills
Direct, coordinate, and usually manually perform, shunting or switching

Passenger trains may employ one or more brakemen/assistant conductors who assist the conductor and engineer in the safe and prompt movement of the train, to share the workload, and accept delegated responsibility. If a train crew's route, or tour of duty, exceeds a single shift, or conflicts with a legal or contractual limit on the number of work hours, more than one crew may be assigned, each with its own brakeman/assistant conductor. Onboard service crew members on passenger trains normally remain on duty for the entire run, including assigned meal and sleep breaks.

Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America, the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose, along with the rear flagman and the rear brakeman, and performed duties from there. Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant, and in most cases they have been eliminated. This relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive (or locomotives) at the head of the train. In most cases, these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the train crew, such as the head brakemen, flagmen, and others.

Most freight trains on most railroads today have a crew of two: one engineer and one conductor. Railroad companies continue to press for reduced operating and labor costs and this threatens to eliminate second men. Railroads rationalize that since the engineer is already qualified as a conductor, he can easily assume the duties of a conductor. In fact, on most railroads, engineers begin as brakemen, then become conductors, and finally engineers. Some railroads already implement such a strategy, notably the Montana Rail Link, and operate with an engineer, and a conductor. However, most railroads are contractually obligated to employ a brakeman/assistant conductor in addition to the engineer, via crew consist agreements negotiated with the major rail unions, primarily the United Transportation Union (UTU). Therefore, eliminating the conductor's position would require that the railroads and unions negotiate a new agreement. If the railroads were successful, conductors already trained and certified as engineers would theoretically be able to work as engineers. Those that have not yet progressed to engineer would have to be trained as engineers as positions became available. Others would have to accept other positions or possibly lose their jobs. The primary union for engineers, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers does not support this movement, claiming that requiring its members to operate trains alone would be unsafe.

Remote control locomotives
By the late 1990s, remote control locomotives were increasingly popular on North American railroads for switching duties in rail yards. This system allows the conductor to directly control the locomotive(s) via a wireless remote unit, as opposed to radioing commands to an engineer in the cab. Some Class I rail yards utilize RCO packs for their conductors, while others do not, depending on the size and type of yard. Class I railroads train conductors on the use of RCO packs with classroom and hands-on instruction, culminating with on-the-job training and certification as a RCO operator. Currently, Class I railroads such as Norfolk Southern require RCO qualified conductors to work from job boards that perform RCO operations exclusively (when in a yard that utilizes RCO switching).

Train hosts
As there is no explicit federal requirement for a two-person train crew in the United States, the Utah Transit Authority originally planned their FrontRunner service to be operated by an operator only, with revenue collected by a proof-of-payment system. Before operation began, the FRA required FrontRunner to employ a second crewmember on each train to assist with emergency evacuation, disabled access, and other safety-sensitive situations. FrontRunner classified this job as a "train host", with a focus on customer service rather than railroad operations. Some other services, such as Amtrak's Downeaster, also use train hosts to assist the assistant conductor with non-revenue-related customer service duties.

Subway trains in North America
In subway trains, the conductor's basic duties are:

 Verifying train alignment on the platform
 Opening and closing the train doors
 Making announcements
 Observing the platform during departure

Greater Boston
All heavy rail trains in the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority operate with two-person crews consisting of a motorman and a conductor. The conductor is located in the cab of the second-last car of the train. When a train arrives at a station, the conductor opens the doors using cab controls. Two sets of controls are provided on each side of the cab for this purpose. There are two door zones: One set of controls operates the doors in the conductor's car and the doors forward of that car, and the other set of controls operates the doors to the rear of the conductor's car. When passengers have completed boarding or exiting, the conductor looks forward and closes the doors forward of their cab. This process is repeated for the doors to the rear of the conductor's cab. A door chime is used to notify the passengers that the doors are closing.

New York City
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York City) transit system operates trains using two-person crews consisting of a motorman and conductor. The conductor is located in the middle of the train and is responsible for opening the doors and closing them. When a train arrives at a station, the conductor verifies the train alignment on the platform by observing a black-and-white "zebra board" mounted to the platform wall or ceiling. When a train is aligned properly, the 6-feet long zebra board should be located directly opposite of the conductor's cab.

Before opening the doors, the train conductor is to open the cab window and point to the zebra board with his or her index finger to confirm the stop position to the motorman. The doors, operated from a control panel located on the appropriate side of the car, are opened once the alignment verification is made. Like MBTA, there are two separate controls for the doors, those for doors forward of the conductor and those for the doors to the rear of the conductor.

After the doors are opened, the conductor sticks their head out the window to observe passenger boarding and exiting. The doors stay open for at least ten seconds, and when the conductor decides to close the doors, the conductor announces a door-closing warning using a PA system on the train. When the platform is clear, the conductor closes the doors in the rear cars. When a locked-door signal is received, the conductor closes the doors in the forward section of the train. Door chimes warn passengers that the doors are closing. When all the doors are closed, the conductor removes the door key, which alerts the motorman that it is safe to proceed.

As the train departs the station, the conductor observes the platform for a distance of three car lengths. Station departure observations are made to ensure that no passenger or item is trapped between the doors and is dragged along the platform. The conductor is required to observe the forward and rear cars at least twice during these observations.

Port Authority Trans-Hudson
Each PATH train operates with a two-person crew consisting of a motorman and conductor. The conductor is responsible for door operation and making announcements. The conductor is located in the rear end of the first car.

When a train enters a station, the conductor opens the doors from a control panel on the appropriate side of the car. There are two separate controls, one set operates just the doors in the conductor's car, and another set operates the rest of the doors. As the doors open, the conductor opens the cab window to observe passenger boarding and exiting. After a preliminary observation that the doors are clear, the conductor uses the train's PA system to warn passengers that the train doors are closing. When the doors are observed to be clear, the conductor closes the doors in their car. When the locked-door signal is received, the rear car doors are closed. When all the doors are closed, the conductor removes the door key, which tells the motorman to proceed. The conductor then observes the platform until the train has left the station.

Chicago
Traditionally, an 'L' motorman would operate the train, and a conductor would open/close the doors and make station announcements. However, with the opening of the Yellow Line in 1964, the Chicago Transit Authority began phasing out conductors. All lines were converted to one-person operation by 1998, making the CTA the first transit agency in the nation to do so system-wide. The elimination of conductors saved an estimated $13.8 million, and most were re-trained as customer service reps at stations or supervisors.

Toronto
The Toronto Transit Commission is somewhat different because its heavy rail lines use a combination of single-person and two-person crews. On the TTC's Line 1 and Line 2, trains operate with a crew of two train operators, consisting of a motorman and a conductor. The employees who perform these roles are cross-trained, and switch roles each time when a train reaches the end of a line and needs to reverse direction. The conductor is responsible for door control and observation and is located in the rear cab of the last car in a train. A trainline buzzer system is used to notify the motorman that it is safe to proceed.

After arrival at a station and before opening the doors, the conductor will verify the train alignment by observing a green triangle placed on the station wall. The green triangle marks the stopping location of the conductor and should be directly in front of the conductor's cab. The conductor is required to confirm the stop position to the motorman by pointing out the cab window at the green triangle with their index finger.

One set of door controls is provided in the cab to close all the doors at once.  A door opening chime is played when the doors open. The conductor sticks their head out the cab window to observe the platform and doors, and when the doors are clear, they will press a button that closes the doors. At exactly the same time, door closing chimes are played, followed by an automated announcement of "please stand clear of the doors". The conductor will use the buzzer to notify the motorman that the train can proceed.

When the train begins to leave the station, the conductor will observe the platform with their head out the window. An orange triangle, placed on the platform wall, marks the location where the conductor may cease platform departure observations and pull their head back into the cab. It is a safety precaution to watch the platform to make sure that no passenger is being dragged by the train into the tunnel.

Train guard (United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand)

In the UK, Australia and New Zealand, the person with ultimate responsibility for operation of a train has traditionally been called the guard, a term that derives from stagecoach days.

Until the latter part of the 20th century, guards on passenger trains in those countries did not have routine responsibilities for ticket inspection or sale. Their job focused on the safe operation of their train, timekeeping, and handling parcels and other consignments. A dedicated "travelling ticket inspector" handled revenue protection duties. In recent years, guards have been dispensed with and passenger train conductors have been assigned more responsibility for on-train revenue collection and ticket inspection.

As well as ticketing and customer care, guards must be trained in "emergency protection" duties, should an emergency arise, along with other operational roles. That involves using emergency equipment such as detonators, track circuit clips and flags, to prevent other trains colliding with, for example, a disabled or derailed train. If a driver becomes incapacitated, the guard is the only person who can protect the train. Other day-to-day duties include operating the public address system and train doors.

United Kingdom
Under British Rail, there were several grades of guard, depending on whether the guard worked on freight or passenger trains—and a purely operational guard grade worked freight and passenger trains without customer contact. When the guard has significant customer contact, the position is usually classified as conductor-guard or conductor. Since British Rail, there have been a number of titles for a guard's grade but, with a few exceptions, all now perform some sort of customer-facing role.

There have been other disputes over guards on Merseyrail, CrossCountry, Govia Thameslink Railway, South Western Railway, Northern Rail, First Great Western, ScotRail, most of which have been won by the workforce and their union, the RMT.

In the UK, guard duties include:
 Opening and closing of train doors
 Ticket checks on most train operating companies
 Keeping passengers informed of any short notice changes to the service and then keeping the driver informed of any changes
 Dealing with an emergency and being trained in Personal Track Safety so that the guard is able to safely evacuate all passengers from the train - including using equipment like paddles, short circuit bars, and track circuit operating clips
 Small repairs of the train, including changing a blown shoe fuse, for example
 Historically, to assist with braking on freight trains not fitted with continuous brakes, by applying the handbrake in the brake van

It was a well-known British tradition for a guard to have two signal flags: a red one to signal the driver to stop, and a green one to signal the driver to depart. Nowadays, these flags are seldom used except on heritage railways. At night, the guard gave the signals using a lamp with red and green lights instead of using flags. Guards still occasionally use a whistle to attract the driver's attention and to warn passengers that the train is about to move, even though the electronic communication systems are now very sophisticated.

On long-distance expresses, the conductor's title is sometimes enhanced to senior conductor, in line with the implied prestige of operating those trains. Historically, under British Rail, long-distance intercity trains were normally worked by the most senior guards at the depot, hence the name senior conductor.  Several more recent private UK passenger train operators have renamed the senior conductor's passenger-facing title to "train manager". The RSSB rulebook still refers collectively to those individuals as guards.

On UK railways, modernisation and economic pressure has led to some trains losing their guards and becoming driver-only-operated (DOO). The most recent  axing of the conventional guard was on Southern rail, after a two-year dispute between the train operating company and the workforce, which ultimately led to the guards losing their safety-critical roles. British Rail first introduced that on some commuter services in London and Glasgow, as well as on almost all non-passenger trains.

In 2003, a controversial amendment to the UK operational rule book moved part of the guard's safety and operational role to the driver. With rail service privatisation, train operating companies attempted to bring in DOO to other network areas, c2c operating from London Fenchurch Street is an example of that. Currently, several titles describe a guard: train manager, train host or conductor. South Western Railway and Merseyrail still use the term guard. The role of the guard is set out by a mixture of the Railway Rule Book and train operating companies.

Australia
In Australia, there is a combination of driver-only operated trains and trains with a guard, depending largely on state-based railway practice.

New South Wales
All passenger trains in New South Wales operate with a driver and guard. Guards were removed from freight trains in the 1980s, but they still operate with a two-man locomotive crew.

Greater Sydney area
Sydney Trains, which operates metropolitan trains, and NSW TrainLink intercity trains, have a train guard. Guards are ultimately responsible for the safety of all passengers on the train. They control the operation of doors and the train public address system, perform platform duties, provide basic customer service, ensure the train runs to schedule, and accept and deliver internal mail. On Sydney Trains, the guard is located in the middle of older trains, but on the newer Waratah trains, and on NSW TrainLink intercity services, they work from the rear. The guard is not responsible for inspecting tickets, a role performed by Transport Officers and NSW Police.

NSW Regional trains
On NSW TrainLink regional Xplorer and XPT services the train guard is known as a Passenger Service Supervisor (PSS). While still responsible for the safety of passengers, the PSS is also in charge of delivering customer service and a number of value-add functions on the train including ticket inspections and manning the cafe alongside Passenger Attendants. On Xplorer trains, the driver operates the doors when the PSS gives clearance to depart. On XPT trains, the PSS performs the platform duties of a guard in conjunction with the driver.

Queensland
Passenger trains are operated by Queensland Rail, and all have both a driver and guard for suburban passenger services, or a passenger services supervisor for long-distance services.

Victoria
Trains in metropolitan Melbourne have been driver-only since the early 1990s. When the city's rail franchise was offered to the current operator, Metro Trains Melbourne, a proposal existed to reinstate guards on some peak train services, but that option was rejected in favour of hiring additional platform staff.

Regional trains operated by V/Line have a driver and conductor. The conductor performs platform duties and, on locomotive-hauled services, operates the train doors and handles passenger luggage. Conductors are responsible for internal mail, passenger safety and assistance, including on board announcements, and perform ticket sales and inspection duties.

South Australia
Adelaide Metro's metropolitan rail network is configured for driver-only operation, but also operate with passenger service assistants (PSAs). That is safety role, but has a focus on customer service and revenue protection. Normally, the train driver operates the doors, but PSAs are also able to. The Ghan, Great Southern, Indian Pacific and The Overland all have so-called train managers.

Western Australia
Transperth trains are all driver-only operated.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, inner-city commuter rail networks are staffed by a driver and a train manager (guard) as a minimum.

In Wellington, where ticketing is still paper-based, each train has between one and three passenger operators (ticket collectors). The exact number of passenger operators depends on how many multiple units or carriages make up the train.

In Auckland, off-board ticketing and smartcard systems have reduced the staff level to driver and train manager only. Auckland train managers are now not responsible for revenue on trains, as Revenue Protection officers carry out these roles.

Conductors/guards in Europe

Germany

A conductor (Zugführer or Zugchef in German) supervises the operational safety of a train and is responsible for its proper operation. He or she is authorized to issue instructions to all employees, for example train attendants, on the train. The conductor also provides passenger service and checks tickets together with the train attendants.

The conductor determines if a train is ready to depart from a platform and orders the engineer to depart via visual or aural signals. Conductors are trained in coupling and uncoupling cars, operating of the brakes, calculating braking power for the engineer, and other technical subjects related to the cars. They are further trained in customer services and selling and checking tickets.

On local trains, and depending on the level of automations, the duties of a conductor can be taken over by other personnel or left to automatic systems.

Hungary

In Hungary a conductor may assist the train driver in testing the train's air brakes, and sometimes they have to lead the shunting, mostly when the trains are switching lines. Hungarian train conductors are responsible for the departure of the trains. In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver. During the day they use a disc (which is white and has a green border) to give the ready signal to the train driver.

After sunset they give signals with flashlights. Train drivers are not allowed to move the train without the conductor in chief giving them the ready signal. Conductors, along with train drivers, are responsible for keeping the trains on schedule. There is always at least one conductor in chief on passenger trains in Hungary. No passenger trains may depart without one, as only they have the right to give the departure signal.

Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under the command of the conductor in chief. If there is more than one conductor on a train, then the signal procedure is as follows:

After all passengers have left or entered the train and the departure time has arrived, the conductor in chief asks the other conductor for his ready signal. If it is safe to depart he gives a ready signal to the conductor in chief who then gives the same signal to the train driver.

As in Belgium and in the Netherlands conductors also collect and punch tickets, fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers. They also sell tickets on the trains; if the passengers have entered the train at a station where a ticket office is operating they can buy a ticket only with payment of a fine. However, if the passengers got on at a station or stop where they didn't have an option to buy a ticket, they can buy from the conductor without having to pay a fine.

Ireland
Most Iarnród Éireann trains are driver-only operated. An on-board train host provides passengers with assistance, makes announcements, and performs minor maintenance. A minority of routes still have guards operating the doors, giving the ready-to-start signal with a green flag, and checking and selling tickets.

Netherlands/Belgium
In Belgium and The Netherlands, train conductors have multiple tasks involving train safety and customer services. Belgian/Dutch train conductors are responsible for the departure of the train. In each station they give the permission to move on by giving a ready signal to the train driver. Therefore, train conductors in Belgium and The Netherlands always close (and in some scenarios also open) the doors. They are also responsible for performing safety tasks in case of an emergency or accident, such as fire, evacuation, etc. Because of these tasks, there has to be at least one conductor on each passenger train; a train without a conductor is uncommon, but still appears on some regional Dutch trains. The departure  trains always have one conductor who is conductor-in-chief. He is responsible for the entire train, the on-board crew and the passengers. Some longer trains may have additional conductors who are under command of the conductor-in-chief. Besides the safety tasks, conductors also collect and punch tickets,  fine people for not having a valid fare and make announcements to the passengers.

Switzerland
Conductors in Switzerland are assigned to either regional or long-distance trains. In the former case, their job is mainly to check for tickets (and to issue a "ticket supplement" in the event of a missing or incorrect ticket) or to assist customers with inquiries. In the latter case, they are responsible not only for the same tasks, but also for preparing the train for departure, making announcements, signaling the closing of the doors and departure from each station, and assisting customers in the event of a security incident.

Railway guards in Asia

India

In India, train managers (earlier called guard) are posted on all passenger trains and goods trains and no passenger-carrying train is allowed to move without a guard. The passenger train guard, generally called a mail guard, is completely responsible for the train, its schedule, and safety of passengers and the locomotive pilot. These guards wear a specific uniform (generally white).

During the day, the guard uses the traditional green flag to signal the pilot to depart, and the red flag to stop, assisted by two-way radios. After sunset, the guard uses lamp signals in place of the flags. A couple of minutes before signalling departure to the pilot, the guard blows a whistle to warn passengers to board the train. After ensuring all passengers are safe to travel, the guard signals the green flag by waving it from the brake van. In an emergency, the guard uses the red flag to indicate a stop, and may directly apply brakes to stop the train. The pilot is not allowed to move the train without a signal from the guard, as the guard is in charge of the train.

Passenger guards also accept heavy parcels and luggage boxes that passengers cannot carry in coaches. Some perishable goods like vegetables and milk are also transported under the supervision of the guard, who is responsible for proper loading and unloading.

Keeping the passenger train on-schedule is an important guard function. Guards carry a first aid box with their belongings, along with other important items, all in a medium-sized duty box (generally painted red). The name, designation and base location of the Guard are printed in white on the box. A designated passenger train, halting at all stations, carries a large heavy cast iron cash safe in the guard's brake van, where cash receipts from ticket sales is deposited in a leather pouch by the station manager (earlier called the station master). Since the late 1990s, each guard is provided with a two-way radio so that they can communicate with the locomotive pilot, and other trains if required. The radio has not yet replaced the traditional red and green flags.

Japan
Guards are used on most passenger railway lines in Japan. Working from the rear driving cab, their responsibilities include opening and closing of doors, sounding the departure melody, making announcements, ensuring on-time departure as well as the safety of passengers boarding and alighting.

Tram (streetcar) conductor

Many antique or heritage trams (streetcars), which operated through the earlier part of the 20th century, were designed for operation by a crew of two or more.  The conductor primarily collected fares and signaled the driver when safe to depart from stopping places.  The conductor also assisted with shunting when necessary, changing the trolley pole and attended to passengers' needs.

Modern vehicle design and ticketing arrangements have largely eliminated the need for conductors on street railways and light rail systems. In recent years a number of modern tram or light rail systems have introduced (or re-introduced) conductors to minimise fare evasion and to provide customer care, supervision and security functions, even in situations where a second crew member is not strictly needed.

In England, the Sheffield Supertram and West Midlands Metro modern light rail systems have both started using conductors due to problems with ticket machine reliability. Nottingham Express Transit started with conductors. Manchester Metrolink and Croydon Tramlink both rely on ticket machines at stops.

Systems of ticket checking and selling by a conductor:
takes place while entering, the vehicle cannot leave until this is (almost) finished
takes place after entering an entrance lobby, while the vehicle already moves, after which the passenger moves to the seating area of the car
the passengers get seated and the conductor comes to them

Modern mass transit systems which operate with conductors on trams include:

See also
 AEC Routemaster
 Bus conductor
 Freight conductor
 Manual fare collection
 New Routemaster
 Railroad engineer
 Revenue Protection Inspector

Footnotes

Further reading
 William P. Daniels (ed.), Proceedings of the Grand Division of the Order of Railway Conductors (Formerly Conductors' Brotherhood): From Organization to the Eighteenth Session, Inclusive, 1868–1885. Cedar Rapids, IA: Standard Co. for the Order of Railway Conductors, 1888.
 Railway Conductor's Monthly / The Railway Conductor
 Vol. 1 (1884) | Vol. 2 (1885) | Vol. 3 (1886) | Vol. 4 (1887) | Vol. 5 (1888) | Vol. 6 (1889) | Vol. 7 (1890) | Vol. 8 (1891) | Vol. 9 (1892) | Vol. 10 (1893) | Vol. 11 (1894)
 Train Conductor Headquarters - Resource for Train Conductor Training and Requirements. Comprehensive railroad industry information.

External links

Bus terminology
Public transport fare collection
Railway occupations
Transport occupations

Conductor (rail)


Mark Applebaum (born 1967 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American composer and full professor of music composition and theory at Stanford University.

Biography
Applebaum received his PhD in music composition from the University of California, San Diego where he studied with Brian Ferneyhough, Joji Yuasa, Rand Steiger, and Roger Reynolds. Prior to Stanford, he taught at UCSD, Mississippi State University, and Carleton College.

Applebaum has received commissions from Betty Freeman, the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, the Fromm Foundation, the Kronos Quartet, the Paul Dresher Ensemble, Spoleto USA, the Vienna Modern Festival, Antwerp's Champ D'Action, Festival ADEvantgarde in Munich, Zeitgeist, Manufacture (Tokyo), the St. Lawrence String Quartet, the Jerome Foundation, and the American Composers Forum.

As a jazz pianist, Applebaum has performed around the world, including a solo recital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso that was sponsored by the American Embassy. In 1994, he received the jazz prize of the Southern California Jazz Society.

Music
Applebaum's solo, chamber, choral, orchestral, operatic, and electro-acoustic work has been performed through North and South America, Europe, Australia, Africa, and Asia. His music has been described as mercurial, high detailed, discipline, and exacting, but also features improvisational and whimsical aspects. His inspiration has been drawn from jazz pioneers and maverick composers such as Conlon Nancarrow and Harry Partch, who found it necessary to use or invent unusual instruments to realize their artistic visions.

In 1990, Applebaum began building unique electroacoustic instruments. One of these instruments, which Applebaum refers to as the "Mouseketier," consists of threaded rods, nails, combs, doorstops, springs, squeaky wheels, ratchets, and a toilet tank flotation bulb. His first instrument, the "Mousetrap", is used in Mousetrap Music which features a recording of sound-sculpture improvisations. The objects on the instruments are plucked, scratched, bowed, and modified by a battery of live electronics.

Many of Applebaum's compositions are composed of visual and theatrical elements. Echolalia requires the rapid execution of 22 dadaist rituals, Straitjacket includes performers drawing on amplified easels, and Aphasia requires its performer to synchronize choreographed hand gestures to tape.

Selected works

Orchestral music
Dead White Males
Skumfiduser!
Martian Anthropology 1.2.3
Sock Monkey
Concerto for Florist and Orchestra

Choral music and opera
Triple Concerto
Martian Anthropology 4.5.6

Works for symphonic wind ensemble and jazz orchestra
Ambitus
Agitprop

Chamber music
Sum = Parts for chamber orchestra
56 1/2 ft. for chamber orchestra
Integrity for two percussion and piano
Depth for trombone and contrabass
Merit for wind quintet
Seriousness for string trio
Janus for ten players
Nepotism for percussion and strings
Catfish for percussion trio
Scipio Wakes Up for sextet
Martian Anthropology 7.8.9 for sextet
Asylum for ten players
The Blue Cloak for soloist and sextet
Magnetic North for soloist and brass quintet
Identity Destruction Sport for septet
Accretion/Deletion for quintet
48 Objects for sixteen players
Sixteen for sixteen players
Mobile for Paper for any number of players
The Composer's Middle Period for sextet
Theme in Search of Variations I for percussion trio
Theme in Search of Variations II for quintet
Theme in Search of Variations III for quartet
Straitjacket for percussion quintet
Coat Room for octet
Rabbit Hole for octet
30 for twelve percussionists
The First Decade for percussion
The Second Decade for percussion quartet
The Third Decade for percussion septet
Clicktrack for twelve percussionists
Speed Dating for octet
Control Freak for singer and septet
Medium for quartet
column facing on 3 behind lintel for quartet
Mt. Moriah for string quartet
20 for string quartet
Darmstadt Kindergarten for string quartet
1:00 for string quartet
Hymn for saxophone quartet
Tlön for three conductors
Meditation for piano six hands
7 one-minute canons for flute, vibraphone, and cello
Jetsam for piano trio
Landscape for piano trio
Go, Dog. Go! for percussion duo
Gone, Dog. Gone! for percussion duo
Ferneyhough ReMix for percussion duo
On the Nature of the Modern Age for piano duo
Unholy & Surreal for two pianos
Speed Date for violin and cello
Curb Weight Surgical Field duo for grand piano and two players
Neo-Tribes for alto saxophone
The Plate of Transition Nourishes the Chameleon Appetite for violin
Anesthesia (+83) for viola
Sargasso (83+) for cello
Narcissus: Strata/Panacea for marimba
Authenticity for trumpet
Entre Funérailles I for trumpet
Entre Funérailles II for vibraphone
Entre Funérailles IV for flute
Cadenza for piano
Disciplines for piano
Penumbra for piano
Omnibus Etude for piano
Elegy for carillon or piano
DNA for guitar
Pause for piano
Aphasia for hand gestures and tape
Composition Machine #1 for percussion
Echolalia for amplified Dadaist rituals
Zero-One for mousetrap sound-sculpture
Skeletons in the Closet for 8-channel sound
Wristwatch: Geology, Wristwatch: Alien Argot, Wristwatch: Meridian, Wristwatch: Rabbit Hole, Wristwatch: Speed Dating, Wristwatch: Control Freak for variable players

Tape music
Pre-Composition
The Janus ReMixes
Snagglepuss ReMix
Variations on Variations on a Theme by Mozart

Improvisation works
The Metaphysics of Notation
The Bible Without God
S-tog
Concerto for Florist and Ensemble
Plundergraphic
5:3
Intellectual Property
40 Cryptograms

Discography

1989 Your Parents Hate Me, Aphasia Records
1996 Mousetrap Music, Innova
1999 The Janus ReMixes, Innova
1999 Sonic Circuits VII, Innova
2002 The Apple Doesn't Fall Far from the Tree, Innova
2003 Cornucopia, Capstone
2003 Mark Applebaum: Intellectual Property, Innova
2003 Catfish, Tzadik
2004 Oni Buchanan: Solo Piano, Velvet Ear Records
2004 Martian Anthropology, Innova
2004 Disciplines, Innova
2005 56 1/2 ft., Innova
2005 The Bible Without God, Innova
2006 Asylum, Innova
2006, [re], Everglade
2008 Sock Monkey, Innova
2008 Escapement, Everglade
2010 The Metaphysics of Notation, Innova
2015 30, Innova
2019 Asylum, Innova

References

External links
 Mark Applebaum's Website
 Mark Applebaum on Vimeo
 Stanford Magazine "Heard This One?"
 Atlantic Center for the Arts Residency #134
 Progress Report: The State of the Art after Sixteen Years of Designing and Playing Electroacoustic Sound-Sculptures
 James Bash. "Applebaum, Mark." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed October 13, 2014

Living people
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
21st-century classical composers
University of California, San Diego alumni
1967 births
Musicians from Chicago
Pupils of Brian Ferneyhough
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Illinois
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Stanford University Department of Music faculty

Mark Applebaum


Alicja Józefa Kornasiewicz (born March 19, 1951 in Kańczuga) is a Polish economist, manager and politician. She was a member of Polish parliament and served as Secretary of State and Vice Minister at the Ministry of State Treasury in Poland. She is a managing director of the Warsaw office of Morgan Stanley and chair of Cineworld.

Education
Kornasiewicz studied at Szkoła Główna Planowania i Statystyki. She received a PhD degree from Poznań University of Economics.

In 1978, she passed exams as Statutory auditor; she is a member of the National Chamber of Statutory Auditors in Poland. She attended the six-week Advanced Management Programme at Harvard Business School and the Executive and Advanced Management Programme at INSEAD.

Career
At the first free elections after the democratic transition in Poland, Kornasiewicz became a member of parliament from 1989 to 1991, representing the Polish People's Party (election district of Płock). In the government of Jerzy Buzek, she served as Secretary of State in the Polish Ministry of the Treasury from 1997 to 2000.

Prior to that she worked for the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) as a senior banker in London. Kornasiewicz was head of emerging European countries investment banking at Unicredit Group and a member of the Executive Committee at the bank's Markets & Investment Banking Division. From 2010, she was CEO of Polish Bank Pekao SA.

In January 2012, Kornasiewicz joined Morgan Stanley as a senior adviser in investment banking covering Poland and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). She is a managing director of the Warsaw office of the firm. Kornasiewicz is a jury member at Galeria Chwały Polskiej Ekonomii.

In May 2020, Kornasiewicz became chair of Cineworld, having been a non-executive director since May 2015.

References

External links
 Alicja Kornasiewicz joins Morgan Stanley as a Senior Adviser in Poland and CEE, press release, Morgan Stanley, January 26, 2012

21st-century Polish businesspeople
SGH Warsaw School of Economics alumni
Living people
Women members of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland
Members of the Contract Sejm
1951 births
Polish women in business
20th-century Polish women politicians
21st-century businesswomen

Alicja Kornasiewicz


Mark Fremont Schlereth (; born January 25, 1966) is an American former professional football player who is a television and radio sportscaster. Schlereth played guard in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons (1989–2000) with the Washington Redskins and Denver Broncos. He is currently a football analyst for Fox Sports, appearing on FS1, and other programs.  He also co-hosted Sedano & Stink with Jorge Sedano from 7–10 p.m. ET on ESPN Radio until late March 2015 when he left the program to pursue other broadcast opportunities.
He also appeared on the soap opera Guiding Light, and 2012's Red Dawn remake.

Early life and college
Schlereth was born and grew up in Anchorage, Alaska, and struggled with dyslexia as a youth — he did not learn to read until he was seven. He graduated from Robert Service High School in 1984. Growing up in Alaska, Schlereth did not receive much attention as a college football prospect; the only current FBS schools that offered him a scholarship were Idaho (I-AA at the time) and Hawaii. He accepted the scholarship offer from the University of Idaho from head coach Dennis Erickson. Erickson departed following the 1985 season, and Schlereth started at left guard on the Vandals' offensive line for new head coach Keith Gilbertson, blocking for quarterbacks Scott Linehan and John Friesz. In his senior season in 1988, the Vandals advanced to the national semifinals, and he was second-team

Schlereth was inducted into the University of Idaho Vandal Athletics Hall of Fame in 2008.

Professional career
Schlereth was selected in the tenth round (#263 overall) of the 1989 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins. He played 12 NFL seasons—six with the Denver Broncos (1995–2000). He was a member of three Super Bowl championship teams (one with the Redskins and two with the Broncos) and was selected to the Pro Bowl for his performances in the 1991 and 1998 seasons. On January 25, 1998, Schlereth celebrated his 32nd birthday on the same day he helped the Broncos win Super Bowl XXXII, a 31–24 victory over the Green Bay Packers.

Before ending his playing career, Schlereth endured 29 surgeries. Twenty of those surgeries were performed on his knees (15 left, five right). After the 13th procedure on his left knee on July 24, 2000, Denver Broncos head coach Mike Shanahan stated, "He has a great pain threshold. I think the doctors said that it was the worst knee that they've ever seen." Schlereth would have two more procedures on his left knee during the 2000 season, his last in the NFL. His injuries are documented on Athlete 360, the sports medicine television show hosted by Schlereth's former Redskins teammate, Dr. Mark Adickes.

On April 18, 2001, Schlereth announced his retirement. "The reason I came out here today was to announce that I have just signed a six-year, $42 million contract to extend my career with the Denver Broncos. The truth of the matter is, after going through my 15th operation on my left knee last November, it became painfully obvious that I couldn't sign a six-year contract for $42 worth of Tupperware. I started to realize in the last three months of free agency that there is not a lot of market for a 6 ft. 3 in, 245-pound guard that is 35 years old and beat to a pulp." He landed a job with ESPN soon after.

Television/radio career
After retirement, Schlereth hosted an afternoon sports talk radio show on Denver AM radio 760 The Zone with fellow former Broncos lineman David "Doc" Diaz-Infante. The show was frequently referred to as the "Stink and Doc" show. Schlereth was a part-time analyst with ESPN for a time, commuting from Denver to Connecticut, before leaving 760 to go full-time with ESPN in 2004. He was an analyst on NFL Live (2004–2017) and SportsCenter.

Since 2017, Schlereth has been a color commentator for NFL games broadcast on Fox NFL, initially being paired with Dick Stockton on the #6 team for 4 seasons, until being paired with former ESPN colleagues Adam Amin and Lindsay Czarniak on the #3 team. He also co-hosts a radio show in Denver on 104.3 The Fan, and appears as an analyst on FS1 television programming. He was a frequent guest and fill-in host for Mike Golic on Mike and Mike in the Morning. He has also filled in for Jim Rome on Jim Rome is Burning.

Schlereth revealed on the Mike and Mike in the Morning show that he was considering a career in acting, mainly on soap operas, under the name Roc Hoover. Schlereth originally chose the name Rock Hoover, however after cybersquatters took several domain names pertaining to that name he dropped the k from Rock and became Roc Hoover. He announced on May 4, 2007, that he was cast as Detective Roc Hoover, a recurring role, on the soap opera, Guiding Light.

Schlereth was a featured athlete on Athlete 360, a sports medicine television show.

After the 2010–11 NFC Championship Game, Schlereth was critical of Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler, tweeting "As a guy who had 20 knee surgeries you'd have to drag me out on a stretcher to leave a championship game!"

In 2012 Schlereth appeared on the Discovery Channel show American Guns. He worked with the staff at Gunsmoke gun shop to find a suitable firearm he could use on a hunting trip with his son.

Since 2015, Schlereth has appeared as himself in a number of episodes of HBO's Ballers.

Personal life
Schlereth is a Christian. Schlereth is married to Lisa Schlereth. They have three children: Alexandria, Avi, and Daniel. Alexandria was an actress featured on the MyNetworkTV series Desire in 2006.  Avi was a contestant on Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce's reality dating show Catching Kelce, but was not chosen. She is still pursuing a modeling career in California. Daniel was a pitcher in Major League Baseball, having appeared in 94 games in a relief capacity. Originally from Anchorage Alaska, Mark told the story his rookie year of buried fish heads, known as "Stinkheads," that native Alaskans would dig up and eat if food was scarce......that name stuck and eventually "Stink" became his nickname and became the name of "Stinkin' Good" years later.

References

External links

 MarksAllPros.com - Mark Schlereth's business referral network
 Pro football stats - Mark Schlereth
 NFL.com - 1989 NFL Draft - Mark Schlereth - # 263

 University of Idaho Athletics Hall of Fame - Mark Schlereth
 Alaska High School Hall of Fame - Mark Schlereth
 Mark Schlereth's Fox Sports bio
 Mark Schlereth's ESPN bio

1966 births
American football offensive guards
Arena football announcers
Denver Broncos players
ESPN people
Fox Sports 1 people
Idaho Vandals football players
Living people
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
Sportspeople with dyslexia
Players of American football from Anchorage, Alaska
Washington Redskins players

Mark Schlereth


Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis (also known as "Linear nevoid hyperpigmentation," "Progressive cribriform and zosteriform hyperpigmentation," "Reticulate and zosteriform hyperpigmentation," "Reticulate hyperpigmentation of Iijima and Naito and Uyeno," "Zebra-like hyperpigmentation in whorls and streaks," and "Zebra-line hyperpigmentation") is a disorder of pigmentation that develops within a few weeks of birth and progresses for one to two years before stabilizing.  There is linear and whorled hyperpigmentation following the lines of Blaschko without preceding bullae or verrucous lesions.  It is important to exclude other pigmentary disorders following the Blaschko lines before making a diagnosis of linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis. The differential diagnoses include incontinentia pigmenti, linear epidermal nevus, hypomelanosis of Ito and Goltz syndrome. Recently, a case of linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis was reported in a Malaysian Chinese girl.

See also
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Genodermatoses