Juan Niceto de Zamacois y Urrutia (20 March 1820 in Bilbao – 29 September 1885 in Mexico City) was a Spanish journalist, playwright, poet, novelist and historian resident in Mexico. He was half-brother of the painter Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala, the singer Elisa Zamacois, and the actor Ricardo Zamacois, and also was uncle of the writers Miguel Zamacoïs and Eduardo Zamacois, and the music composer Joaquín Zamacois.

Biography
Juan Niceto de Zamacois y Urrutia was born in Bilbao, Spain. Son of Miguel Antonio de Zamacois y Berreteaga, and his first wife, Juana de Urrutia y Mendiola. His father was the founder and director of the Santiago de Vizcaya School of Humanities. His relatives included numerous artists: writers,  actors and musicians. Of family of Basque ancestry, their surname originated in Hasparren, France, where their surname was spelled "Samacoys" at 18th century.

He emigrated to Mexico in 1840, and in 1843 married Mexican María Francisca Rubio y Mateos.  He developed almost his entire literary career in Mexico.

In 1857, due to the Mexican political situation, he returned to Spain, but in 1860 he settled newly in Mexico until the First Spanish Republic. Again in Mexico he decides not to become naturalized, so he can not run as a federal deputy.

He died at 65 years, on 29 September 1885 in Mexico City.

Works

Theatre
The Yankees in Monterrey, comic sketch in one act and in verse (1846), premiered at the Teatro Santa Anna in July 1846).
The undersigned, operetta in one act, in prose and verse (1859)
Inheriting a barber, an act comic sketch (1859), represented in Madrid in Zarzuelaa Theatre on 20 June 1859.
The two mothers-comedy in one act (1860)
The mayor, operetta in one act (1861), with music by JE Domec.
The musician and poet, one-act operetta, prose and verse (1861), with music by F. Caballero.

Poetry
Poetic Entertainment (1847)
The echoes of my lira (1849)
The mysteries of Mexico, poem written in a variety of meters (1850)
Health of the soul, prayer book written in verse and variety of meters (1851)
History of the Carlist War in the Basque provinces and Navarre, epic

Novels
The California Gold Digger (1855)
A dethroned angel from heaven, religious Legend (1855)
Captain Rossi (1860)
Syrup (1861)
Zuisvivir Feeling (1864)
The beggar of San Angelo (1865)
Inheriting a barber (1879)

Essay
Mexicans themselves painted (1855)
Mexico and its surroundings (1855-1856)
Testament "The Pythagorean Gallo", satirical, humorous, critical, mocking and laughing, written warning to rogues and honest rejoicing (1855)
Almanac comic, critical, satirical and burlesque, for all ages, men and countries (1856)

Translations
The Last Days of Pompeii by Edward Bulwer Lytton (The Last Days of Pompeii, 1871)

History
History of Mexico (1876-1882)

References

External links

1820 births
1885 deaths
Spanish people of French descent
Spanish emigrants to Mexico
19th-century Spanish historians
Spanish male novelists
Spanish male poets
Spanish journalists
Male journalists
19th-century Spanish journalists
19th-century Spanish poets
19th-century Mexican novelists
19th-century Mexican poets
19th-century Spanish dramatists and playwrights
Male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century male writers
Basque journalists
Writers from Bilbao
Basque writers

Niceto de Zamacois


Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when carbon compounds burn and there is not enough oxygen. It is a good fuel and burns in air with a blue flame, making carbon dioxide. It is very toxic, but it is useful for modern technology as well.

The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making iron from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a blast furnace. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into carbon dioxide.

Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into carbon dioxide. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Low-level carbon monoxide poisoning can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of "haunted" houses. Higher levels of carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms, headaches, and death. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air.

Production
Despite that it is a poison, carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered. Normally we burn coke at high temperature with not enough oxygen. Blast furnaces work this way. The chemical equation for this is:

2C + O2 → 2CO

It can be also made by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke

 C + H2O → CO + H2

Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in the Fischer-Tropsch process.

During the World War II when petrol was rare and reserved for the military, many cars were converted to use wood gas. It is carbon monoxide made by burning wood chips in insufficient amount of air. The wood gas was made in a special oven called generator, which was carried on the car. The resulting carbon monoxide was then used as fuel for the car itself. Even today there are cars which use wood gas as fuel.

References

Other websites
 International Chemical Safety Card 0023
 National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
 United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page
 External MSDS data sheet
 Carbon Monoxide Kills Campaign Site
 Carbon Monoxide information for victims of poisoning
 Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves
 USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999
 FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083
 Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site
 Radiology and Pathology of CO Poisoning Images from MedPix

Toxicology
Carbon compounds
Oxides

Carbon monoxide


Áine Cahill (born 16 August 1994) is a pop singer-songwriter from County Cavan, Ireland. She spent her childhood heavily involved with her local GAA club, Ballyhaise, then discovered her love of music at the age of 16. She is inspired by current music, citing Lady Gaga, Lana Del Rey and Marina and the Diamonds as her main influences but combines that with her love of classic Jazz from the 1950s. Cahills's unique sound and writing style captivates the listener; her storytelling evoking emotion and vivid imagery, allowing the audience to escape into her world.

Cahill independently recorded her debut EP Paper Crown throughout 2014 in JAM Studios, Kells, County Meath, with producer Martin Quinn. It was released that November digitally on Soundcloud only. It was later named 'Best Unsigned EP 2014' by U&I Magazine.

Following Paper Crown, Cahill released the single "Black Dahlia", inspired by Elisabeth Short and American Horror Story. The song was nominated by Hot Press Magazine for Best Track. Black Dahlia began to gain airplay on national radio, with the track being championed by Ian Dempsey on his TodayFM Breakfast Show.  Dempsey later invited Cahill to do a live performance of the single. A video of the performance was posted online and racked up 70,000 views in one day. Cahill toured Ireland between September 2015 and June 2016, playing in iconic venues including Whelan's, Vicar Street, and Cork Opera House.

In June 2016, Cahill made her debut at Glastonbury, playing the Bread and Roses stage, where she was spotted by the BBC and asked to play an acoustic performance live on their Glastonbury TV coverage. Reaction was overwhelming with 'Aine Cahill' trending on Twitter. Following the Glastonbury success, she played three stunning sets at Electric Picnic. In December 2016, Áine joined fellow Irish musician's such as Kodaline, Picture This, and All Tvvins to play a sold-out 2FM XMas Ball in Dublin's 3Arena. The show raised €460,000 for the ISPCC. During the show, Cahill performed with the RTÉ National Concert Orchestra and was joined onstage by surprise guest Gavin James.

In 2017, Cahill was named 'One-to-Watch' in The Guardian and 'Breaking Act' in The Sunday Times Culture section. The same day, she announced that she is the voice behind the new TV3 Ireland ad campaign, singing a remarkable cover of "New World Coming". 13 January marked her first mainland European show, appearing at Eurosonic Noorderslag playing in Der Aa-Kerk. On 27 January, Cahill released her single "Plastic" via LAB Records, including her vocals backed with strings and beats. "Plastic" takes aim at a vacuous recipient, with Áine's tone shrouding her cutting words. The song received plays by Ian Dempsey (TodayFM), Jo Whiley (BBC Radio 2) and was playlisted on RTE 2FM. Áine Cahill won Best Single in 2017 for her song Plastic at the Pure M Awards

References

External links

Musicians from County Cavan
Irish women singer-songwriters
21st-century Irish singer-songwriters
Living people
1994 births
21st-century Irish women singers
People from Ballyhaise

Áine Cahill


Iwan Wyn Roberts (born 26 June, 1968 in Bangor, Wales) is a Welsh football player. He played for the Welsh national team and several English teams, including Norwich City F.C. and Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C..

At Norwich, Roberts twice won the player of the year trophy.

As a player, Roberts was a striker.

1968 births
Living people
Welsh footballers

Iwan Roberts


Fred Childress, also known as Freddie Childress (born September 17, 1966) is a former all-star offensive lineman in the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. He was nicknamed as "the Big Chill" for his 6 feet 4 inch and 345 pound size.

Early life
While born in Little Rock, Arkansas, Childress grew up in Helena, Arkansas, playing football in high school for the Central High School Cougars. Coming out of high school, Childress was highly recruited by many top football programs, finally deciding to stay home and attend the University of Arkansas, then coached by Ken Hatfield.

College
Childress played his college football at the University of Arkansas, where he was selected as a 2nd team All-American by Pro Football Weekly as a senior in 1988. There he played with other standouts such as Steve Atwater and Barry Foster. Childress was immediately a starter at offensive guard as a freshman for Arkansas in 1985, helping the team finish 10-2 and beating the Arizona State Sun Devils in the 1985 Holiday Bowl, 18-17. As a senior, Childress helped Arkansas win the 1988 Southwest Conference championship, finishing 10-2. Childress and teammate Wayne Martin were suspended for the 1989 Cotton Bowl Classic by head coach Ken Hatfield for undisclosed reasons, and Arkansas lost the Cotton Bowl to Troy Aikman and the UCLA Bruins, 17-3.

Professional career
Childress was selected in the second round of the 1989 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengals.  After two seasons of tryouts, he finally played one season for the New England Patriots in 1991 (scoring a touchdown) and another in 1992 for the Cleveland Browns.

Childress moved to the CFL with the Shreveport Pirates in  1994 and switched to the Birmingham Barracudas in  (both failed expansion franchises in the CFL bid to play in the US). He then went on to an 8-year stay with the Calgary Stampeders, where he was an all-star 6 times, received the CFL's Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman Award in , the DeMarco-Becket Memorial Trophy in  and won the Grey Cup in 1998 and 2001.

Childress played his final three seasons with the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He retired from the CFL after the  season. He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame as a player in 2020.

References

1966 births
Living people
American football offensive linemen
Arkansas Razorbacks football players
Birmingham Barracudas players
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian football offensive linemen
Cleveland Browns players
New England Patriots players
Players of American football from Little Rock, Arkansas
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Shreveport Pirates players
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees

Fred Childress


Although Australia is mostly arid, the nation is a major agricultural producer and exporter, with over 325,300 employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing as of February 2015. Agriculture and its closely related sectors earn $155 billion-a-year for a 12% share of GDP. Farmers and grazers own 135,997 farms, covering 61% of Australia's landmass. Across the country there is a mix of irrigation and dry-land farming.  The success of Australia to become a major agricultural power despite the odds is facilitated by its policies of long-term visions and promotion of agricultural reforms that greatly increased the country's agricultural industry.

There are three main zones: the high rainfall zone of Tasmania and a narrow coastal zone (used principally for dairying and beef production); wheat, sheep zone (cropping (principally winter crops), and the grazing of sheep (for wool, lamb and mutton) plus beef cattle) and the pastoral zone (characterised by low rainfall, less fertile soils, and large scale pastoral activities involving the grazing of beef cattle and sheep for wool and mutton). An indicator of the viability of agriculture in the state of South Australia is whether the land is within Goyder's Line.

History
Agriculture in Australia has a lively history. Aboriginal Australians have been various described as hunter-gatherer-cultivators and proto-farmers, as there is evidence that farming activities were undertaken prior to the arrival of Europeans, including tilling, planting and irrigating. However, these practices were non-industrialised and complementary to hunting, gathering and fishing. Whether the people could be termed agriculturalists is controversial. In 1788, the first European settlers brought agricultural technology from their homelands which radically changed the dominant practices. After some initial failures, wool dominated in the 19th century and, in the first half of the 20th century, dairying increased in its popularity driven by technological changes like canning and refrigeration.

Meat exports were very significant in the development of Australian agriculture. By 1925 there were 54 export freezing works, capable of killing 6000 cattle and 90,000 sheep and lambs daily. Initially meat for British markets had to be frozen, but later beef could be exported chilled.

2000-2019
At the turn of the millennium, Australia produced a large variety of primary products for export and domestic consumption. Australia's production in the first five years were as follows:

Australia's main crops were contrasting in preferred climate: sugar cane (typical of tropical countries), wheat and barley (typical of cold countries).

In 2018, Australia was the world's largest producer of lupin bean (714 thousand tons), the world's second largest producer of chickpeas (1 million tons), the world's fourth largest producer of barley (9.2 million tons) and oats (1.2 million tons), the 5th largest producer of rapeseed (3.9 million tons), the 9th largest producer of sugarcane (33.5 million tons) and wheat (20.9 million tons) and the 13th largest world producer of grape (1.66 million tons). In the same year, the country also produced 1.2 million tons of sorghum, 1.1 million tons of potato, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as rice (635 thousand tons), maize (387 thousand tons), tomato (386 thousand tons), orange (378 thousand tons), fava beans (377 thousand tons), banana (373 thousand tons), pea (317 thousand tons), carrot (284 thousand tons), onion (278 thousand tons), apple (268 thousand tons), lentils (255 thousand tons), melon (224 thousand tons), watermelon (181 thousand tons), tangerine (138 thousand tons) etc.

2020
Early in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began, and Australian agriculture was heavily impacted by the resulting supply chain issues. The scarcity of freight space, and disruption to Chinese New Year purchases was particularly painful, with China being Australia's largest export market, and a particularly large buyer of live seafood.

China Tariffs

In May, the Australian government proposed an independent investigation of the origin of COVID-19. Shortly afterwards, China placed large restrictions on their imports of a number of Australian agricultural products, as well as coal. Agriculture is one Australia's most trade-exposed economic sectors.

Labour shortages
The agricultural workforce was heavily reliant on international workers, and by the end of 2020, the pandemic resulted in a severe shortage of farm workers across the country. Much produce could not be picked, with losses estimated at $22 million, thanks to a backpacker workforce diminished from 200,000 to 52,000. The shortage lingered through 2021, with skilled labour also in short supply, leading to calls to double Australia's skilled migrant uptake.

Products

Crops

Cereals, oilseeds and grain legumes are produced on a large scale in Australia for human consumption and livestock feed.  Wheat is the cereal with the greatest production in terms of area and value to the Australian economy. Sugarcane, grown in tropical Australia, is also an important crop; however, the unsubsidised industry (while lower-cost than heavily subsidised European and American sugar producers) is struggling to compete with the huge and much more efficient Brazilian sugarcane industry.

Horticulture

In 2005 McDonald's Australia Ltd announced it would no longer source all its potatoes for fries from Tasmanian producers and announced a new deal with New Zealand suppliers. Subsequently, Vegetable and Potato Growers Australia (Ltd.) launched a political campaign advocating protectionism.

Viticulture

Although the Australian wine industry enjoyed a large period of growth during the 1990s, over planting and oversupply led to a large drop in the value of wine, forcing out of business some winemakers, especially those on contracts to large wine-producing companies. At the time, the future for some Australian wine producers seemed uncertain, but by 2015 a national study showed that the industry had recovered and the combined output of grape growing and winemaking were major contributors to the Australian economy's gross output while the associated industry of wine tourism had also expanded. A follow-up report from 2019 demonstrated further consolidation, by which stage wine had become Australia's fifth-largest agricultural export industry with domestic and international sales contributing AU$45.5 billion to gross output.

Wine producers were impacted by the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, with Adelaide Hills losing 30% of its vineyards. Grapes around the country were affected by smoke, with the aroma affecting the wine produced.

Beef industry
The beef industry is the largest agricultural enterprise in Australia, and it is the second largest beef exporter, behind Brazil, in the world. All states and territories of Australia support cattle breeding in a wide range of climates. Cattle production is a major industry that covers an area in excess of 200 million hectares. The Australian beef industry is dependent on export markets, with over 60% of Australian beef production exported, primarily to the United States, Korea and Japan.

In southern Australia (NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and south-western Western Australia) beef cattle are often reared on smaller properties as part of a mixed farming or grazing operation, but some properties do specialise in producing cattle. The southern calves are typically reared on pasture and sold as weaners, yearlings or as steers at about two years old or older. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer are more commonly used in stud cattle breeding in Australia, but may be used in other herds.

In the Top End, sub-tropical areas and in arid inland regions cattle are bred on native pastures on expansive cattle stations. Anna Creek Station in South Australia, Australia is the world's largest working cattle station. The North Australian Pastoral Company Pty Limited (NAPCO) is now one of Australia's largest beef cattle producers, with a herd of over 180,000 cattle and fourteen cattle stations in Queensland and the Northern Territory. The Australian Agricultural Company (AA Co) manages a cattle herd of more than 585,000 head. Heytesbury Beef Pty Ltd owns and manages over 200,000 head of cattle across eight stations spanning the East Kimberley, Victoria River and Barkly Tablelands regions in Northern Australia.

Prior to European settlement there were no cattle in Australia. The present herd consists principally of British and European breeds (Bos taurus), in the southern regions with Aberdeen Angus and Herefords being the most common. In northern Australia Bos indicus breeds predominate along with their crosses. They were introduced to combine the resistance to cattle ticks and greater tolerance of hot weather.

In 1981, the industry was shaken by the Australian meat substitution scandal, which revealed that horse and kangaroo meat had been both exported overseas and sold domestically as beef.

Dairy

Domestic milk markets were heavily regulated until the 1980s, particularly for milk used for domestic fresh milk sales. This protected smaller producers in the northern states who produced exclusively for their local markets. The Kerin Plan (named after politician John Kerin) began the process of deregulation in 1986. The final price supports were removed in 2000 with the assistance of Pat Rowley, head of the Australian Dairy Farmers Federation and the Australian Dairy Industry Council. Deregulation ultimately saw 13,000 Australian dairy farmers produce 10 billion litres of milk in comparison to the 5 billion litres of milk produced by 23,000 farmers prior to deregulation, a 30% reduction in farmers with a 55% rise in milk production. As the Australian dairy industry grows feedlot systems are becoming more popular.

Fisheries
 The fisheries in Australia is a very large scale industry. Australia produces many species of fish including farmed, sustainable and intensive and wild caught such as tuna and other schooling fish.

Seaweeds
The shorelines, especially the Great Barrier Reef, are providing motivation to help the continent by using seaweed (algae) to absorb nutrients. Because of the giant number of natural Australian seaweeds, not only could seaweed cultivation be used to help absorb nutrients around the GBR and other Australian shores, cultivation could also help feed a large part of the world. Even the Chinese, who could be considered far more advanced in seaweed cultivation, are interested in the future of Australian seaweeds. Lastly, the GBR itself, because of the delicate corals, has lent itself to utilizing seaweed/algae purposely as a nutrient reduction tool in the form of algae.

Olives
Olives have been grown in Australia since the early 1800s. Olive trees were planted by the warden of the self-funded penal settlement on St Helena Island, Queensland in Moreton Bay. By the mid-90s there were  and from 2000 to 2003 passed . By 2014 (Ravetti and Edwards, 2014) there were 2000 plantations, covering over , and producing  of olives.  used as table olives and around  exported to the United States, China, the European Union, New Zealand and Japan. Between 2009 and 2014 Australia imported an average of  predominantly from Spain, Italy and Greece. China olive oil consumption is increasing and Chinese investors have begun to buy Australian olive farms. Olive cultivars include Arbequina, Arecuzzo, Barnea, Barouni, Coratina, Correggiola, Del Morocco, Frantoio, Hojiblanca, Jumbo Kalamata, Kalamata, Koroneiki, Leccino, Manzanillo, Pendulino, Picholine, Picual, Sevillano, UC13A6, and Verdale. Manzanillo, Azapa, Nab Tamri and South Australian Verdale for the production of table olives.

Wool
Australia is the world's largest producer of wool.  The Australian wool industry was worth $3.6 billion in 2022. The total number of sheep is estimated to be 75 million. In the late 1980s the sheep flock was 180 million. Only 5% of Australia's wool clip is processed onshore.  The Merino produces a fine wool and was first introduced to Australia in 1797 with the breed being well-suited to the Australian environment. By the 1870s Australia had become the world's greatest wool-growing nation.

Issues facing Australian agriculture

Political values
Historian F.K. Crowley finds that:
 Australian farmers and their spokesman have always considered that life on the land is inherently more virtuous, more healthy, more important and more productive, than living in the towns and cities. The farmers complained that something was wrong with an electoral system which produced parliamentarians who spent money beautifying vampire-cities instead of developing the interior.

The Country Party, from the 1920s to the 1970s, promulgated its version of agrarianism, which it called "countrymindedness".  The goal was to enhance the status of the graziers (operators of big sheep ranches) and small farmers and justified subsidies for them.

Water management

Water management is a major issue in Australia. Public institutions responsible for water management include the Murray–Darling Basin Authority, which manages water resources in the Murray–Darling basin, Australia's largest river catchment.

Because of Australia's large deserts and irregular rainfall, irrigation is necessary for agriculture in some parts of the country. The total gross value of irrigated agricultural production in 2004-05 was A$9,076 million compared to A$9,618 million in 2000–01. The gross value of irrigated agricultural production represents around a quarter (23%) of the gross value of agricultural commodities produced in Australia in 2004–05, on less than 1% of agricultural land.

Of the 12,191 GL of water consumed by agriculture in 2004–05, dairy farming accounted for 18% (2,276 GL), pasture 16% (1,928 GL), cotton 15% (1,822 GL) and sugar 10% (1,269 GL).

Environmental issues
In 2006 the CSIRO, the federal government agency for scientific research in Australia, forecast that climate change will cause decreased precipitation over much of Australia and that this will exacerbate existing challenges to water availability and quality for agriculture.

Climate change has damaged farming productivity, reducing broadacre farm profits by an average of 22% since 2000. In 2023, the Department of Agriculture published a National Statement on Climate Change and Agriculture, exploring resilience in the agriculture sector.

Agriculture contributes 13% of Australia's total greenhouse emissions, however, much of this is methane of biological origin, rather than from fossil fuels.

Although native, kangaroos have been known to destroy fences and eat cattle feed, sometimes in problematic numbers.

Organic farming

As of 2021, $2.3 billion worth of commodities were produced in Australia by the organic agriculture sector, representing approximately 3% of agricultural output.
Australia leads the world with 35 million hectares certified organic, which is 8.8% of Australia's agricultural land and Australia now accounts for more than half (51%) of the world's certified organic agriculture hectares.

Genetic modification
GM grains are widely grown in all states and territories in Australia with the exception of Tasmania, which is the last state to maintain a moratorium against GM. GM crops are regulated under a national scheme by the Gene Technology Regulator, through the Gene Technology Act 2000. As of 2022, there are four GM crops approved to be grown in Australia: cotton, safflower, carnations and canola. In particular, 99.5% of cotton growers in Australia use GM cotton.

Foreign land ownership
Australia has seen a major increase in foreign ownership of agriculture in the 2010s. According to a report in 2020, it found that the amount of Australian agricultural land in foreign ownership of total land increased slightly, from 13.4 to 13.8 percent.

A 2016, Lowy Institute poll found that 87% of respondents were against the Federal Government allowing foreign companies to buy Australian agricultural land a 6% points higher than a similar survey four years ago.

A 2022 ABC's Vote Compass Poll found that 88% of Australians want tighter controls on foreign ownership of farm land which is an increase from compass poll results in 2013 and 2016.

Animal welfare and live exports

Animal welfare has caused public concern, with exports of live animals particularly scrutinised. The practice of exporting live animals has received strong public opposition (a petition carrying 200,000 signatures of people opposed to live export was tabled in parliament) and opposition from the RSPCA because of cruelty.

In 2022, the Labor party committed to ending live exports of sheep, if elected. In 2023, they commenced the process, however, it would not be likely to be complete within the government's first term.

In 2006, animal rights organisations including PETA promoted a boycott of Merino wool, as a protest against the practice of mulesing, a procedure used to prevent the animals from becoming fly blown with maggots. In 2004, due to the worldwide attention, AWI proposed to phase out the practice by the end of year 2010; this promise was retracted in 2009.

In 2022, new regulations for chicken welfare were introduced.

Farm safety
Farming is the most dangerous occupation in Australia.  55 farmers died while working in 2022. Accidents involving tractors accounted for 20 per cent and quad bikes for 14 per cent of deaths.

Information Technology
Drone technology, Self driver tractors, Online Marketplaces are recent and growing trends. There is little standardisation and no accreditation authorities, though the CSIRO and other independent organisations have evaluated individual developments the lack of coordinated approach and lead agency restricts developments and risks Australa's competitiveness.

Public governance
Before the Federation of Australia in 1901, individual state governments bore responsibility for agriculture. As part of the federation, the Department of Commerce and Agriculture was created to help develop the agricultural industry. The newly-created Department of Trade and Customs had additional responsibilities for sugar agreements, as well as cotton.

These responsibilities were merged into a single agricultural department in 1956. Since the merger, the department responsible for agriculture has been re-named and re-structured many times:

 1956-1974 - Department of Primary Industry
 1974-1975 - Department of Agriculture
 1975-1987 - Department of Primary Industry
 1987-1998 - Department of Primary Industries and Energy
 1998-2013 - Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
 2013-2015 - Department of Agriculture
 2015-2019 - Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
 2019-2020 - Department of Agriculture
 2020-2022 - Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
 2022- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

See also

 Effects of global warming on agriculture in Australia
 History of wheat industry regulation in Australia
 Wheatbelt

References

External links

 Farm Facts 2011
 Agricultural Statistics - Australian Bureau of Statistics page.
 Peterborough
 SA History - Goyder
 The History Trust of South Australia has a map of Goyder's Line.
 Agricultural industry strength in Australia

Agriculture in Australia


Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle is a 1982 documentary film about a group of Pullman car porters who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - claimed to be the first African American trade union. The film examines issues of work, race and dignity. The film uses a variety of sources including historical records and photos, old films, and interviews with and reminiscences of retired porters. The film is narrated by a porter's widow and former union organizer: Rosina Tucker.

The film was produced by Jack Santino and Paul Wagner and won four regional Emmy Awards. It has been described as "One hundred years of history is spanned in an enlightening portrait
of admirable dignity." – New York Times and as "A moving account of the Pullman porters' remarkable (and largely untold) history." – Washington Post.

In  addition  to  its four regional Emmy Awards, the film has also been honoured at the Telluride Film Festival, and received the American Film Festival Blue Ribbon, and a CINE Golden Eagle. The film  was funded by the D.C. Community Humanities Council.

See also
The Road Taken, a 1996 documentary film about Black Canadian railway porters

References

External links

American documentary films
Documentary films about labor relations in the United States
Documentary films about African Americans
1982 films
1982 documentary films
Documentary films about rail transport
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1980s American films

Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle


Someone Knows Something (or SKS for short) is a podcast by Canadian award-winning filmmaker and writer David Ridgen, first released in March 2016. The series is hosted, written and produced by Ridgen and mixed by Cesil Fernandes. The series is also produced by Chris Oke and executive producer Arif Noorani.

Using investigative journalism, Ridgen narrates a nonfiction story about a criminal cold case over multiple episodes. Episodes are released on a weekly basis; most of the Season 1 episodes ranged from 15 to 40 minutes in length, with Season 2 episodes ranging between 32 and 80 minutes in length. Season 4 was released in February 2018. Season 5 began in October 2018.

Someone Knows Something is Ridgen's first podcast experience; it is also CBC Radio's first true-crime podcast.

Episodes of Someone Knows Something are also sometimes broadcast on CBC Radio One as substitute programming, such as on public holidays and during the summer when some of its regular shows are on hiatus.

Series overview
The first season of SKS focuses on the June 12, 1972, disappearance of Adrien McNaughton, a five-year-old boy who vanished during a family fishing trip in Eastern Ontario. The McNaughton family is from Arnprior, Ontario, where Ridgen grew up (he and his family moved there shortly after Adrien's disappearance).

The second season follows the disappearance of Sheryl Sheppard in Hamilton, Ontario.  Sheppard went missing on January 2, 1998, two days after her boyfriend, Michael Lavoie, offered a proposal of marriage on a live TV broadcast.  With some assistance from Sheppard's mother, Odette Fisher, Ridgen looks into the case as well as the backgrounds of both Sheryl and Michael, who has been the only person the Hamilton Police Service has named as a suspect in Sheryl's disappearance.

Season 3 of SKS, all six episodes of which were released during the week of November 7, 2017, revisits the 1964 deaths of two teenagers in Mississippi, Charles Moore and Henry Dee; Ridgen previously explored the cold case in a 2007 documentary for CBC, Mississippi Cold Case, which resulted in a re-opening of the case and the eventual conviction of James Ford Seale for the abductions of Moore and Dee.

In early 2018, Season 4 explored another murder Ridgen had documented for CBC, that of Wayne Greavette, who was killed through the use of a flashlight bomb sent to him in the mail.

Season five premiered in October 2018 focusing on the 1986 rape and murder of Kerrie Ann Brown in Thompson, Manitoba.

Season 6 premiered in May 2020, Donald Izzett Jr. disappeared on Mother's Day 1995.

Episodes

Season 1

Season 2
On October 21, 2016, a message posted on the show's Facebook page announced that Season 2 is "coming soon".  The first episode of the second season aired on November 21, 2016, with episodes released on a weekly basis (excluding a break for Boxing Week) through the season's conclusion on February 12. It was rebroadcast in the summer of 2017, from June 29 to September 3.

References

External links

2016 podcast debuts
Audio podcasts
Investigative journalism
Canadian talk radio programs
CBC Radio One programs
Canadian podcasts
Crime podcasts
2010s Canadian radio programs
2020s Canadian radio programs

Someone Knows Something


The Discovery of North-West Passage Act 1744 (18 Geo. 2. c. 17) was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1745 and repealed in 1818. It offered a public reward for the successful discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

The preamble to the Act stated the expected economic benefits of the discovery of the passage, and that it would be "a great encouragement to adventurers" to offer a prize. The allocated sum was £20,000, to be paid to the owners of the first ships to successfully make such a passage.

The Act established a group of commissioners to determine the validity of any claims, and restricted the scope of the Act to only apply to British subjects. It further required all British subjects to provide help and assistance to the explorers when required.

The Act was repealed by section 9 of the Discovery of Longitude at Sea, etc. Act 1818.

References
The statutes at large from the 15th to the 20th year of King George II [vol. XVIII]; Charles Bathurst, London. 1765.
Chronological table of the statutes; HMSO, London. 1993.

Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1744
Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
Exploration of the Arctic


The Tithe Barn is a 14th-century tithe barn in Dunster, Somerset, England.

It has a cruciform plan. The east front has central double doors in heavy oak with a chamfered frame. It is a grade II listed building.

The barn, which was originally part of a Benedictine Dunster Priory, has been much altered since the 14th century and only a limited amount of the original features survive. In the "Valor Ecclesiasticus" of 1535 the net annual income of the Dunster Tithe Barn is recorded as being £37.4.8d (£37 23p), with £6.13s7d ( £6.68p ) being passed on to the priory in Bath.

The Somerset Buildings Preservation Trust (SBPT) has co-ordinated a £550,000 renovation project on behalf of the Dunster Tithe Barn Community Hall Trust (DTBCHT), into a multi-purpose community hall under a 99-year lease at a pepper-corn rent, by the Crown Estate Commissioners who own the building. Funding has been obtained from the Heritage Lottery Fund and others to support the work.

References

External links
  Official website
 Tithe Barn History Information
 Photos of the Tithe Barn, Dunster

Grade II listed buildings in West Somerset
Tourist attractions in Somerset
Barns in England
Tithe barns in Europe

Tithe Barn, Dunster


The healthy user bias or healthy worker bias is a bias that can damage the validity of epidemiologic studies testing the efficacy of particular therapies or interventions.

Specifically, it is a sampling bias or selection bias: the kind of subjects that take up an intervention, including by enrolling in a clinical trial, are not representative of the general population. People who volunteer for a study can be expected, on average, to be healthier than people who don't volunteer, as they are concerned for their health and are predisposed to follow medical advice, both factors that would aid one's health. In a sense, being healthy or active about one's health is a precondition for becoming a subject of the study, an effect that can appear under other conditions such as studying particular groups of workers.  For example, someone in ill health is unlikely to have a job as manual laborer.  As a result, studies of manual laborers are studies of people who are currently healthy enough to engage in manual labor, rather than studies of people who would do manual labor if they were healthy enough.

References

Further reading

External links
  "Do We Really Know What Makes Us Healthy?"

Epidemiology
Bias
Medical statistics
Sampling (statistics)

Healthy user bias


Riccardo Cocchi (born December 7, 1977, Terni, Italy) is a 10-time undefeated Latin Dance Champion, with his partner, Yulia Zagoruychenko. Currently, he resides in and represents the United States of America. When not busy competing, Riccardo is available for coaching.

History
Riccardo began his dancing career at the age of 6 at his parents' dance studio. His first partner was Barbara Mancuso. At first Riccardo appreciated International Ballroom (or Standard) more than Latin. Later he competed for many years in amateur divisions with different partners. When Riccardo started dancing with Joanne Wilkinson, from Australia in 1998, he switched over to Latin completely. Riccardo and Joanne were two times World Amateur Latin Champions, ten times Italian Amateur Champions, Professional Italian Latin Champions, and Professional Grand Finalists at the UK, British and World Championships. He continued dancing with her for ten years until 2007 when the partnership split. Soon afterward Riccardo had the opportunity to dance with Yulia Zagoruychenko. Cocchi and Zagoruychenko won their first World Latin Dance Championship in 2010, and earned their second title in 2011. They are ranked #1 in the world for Professional Latin. They recently won their 5th consecutive National Professional Latin Champions title at the US Open Dance Competition. Apart from active participation in competitions, Riccardo and Yulia take part in shows all over the world. From April 2012 they have been performing in «Dance Legends» in New-York. These days they continue performing as guests at events like Shining Star Cup 2023.

Famous coaches
 Barbara McColl
 Sammy Stopford
 Espen Salberg
 Hans Galke
 Shirley Ballas
 Donnie Burns

Latest titles

 2005 idsf world amateur Latin champion
2010-2019 World Professional Latin Champion
 2009 World Professional Showdance Champion
 2008-2019 U.S. National Professional Latin Champion
 2016-2019 British Open Professional Latin American Dance Champion (Blackpool Dance Festival)
 2012, 2015-2019 Winner of the Elsa Wells International Dance Championships
 2008-2014 U.S. Open Champion
 2008–2011, 2013-2015 DWC Disney Champion (Paris, France)
 2008-2019 Dutch Open Champion
 2010-2016 Asian Open Champion (Tokyo, Japan)
 2013, 2016 Asian Open Champion (Korea and China)
 2010–2014, 2016 Asian Open Champion (Taiwan)
 2010-2012 Asian Open Champion (Indonesia)
 2010-2014 Asian Open Champion (Macao)
 2010-2012 Philippine Star Ball Champion
 2009, 2012, 2013 German Open Champion
 2012, 2016 Asian Pacific Champion

References

External links
 http://www.rydance.com
 http://ballrooms.su/publ/3-1-0-174
 http://fred-astaire.blogspot.ru/2008/06/spotlight-onriccardo-cocchi.html

1977 births
Living people
Italian emigrants to the United States
American male dancers
American ballroom dancers

Riccardo Cocchi


Eva Briegel (born 3 December 1978) is a German singer and member of the rock band Juli.

Early life
Briegel's family lived in Böblingen in 1978, when Eva was born. In 1982 they moved to Langgöns, Hessen, where Eva attended primary school, before moving to Linden where Eva attended the Anne-Frank-Schule. After spending one year at the de:Liebigschule in Giessen (spelled Gießen in German) at the river Lahn, Eva finally graduated from Gesamtschule Gießen-Ost. In her last year of school Eva sang in a number of bands and for different projects and showed a strong interest in a career in music. However, she started to study Art History in Heidelberg and dropped out after the first semester. She then spent a number of years studying various subjects at the Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen but never graduated. During this time she had various part-time jobs selling musical instruments and computers. Later she worked as waitress and barkeeper.

Career
In 2000, Eva was asked by Goodwell Music to serve as a replacement singer for Miriam Adameit in the band Sunnyglade. She immediately agreed and became the new face of the band. In 2000, the band's name was changed to Juli (German for the month July). Although they originally sang songs with English lyrics, Juli returned to singing in their native language. Eva Briegel later said: "We didn't go back to German to find our identities, or anything – we just weren't good enough at English to express how we felt in our songs." The band has since released two successful albums, Es ist Juli (It's July, 2004) and Ein neuer Tag (A New Day, 2006), both of which reached multiple-platinum status.

Other activities
 Eva Briegel is a staunch vegetarian and is committed to the animal rights group, PETA.

Discography
Releases (German chart ranking) in Germany:
Title "Perfekte Welle" (2)
Title "Geile Zeit" (19)
Title "Regen und Meer" (31)
Title "Warum" (47)
Title "Dieses Leben" (5)
First Album "Es ist Juli" (2)
Second Album "Ein neuer Tag" (1)
Third Album "In Love"
Winners of the Bundesvision Song Contest on 12 February 2005
Bambi in the category "Music national" on 30 November 2006
"Eins Live Krone" (Radio Award) in the category "Best Band"

References

External links

Official Juli site (in German)

Juli (band)
1978 births
Living people
People from Leonberg
Women rock singers
21st-century German women singers

Eva Briegel


U. Narayan Bhat (born 1934) is an Indian-born Mathematician, known for his contributions to queueing theory and reliability theory.

Academic career
He received a B.A. in mathematics (1953) and B.T. in education (1954) from the University of Madras, an M.A. in statistics (1958) from Karnatak University in Dharwar and Ph.D. in Mathematical statistics from the University of Western Australia on the dissertation Some Simple and Bulk Queueing Systems: A Study of Their Transient Behavior  (1965).  He worked at Michigan State University (1965–66), Case Western Reserve University (1966–69), and Southern Methodist University (1969–2005).  Bhat is a fellow of the American Statistical Association and the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences and an elected
member of the International Statistical Institute.

U. Narayan Bhat was a dean of research and graduate studies at Southern Methodist University and then was named interim dean for the university's Dedman College .

Books
A Study of the Queueing Systems M/G/1 and GI/M/1, (Springer Verlag, 1968)
Elements of Applied Stochastic Processes (Wiley, 1972)
Introduction to Operations Research Models (W. B. Saunders & Co., 1977).  With L. Cooper and L. J. LeBlanc
Queueing and Related Models (Oxford University Press, 1992).  Editor with I. V. Basawa
Elements of Applied Stochastic Processes (Wiley, 2002).  With Gregory K. Miller
Introduction to queueing theory (Birkhauser, 2008)

Publications
Further Results for the Queue with Poisson Arrivals, Operations Research, Vol. 11(3), (1963), 380-386 (with Narahari Umanath Prabhu).
Imbedded Markov Chain Analysis of Single-Server Bulk Queues, Journal of the Australian Math, Soc., Vol. 4(2), (1964), 244-263.
On Single-Server Bulk Queueing Processes with Binomial Input, Operations Research, Vol. 12(4), (1964), 527-533.
On a Stochastic Process Occurring in Queueing Systems, Journal of Applied Probability, Vol. 2(2), (1965), 467-469.
Statistical Analysis of Queueing Systems in  Frontiers in Queuing by Dshalalow etc. (1997). (with G.K. Miller and S. Subba Rao).
Estimation of Renewal Processes with Unobservable Gamma or Erlang Interarrival Times, J. Stat. Plan. and Inf., 61 (1997), 355-372 (with G. K. Miller).
Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Single Server Queues from Waiting Time Data, Queueing Systems (journal), 24, (1997), 155-167 (with I. V. Basawa and R. Lund).
Estimation of the Coefficient of Variation for Unobservable Service Times in the M/G/1 Queue, Journal of Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 1, 2002 (with G. K. Miller).

References

 On Google scholar

External links
Biography of U. Narayan Bhat from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)

University of Western Australia alumni
Michigan State University faculty
Case Western Reserve University faculty
Southern Methodist University faculty
Queueing theorists
Indian emigrants to the United States
Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute
1934 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
American Hindus
Karnatak University alumni

U. Narayan Bhat


Fantastic or Fantastik may refer to:

Music
Fantastic (Toy-Box album)
Fantastic (Wham! album)
Fan-Tas-Tic (Vol. 1), an album by Slum Village
Fantastic, Vol. 2, an album by Slum Village
Fantastic (EP), an EP by Henry Lau
"Fantastic" (song), a song by Ami Suzuki
"Fantastic!", a 1995 song by The Dismemberment Plan from !
"Fantastic", a 2017 song by Flume featuring Dave Bayley from Skin Companion EP 2

Publications
Fantastic (magazine), a fantasy-fiction magazine published from 1952 to 1980; title revived in the 1990s
Fantastic (comics), a weekly British comic published by Odhams Press under the Power Comics imprint

Other uses
Fantastic (literary genre), a genre of writing
Fantastic art, a non-realistic genre
Fantastic (TV channel), a defunct Polish television channel
Fantastic (TV series), a South Korean TV series

See also
Fantastik, a brand of cleaning products
Fantastique, a French genre associated with science fiction, horror and fantasy
Light Fantastic (disambiguation)
Mir Fantastiki, a Russian sci-fi and fantasy magazine
Mister Fantastic, a member of the Fantastic Four in Marvel Comics
The Fantasticks, an Off-Broadway musical play

Fantastic


Peter Ross-Edwards  (11 July 1922 – 10 October 2012) was an Australian politician, who became Leader of the National Party in the Victorian Parliament.

He was born in Corowa to Rupert Ross-Edwards, a minister of religion, and Una Regan. He attended state schools in Corowa and then Geelong Grammar School, after which he enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force in 1942. He served in the United Kingdom, Italy, North America and the Middle East as a flying officer, but shortly after he was discharged in 1946 he was hospitalised with tuberculosis, remaining in care until 1948.

After leaving hospital he studied law at Melbourne University, graduating with a Bachelor's degree and becoming a solicitor. From 1952 he was a solicitor in Shepparton.

He was also active in the Country Party, serving as secretary and treasurer of the Shepparton branch from 1957 to 1967. In 1967 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Shepparton. He was elected parliamentary leader of the party in 1970, a post he held until 1988 (the party changed its name to the National Party of Australia in 1982).

He was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 1989. Ross-Edwards resigned from parliament in 1991, and was Chief Commissioner of the City of Greater Bendigo from 1994 to 1995.

He died in 2012.

References

1922 births
2012 deaths
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Order of Australia
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
University of Melbourne alumni
Australian solicitors
People educated at Geelong Grammar School

Peter Ross-Edwards


A babka is a sweet braided bread which originated in the Jewish communities of Poland and Ukraine. It is popular in Israel (often referred to as simply a yeast cake: ) and in the Jewish diaspora. It is prepared with a yeast-leavened dough that is rolled out and spread with a filling such as chocolate, cinnamon, fruit, or cheese, then rolled up and braided before baking.

History

Babka developed in the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe in the early 19th century. Extra challah dough was rolled up with fruit jam or cinnamon and baked as a loaf alongside the challah. Chocolate was not originally used, as it was not generally available; the chocolate babka was likely a mid-20th century American development. Its name (though not necessarily the dish itself) may be related to a type of Easter cake popular in Poland and Ukraine known as baba or the diminutive babka, which means "grandmother", related to the Yiddish bubbe.

Although the Polish and Ukrainian babka are mutually eponymous with their Jewish counterparts, the appearance and preparation of each babka is drastically different. The Eastern European babka draws its name from its tall, stout, fluted sides formed in a traditional pan, and reminiscent of a grandma's skirt. In comparison, the variant introduced by émigrés to New York consists of strands of rich yeasted dough interwoven and baked in a loaf tin.

The Jewish babka was mostly unheard of outside of the Polish Jewish community until the latter part of the 20th century. European-style bakeries started to offer it in late 1950s in Israel and in the US. In addition to chocolate, various fillings including poppy seeds, almond paste, cheese, and others became popular, and some bakers began to top it with streusel.

By the 1970s babka was a widely popular Ashkenazi Jewish delicacy in the greater New York City area.  The most well known commercial bakery is Green's of Brooklyn. Ashkenazi New York Babka is typically more bread loaf shaped, and is different from Israeli Babka, which tends to be flatter and rectangular in form. While likely every Jewish bakery in that period had a Babka on offer, Green's became widely distributed at Kosher markets around the area and to other Jewish American communities till the 2000s and the popularity of babka has continued to increase across the United States.

In the 2010s,  Israeli style Babka became available in New York.  One example was from a popular Israeli bakery from Tel Aviv owned by Gadi Peleg, Breads Bakery, opened a location and began to sell their Israeli style babka filled with traditional fillings such as cinnamon, as well as non-traditional fillings such as Nutella, apple, and cheesecake, as well as a savory version with za'atar and feta cheese. They won several local awards for their chocolate babka.

Preparation
It consists of either an enriched or laminated dough; which are similar to those used for challah, and croissants respectively, that has been rolled out and spread with a variety of sweet fillings such as chocolate, cinnamon sugar, apples, sweet cheese, Nutella, mohn, or raisins, which is then braided either as an open or closed plait, topped with a sugar syrup in order to preserve freshness and make the bread moister. It is sometimes topped with a streusel topping.

Variations

Israeli style

Israeli style babka (עוגת שמרים) is made with a laminated dough, enriched with butter, which is then folded and rolled multiple times to create many distinct layers, similar to that used for Israeli style rugelach, and also croissant dough. Israeli style babka is available with a wider array of fillings and shapes. It is most often shaped into a loaf pan, but it is also sometimes made into individual babkas, a pie-shaped babka, formed into a ring shape, or braided and baked free form or formed into individual twists similar to a cheese straw. The most popular fillings are chocolate which is commonly made with Hashachar Ha'ole (an Israeli chocolate spread), mohn (a sweetened poppy seed paste filling), and sweet cheese typically made with gvina levana. They are rarely topped with a streusel topping. It is typically sweet; however, savory versions are also popular in Israel, often containing labneh and za'atar. It is also often baked as "roses", individual pastries shaped to resemble a rose. They may also be made with a closed plait, versus the more common open plait.
May 15 is considered National Babka Day to honor the creation of babka.

In popular culture
The Seinfeld episode "The Dinner Party" references both chocolate and cinnamon babka extensively, with the title character expressing dismay over the latter's status as "the lesser babka."

See also
 Brioche
 Coffee cake
 Lekach – Jewish honey cake
 List of desserts
 Potato babka

References

External links

 Video of the preparation of chocolate babka

Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine
Cuisine of New York City
Israeli desserts
Jewish baked goods
Jewish breads
Jews and Judaism in Poland
Polish desserts
Sweet breads
Chocolate desserts
Stuffed desserts
Yeast cakes

Babka


Chloe Brown is a longtime educator in the Tulsa Public Schools district, who was the first African-American teacher at Eliot Elementary School. First African American Reading Specialist in Jenks Public Schools.
She is an active member of the Tulsa community, volunteering to tutor homeless children, distribute food, and work with women in crisis. Ministers at the Turley Correctional Center. Brown founded The Chloe House in 2006, a transition home for women that provides housing, training for employment, and resources to help them re-enter society. She is also a licensed minister and was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 2011. Chloe and her husband Doug are Grief Share and Marriage Coaches.

Early life
Chloe L. Brown was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma and grew up in the historic Greenwood District. The church played a large role during her childhood, as her father was a minister and would host church services in their home. Brown's mother highly valued education and insured that her children value the institution equally. From this early influence, Brown was determined to become and educator and developed an early passion for the profession. The first school Brown attended was John Burroughs Elementary. Brown's was the first class to integrate John Burroughs, though she does not have explicit negative memories of strained race relations. Brown eventually graduated from Booker T. Washington High School and went on to earn a bachelor's degree in education from Langston University in 1975. Brown was the first in her family to graduate from college.

Brown also holds a master's degree in Elementary Education Administration from Northeastern State University.

Career
Brown taught her first class at Cooper Elementary School with Dr. Joann Bell. Later, Brown was the first African-American teacher at Eliot Elementary School in Tulsa, one of the elementary schools that fed into Cascia Hall and Monte Cassino. After spending several years at Eliot, Brown moved for a brief time to North Dallas and taught there for three years. Upon returning to Tulsa, Brown was promoted to the administrative level, but soon after she happily returned to the classroom after her brief time in administration and teaches at McClure Elementary School.

Outside of the classroom, Brown found a passion for helping the homeless and more specifically, rehabilitating incarcerated women. Brown and her husband created the Chloe House in 2006, a transition home that aided the reintegration of incarcerated women into society by providing housing and training for employment. She is also a member of the Greenwood Christian Center and is a licensed minister.

On October 27, 2016, Chloe L. Brown officially launched her campaign for Tulsa Public Schools Board District 2, vowing to bring her 44 years of experience from a lifelong career educating Tulsa children and empowering them to become lifelong learners. "Right now our children and educators need leadership on our school board from experienced teachers. During the span of my 44 year career in public education, I have taught in a variety of schools all over Tulsa. I know firsthand the basic needs of our children, as well as the essential tools our educators need to empower them to succeed," said Brown. "I will fight for our children and teachers every day." Election day is Tuesday, February 14, 2017.

References

External links
Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame Oral History Project -- OSU Library

People from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Northeastern State University alumni
21st-century American women educators
21st-century American educators
African-American women educators
Langston University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Booker T. Washington High School (Tulsa, Oklahoma) alumni
Tulsa Public Schools teachers

Chloe Brown


The Gorgon Painter was one of the early Attic black-figure vase painters. He was active between 600 and 580 BC. His name vase, Dinos of the Gorgon Painter, is currently on display in the Louvre and depicts Perseus fleeing the Gorgons.

The Gorgon Painter is considered as a very productive successor of the Nessos Painter. Additionally, in accordance with other Geometric style artists, he arranged his subjects in symmetric patterns. Characteristic of his paintings are flat representations of humans or gods and animals painted in sections around the pottery. Rather than filling blank spaces with geometric patterns, the Gorgon Painter uses the Animal style; depicting real and fantastical animals in friezes around the vases which is considered to be a Corinthian tradition.

The better recorded artist Sophilos is said to be influenced by the Gorgon Painter, continuing work in the black-figure style and zoomorphic decoration.

Style

Corinthian
The Gorgon Painter is considered to use the Corinthian style, or Animal style, in his pottery. The name comes from its place of popularity, Corinth. Not to be mistaken with the Corinthian order, within Corinthian there are different subsets including what is called Animal style, which is what the Gorgon painter is partially known for; the Animal style is marked by no geometric shapes, but rather larger depictions of animals and plants. Unlike many early depictions of animals, the Animal style does not have the animals facing the same direction, rather they interact with each other and the other elements of the piece.

Historians have noted that the Gorgon Painter uses both old myths and depictions alongside newer versions, which is how they have identified him as a singular artist.

Themes

Name vase

The Gorgon Painter's name vase depicts the Greek myth of Perseus and the Gorgons. This particular myth was quite common and is seen on many pieces of pottery by many different artists, it is considered the most popular myth represented on pottery at this time. This particular depiction shows Perseus fleeing the Gorgons after fulfilling his duty to kill Medusa. Although this dinos is the most well-known work attributed to the Gorgon Painter, it is not the only work. The Gorgon Painter often used Gorgons in his works as shown in the image of the plate, as well as animals rather than established geometric shapes.

References/Sources

Ancient Greek vase painters
Artists of ancient Attica
6th-century BC Greek people
Anonymous artists of antiquity
Year of birth unknown

Gorgon Painter


Max van Rooy (25 March 1942 – 8 December 2022) was a Dutch writer and journalist.

Biography
Van Rooy grew up in the region of The Hague where he attended primary school Passchalischool (1948-1954) and secondary school Aloysius College (1954-1961). He started studying cultural anthropology at the University of Amsterdam with professor André Köbben, but stopped after three months because he wanted to start writing and drawing. After school he had to do military service, and did that Royal Netherlands Air Force. After the end of his military service after two years Van Rooy chose to become an artist in Greece. Once back in the Netherlands, he settled in Amsterdam and became friends with writers K. Schippers, J. Bernlef and Gerard Brands..

Van Rooy was from 1966 to 1970 editor of newspaper Algemeen Handelsblad. Afterwards he was editor of the Saturday edition of NRC Handelsblad. In 1976 he became editor-in-chief of the cultural magazine Hollands Diep. In 1979 he returned to the NRC Handelsblad and became deputy editor-in-chief and architecture critic. In 1995 those positions changed to cultural commentator and architecture critic. He retired in 2010.

Van Rooy was also writer and wrote multiple books. The last book he published was a biography about his grandfather architect Hendrik Petrus Berlage of the period until 1914. THe book shows he played a key role in the early 20th-century. With intervals it took him 44 years to write the book.

van Rooy died in  on 8 December 2022, at the age of 80.

References

Dutch writers
Dutch journalists
1942 births
2022 deaths
Place of death missing

Max van Rooy


Shepherd Hall, also known as Monument Place and formerly as Stone Mansion, is a historic house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the city of Wheeling in the U.S. state of West Virginia.  It is located in the Elm Grove area of Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia.

History of Shepherd Hall

Shepherd Hall (later known as Stone Mansion and now Monument Place) was built in 1798 by Moses Shepherd (November 11, 1763 – April 29, 1832).  He and his wife, Lydia (née Boggs) Shepherd (February 26, 1766 – September 29, 1867), resided there on the grounds of their plantation.

Moses Shepherd and his family migrated from Mecklenburg, Frederick County (later Berkeley County), Virginia (now Shepherdstown, Jefferson County, West Virginia) to the District of West Augusta, Virginia (later Ohio County, Virginia and now Ohio County, West Virginia) about 1771 and settled on the banks of Wheeling Creek, a tributary of the Ohio River, near the Forks of Wheeling Creek where Big Wheeling Creek collects Little Wheeling Creek.  Moses Shepherd's father built Fort Shepherd upon this land and operated a large plantation and grist mill. The fort was burned to the ground by Native Americans. Moses Shepherd inherited this land upon his father's death in 1795 and continued to operate the plantation. Shepherd Hall was built on the site of the former Fort Shepherd.

Moses Shepherd was the son of David Shepherd and Rachel (née Teague) Shepherd.  He met Lydia Boggs during the last siege of Fort Henry on the Ohio River, the fort that defended the early settlers of the Wheeling area against Native American attacks, in September 1782. The Shepherd and Boggs families were both taking refuge inside the fort during the siege. Moses Shepherd and Lydia Boggs married about 1783, but they had no children together during the course of their almost fifty years of marriage.

Lydia Boggs was the daughter of John Boggs and Jane (née Irwin) Boggs.  The Boggs Family migrated from Back Creek Valley, Frederick County (later Berkeley County), Virginia (now West Virginia), and John Boggs staked his claim to an area of land lying along a creek (which is a tributary of the Ohio River) just south of Wheeling in 1774 where he settled with his family.  The creek and the land surrounding it became known as Boggs Run, and a portion of Boggs Run near the mouth of the creek is now part of Benwood, West Virginia in Marshall County.

Moses and Lydia Shepherd moved into Shepherd Hall upon its completion in 1798 and became very wealthy through the operation of their plantation and grist mill and the construction of bridges over Wheeling Creek built by Moses Shepherd.  Most notably is the Elm Grove Stone Arch Bridge, which was built by Moses Shepherd over Little Wheeling Creek in 1817 and is still in use today.  Every year, Moses and Lydia Shepherd traveled to Washington, D.C., and met many famous politicians and presidents of their time.  Several presidents, such as Andrew Jackson and James K. Polk, famous politicians, such as Henry Clay, and other prominent citizens called on the Shepherds at Shepherd Hall when passing through the Wheeling area.  The Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834) is said to have visited the mansion as well in 1825 while visiting Wheeling. One of the politicians that the Shepherds established a good friendship with was Henry Clay (1777–1852), who represented the state of Kentucky in both the Senate and House of Representatives and was eventually elected to Speaker of the House. With Clay's help, they were very influential in diverting the National Road to pass through Wheeling in Ohio County rather than Wellsburg in Brooke County in 1818.  In fact, the National Road passes right by Shepherd Hall (Monument Place).

Moses Shepherd died at Shepherd Hall of cholera on April 29, 1832, at the age of 68 during a cholera epidemic plaguing Wheeling after a devastating flood. Lydia Boggs Shepherd, now a wealthy widow, remarried to widower Daniel Cruger (December 22, 1780 – July 12, 1843), one year later on July 16, 1833, in Ohio County, Virginia (now West Virginia).  Daniel Cruger, fourteen years her junior, was a United States Congressman from Steuben County, New York, and they had met in Washington, D.C., during her many trips there with her first husband, Moses Shepherd. Lydia Boggs Shepherd Cruger changed the name of the mansion from Shepherd Hall to Stone Mansion during the ten years of her marriage to Daniel Cruger.  Daniel Cruger died suddenly of apoplexy on July 12, 1843, at the age of 62 during a bank meeting in Wheeling.

Lydia Boggs Shepherd Cruger lived the last twenty-four years of her life in solitude in the mansion (a few of her slaves remained on the plantation to care for her), occasionally receiving visitors and relatives eager to hear first hand accounts of Wheeling's history.  In 1849 when she was 83 years old, she caused a heated controversy when she swore out an affidavit discrediting Betty Zane as the heroine of the gunpowder exploit during the 1782 siege of Fort Henry sixty-seven years after the event in which she was one of the last surviving eyewitnesses.  She had resided in Shepherd Hall from the time the mansion was built in 1798 until she died there at the age of 101 on September 29, 1867.

After Lydia Boggs Shepherd Cruger died in 1867, the vast Shepherd plantation was sold off into lots, thus becoming the area known as Elm Grove in Wheeling, West Virginia.  Shepherd Hall was purchased in 1870 by Alonzo Loring (1820–1898) and his wife, Mary Caldwell (née Chapline) Patterson Loring (1830–1887), and changed its name to Monument Place. Ownership of the mansion eventually passed to their daughter Lucy Loring Milton.  She made structural additions to the mansion in 1907. The Osiris Shrine Temple purchased Monument Place after the 1926 death of Lucy Loring Milton and retain ownership to the present day.

Monument Place derives its name from a monument that Lydia and Moses Shepherd had erected on their property near the National Road in 1820 dedicated to Henry Clay for his support in bringing the National Road to Wheeling. The monument no longer stands.

As the neighborhood of Elm Grove in Wheeling developed, the street that passes directly in front of Shepherd Hall (Monument Place) was given the name Cruger Street, but Cruger was misspelled Kruger.  The misspelled version of the surname was never corrected, and the street retains the name of Kruger Street to the present day.

Stone Church Cemetery
Moses Shepherd, Lydia Boggs Shepherd Cruger and Daniel Cruger are all buried in Stone Church Cemetery in Elm Grove, Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia, which is situated on a nearby hill overlooking Shepherd Hall (Monument Place).  The cemetery was once part of the Shepherd plantation, and the land for the cemetery was given to the congregation of the Stone Presbyterian Church in 1795 by David Shepherd, the father of Moses Shepherd, who is also buried in the cemetery along with his wife and the mother of Moses Shepherd, Rachel Teague Shepherd.  Several members of the Chapline, Patterson, Loring and Milton families, such as Lucy Loring Milton, her husband Charles Milton and her parents Alonzo Loring and Mary Chapline Patterson Loring, are also buried in Stone Church Cemetery.

See also
List of historic sites in Ohio County, West Virginia
List of Registered Historic Places in West Virginia

References

External links

Landmarks in West Virginia
Houses in Wheeling, West Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1798
Plantation houses in West Virginia
Georgian architecture in West Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Wheeling, West Virginia
Stone houses in West Virginia

Shepherd Hall


A salt substitute, also known as low-sodium salt, is a low-sodium alternative to edible salt (table salt) marketed to reduce the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease associated with a high intake of sodium chloride while maintaining a similar taste.

The leading salt substitutes are non-sodium table salts, which have their tastes as a result of compounds other than sodium chloride. Non-sodium salts reduce daily sodium intake and reduce the health effects of this element.

Low sodium diet

According to current WHO guidelines, adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium per day (i.e. about 5 grams of traditional table salt), and at least 3,510 mg of potassium per day. In Europe, adults and children consume about twice as much sodium as recommended by experts.

Research

In 2021, a large randomised controlled trial of 20,995 older people in China found that use of a potassium salt substitute in home cooking over a five-year period reduced the risk of stroke by 14%, major cardiovascular events by 13% and all-cause mortality by 12% compared to use of regular table salt.

The study found no significant difference in hyperkalaemia between the two groups, though people with serious kidney disease were excluded from the trial. The salt substitute used was 25% potassium chloride and 75% sodium chloride.

A 2022 Cochrane review of 26 trials involving salt substitutes found their use probably slightly reduces blood pressure, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal acute coronary syndrome and heart disease death in adults compared to use of regular table salt. A separate systematic review and meta-analysis published in the same year of 21 trials involving salt substitutes found protective effects of salt substitute on total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events.

Examples

Potassium

Potassium closely resembles the saltiness of sodium. In practice, potassium chloride (also known as potassium salt) is the most commonly used salt substitute. Its toxicity for a healthy person is approximately equal to that of table salt (the  is about 2.5 g/kg, or approximately 190 g for a person weighing 75 kg). Potassium lactate may also be used to reduce sodium levels in food products and is commonly used in meat and poultry products.  The recommended daily allowance of potassium is higher than that for sodium, yet a typical person consumes less potassium than sodium in a given day. Potassium chloride has a bitter aftertaste when used in higher proportions, which consumers may find unpalatable. As a result, some formulations only replace half the sodium chloride with potassium.

Various diseases and medications may decrease the body's excretion of potassium, thereby increasing the risk of potentially fatal hyperkalemia. People with kidney failure, heart failure, or diabetes are not recommended to use salt substitutes without medical advice. LoSalt, a salt substitute manufacturer, has issued an advisory statement that people taking the following prescription drugs should not use a salt substitute: amiloride, triamterene, Dytac, captopril and other angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, spironolactone, and eplerenone.

Other types
Sodium malate is salty in taste and may be blended with other salt substitutes. Although it contains sodium, the mass fraction is lower.

Monosodium glutamate is often used as a substitute to salt in processed and restaurant food, due to its salty taste and low sodium content compared to table salt, and can also be used effectively in home cooking.

Seaweed granules are also marketed as alternatives to salt.

Dehydrated, pulverized Salicornia (glasswort, marsh samphire) is sold under the brand name "Green Salt" as a salt substitute claimed to be as salty in taste as table salt, but with less sodium.

Historical

Historically (late 20th century), many substances containing magnesium and potassium have been tried as salt substitutes. They include:

 carnallite (KMgCl3•6H2O)
 kainite (KCl•MgSO4•2H2O)
 langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)2)
 sylvite (KCl) – currently used
 polyhalite (K2MgCa2(SO4)4•2H2O)
 Epsomite ()
 kieserite ()

Even further back in the early 20th century, lithium chloride was used as a salt substitute for those with hypertension. However, overdosing was common and deaths have occurred, leading to its prohibition in 1949.

Additives

Flavor enhancers, although not true salt alternatives, help reduce the use of salt by enhancing the savory flavor (umami). Hydrolyzed protein or 5'-nucleotides are sometimes added to potassium chloride to improve the flavour of salt substitutes. Fish sauce has the same effect.

Salt substitutes can also be further enriched with the essential nutrients. A salt substitute can, analogously to the problem of iodine deficiency, help to eliminate the "hidden hunger" i.e. insufficient supply of necessary micronutrients such as iron. Such substances are promoted by UNICEF as a "super-salt".

See also

 Sugar substitute
 Milk substitute

References

Edible salt
Potassium compounds
Imitation foods

Salt substitute


Champurrado is a chocolate-based atole, a warm and thick Mexican beverage. It is prepared with either a masa (lime-treated corn dough), masa harina (a dried version of this dough), or corn flour (simply very finely ground dried corn, especially local varieties grown for atole); piloncillo; water or milk; and occasionally containing cinnamon, anise seed, or vanilla.  Ground nuts, orange zest, and egg can also be added to thicken and enrich the drink. Atole drinks are whipped up using a wooden whisk called a molinillo. The whisk is rolled between the palms of the hands, then moved back and forth in the mixture, until it is aerated and frothy; a blender may also be used.

Champurrado is traditionally served with a churro in the morning as a simple breakfast or as a late afternoon snack. Champurrado is also very popular during Day of the Dead and at Las Posadas (during the Christmas season), where it is served alongside tamales. Champurrado may also be made with alcohol.

History

Chocolate is native to Mesoamerica, and it was first cultivated by the Mayans and the Mexicas. The Mayans used the cocoa beans in various ceremonies such as marriage and trade. Natives drank chocolate with corn puree, or masa. These drinks were thought of as magical and upon drinking, would give the drinker power and strength.

Since sugarcane (originally from Southeast Asia) came to the Americas sometime after Europeans did, chocolate was said to have an acquired taste as it comes off as bitter without added sweetener. The Spaniards created a drink consisting of chocolate, vanilla, and other spices which was served chilled. This drink cannot be compared to modern-day hot chocolate as it was very spicy and bitter, contrasting with the modern notion of very sweet, warm chocolate.

The invention of champurrado shows the adaptation of ancient practices by European colonialists. Upon the production of the drink, special tools like the molinillo were made to assist in the making of the drink which is now also used to make traditional hot chocolate in former Spanish colonies. There are many versions of champurrado in different countries. A unique variant in the Philippines is champorado. Although adapted directly from Mexican champurrado via the Manila galleons, it differs in that it uses whole grains of glutinous rice instead of masa. Instead of a drink, it is a sweet rice porridge traditionally eaten during cold rainy days and in the Christmas season.

Many Latin Americans, especially Mexicans, enjoy champurrado around the holidays when the weather is colder. It differs significantly from hot chocolate in its taste and texture. The taste of the beverage also varies based on how it was made.

Terminology
Champurrado is a type of atole (corn masa drink) with its main characteristic consisting of chocolate. The difference between traditional hot chocolate and champurrado is the use of masa harina (corn flour). Atole is made by toasting masa on a griddle, then adding water that has been boiled with cinnamon sticks. The resulting blends vary in texture, ranging from a porridge to a very thin, liquid consistency. In northern Mexico, a variation is also made using pinole (sweetened toasted corn meal). Although atole is one of the traditional drinks of the Mexican holidays Day of the Dead and Las Posadas, it is very common during breakfast and dinner time at any time of year. In the state Chiapas, it is common for the indigenous Tzotzil people to sell atole. It is usually sold as street food but can be found in various Latin restaurants. The inclusion of chocolate to the atole gives birth to champurrado.

There are many different types of recipes to make champurrado. Different states in Mexico for example, use spices to enhance its taste. When going for an authentic champurrado, Mexican chocolate such as the "Ibarra" brand is used, which is very popular in Mexico and can easily be found at local American Latino grocery stores or in "International" aisles. Cooking champurrado in a clay pot is also traditional and brings out the flavor even further.

See also

 Abuelita
 Champorado
 Tejate
 List of chocolate drinks
 List of hot drinks
 List of maize dishes

References

Non-alcoholic drinks
Mexican drinks
Maize-based drinks
Chocolate drinks
Hot drinks
Mesoamerican cuisine
Christmas food
Day of the Dead food
Cuisine of the Southwestern United States

Champurrado