John Andrew Rea (June 18, 1848 – February 10, 1941) was an American journalist and politician. A native of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, he was one of the eight members of Cornell University's first graduating class. As a correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and the New York Herald, he covered the 1877 flight of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce to Montana and their final battle with the US Army. While living in North Dakota, he covered the Battle of the Little Bighorn and drafted the constitution adopted by North Dakota when it became a state in 1889. From 1889 until his death, Rea lived in Washington state where he was the editor-in-chief of The Olympian and later president of the University of Washington Board of Regents and the first executive director of the Port of Tacoma.

Biography
John Andrew Rea was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania to John Rea and Sarah Ann Robb on June 18, 1848. He studied for three years at Ohio Wesleyan University. However, when Cornell University opened in 1868, he was attracted by "its promise of liberality in education" and moved there to complete his final year, along with two fellow students at Ohio Wesleyan, Morris Buchwalter and Joseph Foraker. While at Cornell, Rea was a founding member of the Irving Literary Society and the Cornell chapter of Phi Kappa Psi, as well as a member of Phi Beta Kappa.

Following his graduation from Cornell in 1869, he worked as a journalist for the Philadelphia Press. For the next 30 years, journalism was to be his primary profession. In 1873, he married the former Mary Terry of Ithaca, New York, and the couple moved to Nebraska. He worked as a reporter in both Lincoln and Omaha, where among other stories, he covered the Nebraska Constitutional Convention of 1875. He later became managing editor of the Minneapolis Tribune, editor of the Bismarck Tribune and editor of the Dakota edition of the St. Paul Pioneer Press, for whom he had covered the Battle of the Little Bighorn As a correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and the New York Herald, he singlehandedly covered the 1877 flight of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce to Montana and their final battle with the US Army. While Rea was living in Bismarck, he was also for a time the Register of the United States Land Office there. In 1889 he organized the North Dakota state constitutional convention, serving as its secretary and helping to draft the state's constitution.

In late 1889, Rea moved to Washington state where he became the editor-in-chief of The Olympian, which had recently changed from a weekly to a daily newspaper. During his time in Olympia, he became an advisor and close friend of Elisha P. Ferry, Washington's first governor when it achieved statehood in 1889. In the late 1890s, Rea and his family settled in Tacoma where he developed timber and real estate businesses and became the first executive director of the Port of Tacoma, a post which he held until 1921. Rea also sat on the Board of Regents for the University of Washington and served for a time as the board's president. Described as one of Tacoma's most colorful characters and an astute Republican politician, US Presidents from Grover Cleveland to Franklin Delano Roosevelt referred to him as "Mr. Tacoma".

John Rea died at his home in Tacoma on February 10, 1941. At the time of his death, he was the oldest surviving alumnus of Cornell University and the last surviving member of Cornell's first graduating class.

Notes and references

Sources
Copp, Henry Norris, The American settler's guide: a popular exposition of the public land system of the United States of America, 1886 (accessed 16 May 2010)
Cornell Alumni News, "Oldest Alumnus Dies", Vol. 43 No. 19, 27 February 1941, p. 262 (accessed 16 May 2010)
Lounsberry, Clement A., Early history of North Dakota, Liberty Press, 1919 (accessed 16 May 2010)
Magden, Ronald "Port Leadership – Past to Present – Envision Tacoma's Future", Journal of Commerce, 3 November 2008, p. 6 (accessed 16 May 2010)
Nebraska State Historical Society, Nebraska History and Record of Pionner Days, Vol. IV, No. 1, January–March 1921 (accessed 16 May 2010)
New York Times, "John Rea, Ex-Editor, Cornell Alumnus", 21 February 1941
The Register-Guard, "Covering Indian Wars Was No Joke, Old Time Reporter Recalls",  15 March 1936, p. 3 (accessed 16 May 2010)
Prosser, William Farrand, A history of the Puget Sound country, its resources, its commerce and its people, Lewis Publishing Co, 1903, p. 463 (accessed 16 May 2010)
Tacoma Public Library Image Archives, John A. Rea, Image 3381 (accessed 16 May 2010)

1848 births
1941 deaths
American male journalists
Cornell University alumni
Politicians from Bismarck, North Dakota
People from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
People from Tacoma, Washington
Regents of the University of Washington
Journalists from North Dakota
Writers from Tacoma, Washington
Politicians from Tacoma, Washington
Journalists from Pennsylvania

John Andrew Rea


Raúl Rivero Castañeda (23 November 1945 – 6 November 2021) was a Cuban poet, journalist, and dissident. Rivero was born in Morón, Camagüey, Cuba. He supported Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution

From 1973 to 1976 he worked for the official Cuban press in Moscow. He also was chairman of the National Union of Writers and Artists (UNEAC).

Rivero died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by emphysema in Miami, Florida on 6 November 2021, three weeks before his 76th birthday.

References

1945 births
2021 deaths
Cuban writers
Journalists
Cuban poets

Raúl Rivero


The Skagway Historic District and White Pass is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing a significant portion of the area within the United States associated with the Klondike Gold Rush.  It includes the historic portion of Skagway, Alaska, including the entire road grid of the 1897 town, as well as the entire valley on the United States side of White Pass all the way to the Canada–US border.  This area includes surviving fragments of three historic routes used during the Gold Rush, as well as the route of the White Pass and Yukon Railroad.  Almost 100 buildings remain from the Gold Rush period.  Portions of the district are preserved as part of Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park.

The Skagway portion of the district includes the historic heart of the town, a region 23 block long and varying in width from three to five blocks.  Fourteen of these blocks were under National Park Service protection in 1999.  Buildings in the district are generally wood-frame structures with one or two stories, which have been brightly painted.  Commercial buildings often have false fronts, commercial window displays, and recessed entries, and are sited directly against the sidewalk, while residences are set back.  The district includes more than 350 buildings in Skagway, and only eight structures outside the city.

The Arctic Brotherhood Hall (1899), its front covered with driftwood, is one of the contributing buildings.

The valley that rises steeply above Skagway was one of the main routes to the gold fields of the Yukon River.  (The other, the Chilkoot Trail, is located west of Skagway, and is part of the National Historic Landmark Chilkoot Trail and Dyea Site historic district.)  Two overland routes, the 1897 trail and the Brackett Wagon Road, worked their way up White Pass, as did a water-based route along the Skagway River, and the White Pass and Yukon Railroad, completed in 1900.  Part of the valley now also carries the Klondike Highway.  There are numerous areas along these historic routes (some of which have not been identified with precision, and may have followed variable routes during the rush) where camp sites and other remnants of the rush are to be found.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Alaska
National Register of Historic Places listings in Skagway, Alaska

References

External links
Skagway Museum at Frommer's

Geography of the Municipality of Skagway Borough, Alaska
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
National Historic Landmarks in Alaska
National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
National Register of Historic Places in the Municipality of Skagway Borough, Alaska
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska


Frank Fernández (born April 16, 1943) is an American former professional baseball catcher.

Biography
Fernández signed as an amateur free agent with the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB) upon graduation from Curtis High School in Staten Island in 1961. He spent six seasons in their minor league system before debuting with the Yankees as a September call-up in 1967. He went one for three in his major league debut against the California Angels in the second game of a doubleheader on September 12.

Fernández backed up Jake Gibbs for 1968 and 1969. Upon former first round draft pick Thurman Munson's arrival in the major leagues, the Yankees dealt Fernández to the Oakland Athletics with Al Downing for Danny Cater and Ossie Chavarria prior to the start of the 1970 season.

During the 1971 season, the A's traded Fernández to the Washington Senators with Paul Lindblad and Don Mincher for Mike Epstein and Darold Knowles. A little over a month later, he was purchased back by the A's, only to be dealt away again during the 1971 season—this time to the Chicago Cubs for Adrian Garrett.

Fernández made three pinch hitting appearances with the Cubs in 1972, but spent most of his time with their triple A affiliate, the Wichita Aeros before being reacquired by the Yankees in a minor league deal. He also spent time in Oakland's and the Detroit Tigers' farm system before retiring.

Fernández holds the record for the most home runs (39) for a player with a batting average less than .200, as well as having the most career walks than hits by a non-pitcher with over 100 at-bats, with 164 walks and 145 hits.

Fernández was inducted into the Staten Island Sports Hall of Fame in 2000.

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
Chicago Cubs players
Columbus Confederate Yankees players
Curtis High School alumni
Florida Instructional League Yankees players
Fort Lauderdale Yankees players
Greensboro Yankees players
Idaho Falls Yankees players
Iowa Oaks players
Major League Baseball catchers
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
Baseball players from Staten Island
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Tigres de Aragua players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tucson Toros players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players
Wichita Aeros players

Frank Fernández (baseball)


Emma Dean is a small impact crater in the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of the planet Mars. This geological feature was visited by the Opportunity rover from sols 929 to 943. The much larger crater Victoria lies about 100m to the east.
Emma Dean lies directly on top of the ejecta blanket from Victoria and could therefore expose material originating from deep inside Victoria.
The crater is named after Emma Dean, John Wesley Powell's wife and one of the boats in Grand Canyon Powell expedition.

See also
 Geography of Mars
 List of craters on Mars

References

Impact craters on Mars
Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle

Emma Dean (crater)


On June 9, 2006, an explosion on the beach near the Gaza Strip municipality of Beit Lahia killed eight Palestinians. At least thirty others were injured. The aftermath of the incident was captured on video and showed a distressed eleven-year-old girl, Huda Ghaliya, reacting to the loss of family members, most of whom were killed in the incident. The footage of Ghaliya, which received considerable media attention, was broadcast on news networks around the world, making her a symbol of Palestinian suffering. The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung questioned the reliability of the video footage.

On 9 June 2006, between 4:31 and 4:50 p.m., Israeli artillery and a navy gunboat fired 8 artillery shells at the beach, with two shells landing 200 meters away from the family. The Israeli army and Israeli officials initially took responsibility. A subsequent investigation by the Israeli Defence Forces concluded that the explosion was not caused by the shelling of the beach and blamed it on a Palestinian land mine.  This investigation was criticized by Human Rights Watch and The Guardian.  The IDF acknowledged a flaw in the report in that it omitted mention of two 76mm naval shells, the IDF maintains had landed too far away to have caused the explosion.  At this point, the IDF acknowledged that the cause of the blast may have been an unexploded 155mm artillery shell from an earlier shelling, but suggested it might have been used as an improvised explosive device (IED) by Palestinians. The Human Rights Watch final report published in July 2007 provided a detailed analysis as to why the revised IDF conclusion involving an IED was the least likely of three scenarios. HRW concluded "The availability of significant evidence that the IDF has not examined or taken into account casts serious doubt on its conclusions and underscores the need for an independent investigation of the incident." The Palestinian authorities supported this proposal. The Israeli government declined to take part.

The head of an IDF investigative committee into the beach deaths, Major General Meir Kalifi, reported that the security establishment had received information that Ilham Ghalia said that "Daddy touched something and then there was an explosion". The IDF viewed her alleged statement as supporting its contention that an IDF shell was not the cause of the deaths. The next day Haaretz reported that the information was of unclear reliability and unsubstantiated. The IDF shelved the claim.

Precursor events
At the time of the beach explosion, the February 2005 ceasefire agreement between Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon was still in effect, notwithstanding various violations by both sides.

On June 7, 2005, two Palestinian workers, Salah Ayash Imran, 57, Muhammed Mahmoud Jaroun, and a foreign worker Bi Shude, 46, were killed, and five other workers were wounded, when a Qassam rocket hit a packing shed in Ganei Tal in Israel. The Islamic Jihad took responsibility for the attack.

On June 8 Israel resumed its policy of the extrajudicial killing of key Hamas leaders, with the IDF assassination of Jamal Abu Samhadana. The policy of targeted killings had ceased with the February 2005 Israeli–PA ceasefire agreement, which Hamas had also pledged to observe. Samhadana had been appointed the Palestinian Interior and National Security Ministry of the PNA's new Hamas-led government on 20 April 2006, a position similar to the ministry's director-general. The Israeli military said Samhadana and the other targeted militants were planning an attack on Israel.

In response to Samhadana's assassination, Palestinians in the Gaza Strip fired two rockets into Israel hours after his death, hitting a building in the southern town of Sderot, but causing no casualties.

On June 9, Israel responded to the rocket fire with a bombardment of launching sites on the beach where the fatalities occurred.

Victims
On the afternoon of 9 June 2006, seven members of the Ghaliya (Ghalya) family—Ali (Isa), 49; Raisa (Ra'issa), 36; Alia, 24; Ilham, 15; Sabrin, 7; Hanadi, 2; and Haytham (Haitham), 8 months—were killed by a blast on the Sudaniya beach near to Beit Lahia in northern Gaza. Along with 12 (7)-year old Huda, survivors included her mother, Hamdia, and an elder sister, Elham.

Three of the wounded sisters and a brother received treatment in an Israeli hospital. Ayham Ghaliya, 21 years old, and Ralia Niham, who was seriously injured in the blast, were treated at the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center in Tel Aviv.

Adham Ghaliya was injured by shrapnel and, after treatment in the Soroka Medical Center in Be'er Sheva, received medical attention in the United States. One other Palestinian civilian was also killed.

Investigations
The Israeli army said it was targeting Qassam rocket launchers, shelling the beach 250 metres away from the blast, ten minutes prior to it. An Israeli military investigation later concluded that the family was not hurt as a result of the Israeli shelling. The Times and Human Rights Watch expressed doubts regarding the IDF investigation, saying that it failed to account for two shells fired from an Israeli naval vessel at the same time as the explosion and called for an independent inquiry into the deaths.

On June 16 it was reported that Marc Garlasco, a senior military analyst and battle damage assessment expert at Human Rights Watch, had examined a piece of shrapnel removed from the abdomen of one of the victims and had concluded that the shrapnel was part of an artillery fuse.

Israel Defense Forces
An IDF investigation into the deaths concluded, on 13 June 2006, that one piece of shrapnel removed from the body of Amneh Ghaliya did not match the metal signature of Israeli munitions, and that IDF shells or missiles would have left larger craters than found on the site of the incident. The report suggested the blast was probably caused by an explosive device buried in the sand, but did not determine whether it was planted by Palestinians (as the IDF committee head speculated but could not confirm) or was an old IDF explosive.

The IDF explained that six cannon shells were fired in the vicinity. The landing spots of last five were identified as being 250 meters away from the incident, but that of the first was not determined. The army is nevertheless convinced that the first shell, which they say was shot at least eight minutes prior to the fatal blast, could not have fallen on the beach almost half a kilometer away from its intended target. Major General Dan Halutz, IDF Chief of Staff and former Israeli Air Force Commander was reported as saying "We can say, surely, that the IDF is not responsible for the incident," and that, "We checked each and every shell that was fired from the sea, the air and from the artillery on the land and we found out that we can track every one according to a timetable and according to the accuracy of where they hit the ground."

On 17 June, The Times (of London) reported that the Israeli Army had told them its report was flawed, in that it failed to mention two gunboat shells fired at 4:24pm and 4:55pm. According to the IDF the two shells landed too far away to have been responsible. A UN radio transmission describing "casualties" in the area at 4:33pm was identified by the head of the IDF inquiry commission Major General Meir Klifi as related to "an earlier incident" near the abandoned settlement of Dugit.

In a 19 June press release, Marc Garlasco, the senior military analyst at Human Rights Watch, declared the IDF investigation not credible, citing its complete reliance on information gathered by the IDF and exclusion of all evidence gathered by other sources. Garlasco said "An investigation that refuses to look at contradictory evidence can hardly be considered credible. The IDF's partisan approach highlights the need for an independent, international investigation. [...] If the Israeli allegations of tampered evidence are to be believed, many Palestinians would have to have engaged in a massive and immediate conspiracy to falsify the data. The conspirators – witnesses, victims, medical personnel and bomb disposal staff – would have had to falsify their testimony, amend digital and hand-written records, and dip shrapnel into a victim's blood. It beggars belief that such a huge conspiracy could be orchestrated so quickly." The press release also pointed to inconsistencies in the IDF analysis of the shell fragments.

Major General Meir Kalifi, head of an IDF investigative committee into the beach deaths, reported that the security establishment had received information that Ilham Ghalia said that "Daddy touched something and then there was an explosion". The IDF viewed this as supporting their contention that the Ghalia family had not been hit by an Israeli shell.  Other sources list Ilham as one of the immediate fatalities of the explosion. The day after Khalifi's report, in a Hebrew version, the same newspaper recorded: "However, the degree of reliability of the information is unclear. A senior General Staff member yesterday told "Haaretz" that this is unsubstantiated information - and that the army does not have a recording of the girl say(ing) these things."  In 2009 Haaretz reported that "Decision makers in the government and IDF for some reason shelved her admission".

In response to the call for an independent, international investigation of the incident. IDF Chief of Staff Dan Halutz said there was no possibility of such an investigation.

Palestinian bomb squad
A spokesperson for the Palestinian Interior Ministry described the Israeli report as "a lie and an attempt to escape moral responsibility for the massacre of a completely innocent family." Colonel Saleh Abu Alozom of the Palestinian bomb squad said multiple fragments from the copper shell casing of an IDF 155mm artillery shell of the type fired towards the area on the day in question had been recovered from the beach.

Shrapnel removal
The victims had initially been treated by Palestinian doctors who removed almost all shrapnel from the bodies of victims before they arrived at Israeli hospitals for treatment. Representatives of the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center said that Palestinian doctors at al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza, who had treated a woman wounded during the blast, had made unnecessary cuts all over her body in an effort to remove all the surgically reachable shrapnel. The Israeli hospital said they had never before received a patient from which all possible shrapnel had been removed."

Human Rights Watch
On 30 June, the Human Rights Watch presented a report, concluding that the evidence collected by HRW researchers and independent journalists on the ground in Gaza indicates that the civilians were killed within the time period of the shelling. That evidence included computerized hospital records that showed children injured at the beach were treated by 5:12 p.m., and hand-written hospital records that showed they were admitted at 5:05 p.m. HRW concludes that in light of the 20-minute round trip drive between the hospital and the beach, this evidence suggests that the blast that caused the family's death occurred during the time of the IDF shelling.

Marc Garlasco, the senior military analyst and battle damage assessment expert at Human Rights Watch, said that the nature of the injuries was not consistent with the Israeli explanation of an explosion originating from a buried object, and said in his report that shrapnel 10–12 cm in diameter scattered in an area of 90 meters had been found around the explosion sites, some stamped with the number "55" and the word "mm".
 On 16 June it was reported that he had examined a piece of shrapnel from the abdomen of a Palestinian boy and had concluded that the shrapnel was part of an artillery fuse.   According to The Times, "after seeing the details of an Israeli army investigation that closely examined the relevant ballistics and blast patterns, (Garlasco stated) that he had been wrong and that the deaths were probably caused by an unexploded munition in the sand. But this went down badly at Human Rights Watch HQ in New York, and the admission was retracted by an HRW press release the next day."

Following this report, the IDF conceded that the cause of the blast may have been a 155mm shell, which it argued may have been placed on the beach by Palestinians as an IED, or that it may have been an unexploded Israeli shell from an earlier shelling, that was triggered by the IDF barrage further down the beach that afternoon.

In a meeting with IDF investigator Major General Klifi on 19 June 2006, the IDF and Human Rights Watch agreed that it is possible that unexploded ordnance from a 155mm artillery shell fired earlier in the day could have caused the fatal injuries.  According to the HRW report, the IDF fired more than 80 155mm shells in the area of the beach on the morning of the incident, and sand would increase the possibility of a fuse malfunction leading to a dud shell that may have sat in the sand waiting to be set off. The report says the shelling between 4:31 p.m. and 4:50 p.m. could have triggered a dud shell, as could the human traffic on the beach that afternoon.

HRW has repeatedly called for an independent investigation.

Media reports

The Guardian report
On 17 June The Guardian published the findings of their own investigation into the incident, casting doubt on Israeli version that army was not to blame. The report included interviews with some of the people that were on the beach that day and concluded with the following statements from Human Rights Watch's Marc Garlasco: "The likelihood that the Ghalia family was killed by an explosive other than one of the shells fired by the Israeli army is remote," and the Israel Defense Forces' Capt Dalal: "We're not trying to cover up anything. We didn't do the investigation to exonerate ourselves. If it was our fire, we'll say it." However, according to The Jerusalem Post, Garlasco reversed his opinion after further examination of the evidence, concluding that the blast was "probably caused by an unexploded munition in the sand."

Süddeutsche Zeitung report
On 16 June 2006, the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung  reported that the Israeli Army had assured that fragmentation found in one of the treated patients could not match any weapon used by the Israeli army. It also questioned the reliability of the video footage following the incident, alleging that one of the dead bodies next to Huda's father is later seen alive and carrying a gun. Citing alleged cases of Palestinian doctoring of video footage, the report suggested that both the footage and the site of the blast may have been manipulated.

Channel 10 report
On 19 June Israel's Channel 10 television's Shlomo Eldar reported that shrapnel from an Israeli shell was discovered in the body of one of the Palestinians wounded in the blast (twelve-year-old Adham Ghaliya). An IDF spokesman responded that "Unfortunately, Channel 10 persists in publicizing falsehoods despite having been given the true facts".

Ha'aretz report
On 5 January 2009 Ha'aretz's military correspondent Amir Oren reported that Ilham Ghalia, who was treated for her injuries at Israel's Ichilov hospital, said that the explosion was caused by her father's manipulation of unexploded ordnance found on the beach. According to Oren, the admission was shelved by the Israeli government and the IDF. Other sources list Ilham Ghalia as one of the immediate victims of the explosion.

Reaction
Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority, initially referred to the event as a "bloody massacre" and demanded international intervention. The Defense Minister of Israel Amir Peretz sent the Palestinian leader a letter of condolence,  but Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert rejected any calls for an international investigation into the tragedy,  and Ha'aretz have reported current UNSC president Ellen Margrethe Løj refusing to convene the council to discuss the incident unless Palestinian attacks on Israel were also considered, arguing that the blast did not occur in a void and that Israel was responding to terror instigated by others.

Following the conclusion of the Israeli investigation, defense minister Peretz said, "We showed the necessary restraint in light … of the international uproar that resulted, but it's over." In addition, the IDF have rescinded their temporary halt of shelling and airstrikes in the Gaza strip.  Prime Minister Ehud Olmert expressed condolences for the deaths, but did not accept responsibility for the casualties. Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni agreed and suggested that "There is a situation in which maybe … this was an explosive that was put on the beach for future attacks on Israel."

See also
Operation Summer Rains
November 2006 Beit Hanoun incident
Israeli–Palestinian conflict

References

2006 in the Palestinian territories
Explosions in 2006
July 2006 events in Asia
North Gaza Governorate
Disasters in Palestine (region)
Child murder in the State of Palestine

2006 Gaza beach explosion


Dean A. Hrbacek, CPA is an American attorney and Republican politician who served as the mayor of Sugar Land, Texas from 1996 to 2002. Before serving in that capacity, he served as a city council member. In 2008, he ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination in Texas's 22nd congressional district.

Personal life
Hrbacek attended the University of Houston at Clear Lake City and graduated with a bachelor's degree in accounting.  He then attended the University of Houston where he received his Doctor of Jurisprudence degree from the University of Houston Law Center.  Hrbacek is an attorney and a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). He has a law firm specializing in taxation, based in Sugar Land.

Mayor of Sugar Land
In 1996, while serving as a City Council member for Sugar Land's affluent District Four, which included a large part of the First Colony master-planned community including Sweetwater Country Club (the one-time home of the LPGA), Hrbacek decided to run for the mayor's office being vacated by incumbent Lee Duggan who was term limited from seeking re-election after serving a total of ten years. Sugar Land city officials are subject to four terms of two years each, which totals eight years of service, though a member may run for mayor after serving on Council.

Hrbacek won the election and was re-elected for two subsequent terms. During the time that Hrbacek served as mayor and on City Council, Sugar Land was recognized and received multiple times for the quality of its management and innovative governance. The once sleepy company town grew into one of Houston's largest and most affluent suburbs as the city annexed several portions of First Colony, a large master-planned community that now comprises the vast majority of Sugar Land's southern area.

The development of the Sugar Land Town Square, seen as a strong economic engine for Sugar Land, began during the late 1990s with Hrbacek playing a major role in the development of the project. The establishment of the University of Houston System at Sugar Land, the creation of several regional parks, major economic growth, and the lowering the city property tax rate by over 30% were all highlights of his time in office.

2002 mayoral campaign
In 2002, Hrbacek faced a tough re-election campaign for a fourth term against City Council member David Wallace, a businessman who had built up a base of support and had just been elected to the same City Council district Hrbacek held before becoming mayor. Wallace won the election after receiving the backing of several Republican leaders with whom he was allied in Fort Bend County and a local newspaper.

"Mayor Osama" controversy

Hrbacek's re-election bid was damaged by former conservative Houston radio talk show host Jon Matthews.  Matthews hosted a radio talk show on KSEV.  He endorsed Wallace and attacked Hrbacek through weekly newspaper columns in a local paper.

Matthews referred to Hrbacek as "Mayor Osama" and "Dean Osama Hrbacek", a reference to terrorist, al-Qaida leader and suspected 9/11 mastermind Osama bin Laden. Columns attacking Hrbacek by both Mathews and the publisher of the paper, along with radio attacks, were made during the weeks before the May 2002 election campaign.
Following the election, Hrbacek filed a lawsuit against Matthews and the newspaper publisher, B.K. Carter, over the comments, which claimed that the comments also damaged the reputation of Hrbacek's law firm. The lawsuit, filed in Fort Bend County District Court, Case ID 02-CV-127119, was dismissed.

Post-mayoral life
Hrbacek has served as a precinct chair for the Fort Bend County Republican Party, and has become one of the more high-profile precinct chairs in the county Republican establishment. Hrbacek has also served as the President of the Fort Bend Republican Club., and also served as a delegate and caucus official at Senatorial District and State Republican Conventions since 2000.

Hrbacek was approached in 2006 by community leaders to consider running for the heavily Republican 26th District in the Texas House of Representatives, which comprises Sugar Land and several immediate areas such as the portion of the First Colony planned community in Missouri City. He decided that he would run at that time only if the incumbent Republican, Charlie Howard, chose not to run. When Howard indicated he would run in 2006, Hrbacek dropped out of the race.

Influence in 2006 congressional race (for Texas's 22nd congressional district)
Hrbacek served as a Precinct Chair delegate representing Fort Bend in the nomination process for the Republican write-in candidate to challenge Democratic ex-Congressman Nick Lampson and Libertarian Bob Smither in the general election to replace former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay. On April 3, 2006, DeLay decided not to seek re-election following an indictment related to campaign finances by District Attorney, Ronnie Earle, in Travis County. (As of February 2008, the case against DeLay is still pending.)

Hrbacek was among the majority of Fort Bend Precinct Chairs who rejected efforts by Sugar Land Mayor David Wallace to become the Republican nominee in 2006. Republican precinct chairs from four counties, including Harris, Brazoria, and Galveston in addition to Fort Bend, later nominated dermatologist and Houston city councilwoman Shelley Sekula-Gibbs as a candidate in 2006. She won a special election to fill the remainder of DeLay's term but lost in the write in campaign for the general election by 10 points to Lampson who was on the ballot.

2008 Congressional race (Texas's 22nd District)
Following Nick Lampson's 2006 victory, Hrbacek was strongly encouraged to run against Lampson, given the latter's vulnerability in a heavily Republican district due to its strongly conservative nature. In fact, it was the most conservative district in the country that fell to a Democrat, having given George W. Bush a 2-to-1 margin of victory over Democratic candidate John Kerry in 2004.

On October 4, 2007, Hrbacek formally announced his candidacy for Congress.

Media endorsements

Hrbacek has been endorsed by the Houston Chronicle, which praised his record as mayor and his support for expanded rail transit.  He was also endorsed by the Fort Bend Independent.

Grassroots endorsements

Hrbacek's campaign has also been endorsed by a large number of grassroots leaders including over 40 precinct chairs and current and former elected officials across the district. Included among them are: State Republican Executive Committeewoman (SREC) District 17 - Terese Raia, Former SREC District 17 Committeeman - Tim Turner, Former Republican Party of Fort Bend County Chairman - Jim Stokes and Former Fort Bend County Judge - Mike Rozell.  Former Sugar Land City Councilmembers from across the district have also endorsed Hrbacek.  They include former Sugar Land Councilmembers Don Smithers, Brian Gaston and Mike Siweirka along with former Missouri City Councilmember Bob Burton.

Financial filings

As of February 29, 2008, Hrbacek's campaign is fourth with total fundraising at $266,086.   This total includes a loan from Hrbacek to his campaign of $113,000.

In the October 2007 filing, the Hrbacek Campaign reported net contributions of $109,195 ranking his campaign fourth in 3rd quarter contributions.  In the 2007 Year End filing, the Hrbacek campaign reported net contributions of $37,592 which was sixth most for the quarter.  In the Pre-Primary filing covering 1 January through February 13, the Hrbacek campaign collected $6,299, which ranked eighth among all candidates filing.

The Hrbacek Campaign has made an effort to collect contributions from within the boundaries of Texas Congressional District 22 and with the exception of Political Action Committees, did not accept or solicit large contributions from lobbyists, D.C. insiders and special interests outside of CD 22.

Photoshop controversy

On January 19, 2008 a mailer containing a photo that was presented as a true image of Hrbacek was in reality a computerized composite of Hrbacek's face and someone else's slimmer figure, in suit and tie, from neck to knee. It made international news.

Election results
In the 2008 Republican primary, Hrbacek collected 10.5 percent of the vote to finish in fifth place.

References

External links
 2008 Congressional campaign website
 Former mayor files suit against media personality

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American accountants
People from Sugar Land, Texas
Texas lawyers
Mayors of places in Texas
University of Houston alumni
University of Houston–Clear Lake alumni
Texas Republicans

Dean A. Hrbacek


John McCarty (November 19, 1782 Watervliet, Albany County, New York – September 1, 1851 Coeymans, Albany Co., NY) was an American politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Gen. David McCarty (1737–1812; assemblyman in 1792) and Charlotte (Coeymans) McCarty (1746–1828). In 1806, he married Helen Verplanck (1783–1832), and they had six children.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (3rd D.) from 1827 to 1830, sitting in the 50th, 51st, 52nd and 53rd New York State Legislatures.

He was buried at the Grove Cemetery in Coeymans.

Congressman Richard McCarty was his brother.

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 127f and 143; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
DeWitt Clinton and the Rise of the People's Men by Craig & Mary L. Hanyan (pg. 248)
McCarty genealogy at Family Tree Maker

External links
  [gives wrong birth year]
 His tombstone [gives wife's name as "Verplank"]

1782 births
1851 deaths
People from Watervliet, New York
New York (state) state senators
New York (state) Democratic-Republicans
People from Coeymans, New York
19th-century American politicians

John McCarty (born 1782)


Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli was a de facto independent political entity that existed in the Indian Sub-continent between 1954 and 1961. It was declared by pro-India forces that had gained control of the region from Portugal in 1954 and ceased to exist after being formally annexed by India on 11 August 1961 as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

History

Dadra and Nagar Haveli were small Portuguese overseas territories that had been part of Portuguese India since 1779. They were administered by a Portuguese Governor based in nearby Daman. Following Indian independence in 1947, they were completely surrounded by sovereign territory belonging to India.

On 22 July 1954, pro-India forces took control of the main police station in Dadra. They would proceed to take control of Naroli on 22 July and Silvassa on 2 August at which point the region was declared to be liberated from Portuguese rule and assumed the name "Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli". A body called the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli was formed to administer the territory. The Indian National Flag was hoisted in Silvassa and the Indian national anthem was sung, becoming the symbols of the state.

In June 1961, the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli voted to accede to India. An Indian civil servant, K.G. Badlani would assume the title "Prime Minister of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli" on 11 August 1961 in order to formally sign an Instrument of Accession allowing annexation by India to take place. Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli was annexed by India on 11 August 1961 by virtue of the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, becoming the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Portugal refused to recognise the loss of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and continued to claim Dadra and Nagar Haveli as part of Portuguese India and they were still recognised internationally (e.g., by the International Court of Justice) as Portuguese possessions. Portugal formally recognised Indian sovereignty over the area on 31 December 1974 following the Carnation revolution.

Government and politics
After Dadra and Nagar Haveli was declared liberated from Portuguese rule, a body called the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli was formed to administer the region. The administration of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli was also supported by civil servants from the Indian Administrative Service.

Postal history
Mail from Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli was routed through the Indian town of Vapi close to the border. Initially, remaining stocks of stamps of Portuguese India were overprinted LIBERATED AREAS in two lines. A single revenue stamp was also issued by Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

References

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Indian independence movement
Former unrecognized countries
Former countries
Former countries in Asia
States and territories established in 1954
States and territories disestablished in 1961
Former countries in South Asia

Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli


Ahmad Salim or Muhammad Salim Khawaja (born 26 January 1945 in Miana Gondal, Punjab, Pakistan) is a writer, archivist and co-founder of the South Asian Resource and Research Centre, a private archive established in 2001. He currently lives in Islamabad.

Early life
Born Muhammad Salim Khawaja in the village of Miana Gondal in Gujrat District, Punjab, Pakistan, Salim was the fourth among seven brothers and sisters.

Salim's early education was in Miana Gondal, before going to Peshawar for matriculation. While studying in Peshawar, Salim made acquaintance with writers and poets; notably Farigh Bukhari, Mohsin Ahsan, Raza Hamdani, and Jauhar Meer.

After matriculating from Peshawar, Salim moved to Karachi for his intermediate education. He got admission in Urdu College. Around that time Ahmad Salim participated in a competition arranged by Afkar, a literary magazine. Participants were asked to write their thoughts on Faiz Ahmad Faiz's poetry. Ahmad Salim's poem on Faiz got first prize in the competition. At that time Faiz was the principal of Abdullah Haroon College. On Faiz's invitation Ahmad Salim joined Abdullah Haroon College. A close association grew between Faiz and Ahmad Salim, and continued till Faiz's death in 1984.

Career
After completing high school (Intermediate) Ahmad Salim joined the National Bank in 1968. Later he was transferred to Rawalpindi where he continued working for that bank through 1969. Ahmad Salim then moved to Lahore and started teaching at Shah Hussain College. During 1969–71 he was associated with National Awami Party (NAP), and was briefly put in jail in 1971 for his criticism of Pakistan Army's operation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

In 1972 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto appointed Faiz as the Chairman of National Council of Arts. On Faiz's invitation Ahmad Salim joined the council. During his association with the National Council of Arts from 1972 through 1975, Ahmad Salim operated the Folklore Research Centre and published material on Punjabi and Sindhi folklore. Ahmad Salim left the Council shortly after Faiz left that institution in 1974.

1976–77, Ahmad Salim taught at Sindh University, Jamshoro. He taught a course on Pakistani languages—the course material was developed by him. At that time Shaikh Ayaz was the Vice-Chancellor of Sindh University. Ahmad Salim enjoyed good relations with Shaikh Ayaz, as he had translated Ayaz's poetry into Punjabi. Ahmad Salim's principal work at the Sindh University was to translate Shah Hussain's poetry into Sindhi, and Bhitai's work into Punjabi, though he could not complete the latter. During his stay at the Sindh University Ahmad Salim also completed his Bachelor of Arts degree.

After Bhutto imposed martial law, Ahmad Salim moved to Karachi in late 1977. There he wrote reviews of TV programs for Daily Aman (Editor: Afzal Siddiqui). For supplemental income Ahmad Salim did a lot of translation work too, and came to popularly known as Ahmad Salim Muttarajjim (translator). In 1979 he got admission in MA Philosophy at Karachi University. He completed MA with a gold medal. It was around that time that Ahmad Salim got married. Starting from 1981 he edited JafaKash, a labour magazine. 1985–88, Ahmad Salim taught a course on Pakistani languages at Karachi University — the same course that he had taught at Sindh University. After separating from his wife in 1988 Ahmad Salim moved to Lahore. He has one daughter from that marriage.

When Pakistan's National and Provincial assemblies were dissolved by President Ghulam Ishaque Khan in 1990, Jang group asked Ahmad Salim to write a book on Pakistan's history related to dissolution of assemblies. Ahmad Salim quickly learned the scarcity of research material and the difficulty in obtaining information from government institutes. He started collecting and archiving material of historical importance. Thus became his career in archiving.

1996– June 2007, Ahmad Salim worked as the Director of Urdu Publications for Sustainable Development Policy Institute, an NGO. He still does part-time research work for that organisation. In 2010 he received Islamic Republic of Pakistan's Pride of Performance Award in recognition of his contribution in the field of literature.

South Asian Research and Resource Centre
In 2001, Salim and his Christian friends, Leonard D'souza and Nosheen D'souza, formed the South Asian Research and Resource Center (SARRC). SARRC is a private, non-profit archive, focusing on development and peace with special emphasis on the rights of religious minorities and indigenous people. It has pioneered resource and documentation services in the Pakistani non-profit sector.

Research Studies Conducted since 2003 include:
Bonded Labour in Pakistan 's Mines Sector – 2002, for the International Labour Organisation. Islamabad/Geneva
Messing Up the Past: Text Books of Pakistan 1947–2000, conducted for Ford Foundation, 2003
Studies on Curricula and textbooks reforms – Development Department, Embassy of Netherlands, 2002–2003 (with co-authorship Dr. A.H Nayyar)
Critical Issues in Education Policy – A Citizens' Review of the National Education Policy 1998–2010, Commonwealth Education/Save the Children – UK, Islamabad, 2006 (with co-authorship Dr. A.H. Nayyar)
Violence against Women for Ministry of Women Development, Govt. of Pakistan, 2004
Violence, memories and Peace building for Christian Socialists in Sweden/SIDA/Olof Palme International Centre, Sweden, 2005
Tolerance, a pilot project, University of Uppsala, Sweden, 2006
Equal Citizens? Friedrich Neumann Foundation, FNS, Islamabad 2006
Role of Minorities in Nation Building with Focus on Karachi, Church World Service Pakistan/Afghanistan, Karachi 2006
Pluralism and Diversity in Asia : Protecting and Promoting the rights of religious minorities through education and training, minority rights Group International, UK 2007
Common spiritual Heritage for Peace and Harmony, Heinrich Boll foundation, Pakistan/Afghanistan, (German Organization), Lahore 2008
Religious Fundamentalism and its Impact on non-Muslim, Christian Study Centre, funded by Church of Sweden, 2008
The Issues of Joint and Separate Electorates Systems, Christian Study Centre, funded by Church of Sweden, 2008
Sufism and Peace, Church world Service, Pakistan / Afghanistan, Karachi 2008
State Accountability and Education rights of Minorities in Pakistan (A pre-roundtable background paper), 2008, IDRC, Canada
Textbooks for Religious Studies (Ethics) Grade III to Grade XII for National Book Foundation, Ministry of Education, Government of *Pakistan are being prepared for 2009–2010, education sessions.
Textbooks on parliamentary Democracy (Grade V, VIII and X) for SDPD (United Nations Development Programme)
Development of 10 textbook modules for non-Muslims students in Pakistani schools. These proposed texts have been developed as alternative educational materials with the support of Minority Rights Group, UK

SARRC contains a wealth of information on minorities, development, gender, security and violence which have been focal to the evolution of history and society of the region. The SARRC has acquired and preserved information including fact-sheets, unpublished material, manuscripts, policy papers and official reports of various Commissions and Committees. Almost all of the important newspapers, periodicals, books, reports and documents published during the last two centuries are preserved under one roof.

Bibliography
Salim has written several books on Pakistani history.

References

1945 births
Pakistani male journalists
Living people
Pakistani archivists
Academic staff of the University of Sindh
Pakistani translators
People from Gujrat District
Academic staff of the University of Karachi

Ahmad Salim


Thomas Lee Ambro (born December 27, 1949) is a Senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.

Education and legal career
Ambro received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1971 from Georgetown University and his Juris Doctor in 1975 from Georgetown University Law Center. After law school, he clerked for Chief Justice Daniel L. Herrmann of the Supreme Court of Delaware.

Following his clerkship, he was in private practice in Wilmington, Delaware from 1976 to 2000 at the law firm of Richards, Layton & Finger. There he was a force behind Delaware's rise as a preferred venue for large Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases. Immediately prior to being elevated to the bench, he headed the bankruptcy practice at Richards Layton.

Ambro is a past Chair of the Section of Business Law of the American Bar Association and past Editor of The Business Lawyer. For 20 years, he chaired the Committee on the Uniform Commercial Code for the Commercial Law Section of the Delaware State Bar Association. He is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the American Inns of Court, the American Law Institute, and the National Bankruptcy Conference.

Ambro serves as an adjunct professor at his alma mater, Georgetown University, where he teaches a course on public speaking to undergraduate students. The Thomas L. Ambro Fellowship, awarded to support a summer internship with the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, is named in his honor.

Federal judicial service
Ambro was nominated to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit by President Bill Clinton on September 29, 1999, to fill a seat vacated by Judge Walter K. Stapleton, who assumed senior status on June 2, 1999. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 10, 2000 by a 96–2 vote. He received his commission on February 16, 2000. He announced his intent to assume senior status upon confirmation of a successor on December 15, 2021. He assumed senior status on February 6, 2023.

Notable opinions

His notable majority opinions includes:
 Holland v. Rosen, 2018 WL 3340930 (3d Cir. 2018): A New Jersey criminal defendant sought to enjoin the New Jersey Criminal Justice Reform Act's subordination of cash bail and commercial bonds to non-monetary conditions of release, arguing that by doing so the Act violates the Eighth, Fourteenth, and Fourth Amendments of the United States Constitution. The Court affirmed the District Court's refusal to issue the injunction because the constitutional amendments do not provide a right to those forms of monetary bail.
 Fields v. City of Philadelphia,  862 F.3d 353 (3d Cir. 2017): The majority held that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protected a right to record video of the police but nevertheless granted qualified immunity to officers who had prevented bystanders from doing so, prompting a partial dissent from Judge Richard Lowell Nygaard.
 Binderup v. Att'y Gen., 836 F.3d 336 (3d Cir. 2016) (en banc), cert. denied sub nom. Sessions v. Binderup, 137 S. Ct. 2323 (2017): The majority opinion, in a fragmented set of opinions, held, in a consolidated case, that (1) Appellants may make an as-applied Second Amendment challenge to a federal statute making it unlawful to possess a firearm, inter alia, if convicted in a state court of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment greater than two years, and (2) in determining that challenge, a court in the Third Circuit must continue to follow the analytical framework of its earlier decision in United States v. Marzzarella, 614 F.3d 85 (3d Cir. 2010).
 In re National Football League Players Concussion Injury Litigation, 821 F.3d 410 (3d Cir. 2016): The Court upheld a settlement designed to compensate former NFL players who faced lasting medical issues presumed to be caused by concussions.
 Hassan v. City of New York, 804 F.3d 277 (3d Cir. 2015): Muslims claiming to have been subject to a once-secret mass surveillance program run by the NYPD in the aftermath of September 11 had standing to bring an equal protection lawsuit. The plaintiffs alleged that they were singled out merely because of their religion and not based on any suspicion of wrongdoing. Judge Ambro wrote: "What occurs here in one guise is not new. We have been down similar roads before. Jewish–Americans during the Red Scare, African–Americans during the Civil Rights Movement, and Japanese–Americans during World War II are examples that readily spring to mind. We are left to wonder why we cannot see with foresight what we see so clearly with hindsight—that '[l]oyalty is a matter of the heart and mind[,] not race, creed, or color.'"
 FTC v. Wyndham Worldwide Corp., 799 F.3d 236 (3d Cir. 2015): The Federal Trade Commission's authority to regulate "unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce" includes the power to police corporate cyber security practices.
 In re Revel AC, Inc., 802 F.3d 558 (3d Cir. 2015): In this much-cited opinion in a bankruptcy case, the Court clarified the standards for getting a stay pending an appeal. In a later opinion also authored by Judge Ambro, Reilly v. City of Harrisburg, 858 F.3d 173 (3d Cir. 2017), the Court applied the same standards for preliminary injunctions.
 In re Tribune Media Co., 799 F.3d 272 (3d Cir. 2015): A unanimous panel held that a portion of a bankruptcy appeal had become equitably moot. Judge Ambro wrote the majority opinion and also authored a concurring opinion, which Judge Vanaskie joined. In the concurrence, Judge Ambro responded to an opinion by Judge Krause that called for courts to do away with the equitable mootness doctrine. See In re One2One Communications, LLC, 805 F.3d 428 (3d Cir. 2015) (Krause, J., concurring). Equitable mootness allows appellate courts to forbear, for practical reasons, from deciding an appeal when exercising jurisdiction would undermine the finality and reliability of a consummated reorganization plan. Judge Ambro's concurrence defended the limited use of the doctrine, concluding: "In a very few cases, shutting an appellant out of the courthouse does substantially less harm than locking a debtor inside."
 Dwyer v. Cappell, 762 F.3d 275 (3d Cir. 2014): An attorney challenged New Jersey's Attorney Advertising Guideline 3, which prohibited excerpting judicial opinions in attorney advertisements without displaying the entire opinions.  The Court held that Guideline 3, as-applied to the particular attorney, violated the First Amendment.
 United States v. Gunter, 462 F.3d 237 (3d Cir. 2006): The Court held that district courts were required, under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), to treat the crack cocaine federal Sentencing Guidelines as advisory, rather than mandatory, and could consider whether the Sentencing Guidelines's differential between crack and cocaine was rational when imposing sentences. It is primarily known as the first appellate court decision after Booker to lay out the three-step process that district courts must use to sentence defendants. First, courts must, as they did before Booker, calculate a defendant's Guidelines sentence. Second, they must formally rule on the motions of both parties and state on the record whether they are granting a departure and, if so, how that departure affects the Guidelines calculation. Finally, they must exercise their discretion by considering statutory sentencing factors, even if the sentence they ultimately impose does not vary from the Guidelines range.
 In re Owens Corning, 419 F.3d 195 (3d Cir. 2005): The Court set out the circumstances under which a bankruptcy court may substantively consolidate affiliated (but legally separate) entities for purposes of bankruptcy.
 Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights v. Rumsfeld, 390 F.3d 219 (3d Cir. 2004): FAIR, an association of law schools and law faculty, challenged the Solomon Amendment, which requires the Department of Defense to deny federal funding to institutions of higher education that bar military recruiters. The schools argued that forcing them to allow military recruiters on campus, in violation of their policies against recruitment by employers who discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, impeded their First Amendment rights. The Third Circuit entered a preliminary injunction against enforcement of the Solomon Amendment. The Supreme Court reversed in FAIR v. Rumsfeld.
 Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC, 373 F.3d 372 (3d Cir. 2004): The Court examined a host of challenges to the Federal Communications Commission's media ownership rules, which set limits on the amount of consolidation that is permitted in the broadcast industry. The opinion upheld many of the Commission's decisions but sent others back for further review. For instance, it concluded that the FCC did not sufficiently justify its chosen limits for cross-ownership in local markets or its decision to repeal the Failed Station Solicitation Rule. The case has been back in front of the Third Circuit twice since then, and Judge Ambro wrote the majority opinion each time. See Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC, 652 F.3d 431 (3d Cir. 2011) (Prometheus II); Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC, 824 F.3d 33 (3d Cir. 2016) (Prometheus III).
 Tenafly Eruv Ass'n, Inc. v. Borough of Tenafly, 309 F.3d 144 (3d Cir. 2002): Plaintiffs were entitled to a preliminary injunction because they were likely to prevail on their First Amendment Free Exercise claim, which alleged that the Borough of Tenafly singled out Orthodox Jews when enforcing an ordinance.

His notable dissenting opinions include:
 Abu-Jamal v. Horn, 520 F.3d 272 (3d Cir. 2008).  Mumia Abu-Jamal is an American prisoner convicted for the 1981 murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner.  His original sentence of death was commuted to life imprisonment, but he remains arguably "the world's best known death-row inmate."  In this case the Third Circuit considered several issues relating to Abu-Jamal's conviction and sentencing, notably whether the Commonwealth's use of peremptory challenges violated Abu-Jamal's constitutional rights under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986).  The majority held that Abu-Jamal's Batson claim was barred because he had failed to contemporaneously object to the discriminatory use of peremptory challenges during jury selection.  Judge Ambro dissented, disagreeing with the majority's contemporaneous objection rule and arguing that Abu-Jamal had established a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination.
 In re Philadelphia Newspapers, 599 F.3d 298 (3d Cir. 2010): The majority held that, under the plain meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 1123, a debtor (here the owner of the Philadelphia Inquirer) can conduct a sale of its assets under a plan of reorganization without allowing secured lenders to credit bid.  Judge Ambro dissented, arguing that the majority's interpretation rendered a subsection of the statute superfluous and would lead to the undervaluation of collateral property.  Judge Ambro's views were validated in 2012 when the Supreme Court rejected the reasoning behind the majority opinion in Philadelphia Newspapers and ruled that, under normal circumstances, a secured creditor's right to credit bid cannot be taken away by a plan's bidding structure.  See RadLAX Gateway Hotel, LLC v. Amalgamated Bank, 132 S. Ct. 2065 (2012).

Selected publications

 "Third Party Legal Opinions," in Asset Based Financing: A Transactional Guide (Matthew Bender 1990)
 "The First Amendment, the Courts, and 'Picking Winners,'" 87 U. Wash. L. Rev. 397 (2012) (with Paul J. Safier)
 "Citing Legal Articles in Judicial Opinions: A Sympathetic Antipathy," 80 Am. Bankr. L.J. 547 (2006)
 "Some Thoughts on the Economics of Legal Opinions," 1989 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 307 (1989) (with J. Truman Bidwell, Jr.)

References

Sources

1949 births
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Living people
People from Cambridge, Ohio
Lawyers from Wilmington, Delaware
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Bill Clinton
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges

Thomas L. Ambro


Peter Andreas Munch (15 December 1810 – 25 May 1863), usually known as P. A. Munch, was a Norwegian historian, known for his work on the medieval history of Norway. Munch's scholarship included Norwegian archaeology, geography, ethnography, linguistics, and jurisprudence. He was also noted for his Norse legendary saga translations.

Background
Peter Andreas Munch was born in Christiania (now Oslo). He was the son of Edvard Storm Munch and Johanne Sophie Hofgaard. Munch was the uncle of the famous painter Edvard Munch.

Munch grew up at Gjerpen parsonage, where his father was parish priest of the Church of Norway. He was schooled in the city of Skien. He attended the Royal Frederick University. Munch first studied law and took his state examination in 1834, but then turned to historical and philological studies.

Career
Munch's first great achievement, with Rudolph Keyser, was their three volumes of Norges Gamle Love (Norway's old laws), edited after a two-year research visit to Copenhagen. In 1837, he became lecturer in history at the University of Oslo and in 1841 became a professor of history. In 1857, after producing numerous publications, he received a large grant for archives research in Rome and lived there from 1859 to 1861. Munch served as Norway's national archivist from 1861 to 1863. He was one of the first non-Catholics to be allowed into the archives of the Vatican. He took extensive notes from the volumes of papal letters, and sometimes drew accurate facsimiles of the texts. His research there was useful in his main work, Det norske Folks Historie (History of the Norwegian People), in eight volumes, and he sent his notes home to the Royal Archives in Christiania. Among the theories he is remembered for is the theory on immigration to Norway, in which he developed work done by Rudolf Keyser. On a trip back to Rome to fetch his family, who had remained there for a while, he died from a stroke, and was buried in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome.

The Chronicles of Mann and the Sudreys

In this work, Munch translated the 3rd Chronicle of the Chronicles of Mann from a Codex transferred to the British Museum (formerly owned in 1620 by one Sir Robert Cotton).  The manuscript is the only known copy of this Codex (and thought to be the only one).  In any event, Munch translated runic characters and added historical notes to lend light upon the writings, and using previous works on the history of Scottish and Icelandic Isles to aid in the presentation of the translated material. He also edited Chronica regvm Manniae et insvlarvm: The chronicle of Man and the Sudreys (1874) with Alexander Goss.

Controversial views about the Finno-Ugric peoples

Peter Munch despised Finns and claimed that they cannot have an independent country because of their low state of civilization, as he claimed. Peter Munch claimed in his article on Finnish nationality (Om Finlands Nationalitet og dens Forhold til den svenske) in 1855, that Finns and Hungarians must have a human race of their own.

Selected works
Norges, Sveriges og Danmarks Historie til Skolebrug (1838)
Norges Historie i kort Udtog for de første Begyndere (1839)
Nordens gamle Gude- og Helte-Sagn i kortfattet Fremstilling (1840)
Verdenshistoriens vigtigste Begivenheder (1840)
De nyeste Tiders Historie (1842)
Fortegnelse over de mest befarede Landeveie og Reiserouter saavel mellem Stæderne, som Landdistricterne i Norge (1846)
Det oldnorske Sprogs eller Norrønasprogets Grammatik (with C. R. Unger, 1847)
Underholdende Tildragelser af Norges Historie (1847)
Nordmændenes Gudelære i Hedenold (1847)
Det gotiske Sprogs Formlære (1848)
Kortfattet Fremstilling af den ældste norske Runeskrift (1848)
Om Skandinavismen (1849)
Historisk-geographisk Beskrivelse over Kongeriget Norge (Noregsveldi) i Middelalderen (1849)
Det norske Folks Historie (1852–1863)
Om den saakaldte nyere historiske Skole i Norge (1853)
Nordmændenes ældste Gude- og Helte-Sagn (1854)
The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys (1860)

References

External links

Peter Andreas Munch
 Peter Andreas Munch's "Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes" e-book
 Digitized books by Munch in the National Library of Norway

1810 births
1863 deaths
19th-century Norwegian historians
Old Norse studies scholars
Germanic studies scholars
Writers on Germanic paganism
Writers from Oslo
People from Skien
Norwegian literary historians
Directors-General of the National Archives of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Edvard Munch
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Peter Andreas Munch


Bad Karma is a 2001 film directed by John Hough. Patsy Kensit stars as a mental patient who believes she is the reincarnated lover of Jack the Ripper, and that her psychiatrist (Patrick Muldoon) is the reincarnated mass murderer. Damian Chapa and Amy Locane are also in the film, which is adapted by Randall Frakes from the 1997 Douglas Clegg novel of the same name.

Plot
A female mental patient (Patsy Kensit) believing she is the reincarnated soul mate of Jack the Ripper, terrorizes her psychiatrist (Patrick Muldoon), whom she believes is her reincarnated lover. Determined to find her man, and willing to use her sensuality to get to him, she breaks out of the mental institution and is determined to, at any cost, free him of his wife (Amy Locane) and young daughter to restart their previous work as mass murderers, and lovers.

Cast

Production

Filming
The film was released as Hell's Gate in the United States and was filmed on location in Galway, Ireland. The nude scenes of Amy Huberman's character were actually performed by Zoe Paul.

Release

Home media
The film was released on DVD on July 23, 2002, on Region 1 in English.

References

External links

2002 films
2002 thriller films
Films scored by Harry Manfredini
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Films about reincarnation
Films about Jack the Ripper
Films directed by John Hough
American serial killer films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

2001 films

Bad Karma (2002 film)


Antonín Bartoš (12 October 1910 Lanžhot  – 13 December 1998 New York) was a Czechoslovakian soldier, member of the World War II resistance (and commander of Operation Clay), postwar member of the National Assembly for the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party, and later participant of anti-communist resistance.

Youth
Bartoš was born in Lanžhot, then part of Austria-Hungary, on 12 September 1910. His father was a railway employee, and his mother was a housewife. He had two brothers and a sister. He passed four grades of elementary school, and in 1929 passed an exam in Břeclav gymnasium. From 1930 to 1932, he was a postal service employee in Břeclav.

On 1 March 1932, he started his national service with the border patrol battalion in Trebišov. After failed admission to a military academy to become an officer (for medical reasons, apparently due to his previous dispute with a regiment doctor), he was discharged from military service and returned to work for National Mail. On 24 September 1938, he was drafted back into the army, and after dissolution of the army returned first Hodonín and later to Brno.

Exile
From the fear of imprisonment, he escaped the country (then under German occupation. Through Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Syria managed to get to France. There he joined a Czechoslovakian force with which he took part in the Battle of France. After the Allied defeat he was evacuated to Great Britain.

He landed in England on 13 July 1940, and was assigned to 2nd march battalion. From 2 January to 15 March 1941 ... trained at military school and was promoted to lance corporal. Upon his own request he was assigned to special task unit where from 21 February until 19 December 1942 participated in sabotage, parachute and industrial espionage training. During the final stage of conspiracy training he was already promoted to corporal. On 7 March 1943 he was promoted to sergeant. Before 3 June 1943 he finished his civil job training as a mechanic. From 12 July 1943 he took part in another two trainings in radio communication in London and Scotland. From 11 to 23 October he 1943 stayed at waiting station from which he was transferred to Algeria. Here he continued his training.

Deployment

After an unsuccessful attempt, he was dropped on 13 April 1944 together with other members of the unit near Hostišová. The unit under his command carried out extensive espionage and organized a network of cooperating citizens in the Valašské Meziříčí region.

After the war
After he checked in to the ministry of defense, he requested release from military service. From June 1945 he started to be actively involved in politics on behalf of National Socialist Party. In the years of 1945-1946 he was member of provisional National Assembly and in 1946-1948 member of parliament.

On 3 September 1945 was promoted to Captain of march regiment. In December 1945 got married and in August 1946 his wife gave birth to a son. In the same year he was promoted to a Major.

After the communist coup in February 1948 he escaped with his family to France. Year after he was stripped of his army ranks.

Under the command of general Moravec he took part in organizing and dispatching messengers into the Czechoslovakia, where they helped to organize espionage and bring refugees across the border. In November 1952 he moved with his family to the United States where he worked as a construction engineer.

On 8 May 1993 his army ranks were restored and he was promoted to Generalmajor. In 2000 a memorial plaque was placed on his birth house.

1910 births
1998 deaths
People from Lanžhot
People from the Margraviate of Moravia
Czech National Social Party politicians
Members of the Interim National Assembly of Czechoslovakia
Members of the Constituent National Assembly of Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak military personnel of World War II
Czech exiles
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States

Antonín Bartoš


Supermercado De Candido nice is a chain of supermarkets, located in the Paraguaná Peninsula of Venezuela.

The supermarket company was established in 1950, when the Italian Prati Caruso brothers established it as Supermercado La Franco Italiana.

During the company's first few years, growth was slow, but when petroleum companies Royal Dutch/Shell and Creole Petroleum Corporation merged the Paraguaná Peninsula experienced significant economic and population growth, inspiring La Franco Italiana to expand. In 1974 the company's name changed officially from La Franco Italiana to Supermercado La Franco Italiana S.A..

In 1989 the company inaugurated what was, as of 2003, the largest supermarket store in Venezuela.

Many people in the Paraguaná Peninsula still refer to the company as La Franco.

The supermarket got sold due to economic and security problems. It got sold to the company "De Candido" which has several supermarkets in the country. It is now called "De Candido".

Supermarkets of Venezuela
Retail companies established in 1950
1950 establishments in Venezuela

Supermercado De Candido


Symphony Hall is a concert hall located at 301 Massachusetts Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts, opened in 1900. Designed by the architectural firm McKim, Mead and White, it was built for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, which continues to make the hall its home. It can accommodate an audience of 2,625. The hall was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1999 and is a pending Boston Landmark. It was then noted that "Symphony Hall remains, acoustically, among the top three concert halls in the world (sharing this distinction with the Amsterdam Concertgebouw and Vienna's Musikvereinsaal), and is considered the finest in the United States." Symphony Hall, located one block from Berklee College of Music to the north and one block from the New England Conservatory to the south, also serves as home to the Boston Pops Orchestra as well as the site of many concerts of the Handel and Haydn Society.

History and architecture

On June 12, 1899, ground was broken and construction began on Symphony Hall after the Orchestra's original home (the Old Boston Music Hall) was threatened by road-building and subway construction. The building was completed 17 months later at a cost of $771,000. The hall was inaugurated on October 15, 1900, Architects McKim, Mead and White engaged Wallace Clement Sabine, a young assistant professor of physics at Harvard University, as their acoustical consultant, and Symphony Hall became one of the first auditoria designed in accordance with scientifically derived acoustical principles. Admired for its lively acoustics from the time of its opening, the hall is often cited as one of the best sounding classical concert venues in the world.

The hall is modeled on the second Gewandhaus concert hall in Leipzig, which was later destroyed in World War II. The Hall is relatively long, narrow, and high, in a rectangular "shoebox" shape like Amsterdam's Concertgebouw and Vienna's Musikverein. It is  high,  wide, and  long from the lower back wall to the front of the stage. Stage walls slope inward to help focus the sound. With the exception of its wooden floors, the Hall is built of brick, steel, and plaster, with modest decoration. Side balconies are very shallow to avoid trapping or muffling sound, and the coffered ceiling and statue-filled niches along three sides help provide excellent acoustics to essentially every seat. Conductor Herbert von Karajan, in comparing it to the Musikverein, stated that "for much music, it is even better... because of its slightly lower reverberation time."

In 2006, due to years of wear and tear, the original concert stage floor was replaced at a cost of $250,000. In order to avoid any change to the sound of the hall, the new floor was built using same methods and materials as the original. These included tongue-in-groove, three-quarter inch, hard maple boards, a compressed wool underlayment and hardened steel cut nails, hammered in by hand. The vertical grain fir subfloor from 1899 was in excellent shape and was left in place. The nails used in the new floor were hand cut using the same size and construction as the originals and the back channeling on the original maple top boards was replicated as well.

Beethoven's name is inscribed over the stage, the only musician's name that appears in the hall since the original directors could agree on no other name but his. The hall's leather seats are the originals installed in 1900. The hall seats 2,625 people during Symphony season and 2,371 during the Pops season, including 800 seats at tables on the main floor.

Statues
Sixteen casts of notable Greek and Roman statues line the upper level of the hall's walls. Ten are of mythical subjects, and six of historical figures. All were produced by P. P. Caproni and Brother. The casts, as one faces the stage are:

On the right, starting near the stage:
Faun carrying the boy Bacchus (Roman copy of an original from the Hellenistic Period. Naples); Apollo Citharoedus (Roman artist. Excavated from Cassius' Villa near Tivoli in 1774. Vatican); Young Woman of (Excavated from Herculaneum in 1711. Dresden); Dancing Faun (Rome); Demosthenes (Rome); Seated Anacreon (Copenhagen); Statue of a tragic poet with the head of Euripides (Vatican); Diana of Versailles (Paris);

On the left, starting near the stage:
Resting Satyr (Praxiteles, Rome); Wounded Amazon (Polycleitus, Berlin); Hermes Logios (Paris); Lemnian Athena (Dresden, with head in Bologna); The Lateran Sophocles (Vatican); Standing Anacreon (Copenhagen); Aeschines (Naples); Apollo Belvedere (Rome).

Organ
The Symphony Hall organ, a 4,800-pipe Aeolian-Skinner (Opus 1134) was designed by G. Donald Harrison, installed in 1949, and autographed by Albert Schweitzer. It replaced the hall's first organ, built in 1900 by George S. Hutchings of Boston, which was electrically keyed, with 62 ranks of nearly 4,000 pipes set in a chamber  deep and  high. The Hutchings organ had fallen out of fashion by the 1940s when lighter, clearer tones became preferred. E. Power Biggs, often a featured organist for the orchestra, lobbied hard for a thinner bass sound and accentuated treble.

The 1949 Aeolian-Skinner reused and modified more than 60% of the existing Hutchings pipes and added 600 new pipes in a Positive division. The original diapason pipes,  in length, were reportedly sawed into manageable pieces for disposal in 1948.

In 2003, the organ was thoroughly overhauled by Foley-Baker Inc., reusing its chassis and many pipes, but enclosing the Bombarde and adding to it the long-desired Principal (diapason) pipes, adding a new Solo division, and reworking its chamber for better sound projection. The original 1949 four-manual console was replaced with a low-profile three-manual console, to allow a better line of sight between the organist and the conductor when the organ and orchestra play together.

See also
 List of concert halls
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston
 National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston, Massachusetts

References

Citations

General bibliography
 Boston Symphony Orchestra, Symphony Hall: The First 100 Years, January 2000. .
 Boston Symphony Orchestra, Program Notes, October 1, 2005
 Boston Symphony Orchestra, Program Notes, April 8, 2006
 Leo Beranek, Concert Halls and Opera Houses: Music, Acoustics, and Architecture (2003), .

External links

 Symphony Hall

Buildings and structures in Boston
Concert halls in Massachusetts
Culture of Boston
Fenway–Kenmore
Landmarks in Fenway–Kenmore
National Historic Landmarks in Boston
Music venues completed in 1900
Music venues in Boston
1900 establishments in Massachusetts
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Boston

Symphony Hall, Boston


Anime UK was a British magazine founded in 1991 dedicated to Japanese animation and published for six years before ceasing publication in 1996. Peter Goll, Steve Kyte, Helen McCarthy, and Wil Overton founded the magazine in London.  Published for six years, it was sold worldwide and was widely admired for its innovative design, high production standards and varied, entertaining content. Its stated aims were to make the then arcane and unknown world of Japanese animation accessible to non-Japanese speakers, and to promote a positive and open image for a medium that received some negative press during its early years in the U.K.

History
The magazine grew out of Anime UK newsletter, a fan publication started after the 1990 Eastercon (the British National Science Fiction Convention.) Overton, one of the early subscribers, took the newsletter to his boss Goll, who offered to fund and publish a magazine devoted to anime through his company, Sigma. McCarthy was the magazine's editor throughout its run. Overton and Kyte were designers and house artists.

To re-create the visual excitement of a Japanese anime magazine, the team dreamed up features such as Kyte's A–Z of anime in pullout form so it could be carried in a pocket for reference, paper dolls of well known anime characters, postcards and folding desk calendars. One unexpected hit was Ah Oishii! (Ah, delicious!) a simple recipe illustrated with anime characters. Printed on the inside back cover so it could be cut out and filed, it was so popular with readers that many submitted their own recipes and art, and it ran until the magazine folded.

A number of the writers and artists who worked for the magazine have achieved greater success elsewhere, including authors Jonathan Clements (the magazine's staff translator), Peter J. Evans and James Swallow. Contributors from Europe, America and Japan included Frederik L. Schodt, translator and author of the seminal Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics, and anime and manga historian Fred Patten.

In glossy, full-colour card covers, the magazine progressed from a bi-monthly publication with partial colour to a monthly, and eventually to full colour, although a dispute over editorial policy with Andy Frain of Manga Entertainment resulted in no paid advertising from the then-biggest UK anime retailer. In early 1995, in a move by Goll to secure better financing, the magazine was re-launched as a professional high-street monthly publication with new numbering. The magazine's name was changed to Anime FX and it was published by Ashdown Publishing, with the same editorial and design team and from the same offices in Mortimer Street, London W1.

It ceased publishing in February 1996, leaving many contributors unpaid for the last few issues. Many contributors subsequently moved on to the UK's only other contemporary anime magazine, Manga Mania. Ironically, by the time of the magazine's cancellation, Andy Frain had left Manga Entertainment and their promotional material was finally sent to the Anime FX offices, too late to be included in the final issue.

See also
 KO Beast
 List of manga magazines published outside of Japan

References

 Wil Overton's webpage
 UK Anime FAQ
 Anime UK magazine early review

1991 establishments in the United Kingdom
1996 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Anime and manga magazines
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Film magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines disestablished in 1996
Magazines established in 1991
Magazines published in London
Television magazines published in the United Kingdom

Anime UK


Henna, also known as mehandi or mendhi is a flowering plant. It has been used since ancient times to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather, cotton, wool and other fabrics. The name is also used for the dye or color preparation derived from the plant, and for the art of making temporary tattoos or designs from these dyes. These henna tattoos are often used in wedding ceremonies.

In addition, the name is also sometimes used, wrongly, for other chemical preparations and dyes that are in fact not made from this plant.

The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic  (or colloquially , loosely pronounced /ħinna/). The natural dye is still mostly used in Arabia, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan.

References

Myrtales
Middle East
Indian culture
Pakistani culture

Henna


Sara Tavares (born 1978) is a Portuguese-Cape Verdian singer. After winning the two music festivals in Portugal, in 1994, Sara Tavares recorded her first album Sara Tavares & Shout. It was released in 1996. This album has gospel, soul, funk and pop influences. After the album was released, Sara performed all over the Portugal, Cape Verde and Paris. She also performed on television programs and at social events. By the end of 1998, Sara Tavares started working on her new album. She stopped performing and went through a long period of introspection trying to find her real influences.

Mi Ma Bo was  Sara Tavares' second album. The name translated from the Criolo (language from Cape Verde) means "Me and You".  Mi Ma Bo was produced by Lokua Kanza, a musician from Kongo.  The album is sung in three different languages (Portuguese, Criolo and English).  In Portugal, Mi Ma Bo is a gold record. In France, Monaco and Andorra, "Querer Sonhar" - one of Sara Tavares' compositions from Mi Ma Bo, is included in an African music compilation, together with artists like Miriam Makeba, Lokua Kanza, Césaria Evora, Youssou N'Dour, Mory Kante. It was released by BMG France.

Her new album Balancé was due in February 2006. In this record produced by Sara herself, she wrote and composed all the songs and played many of the instruments.

1978 births
Living people
Portuguese singers
Cape Verdean people

Sara Tavares


No Retreat, No Surrender is a 1985 martial arts film directed by Corey Yuen in his American film directorial debut. It is the first title in the No Retreat, No Surrender franchise, whose plot lines and characters are mostly unrelated. It stars Kurt McKinney, with a supporting cast of Jean-Claude Van Damme, J.W. Fails, Kathie Sileno, and Tai-chung Kim. The film was released in Italy on October 20, 1985, and in the United States on May 2, 1986. McKinney performs as Jason Stillwell, an American teenager who learns martial arts from the spirit of Bruce Lee. Stillwell uses these lessons to defend his martial arts dojo against Soviet martial artist Ivan Kraschinsky (Van Damme).

The film was written by Keith W. Strandberg, after being contracted by Ng See-yuen, the owner of Seasonal Film Corporation, to put together a script for them, despite not having done so before. Van Damme was cast in the film and caused problems on the set for continually physically contacting other actors and stuntmen during fight scenes, even after director Yuen told him not to. Upon release, the film received negative reviews, focusing on the story, which many critics found too similar to The Karate Kid, The Last Dragon, and Rocky IV.

Plot
Jason Stillwell is a young karate student and Bruce Lee fanatic who trains in his father Tom's dojo in Sherman Oaks, California. One night after a training session, the dojo is visited by members of an organized crime syndicate looking to take over all the dojos in the country. After refusing to join the organization, Tom's leg is broken by a Soviet martial artist named Ivan "the Russian" Krachinsky, one of the boss' hired thugs. A furious Jason tries to take revenge but is easily subdued by the Soviet. Tom discourages any further effort, telling his son that fighting is not the answer.

The Stillwell family relocates to Seattle, where Jason meets R.J. Madison, and they become good friends. Jason reunites with his old girlfriend Kelly Riley, who lives in the neighborhood with her brother, Ian "Whirlwind" Riley, the newly crowned U.S. National Karate Champion. Despite this, Jason has a hard time adjusting, as he and R.J. are constantly beaten and harassed by local bullies, led by an obese boy named Scott and arrogant martial artist Dean "Shooting Star" Ramsay. After getting beaten up and humiliated by Scott and Dean at Kelly's birthday party, Jason visits the grave of Bruce Lee and asks him for help.

Later that night, Jason and Tom have a heated argument over Jason's fighting. When Jason calls his father a coward for running away from the syndicate, Tom destroys some of Jason's Bruce Lee memorabilia in the garage. Distraught, Jason consults with R.J., who helps him move all of his training gear into an abandoned house nearby. Exhausted from the move, Jason falls asleep at the house but is suddenly awakened by the soul of Bruce Lee, who begins to train him. Under Lee's tutelage, Jason goes from a below-average fighter to a superior martial artist, at one point able to fend off several thugs who ambush his father in a parking lot. In doing so, Jason convinces him that there are times when fighting is necessary.

Later on, Jason, Tom, and R.J. attend an annual kickboxing tournament between the Seattle Sidekicks and the Manhattan Maulers. Before the contest can get under way, the crime syndicate interrupts and makes a wager that none of the Seattle fighters can defeat Ivan. While Dean and Frank are easily bested by the Soviet, Ivan's last opponent, Ian, makes an impressive showing, forcing Ivan to resort to dirty tactics to defeat him. With Ian helplessly entangled in the ring ropes, Scott attempts to bite Ivan in the leg, but the Soviet dispatches him with a headbutt. Kelly tries to stop Ivan by hitting him with a stool, but the Soviet easily disarms her and grabs her by the hair. Angered by this, Jason charges to the ring and attacks Ivan, to the crowd's delight. Utilizing his advanced training, Jason is finally able to conquer his nemesis and earns the respect of his peers and family, who celebrate with him as the frustrated crime syndicate leaves Seattle.

Cast

 Kurt McKinney as Jason Stillwell
 Jean-Claude Van Damme as Ivan "the Russian" Kraschinsky
 J.W. Fails as R.J. Madison
 Kathie Sileno as Kelly Riley
 Tai-chung Kim as the ghost of Bruce Lee
 Kent Lipham as Scott
 Ron Pohnel as Ian "Whirlwind" Riley, the Seattle Sidekicks
 Dale Jacoby as Dean "Shooting Star" Ramsay, the Seattle Sidekicks
 Peter "Sugarfoot" Cunningham as Frank Peters, the Seattle Sidekicks
 Joe Verroca as New York mobster
 John Andes as New York mob boss
 Farid Panali as Fajad "the Headhunter" Azmand, the Manhattan Maulers
 Mark Zacharatos as Michael Rocco, the Manhattan Maulers
 Ty Martinez as John Alvarado, the Manhattan Maulers
 Timothy D. Baker as Tom Stillwell
 Gloria Marziano as Mrs. Stillwell
 Paul Oswell as Trevor

Production

Development and writing
After living in Taiwan for a year in the early 1980s, screenwriter Keith W. Strandberg became interested in working in martial arts films as an actor. He moved back to the United States and became a tour director in China, from where he continued to visit Hong Kong to make contact with producers and screenwriters. After being turned down by several studios, including Shaw Brothers, Strandberg read about Seasonal Film Corporation and got in contact with the studio head, Ng See-yuen. Ng expressed an interest in making an American film and asked if Strandberg knew anything about screenplays; Strandberg lied that he did. A year later, Ng contacted Strandberg in America, stating that he wanted to write a script for them. Strandberg wrote a draft of what would become No Retreat, No Surrender. While production began on the film, Strandberg was on set and spent hours every night changing the script to improve its quality while filming.

Casting
Jean-Claude Van Damme was cast as the Soviet villain, Ivan Kraschinsky. On set, he performed a roundhouse kick on Pete Cunningham, rendering him unconscious. Actor and martial artist Timothy Baker stated that during action scenes on the set, the production manager and director Corey Yuen instructed Van Damme to not make contact with the other actors and stuntmen. Despite repeated warnings, Van Damme continued to do so, performing kicks on Baker during filming. Other actors and martial artists claimed that Van Damme had not been reckless with his physical contact, including Ron Pohnel, who said, "His control wasn't such as mine, but I had no complaints". Van Damme originally had a two-picture deal with Strandberg but broke his contract.

Release

Home media
While there was never a DVD release in the United States, a Blu-ray edition of the film was published by Kino Lorber Classics in Region A, on February 21, 2017, which contained both the American theatrical release and a longer international cut.

Reception and legacy

Box office
No Retreat, No Surrender was released on May 2, 1986. It was the eleventh-highest grossing film on its opening week at the American box office, earning $739,723; it grossed a total of $4,662,137 in the United States and Canada.

The film sold  tickets in the United States and 395,013 in France.

Critical response
Walter Goodman of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, writing that the story appeared to have been "slapped-together". Time Out compared it to The Last Dragon, Karate Kid, and Rocky IV, noting that it "borrows heavily" from those films and "makes them look like masterpieces". Martial arts magazine Black Belt gave the film a rating of one-and-a-half out of five, noting that Jean-Claude Van Damme does not have much screen time and that the film was derivative of The Karate Kid. Patrick Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times called it "hilariously bad" and an "amateurish clunker" with poor action scenes.

In 1993, Black Belt placed the film at seventh on their list of top-ten choreographed martial arts films. The magazine specifically praised Van Damme's jump kicks, while noting that McKinney's look "suspiciously quick", mentioning that, "unlike the Hong Kong movie industry, American filmmakers have yet to master the technique of speeding up the film without "jumpy/fidgety" side effects". In 2017, Ed Travis of Cinapse said the film "manages to  entertain and delight with a combination of pure earnestness and legitimately cool fight work". Austin Trunick of Under the Radar said Van Damme's scenes "are prime Van Damme, at least, with some fantastic fight choreography and a full showcase of splits, high-kicks, and bug-eyed snarling".

The film was riffed live at a number of venues on the Mystery Science Theater 3000 Live: The Great Cheesy Movie Tour, by Joel Hodgson, in 2019. It was also riffed by RiffTrax on October 15, 2015.

Franchise sequels
 No Retreat, No Surrender 2 (1987)
 No Retreat, No Surrender 3: Blood Brothers

See also
 American films of 1986
 List of action films of the 1980s

References

External links

1985 films
1985 martial arts films
1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1980s ghost films
American films about revenge
American ghost films
American martial arts films
Bruceploitation films
Chinese ghost films
Chinese martial arts films
Films about friendship
Films directed by Corey Yuen
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Nevada
Films set in Seattle
Films shot in California
Films shot in Washington (state)
Jeet Kune Do films
Karate films
Kickboxing films
Kung fu films
New World Pictures films
No Retreat, No Surrender films

No Retreat, No Surrender


Canyon News is an English-language weekly newspaper published in Beverly Hills, California .  It is distributed internationally and is published in conjunction with the San Francisco News.  Named for its location and coverage area, Canyon News serves Bel Air, Benedict Canyon, Beverly Hills, Brentwood, Laurel Canyon, Los Feliz, Malibu, Pacific Palisades, Melrose, Santa Monica, Sherman Oaks, Studio City, Topanga Canyon, Westwood and Hollywood Hills according to its website.

Overview
Founded in January 2004, Canyon News is published by Glenn Kelly. It was adjudicated by the county of Los Angeles.Canyon News has been online since January 21, 2004.

The house in which Canyon News began its publication belonged to Rita Hayworth and Orson Welles in what used to be Welles' writing room.  The house is now owned by Ruta Lee, who was a columnist for Canyon News.

See also
 Beverly Hills Post
 Beverly Hills Weekly
 The Beverly Hills Courier

References

External links

Newspapers published in Beverly Hills, California
Santa Monica Mountains
Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles
Topanga, California

Canyon News


The nictitating membrane (from Latin nictare, to blink) is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye from the medial canthus to protect and moisten it while maintaining vision. All Anura (tailless amphibians), and some reptiles, birds, and sharks have full nictitating membranes; in many mammals, a small, vestigial portion of the nictitating membrane remains in the corner of the eye. Some mammals, such as cats, beavers, polar bears, seals and aardvarks, have full nictitating membranes. Often called a third eyelid or haw, it may be referred to in scientific terminology as the plica semilunaris, membrana nictitans, or palpebra tertia.

Description

The nictitating membrane is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye for protection and to moisten it while maintaining vision. The term comes from the Latin word nictare, meaning "to blink". It is often called a third eyelid or haw, and may be referred to in scientific terminology as the plica semilunaris, membrana nictitans, or palpebra tertia. Unlike the upper and lower eyelids, the nictitating membrane moves horizontally across the eyeball.

In many species, any stimulus to the eyeball (such as a puff of air) will result in reflex nictitating membrane response. This reflex is widely used as the basis for experiments on classical conditioning in rabbits.

Distribution

Fully developed nictitating membranes are found in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, but are rare in primates. In humans, the plica semilunaris (also known as the semilunar fold) and its associated muscles are homologous to the nictitating membranes seen in some other mammals and other vertebrates. In most primate species, a plica semilunaris is generally not present, although fully developed nictitating membranes can be found in lemurs and lorisoid primates. Some mammals, such as camels, polar bears, seals and aardvarks, have full nictitating membranes, and many mammals retain a small, vestigial portion of the membrane in the corner of the eye. A gland of the third eyelid (nictitans gland) or Harder's gland is attached to the nictating membranes of some animals and may produce up to 50% of the tear film.

Functions

The nictitating membrane is normally translucent. In some diving animals, including sea lions, it is activated on land, to remove sand and other debris—its function in most animals. In crocodiles, it protects their eyes from water but also hinders their focus under water. In some diving animals, for example beavers and manatees, it is transparent and moves across the eye to protect it while under water.

Birds can actively control their nictitating membrane. In birds of prey, the membrane also serves to protect the parents' eyes from their chicks while they are feeding them, and when peregrine falcons go into their  dives, they will blink repeatedly with their nictitating membranes to clear debris and spread moisture across the eyes. Woodpeckers tighten their nictitating membrane a millisecond prior to their beak impacting the trunk of a tree to prevent shaking-induced retinal injury.

The nictitating membrane can be used to protect the eye while attacking prey, as in sharks.

It can also protect the eye from ultraviolet radiation, similar to its role in polar bears to prevent snow blindness.

Vestigiality

Nictitating membranes in cats and dogs do not have many muscle fibers, so they are not usually visible; chronic visibility should be taken as a sign of poor condition or ill health. The membrane can, however, be seen clearly when gently opening the eye of the healthy animal when it is asleep, or by pushing down/applying pressure on the eyeball, which will cause it to appear. In some breeds of dogs, the nictitating membrane can be prone to prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid, resulting in a condition called cherry eye.

See also
 Accessory abducens nucleus
 Human vestigiality

References

External links

Eye
Vertebrate anatomy

fi:Vilkkuluomi

Nictitating membrane